bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wet synthesis of carbonated hydroxyapatite
Authors: Glazov I. E. , Krut’ko V. K. , Musskaya O. N. , Kulak A. I.
Published: December 2019

Carbonated hydroxyapatite of predominant B-type of substitution has been synthesized at various temperatures, carbonate concentrations and time of immersion in mother solution. Carbonated hydroxyapatite synthesized at 80 °C contains the largest amount (up to 9 wt.%) of calcite impurity and has a low specific surface area (40 m2/g). Lowering the synthesis temperature to 20 °C leads to a slight decrease in the content of calcite impurity (up to 5–7 wt.%) and an increase in the specific surface up to 125 m2/g. The introduction of the maturation stage for carbonated hydroxyapatite precipitated at 20 °C for 4 days suppresses the calcite impurity formation and leads to the increase in the specific surface up to 155 m2/g.
Determination of the bifenazate insecticide in apples and cucumbers by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Zayats M. F. , Leschev S. M.
Published: December 2019

Based on the distribution constants of biphenazate, obtained experimentally and also calculated from literature data on the solubility of biphenazate in water and organic solvents, as well as experimental data on the extraction of biphenazate from plant matrices by various extractants, we selected the optimal conditions for extracting biphenazate from apples and cucumbers. The conditions for the purification of the extracts were also selected. Acetonitrile in the presence of ammonium sulfate and hexane was used for extraction of the pesticide. Purification of extracts of plant materials was carried out by partitioning between hexane and water-acetonitrile mixture. The samples obtained after this treatment were pure enough to determine the residual amounts of biphenazate in them at the maximum residue level determined in Belarus and the countries of the European Union, or lower using widespread liquid chromatography with diode-array (ultraviolet) detection.
Synthesis of acylic derivatives of prolylleucylglycinamide
Authors: Haidukevich V. A. , Petkevich S. K. , Karankevich E. G. , Kurman P. V. , Kuvaeva Z. I. , Potkin V. I. , Knizhnikov V. A.
Published: December 2019

Tert-butyloxycarbonylprolylleucylglycinamide is obtained both by the interaction of tert-butyloxycarbonylprol ylleucylglycine ethyl ester with a methanolic ammonia solution and by the reaction of glycine amide with a mixed anhydride which was synthesized from tert-butyloxycarbonylprolylleucine and isobutylchloroformate. The removal of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group by the action of formic acid or a dioxane solution of hydrogen chloride and treatment of the resulting salts with the corresponding base yielded a prolylleucylglycinamide, by the interaction of which with acetic, benzoic or 5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acids chlorides acyl derivatives of prolylleucylglycinamide are obtained.
Acid-free activation process of Vyatka – Kama phosphate in the presence of nitrogen-and potassium-containing salts
Authors: Shatsilо V. I. , Minakouski A. F.
Published: December 2019

The work describes the production of complex fertilizers of prolonged effect on the basis of acid-free processing of phosphate rock of the Vyatka-Kama Deposit. The authors investigated the influence of chemical composition of salts and mass ratio between salt and phosphate components on the degree of activation of the phosphorite flour of the Vyatka-Kama Deposit (VKPF) during its treatment with solutions and suspensions of nitrogen-containing mineral salts and potassium chloride. It has been determined that the content of available form of P2O5 in phosphorite increases by 1.5-2 times, and the greatest activating effect is provided by ammonium salts. The use of preliminary mechanical activation of VKPF, in the method investigated, provides the increase in the content of available form of P2O5 by 11–13 %. The mechanism of interaction of the main minerals of phosphorite with salt additives (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, carbamide, potassium chloride) is proposed. The dynamics of changes in the content of ammonium nitrogen in fertilizer compositions at each stage of the process has been determined. The method for producing complex fertilizers based on phosphorite flour of the Vyatka-Kama Deposit has been developed and patented.
Optimization of the compositions of filling materials containing waste from the development of salt deposits
Authors: Belous N. Ch. , Rodtsevich S. P. , Opanasenko O. N. , Krutko N. P. , Shevchuk V. V. , Dudarev D. E.
Published: December 2019

By the method of mathematical planning of the experiment, the influence of the liquid-solid ratio and the content of waste of salt deposits in magnesia hardening backfill mixtures on their technological properties have been studied. The plan of the experiment has been chosen, the regression equations describing the influence of anhydrite wastes and halite wastes content on the density, spreadability and early setting time of backfillingsolutions, volumetric mass, and 28-day uniaxial compression strength of hardened materials have been obtained. As a result of the statistical analysis of mathematical models, the significance of their coefficients, adequacy, efficiency and the ability to calculate technological characteristics of backfilling mixtures by type and content of man-made raw materials have been estimated.
Life and creative development of academician M. M. Pavlyuchenko
Authors: Krutko N. P. , Kokhanovsky V. V. , Ulyanova T. M. , Shimanovich I. E.
Published: December 2019

The article is devoted to the 110 anniversary of the birth of the Belarusian scientist, the founder of the section of chemical science – Chemistry of solids, the organizer and the first director of Institute of the General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus – Mikhail Mikhaylovich Pavlyuchenko. In the article, the career devoted to search of the implication and chemical mechanism of the processes proceeding with participation of solids is described. Identification of the defining stages (limiting stages) and regularities of thermal dissociation reactions and synthesis of different classes and various structure of substances, as well as the definition of ways to operate these processes are described in this paper. His pedagogical and practical activities were purposeful, he looked for and found the young people interested in scientific research, excited them with his ideas, prepared 40 candidates and 3 Doctors of Chemistry. Together with the academician N. F. Ermolenko and the engineering structure of the institute, he prepared, proved the ways and possibilities of use and enrichment of sylvinites of the Starobinsky field, and repeatedly reported for the government and wide audience on importance of chemical industry development in Belarus. His course of life is a service to science and the Homeland.
Effect of quercetin and its combination with cyclodextrin on the healing of burn wounds in laboratory rats
Authors: Bakunovich A. A. , Astrowski A. A. , Shlyahtun A. H. , Maroz V. L. , Astrovskaja A. V. , Melamed V. D. , Buko V. U.
Published: December 2019

. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of quercetin (QC) and its complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (QECD) in healing burn related skin wounds in the rat model. Male Wistar rats were subjected to third-degree burn injury of skin in the interscapular area using a metal rod heated to 80 °C. The area of the skin which the burn was applied to was secured from the surroundings by the protective chamber. In order to estimate the efficacy of different treatment modalities the experiments were carried out in two stages. On first stage of the study, the group of animals (n = 21) was subjected to burn injury and the wound surface was not affected with additional procedures except the substances for treatment being applied. During the second stage of the study with another group of animals (n = 18) the removal of necrotic tissue was carried out over the period of 3 to 7 days. The progress of the wound healing was followed by performing morphometric analyses in order to determine complete re-epithelialization. The phagocytic index of neutrophils was determined in washouts from the wounds during the healing process. The animals used on the first stage of the study were sacrificed at day 21 of the experiment and those on the second stage at day 43 and the tissues were subjected to histological examination. The amounts of white blood cells and phagocytic index of neutrophils were calculated in blood samples followed by the measurements of metabolic activities of neutrophils. The removal of necrotic tissue has been found to promote better wound healing caused by thermal exposure. No reliable evidence has been obtained on QC or QECD abilities to significantly accelerate the burn wound epithelialization. The square of the secondary wound scab covered the damaged skin surface has been found to be decreased in the first group of animals on the 14th day followed by the exposure while the rate of wound epithelialization has been found to be increased in the second group of animals at the final stage of wound healing under the treatment with substances being investigated. As a result the ability of QE and QECD to normalize the white blood cell differential, phagocytic and metabolic activities of neutrophils recruited to a wound and neutrophil blood levels has been found.
Morphological features of esophageal mucosa damage in patients with the gastroesophageal reflux disease associated with the obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Shaukovich Y. Y. , Shyshko V. I. , Matsiuk Y. R. , Basinski V. A.
Published: December 2019

Nowadays the morphological features of esophageal mucosa damage in patients with the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) are not completely researched.

The objective of the study was to determine the morphological features of esophageal mucosa damage in patients with GERD and OSAHS.

143 patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy of the lower third of the esophagus and respiratory monitoring. Patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1 – patients with GERD, group 2 – patients with GERD and OSAHS, group 3 – with OSAHS, group 4 – comparison group. Morphological examination with morphometric assessment of epithelium thickness, height of connective tissue papillae, internuclear distances and intercellular spaces was performed.

Patients with GERD are characterized by a large thickness of the epithelium, higher connective tissue papillae, wider internuclear spaces in epithelium layers, enlarged intercellular spaces in the epithelium of the esophagus in contrast to the patients of the comparison group. Patients with GERD and OSAHS have a more pronounced epithelium thickness and wider internuclear distances in the prickly layer of the epithelium compared with patients with GERD, the high connective tissue papillae with dilated capillaries and signs of microangiopathy, sclerotic changes in the mucosa of the esophagus are determined.

The obtained data show that patients with GERD and OSAHS had more pronounced epithelial disorganization in comparison with patients with GERD without OSAHS.
Respiratory sarcoidosis: immunopathogenetic aspects and diagnostic problems
Authors: Surkova L. K. , Borodina G. L. , Shpakovskaya N. S.
Published: December 2019

The analysis of the state of the problem on the sarcoidosis of the respiratory organs at the present stage has been carried out. The aspects of sarcouidosis immunopathogenesis are considered. Attention is focused on the variability of clinical and morphological manifestations and the expediency of identifying clinical and morphological phenotypes of sarcoidosis.

In the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, a comprehensive study of biopsy specimens is recommended, including a morphological study and a molecular study for mycobacterium tuberculosis. The negative result of a molecular study of a tissue substrate improves the accuracy and reliability of morphological verification of sarcoidosis.
¿Dónde y con quién comienza la ética digital?
Authors: Durán García Jaime
Published: December 2019

La posibilidad de construir una ética para lo digital en nuestra sociedad implica partir de una premisa: la autonomía como expresión de la libertad de decisión y la inteligencia como mecanismo de relación donde se deben conjugar actores, escenarios y saberes que permitan dar sentido a principios de justicia, sostenibilidad, precaución y responsabilidad.
Removal of Azo dyes with Xanthan
Authors: Lozano-Alvarez Juan Antonio , Jáuregui-Rincón Juan , Medina-Ramírez Iliana , Frausto-Reyes Claudio , Salinas-Gutiérrez Rogelio
Published: December 2019

The interaction among Xanthan (XANT) and three azo dyes: Direct blue 1 (DB1), Direct red 81 (DR81), and Direct black 22 (DB22) was studied. The Xanthan-dye-Al product was formed after the addition of AlCl3 to a Xanthan-Dye adduct containing solution. It was proposed that polyhydroxyoxoaluminum clusters named CAL-13 and CAL-30 react with this adduct producing a Xanthanate aluminum network, XANT-Al, and as a consequence a decrease in dye concentration in an aqueous medium was observed. The removal efficiencies obtained were the following: DB1 (99 %), DB22 (99 %) and DR81 (94 %), demonstrating that this dye removal method is very efficient. The Zimm-Bragg model adequately described the experimental data and the order observed in the Ku (nucleation) and U (aggregation) parameters from this model was the following: DB1>DB22> DR81. Evidence suggests that physicochemical properties of dyes such as charge, molecular weight, aggregation ability and the capacity of XANT-Al to trap dye molecules are involved in the high removal values. Moreover, the dye binding mechanisms include: electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions that determine the magnitude of the parameters Ku and U. These findings suggest that the XANT polymer is a good option to remove azo dyes from an aqueous medium.
METODE DISKUSI PADA PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
Authors: Haq Taufiq Ziaul
Published: December 2019

The use of discussion methods in Islamic religious education in SMP N 1 Demak. The purpose of this study is the effectiveness of the method in the learning of Islamic religion and its effect on learning in Kes XI SMP N 1 Demak. From data analysis to field research methods and data collection using interviews and observations, as well as literature studies. The results show that the method of discussion conducted at school in Islamic subjects has been effective and also affects students, students like learning that is fun and involved in learning. The effects of learning using group discussion methods are as diverse as increasing achievement, increasing social interaction, increasing activity, and increasing emotional intelligence.

Keywords: Discussion Methods, Student Activeness, Benefits of Discussion
Vincas Kudirka’s Concept of Lithuania
Authors: Merkys Vytautas
Published: December 2019

The vision of Lithuania presented by Vincas Kudirka (1858-1899), a prominent leader of the Lithuanian national revival movement, was conditioned by radical social, national, political and cultural changes in Eastern and Central Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. Being subjected to the above-mentioned processes, Kudirka’s concept of Lithuania was not unchanging. Interpreting Kudirka’ s own ‘confession’ too literally, historians, literary historians and writers of reminiscences tended to simplify the changes of Kudirka’s viewpoints, especially dealing with his allegedly sudden Lithuanian transformation. A closer analysis of the relationship between the external factors and the personal attitudes of this outstanding public figure reveals his gradual conversion to and development of national consciousness, as well as the motivation of his active involvement in the Lithuanian national movement and in the struggle against the Russification and Polonization of his people. The changes in Kudirka’s viewpoints towards the role of various social layers of Lithuania in different periods are also dealt with in this study.
Vincas Kudirka’s Programme for Modernizing Society and the Problems of Forming a National Intelligentsia
Authors: Sirutavičius Vladas
Published: December 2019

The article deals with several closely related problems. Firstly, it presents a concise analysis of the particulars of the formation of the Lithuanian intelligentsia – a modern social élite in the country. It is maintained that in Lithuania (as well as in the other states of Central and Eastern Europe) the intelligentsia’s special role in society was conditioned by its modernization process and the level of its development and manifestation in public life. It was no accident that the pattern of the national ideal, shaped by the intelligentsia, as well as the proposed programme for the modernization of society were of ethnocentric nature.

The second half of the study relates to the project for modernizing society, offered by Vincas Kudirka, a prominent figure in the Lithuanian national movement, a publicist and publisher. It was his belief, supported by many other Lithuanian intellectuals, that the processes of modernization – its social and economic development had to entail and presuppose the development of national self-consciousness. The proposed programme was intended for the lowest and most numerous social layer the peasantry, and it actually expressed that group’s interests. At the same time the modernization programme contained contradictions, acquired ethnocentric features and in future was liable to encourage social and ethnic tensions.
The Old Believers and Society in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: Religious Tolerance and its Causes
Authors: Potašenko Grigorijus
Published: December 2019

The appearance of an organized Fedoseevian community in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the eighteenth century was a result of the massive migration of the Old Believers (Old Ritualists), closely related to the resettlement and disturbances of the peasants and out-oftown settlers (posadskie liudi) in Russia. It was the first wave of an extensive emigration from Russia into the Baltic countries, and in particular into Lithuania. Its aftermath was the rise of the Pomorian communities (пморские общества) of the Old Believers. In the late eighteenth century there were between 100,000 and 180,000 Old Believers (about 1.1 to 2 per cent of the total population of the 8.79 million citizens of the Republic of Poland-Lithuania). The main motives behind this emigration of the Russians in the eighteenth century were the following: (1) religious persecution of the Old Believers and the social oppression of the peasants and posadskie liudi in Russia; (2) freedom of religion for the Old Believers and more favourable social and economic conditions in Poland and Lithuania; and (3) intense eschatological feelings and impulsiveness, urging the Old Believers to avoid society and the state, in their belief dominated by the spiritual Antichrist.

This article is devoted to the issue of religious toleration in respect to the Old Believers in the GDL and its reasons. Religious tolerance as a factor conditioning the emigration and formation of a united Fedoseevian community in Lithuania has not yet been properly researched.
Crime Born of Shame and Fear
Authors: Praspaliauskienė Rima
Published: December 2019

The crimes committed by women in most societies account for only about 10 per cent. One would think that women are not inclined to commit crimes, but they dominate in some crimes. Women committed half the murders in nineteenth-century Lithuania. Violent deaths of infants constituted about half of the total cases of violent deaths. Infanticide was the most common type of murder in Lithuania in the nineteenth century.

This study is based on the analysis of court cases of 85 women accused of infanticide. The article analyses the motivation of the accused women, it seeks to give the answer to the question whether these women were cruel. The fact that most of the accused women (88.2 per cent) belonged to the same social layer of unmarried hired farm labourers suggests that infanticide was not an ordinary, accidental crime. It had deep social causes in that society. The women were scared of the reaction of their parents and the entire rural community. Shame and fear of being turned out and becoming an outcast in the community constituted perhaps the main cause of that crime. Poverty was another important cause for committing a crime. Hired farm labourers were afraid of losing jobs. It was especially difficult for a single mother with a child to find employment and to earn a living for herself and her child; quite often she had to go begging. The accused women were familiar with the fate of single mothers. Such a girl had no future in a rural community. Nonetheless, one can think that getting rid of a baby was a primitive form of birth control in the nineteenth century. Therefore these women should not be regarded as cruel. Simply the way that they chose was more acceptable to that social environment in which they lived.
The Everyday Life of Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania According to Contemporary Correspondence
Authors: Čapaitė Rūta
Published: December 2019

This article is devoted to the everyday life of Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania. The following areas of activity of the everyday life of the ruler are discussed: his frequent trips to each of his estates (mobility of the court), his intensive interaction with people (arriving and departing guests and envoys, their reception, and the solemn and expensive feasts organised), the gifts given, court pastimes (musicians, jesters, dwarves, and hunting), and news of their health. The realia of the grand duke’s everyday life are examined in the context of the models of the everyday life, interaction, and behaviour of late-medieval rulers and their inner circle.
Nationality Statistics and Russian Politics in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Staliūnas Darius
Published: December 2019

In the first half of the nineteenth century the polyethnic nature of the Russian Empire was not a serious problem for its ruling elite. However, ongoing modernization processes and various nationality problems forced the government to pay attention to the ethnic variety of the state. Endeavours to rule the large empire more effectively and certain political reasons led to the taking of nationality censuses. The present paper deals with the causes of the censuses in the Northwest Province of the Russian Empire (in what is now Lithuania and Belarus) in the mid-nineteenth century, with the changes that the gathering of the material underwent and with the use of the collected data for political purposes.

Nationality statistics should not be seen merely as an ideological tool. The authorities were in need of nationality statistical data to ensure more effective administration and assessment of the results of their nationality policies. Nevertheless, nationality censuses served ideological aims, too. That was attested by the increasing mistrust of the authorities in statistical data, presented by ‘the Poles’ (mostly by the Catholic clergy). Although Russian ethnographers had placed emphasis on language as a criterion handy for the imperial government in the definition of the nationality of the common people, even in the mid-nineteenth century priority was often given to faith rather than language. That demonstrated how deep-rooted was the equation between faith and nationality in Russian public discourse at that time. Meanwhile as far as the social elite was concerned, national identity was specified by faith, culture, political aspirations and language, too. Although ideologically it was sometimes more convenient to emphasize the Russian or Lithuanian origin of the majority of the gentry, ethno-political reality prevented this from being done with any consistency.

Nationality statistics were used in order to ‘prove’ that the region was allegedly not Polish but Russian. Other arguments, largely historical, were used as well.
Changes in Attitudes Towards Russia Among the Lithuanian-Polish Elite at the Turn of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Sliesoriūnas Gintautas
Published: December 2019

This article deals with the rise of the manifestation of servilism among the Polish-Lithuanian nobility in relation to Russia in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Although the entire rule of Augustus II (1697–1733) is investigated in this study, the main attention is focused on the period after the 1719 Treaty of Vienna, when the King attempted to reduce his dependence on Russia, while the latter energetically began forming a clique of adherents among the Commonwealth’s noblemen to compromise royal policy. In this activity Russia was most successful among the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This work analyzes Russian diplomats’ methods, including bribery and intimidation.

This research is based on documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire.
Federalist Plans in Central and Eastern Europe and the Question of the Baltic States in the Context of Polish Politics During World War II
Authors: Kisielewski Tadeusz
Published: December 2019

This paper deals with federalist plans of Central and Eastern Europe during World War II. The Polish government in exile and its Czechoslovak counterpart actively participated in the implementation of such plans. A Central- and Eastern European federation was to be an eventual alternative to Stalin’s plans of Europe’s Sovietization and to Hitler’s ‘New Europe’.

For some time these federalist plans were supported by Great Britain and the United States. Besides, in British and American circles there were also other models for creating a European regional union.

On 11 November 1940 Poland and Czechoslovakia managed to sign a declaration on the formation of a federation. However, soon disagreements concerning attitudes towards the Soviet Union as well as over Lithuania’s place in the federation arose.
The Formation of the Land Court System in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1564–1588)
Authors: Vilimas Darius
Published: December 2019

This article investigates the formation of the system of land courts in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period between 1564 and 1588. This process was an integral part of the social and structural modernisation of the GDL in the second half of the sixteenth century.

The powiat (district) land courts of the GDL were formally established between 1564 and 1566 in the aftermath of administrative and legal reforms. An analysis of the changes of the officials of land courts and their kinship relations has revealed the beginning of the formation of powiat land court officials as a specific group.

The purpose of the land court reform was to formalise the equality of the entire ruling gentry ‘nation’ before the law. However, the magnate families of the GDL managed to preserve both their possessed wealth and high posts.
Yatvingians in the Genesis of Lithuanian Anti-Teutonic Orientation
Authors: Dubonis Artūras
Published: December 2019

Scarce sources of the past of Sudovia (Sūduva, Yatvingian lands) clearly reveal several episodes illustrating relations between the inhabitants of the area and the Lithuanians. They witness a much more complex paradigm of political communication between these groups than might be expected. When Mindaugas started to strengthen his rule in Lithuania, Lithuanian ‘indifference’ to the Yatvingians disappeared. At the beginning of the 1240s Mindaugas was becoming a genuine, rather than a nominal ruler of part of Sudovia, at least of its northeast. However, the strife, which began in 1246 between Mindaugas and the Yatvingians and lasted nearly the entire period of his rule, conditioned enormous concessions made by the king of Lithuania to the Teutonic Order in Sudovia. When the war against the Christians was taken over by Treniota in 1261, the struggle of the Yatvingians (and the Prussians) against the Crusaders became more intensive. These were good signs indicating the beginning Lithuania’s support for the Yatvingians. The character of Treniota’s relations with the Yatvingians conformed to the political situation and traditions established by his predecessors, first and foremost, by Mindaugas. All that weakened the support of the Lithuanian monarch to Yatvingian anti-Teutonic resistance, despite the relentless advance of the Order’s military machine towards Lithuania’s borders. The Lithuanian ruler did not maintain any political contacts with the Order, but being in its neighbourhood he acquired friends.
Knighthood in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Late Fourteenth to the Early Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Petrauskas Rimvydas
Published: December 2019

The main aim of this article is to collect and assess all accessible data about the early development of chivalric culture in the GDL and to identify possible trends. This phenomenon is perceived as part of the history of the European knighthood in the late Middle Ages. The article also seeks to investigate the meaning of the conception of the knight in the GDL documents of the fifteenth century in order to determine the spread of knighthood in the nobility of the Grand Duchy. In the research of these aspects the flourishing of the knighthood culture at the court of Grand Duke Vytautas in the early-fifteenth century is distinguished as a period when high-ranking representatives of the country’s nobility were awarded titles; and a new enhancement is noticeable in the times of Alexander Jogailaitis when an initiative, a unique phenomenon in Poland-Lithuania, was undertaken to establish a brotherhood of knights. In the analysis of the use of the concept of knighthood, emphasis is placed on the difference between the singular use of the knightly title and the pluralistic estate conception.
The Contribution of the Teutonic Order to the Evangelisation of Prussia
Authors: Radzimiński Andrzej
Published: December 2019

This article analyses archdiocesan and diocesan synod legislation in the four bishoprics of the Teutonic Ordensstaat in Prussia (Culm, Pomesania, Ermland and Samland) to reveal evangelisation processes in Prussia. Given the sparse nature of the sources available for studying local church history, synod legislation provides useful evidence of pastoral practice in the area. The author surveys methodological problems arising from this situation.

On the basis of Rigan archdiocesan statutes and diocesan legislation from the fifteenth century for the most part the author examines the evangelisation process and the problems facing the Church in Prussia.

The author examines obligations to attend Mass on Sundays and holy days. He deals with the teaching of basic prayers (the Lord’s Prayer, the Apostles’ and Nicene Creed) in Latin and the vernacular. Rules for making confession and the advice of penitentials by the parish clergy are studied. The author asks how far the requirements of synod legislation were transmitted to the laity. Bishops recommended statutes be published in the chancel of churches but it is hard to know how illiterate Prussian laymen could use them. The author asks what negative aspects of Prussian religious and social life were not eradicated during almost two centuries of Catholic instruction; how effective were the efforts of German bishops and priests at proselytising the Prussian laity? The statutes examined here suggest that even in the fifteenth century Prussians lacked proper understanding of the sacraments of baptism, marriage or the Mass.

Even though ‘pagan’ practices survived in Prussia we must not underestimate the achievements of the local Church. There must be serious reconsideration of outdated scholarly claims that in the Late Middle Ages Prussia was Christian only in name and that evangelisation among the Prussian masses was out of the question.
Burial and Sacrifice in Lithuania During the Late Fourteenth - Fifteenth Century: Religious Confrontation or A Unique Conversion Phenomenon – Baptism by Fire?
Authors: Svetikas Eugenijus
Published: December 2019

This article seeks traces of the 1387 Lithuanian baptism formula, i.e. a religious confrontation or the conversion from paganism to Christianity, in the archaeological material. One type of find, low-relief ring brooches were selected for this purpose since they are found in fourteenth-century Livonian Christian burials, late- fourteenth – fifteenthcentury Lithuanian inhumation burials in Lithuania, sacrificial pits, pyre sites, and Lake Obeliai. It would be difficult to find more suitable finds in Lithuanian archaeological material for researching late-fourteenth-century religious confrontation or conversion than low relief ring brooches since it is precisely these that help to place the various burial customs and rites in chronological order.

Low-relief ring brooches were Christian devotional objects intended for neophytes. Most of them consist of brooches with a grapevine or seven doves. In some of the sacrificial locations they are found brand new, while in others they have been in a very hot fire. The chronology of their sacrificial locations coincides with the beginning of Lithuania’s Christianisation in the late - fourteenth – early - fifteenth century but in no way with the end of the old faith we are seeking. Thus this archaeological material does not provide data for a religious confrontation in the late fourteenth century but does point to a unique phenomenon from the beginning of the religious conversion: evangelical baptism by fire.
Modern tendencies in socioeconomic transformation of the rural territories of Ukraine
Authors: Baranovsky M.
Published: December 2019

The modern peculiarities of the transformational processes in the development of Ukraine’s agrarian sphere are analyzed, their reasons and consequences are defined; the polarization processes of agricultural production and population on different hierarchical levels, in suburban, semiperipheral, and peripheral country districts, are examined; the approaches to definition and the typical features of the problem rural areas are described; the regularity of increase in rural space polarization in terms of regional development cyclicity and staging is proved. Key words: rural territories, transformational processes, polarization of rural space.
The nature-recreational potential analysis of L’viv suburban zone
Authors: Bila T.
Published: December 2019

The analysis of natural-recreational potential of Lviv suburban zone is conducted, as
one of factors of forming of suburban tourism. Basic directions of the present and possible use of naturally-recreational potential objects are distinguished with taking into account of location of them in the cut of administrative districts of suburban zone. The level of saturation of territory is certain by naturally-recreational resources. Key words: suburban zone, nature-recreational potential, short-term rest.
The river network structure transformation in Berezhnycya river basin geosystems
Authors: Kovalchuk I. , Shuber P. , Shvets O. , Andreychuk Y.
Published: December 2019

The parameterization of Berezhncya (right tributary of Dnister) river network as at 1880, 1945 and 2009 years, which became as main component in complex geoinformational model, was made. In research also was made calculations of water flows length and count transformation coefficient. Results showed a river structure changes along 130 years period. The climatic conditions (precipitation and temperature regime) influence on processes of river network forming, and therefore on their structure simplification and complication was considered. Key words: GIS technologies, transformation coefficient, small river, water flow order, river system structure.
Geopark’s network in Ukraine: basic principles of creation
Authors: Kravchuk Ya. , Bogutski A. , Zinko Yu. , Brusak V. , Krychevska D. , Blagodyr S. , Shevchuk O.
Published: December 2019

Presented methodological and methodical approaches to creation of geoparks – a new category of conservation and sustainable use geoheritage. Grounded potential geopark’s network in Ukraine on the basis of existing protected areas with rich geoheritage. The scheme of structural and territorial organization designed to geoparks in western Ukraine as an example Carpathians region and Podillia. Grounded main designing and organizational aspects of the category geopark national system of protected areas in Ukraine. Key words: geopark, geoheritage, geopark’s network in Ukraine.
Monitoring of water quality of the basin geosystem of the Poltva river
Authors: Kurhanevych L. , Shipka M.
Published: December 2019

The tasks of hydroecological monitoring of river-basin system have been justified. The analysis of the system of the monitoring studies in Poltva river basin has been made. The main problems in the functioning of the regional monitoring network have been determined. Key words: hydroecological monitoring, river-basin system, water quality.
Problems of civilizations conflicts in “International Encyclopedia of Human Geography”
Authors: Slyvka R.
Published: December 2019

This article represents and analyzes the publications of “International Encyclopedia of Human Geography” which are devoted to the problem of civilizations conflicts. All of them are written by Anglophone scientists and represents critical look on the modern relations among civilizations. The main attention focuses on the process of transformation of political structure inside some of them. Principal ideas of this publications help with better conceptualization of the political geographical location of Ukraine in the contemporary world. Key words: territorial and political conflict, territorial and political structure, postcolonial geography, civilization, geographical location.
Preservation of high-lands lakes and neighboring territories of Svydovets massif (Ukrainian Carpathians)
Authors: Antoshyk О.
Published: December 2019

Ecological situation of high-lands lakes with their neighboring territories in Svydovets massif (Ukrainian Carpathians) was analyzed. Scientific conclusions are based on the measuring of the index of anthropogenic pressure, which consists of the estimation of quantity of waste, evidences of pastoral activities, evidences of touristic activities, deforestation and the system of tracks, and correlation it with the results of bioindication. The recommendations for this fragile lake’s ecosystems preservation were worked out. Key words: water objects, anthropogenic pressure, bioindication, nature preserved objects.
Current state of karst landforms Halych-Dnister region and protection perspective
Authors: Komarytsia S.
Published: December 2019

The features of spatial spread of karst landforms Halych-Dnister region are covered in this study. Current stage of research provides indication of valuable and unique landforms which should be protected as monuments of nature. Karst landforms of two main areas were analyzed on the Opilian and pre-Carpathian parts of Halych-Dnister region. A number of routs were worked out with scientific and nature discovers aim which Galych Nation Park uses in recreation and ecoeducation activity. Key words: Halych-Dnister region, karst landforms, nature monuments, geotourist route.
Comparison of southern part of Volyn and Zhytomyr Polissya river valleys (for example Horyn and Sluch)
Authors: Budko О.
Published: December 2019

At the article a Horyn and Sluch river valleys are described. Terrace levels are allocated, the structure of valleys as a whole is analyzed. Special attention is concentrated on differences in geomorphologic structure of the river Sluch within the Ukrainian shield and Volyn-Podilska plate. Identified and characterized the different parts of the Goryn and Sluch valleys. The conclusions about the role of structural, lithological and other factors in the construction of river valleys are maked. Key words: river valley, terrace, Sluch, Goryn, alluvium, Polissya.
Geological monument as object recreational nature, the national park “Skole Beskids”
Authors: Kepeniak N.
Published: December 2019

Data about the objects of lifeless nature on the territory of the NNP "Skolivski Beskydy" are given. They can be used for organization of recreation activity. Interesting attractive objects for recreation and tourism are huge blocks of primary rocks (yamnenski sandstones) near Urych, Kryshelnytsya and Korchyn villages and landforms such as chunks. The places of extraction of minerals – an old quarry in the suburbs of Skole and in the tract Kolodka are considered In order to use for recreation. Using data from geological monuments of nature will lead to improvement of recreation in national parks. Key words: NPP, recreational activity, geological objects of nature.
Syrian Muslim Refugees in Malaysia: The Narratives and Survivability
Authors: Nazri Atika Shafinaz , Talib @Khalid Kartini Aboo , Sulaiman Nidzam
Published: December 2019

The humanitarian crisis in Syria has impacted the instability in various aspects of security as many as six million of its people have been resettled in foreign countries, including Malaysia. In the survival of protecting themselves, there are obstacles and difficulties encountered in new places. Concerning this matter, the primary purpose of this study sheds light on which elements in the human security paradigm affected Syrian refugees’ survivability in Malaysia. This study was a case study using a qualitative approach. We conducted in-depth interviews with two Global Peace Malaysia (NGOs) officers, three Syrian refugees and participant observations around Kajang, Cyberjaya, Ampang, and Shah Alam. Our findings show the survival patterns experienced by Syrian Muslim refugees in Malaysia in the context of human security, which includes personal, political, economic, and community. To protect the refugees’ social security, precisely, we would like to suggest the Government of Malaysia come up with an individual action plan to address the refugee-related issues. Also, we recommend the NGOs provide a channel to lodge complaints and psychiatry aid to the refugees, aside from focusing on food, health, and education.

Krisis kemanusian di Syria telah memberi impak ke atas ketidakstabilan dari pelbagai aspek keselamatan sehinggakan enam juta lebih daripada rakyatnya menjadi pelarian di negara-negara luar termasuk berada di Malaysia. Dalam survival untuk menyelamatkan diri terdapat pelbagai halangan dan kesukaran yang perlu dihadapi di tempat baharu. Justeru, permasalahan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti elemen keselamatan insan ya ng manakah terjejas dalam survival pelarian Syria di Malaysia? Kajian menggunakan reka bentuk kajian kes menerusi pendekatan kualitatif. Kaedah temu bual mendalam bersama dua orang pegawai NGO Global Peace Malaysia, tiga orang pelarian Syria dan pemerhatian turut serta di sekitar Kajang, Cyberjaya, Ampang dan Shah Alam telah dijalankan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bentuk-bentuk survival yang dialami oleh pelarian Syria di Malaysia dalam konteks keselamatan insan adalah melibatkan personal, politik, ekonomi dan komuniti. Dalam melindungi keselamatan insan pelarian, kajian menyarankan agar Kerajaan Malaysia menyediakan satu pelan tindakan khas untuk mengendalikan isu-isu berbangkit mengenai pelarian agar tidak wujudnya penganiayaan terhadap mereka. Kajian turut mencadangkan kepada NGO selain dari bantuan makanan, kesihatan dan pendidikan, NGO boleh menumpukan kepada dua lagi bahagian iaitu menyediakan saluran untuk membuat aduan dan bantuan psikatari.
The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Landlocked States (Comparative Case Studies of CAR and Mali)
Authors: Sharova Anna
Published: December 2019

Landlocked states are a special category of countries whose economic and social development is associated with a number of additional difficulties due to their geographical location. Among them are: limitation of participation in the international division of labor, high transport costs and costs associated with bureaucratic procedures for crossing the borders of third countries, as well as reducing the competitiveness of exports. The African continent has the largest number of such states. Simultaneously with the indicated political and geographical feature, various sanctions are in force or imposed on a number of this category of African countries, both by the UN and states individually. The sum of these factors negatively affected the development of these states. This article examines in detail two country cases of applying international sanctions against landlocked African countries: the CAR and Mali.

The study led to the conclusion that the effectiveness of sanctions imposed against these countries and targeted sanctions against members of their political elites is low. The main damage and negative consequences are for the general population, since they directly relate to everyday life needs and requirements. For a significant part of the population of both countries, the costs of sanctions are compensated by the possibilities of the “economy of war”: illegal extraction of local natural resources, smuggling and speculation of essential goods.

Peculiarities of the country’s geographical position, lack of access to the sea, under these conditions, can serve as a factor for further “decoupling” of elites from the sanctions issue and the continuation of their policies.
The European Union’s Interaction With Other International Actors in Africa at the Present Stage (Case Studies of China and India)
Authors: Kulkova Olga
Published: December 2019

The article is one of the first in the African Studies in Russia, which aim is to analyze the possibilities of cooperation between the European Union and China and India in their African policies at the present stage. The article also explores the prospects and problems for the triangular cooperation between the EU, China/India and various African states.

The research shows that for some regions of Africa the EU is not already the first major trade partner – now China occupies this place. India is also a significant partner for the continent.

As a range of African countries showed high levels of economic performance during the last decade, their dependence from the EU development assistance diminished. This tendency forces the EU to reconsider its mechanisms of interaction with these African countries on the new basis.

European researchers used to view China (and less – India) as competitors for the EU on the African continent, but in recent years, a new trend appeared – to learn from the Chinese and Indian experience in Africa and to search for the areas where there might be a prospect for collaboration, dialogue, joint projects. The author gives real examples of this growing trend.

The EU now sees China as a partner and a responsible actor in order to promote the development of African countries and strengthen their security. The development of trilateral relations between the EU, China/India and Africa is a bright example of the new European strategy aimed at the interaction with the emerging economies.

The article uses comparative method of research – it compares African policies of the EU, China and India by the major indicators (level of trade and investments with Africa, areas of cooperation, big projects etc.). The author also applies qualitative methods of analysis.

Author shows that European policy towards Africa becomes more pragmatic and business-oriented. In this direction, there are many spheres in which European, Chinese and Indian private sector could cooperate in Africa. There are already first examples of such cooperation. However, the EU also pursues – with ambivalent results – the high-level political dialogue with China and India on the issues related to Africa.

Author concludes that EU as a traditional actor of international politics responds to changes in the global balance of power by building new strategic relations on the African continent with the emerging powers – both China and India and “African lions”.
Pelestarian Candi Plaosan Sebagai Warisan Bersejarah Di Klaten Jawa Tengah
Authors: Widyanti Nanik
Published: December 2019

Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Domestic Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Pelestarian Candi Plaosan Sebagai Warisan Bersejarah Di Klaten Jawa Tengah.