bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Czechoslovakian Human Engineering Standards for Control Pushbuttons with United States Standards
Authors: Bertone C. M.
Published: July 2017

This report presents a complete translation of the Czechoslovakian standard for control pushbuttons and compares it with similar standards as established in the United States. The comparison tends to show specific differences between the two countries’ efforts to establish standards in this area. The Czechoslovak standards are rigid and specific while the U.S. standards are variable and left to interpretation of the individual.
The Measurement of Attitudes toward Man-Machine Systems
Authors: Bare Carole E.
Published: July 2017

To explore and increase the understanding of man-machine relationships, an instrument designed to assess attitudes toward machines was developed and tested in this study. The scaling techniques used in the instrument were based on the work of Charles Osgood with the Semantic Differential. One hundred subjects, consisting of professionals experienced with various machine systems, i.e., programmers, engineers, human factor and operations research scientists, were asked to describe the characteristics of ten machines (Radio, Radar, Automobile, Man, Computer, Teletype, Bulldozer, Bicycle, Welding Torch, and Watch), by means of forty-two adjectives. The results indicate that the developed instrument can be used effectively for the assessment of man-machine attitudes. The hypothesized attitudes toward control and power, toward machines as an extension of man's capabilities, and toward change did emerge; however, typical Osgood factor patterns were not obtained in most of the analyses. The steps for modification of the test instrument and validation of it against performance criteria were discussed.
Target Conspicuity and Visual Search
Authors: Williams Leon G.
Published: July 2017

A general measure of target conspicuity is proposed for predicting the level of search performance as a function of spatial and temporal variables. The probability of locating a target is shown to depend on two factors: target conspicuity, the rate at which the observer can scan the field, and information input rate, the rate at which the field is presented to the observer. Predictions of the effects of such factors as size, scale, rate of movement, and time available, are made for reconnaissance displays. Some experimental support is presented.
Energy Considerations as Determinants of System Design
Authors: Streimer Irving
Published: July 2017

The paper develops a methodological approach to the sizing of man-machine systems which is predicated upon the efficiency of conversion of available system energy into useful goal directed work. Systems are generically categorized into two classes as a function of their energy replacement characteristics. Four classes of energy conversion efficiency degradations are delineated which can adversely affect system capability, reliability, and cost. The effects of alterations in operator performance characteristics upon system design are detailed in terms of engineering changes, and suggestions are advanced as to the nature of the future research necessary to obtain maximum cost effectiveness in future systems.
Increased Crew Activities Scheduling Effectiveness Through the Use of Computer Techniques
Authors: Murphy Wilton W. , Krusemark Keith A. , Moyer Ronald W.
Published: July 2017

The cost of space and oceanic missions per man hour of effective crew activity is extremely high. Vehicle operations and basic crew requirements frequently leave only a small percentage of the crew time available for experiments and data collection. To make optimum use of this time and simultaneously eliminate the laborious manual task of crew scheduling, an automated Crew Activities Scheduling Program (CASP) has been developed, and is described herein. This program gives consideration to vehicle operations, work/rest cycles, geophysical events, experiments, and other crew functions, as well as the associated constraints. Rapid and convenient means are provided for trade-offs, rescheduling and parametric analysis of crew involvement. Typical computer printouts of detailed crew scheduling data are presented.
A System of Notation and Measurement for Space Suit Mobility Evaluation
Authors: Roebuck John A.
Published: July 2017

An integrated system of mobility notation and standard techniques for measurement of spacesuit mobility is described. New terminology is proposed to describe human body movements for engineering workspace analysis and suit mobility specifications. Vector and link concepts are combined in a simplified model of man to describe body positions in terms of orientation of limbs with respect to a tri-planar angular coordinate system conceived as attached to the pelvic region. Numerical coding of the body links and joints is described. The notation system may be used as a basis for mathematical modeling for computer analysis of vehicle workspace geometry and control locations. The system is independent of gravitational reference semantic implications and sufficiently general for a wide range of complexity in kinesiological, medical, and human engineering applications.
Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Tracking Under Two Modes of Error Feedback
Authors: Mirabella Angelo
Published: July 2017

A set of constraints arose in connection with the design of a search vessel. Ship size was expected to limit ship control automation yet require one-man operation. Furthermore, the scale required to display track error was extremely small and likely to cause error feedback problems. A study was undertaken to obtain baseline data, given these constraints. Results showed severe ship control decrement where the operator was coupled to two nonredundant tasks, depth- and course-keeping, even though one task was display aided. Results also showed that mode of course error feedback did not affect course-keeping, but did affect the coordinate task of depth-keeping.
Effect of Gloves on Control Operation Time
Authors: Bradley James V.
Published: July 2017

Five types of control (push buttons, toggle switches, knobs, horizontally operable levers, and vertically operable levers) were operated at room temperature with the hand clothed as follows: no glove, wool glove, double glove, i.e., leather glove over wool glove. Operation time was measured. It was concluded that the effect of gloves on control operation time depends on the type of glove worn, the physical characteristics of the control, and the type of control operation required.
Preference for the Thermal Environment by the Elderly
Authors: Rohles Frederick H.
Published: July 2017

On the basis of the responses of 64 elderly subjects (mean age 75 years) to two questionnaires, temperatures from 32° F to 110° F were classified as cooler-than-comfortable, comfortable, and warmer-than-comfortable. The distribution of comfortable temperatures agree with experimentally derived findings on college-age and middle-aged adults with the mean, median, and modal values falling within the ASHRAE Thermal Comfort Standard 55-66. The results conflict with the criterion stated in the ASHRAE Handbook (1967) that persons over the age of 40 prefer a temperature for comfort of 1° ET higher than that desired by persons below this age.
The Soviet View of Engineering Psychology
Authors: Lomov Boris F. , Bertone C. M.
Published: July 2017

The U.S.S.R. traces the antecedents of engineering psychology to the work of D. I. Mendeleev in 1880 and also to N. A. Arendt in 1888 in connection with the development of aeronautics. The history of the field progressed through the 20th century until the early 1950's when its major expansion took place. Discussed also is the relationship between engineering psychology and the other sciences, conferences held and the material presented, and a review of the major publications in the field.
Engineering Psychology in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Timpe K. P.
Published: July 2017

The subject of engineering psychology is defined as “the optimization of the interchange of information within the man-machine system.” From this brief definition developed ten years ago, a review of past and current work is examined. An examination is also made of the various universities which have courses in engineering psychology; several prominent publications are listed. Various figures and tables are presented to show the overall relationship of engineering psychology to associated areas.
Engineering Psychology in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Krivohlavy Jaro
Published: July 2017

This paper traces the onset of engineering psychology in Czechoslovakia from its heritage in “Arbeitswissenschaft,” or work study, prior to World War II to the present time. There is an examination of the various disciplines working in this field and their relation to each other. Included are a list of publications relevant to the field, including those written for physiologists and industrial uses.
An Overview of Human Factors in Europe
Authors: Fowler Robert D.
Published: July 2017

This is the final paper in this series. It presents an overview of human factors in those countries not covered in the previous papers. The presentation is designed to provide information on the work performed in specific areas such as product design, physiology, stress, and measurement of work load in mental tasks. The material is based on personal visits to laboratories during the past two years and interviews with human factors personnel visiting the United States from the various countries represented.
Vigilance Research: Its Application To Industrial Problems
Authors: Smith Russell L. , Lucaccini Luigi F.
Published: July 2017

Review of the vigilance literature of the past two decades reveals that the results of most studies have questionable application to industrial inspection tasks for which they were, in part, designed to investigate. It is concluded that: (1) little or no evidence exists indicating that the oft-found decrement in the laboratory has a parallel in the industrial (or military) setting; (2) motivational variables may comprise the key to explaining the decrement and general law level of performance; (3) the decrement may be an artifact arising from a general failure of subjects to follow experimental instructions; and (4) many characteristics of inspection tasks bear little resemblance to those of vigilance tasks. These conclusions are supported by a body of evidence which can no longer be ignored by the serious investigator seeking to understand vigilance behavior and expecting to generalize his results. Redirection of vigilance research and greater experimental control are emphasized.
Centralized Training for Personnel in Remote Locations
Authors: Griver Jeanette A. , Robinson Margot B.
Published: July 2017

A training approach for off-site personnel was developed and tested. In an earlier study the approach had successfully reduced communication errors among purchasing agents in the procurement division of a major aerospace firm. The total approach to motivation, communication, and learning devised at the main plant was modified and extended to improve job performance of personnel in remote locations. Its application resulted in a level of learning comparable to that of the on-site personnel.
The Development of Alignment Techniques for the Fabrication of Microelectric Devices
Authors: Springer Robert M. , Harris Douglas H.
Published: July 2017

Alternative visual systems for aligning successive circuit patterns in the fabrication of microelectronic devices were developed and evaluated. The experimental evaluation was conducted under both laboratory and production conditions. The study resulted in an optimal alignment mark system in terms of both alignment accuracy and speed.
Design of Control and Display Panels Using Computer Algorithms
Authors: Bartlett Michael Wright , Smith Leo A.
Published: July 2017

The feasibility of using facilities-allocation algorithms in the design of control and display panels was illustrated by applying the CRAFT (Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique) facilities-allocation algorithm to the design of a hypothetical aircraft main instrument panel. The results indicate that facilities-allocation algorithms are feasible tools for designing control and display panels and suggest that development of an algorithm specifically for the panel design problem is warranted.
Laddermill and Ergometry: A Comparative Summary
Authors: Kamon Eliezer
Published: July 2017

The merits of the laddermill as an ergometer for measuring man's major physiological responses to work are presented, together with a literature-based summary of other commonly used ergometers. The paper shows that the relationships between oxygen uptake, work rate, pulmonary ventilation, and heart rate can be described in simple linear equations. The linear relationship between the oxygen uptake (energy expenditure) and the work rate for ladder-climbing, cycling, cranking, and running are presented and the more complicated relationship of oxygen uptake to walking speed is discussed. In addition, the linear relationships of oxygen uptake to ventilation and to heart rate are given for arms and legs at submaximal and maximal work levels. The work efficiency for each ergometer is analyzed on the basis of the coefficient of regression of the oxygen uptake on the work load. The limitations of the ergometers in achieving maximal aerobic capacity are considered in the light of reported electromyographic evidence. The relatively intensive or extended periods of muscle contractions apparent during cycling and stool-stepping support the view that ischemic muscle contraction might be the cause for the lower maximal value obtained on these ergometers as compared to that obtained on a treadmill.
Analysis of Swimming Motions
Authors: Gallenstein Joseph , Huston Ronald L.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents an analysis of swimming motion with specific attention given to the flutter kick, the breast-stroke kick, and the breast stroke. The analysis is completely theoretical. It employs a mathematical model of the human body consisting of frustrums of elliptical cones. Dynamical equations are written for this model including both viscous and inertia forces. These equations are then applied with approximated swimming strokes and solved numerically using a digital computer. The procedure is to specify the input of the swimming motion. The computer solution then provides the output displacement, velocity, and rotation or body roll of the swimmer.
Some Thoughts on Improving Experiments
Authors: Reising John M. , Ward Sharon L. , Rolek Evan P.
Published: July 2017

The execution of experiments in human factors studies can be improved by thoughtful choice of dependent variables, summary statistics, and statistical techniques. Deficiencies in current practice of experimental design are discussed, and some specific suggestions for improvement are made. In particular, rationale for a choice of criteria and dependent variables should be documented as fully as possible; summary statistics other than amplitude measures may sometimes be appropriate; and multivariate analysis should be used when more than one dependent measure is used. Multivariate and univariate analysis of variance techniques are compared.
The Impact of High Intensity Street Lighting on Nighttime Business Burglary
Authors: Krause Philip B.
Published: July 2017

This paper analyzes an experiment designed to demonstrate the effects of high intensity street lights on nighttime crime. The statistical methodology is developed around an interrupted time series design and illustrates the hazards that can arise if the serial dependence of successive observations is ignored.
Correlation of General Aviation Accidents with the Biorhythm Theory
Authors: Wolcott John H. , McMeekin Robert R. , Burgin Robert E. , Yanowitch Robert E.
Published: July 2017

Biorhythms were calculated for over 4,000 pilots involved in general aviation accidents in 1972. Data were obtained from the files of the National Transportation Safety Board. Exact date and time of accident were used, and 1200 hours (noon) was used as the average time of birth. Data were analyzed for correlation of aircraft-accident occurrence with both biorhythmically critical days and with individual and multiple low or negative phases of cycle. Data were calculated by both a 24- and 48-hour critical period and by all three cycles (physical, emotional, and intellectual) or only the physical and emotional cycles. Data did not deviate significantly from the random model, when analyzed by chi-square at the p = 0.1 level. No correlation was found between accident occurrence and biorhythmic criticality or low phase of cycle. This was true both for the cases in which the primary cause of the accident was attributed to pilot involvement and for those in which it was not.
A Comparative Study of Seven Segment Numerics
Authors: Ellis Newton C. , Hill Steve E.
Published: July 2017

Two studies are reported. In the first study, reading seven segment numerics (SN) was shown to be more difficult than reading of conventional numerics (CN) under short viewing times. Errors in reading SN were idiosyncratic to certain numbers; however, the numbers erroneously reported are predictable. In the second study, training was shown to be effective in overcoming difficulties in reading SN, but without opportunity for continued exposure to SN, acquired skills may be reduced significantly after one month. It was concluded that where time is not critical, SN readability is comparable to CN, but in situations where time is critical, periodic SN training should be employed to preclude readability problems.
Why Do We Bump into Things while Walking
Authors: Zohar Dov
Published: July 2017

People have a certain likelihood of bumping into objects projecting into their walking route. Two experiments, using simulated bumping accidents with a flexible rod, attempted to test an hypothesis that the likelihood of bumping into an object is a positive function of the distance between that object and the axis of the effective visual field of the walking person. The data, described as anthropometric bumping likelihood profiles, supported this hypothesis as well as additional predictions based on it. These data have implications for the design of walking environments such as preferred heights for placing projecting objects which are differentially visible, the effects of floor conditions on these preferred heights, and the importance of determining the walking habits of people for that purpose.
Drivers' Steering Behavior during Traffic Events: A Case of Perceptual Tropism?
Authors: Helander Martin
Published: July 2017

Seventy-five drivers participated in test runs, driving a total of 1500 km. Mean value and 1 standard deviation of steering wheel angle were plotted for several traffic events from 10 s before the event until 10 s after. Two seconds before meeting an oncoming car, there was a 1° shift in steering wheel angle to the left, thereby moving toward the oncoming car. The peak value was obtained at the instant when the oncoming car passed. The original steering wheel position was regained 2 s after the meeting. The behavior was more pronounced on narrow roads than on wide roads, and it was unaffected by driving experience. The behavior is explained by the perceptual significance of the oncoming car and, in analogy with tropistic behavior noted in lower organisms, the phenomenon is called perceptual tropism. The findings introduce a new dimension to analyses of steering behavior. More important, the obtained results suggest that there are interactions between visual and motor behavior.
A Robust Model for Estimating and Testing for Means in Single Subject Experiments
Authors: Higgins James J.
Published: July 2017

The first order autoregressive model is proposed as a robust model for estimating and testing for means in single subject experiments. It has the advantage of mathematical simplicity, and it provides good approximations to a number of other models of the type typically encountered in behavioral research. Practical considerations on the use of the model are considered including: tests of hypotheses and confidence intervals, sample size requirements, normal approximations, and advantages of the model over the independent error term model. Inferences for means and differences of means are considered.
The Presentation of Information to the Job-Shop Scheduler
Authors: Gibson Richard , Laios Lampros
Published: July 2017

Three graphic methods of presenting scheduling information were compared with each other and with a conventional, numerical presentation. The graphic methods were based on the Gantt chart, and all three proved more effective than the numerical presentation in helping the subjects produce efficient schedules. One method in particular which used a machines-by-time organization and identified machines by color code proved superior to the others. This is explained in terms of the perceptual nature of problem solution using these methods. It is suggested that this organization of information be adopted when the primary criterion for schedule evaluation is machine utilization and there are limitations on the display space and color-coding available.
A Psychophysical Approach to Estimating Endurance in Performing Physically Demanding Work
Authors: Wardle Miriam Gayle , Gloss David S.
Published: July 2017

A psychophysical approach utilizing ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was used to assess endurance in performing strenuous work. First, each subject was tested to determine the peak workload. Maximum aerobic power and RPE's were measured. Then, the subjects worked at various rates on a treadmill. Regression equations were developed from which point estimates of maximum working time at each level of work were determined.
Effects of Noise and Heat Stress on Primary and Subsidiary Task Performance
Authors: Bell Paul A.
Published: July 2017

A primary pursuit rotor task and concurrent subsidiary number processing task were performed by 72 male and 72 female paid volunteers who were experiencing ambient temperatures of 22°C, 29°C, or 35°C and noise levels of either 55 dB(A) or 95 dB(A). Performance decrements associated with high noise levels and high ambient temperatures were additive for the subsidiary task. Neither noise nor heat stress affected performance on the primary task. Results are interpreted in terms of an overload framework.
Ego Identity and Temporality
Authors: Rappaport Herbert , Enrich Kathy , Wilson Arnold
Published: July 2017

Erikson's concept of ego identity is related to the existential concept of temporality. Both concepts emphasize the integration of past, present, and future into a sense of continuity. The significance of movement into a perceived open future is underscored in terms of implications for theory and practice.
The Effect of Redundancy in Shadowing One of Two Dichotic Messages
Authors: Moray Neville , Taylor Anne
Published: July 2017

Passages of prose approaching in varying degrees of statistical approximation to English were presented to subjects to shadow while normal prose which they were to disregard was presented to their other ear. It was found that the number of mistakes in shadowing varied inversely with the order of approximation to English, while the number of omissions varied inversely with the logarithm of the order of approximation. These results are discussed in the light of recent experiments on attention.
The Synthesis of English Vowels
Authors: Arnold G. F. , Denes P. , Gimson A. C. , O'Connor J. D. , Trim J. L. M.
Published: July 2017

The construction and operation of a new speech synthesizer is described and an account is given of experiments designed to establish data for the successful synthesis of English vowels.
Phoneme and Voice Identification Studies Using Japanese Vowels
Authors: Ochiai Yoshiyuki
Published: July 2017

A series of experiments dealing with sound quality judgments has been carried out over a long period in the Laboratory of Audiology at Nagoya University, in order to show that vowels possess two fundamental qualities, one forming the basis of phoneme identification and the other of voice identification. We present some results of quality experiments in which Japanese vowels and Japanese speakers are used and in which distortion of the band-elimination type is employed. The most general conclusion is that voice identification is far more suitable than phoneme articulation as a criterion in the technological problem of estimation or rating of speech-communication systems and speech-processing devices.
When People Whistle
Authors: Ostwald Peter F.
Published: July 2017

The shrill, high-pitched musical sound produced when air is forced through a small opening or against a thin edge is called whistling. This paper treats whistling as a special form of human communication. A simpler form of communication than speech, it requires less training in the production and perception of sounds. Yet whistling is more difficult than noise-making, whose sounds are by-products of unskilled movements like eating or breathing and are universally understood. In terms of its history and in connection with the experiences of the whistler and the listener, whistling provides interesting information about the psychology of sound. A study of whistling therefore belongs in the analysis of human behaviour.
Predictability and Disruption of Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Feldstein Stanley , Rogalski Carol , Jaffe Joseph
Published: July 2017

Three experiments were conducted to test the general hypothesis that disrupted spontaneous speech is less predictable than fluent speech. Predictability was estimated by means of the Cloze procedure and disruption by Mahl's non- ah speech disturbance ratio. The hypothesis was not confirmed. Instead, the results revealed significant differences in predictability among speakers and as a function of the degree of verbal interaction and topical focus of the speech. Moreover, the effect of the latter conditions also varied from speaker to speaker. A significant interaction occurred such that the speech of certain speakers was more predictable when it was highly disrupted, while that of others was less predictable when highly disrupted.
Grammatical Constraint in Pathological Speech
Authors: Somers H.H.
Published: July 2017

The question whether grammatical function is greatly disturbed by schizophrenia was examined by means of the coefficient of constraint, based upon information theory. It was found that differences between Dutch- and French-speaking patients were greater than between schizophrenics and normals. Examination of Rorschach protocols indicates that the specific affection caused by schizophrenia is a defective perceptive feedback.
The Comparative Skills of Monolinguals and Bilinguals in Perceiving Phoneme Sequences
Authors: Cohen Stephen P. , Tucker G. Richard , Lambert Wallace E.
Published: July 2017

Five groups of subjects, two monolingual in English or French, three bilingual in French and English, but one native in English, the second native in French, and the third native in both languages, were measured for their accuracy in perceiving initial phoneme sequences. All groups were most accurate in perceiving sequences that occurred in both languages and least accurate with sequences occurring in neither language. Sequences occurring in one of the two languages fell between these extremes with French sequences yielding significantly higher accuracy than English sequences. The bilinguals who were native in English or native in both languages were superior to the other three groups on the tasks. Errors tended to be distortions in the direction of the subject's native language. The most common error was a replacement of the initial phoneme accompanied by accurate perception of the second phoneme.
Hesitation Phenomena and Related Encoding Characteristics in Speech and Typewriting
Authors: Tannenbaum Percy H. , Williams Frederick , Wood Barbara S.
Published: July 2017

Intercorrelations among various hesitation phenomena, production variables, and message characteristics found in spoken responses were factor analysed in an attempt to establish a parsimonious description of basic attributes underlying encoding behaviour. For comparative purposes, a similar analysis was conducted on measures obtained from typewritten messages. The four factors found in the spoken messages were interpreted as : time spent in cognitive decision making, the amount of message produced, disruptions due to stress in the encoding situation, and degree of syntactic elaboration of sentences. Factors found in the analysis of typewritten messages only roughly approximated those found for speech. A subsequent analysis of part of speech frequencies in the two message types revealed additional syntactic distinctions between the two modes, distinctions which were attributed to the differential feedback conditions usually available in the different encoding situations.
Short Term Memory and Syntactic Structure in Educationally Subnormal Children
Authors: Graham Norman C.
Published: July 2017

Is the cause of language deficiency in some children to be found in inadequate acquisition of linguistic rules or is poor functioning due to deficit on some psychological dimension ? A group of children in schools for the educationally subnormal were tested on a short term memory (STM) task. Materials were unstructured strings of words and twenty-four eight-word sentences manifesting different transformational rules. Seven levels of performance on unstructured strings (STM) were identified and the degree of facilitation provided by sentence structure of any kind was related to these levels. The most significant result was the differential effect of sentence types at different levels of STM. It was concluded that STM limitations may well account for some language deficiencies. Recent linguistic work suggests an explanation in terms of the different amounts of computation involved in the internal organisation of sentences of the same length. Subjects will fail to process such sentences as make demands on STM beyond their capacity.
Prompted Word Replacement in Active and Passive Sentences
Authors: Tannenbaum Percy H. , Williams Frederick
Published: July 2017

A conceptual focus formulation developed in a prior study of encoding of active and passive sentences led to predictions concerning how such sentences are stored and their main semantic units are retrieved from memory. The formulation posed a dominant subject-verb linkage in active sentences but an object-verb linkage characterizing passive sentences. Individuals were presented with either the subject, or verb, or object of previous exposed sentences and were required to replace the other two missing words. As anticipated, the subject was a better prompt for the verb in active than in passive sentences but the reverse relationship obtained when the object was the cue. Similar predictions for situations when the verb was the prompt word were supported when the subject was the response but not when the objects were to be replaced.
The Structure of the Nominal Group and Elaboratedness of Code
Authors: Coulthard R.M. , Robinson W.P.
Published: July 2017

A linguistic analysis was made of the grammatical structure and lexis of the nominal groups used in the speech of six-year-old working class girls to describe a set of pictures. The girls differed on three independent variables: verbal intelligence test scores, participation in a daily language programme for over four terms, and complexity of speech elicited a year earlier in a different situation. The dependent variables were the linguistic environment of the nominal groups, the extent and type of modification and qualification, and the lexical exponents. Participation in the language programme and high intelligence test scores were generally associated with a higher incidence of nominal groups in clauses, compound modification, complex rankshifted qualifiers and a wider range of adjectives. A correlational analysis was found to justify the construction of a summary score for the complexity of the nominal group structure and this index successfully discriminated between the experimental groups.
Eye-Voice Span (EVS) within Active and Passive Sentences
Authors: Levin Harry , Kaplan Eleanor L.
Published: July 2017

Intra-sentence contingency effects on the processing of sentences were examined by means of a technique which involved using the Eye-Voice Span (EVS) as a unit of decoding in oral reading. Target sentences, one half active and one half passive, were embedded in paragraphs which subjects read aloud. It was found that the EVS varied in accordance with intra-sentence constraints ; specifically, (1) the EVS was found to be greater in the more highly constrained passive form ; and (2) the EVS varied in accordance with the size and location of constituent boundaries within each form.
Some Factors in Effective Communication
Authors: Johnson Raymond L. , Gross Herbert S.
Published: July 2017

To determine the number of dimensions needed to account for behaviour in an instrumental communication task, verbal descriptions of 40 Munsell colour chips were elicited from four subjects. Later these same subjects tried to identify the chips on the basis of the descriptions. Every subject served both as speaker and listener for every other subject, including himself. Coombs' non-metric multi-dimensional scaling technique was used to analyse the 16 speaker-listener pairs, rank ordered for effectiveness of communication and two, possibly three, dimensions were found: (1) listening skill ; (2) skill in describing colours, both for self and other listeners ; and (3) response similarity with other subjects, as measured either by the degree of lexical similarity in the composition of verbal descriptions or by the degree of overlap of choices made in the identification of colour chips. These results were interpreted as evidence against the existence of a generalized uni-dimensional communication skill.
Sound Symbolism in Words Relating to Proximity and Distance
Authors: Tanz Christine
Published: July 2017

The existence of a universal sound symbolism is still controversial. Evidence is presented for a universal sound symbolism in a constellation of words in natural languages relating to proximity and distance. The discussion ranges from words relating to physical distance to terms of temporal and personal distance. Several explanations for the appearance of sound symbolism in this domain are suggested, including one based on their attributes as " shifters " or " indexical symbols ".
The Syntactic Location of Hesitation Pauses
Authors: Hawkins P.R.
Published: July 2017

Spontaneous narrative speech was obtained from 48 children by asking them to make up a story. A grammatical analysis of the hesitation pauses was carried out. Two-thirds of all the pauses, and three-quarters of the pause-time, was found to occur at boundaries between clauses. Pauses occasioned by lexical items occurred more frequently at a group boundary than within the group. It is suggested that the high frequency of clause-boundary pausing is a function of (a) the speech situation and (b) the range of options confronting the speaker at the beginning of a clause.
Vocabulary and Pronunciation Acquisition Among Bilinguals and Monolinguals
Authors: Lerea Louis , Laporta Rosemary
Published: July 2017

Bilingualism was studied with regard to vocabulary learning and pronunciation. 51 subjects (monolinguals and co-ordinate and compound bilinguals) were required to learn two lists of nine disyllabic Hebrew words. Each word contained the /x/ phoneme—a velar fricative. One list was presented visually, the second auditorily. The monolinguals learned the words more quickly when the lists were seen, whereas the compound group performed significantly better auditorily and learned the correct pronunciation of the /x/ more rapidly than the other two groups. The psycholinguistic and educational implications of these findings were considered. of these findings were considered.
Response Latency Differences in Speech Shadowing as an Indicator of Distinctive Features of Consonants
Authors: Scheib B. Thomas , Sharf Donald J.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine which articulatory features serve as important distinctive features of perception by measuring latency in speech shadowing. Fifteen subjects shadowed a recording of consonant-vowel syllables orally and by means of a hand-held switch. Vocal shadowing was tape recorded and the onsets of the stimuli and the manual responses were recorded on a polygraph. The oral responses were used to indicate perceptual confusions and the manual responses were used as the basis for measuring the shadowing latency for each consonant. After eliminating the dental fricatives because of perceptual confusions, the remaining consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, s, z, ∫, 3, m, n, 1, r, j, w,) were classified according to a feature system and the latency scores were analysed. An analysis of variance indicated significant differences among sounds arranged according to features. A post hoc comparison between all possible features (interrupted, grave, acute, diffuse, strident, voiced, tense, nasal) showed that three features were primarily responsible for the significant variance: stridency (or, minus interrupted) voicing, and nasalization. The results do not seem to support the concept of a hierarchy of features which order the decisions made in consonant identification.
Coarticulation Effects of Post-Consonantal Vowels On the Short-Term Recall of Pre-Consonantal Vowels
Authors: Clark Michael , Sharf Donald J.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to see whether, in a vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) nonsense word, the pre-consonantal acoustic effects of the post-consonantal vowel could influence the short-term recall of the pre-consonantal vowel. Recordings were made by a male speaker of VC and VCV utterances in which the six lax vowels of American English were the initial vowels, /t/ was the consonant, and /I/ and /α/ were the final vowels. By editing out the final vowels of some of the utterances, five conditions were produced: (1) control-Vt; (2) final /I/ deleted—Vt/I, (3) final /α/ deleted—Vt/α, (4) final /I/ retained—VtI; and (5) final /α/ retained—Vtα. These utterances were presented to listeners in lists of six for short-term recall of the initial vowels. Frequency of errors and distribution of errors based on feature analysis of the vowels were calculated. Statistical analysis showed that coarticulation effects did influence per cent recall scores but not error distribution. It was concluded that coarticulation effects probably influence the certainty with which vowel identifications are made but not the specification of features which determine the identification.
The Perception of Sub-Phonemic Phonetic Differences
Authors: Bond Z.S.
Published: July 2017

In a preliminary study, Fry (1968) discovered that he was able to discriminate between mono-morphemic and bi-morphemic words of identical phonemic shape, such as lax v. lacks. In this study, 10 such assumedly homophonous words pairs were tested for subjects' ability to identify them. When total scores for each word pair were considered, subjects were unable to identify any of the word pairs correctly at a statistically significant level. However, in the case of some individual productions of the 'homophone' pairs, subjects were extremely consistent in how they labelled the words. The productions which were most consistently labelled were analysed in order to determine what acoustic cues the subjects were employing. Apparently, subjects were able to make use of certain acoustic cues that are sometimes considered sub-phonemic. That these cues are not linguistically significant is indicated by the fact that besides correct identifications, the subjects also produced equally consistent mislabellings.
Orthography and the Perception of Stops After S
Authors: Fink R.
Published: July 2017

Stimuli containing voiced or voiceless stops occurring after [s] were presented in the form of a spelling test to child and adult subjects. Responses indicate that the child's perceptual categorization of these phones undergoes a change during his internalization of the rules of English orthography, i.e. at the age of 7 or 8. Results also suggest that the value of the feature of voicing assigned to these stops may not be the same for all places of articulation.
Hesitations in Maternal Speech
Authors: Dale Philip S.
Published: July 2017

To investigate the possibility that a significant source of segmentation information concerning the syntactic structure of sentences might be present in hesitation placement in maternal speech, mothers were recorded speaking to their youngest children, between 2:0 and 3:6, and to their older children, between 5:0 and 8:0. Hesitations occurred more often at sentence boundaries in speech to younger children. However, using three distinct definitions of phrase-boundary, no tendency was found for hesitations to occur more often at phrase-boundaries in speech to younger children.
Status Perception Through Syntax
Authors: Callary R. E.
Published: July 2017

Previous studies have indicated that untrained judges are able to assign correct social status to a speaker on the basis of a very short sample of speech. However, it is unknown if the linguistic features upon which these decisions are based are to be found in the syntactic, phonological, or morphological components of the grammar. This study holds phonology and morphology constant and examines status judgments based entirely upon syntax. The findings indicate that judges are consistently able to assign correct social status on the basis of syntax alone.
Social Class, Reference and Context
Authors: Francis Hazel
Published: July 2017

In a sample of 96 children of social class 1–3 and 96 of social class 4–5, no significant differences were found in the use of nominal group items, nor in exophoric reference in a story reproduction task; although other differences were noted. The results, which appear to contradict Hawkins' (1969) findings in a picture description task, are discussed with reference to Bernstein's notions of ‘restricted’ and ‘elaborated’ codes and Labov's studies of language in social contexts. It is concluded that different codes are available and used for reference in different contexts, and that this has particular significance for education.
Elaborated Speech and Hesitation Phenomena
Authors: Jones Pauline A.
Published: July 2017

The study examined speech characteristics of two groups who were discrepant in verbal ability and who were from families differing in press for language development. The sample consisted of 25 pairs of grade 5 boys who were matched for general intelligence. Transcripts of subjects' oral responses to stimulus pictures were analysed yielding thirteen speech variables. High-verbal boys as compared with low-verbal boys use more and longer communication units, have a higher index of subordination, and use more tentative statements ( p < 0.01). Boys having higher verbal ability and using more elaborated speech nevertheless have a shorter mean pause duration and pause less frequently than low-verbal boys ( p < 0.05). These findings raise questions concerning the relevance of hesitation phenomena for verbal planning activity accompanying speech.
A Psycholinguistic Comparison of Speech, Dictation and Writing
Authors: Blass Thomas , Siegman Aron W.
Published: July 2017

Eighteen subjects responded to questions in an interview-like situation in which response modes (speaking, dictation, and writing) and question topics (personal v. impersonal) were systematically varied. Ten verbal indices consisting of extra-linguistic, syntactical, and content measures were the dependent variables. The speaking condition, in contrast to writing, yielded significantly faster Reaction Times and Production Rates, greater verbal Productivity, higher Silence Quotients, and lower Passive Verb Ratios, with dictation yielding intermediate scores on all the variables with the exception of Silence Quotient. The Ah Ratio was higher in dictation than in writing while the reverse was true for Non-Ah Ratio. Impersonal questions, in contrast to personal ones, evoked responses characterized by greater Productivity, faster Reaction Times, lower Silence Quotients and Non-Ah Ratios, higher Ah Ratios, longer and more superficial sentences. The encoding condition effects were interpreted as supporting the view that mode of communication influences the structure of the relations between interactants in a dyad. The topical effects supported the hypothesis of a greater reluctance to divulge personal rather than impersonal information, especially to a stranger.
Long-Term Recall of Speech Sounds as a Function of Pronounceability
Authors: Winitz Harris , Herriman Eve , Bellerose Betty
Published: July 2017

It is generally agreed that long term memory is primarily a semantically based system. If this is correct the pronounceability of phonetic units should not affect recall over long intervals of time. In Experiment I children recalled non-pronounceable and pronounceable units equally well. In Experiment II non-pronounceable units appeared in the same list. The lists were designed so that children's overt pronunciations of non-pronounceable units would be the same as a corresponding pronounceable unit. No differences were found between mixed and non-mixed lists.
Parametric Relationships in English CVNC and CVC Monosyllables
Authors: Roberts E.W. , Babcock W.R.
Published: July 2017

Six arbitrarily chosen hypotheses derived from impressionistic phonetic examinations of English monosyllabic CVNC and CVC utterances were tested instrumentally, using a Frøkjar-Jensen Aerometer. Validation by correlation was found to a considerable degree for all of them and expected peculiarities in the data suggest that other parameters such as vowel quality must be considered in further experimentation.
Pronominal Usage, Cohesion and Explicitness in Working-Class Speech: Towards an Evaluative Technique
Authors: Jenkinson T.K. , Weymouth A.G.
Published: July 2017

In a sample of 30 working class apprentices aged between 16 and 17 it has been shown that given a descriptive, narrative oral task the level of exophoric pronominal usage is minimal and does not detract from the overall cohesion of the text. The conclusions indicate a need to modify earlier notions concerning cohesion and pronominal reference in working class speech.
A Normative Study of Children's Listening Rate Preferences
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Fultz Virginia A.
Published: July 2017

A paired comparison paradigm was employed to determine the listening rate preferences of children. Recordings of a reading of a standard prose passage were time-altered by means of a speech compressor to yield nine rates: 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 wpm. A master tape was constructed from the time-altered versions of the reading and presented to 49 children for their listening rate preference judgments. Results indicate that the children's most preferred listening rate was 175 wpm and their least preferred rate was 100 wpm. Comparisons of the present findings with the listening rate preferences of adults, as well as suggestions for future inquiry, are discussed.
The Effect of Mandibular Nerve Block Upon the Speech of Four-Year-Old Boys
Authors: Borden Gloria Jones
Published: July 2017

The effects of bilateral mandibular nerve blocks on the speech of seven four-year-old boys were judged by transcribers. The children repeated 66 sentences heavily weighted with consonant clusters known to be vulnerable to nerve block distortion. Although all the children reported loss of sensation, there was variation in speech effect. The effect was limited to less than 20% of the utterances but the distortions were further from target than those of adults previously studied. It is hypothesized that the nerve block interrupts the sensation of touch, a sensation that arises in time after the speech motor commands and has little importance in on-going monitoring of learned speech patterns. The slurring of speech which does result from the block is attributed to absorption of the anaesthetic by the blood stream.