bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Catalyzed Oxidation of Tertiary Nitrogen Compounds with Molecular Oxygen: An Easy Access to N‐Oxides under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Jain Suman L. , Sain Bir
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Bromine Chloride and Iodine Monochloride to Carbonyl‐Conjugated, Acetylenic Ketones: Synthesis and Mechanisms.
Authors: Heasley Victor L. , Buczala Deanna M. , Chappell Alfred E. , Hill David J. , Whisenand Josh M. , Shellhamer Dale F.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Allylic Substitution in the Presence of Hexamethylditin.
Authors: Wallner Olov A. , Szabo Kalman J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Regioselective Preparation of 1,3‐Diketones within a Micro Reactor.
Authors: Wiles Charlotte , Watts Paul , Haswell Stephen J. , Pombo‐Villar Esteban
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Untersuchung zu arteigenen kristallinen Verkrustungen in einem Kristallisationsprozess
Authors: Abohamra E. , Ulrich J.
Published: June 2010

Kristalline Verkrustungen stellen ein großes Problem in der Industrie und insbesondere bei der industriellen Kristallisation dar. Sie verursachen Stillstandszeiten und Kosten. In dieser Arbeit wird die Bildung von kristallinen Verkrustungen untersucht, wobei die Verkrustungen aus dem Material des gewünschten Produktes bestehen. Dabei wird die Wechselwirkung zwischen der Bildung kristalliner Verkrustungen einerseits und dem Wachstum der anwesenden Produktkristalle andererseits untersucht.
Chemie ferner Planeten
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: June 2010

Erst vor 15 Jahren konnten Forscher nachweisen, dass andere Sterne auch Planeten besitzen. Inzwischen kennt man weit über 400 extrasolare Planeten und kann sogar spektroskopische Untersuchungen ihrer Atmosphären durchführen.
Color characteristics of costumes for Korean folk festivals and color consciousness of Koreans
Authors: Kim Ji Young
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the color characteristics of Korean culture, the color consciousness of Korean people based on their arche‐pattern sentiment, and to analyze the colors of the costumes of Korean folk festivals, which clearly suggest the archetype of Korean tradition. The range of this study is focused on Korea's important intangible cultural assets in which the colors used in folk festivals were fully expressed, and 20 folk games and plays were selected from among different festival events. Hundred and fifteen pictures from these 20 folk games/plays were used to extract the costume colors and conduct color analyses. Among 647 colors extracted in total, this article used 199 colors after excluding overlapping colors. The results show that Korean folk festivals have served as the medium of nondifferentiation that goes beyond the differentiated order of reality. Costumes for these Korean folk festivals, such as folk games and folk plays, have a sacred meaning as ritualistic robes. Five element colors in these costumes for the Korean folk festival are used as a means of circulatory thinking and as a symbol of Chaos—the very origin of undifferentiated thinking—beyond one's daily lives. It was found that these highly chromatic five element colors have always been used, wherever this undifferentiated thinking was strongly expressed. Delivering visually strong impacts, these five element colors symbolize the concept of the Arche‐pattern theory, being related to infinite freedom without any restrictions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
Molecular Wires in Single‐Molecule Junctions: Charge Transport and Vibrational Excitations
Authors: Ballmann Stefan , Hieringer Wolfgang , Secker Daniel , Zheng Qinglin , Gladysz John A. , Görling Andreas , Weber Heiko B.
Published: June 2010

We investigate the effect of vibrations on the electronic transport through single‐molecule junctions, using the mechanically controlled break junction technique. The molecules under investigation are oligoyne chains with appropriate end groups, which represent both an ideally linear electrical wire and an ideal molecular vibrating string. Vibronic features can be detected as satellites to the electronic transitions, which are assigned to longitudinal modes of the string by comparison with density functional theory data.
B cell subsets in healthy children: Reference values for evaluation of B cell maturation process in peripheral blood
Authors: Piątosa Barbara , Wolska‐Kuśnierz Beata , Pac Małgorzata , Siewiera Katarzyna , Gałkowska Ewa , Bernatowska Ewa
Published: June 2010

Background:

The process of maturation of the immune system leads to generation of various lymphoid cell populations having the ability to react in specific way and expressing various markers on the cell surface. The study was set up to establish reference values for B lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of children and young adults to find the spectrum of their physiological age‐related variation.

Methods:

Blood samples were taken from 292 children and young adults aged 0–31 years and tested for distribution of B cell subsets. Relative and absolute sizes of non‐memory and memory, transitional, naïve, immature marginal zone‐like/IgM‐only memory, class‐switched memory, double negative, activated, and plasmacytoid cell populations were determined by four‐color flow cytometry, based on differential expression of CD19, IgM, IgD, CD21, CD27, and CD38. Significant variation both in relative, as well as in absolute numbers of individual cell populations in tested groups was observed.

Results:

The reference values for age‐related B cell subsets in eleven age groups, established as result of this study, may be used in diagnostics of any pathology related to B cell maturation process, as well as in attempts of correlating laboratory results with clinical symptoms of many defects affecting antibody production in pediatric population.

Conclusion:

Determination of B cell subpopulations carried in patients with antibody deficiencies may help to understand the nature of the disease and prevent its complications. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
A low‐complexity adaptive receiver for DS‐CDMA systems in unknown code delay environment
Authors: Chen Jun‐Da , Ueng Fang‐Biau , Lin Pi‐Feng
Published: June 2010

In direct‐sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) multiuser communication systems in multipath channels, both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple‐access interference (MAI) must be considered. The multipath channel characterizes the propagation effects including the timing offset and delays, etc. Traditionally, we use the delay‐locked loop (DLL) code tracking loop to recover the timing delay. But DLL cannot work well in multipath environment. In this paper, we propose a low‐complexity adaptive receiver to suppress ISI/MAI and solve the timing offset problems without using conventional DLL code tracking loop. The proposed receiver employs an adaptive filter whose weights are adapted using a block least‐mean square error algorithm with fractional sampling. Simulations confirm the good performance, including learning curves and theoretical analysis of minimum mean‐square error, of the proposed receiver. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zur Rissbildung in feuerverzinkten Stahlkonstruktionen
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Ulbrich Detlef
Published: June 2010

Kurzfassung des Berichtes zum Forschungsvorhaben “Richtlinie über besondere Maßnahmen zur Gütesicherung von bestehenden, verzinkten Stahlkonstruktionen – Handbuch für die Überprüfungsinitiative” mit dem Titel: “Hinweise zur Einschätzung von Art und Umfang weiter zu untersuchender Stahlkonstruktionen hinsichtlich möglicher Schäden aus dem Feuerverzinkungsprozess und des Schadensfolgepotentials durch den Eigentümer/Verfügungsberechtigten”; Fassung Juni 2010.
In silico subtraction approach reveals a close lineage relationship between follicular dendritic cells and BP3hi stromal cells isolated from SCID mice
Authors: Wilke Gordon , Steinhauser Gudrun , Grün Joachim , Berek Claudia
Published: June 2010

Organization of the stromal compartments in secondary lymphoid tissue is a prerequisite for an efficient immune reaction. In particular, follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are pivotal for the activation and differentiation of B cells. To investigate the development of FDC, FDC together with tightly associated B cells (FDC networks) were micro‐dissected from frozen tissue sections and follicular B cells were sorted by FACS. Using an in silico subtraction approach, gene expression of FDC was determined and compared with that of follicular stromal cells micro‐dissected from the spleen of SCID mice. Nearly 90% of the FDC genes were expressed in follicular stromal cells of the SCID mouse, providing further evidence that FDC develop from the residual network of reticular cells. Thus, it suggests that rather minor modifications in the gene expression profile are sufficient for differentiation into mature FDC. The analysis of different immune‐deficient mouse strains shows that a complex pattern of gene regulation controls the development of residual stromal cells into mature FDC. The in silico subtraction approach provides a molecular framework within which to determine the diverse roles of FDC in support of B cells and to investigate the differentiation of FDC from their mesenchymal precursor cells.
Basophils are potent antigen‐presenting cells that selectively induce Th2 cells
Authors: Nakanishi Kenji
Published: June 2010

Basophils and mast cells are important effector cells in helminth‐infected host and IgE‐mediated allergic inflammation. Although they have the same progenitors, basophils and mast cells complete their terminal differentiation in the bone marrow and peripheral tissues, respectively, and only basophils circulate in the blood. Although it is recognized that basophils are important for Th2 responses, and it is also well established that IL‐4 is required for Th2 differentiation from naïve CD4+ T cells, the nature of the cells that produce “early” IL‐4, remained elusive until recently. Three groups independently demonstrated that basophils are the predominant APC in inducing Th2 response against helminth parasites and allergens. Basophils express MHC class II and CD80/86, have the potential to take‐up and process protein Ag (particularly Ag–IgE complex) and to present peptide in the context of MHC class II, and to produce IL‐4. These Ag‐pulsed basophils induce the development of Th2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, basophils contribute to Th2/IgE response by the production of IL‐4 and presentation of MHC class II/peptide complex to naïve CD4+ T cells, in contrast to the Th1‐inducing action of DC. In this review, we summarize what is known regarding basophil function in allergy and parasite infection, examine the novel Ag‐presenting function of basophils and discuss potential clinical implications of this finding.
Tumor immune therapy: Lessons from infection and implications for cancer – Can IL‐7 help overcome immune inhibitory networks?
Authors: Pellegrini Marc , Mak Tak W.
Published: June 2010

The complexity that the immune system faces in distinguishing pathogens from self is manifested by the intricate immunological networks involved in initiation, promotion and abrogation of immunity. A substantially more complex algorithm is required to distinguish normal from aberrant self (e.g. in the form of cancers), and this is reflected by the apparent inefficiency of our immune system to eradicate tumors; however, with our expanding insights into the molecular networks that govern immunity, we can now consider therapies that transiently promote immunity and/or antagonize immune inhibitory networks. Cytokines that normally function to regulate immune responses hold much therapeutic promise in this regard. Translating this promise to tangible outcomes will require a thorough analysis of how, when and in what way these cytokines should be used to take advantage of synergistic and complementary effects of current cancer therapeutics. In this review, we focus on IL‐7, as much data are emerging on the ability of this unique homeostatic cytokine to augment various anti‐tumor immunotherapeutic modalities.
Chromium(III) Complexes with Chelating Anilido–Imine Ligands: Synthesis, Structures, and Catalytic Properties for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Xu Tieqi , An Haiyan , Gao Wei , Mu Ying
Published: June 2010

A series of novel chromium complexes that bear anilido–imine ligands, [{ortho‐C6H4(NAr′)(CH=NAr″)}CrCl2(thf)2] [Ar′ = Ar″ = C6H5 (1); Ar′ = Ar″ = p‐MeC6H4 (2); Ar′ = Ar″ = 2,6‐Me2C6H3 (3); Ar′ = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3, Ar″ = 2,6‐Me2C6H3 (4); Ar′ = Ar″ = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3 (5)], have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and ESI‐MS. The molecular structures of complexes 1 and 2 have been confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. When activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), these complexes exhibit reasonable to good catalytic activity for ethylene polymerization and produce polyethylene with moderate molecular weights.
Preparation and Structure Determination of a Stable cis‐Bis‐σ‐homobenzene Derivative
Authors: Wullbrandt Dieter , Hopf Henning , Jones Peter G.
Published: June 2010

By cyclopropanation of tetramethyl[2.2]paracyclophane 9 the tetramethylene adduct 10 has been prepared. This hydrocarbon is the first stable cis‐bis‐σ‐homobenzene for which a structure has been determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the Highly Functionalized Core Structure of Aurisides by Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Bourcet Emmanuel , Fache Fabienne , Piva Olivier
Published: June 2010

Two approaches based on the ring‐closing metathesis reaction have been explored for the synthesis of the core structure of the marine natural products, the aurisides. The second approach, accomplished in a stereocontrolled manner, used both a Brown's allylation and an Evans' aldolisation, and finally a transannular ketalization to deliver a highly functionalized auriside analogue.
A Calibration Strategy for Stripping Voltammetry of Lead on Silver Electrodes
Authors: Jakubowska Małgorzata , Baś Bogusław , Ciepiela Filip , Kubiak Władysław W.
Published: June 2010

This work presents a calibration strategy for stripping voltammetry which enables improving and testing accuracy, using as an example quantitative determination of lead ions on a silver electrode. The proposed procedure integrates the interpolative and extrapolative conventional calibration methods. In the proposed approach the accuracy of determination is verified by the evaluation of the statistical agreement of the results obtained in standard addition and a series of standard methodologies. In the experiments only the standard solutions used to perform quantification are required. The application of procedures of baseline subtraction may decrease the value of systematic error, therefore such an algorithm constitutes an essential part of the described methodology and has been given in detail. The proposed calibration strategy has been tested for the determination of Pb(II) ions in certified reference material (CRM) water samples.
Volatile emissions from hot bitumen storage tanks
Authors: Deygout François
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study is to estimate the fugitive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from hot stored bitumen and to assess the contribution of these VOCs on the overall emissions in refinery processes. All the usual information regarding VOC emissions from tank storage is based on the storage of petroleum products at ambient temperature (mainly volatile streams such as fuels), and all the calculation systems used to predict or estimate the emissions are based on daily or seasonal temperature variations. Consequently, a dedicated protocol for hot bitumen storage using measurement‐based estimations was established. Tank headspace compositions were also determined. Some annual emissions were estimated and comparisons were made with current emission factor‐based methods.

The atmospheric VOC emissions from hot stored bitumen were shown to be made of residual petroleum compounds. The experiments demonstrated that volatile emissions are more bitumen related than temperature dependent in the studied temperature range. The experiments also showed VOC depletion over time. Storage duration is the predominant factor affecting VOC emission levels. Another main outcome concerns the influence of differences in the manufacturing process between oxidized and nonoxidized bitumens, with the blowing operation decreasing the VOC contents by stripping. Finally, it is shown that hot bitumen storage tanks make a low contribution to the overall fugitive VOC emissions in a refinery process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Metal uptake from aqueous leachate of poultry litter by natural zeolite
Authors: Turan N. Gamze
Published: June 2010

The objective of this research was to identify Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions in the litter aqueous leachate and to take up these metals from leachate using natural zeolite. The adsorption capacities and sorption efficiencies were determined. The sorption efficiencies increased with increasing natural zeolite ratio. The pseudo first‐order, the pseudo second‐order, Elovich, and the intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data to estimate the rate constants. The second‐order model best described adsorption kinetic data. The results indicated that natural zeolite showed excellent adsorptive characteristics for the removal of Cu (II) and Zn (II) from aqueous leachate of poultry litter and could be used as additive materials for poultry litter due to its high uptake capacity and the abundance in availability. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Effects of aquatic and terrestrial carbaryl exposure on feeding ability, growth, and survival of American toads
Authors: Webber Nicholas R. , Boone Michelle D. , Distel Christopher A.
Published: June 2010

The present study evaluates whether larval density and aquatic exposure to the insecticide carbaryl influenced susceptibility to terrestrial exposure of carbaryl through effects on juvenile feeding ability, growth, and survival with metamorphs of American toads (Bufo americanus). Tadpoles were reared in outdoor mesocosms, and individuals were brought into the lab at metamorphosis for terrestrial exposure studies. The present study indicated that feeding and survival of toads after metamorphosis was not affected by earlier aquatic or subsequent terrestrial exposure; therefore, the impacts of short-lived insecticides may be most significant to aquatic, larval stages. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2323–2327. © 2010 SETAC
Studies on the sorption behaviors of phenanthrene on marine sediments
Authors: Yang Gui-Peng , Zheng Xuan
Published: June 2010

In the present study, the sorption behaviors of phenanthrene on marine sediments were investigated. Through the study of the adsorption kinetics and isotherms, the adsorption mechanism of phenanthrene on marine sediments was described. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics of phenanthrene on marine sediments could be described by the second-order kinetic equation. The sorption rate of phenanthrene was very rapid, and the equilibrium time was slightly longer in deionized water than in natural seawater. The adsorption isotherms of phenanthrene on all the sediments could be very well described by Freundlich equations. The adsorption capacity of phenanthrene had a significant positive correlation with the sediment organic carbon content. Some external factors that could affect adsorption behaviors of phenanthrene were also investigated. Results of the present study showed that the adsorption capacity of phenanthrene on the sediment decreased with increasing temperature. Moreover, the adsorption amounts of phenanthrene on the sediment appeared to be lower in natural seawater than in deionized water. Finally, the presence of the surfactant of Tween20 in the system could enhance the adsorption of phenanthrene on the sediment, and the adsorbance was proportional to the concentration of Tween20. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2169–2176. © 2010 SETAC
Selenium accumulation in coturnix quail fed seleno-L-methionine
Authors: Santolo Gary M. , Yamamoto Julie T. , Neiberg Pamela S. , Wilson Barry W.
Published: June 2010

The accumulation of selenium in Coturnix quail, a sensitive species to selenium toxicity, was studied. Quail were fed diets containing 0.7 µg/g (control), 12 µg/g (low-Se), and 22 µg/g (high-Se) as seleno-L-methionine for four weeks. At the end of the four weeks, blood selenium in the treatment groups had a positive significant relationship to diet, and selenium in blood was approximately two times, and in livers was approximately three times, the dietary concentration. Quail in the low-Se group accumulated selenium to higher levels over the same time period than American kestrels and mallards fed selenomethionine at similar concentrations in other studies. Food consumption was similar among the groups throughout the study. Body mass, as a percent of initial body mass, was similar in the control and low-Se groups (102%) but lower in the high-Se group (97%). Liver mass, as a percent of initial body mass, showed a positive dose-dependent response to dietary selenium, and liver mass was significantly higher in quail fed 22 µg Se/g than in control quail. Unlike other species studied, accumulation of selenium in blood did not plateau but continued to increase until the study ended. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2220–2224. © 2010 SETAC
Toxicokinetic variation in 15 freshwater arthropod species exposed to the insecticide chlorpyrifos
Authors: Rubach Mascha N. , Ashauer Roman , Maund Stephen J. , Baird Donald J. , Van den Brink Paul J.
Published: June 2010

Recent advances in modeling the processes of the toxicity of chemicals—toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD)—are improving environmental risk assessment (ERA) through prediction of effects from time-varying exposure. This has been achieved by linking chemical fate and toxicological effects mechanistically, based on internal concentrations, through the tissue residue approach. However, certain questions remain: for example, how do TK and TD differ among species and how does this relate to differences in species sensitivity? In a series of experiments, we studied the TK of [14C]chlorpyrifos in 15 freshwater arthropod species, two of which were studied in juvenile and adult life stages. Uptake (kin) and elimination (kout) rate constants were fitted using a one-compartment single first-order kinetic model. The application of two complementary parameter estimation methods facilitated the calculation of bioconcentration factors (BCF) with prediction intervals and 95% depuration times (t95) for all tested species. Extremely slow elimination was observed in some species as well as high overall variation in kin, kout, BCF, and t95 across the tested aquatic arthropod species. This variation has implications for the development of TKTD approaches in ERA, including assessing fluctuating exposure concentrations and the interpretation of observed toxicity responses in the laboratory and in the field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2225–2234. © 2010 SETAC
The synergistic performance of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and sepiolite nanoclays as flame retardants for unsaturated polyester
Authors: Hapuarachchi T. D. , Bilotti E. , Reynolds C. T. , Peijs T.
Published: June 2010

The synergistic effect on the thermal decomposition and heat release rate (HRR) in particular the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of unsaturated polyester (UP) resin blended with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and sepiolite nanoclay was investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetery (PCFC) and the cone calorimetery. Initial microcalorimeter findings established a synergistic effect for ternary system comprising a 10:0.5 wt% mixture of sepiolite:MWNT, respectively, which resulted in a 40% reduction in heat release capacity (HRC). This result was also confirmed within the well‐established cone calorimeter by a 50% reduction in PHRR in contrast to unfilled UP. The mechanism behind this reduction is thought to be due to the bridging of the MWNTs between the sepiolite clay needles, creating a tight protective surface layer that reduces the MLR. TGA also confirmed the advantage of such a ternary system through a 36∘C shift in the onset decomposition temperature and an 11% increase in residual char. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
11q21.1‐11q23.3 Is a site of intrinsic genomic instability triggered by irradiation
Authors: Du Nga , Baker Pamela M. , Do To Uyen , Bien Christine , Bier‐Laning Carol M. , Singh Sheetal , Shih Shyh‐Jen , Diaz Manual O. , Vaughan Andrew T.
Published: June 2010

The chromosome location, 11q21‐23, is linked to loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in multiple tumors including those of breast, lung, and head and neck. To examine the process of LOH induction, the H292 cell line (human muco‐epidermoid carcinoma) was irradiated or treated with anti‐CD95 antibody, and individual clones isolated through two rounds of cloning. Regions of LOH were determined by screening a suite of eight polymorphic microsatellite markers covering 11p15‐11q24 using fluorescent primers and genetic analyzer peak discrimination. LOH induction was observed extending through 11q21.1‐11q23.3 in 6/49 of clones surviving 4 Gy and 8/50 after 8 Gy. Analysis of selected clones by Affymetrix 6.0 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays confirmed the initial assessment indicating a consistent 27.3–27.7 Mbp deletion in multiple clones. The telomeric border of LOH mapped to a 1 Mbp region of elevated recombination. Whole genome analysis of SNP data indicated that site‐restricted LOH also occurred across multiple additional genomic locations. These data indicate that 11q21.1‐11q23.3, and potentially other regions of this cell line are sites of intrinsic cell‐specific instability leading to LOH after irradiation. Such deletions may subsequently be propagated by genetic selection and clonal expansion. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateral differences in the default mode network in healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Swanson Nathan , Eichele Tom , Pearlson Godfrey , Kiehl Kent , Yu Qingbao , Calhoun Vince D.
Published: June 2010

We investigate lateral differences in the intrinsic fluctuations comprising the default mode network (DMN) for healthy controls (HCs) and patients with schizophrenia (SZ), both during rest and during an auditory oddball (AOD) task. Our motivation for this study comes from multiple prior hypotheses of disturbed hemispheric asymmetry in SZ and more recently observed lateral abnormalities in the DMN for SZ during AOD. We hypothesized that significant lateral differences would be found in HCs during both rest and AOD, and SZ would show differences from HCs due to hemispheric dysfunction. Our study examined 28 HCs and 28 outpatients with schizophrenia. The scans were conducted on a Siemens Allegra 3T dedicated head scanner. There were numerous crossgroup lateral fluctuations that were found in both AOD and rest. During the resting state, within‐group results showed the largest functional asymmetries in the inferior parietal lobule for HCs, whereas functional asymmetries were seen in posterior cingulate gyrus for SZ. Comparing asymmetries between groups, in resting state and/or performing AOD, areas showing significant differences between group (HC > SZ) included inferior parietal lobule and posterior cingulate. Our results support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is characterized by abnormal hemispheric asymmetry. Secondly, the number of similarities in crossgroup AOD and rest data suggests that neurological disruptions in SZ that may cause evoked symptoms are also detectable in SZ during resting conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest a reduction in activity in language‐related areas for SZ compared to HCs during rest. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical representation of tympanic membrane movements due to pressure variation: An fMRI study
Authors: Job Agnès , Paucod Jean‐Charles , O'Beirne Greg A. , Delon‐Martin Chantal
Published: June 2010

Middle ear sensory information has never been localized in the homunculus of the somatosensory cortex (S1). We investigated the somatosensory representation of the middle ear in 15 normal hearing subjects. We applied small air pressure variations to the tympanic membrane while performing a 3T‐fMRI study. Unilateral stimulations of the right ear triggered bilateral activations in the caudal part of the postcentral gyrus in Brodmann area 43 (BA 43) and in the auditory associative areas 42 (BA 42) and 22 (BA 22). BA 43 has been found to be involved in activities accompanying oral intake and could be more largely involved in pressure activities in the oropharynx area. The tympanic membrane is indirectly related to the pharynx area through the action of tensor tympani, which is a Eustachian tube muscle. The Eustachian tube muscles have a role in pressure equalization in the middle ear and also have a role in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Activation of BA 42 and BA 22 could reflect activations associated with the bilateral acoustic reflex triggered prior to self‐vocalization to adjust air pressure in the oropharynx during speech. We propose that BA 43, 42, and 22 are the cortical areas associated with middle ear function. We did not find representation of tympanic membrane movements due to pressure in S1, but its representation in the postcentral gyrus in BA 43 seems to suggest that at least part of this area conveys pure somatosensory information. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peripheral glutamate signaling in head and neck areas
Authors: Haas Helga Susanne , Linecker Alexander , Pfragner Roswitha , Sadjak Anton
Published: June 2010

The major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is also found in the periphery in an increasing number of nonexcitable cells. In line with this it became apparent that glutamate can regulate a broad array of peripheral biological responses, as well. Of particular interest is the discovery that glutamate receptor reactive reagents can influence tumor biology. However, the knowledge of glutamate signaling in peripheral tissues is still incomplete and, in the case of head and neck areas, is almost lacking. The roles of glutamate signaling pathways in these regions are manifold and include orofacial pain, periodontal bone production, skin and airway inflammation, as well as salivation. Furthermore, the interrelations between glutamate and cancers in the oral cavity, thyroid gland, and other regions are discussed. In summary, this review shall strengthen the view that glutamate receptor reagents may also be promising targets for novel therapeutic concepts suitable for a number of diseases in peripheral tissues. The contents of this review cover the following sections: Introduction; The “Glutamate System”; The Taste of Glutamate; Glutamate Signaling in Dental Regions; Glutamate Signaling in Head and Neck Areas; Glutamate Signaling in Head and Neck Cancer; A Brief Overview of Glutamate Signaling in Other Cancers; and Conclusion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Ethics of Frey syndrome: Ensuring that consent is truly informed
Authors: Shuman Andrew G. , Bradford Carol R.
Published: June 2010

Frey syndrome is a widely recognized sequela of parotidectomy with a variable prevalence dependent upon diagnostic criteria. There exists a multitude of strategies for both prevention and treatment. Surgeons are obligated to engage patients in a frank and open discussion of the operative risks, benefits, and alternatives. Due to uncertainty regarding the significance of Frey syndrome postoperatively, the process of informed consent and preoperative decision‐making pose a potential ethical quandary. This commentary is designed to heighten the awareness of the preoperative informed consent process by dissecting the ethical tenets underlying these patient encounters using Frey syndrome as an example, ensuring that patients are granted the opportunity to participate in their own care in accordance with the concept of individual autonomy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Biliary Apotopes and Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies Activate Innate Immune Responses in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis†
Authors: Lleo Ana , Bowlus Christopher L. , Yang Guo-Xiang , Invernizzi Pietro , Podda Mauro , Van de Water Judy , Ansari Aftab A. , Coppel Ross L. , Worman Howard J. , Gores Gregory J. , Gershwin Eric M.
Published: June 2010

Our understanding of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been significantly enhanced by the rigorous dissection of the multilineage T and B cell response against the immunodominant mitochondrial autoantigen, the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2). PDC-E2 is a ubiquitous protein present in mitochondria of nucleated cells. However, the damage of PBC is confined to small biliary epithelial cells (BECs). We have previously demonstrated that BECs translocate immunologically intact PDC-E2 to apoptotic bodies and create an apotope. To define the significance of this observation, we have studied the ability of biliary or control epithelial apotopes to induce cytokine secretion from mature monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMΦs) from either patients with PBC or controls in the presence or absence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). We demonstrate that there is intense inflammatory cytokine production in the presence of the unique triad of BEC apotopes, macrophages from patients with PBC, and AMAs. The cytokine secretion is inhibited by anti-CD16 and is not due to differences in apotope uptake. Moreover, MDMΦs from PBC patients cultured with BEC apoptotic bodies in the presence of AMAs markedly increase tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand expression.

Conclusion:

These results provide a mechanism for the biliary specificity of PBC, the recurrence of disease after liver transplantation, and the success of ursodiol in treatment. They further emphasize the critical role of the innate immune system in the perpetuation of this autoimmune disease.
Clinical, Laboratory and Histological Associations in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease†
Authors: Neuschwander-Tetri Brent A. , Clark Jeanne M. , Bass Nathan M. , Van Natta Mark L. , Unalp-Arida Aynur , Tonascia James , Zein Claudia O. , Brunt Elizabeth M. , Kleiner David E. , McCullough Arthur J. , Sanyal Arun J. , Diehl Anna Mae , Lavine Joel E. , Chalasani Naga , Kowdley Kris V.
Published: June 2010

The Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN) was formed to conduct multicenter studies on the etiology, contributing factors, natural history, and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of this study was to determine the associations of readily available demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables with the diagnosis of NASH and its key histological features, and determine the ability of these variables to predict the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A total of 1266 adults were enrolled in NASH CRN studies between October 2004 and February 2008, of whom 1101 had available liver histology. The median age was 50 years; 82% were white and 12% Hispanic. The median body mass index was 33 kg/m2; 49% had hypertension and 31% had type 2 diabetes. On liver biopsy, 57% were judged to have definite NASH and 31% bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. Using data from the 698 patients with liver biopsies within 6 months of clinical data, patients with definite NASH were more likely to be female and have diabetes, higher levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Progressive models for predicting histological diagnoses performed modestly for predicting steatohepatitis or ballooning (area under receiver operating characteristic curves [AUROC] ranged from 0.70-0.79), and better for advanced fibrosis (AUROC 0.73-0.85).

Conclusion:

Readily available clinical and laboratory variables can predict advanced fibrosis in adults with NAFLD, but additional information is needed to reliably predict the presence and severity of NASH. Prospective studies of this well-characterized population and associated tissue bank samples offer a unique opportunity to better understand the cause and natural history of NAFLD and develop more precise means for noninvasive diagnosis.
HFE Cys282Tyr Homozygotes With Serum Ferritin Concentrations Below 1000 μg/L Are at Low Risk of Hemochromatosis†,‡
Authors: Allen Katrina J. , Bertalli Nadine A. , Osborne Nicholas J. , Constantine Clare C. , Delatycki Martin B. , Nisselle Amy E. , Nicoll Amanda J. , Gertig Dorota M. , McLaren Christine E. , Giles Graham G. , Hopper John L. , Anderson Gregory J. , Olynyk John K. , Powell Lawrie W. , Gurrin Lyle C.
Published: June 2010

Hemochromatosis gene (

HFE

)-associated hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic predisposition to iron overload and subsequent signs and symptoms of disease that potentially affects approximately 80,000 persons in Australia and almost 1 million persons in the United States. Most clinical cases are homozygous for the Cys282Tyr (C282Y) mutation in the

HFE

gene, with serum ferritin (SF) concentration >1000 μg/L as the strongest predictor of cirrhosis. The optimal treatment regimen for those with SF concentrations above the normal range but <1000 μg/L is unknown. We assessed

HFE

mutations in a prospective cohort of 31,192 participants of northern European descent, aged 40-69 years. An

HFE

-stratified random sample of 1438 participants including all C282Y homozygotes with iron studies 12 years apart were examined by physicians blinded to participants'

HFE

genotype. All previously undiagnosed C282Y homozygotes (35 male, 67 female) and all

HFE

wild-types (131 male, 160 female) with baseline and follow-up SF concentrations <1000 μg/L were assessed for HH-associated signs and symptoms including abnormal second/third metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP2/3), raised liver enzymes, hepatomegaly, and self-reported liver disease, fatigue, diabetes mellitus, and use of arthritis medication. The prevalence of HH-associated signs and symptoms was similar for C282Y homozygotes and

HFE

wild-types for both normal and moderately elevated SF concentrations. The maximum prevalence difference between

HFE

genotype groups with moderately elevated SF was 11% (MCP2/3, 95% confidence interval = −6%, 29%;

P

= 0.22) and for normal SF was 6% (arthritis medicine use, 95% confidence interval = −3%, 16%;

P

= 0.11).

Conclusion:

Previously undiagnosed C282Y homozygotes with SF concentrations that remain below 1000 μg/L are at low risk of developing HH-associated signs and symptoms at an age when disease would be expected to have developed. These observations have implications for the management of C282Y homozygotes.
Cholinergic hypofunction impairs memory acquisition possibly through hippocampal Arc and BDNF downregulation
Authors: Gil‐Bea Francisco J. , Solas Maite , Mateos Laura , Winblad Bengt , Ramírez María J. , Cedazo‐Mínguez Angel
Published: June 2010

Recent evidence suggests that activity‐regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are key players in the cellular mechanisms that trigger synaptic changes and memory consolidation. Cholinergic deafferentiation of hippocampus has been largely shown to induce memory impairments in different behavioral tasks. However, the mechanisms underlying cholinergic‐induced memory formation remain unclear. The role of hippocampal cholinergic denervation on synaptic consolidation and further acquisition of spatial memory was hereby examined by analyzing Arc and BDNF in standard environment and after behavioral training in Morris water maze (MWM). In standard environment, a cholinergic hypofunction induced by the toxin 192IgG‐saporin led to significant decreases in Arc protein and mRNA as well as in BDNF. Lesioned rats subjected to MWM showed a worse acquisition performance that was reversed after galantamine treatment. Recovery of memory acquisition was accompanied by normalization of Arc and BDNF levels in hippocampus. Stimulation of muscarinic, but not nicotinic receptors, in hippocampal primary neurons caused a rapid induction of Arc production. These data suggest that cholinergic denervation of hippocampus leads to deficits in muscarinic‐dependent induction of Arc and a subsequent impairment of spatial memory acquisition. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kappa opioid receptor activation blocks progressive neurodegeneration after kainic acid injection
Authors: Schunk Eduard , Aigner Cornelia , Stefanova Nadia , Wenning Gregor , Herzog Herbert , Schwarzer Christoph
Published: June 2010

We recently demonstrated that endogenous prodynorphin‐derived peptides mediate anticonvulsant, antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective effects via kappa opioid receptors (KOP). Here we show acute and delayed neurodegeneration and its pharmacology after local kainic acid injection in prodynorphin knockout and wild‐type mice and neuroprotective effect(s) of KOP activation in wild‐type mice. Prodynorphin knockout and wild‐type mice were injected with kainic acid (3 nmoles in 50 nl saline) into the stratum radiatum of CA1 of the right dorsal hippocampus. Knockout mice displayed significantly more neurodegeneration of pyramidal cells and interneurons than wild‐type mice 2 days after treatment. This phenotype could be mimicked in wild‐type animals by treatment with the KOP antagonist GNTI and rescued in knockout animals by the KOP agonist U‐50488. Minor differences in neurodegeneration remained 3 weeks after treatment, mostly because of higher progressive neurodegeneration in wild‐type mice compared with prodynorphin‐deficient animals. In wild‐type mice progressive neurodegeneration, but not acute neuronal loss, could be mostly blocked by U‐50488 treatment. Our data suggest that endogenous prodynorphin‐derived peptides sufficiently activate KOP receptors during acute seizures, and importantly in situations of reduced dynorphinergic signaling—like in epilepsy—the exogenous activation of KOP receptors might also have strong neuroprotective effects during excitotoxic events. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medial septal cholinergic neurons are necessary for context‐place memory but not episodic‐like memory
Authors: Easton Alexander , Fitchett Ann E. , Eacott Madeline J. , Baxter Mark G.
Published: June 2010

Loss of cholinergic cortical input is associated with diseases in which episodic memory impairment is a prominent feature, but the degree to which this neurochemical lesion can account for memory impairment in humans with neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear. Removal of cholinergic input to hippocampus impairs some of its functions in memory, perhaps by reducing the plasticity of information representation within the hippocampus, but the role of cholinergic hippocampal input in episodic‐like memories has not been investigated. To address this question, we tested rats with selective lesions of basal forebrain neurons in the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB), which contains hippocampal‐projecting cholinergic neurons, on a task of integrated memory for objects, places, and contexts (“what–where–which” memory). This task serves as a rodent model of human episodic memory (episodic‐like memory) and is sensitive to damage to the hippocampal system. Rats with lesions of cholinergic MS/VDB neurons performed as well on the what–where–which task as controls, but were impaired in a task that simply required them to associate places with contexts (“where–which” memory). Thus, episodic‐like memories that rely on the hippocampus do not require cholinergic neuromodulation to be formed. Nevertheless, some more specific aspects of where–which memory, which may be more dependent on the plasticity of hippocampal spatial representations, require acetylcholine. These results suggest that cholinergic projections to hippocampus are not necessary for episodic memory and, furthermore, that hippocampal spatial representations may be to some extent dissociable from episodic memory function. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective tuning of hippocampal oscillations by phasic locus coeruleus activation in awake male rats
Authors: Walling Susan G. , Brown Robert A.M. , Milway J. Stephen , Earle Avery G. , Harley Carolyn W.
Published: June 2010

Theta and gamma oscillations are thought to provide signal sets that promote neural coding of cognitive processes. Over 40 yrs ago, Jeffrey Gray reported event‐related changes in a narrow band of hippocampal theta (7.5–8.5 Hz) which appeared to involve norepinephrine (NE) release from, the noradrenergic nucleus, the locus coeruleus (LC). These event‐related alterations in EEG were elicited by novelty, attentional changes, the use of preparatory signals, and signal‐mismatch events. Gray et al. have since provided indirect evidence that supports the role of NE in the modulation of 7.5‐ to 8.5‐Hz oscillations in the hippocampus, but studies investigating the effects of direct LC activation in awake rats have been lacking. In the present study, dentate gyrus EEG was examined during glutamatergic activation of the LC in awake male rats in relation to plasticity effects on simultaneously recorded perforant path‐evoked field potentials. Glutamate‐injected animals were divided into three groups based on histological and plasticity outcomes; perforant path stimulated controls were also included. The three injected groups were: (1) rats with positive LC placements, demonstrating NE‐LTP of the dentate gyrus evoked potential, (2) rats with positive LC placements, without NE‐LTP, and (3) Non‐LC injected controls. Activation of the LC in awake rats demonstrating NE‐LTP increased the relative power of 7‐ to 9‐Hz theta, a result masked in broader 4‐ to 12‐Hz analysis. Comparatively, urethane‐anesthetized rats showed an increase in 5–7 Hz, but not 7‐ to 9‐Hz theta with LC activation. Discriminative analysis in the approximate theta band predicted by Gray (7.4–8.5 Hz) revealed that awake rats demonstrating NE‐LTP had increased relative power in this narrow frequency compared to rats receiving perforant path only (noninjected) and Non‐LC injected rats. Transiently reduced gamma (20–40 Hz) relative power was most commonly observed in rats with verified LC placements failing to express NE‐LTP. Given current theories of LC function, these results suggest oscillatory tuning within the theta and gamma range may facilitate shifts in cognitive set. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.