bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Method of Digital Core Construction and Analysis for Unconsolidated Sandstone
Authors: Dai Zong , Li Hailong , Tang Fang , Luo Donghong , Wang Yahui , Yan Zhenghe
Published: September 2019

A new method of digital core construction and analysis for unconsolidated sandstone is presented in this paper to solve the problem for friable cores. Results are compared with conventional experimental techniques and routine digital core construction methods.

The new method procedures: Firstly, rocks are full-closure cored from unconsolidated formation and frozen; multi-scale (meter/millimeter/micron) CT scanning for core samples with original formation fluids, and the core heterogeneity has been analyzed. Then, skeleton and pore space of samples are segmented with the watershed algorithm. Finally, pore network model is extracted with maximum sphere method. After building the digital core, petrophysical parameters and fluid flowing characteristic are simulated.

Compared with conventional experimental method, samples preparation is convenient under lower requirements of the size and shape. Without cleaning, the distortion of experimental parameters are avoided due to damages to the original pore structure of friable core samples, especially for unconsolidated samples. Compared with conventional digital core construction, the focused scanning mode is used for micron scanning, without catching the smaller samples. The new method not only simplifies the preparation of conventional core analysis that reduces the difficulty of sample preparation of unconsolidated sandstone natural core, but also guarantees the quality of core analysis data.

The new method is successfully applied and results are compared in field of South China Sea. The results from different methods with consolidated samples analysis, such as porosity, permeability and parameters of relative permeability, show the relative errors are less than 10%. The results from unconsolidated samples analysis with conventional experimental method show obvious errors: permeability of some samples are more than 15 Darcy, the relative permeability curve is obviously not consistent with the actual field performance. While results from unconsolidated samples analysis with the new method show good agreement with actual field performance.

This method can accurately test the petrophysical parameters of unconsolidated sandstone, reduce the experimental errors caused by conventional methods and shorten the experimental schedule. It could be applied to core analysis of similar formation.
Improved Data Mining for Production Diagnosis of Gas Wells with Plunger Lift through Dynamic Simulations
Authors: Zhu Jianjun , Cao Guangqiang , Tian Wei , Zhao Qingqi , Zhu Haiwen , Song Jie , Peng Jianlin , Lin Zimo , Zhang Hong-Quan
Published: September 2019

Plunger lift has been widely used in unconventional gas wells to remove liquid accumulation from the well.. Production surveillance provides large amount of data of production process and normal and abnormal operations, which can be used in machine learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to develop algorithms for anomaly diagnosis and operation optimization. However, in the surveillance data the majority is related to daily operation and the data of failure cases are rare. Also the failure cases may not be repeatable and many failure case signatures are not available until they happen. Large data size of anomaly cases are needed to improve the ML model accuracy. Dynamic simulation of the plunger lift process offers an alternative way to generate synthetic data on the specified anomalies to be used to train the ML model. It also helps better understand the trends reflected in the surveillance data and their root causes.

From the available surveillance data of gas wells equipped with plunger lift, the simultaneous measurements of different parameters at different points in a production system with normal and abnormal occurrences can be analyzed and the correspondent trends/signatures can be identified. The typical signatures that conform to pre-determined anomalous patterns can be obtained. Using a commercial transient multiphase flow simulator, the actual field data of tubing/casing pressures can be matched through a tuning process. Trial-and-error is needed to improve the dynamic plunger lift model so that a good agreement with the production data can be achieved by adjusting the reservoir performance, plunger parameters or surface pipeline boundary conditions. Following the validation under different flow conditions, synthetic datasets for various operational and flow conditions can be generated by performing parametric studies. Unlike the field data, the synthetic data from the dynamic simulations mainly comprise anomaly signatures (e.g. tubing rupture, missed arrival of plunger, etc.), which can be added to the ML data pool to reduce the data covariance and increase independency.
Flowback Production Optimization for Choke Size Management Strategies in Unconventional Wells
Authors: Bagci Suat , Stolyarov Sergey
Published: September 2019

The flowback period of the unconventional wells is very critical as it can cause determential ecomonical effects if not properly optimized. The success of the well is as dependent of the completion program as it is from the flowback program applied during the initial production period of the well. If ineffective operations are performed on the flowback phase {independently on the completion technology}, the well can underperform and become unsuitable for development.

In unconventional wells, it is necessary to develop the safe well operating envelope in safe zone to prevent the early proppant flowback based on the reservoir parameters and the completions in place. The well can start producing in this developed safe well operating envelope by controlling the wellhead pressure and surface valves and optimizing the proper choke size to keep the well with free proppant production.

Proppant flowback production modeling captured decline of water production as well as the increase of liquid production when a selected choke sizes is applied. By controlling the flowing bottomhole pressure (FBHP) during defined flowback period, the volume of proppant production decreased with decreasing chokes sizes and increasing long flowback periods. This study showed that the optimized choke sizes to improve the longer production periods depended on the sensitivity of pressure drawdown, liquid rates, wellhead pressure, and fracture geometry parameters. Numerical results showed that the critical parameters affecting the stability of the proppant pack are fracture closure pressure, reservoir pressure, proppant type and size, and type of fracturing fluid. Proppant flowback program developed by using optimized choke size, wellhead pressure (WHP) and FBHP, and amount of producible proppant volume predicted for designed flowback production periods. At the beginning of the flowback period, the wellbore is filled with fracturing fluid and the minimum choke size should be used as small as possible (12/64"). The controlled FBHP management over 45 days of flowback period corresponds to an average drawdown rate of 10 psi/day to 200 psi/day. Finally, the developed workflow applied to design flowback periods and selection of choke sizes to prevent excessive proppant production and proppant crushing in hydraulically fractured unconventional wells.

This paper presents the methodology and workflow for selecting the required choke sizes and flowback periods to minimize the risk of production of high volume proppant during the flowback period after fracturing. The case study presented here in will present the benefits of optimizing choke sizes and flowback programs for reducing the damage to fracture conductivity and to increase the cumulative production. The optimized choke sizes, flowback strategies and workflow established with this case study have proven to increase the performance of fractured unconventional wells.
Measurement of Reduced Permeability at Fracture Face Due to Proppant Embedment and Depletion - Part II
Authors: Karazincir Oya , Li Yan , Zaki Karim , Williams Wade , Wu Ruiting , Tan Yunhui , Rijken Peggy , Rickards Allan
Published: September 2019

Fracture face permeability loss related to proppant embedment under depletion conditions is one of the factors that contribute to PI decline in hydraulically fractured reservoirs. The damage is a result of proppant embedment and proppant/core crushing that also generates fines and plugs the pores in the embedment zone. A recently developed test method was used to measure the effects of embedment on permeability reduction at the fracture face as a function of depletion, core porosity and permeability, core UCS and injected fluid types. A range of stresses was applied to the cores and the permeability values across the fracture face were tracked and compared.

Standard proppant conductivity tests only measure permeability / conductivity losses within the proppant pack due to frac gel damage and compaction and do not measure the damage at the fracture face.

Recently, we developed a new test method that can directly measure fracture-face permeability under depletion. The test flows fluid from the matrix into the fracture thus coupling permeability measurements within the proppant pack with those across the fracture face. Initial tests were conducted in intermediate permeability, intermediate strength rock. The resulting core permeabilities were compared to the values from conventional core permeability tests. The proppant conductivity values were compared to those measured using a modified API conductivity test set-up. During the second part of this study, a lower permeability, higher UCS rock system was tested and permeability decline was measured as a function of applied stress and flow rate. Cores saturated with different fluid systems were tested to mimic injected fluid imbibition into the fracture face and their effect on proppant embedment and permeability loss. A numerical model was built to calculate fracture face permeability reduction as a function of depletion and injected fluid systems in different types of fractured formations. By incorporating embedment induced permeability reduction into the detailed reservoir geomechanics model, we are able to evaluate the contribution of proppant embedment on overall PI decline. During post-test analysis, proppant embedment percentage and porosity reduction across the fracture face were measured, using Micro CT-scanning, and the damage was also studied using thin section analysis.
Field Deployment of Fiber Optic Technology to Monitor Overburden Deformation
Authors: Mali Gwyn A , Clark Rory R , Kenyon Scott B , Young Adam W , Paulk Devin H
Published: September 2019

Fiber optic technology has been used in several wells at an oilfield to measure strain to monitor overburden deformation. The application of this technology involved a series of bench tests and field tests to gather some key learnings to enhance well design, well construction, and fiber optic operation.

Prior to installation of the fiber optic, a series of bench tests were conducted to evaluate the coupling of fiber with the capillary lines to determine its impact on the measurement of strain. The testing demonstrated that anchoring the fiber at the top and bottom of the capillary line was sufficient to hold the fiber in place and enabled the effective measurement of strain along the length of the well, which was proven when applied to field conditions.

To enhance well design for strain measurement, several wells had fiber optic capillary lines installed on the inside and outside of casing to investigate the potential dampening effect due to fiber being located inside a string of casing. This was used to determine the optimal casing string to install fiber optic to measure strain in the overburden. Additionally, a novel concept was utilized in the well design that involved using the fiber optic capillary clamps as borehole centralizers, which resulted in equipment and rig cost savings.

The details of the bench tests, well design, operational experience, and their associated lessons learned are presented.
Sedimentary Rock Compressibility Related to Porosity Under Hydrostatic Loading: New Approach with Uniaxial Corrections
Authors: de Souza Fasolo Ricardo , Marchezi Misságia Roseane , Antônio Rodrigues de Ceia Marco
Published: September 2019

Rock compressibility has great influence in the original oil in place estimation, history matching, and production forecasting. The majority of the reservoir engineers consider the compressibility as a constant throughout the life of a field, but it is well known that rock compressibility is pressure and porosity dependent. During the life of an oil field, the pore pressure decreases with oil production, which increases the net pressure over the reservoir which induces changes in porosity and in compressibility. Neglect compressibility variation may induce several errors during reservoir simulation. To reduce errors, and to provide a simple and easy procedure for calculation of rock compressibility, this paper presents the correlation between rock compressibility and porosity under hydrostatic confining test, as well as the corrections made to translate unrealistic hydrostatic data into more representative uniaxial data. The measurements were developed in 5 sandstones and 5 carbonate rocks with a diversified range in porosity and rock strength to obtain results more capable to describe any other set of data. The results of the corrections were then plotted against porosity and a new general equation was derived from the plots through data fitting. The new equation proved to be very representative, but it faced an issue related to the inverse problem. To fix the problem, the Poisson ration was applied to the general equations to capture the mechanical characteristics of the rocks. The results showed that rock compressibility has a direct relation to porosity. Further, the conversion factors displayed high efficiency in the translation from hydrostatic data to uniaxial data, and hydrostatic compressibility may increase the errors during estimation of the volume of original oil in place by a factor of 1E+6 STB. Also, the error in the volume of OOIP calculated using CpA and CpAc varies from 0,22% to 0,05%, and the difference between CpA (converted) and CpAc (estimated) is around ±1,8%. Therefore, this work aims to correct the sedimentary rock compressibility obtained under hydrostatic compressional tests and establish a new relationship between compressibility and porosity. These procedures focus on the reduction of laboratory analysis, increase the quality of reservoir forecasting and reservoir monitoring.
Productivity Decline: The Underlying Geomechanics and Contributing Damage Factors
Authors: Zaki Karim , Li Yan , Tan Yunhui , Wu Ruiting , Rijken Peggy
Published: September 2019

Faster production declines than initially forecast were observed in numerous deep-water assets. These wells were completed as Cased Hole Frac-Pack (CHFP) completions (Knobles et al. 2017) with the assumption that rock failure although not initially expected would occur at some point during the production life of the well. This work indicates that failure of the rock and proppant are significant factors impacting Productivity Index (PI) Decline. The paper delves into each of the identified mechanisms and how they impair well productivity.

Seven key damage mechanisms were identified as forming the basis for PI degradation: 1) off-plane perforation stability, 2) fines migration, 3) fracture conductivity, 4) fracture connectivity, 5) fluid invasion, 6) non-Darcy flow and 7) creep effects. A near wellbore production model incorporating the completion, fracture geometry and reservoir is coupled with a geomechanics model to assess each mechanism. A Design of Experiment setup varies the input ranges associated with each of the seven damage mechanisms. Input parameters for the model are risked and rely on ranges from standard and newly developed well and lab tests. The model assesses well performance and driving mechanisms at different points in time within the production life.

Primarily the study focused on high permeability and highly over pressured reservoirs. For the types of wells/fields assessed in the study, the results indicated three phases of decline based on the interaction between the formation properties, the completion components and the operating parameters. The three phases breakdown into: (1) a pre-rock failure stage where declines are relatively small, (2) an ongoing rock failure stage where declines are rapid and (3) a post failure stage where declines are again moderate. In each of these stages different parameters and damage mechanisms were assessed to be impactful. The workflow was also utilized to match pre and post acidizing treatments. A comparison for varying rock types was included looking at the impact of rock strength and formation permeability on the ranking of the damage mechanisms. The impact of operating parameters such as drawdown can also be assessed with the tool showing that increased drawdowns may not always be beneficial to the long-term production of the well.

The paper presents the underlying drivers for PI Decline for deep-water assets of a specific attribute set. Through accurate representation of reservoir and completion, the workflow highlights the impact and combined impact of different damage mechanisms. The paper also shows a direct link between the mechanical properties (moduli and strength) and boundary conditions (pore pressure and stress) and the well performance and productivity. The workflow provides a methodology by which lab and field tests can be transformed into assessments of future well performance without strictly relying on analogs that may or may not be appropriate.
Mexico Pilot Project to Classify Oil and Gas Projects Using United Nations Framework Classification UNFC
Authors: Purewal Satinder , Juárez Toquero Fidel , Simón Burgos Eduardo , Meneses-Scherrer Eduardo J. , Arellano Sánchez Elaine A.
Published: September 2019

A Pilot project was initiated to classify Oil and Gas projects in 19 Blocks in Mexico using the United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC) which has a unique 3-dimensional evaluation structure with three axes: Economics, Environment and Social viability (E axis), Project Feasibility (F axis) and Geological Knowledge (G axis). The main focus was to capture the environmental and social impact on project classification and resources categorization.

The Pilot project was coordinated by the National Hydrocarbons Commission (CNH) with integrated collaboration from the Energy Ministry (SENER), the Agency for Safety, Energy and Environment (ASEA), and the Petroleum Work Group of UNECE. SPE classification system (i.e. PRMS) has been mapped to UNFC. While PRMS covers oil and gas projects only, UNFC covers all resources e.g. oil and gas, minerals, renewables, nuclear, etc.

The E axis uniquely differentiates UNFC from PRMS by its granular capture of social and environmental issues. A systematic approach was adopted with focus on E and F axes for which a matrix and a decision tree (‘flow chart’) were created for an efficient classification of the hydrocarbon volumes. For the G axis, the volume ranges provided by the project operators were considered to be valid. In the selected 19 blocks, there were 75 projects identified. These were located offshore, onshore and included conventional and unconventional projects with varying degrees of environmental and social issues.

This is the first known exercise using UNFC for integrating social and environmental issues into oil and gas projects for hydrocarbon volumes classification and categorization anywhere globally. The outcome shows the differences between the PRMS and UNFC due to social and environmental conditions. Using UNFC for classification and categorization of all energy sources of a country, a potential tool can be created for making energy policy decisions. This may also assist in meeting Sustainable Development Goals- 2030 adopted by most countries including the UN and The World Bank.

Classification using UNFC assists in identifying the key social and environmental drivers which may be impediments to moving the oil and gas volumes categorizations higher up the value chain. Added granularity in the classifications incorporating environmental and social considerations will assist project financial investment decision making through comparative assessment of objectives and priorities of national, regional and local stakeholders. To the authors’ knowledge, this is a unique Pilot project with significant value-add outcomes which can be replicated in other countries.
Prognostic value of immunity change after treatment for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective study
Authors: Wang Ke-Shen , Ma Cheng-Cheng , Ren Yan-Xian , Ma Zhi-Jian , Zhang Shu-Ze , Li Fan , Cheng Xiao-Cheng , Xiao Jing-Ying , Yu Ze-Yuan , Zhou Hui-Nian , jiao Zuo-Yi
Published: September 2019

Background Although the preoperative immune status is associated with the prognosis in some tumors, less is known about the prognostic significance of immune status change during the treatment of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC).Methods The records of 210 patients with LAGC were retrospectively analysed. The pre-, and post-treatment (after gastrectomy and three cycles of chemotherapy) values of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and change of LMR (cLMR) were evaluated. A novel immunity change score (ICS) incorporated both preoperative LMR (pLMR) and cLMR was developed and its prognostic value was evaluated.Results cLMR was an independent predictor and patients with cLMR >1 after treatment had a favorable survival compared with the others (51 vs 31 months, P < 0.001). Based on the cLMR and pLMR, the ICS was defined as follows: ICS=1 (pLMR≤4.53 and cLMR≤1); ICS=2 (pLMR≤4.53 and cLMR>1, or pLMR>4.53 and cLMR≤1); and ICS=3 (pLMR>4.53 and cLMR>1). Multivariate analysis revealed that the ICS was a significant independent biomarker ( P < 0.001). The performances of ICS in terms of the time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (t-ROC) curve and concordance index (C-index) analysis were better than those of pLMR and cLMR. Then we established a nomogram incorporated the ICS, CEA, and TNM stage to predict the 3- and 5- year survival. Decision curve analysis and calibration curve demonstrated that the nomogram was clinically useful.Conclusion The dynamic change of immune status is significantly associated with prognosis for LAGC patients. Combining with the cLMR and pLMR could improve the prognostication for LAGC patients.
Static compression of Fe4N to 77 GPa and its implications for nitrogen storage in the deep Earth
Authors: Breton Helene , Komabayashi Tetsuya , Thompson Samuel , Potts Nicola , McGuire Christopher , Suehiro Sho , Anzellini Simone , Ohishi Yasuo
Published: September 2019

Compression and decompression experiments on face-centered cubic (fcc) γ′-Fe4N to 77 GPa at room temperature were conducted in a diamond-anvil cell with in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine its stability under high pressure. In the investigated pressure range, γ′-Fe4N did not show any structural transitions. However, a peak broadening was observed in the XRD patterns above 60 GPa. The obtained pressure-volume data to 60 GPa were fitted to the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state (EoS), which yielded the following elastic parameters: K0 = 169 (6) GPa, K′ = 4.1 (4), with a fixed V0 = 54.95 Å at 1 bar. A quantitative Schreinemakers' web was obtained at 15–60 GPa and 300–1600 K by combining the EoS for γ′-Fe4N with reported phase stability data at low pressures. The web indicates the existence of an invariant point at 41 GPa and 1000 K where γ′-Fe4N, hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) ε-Fe7N3, double hexagonal closed-packed β-Fe7N3, and hcp Fe phases are stable. From the invariant point, a reaction γ′-Fe4N = β-Fe7N3 + hcp Fe originates toward the high-pressure side, which determines the high-pressure stability of γ′-Fe4N at 56 GPa and 300 K. Therefore, the γ′-Fe4N phase observed in the experiments beyond this pressure must be metastable. The obtained results support the existing idea that β-Fe7N3 would be the most nitrogen-rich iron compound under core conditions. An iron carbonitride Fe7(C,N)3 found as a mantle-derived diamond inclusion implies that β-Fe7N3 and Fe7C3 may form a continuous solid solution in the mantle deeper than 1000 km depth. Diamond formation may be related to the presence of fluids in the mantle, and dehydration reactions of high-pressure hydrous phase D might have supplied free fluids in the mantle at depths greater than 1000 km. As such, the existence of Fe7(C,N)3 in diamond can be an indicator of water transportation to the deep mantle.
Deep Earth carbon reactions through time and space
Authors: McCammon Catherine , Bureau Hélène , Cleaves James H. , Cottrell Elizabeth , Dorfman Susannah M. , Kellogg Louise H. , Li Jie , Mikhail Sami , Moussallam Yves , Sanloup Chrystele , Thomson Andrew R. , Brovarone Alberto Vitale
Published: September 2019

Reactions involving carbon in the deep Earth have limited manifestations on Earth's surface, yet they have played a critical role in the evolution of our planet. The metal-silicate partitioning reaction promoted carbon capture during Earth's accretion and may have sequestered substantial carbon in Earth's core. The freezing reaction involving iron-carbon liquid could have contributed to the growth of Earth's inner core and the geodynamo. The redox melting/freezing reaction largely controls the movement of carbon in the modern mantle, and reactions between carbonates and silicates in the deep mantle also promote carbon mobility. The 10-year activity of the Deep Carbon Observatory has made important contributions to our knowledge of how these reactions are involved in the cycling of carbon throughout our planet, both past and present, and has helped to identify gaps in our understanding that motivate and give direction to future studies.
Expression of Xylanase Gene from Pyromyces finnis in Pichia pastoris and Characterization of Recombinant Protein
Authors: Borschevskaya L.N. , Gordeeva T.L. , Sineoky S.P.
Published: September 2019

The heterologous expression and characteristics of a new xylanase from Pyromyces finnis have been described. The endo-l,4-β-xylanase XylP (EC 3.2.1.8) consists of 223 amino acids and 19 residues of a putative signal peptide in the N-terminal region. The amino acid sequence of the mature protein has the greatest homology with the sequence of the native catalytic N-terminal domain of Neocallimastix patriciarum endo-l,4-β-xylanase (84%). A synthetic nucleotide sequence encoding a mature XylP protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris. The purified recombinant enzyme showed activity with birch xylan and arabinoxylan. When using birch xylan as a substrate, the optimum pH for the enzyme was 5.0, and the optimum temperature was 50 °C. The specific activity of the xylanase was 4700 U/mg protein, and Km and Vmax were equal to 0.51 mg/mL and 7395.3 umol/(min∙mg), respectively. The recombinant XylP protein showed moderate thermal stability and high pH stability, resistance to digestive enzymes and protein inhibitors of grain xylanases. It was also shown that the Mg2+, Co2+ and Li+ ions have a positive effect on the enzyme activity. xylanase, xylan, feed enzyme, Pichia pastoris, Pyromyces finnis The work was performed with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (Unique Project Identifier RFMEFI60717X0180) using the Unique Scientific Installation -National Bioresource Center «All-Russian Collection of Industrial Microorganisms», NRC «Kurchatov Institute» - GOSNIIGENETIKA
Use of an Alternative Pathway for the Synthesis of Isoleucine in Escherichia coli Threonine-Producing Strains
Authors: Yuzbashev T.V. , Fedorov A.S. , Bubnov D.M. , Filippova S.S. , Bondarenko F.V. , Sineoky S.P.
Published: September 2019

An E. coli strain in which all known pathways of threonine catabolism were inactivated (Δtdh, ΔltaE, ΔAilvA, ΔtdcB, AyiaY) has been constructed. The possibility of an alternative pathway for the isoleucine synthesis by expressing heterologous citramalate synthase from Leptospira interrogans in an E. coli strain carrying the ΔilvA deletion was demonstrated. It was observed that the cimA overexpression has a negative effect on the threonine production. We developed a system for regulated gene expression based on the inducible promoter PLtetO and TetR repressor of the tetracycline operon. A threonine producing strain B-1201 in which the cimA gene is expressed under the control of the regulated promoter was constructed. A correlation of the threonine productivity and the expression level of the cimA gene was shown by culturing the B-1201 strain in fermenter. The optimal inductor content for the maximum threonine accumulation was also determined. Escherichia coli, strain, threonine, citramalate synthase This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project code RFMEFI61017X0011), and it was carried out using the equipment of the National Bio-Resource Center «All-Russian Collection of Industrial Microorganisms», NRC «Kurchatov Institute» - GOSNIIGENETIKA. The authors are grateful to Dr. I. V. Manukhov for providing the MG1655Z1strain and pZE21-lux plasmid, and for teaching techniques of bioluminescence measuring.
A Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Method for Analysis of Glycosylated Recombinant Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Authors: Sushkin M.E. , Simbirtsev A.S.
Published: September 2019

Conditions for analyzing sialylated isoforms of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the method of capillary zone electrophoresis have been selected. Follicle-stimulating hormone is a glycosylated heterodimer with the large number of sialic acids that affect its basic biological and physicochemical properties. The optimum protein separation into 6 isoforms was achieved using as a background electrolyte of a solution with pH 4.3 containing 0.01 M trycin, 0.01 sodium chloride, 7 M urea and 2.5 mM 1,4-diaminobutane.

follicle-stimulating hormone isoforms, capillary zone electrophoresis, sialic acids, follicle-stimulating hormone.
Influence of Freeze-Drying Modes on the Quality of Live Plague Vaccine
Authors: Gostischeva S.E. , Rostovtseva D.V. , Ivanova G.F. , Kostrominov A.V. , Pilipenko M.V.
Published: September 2019

The optimization of the drying schedule has been carried out to improve the quality indicators of the live plague vaccine. Based on the data obtained on the eutectic point of the vaccine suspension, the freezing temperature and freezing time were set to -50 °С and 6-7 h, respectively. A pressure of 40 mTorr over the surface of the drying suspension and 20 mTorr during the desorption were shown to be the best conditions for sublimation. The drying tests with different options for the shelf heating rate, vacuum depth and duration of intermediate temperature indicators were carried out to develop the improved freeze-drying mode providing the selection of the most adapted bacteria. A vaccine lyophilized under the developed conditions has low residual moisture (up to 2%) and high viability index that persists over the whole shelf life.

lyophilization, sublimation, eutectic, live plague vaccine, residual moisture, viability
Historia badań nad rolą zapalenia w onkologii
Authors: Piotrowski Igor , Kulcenty Katarzyna , Suchorska Wiktoria
Published: September 2019

Przebieg procesu zapalnego w ciele człowieka obserwowano i opisywano już w czasach starożytnych. Wraz z rozwojem współczesnej patologii i immunologii w XIX i XX wieku zaczęto obserwować powiązania między nowotworzeniem a reakcją zapalną. Choć pierwsze doniesienia łączące ze sobą te dwa procesy datuje się na pierwszą połowę XIX wieku, to dopiero dalsze badania pozwoliły na zrozumienie oddziaływania tych procesów. Najnowsze doniesienia coraz częściej pokazują, że reakcja zapalna odgrywa bardzo ważną rolę w progresji choroby nowotworowej. Proces nowotworzenia w wielu przypadkach, jak na przykład nowotwory przewodu pokarmowego, rozpoczyna się od przewlekłego zapalenia i infekcji. Obecnie wiemy także, że reakcja zapalna często występuje w mikrośrodowisku nowotworu stymulując proliferację i migrację komórek nowotworowych. Celem tej pracy jest przybliżenie historii badań nad reakcją zapalną w nowotworzeniu, od pierwszej obserwacji tej zależności do najnowszych doniesień.
The trust of migrants towards recipient society in the context of social security in the Russian border regions of Russia
Authors: Maximova Svetlana G. , Omelchenko Daria A. , Noyanzina Oksana E.
Published: September 2019

International migration is an important vehicle for achieving geopolitical, economic, and demographic interests, strongly embedded into the Russian society. Orientation of the Russian state on the support of migrants either highly motivated to integrate or at least “obedient” and ready to follow legal and socio-cultural norms raises a number of questions. How prepared is the Russian society to digest migration flows and accept new members? How do migrants perceive the Russian reality? What kinds of relationships do they seek to establish with local population? To what extent do they rely on the state and public systems? This article presents the results of formalized interviews with migrants in seven Russian border regions: the Altai Territory (n=319), Orenburg Region (n=100), Murmansk Region (n=100), Pskov Region (n=100), Republic of Altai (n=20), Republic of Dagestan (n=51), and Rostov Region (n=94). Guided by the integrative theoretical-methodological approach (including contemporary concepts of migration and trust) and using path analysis, the authors suggest a complex model, where the migrants’ trust is linked with life stance and social-psychological determinants. Among the latter, a crucial role belongs to the perceived discrimination and attitudes of the local population, moderated by perception of security. The authors show that the trust is an important factor, determining the level of satisfaction with different aspects of the life in Russia.
Trends in educational migration in the Russian Federation
Authors: Kuznetsova Alfiya R.
Published: September 2019

This article analyzes the trends in international migration processes in federal districts. The analysis of state statistics (2016-2018) revealed conflicting trends in its various aspects. The results show that international educational migration in Russia has an extremely low proportion, which is only 3% of the total migration inflow. The number of educated migrants has grown by almost a third. The main contributing countries of the educational sphere are Kazakhstan, China, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, and Iraq among others. At the same time, the number of educational migrants from Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Moldova has slightly decreased over three years. The results show significant imbalances in the territorial distribution of educational migration flows in the Russian Federation. They mostly take place in the regions and the North-West Federal District (about 50% of migrants by educational institutions, Volga and Siberia — more than 30%). This means that the education system and the use of infrastructure are unlimited. This article identifies the types of dynamics of the formed clusters in federal districts, which resulted in the corresponding typology. The author has calculated the growth rate of educational migration, which is the ratio of the growth in the number of educational migrants to the increase in the total number of people who arrived in the federal district and registered as migrants. It seems appropriate that within the framework of research in the field of the modern sociocultural approach, the mechanism of redistribution of human capital should be involved. This will allow a deeper study of sociocultural factors and the consequences of educational migration.
Ergenlerin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin Benlik Saygısına Göre İncelenmesi
Authors: Yüksel-sahin Fulya , Öztoprak Özlem
Published: September 2019

Araştırmanın amacı, ergenlerin benlik saygısına ve bazı
kişisel değişkenlere (cinsiyet, ekonomik gelir ve anne- baba tutumları)
göre  sosyal medya bağımlılığı düzeyleri
arasında anlamlı bir  farklılığın olup
olmadığını incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 316 ergen
oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada gerekli verileri elde etmek için geçerlik ve
güvenirlik çalışması yapılmış olan “Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği” ,
“Ergenler İçin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Kısa Formu” ve “Kişisel Bilgi
Formu”  kullanılmıştır. Verilerin
çözümlenmesi Diskriminant Analizi Testi ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın
sonucunda, benlik saygısına, cinsiyete ve annelerinin tutumlarına göre
ergenlerin sosyal medya bağımlılığı puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir
farklılık bulunmuştur. Ancak, babalarının tutumlarına ve  ekonomik gelire göre sosyal medya bağımlılığı
puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır.
2D- and 3D-QSAR Modeling of Imidazole-Based Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors
Authors: Al-Attraqchi Omar Husham Ahmed , Venugopala Katharigatta N.
Published: September 2019

Background:

Glutaminyl Cyclase (QC) is a novel target in the battle against Alzheimer’s
disease, a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. QC inhibitors have the potential to
be developed as therapeutically useful anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents.

Methods:

Linear and non-linear 2D-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models
were developed using Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (S-MLR) and neural networks. Partial
least squares (PLS) method was used to develop a 3D-QSAR model. Also, the developed models
were used in virtual screening of the ZINC database to identify potential QC inhibitors.

Results:

The 2D neural network model showed superior predictive ability, as demonstrated by the
validation parameters R2 = 0.933, Q2 = 0.886 and R2
pred = 0.911. The 3D-QSAR model’s steric and
electrostatic fields’ isocontour maps were visualized and revealed important structural requirements
associated with good activity. The virtual screening identified six compounds as potentially active
QC inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic profiles.

Conclusion:

The developed QSAR models can be used to predict the activity of compounds not yet
synthesized and prioritized for their synthesis and biological evaluation. Also, potentially active QC
inhibitors have been identified with attractive lead-like properties that can be used to develop anti-
Alzheimer’s disease agents.
Red Blood Cells are Appropriate Carrier for Coagulation Factor VIII
Authors: Sayyadipour Fatemeh , Amirizadeh Naser , Oodi Arezoo , Khalili Masoud , Saba Fakhredin
Published: September 2019

Aims:

Factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy remains a primary treatment for
hemophilia A, however, the development of FVIII antibodies (inhibitors) and short half-life of the
FVIII products are the major complications. Erythrocytes may prevent rapid removal of drugs from
plasma. Erythrocytes are biocompatible and non-immunogenic drug delivery. In this study, in vitro
activity of FVIII encapsulated by human erythrocytes was investigated.

Methods:

FVIII was loaded into erythrocytes using the hypo-osmotic dialysis technique. FVIII
activity assay has been analyzed using Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT). Presence of
FVIII on erythrocytes was detected by western blotting and flowcytometry using specific
monoclonal antibody (abcam, U.K) against FVIII. Moreover, the osmotic fragility and hematologic
parameters of FVIII-loaded carrier erythrocytes were measured.

Results:

Our results indicated that FVIII could not cross the membrane, where plenty of FVIII was
found on the surface of the carrier erythrocyte. Flow cytometery results showed that 11% of the
loaded carrier erythrocytes was positive for FVIII protein on their surface.

:

The greatest activation of FVIII in both groups including lysate and non-lysate FVIII-loaded RBCs
was observed on the first day, and the coagulant activity of this factor was gradually reduced on
days 3 and 5. In 1:50 dilution of both groups, significant differences in FVIII activity were observed
in 1:50 dilution of both groups, especially on the 5th day.

Conclusion:

This study aims to introduce erythrocytes as appropriate carriers for FVIII to prolong
the dosing intervals in the effective and safe levels for a relatively longer time.
New records and notes on the genus Phanerophlebia (Dryopteridaceae) in Honduras
Authors: Reyes Chávez Johan David , Diaz Maradiaga Rina Fabiola , Vega Rodríguez Hermes Leonel
Published: September 2019

Abstract: Background and Aims:  The genus Phanerophlebia has been considered as enigmatic among pteridologists. Previous reviews have delimited a total of eight species, only two of which had been reported for Honduras. The objective of this study is to review the species in Honduras and to examine their ecology, habitat, and distribution.Methods: Between March 2018 and February 2019, we reviewed herbarium specimens of Phanerophlebia, and made trips and new collections from previously reported locations in order to understand better the ecology, habitat, and distribution of the Honduran species.Key results: We document the first record for Honduras of Phanerophlebia macrosora and the rare hybrid P. juglandifolia × macrosora. A dichotomous key was constructed for the species reported for the country. Conclusions: Molecular studies of the Honduran species are needed, as well as the effective conservation of the areas where they can be found. Revisions of pteridophytes groups and additional surveys are still necessary to better understand the true diversity of Honduras.
THE CHILD RIGHTS IN ISLAMIC LAW WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON ACEH
Authors: Sarong A.Hamid
Published: September 2019

Child rights has become global concern, indicated from several law instruments which legislated by several countries in the world. In international context, United Nations has created several laws, including protocols and resolutions to protect rights of children. Those laws have consisted of soft-law which sometimes having no hard sanctions. In Indonesian context, there are a number of law instruments protecting child rights such as Law of Child Protection. However, the Law have not fully covered the implementation of Islamic law in Aceh. A number of Qanun (bylaws) in Aceh have not specifically protected child rights. There are still a lot of norms in Islamic criminal law not defining child rights. In Islamic law, Al-Quran and Prophet Muhammad have paid serious attention on children rights. Islamic law has given greatest care to safeguarding all that is needed to guarantee a wholesome psychological climate for the rearing of children, an environment wherein they learn about the world formulate their norms and behaviour.
HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVES ON ISSUES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW IN MALAYSIA
Authors: MOHD KAMAL MOHD HISHAM
Published: September 2019

This paper discusses the implementation of Islamic Criminal Law in Malaysia from the human rights perspectives. It looks at Syariah Criminal Offences Enactments and Syariah Criminal Procedure Enactments of States forming the Federation, and deals with the issues of the victimless Syariah offences of khalwat, fornication and drinking intoxicants, determining whether such criminalization is compatible with human rights. Discussion also deals with the issues of sanction and procedures, in finding out the extent to which Malaysia is complying with its International Human Rights Law obligations, if there is any. This paper finds that the Syariah statutory provisions are compatible with the human rights concept. In some extends, Syariah law can explore law uncertainty, because referring to God’s law not nature law. Most of human rights concept have come from the philosophy of nature law. Thus, the approach of nature law will always change depending of time period. However, Syariah law need to improve the training of religious enforcement officers on how to carry out their duties.
Do Cruzeiro Novo ao fracasso do Cruzado: a transformação da indexação em convenção hegemônica na formação de preços na economia brasileira
Authors: PEREIRA Adriano José , Lopes Herton Castiglioni
Published: September 2019

O artigo trata do período em que a indexação passou de um mecanismo estritamente formal, criado no contexto das reformas do PAEG (1964-66), a um dispositivo que se tornaria cada vez mais informal ao longo da década de 1980, na medida em que o processo inflacionário fugia ao controle do Governo, em função das sucessivas tentativas frustradas de combate à inflação. O objetivo é analisar a dinâmica desta mudança, considerando aspectos comportamentais econômicos, com destaque para a incorporação dos mecanismos de repasse de preços por parte dos agentes privados. Entende-se que a indexação acabaria se tornando uma “convenção hegemônica” na formação de preços na economia brasileira, sobretudo a partir do fracasso do Plano Cruzado.
A vez da palavra na produção textual escolar
Authors: Vasilévski Vera
Published: September 2019

Este estudo avalia os desvios ortográficos constantes em textos escolares produzidos por uma turma do ensino médio da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), bem como expõe e discute uma forma de tratá-los. Por meio da metodologia da lingüística de córpus, analisa 457 ocorrências de desvios ortográficos extraídos de redações escolares. Ainda, descreve a forma usada para ajudar os alunos a reduzir tais desvios, a qual denomina revisão ou reescrita investigativa de textos, em que os alunos são estimulados a descobrir o problema e pesquisar para resolvê-lo. Conclui que os desvios são causados sobretudo por falta de contato com a língua escrita e falta de afinidade com os preceitos do sistema alfabético do português e que a revisão investigativa contribuiu para a redução substancial desses desvios em textos posteriores.
Escrita, oralidade e compreensão: uma reflexão sobre Projetos de Aprendizagem desenvolvidos na Modalidade Um Computador por Aluno
Authors: Schäfer Patrícia Behling , Fagundes Léa Da Cruz
Published: September 2019

Este artigo expõe as reflexões realizadas a partir dos primeiros resultados obtidos na investigação das enunciações de alunos imersos na modalidade de aprendizagem 1:1 (um computador para um aluno) durante a construção de Projetos de Aprendizagem. O estudo apresenta como contexto a experiência piloto do Projeto UCA (Um Computador por Aluno) conduzida em Porto Alegre, através da parceria entre o Laboratório de Estudos Cognitivos do Instituto de Psicologia da UFRGS (LEC/ UFRGS) e a Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental Luciana de Abreu.
Deliberative Politics through Citizensâ€™ Participatory Democracy: A model for Africa Political Processes
Authors: Enaifoghe Andrew Osehi
Published: September 2019

This article explores the present crisis of democratic governance or administration in Africa and examines the elective capability of deliberative majority rules system of democracy, in which the desire of the general public is educated by mindful, engaged citizenâ€™s commitment and conversation. There are various questions needing answers; are the various and spellbound citizenry even equipped for consultation? How likely is amass thought of deliberation to achieve a very much contemplated choice? Wouldnâ€™t it gather consultation reproduce a similar power lopsided characteristics blocking different sorts of talk? Deliberative models are displayed in principle and practical discourse, with contextual investigations including the furious populism of the Brexit vote, the ascent of deliberative components. What the contributing creators do share is the acknowledgement that the authenticity of appointive portrayal or representatives endures when individuals in the majority rule system of governments end up frustrated, disillusioned, and repelled. This study gives challenging and convincing thoughts regarding how to re-establish confidence in popular democratic governments by making them stronger and responsive. This study adopted a qualitative method of analysis.