bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PULMONARY MINERALIZATION IN FOUR DOGS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Ackerman Norman , Monce Kevin
Published: May 2005

The clinical and imaging features of four dogs with Cushing's syndrome and pulmonary mineralization are reviewed. Three dogs presented with a primary complaint of respiratory distress/dyspnea. Three dogs had pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome, while the remaining one dog had iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Each dog had clinical features typical for Cushing's syndrome. Two of the dogs were euthanized due to progressive hypoxemia. In each dog, the serum calcium, phosphorous, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were normal.

A generalized increase in unstructured interstitial pulmonary opacity with diffuse mineralization was noted on thoracic radiographs of all dogs. In one dog, an ill‐defined nodular interstitial pattern of mineralization was present. Delayed bone phase scintigraphy using 99mTechnetium methylene diphosphonate documented generalized pulmonary uptake in two dogs. 99mTechnetium labeled microaggregated albumin lung perfusion scans were normal in these two dogs. 99mTc‐MDP scintigraphy can provide useful information in diagnosing pulmonary mineralization in Cushingoid dogs.
IMPACT OF VIDEO IMAGES ON O.F.A. EVALUATION OF HIP STATUS
Authors: Keller G.G. , Corley E.A.
Published: May 2005

The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), in an attempt to reduce reporting time and storage space, installed several remote video stations. However, these improvements would be of questionable benefit if the OFA consensus were to be effected. Therefore, the video image and corresponding radiographic image of OFA submissions were used to evaluate consistency in evaluations of the radiologists using the remote video stations. There was no apparent difference between the two methods.
ABDOMINAL MASS DUE TO CHRONIC SALPINGITIS IN AN AFRICAN GREY PARROT (PSITTACUS ERITHACUS)
Authors: Degernes Laurel A.
Published: May 2005

An adult female African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) was referred with a two year history of intermittent illness and a recently palpated abdominal mass. Hematologic and microbiologic laboratory results on presentation were non‐diagnostic. In survey and barium sulfate contrast radiographs there was a large soft tissue mass in the abdominal cavity displacing the proventriculus craniodorsally, and the ventriculus and small intestines cranially. Euthanasia was elected after exploratory laparotomy revealed extensive peritonitis and intestinal adhesions in the coelomic cavity. At necropsy, a 3.5 cm diameter mass was removed from the left oviduct. The histopathologic diagnosis was chronic salpingitis with intraluminal mass, and serositis of many abdominal organs. The oviduct mass consisted of concentric layers of egg yolk and inflammatory cell debris.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF CHRONIC HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC GASTROPATHY IN THE DOG
Authors: Biller David S. , Partington Beth P. , Miyabayashi Takayoshi , Leveille Renee
Published: May 2005

Chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy was diagnosed using ultrasound in six dogs that were presented for chronic vomiting. An evenly thick hypoechoic layer surrounding the pyloric lumen was visualized ultrasonographically in dogs with grades 1 or 2 chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy. This was histologically found to correspond with a thickened muscular layer. Gastric wall thickness was greater than or equal to 9 mm in all six dogs. In dogs with grade 1 or 2 chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy, the hypoechoic muscular layer was greater than or equal to 4 mm.
SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF UREMIC GASTROPATHY IN FOUR DOGS
Authors: Grooters Amy M. , Miyabayashi Takayoshi , Biller David S. , Merryman Joyce
Published: May 2005

Gastrointestinal signs are common in dogs with uremia. Structural changes in the stomach associated with uremia in dogs include ulceration, edema, necrosis, gastric wall thickening, submucosal arteriopathy, and mineralization of the gastric mucosa and submucosa. Upon ultrasonographic evaluation of the abdomen in four dogs with severe uremia due to chronic renal disease, a thickened gastric wall, thickened rugal folds, and a hyperechoic line at the mucosal‐luminal interface due to mineralization of the gastric mucosa were found. Ultrasonography was more sensitive than survey radiography for the identification of gastric lesions associated with uremia in these dogs.
EVALUATION OF THE EQUINE DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON SHEATH USING DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND AND CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Redding W. Rich
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to evaluate the normal anatomy of the digital flexor tendon sheath using contrast radiography and diagnostic ultrasound. Iodinated contrast medium was injected into eight cadaver limbs and the limbs immediately frozen. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar/plantar radiographs were made. These limps were then cut transversely and proximal to distal radiographs of each slab were made. This cross sectional contrast methodology allowed the visualization of the relative size and shape of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons as well as the potential space taken by effusions of the digital flexor tendon sheath.

The second part of the study used twelve live animals with normal digital flexor tendon sheaths. Ultrasonographic measurement of the structures of the digital flexor tendon sheath at each level were compiled. This documented the ability of diagnostic ultrasound to image: 1) the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, 2) the proximal and distal ring of the manica flexoria, 3) the straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments, and 4) the mesotendinous attachments to the superficial and deep flexor tendons. Iodinated contrast medium was then injected into the digital flexor tendon sheath and the ultrasonography repeated. These images were compared with those obtained from contrast radiography and prosections of twenty normal limbs. The iodinated contrast medium enhanced sonographic imaging of the structures of the digital tendon sheath, particularly the abaxial borders of the superficial digital flexor tendon branches and the mesotendinous attachments to the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE THYROID GLAND OF HYPERTHYROID CATS: COMPARISON TO 99mTcO−4 SCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: Wisner Erik R. , Théon Alain P. , Vet Med , Nyland Thomas G. , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

High‐resolution ultrasonography was evaluated as an alternative to 99mTcO‐4 scintigraphy for examining size and appearance of thyroid glands in hyperthyroid cats. Thyroid ultrasound examinations were performed on 6 normal cats and 14 cats with hyperthyroidism. Thyroid lobe volume was estimated from ultrasound images using the equation for a prolate ellipsoid, π/6 (length * height * width). Total thyroid volume was estimated by adding the volume estimations of the left and right lobes. Thyroid lobes of hyperthyroid cats were considered abnormal if estimated volume exceeded the 99% confidence interval for normal thyroid volume determined from the control group. Scintigraphic examinations performed on hyperthyroid cats were evaluated for unilateral versus bilateral disease and for the presence of ectopic activity. Mean thyroid lobe volume and total thyroid volume for normal cats was 85 and 169 mm3, respectively. Mean thyroid lobe volume and total thyroid volume for hyperthyroid cats was 578 and 889 mm3. There was a significant difference in mean estimated total thyroid volume of normal and hyperthyroid cats. Thyroid lobes with greater than normal TcO‐4 uptake on scintigraphy were larger and had variable homogeneity, echogenicity, and margination on ultrasound examination. There also was an 85.7% agreement of scintigraphy and ultrasonography in differentiating normal from abnormal thyroid lobes. A fair correlation between estimated total thyroid volume of hyperthyroid cats and most recent pretherapy serum thyroxine values were also found. This preliminary study indicates that thyroid ultrasound examination may provide information that is useful for diagnosis and treatment of feline hyperthyroidism. Although ultrasound provides accurate evaluation of the thyroid glands, it cannot replace 99mTcO‐4 scintigraphy for screening of metastatic lesions and ectopic glands.
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF BRAIN SCINTIGRAPHY IN 116 DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Dykes Nathan L. , Warnick Lorin D. , Summers Brian A. , Wallace Robert J. , Kallfelz Francis A.
Published: May 2005

We performed a retrospective study of 100 dogs and 16 cats with planar brain scintigraphy and histopathologically established diagnoses from a total of 485 studies performed from 1976 to 1992. Necropsy (112) or surgical biopsies (4) diagnoses were categorized in two ways: first as focal brain disease, diffuse brain disease or normal; second as either neoplastic, non‐neoplastic or normal. A radiologist reviewed brain scintigrams and categorized the studies as focal areas of increased accumulation, diffuse or poorly localized areas of increased accumulation, or normal. We calculated for this population of 116 animals that focal brain scintigrams had 75% sensitivity and 90% specificity for any focal brain disease. The sensitivity and specificity of a focal scintigraphic lesion for a brain tumor was 72% and 82% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of a diffuse or poorly localized scintigraphic lesion as a test for diffuse brain disease was 40% and 88% respectively.
EFFECT AND SAFETY OF MEGLUMINE IOTROXATE FOR CHOLANGIOCYSTOGRAPHY IN NORMAL CATS
Authors: Fujita Michio , Orima Hiromitsu
Published: May 2005

The biliary opacification characteristics and toxicity of meglumine iotroxate (Biliscopin) were studied in twenty‐three normal cats. Intravenous administraion of 72 mg/kg of Biliscorpin resulted in opacification of the gallbladder and bile duct 20 minutes after administration. Licking and vomiting appeared in ten of twelve cats immediately after administration. These side‐effects were abolished by administration of an anti‐histaminic agent. Slight elevation in ALT or AST was detected 24 hours after administration of Biliscopin. These findings suggest that Biliscopin can be used safely in the cat.
NORMAL VARIATION IN SIZE OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLES OF THE LABRADOR RETRIEVER DOG AS ASSESSED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: De Haan Constance E. , Kraft Susan L. , Gavin Patrick R. , Wendling Lyle R. , Griebenow Merle L.
Published: May 2005

Detecting canine brain lesions on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) scans can be difficult if the lesions do not enhance well following administration of intravenous contrast material. Changes in the shape and position of the ventricular system can be important in the diagnosis of such lesions. Normal variation within the canine ventricular system has not been documented. MR scans from 62 normal Labrador retriever type dogs were evaluated. Five dogs had symmetric enlargement of the ventricles, while nineteen dogs had mild to severe ventricular asymmetry. The incidence of asymmetry in normal dogs must be considered when using ventricular configuration as an indication of central nervous system abnormality.
INADVERTENT INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE AND DIATRIZOATE SODIUM DURING MYELOGRAPHY IN A DOG
Authors: Tillson D. Michael , Roush James K. , McMurphy Rose M. , Ammon Peter E.
Published: May 2005

A dog undergoing diagnostic myelography inadvertently received 0.5 ml diatrizoate meglumine (66%) and (10%) diatrizoate sodium via intrathecal injection. This resulted in post‐operative seizures requiring extended sedation of the patient. The clinical course and management of this patient are presented. Complications associated with the inappropriate administration of a hyperosmolar contrast agent into the subarachnoid space and the results of similar accidents in humans are also discussed. The dog in the report recovered with no evidence of long trem neurological dam
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL EYE AND ORBIT OF THE DOG AND CAT
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Daniel Gregory B. , Donnell Robert L.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the normal eye and orbit of the dog and cat were acquired. T1‐weighted, proton‐density, and T2‐weighed images were obtained in the oblique dorsal, straight sagittal, and oblique sagittal planes. Signal intensity for the various orbital structures differed among the three resonance techniques. T1‐weighted images provided the greatest contrast of the retrobulbar structures. T‐1 weighted images also had the highest signal to noise ratio, thereby providing the best anatomic detail. Anatomic components of the globe, retrobulbar structures and ocular adnexa were easily seen in all MR sections. The oblique dorsal and oblique sagittal planes were superior for evaluating the optic nerve in its entirety.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF ABDOMINAL LYMPH NODES IN THE DOG
Authors: Pugh Charles R.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool for examination of the abdomen. Normal lymph nodes are often indistinct during routine abdominal ultrasonographic examination. Lymph nodes altered by infiltrative or inflammatory processes may become sonographically visible due to enlargement and/or altered echogeńicity. A working knowledge of the anatomic distribution of lymph nodes and the scheme of lymphatic drainage is important for increasing the sensitivity and specificity of abdominal lymph node assessment during ultrasonographic examination.
PARAESOPHAGEAL CYST IN A HORSE
Authors: Shiroma Jonathan T. , Clark Carol K. , BonenClark Gregory D. , Ginn Pamela E. , Keldahl Carol W.
Published: May 2005

A 2 year old Morgan gelding was evaluated for a non‐painful mass located caudodorsal to the larynx. Radiographically, the mass was ovoid shaped and had a peripheral rim of mineralization. Slight ventral displacement of the dorsal margin of the trachea could also be identified. Uniform moderate level echoes were seen throughout the interior of the mass on ultrasound examination. An esophagram was performed and demonstrated displacement without involvement of the esophagus by the mass. The esophagus appeared as a separate structure from the mass on both the ultrasound examination and esophagram. During surgical removal, the mass also appeared as a distinct structure from the esophagus. Histologically, the mass was consistent with an epithelial inclusion cyst which originated from the esophagus.
IOHEXOL AS A GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST MEDIUM IN THE CAT
Authors: Agut A. , Sánchez‐Valverde M. A. , Torrecillas F.E. , Murciano J. , Laredo F.G.
Published: May 2005

Iohexol was evaluated as a radiologic contrast medium in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in cats. Three different doses (525, 700, 875 mg iodine/kg with an iodine concentration of 300 mg iodine/mL) diluted with tap water until a total volume of 10 ml/kg, were administered via an orogastric tube, to 5 cats at weekly intervals. The GI transit time was rapid and variable. Gastric emptying commenced immediately after administration of the contrast medium and was complete within 10–30 min. In each dose, iohexol reached the large intestine within 10–20 min. In 73% (11/15) of studies, the mucosal border appeared as a thin homogeneous “halo” of lucency surrounding the more opaque contents of the small intestine. Radiographic image quality of the GI tract was inadequate with the lowest dose (525 mg iodine/kg). Image quality did not deteriorate along the GI tract. Absorption of iohexol from the GI tract was observed in 40% (6/15) of examinations, where opacification of the urinary bladder was seen. No side effects were observed. lohexol should be considered as an alternative GI contrast medium in the cat when the use of other radiologic contrast media is contraindicated.
RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF GASTRIC EMPTYING IN SUCKLING CAMELS
Authors: Veshkini A. , Teshfam M. , Kermani R.Z.
Published: May 2005

A suspension of barium sulfate in camel milk was used as a contrast medium to assess gastric anatomy and emptying in camels. Two doses were evaluated: 10 ml/Kg and 20 ml/Kg. The lower dose was found to be inadequate for stomach opacification. The higher dose results in sufficient distention and opacification. Contrast medium was administered by placing the solution into the mouth of the camel. The reticular groove reflex was not observed. Water sacs were filled immediately after barium administration and interval emptying and filling of these sacs occurred until the initiation of abomasal emptying. The abomasum did not begin to empty until approximately 5 hours after administration of the contrast medium; abomasal emptying was not complete until approximately 24 hours after contrast medium administration.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STANDARDS IN TRANSTHORACIC TWO‐DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE DOG AND CAT*
Authors: Thomas William P. , Gaber Cathy E. , Jacobs Gilbert J. , Kaplan Paul M. , Lombard Christophe W. , Sydney Moise N. , Moses Bradley L.
Published: May 2005

Recommendations are presented for standardized imaging planes and display conventions for two‐dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Three transducer locations (“windows”) provide access to consistent imaging planes: the right parasternal location, the left caudal (apical) parasternal location, and the left cranial parasternal location. Recommendations for image display orientations are very similar to those for comparable human cardiac images, with the heart base or cranial aspect of the heart displayed to the examiner's right on the video display. From the right parasternal location, standard views include a long‐axis four‐chamber view and a long‐axis left ventricular outflow view, and short‐axis views at the levels of the left ventricular apex, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, mitral valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary arteries. From the left caudal (apical) location, standard views include long‐axis two‐chamber and four‐chamber views. From the left cranial parasternal location, standard views include a long‐axis view of the left ventricular outflow tract and ascending aorta (with variations to image the right atrium and tricuspid valve, and the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery), and a short‐axis view of the aortic root encircled by the right heart. These images are presented by means of idealized line drawings. Adoption of these standards should facilitate consistent performance, recording, teaching, and communicating results of studies obtained by two‐dimensional echocardiography.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE BICIPITAL TENDON REGION: A CASE HISTORY REPORT AND REVIEW OF ANATOMY
Authors: Pugh Charles R. , Johnson Phillip J. , Crawley Gregory , Finn Susan T.
Published: May 2005

The equine shoulder region is difficult to investigate by conventional imaging modalities. Diagnostic ultrasound has proven valuable for investigation of soft tissue injuries of the human shoulder. In a horse with shoulder lameness, the authors employed diagnostic ultrasound to augment the use of conventional radiography. A defect in the subchondral bone layer of the medial humeral tuberosity, with adjacent bony fragments were clearly identified with ultrasound. Ultrasound was used for initial evaluation of the bicipital tendon and bursa. The technique was subsequently used to follow and evaluate the post‐operative condition of the proximal cranial humerus, bicipital tendon and bursa in this patient. The bicipital regions of 2 immature and 3 adult normal horses were also examined with to illustrate the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the cranial shoulder region.
COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR CALCULATING PORTAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY IN DOGS USING DUPLEX‐DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Mahoney Paul N.
Published: May 2005

Measurement of portal blood flow in dogs using duplex‐Doppler ultrasonography has potential clinical utility for diagnosis of cirrhosis and portosystemic shunts. Three methods for calculating portal blood flow were compared to identify a consistent method with minimal potential for intraoperator variation. Sixteen unsedated, normal beagles had their mean portal blood flow velocity determined using three methods: method 1 used a small Doppler sample volume positioned over the center of the portal vein and manual selection of data points on the resulting velocity spectra, followed by arithmetic correction of the calculated maximum velocity to mean velocity using the factor 0.57; method 2 used a small centrally‐located Doppler sample volume and computed maximum flow determination, again corrected using the factor 0.57; method 3 used a large Doppler sample volume that overlapped the walls of the portal vein followed by computed mean blood flow velocity determination. The calculated mean (SD) portal blood flow velocity was 15.8 (1.8), 15.1 (1.4), and 14.7 (2.5) cm/s using methods 1–3, respectively. There was no significant difference between the results of the three methods; however, method 3 (uniform insonation) was easier to use and produced a higher amplitude Doppler signal and therefore represents a useful alternative to the peak flow methods.
ACQUIRED URETEROVAGINAL FISTULA SECONDARY TO OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY IN A DOG: DIAGNOSIS USING ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED NEPHROPYELOCENTESIS AND ANTEGRADE URETEROGRAPHY
Authors: Lamb Christopher R.
Published: May 2005

A one year old Jack Russel terrier became urinary incontinent one week after elective ovariohysterectomy. Intravenous urography and cystourethrography showed right hydronephrosis but failed to demonstrate the cause of incontinence. Nephropyelocentesis under ultrasound guidance produced exudate and subsequent antegrade ureterography demonstrated a ureterovaginal fistula. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed this diagnosis and indicated that the ureter had been included in a ligature around the vaginal stump. This is an uncommon complication of ovariohysterectomy.
LONG‐TERM FOLLOW‐UP OF HYPERTHYROID CATS TREATED WITH IODINE‐131
Authors: Slater Margaret R. , Komkov Andrea , Robinson Laura E. , Hightower Dan
Published: May 2005

A long‐term follow‐up study of hyperthyroid cats treated with iodine‐131 was conducted at the Texas A&M University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Between January 1985 and December 1990, 255 cats were treated. Basic demographic data, information on treatment, and diseases at the time of diagnosis were recorded. Two hundred and thirty seven cats had long‐term follow‐up data collected by telephone interviews with the referring veterinarian and/or the owner on outcome of therapy, diseases that developed during the follow‐up period and survival. Risk for developing hyperthyroidism was highest for cats greater than 10 years of age. There was no breed predisposition. Neutered cats were slightly over‐represented among the cases compared to intact animals. Eighty‐five percent of treated cats became clinically normal and remained euthyroid for a median time of 17.5 months. Four percent remained hyperthyroid and 9% became hypothyroid, requiring thyroid hormone supplementation.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE SINGLE PORT, CENTRAL AXIS DOSIMETRY AND VERIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR VETERINARY RADIOTHERAPY, USING THE CANINE NASAL CAVITY AS A MODEL TARGET
Authors: Walker Michael , Durrer Russell , Weir Vicki , Slater Margaret , MCPherson Jim , Ray Charles , Carsten Keith
Published: May 2005

Ten normal dogs received single doses of Co‐60 radiation to their nasal cavity. The minimum nasal cavity dose was estimated using three different techniques: manual calculation from percent depth dose tables, computerized planning for a homogenous field, and computerized planning utilizing field heterogeneity factors. The doses delivered were measured by LiF thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) and by verification film densitometry. The radiation dose resulting from manual calculated prescriptions correlated well to those from computerized planning for a homogenous soft tissue field (corr. coeff.87; p=.001). However, for both of these methods the estimated dose differed from the measured dose by about 12%. Computerized planning utilizing field heterogeneity factors showed no improvement over the previous two methods, (corr. coeff.88; p=.0009) but the results were biased by the dose measurements being central axis doses in a normal nasal cavity. Both manual and computerized verification film densitometry correlated well to TLD measurements (corr. coeff.97 and .94 respectively, p=.00001 and p=.001 respectively), differing from TLD measurements by about 5–7%. Both manual and computerized verification film densitometry correlated well to manual calculated prescriptions (corr. coeff.86 and .85 respectively, p=.0015 and .0016 respectively). Also manual and computerized verification film densitometry correlated well to computer calculations using homogenous tissue fields (corr. coeff.86 and .85 respectively, p=.0015 and .0016 respectively) and to computer calculations using heterogeneity factors (corr. coeff.89 and .89 respectively, p=.005 and .0005 respectively). Film densitometry was found to be a good method to spot check dose delivery to the nasal cavity, a body part for which accurate dosimetry is difficult to achieve.
LARYNGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Newell Susan M. , Mahaffey Mary B. , Roberts Royce E. , Patricia Garcia Ana , Stampley Anita R.
Published: May 2005

Laryngeal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in a 5‐year‐old golden retriever dog with no history of respiratory or pharyngeal difficulties. Radiographically the basihyoid bone was destroyed by the neoplasm, and extensive soft tissue mineralization ventral to the larynx was also present. Complete surgical resection was not possible due to diffuse involvement of the tongue and larynx. Cobalt‐60 teletherapy was used for treatment of the tumor. There was no clinical evidence of tumor regrowth at approximately 12 months post treatment. This is an unusual example of primary laryngeal neoplasia due to the absence of clinical respiratory abnormalities and the aggressive destruction of the basihyoid bone.
A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTEBRACHIUM IN GREAT DANE PUPS, RAISED UNDER STANDARDIZED CONDITIONS
Authors: Voorhout George , Nap Richard C. , Hazewinkel Herman A.W.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic examination of the antebrachium was performed in 16 healthy Great Danes, raised under standardized conditions, at six‐week intervals from 9 to 27 weeks of age. The dogs were fed according to the National Research Council's nutrient requirements of dogs (1974). The development of the secondary ossification centers and the growth in length of the radius and ulna were noted. In the majority of dogs changes in the shape and structure of the distal ulnar metaphysis resembled disturbances in cartilage maturation and bone maturation and remodelling. An improvement in the radio‐graphic appearance of the distal ulnar metaphysis was noted at the age of 27 weeks. It is concluded that the delicate processes that are involved in skeletal development may be frequently disturbed in fast growing, giant‐breed dogs, without causing clinical problems.
PRESUMED MINERAL OIL ASPIRATION AND CAVITARY LUNG LESIONS IN A DOG
Authors: Hudson Judith A. , Montgomery Ron D. , Powers Robert D. , Brawner William R.
Published: May 2005

This report describes an unusual occurrence of cavitary lung lesions which may have been secondary to aspiration of mineral oil and illustrates a possible danger of aspiration pneumonia associated with administration of lipids. Lipid pneumonia should be considered in the differential diagnosis for pulmonary disease with radiographic signs ranging from increased interstitial opacity to nodules or cavitary lung lesions. This report also emphasizes the benefits of serial radiography to detect changing pathology and the occurrence of complications such as pneumothorax.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF ALIMENTARY LYMPHOSARCOMA IN THE CAT
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Moore Antony S. , Tidwell Amy S. , Matz Michael E. , Freden Greg O.
Published: May 2005

Clinical, radiological and ultrasonographic findings from 22 cats with gastrointestinal lymphosarcoma were reviewed. The most common clinical findings were anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, lethargy, depression, fever, anemia and a palpable abdominal mass. Abdominal radiographs of 12 cats revealed a mass associated with the gastrointestinal tract and/or mesentery, and decreased serosal detail, suggestive of peritoneal effusion. The most common ultrasonographic finding was transmural gastric or intestinal thickening associated with loss of normal wall layering, reduced wall echogenicity and localized hypomotility. As is noted in people, other patterns such as transmural‐segmental, transmural‐nodular, transmural‐bulky and mucosal infiltration were represented. In 3 cats, mesenteric lymph‐adenopathy was responsible for most of the mass‐effect. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy, automated microcore biopsy, endoscopic biopsy or necropsy confirmed the diagnosis of lymphosarcoma in all cats. Chemotherapy was instituted in 19 cats. Only 6 cats had a complete response to treatment. The results of this study indicate that ultrasonography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of feline alimentary lymphosarcoma and that biopsies can be obtained under ultrasonographic guidance.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF CERVICAL MASSES IN THE DOG AND CAT
Authors: Wisner Erik R. , Nyland Thomas G. , Mattoon John S.
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic appearance of clinically undifferentiated neck masses for which a definitive diagnosis was eventually obtained in nineteen dogs and one cat is presented in this report. Multiple lesions were seen ultrasonographically in 4 dogs and no cervical abnormalities were seen in 2 dogs resulting in 22 lesions in 20 annuals. Of 7 benign lesions, there were 2 patients with reactive lymph nodes from a regional inflammatory process, and 1 patient each with primary pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis, arteriovenous malformation, foreign body granuloma, cellulitis, and hematoma. Of 15 malignant lesions, 7 were thyroid carcinomas, 3 were lymphomas with submandibular and cervical lymph node enlargement, 3 were lymph node enlargements associated with regional metastasis of malignant tumors, one was a leiomyosarcoma and one was a carotid body tumor. One dog with a diffuse soft tissue swelling of the ventral cervical region had only slight asymmetry of the thyroid lobes on ultrasound examination and no abnormalities of the neck at post mortem. A second dog examined with ultrasound 4 months after surgical removal of a carotid body tumor had no evidence of tumor recurrence. Ultrasonographic examination provided information regarding the character of the lesions, the tissue or organ of origin, and invasion into other anatomic structures. Ultrasound examination in conjunction with fine needle or tissue biopsy provided a definitive diagnosis in those animals in which biopsies were performed.
INFLUENCE OF INHALED SMOKE FROM UPPER RESPIRATORY LASER SURGERY
Authors: Engelbert Theresa A. , Tate Lloyd P. , Malone Daniel , Berry Clifford R.
Published: May 2005

Endoscopic tracheal lavage cytology was evaluated before and 24 hours after standing transendoscopic laser surgery of the upper airway in 18 horses (9 patients undergoing Neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet [Nd:YAG] surgery and 9 non‐patient horses undergoing argon surgery). Paired endoscopic tracheal lavages taken 24 hours apart were evaluated in six control horses to determine if the lavage technique influenced the cytology. After 24 hours, no inflammation was noted in three, mild inflammation was noted in six and suppurative inflammation in four surgically treated horses. Five of the surgically treated horses underwent general anesthesia prior to baseline tracheal lavage and had evidence of inflammation in pre‐laser lavage samples; this made it difficult to assess the true incidence of laser‐induced inflammation in horses in this report. Five of six control horses had a normal tracheal lavage at 24 hours. Six normal adult horses had baseline tracheal mucous clearance rates determined using scintigraphy followed one week later by tracheal mucous clearance rates two hours after either standing transendoscopic Nd:YAG ventriculectomy or standing transendoscopic argon cauterization of a 2 × 2 cm area of dorsal pharynx. The horses were left in pasture for three weeks, followed by a second baseline and post‐laser tracheal mucous clearance rate using the opposite laser technique. There was no significant difference between the first and second baseline measurements. The order of laser treatments had no effect on the results obtained. There was no significant difference between the baseline tracheal mucous clearance rates (mean 1.65 ± 0.65 cm/min) and tracheal mucous clearance rates post‐laser surgery (mean 1.62 ± 1.21 cm/min). Neither laser technique altered tracheal mucous clearance rates significantly (argon mean 1.57 ± 0.59 cm/min and Nd:YAG mean 1.67 ± .68 cm/min.
A REVIEW OF HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND A PROPOSED TECHNIQUE FOR REGIONAL EXAMINATION OF THE CANINE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Wilson Mary E. , Bartels Jan E.
Published: May 2005

High resolution computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that has been used extensively in evaluating diseases of the human lumbosacral spine. Excellent spatial and contrast resolution, combined with multiplanar reformatting capability make high resolution CT scanners well‐suited for similar applications in dogs. Consistently good quality images can be obtained when careful attention is given to factors affecting resolution. This paper reviews and illustrates some principles of high resolution CT, and proposes a technique for regional CT examination of the canine lumbosacral spine.
IDIOPATHIC MEDIASTINAL CYST IN A CAT
Authors: Ellison Gary W. , Garner Michael M. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

A thirteen year old neutered female Domestic Shorthair cat with oral squamous cell carcinoma was noted to have a cranial mediastinal mass on survey thoracic radiographs. Fluoroscopic aspiration was performed and cystic fluid was obtained which was clear colorless, and devoid of cells, with a specific gravity of 1.005 and protein <2.5 mg/dl. On postmortem examination, a unilocular cyst was identified originating from the external lateral surface of the cranial mediastinum. Histologically, the cyst lining was nonciliated and resembled mesothelium. These findings differentiate this cyst from previously reported branchial cysts in cats where the cysts were multiloculated, the cyst fluid was mucinous and cellular, and the cysts were lined by ciliated columnar epithelial cells.
PERSISTENT NEPHROGRAM IN A CAT AFTER INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY
Authors: Carr Anthony P. , Reed Ann L. , Pope Eric R.
Published: May 2005

An 8‐year‐old cat was evaluated for recurrent bouts of stranguria, hematuria and pollakiuria. Routine urinalysis, CBC and serum chemistries were unremarkable. Intravenous excretory urography was performed while the cat was sedated. The nephrogram was initially well opacified and increased in opacity during the 40 minutes that the study was performed. Ureterogram and pyelogram failed to develop. Oliguria with little excretion of the contrast medium was documented. These findings are consistent with either contrast medium associated hypotension or acute renal failure. Treatment with aggressive fluid therapy and a continuous dobutamine infusion reestablished urine output after 2 hours.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL EYE AND ORBIT OF A SCREECH OWL (OTUS ASIO)
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Donnell Robert L. , Daniel Gregory B.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance images of a screech owl (Otus asio) were acquired to identify the normal anatomic components of the eye‘and orbit. T1‐weighted, proton‐density, and T2‐weighted images were obtained in the straight sagittal, oblique dorsal, and oblique sagittal planes. Signal intensity for the various orbital structures differed between the three resonance techniques. T1‐weighted images provided the best anatomic detail of ocular and orbital structures. The oblique dorsal and oblique sagittal planes were superior for evaluating the optic nerve in its entirety.
BIPARTITE PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONES IN YOUNG THOROUGHBRED HORSES
Authors: Thompson Kent N. , Rooney James R.
Published: May 2005

Twelve foals with unusual sesamoid development were found in a population of 107 Thoroughbred foals (60 males, 47 females) over a three year period. Radiographic examination was done at 14 days of age and at 42 day intervals thereafter. The routine administration was of a dorsopalmar view of the proximal sesamoid bones in the left forelimb. Changes of the proximal sesamoid bones were found in 11% of the foals between 14 and 56 days of age. The change was a radiolucent line at the junction of the middle and proximal third of the sesamoid bone. Of those which were observed with sesamoid bone changes, 8 had a normal radiographic appearance at 60 days. In most foals at least 2 or 3 sesamoid bones of the forelegs were affected. In some only 1 sesamoid bone was affected. The changes did not correlate with a clinical joint disorder. However, females seemed to be affected more than males. This condition may be similar to bipartite sesamoid bones described by others and probably a manifestation of secondary ossification centers.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE STIFLE JOINT IN EXPERIMENTAL OSTEOARTHRITIS OF DOGS
Authors: Widmer William R. , Buckwalter Kenneth A. , Braunstein Ethan M. , Hill Michael A. , O'Connor Brian L. , Visco Denise M.
Published: May 2005

Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate osteoarthritis at 2, 6, and 12 weeks following transection of the cranial cruciate ligament of the stifle (femorotibial) joint of 6 dogs. A quantitative radiographic scoring system was used to assess the progression of hard and soft tissue changes of osteoarthritis. Mediolateral (flexed joint) and oblique (extended joint) radiographic projections enabled identification of small osteophytes on the femoral trochlear ridges, which were detected at an earlier stage of development than was previously reported. Magnetic resonance imaging was useful in detecting changes in cartilage thickness, osteophytosis and intraarticular loose bodies. Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging were complementary in the assessment of pathologic changes of osteoarthritis.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF INDUCED PNEUMOTHORAX IN THE DOG
Authors: Kern Douglas A. , Carrig Colin B. , Martin Robert A.
Published: May 2005

Serial radiographic examinations were used to assess the incidence of bilateral and unilateral pneumothorax and its resolution following the introduction of air into a pleural space in each of 24 adult mix‐breed dogs. Twenty‐two (92%) dogs developed bilateral pneumothorax and two dogs (8%) developed unilateral pneumothorax. Volumes of air equal to 5 ml/kg, 15 ml/kg, and 45 ml/kg of body weight had resolved in all dogs developing bilateral pneumothorax by 7, 10, and 14 days, respectively. The vertical beam left lateral recumhent and the expiratory horizontal beam ventrodorsal views were the most effective radiographic views for the detection of pneumothorax. Separation of the visceral and parietal pleural surfaces on the horizontal beam ventrodorsal view was a better indication of small amounts of air in the pleural spaces than separation of the heart from the sternum on the vertical beam lateral view. The right lateral recumbent view, regardless of heam orientation, was most sensitive for the detection of differences in the amount of air in the pleural spaces.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL EQUINE CARPUS
Authors: Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Sartoretti‐Schefer Sabine , Weiss Roger
Published: May 2005

A normal equine carpus was used for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The structures outlined were identified and described. The two techniques were compared. This anatomic description could be helpful as a basis for clinical exams.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF FELINE ALIMENTARY LYMPHOMA
Authors: Grooters Amy M. , Biller David S. , Ward Heidi , Miyabayashi Takayoshi , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: May 2005

Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in seven cats with intestinal lymphoma and four cats with gastric lymphoma. Ultrasonographic abnormalities included the presence of a hypoechoic mass associated with the gastrointestinal tract, focal or diffuse thickening of the gastric wall, symmetric thickening of the bowel wall, loss of the normal layered appearance of the gastrointestinal wall, and abdominal lymphadenopathy. The thickness of the stomach wall ranged from 8 to 22 mm in cats with gastric lymphoma, and the thickness of the bowel wall ranged from 5 to 20 mm in cats with intestinal lymphoma. Fine needle aspiration of a gastrointestinal lesion was performed without complication in six cats, and was diagnostic for lymphoma in five out of six. Results of this study indicate that ultrasonography is an effective noninvasive means of identifying lesions consistent with alimentary lymphoma in cats.
TECHNETIUM‐99M AND IODINE‐131 THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY IN NORMAL AND RADIOTHYROIDECTOMIZED COCKATIELS (NYMPHICUS HOLLANDICUS)
Authors: Harms Craig A. , Hoskinson James J. , Bruyette David S. , Carpenter James W. , Veatch Johna K.
Published: May 2005

Thyroid scintigraphy using sodium99mTechnetium pertechnetate (99TcO4‐) was performed in normal and radiothyroidectomized cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).131I scintigraphy was performed in the course of ablating the thyroid glands. The thyroid glands in normal birds were clearly visualized, but were not individually resolvable. Thyroid glands were not visualized in thyroid‐ablated birds. With99mTcO4scans, thyroid (or other region of interest)/body count density ratios were used for comparisons of normal and thyroid‐ablated birds. Normal99mTcO4‐ thyroid/body ratios (mean +/− SD) for the dorsal and lateral views were 1.83 +/− 0.31 and 1.70 +/− 0.34 respectively. Pertechnetate thyroid/body count density ratios decreased (to 0.93 ‐/−0.14 and 0.88 +/− 0.12 for dorsal and lateral views respectively) after thyroid ablation, while crop/body ratios increased.99mTcO4‐ thyroid scintigraphy, therefore, was capable of detecting hypofunctional thyroid abnormalities in131I radiothyroidectomized cockatiels.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CAUDAL LUMBAR AND LUMBOSACRAL SPINE IN 13 DOGS (1990–1993)
Authors: Adams William H. , Daniel Gregory B. , Pardo Anthony D. , Selcer Robert R.
Published: May 2005

The caudal lumbar and lumbosacral spine of 13 dogs with pain or neurologic deficits were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spin echo T1, proton density, and T2 weighted and gradient echo T2* imaging sequences were utilized. MRI permitted direct, multiplanar, tomographic visualization of the spine facilitating evaluation of all components of degenerative caudal lumbar and lumbosacral stenosis. Abnormalities detected included intervertebral disc degeneration, intervertebral disc protrusion involving both the vertebral canal and intervertebral foramina, articular process osteophytosis, articular process fracture, nerve root impingement by spondylosis deformans, and the presence of low signal material within the vertebral canal of 2 dogs with recurrent pain following previous spinal surgery. In all 7 dogs treated surgically, MRI findings were consistent with surgical findings.
INTRACRANIAL RING ENHANCING LESIONS IN DOGS: A CORRELATIVE CT SCANNING AND NEUROPATHOLOGIC STUDY
Authors: Wolf Michael , Pedroia Vince , Higgins Robert J. , Koblik Philip D. , Turrel Jane M. , Owens Jerry M.
Published: May 2005

This retrospective analysis of 15 dogs with postcontrast ring enhancing brain lesions, each detected by a single Computed Tomography [CT] examination, searched for any association between their CT appearance and the pathologic diagnosis. In a subgroup of these dogs [n = 7] necropsied within 2 days of the last CT scan, we evaluated whether there was any anatomic correlation between the ring zone and the histopathologic features of the lesions. Our study consisted of eight dogs with primary brain tumors [3 meningiomas, 3 astrocytomas, 1 mixed glioma, 1 oligodendroglioma], 4 with metastatic brain tumors [2 fibrosarcomas, 1 mammary carcinoma, 1 melanoma] and 3 with non‐neoplastic brain lesions [2 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, 1 pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis]. The overall size and shape of the contrast enhancing CT lesions, as well as the thickness, surface texture and degree of enhancement of the ring were subjectively evaluated. No association was found between the CT lesion characteristics and the pathologic diagnosis. In the sub‐group of dogs euthanatized within 2 days of the CT examination, distinct histologic features which anatomically correlated with the zone of ring enhancement were found in 3 of 7 lesions. The findings of this study are consistent with those of ring‐enhancing lesions in people, and indicates that CT ring enhancement is a non‐specific phenomenon which can occur in a variety of neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions in the dog.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND ANGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATIONS OF FERRETS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH DIROFILARIA IMMITIS
Authors: Supakorndej Prasit , Lewis Robert E. , McCall John W. , Dzimianski Michael T. , Holmes Robert A.
Published: May 2005

Five ferrets of each sex were each inoculated with 15 third‐stage infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis to study radiographic and angiographic changes in the cardiopulmonary system following heartworm infection; 5 additional ferrets of each sex served as noninfected controls. Prior to inoculation and every 8 weeks thereafter until 40 weeks, the infected and noninfected ferrets were radiographed; angiographic examinations were done prior to necropsy. At necropsy, the worms in the heart, lungs, and associated vessels were counted, and lung histosections were prepared and examined for changes. Radiographic changes were seen in the right side of the heart and associated vessels of infected ferrets as compared with the noninfected ferrets, but changes were less prominent than those seen in heartworm‐infected dogs and cats. The changes were primarily an increase in the size of the right side of the heart, especially the right atrium. Radiographically, no changes could be visualized in the pulmonary vascular system. Worms in the enlarged cranial vena cava, azygous vein, and left caudal lobar pulmonary artery of infected animals were delineated by angiography. Histologically, no changes were seen in the pulmonary vascular tissues.
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE FEET OF MAMMOTH DONKEYS AND THE FINDING OF SUBCLINICAL LAMINITIS
Authors: Walker Michael , Taylor Tex , Slater Margaret , Hood David , Weir Vicki , Elslander Jonelle
Published: May 2005

All feet of 10 clinically sound mammoth donkeys (Group I) were radiographed to determine the appearance of the distal phalanx. The distal phalanges had blunted to concave‐shaped dorsal solar margins which varied in appearance from slight to pronounced. The distal phalanges of the forefeet were wider than those of the hindfeet, and also were positioned a greater distance from the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall. The greater distance between the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall and the distal phalanges seemed related to the presence of a periosteal‐like bony proliferation on the dorsum of the distal phalanx. This bony proliferation occurred in those distal phalanges which also had radiographic findings consistent with pedal osteitis. Next, all feet of 5 additional mammoth donkeys (Group II) that were to be necropsied for various reasons, were examined similarly to Group I, necropsied and found to have laminitis. Only 2 of these 5 donkeys had been lame; only one had rotation of the distal phalanges (in the forefeet). Radiographic data from the 4 donkeys without rotation seemed most similar to that found in those Group I donkeys which had periosteal reactions on their distal phalanges. Conclusions from this study were that: 1) feet of mammoth donkeys have some anatomic differences from those of domestic horses, 2) subclinical laminitis and pedal osteitis can occur in mammoth donkeys, 3) rotation of the distal phalanx occurs in some, but not all laminitic donkeys, 4) laminitic changes may be more pronounced in their fore than in their hindfeet, and 5) additional studies of donkeys need to be done, examining both proven normal and confirmed laminitic feet.