bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a collagen-binding activity assay as a screening test for type II von Willebrand disease in dogs
Authors: Sabino Elizabeth Peet , Erb Hollis N. , Catalfamo James L.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To develop an assay to measure canine von Willebrand factor (vWF):collagen-binding activity (CBA) to screen for type 2 von Willebrand disease (vWD) in dogs.

Sample Population—293 plasma samples submitted for analysis of canine vWF antigen (vWF:Ag) and 12 control plasma samples from dogs with inherited type 2 or 3 vWD.

Procedure—Bovine collagens were evaluated for suitability as binding substrate for vWF. Assay sensitivity to depletion, proteolytic degradation, or a genetic deficiency of high-molecular-weight vWF were determined. Amounts of vWF:Ag and vWF:CBA were measured. The ratio of vWF:Ag to vWF:CBA was used to discriminate between type 1 and type 2 vWD.

Results—An assay for canine vWF activity was developed by use of mixed collagen (types I and III). When vWF:Ag was used to subtype vWD, 48% of the dogs were classified as clinically normal, 9% as indeterminate, and 43% as type 1 vWD. Inclusion of vWF activity resulted in reclassification of 5% of those identified as type 1 to type 2 vWD. However, vWF:CBA of the reclassified dogs was not persistently abnormal, a finding compatible with acquired type 2 vWD. Some Doberman Pinschers had lower antigen-to-activity ratios than other breeds with type 1 vWD, suggesting that Doberman Pinschers have more functional circulating vWF.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of canine vWF activity should be included among the vWF-specific assays used to confirm type 2 vWD. The prevalence of inherited forms of type 2 vWD in screened dogs is lower than acquired forms that can result secondary to underlying disease.
Quantitative assessment of velocities of the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve and left ventricular free wall in healthy cats by use of two-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging
Authors: Chetboul Valérie , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Tissier Renaud , Gouni Vassiliki , Saponaro Vittorio , Nicolle Audrey P. , Pouchelon Jean-Louis
Published: February 2006

Objective—To analyze velocities of the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve and left ventricular free wall (LVFW) in a large population of healthy cats by use of 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).

Animals—100 healthy cats (0.3 to 12.0 years old; weighing 1.0 to 8.0 kg) of 6 breeds.

Procedure—Radial myocardial velocities were recorded in an endocardial and epicardial segment, and longitudinal velocities were recorded in 2 LVFW segments (basal and apical) and in the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve.

Results—LVFW velocities were significantly higher in the endocardial than epicardial layers and significantly higher in the basal than apical segments. For systole, early diastole, and late diastole, mean ± SD radial myocardial velocity gradient (MVG), which was defined as the difference between endocardial and epicardial velocities, was 2.2 ± 0.7, 3.3 ± 1.3, and 1.8 ± 0.7 cm/s, respectively, and longitudinal MVG, which was defined as the difference between basal and apical velocities, was 2.7 ± 0.8, 3.1 ± 1.4, and 2.1 ± 0.9 cm/s, respectively. A breed effect was documented for several TDI variables; therefore, reference intervals for the TDI variables were determined for the 2 predominant breeds represented (Maine Coon and domestic shorthair cats).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—LVFW velocities in healthy cats decrease from the endocardium to the epicardium and from the base to apex, thus defining radial and longitudinal MVG. These indices could complement conventional analysis of left ventricular function and contribute to the early accurate detection of cardiomyopathy in cats.
Measurement of total thyroxine concentration in serum from dogs and cats by use of various methods
Authors: Kemppainen Robert J. , Birchfield Jeremy R.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To compare results obtained from assay of total thyroxine (T4) concentration in serum of dogs and cats by use of 4 methods.

Sample Population—Serum samples obtained from 98 dogs and 100 cats and submitted by veterinarians to an endocrine testing laboratory.

Procedure—Total T4 concentration was determined in each sample by use of 4 assay methods. Assay methods included a radioimmunoassay (RIA) marketed for use in dogs, an RIA for use in humans, a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for use in humans, and an in-house ELISA.

Results—Total T4 concentrations obtained by use of all methods were significantly correlated. Bias-plot comparison revealed similar good overall agreement. Total T4 concentrations determined by use of the RIA marketed for use in dogs were generally lower than concentrations measured by use of the other methods. Clinical comparisons were made by evaluation of the T4 results in the context of the reference range recommended by each laboratory. A difference was found for clinical comparisons on the basis of T4 assay method when used to identify dogs as possible hypothyroid suspects. This difference was related more to the reference range used than to the absolute T4 value. The number of hyperthyroid-suspect cats with T4 values greater than the reference range was the same for each of the 4 assay methods.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Total T4 concentrations determined in dogs and cats by use of 4 commonly used methods provided similar and consistent results.
Effects of administration of glucocorticoids and feeding status on plasma leptin concentrations in dogs
Authors: Nishii Naohito , Takasu Masaki , Ohba Yasunori , Maeda Sadatoshi , Kitoh Katsuya , Ohtsuka Yoshihiko , Honjo Tsutomu , Saito Masayuki , Kitagawa Hitoshi
Published: February 2006

Objective—To investigate effects of short- and long- term administration of glucocorticoids, feeding status, and serum concentrations of insulin and cortisol on plasma leptin concentrations in dogs.

Animals—20 nonobese dogs.

Procedure—For experiment 1, plasma leptin concentrations and serum concentrations of insulin and cortisol were monitored for 24 hours in 4 dogs administered dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg, IV) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution for fed and nonfed conditions. For experiment 2, 11 dogs were administered prednisolone (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 56 days [7 dogs] and 2 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 28 days [4 dogs]) and 5 dogs served as control dogs. Plasma leptin and serum insulin concentrations were monitored weekly.

Results—For experiment 1, dexamethasone injection with the fed condition drastically increased plasma leptin concentrations. Furthermore, injection of saline solution with the fed condition increased plasma leptin concentrations. These increases in plasma leptin concentrations correlated with increases in serum insulin concentrations. Dexamethasone injection with the nonfed condition increased plasma leptin concentrations slightly but continuously. Injection of saline solution with the nonfed condition did not alter plasma leptin concentrations. For experiment 2, prednisolone administration at either dosage and duration did not alter plasma leptin concentrations in any dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dexamethasone injection and feeding increased plasma leptin concentrations in dogs. In addition, dexamethasone administration enhanced the effect of feeding on increases in plasma leptin concentrations. Daily oral administration of prednisolone (1 or 2 mg/kg) did not affect plasma leptin concentrations in dogs.
Effect of microcurrent electrical tissue stimulation on equine tenocytes in culture
Authors: Lin Yi-lo , Moolenaar Hugo , van Weeren P. René , van de Lest Chris H. A.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine effects of microcurrent electrical tissue stimulation (METS) on equine tenocytes cultured from the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT).

Sample Population—SDFTs were collected from 20 horses at slaughter.

Procedure—Tenocytes were isolated following outgrowth from explants and grown in 48-well plates. Four methods of delivering current to the tenocytes with a METS device were tested. Once the optimal method was selected, current consisting of 0 (negative control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mA was applied to cells (8 wells/current intensity) once daily for 8 minutes. Cells were treated for 1, 2, or 3 days. Cell proliferation, DNA content, protein content, and apoptosis rate were determined.

Results—Application of microcurrent of moderate intensity increased cell proliferation and DNA content, with greater increases with multiple versus single application. Application of microcurrent of moderate intensity once or twice increased protein content, but application 3 times decreased protein content. Application of current a single time did not significantly alter apoptosis rate; however, application twice or 3 times resulted in significant increases in apoptosis rate, and there were significant linear (second order) correlations between current intensity and apoptosis rate when current was applied twice or 3 times.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the present study indicate that microcurrent affects the behavior of equine tenocytes in culture, but that effects may be negative or positive depending on current intensity and number of applications. Therefore, results are far from conclusive with respect to the suitability of using METS to promote tendon healing in horses.
Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Roe Simon C. , Smith Eric , Reynolds Lisa , Markham Jacqueline , Marcellin-Little Denis , Bergh Mary Sarah , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To compare ground reaction forces (GRFs) measured by use of a pressure-sensitive walk-way (PSW) and a force plate (FP) and evaluate weekly variation in the GRFs and static vertical forces in dogs.

Animals—34 clinically normal dogs and 5 research dogs with lameness.

Procedure—GRF data were collected from 5 lame and 14 clinically normal dogs by use of an FP and a PSW. Peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and velocity measurements (determined by use of photocells and PSW data) were compared between groups. Peak vertical force, VI, stride length, ground phase time (ie, contact time), and static body weight distribution data were collected on 2 occasions, 1 week apart, in 20 different clinically normal dogs by use of a PSW; week-to-week variation in values was evaluated.

Results—Measurements of velocity derived by use of the photocells were not different from those derived by use of the PSW. For any 1 limb, values derived by use of the PSW were significantly lower than values derived with the FP. For values obtained by use of either technique, there were no differences between left and right limbs except for values of PVF measured via PSW in forelimbs. Values of PVF, VI, contact time, stride length, and static weight distribution generated by the PSW did not vary from week to week.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values for GRFs varied between the FP and PSW. However, data derived by use of PSW were consistent and could be used to evaluate kinetic variables over time in the same dog.
Evaluation of acoustic wave propagation velocities in the ocular lens and vitreous tissues of pigs, dogs, and rabbits
Authors: Görig Christiane , Varghese Tomy , Stiles Timothy , van den Broek Jan , Zagzebski James A. , Murphy Christopher J.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To evaluate propagation velocity of acoustic waves through the lens and vitreous body of pigs, dogs, and rabbits and determine whether there were associations between acoustic wave speed and age, temperature, and time after enucleation.

Sample Population—9 pig, 40 dog, and 20 rabbit lenses and 16 pig, 17 dog, and 23 rabbit vitreous bodies.

Procedure—Acoustic wave velocities through the ocular structures were measured by use of the substitution technique.

Results—Mean sound wave velocities in lenses of pigs, dogs, and rabbits were 1,681, 1,707, and 1,731 m/s, respectively, at 36°C. Mean sound wave velocities in the vitreous body of pigs, dogs, and rabbits were 1,535, 1,535, and 1,534 m/s, respectively, at 38°C. The sound wave speed through the vitreous humor, but not the lens, increased linearly with temperature. An association between wave speed and age was observed in the rabbit tissues. Time after enucleation did not affect the velocity of sound in the lens or vitreous body. The sound wave speed conversion factors for lenses, calculated with respect to human ocular tissue at 36°C, were 1.024, 1.040, and 1.055 for pig, dog, and rabbit lenses, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Conversion factors for the speed of sound through lens tissues are needed to avoid underestimation of the thickness of the lens and axial length of the eye in dogs during comparative A-mode ultrasound examinations. These findings are important for accurate calculation of intraocular lens power required to achieve emmetropia in veterinary patients after surgical lens extraction.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses
Authors: Davis Jennifer L. , Salmon Jacklyn H. , Papich Mark G.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics, safety, and penetration into interstitial fluid (ISF), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), and aqueous humor of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses.

Animals—6 adult horses.

Procedure—The effect of feeding on drug absorption was determined. Plasma samples were obtained after administration of single or multiple doses of doxycycline (20 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube. Additionally, ISF, PMNLs, and aqueous humor samples were obtained after the final administration. Horses were monitored for adverse reactions.

Results—Feeding decreased drug absorption. After multiple doses, mean ± SD time to maximum concentration was 1.63 ± 1.36 hours, maximum concentration was 1.74 ± 0.3 μg/mL, and elimination half-life was 12.07 ± 3.17 hours. Plasma protein binding was 81.76 ± 2.43%. The ISF concentrations correlated with the calculated percentage of non-protein-bound drug. Maximum concentration was 17.27 ± 8.98 times as great in PMNLs, compared with plasma. Drug was detected in aqueous humor at 7.5% to 10% of plasma concentrations. One horse developed signs of acute colitis and required euthanasia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that doxycycline administered at a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours will result in drug concentrations adequate for killing intracellular bacteria and bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 0.25 μg/mL. For bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 μg/mL, a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours may be required; extreme caution should be exercised with the higher dosage until more safety data are available.
Influence of gastrointestinal tract disease on pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after intravenous infusion in anesthetized horses
Authors: Feary Darien J. , Mama Khursheed R. , Thomasy Sara M. , Wagner Ann E. , Enns R. Mark
Published: February 2006

Objective—To determine the disposition of lidocaine after IV infusion in anesthetized horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy because of gastrointestinal tract disease.

Animals—11 horses (mean ± SD, 10.3 ± 7.4 years; 526 ± 40 kg).

Procedure—Lidocaine hydrochloride (loading infusion, 1.3 mg/kg during a 15-minute period [87.5 μg/kg/min]; maintenance infusion, 50 μg/kg/min for 60 to 90 minutes) was administered IV to dorsally recumbent anesthetized horses. Blood samples were collected before and at fixed time points during and after lidocaine infusion for analysis of serum drug concentrations by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Serum lidocaine concentrations were evaluated by use of standard noncompartmental analysis. Selected cardiopulmonary variables, including heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), arterial pH, PaCO2, and PaO2, were recorded. Recovery quality was assessed and recorded.

Results—Serum lidocaine concentrations paralleled administration, increasing rapidly with the initiation of the loading infusion and decreasing rapidly following discontinuation of the maintenance infusion. Mean ± SD volume of distribution at steady state, total body clearance, and terminal half-life were 0.70 ± 0.39 L/kg, 25 ± 3 mL/kg/min, and 65 ± 33 minutes, respectively. Cardiopulmonary variables were within reference ranges for horses anesthetized with inhalation anesthetics. Mean HR ranged from 36 ± 1 beats/min to 43 ± 9 beats/min, and mean MAP ranged from 74 ± 18 mm Hg to 89 ± 10 mm Hg. Recovery quality ranged from poor to excellent.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Availability of pharmacokinetic data for horses with gastrointestinal tract disease will facilitate appropriate clinical dosing of lidocaine.
Pharmacokinetics of a novel formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats
Authors: González Aranzazu , Sahagun Ana M. , Diez M. Jose , Fernandez Nelida , Sierra Matilde , Garcia Juan J.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats.

Animals—6 healthy adult goats.

Procedure—Ivermectin (200 μg/kg) was initially administered IV to each goat, and plasma samples were obtained for 36 days. After a washout period of 3 weeks, each goat received a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) by SC injection. Plasma samples were then obtained for 42 days. Drug concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Results—Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after IV administration were best described by a 2-compartment open model; values for main compartmental variables included volume of distribution at a steady state (9.94 L/kg), clearance (1.54 L/kg/d), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC; 143 [ng•d]/mL). Values for the noncompartmental variables included mean residence time (7.37 days), AUC (153 [ng•d]/mL), and clearance (1.43 L/kg/d). After SC administration, noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Values of the variables calculated by use of this method included maximum plasma concentration (Cmax; 21.8 ng/mL), time to reach Cmax (3 days), and bioavailability (F; 91.8%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The commercial formulation used in this study is a good option to consider when administering ivermectin to goats because of the high absorption, which is characterized by high values of F. In addition, the values of Cmax and time to reach Cmax are higher than those reported by other investigators who used other routes of administration.
Effect of oral administration of clinically relevant doses of dexamethasone on regulation of cytochrome P450 subfamilies in hepatic microsomes from dogs and rats
Authors: Zhang Kewei , Kuroha Masanori , Shibata Yuko , Kokue Eiichi , Shimoda Minoru
Published: February 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effect of oral administration of dexamethasone (DEX) at clinically relevant doses on metabolic activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes in dogs and rats.

Animals—15 healthy 1-year-old male Beagles and 20 healthy 10-week-old male Wistar rats.

Procedure—Hepatic microsomes were harvested from dogs treated orally with DEX at 2.5 and 7.5 mg for 5 days and from rats treated orally with DEX at 0.75, 6, and 48 mg/kg for 5 days. 7-ethoxyresorufin, tolbutamide, bufuralol, and midazolam were used as CYP1A, CYP2C, CYP2D, and CYP3A substrates, respectively. Concentrations of metabolites formed by CYPs were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography, except for the resorufin concentrations measured by use of a fluorometric method. Reaction velocity-substrate concentration data were analyzed to obtain maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km).

Results—Values of Vmax for midazolam 4-hydroxylation were significantly decreased by treatment with DEX at 2.5 and 7.5 mg in dogs, although values of Km were not affected. Values of Vmax for bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation were also decreased by treatment with DEX. In rats, values of Vmax for midazolam 4- hydroxylation were significantly decreased by treatment with DEX at 0.75 and 6 mg/kg but significantly increased at 48 mg/kg. Other reactions were not affected by treatment with DEX.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results indicate that DEX downregulates the CYP3A subfamily when administered at clinically relevant doses to dogs. The effect of downregulation of CYP3A in dogs treated with DEX should be considered to avoid adverse effects from coadministration of drugs.
Evaluation of association between body size and large intestinal transit time in healthy dogs
Authors: Hernot David C. , Dumon Henri J. , Biourge Vincent C. , Martin Lucile J. , Nguyen Patrick G.
Published: February 2006

Objective—To compare large intestinal transit time (LITT) in dogs of various body sizes and determine whether fecal quality was correlated with LITT.

Animals—6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes.

Procedure—LITT was calculated as the difference between total (TTT) and orocecal transit time (OCTT). Minimum and mean OCTTs were determined by use of the sulfasalazine-sulfapyridine method. Minimum TTT was estimated by use of chromium and ferric oxide as color markers, and mean TTT was calculated from the recovery from feces of ingested colored plastic beads. Fecal moisture content was determined and fecal consistency was scored during the same period.

Results—Large-breed dogs had higher fecal moisture content and more watery fecal consistency. No association between body size and OCTT was detected, but there was a positive correlation between body size and mean TTT. Mean LITT increased significantly with body size, from 9.1 ± 1.1 hours in Miniature Poodles to 39.4 ± 1.6 hours for Giant Schnauzers. Significant correlations were detected among mean LITT, mean TTT, and fecal scores, whereas no correlation was observed between fecal moisture content and TTT or LITT.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—LITT was correlated with fecal consistency in dogs of various body sizes. Mean LITT can be predicted from values for mean TTT in healthy dogs.
Assessment of ruminal degradation, oral bioavailability, and toxic effects of anticoagulant rodenticides in sheep
Authors: Berny Philippe J. , de Oliveira Laurent Alves , Videmann Bernadette , Rossi Stéphanie
Published: February 2006

Objective—To assess the rate and extent of ruminal degradation of warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone in vitro and determine the oral availability and clinical and hemostatic effects of each anticoagulant rodenticide in adult sheep.

Animals—3 Texel sheep.

Procedure—Samples of ruminal fluid were incubated with each of the anticoagulants to assess the kinetics of ruminal degradation over 24 hours. To determine the plasma kinetics of the anticoagulants, each sheep received each of the anticoagulants IV or via a rumenimplanted cannula at 2-month intervals (3 rodenticide exposures/sheep). At intervals during a 240- to 360- hour period after treatment, prothrombin time (PT) was measured, plasma anticoagulant concentration was assessed, and clinical signs of rodenticide poisoning were monitored. In plasma and rumen extracts, anticoagulant concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results—In the rumen extracts, anticoagulants were slightly degraded (< 15%) over 24 hours. In vivo, oral availability of warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone was estimated at 79%, 92%, and 88%, respectively. Although maximum PT was 80 seconds after chlorophacinone and bromadiolone treatments, no clinical signs of toxicosis were detected; PT returned to baseline values within 2 weeks.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In sheep, warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone were not degraded in the rumen but their bioavailabilities were high after oral administration; the kinetics of these compounds in sheep and other mammals are quite similar. These data suggest that the lack of susceptibility of ruminants to these anticoagulant rodenticides cannot be explained by either ruminal degradation or the specific toxicokinetics of these anticoagulants.

Received April 8, 2005. Accepted June 22, 2005.
Genetic association study in psychiatry: Analytical evaluation and a recommendation
Authors: Carey Gregory
Published: February 2006

Recent analysis of the candidate gene, association study for psychiatric disorders have concluded that most statistically significant results are likely to be false positives because there are a large number of potential candidate loci and a low a priori probability that a given candidate locus will in fact be trait relevant. Hence, it was recommended that the α level (P level) be lowered for association studies. The present study demonstrates that lowering the α level to some fixed, predetermined value is not a recommended strategy. Rather, the probability of false positives (and false negatives) depends on such parameters as the prevalence of the disorder, the prevalence of the genotypes at the candidate locus, and the relative risk. In some areas of the parameter space, the adjustment to α may be modest. In other areas, however, even the requirement of one or more independent replications of the original results gives false positive rates exceeding 80% or 90%. Hence, the P levels required to minimize false positives may have to be changed from one statistical test to another even within the same study. A procedure for adjusting the probability level for a test of association between genotypes and a disorder is given. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural reduction through the “probable mutation effect”. A critique with questions regarding human evolution
Authors: Holloway Ralph L.
Published: February 2006

Brace's adaptation of Sewall Wright's concept of “mutation pressure” is critically examined. It is concluded that while Brace's adaptation of this principle is probably valid and useful in explaining certain aspects of structural reduction in human evolution, three criticisms can be made: (1) in its present form, the hypothesis does not provide any explanation of foci for positive selection pressures; (2) the hypothesis is overextened to include all cases of reduction, offering no guidelines to select among alternative hypotheses: (3) the hypothesis has more credibility if Wright's original observations regarding pleiotrophy are included.
The skin of primates. XXXI. The skin of the black‐collared tamarin (Tamarinus nigricollis)
Authors: Perkins E. M.
Published: February 2006

The black‐collared tamarin represents the first detailed study of a member of the family Callithricidae. Although certain features are unique, some of its characteristics resemble those of Prosimii and those of Anthropoidea. The epidermis is moderately pigmented, and the dermis contains numerous elestic fibers. Scattered melanocytes are found throughout both layers. Hair follicles grow in groups of 3 to 4 over the general body surface, including the muzzle. One apocrine gland is associated with each hair group. In the periinguinal region is a large concentration of gigantic sebaceous glands. Apocrine glands occur over the entire hairy skin. Aggregations of these glands on the ventral wrist (in conjunction with sinus hairs) and chest represent the ulnar gland and suprasternal gland, respectively. Apocrine secretory coils of the ulnar gland and external genitalia are surrounded by melanotic, dendritic melanocytes. Eccrine sweat glands are confined to the volar surfaces of the pes and manus. Cholinesterase‐reactive granules are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of the myoepithelial cells.
Occlusal attrition, transpalatal dimensions and the early New Zealand Moari
Authors: McCann M. , Torney D. , McCann W. , Grant T.
Published: February 2006

Considerable occlusal wear of the early New Zealand Maori's teeth was associated with a rough diet and contributed to dental pathology. Transpalatal measurements were recorded to within 0.1 mm for 62 young adult male skulls, giving a mean of 38.4 ± 0.34.
Roentgen cephalometric studies on skull development in rats. II. Normal and hypophysectomized males; sex differences
Authors: Wright Howard V. , Kjaer Inger , Asling C. Willet
Published: February 2006

Growth of the skull in normal male rats of the Long‐Evans strain has been studied by serial roentgen cephalometry (under anesthesia) from 27 to 280 days of age, and has been compared with the retardation following hypophysectomy and with growth data obtained on females in an earlier similar study. The dimensions measured represented major skull regions and segments, and in some instances allowed calculation of indices (e.g., neurocranial width/length ratio) which would show changing proportions.

In general, the skull showed the more rapid and prolonged growth characteristic of male rats' skeletal development when compared with that of females. Viscerocranial (“facial”) length and width were notable in this respect. On the other hand, growth in neurocranial width and height ceased at a time and size much like that in females. Examination of the possibility that the adult female skull might correspond closely to that of an immature male disclosed that though this might be true for the neurocranium, facial dimensions showed distinctive sex differences.

After hypophysectomy at 27 days of age males (as also females) showed marked reduction of growth but not complete cessation. Dimensional increases were between one‐fifth and one‐fourth of the normal gains. The ratios computed showed that the proportions of infancy were retained after early hypophysectomy.
Some physiological and developmental considerations of the temperature‐gradient hypothesis of bone marrow distribution
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L.
Published: February 2006

In adult humans, active bone marrow is confined to the proximal portion of the skeleton. Huggins and Blocksom (J. Exp. Med., 64: 253, '36) concluded that a high temperature is needed for hematopoiesis in rats. However, precise thermal regulation of human marrow was not found (Petrakis, J. Appl. Physiol., 4: 549, '52). Because these experiments made on the rat tail are the basis for a commonly accepted hypothesis attempting to explain marrow distribution in man, it was considered of importance to re‐examine the caudal vertebra model upon which the temperature‐gradient hypothesis is based.

The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae were examined in rats, mice and humans with respect to marrow cellularity and temperature. In rats and mice and man it was observed that the transition between hematopoietically‐active and inactive (fatty) vertebral marrow cavities is abrupt, occurring at the level of the first and second caudal and coccygeal vertebrae. All vertebrae distal to this point have fatty marrow. Of significance was the finding that the vertebral and coccygeal temperatures, as measured with a thermister needle, remain unaltered over this area of changing cellular activity.

These anatomical and thermal observations of the caudal vertebrae of rats, mice, and humans indicate that the use of the tail as an experimental model does not support the hypothesis that temperature is a primary factor in the physiological maintenance of hematopoiesis in bone marrow. The possible relationship of hematopoietic activity to developmental and other factors peculiar to the caudal vertebra model is under study.
Brain weight Correlations calculated from original results of Paul Broca
Authors: Schreider Eugène
Published: February 2006

Anthropometric data collected by Professor Broca about a century ago is analyzed by modern statistical techniques. Brain weight is correlated positively with stature, negatively with age, length of stay in hospital and perhaps occupational levels. Correlations with age and between anatomical brain components are generally higher in women.
Physical anthropology in the U.S.A.: The malaise and its cure
Authors: Roberts D. F.
Published: February 2006

Physical anthropology in the U.S.A. shows symptoms of a malaise giving cause for concern. It is argued that their origin does not lie in weakness in the subject, which elsewhere is more flourishing, like other life sciences, than it has ever been; nor in a lack of student interest; but in historical inertia. This affects the affiliation of the subject, undergraduate teaching, graduate training, and opportunities for professional practice.
“Probable mutation effect” and the evolution of hominid teeth and jaws
Authors: Brues Alice M.
Published: February 2006

In view of recent suggestions that tooth and jaw reduction in the hominid line was due to random mutation, it is pointed out that positive selective factors, involving greater chewing efficiency and increased speed in movements of the head, may have been at work.
A recent occurrence of an African type tooth mutilation in Florida
Authors: Ortner Donald J.
Published: February 2006

A Negro skull with mutilated teeth was found in Saint Augustine, Florida. There are clear indications that the specimen is recent. Unfortunately, it is impossible to determine the country of origin of the skull. However, anthropologists should be sensitive to the possibility of tooth mutilation currently being practiced among Negro groups in the Western Hemisphere.
A new silicone rubber duplicating material advantageous for teaching and research in physical anthropology
Authors: Staley Robert N. , Barnhart George W.
Published: February 2006

Room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber is an excellent duplicating material which has many advantages when compared to other available materials. A silicone mold of an object is flexible for an indefinite period of time, dimensionally stable, remarkably heat stable, and resists weathering and oxidation. A silicone mold is simply prepared without incurring damage to the duplicated object. Successive casts of various types of materials can be made from the mold. The physical anthropologist may use this material in preparing casts for display or as a teaching aid, and for research purposes.
An “anvil” for sliding‐caliper repair
Authors: Hertzberg H. T. E.
Published: February 2006

This note presents working drawings and a photograph of a tool that facilitates immediate repair of sliding calipers damaged during anthropometric surveys.
Studies on several genetic hematological traits of the Mexican population. XIV. Serum polymorphisms in several Indian tribes
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Zárate Graciela , Rodríguez Elizabeth
Published: February 2006

The distribution of haptoglobins, transferrins and serum pseudocholinesterase in 1353 Mexican Indians belonging to 13 tribes is described. The frequency of the Hp1 gene is variable; it ranges from 0.40 to 0.65, although the majority of values fall between 0.50 and 0.65. The reason for this variability is obscure; there is no correlation between Hp1 values and linguistic affinities or habitat, and different degrees of nonIndian admixture are not accountable for the situation. It is suggested that possibly the main factor determining the present day distribution is the founder effect.

Only 16 individuals have a transferrin different from C; in two, the CD phenotype is seen and the rest belong to the BC variety. Ten of the latter identified as B0–1C, are found in a single tribe, the Cora. The scarcity of unusual transferrins in the Amerindians is corroborated in this study, although it may be somewhat unusual that the majority of them are of the fast moving type rather than of the more common slow moving type.

The overall frequency for the atypical pseudocholinesterase gene is of 0.005 and therefore lower than that found in most other populations, except for two Venezuelan and two Bolivian tribes where the atypical gene is absent. Thus, present findings suggest that the atypical gene was either absent or had a very low frequency in the ancestors of present day Amerindians.
Dentition of a mesolithic population from Wadi Halfa, Sudan
Authors: Greene David L. , Ewing George H. , Armelagos George J.
Published: February 2006

The dentition of a Mesolithic population (8,000–11,000 years old) from Wadi Halfa, Sudan, can be characterized as morphologically complex, massive and relatively free from pathology except that associated with extreme wear.

Maxillary incisors show shoveling. All of the maxillary molars show some development of the hypocone. Supernumerary cusps appear frequently. Almost one‐half of the second lower molars observed show distally located third cusps. Over one‐half of the maxillary third molars show an extra cusp. A high percentage of mandibular molars show six cusps.

Overall the teeth from this population compare favorably in size with those of an Australian aborigine tribe and are slightly larger than the teeth of the Neanderthaloids from Skūhl.

The teeth show wear of a degree greater than that found in present day Eskimo or Australian aborigine groups.

This data may be interpreted as indicating that this Mesolithic group was subjected to rigorous selective pressures favoring large and/or morphologically complex teeth. This pressure was apparently intensive wear, presumably caused by the inclusion of large amounts of grit in the diet through the eating of vegetable food macerated on coarse grinding stones.
A modified somatotype method
Authors: Heath Barbara Honeyman , Carter J. E. Lindsay
Published: February 2006

A new and improved somatotype method with universal application to both sexes, for all ages and which is reproducible, is justified, validated and described. Evidence is presented for extension of previous component rating scales. Data on 844 male and female subjects from selected samples were used to develop and validate anthropometric scales for estimating the Heath component ratings. The definitions and rating procedures for the new somatotype method are presented, with descriptions of the anthropometric somatotype and the combined photoscopic and anthropometric somatotype.
Ossification communalities of the hand and other body parts: Their implication to skeletal assessment
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. , Blumenthal Thomas , Silverman Frederic N.
Published: February 2006

Correlating the age at appearance of 71 postnatal ossification centers (OC's) with every other OC, 4,970 correlations in all, then grouping correlations by body part, the hand does not exhibit usefully higher communality (mean r) than the foot, shoulder, hip, elbow or knee. While low communality round bones and ossification sequence polymorphisms together account for the fact that no one body part adequately represents the entire skeleton, it is also true that ossification communality throughout the skeleton is low unless OC's of maximum predictive value are separately employed.
Distribution of β‐thalassemia trait and erythrocyte glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the Markham river valley of New Guinea
Authors: Giles Eugene , Curtain C. C. , Baumgarten A.
Published: February 2006

Ten villages in or near the Markham Valley, northeastern New Guinea, have provided a sample of 476 males for the ascertainment of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and 810 individuals of both sexes for the investigation of the β‐thalassemia trait. An extreme heterogeneity was found in the prevalence of both traits when the villages were analyzed separately (from 1.5% to 18.2% demonstrating G6PD deficiency and from 0 to 22.8% evincing β‐thalassemia trait). The latter result counters an earlier report from the same region that β‐thalassemia trait frequencies correlated negatively with altitude and (presumably) positively with endemicity of malaria. The present findings, based on a more representative sample, do not necessarily invalidate the relationship between malaria and β‐thalassemia trait suggested by earlier studies, but they do make clear that correlation in New Guinea, at least, may be complicated by random genetic drift, although other possibilities are discussed. The heterogeneous distribution of G6PD deficiency in the present study confirms similar earlier findings. The importance of sample provenience and anthropological data in the interpretation of differences in the distribution of genetically determined traits is stressed.
A consideration of the secular trend in Japanese for height and weight by a graphic method
Authors: Kimura Kunihiko
Published: February 2006

Secular trends for speedier growth and greater adult size exist among the Japanese as they do among many other peoples. By using data colleted annually by the Ministry of Education, it is possible to transform cross‐sectional data into longitudinal form. This is displayed by a graphic method which permits us to observe the relationship between the two secular trends. It is found that both menarche and the period of maximum growth velocity are now a year earlier than they were during the first decade of the twentieth century. Adult height, both for students and the entire population, has increased steadily (except for the period of the war) during the present century; and, to a lesser extent, weight has increased.
Comparative odontometry of the permanent post‐canine dentition of American Whites and Negroes
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Chase Patricia S. , Howes Robert I.
Published: February 2006

The permanent post‐canine teeth of American Whites and American Negroes of the New York City area were studied odontometrically. The mesio‐distal and bucco‐lingual dimensions of the crowns were measured, as was the total tooth height and crown height. The individual root lengths of these teeth were also measured, in several ways, as was root width. The mean total root volumes of these teeth was measured by a unique mercury displacement method. In another aspect of this study the mean angular divergence of the roots from a mid‐coronal vertical plane was determined, while the robustness of these roots was described as a ratio between root width and length. Finally, an extensive comparison was made between our data and those in the literature on a number of African Negro populations.

American Negro tooth crown and root dimensions and volumes were significantly different from those of American Whites only sporadically, although the Negro teeth usually tended to be larger. Our comparative data gave some indication that the size of both the maxillary and mandibular American negro teeth, as well as the shape of the mandibular (but not the maxillary) American Negro teeth are roughly intermediate between those of American Whites and South African Negroes. This suggestion that a “hybrid” population may possess intermediate values of crown index and of crown module is supported by our analysis of Hottentot‐South African Negro hybrids with their presumptive parental stocks.
Selection for skin color among the Japanese
Authors: Hulse Frederick S.
Published: February 2006

A reflectance spectrophotometer was used to record the skin color on the inner side of the upper arm on a series of 421 Japanese students of both sexes aged 15 through 19. All geographic regions in the country, and the upper, middle and lower socioeconomic classes were represented. It was found that, as among most peoples previously studied, males are darker than females. Boys from northern Japan are, on average, a bit lighter than are those from the southwest, but there are no geographically based differences among the girls. In both sexes and all areas, the mean reflectance values of the upper class group are higher than in the middle and lower class groups, but the difference is most pronounced among the males. It is therefore concluded that social selection for light skin color has had some genetic effect.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. IV. In Chile with inferences concerning genetic connections between Polynesia and America
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Raul B. Etcheverry , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner
Published: February 2006

This is the fourth paper in a series on the distribution of blood groups among Indians of South America. It reports the findings on the Indians of Chile and the Polynesians of Chile's Easter Island. Blood specimens were procured from the following putatively pure Indians and unmixed Polynesians: 44 Alacaluf of Puerto Eden, Isla Wellington, 141 Mapuche (Araucanian) of Lonquimay, Malleco Province, 80 Atacameños of Antofagasta Province, and 45 Polynesians of Easter Island. These 310 samples were tested for blood factors in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, K‐k, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego systems, and for the Wright (Wra) agglutinogen. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates prepared from the blood clots were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented as phenotype incidences and calculated gene frequencies in appropriate tables. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on two maps.

The high frequencies for the O gene usually reported for South American Indians obtain in putatively pure Chilean Indians but A1 is high in Easter Island Polynesians. In both Indians and Polynesians M, s, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), Lub, k, LeH, and Fya gene frequencies are high and B, N, S, Mia, Vw, Rº (cDe), r (cde), Lua, K, Le1, Fyb, and Wra (Ca) are low or absent. The Diego (Di) gene is present in the Mapuche and Atacameños but absent in the Alacaluf and Polynesians.

Hp1 gene frequencies were determined only in the Alacaluf and Atacameños, in which they are 0.48 and 0.67 respectively.

Transferrins were determined for the Alacaluf and Atacameños Indians and all were classified as Tf C.

All Chilean Indian and Polynesian specimens were tested electrophoretically for hemoglobin types and all contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.
The blood groups of the Timuri and related tribes in Afghanistan
Authors: Woodd‐Walker Robert B. , Smith Harry M. , Clarke Victor Alan
Published: February 2006

The present investigation is a study of the blood groups of the Timuri and related tribes in Afghanistan. There is little historical documentation for the origin of the Timuri. Their name is probably a misnomer, however, since they are apparently not descended from the armies of Timur, or Tamerlane, which invaded Afghanistan during the fourteenth century.

Relatively few blood group studies have been carried out on the inhabitants of Afghanistan, so detailed comparisons with other populations can be made only for the ABO system. (Certain populations in Iran to the west and a few rather widely separated populations, such as the Baltis and Nepalis to the east, have been more thoroughly investigated, and comparisons can be made with them on at least seven genetical systems.)

The presence of the A2 allele suggests gene flow from the West, but the high frequency of B is consistent with other populations tested in Afghanistan. The Rh frequencies give little critical information but the low level of cde is suggestive of Mongoloid origin. On the other hand, for the MNS system the high level of MS is typically Caucasoid. The high total M is found in Asia both in Caucasoids and Mongoloids.

The presence of the Lua allele and the relatively high frequency of the K allele are more Caucasoid than Mongoloid, but the presence of even one Diego (Dia) positive among the Timuri and related tribes suggests a Mongoloid contribution to the gene pool. The low frequency of P1, though always a little suspect on travelled specimens, is consistent with this.

All of the Iranian populations tested may be regarded as essentially Caucasoid from the blood group point of view. The Baltis and Nepalis show certain Mongoloid characteristics. The Timuri are distinctly more Mongoloid than the former but less so than the latter.

In summary, the Timuri appear to be intermediate in allele frequencies between Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations, with unmistakable evidence of both in their ancestry.