bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of direct foreign investment in Turkey
Authors: Coskun Recai
Published: January 2003

Attempts to discuss a rarely debated issue in the literature of international business i.e. Turkey’s attractiveness as a manufacturing location, and examines the determinants of foreign direct investment in Turkey. After briefly concluding the main location‐specific factors of Turkey, the findings of three different surveys are demonstrated. The surveys’ results suggest that overemphasis made by the Turkish officials on location‐specific factors such as “low cost labour and cheaper inputs” and “geographical location” is a sign of mis‐policy design since the major determinants of foreign direct investment seem to be factors such as “the promising Turkish economy” and “growing local market”.
Public‐private partnerships and the defence industry
Authors: Trim Peter R.J.
Published: January 2003

The British Government is driven by the concept of value for money and is seeking ways in which to fund projects in the public sector. In the defence sector, this is resulting in the formation of public‐private partnerships and a close working relationship between the Government and defence companies. As well as placing the UK’s defence capability within the context of national security, it also needs to be placed within the context of the Government’s foreign policy which is focused on international conflict prevention. The UK Government remains committed to encouraging international collaboration as this should witness technology transfer from the defence sector to the civil sector. Makes reference to nine factors which underlie collaboration in the defence sector and draws on the expertise of defence sector experts who provide insights into the defence industry. Refers to a postal survey which was undertaken in 1999 in order to establish which areas of defence management would receive increased attention in both the short term and the long term. Finally, highlights the Executive Intelligence Alliance Policy and Strategy (EIAPS) Charter which can be used by defence company personnel as a framework to develop long‐term working relationships with other defence companies, government departments and universities.
Strategic marketing processes of Australian companies: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Joseph Mathew , Joseph Beatriz , Poon Simpson , Brookbank Roger
Published: January 2003

The current Asian crisis has created awareness among Australian companies of the need to reassess their marketing strategy with the goal of becoming more competitive in the market place. This study looks at strategy development among companies with the view of providing insight into the development process. A sample of 850 companies were contacted and 216 useable questionnaires were analysed (response rate of 21.4 per cent). Key findings and strategic implications are discussed .
Penetrating the Japanese market: the challenge of non‐tariff barriers
Authors: Maguire Keith
Published: January 2003

Analyses some of the hidden barriers in exporting to Japan. It looks at Japanese industrial organisation and the role of the large corporations in controlling import and distribution outlets. The Japanese wholesale and distribution system is much larger than would be the case in Europe or North America. There are also differences in patterns of consumer behaviour in Japan compared to Europe. Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry also plays a more active role in the business environment. Also examines the problems involved with negotiating with the Japanese. It looks at a number of the obvious sources of confusion and misunderstanding between Japanese and Westerners during the negotiation process.
Production grade tooling via layer manufacture
Authors: Dalgarno K.W.
Published: January 2003

This paper is a summary of the session topic “Production grade tooling via rapid manufacture” which was part of the Internet conference on the future of RP which ran from December 2000 to February 2001, hosted at Rapid‐Discussion.comTM. The original position paper which was used to prompt discussion is reported. Three major discussion topics emerged: other layer manufacture based tool manufacturing techniques, finishing/accuracy, and economics. It is concluded that in order to develop a bigger market for production grade tooling manufactured using layer manufacture techniques two things are required: technical developments, notably with regard to accuracy, surface finish, and durability; and an increased awareness of the economics of volume manufacture and of the importance of tooling within that economic framework.
Rapid prototyping for direct manufacture
Authors: Hopkinson Neil , Dickens Phill
Published: January 2003

Introduces the concept of using technologies collectively known as rapid prototyping (RP) for the manufacture of end‐use products rather than prototypes, and presents recent examples. Gives details of a cost analysis performed by De Montfort University and Delphi Automotive Systems (France). Discusses the findings from the cost analysis along with opinions generated from an Internet based conference held from November 2000 to January 2001. The combination of findings from the cost analysis with expert opinions generated by the Internet conference have helped to identify the potential future for rapid manufacturing. In particular covers the issues of material properties, quality control and identification of suitable products.
The relationship between HRM, social support and subjective career success among men and women
Authors: Nabi Ghulam R.
Published: January 2003

Most previous research on career success has examined the differential importance of predictors of objective career success (e.g. salary) between men and women. The aim of the present paper is to investigate hypotheses pertaining to male‐female differences in subjective career success (SCS) prediction. Two measures of SCS, intrinsic job success (IJS) and perceived career success (PCS), were employed as criteria and a range of organisational policy perceptions and social support strategies as predictors. Questionnaire data was collected from 439 administrative full‐time employees in the UK. Results provided modest support for the differential predictive power of the above predictors of SCS for men and women. The main results suggested that peer support was a more powerful predictor of men’s SCS, whereas personal support was a more powerful predictor for women’s SCS. The implications of these findings are discussed, together with avenues for further research.
Opposition of retail sales staff to shopping hours liberalization
Authors: Wolter Stefan C.
Published: January 2003

The classical insider‐outsider theory explains involuntary unemployment by the bargaining power of insiders that prevents wages decreasing to the level of the reservation wages of unemployed outsiders. Extends the traditional argument about wages to a conflict of interest between insiders and outsiders about the schedule of working time. Argues that attempts to liberalize shopping hours often fail because of the resistance and arguments of retail sector employees (insiders) who fear that this would cause deterioration in their working conditions. This resistance leads to a reduction of employment possibilities for outsiders who would have been willing to work during fringe hours.
RP in art and conceptual design
Authors: Wah Wai Hon
Published: January 2003

This paper is a conclusion to one of the forum topics: “RP for Art and Conceptual Design” in the 2001 “Future of RP” Web conference. Art and conceptual design are often regarded as good places to apply concept‐modelling technologies. However, the response from the forum and the author’s observation reveal that the use of RP in art is limited to be used as “print‐out”. The use of RP in conceptual design is even more limited. A comparison between RP and conventional modelling techniques is made. The paper goes on to postulate that, the obstacle to adopting RP to art and conceptual design is rooted in common characters of commercial RP systems that are incompatible with the creative process.
Rapid prototyping integrated systems
Authors: Onuh S.O.
Published: January 2003

From the early 1990s, rapid prototyping (RP) system integration has become the desire of both industries and researchers. Presents a summary of findings from the Internet Conference on the state of the art of RP system integration. Attempts to define “integration” and relates it to RP technology. Presents technical issues that can enable RP system integration and the benefits of such integration. Finally, identifies and highlights key requirements for the success of RP integrated systems.
Personal characteristics and job satisfaction of Greek teachers
Authors: Koustelios Athanasios D.
Published: January 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the level of job satisfaction experienced by a sample of Greek teachers and to examine the relationship between personal characteristics and specific aspects of job satisfaction. The sample consisted of 354 teachers, 28 to 59 years of age, from 40 state schools. The results of the present study suggest that teachers were satisfied with the job itself and supervision, whereas they were dissatisfied with pay and promotional opportunities. The results of standard multiple regression showed that certain personal characteristics (e.g. gender, age, etc.) were significant predictors of different aspects of job satisfaction. Variables other than the personal characteristics, such as organizational variables, should be included in future research in order to explain better the teachers’ job satisfaction.
TQM principles and their relevance to higher education: the question of tenure and post‐tenure review
Authors: Helms Marilyn M. , Williams Ashley B. , Nixon Judy C.
Published: January 2003

Total quality management (TQM) programs have been popularized for changing the culture and performance of service and manufacturing firms. These ubiquitous techniques have also been applied to educational settings to improve administrative processes but have found little success in improving the quality of faculty teaching, research, and service. Some colleges and universities have faced difficulties implementing TQM in these areas because of strong tenure systems in place. This article will review the history of tenure and post‐tenure review, the theory of TQM, the role of TQM in higher education, and finally how TQM can be implemented and even supported by tenure and post‐tenure programs. The article concludes with suggestions and changes educational institutions can adopt so tenure, post‐tenure review and TQM can work compatibly together.
Application of molecularly imprinted polymers in sensors for the environment and biotechnology
Authors: Piletsky Sergey A. , Subrahmanyam S. , Turner Anthony P.F.
Published: January 2003

Molecular imprinting is a generic technology, which introduces recognition properties into synthetic polymers using appropriate templates. Over the last two decades molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have become a focus of interest for scientists engaged in the development of biological and chemical sensors. This is due to the many and considerable advantages they possess in comparison to natural receptors, enzymes and antibodies such as superior stability, low cost and ease of preparation. This brief review covers recent achievements and potential applications of imprinted sensors with specific reference to the environment and biotechnology.
Numerical analysis of the effects of tangential transpiration on the boundary layer characteristics
Authors: Çuhadaroğlu Burhan
Published: January 2003

In the present study, the characteristics of the turbulent boundary layer developing on a porous wall with various angles of injection and suction are analyzed numerically with the proper boundary conditions. The finite difference method based on a control volume approach is used for solving the time averaged Navier‐Stokes equations for incompressible flow in conjunction with the standard k‐ε turbulence model equations. The wall functions of the viscous and turbulent sub‐layers are modified to allow for the effect of the angle of injection and suction through the porous wall. A non‐uniform staggered grid arrangement is used. The parameters studied include the velocity (Vw) and the angle (α) of the injection and suction. The present numerical results of the normal injection and suction are compared with the known experimental data and a good agreement is obtained. The numerical results also indicate that the characteristics of the turbulent boundary layer such as local friction coefficient, boundary layer thickness and shape factor are substantially influenced by the velocity and the angle of injection and suction.
Pakistani and indigenous “white” women’s views and the Donabedian‐Maxwell grid: a consumer‐focused template for assessing the quality of maternity care
Authors: Hirst Janet , Hewison Jenny
Published: January 2003

A criticism of using women’s views as an assessment of the maternity services in the UK is that the views of some have been under‐represented and inappropriately researched, in particular those from minority ethnic groups. In addition, there is criticism that “what” has been assessed within the maternity services, and other health‐care arenas, has been driven by the perspective of those who provide the service rather than those who use it. The purpose here is to explore integrating Pakistani and indigenous “white” women’s views with the Donabedian‐Maxwell grid, as a means of offering a consumer‐focused template for underpinning quality assessment and quality assurance strategies for the maternity services in the UK.
Information technology outsourcing in Australia: a literature review
Authors: Costa Christina
Published: January 2003

The objective of this literature review is to provide a background and a synthesis of existing studies conducted on IT outsourcing. The IT outsourcing trend has become increasingly popular and heavily documented and studied in Europe and the USA. It is therefore appropriate and timely to consider the value and incidence of IT outsourcing in Australian organisations. The literature review deals with the impetus for outsourcing and factors contributing to its success. It covers two useful theoretical frameworks, transactional cost theory, and resource‐based theory that facilitate research into outsourcing.
The utilization of trend analysis in the effective monitoring of information security. Part 1: the concept
Authors: Botha Martin , von Solms Rossouw
Published: January 2003

A survey recently completed by the Computer Security Institute and the Federal Bureau of Investigation revealed that corporations, banks, and governments all face a growing threat from computer crime, and in particular computer hacking. The computer hacking activities caused well over $100 million in losses last year in the USA and the trend toward professional computer crime, such as computer hacking, is on the rise. Different methods are currently used to control the computer crime problem, for example, to control the access to and from a network by implementing a firewall. As the survey highlighted, most of these methods are inefficient. New means and ways which will minimise and control the hacking problem must therefore continuously be researched and defined. This paper will propose a method, based on trend analysis, that could be utilized to minimise and control the hacking problem in an organisation.
Performance measurement and management control positioning strategies, quality and productivity: a case study of a Swedish bank
Authors: Zineldin Mosad , Bredenlöw Torbjörn
Published: January 2003

While there are many studies on the relationship between service quality and productivity/efficiency (prodeff), between service quality and image and between services and positioning, so far, no work in the literature has examined the triangular relationship between quality, prodeff and positioning. This article aims to develop theoretically and empirically an insight understanding of the strategic relationship between service quality, prodeff and positioning strategies. A case study shows that the choice of positioning strategy is not a simple one: it is not merely a question of quality and prodeff, but concerns the behavior of the entire organization. Some key quality, prodeff and positioning measurement areas identified from the literature and the case study are outlined in the paper. Finally, the paper argues that the quality of PRODSERV and prodeff strategies must be tied to broad business and positioning strategies and should be part of the organization’s mission/vision statements.
The client’s role in the consulting relationship: is there “con” in consulting?
Authors: Williams Russell
Published: January 2003

Questions the simplistic cynical line on consulting as “consultobabble” sold to passive and vulnerable managers. Consultants do engage in impression management but their narrative comes from a complex interdependent client‐consultant relationship where both parties define and feed each other’s needs and identities. Moreover, the symbolic roles consultants may perform means that they – the consultants – may be “manipulated” by clients, further emphasising this complex two‐way relationship.
Reading an intellectual capital statement
Authors: Mouritsen J. , Johansen M.R. , Larsen H.T. , Bukh P.N.
Published: January 2003

This paper introduces a framework for analysing intellectual capital statements. It is suggested that the three‐way model of intellectual capital (human, organisations and structural) can be developed in its descriptive and its prescriptive qualities. Another model is offered which relate intellectual capital indicators to the firm’s knowledge strategy. This IC accounting system describes the transactions that allow the firm’s knowledge strategy to be implemented and it prescribes an agenda from which it is possible to monitor the effects around intellectual resources, to qualify and upgrade them and to survey the portfolio of intellectual resources. An example of Systematic Software Engineering’s two intellectual capital statements from 1999 and 2000 is used to illustrate how intellectual capital statements may be read from this perspective.
Integrating attitudinal theories to understand and predict use of technology‐based self‐service
Authors: Michelle Bobbitt L. , Dabholkar Pratibha A.
Published: January 2003

Technology‐based self‐service is growing at a tremendous rate all over the world, but a strong unifying theory to understand this form of service is lacking. Proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework that incorporates several well‐known attitudinal theories to explain the pivotal role of attitudes in influencing intentions and behavior related to technology‐based self‐service. The framework makes it possible to understand and predict better consumer decisions related to using technology‐based self‐service by thoroughly examining underlying consumer attitudes. Uses the Internet to illustrate how our framework can be applied to study consumer behavior related to a specific technology‐based self‐service. Draws on insights from the extant literature on technology‐based self‐service and also incorporates the many unique characteristics of the Internet that have implications for theory. Discusses practical implications of our model for marketers and provides directions for future research on technology‐based self‐service in general and the Internet in particular. With its integrative approach to theory, also contributes to the attitudinal literature.
Service strategies within the manufacturing sector: benefits, costs and partnership
Authors: Mathieu Valérie
Published: January 2003

This paper develops a typology of service maneuvers achieved by manufacturing companies. This typology is based on two dimensions: service specificity (split into customer service, product services and service as a product) and organizational intensity (tactical, strategic or cultural).The paper reviews the benefits and costs associated with service maneuvers and discusses their interplay with the typology. A collaborative option is proposed as an original strategy for supporting the challenging process of implementing a service maneuver, and the costs of running this option are developed in the light of the typology.
An analytic model to quantify strategic service vision
Authors: Partovi Fariborz Y.
Published: January 2003

This article presents an analytical method for quantifying Heskett’s “Strategic service vision”. The model, which is based on quality function deployment (QFD), and benchmarking, starts with two matrices in series to relate market segments, service concepts, and various processes, as rows and columns of interconnected QFD matrices. In addition, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a decision‐making tool, is used to determine the intensity of the relationship between the row and column variables of each matrix, while analytic network process (ANP), an extension of AHP, is used to determine the intensity of synergy effects among column variables. Finally, benchmarking is used to suggest potential breakthroughs in service delivery. Ultimately, the goal of these matrices and benchmarking is to add fine‐tuning and precision to an otherwise qualitative strategic decision making process. To demonstrate the applicability of our proposed model to service organizations we develop its basic concepts within the framework of a specific example serving as a background.
The effect of work climate on critical employee and customer outcomes
Authors: Hee Yoon Mahn , Beatty Sharon E. , Suh Jaebeom
Published: January 2003

This paper examines several work climate variables and their impact on service quality. While there exists a variety of work climates relevant to contact employees during service encounters, this study investigates two components for successful implementation of internal marketing, service climate and supportive management. Both climate variables are proposed to affect the attitudes and behaviors of employees, and consequently affect customers’ perceptions of employees’ service performance. This study, which combines perceptions from customers and their contact employees, shows that both climate variables contribute directly to job satisfaction and work effort, and indirectly impact on customers’ perceptions of employee service quality. Also, the empirical results indicate that in addition to job satisfaction, employees’ work effort also plays a strong, central role in determining customers’ perceptions of employee service quality.
Planning and implementing a library ergonomics program: case study at Queens College Library, the City University of New York
Authors: Chao Sheau‐yueh J. , Chang Ching , Chiang Belinda
Published: January 2003

The impact of computer technology on libraries is changing the face of information services and how these services are delivered. It is significant that human interaction with computers prevails all service‐oriented institutions, especially libraries where circulation, reference, and technical services are fully automated and depend on computers for information access and retrieval via patron files and online public access catalogs. Libraries spend lots of time on implementing and upgrading electronic services and library functions. However, the human factors are generally overlooked. This article will provide a systematic way to address employee safety and health issues in the library through background readings, library ergonomics in literature, current technologies on ergonomic product design and a case study of ergonomics program implementation at Queens College Library, the City University of New York.
Relationship benefits in service industries: a replication in a Southeast Asian context
Authors: Patterson Paul G. , Smith Tasman
Published: January 2003

Because service encounters and service relationships are first and foremost social encounters, norms and expectations related to such encounters are likely to vary from culture to culture, but especially between high context Eastern, collectivist and low context, Western individualistic cultures. The purpose of this study was, in part, to replicate and then extend the work of Gwinneret al.in the USA, but this time in a Southeast Asian context. Gwinneret al.’s work examined the benefits customers perceive they receive from engaging in long‐term relationships with a variety of service‐providers. The current sample comprised 155 respondents in Bangkok, Thailand who each completed a series of questionnaires concerning their relational behavior with service suppliers. The results support the earlier study showing relational benefits can be categorized into three distinct benefit types. However, compared with the past research results in a Western context (USA), the results indicate some clearly discernible variations. It is apparent that we should not rely wholly on empirical research emanating from Western cultures, but also develop reliable models of how various marketing phenomena work in the rapidly expanding Asian economies.
The nature of problem recognition and search in the extended health care decision
Authors: Jeanne Hill C.
Published: January 2003

Within the existing health care system, a significant percentage of Americans over the age of 65 will have need of extended health care. Yet the extended care industry has little information as to how consumers will make a choice among placement options. The results of this study describe both the need recognition and pre‐selection search stages of the decision process and the impact of need recognition on subsequent search activity. The information obtained from an influential person as the problem is being defined appears to have a complex relationship with pre‐selection search, with initial information leading to less search but additional information increasing search activity. Contrary to previous studies, pre‐selection search was found to be fairly extensive, increasing with time availability.
Building customer relationships: an inventory of service providers’ objectives and practices
Authors: Claycomb Cindy , Martin Charles L.
Published: January 2003

A study of 205 US commercial service providers, representing 31 two‐digit SIC codes, identified companies’ customer relationship‐building objectives and practices. Of 42 possible relationship‐building objectives, the four rated as top priorities were: encouraging customers to think of the firm first when considering a purchase; providing better service; encouraging customers to speak favorably about the firm; and encouraging customers to trust the firm. Answers to open‐ended, exploratory questions revealed 18 categories of relationship‐building initiatives. The findings suggest that “customer relationship‐building” means different things to different people and that practices to build such relationships vary considerably. By inventorying the range of relationship‐building objectives, quantifying their priority levels, and identifying specific practices used to build customer relationships, a greater understanding of current practices was achieved. Thus, the findings promise to benefit researchers, practitioners and consumers in terms of knowledge development, prescriptions for success, and enhanced value and satisfaction, respectively.
The appeal of integration: managing communications in modern organisations
Authors: Cornelissen Joep P. , Lock Andrew R.
Published: January 2003

Subjects the assumptions and prescriptions of the “integration” literature to critical scrutiny. Teases out the distinctive basis of its appeal compared with earlier communication management literature. Finds that, although perhaps not entirely new, issues of “integration” have because of social, market and technological developments become more salient and significant than before. Also illuminates the dark side of this project by drawing attention to uncritical acceptance of “integration” as a panacea for communication management in the twenty‐first century.
Asian purchasing agents’ perceptions of women sales representatives
Authors: Sojka Jane Z. , Gupta Ashok K. , Deeter‐Schmelz Dawn R.
Published: January 2003

To enhance our understanding of the optimal buyer‐seller dyad composition in different cultures, this study investigates differences in male and female buyers’ perceptions of male and female sales representatives in Pakistan. Data collected from 88 Pakistani buyers reveal that although male and female salespeople were perceived somewhat differently depending on the buyer’s gender, many similarities were also found. In addition, buyers did not perceive salespeople of the same gender more positively than salespeople of the opposite gender. Most of the male buyers did not perceive sales to be an appropriate career for Pakistani women. Overall, the results suggest female Pakistani sales representatives are more relationship‐oriented, and some male Pakistani buyers may prefer working with female salespeople.
Equal opportunity? The role of legislation and public policies in women’s employment in China
Authors: Lee Cooke Fang
Published: January 2003

Reviews the positive role of the state in promoting women’s employment since the founding of Communist China in 1949. Identifies patterns of gender inequality which exist throughout the process of employment such as recruitment and retirement. Against this backcloth, analyses major reasons for the occurrence of this gender discrimination, which range from inadequate social security for childbearing and ineffective legislative monitoring mechanisms to gender bias in the employment legislation itself. Concludes that recent radical economic and social reforms in China have disrupted the context within which a level of equal opportunity has been achieved in the past few decades and demands a new legal framework under which greater equality between men and women in employment can be achieved.
“Blanket” approaches to promoting ICT in small firms: some lessons from the DTI ladder adoption model in the UK
Authors: Martin Lynn M. , Matlay Harry
Published: January 2003

The current push for small firms to be “wired up to the digital marketplace” is evidenced by the number of initiatives targeting small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) to promote this activity. Like other governments worldwide, UK Online’s SME targets (together with the supporting DTI adoption ladder) exemplify the “conventional wisdom” view of a homogeneous small business sector, within which firms take an ordered, sequential progression on the route to Internet technology adoption. This approach is questioned by grounding the official rhetoric in the reality of organisational and operational complexity of this important sector of the UK economy. These initiatives are compared and contrasted with similar models of small firm development, most of which neglected to address the diverse nature of small firm needs. The authors recommend a more discriminant approach, focused upon factors such as firm size, age, managerial structure and information and communications technology adoption stages.
Electronic signatures: they’re legal, now what?
Authors: Broderick Martha A. , Gibson Virginia R. , Tarasewich Peter
Published: January 2003

In the USA, electronic signatures recently became as legally binding as printed signatures. But the legislation that made electronic signatures legal did nothing to specify how they should be implemented, or what precautions must be taken to ensure the security and validity of the signature process. This paper first reviews the status of electronic signatures in the USA, and compares it to work done by the United Nations. Next, the technology that can be used to implement electronic signatures is summarized. The paper concludes with a discussion of problems and open issues surrounding the use of electronic signatures.
Primary care physicians’ communication preferences
Authors: Charlebois Maureen , Cormack Lois , David Imtiaz , Leonard Kevin , Pederson Lorraine , Painter Bonnie , Pinto Flavian
Published: January 2003

Describes a project undertaken to study the communication preferences of primary care physicians (PCPs) when they interact with Community Care Access Centres (called CCACs; they provide a brokering role coordinating community providers of health services). Specifically, examines how information technology can be utilized to enhance communication between these two types of health care providers. At present, physician notification of client admission to a CCAC is done inconsistently and often, due to confidentiality issues, only the client name and other notification data are faxed to the family practitioner. With a majority of the referrals originating directly from hospitals, CCACs wish to improve this communication link with PCPs in order to enhance the coordination of client care as well as the management of their clients’ health outcomes.
Trade union‐based workplace learning: a case study in workplace reorganization and worker knowledge production
Authors: Sawchuk Peter H.
Published: January 2003

Presents a case study on union‐based research and education activity generated in response to restructuring in the Canadian telecommunications industry and workplace reorganization. Findings suggest that an education/research/policy dynamic rooted in the union local helps to build the potential for workplace democracy and organizational capacity in the labour movement.
Workplace judgement and conceptions of learning
Authors: Hager Paul
Published: January 2003

Judgement is a pivotal notion for understanding learning. But how we view judgement is crucially shaped by our favoured conception of learning. The favoured conception of learning is shown to distort judgement, while an emerging conception of learning does justice both to judgement and learning from work.
Ethical foundations of the contemporary living wage movement
Authors: Figart Deborah M.
Published: January 2003

Faith‐based activism in living wage campaigns is on the rise. Summarizes recent campaigns to enact living wage ordinances in US municipalities, underscoring the role of community‐church partnerships such as Clergy and Laity United for Economic Justice, National Interfaith Committee for Worker Justice, and other local organizations in the struggle for wage justice. Explores the theological bases of this activism by tracing the evolution of the concept of a just, living wage in Christian social economic thought. To illustrate the historical and philosophical roots of living wage discourse, provides textual analysis of major Roman Catholic and Episcopal Church documents and briefly considers writings by US social economists in the first half of the twentieth century.
Poverty: a worldwide form of injustice
Authors: Haines Walter W.
Published: January 2003

As Bill Gates’ estimated wealth has reached the unimaginable mark of $100 billion, and other billionaires are being created daily, the problem of inequality is becoming more and more visible. But, lulled into the commonly stated maxim that “a rising tide lifts all boats”, we may assume that the rest of us are, or will be, benefitted by this general prosperity. It comes as a shock, therefore, to realize that even in the USA the income level of the lower echelons of society are actually declining. For the less developed countries the burden is even greater, with average income falling throughout much of Africa and in other areas as well. The move toward globalization, far from mitigating the problem, is actually adding to the disparities between rich and poor worldwide, while even the rich do not seem to be happier as a result of their wealth.
Trade as if children mattered
Authors: McClintock Brent
Published: January 2003

The use of abusive child labor in developing countries is investigated in terms of its violation of the fundamental human rights of children and its role in international production and trade. Evaluates efforts to eliminate the use of child labor in the knotted carpet and soccer ball industries through the use of corporate codes of conduct and product labeling. Given the limits to these voluntary efforts, explores existing and proposed linkages between international labor standards and trade policy as means to protecting the health and moral wellbeing of children.
An alternative safety net to patient dumping
Authors: Hisnanick John J.
Published: January 2003

Hospitals adjusted their admitting practices and treatment protocols in response to the prospective payment system (PPS) enacted by the Health Care Financing Agency over a decade ago. Under PPS it is often not profitable for a hospital to admit and treat chronically ill individuals, with Medicare coverage, who may require extended periods of in‐patient care. It has been suggested in the literature that hospitals engage in “patient dumping”, or shifting high‐cost Medicare patients to public hospitals, to minimize loses. Institutional factors and market deficiencies result in discriminatory practices towards poor, elderly and disabled patients with limited or no health insurance coverage in the provision of health care. US Department of Veteran Affairs medical centers, however, provide an alternative, or safety net, for poor, elderly and disabled veterans who would be prime Medicare candidates for patient dumping.
Race, disability and assistive devices: sociodemographics or discrimination
Authors: Rubin Rose M. , White‐Means Shelley I.
Published: January 2003

This research provides empirically‐based, detailed information on race as a determinant of the relationship between chronic illness/disability and assistive device use by elderly persons. The database is the 1994 wave of the National Long Term Care Survey. The important findings are: whites are more likely to use home modification devices and blacks are more likely to use portable devices; chronic conditions vary in their influence on the use of assistive devices; the joint presence of diabetes, heart conditions or hypertension with ADLs and IADLs motivates greater assistive device use; the relationships between chronic health conditions and assistive device use vary by race; for blacks, income has the largest impact on assistive device purchases; half of the racial differences in the probability of using assistive devices is explained by differences in sociodemographic characteristics and the rest is explained, in part, by discrimination.
The functionality of market‐based discrimination
Authors: Darity William
Published: January 2003

Advances a framework for understanding the mechanisms that maintain unearned or inherited advantage or privilege in a hierarchical world of unequal rewards and differential opportunity. Central in this framework is the presence of a dominant group and a subaltern group in an environment where there is rivalry over social rewards. A dominant group can seek to structure and control access to the credentials required for preferred positions to insure admission of their own and to keep out others. This could involve, for example, deprivation of subaltern group members of schooling, both in quantity and quality. In other words, the dominant group can take steps to influence the “premarket” characteristics of the members of the subaltern group to the disadvantage of the latter. The dominant group emphasizes the cultural, cognitive, or motivational deficiences of the subaltern group significantly by silently rendering them non‐competing, all the while denying any discrimination.
Is discrimination disappearing? Residential credit market evidence, 1992‐98
Authors: Dymski Gary A.
Published: January 2003

Makes three contributions to the ongoing debate over whether racial discrimination is disappearing, and white privilege eroding. First, develops an argument concerning why many economists treat empirical evidence of racial discrimination with skepticism or indifference. Second, presents some new econometric results which provide empirical insight into whether racial inequality is disappearing in residential credit markets. These results suggest that for African Americans and Latinos, racial disadvantage remains statistically significant in most cities, though its magnitude has fallen during the 1990s in many cities. Third, suggests an empirical implementation of “white privilege” in the residential credit market. Consistently finds white advantage in credit markets to be statistically significant in an econometric model of residential loan approval and denial.
Insider trading in financial markets: legality, ethics, efficiency
Authors: O’Hara Phillip Anthony
Published: January 2003

Scrutinises legal, ethical and efficiency standards for and against insider trading. The main arguments supporting insider trading are that it promotes economic efficiency and enterprise. The primary argument against insider trading is that it can be a breach of fiduciary duty; the other arguments of asymmetrical information, in‐principle unequal access to information, and misappropriation seem relatively difficult to accept. On balance, it seems that insider trading may possibly be organised in firms so long as policies are transparent, shareholders accept the practice and certain measures are taken to reduce the incidence of free riders. However, the current state of knowledge on the subject makes it very difficult to come to unequivocal conclusions about whether aspects of it should be illegal or not. Much more theoretical and empirical work is needed on the ethical and social foundations of capitalism, insider trading in general, potential conflict of interest between innovators and shareholders, free riders, possible lack of confidence in the market, and in what ways illegality changes the behaviour of agents.
Reasons, not excuses: lessons from Elizabeth I CEO on leading, not managing libraries
Authors: Tyree Michael , Jo Hansen Mary
Published: January 2003

Seldom is a book relevant to the entire spectrum of libraries we encounter. However Axelrod’s Elizabeth ICEO is one such work. Highly readable his examination of Elizabeth I from the perspective of a business leader and manager contains several strategic lessons that librarians and especially financial managers can apply to stay viable in our current political and financial climate. Whether from the public or private library viewpoint the two reviewers of this work remark that there is much to be gleaned from Elizabeth I’s aggressive leadership style and political acumen which is relevant in managing today’s libraries. While there is nothing new in the information presented the fresh approach interesting reading and use of a historical figure to examine today’s issues drive home important tenets which the head of any successful organization not only needs to know but also must practice.
Stealth, secrecy and subversion: the language of change
Authors: Butcher David , Atkinson Sally
Published: January 2003

Whilst language is recognised as playing a key role in the shaping of organisational phenomena, the importance of managing language actively in the context of change has received less attention. The particular relevance of the active management of language in changing the mindsets that underpin models of organisational change is discussed, leading to the conclusion that language has a key role in making apparent and legitimising emerging models that challenge the conventional “top‐down” paradigm.
Managing in knowledge‐based competition
Authors: Chinying Lang Josephine
Published: January 2003

Globalization and digitization with connectivity are fast transforming fundamental business assumptions. These two forces – more aggressive global competition and accelerating technological change, especially in information communication and Internet technologies – translate into competition that is increasingly knowledge‐based. This increasingly knowledge‐based nature of competition is driving change in how supply chains are being managed within and across firms. It also signals a demographic shift in the workforce to knowledge work whose mobile exponents demand a different type of work environment and executive leadership. There are also heightened demands from more knowledgeable customers. To manage in the knowledge economy characterized by diversity, complexity and ambiguity, firms must therefore harness the competencies of workers, suppliers and customers.
Modeling corporate identity: a concept explication and theoretical explanation
Authors: Westcott Alessandri Sue
Published: January 2003

This research introduces new conceptual and operational definitions of corporate identity. In addition, based on these definitions, introduces a model of corporate identity and how it works in the context of a firm’s mission, corporate image and reputation. This model helps further to explicate the concept of corporate identity as well as provide a plausible theoretical explanation for the way corporate identity works. In that way, this article provides evidence of the efficacy of corporate identity as a strategic management tool.
Institutional image: a case study
Authors: Kazoleas Dean , Kim Yungwook , Anne Moffitt Mary
Published: January 2003

Examines the concept of institutional (university) image from a cultural studies approach and from a quantitative perspective. Building on these and other research findings, posits that multiple changing images exist within each individual and that these images are affected by certain factors. Examines university image from an external stakeholder perspective, based on a telephone survey study of respondents from across the university’s home state. The results confirm multi‐image conceptualization of the university setting and, importantly, examine the factors – personal, environmental, and organizational – that give rise to the multiple image concept. Complementing much corporate image research that views image(s) as primarily controlled by the organization, these findings suggest that corporate image, considered also as a receiver‐oriented and audience‐specific construct, can vary as a function of other, external, determining factors but that organizational factors are, nevertheless, very influential factors for one’s decision making about image.
Misplaced marketing
Authors: Wolburg Joyce M.
Published: January 2003

Notes that research has shown that advertising efforts to promote social causes rarely reach meaningful levels of effectiveness. Points out that while the media provide the right emotional climate for advertising messages that encourage consumption, it follows that the media provide the wrong environment for messages that discourage consumption or other behaviors. Concludes that money spent might best be redirected to other prevention efforts that more directly accompish the social progam’s goals.
Evaluation of body composition: a comparison between two systems of bioelectrical impedance
Authors: Camacho Dias Patricia , Valeria da Veiga Gloria , Cavalcante da Silva Sidney , Monteiro Walace David
Published: January 2003

This study compared resistance (R) and body composition obtained via the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) leg‐to‐leg system with the arm‐to‐leg system, using underwater weighing as a standard method. The study subjects were 48 healthy men between 20‐40 years old. No difference was observed in the means of R, per cent body fat (%BF) and fat‐free mass (FFM) obtained from the two systems, but the range of individual differences was from – 70 to + 60ohms for R, from – 5 to + 7kg for FFM and – 8 to + 8 for %BF. The two systems of BIA overestimated the %BF and underestimated FFM. Concludes that LLS is an alternative to assessment of body composition in epidemiological studies. However, independent of the system, BIA is not appropriate for estimating body composition at an individual level.