bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Base‐catalyzed derivatization methodology for FA analysis. Application to milk fat and celery seed lipid TAG
Authors: Destaillats Frédéric , Angers Paul
Published: November 2006

In this paper, an alternative base‐catalyzed methodology for the facile derivatization in mild conditions of lipid TAG prior to FA analysis is proposed. Reagents were prepared by proton exchange between potassium tert‐butoxide and either ethanol, n‐propanol, n‐butanol, or 2‐methoxyethanol and used for the synthesis, at 40°C for 15 min, of the corresponding derivatives, which were directly analyzed by GC. This methodology can be used on a routine basis and has been applied to standard and complex natural lipid samples. Tripalmitin was used to determine optimal reaction conditions; and bovine milk fat, containing C4 to C22 acids, and celery (Apium graveolens) seed oil, characterized by a high level of petroselinic acid, were comparatively analyzed as their ethyl, n‐propyl, n‐butyl, and 2‐methoxyethyl esters.
Trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA increases liver and decreases adipose tissue lipids in mice: Possible roles of specific lipid metabolism genes
Authors: Warren J. M. , Simon V. A. , Bartolini G. , Erickson K. L. , Mackey B. E. , Kelley D. S.
Published: November 2006

Although consumption of CLA mixtures has been associated with several health effects, less is known about the actions of specific CLA isomers. There is evidence that the t10,c12‐CLA isomer is associated with alterations in body and organ weights in animals fed CLA, but the mechanisms leading to these changes are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two commonly occurring isomers of CLA on body composition and the transcription of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Eight‐week‐old female mice (n=11 or 12/group) were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 0.5% c9,t11‐CLA or t10,c12‐CLA isomers or 0.2% of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist fenofibrate for 8 wk. Body and retroperitoneal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower (6–10 and 50%, respectively), and liver weights were significantly greater (100%) in the t10,c12‐CLA and the fenofibrate groups compared with those in the control group; body and tissue weights in the c9,t11‐CLA group did not differ from those in the control group. Livers from animals in the t10,c12‐CLA group contained five times more lipids than in the control group, whereas the lipid content of the fenofibrate group did not differ from that in the control group. Although fenofibrate increased the mRNA for PPARα, t10,c12‐CLA decreased it. These results suggest that PPARα did not mediate the effects of t10,c12‐CLA on body composition. The CLA isomers and fenofibrate altered mRNA levels for several proteins involved in lipid metabolism, but the most striking difference was the reduction of mRNA for leptin and adiponectin in the t10,c12‐CLA group. These initial results suggest that changes associated with energy homeostasis and insulin action may mediate the effects of t10,c12‐CLA on lipid metabolism.
Dietary CLA affects lipid metabolism in broiler chicks
Authors: Du M. , Ahn D. U.
Published: November 2006

A total of 120 three‐wk‐old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three diets containing 0, 2, or 3% CLA and fed for 5 wk. Fat content and FA composition of liver, plasma, and feces were analyzed. Key enzymes involved in FA synthesis and catabolism in liver, TG, cholesterol, and FFA content of plasma were also determined. Dietary CLA increased TG, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol levels in plasma. The increased plasma TG level could be caused by increased FA synthesis in the liver after CLA feeding, because the activity of FA synthase in the liver increased after dietary CLA treatment. Dietary CLA changed the FA composition of feces but had no effect on fat content. Compared to the amounts of linoleic and linolenic acids present in the control diet, the amounts excreted into the feces of CLA‐treated birds were significantly higher. Liver weights of broilers significantly increased after CLA feeding, but there was no difference in liver fat content among the different CLA treatments. CLA treatment did not influence total FFA content in plasma; however, there was a significant difference in the composition of FFA. Dietary CLA reduced the content of linoleic and arachidonic acids in both plasma and liver.
Regulation by carbohydrate and clofibric acid of palmitoyl‐CoA chain elongation in the liver of rats
Authors: Kudo Naomi , Toyama Tomoaki , Mitsumoto Atsushi , Kawashima Yoichi
Published: November 2006

Regulation of palmitoyl‐CoA chain elongation (PCE) and its contribution to oleic acid formation were investigated in rat liver in comparison with stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD). Hepatic PCE activity was induced by the administration of 20% wt/vol glucose or fructose in the drinking water of normal rats. In streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, the activities of both PCE and SCD were suppressed, and fructose, but not glucose, feeding caused an increase in the activities of both enzymes. Treatment of normal rats with clofibric acid in combination with carbohydrate further increased PCE, but not SCD, acitivity. FA analysis of hepatic lipids revealed that the proportion of oleic acid (18∶1n−9) increased upon administration of carbohydrate or clofibric acid. The treatment of rats with clofibric acid in combination with carbohydrate greatly increased the proportion of 18∶1n−9. A significant correlation was observed between PCE activity and the hepatic proportion of 18∶1n−9 (r2=0.874, Pº0.01), whereas the relationship between SCD activity and the proportion of 18∶1n−9 was not significant (r2=0.552, P>0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that carbohydrate induces PCE as well as SCD activity to increase the hepatic 18∶1 content in rat liver, and the increased PCE activity seems to be responsible for the further increase in 18∶1n−9 when carbohydrate is administered in combination with clofibric acid.
Marine lipid‐based liposomes increase in vivo FA bioavailability
Authors: Cansell Maud , Nacka Fabienne , Combe Nicole
Published: November 2006

Liposomes made from an extract of natural marine lipids and containing a high n‐3 PUFA lipid ratio were envisaged as oral route vectors for FA supplements in order to increase PUFA bioavailability. The absorption of FA in thoracic lymph duct‐cannulated rats, after intragastric feeding of dietary fats in the form of liposomes or fish oil, was compared. Lipid and FA analyses were also performed on feces. Five mole percent α‐tocopherol was added to fish oil and incorporated into the liposome membrane. The influence of α‐tocopherol on FA lymph recovery was also investigated. In vivo, FA absorption in rats was favored by liposomes (98±1%) compared to fish oil (73±6%). In the same way, the DHA proportion in lymph was higher after liposome ingestion (78%) than after fish oil ingestion (47%). However, phospholipid (PL) concentration in lymph was not affected by the kind of dietary fat ingested, suggesting a PL regulation due to de novo TAG synthesis. The influence of the intramolecular distribution of n‐3 PUFA in dietary lipids (TAG and PL) on the intramolecular FA distribution in TAG of chylomicrons was also investigated. The results obtained showed that the distribution of n‐3 PUFA esterified on the sn‐2 of chylomicron TAG depended on the lipid source administered. All these results correlated, at least partly, with in vitro liposome behavior under conditions that mimic those of the gastrointestinal tract. As a whole, this study pointed out that marine PL may constitute an attractive material for the development of liposomes as oral PUFA supplements.
Maternal dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters hepatic triacylglycerol and tissue fatty acids in hatched chicks
Authors: Cherian Gita , Ai Wu , Goeger Mary P.
Published: November 2006

The effects of feeding CLA to hens on newly hatched chick hepatic and carcass lipid content, liver TAG accumulation, and FA incorporation in chick tissues such as liver, heart, brain, and adipose were studied. These tissues were selected owing to their respective roles in lipid assimilation (liver), as a major oxidation site (heart), as a site enriched with long‐chain polyunsaturates for function (brain), and as a storage depot (adipose). Eggs with no, low, or high levels of CLA were produced by feeding hens a corn‐soybean meal‐basal diet containing 3% (w/w) corn oil (Control), 2.5% corn oil +0.5% CLA oil (CLA1), or 2% corn oil +1.0% CLA oil (CLA2). The egg yolk content of total CLA was 0.0, 1.0, and 2.6% for Control, CLA1, and CLA2, respectively (P<0.05). Maternal dietary CLA resulted in a decrease in chick carcass total fat (P<0.05). Liver tissue of CLA2 chicks had the lowest fat content (P<0.05). The liver TAG content was 8.2, 5.8, and 5.1 mg/g for Control, CLA1, and CLA2 chicks, respectively (P<0.05). The chicks hatched from CLA1 and CLA2 incorporated higher levels of cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA in the liver, plasma, adipose, and brain than Control (P<0.05). The content of 18∶0 was higher in the liver, plasma adipose, and brain of CLA1 and CLA2 than Control (P<0.05), but no difference was observed in the 18∶0 content of heart tissue. A significant reduction in 18∶1 was observed in the liver, plasma, adipose, heart, and brain of CLA1 and CLA2 chicks (P<0.05). DHA (22∶6n−3) was reduced in the heart and brain of CLA1 and CLA2 chicks (P<0.05). No difference was observed in carcass weight, dry matter, or ash content of chicks (P>0.05). The hatchabilities of fertile eggs were 78, 34, and 38% for Control, CLA1, and CLA2, respectively (P<0.05). The early dead chicks were higher in CLA1 and CLA2 than Control (18 and 32% compared with 9% for Control), and alive but not hatched chicks were 15 and 19% for CLA1 and CLA2, compared with 8% for Control (P<0.05). Maternal supplementation with CLA leads to a reduction in hatchability, liver TAG, and carcass total fat in newly hatched chicks.
Production and protein kinase C activation of diacylglycerols containing polymethylene‐interrupted PUFA
Authors: Morishige Jun‐ichi , Takai Yoshimichi , Hirano Kaoru , Tanaka Tamotsu , Satouchi Kiyoshi
Published: November 2006

Sciadonic acid (20∶3, Δ‐5c,11c,14c) is a polymethylene‐interrupted PUFA (PMI‐PUFA) that is present in conifer seeds and known to be incorporated into animal cells and to accumulate in membrane PI as a substitute for arachidonate. In this study, we investigated whether PI having sciadonate could serve as source of DAG that could activate protein kinase C (PKC). When Swiss 3T3 cells cultured with sciadonic acid were stimulated with 100 nM of bombesin, 1‐stearoyl‐2‐sciadonoyl‐glycerol (G) and 1‐stearoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐G were produced. The net increments of these two molecular species of DAG reflected the levels of the two molecular species in the PI in the cells. When cells cultured with juniperonic acid (20∶4, Δ‐5c,11c,14c,17c) were stimulated 1‐stearoyl‐2‐juniperonoyl‐G was produced in proportion to the level of this molecular species in PI in the cells. We also examined PKC activation by synthetic DAG using a partially purified PKC fraction from rat brain and found that both 1‐stearoyl‐2‐sciadonoyl‐G and 1‐stearoyl‐2‐juniperonoyl‐G could activate PKC comparably to 1‐stearoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐G. These results indicate that 1‐stearoyl‐PI having these C20 PMI‐PUFA residues can serve as sources of potential signaling molecules.
Decreased serum adiponectin in adolescents and young adults with familial primary hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Lin Lian‐Yu , Liau Chiau‐Suong , Yang Wei‐Shiung , Su Ta‐Chen
Published: November 2006

Decreased serum adiponectin is associated with dyslipidemia. However, serum adiponectin status has never before been studied in patients with familial‐related severe primary hypercholesterolemia (FRSPH). The aim of this study is to measure serum adiponectin level in a group of young patients with FRSPH and determine its correlation with insulin‐resistant status. Twenty‐three patients with FRSPH [average LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C)=250.8 (190–610) mg/dL] without clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome as well as 46 healthy (control) adolescents and young adults (<30 yr old) were included. The serum adiponectin, fasting sugar, insulin, lipids, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and anthropometrical indices such as body mass index and waist circumference were obtained. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was calculated to estimate the insulin resistant status. Compared with healthy controls, patients with FRSPH had a significantly lower mean serum adiponectin level (7.7±1.8 μg/mL vs. 10.1±4.3 μg/mL, P=0.013). After adjustment for HOMA and associated covariates, multiple linear regression analysis showed that patients with FRSPH are significantly associated with hypoadiponectinemia. Compared with healthy controls, patients with FRSPH had a significantly lower mean serum adiponectin level (7.7±1.8 μg/mL vs. 10.1±4.3 μg/mL, P=0.013). After adjustment for HOMA and associated covariates, multiple linear regression analysis showed that patients with FRSPH are significantly associated with hypoadiponectinemia. The serum adiponectin levels are lower in young patients with FRSPH without clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome. The mechanism of hypoadiponectinemia in patients with FRSPH is probably independent of insulin resistance.
Effects of a diet high in plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers (dietary portfolio) on circulating sterol levels and red cell fragility in hypercholesterolemic subjects
Authors: Jones Peter J. , Raeini‐Sarjaz Mahmoud , Jenkins David J. A. , Kendall Cyril W. C. , Vidgen Edward , Trautwein Elke A. , Lapsley Karen G. , Marchie Augustine , Cunnane Stephen C. , Connelly Philip W.
Published: November 2006

Plant sterols, soy proteins, viscous fibers, and nuts are advised for cholesterol reduction, but their combined effect on plant sterol absorption has never been tested. We assessed their combined action on serum sterols in hyperlipidemic subjects who were following low‐saturated fat diets before starting the study and who returned to these diets post‐test. The 1‐mon test (combination) diet was high in plant sterols (1 g/1,000 kcal), soy protein (23 g/1,000 kcal), viscous fiber (9 g/1,000 kcal), and almonds (14 g/1000 kcal). Fasting blood was obtained for serum lipids and sterols, and erythrocytes were obtained for fragility prior to and at 2‐wk intervals during the study. The combination diet raised serum campesterol concentrations by 50% and β‐sitosterol by 27%, although these changes were not significant after Bonferroni correction; near‐maximal rises were found by the end of the first week, but no change was found in red cell fragility despite a 29% reduction in the LDL cholesterol level. No significant associations were observed between changes in red cell fragility and blood lipids or sterols. We conclude that plant sterols had a minimal impact on serum sterol concentrations or red cell fragility in hyperlipidemic subjects on diets that greatly reduced their serum lipids.
Effects of a water‐soluble phytostanol ester on plasma cholesterol levels and red blood cell fragility in hamsters
Authors: Ebine Naoyuki , Jia Xiaoming , Demonty Isabelle , Wang Yanwen , Jones Peter J. H.
Published: November 2006

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a novel water‐soluble phytostanol anolog, disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphate (DAPP), on plasma lipid levels and red blood cell fragility in hamsters fed atherogenic diets. For 4 wk, 50 male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a semipurified diet without added cholesterol (noncholesterol, group 1), or a semipurified diet with 0.25% cholesterol (cholesterol‐control, group 2). Groups 3–5 were fed the cholesterol‐control diet with an addition of 1% phytostanols (diet 3), 0.71% DAPP (DAPP 0.7%, diet 4), or 1.43% DAPP (DAPP 1.4%, diet 5). Diets 4 and 5 provided 0.5 and 1% phytostanols, respectively. Supplementation of 0.71 and 1.43% DAPP decreased plasma total cholesterol concentrations by 34 (P<0.001) and 46% (P<0.001), respectively, in comparison with the cholesterol‐control group, whereas free stanols reduced (P=0.007) plasma cholesterol concentrations by 14%. Similarly, non‐HDL‐cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 39 (P<0.001) and 54% (P<0.001) in hamsters supplemented with DAPP 0.7% and DAPP 1.4%, respectively, relative to the cholesterol‐control group. The hypocholesterolemic effect of DAPP 1.4% was threefold stronger than that of free stanols. In hamsters supplemented with DAPP 1.4%, plasma TG concentrations were 45% lower (P=0.018) than in cholesterol‐control‐fed hamsters, whereas no such beneficial effect was observed in the free stanol group. Erythrocyte fragility was unaffected by DAPP or free phytostanols. Results of the current study demonstrate that DAPP lowers cholesterol more efficiently than free stanols, without an adverse effect on erythrocyte fragility in hamsters.
Simultaneous quantification of free fatty acids, free sterols, squalene, and acylglycerol molecular species in palm oil by high‐temperature gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection
Authors: Nang Lau Harrison Lik , Puah Chiew Wei , Choo Yuen May , Ma Ah Ngan , Chuah Cheng Hock
Published: November 2006

This paper discusses a rapid GC‐FID technique for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of FFA, MAG, DAG, TAG, sterols, and squalene in vegetable oils, with special reference to palm oil. The FFA content determined had a lower SE compared with a conventional titrimetric method. Squalene and individual sterols, consisting of β‐sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and cholesterol, were accurately quantified without any losses. This was achieved through elimination of tedious conventional sample pretreatments, such as saponification and preparative TLC. With this technique, the separation of individual MAG, consisting of 16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1 FA, and the DAG species, consisting of the 1,2(2,3)‐ and 1,3‐positions, was sufficient to enable their quantification. This technique enabled the TAG to be determined according to their carbon numbers in the range of C44 to C56. Comparisons were made with conventional methods, and the results were in good agreement with those reported in the literature.
Preferential effect of lead exposure during lactation on non‐essential fatty acids in maternal organs
Authors: Lim Sun‐Young , Loewke James , Doherty John D. , Salem Norman
Published: November 2006

This study determined the effects of lead exposure during the lactational period on maternal organ FA compositions in rat dams that were fed either an n−3 adequate (n−3 Adq) or deficient (n−3 Def) diet prior to conception. On giving birth, dams were subdivided into four groups in a 2×2 design with n−3 FA supply and Pb exposure as the dependent variables. Pb acetate (0.2 wt%) was administered in the drinking water from the time they gave birth to weaning 3 wk later. Following weaning, the dams were decapitated. and the liver, plasma, kidney, brain, and retina analyzed for FA composition. The n−3 deficient diets markedly decreased the percentages of total n−3 FA, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and increased total n−6 FA including both arachidonic (AA) and n−6 docosapentaenoic acids in all tissues (P<0.05). The principal effects of Pb occurred in the liver and plasma, where 20–32% losses in total FA concentration concurrent with increased relative percentages of AA (P<0.05) were observed. In kidney, the percentages of AA and DHA also increased after Pb exposure (P<0.05) with lesser effects in the nervous system. There was a diet x Pb interaction for liver, plasma, and retinal 20‐C n−6 PUFA (P<0.05). Generally, shorter‐chain saturated and monounsaturated FA concentrations were decreased after Pb exposure. An analysis of the changes in the tissue concentrations induced by Pb indicated that the increases in the percentages of PUFA likely reflected a preferential loss of non‐EFA. The mechanisms by which Pb affects saturated and monounsaturated FA concentration are unknown.
Fish oil fatty acid esters of phytosterols alter plasma lipids but not red blood cell fragility in hamsters
Authors: Demonty Isabelle , Ebine Naoyuki , Jia Xiaoming , Jones Peter J. H.
Published: November 2006

In an attempt to combine the hypocholesterolemic properties of plant sterols with the hypotriglyceridemic action of fish oil FA, plant sterols have recently been esterified to fish oil n−3 PUFA. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of plant sterols esterified to n−3 PUFA on plasma lipid levels and erythrocyte fragility. For 5 wk, male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed diets varying in cholesterol and plant sterol content: (i) Noncholesterol (semipurified diet with no added cholesterol or plant sterols) (ii), Cholesterol (0.25% cholesterol) (iii), Sterols (0.25% cholesterol plus 1% nonesterified plant sterols), or (iv) Fish oil esters of plant sterols (0.25% cholesterol plus 1.76% EPA and DHA sterol esters, providing 1% plant sterols). The addition of fish oil esters of plant sterols to the cholesterol diet decreased (P=0.001) plasma total cholesterol levels by 20%, but nonesterified plant sterols did not have such a beneficial impact. In addition, non‐HDL cholesterol concentrations were 29% lower in hamsters fed fish oil esters of plant sterols than in hamsters fed nonesterified plant sterols (P<0.0001). Despite higher (P<0.0001) plant sterol levels in whole erythrocytes of hamsters fed nonesterified plant sterols and fish oil esters of plant sterols compared with hamsters fed no plant sterols, no difference was observed in erythrocyte fragility. The present results show that EPA and DHA esters of plant sterols have a hypocholesterolemic effect in hamsters, and that these new esters of plant sterols exert no detrimental effect on erythrocyte fragility.
Distribution of 22∶6n−3 newly synthesized from 18∶3n−3 into glycerolipid classes from tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Bell Michael V. , Dick James R.
Published: November 2006

The distribution of D5‐22∶6n−3 following ingestion of a pulse of D5‐18∶3n−3 was measured quantitatively by GC‐negative chemical ionization MS in lipid classes from liver, cecal mucosa, and brain from rainbow trout to further our understanding of the processes determining accretion and turnover of 22∶6n−3 in fish. The accretion of D5‐22∶6n−3 was expressed in two ways, as percent enrichment and as ng D5‐22∶6n−3/μg 22∶6n−3/mg D5‐18∶3n−3 eaten. In cecal mucosa at 2 d post‐dose, PC was the most enriched lipid class followed by PE and then TAG. Enrichment fell in all lipid classes in cecal mucosa from 2 to 7 d post‐dose of D5‐18∶3n−3. In liver, PC was also the most enriched lipid class at 2 d, but in this tissue all lipid classes were more enriched in D5‐22∶6n−3 by 7 d. When expressed in terms of the 22∶6n−3 content of the different lipid classes, TAG became relatively less important in cecal mucosa and more important in liver. Over a time course of 3 to 35 d, the percent enrichment of D5‐22∶6n−3 in liver peaked at 7 d in PC, PE, PS, and PI and fell rapidly in TAG from 3 d. PC from liver was the most enriched lipid class at 3 and 7 d, and thereafter PE was the most enriched lipid class. However, TAG had the highest specific activity at all times except 7 d. In brain, the enrichment of D5‐22∶6n−3 was very low in all lipid classes at 3 d and increased progressively to 35 d with PC and PE similarly enriched. TAG from brain had the highest specific activity at all times. This study is the first to present quantitative information on rates of accretion and depletion of newly synthesized 22∶6n−3 into the main lipid classes of fish tissues.
Plasma kinetics of free and esterified cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemia: Effects of simvastatin
Authors: Santos Raul D. , Chacra Ana P. M. , Morikawa Aleksandra , Vinagre Carmen C. , Maranhão Raul C.
Published: November 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of both free and esterified forms of cholesterol contained in a emulsion that binds to LDL receptors (LDE) in subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), and the same subjects under the effects of high‐dose simvastatin treatment, as compared with a control normolipidemic group (NL). Twentyone FH patients (44.0±13.0 yr, 12 females, LDL cholesterol levels 6.93±1.60 mmol/L) and 22 normolipidemic patients (44.0±15.0, 10 females, LDL cholesterol levels 3.15±0.62 mmol/L) were injected intravenously with 14C‐cholesteryl ester and 3H‐cholesterol. FH patients were also evaluated after 2 mon of 40 or 80 mg/d simvastatin treatment, and plasma samples were collected over 24 h to determine the residence time (RT, in h) of both LDE labels, expressed as the median (25%; 75%). The RT of both 14C‐cholesteryl ester and 3H‐cholesterol were greater in FH than in NL [FH: 36.0 (20.5; 1191.0), NL: 17.0 (12.0–62.5), P=0.015; and FH: 52.0 (30.0; 1515.0); NL 20.5 (14.0–30.0) P<0.0001]. Treatment reduced LDL cholesterol by 36% (P<0.0001), RT of 14C‐cholesteryl ester by 49% (P=0.0029 vs. baseline), and 3H‐cholesterol RT by 44% (P=0.019 vs. baseline). After treatment, the RT values of 14C‐cholesteryl ester in the FH group approached the NL values (P=0.58), but the RT of 3H‐cholesterol was still greater than those for the NL group (P=0.01). The removal of LDE cholesteryl esters and free cholesterol was delayed in FH patients. Treatment with a high dose of simvastatin normalized the removal of cholesterol esters but not the removal of free cholesterol.
Distribution of cholesterol sulfate and its anabolic and catabolic enzymes in various rabbit tissues
Authors: Cui Yongxi , Iwamori Masao
Published: November 2006

Cholesterol sulfate (CS) recently has been shown to be involved in signal transduction pathway. To evaluate its functional significance, we determined the concentration of CS, and the specific activities of cholesterol sulfotransferase and CS sulfatase in various tissues of rabbit, and compared them with the concentration of sulfoglycolipids in rabbit tissues. CS was present in the epithelia and mucosa, but not in the tunica muscularis, of the digestive tract, trachea, uterine endometrium and uterine cervix. It was also present in lung, spleen, kidney, prostate, skin, hair, and nail at relatively high concentrations. Its concentration in the uterine endometrium was nine times higher in pseudopregnant rabbits than in nonpregnant rabbits because of activation of cholesterol sulfotransferase and inhibition of CS sulfatase in the pseudopregnant rabbits. Sulfoglycolipids were not detected in the uterine endometria of either nonpregnant‐or pseudopregnant rabbits. However, sulfoglycolipids were detected at relatively high concentrations in the cerebrum, cerebellum, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, testis, and kidney of rabbits and thus the tissues in which both sulfolipids were detected were the gastrointestinal tract and kidney. In the digestive tract, the concentration of CS decreased in the order esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, but that of sulfatide increased in the same order, indicating distribution of CS in the squamous epithelium. In addition, both CS and sulfatide were detected in the serum. On the other hand, CS sulfatase activity was detected in all tissues examined, even in hair, from which the enzyme was liberated by brief sonication, and its highest specific activity was deteted in the liver. The specific activity of cholesterol sulfotransferase varied among the tissues examined and was found to be significantly high in the esophageal epithelium and the uterine endometrium of pseudopregnant rabbit, indicating involvement of cholesterol sulfation in the formation of epithelium.
Lipid content and fatty acid composition of 11 species of Queensiand (Australia) fish
Authors: Belling G. B. , Abbey M. , Campbell J. H. , Campbell G. R.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of 11 species of fish caught off the northeast coast of Australia was determined. No fatty acid profiles have been previously published for fish from this area nor for nine of these species. Although the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was the same as the calculated average for Australian fish (42.3%), the percentage of n−3 fatty acids was lower (24.4±5.4% vs. 30.7±10.1%) and the n−6 fatty acids higher (16.5±4.5% vs. 11.2±5.9%), P<0.001 in each case. The major n−3 PUFA were docosahexaenoic (15.6 ±6.3%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (4.3±1.1%) while the major n−6 PUFA were arachidonic (8.3±3.2%) and n−6 docosatetraenoic acid (3.1±1.3%). The second‐most abundant class of fatty acid was the saturates (31.6±3.5%) while the monounsaturates accounted for 17.4±4.3% of the total fatty acids. The monounsaturate with the highest concentration was octadecenoic acid (11.8±2.6%). There was a positive correlation between the total lipid content and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (r=0.675 and 0.567, respectively) and a negative correlation between the total lipid content and PUFA (r=0.774).
The effect of short‐term diets rich in fish, red meat, or white meat on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis in humans
Authors: Mann Neil , Sinclair Andrew , Pille Marita , Johnson Leeann , Warrick Glenda , Reder Elke , Lorenz Reinhard
Published: November 2006

Foods which increase tissue arachidonic acid levels have been proposed to increase thrombosis tendency, presumably through increased platelet aggregation. This study examined the effect of doubling the dietary arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) using meat‐ or fish‐based diets on the systemic production of prostacyclin (PGl2) and thromboxane (TXA2) in 29 healthy, nonsmoking adults. There were three, 3‐wk low‐fat dietary periods (<15% energy as fat) in which subjects consumed a vegetarian diet for 1 wk followed by 2 wk on diets containing meat or fish as sources of 20∶4n−6. Between each diet period, there was a 3‐wk washout period, during which subjects returned to their normal diets. The level of 20∶4n−6 consumed during the last 2 wk of each study was approximately double the usual intake (mean 140 mg/d), while the mean eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5n−3) content of the diets varied from 1 mg/d on the white meat diet to 70 mg/d on the red meat diet and to 847 mg/d on the fish diet. The serum phospholipid (PL) 20∶4n−6/20∶5n−3 ratios were 11∶1 on the vegetarian diet, 15∶1 on the white meat diet, 8∶1 on the red meat diet, and 2∶1 on the fish diet (P<0.001). Neither white nor red meat diets affected platelet 20∶4n−6 levels, platelet aggregation, ex vivo platelet TXB2 production, or the systemic PGl2 or TXA2 production as measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of the excretion levels of the principal urinary metabolites 2,3‐dinor‐6‐keto‐PGF1α (PGl2‐M) and 11‐dehydro‐TXB2 (TXA2‐M), respectively. The fish diet decreased the 20∶4n−6/20∶5n−3 ratio in platelet PL from the baseline level of 45∶1 to 13∶1 (P<0.001), had no effects on platelet aggregation, but significantly decreased platelet TXB2, production (collagen‐stimulated) and TXA2‐M production, while PGl2‐M levels were unaltered. These results indicate that short‐term diets which double the usual 20∶4n−6 intake using white meat (175–330 g/d) or red meat (275–530 g/d) are not associated with an increased TXA2 production, but this does not rule out the adverse effects of 20∶4n−6 at higher levels in the diet, or for more prolonged periods. Short‐term diets containing fish (100–200 g/d with 90–210 mg/d 20∶4n−6 and approximately 650–1000 mg/d 20∶5n−3) led to significant increases in platelet 20∶5n−3 levels and a decrease in the ex vivo and systemic TXA2 production.
Substitution of benzimidazole-resistant nematodes for susceptible nematodes in grazing lambs
Authors: MOUSSAVOU-BOUSSOUGOU M.-N. , SILVESTRE A. , CORTET J. , SAUVE C. , CABARET J.
Published: November 2006

Multi-drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematode parasite populations are becoming more and more prevalent. Since anthelmintic treatments are of limited effectiveness, one solution could be to replace the anthelmintic-resistant population by a susceptible population, in order to re-establish the possibility of drug-based anthelmintic control. We investigated this substitution strategy in 4 paddocks of 0·7 ha, each of which was seeded with a benzimidazole-resistantTeladorsagia circumcinctapopulation. The proportion of benzimidazole-resistant worms in these paddocks ranged from 20% to 89%. A 2-step replacement was performed: first, the paddocks were not grazed for 6 months (from December to July), and then the grass was cut to eliminate any residual infective larvae, before contaminating each of the paddocks with 10 seeder lambs experimentally infected with a benzimidazole-susceptible strain ofT. circumcincta(from July to November). At the end of the experiment, all the populations on the 4 paddocks were phenotypically benzimidazole-susceptible, but genotyping indicated that 2 populations harboured 1% and 3% resistant worms respectively. This study demonstrates that nematode replacement is feasible in temperate areas, using semi-intensive stock management, even when the initial levels of benzimidazole-resistance are very high. Further research should next assess replacing the whole community to cope with the species diversity observed under field conditions.
Perceptual Memory Representations and Memory Fragmentation as Predictors of Post-Trauma Symptoms
Authors: Buck Nicole , Kindt Merel , van den Hout Marcel , Steens Lou , Linders Cintha
Published: November 2006

Ehlers and Clark (2000) hypothesize that persistent PTSD is explained by a predominance of data-driven processing and a lack of conceptually-driven processing of the trauma. Data-driven/conceptually-driven processing is thought to relate to perceptual memory representations and memory fragmentation. The present study measured the result of data-driven/conceptually-driven processing in three ways: on utterance level by assessing 1) the ratio between perceptual and conceptual memory representations and 2) utterance disorganization, and 3) on narrative level by assessing the incoherence of the trauma narrative. Twenty-nine patients discharged from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) were assessed within two weeks after ICU discharge and at 4 months follow-up. The present study tested whether perceptual memory representations, narrative disorganization and narrative incoherence immediately after ICU discharge are related to post-trauma symptomatology. If so, whether these variables are specific for PTSD as compared to depression. Data-driven/conceptually-driven processing was related to PTSD and Depression symptoms on utterance level. Although narrative incoherence did not predict PTSD symptoms, it was predictive of depression symptoms. The present study showed the viability of the data-driven/conceptually-driven conceptualization in explaining post-trauma symptomatology.
Framework for nonlocally related partial differential equation systems and nonlocal symmetries: Extension, simplification, and examples
Authors: Bluman George , Cheviakov Alexei F. , Ivanova Nataliya M.
Published: November 2006

Any partial differential equation (PDE) system can be effectively analyzed through consideration of its tree of nonlocally related systems. If a given PDE system has n local conservation laws, then each conservation law yields potential equations and a corresponding nonlocally related potential system. Moreover, from these n conservation laws, one can directly construct 2n−1 independent nonlocally related systems by considering these potential systems individually (n singlets), in pairs (n(n−1)∕2couplets),…, taken all together (one n-plet). In turn, any one of these 2n−1 systems could lead to the discovery of new nonlocal symmetries and/or nonlocal conservation laws of the given PDE system. Moreover, such nonlocal conservation laws could yield further nonlocally related systems. A theorem is proved that simplifies this framework to find such extended trees by eliminating redundant systems. The planar gas dynamics equations and nonlinear telegraph equations are used as illustrative examples. Many new local and nonlocal conservation laws and nonlocal symmetries are found for these systems. In particular, our examples illustrate that a local symmetry of a k-plet is not always a local symmetry of its “completed” n-plet (k<n). A new analytical solution, arising as an invariant solution for a potential Lagrange system, is constructed for a generalized polytropic gas.
A crack model for the onset of blisters using finite surface thicknesses
Authors: Hong Jung-Wuk , Cheong Soonwuk
Published: November 2006

In this paper, hydrogen-induced delamination of a bulk material with a finite thickness is investigated. Hydrogen implanted interface splitting is considered as the growth of the crack by forming blisters. The radius of a blister depends on the amount of the implanted hydrogen, crack surface energy, and annealing temperature. For a finite thickness of the superstrate, the evolution of the blisters is calculated adopting a smooth bell-shape function and applying the Rayleigh-Ritz method [K. K. Raju and E. V. Rao, J. Eng. Mech. 119, 626 (1993)]. The required minimum implanted gas Nmin is calculated accordingly. The calculated Nmin value is compared with an experimental result in literature.
Escape from a cavity through a small window: Turnover of the rate as a function of friction constant
Authors: Berezhkovskii Alexander M. , Makhnovskii Yurii A. , Zitserman Vladimir Yu.
Published: November 2006

To escape from a cavity through a small window the particle has to overcome a high entropy barrier to find the exit. As a consequence, its survival probability in the cavity decays as a single exponential and is characterized by the only parameter, the rate constant. We use simulations to study escape of Langevin particles from a cubic cavity through a small round window in the center of one of the cavity walls with the goal of analyzing the friction dependence of the escape rate. We find that the rate constant shows the turnover behavior as a function of the friction constant, ζ: The rate constant grows at very small ζ, reaches a maximum value which is given by the transition-state theory (TST), and then decreases approaching zero as ζ→∞. Based on the results found in simulations and some general arguments we suggest a formula for the rate constant that predicts a turnover of the escape rate for ergodic cavities in which collisions of the particle with the cavity walls are defocusing. At intermediate-to-high friction the formula describes transition between two known results for the rate constant: the TST estimation and the high friction limiting behavior that characterizes escape of diffusing particles. In this range of friction the rate constants predicted by the formula are in good agreement with those found in simulations. At very low friction the rate constants found in simulations are noticeably smaller than those predicted by the formula. This happens because the simulations were run in the cubic cavity which is not ergodic.
Wavelength tunable device for neutron radiography and tomography
Authors: Treimer W. , Strobl M. , Kardjilov N. , Hilger A. , Manke I.
Published: November 2006

A special double monochromator system was tested for a conventional operating tomography setup in order to use a broad wavelength band of monochromatic neutrons for radiography and tomography. Scanning through the wavelength region of Bragg edges, it is possible to make series of radiographs and tomographs at different wavelengths from 2.0 until 6.5Å. So no beam hardening influences the measurements and is not to be corrected. With this instrument for cold neutron radiography and tomography, energy selecting quantitative radiography, stress and strain mapping, and phase radiography were performed.
Neutron diffraction data and molecular dynamics simulations of the molten mixture Ag(Br0.7I0.3)
Authors: Bitrián Vicente , Trullàs Joaquim , Silbert Moises , Enosaki Takeshi , Kawakita Yukinobu , Takeda Shinichi
Published: November 2006

The structure factors of the ionic liquid mixture Ag(Br0.7I0.3) at three temperatures, 723, 923, and 1023K, as well as of the pure molten AgI at 923K and the pure molten AgBr at 773 and 923K, were studied experimentally and by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The experiments were carried out using the high intensity total scattering time-of-flight spectrometer, HIT-II, at the KENS spallation neutron source in Japan. The experimental data are very reliable, with the possible exception of the small momentum transfer region, whose accessibility is limited by neutron energy and detector positions. The simulations made use of the semiempirical rigid ion potentials of the Vashishta-Rahman [Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 1337 (1978)] type using a new set of parameters appropriate for the mixture. Within the known constraints of the pairwise rigid ion potentials, the simulated structure factors are in fair agreement with experiment. The results for the pair distribution functions suggest that the molten mixture retains the superionic character found in previous calculations of both the AgI and AgBr melts. This suggestion is confirmed by the results for the self-diffusion coefficients. Values obtained for the ionic conductivities are also presented.
Comparison of performance limits for carbon nanoribbon and carbon nanotube transistors
Authors: Ouyang Yijian , Yoon Youngki , Fodor James K. , Guo Jing
Published: November 2006

Carbon-based nanostructures promise near ballistic transport and are being intensively explored for device applications. In this letter, the performance limits of carbon nanoribbon (CNR) field-effect transistors (FETs) and carbon nanotube (CNT) FETs are compared. The ballistic channel conductance and the quantum capacitance of the CNRFET are about a factor of 2 smaller than those of the CNTFET because of the different valley degeneracy factors for CNRs and CNTs. The intrinsic speed of the CNRFET is faster due to a larger average carrier injection velocity. The gate capacitance plays an important role in determining which transistor delivers a larger on current.
High performance Aurivillius phase sodium-potassium bismuth titanate lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with lithium and cerium modification
Authors: Wang Chun-Ming , Wang Jin-Feng
Published: November 2006

The piezoelectric properties of the lithium and cerium modified A-site vacancies sodium-potassium bismuth titanate (NKBT) lead-free piezoceramics are investigated. The piezoelectric activity of NKBT ceramics is significantly improved by the modification of lithium and cerium. The Curie temperature TC, piezoelectric coefficient d33, and mechanical quality factor Qm for the NKBT ceramics modified with 0.10mol% (LiCe) are found to be 660°C, 25pC∕N, and 3135, respectively. The Curie temperature gradually decreases from 675to650°C with the increase of (LiCe) modification. The dielectric spectroscopy shows that all the samples possess stable piezoelectric properties, demonstrating that the (LiCe) modified NKBT-based ceramics are the promising candidates for high temperature applications.
Pentacene devices and logic gates fabricated by organic vapor phase deposition
Authors: Rolin Cédric , Steudel Soeren , Myny Kris , Cheyns David , Verlaak Stijn , Genoe Jan , Heremans Paul
Published: November 2006

An organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) tool has been developed and optimized for the deposition of pentacene thin films. Pentacene is grown with a good thickness uniformity, a good material consumption efficiency, and deposition rates up to 9.5Å∕s. Top-contact transistors based on OVPD-grown pentacene show high mobilities (up to 1.35cm2∕Vs) and excellent characteristics, even at high deposition rates. Elementary circuit blocks have also been produced using an OVPD-deposited pentacene film. A five-stage ring oscillator features a stage delay of 2.7μs at a supply voltage of 22V.
Role of Ti in the reversible dehydrogenation of Ti-doped sodium alanate
Authors: Bai Kewu , Wu Ping
Published: November 2006

The role of Ti in the reversible dehydrogenation of NaAlH4 has been the subject of debate for many years. The authors resolve this controversy by calculating the phase stability diagram of Na–Al–H–Ti and defect formation enthalpy of Ti doped NaAlH4 from first principles. The calculations show that Ti substitutes Al in NaAlH4 and forms a defect pair with interstitial H under H-rich and Al-poor conditions. However, the defect pair is not stable under H-poor and Al-rich conditions resulting in the formation of a Ti–Al intermetallic compound. The doped Ti reduces the Al–H bonding via additional Al 2p and Ti 3d hybridizations. The results give a picture why and how doped Ti acts to enhance hydrogen storage related solid phase transitions.
The Synthesis of Optically Active Enriched (+)-(6R)-α-Ionone
Authors: Pfander H , Semadeni PA
Published: November 2006

Starting with the readily available (-)-(S)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (2) an optically active enriched sample of (+)-(6R)-α-ionone (1) (85% enantiomeric excess) was synthesized.
Experiments Directed Towards the Synthesis of Anthracyclinones. XXV. Synthesis of a Vineomycinone B2 Methyl Ester Intermediate From Anthrarufin
Authors: Bercich MD , Cambie RC , Howe TA , Rutledge PS , Thomson SD , Woodgate PD
Published: November 2006

6-(1'-Formyl)-1,5-dimethoxy-2-(2″-oxopropyl) anthraquinone (1), a key intermediate in Danishefsky's synthesis of vineomycinone B2 methyl ester (5), has been prepared by a new route from anthrarufin (6) via the intermediate 1-methoxy-2-(2′-methylprop-2′-enyl)-5-(2′-methylprop-2′-enyloxy) anthraquinone (20). An alternative synthesis of the diketone (40) has been achieved via Claisen rearrangement of (20) and a subsequent ozonolysis of the resulting bis ( methylpropenyl ) anthraquinone (26). Other routes to (1) from anthrarufin have been developed. In one, compound (1) was formed in yields of 10-16% as an anomalous product from the ozonolysis of (27). Ozonolyses of mixtures of (27), (37) and (44), obtained by isomerization of (27), afforded (1) in yields of 28-43%. Isomerization of the diphenol (25) with palladium(II) chloride bis ( acetonitrile ) in refluxing chloroform proceeds at a faster rate than the isomerization of (27), thereby affording the mono isomerized diphenol (38) in 37% yield. Methylation of (38) affords (37), a known precursor of (1).
Limitations of the Phenolphthalein Competition Method for Estimating Cyclodextrin Binding Constants
Authors: Gray JE , Maclean SA , Reinsborough VC
Published: November 2006

The phenolphthalein competitive spectrophotometric technique was used to obtain binding constants for cyclodextrin complexes for a variety of both inclusates and cyclodextrins . The former included alkane-1-sulfonates (C5-C12), alkyl sulfates (C6, C8, C12) and several heterocyclic ligands, and the latter included β-cyclodextrin, dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin and γ- cyclodextrin . The technique was not successful for either α- cyclodextrin or trimethyl -β- cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, or with many primary amines and quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants. However, for many colourless inclusates this method is a simple, convenient, reliable route to cyclodextrin binding constants.
Preparation of Some Novel Butyl, Butenyl, Butadienyl and Butynyl Sulfone Electrophiles for Use in Enolate Trapping Studies
Authors: Loughlin WA , Haynes RK
Published: November 2006

The preparation of some novel four-carbon electrophiles and electrophile intermediates is described. Thus, the chlorobutenyl sulfone (5), the iodobutynyl sulfone (6) and the hitherto unreported chlorobutynyl sulfone (4) were prepared. The novel intermediates, containing a chelating imidazolyl functionality, the N- methylimidazolyl sulfides (13)-(15) were also prepared. However, they polmerized rapidly, thus preventing further synthetic manipulations. The preparation of the α-( trimethylsilyl ) butadienyl sulfones (17) and (18) is described and the mode of formation of the intermediate α- trimethylsilyl sulfides (21) and (22) from the trimethylsilylbutenyl sulfide (27) is discussed.