bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From the RNA-Peptide World: Prebiotic Reaction Conditions Compatible with Lipid Membranes for the Formation of Lipophilic Random Peptides in the Presence of Short Oligonucleotides, and More
Authors: Lopez Augustin , Vauchez Antoine , Ajram Ghinwa , Shvetsova Anastasiia , Leveau Gabrielle , Fiore Michele , Strazewski Peter
Published: January 2024

Deciphering the origins of life on a molecular level includes unravelling the numerous interactions that could occur between the most important biomolecules being the lipids, peptides and nucleotides. They were likely all present on the early Earth and all necessary for the emergence of cellular life. In this study, we intended to explore conditions that were at the same time conducive to chemical reactions critical for the origins of life (peptide–oligonucleotide couplings and templated ligation of oligonucleotides) and compatible with the presence of prebiotic lipid vesicles. For that, random peptides were generated from activated amino acids and analysed using NMR and MS, whereas short oligonucleotides were produced through solid-support synthesis, manually deprotected and purified using HPLC. After chemical activation in prebiotic conditions, the resulting mixtures were analysed using LC-MS. Vesicles could be produced through gentle hydration in similar conditions and observed using epifluorescence microscopy. Despite the absence of coupling or ligation, our results help to pave the way for future investigations on the origins of life that may gather all three types of biomolecules rather than studying them separately, as it is still too often the case.
Evaluation of Salvia hispanica as a Therapeutic Agent against Sodium Arsenic-Induced Testicular Toxicity in a Male Rats Model
Authors: Omar Sara Mahmoud , Zahran Nasser Nesim , Alhotan Rashed A. , Hussein Elsayed Osman , Galik Branislav , Saleh Ahmed Ali
Published: January 2024

Chia seeds offer therapeutic properties that aid in the prevention of a variety of ailments, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and other risk factors. Arsenite, a common environmental chemical, has been identified as a reproductive toxin owing to its negative effects on male reproductive health. It has been shown to inhibit spermatogenesis and generate androgenic effects in men. The primary goal of this research was to look into the effect of Salvia hispanica on testicular toxicity caused by sodium arsenite in male rats. A set of 36 male albino rats was allocated to a negative control cohort. The individuals in this group were given a basic meal and orally given distilled water for a duration of 28 days. The other five groups were given a regular meal and received intra-peritoneal injections of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) at a concentration of 4 mg/kg body weight that was diluted in a 0.9% NaCl solution. The injections were administered consecutively, with two doses given within a two-day period. Subsequently, the rats were categorized into several groups using the following classification: Group 2 consisted of a positive control cohort, in which the rats were given a typical baseline diet. Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 were given a basic diet that included varying proportions of ground chia seeds, namely 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% per 100 g of the diet. After the trial was completed, the rats were euthanized, and further biological examination was conducted. The measurements of the reproductive organs were documented and reported. The research assessed the following characteristics: sperm count, motility, progressive motility, and normal morphology. The research included examining serum sex hormones, namely luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone. An evaluation of the activity of antioxidant enzymes was performed in the tissue of the testicles. There were statistically significant improvements in the sperm parameters, serum sex hormone levels, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as GPX, SOD, and CAT, in the therapy groups. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) exhibited a noteworthy decrease (p ≤ 0.05) when compared to the positive control group. Salvia hispanica seeds have demonstrated a significant level of effectiveness in reducing sodium arsenite-induced testicular toxicity, which leads to the conclusion. The flavonoid content and antioxidant properties of Salvia hispanica seeds may be to blame for the observed behavior. These indicated characteristics may have therapeutic significance in treating testicular harm induced by arsenite exposure.
Unveiling the Structural and Optical Properties of MgAl2O4 Single Crystals Irradiated by Swift Heavy Ions
Authors: Akilbekov Abdirash , Kiryakov Arseny , Dauletbekova Alma , Aralbayeva Gulnara , Akylbekova Aiman , Ospanova Zhulduz
Published: January 2024

A synthetic single crystal of magnesium-aluminate spinel was irradiated perpendicularly to the (111) plane with swift heavy xenon ions with an energy of 220 MeV. The modified layer was attested based on Raman scattering spectra recorded while focusing on the surface. A decrease in surface crystallinity was observed, reflected in the changes in fundamental optical characteristics such as the band gap and the energies of static and dynamic disorder. In this study, we demonstrate, along with the modification of optical characteristics and the formation of a disordered layer, the creation of new optically active centers. The luminescent properties of these centers were analyzed. The effect of temperature flare-up in the 3.4 eV band of the excitation spectrum was determined. The low sensitivity of Cr3+ luminescence to SHI is demonstrated.
Copper Alloy Design for Preventing Sulfur-Induced Embrittlement in Copper
Authors: Ahn Minkyu , Park Jinwoo , Yu Gyeongsik , Kim Sangeun , Cho Dong-Keun , Jin Hyung-Ha , Shin Chansun
Published: January 2024

This study presents an experimental approach to address sulfur-induced embrittlement in copper alloys. Building on recent theoretical insights, we identified specific solute elements, such as silicon and silver, known for their strong binding affinity with vacancies. Through experimental validation, we demonstrated the effectiveness of Si and Ag in preventing sulfur-induced embrittlement in copper, even though they are not typical sulfide formers such as zirconium. Additionally, our findings highlight the advantages of these elements over traditional solutes, such as their high solubility and propensity to accumulate along grain boundaries. This approach may have the potential to be applied to other metals prone to sulfur-induced embrittlement, including nickel, iron, and cobalt, offering broader implications for materials engineering strategies and alloy development.
BSC-Based Digital Transformation Strategy Selection and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Oner Mahir , Cebeci Ufuk , Dogan Onur
Published: January 2024

In today’s digital age, businesses are tasked with adapting to rapidly advancing technology. This transformation is far from simple, with many companies facing difficulties navigating new technological trends. This paper highlights a key segment of a comprehensive strategic model developed to address this challenge. The model integrates various planning and decision-making tools, such as the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Objectives and Key Results (OKR), SWOT analysis, TOWS, and the Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SFAHP). Integrating these tools in the proposed model provides businesses with a well-rounded pathway to manage digital transformation. The model considers human elements, uncertainty management, needs prioritization, and flexibility, aiming to find the optimal balance between theory and practical applications in real-world business scenarios. This particular study delves into the use of SFAHP, specifically addressing the challenge of effectively selecting the most suitable strategy among various options. This approach not only brings a new perspective to digital transformation but also highlights the importance of choosing the right strategy. This choice is crucial for the overall adaptation of businesses. It shows how carefully applying the SFAHP method is key. Combining this with a successful digital transformation strategy is essential. Together, they provide practical and efficient solutions for businesses in a fast-changing technological environment.
From the DeGroot Model to the DeGroot-Non-Consensus Model: The Jump States and the Frozen Fragment States
Authors: Qian Xiaolan , Han Wenchen , Yang Junzhong
Published: January 2024

Non-consensus phenomena are widely observed in human society, but more attention is paid to consensus phenomena. One famous consensus model is the DeGroot model, and there are a series of outstanding works derived from it. By introducing the cognition bias, resulting in over-confidence and under-confidence in the DeGroot model, we propose a non-consensus model, namely the DeGroot-Non-Consensus model. It bridges consensus phenomena and non-consensus phenomena. While different in meaning, the new opinion model can reproduce the DeGroot model’s behaviors and supply a series of interesting non-consensus states. We find frozen fragment states for the over-confident population and time-dependent states for strong interaction strength. In frozen fragment states, the population is polarized into opinion clusters formed by extremists. In time-dependent states, agents jump between two opinions that only differ in the sign, which provides a possible explanation for the swing in opinions in elections and the fluctuations in open questions in the absence of external information. All of these states are summarized in the phase diagrams of the self-confidence and the interaction strength plane. Moreover, the transition scenarios along different parameter paths are studied. Meanwhile, the influence of the nodes’ degree is illustrated in the phase diagrams and the relationship is given. The finite size effect is found in the not quite over-confident population. An interesting phenomenon for small population sizes is that neutral populations with large opinion variance are robust to the fluctuations induced by a finite population size.
Role Reversals in a Tri-Trophic Prey–Predator Interaction System: A Model-Based Study Using Deterministic and Stochastic Approaches
Authors: Mortoja Sk Golam , Paul Ayan , Panja Prabir , Bhattacharya Sabyasachi , Mondal Shyamal Kumar
Published: January 2024

It is frequently observed that adult members of prey species sometimes use their predation mechanism on juvenile members of predator species. Ecological literature describes this phenomenon as prey–predator role reversal dynamics.Numerous authors have observed and described the biological development behind this feeding behaviour. However, the dynamics of this role reversal have hardly been illustrated in the literature in a precise way. In this regard, we formulated an ecological model using the standard prey–predator interactions, allowing for a reverse feeding mechanism. The mathematical model consisted of a three-species food-web structure comprising the common prey, intermediate predator, and top predator. Note that a role-reversal mechanism was observed between the intermediate and top predators based on the scarcity of the prey population. However, we observed the most critical parameters had a significant effect on this reverse feeding behaviour. The bifurcation analysis is the primary criterion for this identification. The proposed deterministic model is then extended to its stochastic analogue by allowing for environmental influences on the tri-trophic food web structure. The conditional moment approach is applied to obtain the equilibrium distribution of populations and their conditional moments in the system. The stochastic setup analysis also supports the stability of this food chain structure, with some restricted conditions. Finally, to facilitate the interpretation of our mathematical results, we investigated it using numerical simulations.
Accelerating Convergence for the Parameters of PV Cell Models
Authors: Jäntschi Lorentz , Louzazni Mohamed
Published: January 2024

Small-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems are essential for the local energy supply. The most commonly known PV cell is configured as a large-area p–n junction made from silicon, but PV systems today include PV cells of various manufactures and origins. The dependence relationship between current and voltage is nonlinear, known as the current–voltage characteristic. The values of the characteristic equation’s parameters define the working regime of the PV cell. In the present work, the parameter values are iteratively obtained by nonlinear regression for an explicit model. The acceleration of the convergence of these values is studied for an approximation simplifying the iterative calculation in the case of perpendicular offsets. The new estimations of parameters allow for a much faster estimate of the maximum power point of the PV system.
Adherence to Hydroxyurea and Patients’ Perceptions of Sickle Cell Disease and Hydroxyurea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Madkhali Mohammed Ali , Abusageah Faisal , Hakami Faisal , Zogel Basem , Hakami Khalid M. , Alfaifi Samar , Alhazmi Essam , Zaalah Shaden , Trabi Shadi , Alhazmi Abdulaziz H. , Mohrag Mostafa , Malhan Hafiz
Published: January 2024

Background and Objectives: Hydroxyurea is a crucial treatment for sickle cell disease (SCD), but some patients’ adherence to it remains suboptimal. Understanding patients’ perspectives on SCD and HU is essential for improving adherence. This study aimed to assess hydroxyurea adherence and patients’ perceptions of SCD and hydroxyurea among SCD patients in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from 217 SCD patients using self-administered questionnaires from August 2022 to January 2023. The survey covered patient demographics, SCD consequences, and other clinical data. We used the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) to measure patients’ disease perception and the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) to evaluate patients’ adherence to HU. Data were analysed using descriptive, t-test, and chi-square tests, and the p-value was set at <0.05 for significance. Results: More than half of the patients were male, with a mean age of 28.09 ± 8.40 years. About 57.6% of the patients were currently using HU. About 81.6% of HU users reported low adherence. The adherence was lower among individuals with infections/recurrent infections and in patients who received repeated blood transfusions. ICU admission, blood transfusion, and certain SCD complications were associated with HU use. Male patients had a higher perception of SCD consequences, concern, and understanding. ICU-admitted and recurrent hospitalized patients had a higher perception of the SCD-related consequences, symptoms, concerns, and emotional responses. Conclusions: HU seems a well-established and efficacious disease-modifying agent, but its underutilization for SCD patients remains challenging. To overcome the adherence challenges, healthcare providers must educate SCD patients about the role of hydroxyurea in lowering disease severity and addressing side effects to obtain maximum benefits. Healthcare providers may consider tailored educational interventions to improve adherence, particularly for patients with infections, recurrent hospitalizations, or repeated blood transfusions. Further research is needed to identify strategies for improving hydroxyurea adherence and patient education among SCD patients.
Acute Effects of Short-Term Massage Procedures on Neuromechanical Contractile Properties of Rectus Femoris Muscle
Authors: Dakić Miloš , Ilić Vladimir , Toskić Lazar , Duric Sasa , Šimenko Jožef , Marković Milan , Dopsaj Milivoj , Cuk Ivan
Published: January 2024

Background and Objectives: In many sports, maintaining muscle work at an optimal level despite fatigue is crucial. Therefore, it is essential to discover the most efficient way of recovery. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the acute effects of four different recovery methods on muscle neuromechanical properties. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted using a randomized, quasi-experimental, repeated-measures design. Fourteen healthy and active male students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education (age 25.1 ± 3.9 years) were included in this study. The tensiomyography was used to evaluate muscle responses after four different types of short-term recovery methods (passive rest, percussive mechanical, vibro-mechanical, and manual massage) on the rectus femoris muscle on four occasions: baseline, post fatigue, post recovery and prolonged recovery. Results: The ANOVA revealed that muscle fatigue decreased maximal vertical muscle displacement (Dm) and muscle contraction time (Tc) in post fatigue compared to the baseline. The most important finding shows that only the vibro-mechanical massage resulted in an increase in Tc in the prolonged recovery compared to the post fatigue (p = 0.028), whereas only manual massage showed no differences in Dm from the baseline in post-recovery (p = 0.148). Moreover, both manual and vibro-mechanical massages increased Dm and Tc in prolonged recovery, indicating no differences from the baseline (all p > 0.05), thus showing signs of muscle recovery. Percussion mechanical massage and passive rest did not show indices of muscle recovery. Conclusions: Manual massage could induce immediate positive changes in Dm by reducing muscle stiffness. In addition, vibro-mechanical and manual massage improved muscle tissue by rapidly returning Dm and Tc values to baseline at prolonged recovery measurement (5 min after the fatigue protocol). These findings can benefit sports practitioners, and physical therapists in developing the best recovery method after muscle fatigue.
Gut Microbiome Disruption Following SARS-CoV-2: A Review
Authors: Righi Elda , Dalla Vecchia Ilaria , Auerbach Nina , Morra Matteo , Górska Anna , Sciammarella Concetta , Lambertenghi Lorenza , Gentilotti Elisa , Mirandola Massimo , Tacconelli Evelina , Sartor Assunta
Published: January 2024

COVID-19 has been associated with having a negative impact on patients’ gut microbiome during both active disease and in the post-acute phase. In acute COVID-19, rapid alteration of the gut microbiome composition was observed, showing on one side a reduction in beneficial symbionts (e.g., Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae) and on the other side an increase in opportunistic pathogens such as Enterococcus and Proteobacteria. Alpha diversity tends to decrease, especially initially with symptom onset and hospital admission. Although clinical recovery appears to align with improved gut homeostasis, this process could take several weeks, even in mild infections. Moreover, patients with COVID-19 post-acute syndrome showed changes in gut microbiome composition, with specific signatures associated with decreased respiratory function up to 12 months following acute disease. Potential treatments, especially probiotic-based therapy, are under investigation. Open questions remain on the possibility to use gut microbiome data to predict disease progression and on potential confounders that may impair result interpretation (e.g., concomitant therapies in the acute phase; reinfection, vaccines, and occurrence of novel conditions or diseases in the post-acute syndrome). Understanding the relationships between gut microbiome dynamics and disease progression may contribute to better understanding post-COVID syndrome pathogenesis or inform personalized treatment that can affect specific targets or microbiome markers.
Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Contaminating Plumbing Components and Sanitary Installations of Hospital Restrooms
Authors: Valzano Felice , Coda Anna Rita Daniela , Liso Arcangelo , Arena Fabio
Published: January 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses several issues concerning the management of hospital-acquired infections, leading to increasing morbidity and mortality rates and higher costs of care. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria can spread in the healthcare setting by different ways. The most important are direct contact transmission occurring when an individual comes into physical contact with an infected or colonized patient (which can involve healthcare workers, patients, or visitors) and indirect contact transmission occurring when a person touches contaminated objects or surfaces in the hospital environment. Furthermore, in recent years, toilets in hospital settings have been increasingly recognised as a hidden source of MDR bacteria. Different sites in restrooms, from toilets and hoppers to drains and siphons, can become contaminated with MDR bacteria that can persist there for long time periods. Therefore, shared toilets may play an important role in the transmission of nosocomial infections since they could represent a reservoir for MDR bacteria. Such pathogens can be further disseminated by bioaerosol and/or droplets potentially produced during toilet use or flushing and be transmitted by inhalation and contact with contaminated fomites. In this review, we summarize available evidence regarding the molecular features of MDR bacteria contaminating toilets of healthcare environments, with a particular focus on plumbing components and sanitary installation. The presence of bacteria with specific molecular traits in different toilet sites should be considered when adopting effective managing and containing interventions against nosocomial infections potentially due to environmental contamination. Finally, here we provide an overview of traditional and new approaches to reduce the spreading of such infections.
Comparative Analysis of Microbial Species and Multidrug Resistance Patterns Associated with Lower Urinary Tract Infections in Preterm and Full-Term Births
Authors: Bratosin Felix , Folescu Roxana , Krupyshev Pavel , Popa Zoran Laurentiu , Citu Cosmin , Ratiu Adrian , Rosca Ovidiu , Ilie Adrian Cosmin
Published: January 2024

The rise of multidrug-resistant organisms has significantly complicated the clinical management of urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in the context of pregnancy. This study aimed to identify and analyze the significant differences in microbial species and multidrug resistance patterns associated with UTIs in preterm versus full-term births, determine the bacterial species significantly associated with preterm birth, and describe the antibiotic resistance patterns affecting pregnant women with UTIs. This case–control study was conducted in western Romania and focused on pregnant women with UTIs admitted from 2019 to 2023. Data were retrospectively collected from 308 patients with positive cultures. Statistical analyses, including the Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression models, were employed to compare the proportions of microbial species and resistance patterns between preterm (n = 126) and full-term (n = 182) birth groups and identify factors independently associated with preterm birth. The study found no significant differences in demographic or lifestyle factors between the groups. However, significant differences were observed in several infection and inflammation markers. The median white blood cell count was higher in the preterm group (12.3 vs. 9.1, p = 0.032), and the median C-reactive protein level was significantly higher in the preterm group (18 vs. 7, p < 0.001). The preterm group exhibited a higher incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms, notably ESBL-producing organisms (19.8% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.001) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (4.8% with p = 0.003). Notably, the resistance to amoxicillin was significantly higher in the preterm group (20.6% vs. 6.6%, p < 0.001). Significant bacterial associations with preterm births included Group B Streptococcus (OR 2.5, p = 0.001) and Enterobacter spp. (OR 1.8, p = 0.022). The study confirmed significant differences in microbial species and multidrug resistance patterns between UTIs associated with preterm and full-term births. The higher prevalence of certain bacteria and increased resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the preterm group underscore the need for tailored antimicrobial therapies and robust microbial identification in managing UTIs during pregnancy.
Phosphine Catalyzed Michael-Type Additions: The Synthesis of Glutamic Acid Derivatives from Arylidene-α-amino Esters
Authors: Rodríguez-Flórez Lesly V. , González-Marcos María , García-Mingüens Eduardo , Retamosa María de Gracia , Kawase Misa , Selva Elisabet , Sansano José M.
Published: January 2024

The reaction of arylidene-α-amino esters with electrophilic alkenes to yield Michael-type addition compounds is optimized using several phosphines as organocatalysts. The transformation is very complicated due to the generation of several final compounds, including those derived from the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. For this reason, the selection of the reaction conditions is a very complex task and the slow addition of the acrylic system is very important to complete the process. The study of the variation in the structural components of the starting imino ester is performed as well as the expansion of other electron-poor alkenes. The crude products have a purity higher than 90% in most cases without any purification. A plausible mechanism is detailed based on the bibliography and the experimental results. The synthesis of pyroglutamate entities, after the reduction of the imino group and cyclization, is performed in high yields. In addition, the hydrolysis of the imino group, under acidic media, represents a direct access to glutamate surrogates.
Mapping m6A Sites on HIV-1 RNA Using Oligonucleotide LC-MS/MS
Authors: Baek Alice , Rayhan Asif , Lee Ga-Eun , Golconda Sarah , Yu Hannah , Kim Shihyoung , Limbach Patrick A. , Addepalli Balasubrahmanyam , Kim Sanggu
Published: January 2024

The biological significance of chemical modifications to the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) has been recognized. However, our understanding of the site-specific and context-dependent roles of these chemical modifications remains limited, primarily due to the absence of nucleotide-resolution mapping of modification sites. In this study, we present a method for achieving nucleotide-resolution mapping of chemical modification sites on HIV-1 RNA using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). LC–MS/MS, a powerful tool capable of directly analyzing native RNAs, has proven effective for mapping RNA modifications in small RNA molecules, including ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. However, longer RNAs have posed challenges, such as the 9 Kb HIV-1 virion RNA, due to the complexity of and ambiguity in mass differences among RNase T1-cleaved RNA fragments in LC-MS/MS data. Here, we introduce a new target RNA enrichment method to isolate small local RNA fragments of HIV-1 RNA that potentially harbor site-specific N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. In our initial trial, we used target-specific DNA probes only and encountered insufficient RNA fragmentation due to inefficient S1 digestion near the target site. Recognizing that inefficient S1 digestion by HIV-1 RNA is likely due to the formation of secondary structures in proximity to the target site, we designed multiple DNA probes annealing to various sites of HIV-1 RNA to better control the structures of RNA substrates for S1 digestion. The use of these non-target DNA probes significantly improved the isolation of more homogeneous target RNA fragments of approximately 50 bases in length. Oligonucleotide LC-MS/MS analysis of these isolated target RNA fragments successfully separated and detected both m6A-methylated and non-methylated oligomers at the two m6A-predicted sites. The principle of this new target enrichment strategy holds promise and should be broadly applicable to the analysis of any lengthy RNA that was previously deemed infeasible for investigation using oligonucleotide LC-MS/MS.
Consolidation of Spray-Dried Amorphous Calcium Phosphate by Ultrafast Compression: Chemical and Structural Overview
Authors: Le Grill Sylvain , Drouet Christophe , Marsan Olivier , Coppel Yannick , Mazel Vincent , Barthelemy Marie-Claire , Brouillet Fabien
Published: January 2024

A large amount of research in orthopedic and maxillofacial domains is dedicated to the development of bioactive 3D scaffolds. This includes the search for highly resorbable compounds, capable of triggering cell activity and favoring bone regeneration. Considering the phosphocalcic nature of bone mineral, these aims can be achieved by the choice of amorphous calcium phosphates (ACPs). Because of their metastable property, these compounds are however to-date seldom used in bulk form. In this work, we used a non-conventional “cold sintering” approach based on ultrafast low-pressure RT compaction to successfully consolidate ACP pellets while preserving their amorphous nature (XRD). Complementary spectroscopic analyses (FTIR, Raman, solid-state NMR) and thermal analyses showed that the starting powder underwent slight physicochemical modifications, with a partial loss of water and local change in the HPO42- ion environment. The creation of an open porous structure, which is especially adapted for non-load bearing bone defects, was also observed. Moreover, the pellets obtained exhibited sufficient mechanical resistance allowing for manipulation, surgical placement and eventual cutting/reshaping in the operation room. Three-dimensional porous scaffolds of cold-sintered reactive ACP, fabricated through this low-energy, ultrafast consolidation process, show promise toward the development of highly bioactive and tailorable biomaterials for bone regeneration, also permitting combinations with various thermosensitive drugs.
Fermion Proca Stars: Vector-Dark-Matter-Admixed Neutron Stars
Authors: Jockel Cédric , Sagunski Laura
Published: January 2024

Dark matter could accumulate around neutron stars in sufficient amounts to affect their global properties. In this work, we study the effect of a specific model for dark matter—a massive and self-interacting vector (spin-1) field—on neutron stars. We describe the combined systems of neutron stars and vector dark matter using Einstein–Proca theory coupled to a nuclear matter term and find scaling relations between the field and metric components in the equations of motion. We construct equilibrium solutions of the combined systems, compute their masses and radii, and also analyze their stability and higher modes. The combined systems admit dark matter (DM) core and cloud solutions. Core solutions compactify the neutron star component and tend to decrease the total mass of the combined system. Cloud solutions have the inverse effect. Electromagnetic observations of certain cloud-like configurations would appear to violate the Buchdahl limit. This could make Buchdahl-limit-violating objects smoking gun signals for dark matter in neutron stars. The self-interaction strength is found to significantly affect both mass and radius. We also compare fermion Proca stars to objects where the dark matter is modeled using a complex scalar field. We find that fermion Proca stars tend to be more massive and geometrically larger than their scalar field counterparts for equal boson masses and self-interaction strengths. Both systems can produce degenerate masses and radii for different amounts of DM and DM particle masses.
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Viral Hepatitis: The Interlink
Authors: Fernandez Cornelius J. , Alkhalifah Mohammed , Afsar Hafsa , Pappachan Joseph M.
Published: January 2024

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has now affected nearly one-third of the global population and has become the number one cause of chronic liver disease in the world because of the obesity pandemic. Chronic hepatitis resulting from hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) remain significant challenges to liver health even in the 21st century. The co-existence of MAFLD and chronic viral hepatitis can markedly alter the disease course of individual diseases and can complicate the management of each of these disorders. A thorough understanding of the pathobiological interactions between MAFLD and these two chronic viral infections is crucial for appropriately managing these patients. In this comprehensive clinical review, we discuss the various mechanisms of chronic viral hepatitis-mediated metabolic dysfunction and the impact of MAFLD on the progression of liver disease.
Friesodielsia parvimitra (Annonaceae), a New Species from Peninsular Thailand and a Note on F. argentea
Authors: Satthaphorn Jiratthi , Johnson David M. , Leeratiwong Charan
Published: January 2024

During botanical expeditions focused on the study of Annonaceae in Thailand, specimens resembling Friesodielsia glauca were collected from the lower part of peninsular Thailand but were believed to differ from that species in vegetative, flower, and fruit characters. A morphological investigation of the new specimens and species complex was conducted. Specimens (including types of F. glauca and similar species collected from Thailand and adjacent regions) were examined in the following herbaria: A, BK, BM, BKF, E, K, KEP, KKU, L, PSU, QBG, SING, and US. As a consequence, the new species Friesodielsia parvimitra, endemic to peninsular Thailand, is described and illustrated. The conservation status of the new species was provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered (CR, B2ab(iii)) following the IUCN’s guidelines. In addition, F. argentea, previously regarded F. glauca, is reinstated here as a distinct species based on several morphological differences and is reported as a new record from Thailand. Photographs, line drawings, and a revised key to F. glauca and similar species are presented.
Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Phenolic Content in Plant-Material-Based Beverages and Spices
Authors: Kut Kacper , Tama Anna , Furdak Paulina , Bartosz Grzegorz , Sadowska-Bartosz Izabela
Published: January 2024

Phenolics are the main components of plant extracts contributing to their antioxidant activity. However, they autoxidize, generating hydrogen peroxide. This study aimed to examine the correlation between the phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and the amount of H2O2 generated in extracts of 18 various plant materials. A significant correlation was found between the phenolic content and TAC measured by ABTS● decolorization, CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH● decolorization methods (correlation coefficients r of 0.94, 0.93, 0.90, and 0.78, respectively). However, the correlation between the phenolic content and H2O2 amount generated upon brewing (r = 0.25) and after 1 h incubation (r = −0.37) was low or negative. The correlation between the phenolic content and the change of H2O2 concentration during 1 h incubation of the extracts was negative (r = −0.61). Examination of three phenolics (pyrogallol, gallic acid, and quercetin) showed that all compounds generate but also scavenge H2O2. Therefore, the H2O2 concentrations in phenolic-containing extracts represent net results of the rates of generation and scavenging of H2O2, which may differ depending on the composition of phenolics in the extracts, do not always increase with the increase in time and concentration of phenolics, and cannot serve as an index of the phenolic content.
Personality Traits Leading Respondents to Refuse to Answer a Forced-Choice Personality Item: An Item Response Tree (IRTree) Model
Authors: Storme Martin , Myszkowski Nils , Kubiak Emeric , Baron Simon
Published: January 2024

In the present article, we investigate personality traits that may lead a respondent to refuse to answer a forced-choice personality item. For this purpose, we use forced-choice items with an adapted response format. As in a traditional forced-choice item, the respondent is instructed to choose one out of two statements to describe their personality. However, we also offer the respondent the option of refusing to choose. In this case, however, the respondent must report a reason for refusing to choose, indicating either that the two statements describe them equally well, or that neither statement describes them adequately. We use an Item Response Tree (IRTree) model to simultaneously model refusal to choose and the reason indicated by the respondent. Our findings indicate that respondents who score high on openness are more likely to refuse to choose, and they tend to identify more often with both statements in the forced-choice item. Items containing non-socially desirable statements tend to be skipped more often, with the given reason being that neither proposition describes the respondent well. This tendency is stronger among respondents who score high on agreeableness, that is, a trait that is typically related to social desirability. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
An Updated Review of The Quaternary Hippopotamus Fossil Records from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Fidalgo Darío , Madurell-Malapeira Joan , Martino Roberta , Pandolfi Luca , Rosas Antonio
Published: January 2024

This work presents a comprehensive review of the Quaternary fossil records of hippopotamuses from the Iberian Peninsula, unveiling biogeographical insights of global significance. The results presented herein include the inference of a delayed arrival of Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus antiquus) populations onto the Iberian Peninsula compared to other European Mediterranean regions, with an estimated age of ca. 1.7 Ma, in contrast to 2.1–2.2 Ma elsewhere. Moreover, we hypothesize the possibility of a short-lived coexistence between H. antiquus and Hippopotamus amphibius, close to the extinction of the former taxon (ca. 0.45 Ma). The local extinction of all hippopotamus populations on the Iberian Peninsula between MIS 5 and 3 is suggested here, mirroring proposals made for the Italian peninsula. Notable aspects of this fossil record include the abundance of specimens, previously undocumented anatomical elements, and partially complete individuals with articulated body segments. The remains analyzed herein also present different ontogenetic stages and sexual dimorphism. Moreover, the presence of specimens displaying paleopathologies provides valuable insights into ethological and paleoecological studies. The exceptional record of at least three events of human exploitation of hippopotamus stands out, with this being a rarity in the broader context of the archaeological and paleontological record of the European continent.
The Celestial Masters and the Origins of Daoist Monasticism
Authors: Sun Qi
Published: January 2024

The Daoist monasteries, which were first popularized in southern China in the late fifth century, reflected major changes in the structure of medieval Daoism. From the perspective of comparative religious history, the rise of Daoist monasteries bears some similarity to the monasticisms that came into being in the Christian and Buddhist traditions; all three originated in hermitic and ascetic practices. However, Daoist monasticism did not naturally stem from the hermetic Daoism tradition; instead, it underwent a two-stage process of “grafting” in terms of its spiritual beliefs and values. The first stage saw the emergence of Daoist scriptures in the Jin and Song periods; in particular, the Lingbao scriptures, which transformed and distilled the tradition of hermetic Daoism practiced in the mountains and invested hermitic practice with a more complete and sacrosanct doctrinal foundation. The second saw the Southern Dynasties’ Celestial Masters order embrace and experiment with the beliefs and values within the Lingbao scriptures; this process introduced the inherent communitarian nature of the Celestial Masters into the development of Daoist monasticism and resulted in the large-scale transformation of religious practice among the Celestial Masters of the period. This change of direction among the Celestial Masters order in the Jin and Song periods toward mountain-based practice led to the establishment of Daoist monasticism, but also to a loss of purity therein.
A Review of Photovoltaic Module Failure and Degradation Mechanisms: Causes and Detection Techniques
Authors: Al Mahdi Hussain , Leahy Paul G. , Alghoul Mohammad , Morrison Alan P.
Published: January 2024

With the global increase in the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules in recent years, the need to explore and understand their reported failure mechanisms has become crucial. Despite PV modules being considered reliable devices, failures and extreme degradations often occur. Some degradations and failures within the normal range may be minor and not cause significant harm. Others may initially be mild but can rapidly deteriorate, leading to catastrophic accidents, particularly in harsh environments. This paper conducts a state-of-the-art literature review to examine PV failures, their types, and their root causes based on the components of PV modules (from protective glass to junction box). It outlines the hazardous consequences arising from PV module failures and describes the potential damage they can bring to the PV system. The literature reveals that each component is susceptible to specific types of failure, with some components deteriorating on their own and others impacting additional PV components, leading to more severe failures. Finally, this review briefly summarises PV failure detection techniques, emphasising the significance of electrical characterisation techniques and underlining the importance of considering more electrical parameters. Most importantly, this review identifies the most prevalent degradation processes, laying the foundation for further investigation by the PV research community through modelling and experimental studies. This allows for early detection by comparing PV performance when failures or degradation occur to prevent serious progression. It is worth noting that most of the studies included in this review primarily focus on detailing failures and degradation observed in PV operations, which can be attributed to various factors, including the manufacturing process and other external influences. Hence, they provide explanations of these failure mechanisms and causes but do not extensively explore corrective actions or propose solutions based on either laboratory experiments or real-world experience. Although, within this field of study, there are corresponding studies that have designed experiments to suggest preventive measures and potential solutions, an in-depth review of those studies is beyond the scope of this paper. However, this paper, in turn, serves as a valuable resource for scholars by confining PV failures to critically evaluate available studies for preventative measures and corrective actions.
Determining Physiological and Energetic Demands during High-Level Pommel Horse Routines Using a Modified Method Based on Heart Rate–Oxygen Uptake Functions
Authors: Seemann-Sinn Alexander , Rüdrich Peter , Gorges Tom , Sandau Ingo , Naundorf Falk , Wolfarth Bernd
Published: January 2024

This study aimed (1) to assess the validity of a modified method (Mmod) based on heart rate (HR)—oxygen uptake (VO2) regression functions to calculate total energy costs (Wtotal) and aerobic (Waer) and anaerobic alactic energy contribution (Wpcr) and (2) to analyse the physiological and energetic demands of high-level pommel horse routines (PH routines). The Mmod was developed because VO2 measurements are limited during high-level PH routines. Answering Part 1, nine male artistic gymnasts performed a PH routine where energy costs were calculated from VO2 measurements and then compared with energy costs determined from the HR- VO2 regressions of Mmod’s two additional tests. Using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Deming regression, Waer (CCC = 0.955), Wpcr (CCC = 0.999), and Wtotal (CCC = 0.990) show substantial to almost perfect validity without constant or proportional bias. Data from eight further gymnasts performing a high-level PH routine and a graded exercise test (GXT), as well as four data sets from Part 1, were used to determine physiological and energetic demands using Mmod. VO2 and HR during PH routines reached 86.1% and 90.4% of the maximal values during GXT. Wpcr was 47.0%, anaerobic lactic energy contribution (Wblc) was 29.7%, and Waer was 23.3% of Wtotal required during PH routines. Summarising the energetic demands of high-level PH routines, they are mainly anaerobic, where Wpcr provides the largest energy share. Waer provides a substantial part of Wtotal and should therefore also be specifically trained.
Toxicity Assessment of Mixed Exposure of Nine Perfluoroalkyl Substances at Concentrations Relevant to Daily Intake
Authors: Takeda Kazuki , Saito Taki , Sasaki Sakura , Eguchi Akifumi , Sugiyama Makoto , Eto Saeka , Suzuki Kio , Kamata Ryo
Published: January 2024

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit high persistence in the environment and accumulate within the human body, warranting a thorough assessment of their toxicity. In this study, we exposed mice (male C57BL/6J mice aged 8 weeks) to a composite of nine PFAS, encompassing both long-chain PFAS (e.g., perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) and short-chain PFAS (e.g., perfluorobutanoic acid and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid). The exposure concentrations of PFAS were equivalent to the estimated daily human intake in the composition reported (1 µg/L (sum of the nine compounds), representing the maximum reported exposure concentration). Histological examination revealed hepatocyte vacuolization and irregular hepatocyte cord arrangement, indicating that exposure to low levels of the PFAS mixture causes morphological changes in liver tissues. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PFAS exposure mainly altered a group of genes related to metabolism and chemical carcinogenesis. Machine learning analysis of the liver metabolome showed a typical concentration-independent alteration upon PFAS exposure, with the annotation of substances such as glutathione and 5-aminovaleric acid. This study demonstrates that daily exposure to PFAS leads to morphological changes in liver tissues and alters the expression of metabolism- and cancer-related genes as well as phospholipid metabolism.
Bifenthrin Diminishes Male Fertility Potential by Inducing Protein Defects in Mouse Sperm
Authors: Bae Jeong-Won , Hwang Ju-Mi , Yoon Minjung , Kwon Woo-Sung
Published: January 2024

A synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, bifenthrin, has been commonly used as an effective exterminator, although the rise in its usage has raised concerns regarding its effects on the environment and public health, including reproduction, globally. The current study investigated the function-related molecular disparities and mechanisms in bifenthrin-exposed sperm cells and the underlying mechanism. Therefore, epididymal spermatozoa were released, and various concentrations of bifenthrin were treated (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM) to evaluate their effects on sperm. The findings showed that although bifenthrin had no effect on sperm viability, various other sperm functions (e.g., motility, spontaneous acrosome reaction, and capacitation) related to male fertility were decreased, commencing at a 1 µM treatment. Molecular studies revealed nine differentially expressed sperm proteins that were implicated in motile cilium assembly, sperm structure, and metabolic processes. Furthermore, bifenthrin affected sperm functions through abnormal diminution of the expression of specific sperm proteins. Collectively, these findings provide greater insights into how bifenthrin affects male fertility at the molecular level.