bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morfologia oral interna de larvas dos gêneros Eupemphix, Physalaemus e Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Anura)
Authors: Miranda Núbia Esther de Oliveira , Ferreira Adelina
Published: October 2009

A morfologia bucal interna das larvas de Eupemphix nattereri, Physalaemus albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuvieri, Leptodactylus furnarius, L. fuscus, L. petersii e L. podicipinus são descritas e comparadas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A larva de E. nattereri apresenta muitas diferenças quando comparada à larvas de anuros do gênero Physalaemus. As larvas de P. albonotatus, P. centralis e P. cuvieri apresentam semelhanças em sua morfologia bucal interna, tais como o número de papilas infralabiais e papilas laterais à crista mediana. P. centralis difere na quantidade de papilas pós-nasais e papilas da arena do teto bucal. Entre as larvas de Leptodactylus é possível perceber um padrão na distribuição e quantidade das estruturas bucais internas (papilas infralabiais e linguais, papilas das arenas do assoalho e teto bucal, crista mediana, papilas laterais da crista e papilas pós-nasais) nos grupos de espécies. Os caracteres da morfologia bucal larvária podem ser úteis quando utilizados conjuntamente com outros dados auxiliando na compreensão das relações sistemáticas da ordem Anura.
Ictiofauna da microbacia do Rio Jaguari, Juaguari/RS, Brasil
Authors: Copatti Carlos Eduardo , Zanini Lucéle Gonçalves , Valente André
Published: October 2009

A microbacia do rio Jaguari pertence à Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Uruguai e tem sua foz na margem superior do rio Ibicuí. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar a Ictiofauna existente em um trecho da microbacia do rio Jaguari, em Jaguari-RS. Para a realização da pesquisa foram realizadas identificações de exemplares capturados nas quatro estações do ano, através do uso de redes de espera das seguintes malhas (medidas em cm entre nós adjacentes): 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0; 6,0; e 7,0. As redes de espera permaneceram na água por 24 horas, sendo revisadas a cada seis horas, sempre nos mesmos horários (06:00; 12:00; 18:00 e 24:00 horas). Os peixes coletados, após serem identificados, foram numerados e, logo após, fixados em formol a 4,0% e depois conservados em álcool 70,0%. Foram identificados um total de 572 indivíduos, distribuídos em 14 famílias e 26 espécies. Na primavera ocorreu a maior captura, com 156 indivíduos, distribuídos em 15 espécies; no verão ocorreu a maior riqueza, com 146 indivíduos distribuídos em 19 espécies; já no outono e inverno ocorreu uma captura de 135 indivíduos para ambas as estações, com 16 e 12 espécies, respectivamente. A espécie mais abundante, com 291 exemplares, foi Apareiodon affinis, sendo que Hemiancistrus fuliginosos (75), Hypostomus commersoni (50) e Steindachnerina brevipina (41) também tiveram alta representatividade.
Flora arbustivo-arbórea do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá, São Paulo - SP
Authors: Souza Flaviana Maluf de , Sousa Rita de Cássia , Esteves Rejane , Franco Geraldo Antônio Daher Corrêa
Published: October 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a flora arbustivo-arbórea do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (PEJ), a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento de sua diversidade. Foram feitas coletas mensais de material reprodutivo dos indivíduos arbustivos e arbóreos ao longo de três trilhas, durante um período de 12 meses. O levantamento resultou em uma lista florística contendo 262 espécies nativas, de 153 gêneros e 55 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Fabaceae, com 30 espécies, Myrtaceae (26), Asteraceae (24), Melastomataceae (20), Lauraceae (16) e Rubiaceae (15). Assim como relatado para outros remanescentes da região metropolitana de São Paulo e entorno, a vegetação do PEJ está situada em uma zona de transição, onde predomina a floresta ombrófila densa, com a presença de algumas espécies de floresta estacional semidecidual. Destaca-se ainda a existência de uma outra fitofisionomia em uma região de afloramentos de rocha e solo raso, onde ocorrem espécies de cerrado, e que merece estudos específicos. Nessa área, a vegetação é predominantemente herbácea, com árvores e arbustos esparsos, em geral de pequeno porte e com tronco suberoso. Especificamente nessa formação, foram registradas 55 espécies pertencentes a 41 gêneros e 18 famílias, das quais 22 não ocorreram nos outros locais amostrados. A família com maior riqueza foi Asteraceae (15 espécies), seguida por Myrtaceae (7), Fabaceae (5) e Melastomataceae (4). Em todo o levantamento, foram contabilizadas 20 espécies exóticas. Apesar de grande parte da vegetação do Parque ser secundária e estar exposta a fortes pressões antrópicas, foram encontradas 14 espécies presentes em alguma das categorias existentes nas listas oficiais de espécies ameaçadas, reforçando a importância do PEJ para a conservação da biodiversidade.
Herpetofauna em uma área de Floresta Atlântica na Ilha Anchieta, município de Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil
Authors: Cicchi Paulo José Pyles , Serafim Herbert , Sena Marco Aurélio de , Centeno Fernanda da Cruz , Jim Jorge
Published: October 2009

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da diversidade da herpetofauna do Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta, município de Ubatuba, localizada no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, enfocando os seguintes aspectos: diversidade, distribuição e padrões de atividade sazonal. Entre julho de 2005 e junho de 2006 foram realizadas viagens mensais à ilha, totalizando 55 dias de trabalhos de campo. Para a amostragem foram utilizados os métodos busca ativa, armadilhas de interceptação e queda, armadilhas de funil e coleta por terceiros, Busca ativa e armadilhas de interceptação e queda apresentaram melhor desempenho, e os demais métodos se mostraram complementares. Foram inventariadas 17 espécies de anfíbios anuros distribuídas em oito famílias, e oito espécies de répteis das quais cinco são espécies de lagartos de quatro famílias e três de serpentes de duas famílias. Como observado na grande maioria das pesquisas em áreas tropicais, a área de estudo apresentou relativamente baixa equabilidade, porém, diferente de outras comunidades estudadas, apresentou um maior número de espécies comuns em relação às espécies raras. A riqueza de anfíbios anuros foi mais alta nas fisionomias consideradas fechadas (mata latifoliada densa e mata latifoliada rala) em relação às abertas, enquanto que a riqueza de répteis foi mais representativa no campo antrópico (fisionomia considerada aberta). A análise de correlação demonstrou que a riqueza de anfíbios não foi significativa em relação aos elementos climáticos, enquanto a riqueza de répteis foi significativamente correlacionada às médias de temperaturas máxima e mínima. A presença de inúmeras peculiaridades reforça a importância da conservação do Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta.
Bromeliaceae da Ilha Grande, RJ: revisão da lista de espécies
Authors: Nunes-Freitas André Felippe , Rocha-Pessôa Thereza Christina da , Dias Aline dos Santos , Ariani Cristina Valente , Rocha Carlos Frederico Duarte da
Published: October 2009

A Ilha Grande, localizada no sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, vem se destacando como importante área para fins conservacionistas, especialmente por ser um fragmento representativo de Floresta Atlântica e por apresentar um elevado número de estudos sobre a flora e a fauna local. Este estudo visa analisar o atual status do conhecimento sobre a família Bromeliaceae nesta localidade e analisar o incremento da lista de espécies desta família ao longo do tempo de estudo e do esforço amostral. Foram registradas 58 espécies de Bromeliaceae para a Ilha Grande, das quais 47 foram amostradas apenas com a metodologia empregada neste estudo e constituem registros novos para a Ilha Grande.
Chave dicotômica ilustrada para a identificação de espécies de Thalassiosira Cleve (diatomácea) no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos e área costeira adjacente (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil)
Authors: Garcia Marinês , Odebrecht Clarisse
Published: October 2009

O trabalho apresenta uma chave dicotômica e uma tabela comparativa com as dimensões e características diagnósticas para a identificação de dezessete espécies de Thalassiosira (diatomáceas), comumente observadas no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos e na área costeira adjacente à sua desembocadura (~32° S e 52° W). Para todas as espécies estudadas são fornecidas ilustrações e comentários sobre os detalhes morfológicos importantes para a sua identificação em microscopia óptica, bem como imagens em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV).
First record of Philometra katsuwoni (Nematoda, Philometridae), a parasite of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (Perciformes, Scombridae), off South American Atlantic Coast
Authors: Cárdenas Melissa Querido , Moravec František , Kohn Anna
Published: October 2009

The nematode Philometra katsuwoni Petter & Baudin-Laurencin, 1986, a gonad-infecting parasite of Katsuwonus pelamis (Linneaus 1758), originally described from the Gulf of Guinea, is reported for the first time from the coastal zone of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. As compared with the original description, the males of the Brazilian material are generally somewhat larger and their right spicule and the gubernaculum are longer. The subgravid female is described for the first time. It is characterized by the anterior inflation of the esophagus and by the presence of two distinct caudal lobes.
The Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) as a secondary seed disperser of Eugenia umbelliflora (Myrtaceae) in a Restinga forest of southeastern Brazil
Authors: Cazetta Eliana , Galetti Mauro
Published: October 2009

The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) exhibits a very generalist habit and fruits compose a large proportion of its diet. However, few studies evaluated the importance of this animal as seed disperser. In the Restinga forest, in the Atlantic forest of Brazil, C. thous consumes fruits of Eugenia umbelliflora, a Myrtaceae species, which is dispersed chiefly by birds. This study evaluated the effects of gut transit on seed germination, and size selection of E. umbelliflora fruits by the crab-eating fox. We did not find differences on germination rates between seeds dispersed by foxes and control ones, but seeds dispersed by foxes germinated faster, which may be important for plant recruitment. Seeds consumed by C. thous were smaller than those available on the ground, indicating selection for small fruits. Regardless of the selection of small fruits, C. thous appears to be an important secondary disperser of E. umbelliflora, distributing large quantities of viable seeds of this Myrtaceae in the Restinga forest.
Inner tubing endograft: a new technique for bifurcation preservation
Authors: Lederman Alex , Saliture Neto Fernando Tavares , Mioto Netto Boulanger , Bub Guilherme Linhares , Lobato Manoel Augusto , Aun Ricardo
Published: October 2009

Treating narrow arteries and their bifurcations is a major challenge to the endovascular surgeon. We describe a new endovascular technique that was used to treat a narrow aorta and that may also be used to preserve other bifurcations. Using three straight stents may enable the endovascular surgeon to treat bifurcation while maintaining flow to both distal arteries.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and endovascular procedures: report of two cases
Authors: Werneck Christiane Campolina Furquim , Lossing Allan , Lindsay Thomas F.
Published: October 2009

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a transient disorder caused by platelet-activating antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin complexes. Clinically it translates into arterial or venous thrombosis and carries high morbidity and mortality. The use of large doses of heparin during endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm could increase the incidence of HIT. We report two cases associating the use of heparin during endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm with the development of HIT.
Instrumentation von the Plover Cove Main Dam
Authors: Dunnicliff C. J.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

Plover Cove main dam has been built in the sea to close the entrance to a bay, thereby forming a salt-water lake which has been pumped out and refilled with fresh water. The principal filling material is decomposed rock and, as this is the first instance von a major dam being built below water with such material, a high degree von instrumentation was considered desirable. The instrumentation and the installation procedures are described. A new type von settlement gauge developed for the project is described and typical measurements von pore pressure, settlement and horizontal movement are given. The Paper concludes with a summary von the cost von the instrumentation, which totalled about 2·1% von the cost von the dam.

Le barrage principal de Plover Cove a été construit dans la mer pour fermer l'entrée présentée par une baie, formant ainsi un lac d'eau Salée qui a été vidé par pompage et rempli de nouveau d'eau douce. Le matériau de remblai principal est formé de roche décomposée et, comme c'est le premier exemple d'un barrage principal construit sous l'eau à l'aide d'un tel matériau, un très grand recours à des appareils fut considéré désirable. On décrit les appareils et les procédés d'installation. Une description est donnée d'un nouveau type de compteur de tassement, ainsi que des mesures typiques de la pression interstitielle, du tassement et du mouvement horizontal. L'Exposé termine avec un résumé sur le coût des appareils, qui représenta un total d'environ 2,1% du coût du barrage.
An assessment, using three field studies, of the theoretical concept of the efficiency of drainage layers in an embankment
Authors: Sills G. C.
Published: October 2009

The efficiency of drainage layers in an embankment has been defined in terms of the pore-pressure dissipation (Gibson and Shefford, 1968). In order to relate this to field experience, three embankments have been studied. In each case, the pore-water pressure that might be expected to develop in the absence of drainage was calculated. This was then compared with the measured pore-pressure, to obtain an estimate of the degree of dissipation due to the drainage system. By relating this to the calculated efficiency, the theoretical concept can be assessed in comparison with observed behaviour.

L'efficacité des couches de drainage d'un remblai se définit (d'après Gibson et Shefford, 1968) selon la dissioation de la pression interstitiélle. L'éetude de trois remblais a été effectée dans le but de comparer cet concept avec des résultats pratiques. Dans chacun des cas en question, on a calculeé la pression d'eau interstitielle à laquelle on pouvait s'attendre en l'absence de tout drainage. Puis une comparaison fut effectuée avec la pression interstitielle enregistrée, en vue d'obtenir une évaluation du niveau de dissipation provenant du sysètme de drainage. Un rapport fut alors établi entre le résultat obtenu et l'efficacité calculée, permettant ainsi une évaluation de la notion théorique au moyen d'une comparaison avec le comportement effectif.
The determination of stress fields from plane strain data
Authors: Endicott L. J.
Published: October 2009

Two new methods of analysis for obtaining stress fields from plane strain data are derived. The two methods are mutually independent, each using strain parameters and a stress–strain relationship of a type different from that used by the other. Two solutions of stress fields are presented being obtained by using the two methods of analysis. The strain data used for the solutions are taken from one stage of a laboratory test. Thus the two stress distributions should be identical. The two solutions are compared and found to be in agreement.

The application of the second new method of analysis to the problem of solving bearing pressure and slope stability problems is discussed and an example is given.

On établit deux nouvelles méthodes analytiques afin d'obtenir des zones de résistance à partir des données de deformation plane. Les deux méthodes sont mutuellement indépendantes. Chacune se sert des paramètres de déformation ainsi que de tel rapport entre la résistance et la déformation qui diffère de celui dont se sert l'autre. On présente deux solutions pour les zones de réistance qui sont obtenues à partie des deux méthodes analytiques en question. D'une partie d'essai de laboratoire on obtient les donées de déformation réquises dans les dites solutions. Les deux distributions de déformation doivent être done identiques. Une comparaison des deux solutions révèlent qu'elles soient conformes.

On discute—d'ailleurs un exemple est cité à titre—l'application de la deuxième nouvelle méthode analytique afin de résoudre les problèmes de charge et de stabilité de talus.
Dynamic displacements of offshore structures due to low frequency sinusoidal loading
Authors: Smith I. M. , Molenkamp F.
Published: October 2009

Two of the most important aspects of foundation design for cyclic loading conditions are the assessment of material degradation due to cycling (the fatigue problem) and of dynamic amplification of the foundation response (the resonance problem). The first of these seems hardly amenable to calculation at all, except in the form of back-analysis of laboratory element and model test data or of field observations. The second, on the other hand, seems ill-suited to laboratory investigation and may therefore be estimated by calculation. For this purpose a simple bilinear soil model is presented and evaluated in comparison with a linearized equivalent. The performance of the model in relation to fatigue predictions is also explored.

L'évaluation de la dégradation des matériaux due aux charges cycliques (problème de la fatigue), d'une part, et l'évaluation de l'empliflcation dynamique de la ré des fondations (problème de la résonance), d'autre part, constituent deux des aspects les plus importants de la réalisation de fondations soumis à des charges cycliques. Dans le Premier de ces cas, toute forme de calcul semble pratiquement impossible, mise à part l'analyse à rebours de données d'essais de modèles et éléments en laboratoire ou d'observations in situ. Le second cas, par contre, se prête mal aux recherches en laboratoire et peut donc être évalué par calcul. C'est dans ce but qe'st, présenté un modè de sol bilinéaire simple, lequel est évalué et comparé à un équivalent linéarisé. La performance du modèle par rapport aux prévisions de fatigue fait également l'objet d'une étude.
Design of the retaining walls for the M25 cut and cover tunnel at Bell Common
Authors: Hubbard H. W. , Potts D. M. , Miller D. , Burland J. B.
Published: October 2009

The M25 motorway forms part of the London orbital road and at two locations north of London (Holmesdale, Waltham Cross, and Bell Common, Epping) it is constructed in cut and cover tunnels for environmental reasons. The Bell Common Tunnel is underlain by London clay and the design of the embedded cantilever retaining walls revealed considerable uncertainties in the assessment of the bending moments. Moreover application of the stability requirements of the code of practice (CP2) gave rise to excessive wall penetrations. Part I of the Paper describes the initial design approach to the retaining walls and highlights the lack of guidance that exists for this type of construction. Part II describes the results of a study that was commissioned to assess the soil-structure interaction of the retaining walls at Bell Common together with a review of stability criteria. The decisions leading to the final design are then described.

L'autoroute M25 fait partie de la rocade périphérique de Londres. Pour des raisons d'environnement elle a été construite en tunnels de faible profondeur (excavation suivie de remblai) sur deux sites au nord de Londres (Holmesdale à Waltham Cross et Bell Common à Epping). Le tunnel Bell Common repose sur l'argile de Londres et la construction des murs de soutènement cantilever ont montré que l'évaluation des moments de flexion était très incertaine. Le respect des exigences des règlements (CP2) concernant la stabilité a aussi entraîné des pénétrations excessives du mur. La première partie de cet article décrit l'attitude prise dès le commencement au sujet de la construction des murs de soutènement et souligne qu'il existe bien peu d'indications sur la manière correcte d'effectuer ce genre de travaux. La deuxième partie de l'article présente les résultats d'une étude qui a été entreprise spécialement pour évaluer l'interaction solouvrage des murs de soutènement à Bell Common. L'article passe en revue les critères de stabilité et décrit les choix d'après lesquels la construction définitive a été réalisée.
Undrained cyclic loading on a saturated dense sand stratum
Authors: Lee F. H. , Foo S. L.
Published: October 2009

An analytical approach using finite elements is employed to study the validity of a hypothesis for explaining the presence of spiky acceleration records observed in centrifuge model earthquake tests on embankments and islands. This hypothesis attributes the presence of spiky acceleration records to the recoupling of motions caused by the transient recovery of stiffness of the dense sand in a state of cyclic mobility. The analyses show that spiky acceleration records similar to those observed experimentally can be generated analytically in the problem of a saturated dense sand layer if the material behaviour is of a hardening type. These acceleration spikes coincide with the onset of the hardening phase, thus supporting the above hypothesis. The analyses also show that this type of acceleration response cannot be obtained if the material behaviour is of a softening type. As the behaviour of saturated dense sand under undrained cyclic loading belongs to the hardening type, the mechanism discussed in this Paper may be present in such sand layers when the latter is subjected to earthquake loadings.

Une méthode d'analyse aux éléments finis a eté employée pour étudier la validité d'une hypothèse expliquant la présence des pics d'accélération retrouvés dans les enregistrements d'essais sis-miques en centrifuge effectúes pour des remblais et des îles. L'hypothése explique la présence des pics d'accélération dans les enregistrements par le recouplement des mouvements causés par la récupération transitoire de la rigidité dn sable dense dans un état de mobilité cyclique. Les analyses démontrent qu'il est possible de produire par analyse des enregistrements avec des pics d'accélération analogues à ceux observés expérimentalement dans le cas du problème d'une couche saturée de sable dense, à condition que la matière soit d'un type qui s'endurcit. Les pics d'accélération coïncident avec le commencement de la phase d'endurcissement, renforçant de la sorte l'hypothèse en question. Les analyses indiquent aussi que ce genre de réponse à accélération ne peut pas se produire si la matière est d'un type qui se ramollit. Vu que le sable dense sature s'endurcit sous le chargement cyclique non-drainé, le mécanisme discuté dans cet article peut être présent dans de telles couches de sable lorsque le sable est soumis à des chargements sismiques.
Automatic orientation analysis of particles of soil microstructures
Authors: Luo D. , Macleod J. E. S. , Leng X. , smart P.
Published: October 2009

In studying soil microstructure, the orientations of soil particles and of the voids between them are two of the most important factors. In this Paper, the directed vein method and the convex hull method are proposed for automatic orientation analysis of soil microstructure. In the directed vein method a directed vein image of the boundaries of the particles in an electron micrograph of soil structure is constructed using a chain code, and the expected directions of a directed vein are calculated to provide the orientation of the vein. In the convex hull method simple polygons are constructed from the boundaries, the convex hulls of the simple polygons are built up, and the longest diagonal of each convex hull is selected, the direction of which is taken as the orientation of the particle. Before either method can be applied, image preprocessing must be carried out to find the boundaries of the particles. Both methods involve simpler programming, faster computing and less storage than do other methods.

Les orientations des particules du sol et des vides entre ces particules représentent deux des facteurs les plus importants dans I'étude de la microstructure des sols. L'article propose pour I'analyse automatique des orientations dans la microstructure des sols une méthode dite à veine dirigée et une méthode dite à enveloppe convexe. Dans la méthode à veine dirigée on construit, à I'aide d'un code à chaîne une image à veine dirigée des limites des particules dans un micrographe électronique de la structure du sol, après quoi on calcule les directions attendues d'une veine dirigée pour fournir I'orientation de la veine. Dans la méthode à enveloppe convexe on construit des polygones simples à partir des limites, on construit des enveloppes convexes de polygones simples et on choisit la diagonale la plus longue de chaque enveloppe convexe, sa direction est admise comme I'orientation de la particule. Avant I'application de I'une ou de I'autre de ces méthodes il faut prétraiter I'image afin d'obtenir les limites des particules. En comparaison avec d'autres méthodes, ces deux méthodes présentent I'advantage de programmes simplifiés, de calculs plus rapides et de mémoires réduites.
Interpretation of constant head in situ permeability tests in soil zones of finite extent
Authors: Bromhead E. N.
Published: October 2009

This paper considers the effect of performing a constant head in situ permeability test on spherical piezometers in soil zones of finite extent. The finite extent of the seepage domain is shown to cause a change in slope in the plot of the experimental results—an effect which is widely found in practice. Some fully analytical solutions are presented; in other cases, for which no closed-form solution has yet been found, results obtained from finite element calculations are used in support of the arguments. Inferences are drawn on the test procedure and the interpretation of field data.

Cet article décrit l'effet de mesures de perméabilités in-situ dans des zones de sol d'extension fine sur des piézmètres sphériques. Uextension réduite de la zone d'influence cause un changement de pente sur les courbes expérimentales. Cet effet est fréquemment rencontré en pratique. Quelques solutions analytiques sont pré sentées. Dans d'autres cas, pour lesquels aucune forme fermée n'a pu &circitre déterminée, des résultats, obtenus par la m6thode des éléments finis, sont utilisés. Des conclusions en sont tirées pour la mise en oeuvre de procédures de test et l'interprétation de donmées de terrains.
New descriptions of plane strain
Authors: Deane E. T. R.
Published: October 2009

This paper describes some new descriptions of plane strain, based on a frame attached to the soil rather than an external coordinate frame. The new descriptions are not limited to small strain processes. The paper starts with physical interpretations of the deformation gradient and right Cauchy–Green strain tensors. A new set of ‘zensor’ quantities are then derived, based on a conceptual frame that is attached to the soil and deforms with it. This parallels the physical reality of strain-gauge measurements. It is then shown that invariants in plane strain are intimately associated with three specific linear operators on zensors, here called the scale, relativistic and arc operators. This leads to identification of three independent in-plane strain-increment invariants, not just two, and three independent work-conjugate in-plane effective stress invariants. Fixed-frame zensor transformation laws in plane strain are then derived. As well as the familiar concept of change of frame, these also allow change of reference state to be handled. Finally, some advantages of the new approach to continuum mechanics are discussed.
A lower-bound analysis for torsion in concrete frames
Authors: Mansur M.A. , Rangan B.V.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

This paper presents the development of a theory for predicting the strength of reinforced concrete indeterminate frames in which the members are subjected to bending as well as twisting moments and transverse shear. The theory has been applied to two types of simple indeterminate frame -the frames being statically indeterminate by one and three degrees. The predictions of the theory are compared with the test results of the authors as well as those reported in the literature. The agreement is reasonably good.
Load–deflection curves for fibre-reinforced concrete beams in flexure
Authors: Hughes B. P. , Fattuhi N. I.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

The paper examines the effects of the addition of various fibres, including fibrillated and monofilament polypropylene, as well as round straight, Duoform, crimped and hooked steel, upon the flexural load-deflection properties of a basic concrete matrix at three different ages. The flexural and splitting strengths of the beams were increased with the addition of steel fibres, especially for those with efficient forms of mechanical anchorage, such as Duoform and hooked steel. The fracture toughness of reinforced beams was increased considerably for all the fibres used.
Fracture mechanics and concrete behaviour
Authors: Kotsovos Michael D. , Newman John B.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

A fracture mechanism for concrete valid under any state of stress and which can be used to predict observed deformational behaviour is postulated on the basis of theoretical considerations regarding the extension of a crack within a brittle elastic medium. This fracture mechanism forms the basis of an analysis of experimental data on the deformational response of concrete under various states of triaxial stress, and has led to a comprehensive description of the fracture processes of the material under generalized loading conditions.
An experimental study of early thermal cracking in reinforced concrete
Authors: Hughes B. P. , Ghunaim F.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

Restrained volume changes in concrete can cause cracking before normal service loads are applied, since all concrete members undergo an early thermal cycle due to the heat of hydration. This mechanism of early thermal cracking is reviewed and an experimental laboratory investigation is described which tested the validity of the current proposals in BS 5337 for some different types, arrangements and amounts of reinforcement. Of the types of reinforcement investigated, the fabric was found, as expected, to give the best crack width control. It was confirmed that, provided a minimum ratio of reinforcement is present in reinforced concrete, thermal crack widths are a function of reinforcement ratio, reinforcement diameter, strength of concrete and bond strength between reinforcement and concrete.
Effect of alkali-aggregate reaction on the performance of a reinforced concrete structure over a six-year period
Authors: Blight G. E. , Alexander M. G. , Ralph T. K. , Lewis B. A.
Published: October 2009

Two full-scale load tests have been carried out, with a six-year intervening period, on a reinforced concrete portal frame supporting an overhead motorway structure. The results of the tests show that the portal has slightly deteriorated since the first test was performed. The structure, however, remains safe and fully able to carry out its function. It continues to behave predictably under load. Plans have been made to arrest the progress of the alkali-aggregate reaction, rather than to carry out extensive or radical repairs to the structure.
The role of professional institutions in research
Authors: Dougill J. W.
Published: October 2009

Professional institutions exist for their members. Most institutions were first established as learned societies for the exchange of information and mutual support related to professional activity. Later came the qualifying role with its examinations and more recently the provision of services to members on a payment basis. The charter lays down fundamental objectivies for the institution. The members are expected to support these objectivies by personal contribution and in their work.
Stress—strain behaviour of laterally confined concrete columns
Authors: Perry S. H. , Chenog H. K.
Published: October 2009

An empirical formulation of the stress–strain relationship of laterally confined concrete columns is derived from axial compression tests on short concrete columns, reinforced only with lateral layers of orthogonally placed HTS (high–tensile steel) bolts. Several factors considered likely to influence the behaviour of the columns were studied. It was found that the longitudinal tangent stiffnesses of the columns degraded as the columns were loaded, with the relationship between stiffness degradation and axial strain of a bilinear form, with gradients governed by the type of confinement. Empirical relationships were developed which allowed the stress–strain relationship for each column to be predicted. For the set of data analysed, the predicted curves fitted well with the experimental curves. The two–stage stiffness degradation in the columns demonstrated a general two–stage deformation in the concrete—the first at low loads when the concrete was relatively intact, and the second at higher loads and up to ultimate, when the concrete had suffered extensive internal damage with confinement from mobilization of the lateral reinforcement.
Failure phenomena and determination of damaged zone of concrete in softening regime under triaxial compression
Authors: Murakami M. , Ohtani Y.
Published: October 2009

To elucidate the failure phenomena of plane concrete under triaxial compressive stresses with low lateral pressure after the maximum strength has been passed, a triaxial compression test device, with which a two-dimensional failure pattern can be obtained, has been developed. The maximum size of the coarse aggregate, concrete strength and shape of the specimen were made experimental variables and triaxial compression tests on 193 specimens were carried out. It was shown that the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion could be explained by using the model of the stress transfer mechanism resulting from the ‘bridge action’ occurring between the coarse aggregates. The residual strength criterion was formulated and it was observed that the load-carrying mechanism was different between the maximum strength and the residual strength. The cracking angle was measured, and it was experimentally shown that it could be approximated by the friction coefficient of the strength criterion. In addition, by making the cracking visual, and by carrying out graphical image processing of it, the crack density near the discontinuous plane was quantitatively measured, and at the same time the damaged zone could be determined.
Design against premature peeling failure of RC beams with externally bonded steel or FRP plates
Authors: Hassanen Mahmoud A. H. , Raoof Mohammed
Published: October 2009

The salient features are presented of a recently reported semi-empirical model for predicting the lower/upper bounds to plate peeling loads of simply supported RC beams strengthened in flexure by gluing external steel or fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) plates to their soffits. The original model was, however, computer based, and involved certain iterative procedures. This potential drawback is overcome in the present paper, which reports details of some simplified (but still reasonably accurate) procedures for predicting the lower bound (i.e. safe) steel or FRP plate peeling loads, with the proposed formulations being amenable to hand calculations, using a pocket calculator, hence, of value to busy practising engineers.
Evolution of cement properties in Belgium since 1950
Authors: De Schutter G.
Published: October 2009

Studying a huge number of experimental results obtained on Belgian cement, this article investigates whether an evolution of the cement properties can be identified since 1950. Changes to Belgian cement codes and test procedures are also examined. Some conclusions regarding possible effects on the durability of the concrete structures are drawn.
An elasto-plastic damage constitutive model for concrete and its application for reinforced concrete plate and shell
Authors: Wang F. , Fan S.-C. , Ma G.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a three-dimensional elasto-plastic damage constitutive model for concrete and its application. In the damage constitutive model, a semi-theoretical strength criterion for concrete proposed by the authors is employed to govern the elastic limit and ultimate strength (plastic limit) envelopes. Beyond the ultimate strength, the behaviour is described with different damage scalars in the respective principal stress directions to simulate stress-induced anisotropy. The pre-damage behaviour of concrete is assumed to be isotropic elasto-plastic hardening. Application of this damage constitutive model with the finite-element method to various reinforced concrete plates and a shell is attempted. Generally, the results from the finite-element simulation with the present constitutive damage model agree well with published experimental results. Both the overall response and the local behaviour, and in particular the ultimate load-carrying capacity and the failure patterns, can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by use of the present constitutive model. The only exception is that the predicted deflections for high-strength slabs are smaller than the experimental counterparts, which implies that the high-strength slabs in the simulation are stiffer than the actual slabs.
Damage analysis of RC beams without web reinforcement
Authors: Köksal H. O. , Arslan G.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents the results of non-linear finite element analyses to predict the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement. The improvement of a single-parameter damage model previously proposed for the general behaviour of the concrete is achieved to provide a better description for the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams, which is strongly affected by tensile cracking. Twenty-four beams well known in the literature are evaluated for the validation of the model. Given an optimum size and a regular mesh configuration, the whole load–deflection behaviour of the beams is analysed and the main results of the numerical analyses are presented. Unlike many numerical investigations, emphasis is placed not only on good prediction of the ultimate strength but also on diagonal cracking and deformational behaviour. The results from the non-linear analyses are employed to derive a simple relation for prediction of the diagonal cracking load of the reinforced concrete beams including the normalised beam depth to take the size effect into consideration. The predictions of the proposed relation are compared with the test data and the values obtained from the expressions recommended by ACI and Zsutty.
The Bristol bulk handling terminal
Authors: Burdall A. C. , Muir L. H.
Published: October 2009

This paper discusses the project management and procurement of a bulk handling terminal at Bristol, for National Power. The project was complex. It involved the procurement and commissioning of materials handling plant and equipment and extensive civil and marine works. The overall project value was £110 million, of which some £70 million was in the main terminal contract. Because of the tight programme, an accelerated procedure was developed to enable the contract to be let in minimal time. A design-and-construct procurement route was selected, giving the potential for fast-track construction techniques and innovative contractor-led design. During construction, project management was by the National Power Halcrow–Soros joint project team. The integrated management team structure enabled problems to be addressed and overcome with minimal delay. The works, including environmental enhancements that were not part of the original scheme, were completed within a construction period of 22 months. The success of the project is considered to be largely due to proactive project management and the programme advantage derived from the design-and-construct form of contract. The role played by Halcrow–Soros in the project is described.
The void porosity of rock armour in coastal structures
Authors: Latham J.-P. , Newberry S. , Mannion M. , Simm J. , Stewart T.
Published: October 2009

Measurement and payment issues are particularly contentious when dealing with rock armour structures. The paper elaborates upon the fundamental controls of rock fragment packing and progresses to consider rock armour packing and the financial consequences of errors in void porosity assumptions. Results from detailed case studies, construction of full-scale experimental revetments and numerous contracts are summarised in order to compile a data source from which up-to-date guidance on void porosity and layer thickness coefficients can be drawn. A new rapid survey method to assess in-situ packing density and to compare armourstone packing between surface panels is introduced.
Flood risk management for a Caribbean island
Authors: Warren A. L.
Published: October 2009

Flooding is rare on the small coral island of Anguilla and the islanders had made little provision for land drainage and flood protection prior to the two hurricanes that struck the island in 1999. The storms produced the worst flooding on the island for generations, with flood depths up to several metres. This paper outlines the findings of a study to evaluate flood risk and propose mitigating measures at key sites on the island. It explains how a previous storm event and the geomorphology of the island exacerbated the risk of flooding. The study has provided land drainage guidelines for use in the planning of the island's physical infrastructure development. In some cases, the desire to implement such guidelines is likely to be resisted by the aspirations of the island to further develop tourism facilities and related infrastructure.
Socioeconomic Status and Body Mass Index Among Hispanic Children of Immigrants and Children of Natives
Authors: Balistreri Kelly Stamper , Van Hook Jennifer
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We examined how Hispanic parents' income and education, combined with their nativity status, influenced the body mass index (BMI) of their children, compared with non-Hispanic White children and their parents.

Methods. We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 to estimate linear growth curve models of children's initial BMI in kindergarten and change in BMI through fifth grade. Socioeconomic status was measured by logged household income and parental educational attainment (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate or higher).

Results. Parental education was negatively associated with children's BMI (baseline and growth) for non-Hispanic White children. Among Hispanic children, the association of parental education with growth in BMI was negative but much weaker. The weak effect of parental education was not explained by the presence of immigrants in the Hispanic population. Income was strongly negatively associated with children's BMI in kindergarten among children of Hispanic and White natives, but positively associated among Hispanic immigrant families.

Conclusions. The positive income–BMI association among Hispanic immigrant children might reflect cultural differences that immigrant parents carry with them from their countries of origin.
Risk of Alcohol-Impaired Driving Recidivism Among First Offenders and Multiple Offenders
Authors: Rauch William J. , Zador Paul L. , Ahlin Eileen M. , Howard Jan M. , Frissell Kevin C. , Duncan G. Doug
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We sought to determine the statewide impact of having prior alcohol-impaired driving violations of any type on the rate of first occurrence or recidivism among drivers with 0, 1, 2, or 3 or more prior violations in Maryland.

Methods. We analyzed more than 100 million driver records from 1973 to 2004 and classified all Maryland drivers into 4 groups: those with 0, 1, 2, or 3 or more prior violations. The violation rates for approximately 21 million drivers in these 4 groups were compared for the study period 1999 to 2004.

Results. On average, there were 3.4, 24.3, 35.9, and 50.8 violations per 1000 drivers a year among those with 0, 1, 2, or 3 or more priors, respectively. The relative risks for men compared with women among these groups of drivers were 3.8, 1.2, 1.0, and 1.0, respectively.

Conclusions. The recidivism rate among first offenders more closely resembles that of second offenders than of nonoffenders. Men and women are at equal risk of recidivating once they have had a first violation documented. Any alcohol-impaired driving violation, not just convictions, is a marker for future recidivism.
The Effect of Less-Lethal Weapons on Injuries in Police Use-of-Force Events
Authors: MacDonald John M. , Kaminski Robert J. , Smith Michael R.
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We investigated the effect of the use of less-lethal weapons, conductive energy devices (CEDs), and oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray on the prevalence and incidence of injuries to police officers and civilians in encounters involving the use of force.

Methods. We analyzed data from 12 police departments that documented injuries to officers and civilians in 24 380 cases. We examined monthly injury rates for 2 police departments before and after their adoption of CEDs.

Results. Odds of injury to civilians and officers were significantly lower when police used CED weapons, after control for differences in case attributes and departmental policies restricting use of these weapons. Monthly incidence of injury in 2 police departments declined significantly, by 25% to 62%, after adoption of CED devices.

Conclusions. Injuries sustained during police use-of-force events affect thousands of police officers and civilians in the United States each year. Incidence of these injuries can be reduced dramatically when law enforcement agencies responsibly employ less-lethal weapons in lieu of physical force.
Short‐Term Nitrogen Fertilizing Value of Liquid Dairy Manures is Mainly Due to Ammonium
Authors: Bechini Luca , Marino Pietro
Published: October 2009

The efficient use of animal manures is important both for environmental and economic reasons. This study was conducted to determine the mineralization of C and N of five liquid dairy manures incorporated in three soils of increasing clay content (102, 209, and 337 g kg−1). The manures represent the variability observed in animal farms in northern Italy. Incubation was performed for 181 d at 25°C and −0.05 MPa of soil water potential; respired CO2–C and soil inorganic N were measured on 12 sampling dates. For all soil × manure combinations the dynamics of C respiration showed high rates in the first week, and lower rates thereafter. Differences among manures were greater during the initial phase. At the end of the experiment, the total C respired ranged from 40 to 71% of applied C; model extrapolations indicate that part of manure C will be stored in the soil in the long term. Higher respirations were obtained in the soil with the lowest clay content. For most of the treatments, immobilization of mineral N occurred in the first weeks, followed by slow remineralization of immobilized N, resulting in either no or low net mineralization of organic N at the end of the incubation (−7 to 23%). It is concluded that the variability of manure C and N mineralization is high. Nitrogen fertilizing value of the manures during the first year after application must be mainly attributed to ammonium, while organic N is mineralized slowly, and is therefore available later.