bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in children’s time with parents: United States, 1981–1997
Authors: Sandberg John F. , Hofferth Sandra L.
Published: February 2007

In this paper we examine changes in the time American children spent with their parents between 1981 and 1997, and the contribution to these changes made by shifting patterns of female labor force participation, family structure, and parental education. We decompose changes into the parts attributable to changes in demographic characteristics and the parts probably due to changes in behavior. In general, children’s time with parents did not decrease over the period; in two-parent families it increased substantially. Population-level changes in demographic characteristics exerted only small direct effects on the time children spent with parents.
Evaluating the performance of the lee-carter method for forecasting mortality
Authors: Lee Ronald , Miller Timothy
Published: February 2007

Lee and Carter (LC) published a new statistical method for forecasting mortality in 1992. This paper examines its actual and hypothetical forecast errors, and compares them with Social Security forecast errors. Hypothetical historical projections suggest that LC tended to underproject gains, but by less than did Social Security. True e0 was within the ex ante 95% probability interval 97% of the time overall, but intervals were too broad up to 40 years and too narrow after 50 years. Projections to 1998 made after 1945 always contain errors of less than two years. Hypothetical projections for France, Sweden, Japan, and Canada would have done well. Changing age patterns of mortality decline over the century pose problems for the method.
War, peace, and fertility in Angola
Authors: Agadjanian Victor , Prata Ndola
Published: February 2007

Using data from a nationally representative survey conducted in 1996, some two years after the end of a major outbreak of war, we examine the impact of war on the timing of recent births and war-related differences in reproductive preferences in Angola. We find evidence of a wartime drop and a postwar rebound in fertility, but these trends vary greatly, depending on the type and degree of exposure to war and on women’s socioeconomic characteristics. At the same time, variations by parity are nonsignificant. In fertility preferences, the relative antinatalism of Angola’s most modernized urban area stands out, but outside this area, differences between areas that were more and less affected by war are also noticeable. We offer interpretations of our findings and outline their implications for Angola’s demographic future and demographic trends in similar settings.
An investigation of racial and ethnic disparities in birth weight in Chicago neighborhoods
Authors: Sastry Narayan , Hussey Jon M.
Published: February 2007

We examine differences in the mean birth weights of infants born to non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican-origin Hispanic mothers (of any race) in Chicago in 1990 using linear regression models with neighborhood fixed effects. Our pooled models accounted for 64% of the black-white difference and 57% of the black/Mexican-origin Hispanic difference. Differences in the relationship between measured characteristics and birth weight accounted for around half the birth-weight gap between non-Hispanic black and other infants. Efforts to close this gap must go beyond programs that aim to reduce the level of risk factors among black women to address the causes of differences in the effects of risk factors.
The Economy of the Trinity at the Creation of Adam and Eve
Authors: Jensen Robin Margaret
Published: February 2007

The visual representation of the Trinity at the creation of Adam
and Eve arguably appears among the relief sculptures of two early
Christian sarcophagi, one now in Arles, the other in the Vatican Museo
Pio Cristiano. The significance of showing all three persons
of the Trinity (in the form of adult males), is both amplified
and reinforced by aspects of the entire sculptural composition of
both sarcophagi, including a compositionally parallel and spatially
juxtaposed presentation of the three magi arriving to present their
gifts to the Christ child. Taken as a whole, the iconographic programs
of both sarcophagi appear to reflect the doctrine of the economy
of salvation and the role of the entire Trinity in the activity of the
creation and restoration of humanity.
The Gospel of Thomas and Early Stages in the Development of the Christian Wisdom Literature
Authors: Siverstev Alexei
Published: February 2007

This work addresses the theological background of the Gospel of Thomas and its relationship to personified wisdom tradition on the one hand, and to the Syriac Christian tradition of the divine redeemer on the other. The Gospel of Thomas shares a number of unique characteristics with the Syriac literature of the second and third centuries C.E. , such as interest in personal asceticism as a means to attain divine wisdom, personal deification, and view of Christ as a state of being most clearly expressed in the man Jesus, but also accessible to his followers. All of these characteristics distinguish the Gospel of Thomas from the personified wisdom tradition, which in some cases explicitly rejects them (the Gospel of John). On the other hand, the Gospel of Thomas is organized as a collection of independent sayings ( logoi sophon ) pronounced by Jesus, while the third-century Syriac writings usually have a poetic or semipoetic form ( The Hymn of the Pearl , the Odes of Solomon ). In addition, despite significant similarities, the theological message of the Syriac literature appears more "mature" and articulated than the doctrine of the Gospel of Thomas . One may conclude that the Gospel of Thomas belongs to the early stages in the development of Christian doctrine that would eventually evolve into a full-fledged theology in the later Syriac texts. Its message was either redefined in Syriac tradition of the divine redeemer or rejected as a result of adaptation of personified wisdom tradition by the mainstream church.
2000 NAPS Presidential Address Spoken Words, Voiced Silence: Biblical Women in Syriac Tradition
Authors: Harvey Susan Ashbrook
Published: February 2007

Biblical women have a distinctively prominent verbal role in late antique Syriac homilies and hymns. Syriac writers granted these women a rhetorical voice often lacking in their biblical narratives, through the favored technique of imagined speech; and those words found a performative voice when women's choirs sang certain of these hymns in the liturgies of civic churches. This study asks how women's speech was represented in these Syriac texts, how that representation functioned in Christian teaching, and how the ritual performance by women's liturgical choirs contributed to the social meaning of women's voices in the late antique Syrian Orient.
Abortion, Infanticide, and the Social Rhetoric of the Apocalypse of Peter
Authors: Gray Patrick
Published: February 2007

The apocryphal Apocalypse of Peter is the earliest Christian
description of hell. Among its Dantesque images there appears in chapter
eight a brief but gruesome depiction of those guilty of infanticide and
abortion. By virtue of the author's participation in the linguistic,
social, and ideological worlds of second-century Christianity, the
text is a complex one, just as contemporary debates about abortion are
complex. Apoc. Pet. 8 is not simply "about" abortion or hell. This
essay employs the insights of sociorhetorical criticism as a heuristic
device for sorting out the various threads of discourse about abortion
and infanticide in this early Christian text. Focus upon the scene's
inner argumentative texture, intertexture, and social-cultural texture
reveals a dynamic interplay between this text and the Greco-Roman milieu
of which it is a part.
Individual Natures in the Christology of Leontius of Byzantium
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: February 2007

According to the teaching of Leontius of Byzantium in Contra Eutychianos et Nestorianos , Christ's human nature is a universal. In his late work, the Epilyseis , however, Leontius affirms that Christ's human nature is an individual (a unique collection of universals), and argues that such a nature fails to be a subsistent on the grounds that it exists in the person of the Word. Thus, the interpretation of Leontius' teaching offered by Loofs is substantially correct, even though (as is well-known, and contrary to Loofs) Leontius does not use the term enhupostatos to talk about his theory of the nature's nonsubsistence.
Augustine and the Making of Marriage in Roman North Africa
Authors: Hunter David G
Published: February 2007

The aim of this paper is to determine to what extent, if any, Christians in North Africa in Augustine's day observed distinctively Christian marriage rituals. In the first part I review the evidence from the North African tradition prior to Augustine and conclude that no such rituals existed. The only specifically Christian practice appears to have been to seek approval of a marriage from a bishop. In the second part I examine the evidence from Augustine. This consists almost entirely of references to the tabulae matrimoniales, dotal contracts that were read aloud at the family nuptials and signed by witnesses, including the bishop. The role of these contracts in forming marriages and their impact on Augustine's thought are then explored further.
"Let Him Guard Pietas ": Early Christian Exegesis and the Ascetic Family
Authors: Jacobs Andrew S.
Published: February 2007

Often those Church Fathers most concerned to press the new ascetic elitism of the fourth and fifth centuries might also produce surprisingly "profamily" interpretations of biblical texts that otherwise supported an ascetic agenda. Through analysis of patristic interpretation of Luke 14.26 (an arguably "anti-family" passage of the New Testament), this article seeks to explore the inter-section of ascetic and family values in the scriptural interpretation of ascetic late antiquity. Through exegetical strategies (intertext and context) that em-phasized at once the multiplicity and the unity of biblical meaning, the most ascetic of Church Fathers might also become the most productive proponents of particularly distinctive notions of Christian family life.
Christ-Bearers and Fellow-Initiates: Local Cultural Life and Christian Identity in Ignatius' Letters
Authors: Harland Philip A
Published: February 2007

In writing to Christian congregations in the cities of Roman Asia, Ignatius draws on imagery from Greco-Roman cultural life to speak about the identity of the Christians. Scholars have given some attention to the cultural images which Ignatius evokes, but often in a cursory way and rarely, if ever, with reference to local religious life. Concentrating on Ignatius' characterization of Christian groups as "Christ-bearers" and "fellow-initiates" (Eph. 9.2; 12.2), the paper explores neglected archeological and epigraphical evidence from Asia Minor (and Syria) regarding processions, mysteries, and associations. This sheds important light on what Ignatius may have had in mind and, perhaps more importantly, what the listeners or readers of Ignatius' letters in these cities would think of when he spoke of their identity in this way.
Founding Platonopolis: The Platonic Politeia in Eusebius, Porphyry, and Iamblichus
Authors: Schott Jeremy M.
Published: February 2007

This essay begins with an examination of two Neoplatonic biographies, Porphyry's Life of Pythagoras and Iamblichus' On the Pythagorean Life. In contrast to the traditional picture of Neoplatonic disinterest in classical political philosophy, engagement with classical Platonic political philosophy actually forms an important component of these texts. The author then turns to an examination of Eusebius' Praeparatio Evangelica to argue that Eusebius' extensive comparisons of Moses' legislation with Plato's Laws in Book 12 of the PE should be evaluated in the context of contemporary Neoplatonic political thought. Finally, the essay offers some concluding comments on the timbre such discussions of political philosophy, both Neoplatonic and Eusebian, would have had in the context of the Roman Empire of the early fourth century.
Athanasius' Initial Defense of the Term homoousios: Rereading the De Decretis
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: February 2007

Athanasius begins to defend Nicaea's in the De decretis of ca. 353, pursuing two basic strategies. First, the term is defended as a necessary corollary of Nicaea's controversial phrase, a phrase which appears to be more fundamental to Athanasius. Second, however, he defends both and as necessary in order to preserve the sense of important scriptural terminologies that he takes to emphasize the Son's status as the Father's Wisdom and Word. thus functions as a cipher for phrases that are what Richard Vaggione has termed "basic dogmatic statements." In his account of Nicaea Athanasius also appears to draw on Eusebius of Caesarea's argument in his Epistula ad Caesarienses of 326. The skill with which he adopts and adapts Eusebius' arguments further demonstrates the subtlety with which doctrinal ciphers could be
Christian Teachers in Matthew and Thomas: The Possibility of Becoming a "Master"
Authors: Wayment Thomas A
Published: February 2007

During the latter half of the first century

C.E. the communities of Matthew and Thomas began to consider the proper role of the Christian teacher within the community. As each community sought to develop its own model, it drew upon available sayings of Jesus. The author of Matthew had access to Q 6.40, which offered an incomplete model of what a Christian teacher should do. Matthew sought to expand this model using the figure of Peter as the ideal disciple for the community. The authors of Thomas found this model completely untenable and offered their own model in direct conversation with Matthew 16. The model of the Thomas community was that the teacher could supplant and become equal to the master teacher Jesus. In a final clarifying effort the author of Matthew 23 sought to establish the proper role of teachers using the context of Jewish sectarian controversies. The correction offered by Matthew 23 intended to clarify many ambiguities associated with Christian teachers, including the contradictory model offered by Thomas Christians.
A Discipline Asserting its Identity and Place Displacement, Aid and Anthropology in Sudan
Authors: Assal Munzoul Abdalla M.
Published: February 2007

The relationship between anthropology and development is very much contested. While the debate about such relationship is not new (it began during the early 1970s and continued up to the present), it started to be heated during the closing decade of the last century with the ascendance of the post-modern critique in anthropology. Arguments of the debate are, generally, either for or against involvement of anthropology, whose dubious history is often cited by those who are sceptic about its role. It is unfortunate that most current heated debates on the relationship between anthropology and development are a reflection of anthropological elitism preoccupied with general dilemmas of anthropology while the real dilemma, that of those who are brutally subjected to misguided development and mass displacement, is compromised. This paper is against such muted anthropological elitism and while it endeavours to make the case for a positive role of anthropology in development, it does not distance anthropologists from the failures of development industry or portray them as an innocent part in that industry. It argues that while revealing the realities of the powerless is still needed, anthropologists need also to focus on the powerful, and probably be part of the power apparatus. The case of the displaced persons in Sudan and the author's own experience with NGOs are used to substantiate the paper's arguments and avert the muted elitism characterising much of the current debates on anthropology and development.
Headteacher Support Groups Initiative within the Prism Project Kenya
Authors: Waudo Judith , Juma Magdaline , Herriot Andrew , Mwirotsi Miriam
Published: February 2007

The Primary School Management (PRISM) project is a Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST) project funded by the Department for International Development (DFID) of the UK, and managed locally by the Centre for British Teachers (CFBT). The purpose of this study was to examine the operation of the Headteacher Support Groups (HTSGs). HTSGs have been and continue to be formed as a result of PRISM training, with the purpose of adding to the body of knowledge related to headteachers' management training and development. The study focused on five themes, namely, primary school management, impact on the school community's involvement, sustainability of headteachers' management and development, reducing poverty, and increasing economic prosperity. The study looked into the operation of twenty selected HTSGs representing ten districts selected from the following regions: ASAL, remote, coastal, pockets of poverty in an advantaged district and urban areas. Two HTSGs were studied in each district. The target groups were the Headteachers, Teachers' Zonal Inspectors, District Inspectors, Teachers Advisory Centre, Tutors, Chairpersons of School Committees and civic leaders. Data for the study was collected using interview schedules and focus group discussions (FGDS). The findings of this study show that there was poor representation of women in HTSGs. Frequent consultations between headteachers and respective communities on educational issues were taking place in schools. There was networking amongst headteachers. HTSGs have led to increased enrolment and completion rates in all districts studied, especially for girls; however, dropout rates remain high in many districts surveyed except for the ASAL districts. Communities in general still play very little role in administrative matters of the Primary Schools.
Democracy and Multiparty Politics in Africa: Recent Elections in Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Lesotho
Authors: Venter Denis
Published: February 2007

The shift from one-party to multiparty politics in many African countries has made the issue of democratisation a crucially equally important part of the development agenda. Efforts to create an economically enabling environment and build administrative and other capacities will be wasted if the political context is not favourable. This article focuses on political developments in Zambia to illustrate how a government elected on a ‘democratic ticket’ can become corrupted by the conscious development of a personality cult, and how the hunger for power can lead to the erosion of democratic values, electoral fraud, and the near breakdown of a relatively well-functioning multiparty system. A brief note on Zimbabwe is presented to amplify the Zambian case, and reform of the electoral system in Lesotho is outlined to suggest that the successful completion of elections on 25 May 2002 may serve as an excellent example of how, and under what conditions, ‘free and fair’, multiparty elections can be conducted in an African country.
Combining Land Capability Evaluation, Geographic Information Systems, and Indigenous Technologies for Soil Conservation in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Tegene. Belay
Published: February 2007

A framework for soil conservation planning is proposed by combining
land capability evaluation, geographic information systems (GIS), and
indigenous conservation technologies for use in the northern Ethiopian
highlands. The applicability of the framework was tested in a typical
agricultural micro-watershed, i.e., the Gido watershed of South Welo.
Land capability and land use status were established following the
procedures of a modified treatment-oriented capability classification
using GIS. The case study recommends contour-furrows and
broadbased terraces on 40.67 per cent (capability unit C1), broad-to
narrowbased terraces on 17.57 per cent (C2-C4), and intensive narrow-based
to bench terraces on 31.95 per cent (C2/P & C3/P) of the cultivated
land. The rest of the cropland is not at all suitable for annual cropping,
and hence, should be put out of production. Where terraces are
recommended, acceptance by farmers is ensured not only by
developing the structures from indigenous technologies (i.e., 'Weber'
and 'Kab' or 'Kirit'), but also by adopting various strategies to increase
their economic advantages and profitability.
Death in French Arcady: Nicolas Poussin's The Arcadian Shepherds and Burial Reform in France c. 1800
Authors: Denton Margaret Fields
Published: February 2007

This essay explores how Nicolas Poussin's The Arcadian Shepherds (c. 1638�40) informed the discourse on burials and mourning that took place at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries in France, following the collapse of traditional religious rituals during the French Revolution. Specifically, this essay examines how The Arcadian Shepherdsserved as a model for a secular system of burials in which an imaginary Arcadia was conflated with the natural landscape of the French countryside and the garden cemetery.
Facts and Norms in the Marketplace of Print: John Dunton's Athenian Mercury
Authors: Bhowmik Urmi
Published: February 2007

This essay discusses the division of knowledge within the context of a
popular periodical, the Athenian Mercury (1691-1697). The separation
of fields of knowledge in the Enlightenment was merely the prelude to
the attempt to establish disciplines on a common basis. I trace a
similar process in the Mercury, which treated questions about natural
science and moral dilemmas as if they shared an analogous
structure--of particular instantiations of universal laws. I argue that this
identification of facts and norms constituted the public subject
simultaneously as subject to the law and the authority before which the
law must legitimate itself.
Reconsidering Romney
Authors: McPherson Heather
Published: February 2007

Two hundred years after his death, George Romney (1734-1802) offers
a fascinating case study of the vicissitudes of fame and reputation,
the impact of the art market and collecting on the art-historical canon,
changing ideas about artistic creativity and practice, and the particular
interpretive problems posed by society portraiture. Long relegated to the
margins of late eighteenth-century art, Romney has recently reemerged
as a multifaceted artistic personality whose innovative paintings and
drawings encapsulate the complexities of Enlightenment thought and
straddle the line between Neoclassicism and Romanticism. The exhibition
George Romney 1734-1802: British Art's Forgotten Genius, organized to mark the bicentenary of Romney's death, provides a useful
springboard for reevaluating Romney's artistic career and critical
reputation.
Abortion and the Individual Talent
Authors: Hauck Christina
Published: February 2007

This essay approaches T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land through the lens of the demographic transition (1880-1930), which appeared to contemporaries as an unprecedented crisis. Abortion stood at the heart of this crisis because, unlike contraception, it was not recuperable under the law. In its cultural and discursive effects, abortion resembles modernism. Abortion proves to be the central event of Eliot's epochal poem. Abortion signals, for Eliot, the multiple failures of modernism: as a viable literary project and as a means to reconstitute wholeness at the level of the individual male subject or the level of history.
Bruising, Laceration, and Lifelong Maiming; Or, How We Encourage Research
Authors: Miller Andrew H.
Published: February 2007

This essay's most narrow aim is to provide a conceptual structure within which to read George Eliot's Impressions of Theophrastus Such. To do this requires I derive what, following Stanley Cavell, I call Eliot's moral perfectionism, for the exacting passions of this perfectionism configure her purposes in Impressions. Eliot's perfectionism is juxtaposed with writing by her contemporaries-Mill, Newman, Bradley, Nietzsche-and by Feuerbach and Spinoza. A further aim of the paper, thus, is to intimate the remarkable reach of this perfectionism in the Victorian period. Finally I conclude by glancing at a consideration of teaching and punishment by Neil Hertz.
Monuments and Ruins: Spenser and the Problem of the English Library
Authors: Summit Jennifer
Published: February 2007

This essay reconsiders the place of the English Reformation in The Faerie Queene, Book II, by focusing on the library of Eumnestes ("Good Memory"). After the Dissolution of the Monasteries caused the dispersal and wide-scale destruction of monastic libraries, a new generation of collectors sought to recover their lost books in the name of national heritage. In the process, they redefined the library
from a primarily religious institution to a center of nationhood. Reading Spenser's library in this context, I consider how it produces memory, reading, and national identity as distinctly post-Reformation entities.
John Foxe and the Desires of Reformation Martyrology
Authors: Truman James C.W
Published: February 2007

Through an examination of John Foxe's vast 16th-century Protestant martyrology Actes and Monuments,as well as works by other figures from the English Reformation such as John Bale and Anthony Munday, I argue that suffering offers a site for the construction of an individuated subject based on a masculinized erotic of submission. Furthermore, I contend that this eroticization of suffering produces a community of martyrs bound together by their ecstatic submission to power, which locates eroticized suffering as a key constitutive element both of evangelical Protestantism and of Elizabethan nationalist ideology.
Comparative Cows: Or, Reading The Hamlet for its Residues
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: February 2007

The essay links the novel's bovine elements (Mink Snopes' scrub bull, Houston's cow, Eula Varner), to constitute a figurative series through which Faulkner addresses the continuity of archaic relations between land and the citizenry of Frenchman's Bend. The autochthonic elements of the novel are drawn from hiding as a subterranean narrative countering and disrupting the novel's more generally recognized account of modernization, associated with the rise of Flem Snopes. The tension between residual and emergent economic strains is set within the economic context of the 1880s and 1890s, in relation to the enclosure movement, and populist issues of common use rights and open range. Close reading explores how economic conflict may be thought to generate the formal strategies of a text.
Animal Love in Milton: The Case of the "Ephitaphium Damonis"
Authors: Boehrer Bruce Thomas
Published: February 2007

Milton's "Epitaphium Damonis", like "Lycidas" before it, crafts a vision of ideal homosocial companionship whose basic terms reappear, mutatis mutandis, in the model of companionate marriage proposed by the later divorce tracts. In both cases, Milton contrasts human intimacy with the society of brute beasts, which he presents as simultaneously inferior to and yet proleptic of the human emotional bond. As a result, we may see the poet's thinking on marriage to be informed by notions of same-species and same-sex conjugality.
Deterritorialization in The Sacred Fount
Authors: Giles Paul
Published: February 2007

Focusing on how "deterritorialization" (Deleuze and Guattari) is played out in The Sacred Fount, this essay argues that the oblique quality of James's novel arises from the problem of how knowledge should be organized, whether events can be categorized in terms of their own immanent dynamic or whether they become susceptible to redescription by a distant power. Since James's narrative embodies features of spatial dislocation and cognitive dissonance predicated upon an uncertain relationship between the local and the global, the text might be understood as a theoretical interrogation of the limits of observation as a method of resolving epistemological dilemmas.
"I Longed for a New World": Colonial Hysteria, The American, and Henry James's Paris
Authors: Oltean Roxana
Published: February 2007

The focus of this essay is James's "Americano-European" legend, located as an object of nostalgia and as a primal scene of conquest and contrast, reiterated in James's global/ "international" spaces. More precisely, this reading centers on the insistently colonial script in The American, correlated with a psychoanalytical approach to the "hysterical body" (Ender), extrapolated here to include the foreign land. Using this joint approach, my paper proposes the notion of "colonial hysteria" as a major mode of constructing and relating to the space of otherness which, ultimately, is revealed as already buried under a narration of exile simulating, and rehearsing, return.
Leibniz's Argument for Primitive Concepts
Authors: Plaisted Dennis
Published: February 2007

On its face, Leibniz's argument for primitive concepts seems to imply that unless we can analyze non-primitive concepts into their primitive constituents, we cannot grasp them. This implication, together with Leibniz's belief that we do conceive of some non-primitive concepts, entails that we can analyze some non-primitive concepts into their primitive components. However, Leibniz claims elsewhere that we are incapable of doing this. To resolve this inconsistency, I argue that, for Leibniz, grasping a concept is not an all-or-nothing affair; instead we possess concepts in degrees. When reinterpreted in line with this, Leibniz's argument can avoid the inconsistency.
The Beautiful Soul and the Autocratic Agent: Schilleris and Kantis Children of the Housei
Authors: Baxley Anne Margaret
Published: February 2007

In his extended essay "On Grace and Dignity," Friedrich Schiller sets out an important challenge to Kant when he argues that sensibility must play a constitutive role in the ethical life. This paper argues that there is much we can learn from Schiller's "corrective" to Kant's moral theory and Kant's reply to this critique, for what is at stake in their debate are rival conceptions of the proper state of moral health for us as finite rational beings and competing political notions concerning the ideal form of self-governance that we ought to strive to attain.
Notes and Discussions: Berkeleyis Principles, Section 10
Authors: Flage Daniel E.
Published: February 2007

A fundamental tenet of the primary/secondary quality distinction is that objects possessing only primary qualities cause (or cause ideas of ) secondary qualities. While Berkeley acknowledged the causal hypothesis "that colours, sounds, heat, cold, and such like secondary qualities, ... depend on and are occasioned by the different size, texture and motion of the minute particles of matter" ( Principles �10), he seems to provide no reply to it. This paper defends the thesis that Principles �10 contains an implicit reply to the causal hypothesis.
It was a widely accepted principle that the cause of a phenomenon must be numerically distinct from its effect. Call this the distinctness thesis. Insofar as Berkeley shows that the primary qualities cannot be conceived as entities distinct from all secondary qualities, there is no ground for claiming numerical distinctness between the alleged cause and its effect. So, the causal hypothesis is rejected.
The paper shows that the distinctness thesis was widely accepted and provides evidence that Berkeley accepted it. It sketches a distinction between an ontological and an epistemological approach to the Berkeley's works. It concludes with some speculation on why Berkeley did not make his criticism of the causal hypothesis explicit.
Reidis Inheritance from Locke, and How He Overcomes It
Authors: Nichols Ryan
Published: February 2007

Reid's unusual primary/secondary quality distinction is drawn along epistemic lines. Reid takes an epistemic turn because of Locke's failure to draw a metaphysical distinction. Secondary qualities differ from primary qualities in virtue of the fact that we acquire notions of secondary qualities via the mediation of sensations. Primary qualities require no such mediation. In one respect, the analysis I set out renders qualities relative to agents. I address whether Reid advocates a dispositional theory of secondary qualities, whether the phenomenology of color underlying Reid's theory is tenable, and whether Reid's distinction coheres well with his theory of perceptual knowledge.
Cartesian Causation: Continuous, Instantaneous, Overdetermined
Authors: Gorham Geoffrey
Published: February 2007

Descartes provides an original and puzzling argument for the traditional theological doctrine that the world is continuously created by God. His key premise is that the parts of the duration of anything are "completely independent" of one another. I argue that Descartes derives this temporal independence thesis simply from the principle that causes are necessarily simultaneous with their effects. I argue further that it follows from Descartes's version of the continuous creation doctrine that God is the instantaneous and total cause of everything that happens, and that this is just what his physics demands. But although God is the total cause of everything, he is not the only cause, since Descartes considers it obvious that finite minds have the power to move bodies. In the face of this apparent paradox, several recent commentators have suggested that Descartes accepted the late scholastic view that God and finite causes somehow collaborate or concur in the production of numerically identical effects. But close examination reveals that the case for Cartesian concurrentism is weak. Fortunately, there is a simpler and more fruitful solution to the problem of reconciling divine and human action. I argue that that in Descartes's world certain motions, such as voluntary movements of our bodies, are causally overdetermined This account allows Descartes to avoid occasionalism without embracing an elaborate metaphysics of secondary causality. Finally, I argue that the overdeterminist interpretation sheds new light on two longstanding problems of Cartesian metaphysics. First, it resolves a serious difficulty with a standard reading of Descartes's conception of human freedom. Second, it offers a novel approach to the old problem of reconciling genuine human action with the principle of the conservation of total quantity of motion.
International Human Rights Law: Imperialist, Inept and Ineffective? Cultural Relativism and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors: Harris-Short Sonia
Published: February 2007

Against the background of the largely theoretical debate concerning the
use and potential abuse of the cultural relativism argument by State
elites, this article seeks to explore how, if at all, the cultural
relativism argument is actually being deployed in practice by state
delegates appearing before the UN Committee on the Rights of the
Child. Based on the evidence from this analysis, it is contended that
"cultural difference" remains a common and formidable argument but
that the dynamics of this argument, as played out before the Committee,
simply reflect the inherent limitations and fundamental weaknesses of
an international legal system founded on a "society of States" in which
the voices of the local and particular are effectively silenced.
Rights Talk and the Experience of Law: Implementing Women's Human Rights to Protection from Violence
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: February 2007

How does a person come to understand his or her problems in terms of
rights? This is a critical problem for the battered women's movement as
well as for other human rights movements that rely on rights awareness
to encourage victims to seek help from the law. The adoption of a
rights consciousness requires experiences with the legal system that
confirm that subjectivity. Rights-defined selves emerge from supportive
encounters with police, prosecutors, judges, and probation officers. This
empirical study shows how victims of violence against women come to take
on rights consciousness.
Beyond Codes of Conduct and Monitoring: An Organizational Integrity Approach to Global Labor Practices
Authors: Santoro Michael A
Published: February 2007

This article analyzes the "best practices" of several companies at the
leading edge of the global labor rights movement and offers guidance
to companies seeking to enhance the effectiveness of their human rights
programs. While leading companies still continue to devote significant
resources to monitoring and compliance, the companies following the
"organizational integrity" approach are exploring other initiatives
designed to prevent rights violations from occurring in the first place
and to enable remediation of problems which are uncovered. This article
analyzes the three essential components of the organizational integrity
approach: (1) Cooperation with NGOs, (2) Training and remediation
programs for problems uncovered through monitoring, and (3) Integration
of proactive rights-sensitive sourcing policies with overall company
strategy.
The Tampa Case and its Impact on Burden Sharing at Sea
Authors: Bailliet Cecilia
Published: February 2007

This article reviews the Tampa case in order to highlight the lack
of clear standards for rescue at sea of asylum seekers. In response to
current initiatives to assess the gaps and inconsistencies within the
applicable legal framework, the author recommends the elaboration of
a burden sharing mechanism based on a protection continuum addressing
the following phases: rescue, non-refoulement, disembarkation, and
resettlement.
Apostasy and Public Policy in Contemporary Egypt: An Evaluation of Recent Cases from Egypt's Highest Courts
Authors: Berger Maurits
Published: February 2007

Apostasy, the abandonment of Islam, can be subdivided into the act
of apostasy, and its legal consequences. In Egyptian case law of the
past fifty years, only the latter plays a role. The act of apostasy
hardly needs to be scrutinized by the courts since it is almost never
related to religious conviction, but to legal issues like marriage or
inheritance. This was different, however, in the 1996 ruling of the Court
of Cassation against the Egyptian Muslim scholar Nasr Abu Zayd: here,
the behavior of the accused was the central issue. Still, it will be
argued, based on the legal notion of public policy that plays a central
role in the issue of apostasy, that the court's ruling was consistent
with Egyptian jurisprudence in this matter.
Professional Development Needs of Secondary School Principals of Collaborative-Based Service Delivery Models
Authors: Foley Regina M
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine secondary school principals'
self-perceptions of their professional development needs to serve
as school leaders of collaborative-based approaches to the delivery
of educational services. Telephone interviews were conducted with
13 secondary school principals who volunteered to participate in
this study. Approximately 40% of the principals indicated a need for
additional training in methods for empowering and supporting teachers
in collaborative activities. The principals also reported the need for
professional development in areas of conflict resolution and development
of school-community partnerships, particularly as partners in interagency
systems of care. Implications for the professional development of school
administrators are discussed.
Qualitative Assessment of Cognitive-based Dropout Prevention Strategy
Authors: Chinien Christian A , Boutin France
Published: February 2007

Many young Canadians drop out of school because they cannot cope with
the information demand imposed upon them by school learning. A study
was conducted to help at-risk students to enhance their metacognitive
skills through cognitive augmentation and transfer training. All teachers
involved in the project were interviewed by an external evaluator at the
completion of the project. The interview data were summarized, analyzed
and placed in ten major categories. The purpose of this article is to
report the qualitative results generated by participating teachers'
debriefing interviews. Results indicated that a cognitive-based
instructional program can have a positive impact on teaching and
learning. Teachers' comments suggested that adequate training, time
and resources are critical for the successful implementation of
cognitive-based instruction.
Helping Urban African American High School Students to Excel Academically: The Roles of School Counselors
Authors: Butler S. Kent
Published: February 2007

This article focuses on systemic conceptualizations that attempt to
explicate why academic achievement may be challenging for some urban
African American high school students. In addition, the author delineates
the important roles that high school counselors can play in ensuring
urban African American high school students' academic success.
Teaching Students How to Think Critically: The Confederate Flag Controversy in the High School Social Studies Classroom
Authors: Schramm-Pate Susan L , Lussier Richard
Published: February 2007

The racially tinged Confederate flag debate in South Carolina is viewed as a signifier of more popular struggles over the representation of "southern heritage" and under girds the social studies unit described in this paper. The unit was designed to teach the curriculum from a popular cultural, issues-oriented perspective using critical pedagogical techniques. Using the Confederate battle flag as an organizing theme, the unit's substantive components include critical and reflective exercises such as journaling, debating, writing essays, researching, and role-playing. Both traditional assessment strategies as well as alternative assessment strategies (e.g., portfolio development, free-writes, and performances) were used to determine students' learning and interests. The unit was taught in a conservative, rural, working-class, majority White, upstate South Carolina school setting. This approach enabled the students within the blue-collar population to think critically and reflectively about their own positions, privileges, attitudes, beliefs, and "heritages," as well as see that democracy in action is painful at times, messy, and even embarrassing, but necessary if society is to reach inclusive compromises.
The Holtzendorff Memorandum of 22 December 1916 and Germany's Declaration of Unrestricted U-boat Warfare
Authors: Steffen Dirk
Published: February 2007

As Chief of the Admiralty Staff of the Imperial German Navy, Admiral
Henning von Holtzendorff was the driving force behind the German
declaration of unrestricted U-boat warfare in 1917. In his memorandum
of 22 December 1916, Holtzendorff condensed the key arguments of his
fifteen-month struggle for unrestricted U-boat warfare. He focused on two
issues: the unique opportunity to starve Great Britain into submission
due to the crop failure of 1916 and the declining prospects for German
submarine warfare under cruiser rules in the face of the progressive
arming of allied merchantmen. He also believed that Germany could afford
to risk a confrontation with the United States over the issue.
Democracy as a Starting Point
Authors: Cardoso Fernando Henrique , Magalhaes Mariana
Published: February 2007

Democracy by itself does not put an end to injustice or inequality, but it establishes the most favorable conditions for making progress in the struggle to achieve a just society.
How People View Democracy: Between Stability and Crisis in Latin America
Authors: Lagos Marta
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Across Latin America, public support for democracy has been remarkably stable and consistently higher than satisfaction with the way that democracy works. Low institutional trust reflects even lower levels of interpersonal trust.
Gains Offset Losses
Authors: Piano Aili , Puddington Arch
Published: February 2007

The 2000 Freedom House Survey. Promising advances in the status of freedom in the world during the past year have been matched by significant disappointments.
How People View Democracy: A Diverging Europe
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Citizens of postcommunist countries not only want to be free to say what they think and to vote their conscience; they also want a government that obeys the rules it lays down and is not steeped in corruption.
Ending One-Party Dominance: Korea, Taiwan, Mexico
Authors: Solinger Dorothy J
Published: February 2007

The astonishing electoral victories by opposition presidential candidates in Korea, Taiwan, and Mexico all followed a remarkably similar pattern, but it is one that may lead to difficulties for democratic consolidation.
Lessons from Mexico
Authors: Woldenberg Jose
Published: February 2007

The controversy over the vote count in the U.S. presidential election
gripped the attention of the world. Six leading election experts from
the United States and abroad discuss the causes of the debacle and offer
some remedies.
Terror, Islam, and Democracy
Authors: Boroumand Ladan , Boroumand Roya
Published: February 2007

Although Islamist terror groups invoke a host of religious references, the real source of their ideas is not the Koran but rather Leninism, fascism,and other strains of twentieth-century thought that exalt totalitarian violence.
Tibet: Exiles' Journey
Authors: Sangay Lobsang
Published: February 2007

Why was democracy introduced to Tibetan diaspora? I argue and document
from Tibetan sources that the Dalai Lama, reflecting aspirations of exile
Tibetans to end the traditional theocratic/feudal system, initiated
relative democratization of the exile government of Tibet in 1960 and
continued to the present. The endeavor was intriguingly aided by Chinese
Marxist propaganda, host India, Western influence and internal Buddhist
sectarian and regional skirmishes. Finally, I argue that the historical
flaws in the Dalai Lama's reincarnation system and regency practice
may be rectified, and Tibetan national freedom movement strengthened,
if the Tibetan democratic process continues.
Pakistan's "Armored" Democracy
Authors: Shah Aqil
Published: February 2007

Has General Musharraf restored "real" democracy or is civilian
rule merely a cover for institutionalizing the military's political
dominance? What explains the stunning electoral performance of the
religious parties in the country's western provinces of the North West
Frontier and Baluchistan? Will their newly found political power affect
the state and civil society in Pakistan? If so, how? This essay examines
the stateof democracy in Pakistan in the wake of the deeply flawed general
elections held in October 2002. The nature of the political party system
is discussed, and the prospects for democratization anditsconsolidation,
as well as structural reforms, are explored in light of the military's
continuing hegemony over the state.
Gendered Theologies of Childbirth in Early Modern Germany and the Devotional Handbook for Pregnant Women by Aemilie Juliane, Countess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1683)
Authors: Aikin Judith Popovich
Published: February 2007

While most devotional texts created by (male) theologians and pas
tors for pregnant women to recite daily and during labor in early modern
Lutheran Germany probably augmented women's fears about
childbirth and perhaps even enhanced their physical suffering in the
name of spiritual "improvement," the texts one woman supplied had a
very different tone and likely a different effect. Aemilie Juliane
von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1637-1706) replaced the female persona men
manufactured with a woman's own voice, and in so doing, she replaced a
latently misogynistic, patriarchal theology in the context of childbirth
with a practical theology of maternal empathy. Close reading of Aemilie
Juliane's texts in her devotional handbook for pregnant women and
comparison with those authored by men illuminate the gendered nature of
the orthodox theological approach to pregnancy and childbirth and make
a quietly dissenting (female) voice better known to historians.