bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Responses of Grasshoppers to Ecological Changes Produced by Agricultural Development in Southwestern Manitoba
Authors: Bird Ralph D. , Allen Willard , Smith D. Seyward
Published: December 2009

Southwestern Manitoba, a semiarid area subject to periodic droughts, was originally covered by a mixed prairie on light sandy soil. Settlement commenced on the completion of the land survey in 1890. By 1913 all the land was taken up and a cereal grain economy had developed. Soil drifting became a problem and was particularly severe during the drought years of 1929 to 1934. Local species of grasshoppers, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius), Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and Camnula pellucida (Scudder) first became pests during a minor drought in 1901 and occurred in a severe outbreak in the major drought period. Recently abandoned fields suffered severe wind erosion and drift ridges of soil provided the most favorable egg laying sites for M. sanguinipes and to a lesser extent for M. bivittatus. The effect of slope of ground on egg deposition and grasshopper behavior in relation to temperature and moisture are recorded. Succulent, introduced weeds and cereal crops supplied abundant food. C. pellucida, a grass feeder, was favored by the planting of cereal crops adjacent to egg bed sites among Carex stenophylla Wahl., and Agropyron smithii Rydb. on the roadsides. Methods of farming designed to prevent wind erosion, the use of herbicides and the grading of roadsides have shown the possibilities of ecological management to reduce grasshopper increase.
Three Additional Poplar Gall Aphids From Southern Alberta
Authors: Harper A. M.
Published: December 2009

Three species of aphids in the subfamily Eriosomatinae are recorded from poplar trees in southern Alberta. Asiphum sacculi Gillette caused galls on leaves of Populus tremuloides Michaux in the foothill and mountain areas. Thecabius populiconduplifolius Cowen caused galls on leaves of Populus balsamifera L. in the prairie area. Pemphigus bursarius L., the lettuce root aphid, caused galls on leaves of Populus nigra var. italica Meunchhausen in a garden. P. bursarius could become a pest of lettuce in southern Alberta.
The Fauna of Polyporus betulinus (Bulliard) Fries (Basidiomycetes: Polyporaceae) in Gatineau Park, Quebec
Authors: Pielou D. P.
Published: December 2009

A list is given of a total of 82 species of animals, mainly insects and mites, taken from the bracket fungus Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr., growing on dead birch in Gatineau Park, Quebec.
The Feeding of Empoasca fabae (Harris) on Broad Bean Callus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Hollebone J. E. , Medler J. T. , Hildebrandt A. C.
Published: December 2009

Feeding of the potato leaf hopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), on broad bean caused injury manifested at the cellular level by cell hypertrophy. The action of insect saliva was studied under closely controlled conditions by using cultures of broad bean tissue. The initial feeding experiments are reported and a description is given of the nature of feeding sheaths in tissue culture.

Examination of tissue cultures of broad bean fed upon by the potato leaf-hopper suggested that the nature of the sheath was similar to that produced in organized bean tissue. The sheaths could be recognized by the same criteria–the presence of collar-like deposits on the surface of the tissues, the filiform nature or the sheath, the characteristic red staining of the sheath material and the occurrence of enlarged and empty cells adjacent to the sheath. However, feeding in tissue differed in having no specific direction, and in the presence of pools of secretion sometimes found at the base of the sheaths.
New Records of Chalcidoid Parasites and Hyperparasites of Psylla pyricola Förster in British Columbia
Authors: McMullen R. D.
Published: December 2009

Prionomitus mitratus (Dalm.), Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford), Pachyneuron sp. and Asaphes probably vulgaris Walker are recorded as parasitic in Psylla pyricola L. The first two are primary parasites, the latter two are hyperparasites. All are new records for British Columbia. The biologies of T. insidiosus and Pachyneuron sp. are discussed briefly.
A Portable Power and Control System for the Operation of Low-wattage Argon Lamps Used in Insect Light Traps
Authors: Lowe R. B.
Published: December 2009

Light traps using incandescent lamps operated on 115-volt commercial power have been used in studies in Saskatchewan of the lepidopterous pests of rapeseed crops. However, there was a need for a light trap that could be operated in areas remote from electric power. Because of the proven usefulness of low-wattage argon lamps in pink bollworm detection investigations (Glick 1961), and their low power requirements, these lamps were used experimentally in the portable power and control system described here.
A Biological Study of the Leaf Miner,Chrysopeleia ostryaellaChambers (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterygidae), on Ironwood in Ontario
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Bowser R. L.
Published: December 2009

A leaf miner on ironwood,Chrysopeleia ostryaellaChambers, is recorded for the first time from Canada. Information on distribution, life history, habits, morphology of immature stages, and parasites is given.
The Biology of Eucosma rescissoriana Heinrich in Western White Pine in Idaho (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Ollieu Max M. , Schenk John A.
Published: December 2009

Eucosma rescissoriana Heinrich is highly destructive to cones and seed of western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas, and is distributed throughout the geographic range of this host species in northern Idaho. One generation is passed per year with emergence in late May. Egg and larval stages arc generally found in June and July; the pupal stage overwinters. Stand density and elevation were used as variables in ecological studies of population sine. All stages of E. rescissoriana were correlated to phenological data in 1962.
Parasitic and Predacious Agents Affecting theHippelates pusioComplex in Jamaica and Trinidad
Authors: Legner E. F. , Bay E. C. , Farr T. H.
Published: December 2009

A search for natural enemies ofHippelateseye gnats in Jamaica and Trinidad in 1963 resulted in the discovery of four pupal parasites,Trichoprianov. sp.,Spalcmgia drosophilaeAshmead, a species ofSpalangiaand Encyrtidae, and one larval parasite,Trybliographanov. sp., in Jamaica. What were probably phoretic mites of the Acaridiae infested up to 6.1 per cent of the adult populations in Jamaica. No parasitic Hymenoptera were found attackingHippelatesin Trinidad. Parasitization in Jamaica sometimes approached 40 per cent, but overall parasitization with all host exposures considered did not exceed 2.5 per cent. The effect of predators on naturally breedingHippelatespopulations in both Jamaica and Trinidad seemed highly significant, and predominant species are listed.
An Insect Olfactometer
Authors: Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

An olfactometer is described in which an attractive zone is established and maintained in a precisely determined location on the floor (or wall) of an observation chamber and also in the air adjacent to it. Insects must therefore manifest their normal behavior in finding their way to it. The attenuation of the attraction by "background odors" can be studied quantitatively.
A New Species of Lyctocoris Hahn From Mexico (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Lyctocoris mexicanus new species is described from Durango, Mexico. Genital structures are compared to those of two closely related species, L. okanaganus Kelt. & And., and tuberosus Kelt. & And., and to those of elongatus (Reut.).
Descriptions of SomeChrysobothrisLarvae (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Occurring in the United States and Mexico
Authors: Benoit Paul
Published: December 2009

Eleven species of buprestid larvae of the genusChrysobothrisselected from the H. E. Burke Collection of the United States National Museum are described in this paper. They are:C.bacchariVan Dyke,C.costifronsWaterhouse,C.debilisLeConte,C.dolataHorn,C.edwardsiiHorn,C.ignicollisHorn,C.lucanaHorn,C.maliHorn,C.nixaHorn,C.octocolaLeConte, andC.tranquebarica(Gmelin). The genus of host plants for each buprestid species and the insect's geographical distribution are listed.
Distribution of Cocoon Parasites of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy), in Southern Ontario
Authors: Rose A. H. , Sippell W. L.
Published: December 2009

Cocoons of the European pine sawfly were exposed in rodent-proof trays to determine what parasites attack this pest in southern Ontario. Exposures at 17 localities showed that two introduced parasites, Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zetterstedt) and Pleolophus (= Aptesis) basizonus (Gravenhorst), are firmly established throughout the distribution of the host. The former parasite has spread more than 30 miles and the latter at least 70 miles in approximately 20 years. The number of trays found by each species varied considerably with locality. In general, the number of native parasitic species obtained tended to increase with age of infestation, with Mastrus aciculatus (Provancher) being the most prevalent.
Absorption and Content of Water in Eggs of Ctenicera destructor (Brown), Ctenicera aeripennis (Kirby) and Hypolithus bicolor Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Doane J. F.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of Ctenicera destructor (Brown), Ctenicera aeripennis (Kirby) and bisexual and parthenogenetic strains of Hypolithus bicolor Eschscholtz must absorb water to complete embryonic development.

In eggs of C. destructor incubated at 24.4 ± 0.5 °C. in sifted soil containing 15% water (wet weight basis), water absorption started during the second day of development and ended within 24 hours. The mean wet weight increased from 26.6 ± 0.2 (standard deviation) μg. to 39.2 ± 0.6 μg. by the third day. During this period the water content increased from 42% to 64%. After the third day, the mean wet weight remained constant but a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the mean water content and a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the mean dry weight occurred.

The progress of water absorption in eggs of C. aeripennis and the two strains of H. bicolor was similar to that in C. destructor. Differences from C. destructor were apparent, however, in the sizes of the eggs, in the initial and final amounts of dry matter and in the water contents.

Water absorption by eggs of C. destructor started after one day of incubation at 25 ± 0.5 °C., after 1 to 2 days at 20°, and after 4 days at 15°. The rate of absorption appeared to be slightly more rapid at higher temperatures within the range of 15–25 °C.
Studies on the Behavior and Development of Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott), a Predator of the Western Pine Beetle
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

Observations on the life cycle and habits of Enoclerus lecontei were made in the laboratory and field. The eggs passed through distinctive color changes during their development; these color changes were used to determine their age. The three larval instars were separated on the basis of head capsule width. Larval size varied according to the amount of food consumed. All larvae were orange-red in color, except the third instar which altered to purple 4 to 6 days after moulting. The duration of the respective stadia were first, 8 to 15 days; second, 5 to 8 days; third, 19 to 35 days. At least one mature prey-larva was necessary for development in each instar but up to seven were consumed. The third instar fed for only 4 to 11 days, the remaining time was spent in a highly mobile, non-feeding stage. The pupal stage lasted 9 to 11 days. Adults lived 36 to 114 days and consumed from 44 to 158 bark beetle adults. The sex ratio was 1:1. The mating habits, oviposition behavior and feeding behavior are described.
The Reproductive Capacity of the Larch Sawfly and Some Factors of Concern in its Measurement
Authors: Heron R. J.
Published: December 2009

Ovarian development and egg production in the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), were studied in the development of a method for measuring reproductive capacity for population studies. Most of the oöcytes are mature at the time of adult emergence but some mature in the following few days. Quantitative differences in foliage consumption during the larval stages have an appreciable effect on egg production but normal environmental temperature differences and exposure to flooding during the spring development period influence ovarian development only to a limited extent.

Reproductive capacity can be determined by oöcyte counts of dissected adults of uniform age. The sample size necessary for estimates of various degrees of precision was calculated.

Several size measurements have a significant correlation with the numbers of oöcytes produced. The regression of numbers of oöcytes on adult weight is of limited usefulness in the estimation of reproductive capacity. This is largely due to the individual variability in the extent to which fat body tissue is utilized in ovarian development particularly in the case of the larger adults.
The Present Status of the Introduced Skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), in North America and Possible Methods of Control
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: December 2009

The known distribution of Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) now includes large areas in Ontario. Spot infestations are recorded from such widely separated areas as Lanoraie and Montreal, Quebec; Ottawa, Sault Ste. Marie, and Fort William, Ontario; and Terrace, British Columbia.

Infestations of T. lineola can be reduced by cutting infested areas during June, before adults emerge, or by spraying with Thuricide 90T at the rate of 2 pints per acre. The biology of the European parasite Stenichneumon scutellator Grav. is being studied prior to possible release.
A Phylogenetic Outline of the Caddisfly Genus Mystacides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)
Authors: Yamamoto Toshio , Ross Herbert H.
Published: December 2009

Based on evidence from the structure of the male genitalia, the caddisfly genus Mystacides Berthold has evolved into four distinctive monophyletic clusters of species, the primitive longicornis group and the more specialized indica, azurea, and sepulchralis groups. When geographic range is plotted against phylogeny, the genus appears to have originated and proliferated chiefly in Eurasia, but with two fairly recent dispersals into North America. M. sandersoni (Malaya) and elongata (China) are described as new, and M. interjecta Banks is resurrected for previous records of American longicornis auct. nec. Linnaeus. M. longicornis (L.) is entirely palearctic. M. sibiricus Martynov is a new synonym of interjecta (Banks).
pH Changes in Various Housefly Media
Authors: Takahashi Fumiki , Pimentel David
Published: December 2009

The pH changes occurring in different rearing media, both with and without housefly larvae (Musca domesticaL.), were evaluated. In standard medium which consisted of non-fat milk, brewer's yeast, liver, agar, and water, the pH surrounding the eggs and first-stage larvae was about 5.6. As the larvae grew and agitated the medium, at 5 mm. depth the pH increased and by 72 hours read about 7.5. This 7.5 was significantly higher than the pH 5.0 recorded at the same depth and time in the standard medium without larvae.
Two New Species of Keltonia Knight, With a Key to Known Species (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Keltonia Knight are described. These are clinopodii from Florida and knighti from Mexico. There are now a total of six known species in the genus. A key is provided and male genitalia of five species are illustrated.
A Note on the Occurrence of the Larch Sawfly in Alaska
Authors: Schmiege Donald C.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), were collected in Alaska in 1965. This is the first record of this insect in Alaska. On 26 and 27 July 1965, stands of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, were examined at 16 locations along the Richardson Highway southeast of Fairbanks. Larch sawfly larvae were collected from 12 of the stands examined. Collection locations are shown in Fig. 1.
New Species and Keys to the Species of Ablautus Loew and Omniablautus Pritchard (Diptera: Asilidae)
Authors: Wilcox J.
Published: December 2009

New species of Ablautus Loew described are arnaudi from Baja California and California, basini from California and Nevada, colei from Washington and Oregon, and coachellus, linsleyi and schlingeri from California; females of californicus and vanduzeei are described; and a key to the species is given. New species of Omniablautus Pritchard described are nigripes and tolandi from California; Ablautus rubens Coquillet and A. nigronotum Wilcox are transferred to Omniablautus; and a key to the species is given.
Life History and Habits of the Green Spruce Leaf Miner, Epinotia nanana (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Daviault L. , Ducharme R.
Published: December 2009

Epinotia nanana (Tr.) has become increasingly important in recent years in Quebec as it has caused severe defoliation of ornamental spruce trees in the Berthierville area, Quebec. The insect has a one-year life cycle and overwinters in the larval stage, mainly in the fifth instar, in a mined needle. Damage is most noticeable in the spring. Fairly heavy mortality, probably due to unfavourable climatic conditions, occurs among overwintering larvae. The amount of control exerted by parasites is always low.
Sequential Sampling for the Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.)
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

Sequential sampling, in which decisions depend upon the accumulated results of a series of observations, leads to considerable saving of time and money. A sequential plan, based on the negative binomial distribution and providing for population estimates in three infestation categories, was drawn up for use in control of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), on cabbage. An appraisal of the plan under field conditions showed that it reduced the sampling time by 75% while rating the infestation correctly in 94 of 100 cases. With the six discrepancies, population means lay between the limits set for the infestation categories.
Systematics of Fossil Aphids From Canadian Amber (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Five Cretaceous fossil aphids from Canadian amber are described. All are new species and none is referable to an extant genus. The names assigned to these are as follows: Palaeoaphis archimedia, Ambaraphis costalis, Alloambria caudata, Pseudambria longirostris and Aniferella bostoni. Two new subfamilies have been proposed for four of them and the fifth has been placed in the Neophyllaphidinae, which was previously considered a tribe in the Callaphidinae. One new subfamily, the Palaeoaphidinae, is exceptionally primitive and the two included species, P. archimedia and A. costalis, have more antennal segments and a more primitive wing venation than any known aphid. The cubitus vein in these species is more like that of the Psyllidae and of the extinct Permian Archescytinidae than that of existing Aphidoidea. The venation of the other new subfamily, the Canadaphidinae, shares some similarities with the unipterine aphids that occur on the Combretaceae in Africa.

The main features of the evolution of the aphid wing are discussed as an aid in placing the fossils with respect to current concepts of aphid classification.
Effects of Water Levels on the Overwintering Survival and Emergence of the Larch Sawfly in a Bog Habitat
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Nairn L. D.
Published: December 2009

The effects of fluctuating water tables on the survival of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), were studied by burying cocoons at different depths in a tamarack bog. Most larvae in cocoons flooded during August or September died before winter. The percentage of overwintering survival of unflooded cocoons remained constant from late fall until development began in the spring. The higher the cocoons were above the maximum water table during August and September, the greater was the percentage of overwintering survival and subsequent adult emergence.
Some Effects of Rearing Density on the Biology of the Elm Spanworm
Authors: Drooz A. T.
Published: December 2009

The elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hübner), a defoliator of oaks and hickories in the Southern Appalachians, was reared under three population densities — one, two, and four larvae per cage. The size of the group influenced to a degree the time spent in the larval stage, but was even more significantly related to the duration of the hatch to adult period. Although male pupal weight was not related to group size, female weight and fecundity were. Females reared singly had significantly greater pupal weight and fecundity than those reared in groups.
A Review of Plocamaphis Oestlund With Descriptions of Three New Species (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Plocamaphis Oestlund is composed of aphids chat live mostly on the roots and underground portions of the stems of species of Salix L. and of Populus L. The group is mainly Nearctic where seven of the eight known species occur. Three of the Nearctic species, bradleyi, bulbosa and ontarioensis, are described as new. P. amerinae (Hartig) is the only Palaearctic species known. P. flocculosa (Weed) is known to occur in Europe and North America and is probably Holarctic, although records from Siberia are lacking.
Some Scolytidae From the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico
Authors: Thomas J. B.
Published: December 2009

A survey of the insect fauna in a part of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico was made in 1964 by a party of nine entomologists from the Canada Departments of Agriculture and Forestry. Approximately 50 species of Scolytidae in 20 genera were collected on this expedition and are listed with host relationships and distribution where possible. A brief discussion of the known biology of one of the major economic bark beetles, a species of Dendroctonus, is given. The local weather conditions and the forest composition are discussed generally for the benefit of future collectors in this area.
A New Species of Myzocallis Passerini, With a Key to the North American Species (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Myzocallis (Agrioaphis) agrifolicola new species is described from specimens collected on Quercus agrifolia Nee in California. To aid in its recognition a key to the known North American species is given. The key includes Myzocallis (Myzocallis) carpini (Koch), which is a European species previously unknown in North America.
Population Ecology of Insect Invaders of the Maritime Provinces
Authors: Pimentel David
Published: December 2009

From a study of the ecology of the insect invasions occurring in the Maritime Provinces the following generalizations are made: (1) The Maritimes have served as a focal point of many invasions because they have several international ports that are surrounded by diverse human modified environments. (2) Plant and animal communities of the Maritimes are relatively simple, which makes invasions easier and more successful. (3) The lack of evolved homeostasis between the invader and its adopted community may have been one of the prime reasons for outbreaks in the species populations newly introduced. (4) Both native and introduced parasites and predators have provided effective control of introduced pests.
ESTIMATION OF DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) MORTALITY CAUSED BY INSECT PREDATORS
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory and field experiments were designed to determine the effect of insect predators on the immature broods of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte. The results indicate that predation is dependent on the predator density and the time predator and prey are exposed together. Prey density was generally very high and had little effect on the rate of predation. The corroboration of laboratory and field experiments give confidence to the conclusion that the constant predation rate (0.261 prey per predator per day) can be used to estimate western pine beetle mortality from predation, provided temperatures remain within the 60° to 70°F range.
THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE ET APHELINIDAE) OF THE PEA APHID IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Mackauer Manfred , Finlayson Thelma
Published: December 2009

The adults, mummies, and final-instar larvae of the eight hymenopterous parasites of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris), in Eastern Canada are described and illustrated. The history, synonymy, and biology of each species, and the problems of species differentiation in two of the genera,AphidiusandPraon, are discussed. Keys are given to separate the adults, mummies, and cast skins of the last larval instar.
The Mexican Forms ofCoccinella(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: December 2009

Of the 15 Mexican forms included inCoccinellaL. by recent authors, nine do not belong to that genus, and the records of four others may be erroneous. A key to six forms that may or do occur in Mexico is given. The two forms that surely occur there,nugatoriaMulsant 1850 andsonoricaCasey 1908, are considered only subspecifically distinct from one another. No new names are proposed.
NUTRITIONAL PEST CONTROL: THE “SELF-PROTECTION” OF FOODSTUFFS AGAINSTTRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM(COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE) OFTEN PRESUMABLY THROUGH NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
Authors: House H. L. , Graham A. R.
Published: December 2009

In feeding tests with 20 different dry foodstuffs, some, usually those of high carbohydrate content, permittedTribolium confusumjacquelin du Val to survive and develop reasonably well. Differences between the sugar content of Sugar Pops and Corn Flakes were probably the reason for better growth on the former than on the latter. Moreover, raisins and bran, i.e. Raisin Bran, was a better food than Bran Flakes. The hygroscopic properties of dehydrated peaches and of pineapple juice soon rendered them unfit as food forT.confusum. It is apparent that though some modern dry foodstuffs that lend themselves well as stored products may be highly susceptible to insect attack, others seem to be “self-protected” from serious insect infestation. This suggests that stored food products might be packaged and handled selectively according to their susceptibility rating and so result in obvious economies in their handling.
THE NEMATINE GENERA EITELIUS AND MICRONEMATUS IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

The species described as Pachynematus gregarius Marlatt is removed from the genus Micronematus and placed in the genus Eitelius. A key to the males and females of the two known species of Eitelius, and illustrations, are provided.
PARASITES OF THE RED-PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION NANULUS NANULUS (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Underwood G. R.
Published: December 2009

Eggs, larvae, and cocoons of Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl, from an isolated infestation in a small plantation of red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, near Fredericton, N.B., were reared for parasites. Nine species of ichneumonids were obtained, eight of which are first records from this host in the Maritime Provinces.
THE EMBRYONAL AND NYMPHAL CERVICOTHORACIC MUSCULATURE OF THE AMERICAN COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (BLATTARIA: BLATTIDAE)
Authors: Storch R. H. , Chadwick L. E.
Published: December 2009

A series of 15 embryonic stages of Periplaneta americana Linnaeus is defined on the basis of external morphological characters. These stages permit the study of internal development of embryos whose chronological age is unknown or from embryos incubated at different or varying temperatures. The stages, while extremely useful, are entirely arbitrary divisions of a continuous developmental process and a larger or smaller number of them could have been designated.

The cervical and thoracic musculature of the first-stage nymph is described for the first time, and its genesis is followed in the embryo. The embryonic and nymphal muscles are compared with those that have been reported for the adult.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE HAEMOCYTES OF THE GIANT COCKROACH, BLABERUS GIGANTEUS, WITH HISTOCHEMICAL TESTS
Authors: Arnold J. W. , Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

The morphology of haemocytes of Blaberus giganteus (L.) was studied in vivo in adult insects, and in stained films of blood from all stages. The study included the measurement of cells and the application of several histochemical tests. It was concluded that four categories of haemocytes exist, prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular haemocytes, and spherule cells, and that the last two categories are closely related, both having the capacity to concentrate neutral mucopolysaccharides in their cytoplasm. Criteria for separating the categories are given.
SILKING BEHAVIOR OF THE GYPSY MOTH, PORTHETRIA DISPAR
Authors: Leonard David E.
Published: December 2009

After feeding, gypsy moth larvae construct a silk mat (resting mat) on which they remain. Prior to molting, this mat is reinforced, or a new, dense mat is constructed (molting mat). Late in the last larval instar, a sparse cocoon is constructed. When larvae are starved, a shift in behavior is noted, with increased locomotion, irritability, and the trailing of a strand of silk as larvae wander. First-instar larvae, quiescent and anchored on resting mats, are not readily induced to spin down on silk threads; hence are not readily dispersed by wind. Hungry first-instar larvae, more apt to be spinning down, are presumed to be more readily dispersed by wind. Larvae which undergo an additional instar have a longer prefeeding phase and might be more readily dispersed than "normal' larvae. The effects of hunger may also cause the shift in diel periodicity of mid- and late-instar larvae, resulting in some dispersal of these larvae away from areas where food will be depleted.
THE INFLUENCE OF THREE INSECTICIDES ON PREDATION OF THE PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA
Authors: McMullen R. D. , Jong C.
Published: December 2009

The effects of sprays of DDT, azinphos-methyl, and Ryania applied to a pear orchard on population densities of insect predators of Psylla pyricola Förster were assessed. The P. pyricola in the orchard were naturally tolerant to DDT and Ryania and highly resistant to azinphos-methyl. DDT eliminated or severely reduced numbers of Deraeocoris brevis piceatus Knight, D. fasciolus Knight, Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque), and Campylomma verbasci (Meyer). Chrysopa carnea Stephens and C. oculata Say were moderately reduced. Anthocoris antevolens (White) and A. melanocerus Reuter were highly tolerant to DDT. Azinphos-methyl severely reduced numbers of A. antevolens, A. melanocerus, C. verbasci, and D. provancheri. C. carnea and C. oculata were moderately reduced. D. brevis piceatus and D. fasciolus were tolerant to azinphos-methyl. Ryania severely reduced numbers of A. antevolens, A. melanocerus, and C. verbasci; moderately reduced D. provancheri; and did not affect D. brevis piceatus, D. fasciolus, C. carnea, or C. oculata.

In the DDT-treated plots the relative densities of Anthocoris spp. approximately doubled compared with the untreated plots. This was probably due to removal of competition for food by other predator species. Large increases ill the relative densities of Deraeocoris spp. were also observed in the Ryania treatments, probably for similar reasons. Significant increases in the P. pyricola populations in response to removal of predation pressure by the insecticide treatments occurred in the DDT and azinphos-methyl plots bur not in the Ryania plots.
A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE IN TENEBRIO MOLITOR (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

Ventral nerve cord severence in newly emerged females of Tenebrio molitor L. resulted in a rate of oocyte production significantly higher than in normal, mated females and much higher than in intact virgins. This suggests that some nervous, inhibitory factor normally controls oocyte production. Mating partially suppresses this inhibitory mechanism, but the higher rate of oocyte production in females with severed nerve cords indicates that the inhibitory mechanism is exercising some control over oocyte production at all times. A sequence of events in the control of oocyte production in Tenebrio is proposed.
THE ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN FOOD SELECTION AND PREFERENCE AS RELATED TO LARVAL NUTRITION OF AN INSECT, PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (DIPTERA, SARCOPHAGIDAE), ON SYNTHETIC DIETS
Authors: House H. L.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Pseudosarcophaga affinis auct. nec Fallén readily discriminated between synthetic diets satisfactory for growth and those that had nutritionally important faults. The faults were lack of an essential amino acid, unsatisfactory ratios of essential and nonessential amino acids, and unsatisfactory proportions of the best amino acid mixture relative to glucose levels. Some of these were made to resemble the proportions of amino acids and glucose found by other workers in tissues of aphid-resistant and -susceptible varieties of peas. All the experiments showed that the diets chosen by larvae were those on which they grew and developed best. That larvae can relate the chemical composition of the selected foodstuff with their nutritional requirements may cast some light on varietal resistance of plants or other foodstuff to insects.
THE BIOLOGY OF NEODIPRION NIGROSCUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Becker G. C. , Benjamin D. M.
Published: December 2009

The specific status of Neodiprion nigroscutum Middleton is firmly established by new data. The adult female is mostly black and brown. The second annulus of the lancet is generally weakly developed ventrally. The larvae have black head capsules in the first instar, but this coloration usually changes to reddish brown in the later instars. The third, fourth, and fifth feeding-instar larvae have unbroken subdorsal and supraspiracular lines, and broken postepipleural lines, but lack an epiproctal spot. The nonfeeding-instar larvae often have a pink body color. The egg mass of most females is green. Jack pine is the preferred host. The fecundity is approximately 100 eggs, but they are typically distributed over many branches, usually in one needle on each branch. Larval colonies composed of first- through fourth-instar larvae usually contain 3–10 larvae, while colonies of fifth-instar larvae usually contain 1–6 larvae. There are two generations per year in southern Wisconsin. Feeding-instar larvae are present in late May and June, and again (second generation) in August and September. The species is distributed throughout the jack pine stands of Wisconsin. Phenological data and notes on parasites are presented.
TECHNIQUES FOR INSECTICIDE-BIOASSAY WITH HOUSEFLIES
Authors: Yule W. N. , Smith G. G.
Published: December 2009

The use of Dry Ice (solid CO2) for immobilising adult houseflies and the use of all-glass handling and holding systems contribute to simplification of the general bioassay procedure with small control mortalities.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VIRUS DISEASE OF NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

The effect of temperatures on the development of a virus disease of Neodiprion swainei Midd. was studied at constant temperatures of 30° and 12 °C., and under fluctuating temperatures (15°–20 °C.) in the laboratory and outdoors. Viral concentrations of 30 × 106 polyhedra per ml. and 1 × 106 polyhedra per ml. were used. Only the higher concentration of virus was effective at 30 °C. At 12 °C. the incubation period of the disease was prolonged and mortality caused by the virus was considerably reduced for both viral concentrations. Mortality due to the virus was similar at both viral concentrations for the fluctuating temperatures which were within the optimum temperature range for larval development.
EFFECTS OF FARNESYL METHYL ETHER ON THE REPRODUCTION OF THE WESTERN TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA PLUVIALE: SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL, AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Wellington W. G. , Maelzer D. A.
Published: December 2009

Female pupae of Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar) treated externally with 80 μl of farnesyl methyl ether during their second day retained most of their original lipid content on the seventh day, when the eggs were maturing. Control pupae lost nearly half their original score in the same interval. In contrast to controls, pupae treated with 40–80 μl (4th–6th days) developed fewer, lighter eggs, and their adults lived longer, were more active, and less inhibited in egg-laying. But the egg masses from treated individuals contained scattered, tumbled eggs and were oversupplied with spumaline.

When eggs were incubated in April, those from individuals treated with ≥ 40 µl failed to hatch. Eggs from females that had received < 40 μl hatched, bur the resulting colonies died before their second instar in their normal habitat, whereas control colonies survived. Hatching of treated stock could be induced by premature incubation in January, but the numbers and quality of the emerging larvae were greatly reduced in comparison with controls.

The results provide further evidence that behavioral types in M. pluviale are mainly nutritional products. Because of the treatment, developing eggs were deprived of nutrients during the pupal stage and developing adult tissues were oversupplied. Farnesyl methyl ether may have exerted its effect by acting like an excess of juvenile hormone during that part of the pupal stage in which the normal level of activity of the true juvenile hormone is thought to be very low.

Field evidence suggests that an equivalent humoral imbalance sometimes may occur naturally, and thus affect a generation's reproductive capacity, especially near a peak in abundance. Hormonal mimics therefore might be used to manipulate pest populations, but this suggestion includes a cautionary note.
BIOLOGY AND INITIAL DISPERSAL OF OLESICAMPE (HOLOCREMNUS) SP. NR. NEMATORUM (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH SAWFLY RECENTLY ESTABLISHED IN MANITOBA
Authors: Muldrew J. A.
Published: December 2009

Olesicampe (Holocremnus) sp. nr. nematorum (Tschek) has become established at two locations in Manitoba, and has built up rapidly in both. In 1965 at Pine Falls, where it was released in 1961, 61% of the hosts were parasitized in the vicinity of the release point, and at Riverton, where it was released in 1962–1963, 87% were parasitized. A number of characteristics seem to endow this parasite with a marked ability to act against the larch sawfly. These include good synchronization, longevity and searching capacity; low superparasitism; absence of hyperparasitism, and lack of host resistance by encapsulation. O. sp. nr. nematorum has dispersed at least one mile at Riverton and one-half mile at Pine Falls. The percentage parasitism decreases rapidly from the release points to these limits.
NOTES ON MATING BEHAVIOR AND OVIPOSITION OF CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER (COLEOPHORA LARICELLA)
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz.) mated readily in the laboratory when several individuals of both sexes were held together in a vial. The courtship dance performed by the male is described. Parasite females develop mature eggs 3 days after emergence and are apparently capable of resorbing the eggs if hosts are not available, and to produce new ones after host-feeding. Storage of eggs in the ovary for 5 months at 55°F and sterility (phasic castration) of certain individuals is reported. Longevity of egg-laying females at 75°F was about 1 month less than that of parasites that had been denied contact with hosts. Odor apparently plays little or no role in the location of the larch casebearer larvae by C. laricinellae, but chemical surface stimuli seem to exist on the surface of a mine or case of Coleophora laricella (Hbn.). The parasite is also stimulated by vibrations of the host in its case. The oviposition and host-feeding pattern of C. laricinellae is described. Host-feeding on fourth-instar larvae of the larch casebearer contributed little to host mortality.
TWO RECORDS OF AGROMYZIDAE FROM CHILE AND EASTER ISLAND (DIPTERA)
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: December 2009

Leaf-miners associated with common cultivated plants are especially liable to become esrahlished in new areas through transportation with their hosts, and this possibility should always be considered when the agrommyzids of poorly-known faunal regions are studied, so that redescription of such species as new forms may he avoided. One of the species here recorded for thc first time from both Chile and Easter Island is a case in point. Phytobia maculosa (Malloch), known as a leaf-miner in cultivated Chrysanthemum in the U.S.A. since 1896 (though not correctly recognized and described until 1913), has since been redescribed from the same host plant in southern Brazil. Its known hosts now include 13 genera of Compositae and it is evidently widespread in the U.S.A., in the West Indies, and in temperate South America. It also occurs in Hawaii. Although not so far reported in Canada it almost certainly will be found in southern Ontario and British Columbia. Horticulture, both private and commercial, must have greatly assisted its spread in North America and elsewhere.
THE COST OF PUBLISHING THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Authors: Pielou D. P. , Becker E. C.
Published: December 2009

Our most recent estimate shows that it costs about $30.00 a page to produce and distribute the Canadian Entomologist.
NOTES ON MATING, OVIPOSITION, ADULT LONGEVITY, AND INCUBATION PERIOD OF EGGS OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER, COLEOPHORA LARICELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE), IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

Mating in Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) took place 1 or 2 days after emergence and was stimulated by decreasing light intensity ranging from 3000 ft-c to 200 ft-c within 2 hours. The female is pro-ovigenic, with peak opposition during the first week. Optimum temperature for egg laying was 70 to 80°F; the average number of eggs deposited was about 66; average longevity of female adults was about 10 days at room temperature, but considerably longer at lower temperatures. A few eggs were laid at 50° and 95°F. Incubation period of the eggs was 12 days at 80° to 85°F and 40 days at 55°F. Hatching of eggs did not occur above 85°F or below 55 °F.
THE POPLAR-AND-WILLOW BORER, STERNOCHETUS (= CRYPTORHYNCHUS) LAPATHI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris John W. E. , Coppel Harry C.
Published: December 2009

A study was made of the poplar-and-willow borer, Sternochetus (= Cryptorhynchus) lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in British Columbia between 1959 and 1964. The borer occurred principally south of 52 degrees north latitude. Willows were the preferred hosts. Ornamentals, hybrids in commercial plantings, and natural growing trees were attacked. The life cycle of the insect on southern Vancouver Island lasted up to 3 years; overwintering took place in early instar and adult stages. Eggs were laid in the bark; larvae mined first in the bark and then in the wood, where pupation took place. Few parasites and predators were found. DDT, dieldrin, and BHC killed adults; lindane (0.5% water emulsion), applied in the spring, caused larval mortality up to 96%.
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: I. SOME NEW FORMS OF CHORISTONEURA ALLIED TO C. FUMIFERANA
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: December 2009

Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) and C. pinus pinus Freeman are redescribed, and the following five forms are described as new: C. biennis, British Columbia; C. occidentalis, Washington; C. orae, British Columbia; C. viridis, California, Oregon; C. pinus maritima, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Kentucky.
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: III. SOME CHARACTERS OF IMMATURE FORMS HELPFUL IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES
Authors: Harvey G. T. , Stehr G.
Published: December 2009

Pigmentation of heads and prothoracic shields of last-instar larvae, colour of pupae, and frequencies of haemolymph colour morphs in fresh pupae are used to support the taxonomic differentiation of the following members of the genus Choristoneura: fumiferana, biennis, orae, occidentalis, viridis, subretiniana, pinus pinus, p. maritima, and lambertiana. These characters are statistical in nature and not competent to relate a single individual unequivocally to a taxonomic group; nevertheless, a key is developed to assist identification of populations on the basis of the characters described. Interspecific relationships within the genus are considered.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF ZIMMERMAN PINE MOTH, DIORYCTRIA ZIMMERMANI, IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Carlson R. B. , Butcher J. W.
Published: December 2009

This paper reports on studies of biology and life history of the Zimmerman pine moth, Dioryctria zimmermani (Grote), in southern Michigan.

Adults emerged during the last 3 weeks of August and eggs hatched through mid-September. Eggs were laid almost entirely on the main stem and, upon hatching, the larvae entered recesses in the bark and spun hibernacula, ostensibly without feeding.

Studies on the vertical distribution of larvae and pupae showed a fairly uniform distribution over the main stem in spring and early summer. In late summer, a larger percentage was found in middle whorls.

Based on head capsule measurements, it is tentatively proposed that there are six larval stadia. Occurrence of parasitism in the last larval stadia is discussed, and a new egg parasite is reported.

The presence of D. abietivorella Grote in the study areas is noted, and discussed briefly.
The Columbian Timber Beetle, Corthylus columbianus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): V. A Description of the Mycetangia
Authors: Giese Ronald L.
Published: December 2009

The mycetangia of Corthylus columbianus Hopkins are described. These structures lay immediately below the integument of the pronotum, one in each ventrolateral region. Each mycetangium is a coiled tube 4.69 ± 0.35 mm. in length, cream colored, opening into the anterior coxal cavity. Mycetangia occur only in the male beetle and provide the overwintering storage site and transmission mechanism for associated microorganisms. Smears and cultures of the mycetangia were positive for ascospores and vegetative cells of a yeast, Pichia sp., which coincides with the microsymbiote dominant in developmental chambers of the larvae.
CONVECTION CURRENTS THAT GUIDE MOSQUITOES
Authors: Cumming J. E. , Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

The technique of direct shadow photography has been adapted to recording the convection currents from the human body. The resulting pictures suggest that insect repellents may be more effective if applied to the clothing than to the exposed skin only.