bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene
Authors: El Hachlafi Naoufal , Elbouzidi Amine , Batbat Amine , Taibi Mohamed , Jeddi Mohamed , Addi Mohamed , Naceiri Mrabti Hanae , Fikri-Benbrahim Kawtar
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus species have attracted attention for their diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, which address critical health challenges such as chronic diseases and skin disorders. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, which is a widely cultivated citrus fruit, is attracting increasing attention in the field of medicinal research due to its richness of limonene (comprising approximately 85–90% of the oil). This study investigates the chemical profile of CS-EO and biological activities of CS-EO and limonene. Methods and Results: This study used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), confirming limonene as the predominant compound (70.15%) along with other minor constituents, including thujene (10.52%), myrcene (5.54%) and α-pinene (2.81%). The biological activities of CS-EO and limonene were examined, specifically focusing on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and dermatoprotective effects. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP and beta-carotene assays, with CS-EO and limonene exhibiting comparable efficacy. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via inhibition assays of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production, showing significant reductions in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated by CS-EO or limonene. Cytotoxicity testing on various cell lines indicated selective activity of the tested compounds, with low toxicity observed on human skin fibroblasts. Limonene and CS-EO were highly effective on HepG2 cellules, with IC50 values of 0.55 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 15.97 ± 1.20 µg/mL, respectively. Dermatoprotective effects were further confirmed using enzymes, where CS-EO and limonene showed remarkable inhibitory potential against elastase (IC50 of 65.72 ± 1.92 and 86.07 ± 1.53 µg/mL, respectively) and tyrosinase (IC50 of 102 ± 2.16 and 78.34 ± 1.15 µg/mL, respectively) enzymes compared to quercetin used as a standard (IC50 of 111.03 ± 0.1 and 124.22 ± 0.07 µg/mL, respectively). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest the potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches based on CS-EO, which could be applicable in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields and have protective benefits for skin health.
In Vitro Evaluation of Rosemary Essential Oil: GC-MS Profiling, Antibacterial Synergy, and Biofilm Inhibition
Authors: Kabotso Daniel E. K. , Neglo David , Gaba Sarah E. , Danyo Emmanuel K. , Dayie Alberta D. , Asantewaa Anastasia A. , Kotey Fleischer C. N. , Dayie Nicholas T. K. D.
Published: December 2024

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become precarious, warranting investments in antimicrobial discovery. Aim: To investigate the antibacterial activity of rosemary essential oil (REO), alone and in combination with selected conventional antibiotics. Methods: REO was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (including minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination) and investigation of anti-pre-biofilm and antibiofilm activities. Results: The phytochemical composition of the REO was eucalyptol (42.68%), bornanone (33.20%), endo-borneol (9.37%), α-terpeneol (7.95%), linalool (2.10%), bornyl acetate (1.81%), caryophyllene (1.09%), 4-terpeneol (0.94%), and anethole (0.87%). The antibacterial inhibition zones generally increased with increasing REO concentration (i.e., 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL). The MIC and MBC ranges of REO for all bacteria were 3.13–6.25 mg/mL and 3.12–12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The MICs (in µg/mL) of ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin, respectively, were Escherichia coli (0.98, 3.92, 1.96, 7.81, and 250), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.25, 7.81, 125, 7.81, and 1000), MRSA (62.5, 7.81, 3.91, 7.81, and 250), Streptococcus mutans and Bacillus subtilis (125, 15.68, 250, 31.25, and 1000), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (125, 31.25, 500, 31.25, and 1000), and Salmonella Typhi (0.98, 15.68, 125, 1.96, and 1000). The MBC-MIC ratios of REO against all bacteria were in the range 1–2, indicating bactericidal effects. Mainly synergy (FICI = 0.16–0.37) was observed between REO and the conventional antibiotics. The IC50 values (in µg/mL) of REO against the bacteria, pre-biofilm vs. biofilm formation, were E. coli (1342.00 vs. 4.00), K. pneumoniae (106.00 vs. 3.00), MRSA (134.00 vs. 6.00), S. mutans (7259.00 vs. 7.00), B. subtilis (120.00 vs. 7.00), P. aeruginosa (4989.00 vs. 7.00), and S. Typhi (10.00 vs. 2.00). Conclusions: Rosemary essential oil had significant bactericidal effects on the bacteria tested, and its MIC and MBC values were low. Overall, it was synergistic with known conventional antibiotics and, thus, has encouraging prospects in combination therapy involving conventional antibiotics, even in the treatment of infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria, including biofilm-forming ones.
The Potential of TRPA1 as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer—A Study Using Bioinformatic Tools
Authors: Cucu Dana
Published: December 2024

Background: The expression of the transient receptor potential 1 (TRPA1) gene is increased in many solid tumours, and its function relates to inflammation, oxidative stress or the presence of toxic substances. However, little is known about the correlation of clinical parameters with patients’ cancer stages, metastases and the degree of tumour infiltration by immune cells. Methods: We performed a bioinformatic analysis, using databases and public resources to investigate TRPA1 for many available samples. We used samples from the TCGA project and quantified the mRNA expression and survival analysis using TIMER, TIMER.2 and GEPIA. To analyse hypermethylation, a more extensive database was available from the UALCAN website. Results: We show that the TRPA1 gene is hypermethylated in many cancers. The high expression of TRPA1 is correlated with a better prognosis for several cancer types and correlates with cancer stage and metastasis, while in others the TRPA1 is pro-oncogenic. We also report the effect of TRPA1 expression in immune infiltrating cells. Moreover, the expression is linked to genes essential for inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular motility processes. Conclusions: Our study brings new insights into the regulation of TRPA1 expression in different tumours based on analysis provided by public databases, opening the possibility to further investigate the protein as a putative target for cancer.
5-Aminosalicylic Acid Distribution into the Intestinal Membrane Along the Gastrointestinal Tract After Oral Administration in Rats
Authors: Maeda Yorinobu , Goto Yuta , Ohnishi Fumiya , Koga Syoutarou , Kawano Satoshi , Hieda Yuhzo , Goromaru Takeshi , Murakami Teruo
Published: December 2024

Background: 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), the first-line therapy for ulcerative colitis, is a poorly soluble zwitterionic drug. Unformulated 5-ASA is thought to be extensively absorbed in the small intestine. Methods: The pH-dependent solubility of 5-ASA in vitro and the intestinal membrane distribution of 5-ASA and its N-acetyl metabolite (AC-5-ASA) after the oral administration of 5-ASA were examined in fed rats. 5-ASA was administered as a suspension in water, 0.1 M HCl, or 0.1 M NaOH to untreated rats or as a solution in 5% NaHCO3 to lansoprazole-pretreated rats. Results: 5-ASA solubility in vitro was higher at pH < 2 and pH > 7. In rats, the 5-ASA and AC-5-ASA were detected mostly in the small intestine at 3 h and in the colonic region at 8 h after administration. The dosing vehicle (suspension or solution) and lansoprazole pretreatment did not significantly affect the pH of the luminal fluid in rats or the 5-ASA distribution in membranes. Conclusions: The 5-ASA distribution in membranes in the proximal intestine was found to be restricted by the intrinsic regional luminal pH, low solubility, and saturable membrane permeability. Unabsorbed 5-ASA in the proximal intestine was delivered to the distal intestine. The higher the oral dose of 5-ASA, the more 5-ASA may be delivered to the distal intestine due to the restricted absorption in the small intestine.
Oral Delivery of miR146a Conjugated to Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Improves an Established T Cell-Mediated Experimental Colitis in Mice
Authors: Apte Anisha , Dutta Dey Pujarini , Julakanti Srisaianirudh Reddy , Midura-Kiela Monica , Skopp Stacy M. , Canchis Jimena , Fauser Tobias , Bardill James , Seal Sudipta , Jackson David M. , Ghishan Fayez K. , Kiela Pawel R. , Zgheib Carlos , Liechty Kenneth W.
Published: December 2024

Background: Dysregulated inflammation and oxidative stress are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We have developed a novel therapeutic that targets inflammation and oxidative stress. It is comprised of microRNA-146a (miR146a)-loaded cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) (CNP-miR146a). We hypothesized that oral delivery of CNP-miR146a would reduce colonic inflammation in a mouse model of established, chronic, T cell-mediated colitis. Methods: The stability of CNP-miR146a and mucosal delivery was assessed in vitro with simulated gastrointestinal fluid and in vivo after oral gavage by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The efficacy of orally administered CNP-miR146a was tested in mice with established colitis using the model of adoptive naïve T-cell transfer in recombinant activating gene 2 knockout (Rag2−/−) mice. Measured outcomes included histopathology; CD45+ immune cell infiltration; oxidative DNA damage (tissue 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; 8-OHdG); expression of IL-6 and TNF mRNA and protein, and flow cytometry analysis of lamina propria Th1 and Th17 cell populations. Results: miR146a expression remained stable in simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. miR146a expression increased in the intestines of mice six hours following oral gavage of CNP-miR146a. Oral delivery of CNP-miR146a in mice with colitis was associated with reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in the proximal and distal colons as evidenced by histopathology scoring, reduced immune cell infiltration, reduced IL-6 and TNF expression, and decreased populations of CD4+Tbet+IFNg+ Th1, CD4+RorgT+IL17+ Th17, as well as pathogenic double positive IFNg+IL17+ T cells. Conclusions: CNP-miR146a represents a novel orally available therapeutic with high potential to advance into clinical trials.
Research on an Echo-Signal-Detection Algorithm for Weak and Small Targets Based on GM-APD Remote Active Single-Photon Technology
Authors: Yin Shengwen , Li Sining , Zhou Xin , Sun Jianfeng , Guo Dongfang , Lu Jie , Zhao Hong
Published: December 2024

Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GM-APD) is a single-photon-detection device characterized by high sensitivity and fast response, which enables it to detect echo signals of distant targets effectively. Given that weak and small targets possess relatively small volumes and occupy only a small number of pixels, relying solely on neighborhood information for target reconstruction proves to be difficult. Furthermore, during long-distance detection, the optical reflection cross-section is small, making signal photons highly susceptible to being submerged by noise. In this paper, a noise fitting and removal algorithm (NFRA) is proposed. This algorithm can detect the position of the echo signal from the photon statistical histogram submerged by noise and facilitate the reconstruction of weak and small targets. To evaluate the NFRA method, this paper establishes an optical detection system for remotely detecting active single-photon weak and small targets based on GM-APD. Taking unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as weak and small targets for detection, this paper compares the target reconstruction effects of the peak-value method and the neighborhood method. It is thereby verified that under the conditions of a 7 km distance and a signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of 0.0044, the NFRA method can effectively detect the weak echo signal of the UAV.
Effects of Saddle Position on Cycling: An Umbrella Review
Authors: Vigário Pedro Castro , Ferreira Ricardo Maia , Sampaio António Rodrigues , Martins Pedro Nunes
Published: December 2024

Objective: This study aimed to perform an umbrella review of existing systematic reviews on the effects of saddle position on cycling. Material and methods: We conducted a systematic search across the electronic databases EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and B-On for systematic reviews investigating the effects of saddle position on cycling, following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. To prevent the risk of bias, two researchers independently performed the search. To evaluate the methodological quality of the included reviews, the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) checklist was used. Results: A total of seven systematic reviews that met the eligible criteria were included. The systematic reviews showed high heterogeneity among themselves (e.g., type of included studies, participants’ characteristics, or evaluated outcomes) and low to critically low methodological quality. Relationships have been found between the rider’s saddle position and health issues (such as low back pain (four studies), knee injury or pain (three studies), lumbar kyphosis (one study), and impact on perineum (two studies)), and on performance alterations (such as, muscle activation, oxygen uptake, load and intensity, efficiency (one study), and comfort (one study)). The results showed that some research provided conflicting evidence in regard to the studied relations (e.g., knee injury or pain, impact on perineum, and efficiency). Conclusions: Cyclists’ saddle position impacts various issues related to health and performance. More research is needed, and future studies should focus on the clarification of the conflicting evidence observed in this review.
Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Weeds to the Application of a Botanical Herbicide Based on Cinnamon Essential Oil
Authors: Ben Kaab Sofiene , Fernández Pierna Juan Antonio , Foncoux Berenice , Compère Philippe , Baeten Vincent , Jijakli M. Haïssam
Published: December 2024

The use of chemical herbicides induces negative impacts on the environment, animals, and human health. It also leads to the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. In this context, natural and efficacious herbicides are highly sought after. Essential oils are natural compounds with antibacterial, fungicidal, and phytotoxic properties. For this reason, we studied the post-emergence phytotoxic effect of cinnamon essential oil (cinnamon EO) from Cinnamomum cassia under greenhouse conditions, testing it against Trifolium incarnatum (T. incarnatum) and Lolium perenne (L. perenne). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), percentage of water loss, electrolyte leakage, and the fluorescence of treated leaves by cinnamon EO were determined in order to understand the physiological and biochemical responses. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the effect of cinnamon EO on cellular organelles in different tissues of T. incarnatum leaves. Results showed that cinnamon EO quickly induced oxidative stress in treated leaves by increasing MDA content, impacting membrane integrity and causing water loss. TEM observations confirmed the cell desiccation by cellular plasmolysis and showed an alteration of the membrane integrity and chloroplast damages. Moreover, Raman analysis confirms the disturbance of the plant metabolism by the disappearance of some scattering bands which correspond to primary metabolites. Through our finding, we confirm that cinnamon essential oil (EO) could be proposed in the future as a potential bioherbicide and a suitable source of natural phytotoxic compounds with a multisite action on weeds.
Insight into the Amelioration Effect of Nitric Acid-Modified Biochar on Saline Soil Physicochemical Properties and Plant Growth
Authors: Yan Lei , Gao Guang , Lu Mu , Riaz Muhammad , Zhang Mengyang , Tong Kaiqing , Yu Hualong , Yang Yu , Hao Wenjing , Niu Yusheng
Published: December 2024

Soil salinization is a major factor threatening global food security. Soil improvement strategies are therefore of great importance in mitigating the adverse effect of salt stress. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar (BC) and nitric acid-modified biochar (HBC) (1%, 2%, and 3%; m/m) on the properties of salinized soils and the morphological and physiological characteristics of pakchoi. Compared with BC, HBC exhibited a lower pH and released more alkaline elements, reflected in reduced contents of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, while its hydrophilicity and polarity increased. Additionally, the microporous structure of HBC was altered, showing a rougher surface, larger pore size, pore volume, specific surface area, and carboxyl and aliphatic carbon content, along with lower aromatic carbon content and crystallinity. Moreover, HBC application abated the pH of saline soil. Both BC and HBC treatments decreased the sodium absorption rate (SAR) of saline soil as their concentration increased. Conversely, both types of biochar enhanced the cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus and potassium content in saline soils, with HBC demonstrating a more potent improvement effect. Furthermore, biochar application promoted the growth-related parameters in pakchoi, and reduced proline and Na+ content, whilst increasing leaf K+ content under salt stress. Biochar also enhanced the activity of key antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)) in leaves, and reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Collectively, modified biochar can enhance soil quality and promote plant growth in saline soils.
Pre-Harvest Sprouting Resistance in Bread Wheat: A Speed Breeding Approach to Assess Dormancy QTL in Backcross Lines
Authors: Ayık Burak , Güleç Tuğba , Aydın Nevzat , Türkoğlu Aras , Bocianowski Jan
Published: December 2024

In this study, BC1F3:4 generation plants derived from the hybrid crosses of Rio Blanco × Nevzatbey, Rio Blanco × Adana99, and Rio Blanco × line 127 were used as experimental material. These hybrids incorporated QTLs associated with pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance through molecular techniques. Key agronomic traits, including plant height, spike length, the number of grains per spike, grain weight, and physiological maturity, were evaluated in both greenhouse and growth room settings under accelerated growth (speed breeding) conditions. Results indicated that plants grown in the fully controlled greenhouse conditions exhibited superior agronomic performance compared with those cultivated in the growth room. Additionally, germination tests were conducted on each hybrid cross to identify genotypes exhibiting dormancy. The analysis revealed that 11 lines from the Rio Blanco × Nevzatbey combination, eight lines from Rio Blanco × Adana99, and six lines from Rio Blanco × Line 127 had notably low germination indices. Among the three hybrid families, the Rio Blanco × Nevzatbey BC1F3:4 hybrids demonstrated the lowest germination index (0.44). Furthermore, Rio Blanco itself recorded the lowest germination index under both greenhouse (0.02) and growth room (0.24) conditions. These findings suggest that environmental conditions exert a significant influence on the expression of dormancy in these genotypes, even when dormancy genes are present. The lines developed in this research have the potential to serve as elite material in breeding programs aimed at enhancing pre-harvest sprouting resistance.
Developing Iron and Iodine Enrichment in Tomato Fruits to Meet Human Nutritional Needs
Authors: Ikram Nabeel Ahmad , Abdalla Muna Ali , Mühling Karl H.
Published: December 2024

Iron (Fe) and iodine (I) are essential microelements required for a healthy life, with Fe playing a vibrant role in oxygen transport, and I is vital for cognitive development and thyroid function. Global Fe and I deficiencies affect a significant portion of the population worldwide, leading to widespread health concerns, especially anemia, impaired cognitive function, and thyroid disorders. This review not only inspects the potential of agronomic biofortification to enrich Fe and I content in tomatoes, but also highlights its bright future for crop nutrition. It discusses the latest developments in agronomic biofortification methods focused on improving the enrichment of Fe and I in tomatoes, emphasizing practical approaches such as seed priming, soil application, and foliar spray. Notably, the review explores the promising impacts of Fe and I biofortification on growth, yield, and improved fruit quality in tomatoes. Moreover, it offers an in-depth investigation of the efficacy of agronomic biofortification in enhancing the nutritional contents of tomatoes by combining the most recent research findings. It highlights the impact of agronomic biofortification in mitigating micronutrient deficiencies worldwide and its capacity to encourage sustainable agriculture and improve community health by enhancing crop nutrition.
Essential Oils as Alternative Green Broad-Spectrum Biocides
Authors: Tanasă Fulga , Nechifor Marioara , Teacă Carmen-Alice
Published: December 2024

Natural compounds from plants represent suitable options to replace synthetic biocides when employed against microorganisms in various applications. Essential oils (EOs) have attracted increased interest due to their biocompatible and rather innocuous nature, and complex biological activity (fungicide, biocide and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory action, etc.). EOs are complex mixtures of derived metabolites with high volatility obtained from various vegetal parts and employed to a great extent in different healthcare (natural cures, nutrition, phyto- and aromatherapy, spices) and cosmetics applications (perfumery, personal and beauty care), as well as in cleaning products, agriculture and pest control, food conservation and active packaging, or even for restauration and preservation of cultural artifacts. EOs can act in synergy with other compounds, organic and synthetic as well, when employed in different complex formulations. This review will illustrate the employment of EOs in different applications based on some of the most recent reports in a systematic and comprehensive, though not exhaustive, manner. Some critical assessments will also be included, as well as some perspectives in this regard.
Seed Germination Ecology of Sonchus asper and Sonchus oleraceus in Queensland Australia
Authors: Lee Yun , Mahajan Gulshan , Beregszaszi Rita , Chauhan Bhagirath Singh
Published: December 2024

Sonchus asper and S. oleraceus are among the most problematic broadleaf weeds in eastern cropping systems of Australia. This study investigated the seed germination ecology of S. asper and S. oleraceus. The study hypothesized that S. asper may have greater ecological advantages under adverse environmental conditions compared to S. oleraceus. Results showed that S. asper consistently outperformed S. oleraceus across different light regimes and stress conditions. At a lower temperature regime of 15/5 °C, seed germination of S. oleraceus decreased by 19% compared to S. asper. Germination of S. oleraceus significantly declined under dark conditions, while over 90% of S. asper seeds germinated under both light/dark and dark conditions. Under water stress (osmotic potential of −0.4 MPa), S. oleraceus germination dropped by 74% compared to S. asper, indicating S. asper’s superior drought tolerance. Both species exhibited moderate salinity tolerance (40 mM NaCl) to germinate, highlighting their potential to invade saline cropping environments. The burial study revealed that S. oleraceus had higher germination at the soil surface, but no germination occurred from 4 cm, while 23% of S. asper seeds still emerged from that depth. The burial depth required to inhibit 50% emergence of S. asper and S. oleraceus was 3.3 cm and 0.3 cm, respectively. These findings highlight S. asper’s greater adaptability to low temperatures, burial depth, and stress conditions than S. oleraceus. The insights from this study can inform agronomic strategies, including tillage depth and mulching, to mitigate the impact of these invasive species on Australian cropping systems.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Impact Response of Composite Sandwich Structures with Different Cores
Authors: Feng Guangshuo , Xiao Chunlu , Liu Bo , Zhang Haitao , Jia Peipei , Wang Caizheng
Published: December 2024

This study analyzes the impact mechanical response of sandwich structures with foam and wood cores through experimental and numerical methods. The aim is to determine whether a sustainable core material, such as cork wood, can serve as a reliable alternative to the commonly used Polystyrene (PS) foam core in sandwich structures. Impact experiments were conducted at varying energy levels using an INSTRON CEAST 9350 drop tower, demonstrating the superiority of sandwich structures compared to single-material alternatives. Numerical models were developed in ABAQUS, where glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite panels were represented using solid element C3D8R and the 3D Hashin failure criteria, which were incorporated via the user subroutine VUMAT. The results indicate that the contact force of the sandwich structure with a wood core surpassed that of the foam core counterpart. In both sandwich structures, damage initially occurred at the impact point on the surface, leading to plastic deformation and damage within the core, while the composite panel on the rear surface ultimately failed. These findings provide valuable insights for designers, enabling parametric studies to select appropriate core materials that enhance the impact resistance of sandwich structures.
Advances in Multifunctional Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Li Jia-Wun , Cheng Chih-Chia , Chiu Chih-Wei
Published: December 2024

“Advances in Multifunctional Polymer-Based Nanocomposites” presents the results of pioneering research in a new direction in the field of materials science and engineering technology [...]
Influence of Lignin Type on the Properties of Hemp Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Ciolacu Florin , Măluțan Teodor , Lisa Gabriela , Ichim Mariana
Published: December 2024

Increasing environmental awareness has boosted interest in sustainable alternatives for binding natural reinforcing fibers in composites. Utilizing lignin, a biorenewable polymer byproduct from several industries, as a component in polymer matrices can lead to the development of more eco-friendly and high-performance composite materials. This research work aimed to investigate the effect of two types of lignin (lignosulfonate and soda lignin) on the properties of hemp fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites for furniture applications. The composites were produced by thermoforming six overlapping layers of nonwoven material. A 20% addition of soda lignin or lignosulfonate (relative to the nonwoven mass) was incorporated between the nonwoven layers made of 80% hemp and 20% polypropylene (PP). The addition of both types of lignin resulted in an increase in the tensile and bending strength of lignin-based composites, as well as a decrease in the absorbed water percentage. Compared to oriented strand board (OSB), lignin-based composites exhibited better properties. Regarding the two types of lignin used, the addition of lignosulfonate resulted in better composite properties than those containing soda lignin. Thermal analysis revealed that the thermal degradation of soda lignin begins long before the melting temperature of polypropylene. This early degradation explains the inferior properties of the composites containing soda lignin compared to those with lignosulfonate.
Alfalfa/Lucerne (Medicago sativa) as a Source of Functional Bioadditives for Elastomeric Natural Rubber Composites
Authors: Miedzianowska-Masłowska Justyna , Masłowski Marcin , Strzelec Krzysztof
Published: December 2024

This study explores the impact of three bioadditives derived from Alfalfa—biomass, bio-ashes, and lyophilisates—on natural rubber composites, with a primary focus on the anti-aging properties of lyophilisates. Composite samples were prepared by incorporating these bioadditives into natural rubber and analyzed using various characterization techniques to evaluate mechanical, thermal, aging, and surface properties. The results highlight the promising anti-aging effects of lyophilisates, significantly enhancing the aging resistance of natural rubber. The aging factor was the closest to unity among all systems. Biomass and bio-ashes were also examined, offering insights into their influence on tensile strength, viscoelasticity, and surface wettability. The tensile strength values were almost 50% higher than those of the reference sample (8.5 MPa). The study provides a detailed understanding of the interactions between these bioadditives and natural rubber, showcasing their potential to enhance elastomer performance. These findings underscore the viability of Alfalfa-based bioadditives as sustainable options for improving rubber properties, with significant implications for industrial applications.
Friction Behaviors and Wear Mechanisms of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites for Bridge Cable
Authors: Xian Guijun , Qi Xiao , Guo Rui , Tian Jingwei , Xiao Huigang , Li Chenggao
Published: December 2024

Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites (CFRP) demonstrate superior wear resistance and fatigue durability, which are anticipated to markedly enhance the service life of structures under complex conditions. In the present paper, the friction behaviors and wear mechanisms of CFRP under different applied loads, sliding speeds, service temperatures, and water lubrication were studied and analyzed in detail. The results indicated that the tribological properties of CFRP were predominantly influenced by the applied loads, as the tangential displacement generated significant shear stress at the interface of the friction pair. Serviced temperature was the next most impactful factor, while the influence of water lubrication remained minimal. Moreover, when subjected to a load of 2000 g, the wear rate and scratch width of the samples exhibited increases of 158% and 113%, respectively, compared to those loaded with 500 g. This observed escalation in wear characteristics can be attributed to irreversible debonding damage at the fiber/resin interface, leading to severe delamination wear. At elevated temperatures of 100 °C and 120 °C, the wear rate of CFRP increased by 75% and 112% compared to that at room temperature. This augmentation in wear was attributed to the transition of the epoxy resin from a glassy to an elastic state, which facilitated enhanced fatigue wear. Furthermore, both sliding speed and water lubrication displayed a negligible influence on the friction coefficient of CFRP, particularly under water lubrication conditions at 60 °C, where the friction coefficient was only 15%. This was because the lubricant properties and thermal management provided by the water molecules, which mitigated the frictional interactions, led to only minor abrasive wear. In contrast, the wear rate of CFRP at a sliding speed of 120 mm/s was found to be 74% greater than that observed at 60 mm/s. This significant increase can be attributed to the disparity in sliding rates, which induced uncoordinated deformation in the surface and subsurface of the CFRP, resulting in adhesive wear.
Effects of Sizing Agents and Resin-Formulated Matrices with Varying Stiffness–Toughness Ratios on the Properties of Carbon Fiber Epoxy Resin Composites
Authors: Song Pengfei , Fang Qianli , Liu Wen , Ma Xinyue , Li Qingchao , Naik Mehraj-ud-din , Ahmad Mudasir , Huang Guoqing , Yang Chuncai
Published: December 2024

Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and compressive strength are two of the most critical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). In this report, three types of epoxy resins—4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane epoxy resin (AG-80), bisphenol A epoxy resin (E-1NT), and novolac epoxy (EPN)—were studied. E-1NT is characterized by low viscosity and low cost but exhibits poor mechanical properties, while AG-80 offers better wetting with carbon fiber. These two epoxy resins were mixed in various mass ratios. The study revealed that as the AG-80 content increased, the ILSS of the composite also increased, reaching a maximum of 94.04 MPa when the AG-80 content reached 60%. Beyond this point, further increases in AG-80 did not enhance the ILSS. Conversely, the compressive strength initially increased but then declined sharply as the AG-80 ratio increased. The maximum compressive strength was recorded at 748.52 MPa when the AG-80 content reached 60%, which was 21% higher than pure AG-80 and 32% higher than pure E-1NT. Additionally, the study examined three different types of ionic sizing agents and four different resin matrices (E-1NT/DDS, AG-80/DDS, AG-80/E-1NT/DDS, EPN/DDS). Among them, the 60% AG-80/40% E-1NT/DDS/CF formulation demonstrated the best balance in both ILSS and compressive strength.
Pollutant Emission and Ash Accumulation Characteristics of Tri-Combustion of Coal, Biomass, and Oil Sludge
Authors: Feng Bao , Sun Haoying , Gao Li , Guo Zhenyu , Ai Yu , Zhang Yong , Pan Zhenyan , Li Peiqi , Hou Yutong , Ma Jingkai , Xu Xingcan , Deng Lei
Published: December 2024

To study the ash accumulation and pollutant emission characteristics of tri-combustion of coal, biomass, and oil sludge, a fluidized bed and settling furnace system is established for tri-combustion experiments. The effect of blending ratio (the ratio of biomass and oil sludge range from 30% to 50% and 10% to 20%, respectively) and biomass types are examined. The results show that HTB, coal, and oil sludge reach peak NO and NO2 production at approximately 100 s and 200 s of combustion, respectively, with NOx levels returning to zero around 300 s. SO2 peaks around 100 s and then gradually declines. The blending ratio of HTB:oil sludge:coal at 50%:10%:40% demonstrates the most effective control over NOx and SO2 emissions, reducing NO, NO2, and SO2 production by approximately 33%, 20%, and 50%, respectively. In the ash with a ratio of Hutubi (HTB) + 50% oil sludge, the mass fractions of O, Si, Ca, Al, and Fe are approximately 27%, 23%, 20%, 8%, and 12%, respectively. With the increase in the blending ratio of biomass and oil sludge, the mass fraction of Si in the ash rises, while those of Ca, Al, and Fe decrease.
Integrated Approaches to Eco-Friendly Processes for Persistent Pollutants Contamination
Authors: Hlihor Raluca-Maria , Simion Isabela Maria , Roșca Mihaela
Published: December 2024

All life on Earth is fully affected by the environment’s health and sustainability [...]
Using Anchor-Free Object Detectors to Detect Surface Defects
Authors: Liu Jiaxue , Zhang Chao , Li Jianjun
Published: December 2024

Due to the numerous disadvantages that come with having anchors in the detection process, a lot of researchers have been concentrating on the design of object detectors that do not rely on anchors. In this work, we use anchor-free object detectors in the field of computer vision for surface defect detection. First, we constructed a surface defect detection dataset about real wind turbine blades, which was supplemented with several methods due to the lack of natural data. Next, we used a number of popular anchor-free detectors (CenterNet, FCOS, YOLOX-S, and YOLOV8-S) to detect surface defects in this blade dataset. After experimental comparison, YOLOV8-S demonstrated the best detection performance, with a high accuracy (79.55%) and a short detection speed (9.52 fps). All the upcoming experiments are predicated on it. Third, we examined how the attention mechanism added to various YOLOV8-S model positions affected the two datasets—our blade dataset and the NEU dataset—and discovered that the insertion methods on the two datasets are the same when focusing on comprehensive performance. Lastly, we carried out a significant amount of experimental comparisons.
Inclusion of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts and Varying Final Internal Temperatures to Influence the Antioxidant and Physicochemical Qualities of Low-Grade Beef Patties
Authors: Kartikasari Lilik Retna , Barido Farouq Heidar , Hertanto Bayu Setya , Nuhriawangsa Adi Magna Patriadi , Swastike Winny
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the efficacy of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) extract on the functional and physicochemical properties of low-grade beef patties after different final internal temperature cooking was carried out. Four ranges of concentration (1–4%) were compared to a negative control (without M. oleifera addition), wherein all treatments were cooked until reaching medium (71 °C) and well-done (80 °C) temperatures. The results showed that incorporating M. oleifera extract at 3% significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in medium-cooked patties compared to the control (p < 0.05), enhancing antioxidant capacity. A reduction in MDA in well-done patties was also shown up to this additional level. However, higher concentrations (4%) adversely affected water holding capacity, cooking yield, and proximate compositions. Further, the pH value also declined with increased M. oleifera extract. Therefore, this study revealed that cooking patties to well-done resulted in greater lipid oxidation and cooking loss. Further, this study recommends using 3% M. oleifera extract in medium-cooked beef patties to maximize the antioxidant benefits while maintaining quality.
Experimental Study on the Stress Sensitivity Characteristics of Wave Velocities and Anisotropy in Coal-Bearing Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Zhang Zehua , Xu Xiaokai , Jian Kuo , Xu Liangwei , Li Jian , Zhao Dongyuan , Xue Zhengzheng , Xin Yue
Published: December 2024

As the effective stress in coal-bearing reservoirs changes, the elastic wave velocities, stress sensitivity, and anisotropic characteristics of coal rocks exhibit certain variations. Therefore, this study selected samples from the same area (sandstone, mudstone, and anthracite) and conducted experiments on their transverse wave velocities (Vs) and longitudinal wave velocities (Vp) and wave velocity ratios in three directions (one perpendicular and two parallel to the layering), using the RTR-2000 testing system under loading pressure conditions. The results indicate that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of the coal rock samples show a phase-wise increase with rising pressure. The wave velocities and wave velocity ratios of sandstone, mudstone, and anthracite demonstrate certain anisotropic characteristics, with an overall trend of decreasing anisotropy strength that stabilizes over time. The anisotropic characteristics of the longitudinal wave velocities in sandstone and mudstone are stronger than those of the transverse wave velocities, whereas in anthracite, the anisotropic characteristics of the transverse wave velocities are stronger than those of the longitudinal wave velocities. Thus, it can be concluded that Vp is a sensitive parameter for detecting the anisotropic characteristics of sandstone and mudstone, while Vs serves as a sensitive parameter for detecting the anisotropic characteristics of anthracite.
Effect of Volumetric Flow Rate on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Single-Fractured Rock with Different Surface Morphology and External Temperature
Authors: Zhuang Ying , Huang Na , Jiang Yujing
Published: December 2024

The primary aim of this study is to explore how varying flow rates impact the heat transfer in single fractures, taking into account the effects of surface roughness, aperture and external temperature of the rock. Utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics, the fluid flow and heat transfer through 3D fracture models characterized by different roughness and apertures were simulated with volumetric flow rates ranging from 1 × 10−6 m3/s to 1 × 10−5 m3/s. The combined effects of these factors on key metrics, including outlet temperature, thermal breakthrough time, energy extraction efficiency, and heat transfer coefficients were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that water flow rate dominantly influences heat transfer, followed by fracture surface morphology and rock external temperature. Higher flow rates enhance both heat transfer and total heat extraction, while also increasing temperature non-uniformity, which improves overall heat extraction efficiency. Surface roughness significantly affects temperature distribution, leading to heterogeneous thermal profiles, especially in narrower fractures. Additionally, higher external temperatures and flow rates facilitate faster thermal breakthroughs by reducing thermal resistance. The interplay between surface roughness and thermal breakthrough time is intricate, with increased roughness prolonging breakthrough times in smaller apertures but potentially reducing them in larger ones. At smaller apertures, increasing the JRC from 2.29 to 17.33 results in a 1.01 to 1.20 times increase in thermal breakthrough time, whereas at larger apertures, thermal breakthrough time decreases by a factor of 1.01 to 1.29. This highlights the importance of carefully selecting fluid parameter in the design of geothermal projects to optimize heat extraction efficiency.
Numerical Optimization of Burner Deflection Angle at Half Load for a 660 MW Tangentially Fired Boiler
Authors: Huang Shangwen , Lu Hao
Published: December 2024

China established a coal power capacity payment mechanism to allow coal power to play a fundamental supporting and regulating role. It is difficult to generate peak power for long periods. The effects of variation in over-fire air ratio and burner deflection angle were investigated to optimize combustion conditions at half load. This simulation is based on field data from a new 660 MW tangentially fired boiler. The results indicate that when the over-fire air ratio increased from 17.6% to 27.6%, the NOx concentration decreased by about 45.1% in the burnout zone. The concentration decreased from 284 mg/m3 to 156 mg/m3. However, a large eddy formed in the top zone affected the flow field. The heat transfer at the horizontal flue was affected. The flow field structure can be optimized by moderately adjusting the deflection angle (−5°) of the burner. A further increase in the deflection angles (−10° and −15°) reduced NOx by about 10%. It affected the adequate combustion of pulverized coal and the flow field at the top zone. Considering the overall combustion conditions, it is recommended that the burner be offset downward at a small angle.
A Novel Approach to Robust PID Autotuner for Overdamped Systems: Case Study on Liquid Level System
Authors: Yumuk Erhan , Copot Cosmin , Muresan Cristina I. , Ionescu Clara M.
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes and validates an automatic control tuning methodology based on initial frequency response. This approach facilitates the design of robust PID controllers for overdamped systems characterized by S-shaped step responses. In the prior autotuner, which is inherently robust, the critical frequency value is determined via the relay test, while process frequency response and its derivative at this frequency are found using the sine test. Our novel approach offers a fully automated calculation for these parameters based solely on the step response test (i.e., minimal information from the process), eliminating the need for additional calculations by relay and sine tests. For this aim, it estimates these values employing the first order plus dead time models. Firstly, five step response methods are introduced to ascertain the model parameters. Secondly, three alternative estimation methods for the critical frequency of the system are proposed through (i) solving a nonlinear equation, (ii) employing a linear approximation, and (iii) using a power regression. Lastly, the model parameters are then employed to calculate the system frequency response and its derivative at the critical frequency. The remaining design steps are the same as in the initial robustness-based autotuner. In the simulation studies, two types of overdamped systems are considered. The critical frequency estimation values obtained from three estimation methods are compared to each other. Additionally, the impact of the step response methods and the proposed estimation methods within the novel approach on system response and control signal are investigated. The designed controllers use a new approach to the initial autotuner and are implemented on a two-tank liquid-level system. The experimental outcomes are in accordance with the simulation results, confirming the validity and compatibility of the findings. Quantitative performance metrics are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the designs comprehensively.
Recycling Through Comminution: Characterization, Separation and Recycling Barriers of Metal Coated Polymers and Metallized Polymer Foams
Authors: Grimmenstein Julius Eik , Trebeck Eric , Krampitz Thomas , Lieberwirth Holger
Published: December 2024

The increasing global demand for raw materials underscores the importance of lightweight construction and sustainable material use, drawing attention to composite techniques like galvanic coating of plastics. To support recycling efforts, the development of efficient separation and material recovery processes is critical, particularly for end-of-life products containing metal-plated polymers. This study investigates the recyclability of metallized polymer foams and coated polymers through comminution, focusing on the potential for effective separation of metal and polymer components. Cu-ABS samples showed 27% of the products in the 8–10 mm fraction and 48% in the 10–16 mm fraction during primary comminution, while Cu-PUR achieved a more even distribution. Microscopic analyses revealed decoating rates of up to 95% for Cu-ABS compared to 19% for Cu-PUR. The comminution energy required for Cu-PUR was three times higher, with a fivefold lower decoating rate than solid materials. Particles larger than 200 µm exhibited interlocking, complicating the separation process. These findings highlight the need for optimized recycling processes to enable efficient raw material recovery and support a circular economy.
Transforming Bale Twine into Useful Products with an Affordable Melting Machine: Closed-Loop for Recycling Plastics
Authors: Kakarla Akesh Babu , Ritchie William , Kong Ing
Published: December 2024

The escalating use of plastic materials in agricultural practices has substantially increased the amount of plastic waste directed to landfills, leading to significant environmental and ecological challenges. Conventional disposal methods have been found to release hazardous pollutants, including microplastics and toxic chemicals, exacerbating these concerns. This study aims to address the environmental impact of agricultural plastic waste by exploring advanced reprocessing technologies and characterising the processed waste to assess its physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Synthetic polymer-based bale twine (BT) waste, commonly used in livestock farming, was processed using an economically viable melting machine developed by Ritchie Technology. The BT and processed bale twine (PrBT) were analysed to understand their properties. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy revealed that the waste primarily consisted of polypropylene (PP). Thermal analysis indicated that the melting temperature of the PrBT was 162.49 °C, similar to virgin PP. Additionally, tensile testing revealed that the PrBT had an ultimate strength of 13.06 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 434.07 MPa. The PrBT was further transformed into a bench that can be applicable in outdoor applications. Furthermore, the PrBT was extruded into 3D printable filament. Therefore, it is evident that bale twine waste can be given a second life through an economically viable technology.