bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVENESS OF ECCENTRIC HIP ABDUCTION EXERCISE ON KNEE ABDUCTION MOMENT FOR ONE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Okawa Yasuaki , Saho Yasuaki , Iwano Kana , Yasui Sayaka
Published: August 2017

Background

An ACL tear is one of the most serious injuries in sports, especially for females. A clinically based ACL injury prediction algorithm is thought to identify female athletes with high Knee Abduction Moment and has gained popularity. The hip abductors are considered as one of most important muscle groups to control knee position.

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of eccentric hip abduction exercise on Knee Abduction Moment.

Design

Intervention, one-year follow-up.

Setting

University Division 1 (cheerleading), Clinical setting

Participants

18 knees of 9 female freshman (18 yrs old).

Intervention

We used an eccentric hip abduction exercise. To start the athletes lay on contralateral side, lifting the upper leg to the end of hip abduction range of motion. Then, the partner pushed the leg downwards until the foot hit the other foot laying ob the ground while the athlete resisted. The athletes implemented one set of 10 repetitions each training session as part of the warm-up routine.

Main Outcome Measurements

The probability of High Knee Load was calculated by scoring points of tibia length, knee valgus motion, knee flexion ROM, body mass, and quadriceps:hamstrings torque ratio. Knee Abduction Moment was measured at baseline and one year after starting training. We defined a 75% or higher probability of high knee load as being at a high risk.

Results

At baseline, when the 9 athletes entered university as freshmen, there 3 out of 18 knees were scored as being at high risk, compared to 1 knee one year after implementing the eccentric knee abduction exercise.

Conclusions

Implementing an eccentric hip abduction exercise as part of routine warm-up has the potential to decrease the number of knees with high knee load among collegiate cheerleaders.
IMPACT OF A COMPREHENSIVE FIFA 11+ WORKSHOP ON YOUTH SOCCER COACHES' TASK SELF-EFFICACY FOR PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Owoeye Oluwatoyosi , Bulat Muge , McKay Carly , Hubka Tate , Palacios-Derflingher Luz , Schneider Kathryn , Emery Carolyn
Published: August 2017

Background

Coach-led delivery of the FIFA 11+ warm-up program is an effective strategy for program implementation. There is emerging evidence that coaches' task self-efficacy (TSE) predicts FIFA 11+ implementation in youth soccer.

Objective

To determine the impact of a comprehensive FIFA 11+ workshop on youth soccer coaches' TSE.

Design

Quasi-experimental pilot study.

Setting

Community youth soccer.

Participants

This study involved 73 Canadian coaches (66.7% male, aged 18–66 years) participating in a pilot pre-implementation FIFA 11+ workshop (Spring 2016).

Interventions

Experts with experience in program implementation delivered a coach workshop, comprising an extensive theory-based classroom session and a field-based practical demonstration of the FIFA 11+ program.

Main Outcome Measurements

A questionnaire was used to assess coaches' TSE for implementing the FIFA 11+ on a 7-point Likert scale. Difference in the pre-post workshop ratings of TSE as measured by coaches' confidence in both their understanding the FIFA 11+ program (TSE1) and their ability to use the program with their teams (TSE2). Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test analysis was used to assess any statistical differences between baseline and post-workshop ratings of TSE.

Results

Coaches had a median (1st, 3rd quartiles) baseline TSE1 rating of 6 (4, 6) and TSE2 rating of 6 (5, 6). There were statistical significant differences in coaches' TSE1 (z=−3.99; p<0.001) and TSE2 (z=−2.48; p=0.013) following workshop participation as compared to baseline.

Conclusions

A comprehensive FIFA 11+ workshop generated positive increases in coach TSE, which may help optimize program uptake and implementation. Further evaluation of this coach workshop strategy on behavioural and implementation outcomes will be performed in a large population of coaches across different cities in Canada in an ongoing nationwide implementation of the FIFA 11+ program in youth soccer.
INJURY RISK DURING DUTCH PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER EDUCATION: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OVER THE PERIOD 2000–2014
Authors: Barendrecht Maarten , Barten Carl , Smits-Engelsman Bouwien , Verhagen Evert
Published: August 2017

Background

Injury risk is high during 4-year PE teacher education (PETE). However, recent studies have focussed on injury risk during the first year only.

Objective

To compare the overall, intra- and extracurricular injury risk per sex and curriculum year, and trends over time in Dutch PETE.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

A Dutch polytechnic for PETE.

Patients (or Participants)

PE students (male n=635, female n=448), who completed their full curriculum between 2000 and 2014.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Sport setting (intra- versus extracurricular), sex, curriculum year and (consecutive) cohorts.

Main Outcome Measurements

Any musculoskeletal complaint related to sports participation for which medical advice was sought. Intracurricular iincidence rates (injuries/1000 hours) were calculated using the scheduled time table. Overall/extracurricular exposure time was calculated in months from the start of the curriculum until injury or graduation date of individual students. Clinical incidence (CI; injuries/student) was calculated as well. Risk was compared using Cox regression analysis or Relative Risk (RR) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI).

Results

Overall 599 (55.3%, 95% CI 51.1–59.9%) students sustained at least one injury. Female students had a significantly higher risk for overall (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.23–1.47) and for intracurricular injuries (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.43–1.79). CI for intracurricular injuries was significantly higher than for extracurricular injuries (RR 2.27, 95% CI 1.98–2.61), specifically in female students during their first year (RR 4.29, 95% CI 3.13–5.88). Compared to the first year, overall CI dropped significantly during the 2nd (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.54–0.71) and consecutive years. Injury risk increased over the period from 2000 to 2014 (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.36–1.86).

Conclusions

Injury risk in Dutch PETE is increasing. Risk factors for the relatively high intracurricular injury risk found for the first year and for female students, should be investigated in prospective multi-center research.
COMPARISON OF THE GLENOID RETROVERSION BY AGE AND POSITION IN ELITE BASEBALL PLAYERS: ASSESSMENT OF 291 ELITE PLAYERS FROM JUNIORS TO PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Park Jin-Young , Lim Jung-Joo
Published: August 2017

Background

In the throwing shoulder, repetitive motion increases proximal humerus and glenoid retroversion. However, clinical factors that affect this adaptation are poorly understood.

Objective

Evaluate and compare the degree of glenoid retroversion of the throwing and non-throwing shoulders of elite baseball players, and clarify their correlations with clinical factors such as age, position, or period of playing baseball.

Design

Retrospective study. The subject group in this study consisted of 291 elite baseball players over 13 yrs who visited our clinic for medical check and performed bilateral shoulder three-dimensional computed tomography from December 2011 to December 2014. We reviewed player's hand dominance, age at pitching onset, number of years of playing baseball, position, and demographic data (height, weight).

Patients (or Participants)

291 elite baseball players. Players were subdivided into different age groups (juvenile: 13–15, B adolescent: 16–18, youth: 19–25) and their position groups.

Methods

We measured glenoid version of both throwing and non-throwing shoulders by modified method of Friedman's using developed 3D analysis software.

Main Outcome Measurements

Each subject underwent three-dimensional (3D) CT, which include bilateral scapulas and proximal humeri. We developed the 3D analysis software to quantitatively measure the glenoid version angle.

Results

The average glenoid retroversion was significantly larger in the throwing than the non-throwing shoulder. The glenoid retroversion of the non-throwing shoulder became smaller in older age groups (Pearson correlation with age: −0.125; p=0.034). Also, glenoid retroversion of the non-throwing shoulder decreased gradually in proportion to period of playing. The difference between the throwing and non-throwing shoulder became larger in older age groups (correlation with age: 0.121; p=0.039). The difference in retroversion of both shoulders was positively correlated with age and period of playing. Similarly, height and weight also showed significant results (correlation with height: 0.116; p=0.048, with weight: 0.144; p=0.014). But, the glenoid retroversion of throwing shoulder had no statistically significant tendency (p>0.05). There was no difference in glenoid retroversion between different player positions (p>0.05).

Conclusions

In throwing athletes, glenoid retroversion of the non-throwing shoulder decreased with age, displaying a similar natural course as by normal development. Glenoid retroversion of the throwing shoulder showed no tendency to change and it seems likely that the developmental anteversion course is offset by the retroversion force of the throwing mechanism. The difference between shoulders increases with the age and the duration of the period of playing baseball.
HEAD IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS IN YOUTH ICE HOCKEY
Authors: Patton Declan , Maciek Krolikowski , Carolyn Emery
Published: August 2017

Background

Few studies have investigated head impacts in youth ice hockey, none of which have reported impact mechanisms.

Objective

To investigate head impact characteristics in youth ice hockey.

Design

Video analysis.

Setting

2013/2014 Calgary bantam (13–14 years) ice hockey season.

Methods

A previously compiled video database of 7260 bantam ice hockey player-to-player contacts from 22 games was searched for head impact cases. Eight games were randomly selected, two elite and six non-elite, from which head impact cases were analysed.

Results

A total of 254 head impact cases were identified, which represented 3.5% of all player-to-player contacts at a rate of 11.5 head contacts per game. A total of 100 head impact cases were analysed. Two-thirds of all cases (67%) occurred in close proximity to the boards and 11% of all cases resulted in a penalty. Over half of all impacts (55%) were to the side of the helmet, followed by the cage (29%), rear (7%), front (6%) and top (2%). The primary impacting object was an opposing player in 69% of all cases with the most common being the shoulder (31%), helmet (12%) and glove (10%). The impacting object was the glass and boards for 17% and 11% of all cases, respectively. A secondary impact occurred in 21% of all cases, which was most commonly to the side of the helmet and impacting the glass. One case involving a tertiary impact was identified, which comprised of two impacts to the shoulder of an opposing player and then an impact against the boards during the subsequent fall.

Conclusions

Impacts in youth ice hockey games are typically to the side and cage of helmets by an opposing player. Helmet performance and standards testing should include representative impacts by compliant surfaces to simulate player-to-player contact.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPORTS INJURIES DURING DUTCH PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER EDUCATION OVER THE PERIOD 2000–2014
Authors: Barendrecht Maarten , Barten Carl , Verhagen Evert , Smits-Engelsman Bouwien
Published: August 2017

Background

Injury risk is high during PE teacher education (PETE) and varies between curriculum years, settings and sex. Prospective studies covering the full 4-year period of PETE training are needed to identify risk factors.

Objective

To identify the contribution of specific sports, settings (intra- versus extracurricular), curriculum years and sex to the nature and distribution of sports injuries in PE students.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

A Dutch polytechnic for PETE.

Patients (or Participants)

All 2,903 PE students (male n=1,951, female n=954), who were enrolled between 2000 and 2014.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Nature and distribution of sports injuries were summarized for the following categories: sex, sports, setting, and curriculum year.

Main Outcome Measurements

All new musculoskeletal complaints related to sports participation, for which medical advice was sought by any of the PETE students.

Results

A total of 2,326 new injuries were reported by 1,332 students. For both sexes injuries to the ankle (n=494, 21.2%), knee (n=474, 20.4%), lower leg (n=249, 10.7%), shoulder (n=209, 9.0%) and back (n=183, 7.9%) were most frequently reported. The percentage of knee and back injuries increased after the first year, whereas the percentage of lower leg injuries decreased by 57%. Most intracurricular injuries were sustained during gymnastics (20.7%), team sports (20.4%) and track and field athletics (12.0%). Soccer (40.0%; female 19.8%, male, 51.0%) and other team sports (22.2%; female 35.4%, male 15.1%) accounted for most extracurricular injuries. Most ankle injuries (89.7% acute) were sustained during team sports (51.9%) and gymnastics (16.4%). Lower leg injuries (84.3% overuse), and knee, shoulder and back, injuries were sustained during more diverse sports activities.

Conclusions

Differential injury distributions for specific injuries between curriculum years, setting and sports need to be taken into consideration in further research on injury risk and preventive measures in PETE.
EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INTERMITTENT EXERCISE-HEAT EXPOSURE PROTOCOL TO SUSTAIN HEAT ACCLIMATION ADAPTATIONS
Authors: Pryor J. Luke , Pryor Riana , Casa Douglas , Armstrong Lawrence , DiStefano Lindsay , Anderson Jeffrey , Lee Elaine , Maresh Carl
Published: August 2017

Background

Heat acclimation (HA) reduces the risk of exertional heat illnesses (EHI). However, HA adaptations are temporary and must be sustained to safely perform physical activity in hot environments.

Objective

To determine if intermittent exercise-heat exposures every fifth day mitigates HA decay, 25 days after initial HA (+25 d).

Design

Randomized pair-matched design.

Setting

Laboratory.

Participants

Sixteen non-heat acclimatized recreationally active males (age=22.7±3.4 y; weight=72.9±7.8 kg; VO2max=55.0±5.5 ml·kg−1·min−1).

Interventions

All participants heat acclimated by completing 10–11 days of low-to-moderate intensity exercise (90–240 min; 40°C, 40%RH). A heat stress test (HST; 120 min, 45% VO2max) before (Pre) and after (Post) HA in similar hot conditions assessed HA status. Matched participants were randomly allocated into a control group receiving no heat exposure (CON; n=7) or treatment group receiving intermittent heat exposure (IHE; n=9). After the Post HA HST, participants completed an HST every fifth day for 25 days in either a hot (IHE; 40°C, 40%RH) or mild environment (CON; 24°C, 21%RH) with both groups exercising in the hot environment +25 d.

Main Outcome Measurements

Rectal temperature (Tre), heart rate (HR), and sweat rate (SR).

Results

Both groups accomplished HA after the 10–11 day initial protocol, as evidenced by lower post-exercise HR and Tre, with higher SR compared to Pre HA (p≤0.05). Moderate-to-large between-treatment mean differences (MD; CON-IHE) and effect sizes (ES) were observed for HR (MD=28 bpm, 95% CI [8, 48], ES=1.41) and Tre(MD=0.47°C, 95% CI [−0.24, 1.19], ES=0.68) but not SR (−0.13 L·hr−1, 95% CI [−0.47, 0.21], ES=0.36). At +25 d, HA adaptation decay was greater in CON than IHE (Tre: 87% vs. 2.7%; HR: 163% vs. 53%; SR: 77% vs. 70%).

Conclusions

Periodic exercise-heat exposures every five days after initial HA better sustained HR and Trein the IHE, suggesting periodic exercise-heat exposures may help reduce EHI risk for up to one month after initial HA.
ALLOMETRICALLY SCALED H:Q RATIOS: TIME TO SHARPEN OUR VISION CONCERNING STRENGTH RATIOS AS INJURY RISK FACTOR!
Authors: Radin Rafeeuddin , Sharir Raihana , Robinson Mark , George Keith , Atkinson Greg , Lolli Lorenzo , Konopinski Matt , Vanrenterghem Jos
Published: August 2017

Background

Our recent systematic review showed that prospective studies found contradicting results concerning hamstring-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratios as a risk factor for ACL injuries. All studies that express hamstring relative to quadriceps strength assume a proportional relationship yet this is not likely.

Objective

i) To investigate if the H:Q strength relationship is proportional in athlete populations and ii) To evaluate the differences in participant rankings between the traditional way of calculating H:Q ratios and allometrically scaled H:Q ratios.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting

The study was conducted both in a club and biomechanics laboratory setting.

Participants

71 male elite football athletes, 55 male recreational athletes and 48 female recreational athletes participated in the study.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Concentric hamstring and quadriceps strength (Hcon and Qcon), and eccentric hamstring strength (Hecc) were tested in participants' dominant and non-dominant limbs using isokinetic dynamometry at an angular velocity of 60°/s.

Main Outcome Measurements

i) Allometric exponents (AE) of the Hcon:Qcon and Hecc:Qcon relationships and ii) Chi-square relationships between population rankings based on the traditional H:Q ratios and the allometrically scaled H:Q ratios.

Results

i) Linear regression analyses showed that the Hcon:Qcon and Hecc:Qcon relationships were systematically non-proportional (AE ranged between 0.61 and 0.84) and ii) correcting H:Q ratios based on an average allometric exponent (0.65 for Hcon:Qcon and 0.78 for Hecc:Qcon) successfully removed bias from quadriceps strength, and significantly altered population rankings.

Conclusions

Quadriceps strength meaningfully affects H:Q ratios, causing bias in proportionally scaled H:Q ratios. Unless if quadriceps strength itself is a risk factor, allometrically scaled H:Q ratios are a superior measure of H:Q strength (im)balance for injury risk analyses in athlete populations.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FRONTAL PLANE KNEE CONTROL AND ACUTE LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES
Authors: Räisänen Anu , Pasanen Kati , Krosshaug Tron , Kannus Pekka , Vasankari Tommi , Parkkari Jari
Published: August 2017

Background

Single-leg squat (SLS) is a clinical tool used to assess knee control. Previous studies have proposed that knee valgus motion in the SLS could be related to injury risk, but this association has not been previously examined.

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between acute lower extremity injuries and frontal plane knee control in young athletes.

Design

This study is part of a prospective cohort study (PROFITS-study). As part of the baseline test battery, we measured frontal plane projection angles during SLS. We also measured the athlete's height and weight, and the athletes filled out a questionnaire describing their time-loss injuries during the past 12 months. We registered new time-loss injuries in the following 12 months on a weekly basis. Only athletes free from lower extremity injuries during the 12 months prior to baseline were included in the analyses.

Setting

Research institute, youth sports.

Participants

Ten local basketball and ten local floorball teams were invited to the study. Out of these, 9 basketball and 9 floorball teams agreed to participate. Only athletes who were 21 years or younger and were free from injury during baseline were eligible. Complete data were obtained from 306 athletes.

Assessment of Risk Factors

A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyse the potential risk factors.

Main Outcome Measurements

Acute time loss lower extremity injuries sustained during the 12 month period after baseline.

Results

Displaying a frontal plane projection angle greater than 1 standard deviation above the mean (>23.8°) in the SLS was associated with a higher risk of lower extremity injuries (OR 5.57, 95% CI 1.61–19.32) and ankle injuries (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.13–4.98).

Conclusions

Based on this study, athletes who display large frontal plane projection angles during the SLS have an elevated risk of lower extremity injuries.
IS AWARENESS OF PREVENTIVE TRAINING ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED RISK OF INJURY?
Authors: Rasmussen Sten , Nielsen Rasmus Oestergaard
Published: August 2017

Background

Little is known about the prevalence proportion of sports injuries in Denmark. In addition, the beliefs amongst athletes regarding injury-preventive training regimes and the association with injury risk are lacking.

Objective

To examine the prevalence proportion of injured athletes in a population-based sample and to describe beliefs regarding their ability to prevent injuries through proper training.

Design

Population-based sample interviews.

Setting

Denmark, March 2016.

Participants

A random sample of 1059 persons from the Danish population above 18 years.

Assessment of Risk Factors

During the interview, the following questions were asked: Are you sports active? Have you sustained any sports-related injury within the past 3 years that prevented sports activity for a shorter or longer period? Do you know how to train properly to prevent injury? In addition, assessment of demographics included: age, sex, social class, income, education, number of children, county, union member and unemployment fund.

Main measurements

Sports active, injury within 3 years and prevention knowledge.

Results

The prevalence proportion of sports active was 60.9% [95% CI: 57.9–63.9]. A majority (61.8% [95% CI: 58.3–65.2]) reported to be aware of proper injury-preventive training, whereas 25.4% [95% CI: 22.0–28.9] sustained an injury within 3 years. Sports activity increased with education (OR=1.17 [95% CI: 1.1–1.23], P=0.0001). Risk of injury decreased with increasing age (OR=0.64 [95% CI: 0.54–0.74], P<0.0001) and female sex (OR=1.61 [95% CI: 1.11–2.35], P=0.013). Knowledge of injury prevention increased with age (OR=1.15 [95% CI: 1.02–1.3], P=0.022) and female sex (OR=1.35 [95% CI: 1.13–1.51], P=0.004). No association of preventive training on injury (OR=1.07 [95% CI: 0.71–1.67])

Conclusions

The prevalence proportion of injuries seems to be a public-health issue. A majority believe they know how to train properly to prevent injuries. However, awareness of preventive training was not associated with decreased injury risk.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPORTS INJURIES AMONG HIGHLY TRAINED YOUTH MULTISPORT ATHLETES
Authors: Rejeb Abdallah , Johnson Amanda , Horobeanu Cosmin , Vaeyens Roel , Witvrouw Erik
Published: August 2017

Background

Injury epidemiology is imperative for the development of prevention strategies. Apart from football, little is known about injury characteristics on young elite athletes.

Objective

The aim of the present study is to examine the incidence of injuries sustained by adolescent highly trained multisport athletes.

Design

Longitudinal prospective study.

Setting

Aspire Academy for sport.

Patients (or Participants)

166 male adolescent athletes (mean age 15.1+/−1.85) enrolled in the academy for both school and training.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Using an injury surveillance system and record of training exposure (hours) during 5 consecutive seasons according to injury, body part, severity and mechanism. An injury was recorded as physical complaint requiring the attention of the medical staff. Overuse injuries were defined as injuries resulting from repetition of micro-trauma and with insidious onset. The severity of an injury was based on time loss (TL) criterias (Timpkaet al. 2014).

Main Outcome Measurements

The incidence of overall injuries (per 1000 training Hours), injuries with TL, and no time loss (NTL), growth and overuse injuries were computed.

Results

Altogether 643 injuries were documented. Of these injuries, 87% were TL injuries with an incidence of 4.8 per 1000 hours; (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4–5.2). Overuse injuries represented 50.3%. The prevalence of growth related injuries accounted for 20%. Exposure to training was associated with an increase of overuse injuruies (relative risk [1.03]). The most commonly diagnosed type of injury was muscle and tendon injuries (30.1%). Most injuries were located at the lower extremities (67%), with the majority affecting the foot and ankle (22%). There were only 13% serious injuries.

Conclusions

This study revealed high rates of overuse injuries and growth related conditions. Most injuries were minor. Our findings were consistent with similar studies on youth soccer. Further investigation is required to define injury potential risk factors.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES IN ENGLISH COMMUNITY LEVEL RUGBY UNION USING SMS PLAYER SELF-REPORTED DATA
Authors: Roberts Simon , Trewartha Grant , England Mike , Attwood Matt , Stokes Keith
Published: August 2017

Background

The reporting of non-time loss injuries in community sport can be challenging due to infrequent contact between players and team medical staff. Text messaging or short messaging service (SMS) is a possible option for players to self-report these injuries.

Objective

Assess the incidence, site and inciting event of self-reported match injuries using SMS in men's community rugby union players.

Design

Using a cohort study design, consenting English community rugby players were contacted by SMS every Monday morning over a 33-week season with a follow-up on Tuesday for non-responders. Questions ascertained whether they played on the previous Saturday, whether they sustained an injury which ‘inhibited or stopped them playing’, the injured body site and if the injury event was contact or non-contact related.

Setting

English community rugby union during season 2015/16.

Participants

A total of 2990 players from 81 clubs were invited to participate. Mobile telephone numbers were provided by 1178 players (39%) from 41 clubs. The weekly mean response rate of players reporting whether or not they played was 61±2%.

Independent variables

Player match exposure, playing position.

Main Outcome Measurements

Injury incidence.

Results

Players reported 860 injuries over 9025 matches (71.5 injuries per 1000 player-match hours; 95% CI: 66.7–76.2). Contact events accounted for 84% of injuries. The head was the most commonly injured site (11.1; 95% CI: 9.2–12.9). Injury incidence was similar in forwards (68.7 95% CI 61.8–75.6) and backs (71.7 95% CI 64.1–79.6) but forwards reported a higher incidence of shoulder injuries than backs (9.8 95% CI: 7.2–12.4 versus 5.4 95% CI: 3.3–7.5; P=0.014) and backs reported a higher incidence of thigh injuries (3.3 95% CI: 1.8–4.8 versus 10.6 95% CI: 7.6–13.6; P<0.001).

Conclusions

SMS is a useful tool for recording self-reported injuries in large cohorts of community team sport players and may provide additional insight into injuries which may not result in missed matches.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SMART SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR MONITORING SPORTS INJURIES
Authors: Sadeghi Mohsen , Alizadeh Mohammad Hossein
Published: August 2017

Background

There are several methods for monitoring sports injuries including simple questionnaires, text messaging and sophisticated surveillance systems. However, some problems related to inconsistency of injury definitions and classifications, high costs, data entry mistakes and lack of online technology usage may limit the efficacy of these methods and reduce validity of the recorded information.

Objective

To develop a new smart surveillance system for recording, reporting and analysing sports injuries.

Design

Common systems and methods for monitoring sports injuries were explored in the literature for identifying the potential problems and defects. Then, we searched for valid definitions and categories of sports injuries such as those available in consensus statements. Considering the popularity of smartphone amongst health care professionals, development of a connection between a special application and a computer software or another app was identified as the best way for designing a new surveillance system.

Setting

Mobile app and computer software.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

A mobile app was designed on an android platform for determining the characteristics of players, injuries and exposures. Another app and a computer software were also developed for data receiving unit of the system that was able to save information and to send data to the client's application.

Main Outcome Measurements

The data extracted from the smart surveillance system.

Results

The first version of the smart system that utilized recommendations of the consensus statement on football injuries had capability of recording injuries in an effective manner and sending them to the server software in which the data could be classified and analysed.

Conclusions

The new surveillance system for sports injuries is a technology-based system that links the medical staff of sports teams to organizations or researchers and speeds up recording and reporting the data of injuries.
TACKLE DIRECTION AND DOMINANT SIDE AFFECT UPPER BODY LOADING DURING RUGBY TACKLES
Authors: Seminati Elena , Cazzola Dario , Preatoni Ezio , Stokes Keith , Williams Sean , Trewartha Grant
Published: August 2017

Background

Approximately 25% of Rugby Union injuries occur to players executing a tackle and they mostly involve upper-body regions.

Objective

To investigate how upper-body biomechanical loading changes depending on the tackle characteristics, such as side of body used and direction of approach.

Design

A repeated-measures study where a group of Rugby Union players performed full tackling trials against a bespoke tackle simulator. Two conditions (both within-group factors) were analysed: laterality (left/right shoulder) and direction (front/diagonal/lateral) of the tackler's approach.

Setting

A laboratory-based study.

Patients (or Participants)

Six male players (26.7±7.6 years, 1.82±0.09 m, 95.7±14.0 kg), all right-side dominant.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Participants completed up to 2 dynamic tackles in each of the 6 testing conditions. A 40 kg punch-bag was accelerated manually to simulate the ball carrier and the tackler executed a full tackling movement bringing the punch-bag to the ground.

Main Outcome Measurements

Peak shoulder impact forces and head linear accelerations were measured through pressure sensors and inertial measurement units. Linear mixed models and magnitude-based inferences were used to assess differences between conditions.

Results

Dominant (right) shoulder tackles in the frontal direction generated the highest impact forces (5.3±1.0 kN), and overall they were substantially higher (by 15%) than non-dominant (left) shoulder tackles. Impact load decreased going from frontal to diagonal −3%) and lateral tackling (−10%). The lowest peak head accelerations (substantially lower [−5%] compared to frontal tackles) were recorded during diagonal tackles, with the right shoulder (9.1±3.5 g).

Conclusions

Both laterality (dominant side) and tackle direction have a substantial effect on the loads applied to the upper-body. Where feasible, the tackler should approach from a slightly offset angle from frontal and coaching should aim to reduce the deficiencies in tackling technique on the non-dominant side.
THE TRANSLATION OF SPORTS INJURY PREVENTION AND SAFETY PROMOTION KNOWLEDGE: INSIGHTS FROM KEY ORGANISATIONS
Authors: Bekker Sheree , Paliadelis Penny , Finch Caroline
Published: August 2017

Background

A recognised research-to-practice gap exists in the field of sports injury prevention and safety promotion. The role of key organisations in increasing the relevancy, accessibility, and legitimacy of injury prevention and safety promotion research knowledge for sport settings remains under-explored.

Objective

This study sought to provide new insight into the knowledge translation activities undertaken by a set of key organisations that work to ‘bridge the gap’ between research and practice in sport settings.

Design

Semi-structured face-to-face interviews about organisational processes of knowledge translation were undertaken with representatives from five key organisations.

Setting

The National Guidance for Australian Football Partnerships and Safety (NoGAPS) project provided a clear and purposeful context for this study.

Participants

The participants in this study were the self-nominated representatives from the following NoGAPS partnership organisations: 1) Australian Football League, 2) Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, 3) JLT Sport as a division of Jardine Lloyd Thompson Australia Pty Ltd, 4) Sport and Recreation Victoria, and 5) Sports Medicine Australia.

Main Outcome Measurements

A qualitative descriptive methodology was used to analyse participants' descriptions of knowledge translation activities undertaken at their respective organisations.

Results

Several knowledge translation processes and considerations emerged around three key themes: 1) identifying a need for knowledge translation, 2) developing and disseminating resources, and 3) barriers and enablers to knowledge translation.

Conclusions

This study provides new insight into knowledge translation processes that key organisations undertake when developing and disseminating injury prevention and safety promotion resources for sport settings. The role these organisations play in increasing the relevancy, accessibility, and legitimacy of research knowledge through the development of useful injury prevention and safety promotion resources is key to influencing policy and practice in sport settings.
THE BOKSMART SAFE SIX: FUNCTIONAL WARM-UP TO REDUCE INJURIES IN RUGBY UNION. DESIGN OF A CLUSTER RCT
Authors: Sewry Nicola , Verhagen Evert , Lambert Mike , van Mechelen Willem , Brown James
Published: August 2017

Background

Exercise-based interventions have consistently been associated with a reduction in injury rates in sports such as football. Although the injury burden in rugby union (‘rugby’) is high, such interventions have not been evaluated in rugby.

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of the BokSmartSafe Sixon (i) the injury risk profile and burden in junior rugby players in South Africa, and (ii) the injury prevention behavioural determinants of the coaches of these players.

Design

A pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial, with no blinding of groups.

Setting

Male youth rugby players from two geographically-separated locations in South Africa over the 2017 rugby playing season.

Patients (or Participants)

Youth rugby players (14–16 year old) (n=160 players in the intervention group; n=160 in the control group) will be recruited from the Western Cape Schools Premier Division. This sample size provides sufficient power to detect meaningful differences.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

The teams will be randomly allocated to groups that either: (i) have the BokSmartSafe Sixcoach-delivered exercise intervention in their warm-up (experimental group), or (ii) continue with their usual warm-up (control group). Injury risk profiles will be assessed on all players through musculoskeletal screening performed at the beginning, middle and end of the trial. Epidemiological measurements include injury surveillance at all matches and training sessions, and exposure to the various warm-up exercises (including BokSmartSafe Sixexercises). Behavioural determinants of coaches will be assessed before and after the intervention through standardised theory of planned behaviour questionnaires and focus groups.

Main Outcome Measurements

Comparison in injury risk profiles and burden of injury between the intervention and control groups. Changes in the behavioural determinants of coaches.
ARE EXERCISE-BASED INTERVENTIONS EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING INJURIES IN TACKLE COLLISION BALL SPORTS? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Sewry Nicola , Verhagen Evert , Lambert Mike , van Mechelen Willem , Viljoen Wayne , Readhead Clint , Brown James
Published: August 2017

Background

The injury burden in rugby union is relatively high compared to other team sports. Therefore rugby would benefit by having effective injury prevention programmes. Exercise-based interventions have successfully reduced injuries in soccer studies, but evidence on exercise-based interventions in tackle collision sports, such as rugby, is limited.

Objective

To systematically examine the evidence of exercise-based intervention programmes reducing injuries in tackle collision sports.

Design

Systematic review.

Setting

PubMed, EbscoHost and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 1995 and December 2015. The methodological quality was assessed using an adapted Cochrane Bone Joint and Muscle Trauma Group quality assessment tool.

Patients (or Participants)

N/A as this is a systematic review abstract.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

The inclusion criteria were: 1) all types of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies 2) sporting codes: American, Australian and Gaelic football, rugby union and rugby league 3) participants of any age or sex 4) exercise-based, prehabilitative intervention, and 5) primary outcome was injury number or incidence. The exclusion criteria were: 1) full-text of the article was unavailable 2) the article was unavailable in English.

Main Outcome Measurements

Effectiveness, and injury number or incidence.

Results

Nine studies with a total of 3517 participants were included in this review. Seven studies showed a statistically significant decrease in their primary outcome (injuries). These studies included three different sporting codes and various age groups, making it difficult to be confident about the inferences. The two studies that had the highest methodological quality showed no statistically significant decrease in injury incidence following an exercise-based intervention.

Conclusions

There is a lack of consistent evidence from high-level studies that exercise-based interventions in tackle collision sports reduce injuries.
WRESTLING INJURIES DURING THE 2016 RIO OLYMPIC GAMES
Authors: Shadgan Babak , Molnar Szabolcs , Sikmic Stevan , Chahi Abdelghani
Published: August 2017

Background

Better understanding of the incidence, characteristics, predisposing factors and mechanisms of injuries in each sport helps to implement more effective preventive measures to better care for the athletes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the injury profile of elite senior wrestlers in men's Greco-Roman, men's freestyle, and women's freestyle wrestling during the 2016 Rio Olympic Games.

Design

Descriptive epidemiologic study.

Setting

Clinical.

Participants

352 senior qualified wrestlers participated in 2016 Rio Olympic Games.

Interventions

A web-based injury database system developed by UWW was used to collect the injury data during all wrestling competitions of the Games.

Main Outcome Measurements

Included athlete's demographic, weight category, injury type, severity, location, timing, and mechanism.

Results

A total of 352 athletes sustained 22 injuries during 410 matches, which is equivalent to an overall incidence of 6.2 injuries per 100 athletes (7.1% in men; 4.4% in women; P=0.31) and 5.4 injuries per 100 matches. Among the three styles, women's freestyle had the lowest injury rate (22.7%); men's freestyle and men's Greco-Roman sustained an injury rate of 36.4% and 40.9% respectively. More injuries were observed in the middleweight categories. The most common injury type was skin laceration and contusion (54.5%) due to direct contact, and the most common site of injury was forehead (36.4%). In sum, 54.5% of all injuries were categorized as light, 27.3% as mild and 18.2% as severe. Four bouts were terminated due to an injury.

Conclusions

No serious and catastrophic injury was recorded during wrestling competitions of 2016 Olympic Games, and most injuries were minor. The rate of wrestling injuries during 2016 Rio Games (6.2% per athlete) were lower than 2012 London (12%) and 2008 Beijing (9.3%) Olympic Games. Higher education, improvements in wrestling regulations and more attention to wrestler's health care during recent years might explain this difference.
SUBSEQUENT ARM INJURY RISK FOLLOWING REHABILITATION AND RETURN TO SPORT
Authors: Shanley Ellen , Arnold Amanda , Hawkins Richard , Tokish John , Kissenberth Michael , Wyland Douglass , Thigpen Charles
Published: August 2017

Background

Reports of return to play(8–80%) and subsequent injury(15–30%) are variable following arm injuries in baseball players with no known risk factors.

Objective

We aimed to prospectively examine the influence of injury history, return to sport criteria, and baseball participation as risk factors in youth and adolescent baseball players returning to sport following rehabilitation.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Youth through adolescent baseball leagues.

Patients (or Participants)

Injured baseball players (n=60;age=15.3±2.5 months) were followed for atleast 1 year (15.8±9.6 months) after returning to sport.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

All players' ROM, strength and outcome scores were measured and met predetermined criteria for return to sport. Players were surveyed monthly for participation, competition level, and the development of injuries. All subsequent injuries were verified as overuse time-loss injuries by team athletic trainer, physical therapist, or physician.

Main Outcome Measurements

Bivariate correlations were used to evaluate the relationship between injury history, return to sport criteria, and baseball participation. Forward stepwise logistic regression using significant (r>.25;P<0.05) associations with advancing completion level and subsequent injury were then used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from the final model (α=0.05).

Results

Seven players reported an injury prior to the index injury. Twenty players suffered a subsequent time-loss arm injury. Development of a subsequent arm injury was correlated with previous injury(r=.45;P=0.002) and advancing one competitive level(r=.32;P=0.01). The final regression model revealed that players reporting an prior injury to the index injury were 20.5 (1.8–147.5 95% CI) times greater risk of a subsequent overuse arm injury than in players without a previous injury history.

Conclusions

Injury history and advancing competition levels increases the risk of a subsequent arm injury despite achievement of evidence based return to sport criteria. Clinicians should consider counseling and monitoring of youth and adolescent baseball players returning back to sport, especially after multiple arm injuries.
OVERTRAINING AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE IN FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Stojmenovic Tamara , Malic Tatjana , Vukasinovic-Vesic Milica , Andjelkovic Marija , Dikic Nenad
Published: August 2017

Background

High incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears among female basketball players requires a proper understanding of the risk factors in order to reduce the number of these severe events.

Objective

It was hypothesized that athletes involved in professional level of basketball and more than 10 hours of training per week at young age are exposed to greater risk of ACL rupture due to overtraining.

Design

Non-experimental correlation retrospective study was performed.

Setting

In order to collect data Serbian female basketball players, from both domestic and European professional teams, were contacted.

Patients (or Participants)

A total of 108 female basketball players were included in the study (age 26.26±6.8).

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

The questionnaire regarding the involvement in a professional level of basketball and hours/week of training at younger age was administrated to participants. The logistic regression method was used in order to calculate the odds ratio confidence interval (O. R.).

Main Outcome Measurements

The athletes exposed to high intensity and frequency of training had grater odds of getting ACL rupture.

Results

43 out of 108 athletes reported ACL injury at the age of 18.25±3.12. Those involved in professional level of basketball had an odds of ACL injury about 9.25 times greater than those who competed only for their age group (OR 9.2503; p=0.0001). The ones exposed to more than 10 hours of training per week had an odds of ACL injury about 7.54 greater than those with less training hours (O R 7.5374; p=0.0002).

Conclusions

Playing basketball at a professional level at younger age can lead to overtraining and consequently an increased incidence of ACL ruptures in female basketball players. Accordingly, intensity and frequency of training must be adapted to both chronological and biological age of young athletes in order to prevent this serious injury.
MECHANISMS OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES IN HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES
Authors: Takahashi Saeko , Nagano Yasuharu , Ito Wataru , Okuwaki Toru
Published: August 2017

Background

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most serious sports injuries. However, few studies have surveyed the details of ACL injury mechanisms in high school athletes.

Objective

To investigate the mechanisms of ACL injuries among 1,000 ACL injuries in high school athletes by retrospectively reviewing the Japan Sports Council notification data.

Design

Epidemiological survey and retrospective study.

Setting

Young athletes (15–18 years old) belonging to sports clubs (soccer, basketball, judo, handball, volleyball) in high school (10th–12th grade). These clubs had a high incidence of ACL injuries in young Japanese athletes.

Patients (or Participants)

We collected data on 100 ACL injuries for each sport and sex for 1,000 athletes with injured ACL.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

We divided these data according to mechanisms such as contact (direct and indirect) and non-contact (play- and surface-related). Indirect contact was defined as an external force applied to the athlete but not directly to the injured knee. External force was involved in the injury process.

Main Outcome Measurements

We compared the mechanisms of injury between sexes and specific sports.

Results

Non-contact injuries were greater than contact injuries in ball games, except in male soccer. Most judo players experienced contact injuries. Over half of contact injuries were indirect in ball games. Surface problems caused 2.4% of ACL injuries.

Conclusions

We clarified the mechanisms of ACL injuries in young athletes. Detailed investigations of ACL injury mechanisms and prevention programs are needed.