bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dyslexia
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

When it becomes fashionable to use a diagnostic term such as 'specific dyslexia' a great number of people, especially parents, and including some teachers, and even perhaps some psychologists, give a sigh of relief that they have at last identified verbally what they know exists in reality. Despite this, however, a considerable amount of uncertainty and even confusion and controversy still remain, among the experts in particular, as to whether the use of the term 'dyslexia' has any useful purpose or indeed whether the condition exists at all.
Contractual Services
Authors: Wonderly Donald M. , Mcloughlin Caven S.
Published: March 2007

Contracting for school psychological services with agencies and individuals external to the local school district raises many questions about how the needs of teachers and children may best be served. Issues such as accountability, professionalism, employment and salary offerings are involved. Beyond this, the very legitimacy of contractual services as they pose a threat to established practice must be investigated. In this paper, an attempt is made to suggest how private organizations which provide a full range of psychological services may meet some of the objections that have been raised. The conclusion drawn is that recognizing and controlling the way in which such services are provided represents the most reasonable approach.
Assessment of Verbal Creative Strengths in Brazilian Adults
Authors: Wechsler Solange
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate in Brazilian adults five verbal creative strengths-emotions, fantasy, elaboration, unusual perspective and analogies-which were observed through a new scoring system for the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) verbal form. Men and women in drama, journalism and psychology were compared on the expression of these creative strengths. Results indicated significant associations among four verbal strengths (emotions, fantasy, elaboration, unusual perspective), and the subjects' creative achievements in the verbal area as well as in different areas. The three professional groups differed in their expression of emotions, fantasy, unusual perspective, verbal creativity index, total creative achievements and in their verbal creative achievements. Sex difference was only observed on the creative strength fantasy. The intercorrelations observed among the subtests indicate that the new scoring method leads to an appropriate psychometric instrument.
Learning Style and School Attainment in Young Children
Authors: Birrell Heather V. , Phillips C. J. , Stottc D. H.
Published: March 2007

Motivational and other personality factors are major determinants of children's response to schooling and of their acquisition of basic educational skills. In a longitudinal study of children beginning school in an industrial, urban area of the West Midlands, in England, teachers identified the pupils observed to show seven kinds of inappropriate learning behaviour on the Guide to the Child's Learning Skills. Their assessments were more predictive of attainments in reading, spelling and number, two years later, than reported coefficients from studies using intelligence tests as predictors.
Overseas Consultation
Authors: Braden Jeffery R.
Published: March 2007

The challenge of overseas consulting is viewed from the perspective of a novice. These challenges are viewed within the context of pre-entry issues, entry, relationship building, problem identification/solutions, and termination stages of consultation. A case history of brief school psychological consultation to an American school in the Middle East illustrates some of the unique challenges of overseas consultation. It is concluded that logistical and cultural challenges provide serious obstacles and poignant opportunities for overseas consulting.
Rewards and Punishments in Schools
Authors: Caffyn Rachel E.
Published: March 2007

Many school psychologists today are looking beyond the individual crisis-centred approach. Instead, by seeking to 'prevent' rather than 'cure' problems, they aim to enhance the learning experiences of children in a school as a whole. There is now considerable evidence that pupil behaviour can be influenced by the use of rewards and punishments in school, and that a reorganization of school sanctions can improve the educational experiences of both pupils and teachers. In the present study, views on the effectiveness of rewards and punishments in English secondary schools were gathered by means of a specially designed questionnaire, supplemented by written comments and information from discussions with pupils. Five-hundred-and-ten pupils and ninety-nine teachers from four mixed comprehensive schools participated in the final study. Pupils and teachers differed in their opinions of some of the strategies yet agreed about the effectiveness of (some) others. Despite evident individual differences, the study showed sufficient agreement between pupils and teachers to take into account when deciding general school policy. The majority of respondents felt that involving parents is of fundamental importance and that many traditional punishments serve little useful purpose.
Violence at School
Authors: Iiorowitz Tamar Ruth , Kraus Vered
Published: March 2007

This empirical Israeli study compared the explanatory capabilities of three interpretations for school violence: (a) violence as an input of the wider society to the school system; (b) violence at school as a response to frustration and alienation; and (c) school violence as a consequence of already existing violence at school. It appears that violence in Israel's schools is mainly a result of exposure to violent behaviour either at school, or in the general society. Frustration and alienation and expression of youth subculture seem to have very little effect.
Moral Development in a Changing World
Authors: Chong-De Lin
Published: March 2007

A perspective on moral development is presented which suggests a stage model involving prerequisites and critical periods. The relationship between children's intellectual structures; knowledge, skills, and experiences; personality traits; physical maturity; and emotional state, interactively function with existing moral structures to influence moral development.
The Identification of Special Educational Needs
Authors: Lindsay Geoffrey A.
Published: March 2007

The publication in the United Kingdom in 1978 of the Warnock Report (Department of Education and Science, 1978) provided a landmark in the development of both resources for and conceptualization of children with special educational needs. Not only did it provide the basis for legislation in the form of the 1981 Education Act, but it also altered the way in which the issue of special education was viewed. For present purposes, the major aspect was the assertion that about one in six children would have special educational needs at any one time, and about one in five sometime during their school lives.
Professional Training and Development in Educational Psychology
Authors: Hogg D. , Stratford R. J. , Cameron R. J.
Published: March 2007

The current state of professional training and development for educational psychologists in the UK has been heavily influenced by the changing role demands of the 1980s. This article describes the work in educational psychology training which is currently being carried out at Southampton University. The uniquely 'integrated' nature of the Southampton model is discussed and details of the organization of the three phases - preprofessional training, professional training and advanced professional training/ development - are provided. Changes which have occurred as a result of ongoing evaluation are outlined and likely future trends are identified. Finally, it is argued that professional training and development initiatives should not only respond to external demands but should also attempt to shape educational psychology practice in the 1990s.
Salicylate Consumption and Hyperactive Behavior
Authors: Underwood Sue Ann , Sloane Howard N. , Jenson William R.
Published: March 2007

Two boys labelled hyperactive who had followed a salicylate-free diet for over a year consumed specially prepared cookies daily for 6-7 weeks. With subject 1 (age 6), salicylates were presented in the cookies on two occasions; on other days the cookies were salicylate-free. On two occasions subject 1 violated his diet and consumed salicylates from other sources. With subject 2 (age 12), salicylates were presented five times. Observers collected daily data on out-of-seat, off-task and physically aggressive behavior in the classroom. Visual inspection of the data suggested that behavior changes were associated with salicylate ingestion for subject 1, although there was some variability, but not for subject 2. A randomization test indicated that for subject 1 differences associated with planned salicylate ingestion were significant at the 0.05 level. No significant differences were noted for subject 2.
Clients of the School Psychological Service in a Norwegian Community
Authors: Skaarbrevik Karl J.
Published: March 2007

Historical trends of the school psychological services in Norway has been exemplified by the service in the municipality of Aalesund and by the clients referred to the service in this community. From being a service that was influenced by mental health clinics with a psychodynamic approach, it has developed into a more school- and education-orientated service. The service has also developed from an individual, diagnostic-treatment approach to clients, toward a systems approach where the learning environment and co-operation with teachers and school administrators is becoming more important. The service now covers all age groups from infancy to the age of 20, and in some instances beyond that age. The clients of the service in the school year of 1985/ 86 are further described with regard to age, gender, referring agencies, reasons for referral and initiatives taken by the school psychological service.
The Open Line for Students in the Gulf War in Israel
Authors: Noy Bilha
Published: March 2007

The Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture Open Line for Students handled thousands of calls from students, parents and teachers during the Gulf War. The Open Line team consisted then of over thirty professionals using nine telephone lines, twelve hours a day. The professional approach was based on principles of treatment of stress, short-term counselling and intervention via the telephone. In short-term therapy and telephone intervention it is assumed that most clients are normally functioning people who have become involved in an abnormal situation. Therefore, brief orientation, guidance and counselling may assist in returning them promptly to a state of adaptive coping. The principles of treatment of stress consist of (1) strengthening the client's ability to function and cope; (2) encouraging self-perception of health and hardiness; (3) referral to a trusted leadership and creating a local one; (4) promoting social cohesion and support; and (5) legitimizing social exchange. Our experience led us to the following conclusions regarding the educational system: in emergencies, schools must continue to operate and function even when they are ordered to close; the open line can be used to assist in coping in an emergency; in emergencies, it is advisable to encourage students to turn for help to their school's staff; professionals who help others in an emergency need support for themselves; every school must prepare programmes in advance to cope with specific emergencies. The conclusions with regard to the home front in a state of emergency were that the closure of schools was a national question; advance practice in using protective gear is needed; provision of early and accurate information reduces helplessness; the community support framework must be planned.
Secondary Schoolgirls' Perception of Women's Roles and Their Achievement Orientation
Authors: Mowaiye Olufunmilayo
Published: March 2007

Many studies have revealed that females tend to avoid circumstances that are likely to produce success, and that they are not as highly oriented towards achievement as are males (Horner, 1972). However, many young women are now believed to be moving out of the 'traditional' stereotyped roles for females; such females may not be plagued by fear of success. This study was designed to elucidate the difference in achievement orientation among girls who may have a 'non-traditional' perception of theories of women, compared to those who may be 'traditional' in their perception of women's roles. The research study conducted in Nigeria revealed that there was no difference in the achievement orientation for girls in these two groups.
Pupil Absenteeism
Authors: Carroll H. C.M.
Published: March 2007

Pupil absenteeism in Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom is examined in each country in terms of the legal basis for school attendance, the extent of pupil absenteeism, the way in which the problem is dealt with and research on the topic. The investigation involved the use of a postal questionnaire; structured interviews; meetings with official committees; visits to embassies, government offices, schools, a university and a school psychological service; the collection of published and unpublished reports, articles and other written material; and an examination of the published research literature. The findings challenge British perspectives on the subject and have implications for the role of the school psychologist.
The School Assistance Center
Authors: House Jess E. , McInerney William F.
Published: March 2007

The School Assistance Center is presented as a viable alternative to the traditional delivery model for school psychology services. The effect of recent developments in special education in the United States on the role of the school psychologist is discussed, the shortcomings of the traditional model are reviewed and the School Assistance Center is described. The regular education initiative of the 1980s and, more recently, the inclusion movement reduces the need for assessment and increases the need for consultation. The School Assistance Center better meets these needs as it promotes consultation, collaboration and intervention in regular education classrooms in which students with special needs are enrolled. Following the successful pilot of the School Assistance Center in a medium-sized, urban school district in 1993, the model was adopted throughout the district in 1994.
Teachers' Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Family-School Partnerships
Authors: Pelco Lynn E. , Ries Roger R.
Published: March 2007

Although a considerable body of literature supports the benefits of ongoing family-school partnerships, some research indi cates that such partnerships tend to decline as children progress from the lower through middle school grade levels. It remains unknown, however, whether this trend continues through upper grade levels. This study clarifies the relationships between schools and families across lower, middle and upper grades by contrasting the responses of over 400 teachers to a survey regarding their attitudes towards, involvement in, and perceptions of partnership practices at their schools. Results indicated that while teachers value family involvement in schools, middle and upper grade level teachers used fewer strategies to help families become or stay involved in their child's schooling than do lower grade level teachers. Additionally, upper grade level teachers report less involvement in family-school collaborations than did middle grade level teachers. The results are discussed within the framework of a causal model (Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler, 1995), and implications for school psychology practice and further research are presented.
School District Central Office Power and Student Performance
Authors: Peterson Steven A.
Published: March 2007

The literature on effective schools suggests that building level power is associated with increased student performance. To the extent that central district offices try to assert their power over school buildings, one would hypothesize that students' performance would decline. This study uses the National Educational Longitudinal Study as a database to test this expectation. This database traces students interviewed in 8th grade until their graduation from high school. Results suggest that intrusive central offices are associated with somewhat lower student performance.
Integration or Segregation? Immigrant Populations Facing the Labour Market in Sweden
Authors: Knocke Wuokko
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the labour market situation for different categories of immigrant populations and young people of immigrant origin in Sweden, pointing to the failure of integration policies. The article argues that, as in other labour-importing countries, it is Sweden's economic needs and structural labour market conditions that are decisive for their integration, or alternatively segregation, or discrimination in the labour market and in working life. It challenges the argument which points to cultural factors intrinsic to ethnic minorities themselves as a major obstacle to their successful integration in the labour market. Instead, it shows the operation of discriminatory mechanisms which affect persons of non-Swedish origin, particularly in a tight labour market situation.
When Paths are Vicious Circles How Women's Working Conditions Limit Influence
Authors: Kaul Hjordis , Lie Merete
Published: March 2007

The special situation of women workers as compared to men is most often explained by women's role in the family. Another and often neglected explanation of their work behavior is that most women have working conditions different from those of men. The article gives a detailed analysis of how working conditions in typical female industrial work limit women's possibilities for influence within the organization. The results of a study of three Norwegian industrial plants are presented.
The Economists' Theory of Ideology: Competing Views
Authors: Kaun David E.
Published: March 2007

In the newly developed field of 'public choice', economists have turned to the questions of motive (rather than effect) underlying social-welfare legislation. The basis for many of these arguments is a theory of 'ideology' which flows from the 'self-interested man' of Adam Smith. Recent elaborations of this theory include a full development in the writing of Schumpeter and others. This conservative theory is contrasted with theories based on motives of benevolence and altruism, found in the work of Bentham, Boulding, Tawney, and Polanyi. The latter views are, it is argued, essential in obtaining a full understanding of our past, present, and future society.
The Sector and Firm in Self-Management: II. Lessons from the Peruvian and Chilean Experiences
Authors: Scurrah Martin J.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of evaluations made of the experience with the attempts to develop sectors of worker self-managed firms in Peru and Chile during the past decade, a number of lessons are derived concerning intermediary organizations, training, external integration, the role of managers and technicians, and legal and marketing problems. Unless the lessons learned are applied to the design of future infrastructures for organizational democracy, it is likely that the difficulties encountered in Peru and Chile will be repeated in other Third World countries.
Office Automation: The Case of Gender and Power
Authors: Morgall Janine , Vedel Gitte
Published: March 2007

Just what should technology assessment involve? Analyses of information technology in offices show that it is not enough to be concerned with the technology itself. On the contrary, the hierarchy in the work between men and women, as well as the way in which the work is organized, should be a major issue in any attempt at technology assessment. Technology reflects both the capitalist and sexual power structure.
Worker Participation and Wage-bargaining in Denmark
Authors: George Donald A. R.
Published: March 2007

Union wage-bargaining power in Denmark is analysed for the 1970s using earnings drift between centrally bargained and firm-level earnings as the basis for a measure of bargaining power. This measure is given a justification in terms of bargaining theory. During the 1970s various forms of worker participation, which are described and analysed in the paper, were introduced in Denmark. The paper attempts to relate changes in bargaining power to these developments.
Catering for the Oil: Catering and the Reproduction of the North Sea Communities
Authors: Holter Φystein Gullvåg
Published: March 2007

The oil platform is a social innovation, a new type of community. Formally, people work together on the oil installation, yet in reality they also live together, and cater for each other or not in a multitude of ways. Living away from their homes for long periods, usually two weeks, the offshore workers require someone to take care of their needs. This is done by the 1200 catering workers. A rising proportion (42 percent in 1985) of the caterers are women, working in an otherwise almost totally male environment. The present article concerns the often overlooked catering group and its role not only for the daily welfare of the offshore workers, but also in the reproduction of the North Sea installations as social communities. The institutionalization of new work and life patterns is the background theme of the article and the focus is on the professional caterers and their unique role in the work organization.
Gosta Rehn as an LO Economist
Authors: Meidner Rudolf
Published: March 2007

Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the post-war Swedish model is the Rehn-Meidner policy complex: macro-economic management, active labour market policy plus solidaristic wages bargaining. This innovative solution to the problem that would come to be associated with the Phillips curve tradeoff between unemployment and inflation was discovered in 1951 by the two LO' economists, Gosta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner. Gosta Rehn's seventy-fifth birthday provided the occasion for a reassessment of his contribution by leading Swedish scholars and policy practitioners. EID has been granted permission to publish a slightly modified translation of Rudolf Meidner's contribution to the festskrift. In the following pages Meidner weaves together historical material, based on documents produced during Rehn's years with LO, and contemporary issues in a spirited tribute to his former colleague and long-standing friend.
Locus of Control and Degree of Organizational Democracy
Authors: Brown Leslie H.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses control graph data from eighteen new-wave food cooperatives in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Findings reveal inconsistencies with reports of general patterns in the literature. These inconsistencies are shown to be interpretable within a framework which views these organizations as democratic organizations. Key strengths and weaknesses of the control graph approach for the study of democratic organizations are identified, and the case is made for avoiding unilateral substitution of 'degree of oligarchy' for 'degree of democracy' as a continuum along which to compare work organizations.
Mondragon: Adapting Co-operative Structures to Meet the Demands of a Changing Environment
Authors: Moye A. Melissa
Published: March 2007

The Mondrag6n co-operatives of the Basque region of northern Spain are currently adapting to changing market conditions in Europe, pursuing a strategy of scale within priority sectors. This article outlines the strategic development of the co-operatives, then juxtaposes the experience of the co-ops with four major theoretical issues arising from the economic literature on co-operatives: (1) the potential for employment restriction; (2) underinvestment; (3) inadequate market discipline of self-financed co-ops; and (4) the danger of sell-off by members. The hypothesis is advanced that the cooperative group has developed competitive advantages via institutions that were originally designed to conserve social priorities. Institutions forming the finance system of the group are examined in more detail, and current changes to the finance system and other group institutions are discussed and questions raised as to the effects of these institutional changes on economic performance.
Industrial Work, Instrumentalism, Learning Processes: An Old Debate in a Utopian Perspective
Authors: Olsen Peter , Nielsen Kurt A. , Nielsen Birger S.
Published: March 2007

Recent research on unskilled industrial work suggests that workers' orientations to work are complex and ambivalent implying defence mechanisms, resistance and (latent) interest in the work and its change. This notion is discussed in the first part of the article and it represents the theoretical starting point for the project presented in the second part. In a current action research project, called 'Industry and Happiness', an egalitarian co-operation between unskilled workers and researchers has been developed. Through a utopian working method the workers have developed autonomous learning processes. On the basis of their own experiences they have produced visions of a democratic industry viewed as part of a better life. The workers and researchers aim at a practical social experiment in order to try out the visions, step by step, in a future self-governed fishing industry.
Industrial Rights: A Neglected Facet of Citizenship Theory
Authors: Gersuny Carl
Published: March 2007

Theoretical treatment of citizenship, beginning with the pathbreaking work of T.H. Marshall, has made short shrift of industrial citizenship. Treating industrial citizenship as subsidiary to civil, political and social citizenship as well as limiting it to the realm of trade union organization and collective bargaining are serious shortcomings. Citizens of advanced societies need also to be shielded against wage competition from underdeveloped societies. The alternative to industrial rights is that the advanced societies will be shown the image of their future by the less developed societies.
From Silent to Talkative Participants: A Discussion of Technique as Social Construction
Authors: Nielsen Kurt Aagaard , Olsen Peter , Nielsen Birger Steen
Published: March 2007

Recent research on the social construction of technology stresses the importance of investigating the negotiation between all interests in production and reproduction. This article presents the weaknesses and strengths of the so-called theory of social shaping of technology. The authors are sceptical as to the ability of this tradition to explain the fact that workers are silent participants in negotiations. In an account of a project called 'Industry and Happiness' the authors argue that attention must be paid to workers' life situation and not only to their work experience. They further claim the need for unhindered cooperation between experts and workers, articulating perspectives and utopian ideas of democratic industrial production.
Lean Production and White-Collar Work: The Case of Sweden
Authors: Nilsson Tommy
Published: March 2007

During the 1990s lots of books and reports have been written about lean production. However, in these the authors mostly refer to bluecollar workers. Thus, very little is written about lean production with reference to white-collar workers. This article outlines what happens to white-collar workers close to production when lean production is introduced, mainly with reference to the case of Sweden. What happens to work organization when the traditional bureaucratic organization is torn down? What kind of new demands are put on the officials? What will the demarcation line between blueand white-collar workers look like in the near future? The development of so-called complete teams seems to dissolve the old Taylorist division between manual and intellectual work.
A New Concept of Full Employment
Authors: Delsen Lei
Published: March 2007

The target of full employment depends upon the goals regarding labour force participation rates, the length of the work week and frictional unemployment. Although nearly all social groups agree that stronger economic growth would contribute most to solving the unemployment problem, the prospects for a return to the conditions prevailing before 1973 are poor. The article argues that a general saturation, demographic developments and environmental problems may cause bottlenecks for economic growth. Important changes in the labour supply and in the sectoral distribution of employment are eroding the full-time, full-year concept. In addition, advances in information technology make it imperative to re-examine the old concept of full employment. A new full employment concept is proposed that includes a legal right to a basic amount of employment, i.e. at least part-time employment, combined with a right to a (partial) basic income. It is argued that this new full employment concept is not only economically efficient, but socially desirable.
Images of Good Work and the Politics of Teamwork
Authors: Badham Richard , Jurgens Ulrich
Published: March 2007

Contemporary empirical studies of teamwork take much of their inspiration from long-standing conflicting images of 'good' work in modem societies. In particular, the 'machine', 'anomie' and 'alienation' images have had a strong influence on theoretical development and empirical research. Rather than criticizing the dominance of this imagery, this article argues for a more selfconscious and comprehensive exploitation of its richness and diversity. Contemporary studies of teamwork are more often than not held back by a reduction of fundamental theoretical issues and tensions to matters of simple empirical tests and a 'forced' choice between perspectives and a general decline in attention to the 'alienation' image. The argument herein is made through a reanalysis of the classic and exemplary debate between Adler and Cole and Berggren over teamwork in NUMMI and Uddevalla.
Economic Ownership and Workers' Perceptions of the Workplace: An Exploratory Study of Manufacturing Workers in Shanghai
Authors: Lai Gina , Chiu Warren , Wan Choi K.
Published: March 2007

The Chinese urban economy has undergone substantial transformation since the industrial reforms in 1984. This article seeks to understand the impact of economic reforms on the institutional settings of the workplace, as seen from the workers' perspective, and their subsequent influence on workers' well-being, as indicated by job satisfaction. Data were collected from a 1996 survey of 300 urban workers in Shanghai, who were engaged in six organizations, including two state enterprises, two joint ventures and two private enterprises. Findings show that despite the long hours and relatively low income, workers in private enterprises report the most optimistic outlook for themselves in the organization as well as for the future development of the organization, and the highest level of job satisfaction. After controlling for the sociodemographic characteristics of workers and types of economic ownership, expectations for the future development of the organization is found to be the most significant predictor for job satisfaction. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Employee Stock Ownership Plans: Union Influence and Stakeholder Interests
Authors: Mchugh Patrick P. , Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Polzin Michael
Published: March 2007

This article extends understanding of how institutional factors influence the degree to which employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are or are not democratically structured. It examines how factors such as union member participation, industry, age of the ESOP, ownership structure and firm size influence a range of ESOP attributes, including: level of employee ownership, stock allocations, vesting and voting practices and the extent of employee participation in administration and decision-making. Based on a survey of 68 ESOPs, we found that when bargaining unit workers participated in an ESOP, the plan tended to be more participative and egalitarian. By contrast, the other factors examined had relatively little impact. These findings have important implications for unions, managers and policy-makers around what form of ESOP to advance.
Negative Reinforcement–Based Treatment to Increase Food Intake
Authors: Kitfield Edward B. , Masalsky Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

Anegative reinforcement–based treatment packagewas associated with desirable weight gain in a 22-year-old woman with developmental disabilities who demonstrated chronic food refusal. Treatments including extinction of escape and continuous access to preferred foods were not successful in increasing her weight. The negative reinforcement intervention included escape from eating and the dining area contingent upon the consumption of food. Improved oral consumption and increases in weight were achieved under negative reinforcement conditions and these results were maintained at follow-up intervals of 1 and 3 months.
Respiratory and Cognitive Subtypes of Panic
Authors: Moynihan Jayne E. , Gevirtz Richard N.
Published: March 2007

A review of the panic disorder literature strongly suggests subtypes of panic attacks, including a respiratory subtype. This study empirically tested several aspects of Ley’s panic subtype theory, measuring end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) levels at baseline, during psychologic and respiratory stressors, and at recovery.As predicted, Type 1 (classic or respiratory) panickers had significantly lower resting ETCO2 compared to Type 3 (cognitive) and to controls. Type 3 panickers did not differ from controls. Physiologic findings support the existence of respiratory and other subtypes of panic attacks in panic disorder. More complex measures of respiration and other physiology are likely required to elicit full subtype profiles. Distinguishing between chronic (compensated) hyperventilators and acute hyperventilators will likely be useful in clarifying the subtypes. Recognizing the need for differential diagnosis of panic attacks can facilitate developing more specific treatment plans and interventions (e.g., restoration of normal ETCO2 in Type 1), improving treatment success rates.
The Role of External Variables in Self-Reinforcement
Authors: Jones Russell T. , Nelson R. Eric , Kazdin Alan E.
Published: March 2007

The present paper reviews self-reinforcement research in behavior modification. This research suggests that a wide range of responses can be altered, including classroom deportment, academic performance, and studying as well as eating behaviors, smoking, nail-biting, and others. A major area of debate in the self-reinforcement literature is the extent to which external influences contribute to or account for behavior changes usually attributed to self-control. Without embracing a particular conceptual position, examination of the research suggests that several external variables might contribute to self-reinforcement procedures. These variables are rarely acknowledged in investigations as possible sources of influence and include a history of external control in the experiment, criterion setting for the response, self-monitoring, surveillance of the self-reinforcement process, instructional sets, and direct reinforcement or punishment contingencies for the self-reinforcing response or the target behavior. Investigation of these variables will help enumerate both the conceptual basis of self-reinforcement and reveal procedures to enhance the effects of self-reinforcement as a behavior modification technique.
Teaching Models in Marital Therapy
Authors: Luber Raymond F.
Published: March 2007

The growth of marital therapy is reviewed with special emphasis devoted to recent trends toward (1) the increased use of direct teaching models for the treatment of marital dysfunction, and (2) the increased emphasis on empirical validation of theoretical approaches. Two didactic models (communication skills training and contingency contracting) are considered in detail in regard to both their theoretical bases and their empirical support. In addition, treatment packages incorporating these two models are reviewed and evaluated with special attention given to the theoretical assumptions underlying these approaches. Finally, a research question is raised involving the possible interactional and ordering effects found in these treatment packages.
A Remediation Program for Increasing the Spelling Achievement of Elementary and Junior High School Students
Authors: Foxx Richard M. , Jones James R.
Published: March 2007

The present study evaluated four procedures designed to help poor spellers improve their achievement on weekly tests: (1) a pretest over the week's spelling words followed in two days by the regular weekly test; (2) a positive practice procedure in which students were required to correct any misspelled word on the weekly test by writing out its (a) correct spelling, (b) part of speech, (c) phonetic spelling, (d) complete definition, and (e) correct usage in five different sentences; (3) a pretest, positive practice of the pretest, and the weekly test; and (4) a pretest, positive practice of the pretest, weekly test, and positive practice of the weekly test. The pretest/positive practice/test/positive practice procedure was the most effective, producing a 14 percentage point increase in spelling achievement. The pretest/positive practice/test (11 percentage point increase) and positive practice (10 percentage point increase) procedures were of near equal effectiveness. The pretest procedure produced no increase.
Teaching Change Computation to the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Cuvo Anthony J. , Veitch Vicky D. , Trace Michael W. , Konke Janis L.
Published: March 2007

Instructional procedures for teaching change computation skills were developed and evaluated on three mentally retarded adolescents. A multiple baseline across subjects combined with the essential features of a multiple baseline across responses was employed. Four response classes, each defined by a different manner of computing change, were taught. Instructional techniques involved: (a) training problems in which the proper responses were modeled, (b) practice problems in which correct responses were reinforced and incorrect responses resulted in corrective feedback, and (c) review problems in which previously trained response classes were rehearsed prior to instruction on a new class. Retraining was provided when subjects' performance fell below the designated criterion. Shaping, chaining, and modeling were the principal antecedent conditions; information feedback and tangible reinforcers were used as consequences. The results showed virtually 100% performance on a posttest and follow-up test. Idiosyncratic patterns of generalization across response classes were noted.
Differential Effects of Reinforcing Topographic Components of Social Interaction
Authors: Walker Hill M. , Greenwood, Charles R. , Hops Hyman , Todd Nancy M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of reinforcing, singly and in combination, three topographic components of social interaction among socially withdrawn children assigned to an experimental class setting. These were: (a) initiating positive interactions with others (START); (b) responding to positive initiations by others (ANSWER); and (c) maintaining social interactions over time (CONTINUE). Three groups of six children each, with low peer interaction rates and enrolled in grades I to 6, served as subjects. Three experiments are reported. In experiments I and 2, the above topographic components were selectively reinforced in differing orders. In experiment 3, these components were reinforced simultaneously within ongoing social interactions. Results showed that reinforcement of Starts and Answers suppressed interactive behavior, while reinforcement of Continuing and overall time spent engaged in interactive behavior produced powerful and replicable increases in child social interaction.
Improving Environments for Profoundly Handicapped Adults
Authors: Porterfield Jan , Blunden Roger , Blewitt Ed
Published: March 2007

A common problem in settings for profoundly handicapped adults is the generally low level of client participation with their environment. Within a Special Needs Day Unit for profoundly handicapped young adults, a procedure was developed by which staff could increase client participation. One staff member, designated as Room Manager, ensured that a selection of material was available for each trainee, briefly prompted trainees to begin working with the materials, and provided positive attention differentially to those who were engaged. This procedure was compared with a common alternative; staff prompted trainees who were not engaged, but otherwise let them work undisturbed except to stop major disruptions. The Room Manager procedure was considerably more effective in increasing and maintaining the level of trainee engagement than the alternative. It also freed other staff members to work with trainees on an individual basis. Followup data indicated that, with appropriate monitoring, staff were able to maintain the use of this procedure. Therefore, the Room Manager procedure provides a basis for conducting and maintaining activity periods in settings for profoundly handicapped people.
Reinforcing Exercise Maintenance
Authors: Allen L. Dawn , Iwata Brian A.
Published: March 2007

This study compared two types of physical education activities to determine which might be more reinforcing to 10 mentally retarded subjects, as measured by actual participation rates. Using a multielement baseline design, two 15-minute sessions were offered daily, one under an exercise condition and the other under a games condition. Results showed higher participation in games than in exercises and that subjects did not complete exercises to criterion when prompted to do so. A Premack group contingency was then implemented in which the availability of games was made contingent upon completion of all exercises to criterion by all subjects. The procedure led to increases in both exercise participation and completion, as well as a decrease in the amount of time required to conduct the exercise session.
On Token Rewards and Real Dangers
Authors: Vasta Ross
Published: March 2007

Recent studies examining the undermining effects of reward in token economy programs were reviewed in light of earlier cautions. It was concluded that undermining effects are not an invariable consequence of these programs, but that the role of such influences in token economies may not yet be fully understood.
Group Treatment of Chronic Tension Headaches
Authors: Figueroa Jorge Luis
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted in a group format utilizing: (1) a behavioral package,(2) traditional psychotherapy, and (3) self-monitoring to compare the relative effects of these treatments on a chronic muscle-contraction (tension) headache population. Subjects were recruited through newspaper articles, radio announcements, and physician referrals. A total of 15 subjects were selected for participation. Subjects monitored their level of relaxation, frequency of headaches, severity and duration of headaches, type and amount of medication taken, and the degree to which the pain had disabled them. Significant improvement occurred across all these measures within the behavioral group; neither of the other two groups showed significant improvement. Subjects also monitored latency from pain onset to medication consumption and their ability to predict headaches. No significant change was found on these measures in any group.
Emergency Fire-Safety Skills
Authors: Jones Russell T. , Van Hasselt Vincent B. , Sisson Lori A.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the effects of a multiple-component emergency fire-safety skills program for blind adolescents. Four subjects in a residential school for blind children were trained to respond correctly to four emergency fire situations under simulated conditions. In addition, response maintenance was systematically programmed to ensure persistence of learned responses over time. Training was carried out in subjects' bedrooms and consisted of instructions, behavior rehearsal, explicit corrective feedback, social and external reinforcement, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. Results of a multiple baseline analysis across subjects indicated significant improvements in emergency fire safety responding. Three of the four subjects mastered targeted skills. Further, gains were maintained at three months and somewhat less substantially at four months after termination of training. Results are discussed in terms of the need for: (1) future research on maintenance and generalization of emergency safety skills, and (2) increased adaptive skills training for visually handicapped persons.
Reduction of RapidEating by Normal Adults
Authors: Britt Eileen , Singh Nirbhay N.
Published: March 2007

Three normal adults, who considered their eating habits socially unacceptable, were trained in the family home to eat at normal pace by gradually increasing their meal duration. Additional food, descriptive praise, and self-approval were made contingent upon a step-wise increasing criterion of meal duration. During maintenance, the additional food component was withdrawn. A multiple baseline experimental analysis showed that the treatment package was successful in decreasing rapid eating to normal rates, as measured by the subjects' self-monitoring of their meal durations. In addition, the increased durations were maintained when the food component was withdrawn from the treatment package in a subsequent phase.
Exercise in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Dubbert Patricia M. , Rappaport Neil B. , Martin John E.
Published: March 2007

Exercise has assumed an important role in the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and, as one of the potentially modifiable risk factors, is also an important component of primary prevention efforts. This article briefly reviews exercise applications in coronary heart disease, hypertension, Type A behavior pattern, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Although increased physical activity offers many potential physical and psychological benefits in CVD patients, all too often the benefits are not realized because of poor adherence to prescribed exercise regimens. Behavioral research indicates that manipulating the antecedents and consequences of physical activity can improve short-term exercise adherence; several studies also suggest that characteristics such as the intensity of the exercise may influence adherence. Exercise in CVD is a challenging area for future research in behavioral medicine.
Analysis of the Relative Efficacy of Self-Monitoring and Feedback in the Development of Emotion Adjectives with Hearing-Impaired Persons
Authors: Schloss Patrick J. , Smith Maureen A. , Schloss Cynthia N.
Published: March 2007

This investigation compared the relative efficacy of two instructional procedures-self-monitoring and feedback-on the use of emotion adjectives by hearing- impaired individuals in conversational settings. A multiple-baseline analysis indicated that self-monitoring resulted in use of emotion adjectives by the hearing- impaired participants at a level that was comparable to levels demonstrated by normally hearing peers. Implications of this study for both current practice and future research are discussed.
A Recruitment-of-Praise Package to Increase Productivity Levels of Developmentally Handicapped Workers
Authors: Hildebrand Renetta G. , Martin Garry L. , Furer Patricia , Hazen Andrea
Published: March 2007

This research examined the effectiveness of a recruitment package to increase production rates of three developmentally handicapped adults in a sheltered workshop. Abaseline phase measured production rates of a paper-folding task under "typical" supervisory conditions. The recruitment package. introduced in a multiple-baseline design across subjects, involved goal setting by the experimenter, and self-monitoring, recruitment of praise. and self-delivery of a "happy face" by the worker. The recruitment package increased the production rates for two subjects, but decreased production rates for the third subject. Social validity data indicated that all subjects preferred the recruitment package, and staff continued to employ the recruitment package for two subjects when the formal research was terminated.