bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Did the Spirit Withdraw from Israel? An Evaluation of the Earliest Jewish Data
Authors: Levison John R.
Published: February 2009

The view that the Holy Spirit as the source of prophecy was believed by Jews during the tannaitic period to have withdrawn from Israel, to return only in the eschatological future, is built upon a pastiche of texts: Ps 74.9; 1 Macc 4.46, 9.27 and 14.41; Josephus'sAp.1.37—41;2 Apoc. Bar.85.3; Pr Azar 15; andt. Soṭa13.2—4. On the basis of such texts, E. Sjöberg referred to ‘a widespread theological conviction’ about the withdrawal of the Holy Spirit and J. Vos to ‘die verbreitete Tradition’. C. K. Barrett quoted G. F. Moore approvingly: ‘The Holy Spirit is the Spirit of prophecy … The Holy Spirit is so specifically prophetic inspiration that when Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, the last prophets, died, the Holy Spirit departed from Israel.’ W. D. Davies suggested cautiously, after a thorough analysis of the data, ‘… we may now assume that Paul was reared within a Judaism which, to use very moderate language, tended to relegate the activity of the Holy Spirit to the past’. G. W. H. Lampe generalized, ‘In the main, the Spirit continues to be thought of as being, pre-eminently, the Spirit of prophecy, manifested in the distant past in such great figures as Elijah (Ecclus. 48.12) or Isaiah (vs. 24), but which was now no longer present in Israel.’ J. Jeremias subtitled section nine of hisNew Testament Theology‘The Return of the Quenched Spirit’, and
Reworking the Puzzle of Faith and Deeds in James 2.14–26
Authors: Verseput Donald J.
Published: February 2009

The natural starting point for any interpretation of the Epistle of James is its praescriptio, where the author defines for his readers their own communal identity by addressing them as ‘the twelve tribes in the diaspora’. Whatever intentions may have lurked behind the attributive expression , the peculiar designation of the authorial audience as ‘the twelve tribes’ casts the readership with surprising clarity in the role of the true Israel. Although the author does not make further comment upon the relationship of his intended readers to the dominant Judaism of his day, it is surely correct to assume that an organizational separation had occurred. The community which James elsewhere refers to as the ⋯κκλησ⋯α (5.14) and which boasts its own teachers (3.1) and elders (5.14) had most certainly set itself apart in some degree from the entity whose title it is said to possess.
Gottesfürchtige im Magnificat?
Authors: Klauck Hans-Josef
Published: February 2009

‘Und sein Erbarmen (ist) von Geschlecht zu Geschlecht mit denen, die ihn fürchten ()’, heißt es im vierten Vers des Magnificat in Lk 1.50. Wer vom zweiten Buch des Lukas, der Apostelgeschichte, herkommt, fühlt sich unwillkürlich an den heidnischen Hauptmann Kornelius erinnert, der ‘Gott fürchtete mit seinem ganzen Haus’ (Apg 10.2; vgl. 10.22), ebenso an die Worte des Petrus in Apg 10.34f., die ihm und alien Gleichgesinnten gelten: ‘In Wahrheit begreife ich, daß es bei Gott keine Bevorzugung der Person gibt, sondern in jedem Volk ist der, der ihn fürchtet und Gerechtigkeit bewirkt, ihm willkommen.’ Sollte Lukas diese Gottesfürchtigen im Magnificat schon im Blick haben? Diese Vermutung, die in der Sekundärliteratur kaum je Berück-sichtigung findet, verdient es, näher überprüft zu werden.
4QMMT and Galatians
Authors: Dunn James D. G.
Published: February 2009

The occurrence of the phrase in 4QMMT had already been exciting comment for some years prior to the official publication of the scroll fragments. In one of the first reflections on the official publication, Martin Abegg has suggested that Paul's use of the same phrase, ἔργα ν⋯μον, in Galatians and Romans (Gal 2.16; 3.2, 5,10; Rom 3.20, 28) indicates that Paul was ‘rebutting the theology of documents such as MMT … that Paul was reacting to the kind of theology espoused by MMT, perhaps even by some Christian converts who were committed to the kind of thinking reflected in MMT’. As we shall see below, Abegg has given some further reasons for seeing a parallel or even connection between the thought of 4QMMT and Paul's argumentation in Galatians in particular, but even he does not seem to have appreciated all the points of possible connection. At this early stage in assessing the significance of 4QMMT for New Testament study (‘nothing short of revolutionary’, concludes Abegg), it may be of value simply to summarize what these points of possible connection amount to.
The Text of Revelation 22.14
Authors: Goranson Stephen
Published: February 2009

There are two well-attested readings of Rev 22.14, the seventh and final blessing in the book. The reading accepted in the UBS 4th edition is, ‘Blessed are those who wash their robes’ (RSV). Most twentieth-century NT editions, including Nestle-Aland, and most commentators agree with the UBS. But, in my view, the original text is the other well-attested reading,, ‘Blessed are those who do his commandments’ (footnote in RSV). The manuscript attestation and versional evidence is not decisive for either reading, but patristic references, literary analysis, and consistency with the worldview in Revelation all favour the reading.
The Babylonian Talmud on the Execution of Jesus
Authors: Brown Raymond E.
Published: February 2009

In my The Death of the Messiah, preparatory to examining the Gospel accounts of the trial/interrogation of Jesus by the chief priest(s) and San-hedrin, I surveyed the extra-Gospel evidence for authoritative Jewish involvement in the death of Jesus, derived from Jewish, Christian, and pagan sources. From the Jewish evidence I discussed two items: the witness of Josephus (Ant. 18.3.3; #63–t) and a baraita from TalBab Sanhedrin 43a which I quoted from the London Soncino translation (Nezikin volume 3.281):

On the eve of Passover Yeshu was hanged. For forty days before the execution took place, a herald went forth and cried, ‘He is going forth to be stoned because he has practised sorcery and enticed Israel to apostacy. Anyone who can say anything in his favour, let him come forward and plead on his behalf.’ But since nothing was brought forward in his favour he was hanged on the eve of Passover.
The Hellenization of Dominical Tradition and the Christianization of Jewish Tradition in the Eschatology of 1–2 Thessalonians
Authors: Gundry Robert H.
Published: February 2009

The eschatological teachings in 1–2 Thessalonians have a common purpose: correction. In 1 Thessalonians Paul wants to correct a disbelief that caused sorrow over the fate of deceased Christians. The author of 2 Thessalonians wants to correct a belief in the immediacy of Christ's return, a belief that may have had its origin in (or at least have been abetted by) exhortations to readiness in 1 Thessalonians. In both letters, earlier traditions come into play for the purposes of correcting the disbelief that caused sorrow, of exhorting the readers to readiness, and of correcting the belief in immediacy. Both dominical and Jewish materials make up these traditions. Though we may take a side-glance at the question of authorship in 2 Thessalonians, an examination of the ways in which the traditions are molded to make the correction in that epistle depends very little on the answer to the question. We shall discover that Paul (whose name will cover the authorship of both letters without prejudice) hellenizes dominical tradition and Christianizes Jewish tradition in order to make his corrections and rein-force his exhortation.
The Identity of Paul's Opponents at Philippi
Authors: Mearns Chris
Published: February 2009

This is still an unresolved problem. Our aim is to investigate the question to see whether Paul's opponents are one group or more than one, and to ascertain the nature of their views.

Five assumptions are made; they are taken as axiomatic, so a case for them in detail is not argued. First, the integrity of Phil. has been successfully defended against attempts to analyse it as containing three originally separate letters to the Philippians, especially by P. Schubert, V. Furnish, R. Jewett and T. E. Pollard, and supported by R. P. Martin. This does make it somewhat easier to maintain a single-front hypothesis, but only marginally makes it more probable. The principle of Occam's razor (entia non sint multiplicanda praeter necessitatem), tends to favour the assumption of a uniform view, but only if evidence for multiple opponents appears weak.
Supposed Anachronism in Luke–Acts' Use of ΣΥΝΑΓΩΓΗ
Authors: Oster Richard E.
Published: February 2009

In a provocative article on misunderstandings about the early history and significance of synagogues, H. C. Kee makes the following comment.
The Textual Relationships of the Vulgate in Acts
Authors: Petzer J. H.
Published: February 2009

The earliest witness to a Latin version of Acts is found in the citations of the African church father, Tertullian. This means that the Latin version of this book probably originated in the latter part of the second century. The exact date and place of its origin are, however, obscure. A revision during the early part of the third century resulted in the first identifiable text-type of this version, the African text (K), witnessed to by Cyprian, the Fleury Palimpsest (55, h) and two writings by Augustine.
Two Puzzles: 1 Corinthians 12.31 and 13.3 A Rhetorical Solution
Authors: Smit J. F. M.
Published: February 2009

The interpretation of 1 Cor 12.31–13.13 is thwarted by three problems. The most important obstacle is the obscurity of the genre to which this passage belongs, added to which are two minor riddles. The question of the function and meaning of the exhortation: ‘Zealously strive for the greatest gifts’ (12.31) as well as of the clause: ‘that I might boast’ (13.3) has not, as yet, been answered convincingly.
‘Save the Adulteress!’ Ancient JewishResponsain the Gospels?
Authors: Young Brad H.
Published: February 2009

The gospel story of the Woman Caught in Adultery (John 7.53–8.11), has captured the hearts of many listeners because it stirs up strong feelings of compassion for a human being in a vulnerable situation, even someone who has betrayed his or her marriage vow and committed a serious wrong. The love, acceptance and forgiveness of Jesus as well as his profound wisdom as a respected teacher come out of the narrated scene. Jesus answers a question that solves a very severe problem. These elements of the dramatic episode from the life of Jesus are clear. The Jewish people in the story, however, are viewed as antagonists. The Pharisees threaten the woman's life and seek to accuse Jesus. Silhouetted against the passion, this accusation might even be viewed by some readers as a charge to bring about the death of Jesus. Is this the only possible interpretation of the Pharisees' role in the gospel story?
Abraham in Romans 4: The Father of All Who Believe
Authors: Cranford Michael
Published: February 2009

In Romans 4 Paul turns to the scriptural figure of Abraham, a vivid personification of faith and obedience in Jewish thought. While the most obvious reason for Paul's depiction of Abraham is to undermine any use of Abraham as a counterexample to his foregoing argument, Paul turns the common Jewish conception of Abraham on its head and offers him instead as positive support for his own position. The nature of Paul's argument in the previous two chapters of Romans has been identified by James Dunn and others as rejecting the Jewish assumption that covenant privileges are strictly associated with ethnic Israel and therefore unavailable to Gentiles. Over against the Torah, Paul has instead offered faith as the identifier or boundary marker of those who are members in God's people – a difference which allows Gentiles full participation in the covenant.
Citizens of Heaven: Philippians 3.2–21
Authors: Doughty Darrell J.
Published: February 2009

The identity of Paul's opponents in Philippi continues to elude historical illumination. It is usually assumed that the persons referred to in Phil 1.15–17, who ‘preach Christ from envy and rivalry’ (v. 15) and attempt to afflict Paul in his imprisonment (v. 17), are with Paul in Ephesus (or wherever Paul is thought to be imprisoned). Attempts to discern the identity of the opponents in Philippi, therefore, usually focus on the teachings in 3.2–21. Most attention is given to the warnings against ‘dogs’, ‘workers of evil’, and ‘mutilation of the flesh’ in 3.2, and against ‘enemies of the cross’ in 3.18–19, which seem to represent direct evidence for at least the presence of opponents. These warnings are followed by affirmations (3.3–16 and 20–1) which are assumed to distinguish Paul's own understanding of Christian existence from that of his opponents, and thus to reflect the views of the opponents in ‘indirect’ ways. This evidence, however, has been worked over again and again with no consensus regarding the identity of the supposed opponents.
The Riddle of Colossians: Quaerendo Invenietis
Authors: Drake Alfred Edwin
Published: February 2009

Because ancient writers spoke as they wrote, their texts were understood to have oracular quality. Authors, limited by the convention of scriptio continua (the practice of writing words, frequently abbreviated, without spaces and punctuation), were careful to supply their readers with aural clues of textual structure, clarifying their emphases by various means of repetition. Readers listened for the writer's ‘voice’: for clues of aural structures – rhetorical devices (anaphora, inclusio, antithesis, etc.), for enthymemes and topoi in deductive reasoning and for examples in inductive reasoning – even as they voiced the words of the text. ‘Reading’, as Paul J. Achtemeier points out, ‘was … oral performance whenever it occurred and in whatever circumstances. Late antiquity knew nothing of the “silent, solitary reader”’ (original emphasis).
Jesus, the Victorious Scribal-Intercessor in Luke's Gospel
Authors: Crump David
Published: February 2009

Few investigations in biblical studies begin with utterly unique ideas. We all stand upon the shoulders of our predecessors. This study is no exception. There is nothing new about this paper's claim that Jesus' prayer for Peter, referred to in Luke 22.31–32, is thematically related to Satan's fall from heaven, narrated in Luke 10. 18. Adolf Schlatter articulated the similarities between these two texts, which have given rise to similar interpretative suggestions made more briefly by others. Schlatter made three basic observations. Firstly, in both scenes Satan's power stands in opposition to the disciples: directly in 22.31–32; indirectly through the demons in 10.17–19. Secondly, Satan has been in heaven before God: implied in 22.31–32; the point of origin for his fall in 10.18. Thirdly, Jesus is not a mere spectator, but in some way has a hand in resolving the situation in each case. While Schlatter did not elaborate on the final point, any more than he did the others, the remainder of this study will try to demonstrate more clearly what Schlatter seems to have sensed. Just as Luke 22.31–32 portrays Jesus-the-Advocate standing against Satan-the-Accuser in heaven, so 10.18 offers a picture of the decisive overthrow of this accuser from heaven. Furthermore, the implication is that this heavenly overthrow has been accomplished through the prayers of the scribal-intercessor, Jesus.
The Spirit of Prophecy and the Power of Authoritative Preaching in Luke–Acts: A Question of Origins
Authors: Turner Max
Published: February 2009

In his influential article inTDNT, E. Schweizer was to claim

Luke adopts the typically Jewish idea that the Spirit is the Spirit of prophecy…. This may be seen in Lk 4:23–27, where the miraculous signs mentioned in the quotation in v. 18 are specifically rejected as manifestations of the Spirit and only authoritative preaching is regarded as the fulfilment of the prophecy.
The ‘Majority Text’ and Byzantine Origins
Authors: Ralston T. R.
Published: February 2009

In a recent edition ofNew Testament StudiesD. B. Wallace has argued for a procedural change in New Testament textual criticism, namely that textual critics consider using the recently publishedThe Greek New Testament according to the Majority Textas a baseline for collation studies. The following study demonstrates the sound value of such a move for intra-Byzantine studies. It further shows that while theMajority Textis a valuable asset for the study of texttypes, the theory which motivated its editors does not stand up to the rigour of this ‘preliminary’ collation study.
Why ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΟΣ? A note to Luke 2.1
Authors: Morris Royce L. B.
Published: February 2009

Recent commentators on the works of Luke, the Gospel and Acts, make remarkably similar statements regarding the transliteration of the Latin title Augustus into Greek. All agree that Luke used Αύγοΰστο, in the Gospel as a personal name and all agree that in Acts 25.21, 25, he used the Greek form of the Latin title, Σεβαστός. Only one of these commentators, however, goes beyond this simple observation to deal with the questions that must arise from such selective use by Luke of Αὐγο⋯στος and Σεβαστ⋯ς. Colin Hemer attempts to go slightly beyond this to explain Luke's use of Σεβατός in Acts as the formal rendering of the imperial title. It is not clear what Hemer means by his use of the words ‘rendered formally’ because Σεβαστός is no more formal than Αὐγο⋯στος. The point is simply that the former is the correct form of the imperial title in Greek and the latter is the correct form in Latin. Unless Luke had an ulterior motive these words should not have been used in any other sense. Moreover, if one detects some new or special use of Αὐγο⋯στος by Luke, one certainly should ask what this means? Such a question is especially pertinent when one notes that, according to Blass and Debrunner, Luke was ‘inclined to remove Latinisms’.
The Text of Acts 19.1
Authors: Strange W. A.
Published: February 2009

The Western text of Acts presents the reader with numerous departures from the more familiar text found in the majority of witnesses. These variants often appear trivial, but on occasion they present substantial divergences from the majority text. One such variant is that found in Acts 19.1, dealing with Paul's route to Ephesus on his so-called third missionary journey.
Floating Words: Their Significance for Textual Criticism
Authors: Ross J. M.
Published: February 2009

It is often held that where a word or passage is not found in all the manuscripts, but occupies different places in the manuscripts in which it does occur, that is a sign (though not an incontestable proof) that it was not in the original text but has been interpolated.
Johannes der Täufer und Jesus von Nazareth in historischer Sicht
Authors: Ernst Josef
Published: February 2009

Johannes der Täufer, der Prophet Gottes, wurde in der Evangelienüberlieferung Schritt für Schritt christologisch vereinnahmt. Das Prinzip von Joh 3.30: ‘Er muβ wachsen, ich aber muβ abnehmen’ gibt den Ton an. Während Markus noch keine erkennbaren Hinweise auf die Einschätzung Jesu als der kommende Geisttäufer (Mk 1.8) bietet und die eigenständige Rolle des Täufers als Prophet und Gerichtsprediger unterstreicht (Mk 1.4), ist das Bild bei Matthäus deutlich überhöht. Johannes erkennt in Jesus den Gröβeren und wehrt dessen Taufbegehren mit Hinweis auf die eigene Taufbedürftigkeit ab (Mt 3.14). Das Moment der Sündennachlassung ist in der Täuferpredigt (Mk 1.4) getilgt und auf die Einsetzungsworte beim Abendmahl Jesu übertragen (Mt 26.28). Lukas hat in der Erzählung von der Begegnung der schwangeren Mütter mit dem alttestamentlich vorgegebenen Bild vom Aufhüpfen des Johanneskindes im Mutterleib (Lk 1.44) den Bezug zur Jesusgeschichte dramatisch unterstrichen und das Motiv des Vorläufers Gottes (Lk 1.76) christologisch umgebogen. Im Johannes-evangelium ist die Endstufe der Entwicklung erreicht: Der Täufer ist nur die Stimme (Joh 1.23) und nicht mehr der unabhängige Prediger, oder im Bild: der Finger, der auf Christus, das Lamm Gottes, hinweist (Joh 1.29, 36). Angesichts der umfassenden Jesus-orientierung des Täuferbildes der Evangelien überrascht die geringe Zahl der dort referierten Kontakte. Unser Augenmerk wird sich auf diese richten müssen.
Circonstances de composition de la seconde epitre aux Corinthiens
Authors: Quesnel Michel
Published: February 2009

summary

On s'accorde en général pour penser que Paul a envoyé au moins quatre lettres aux Corinthiens. Avant l'envoi de celle figure qui dans le Nouveau Testament sous le nom de ‘premiére’, Paul en adressa une autre, à laquelle il fait allusion en 1 Co 5.9–11: pouréviter les confusions de numérotation, on peut l'appeler Lettre A. Les Corinthiens ont d'ailleurs répondu à cette lettre, par une missive que Paul mentionne en 1 Co 7.1. Envoyée ensuite, certainement après la réception par Paul de la réponse que les Corinthiens lui ont adressée, existe notre première lettre canonique que l'on peut appeler Lettre B. Cependant, entre la première épître canonique et la seconde, il convient d'en intercaler une autre, qui serait donc au moins la troisième (Lettre C), dont il est fait mention en 2 Co 2.3–9 et 7.8–12. La façon dont Paul en parle la fait communément nommer ‘Lettre dans les larmes’. Quant à la deuxième épître canonique, il convient alors de la situer chronologiquement en quatriréme position, et de l'appeler lettre D.
Homosexualität und Bibel Exegetische und Hermeneutische Überlegungen zu Einem Schwierigen Thema
Authors: Stowasser Martin
Published: February 2009

Homosexualität ist besonders durch die gesellschaftlichen Verän–derungen in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika zunehmend zu einem Thema auch der theologischen Diskussion geworden. Dem exegetischen Befund kommt in dieser Diskussion eine ent–scheidende Bedeutung zu. Da die Ergebnisse in den Humanwissen–schaften es vielen immer schwieriger erscheinen lassen, Homosexualität in den Kategorien von Schuld und Sünde zu denken, dienen häufig die ‘eindeutigen’ biblischen Aussagen als Basis der Argumentation. Es erscheint daher angebracht, die einschlägigen Stellen exegetisch zu untersuchen und den Befund durch her–meneutische Überlegungen für eine umfassendere theologische Diskussion fruchtbar zu machen.
The Christological Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament
Authors: Black Matthew
Published: February 2009

The use of the Old Testament by the New Testament – including its christological use – has engaged students of the Bible at least since the time of Jerome.1 In view of the immense erudition expended on it, by some of the best minds in their time, it seems remotely unlikely that anything new remains to be said. A fresh impetus has, however, been given to the subject – which has always been a highly specialized one – by the Dead Sea Scrolls, through the discovery of messianic Testimonies in the Cave 4 material and, more importantly, by the recognition that, hermeneutically, the New Testament belongs to the same tradition.
Zum Traditionsgeschichtlichen Hintergrund Christologischer Hoheitstitel
Authors: Berger Klaus
Published: February 2009

In den folgenden Beobachtungen sollen jüdische Texte für bisher nicht geklärte Vorfragen über die Verwendung christologischer Titel neu erschlossen oder jedenfalls in einen traditionsgeschichtlichen Zusammenhang mit christlichen Aussagen gestellt werden. Obwohl eine Verbindung von Titeln dieser Art auch häufig schon vorchristlich nachweisbar ist, wird die Orientierung an einzelnen Hoheitstiteln beibehalten, da es sich häufig auch in dem jüdischen Material bereits um traditionsgeschichtliche Synthesen handelt. Wegen der Kürze des Raumes kann es sich lediglich um Hinweise handeln.
The Denial-Sequence in Mark xiv. 26–31, 66–72
Authors: Wilcox Max
Published: February 2009

The story of Jesus' prediction of Peter's denial, along with its subsequent realization, forms part of the material transmitted by all four evangelists. In all four it is embedded in the Passion narrative, and all four accounts share many unquestionable similarities: e.g. the prediction’ by Jesus of the denial, Peter's protestation of loyalty and his willingness to suffer death, the denial itself, in which Jesus' prediction is carried out in detail. Nevertheless, in spite of this wide measure of agreement, difficulties remain.
The Letter of Paul to the Galatians: a Deliberative Speech
Authors: Smit Joop
Published: February 2009

This study's point of departure is the important article of H. D. Betz, ‘The literary composition and function of Paul's letter to the Galatians’, published in this journal in 1975. In that article the author suggests a new approach to the letter to the Galatians, by using the generative rules of Graeco-Roman rhetoric to analyse the structure of the letter. A rigorous examination leads him to the conclusion that the form of the various parts and the order in which they are arranged completely conform to the classical rules of rhetoric for a judicial speech (genus iudiciale). Paul is under accusation by opponents. The Galatians play the role of judges. The letter contains a speech in which Paul, following all the rules of the art, defends himself before the jury.
Die gröβeren Werke (Joh 14. 12 f.)
Authors: Dietzfelbinger Chr.
Published: February 2009

In Joh 14. 12, der Rede von den gröβeren Werken, begegnet dem Leser eine Äuβerung, die ihn, liest er nicht flüchtig darüber hinweg, vor eine seltsam verschlossene Türe führt. Der johanneische Christus verheiβt den an ihn Glaubenden, daβ sie nach seinem Weggang dieselben Werke tun werden, die er getan hat – nein, diese Verheiβung genügt noch nicht: die Glaubenden werden gröβere Werke tun als er. Was wird hier bedacht? Welche Problematik verbirgt sich hinter dieser fast verwegenen Ankündigung: die Jünger werden Jesu Tun nicht nur erreichen, sie werden es übertreffen –? Gesteht man sich die Verlegenheit ein, in die dieser Satz zunächst führt, und verharrt man fragend in solcher Verlegenheit, dann wird die Rede von den gröβeren Werken zu einem Schlüssel, der die Tür zu einem weiten Raum aufschlieβt, zu einem Einblick in das Selbstverständnis und die geschichtliche Lage der johanneischen Gemeinde.
TheExordiumof the Areopagus Speech, Acts 17.22, 23
Authors: Zweck Dean
Published: February 2009

Martin Dibelius long ago described the oration on the Areopagus as ‘… ahellenisticspeech about the true knowledge of God’. In this paper it will be argued that theexordiumof the Areopagus speech clearly conforms to conventions of hellenistic rhetoric in regard toexordia; secondly, that thisexordiumfunctions as an introduction to a deliberation on the topic of religion; and finally, that both theexordiumand the speech as a whole bear witness to what Frederick Danker has aptly described as the author's ‘broadly ranging rhetorical competence’.
Beobachtungen zum AT-Gebrauch in der matthäischen Kindheitsgeschichte
Authors: Oberweis Michael
Published: February 2009

Während die lukanische Kindheitsgeschichte im ganzen recht zusammenhängend konzipiert erscheint, weist ihr matthäisches Gegenstück zahlreiche Widersprüche und Ungereimtheiten auf. Dies gilt besonders für die im zweiten Kapitel geschilderten Vorgänge. Ohne plausible Erklärung bleiben z.B. das verhängnisvolle Zusammentreffen der Magier mit Herodes und die merkwürdigen Himmelsbewegungen des Wundersterns. Engelserscheinungen im Traum dienen wiederholt dazu, entscheidende Handlungsmomente notdürftig zu motivieren. Doch in der Situation nach dem Tode des Herodes versagt selbst diese Erzählfigur. Nachdem ein ἃγγελος κυρίου Josef versichert hat, die Verfolger des Kindes seien gestorben (2. 20), verläßt die Hl. Familie Ägypten und kehrt zurück in das ‘Land Israel’. In Judäa aber stellt sich heraus, daß die tödliche Gefahr nach wie vor besteht, denn nunmehr regiert dort Archelaus, ein Sohn des Herodes (2. 22).
Colossians 1. 15–18a. in the Light of Jewish Mysticism and Gnosticism
Authors: Fossum Jarl
Published: February 2009

Ernst Käsemann's theory that the Christ hymn in Col 1. 15–20.is an adapted pre-Christian hymn about the GnosticUrmensch-Erlöser, who had both a cosmological and a soteriological significance, has not fared well. Even with the deletion of the words δι⋯τοû αἴματος τοû σταυροû αύτοû in v. 20, the sentiment persists that the second part of the hymn – which is soteriological – cannot speak of anyone else than Christ. More importantly, evidence for the existence of a GnosticUrmensch-Erlöseris lacking until Mani's time. As a matter of fact, even pre-Manichean Gnosticism, in which we find both variousUrmenschfigures and redeemers, cannot be proven to antedate Christianity.
‘Sein Leben verlieren’ (Mark 8.35 parr.) als Strukturmoment vor- und nachöSterlichen Glaubens
Authors: Rebell Walter
Published: February 2009

Die Beziehung zwischen Jesus von Nazareth und der Urchristenheit, nach E. Hoskyns/N. DaveydasRätsel des Neuen Testaments, wird meist von der Verkündigungsseite aus bestimmt, d.h., es wird gefragt: Was verkündigte Jesus? und: Was verkündigte die Urgemeinde? Die Lösung dieses Problems hängt stark von der Stellung des betreffenden Autors zur formgeschichtlichen Methode ab. So wird bei R. Bultmann eine Diastase postuliert: Die Verkündigung Jesu und das Kerygma der Urgemeinde sind recht verschiedene Größen und in der Weise einander zugeordnet, daß die Verkündigung Jesu eine der geschichtlichenVoraussetzungendes Kerygmas ist. Wer formgeschichtlich anders denkt als Bultmann, etwa H. Schürmann, kann hier hingegen eine viel größere Kontinuität feststellen.
Differentially expressed parasite genes involved in host recognition and invasion of the triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa)
Authors: ESZTERBAUER E. , KALLERT D. M. , GRABNER D. , EL-MATBOULI M.
Published: February 2009

The host recognition and invasion process of Myxobolus cerebralis actinospores (triactinomyxon, TAM) was studied on a genetic level. A small-scale in vitro assay was developed to activate a large number of TAMs simultaneously, and to monitor the host invasion in the absence of live fish. The transcriptomes of non-activated and in vitro-activated TAMs were compared by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify parasite genes involved in the host invasion process. Differential screening and a subsequent BLAST search revealed 15 of 452 SSH-library clones expressed differently in activated TAMs. None of the 15 transcripts obtained has previously been identified from M. cerebralis. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine the relative expression profile of 8 selected transcripts upon TAM activation and after penetration of the host. Four of these were found to be up-regulated in activated TAMs, while expression was relatively low in non-activated TAMs and in infected fish tissue, indicating that they are relevant genes during host recognition or subsequent host invasion of M. cerebralis TAMs.
Quantitative assessment of the risk of rabies entering Japan through the importation of dogs and cats from the USA
Authors: KAMAKAWA H. , KOIWAI M. , SATOMURA S. , ETO M. , SUGIURA K.
Published: February 2009

Up to October 2004, dogs and cats imported into Japan were subjected to a quarantine regimen which consisted of vaccination and a 30- to 365-day waiting period in the country of origin and a 14-day quarantine period upon arrival in Japan. This regimen was replaced by a new one, consisting of vaccination, antibody level titration and a 180-day waiting period in the country of origin, in November 2004. To evaluate the effect of this policy change, a quantitative risk assessment was undertaken. The risk of rabies entering Japan through the importation of dogs and cats from the USA under the old – and new – regimens was quantitatively assessed and compared. Under the new regimen, rabies will enter Japan once every 4932 years (90% confidence interval 1812–13 412 years) through the importation of dogs and cats from the USA. Under the old regimen, rabies would enter Japan once every 70 years (39–205 years), 83 years (45–267 years) or 190 years (104–609 years) assuming that the animal departs the country of origin 30 days, 180 days or 365 days after vaccination, respectively. This indicates the policy change would reduce the risk by a factor of 1/25–1/70.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 regulates proliferation of cardiac myocytes in normal and hypoplastic left ventricles in the developing chick
Authors: deAlmeida Angela , Sedmera David
Published: February 2009

The developing heart increases its mass predominantly by increasing the number of contained cells through proliferation. We hypothesized that addition of fibroblast growth factor-2, a factor previously shown to stimulate division of the embryonic myocytes, to the left ventricular myocardium in an experimental model of left heart hypoplasia created in the chicken would attenuate phenotypic severity by increasing cellular proliferation. We have established an effective mode of delivery of fibroblast growth factor-2 to the chick embryonic left ventricular myocardium by using adenovirus vectors, which was more efficient and better tolerated than direct injection of recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 protein. Injection of control adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein did not result in significant alterations in myocytic proliferation or cell death compared with intact, uninjected, controls. Co-injection of adenoviruses expressing green fluorescent protein and fibroblast growth factor-2 was used for verification of positive injection, and induction of proliferation, respectively. Treatment of both normal and hypoplastic left ventricles with fibroblast growth factor-2 expressing adenovirus resulted in to 2 to 3-fold overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2, as verified by immunostaining. An increase by 45% in myocytic proliferation was observed following injection of normal hearts, and an increase of 39% was observed in hypoplastic hearts. There was a significant increase in anti-myosin immunostaining in the hypoplastic, but not the normal hearts. We have shown, therefore, that expression of exogenous fibroblast growth factor-2 in the late embryonic heart can exert direct effects on cardiac myocytes, inducing both their proliferation and differentiation. These data suggest potential for a novel therapeutic option in selected cases of congenital cardiac disease, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Aneurysm of the aortic root in the setting of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Ono Masamichi , Goerler Heidi , Breymann Thomas
Published: February 2009

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked disease, associated with immunodeficiency, infections, thrombocytopaenia, and eczema. Aortitis and formation of aneurysms have also been described. We describe here our experience with a 7-year-boy with this syndrome. He survived replacement of the aortic root because of an aneurysmal ascending aorta, and subsequent bone marrow transplantation.
Ten Things that Motivational Interviewing Is Not
Authors: Miller William R. , Rollnick Stephen
Published: February 2009

Background: In the 26 years since it was first introduced in this journal, motivational interviewing (MI) has become confused with various other ideas and approaches, owing in part to its rapid international diffusion. Methods: Based on confusions that have arisen in publications and presentations regarding MI, the authors compiled a list of 10 concepts and procedures with which MI should not be addled. Results: This article discusses 10 things that MI is not: (1) the transtheoretical model of change; (2) a way of tricking people into doing what you want them to do; (3) a technique; (4) decisional balance; (5) assessment feedback; (6) cognitive-behavior therapy; (7) client-centered therapy; (8) easy to learn; (9) practice as usual; and (10) a panacea. Conclusion: Clarity about what does (and does not) constitute MI promotes quality assurance in scientific research, clinical practice, and training.
Determinants and patterns of soft drink consumption in young adults: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Hattersley Libby , Irwin Melissa , King Lesley , Allman-Farinelli Margaret
Published: February 2009

Objective

To explore knowledge, attitudes and behaviours regarding caloric soft drinks in a group of young adults attending university and to identify opportunities for a health promotion intervention aimed at reducing consumption.

Design

In-depth, semi-structured focus groups segmented by gender.

Setting

Sydney, Australia.

Subjects

Undergraduate University of Sydney students aged 18–30 years (n 35).

Results

Social and environmental cues, intrinsic qualities of beverages and personal health beliefs were identified as important influences on consumption. Social cues included settings in which alcohol is usually consumed, socialising with friends, and family influences. Environmental cues included purchasing of fast foods, and ready availability, preferential pricing and promotion of caloric beverages. Reinforcing intrinsic qualities of caloric soft drinks included taste, sugar and caffeine content, and their association with treats and rewards. Major gender differences as well as variations in individual readiness for behaviour change were observed. Raising awareness of the sugar content of various beverages and the potential health impacts associated with their consumption was considered important.

Conclusions

The findings provide new insights with important implications for policy and practice, and suggest that there is considerable scope for promoting awareness in this group. Carefully designed social marketing campaigns highlighting the health issues and addressing social and environmental cues relating to caloric soft drink consumption are required. There is a need for gender-differentiated intervention programmes which are both informational and appealing to young adults. Further research is warranted, particularly to investigate beverage consumption relating to fast-food meal deals and young adults’ consumption patterns in more depth.
The effect of dietary iron intake on the development of iron overload among homozygotes for haemochromatosis
Authors: Tao Min , Pelletier David L
Published: February 2009

Objective

To quantify the role of dietary Fe in total body Fe (TBI) accumulation among homozygotes for theHFEgene associated with haemochromatosis.

Design

A Monte Carlo model was built to simulate Fe accumulation based on findings from human feeding experiments and national dietary surveys. A hypothetical cohort of 1000 homozygotes with starting age 25 years was used in 39-year simulations. The impact of reducing dietary Fe intake on Fe accumulation was tested.

Results

In the baseline model without any dietary intervention, by age 64, the percentage of males with TBI > 10 g, >15 g and >20 g was 93·2 %, 49·6 % and 14·7 %, respectively. When the Fe intake of individuals in the cohort was reduced to ≤200 % of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), the corresponding percentages were 92·0 %, 40·5 % and 10·2 %, respectively. The corresponding figures were 91·0 %, 40·0 % and 9·3 % for Fe defortification and 70·3 %, 21·3 % and 4·1 % when Fe intake was capped at 100 % RDA. Similar trends were seen with sexes combined, although the impact of interventions was less. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the rate of Fe accumulation and the impact of dietary interventions are highly dependent on assumptions concerning Fe absorption rates.

Conclusions

Variation in Fe intake as currently observed in the USA contributes to variation in Fe accumulation among homozygotes, when continued over an extended period. Lifelong dietary habits and national fortification policy can affect the rate of Fe accumulation, although the magnitude of the effect varies by gender, the TBI level of interest and factors affecting the Fe absorption rate.
Reliability and validity of a healthy diet determinants questionnaire for adolescents
Authors: Vereecken Carine , De Henauw Stefaan , Maes Lea , Moreno Luis , Manios Yannis , Phillipp Katharina , Plada Maria , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse ,   on behalf of the HELENA Study Group
Published: February 2009

Objective

To describe the development of a short questionnaire including a wide range of personal, social and environmental constructs in relation to a healthy diet in an adolescent population.

Design

The questionnaire was developed based on the literature, past experiences and feedback from a small pilot study (n 10). Test and retest (2 weeks later) of the questionnaire was done to investigate test–retest reliability. Data of four non-consecutive 24 h recalls were collected to investigate the predictive validity with food (fruit, vegetables, milk, snacks, soft drinks), nutrient (fibre, ascorbic acid, Ca, percentage energy from fat) and energy intakes.

Setting

At home, in the presence of a student.

Subjects

Convenience sample of fifty-five Belgian-Flemish adolescents approached by university students for course credits.

Results

Test–retest correlations of the constructs ranged between 0·51 and 0·78. Eleven of the eighteen final constructs were significantly associated with one or more of the five selected food items, all in the expected direction. Most significant associations with the food items were found for taste, perceived peers’ behaviour and availability of soft drinks at home. Fresh fruit and soft drinks were correlated with most constructs (seven) followed by snacks (five). Concerning energy and the selected nutrient variables, the findings were less clear.

Conclusions

The results are promising: the test–retest stability was moderate to good; most of the psychosocial constructs were significantly associated with one or more of the selected dietary variables. Future work in a larger sample of European adolescents is warranted.
The role of dietary selenium in bovine mammary gland health and immune function
Authors: Salman S. , Khol-Parisini A. , Schafft H. , Lahrssen-Wiederholt M. , Hulan H. W. , Dinse D. , Zentek J.
Published: February 2009

Mastitis is not only a major cause of economic losses to the dairy industry but also a major problem in ensuring the quality and safety of the milk, associated with high somatic cell counts and residues of antibiotics used for treatment. One innovative approach to protection against mastitis is to stimulate the animal's natural defense mechanisms. Technological advances in immunological research have increased our ability to exploit the immunity of the bovine mammary gland during periods of high susceptibility to disease. The trace element selenium affects the innate and the adaptive immune responses of the mammary gland through cellular and humoral activities. Substantial research has been carried out on the effect of selenium (Se) on the immune function of the mammary gland and subsequent improvement in bovine udder health and mastitis control. Levels higher than current recommendations and Se-yeast can potentially be used to enhance our capacity to modulate the physiological mechanisms of the bovine mammary gland to respond to infection. This article provides an overview of the most recent research in this field.
IR and the false promise of philosophical foundations
Authors: Monteiro Nuno P. , Ruby Keven G.
Published: February 2009

International Relations (IR) is uneasy about its status as a ‘science’. Throughout a long history of attempts to legitimate the field as ‘scientific’, IR scholars have imported multifarious positions from the Philosophy of Science (PoS) in order to ground IR on an unshakable foundation. Alas, no such unshakable foundation exists. The PoS is itself a contested field of study, in which no consensus exists on the proper foundation for science. By importing foundational divisions into IR, the ‘science’ debate splits the discipline into contending factions and justifies the absence of dialogue between them. As all foundations require a leap of faith, imperial foundational projects are always vulnerable to challenge and therefore unable to resolve the science question in IR. In this article, we seek to dissolve rather than solve the ‘science’ debate in IR and the quest for philosophical foundations. We argue that IR scholars should adopt an ‘attitude towards’ rather than a ‘position in’ the irresolvable foundational debate. Specifically, we advocate an attitude of ‘foundational prudence’ that is open-minded about what the PoS can offer IR, while precluding imperial foundational projects, which attempt to impose a single meta-theoretical framework on the discipline. This requires knowing what PoS arguments can and cannot do. As such, foundational prudence is post-foundational rather than anti-foundational. A prudent attitude towards philosophical foundations encourages theoretical and methodological pluralism, making room for a question-driven IR while de-escalating intra-disciplinary politics.
Exogenous Cuing of Distractor Location Facilitates Location Selection by Inhibition of Return
Authors: Chao Hsuan-Fu
Published: February 2009

Attention capture by an exogenous cue can result in slowed responses to a target, which appeared at that cued location later. This is the phenomenon of inhibition of return (IOR). In the current study, the effect of IOR on performance in a location selection task was studied. A target and a distractor were presented at the same time, and the participants were instructed to indicate the location of the target by manual response. The results showed that it took longer to respond to the target at the cued location. More importantly, it took a shorter time to respond to the target when the distractor was presented at the cued location. These findings support the idea that IOR can facilitate performance in a target selection task if the distractor location is cued.
The Representation of Instructions Operates Like a Prepared Reflex
Authors: Cohen-Kdoshay Oshrit , Meiran Nachshon
Published: February 2009

The prepared reflex (PR) metaphor (Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston) suggests that stimulus–response (S–R) instructions held in working memory (WM) can lead to autonomous response activation even without any practice. Cohen-Kdoshay and Meiran (Cohen-Kdoshay, O., & Meiran, N. (2007). The representation of instructions in working memory leads to autonomous response activation: Evidence from the first trials in the flanker paradigm. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60 (8), 1140–1154) showed that the flanker compatibility effect (FCE) is found in the eight trials following S–R instructions supporting the PR hypothesis. Nonetheless, performance in the first trials forms long-term memory (LTM) traces which link abstract categories with responses and the retrieval of these LTM traces may be the reason for the autonomous response activation seen in the FCE. This account predicts FCEs to be absent in the first trial and present afterwards. The authors show that the FCE was present in the first trial immediately following the instructions, thus providing unequivocal support for the PR metaphor.
Reasoning Under Time Pressure
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. , Handley Simon J. , Bacon Alison M.
Published: February 2009

In this study, we examine the role of beliefs in conditional inference in two experiments, demonstrating a robust tendency for people to make fewer inferences from statements they disbelieve, regardless of logical validity. The main purpose of this study was to test whether participants are able to inhibit this belief effect where it constitutes a bias. This is the case when participants are specifically instructed to assume the truth of the premises. However, Experiment 1 showed that the effect is no less marked than when this instruction is given, than when it is not, although higher ability participants did show slightly less influence of belief (Experiment 2). Contrary to the findings with syllogistic reasoning, use of speeded tasks had no effect on the extent of the belief bias (both experiments), although it did considerably reduce the numbers of inferences that were drawn overall. These findings suggest that the belief bias in conditional inference is less open to volitional control than that associated with syllogistic reasoning.