bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new framework for modeling the migration of meandering rivers
Authors: Parker G. , Shimizu Y. , Wilkerson G. V. , Eke E. C. , Abad J. D. , Lauer J. W. , Paola C. , Dietrich W. E. , Voller V. R.
Published: December 2010

Many models of river meander migration rely upon a simple formalism, whereby the eroding bank is cut back at a rate that is dictated by the flow, and the depositing bank then migrates passively in response, so as to maintain a constant bankfull channel width. Here a new model is presented, in which separate relations are developed for the migration of the eroding bank and the depositing bank. It is assumed that the eroding bank consists of a layer of fine‐grained sediment that is cohesive and/or densely riddled with roots, underlain by a purely noncohesive layer of sand and/or gravel. Following erosion of the noncohesive layer, the cohesive layer fails in the form of slump blocks, which armor the noncohesive layer and thereby moderate the erosion rate. If the slump block material breaks down or is fluvially entrained, the protection it provides for the noncohesive layer diminishes and bank erosion is renewed. Renewed bank erosion, however, rejuvenates slump block armoring. At the depositing bank, it is assumed that all the sediment delivered to the edge of vegetation due to the transverse component of sediment transport is captured by encroaching vegetation, which is not removed by successive floods. Separate equations describing the migration of the eroding and depositing banks are tied to a standard morphodynamic formulation for the evolution of the flow and bed in the central region of the channel. In this model, the river evolves toward maintenance of roughly constant bankfull width as it migrates only to the extent that the eroding bank and depositing bank ‘talk’ to each other via the medium of the morphodynamics of the channel center region. The model allows for both (a) migration for which erosion widens the channel, forcing deposition at the opposite bank, and (b) migration for which deposition narrows the channel forcing erosion at the opposite bank. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rate of floodplain reworking in response to increasing storm‐induced floods, Squamish River, south‐western British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Bauch Gregory D. , Hickin Edward J.
Published: December 2010

Relations among hydroclimatic and channel planform changes on Squamish River are presented for the period 1956–2007. Squamish River basin occupies 3600 km2 of mountainous terrain in south‐western British Columbia, about 50 km north of Vancouver. The magnitude, volume and duration of extreme floods (Q ≥ 1500 m3/s) exhibit respective temporal increases of 50, 450 and 300%. The increase in extreme floods is attributed to the intensification of late‐season (August–December) Pacific storms that have produced increases in precipitation amounts, intensity and duration of respectively 340, 200 and 200% over the same period. Changes in floodplain‐surface area calculated from the geographic information system (GIS) differencing of sequential large‐scale aerial photographs indicate that the rate of geomorphic change in Squamish River has accelerated during the 1980s to the mid‐1990s. Among four study reaches of varying planform, erosional, depositional and cumulative changes in floodplain surface‐area have rapidly increased. Channel‐change activity after 1980 has increased by a factor of two to six compared with the period prior to 1980. Erosion is currently outpacing deposition in the majority of study reaches. Although channel geometry generally exhibits no uniform pattern of response to the increase in extreme floods, the meandering reaches have straightened over the duration of the study period. The increase in the magnitude and duration of the annual flood appears to be the principal cause of this recent acceleration of channel change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of biotic ligand models predicting acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna in wastewater effluent
Authors: Constantino Carlos , Scrimshaw Mark , Comber Sean , Churchley John
Published: December 2010

The toxicity of Cu to Daphnia magna was investigated in a series of 48-h immobilization assays in effluents from four wastewater treatment works. The assay results were compared with median effective concentration (EC50) forecasts produced by the HydroQual biotic ligand model (BLM), the refined D. magna BLM, and a modified BLM that was constructed by integrating the refined D. magna biotic ligand characterization with the Windermere humic aqueous model (WHAM) VI geochemical speciation model, which also accommodated additional effluent characteristics as model inputs. The results demonstrated that all the BLMs were capable of predicting toxicity by within a factor of two, and that the modified BLM produced the most accurate toxicity forecasts. The refined D. magna BLM offered the most robust assessment of toxicity in that it was not reliant on the inclusion of effluent characteristics or optimization of the dissolved organic carbon active fraction to produce forecasts that were accurate by within a factor of two. The results also suggested that the biotic ligand stability constant for Na may be a poor approximation of the mechanisms governing the influence of Na where concentrations exceed the range within which the biotic ligand stability constant value had been determined. These findings support the use of BLMs for the establishment of site-specific water quality standards in waters that contain a substantial amount of wastewater effluent, but reinforces the need for regulators to scrutinize the composition of models, their thermodynamic and biotic ligand parameters, and the limitations of those parameters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:852–860. © 2010 SETAC
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid exposure increases cadmium toxicity in early life stage of zebrafish, Danio rerio
Authors: Kim Suyoung , Ji Kyunghee , Lee Sangwoo , Lee Jinyoung , Kim Jungkon , Kim Sunmi , Kho Younglim , Choi Kyungho
Published: December 2010

Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is known to induce thyroid-related adverse effects in aquatic organisms. Because an antioxidant defense mechanism is one of the key functions of the thyroid gland, we examined whether preexposure to PFOS could disrupt thyroid function and enhance cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress in fish. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to control or 0.5 mg/L PFOS for 7 d after fertilization and subsequently exposed to 0.038 mg/L of Cd2+ or a mixture of the PFOS and Cd for an additional 3 d until 10 d postfertilization (dpf). Survival rates, body length, messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions related to thyroid function and oxidative stress, the levels of thyroid hormones, and malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. Significant down-regulation of mRNAs related to thyroid function (thyroid hormone receptor-alpha [THRα], thyroid hormone receptor-beta [THRβ], hematopoietically expressed homeobox [hhex], and paired box gene 8 [pax8]) and decrease of throxine (T4) levels were observed in the PFOS preexposure group, suggesting that PFOS preexposure would influence the performance of thyroid gland in the later stages of life. Certain genes relative to oxidative stress, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), in the PFOS preexposure group were significantly up-regulated when the larvae were subsequently exposed to Cd or to the mixture of PFOS and Cd. Glutathione S-transferase activity and malondialdehyde levels of the PFOS-preexposed group were increased significantly by Cd exposure. Significant decrease of the survival rates and body length of fish were observed at 10 dpf among the larvae that were previously exposed to PFOS. These results suggest that preexposure to PFOS could affect antioxidant defense mechanisms and potentially increase the toxicity of Cd on mRNA expression and enzyme activity level responses, as well as on survival or growth of individuals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:870–877. © 2010 SETAC
Impact of nano titanium dioxide exposure on cellular structure of Anabaena variabilis and evidence of internalization
Authors: Cherchi Carla , Chernenko Tatyana , Diem Max , Gu April Z
Published: December 2010

The present study investigated the impact of nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) exposure on the cellular structures of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis. Results of the present study showed that nTiO2 exposure led to observable alteration in various intracellular structures and induced a series of recognized stress responses, including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), appearance and increase in the abundance of membrane crystalline inclusions, membrane mucilage layer formation, opening of intrathylakoidal spaces, and internal plasma membrane disruption. The production of total ROS in A. variabilis cells increased with increasing nTiO2 doses and exposure time, and the intracellular ROS contributed to only a small fraction (<10%) of the total ROS measured. The percentage of cells with loss of thylakoids and growth of membrane crystalline inclusions increased as the nTiO2 dose and exposure time increased compared with controls, suggesting their possible roles in stress response to nTiO2, as previously shown for metals. Algal cell surface morphology and mechanical properties were modified by nTiO2 exposure, as indicated by the increase in cell surface roughness and shifts in cell spring constant determined by atomic force microscopy analysis. The change in cell surface structure and increase in the cellular turgor pressure likely resulted from the structural membrane damage mediated by the ROS production. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of nTiO2 aggregates size distribution seems to suggest possible disaggregation of nTiO2 aggregates when in close contact with microbial cells, potentially as a result of biomolecules such as DNA excreted by organisms that may serve as a biodispersant. The present study also showed, for the first time, with both TEM and Raman imaging that internalization of nTiO2 particles through multilayered membranes in algal cells is possible. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:861–869. © 2010 SETAC
Tissue-specific toxicological effects of cadmium in green mussels (Perna viridis): Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics study
Authors: Wu Huifeng , Wang Wen-Xiong
Published: December 2010

Toxicity tests for metals have traditionally focused on selected biomarkers to characterize the biological stress induced by metals in marine organisms. Here nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics, a system biology tool, was applied to the marine green mussel, Perna viridis, to investigate the toxicological effects of Cd in both digestive gland and adductor muscle tissues. After Cd exposure for either two or four weeks, there was no significant metabolic change in the mussels exposed to Cd at 2 µg/L. At 20 µg/L, there were major metabolite changes related to amino acids, osmolytes, and energy metabolites. Digestive gland tissue was more sensitive to Cd than adductor muscle tissue. The adductor muscle tissue showed elevated levels of glutamine, glutamate, and lactate, and reduced levels of branched chain amino acids, aspartate, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Overall, four weeks of Cd exposure produced neurotoxicity and metabolic disturbances and disturbed osmoregulation. These results suggest that the adductor muscle tissue of mussels may be a suitable supplemental biomarker for exposure to toxicants. In addition, the results demonstrate that 1H-NMR-based metabolomic analysis can provide a systematic view of the toxicological effects of metals on mussels, suggesting that it might be employed to investigate the toxicological effects of other marine pollutants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:806–812. © 2010 SETAC
Matrix effect study in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sewage sludge samples
Authors: Cantarero Samuel , Zafra-Gómez Alberto , Ballesteros Oscar , Navalón Alberto , Vílchez José L , Verge Coral , De Ferrer Juan A
Published: December 2010

We propose a study of the matrix effect in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sewage sludge samples. First, a rapid, selective and sensitive method is proposed. The method involves two stages: the extraction of the compound from the samples and analysis by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD). Three different techniques of extraction (microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet, and ultrasounds) were compared, and microwave-assisted extraction was selected as the best suited for our purpose. Microwave-assisted extraction allows reducing the extraction time (25 min compared with 12 h for conventional Soxhlet extraction) and solvent waste (25 ml of methanol compared with 200 ml for Soxhlet or more than 50 ml for the ultrasonic procedure). Absence of matrix effect was evaluated with two standards (2ØC8:0 and 2ØC16:0) that are not commercial; therefore, neither of them was detected in sewage sludge samples and they showed similar environmental behavior (adsorption and precipitation) to LAS (C11:0–C13.0), which allow us to evaluate the matrix effect. Validation was carried out by a recovery assay, and the method was applied to samples from different sources; therefore, they had different compositions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:813–818. © 2010 SETAC
How do the phq‐2, the phq‐9 perform in aging services clients with cognitive impairment?
Authors: Boyle Lisa L. , Richardson Thomas M. , He Hua , Xia Yinglin , Tu Xin , Boustani Malaz , Conwell Yeates
Published: December 2010

Objective

To examine the performance of the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 (PHQ‐2) and the PHQ‐9 in detecting current major depressive episode (MDE) in aging services care management clients who screen positive for cognitive impairment (CI).

Methods

Cross‐sectional observational study of 236 care management clients ages ≥60 years recruited from an Upstate NY aging services agency. The test characteristics of the PHQ‐2 and PHQ‐9 to screen for depression were calculated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID) to identify MDE (gold standard). CI was identified with the Six‐Item Screen (SIS).

Results

Participants had a mean age of 77 years, 68% female, 16% non‐white, and 26% had less than a high school education. 16% of participants had CI identified by ≥2 errors on SIS. Of these, 41% had positive PHQ‐2 (scores ≥3), 43% had positive PHQ‐9 (scores ≥10), while 24% met criteria for MDE. In the sample with CI, the PHQ‐2, using a cutoff of 3, had sensitivity = 0.78, specificity = 0.71, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) = 0.81, compared with 0.79, 0.82, and 0.88, respectively, for those without CI. In the sample with CI, the PHQ‐9, using a cutoff of 10, had sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.71, and AUC = 0.85, compared with 0.85, 0.89, and 0.91, respectively, for those without CI.

Conclusions

Cognitive status should be considered when using the PHQ as a depression screener due to poorer specificity in seniors with CI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency and predictors of proxy‐confirmed post‐stroke cognitive complaints in lacunar stroke patients without major depression
Authors: Xiong Yun‐Yun , Wong Adrian , Mok Vincent C. T. , Tang Wai‐Kwong , Lam Wynnie W. M. , Kwok Timothy C. Y. , Chu Winnie C. W. , Chan Anne Y. Y. , Wong Lawrence K. S.
Published: December 2010

Objective

Many lacunar stroke patients complained of cognitive decline after stroke. This study aims to investigate the factors underlying post‐stroke cognitive complaints in these patients.

Methods

Seventy‐five consecutive lacunar stroke patients without major depression were recruited for the study. Stroke severity was measured using NIHSS score and MRI was performed during the acute admission period. At 3 months, objective psychometric performance and depressive symptoms were assessed. Post‐stroke cognitive complaints were corroborated by a proxy. Using logistic regression we examined the contribution of demographic features, stroke severity, objective psychometric scores, depressive symptoms, and imaging features (white matter lesion volume and infarct measures) to post‐stroke cognitive complaints.

Results

Thirty‐two (42.7%) patients had post‐stroke cognitive complaints. Patients with post‐stroke cognitive complaints had more depressive symptoms and worse psychometric performance than those without. In the multivariate logistic regression model, only the severity of depressive symptoms was independently associated with post‐stroke cognitive complaints.

Conclusions

This study suggests that post‐stroke cognitive complaints are frequent among lacunar stroke patients without major depression and are prominently determined by the subclinical depressive symptomatology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rivastigmine transdermal patch and capsule in Alzheimer's disease: influence of disease stage on response to therapy
Authors: Farlow Martin R. , Grossberg George T. , Meng Xiangyi , Olin Jason , Somogyi Monique
Published: December 2010

Objectives

The cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine is approved for the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). This exploratory, hypothesis‐forming analysis assessed response to rivastigmine according to severity of dementia at baseline.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of a large randomized, placebo‐controlled trial (ENA713D2320). AD patients treated with 9.5 mg/24 h rivastigmine patch, 17.4 mg/24 h rivastigmine patch, rivastigmine capsule (12 mg/day), or placebo were stratified according to baseline Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores: ≥7 to ≤12 (severe disease), ≥13 to ≤15 (moderately severe), ≥16 to ≤18 (moderate), or ≥19 to ≤25 (mild to moderate). Changes from baseline at Week 24 on Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale (ADAS‐cog), Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS‐CGIC), and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living (ADCS‐ADL) were assessed.

Results

Based on baseline MMSE scores, 141, 228, 333, and 348 patients had severe, moderately severe, moderate, and mild to moderate dementia. Worsening of ADAS‐cog, ADCS‐CGIC, and ADCS‐ADL scores in patients receiving placebo were greater in patients with more severe dementia. Significant improvementsversusplacebo were seen with rivastigmine patch and/or capsule on ADAS‐cog, ADCS‐CGIC, and ADCS‐ADL scores in patients with severe, moderately severe, and moderate AD (allp < 0.05). However, no significant improvements were seen in rivastigmine‐treated patients with mild to moderate AD.

Conclusions

Rivastigmine benefits AD patients across dementia stages. Similar to previous cholinesterase inhibitor studies, greatest treatment effects with rivastigmine patch and capsule were seen in patients with more advanced dementia, most likely driven by greater placebo decline in this population. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of passive fog gauges for determining fog duration and fog interception by a Puerto Rican elfin cloud forest
Authors: Holwerda F. , Bruijnzeel L. A. , Scatena F. N.
Published: December 2010

Between 5 March and 10 May 2001, the performance of three types of passive fog gauges (wire harp WH, standard fog collector SC and Juvik gauge JU) was compared at a wind‐exposed Puerto Rican elfin cloud forest site. The gauges were used to determine the timing and duration of fog, as well as fog‐induced crown drip using gauge to canopy conversions factors. The latter were calculated as the average ratio between throughfall, and fog collected by the respective gauges during periods with fog‐only and negligible evaporation loss. The fog gauges indicated very similar timing and fog duration, presumably because dense fog prevailed for 75–80% of the time whereas winds were generally sufficiently strong (4–5 m s−1) and from a nearly constant direction. Resulting gauge to canopy factors were 0·12 for WH and SC, and 0·10 for JU. Estimating fog interception by the elfin forest canopy using these conversion factors gave very similar values for the three gauge types (mean rates of 0·15 ± 0·01 mm h−1). Throughfall typically started about 5 h after the fog gauges indicated the beginning of a fog event. This time lag probably reflects the filling of the canopy storage capacity. Integrating the estimated fog interception rates over the time lag suggested an average value of 0·4 mm for the canopy storage capacity during fog‐only events. The present results are expected to apply to sites with comparable wind and fog conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using eddy covariance and stable isotope mass balance techniques to estimate fog water contributions to a Costa Rican cloud forest during the dry season
Authors: Schmid S. , Burkard R. , Frumau K. F. A. , Tobón C. , Bruijnzeel L. A. , Siegwolf R. , Eugster W.
Published: December 2010

Fog deposition, precipitation, throughfall and stemflow were measured in a windward tropical montane cloud forest near Monteverde, Costa Rica, for a 65‐day period during the dry season of 2003. Net fog deposition was measured directly using the eddy covariance (EC) method and it amounted to 1·2 ± 0·1 mm day−1 (mean ± standard error). Fog water deposition was 5–9% of incident rainfall for the entire period, which is at the low end of previously reported values. Stable isotope concentrations (δ18O and δ2H) were determined in a large number of samples of each water component. Mass balance‐based estimates of fog deposition were 1·0 ± 0·3 and 5·0 ± 2·7 mm day−1 (mean ± SE) when δ18O and δ2H were used as tracer, respectively. Comparisons between direct fog deposition measurements and the results of the mass balance model using δ18O as a tracer indicated that the latter might be a good tool to estimate fog deposition in the absence of direct measurement under many (but not all) conditions. At 506 mm, measured water inputs over the 65 days (fog plus rain) fell short by 46 mm compared to the canopy output of 552 mm (throughfall, stemflow and interception evaporation). This discrepancy is attributed to the underestimation of rainfall during conditions of high wind. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology: stable isotopes as tools for determining input and partitioning of cloud water in montane forests
Authors: Scholl Martha , Eugster Werner , Burkard Reto
Published: December 2010

Understanding the hydrology of tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) has become essential as deforestation of mountain areas proceeds at an increased rate worldwide. Passive and active cloud‐water collectors, throughfall and stemflow collectors, visibility or droplet size measurements, and micrometeorological sensors are typically used to measure the fog water inputs to ecosystems. In addition, stable isotopes may be used as a natural tracer for fog and rain. Previous studies have shown that the isotopic signature of fog tends to be more enriched in the heavier isotopes 2H and 18O than that of rain, due to differences in condensation temperature and history. Differences between fog and rain isotopes are largest when rain is from synoptic‐scale storms, and fog or orographic cloud water is generated locally. Smaller isotopic differences have been observed between rain and fog on mountains with orographic clouds, but only a few studies have been conducted. Quantifying fog deposition using isotope methods is more difficult in forests receiving mixed precipitation, because of limitations in the ability of sampling equipment to separate fog from rain, and because fog and rain may, under some conditions, have similar isotopic composition. This article describes the various types of fog most relevant to montane cloud forests and the importance of fog water deposition in the hydrologic budget. A brief overview of isotope hydrology provides the background needed to understand isotope applications in cloud forests. A summary of previous work explains isotopic differences between rain and fog in different environments, and how monitoring the isotopic signature of surface water, soil water and tree xylem water can yield estimates of the contribution of fog water to streamflow, groundwater recharge and transpiration. Next, instrumentation to measure fog and rain, and methods to determine isotopic concentrations in plant and soil water are discussed. The article concludes with the identification of some of the more pressing research questions in this field and offers various suggestions for future research. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Net precipitation and soil water dynamics in clearings, old secondary and old‐growth forests in the montane rain forest belt of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Schrumpf Marion , Axmacher Jan C. , Zech Wolfgang , Lyaruu Herbert V. M.
Published: December 2010

The montane rain forest belt on Mt Kilimanjaro forms an important water source for northern Tanzania that is threatened by both logging and fire. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of forest fragmentation on various aspects of the water cycle. Soil properties, rainfall, throughfall and soil water suction were analysed for mature forest, secondary forest patches and large clearings. A total of 10 plots located on the south‐western slopes of the mountain between 2100 and 2300 m.a.s.l. were monitored from May 2000 to June 2002. Annual rainfall amounts ranged from 2000 to 2600 mm with high spatial and inter‐annual variability. Rainfall interception ranged from 3 to 9% of incident rainfall in clearings, to a maximum of 32% in forests. In general, soils under mature forest were wettest and showed only minor moisture fluctuations throughout the year. Soils of secondary forest sites were driest and soil water suction exhibited the largest fluctuations. Additionally, the finer texture of soils under mature forest compared to secondary forest sites allowed higher amounts of soil water to be stored for similar soil water suction levels. Ventilation and radiation penetration, which influence the magnitude of interception, evaporation from the forest floor and transpiration, were probably higher in fragmented secondary than in closed mature forests. In clearings, higher throughfall and presumably lower transpiration rates led to moister conditions compared to adjacent secondary forest sites. Thus, soil conditions under mature forest were most suitable for optimum water storage on Mt Kilimanjaro. The transformation of closed mature forest to a mosaic of forests in different stages of regeneration led to increased spatio‐temporal variability in soil moisture. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of atmospheric water inputs in tropical mountain forests of South Ecuador
Authors: Rollenbeck Rütger , Bendix Jörg , Fabian Peter
Published: December 2010

As part of an interdisciplinary research programme, the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in southern Ecuador has been investigated since January 2002. The study site is located at the northern margin of the Podocarpus National Park in the vicinity of Loja, about 500 km south of Quito, at altitudes ranging from 1800 to 3200 m.a.s.l. Due to its low density, the conventional rainfall station network fails to register the highly variable spatial distribution of rain, whereas contributions by fog are not accounted at all. Hence, for the first time in a tropical montane forest setting, a weather radar was used, covering a radius of 60 km and reaching from the Amazon Basin to the coastal plains of the region. Furthermore, a network of sampling stations supplies data about the altitudinal gradient of fog and rainwater inputs. The precipitation distribution in the study area proves to be far more variable than previously thought and is strongly coupled to the orographic characteristics and the special topographical setting of the landscape. Maxima in precipitation occur especially in the eastern parts of the radar range on slopes exposed to advected moisture from the Amazon Basin, whereas the highest crests of the Andes receive less precipitation. The study area has two cloud condensation levels, occurring at 1500–2000 and 2500–3500 m.a.s.l., respectively. At 1800–2000 m.a.s.l., fog is estimated to contribute an additional input of 5% of conventionally measured rainfall, increasing to about 35% at the highest measurement station (3200 m.a.s.l.). In contrast to some other tropical mountains, there seems to be no maximum zone of water input, although the gradient remains positive up to the highest altitudes. The unusual precipitation distribution is thought to reflect the contrasting climatological influences operating in the study area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 50th anniversary reassessment of the seminal ‘L ana'i fog drip study’ in Hawai'i
Authors: Juvik J. O. , DeLay J. K. , Kinney K. M. , Hansen E. W.
Published: December 2010

During the 1950s, the Pineapple Research Institute (PRI) in Hawai'i launched one of the first, and still widely cited, quantitative studies of direct cloud water interception (CWI) and its contribution to throughfall (TF) (‘fog drip’) under Cook Pine trees (Araucaria columnaris) on a trade‐wind exposed, mountain ridge on the island of Lāna'i. That study concluded that fog drip under a tree canopy supplemented rainfall (RF) (average 1270 mm year−1) by 762 mm or 60%, even after throughfall was corrected for presumed non‐vertical rainfall also intercepted by the tree. A resurvey of fog drip in the upper Lāna'i watershed was undertaken in 2006–2008. Open‐site automated weather stations were paired with throughfall, stemflow and soil moisture measurements for adjacent Araucaria trees. For upper ridge sites, these results indicate fog drip rates beneath individual Araucaria trees to be substantially greater than found in the earlier study. Fully exposed trees in the frequently cloud‐immersed summit region collected annualized fog drip totals of 901–2883 mm, representing 181–462% of measured rainfall. The increased fog drip may be largely attributed to: (i) a more robust estimate of the indirect (non‐vertical) rainfall contribution; (ii) the increased fog‐capturing capacity of the Araucaria trees which had a height of ∼10 m in the 1950s versus ∼20 m during this study and (iii) the presence of atmospheric conditions favouring much increased CWI at higher ridge elevations (921–1021 m.a.s.l.) compared to the site of the original PRI study at 838 m. The fog drip values reported here are (much) higher than those measured in most other tropical montane cloud forest studies, and reflect the unique site conditions associated with fully exposed isolated trees on a knife‐edged ridge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the performance of three types of passive fog gauges under conditions of wind‐driven fog and precipitation
Authors: Frumau K. F. Arnoud , Burkard Reto , Schmid Simone , Bruijnzeel L. A. (Sampurno) , Tobón Conrado , Calvo‐Alvarado Julio C.
Published: December 2010

Understanding of the ‘typical’ amounts of fog intercepted by different types of cloud forests is hampered by a lack of comparative information on local fog climatology. Usually some kind of ‘fog gauge’ is used to characterize fog occurrence and amounts. Moreover, wind‐driven fog and precipitation are difficult to measure separately and reported measurements of ‘fog’ often represent a combination of the two. In this paper, the term ‘occult precipitation’ (HP) is used to represent fog in combination with the horizontal component of wind‐driven precipitation (WDR). Collection efficiencies of three widely used types of passive fog gauges, viz. a wire harp (WH) screen, a modified cylindrical gauge (MJU, Juvik‐type) and a tunnel gauge (TTG, Daube‐type), were derived by comparing the volumes of water collected by the respective gauges with horizontal cloud water fluxes (CWFs) derived from wind speed (u) and the fog liquid water content (LWC) as measured by a cloud particle spectrometer during conditions of fog at a windward cloud forest site in northern Costa Rica. Under conditions of fog‐only, the collection efficiencies of the three gauges were linearly related to the horizontal CWF as measured by the gauges themselves. Therefore, additional information on wind speed, droplet size and fog LWC was not needed. During conditions of HP, relative collection efficiencies were derived by comparing the volumes collected by the respective gauge types. The modified Juvik gauge had an efficiency close to 100%, independently of the wind speed and direction, whereas the efficiency of the WH depended critically on the wind speed. The tunnel gauge had an efficiency comparable to that of the Juvik gauge, with some additional catch occurring under conditions of low precipitation angles due to the reclined frontal surface of the gauge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tissue residue approach for toxicity assessment: Findings and critical reviews from a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pellston Workshop
Authors: Meador James P , Adams William J , Escher Beate I , McCarty Lynn S , McElroy Anne E , Sappington Keith G
Published: December 2010

Over the past few years, the “critical body residue” approach for assessing toxicity based on bioaccumulated chemicals has evolved into a more expansive consideration of tissue residues as the dose metric when defining dose–response relationships, evaluating mixtures, developing protective guidelines, and conducting risk assessments. Hence, scientists refer to “tissue residue approach for toxicity assessment” or “tissue residue-effects approach” (TRA) when addressing ecotoxicology issues pertaining to tissue (or internal) concentrations. This introduction provides an overview of a SETAC Pellston Workshop held in 2007 to review the state of the science for using tissue residues as the dose metric in environmental toxicology. The key findings of the workshop are presented, along with recommendations for research to enhance understanding of toxic responses within and between species, and to advance the use of the TRA in assessment and management of chemicals in the environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:2–6. © 2010 SETAC
Evaluating the carrying capacity of a subsurface drainage network based on a spatially varied flow regime
Authors: Bayat Esmaeel , Kouchakzadeh Salah , Azimi Rasoul
Published: December 2010

The carrying capacity of a subsurface drainage network based on spatially varied flow with increasing discharge and the presence of a free surface is examined and reported. The discharge capacity of a subsurface drainage network depends on the hydraulic and geometric parameters of the network components which should be clearly identified. In this regard a prototype scale experimental set‐up was prepared to determine the major head loss of the corrugated pipes employed in these networks and to investigate the minor head losses of different network junction types. According to the compiled data average values for the major and minor head loss coefficients were proposed and employed for modelling the flow condition within a subsurface drainage network. The model determines the network discharge capacity based on the real flow condition i.e. a free surface spatially varied flow regime. Comparison between the outputs of the applied model with that of the traditional relationships indicated a large discrepancy. The results revealed that applying existing formulations in the design process would likely pressurize significant portions of the network which could affect the water depletion period from the plant root zone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
“Shotgun” Bank M&As
Authors: Sagner James S.
Published: December 2010

The U.S. credit crisis, which started with the failure of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers in 2008, began a wave of bank mergers. The huge scale of government loans and support for “shotgun“ bank mergers has been unprecedented in scope. In a mad rush to save the banks and the economy, the Federal Reserve and the Department of Justice disregarded more than a century of antitrust regulations.

These actions have created many problems‐and they raise questions about the need for more transparency in the banking sector. What steps are being taken to promote more transparency? What will be the results? And how can your company avoid banks that may be forced into a merger? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous degradation of atrazine and simazine by a binary culture of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Arthrobacter sp. in a two‐stage biofilm reactor
Authors: Galíndez‐Nájera Silvia Patricia , Ramos‐Monroy Oswaldo , Ruiz‐Ordaz Nora , Salmerón‐Alcocer Angélica , Juárez‐Ramírez Cleotilde , Ahuatzi‐Chacón Deifilia , Curiel‐Quesada Everardo , Galíndez‐Mayer Juvencio
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: The impact of mixtures of chloro‐triazinic herbicides, such as atrazine and simazine, on aquatic ecosystems is of environmental concern. To study their biodegradation under various operational conditions, a binary community comprising Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Arthrobacter sp. attached to the porous support of a packed bed reactor, was evaluated.

RESULTS: The genetic analysis of the two atrazine‐degrading strains revealed that genes atzA, atzB, atzC are present in both bacteria, but only S. maltophilia possess atzD. Thus, by cultivating Arthrobacter sp. on these herbicides, cyanuric acid accumulation was observed. When the binary community was cultivated in the biofilm reactor, at all the loading rates probed, both herbicides were entirely removed. However, complete biodegradation of cyanuric acid was not achieved.

CONCLUSIONS: Even with a two‐stage reactor, cyanuric acid was only partially removed. This fact could be attributed to the absence, in the second stage, of an easily degradable energy source, required by S. maltophilia for the uptake and cometabolic degradation of the recalcitrant heterocyclic ring. Responding to differences in nutritional conditions prevailing at each reactor stage, local differences in species' predominance were clearly detected by microbiological and molecular biology methods. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioelectrochemical systems for efficient recalcitrant wastes treatment
Authors: Huang Liping , Cheng Shaoan , Chen Guohua
Published: December 2010

Recalcitrant wastes including dyes, pesticides, explosives, heavy metals, polyalcohols, furan derivatives and phenolic substances, are of special concern owing to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) including microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), integrate three important wastewater treatment options, namely, biological treatment, electrolytic dissociation and electrochemical oxidation/reduction, and are regarded as a new sustainable and effective strategy for treatment of these wastes. The simultaneous and cooperative roles of these multiple units running in parallel in BESs contribute to the efficiency of recalcitrant waste treatment, while substrate metabolism is considered to be a key step triggering different unit operations. An up‐to‐date review is provided on recent research and development in BESs‐based recalcitrant wastes treatment. MFCs and MECs, as two types of BESs, are summarized in terms of treatment efficiency, recalcitrant substance metabolic pathway and microorganism diversity after a brief introduction to the electrochemical process for recalcitrant waste treatment. The scientific and technical challenges that have yet to be faced in the future are also discussed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Metal ion separation and recovery from environmental sources using various flotation and sorption techniques
Authors: Zamboulis Dimitrios , Peleka Efrosyni N. , Lazaridis Nikolaos K. , Matis Kostas A.
Published: December 2010

Flotation is a gravity separation process that originated from processing of minerals, and has nowadays found wide application, for instance, in industrial waste‐water treatment. It is also useful in the concentration of a variety of dissolved chemical species often following a sorption process. The present review paper focuses on the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. The process mechanisms involved are either sorptive flotation where metal bonding agents, including biosorbents, are added and the subsequent complexes are separated downstream by flotation or other conventional flotation techniques, such as ion flotation are used. In the laboratory experiments described in this paper, zinc has been used as an example, but in addition copper, nickel, arsenic, etc. are considered. A new hybrid flotation–microfiltration cell is also introduced. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Manufacture of fibrous reinforcements for biodegradable biocomposites from Citysus scoparius
Authors: González Daniel , Campos Ana Rita , Cunha Antonio M. , Santos Valentín , Parajó Juan Carlos
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: Cytisus scoparius samples were processed with hot, compressed water (autohydrolysis treatments) to obtain both fiber‐containing solids (suitable as reinforcements for composites) and a liquid phase containing sugar oligomers derived from hemicelluloses. The solid phase from autohydrolysis, mainly made up of cellulose and lignin, was employed for manufacturing polylactic acid (PLA)‐based biodegradable composites. The mechanical properties, water uptake and thermal properties of composites were assessed.

RESULTS: The hydrolysis of the major hemicellulose polysaccharide components of Cytisus scoparius was interpreted using kinetic models based on sequential pseudo‐homogeneous first‐order, irreversible reactions. Operating under non‐isothermal conditions, the autohydrolysis experiment carried out at up to 215 °C led to the maximum concentration of sugar oligomers (accounting for about 71% of the initial xylan). These compounds can be employed for a variety of purposes, including applications as prebiotics. Composites containing autohydrolyzed fibers presented both improved impact strength and reduced water absorption ability.

CONCLUSIONS: Autohydrolysis of Cytisus scoparius led to a liquid phase containing xylooligosacharides with commercial value, and to a solid phase suitable as a reinforcement for PLA‐based composites with reduced water retention ability. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Does solitary incubation enhance egg water uptake and offspring quality in a lizard that produces single‐egg clutches?
Authors: Warner Daniel A. , Chapman Michelle N.
Published: December 2010

Many organisms invariably produce one offspring per reproductive bout, but experimental tests of adaptive explanations for this reproductive pattern are rare. To address this issue, we studied a lizard (Anolis sagrei) that produces one egg at a time to test the hypothesis that solitary incubation (due to single‐egg clutches) eliminates competition with adjacent eggs for moisture and thus enhances offspring quality via increased egg water uptake during development. Our findings suggest that solitary incubation does not affect rates of moisture uptake by eggs or offspring size. However, egg moisture uptake and offspring size were negatively affected when eggs were adjacent to an egg that died during development. Depending on rates of infertile eggs or embryo mortality in the field, single‐egg clutches may improve developmental environments and enhance offspring fitness. These results highlight the importance of considering the role of plastic embryonic responses during development in explaining reproductive patterns. J. Exp. Zool. 315:149–155, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐reported psychopathology in a convicted serial killer
Authors: Culhane Scott E. , Hilstad Sage M. , Freng Adrienne , Gray Matt J.
Published: December 2010

The following paper presents a case study of a convicted serial murderer. Through data from personal correspondence, police reports, a true crime novel, witness statements, medical examiner reports, court appeals, and crime scene reports from the actual murder cases, and most important, a series of psychological self‐report measures, a case study was developed. Included in the psychological measures were tests of general psychopathology, specific tests of psychopathy, anger and aggression scales, and sociological measures related to family, individual, situational, and community risk factors, as well as previous criminal behaviour, including weapon and drug use. The results of these various measures are incorporated into the life history and criminal activity of the individual. The purpose of this research was to develop a more complete psychological report of a serial killer than any other previously reported. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Awareness in Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: December 2010

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of labelled compounds and radiopharmaceuticals. Each bibliography is divided into 16 sections: 1 Radionuclide Production; 2 Labelled Compound Synthesis; Applications: 3 Biomedical ‐ General; 4 Imaging ‐ General; 5 Fluorine; 6 Carbon; 7 Technetium; 8 Iodine; 9 Copper; 10 Gallium; 11 Indium; 12 Hydrogen; 13 Others; 14 Therapy; 15 Environmental; 16 Analytical Techniques. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Optimization of single injection liver arterial phase gadolinium enhanced MRI using bolus track real‐time imaging
Authors: Sharma Puneet , Kalb Bobby , Kitajima Hiroumi D. , Salman Khalil N. , Burrow Bobbie , Ray Gaye L. , Martin Diego R.
Published: December 2010

Purpose:

To measure contrast agent enhancement kinetics in the liver and to further evaluate and develop an optimized gadolinium enhanced MRI using a single injection real‐time bolus‐tracking method for reproducible imaging of the transient arterial‐phase.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 18 subjects with hypervascular liver lesions were imaged with four dimensional (4D) perfusion scans to measure time‐to‐peak (TTP) delays of arterial (aorta‐celiac axis), liver parenchyma, liver lesion, portal, and hepatic veins. Time delays were calculated from the TTP‐aorta signal, and then related to the gradient echo (GRE) k‐space acquisition design, to determine optimized timing for real‐time bolus‐track triggering methodology. As another measure of significance, 200 clinical patients were imaged with 3D‐GRE using either a fixed time‐interval or by individualized arterial bolus real‐time triggering. Bolus TTP‐aorta was calculated and arterial‐phase acquisitions were compared for accuracy and reproducibility using specific vascular enhancement indicators.

Results:

The mean bolus transit‐time to peak‐lesion contrast was 8.1 ± 2.7 seconds following arterial detection, compared to 32.1 ± 5.4 seconds from contrast injection, representing a 62.1% reduction in the time‐variability among subjects (N = 18). The real‐time bolus‐triggered technique more consistently captured the targeted arterial phase (94%), compared to the fixed timing technique (73%), representing an expected improvement of timing accuracy in 28% of patients (P = 0.0001389).

Conclusion:

Our results show detailed timing window analysis required for optimized arterial real‐time bolus‐triggering acquisition of transient arterial phase features of liver lesions, with optimized arterial triggering expected to improve reproducibility in a significant number of patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:110–118. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.