bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased retinal endothelial cell monolayer permeability induced by the diabetic milieu: role of advanced non‐enzymatic glycation and polyol pathway activation
Authors: Leto Gaetano , Pricci Flavia , Amadio Lorena , Iacobini Carla , Cordone Samantha , Diaz‐Horta Oscar , Romeo Giulio , Barsotti Paola , Rotella Carlo M. , di Mario Umberto , Pugliese Giuseppe
Published: August 2002

Background

Increased vascular permeability could be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The present study was aimed at assessing whether high glucose concentrations can impair retinal endothelial cell barrier function directly, irrespective of changes in other determinants of permeability, and the role of non‐enzymatic glycation and polyol pathway activation in these alterations.

Methods

Bovine retinal endothelial cells (BREC) were exposed for various periods to high glucose vs iso‐osmolar mannitol and normal glucose containing media±agents mimicking or inhibiting advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and polyol pathway activation. Monolayer permeability was assessed by measuring the transendothelial passage of 125I‐labeled proteins.

Results

Permeability increased significantly (up to +70%) in BREC exposed to high glucose, but not to mannitol, for 1–30 days, vs normal glucose control cells. Exposure to AGE‐modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) (⪖90%) and, to a lesser extent, sorbitol (+28%) mimicked the high glucose effect. The AGE formation and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor aminoguanidine significantly reduced (by 60%) changes induced by 30‐day exposure to high glucose, whereas methylguanidine, which inhibits only NOS activity, did not affect permeability. Aldose reductase or sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors decreased (by ∼40%) the enhanced leakage produced by 1‐day, but not 30‐day, incubation in high glucose.

Conclusions

The present results indicate that high glucose is capable of impairing retinal endothelial cell barrier function directly and that non‐enzymatic glycation and polyol pathway activation may mediate these changes, with AGEs participating in the long‐term alterations and increased flux through the sorbitol pathway in the short‐term effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise status and sexual orientation as moderators of body image disturbance and eating disorders in males
Authors: Boroughs Michael , Thompson J. Kevin
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study evaluated the moderating effects of sexual orientation and exercise status on measures of body image and eating disturbance in a sample of men.

Method

One hundred and thirty‐four men completed measures designed to index a range of body image facets (ideals, actual, partner's preference, overall dissatisfaction), eating disturbance (restrictive and bulimic levels), and overall self‐esteem.

Results

There were few significant effects as a function of exercise status or sexual orientation. Bodybuilders were more satisfied on a global measure of body image and had a higher ideal and actual upper torso size rating. Gay men had a smaller actual upper torso rating than heterosexual men, but ideal size upper torso did not differ as a function of sexual orientation.

Discussion

Findings are discussed in terms of methodological limits of previous work and future examinations of moderating factors for body image and eating disturbance in men. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 307–311, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10031
Loss of control over eating, adiposity, and psychopathology in overweight children
Authors: Morgan Christina M. , Yanovski Susan Z. , Nguyen Tuc T. , McDuffie Jennifer , Sebring Nancy G. , Jorge Miguel R. , Keil Margaret , Yanovski Jack A.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To investigate the relationship between loss of control over eating, adiposity, and psychological distress in a nontreatment sample of overweight children.

Method

Based on self‐reports of eating episodes, 112 overweight children, 6–10 years old, were categorized using the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns–Adolescent Version into those describing episodes of loss of control over eating (LC), and those with no loss of control (NoLC). Groups were compared on measures of adiposity, dieting, and eating behavior, and associated psychological distress.

Results

LC children (33.1%) were heavier and had greater amounts of body fat than NoLC children. They also had higher anxiety, more depressive symptoms, and more body dissatisfaction. 5.3% met questionnaire criteria for BED. Episodes of loss of control occurred infrequently, were often contextual, and involved usual meal foods.

Discussion

As in adults, overweight children reporting loss of control over eating have greater severity of obesity and more psychological distress than those with no such symptoms. It remains unknown whether children who endorse loss of control over eating before adolescence will be those who develop the greatest difficulties with binge eating or obesity in adulthood. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 430–441, 2002.
Medical and psychiatric morbidity in obese women with and without binge eating
Authors: Bulik Cynthia M. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To determine the prevalence of obesity and binge eating in a population‐based sample of female twins and to examine whether the presence of binge eating was associated with a greater risk for medical and psychiatric disorders in obese women.

Method

A population‐based study of twins who were born between 1934 and 1971 and both members responded to a mailed questionnaire (individual response rate was conservatively estimated to be 64%). Data for the present study are from the first and third interview waves. In Wave 1 (1987–1989), we assessed 92% of the eligible individuals (N = 2,163), 90% face‐to‐face and the remainder by telephone. We assessed lifetime history of psychiatric disorders, major medical disorders, health limitations, health satisfaction, and an array of personality and attitudinal measures.

Results

Obese women with binge eating reported greater health dissatisfaction and higher rates of major medical disorders than obese women without binge eating. Binge eating was also associated with higher lifetime prevalence of major depression, panic disorder, phobias, and alcohol dependence. Obese women with binge eating scored higher on neuroticism and symptom scales measuring depression, anxiety/phobia, and neurovegetative symptoms (i.e., insomnia, agitation, retardation, and obsessive‐compulsive traits).

Discussion

The presence of binge eating in obese women is a marker for greater medical and psychiatric morbidity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 72–78, 2002.
Development of in‐pipe microrobot using microwave energy transmission
Authors: Shibata Takayuki , Sasaya Takanari , Kawahara Nobuaki
Published: August 2002

Most robots moving autonomously are equipped with batteries as an energy source. Since the energy stored in the batteries is proportional to their volume, the operating time is drastically reduced as the robot is miniaturized. To resolve this problem, it is necessary to supply energy externally. Considering the checking of pipes in electric power generating stations as the target, a microrobot has been developed that autonomously moves inside the pipe with energy supplied by microwaves. A previous report [1] noted the problems that the energy could not be supplied when the robot is rotated and that the power supply method was not suitable for the sensor circuit, since the driving waveform of the actuator was produced by amplitude modulation of the microwaves. In the present paper, a method is proposed to allow the supplying of energy with circular polarization by means of four rectennas. Autonomous reversing motion is successfully achieved by installing a driver control circuit and an infrared sensor on the robot. The microrobot proposed in this paper moves at 10 mm/s, using a power of 200 mW supplied in a pipe with a diameter of 15 mm. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(11): 1–8, 2001
Crossed categorization versus simple categorization and intergroup evaluations: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Mullen Brian , Migdal Michael J. , Hewstone Miles
Published: August 2002

Crossed categorization typically refers to the crossing of two dichotomous social dimensions, resulting in four groups (double‐ingroup, two mixed groups, and double‐outgroup). This paper reports the results of a meta‐analysis comparing the effects of crossed categorization on intergroup evaluations with the effects of simple categorization on intergroup evaluations. The crossed categorization paradigm is shown to increase or decrease ingroup bias, depending on how ingroup bias is defined in the crossed categorization paradigm. Moreover, just as in simple categorization, ingroup bias in crossed categorization is shown to be greater when the proportionate size of the ingroup is smaller. However, contrary to the patterns established in simple categorization, the reality of the group categorizations does not increase ingroup bias in crossed categorization. We discuss the implications of these results for future research on intergroup evaluations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Private gain, social strain: do relationship factors shape responses to outperformance?
Authors: Exline Julie Juola , Lobel Marci
Published: August 2002

Outperforming others can be satisfying, in part because it allows us to make self‐enhancing social comparisons against those we have surpassed. However, competitive success can clash with relational goals, leading outperformers to experience discomfort when they believe that their superior status poses a threat to the outperformed person (Exline & Lobel, 1999). Two studies revealed that relationship factors play a critical role in responses to superior status. Relationship rifts and avoidance were common in conflictual or hostile relationships, whereas empathic concerns and appeasement predominated in closer, more satisfying relationships. Negative responses to superior status were largely independent of private feelings of pride and happiness. These data complement existing social comparison research by suggesting that outperformance, while privately satisfying, can cause problems when it poses an interpersonal threat. Furthermore, relationship factors appear to be important determinants of the specific emotional and behavioral responses of outperformers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
El Niño, climate change, and Southern African climate
Authors: Mason Simon J.
Published: August 2002

The El Niño phenomenon involves a large‐scale warming of the equatorial eastern and central Pacific Ocean. Recent developments in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon have raised concerns about climate change. In this review paper, these recent developments are critically assessed and forecasts of possible future changes are reviewed. Since the late‐1970s, El Niño episodes have been unusually recurrent, while the frequency of strong La Niña events has been low. Prolonged/recurrent warm event conditions of the first half of the 1990s were the result of the persistence of an anomalously warm pool near the date line, which, in turn, may be part of an abrupt warming trend in tropical sea‐surface temperatures that occurred in the late‐1970s. The abrupt warming of tropical sea‐surface temperatures has been attributed to the enhanced‐greenhouse effect, but may be indicative of inter‐decadal variability: earlier changes in the frequency of ENSO events and earlier persistent El Niño and La Niña sequences have occurred. Most forecasts of ENSO variability in a doubled‐CO2 climate suggest that the recent changes in the tropical Pacific are anomalous. Of potential concern, however, is a possible reduction in the predictability of ENSO events given a warmer background climate.

El Niño events usually are associated with below‐normal rainfall over much of southern Africa. Mechanisms for this influence on southern African climate are discussed, and the implications of possible changes in ENSO variability on the climate of the region are assessed. Recent observed changes in southern African climate and their possible relationships with trends in ENSO variability are investigated. The El Niño influence on rainfall over southern Africa occurs largely because of a weakening of tropical convection over the subcontinent. A warming of the Indian Ocean during El Niño events appears to be important in providing a teleconnection from the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The abrupt warming of the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans in the late‐1970s is probably partly responsible for increasing air temperatures over southern Africa, and may have contributed to a prolongation of predominantly dry conditions. A return to a wet phase appears to have occurred, despite the persistence of anomalously high sea‐surface temperatures associated with the late‐1970s warming, and a record‐breaking El Niño in 1997/98. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living with anorexia nervosa: the experience of a cohort of sufferers from anorexia nervosa 7.5 years after initial presentation to a specialized eating disorders service
Authors: Button Eric J. , Warren Rachel L.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The main aim of the present study was to further understand how sufferers from anorexia nervosa view the disorder, how it affects their lives and how they experience treatment and help.

Method

A cohort of anorectic patients were followed up 7.5 years after presentation at a specialist locally‐based eating disorders service for adults. All subjects were invited to take part in a semi‐structured interview and complete a series of questionnaires.

Results

Thirty‐six subjects were interviewed and the group as a whole showed marked improvement compared with initial presentation, but only 14 per cent were judged to be free of the disorder and about one‐quarter remained entrenched in the world of anorexia nervosa. The main results focus on common themes which emerged from the interview and extensive quotes from subjects are used for illustrative purposes. Although each person expressed a very individual experience of the disorder, a common theme was of it emerging as a response to a sense of loss of control in one or more areas of their lives, often centering on their self‐image and problems in relationships with others. Although the disorder was commonly experienced as having a devastating effect on their lives, the focus on weight and eating at least offered them some semblance of control. A wide range of experiences of treatment were reported, but there was considerable consensus regarding the importance of individual psychotherapy/counselling and of the quality of relationship with a therapist.

Discussion

This study confirms the often long‐term psychological problems experienced by sufferers from anorexia nervosa and helps to illuminate the client's perspective on the disorder and other people's attempts to help. The individual views of the sufferer are an important consideration for those involved in the planning and delivery of services for these vulnerable people. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Characteristics of inpatient weight gain in adolescent anorexia nervosa: relation to speed of relapse and re‐admission
Authors: Lay Barbara , Jennen‐Steinmetz Christine , Reinhard Iris , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: August 2002

In the present study, the course of inpatient weight gain was analysed in a sample of 40 female adolescent anorectic patients who had been readmitted for severe relapse. Longitudinal parameters were derived by statistical methods from the patients' weight curves during inpatient treatment. Results indicate a high risk of renewed weight loss throughout the first 9 months after discharge; 31 of the 40 patients had been readmitted within 12 months. Within the comprehensive set of clinical variables assessed, the weight curve parameters ‘negative variation of the weight curve’, ‘velocity of BMI increase’, and ‘mean BMI’ during inpatient treatment were significantly related to the tempo of weight decrease after discharge. The duration patients had maintained their target weight up to discharge appeared to predict time to re‐admission. Thus, findings suggest that longitudinal weight patterns might be of prognostic significance with respect to post‐discharge weight maintenance in anorexia nervosa, and hence are worthy of consideration in further treatment research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Impact of historic land‐use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta
Authors: Pasternack Gregory B. , Brush Grace S. , Hilgartner William B.
Published: August 2002

Historic land use in the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin induced large fluxes of fluvial sediment to subestuarine tributaries. Stratigraphic and palaeoecologic analyses of deltaic deposits may be used to infer changes on the landscape, but are not sufficient to quantify past sediment supply. When viewed as an inverse boundary‐value problem, reconstruction of the sediment supply function may be achieved by combining deltaic sedimentation chronologies with an equation governing delta progradation. We propose that the diffusion equation is appropriate for simulating delta progradation and obtaining the sediment supply function provided a suitable diffusion constant (D) can be determined. Three new methods for estimating D are presented for the case of estuarine deltas. When the inverse boundary‐value technique was applied to Otter Point Creek, a tidal freshwater delta at the head of Bush River in upper Chesapeake Bay, D values ranged from 3763 to 6199 m2 a−1. Delta growth simulations showed a 1740–1760 initial pulse, a 1760–1780 erosive/redistributive interval, a 1780–1920 growth period, and a 1920‐present erosive/redistributive era. Coupling of simulated delta elevations with an empirical plant habitat predictive equation allowed for comparison of predicted versus actual relative habitat areas. Also, the model yielded reconstructed watershed erosion rates and stream suspended sediment concentrations that could be useful for development of water quality regulations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using CFD in a GLUE framework to model the flow and dispersion characteristics of a natural fluvial dead zone
Authors: Hankin B. G. , Hardy R. , Kettle H. , Beven K. J.
Published: August 2002

Monte Carlo simulations of a two‐dimensional depth‐averaged distributed bed‐roughness flow model, TELEMAC‐2D, are used to model a detailed tracer dispersion test in a complex reach of the River Severn in the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) framework. A time efficient, zero equation, spatially distributed eddy viscosity model is derived from physical reasoning and used to close the flow equations. It is shown to have the property of low numerical diffusion, avoiding recourse to a globally large value of the eddy viscosity. For models of complex river flows, there are typically so many degrees of freedom in the specification of distributed parameters owing to the limitations of field data collection, that the identification of a unique model structure is unlikely. The data used here to constrain the model structure come from a continuous tracer injection experiment, comprising six spatially distributed time series of concentration measurements. Several hundred Monte‐Carlo simulations of different model structures were investigated and it was found that multiple model structures produced feasible simulations of the tracer mixing, giving rise to the phenomenon of equifinality. Rather than optimizing the model structure on the basis of the constraining data, we derive relative possibility measures that express our relative degree of belief in each model structure. These measures can then be used as weights for assessing predictive uncertainty when using a range of model structures, to estimate the flow distribution under varying stages, or for providing maps indicating fully distributed confidence limits in the risk assessments process. Such an approach is used here, and helps to identify the circumstances under which two‐dimensional modelling can be useful. The framework is not limited to the model structures that are developed herein, and more advanced process representation techniques can be included as computational efficiency increases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cellular model of Holocene upland river basin and alluvial fan evolution
Authors: Coulthard T. J. , Macklin M. G. , Kirkby M. J.
Published: August 2002

The CAESAR (Cellular Automaton Evolutionary Slope And River) model is used to simulate the Holocene development of a small upland catchment (4·2 km2) and the alluvial fan at its base. The model operates at a 3 m grid scale and simulates every flood over the last 9200 years, using a rainfall record reconstructed from peat bog wetness indices and land cover history derived from palynological sources.

Model results show that the simulated catchment sediment discharge above the alluvial fan closely follows the climate signal, but with an increase in the amplitude of response after deforestation. The important effects of sediment storage and remobilization are shown, and findings suggest that soil creep rates may be an important control on long term (>1000 years) temperate catchment sediment yield. The simulated alluvial fan shows a complex and episodic behaviour, with frequent avulsions across the fan surface. However, there appears to be no clear link between fan response and climate or land use changes suggesting that Holocene alluvial fan dynamics may be the result of phases of sediment storage and remobilization, or instabilities and thresholds within the fan itself. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid determination of bacteria in drinking water using an ATP assay
Authors: Deininger Rolf A. , Lee JiYoung
Published: August 2002

The presently used heterotrophic plate count (HPC) for the evaluation of the total number of bacteria in a sample of drinking water takes 7 days of incubation. When the results are known, the water has been consumed and is ineffective for the protection of the health of the consumers. Operators of water treatment systems need to know the bacterial water quality in near real time. Contamination of the system, whether it is intentional, accidental, or due to an inadequate disinfectant residual needs to be discovered much sooner because intervention can then take place in the form of flushing low quality water and/or raising the disinfectant residual. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine if a rapid ATP assay can estimate the HPC in minutes. Two additional methods were used for some samples. The first method was the acridine orange direct count (AODC) that enumerates both viable and nonviable bacteria. The second method was the direct viable count (DVC) that enumerates only viable bacteria. Water samples were obtained from local, national, and international locations. The sample selection criteria were based on proximity to the laboratory, cooperating water utilities, and the travel of the authors. The results of the study show that the rapid ATP assay is highly correlated with the conventional plate count method and the DVC method. The significance of the ATP assay is that it can determine the bacterial quality of the drinking water in less than 5 min. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 185–189, 2001
Compression mechanical properties of wood at temperatures simulating fire conditions
Authors: Young S. A. , Clancy P.
Published: August 2002

Compression mechanical properties of wood at temperatures simulating fire conditions have been obtained for use in structural response models to aid the design of light‐timber framed walls as fire barriers in accordance with recent performance‐based fire codes. The properties that have been measured are elastic modulus and strength. The properties were obtained from samples that had a number of similarities to studs in walls. The effects of knots, however, have been excluded from this study. The elastic modulus greatly reduces as temperatures approach the vaporization point of moisture. The properties were significantly lower compared with properties given in the literature. Input of the measured properties into a structural fire model for walls led to good comparisons with results of experiments on walls with low load ratios (that is, the ratio of the applied load to the collapse load capacity at ambient conditions). Such walls are typically used in building construction. However, the elastic moduli presented in this paper and in other literature do not lead to good model predictions for slender walls with high load ratios. Further research into creep is required. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Syzygium aromaticum leaf from Little Andaman, India
Authors: Raina V. K. , Srivastava S. K. , Aggarwal K. K. , Syamasundar K. V. , Kumar Sushil
Published: August 2002

The cloves are grown as plantation crops in the agroclimatic conditions of the Indian island of Little Andaman. The dried leaves, on hydrodistillation, gave 4.8% of the oil. GC and GC–MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 16 compounds. The major compound was eugenol (94.4%) followed by β‐caryophyllene (2.9%). The clove oil from Little Andaman was found to be comparable with the best oil produced in south India in terms of its eugenol content. It is suggested that clove can be grown as an economically viable crop in the Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshdeep islands. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constituents of stem and flower oils of Helichrysum litoreum Guss.
Authors: Ruberto Giuseppe , Biondi Daniela M. , Barbagallo Claudia , Meli Rosa , Savoca Francesca
Published: August 2002

The essential oils from flowers and stems of Helichrysum litoreum collected in the Aeolian archipelago were examined by GC and GC–MS. β‐Caryophyllene (24.4%), α‐pinene (23.2%), γ‐curcumene (5.6%) and rosifoliol (3.1%) were the predominant components of flower essential oil. The stem essential oil was almost totally characterized by monoterpene hydrocarbons (ca. 89%), limonene (74.6%) and α‐pinene (12.9%) being the main compounds. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of green note compounds in malt whisky using multidimensional gas chromatography
Authors: Wanikawa Akira , Hosoi Kenji , Kato Taro , Nakagawa Kei‐ichi
Published: August 2002

We studied green note compounds in malt whisky using multidimensional GC–MS–olfactometry (MDGC–MS–O). Two aldehydes and three alcohols were shown to contribute to the green note: E,Z‐2,6‐nonenal and E‐2‐nonenal, and 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 4‐hepten‐1‐ol and nonan‐2‐ol, respectively. Malt whiskies with high green note scores organoleptically contained more of the aldehydes and nonan‐2‐ol than those with low scores. This is the first time that E,Z‐2,6‐nonadienal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, and 4‐hepten‐1‐ol have been identified in malt whisky. These compounds are related to lipid oxidation and degradation, and formation may be due to the action of lipoxygenase. In addition, MDGC–MS–O was effective in examining small amounts of compounds in malt whisky, which contains many volatiles, since this method enables the volatiles in a complicated matrix to be highly resolved without the influence of large amounts of volatiles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.
Authors: Nagarajan S. , Jagan Mohan Rao L. , Gurudutt K. N.
Published: August 2002

The fragrant roots of Hemidesmus indicus (Indian sarsaparilla) is used in Indian native medicine and herbal tea preparations. The volatiles obtained by steam distillation (yield, 0.25%) contained 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzaldehyde (91%) and (−) ledol (4.5%), which are isolable in pure form, as the major constituents. The GC–MS analysis of the residual oil showed the presence of over 40 minor constituents. Among them, nerolidol (1.2%), borneol (0.3%), linalyl acetate (0.2%), dihydrocarvyl acetate (0.1%), salicylaldehyde (0.1%), isocaryophyllene (0.1%), α‐terpinyl acetate (traces) and 1,8‐cineol (traces) are important as aromatic and bio‐active principles. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompressible flows with combustion simulated by a preconditioning method using multigrid acceleration and MUSCL reconstruction
Authors: Bellucci V. , Bruno C.
Published: August 2002

A numerical algorithm for the steady state solution of three‐dimensional incompressible flows is presented. A preconditioned time marching scheme is applied to the conservative form of the governing equations. The preconditioning matrix multiplies the time derivatives of the system and circumvents the eigenvalue‐caused stiffness at low speed. The formulation is suitable for constant density flows and for flows where the density depends on non‐passive scalars, such as in low‐speed combustion applications. The k–ε model accounts for turbulent transport effects. A cell‐centred finite volume formulation with a Runge–Kutta time stepping scheme for the primitive variables is used. Second‐order spatial accuracy is achieved by developing for the preconditioned system an approximate Riemann solver with MUSCL reconstruction. A multi‐grid technique coupled with local time stepping and implicit residual smoothing is used to accelerate the convergence to the steady state solution. The convergence behaviour and the validation of the predicted solutions are examined for laminar and turbulent constant density flows and for a turbulent non‐premixed flame simulated by a presumed probability density function (PDF) model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberrations of the hSNF5/INI1 gene are restricted to malignant rhabdoid tumors or atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors in pediatric solid tumors
Authors: Uno Kaoru , Takita Junko , Yokomori Kinji , Tanaka Yukichi , Ohta Shigeru , Shimada Hiroyuki , Gilles Floyd H. , Sugita Kanji , Abe Satoshi , Sako Masahiro , Hashizume Kohei , Hayashi Yasuhide
Published: August 2002

The hSNF5/INI1 gene, which encodes a subunit of the SWI/SNF family of chromatin‐remodeling complexes and is located at 22q11.2, has been reported as a tumor suppressor gene inactivated in malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs). We analyzed this gene in varieties of pediatric solid tumors including MRTs, using the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR‐single strand conformation polymorphism method. We found 5 homozygous deletions, 2 truncated mutations, one missense mutation, and one silent mutation of the hSNF5/INI1 gene in 7 MRT cell lines, and one homozygous deletion, one microdeletion, one splicing acceptor site mutation, and one absence of expression in 7 fresh tumor tissues of MRT and atypical teratoid (AT)/rhabdoid tumors (RTs). Homozygous deletions were also found in one (KYM‐1) of 8 rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines. To investigate characteristics of the KYM‐1 cell line, we have established KYM‐1 tumors in nude mice into which KYM‐1 cells were transplanted. Notably, we found that MyoD1, known as a marker for RMS, was not expressed in the KYM‐1 cell line as well as MRT cell lines and fresh tumors. Histopathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular studies of the KYM‐1 cell line and KYM‐1 tumors in nude mice have revealed that this RMS cell line should be MRT rather than RMS. RMS‐carrying aberrations of the hSNF5/INI1 gene should be reevaluated. No aberrations of this gene were found in the other 34 cell lines or 80 fresh tumor specimens except the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3′ noncoding region. These results suggest that alterations of the hSNF5/INI1 gene were restricted to MRTs or AT/RTs in pediatric solid tumors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic differences detected by comparative genomic hybridization in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from different tumor sites: construction of oncogenetic trees for tumor progression
Authors: Huang Qiang , Yu Guo Pei , McCormick Steven A. , Mo Juan , Datta Bhakti , Mahimkar Manoj , Lazarus Philip , Schäffer Alejandro A. , Desper Richard , Schantz Stimson P.
Published: August 2002

For a better understanding of genetic alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we applied comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in the analysis of 75 HNSCCs, comprised of 18 pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (PSCCs), 23 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs), and 34 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The three subgroups of HNSCC showed significant differences in genetic alteration patterns. Overall, PSCC and LSCC had more copy number aberrations (CNAs) per tumor than did OSCC. Apparent differing patterns of high‐level amplification were also observed. The smallest recurrent chromosomal regions of high‐level amplification (≥15% of cases) were 7q22, 8q24.1, and 11q12–13 in PSCC and 3q26.1–29 in OSCC. According to single frequency and combined frequencies of CNAs, we concluded that the most important chromosomal events for progression of head and neck cancer were +3q, +5p, +8q, and −3p for all subgroups of HNSCC; additionally, +7q, +17q, −9p, and −13q for PSCC; +7p, +9q, +11q12–13, +14q, and +17q for LSCC; and +1p and +11q12–13 for OSCC. To identify further important genetic alterations and the relationships among the alterations, we constructed oncogenetic tree models for tumor progression of HNSCC from CGH data using branching and distance‐based tree models. The tree models predicted that: (1) +3q21–29 was the most important early chromosomal event, and −3p, which occurred after +3q21–29, was also an important chromosomal event for all subsites of HNSCC; (2) +8q is the second most important early chromosomal event; (3) there may be at least three subgroups of HNSCC: one characterized by −3p, −9p, +7p, and −13q; another by +5p, +9qter, and +17p; and the other by +8q and +18p. These results suggest that different chromosomal aberrations may play a role in the initiation and/or progression of different subgroups of HNSCC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of four new translocations involving FGFR1 in myeloid disorders
Authors: Sohal Jastinder , Chase Andrew , Mould Sarah , Corcoran Martin , Oscier David , Iqbal Sameena , Parker Sally , Welborn Jeanna , Harris Richard I. , Martinelli Giovanni , Montefusco Vittorio , Sinclair Paul , Wilkins Bridget S. , van den Berg Henk , Vanstraelen Danny , Goldman John M. , Cross Nicholas C.P.
Published: August 2002

The 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS) is associated with three translocations, t(8;13)(p11;q12), t(8;9)(p11;q33), and t(6;8)(q27;p11), that fuse unrelated genes (ZNF198, CEP110, and FOP, respectively) to the entire tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR1. In all cases thus far examined (n = 10), the t(8;13) results in an identical mRNA fusion between ZNF198 exon 17 and FGFR1 exon 9. To determine if consistent fusions are also seen in the variant translocations, we performed RT‐PCR on four cases and sequenced the products. For two patients with a t(8;9), we found that CEP110 exon 15 was fused to FGFR1 exon 9. For two patients with a t(6;8), we found that FOP exon 5 (n = 1) or exon 7 (n = 1) was fused to FGFR1 exon 9. To determine if FGFR1 might be involved in other myeloid disorders with translocations of 8p, we developed a two‐color FISH assay using two differentially labeled PAC clones that flank FGFR1. Disruption of this gene was indicated in a patient with a t(8;17)(p11;q25) and Ph‐negative chronic myeloid leukemia in association with systemic malignant mast cell disease, a patient with acute myeloid leukemia with a t(8;11)(p11;p15), and two cases with T‐cell lymphoma, myeloproliferative disorder, and marrow eosinophilia with a t(8;12)(p11;q15) and ins(12;8)(p11;p11p21), respectively. For the patient with the t(8;11), the chromosome 11 breakpoint was determined to be in the vicinity of NUP98. We conclude that 1) all mRNA fusions in EMS result in splicing to FGFR1 exon 9 but breakpoints in FOP are variable, 2) two‐color FISH can identify patients with EMS, and 3) the t(8;17)(p11;q25), t(8;11)(p11;p15), t(8;12)(p11;q15), and ins(12;8)(p11;p11p21) are novel karyotypic changes that most likely involve FGFR1. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) gene in the ventral forebrain and endostyle of the agnathan vertebrate, Lampetra japonica
Authors: Ogasawara Michio , Shigetani Yasuyo , Suzuki Shintaro , Kuratani Shigeru , Satoh Nori
Published: August 2002

Summary: The Thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) gene belongs to the Nkx‐2.1 subfamily and encodes a transcription factor containing an NK‐2‐type homeodomain. In our study, we isolated and characterized cDNA clones for the TTF‐1/Nkx‐2.1 orthologue (LjTTF‐1) from the agnathan vertebrate Lampetra japonica. Spatial and temporal expression patterns assessed by in situ hybridization revealed the expression of LjTTF‐1 in the anterior nerve cord and anteroventral region of the pharynx. The neural expression was subsequently restricted to the ventral diencephalon. The pharyngeal expression, on the other hand, extended posteriorly to the fourth pharyngeal‐pouch level and was finally localized in the endostyle anlage. In the differentiated endostyle of ammocoete larvae, the expression of LjTTF‐1 was chiefly detected in type 2a, 2b, and 2c cells, which develop adjacent to glandular cells. These expression patterns of LjTTF‐1 support the idea that this gene family plays an important role in the development of the rostral brain and endostyle equivalent organs. Furthermore, histological comparisons between TTF‐1/Nkx‐2.1 expression in the endostyles of ammocoetes and ascidians suggested the possibility that the organogenetic architecture of the endostyle is conserved among chordates. genesis 30:51–58, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association and aggregation analysis using kin‐cohort designs with applications to genotype and family history data from the Washington Ashkenazi Study
Authors: Chatterjee Nilanjan , Shih Joanna , Hartge Patricia , Brody Lawrence , Tucker Margaret , Wacholder Sholom
Published: August 2002

When a rare inherited mutation in a disease gene, such as BRCA1, is found through extensive study of high‐risk families, it is critical to estimate not only age‐specific penetrance of the disease associated with the mutation, but also the residual effect of family history once the mutation is taken into account. The kin‐cohort design, a cross‐sectional survey of a suitable population that collects DNA and family history data, provides an efficient alternative to cohort or case‐control designs for estimating age‐specific penetrance in a population not selected because of high familial risk. In this report, we develop a method for analyzing kin‐cohort data that simultaneously estimate the age‐specific cumulative risk of the disease among the carriers and non‐carriers of the mutations and the gene‐adjusted residual familial aggregation or correlation of the disease. We employ a semiparametric modeling approach, where the marginal cumulative risks corresponding to the carriers and non‐carriers are treated non‐parametrically and the residual familial aggregation is described parametrically by a class of bivariate failure time models known as copula models. A simple and robust two‐stage method is developed for estimation. We apply the method to data from the Washington Ashkenazi Study [Struewing et al., 1997, N Engl J Med 336:1401–1408] to study the residual effect of family history on the risk of breast cancer among non‐carriers and carriers of specific BRCA1/BRCA2 germline mutations. We find that positive history of a single first‐degree relative significantly increases risk of the non‐carriers (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6–2.6) but has little or no effect on the carriers. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:123–138, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association studies for quantitative traits in structured populations
Authors: Bacanu Silviu‐Alin , Devlin B. , Roeder Kathryn
Published: August 2002

Association between disease and genetic polymorphisms often contributes critical information in our search for the genetic components of common diseases. Devlin and Roeder [1999: Biometrics 55:997–1004] introduced genomic control, a statistical method that overcomes a drawback to the use of population‐based samples for tests of association, namely spurious associations induced by population structure. In essence, genomic control (GC) uses markers throughout the genome to adjust for any inflation in test statistics due to substructure. To date, genomic control (GC) has been developed for binary traits and bi‐ or multiallelic markers. Tests of association using GC have been limited to single genes. In this report, we generalize GC to quantitative traits (QT) and multilocus models. Using statistical analysis and simulations, we show that GC controls spurious associations in reasonable settings of population substructure for QT models, including gene‐gene interaction. Through simulations, we explore GC power for both random and selected samples, assuming the QT locus tested is causal and its specific heritability is 2.5–5%. We find that GC, combined with either random or selected samples, has good power in this setting, and that more complex models induce smaller GC corrections. The latter suggests greater power can be achieved by specifying more complex genetic models, but this observation only follows when such models are largely correct and specified a priori. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:78–93, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial cell influence on the human blood‐brain barrier
Authors: Prat Alexandre , Biernacki Katarzyna , Wosik Karolina , Antel Jack P.
Published: August 2002

The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized structure of the central nervous system (CNS) that restricts immune cell migration and soluble molecule diffusion from the systemic compartment into the CNS. Astrocytes and microglia are resident cells of the CNS that contribute to the formation of the BBB. In this article, we consider the influence of these glial cells on the immune regulatory functions of the microvascular endothelium, with special emphasis on the human BBB. A series of in vitro studies demonstrate that soluble factors produced by glial cells, under basal culture conditions, help restrict development of inflammation within the CNS. These soluble factor effects include upregulating expression of molecules including HT7, UEA‐1 lectin‐binding sites, and angiotensin receptors that help define the phenotype of endothelial cells. These factors also induce tight junction formation between brain endothelial cells, contributing to the restricted permeability of the BBB. In contrast, these factors have little effect on expression of molecules by ECs that either promote lymphocyte migration, such as chemokines and adhesion molecules or molecules that are required for competent antigen presentation, such as MHC and co‐stimulatory molecules. Glial cells that become activated in response to signals derived from the immune system or generated within the CNS, produce an array of inflammatory molecules that increase permeability and promote lymphocyte trafficking and persistence. These observations emphasize the bidirectional nature of neural‐immune interactions; this dynamic system should be amenable to therapeutic interventions. GLIA 36:145–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A short‐term inpatient program for agitated demented nursing home residents
Authors: Wiener Pauline K. , Kiosses Dimitris N. , Klimstra Sibel , Murphy Christopher , Alexopoulos George S.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This case series describes the various contributors of disruptive behavior in demented nursing home residents and outlines the necessary steps to identify and treat them.

Design

Evaluation of overall clinical improvement and agitation at discharge from the hospital and at follow‐up.

Setting

Nursing home residents consecutively admitted to the geriatric psychiatry service of a psychiatric university hospital in the New York metropolitan area.

Patients

15 elderly demented nursing home residents with agitation.

Measures

Overall clinical improvement was assessed with the ‘global assessment of functioning scale’. Agitation was evaluated with the ‘brief agitation rating scale’ and the ‘nursing home scale for agitation’. Medication side‐effects were measured with the ‘Simpson–Angus scale’ and the ‘abnormal involuntary movement scale’.

Results

The patients showed significantly more overall clinical improvement at discharge compared with admission. Additionally, agitation scores were significantly lower at discharge and at follow‐up compared with admission.

Conclusion

A comprehensive medical and neurological assessment, an accurate identification of comorbid psychopathology, evaluation of drug toxicity, and a thorough history of psychotropic medication trials are essential steps for a successful treatment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of functional connectivity using temporal correlations in MR images
Authors: Hampson Michelle , Peterson Bradley S. , Skudlarski Pawel , Gatenby James C. , Gore John C.
Published: August 2002

Functional connectivity among brain regions has been investigated via an analysis of correlations between regional signal fluctuations recorded in magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in a steady state. In comparison with studies of functional connectivity that utilize task manipulations, the analysis of correlations in steady state data is less susceptible to confounds arising when functionally unrelated brain regions respond in similar ways to changes in task. A new approach to identifying interregional correlations in steady state data makes use of two independent data sets. Regions of interest (ROIs) are defined and hypotheses regarding their connectivity are generated in one data set. The connectivity hypotheses are then evaluated in the remaining (independent) data set by analyzing low frequency temporal correlations between regions. The roles of the two data sets are then reversed and the process repeated, perhaps multiple times. This method was illustrated by application to the language system. The existence of a functional connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area was confirmed in healthy subjects at rest. An increase in this functional connection when the language system was actively engaged (when subjects were continuously listening to narrative text) was also confirmed. In a second iteration of analyses, a correlation between Broca's area and a region in left premotor cortex was found to be significant at rest and to increase during continuous listening. These findings suggest that the proposed methodology can reveal the presence and strength of functional connections in high‐level cognitive systems. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:247–262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rationalization of the stereochemistry of an addition of dialkyl phosphites to certain chiral aldimines: The experimental and theoretical approach
Authors: Nazarski Ryszard B. , Lewkowski Jarosław A. , Skowroński Romuald
Published: August 2002

The absolute configuration of an α‐P stereogenic center in two diastereomeric O,O‐dialkyl α‐aminophosphonates (3), arising from an induced 1,3‐asymmetric phosphite addition to the CN bond of furfural‐derived Schiff bases (1), was established from single product 1H NMR data. Such spectra were interpreted with anisotropic shielding in relation to the AM1 and MNDO/d structures of 3; the former ones turned out to be closer to the obtained experimental results (1H NMR spectra of 3, crystallographic database study). Since favored 3‐21G geometries of starting imines 1 were modeled as well, it was inferred that a stereochemical outcome of this reaction is governed by Cram selectivity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:120–125, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10005