bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of IL-2, IL-10, IL-4 and ɤ-interferon levels in the oral fluids of patients with hepatitis C, B and HIV
Authors: Azatyan Vahe , Yessayan Lazar , Shmavonyan Melanya , Melik-Andreasyan Gayane , Perikhanyan Anush , Porkshenyan Kristina
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Oral fluid cytokine levels can vary considerably during the onset of Inflammatory Periodontitis (IP) especially in people with hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Aim of our study was to evaluate levels of oral cytokines during the onset of IP among HCV, HBV and HIV negative and positive individuals in order to evaluate local immunity state during these infections.

Methodology: This was a case control study with 3 groups of virally infected individuals and control group. All had IP including control group.

Results: 45 patients (51.7%) had HCV, 18 (20.7%) HBV and 24 (27.6%) HIV. For IL-2 we received significant difference for all groups compared with control -2.83; HBV-31.1 (p < 0.001), HCV-25.99 (p < 0.001) and HIV-24.57 (p < 0.001). For IL-10 significant difference was observed between control -0.94 and HCV-3.63 (p = 0.027), HBV-8.38 (15.51) groups (p < 0.001). IL-4 was significantly higher in control group 14.29 compared to HCV 0.2 (p < 0.001) and HIV 0.21 (p = 0.037) group. The adjusted analysis where we consider age as possible confounder revealed that only IL-2 significantly differs for all groups compared with control group: control vs HCV (p = 0.001); control vs HBV (p = 0.024); control vs HIV (p = 0.004).

Conclusions: Evidence for significant differences when comparing oral fluid cytokines of individuals with HCV, HBV and HIV with non-viral individuals was more obvious for IL-2. IL-2 levels were significantly higher in all 3 groups vs non-viral group even when age is confounder.
Mind the gap: Improving the performance of the reference laboratory to end-tuberculosis in Armenia
Authors: Cholakyans Viktorya , Kabasakalyan Eduard , Denisiuk Olga , Akopyan Kristina , Davtyan Karapet , Akhalaia Maka , Mirzoyan Alvard , Hayrapetyan Armen , Zachariah Rony
Published: May 2019

Introduction: A one of the step towards achieving TB related targets is to ensure early and quality diagnosis of TB in national laboratories. WHO recommends that all national reference laboratories in TB burden countries strive to reach accreditation by 2025, based on ISO15189:2012 quality management system standard. To identify gaps, progress and evaluated the evolution in implementation QMS we performed a formal assessment of the national TB reference laboratory of Armenia, as well as estimates the specific quality indicators of NRL activity.

Methodology: This is retrospective study cross-sectional study using laboratory data from the National TB Reference Laboratory in Armenia. Quality Management System assessments was conducted twice a year, using TB SLMTA assessment checklist. The sputum rejection and culture rates for quality indicators are calculated and assessed monthly.

Results: Compared to the baseline in 2016, there was a quality improvement reflecting the progress from zero to a “one star” in 2018. Areas that reached half of the target score included document and records, management review and responsibilities, evaluation and audits. Sections as “client management and customer service” and “evaluation and audits” stagnated in terms of progress. In terms of NRL performace, all indicators improved except for culture positivity in smear negative tuberculosis.

Conclusion: Although a quality management system was introduced in the NRL there is now an urgent need to develop and implement an adapted roadmap for Armenia. This will be vital to hasten the much-needed pace towards accreditation.
A country-wide evaluation of infection control for tuberculosis in health-care facilities in Armenia
Authors: Jayaraj Joshua Chadwick , Davtyan Karapet , Davatyan Hayk , Khachatryan Anush , Hayrepetyan Armen , Khachatryan Lilit , Abgaryan Seda , Reid Anthony , Laxmeshwar Chinmay , Hermans Veerle , Guardiola Maite , Grieve Timothy , Zachariah Rony
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Infection control at health facilities is an important part of TB control programmes. To assess the implementation of tuberculosis infection control (TB IC) measures and barriers hindering their implementation in TB health care facilities (HCFs) in Armenia; to report the feasibility of using the WHO recommended checklist.

Methodology: A cross-sectional survey using WHO TB-IC checklist and direct observations was conducted between January and May 2018.

Results: The survey included all 62 TB institutions in Armenia. TB HCFs in Armenia had implemented some recommended TB IC measures: offering IC training to staff (48%), shortening time to diagnosing TB to less than one day (29%) and ensuring good ventilation (60%). N95 respirators were available in all HCFs. However, barriers that hindered implementation of TB IC measures were: lack of training, a different incentive model for primary care doctors versus TB doctors and lack of space and poor conditions of the building.

Conclusion: The use of the standardized WHO checklist in this first evaluation of TB IC measures in Armenia was found to be useful and feasible in identifying areas of weak IC implementation and barriers to achieving good infection control. Other TB programs may benefit from the use of this model of assessment, based on the WHO checklist.
When will the coughing stop? Characteristics of children with pertussis (whooping cough) in Armenia (2014-2018)
Authors: Margaryan Sose , Wells Markus , Apresyan Hripsime , Grigoryan Tatevik , Akopyan Kristina , Denisiuk Olga , Zachariah Rony , Davtyan Karapet
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Despite the reported cases of whooping cough in Armenia, there has been no formal evaluation of “who these cases are and their load on hospital wards”. In a tertiary reference hospital, we determined the trend in hospitalized pertussis cases stratified by vaccination status and risk factors associated with apnea and hospital stay.

Methodology: Retrospective cohort study of children (< 18 years) with confirmed pertussis hospitalized at the Republican Infectious Diseases Hospital between 2014 and 2018. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify risk factors.

Results: The majority (62%) of 116 children (44% female, mean age 21 months) were from regions outside the capital city of Yerevan. Standardized pertussis admissions increased by almost fivefold, from 2.2/1,000 in 2014 to 10.6/1,000 in 2018. The cumulative average percentage (2014-2018) of children not vaccinated against pertussis was 33%, while 29% were completely vaccinated. Twenty-five children (21%) had apnea, two of whom died. Younger age (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.04; P = 0.05), not having been vaccinated (OR = 3.57; P = 0.01) and having comorbidities (OR = 4.1; P = 0.09) were associated with apnea. After adjusting for age, the longer hospital stay (>8 days) was significantly associated with non-vaccination (OR = 5.0, P = 0.002).

Conclusions: There is a progressive increase in rate of hospital admissions for pertussis meriting closer vigilance on a national scale. Unvaccinated children of younger age are predisposed to apnea and longer hospitalization and would benefit from early referral to specialized infectious units. This may improve clinical outcomes and reduce hospital burden.
Respiratory syncytial and influenza virus detecting rapid tests in children younger than 5 years of age in Armenia
Authors: Ghazaryan Hrachuhi , Babloyan Ara , Sarkissian Ashot , Davtyan Karapet , Berger Christoph
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are major causes of morbidity in early childhood. They are mainly caused by viruses, including influenza (INF) and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV). We aimed to investigate the role of RSV and INF in children hospitalized for ARIs and to show the impact of RSV/INF rapid testing on management of patients.

Methodology: Cross-sectional study using data of inpatient care of children younger than five years hospitalized in Arabkir Medical Center due to ARI from November 1, 2013 to April 1, 2014. Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for RSV and INF types A and B by direct antigen detection tests.

Results: A total of 915 patients, 583 (63.7%) boys and 332 (36.3%) girls were included in the study with the mean age of 18.8 ± 16.3 months. Among them, 390 (42.6%) were tested positive, 3 (0.3%) subjects tested positive both for RSV and INF: 269 (29.4%) for RSV and 124 (13.6%) for INF (A – 121, B – 3). Out of 915 children, 209 (23%) were pretreated with antibiotics, most often with oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (n = 54, 25.8%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (n = 46, 22%), and amoxicillin (n = 38, 18.2%), followed by intramuscular ceftriaxone (n = 37, 17.7%).

Conclusions: The usage of antigen tests for detection of respiratory viruses allowed to document high rates of RSV and INF in children admitted to the hospital. In settings where polymerase chain reaction method is not readily available, implementation of rapid tests for detection of respiratory viruses is important in the management of pediatric patients including cohorting and more targeted use of antibiotics.
Recognition of Mycena sect. Amparoina sect. nov. (Mycenaceae, Agaricales), including four new species and revision of the limits of sect. Sacchariferae
Authors: Na Qin , Bau Tolgor
Published: May 2019

Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that Mycena stirps Amparoina, which is traditionally classified in sect. Sacchariferae, should be treated at section level. Section Amparoina is characterised by the presence or absence of cherocytes, the presence of acanthocysts and spinulose caulocystidia. Eight species referred to Mycenasect.Amparoinasect. nov. are recognised in China. Of these taxa, four new species classified in the new section are formally described: M.bicystidiatasp. nov., M.griseotinctasp. nov., M.hygrophoroidessp. nov. and M.miscanthisp. nov. The new species are characterised by the absence of both cherocytes and a basal disc, along with the presence of acanthocysts on the pileus, spinulose cheilocystidia and caulocystidia. Descriptions of the new species, accompanied by illustrations of morphological characters and comparisons with closely related taxa, are provided. A multi-locus analysis utilising the ITS + nLSU + SSU regions was carried out using maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference. A key to the 12 species of sect. Amparoinasect. nov. and sect. Sacchariferae that are found in China is provided.
A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae)
Authors: Matson Tanner A. , Wagner David L. , Miller Scott E.
Published: May 2019

The Lactura Walker, 1854 fauna north of Mexico is revised. Six species are documented, one new species Lacturanalli Matson & Wagner, sp. n. is described, and two new synonymies are proposed: Lacturapsammitis (Zeller, 1872), syn. n. and L.rhodocentra (Meyrick, 1913), syn. n. One new subspecies Lacturasubfervenssapeloensis Matson & Wagner, ssp. n. is also described. Adult and larval stages, male and female genitalia, are illustrated, a preliminary phylogeny is presented based on nuclear and mitochondrial data, distribution records provided for verified specimens, and the biology and life history for each species is briefly characterized. Phylogenetic analyses, larval phenotypes, and life history information reveal that much of the historic taxonomic confusion rampant across this group in North America traces to the phenotypic variation in just one species, L.subfervens (Walker, 1854).
Three new species in the leafhopper tribe Drabescini (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) from southern China
Authors: Yu Zhou , Webb Mick , Dai Ren-huai , Yang Mao-fa
Published: May 2019

Three new species of the leafhopper tribe Drabescini: Drabescusbilaminatussp. n., Drabescusmultipunctatussp. n., and Paraboloponarobustipenissp. n. are described and illustrated from southern China. A key and checklist to the species of Parabolopona are also provided.
A new semislug of the genus Laocaia (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicarionidae) from Vietnam
Authors: Dedov Ivaylo , Schneppat Ulrich , Vu Manh Quang , Huy Nguyen Quoc
Published: May 2019

A new species of the genus Laocaia Kuzminykh, 1999, Laocaiasimovi Dedov & Schneppat, sp. nov., is described, which was collected from a single locality in northern Vietnam. Color pictures of living specimens are provided. For the first time, information on the ecology and biology of a representative of the genus Laocaia is presented.
IκB-ζ Expression Requires Both TYK2/STAT3 Activity and IL-17–Regulated mRNA Stabilization
Authors: Muromoto Ryuta , Tawa Keisuke , Ohgakiuchi Yui , Sato Ami , Saino Yuka , Hirashima Koki , Minoguchi Hiroya , Kitai Yuichi , Kashiwakura Jun-ichi , Shimoda Kazuya , Oritani Kenji , Matsuda Tadashi
Published: May 2019

Cytokine IL-17A (IL-17) acts on various cell types, including epidermal keratinocytes, and induces antimicrobial peptide and chemokine production to elicit antibacterial and antifungal defense responses. Excess IL-17 leads to inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. The IκB family protein IκB-ζ mediates IL-17–induced responses. However, the mechanism controlling IκB-ζ expression in IL-17–stimulated cells remains elusive. In this study, we showed that JAK kinase TYK2 positively regulates IL-17–induced IκB-ζ expression. TYK2-deficient mice showed reduced inflammation and concomitant reduction of IκB-ζ mRNA compared with wild-type mice in imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. The analysis of the IκB-ζ promoter activity using human cell lines (HaCaT and HeLa) revealed that catalytic activity of TYK2 and its substrate transcription factor STAT3, but not IL-17, is required for IκB-ζ promoter activity. In contrast, IL-17–induced signaling, which did not activate STAT3, posttranscriptionally stabilized IκB-ζ mRNA via its 3′-untranslated region. IL-17 signaling protein ACT1 was required to counteract constitutive IκB-ζ mRNA degradation by RNase Regnase-1. These results suggested that transcriptional activation by TYK2–STAT3 pathway and mRNA stabilization by IL-17–mediated signals act separately from each other but complementarily to achieve IκB-ζ induction. Therefore, JAK/TYK2 inhibition might be of significance in regulation of IL-17–induced inflammatory reactions.
Investigation into breast cancer and partial breast reconstruction: A review
Authors: Ebadi Mohammad Reza , Kazemi Aghdam Maryam , Safarpour Lima Zeinab , Younesi Ladan
Published: May 2019

Growing increasingly in South America, Africa and Asia, breast cancer is known as the dominant type of cancer in women. Different treatments are available for breast cancer, among which surgery is the most widely used, but researchers are trying to develop new strategies. One of the most prominent surgical methods is referred to as oncoplastic surgery, that helps to remove segments of malignant breast tissue. This type of surgery aims to obtain vast surgical margins, while the remaining tissue is rearranged so that the better cosmetic outcome is obtained. This review will investigate the breast cancer and then discuss partial breast reconstruction. Before outlining the procedures, the different types of partial breast reconstruction will be discussed. Finally, advantages and disadvantages will be outlined. MEDLINE database was used to conduct the search. The main terms used were ‘Conservation Breast Surgery Reconstruction’ AND ‘Oncoplastic Surgery’, ‘Partial Mastectomy Reconstruction’ AND ‘Conservative Breast Surgery Reconstruction’, ‘oncoplastic’ [All Fields], ‘breast’ AND ‘surgery’ OR ‘surgery’ operative’, ‘oncoplastic’ (‘breast’)’. The bibliographies of relevant papers were manually searched up to October 2018, but more recent voices are also included.
Online appendix 2:An evaluation of the public sector optometric service provided within the health districts in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Maake Moraka E. , Moodley Vanessa R.
Published: May 2019

Background: In South Africa, optometry has been traditionally positioned within the private sector. The situation has gradually changed over the past two decades, with optometry being introduced into the public sector in many parts of the country. Despite the growing numbers, optometrists are still new within the public health sector, motivating this study to evaluate the eye care services they provide.Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study was undertaken. Stratified random selection was applied to select the study sites, and systematic sampling was used to select patients’ files. A saturated sample of public sector optometrists employed in the selected districts completed study questionnaires. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 21.Results: A total of 2968 records were reviewed, and gender distribution was 67.6% female and 32.4% male. Refraction (86.73%) was the most frequently conducted test, followed by ophthalmoscopy (74.73%), colour vision (0.07%) and gonioscopy (0.03%). The response rate for the questionnaires was 64.7%. Optometric outreach services were conducted by 54.5% of optometrists, and the majority (83.3%) reported that the farthest outreach facility was more than 50 km from their base hospital. The availability of equipment at outreach facilities was less as compared to base hospitals, while some reported not having the necessary equipment even at base hospitals. None of the optometrists did contact lens fitting at outreach facilities. A lack of equipment was cited as one of the reasons for not providing this service by 100% of optometrists. Most optometrists (63.6%) believed that more than 30% of their referrals might have been avoided if they had prescribed therapeutic agents to manage ocular conditions.Conclusion: Introducing optometrists within the public sector improves access to services for rural communities. However, the minimum standard of optometric care is not practised, allegedly because of a lack of equipment. Therefore, resources should be made available to enable optometrists to provide comprehensive optometric services. In addition, the study highlighted the need for more optometry posts in rural communities and for the implementation of career growth paths to attract and retain optometrists within the public sector.
Online appendix 2:Phytosociology of the farm Haribes in the Nama-Karoo biome of southern Namibia
Authors: Strohbach Ben J. , Jankowitz Willem J.
Published: May 2019

Limited historic vegetation data (prior to the 1980s) are available for Namibia. Finding such historic data at Haribes prompted a follow-up survey of the vegetation. We present a classification of the recent data in this paper as a first step towards comparing the two data sets. Six new associations (three with two subassociations each) are formally described. The landscape at Haribes is dominated by a pan with surrounding hummock dunes. The pan supports the Lycio cinereum – Salsoletum, whilst on the hummock dunes the Salsolo – Tetragonietum schenckii can be found. The surrounding plains and escarpment can be divided into three landforms: the torras with the Monsonio umbellatae – Boscietum foetidae, the ranteveld with the Acacio senegal – Catophractetum alexandri (and two subassociations) and calcrete ridges with the Zygophylo pubescentis – Leucosphaeretum bainesii. Dry river beds on the farm support two subassociations of Anthephoro pubescentis – Ziziphodetum mucronatae. The area covered by each dominant landform has been calculated after being mapped. The composition and diversity of the associations are briefly compared to other known vegetation descriptions within the Nama-Karoo. Since November 2011, Haribes has been used as a resettlement farm. This may result in the overutilisation of the limited grazing resources, to the extent that the present, fairly dense Acacio senegal – Catophractetum alexandri of the ranteveld is feared to become degraded to resemble the Monsonio umbellatae – Boscietum foetidae of the torras.Conservation implications: This paper describes six plant associations of the Nama-Karoo biome in arid southern Namibia. The information presented forms a baseline description, which can be used for future monitoring of the vegetation under altered land use.
Online appendix 1:Guidelines for phytosociological classifications and descriptions of vegetation in southern Africa
Authors: Brown Leslie R. , Du Preez Pieter J. , Bezuidenhout Hugo , Bredenkamp George J. , Mostert Theo H.C. , Collins Nacelle B.
Published: May 2019

Changes in the environment are first observed in changes in the vegetation. Vegetation survey, classification and mapping form the basis on which informed and scientifically defendable decisions on the environment can be taken. The classification and mapping of vegetation is one of the most widely used tools for interpreting complex ecosystems. By identifying different plant communities we are essentially identifying different ecosystems at a particular hierarchical level. Phytosociologists in Europe have been involved in such studies following, in particular, the Braun-Blanquet approach since the early 1900s. In South Africa, such studies were undertaken on a limited basis from the early 1970s and have since then steadily increased. The surveying of the enormous diversity of South African vegetation is one of the objectives of phytosociological studies. The demand for such data has steadily increased over the past few years to guide conservation policies, biodiversity studies and ecosystem management. In South Africa, numerous publications on the vegetation of conservation and other areas in the different biomes have been produced over the last few decades. However, vegetation scientists in South Africa experience unique problems. The purpose of this article is therefore to provide an overview of the history and the specific focus of phytosociological studies in South Africa and to recommend minimum requirements and methods to be followed when conducting such studies. It is believed that the incorporation of these requirements will result in scientifically justifiable research of high quality by phytosociologists in South Africa.Conservation implications: Effective conservation cannot be obtained without a thorough knowledge of the ecosystems present in an area. Consistent vegetation classifications and descriptions form the basis of conservation and monitoring exercises to maintain biodiversity. The incorporation of these guidelines and requirements will facilitate quality phytosociological research in South Africa.
Online appendix 1:How objective are protected area management effectiveness assessments? A case study from the iSimangaliso Wetland Park
Authors: Carbutt Clinton , Goodman Peter S.
Published: May 2019

The assessment of protected area management effectiveness was developed out of a genuine desire to improve the way protected areas are managed and reported on, in relation to a formalised set of conservation objectives. For monitoring and reporting purposes, a number of participatory methods of rapidly assessing management effectiveness were developed. Most rapid assessment methods rely on scoring a range of protected area-related activities against an objective set of criteria documented in a formal questionnaire. This study evaluated the results of two applications of the same management effectiveness assessment tool applied to the same protected area, namely the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. The manner in which the assessments were undertaken differed considerably and, not unexpectedly, so did the results, with the national assessment scoring significantly higher than the provincial assessment. Therefore, a further aim was to evaluate the operating conditions applied to each assessment, with a view to determining which assessment was more closely aligned with best practice and hence which score was more credible. The application of the tool differed mainly with respect to the level of spatial detail entered into for the evaluation, the depth and breadth of the management hierarchy that was consulted, the time in which the assessment was undertaken and the degree of peer review applied. Disparate scores such as those obtained in the assessments documented here are likely to bring the discipline of management effectiveness assessment into disrepute unless an acceptable and standardised set of operating procedures is developed and adopted. Recommendations for such a set of ‘indispensable constants’ were made in this article to ensure that management effectiveness assessments remain robust and reputable, thereby ensuring an honest picture of what is happening on the ground. Conservation implications: We proposed that standard operating procedures should be in place when protected area management effectiveness assessments are undertaken, in order for the results to be credible. This involves ensuring that the right people participate and that each participant is allowed sufficient time to peer review each other.
Online appendix 1:Ecology of the plant-dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa
Authors: Fourie René , Haddad Charles R. , Dippenaar-Schoeman Anna S. , Grobler Anel
Published: May 2019

As part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida in the Grassland Biome, foliage-dwelling and grass-dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) were collected in the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve in the central Free State Province from November 2005 to August 2007. Foliage-dwelling spiders were collected from three common tree or shrub species (Acacia karroo, Searsia ciliata and Searsia lancea) and grass-dwellers from four contrasting grasslands (uniform Themeda triandra, mixed, weedy and woodland grasslands). From the grass layer, 1649 spiders were collected, representing 15 families and 82 species, whilst 496 tree-dwelling spiders were collected that represented 17 families and 52 species. There was some overlap in the fauna of the two strata, resulting in a total of 108 species from 18 families being collected. The Araneidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae and Thomisidae were consistently the most abundant in all grassland types and tree species, although Salticidae were scarce on A. karroo. Assemblage analysis indicates high similarity and overlap in the fauna of the four grassland types, suggesting that the structural complexity of grasslands has a limited effect on species composition. In contrast, the foliage-dwelling assemblages were more distinct, with only some overlap between the faunas of S. ciliata and A. karroo, suggesting a stronger vegetation structural effect in shaping arboreal spider assemblages. The isolation of trees and shrubs within the extensive grassy habitat may contribute to the more unique fauna and lower species richness of the woody vegetation. Conservation implications: This study uncovered a rich diversity of plant-dwelling spiders from central South Africa. Grassland faunas show considerable temporal variation and some variability in microhabitat preferences, and sampling protocols should take this into account when spiders are considered in management plans and biodiversity surveys in reserves and private land.
Online appendix 1:Vegetation change (1988–2010) in Camdeboo National Park (South Africa), using fixed-point photo monitoring: The role of herbivory and climate
Authors: Masubelele Mmoto L. , Hoffman Michael T. , Bond William , Burdett Peter
Published: May 2019

Fixed-point photo monitoring supplemented by animal census data and climate monitoring potential has never been explored as a long-term monitoring tool for studying vegetation change in the arid and semi-arid national parks of South Africa. The long-term (1988–2010), fixed-point monitoring dataset developed for the Camdeboo National Park, therefore, provides an important opportunity to do this. Using a quantitative estimate of the change in vegetation and growth form cover in 1152 fixed-point photographs, as well as series of step-point vegetation surveys at each photo monitoring site, this study documented the extent of vegetation change in the park in response to key climate drivers, such as rainfall, as well as land use drivers such as herbivory by indigenous ungulates. We demonstrated the varied response of vegetation cover within three main growth forms (grasses, dwarf shrubs [< 1 m] and tall shrubs [> 1 m]) in three different vegetation units and landforms (slopes, plains, rivers) within the Camdeboo National Park since 1988. Sites within Albany Thicket and Dwarf Shrublands showed the least change in vegetation cover, whilst Azonal vegetation and Grassy Dwarf Shrublands were more dynamic. Abiotic factors such as drought and flooding, total annual rainfall and rainfall seasonality appeared to have the greatest influence on growth form cover as assessed from the fixed-point photographs. Herbivory appeared not to have had a noticeable impact on the vegetation of the Camdeboo National Park as far as could be determined from the rather coarse approach used in this analysis and herbivore densities remained relatively low over the study duration.Conservation implications: We provided an historical assessment of the pattern of vegetation and climatic trends that can help evaluate many of South African National Parks’ biodiversity monitoring programmes, especially relating to habitat change. It will help arid parks in assessing the trajectories of vegetation in response to herbivory, climate and management interventions.
Online appendix 1:Vegetation of the eastern communal conservancies in Namibia: I. Phytosociological descriptions
Authors: Strohbach Ben J.
Published: May 2019

The establishment of communal conservancies aims to have the local communities share in the benefits especially of wildlife resources, in this way spearheading the conservation of the environment. The Desert Margins Programme in Namibia aimed to develop vegetation resource data for the Otjituuo, Okamatapati, Ozonahi, African Wild Dog, Otjinene, Epukiro, Otjombinde, Omuramba Ua Mbinda, Eiseb and Ondjou communal conservancies, in order to assist with natural resource planning. For this purpose, a phytosociological survey of this area, with 422 relevés, was conducted during 2004. The data was captured in Turboveg and forms part of the Namibian phytosociological database (GIVD AF-NA-001). The data was split into two, representing two major land forms, the ‘hardeveld’ and the ‘sandveld’, respectively. A classification was undertaken using the Modified two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) procedure. Further refinements, based on field observations and literature sources, were performed using Cocktail procedures. Thirteen vegetation associations were formally described in this article, of which two were subdivided into subassociations. These associations can broadly be grouped into broad-leaved savanna types typical of the central and northern Kalahari of Namibia and microphyll savannas found on the transitions to the Central Plateau. One association, the Burkeo africanae–Pterocarpetum angolensis, forms the southern fringe of the Zambesian Baikiaea Woodlands ecoregion of the World Wildlife Fund, whilst all the other associations fall within the Kalahari Acacia–BaikiaeaWoodlands ecoregion. The Combreto collini–Terminalietum sericeae is the most widespread association and dominates the landscape. Threats to the vegetation include overutilisation and regular fires, both of which could easily lead to desertification. This threat is aggravated by global climate change.Conservation implications: This article described 13 plant associations of the central Kalahari in eastern Namibia, an area hitherto virtually unknown to science. The information presented in this article forms a baseline description, which can be used for future monitoring of the vegetation under communal land use.
Online appendix 2:Vegetation of the eastern communal conservancies in Namibia: I. Phytosociological descriptions
Authors: Strohbach Ben J.
Published: May 2019

The establishment of communal conservancies aims to have the local communities share in the benefits especially of wildlife resources, in this way spearheading the conservation of the environment. The Desert Margins Programme in Namibia aimed to develop vegetation resource data for the Otjituuo, Okamatapati, Ozonahi, African Wild Dog, Otjinene, Epukiro, Otjombinde, Omuramba Ua Mbinda, Eiseb and Ondjou communal conservancies, in order to assist with natural resource planning. For this purpose, a phytosociological survey of this area, with 422 relevés, was conducted during 2004. The data was captured in Turboveg and forms part of the Namibian phytosociological database (GIVD AF-NA-001). The data was split into two, representing two major land forms, the ‘hardeveld’ and the ‘sandveld’, respectively. A classification was undertaken using the Modified two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) procedure. Further refinements, based on field observations and literature sources, were performed using Cocktail procedures. Thirteen vegetation associations were formally described in this article, of which two were subdivided into subassociations. These associations can broadly be grouped into broad-leaved savanna types typical of the central and northern Kalahari of Namibia and microphyll savannas found on the transitions to the Central Plateau. One association, the Burkeo africanae–Pterocarpetum angolensis, forms the southern fringe of the Zambesian Baikiaea Woodlands ecoregion of the World Wildlife Fund, whilst all the other associations fall within the Kalahari Acacia–BaikiaeaWoodlands ecoregion. The Combreto collini–Terminalietum sericeae is the most widespread association and dominates the landscape. Threats to the vegetation include overutilisation and regular fires, both of which could easily lead to desertification. This threat is aggravated by global climate change.Conservation implications: This article described 13 plant associations of the central Kalahari in eastern Namibia, an area hitherto virtually unknown to science. The information presented in this article forms a baseline description, which can be used for future monitoring of the vegetation under communal land use.
Online appendix 1: Soil water retention curves for the major soil types of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Buitenwerf Robert , Kulmatiski Andrew , Higgins Steven I.
Published: May 2019

Soil water potential is crucial to plant transpiration and thus to carbon cycling and biosphere–atmosphere interactions, yet it is difficult to measure in the field. Volumetric and gravimetric water contents are easy and cheap to measure in the field, but can be a poor proxy of plant-available water. Soil water content can be transformed to water potential using soil moisture retention curves. We provide empirically derived soil moisture retention curves for seven soil types in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Site-specific curves produced excellent estimates of soil water potential from soil water content values. Curves from soils derived from the same geological substrate were similar, potentially allowing for the use of one curve for basalt soils and another for granite soils. It is anticipated that this dataset will help hydrologists and ecophysiologists understand water dynamics, carbon cycling and biosphere–atmosphere interactions under current and changing climatic conditions in the region.
Online appendix 1:Spatial refuges buffer landscapes against homogenisation and degradation by large herbivore populations and facilitate vegetation heterogeneity
Authors: Sianga Keoikantse , Van Telgen Mario , Vrooman Jip , Fynn Richard W.S. , Van Langevelde Frank
Published: May 2019

Environmental heterogeneity across savanna landscapes, including different seasonal resources at different distances to water, may play a critical role in maintaining the size and diversity of wildlife populations and the sustainability of their resource base. We investigated whether extensive landscapes with functionally diverse seasonal resources and large waterless regions can mediate the effect of herbivory on plant composition, structure and diversity. Vegetation composition, structure and richness in two different vegetation types (mopane and sandveld woodland) at three distance zones (0 km – 5 km, 10 km – 15 km and > 20 km) from the permanent water of the Okavango Delta and Linyanti Swamps were surveyed. We modelled vegetation response of the most abundant species to herbivory in relation to distance from permanent water, and included fire frequency as a covariate. Trees favoured by elephants during the dry season occurred typically as immature, pollarded populations within 5 km of permanent water sources while mature tall populations of these species were found far from water (> 10 km – 15 km). Similarly, short high-quality grazing grasses were higher in abundance within 5 km of permanent water, whereas taller high-quality perennial grasses peaked in abundance beyond 20 km from permanent water. Trends in herbaceous richness with distance from water were contingent upon vegetation type, while tree richness did not change with distance from water. Spatial refuges in waterless regions of landscapes facilitate the creation of heterogeneity of vegetation structure, composition and richness by large herds of mammalian herbivores. Therefore, the extension of herbivore dry season foraging range, for example, by the creation of artificial water points (AWP) in backcountry woodlands, could seriously undermine the resilience of landscapes to herbivory by reducing the availability of spatial refuges. Consequently, it reduces the resilience of herbivore and predator populations that depend on these spatial refuges. We strongly advise that future scientific work, and management and policy actions should be focused on the identification and sustaining of these spatial refuges in wildlife areas.Conservation implications: Management and policy actions should be focused on the identification and sustainability of spatial refuges in wildlife areas. Too many AWP in backcountry woodlands could undermine the resilience of landscapes to herbivory by reducing the proportion of landscapes beyond 15 km from permanent water.
Robust appearance feature learning using pixel‐wise discrimination for visual tracking
Authors: Kim Minji , Kim Sungchan
Published: May 2019

Considering the high dimensions of video sequences, it is often challenging to acquire a sufficient dataset to train the tracking models. From this perspective, we propose to revisit the idea of hand‐crafted feature learning to avoid such a requirement from a dataset. The proposed tracking approach is composed of two phases, detection and tracking, according to how severely the appearance of a target changes. The detection phase addresses severe and rapid variations by learning a new appearance model that classifies the pixels into foreground (or target) and background. We further combine the raw pixel features of the color intensity and spatial location with convolutional feature activations for robust target representation. The tracking phase tracks a target by searching for frame regions where the best pixel‐level agreement to the model learned from the detection phase is achieved. Our two‐phase approach results in efficient and accurate tracking, outperforming recent methods in various challenging cases of target appearance changes.
CSIB v1 (Canadian Sea-ice Biogeochemistry): a sea-ice biogeochemical model for the NEMO community ocean modelling framework
Authors: Hayashida Hakase , Christian James R. , Holdsworth Amber M. , Hu Xianmin , Monahan Adam H. , Mortenson Eric , Myers Paul G. , Riche Olivier G. J. , Sou Tessa , Steiner Nadja S.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Process-based numerical models are a useful tool for
studying marine ecosystems and associated biogeochemical processes in
ice-covered regions where observations are scarce. To this end, CSIB v1
(Canadian Sea-ice Biogeochemistry version 1), a new sea-ice biogeochemical
model, has been developed and embedded into the Nucleus for European Modelling
of the Ocean (NEMO) modelling system. This model consists of a
three-compartment (ice algae, nitrate, and ammonium) sea-ice ecosystem and a
two-compartment (dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide) sea-ice
sulfur cycle which are coupled to pelagic ecosystem and sulfur-cycle models
at the sea-ice–ocean interface. In addition to biological and chemical
sources and sinks, the model simulates the horizontal transport of
biogeochemical state variables within sea ice through a one-way coupling to a
dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model (LIM2; the Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model
version 2). The model results for 1979 (after a decadal spin-up) are
presented and compared to observations and previous model studies for a brief
discussion on the model performance. Furthermore, this paper provides
discussion on technical aspects of implementing the sea-ice biogeochemistry
and assesses the model sensitivity to (1) the temporal resolution of the
snowfall forcing data, (2) the representation of light penetration through
snow, (3) the horizontal transport of sea-ice biogeochemical state variables,
and (4) light attenuation by ice algae. The sea-ice biogeochemical model has
been developed within the generic framework of NEMO to facilitate its use
within different configurations and domains, and can be adapted for use with
other NEMO-based sub-models such as LIM3 (the Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model
version 3) and PISCES (Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem
Studies).
A EUROPEAN INTEROPERABLE DATABASE (EID) TO INCREASE RESILIENCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Chiabrando F. , Colucci E. , Lingua A. , Matrone F. , Noardo F. , Spanò A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The set of laws, actions and organizations for Cultural Heritage (CH) protection is born in the different countries of the European Union from local cultural situations, so the ability to cope with the emergency is certainly different. In addition to the damages that can occur to cultural assets after a disaster, an inadequate emergency intervention can sometimes cause further losses to the CH. The effectiveness of response depends on the adequacy of advanced planning. Some countries have designed emergency plans but their databases (DBs) are fragmented, incomplete and not standardized. It is thus necessary to establish a DB for emergency assistance and maps of CH at risk to be compared with maps of natural hazards and risks, in order to take preventive and operational measures, as well as agree on a common terminology and international standards. The project aims to enhance the capability of Civil Protection to prevent disasters impacts on CH by implementing a European Interoperable Database (EID) as supporting decision tool to understand the risk of damage to cultural assets. The EID, starting from the international standards to represent the map objects (CityGML, INSPIRE), the classification of CH in Europe (UNESCO), in Italy (MiBACT), in Germany and in France and from risks and disasters analysis, will design, with its Conceptual Data Model, an extension of the INSPIRE UML model. This DB will also support 3D models to help finding and recognizing dispersed artworks and facilitate a post-emergency restoration, preserving thus a digital memory in case of destruction.
FLOOD VULNERABILITY REDUCTION, USING A PARTIAL PARTICIPATORY
GIS APPROACH. A STUDY CASE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO.
Authors: Cruz-Bello G. M. , Alfie-Cohen M. , Morales-Zaragoza N. A. , Larralde-Corona A. H. , Reyes Perez J.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. A partial participatory GIS approach was implemented in a community in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico to reduce vulnerability of floods caused by cyclones. A workshop was held to locate areas susceptible to floods, and understand measures already taken by the community as well as actions proposed towards vulnerability reduction. We used printed high-resolution satellite images and generative tools to gather data of workshops attendees. Then all information was transferred into a GIS. In addition, we conducted a survey to collect socioeconomic and adaptation data on 490 households (each one identified and spatially located). We analyzed through “chi square” and “gamma tests” the relationship between survey data and houses affected by floods. The map generated was reviewed by risk management experts and used as an input for map validation/refinement from the workshop. The final map was returned to the community and used as an instrument for communication, negotiation, risk management and vulnerability reduction, making spatially explicit areas affected by floods and proposed measures to reduce vulnerability. Despite not finding a statistical (co-relation) between the participants education and socio-economic levels or preparedness for risk and the affectations (impacts) by floods. The majority of people showed to be used to local knowledge preventive measures in their household under a cyclone alert and answered to feel prepared to a cyclone arrival. This cyclone awareness could be explained since in this community 40 % of the people had at least 12 years of education. Which is relatively high for a developing country as Mexico where the average of years of study is 9.1. Besides 87 % of the people get a medium to high value in a socioeconomic index created in this study.
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY LANDSLIDE CASE STUDY: DEVREK LANDSLIDE
Authors: Gormus K. S. , Kutoglu S. H. , Gurbuz G. , Capar O. F. , Akgul V.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Landslides are one of the leading causes of loss of life and property in the World. Landslides are the most profound ones within other mass movements. Especially in the Northern region of Turkey is severely threatened by landslides. Mass movements can be divided several main classes which are falls, slides, creeps, flows and complex movements. Landslides can occur due to a variety of reasons and most basic one of them is the angle of repose or slope of the hillside. If the angle is overly steep, gravity will pull the material downward, causing a mass movement. Many studies have been carried out in Turkey to monitor landslides, prevent and reduce landslides damage. These studies mostly focused on forecasting of landslides and damage determination after landslides. Activities required to be carried out in the field can be resulted with unwanted consequences for work safety while the landslide is still active. A landslide is triggered at Devrek, Zonguldak on July 16th, 2015 which affected an area of 40 hectares. For this reason, 88 buildings and a school are evacuated by authorities. To support emergency action plan while ongoing active landslide occurrence at Devrek, apart from the geotechnical approach, aerial photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning, land-based SAR methods are used. This study is a summary of studies carried out simultaneously with an active landslide at Devrek, Zonguldak on July 20th – August 8th, 2015.