bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐grade fibrosarcoma—report on 39 not otherwise specified cases and comparison with defined low‐grade fibrosarcoma types
Authors: Hansen T , Katenkamp K , Brodhun M , Katenkamp D
Published: June 2006

Aims:  Low‐grade fibrosarcomas are tumours that mainly affect the extremities and trunk of adults of either sex. Among these, low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (FMS), hyalinizing spindle cell tumour with giant collagen rosettes (HST) and sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) are well‐established entities. In this study, our aim was to describe a group of low‐grade fibrosarcomatous tumours, which could not be encompassed by these entities. These low‐grade fibrosarcomas, not otherwise specified (FNOS) were provisionally designated as ‘fibrosarcoma, low‐grade fibroblastic type’.

Methods and results:  In the soft tissue tumour registry we found 39 FNOS (46%), 31 FMS (36%), 11 SEF (13%) and four HST (5%). FNOS occurred in older patients than FMS (mean age 56.3 years versus 33.7 years). They mainly showed fibrous features, but myxoid areas could also be seen. While cells tended to be loosely arranged in the myxoid areas, densely packed sheets with a storiform pattern, fascicular arrangements or regions without a defined growth pattern were observed in the fibrous areas. However, neither whirling nor swirling patterns were found. Arcade‐like vessels were not visible; pseudolipoblasts did not occur. FNOS exhibited increased atypia and mitotic count compared with the other sarcomas studied [FNOS, mean value 4.6 mitoses/10 high‐power field (HPF); FMS, 0.7/10 HPF). Follow‐up data were available in 21 FNOS patients. In seven cases (33.3%), local recurrences were reported. Three patients (14.3%) developed metastases and all of them died of tumour.

Conclusions:  The term ‘fibrosarcoma, low‐grade fibroblastic type’ should be used as a diagnosis of exclusion. Further studies should elucidate whether it represents a distinct fibrosarcoma type.
Indigenous children and receipt of hospital dental care in Australia
Authors: JAMIESON L. M. , ROBERTS‐THOMSON K. F.
Published: June 2006

Summary.  Objective.  The aim of this study was to investigate dental procedures received under hospital general anaesthetic by indigenous and non‐indigenous Australian children in 2002–2003.

Methods.  Separation data from 1297 public and private hospitals were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Hospital Morbidity Database for 2002–2003. The dependant variable was the admission rate of children receiving four categories of dental care (i.e. extraction, pulpal, restoration or other). The explanatory variables included sex, age group, indigenous status and location (i.e. major city, regional or remote). Rates were calculated using estimated resident population counts.

Results.  The sample included 24 874 children aged from 2 to 14 years. Some 4·3% were indigenous (n = 1062). Admission rates for indigenous and non‐indigenous children were similar, with indigenous males having 1·2 times the admission rate of indigenous females (P < 0·05). Indigenous children aged < 5 years had 1·4 times the admission rate of similarly aged non‐indigenous children (P < 0·001) and 5·0 times the admission rate of 10–14‐year‐old indigenous children (P < 0·001). Remote‐living indigenous children had 1·5 times the admission rate of their counterparts in major cities or regional areas (P < 0·001), and 1·4 times the admission rate of remote‐living non‐indigenous children (P < 0·01). The extraction rate of indigenous males was 1·3 times that of non‐indigenous males (P < 0·01), and 1·2 times that of indigenous females (P < 0·05). Pre‐school indigenous children had 2·2 times the extraction rate of similarly aged non‐indigenous children (P < 0·001), and 5·3 times that of indigenous 10–14‐year‐olds (P < 0·001). The extraction rate of remotely located indigenous children was 1·5 times that of indigenous children in major cities (P < 0·01), and 1·8 times that of remote‐living non‐indigenous children (P < 0·001).

Conclusions.  In certain strata – particularly males, the very young and those in remote locations – indigenous children experienced higher rates of extractions than non‐indigenous children when undergoing care in a hospital dental general anaesthetic setting.
A qualitative look at parents' experience of their child's dental general anaesthesia
Authors: AMIN M. S. , HARRISON R. L. , WEINSTEIN P.
Published: June 2006

Summary.  Objectives.  Caries relapse after treatment of early childhood caries (ECC) under general anaesthesia (GA) has been frequently reported. This research used a qualitative method of inquiry to explore parents’ experience of their child's treatment under GA, and their perception of the impact of this treatment on their child.

Methods.  The participants were parents whose children had recently undergone dental rehabilitation under GA. Data was collected by semistructured, open‐ended interviews scheduled at the postoperative appointment. Interviews were audio‐taped, transcribed, checked and coded into a qualitative computer software program for analysis. Data collection and analysis were done simultaneously, and the interview guide was modified based on responses.

Results.  Parents were troubled that their child needed a GA and appeared aware of the complications. While some parents felt ‘guilty’ and struggled to accept this mode of treatment for their child, others felt ‘blameless’, and were convinced that the GA was ‘preferable’ for their child and superior to conventional treatment. Nonetheless, all parents reported some levels of anxiety during the GA; they expressed their emotions with ‘fear’, ‘worry’ and ‘concern’. After the GA, improvement was reported by most parents in their child's amount of dental pain, sleeping pattern, eating habits and acceptance of parental toothbrushing. The most common changes in their child's behaviour mentioned by parents were increased toothbrushing and decreased consumption of sugary foods. Several children who had had primary teeth extracted were distressed as a result of this ‘loss’.

Conclusion.  The general anaesthetic experience was troubling in a variety of ways for both parents and children. However, an ‘early’ and positive outcome of the GA was a reported improvement in dental health practices. Parents were more positive about maintaining the health of primary teeth and now knew how to take care of their child's teeth. Future exploration is required to reveal if and how the GA experience will affect long‐term preventive behaviours.
The self‐concept of adolescents with cleft lip and palate: a pilot study using a multidimensional/hierarchical measurement instrument
Authors: GUSSY M. , KILPATRICK N.
Published: June 2006

Summary.  Objective.  To pilot the use of a multidimensional/hierarchical measurement instrument called the self‐description questionnaire II to determine whether specific areas of self‐concept in a group of adolescents with cleft lip and palate would be affected by their condition when compared with a normative sample.

Participants and design.  The self‐concept of 23 adolescents with a cleft of the lip and palate was compared to an Australian normative sample.

Setting.  Adolescents attending the dental department of a paediatric hospital in Australia.

Main outcome measure.  The main outcome measure was a self‐report questionnaire (102 items) with 10 domain‐specific scales and a global measure of general self‐concept.

Results.  When compared to the normative data the study group showed significant differences in 4 of the 11 domain‐specific scales: Parent Relations (P < 0·001), Physical Abilities (P < 0·001), Opposite‐Sex Relations (P < 0·01) and Physical Appearance (P < 0·01) self‐concepts. These differences were in a positive direction. Global self‐concept as measured by the General Self scale was not significantly different from the normative sample.

Conclusion.  These results suggest that adolescents with clefts of the lip and palate have normative if not better self‐concept than their peers. The study also suggests that having a cleft of the lip and palate has specific rather than broad associations with psychosocial adjustment. This justifies the use of instruments designed to assess specific areas of self‐concept rather than more global measures.
Phylogeography and post‐glacial colonization patterns of the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum (Teleostei: Percidae)
Authors: Ray Jeffery M. , Wood Robert M. , Simons Andrew M.
Published: June 2006

Aim  To examine the effects of historical climate change and drainage isolation on the distribution of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b genetic variation within the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum (Percidae: Etheostomatinae).

Location  Eastern North American streams including tributaries to the Mississippi River, Great Lakes, Potomac River and Hudson Bay drainages.

Methods  Parsimony analyses, Bayesian analyses and haplotype networks of mitochondrial DNA sequences.

Results  Four major clades were recovered from sampled populations of E. caeruleum. Three of four clades are distributed in the western portion of the species’ range (primarily west of the Mississippi River). Samples from this region do not form a monophyletic group, and sequences often vary greatly between samples from adjacent stream systems (up to 7.2% divergence). A basal clade includes samples from the White River system in the Ozark Highlands. The northern Ozarks–upper Midwest clade includes samples from Missouri River tributaries and the upper Midwest (Hudson Bay, upper Mississippi River, and western Lake Michigan drainage). The eastern clade is composed of individuals from the Ohio River, Great Lakes and Potomac River. The Mississippi River corridor clade includes samples from middle and lower Mississippi River tributaries.

Main conclusions  The four major clades of E. caeruleum are deep allopatric lineages with well‐defined boundaries and have additional phylogeographical structure within each clade. The Ozark Highlands have the greatest levels of diversity relative to distributional area, with marked cytochrome b subdivisions between adjacent stream systems. Samples from previously glaciated areas do not have a subset of the cytochrome b diversity found in unglaciated areas, but four separate source areas are identified based on phylogenetic analyses. Dispersal into previously glaciated areas followed several known glacial outlets and, based on sequence divergence between populations, may have occurred during different glacial or interglacial stages. The disjunct distribution and cytochrome b pattern of E. caeruleum in the Mississippi River corridor clade is consistent with late Pleistocene and Recent changes in the course and characteristics of the middle and lower Mississippi River. Phylogeographical boundaries between clades of E. caeruleum correspond to independent sources of biogeographical information and provide insight into historical stream drainage relationships, post‐glacial colonization and drainage isolation patterns.
Genetic diversity and gene flow between the wild olive (oleaster, Olea europaea L.) and the olive: several Plio‐Pleistocene refuge zones in the Mediterranean basin suggested by simple sequence repeats analysis
Authors: Breton Catherine , Tersac Michel , Bervillé André
Published: June 2006

Aim  The oleaster is believed to have originated in the eastern Mediterranean, implying that those in the western Mediterranean basin could be feral. Several studies with different molecular markers (isozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism) have shown a cline between the eastern and the western populations, which supports this hypothesis. To reconstruct the post‐glacial colonization history and establish a relationship between olive and oleaster populations in the Mediterranean basin, analyses were carried out on the genetic variation of chloroplast DNA (chlorotype) and at 12 unlinked simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, sampling a total of 20 oleaster groves.

Location  This is the first known large‐scale molecular study of SSR loci based on samples of both oleasters and cultivars from the entire Mediterranean basin.

Methods  Samples were taken from 166 oleasters in 20 groves of modern populations, and 40 cultivars to represent molecular diversity in the cultivated olive. The Bayesian method and admixture analysis were used to construct the ancestral populations (RPOP; reconstructed panmictic oleaster populations) and to estimate the proportion of each RPOP in each tree. If one tree can be assigned to two or more RPOPs, it can be regarded as a product of hybridization between trees from different populations (i.e. admix origin).

Results  On this first examination of the SSR genetic diversity in the olive and oleaster, it was found to be structured in seven RPOPs in both eastern and western populations. Based on different population genetic methods, it was shown that: (1) oleasters are equally present in the eastern and the western Mediterranean, (2) are native, and (3) are not derived from cultivars. Chlorotypes (one and three in the eastern and western Mediterranean, respectively) revealed fruit displacement for the oleasters.

Main conclusions  Oleaster genetic diversity is divided into seven regions that could overlay glacial refuges. The gradient, or cline, of genetic diversity revealed by chloroplast and SSR molecular markers was explained by oleaster recolonization of the Mediterranean basin from refuges after the last glacial event, located in both eastern and western regions. It is likely that gene flow has occurred in oleasters mediated by cultivars spread by human migration or through trade. Animals may have helped spread oleasters locally, but humans have probably transported olives but not oleaster fruits over long distances. We found that cultivars may have originated in several RPOPs, and thus, some may have a more complex origin than expected initially.
The island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea
Authors: McClain Craig R. , Boyer Alison G. , Rosenberg Gary
Published: June 2006

Aim  Our goal is to test the generality of the island rule – a graded trend from gigantism in small‐bodied species to dwarfism in large‐bodied species – in the deep sea, a non‐insular but potentially analogous system.

Location  Shallow‐water and deep‐sea benthic habitats in the western Atlantic Ocean from the North to South Poles.

Methods  We conducted regression analyses of body size of deep‐sea gastropods species relative to their shallow‐water congeners using measurements from the Malacolog ver. 3.3.3 database.

Results  Our results indicate that, consistent with the island rule, gastropod genera with small‐bodied, shallow‐water species have significantly larger deep‐sea representatives, while the opposite is true for genera that are large‐bodied in shallow water. Bathymetric body size clines within the deep sea are also consistent with predictions based on the island rule.

Main conclusions  Like islands, the deep sea is characterized by low absolute food availability, leading us to hypothesize that the island rule is a result of selection on body size in a resource‐constrained environment. The body size of deep‐sea species tends to converge on an optimal size for their particular ecological strategy and habitat.
IgM Turnover in Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: JENSEN K. B. , JARNUM S. , RANEK L. , WESTERGAARD H.
Published: June 2006

The turnover of radioiodine‐labelled homologous IgM was studied on 16 occasions in 15 patients with chronic liver disease (e.g. cryptogenetic cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis). Nine were untreated, 5 received prednisone, and 2 azathioprine at the time of investigation. Serum IgM varied from 0.55 to 4.02 g per 1. Four patients had normal IgM turnover. In 6 studies the serum IgM concentration was elevated owing to an increased synthesis rate; however, in 5 of them the fractional catabolic rate, too, was accelerated. In 3 studies a normal serum concentration was combined with a high normal synthesis rate and increased degradation rate. One patient who was reinvestigated after 11 months of azathioprine treatment showed a decrease in serum IgM due to lowered synthesis. The IgM turnover pattern was not correlatable0 to the type of cirrhosis or to the treatment.
Effect of Human Anti‐γ‐Globulin Antibodies on Human Lymphocytes.
Authors: MELLBYE O. J. , WILLIAMS R. C.
Published: June 2006

Addition of rheumatoid factor to cultures of human lymphocytes preincubated with substimulating amounts of rabbit anti‐human lymphocyte antibody caused stimulation, while addition to lymphocytes preincubated with anti‐HL‐A or anti‐human γ‐chain antiserum had no effect. Neither was there any stimulatory effect on adding pepsin agglutinator, i.e. an antibody to the pepsin site of γG, to lymphocytes preincubated with pepsin‐digested γG from anti‐lymphocyte or anti‐HL‐A antiserum. The different results obtained in the various systems may partly be due to differences in the distribution of antigens on the lymphocyte membrane and partly to the lack of heterospecificity of pepsin agglutinator.
Studies on the Induction of Antibody Synthesis against Sulfanilic Acid in Rabbits.
Authors: RUBIN B.
Published: June 2006

The following three results emerged from the present experiments concerning the induction of antibody synthesis against sulfanilic acid: 1) the anti‐Sulf antibody response in rabbits seems to be much more carrier‐dependent when Sulf is coupled to heterologous serum protein compared to homologous (autologous) serum protein; 2) anti‐NAD antibodies (antibodies directed against the new antigenic determinants introduced into the carrier through the coupling with hapten) were able to induce a secondary response to Sulf11RSA in rabbits primarily stimulated with Sulf10BGG; and 3) anti‐NAD antibodies were able to induce an immune response to Sulf11RSA in rabbits made unresponsive to Sulf11RSA by i.v. injections of soluble Sulf11RSA.
Delayed Hypersensitivity, Macrophage Migration, and Antibodies in Guinea‐Pigs Immunized with Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: KOSTIALA ANJA A. I. , KOSUNEN T. U.
Published: June 2006

Guinea‐pigs were immunized with diphtheria toxoid (DT) or with DT‐anti‐toxin precipitate, both in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). DT‐induced inhibition of peritoneal cell migration was equally strong in both groups and increased with time after immunization. Some guinea‐pigs immunized with DT‐antitoxin precipitate were boosted with DT or DT‐antitoxin precipitate, both in FCA. This increased the antibody titre but did not affect 24‐hour skin reactivity or migration inhibition. Migration inhibition did not correlate with anti‐DT passive haemagglutinins, haemolysins, or cytophilic antibody on peritoneal cells, but did correlate with 24‐hour skin reactivity.
Delayed Hypersensitivity, Macrophage Migration, and Antibodies in Guinea‐Pigs Immunized with Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: KOSTIALA ANJA A. I. , KOSUNEN T. U.
Published: June 2006

Guinea‐pigs were immunized with diphtheria toxoid (DT) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and boosted three times with DT in saline. Boosting increased anti‐DT passive haemagglutinins, haemolysins, and cytophilic antibody on the surface of peritoneal exudate cells, but skin reactions to DT became negative and peritoneal cell migration was no longer inhibited by DT. When normal peritoneal cells were incubated in the sera of boosted animals, their migration was not inhibited by antigen, although they had cytophilic antibody on their surface as shown by rosette formation.
The Identification of Immunoglobulin‐Releasing Cells in Human Tonsillar Tissue
Authors: MORIARTY K. M. , ROWE D. S.
Published: June 2006

An autoradiographic method with 125I‐labelled anti‐immunoglobulin was used to detect and enumerate immunoglobulin‐secreting cells in human tonsillar tissue. A mean of 9.3 per cent of cells were found to be secreting when antiserum reactive with Fab and Fc fragments of IgG was used. Similar values were obtained using an antiserum specific to Fc and an antiserum capable of reacting with IgG and IgM.
Kinetics of the Reaction between a Monoclonal IgM Anti‐I and Rabbit Red Cells
Authors: SOLHEIM B. G.
Published: June 2006

Rabbit red cells were found to bind a maximum of 1.8 × 105 IgM anti‐I‐molecules. A K‐value of 5.0 ± 0.8 × 108 1/M was determined for the reaction between the cells and intact anti‐I at 5°C; the K‐value was little affected by changes in temperature. Hybrid 17S and 8S molecules composed of varying amounts of cold agglutinin and inactive IgM were prepared by reduction with 2‐mercaptoethanol and reassociation. The results obtained with the reassociated products indicate random reassociation at the half subunit level. It is concluded that a 17S fraction with four or more active half subunits shows binding similar to intact IgM, while 8S fractions with two active half subunits show binding similar to the cysteine‐reduced 8S IgM.
Morphologic Investigations on the Leucocyte Migration Test (LMT)
Authors: EGEBERG J. , BENDIXEN G. , NERUP J.
Published: June 2006

Leucocyte migration cultures for detection of cellular hypersensitivity in man were prepared for light and electron microscopy 2 and 4 hours after the onset of migration. Antigen‐containing as well as control cultures were studied. The cell types found were polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN), eosinophilic granulocytes (EO) and lymphocytes (LYM). In the central part of the cultures differential countings showed values comparable to those of peripheral blood. The peripheral monolayer of the migration area contained a large proportion of EO and comparatively few LYM. The cell number of the monolayer increased between the second and fourth hours of migration. Ultrastructurally the PMN presented a more or less disintegrated cytoplasm, but their ability to phagocytize and hydrolyse the corpuscular antigen (brucella bacteria) seemed undisturbed. The EO and LYM appeared less active, although their cytoplasm also contained signs of phagocytic activity. The LYM contained sparse elements of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Apart from the bacterial phagocytosis in the PMN no morphological differences were noted between the cells in the control and antigen‐containing cultures.
Complement‐Fixing Intracellular Complexes of IgG Rheumatoid Factor in Rheumatoid Plasma Cells.
Authors: MUNTHE E. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

Intracellular rheumatoid factor activity is found mostly in IgM plasma cells of rheumatoid synovial membranes from seropositive patients, while tissues from seronegative patients nearly always lack free rheumatoid factor. However, rheumatoid factor activity can be revealed in a considerable number of IgG plasma cells by pepsin digestion of tissues both from seropositive and seronegative patients. This activity has been further characterized by sequential double immunofluorescence staining. It was demonstrated in plasma cells representing each of the four IgG subclasses. The proportion of rheumatoid plasma cells with this activity varied in tissues from different individuals, but in some seronegative cases about 50% or more of the IgG plasma cells contained such‘hidden’ rheumatoid factor. Most of the IgG rheumatoid factors in plasma cells possessed the ability to react with several IgG subclass proteins, and were thus often directed against antigens common to two or more subclasses. The results gave evidence of intracellular blocking of rheumatoid factor activity, due to IgG‐IgG rheumatoid factor complexes. Additional evidence of such plasma cell complexes was obtained by observing an in vitro fixation of the complement components Clq and C3 to such cells. The fixation of aggregated IgG to extracellular deposits and to inclusions in synovial lining cells and joint fluid leukocytes was due to Clq as well as to rheumatoid factor.
Kinetics of the Reaction between a Monoclonal IgM Anti‐I and Rabbit Red Cells
Authors: SOLHEIM B.G.
Published: June 2006

Covalently linked subunits, subunits aggregated from two half subunits, half subunits, F(ab′μ)2 and Fab′μ were prepared. K‐values 1900–5800 times lower than those for intact IgM and rabbit red cells were found for the covalently linked subunits, the aggregated subunits, and F(ab′μ)2 and 12,500–38,500 times lower for half subunits and Fab′μ. Only whole subunits and F(ab′μ)2 agglutinated rabbit red cells; compared to intact IgM the titre was reduced markedly, but from the calculated amount of molecules bound per red cell, IgM was found to be on a weight basis only twice as effective as the subunits and F(ab′μ)2 in agglutinating the cells.
Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity in the Mouse
Authors: COOPER M. G.
Published: June 2006

Delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Salmonella polymerized flagellin (POL) was transferred to normal and lethally irradiated CBA mice by POL‐activated thymus‐derived (T) cells or by lymphoid cells rich in T cells from POL‐primed donors, but not by POL‐activated bone marrow‐derived (B) cells or by serum from POL‐primed donors. It was therefore concluded that T cells play a key role in the initiation of DTH reactions. T cells activated by POL of one specificity were equally able to transfer DTH to POL of the same or of another specificity. DTH to haemocyanin (HCY) (Jasus lalandii) was transferred only by HCY‐activated T cells. Two interpretations of these findings are discussed: 1) that T cells may be less restricted in specificity than B cells, and 2) that T cells recognize a common antigenic determinant (carrier determinant) on the polymerized flagellins of Salmonella spp, which is not recognized by B cells.
Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity in the Mouse
Authors: COOPER M.G. , ADA G.L.
Published: June 2006

The ability of thymus‐derived (T) cells activated by polymerized flagellin (POL) from Salmonella adelaide to transfer anti‐POL delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) to normal mice was largely abrogated by pretreating the cells with anti‐Θ serum and complement, and completely abrogated by pretreating the cells with POL labelled with 125I‐iodine to hight specific activity. The thymocyte precursors of POL‐activated T cells were also inactivated by treatment with 125I‐POL. T cells activated by POL of one specificity were completely inactivated by 125I‐POL of the same or of anothei specificity but not at all by 125I‐labelIed haemocyanin (Jasus lalandii). Preincubation of POL‐activated T cells with rabbit anti‐mouse light chain globulin prevented their subsequent inactivation by 125I‐POL but did not reduce their ability to transfer anti‐POL DTH. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Three New Fragments, F(ab)2, F(c)2, and Fab/c, Obtained by Papain Proteolysis of Normal Human IgG.
Authors: MICHAELSEN T. E. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

Three new fragments, each with a molecular weight of about 100,000, were isolated after papain proteolysis of normal monomer human IgG. The fragments isolated were as follows: F(c)2 fragment with Fc determinants only, Fab/c fragment with both Fc and Fab determinants, and F(ab′) fragment with only Fab determinants. The F(c)2 fragment appeared to be a dimer of Fc stabilized by disulphide bonds, whilst the F(ab)2 fragment consisted of Fab subunits mainly held together by non‐covalent forces. The Fab/c fragment is probably a single Fab fragment and the Fc fragment held together by an unbroken heavy chain.
Binding of Sheep Erythrocytes to Human Lymphocytes
Authors: FRöLAND S. S.
Published: June 2006

The study concerned the binding of sheep red blood cells by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results indicate that the phenomenon (rosette formation) is probably dependent on thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T lymphocytes) and not due to bone marrow lymphocytes (B lymphocytes). These data were obtained by a gradient centrifugation technique separating B lymphocytes from rosette‐forming cells, by direct study of B lymphocytes and rosette‐forming cells in the same preparations, and from the study of patients with selective immunodeficiency diseases and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Furthermore, inhibition of rosette formation was absent or very weak after incubation of lymphocytes with anti‐immunoglobulin antisera, but considerable following their incubation with unspecific mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, anti‐lymphocyte antiserum) and also after trypsin treatment. Incubation temperature was important for the frequency of rosettes, and experiments with metabolic inhibitors showed that to form rosettes the lymphocytes required an intact energy production.
Subunit Structure of Helix pomatia A Hemagglutinin
Authors: HAMMARSTRÖM S. , WESTÖÖ ANNA , BJÖRK I.
Published: June 2006

Equilibrium centrifugation shows that the hemagglutinin has a mol. wt. of 79, 000 ± 4, 000. It contains approximately 18 moles of half cysteine, all as disulfide bonds. Unfolding agents alone (7 M guanidine.HCl) dissociate the hemagglutinin into a subunit of mol. wt. 26, 000–30, 000. Complete reduction (DTT in 7 M guanidine.HCl) gives a single component with a mol. wt. of approximately 13, 000. Partial reduction (DTT, 8 M urea or 7 M guanidine.HCl + protective haptens D‐GalNAc or D‐GNAC) cleaves 3 to 4 SS‐bonds giving a single component with a mol. wt. of 12, 500–16, 700. Tryptic digestion gives rise to 13–14 peptides, three of which contain cysteine. Partially reduced hemagglutinin contains an intact carbohydrate binding site. The data suggest that the hemagglutinin is made up of 6 identical or closely similar polypeptide chains, each containing 1 intrachain disulfide bond and 1 carbohydrate binding site. The subunits are arranged in pairs in which a single disulfide bond links the monomers together. Native hemagglutinin is formed by the interaction of non‐covalent forces between 3 dimers.
Transient Human Monoclonal Immunoglobulins
Authors: DANON F. , SELIGMANN M.
Published: June 2006

Fourteen cases of transient serum monoclonal immunoglobulins are reported. Seven of the patients were young children. In 8 cases (including 5 children) a primary or secondary immunodeficiency could be ascertained. The level of the peak was under 1 g % in all cases except one, where the monoclonal Ig level was 2.5 g %. In 9 cases the monoclonal Ig disappeared in less than 2 months. The significance of these transient homogeneous components is discussed at both the clinical and aetiological level.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Human Lymphocytes for Sensitized Chicken Erythrocytes Is Inhibited by Sera from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: HALLBERG T.
Published: June 2006

Sera containing rheumatoid factors inhibited the in vitro cytotoxicity of human peripheral lymphocytes for sensitized chicken erythrocytes. In contrast, sera from healthy blood donors did not inhibit the reaction. The inhibitory activity of rheumatoid factor sera was enhanced in the presence of heataggregated human gamma globulin (HGG). Aggregated HGG per se or added to blood donor sera was only slightly inhibitory in this system. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity induced by phytohaemagglutinin was not inhibited by any of these sera, not even in the presence of aggregated HGG. It is concluded that a majority of sera containing rheumatoid factors also contain factors inhibitory to the in vitro cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes for sensitized target cells. The strong inhibitory activity of mixtures of rheumatoid factor sera and aggregated HGG in the sensitized target cell system may be due to complex formation between anti‐immunoglobulin factors and gamma globulin. Such complexes might inhibit the reaction by binding to the surface of lymphocytes cytotoxic for target cells carrying antigen‐antibody complexes.
Antibodies against Recognition Structures: Preferential Accumulation in Lymph Nodes Draining a Corresponding Skin Graft
Authors: BINZ H. , LINDENMANN J.
Published: June 2006

Rat antisera directed against recognition structures (RS) were induced by two methods: a) (Lewis × DA)F1 animals inoculated with Lewis or DA lymphoid cells yielded ‘anticellular’ sera of specificity anti‐Lewis RS(DA) and anti‐DA RS(Lewis), respectively, b) (Lewis × DA)F1 animals inoculated with Lewis anti‐DA or DA anti‐Lewis alloantiserum yielded “anti‐alloantisera” of specificity anti‐(Lewis anti‐DA) and anti‐(DA anti‐Lewis), respectively. IgG preparations from these four sera were iodinated with 125I for use in experiments in vivo. Rats in the process of rejecting 2 different skin allografts were injected intravenously with the above radioactive reagents. The radioactivities of the regional nodes draining the 2 grafts were determined 24 h later. It was found that radioactivity accumulated preferentially in those nodes presumed to be enriched in the corresponding RS. Thus, radioactive anti‐DA RS(Lewis) accumulated in nodes draining Lewis allografts, and radioactive anti‐Lewis RS(DA) accumulated in nodes draining DA allografts. Anti‐cellular sera and anti‐alloantisera behaved similarly. These experiments were interpreted as an in vivo demonstration of anti‐RS specificity.
A Radial Diffusion Agar Plaque Technique for Estimation of the Avidity of Bactericidal Antibodies against Vibrio cholerae
Authors: HOLMGREN J. , SVENNERHOLM ANN‐MARI
Published: June 2006

A radial diffusion agar plaque technique is presented for estimation of the average avidity of bactericidal antibodies, based upon quantitative inhibition of the antibodies with free lipopolysaccharide. With this technique and with Vibrio cholerae as model organisms the avidities of vibriocidal rabbit antisera were determined. It appeared that primary response antisera had lower avidity than secondary response antisera, which showed an inverse relation between avidity and booster antigen dose. However, the avidity differences observed in these systems were only 10‐ to 20‐fold, i. e. considerably less than reported for hapten‐protein conjugate antigen. Avidity estimations by the Fair ammonium‐sulphate precipitation method were in agreement with the results obtained with the described technique. The separated IgG and IgM fractions showed the described relation to immunization schedule; however, the IgM avidity appeared lower than the IgG avidity.
Immunologicai Characterization of Lymphocytes in Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Restriction of Classes, Subclasses, and Gm Allotypes of Membrane‐Bound Ig
Authors: FRØLAND S. S. , NATVIG J. B. , STAVEM P.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes from nineteen patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and two with lymphosarcoma with transformation to leukemia had membrane‐bound Ig, showing restriction for Ig class, IgG subclass, Gm allotype, and light chain class. IgM was found on cells from all patients except one, who had IgG. These data, together with results from lymphocyte stimulation in vitro with mitogens, and studies of rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes, suggested that tumor cells were products of monoclonal proliferation of B cells. Lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia stained with concanavalin A and with antilymphocyte antiserum as strongly as normal lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from patiems with lymphosarcoma of the bone marrow or aleukemic chronic lymphocytic leukemia usually had a normal percentage of B lymphocytes in blood, but a tendency to restriction to one Ig class on B lymphocytes was seen, Blast cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia did not have membrane‐bound Ig. Lymphocytes from patients with lymphosarcoma of the bone marrow or aleukemic chronic lymphocytic leukemia and from those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, reacted normally on stimulation in vitro with T lymphocyte mitogens.
Mouse Spleen Cells Cultivated in Homologous Serum Can Make Primary Antibodies in Vitro Provided the T‐Cells Are Non‐Specifically Activated
Authors: BRITTON S.
Published: June 2006

Normal mouse spleen cells cannot make primary antibodies in vitro to the thymus‐dependent SRBC antigens if cultivated under conditions where normal homologous serum is the sole serum source, but they can do so to the thymus‐independent lipopolysaccharide antigen of E. coli O55:B5 bacteria. Normal mouse spleen cells can make primary antibodies to SRBC if cultivated in normal homologous serum provided that a non‐specific T‐cell stimulus such as an MLR or exposure to PHA is initiated from the start of the culture period. The same T‐cell stimuli will prove inhibitory to the immune responsiveness of spleen cells cultivated in foetal calf serum. Spleen cells cultivated in homologous serum obtained from thymectomized lethally irradiated foetal liver reconstituted donors will respond with a normal proliferative response to SRBC. It is suggested that normal serum contains material which decreases proliferation of homologous lymphoid cells and that material in foetal heter‐ologous sera stimulates mouse T‐cells to proliferate and secrete soluble factors which enable B‐cells to differentiate into high rate antibody‐forming cells in vitro.
Quantity and Quality of Anti‐Hapten Antibodies in Normal and in T Cell‐Deprived Mice Studied at the Cellular Level
Authors: GRONOWICZ EVA , MÖLLER ERNA
Published: June 2006

The Immune response of normal mice as well as of thymus‐deprived (TxB) mice against 2 different hapten‐protein conjugates (NNP‐BSA and NNP‐CG) was tested at various times after immunization at the cellular level. Normal mice developed both direct and indirect plaque‐forming cells against the hapten, as determined by a modified local haemolysis in gel assay for detection of anti‐hapten antibody‐secreting cells. However, TxB mice produced direct plaque‐forming cells to the same extent as normal mice, whereas the indirect plaque‐forming cell response was greatly impaired. In fact, significantly elevated levels of indirect plaque‐forming cells were not detected in such mice. Studies on the affinity of secreted antibodies by means of hapten inhibition revealed that the indirect plaque‐forming cells derived from normal immunized mice could be inhibited by decreasing concentrations of free hapten with time after immunization, indicating a gradual increase in the number of cells secreting antibodies of high affinity. No such change was detected in normal or TxB mice with regard to antibodies giving rise to direct lysis, presumably IgM antibodies.
Cell‐Mediated Immunity to Bacterial Infection in the Mouse. Thymus‐Derived Cells as Effectors of Acquired Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: BLANDEN R. V. , LANGMAN R. E.
Published: June 2006

Four lines of evidence indicated that thymus‐derived (T) cells play an essential role in the expression of cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) to Listeria. a) T cell depleted (ATx‐BM) CBA mice were unable to generate antibacterial immunity. b) Responsiveness was restored to ATx‐BM CBA mice by injection of CBA X C57BL F1 thymocytes and essential CMI effector cells were derived from the F1 thymocytes (identified by anti‐H‐2 sera). c) The activity of immune cells from intact CBA mice was abolished by anti‐theta treatment but d) enriched by treatment with anti‐B cell, anti‐macrophage serum. Evidence from adult thymectomized mice and that described in b) above, indicated that T cells which had left the thymus more than 6 weeks or less than 3 weeks prior to immunization could act as progenitors of effector T cells, and that no cooperaiion between these 2 cell classes was necessary for an optimal response.
Antigenic and Chemical Characterization of Non‐Immunoglobulin Amyloid Proteins
Authors: HUSBY G. , SLETTEN K. , MICHAELSEN T. E. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

The results of antigenic and chemical studies on subcomponents of amyloid fibrils secondary to chronic inflammatory diseases are reported. Treatment of amyloid with either guanidine and dithiothreitol or sodium hydroxide followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100 revealed two major protein components, one eluted in the void volume (m. w. >200, 000), the other having an m. w. of 5, 000. Results from amino acid composition and N‐terminal sequences and also antigenic analysis suggest that the components are two different proteins not related to immunoglobulins.
Effect of Anti Light‐Chain Antibodies on Rat Leukocytes in Vitro
Authors: KOCH CLAUS , NIELSEN HANS ERIK
Published: June 2006

The effect of the IgG fraction of rabbit anti rat L‐chain antibodies (aL) and their Fab fragments (Fab aL) on rat blood leukocytes cultured in vitro has been examined. Undigested aL increased the thymidine uptake in both mixed and unmixed leukocyte cultures over a very wide dose range. Fab aL had no effect on either mixed or unmixed leukocyte cultures. The nature of T lymphocyte receptors is briefly discussed.
Human Antibodies with Specificity for the Pepsin Site of IgE
Authors: MELLBYE O. J. , WILLIAMS R. C.
Published: June 2006

Antibody activity against human red cells coated with F(ab()2 IgE was present in 11% of sera from normal adults, in 25% of patients with allergic disorders, and in 35% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Inhibition experiments demonstrated that the antibody specificity was directed against the pepsin site of IgE. No direct release of histamine was observed when the antibody was tested in a leukocyte histamine release system.
Electrophoresis of Lymphoid Cells
Authors: WIIG JOHAN N.
Published: June 2006

The electrophoretic mobility of small lymphoid cells in the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen was measured. The distribution patterns were organ specific. The majority of the thymic cells were slow with a small ‘tail’ of faster cells. Both lymph node and spleen cells showed a fast and a slow cell population with a difference in mean electrophoretic mobility of about 40%. The percentage of cells to the fast and slow groups was similar to the percentage of T‐ and B‐cells in these organs It is therefore suggested that T‐and B‐cells may be characterized by their different electrophoretic mobilities and also that there may be a change in the net surface charge during maturation from thymocyte to T‐lymphocyte.
Purification of Staphylococcal Protein A Using Immunosorbents
Authors: KRONVALL GÖRAN
Published: June 2006

Protein A of Staphylococcus aureux is a marker probe for the Fe part of IgG‐1, −2 and −4 globulins and therefore of potential use in immunological work. A one‐step method for the rapid purification of protein A is described Staphylococcus aureus strains were grown in broth at 37deg;C and the protein A containing supernatants were mixed with immunosorbent containing protein A‐reactive normal human gammaglobulin. The excess broth was then washed away and protein A finally eluted off with 2 to 3 M KSCN. Using normal human gammaglobulin coupled to Sepharose 4 B the protein A preparations obtained were pure as judged by disc electrophoresis. Some previously described gel precipitation phenomena related to immunoglobulin reactivity with protein A, all occurred in a similar way using preparations of protein A produced by two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
The Pulsed Dye Laser as a Light Source for the Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: BERGQUIST N. R.
Published: June 2006

Recently, the substitution of conventional light sources for fluorescence microscopy by laser system have yielded promising results. The system reported here is capable of creating fluorescent images by excitation with defined pulses of coherent light. Photographic recordings of fluorescent objects have been produced with exposures of less than 10 μsec. No significant amount of fluorescence bleaching was noted, even after illumination for 50 μsec. The laser light source holds a promise for improvement in micro‐fluorometry, and is discussed with special reference to quantification in immunofluorescence.
Antibodies in Psoriatic Scales
Authors: KROGH H. K , TØNDER O.
Published: June 2006

Saline extracts of scales from patients with psoriasis contained lgG, IgM, IgA and C3, but IgM was only present in scales from patients with erythroderma. All extracts agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes; those from erythroderma scales gave highest titres. In addition the extracts contained Antibodies to stratum corneum and anti‐IgG factors. In saline extracts of thoroughly washed tissue antibodies could not be demonstrated. However, eluates prepared from the tissue sediments (56°C) contained antibodies to stratum corneum. anti‐IgG factors and C3. Apparently, there is a passive transepidermal diffusion of serum proteins into psoriatic lesions and specific antibodies are bound in the parakeratotic stratum corneum. The antigen/antibody complexes fix anti‐IgG factors and complement, These immunological mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Binding of Helix Pomatia A Hemagglutinin to Human Erythrocytes and their Cells. Influence of Multivalent Interaction on Affinity
Authors: HAMMARSTRÖM STEN
Published: June 2006

The binding of 125I‐labelled intact (hexavalent) and partially reduced (divalent) Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin to human A.1, A.2, A.3, A1B and A2B erythrocytes, human lymphocytes, human lymphoblastoid and other tumor cell lines was investigated. The essential finding was that the association constants calculated for the interaction between hemagglutinin and A‐erythrocytes were many orders of magnitude higher than the intrinsic association constant for the interaction between the hemagglutinin and the blood group A determinant. The latter value was 5–1031/mole. The K‐values for intact hemagglutinin and A and AB erythrocytes were in the order of 10101/mole at 18–22 °C and pH 7.3. For partially reduced hemagglutinin the K‐values were in the order of 5–107 1/mole. Multivalent interaction would seem to be the essential factor responsible for the high K‐values in the cell binding experiments. Intact hemagglutinin reacted against A1 and A2 erythrocytes or against a human osteogenic sarcoma cell tine (2T) gave homogeneous binding curves in Scatchard's plot. Human lymphocytes and most lymphoblastoid cell lines lacked hemagglutinin receptors.
Effect of Antigenic Stimulation on the Enzymatic Activity of Mouse Peritoneal and Spleen Cells
Authors: KOTULOVÁ DANIELA , RHODES JOAN M.
Published: June 2006

Changes in cathepsin and acid phosphatase activities in peritoneal exudate (PE) cells of mice after antigenic stimulation were investigated.

The increase of enzymatic activity in PE cells was dose dependent, with a maximum activity for phosphatase at 2‐3 days after injection and for cathepsin 3–5 days after injection.

Particulate antigens, sheep red blood cells, and E. coli bacteria increased the phosphatase and cathepsin activities of PE cells to a greater extent than soluble antigens.

There were only slight changes in the enzymatic activity of spleen cells after antigenic stimulation, and these changes did not correlate with those in the PE cells.

The results are discussed in relation to the processing of antigen in the immune response.
Solubilization of Species‐Specific Antigens and Murine Alloantigens by Pulsed High Frequency Sonic Energy
Authors: SVEHAG S.‐E. , SCHILLING W.
Published: June 2006

Membrane‐associated species‐specific antigens (monkey) and alloantigens (mouse) were solubilized by pulsed high frequency sonic energy. 15 to 25% of the total antigenicity of the donor cells was recovered. The product was highly water‐soluble, essentially protein, and stable during extensive ultrafiltration or storage for one year. Gel filtration and electron microscopic analyses of soluble species‐specific antigen suggested molecular heterogeneity with a major active component in the 50,000 molecular weight region. Soluble antigen was effectively bound to immunoadsorhents but only 10 to 15% was desorbed in active form.

Murine alloantigen was purified 20 to 25 times, the soluble preparations contained approximately 500 ID50/ml or 1ID50/25–30 μg protein, and the specificity ratio was 20 to 40. Extraction of murine cells with 3M KC1 yielded substantially lower soluble antigen activity. Solubilized murine alloantigen showed activity in both in vitro and in vivo tests.
Haemadsorption by Lymphoid Tissue from Normal Mice
Authors: THUNOLD S.
Published: June 2006

Tissue sections of normal mouse lymphoid organs were shown to adsorb erythrocytes of sheep and chicken origin. Only the marginal zone of spleen follicles and the subcapsular and medullary sinuses of lymph nodes were re‐active. Sheep and chicken erythrocytes adhered to the same areas and formed mixed clusters when tested together. Haemadsorption by tissue sections was inhibited by anti‐lymphocyte serum and anti‐mouse IgM. It was also abolished by acid or heat elution. Haemadsorption was probably due to cytophilic antibodies of the IgM class adsorbed to tissue macrophages.