bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Widespread Pain Drawn on a Body Diagram is a Screening Tool for Increased Pain Sensitization, Psycho‐Social Load, and Utilization of Pain Management Strategies
Authors: Visser Eric J. , Ramachenderan Jonathan , Davies Stephanie J. , Parsons Richard
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that chronic widespread pain, (CWP) drawn by patients on a body diagram, could be used as a screening tool for increased pain sensitization, psycho‐social load, and utilization of pain management strategies. The triage questionnaires of 144 adults attending a chronic pain outpatients' clinic were audited and the percentage pain surface area (PPSA) drawn on their body diagrams was calculated using the “rule of nines” (RON) method for burns area assessment. Outcomes were measured using the painDETECT Questionnaire (PD‐Q) and other indices and compared using a nonrandomized, case–control method. It was found that significantly more subjects with CWP (defined as a PPSA ≥ 20%) reported high (≥ 19) PD‐Q scores (suggesting pain “sensitization” or neuropathic pain) (P = 0.0002), “severe” or “extremely severe” anxiety scores on the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 Items Questionnaire (P = 0.0270), ≥ 5 psycho‐social stressors (P = 0.0022), ≥ 5 significant life events (P = 0.0098), and used ≥ 7 pain management strategies (PMS) (P < 00001), compared to control subjects with a lower PPSA. A Widespread Pain Index score ≥ 7 (OR = 11.36), PD‐Q score ≥ 19 (OR = 4.46) and use of ≥ 7 PMS (OR = 5.49) were independently associated with CWP. This study demonstrates that calculating PPSA on a body diagram (using the RON method) is a valid and convenient “snapshot” screening tool to identify patients with an increased likelihood of pain sensitization, psycho‐social load, and utilizing pain management resources.
Do parties matter in delegation? Partisan preferences and the creation of regulatory agencies inEurope
Authors: Ennser‐Jedenastik Laurenz
Published: December 2014

The ideological orientation of parties in government has not been prominently featured in explaining the rise of regulatory agencies. This paper argues that theories based on political uncertainty and credible commitment can yield meaningful predictions regarding the relationship between government preferences and the establishment of regulatory agencies, when ideological orientation is linked with notions of party competence and issue ownership. The empirical section tests three such hypotheses with data on the establishment of 110 regulatory agencies in 20European democracies between 1980 and 2009, thus providing one of the most comprehensive cross‐national analyses of agency creation to date. The results show that ideologically extreme cabinets are more likely to establish regulatory agencies and that right‐wing governments create more agencies in the economic than in the social domain. These findings partly qualify the view on the scarce relevance of government preferences in explaining the rise of the agency model in regulation and that the emulation mechanism of the diffusion process is the dominant force behind agencification.
The Subjective Interpretation of Inequality: A Model of the Relative Deprivation Experience
Authors: Smith Heather J. , Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: December 2014

Relative deprivation (RD) is the product of an upward comparison that indicates that one's disadvantaged situation is undeserved coupled with anger and resentment. RD is associated with reduced psychological and physical health, individual deviance, and collective action, but empirical tests of RD are inconsistent. Closer attention to three central features of the RD experience – comparisons, discrete emotions, and the type of outcome – will improve the predictive value of RD. If social scientists measure RD correctly, they can answer the questions about people's surprising tolerance of large inequities in some contexts and unexpected sensitivity to small inequities in other contexts that first motivated RD research.
Axillary artery tumor embolism secondary to mitral valve myxosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Beal Matthew W. , McGuire Lindsey D. , Langohr Ingeborg M.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of a dog with an arterial tumor embolism.

Case Summary

An 11‐year‐old, neutered male Irish Setter presented with acute right forelimb lameness. The dog was unable to bear weight on the right forelimb, which was cool to the touch with no palpable pulses. Diagnosis of thromboembolism was confirmed using angiography, revealing a lack of blood flow to the right axillary artery. Balloon angioplasty, thrombosuction, and infusion of the thromboembolism with tissue plasminogen activator were used to achieve increased, but not complete, blood flow through the vasculature. Echocardiogram revealed vegetative mitral valve lesions consistent with endocarditis, thrombus, neoplasia, or a combination thereof. At the time of discharge, there was improvement in the temperature and motor function of the proximal limb but no conscious proprioception or deep pain sensation in the distal limb. Histopathologic analysis of the sample retrieved with thrombosuction was consistent with a diagnosis of myxosarcoma. A series of 3 rechecks showed continued improvement in neuromuscular function. Treatment for suspected mitral valve myxosarcoma was declined. The patient was lost to follow up until being presented for necropsy 16 months later. Necropsy confirmed myxosarcoma of the mitral valve with tumor emboli to the coronary arteries, lungs, and the right axillary artery.

Unique Information Provided

To the authors’ knowledge, there is no report of myxosarcoma originating on the mitral valve in dogs, although it has been reported in the human literature. To the authors’ knowledge, there are also no reports of tumor embolism of the axillary artery in a dog. This case demonstrates a unique presentation of a dog that had a myxosarcoma tumor embolism. It also describes the use of angiography for diagnosis and localization of the vascular obstruction and a variety of interventional techniques for the treatment of thromboembolism.
Electromagnetic Radiation: A Carrier of Energy and Entropy*
Authors: Paolo Beretta Gian , Gyftopoulos Elias P.
Published: December 2014

Starting from the properties of the electromagnetic radiation field at stable equilibrium, we derive expressions for the flows of energy and entropy between two black bodies at different temperatures, interacting only through electromagnetic radiation. We find that in general the interaction through radiation is nonwork but not heat. It is heat only if the temperature difference between the interacting systems is infinitesimal.
Numerical Simulation of Flow Past an Elliptical Cylinder Undergoing Rotationally Oscillating Motion
Authors: Alawadhi Esam M.
Published: December 2014

The finite element method is used to simulate the near-wake of an elliptical cylinder undergoing rotationally oscillating motion at low Reynolds number, 50 ≤ Re ≤ 150. Reynolds number is based on equivalent diameter of the ellipse. The rotationally oscillating motion was carried out by varying the angle of attack between 10 deg and 60 deg, while the considered oscillation frequencies are between St/4 and 4 × St, where St is the Strouhal number of a stationary elliptical cylinder with zero angle of attack. Fluid flow results are presented in terms of lift and drag coefficients for rotationally oscillating case. The details of streamlines and vorticity contours are also presented for a few representative cases. The result indicates that at when the frequency is equal to the Strouhal number, the root-mean-square (RMS) of lift coefficient reaches its local minimum, while the average of drag coefficient reaches its local maximum. Increasing the Reynolds number increases the RMS of lift coefficient and decreases average of drag coefficient.
Comparative Integrity Evaluation of Counterbore-Tapered and Back-Beveled Weld Joints
Authors: Martens Michael , Chen Yaoshan , Liu Ming
Published: December 2014

Back-beveled transition welds for joining unequal wall thickness are often used in gas and oil transmission pipelines, as recommended in the pipeline codes and standards, such as CSA Z662, ASME B31.8, and ASME 31.4. However, one North American pipeline operator has successively utilized a counterbore-tapered design for transition of unequal wall thicknesses for over 30 years. The design philosophy of the counterbore-tapered joint is to reduce the stress concentrations in the heat affected zone, facilitate the welding of unequal wall thickness and NDT while achieving better quality, reliability, and productivity.

By conducting a comparative finite element analysis of the two joint designs, the present study evaluated the pressure containment capacities, the stress concentration factors, the stress intensity factors, and the limit loads of plastic collapses for both the counterbore-tapered and the back-beveled designs. The effect of a key design parameter, the counterbore length, on the integrity of the counterbore design was also examined.

The results of the comparative analysis showed that compared to the back-beveled joint, when the pipe materials of unequal wall thickness have the same strength, the counterbore-tapered joint has the same pressure containment capacity as the back-beveled joint. The back-bevel design offers lower stress concentration factor, lower stress intensity factor, and higher limit load of plastic collapse than the back-beveled design.
Pipeline Repair of Corrosion and Dents: A Comparison of Composite Repairs and Steel Sleeves
Authors: Alexander Chris , Vyvial Brent , Wilson Fred
Published: December 2014

When pipeline repairs are made on high pressure onshore transmission pipelines, in modern times repairs typically involve steel sleeves or composite repair systems. A comprehensive testing program was conducted to evaluate the repair of severe corrosion and dents using composite materials, as well as Type A and B steel sleeves. Full-scale destructive testing was performed including cyclic pressure loading and burst testing. Along with testing to failure, strain gages installed beneath the repairs were used to quantify the level of reinforcement provided by the respective repair systems.

In this seminal body of work, operators are given information that provides a direct comparison between these competing repair technologies. The fundamental objective in testing was to determine the service life of the competing repair technologies, although of specific interest in this study was an effort to qualify the relative performance of the composite repairs and steel sleeves. The authors also utilized the test results to quantify the service lives of the repaired anomalies based on the operating conditions of actual pipeline systems.
Seismic Integrity of High-Strain Cold Bend in Lateral Spreading Zone
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhisa , Watanabe Hidetaka , Mayumi Toshiyuki , Horikawa Hiroyuki
Published: December 2014

Excellent workability of the stress-strain curve controlled high strain line pipe on cold bending with a bending angle of 10 degrees is presented. The high-strain line pipe has a round-house type s-s curve with the stress ratio σ2.0/σ1.0 of 1.030, where σ1.0 and σ2.0 are 1.0% and 2.0% yield stress, respectively. A standard yield-plateau type line pipe was also employed for comparison. FEA was conducted to investigate the cold bending behaviors of X65, 24″ line pipe. The longitudinal strain induced in the high-strain pipe at peak load and unloaded steps are small compared to those in the standard pipe.

Effects of residual strain on local buckling behaviors of the high-strain cold bends are investigated. The effect of residual strain on the strain capacity of cold bend subjected to closing and opening mode bending is small when the cold bend is not pressurized. FEA tends to overestimate the strain capacity in bending when the bend is pressurized. However FEA well predicts the locations of the shell wrinkle of the pressurized bend subjected to opening mode bending when residual strain is taken into account. Seismic integrity of the 24″ high-strain cold bend in a lateral spreading zone is demonstrated.
Investigation of the Influence of the Bourdon Effect on the Stress and Ovalization in Elbows
Authors: Shemirani Farzad M. , Adeeb Samer , Cheng J. J. Roger , Martens Michael
Published: December 2014

Elbows are used frequently in pipeline systems. Manufacturing of elbows tends to cause the primary circular sections to ovalize. Ovalization intensifies when elbows are subjected to internal hoop pressure. The total ovality in elbows comprises both manufacturing and pressurization ovality. Elbows with oval cross sections under internal pressure tend to straighten. This effect is called the Bourdon Effect. If these effects are not taken into consideration, unanticipated deformations and higher stress levels could be present at the location of elbows.

The Canadian oil and gas pipeline code (CSA Z662-11) has limited the ovality in elbows to 3 and 6 percent for progressive and non-progressive ovalizations, respectively. A mere imposition of two limits cannot determine the safety factor of pipeline. Also, consequences of using elbows with large ovality remain ambiguous as well. Understanding the influence of the Bourdon Effect and ovalization on the elbow design parameters is required.

In this paper, the influence of the Bourdon Effect on the stress and ovalization developed in the elbows are investigated. Four Nominal Pipe Sizes (12, 24, 36, and 42) are selected. Elbows and straight pipe segments connected to them are analyzed using Finite Element Analysis. Geometric dimensions of actual scanned pipeline elbows are used to represent the actual situation in the field. Under the operating pressure, the maximum stress, ovality, and the Bourdon Effect in elbows for different elbow thicknesses and straight pipe lengths connected to the elbows are monitored.

In addition, in this paper, the effect of the initial ovality was investigated for NPS 24 with constant straight pipe length. It was shown that the increase or decrease in the final ovality of the pipe is dependent on the initial ovality of the elbow cross section.
Formulation and Analysis of the Probability of Detection and False Detection for Subsea Leak Detection Systems
Authors: Aljaroudi Alireda , Khan Faisal , Akinturk Ayhan , Haddara Mahmoud , Thodi Premkumar
Published: December 2014

Insuring the integrity of subsea process component is one of the primary business objectives for oil and gas industry. One of the systems used to insure reliability of a pipeline, is the Leak Detection System (LDS). Different leak detection systems use different technologies for detecting and locating leaks that could result from pipelines. One technology in particular that is gaining wide acceptance by the industry is the optical leak detection systems. This technology has great potential for subsea pipelines applications. It is the most suited for underwater applications due to the ease of installation and reliable sensing capabilities. Having pipelines underwater in the deep sea present a greater challenge and a potential threat to the environment and operation. Thus, there is a need to have a reliable and effective system to provide the assurances that the monitored subsea pipeline is safe and functioning as per operating conditions. Two important performance parameters that are of concern to operators are the probability of detection and probability of false alarm. This article presents a probabilistic formulation of the probability of detection and probability of false detection for fiber optic LDS based systems.
A New Approach Using EBSD to Quantitatively Distinguish Complex Transformation Products Along the HAZ in X80 Linepipe Steel
Authors: Reichert Jennifer M. , Militzer Matthias , Poole Warren J. , Collins Laurie
Published: December 2014

State-of-the-art linepipe steels are microalloyed low-carbon steels that combine high strength and fracture toughness with good weldability. During welding of pipe sections the heat affected zone (HAZ) experiences rapid thermal cycles resulting in a graded microstructure that can be significantly different from that of the base metal. In particular a variety of bainitic microstructures can form in the HAZ. Depending on the type of bainite mechanical properties may be improved or may lead to poor fracture resistance and be detrimental to the overall HAZ performance. Optical microscopy is not sufficient to differentiate bainitic morphologies which vary with the transformation temperature. The investigated X80 linepipe steel also contains retained austenite at room temperature. Based on the retained austenite it is possible to characterize the orientation relationship (OR) between austenite and the transformation products. It is found that bainite shows an orientation relationship near Kurdjumov-Sachs with the prior austenite. Variant selection is related to the driving force for the bainite reaction and hence depends on the transformation temperature. In the current study Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD) mapping is used to characterize transformation products based on their orientation relationship. This approach offers a quantitative way to determine volume fractions of different types of bainite in complex HAZ microstructures which is necessary to establish structure-property relationships of the HAZ.
Heat-Traced Pipelines: A Double-Containment Solution for a High-Temperature Pipeline
Authors: Geertsen Christian
Published: December 2014

A pipe-in-pipe (PiP) technology was selected to transport hot fluids through muskeg and multiple obstacles dealt with Horizontal Directional Drillings (HDDs) in Northern Alberta. The system offers both integrity and construction advantages.

• The outer pipe provides an obvious secondary barrier to any leak. It also provides the basis for a surveillance system with a sensitivity more than 1000 times the sensitivity provided by the standard mass-balance.

• The system is pre-constrained: the inner pipe is pre-heated using electrical heat tracing at a temperature such that the system, once installed, has thermal stresses reduced by half and thus permits the installation of the high-temperature pipeline in non-competent soils with no expansion loop and no external anchor.

• The insulation system between the two pipes reduces the heat loss to only 0.3 W/(m2.K), leading to a very long cool down time.

Finally, the pipe-in-pipe can be a simple solution to high-risk and/or high scrutiny areas such as HDDs, sensitive wetlands, unstable soils, etc.
Environmental Management and Mitigation: Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines Project
Authors: Anderson Paul , Green Jeffrey , Postlewaite Linda
Published: December 2014

The Northern Gateway Pipelines project drew more attention from the Canadian public than most in recent Canadian history.

Northern Gateway has proposed to construct and operate an oil pipeline, a condensate pipeline, associated facilities, two tunnels, powerlines, multiple pump stations, a land tank terminal, and a marine transportation terminal to be located near Kitimat, British Columbia. Not since the Canadian Pacific Railway has a project raised the interest of Canadians.

The regulatory review and assessment process for Northern Gateway was extensive. The Canadian government established a Joint Review Panel to preside over the assessment and review process. To ensure that stakeholders and potentially affected aboriginal communities were heard, the Panel embarked on an extensive public hearing and consultation program. They received thousands of letters of interest, and 4,300 requests for public statements. The Panel heard from approximately 1,200 registered participants in 19 locations. The regulatory hearings spanned a period from September 2012 to June 2013.

Opposition to the project stemmed primarily from concerns about the effect of oil spills on freshwater and marine environments and human use. Others were concerned about the expanded development of oil sands.

The environmental assessment undertaken by Northern Gateway was extensive, as was the mitigation proposed by the project to avoid or minimize environmental effects resulting from the project. The project incorporated new and innovative approaches to minimize environmental effects. The paper introduces the project and the latter part discusses the extraordinary measures proposed and undertaken to minimize potential risks to the environment.
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B do not play a role in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs
Authors: Busch K. , Suchodolski J. S. , Kühner K. A. , Minamoto Y. , Steiner J. M. , Mueller R. S. , Hartmann K. , Unterer S.
Published: December 2014

Although an association between clostridial pathogens and canine idiopathic acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS) has been described, the relevance of those bacteria and their toxins remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between severity of clinical signs and presence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B (CDT A/B) in faeces of dogs with AHDS. Faecal samples of 54 dogs with idiopathic AHDS were tested by qualitative CPE and CDT A/B ELISA, and PCR was performed to detect enterotoxin genes of C. perfringens (cpe) and toxin B genes of C. difficile (cdt b). Prevalence of cdt b and CDT A/B in dogs with AHDS was 10/54 and 2/54 versus 3/23 and 0/23 in control dogs. Prevalence of cpe was 35/54 in affected versus 9/23 in control dogs. Prevalence of CPE in dogs with AHDS (13/54) was higher compared with control dogs (0/23). No significant difference was detected between CPE‐positive and ‐negative and between cpe ‐positive and ‐negative dogs in severity of clinical signs, duration of hospitalisation, mortality rate and selected laboratory parameters. This study suggests that CPE and CDT A/B do not play a role in idiopathic AHDS, are not associated with clinical parameters in affected dogs and cannot be used to predict disease outcome.
Natural Products and Chemotherapeutic Agents on Cancer: Prevention vs. Treatment
Authors: Wang Chong-Zhi , Zhang Zhiyu , Anderson Samantha , Yuan Chun-Su
Published: December 2014

Natural products play an important role in cancer therapeutics, and lately more attentions have been paid to the prevention of major lethal malignancies, such as colorectal cancer (CRC). After oral ingestion, botanicals' parent compounds can be converted to their metabolites by the enteric microbiome, and these metabolites may have different bioactivities and variable bioavailability. In this study, we used an active ginseng metabolite, protopanaxadiol (PPD), as an example to assess its colon cancer preventive effect by comparing its effect with the treatment effect of fluorouracil (5-FU). A xenograft tumor nude mouse model with human colon cancer cell inoculation was used. After preventive PPD or treatment 5-FU administration with the same dose (30 mg/kg), tumor growth inhibition was evaluated by both a Xenogen bioluminescence imaging technique and manual tumor size measurement. Our data showed that preventive PPD very significantly inhibited the tumor growth compared to 5-FU (p < 0.01). Our data suggest that the PPD is a promising cancer prevention agent. More studies are needed to explore the chemopreventive actions of PPD and its potential clinical utility.
Masses of constituent quarks confined in open bottom hadrons
Authors: Borka Jovanović V. , Borka D. , Jovanović P. , Milošević J. , Ignjatović S. R.
Published: December 2014

We apply color-spin and flavor-spin quark–quark interactions to the meson and baryon constituent quarks, and calculate constituent quark masses, as well as the coupling constants of these interactions. The main goal of this paper was to determine constituent quark masses from light and open bottom hadron masses, using the fitting method we have developed and clustering of hadron groups. We use color-spin Fermi–Breit (FB) and flavor-spin Glozman–Riska (GR) hyperfine interaction (HFI) to determine constituent quark masses (especially b quark mass). Another aim was to discern between the FB and GR HFI because our previous findings had indicated that both interactions were satisfactory. Our improved fitting procedure of constituent quark masses showed that on average color-spin (FB) HFI yields better fits. The method also shows the way how the constituent quark masses and the strength of the interaction constants appear in different hadron environments.
An Improved Iterative Back Projection Based Single Image Super Resolution Approach
Authors: Bareja Milan N. , Modi Chintan K.
Published: December 2014

In this paper, an effort is made to propose an effective image super resolution (SR) approach to recover a high resolution (HR) image from a single low resolution (LR) image. This approach is based on an iterative back projection (IBP) method with the edge preserving infinite symmetric exponential filter (ISEF) and difference image. Amalgamation of ISEF and difference image provides high frequency information. This approach is applied on different type of images and compared results with different existing image SR approaches. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed approach can more precisely enlarge the LR image. This proposed approach decreases mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) and increases the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) significantly compared to other existing approaches.
On Markov Earth Mover's Distance
Authors: Wei Jie
Published: December 2014

In statistics, pattern recognition and signal processing, it is of utmost importance to have an effective and efficient distance to measure the similarity between two distributions and sequences. In statistics this is referred to as goodness-of-fit problem. Two leading goodness of fit methods are chi-square and Kolmogorov–Smirnov distances. The strictly localized nature of these two measures hinders their practical utilities in patterns and signals where the sample size is usually small. In view of this problem Rubner and colleagues developed the earth mover's distance (EMD) to allow for cross-bin moves in evaluating the distance between two patterns, which find a broad spectrum of applications. EMD-L1 was later proposed to reduce the time complexity of EMD from super-cubic by one order of magnitude by exploiting the special L1 metric. EMD-hat was developed to turn the global EMD to a localized one by discarding long-distance earth movements. In this work, we introduce a Markov EMD (MEMD) by treating the source and destination nodes absolutely symmetrically. In MEMD, like hat-EMD, the earth is only moved locally as dictated by the degree d of neighborhood system. Nodes that cannot be matched locally is handled by dummy source and destination nodes. By use of this localized network structure, a greedy algorithm that is linear to the degree d and number of nodes is then developed to evaluate the MEMD. Empirical studies on the use of MEMD on deterministic and statistical synthetic sequences and SIFT-based image retrieval suggested encouraging performances.
The Evaluation of Direct Volume Rendering-Based Uncertainty Visualization Techniques for 3D Scalar Data
Authors: Ma Ji , Murphy David , Provan Gregory , O'Mathuna Cian , Hayes Michael
Published: December 2014

Many techniques have been proposed to represent uncertainty in data visualization. However, little research has been reported on the evaluation of their effectiveness. Moreover, no studies have been conducted to evaluate direct volume rendering (DVR)-based uncertainty visualization techniques. In this paper, we present a novel method that evaluates the perceptual effectiveness of four existing and one proposed DVR-based uncertainty visualization techniques. Four types of searching tasks that include identifying the maximum uncertainty data, identifying the minimum uncertainty data, identifying the maximum scalar data and identifying the minimum scalar data have been involved in this study, and a total of twenty-eight participants have contributed to the final main user study. Our analysis suggested that the proposed linked views and interactive specification (LVIS) technique appears to be the most accurate among all techniques, although it takes the longest task completion time. For the four existing techniques, the overlays technique appears to be the most advantageous, and it takes similar task completion time as the others. We believe that these findings can provide useful guidance for future uncertainty visualization design.
UNIFORM DESIGN AND DYNAMIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR MICROMOTION IMPROVEMENT OF SEMADOS DENTAL IMPLANT SYSTEM UNDER DYNAMIC CHEWING LOADS
Authors: JIANG CHO-PEI , LEE CHENG-KANG , TSAI WEI-LUN , CHENG YUNG-CHANG
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to improve the micromotion of a Semados dental implant system subjected to dynamic chewing loads. Micromotion of the Semados dental implant system with basic dimensions was obtained using dynamic finite element analysis, and five parameters of the implant were selected as the control factors to be improved. A uniform design method was employed to construct a set of experimental simulations. Next, for each experimental simulation, the dynamic finite analysis package ANSYS/LS-DYNA was employed to simulate the behavior of the Semados dental implant model subjected to dynamic chewing loads and then determine the maximum micromotion of the cortical and cancellous bones. Finally, the best design of the experimental simulations that caused the smallest amount of micromotion was selected as the improved design version. Compared to the original design, which experienced micromotion of 74.53 μm, the improved version experienced micromotion of 45.41 μm. The rate of improvement was 39.1%.
OSCILLATORY FLOW OF HFV DISTRIBUTED IN LEFT AND RIGHT LUNGS: A MODEL-BASED EXPERIMENT AND INVESTIGATION
Authors: YUAN YUEYANG , YANG CHONGCHANG , LI ZHE , CAO ZHIXIN , ZHANG SIMON , SUN JASON
Published: December 2014

The human respiratory system is not entirely symmetric, and regional respiratory diseases can further enlarge this difference in most cases. Therefore, the lungs perform differently. This paper explored the possibilities of suppressing and enhancing the performance of a diseased lung with different high-frequency ventilation (HFV) frequencies by experimenting, as well as modeling, the oscillatory airflow distribution between the left and right lungs. The experimental setup mainly consisted of a physical respiratory model, a signal acquisition device, and a high-frequency oscillation ventilator. This ventilator outputs a positive sinusoidal air-pressure during inspiration. On these bases, a series of experiments were also conducted with different compliances and resistances in the left and the right lungs. The experiments demonstrated that the oscillatory flow distribution is primarily correlated with the oscillation frequency and the regional lung compliance.
Efficient Data Mapping and Buffering Techniques for Multilevel Cell Phase-Change Memories
Authors: Yoon Hanbin , Meza Justin , Muralimanohar Naveen , Jouppi Norman P. , Mutlu Onur
Published: December 2014

New phase-change memory (PCM) devices have low-access latencies (like DRAM) and high capacities (i.e., low cost per bit, like Flash). In addition to being able to scale to smaller cell sizes than DRAM, a PCM cell can also store multiple bits per cell (referred to as multilevel cell, or MLC), enabling even greater capacity per bit. However, reading and writing the different bits of data from and to an MLC PCM cell requires different amounts of time: one bit is read or written first, followed by another. Due to this asymmetric access process, the bits in an MLC PCM cell have different access latency and energy depending on which bit in the cell is being read or written.

We leverage this observation to design a new way to store and buffer data in MLC PCM devices. While traditional devices
couple
the bits in each cell next to one another in the address space, our key idea is to logically
decouple
the bits in each cell into two separate regions depending on their read/write characteristics: fast-read/slow-write bits and slow-read/fast-write bits. We propose a low-overhead hardware/software technique to predict and map data that would benefit from being in each region at runtime. In addition, we show how MLC bit decoupling provides more flexibility in the way data is buffered in the device, enabling more efficient use of existing device buffer space.

Our evaluations for a multicore system show that MLC bit decoupling improves system performance by 19.2%, memory energy efficiency by 14.4%, and thread fairness by 19.3% over a state-of-the-art MLC PCM system that couples the bits in its cells. We show that our results are consistent across a variety of workloads and system configurations.
MAPS
Authors: Rubin Eri , Levy Ely , Barak Amnon , Ben-Nun Tal
Published: December 2014

GPUs play an increasingly important role in high-performance computing. While developing naive code is straightforward, optimizing massively parallel applications requires deep understanding of the underlying architecture. The developer must struggle with complex index calculations and manual memory transfers. This article classifies memory access patterns used in most parallel algorithms, based on Berkeley’s Parallel “Dwarfs.” It then proposes the MAPS framework, a device-level memory abstraction that facilitates memory access on GPUs, alleviating complex indexing using on-device containers and iterators. This article presents an implementation of MAPS and shows that its performance is comparable to carefully optimized implementations of real-world applications.
GPU Accelerated Hybrid Tree Algorithm for Collision Less N-body Simulations
Authors: Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Nakasato Naohito
Published: December 2014

We propose a hybrid tree algorithm for reducing calculation and communication cost of collision-less N-body simulations. The concept of our algorithm is that we split interaction force into two parts: hard-force from neighbor particles and soft-force from distant particles, and applying different time integration for the forces. For hard-force calculation, we can efficiently reduce the calculation and communication cost of the parallel tree code because we only need data of neighbor particles for this part. We implement the algorithm on GPU clusters to accelerate force calculation for both hard and soft force. As the result of implementing the algorithm on GPU clusters, we were able to reduce the communication cost and the total execution time to 40% and 80% of that of a normal tree algorithm, respectively. In addition, the reduction factor relative the normal tree algorithm is smaller for large number of processes, and we expect that the execution time can be ultimately reduced down to about 70% of the normal tree algorithm.
Fast and Accurate Optical Flow Estimation using FPGA
Authors: Tanabe Yu , Maruyama Tsutomu
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we extend an approach used in the stereo vision for the optical flow estimation to achieve lower error rates. In the optical flow estimation, two dimensional search is required, and more hardware resources becomes necessary than the stereo vision that requires only one dimensional search. In our implementation, the target image is divided into sub-images, and they are processed in turn to reduce the required circuit size. The error rates by our system is much lower than previous works, and its processing speed is fast enough for practical applications.
A Memory Profiling Framework for Stencil Computation on an FPGA Accelerator with High Level Synthesis
Authors: Soejima Rie , Okina Koji , Dohi Keisuke , Shibata Yuichiro , Oguri Kiyoshi
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we propose a framework to assist memory access optimization for stencil computation on an FPGA accelerator. Since the stencil computations such as scientific simulations need large amounts of data, efficient memory access is a key to achieving high performance on FPGA accelerators. Therefore, we implemented a stencil computation framework with a memory performance profiler on MaxCompiler, which is one of high level synthesis systems. The memory profiler enables us to measure clock cycles for various memory controller states; data transfer, stall, and idle. We also implemented simple stencil computations and practical FDTD electromagnetic field simulations on top of the framework with various parameters to evaluate and analyze memory performance. As a result of execution experiments of the simple stencil computations on a MAX34245A Data Flow Engine, it was demonstrated that approximately 70% of the peak memory performance could be achieved for various stencil types. On the other hand, the FDTD simulations, which need many data streams, could not hit this memory performance saturation point, because of increasing complexity of memory controller modules. Through the analysis of evaluation results obtained by our memory performance profiling frame- work, a promising memory access optimization approach for stencil computations in which the complexity of the memory controller is traded off against data access traffic is suggested.
Accelerating Breadth First Search on GPU-BOX
Authors: Mitsuishi Takuji , Nomura Shimpei , Suzuki Jun , Hayashi Yuki , Kan Masaki , Amano Hideharu
Published: December 2014

The graph analysis has been applied in various fields related to big-data processing and actively researched in recent years. For processing a larger scale of graph, parallel computing with multi-GPU system is paid attention as an economical solution. Here, an efficient parallel method is proposed to solve a typical graph analysis, Breadth First Search (BFS) for multi-GPU systems. Our target system is GPU-BOX, a prototype of multi-GPU system using ExpEther which is a virtualization technology based on PCI Express and Ethernet. Although many vertices between GPUs must be exchanged to run BFS on multi-GPU system, GPU-BOX provides only small communication performance because of using Ethernet. Our parallel algorithm for BFS is designed so as to reduce the traffic between GPUs as possible. The proposed method reduced 30-40% traffic between GPUs and improved the traditional parallel method by 10%.
SSI
Authors: Needham Michael
Published: December 2014

Automatic detection and interpretation of social signals carried by voice, gestures, mimics, etc. will play a key-role for next-generation interfaces as it paves the way towards more intuitive and natural humancomputer interaction. In this article we introduce Social Signal Interpretation (SSI), a framework for real-time recognition of social signals. SSI supports a large range of sensor devices, filter and feature algorithms, as well as, machine learning and pattern recognition tools. It encourages developers to add new components using SSI's C++ API, but also addresses front end users by offering an XML interface to build pipelines with a text editor. SSI is freely available under GPL at openssi.net.
Differential Privacy as a Tool for Mechanism Design in Large Systems
Authors: Roth Aaron
Published: December 2014

In this talk we overview how differential privacy gives a collection of tools that can be easily applied to design algorithms which enjoy remarkable incentive properties in large systems and markets -- settings in which the number of interacting agents is large, and each of the individual players are "small". We illustrate this power with two vignettes -- designing mediators to coordinate equilibrium behavior in games of incomplete information (due to Kearns, Pai, Roth, and Ullman, and Rogers and Roth, 2014), and designing ascending price auctions such that sincere bidding is an asymptotic dominant strategy (due to Huang, Hsu, Roth, Roughgarden, and Wu, 2014).

In both of these settings, we get good incentive properties under the assumption that the market is "large" in some sense. However, we discuss how our methodology (via differential privacy) allows us to make substantially milder "large market" assumptions than those commonly appearing in the literature.
A MarketDriven Framework Towards Environmentally Sustainable Mobile Computing
Authors: Joseph Siny , Namboodiri Vinod , Dev Vishnu C.
Published: December 2014

Amid the plethora of initiatives and research endeavors targeting the minimization of power and energy consumption of information and communication technologies (ICT), what has been largely missing is an effort to reduce the energy consumption and electronic waste generated by the rapidly growing segment of mobile computing and communication devices. One "green" approach to meet both the goals of minimizing life cycle energy consumption and reducing electronic waste generation is that of increased device lifespan. Increased device lifespans, however, are possible only if the underlying market forces support such a paradigm shift. This paper develops a market-driven framework for mobile phone devices that helps understand the reasons that affect a firm's decision to offer a green choice for consumers (where "green" is defined as devices with longer lifespan) and considers the feasibility, possible benefits, and challenges in increasing device lifespan.
Performance Investigations of Quasi-Yagi Loop and Dipole Antennas on Silicon Substrate for 94 GHz Applications
Authors: Haraz Osama M. , Abdel-Rahman Mohamed , Al-Khalli Najeeb , Alshebeili Saleh , Sebak Abdel Razik
Published: December 2014

This paper introduces the design and implementation of two high gain Quasi-Yagi printed antennas developed on silicon substrate for 94 GHz imaging applications. The proposed antennas are based on either driven loop or dipole antennas fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding structure. For better matching with the driven antennas, a matching section has been added between the CPW feedline and the driven antenna element. To improve the gain of either loop or dipole antennas, a ground reflector and parasitic director elements have been added. Two Quasi-Yagi antenna prototypes based on loop and dipole antenna elements have been fabricated and experimentally tested using W-band probing station (75–110 GHz). The measured results show good agreement with simulated results and confirm that the proposed antennas are working. In addition, a feed and matching configuration is proposed to enable coupling a microbolometer element to the proposed Quasi-Yagi antenna designs for performing radiation pattern measurements.
RNA-Seq Data Mining: Downregulation of NeuroD6 Serves as a Possible Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease Brains
Authors: Satoh Jun-ichi , Yamamoto Yoji , Asahina Naohiro , Kitano Shouta , Kino Yoshihiro
Published: December 2014

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide with no curative therapies currently available. Previously, global transcriptome analysis of AD brains by microarray failed to identify the set of consistently deregulated genes for biomarker development of AD. Therefore, the molecular pathogenesis of AD remains largely unknown. Whole RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is an innovative technology for the comprehensive transcriptome profiling on a genome-wide scale that overcomes several drawbacks of the microarray-based approach. To identify biomarker genes for AD, we analyzed a RNA-Seq dataset composed of the comprehensive transcriptome of autopsized AD brains derived from two independent cohorts. We identified the core set of 522 genes deregulated in AD brains shared between both, compared with normal control subjects. They included downregulation of neuronal differentiation 6 (NeuroD6), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor involved in neuronal development, differentiation, and survival in AD brains of both cohorts. We verified the results of RNA-Seq by analyzing three microarray datasets of AD brains different in brain regions, ethnicities, and microarray platforms. Thus, both RNA-Seq and microarray data analysis indicated consistent downregulation of NeuroD6 in AD brains. These results suggested that downregulation of NeuroD6 serves as a possible biomarker for AD brains.
Bilateral Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia
Authors: Khanduri Sachin , Agrawal Sumit , Chhabra Saakshi , Goyal Swati
Published: December 2014

Maxillary sinus hypoplasia (MSH) is an uncommon abnormality of paranasal sinuses noted in clinical practice. Computed tomography (CT) scan helps in diagnosing the anomaly along with any anatomical variation that may be associated with it. MSH is usually associated with other anomalies like uncinate process hypoplasia. Three types of MSH have been described. Type 1 MSH shows mild maxillary sinus hypoplasia, type 2 shows significant sinus hypoplasia with narrowed infundibular passage and hypoplastic or absent uncinate process, and type 3 is cleft like maxillary sinus hypoplasia with absent uncinate process. CT and endoscopic examination usually complement each other in diagnosing MSH.
MYST3/CREBBPRearranged Acute Myeloid Leukemia after Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Gupta Arjun , Patnaik Mrinal M. , Naina Harris V.
Published: December 2014

Although rare, clinicians and patients must be aware that therapy related malignancies, specifically acute myeloid leukemia (AML), can occur as a complication of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Vigilance for signs and symptoms is appropriate. AML with t (8;16) is a specific translocation leading to formation of a fusion protein (MYST3/CREBBP). TheMYST3/CREBBPAML tends to develop within 2 years of adjuvant chemotherapy, especially for breast cancer, without preceding myelodysplasia. It usually presents with disseminated intravascular coagulation and osteolytic lesions and has a poor prognosis despite aggressive resuscitation and therapy. With the increasing use of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, we are seeing a definite increase in the incidence of therapy related myelodysplastic syndromes and AML. One must keep this complication in mind while counseling and following up breast cancer patients who have received adjuvant chemotherapy. New osteolytic bone lesions in a patient with history of breast cancer do not necessarily mean metastatic disease and should be fully evaluated.
A Flexible Approach for Smart Management of Transmissions in Power Line Communications
Authors: Collotta Mario , Tirrito Salvatore
Published: December 2014

Power line communications (PLCs) refer to a technology based on the existing electrical wiring to transmit data among the devices connected to the network. The PLC technology is an excellent solution widely studied and analysed by researchers, even in those areas characterized by strict requirements, such as industries. In this paper, a technique based on fuzzy logic, for the dynamic management of the amplitude of the signal emitted by the devices of a power line network, is proposed. The main aim is to manage the amplitude of the transmission signal in order to reduce the noise introduced into the network, and, as a consequence, the power consumption, increasing data transmission quality of network in terms of Quality of Service (QoS). This solution has been implemented into embedded systems based on the ADD1010, a power line System on Chip (SoC), and tested through a real scenario realized in laboratory.