bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancing Professional Nursing Practice: Innovations at Boston's Beth Israel Hospital
Authors: Roth Rosemary Ann
Published: May 2007

Advancing Professional Nursing Practice: Innovations at Boston's Beth Israel Hospital Edited by Joyce C. Clifford, Kathy J. Horvath 1990, 362 pp $38.95 hardcover
Budgeting for Effective Hospital Resource Management
Authors: DeStefano Alicia
Published: May 2007

Budgeting for Effective Hospital Resource Management By Truman H. Esmond, Jr. 1990, 200 pp $39.95 paperback‐AHA members $49.95 nonmembers
Emergency Care of Children
Authors: FORTUNATO NANCY M.
Published: May 2007

Emergency Care of Children By Sharon W. Thompson 1990, 327pp $50.00 hardcover
EDUCATION
Authors: MIEHL JANN L.
Published: May 2007

Health Professional and Patient Interaction, fourth ed By Ruth Purtilo 1990, 339 pp $21.90 paperback
POSTOPERATIVE PAIN
Authors: MARKEY BERNADINE T.
Published: May 2007

Environment, anxiety, and postoperative pain K Oberle et al Western Journal of Nursing Research Vol 12 (December 1990) 745–752
Nursing and the Social Conscience
Authors: Vincent Sister
Published: May 2007

F Storlie RN, MS, Nursing and the Social Conscience, 1970, Meredith Corporation, New York, 222, $5.95.
Current Surgical Diagnosis & Treatment
Authors: Matthews Kay
Published: May 2007

Current Surgical Diagnosis & Treatment, 6th ed. Lawrence W May, ed. Lange Medical Publications, Drawer L, Los Altos, CA 94022, 1983, 1,221 pgs, $28, paperback.
HIV Screening of Pregnant Women and Newborns
Authors: McGill Karleen
Published: May 2007

Leslie M. Hardy, et al., Specialization, HIV Screening of Pregnant Women and Newborns, 1991, 146, $19 paperback
Humor and the Health Professions: The Therapeutic Use of Humor in Health Care
Authors: Parfitt Janice Marie
Published: May 2007

Vera M. Robinson, et al., Humor, Humor and the Health Professions: The Therapeutic Use of Humor in Health Care, 1991, 456, $25 paperback
Measurement in Nursing Research
Authors: Marrone Stephen R.
Published: May 2007

Carolyn F. Waltz, Ora L. Strickland, Elizabeth R. Lenz, et al., Research, Measurement in Nursing Research, 1991, 533, $55 hardcover
Leadership for learning, training and development in the '70s
Authors: Hanewinckel Muriel T.
Published: May 2007

G.L. Lippitt MD, Leadership for learning, training and development in the '70s, ed 1, 1970, American Society for Training and Development, 24
Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery
Authors: Lahde Ruth Ellen
Published: May 2007

Barbara J Gruendemann, Margaret Huth Meeker, Alexander's Care of the Patient in Surgery, 7th ed., 1983, C V Mosby Co, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr, St Louis, Mo 63141, 848, $35.95.
CUTANEOUS LASER SURGERY: THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SELECTIVE PHOTOTHERMOLYSIS
Authors: Kostyk‐Mariotti Nadine A.
Published: May 2007

M.P. Goldman, R.E. Fitzpatrick, et al., CUTANEOUS LASER SURGERY: THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SELECTIVE PHOTOTHERMOLYSIS, 1994, 338, $125 hardcover
Experimental and Simulation Techniques for Teaching Adults.
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Experimental and Simulation Techniques for Teaching Adults. Linda H. Lewis, ed. Jossey‐Bass Inc, 433 California St, San Francisco, CA 94104, 1986, 107 pp, $9.95 paperback.
Contemporary Strategies for Continuing Education in Nursing.
Authors: Collins Marjorie A.
Published: May 2007

Contemporary Strategies for Continuing Education in Nursing. Belinda E. Puetz. Aspen Publishers Inc, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850, 1987, 330 pp, $33.50 clothbound.
Interviewing Skills for Nurse Managers
Authors: Lawless Anne
Published: May 2007

Interviewing Skills for Nurse Managers Edired by Thomas Lochhaas 1987, 84 pp $44.95 looseleaf
Living the Therapeutic Touch
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Living the Therapeutic Touch By Dolores Krieger 1987, 187pp $16.95 clothbound
The Primacy of Caring: Stress and Coping in Health and Illness
Authors: Torresyap Pearl M.
Published: May 2007

The Primacy of Caring: Stress and Coping in Health and Illness: By Patricia Benner, Judith Wrubel 1989, 425 pp $29.95 paperback
The Process of Patient Education
Authors: Latz Paula Anne
Published: May 2007

The Process of Patient Education, sixth ed.: By Barbara Klug Redman 1988, 354 pp $22.95 paperback
The Law and Liability: A Guide for Nurses
Authors: Edwards Mary Jane C.
Published: May 2007

The Law and Liability: A Guide for Nurses, second ed. By Janine Fiesta 1988, 391 pp $21.95 clothbound
Nursing Research: A Learning Resource
Authors: Schild Sophia M.
Published: May 2007

Nursing Research: A Learning Resource By Nancy Fugate Woods 1988, 267 pp $27.95 paperback
Understanding ethical issues, psychiatric needs of patient care: Making Choices: Ethics Issues for Health Care Professionals.
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Emily Friedman, Making Choices: Ethics Issues for Health Care Professionals, 1986, American Hospital Publishing, Inc, Chicago, 234, $29.95 paperback.
Understanding ethical issues, psychiatric needs of patient care: Ethylene Oxide Use in Hospitals: A Manual for Health Care Personnel
Authors: Marrone Stephen R.
Published: May 2007

Neal E. Danielson, Ethylene Oxide Use in Hospitals: A Manual for Health Care Personnel, second ed., 1986, American Hospital Publishing, Inc, 211 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, 218, $55.50 (nonmembers) paperback.
Understanding ethical issues, psychiatric needs of patient care: Issues in Collaborative Practice.
Authors: Latz Paula Anne
Published: May 2007

Jean E. Steel, Issues in Collaborative Practice, 1986, Grune & Stratton, Inc, 111 5th Ave, New York, NY 10003, 167, $29.50 clothbound.
Understanding ethical issues, psychiatric needs of patient care: Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice
Authors: Collins Marjorie
Published: May 2007

Julia B. George, Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice, second ed., 1985, Prentice‐Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632, 354, $15.95 paperback.
Understanding ethical issues, psychiatric needs of patient care: Introduction to Sterilization and Disinfection.
Authors: Koch Frances
Published: May 2007

Joan F. Gardner, Margaret M. Peel, Introduction to Sterilization and Disinfection, 1986, Churchill Livingstone, Inc., 1560 Broadway, New York, NY 10036, 183, $30 clothbound.
Understanding ethical issues, psychiatric needs of patient care: Patient Safety Manual: A Guide for Hospitals and Physicians to a Systematic Approach to Quality Assurance and Risk Management
Authors: Pawlowski Jacqueline
Published: May 2007

Patient Safety Manual: A Guide for Hospitals and Physicians to a Systematic Approach to Quality Assurance and Risk Management, second ed., 1985, American College of Surgeons, 55 E Erie St, Chicago, IL 60611, 133, $20 paperback.
Understanding ethical issues, psychiatric needs of patient care: The Clinical Practice of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing
Authors: Davis Janice
Published: May 2007

Joanne V. Hickey, The Clinical Practice of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing, second ed., 1975, J B Lippincott Co., E Washington Square, Philadephia, PA 19105, 1986, 652, $37.50 clothbound.
Nursing and Computers: An Anthology
Authors: Patterson Marla
Published: May 2007

Nursing and Computers: An Anthology Edited by Virginia K. Saba, Karen A. Rieder, Dorothy B. Pocklington 1989, 439 pp $45 clothbound
Nursing Research with Basic Statistical Applications
Authors: Schild Sophia M.
Published: May 2007

Nursing Research with Basic Statistical Applications, third ed By Patricia Ann Dempsey, Arthur D. Dempsey 1992, 324 pp $34.95 hardcover
Nursing Care Plans: Guidelines for Planning and Documenting Patient Care
Authors: Seifert Patricia C.
Published: May 2007

Nursing Care Plans: Guidelines for Planning and Documenting Patient Care, third ed By Marilynn E. Doenges, Mary Frances Moorhouse, Alice C. Geissler 1993, 1.108 pp $34.95 paperback
An Ounce of Prevention: Waste Reduction Strategies for Health Care Facilities
Authors: Lewis Linda C.
Published: May 2007

An Ounce of Prevention: Waste Reduction Strategies for Health Care Facilities, thrid ed By Hollie Gusky‐Shaner, Connie Leach Bison, Glenn McRae 1993.214 pp $29.95 American Society for Healthcare Environmental Services members, $50 nonmembers, paperback
High-Sensitivity Transcriptome Data Structure and Implications for Analysis and Biologic Interpretation
Authors: Noth Sebastian , Brysbaert Guillaume , Pellay François-Xavier , Benecke Arndt
Published: May 2007

Novel microarray technologies such as the AB1700 platform from Applied Biosystems promise significant increases in the signal dynamic range and a higher sensitivity for weakly expressed transcripts. We have compared a representative set of AB1700 data with a similarly representative Affymetrix HG-U133A dataset. The AB1700 design extends the signal dynamic detection range at the lower bound by one order of magnitude. The lognormal signal distribution profiles of these high-sensitivity data need to be represented by two independent distributions. The additional second distribution covers those transcripts that would have gone undetected using the Affymetrix technology. The signal-dependent variance distribution in the AB1700 data is a non-trivial function of signal intensity, describable using a composite function. The drastically different structure of these high-sensitivity transcriptome profiles requires adaptation or even redevelopment of the standard microarray analysis methods. Based on the statistical properties, we have derived a signal variance distribution model for AB1700 data that is necessary for such development. Interestingly, the dual lognormal distribution observed in the AB1700 data reflects two fundamentally different biologic mechanisms of transcription initiation.
Culture and the Human Rights of Women in Africa: Between Light and Shadow
Authors: Ssenyonjo Manisuli
Published: May 2007

Despite the ratification by African states of several human rights instruments protecting the human rights of women in Africa, and the solemn commitment of the African states to eliminate all forms of discrimination and harmful practices against women, women in Africa still continue to experience human rights violations. Most African women are denied the equal enjoyment of their human rights, in particular by virtue of the lesser status ascribed to them by tradition and custom, or as a result of overt or covert discrimination. Many women in Africa experience distinct forms of discrimination due to the intersection of sex with such factors as race, language, religion, political and other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other factors, such as age, disability, marital, refugee or migrant status, resulting in compounded disadvantage. Therefore, much remains to be done to realize the human rights of women in Africa. This article examines the relationship between culture and women's human rights, and makes some recommendations for the effective realization of these rights.
Side selection for cochlear implantation in a case of Cogan's syndrome
Authors: Im G J , Jung H H
Published: May 2007

Cogan's syndrome is a rare clinical entity that is characterised by non-syphilitic interstitial keratitis and audiovestibular symptoms. The cause of Cogan's syndrome is considered to be autoimmune disease, which is supported by the resolution of hearing loss after steroid treatment, and the association with other autoimmune diseases. The sensorineural hearing loss of Cogan's syndrome is progressive over a few months, and sudden, bilateral deafness often occurs, which may be an indication for cochlear implantation. This paper presents the case of a young woman suffering from Cogan's syndrome and sudden, bilateral deafness. With reference to this case, we describe problems regarding cochlear implantation for Cogan's syndrome and radiological findings aiding selection of cochlear implantation side.
Burmese bells and Chinese eroticism: Southeast Asia's cultural influence on China
Authors: Laichen Sun
Published: May 2007

By utilising a large number of historical and literary sources in Chinese and European languages, this article discusses the spread of Burmese bells (penis inserts) to China between the late sixteenth and early twenty-first centuries, a topic that has hitherto been understudied. It details the social factors behind each phase of transmission, the Chinese adaptation of a Southeast Asian practice, and physical description of Burmese bells. The research provides a new perspective to Southeast Asian–Chinese interactions and stresses the Southeast Asian cultural influence on Chinese society and sexual behaviour. It also argues that aphrodisiacs, like other commodities, have a legitimate place in Asian history.
Constraining jet physics in weakly accreting black holes
Authors: Markoff Sera
Published: May 2007

Outflowing jets are observed in a variety of astronomical objects such as accreting compact objects from X-ray binaries (XRBs) to active galactic nuclei (AGN), as well as at stellar birth and death. Yet we still do not know exactly what they are comprised of, why and how they form, or their exact relationship with the accretion flow. In this talk I focus on jets in black hole systems, which provide the ideal test population for studying the relationship between inflow and outflow over an extreme range in mass and accretion rate.

I present several recent results from coordinated multi-wavelength studies of low-luminosity sources. These results not only support similar trends in weakly accreting black hole behavior across the mass scale, but also suggest that the same underlying physical model can explain their broadband spectra. I discuss how comparisons between small- and large-scale systems are revealing new information about the regions nearest the black hole, providing clues about the creation of these weakest of jets. Furthermore, comparisons between our Galactic center nucleus Sgr A* and other sources at slightly higher accretion rates can elucidate the processes which drive central activity, and pave the way for new tests with upcoming instruments.
XMM-Newton RGS spectra of four Seyfert 1 galaxies
Authors: Cardaci M. V. , Santos-Lleó M. , Díaz A. I.
Published: May 2007

Using the spectral fitting technique we have studied the components contributing to the soft X-ray spectra of four AGN. The selected objects are the Seyfert 1 galaxies: HE 1143-1810, Mkn 110, CTS A08.12 and ESO 359-G19. The high-resolution X-ray spectra analysed were taken with the Reflection Grating Spectrometers on board the XMM-Newton satellite. In contrast to the results for other well-studied Seyfert 1 galaxies, we have found that the spectra of the four galaxies lack of significant absorption features. Hence, there are no signs of high-column-density partially-ionised absorbing material in the vicinity of the active nucleus in these galaxies.
Analytical binary black hole model of Sgr A* and its implications
Authors: Chatterjee Tapan K.
Published: May 2007

Surrounding the Galactic center is a molecular cloud with a central black hole. This raises the question as to how the hole was formed. While clouds containing HCN are circulating around the Galactic center, they do not all move at the same speed and so collide mutually and should make a more uniform motion and distribution after a period of some 100 kyrs (e.g., Ekers, van Gorkom, Schwartz et al. 1983). Hence some very energetic phenomena must have occurred within that period.
QPOs expected in rotating accretion flows around a supermassive black hole
Authors: Okuda T. , Teresi V. , Molteni D.
Published: May 2007

It is well known that rotating inviscid accretion flows with adequate injection parameters around black holes could form shock waves close to the black holes, after the flow passes through the outer sonic point and can be virtually stopped by the centrifugal force. We numerically examine such shock waves in 2D accretion flows with 10−5 to 106 Eddington critical accretion rates around a supermassive black hole with 106M⊙. As the results, the luminosities show QPO phenomena with modulations of a factor 2–3 and with quasi-periods of a few to several hours.
Episodic ejection from super-massive black holes
Authors: Saripalli Lakshmi , Subrahmanyan Ravi , Hunstead Richard W.
Published: May 2007

Episodic activity in super-massive black holes is shown by radio galaxies exhibiting ‘double-double’ radio morphologies (Subrahmanyan et al. 1996, Schoenmakers et al. 2000). Spectacular examples showing a renewal of beam activity in the form of new beams emerging within relic radio lobes of previous activity have placed the phenomenon of recurrence in AGN outflows on a firm footing.

By using the SUMSS and WENSS GRG samples, we infer that on timescales of order a few million years, low luminosity radio sources are more likely to exhibit episodic behaviour in the accretion on to their supermassive black holes as compared to the more powerful radio galaxies.
Organization of stratification, turbulence, and veering in bottom Ekman layers
Authors: Perlin A. , Moum J. N. , Klymak J. M. , Levine M. D. , Boyd T. , Kosro P. M.
Published: May 2007

Detailed observations of the Ekman spiral in the stratified bottom boundary layer during a 3‐month period in an upwelling season over the Oregon shelf suggest a systematic organization. Counter‐clockwise veering in the bottom boundary layer is constrained to the weakly stratified layer below the pycnocline, and its height is nearly identical to the turbulent boundary layer height. Veering reaches 13+/−4 degrees near the bottom and exhibits a very weak dependence on the speed and direction of the interior flow and the thickness of the veering layer. A simple Ekman balance model with turbulent viscosity consistent with the law‐of‐the‐wall parameterization modified to account for stratification at the top of the mixed layer is used to demonstrate the importance of stratification on the Ekman veering. The model agrees reasonably well with observations in the lower 60–70% of the bottom mixed layer, above which it diverges from the data due to the unaccounted physics in the interior. Neglect of stratification in an otherwise identical model results in far worse agreement with the data yielding veering in the bottom Ekman layer which is much smaller than measured, but distributed over a much thicker layer.
Polar patches: Auroral zone precipitation effects
Authors: MacDougall John , Jayachandran P. T.
Published: May 2007

We look at patches observed by digital ionosondes in the northern polar cap. These observations show that patches have the following properties. (1) Patches are relatively large, typically ∼500 km in the sunward‐antisunward direction and ∼1000 km in the dawn‐dusk direction. (2) When the IMF Bz has abnormally large positive‐negative swings the patches show correlation with the IMF Bz swings. (3) For typical days the patches show no average correlation with IMF By and only weak correlation with negative IMF Bz. (4) Patches are slightly weaker in summer. The typical patch max‐to‐min Ne variation in winter is ∼2 × 1011 el/m3 and in summer it is ∼1.5 × 1011 el/m3. (5) There is restructuring of patches, particularly the small‐scale structures, as the patches convect across the polar cap. (6) Patches are formed prior to entering the polar cap and their properties stay about the same thereafter. We explain the patch generation and most of these properties by low‐energy precipitation into the returning flow from the nightside to the dayside around the dawn convection cell.
A global model of cometary tail disconnection events triggered by solar wind magnetic variations
Authors: Jia Ying‐Dong , Combi Michael R. , Hansen Kenneth C. , Gombosi Tamas I.
Published: May 2007

Presented in this paper are the results of a time‐dependent, fully three‐dimensional self‐consistent ideal magneto‐hydrodynamics (MHD) model of disconnection events (DEs) in the cometary plasma tail. Understanding the interaction of cometary plasma with the solar wind is a very important problem in space plasma physics. This study focuses on the detailed MHD processes which occur during DEs based on typical comets with ideal solar wind conditions, as well as different experiences of DEs triggered by different forms of heliospheric current sheet (HCS). The crossing process against a typical HCS, which is interpreted as various tangential discontinuities (TDs), is simulated. Tail rays and/or disconnected tails are formed in such simulations. With our line‐of‐sight integration results, we conclude that observers from different directions relative to the IMF plane will see two different types of DE image series. The magnetic reconnection that occurs in our results confirms previous publications from different models. With additional cases, our study also provides the limitation for such DEs to be triggered: the angle of magnetic field rotation across the TD should be within 90° to 270°. The effects of various intervals of multiple HCS crossings are explored to show that a 2‐h minimum interval is needed for consecutive multiple HCS to trigger a DE. In addition, such DEs caused by multiple HCS crossings have more tail rays and appear closer to observations than those resulted by single HCS crossings. In addition to presenting the first global DE time evolution with a well‐resolved contact‐surface, our results are compared morphologically with observational images. Quasi‐quantitative agreement with observational measurements is found by investigating the recession speed during the DE. Moreover, the importance of having a solar wind condition being able to trigger a frontside magnetic reconnection is found critical for such DEs to originate. The importance of a well‐resolved contact surface to this problem is discussed regarding to the mass loading effect. On the basis of our deductions and simulations, an empirical equation and data table to estimate the minimum upwind boundary distance is derived with respect to the shock distance, which is sensitive to the cometary production rate.
Diatom growth response to physical forcing in a macrotidal estuary: Coupling hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and biogeochemistry
Authors: Arndt S. , Vanderborght J.‐P. , Regnier P.
Published: May 2007

A two‐dimensional, nested grid, hydrodynamic, and reactive‐transport model of the macrotidal Scheldt estuary (B/NL) and its tributaries has been developed to identify the driving forces controlling the temporal and spatial dynamics of primary production during a summer diatom bloom. The hydrodynamic model indicates that energy dissipation reaches its maximum 90 km upstream from the mouth, closely followed by a minimum farther upstream. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) dynamics is simulated to provide the transient light conditions in the water column. Results show that the spatial distribution of SPM mirrors closely the profile of energy dissipation. The temporal SPM dynamics is highly sensitive to fluctuations in river discharge, whose influence decreases downstream. Peaks in SPM are triggered by high discharges and can be recorded as far as 50 km seaward of the upstream model boundary. Results from the phytoplankton model demonstrate the fast response of diatom growth to changes in the physical environment, especially those due to daily variations in river discharge which continuously modify the SPM concentrations and residence times. Episodes of persistent low flow conditions lead to a progressive depletion of dissolved silica. Simulated diatom growth becomes increasingly controlled by silica availability, until primary production collapses. The spatiotemporal evolution of primary production is explored over the entire domain of forcing conditions. The distribution of the daily maximum of net primary production and its location reveal that four different system states can be identified in the forcing planes. The transition from one state to the other characterizes the diatom growth response in the estuary.
Stratospheric aerosol retrieval with optical spectrograph and infrared imaging system limb scatter measurements
Authors: Bourassa A. E. , Degenstein D. A. , Gattinger R. L. , Llewellyn E. J.
Published: May 2007

An algorithm for the retrieval of global stratospheric aerosol profiles is presented using the optical spectrograph and infrared imaging system limb scatter measurements as an example data set. The retrieval utilizes a one‐dimensional version of the MART nonlinear relaxation inversion suitable for limb scatter. A height profile of the particle size distribution must be assumed in order to retrieve the aerosol number density. An altitude normalized wavelength ratio measurement vector is employed to minimize effects of upwelling radiation from ground albedo and uncertainties in the neutral density profile. Using a method of numerical perturbation, a formal error analysis is performed that shows that the dominant error term is the measurement noise. Comparison with stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment (SAGE) II and SAGE III coincident measurements of extinction shows agreement with the limb scatter retrievals to within 15% throughout the lower stratosphere for an appropriate choice of particle size distribution. The relatively high sampling resolution of the limb scatter technique makes this data set of interest for studying the dynamics of the stratosphere, stratosphere/troposphere exchange, and for extending the long history of the aerosol data record from the SAGE series of occultation measurements.
Structural, metamorphic, and geochronological constraints on alternating compression and extension in the Early Paleozoic Gondwanan Pacific margin, northeastern Australia
Authors: Fergusson C. L. , Henderson R. A. , Withnall I. W. , Fanning C. M. , Phillips D. , Lewthwaite K. J.
Published: May 2007

The Ross‐Delamerian orogenic belt formed along the early Paleozoic active Pacific margin of the newly merged Gondwana supercontinent. In its northernmost segment in the Townsville region of northeastern Australia, we have identified a short contractional phase of the Delamerian orogeny in the Argentine Metamorphics postdating formation of a mafic breccia with a U‐Pb zircon age of 500 ± 4 Ma. Contraction was followed by widespread inferred extensional deformation with formation of flat‐lying foliation, domal features, and amphibolite grade and greenschist retrograde metamorphism all synchronous with latest Cambrian to Early Ordovician extensional back‐arc volcanism, sedimentation, and intrusions. One of these intrusions gives a U‐Pb zircon age of 480 ± 4 Ma. Foliation related to the extensional deformation is crosscut by a late granodiorite dike with a U‐Pb zircon age of 461 ± 4 Ma. Late east‐west contractional deformation affected the higher‐grade part of the assemblage. In contrast to the Ross‐Delamerian orogenic belt in the Transantarctic Mountains and southeastern Australia, the orogenic belt in northeastern Australia was affected by a short episode of contraction at ∼495 Ma followed by long‐lived back‐arc extension from ∼490 Ma to 460 Ma with subsequent contractional deformation.
Two-fluid tearing instability in force-free magnetic configuration
Authors: Mirnov V. V. , Hegna C. C. , Prager S. C.
Published: May 2007

In general, the linear two-fluid tearing instabilities are driven by shear Alfvén (SA), compressional Alfvén (CA), and slow magnetoacoustic (MA) modes modified on short scales by two-fluid effects. Previous two-fluid theories were devoted to either the hot plasma case where coupling of the SA and the MA waves dominates, or to the cold plasma limit, β=0, where the instability is driven by the SA and the CA waves. Taking into account plasma compressibility and the Hall term, we derive general tearing equations that cover the two limiting cases and the transition between them. In particular, in the hot plasma case, equations are derived that depend on the factor β/(1+β) and span the validity of resistive to electron MHD. The important effect of resistive diffusion of the “out-of-plane” component of the magnetic field perturbation B∥(1) is also included. Two new solutions where this effect dominates are obtained within the scope of the hot plasma model. Whistler scaling γ∝Δ′2 is found for the collisionless tearing mode instead of the kinetic Alfvén scaling γ∝Δ′ at small Δ′. Previous calculations for coupling with the MA waves at large Δ′ did not take the diffusion of B∥(1) into account. The joint effect of these factors is presented in the work.
Effect of beam premodulation on gain and efficiency in a free electron laser
Authors: Beniwal Vivek , Sharma Suresh C. , Sharma M. K.
Published: May 2007

Beam premodulation on free electron laser (FEL) offers considerable enhancement in gain and efficiency when the phase of the premodulated beam is −π/2 (i.e., when the premodulated beam is in the decelerating zone) and the beam is highly modulated implying the maximum beam oscillatory velocity due to wiggler. The growth rate of the FEL instability increases with the modulation index and reaches maximum when the modulation index Δ∼1.0, and when the frequency and wave number of the modulation are comparable to that of the radiation wave ω0∼ω1, k0∼k1, i.e., when the phase velocity of the radiation is comparable to the premodulated beam velocity. The trends of our gain versus frequency plot seem to be consistent with the experimental observations of Cohen et al. The growth rate of the FEL instability scales as one-third power of the beam density in Compton regime and one-fourth power in the Raman regime. The frequency of radiation increases with the beam energy. In the present calculation, beam energy fluctuation is negligible. Numerical calculations of the growth rate, efficiency, and gain have been carried out for the parameters of the experiment of Cohen et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3812 (1995); Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 358, 82 (1995)].
Dynamic simulation of electromigration in polycrystalline interconnect thin film using combined Monte Carlo algorithm and finite element modeling
Authors: Li Wei , Tan Cher Ming , Hou Yuejin
Published: May 2007

Electromigration (EM) is a major failure mechanism in ultralarge-scale integration interconnections. Various atomic migration mechanisms due to the electron wind force, temperature gradients, and thermomechanical stress gradients are involved during an EM failure process. In this study, a methodology that combines a Monte Carlo algorithm and finite element analysis is developed to study the underlying dynamic physical processes of EM, including void nucleation and void growth. The microstructure inhomogeneity of an interconnect thin film and the different atomic diffusivities along various diffusion paths in interconnections are also considered in this three-dimensional dynamic simulation.
Fabrication of porous alumina on quartz crystal microbalances
Authors: Lazarowich R. J. , Taborek P. , Yoo B.-Y. , Myung N. V.
Published: May 2007

Nanoporous alumina structures were fabricated on quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) by electrochemically anodizing aluminum electrodes which had a typical thickness of 13μm. By varying the temperature and voltage of anodization, the diameter of the cylindrical pores could be controlled in the range of 12–40nm. Properties of the porous films were determined from scanning electron microscopy images and by analyzing isotherms of nitrogen, propane, and water. The isotherms showed signatures of capillary condensation and hysteresis. The mass sensitivity of the QCMs with porous alumina electrodes was increased by a factor of up to 120 compared to conventional QCMs with flat electrodes. Measurements at atmospheric pressure and room temperature in which the relative humidity was varied showed that QCMs with porous alumina electrodes are very sensitive to the partial pressure of water, and can be used as humidity sensors.
Neutron diffraction study of the polarization reversal mechanism in [111]c-oriented Pb(Zn1∕3Nb2∕3)O3−xPbTiO3
Authors: Daniels John E. , Finlayson Trevor R. , Davis Matthew , Damjanovic Dragan , Studer Andrew J. , Hoffman Mark , Jones Jacob L.
Published: May 2007

The polarization reversal mechanism in [111]c-oriented Pb(Zn1∕3Nb2∕3)O3−xPbTiO3 has been investigated by in-situ neutron diffraction. Stepwise static-field measurements of the (222)c rocking curves confirm a two-stage polarization reversal mechanism via a sequence of non-180° domain reorientations. The time-resolved response has also been measured upon application of a bipolar square wave with a 30 s period to observe directly the relaxation times of diffracted neutron intensity during the reversal process. Upon application of a large antipolar field, the diffraction intensity increases quickly, before relaxing over a longer time period with an exponential decay constant, τ, of approximately 5.7 s. These large time constants correlate with a frequency dependence of the macroscopic strain-field response.
Charge transport in MDMO-PPV:PCNEPV all-polymer solar cells
Authors: Mandoc M. Magdalena , Veurman Welmoed , Koster L. Jan Anton , Koetse Marc M. , Sweelssen Jorgen , de Boer Bert , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: May 2007

Charge transport properties are investigated of blends of poly [2-methoxy-5-(3′, 7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MDMO-PPV) and poly-[oxa-1,4-phenylene-(1-cyano-1,2-vinylene)-(2-methoxy-5-(3′, 7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene)-1,2-(2-cyanovinylene)-1,4-phenylene] (PCNEPV). The hole transport in the MDMO-PPV donor phase of the 1:1 weight ratio blend is trap-free space-charge limited, with a mobility identical to the pristine polymer. The electron current in the PCNEPV acceptor phase is strongly reduced by traps that are exponentially distributed in energy. The current in MDMO-PPV:PCNEPV bulk heterojunction solar cells is therefore unbalanced and dominated by the holes in the MDMO-PPV phase.
Epitaxial film growth, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of layered oxide In3FeTi2O10
Authors: Ogo Youichi , Yanagi Hiroshi , Kamiya Toshio , Nomura Kenji , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo
Published: May 2007

In Fe 1 − x Ti x O 3 + x ∕ 2  (0.5⩽x⩽0.75) has an interesting crystal structure for a magnetic semiconductor because it is composed of In–O layers and (Fe,Ti)–O layers in which the former may work as the electron transport layers, while the latter may work as the magnetic layers. Herein we report epitaxial film growth of InFe0.33Ti0.67O3.33 (IFTO) using pulsed laser deposition and post-annealing. High-quality epitaxial IFTO films with an atomically flat terrace-and-step structure are fabricated on (0001) sapphire substrates. IFTO is an indirect transition-type semiconductor with an optical band gap of ∼2.9eV. The room-temperature electrical conductivity is less than 10−8Scm−1. Carrier doping by aliovalent ion addition, hydrogen reduction, and so on did not generate more free carriers, which may be due to the localized nature of the unoccupied states in IFTO. The Fe ions have the high-spin configuration of Fe3+ and an antiferromagnetic interaction is observed between the Fe3+ ions. A spin-glass state is observed at ⩽5K.
A simple and efficient evolution operator for time-dependent Hamiltonians: the Taylor expansion
Authors: Lauvergnat David , Blasco Sophie , Chapuisat Xavier , Nauts André
Published: May 2007

No compact expression of the evolution operator is known when the Hamiltonian operator is time dependent, like when Hamiltonian operators describe, in a semiclassical limit, the interaction of a molecule with an electric field. It is well known that Magnus [N. Magnus, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 7, 649 (1954)] has derived a formal expression where the evolution operator is expressed as an exponential of an operator defined as a series. In spite of its formal simplicity, it turns out to be difficult to use at high orders. For numerical purposes, approximate methods such as “Runge-Kutta” or “split operator” are often used usually, however, to a small order (<5), so that only small time steps, about one-tenth or one-hundredth of the field cycle, are acceptable. Moreover, concerning the latter method, split operator, it is only very efficient when a diagonal representation of the kinetic energy operator is known. The Taylor expansion of the evolution operator or the wave function about the initial time provides an alternative approach, which is very simple to implement and, unlike split operator, without restrictions on the Hamiltonian. In addition, relatively large time steps (up to the field cycle) can be used. A two-level model and a propagation of a Gaussian wave packet in a harmonic potential illustrate the efficiency of the Taylor expansion. Finally, the calculation of the time-averaged absorbed energy in fluoroproprene provides a realistic application of our method.
Effects of annealing on the electrical and interfacial properties of amorphous lanthanum scandate high-κ films prepared by molecular beam deposition
Authors: Lopes J. M. J. , Littmark U. , Roeckerath M. , Lenk St. , Schubert J. , Mantl S. , Besmehn A.
Published: May 2007

Amorphous LaScO3 thin films were grown on (100) Si by molecular beam deposition and the effects of postdeposition thermal treatments on the film properties were studied after anneals in O2 or inert Ar atmosphere at 400 or 650 °C. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to investigate the samples. Capacitance-voltage and current-voltage measurements allowed their electrical characterization. Postdeposition annealing in O2 reduces hysteresis, flatband voltage, and also leakage current density. In contrast, films treated in Ar ambient revealed a different behavior. The observations were associated with the interface evolution as studied by XPS, which verify that an O2 atmosphere favors the formation of a SiO2-rich interface between the film and the Si substrate, while a La-Sc-silicate-like compound predominates in this region after treating the samples in Ar. Additionally, postdeposition annealing results in an improvement of the dielectric constant up to 33, which is higher than that previously determined for LaScO3 or other amorphous alternative high-κ oxide films deposited by various techniques.
New multichannel electron energy analyzer with cylindrically symmetrical electrostatic field
Authors: Cizmar P. , Müllerová I. , Jacka M. , Pratt A.
Published: May 2007

This article discusses an electron energy analyzer with a cylindrically symmetrical electrostatic field, designed for rapid Auger analysis. The device was designed and built. The best parameters of the analyzer were estimated and then experimentally verified.
Proposal and analysis of a silica fiber with large and thermodynamically stable second order nonlinearity
Authors: Xu Yong , Wang Anbo , Heflin James R. , Liu Zhiwen
Published: May 2007

The authors propose a general approach that can produce a silica fiber with large and thermodynamically stable second order nonlinearity. They estimate that it is possible to achieve second harmonic generation efficiency of more than 10% in such a nonlinear fiber with a length of a few hundred microns. By maintaining a high degree of spatial symmetry, the proposed nonlinear fiber can naturally generate polarization entangled photon pairs, a physical object of enormous significance for quantum information technology.
Polarization of edge emission from III-nitride light emitting diodes of emission wavelength from 395to455nm
Authors: Jia Chuanyu , Yu Tongjun , Mu Sen , Pan Yaobo , Yang Zhijian , Chen Zhizhong , Qin Zhixin , Zhang Guoyi
Published: May 2007

Polarization-resolved edge-emitting electroluminescence of InGaN∕GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) light emitting diodes (LEDs) from 395to455nm was measured. Polarization ratio decreased from 3.2 of near-ultraviolet LEDs (395nm) to 1.9 of blue LEDs (455nm). Based on TE mode dominant emissions in InGaN∕GaN MQWs, compressive strain in well region favors TE mode, indium induced quantum-dot-like behavior leads to an increased TM component. As wavelength increased, indium enhanced quantum-dot-like behavior became obvious and E‖C electroluminescence signal increased thus lower polarization ratio. Electroluminescence spectrum shifts confirmed that quantum dotlike behaviors rather than strain might be dominant in modifying luminescence mode of InGaN∕GaN MQWs from near ultraviolet to blue.
Nitride mediated epitaxy of CoSi2 through self-interlayer-formation of plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition Co
Authors: Lee Han-Bo-Ram , Son J. Y. , Kim H.
Published: May 2007

The silicide formation by annealing plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) Co and physical vapor deposition (PVD) Co was comparatively studied. Very pure Co films were deposited by PE-ALD with CoCp2 and NH3 plasma. However, various analyses have shown that amorphous SiNx interlayer was formed between PE-ALD Co and Si due to the NH3 plasma exposure in contrast with PVD Co. Due to the nitride interlayer, CoSi2 was epitaxially grown from PE-ALD Co by rapid thermal annealing through nitride mediated epitaxy. This process scheme is expected to provide a simple route for contact formation in future nanoscale devices.
Strong charge trapping and bistable electrowetting on nanocomposite fluoropolymer:BaTiO3 dielectrics
Authors: Kilaru M. K. , Heikenfeld J. , Lin G. , Mark J. E.
Published: May 2007

Strong charge trapping and bistable electrowetting on nanocomposite fluoropolymer:BaTiO3 dielectrics are reported. Thin nanocomposite dielectrics were spin casted from BaTiO3 nanopowder dispersed in a fluoropolymer/fluorosolvent solution. Electrowetting contact angle versus voltage and capacitance measurements confirm a severalfold increase in film dielectric constant with increasing BaTiO3 content. Bistable electrowetting was observed as droplets retained a decreased contact angle at 0V but would dewet the surface by briefly applying a reverse polarity voltage. Strong charge trapping in the nanocomposite was confirmed by charge-voltage hysteresis. These results could prove important for low-power applications such as bistable displays and electronic paper.
Complete set of elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constants of orthorhombic 0.71Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.29PbTiO3 single crystal
Authors: Wang Feifei , Luo Laihui , Zhou Dan , Zhao Xiangyong , Luo Haosu
Published: May 2007

In order to better utilize the superior transverse piezoelectric properties of [011] poled (1−x)Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–xPbTiO3 single crystals with the composition near the morphotropic phase boundary, a complete set of elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constants of [011] poled 0.71Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.29PbTiO3 single crystal was measured by ultrasonic and resonance methods at room temperature. The electromechanical coupling coefficient k32 and transverse piezoelectric constant d32 can reach 0.94 and −1883pC∕N, respectively. This complete set of material properties will provide convenience for device designs and fundamental theoretical studies.
Musical intervals in speech
Authors: Ross Deborah , Choi Jonathan , Purves Dale
Published: May 2007

Throughout history and across cultures, humans have created music using pitch intervals that divide octaves into the 12 tones of the chromatic scale. Why these specific intervals in music are preferred, however, is not known. In the present study, we analyzed a database of individually spoken English vowel phones to examine the hypothesis that musical intervals arise from the relationships of the formants in speech spectra that determine the perceptions of distinct vowels. Expressed as ratios, the frequency relationships of the first two formants in vowel phones represent all 12 intervals of the chromatic scale. Were the formants to fall outside the ranges found in the human voice, their relationships would generate either a less complete or a more dilute representation of these specific intervals. These results imply that human preference for the intervals of the chromatic scale arises from experience with the way speech formants modulate laryngeal harmonics to create different phonemes.
Smart Growth and Development Reality: The Difficult Co-ordination of Land Use and Transport Objectives
Authors: Filion Pierre , McSpurren Kathleen
Published: May 2007

A supportive distribution of residential density is perceived to be an essential component of strategies aimed at increasing the use of public transit. To alter substantially land use-transport dynamics in a fashion that favours public transit patronage, residential density policies must be deployed over long periods and unfold at local and metropolitan levels simultaneously. The article narrates policies that attempted, since the late 1950s, a juxtaposition of high residential density and quality public transit services in the Toronto metropolitan region. Findings highlight the difficulties of pursuing such policies due to the power of neighbourhood-based interests, disagreement among jurisdictions within the metropolitan region and changes in priorities and intervention capacity. The article ends with proposals that seek to enhance the possibility of transforming the structure and dynamics of cities in ways that are compatible with smart growth principles.
Possible Application of Human c-Ha-ras Proto-Oncogene Transgenic Rats in a Medium-Term Bioassay Model for Carcinogens
Authors: Ohnishi Takamasa , Fukamachi Katsumi , Ohshima Yutaka , Jiegou Xu , Ueda Shinobu , Iigo Masaaki , Takasuka Nobuo , Naito Akihiro , Fujita Ken-ichi , Matsuoka Yoichiro , Izumi Keisuke , Tsuda Hiroyuki
Published: May 2007

With the aim of developing a medium-term assay for screening of environmental carcinogens, we exposed mammary carcinogen sensitive human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic (Hras128) rats to various carcinogens, including compounds that do not normally induce mammary tumors. Seven-week-old Hras128 rats and wild-type littermates received administrations of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), anthracene, pyrene, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or azoxymethane (AOM) and were sacrificed at week 12 (females) (at week 10 for the 3-MC group) or week 20 (males). Female Hras128 rats receiving NNK, DEN, or DMA showed a significant increase in mammary tumor incidence and/or multiplicity compared to the respective values with olive oil or deionized distilled water (DDW) vehicles. In male Hras128 rats, a significant increase in mammary tumors was also observed in groups administered 3-MC, B[a]P, anthracene, IQ, and NNK. Mutations of transgenes were observed in codons 12 and/or 61 in the induced tumors by PCR-RFLP except in the DEN group in female and in the MeIQx group in male Hras128 rats. Thus various carcinogens, not necessarily limited to those normally targeting the breast, were found to induce mammary carcinomas in Hras128 rats, especially in females, pointing to potential use for medium-term screening.
On the basis of belief in causal and diagnostic conditionals
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. , Handley Simon J. , Hadjchristidis Constantinos , Thompson Valerie , Over David E. , Bennett Stephanie
Published: May 2007

According to the suppositional theory of conditionals, people assess their belief in a conditional statement of the form “if p then q” by conducting a mental simulation on the supposition of p in which they assess their degree of belief in q. This leads to them to the judge the probability of a conditional statement to be equal to the conditional probability, P(q|p). Evidence for this conditional probability hypothesis has been adduced in earlier studies for abstract, causal, and counterfactual conditionals. For the realistic conditionals, it is natural to assume that people perform such mental simulations by building causal mental models from prior causes to later effects. However, in the present study we show that the conditional probability hypothesis extends to diagnostic conditionals, which relate effects to causes. This new finding presents a major challenge for theoretical accounts of the mental processing of conditional statements.