bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health-Promoting Behaviors and Self-efficacy of Health Behaviors in Ischemic Stroke Patients, Rafsanjan, 2019
Authors: Agha Mohammad Hasani Parvin , Vakilian Alireza , Vazirinejad Reza , Ahmadinezhad Hoornesa
Published: April 2023

Background: In recent decades, non-communicable diseases have been increasing for various reasons. This study aimed to evaluate health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) and self-efficacy of health behaviors (SHEBs) in patients with ischemic stroke admitted to the neurology ward. Methods: The statistical population of this cross-sectional descriptive study included all patients with ischemic stroke during the first six months of 2019. The participants completed a demographic checklist, SHEBs questionnaire, and HPBs questionnaire. Independent t-tests, analysis of variance, and correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Results: Data analysis showed that interpersonal support and stress scores were higher in men, and scores of taking responsibility, exercise, and HPBs were higher in non-natives. Stress score was higher in smokers, drug users, and people with primary education (P<0.05). Also, the physical self-efficacy of men and all dimensions of SHEBs of non-natives were higher compared to other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: There are apparent differences in HPBs and self-efficacy among stroke patients regarding gender, nativity, smoking, and substance use that should be considered to help them improve their HPBs and health self-efficacy.
The Effect of Melissa officinalis Hydro Alcoholic Extract on Liver Enzymes, Markers of Kidney Function and Testosterone in Lead Poisoned Rats
Authors: Eivani Mehdi , Zareian Parvin , Ghahari Laya , Dadpay Masoomeh , Shojaee Sajad
Published: April 2023

Background: Lead, one of the most important environmental pollutants, can induce a broad range of physiological dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of the Melissa officinalis plant extract on biomarkers of liver and kidney function as well as serum testosterone concentration in lead-exposed male rats. Methods: We used 40 Wistar rats and divided them into 5 groups. The control group received saline (1 mL/kg) by gastric gavage and 30 minutes later received saline (1 mL/kg) through i.p injection. The lead group received saline (1 mL/kg) by gastric gavage and 30 minutes later received i.p injection of lead acetate (20 mg/kg). The treatment groups received different doses of M. officinalis alcoholic extract (20, 100, and 500 mg/kg, respectively) by gastric gavage and 30 min later received i.p injection of lead acetate (20 mg/kg). The rats were treated for 5 days and then twenty -four hours after the last injection, blood samples were collected for the measurement of urea, creatinine, uric acid, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and testosterone. Data analysis was performed through SPSS (version 16). Results: Melissa extract (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced liver enzymes and kidney function markers when compared to the lead group. Treatment with Melissa extract (100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) significantly increased serum testosterone concentration compared to the lead group. Conclusion: The biochemical results of this study showed that M. officinalis may be beneficial in lead-induced liver and kidney dysfunction.
The Effect of Controlled Diabetic and Non-diabetic Saliva on Candida albicans Adherence to Heat Polymerized Acrylic Resin Discs
Authors: Hajisadeghi Samira , Fateh Roohollah , Jangjoo Arash , Behrouzirad Atie
Published: April 2023

Background: Oral candidiasis is one of the most common infections in diabetic patients that may occur due to a decrease in salivary flow rate, alterations in the salivary composition, or both. This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetic and non-diabetic saliva on Candida albicans adherence to the acrylic resin disc specimens, regardless of saliva volume. Methods: In this case-control study, the population consisted of 26 subjects in 2 groups (13 diabetic patients and 13 non-diabetic patients). In both groups, unstimulated whole saliva was collected. It was investigated for pH, salivary flow rate, and adhesion of C. albicans to polymethylmethacrylate disc. After preparing the polymethylmethacrylate discs, the samples were stored in diabetic saliva, non-diabetic saliva, and distilled water (negative control group) for 60 minutes at 37ºC. Then they were immersed in the yeast suspensions containing C. albicans and stained with gram stain. Yeast cells were counted using a light microscope. Results: The pH of unstimulated whole saliva in diabetic patients was significantly lower than in the control group. There was no significant difference between the flow rates of saliva in the two groups. Findings indicated that the adhesion of C. albicans to resin in diabetic saliva was higher than in non-diabetic saliva. Conclusion: This study showed the same amount of salivary flow rate in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals, lower pH, and higher Candida adherence to heat polymerization acrylic resin in the diabetic group.
Fire; Purple
Authors: Dinh Eli , None Arli
Published: April 2023

These poems were submitted through connections with Eli Dinh (they/them), founder of Galaxy Kids, a group for young people (4–12) about gender, gender identity, and the various ways humans can connect and be in relationship and/or community. Eli approaches their work through their own lived experience as a trans and nonbinary person working in early childhood education. Galaxy Kids invites children to be their authentic selves, offering a place where there's a shared understanding of the nuances of gender. Sessions are facilitated using a child-centered approach that's necessarily play-based, engaging, and incorporates the arts. Galaxy Community Circle is an organization that prioritizes the perspectives of children, and Arli's (pronouns: ze/zir, age 12) is one such perspective.
Colombia. Ley General de Educación.
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Artículo 1.- Objeto de la Ley

La educación es un proceso de formación permanente, personal, cultural y social que se fundamenta en una concepción integral de la persona humana, de su dignidad, de sus derechos y de sus deberes.

La presente Ley señala las normas generales para regular el Servicio Público de la Educación que cumple una función social acorde con las necesidades e intereses de las personas, de la familia y de la sociedad. Se fundamenta en los principios de la Constitución Política sobre el derecho a la educación que tiene toda persona, en las libertades de enseñanza, aprendizaje, investigación y cátedra y en su carácter de servicio público.
COMPARISON OF THE BLUP PREDICTION ORDER AND THE RESPONSE TO SELECTION IN RABBITS WHEN THE EFFECT YEAR-SEASON IS CONSIDERED TO BE EITHER FIXED OR RANDOM
Authors: Fernández E.N. , Abbiati N.N. , Rovegno M.S. , Gonzalez C.P. , Martínez R.D.
Published: April 2023

In close reproductive lines of rabbits reared in discrete generations, there is a strong association between the year-season (AE) and the levels of consanguinity (F). Previous studies have shown that when AE and F were considered as fixed effects in a model, the heritability and the genetic tendency were overestimated. The objective of this work was to investigate the consequences of considering AE as either a fixed (M1) or random (M2) effect on the selection of animals. A total of 15,671 records corresponding to the number of rabbits weaned in line A, from the Department of Animal Science of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, were used. The comparison of models was based on the rankings of the estimated additive genetic values in each generation and the expected response to the selection. Six scenarios were proposed, varying in selection intensities. In each one, the Spearman correlation was estimated and the percentage of discordance (D) between the animals chosen for M2 but not for M1 was calculated. The response to selection for the animals chosen by either M1 or M2, was estimated as the slope of the regression line between the means of the genetic values predicted by M2 through generations. As the selection pressure decreased, the Spearman correlations increased, decreasing the D. However, at the generation level, both estimators did not always maintain that relationship. The estimated responses to selection were similar when the selection was based on estimated breeding values obtained by using either M1 or M2. Therefore, no differences are expected between both models with respect to selection.

Key words: mixed models, Spearman’s correlation, genetic trend, rabbits
Is There an Increased Risk of Intra-Abdominal Abscesses After Laparoscopic Appendectomy? Laparoscopic Versus Open Appendectomy: A Single-Institution Experience
Authors: Almuhaisen Mays Ziad , Orhan Alimoglu , RM Ayoub , Raad Hassan Alsunna , Faisal Qudah, , MS Elmuhtaseb
Published: April 2023

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen. Currently, larger numbers of appendectomies are being performed laparoscopically. The aim of this study was to compare laparoscopic appendectomies to open surgery in terms of intra- and post-operative complications, including the risk of intra-abdominal abscess formation, operative time, time of initiating oral diet, and the length of hospital stay in our institution.

Methods: The study group of 283 patients having undergone appendectomies between January 2013 and Jan 2016 was divided into two subgroups as ‘open’ and ‘laparoscopic’. The data regarding the surgical outcomes of these groups were evaluated retrospectively and statistically analyzed.

Results: In terms of postoperative complications, intra-abdominal abscesses were found to be higher in the laparoscopic group (p=.045). On the other hand, surgical site infection (SSI) rates were found to be higher in the open group (but did not reach statistical significance). Operative time was affected by the surgeon’s expertise and was found to be shorter in the laparoscopic group (p<0.05). The time of initiating oral diet was sooner in the laparoscopic group compared to the open group (p=0.043), and the overall length of hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopic group (p=0.0001).

Conclusions: Laparoscopic appendectomy is associated with early return to a normal diet, fewer wound complications, and a shorter hospital stay, but also with a slightly higher rate of intra-abdominal abscesses. Notably, it is now the standard method of acute appendicitis management in some centers.
The Association of Male Pattern Baldness in Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Al Edwan Ghazi , Abufaraj Mohammad , Al-Omari Mohammad , Alemraryat Tariq , Alnawaeseh Hasan , Khamaiseh Faris , Abuelbeh Ibrahim , Sahouri Jamel , Hamdan Omar
Published: April 2023

Aim: To evaluate the association between male pattern baldness (MPB) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Methodology: Cohort study, data collected by co-authors. All extracted data were input to Excel sheets and further imported into STATA version 14. The study’s results were reported in the form of descriptive statistics.

Results: This study found no significant associations between MPB and BPH. Nonetheless, the study demonstrated that patients with increased baldness severity have higher rates of diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity.

Conclusion: There is no association between MPB and BPH.
Unique Combination of Junctional Level Injuries to the Spine
Authors: Issa Khalil , Gurr Kevin , Bailey Stewart , Bailey Christopher
Published: April 2023

Key Words: junctional level, spine injuries, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, burst, fracture
dislocation.
The Poetic Image in the Poetry of Al Qudsiyyat in 583 Hijra
Authors: Al-Tamimi Hussam
Published: April 2023

تتناول هذه الدراسة موضوع الصورة الشعرية في شعر القدسيات زمن الفتح 583هـ انطلاقا من مفهوم الصورة الشعرية في النقد الأدبي الحديث مع بيان دور فنون البيان في نسج الصورة الشعرية وتشكيلها في شعر هذه الفترة. وكشفت الدراسة عن أنواع الصورة الشعرية في شعر القدسيات، وجاءت في ثلاثة أنماط: الصورة النقلية، والصورة العقلية، والصورة الإيحائية، وبينت سمات الصورة الشعرية وأهمها: توظيف المكان في نسيج الصورة، والاهتمام بعنصر الحركة، وتكاتف الصور الجزئية لتشكيل الصورة الكلية، والاستعانة بعنصر المقابلة في بناء الصورة. وكشفت عن مصادر الصورة الشعرية في زمن الفتح، وأهمها: الواقع الذي عاشه شعراء الفتح بكل أبعاده، والقرآن الكريم والموروث الأدبي.
Misconceptions/ Widespread Realizations by the Students of Physical Education College at UNRWA in Jordan
Authors: Al-Hadidi Mahmud
Published: April 2023

This study aims at exploring some common misconceptions in physical education of the students of educational sciences at UNRWA in Jordan. It also aims at figuring out the differences in these conceptions according to the gender variable, physical practice kind of students and field of specialization. The researcher used the descriptive method in this study. The sample population consisted of 283 students who were chosen through the stratified approach. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for collecting the data. The findings of the study revealed that out of 35 conceptions there are 23 misconcepts which ammount to 65.7%. The results also revealed that there were no differences according to the gender variable, the physical practice, type p students, but there were differences regarding the field of specialization variable in favour of the teacher of Islamic studies and Arablic Language

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف إلى المدركات الخاطئة الشائعة في التربية الرياضية لطلبة العلوم التربوية لوكالة الغوث في الأردن، كذلك التعرف إلى الفروق في هذه المدركات تبعاً لمتغير الجنس، والممارسة الرياضية، ونوع الطلبة، والتخصص العلمي. وتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي، واختيرت عينة الدراسة بالطريقة العمدية الطبقية حيث بلغ عددها (283) طالبا وطالبة، وكانت الاستبانة أداة لجمع البيانات. وقد أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن هناك العديد من المدركات الخاطئة نحو التربية الرياضية حيث بلغ عددها (32) مدركاً خاطئاً من أصل (35) مدركاً وبنسبة مئوية (65.7%). كما أشارت النتائج إلى عدم وجود فورق تبعاً لمتغير الجنس، والممارسة الرياضية، ونوع الطلبة، وإلى وجود فروق تبعاً لمتغير التخصص العلمي، ولصالح معلم الصف عن الدراسات الإسلامية واللغة العربية.
Echo of Ushtar in Jahili Poetry
Authors: a-Deek Ihsan
Published: April 2023

This paper tackles the Big Mother, Ushtar, and her embodiment in old thinking and Arab imagination in the form of a flower and al-Uiza. The paper has monitored her white face in Jahili poetry at a time when it was fertile land for sex and entertainment. At another time, her face was black and a godess of war, death and destruction. The researcher relied on ancient inscriptions and old texts and compared them with what classical Arabic has preserved of them. In so doing, Arabic has safeguarded noble heritage. Poetry texts were evidence of this. The researcher also offered an interpretation of poetic images, tribal Jahili rituals which nurtured their roots. He also deep rooted the most precious of Jahili values and ideals; woman, wine, Knighthood, and linked them with their religious origins associated with the Big Mother. The woman became a symbol for the flower as she was a symbol for the sun. This clearly shows the difference in between the religion of the South Arabs and that of the North Arabs and their overlapping later on, which was supported by historical studies.
The Palestinian Popular Resistance against the Crusaders 1099-1187 A.D/492-583-H
Authors: Al-Bishawy Said
Published: April 2023

The research deals with the popular Palestinian Resistance against the Crusaders. And explained how it was inside towns during the siege. It also referred to it outside these towns and how Palestinians formed armed groups that ambushed the invading Frances. It also talked about people’s resistance that supported the Moslem forces that came to fight the invaders. It also talked about individual’s resistance as well as the clerics’ and sheikhs; role in fighting the Crusaders. A conclusion is also appended.

تعالج هذه الدراسة موضوع المقاومة الشعبية الفلسطينية ضد الفرنجة الصليبيين، وقد تطرق فيه الباحث للحديث عن المقاومة الشعبية الفلسطينية داخل المدن أثناء حصار الفرنجة للمدن الفلسطينية، كما تحدث عن المقاومة الشعبية خارج نطاق المدن وبيّن أن الفلسطينيين شكلوا مجموعات مسلحة تعمل على نصب الكمائن والمصائد للقوات الفرنجية الصليبية، وفضلاً عن ذلك أشار الباحث إلى المقاومة الشعبية الجماعية التي كانت تساند القوات الإسلامية التي تدخل فلسطين لمحاربة الغزاة، كما أشار إلى نوع من المقاومة الفردية التي كان يقوم بها أفراد ضد بعض الجنود والفرسان الصليبيين، وعالج الباحث دور علماء وفقهاء فلسطين في محاربة الفرنجة الصليبيين والإجراءات التي اتخذها الفرنجة الصليبيون ضد هؤلاء العلماء، وقد ذُيل البحث بخاتمة اشتملت على أهم النتائج التي خرج بها الباحث من خلال الدراسة.
Population Distribution in the Northern Part of the West Bank
Authors: Yousef Husein A. , R.Ghodieh Ahmed
Published: April 2023

The crude density of the northern part of the West Bank according to the 1997 census was 321.6 persons/Km2. This density varies from one district to another, while it is the lowest in Tubas District, it was the highest in Tulkarem District. Measures of population concentration show that there is a kind of regularity of population distribution in the northern part of the West Bank. Many physical, human, and economic factors affected the population distribution in the study area. 31 variables that may affect the shape of the population distribution were considered in this study. By using stepwise regression, the factors of: local topography, number of artesian wells, area cultivated with fruit tress (including olive tress), percentage of urban population and the annual average of rainfall explained most of the differences in the population distribution in the study area.

بلغت الكثافة السكانية الخام (الحسابية) في منطقة شمالي الضفة الغربية نحو 321.6 نسمة/كم2. تفأوتت من محافظة إلى أخرى، فكان أقلها في منطقة طوباس وأعلاها في محافظة طولكرم. وظهر أن هناك نوعا من الانتظام في التوزيع الجغرافي حسب مقاييس التركز السكاني المختلفة. لقد أثر في هذا التوزيع مجموعة من العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية والاقتصادية، حيث تم دراسة 31 متغيرا قد تؤثر في شكل التوزيع الجغرافي للسكان. ومن خلال تطبيق معادلة الانحدار المتعدد، تبين أن متغيرات: التضرس المحلي، وعدد الآبار الارتوازية، ومساحة الأرض المزروعة بالأشجار المثمرة، ونسبة السكان الحضريين، والمعدل السنوي لسقوط الأمطار، كان لها الدور الأكبر في تشكيل الصورة النهائية للتوزيع المكاني للسكان في هذه المنطقة
The Palestinian Judiciary Independence Obstacles (Between 1994-1998)
Authors: Al-Khalidi Ahmad
Published: April 2023

We studied judiciary independence through elements of judgement independence and guaranties, by analyzing the judiciary independence obstacles. This study shows a mechanism to achieve such independence through several elements. Firstly, the independence of al-qadaa is toward the legislative authourity and confronting the executive authority, the public opinion and journalism. Secondly, judgement independence of the judge himself / herself has also been targetted. Hiad al-qadi and his / her vituousness to the judgement independence should be guaranteed.

يركز هذا البحث على دراسة استقلال القضاء من خلال معرفة العوامل المؤثرة والضمانات اللازم توفرها لاستقلالية القضاء، وذلك بتحليل معوقات استقلاليته. وتوضح هذه الدراسة آلية تحقيق الاستقلالية للقضاة والسلطة القضائيه، من خلال تحقيق خطوات عدة. أولها – تحقيق استقلال السلطة القضائية في مواجهة السلطة التشريعية والسلطة التنفيذية في الدستور نفسه بحيث تعامل السلطة القضائية في الدستور مثلهما. وثانياً تحقيق استقلال القضاء في مواجهة الرأي العام والصحافة. وثالثها: تحقيق استقلال القضاء عن طريق استقلال القاضي في مواجهة نفسه بضمان حيادة وحريته ونزاهته في احكامه.
The Level of Disclosure in Financial Statement of Banks And Similar Companies in Jordan - An Empirical Study
Authors: Khasharmeh Huseen
Published: April 2023

The objective of this study is to measure the level of disclosure in the published financial reports of Jordanian Mergers Company. An index of this criteria was summarized in the form of items which ought to be disclosed. A survey of thirty-two published Jordanian consolidated reports were undertaken. Then the sample reports were analysed to measure the level of disclosure as compared with the items in the index. The study shows the following: 1. The agreement of the respondents regarding the importance of applying the IAS No. 30. 2. There are some difficulties that retard the implementation of the IAS No. 30 in Jordan such as the inefficient of training employees and updating of accounting basis so as to suit Jordanian environment. The researcher suggests the following: 1. The necessity to adjust some items of the IAS No. 30 to suit local laws and legislation. 2. The necessity to use new developed systems to reflect international development. 3. The need to do more research and studies about the application of the international accounting standards in Jordanian companies.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى قياس مستوى الإفصاح في البيانات المالية للبنوك والشركات المالية المشابهة المندمجة في الأردن. وقد تم تلخيص متطلبات المعيار المحاسبي الدولي رقم 30 إلى بنود، قسمت إلى أجزاء رئيسة، الأول تضمن متطلبات المعيار الخاصة بقائمة للدخل والأرباح والخسائر، والثاني تضمن متطلبات المعيار الخاصة بالميزانية العمومية. ولتحقيق أهداف هذه الدراسة فقد تم تصميم استبانة وزعت على عينة الدراسة التي شملت المديرين الماليين ومديري التدقيق الداخلي في البنوك والشركات المندمجة. وقد خلصت الدراسة الى النتائج التالية: 1. اتفاق آراء المجيبين حول أهمية تطبيق معيار المحاسبة الدولي رقم (30). 2. اعتبرت متطلبات المعيار المحاسبي الدولي مهمة جداً من وجهة نظر عينة الدراسة الممثلة للشركات المندمجة في المملكة. 3. بينت الدراسة أيضاً أن هناك بعض المعوقات التي تعترض تطبيق المعيار بدقة شملت القصور في تدريب الموظفين، وتحديث أسس العمل المحاسبي بما يتلاءم مع تطبيق المعيار المحاسبي الدولي رقم 30. وقد اقترح الباحث التوصيات التالية: 1. تعديل بعض بنود المعيار المحاسبي الدولي رقم (30) ليتلاءم مع القوانين والتشريعات السارية وبما يخدم المجتمع المحلي. 2. إدخال أنظمة آلية متطورة ضمن المؤسسات المالية لمواكبة التطورات. 3. إجراء المزيد من الدراسات حول تطبيق المعايير الدولية الأخرى في المؤسسات المالية الأردنية.
The Cynical Image in War Poetry with the Poets of the Zankia and Ayyoubean States
Authors: Libdi Nizar
Published: April 2023

This study examined patterns of the ironic pictures of the defeated enemy during the crusades. The researcher found, through reviewing these pictures, that poets followed various methods to shape-up these pictures. Perhaps the most vivid ones those building the picture upon the contradictions and outlining the antonyms, such as hope and frustration. This was also conducted by drawing natural views in inverted pictures or eccentric pictures that elicit laughter. In their building to the ironic pictures, poets may have relied on “hunting” the “improbabilities” regardless the way they were following. Most often, the picture came out expressing the feeling of the triumph exultation and the taste of malicious joy for that the enemy was defeated, although variant in their rhythm. Some had higher intonations than others, all depending on the technical capabilities of the poets, and the importance of the battle he is composing his poetry about.

تناولت هذه الدراسة نماذج من الصور الساخرة بالعدو المنهزم أيّام الحروب الصليبية. وتبيّن للباحث من خلال النظر في تلك النماذج أنّ الشعراء سلكوا طرقاً مختلفة لرسم تلك الصور، لعل من أظهرها بناء الصورة على المفارقات وإعلاء التقابل بين جانبين: الأمل وخيبة الأمل، ورسم مشاهد طبيعية في صور معكوسة أو صور غريبة تثير الضحك، وربما اعتمد الشعراء في رسم الصورة الساخرة على تَصيُّد المتباعدات. وأيّاً كانت الطريقة، فقد جاءت الصوّر في الغالب معبرة عن حسّ النشوة بالنصر وحسّ الشماتة بالمنهزم، وإن تكن متفاوتة في وتيرتها، فبعضها كانت نبرته أعلى من بعض بحسب الإمكانات الفنيّة للشاعر وأهميّة المعركة التي يتحدث عنها.
Family Violence Against Women: Its Causes, & the Islamic Measures to Deal with It
Authors: Alsha'er Naser Aldeen
Published: April 2023

This paper deals with family violence against women that has become a social phenomenon about which several conferences, workshops and campaigns have been held. The paper investigates the causes of violence, its patterns, its prevalence and danger. As an introduction to the related Islamic legislation, established to limit the phenomenon and its effects, a literature review is included. In addition, Islamic legislative measures proposed in numerous Islamic sources (Fiqh, Tafseer and Hadeeth) were studied and analyzed. As a result, this research concluded that family violence in our society is prevalent and badly needs necessary measures to encounter this phenomenon in order to reduce it. This study came up with ten Islamic measures that may contribute to limit the phenomenon.

يعالج هذا البحث العنف العائلي الواقع على المرأة، والذي انتشر هذه الأيام لدى معظم شعوب الأرض حتى اعتبر ظاهرة اجتماعية تعقد لمعالجتها المؤتمرات والورشات والحملات في كل مكان. فهو يبحث في أسباب العنف، ويعرض لأنماطه ولمدى انتشاره، وللتوصيات التي تضمنتها الأدبيات السابقة بخصوصه، مقدمة لاستعراض التشريعات الإسلامية الوقائية والعلاجية التي تسعى للحد من درجة انتشاره. الأدبيات الحديثة ذات العلاقة، كانت منطلقا للتعريف بمفهوم العنف وبدرجة انتشاره وبالعوامل التي تغذيه، وبالتوصيات والتدابير العامة للحد منه. أما التدابير الشرعية، فقد جرى تقصيها والبحث فيها من خلال المصادر الاسلامية المعتمدة في التفسير والحديث والفقه. خلص البحث إلى التسليم بانتشار العنف العائلي في مجتمعاتنا بشكل يستدعي وضع التدابير اللازمة لمعالجته، كما توصل الى عشرة تدابير شرعية تسهم في الحد من الظاهرة.
An-Najah Academic Activity During the Involuntay Closure 1987-1991
Authors: Sabri Bahjat
Published: April 2023

This study aims to find answers for questions: How An-Najah National University administrator managed to continue during forced closures? In order to answer these questions one must focus on three aspects of the teaching process: Classroom Instruction: Students in their final year, New students admission, The forced closure led the academic and administrative staff to implement substitute teaching schedule for student in their final years in order to finish their admission requirements. During closure teaching process took place in public places in the city such as mosques, private schools, centers and non government organizations. The duration of teaching was 12 weeks instead of 16 with 4 meetings during the week instead of 3. Then the administration extended this program to include all students at different levels with one could take a maximum of 2 courses. This continued until 1991, when the university was reopened. 179 students graduated in the scholastic year 1987/1988. For new students, criterias were established and new students were accepted on the basis of equal opportunity and according to competitive GPA. The university administration looked at these issues and dealt with them for the duration of the crises.
The Properties of the Sarsaq Family in Palestine 1869-1948
Authors: Abu-Baker Amin
Published: April 2023

This study deals with the properties of the Sarsaq family in Palestine during the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Their properties, considered one of the properties formed by the Lebanese capitalists in Palestine during that period, came as a result of the capitalist framework of the family in the local and international commercial markets on the one hand, the financial crisis that the Ottoman Treasury from and the severe conditions of the Palestinian farmers on the other. Their properties spread in 60 locations and consisted of about 800000 dunums most fertilized lands. In addition, they indicated the destiny of the fertile lands during the first half of the Twentieth century when the Zionist penetration campaigns targeted by Zionism through its agencies and collaborators of traders and brokers those campaigns were accompanied by organized deportation campaigns supported by the police and the unjust regulations of the British Mandate that aimed at demolishing the homes and Villages of the Palestinian farmers and sabotaging their crops so as to make them leave their homeland and build Jewish settlements on their locations.
Home Study Environment for Palestinian Students in Basic and Secondary Cycles During Al-Aqsa Intifada
Authors: Saadeh Jawdat , Abu Zyada Ismael , Abadat Rohi
Published: April 2023

The main purpose of the study was to define the role of five variables that include sex, number of rooms inside the house, family size, grade levels, and the directorate, on the home study environment for Palestinian students in grades ninth, tenth and eleventh during Al-Aqsa Intifada. To achieve this purpose, the researchers developed a (29) item questionnaire that presented to a group of jury to insure its validity and they applied Cronbach Alpha formula to calculate its reliability, and it was (0.90). Means, percentages, "t" independent test, One Way ANOVA and Schefee test for multiple comparisons were used to analyze data collected. The results showed the followings:
There were statistical differences at the level (0.05) on the home study environment of students due to the sex variable, on favour of female students.
- There were statistical differences at the level (0.05) on the home study environment of students due to the governorate variable, on favour of Tulkarm Governorate.
- There were statistical differences at the level (0.05) on the home study environment of students due to the grade level variable, on favour of ninth and eleventh grades.
- There were statistical differences at the level (0.05) on the home study environment of students, due to the student family size variable, on favour of family that have (4-7) and (8) or more individuals.
- There were statistical differences at the level (0.05) on the home study environment of students, due to the number of rooms in the student's family home, on favour of ones that have two rooms only.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد دور متغيرات الجنس، وعدد غرف المنزل، والصف الدراسي، والمديرية، وعدد أفراد الأسرة، في البيئة الدراسية للطلبة داخل المنزل خلال فترة انتفاضة الأقصى في شمال فلسطين. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف، صمم القائمون على هذه الدراسة استبانة مؤلفة من (29) فقرة تم عرضها على المحكمين من اجل التأكد من صدقها، مع تطبيق معادلة كرونباخ ألفا لاستخراج معامل ثباتها والذي وصل إلى (0.90) بحيث كان كافياً لأغراض الدراسة. وقد تم توزيع هذه الاستبانة على عينة مؤلفة من (2324) من طلبة الصف التاسع والصف العاشر والصف الحادي عشر بمحافظتي طولكرم وقلقيلية بشمال فلسطين. وبعد استخدام المتوسطات الحسابية، والنسب المئوية، واختبار "ت" لمجموعتين مستقلتين، وتحليل التباين الأحادي One Way ANOVA واختبار شيفيه للمقارنات البعدية، أظهرت نتائج الدراسة ما يأتي:
- وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في البيئة الدراسية للطلبة داخل البيت تعزى لمتغير الجنس ولصالح الإناث.
- وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في البيئة الدراسية للطلبة داخل البيت تعزى لمتغير المحافظة ولصالح محافظة طولكرم.
- وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في البيئة الدراسية للطلبة داخل البيت تعزى لمتغير الصف ولصالح كل من طلبة الصف التاسع وطلبة الصف الحادي عشر.
- وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في البيئة الدراسية للطلبة داخل البيت تعزى لمتغير عدد أفراد الأسرة ولصالح من بلغ عددهم ما بين (4-7) أفراد ومن هم (8) أفراد فأكثر.
Islamic Perspective of Reproductive Health Issues
Authors: Al-Sha’er Naser Eldeen
Published: April 2023

This paper examines one of the most controversial issues that attracted researchers, that is to say, reproductive health. It is an attempt to examine its compatibility with the soul of Islamic Shari’a, which draws benefit to women, family, and society. The paper discusses people’s rights of:
- Enjoying safe sexual life.
- Having children
-Enjoying health services. It also examines more controversial issues, such as:
- Early marriage
- Relatives marriage.

يتناول هذا البحث قضايا الصحة الإنجابية التي كثر الحديث عنها في العقد الأخير. وهو ما يشير إلى أهمية هذه القضايا ويدفع للبحث في الاجتهادات والمواقف المتباينة تجاهها، مقدمة لتحديد الاجتهاد الصائب من حيث تمشيه مع روح الشريعة الإسلامية ونصوصها، والذي يعود بالفائدة الكبرى على المرأة والأسرة والمجتمع. مفردات عديدة ذات صلة بالموضوع يتناولها البحث. من ذلك: حق الناس بالتمتع بحياة جنسية مأمونة ومعافاة ضمن ضوابط معينة، وقدرتهم على الإنجاب، ومدى حريتهم في تقرير موعده وتواتره، والحق في الحصول على خدمات الرعاية الصحية، والحديث في الزواج المبكر، والتسرب من المدارس، وزواج الأقارب، وحرية اختيار الزوج، ومهارات التعامل مع المشاكل وكيفية حلها لتجنب الوقوع في العنف أو الطلاق. بالإضافة إلى البحث في مشاركة المرأة في الشأن المجتمعي العام، والبحث في النوع الاجتماعي، ولكن بإيجاز نظراً لحاجتهما إلى بحث مستقل. هذه المفردات المتداخلة من قضايا الصحة الإنجابية، هي التي تم بحثها هنا. والإصدارات ذات الصلة، من أدبيات وإحصائيات وإعلانات، بالإضافة إلى المصادر الإسلامية الفقهية وسواها، هي المراجع التي اعتمدت عليها وقد خلصت إلى وجود قواسم مشتركة في مجال الصحة الإنجابية، مما يسهم في تحسين الوضع القائم عندنا، ولكن مع الإقرار بوجود عدد من الفوارق التي لا مجال لجسرها نظراً لاختلاف المنطلقات والثقافات من أمة لأًخرى.
Styles of Learning English by Twjihi Students at Public Schools in Nablus
Authors: Aqel Fawaz
Published: April 2023

This study sought to find out the most prevalent English learning styles of tawjihi students at public schools in Nablus. It also endeavored to identify statistical differences in styles of learning English due to sex, type of study, academic average, private classes and number of students in class. The population of the study (1,346 male and female students) comprised of tawjihi students, scientific and literary streams, in the academic year 2003/2004. A stratified sample, randomly selected, was taken representing 31.2% of the study population. The researcher adopted a 50-item questionnaire, after its translation into the Arabic, to make easy for students to understand the content. The fifty items were distributed among six domains. After data collection and statistical analysis of results, it was found that there were statistically significant differences which may be attributed to sex, number of students, academic average, and type of study. In the light of the study findings, the researcher recommends holding courses, workshops to introduce different learning patterns to teachers. He also recommends conducting further studies and comparing them with those conducted on private school students. In addition, the researcher recommends that special publications on abstracts of studies relevant to the subject be distributed among English language teachers at schools.
The Psychology of Shopping: A Study of Shopping Behavior and its Relation with the Demographic Variables in the Palestinian Society
Authors: Barakat Zeiad
Published: April 2023

This study aims at determining the relationship between shopping behavior and some of the demographic variables of gender, age, residency, profession, social status, education level, and income. To achieve this purpose the researcher used a random sample consists of (915) persons from different classes in Palestine. The researcher used a questionnaire designed to collect data to measure the causes of purchase behavior. Results show that (63.9 %) from study subject agree that the responsibility of shopping behavior is upon the husband and wife. The majority of goods purchased were: food, clothes, games, makeup perfume, books and newspapers. Results also indicated that females who are 21 – 40 years old, university students, villagers, married, and with high level income are likely to go shopping more than males who are old, uneducated, residents of refugee camps, tradesmen, unmarried, and with low income. Causes that affected the purchase behavior are factors related with the quality of the commodity, the satisfaction of the subjects' needs, and the suitability of the commodity for the subjects' social and economic circumstance.

هدفت الدراسة الحالية للتعرف على دراسة السلوك التسوقي الشرائي في المجتمع الفلسطيني وعلاقة ذلك ببعض المتغيرات الديمغرافية كالجنس، والعمر، والسكن، والعمل، والحالة الاجتماعية، ومستوى التعليم، والدخل، استخدم لهذا الغرض استبيان من تصميم الباحث لتحديد اسباب السلوك الشرائي مكوناً من (30) بنداً موزعاً الى ثلاثة مجالات من الاسباب، كما تكونت عينة الدراسة من (915) فرداً من فئات مختلفة من المجتمع الفلسطيني في محافظة طولكرم
Constructing Norms of Body Mass Index, Fat Percent, Lean Body Weight, Body Surface Area and Resting Metabolic Rate of Female Physical Education Majors
Authors: Al-Qadomi Abed Elnaser , Nemr Subhi
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this study was to construct norms of Body Mass Index (BMI), Fat Percent (% Fat), Lean Body Weight (LBW), Body Surface Area (BSA) and Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) of female physical education majors at An-Najah National University. Furthermore, determine the correlation coefficient among (BMI, % Fat, LBW, BSA and weight (WT) with RMR. The sample consisted of all female physical education majors’ (62) students, Tanita TBF-410 Bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) was used to determine variables. The results revealed that the means of BMI, % Fat, LBW, BSA (WT) and RMR were respectively: (22.46 kg/m2, 24.15%, 44.19 kg, 1.6211 m2, 58.97 kg, and 1427.95 kcal/day), and the best percentile ranks are respectively: (19.30kg/m2, 17%, 47.21 kg, 1.76m2, 1560 kcal/day). In addition, the results revealed a significant positive correlation between BMI, LBW, BSA (WT) and RMR, and negative correlation between % fat and age with RMR. Also, the results of Regression (R2) contribute in developing three equations for the prediction of RMR, using WT, BSA, and LBW as predictors, the best predictor was WT where (R2) was (0.971), the equations were as follow:
RMR kcal/day=834,824 + WT * 10,58
RMR kcal/day=266,487 + BSA + 716,466
RMR kcal/day=146,294 + LBW * 29,001

هدفت الدراسة إلى بناء مستويات معيارية لمؤشر كتلة الجسم ونسبة الدهن ووزن العضلات ومساحة سطح الجسم والتمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة لدى طالبات تخصص التربية الرياضية في جامعة النجاح الوطنية، إضافة إلى معرفة العلاقة بين متغيرات مؤشر كتلة الجسم ونسبة الدهن ووزن العضلات ومساحة سطح الجسم مع التمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة لدى طالبات تخصص التربية الرياضية في جامعة النجاح الوطنية، لتحقيق ذلك أجريت الدراسة على جميع الطالبات من مختلف السنوات الدراسية والبالغ عددهن (62) طالبة، وكانت متوسطات العمر، والطول، والوزن، ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، ومساحة سطح الجسم، ونسبة الدهن، ووزن العضلات، والتمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة على التوالي: (20.25سنة، 1.61متر،58.97 كغم، 22.46كغم/م2، 1.62 م2،24.15 %، 44.19كغم،1427.95سعر/يوميا) وكانت أفضل الرتب المئينية لمتغيرات مؤشر كتلة الجسم، ومساحة سطح الجسم، ونسبة الدهن، ووزن العضلات، والتمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة على التوالي: (19.30كغم/م2، 1.76 م2، 17%، 47.21كغم،1559سعر/يوميا)، ولغاية جمع البيانات استخدم جهاز (Tanita TBF-410)،كما تم التوصل باستخدام معامل الانحدار إلى ثلاث معدلات للتنبؤ بقياس التمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة وكانت أفضل معادلة باستخدام وزن الجسم حيث وصلت قيمة (R2) إلى (0.971)، وفيما يتعلق بالمعادلات الثلاث كانت على النحو الآتي:
سعر/يومياً= 834,824 + وزن الجسم * 10,058 RMR
سعر/يومياً= 266,487 + مساحة سطح الجسم * 716,466 RMR
سعر/يومياً= 146,294 + وزن العضلات * 29,001 RMR
Parents’ Wills in Pre-Islamic and Islamic Poetry
Authors: Khader Fathi
Published: April 2023

This research endeavors to highlight the care that parent poets during the Jahilyia period showed for the upbringing of their children. Parent poets sought to foster higher values within the personalities of their children so that their children would represent the generous values of the society that the Arab at that time cared to preserve. I hope that I will be able through this study to introduce the most important educational values that the Jahilyia poets cared to charge their children with, making of them outstanding men and women.

يأمُلُ هذا البحثُ أَن يُظهر عناية الشّعراء الآباء في العصر الجاهليّ بتربية أَبنائهم، والسّمو بهم، وغَرْس القيم السّلوكيّة العُليا في نفوسهم، ليَظْهَر كلّ واحد من هؤلاء الأَبناء أَمام مجتمعه بصورة الرّجل الكريم، وهي الصّورة، التي كان العربيّ – وما يزال – يحرص عليها. لعلّني أستطيع من خلال هذا المأمول أن أُقدّم أَهمّ القيم التّربويّة التي وجّهتْ تفكيرهم، وحَرَصوا على بثّها في نفوس أبنائهم، ليصنعوا منهم رجالاً أَفذاذا.
Degree of An-Najah National University Commitment to the Principles of Total Quality Management as Perceived by Faculty Members
Authors: Alawni Mazouz , Ghuniam Yousif
Published: April 2023

This study aimed at examine to the degree of An-Najah National University Commitment to the Total Quality Management as Perceived by its faculty members. The study also examined the impact of different variables such as sex, academic rank, years of experience, the university from which degree was received, the college in which he/she is currently working and the age of respondents. The population of the study comprised all full time faculty members of which a sample of 130 faculty member was selected A 52-item questionnaire, covering quality requirement follow-up development, human resources and decision making process, was administered to the subject of the study. The SPSS was used to analyze the solicited data means, Standard deviation, Sidak t-test one way" ANOVA" was employed to examine the responses of the subjects to determine the significance of each variable. The result of the study indicated that An-Najah National was significantly committed to the principles of guide lives of the Total Quality Management. The study also showed that there were differences at (0.05=α) in the degree of commitment by An-Najah National University as perceived by the faculty members which might be attributed to the variables of sex, academic rank, years of experience, the university from which degree was received, the college where he/she is currently working, and the age of respondents.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على درجة التزام جامعة النجاح الوطنية بمبادئ إدارة الجودة الشاملة من وجهة نظر العاملين فيها، ومعرفة أثر متغيرات الجنس، والرتبة الأكاديمية، وسنوات الخبرة في التدريس الجامعي، والجامعة التي تخرج فيها، والكلية التي يعمل فيها، والعمر، والوظيفة التي يشغلها، على درجة التزام جامعة النجاح الوطنية بمبادئ إدارة الجودة الشاملة، وتكوّن مجتمع الدراسة من جميع أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في جامعة النجاح الوطنية، وأجريت الدراسة على عينة مؤلفة من (130) عضو هيئة تدريس في جامعة النجاح الوطنية، وزع عليهم مقياس لإدارة الجودة الشاملة، تَّم التحقق من صدقه وثباته، شمل (52) فقرة موزعة على أربعة مجالات، وهي: متطلبات الجودة، والمتابعة، والتطوير، والقوى البشرية، واتخاذ القرار. وتَمّ إدخال البيانات إلى الحاسب الآلي ومعالجتها باستخدام البرنامج الإحصائي للعلوم الإنسانية (SPSS)، حيث استخرجت المتوسطات الحسابية، والانحرافات المعيارية، واختبار سيداك، وتحليل التباين المتعدد، كما استخدم أيضا، اختبار (ت) للعينات المستقلة، وتحليل التباين الأحادي
Motives of Elite Students Athletes toward Participation in Sport Teams at Yarmouk University
Authors: Abu 'Areda Fayez , Mas'adeh Jehad , 'Ali Ibn Qowa , Bakar Hussein
Published: April 2023

The present study has aimed at identifying the motives of elite student athletes behind participating in sport teams at Yarmouk University, and the order of those motives according to their significance. It also aimed at pin pointing the differences in motives in reference to gender, method of matriculation, game type, and academic level. The researchers used a descriptive approach and the sample participating in sport teams at Yarmouk University consisted of 161 male and female students. He also administered a motive- related questionnaire after checking the validity and reliability of the scientific processing procedures. The findings indicate that the order of significance of motives by the sample was as follows: (athletic accomplishment, physical and hygienic fitness, athletic, psychological and social in clinations, and developing mental, cognitive, tangible and recreational capabilities). They also indicate no statistically significant differences in the participation motives by the sample ascribed to the variables of gender, method of matriculation, game type, and academic level. Finally, the researchers recommends the following: (1) maintaining the motive level common to the sample, (2) directing the attention of coaches and administrators to identifying the motives of participation on the part of male and female players, and utilizing them in designing training programs for them, and (3) making similar studies on sport teams regarding motives in other sectors like universities, clubs, and schools.

هدفت هذه الدراسة للتعرف إلى دوافع المشاركة في الفرق الرياضية عند الطلبة المتفوقين رياضياً في جامعة اليرموك، وترتيب هذه الدوافع تبعاً لأهميتها، كما هدفت إلى معرفة الفروق في الدوافع وذلك تبعاً لمتغير الجنس وطريقة القبول في الجامعة ونوع اللعبة والمستوى الدراسي. واستخدم المنهج الوصفي، حيث بلغت عينة الدراسة (161) طالباً وطالبة من الذين يشاركون في الفرق الرياضية في جامعة اليرموك، تم تطبيق استبيان خاص بالدوافع وذلك بعد إجراء المعاملات العلمية من صدق وثبات. وأشارت النتائج إلى أن دوافع المشاركة في الفرق الرياضية عند أفراد عينة الدراسة تبعاً لأهميتها جاءت كما يلي: (الإنجاز الرياضي، واللياقة البدنية والصحية، والميول الرياضية، والنفسية، والاجتماعية، وتطوير القدرات العقلية والمعرفية، والمادية والترويحية)، كما أشارت النتائج إلى عدم وجود فروق دالة إحصائيا في دوافع المشاركة لدى أفراد عينة الدارسة تعزى لمتغيرات الجنس وطريقة القبول في الجامعة ونوع اللعبة والمستوى الدراسي. وتوصي الدراسة بالمحافظ
Drug Addiction in Jerusalem & Suggestions to Limit its Prevalence
Authors: Omran Mohammad
Published: April 2023

This study aims at diagnosing drug addiction and addicts in Jerusalem during and its prevalence among Palestinian youth. Effects of drugs and its negative impact; addicts perceptions of themselves and consequent remedy and degree of its isomorphic results were also delineated, their appalling set of values were also laconically investigated. A stratified Sample of 230 addicts have been used as a sample of the study to see into the scope of independent variables such as age, sex, social status, income, residence, parents’ education, and finally religion and then relation to addiction. To particularize measuring the range of relationship among these variables in relation to addiction, a valid and reliable (test-retest 0.89) instrument was designed accordingly with a trustee validity of (0.93). Descriptive statistics were also approbated to see into classification and analysis of the data collected. The study revealed that the majority of addicts are single adults of 22 years of age living in the city. Deviance in their behavior, low self-morale, hampered perception of self, extricated vision of solution to addiction, and a consequent inconsonance in peoples’ perception to addicts were the major products of this study. The study also furnished a description for the mechanisms of drugs prevalence in addition to recommendations that are highly correlated to drug addiction.
The Effect of Immediate and Delayed Feedback on the Performance of Selected Gymnastics Skills
Authors: Abdelhaq Imad , Bani-Ata Ahmed
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this study was to the determine the effect of immediate and delayed feedback on the performance of selected Gymnastics skills. The sample was consisted of a (30) subjects selected purposely, and they were divided equally to two experimental groups, immediate and delayed feedback. The results revealed a significant effect between pre and posttest in favor of posttest for both immediate and delayed feedback on handstand and cartwheel skills. Furthermore, the results revealed significant differences in the post test in cartwheel between immediate and delayed feedback in favor of immediate feedback, while there were no significant differences in handstand between immediate and delayed feedback.

هدفت هذه الدراسة التعرف إلى اثر استخدام التغذية الراجعة الفورية والمؤجلة على تحسين الأداء على بعض المهارات الأساسية على بساط الحركات الأرضية، ولتحقيق ذلك أُجريت الدراسة على عينة قوامها (30) طالبا تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العمدية، وتم تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين تجريبيتين، المجموعة الأولى وعددها (15) طالبا، وقد استخدم معهم أسلوب التغذية الراجعة الفورية، والمجموعة الثانية وعددها (15) طالبا، وقد استخدم معهم أسلوب التغذية الراجعة المؤجلة. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين القياسين القبلي والبعدي ولصالح البعدي لكلا المجموعتين، مما يدل على أن استخدام التغذية الراجعة الفورية والمؤجلة ادى الى تحسن ملحوظ في مستوى الاداء المهاري لمهارتي الوقوف على اليدين، والشقلبة الجانبية على بساط الحركات الأرضية، كذلك أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية على الاختبار البعدي بين أفراد مجموعة التغذية الراجعة الفورية ومجموعة التغذية الراجعة المؤجلة ولصالح مجموعة التغذية الراجعة الفورية على مستوى اداء مهارة الشقلبة الجانبية، بينما لم تكن الفروق دالة احصائياً بين المجموعتين على مستوى أداء مهارة الوقوف على اليدين.