bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximum power point tracking based on modified firefly scheme for PV system
Authors: Saad Waleed , Hegazy Eman , Shokair Mona
Published: March 2022

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells play a major role as natural, renewable energy sources. It is characterized by having nonlinear photoelectric voltage and current characteristics. These properties depend on the amount of solar radiation and temperature. PV can be used as an electrical charge circuit. But due to the low efficiency of the resulting photoelectric power, it should operate in conditions of maximum power point. There are several algorithms for achieving this maximum power point condition. In this paper, a PV system is proposed to obtain the maximum power point using a modified firefly algorithm. The modifications have been made both in fireflies’ locations and their random movement. Several simulations are implemented using MATLAB to verify the performance of the proposed system. From the simulation results, the proposed algorithm outperforms all traditional algorithms such as firefly and perturbation and observation technique. Moreover, the impacts of some variants of the proposed technique are studied. The variants are the number of the fireflies, the randomness, the maximum iterations, and the effect of changing the sampling time. A proposed modified firefly is presented with an MPPT controller in the PV system to ensure operating the PV at the MPP. Additionally, the mathematical expressions are explained. Moreover, MATLAB simulation programs are done to compare the performance of the proposed scheme with other related ones.
Investigation of hydrocolloid for ice pattern preparation with extrusion 3D printing
Authors: Liu Hong-Jun , Wang Jun-Hong , Lin Dai-Fa , Li Ya-Min , Dmytro Yatskovskyi
Published: March 2022

Various 3D printing processes have been used to fabricate sacrificial patterns replacing wax patterns of investment casting, which significantly reduces the costs and lead times associated with single part or small batch production. Compared to polymer patterns, 3D printed ice patterns are cheaper and cleaner and are easily removed without mold cracking and other issues. In the present study, the hydrocolloid was developed for ice pattern preparation with extrusion 3D printing. The xanthan gum has a perfect thickening effect on hydrocolloids containing starch. When the xanthan gum content is 5%, the hydrocolloid has good self-stable behavior, which ensures extrudates have a minimal spreading effect. After freeze-drying and heating up to 500 °C, the hydrocolloid can be completely lost without residual ash.

Article highlights

The hydrocolloids with starch and xanthan gum as a gelling agent were developed for preparing ice pattern with extrusion 3D printing.

The hydrocolloids with 5% xanthan gum content have good self-stable behavior and smooth extrusion property.

The ice pattern can be completely lost when heated above 500 °C.
Men’s anxiety, why it matters, and what is needed to limit its risk for male suicide
Authors: Fisher Krista , Seidler Zac E. , King Kylie , Oliffe John L. , Robertson Steve , Rice Simon M.
Published: March 2022

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health disorder experienced by men. If left untreated, anxiety is predictive of psychiatric disorders including depression and associated suicide risk. Despite the prevalence and impact of men’s anxiety, it remains largely overlooked in the field of men’s mental health. Globally, men are reported to have lower rates of anxiety disorders compared to women; however, these sex-differences do not reflect the complexity and nuance of men’s experiences. There is early evidence to suggest a male-type anxiety phenotype which may go undetected with generic diagnostic classifications. Masculine norms (i.e., stoicism, toughness, invulnerability) appear to be central to men’s experiences and expressions of anxiety as well as men’s help-seeking and coping behaviours. This is particularly concerning given anxiety increases men’s risk of physical and psychological comorbidities and suicide risk. The effective assessment, detection and treatment of men’s anxiety is therefore critical to improve mental health outcomes across the male lifespan. We propose three key recommendations for the field of men’s anxiety: (i) to develop a theoretical model surrounding men’s experiences of anxiety, (ii) broaden mental health resources, interventions and suicide prevention strategies to encompass men’s gendered experiences of anxiety (e.g., sentiments of shame, physical symptom manifestation), and (iii) utilise informal supports (i.e., friends and family) as an avenue of intervention to improve men’s anxiety outcomes. Without a substantial research agenda in men’s anxiety, we will fail to recognise and respond to men’s gendered experiences of anxiety and ultimately fail to reduce male suicides.
Experience of Living with COVID-19: Personal Preparedness and Coping Mechanism Among Deployed Healthcare Workers
Authors: Goh Hendra , Nadarajan Gayathri Devi , Teo Tess Lin , Yoon Sungwon
Published: March 2022

Objective:

This study aimed to explore how deployed healthcare workers (HCWs) perceived personal preparedness for response, and their main avenues for coping to maintain resilience during the prolonged COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 HCWs deployed to the frontline for an extended period to provide acute COVID-19 related care. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically.

Results:

HCWs demonstrated heightened self-confidence and readiness to deal with public health emergencies owing to the ramped-up efforts in infrastructure for outbreak management and pre-emptive infectious disease training. Despite overall confidence, deployed HCWs had to adopt various coping mechanisms to sustain resilience during the prolonged pandemic. Main themes on coping centred around the value of team leaders and support from family members as an effective buffer for work-induced stress while institution-based counseling services and welfare were viewed as important for fostering the internal locus of control and wellbeing.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that strategies such as on-the-job training, continuous education and improved communication would be essential to maintain resilience of deployed HCWs. Considerations should be also given to the swift implementation of blended wellness support comprising digital and in-person counseling to sustain wellbeing and prepare for endemic COVID-19.
Point counting for foliations over number fields
Authors: Binyamini Gal
Published: March 2022

Let${\mathbb M}$be an affine variety equipped with a foliation, both defined over a number field${\mathbb K}$. For an algebraic$V\subset {\mathbb M}$over${\mathbb K}$, write$\delta _{V}$for the maximum of the degree and log-height ofV. Write$\Sigma _{V}$for the points where the leaves intersectVimproperly. Fix a compact subset${\mathcal B}$of a leaf${\mathcal L}$. We prove effective bounds on the geometry of the intersection${\mathcal B}\cap V$. In particular, when$\operatorname {codim} V=\dim {\mathcal L}$we prove that$\#({\mathcal B}\cap V)$is bounded by a polynomial in$\delta _{V}$and$\log \operatorname {dist}^{-1}({\mathcal B},\Sigma _{V})$. Using these bounds we prove a result on the interpolation of algebraic points in images of${\mathcal B}\cap V$by an algebraic map$\Phi $. For instance, under suitable conditions we show that$\Phi ({\mathcal B}\cap V)$contains at most$\operatorname {poly}(g,h)$algebraic points of log-heighthand degreeg.

We deduce several results in Diophantine geometry. Following Masser and Zannier, we prove that given a pair of sections$P,Q$of a nonisotrivial family of squares of elliptic curves that do not satisfy a constant relation, whenever$P,Q$are simultaneously torsion their order of torsion is bounded effectively by a polynomial in$\delta _{P},\delta _{Q}$; in particular, the set of such simultaneous torsion points is effectively computable in polynomial time. Following Pila, we prove that given$V\subset {\mathbb C}^{n}$, there is an (ineffective) upper bound, polynomial in$\delta _{V}$, for the degrees and discriminants of maximal special subvarieties; in particular, it follows that the André–Oort conjecture for powers of the modular curve is decidable in polynomial time (by an algorithm depending on a universal, ineffective Siegel constant). Following Schmidt, we show that our counting result implies a Galois-orbit lower bound for torsion points on elliptic curves of the type previously obtained using transcendence methods by David.
Structural Discrimination in Pandemic Policy: Essential Protections for Essential Workers
Authors: Lowe Abigail E. , Dineen Kelly K. , Mohapatra Seema
Published: March 2022

An inordinate number of low wage workers in essential industries are Black, Hispanic, or Latino, immigrants or refugees — groups beset by centuries of discrimination and burdened with disproportionate but preventable harms during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Anti-Selection & Genetic Testing in Insurance: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Golinghorst Dexter , de Paor Aisling , Joly Yann , Macdonald Angus S. , Otlowski Margaret , Peter Richard , Prince Anya E.R.
Published: March 2022

Anti-selection occurs when information asymmetry exists between insurers and applicants. When an applicant knows they are at high risk of loss, but the insurer does not, the applicant may try to use this knowledge differential to secure insurance at a lower premium that does not match risk.
Physician Liability for Suicide after Negligent Tapering of Opioids
Authors: Rothstein Mark A. , Irzyk Julia
Published: March 2022

The precipitous and medically contraindicated reduction or “tapering” of opioids for patients with chronic pain due to serious medical conditions has caused needless suffering and, increasingly, suicide. Physicians could be liable for wrongful death based on negligent tapering of opioids.
Law Journals, Biomedical Journals, and Restraint of Trade
Authors: Curfman Gregory
Published: March 2022

Law journals permit submission of scholarly manuscripts to multiple journals concurrently, but biomedical journals strictly forbid submission of manuscripts to more than one journal at a time. Law journals may then compete for the publication of manuscripts. This article examines whether the single-submission requirement of biomedical journals may constitute restraint of trade in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Engaging Disability Rights Law to Address the Distinct Harms at the Intersection of Race and Disability for People with Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Dineen Kelly K. , Pendo Elizabeth
Published: March 2022

This article examines the unique disadvantages experienced by Black people and other people of color with substance use disorder in health care, and argues that an intersectional approach to enforcing disability rights laws offer an opportunity to ameliorate some of the harms of oppression to this population.
Disgust sensitivity and support for immigration across five nations
Authors: Clifford Scott , Erisen Cengiz , Wendell Dane , Cantú Francisco
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Immigration has become a focal debate in politics across the world. Recent research suggests that anti-immigration attitudes may have deep psychological roots in implicit disease avoidance motivations. A key implication of this theory is that individual differences in disease avoidance should be related to opposition to immigration across a wide variety of cultural and political contexts. However, existing evidence on the topic has come almost entirely from the United States and Canada. In this article, we test the disease avoidance hypothesis using nationally representative samples from Norway, Sweden, Turkey, and Mexico, as well as two diverse samples from the United States. We find consistent and robust evidence that disgust sensitivity is associated with anti-immigration attitudes and that the relationship is similar in magnitude to education. Overall, our findings support the disease avoidance hypothesis and provide new insights into the nature of anti-immigration attitudes.
How to Be Humean about Idealization Laws
Authors: Friend Toby
Published: March 2022

If one has Humean inclinations, what account should one provide for idealization laws? I introduce the currently most popular Humean approach to laws of nature, the best systems account, along with some basic requirements for how to be Humean. I then show why idealization laws are unlikely to be accommodated within this account of laws. Finally, I offer an alternative approach that takes idealization laws to be meta-laws, placing requirements on the theorems of the best system.
‘A crazy clutter of the mediaeval, medical mind’: Ken Russell, Peter Maxwell Davies and Modernist Medievalism in The Devils
Authors: KOLASSA ALEXANDER
Published: March 2022

Ken Russell’s 1971 film The Devils is a shocking historical drama which, eclipsed by its own battle against censorship, has only recently had a critical revival. A landmark musical collaboration central to that film remains unexplored: Peter Maxwell Davies wrote the score, which is heard in tandem with ‘period’ performances from David Munrow and the Early Music Consort of London. Though ostensibly historical, the film’s disruptive atemporal style is elevated through an art of stylized anachronism. This collaboration mirrors Davies’s opera Taverner (premièred in 1972), not only because that too featured Munrow and his consort but also because Russell was supposed to direct its première. This article posits Davies’s film score as a compelling work combining historicist compositional interests and a challenging aesthetic of excess within the popular context of mass cinematic spectacle. Informed by the close study of Davies’s own manuscripts, it argues for new ways of understanding the role of a persistent past in the music of a resolutely modernist present.
Before Pan Awoke: A Quiet Beginning for Mahler’s Third Symphony
Authors: PAVLOVIĆ MILIJANA
Published: March 2022

In the genesis of Mahler’s Third Symphony, the composition of the first movement occupies a particularly interesting and important position. The first in the symphony but the last to be composed, this movement had a complex structural development from the mere introduction that it was originally supposed to be to the gigantic and extraordinary construction that we know today. As it is, every new piece of evidence that surfaces sheds more light on this fascinating process. This article examines one such item: an original manuscript source in a private collection which gives a fresh take on the creative mechanism behind the composition of this movement and is directly connected to a well-known manuscript housed in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna.
SOME EXTREMAL RESULTS ON THE CHROMATIC STABILITY INDEX
Authors: HUANG SHENWEI , KLAVŽAR SANDI , LEI HUI , LIAN XIAOPAN , SHI YONGTANG
Published: March 2022

The
$\chi $
-stability index
$\mathrm {es}_{\chi }(G)$
of a graph G is the minimum number of its edges whose removal results in a graph with chromatic number smaller than that of G. We consider three open problems from Akbari et al. [‘Nordhaus–Gaddum and other bounds for the chromatic edge-stability number’, European J. Combin.84 (2020), Article no. 103042]. We show by examples that a known characterisation of k-regular (
$k\le 5$
) graphs G with
$\mathrm {es}_{\chi }(G) = 1$
does not extend to
$k\ge 6$
, and we characterise graphs G with
$\chi (G)=3$
for which
$\mathrm { es}_{\chi }(G)+\mathrm {es}_{\chi }(\overline {G}) = 2$
. We derive necessary conditions on graphs G which attain a known upper bound on
$\mathrm { es}_{\chi }(G)$
in terms of the order and the chromatic number of G and show that the conditions are sufficient when
$n\equiv 2 \pmod 3$
and
$\chi (G)=3$
.
A note on holomorphic sectional curvature of a hermitian manifold
Authors: Li Hongjun , Qiu Chunhui
Published: March 2022

As is well known, the holomorphic sectional curvature is just half of the sectional curvature in a holomorphic plane section on a Kähler manifold (Zheng, Complex differential geometry (2000)). In this article, we prove that if the holomorphic sectional curvature is half of the sectional curvature in a holomorphic plane section on a Hermitian manifold then the Hermitian metric is Kähler.
Corporate Sovereign Awakening and the Making of Modern State Sovereignty: New Archival Evidence from the English East India Company
Authors: Srivastava Swati
Published: March 2022

The English East India Company's “company-state” lasted 274 years—longer than most states. This research note uses new archival evidence to study the Company as a catalyst in the development of modern state sovereignty. Drawing on the records of 16,740 managerial and shareholder meetings between 1678 and 1795, I find that as the Company grew through wars, its claim to sovereign authority shifted from a privilege delegated by Crown and Parliament to a self-possessed right. This “sovereign awakening” sparked a reckoning within the English state, which had thus far tolerated ambiguity in Company sovereignty based on the early modern shared international understanding of divisible, nonhierarchical layered sovereignty. But self-possessed nonstate sovereignty claimed from the core of the state became too much. State actors responded by anchoring sovereign authority along more hierarchical, indivisible foundations espoused by theorists centuries earlier. The new research makes two contributions. First, it introduces the conceptual dynamic of “war awakens sovereigns” (beyond making states) by entangling entities in peacemaking to defend sovereign claims. Second, it extends arguments about the European switch from layered sovereignty to hierarchical statist forms by situating the Company's sovereign evolution in this transformation. Ultimately, this study enables fuller historicization of both nonstate authority and the social construction of sovereignty in international politics.
Public Market Information and Venture Capital Investment
Authors: Gibbons Brian
Published: March 2022

I study venture capital firms’ (VCs) use of public market information and how attention to this information relates to private market investment outcomes. I link web traffic to public filings hosted on EDGAR to individual VCs. VCs analyze public information about industry peers before most deals. An increase in industry filing views relates positively to the probability of an exit through acquisition, suggesting that public information helps identify paths to acquisition. The effect is stronger when the VC has less access to private information, especially for low-reputation VCs. Policymakers should consider spillover effects on private markets when setting public disclosure requirements.
Titles in the New Testament Papyri
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: March 2022

In this article I catalogue and analyse every form of the title – inscriptions, subscriptions and kephalaia – that appears in the New Testament papyri, bringing together this material for the first time. The titles provide new evidence for examining questions related to traditions of entitling in antiquity more broadly and offer a space to consider the dynamic relationships between medium, materiality, book-forms, paratextuality and interpretation, both in antiquity and in our own scholarly culture that stands between print and digital forms. The material also highlights interesting divergences in labelling strategies between the titles of works in the various New Testament sub-corpora and suggests that the kat’ andra formula is not the only way to entitle a Gospel.
Rhipidocotyle husi n. sp. and three known species of Bucephalidae Poche, 1907 from the East Asian Region: morphological and molecular data
Authors: Atopkin Dmitry M. , Shedko Marina B. , Rozhkovan Konstantin V. , Nguyen Ha V. , Besprozvannykh Vladimir V.
Published: March 2022

Morphological data and the first molecular data are provided for four species of the trematode family Bucephalidae Poche, 1907 from marine and freshwater teleost fish species of East Asia. A new species, Rhipidocotyle husi n. sp., was isolated from Huso dauricus from the Amur River, Russia. Adult worms of this species were distinguished from their congeners Rhipidocotyle illense and Rhipidocotyle kovalai by morphological analysis. Three other known species were identified: Bucephalus skrjabini and Prosorhynchus cf. squamatus were detected in Siniperca chuatsi from the Amur River and in Myoxocephalus spp. from the Okhotsk Sea, Russia, respectively, while Prosorynchoides karvei was extracted from Strongylura strongylura from Halong Bay, Vietnam. The 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the new species formed a shared polytomy clade with Rhipidocotyle fennica. Phylogenetic analysis of all available molecular data showed that four genera, namely Rhipidocotyle, Bucephalus, Prosorynchoides and Prosorhynchus, are para- or polyphyletic. Molecular-based phylogenetic analysis of morphologically validated bucephalid species indicated that three genera – Rhipidocotyle, Bucephalus and Prosorynchoides – were monophyletic. The genus Prosorhynchus maintained paraphyly, and P. cf. squamatus was more closely related to Dollfustrema spp. than to other Prosorhynchus spp. These findings do not exclude the possibility that representatives of Dollfustrema and P. cf. squamatus belong to the same genus.
What Should Engagement in Health Research Look Like? Perspectives from People with Lived Experience, Members of the Public, and Engagement Managers
Authors: Pratt Bridget
Published: March 2022

Engagement in health research is increasingly practised worldwide. Yet many questions remain under debate in the ethics field about its contribution to health research and these debates have largely not been informed by those who have been engaged in health research. This paper addresses the following key questions: what should the ethical goals of engagement in health research be and how should it be performed? Qualitative data were generated by interviewing 22 people with lived experience, members of the public, and engagement managers about power sharing in health research. Thematic analysis of study data identified the following five themes: the value of engagement in research, ideal engagement, tokenistic engagement, terms to describe those engaged, and engagement roles in research. The paper presents that data and then considers what insights it offers for what engagement should look like—its ethical goals and approach—according to those being engaged.
Psychological flexibility as a potential change factor in cognitive behavioural therapy of OCD
Authors: Schubert Christiane , Hilbert Sven , Favreau Matthias , Wolstein Jörg , Voderholzer Ulrich
Published: March 2022

Background:

To gain a better understanding about which aspects of the treatment work for obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), the investigation of possible change factors is essential. Psychological flexibility (PsyF) has been of interest in research on successful OCD therapy for some time. Exposure interventions and cognitive strategies in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for OCD may enhance PsyF. To date, however, no process studies have been published that clarify the role of PsyF as a possible change factor for the reduction of OCD symptoms.

Aims:

This study investigates whether PsyF works as a mediator in successful CBT treatment of OCD.

Method:

The study recruited 112 adults diagnosed with OCD in a multi-modal in-patient treatment with specific CBT including exposure and response prevention (ERP). The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to measure OCD symptoms and three self-constructed items to assess PsyF. PsyF was conceptualised as the capability of patients to accept stressful feelings and thoughts. Data were collected weekly. For statistical analysis at the process level, longitudinal multi-level models (MLMs) with random intercepts and linear growth curves were estimated to test for mediation of PsyF on Y-BOCS.

Results:

OCD symptoms decreased significantly and PsyF increased in patients throughout the course of therapy. MLM revealed that higher average values in PsyF were associated with lower Y-BOCS sum values, but only values between subjects significantly predicted the degree of obsessions and compulsions.

Conclusions:

Although research shows that PsyF is enhanced by CBT and also shows a connection with Y-BOCS values, its role as a mediator could not be confirmed.
APOE Effects on Late Life Cognitive Trajectories in Diverse Racial/Ethnic Groups
Authors: Chan Michelle L. , Meyer Oanh L. , Farias Sarah T. , Whitmer Rachel A. , Rajan Kumar , Olichney John , Johnson David , Mungas Dan
Published: March 2022

Objective:

This study evaluated: (1) apolipoprotein E (APOE) ϵ4 prevalence among Black, Latino, and White older adults, (2) associations of APOE ϵ4 status with baseline level and change over time of cognitive outcomes across groups, and (3) combined impact of APOE ϵ4 prevalence and magnitude of effect on cognitive decline within each racial/ethnic group.

Method:

Participants included 297 White, 138 Latino, and 149 Black individuals from the longitudinal UC Davis Diversity Cohort who had APOE genotyping and ≥2 cognitive assessments. Magnitude of associations of ϵ4 with cognitive baseline and change across racial/ethnic groups was tested with multilevel parallel process longitudinal analyses and multiple group models.

Results:

ϵ4 prevalence in Black (46%) and White participants (46%) was almost double that of Latino participants (24%). ϵ4 was associated with poorer baseline episodic memory only in White participants (p = .001), but had a moderately strong association with episodic memory change across all racial/ethnic groups (Blacks= −.061 SD/year, Latinos = −.055,Whites= −.055). ϵ4 association with semantic memory change was strongest in White participants (−.071), intermediate in Latino participants (−.041), and weakest in Black participants (−.022).

Conclusion:

Calculated cognitive trajectories across racial/ethnic groups were influenced in an additive manner by ϵ4 prevalence and strength of association with cognitive decline within the group. Group differences in ϵ4 prevalences and associations of ϵ4 with cognition may suggest different pathways from APOE to cognitive decline, and, AD possibly having less salient impact on cognitive decline in non-White participants. Differential effects of APOE on episodic memory and non-memory cognition have important implications for understanding how APOE influences late life cognitive decline.
The 2nd Annual US Celebration of World Hospice and Palliative Care Day: A virtual coming together to support equity in palliative care access
Authors: Rosa William E. , Pandey Shila , Epstein Andrew S. , Connor Stephen R. , Andersen Laurie J. , Applebaum Allison J. , Blackler Liz , Koranteng Lauren Akua , Breitbart William S. , Nelson Judith E.
Published: March 2022

Objective

On October 5–6, 2021, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Supportive Care Service and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences hosted the 2nd Annual United States (US) Celebration of World Hospice and Palliative Care Day (WHPCD). The purpose of this article is to describe the event within the broader context of the international WHPCD theme: “Leave No One Behind — Equity in Access to Palliative Care.” We reflect on lessons learned in anticipation of the 3rd annual conference to be held October 3–4, 2022.

Methods

Description of the 2nd annual event, conference planning team reflection, and attendee evaluation responses.

Results

The Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance launched WHPCD in 2005 as an annual unified day of action to celebrate and support hospice and palliative care around the world. The 2021 US-based innovative virtual conference featured 37 interprofessional hospice and palliative care specialists and patient and family caregiver speakers across 11 diverse sessions with a focus on health equity and COVID-19 considerations. Two primary aims continue to guide the event: community building and wisdom sharing at the intersection of art and science. 278 registrants from at least 14 countries and 21 different states across the US joined the program, which served as a global debriefing for hospice and palliative care workers from diverse settings, contexts, and disciplines.

Significance of results

The US WHPCD Celebration creates a virtual coming together for collective reflection on hospice and palliative care delivery amid vast changes in clinical practice, research, and policy, both locally and globally. In addition, our goal to ensure an internationally relevant, culturally inclusive, and multidisciplinary agenda will continue to draw increased participation worldwide during future annual events.
Ideological extremism, perceived party system polarization, and support for democracy
Authors: Torcal Mariano , Magalhães Pedro C.
Published: March 2022

Does ideological polarization undermine or strengthen people’s principled support for democracy? In this study, we suggest that different manifestations of ideological polarization have different implications in this respect. Using data from 11 surveys conducted with representative samples of the adult populations of a group of liberal democratic countries, part of the Comparative National Elections Project, we look at how people’s level of ideological extremism and their perceptions of ideological polarization in their countries’ party systems are related with their support for democracy. We show that citizens who hold more extreme ideological positions are indeed less supportive of democracy and that such a negative relationship is strengthened as citizens’ extremism increases. However, we also show that the citizens who display higher levels of principled support for democracy are those who perceive parties to be neither too distant nor too close to each other in ideological terms. In other words, while a very polarized partisan supply seems to undermine popular commitment with democracy, very low polarization may have similar consequences.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on research and careers of early career researchers: a DOHaD perspective
Authors: Bansal Amita , Abruzzese Giselle A. , Hewawasam Erandi , Hasebe Kyoko , Hamada Hirotaka , Hoodbhoy Zahra , Diounou Hanna , Ibáñez Carlos A. , Miranda Rosiane A. , Golden Thea N. , Miliku Kozeta , Isasi Carmen R.
Published: March 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed several inequalities worldwide, including the populations' access to healthcare systems and economic differences that impact the access to vaccination, medical resources, and health care services. Scientific research activities were not an exception, such that scientific research was profoundly impacted globally. Research trainees and early career researchers (ECRs) are the life force of scientific discovery around the world, and their work and progress in research was dramatically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. ECRs are a particularly vulnerable group as they are in a formative stage of their scientific careers, any disruptions during which is going to likely impact their lifelong career trajectory. To understand how COVID-19 impacted lives, career development plans, and research of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) ECRs, the International DOHaD ECR committee formed a special interest group comprising of ECR representatives of International DOHaD affiliated Societies/Chapters from around the world (Australia and New Zealand, Canada, French Speaking DOHaD, Japan, Latin America, Pakistan and USA). The anecdotal evidence summarized in this brief report, provide an overview of the findings of this special interest group, specifically on the impact of the evolving COVID-19 pandemic on daily research activities and its effects on career development plans of ECRs. We also discuss how our learnings from these shared experiences can strengthen collaborative work for the current and future generation of scientists.
Ecological macroeconomic assessment of meeting a carbon budget without negative emissions
Authors: Sers Martin R.
Published: March 2022

Non-technical summary

This paper expands the range of scenarios usually explored in integrated assessment models by exploring unconventional economic scenarios (steady-state and degrowth) and assuming no use of negative emissions. It is shown, using a mathematical model of climate and economy, that keeping cumulative emissions within the 1.5 degree carbon budget is possible under all growth assumptions, assuming a rapid electrification of end use and an immediate upscaling of renewable energy investments. Under business-as-usual investment assumptions no economic trajectory corresponds with emissions reductions consistent with the 1.5 degree carbon budget.

Technical summary

This paper presents a stock-flow consistent input–output integrated assessment model designed to explore the dual dynamics of transitioning to renewable energy while electrifying end use subject a carbon budget constraint. Unlike the majority of conventional integrated assessment model analyses, this paper does not assume the deployment of carbon dioxide removal and examines the role that alternative economic pathways (steady-states and degrowth) may play in achieving 1.5°C consistent emissions pathways. The model is internally calibrated based on a life-cycle energy return on investment scheme and the energy transition dynamics are captured via a dynamic input–output formulation. Renewable energy investment as a fraction of gross domestic product for successful emissions pathways reaches 5%. In terms of new capital requirements and investments, degrowth trajectories impose lower transition requirements than steady-state and growth trajectories.

Social media summary

We explore the role that steady-state and degrowth economic trajectories may play in emissions reductions consistent with a 1.5 degree world..
The association of dietary antioxidant index (DAI) with breast cancer among Iranian women
Authors: Allahyari Pooneh , Ahmadzadeh Mina , Vahid Farhad , Gholamalizadeh Maryam , Shafaei Hanieh , Shekari Soheila , Ardekanizadeh Naeemeh Hasanpour , Shafiee Fatemeh , Majidi Nazanin , Akbari Mohammad Esmail , Doaei Saeid , Goodarzi Mark O.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Recent studies have reported that dietary antioxidants can influence the risk of breast cancer (BC). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of dietary antioxidant index (DAI) with BC among Iranian women. This case-control study was conducted on 180 women with breast cancer and 360 healthy women who were referred to the cancer clinic of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital in Tehran, Iran. A 168-item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake. The DAI score was calculated based on the intake of antioxidant vitamins and minerals derived from the FFQ. The control group had a significantly higher intake of vitamin D (1.79±1.56 vs. 1.05±0.84 μg/d; P=0.01) and lower intake of calorie (2315±1066 vs. 2737±925 kcal/d; P=0.01), carbohydrate (311±170 vs. 402±124 g/d; P=0.01), iron (15.4±12.1 vs. 19.7±6.4 mg/d; P=0.01), thiamine (1.5±0.7 vs. 2.3±0.9 mg/d; P=0.01), niacin (18.2±9.2 vs. 24.3±7.9 mg/d; P=0.01), folic acid (465±308.7 vs. 673±205.2 μg/d; P=0.01), and selenium (82.6±41.7 vs. 98.7±40.8 μg/d; P=0.01) compared to the case group. No significant association was found between DAI with breast cancer after adjustments for age. DAI had a negative association with breast cancer after additional adjustments for BMI, the number of pregnancies, duration of breastfeeding, menopause age, and total energy intake (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.90–.93, and all P<0.001). The present study identified a negative association between DAI and the risk of BC, indicating the importance of antioxidants in preventing BC. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to confirm this association.
Belastungen und Ressourcen von Eltern psychisch erkrankter Kinder
Authors: Wilms Per Ludwig , Knolle-Veentjer Silja , Schwenck Christina , Munz Manuel
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Eltern von psychisch erkrankten Kindern sind vielfältigen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Fragestellung: Lassen sich Eltern psychisch erkrankter Kinder hinsichtlich Stressmerkmalen und Bewältigungsstrategien empirisch in Subgruppen mit ähnlichem Muster unterteilen ? Methode: N = 100 Elternteile wurden bei psychiatrischer Erstvorstellung ihrer Kinder mittels evaluierter Fragebögen nach aktuellen Stressoren und Copingstrategien sowie nach erzieherischen Rahmenbedingungen befragt. Die Subgruppen wurden mittels Clusteranalyse anhand der drei Stress-Skalen gebildet. Ergebnisse: Es bildeten sich zwei Cluster mit unterschiedlicher Stressbelastung. Höhere Stressbelastung war mit geringerem Alter der Eltern, höherem Alleinerziehenden-Anteil, ungünstigen Bewältigungsmechanismen und mehr psychischer Erkrankung auf Elternseite assoziiert. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: In der Elternarbeit sollten die unterschiedlichen Belastungen und Ressourcen beachtet werden.
How Low Should We Alert? Quantifying Intensity Threshold Alerting Strategies for Earthquake Early Warning in the United States
Authors: Saunders Jessie K. , Minson Sarah E. , Baltay Annemarie S.
Published: March 2022

We use a suite of historical earthquakes to quantitatively determine earthquake early warning (EEW) alert threshold strategies for a range of shaking intensity targets for EEW along the United States West Coast. The current method for calculating alert regions for the ShakeAlert EEW System does not take into account variabilities and uncertainties in shaking distribution. As a result, if the modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) level used to determine the extent of the alert region (the alert threshold) is the same as the target intensity threshold, the alert region will be too small to include all locations that require alerts even if earthquake source parameters are estimated accurately. Missed alerts can be reduced by using a lower alert threshold than the target threshold. This expands the alert region, increasing the number of precautionary alerts issued to people who experience shaking below the target level. We determine alert thresholds that optimize this tradeoff between missed and precautionary alerts for target thresholds of MMI 4.0–6.0 using 143 M5.0–7.3 earthquake ShakeMaps as ground truth. We examine the quality of each alerting strategy relative to the target MMI, where we define alert quality metrics in terms of both the area and population alerted. Optimal alert thresholds maximize correct alerts while limiting most precautionary alerts to regions that are likely to still feel some shaking. We find these optimal alert thresholds also maximize warning times. This analysis presents a quantitative framework ShakeAlert can use to communicate alerting strategies and performance expectations to ShakeAlert users.
Characteristics of ULF Magnetic Fields in the 3D Inhomogeneous Earth‐Ionosphere Waveguide
Authors: Ermakova E. N. , Kotik D. S. , Ryabov A. V.
Published: March 2022

We develop an algorithm for calculating the characteristics of the magnetic field of signals in the frequency range of (0.1–20) Hz in the horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous spherical Earth‐ionosphere waveguide. This algorithm involves calculations of the surface impedance of an inhomogeneous ionosphere. The frequency dependences of the amplitude, phase and polarization of the magnetic field generated by a horizontal magnetic dipole were analyzed. It is shown that the horizontal inhomogeneity of the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide can significantly affect the frequency dependence of the amplitude and polarization of the magnetic field, increasing the degree of circular polarization. The horizontal inhomogeneity only slightly influences the results in daytime conditions. The most noticeable difference in the amplitude dependences of the magnetic components and large phase shifts (up to 40°) are observed when the terminator passes through the geodetic line connecting the source and receiver, and in the presence of sporadic layers with a horizontally inhomogeneous structure along the low‐frequency wave propagation path. We compare the calculation results with the magnetic pulsations recorded at Nurmijarvi station during the 2001 campaigns of Kola Peninsula ultra low frequency emitter operation. The obtained results make it possible to qualitatively explain peculiarities of the amplitude and polarization spectra of the artificial magnetic signals recorded in this campaigns that are not explained within the framework of the flat homogeneous waveguide model.
Prospects and Challenges for the Spatial Quantification of the Diffusion of Fluids Containing 1H in the Pore System of Rock Cores
Authors: Krzyżak A. T. , Mazur W. , Fheed A. , Węglarz W. P.
Published: March 2022

Nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) (NMR) is commonly used for the determination of rock porosity, as well as pore size distribution (PSD) and tortuosity, required to handle hydrocarbon exploitation. Emerging technologies for NMR equipment now enable the visualization of porosity using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently, single‐point imaging is the most common MRI technique employed, but diffusion‐weighted imaging has been attracting the attention of geologists and geophysicists. In this study, a more advanced technique, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is proposed for the characterization of rock core samples. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of DTI in the petrophysical characterization of rocks and discuss its strengths. As an example, a carbonate core sample was examined using DTI. The diffusion tensor (DT) was obtained and DT parameters (mean diffusivity, MD; fractional anisotropy, FA; three eigenvalues; DT components; and proton density, PD) were visualized in 2D and 3D. Each parameter was described and its utility in terms of pore space characterization was analyzed. In addition, a new parameter, principal diffusion tracts, was introduced based on the DT tractography performed in the study. The analysis is summarized in a set of DT parameters and a resultant ellipsoid that delivers complementary information about the sample's pore network microgeometry, including referential measurements of anisotropic phantoms. The applications of DTI for the determination of pore size distribution, tortuosity and conductivity are also shown. The study ends with a consideration of the potential prospects and challenges for DTI‐based examination of rock core samples.
Scientific mobilization of keystone actors for biosphere stewardship
Authors: Österblom Henrik , Folke Carl , Rocha Juan , Bebbington Jan , Blasiak Robert , Jouffray Jean-Baptiste , Selig Elizabeth R. , Wabnitz Colette C. C. , Bengtsson Frida , Crona Beatrice , Gupta Radhika , Henriksson Patrik J. G. , Johansson Karolin A. , Merrie Andrew , Nakayama Shinnosuke , Crespo Guillermo Ortuño , Rockström Johan , Schultz Lisen , Sobkowiak Madlen , Jørgensen Peter Søgaard , Spijkers Jessica , Troell Max , Villarrubia-Gómez Patricia , Lubchenco Jane
Published: March 2022

The biosphere crisis requires changes to existing business practices. We ask how corporations can become sustainability leaders, when constrained by multiple barriers to collaboration for biosphere stewardship. We describe how scientists motivated, inspired and engaged with ten of the world’s largest seafood companies, in a collaborative process aimed to enable science-based and systemic transformations (2015–2021). CEOs faced multiple industry crises in 2015 that incentivized novel approaches. New scientific insights, an invitation to collaborate, and a bold vision of transformative change towards ocean stewardship, created new opportunities and direction. Co-creation of solutions resulted in new knowledge and trust, a joint agenda for action, new capacities, international recognition, formalization of an organization, increased policy influence, time-bound goals, and convergence of corporate change. Independently funded scientists helped remove barriers to cooperation, provided means for reflection, and guided corporate strategies and actions toward ocean stewardship. By 2021, multiple individuals exercised leadership and the initiative had transitioned from preliminary and uncomfortable conversations, to a dynamic, operational organization, with capacity to perform global leadership in the seafood industry. Mobilizing transformational agency through learning, collaboration, and innovation represents a cultural evolution with potential to redirect and accelerate corporate action, to the benefit of business, people and the planet.
Experimental immune challenges reduce the quality of male antennae and female pheromone output
Authors: Pham Hieu T. , Elgar Mark A. , van Lieshout Emile , McNamara Kathryn B.
Published: March 2022

Sexual signalling is a key feature of reproductive investment, yet the effects of immune system activation on investment into chemical signalling, and especially signal receiver traits such as antennae, are poorly understood. We explore how upregulation of juvenile immunity affects male antennal functional morphology and female pheromone attractiveness in the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, Uraba lugens. We injected final-instar larvae with a high or low dose of an immune elicitor or a control solution and measured male antennal morphological traits, gonad investment and female pheromone attractiveness. Immune activation affected male and female signalling investment: immune challenged males had a lower density of antennal sensilla, and the pheromone of immune-challenged females was less attractive to males than their unchallenged counterparts. Immune challenge affected female investment into ovary development but not in a linear, dose-dependent manner. While there was no effect of immune challenge on testes size, there was a trade-off between male pre- and post-copulatory investment: male antennal length was negatively correlated with testes size. Our study highlights the costs of elaborate antennae and pheromone production and demonstrates the capacity for honest signalling in species where the costs of pheromone production were presumed to be trivial.
Metabolomics and biochemical alterations caused by pleiotrophin in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Gramage Esther , Sáiz Jorge , Fernández-Calle Rosalía , Martín Yasmina B. , Uribarri María , Ferrer-Alcón Marcel , Barbas Coral , Herradón Gonzalo
Published: March 2022

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a cytokine involved in nerve tissue repair processes, neuroinflammation and neuronal survival. PTN expression levels are upregulated in the nigrostriatal pathway of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients. We aimed to characterize the dopaminergic injury and glial responses in the nigrostriatal pathway of mice with transgenicPtnoverexpression in the brain (Ptn-Tg) after intrastriatal injection of the catecholaminergic toxic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at a low dose (5 µg). Ten days after surgery, the injection of 6-OHDA induced a significant decrease of the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra and of the striatal TH contents in Wild type (Wt) mice. In contrast, these effects of 6-OHDA were absent inPtn-Tg mice. When the striatal Iba1 and GFAP immunoreactivity was studied, no statistical differences were found between vehicle-injected Wt andPtn-Tg mice. Furthermore, 6-OHDA did not cause robust glial responses neither on Wt orPtn-Tg mice 10 days after injections. In metabolomics studies, we detected interesting metabolites that significantly discriminate the more injured 6-OHDA-injected Wt striatum and the more protected 6-OHDA-injectedPtn-Tg striatum. Particularly, we detected groups of metabolites, mostly corresponding to phospholipids, whose trends were opposite in both groups. In summary, the data confirm lower 6-OHDA-induced decreases of TH contents in the nigrostriatal pathway ofPtn-Tg mice, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of brain PTN overexpression in this mouse model of PD. New lipid-related PD drug candidates emerge from this study and the data presented here support the increasingly recognized “lipid cascade” in PD.