bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An intersectional perspective on Muslim women's issues and experiences in employment
Authors: Tariq Memoona , Syed Jawad
Published: April 2018

Drawing on a qualitative study of second‐generation Pakistani heritage Muslim women in employment in the UK, this article uses and develops an intersectional perspective to explain the interconnected and overlapping factors, such as gender, ethnicity and religion that affect these women at work. It also considers individual strategies and resources these women use to address any obstacles in the way of their employment and careers. The article uses the notions of inequality regimes and intersectionality to explain inequality in the workplace and the complex challenges facing Muslim female employees. The results show that these women continue to face a myriad of challenges in the UK workplace, and that a unilateral focus on gender does not sufficiently explain the work‐related experiences of second‐generation Muslim women in the UK. Therefore, it is important to take into account gender's intersection with ethnicity and religion.
Detection of bone marrow‐derived fibrocytes in human dental pulp repair
Authors: Yoshiba N. , Edanami N. , Tohma A. , Takeuchi R. , Ohkura N. , Hosoya A. , Noiri Y. , Nakamura H. , Yoshiba K.
Published: April 2018

Aim

To explore the expression profile of CD45+/pro‐collagen I+ fibrocytes in intact dental pulps as well as during wound healing in adult dental pulp tissue.

Methodology

A total of 16 healthy permanent teeth were obtained from young patients (18 to 25 years) undergoing orthodontic treatment. Routine pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was performed under local anaesthesia to induce a mineralized barrier at the exposed surface. Teeth were extracted from patients after 7, 14 and 35 days. Sections of the extracted teeth were prepared and stained for various markers using indirect immunofluorescence. Fibrocytes were counted, and the data were statistically evaluated using the Dunnett test.

Results

In uninflammed pulp tissue, a pro‐collagen I‐positive reaction was detected in odontoblasts, as well as in perivascular cells. Most of the CD45‐positive cells were negative for pro‐collagen I in normal pulp tissue, whereas CD45+/pro‐collagen I+ fibrocytes were detected 7 days after injury. At day 14, fibrocytes were recognized under the fibrous matrix in contact with MTA and had infiltrated into regions of new capillary formation, where the fibrocytes were positively stained for vascular endothelial growth factor. By 35 days, fibrocytes were few, coincident with the formation of dentine bridges. The number of fibrocytes peaked 7 days post‐injury and decreased at 14 days.

Conclusions

The presence of fibrocytes in human pulp wound healing was observed. The spatiotemporal distribution of fibrocytes suggests that fibrocytes are involved in the early stages of pulp wound healing, specifically by contributing to new blood vessel formation.
Phase composition, structural, and plasma erosion properties of ceramic coating prepared by suspension plasma spraying
Authors: Zhao Dong , Wang ChuanYang , Chen Yao , Wang YongGuang
Published: April 2018

Y3Al5O12 (YAG), Y2O3, and Al2O3 ceramic coatings were manufactured to investigate the plasma erosion properties. The X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that YAG coating was synthesized successfully by Y2O3 and Al2O3 mixture suspension using the plasma spraying method. Meanwhile, metastable phases were found in Y2O3 and Al2O3 coatings due to the quenching in cooling process of melted droplets. The coating surface morphology and microstructure of cross sections were characterized by SEM. The results reveal that coatings are composed by ultrafine splats and exhibit dense lamellar structure. The plasma erosion properties were evaluated at different etching test power under Ar/CF4/O2 plasma gas. The experimental results clarify that both of YAG and Y2O3 coatings show the better plasma erosion resistance than Al2O3 coatings. The formation of fluorination layer surface prevents the coatings from further erosion with plasma gas. Moreover, the etching rate of coatings depended on the fluorination and removing rate of fluoride layer.
Single‐step fabrication of an anode supported planar single‐chamber solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Sayan Yunus , Venkatesan Vijay , Guk Erdogan , Wu Houzheng , Kim Jung‐Sik
Published: April 2018

We present single‐step‐co‐sintering manufacture of a planar single‐chamber solid oxide fuel cell (SC‐SOFC) with porous multilayer structures consisting of NiO/CGO, CGO and CGO‐LSCF as anode, electrolyte, and cathode, respectively. Their green tapes were casted with 20 μm thickness and stacked into layers of anode, electrolyte, and cathode (10:2:2), then hot‐pressed at 2 MPa and 60°C for 5 minutes (deemed optimal). Subsequently, hot laminated layers were cut into 40 × 40 mm cells and co‐sintered up to 1200°C via different sintering profiles. Shrinkage behavior and curvature developments of cells were characterized, determining the best sintering profile. Hence, anode‐supported SC‐SOFCs were fabricated via a single‐step co‐sintering process, albeit with curvature formation at edges. Subsequently, anode thickness was increased to 800 μm and electrolyte reduced to 20 μm to obtain SOFCs with drastically reduced curvature with the help of a porous alumina cover plate.
Teledermatology and teledermatopathology as educational tools for international dermatology: a virtual grand rounds pilot curriculum
Authors: Yeung Howa , Sargen Michael R. , Luk Kevin M. , Berry Elizabeth G. , Gurnee Emily A. , Heuring Erin , McMichael Josette , Chen Suephy C. , Stoff Benjamin K.
Published: April 2018

Background

Teledermatology may improve dermatologic care access in underserved areas and expand the clinical experience of dermatologists‐in‐training. The potential for teledermatology to supplement global health curricula in dermatology residency education has not been explored.

Methods

An international virtual grand rounds (VGR) curriculum was created based on teledermatology cases from Kabul, Afghanistan. The learning objectives included understanding the diagnosis and management of skin diseases in unfamiliar resource‐limited settings and highlighting socioeconomic, cross‐cultural, and ethical issues. A 17‐item, Likert scale questionnaire was used to assess the effectiveness of the curriculum, including specific Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies, as well as interest in global health and teledermatology.

Results

The survey was completed by 85 of 118 VGR attendees (72% response rate). Most respondents considered the curriculum valuable to their education (mean 4.5 on a 5‐point Likert scale; standard deviation, 0.5), learned more about diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases in international settings (4.5; 0.6) and in the US (4.1; 0.8), and learned more about socioeconomic, cultural, and ethical issues in skin health (4.6; 0.5). The majority also reported being more interested in global dermatology (4.1; 0.8) and would recommend VGR to a colleague (4.5; 0.6).

Conclusion

This pilot curriculum provided an innovative platform to enhance undergraduate and graduate medical education in international dermatology. International teledermatology education may be used to address multiple ACGME core competencies and increase resident awareness of sociocultural determinants of skin health.
Impact of arabinoxylan with different molecular weight on the thermo‐mechanical, rheological, water mobility and microstructural characteristics of wheat dough
Authors: Guo Xiao‐Na , Yang Sha , Zhu Ke‐Xue
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of arabinoxylan with different molecular weight on the wheat dough thermo‐mechanical, rheological, microstructural and water mobility properties. Arabinoxylan was extracted from wheat bran and hydrolysed by endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8 from Trichoderma reesei, 10 000 U g−1) for 2 min (AXM) and 10 min (AXL), respectively. The addition of hydrolysed arabinoxylan AXL increased the stability time, decreased the setback value of wheat dough and enhanced the values of storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″), while unhydrolysed arabinoxylan (AXH) reduced these values. Meanwhile, unhydrolysed arabinoxylan increased T2 relaxation time while hydrolysed arabinoxylan AXL decreased T21 and T22. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) results showed that the addition of hydrolysed arabinoxylan AXL promoted the formation of a more compact and continuous protein network in wheat dough. These results revealed that compared with high molecular weight arabinoxylan, hydrolysed arabinoxylan could improve the rheological properties and processing properties of wheat dough by enhancing the interaction among water molecules, starch and gluten in wheat dough.
Atomistic modeling of thermo‐mechanical properties of cubic SiC
Authors: Szpunar Barbara , Malakkal Linu , Rahman Jahidur , Szpunar Jerzy A.
Published: April 2018

SiC is an important multifunctional material with application in electronics and as a structural material. Many investigations of SiC have been done using both classical molecular dynamics and first principles methods. However, they are of limited scope and, in particular, SiC properties at finite temperatures have not been adequately evaluated. The good mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of SiC such as high stiffness, high hardness, high mechanical strength at high temperature, and high thermal conductivity, make SiC a candidate for various applications in nuclear industries. In this work, we evaluated thermomechanical properties at finite temperatures obtained by LAMMPS code with traditionally used Tersoff potential (TR89 with PRB 41 correction), and the newer GW 2002 (GW02) potential. We compared them with the calculations made using MEAM 1995 (MEAM 95) and with our first principles DFT predictions. It is demonstrated that the thermal expansion and mechanical properties calculated as a function of temperature for classical potentials TR89 and GW02 do not agree well with first principles calculations while better agreement is found for the MEAM95 potential. Classical molecular dynamics calculations made with the use of two earlier potentials under‐predict thermal conductivity by one order of magnitude for the TR89 potential and by more than 30% for the GW02.
Thermal shock resistance of tri‐layer Yb2SiO5/Yb2Si2O7/Si coating for SiC and SiC‐matrix composites
Authors: Zhong Xin , Niu Yaran , Li Hong , Zhou Haijun , Dong Shaoming , Zheng Xuebin , Ding Chuanxian , Sun Jinliang
Published: April 2018

A new tri‐layer Yb2SiO5/Yb2Si2O7/Si coating was fabricated on SiC, C/SiC, and SiC/SiC substrates, respectively, using atmospheric plasma spray (APS) technique. All coated samples were subjected to thermal shock test at 1350°C. The evolution of phase composition and microstructure and thermo‐mechanical properties of those samples before and after thermal shock test were characterized. Results showed that adhesion between all the 3 layers and substrates appeared good. After thermal shock tests, through microcracks which penetrated the Yb2SiO5 top layer were mostly halted at the Yb2SiO5‐Yb2Si2O7 interface and no thermal growth oxide (TGO) was formed after 40‐50 quenching cycles, implying the excellent crack propagation resistance of the environmental barrier coating (EBC) system. Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that twinnings and dislocations were the main mechanisms of plastic deformation of the Yb2Si2O7 coating, which might have positive effects on crack propagation resistance. The thermal shock behaviors were clarified based on thermal stresses combined with thermal expansion behaviors and elastic modulus analysis. This study provides a strategy for designing EBC systems with excellent crack propagation resistance.
Insights into microstructural formation of pulse plasma semisolid to liquid processing of Al2O3–ZrO2 eutectic ceramics
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Gang , Ouyang Jia‐Hu , Ma Yong‐Hui , Wang Yu‐Jin , Liu Zhan‐Guo , Henniche Abdelkhalek , Xie Ling‐Yun
Published: April 2018

This present work concentrated on a novel one‐step pulse discharge plasma melting method, directly from a powder mixture of nano‐sized Al2O3–ZrO2(Y2O3) to in situ fabricate Al2O3–ZrO2 binary eutectic in a short processing time. A continuous transition from submicro‐sized polycrystalline to non‐equilibrium eutectic was traced based on pulse discharge plasma semisolid to liquid processing. The uniform colony microstructure with an average inter‐lamellar or inter‐rod spacing of ~200 nm was obtained at a growth rate of ~275 μm/s, and the inter‐lamellar or inter‐rod spacing was a good fit for the inverse‐square‐root dependence of the growth rate as λa = 3.32 × v−1/2.
Does current climate explain plant disjunctions? A test using the New Zealand alpine flora
Authors: Clarke Amy G. , Lord Janice M. , Hua Xiaobin , Ohlemüller Ralf
Published: April 2018

Aim

More than 90% of plant species found in New Zealand's alpine environment are endemic to New Zealand. Two particularly species‐rich regions of high endemism are located at the northern and southern ends of the South Island and several vascular alpine plant species show clear disjunct distributions between these two regions. The aim of this study was to test the ability of a climatic hypothesis to explain these disjunct distributions and to identify if the central South Island acts as a climatic barrier.

Location

Alpine South Island, New Zealand.

Methods

The South Island was divided into three regions (northern, central, southern) following an established biogeographical delineation of centres of endemism. Published data were used to quantify current climatic conditions and to obtain occurrence records of all plant species occurring in the alpine areas. We first calculated overall similarity in climate and in vegetation composition above and below the tree line between the three regions. We then assessed climate niche overlap between regions for five congeneric pairs of disjunct and continuous plant species found both above and below the tree line.

Results

While there were broad scale similarities in climate between northern and southern centres of endemism, particular above the tree line, the central region does not appear sufficiently dissimilar to the climate of the endemism centres to conclude that it might act as a barrier between populations of the disjunct species investigated here. Instead, we showed that in geographically separated areas, disjunct species occupy less similar climates than species with a continuous range, possibly indicating a niche shift of the disjunct populations in the separated areas.

Main conclusions

Our study found no support for current climate constraining the distribution of disjunct species. For all species examined, overlap existed between the climate niche of at least one disjunct northern or southern population and the climatic conditions of the central region. This overlap in climate space suggests that other abiotic and/or biotic factors are preventing the spread of disjunct species into the central South Island endemism gap.
Packaging Strategies That Save Food: A Research Agenda for 2030
Authors: Wikström Fredrik , Verghese Karli , Auras Rafael , Olsson Annika , Williams Helén , Wever Renee , Grönman Kaisa , Kvalvåg Pettersen Marit , Møller Hanne , Soukka Risto
Published: April 2018

Thoroughly considering and optimizing packaging systems can avoid food loss and waste. We suggest a number of issues that must be explored and review the associated challenges. Five main issues were recognized through the extensive experience of the authors and engagement of multiple stakeholders. The issues promoted are classified as follows: (1) identify and obtain specific data of packaging functions that influence food waste; (2) understand the total environmental burden of product/package by considering the trade‐off between product protection and preservation and environmental footprint; (3) develop understanding of how these functions should be treated in environmental footprint evaluations; (4) improve packaging design processes to also consider reducing food waste; and (5) analyze stakeholder incentives to reduce food loss and waste. Packaging measures that save food will be important to fulfill the United Nations Sustainable Development goal to halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and to reduce food losses along production and supply chains.
Influence of dissolution/reprecipitation reactions on metamorphic greenschist to amphibolite facies mica 40Ar/39Ar ages in the Longmen Shan (eastern Tibet)
Authors: Airaghi Laura , Warren Clare J. , de Sigoyer Julia , Lanari Pierre , Magnin Valérie
Published: April 2018

Linking ages to metamorphic stages in rocks that have experienced low‐ to medium‐grade metamorphism can be particularly tricky due to the rarity of index minerals and the preservation of mineral or compositional relicts. The timing of metamorphism and the Mesozoic exhumation of the metasedimentary units and crystalline basement that form the internal part of the Longmen Shan (eastern Tibet, Sichuan, China), are, for these reasons, still largely unconstrained, but crucial for understanding the regional tectonic evolution of eastern Tibet. In situ core‐rim 40Ar/39Ar biotite and U–Th/Pb allanite data show that amphibolite facies conditions (~10–11 kbar, 530°C to 6–7 kbar, 580°C) were reached at 210–180 Ma and that biotite records crystallization, rather than cooling, ages. These conditions are mainly recorded in the metasedimentary cover. The 40Ar/39Ar ages obtained from matrix muscovite that partially re‐equilibrated during the post peak‐P metamorphic history comprise a mixture of ages between that of early prograde muscovite relicts and the timing of late muscovite recrystallization at c. 140–120 Ma. This event marks a previously poorly documented greenschist facies metamorphic overprint. This latest stage is also recorded in the crystalline basement, and defines the timing of the greenschist overprint (7 ± 1 kbar, 370 ± 35°C). Numerical models of Ar diffusion show that the difference between 40Ar/39Ar biotite and muscovite ages cannot be explained by a slow and protracted cooling in an open system. The model and petrological results rather suggest that biotite and muscovite experienced different Ar retention and resetting histories. The Ar record in mica of the studied low‐ to medium‐grade rocks seems to be mainly controlled by dissolution–reprecipitation processes rather than by diffusive loss, and by different microstructural positions in the sample. Together, our data show that the metasedimentary cover was thickened and cooled independently from the basement prior to c. 140 Ma (with a relatively fast cooling at 4.5 ± 0.5°C/Ma between 185 and 140 Ma). Since the Lower Cretaceous, the metasedimentary cover and the crystalline basement experienced a coherent history during which both were partially exhumed. The Mesozoic history of the Eastern border of the Tibetan plateau is therefore complex and polyphase, and the basement was actively involved at least since the Early Cretaceous, changing our perspective on the contribution of the Cenozoic geology.
Influence of the medication environment on the unsafe medication behaviour of nurses: A path analysis
Authors: Yu Xi , Li Ce , Gao Xueqin , Liu Furong , Lin Ping
Published: April 2018

Aims and objectives

To explore the relationship between the medication environment and the unsafe medication behaviour of nurses and to analyse its influence path.

Background

Unsafe medication behaviour is the direct cause of medication error. The organisational environment is the foundation of and plays a guiding role in work behaviour. Whether the medication environment correlates with the unsafe medication behaviour of nurses remains unclear.

Design

This study used a correlative design with self‐administered questionnaires, and the SHEL model, an acronym of its elements of software, hardware, environment and liveware, was used as the framework for the medication environment.

Methods

A survey was conducted among 1,012 clinical nurses from five tertiary hospitals in China using the nurse unsafe medication behaviour scale and the nurses’ perceptions of the medication environment scale. Data were collected from January–February 2017. Path analyses were used to examine the hypothesised model.

Results

The medication environment correlated negatively with unsafe medication behaviour (r = −.48, p < .001). The path analysis showed that software, liveware and nurses’ personal factors directly affected unsafe medication behaviour. Software, hardware and the environment indirectly influenced unsafe medication behaviour, and nurses’ personal factors played a mediating role in the relationships of unsafe medication behaviour with software, hardware and the environment.

Conclusion

The unsafe medication behaviour of nurses should be further improved. The medication environment was a predictor of unsafe medication behaviour. Care managers should actively improve the medication environment to reduce the incidence of unsafe medication behaviours.

Relevance to clinical practice

Effective strategies for nursing are needed, particularly those that optimise the rules and regulations process and that target the development of staff training programmes. Additionally, a nonpunitive safety culture should be established, and information management and team cooperation should be strengthened.
Person‐centred leadership: A relational approach to leadership derived through action research
Authors: Cardiff Shaun , McCormack Brendan , McCance Tanya
Published: April 2018

Aims and objectives

How does person‐centred leadership manifest in clinical nursing.

Background

Person‐centred practice fosters healthful relationships and is gaining increasing attention in nursing and health care, but nothing is known about the influence of a person‐centred approach to leadership practice. Most leadership models used in nursing were originally developed outside of nursing.

Design

A 3‐year participatory action research study where participant leaders planned, researched and learned from their practice development.

Methods

After an orientation phase, four action spirals focused on: critical and creative reflective inquiries into leadership practice change; leading the implementation and evaluation of a new nursing system; facilitating storytelling sessions with staff; and annually reflecting on personal leadership change. Multiple data gathering methods offered insight into leadership development from several perspectives.

Results

Critical and creative thematic data analysis revealed a set of attributes, relational processes and contextual factors that influenced the being and becoming of a person‐centred leader. Comparing the findings with nursing leadership literature supports a conceptual framework for person‐centred leadership.

Conclusions

Person‐centred leadership is a complex, dynamic, relational and contextualised practice that aims to enable associates and leaders achieve self‐actualisation, empowerment and well‐being.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study and its conceptual framework is of relevance to practitioners, educationalists and researchers interested in developing a relational approach to nurse leadership and person‐centred cultures.
Rates and features of methamphetamine‐related presentations to emergency departments: An integrative literature review
Authors: Jones Rikki , Woods Cindy , Usher Kim
Published: April 2018

Aims and objectives

To review the clinical impact methamphetamine has on emergency departments by assessing the available research on the rates and features of methamphetamine‐related presentations.

Background

Globally, methamphetamine availability, distribution and use have rapidly increased. As a result, the number of methamphetamine‐related presentations to emergency departments has also increased. In this context, it is timely to review the rate and features of methamphetamine‐related presentations to understand the impact of methamphetamine on emergency departments and facilitate the allocation of services, staff and resources.

Design

An integrative literature review.

Methods

This study presents an integrated literature review, following the systematic review process as outlined in the PRISMA flow chart. Several databases were searched using a combination of search terms. Articles were measured against inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the final ten articles were subjected to quality appraisal and outcomes reported.

Results

Methamphetamine accounted for 2.3% or less of all emergency departments presentations. The majority of methamphetamine users presenting to emergency departments were males, with a mean age 31–37. Methamphetamine‐related presentations to emergency departments were more likely to present with trauma, psychosis, and be placed on 24‐hr psychiatric hold. Methamphetamine‐related presentations were more likely to present with agitation, aggression and homicidal behaviour and present to emergency departments out of hours and accompanied by police compared with other emergency departments substance‐related presentations.

Conclusions

Several important themes were highlighted in this review that has an impact on emergency departments services, resources and staff. Understanding the rate and patterns of methamphetamine‐related presentations can help to provide evidence for policy development and staff education in emergency departments.

Relevance to clinical practice

Methamphetamine‐related presenters are more aggressive and agitated and more likely to be brought in by police. There is a need for policy development and staff training around these issues and further research in this area using stronger study designs.
Family involvement in rehabilitation: Coronary artery disease—patients' perspectives
Authors: Tuomisto Sonja , Koivula Meeri , Åstedt‐Kurki Päivi , Helminen Mika
Published: April 2018

Aims and objectives

To describe coronary artery disease patients' perceptions of family involvement in rehabilitation and the connection between background factors and family involvement.

Background

Coronary artery disease patients' hospital stays can be very concise. Family members can support rehabilitation, but many challenges can emerge. There is a need to nurture patients and family members in an individual way and to recognise their concerns. More accurate patient education should be available for patients and their family members.

Design

This study is a descriptive cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Data were collected from patients with coronary artery disease at least 6 weeks after discharge from hospital (n = 169) with a postal questionnaire. The Family Involvement in Rehabilitation (FIRE) scale measures family members' promotion of patients' rehabilitation and issues encumbering rehabilitation in family. The data have been analysed with statistical methods. Both parametric and nonparametric tests were used to evaluate group differences.

Results

Patients with coronary artery disease perceived that family promotes their rehabilitation significantly. Respondents also perceived challenges at home. Family relations before hospitalisation were related to all subareas of family promoting rehabilitation and one subarea of issues encumbering rehabilitation in family. Patients with symptoms at rest also had more encumbrance on their rehabilitation. Patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery perceived more challenges than percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients in many subareas of issues encumbering rehabilitation in family.

Conclusions

Family relations prior to illness and the rigour of heart symptoms are significantly relevant to challenges that can occur between patient and their family members.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare staff need to pay attention to coronary artery disease patients' individual situation, and patient education should be more family‐centred. In the future, it would be noteworthy to collect more data from family members of patients with coronary artery disease and to find out their perceptions of family involvement.
Candoshi Color Terms
Authors: Kay Paul
Published: April 2018

Alexandre Surrallés [S] (2016) claims that the language isolate Candoshi of Amazonian Peru contains no names for colors, contrary to what has been reported for the World Color Survey [WCS] (Kay et al. , Kay et al. , among others, and by Tuggy 2008). S's arguments are not persuasive and there is evidence independent of the WCS that the Candoshi language does indeed contain color terms. Moreover, we will see that the Candoshi color terms, when viewed in a comparative and historical perspective, divide up the color space in a way that fits a widespread historical pattern.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life, Peri‐Implant and Kinesiograph Parameters in Wearers of One‐or Two‐Implant Mandibular Overdentures
Authors: Policastro Vivian Barnabé , Paleari André Gustavo , Leite Andressa Rosa Perin , Mendoza‐Marin Danny Omar , Cassiano Ana Flávia Balestrero , Shaddox Luciana Machion , Compagnoni Marco Antonio , Pero Ana Carolina
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The present randomized clinical trial compared the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), peri‐implant parameters, mandible movements, and maxillary complete denture movement during chewing between wearers of single‐ (1‐IOD) and wearers of two‐implant overdentures (2‐IODs) for a period of 12 months.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐one complete denture wearers were randomly allocated into two parallel groups: 1‐IOD (n = 11) or 2‐IODs (n = 10). The validated Brazilian version of the OHIP‐EDENT was used to evaluate the OHRQoL. A kinesiograph recorded maxillary complete denture movement during chewing of hard food testing (polysulphide impression material) and soft food testing (bread). Peri‐implant parameters were also recorded: plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD). The Friedman test was used to compare the OHRQoL data and peri‐implant parameters among periods; the Mann–Whitney test was performed to compare the groups (1‐ and 2‐IODs). One‐way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test were used to compare mandible movement during chewing among periods, and the t‐test for independent samples was used to compare the groups. Maxillary complete denture movement was analyzed using three‐way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. All statistical analyses were performed at α = 0.05.

Results

Both treatments led to better general OHRQoL in comparison to conventional complete dentures (p < 0.001). Better OHRQoL was observed among 2‐IOD patients at the 12‐month follow up (p = 0.034). Peri‐implant parameters were similar irrespective of the group and follow‐up period. Vertical opening was significantly higher among 1‐IOD patients at 3 months (p = 0.038). Decreased maxillary denture vertical intrusions were observed with complete dentures in comparison with overdentures (p = 0.006), regardless of the food test (p = 0.251); however, vertical intrusion was significantly higher among 1‐IOD patients (p = 0.043).

Conclusions

This study suggested that 1‐IOD can improve patient OHRQoL and may be similar to 2‐IODs in preservation of both peri‐implant parameters and masticatory movements.
Marginal Adaptation of CAD/CAM All‐Ceramic Crowns Made by Different Impression Methods: A Literature Review
Authors: Memari Yeganeh , Mohajerfar Maryam , Armin Anahid , Kamalian Fatemeh , Rezayani Vida , Beyabanaki Elaheh
Published: April 2018

All‐ceramic crowns for teeth are widely used for restoring teeth. Stone casts have been made from conventional impression methods; however, newer techniques have made this process easier and faster for both the patient and the practitioner. Laboratory CAD/CAM technology mainly involves scanning the die stone, while other systems permit impression or intraoral scanning; however, one major concern remaining is the marginal fit of the restorations made using different methods for recording the prepared teeth. This study aims to review studies evaluating the marginal fit of all‐ceramic crowns manufactured by CAD/CAM systems using different extra‐ and intra‐oral scanners compared to conventional impressions.
How Does Juvenile Offending Relate to Mothers' Aspirations and Expectations for Their Sons?
Authors: Cavanagh Caitlin , Mahler Alissa , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: April 2018

Mothers of 317 first‐time juvenile offenders (M = 15.35 years old) were interviewed over 2.5 years about their expectations and aspirations for their sons' futures. Mothers' expectations were lower than their aspirations, reflecting a discrepancy between what mothers felt was important for their child's future and what they considered likely to happen. As their children continued to engage in delinquent acts, mothers' expectations for their sons' future success diminished. Youth age moderated the association between delinquency and maternal expectations, such that when perceived delinquency was high, expectations were lower for mothers of young sons compared to mothers of older sons. These findings carry implications for practice and intervention, as parent expectations and aspirations are both directly and indirectly associated with youth achievement.
Elephant‐mediated compositional changes in riparian canopy trees over more than two decades in northern Botswana
Authors: Teren Gabriella , Owen‐Smith Norman , Erasmus Barend F. N.
Published: April 2018

Questions

How has the composition and diversity of canopy tree species in a riparian woodland changed over time? How are the compositional changes related to impact of elephants? Does the composition of juvenile plants indicate that the woodland retains the potential to recover its former composition?

Location

Northern Botswana adjoining the Linyanti River.

Methods

We assessed the species composition of the riparian woodland in 2007/2008 along belt transects, recording living and dead individuals in different size classes plus signs of elephant damage and the presence of juvenile plants. We related this current composition to the composition recorded in a previous survey in 1991/1992 and reconstructed the earlier composition by combining living and dead trees recorded in 1991/1992. We established the association between mortality and impact agent, severity, year and size class using model selection statistics. Changes in species diversity were assessed using the Shannon diversity index.

Results

The composition of canopy trees changed from the initial dominance of two Acacia spp. towards the current situation with these two species forming <5% of the woodland canopy. Dead trees were strongly associated with severe damage inflicted by elephants, including bark stripping and felling. As the acacia trees declined, elephant impacts shifted onto other canopy tree species. The woodland canopy became progressively more open because recruitment from juvenile and sapling stages to replace trees that had died was also suppressed. Nevertheless, the tree species that had decreased in abundance in the canopy remained abundant as juvenile plants.

Conclusion

Substantial changes in woodland composition can occur in the presence of high elephant concentrations because of the selective damage that elephants impose on particular tree species and size classes. The loss of functionally important species may not be reflected by changes in compositional diversity measures.
Late Quaternary ecotone change between sub‐alpine and montane forest zone on the leeward northern slope of Mt. Kilimanjaro
Authors: Montade Vincent , Schüler Lisa , Hemp Andreas , Bremond Laurent , Salamanca Duarte Angela Maria , Behling Hermann
Published: April 2018

Questions

How did the montane forest of the leeward northern slopes on Mt. Kilimanjaro respond to climate fluctuation during the late Quaternary?

Location

Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Methods

Pollen, phytolith and macro‐charcoal analyses from a palaeosol.

Results

Palaeoecological analyses indicate that vegetation was mainly characterized by Ericaceae with Poaceae dominated by cold‐adapted C3 highland grasses during the pre‐LGM and the LGM. From the last deglaciation onwards, the previous assemblage was progressively replaced by Podocarpus forest associated with Clematis and later the expansion of ferns, then Araliaceae, Hagenia abyssinica, Ilex mitis and Olea started in the early Holocene.

Conclusion

Vegetation dynamics reveal that open sub‐alpine vegetation associated with some components of afro‐alpine grassland was located at a lower elevation than today, related to cold and dry conditions during the Late Glacial. In contrast to Mt. Kenya, our results show an absence of C4 grass expansion on the northern slope of Mt. Kilimanjaro during the LGM. From the last deglaciation to the early Holocene, under temperature and precipitation increase, the vegetation zones moved upward, as indicated by the development of upper montane forest at the expense of the sub‐alpine vegetation. Although we confirm the altitudinal movements of vegetation zones generally observed from the Late Glacial to the Holocene in East African mountains, our results also reveal the importance of local environmental conditions in mountain vegetation response.
Light availability impacts structure and function of phototrophic stream biofilms across domains and trophic levels
Authors: Bengtsson Mia M. , Wagner Karoline , Schwab Clarissa , Urich Tim , Battin Tom J.
Published: April 2018

Phototrophic biofilms are ubiquitous in freshwater and marine environments where they are critical for biogeochemical cycling, food webs and in industrial applications. In streams, phototrophic biofilms dominate benthic microbial life and harbour an immense prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial biodiversity with biotic interactions across domains and trophic levels. Here, we examine how community structure and function of these biofilms respond to varying light availability, as the crucial energy source for phototrophic biofilms. Using metatranscriptomics, we found that under light limitation‐dominant phototrophs, including diatoms and cyanobacteria, displayed a remarkable plasticity in their photosynthetic machinery manifested as higher abundance of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast ribosomal RNA. Under higher light availability, bacterial mRNAs involved in phosphorus metabolism, mainly from Betaproteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, increased, likely compensating for nutrient depletion in thick biofilms with high biomass. Consumers, including diverse ciliates, displayed community shifts indicating preferential grazing on algae instead of bacteria under higher light. For the first time, we show that the functional integrity of stream biofilms under variable light availability is maintained by structure–function adaptations on several trophic levels. Our findings shed new light on complex biofilms, or “microbial jungles”, where in analogy to forests, diverse and multitrophic level communities lend stability to ecosystem functioning. This multitrophic level perspective, coupling metatranscriptomics to process measurements, could advance understanding of microbial‐driven ecosystems beyond biofilms, including planktonic and soil environments.
Mitochondria and Wolbachia titers are positively correlated during maternal transmission
Authors: Henry Lucas P. , Newton Irene L. G.
Published: April 2018

Mothers provide their offspring with symbionts. Maternally transmitted, intracellular symbionts must disperse from mother to offspring with other cytoplasmic elements, like mitochondria. Here, we investigated how the intracellular symbiont Wolbachia interacts with mitochondria during maternal transmission. Mitochondria and Wolbachia may interact antagonistically and compete as each population tries to ensure its own evolutionary success. Alternatively, mitochondria and Wolbachia may cooperate as both benefit from ensuring the fitness of the mother. We characterized the relationship between mitochondria and Wolbachia titers in ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster. We found that mitochondria and Wolbachia titers are positively correlated in common laboratory genotypes of D. melanogaster. We attempted to perturb this covariation through the introduction of Wolbachia variants that colonize at different titers. We also attempted to perturb the covariation through manipulating the female reproductive tract to disrupt maternal transmission. Finally, we also attempted to disrupt the covariation by knocking down gene expression for two loci involved in mitochondrial metabolism: NADH dehydrogenase and a mitochondrial transporter. Overall, we find that mitochondria and Wolbachia titers are commonly positively correlated, but this positive covariation is disrupted at high titers of Wolbachia. Our results suggest that mitochondria and Wolbachia have likely evolved mechanisms to stably coexist, but the competitive dynamics change at high Wolbachia titers. We provide future directions to better understand how their interaction influences the maintenance of the symbiosis.
o‐Phthalate derived from plastics’ plasticizers and a bacterium's solution to its anaerobic degradation
Authors: Sawers R. G.
Published: April 2018

Phthalic acid esters (phthalates) are anthropogenic compounds that are used as plasticizers. Unfortunately, because phthalates are non‐covalently intercalated into plastic polymers they leach into the environment, accumulating in anoxic sediments. This has negative consequences for animal and human health. Denitrifying Betaproteobacteria, such as Aromatoleum aromaticum, can use ortho‐phthalate, derived by ester hydrolysis, as a carbon and energy source. Mergelsberg et al. () deconstruct the pathway whereby ortho‐phthalic acid is converted, via the highly unstable phthaloyl‐CoA, to the central intermediate of anaerobic aromatic degradation, benzoyl‐CoA. The latter reaction is catalysed by UbiD‐like phthaloyl‐CoA decarboxylase (PCD). Succinyl‐CoA:o‐phthalate CoA‐transferase (SPT) generates phthaloyl‐CoA, which accumulates at only sub‐micromolar concentrations, while the Km of PCD for phthaloyl‐CoA is two‐orders of magnitude higher. This seemingly insurmountable kinetic barrier is overcome because A. aromatoleum massively over‐produces PCD and because the decarboxylation reaction is irreversible. These features of the pathway facilitate capture of phthaloyl‐CoA as it is released from SPT without the need for direct substrate‐channelling. The authors provide strong evidence from both in vivo and in vitro studies to support their conclusions. This work reveals how these anaerobic bacteria have rapidly evolved a stop‐gap measure to allow them to completely degrade an otherwise recalcitrant aromatic xenobiotic.
TbLpn, a key enzyme in lipid droplet formation and phospholipid metabolism, is essential for mitochondrial integrity and growth of Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Dawoody Nejad Ladan , Serricchio Mauro , Jelk Jennifer , Hemphill Andrew , Bütikofer Peter
Published: April 2018

Mammalian phosphatidic acid phosphatases, also called lipins, show high amino acid sequence identity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pah1p and catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid (PA) to diacylglycerol. Both the substrate and product of the reaction are key precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids and triacylglycerol (TAG). We now show that expression of the Trypanosoma brucei lipin homolog TbLpn is essential for parasite survival in culture. Inducible down‐regulation of TbLpn in T. brucei procyclic forms increased cellular PA content, decreased the numbers of lipid droplets, reduced TAG steady‐state levels and inhibited in vivo [3H]TAG formation after labeling trypanosomes with [3H]glycerol. In addition, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy revealed that depletion of TbLpn caused major alterations in mitochondrial morphology and function, i.e., the appearance of distorted mitochondrial matrix, and reduced ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Effects of lipin depletion on mitochondrial integrity have previously not been reported. N‐ and C‐terminally tagged forms of TbLpn were localized in the cytosol.
A nonmyeloablative chimeric mouse model accurately defines microglia and macrophage contribution in glioma
Authors: Yu K. , Youshani A. S. , Wilkinson F. L. , O'Leary C. , Cook P. , Laaniste L. , Liao A. , Mosses D. , Waugh C. , Shorrock H. , Pathmanaban O. , Macdonald A. , Kamaly‐Asl I. , Roncaroli F. , Bigger B. W.
Published: April 2018

Aims

Resident and peripherally derived glioma associated microglia/macrophages (GAMM) play a key role in driving tumour progression, angiogenesis, invasion and attenuating host immune responses. Differentiating these cells’ origins is challenging and current preclinical models such as irradiation‐based adoptive transfer, parabiosis and transgenic mice have limitations. We aimed to develop a novel nonmyeloablative transplantation (NMT) mouse model that permits high levels of peripheral chimerism without blood‐brain barrier (BBB) damage or brain infiltration prior to tumour implantation.

Methods

NMT dosing was determined in C57BL/6J or Pep3/CD45.1 mice conditioned with concentrations of busulfan ranging from 25 mg/kg to 125 mg/kg. Donor haematopoietic cells labelled with eGFP or CD45.2 were injected via tail vein. Donor chimerism was measured in peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen using flow cytometry. BBB integrity was assessed with anti‐IgG and anti‐fibrinogen antibodies. Immunocompetent chimerised animals were orthotopically implanted with murine glioma GL‐261 cells. Central and peripheral cell contributions were assessed using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. GAMM subpopulation analysis of peripheral cells was performed using Ly6C/MHCII/MerTK/CD64.

Results

NMT achieves >80% haematopoietic chimerism by 12 weeks without BBB damage and normal life span. Bone marrow derived cells (BMDC) and peripheral macrophages accounted for approximately 45% of the GAMM population in GL‐261 implanted tumours. Existing markers such as CD45 high/low proved inaccurate to determine central and peripheral populations while Ly6C/MHCII/MerTK/CD64 reliably differentiated GAMM subpopulations in chimerised and unchimerised mice.

Conclusion

NMT is a powerful method for dissecting tumour microglia and macrophage subpopulations and can guide further investigation of BMDC subsets in glioma and neuro‐inflammatory diseases.