bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystallization behaviors of chain extended poly (lactic acid) modified with ST‐NAB3 and its improvement for mechanical and thermal properties
Authors: Dun Dongxing , Zhang Meng , Zhu Min , Zhou Hongfu , Li Jian , Hu Jing
Published: July 2024

The widespread use of traditional petroleum‐based plastics is causing significant environmental pollution for example microplastics issues, due to its non‐biodegradability. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) as a representative biodegradable polymer is a promising candidate to replace petroleum‐based plastics in some fields of disposable packaging materials and tableware. In this work, in order to improve the poor crystallization, mechanical and heat resistance performances of PLA, styrene–acrylonitrile‐glycidyl methacrylate (SAG) as a chain extender and octamethylenedicarboxylic dibenzoylhydrazide (ST‐NAB3) as a heterogeneous nucleating agent (HNA) were added simultaneously into PLA matrix. The chain‐extended PLA (CPLA) with branch structures had smaller crystal sizes and higher crystal density, compared with those of pure PLA. In addition, thanks to the nucleation effect of ST‐NAB3 and the development of “shish‐kebab”, this tendency became more pronounced in CPLA/HNA systems. It was worth mentioning that, CPLA with the ST‐NAB3 content of 1 wt% (CPLA‐1) possessed the highest crystallinity of 43.6%. Meanwhile, CPLA‐1 had the best impact strength and heat deformation temperature of 38.9 kJ/m2 and 91.3°C respectively, which had increased by 11.3 kJ/m2 and 32.4°C contrast to pure PLA. On the whole, this study proposed a simple and effective method, which provided a new possibility for PLA modification research.
Controlled curcumin delivery via carboxymethyl starch‐modified gamma alumina nanoparticles in a polyethylene glycol‐based hydrogel
Authors: Adeli Fatemeh , Pourmadadi Mehrab , Abdouss Majid , Rahdar Abbas , Fathi‐karkan Sonia , Samandari Saeed Saber , Díez‐Pascual Ana M.
Published: July 2024

One of the most prevalent cancers affecting women globally is breast cancer. Consequently, the development of cost‐effective and low‐risk treatment options remains a critical pursuit. This study describes the synthesis via water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) of a pH‐responsive nanocarrier for curcumin delivery, a promising anticancer drug. The nanocarrier comprises carboxymethyl starch (CMS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and gamma alumina (γ‐Al2O3) nanoparticles. The molecular interactions between the nanocomposite components, its crystalline structure, surface morphology, size distribution, and surface charge were assessed via Fourier‐transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential, respectively. The nanocarrier showed a size ranging from 150 to 280 nm, zeta potential of +35.4 mV, drug loading of 47% and an encapsulation efficiency of 87%, which are among the maximum values reported to date for curcumin nanocarriers. A gradual drug release was observed, with 51% and 90% released after 72 h at pH 7.4 and 5.4, respectively, which corroborates the pH‐sensitivity of the nanocarrier. The cytotoxic effects of the curcumin‐loaded nanocomposite on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and normal cells were investigated using methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that loading curcumin onto the hydrogel significantly enhances its penetration into MCF‐7 cells. Overall, this novel nanocomposite offers a promising approach for curcumin delivery in breast cancer treatment.
KHCO3 Chemical‐Activated Hydrothermal Porous Carbon Derived from Sugarcane bagasse for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Wang Liujie , Ma Xueji , Ma Zhihua , Li Pengfa , Zhang Laiping
Published: July 2024

The reuse of waste biomass resources had become a hot topic in the sustainable development of human society. Biomass was an ideal precursor for preparing porous carbon. However, due to the complexity of biomass composition and microstructure, the quality reproducibility of biomass porous carbon was poor. Therefore, it was of great significance to develop a reliable method for preparing porous carbon from biomass. In this paper, the activated hydrothermal porous carbon was prepared by a combination of hydrothermal carbonization treatment and KHCO3 mild activation. The hydrothermal carbonization treatment could complete the morphology adjustment and iron doping of the carbon in one step, and the mild activation of KHCO3 could activate the porous carbon while maintaining the spherical morphology. Fe‐modified porous carbon with carbon ball/nanosheet structure prepared from bagasse exhibited a high surface area (2169.8 m2/g), which facilitated ion/electrolyte diffusion and increased accessibility between surface area and electrolyte ions. Therefore, bagasse derived activated porous carbon had good specific capacitance (315.2 F/g at 1 A/g) and good cycle stability, with a capacitance loss of only 5.8 % after 5000 charge‐discharge cycles, and the Na2SO4‐based device showed the maximum energy density of 13.02 Wh/kg. This study showed that the combination of hydrothermal treatment and mild activation provided an effective way for the conversion of waste biomass into high‐performance electrode materials.
Genitourinary infection and gastroschisis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vinogradov Raya , Muthupunnackal Annie , Moffat Malcolm , Rankin Judith
Published: July 2024

Background

Gastroschisis is a congenital anomaly of the umbilical ring with increasing prevalence, especially amongst younger mothers. There is increasing evidence that exposure to genitourinary infections (GUTI) may play an important role in the etiology of gastroschisis. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to identify, appraise, and summarize the literature on exposure to GUTI and gastroschisis.

Methods

Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library electronic databases, and Prospero) were searched using a comprehensive search strategy. Citations and cited articles for all included studies were searched. Peer‐reviewed, quantitative studies reporting an association of urinary tract infections (UTI) and/or sexually transmitted infections (STI) with gastroschisis were included. Prospero registration CRD42022377420.

Results

A total of 2392 papers were identified via the searches of which 15 met our inclusion criteria and were included after title and abstract and full text screening. The study period for included studies ranged from 1995 to 2016, most were from the USA. Four studies considering exposure to STIs and five to UTIs were eligible to progress to meta‐analysis. Meta‐analysis identified a significantly increased risk of gastroschisis in association with periconceptional exposure to UTI [OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.29, 1.8)], STI [OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.01, 1.79)].

Conclusions

Periconceptional exposure to GUTI is associated with an increased risk of gastroschisis. The prevention and timely treatment of GUTI amongst women of childbearing age may help to reduce the occurrence of gastroschisis.
Curcumin Knoevenagel's Schiff Base as a Promising Stabilizer of G‐Quadruplex Structure
Authors: Sharma Padma , Sweta Jha Niki
Published: July 2024

G‐quadruplex DNA sequences present in the promoter and telomere regions of the genomic sequence are considered therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer. Curcumin, derived from Curcuma longa, has been known as a quadruplex binder and has a potential role in the apoptosis of cancer cells. Here, we have reported the Schiff base ligand of curcumin synthesized through the condensation of the amino acid L‐tryptophan and the knoevenagel derivative of curcumin (4‐nitrobenzylidene curcumin (NBC)) as a potential G‐quadruplex binder. Thus, spectroscopic and biophysical studies reveal a higher binding affinity of the ligand Sb‐NBC towards the promoter and telomere G‐quadruplex sequence as compared to the parent NBC. The ligand Sb‐NBC highly stabilizes the parallel and hybrid G‐quadruplex topologies to 10.5 °C–6.4 °C. Interestingly, the ligands also exhibit selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells over normal cells. Taken together, this work provides evidence of the possibility of applying curcumin Schiff base in cancer therapy to regulate oncogene expression in cancer cells.
Synthesis of Hydrocarbons over a Bifunctional Oxide/Zeolite catalyst – A Study on Intermediates
Authors: Kull Tobias , Purcel Maximilian , Muhler Martin , Menne Andreas , Apfel Ulf‐Peter
Published: July 2024

The direct conversion of syngas into hydrocarbons, catalyzed by a combination of metal oxide and acidic zeolite, has garnered increasing attention in the scientific community. The remarkable hydrocarbon selectivity achieved in the OX‐ZEO process is a key factor in this growing interest. This process involves two distinct steps: CO activation over the oxide and subsequent C−C coupling within the zeolite pores, connected by an unidentified oxygenate intermediate. In this study, we explored three proposed oxygenates as potential intermediates and compared their conversion within the OX‐ZEO process. Using a bifunctional ZnCr2O4/H‐MOR catalyst in a syngas‐fed batch reactor, we found that methanol (MeOH) and dimethyl ether (DME) produced a hydrocarbon distribution similar to syngas conversion. However, the conversion of acetic acid (AcOH) resulted in a notably distinct range of hydrocarbons, including short olefins not detected with other reagents. Our findings suggest that methanol/DME might serve as active intermediates in the OX‐ZEO process over the ZnCr2O4/H‐MOR catalyst. This study provides a deeper insight into the transformation of proposed intermediates, contributing to the identification of the bridging intermediate that links the two catalytic functions.
Contact Electrification as an Emerging Strategy for Controlling the Performance of Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts
Authors: Yang Ling , Grzeschik Roland , Schlücker Sebastian , Xie Wei
Published: July 2024

Contact electrification (CE) is an emerging strategy for controlling the performance of metal nanoparticle (NP) catalysts. The underlying physical principle of this control is the sensitivity of the Fermi level to metal‐metal contacts. This change in electronic structure has a direct impact on surface properties and chemical reactivity. The concept article briefly introduces the basic theory of CE and its relationship to catalytic performance. We then highlight selected recent examples of advances in the preparation of hybrid metal NP assemblies, experimental techniques for characterizing CE, and finally applications of CE for altering catalytic performance.
Expedited Proton Relay in Enzyme‐Inspired Cobaloximes Facilitate Organic Transformations
Authors: Panja Subir , Nandi Chandan , Guria Somnath , Pan Avishek , Das Chandan , Das Srewashi , Ghorai Santanu , Dutta Arnab , Maiti Debabrata
Published: July 2024

Developing a water‐soluble, oxygen‐tolerant, and acid‐stable synthetic H2 production catalyst is vital for renewable energy infrastructure. To access such an effective catalyst, we strategically incorporated enzyme‐inspired, multicomponent outer coordination sphere elements around the cobaloxime (Cl−Co−X) core with suitable axial coordination (X). Our cobaloximes with axial imidazole or L‐histidine coordination in photocatalytic HAT including the construction of anilines via a non‐canonical cross‐coupling approach is found superior compared to commonly used cobaloxime catalysts. The reversible Co(II)/Co(I) process is influenced by the axial N ligand's nature. Imidazole/L‐histidine with a higher pKa promptly produces H2 upon irradiation, leading to the improved reactivity compared to previously employed axial (di)chloride or pyridine analogue.
Impact of Weak Organic Acids as Coagulants on Tailoring the Properties of Cellulose Aerogel Beads
Authors: Costa Diogo , Milow Barbara , Ganesan Kathirvel
Published: July 2024

Tailoring the properties of cellulose aerogel beads was investigated in the present study by using weak organic acids as coagulants. Three different weak acids were specifically chosen, acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid. For comparative studies, a strong acid, hydrochloric acid was examined. The production of aerogel beads by conventional dropping technique was controlled and optimized for weak acids. Aerogels were characterized by density analyses, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis, X‐ray powder diffractometry and IR spectroscopy. In common, all the aerogel beads showed interconnected nanofibrillar network, high specific surface area, high pore volume, high porosity and meso‐ and macroporous structure. In particular, when the weakest acid (acetic acid) was used as coagulant in the regeneration bath, the lowest shrinkage was observed. As a result, the cellulose aerogel beads produced from acetic acid showed the highest values of specific surface area (423 m2 g−1) and pore volume (3.6 cm3 g−1). The porous structure can be tuned by the choice of regeneration bath, which has either strong acid or a high concentration of weak acid. The aerogel beads were pure and showed cellulose II crystallinity. Hence this study paves an alternative path way to tailor the properties of cellulose aerogel beads.
Wittig Reaction in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Expanding the DES Toolbox in Synthesis
Authors: De Nardi Federica , Gorreta Giulia , Meazzo Carolina , Parisotto Stefano , Blangetti Marco , Prandi Cristina
Published: July 2024

Wittig reaction between substituted phosphonium salts and (hetero)aromatic and alkyl carbonyl compounds in Deep Eutectic Solvents has been developed under a scalable and friendly protocol. Highly efficient reactions were successfully run with a wide range of bases including organic (DBU, LiTMP, t‐BuOK) and inorganic (NaOH, K2CO3) ones in ChCl/Gly 1 : 2 (mol/mol) as solvent under mild conditions, at room temperature and under air. The proposed protocol was applied to a wide range of substrates, including (hetero)aromatic aldehydes with substituents as halogens (I, Br, Cl), EDG (alkoxy, methyl), EWG (NO2, CF3) or reactive groups as CN, esters, and ketones. Vinylic, alkynyl and cycloalkyl, alicyclic and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes can also be used. Highly electrophilic ketones gave good yields. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction is in complete agreement with the E/Z ratio predictable under traditional conditions. We demonstrated that the protocol is scalable to 2 g (5 mmol) of phosphonium salt, furthermore the proposed workup protocol allows to remove TPPO without need of additional chromatographic purification.
Anthocyanin physiology and biochemistry in fleshy fruit species: Mangosteen as a model
Authors: Ketsa Saichol , Warrington Ian J.
Published: July 2024

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a popular, common tropical fruit grown in Southeast Asian countries. The pericarp contains a high anthocyanin content and various other bioactive compounds that are associated with medicinal and pharmaceutical properties. In marked contrast, the white edible aril contains no anthocyanins. The anthocyanins are the major pigments in the pericarp and produce red‐to‐purple coloration, which serves as a maturity index when fruit are ripe. The major anthocyanins consist mainly of cyanidin‐sophoroside and cyanidin‐glucoside. The synthesis of anthocyanin in mangosteen involves the coordinated expression of many genes with at least eight genes encoding enzymes and three transcription factors having been identified. Ripening‐induced anthocyanin accumulation is regulated by endogenous ethylene that controls the expression of key genes. Comparisons are made between anthocyanin synthesis in mangosteen and other fruit species under various conditions including light and temperature and the influence of plant growth regulators.
Comparison of soxhlet and microwave‐assisted extractions efficiency for the determination of herbicides in soil and maize crop: Cumulative and health risks assessment
Authors: Zondo Sandisiwe , Mahlambi Precious
Published: July 2024

The effectiveness of microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) was compared for the determination of herbicides (atrazine, 2.4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, mesotrione, and glyphosate) in soil and maize crop followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The recoveries of herbicides in maize and soil were 62%–80% and 70%–81%, respectively, for SE, whereas they were 80%–98% and 85%–101%, respectively, for MAE. The analysis repeatability, represented as relative standard deviations were <20% for all herbicides in both methods. All the herbicides calibration curves showed a good correlation coefficient (R2) ≥ 0.996, indicating good linearity. The SE limits of detection and quantification ranged between 0.22 and 0.32 µg L−1, and between 2.2 and 3.2 µg L−1, respectively, whereas they were between 0.1 and 0.29 µg L−1, and between 1.0 and 2.9 µg L−1, respectively for MAE. These findings showed that MAE method is more accurate and sensitive than SE, thus can be accurately applied for the determination of the assessed herbicides in soil and maize cop. Herbicides concentrations obtained ranged from 2.7 to 20.4 µg L−1 in maize and from 1.2 to 30.5 µg L−1 in soil samples. The concentrations obtained in maize were higher than the maximum residue limits suggesting that health effect may occur upon continuous consumption. The herbicides toxicity index further confirmed the possible high toxicity effect of the studied maize crop as it exceeded the threshold value of 1. However, the health risk index was lower than 100% limit and did not exceed the acceptable daily intake of the maize crop in both adult and children indicating no health effect.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on management and outcomes of patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Shirahige Tomoyuki , Matsumoto Taiga , Shigeno Ayami , Funatomi Hiroyuki , Takahashi Jin , Funakoshi Hiraku
Published: July 2024

Aims

Guidelines recommend non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) for patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) with an inadequate response to initial oxygen therapy. During Japan's coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, NPPV use in emergency departments (EDs) was limited due to aerosol‐spreading concerns. This study compared the respiratory management and clinical outcomes of patients with ADHF in EDs before and during the pandemic.

Methods and results

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single centre in Japan using hospital data from September to November 2019 (before the pandemic) and September to November 2020 (during the pandemic). Patients diagnosed with ADHF were included. Patients not responding to standard oxygen therapy were intubated or started on NPPV therapy. The primary outcome measure was discharge after death. The secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay and medical expenses. The study included 37 patients before the pandemic and 36 during the pandemic. No significant differences were found in vital signs or laboratory data between the groups. NPPV utilization decreased significantly from 26 (70.3%) to 7 (19.4%) (P < 0.01). Two patients required intubation during both periods, with no significant differences (P = 0.98). No significant intergroup disparities were observed in discharge after death (1/36 [2.7%] vs. 1/37 [2.7%]; P = 0.19), length of hospital stay (17.5 vs. 19.0 days; P = 0.65), and medical expenses (57 590 vs. 57 600 yen; P = 0.65).

Conclusions

Despite a large decrease in NPPV use before and during the pandemic, there were no significant differences in discharge after death, hospital stay, or medical expenses.
Broadening the scope of multigene panel analysis for adult epilepsy patients
Authors: Lee Seungbok , Kang Mi‐Kyoung , So Ki Hurn , Jang Riyul , Shin Yong Woo , Jang Se Song , Yoon Jihoon G. , Kim Sheehyun , Kim Manjin , Chu Kon , Lee Sang Kun , Kim Ki Joong , Baek Seung Tae , Lim Byung Chan , Moon Jangsup
Published: July 2024

Objective

Epilepsy is a suitable target for gene panel sequencing because a considerable portion of epilepsy is now explained by genetic components, especially in syndromic cases. However, previous gene panel studies on epilepsy have mostly focused on pediatric patients.

Methods

We enrolled adult epilepsy patients meeting any of the following criteria: family history of epilepsy, seizure onset age ≤ 19 years, neuronal migration disorder, and seizure freedom not achieved by dual anti‐seizure medications. We sequenced the exonic regions of 211 epilepsy genes in these patients. To confirm the pathogenicity of a novel MTOR truncating variant, we electroporated vectors with different MTOR variants into developing mouse brains.

Results

A total of 92 probands and 4 affected relatives were tested, and the proportion of intellectual disability (ID) and/or developmental disability (DD) was 21.7%. As a result, twelve probands (13.0%) had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the following genes or regions: DEPDC5, 15q12‐q13 duplication (n = 2), SLC6A1, SYNGAP1, EEF1A2, LGI1, MTOR, KCNQ2, MEF2C, and TSC1 (n = 1). We confirmed the functional impact of a novel truncating mutation in the MTOR gene (c.7570C > T, p.Gln2524Ter) that disrupted neuronal migration in a mouse model. The diagnostic yield was higher in patients with ID/DD or childhood‐onset seizures. We also identified additional candidate variants in 20 patients that could be reassessed by further studies.

Significance

Our findings underscore the clinical utility of gene panel sequencing in adult epilepsy patients suspected of having genetic etiology, especially those with ID/DD or early‐onset seizures. Gene panel sequencing could not only lead to genetic diagnosis in a substantial portion of adult epilepsy patients but also inform more precise therapeutic decisions based on their genetic background.

Plain Language Summary

This study demonstrated the effectiveness of gene panel sequencing in adults with epilepsy, revealing pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 13.0% of patients. Higher diagnostic yields were observed in those with neurodevelopmental disorders or childhood‐onset seizures. Additionally, we have shown that expanding genetic studies into adult patients would uncover new types of pathogenic variants for epilepsy, contributing to the advancement of precision medicine for individuals with epilepsy. In conclusion, our results highlight the practical value of employing gene panel sequencing in adult epilepsy patients, particularly when genetic etiology is clinically suspected.
Critical liquefied soil thickness for response patterns of piles in inclined liquefied ground overlain by nonliquefied crust
Authors: Chiou Jiunn‐Shyang , Hsu Yuan‐Man , Ho Cheng‐En
Published: July 2024

Lateral spreading has historically caused extensive pile failure in liquefaction‐prone areas during strong earthquakes. A critical design scenario involves piles embedded in lateral spreading ground composed of a nonliquefied soil crust overlying a liquefied layer; it is critical because both layers can exert loads on the piles. Different thicknesses of the liquefied soil and the upper nonliquefied crust may engender different pile response patterns. Accordingly, to investigate factors influencing the lateral responses of a single pile embedded in liquefied ground with a nonliquefied crust, we conduct parametric analyses. The effects of liquefied and nonliquefied soil thicknesses are analyzed first, followed by those of pile‐head rotational restraint, pile diameter, and lateral spreading displacement. We observe two main pile response patterns for various liquefied soil thicknesses. The ground can be categorized into thin or thick liquefied ground depending on whether its liquefied soil thickness is less or greater than a critical value, namely, critical liquefied soil thickness; this critical thickness is dependent on the pile‐head rotational restraint, pile diameter, and lateral spreading displacement. The difference in the patterns stems from the varying roles of the upper nonliquefied soil layer during lateral spreading. For the thin liquefied ground, the nonliquefied layer contributes to adding lateral spreading force; therefore, the displacement, moment, and shear force responses of the pile increase with the nonliquefied soil thickness. However, for the thick liquefied ground, the nonliquefied layer provides resistance to lateral spreading; therefore, the maximum displacement, moment, and shear force of the pile initially decreases and then gradually increases with the nonliquefied soil thickness.
How ignoring detection probability hurts biodiversity conservation
Authors: Bennett Joseph R , Edwards Brandon PM , Bergman Jordanna N , Binley Allison D , Buxton Rachel T , Hanna Dalal EL , Hanson Jeffrey O , Hudgins Emma J , Karimi Sahebeh , Raymond Calla V , Robichaud Courtney D , Rytwinski Trina
Published: July 2024

Conservation priorities and legal protections are often based on confirmed species occurrences. However, imperfect detection is likely the norm in biological surveys, resulting in negative consequences for conservation. Focusing on threatened species in the US and Canada, we show that detectability information appears to be lacking for most species that are conservation priorities. Although more research on species detection is needed, detectability estimates are important for many immediate decisions. Thus, we recommend: (1) estimating and accounting for detectability and designing rigorous surveys when confirming presence or absence is crucial. Otherwise, absence in surveys should be considered suggestive only and critical habitat should be managed even if species presences are unconfirmed. (2) When directly estimating detectability is prohibitively difficult, indirect estimates should be explored, for example through expert elicitation or trait‐based predictors. (3) Detectability should be explicitly incorporated into decisions to ensure that surveys and management actions are directed where they have the greatest potential benefit.
Side-Scan Sonar as a Tool For Measuring Fish Populations: Current State of the Science and Future Directions
Authors: Ridgway Josey L. , Madsen John A. , Fischer Jesse R. , Calfee Robin D. , Acre Matthew R. , Kazyak David C.
Published: July 2024

Side-scan sonar (SSS) is a powerful tool that can be used to address many key questions in fisheries science. In principle, SSS uses dual transducers to transmit a narrow-beam, wide-angle acoustic signal as the survey vessel transits an area. The intensity of reflected sound is recorded to generate an image mosaic comprised of benthic substrates and targets in the water column, including organisms such as fish. Although SSS has been around for decades, recent advancements have opened new opportunities to leverage this technology to directly measure fish populations. In this paper, we review the current state of the science and identify opportunities to further refine SSS for fisheries applications.
Petrographic insight into the sourcing and production of pre‐colonial Ceramics from Aruba
Authors: Casale Simone , Groot Niels , Dijkhoff Raymundo A. C. F. , Kelly Harold J. , Jacobs Loe , Degryse Patrick , Hofman Corinne L.
Published: July 2024

This research presents the findings of a petrographic analysis conducted on pre‐colonial Ceramics from Aruba, focusing on understanding ceramic mineral resources and production. The study compared ceramics from nine sites with a selection of clay sources from the island. Petrographic analysis identified the existence of three different mineralogical compositions. Two groups of undecorated vessels were likely manufactured using locally sourced clay materials. Group 1 ceramics show a connection with the weathering of quartz‐diorite intrusions in the northwest part of the island and suggest the exploitation of multiple, geographically close sources with similar compositions. Group 2 ceramics are related to clay sources found in the southeast of Aruba, with a mixed geological composition, including limestone, volcanic tuff and quartz‐diorite. In contrast, Group 3 ceramics are mostly decorated and belong to the Early Urumaco Period. They display a distinct composition characterized by a calcareous matrix with clay pellets, clay streaks and the presence of shell fragments added as temper. The extensive clay preparation practice leaves uncertainties concerning the origin of ceramics from Group 3. The study also highlights clay selection and use patterns, indicating that different clay sources were interchangeably utilized by communities across Aruba.
Variant analysis of human papillomavirus type 52 in Iranian women during 2018−2020: A case‐control study
Authors: Jalali‐Alhosseini Parvin , Shoja Zabihollah , Jalilvand Somayeh
Published: July 2024

Background and Aims

Knowing the regional variants of distinct human papillomavirus (HPV) types is valuable as it can be beneficial for studying their epidemiology, pathogenicity, and evolution. For this reason, the sequence variations of the E6 gene of HPV 52 were investigated among women with normal cervical cytology and premalignant/malignant cervical samples.

Methods

Sixty‐four HPV 52‐positive samples were analyzed using semi‐nested PCR and sequencing.

Results

Our findings showed that all samples belonged to lineage A (61%) or B (39%). Among samples that were infected with the A lineage, sublineages A1 and A2 were detected and sublineage A1 was dominant. No association was found between lineages and stage of disease (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Our results revealed that the A lineage, sublineage A1, and B lineage were common in Iranian women. Nevertheless, more studies with larger sample sizes are required to estimate the pathogenicity risk of HPV 52 lineages in Iranian women with cervical cancer.
CFD study of heat transfer in power‐law fluids over a corrugated cylinder
Authors: Rajpuriya Sonam Gopaldasji , Dhiman Sachin Kumar , Shyam Radhe
Published: July 2024

The computational study of power‐law fluid flow, along with heat transfer attributes over a corrugated heated cylinder, is explored using ANSYS FLUENT (Version 18.0). Fluids power‐law indices fall in the range of 0.25 ≤ n ≤ 1.5, and the Reynolds number spans in the range of 1 ≤ ReN ≤ 40. The flow is two‐dimensional, steady, and laminar. A wide range of Prandtl numbers (0.7 ≤ PrN ≤ 500) is used to cover the most industrially applied fluids. A domain height of 135Dh is used. A grid with the smallest element size of 0.04 m and 135,914 nodes was used. Flow and heat transfer attributes were studied using streamlines, isotherms, and local and average Nusselt numbers. The average Nusselt number increases with ReN and/or PrN. The heat transfer rate is significantly lower in dilatant fluids and higher in pseudoplastic fluids than in Newtonian fluids. The onset of wake formation behind the cylinder takes place at ReN = 10. The increase in Reynolds number (ReN) and power‐law index (n) causes an increase in wake size. Heat transfer increases with the Reynolds number and/or decrease in the power‐law index. The enhancement in heat transfer due to corrugation is studied in detail in terms of average Nusselt number, which has not been studied for arched corrugated cylinder, even for Newtonian fluids in low Reynolds number range. A Nusselt number correlation is also developed for the given ranges of conditions.
Effect of duct length variation on solar air heater performance for smooth and D‐shaped roughened absorber plate
Authors: Dutt Nitesh , Hedau Ankush , Kumar Ashwani , Awasthi Mukesh Kumar , Singh Varun Pratap
Published: July 2024

The study aims to examine how duct length affects the performance of a solar air heater (SAH) with a D‐shaped ribbed absorber plate, compared to a smooth absorber plate. The optimized D‐shaped ribs from previous research investigations are utilized in the present work to explore the absorber plate's length influence on the Nusselt number. The study reveals a slight decrease in the Nusselt number as the length of the absorber plate with D‐shaped ribs is increased. The observed behavior is attributed to the diminishing capacity of air to extract heat from the heated surface within the elongated duct. Moreover, the study calculates the pressure drop and thermo–hydraulic performance parameter (THPP) associated with the D‐shaped ribs and formulates correlations to establish a quantitative understanding of the relationship between duct length and D‐shaped rib performance. The maximum value of THPP was found to be 1.17 within the considered range of duct height. Furthermore, correlations have been derived for the Nusselt number and friction factor in terms of duct length to hydraulic diameter ratio and Reynolds number with maximum deviations of +1.7 and +2.13, respectively. These correlations serve as valuable tool for engineers and researchers seeking to optimize the design of SAHs, enabling them to balance the benefits of D‐shaped ribs with the considerations of duct length. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge of SAH design, offering insights into the trade‐offs and intricacies of utilizing D‐shaped ribs and adjusting duct length for improved THPP.
Developing glycoproteomics reveals the role of posttranslational glycosylation in the physiological and pathological processes of male reproduction
Authors: Cheng Qingyuan , Luo Mengqi , Xu Zihe , Li Fuping , Zhang Yong
Published: July 2024

Glycosylation plays a pivotal role in the physiological and pathological processes of male reproduction. It impacts thousands of proteins and is actively ongoing through all stages of reproduction, including spermatogenesis, maturation, capacitation, and fertilization. However, our grasp on glycosylation within male reproductive processes remains limited, largely due to the technical hurdles. Recent advancements have seen the mapping of the glycoproteome of human semen, utilizing cutting‐edge glycoproteomic technologies. This breakthrough lays the groundwork for in‐depth research into the influence of glycosylation on male reproductive system and related disorders. Nevertheless, the field faces numerous challenges that necessitate further advancements in glycoproteomic methodologies. In this analysis, we evaluated the potential applications of advanced glycoproteomic techniques in the study of male reproduction and summarized the detailed profiling of the human semen glycome and glycoproteome. Our current understanding of glycosylation's role within the male reproductive system alongside recent progress in glycoproteomics may equip biologists with a comprehensive insight. Furthermore, this analysis brought together findings on abnormal glycosylation and its link to male reproductive disorders in the view of glycomics and glycoproteomics. It can facilitate the clinical application of glyco‐related biomarkers and targets in the treatment of infertility.
Persistent internal control failures: Examining multiple consecutive years of disclosing material weaknesses
Authors: Tian Tian , Mei Shujia , Tang Tammy
Published: July 2024

In this study, we analyze a sample of accelerated filers that have reported material weaknesses (MWs) in their internal controls for multiple consecutive years. The recent emphasis by the Securities and Exchange Commission on improving accounting and controls within public companies has led to heightened scrutiny of firms with ongoing MW disclosures. Analyzing data from 2004 to 2021, we find that approximately one‐third of MW observations are for 2 or more consecutive years, with the longest duration being 12 years. Our research shows that these firms face progressively higher audit fees and longer audit report lags for each additional year of MW disclosure. Firm–years with long‐standing MW disclosures (5 or more consecutive years) have the highest audit fees and the longest audit report lags. Our findings also reveal a significant increase in the likelihood of misstatements during the first and second consecutive years of MW disclosures, and a consistent and notable rise in discretionary accruals over the initial 4 consecutive years of MW reporting for these firms. Overall, our results highlight the financial repercussions for firms that do not promptly address MWs in their internal controls. These consequences include higher audit fees, extended audit report lags, and declining financial reporting quality.
Cancer‐associated fibroblasts‐secreted exosomal miR‐92a‐3p promotes tumor growth and stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway by suppressing AXIN1
Authors: Su Zenong , Lu Chao , Zhang Feifei , Liu Huan , Li Meiqing , Qiao Meng , Zou Xiaohong , Luo Danyang , Li Haojing , He Min , Se Han , Jing Jing , Wang Xiangcheng , Yang Hao , Yang Hong
Published: July 2024

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major cellular component in the tumor microenvironment and have been shown to exhibit protumorigenic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to delve into the mechanisms underlying the tumor‐promoting effects of CAFs in HCC. Small RNA sequencing was conducted to screen differential expressed microRNAs in exosomes derived from CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs). The miR‐92a‐3p expression was then measured using reverse transcriptase quantitative real‐time PCR in CAFs, NFs, CAFs‐derived exosomes (CAFs‐Exo), and NF‐derived exosomes (NFs‐Exo). Compared to NFs or NF‐Exo, CAFs and CAFs‐Exo significantly promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. Additionally, compared to NFs or NF‐Exo, miR‐92a‐3p level was notably higher in CAFs and CAFs‐Exo, respectively. Exosomal miR‐92a‐3p was found to enhance HCC cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. Meanwhile, AXIN1 was targeted by miR‐92a‐3p. Exosomal miR‐92a‐3p could activate β‐catenin/CD44 signaling in HCC cells by inhibiting AXIN1 messenger RNA. Furthermore, in vivo studies verified that exosomal miR‐92a‐3p notably promoted tumor growth and stemness through targeting AXIN1/β‐catenin axis. Collectively, CAFs secreted exosomal miR‐92a‐3p was capable of promoting growth and stemness in HCC through activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway by suppressing AXIN1. Therefore, targeting CAFs‐derived miR‐92a‐3p may be a potential strategy for treating HCC.
Leptin gene expression in the brain is associated with the physiological onset of estivation in western sand lance Ammodytes japonicus
Authors: Amiya Noriko , Nakano Nayu , Tanaka Chikaya , Hibino Shizuha , Takakura Ryota , Amano Masafumi , Yoshinaga Tatsuki
Published: July 2024

Dormancy is an essential ecological characteristic for the survival of organisms that experience harsh environments. Although factors that initiate dormancy vary, suppression or cessation of feeding activities are common among taxa. To distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic causes of metabolic reduction, we focused on estivation, which occurs in summer when the feeding activity is generally enhanced. Sand lances (genus Ammodytes) are a unique marine fish with a long estivation period from early summer to late autumn. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the control mechanisms of estivation in western sand lance (A. japonicus), and firstly examined behavioral changes in 8 months including a transition between active and dormant phases. We found that swimming/feeding behavior gradually decreased from June, and completely disappeared by late August, indicating all individuals had entered estivation. Next, we focused on leptin, known as a feeding suppression hormone in various organisms, and examined leptin‐A gene (AjLepA) expression in the brain that may regulate the seasonal behavioral pattern. AjLepA expression decreased after 7 days of fasting, suggesting that leptin has a function to regulate feeding in this species. The monthly expression dynamics of AjLepA during the feeding (active) and non‐feeding (estivation) periods showed that the levels gradually increased with the onset of estivation and reached its peak when all the experimental fish had estivated. The present study suggests that the suppression of feeding activity by leptin causes shift in the physiological modes of A. japonicus before estivation.
Metabolic and mitochondria alterations induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 accessory proteins ORF3a, ORF9b, ORF9c and ORF10
Authors: López‐Ayllón Blanca D. , Marin Silvia , Fernández Marco Fariñas , García‐García Tránsito , Fernández‐Rodríguez Raúl , de Lucas‐Rius Ana , Redondo Natalia , Mendoza‐García Laura , Foguet Carles , Grigas Juozas , Calvet Alba , Villalba José Manuel , Gómez María Josefa Rodríguez , Megías Diego , Mandracchia Biagio , Luque Daniel , Lozano Juan José , Calvo Cristina , Herrán Unai Merino , Thomson Timothy M. , Garrido Juan J. , Cascante Marta , Montoya María
Published: July 2024

Antiviral signaling, immune response and cell metabolism are dysregulated by SARS‐CoV‐2, the causative agent of COVID‐19. Here, we show that SARS‐CoV‐2 accessory proteins ORF3a, ORF9b, ORF9c and ORF10 induce a significant mitochondrial and metabolic reprogramming in A549 lung epithelial cells. While ORF9b, ORF9c and ORF10 induced largely overlapping transcriptomes, ORF3a induced a distinct transcriptome, including the downregulation of numerous genes with critical roles in mitochondrial function and morphology. On the other hand, all four ORFs altered mitochondrial dynamics and function, but only ORF3a and ORF9c induced a marked alteration in mitochondrial cristae structure. Genome‐Scale Metabolic Models identified both metabolic flux reprogramming features both shared across all accessory proteins and specific for each accessory protein. Notably, a downregulated amino acid metabolism was observed in ORF9b, ORF9c and ORF10, while an upregulated lipid metabolism was distinctly induced by ORF3a. These findings reveal metabolic dependencies and vulnerabilities prompted by SARS‐CoV‐2 accessory proteins that may be exploited to identify new targets for intervention.
Resonances of the d'Alembertian on the anti‐de Sitter space SOe(2,2)/SOe(2,1)$\mathop {\rm {SO_e}}(2,2)/\mathop {\rm {SO_e}}(2,1)$
Authors: Roby Simon
Published: July 2024

We consider the action of the d'Alembertian on functions on the pseudo‐Riemannian three‐dimensional anti‐de Sitter space. We determine the resonances of this operator. With each resonance one can associate a residue representation. We give an explicit description of these representations via Langlands parameters.
Field reacts to U.S. Surgeon General Advisory on firearm violence
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: July 2024

U.S. Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy, M.D., issued a second general advisory last month — the first regarding the social media harms for youth — and this time, he addressed exposure to firearm violence for both children and adults giving rise to a cycle of trauma and fear within the nation's communities.
Wideband monostatic and bistatic radar cross‐section reductions using polarization conversion metasurface
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Cao Weiwei , Zhao Enhui , Li Dani , Shen Xiaopeng
Published: July 2024

A high‐efficiency polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is proposed and applied to radar cross section (RCS) reduction. The PCM can achieve cross‐polarization conversion with a polarization conversion ratio of over 97% from 13.9 to 30.3 GHz, covering K‐band. The low‐RCS antenna is designed from a circularly polarized patch antenna loading with the PCM. The antennas with and without PCM are fabricated and measured. The results show that the radiation performance is well preserved and the scattering performance is greatly improved. The average monostatic RCS reduction value reaches 14.6 dB in an ultra‐wideband from 12.2 to 30.2 GHz under normal incidence. What's more important, bistatic RCS is researched in detail and evident RCS reduction is achieved at different incidence angles. This research has potential applications in the field of stealth platform.
Ultra‐wideband radial space power combiner design
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhong Wenxu , Wang Jianyu , Liu Xia , Jun Wang , Lin Shuai , Gao Yong , Long Jiawei , Zhou Yang
Published: July 2024

In this paper, a novel radial spatial power combiner based on the WRD650 standard double‐ridge waveguide has been proposed. The combiner exhibits a significant increase in operating bandwidth due to the utilization of the upper ridge taper and the lower ridge extension. The principle prototype is designed, processed, and tested. The test results show that the overall return loss of the dual‐ridge waveguide power combiner is better than −10 dB at the input port, and the insertion loss at each output port is better than −2 dB in the 6–18 GHz band, and the maximum phase difference at each port does not exceed 11°. Due to the limitations of the processing accuracy, the final overall synthesis efficiency is higher than 70%.
Investigations on the EPR g factors and local structures for the orthorhombic and tetragonal Cu2+ centers in Pb[Zr0.54Ti0.46]O3
Authors: Huang Xiaohua , Zhang Meiyun , Guo Fangfang , Cai Houdao , Zhou Xilin , Feng Cuidi
Published: July 2024

The defect models of the orthorhombical and tetragonal Cu2+ centers in Pb[Zr0.54Ti0.46]O3 are attributed to Cu2+ ions occupying the sixfold coordinated octahedral Ti4+ site with and without charge compensation, respectively. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) g factors gi (i = x, y, z) of the Cu2+ centers in Pb[Zr0.54Ti0.46]O3 are theoretically studied by using the perturbation formulas of a 3d9 ion under orthorhombically and tetragonally elongated octahedra. Based on the calculation, the impurity off‐center displacements are about 0.253 and 0.162 Å for the orthorhombical and tetragonal Cu2+ centers, respectively. Meanwhile, the planar Cu2+–O2− bonds are found to experience the relative variation ΔR (≈0.102 Å) along the a‐ and b‐axes for the orthorhombical Cu2+ center due to the Jahn–Teller (JT) effect. The theoretical EPR g factors based on the above local structures agree well with the observed values.
Deuterium MRI of serine metabolism in mouse models of glioblastoma
Authors: Hesse Friederike , Low Jacob , Cao Jianbo , Bulat Flaviu , Kreis Felix , Wright Alan J. , Brindle Kevin M.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Serine is a major source of one‐carbon units needed for the synthesis of nucleotides and the production of intramitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and it plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to develop a deuterium (2H) MRS imaging method for imaging tumor serine metabolism.

Methods

Sequential (2H) spectra and spectroscopic images were used to monitor the metabolism of [2,3,3‐2H3]serine in patient‐derived glioblastoma cells in vitro and in tumors obtained by their orthotopic implantation in mouse brain.

Results

[14,14‐2H2] 5,10‐methylene‐tetrahydrofolate, [2H]glycine, [2H]formate, and labeled water were detected in cell suspensions and water labeling in spectroscopic images of tumors. Studies in cells and tumors with variable mitochondrial content and inhibitor studies in cells demonstrated that most of the labeled serine was metabolized in the mitochondria. Water labeling in the cell suspensions was correlated with formate labeling; therefore, water labeling observed in tumors could be used to provide a surrogate measure of flux in the pathway of one‐carbon metabolism in vivo.

Conclusion

The method has the potential to be used clinically to select patients for treatment with inhibitors of one‐carbon metabolism and subsequently to detect their early responses to such treatment.
Blickpunkt Synthese: Ein nützlicher Antiaromat
Authors: Reinhold Marius , Walker Johannes
Published: July 2024

Cyclobutadien, der kleinste Antiaromat, ist sehr reaktiv. Es herzustellen und präparativ zu nutzen ist nicht einfach, aber der Aufwand lohnt sich: Cyclobutadien eignet sich zum Beispiel für [4+2]‐Cycloadditionen, eine Cuban‐ und eine Naturstoffsynthese.
Fast ein Jubiläum: 99 Jahre Element 75
Authors: van Gerven David , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: July 2024

Bis in das Jahr 1925 bestand Gruppe 7 des Periodensystems nur aus dem Element Mangan. Dann wies das Ehepaar Ida und Walter Noddack ein neues Element nach: Rhenium. Für substanzielle Mengen mussten sie – mit Unterstützung der Industrie – über 600 Kilogramm des Minerals Molybdänglanz aufarbeiten. Dass Rhenium einzigartig ist, zeigen Vergleiche mit seinen Homologen.