bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating developmental motor plasticity with paired afferent stimulation
Authors: Damji Omar , Keess Jamie , Kirton Adam
Published: January 2015

Aim

Brain plasticity mechanisms are probably different in children but remain poorly understood. Paired afferent stimulation (PAS) combines peripheral sensory stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of primary motor cortex to induce rapid, reversible, topographically specific increases in primary motor cortex excitability suggestive of long‐term potentiation in adults. Our aim was to determine frequency, characteristics, age effects, and reproducibility of PAS in school‐age children.

Method

Typically developing right‐handed children (6–18y) were recruited. Median nerve stimulation was delivered 25ms before suprathreshold primary motor cortex stimulation (0.2Hz, 7.5min). Primary outcome was changed in the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) at five time points after PAS (0, 15, 30, 45, 75min) expressed as area under the curve. Reproducibility was evaluated. Secondary outcomes included stimulus response curves and safety/tolerability.

Results

Of 28 children (20 males, mean age 12y), 64% demonstrated PAS effects (11 definite, seven probable). PAS effects were sustained across all time points to 75min (p=0.004). Stimulus response curve scores increased after PAS (n=9, p=0.02). PAS effect and age were not correlated. PAS was highly reproducible (p=0.925, r=0.283). Tolerability was favorable without adverse events.

Interpretation

PAS effects are present and reproducible in children. Pediatric PAS paradigms appear safe and tolerable. PAS may provide insight into endogenous developmental plasticity, informing future studies in children with cerebral palsy and other motor disorders.
A Case of Giant Mediastinal Cyst Initially Detected and Diagnosed by Echocardiography
Authors: Li XiaoDong , Wang XiaoCong , Duan XiuMei , Xu Hui
Published: January 2015

Mediastinal cysts are a group of benign mediastinal lesions, and their diagnoses are primarily depended on x‐ray and computed tomography. The development of ultrasound instruments and inspection techniques in recent years has led to the ability to use transthoracic echocardiography to clearly display structures surrounding the heart according to the dark fluid space (blood) of the atrium, ventricles, and large vessels as an acoustic window. This technique offers improved detection rates of mediastinal lesions. We report a case of a mediastinal cyst that was first detected and diagnosed on thoracic echocardiography examination and then confirmed by thoracoscopic surgery and pathological analysis.
Differential effects of genetic vs. environmental quality in Drosophila melanogaster suggest multiple forms of condition dependence
Authors: Bonduriansky Russell , Mallet Martin A. , Arbuthnott Devin , Pawlowsky‐Glahn Vera , Egozcue Juan José , Rundle Howard D.
Published: February 2015

Condition is a central concept in evolutionary ecology, but the roles of genetic and environmental quality in condition‐dependent trait expression remain poorly understood. Theory suggests that condition integrates genetic, epigenetic and somatic factors, and therefore predicts alignment between the phenotypic effects of genetic and environmental quality. To test this key prediction, we manipulated both genetic (mutational) and environmental (dietary) quality in Drosophila melanogaster and examined responses in morphological and chemical (cuticular hydrocarbon, CHC) traits in both sexes. While the phenotypic effects of diet were consistent among genotypes, effects of mutation load varied in magnitude and direction. Average effects of diet and mutation were aligned for most morphological traits, but non‐aligned for the male sexcombs and CHCs in both sexes. Our results suggest the existence of distinct forms of condition dependence, one integrating both genetic and environmental effects and the other purely environmental. We propose a model to account for these observations.
Crop pathogen emergence and evolution in agro‐ecological landscapes
Authors: Papaïx Julien , Burdon Jeremy J. , Zhan Jiasui , Thrall Peter H.
Published: February 2015

Remnant areas hosting natural vegetation in agricultural landscapes can impact the disease epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of crop pathogens. However, the potential consequences for crop diseases of the composition, the spatial configuration and the persistence time of the agro‐ecological interface – the area where crops and remnant vegetation are in contact – have been poorly studied. Here, we develop a demographic–genetic simulation model to study how the spatial and temporal distribution of remnant wild vegetation patches embedded in an agricultural landscape can drive the emergence of a crop pathogen and its subsequent specialization on the crop host. We found that landscape structures that promoted larger pathogen populations on the wild host facilitated the emergence of a crop pathogen, but such landscape structures also reduced the potential for the pathogen population to adapt to the crop. In addition, the evolutionary trajectory of the pathogen population was determined by interactions between the factors describing the landscape structure and those describing the pathogen life histories. Our study contributes to a better understanding of how the shift of land‐use patterns in agricultural landscapes might influence crop diseases to provide predictive tools to evaluate management practices.
Rethinking equine gastric ulcer syndrome: Part 3 – Equine glandular gastric ulcer syndrome (EGGUS)
Authors: Sykes B. , Jokisalo J. M.
Published: February 2015

It has recently been highlighted that significant differences exist between ulceration of the squamous gastric mucosa and ulceration of the glandular gastric mucosa in the horse. The first article in this series discussed terminology, clinical signs and diagnosis and the second reviewed ulceration of the squamous gastric mucosa in detail. The purpose of this article, the third and last in the series, is to review the pathophysiology, risk factors, prevalence, treatment and prevention of ulceration of the glandular gastric mucosa.
Lignin‐degrading enzymes
Authors: Pollegioni Loredano , Tonin Fabio , Rosini Elena
Published: February 2015

A main goal of green biotechnology is to reduce our dependence on fossil reserves and to increase the use of renewable materials. For this, lignocellulose, which is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, represents the most promising feedstock. The latter is a complex aromatic heteropolymer formed by radical polymerization of guaiacyl, syringyl, and p‐hydroxyphenyl units linked by β‐aryl ether linkages, biphenyl bonds and heterocyclic linkages. Accordingly, lignin appears to be a potentially valuable renewable aromatic chemical, thus representing a main pillar in future biorefinery. The resistance of lignin to breakdown is the main bottleneck in this process, although a variety of white‐rot fungi, as well as bacteria, have been reported to degrade lignin by employing different enzymes and catabolic pathways. Here, recent investigations have expanded the range of natural biocatalysts involved in lignin degradation/modification and significant progress related to enzyme engineering and recombinant expression has been made. The present review is focused primarily on recent trends in ligninolytic green biotechnology to suggest the potential (industrial) application of ligninolytic enzymes. Future perspectives could include synergy between natural enzymes from different sources (as well as those obtained by protein engineering) and other pretreatment methods that may be required for optimal results in enzyme‐based, environmentally friendly, technologies.
Nitrogen limitation on land: how can it occur in Earth system models?
Authors: Thomas R. Quinn , Brookshire E. N. Jack , Gerber Stefan
Published: February 2015

The representation of the nitrogen (N) cycle in Earth system models (ESMs) is strongly motivated by the constraint N poses on the sequestration of anthropogenic carbon (C). Models typically implement a stoichiometric relationship between C and N in which external supply and assimilation by organisms are adjusted to maintain their internal stoichiometry. N limitation of primary productivity thus occurs if the N supply from uptake and fixation cannot keep up with the construction of tissues allowed by C assimilation. This basic approach, however, presents considerable challenges in how to faithfully represent N limitation. Here, we review how N limitation is currently implemented and evaluated in ESMs and highlight challenges and opportunities in their future development. At or near steady state, N limitation is governed by the magnitude of losses from the plant‐unavailable pool vs. N fixation and there are considerable differences in how models treat both processes. In nonsteady‐state systems, the accumulation of N in pools with slow turnover rates reduces N available for plant uptake and can be challenging to represent when initializing ESM simulations. Transactional N limitation occurs when N is incorporated into various vegetation and soil pools and becomes available to plants only after it is mineralized, the dynamics of which depends on how ESMs represent decomposition processes in soils. Other challenges for ESMs emerge when considering seasonal to interannual climatic oscillations as they create asynchronies between C and N demand, leading to transient alternations between N surplus and deficit. Proper evaluation of N dynamics in ESMs requires conceptual understanding of the main levers that trigger N limitation, and we highlight key measurements and observations that can help constrain these levers. Two of the biggest challenges are the mechanistic representation of plant controls on N availability and turnover, including N fixation and organic matter decomposition processes.
In the contact zone: engineering meaningful encounters across difference through an interfaith project
Authors: Mayblin Lucy , Valentine Gill , Andersson Johan
Published: February 2015

Increasing scholarly attention is being paid to urban encounters with ‘difference’. Much of this work to‐date has focused on incidental encounters in various spatial settings from the market to the café. Here, a number of commentators have observed that fleeting, unintended encounters, where diverse people rub along together as a consequence of accidental proximity, do not necessarily produce ‘meaningful contact’. That is contact which breaks down prejudices and translates beyond the moment to produce a more general respect for others. This paper contributes to these debates by focusing instead on purposeful organised activities (‘The Project’) to bring two different groups together intentionally who would not normally have the opportunity for sustained engagement through a case study of an interfaith (Muslim and Jewish) youth cricket project in a large UK city. Here, we use the concept of the ‘contact zone’ to evaluate the effectiveness of this project. The findings highlight three critical processes which contribute to generating meaningful contact. First, it is important to establish space where participants from different groups can safely explore their differences together. Second, it is necessary to create space to establish shared interests: here through the game of cricket. Both are factors which require significant resourcing, in particular to enable a professional facilitator to manage what can be, or become, conflictual encounters and the expression of potentially negative emotions. Third, banal sociality also matters. It was time spent ‘hanging out’ alongside, instead of in, the purposeful activities when the participants identified their own natural affinities and found particular shared identity positions which contributed to destabilising the significance of differences beyond those The Project sought to address. These findings have clear relevance for future policy initiatives to develop interfaith relations.
Innovation and Regional Growth inMexico: 2000–2010
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pose Andrés , Villarreal Peralta Edna M.
Published: February 2015

This paper looks at the factors driving regional growth inMexico, paying special attention to the potentially growth‐enhancing role of innovation and innovation policy. The analysis combines innovation variables with indicators linked to the formation of adequate social conditions for innovation (thesocial filter), and spillovers for 31 Mexican states and theMexico City capital district (theDistrito Federal) during the period 2000–2010. The results indicate that regional economic growth acrossMexican states stems from direct investment in research and development (R&D) in areas with favorable social filters and which can benefit not only from knowledge spillovers, but also from being surrounded by rich neighbors with good social conditions. The results stress that, althoughMexican innovation policy has been relatively well targeted in order to generate greater economic growth, its relatively modest size may have undermined the attainment of its main objectives.
Catheter‐related bacteremia and mortality in frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis
Authors: Xue Hui , Li Nien‐Chen , Lacson Eduardo , Brunelli Steven M. , Lockridge Robert S.
Published: February 2015

Frequent nightly home hemodialysis (NHHD) has emerged as an attractive alternative to thrice weekly in‐center hemodialysis, albeit with preponderant long‐term hemodialysis catheter used. Sixty‐three NHHD patients from University of Virginia Lynchburg Dialysis Facility were matched 1:2 with 121 conventional hemodialysis patients admitted to Fresenius Medical Care North America facilities from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2010. Matching considered age (± 5 years), gender, race, dialysis vintage, and diabetes. The primary end‐point was the combined incidence of bacteremia/sepsis, for up to 20 months or upon changing to a fistula/graft (with catheter removal), transferring to peritoneal dialysis (PD), or at the time of kidney transplant or death. No significant differences were observed in rate of fistula/graft conversion, transfer to PD, transplant, or death between NHHD and in‐center hemodialysis (IHD) groups. For the first catheter used, the rate of catheter‐related sepsis was not significantly different between the NHHD (1.77 per 100 patient months) and IHD (2.03 per 100 patient months; P = 0.21). Combining all catheters, the rate of bacteremia/sepsis per 100 patient months in the NHHD group was 1.51 and in the IHD group was 2.01 (P = 0.35). Median catheter lifespan for the first catheter was 5.6 (1.7∼19.0) for NHHD and 4.6 (2.7∼7.8) for the IHD group (P = 0.64), and for all catheters used was 5.2 (Q1∼Q3 = 1.5∼15.2) months in NHHD group, and 4.1 (2.0∼6.8) months in IHD group (P = 0.20). The rate of bacteremia and death is not different for up to 20 months in catheter users who dialyze via frequent NHHD vs. thrice weekly IHD.
Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue measurements provide information about cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Ulusal Okyay Gülay , Okyay Kaan , Polattaş Solak Evşen , Sahinarslan Asife , Paşaoğlu Özge , Ayerden Ebinç Fatma , Paşaoğlu Hatice , Boztepe Derici Ülver , Sindel Şükrü , Arınsoy Turgay
Published: February 2015

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a cardiovascular risk predictor in general population. However, its value has not been well validated in maintainance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. We aimed to assess associations of EAT with cardiovascular risk predictors in nondiabetic MHD patients. In this cross‐sectional study, we measured EAT thickness by transthoracic echocardiography in 50 MHD patients (45.8 ± 14.6 years of age, 37 male). Antropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis, left ventricular (LV) mass, carotis intima media thickness, blood tests, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and hemodialysis dose by single‐pool urea clearence index (spKt/V) were determined. The mean EAT thickness was 3.28 ± 1.04 mm. There were significant associations of EAT with body mass index (β = 0.590, P < 0.001), waist circumference (β = 0.572, P < 0.001), body fat mass (β = 0.562, P < 0.001), percentage of body fat mass (β = 0.408, P = 0.003), percentage of lean tissue mass (β = −0.421, P = 0.002), LV mass (β = 0.426, P = 0.002), carotis intima media thickness (β = 0.289, P = 0.042), triglyceride/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (β = 0.529, P < 0.001), 1/HOMA‐IR (β = −0.386, P = 0.006), and spKt/V (β = −0.311, P = 0.028). No association was exhibited with visfatin C, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (for all, P > 0.05). Body mass index, waist circumference, body fat mass, percentage of lean tissue mass, LV mass, triglyceride/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, HOMA‐IR, and spKt/V appeared as independent predictors of EAT. EAT was significantly associated with body fat measures, cardiovascular risk predictors, and dialysis dose in MHD patients.
The Prevalence, Burden, and Treatment of Severe, Frequent, and Migraine Headaches in US Minority Populations: Statistics From National Survey Studies
Authors: Loder Stephen , Sheikh Huma U. , Loder Elizabeth
Published: February 2015

Background

The prevalence and burden of migraine and other severe headaches in the US population as a whole is well documented. Prevalence and treatment patterns in US racial and ethnic minorities, however, have received less attention. We sought to assemble and compare this information as identified in large, nationally representative studies.

Methods

We searched for summary statistics from studies performed in the United States between 1989 and 2014. Included studies had to provide population‐based, nationally or broadly representative information on the prevalence, burden, or treatment of severe or frequent headache or migraine in adult US Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, or Asians.

Results

Nine studies were included in the review. Prevalence data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) provide the most comprehensive information for major racial and ethnic groups. The average prevalence of severe headache or migraine from 2005 to 2012 NHIS was 17.7% for Native Americans, 15.5% for Whites, 14.5% for Hispanics, 14.45% for Blacks, and 9.2% for Asians. Severe headache or migraine prevalence was higher in females of all races and ethnic groups compared with males and across all included studies. Female to male prevalence ratios from the 2005‐2012 NHIS were 2.1 for Whites, 2.5 for Hispanics, 2.1 for Blacks, and 2.0 for Asians. Among those with chronic migraine (≥15 days of headache per month), prevalence data from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study showed that the prevalence of chronic migraine was highest in Hispanic women (2.26% compared with 1.2% for White females), whereas White males had the lowest prevalence at 0.46%. Data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey and National Ambulatory Care Survey show that Hispanics make only 89.5 annual ambulatory care visits per 10,000 population at which they receive a diagnosis of migraine, compared with 176.3 for Whites and 133.2 for Blacks. In contrast, visit rates resulting in a diagnosis of nonspecific headache were more comparable across all groups. Only one study obtained information on selected subgroups within Hispanic and Asian populations. This showed that differences among these subgroups, which suggest composite prevalence estimates for broadly defined racial and ethnic groups such as Asians, may conceal meaningful differences in subgroups, such as Vietnamese or Filipinos.

Conclusions

In the United States, migraine prevalence is highest among Native Americans, then Whites, followed closely by Hispanics and Blacks. Asians have the lowest prevalence of severe, frequent headache or migraine of the major racial or ethnic groups. Differences in diagnosis and treatment of headache and migraine may indicate racial and ethnic disparities in access and quality of care for minority patients.
Mandibular second molar root canal morphology and variants in a Korean subpopulation
Authors: Kim S. Y. , Kim B. S. , Kim Y.
Published: February 2015

Aim

To determine the root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars in a Korean population by analysing cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.

Methodology

The CBCT images of 960 subjects were examined. The number and configuration of roots and canals were categorized according to Vertucci's and modified Melton's classifications.

Results

Of the 1920 mandibular second molars, 41% had one root, 58% had two roots, and <1% had three roots. In the mesial roots of two‐rooted molars, Vertucci's Type lV (44%) and Type II (37.75%) canals were most frequent. The prevalence of C‐shaped roots was 40%, and C‐shaped roots in combination with additional mesiolingual or distolingual roots were found in <1% of molars. Interestingly, O‐shaped canals were detected in 0.10% of the molars. Of the C‐shaped roots, the most common configuration types were Melton's Type I (66%) in the coronal region and Melton's Type III (56%) in the apical region. The prevalence of C‐shaped roots was higher in females (47%) than in males (32%) (P < 0.001) and did not differ with age (P = 0.497) or tooth position (P = 0.514). Most (82%) C‐shaped canals were bilateral (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

A high prevalence of C‐shaped canals and a low incidence of three‐rooted molars were observed in the mandibular second molars of the Korean subpopulation studied.
Influence of jambolan (Syzygium cumini) and xanthan gum incorporation on the physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of gluten‐free eggless rice muffins
Authors: Singh Jatinder Pal , Kaur Amritpal , Shevkani Khetan , Singh Narpinder
Published: January 2015

This study was undertaken to prepare antioxidant‐rich gluten‐free eggless muffins from rice flour blended with varying amounts of jambolan fruit pulp (JFP) and xanthan gum (XG). The batters were evaluated for fundamental rheology, while muffins were analysed for physicochemical (colour, volume, water activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content), texture and sensory properties. The incorporation of JFP and XG increased batter viscoelasticity (increased G′ and G″ while decreased tan δ). JFP incorporation increased greenness (lower a* value), cohesiveness, resilience, water activity (aw), total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH and ABTS inhibition of the muffins. Further, XG improved muffin quality characteristics (appearance, specific volume and resilience). Sensory analyses revealed that JFP incorporation improved the consumer acceptability of the muffins.
HLA‐A, B and DRB1 genetic heterogeneity in Quebec
Authors: Buhler S. , Nunes J. M. , Sanchez‐Mazas A. , Richard L.
Published: January 2015

Recent studies have shown that under specific conditions such as high sample sizes and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, bone marrow donor registry data can be used to describe HLA molecular variation across a specific geographic area, thus providing excellent data sets to infer human migrations history. The province of Quebec is known to have experienced a complex history of settlement, characterized by multiple migrations and demographic changes. We thus analysed the data of more than 13 000 unrelated individuals acting as volunteer bone marrow donors who were molecularly typed for HLA‐A, B and DRB1 polymorphisms in the Héma‐Quebec registry. HLA allelic and haplotypic frequencies were estimated and compared among regions. The results indicate that, despite an overall low genetic diversity in Quebec, genetic variation is correlated with geography, compatible with isolation‐by‐distance across the province. However, some localities also harbour contrasting genetic profiles, that is a highly diversified genetic pool in the two main urban centres (Montréal and Laval) and a more pronounced genetic divergence of two specific regions characterized by a peculiar peopling history (Saguenay‐Lac‐St‐Jean and Gaspésie‐Îles‐De‐La‐Madeleine). In agreement with other independent molecular markers, the observations based on HLA data thus account for the main demographic mechanisms that shaped the genetic structure of the present day Quebecer population. In addition, the detailed analysis of the Héma‐Quebec registry provides key genetic information on which an efficient bone marrow transplantation recruitment strategy can be settled.
Safety of coadministration of ezetimibe and statins in patients with hypercholesterolaemia: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Luo L. , Yuan X. , Huang W. , Ren F. , Zhu H. , Zheng Y. , Tang L.
Published: February 2015

Background

Hypercholesterolaemia is a pivotal risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and is treated with many effective lipid‐lowering agents. Statins are often used alone or in combination with ezetimibe. Combination therapy is more effective because of its complementary approach, which has major benefits for patients with unmanageable lipid levels. Extensive application of combination therapy has resulted in an increased incidence of side‐effects, which has raised our concern.

Aim

To evaluate the evidence associated with the safety of coadministration of ezetimibe with statins.

Methods

Three electronic databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library) from January 2002 to October 2014. Two independent reviewers critically identify randomised controlled trials (RCT), extracted the data and assessed trial quality. A total ot 20 RCT met inclusion criteria, including 14 856 patients. A fixed‐effects model was used for meta‐analysis to assess the safety of combination therapy.

Results

Coadministration of ezetimibe and statins did not result in significant increases in total adverse events (30% vs 29%, P = 0.34), serious adverse events (2% vs 1.6%, P = 0.81), treatment discontinuations (3.5% vs 2.9%, P = 0.22), gastrointestinal adverse events (5% vs 4%, P = 0.08), allergic reactions or rashes (0.9% vs 1.3%, P = 0.33), creatine kinase > 10 × upper limit of normal (ULN) (0.2% vs 0.2%, P = 0.86), alanine aminotransferase > 3 × ULN (0.5% vs 0.4%, P = 0.96) and aspartate aminotransferase > 3 × ULN (0.4% vs 0.4%, P = 0.58).

Conclusion

The incidence of adverse events was similar between ezetimibe–statin combination therapy and statin monotherapy; thus, we recommend combination therapy for patients with hypercholesterolaemia at high risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.
Systematic Control of Structural Changes in GeO2 Glass Induced by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing
Authors: Asai Taiga , Shimotsuma Yasuhiko , Kurita Torataro , Murata Atsushi , Kubota Sho , Sakakura Masaaki , Miura Kiyotaka , Brisset Francois , Poumellec Bertrand , Lancry Matthieu
Published: January 2015

We report the structural changes inside germania glass induced by femtosecond laser pulses. Inspection by polarization microscopy and secondary electron microscopy indicate that the periodic nanostructures consist of oxygen defects such as ODCs (oxygen deficient centers) and NBOHCs (nonbridging oxygen hole centers) for laser pulse energy less than 0.2 μJ. However, the glass network was dissociated and O2 molecules were generated for laser pulse energy greater than 0.4 μJ. Two different structural changes, form‐birefringence and dissociation, were induced in GeO2 glass, depending on the laser pulse energy. The form‐birefringence exhibited by the nanogratings in GeO2 glass is larger than that in SiO2 glass for pulse energy less than 0.2 μJ, as the density of nanovoids enclosed by ODCs in GeO2 glass is higher than that in SiO2 glass. Arrhenius plots of the phase retardation caused by the nanogratings in GeO2 and SiO2 indicate that the oxygen defects are relaxed at a temperature 100°C above the glass‐transition temperature.
Combustion Synthesis of BiOCl with Tunable Percentage of Exposed {001} Facets and Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Gao Meichao , Zhang Dafeng , Pu Xipeng , Li Mingtong , Yu Young Moon , Shim Jae Jeong , Cai Peiqing , Kim Sun Il , Seo Hyo Jin
Published: February 2015

Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) was synthesized by a simple combustion method. The structures, morphologies, absorbance, optical, and photocatalytic properties of the samples were studied by X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, and photoluminescence. The experimental results show that BiOCl microsheet with high percentage of exposed {001} facets was obtained. It is interesting to note that the thickness of BiOCl sheets, in other words, the percentage of exposed {001} facets can be modulated through changing the added amount of ammonium chloride. The sample with the thinnest BiOCl sheets shows the best photodegradation performance of Rhodamine B under ultraviolet light irradiation, which can be attributed to the cooperative effect between the high percentage of exposed {001} facets and high‐specific surface area. Moreover, the corresponding influencing mechanism on the percentage of exposed {001} facets of BiOCl was discussed.
Habitat fragmentation and species richness
Authors: Hanski Ilkka
Published: February 2015

In a recent article in this journal, Fahrig (2013,Journal of Biogeography,40, 1649–1663) concludes that variation in species richness among sampling sites can be explained by the amount of habitat in the ‘local landscape’ around the sites, while the spatial configuration of habitat within the landscape makes little difference. This conclusion may be valid for small spatial scales and when the total amount of habitat is large, but modelling and empirical studies demonstrate adverse demographic consequences of fragmentation when there is little habitat across large areas. Fragmentation effects are best tested with studies on individual species rather than on communities, as the latter typically consist of species with dissimilar habitat requirements. The total amount of habitat and the degree of fragmentation tend to be correlated, which poses another challenge for empirical studies. I conclude that fragmentation poses an extra threat to biodiversity, in addition to the threat posed by loss of habitat area.
Using the Global Burden of Disease Study to Assist Development of Nation‐Specific Fact Sheets to Promote Prevention and Control of Hypertension and Reduction in Dietary Salt: A Resource From the World Hypertension League
Authors: Campbell Norm R.C. , Lackland Daniel T. , Lisheng Liu , Niebylski Mark L. , Nilsson Peter M. , Zhang Xin‐Hua
Published: January 2015

Increased blood pressure and high dietary salt are leading risks for death and disability globally. Reducing the burden of both health risks are United Nations' targets for reducing noncommunicable disease. Nongovernmental organizations and individuals can assist by ensuring widespread dissemination of the best available facts and recommended interventions for both health risks. Simple but impactful fact sheets can be useful for informing the public, healthcare professionals, and policy makers. The World Hypertension League has developed fact sheets on dietary salt and hypertension but in many circumstances the greatest impact would be obtained from national‐level fact sheets. This manuscript provides instructions and a template for developing fact sheets based on the Global Burden of Disease study and national survey data.
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Association with Physical Capacity, Disability, and Self‐Rated Health in Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Study Participants
Authors: Botoseneanu Anda , Ambrosius Walter T. , Beavers Daniel P. , de Rekeneire Nathalie , Anton Stephen , Church Timothy , Folta Sara C. , Goodpaster Bret H. , King Abby C. , Nicklas Barbara J. , Spring Bonnie , Wang Xuewen , Gill Thomas M. ,   the LIFE Study Groups
Published: January 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its association with physical capacity, disability, and self‐rated health in older adults at high risk of mobility disability, including those with and without diabetes mellitus.

Design

Cross‐sectional analysis.

Setting

Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study.

Participants

Community‐dwelling sedentary adults aged 70 to 89 at high risk of mobility disability (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score ≤9; mean 7.4 ± 1.6) (N = 1,535).

Measurements

Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2009 multiagency harmonized criteria; outcomes were physical capacity (400‐m walk time, grip strength, SPPB score), disability (composite 19‐item score), and self‐rated health (5‐point scale ranging from excellent to poor).

Results

The prevalence of MetS was 49.8% in the overall sample (83.2% of those with diabetes mellitus, 38.1% of those without). MetS was associated with stronger grip strength (mean difference (Δ) = 1.2 kg, P = .01) in the overall sample and in participants without diabetes mellitus and with poorer self‐rated health (Δ = 0.1 kg, P < .001) in the overall sample only. No significant differences were found in 400‐m walk time, SPPB score, or disability score between participants with and without MetS, in the overall sample or diabetes mellitus subgroups.

Conclusion

Metabolic dysfunction is highly prevalent in older adults at risk of mobility disability, yet consistent associations were not observed between MetS and walking speed, lower extremity function, or self‐reported disability after adjusting for known and potential confounders. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether MetS accelerates declines in functional status in high‐risk older adults and to inform clinical and public health interventions aimed at preventing or delaying disability in this group.
Antimicrobial activity of different disinfection methods against biofilms in root canals
Authors: Gergova Raina T. , Gueorgieva Tzvetelina , Dencheva‐Garova Mariya S. , Krasteva‐Panova Assya Z. , Kalchinov Vasil , Mitov Ivan , Kamenoff Julia
Published: January 2015

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bactericidal effects of different disinfection methods against microbial biofilms grown in root canals.

Methods

A total of 300 freshly‐extracted human teeth were infected with microbial pathogens. The biofilm formation and the effects of laser therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), iontophoresis, and disinfection with irrigating solutions were evaluated by counting the generations of microbial cells in the samples of root canals and by scanning electron microscopy.

Results

Enterococcus faecalis and other Gram‐positive cocci demonstrated highest sensitivity to the methods of antibacterial action compared here. In most of the cases observed, the antibacterial treatment was less effective against Gram‐negative bacteria in dental biofilms. The biofilms that were most difficult to eliminate were those formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Iontophoresis treatment with iodine and chemical disinfection with hypochlorite and chlorhexidine demonstrated the most powerful bactericidal effect. When PDT was applied with Fotosan as a photosensitizer, better disinfection was achieved in comparison to the other lasers alone.

Conclusion

The comparison of these different strategies for endodontic treatment showed that hypochlorite, followed by the chlorhexidine irrigant in our experimental conditions, gave the most satisfactory results against the formation of bacterial biofilms in the root canals.
ThERF1 regulates its target genes via binding to a novel cis‐acting element in response to salt stress
Authors: Wang Liuqiang , Wang Chao , Qin Liping , Liu Wenjin , Wang Yucheng
Published: January 2015

Ethylene responsive factors (ERFs) are plant‐specific transcription factors that are involved in a variety of biological processes. We previously demonstrated that an ERF gene from Tamarix hispida, ThERF1, encodes a protein binding to GCC‐box and DRE motifs and negatively modulates abiotic stress tolerance. In the present study, microarray analysis was performed to study the genes regulated by ThERF1 on a genomic scale. There were 154 and 307 genes (respectively representing 134 and 260 unique genes) significantly up‐ and downregulated by ThERF1 under salt stress conditions, respectively. A novel motif, named TTG, was identified to be recognized by ThERF1, which commonly presents in the promoters of ThERF1‐targeted genes. The TTG motif is also bound by other ERFs of a different subfamily from T. hispida and Arabidopsis, indicating that it is commonly recognized by ERF proteins. The binding affinities of ERFs to the TTG motif are significantly induced by salt stress. The TTG motif is more enriched than the GCC‐box and DRE motifs in the promoters of ThERF1‐targeted genes. Taken together, these studies suggested that the TTG motif plays an important role in the gene expression regulated by ERFs in response to salt stress.
Phase equilibria modelling and LASS monazite petrochronology: P–T–t constraints on the evolution of the Priest River core complex, northern Idaho
Authors: Stevens L. M. , Baldwin J. A. , Cottle J. M. , Kylander‐Clark A. R. C.
Published: February 2015

Phase equilibria modelling, laser‐ablation split‐stream (LASS)‐ICP‐MS petrochronology and garnet trace‐element geochemistry are integrated to constrain the P–T–t history of the footwall of the Priest River metamorphic core complex, northern Idaho. Metapelitic, migmatitic gneisses of the Hauser Lake Gneiss contain the peak assemblage garnet + sillimanite + biotite ± muscovite + plagioclase + K‐feldspar ± rutile ± ilmenite + quartz. Interpreted P–T paths predict maximum pressures and peak metamorphic temperatures of ~9.6–10.3 kbar and ~785–790 °C. Monazite and xenotime 208Pb/232Th dates from porphyroblast inclusions indicate that metamorphism occurred at c. 74–54 Ma. Dates from HREE‐depleted monazite formed during prograde growth constrain peak metamorphism at c. 64 Ma near the centre of the complex, while dates from HREE‐enriched monazite constrain the timing of garnet breakdown during near‐isothermal decompression at c. 60–57 Ma. Near‐isothermal decompression to ~5.0–4.4 kbar was followed by cooling and further decompression. The youngest, HREE‐enriched monazite records leucosome crystallization at mid‐crustal levels c. 54–44 Ma. The northernmost sample records regional metamorphism during the emplacement of the Selkirk igneous complex (c. 94–81 Ma), Cretaceous–Tertiary metamorphism and limited Eocene exhumation. Similarities between the Priest River complex and other complexes of the northern North American Cordillera suggest shared regional metamorphic and exhumation histories; however, in contrast to complexes to the north, the Priest River contains less partial melt and no evidence for diapiric exhumation. Improved constraints on metamorphism, deformation, anatexis and exhumation provide greater insight into the initiation and evolution of metamorphic core complexes in the northern Cordillera, and in similar tectonic settings elsewhere.
Coping Strategies Used by Hospitalized Children With Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy
Authors: Sposito Amanda Mota Pacciulio , Silva‐Rodrigues Fernanda Machado , Sparapani Valéria de Cássia , Pfeifer Luzia Iara , de Lima Regina Aparecida Garcia , Nascimento Lucila Castanheira
Published: January 2015

Purpose

To analyze coping strategies used by children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy during hospitalization.

Design and Methods

This was an exploratory study to analyze qualitative data using an inductive thematic analysis. Semistructured interviews using puppets were conducted with 10 children with cancer, between 7 and 12 years old, who were hospitalized and undergoing chemotherapy.

Findings

The coping strategies to deal with chemotherapy were: understanding the need for chemotherapy; finding relief for the chemotherapy's side effects and pain; seeking pleasure in nourishment; engaging in entertaining activities and having fun; keeping the hope of cure alive; and finding support in religion.

Conclusions

Children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy need to cope with hospitalizations, pain, medication side effects, idle time, and uncertainty regarding the success of treatment. These challenges motivated children to develop their own coping strategies, which were effective while undergoing chemotherapy.

Clinical Relevance

By gaining knowledge and further understanding about valid coping strategies during chemotherapy treatment, health professionals can mobilize personal and material resources from the children, health teams, and institutions aiming to potentiate the use of these strategies to make treatments the least traumatic.
Increasing Youth Financial Capability: An Evaluation of the MyPath Savings Initiative
Authors: LOKE VERNON , CHOI LAURA , LIBBY MARGARET
Published: February 2015

Although there has been mixed evidence from research on the efficacy of financial education efforts for youth, there is an emerging consensus that focusing on financial capability may be a more effective approach. This article examines the impact of theMyPathSavings pilot on 275 economically disadvantaged youth participating in a youth development and employment program.MyPathSavings targets youth earning their first paycheck—a critical “teachable moment” to promote savings and connect youth with mainstream financial products. The results indicate thatMyPathSavings is highly relevant to participants' needs. In addition, youth experienced significant increases in financial knowledge, financial self‐efficacy, and the frequency with which positive financial behaviors were carried out. Participants also saved an average of $507 throughMyPathSavings. Gains in financial capability were mostly independent of the youths' race, gender, household income, and public benefits receipt. Possible factors for the promising results are discussed.
Wall Street Occupations
Authors: AXELSON ULF , BOND PHILIP
Published: February 2015

Many finance jobs entail the risk of large losses, and hard‐to‐monitor effort. We analyze the equilibrium consequences of these features in a model with optimal dynamic contracting. We show that finance jobs feature high compensation, up‐or‐out promotion, and long work hours, and are more attractive than other jobs. Moral hazard problems are exacerbated in booms, even though pay increases. Employees whose talent would be more valuable elsewhere can be lured into finance jobs, while the most talented employees might be unable to land these jobs because they are “too hard to manage.”
A missense mutation underlies defective SOCS4 function in a family with autoimmunity
Authors: Arts P. , Plantinga T. S. , van den Berg J. M. , Gilissen C. , Veltman J. A. , van Trotsenburg A. S. , van de Veerdonk F. L. , Kuijpers T. W. , Hoischen A. , Netea M. G.
Published: January 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the genetic and immunological defects underlying familial manifestations of an autoimmune disorder.

Methods

Whole‐exome sequencing was performed on the index patient with various manifestations of autoimmunity, including hypothyroidism, vitiligo and alopecia. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and DNA of family members were used for functional and genetic testing of the candidate variants obtained by Sanger sequencing.

Results

Exome sequencing identified 233 rare, coding and nonsynonymous variants in the index patient; five were highly conserved and affect genes that have a possible role in autoimmunity. Only a heterozygous missense mutation in the suppressor of cytokine signalling 4 gene (SOCS4) cosegregated with the autoimmune disorder in the family. SOCS4 is a known inhibitor of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signalling, and functional studies demonstrated specific upregulation of EGF‐dependent immune stimulation in affected family members.

Conclusion

We present a family with an autoimmune disorder, probably resulting from dysregulated immune responses due to mutations in SOCS4.
Polymorphisms in alcohol and tobacco metabolism genes in head and neck cancer in the Basque Country
Authors: Bediaga Naiara G. , Marichalar‐Mendia Xabier , Rey‐Barja Natalia , Setien‐Olarra Amaia , Gonzalez‐Garcia José A. , de Pancorbo Marian Martinez , Aguirre‐Urizar José M. , Acha‐Sagredo Amelia
Published: January 2015

Background

The Basque Country has one of the highest rates of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in Europe, although tobacco and alcohol consumption are not high when compared to other European countries where HNSCC incidence is lower. Our aim was to determine the role of genetic variation with regard to the metabolism of alcohol and carcinogens from tobacco smoke in the Basque Country.

Methods

Fourteen polymorphisms in alcohol or tobacco metabolism genes were genotyped in 84 HNSCC patients and 242 healthy individuals from the Basque Country.

Results

ADH1B histidine allele (rs1229984), CYP2E1 rs3813867 heterozygous genotype, and GSTT1 deletion conferred protection against HNSCC (OR: 0.318 [0.04–0.75], OR: 0.13 [0.02–0.94], and OR: 0.12 [0.02–0.60], respectively) while GSTP1 (rs1695) Val/Val genotype was related to an increased risk (OR: 4.12 [1.11–15.31]). Regarding alcohol and tobacco habits, GSTT1 deletion was associated with tobacco usage, while the 3 polymorphisms tested in ALDH2 were associated with alcohol consumption. However, genotypic distributions of these 7 SNPs did not differ from those observed for other Caucasian populations where HNSCC incidence is lower.

Conclusions

The identified genotypic variations in alcohol and tobacco metabolizing genes only by themselves do not seem to be responsible for the higher incidence of HNSCC observed in the Basque Country.
Insights on the vasorelaxant mode of action of malbrancheamide
Authors: Madariaga-Mazón Abraham , Hernández-Abreu Oswaldo , Estrada-Soto Samuel , Mata Rachel
Published: February 2015

Objectives

This study was conducted to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect of the fungal alkaloids malbrancheamides on pre-contracted rat aorta rings. Also, we explored the probable mode of action using experimental and theoretical docking studies.

Methods

The vasorelaxant effect was assessed on rat aorta rings pre-contracted with noradrenaline (0.1 μm). The mechanism of action was evaluated using different inhibitors of the pathways involved in the vasorelaxation process, such as l-NAME, indomethacin, tetraethylammonium and atropine. The docking analyses were carried out with AutoDock 4.2 software using the crystallized structure of the cyclooxygenase domain of eNOS.

Key findings

Malbrancheamides (1–3) induced a significant vasorelaxant activity in a concentration- and endothelium-intact model in rat aorta rings, and a lesser effect in an endothelium-denuded model. Malbrancheamide-induced vasorelaxation was significantly weakened by pretreatment of endothelium-intact aortic rings with L-NAME (10 μm), indicating a nitrergic relaxant mechanism. Docking analysis predicted that 1–3 could activate eNOS throughout an allosteric fashion at C1 and C2 pockets.

Conclusions

Experimental evidence revealed that malbrancheamides induced both endothelium-independent and endothelium-dependent relaxant effects. According to theoretical studies, it is feasible that the endothelium-independent relaxation exerted by malbrancheamide could be mediated by its calmodulin inhibitory properties throughout an interference with myosin light chain phosphorylation and a positive modulation of eNOS.