bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Conservative Sociopolitical Attitudes on Public Support for Drug Rehabilitation Spending
Authors: Timberlake Jeffrey M. , Rasinski Kenneth A. , Lock Eric D.
Published: March 2003

Objective. In this article we investigate why traditionally conservative social groups show less support for spending on drug rehabilitation programs than for drug control spending in general. Methods. Using data from the 1984 through 1998 General Social Surveys, we first estimate logistic regressions of support for drug control spending across five sociopolitical cleavages. We then estimate effects of three types of sociopolitical attitudes on support for drug spending within traditionally conservative groups. Results. Resistance to rehabilitation spending among conservatives is related to their opposition to the welfare state, punitive attitudes toward criminals, and among whites, racial attitudes. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that citizens may withhold support for a social policy to the extent that it evokes negative associations with other salient sociopolitical issues or attitudes. We discuss the importance of these associations for understanding the relationships among political debate, public opinion, and policy outcomes.
Do Attitudes and Personality Characteristics Affect Socioeconomic Outcomes? The Case of Welfare Use by Young Women
Authors: Edwards Mark Evan , Plotnick Robert , Klawitter Marieka
Published: March 2003

Objective. We estimate a model of social‐psychological determinants of entry into Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), the primary cash welfare program in the United States until 1996. Methods. Using information from the youngest cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate logit models of the probability of ever participating in AFDC and hazard models of the timing until first use of AFDC. Results. We find strong associations between welfare use and several attitudes and personality characteristics, but with two exceptions, most of the associations are not robust to the inclusion of exogenous background characteristics. There is consistent, strong evidence that positive attitudes toward school lower the likelihood of using welfare and increase duration until first receipt. Family background and social environment characteristics show strong robust effects. Conclusions. Our results point to relatively weak evidence for the hypothesis that individual attitudes in adolescence have a significant impact on initial welfare receipt.
The Impact of a Peer Mediation Program on an Elementary School Environment
Authors: Hart Julie , Gunty Mark
Published: March 2003

A growing preoccupation of the nation's educational community involves violence in schools, which causes disruption of the educational process, fear and absenteeism among students, staff burnout, and urban flight. One response to this problem has been conflict resolution and Peer Mediation Programs (PMPs). This two‐year study analyzes the impact of a Peer Mediation Program on an elementary school's conflict management environment. A nonequivalent control group design with two closely matched urban elementary schools totaling one thousand students was used. Results indicate significant improvements in win/win outcomes of student conflict. Primary intervenors in conflict shifted from adult dominance to greater student involvement. The incidence of student conflicts declined significantly at the treatment school, as did the amount of time teachers devoted to dealing with student conflicts.
Were the 1980s' Anti‐Nuclear Weapons Movements New Social Movements?
Authors: Breyman Steve
Published: March 2003

The cycle of social movement mobilization over the past generation moved theorists to make claims about the novelty of student, peace, ecology, and women's movements of the period. It has not been determined whether such characteristics apply to the anti‐nuclear weapons movements of the 1980s. This article reviews the theoretical underpinning of “new social movements” and assesses the extent to which it accurately describes the action, identity, and organization of recent peace movements, with special attention to the West German antimissile movement. The author argues that anti‐nuclear weapons efforts, in both Europe and the United States, evinced a distinctive blend of borrowed and innovative features but had more in common with their predecessors than previously recognized.
Reducing Intergang Violence: Norms from the Interstate System
Authors: Henderson Errol , Leng Russell J.
Published: March 2003

We maintain that the norms guiding interstate behavior offer a point of departure for the reduction of violence among territorial urban youth gangs. Gangs have been a part of the American urban landscape far too long to assume that they can be eradicated simply by arresting and incarcerating more youths (although this function remains important) without addressing the larger issues that compel individuals to join gangs. Since the relations that exist among territorial urban gangs bear some important structural similarities to the decentralized interstate system, we contend that the expansion of the norms that already appear in both systems, such as respect for spheres of influence, reciprocity in cooperative exchanges, and the observance of treaties, can serve as the basis for moderating intergang conflict. We suggest intervention and mediation strategies that seek to institutionalize the conflict‐dampening norms within the intergang system.
A Draft on Security Council Reform
Authors: Schlichtmann Klaus
Published: March 2003

The article investigates why UN Security Council reform efforts failed in 1997–98, when after much preparation the issue should have been resolved. It argues that the System of Collective Security, which the founders of the United Nations had envisioned, must be put into effect, to achieve disarmament and lasting peace. This requires that members “confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security,” following Article 24 of the UN Charter. To give this article effect, however, national lawmakers must pass legislation, giving the Security Council the power to do its job (and a much wanted code of conduct), by delegating sovereign powers to it.
Teaching Peace: Lessons from a Peace Studies Curriculum of the Progressive Era
Authors: Zeiger Susan
Published: March 2003

The historical roots of peace education as a school reform movement can be traced to the progressive era in the United States. This essay offers a content analysis of the first comprehensive peace education curriculum, published in 1914 by the American School Peace League, under the direction of Fannie Fern Andrews. Examining the curriculum raises fundamental questions about the teacher's role in social change; it also reveals ideological tensions within the peace movement of the WorldWar I period.
The Search for Peace in the Middle East
Authors: Sucharov Mira
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Dalia Dassa Kaye, Beyond the Handshake: Multilateral Cooperation in the Arab‐Israeli Peace Process 1991–1996.

Haig Khatchadourian, The Quest for Peace between Israel and the Palestinians.
Culture, Society, and the Individual: Cross‐Cultural Political Psychology in Japan
Authors: Feldman Ofer
Published: March 2003

Studies of political behavior and attitudes in Japan have often looked to similarities and differences between the West, most notably the U.S., and Japan. This paper details two approaches concerned with examining Japanese social and political behavior within a cross‐cultural context. The first—nihonjinron—works with cultural nationalism, which argues that Japanese values are unique and thus no social theory developed in the West can be applied to Japanese society. The second approach is characterized by field studies and tries to assess Japanese social behavior by comparing it to that of Americans and Europeans. There is a great deal of knowledge on political behavior in Western countries which scholars in Japan often refer to in order to evaluate the significance of their survey results. But there is still limited information on the Japanese situation, and any attempt to construct a general theory in either cultural or cross‐cultural political psychology will have to refer also to human attitudes in this non‐Western industrial society.
On Not Seeing What You Do Not Want to See: Meloen, van der Linden and de Witte on Authoritarianism
Authors: Ray J. J.
Published: March 2003

Meloen, van der Linden, and de Witte (1996) were puzzled by their finding that their various scales of authoritarian attitudes all correlated at similar low levels with approval for a racist political party. They also reported that the “Directiveness” behavior inventory correlated not at all with political variables. If the validity characteristics of the various scales used are taken into account, however, the implications of their results are clear: The alleged scales of authoritarian attitudes were simply functioning as alternative scales of conservatism and people who preferred leftist political parties were just as likely to be authoritarian as those who preferred racist political parties.
Celebrity and Political Psychology: Remembering Lennon
Authors: Elliott Anthony
Published: March 2003

This article is a contribution toward the task of constructing a distinctive political psychology and social theory of celebrity. The article begins by noting some recent approaches to the analysis of mass communications in political theory, and moves to consider what these theories mean for the conceptual analysis of celebrity. A substantive example of the political construction of celebrity is given in a case study of the ex‐Beatle, John Lennon—specifically, the social drama surrounding his death in 1980. A number of issues, ranging from the denial of death in modernity to the multiplex modes of cultural remembering, are discussed as they relate to celebrity.
Is Anti‐Semitism Currently Part of an Authoritarian Attitude Syndrome?
Authors: Raden David
Published: March 2003

This study used data from the 1990 General Social Survey to investigate the extent to which anti‐Semitism had syndromic relationships with other authoritarianism‐related attitudes among American white non‐Jews. The correlational and factor analytic connections between four measures of anti‐Semitism and the other attitudes were generally weak. There were no clear‐cut differences between respondents high and low in education in the strength of these connections. Moreover, when the scores of respondents favorable and unfavorable to Jews were compared on a number of authoritarianism‐related scales, the differences were usually small. The results suggest a diminished role for anti‐Semitism in authoritarian attitude syndromes.
Sometimes You Feel Like a Nut, Sometimes You Don't: Citizens' Ambivalence About Abortion
Authors: Craig Stephen C. , Kane James G. , Martinez Michael D.
Published: March 2003

Recent research has recognized that many people simultaneously hold positive and negative attitudes about important political issues. This paper reviews the concept of attitudinal ambivalence and introduces a survey measure of ambivalence adapted from the experimental literature. An analysis of two statewide telephone surveys of Florida voters reveals that (1) a number of voters have ambivalent attitudes about abortion rights; (2) the amount of ambivalence varies according to the circumstances (elective versus traumatic) under which an abortion is obtained; (3) ambivalence about elective abortions is essentially unrelated to ambivalence about traumatic abortions; (4) voters who support abortion rights are more ambivalent about elective abortions than about traumatic abortions, whereas the pattern is reversed for abortion rights opponents; and (5) extreme views in support of or opposition to abortion rights can sometimes mitigate the amount of ambivalence felt by voters.
Water and the potential for social instability: Livelihoods, migration and the building of society
Authors: Moench Marcus
Published: March 2003

In much of the Third World, access to secure water for irrigation, particularly groundwater, reduces vulnerability, stabilizes livelihoods,alleviates poverty and ‘entitles’ populations to education and other forms of capital accumulation. Water resource development can, as a result, be used as a key tool for addressing the social roots of instability. The reverse is also true — problems such as groundwater overdraft contribute to poverty and are often at the root of forced migration and the creation of underemployed and unstable displaced populations. Water is fundamental to regional as well as local security.

The benefits of water resource development and the risks associated with unsustainable use patterns are particularly critical in arid regions. Patterns of water use that are unsustainable can play a positive role in the transition of populations from nomadic or migratory to stable communities, where people have access to education and asset accumulation. The exit is, however, as important as the entry. In many regions, the majority of the population now need to make the transition from agriculture to non–agricultural livelihoods. Many people, particularly the wealthy, may already be doing this. Understanding and enabling transition represents one of the most important policy challenges for coming decades.

Using examples from India, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and other countries, this article documents some of the connections between water and security and clarifies the importance of effective solutions to water problems and to social transition in arid regions.
The Dynamic Performances of DDTs in the Environment and Japanese Exposure to Them: A Historical Perspective after the Ban
Authors: Morisawa Shinsuke , Kato Atsushi , Yoneda Minoru , Shimada Yoko
Published: March 2003

The fugacity model for evaluating DDTs dynamic performances in the environment was combined with the dietary exposure evaluation model, including the contribution of imported food, to develop the macroscopic mathematical model relating DDTs in the environment with the health risks of the reference Japanese. The model validity was examined by comparing the simulated DDTs concentrations in environmental media, various kinds of food, and dietary intake with those observed. Numerical simulations were done for the past half and future of one century to evaluate the effect of the DDTs usage prohibition in 1970 in Japan. The major results obtained under the limits considered are as follows. The DDTs concentrations in environmental media, various kinds of foods, and the dietary intake showed the steady exponential decrease after the DDTs usage prohibition in 1970. The DDE/DDTs ratio is larger in the higher position in an ecological system, and increased steadily with time. The critical exposure of DDTs occurred through animal product intake until 1960; after 1990 marine product intake caused the most exposure. The estimated DDTs intake was evaluated to be less than the PTDI and RfD. The annual excess cancer induction risk due to the annual dietary intake of DDTs was the largest at the level of (0.5−2.0)×10−6 (1/yr) in the early 1970s. The effect of the DDT usage prohibition on dietary exposure reduction was expected to appear after about 20 years. The life‐span excess cancer induction risk was conservatively estimated to be larger than 10−5 (1/lifespan) for the reference Japanese who were born before 1970. The DDTs usage prohibition in 1970 was effective to reduce the life‐span cancer risk under the 10−5 level.
Finding and Fixing Systems Weaknesses: Probabilistic Methods and Applications of Engineering Risk Analysis
Authors: Paté‐Cornell Elisabeth
Published: March 2003

Methods of engineering risk analysis are based on a functional analysis of systems and on the probabilities (generally Bayesian) of the events and random variables that affect their performances. These methods allow identification of a system's failure modes, computation of its probability of failure or performance deterioration per time unit or operation, and of the contribution of each component to the probabilities and consequences of failures. The model has been extended to include the human decisions and actions that affect components' performances, and the management factors that affect behaviors and can thus be root causes of system failures. By computing the risk with and without proposed measures, one can then set priorities among different risk management options under resource constraints. In this article, I present briefly the engineering risk analysis method, then several illustrations of risk computations that can be used to identify a system's weaknesses and the most cost‐effective way to fix them. The first example concerns the heat shield of the space shuttle orbiter and shows the relative risk contribution of the tiles in different areas of the orbiter's surface. The second application is to patient risk in anesthesia and demonstrates how the engineering risk analysis method can be used in the medical domain to rank the benefits of risk mitigation measures, in that case, mostly organizational. The third application is a model of seismic risk analysis and mitigation, with application to the San Francisco Bay area for the assessment of the costs and benefits of different seismic provisions of building codes. In all three cases, some aspects of the results were not intuitively obvious. The probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) method allowed identifying system weaknesses and the most cost‐effective way to fix them.
The Limits of Catastrophe Aversion
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: March 2003

We discuss the management of catastrophe‐risks from a theoretical point of view. The concept of a catastrophe is informally and formally defined, and a number of desiderata for catastrophe‐averse decision rules are introduced. However, the proposed desiderata turn out to be mutually inconsistent. As a consequence of this result, it is argued that the ``rigid'' form of catastrophe aversion articulated by, for example, the maximin rule, the maximum probable loss rule, (some versions of) the precautionary principle, and the rule proposed in Ekenberget al.(1997, 2000) should be given up. An alternative form of ``non‐rigid'' catastrophe aversion is considered.
Variations in Concepts of “Susceptibility” in Risk Assessment
Authors: Parkin Rebecca T. , Balbus John M.
Published: March 2003

The Food Quality Protection Act and the 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act are two of the most recent examples of legislation calling for protection of susceptible subpopulations. As regulatory deadlines draw nearer, controversies in scientific and policy arenas increase about incorporating susceptibility in risk assessment. The previously accepted working definition of “susceptibility” has already been called into question. Part of the controversy results from different disciplines conceiving of susceptibility in different ways. Understanding the conceptual differences embodied within definitions can provide a basis on which a revised working definition may be developed across disciplines. The purposes of this article are to describe the varying definitions of susceptibility, discuss the differing concepts incorporated in the definitions, and recommend ways in which susceptibility may be defined and framed to meet current risk assessment needs. The present analysis of definitions from the fields of ecology, biology, engineering, medicine, epidemiology, and toxicology revealed different emphases that relate to the underlying perspectives and methods of each field. It is likely that susceptibility will need to be formally defined for public policy purposes, but until that time, the use of more informal communication and decision‐making processes is suggested to develop and utilize a new working consensus on the definition of susceptibility.
Voluntary Siting and Equity: The MRS Facility Experience in Native America
Authors: Gowda M. V. Rajeev , Easterling Doug
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on aspects of intragenerational and intergenerational equity in the context of a unique policy experiment: the effort of the U.S. government to site a monitored, retrievable storage (MRS) facility for high‐level civilian nuclear waste. This process and its outcomes are examined from both normative and subjective perspectives. While the MRS siting process was designed to be equitable, its eventual focus on Native American communities raises profound questions about environmental justice, as well as procedural, outcome, and intergenerational equity in cross‐cultural contexts. The diverse reactions among Native American tribes demonstrate that translating theoretical concepts of equity into practice is an extraordinarily complex exercise. The MRS siting process, instead of being a bold policy experiment that promoted equity, emerges substantially flawed after its implementation in the Native American context.
Fault Tree Analysis for Exposure to Refrigerants Used for Automotive Air Conditioning in the United States
Authors: Jetter James J. , Forte, Jr. Reynaldo , Rubenstein Reva
Published: March 2003

A fault tree analysis was used to estimate the number of refrigerant exposures of automotive service technicians and vehicle occupants in the United States. Exposures of service technicians can occur when service equipment or automotive air‐conditioning systems leak during servicing. The number of refrigerant exposures of service technicians was estimated to be 135,000 per year. Exposures of vehicle occupants can occur when refrigerant enters passenger compartments due to sudden leaks in air‐conditioning systems, leaks following servicing, or leaks caused by collisions. The total number of exposures of vehicle occupants was estimated to be 3,600 per year. The largest number of exposures of vehicle occupants was estimated for leaks caused by collisions, and the second largest number of exposures was estimated for leaks following servicing. Estimates used in the fault tree analysis were based on a survey of automotive air‐conditioning service shops, the best available data from the literature, and the engineering judgement of the authors and expert reviewers from the Society of Automotive Engineers Interior Climate Control Standards Committee. Exposure concentrations and durations were estimated and compared with toxicity data for refrigerants currently used in automotive air conditioners. Uncertainty was high for the estimated numbers of exposures, exposure concentrations, and exposure durations. Uncertainty could be reduced in the future by conducting more extensive surveys, measurements of refrigerant concentrations, and exposure monitoring. Nevertheless, the analysis indicated that the risk of exposure of service technicians and vehicle occupants is significant, and it is recommended that no refrigerant that is substantially more toxic than currently available substitutes be accepted for use in vehicle air‐conditioning systems, absent a means of mitigating exposure.
Property Loss Estimation for Wind and Earthquake Perils
Authors: Chandler Adrian M. , Jones E. John W. , Patel Minoo H.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the development of a generic loss assessment methodology, which is applicable to earthquake and windstorm perils worldwide. The latest information regarding hazard estimation is first integrated with the parameters that best describe the intensity of the action of both windstorms and earthquakes on building structures, for events with defined average return periods or recurrence intervals. The subsequent evaluation of building vulnerability (damageability) under the action of both earthquake and windstorm loadings utilizes information on damage and loss from past events, along with an assessment of the key building properties (including age and quality of design and construction), to assess information about the ability of buildings to withstand such loadings and hence to assign a building type to the particular risk or portfolio of risks. This predicted damage information is then translated into risk‐specific mathematical vulnerability functions, which enable numerical evaluation of the probability of building damage arising at various defined levels. By assigning cost factors to the defined damage levels, the associated computation of total loss at a given level of hazard may be achieved. This developed methodology is universal in the sense that it may be applied successfully to buildings situated in a variety of earthquake and windstorm environments, ranging from very low to extreme levels of hazard. As a loss prediction tool, it enables accurate estimation of losses from potential scenario events linked to defined return periods and, hence, can greatly assist risk assessment and planning.
Mitigation and Benefits Measures as Policy Tools for Siting Potentially Hazardous Facilities: Determinants of Effectiveness and Appropriateness
Authors: Jenkins‐Smith Hank , Kunreuther Howard
Published: March 2003

How do mitigation and benefits measures affect public acceptance for siting different kinds of potentially hazardous facilities? What kinds of benefits measures are seen as most (or least) appropriate for different kinds of facilities? This study used a nationwide telephone survey consisting of 1,234 interviews with randomly selected respondents to test for the effects of packages of safety and benefits measures for siting a landfill, prison, incinerator and nuclear waste repository. The experimental design used in the survey permits analysis of the fractions of respondents who are willing to change their initial levels of acceptance (or opposition) when presented with a sequence of the safety and benefit measures. The measures vary significantly in their impact on levels of acceptance for the facilities, and some measures that would at face value appear to reassure residents of facility safety turn out to lack credibility and therefore diminish facility acceptance. Ordering of the benefits versus safety measures significantly affects changes in acceptance in surprising ways. The perceived appropriateness of different kinds of benefits measures varies systematically by the type of facility under consideration. It appears that successful benefits packages will directly address the underlying dimensions of concern caused by the facility. These findings point to the importance of further research on “commensurable” benefits measures.
Foreign Currency Exposure in the Department of Defense
Authors: Groshek Gerald M.
Published: March 2003

The Department of Defense (DoD) incurs numerous costs denominated in foreign currencies in fulfilling U.S. alliance and security agreements overseas. Between fiscal years 1993 and 1997, the DoD expended over $10.4 billion in foreign currencies to operate and maintain its overseas facilities, and estimates for fiscal years 1998 and 1999 are $5.4 billion. In line with the government’s general, risk‐neutral approach to financial risk, the DoD makes no attempt to control its foreign exchange exposure against currency fluctuations. As such, there are inevitable differences in amounts budgeted to fund the DoD’s overseas operations and amounts subsequently required to pay them. This paper examines the implications of DoD foreign exchange rate policy and applies an alternative approach to foreign exchange rate risk—one more in line with private‐sector practices and overall efforts to reform government operations. The results indicate that forward contracts would inject greater certainty into the budgeting and administration of these programs and might release limited defense funds for use elsewhere.
Thomas Aquinas on Virtuous Warfare
Authors: Cole Darrell
Published: March 2003

Thomas Aquinas, one of the “founding fathers” of just war theory, offers an account of virtuous warfare in practice. The author argues that Aquinas's approach to warfare, with its emphasis on justice and charity, is helpful in providing a coherent moral account of war to which Christians can subscribe. Particular attention is given to the role of charity, since this virtue is the distinguishing characteristic of the Christian soldier. Charity compels him to soldier justly, and by fighting justly, he is elevated by God to friendship with God. Notable features of this approach are its emphasis on the criteria for judging whether a war is just and its relativizing of the criteria for proper combat behavior.
Some Thoughts on The Anachronism in Forgiveness
Authors: Wetzel James
Published: March 2003

Consider that forgiveness is always given ahead of time. Set within a moral context, this claim is apt to sound suspect, as it seems to invite transgression and all manner of immoral indulgence. When the context shifts to one of religious possibility, however, the claim can be read to entertain a redemptive anachronism: a memory of future innocence. The author examines forgiveness in both contexts and makes a case for the religious possibility.
Pan‐Africanism and African‐American Liberation in a Postmodern World: A Review Essay
Authors: Gordon Lewis R.
Published: March 2003

This review essay explores Josiah Young's project of developing a liberatory Pan‐Africanism that is attuned to cultural diversity and Victor Anderson's advocacy of postmodern cultural criticism in African‐American religious thought. After situating African‐American religious thought as a branch of Africana thought, the author examines these two religious thinkers' work as an effort to forge a position on African‐American religious thought—including its relation to theology—in an age where even theory is treated as a god that is about to die. At the conclusion, secularism emerges as a religious project that normatively undergirds the methodological dimensions of these works.
Comment by Arvind Sharma
Authors: Sharma Arvind
Published: March 2003

Comments on:

JRE Focus on The 50th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights, Journal of Religious Ethics 26.2 (Fall 1998)

“Rethinking Human Rights: A Review Essay on Religion, Relativism, and Other Matters” by David Little, Journal of Religious Ethics 27.1 (Spring 1999)
Sweet Necessities: Food, Sex, and Saint Augustine
Authors: Meilaender Gilbert
Published: March 2003

Central to Augustine's understanding of rightly ordered sexuality is his belief that the pleasure of the act should not be separated from its good (procreation). It is useful to observe that he reasons in a similar way about eating: that the pleasure of eating should not be separated from its good (nourishment). Inadequacies in his understanding of the purpose of food and eating may be instructive when we think about inadequacies in his understanding of sex. If there is more to food than he imagines, the same may be true of sex. Correcting for such inadequacies may also help correct for the (inadvertent) way in which his understanding of the purpose of sex may seem to legitimize technologies of assisted reproduction.
A Whig History of Ethic: A Review of The Invention of Autonomy by J. B. Schneewind
Authors: Davis G. Scott
Published: March 2003

J. B. Schneewind's The Invention of Autonomy has been hailed as a major interpretation of modern moral thought. Schneewind's narrative, however, elides several serious interpretive issues, particularly in the transition form late medieval to early modern thought. This results in potentially distorted accounts of Thomas Aquinas, Hugo Grotius, and G. W. Leibniz. Since these thinkers play a crucial role in Schneewind's argument, uncertainty over their work calls into question at least some of Schneewind's larger agenda for the history of ethics.
The Economy of the Gift: Paul Ricoeur's Significance for Theological Ethics
Authors: Wall John
Published: March 2003

Paul Ricoeur's understanding of the relations of faith, love, and hope suggests a unique approach to theological ethics, one that holds fresh promise for bringing together considerations of the good (teleology) and the right (deontology) around the notion of an “economy of the gift.” The economy of the gift articulates Ricoeur's distinctively dialectical understanding of the relation of the human and the divine, and the resulting dialectical moral relation of the self and the other. Despite our fallen condition, Ricoeur suggests, we are called by the divine to embrace the radical possibility of the reconciliation of human goods under the requirement of accountability to human diversity and otherness.
Pardoning Puritanism: Community, Character, and Forgiveness in the Work of Richard Baxter
Authors: Davis James Calvin
Published: March 2003

The English Puritan Richard Baxter (1615–1691) developed an account of forgiveness that resonates with twentieth‐century virtue ethics. He understood forgiveness as one component of a larger disposition of character developed in community as human beings recognize themselves as sinful creatures engaged in complex relationships of dependency and responsibility, with both God and one another. In the midst of these relationships, persons experience divine and human forgiveness and discover opportunities to practice forgiveness in return. Baxter thus negotiated a distinctive relationship between Christian hope for reconciliation and more stereotypical Puritan emphases on punishment, civil order, and justice. At the same time that recent moral reflection allows us to raise questions about some features of Baxter's argument (such as his treatment of anger), his work provides important resources for correlating dispositions with concrete obligations, establishing a place for forgiveness in the public realm, and counterbalancing the modern emphasis on individual rights.
Education for the Heart and Mind: Feminist Pedagogy and the Religion and Science Curriculum
Authors: Nyhof‐Young Joyce
Published: March 2003

Feminist educators and theorists are stretching the boundaries of what it means to do religion and science. They are also expanding the theoretical and practical frameworks through which we might present curricula in thosefields. In this paper, I reflect on the implications of feminist pedagogies for the interdisciplinary field of religion and science. I begin with a brief discussion of feminist approaches to education and the nature of the feminist classroom as a setting for action. Next, I present some theoretical and practical issues to consider when developing a feminist praxis and an antisexist curriculum. This leads into a discussion of the role of language and critical reflection in the religion and science classroom, the risks associated with reflective discourse, and considerations in the use of ‘feminist’ teaching tools such as small group work, journals, and portfolio assessment. Iconclude with a reflection on how feminist pedagogy promotes an epistemology that speaks to the hearts and minds of participants in the dialogue of religion and science.
Object–Oriented Enterprise Modeling and Simulation of AEC Projects
Authors: Christensen Lars Chr. , Christiansen Tore R. , Jin Yan , Kunz John , Levitt Raymond E.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we describe an object–oriented framework for developing enterprise models of Architecture, Engineering, Construction projects, and a methodology for formalizing these models such that they can be used for discrete event simulation of information processing and coordination in project execution. The simulation results can be used to predict the probable effects of carrying out proposed changes in planning and managing projects.

In our enterprise modeling framework we represent engineering design projects in terms of deliverables (requirements and solutions), plans (activities and process relations), and organization (participants and organizational relations). The resulting project model is the starting point for identifying coordination requirements between project team participants. Our methodology uses matrix techniques derived from qualtiy function deployment (QFD) to identify interactions between project requirements and solutions and calculate measures of product complexity. We then describe information flow between project activities in a similar matrix and calculate measures of process uncertainty. Finally, we identify the responsibilities of project team members and use a matrix to point out organizational interdependencies.

We apply our framework and methodology to model and simulate engineering design for a major extension of an electrical power substation. Our simulation results demonstrate how project performance is contingent on the fit between the project policies and the objectives and preferences of the project team.
Neural Network System for Reasoning Residual Axial Forces of High‐Strength Bolts in Steel Bridges
Authors: Mikami Ichizou , Tanaka Shigenori , Hiwatashi Tatsuya
Published: March 2003

High‐strength bolts of steel bridges gradually loosen in service. They have to be inspected periodically by experts with hammers. Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Company, Ltd., developed an automatic looseness detector of high‐strength bolts. It is not meant to measure the residual axial forces of the bolts, however. In the present study, a system to reason the residual axial forces of high‐strength bolts of steel bridges was built based on a neural network with the faculty of pattern recognition, and its reasoning accuracy was verified.
Effect of Neural Network Topology on Flexible Pavement Cracking Prediction
Authors: Owusu‐Ababio Sam
Published: March 2003

Pavement surface cracking has long been considered an important criterion for maintenance intervention because of its detrimental effects on pavement performance. Once initiated, cracking increases in severity and extent and allows water to penetrate the pavement. The water weakens the unbound layers and consequently accelerates the rate of pavement deterioration. Cracking prediction and its control are thus key components in determining the timing and cost of pavement maintenance. A neural network–based model is presented in this paper for predicting flexible pavement cracking. One‐, two‐, and three‐hidden‐layer backpropagation neural network (BPNN) topologies are investigated and their cracking‐prediction performances compared. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that for the same optimal number of processing elements, a one‐hidden‐layer BPNN topology may be sufficient in achieving satisfactory results in cracking prediction; increasing the number of layers may not add any significant benefit to the performance of the model.
Computer‐Aided Architectural Design Oriented to Robotized Facade Panels Manufacturing
Authors: Pastor José M. , Balaguer Carlos , Rodriguez Francisco J. , Diez Ramiro
Published: March 2003

This article presents a manufacturing system of prefabricated panels for the construction industry that has been developed for the Spanish company Dragados, S.A. The main contribution of the system is the automatic manufacturing programming, taking into account process restrictions and using as input the architect's three‐dimensional (3D) drawing of the building done on a computer‐aided design (CAD) system. From the CAD building design, the optimal facade to panel partition is obtained. In order to manufacture each panel, based on CAD information, automatic task and path planning are performed for the equipment present in the robotized flexible manufacturing cell.
Pigouvian Taxes: A Strategic Approach
Authors: Alcalde Josê , Corchón Luis C. , Moreno Bernardo
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the problem of designing mechanisms to implement efficient solutions in economies with externalities. We provide two simple mechanisms implementing the Pigouvian Social Choice Correspondence in environments in which coalitions can or cannot be formed.
Interdependent Preferences and Groups of Agents
Authors: Reiter Stanley
Published: March 2003

An individual's preferences are assumed to be malleable and may be influenced by the preferences of others. Mutual interaction among individuals whose preferences are interdependent powers a dynamic process in which preference profiles evolve over time. Two formulations of the dynamic process are presented. One is an abstract model in which the iteration of a mapping from profiles to profiles defines a discrete time dynamic process; the other is a linear discrete time process specified in more detail. Examples motivate the model and illustrate its application. Conditions are given for the existence of a stable preference profile—a rest point of the dynamic process. A stable profile is naturally associated with a division, not in general unique, of the set of agents into subgroups with the property that preference interdependencies within a subgroup are “stronger” than those across subgroups. The conventional case in which each agent's preference relation is exogenously given is, in this model, the special case where each subgroup consists of just one agent.
Endogenous Public Policy, Politicization and Welfare
Authors: Epstein Gil S. , Nitzan Shmuel
Published: March 2003

In the two–stage political–economic game that we study public policy is the outcome of the interaction between interest groups and a two–tier government. Implementation of a policy proposed by a bureaucrat requires approval by an elected politician. The objective function of the bureaucrat hinges on the weight assigned to social welfare relative to the rent–seeking outlays of the interest groups. This weight represents the degree of politicization of the government. Our main result is that, in contrast to common belief, increased politicization need not adversely affect the public well–being.
Value Creation in the Insurance Industry
Authors: Hancock John , Huber Paul , Koch Pablo
Published: March 2003

Using the insights of current research in corporate finance and financial institutions, the authors briefly present a consistent economic framework for looking at insurance. Shareholders of insurance companies provide risk capital that is invested in financial assets and therefore earns the market return of the assets it is invested in. However, due to the legal and fiscal environment insurance companies are in, they have a competitive disadvantage at investing, and this gives rise to frictional capital costs. The core competence of insurers is in managing the size of these frictional capital costs. Insurers must ensure that they can sell insurance for a price in excess of what they need to produce the cover they sell and compensate the incurred frictional costs on risk capital. It is through the ability to do so that insurers create shareholder value.
On the Doctrine of Justification
Authors: Jüngel Eberhard
Published: March 2003

The doctrine of the justification of the ungodly is central to the Christian confession. Justification is to be understood through the four Reformation exclusive particles: Christ alone, grace alone, word alone and faith alone. Justification addresses the relationlessness which is produced by sin as limitless self‐realization. Related in himself as Trinity, God in Christ and Spirit continues in relation to the godless, thereby establishing a wealth of relation which is righteous. This account of justification is illuminating both for fundamental issues in anthropology and ethics, and for current ecumenical controversies concerning salvation, sacraments and ministry.
Schleiermacher and Spirit Christology: Unexplored Horizons of The Christian Faith
Authors: Del Colle Ralph
Published: March 2003

One of the more recent efforts at christological construction has focused on Spirit christology, issuing in sometimes opposing constructions. At first sight, considering Schleiermacher's synthetic approach to the doctrine of the Trinity, one would suspect the irrelevance of his christology for these present efforts. However, an analysis of the convergence between christology and pneumatology in the Glaubenslehre could contribute significantly to this debate. By interpreting the God‐consciousness of Jesus as the presence of the Spirit in him and correlating this with the communication of this consciousness as the work of Christ in regeneration and sanctification we achieve an identity between Christ as Spirit‐bearer and Spirit‐sender (viz. the Redeemer understood according to his ‘peculiar activity’ and ‘exclusive dignity’). By lending a stronger pneumatological bearing to Schleiermacher's theological discourse (picking up the suggestion of Karl Barth) Schleiermacher helps illuminate some of the issues that have arisen in debate over Spirit christology.
The Hidden and Triune God
Authors: Jenson Robert W.
Published: March 2003

Luther rightly perceived that God is hidden in his presence. The challenge systematically is to integrate discourse about God’s hiddenness with a serious trinitarianism. The attempts by Gregory Palamas and Karl Barth to do just this are judged inadequate. A constructive proposal begins by recognizing that God's hiddenness is an impenetrability of his moral agency in his history with us as Father, Son and Holy Spirit, rather than a correlate of God's ontological uniqueness or our creaturely epistemic limitations. God's hiddenness must be thought of in terms of the sheer factuality of God the Father, which limits theodicy; the suffering of the Son, and thus the rejection of idolatry; and the freedom of the Spirit.
After Dogma: Reinhard H¨tter’s Challenge to Contemporary Theology: A Review Essay
Authors: Mangina Joseph L.
Published: March 2003

Reinhard Hütter’s Suffering Divine Things: Theology as Church Practice constitutes an important new proposal for relating theology, doctrine and the life of the church. The central problematic is posed by the privatization of Christianity in the modern world, as exemplified in the classic debate between Karl Barth and Erik Peterson on the status of dogma. Against modern theological constructivism, Hütter argues that theology must be situated within the overall pathos of life in the Spirit, concretely mediated through church practices and the dogma that defines them as a distinctive ‘public’. Despite its sometimes thin exegetical basis, the work offers a fresh, ecumenically promising account of the theological endeavour.
‘Justified by the Spirit’: Soteriological Reflections on the Resurrection
Authors: Dabney D. Lyle
Published: March 2003

Justification of the Spirit has been too often overlooked in Protestant theology. This article asserts that the recovery of this aspect of New Testament theology offers the possibility of a fuller and more adequate soteriology than has often been the case in western theology. Part I provides a survey of the New Testament's witness to the resurrection and of the soteriological implications for the followers of Jesus. The focus of this survey is the relation of resurrection to justification. Part II develops some implications which follow for a theology of salvation today. The article here suggests a threefold possibility for a soteriology which reclaims the relation of Spirit to resurrection: first, soteriology could speak of the whole of the life, death and resurrection of Christ; second, soteriology could speak of the salvation of the whole of our life and death in resurrection; and third, soteriology could be concerned with the material, social and embodied from the outset.
Meeting Scotus: On Scholasticism and Its Ghosts
Authors: Higton Mike , Holmes Stephen
Published: March 2003

Recalling the story of the ghost of Duns Scotus that haunts Merton Library, we investigate in this article whether Christian theology contains room for belief in ghosts. We conclude that there is no good reason why ghosts should not exist within a proper dogmatic account of death and resurrection, but that there is no theological need to affirm that ghosts do exist either. Thus we suggest that this matter is dogmatically indifferent. That same dogmatic account, however, demands that we take seriously the continuing lively voices of those, like Scotus, who have gone before as we pursue our own theological vocations.