bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparing for Victory: Heinrich Hunke, the NaziWerberat, and West German Prosperity
Authors: Swett Pamela E.
Published: November 2009

When we think about the Third Reich, the first images that come to mind are not those associated with buying and selling. Though an increasing number of studies have appeared on consumer habits and policies toward consumers, the literature on the Nazi period has been dominated by a focus on production, specifically war production. For every study of the consumer economy, there have been dozens on the Four-Year Plan, the use of foreign and slave labor, and heavy industry. In recent years a number of historians have begun to question this imbalance. Hartmut Berghoff and Wolfgang Koenig have argued that the regime encouraged “virtual consumption” through images of a future postwar era of peace and prosperity: the people's car, the people's refrigerator, and other products that would be available to all once victory had been achieved. Nancy Reagin and Irene Guenther have provided compelling material on the responses of female consumers to the decreasing availability of many household items, starting with the introduction of the autarkic Four-Year Plan. Nonetheless, this recent wave of interest in issues of consumption has tended to concentrate on the prewar years of the regime; after 1939, most historians merely emphasize the growing shortage of goods as the war dragged on. One exception is Goetz Aly, who has maintained that allegiance to the regime was secured through the dissemination of goods stolen from Jews and the occupied territories. But his arguments have not convinced everyone, and his focus on the distribution of goods merely as a means of generating political support says little about how it fit in with wider patterns of consumer expectations and long-term economic thinking.
Nazi Germany's Propaganda Aimed at Arabs and Muslims During World War II and the Holocaust: Old Themes, New Archival Findings
Authors: Herf Jeffrey
Published: November 2009

During World War II and the Holocaust, the Nazi regime engaged in an intensive effort to appeal to Arabs and Muslims in the Middle East and North Africa. It did so by presenting the Nazi regime as a champion of secular anti-imperialism, especially against Britain, as well as by a selective appropriation and reception of the traditions of Islam in ways that suggested their compatibility with the ideology of National Socialism. This article and the larger project from which it comes draw on recent archival findings that make it possible to expand on the knowledge of Nazi Germany's efforts in this region that has already been presented in a substantial scholarship. This essay pushes the history of Nazism beyond its Eurocentric limits while pointing to the European dimensions of Arabic and Islamic radicalism of the mid-twentieth century. On shortwave radio and in printed items distributed in the millions, Nazi Germany's Arabic language propaganda leapt across the seemingly insurmountable barriers created by its own ideology of Aryan racial superiority. From fall 1939 to March 1945, the Nazi regime broadcast shortwave Arabic programs to the Middle East and North Africa seven days and nights a week. Though the broadcasts were well known at the time, the preponderance of its print and radio propaganda has not previously been documented and examined nor has it entered into the intellectual, cultural, and political history of the Nazi regime during World War II and the Holocaust. In light of new archival findings, we are now able to present a full picture of the wartime propaganda barrage in the course of which officials of the Nazi regime worked with pro-Nazi Arab exiles in Berlin to adapt general propaganda themes aimed at its German and European audiences to the religious traditions of Islam and the regional and local political realities of the Middle East and North Africa. This adaptation was the product of a political and ideological collaboration between officials of the Nazi regime, especially in its Foreign Ministry but also of its intelligence services, the Propaganda Ministry, and the SS on the one hand, and pro-Nazi Arab exiles in wartime Berlin on the other. It drew on a confluence of perceived shared political interests and ideological passions, as well as on a cultural fusion, borrowing and interacting between Nazi ideology and certain strains of Arab nationalism and Islamic religious traditions. It was an important chapter in the political, intellectual, and cultural history of Nazism during World War II and comprises a chapter in the history of radical Islamist ideology and politics.
Steady inclined flows of granular-fluid mixtures
Authors: BERZI D. , JENKINS J. T.
Published: November 2009

We extend a recent theory for steady uniform gravity-driven flow of a highly concentrated granular-fluid mixture over an erodible bed between frictional sidewalls. We first include angles of inclination greater than the angle of repose of the particles; then, we introduce a boundary condition for flow over a rigid bumpy bed. We compare the predictions of the resulting theory with the volume flow rates, depths and angles of inclination measured in the experiments on dry and variously saturated flows over rigid and erodible boundaries. Finally, we employ the resulting theory, with the assumption that the flow is shallow, to solve, in an approximate way, for the variation of height and average velocities along a steady non-uniform inclined flow of a granular-fluid mixture that moves over a rigid bumpy bed. The solutions exhibit features of the flow seen in the experiments – for example, a dry bulbous snout in advance of the fluid, whose length increases with increasing number of the particles and that disappears with increasing velocity – for which satisfactory explanations were lacking.
Verbal inflection in the acquisition of Kuwaiti Arabic
Authors: ALJENAIE KHAWLA
Published: November 2009

This paper investigates the distribution of imperfective and perfective verb inflections in Kuwaiti Arabic. Spontaneous speech of three children (1 ; 8–3 ; 1) was analyzed for accuracy and error types. The results showed that the verbal inflections appeared correct almost all the time (89–97% of the time). Agreement errors appeared 3–11% of the time. The children did not inflect the verb in obligatory contexts in describing ongoing action 2–12% of the time. It is predicted that children acquiring Arabic would select a default form in place of fully inflected forms. The children used a non-finite form which is identical to the imperfective verbal bare stem to describe ongoing action, which is consistent with Benmamoun's argument (1999, 2000) that the imperfective bare verb is the default form in Arabic. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of the Optional Infinitive (OI) stage argued by Wexler (1994, 1996, 1998). The fact that the non-finite is non-tensed makes this type of behavior consistent with the OI.
Impact of neighbourhood food environment on food consumption in children aged 9–10 years in the UK SPEEDY (Sport, Physical Activity and Eating behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young people) study
Authors: Skidmore Paula , Welch Ailsa , van Sluijs Esther , Jones Andrew , Harvey Ian , Harrison Flo , Griffin Simon , Cassidy Aedín
Published: November 2009

Objective

Poor diet in childhood increases risk of obesity but the relationship between access to food and children’s food choice is underexplored. We determined relationships between distance to and density of food outlets on children’s food choice.

Design

Children (n 1721) aged 9–10 years who participated in a cross-sectional study from a sample of state and private schools across urban and rural areas. Food consumption was reported using a short validated FFQ. A Geographic Information System was used to determine proximity to local food outlets. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine associations between food consumption and distance to and density of local food outlets.

Setting

Norfolk, England.

Subjects

Boys (n 754) and girls (n 967) aged 9–10 years.

Results

The impact of distance to or density of food outlets on food choice was small after adjustment. Living further away from a supermarket increased portions of fruit (0·11 portions/week per 1 km increase in distance to nearest supermarket, P < 0·05) and vegetables (0·11 portions/week, P < 0·05) consumed. Living closer to convenience stores was also associated with an increased consumption of crisps, chocolate and white bread. Density of supermarkets was associated with both an increase in vegetable intake (0·31 portions/week, P < 0·05) and unhealthy foods.

Conclusions

Distance to and density of food outlets are both associated with children’s food choice, although the impact appears to be small and the relationship is complex. However, the effects of individual foods combined could be important, particularly as even small differences in intake can impact on body weight over time.
Lung cancer presents as Addisonian crisis secondary to a solitary pituitary metastasis
Authors: Turaka Aruna , Parsons Rosaleen B. , Buyyounouski Mark K.
Published: November 2009

We present the case of 68-year-old white man who presented with lung cancer in Addisonian crisis due to a pituitary metastasis. He was successfully treated with radiotherapy which reversed his visual field deficits. Pituitary metastasis as the first manifestation of malignancy is rare but, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with endocrine disturbances and visual problems.
Regionalization as a learning process
Authors: Buytaert Wouter , Beven Keith
Published: November 2009

This paper deals with the uncertainty involved in geographical migration of hydrological model structures, commonly known as regionalization. Regionalization relies on the hypothesis that calibrated parameter sets from a donor catchment can be useful to predict discharge of an ungauged catchment. However, since every catchment is unique, model parameters need to be adapted for differences between a calibration and a prediction catchment, either by transformation or further selection. This process is inherently uncertain. Model parameters, and therefore the required changes, do not exactly represent quantities that we can measure or calculate. This paper outlines an approach to learn about how model parameters should be transformed between a gauged and an ungauged catchment. The approach consists of an iterative process, in which a model structure is applied successively to gauged catchments. After each step, parameter behavior is evaluated as a function of catchment properties and intercatchment similarities. The method is illustrated with an application of a customized version of TOPMODEL to a set of catchments in the Ecuadorian Andes. First, parameter sets are generated for a donor catchment. This model ensemble is then used to predict the discharge of the other catchments, after applying a stochastic parameter transformation to account for the uncertainty in the model migration. The parameter transformation is then evaluated and improved before further application. The case study shows that accurate predictions can be made for predicted basins. At the same time, knowledge is gained about model behavior and potential model limitations.
Expeditions to the Russian Arctic to Survey Black Carbon in Snow
Authors: Grenfell Thomas C. , Warren Stephen G. , Radionov Vladimir F. , Makarov Vladimir N. , Zimov Sergei A.
Published: November 2009

Snow is the most reflective natural surface on Earth, with an albedo (the ratio of reflected to incident light) typically between 70% and 85%. Because the albedo of snow is so high, it can be reduced by small amounts of dark impurities. Black carbon (BC) in amounts of a few tens of parts per billion (ppb) can reduce the albedo by a few percent depending on the snow grain size [Warren and Wiscombe, 1985; Clarke and Noone, 1985].

An albedo reduction of a few percent is not detectable by eye and is below the accuracy of satellite observations. Nonetheless, such a reduction is significant for climate. For a typical incident solar flux of 240 watts per square meter at the snow surface in the Arctic during spring and summer, an albedo change of 1% modifies the absorbed energy flux by an amount comparable to current anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. As a result, higher levels of BC could cause the snow to melt sooner in the spring, uncovering darker underlying surfaces (tundra and sea ice) and resulting in a positive feedback on climate [Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004].
The Terrestrial Cosmic Ray Flux: Its Importance for Climate
Authors: Ram Michael , Stolz Michael R. , Tinsley Brian A.
Published: November 2009

There has been prolonged debate in the scientific community as to whether or not changes in solar activity significantly affect Earth's climate. One of the main arguments against solar influence is that because the intensity of solar radiation changes by too little (˜0.1%) during the course of a solar cycle (or on longer time scales) to have a significant impact on changes in Earth's climate, an amplifying mechanism must be at work if solar influence is to be taken seriously. Ney [1959] proposed that the solar‐modulated terrestrial cosmic ray flux (CRF) is another solar influence that must be considered as possibly affecting climate. The CRF affects the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere through ion production and is the meteorological variable subject to the largest solar cycle modulation that penetrates into the denser layers of the atmosphere.
Public concern about global warming wanes, survey finds
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2009

A new national survey of the American public's attitude toward global warming has found “a sharp decline over the past year in the percentage of Americans who say there is solid evidence that global temperatures are rising.” Thirty‐six percent of respondents agreed that global warming is because of human activity, an 11% drop from April 2008.

The survey, “Fewer Americans see solid evidence of global warming; modest support for ‘cap and trade’ policy,” was issued on 22 October by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. The report found that 57% of survey respondents agreed that there is solid evidence the Earth is warming, compared with 71% who agreed with that statement in April 2008, a 14% drop.
Commission for Environmental Cooperation priorities
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2009

Members of the Joint Public Advisory Committee of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) will host a 1 December live Webcast discussion on environmental priorities the commission should consider during the next 5 years. The priorities will relate to “healthy communities and ecosystems,” “climate change—low‐carbon economy,” and “greening the economy in North America.” CEC is an international organization created by Canada, Mexico, and the United States under the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation.

The meeting, in Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, will include a virtual forum to allow online participation.
Threats to species continue
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2009

Of 47,677 assessed species, 17,291 are threatened with extinction, according to the latest update of the Red List of Threatened Species issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on 3 November. The list indicates that amphibians are the most threatened group of species known to date, with 1895 (nearly 30%) of 6285 amphibians in danger of extinction. Thirty‐nine are already extinct or extinct in the wild, 484 are critically endangered, 754 are endangered, and 657 are vulnerable, according to IUCN.
Paul G. Silver (1948–2009)
Authors: Solomon Sean C.
Published: November 2009

A pioneer in the novel application of seismic observations to infer the flow field of Earth's mantle and the mechanics of fault zones, Paul Gordon Silver tragically was killed on 7 August in an automobile accident that also took the life of his 22‐year‐old daughter, Celine.

Born and raised in Los Angeles, Calif., Paul received all of his degrees from the University of California. Following receipt of a B.A. in psychology from the University of California (UC), Los Angeles (1970), he pursued a career as a musician for several years. Drawn to Earth science, Paul obtained a B.A. in geology from UC Berkeley, in 1976, and he was recruited by Tom Jordan (now at the University of Southern California) to the graduate program of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego.
Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Northern River Basins: Northern Watershed Ecosystem Response to Climate Change (North‐Watch) Workshop I: Climatic Drivers and Hydrological Regimes; Dorset, Ontario, Canada, 30 August to 3 September 2009
Authors: Tetzlaff Doerthe , Carey Sean
Published: November 2009

There is compelling evidence that climate change is affecting water resources in many parts of the world. Managing the societal consequences of this is one of the 21st century's major challenges to the prosperity and security of the international community. In few places will the changes and challenges be greater than in the boreal/subarctic region (defined broadly as the higher midlatitudes) of the Northern Hemisphere. In this circumpolar, transitional climatic zone, slight temperature differences determine the status of frozen ground, whether precipitation falls as rain or snow, and the degree to which winter snowpacks accumulate and subsequently melt.
Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecology: Fourth Annual Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Summer Workshop; Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 20–23 July 2009
Authors: Benway Heather M. , Doney Scott C.
Published: November 2009

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program is a coordinating body for the U.S. research community that focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology. The fourth annual Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry summer workshop convened 147 participants at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts.

The workshop opened with a session on the next U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan (CCSP) that included presentations highlighting the priorities of the next CCSP and providing atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial, social science, and decision support perspectives. An interdisciplinary panel of CCSP working group members then fielded audience questions and solicited feedback from the OCB community, which focused primarily on CCSP scope, ocean research and observing system priorities, and more effective integration with social science and decision support communities.
Stability of the rotation axis in high‐resolution mantle circulation models: Weak polar wander despite strong core heating
Authors: Schaber K. , Bunge H.‐P. , Schuberth B. S. A. , Malservisi R. , Horbach A.
Published: November 2009

Growing evidence points to a substantial heat flow across the core‐mantle boundary (CMB), but the rotational stability of strongly bottom heated mantle flow with prominent upwelling plumes is poorly known. Here we calculate polar motion for the past 100 Myr induced in a new class of isochemical high‐resolution mantle circulation models (MCMs) with Earth‐like convective vigor and up to 12 TW core heat flux. Our MCMs include internal heating and a simple three‐layer viscosity profile associated with the lithosphere (1023 Pa s) and the upper (1021 Pa s) and the lower mantle (1023 Pa s), separated at 100 and 650 km depth, respectively. A published mantle mineralogy model in the pyrolite composition, consistent with our assumption of whole mantle flow, allows us to relate thermal to density variations in a thermodynamically self‐consistent way. All models yield modest polar motion on the order of 0.5° Myr−1 or less, in accordance with paleomagnetic data and agreeing with a number of studies that demonstrate the stabilizing effect of the rotational bulge. Although a substantially reduced lower mantle viscosity would increase this rate, the good agreement between MCM and seismic mantle heterogeneity lends independent support for our viscosity profile, as otherwise, slabs in the MCM would rapidly sink to depth levels where they are tomographically not observed. In general, there is good agreement between the long‐wavelength geoids predicted from our MCMs and recent satellite derived models of Earth's geoid (correlation coefficient of around 0.4), but noticeable differences at intermediate wavelengths, for example, in the western Pacific and in Africa, suggest the use of gravity data to distinguish between competing plate reconstruction models.
Beyond kappa distributions: Exploiting Tsallis statistical mechanics in space plasmas
Authors: Livadiotis G. , McComas D. J.
Published: November 2009

Empirically derived kappa distributions are becoming increasingly widespread in space physics as the power law nature of various suprathermal tails is melded with more classical quasi‐Maxwellian cores. Two different mathematical definitions of kappa distributions are commonly used and various authors characterize the power law nature of suprathermal tails in different ways. In this study we examine how kappa distributions arise naturally from Tsallis statistical mechanics, which provides a solid theoretical basis for describing and analyzing complex systems out of equilibrium. This analysis exposes the possible values of kappa, which are strictly limited to certain ranges. We also develop the concept of temperature out of equilibrium, which differs significantly from the classical equilibrium temperature. This analysis clarifies which of the kappa distributions has primacy and, using this distribution, the kinetic and physical temperatures become one, both in and out of equilibrium. Finally, we extract the general relation between both types of kappa distributions and the spectral indices commonly used to parameterize space plasmas. With this relation, it is straightforward to compare both spectral indices from various space physics observations, models, and theoretical studies that use kappa distributions on a consistent footing that minimizes the chances for misinterpretation and error. Now that the connection is complete between empirically derived kappa distributions and Tsallis statistical mechanics, the full strength and capability of Tsallis statistical tools are available to the space physics community for analyzing and understanding the kappa‐like properties of the various particle and energy distributions observed in space.
Inverse modeling of global and regional CH4 emissions using SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals
Authors: Bergamaschi Peter , Frankenberg Christian , Meirink Jan Fokke , Krol Maarten , Villani M. Gabriella , Houweling Sander , Dentener Frank , Dlugokencky Edward J. , Miller John B. , Gatti Luciana V. , Engel Andreas , Levin Ingeborg
Published: November 2009

Methane retrievals from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument onboard ENVISAT provide important information on atmospheric CH4 sources, particularly in tropical regions which are poorly monitored by in situ surface observations. Recently, Frankenberg et al. (2008a, 2008b) reported a major revision of SCIAMACHY retrievals due to an update of spectroscopic parameters of water vapor and CH4. Here, we analyze the impact of this revision on global and regional CH4 emissions estimates in 2004, using the TM5‐4DVAR inverse modeling system. Inversions based on the revised SCIAMACHY retrievals yield ∼20% lower tropical emissions compared to the previous retrievals. The new retrievals improve significantly the consistency between observed and assimilated column average mixing ratios and the agreement with independent validation data. Furthermore, the considerable latitudinal and seasonal bias correction of the previous SCIAMACHY retrievals, derived in the TM5‐4DVAR system by simultaneously assimilating high‐accuracy surface measurements, is reduced by a factor of ∼3. The inversions result in significant changes in the spatial patterns of emissions and their seasonality compared to the bottom‐up inventories. Sensitivity tests were done to analyze the robustness of retrieved emissions, revealing some dependence on the applied a priori emission inventories and OH fields. Furthermore, we performed a detailed validation of simulated CH4 mixing ratios using NOAA ship and aircraft profile samples, as well as stratospheric balloon samples, showing overall good agreement. We use the new SCIAMACHY retrievals for a regional analysis of CH4 emissions from South America, Africa, and Asia, exploiting the zooming capability of the TM5 model. This allows a more detailed analysis of spatial emission patterns and better comparison with aircraft profiles and independent regional emission estimates available for South America. Large CH4 emissions are attributed to various wetland regions in tropical South America and Africa, seasonally varying and opposite in phase with CH4 emissions from biomass burning. India, China and South East Asia are characterized by pronounced emissions from rice paddies peaking in the third quarter of the year, in addition to further anthropogenic emissions throughout the year.
A comparison of collisions of saltating grains with loose and consolidated silt surfaces
Authors: Gordon Mark , McKenna Neuman Cheryl
Published: November 2009

A particle tracking velocimetry system was used to study the trajectories of saltating sand particles as they impacted either consolidated (solid) or unconsolidated (loose) silt surfaces in a wind tunnel. The tunnel friction velocity varied between 0.26 and 0.3 m s−1. The average coefficient of restitution, defined as the ratio of postcollision velocity to precollision velocity, was found to be ε = 0.64 for the loose bed and ε = 0.79 for the solid bed, respectively. The average ratio of energy loss to impact energy was found to be EL/E0 = 0.58 for the loose bed and EL/E0 = 0.37 for the solid bed, respectively. These indices demonstrate that the loose bed absorbs more momentum and energy from the impacting sand particle. The average ejection angle was lower at 18° for the loose bed than 23° for the solid bed. In the loose surface, crater formations were observed to form with each impact. Surface profile measurements suggest an average crater volume of >0.1 mm3. For both beds, the coefficient of restitution decreases with the particle impact speed. In the case of the solid bed, the dependence on impact speed is in good agreement with a model of two colliding spheres with identical material properties. With regard to the loose bed, a model of the impacting particle motion as it plows through and plastically deforms the bed material is tested. If the ratio of the horizontal to vertical forces on the particle as it plows through the bed is taken as a linear function of impact speed, the model is in good agreement with measured data. This suggests that compaction of the surface may occur along with the plowing and displacement of loose bed material.
The GIT–PIX complexes regulate the chemotactic response of rat basophilic leukaemia cells
Authors: Gavina Manuela , Za Lorena , Molteni Raffaella , Pardi Ruggero , de Curtis Ivan
Published: November 2009

Background information. Cell motility entails the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking for effective protrusion. The GIT–PIX protein complexes are involved in the regulation of cell motility and adhesion and in the endocytic traffic of members of the family of G‐protein‐coupled receptors. We have investigated the function of the endogenous GIT complexes in the regulation of cell motility stimulated by fMLP (formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe) peptide, in a rat basophilic leukaemia RBL‐2H3 cell line stably expressing an HA (haemagglutinin)‐tagged receptor for the fMLP peptide.

Results. Our analysis shows that RBL cells stably transfected with the chemoattractant receptor expressed both GIT1–PIX and GIT2–PIX endogenous complexes. We have used silencing of the different members of the complex by small interfering RNAs to study the effects on a number of events linked to agonist‐induced cell migration. We found that cell adhesion was not affected by depletion of any of the proteins of the GIT complex, whereas agonist‐enhanced cell spreading was inhibited. Analysis of agonist‐stimulated haptotactic cell migration indicated a specific positive effect of GIT1 depletion on trans‐well migration. The internalization of the formyl‐peptide receptor was also inhibited by depletion of GIT1 and GIT2. The effects of the GIT complexes on trafficking of the receptors was confirmed by an antibody‐enhanced agonist‐induced internalization assay, showing that depletion of PIX, GIT1 or GIT2 protein caused decreased perinuclear accumulation of internalized receptors.

Conclusions. Our results show that endogenous GIT complexes are involved in the regulation of chemoattractant‐induced cell motility and receptor trafficking, and support previous findings indicating an important function of the GIT complexes in the regulation of different G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Our results also indicate that endogenous GIT1 and GIT2 regulate distinct subsets of agonist‐induced responses and suggest a possible functional link between the control of receptor trafficking and the regulation of cell motility by GIT proteins.
Dynamics of a rigid plate impacting a glass plate: A one dimensional analysis considering failure-wave propagation
Authors: Lopatnikov Sergey L. , Gama Bazle A. , Bogetti Travis A. , Gillespie John W.
Published: November 2009

Dynamics of a rigid plate impacting a glass plate is presented considering failure-wave and shock-wave propagations in the target material in addition to an elastic precursor. A generalized one dimensional theoretical failure-shock-elastic (FSE) model is developed and later simplified to study different impact scenarios on glass. While the nonlinear equations of the FSE model is solved numerically, an analytical solution is obtained for the failure-elastic submodel. In solving the failure-shock model for glass, a condition describing the jump in particle velocities at the failure front is proposed based on experimental observations. Time histories of the displacement, velocity, and resistance force of the rigid impact plate are presented.
Composite self-similar solutions for relativistic shocks: The transition to cold fluid temperatures
Authors: Pan Margaret , Sari Re’em
Published: November 2009

The flow resulting from a strong ultrarelativistic shock moving through a stellar envelope with a polytropelike density profile has been studied analytically and numerically at early times while the fluid temperature is relativistic—that is, just before and after the shock breaks out of the star. Such a flow should expand and accelerate as its internal energy is converted to bulk kinetic energy; at late enough times, the assumption of relativistic temperatures becomes invalid. Here we present a new self-similar solution for the postbreakout flow when the accelerating fluid has bulk kinetic Lorentz factors much larger than unity but is cooling through p/n of order unity to subrelativistic temperatures. This solution gives a relation between a fluid element’s terminal Lorentz factor and that element’s Lorentz factor just after it is shocked. Our numerical integrations agree well with the solution. While our solution assumes a planar flow, we show that corrections due to spherical geometry are important only for extremely fast ejecta originating in a region very close to the stellar surface. This region grows if the shock becomes relativistic deeper in the star.
Analytical model of the quasistatic mechanical behavior of galvanic piezoelectric microelectromechanical system switches
Authors: Wunnicke Olaf
Published: November 2009

An analytical model of the quasistatic behavior of galvanic piezoelectric microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switches is described. The model is based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation. Two geometries often used in galvanic switches are investigated: the single clamped cantilever (SCC) and the double clamped beam (DCB). The effects from residual stress and thermal expansion are also taken into account. They are both described by an effective initial gap and an effective bending stiffness in the case of the SCC and the DCB, respectively. Using the analytical model, the beam is optimized with respect to contact force and restoring force. Finally, the scaling behavior of piezoelectric MEMS switches is investigated. The analytical model is benchmarked against the results from finite-element-method simulations, showing good agreement.
Mechanisms of the ultrafast magnetization switching in bistable amorphous microwires
Authors: Ipatov M. , Zhukova V. , Zvezdin A. K. , Zhukov A.
Published: November 2009

Two magnetization reversal regimes were found in magnetically bistable Fe-rich microwires. The first one, exhibiting an almost linear dependence of the domain wall velocity v on magnetic field H reaching 1.7 km/s, is related to single DW propagation. The second essentially nonlinear regime is observed when H exceeds some critical magnetic field, HN, determined by the microwire inhomogeneities. At H>HN, new reverse domains can be nucleated, and consequently a tandem remagnetization mechanism can be realized. Ultrafast magnetization switching through additional nucleation centers created artificially can be applied in spintronic devices for enhancing their performance.
Mid-infrared emission from InAs quantum dots, wells, and dots on well nanostructures grown on InP (100) by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Kotani Junji , van Veldhoven Peter J. , Nötzel Richard
Published: November 2009

A detailed analysis to extend the emission wavelength of InAs/InP nanostructures is presented employing InAs quantum dots (QDs), InAs quantum wells (QWs), and a combination of InAs QDs and QWs grown on InGaAsP/InP (100) by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. First the optimized growth conditions of InAs QDs are established and an emission wavelength of 2.16 μm is achieved by capping with strain reducing InGaAs layers. Second, InAs QWs are grown under metal-stable conditions with the longest emission wavelength of 2.26 μm for a 4 nm QW. Finally, a combined InAs QDs on QW structure is realized. The InAs QD density is drastically increased on the QW and the longest emission wavelength of 2.46 μm is obtained at 6 K from sparse huge QDs. These findings open routes to extend the emission wavelength in the InAs/InP materials system beyond 2.4 μm using InAs QDs on QW structures.
Near coalescent submicron polycrystalline diamond films deposited on silicon: Hydrogen bonding and thermal enhanced carbide formation
Authors: Stacey A. , Michaelson Sh. , Orwa J. , Rubanov S. , Prawer S. , Cowie B. C. C. , Hoffman A.
Published: November 2009

The influence of high temperature annealing up to 1200 °C in vacuum on ∼100 nm nearly continuous thick diamond films consisting of 30–50 nm crystallites, deposited onto silicon substrates is reported. The hydrogen bonding and phase composition of the films were studied with Raman spectroscopy, while the surface microstructure and composition were studied with high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Annealing to 800–900 °C of ∼100 nm thick films results in a decrease in the intensities of the peaks associated with hydrogen bonding (Raman), as well as changes to the morphological microstructure at the film surface. Heating the films to 1000 °C resulted in the complete disappearance of the Raman peaks associated with hydrogen bonding at grain boundaries, and an increase in the relative intensity of the diamond peak relative to the graphite-related D and G Raman peaks, concomitant with changes to the microstructure (SEM and TEM). Ex situ XP analysis of the films annealed to 800 and 1000 °C provides clear evidence for the formation of SiC on the films surface and near surface region. However a sharp SiC Raman peak at 796 cm−1 appears only after annealing to 1200 °C and it is concomitant with a decrease in the Raman peaks associated with sp2 bonded carbon. Our results suggest that formation of SiC phase preferentially consumes sp2/sp hybridized carbon matrix, produced by thermal desorption of hydrogen atoms at diamond grain boundary and at the diamond film—silicon substrate interface.
Quantum-coupled single-electron thermal to electric conversion scheme
Authors: Wu D. M. , Hagelstein P. L. , Chen P. , Sinha K. P. , Meulenberg A.
Published: November 2009

Thermal to electric energy conversion with thermophotovoltaics relies on radiation emitted by a hot body, which limits the power per unit area to that of a blackbody. Microgap thermophotovoltaics take advantage of evanescent waves to obtain higher throughput, with the power per unit area limited by the internal blackbody, which is n2 higher. We propose that even higher power per unit area can be achieved by taking advantage of thermal fluctuations in the near-surface electric fields. For this, we require a converter that couples to dipoles on the hot side, transferring excitation to promote carriers on the cold side which can be used to drive an electrical load. We analyze the simplest implementation of the scheme, in which excitation transfer occurs between matched quantum dots. Next, we examine thermal to electric conversion with a lossy dielectric (aluminum oxide) hot-side surface layer. We show that the throughput power per unit active area can exceed the n2 blackbody limit with this kind of converter. With the use of small quantum dots, the scheme becomes very efficient theoretically, but will require advances in technology to fabricate.
How to calculate H3 better
Authors: Pavanello Michele , Tung Wei-Cheng , Adamowicz Ludwik
Published: November 2009

Efficient optimization of the basis set is key to achieving a very high accuracy in variational calculations of molecular systems employing basis functions that are explicitly dependent on the interelectron distances. In this work we present a method for a systematic enlargement of basis sets of explicitly correlated functions based on the iterative-complement-interaction approach developed by Nakatsuji [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 030403 (2004)]. We illustrate the performance of the method in the variational calculations of H3 where we use explicitly correlated Gaussian functions with shifted centers. The total variational energy (−1.674 547 421 Hartree) and the binding energy (−15.74 cm−1) obtained in the calculation with 1000 Gaussians are the most accurate results to date.
Nanofabrication of diffractive elements for soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet applications using ion beam lithography
Authors: Lenz Johannes , Wilhein Thomas , Irsen Stephan
Published: November 2009

In the soft x-ray (SXR) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral region, optical elements are mainly based on diffractive structures. We report on experiments showing the fabrication of such elements using ion beam lithography. This allows single-step milling of freestanding transmission as well as reflection gratings. Minimum structure sizes of 70 nm were achieved. The optical elements were tested in slit grating spectrographs at an ethanol-jet laser-induced plasma source. Relative spectral resolutions of λ/Δλ≈100 were observed in the SXR- and EUV-region.
Polarization splitting of discrete states in square shaped organic photonic dots
Authors: Siebert-Henze E. , Langner M. , Sudzius M. , Hintschich S. I. , Fröb H. , Lyssenko V. G. , Leo K.
Published: November 2009

We analyze the polarization dependence of the discrete photonic states in an organic microcavity system that is laterally confined on the micron scale. Via microscopic photoluminescence measurements on square shaped photonic dots, we demonstrate a polarization splitting that increases up to 10 meV for higher order modes. These experimental results are evaluated using a vectorial waveguide approach and the splitting is attributed to phase shifts, which occur as a result of reflection at the side walls of the mesa structures.
Sulfur passivation of InN surface electron accumulation
Authors: Bailey L. R. , Veal T. D. , Kendrick C. E. , Durbin S. M. , McConville C. F.
Published: November 2009

The effects of treatment with ammonium sulfide ((NH4)2Sx) solution on the electronic properties of InN surfaces have been investigated with high resolution x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The valence band, In 3d, and N 1s x-ray photoemission spectra show that the surface Fermi level decreases by approximately 0.15 eV with (NH4)2Sx-treatment. This corresponds to a reduction of the downward band bending with the surface sheet charge density decreasing by 30%.
g-factor and exchange energy in a few-electron lateral InGaAs quantum dot
Authors: Larsson M. , Nilsson H. A. , Hardtdegen H. , Xu H. Q.
Published: November 2009

We report on the measurements of the g-factor and the exchange interaction of electrons in a few-electron lateral quantum dot formed in an InGaAs/InP semiconductor heterostructure. The spin filling sequence of the electron states in the dot is determined by magnetotransport measurements and parallel spin filling configurations are identified. The measured g-factor (for a magnetic field applied parallel to the InGaAs quantum-well layer) has a value in the range of |g∗|≈2 to |g∗|≈4 and is strongly level-dependent. By analysis of the energies of the states which favor a parallel spin filling, the lower bound of the exchange energy of electrons in the dot in the order of ∼210 μeV is extracted.
Combined whispering gallery mode laser from hexagonal ZnO microcavities
Authors: Dai J. , Xu C. X. , Ding R. , Zheng K. , Shi Z. L. , Lv C. G. , Cui Y. P.
Published: November 2009

The hexagonal ZnO microrods were employed as whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities to obtain ultraviolet laser at room temperature. For each individual ZnO microrod, the laser presented low threshold and high quality Q factor and clear WGM spectral structure. The lasing spectra from different microcavities were combined together by pumping two or more ZnO microrods simultaneously. The resonant process and lasing characteristics, such as lasing mode, threshold, and Q factor, were investigated in experiment and theory.
Disorder enhances thermoelectric figure of merit in armchair graphane nanoribbons
Authors: Ni Xiaoxi , Liang Gengchiau , Wang Jian-Sheng , Li Baowen
Published: November 2009

We study the thermoelectric property of graphane strips by using density functional theory calculations combined with the nonequilibrium Green’s function method. It is found that figure of merit (ZT) can be remarkably enhanced five times by randomly introducing hydrogen vacancies to the graphene nanoribon derivatives—armchair graphane nanoribbons. For 5 nm wide ribbons under certain conditions, ZT can be as high as 5.8 and depends on temperature linearly. The high ZT, low cost, and rapid advances in the synthesis of nanoscale graphene derivatives make carbon-based materials a viable choice for thermoelectric applications.
Practical approach for a rod-connected diamond photonic crystal operating at optical wavelengths
Authors: Aoki Kanna
Published: November 2009

Production of a rod-connected diamond (RCD) photonic crystal structure in a semiconductor material is proposed. Periodic shifting of only one building block can create a complicated three-dimensional network, with a RCD structure exhibiting a full bandgap as wide as 0.20 on a gap/midgap (Δω/ωM) basis. A point defect cavity in the structure sustains single-mode resonance throughout the operative range because of its low symmetry. The resonant mode’s highest quality factor (Q-factor) was calculated as 1.5×104 for a crystal of 11.5ax×4.25ay×12az for ai (i=x,y,z) representing three axes’ period lengths.
Thermodynamic consistency of energy and virial routes: An exact proof within the linearized Debye–Hückel theory
Authors: Santos Andrés , Fantoni Riccardo , Giacometti Achille
Published: November 2009

The linearized Debye–Hückel theory for liquid state is shown to provide thermodynamically consistent virial and energy routes for any potential and for any dimensionality. The importance of this result for bounded potentials is discussed.
Conservation of the false water rat (Xeromys myoides) depends on landscape complementation
Authors: Russell Tanya L. , Hale Peter T.
Published: November 2009

Identification of habitat variables that are associated with patch occupancy can provide a solid foundation for conservation, especially when habitats and landscapes are affected by human activities. As a case study to investigate the importance of landscape complementation and habitat quality for conservation, we examined the habitat preferences of a vulnerable native rodent, the false water rat (Xeromys myoides Thomas). In this study, results from surveys for animal presence and recording of habitat attributes in localities in south-east Queensland showed that X. myoides prefers a habitat with a wide mangrove zone of short mangroves and a high percentage of relatively tall vegetation cover in the sedge/saltmarsh zone. The absence of X. myoides from areas of likely habitat at a large scale can be attributed, at least in part, to the local habitat variables that overrode predictions based at a large scale. The findings suggest that availability of suitable habitat is a factor limiting the distribution and abundance of X. myoides. It is clear that landscape complementation influences patch occupancy and should be an essential consideration for conservation programs.
Measurement of defaecation rates in captive swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor)
Authors: Fancourt Bronwyn
Published: November 2009

An observation trial was conducted on a group of three captive swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) to determine the daily defaecation rate. Total number of pellets produced by wallabies was measured every 24 h, and the trial ran for four consecutive 24-h periods. Wallabies produced a mean of 73.2 ± 13.5 pellets per wallaby per day, with each wallaby producing a mean dry weight of pellets of 66.0 ± 13.9 g per wallaby per day. This is the first accurate estimate of the rate of pellet production by captive swamp wallabies, and will assist future attempts at monitoring this cryptic macropod.
Effects of a synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist, leuprolide, on rut-associated events in male red deer
Authors: Barrell G. K. , Schaafsma S. C. T. , Ridgway M. J. , Wellby M. , Miller L. A.
Published: November 2009

This study examined the effectiveness of leuprolide, a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist, in suppressing rut-associated events in farmed male red deer. In mid-January (~6 weeks before the rut period in the southern hemisphere) adult red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus) stags that had been allocated to three groups (n = 10 per group) received leuprolide, administered subcutaneously in a 90-day release formulation, at zero (control), low (22.5 mg) or high (45 mg) doses. Following treatment with leuprolide there was evidence of suppression of mean plasma luteinising hormone concentration that was significant (P < 0.05) at 9 weeks. Mean plasma testosterone concentration of all three groups rose following treatment, then declined prematurely in the low- and high-dose leuprolide-treated groups, so that it was significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed (0.66 ± 0.29 and 2.0 ± 0.88 ng mL–1, low and high dose respectively) in early April when the peak value (9.0 ± 1.94 ng mL–1) was recorded from control stags. A reduction in mean liveweight occurred in all three groups through February–April and this did not differ among treatments. However, a corresponding reduction in mean body condition score was greater in the control stags (P < 0.05). There was little effect of leuprolide treatment on aggressive behaviours, but it lowered roaring frequency in the latter period of the rut. The results indicate that this gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist has potential for application in the deer farming industry to suppress undesirable effects of the rut.