bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a New Paediatric Fixed-Dose Combination of Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine in HIV-Infected Children
Authors:   the IMPAACT P1069 Team, Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya , Cressey Tim R , Capparelli Edmund , Sirisanthana Virat , Muresan Petronella , Hongsiriwon Suchat , Ngampiyaskul Chaiwat , Limwongse Chanin , Wittawatmongkol Orasri , Aurpibul Linda , Kabat Bill , Toye MariPat , Smith Mary Elizabeth , Eksaengsri Achara , McIntosh Kenneth , Yogev Ram
Published: October 2011

Background

Alternatives to the available stavudine-containing paediatric fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets are rapidly needed due to concerns regarding the cumulative toxicity of long-term stavudine exposure. We report the bioavailability and short-term safety of a novel paediatric FDC tablet of zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC)/nevirapine (NVP; 30/15/28 mg) in HIV-infected children.

Methods

In this Phase I/II open-label pharmacokinetic study, 42 children weighing 6–30 kg treated with NVP-based HAART for ≥4 weeks were randomized to receive the FDC tablets (GPO-VIR Z30) or the liquid formulations. Dosing was weight-based. Intensive 12-h blood sampling was performed after 2 weeks; subjects then crossed-over to the alternate formulation at equal doses and sampling repeated 2 weeks later. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental analysis. Buccal-swab samples were collected for cytochrome P450 ( CYP)2B6 polymorphism analysis.

Results

With the FDC tablet, the geometric mean (90% CI) area under the curve (AUC) for ZDV, 3TC and NVP was 1.58 (1.49-1.68), 7.78 (7.38-8.19) and 68.88 (62.13-76.36) μg•h/ml, respectively. Rules for NVP therapeutic inadequacy were defined a priori, and despite lower NVP exposure with the tablet ( P <0.001), the levels remained therapeutically adequate. ZDV AUC was similar between formulations. 3TC exposure was significantly higher with the tablet but comparable to historical data in adults and children taking branded tablets. While receiving the tablet, NVP AUC in children with CYP2B 516 GG (45%), GT (45%) and TT (10%) genotypes were 67.0, 74.5 and 106.4 μg•h/ml, respectively ( P =0.04).

Conclusions

Disparities in drug exposure between formulations were observed; however, the FDC tablet delivered therapeutically adequate exposures of each drug and could well play an important role in simplifying antiretroviral treatment for children.
Comment devient-on policier ? 1982-2003. Évolutions sociodémographiques et motivations plurielles
Authors: Pruvost Geneviève , Roharik Ionela
Published: October 2011

Il s’agit d’explorer ce qui incite à devenir policier, aussi bien en termes sociodémographiques qu’en termes de vocation : la comparaison entre une jeune et une ancienne génération de policiers, entre les grades d’officier et de gardien de la paix, ainsi qu’entre les sexes, au sein d’une même enquête statistique (N = 5015) permet de dégager les constantes et les évolutions qui ont touché le recrutement policier depuis vingt ans. Une régression logistique a par ailleurs été menée pour déterminer les variables qui pèsent sur le contenu même de la vocation policière (réaliste, aventurière, missionnaire et rigoriste), en vue d’établir des liens avec la conception plus ou moins répressive du métier, et plus largement entre socialisation primaire et socialisation professionnelle.
Le travail policier vu par les étudiants en techniques policières : une question d'attitude
Authors: Richard Éric , Pacaud Marie-Christine
Published: October 2011

Cet article présente les résultats d’une enquête de terrain réalisée auprès d’un échantillon d’élèves inscrits au programme de techniques policières, un programme d’une durée de trois ans préalable à l’admission au stage terminal de 15 semaines donné à l’École nationale de police du Québec. L’enquête, réalisée par passation d’un questionnaire, visait à établir jusqu’à quel point un certain nombre d’attributs de base (le sexe, l’âge, le fait d’avoir ou non des amis ou des parents dans la police) de même que certaines attitudes de base (l’application des lois, l’ouverture à la diversité et les principes d’un comportement exemplaire) interviennent ou non sur la perception qu’ont ces mêmes répondants de certains principes de base de l’intervention policière au Québec, notamment les principes de base de l’approche de police communautaire. Il ressort de nos analyses que les attitudes des répondants influent significativement plus que leurs attributs, ceci témoignant en faveur de la passation préalable à l’acceptation au programme de formation d’un questionnaire standardisé susceptible de révéler ces attitudes de départ.
« Le futur, c'est maintenant ». L'imaginaire dystopique dans l'œuvre de James Graham Ballard
Authors: Celka Marianne , Vidal Bertrand
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article souligne la dimension sociologique de l’œuvre du romancier James Graham Ballard (1930-2009), à travers deux grands corpus dans lesquels domine le thème de la catastrophe : le Cycle des apocalypses et la Trilogie de béton . La catastrophe est appréhendée ici comme l’exutoire et la résultante d’un monde trop aseptisé.
Fictions de personnages dans un MMORPG. Entre jeu de rôle et écriture de soi, écrire une persona fiction
Authors: Vachey France
Published: October 2011

Résumé En produisant une fiction de sa vie, l’Homme évolue dans un entre-deux fantasmatique où se construit une identité narrative qui lui permet d’être présent à lui-même. Dans le cadre d’un jeu en ligne, écrire sur forum le récit d’un personnage joué, sorte de persona fiction, c’est, là aussi, se poser comme sujet en construction, vouloir donner à comprendre, à soi et aux autres, le comportement psychique de son personnage, avancer dans son histoire, intégrer les événements, et construire son identité.
Gustave Le Rouge : le Monde n'existe pas...
Authors: Fouillet Aurélien
Published: October 2011

Résumé La science-fiction est un genre littéraire à part entière. Elle nous offre tout un monde d’auteurs, de styles et de visions du monde et de la science. C’est au travers d’une de ces visions, celle de Gustave Le Rouge, que nous abordons ici la question de la narration, de la fiction et du monde dans lequel elle émerge. Gustave Le Rouge est un auteur populaire qui nous propose une vision inattendue de la science-fiction dans laquelle se mêlent poésie, fantastique et sciences. Au travers de cet article, nous essayons de montrer comment la littérature de science-fiction est un outil sociologique important pour saisir l’esprit d’innovation et d’invention d’une société. Gustave Le Rouge, contrairement à Jules Verne, ouvre ainsi la voie à une étude de l’esprit scientifique par le biais des plis du réel où se terre l’irréel.
A Paradigm Shift towards Urban Resilience
Authors: Ercoskun Ozge Yalciner
Published: November 2011

The global environmental situation is in decline, and cities are at the very centre of the problem. This has resulted in an urgent need for a radical and large-scale eco-technological overhaul. This chapter focuses on the paradigm shift towards sustainability and resilience, and particularly, how the new thinking of resilience can convert investments in urban infrastructure and development into resilient support systems, enabling both greater city prosperity and environmental regeneration. The objectives of this chapter are to search for new paths in the creation of resilient communities through the sustainable use of technologies; to discuss the significance of equity, economy, and traditional knowledge in resilient cities; to put forward a green approach that encompasses both mitigation and adaptation; and to explore potential and practical ways of creating urban resilience. A detailed review of existing definitions and policies related to urban resilience, as well as the role of eco-technologies and city planners in this process, is also presented. The chapter concludes by suggesting a set of urban design strategies and a list of key stakeholders as critical ingredients in the move towards urban resilience.
Sympathovagal Imbalance in Prehypertensive Offspring of Two Parents versus One Parent Hypertensive
Authors: Pal G. K. , Pal Pravati , Nanda Nivedita , Lalitha V. , Dutta T. K. , Adithan C.
Published: October 2011

Objective. Though prehypertension has strong familial predisposition, difference in pathophysiological mechanisms in its genesis in offspring of both parents and single parent hypertensive have not been elucidated.Methods. Body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), basal heart rate (BHR), blood pressure (BP), HR and BP response to standing, deep breathing difference, BP response to handgrip and spectral indices of heart rate variability (HRV) were analyzed in normotensive offspring of two parents hypertensive (Group I), normotensive offspring of one parent hypertensive (Group II), prehypertensive offspring of two parents hypertensive (Group III) and prehypertensive offspring of one parent hypertensive (Group IV).Results. Sympathovagal imbalance (SVI) in prehypertensive offspring was observed due to increased sympathetic and decreased vagal activity. In group III, SVI was more prominent with greater contribution by vagal withdrawal. LF-HF ratio, the marker of SVI was correlated more with diastolic pressure, 30 : 15 ratio and E : I ratio in prehypertensives and the degree of correlation was more in group III prehypertensives.Conclusion. Vagal withdrawal plays a critical role in development of SVI in prehypertensive offspring of hypertensive parents. The intensity of SVI was more in offspring of two parents hypertensive compared to single parent hypertensive.
The Capacitive Behaviors of Manganese Dioxide Thin-Film Electrochemical Capacitor Prototypes
Authors: Pang Suh Cem , Wee Boon Hong , Chin Suk Fun
Published: October 2011

We have documented the fabrication of manganese dioxide (MnO2) thin-film electrochemical capacitor (EC) prototypes with dual-planar electrode configuration. These EC prototypes exhibited good capacitive behaviors in mild Na2SO4aqueous electrolyte. Enhanced capacitive behaviors of EC prototypes were observed upon prolonged voltammetric cycling which could be associated with microstructural transformation of MnO2thin-film electrodes from densely packed plate-like to irregular petal-like surface morphology. Effects of voltammetric scan rates, prolonged voltammetric cycling, electrolyte composition, and electrolyte concentration on the surface morphology of MnO2thin-film electrodes, and associated capacitive behaviors of MnO2thin-film EC prototypes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) techniques. Results of both CV and EIS indicated that thin-film MnO2EC prototypes exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 327 F/g in 0.2 M Na2SO4aqueous electrolyte. Being environmentally benign and cheap, MnO2thin-film electrochemical capacitors have high potential utility as pulsed power sources, as well as load-leveling functions in various consumer electronic devices.
Behavior ofYersinia enterocoliticain Foods
Authors: Bari Md. Latiful , Hossain M. Anwar , Isshiki Kenji , Ukuku Dike
Published: October 2011

Yersinia enterocoliticaare ubiquitous, being isolated frequently from soil, water, animals, and a variety of foods. They comprise a biochemically heterogeneous group that can survive and grow at refrigeration temperatures. The ability to propagate at refrigeration temperatures is of considerable significance in food hygiene. Virulent strains ofYersiniainvade mammalian cells such as HeLa cells in tissue culture. Two chromosomal genes, inv and ail, were identified for cell invasion of mammalian. The pathogen can cause diarrhoea, appendicitis and post-infection arthritis may occur in a small proportion of cases. The most common transmission route of pathogenicY. enterocoliticais thought to be fecal-oral via contaminated food. Direct person-to-person contact is rare. Occasionally, pathogenicY. enterocoliticahas been detected in vegetables and environmental water; thus, vegetables and untreated water are also potential sources of human yersiniosis. However, the isolation rates of pathogenicY. enterocoliticahave been low, which may be due to the limited sensitivity of the detection methods. To identify other possible transmission vehicles, different food items should be studied more extensively. Many factors related to the epidemiology ofY. enterocolitica, such as sources, transmission routes, and predominating genotypes remain obscure because of the low sensitivity of detection methods.
Potential Peripheral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer′s Disease
Authors: Patel Seema , Shah Raj J. , Coleman Paul , Sabbagh Marwan
Published: October 2011

Advances in the discovery of a peripheral biomarker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer′s would provide a way to better detect the onset of this debilitating disease in a manner that is both noninvasive and universally available. This paper examines the current approaches that are being used to discover potential biomarker candidates available in the periphery. The search for a peripheral biomarker that could be utilized diagnostically has resulted in an extensive amount of studies that employ several biological approaches, including the assessment of tissues, genomics, proteomics, epigenetics, and metabolomics. Although a definitive biomarker has yet to be confirmed, advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of the disease and major susceptibility factors have been uncovered and reveal promising possibilities for the future discovery of a useful biomarker.
Darmon’s Points and Quaternionic Shimura Varieties
Authors: Gärtner Jérôme
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we generalize a conjecture due to Darmon and Logan in an adelic setting. We study the relation between our construction and Kudla's works on cycles on orthogonal Shimura varieties. This relation allows us to conjecture a Gross-Kohnen-Zagier theorem for Darmon's points.
Le lemme fondamental pondéré pour le groupe métaplectique
Authors: Li Wen-Wei
Published: October 2011

Dans cet article, on énonce une variante du lemme fondamental pondéré d’Arthur pour le groupe métaplectique deWeil, qui sera un ingrédient indispensable de la stabilisation de la formule des traces. Pour un corps de caractéristique résiduelle suffisamment grande, on en donne une démonstration à l’aide de la méthode de descente, qui est conditionnelle : on admet le lemme fondamental pondéré non standard sur les algèbres de Lie. Vu les travaux de Chaudouard et Laumon, on s’attend à ce que cette condition soit ultérieurement vérifiée.
An External Validity Study of the Visual Memory Subtest of the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills, Third Edition
Authors: Coté Carol A
Published: October 2011

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to compare scores on the Visual Memory subtest of the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills, Third Edition, with those on a Draw-from-Memory task.

Method:

The external validity of the Visual Memory subtest was measured by comparing the subtest scores with performance on a Draw-from-Memory activity. Participants were 80 primary school age children, including 28 identified as learning disabled.

Results:

A moderate correlation (r = 0.411) was found, supporting the hypothesis that the two measures are related. However, the learning disabled children accounted for much of the covariance found, possibly due to the mix of verbal and non-verbal disabilities.

Conclusion:

The validity of the standardised test based on its correlation with a related activity was only weakly supported.
Large-eddy simulation of mesoscale dynamics and entrainment around a pocket of open cells observed in VOCALS-REx RF06
Authors: Berner A. H. , Bretherton C. S. , Wood R.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Large-eddy simulations of a pocket of open cells (POC) based on VOCALS Regional Experiment (REx) NSF C-130 Research Flight 06 are analyzed and compared with aircraft observations. A doubly-periodic domain 192 km × 24 km with 125 m horizontal and 5 m vertical grid spacing near the capping inversion is used. The POC is realized in the model as a fixed 96 km wide region of reduced cloud droplet number concentration (Nc) based on observed values; initialization and forcing are otherwise uniform across the domain. The model reproduces aircraft-observed differences in boundary-layer structure and precipitation organization between a well-mixed overcast region and a decoupled POC with open-cell precipitating cumuli, although the simulated cloud cover is too large in the POC. A sensitivity study in which Nc is allowed to advect following the turbulent flow gives nearly identical results over the 16 h length of the simulation (which starts at night and goes into the next afternoon). The simulated entrainment rate is nearly a factor of two smaller in the less turbulent POC than in the more turbulent overcast region. However, the inversion rises at a nearly uniform rate across the domain because powerful buoyancy restoring forces counteract horizontal inversion height gradients. A secondary circulation develops in the model that diverts subsiding free-tropospheric air away from the POC into the surrounding overcast region, counterbalancing the weaker entrainment in the POC with locally weaker subsidence.
Infrared emission measurements in the Arctic using a new extended-range AERI
Authors: Mariani Z. , Strong K. , Wolff M. , Rowe P. , Walden V. , Fogal P. F. , Duck T. , Lesins G. , Turner D. S. , Cox C. , Eloranta E. , Drummond J. R. , Roy C. , Turner D. D. , Hudak D. , Lindenmaier I. A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (E-AERI) is a moderate resolution (1 cm−1) Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for measuring the absolute downwelling infrared spectral radiance from the atmosphere between 400 and 3000 cm−1. The extended spectral range of the instrument permits monitoring of the 400–550 cm−1 (20–25 μm) region, where most of the infrared surface cooling currently occurs in the dry air of the Arctic. Spectra from the E-AERI have the potential to provide information about radiative balance, trace gases, and cloud properties in the Canadian high Arctic. Calibration, performance evaluation, and certification of the E-AERI were performed at the University of Wisconsin Space Science and Engineering Centre from September to October 2008. The instrument was then installed at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) Ridge Lab at Eureka, Nunavut, in October 2008, where it acquired one year of data. Measurements are taken every seven minutes year-round, including polar night when the solar-viewing spectrometers at PEARL are not operated. A similar instrument, the University of Idaho's Polar AERI (P-AERI), was installed at the Zero-altitude PEARL Auxiliary Laboratory (0PAL) from March 2006 to June 2009. During the period of overlap, these two instruments provided calibrated radiance measurements from two altitudes. A fast line-by-line radiative transfer model is used to simulate the downwelling radiance at both altitudes; the largest differences (simulation-measurement) occur in spectral regions strongly influenced by atmospheric temperature and/or water vapour. The presence of two AERI instruments at close proximity but two different altitudes allowed for an investigation of the surface radiative forcing by a thin, low ice cloud; the ice cloud resulted in a 6% increase in irradiance. The presence of clouds creates a large surface radiative forcing in the Arctic, particularly in the 750–1200 cm−1 region where the downwelling radiance is several times greater than clear-sky radiances, which is significantly larger than in other more humid regions.
Vertical electron density and topside effective scale height (HT) variations over the Indian equatorial and low latitude stations
Authors: Venkatesh K. , Rama Rao P. V. S. , Saranya P. L. , Prasad D. S. V. V. D. , Niranjan K.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Understanding the vertical electron density profile, which is the altitudinal variation of ionospheric electron density distribution is an important aspect for the ionospheric investigations. In this paper, the bottom-side electron density profiles derived from ground based ionosonde data and the ROCSAT-1 in-situ electron density data were used to determine the estimates of the topside electron density profiles using α-Chapman function over an equatorial station Trivandrum (8.47° N, 76.91° E) and a low latitude station Waltair (17.7° N, 83.3° E) in the Indian region. The reconstructed electron density profiles are compared with IRI (2007) model derived vertical electron density profiles which resulted in significant deviations between the two different profiles. Both the reconstructed electron density profiles and the IRI model derived profiles are integrated independently to derive the Total Electron Content (TEC) values which are compared with GPS derived TEC values. TEC values derived from the reconstructed electron density profiles give better estimates with the GPS-TEC compared to those of IRI model derived TEC values. Compared to the GPS-TEC, the IRI model is underestimating the TEC values during day-time and is overestimating during night-time at both the stations. The percentage deviations of IRI derived TEC from GPS-TEC are larger compared to those between reconstructed profile derived TEC and GPS-TEC. F2-layer peak electron density, peak height and electron density at ROCSAT altitudes (≈600 km) are used to derive the effective scale heights (HT) of the topside ionosphere during the period from July 2003 to June 2004. The diurnal and seasonal variations of HT and E×B drift velocities are presented in this paper. The diurnal variation of the effective scale height (HT) shows peak values around noon hours with higher values during day-time and lower values during night-time both at Trivandrum and Waltair. The E×B drift velocities at both the places also have shown a clear diurnal variation with a negative peak around 04:00 LT and maximum during day-time hours. The higher and lower values of HT seem to be associated with positive and negative phases of the E×B drift velocities, respectively.
A model comparison study for the Antarctic region: present and past
Authors: Maris M. N. A. , de Boer B. , Oerlemans J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Eighteen global climate models (GCMs) are compared to reference data for the present, the mid-Holocene (MH) and the last glacial maximum (LGM) for the Antarctic region. For the present, the reference data come from a regional climate model. GCM results for the past are compared to ice core data. The goal of this study is to find the best GCM to model the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Because temperature and precipitation are the most important climate variables when modelling the evolution of an ice sheet, these two variables are considered in this paper. In general, present-day temperature is simulated well, but precipitation is overestimated compared to the reference state. Some other findings are that the air above ice shelves is too warm and precipitation in the coastal region of the western peninsula is underestimated by the models, as compared to the present-day reference state. Furthermore, model biases play an important role in simulating the past, as they are often larger than the change in temperature or precipitation between the past and the present. Considering the results for the present-day as well as for the MH and the LGM, the best performing models are HadCM3 and MIROC 3.2.2.
Description of EQSAM4: gas-liquid-solid partitioning model for global simulations
Authors: Metzger S. , Steil B. , Xu L. , Penner J. E. , Lelieveld J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. We introduce version 4 of the EQuilibrium Simplified Aerosol Model (EQSAM4), which is part of our aerosol chemistry-microphysics module (GMXe) and chemistry-climate model (EMAC). We focus on the relative humidity of deliquescence (RHD) based water uptake of atmospheric aerosols, as this is important for atmospheric chemistry and climate modeling, e.g. to calculate the aerosol optical depth (AOD). Since the main EQSAM4 applications will involve large-scale, long-term and high-resolution atmospheric chemistry-climate modeling with EMAC, computational efficiency is an important requirement. EQSAM4 parameterizes the composition and water uptake of multicomponent atmospheric aerosols by considering the gas-liquid-solid partitioning of single and mixed solutes. EQSAM4 builds on analytical, and hence CPU efficient, aerosol hygroscopic growth parameterizations to compute the aerosol liquid water content (AWC). The parameterizations are described in the companion paper (Metzger et al., 2011) and only require a compound specific coefficient νi to derive the single solute molality and the AWC for the whole range of water activity (aw). νi is pre-calculated and applied during runtime by using internal look-up tables. Here, the EQSAM4 equilibrium model is described and compared to the more explicit thermodynamic model ISORROPIA II. Both models are imbedded in EMAC/GMXe. Box model inter-comparisons, including the reference model E-AIM, and global simulations with EMAC show that gas-particle partitioning, including semi-volatiles and water, is in good agreement. A more comprehensive box model inter-comparison of EQSAM4 with EQUISOLV II is subject of the revised publication of Xu et al. (2009), i.e. Xu et al. (2011).
The past and future changes of streamflow in Poyang Lake Basin, Southeastern China
Authors: Sun S. L. , Chen H. S. , Ju W. M. , Song J. , Li J. J. , Ren Y. J. , Sun J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Water resources have a close relationship with climate. The changes of streamflow affect the exploitation and utilization of water resources directly, and the social security and the stability of ecological system. Meteorological observations at 79 weather stations, and datasets of streamflow and river level at 4 hydrological stations were collected to analyze the changes of streamflow and underlying drivers in four typical watersheds within Poyang Lake Basin during the period from 1961 to 2000. The contributions of different factors to the changes of streamflow in four typical watersheds were quantitatively quantified using water balance equation. Then, the possible future change of streamflow was assessed using precipitation and evaporation projected by different GCMs under three different emission scenarios, including medium greenhouse gases emission scenario (SRESA1B), high greenhouse gases emission scenario (SRESA2), and low greenhouse gases emission scenario (SRESB1). The change of streamflow exhibited different characteristics the four watersheds exist different increasing trends during 1961 to 2000. The increase in streamflow in Meigang and Gaosha watersheds was at the 5% significance level, with increasing rate of 4.80 m3 s−1 yr−1 and 1.29 m3 s−1 yr−1, respectively. The increase in precipitation is the biggest contributor to streamflow increment in Meigang Gaosha, and Xiashan watersheds, while the decrease in evaporation is the major explainer for streamflow increment in Saitang watershed. Radiation and wind have larger contributions than actual vapor pressure and mean temperature to evaporation and streamflow. If soil water storage will not change in the future, with the increasing precipitation and the decreasing evaporation (not including the SRESB1 in Xiashan watershed), the streamflow shows an uptrend. Furthermore, the largest increase of Meigang watershed (+4.13%) and Xiashan watershed (+3.84%) appear under SRESA1B scenario while the increase of Saitang watershed (+6.87%) and Gaosha watershed (+5.15%) in SRESB1 scenario.
Probing on suitability of TRMM data to explain spatio-temporal pattern of severe storms in tropic region
Authors: Akbari A. , Othman F. , Abu Samah A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Spatial and temporal pattern of rainfall play an important role in runoff generation. Raingauge density influences the accuracy of spatial pattern and time interval influence the accuracy of temporal pattern of storms. Usually due to practical and financial limitation the perfect distribution is not achievable. Several sources of data are used to define the behavior of rainfall over a watershed. Raingauges station, radar operation and satellite sensor are the main source of rainfall estimation over the space and time. Recording raingauges are the most common source of rainfall data in many countries. However raingauge network has not adequate coverage in many watersheds spatially in developing countries. Therefore other global source of rainfall data may be useful for hydrological analysis such as flood modeling. This research assessed the ability of TRMM rainfall estimates for explain the Spatio-temporal pattern of severe storm over Klang watershed which is a hydrologically well instrumented watershed. It was experienced that TRMM rainfall estimates are 35% less than actual data for the investigated events. Due to coarse temporal resolution of TRMM (3 h) compare to gauge rainfall (15 min), significant uncertainty influences identifying the start and end of storm event and consequently their resultant time to peak of flood hydrograph which is extremely important in flood forecasting systems. Due to coarse pixel size of TRMM data, watershed scale is important issue.
Some Traveling Wave Solutions of a Hyperbolic Model for Chemotaxis in 1-D
Authors: Zhang Qin , Chen Wen-yan
Published: October 2011

The traveling wave solution of a hyperbolic model for chemotaxis in one space dimension is studied in this paper. By using some transformations of dependent variables and independent variables, we apply the tanh method and improved tanh method to the model, from which some traveling wave solutions in explicit form are presented.
Zero-Divisor Graphs with respect to Ideals in Noncommutative Rings
Authors: Ebrahimi Atani Shahabaddin , Yousefian Darani Ahmad
Published: October 2011

Let R be a commutative ring and I an ideal of R. The zero-divisor
graph of R with respect to I, denoted ΓI(R), is the undirected graph whose
vertex set is {x∈R∖I|xy∈I for some y∈R∖I} with two distinct vertices x
and y joined by an edge when xy∈I. In this paper, we extend the definition
of the ideal-based zero-divisor graph to noncommutative rings.
Preparation of TiO2 Nanoparticle/Nanotube Composites via a Vapor Hydrolysis Method and Their Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Yu Weiwei , Yuan Sujun , Li Yaogang , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Hongzhi
Published: October 2011

TiO2 nanoparticle/nanotube composites were prepared by a vapor hydrolysis method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 isothermal adsorption-desorption. The well-crystallized TiO2 nanoparticles were uniformly deposited onto the surface of TiO2 nanotubes. The photocatalytic activity of the composites was evaluated by the degradation of acid red G and phenol solution under UV irradiation. The results showed that the photocatalytic activities of the modified composites were significantly enhanced compared to the pristine nanotubes. In particular, the 50 wt% TiO2 nanoparticle/nanotube composite obtained at 120°C exhibited a remarkable ARG degradation efficiency of 90% after irradiation for 30 minutes and a phenol degradation efficiency of 93% after irradiation for 2 hours.
Some Results for the Family KKM(X,Y) and the Φ-Mapping in FC-Spaces
Authors: He Rong-Hua
Published: October 2011

We first establish a fixed point theorem for a k-set contraction map on the family KKM(X,X), which does not need to be a compact map. Next, we present the KKM type theorems, matching theorems, coincidence theorems, and minimax theorems on the family KKM(X,Y) and the Φ-mapping in FC-spaces. Our results improve and generalize some recent results.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Recent Concepts in Genomics, Pathogenetic Mechanisms, and Therapies
Authors: Krishnamurthy Sriram , Mahadevan Subramanian
Published: October 2011

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystem autoimmune disorder associated with multiple immunological abnormalities and a wide range of clinical manifestations. Recent progress in genetics has expanded the number of the genes associated with SLE to more than 20 in number and has contributed to improvement of understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. This has enhanced the development of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for individualized and tailor-made clinical management of lupus patients. Despite this knowledge, however, it is a challenge to fully understand the genetic pathogenesis of the disease. The present paper describes the current concepts in the mechanisms, genomics, and pathogenesis of SLE and their implications for management of the disorder. The potential role of gene therapy, biological agents, intravenous immunoglobulin, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and cytokine inhibitors is discussed.
Time-Domain Modeling of Tower Shadow and Wind Shear in Wind Turbines
Authors: Das Swagata , Karnik Neeraj , Santoso Surya
Published: October 2011

Tower shadow and wind shear contribute to periodic fluctuations in electrical power output of a wind turbine generator. The frequency of the periodic fluctuations is times the blade rotational frequency , where
is the number of blades. For three-bladed wind turbines, this inherent characteristic is known as the effect. In a weak-power system, it results in voltage fluctuation or flicker at the point of common coupling of the wind turbine to the grid. The phenomenon is important to model so as to evaluate the flicker magnitude at the design level. Hence, the paper aims to develop a detailed time-domain upwind fixed speed wind turbine model which includes the turbine's aerodynamic, mechanical, electrical, as well as tower shadow and wind shear components. The model allows users to input factors such as terrain, tower height, and tower diameter to calculate the oscillations. The model can be expanded to suit studies involving variable speed wind turbines. Six case studies demonstrate how the model can be used for studying wind turbine interconnection and voltage flicker analysis. Results indicate that the model performs as expected.
Fast Fault Recovery Method with Preestablished Recovery Table for Reliable Wide Area Layer-2 Network
Authors: Kurimoto Takashi , Terasawa Midori , Shimizu Sho , Okamoto Satoru , Yamanaka Naoaki
Published: October 2011

Recently, wide area Ethernet, which provides virtual connections between company branches by using Ethernet technology, has become wide spread. Ethernet originally lacked fault recovery mechanisms required in wide area networks (WANs) since it originated as local area network (LAN) technology. Protection mechanism against link or node failure is proposed in Ethernet network, but many frame losses are inevitable during the switch over to the backup path. Therefore, to improve reliability of wide area Ethernet, a fault recovery method with few frame losses is required. This paper proposes a fast fault recovery method for reducing frame losses during the switching over to another route. To achieve fast recovery, a pre-established forwarding table is introduced, which is searched when a fault occurs and frames are forwarded. This paper also proposes a bandwidth control function to guarantee the quality of service of connections that do not use the failed link when a fault occurs. A computer simulation showed that by adding the proposed fault recovery method to the conventional protection method, frame losses can be decreased. The proposed fault recovery method was implemented on a software switch framework to confirm its effectiveness.
Stochastic Signatures of Phase Space Decomposition
Authors: Kozak John J. , Garza-López Roberto A.
Published: October 2011

We explore the consequences of metrically decomposing a finite phase space, modeled as
a d-dimensional lattice, into disjoint subspaces (lattices). Ergodic flows of a test particle undergoing an unbiased random walk are characterized by implementing the theory of finite Markov processes. Insights drawn from number theory are used to design the sublattices, the roles of lattice symmetry and system dimensionality are separately
considered, and new lattice invariance relations are derived to corroborate the numerical accuracy of the calculated results. We find that the reaction efficiency in a finite system
is strongly dependent not only on whether the system is compartmentalized, but also on whether the overall reaction space of the microreactor is further partitioned into separable
reactors. We find that the reaction efficiency in a finite system is strongly dependent not only on whether the system is compartmentalized, but also on whether the overall
reaction space of the microreactor is further partitioned into separable reactors. The sensitivity of kinetic processes in nanoassemblies to the dimensionality of
compartmentalized reaction spaces is quantified.
Effectiveness of Three Different Application Times of 17% EDTA and 7% Maleic Acid Irrigation Agents on the Removal of Debris and Smear Layer: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Kaya Sadullah , Adıgüzel Özkan , Uysal İbrahim , Ganidağlı Ayaz Selengül
Published: October 2011

Aim: This study compared smear-layer and debris removal using with three different application times of 17% EDTA and 7% maleic acid irrigation agents.

Methodology: Fifty-two maxillary and mandibular single-rooted teeth were divided randomly into seven groups (n = 8 each, control group n = 4). Three groups received 17% EDTA and three received maleic acid (1, 5, 10 min). Canals were prepared using nickel-titanium rotary files. Smear-layer and debris removal were evaluated in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the teeth using scanning electron microscopy, and results were analyzed compared using Mann–Whitney U tests.

Results: Maleic acid removed the smear layer (coronal and middle: p<0.01; apical: p<0.05) and debris (all p< 0.05) more effectively than EDTA in terms of 1 min application period. Effectiveness did not differ significantly with 10-min applications.

Conclusions: Final irrigation with 7% maleic acid is more efficient than 17%EDTA in the removal of smear layer and debris from the coronal, middle and apical third of the root canal system in application within 1 min. 

How to cite this article: Kaya S, Adıgüzel Ö, Ganidağlı Ayaz S. Effectiveness of Three Different Application Times of 17% EDTA and 7% Maleic Acid Irrigation Agents on the Removal of Debris and Smear Layer: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study. Int Dent Res 2011;2:48-54.

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Surgical Extrusion of a Complete Crown Fractured Tooth: A Case Report
Authors: Yiğit Özer Senem , Uysal İbrahim , Bahşi Emrullah
Published: October 2011

Complete crown fracture is a dental injury affecting enamel, dentin, and pulp and unfortunately crown is lost usually due to loss of tooth structure. Root-crown lengthening can be performed if an acceptable root-crown ratio is preserved for the retention of root. This paper presents a case report of a mandibular canine incisor tooth having complete crown fracture. Root-crown lengthening is performed by surgical extrusion of the root coronally, splintted using a semi-rigid splint and prognosis was successful after one year later. Treatment of complete crown fracture by surgical extrusion and splintting may be a good alternative for general practitioners since it is an easy and short time requiring technique necessiating less equipments. 

How to cite this article: Yiğit Özer S, Uysal İ, Bahşi E. Surgical Extrusion of a Complete Crown Fractured Tooth: A Case Report. Int Dent Res 2011;2:70-74.

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate endophyte associations of medicinal plants
Authors: Zubek Szymon , Błaszkowski Janusz , Mleczko Piotr
Published: October 2011

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) associations were studied in 36 medicinal plant species from 33 genera and 17 families, collected from the Botanical Garden of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) was found in 34 species (94%); 26 were of the Arum-type, 4 – Paris and 4 taxa revealed intermediate morpho­logy. The abundance of AMF hyphae in roots varied with particular species, ranging from 2.5% (Helianthus tuberosus) to 77.9% (Convallaria majalis). The mycelium of DSE was observed in 13 plant species (36%), however, the percentage of root colonization by these fungi was low. Spores of 7 AMF species (Glomeromycota) were isolated from trap cultures established from rhizosphere soils of the investigated plants: Archaeospora trappei (Archaeosporaceae), Glomus aureum, Glomus caledonium, Glomus claroideum, Glomus constrictum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus versiforme (Glomeraceae). Our results are the first detailed report of root endophyte associations of the plant species under study. Moreover, the mycorrhizal status of 14 plant species is reported for the first time.
Self‐Assembly of Tunable Nanocrystal Superlattices Using Poly‐(NIPAM) Spacers
Authors: Karg Matthias , Hellweg Thomas , Mulvaney Paul
Published: October 2011

Understanding and controlling 3D nanocrystal self‐assembly is a fundamental challenge in materials science. Assembly enables the unique optical and electronic properties of nanocrystals to be exploited in macroscopic materials, and also opens up the possibility to couple the optical response of nanocrystals to the optical modes of the superlattice. To date, assembly of such nanocrystal superlattices (NCSL) has focussed on fixed, close packed structures with particle separations of just 1–3 nm. To achieve highly crystalline structures with tunable optical response, the nanocrystal interparticle separation needs to be precise and easily variable but >50 nm. Here, we show the preparation of nanocrystal superlattices with spacings of 50–500 nm assembled from gold‐poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide core‐shell particles and the characterization of their fascinating diffraction behavior by means of UV‐vis spectroscopy. These nanocrystal superlattices exhibit pronounced diffraction in the visible (440‐560 nm) with peak half‐widths of the order of 10 nm. The position of the Bragg peak is simply tuned by adjusting the particle volume fraction. Due to the thermoresponsive nature of the polymer shell, temperature is used to initiate crystallization or melting of the superlattice. Heating and cooling cycles cause highly reversible melting/recrystallization in less than a minute.
Controlling The Mobility Of Oligonucleotides In The Nanochannels Of Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Lebold Timo , Schlossbauer Axel , Schneider Katrin , Schermelleh Lothar , Leonhardt Heinrich , Bein Thomas , Bräuchle Christoph
Published: October 2011

Oligonucleotides used in gene therapy and silencing are fragile compounds that degrade easily in biological environments. Porous biocompatible carrier particles may provide a useful strategy to deliver these therapeutics to their target sites. Development of appropriate delivery vehicles, however, requires a better understanding of the oligonucleotide‐host interactions and the oligonucleotide dynamics inside carrier particles. We investigated template‐free SBA‐15 type mesoporous silica particles and report their loading characteristics with siRNA depending on the surface functionalization of their porous network. We show that the siRNA uptake capability of the particles can be controlled by the composition of the functional groups. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements revealed size‐dependent mobility of siRNA and double‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides within the functionalized silica particles and provided evidence for the stability of the oligonucleotides inside the pores. Hence, our study demonstrates the potential of mesoporous silica particles as a means for alternative gene delivery in nanomedicine.
Doping Rules and Doping Prototypes in A2BO4 Spinel Oxides
Authors: Paudel Tula R. , Zakutayev Andriy , Lany Stephan , d'Avezac Mayeul , Zunger Alex
Published: October 2011

A2BO4 spinels constitute one of the largest groups of oxides, with potential applications in many areas of technology, including (transparent) conducting layers in solar cells. However, the electrical properties of most spinel oxides remain unknown and poorly controlled. Indeed, a significant bottleneck hindering widespread use of spinels as advanced electronic materials is the lack of understanding of the key defects rendering them as p‐type or n‐type conductors. By applying first‐principles defect calculations to a large number of spinel oxides the major trends controlling their dopability are uncovered. Anti‐site defects are the main source of electrical conductivity in these compounds. The trends in anti‐sites transition levels are systemized, revealing fundamental “doping rules”, so as to guide practical doping of these oxides. Four distinct doping types (DTs) emerge from a high‐throughput screening of a large number of spinel oxides: i) donor above acceptor, both are in the gap, i.e., both are electrically active and compensated (DT‐1), ii) acceptor above donor, and only acceptor is in the gap, i.e., only acceptor is electrically active (DT‐2), iii) acceptor above donor, and only donor is in the gap, i.e., only donor is electrically active (DT3), and iv) acceptor above donor in the gap, i.e., both donor and acceptor are electrically active, but not compensated (DT‐4). Donors and acceptors in DT‐1 materials compensate each other to a varying degree, and external doping is limited due to Fermi level pinning. Acceptors in DT‐2 and donors in DT‐3 are uncompensated and may ionize and create holes or electrons, and external doping can further enhance their concentration. Donor and acceptor in DT‐4 materials do not compensate each other, and when the net concentration of carriers is small due to deep levels, it can be enhanced by external doping.
Manipulating the Motion of Gold Aggregates Using Stimulus‐Responsive Patterned Polymer Brushes as a Motor
Authors: Chen Tao , Chang Debby P. , Zhang Jianming , Jordan Rainer , Zauscher Stefan
Published: October 2011

An important goal and major challenge of material science and nanotechnology is building nanomotors for manipulating the motion of nanoparticles (NPs). Here, it is demonstrated that patterned, stimulus‐responsive polymer brush microstructures can be used as motor arrays to manipulate the movement of gold NP aggregates in response to external stimuli that induce a conformational change in the brushes as the driving force. The motion of NP aggregates in the out‐of‐plane direction is achieved with displacements ranging from nanometers to sub‐micrometers. These patterned polymer‐brush microstructures can find applications as efficient motor arrays and nanosensors, and benefit the design of more complex nanodevices.
Salep‐g‐poly(sodium acrylate)/alumina as an environmental‐sensitive biopolymer superabsorbent composite: Synthesis and investigation of its swelling behavior
Authors: Bardajee Ghasem R. , Pourjavadi Ali , Soleyman Rouhollah , Ghavami Somayeh
Published: October 2011

A novel kind of a biopolymer‐based superabsorbent composite, salep‐g‐poly(sodium acrylate)/alumina, was prepared from salep, sodium acrylate, and alumina by aqueous polymerization, using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross‐linker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The reaction parameters [i.e., acrylic acid (AA), MBA, APS amounts, and neutralization percentage of AA as well as alumina/salep weight ratio] affecting the water absorbency of the hydrogel composite were optimized using systematic method to achieve a composite with high swelling capacity as possible. The swelling behavior of optimum superabsorbent composite was measured in various pH solutions. In addition, swelling kinetics, swelling in various NaCl concentrations, swelling in various solvents, and the absorbency underload were investigated. Also, pH‐reversibility and the on–off switching behaviors of the composite in various environments were investigated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 41–51, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20233