bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy In Acute Calculus Cholecystitis-Experience At District Level Hospital
Authors: Biswas SK , Saha JC , Rahman MM , Rahman MA
Published: January 2011

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the gold standard treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease. Its role in surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis has also been well defined. Here a prospective study was conducted over a 3 year period of 28 patients with acute cholecystitis at district level hospitals of Bangladesh, where many modern surgical facilities were lacking. Out of 28 patients of acute cholecystitis, 24 were operated by laparoscopic methods and rests 4 were converted to open cholecystectomy. Mean operation time was 87.95 minutes and only 2 patients had postoperative complications. This study showed the appropriate time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis, conversion rate and complications. It may be concluded that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is feasible and beneficial to the patient with acute cholecystitis in its early phase, if necessary support and expertise is available. Key Words: Acute cholecystitis; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Conversion DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v5i1.6804Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2010;5(1):3-6
Aetiology Of Pyrexia With Hepatosplenomegaly: Study Of 50 Cases In MMCH (Bangladesh)
Authors: Ahammad F , Ali MY , Rahman SH , Fattah SA , Alam MT , Nahar S , Hassan MU
Published: January 2011

Pyrexia with hepatosplenomegaly is a common problem in medical practice globally, specially in tropical countries. In Bangladesh several tropical diseases as well as hematological malignancies are responsible for such clinical syndrome. Again different tropical diseases vary in endemicity in different regions in Bangladesh. In Present study 50 hospitalized cases of pyrexia with hepatosplenomegaly of 15-50 years of age are included from 01.01.2002 to 30.06.2002 in MMCH to find out their aetiologies. Fever with only hepatomegaly, or with only splenomegaly or hepatosplenomegaly without fever was not included in this study. Duration of fever was two weeks to three months. 35(70%) cases were male and 15(30%) were female. 27(54%) cases were visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), 8 (16%) malaria, 6 (12%) Acute leukemia (ALL, AML), 3 (6%) Lymphoma, 3(6%) Enteric fever, 2(4%) CML, 1(2%) Disseminated TB. Although kala-azar and malaria are tow common causes of fever with hepatosplenomegaly, haematological malignancies and tuberculosis should be in mind DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v5i1.6805Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2010;5(1):7-10
Pattern Of Skin Diseases In Patients Attending OPD Of Dermatology Department At Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh
Authors: Sarkar SK , Islam AKMS , Sen KG , Ahmed ARS
Published: January 2011

It is generally agreed that the pattern of skin diseases differs in different countries, and within various regions of a country depending on social, economic, racial and environmental factors. Many workers have reported various patterns of skin diseases in different countries. So far, no such report is available in our country for Faridpur region. To fill the lacunae we decided to undertake a retrospective study of the skin disease pattern in this tertiary hospital of Faridpur, Bangladesh. All the newly diagnosed cases attending the OPD of Dermatology and Venereology, Faridpur Medical College Hospital, during the period of one year starting from 1st July 2007 to 30th June, 2008 were included in the study. Diagnosi s was done on clinical grounds and laboratory investigations were done whenever required. Eczema (19.2%), fungal infections (17.26%), scabies (15.16%) and pyodermas (7.59%) were the major skin diseases. STD's accounted for (0.73%) of the cases. Genodermatoses (0.01%) formed the minimal number of cases. Eczema was the commonest group of disorders. Out of the infective skin disorders fungal infections were the commonest group. Genodermatoses formed the least number of cases. Key words: Pattern of skin diseases; Infective skin diseases; Non-infective skin diseases DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v5i1.6807Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2010;5(1):14-16
Status And Utilization Of Maternal Health Care Services In A Selected Rural Area Of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam R , Rahman M , Sadhya G , Ahmed NU , Biswas SK , Hossain FA , Sanjowal L
Published: January 2011

Improvement of maternal health care services is regarded as an important component for achieving targets of MDGs by the year 2015. A cross-sectional community based study was carried out to find out the status and utilization of maternal health care services in Pangsa Upazilla of Rajbari District among 517 mothers who had at least one child up to 1 year of age. The study was conducted from June to August in the year 2008. Data were collected through face-to-face interview using purposive sampling technique. Most of the respondents were in the age group of 20-29 years (69.05%) and 35.01% of them had received primary education. Sixty seven percent of them had average monthly income of Taka 3001-5000. Eighty percent of the respondents were at the age group of 15-19 years when they got married. Most of the mothers (71.57%) got antenatal care during their last pregnancy and more than 80% of them had completed their TT vaccination schedule during pregnancy period. More than 80% of the deliveries were taken place at home. Eighty five percent of the deliveries were normal delivery and most of them (77.76%) were attended by the untrained traditional birth attendants (TBA). Hemorrhage was found to be the highest reported obstetric complication (37.50%). This study offered a picture of the maternal health care services in rural Bangladesh and detected the need for future work in this area. Key words: Maternal health care service; ante-natal care; delivery; rural area; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v5i1.6808Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2010;5(1):17-20
Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Estimation and Validation of Domperidone, Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Jain Vikas , Sharma Rajesh
Published: January 2011

Simultaneous estimation of active ingredients in multi-component pharmaceutical products normally requires the use of separation techniques, such as HPLC, HPTLC or GC, followed by their quantitation. Presented here are two spectrophotometric methods that do not require prior separation for simultaneous estimation of three drugs; acetaminophen, tramadol hydrochloride and domperidone in a tablet formulation. Shimadzu UV 1700 capable of multi-component analysis was used for quantitation. Method A is based on the simultaneous equation and method B on the multi-component analysis. The absorption maxima of the drugs found to be at 244nm, 271.5nm and 284.5nm respectively for acetaminophen, tramadol hydrochloride and domperidone in methanol/0.1 N HCl (1:2) solvent mixture. Acetaminophen, tramadol hydrochloride and domperidone obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 2-22 μg/ml, 10-55 μg/ml and 30-300 μg/ml respectively. The simultaneous equation method is based on the additivity of absorbances and multi-component analysis involves recording of absorbances of standard solutions at 244nm, 250nm, 271.5nm and 284.5nm. These were processed by means of statistical calculations and results of sample solution were obtained. Result of analysis for both methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. Key Words: simultaneous equation method; multicomponent analysis; acetaminophen; tramadol hydrochloride; domperidone. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v3i1.2655S. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(1): 28-33
Assessment of Dissolution Profile of Aceclofenac Tablets Available in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Tajnin , Ferdous Afia , Biswas Subrata Kumar , Sharif Farhana
Published: January 2011

The objective of this work is to find out brand-to-brand variation by applying profile comparison approaches to the dissolution data of marketed aceclofenac tablet formulations. Commercially available five brands of aceclofenac tablets were studied in simulated intestinal medium (pH 6.8) for 60 minutes time period using USP reference dissolution apparatus. Four samples complied with the USP in vitro dissolution specifications for drug release (not less than 80% of the labeled amount of Aceclofenac should be dissolved in 60 minutes). One brand (Code: S1) failed to meet the criteria; drug release was 66.85% within the specified time period. Key words: Bangladesh; In vitro dissolution; market preparations; aceclofenac; tablet. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v3i1.6790S. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(1): 1-3
Development of UV Spectroscopic Method for Nefopam and Escitalopram as INN Drugs in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Fatema Kanij , Rahman Md Zakiur , Biswas Subrata Kumar , Akter Suraia
Published: January 2011

Nefopam and Escitalopram are INN drugs and as such it has not been yet included in the BP or USP. The objective of this work is to develop a simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and reproducible UVSpectrophotometric method for quantitative estimation of Nefopam and Escitalopram in tablet dosage forms. Various solvents were used to find out the medium for maximum solubility of each drug. The χmax of Nefopam and Escitalopram was 266nm and 284nm in water respectively. Both drugs obey Beer- Lambert’s law in the range of 50-400μg/ml for Nefopam and 25-200μg/ml for Escitalopram. The correlation coefficients of std. curves were 0.998 and 0.995. The values of SD were 0.131 and 0.081 respectively. %RSD (Relative standard deviation) of interday absorbance of Nefopam was 0.766 and Escitalopram was 0.854. The LOD (Limit of Detection) were 0.393 and 0.243 and LOQ (Limit of Quantification) were 1.310 and 0.810 respectively. The percent potencies were 92.16 and 102.06 for Nefopam and Escitalopram. The potency of these tablets complied with their claimed quantity (±10%). So, based on these data, it may be concluded that these proposed method are simple, sensitive, precise, reproducible and accurate for the analysis of these drugs in tablet dosage form. Key Words: INN drugs; correlation coefficients; LOD; LOQ; Nefopam; Escitalopram. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v3i1.6791S. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(1): 4-10
Biological Investigations of Dried Fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn.
Authors: Karmakar Utpal Kumar , Tarafder Utam Kumar , Sadhu Samir Kumar , Biswas Nripendra Nath , Shill Manik Chandra
Published: January 2011

The ethanolic extract of the dried fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn. (Family: Solanaceae) was assessed for its possible analgesic, antidiarrhoeal, antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and gums. In acetic acid induced writhing in mice, the ethanolic extract (250 and 500mg/kg) exhibited significant (p<0.05 & p<0.01) inhibition of writhing reflex 51.39% and 66.67% respectively compared to standard diclofenac sodium. The fruit extract showed a significant (P<0.01 and P<0.001) antidiarrhoeal activity against castor oil induce diarrhoea in mice in which it decreased the frequency of defecation and increased the mean latent period at the dose of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight. The ethanolic extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In the qualitative antioxidant assay using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) the extract showed free radical scavenging properties. In the brine shrimp lethality test, the extract showed cytotoxicity significantly with LC50= 63.10μg/ml and LC90= 160μg/ml. All the results tend to justify the traditional uses of the plant and require further investigation to identify the chemicals responsible for these effects. Key words: Solanum nigrum Linn; analgesic activity; antidiarrheal activity; antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; cytotoxic activity. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v3i1.6796S. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(1): 38-45
RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide in Combined Dosage Forms
Authors: Patel Gaurav , Patel Sanjay , Prajapiti Dhamesh , Mehta Rajendra
Published: January 2011

A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide in combine dosage form. Amlodipine Besylate (AML) is a long acting calcium channel blocker and in the treatment of CVS disorder. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) is a diuretic and antihypertensive. The mobile phase used was a combination of Water: Methanol (70:30). The detection of the combined dosage form was carried out at 245nm and a flow rate employd was 0.5ml/min. The retention time for Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide was found to be 6.95 and 2.65 min respectively. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 6 to 18μg/ml of Amlodipine Besylate and 6 to 18μg/ml of Hydrochlorothiazide with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and 0.9974. Detector consists of photodiode array detector; the reversed phase column used was RP-C18 (5 μm size, 250mm, 4.6mm i.d.) at ambient temperature. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and values of accuracy, precision and other statistical analysis were found to be in good accordance with the prescribed values. Thus the proposed method is precise, selective and rapid for simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide in routine analysis. Key Words: Simultaneous Estimation; Amlodipine Besylate; Hydrochlorothiazide; HPLC. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v3i1.6798S. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(1): 49-53
Effect of Water Soluble Polymers on Dissolution Enhancement of Ibuprofen Solid Dispersion Prepared by Fusion Method
Authors: Uddin Riaz , Saffoon Nadia , Huda Naz Hasan , Jhanker Yeakuty Marzan
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize solid dispersions of the NSAID Ibuprofen with PEG 6000, Poloxomer 188 and Poloxomer 407 with the intention of improving its dissolution properties. The solid dispersions were prepared by the fusion method. Evaluation of the properties of the dispersions was performed using dissolution studies. The results obtained showed that the rate of dissolution of Ibuprofen was considerably improved when formulated in solid dispersions with PEG 6000 and poloxomer 188. Solid dispersions with poloxomer 407 showed drug retarding capability which may trigger more research in the intension of exploiting this feature to prepare sustained release dosage form. Key words: Ibuprofen; polyethylene glycol; poloxomer; solid dispersion; fusion method; dissolution DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v3i1.6801S. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(1): 63-67
Lewis (y) Antigen Overexpression Increases the Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and Invasion of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Yan Limei , Lin Bei , Gao Lili , Gao Song , Liu Chuan , Wang Changzhi , Wang Yifei , Zhang Shulan , Iwamori Masao
Published: January 2011

Lewis (y) antigen is a difucosylated oligosaccharide present on the plasma membrane, and its overexpression is frequently found in human cancers and has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis. Our previous studies have shown that Lewis (y) antigen plays a positive role in the process of invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which Lewis (y) antigen enhances the invasion and tumor metastasis are still unknown. In this study, we established a stable cell line constitutively expressing Lewis (y) antigen (RMG-1-hFUT) by transfecting the cDNA encoding part of the human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (α1,2-FUT) gene into the ovarian cancer cell line RMG-1, and investigated whether Lewis (y) antigen regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2. We found that RMG-1-hFUT cells exhibited higher invasive capacities than their control cells. In addition, expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was down-regulated and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was up-regulated. Anti-Lewis (y) antigen antibody treatment significantly reversed the expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Taken together, we provide the first evidence that down-regulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 represents one of the mechanisms by which Lewis (y) antigen promotes cell invasion.
Development of a Sphingosylphosphorylcholine Detection System Using RNA Aptamers
Authors: Horii Katsunori , Omi Kazuya , Yoshida Yoshihito , Imai Yuka , Sakai Nobuya , Oka Asako , Masuda Hiromi , Furuichi Makio , Tanimoto Tetsuji , Waga Iwao
Published: January 2011

Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a lysosphingolipid that exerts multiple functions, including acting as a spasmogen, as a mitogenic factor for various types of cells, and sometimes as an inflammatory mediator. Currently, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is used for the quantitation of SPC. However, because of the complicated procedures required it may not be cost effective, hampering its regular usage in a routine practical SPC monitoring. In this report, we have generated RNA aptamers that bind to SPC with high affinity using an in vitro selection procedure and developed an enzyme-linked aptamer assay system using the minimized SPC aptamer that can successfully distinguish SPC from the structurally related sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). This is the first case of the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) process being performed with a lysosphingolipid. The SPC aptamers would be valuable tools for the development of aptamer-based medical diagnosis and for elucidating the biological role of SPC.
Bone Health Nutrition Issues in Aging
Authors: Plawecki Karen , Chapman-Novakofski Karen
Published: January 2011

Bone health is an important issue in aging. Calcium and vitamin D currently have the most focus in published research on nutrition and bone health in aging, although evidence from published research is not conclusive. A systematic review was conducted to determine the impact of dietary and supplemental interventions focused on calcium and vitamin D over the past 10 years. Using key words to search, and search limits (aging population, English), 62 papers were found related to diet, nutrition, and bone; and 157 were found related to calcium and bone. Our review found a positive effect on bone health for supplements; food-based interventions; and educational strategies. Although there may be a publishing bias related to non-significant findings not being published, our results suggest the effectiveness of food based and educational interventions with less economic impact to the individual, as well as less risk of physiological side effects occurring.
Optimal and Sustainable Groundwater Extraction
Authors: Roumasset James A. , Wada Christopher A.
Published: January 2011

With climate change exacerbating over-exploitation, groundwater scarcity looms as an increasingly critical issue worldwide. Minimizing the adverse effects of scarcity requires optimal as well as sustainable patterns of groundwater management. We review the many sustainable paths for groundwater extraction from a coastal aquifer and show how to find the particular sustainable path that is welfare maximizing. In some cases the optimal path converges to the maximum sustainable yield. For sufficiently convex extraction costs, the extraction path converges to an internal steady state above the level of maximum sustainable yield. We describe the challenges facing groundwater managers faced with multiple aquifers, the prospect of using recycled water, and the interdependence with watershed management. The integrated water management thus described results in less water scarcity and higher total welfare gains from groundwater use. The framework also can be applied to climate-change specifications about the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation by comparing before and after optimal management. For the case of South Oahu in Hawaii, the prospect of climate change increases the gains of integrated groundwater management.
Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors: A Light at the End of the Tunnel
Authors: Chatel-Chaix Laurent , Baril Martin , Lamarre Daniel
Published: January 2011

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious and growing threat to human health. The current treatment provides limited efficacy and is poorly tolerated, highlighting the urgent medical need for novel therapeutics. The membrane-targeted NS3 protein in complex with the NS4A comprises a serine protease domain (NS3/4A protease) that is essential for viral polyprotein maturation and contributes to the evasion of the host innate antiviral immunity by HCV. Therefore, the NS3/4A protease represents an attractive target for drug discovery, which is tied in with the challenge to develop selective small-molecule inhibitors. A rational drug design approach, based on the discovery of N-terminus product inhibition, led to the identification of potent and orally bioavailable NS3 inhibitors that target the highly conserved protease active site. This review summarizes the NS3 protease inhibitors currently challenged in clinical trials as one of the most promising antiviral drug class, and possibly among the first anti-HCV agents to be approved for the treatment of HCV infection.
Un « fardeau léger ». Les orthodoxes dans la Russie des années 1990-2000
Authors: Dubin Boris
Published: January 2011

Sur la base d'enquêtes sociologiques représentatives menées, dans les années 1989-2005, par le Centre d'analyses de Iouri Levada (Centre Levada, antérieurement VCIOM), l'auteur s'intéresse à la propagation de la religion orthodoxe dans la société russe : le contenu de la foi et ses liens étroits avec des croyances archaïques et magiques, les mécanismes institutionnels de sa reproduction (Église, famille, école), la corrélation entre l'appartenance ostentatoire à l'orthodoxie et l'identification ethnique et nationale des Russes (pour la grande majorité d'entre eux, « orthodoxe » signifie russe), le rapport à ceux qui sont désignés comme les « autres » (les « intrus » d'un point de vue ethnique, les représentants d'autres nations et cultures), les opinions politiques (le penchant pour un chef autoritaire doté d'un pouvoir fort, la rhétorique nationaliste sur la « voie particulière » de la Russie, la nostalgie de l'URSS en tant que grande puissance).
La vénération des icônes miraculeuses dans l'orthodoxie contemporaine : l'exemple de la copie de Bronnicy d'après l'icône de la Vierge de Jérusalem
Authors: Čistjakov Petr
Published: January 2011

The veneration of miraculous icons in the Russian Orthodox Church: The

Bronnicy copy of the icon of the Virgin of Jerusalem

The veneration of icons is one of the most widespread forms of piety in the Orthodox Church. Unpublished archives and field surveys carried out in 2002-2004 are used to study how this worship has changed down through history (starting with Peter the Great's ecclesiastical reforms) by focusing on the Bronnicy copy of the icon of the Virgin of Jerusalem. In the quest for authentic practices, believers are actively helping to preserve and revive ancient customs related to miraculous icons. In the 19th century, the icon was venerated solely because it was thought to heal sickness, whereas the notion of miracle is now taking on new meanings.
Identité et pratiques. Le cas des judaïsants russes
Authors: L'Vov Aleksandr
Published: January 2011

Identity and practices: The case of Russian Judaisers

Subbotnikiy a religious movement among Russians, came into being in the central Russia during the 18th-century and still exists. It differs from other iconoclastic movements (Dukhobors and Molokans) owing both to its exclusive adherence to the Old Testament and to its Jewish religious practices and interest in the literature of Russian Judaism. This simultaneous reference to two different principles - to the Old Testament and to the authority of Jewish oral traditions - led to tensions in this movement, which split between "Karaïm-Subbotniki" and "Talmudist-Geres". A dispute in the late 1990s in the Jewish community in Volgograd is studied that involved new tendencies in Judaism: on the one hand, the representatives of Israeli cultural organizations and later of someone sent by the Lubavitch Hasids; and on the other hand, the traditions of Subbotniki, who, till quite recently, formed this community's core. This analysis distinguishes two ideal types of communities: "textual" communities (a term borrowed from Brian Stock) and "personified" communities.
Le développement comme liberté : analyse comparative MENA - PECO
Authors: Labaronne Daniel , Ben Abdelkader Fahmi
Published: January 2011

Dans le cadre d'une analyse comparative, nous examinons le déficit de développement humain et de libertés instrumentales dans les pays du Moyen-Orient et d'Afrique du Nord (MENA). Dans le prolongement des travaux de Sen, notamment son approche par les capacités, nous considérons que le développement doit être envisagé comme un processus d'expansion des libertés. Si la croissance du PIB participe à cette expansion, il convient de tenir compte aussi de facteurs instrumentaux comme les opportunités sociales et économiques ou les libertés politiques et civiles. Nous utilisons de façon inédite une base de données du MINEFI et construisons des indicateurs synthétiques qui tentent d'évaluer le niveau de développement comme liberté dans les MENA, comparé à celui des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale (PECO). À l'aide d'une approche multidimensionnelle, nous cherchons à éclairer l'origine du retard de développement comme liberté dans les MENA. Nous montrons que cette situation repose sur une forme de régulation et d'organisation sociale spécifique, les pays MENA se caractérisant, pour la plupart, par un profil institutionnel de type autoritaire et paternaliste, profil qui associe solidarités traditionnelles et État autoritaire.
Les revenus et les dépenses des ménages comme indicateurs de bien-être
Authors: Kortchaguina Irina
Published: January 2011

Household income and expenditures

as indicators of well-being

Incomes and expenditures are two aspects of well-being based on the formation and use of income that, in principle, should be balanced in each household. However data from a vast survey on the standard of living in the Russian Federation reveal that, in some households, expenditures overshoot incomes whereas, in others, the opposite is true. As a consequence, households might be considered poor in terms of income but not of expenditures; and vice-versa. Poverty should not be seen in relation to one of these aspects alone. The most relevant criterion combines a household's income and expenditures in order to assess well-being and poverty.
La difficile prise en compte de la production domestique dans la mesure de l'inégalité et de la pauvreté : problèmes conceptuels et empiriques
Authors: Verger Daniel
Published: January 2011

The difficulty of taking household production

into account when measuring inequality and poverty:

Conceptual and empirical problems

Household production has a far from negligible impact on living standards. In a country like France, more hours are devoted to home work than to an outside job. A characteristic of all the countries undergoing an economic transition, including Russia, is that a major portion of national wealth is left unmeasured: the underground economy, undeclared jobs and, too, the perfectly legal activities of household production. Whatever the country, taking this factor into account raises several conceptual and empirical problems. Although a definition based on the notion of "delegability" has been widely discussed, there is no consensus about the activities to retain, and it is hard to measure the time devoted to household production. Moreover, several theoretical options yield contrasting results depending on how this phenomenon is quantified (potential wages, the market value of the products obtained, the price that would have been paid to have the work done). Regardless of the option retained, household production has major microeconomic effects. In France, it significantly reduces inequality but has slight impact on poverty, since it mainly concerns the middle classes. Observations in Russia would probably differ, but they are yet to be made.
La pauvreté et l'évolution des structures familiales en Russie depuis 1990
Authors: Festy Patrick , Prokofieva Lidia
Published: January 2011

Au cours des quinze dernières années, la famille en Russie a sensiblement évolué, faisant apparaître des tendances partagées avec les pays occidentaux (mise en cause du mariage, développement des unions informelles) mais accentuant aussi des tendances propres (cohabitation intergénérationnelle). Ces transformations se sont accompagnées de modifications significatives du périmètre de la pauvreté des familles, autrefois cantonné au cas des mères élevant seules leurs enfants, aujourd'hui étendu à l'ensemble des couples avec enfants. Des rapports unissent ces deux évolutions : autrefois, le divorce était une voie vers l'appauvrissement des mères mais la politique sociale en modérait la rigueur ; aujourd'hui, la famille en général est fragilisée et renvoyée à elle-même pour faire face aux rigueurs économiques.
Dynamiques de pauvreté en Russie : une analyse en termes d'entrées et de sorties
Authors: Clément Matthieu
Published: January 2011

The dynamics of poverty in Russia:

An analysis in terms of exit and entry

Since poverty in Russia is mainly a transitory phenomenon, with many movements in and out, analyzing it necessitates evaluating transition probabilities. Data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey and duration models are used to study poverty transitions in Russia between 1994 and 2000. A nonpara- metric method estimates poverty exit, entry and re-entry rates, which depend on how long spells of poverty and nonpoverty last. Logistic discrete-time models are then estimated separately for exits and entries so as to identify the factors associated with poverty transitions. Variables are introduced for taking into account strategic household behaviors; and emphasis is laid on the distinction between promotion and prevention strategies with the aims, respectively, of exiting from, or preventing an entry into, poverty.
Les usages militants de la mémoire dissidente en Russie post-soviétique
Authors: Daucé Françoise
Published: January 2011

Dans la Russie du début des années 1990, les militants des associations de défense des droits de l'homme, nouvellement créées, ont mobilisé leur mémoire du communisme pour orienter leur action post-soviétique. Cette mémoire a généralement été travaillée par le prisme de la dissidence. D'une part, les militants ont gardé le souvenir des répressions, des crimes de l'État communiste et de l'atomisation de la société. De l'autre, ils ont maintenu des amitiés fortes et des relations de connivence nouées dans les réseaux de la clandestinité. Aujourd'hui, les militants associatifs disposent donc d'un double héritage mémoriel. Si l'on se place du point de vue de l'historien, cet héritage relève de deux interprétations antagonistes de l'histoire soviétique : l'une totalitaire, l'autre révisionniste. Cette double mémoire n'est pas anodine car elle contribue à la complexité des pratiques associatives post-soviétiques. En effet, depuis la chute de l'URSS, les associations de défense des droits de l'homme mobilisent le passé pour justifier leur place dans la vie publique russe. D'une part, en rupture avec l'arbitraire de l'époque soviétique, les militants témoignent d'un souci de l'action collective et d'un fort attachement au droit qui relèvent de l'engagement civique. De l'autre, inquiets des dangers de l'idéologie et des tensions interpersonnelles produites par le débat partisan, ils manifestent une grande méfiance à l'égard des luttes électorales. Cette position ambiguë, à la fois soucieuse du bien public mais réticente devant l'exercice du pouvoir, dévoile aujourd'hui ses limites. Les associations de défense des droits de l'homme sont marginalisées et souvent démunies face aux injonctions du pouvoir qui pèsent sur elles.
La Crimée : un territoire en voie d'« ukrainisation » ?
Authors: Armandon Emmanuelle
Published: January 2011

Au lendemain de la chute de l'URSS, la Crimée constituait une région « à part » dont les caractéristiques démographiques, linguistiques, politiques et stratégiques pesaient sur la stabilité du jeune État ukrainien et sur sa relation avec la Russie. Ce risque semble aujourd'hui dépassé : l'évolution démographique et linguistique de la Crimée, les orientations politiques de ses habitants et l'attitude de la Russie à son égard tendent à montrer que la péninsule a, progressivement et malgré ses particularités, trouvé sa place au sein de l'Ukraine.
L'énergie, vulnérabilité stratégique persistante de l'Ukraine
Authors: Dubien Arnaud
Published: January 2011

Energy, a persistent strategic point of vulnerability for Ukraine

Energy represents the major economic, political and strategic challenge that Ukraine is facing fifteen years after independence. The "gas war" with Russia in late 2005 exposed this persistent vulnerability. In order to obtain gradual price hikes, Kiev had to accept most of the conditions demanded by Gazprom: separation of the problem of the supply of gas to Ukraine from the question of transportation toward Europe, access to the domestic market. Since a new coalition mainly made up of forces sensitive to Russian interests has come to power in Kiev, tensions in matters of energy should lessen for the time being. Eventually, only a thoroughgoing restructuring of the economy - the most "energy hungry" in the world - will enable Ukraine to limit its dependence and thus improve its position in Europe.
Les outils militaires dans l'intégration de l'Ukraine à la vie internationale : le triangle Kiev-Otan-Moscou
Authors: Facon Isabelle
Published: January 2011

The military means for Ukraine's integration in international affairs: The Kiev-NATO-Moscow triangle

Endowed with an important military inheritance at the time of independence in 1991, Ukraine had the means to consolidate the main attribute of a nation-state, namely the armed forces. The latter were deemed especially valuable in dealing with what was seen as the major potential threat to the newly recovered sovereignty: Russia. The Ukrainian elites gradually considered that the plan to join NATO represented the most effective option, since it theoretically offered the best protection against any lingering Russian neoimperi- alistic tendencies and was in line with Kiev's desire to "return to Europe". The road is not an easy one however. Beyond issues related to military reform (for which Ukraine has effectively proven its willingness to change), the highly unstable political context is impeding the necessary structural, political and economic transformations.
Mutations identitaires en Russie
Authors: Blum Alain , Gousseff Catherine , Radvanyi Jean
Published: January 2011

Cet article introductif s'attache, dans un premier temps, à retracer les innovations intervenues dans la conception des nationalités, la manière de se désigner au cours de la préparation et du développement du recensement russe de 2002, le premier à avoir été effectué depuis l'éclatement de l'URSS après plus d'une décennie de bouleversements majeurs et, notamment, de très importantes migrations. Il précise, face à ces différents enjeux, quels axes problématiques ont été privilégiés dans le projet de recherche conduit autour des identités dans le recensement et dont les contributions du numéro rendent compte à l'appui de cas d'étude très divers. Dans un deuxième temps, l'article aborde plus généralement les enjeux démographiques du recensement en présentant et commentant les premiers résultats de l'opération. L'article est suivi de plusieurs tableaux en annexe relatifs à la répartition des nationalités de la Fédération de Russie d'après le rencensement de 2002.
Des experts en démocratisation face aux change­ments révolutionnaires : le cas des fondations politiques allemandes
Authors: Dakowska Dorota
Published: January 2011

Experts on democratization faced with revolutionary changes: German political foundations

When analyzing the involvement of external actors in revolutionary changes, the case of German political foundations leads us to broaden the time scale. Strongly embedded in the post-WW II institutional context, these foundations managed to develop strategies for partisan cooperation on various continents. Examining their involvement in central Europe before and after 1989 sheds light on relations between Western organizations and dissident movements. By focusing on how these foundations were embedded in German politics, we see that support for democracy abroad, far from being a consensual matter, could lead to conflicting interpretations at home.
Pourquoi les firmes métallurgiques russes s'inter­nationalisent-elles ? Une perspective institutionnelle et systémique
Authors: Durand Cédric
Published: January 2011

Why are Russian metallurgical firms going international? A systemic, institutional perspective

Since 2002, Russian metallurgical firms have been investing abroad. Taking advantage of the favorable economic climate in the sector, they have set up plants in both peripheral and core countries of the world economy. How far does this phenomenon, which is symptomatic of the development of multinational corporations originating from emerging countries, reach? This institutional, systemic perspective presents three sorts of determinants of internationalization: growth based on the company's own resources, the quest for competitive advantages so as to improve the firm's position in relation to its international rivals, and a complex interaction with those who wield political power in Russia.
Le nouveau Code de procédure pénale russe de 2002 : quel modèle de procès pénal pour la Russie ?
Authors: Golovko Léonid
Published: January 2011

Mettre en place un nouveau Code de procédure pénal est tout autant un acte idéologique que technique. En ce sens, le codificateur s'est résolument inscrit dans une vision libérale, dont il a consacré les valeurs principales, et sa démarche l'a conduit à rejeter le rôle de l'État pour les aspects sociaux. Néanmoins, cette idéologie s'est révélée délicate à concrétiser, un réflexe continental ayant retenu la main du codificateur. Le symbolisme du principe de l'accusatoire et l'extension de ce principe à toutes les phases de la procédure se sont heurtés à la vision traditionnelle de plusieurs institutions. Aussi cette codification est-elle davantage une révolution idéologique que technique.
Le droit de l'environnement dans la Russie postsoviétique : responsabilité et prévention des dommages
Authors: Yastrebkova Olga
Published: January 2011

Fortement industrialisée, particulièrement depuis l'ère soviétique et le « grand tournant » du début des années 1930, la Russie ne maîtrise pas de manière satisfaisante les effets environnementaux de sa production industrielle, qui peuvent s'étendre au-delà même de ses frontières. L'industrie a été développée sans que l'on se soucie de l'environnement et l'on se rend compte aujourd'hui que de mauvaises conditions de production peuvent ruiner les efforts économiques engagés. Les catastrophes naturelles s'ajoutant aux dommages causés par l'activité humaine, la situation écologique du pays est devenue critique. Elle rend nécessaire une réglementation des activités industrielles propre à assurer la protection de l'environnement. L'article qui suit traite des questions concernant la responsabilité et la prévention des dommages dans ce domaine.
Modèles de l'Ouest, territoires de l'Est. Le développement local et la valorisation du patrimoine dans les campagnes d'Allemagne orientale
Authors: Von Hirschhausen Béatrice , Lacquement Guillaume
Published: January 2011

Dans les campagnes des nouveaux Lander allemands, les dynamiques territoriales en cours résultent de la conjonction de trois grandes évolutions. La rupture introduite ily a quinze ans par la décollectivisation se greffe sur un mouvement plus lent de diversification des activités socio-économiques qu'accompagne le changement des objectifs des politiques publiques. La situation de crise profonde qui caractérise les territoires ruraux de l'est de l'Allemagne mobilise ici l'attention et souligne les enjeux que représentent la redéfinition de la ruralité et les nouveaux modes de gouvernance. Ce chapitre introduit les huit contributions d'un numéro spécial consacré au développement local en Allemagne et à l'analyse des modalités de transfert du modèle d'aménagement dans les nouveaux Lander.
Campagnes et villes face au déclin démographique de l'Allemagne orientale : de nouveaux enjeux pour l'aménagement du territoire
Authors: Herfert Gunter
Published: January 2011

En Allemagne orientale, l'accentuation du déclin démographique par déficit migratoire s'accompagne de différences régionales prononcées qui révèlent les nouveaux enjeux de la politique d'aménagement du territoire. Les contrastes régionaux opposent les régions de croissance aux régions de fort déclin démographique et distinguent des espaces en situation intermédiaire à l'avenir incertain. Le déficit migratoire en faveur de l'Allemagne occidentale et des rares pôles de croissance de l'Allemagne orientale accentue le vieillissement et le déséquilibre du rapport hommes-femmes dans les régions d'émigration. Contre toute attente, la périurbanisation s'atténue, tandis que les quartiers centraux de certaines villes se repeuplent à la faveur du redressement économique, de la diversification de l'offre de services et de l'évolution des comportements sociaux. Les contrastes spatiaux de la dynamique démographique interrogent alors les réorientations actuelles des politiques d'intervention en matière d'équipements et de services de base à la population.
La rénovation rurale en Allemagne. Bilans et perspectives d'un programme réussi
Authors: Henkel Gerhard
Published: January 2011

Rural renovation in Germany:

The assessment and prospects of a successful program

Devoted since the 1960s to modernizing farming and adapting villages to highway traffic, the Federal Republic's rural renovation policy underwent a deep change during the 1980s, as emphasis was laid on a "global" approach to rural geography and on restoring buildings and preserving the natural environment. Since reunification in 1990, the policy of helping the east catch up with the west has exposed the limits of programs mainly based on exogenous interventions. Given the current objective of sustainable development, Federal policy is paying closer attention to the needs for local amenities and services and to the promotion of endogenous
Campagnes et naturalité : la redéfinition d'un rapport à la nature dans les espaces ruraux des nouveaux Lànder.
Authors: Depraz Samuel
Published: January 2011

The countryside and nature: Redefining the relation to nature in rural areas in the new German Lander

German reunification in 1990 entailed a first-order change in politics and society in the new Lander. Ambitious projects for protecting up to nearly 10% of the former German Democratic Republic's surface area have significantly changed policies related to nature conservation. This ecological program, very strict at times, has caused friction among local actors about the question of which areas to protect. An ecological duty was thrust upon rural areas that had just recovered local autonomy and democracy - areas with development projects that might be far from compatible with conservation. Apart from conflict, creating parks has set off a debate about the German countryside's new identity and the inevitable integration of environmental concerns in rural development policies. Some participatory forces, catalyzed by these national parks, are evidence of a growing convergence in perceptions of the territoru.
Espace rural et héritages industriels : entre mise en friche et mise en patrimoine
Authors: Roth Hélène
Published: January 2011

Cet article aborde les mutations socio-économiques des campagnes allemandes par la problématique de la valorisation des héritages industriels. En Allemagne orientale, les espaces ruraux sont pris entre une désindustrialisation massive et très rapide, d'une part, et un nouveau modèle de développement rural incitant à valoriser les ressources locales, de l'autre. L'héritage industriel rural se trouve au cœur de cette tension, presque de cette contradiction : faire du passé industriel « table rase » ou bien tenter de le mettre en valeur ? Un intérêt particulier est porté à la valorisation d'héritages industriels au sein même du système productif, c'est-à-dire à la mise en place, par des acteurs économiques locaux, d'une logique patrimoniale. Nous menons cette réflexion à partir du cas du Vogtland saxon - spécialisé dans l'industrie textile - qui bordait l'ancienne frontière interallemande.
ONG, mouvements et partis roms en Bulgarie : quels modes d'organisation pour quelle articulation des intérêts ?
Authors: Marušiakova Elena , Popov Veselin
Published: January 2011

Romani NGOs, movements and political parties in Bulgaria:

Competing forms of organization and definitions of group interests

The Romani community has become involved in politics and in NGOs, which have grown quickly since 1989. Given international funding and "expertise", a "Gypsy industry" emerged during the 1990. Though supposedly providing answers to the problems of Roma in Bulgaria, it has had an ambiguous impact on defining common interests for Romani communities and defending them. Political representation has not always been a worthwhile alternative to NGOs, which have multiplied thanks to international funding. Since 1990, the strategies of Romani political "entrepreneurs" have fluctuated. Some of them have wanted to run on the tickets of the so-called "generalist" parties, while others have tried to form a pact with the Movement of Rights and Freedom (which represents the Turkish minority's interests), and still others are supporting an alliance among Romani political formations that would reach beyond cleavages within the community. Given the visibility of the "Romani social problem" on the international and European levels, articulating the internal and external (international organizations, Western foundations, Europeans, etc.) definitions of the issues involved represents a major challenge.
La communautarisation du politique en Bosnie-Herzégovine
Authors: Bieber Florian
Published: January 2011

The politics of communities in Bosnia-Herzegovina

While defending the thesis that the preponderance of ethnic politics in Bosnia is not at all a recent phenomenon, nor can it be blamed on the Dayton Agreement alone, this study of the relation between ethnic identities and political parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina does not seek to suggest that the prevalence of ethnicity is natural or permanent. Since the war ended in 1995, nationalist parties have waned and now have to compete with moderate parties. Interparty competition takes place more intensely within each ethnic group than between formations that are vying for the votes of Muslim Bosnians, Serbs and Croats regardless of their ethnic affiliation. This trend has been reinforced by the territorial concentration resulting from the war and ethnic cleansing.
Les Aroumains en Roumanie depuis 1990 : comment se passer d'une (belle-)mère patrie devenue encombrante
Authors: Trifon Nicolas
Published: January 2011

Aromanians in Romania since 1990:

How to do without a cumbersome fatherland?

The self-identification of a significant number of Aromanians as a distinct group in Romania came as a surprise. Not only is their Latin- based language close to Romanian; but also, during the last decades of the Ottoman Empire, Romania funded schools for Aromanians living along the borders shared by Greece, Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria. The Aromanians in Romania moved from this area, and most of them settled in southern Dobruja between 1925 and 1932. Following a description of the arguments used, in 2005, by advocates and opponents of granting Aromanians the status of "national minority", the stakes are evaluated at the scale of Romania and of the Balkans. Questions are raised about the formation of a sense of identity in Aromanian communities and the forms of political activism arising out of it.