bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KAJIAN PENGGUNAAN SEMEN PORTLAND KOMPOSIT UNTUK BETON
Authors: Lasino Lasino , Rachman Deddy , Sugiharto Bambang
Published: January 2020

Semen Portland Komposit atau Portland Composite Cement (PCC) merupakan jenis semen produk baru yang penggunaannya telah beredar di berbagai pelosok daerah terutama di Pulau Jawa. Jenis semen ini dikembangkan dengan berbagai tujuan terutama dalam menunjang pengurangan emisi CO2 dari sektor industri, karena sebagian bahan didalamnya tidak melalui proses pembakaran/sintering sehingga dapat mengurangi energi yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian, akan diperoleh suatu efisiensi sumber daya yang berdampak pada pengurangan biaya produksi. Oleh karenanya diharapkan jenis semen ini dapat dipasarkan dengan harga yang lebih murah sehingga dapat menunjang program pembangunan rumah murah atau RSH yang menjadi salah satu prioritas pembangunan saat ini. Untuk mengetahui karakteristik semen serta produk yang dihasilkan, maka perlu dilakukan penelitian penggunaan semen tersebut untuk beton. Penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian sifat-sifat beton segar (slump, temperatur, kadar udara, faktor pemadatan dan berat isi) dan sifat beton keras (kuat tekan, kuat tarik dan kuat lentur) dari berbagai proporsi campuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum sifat-sifat beton segar dari PCC memiliki kelecakan yang lebih baik, temperatur lebih rendah dan faktor pemadatan yang lebih baik. Sedangkan dari uji beton keras menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan beton PCC memiliki kekuatan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan semen Portland tipe I. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara umum semen Portland komposit dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan beton baik struktural maupun non struktural. Disisi lain pengembangan jenis semen PCC ini akan membantu pengurangan emisi atau masalah lingkungan dari kegiatan industri.Kata Kunci: semen portland komposit, beton struktural, industri konstruksi, rumah murah, efisien.
PEMBUATAN KOMPONEN AEROSPACE Al 6082-T6511 DENGAN METODE ONE STOP MACHINING MENGGUNAKAN MESIN CNC MULTITASKING
Authors: Refiadi Gunawan
Published: January 2020

Metode One Stop Machining memiliki keunggulan dalam hal kecepatan proses yang optimum diikuti pencapaian karakteristik geometrik yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan keunggulan metode tersebut melalui pembuatan komponen aerospace berbahan Al 6082-T6511. Dengan menganalisa process plan, mengawal proses permesinan, dan melakukan analisis statistik terhadap karakteristik geometrik produk, diketahui bahwa metode one stop machining dapat dilakukan pada mesin CNC multitasking. Adapun proses-proses yang dapat dilakukan secara simultan pada mesin ini meliputi facing, drilling, counter boring, turning, dan cutting.  Karakteristik geometrik produk yang dihasilkan memenuhi kategori GO. Dan secara statistik berada dalam jangkauan toleransi disain produk komponen aerospace dengan selang kepercayaan 99,8%.Kata kunci: karakteristik geometrik, CNC multitasking, one stop machining, kategori GO
TANTANGAN INDUSTRI CAT DALAM NEGERI DALAM MENGHADAPI GLOBAL LEAD PAINT ELIMINATION BY 2020
Authors: Cahyadi Deni , Puspita Daniel Fajar , Pratiwi Wieke
Published: January 2020

Kajian ini menjelaskan mengenai perkembangan kandungan timbal dalam cat, kesiapan industri lokal, dan beberapa langkah strategis dan teknis yang dapat dilakukan oleh pihak terkait untuk menghadapi rencana penghilangan kandungan timbal pada produk cat pada tahun 2020. Pengujian beberapa produk cat yang dipasarkan di Indonesia pada Agustus 2015, menunjukkan bahwa cat tembok waterbased mengandung timbal antara 10-48 mg/kg,  cat  enamel  memiliki  kandungan  timbal  pada  kisaran  616-2254  mg/kg,  cat marka  jalan  jenis  oilbased mengandung  timbal  kira-kira  5876  mg/kg,  cat  antifouling  sebesar  27  mg/kg,  dan  cat  alkyd  untuk  keperluan protective coatings sebesar 50 mg/kg. Beberapa industri cat besar sudah mampu menghasilkan produk cat dengan kandungan timbal di bawah 90 mg/kg dan mencantumkan label lead free pada kemasan produknya. Tetapi industri cat menengah dan kecil belum memproduksi cat dengan kandungan timbal di bawah 90 mg/kg. Karena itu untuk menyongsong program global kandungan timbal di bawah 90 mg/kg menuju tahun 2020, pemerintah harus segera melakukan pembenahan regulasi teknis, revisi SNI, sosialisasi dan publikasi ilmiah, serta meningkatkan penelitian dan pengembangan bahan pengganti timbal. Pelatihan dan pendampingan teknis mungkin juga perlu dilakukan kepada Industri Kecil dan Menengah (IKM).Kata kunci: cat, timbal, regulasi
Tinnitus Sound Therapy Trial Shows Effectiveness for Those with Tinnitus
Authors: Tyler Richard S. , Perreau Ann , Powers Thomas , Watts Alexandra , Owen Rachael , Ji Helena , Mancini Patricia C.
Published: January 2020

Background:It is well accepted among clinicians that maskers and hearing aids combined with counseling are generally helpful to tinnitus patients, but there are few controlled studies exploring the efficacy of maskers alone to decrease the prominence of tinnitus.Purpose:We
investigated the benefit of maskers for patients with chronic, bothersome tinnitus.Research Design:Crossover single-participant design, where each participant served as their own control.Study Sample:18 adults with subjective, nonpulsatile, sensorineural tinnitus.Intervention:Participants
participated in two six-week trials: one with sound therapy and one without. No counseling was provided in either group. Masking devices were fit with sounds intended to reduce the tinnitus prominence.Data Collection and Analysis:Participants rated tinnitus loudness, tinnitus annoyance,
and acceptability of the background sounds using a numeric 0‐100 interval scale and completed the Tinnitus Primary Functions Questionnaire (TPFQ).Results:Three participants dropped out. On the total score of the TPFQ, 5 of 15 remaining participants (33%) showed a benefit. Using
a derived score based on functions showing a handicap before the study, maskers benefit was observed in the areas of sleep (five of nine), hearing (three of eight), thoughts and emotions (three of four), and concentration (four of eight). The TPFQ and annoyance data complemented each other
well.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the benefit of partial masking, encouraging patients to seek help from audiologists interested in providing support for tinnitus patients.
Visual Reliance During Speech Recognition in Cochlear Implant Users and Candidates
Authors: Moberly Aaron C. , Vasil Kara J. , Ray Christin
Published: January 2020

Background:Adults with cochlear implants (CIs) are believed to rely more heavily on visual cues during speech recognition tasks than their normal-hearing peers. However, the relationship between auditory and visual reliance during audiovisual (AV) speech recognition is unclear
and may depend on an individual’s auditory proficiency, duration of hearing loss (HL), age, and other factors.Purpose:The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether visual reliance during AV speech recognition depends on auditory function for adult CI candidates (CICs)
and adult experienced CI users (ECIs).Study Sample:Participants included 44 ECIs and 23 CICs. All participants were postlingually deafened and had met clinical candidacy requirements for cochlear implantation.Data Collection and Analysis:Participants completed City University
of New York sentence recognition testing. Three separate lists of twelve sentences each were presented: the first in the auditory-only (A-only) condition, the second in the visual-only (V-only) condition, and the third in combined AV fashion. Each participant’s amount of “visual
enhancement” (VE) and “auditory enhancement” (AE) were computed (i.e., the benefit to AV speech recognition of adding visual or auditory information, respectively, relative to what could potentially be gained). The relative reliance of VE versus AE was also computed as a
VE/AE ratio.Results:VE/AE ratio was predicted inversely by A-only performance. Visual reliance was not significantly different between ECIs and CICs. Duration of HL and age did not account for additional variance in the VE/AE ratio.Conclusions:A shift toward visual reliance may
be driven by poor auditory performance in ECIs and CICs. The restoration of auditory input through a CI does not necessarily facilitate a shift back toward auditory reliance. Findings suggest that individual listeners with HL may rely on both auditory and visual information during AV speech
recognition, to varying degrees based on their own performance and experience, to optimize communication performance in real-world listening situations.
When Can Stable AutoNRT Thresholds be Expected? A Clinical Implication When Fitting Young Children
Authors: Björsne Andreas , Magnusson Lennart
Published: January 2020

Background:Objective measurements are important for programming cochlear implants in young children and other individuals who cannot participate in behavioral measurements. AutoNRT, the automatic method used to record responses from the auditory nerve in the Cochlear Ltd., implant
system, is often used as a basis for estimating the threshold level and comfort level (C-level) for these patients. However, it has not been sufficiently established if AutoNRT measurements remain consistent over time.Purpose:This study aimed to determine if/when AutoNRT thresholds
stabilize.Research Design:The study design was a longitudinal prospective study.Study Sample:AutoNRT thresholds were obtained from 52 young children and 80 adults. All subjects received the same implant (CI24RE Contour Advance).Data Collection and Analysis:AutoNRT thresholds
were measured on all intracochlear electrodes during the surgery and at the initial activation. During the following year, children were measured at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, and adults were measured at 6 and 12 months. The results were analyzed based on mean values, correlation, and absolute
mean differences.Results:There were large variations for all electrodes between the intraoperative and postoperative AutoNRT thresholds of both children and adults. For children, the thresholds were considered to be stable from 1 month. The correlations obtained between the last two
measurements, 6 and 12 months, for both children and adults were generally high for all electrodes.Conclusion:The present results demonstrate the importance of repeating the AutoNRT measurement postoperatively, at about 1 month after initial activation, to obtain reliable and stable
thresholds for estimating the T- and C-level profiles.
Dumblo skaidymo poveikio anaerobinio stabilizavimo procesui tyrimas
Authors: Aputis Mantas , Dauknys Regimantas
Published: January 2020

Nuotekų valymo procese susidaro dumblas, kuris yra laikomas atlieka, todėl reikia naudoti tokius tvarkymo būdus, kad jo liktų kuo mažiau. Nuotekų dumblas turi būti tvarkomas pačiu ekonomiškiausiu ir efektyviausiu būdu. Vienas iš tokių būdų yra pūdymas, tačiau jį naudojant ne visais atvejais yra išgaunamas maksimalus biodujų ir energijos kiekis, optimaliai sumažinamas dumblo kiekis, padengiamos dumblo tvarkymo išlaidos. Siekiant išgauti geresnius dumblo pūdymo rezultatus, rekomenduojama naudoti dumblo skaidymą prieš jį pūdant. Viena efektyviausių ir plačiausiai nau- dojamų technologijų pasaulyje yra dumblo skaidymas ultragarsu. Naudojant šią technologiją po pūdymo sausų medžiagų sumažėjo 26,5 %, bepelenių sausų medžiagų suskaidyta 40,6 %, biodujų susidarė 22 % daugiau, nei tuo atveju, kai dumblo skaidymas prieš pūdymą netaikytas.
Uogio upelio savaiminio apsivalymo efektyvumo vertinimas
Authors: Brazaitė Toma , Šaulys Valentinas
Published: January 2020

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Uogio upelio, esančio Žemaitijoje ir priklausančio Ventos upės baseinui, savaiminio apsivalymo nuo nitratinio azoto ir fosfatų fosforo efektyvumas. Tyrimams pasirinkti du upelio ruožai: reguliuotas – 2,5 km ir natūralus – 1,6 km. Vandens kokybės tyrimai buvo vykdomi nuo 2018 m. kovo mėn. iki 2019 m. vasario mėn. Cheminiams vandens tyrimams iš 4 upelio taškų 12 mėnesių buvo imami mėginiai ir tiriami nitratų bei fosfatų junginiai. Įvertintas savaiminio apsivalymo nuo nitratų azoto ir fosfatų fosforo reguliuotame ir natūraliame ruožuose efektyvumas ir nustatyti ruožų savaiminio apsivalymo koeficientai. Nitratinio azoto savaiminio apsivalymo koeficiento vidutinė reikšmė reguliuotame upelio ruože gauta 0,114, o natūraliame ruože – 0,388. Fosfatų fosforo savaiminio apsivalymo koeficiento vidutinė reikšmė reguliuotame upelio ruože gauta 0,237, o natūraliame ruože – 0,735. Tai rodo, kad upelis geriau apsivalo natūraliame upelio ruože. Pakrančių apsaugos juostose reguliuotame ruože aptiktų medžių dažnis siekė 46 %, o natūraliame ruože – 88 %. Krūmai reguliuotame ruože aptinkami 62 % dažniu, o natūraliame – 100 %. Pakrančių apsaugos juostų pločiai atitinka teisinių normų reikalavimus: reguliuotame ruože 3–25 metrai, o natūraliame ruože 8–25 metrai.
NOx oro taršai matuoti skirto elektrocheminio jutiklio su volframo trioksidu tyrimai ir vertinimas
Authors: Rezgytė Loreta , Zagorskis Alvydas , Petrulevičienė Milda , Juodkazytė Jurga , Šebeka Benjaminas , Savickaja Irena , Pakštas Vidas , Naujokaitis Arnas
Published: January 2020

Elektrocheminių dujų jutiklių potencialas tikslinėms dujoms nustatyti vis labiau vertinamas ir tiriamas dėl savo kompaktiškumo, efektyvumo, mažų laiko ir finansinių sąnaudų. Eksperimentiniams tyrimams atlikti zolių-gelių metodu, naudojant skirtingus tirpiklius ir priedus, susintetintos skirtingos WO3 plonasluoksnės dangos, kurios buvo padengtos ant stiklo substrato ir kaitinamos krosnyje esant 500 ºC, 400 ºC, 300 ºC temperatūrai. Bandymu metu skleidžiančiosios elektrinės mikroskopijos (SEM) ir rentgeno spindulių difrakcijos metodais (XRD) įvertinta WO3 plonasluoksnių dangų kristalinė ir morfologinė struktūra, poringumas ir nanokristalų dydis. Elektrocheminės WO3 jutiklio savybės ištirtos atliekant ciklinės voltamperometrijos bandymus ir WO3 elektrodo atviros grandinės potencialo atsaką į apšvietimą 0,5 M H2SO4 tirpale. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad zolių-gelių sintezės būdu susintetintų WO3 plonasluoksnių dangų kristalinė ir morfologinė struktūra priklauso nuo zolių-gelių sintezėje naudojamų priedų bei kaitinimo temperatūros. Didžiausio kristališkumo dangos susidarė zolius-gelius kaitinant 500 ºC. Atliekant PVA + H2O + EtOH + oksalo r. būdu, kaitintų 500 ºC, gautų plonasluoksnių dangų atsako į NOx dujas tyrimus, nustatyta, kad WO3 reaguoja į azoto dujas.
Kineskopinio stiklo pavojingumo vertinimas ir panaudojimo galimybės
Authors: Svidraitė Lina , Zigmontienė Aušra
Published: January 2020

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas po televizorių perdirbimo gauto priekinio kineskopinio stiklo pavojingumas ir jo panaudojimo galimybės. Eksperimentinio tyrimo metu buvo atliekami 2 bandymai, siekiant nustatyti, ar stiklo mechaninio valymo būgno užpildymas turi įtakos stiklo nuvalymo efektyvumui. Tyrimo metu stiklas buvo tiekiamas konvejeriu į valymo būgną 1500 kg/h ir 500 kg/h greičiu. Po nuvalymo stiklas pagal dydį išskiriamas į 3 frakcijas. Pagal standarto LST EN 12457:2002 1 ir 4 dalis kineskopinio stiklo pavojingumui nustatyti buvo atliekami švino išplovimo tyrimai. Kineskopinio stiklo panaudojimo galimybės buvo vertinamos įmobilizavus stiklą į betono blokus skirtingomis proporcijomis. Pagal LST EN 1744:2002 standartą buvo atlikti išplovimo iš betono blokų tyrimai. Gauti tyrimo rezultatai įrodė, kad po televizorių perdirbimo gautame ir mechaniniu būdu nuvalytame priekiniame kineskopiniame stikle švino išsiplovimo koncentracija ribinių verčių neviršijo.
Elektroninės įrangos kabelių apvalkalo panaudojimo aidėjimo trukmei mažinti tyrimai ir vertinimas
Authors: Vitkutė Kristina , Grubliauskas Raimondas
Published: January 2020

Reverberacijos trukmė yra viena svarbiausių patalpos akustinių savybių. Ilgas reverberacijos laikas patalpose neigiamai veikia kalbos supratimą, trukdo susikaupti ir t. t. Sumažinus aidėjimo laiką ne tik pagerinamos patalpos akustinės savybės, bet ir pagerinama žmogaus fizinė bei emocinė būsena. Augant vartojimui ir atliekų kiekiams, iškyla atliekų tvarkymo problema. Mus supa elektros įrenginiai, kurių, nors ir ilgai naudojamų iki jiems tampant atlieka, kiekiai nesustoja augti. Ši medžiaga gaminama iš neatsinaujinančių gamtos išteklių, todėl pakartotinis jų panaudojimas ir perdirbimas tampa dar svarbesnis. Tyrimo metu sukurtos skirtingų aukščių – 2 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm ir 10 cm konstrukcijos panaudojant dvigyslius (3,64×5,28 mm), trigyslius (6,42 mm) bei penkiagyslius (9,6 mm) tuščiavidurius kabelius. Išmatuota reverberacijos trukmė mažo tūrio aidėjimo kameroje su skirtingomis konstrukcijomis. Nustatyta aidėjimo trukmės priklausomybė nuo konstrukcijai pagaminti naudojamų kabelių skersmens ir ilgio. Rezultatai parodė, kad 10 cm konstrukcija iš 6,42 mm tuščiavidurių kabelių aukštuose dažniuose nuo 1000 Hz gali sumažinti aidėjimo laiką kameroje iki 48 %. Sukurtos konstrukcijos pagal garso sugerties koeficientus aS atitinka D/E garso sugerties klases.
Biodujų valymo fotobioabsorberyje taikant Monoraphidium Griffithi mikrodumblių kultūrą efektyvumo tyrimai
Authors: Juškaitė Loreta , Zagorskis Alvydas
Published: January 2020

Siekiant didinti energinį biodujų efektyvumą, būtina jas efektyviai valyti nuo anglies dvideginio, sieros vandenilio bei kitų priemaišų ir jų sudėtyje padidinti metano koncentraciją. Biodujų valymas naudojant mikrodumblių kultūras – naujas biologinis valymo būdas, kai vykstant fotosintezės procesui mikrodumbliai savo augimui sunaudoja anglies dvideginį. Tyrimams naudotas fotobiologinis absorberis su Monoraphidium Griffithi mikrodumblių suspensija, skirtas biodujoms valyti. Eksperimentinių tyrimų metu buvo nustatyta biodujų sudėtis prieš ir po valymo naudojant fotobiologinį absorberį. Tyrimų metu buvo įvertinta, kad CO2 biodujų valymo efektyvumas taikant Monoraphidium Griffithi mikrodumblių kultūrą siekia 53,33 %. Taip pat dėl tirpumo vandenyje bei fotozintezės proceso po valymo biodujose 17,32 % sumažėjo CH4. Deguonies koncentracija biodujose po valymo padidėjo nuo 2,7 iki 8,3 %. Deguonies koncentracijos padidėjimas rodo, kad teršalus skaidant dalyvauja mikrodumbliai, kurie fotosintezės proceso metu išskiria deguonį.
Pilaitės mikrorajono paviršinių nuotekų baseino įvertinimas klimato kaitos kontekste
Authors: Kairys Vytautas , Rimeika Mindaugas
Published: January 2020

Dėl klimato kaitos stiprėjančios liūtys sukelia vis daugiau nepatogumų urbanizuotų vietovių gyventojams. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas vienas iš sparčiausiai besiplečiančių Vilniaus miesto rajonų – Pilaitė ir šio rajono paviršinių nuotekų baseinas. Atliekami lietaus intensyvumo ir paviršinių nuotekų debitų matavimai, kurie yra panaudojami hidraulinio modelio kalibravimui. Sudarius hidraulinį modelį atliekama paviršinių nuotekų kolektoriaus analizė, įvertinama jo hidraulinė atsarga. Taip pat modeliuojami skirtingi lietaus intensyvumo atvejai, pateikiamos rekomendacijos tinklų rekonstrukcijai probleminėse vietose vietovėse.
Paviršinių vandenų tvarkymo sistemos „Sponge City“ apžvalga ir jos diegimo Vilniaus mieste galimybės
Authors: Januškevičiūtė Viktorija , Litvinaitis Andrius
Published: January 2020

Paviršinių nuotekų surinkimo ir valymo sistema yra mažiausiai plėtota miesto inžinerinės infrastruktūros sritis. Vilniaus miesto bendras eksploatuojamų paviršinių nuotekų tinklo ilgis – 1137 km, tačiau net apie 20 % tinklo yra avarinės būklės. Keičiantis klimatui yra neišvengiami smarkūs lietūs, karščio bangos bei staigūs potvyniai. Šiuos klimato pokyčius sunkiai atlaiko Vilniaus paviršinių vandenų surinkimo sistema – tai ypač gerai matyti iš avarijų, įvykusių per pastaruosius porą metų. Vokietija ir Kinija, siekdamos sušvelninti šias problemas, miestuose diegia paviršinių vandenų tvarkymo sistemą – „Sponge City“. Pagrindinė šios inovatyvios sistemos mintis yra ta, kad mieste siekiama sulaikyti paviršinį vandenį, jį panaudojant vandens ištekliams praturtinti ir miestui aušinti. Esama paviršinių nuotekų surinkimo sistema nėra tinkama susidarančiam lietaus kiekiui, esant penkerių metų lietaus pasikartojimo periodui (157 l/ (sꞏha.)), priimti, taip pat vis sunkiau susidoroti su dažnai pasitaikančiais didėjančiais kritulių kiekiais. „Sponge City“ sistema dėl ją sudarančių elementų, kurie padidina vandens absorbaciją ir tuo pačiu sumažina vandens nuotėkį, lengviau prisitaiko prie kintančių reiškinių. Pritaikant mieste reikiamą sistemos komponentų kiekį, lietaus nuotekų išleidžiamas kiekis gali būti sumažinamas iki 0 l/s.
Sunkiųjų metalų adsorbcija iš vandeninių tirpalų panaudojant pluoštines kanapes (Cannabis Sativa L.)
Authors: Remeikytė Rūta , Paliulis Dainius
Published: January 2020

Pramonės šakų išleidžiamose nuotekose didžiausi tarp aptinkamų sunkiųjų metalų yra švino, cinko ir kt. metalų kiekiai. Dabartinių pramoninių nuotekų valymo įrenginių išlaikymas brangiai kainuoja, todėl ligi šiol skiriama daug dėmesio novatoriškoms technologijoms, diegti, kurių kaina, palyginti su esamomis technologijomis, būtų mažesnė ir reikalautų mažiau priežiūros bei energijos (Shanmugapriya, Hemalatha, Scholastica ir Augustine, 2013). Šiuo metu adsorbcija yra vienas iš ekonomiškai palankių nuotekų valymo būdų. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktas natūralus polimeras – pluoštinės kanapės (Cannabis sativa l.), kurios, kaip ekologiškas ir efektyvus adsorbentas, turi potencialo. Dideli pluoštinių kanapių kiekiai susidaro tekstilės, žemės ūkio pramonėje kaip atliekos, todėl jų panaudojimas leistų sumažinti vandens užterštumą sunkiaisiais metalais (Zn+2, Pb+2). Atlikus eksperimentinius tyrimus nustatyta, kad adsorbcijos efektyvumui didelę įtaką turi tirpalo pH. Didžiausias užfiksuotas adsorbcijos efektyvumas buvo tada, kai tirpalo pH 5,0. Esant mažesnei pH reikšmei, adsorbcija vyko nežymiai. Adsorbentas sumažino švino ir cinko jonų koncentracijas tirpaluose iki Lietuvos Respublikoje nustatytų normų. Švino jonų koncentracijos neviršijo didžiausių leidžiamų koncentracijų (DLK) į gamtinę aplinką, kai pradinės švino jonų koncentracijos buvo iki 5 mg/l, o cinko jonų koncentracijos neviršijo DLK į gamtinę aplinką, kai pradinės cinko jonų koncentracijos buvo iki 30 mg/l.
Compact Groups of Galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey and LAMOST Spectral Survey. I. The Catalogs
Authors: Zheng 郑云 Yun-Liang 亮 , Shen 沈世 Shi-Yin 银
Published: January 2020

A compact group (CG) is a kind of special galaxy system where the galaxy members are separated at distances of the order of galaxy size. The strong interaction between the galaxy members makes CGs ideal labs for studying the environmental effects on galaxy evolution. The traditional photometric selection algorithm biases against the CG candidates at low redshifts, while the spectroscopic identification technique is affected by the spectroscopic incompleteness of sample galaxies and typically biases against the high redshift candidates. In this study, we combine these two methods and select CGs in the main galaxy sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, where we also have taken the advantages of the complementary redshift measurements from the LAMOST spectral and GAMA surveys. We have obtained the largest and most complete CG samples to date. Our samples include 6144 CGs and 8022 CG candidates, which are unique in the studies of the nature of the CGs and the evolution of the galaxies inside.
Use of CT-Based Scoring System in Assessment of Pancreatitis Severity
Authors: Ermekova Madina
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND: Severity of AP is an important indicator of death rate, playing a crucial role in defining a correct dealing with a patient at his/her initial admission, in deciding on the need to transfer a patient to the intensive care unit. Many studies point out a direct relation between the death rate and the number of affected organs. In light of this, looking for the new criteria of multiple organ failure is still useful in clinical practice. Typically, assessment of multiple organ failure with patients undergoing treatment in the intensive care unit is carried out with the use of various integrated scores based both on clinical laboratory assessment of patientâ€™s condition and on data obtained by advanced imaging methods. However, many scientists point out that the facilities of diagnostic radiology, including in particularly computerised tomography, are not used to the full extent.
AIM: We developed a CT score for assessment of pancreatitis severity that takes into consideration not only alterations of the pancreas but also enables evaluation of multiple organ failure with the examined patients.
METHODS: We have examined 100 patients with suspected pancreatitis. Among them 30 patients had pancreatitis without alterations of the vital organs; 70 patients had alterations of the vital organs, suffered organ or multiple organ failure and received treatment in the surgery unit and intensive care unit of the Department of Surgical Conditions of Karaganda Medical University.
RESULTS: Because of CT results, based on the proposed score, we assessed a degree of pancreas necrosis, analysed the relation between organ failure and degree of pancreas necrosis. Finally, we evaluated the connection between multiple organ failure and the specific failure of one organ and the presence of necrosis and death rate.
CONCLUSION: The proposed score for CT-based assessment of pancreatitis severity can be used not only for identification but also for prediction of organ failure at the early stage of pancreatitis to a high accuracy as compared to conventional CT systems for assessment of the condition of patients affected by pancreatitis. It can also be used to differentiate the severity of organ failure and the number of affected organs.
Effects of osmotic and thermal shock on the invasive aquatic mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum: mortality and physiology under stressful conditions
Authors: Paolucci Esteban M. , Thuesen Erik V.
Published: January 2020

Invasive freshwater species, such as the exotic mollusc Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mudsnail), can frequently survive under harsh conditions, including brackish and hypoxic environments. We experimentally assessed the effects of osmotic (0, 10, 20, 25 and 30 psu) and thermal (20 °C) shock on mortality, activity and physiology of P. antipodarum collected at Capitol Lake, Olympia, Washington, USA, during winter and spring seasons when environmental temperature was 5 and 10 °C respectively. We measured standard metabolic rate and enzymatic activities (malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanopine dehydrogenase) in snails after a 10-day acclimation period at high salinity. Significantly higher mortalities were observed at higher salinities; the strongest effects occurred on snails collected at the end of winter, and exposed to 30 psu and 20 °C (100% mortality in 3 days). When snails were collected during the spring, 100% mortality was observed after 40 days at 30 psu and 20 °C. Standard metabolic rates were significantly lower when snails were exposed to salinities of 25 and 30 psu, even after 10 days of acclimation. Enzymatic activities showed small but significant declines after 10 days at 30 psu reflecting the declines observed in overall metabolism. The physiological tolerances to temperature and salinity displayed by this population of P. antipodarum make its eradication from Capital Lake difficult to achieve.
Walter Eucken, entre économie et politique
Authors: Commun Patricia , Fèvre Raphaël
Published: January 2020

Walter Eucken est la figure centrale de la pensée ordolibérale allemande et fait paraître « Le problème politique de l’Ordre » (1948) dans le premier numéro de la revue Ordojahrbuch. Remettant en cause le concept historiciste et marxiste de capitalisme, ce long article redéfinit les fondements de l’économie politique. Pour ce faire, il recourt au concept d’ordre. Ce concept est un outil épistémologique permettant une typologie des modes d’interaction entre le politique et l’économique, ainsi que la définition d’une organisation sociétale idéale. L’ordre idéal est alors celui qui garantit au mieux la liberté des individus. Il repose sur un ordre économique concurrentiel ancré dans un cadre institutionnel créé et entretenu par l’État. Introduisant la lecture de cet article traduit en français par les auteurs, le livre retrace la genèse et le développement de la pensée économique de Walter Eucken, à la croisée des chemins entre économie politique, philosophie, droit et histoire.
The Pitfalls and Perils of Being a Digital Journalist in Venezuela
Authors: Garrido Mariateresa
Published: January 2020

To be a journalist in Venezuela is very dangerous. In the past decade, there has been an increase of attacks against media and their personnel. On the one hand, attacks against journalists include harassment (physical, digital, legal), illegal detentions, kidnapping, and assassination. On the other hand, digital media have experienced blockages (DNS), internet shutdowns and slow-downs, failures in the connection, and restrictions to access internet-based platforms and content. Since 2014, the situation is deteriorating and limitations to exercise the right to freedom of expression have increased. However, this issue remains understudied; hence, this chapter considers primary and secondary data to analyze the types of limitations experienced by Venezuelan digital journalists from 2014 to 2018, explains the effects of ambiguous regulations and the use of problematic interpretations, and describes the inadequacies of national policies to promote freedom of the press.
Determinants for Value Creation in Mobile Apps Within the Tourist Experience
Authors: Martins Ana Margarida , Casais Beatriz
Published: January 2020

This study focuses on the use of mobile applications in tourism context (m-tourism). A survey was applied to a hotel in the city of Guimarães, in the north of Portugal, with a sample of 98 tourists. 94 reported to use these devices in tourism context to access information and share experiences in social networks, taking photos and videos, and using GPS. Users have a preference for free applications and look for the creation of itineraries. The use of the app in offline mode is the most valued feature, as well as the availability of updated and useful information. Only 13,7% of the inquired tourists referred the use of the app of the destination Guimarães, where they were staying. This shows that besides the features, it is crucial the promotion of mobile touristic apps, and the establishment of partnerships and rewards to incentivize its use.
eWOW of Guests Regarding Their Hotel Experience
Authors: Breda Zelia , Costa Rui , Dinis Gorete , Martins Amandine Angie
Published: January 2020

Online comments are increasingly mentioned as an important source of information, simplifying consumers' buying decisions. Online user-generated content has become one of the main sources of information for tourists, who themselves become creators of their own online content. This chapter focuses on sentiment analysis of comments made on TripAdvisor regarding one resort located in the Algarve region, in Portugal. The resort has good reviews, which means that the eWOM is positive. The highest scores relate to the resort's cleanliness, location and quality of sleep, and those that were less relevant were the value for money, the rooms and the service. The most dominant emotion is joy, followed by an analytical response. Negative emotions, such as sadness and anger, were not found very often in the online reviews. These results could be explained by the quality of the service, the kindness of the staff, the facilities for children, the entertainment, and the location, attributes that were often highlighted in the comments.
Functional Variation of IL-1R–Associated Kinases in the Conserved MyD88–TRAF6 Pathway during Evolution
Authors: Yan Xinyu , Chen Shenghui , Huang Huiqing , Peng Ting , Lan Mengjiao , Yang Xia , Dong Meiling , Chen Shangwu , Xu Anlong , Huang Shengfeng
Published: January 2020

IL-1R–associated kinases (IRAK) are important regulators in the TLR/IL-1R pathways, but their function appears inconsistent between Drosophila, bony fishes, and vertebrates. This causes a difficulty to understand the IRAK functions. As a step to reveal the evolution of IRAKs, in this study, we performed comparative and functional analysis of IRAKs by exploiting the amphioxus, a pivotal taxon connecting invertebrates and vertebrates. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated three major IRAK lineages: IRAK1/2/3 is a vertebrate-specific lineage, IRAK4 is an ancient lineage conserved between invertebrate and vertebrates, and Pelle is another ancient lineage that is preserved in protostomes and invertebrate deuterostomes but lost in vertebrate deuterostomes. Pelle is closer neither to IRAK4 nor to IRAK1/2/3, hence suggesting no clear functional analogs to IRAK1/2/3 in nonvertebrates. Functional analysis showed that both amphioxus IRAK4 and Pelle could suppress NF-κB activation induced by MyD88 and TRAF6, which are unlike mammalian and Drosophila IRAKs, but, surprisingly, similar to bony fish IRAK4. Also unlike Drosophila IRAKs, no interaction was detected between amphioxus IRAK4 and Pelle, although both of them were shown capable of binding MyD88. These findings, together with previous reports, show that unlike other signal transducers in the TLR/IL-1R pathways, such as MyD88 and TRAF6, the functions of IRAKs are highly variable during evolution and very specialized in different major animal taxa. Indeed, we suggest that the functional variability of IRAKs might confer plasticity to the signal transduction of the TLR/IL-1R pathways, which in return helps the species to evolve against the pathogens.
Chemokine-Adjuvanted Plasmid DNA Induces Homing of Antigen-Specific and Non–Antigen-Specific B and T Cells to the Intestinal and Genital Mucosae
Authors: Aldon Yoann , Kratochvil Sven , Shattock Robin J. , McKay Paul F.
Published: January 2020

Plasmid DNA is a promising vaccine platform that together with electroporation can elicit significant systemic Ab responses; however, immunity at mucosal sites remains low. In this study, we sought to program T and B cells to home to the gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosae using genetic chemokine adjuvants and assessed their impact on immune homeostasis in various distinct immune compartments. BALB/c mice were immunized i.m. with plasmid DNA encoding a model Ag HIV-1 Env gp140 and selected chemokines/cytokine and boosted intravaginally with gp140 recombinant protein. Isolated splenocytes, intestinal lymphocytes, and genital lymphocytes as well as serum and intestinal luminal contents were assessed for Ag-specific reactivity. In addition, flow cytometric analysis was performed to determine the impact on immune homeostasis at these sites. Different molecular chemokine/cytokine adjuvants effected significant alterations to the recruitment of B and T cells to the spleen, vaginal and intestinal mucosae, for example CCL25 enhanced splenic and vaginal Ag-specific T cell responses whereas CCL28 increased the levels of specific T cells only in the vaginal mucosa. The levels of Ab could be modulated in the systemic circulation, as well as the vaginal vault and intestinal lumen, with CCL20 playing a central role. Our data demonstrate that the CCL20, CCL25, and CCL28 genetic chemokine adjuvants enhance the vaccine Ag-specific humoral and cellular responses and induce homing to the intestinal and female genital mucosae.
Non–Time-Loss and Time-Loss Softball Injuries in Secondary School Athletes: A Report From the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION)
Authors: Snyder Valier Alison R. , Bliven Kellie C. Huxel , Gibson Amy , Simon Janet , Dompier Thomas P. , Wasserman Erin B. , Rynard Kelsi L. , Kerr Zachary Y.
Published: January 2020

Context

Most studies of injury trends associated with softball focus on injuries requiring at least 24 hours of missed participation time (time-loss [TL] injuries), with little focus on those that do not (non–time-loss [NTL] injuries). A better understanding of injury trends associated with softball will improve athlete care.

Objective

To describe NTL and TL injuries experienced by secondary school girls' softball players.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

Secondary school athletic training clinics.

Patients or Other Participants

Secondary school girls' softball players.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Aggregate data were collected from schools participating in the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network surveillance program during the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years. Frequencies and rates of injuries (NTL and TL) according to time of season, event type, body part injured, and diagnosis were analyzed.

Results

In total, 1059 injuries were reported during 140 073 athlete-exposures (AEs): overall injury rate = 7.56/1000 AEs. Of these injuries, 885 (83.6%) were NTL (NTL rate = 6.32/1000 AEs) and 174 (16.4%) were TL (TL rate = 1.24/1000 AEs). Of the NTL and TL injuries, the largest numbers occurred during the regular season (NTL: n = 443 [50.1%]; TL: n = 131 [75.3%]). Injuries sustained during practices accounted for the majority of NTL and TL injuries (NTL: n = 631 [71.3%]; TL: n = 104 [59.8%]). The NTL injuries occurred most often at the shoulder (n = 134 [15.1%]) and hand/fingers (n = 109 [12.3%]) and were diagnosed as contusions (n = 316 [35.7%]), strains (n = 157 [17.7%]), and abrasions (n = 151 [17.1%]). The largest numbers of TL injuries were to the head/face (n = 71 [40.8%]) and diagnosed as concussions (n = 50 [28.7%]) and strains (n = 28 [16.1%]).

Conclusions

Secondary school softball players sustained a larger proportion of NTL injuries than TL injuries. Although NTL injuries may be less severe, they are numerous. Efforts are needed to ensure that injury-prevention programs are incorporated into the care of softball athletes to promote health and reduce injury occurrence.
The sub-adiabatic model as a concept for evaluating the representation and radiative effects of low-level clouds in a high-resolution atmospheric model
Authors: Barlakas Vasileios , Deneke Hartwig , Macke Andreas
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The realistic representation of low-level clouds, including their radiative effects, in atmospheric models remains challenging. A sensitivity study is presented to establish a conceptual approach for the evaluation of low-level clouds and their radiative impact in a highly resolved atmospheric model. Considering simulations for six case days, the analysis supports the notion that the properties of clouds more closely match the assumptions of the sub-adiabatic rather than the vertically homogeneous cloud model, suggesting its use as the basis for evaluation. For the considered cases, 95.7 % of the variance in cloud optical thickness is explained by the variance in the liquid water path, while the droplet number concentration and the sub-adiabatic fraction contribute only 3.5 % and 0.2 % to the total variance, respectively. A mean sub-adiabatic fraction of 0.45 is found, which exhibits strong inter-day variability. Applying a principal component analysis and subsequent varimax rotation to the considered set of nine properties, four dominating modes of variability are identified, which explain 97.7 % of the total variance. The first and second components correspond to the cloud base and top height, and to liquid water path, optical thickness, and cloud geometrical extent, respectively, while the cloud droplet number concentration and the sub-adiabatic fraction are the strongest contributors to the third and fourth components. Using idealized offline radiative transfer calculations, it is confirmed that the shortwave and longwave cloud radiative effects exhibit little sensitivity to the vertical structure of clouds. This reconfirms, based on an unprecedented large set of highly resolved vertical cloud profiles, that the cloud optical thickness and the cloud top and bottom heights are the main factors dominating the shortwave and longwave radiative effect of clouds and should be evaluated together with radiative fluxes using observations to attribute model deficiencies in the radiative fluxes to deficiencies in the representation of clouds. Considering the different representations of cloud microphysical processes in atmospheric models, the analysis has been further extended and the deviations between the radiative impact of the single- and double-moment schemes are assessed. Contrasting the shortwave cloud radiative effect obtained from the double-moment scheme to that of a single-moment scheme, differences of about ∼40 W m−2 and significant scatter are observed. The differences are attributable to a higher cloud albedo resulting from the high values of droplet number concentration in particular in the boundary layer predicted by the double-moment scheme, which reach median values of around ∼600 cm−3.
The impact of improved satellite retrievals on estimates of biospheric carbon balance
Authors: Miller Scot M. , Michalak Anna M.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) is NASA's first satellite dedicated to monitoring CO2 from space and could provide novel insight into CO2 fluxes across the globe. However, one continuing challenge is the development of a robust retrieval algorithm: an estimate of atmospheric CO2 from satellite observations of near-infrared radiation. The OCO-2 retrievals have undergone multiple updates since the satellite's launch, and the retrieval algorithm is now on its ninth version. Some of these retrieval updates, particularly version 8, led to marked changes in the CO2 observations, changes of 0.5 ppm or more. In this study, we evaluate the extent to which current OCO-2 observations can constrain monthly CO2 sources and sinks from the biosphere, and we particularly focus on how this constraint has evolved with improvements to the OCO-2 retrieval algorithm. We find that improvements in the CO2 retrieval are having a potentially transformative effect on satellite-based estimates of the global biospheric carbon balance. The version 7 OCO-2 retrievals formed the basis of early inverse modeling studies using OCO-2 data; these observations are best equipped to constrain the biospheric carbon balance across only continental or hemispheric regions. By contrast, newer versions of the retrieval algorithm yield a far more detailed constraint, and we are able to constrain CO2 budgets for seven global biome-based regions, particularly during the Northern Hemisphere summer when biospheric CO2 uptake is greatest. Improvements to the OCO-2 observations have had the largest impact on glint-mode observations, and we also find the largest improvements in the terrestrial CO2 flux constraint when we include both nadir and glint data.
Measurement Characteristics of an airborne Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP)
Authors: Kenntner Mareike , Fix Andreas , Jirousek Matthias , Schreier Franz , Xu Jian , Rapp Markus
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP), an airborne passive microwave radiometer, records radiances in order to estimate temperature profiles around flight altitude. From these data the state of the atmosphere can be derived and important dynamical processes (e.g. gravity waves) assessed. DLR has acquired a copy of the MTP from NASA-JPL, which was designed as a wing-canister instrument and is deployed on the German research aircraft HALO. For this instrument a thorough analysis of instrument characteristics has been made. This is necessary to correctly determine the accuracy and precision of MTP measurements, and crucial for a retrieval algorithm to derive vertical profiles of absolute atmospheric temperatures. Using a laboratory set-up, the frequency response function and antenna diagram of the instrument was carefully characterised. A cold-chamber was used to simulate the changing in-flight conditions and to derive noise characteristics as well as reliable calibration parameters for brightness temperature calculations, which are compared to those calculated from campaign data. Furthermore, using the radiative transfer model Py4CAtS, the sensitivity to the atmospheric layers around flight altitude was investigated. It was found that using the standard measurement settings, the DLR-MTP’s vertical range of sensitivity is limited to 3 km around flight altitude, but can be significantly increased by adjusting the standard measurement strategy, including slightly weaker oxygen absorption lines and a different set of viewing angles. Calibration parameters do clearly depend on the state of the instrument; using a built-in heated target for calibration may yield large errors in brightness temperatures, due to a misinterpretation of the measured absolute temperature. With here presented corrections to the calibration parameter calculations, the measurement noise becomes the dominant source of uncertainty and it is possible to measure the atmospheric temperature around flight level with a precision of 0.38 K. This is the first time such a thorough instrument characterisation of a MTP instrument is published. With the presented results, it is now possible to identify significant temperature fluctuation signals in MTP data and choose the best possible measurement strategy fitting the purpose of the measurement campaign.
Network-risk: an open GIS toolbox for estimating the implications of transportation network damage due to natural hazards, tested for Bucharest, Romania
Authors: Toma-Danila Dragos , Armas Iuliana , Tiganescu Alexandru
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Due to their widespread and continuous expansion, transportation networks are considerably exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides or hurricanes. The vulnerability of specific segments and structures such as bridges, tunnels, pumps or storage tanks can translate not only in direct losses but also in significant indirect losses at systemic level. Cascading effects such as post-event traffic congestion, building debris or tsunamis can contribute to an even greater level of risk. To support the effort of modelling the natural hazards implications at full transportation network scale, we developed a new applicable framework relying on (i) GIS to define, geo-spatially analyze and represent transportation networks; (ii) methods for determining the probability of network segments to fail due to natural hazard effects; (iii) MonteCarlo simulation for multiple scenario generation; (iv) methods (using Dijkstra algorithm) to analyze the implications of connectivity loss on emergency intervention times and transit disruption, (v) correlations with other vulnerability and risk indicators. Currently, the framework is integrated in ArcGIS Desktop as a toolbox (entitled Network-risk) – making use of the Model Builder functions and being free for download and customize. Network-risk is an attempt to bring together interdisciplinary research with the goal of creating an automated solution to deliver insights on how a transportation network can be affected by natural hazards, directly and indirectly, aiding in risk evaluation and mitigation planning. In this article we present and test Network-risk at full urban scale, for the entire road network of Bucharest – one of the world's most exposed capitals due to earthquakes, with high seismic hazard values and a vulnerable building stock, but also significant traffic congestion problems not yet quantified in risk analyses.