bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ankle Arthrodesis with Simultaneous Lengthening of the Lower Limb Using the Ilizarov Fixator
Authors: Mochocki Karol , Górski Radosław , Żarek Sławomir , Szelerski Łukasz , Małdyk Paweł
Published: January 2019

Background. Patients with advanced ankle arthrosis or joint deformities and co-existing lower limb shortening present a complex therapeutic problem. This paper presents the Ilizarov treatment as a comprehensive method of simultaneous ankle arthrodesis and equalisation of lower limb length in 18 patients.
Material and methods. Eighteen patients with arthrosis, deformities or other conditions of the ankle joint and ipsilateral lower limb shortening were treated with the Ilizarov method. The patients were assessed with the Foot and Ankle Outcomes Questionnaire before the treatment and one year after Ilizarov Fixator removal.
Results. The Ilizarov Fixator allows early weight-bearing of the operated limb, which is undoubtedly convenient for the patient. The mean treatment duration was 8.2 months (range 4-18 months). Lower limb lengthening was 4.1 cm on average (range 2.5-8.5 cm). Bone union was achieved in all cases. Radiological and clinical outcomes were satisfactory in all 18 cases. Prolonged regenerate calcification was recorded in 1 patient. Ten patients developed soft tissue pin-tract infections and in 1 patient the Kirschner wire broke. According to the Foot and Ankle Outcomes Questionnaire, patients achieved a notable improvement in daily functioning and quality of life.
Conclusions. The outcomes of a comprehensive treatment consisting of ankle arthrodesis and lower-leg lengthening using the Ilizarov method confirm its effectiveness. The Ilizarov Fixator allows early weight-bearing of the operated limb and evaluation at all treatment stages, creating an optimal biological environment for bone healing. The patient recovers functionally to allow satisfactory and pain-free functioning as well as resumption of daily responsibilities. The low incidence of complications adds to the attractiveness of the method.
The Evolving Protection of Borders of the Reborn Second Republic of Poland
Authors: Lubiewski Paweł
Published: January 2019

The Second Republic of Poland, after regaining independence as a new state and creating state structures, faced many serious challenges. Barely formed boundaries required effective protection as soon as possible. An important problem was the process of gradually gaining power over the borders. While its protection system was developing on the western border, regular military operations continued in the east. This task was not facilitated by the incompletely resolved border conflicts and the ethnically patchy population living in the border areas. One of the most serious problems was the lack of experience in protecting the state borders caused by the loss of independence. For the above reasons, the process of developing the border protection system of the Second Polish Republic lasted several years. How difficult that task was is shown by the number of border formations that were brought into existence at that time, subjecting them to various modifications. As a consequence, due to difficult relations between the Republic and neighboring states, the developed system of border protection was not uniform. It also had to face still not fully stabilised situation in Europe.
“Stepping up the ladder in safety”: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of how LGB clients experience their therapists’ sexual orientation
Authors: Bafiti Tsabika , Viou Maria , Tarasis Prodromos
Published: January 2019

Relevant literature has explored the issue of disclosure of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual (LGB) therapists to heterosexual or LGB clients. But how do homosexual or bisexual clients understand and experience their therapist’s heterosexual orientation, known or assumed, in relation to the therapeutic alliance and the therapeutic process? In this qualitative study, we used the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to examine eight semi-structured interviews with LGB clients in a family-oriented therapy in Greece. Analysis revealed two themes of higher order, each having three subordinate themes depicting the client’s experience of the therapist’s sexual orientation: 1. Focus on the therapist’s sexual orientation: (a) as a hypothesis (b) as a factor of acceptance (c) as a factor of professional capability and 2. Focus on other therapist features: (a) gender (b) personality traits (c) practice of professional role. The therapist’s sexual orientation or the one perceived by the client was not a neutral issue in therapy and the cultivation of the therapeutic relationship but was only one part of the process. The way all these issues were processed and approached by clients was related to their personal history and phase of therapy. Suggestions for future research include conducting a research on clients from different therapeutic perspectives since it was carried out only on participants in long-term systemic family therapy.
Baroness Elsa
Authors: Gammel Irene
Published: January 2019

The first biography of the enigmatic dadaist known as "the Baroness"—Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven.

Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven (1874–1927) is considered by many to be the first American dadaist as well as the mother of dada. An innovator in poetic form and an early creator of junk sculpture, "the Baroness" was best known for her sexually charged, often controversial performances. Some thought her merely crazed, others thought her a genius. The editor Margaret Anderson called her "perhaps the only figure of our generation who deserves the epithet extraordinary." Yet despite her great notoriety and influence, until recently her story and work have been little known outside the circle of modernist scholars.

In Baroness Elsa, Irene Gammel traces the extraordinary life and work of this daring woman, viewing her in the context of female dada and the historical battles fought by women in the early twentieth century. Striding through the streets of Berlin, Munich, New York, and Paris wearing such adornments as a tomato-soup can bra, teaspoon earrings, and black lipstick, the Baroness erased the boundaries between life and art, between the everyday and the outrageous, between the creative and the dangerous. Her art objects were precursors to dada objects of the teens and twenties, her sound and visual poetry were far more daring than those of the male modernists of her time, and her performances prefigured feminist body art and performance art by nearly half a century.
The Decline of the Welfare State
Authors: Razin Assaf , Sadka Efraim
Published: January 2019

An analysis of the welfare state from a political economy perspective that examines the effects of aging populations, migration, and globalization on industrialized economies.

In The Decline of the Welfare State, Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka use a political economy framework to analyze the effects of aging populations, migration, and globalization on the deteriorating system of financing welfare state benefits as we know them. Their timely analysis, supported by a unified theoretical framework and empirical findings, demonstrates how the combined forces of demographic change and globalization will make it impossible for the welfare state to maintain itself on its present scale. In much of the developed world, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over is expected to rise dramatically over the coming years—from 35 percent in 2000 to a projected 66 percent in 2050 in the European Union and from 27 percent to 47 percent in the United States—which may necessitate higher tax burdens and greater public debt to maintain national pension systems at current levels. Low-skill migration produces additional strains on welfare-state financing because such migrants typically receive benefits that exceed what they pay in taxes. Higher capital taxation, which could potentially be used to finance welfare benefits, is made unlikely by international tax competition brought about by globalization of the capital market. Applying a political economy model and drawing on empirical data from the EU and the United States, the authors draw an unconventional and provocative conclusion from these developments. They argue that the political pressure from both aging and migrant populations indirectly generates political processes that favor trimming rather than expanding the welfare state. The combined pressures of aging, migration, and globalization will shift the balance of political power and generate public support from the majority of the voting population for cutting back traditional welfare state benefits.
Distribution and Development
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: January 2019

Most of the world's people live in "developing" economies, as do most of the world's poor. The predominant means of economic development is economic growth. In this book Gary Fields asks to what extent and in what circumstances economic growth improves the material standard of living of a country's people. Most development economists agree that economic growth raises the incomes of people in all parts of the income distribution and lowers the poverty rate. At the same time, some groups lose out because of changes accompanying economic growth. Fields examines these beliefs, asking what variables should be measured to determine whether progress is being made and what policies and circumstances cause some countries to do better than others. He also shows how the same data can be interpreted to reach different, even conflicting, conclusions. Using both theoretical and empirical approaches, Fields defines and examines inequality, poverty, income mobility, and economic well-being. Finally, he considers various policies for broad-based growth. Copublished with the Russell Sage Foundation.
Reliable Reasoning
Authors: Harman Gilbert , Kulkarni Sanjeev
Published: January 2019

The implications for philosophy and cognitive science of developments in statistical learning theory.

In Reliable Reasoning, Gilbert Harman and Sanjeev Kulkarni—a philosopher and an engineer—argue that philosophy and cognitive science can benefit from statistical learning theory (SLT), the theory that lies behind recent advances in machine learning. The philosophical problem of induction, for example, is in part about the reliability of inductive reasoning, where the reliability of a method is measured by its statistically expected percentage of errors—a central topic in SLT.

After discussing philosophical attempts to evade the problem of induction, Harman and Kulkarni provide an admirably clear account of the basic framework of SLT and its implications for inductive reasoning. They explain the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimension of a set of hypotheses and distinguish two kinds of inductive reasoning. The authors discuss various topics in machine learning, including nearest-neighbor methods, neural networks, and support vector machines. Finally, they describe transductive reasoning and suggest possible new models of human reasoning suggested by developments in SLT.

Bradford Books imprint
Retooling
Authors: Williams Rosalind
Published: January 2019

A humanistic account of the changing role of technology in society, by a historian and a former Dean of Students and Undergraduate Education at MIT.

When Warren Kendall Lewis left Spring Garden Farm in Delaware in 1901 to enter MIT, he had no idea that he was becoming part of a profession that would bring untold good to his country but would also contribute to the death of his family's farm. In this book written a century later, Professor Lewis's granddaughter, a cultural historian who has served in the administration of MIT, uses her grandfather's and her own experience to make sense of the rapidly changing role of technology in contemporary life.

Rosalind Williams served as Dean of Students and Undergraduate Education at MIT from 1995 through 2000. From this vantage point, she watched a wave of changes, some planned and some unexpected, transform many aspects of social and working life—from how students are taught to how research and accounting are done—at this major site of technological innovation. In Retooling, she uses this local knowledge to draw more general insights into contemporary society's obsession with technology.

Today technology-driven change defines human desires, anxieties, memories, imagination, and experiences of time and space in unprecedented ways. But technology, and specifically information technology, does not simply influence culture and society; it is itself inherently cultural and social. If there is to be any reconciliation between technological change and community, Williams argues, it will come from connecting technological and social innovation—a connection demonstrated in the history that unfolds in this absorbing book.
King Lear: A Negatively Capable Outsider
Authors: Salimian Rizi Hossein
Published: January 2019

Negative capability, John Keats’s coined term, defines the ideal poet as being capable of being in uncertainties and mysteries without any irritable reaching after fact and reason. He insists that poets let the mind be a thoroughfare for all thoughts, by holding no fixed identity but metamorphic identities. Although Keats finds the ideal quality of a poet in Shakespeare the poet, it does not appear far from logical to investigate it in the characters of his plays, specifically king Lear, as he undergoes changes throughout the story and cuts across his enclosed self to enrich his receptivity to the actual vastness of life experience after he is estranged and labelled as an outsider in his erstwhile kingdom. In the present study I will employ the ongoing vigor of negative capability to take a step further ahead of its theoretically stipulated implications and investigate it on the character of king Lear.
(RE)CONHECIMENTO: UM OLHAR TRANSCULTURAL NO ENSINO DE LITERATURA INDÍGENA - (RE)COGNITION: A TRANSCULTURAL VIEW ON THE TEACHING OF INDIGENOUS LITERATURE
Authors: Cunha Rubelise Da
Published: January 2019

A antropóloga canadense Julie Cruikshank (1998) afirma que o ponto de vista ocidental, expresso pelos folcloristas europeus em sua abordagem das narrativas tradicionais indígenas, objetivava que estas apresentassem respostas para problemas criados pelos estados modernos em termos que fossem convenientes para os estados modernos. No contexto atual, no qual encontramos o fortalecimento de uma literatura indígena inscrita nos cânones da literatura ocidental, cabe questionar de que forma nossas perguntas investigativas não repetem a abordagem que Cruikshank detecta nos folcloristas europeus. A partir das reflexões empreendidas por estudiosos do pós-colonialismo e das literaturas ameríndias, este artigo propõe-se a refletir criticamente sobre o estudo e ensino da literatura indígena. Os pensamentos críticos e teóricos estabelecem um diálogo com a obra literária Crônicas de São Paulo: Um Olhar Indígena (2004), de Daniel Munduruku, com o intuito de nos posicionarmos na condição de estrangeiros diante dos conhecimentos culturais que nos propomos a estudar e ensinar.
A PERSPECTIVA INTERCULTURAL PARA O ENSINO DE LÍNGUAS: PROPOSTAS E DESAFIOS (THE INTERCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE TO LANGUAGE TEACHING: PROPOSALS AND CHALLENGES)
Authors: Scheyerl Denise , Barros Kelly , Espírito Santo Diogo Oliveira do
Published: January 2019

O artigo pretende sugerir formas mais condizentes para o desenvolvimento da consciência crítica de professores e aprendizes de línguas no tocante a materiais usados em sala de aula de seis línguas. Objetiva-se, portanto, apresentar recursos mais apropriados ao contexto contemporâneo caracterizado pela busca de diálogos transculturais em um mundo cada vez mais desprovido de fronteiras. Ou como postula Kramsch (1993, p. 181), em sociedades em que “a sua natureza multilíngue e multicultural tem se tornado tanto mais prevalecente quanto mais visível”. Assim, almeja-se também contribuir para uma melhor convivência entre usuários de materiais didáticos de língua através da desconstrução de ideologias tradicionalmente orientadas para e por uma visão de educação linguística historicamente etnocêntrica.
TÚNEL MORFOLÓGICO: POLISSEMIA, ALOMORFIA, SINMORFISMO E DOUBLETS NO PORTUGUÊS ARCAICO E NO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO
Authors: Simões Neto Natival Almeida , Soledade Juliana
Published: January 2019

Este trabalho pretende analisar as relações de polissemia, sinmorfismo, alomorfia e doublets com dados obtidos em pesquisas dialetológicas sobre a variação lexical no português brasileiro contemporâneo e estabelecer comparações com os estudos sistemáticos de Soledade (2001, 2005) sobre a sufixação no português arcaico, com a intenção de: i) observar a viabilidade de estudar a variação morfológica na dialetologia; e ii) discutir a herança morfossemântica e lexical do português arcaico para o português contemporâneo, fazendo uma viagem ao passado para explicar fatos do presente e aproximando dois recortes sincrônicos sobre a língua portuguesa de épocas muito distintas.
MICHEL LAUB: LITERATURA, MEMÓRIA, ESQUECIMENTO
Authors: Lopes Luiz
Published: January 2019

O presente texto pretende efetuar uma leitura do romance Diário da queda, de Michel Laub, publicado em 2011. A interpretação que propomos faz parte do dever de memória, que aparece já na abertura do romance e que, segundo nossa perspectiva de leitura, pode ser visto como um fio condutor do texto de Laub bem como uma das principais questões de muitos textos da literatura brasileira contemporânea. Ao dizer que a memória é um fio condutor do texto em questão, podemos também ler o texto de Michel Laub a partir do pensamento de Walter Benjamin, já que para o filósofo alemão a memória e o esquecimento são aspectos centrais para o exercício de uma escrita a contrapelo. Pretendemos, por meio de um diálogo entre literatura, memória e história, perceber de que modo a reminiscência aparece no texto do escritor brasileiro e como ela acaba cedendo espaço para uma espécie de “esquecimento feliz”. Além disso, interessa pensar de que modo os temas memória e esquecimento irrompem no texto tendo como questão a própria linguagem empregada, já que não se trata apenas de uma questão temática, mas também de forma, o que significa dizer que memória e esquecimento aparecem como elementos constitutivos do texto em questão.
AS "NOTÍCIAS SOTEROPOLITANAS E BRASÍLICAS" DE VILHENA E A EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL DO SÉCULO XVIII (“Notícias Soteropolitanas e Brasílicas” by Vilhena and education in Brazil in eighteenth century)
Authors: Lages Luciene
Published: January 2019

O presente artigo apresenta a obra de Luiz dos Santos Vilhena e analisa algumas perspectivas sobre a educação no Brasil do século XVIII. Através da Oitava Carta das Notícias Soteropolitanas e Brasílicas de Luiz dos Santos Vilhena pode-se ter uma noção de como funcionava o ensino das línguas clássicas naquela época e do impacto causado pela reforma pombalina.
Por uma poética de potencialização em BANDOH: desmoronando construções, ampliando percepções
Authors: Paulino Leonardo Augusto
Published: January 2019

Este artigo procura refletir sobre a poética do grupo de transatores BANDOH, criado em2008 durante a graduação em Artes Cênicas na Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. O intuito do texto éevidenciar a proposta do grupo na abordagem da teoria queer durante os processos criativos, bem comosua articulação com a criação de um corpo sem órgãos.
Bioinspired Color Changing Molecular Sensor toward Early Fire Detection Based on Transformation of Phthalonitrile to Phthalocyanine
Authors: Fu Teng , Zhao Xi , Chen Lin , Wu Wan‐Shou , Zhao Qing , Wang Xiu‐Li , Guo De‐Ming , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: January 2019

The fire detection plays a critical role in the maintenance of public security. Previous approaches of early fire warning, based on smoke or temperature response must be set in the proximity of a fire. They cannot provide the additional information of fire location or size and are susceptible to complicated situations. It is still a big challenge to make rapid and accurate early fire warning in precombustion because of the lack of reliable alarm signals. Herein, a precursor molecular sensor (PMS) is designed and synthesized that can present the chemical structure transformation to form phthalocyanines (Pcs) and release a color change signal at about 180 °C, learning from the plant chlorophyll metabolism. Further, the PMS is assembled to an early fire warning component (EWC) and an intelligent image recognition algorithm is introduced for unburned fire detection. The EWC generates a colorful alarm within 20 s at 275 °C. Therefore, the facile PMS provides a reliable real‐time monitoring strategy to the early fire warning detection in precombustion.
The Origin of Electrochemical Actuation of MnO2/Ni Bilayer Film Derived by Redox Pseudocapacitive Process
Authors: Liu Lingyang , Su Lijun , Lu Yulan , Zhang Qingnuan , Zhang Li , Lei Shulai , Shi Siqi , Levi Mikhael D. , Yan Xingbin
Published: January 2019

Pseudocapacitance‐induced electrochemical actuators (EC‐actuators) have attracted great attention in robots and artificial intelligence technologies. Despite major efforts to design such EC‐actuators, a molecular‐level understanding of the deformation mechanism is still lacking. Here, a reversible deformation of a freestanding MnO2/Ni bilayer film is demonstrated and in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory simulation are used to study the origin of the deformation. The results show that the electrochemical actuation of the MnO2/Ni film is highly related with the redox pseudocapacitive behavior of MnO2 layer. Valence state variation of Mn element, shortening and lengthening of MnO bond, and insertion and extraction of Na+ ions, which all result from the redox pseudocapacitance of MnO2 during charging and discharging, eventually lead to the reversible contraction and expansion of MnO2 morphology. Such action counters with the nonactive Ni layer, finally inducing the reversible deformation of the MnO2/Ni bilayer film. It is believed that the study can provide useful guidance to design better EC‐actuators in the future.
Triboelectric Nanogenerator Networks Integrated with Power Management Module for Water Wave Energy Harvesting
Authors: Liang Xi , Jiang Tao , Liu Guoxu , Xiao Tianxiao , Xu Liang , Li Wei , Xi Fengben , Zhang Chi , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: January 2019

Ocean waves are one of the most promising renewable energy sources for large‐scope applications. Recently, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) network has been demonstrated to effectively harvest water wave energy possibly toward large‐scale blue energy. However, the absence of effective power management severely restricts the practicability of TENGs. In this work, a hexagonal TENG network consisting of spherical TENG units based on spring‐assisted multilayered structure, integrated with a power management module (PMM), is constructed for harvesting water wave energy. The output performance of the TENG network is found to be determined by water wave frequencies and amplitudes, as well as the wave type. Moreover, with the implemented PMM, the TENG network could output a steady and continuous direct current (DC) voltage on the load resistance, and the stored energy is dramatically improved by up to 96 times for charging a capacitor. The TENG network integrated with the PMM is also applied to effectively power a digital thermometer and a wireless transmitter. The thermometer can constantly measure the water temperature with the water wave motions, and the transmitter can send signals that enable an alarm to go off once every 10 s. This study extends the application of the power management module in the water wave energy harvesting.
Recent Advances in Rational Electrode Designs for High‐Performance Alkaline Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Huang Meng , Li Ming , Niu Chaojiang , Li Qi , Mai Liqiang
Published: January 2019

In recent years, noticeable progress is achieved regarding alkaline rechargeable batteries (ARBs). Due to their merits of safety and low cost, ARBs are considered promising energy storage sources for large‐scale grid energy storage, electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles, as well as wearable and portable devices. While previous reviews have focused on specific topics associated with ARBs, providing a comprehensive review on rechargeable alkaline batteries is both timely and worthwhile. In this review, the recent progress in ARBs is summarized and the strategies underlying rational electrode designs for cathodes and anodes are highlighted, as well as their applications in full cells including flexible batteries. This review may pave the way for further designs of high‐performance alkaline batteries.
Performance‐Enhancing Selector via Symmetrical Multilayer Design
Authors: Sun Yiming , Zhao Xiaolong , Song Cheng , Xu Kun , Xi Yue , Yin Jun , Wang Ziyu , Zhou Xiaofeng , Chen Xianzhe , Shi Guoyi , Lv Hangbing , Liu Qi , Zeng Fei , Zhong Xiaoyan , Wu Huaqiang , Liu Ming , Pan Feng
Published: January 2019

Two‐terminal selectors with high nonlinearity, based on bidirectional threshold switching (TS) behaviors, are considered as a crucial element of crossbar integration for emerging nonvolatile memory and neuromorphic network. Although great efforts have been made to obtain various selectors, existing selectors cannot fully satisfy the rigorous standard of assorted memristive elements and it is in great demand to enhance the performance. Here, a new type of Ag/TaOx/TaOy/TaOx/Ag (x < y) selector based on homogeneous trilayered oxides is developed to attain the required parameters including bidirectional TS operation, a large selectivity of ≈1010, a high compliance current up to 1 mA, and ultralow switching voltages under 0.2 V. Tunable operation voltages can be realized by modulating the thickness of inserted TaOy. All‐TaOx‐based integrated 1S1R (one selector and one memristor) cells, prepared completely by magnetron sputtering and no need of a middle electrode, exhibit a nonlinear feature, which is quite characteristic for the crossbar devices, avoiding undesired crosstalk current issues. The tantalum‐oxide‐based homojunctions offer high insulation, low ion mobility, and rich interfaces, which is responsible for the modulation of Ag conductive filaments and corresponding high‐performance cation‐based selector. These findings might advance practical implementation of two‐terminal selectors in emerging memories, especially resistive random access memories.
Fiber Reinforced Cartilage ECM Functionalized Bioinks for Functional Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Authors: Rathan Swetha , Dejob Léa , Schipani Rossana , Haffner Benjamin , Möbius Matthias E. , Kelly Daniel J.
Published: January 2019

Focal articular cartilage (AC) defects, if left untreated, can lead to debilitating diseases such as osteoarthritis. While several tissue engineering strategies have been developed to promote cartilage regeneration, it is still challenging to generate functional AC capable of sustaining high load‐bearing environments. Here, a new class of cartilage extracellular matrix (cECM)‐functionalized alginate bioink is developed for the bioprinting of cartilaginous tissues. The bioinks are 3D‐printable, support mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) viability postprinting and robust chondrogenesis in vitro, with the highest levels of COLLII and ACAN expression observed in bioinks containing the highest concentration of cECM. Enhanced chondrogenesis in cECM‐functionalized bioinks is also associated with progression along an endochondral‐like pathway, as evident by increases in RUNX2 expression and calcium deposition in vitro. The bioinks loaded with MSCs and TGF‐β3 are also found capable of supporting robust chondrogenesis, opening the possibility of using such bioinks for direct “print‐and‐implant” cartilage repair strategies. Finally, it is demonstrated that networks of 3D‐printed polycaprolactone fibers with compressive modulus comparable to native AC can be used to mechanically reinforce these bioinks, with no loss in cell viability. It is envisioned that combinations of such biomaterials can be used in multiple‐tool biofabrication strategies for the bioprinting of biomimetic cartilaginous implants.
Ion Electron–Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Berggren Magnus , Crispin Xavier , Fabiano Simone , Jonsson Magnus P. , Simon Daniel T. , Stavrinidou Eleni , Tybrandt Klas , Zozoulenko Igor
Published: January 2019

The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion–electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4‐ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion–electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion–electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic–electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
The Design of Fused Amine/Carbonyl System for Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Novel Multiple Resonance Core and Electron Acceptor
Authors: Yuan Yi , Tang Xun , Du Xiao‐Yang , Hu Yun , Yu You‐Jun , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Liao Liang‐Sheng , Lee Shuit‐Tong
Published: January 2019

Multiple resonances induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) has great advantages in high color purity display. Up to now, current MR‐TADF emitters are only based on the boron‐nitrogen‐containing fragment. Reported herein is a novel class of MR‐TADF emitter, quinolino[3,2,1‐de]acridine‐5,9‐dione (QAO), realized by the opposite resonance effect of the carbonyl and the nitrogen atoms, which is also the smallest TADF emitter reported so far. The QAO‐based pure blue organic light‐emitting diode achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 19.4% with a small full width at half maximum of 39 nm. Moreover, tert‐butyl modified QAO can be employed as an efficient electron acceptor to construct an efficient yellow‐green evaporation and solution process feasible TADF emitter, 7‐(tert‐butyl)‐3,11‐bis(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)quinolino[3,2,1‐de]acridine‐5,9‐dione (QAO‐DAd), with significantly improved performance as compared to the previous flexible diketone‐based emitters.
Alkynyl−B(dan)s in Various Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbon−Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions Leading to Internal Alkynes, 1,4‐Enynes, Ynones, and Multiply Substituted Alkenes
Authors: Tani Tomohiro , Sawatsugawa Yuuki , Sano Yusuke , Hirataka Yo , Takahashi Naomi , Hashimoto Sadahiro , Sugiura Tetsuya , Tsuchimoto Teruhisa
Published: January 2019

It was found that the C(sp)−B(dan) bond of alkynyl−B(dan)s can be directly used for palladium‐catalyzed carbon−carbon bond‐forming reactions with aryl(alkenyl) halides and allylic carbonates as electrophiles, thus delivering unsymmetrical internal alkynes and unconjugated 1,4‐enynes, respectively. With acyl chlorides as electrophiles, ynone synthesis is also promoted by a palladium catalyst with the assistance of a copper co‐catalyst. These reactions can be achieved as more convenient one‐pot reactions, without isolating the alkynyl−B(dan) formed in situ by the zinc‐catalyzed dehydrogenative borylation of alkynes with HB(dan). In addition to direct C(sp)−B(dan) bond transformations, the C≡C bond in an alkynyl−B(dan) proved to be a promising scaffold for the construction of a multisubstituted alkene, which is synthesized by diboration of the C≡C−B(dan) moiety, leading to a triborylalkene followed by iterative regio‐ and stereoselective Suzuki−Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions. As one example, the synthesis of the ethene with four different aryl groups, p‐MeC6H4, p‐MeOC6H4, p‐NCC6H4, and p‐F3CC6H4, was attained in high overall yield of 64% in six steps starting from the terminal alkyne, p‐MeC6H4C≡CH. Besides these synthetic applications of the alkynyl−B(dan), the scope of the alkynyl substrate in the zinc‐catalyzed dehydrogenative borylation was expanded to enhance the reliability as a provider of the alkynyl−B(dan). Consequently, 42 alkynes were found to participate in the dehydrogenative borylation as substrates; these are alkyl‐, alkenyl‐, aryl‐, heteroaryl‐, ferrocenyl‐, silyl‐, and borylalkynes, with or without a variety of functional groups. Lastly, a new method for preparing HB(dan), as a sulfide‐free, cost‐saving, and reaction‐time‐saving route, is disclosed.

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Strain‐Engineered Ultrahigh Mobility in Phosphorene for Terahertz Transistors
Authors: Fang Ruhao , Cui Xiangyuan , Khan Mansoor A. , Stampfl Catherine , Ringer Simon P. , Zheng Rongkun
Published: January 2019

Carrier mobility is a key parameter for the operation of electronic devices as it determines the ON state current and switching speed/frequency response of transistors. 2D phosphorene is considered as a potential candidate for field‐effect transistors due to its high mobility. Here it is proposed to further enhance the carrier mobility of phosphorene and device performance via strain engineering. A systematic ab initio investigation on the anisotropic electronic structure of few‐layer phosphorene reveals that the monolayer under 7.5–10% strain along zigzag direction shows an exceptional carrier mobility of ≈106 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is 10 times higher than the strain‐free case. The simulated device performance shows that strain‐engineered phosphorene–based field‐effect transistors demonstrate a cut‐off frequency of ≈1.14 THz with a gate length of 1.0 micron and 112 THz with a sub‐10 nm gate length.
Controllable Chain‐Length for Covalent Sulfur–Carbon Materials Enabling Stable and High‐Capacity Sodium Storage
Authors: Wu Tianjing , Jing Mingjun , Yang Li , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Zhang Yang , Zhang Yu , Cao Xiaoyu , Ji Xiaobo
Published: January 2019

Room temperature sodium–sulfur batteries have emerged as promising candidate for application in energy storage. However, the electrodes are usually obtained through infusing elemental sulfur into various carbon sources, and the precipitation of insoluble and irreversible sulfide species on the surface of carbon and sodium readily leads to continuous capacity degradation. Here, a novel strategy is demonstrated to prepare a covalent sulfur–carbon complex (SC‐BDSA) with high covalent‐sulfur concentration (40.1%) that relies on SO3H (Benzenedisulfonic acid, BDSA) and SO42− as the sulfur source rather than elemental sulfur. Most of the sulfur is exists in the form of OS/CS bridge‐bonds (short/long‐chain) whose features ensure sufficient interfacial contact and maintain high ionic/electronic conductivities of the sulfur–carbon cathode. Meanwhile, the carbon mesopores resulting from the thermal‐treated salt bath can confine a certain amount of sulfur and localize the diffluent polysulfides. Furthermore, the CSxC bridges can be electrochemically broken at lower potential (<0.6 V vs Na/Na+) and then function as a capacity sponsor. And the R‐SO units can anchor the initially generated Sx2− to form insoluble surface‐bound intermediates. Thus SC‐BDSA exhibits a specific capacity of 696 mAh g−1 at 2500 mA g−1 and excellent cycling stability for 1000 cycles with 0.035% capacity decay per cycle.
No evidence that seed predators constrain pollinator‐mediated trait evolution in a tropical vine
Authors: Opedal Øystein H. , Albertsen Elena , Pérez‐Barrales Rocío , Armbruster W. Scott , Pélabon Christophe
Published: January 2019

Premise of the Study

Turnover in biotic communities across heterogeneous landscapes is expected to lead to variation in interactions among plants, their mutualists, and their antagonists. Across a fragmented landscape in northern Costa Rica, populations of the euphorb vine Dalechampia scandens vary widely in mating systems and associated blossom traits. Previous work suggested that populations are well adapted to the local reliability of pollination by apid and megachilid bees. We tested whether variation in the intensity of predispersal seed predation by seed weevils in the genus Nanobaris also contributes to the observed variation in blossom traits.

Methods

We studied spatiotemporal variation in the relationships between floral advertisement and the probability of seed predation within three focal populations. Then we assessed among‐population covariation of predation rate, pollination reliability, mating system, and blossom traits across 20 populations.

Key Results

The probability of seed predation was largely unrelated to variation in floral advertisement both within focal populations and among the larger sample of populations. The rate of seed predation was only weakly associated with the rate of cross‐pollination (allogamy) in each population but tended to be proportionally greater in populations experiencing less reliable pollination.

Conclusions

These results suggest that geographic variation in the intensity of antagonistic interactions have had only minor modifying effects on the evolutionary trajectories of floral advertisement in plant populations in this system. Thus, pollinator‐driven floral trait evolution in D. scandens in the study area appears not to be influenced by conflicting seed‐predator‐mediated selection.
Nanocontainer in der Analytik
Authors: Hofmann Carola , Duerkop Axel , Baeumner Antje J.
Published: January 2019

Nanocontainer, wie mesoporöse Siliciumoxidpartikel und Polymersomen, sind vielseitige Strukturen, die Löcher oder Poren enthalten, die für den Einschluss von niedermolekularen Verbindungen und für die Einführung spezifischer Funktionalitäten verwendet werden. Sie finden weitreichende Anwendungen in Wirkstofftransportsystemen, in der Biomedizin, in Bioreaktoren und in der Analytik. Im letzten Fall fungieren die Nanocontainer normalerweise als Signalverstärker. Dafür werden sie so synthetisiert, dass sie Signalmoleküle einschließen und funktionelle Gruppen an ihrer Oberfläche tragen. Diese ermöglichen wiederum die spezifische Erkennung von Analyten und kontrollieren die Durchlässigkeit der Nanocontainerporen. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Nanocontainermaterialien und diskutiert deren Herstellung, die Oberflächenchemie und ‐modifizierungen sowie Strategien für den Einschluss von Molekülen. Außerdem werden die Vorteile, Herausforderungen und Grenzen in Bezug auf andere gängige Signalverstärkungsstrategien für verschiedene Assayformate und Detektionsmethoden in (bio)analytischen Anwendungen kritisch betrachtet.
Ultraschnelle Synthese multivalenter radikalischer Nanopartikel durch ringöffnende Metathesepolymerisations‐induzierte Selbstorganisation
Authors: Le Dao , Dilger Marco , Pertici Vincent , Diabaté Silvia , Gigmes Didier , Weiss Carsten , Delaittre Guillaume
Published: January 2019

Wir berichten über die einfache, zeiteffiziente Synthese radikalischer Kern‐Schale‐Nanopartikel (NPs) durch polymerisationsinduzierte Selbstorganisation. Eine Nitroxid‐haltige, hydrophile, makromolekulare Vorstufe wurde durch ringöffnende Metathesecopolymerisation von TEMPO‐ und Oligoethylenglycol‐Norbornenylderivaten hergestellt und in situ mit Norbornen in Ethanollösung kettenverlängert, was gleichzeitig zur Bildung von amphiphilem Blockcopolymer und Selbstorganisation führte. Ohne Zwischenreinigung von den Monomeren zu den Blockcopolymeren wurden innerhalb von Minuten bei Raumtemperatur Radikal‐NPs mit einstellbaren Durchmessern von 10 bis 110 nm erhalten. Die hohe Aktivität der radikalischen Nanopartikel als chemoselektive und homogene, jedoch leicht wiederverwertbare Katalysatoren wurde durch Oxidation verschiedener Alkohole und Rückgewinnung durch einfaches Zentrifugieren demonstriert. Darüber hinaus wurden die Biokompatibilität und antioxidative Aktivität der NPs in vitro nachgewiesen.
Bor‐Lewis‐Säure‐katalysierte Transferhydrocyanierung α‐ und α,β‐substituierter Styrole
Authors: Orecchia Patrizio , Yuan Weiming , Oestreich Martin
Published: January 2019

Ein praktikables Verfahren zur Synthese von Blausäuresurrogaten auf Basis von Cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienen wurde entwickelt. Diese sind lagerbeständig, setzen aber formal HCN frei und werden rearomatisiert, wenn sie mit einer Lewis‐Säure zur Reaktion gebracht werden. Die Bildung des Isocyanidaddukts [(CN)BCl3]− und des dazugehörigen Wheland‐Komplexes wurde für BCl3 massenspektrometrisch bestätigt. In Gegenwart von 1,1‐di‐ und trisubstituierten Alkenen findet die Übertragung von HCN vom Surrogat auf die C‐C‐Doppelbindung statt, wodurch hoch substituierte Nitrile mit Markownikow‐Selektivität gebildet werden. Der Erfolg dieser Transferhydrocyanierung hängt von der verwendeten Lewis‐Säure ab; katalytische Mengen an BCl3 und (C6F5)2BCl erweisen sich als wirkungsvoll, B(C6F5)3 und BF3⋅OEt2 hingegen nicht.
Drug Design Inspired by Nature: Crystallographic Detection of an Auto‐Tailored Protease Inhibitor Template
Authors: Gall Flavio M. , Hohl Deborah , Frasson David , Wermelinger Tobias , Mittl Peer R. E. , Sievers Martin , Riedl Rainer
Published: January 2019

De novo drug discovery is still a challenge in the search for potent and selective modulators of therapeutically relevant target proteins. Here, we disclose the unexpected discovery of a peptidic ligand 1 by X‐ray crystallography, which was auto‐tailored by the therapeutic target MMP‐13 through partial self‐degradation and subsequent structure‐based optimization to a highly potent and selective β‐sheet peptidomimetic inhibitor derived from the endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The incorporation of non‐proteinogenic amino acids in combination with a cyclization strategy proved to be key for the de novo design of TIMP peptidomimetics. The optimized cyclic peptide 4 (ZHAWOC7726) is membrane permeable with an IC50 of 21 nm for MMP‐13 and an attractive selectivity profile with respect to a polypharmacology approach including the anticancer targets MMP‐2 (IC50: 170 nm) and MMP‐9 (IC50: 140 nm).
Interplay between H‐Bonding and Preorganization in the Evolution of Self‐Assembled Systems
Authors: Philips Divya S. , Kartha Kalathil K. , Politi Antiope T. , Krüger Timo , Albuquerque Rodrigo Q. , Fernández Gustavo
Published: January 2019

Cooperative π–π interactions and H‐bonding are frequently exploited in supramolecular polymerization; however, close scrutiny of their mutual interplay has been largely unexplored. Herein, we compare the self‐assembly behavior of a series of C2‐ and C3‐symmetrical oligophenyleneethynylenes differing in their amide topology (N‐ or C‐centered). This subtle structural modification brings about drastic changes in their photophysical and supramolecular properties, highlighting the reciprocal impact of H‐bonding vs. preorganization on the evolution and final outcome of supramolecular systems.
Low‐dielectric‐constant aromatic homopolyimide and copolyimide derived from pyromellitic dianhydride, 4,4′‐oxydianiline, 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminephenoxy)phenyl]propane, 1,4‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene, or 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene
Authors: Qiu Guorong , Ma Wenshi , Jiao Yuanqi , Wu Li
Published: January 2019

Low‐dielectric‐constant aromatics, homopolyimide and copolyimide, were introduced. Homopolyimides were prepared by pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) as an anhydride monomer and 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA), 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminephenoxy)phenyl]propane, 1,4‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene, or 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene as an amine monomer. The copolyimides were prepared with PMDA as an anhydride monomer, ODA as an amine monomer with the addition of 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminephenoxy)phenyl]propane, 1,4‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene, or 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene as another amine monomer. The polyimides were well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, thermomechanical analysis, dielectric measurements, and tensile testing. The homopolyimide and copolyimides showed lower dielectric constants than the homopolyimide formed by ODA and PMDA. The results also indicate that the interchain distance, the quantities of phenyl ether, and the position of the substitute are factors that not only affected the thermal performance of polyimide by improving the molecular flexibility but also reduced the dielectric constant of polyimide by increasing the free volume of the molecular chain and decreasing the polarization points per unit volume. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47405.
Preparation and characterization of wood‐fiber‐reinforced polyamide 6–polypropylene blend composites
Authors: Xu Shihua , Fang Yiqun , Yi Shunmin , Zhai Xianglin , He Ju , Song Yongming , Wang Qingwen
Published: January 2019

In this study, we used lithium chloride (LiCl) as a modifier to decrease the melting temperature (T
m) of polyamide 6 (PA6), and then, we fabricated wood‐fiber‐reinforced PA6–polypropylene (PP) blend composites via hot pressing. From crystallization analysis, the composites exhibited a lower T
m and a lower processing temperature compared to PA6. Color and Fourier transform infrared analyses showed that severe thermal degradation and discoloration of the composites could be prevented by the incorporation of LiCl. LiCl had positive effects on the mechanical properties of the final product and the interfacial compatibility among PA6, PP, and wood fiber. The flexural strength increased by 8.5%. In addition, both maleic anhydride grafted PP and wood fiber improved the mechanical properties. The flexural strengths increased by 7.9 and 40%, respectively. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47413.
Green and feasible fabrication of loose nanofiltration membrane with high efficiency for fractionation of dye/NaCl mixture by taking advantage of membrane fouling
Authors: Shen Lingdi , Li Peiyun , Zhang Tonghui
Published: January 2019

Loose nanofiltration membrane emerges as required recently, since it is hard for conventional nanofiltration membrane to fractionate mixture of dyes and salts in textile wastewater treatment. However, the polymeric membranes unavoidably suffer from membrane fouling, which was caused by the adsorption of organic pollutants (like dyes). Normally, the dye fouling layer will shrink membrane pore size, thus resulting in flux decline and rejection increase. It is thought that membrane fouling may be a double‐edged sword and can be an advantage if properly utilized. Thereby, loose nanofiltration membranes were constructed here by a green yet effective method to fractionate dyes/salt mixture by taking advantage of membrane fouling without using poisonous ingredients. A commercially available polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membrane with high permeability was chosen as the substrate, and dyes were used to contaminate PAN substrate and formed a stable barrier layer when adsorption of dyes reached dynamic equilibrium. The resultant PAN‐direct red 80 (DR80) composite membranes displayed superior permeability (~128.4 L m−2 h−1) and high rejection (~99.9%) to DR80 solutions at 0.4 MPa. Moreover, PAN‐DR80 membranes allowed fast fractionation of dyes/sodium chloride (NaCl) mixture, which maintained a negligible dye loss and a low NaCl rejection (~12.4%) with high flux of 113.6 L m−2 h−1 at 0.4 MPa. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47438.