bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations on quasi-Cauchy sequences
Authors: Çakallı Hüseyin
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we introduce and study new kinds of continuities. It turns out
that a function f defined on an interval is uniformly continuous if and only
if there exists a positive integer p such that f preserves p-quasi-Cauchy
sequences where a sequence (xn) is called p-quasi-Cauchy if the sequence of
differences between p-successive terms tends to 0.
First regularized trace of the limit assignment of Sturm-Liouville type with two constant delays
Authors: Pavlovic Natasa , Pikula Milenko , Vojvodic Biljana
Published: May 2015

We observe spectral assignment D2y = ?y defined by -y''(x) + q1(x)y(x - ?1)
+ q2(x)y(x - ?2) = ?y(x), ? = z2 (1) q1(x), q2(x) ? L1[0,?], ?1, ?2 ? (0,?)
y(x -?1)? 0, x ? (0, ?1], ?1 = k0?2 (2), y(?) = 0 (3) In this paper, we
construct a solution y(x, z) which satisfies (1) and (2), and then (3) is
used to construct the characteristic function F(z), z ? C. Then the
asymptotics of eigenvalues of the operator D2 is constructed. Finally, the
first regularized trace is calculated.
Best proximity point and best proximity coupled point in a complete metric space with (P)-property
Authors: Shatanawi Wasfi , Pitea Ariana
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we utilize the concept of (P)-property, weak (P)-property and
the comparison function to introduce and prove an existence and uniqueness
theorem of a best proximity point. Also, we introduce the notion of a best
proximity coupled point of a mapping F: X x X ? X. Using this notion and the
comparison function to prove an existence and uniqueness theorem of a best
proximity coupled point. Our results extend and improve many existing results
in the literature. Finally, we introduce examples to support our theorems.
Localic remote points revisited
Authors: Dube Themba , Mugochi Martin
Published: May 2015

We consider remote points in general extensions of frames, with an emphasis
on perfect extensions. For a strict extension ?XL ? L determined by a set X
of filters in L, we show that if there is an ultrafilter in X then the
extension has a remote point. In particular, if a completely regular frame L
has a maximal completely regular filter which is an ultrafilter, then ?L ? L
has a remote point, where ?L is the Stone-C?ch compactification of L. We
prove that in certain extensions associated with radical ideals and l-ideals
of reduced f-rings, remote points induced by algebraic data are exactly
non-essential prime ideals or non-essential irreducible l-ideals. Concerning
coproducts, we show that if M1 ? L1 and M2 ? L2 are extensions of T1-frames,
then each of these extensions has a remote point if the extensionM1?M2?L1?L2
has a remote point.
Sequential separability vs selective sequential separability
Authors: Bella Angelo , Costantini Camillo
Published: May 2015

A space X is sequentially separable if there is a countable D ? X such that
every point of X is the limit of a sequence of points from D. We present two
examples of a sequentially separable space which is not selectively
sequentially separable. One of them is in addition countable and sequential.
The non-equivalence of τ-ultracompactness and τ-boundedness
Authors: Boljiev Buras
Published: May 2015

The main result presented here is a solution to the following problem of V.
Saks: Does there exist M > X0 and a Hausdorff M-ultracompact space which is
not M-bounded? The main result is given in a stronger form than the problem
suggests itself: For each infinite cardinal ? there is a Hausdorff
?-ultracompact not ?-bounded space of density ?.
The quasi Scott (Lawson) topology and q-continuous (q-algebraic) complete lattices
Authors: Georgiou D.N. , Megaritis A.C.
Published: May 2015

Let L be a complete lattice. On L we define the so called quasi Scott
topology, denoted by ?qSc. This topology is always larger than or equal to
the Scott topology and smaller than or equal to the strong Scott topology.
Results concerning the above topology are given. Also, we introduce and
investigate the notions of q-continuous and q-algebraic complete lattices.
Finally, we give and examine the quasi Lawson topology on a complete
lattice.
In vitro sensitivity of Alternaria solani to conventional fungicides and a biofungicide based on tea tree essential oil
Authors: Stepanovic Milos , Jevremovic Stojan , Rekanovic Emil , Mihajlovic Milica , Milijasevic-Marcic Svetlana , Potocnik Ivana , Todorovic Biljana
Published: May 2015

A study of in vitro sensitivity of five Alternaria solani isolates to
cooper-oxychloride, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin and a
biofungicide based on tea tree essential oil was carried out. The isolates
were obtained from infected tomato leaves collected from five different
locations in Serbia. The tested isolates showed the highest sensitivity to
pyraclostrobin with EC50 values ranging from 0.0014 to 0.0041 ?g ml-1. The
EC50 values of difenoconazole were 0.018-0.037 ?g ml-1, chlorothalonil
2.99-4.54 ?g ml-1, and cooper-oxychloride 13.27-15.63 ?g ml-1. All tested A.
solani isolates were the least sensitive to tea tree oil (1323.97-3307.08 ?g
l-1).
Micronucleus frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes in a Serbian human population exposed to pesticides
Authors: Jovicic Dubravka , Pajic Jelena , Radivojevic Ljiljana , Rakic Boban , Saric-Krsmanovic Marija
Published: May 2015

Micronucleus (MN) is a biomarker widely used in biomonitoring studies for
determining the genetic risk associated with exposure to pesticides. The
purpose of this study was to assess damage to the genetic material of workers
occupationally exposed to pesticides as detected in micronucleus tests. The
research included 119 subjects divided into three groups: a control group of
39 subjects, a group of 40 subjects exposed to pesticides as producers and a
group of 40 pesticide applicators in the field. A Mann-Whitney U-test
displayed statistically significant differences between the parameter means
of all variables, and the control group. Significant differences were
observed between males involved in pesticide production and application for
the parameter MN4, then between non-smoking producers and applicators
regarding parameters MN2, MN3, MN4 and NB, as well as between the control and
applicator groups for parameter MN2, and between producers and applicators
for parameter MN3. Spearman?s correlation test showed a positive correlation
between the frequency of micronuclei and age of respondents, as well as their
smoking habits. A statistically significant difference in relation to
cytogenetic parameters was detected between the respondents working in
pesticide production and those working in the field. The results suggest that
applicators in the field do not use adequate personal protective equipment.
Regular biological monitoring of workers exposed to pesticides is required.
Ethical Leadership and Employee Voice: Employee Self-Efficacy and Self-Impact as Mediators
Authors: Wang Duanxu , Gan Chenjing , Wu Chaoyan , Wang Danqi
Published: May 2015

Previous studies have used social learning theory to explain the influence of ethical leadership. This study continues the previous research by using social learning theory to explain the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between ethical leadership and employee voice. In addition, this study extends previous studies by introducing expectancy theory to explore whether self-impact also mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and employee voice. Ethical leadership, self-efficacy, self-impact, and employee voice were assessed using paired surveys among 59 supervisors and 295 subordinates employed at nine firms in the People's Republic of China. Using HLM and SEM analyses, the results revealed that ethical leadership was positively related to employee voice and that this relationship was partially mediated by both self-efficacy and self-impact.
Comparison of CFD simulations with experimental data for a tanker model advancing in waves
Authors: Orihara Hideo
Published: May 2015

In this paper, CFD simulation results for a tanker model are compared with experimental data over a range of wave conditions to verify a capability to predict the sea-keeping performance of practical hull forms. CFD simulations are conducted using WISDAM-X code which is capable of unsteady RANS calculations in arbitrary wave conditions. Comparisons are made of unsteady surface pressures, added resistance and ship motions in regular waves for cases of fully-loaded and ballast conditions of a large tanker model. It is shown that the simulation results agree fairly well with the experimental data, and that WISDAM-X code can predict sea-keeping performance of practical hull forms.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antitumor activity of methanolic extract of Argyreia nervosa leaves on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma
Authors: Sharma Bhawna , Dhamija Isha , Kumar Sandeep , Chaudhary Hema
Published: May 2015

The herb of importance like Argyreia nervosa has shown wide range of pharmacological activities. Its methanolic extract of A. nervosa has been explored against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) induced liquid and solid tumor in mice. Liquid and solid tumors were induced by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous transplantation of EAC cells in Balb/C mice. Significant and dose dependant results are observed when the mice are sacrificed on 15th day for estimation of tumor proliferation, hematological, biochemical and hepatic antioxidant parameters. Mean survival time (days) was increased to 36.5 from 20.5 extract treated mice. The extract also showed a decrease (p<0.001) in body weight and percentage reduction in tumor volume respectively when it was evaluated in solid tumor induced mice for a period of 30 days.  From the result it was concluded that the extract has as a potent antitumor activity and that is comparable to 5-fluorouracil.

 
Robustness of Ensemble Climate Projections Analyzed with Climate Signal Maps: Seasonal and Extreme Precipitation for Germany
Authors: Pfeifer Susanne , Bülow Katharina , Gobiet Andreas , Hänsler Andreas , Mudelsee Manfred , Otto Juliane , Rechid Diana , Teichmann Claas , Jacob Daniela
Published: May 2015

Climate signal maps can be used to identify regions where robust climate changes can be derived from an ensemble of climate change simulations. Here, robustness is defined as a combination of model agreement and the significance of the individual model projections. Climate signal maps do not show all information available from the model ensemble, but give a condensed view in order to be useful for non-climate scientists who have to assess climate change impact during the course of their work. Three different ensembles of regional climate projections have been analyzed regarding changes of seasonal mean and extreme precipitation (defined as the number of days exceeding the 95th percentile threshold of daily precipitation) for Germany, using climate signal maps. Although the models used and the scenario assumptions differ for the three ensembles (representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 vs. RCP8.5 vs. A1B), some similarities in the projections of future seasonal and extreme precipitation can be seen. For the winter season, both mean and extreme precipitation are projected to increase. The strength, robustness and regional pattern of this increase, however, depends on the ensemble. For summer, a robust decrease of mean precipitation can be detected only for small regions in southwestern Germany and only from two of the three ensembles, whereas none of them projects a robust increase of summer extreme precipitation.
Radiative Recombination and Photoionization Data for Tungsten Ions. Electron Structure of Ions in Plasmas
Authors: Trzhaskovskaya Malvina , Nikulin Vladimir
Published: May 2015

Theoretical studies of tungsten ions in plasmas are presented. New calculations of the radiative recombination and photoionization cross-sections, as well as radiative recombination and radiated power loss rate coefficients have been performed for 54 tungsten ions for the range W6+–W71+. The data are of importance for fusion investigations at the reactor ITER, as well as devices ASDEX Upgrade and EBIT. Calculations are fully relativistic. Electron wave functions are found by the Dirac–Fock method with proper consideration of the electron exchange. All significant multipoles of the radiative field are taken into account. The radiative recombination rates and the radiated power loss rates are determined provided the continuum electron velocity is described by the relativistic Maxwell–Jüttner distribution. The impact of the core electron polarization on the radiative recombination cross-section is estimated for the Ne-like iron ion and for highly-charged tungsten ions within an analytical approximation using the Dirac–Fock electron wave functions. The effect is shown to enhance the radiative recombination cross-sections by ≲20%. The enhancement depends on the photon energy, the principal quantum number of polarized shells and the ion charge. The influence of plasma temperature and density on the electron structure of ions in local thermodynamic equilibrium plasmas is investigated. Results for the iron and uranium ions in dense plasmas are in good agreement with previous calculations. New calculations were performed for the tungsten ion in dense plasmas on the basis of the average-atom model, as well as for the impurity tungsten ion in fusion plasmas using the non-linear self-consistent field screening model. The temperature and density dependence of the ion charge, level energies and populations are considered.
An Analytical Model of Leakage Neutron Equivalent Dose for Passively-Scattered Proton Radiotherapy and Validation with Measurements
Authors: Schneider Christopher , Newhauser Wayne , Farah Jad
Published: May 2015

Exposure to stray neutrons increases the risk of second cancer development after proton therapy. Previously reported analytical models of this exposure were difficult to configure and had not been investigated below 100 MeV proton energy. The purposes of this study were to test an analytical model of neutron equivalent dose per therapeutic absorbed dose at 75 MeV and to improve the model by reducing the number of configuration parameters and making it continuous in proton energy from 100 to 250 MeV. To develop the analytical model, we used previously published H/D values in water from Monte Carlo simulations of a general-purpose beamline for proton energies from 100 to 250 MeV. We also configured and tested the model on in-air neutron equivalent doses measured for a 75 MeV ocular beamline. Predicted H/D values from the analytical model and Monte Carlo agreed well from 100 to 250 MeV (10% average difference). Predicted H/D values from the analytical model also agreed well with measurements at 75 MeV (15% average difference). The results indicate that analytical models can give fast, reliable calculations of neutron exposure after proton therapy. This ability is absent in treatment planning systems but vital to second cancer risk estimation.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics in Straight Microchannel of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
Authors: Seo Jang-Won , Kim Yoon-Ho , Kim Dongseon , Choi Young-Don , Lee Kyu-Jung
Published: May 2015

Performance tests were carried out for a microchannel printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE), which was fabricated with micro photo-etching and diffusion bonding technologies. The microchannel PCHE was tested for Reynolds numbers in the range of 100‒850 varying the hot-side inlet temperature between 40 °C–50 °C while keeping the cold-side temperature fixed at 20 °C. It was found that the average heat transfer rate and heat transfer performance of the countercurrrent configuration were 6.8% and 10%‒15% higher, respectively, than those of the parallel flow. The average heat transfer rate, heat transfer performance and pressure drop increased with increasing Reynolds number in all experiments. Increasing inlet temperature did not affect the heat transfer performance while it slightly decreased the pressure drop in the experimental range considered. Empirical correlations have been developed for the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop factor as functions of the Reynolds number.
Adaptive Micro-Grid Operation Based on IEC 61850
Authors: Deng Wei , Pei Wei , Shen Ziqi , Zhao Zhenxing , Qu Hui
Published: May 2015

Automatically identifying the new equipment after its integration and adjusting operation strategy to realize “plug and play” functionality are becoming essential for micro-grid operations. In order to improve and perfect the micro-grid “plug and play” function with the increased amount of equipment with different information protocols and more diverse system applications, this paper presents a solution for adaptive micro-grid operation based on IEC 61850, and proposes the design and specific implementation methods of micro-grid “plug and play” function and system operation mode conversion in detail, by using the established IEC 61850 information model of a micro-grid. Actual operation tests based on the developed IED and micro-grid test platform are performed to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed solution. The tests results show that the solution can automatically identify the IEC 61850 information model of equipment after its integration, intelligently adjust the operation strategies to adapt to new system states and achieves a reliable system operation mode conversion.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Maltese Potable Water
Authors: Bugeja Roberta , Shoemake Claire
Published: May 2015

This study evaluates the levels of aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in tap water samples of forty localities from around the Maltese Islands together with their corresponding service supply reservoirs. The heavy metal concentrations obtained indicated that concentrations of the elements were generally below the maximum allowed concentration established by the Maltese legislation. In terms of the Maltese and EU water quality regulations, 17.5% of the localities sampled yielded water that failed the acceptance criteria for a single metal in drinking water. Higher concentrations of some metals were observed in samples obtained at the end of the distribution network, when compared to the concentrations at the source. The observed changes in metal concentrations between the localities’ samples and the corresponding supply reservoirs were significant. The higher metal concentrations obtained in the samples from the localities can be attributed to leaching in the distribution network.
Estimating Risks of Heat Strain by Age and Sex: A Population-Level Simulation Model
Authors: Glass Kathryn , Tait Peter , Hanna Elizabeth , Dear Keith
Published: May 2015

Individuals living in hot climates face health risks from hyperthermia due to excessive heat. Heat strain is influenced by weather exposure and by individual characteristics such as age, sex, body size, and occupation. To explore the population-level drivers of heat strain, we developed a simulation model that scales up individual risks of heat storage (estimated using Myrup and Morgan’s man model “MANMO”) to a large population. Using Australian weather data, we identify high-risk weather conditions together with individual characteristics that increase the risk of heat stress under these conditions. The model identifies elevated risks in children and the elderly, with females aged 75 and older those most likely to experience heat strain. Risk of heat strain in males does not increase as rapidly with age, but is greatest on hot days with high solar radiation. Although cloudy days are less dangerous for the wider population, older women still have an elevated risk of heat strain on hot cloudy days or when indoors during high temperatures. Simulation models provide a valuable method for exploring population level risks of heat strain, and a tool for evaluating public health and other government policy interventions.
The Negative Affect Hypothesis of Noise Sensitivity
Authors: Shepherd Daniel , Heinonen-Guzejev Marja , Heikkilä Kauko , Dirks Kim , Hautus Michael , Welch David , McBride David
Published: May 2015

Some studies indicate that noise sensitivity is explained by negative affect, a dispositional tendency to negatively evaluate situations and the self. Individuals high in such traits may report a greater sensitivity to other sensory stimuli, such as smell, bright light and pain. However, research investigating the relationship between noise sensitivity and sensitivity to stimuli associated with other sensory modalities has not always supported the notion of a common underlying trait, such as negative affect, driving them. Additionally, other explanations of noise sensitivity based on cognitive processes have existed in the clinical literature for over 50 years. Here, we report on secondary analyses of pre-existing laboratory (n = 74) and epidemiological (n = 1005) data focusing on the relationship between noise sensitivity to and annoyance with a variety of olfactory-related stimuli. In the first study a correlational design examined the relationships between noise sensitivity, noise annoyance, and perceptual ratings of 16 odors. The second study sought differences between mean noise and air pollution annoyance scores across noise sensitivity categories. Results from both analyses failed to support the notion that, by itself, negative affectivity explains sensitivity to noise.
Intelligent Open Data 3D Maps in a Collaborative Virtual World
Authors: Virtanen Juho-Pekka , Hyyppä Hannu , Kämäräinen Ali , Hollström Tommi , Vastaranta Mikko , Hyyppä Juha
Published: May 2015

Three-dimensional (3D) maps have many potential applications, such as navigation and urban planning. In this article, we present the use of a 3D virtual world platform Meshmoon to create intelligent open data 3D maps. A processing method is developed to enable the generation of 3D virtual environments from the open data of the National Land Survey of Finland. The article combines the elements needed in contemporary smart city concepts, such as the connection between attribute information and 3D objects, and the creation of collaborative virtual worlds from open data. By using our 3D virtual world platform, it is possible to create up-to-date, collaborative 3D virtual models, which are automatically updated on all viewers. In the scenes, all users are able to interact with the model, and with each other. With the developed processing methods, the creation of virtual world scenes was partially automated for collaboration activities.
The Need for Translational Research to Advance Peripheral Artery Disease Management
Authors: Moxon Joseph , Golledge Jonathan
Published: May 2015

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a broad term encompassing a range of atherosclerotic and aneurysmal conditions of the extra-coronary arteries [1]. [...]
Clonal Expansion of T Cells in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Role for Doxycycline as Drug of Choice?
Authors: Kroon Albert , Taanman Jan-Willem
Published: May 2015

Most reported studies with animal models of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and several studies with patients have suggested that doxycycline favourably modifies AAA; however, a recent large long-term clinical trial found that doxycycline did not limit aneurysm growth. Thus, there is currently no convincing evidence that doxycycline reduces AAA expansion. Here, we critically review the available experimental and clinical information about the effects of doxycycline when used as a pharmacological treatment for AAA. The view that AAA can be considered an autoimmune disease and the observation that AAA tissue shows clonal expansion of T cells is placed in the light of the well-known inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by doxycycline. In T cell leukaemia animal models, this inhibitory effect of the antibiotic has been shown to impede T cell proliferation, resulting in complete tumour eradication. We suggest that the available evidence of doxycycline action on AAA is erroneously ascribed to its inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by competitive binding of the zinc ion co-factor. Although competitive binding may explain the inhibition of proteolytic activity, it does not explain the observed decreases of MMP mRNA levels. We propose that the observed effects of doxycycline are secondary to inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Provided that serum doxycycline levels are kept at adequate levels, the inhibition will result in a proliferation arrest, especially of clonally expanding T cells. This, in turn, leads to the decrease of proinflammatory cytokines that are normally generated by these cells. The drastic change in cell type composition may explain the changes in MMP mRNA and protein levels in the tissue samples.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Pathway in Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Hinterseher Irene , Schworer Charles , Lillvis John , Stahl Elizabeth , Erdman Robert , Gatalica Zoran , Tromp Gerard , Kuivaniemi Helena
Published: May 2015

Our previous analysis using genome-wide microarray expression data revealed extreme overrepresentation of immune related genes belonging the Natural Killer (NK) Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity pathway (hsa04650) in human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We followed up the microarray studies by immunohistochemical analyses using antibodies against nine members of the NK pathway (VAV1, VAV3, PLCG1, PLCG2, HCST, TYROBP, PTK2B, TNFA, and GZMB) and aortic tissue samples from AAA repair operations (n = 6) and control aortae (n = 8) from age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched donors from autopsies. The results confirmed the microarray results. Two different members of the NK pathway, HCST and GRZB, which act at different steps in the NK-pathway, were actively transcribed and translated into proteins in the same cells in the AAA tissue demonstrated by double staining. Furthermore, double staining with antibodies against CD68 or CD8 together with HCST, TYROBP, PTK2B or PLCG2 revealed that CD68 and CD8 positive cells expressed proteins of the NK-pathway but were not the only inflammatory cells involved in the NK-pathway in the AAA tissue. The results provide strong evidence that the NK Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity Pathway is activated in human AAA and valuable insight for future studies to dissect the pathogenesis of human AAA.
Transcriptional (ChIP-Chip) Analysis of ELF1, ETS2, RUNX1 and STAT5 in Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Pahl Matthew , Erdman Robert , Kuivaniemi Helena , Lillvis John , Elmore James , Tromp Gerard
Published: May 2015

We investigated transcriptional control of gene expression in human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We previously identified 3274 differentially expressed genes in human AAA tissue compared to non-aneurysmal controls. Four expressed transcription factors (ELF1, ETS2, STAT5 and RUNX1) were selected for genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation. Transcription factor binding was enriched in 4760 distinct genes (FDR < 0.05), of which 713 were differentially expressed in AAA. Functional classification using Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG, and Network Analysis revealed enrichment in several biological processes including “leukocyte migration” (FDR = 3.09 × 10−05) and “intracellular protein kinase cascade” (FDR = 6.48 × 10−05). In the control aorta, the most significant GO categories differed from those in the AAA samples and included “cytoskeleton organization” (FDR = 1.24 × 10−06) and “small GTPase mediated signal transduction” (FDR = 1.24 × 10−06). Genes up-regulated in AAA tissue showed a highly significant enrichment for GO categories “leukocyte migration” (FDR = 1.62 × 10−11), “activation of immune response” (FDR = 8.44 × 10−11), “T cell activation” (FDR = 4.14 × 10−10) and “regulation of lymphocyte activation” (FDR = 2.45 × 10−09), whereas the down-regulated genes were enriched in GO categories “cytoskeleton organization” (FDR = 7.84 × 10−05), “muscle cell development” (FDR = 1.00 × 10−04), and “organ morphogenesis” (FDR = 3.00 × 10−04). Quantitative PCR assays confirmed a sub-set of the transcription factor binding sites including those in MTMR11, DUSP10, ITGAM, MARCH1, HDAC8, MMP14, MAGI1, THBD and SPOCK1.
The Potential Role of DNA Methylation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Ryer Evan , Ronning Kaitryn , Erdman Robert , Schworer Charles , Elmore James , Peeler Thomas , Nevius Christopher , Lillvis John , Garvin Robert , Franklin David , Kuivaniemi Helena , Tromp Gerard
Published: May 2015

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a complex disorder that has a significant impact on the aging population. While both genetic and environmental risk factors have been implicated in AAA formation, the precise genetic markers involved and the factors influencing their expression remain an area of ongoing investigation. DNA methylation has been previously used to study gene silencing in other inflammatory disorders and since AAA has an extensive inflammatory component, we sought to examine the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in mononuclear blood cells of AAA cases and matched non-AAA controls. To this end, we collected blood samples and isolated mononuclear cells for DNA and RNA extraction from four all male groups: AAA smokers (n = 11), AAA non-smokers (n = 9), control smokers (n = 10) and control non-smokers (n = 11). Methylation data were obtained using the Illumina 450k Human Methylation Bead Chip and analyzed using the R language and multiple Bioconductor packages. Principal component analysis and linear analysis of CpG island subsets identified four regions with significant differences in methylation with respect to AAA: kelch-like family member 35 (KLHL35), calponin 2 (CNN2), serpin peptidase inhibitor clade B (ovalbumin) member 9 (SERPINB9), and adenylate cyclase 10 pseudogene 1 (ADCY10P1). Follow-up studies included RT-PCR and immunostaining for CNN2 and SERPINB9. These findings are novel and suggest DNA methylation may play a role in AAA pathobiology.
A Review of the Pathophysiology and Potential Biomarkers for Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Krishna Smriti , Moxon Joseph , Golledge Jonathan
Published: May 2015

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is due to the blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the lower limbs usually secondary to atherosclerosis. The most severe clinical manifestation of PAD is critical limb ischemia (CLI), which is associated with a risk of limb loss and mortality due to cardiovascular events. Currently CLI is mainly treated by surgical or endovascular revascularization, with few other treatments in routine clinical practice. There are a number of problems with current PAD management strategies, such as the difficulty in selecting the appropriate treatments for individual patients. Many patients undergo repeated attempts at revascularization surgery, but ultimately require an amputation. There is great interest in developing new methods to identify patients who are unlikely to benefit from revascularization and to improve management of patients unsuitable for surgery. Circulating biomarkers that predict the progression of PAD and the response to therapies could assist in the management of patients. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of PAD and examines the association between circulating biomarkers and PAD presence, severity and prognosis. While some currently identified circulating markers show promise, further larger studies focused on the clinical value of the biomarkers over existing risk predictors are needed.
Statin, Calcium Channel Blocker and Beta Blocker Therapy May Decrease the Incidence of Tuberculosis Infection in Elderly Taiwanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lee Mei-Yueh , Lin Kun-Der , Hsu Wei-Hao , Chang Hsiu-Ling , Yang Yi-Hsin , Hsiao Pi-Jung , Shin Shyi-Jang
Published: May 2015

Background: It is well known that diabetes mellitus impairs immunity and therefore is an independent risk factor for tuberculosis. However, the influence of associated metabolic factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and gout has yet to be confirmed. This study aimed to investigate whether the strong association between tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus is independent from the influence of hypertension and dyslipidemia, and its treatment in elderly Taiwanese patients. Methods: A total of 27,958 patients aged more than 65 years were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NIHRD) in 1997 and were followed from 1998 to 2009. The demographic characteristics between the patients with and without diabetes were analyzed using the χ2 test. A total of 13,981 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the independent effects of diabetes on the risk of tuberculosis. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, other co-morbidities and medications, calcium channel blocker, beta blocker and statin users had a lower independent association, with risk ratios of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.58–0.98), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.58–0.91) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.60–0.97), respectively. Conclusion: Calcium channel blocker, beta blocker and statin therapy may decrease the incidence of tuberculosis infection in elderly Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Polymorphisms of the Ovine BMPR-IB, BMP-15 and FSHR and Their Associations with Litter Size in Two Chinese Indigenous Sheep Breeds
Authors: Wang Weimin , Liu Shijia , Li Fadi , Pan Xiangyu , Li Chong , Zhang Xiaoxue , Ma Youji , La Yongfu , Xi Rui , Li Tingfu
Published: May 2015

The Small Tailed Han sheep and Hu sheep are two prolific local sheep in China. In this study, the polymorphisms of BMPR-IB (Bone morphogenetic protein receptor IB), BMP-15 (Bone morphogenetic protein 15) and FSHR (follicle stimulating hormone receptor) were investigated to check whether they are associated with litter size in Small Tailed Han sheep and Hu sheep. Consequently, three polymorphisms, FecB mutation in BMPR-IB (c.746A>G), FecG mutation in BMP-15 (c.718C>T) and the mutation (g. 47C>T) in FSHR were found in the above two sheep breeds with a total number of 1630 individuals. The single marker association analysis showed that the three mutations were significantly associated with litter size. The ewes with genotype FecBB/FecBB and FecBB/FecB+ had 0.78 and 0.58 more lambs (p < 0.01) than those with genotype FecB+/FecB+, respectively. The heterozygous Han and Hu ewes with FecXG/FecX+ genotype showed 0.30 (p = 0.05) more lambs than those with the FecX+/FecX+ genotype. For FSHR gene, the ewes with genotype CC had 0.52 (p < 0.01) and 0.75 (p < 0.01) more lambs than those with genotypes TC and TT, respectively. Combined effect analyses indicated an extremely significant interaction (p < 0.01) between the random combinations of BMPR-IB, BMP-15 and FSHR genes on litter size. In addition, the Han and Hu ewes with BB/G+/CC genotype harbor the highest litter size among ewes analyzed in current study. In conclusion, BMPR-IB, BMP-15 and FSHR polymorphisms could be used as genetic markers in multi-gene pyramiding for improving litter size in sheep husbandry.
The Role of Malware in Reported Cyber Espionage: A Review of the Impact and Mechanism
Authors: Wangen Gaute
Published: May 2015

The recent emergence of the targeted use of malware in cyber espionage versus industry requires a systematic review for better understanding of its impact and mechanism. This paper proposes a basic taxonomy to document major cyber espionage incidents, describing and comparing their impacts (geographic or political targets, origins and motivations) and their mechanisms (dropper, propagation, types of operating systems and infection rates). This taxonomy provides information on recent cyber espionage attacks that can aid in defense against cyber espionage by providing both scholars and experts a solid foundation of knowledge about the topic. The classification also provides a systematic way to document known and future attacks to facilitate research activities. Geopolitical and international relations researchers can focus on the impacts, and malware and security experts can focus on the mechanisms. We identify several dominant patterns (e.g., the prevalent use of remote access Trojan and social engineering). This article concludes that the research and professional community should collaborate to build an open data set to facilitate the geopolitical and/or technical analysis and synthesis of the role of malware in cyber espionage.
The Synovial Lining and Synovial Fluid Properties after Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Kung Michael , Markantonis John , Nelson Scott , Campbell Patricia
Published: May 2015

The lubrication of the cartilaginous structures in human joints is provided by a fluid from a specialized layer of cells at the surface of a delicate tissue called the synovial lining. Little is known about the characteristics of the fluids produced after a joint arthroplasty procedure. A literature review was carried out to identify papers that characterized the synovial lining and the synovial fluids formed after total hip or knee arthroplasty. Five papers about synovial lining histology and six papers about the lubricating properties of the fluids were identified. The cells making up the re-formed synovial lining, as well as the lining of interface membranes, were similar to the typical Type A and B synoviocytes of normal joints. The synovial fluids around joint replacement devices were typically lower in viscosity than pre-arthroplasty fluids but the protein concentration and phospholipid concentrations tended to be comparable, suggesting that the lining tissue function was preserved after arthroplasty. The widespread, long-term success of joint arthroplasty suggests that the lubricant formed from implanted joint synovium is adequate for good clinical performance in the majority of joints. The role the fluid plays in component wear or failure is a topic for future study.
Influence of Particulate Reinforcement and Equal-Channel Angular Pressing on Fatigue Crack Growth of an Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Köhler Lisa , Hockauf Kristin , Lampke Thomas
Published: May 2015

The fatigue crack growth behavior of unreinforced and particulate reinforced Al 2017 alloy, manufactured by powder metallurgy and additional equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), is investigated. The reinforcement was done with 5 vol % Al2O3 particles with a size fraction of 0.2–2 µm. Our study presents the characterization of these materials by electron microscopy, tensile testing, and fatigue crack growth measurements. Whereas particulate reinforcement leads to a drastic decrease of the grain size, the influence of ECAP processing on the grain size is minor. Both reinforced conditions, with and without additional ECAP processing, exhibit reduced fatigue crack growth thresholds as compared to the matrix material. These results can be ascribed to the well-known effect of the grain size on the crack growth, since crack deflection and closure are directly affected. Despite their small grain size, the thresholds of both reinforced conditions depend strongly on the load ratio: tests at high load ratios reduce the fatigue threshold significantly. It is suggested that the strength of the particle-matrix-interface becomes the critical factor here and that the particle fracture at the interfaces dominates the failure behavior.
Comparative Study on the Efficiency of the Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans Using CdTe Quantum Dots, Zn(II) Porphyrin and Their Conjugates as Photosensitizers
Authors: Viana Osnir , Ribeiro Martha , Rodas Andréa , Rebouças Júlio , Fontes Adriana , Santos Beate
Published: May 2015

The application of fluorescent II-VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as active photosensitizers in photodymanic inactivation (PDI) is still being evaluated. In the present study, we prepared 3 nm size CdTe QDs coated with mercaptosuccinic acid and conjugated them electrostatically with Zn(II) meso-tetrakis (N-ethyl-2-pyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin (ZnTE-2-PyP or ZnP), thus producing QDs-ZnP conjugates. We evaluated the capability of the systems, bare QDs and conjugates, to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and applied them in photodynamic inactivation in cultures of Candida albicans by irradiating the QDs and testing the hypothesis of a possible combined contribution of the PDI action. Tests of in vitro cytotoxicity and phototoxicity in fibroblasts were also performed in the presence and absence of light irradiation. The overall results showed an efficient ROS production for all tested systems and a low cytotoxicity (cell viability >90%) in the absence of radiation. Fibroblasts incubated with the QDs-ZnP and subjected to irradiation showed a higher cytotoxicity (cell viability <90%) depending on QD concentration compared to the bare groups. The PDI effects of bare CdTe QD on Candida albicans demonstrated a lower reduction of the cell viability (~1 log10) compared to bare ZnP which showed a high microbicidal activity (~3 log10) when photoactivated. The QD-ZnP conjugates also showed reduced photodynamic activity against C. albicans compared to bare ZnP and we suggest that the conjugation with QDs prevents the transmembrane cellular uptake of the ZnP molecules, reducing their photoactivity.
Structural Characteristics and Non-Linear Optical Behaviour of a 2-Hydroxynicotinate-Containing Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Framework
Authors: Mendiratta Shruti , Lee Cheng-Hua , Lee Sih-Ying , Kao Ya-Chuan , Chang Bor-Chen , Lo Yih-Hsing , Lu Kuang-Lieh
Published: May 2015

Materials with non-linear optical (NLO) properties play an important role in the construction of electronic devices for optical communications, optical data processing and data storage. With this aim in mind, a Zn(II)-based metal-organic framework {[Zn2(nica)2(bpy)1.5(H2O)]×0.5(bpy)×3H2O}n (1), was synthesized using 4,4ʹ-bipyridine (bpy) and a potentially bidentate ligand, 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (H2nica) with a salicylate binding moiety. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that compound 1 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Fdd2 and was composed of a three dimensional porous framework. Since Fdd2 belonged to a class of non-centrosymmetric space groups, we therefore investigated the non-linear optical behaviour of compound 1. Photoluminescence studies revealed that compound 1 exhibited a blue light emission with a maxima at 457 nm.
Thermo-Optical Properties of Thin-Film TiO2–Al2O3 Bilayers Fabricated by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Ali Rizwan , Saleem Muhammad , Pääkkönen Pertti , Honkanen Seppo
Published: May 2015

We investigate the optical and thermo-optical properties of amorphous TiO\(_2\)–Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) thin-film bilayers fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Seven samples of TiO\(_2\)–Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) bilayers are fabricated by growing Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) films of different thicknesses on the surface of TiO\(_2\) films of constant thickness (100 nm). Temperature-induced changes in the optical refractive indices of these thin-film bilayers are measured by a variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer VASE\textsuperscript{\textregistered}. The optical data and the thermo-optic coefficients of the films are retrieved and calculated by applying the Cauchy model and the linear fitting regression algorithm, in order to evaluate the surface porosity model of TiO\(_2\) films. The effects of TiO\(_2\) surface defects on the films' thermo-optic properties are reduced and modified by depositing ultra-thin ALD-Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) diffusion barrier layers. Increasing the ALD-Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) thickness from 20 nm to 30 nm results in a sign change of the thermo-optic coefficient of the ALD-TiO\(_2\). The thermo-optic coefficients of the 100 nm-thick ALD-TiO\(_2\) film and 30 nm-thick ALD-Al\(_2\)O\(_3\) film in a bilayer are (0.048 \(\pm\) 0.134) \(\times 10 ^{-4} {^\circ}\mathrm {C}^{-1}\) and (0.680 \(\pm\) 0.313) \(\times 10^{-4} {^\circ} \mathrm {C}^{-1}\), respectively, at a temperature \(T = 62 ^\circ \mathrm{C}\).
A Colorimetric Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Detection Platform for a Point-of-Care Dengue Detection System on a Lab-on-Compact-Disc
Authors: Thiha Aung , Ibrahim Fatimah
Published: May 2015

The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is the gold standard clinical diagnostic tool for the detection and quantification of protein biomarkers. However, conventional ELISA tests have drawbacks in their requirement of time, expensive equipment and expertise for operation. Hence, for the purpose of rapid, high throughput screening and point-of-care diagnosis, researchers are miniaturizing sandwich ELISA procedures on Lab-on-a-Chip and Lab-on-Compact Disc (LOCD) platforms. This paper presents a novel integrated device to detect and interpret the ELISA test results on a LOCD platform. The system applies absorption spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance (optical density) of the sample using a monochromatic light source and optical sensor. The device performs automated analysis of the results and presents absorbance values and diagnostic test results via a graphical display or via Bluetooth to a smartphone platform which also acts as controller of the device. The efficacy of the device was evaluated by performing dengue antibody IgG ELISA on 64 hospitalized patients suspected of dengue. The results demonstrate high accuracy of the device, with 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity in detection when compared with gold standard commercial ELISA microplate readers. This sensor platform represents a significant step towards establishing ELISA as a rapid, inexpensive and automatic testing method for the purpose of point-of-care-testing (POCT) in resource-limited settings.
Alpha EEG Frontal Asymmetries during Audiovisual Perception in Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Maglione A. G. , Scorpecci A. , Malerba P. , Marsella P. , Giannantonio S. , Colosimo A. , Babiloni F. , Vecchiato G.
Published: May 2015

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to investigate the variations of the electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha rhythm in order to measure the appreciation of bilateral and unilateral young cochlear implant users during the observation of a musical cartoon. The cartoon has been modified for the generation of three experimental conditions: one with the original audio, another one with a distorted sound and, finally, a mute version.

Methods: The EEG data have been recorded during the observation of the cartoons in the three experimental conditions. The frontal alpha EEG imbalance has been calculated as a measure of motivation and pleasantness to be compared across experimental populations and conditions.

Results: The EEG frontal imbalance of the alpha rhythm showed significant variations during the perception of the different cartoons. In particular, the pattern of activation of normal-hearing children is very similar to the one elicited by the bilateral implanted patients. On the other hand, results related to the unilateral subjects do not present significant variations of the imbalance index across the three cartoons.

Conclusion: The presented results suggest that the unilateral patients could not appreciate the difference in the audio format as well as bilaterally implanted and normal hearing subjects. The frontal alpha EEG imbalance is a useful tool to detect the differences in the appreciation of audiovisual stimuli in cochlear implant patients.
Enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit in engineered graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Sadeghi Hatef , Sangtarash Sara , Lambert Colin J
Published: May 2015

We demonstrate that thermoelectric properties of graphene nanoribbons can be dramatically improved by introducing nanopores. In monolayer graphene, this increases the electronic thermoelectric figure of merit ZTe from 0.01 to 0.5. The largest values of ZTe are found when a nanopore is introduced into bilayer graphene, such that the current flows from one layer to the other via the inner surface of the pore, for which values as high as ZTe = 2.45 are obtained. All thermoelectric properties can be further enhanced by tuning the Fermi energy of the leads.