bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo performance of two different hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium prepared by discharging in electrolytes
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroki , Shibata Yo , Tachikawa Tetsuhiko , Miyazaki Takashi
Published: December 2005

This study reports a discharging method for bone‐like carbonated HA (cHA)‐coating (Ca/P 1.71) and stoichiometric HA (sHA)‐coating (Ca/P 1.67) with micrometer order thicknesses on titanium plates, using modified body fluid and acidic calcium phosphate solutions, respectively. In vivo histological performance of the HA coatings prepared by discharging in electrolytes was evaluated. Bone‐contact indexes of HA coatings were measured microscopically. Additionally, bone‐coating interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and the use of an electron probe microanalyzer. Results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in contact index between HA coatings. However, the cHA coating was practically replaced by immature bone, and the titanium metal substrate was directly connected to the bone structure whereas the sHA coating layer remained and was partially detached from the titanium metal substrate. Since detached coating particles are pathogens, and can cause peri‐implantitis, the cHA coating was more favorable than the sHA coating even if contact index was equivalent to that of the sHA coating. It is thought that coating thickness and chemical composition of coatings are important for biological stability of implants. In conclusion, since bone‐like thin cHA coating showed high osteoconductivity and bone replacement, bone‐like HA is superior to sHA coating for use in dental implants. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Effects of additives on the rheological properties and injectability of a calcium phosphate bone substitute material
Authors: Wang Xiupeng , Ye Jiandong , Wang Hai
Published: December 2005

An injectable calcium phosphate bone substitute material has been prepared by mixing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) for use in noninvasive surgery, and the influence of additives, such as disodium hydrogen phosphate, polyethylene glycol (PEG), glycerin, and citric acid, on the rheological properties and injectability of the ACP + DCPD cement system have been studied in this work. Novel approach of thixotropy measurement has been used to characterize the stability of the pastes. The results show that the injectability and the setting time can be augmented by the addition of disodium phosphate solution to the paste but reduced by the addition of PEG 200, glycerin, or citric acid to the paste. This study suggests that the injectability and the setting time of the ACP + DCPD bone substitute material can be balanced, and the injectable calcium phosphate bone substitute material with satisfied fluidity and injectability for clinical operation can be prepared by optimizing the additives and their concentrations, according to different clinical requirements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Hydrogen absorption of titanium and nickel‐titanium alloys during long‐term immersion in neutral fluoride solution
Authors: Yokoyama Ken'ichi , Ogawa Toshio , Asaoka Kenzo , Sakai Jun'ichi
Published: December 2005

Hydrogen absorption of biomedical titanium and Ni‐Ti alloys in a neutral fluoride (2.0% NaF) solution for up to 10,000 h at 37°C has been evaluated by means of hydrogen thermal desorption analysis. For α titanium (commercial pure titanium), the amount of absorbed hydrogen was, at most, 10–30 mass ppm, and the corrosion product and hydride formation were revealed on the surface of the specimen by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Ni‐Ti superelastic alloy absorbed ∼150 mass ppm of hydrogen, which was probably sufficient to result in the pronounced degradation of the mechanical properties, although corrosion was hardly observed. In contrast, hydrogen absorption of α‐β titanium (Ti‐6Al‐4V) and β titanium (Ti‐11.3Mo‐6.6Zr‐4.3Sn) alloys was negligible, although general corrosion was observed. The results of the present study indicate that the susceptibility of titanium and Ni‐Ti alloys to hydrogen absorption in the neutral fluoride solution is different from that in the acidic fluoride solution reported previously. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Adsorption of biometals to monosodium titanate in biological environments
Authors: Hobbs D. T. , Messer R. L. W. , Lewis J. B. , Click D. R. , Lockwood P. E. , Wataha J. C.
Published: December 2005

Monosodium titanate (MST) is an inorganic sorbent/ion exchanger developed for the removal of radionuclides from nuclear wastes. We investigated the ability of MST to bind Cd(II), Hg(II), Au(III), or the Au‐organic compound auranofin to establish the utility of MST for applications in environmental decontamination or medical therapy (drug delivery). Adsorption isotherms for MST were determined at pH 7–7.5 in water or phosphate‐buffered saline. The extent of metal binding was determined spectroscopically by measuring the concentrations of the metals in solution before and after contact with the MST. Cytotoxic responses to MST were assessed using THP1 monocytes and succinate dehydrogenase activity. Monocytic activation by MST was assessed by TNFα secretion (ELISA) with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. MST adsorbed Cd(II), Hg(II), and Au(III) under conditions similar to those in physiological systems. MST exhibited the highest affinity for Cd(II) followed by Hg(II) and Au (III). MST (up to 100 mg/L) exhibited only minor (<25% suppression of succinate dehydrogenase) cytotoxicity and did not trigger TNFα secretion nor modulate LPS‐induced TNFα secretion from monocytes. MST exhibits high affinity for biometals with no significant biological liabilities in these introductory studies. MST deserves further scrutiny as a substance with the capacity to decontaminate biological environments or deliver metals or metal compounds for therapeutic applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
On fans in multigraphs
Authors: Cariolaro David
Published: December 2005

We introduce a unifying framework for studying edge‐coloring problems on multigraphs. This is defined in terms of a rooted directed multigraph $\cal F$, which is naturally associated to the set of fans based at a given vertex u in a multigraph G. We call $\cal F$ the “Fan Digraph.” We show that fans in G based at u are in one‐to‐one correspondence with directed trails in $\cal F$ starting at the root of $\cal F$. We state and prove a central theorem about the fan digraph, which embodies many edge‐coloring results and expresses them at a higher level of abstraction. Using this result, we derive short proofs of classical theorems. We conclude with a new, generalized version of Vizing's Adjacency Lemma for multigraphs, which is stronger than all those known to the author. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 51: 301–318, 2006
Allele C‐specific methylation of the 5‐HT2A receptor gene: Evidence for correlation with its expression and expression of DNA methylase DNMT1
Authors: Polesskaya Oxana O. , Aston Christopher , Sokolov Boris P.
Published: December 2005

Differential DNA methylation has been suggested to contribute to differential activity of alleles C and T and thereby to genetic associations between the C/T(102) polymorphism in the 5‐HT2A receptor gene (5HT2AR) and psychiatric disorders. We surveyed methylation in two CpG sites, which are specific to allele C. The majority of allele C‐specific CpG sites were methylated in human temporal cortex and peripheral leukocytes and levels of methylation varied between individuals. Levels of methylation in the promoter correlated significantly with the expression of 5HT2AR. Methylation of allele C‐specific CpG sites in the first exon correlated significantly with the expression of DNA methylase 1 (DNMT1) but not S‐adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AHCY). These findings support the hypothesis that allele‐specific DNA methylation is involved in regulation of 5HT2AR expression, influencing expression differences between alleles C and T. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The measurement of tourist destination image: applying a sketch map technique
Authors: Son Aram
Published: December 2005

This study was conducted in order to identify the images of two Australian cities, Sydney and Melbourne, held by international students on English language programmes. It used a sketch‐map methodology supplemented by a range of question types and styles. The results were analysed based on 115 completed questionnaires distributed to international students at Holmes College, an English language teaching institution with campuses in both Melbourne and Sydney. The results of the sketch maps of the two cities indicated that Sydney is perceived as a spatially dominated city, whereas Melbourne is seen as a path orientated city. The study confirmed that a sketch map technique could be used as an alternative or supplementary method to measure tourists' spatial orientation in a tourist destination. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptions of foreign tourists by local service providers: the case of Fethiye, Turkey
Authors: Kozak Metin , Tasci Asli D. A.
Published: December 2005

A substantial amount of research has been carried out on foreign tourists' perceptions of the attitude and behaviour of locals. However, locals' perceptions of foreign tourists' attitude and behaviour has not received as much attention from researchers. The aim of this study was to empirically investigate the locals' perceptions of attitude and behaviour of those foreign tourists who regularly visit a destination. The study was undertaken on various local service providers in the tourism and hotel industry, such as hotels, restaurants, travel agencies and gift shops in the central part of Fethiye, a popular tourist town in southwest Turkey. Using both open‐ended and structured questions, locals' perceptions of two nationalities of foreign tourists, namely British and Germans, were measured. Findings revealed that, overall British tourists were viewed as more positive than their German counterparts. Theoretical and practical implications are provided, followed by limitations and future research suggestions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clustering of Chinese tourists to Singapore: an analysis of their motivations, values and satisfaction
Authors: Kau Ah Keng , Lim Pei Shan
Published: December 2005

This paper presents the findings of a survey through the use of a structured questionnaire of over 240 visitors from China to Singapore in February 2003. The main objective is to determine if these tourists could be effectively segmented based on their motivations for travel. The analysis of the survey data confirmed that they could be clustered into four main segments. Each of the segments was found to possess unique profiles in terms of demographic background, trip‐related characteristics and personal values. The segments were also assessed of their levels of satisfaction with various attributes offered by Singapore as a tourist destination. In addition, their overall satisfaction, likelihood of revisit and likelihood of making positive word‐of‐mouth recommendation to others were also determined. In all of these, the segments were found to differ significantly from each other. Finally, the implications of these findings were discussed and suggestions made as to how Singapore could effectively develop marketing strategies to attract these tourists, bearing in mind that China was the third largest tourist generating country for Singapore and they collectively contributed over S$300 million to the Singapore economy in 2002. In fact, tourist arrival from China increased further after SARS in 2003, reaching over 880,000 in 2004 and became the second largest tourist group after Indonesia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 24/2005
Authors: Noguchi Yuji , Okeyoshi Kosuke , Yoshida Ryo
Published: December 2005

Cover:
Pd(II)‐catalyzed polymerization of optically active norbornene carboxylic acid esters
Authors: Byun Gwang‐Su , Kim Sang Youl , Cho Iwhan
Published: December 2005

(−)‐(1S,2R)‐Norbornene‐2‐carboxylic acid alkyl esters (alkyl = Me, Bz, L‐menthyl, or D‐menthyl) were successfully prepared by the Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with (R)‐(−)‐pantolactone‐O‐yl acrylate followed by epimerization and column chromatography. The enantiomeric excess was 99.9%. These monomers were polymerized by Pd(II)‐based catalysts, and high yields of the polymers were obtained. The methyl ester gave an optically active polymer of high optical rotation (monomer [α]D = −24.7, polymer [α]D = −98.5). This high rotation value of the polymer was attributed to the isotactic chain regulation of the polymer. This high rotation was not observed with methyl esters prepared by the transesterification of menthyl esters. The stereoregular polymer exhibited notable resonance peaks at 39 ppm in 13C NMR spectra. No crystallinity was observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1263–1270, 2006
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal properties of a novel pentaerythritol‐initiated star‐shaped poly(p‐dioxanone)
Authors: Huang Hai‐Xia , Yang Ke‐Ke , Wang Yu‐Zhong , Wang Xiu‐Li , Li Jun
Published: December 2005

A novel star‐shaped poly(p‐dioxanone) was synthesized by the ring‐opening polymerization of p‐dioxanone initiated by pentaerythritol with stannous octoate as a catalyst in bulk. The effect of the molar ratio of the monomer to the initiator on the polymerization was studied. The polymers were characterized with 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the polymers were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The novel star‐shaped poly(p‐dioxanone) has a potential use in biomedical materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1245–1251, 2006
Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Srivastava S. K. , Pramanik M. , Acharya H.
Published: December 2005

This article highlights the history, synthetic routes, material properties, and scope of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/clay nanocomposites. These nanocomposites of EVAs are achieved with either unmodified or organomodified layered silicates with different methods. The structures of the resulting polymer/inorganic nanocomposites have been characterized with X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The addition of a small amount of clay, typically less than 8 wt %, to the polymer matrix unusually promotes the material properties, such as the mechanical, thermal, and swelling properties, and increases the flame retardancy of these hybrids. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 471–480, 2006
Effect of soft segment component on moisture‐permeable polyurethane films
Authors: Shibaya Miaki , Suzuki Yosuke , Doro Mutsuko , Ishihara Hideaki , Yoshihara Nori , Enomoto Masao
Published: December 2005

The effect of soft segment component and molecular weight combination on moisture‐permeable polyurethane films was studied. Moreover, water sorption phenomenon in films was observed with infrared analysis. As for soft segment components, PTMG/PEG and PTMG/PPG were used and molecular weight combinations were changed. Different tendency appeared in the experimental results corresponding to PEG system and PPG system. Moisture permeability P in PEG system increased with increasing PEG content, but P changed little in the case of PPG system. Both hydrogen‐bonded concentration by infrared measurement and the higher order term Δh of Mooney–Rivlin plot by stress–strain relationships indicate the existence of aggregate structure of hard segment. It is considered that ether group in PEG is more active than that in PPG. Therefore, small size of aggregate structure indicated as Δh appears in PEG system owing to inhibition of aggregate structure growth. Whereas, ether group in PPG system does not inhibit hydrogen bond in urethane group and large size of aggregate structure appears. From water affinity relationship analysis, hydrophilicity of samples with PTMG/PEG = 2000/2000 increased with increasing PEG content. Consequently, it is suggested that not only size but also hydrogen‐bonded concentration of urethane group in aggregate structure affects moisture permeability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 573–583, 2006
Biodegradable poly(alkylene succinate) blends: Thermal behavior and miscibility study
Authors: Papageorgiou George Z. , Bikiaris Dimitrios N.
Published: December 2005

New binary blends composed of poly(ethylene succinate) and poly(propylene succinate) or poly(ethylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate) were prepared. Both PESu/PPSu and PESu/PBSu systems belong to semicrystalline/semicrystalline pairs. The miscibility and crystallization behavior was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and polarizing light microscopy (PLM). Blends of PESu and PPSu exhibited a single composition dependent glass transition temperature over the entire range of composition, indicating that the system is miscible. The melting point depression of the high melting temperature component, PESu, was analyzed according to the Nishi‐Wang equation. A negative polymer–polymer interaction parameter was obtained, indicating that the blends are thermodynamically miscible in the melt. The two components crystallized sequentially when the blends were cooled rapidly to a low temperature. DSC traces of PESu/PBSu blends after quenching showed two distinct composition dependent glass transition temperatures between those of the neat polymers, showing that the polymers are partially miscible. The amorphous PESu/PBSu blends in the intermediate compositions showed three cold‐crystallization peaks, indicating the influence of mixing. The crystallization rates of PBSu were reduced and those of PESu were increased. WAXD showed reduced crystallinity and peak broadening in the patterns of the blends of intermediate compositions, while no spherulites could be detected by PLM. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 584–597, 2006
Folding mechanism of β‐hairpins studied by replica exchange molecular simulations
Authors: Zhang Jian , Qin Meng , Wang Wei
Published: December 2005

The folding process of trpzip2 β‐hairpin is studied by the replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) and normal MD simulations, aiming to understand the folding mechanism of this unique small, stable, and fast folder, as well as to reveal the general principles in the folding of β‐hairpins. According to our simulations, the TS ensemble is mainly characterized by a largely formed turn and the interaction between the inner pair of hydrophobic core residues. The folding is a zipping up of hydrogen bonds. However, the nascent turn has to be stabilized by the partially formed hydrophobic core to cross the TS. Thus our folding picture is in essence a blend of hydrogen bond‐centric and hydrophobic core‐centric mechanism. Our simulations provide a direct evidence for a very recent experiment (Du et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:15915–15920), which suggests that the turn formation is the rate‐limiting step for β‐hairpin folding and the unfolding is mainly determined by the hydrophobic interactions. Besides, the relationship between hydrogen bond stabilities and their relative importance in folding are investigated. It is found that the hydrogen bonds with higher stabilities need not play more important roles in the folding process, and vice versa. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Statistical Investigation and Optimization of an Industrial Radiography Inspection Process for Aero‐engine Components
Authors: Wong W. K. , Ng S. H. , Xu K.
Published: December 2005

Obtaining a high‐quality radiographic image is imperative in a radiography inspection process as it improves the identification of flaws in aero‐engine parts, which in turn enhances the reliability and safety of aircrafts. Existing methods to improve the radiographic inspection process are ad hoc and rely heavily on the experiences of radiographers. The radiographic images obtained from X‐rays have dual conflicting quality features, contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution, and have to satisfy a density reading constraint. This paper investigates an industrial radiography inspection process using statistical design of experiments (DOE) and analysis to determine optimal design settings for the process. The investigation adapts from the standard response surface methodology (RSM) and provides a promising alternative to the current methods. It has several key features such as the sequential DOE to first determine the feasible region imposed by the film density constraint, a sliding‐level system design to handle the irregular region, and an optimization formulation to optimize the dual image quality responses simultaneously. It provides a systematic approach to analyzing processes with secondary response constraints, and provides a quantitative basis for selecting optimum process settings. To evaluate the effectiveness of the statistical models obtained for industrial radiography, the probability of detection methodology is used to compare the optimum process settings recommended. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biased Reduced Sampling: Detectability of an Attribute and Estimation of Prevalence
Authors: Graves Todd , Hamada Michael
Published: December 2005

In surveilling a population, detection of systems with an attribute of interest and estimation of the prevalence of the attribute in the population are two main goals. Due to cost constraints, only a subset of all components of sampled systems may be fully tested. Biasing the sampling to increase the probability of choosing a component with an attribute of interest ameliorates the impact of reduced sampling. In this paper, we consider the impact of biased reduced sampling on detection and propose an approach for estimating the prevalence of the attribute in the population which properly accounts for the biasing. The proposed method is illustrated with a simulated example. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serving students online: Enhancing their learning experience
Authors: Shea Patricia A.
Published: December 2005

Student services Web sites need to be student‐centered, convenient, and efficient in order to address the complex needs of both distance and campus‐based students.
Implementing the web of student services
Authors: Kendall Janet Ross
Published: December 2005

Providing high‐quality student services to students enrolled in distance education programs is a critical link to the academic success of this growing student population.
Weaving silos—a leadership challenge: A cross‐functional team approach to supporting web‐based student services
Authors: Kleemann Gary L.
Published: December 2005

The author reviews the evolution of Web services–from information sharing to transactional to relationship building–and the progression from first‐generation to fourth‐generation Web sites.
Effect of reduction in endogenous dopamine on extrastriatal binding of [11C]FLB 457 in rat brain—An ex vivo study
Authors: Ahmad Rabia , Hirani Ella , Grasby Paul M. , Hume Susan P.
Published: December 2005

Carbon‐11 labeled FLB 457 has been used successfully as a selective, high affinity PET ligand for the quantification of extrastriatal D2‐like receptors in man. This study was carried out in rats to investigate regional values for maximal binding and ED50(a measure of apparentKd) for the radioligand in vivo in control animals and in a group pretreated with the neuronal impulse flow inhibitor, γ‐butyrolactone. The aims were to obtain further information regarding the specific activity needed to ensure tracer kinetics and to investigate baseline occupancy by dopamine (DA), each relevant to optimal clinical use of the radioligand. RegionalBmaxvalues were consistent with the distribution of D2‐like receptors in rat brain. Of interest, 60% of the binding in cerebellum, often used as a low‐binding “reference region” for PET quantification, was saturable, withBmaxonly 2‐ to 3‐fold less than that in neocortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. ED50values were in the range 2–3 nmol/kg, confirming minimal receptor occupancy by the tracer in human PET, using high but achievable specific activities. In the majority of extrastriatal tissues, reduction in synaptic DA did not significantly decrease the apparentKd, except in cortical regions, where the extent of the effect suggested a low (∼10%), but measurable baseline receptor occupancy by DA. Synapse 59:162–172, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A chamber system with automatic opening and closing for continuously measuring soil respiration based on an open‐flow dynamic method
Authors: Suh Sang‐Uk , Chun Young‐Moon , Chae Nam‐yi , Kim Joon , Lim Jong‐Hwan , Yokozawa Masayuki , Lee Mi‐Sun , Lee Jae‐Seok
Published: December 2005

We developed an automatic opening and closing chamber system (AOCC) based on an open‐flow dynamic method (open‐flow AOCC). The AOCC can be used during all four seasons, even at the surface of relatively deep snow. We compared the open‐flow AOCC with two closed dynamic methods [the AOCC configured as a closed dynamic system (closed dynamic AOCC) and the LI‐6400 system] under field conditions. The closed dynamic‐AOCC and LI‐6400 measurements were about 15.4% and 5.2% lower, respectively, than the values obtained with the open‐flow AOCC. There was a significant difference in soil respiration rate between the open‐flow AOCC and the closed dynamic AOCC system. In contrast, no significant difference in soil respiration rate was detected between the open‐flow AOCC and the LI‐6400 system. In the field, the open‐flow AOCC permitted continuous long‐term measurements under a range of temperature conditions and did a good job of reflecting the marked daily and seasonal variations in soil respiration as a function of soil temperature.
Short-term effects of enhanced treatment for depression in primary care: results from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: SMIT A. , KLUITER H. , CONRADI H. J. , MEER K. VAN DER , TIEMENS B. G. , JENNER J. A. , VAN OS T. W. D. P. , ORMEL J.
Published: December 2005

Background. Depression is a highly prevalent, often recurring or persistent disorder. The majority of patients are initially seen and treated in primary care. Effective treatments are available, but possibilities for providing adequate follow-up care are often limited in this setting. This study assesses the effectiveness of primary-care-based enhanced treatment modalities on short-term patient outcomes.

Method. In a randomized controlled trial we evaluated a psycho-educational self-management intervention. We included 267 adult patients meeting criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder, assessed by a structured psychiatric interview. Patients were randomly assigned to: the Depression Recurrence Prevention (DRP) program (n=112); a combination of the DRP program with psychiatric consultation (PC+DRP, n=39); a combination with brief cognitive behavior therapy (CBT+DRP, n=44); and care as usual (CAU, n=72). Follow-up assessments were made at 3 months (response 90%) and 6 months (85%).

Results. Patient acceptance of enhanced care was good. The mean duration of the index episode was 11 weeks (S.D.=9·78) and similar in CAU and enhanced care. Recovery rate after 6 months was 67% overall; 17% of all participants remained depressed for the entire 6-month period.

Conclusion. Enhanced care did not result in better short-term outcomes. We found no evidence that the DRP program was more effective than CAU and no indications for added beneficial effects of either the psychiatric evaluation or the CBT treatment to the basic format of the DRP program. Observed depression treatment rates in CAU were high.
An evaluation of three diagnostic wind models (CALMET, MCSCIPUF, and SWIFT) with wind data from the Dipole Pride 26 field experiments
Authors: Cox Robert M. , Sontowski John , Dougherty Catherine M.
Published: December 2005

This paper describes the evaluation of three diagnostic wind models by direct comparison with wind field data. The models are the California Meteorological Model (CALMET), the Mass Consistent model (MCSCIPUF) associated with the Second Order Closure Integrated Puff (SCIPUFF) transport/dispersion model, and the Stationary Wind Field and Turbulence (SWIFT) model. The evaluation follows previous works by Chang, Franzese & Hanna, who compared the same three models, and by Bradley & Mazzola who evaluated SWIFT coupled with SCIPUFF. As with SWIFT, MCSCIPUF is incorporated in the Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC), while CALMET is linked with the California Puff model (CALPUFF), another transport and dispersion model. The Dipole Pride 26 (DP26) experiments, performed at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Nevada Test Site, are used as the source of the wind data. They provide a comprehensive set of meteorological data with wide‐ranging atmospheric stability conditions over a complex terrain. Model calculations were compared with measured data in two phases. The first phase uses complete sets of data from eight locations (the 8M phase) as model inputs, and thus tests the ability of the models to reproduce input conditions. In the second phase, five of the measured wind sites are withheld from input, and instead used for validation of model calculations (the 3M phase). In the first phase, the errors were found (with some exceptions) to be quite small. In the second phase, mean absolute errors were found to be of the order of 1ms−1 and 30°, with only small differences among models in terms of performance. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
An attempt to define the Road Climate Room
Authors: Almkvist Esben , Gustavsson Torbjörn , Bogren Jörgen
Published: December 2005

Since the start of field station manufacturing approximately 25 years ago, the configuration of Road Weather Information System (RWIS) stations and the type of sensors used has changed very little. Little is known about the variation of climatic variables from the 2 m level, where instruments are normally placed, down to the road surface. The ‘Road Climate Room’ can be defined as the volume of air, road and surroundings influencing the conditions on the road. This study attempts to describe the Road Climate Room both theoretically and experimentally. Mobile measurements as well as a permanent station were used. At the permanent station detailed temperature measurements above and beside the road were made. These were related to other climatic variables such as wind, cloudiness, humidity and ground heat flux. The results show that the most important processes occur below the 10 cm level. The air column above this level is well represented by the 2 m level temperature sensor. For most situations the cooling of the air closest to the ground is much more intense in the vegetation than over the road. The temperature difference can be as large as 8°C and can be represented statistically with high determination by wind and cloudiness. The heat storage in the road is a key factor for keeping the temperature of the road high throughout a full diurnal cycle. The cold air in the vegetation can be considered as a potential source for cold air drainage onto the road surface in terrain where that is a problem. No advection affecting the road surface was observed at the permanent station. This suggests that the Road Climate Room can be defined as being well within the internal boundary layer of the road. The mobile measurements, however, show that advection from the surroundings is likely to have taken place, which makes the definition of the Road Climate Room more difficult. Further studies are needed to fully understand the complicated processes. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
An animal model for late onset chronic demyelination disease caused by failed terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes
Authors: MA JIANMEI , MATSUMOTO MICHIO , TANAKA KENJI F. , TAKEBAYASHI HIROHIDE , IKENAKA KAZUHIRO
Published: December 2005

Various animal models are available for studying human multiple sclerosis (MS). Most of them model the initial phase of MS, including the immune-triggered attack of the myelin membrane and/or oligodendrocytes and, occasionally, demonstrate the remission and relapsing phases. However, few mimic the late chronic demyelinating phase. Overexpression of the proteolipid protein gene (Plp) causes a unique demyelinating disorder in mice in which normal-appearing myelin forms early in life and chronic demyelination occurs later. We found that remyelination is severely affected in this late demyelinating phase, but is not caused by deprivation of oligodendrocyte progenitors expressing PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRα) and Olig2, which are present at an even higher number in the demyelinated white matter of the mutants than in wild-type controls. Furthermore, mature oligodendrocytes containing PLP were observed, but failed to remyelinate. The ability of oligodendrocytes from older transgenic animals to produce a myelin membrane-like structure was not impaired when cultured in vitro, which indicates that the lack of remyelination is not simply caused by changes in the intrinsic properties of the oligodendrocytes. Glial activation also occurred much earlier than active demyelination in mutant mice. Thus, in addition to intrinsic mechanisms, extrinsic mechanisms might also have an important role in defects of remyelination. These features are also observed in patients at a late stage of MS, leading to chronic demyelinating lesions. Thus, this mouse model partly mimics the late stage of MS and can be used to study the cause of inhibition of remyelination.
Zur diskriminativen Validität des Inventars zur Erfassung Interpersonaler Probleme (IIP)
Authors: Wolf Markus , Gallas Christine , Kordy Hans
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das Inventar zur Erfassung Interpersonaler Probleme (IIP) weist konzeptionelle Überschneidung mit Zirkumplex-Modellen der Persönlichkeit und den Diagnosekriterien von Persönlichkeitsstörungen (PS) auf. Fragestellungen: (1) Diskriminieren die Skalen des IIP Patienten 1 Lediglich aus Gründen der Lesbarkeit verwenden wir die maskuline Schreibweise. Selbstverständlich sind mit Patienten und Therapeuten stets auch weibliche Personen gemeint. mit PS praktisch bedeutsam von anderen Patienten? (2) Eignet sich das IIP bzw. der interpersonale Zirkumplex zur Differenzierung spezifischer PS? Methode: Die IIP-Werte von n = 368 Patienten mit PS in stationärer psychotherapeutischer Behandlung und einer gleich großen Vergleichsgruppe von Patienten ohne PS derselben Kliniken wurden untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Diskrimination zwischen den Gruppen resultierte in einer signifikanten Diskriminanzfunktion mit einer Reklassifizierungsgüte von 63%. Die Verwendung ipsatierter Skalenwerte führte zu einer Verschlechterung der Klassifizierung um 5%. Die Repräsentation von sieben spezifischen PS im interpersonalen Zirkumplex ergab statistisch bedeutsame Unterschiede, die in Übereinstimmung mit klinischen Konzepten und empirischen Befunden stehen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die IIP Skalen sind für die Diskrimination zwischen Patienten mit und ohne PS eingeschränkt geeignet. Die theoriekonforme Lokalisierung einzelner PS Typen im interpersonalen Zirkumplex spricht für den Einsatz des IIP zur Indikation und Evaluation im Rahmen der Therapie von PS.
Erhöhtes Raucherrisiko von Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeits- und Verhaltensstörungen
Authors: Laucht Manfred , Hohm Erika , Esser Günter , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Verschiedene Studien berichten über einen höheren Zigarettenkonsum bei verhaltensauffälligen Jugendlichen im Vergleich zu unauffälligen Jugendlichen. Fragestellung: Der Zusammenhang des jugendlichen Rauchens mit Aufmerksamkeits- und Verhaltensproblemen soll in seiner Entstehung verfolgt und gegenüber dritten Variablen abgegrenzt werden. Darüber hinaus soll geprüft werden, welche Symptomatik am engsten mit dem Rauchen verknüpft ist. Methode: In einer prospektiven Längsschnittstudie an einer Geburtskohorte von 384 Kindern, die in unterschiedlichem Maße mit perinatalen und psychosozialen Risiken belastet waren, wurden psychische Auffälligkeiten im Entwicklungsverlauf von 2 bis 11 Jahren und der Tabakkonsum im Alter von 15 Jahren erfasst. Ergebnisse: Kinder, die im Verlauf ihrer Entwicklung von 2 bis 11 Jahren externale Auffälligkeiten zeigten, rauchten als 15-Jährige häufiger und intensiver als ihre im Kindesalter unauffälligen Altersgenossen. Dieser Zusammenhang ließ sich bis in die frühe Kindheit zurückverfolgen und blieb auch nach Kontrolle kovariierender Faktoren bestehen. Schlussfolgerungen: Aufmerksamkeits- und Verhaltensprobleme im Kindesalter können als Risikofaktor für einen höheren Tabakkonsum im Jugendalter betrachtet werden.
Ist die autonome kardiale Regulation bei Patienten mit Depression und Koronarer Herzkrankheit gestört?
Authors: Siepmann Martin , Joraschky Peter , Rebensburg Max , Rittger Harald , Mösler Thomas , Agelink Marcus W. , Mück-Weymann Michael
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Beeinträchtigung der Herzratenvariabilität ist ein Indikator für eine erhöhte kardiovaskuläre Mortalität. Geprüft werden sollte, ob depressive Symptome die Herzratenvariabilität beeinflussen können. Methode: Die Herzratenvariabilität wurde bei 22 ambulanten nicht behandelten Patienten (16 w, 6 m) und bei 11 gesunden Kontrollpersonen (8 w, 3 m) gemessen. Darüber hinaus wurden 41 Patienten mit koronarangiographisch gesicherter KHK (5 w, 36 m) untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Herzratenvariabilität war bei herzgesunden Patienten mit Depression um 50% vermindert im Vergleich zu Kontrollpersonen (p < 0,05) während das Vorhandensein depressiver Symptome bei Patienten mit KHK keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Herzratenvariabilität hatte. Schlussfolgerungen: Störung der autonomen kardialen Regulation konnte für herzgesunde Patienten mit Depression nachgewiesen werden.
Subinertial to interannual transport variations in the Korea Strait and their possible mechanisms
Authors: Lyu Sang Jin , Kim Kuh
Published: December 2005

The voltage‐derived transport in the Korea Strait from March 1998 to April 2002 reveals various temporal variations such as subinertial, monthly, seasonal, and interannual variations. The driving mechanisms of these temporal variations in the flows through the straits and the mean sea level of the East Sea (Sea of Japan) are investigated using a simple analytical barotropic model. The East Sea is simplified as a flat‐bottomed semienclosed basin, and it is forced by the atmospheric pressure, the along‐strait wind stress, and the sea level differences along the straits. Despite its simplicity this model explains most variations and helps us understand dominant driving forces on each timescale. At the subinertial periods of 2–10 days the atmospheric pressure dominantly drives the flows into or out of the East Sea due to a Helmholtz resonance, whose period is about 3 days, and the mean sea level cannot respond isostatically. The effects of the atmospheric pressure on the transport variations become weak at long periods because there is enough time for the East Sea to be drained or filled through the strait flows as its mean sea level responds isostatically. On the other hand, the changes in the adjusted sea levels outside the straits of the East Sea cause the pressure gradient forces along the straits and induce most of variations in the strait flows and the mean sea level at the monthly to interannual periods.
Mechanisms of the emission of mercury from soil: Role of UV radiation
Authors: Moore Chad , Carpi Anthony
Published: December 2005

Light has been previously shown to play a role in the emission of mercury from soil; however, the mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. In an effort to identify the wavelength of light that dominates this process, we conducted extensive laboratory studies of soil mercury flux using a dynamic flux chamber. Mercury fluxes were measured at constant temperature in the dark, under full spectrum radiation (λ = 320–700 nm) and under various radiation bands including 410–700 nm radiation, 320–580 nm radiation, and 320–380 nm radiation. Soil mercury emissions under full spectrum radiation were significantly elevated over dark fluxes in all trials. When UV light was removed from incident radiation (the λ = 410–700 nm condition), fluxes were not significantly different from dark fluxes in two of three trials. Soil fluxes under 320–580 nm radiation and 320–380 nm radiation were significantly elevated over dark fluxes in all trials and were related to radiation intensity in the UV region.
Constraining global isoprene emissions with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) formaldehyde column measurements
Authors: Shim Changsub , Wang Yuhang , Choi Yunsoo , Palmer Paul I. , Abbot Dorian S. , Chance Kelly
Published: December 2005

Biogenic isoprene plays an important role in tropospheric chemistry. Current isoprene emission estimates are highly uncertain because of a lack of direct observations. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a high‐yield product of isoprene oxidation. The short photochemical lifetime of HCHO allows the observation of this trace gas to help constrain isoprene emissions. We use HCHO column observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). These global data are particularly useful for studying large isoprene emissions from the tropics, where in situ observations are sparse. Using the global Goddard Earth Observing System–Chemistry (GEOS‐CHEM) chemical transport model as the forward model, a Bayesian inversion of GOME HCHO observations from September 1996 to August 1997 is conducted to calculate global isoprene emissions. Column contributions to HCHO from 10 biogenic sources, in addition to biomass‐burning and industrial sources, are considered. The inversion of these 12 HCHO sources is conducted separately for eight geographical regions (North America, Europe, east Asia, India, Southeast Asia, South America, Africa, and Australia). GOME measurements with high signal‐to‐noise ratios are used. The a priori simulation greatly underestimates global HCHO columns over the eight geographical regions (bias, −14 to −46%; R = 0.52–0.84). The a posteriori solution shows generally higher isoprene and biomass‐burning emissions, and these emissions reduce the model biases for all regions (bias, −3.6 to −25%; R = 0.56–0.84). The negative bias in the a posteriori estimate reflects in part the uncertainty in GOME measurements. The a posteriori estimate of the annual global isoprene emissions of 566 Tg C yr−1 is ∼50% larger than the a priori estimate. This increase of global isoprene emissions significantly affects tropospheric chemistry, decreasing the global mean OH concentration by 10.8% to 0.95 × 106 molecules/cm3. The atmospheric lifetime of CH3CCl3 increases from 5.2 to 5.7 years.
Observations of sand waves, megaripples, and hummocks in the Dutch coastal area and their relation to currents and combined flow conditions
Authors: Passchier S. , Kleinhans M. G.
Published: December 2005

This paper aims to investigate the distribution and stability of large‐scale bed forms in response to storm and fair‐weather conditions in a shallow marine environment. Multibeam and side‐scan sonar data off the Dutch coast (median grain size 0.25–0.35 mm) were collected to monitor sand waves (λ = 100–800 m) and superimposed megaripples (λ = 1–40 m) through multiple storm and fair‐weather events. Box cores were used to observe the vertical bed structure and grain size. In the Dutch coastal area, two‐dimensional (2‐D) megaripples (λ = 1–15 m) are the dominant bed forms in current‐dominated (>0.4 m/s) tidal flow regimes with oscillatory flows <0.15 m/s. Effects of trapping of fine material under these conditions by tube building Lanice conchilega colonies on bed form development are suspected but need further study. At slightly higher energy conditions, 3‐D megaripples (λ = 5–15 m) begin to form on the shoreface. After seasonal storms, at oscillatory flows >0.4 m/s, undulating bed topography of mound‐like 3‐D bed forms (λ = 20–40 m) is observed. Immediately after storms, these bed forms are covered by smaller 3‐D megaripples, which are related to sets of low‐angle converging laminae in box cores, interpreted as hummocky cross stratification (HCS). The sand waves form compound bed forms of sets of 2‐D and 3‐D megaripples. The morphology of the sand waves is a function of the general wind‐wave climate of the marine environmental setting, with flat‐topped 3‐D sand waves occurring in shallow wave‐dominated settings and 2‐D sand waves occurring in the tide‐dominated environment farther offshore.
New features of electron diffusion regions observed at subsolar magnetic field reconnection sites
Authors: Mozer F. S. , Bale S. D. , McFadden J. P. , Torbert R. B.
Published: December 2005

Nineteen electron diffusion regions at magnetic field reconnection sites have been found in one hour of Cluster satellite data near the subsolar magnetopause. Investigations on previously unachieved spatial and temporal scales show the following for the first time: direct conversion of magnetic energy to electron energy (The resulting accelerated electrons, their field‐aligned currents, and their post‐acceleration fate were measured); the spatial dimensions of the large electric fields in the electron diffusion regions have an average thickness of 0.3 times the electron skin depth, in agreement with theory; and these electron diffusion regions were topological boundaries between open and closed magnetic field geometries that contained different plasma and magnetic field line flows. The electron diffusion regions were located at the magnetospheric separatrix where the magnetic field was large and the electron beta was less than one.
A first look at past sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Indian Ocean from Mg/Ca in foraminifera
Authors: Saraswat R. , Nigam R. , Weldeab S. , Mackensen A. , Naidu P. D.
Published: December 2005

Sea surface temperature (SST) for the central equatorial Indian Ocean, has been reconstructed over the last ∼137 kyr, from Mg/Ca of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerinoides ruber. According to our record the equatorial Indian Ocean SST was ∼2.1°C colder during the last glacial maximum as compared to present times. The data further shows that the surface equatorial Indian Ocean was comparatively warmer during isotopic stage 5e than at present (∼29.9 vs ∼28.5°C). Comparison of the equatorial Indian Ocean SST with the Antarctic δD and Greenland δ18O records, shows that the major high‐latitude cooling/warming events are also present in the equatorial Indian Ocean SST variation record. Similarity between the equatorial Indian Ocean SST and the equatorial Pacific SST suggests the possibility of a common mechanism controlling the SSTs in both the equatorial Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Plasma‐induced clearing and redistribution of material embedded in planetary magnetospheres
Authors: Johnson R. E. , Liu M. , Sittler E. C.
Published: December 2005

Charge exchange collisions between the ions trapped in a planetary magnetosphere and the ambient neutrals are a principal material loss process in evolving planetary systems (Johnson, 2004). Here we show that low energy charge exchange collisions, in which orbiting occurs, can drastically modify the redistribution and loss of materials in evolving planetary disks. Using Saturn as an example, these collisions can account for the fact that water products, produced primarily in the inner magnetosphere, are found to be the dominant ions throughout Saturn's magnetosphere.