bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Maximal Regularity of Nonlinear Second-Order Hyperbolic Boundary Differential Equations
Authors: Liu Xingyu
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we show the maximal regularity of nonlinear second-order hyperbolic boundary differential equations. We aim to show if the given second-order partial differential operator satisfies the specific ellipticity condition; additionally, if solutions of the function, which are related to the first-order time derivative, possess no poles nor algebraic branch points, then the maximal regularity of nonlinear second-order hyperbolic boundary differential equations exists. This study explores the use of taking the positive definite second-order operator as the generator of an analytic semi-group. We impose specific boundary conditions to make this positive definite second-order operator self-adjoint. As a linear operator, the self-adjoint operator satisfies the linearity property. This, in turn, facilitates the application of semi-group theory and linear operator theory.
Ion-Replacement Strategy in Preparing Bi-Based MOF and Its Derived Bi/C Composite for Efficient Sodium Storage
Authors: Zhu Zhenpeng , Zhang Shuya , Shen Kuan , Cao Fu , Kong Qinghong , Zhang Junhao
Published: December 2024

To address large volumetric expansion and low conductivity of bismuth-based anodes, an ion-replacement technique is proposed to prepare Bi/C composites, using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylicacid (H3BTC) based metal–organic framework as precursors. The characterizations reveal that the Bi/C composite derived from Cu-H3BTC is a sheet structure with the size of 150 nm, and Bi nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in carbon sheets. When assessed as anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), a sheet-like Bi/C anode exhibits superior sodium storage performance. It delivers a reversible capacity of 254.6 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 100 cycles, and the capacity retention is high at 91%. Even at 2.0 A g−1, the reversible capacity still reaches 242.8 mAh g−1. The efficient sodium storage performance benefits from the uniform dispersion of Bi nanoparticles in the carbon matrix, which not only provides abundant active sites but also alleviates the volume expansion. Meanwhile, porous carbon sheets can increase the electrical conductivity and accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics.
A Polymer-Binder-Free Approach to Creating Functional LiFePO4 Cathodes by Organic Ionic Plastic Crystal-Derived Ion-Conductive Binders
Authors: Josepetti Daniela M. , Forsyth Maria , Howlett Patrick C. , Ueda Hiroyuki
Published: December 2024

Lithium-ion batteries are a promising technology to promote the phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles. Increasing efforts are focused on improving their energy density and safety by replacing current materials with more efficient and safer alternatives. In this context, binary composites of organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) and lithium salts show promise due to their impressive mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. Taking advantage of this, the present paper substitutes the commercial non-electrochemically active binder with an OIPC component, N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([C2mpyr][FSI]), in combination with LiFSI. Slurry-formulation experiments revealed that varying the new binder’s composition allows the production of diverse LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes via the conventional fabrication process. Large amounts of OIPC−lithium salt mixtures in the composition yielded thick electrodes with expected nominal areal capacities of up to 3.74 mAh/cm2, where the balanced composition with a reduced Li+ concentration can demonstrate >1.5 mAh/cm2 at 0.1C. Lowering the amount of these ion-conductive binders enabled LFP cathodes to perform effectively under fast cycling conditions at a C-rate as high as 2C. Preliminary battery tests with a limited Li+ source demonstrated the feasibility of full-cell operation without using the lithium-metal anode. This work paves the way for developing advanced rechargeable batteries using OIPC-based ion-conductive binders for a wide range of applications.
Carob-Based Functional Beverages: Nutritional Value and Health Properties
Authors: Buzzanca Carla , D’Amico Angela , Pistorio Enrica , Di Stefano Vita , Melilli Maria Grazia
Published: December 2024

Functional carob beverages have recently attracted consumer attention as a natural and sustainable alternative due to their excellent nutritional profile and associated health benefits. Derived from the pods of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), which thrives in Mediterranean regions, these beverages are naturally sweet, caffeine-free, and rich in bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, dietary fiber, and essential minerals. This review highlights the nutritional composition of carob beverages, noting their high fiber content, antioxidant capacity, and lack of stimulating alkaloids, making them an ideal option for health-conscious consumers. The manufacturing processes, phytochemical properties, and sensory qualities of carob beverages are discussed, along with their potential roles in promoting digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic health. The growing interest in carob reflects broader trends in sustainable food systems and plant-based nutrition, positioning carob beverages as a promising choice in the functional beverage industry.
Taba Binary, Multinomial, and Ordinal Regression Models: New Machine Learning Methods for Classification
Authors: Tabatabai Mohammad , Wilus Derek , Chen Chau-Kuang , Singh Karan P. , Wallace Tim L.
Published: December 2024

The classification methods of machine learning have been widely used in almost every discipline. A new classification method, called Taba regression, was introduced for analyzing binary, multinomial, and ordinal outcomes. To evaluate the performance of Taba regression, liver cirrhosis data obtained from a Mayo Clinic study were analyzed. The results were then compared with an artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), and probit analysis (PA). The results using cirrhosis data revealed that the Taba regression model could be a competitor to other classification models based on the true positive rate, F-score, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Taba regression can be used by researchers and practitioners as an alternative method of classification in machine learning. In conclusion, the Taba regression provided a reliable result with respect to accuracy, recall, F-score, and AUC when applied to the cirrhosis data.
Biomass Refined: 99% of Organic Carbon in Soils
Authors: Blakemore Robert J.
Published: December 2024

Basic inventory is required for proper understanding and utilization of Earth’s natural resources, especially with increasing soil degradation and species loss. Soil carbon is newly refined at >30,000 Gt C (gigatonnes C), ten times above prior totals. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is up to 24,000 Gt C, plus plant stocks at ~2400 Gt C, both above- and below-ground, hold >99% of Earth’s biomass. On a topographic surface area of 25 Gha with mean 21 m depth, Soil has more organic carbon than all trees, seas, fossil fuels, or the Atmosphere combined. Soils are both the greatest biotic carbon store and the most active CO2 source. Values are raised considerably. Disparity is due to lack of full soil depth survey, neglect of terrain, and other omissions. Herein, totals for mineral soils, Permafrost, and Peat (of all forms and ages), are determined to full depth (easily doubling shallow values), then raised for terrain that is ignored in all terrestrial models (doubling most values again), plus SOC in recalcitrant glomalin (+25%) and friable saprock (+26%). Additional factors include soil inorganic carbon (SIC some of biotic origin), aquatic sediments (SeOC), and dissolved fractions (DIC/DOC). Soil biota (e.g., forests, fungi, bacteria, and earthworms) are similarly upgraded. Primary productivity is confirmed at >220 Gt C/yr on land supported by Barrow’s “bounce” flux, C/O isotopes, glomalin, and Rubisco. Priority issues of species extinction, humic topsoil loss, and atmospheric CO2 are remedied by SOC restoration and biomass recycling via (vermi-)compost for 100% organic husbandry under Permaculture principals, based upon the Scientific observation of Nature.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Family and the Immune System: Activators or Inhibitors?
Authors: Failla Cristina Maria , Carbone Maria Luigia , Ramondino Carmela , Bruni Emanuele , Orecchia Angela
Published: December 2024

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family includes key mediators of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. VEGFs are secreted by various cells of epithelial and mesenchymal origin and by some immune cells in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. In addition, immune cells express VEGF receptors and/or co-receptors and can respond to VEGFs in an autocrine or paracrine manner. This immunological role of VEGFs has opened the possibility of using the VEGF inhibitors already developed to inhibit tumor angiogenesis also in combination approaches with different immunotherapies to enhance the action of effector T lymphocytes against tumor cells. This review pursues to examine the current understanding of the interplay between VEGFs and the immune system, while identifying key areas that require further evaluation.
Exploring Adhesive Performance in Horseshoe Bonding Through Advanced Mechanical and Numerical Analysis
Authors: Ferreira C. M. C. , Simões B. D. , Marques E. A. S. , Carbas R. J. C. , da Silva L. F. M.
Published: December 2024

Despite technological advancements in various industries, the equine sector still relies on old methods like horseshoeing. Although traditional, the industry is dynamic and well-funded. Therefore, there is a need to modernize these methods with more reliable and less invasive solutions for attaching horseshoes to horse hooves. There are currently several commercial adhesive solutions in the market specifically tailored to this application. In this work, the mechanical properties of two acrylic adhesives were characterized under quasi-static conditions. In the characterization process, tensile, shear, and fracture properties were determined. Subsequently, in-joint behavior was assessed using single-lap joints (SLJ) for both similar and dissimilar adherends. The adherends’ materials included steel (St), aluminum (Al), and horse hoof wall (HW), and the following adherend combinations were tested: St–St, Al–Al, and St–HW. A numerical model of similar joints was developed and validated based on experimental results. After its validation, the next steps are the modelling of the real joint and its simulation by considering realistic loading conditions in order to determine the weakest points of the joint. This exploratory study seeks to establish a foundation for investigating alternative adhesive solutions that could address the limitations identified in the solutions studied in this paper.
Microplastic and Extracellular Vesicle Interactions: Recent Studies on Human Health and Environment Risks
Authors: Calzoni Eleonora , Montegiove Nicolò , Cesaretti Alessio , Bertoldi Agnese , Cusumano Gaia , Gigliotti Giovanni , Emiliani Carla
Published: December 2024

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread environmental pollutants that have drawn significant attention due to their possible health risks to humans and animals, as well as their extensive presence in ecosystems. Recent growing evidence highlights a remarkable relationship between MPs and extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale particles involved in intercellular communication. The purpose of this review was to investigate how the relationships between MPs and EVs can affect cellular functions and how this interaction could impact environmental conditions leading to broader ecological risks. The interaction patterns and bioactivity of both MPs and EVs are strongly influenced by biophysical characteristics such as hydrophobicity, surface charge, and particle size, which have received particular attention from the scientific community. Recent studies indicate that MPs affect EV distribution and their capacity to function appropriately in biological systems. Additionally, MPs can modify the molecular cargo of EVs, which may result in alterations of cell signaling pathways. Understanding the interactions between MPs and EVs could provide important opportunities to comprehend their potential effects on human health and environmental systems, especially when it comes to cancer development, endocrine, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders, and ecological disruptions. This review emphasizes the necessity of multidisciplinary research to clarify the molecular and biophysical mechanisms regulating the interaction between MPs and EVs.
Dynamic Neural Network States During Social and Non-Social Cueing in Virtual Reality Working Memory Tasks: A Leading Eigenvector Dynamics Analysis Approach
Authors: Ozel Pinar
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: This research investigates brain connectivity patterns in reaction to social and non-social stimuli within a virtual reality environment, emphasizing their impact on cognitive functions, specifically working memory. Methods: Employing the LEiDA framework with EEG data from 47 participants, I examined dynamic brain network states elicited by social avatars compared to non-social stick cues during a VR memory task. Through the integration of LEiDA with deep learning and graph theory analyses, unique connectivity patterns associated with cue type were discerned, underscoring the substantial influence of social cues on cognitive processes. LEiDA, conventionally utilized with fMRI, was creatively employed in EEG to detect swift alterations in brain network states, offering insights into cognitive processing dynamics. Results: The findings indicate distinct neural states for social and non-social cues; notably, social cues correlated with a unique brain state characterized by increased connectivity within self-referential and memory-processing networks, implying greater cognitive engagement. Moreover, deep learning attained approximately 99% accuracy in differentiating cue contexts, highlighting the efficacy of prominent eigenvectors from LEiDA in EEG analysis. Analysis of graph theory also uncovered structural network disparities, signifying enhanced integration in contexts involving social cues. Conclusions: This multi-method approach elucidates the dynamic influence of social cues on brain connectivity and cognition, establishing a basis for VR-based cognitive rehabilitation and immersive learning, wherein social signals may significantly enhance cognitive function.
Age-Related Decline in Disengaging Spatial Attention in Physiological Aging
Authors: Pedale Tiziana , Mastroberardino Serena , Tambasco Nicola , Santangelo Valerio
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Attention is a complex process involving various components such as alerting, orienting, and resolving conflicts. These components have been widely examined using the Attention Network Test (ANT), which has also been used to explore attentional decline associated with aging. However, discrepancies exist in the literature regarding which specific aspects of attention are most impacted by aging. These inconsistencies could be due to methodological issues such as group comparisons that may exaggerate differences between groups while flattening subtle variations within groups. Methods: To address this issue, we administered the ANT to 60 healthy participants aged between 62 and 90 years. Using a multivariate regression analysis, we examined whether increasing age was associated with changes in alerting, orienting, and conflict resolution, while controlling for overall performance in terms of both reaction times and accuracy. Results: The results showed a general and age-insensitive decline in two of the three attentional components: the alerting effect, which was abolished, and a large conflict effect, which was present regardless of age. In contrast, the orienting of spatial attention was found to linearly increase with increasing age. More focused analyses revealed that the ability to shift attention from the central (initial) to the peripheral (target) location slowed down as a function of age. Conclusions: These results suggest that aging is associated with a greater difficulty in disengaging endogenous attention from the central, uninformative cue to direct attention on task-relevant peripheral targets.
An Improved Shear Lag Analysis Method for Composite Box Girders with Corrugated Steel Webs
Authors: Bian Meihua , Zhang Xingsen , Li Junhua , Peng Jianing , Qin Songlin
Published: December 2024

Composite box girders with corrugated steel webs (CBGCWs) have attracted increasing attention in bridge engineering. However, the shear lag effect has an impact on the mechanical behavior of thin-walled box girders and the impact of transverse deformation on this effect is usually neglected. In this study, a modified energy variational method is proposed to quantify the shear lag effect on CBGCWs. The shear deformations of each flange are analyzed based on the mechanical properties of the corrugated steel webs. A shear-lag warpage displacement function is introduced for each flange to account for the shear lag effect due to transverse deformation of the top flange. The formulation for the shear lag effect on CBGCWs is then derived using the principle of the energy variational method. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are validated through a numerical study of a simply supported CBGCW subjected to uniform loading. In addition, a parametric analysis of the shear lag effect on CBGCWs is conducted. The results demonstrate that local bending deformation of the top flange leads to an uneven distribution of shear lag effects and the shear lag effect on corrugated steel webs is significantly influenced by the width–to–span ratio.
Guest Editorial on Advances in Structural and Mechanical Performances of Structures and Materials
Authors: Suzuki Atsushi , Pushpalal Dinil
Published: December 2024

The mechanical and structural performance of structures is essential to ensuring the safety and well-being of society [...]
Study of the Optimal Control of the Central Air Conditioning Cooling Water System for a Deep Subway Station in Chongqing
Authors: Shu Xingyu , Dong Yu , Liu Jun , Xu Xinhua
Published: December 2024

Cooling water, a crucial component of the central air conditioning setup, exerts a relatively minor direct impact on the thermal comfort of building indoor environments while it has a great effect on the system’s energy efficiency. Numerous studies exist on the cooling water system, particularly focusing on the process by which the cooling tower system operates, but the linkage between the chiller and the cooling tower is typically overlooked. When the connection is long and the passage environment for the pipeline is not conventional, it cannot be neglected for the optimal control for system efficiency improvement and energy consumption reductions. Throughout this research, a control strategy of the cooling water system for deep subway stations with long pipelines is presented. This cooling system was connected with outdoor cooling towers through a corridor about one hundred meters long. In this process, the cooling water temperature is influenced by the corridor’s thermal environment. For this study, an online control strategy optimizes the cooling water temperature, and a simulation platform of the air conditioning cooling water system of the deep subway station was also developed to evaluate the energy-saving potential of the control strategy of this cooling water system. Atop this platform, a simplified heat transfer model of the pipe corridor was created to determine the cooling capacity provided by the cooling water pipe in the corridor. The outcomes suggest that, as opposed to the conventional control mode, the energy-saving ratio of the optimal control strategy during a typical day may reach 4.1%, and the cooling source system’s Coefficient of Performance (COP) might see an increase of about 4.2%. The energy consumption of the water system throughout the whole cooling season may decrease by 9778 kWh, and the energy-saving rate is 4.1%. The results also demonstrate that the cooling water pipes release heat to the air in the corridor most of the time, and the released heat is larger than the absorbed heat. The maximum heat dissipation to the air in the corridor from the cooling water supply and return pipe can be up to 24.3 kW. The cooling effect of the corridor of subway stations with large depths below the ground surface cannot be ignored when optimal control is considered for the cooling water system.
Optimization of Quantitative Evaluation Method for Urban Waterfront Building Cluster Skyline
Authors: Zhang Jian , Luan Wenlei , Zhang Jieshuai
Published: December 2024

In the contemporary era, where digital audio-visual media continues to evolve, the media landscape is increasingly converging with the urban landscape. This trend has made the importance of urban waterfront areas in city landscapes more pronounced. The evaluation method for the skyline of architectural groups has evolved from a subjective approach to a quantitative one. In recent years, the box-counting dimension method based on fractal theory has been widely used for this evaluation. According to this theory, the higher the fractal dimension value, the “more complex” the skyline, and the greater people’s preference for it. However, this evaluation method has certain limitations. In particular, “suddenly rising” tall buildings can raise the local fractal dimension value, yet they may disrupt the rhythm of the skyline. This paper attempts to introduce the Least-squares method to mark the vertical and horizontal axis values of the skyline of architectural groups, fit curves based on these values, and then compare the fitted curves with the actual skyline. This approach aims to improve the evaluation of “suddenly rising” buildings. By doing so, it supplements and optimizes traditional quantitative analysis solely based on fractal theory. Furthermore, the method is validated through a case study of the Qingdao (Shandong Province, China) Fushan Bay waterfront architectural group. Through this method, it is possible to more objectively identify buildings that “suddenly rise” in the skyline, improve the evaluation of the skyline based solely on complexity, and further extend the curve-fitting results into an evaluation of rhythm. Through multi-dimensional evaluation, this approach can effectively guide urban development.
The Advanced Role of Carbon Quantum Dots in Nano-Food Science: Applications, Bibliographic Analysis, Safety Concerns, and Perspectives
Authors: Majid Abdul , Ahmad Khurshid , Tan Liju , Niaz Waqas , Na Wang , Huiru Li , Wang Jiangtao
Published: December 2024

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are innovative carbon-based nanomaterials that can be synthesized from organic and inorganic sources using two approaches: “top-down” (laser ablation, arc discharge, electrochemical, and acidic oxidation) and “bottom-up” (hydrothermal, ultrasound-assisted, microwave, and thermal decomposition). Among these, hydrothermal synthesis stands out as the best option as it is affordable and eco-friendly and can produce a high quantum yield. Due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties, CQDs are highly promising materials for diverse applications, i.e., medicine, bioimaging, and especially in food safety, which is one of the thriving fields of recent research worldwide. As an innovative sensing tool, CQDs with different surface functional groups enable them to detect food contaminants, i.e., food additives in processed food, drug residues in honey, and mycotoxins in beer and flour, based on different sensing mechanisms (IFE, PET, and FRET). This article discussed the sources, fabrication methods, advantages, and limitations of CQDs as a sensing for the detection of food contaminants. In addition, the cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, high quantum yield, safety concerns, and future research perspectives to enhance food quality and security were briefly highlighted. This review also explored recent advancements in CQD applications in food safety, supported by a bibliometric analysis (2014–2024) using the PubMed database.
Enabling Catalysts for Carbonyl Sulfide Hydrolysis
Authors: Zhang Xun , Qiu Xiaoyu , Wang Rui
Published: December 2024

Carbonyl sulfide (COS), an organosulfur compound commonly present in industrial gases, poses significant challenges for environmental protection and industrial processes due to its toxicity. This paper reviews recent advancements in the development of catalysts for COS hydrolysis, emphasizing the effects of various supports and active components on catalyst performance, as well as the mechanisms underlying the hydrolysis reaction. Traditional supports like γ-Al2O3 demonstrate high activity for COS hydrolysis but are susceptible to deactivation. In contrast, novel supports such as activated carbon, TiO2, and ZrO2 have garnered attention for their unique structures and properties. The incorporation of active components, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and rare earth metals, significantly enhances the hydrolysis efficiency and resistance to deactivation of the catalysts. Additionally, this paper outlines three primary mechanisms for COS hydrolysis: the alkali-catalyzed mechanism, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, and the Eley–Rideal model mechanism, as well as the thiocarbonate intermediate mechanism, which collectively elucidate the conversion of COS into the H2S and CO2 catalyzed by these systems. Future research efforts will concentrate on developing high-activity, high-stability, and cost-effective COS hydrolysis catalysts, along with a more in-depth exploration of the reaction mechanisms to facilitate the efficient removal of COS from industrial emissions.
Hydrogenolysis of Benzyl Phenyl Ether Using Nickel–Molybdenum Clay Catalysts—A Model for Cleaving Ether Linkages in Lignin
Authors: Adilina Indri B. , Fitriady Muhammad A. , Oemry Ferensa , Aulia Fauzan , Rinaldi Nino , Sunnardianto Gagus K. , Silverwood Ian P. , Parker Stewart F.
Published: December 2024

The solvent-free hydrogenolysis (HDL) of benzyl phenyl ether (BPE), a model for the C–O (α-O-4) linkage in lignin, was investigated using NiMo-pillared clay catalysts in their reduced (NiMoPR) and sulfided (NiMoPS) forms. NiMoPS show higher activity and selectivity to give an equimolar mixture of toluene and phenol, demonstrating selective cleavage of the Caliphatic–O of BPE, while non-equimolar amounts were found for NiMoPR. Strong acid sites are dominant in NiMoPS, giving a higher total acidity compared to NiMoPR, which explains the higher selectivity of the sulfided catalyst towards the HDL products and monomeric aromatics. To understand the interaction of BPE on the catalyst surface, we carried out a comprehensive investigation of the 2D potential energy surface (PES) of BPE and the vibrational spectra using neutron scattering and computational studies. The results suggest that BPE is weakly adsorbed on NiMoPS and the pillared clay support (PILC) via a van der Waals or H-bonding interaction, but they are strongly chemisorbed on the NiMoPR due to covalent bonding. Weakly adsorbed BPE allows higher mobility during diffusion to the catalytic site, which promotes the higher activity of NiMoPS for the HDL. This work demonstrates the potential use of clay-supported NiMo catalysts for lignin valorization and the future circular economy.
Study of the Influence of Thermal Annealing of Ga-Doped ZnO Thin Films on NO2 Sensing at ppb Level
Authors: Paret Benjamin , Monflier Richard , Menini Philippe , Camps Thierry , Thimont Yohann , Barnabé Antoine , Presmanes Lionel
Published: December 2024

In this paper, the sensitivity to sub-ppm NO2 concentration of 50 nm thick Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) films grown by RF magnetron sputtering is studied. The films were annealed under dry air for 4 h at either 500 °C, 600 °C, or 700 °C. The increase in the annealing temperature leads to an improvement of the crystallinity while no significant evolution of the surface grain size is observed. The electrical resistance of the thin films was measured at 250 °C under neutral argon atmosphere, humid air reference atmosphere, and reference atmosphere polluted by 100 ppb of NO2. An increase in sensitivity to NO2 is noted for samples annealed at 600 °C, leading to a response RNO2/Rair of ~10 for 100 ppb of NO2. Finally, photoluminescence spectra are compared with their electrical resistance at 250 °C under the various atmospheres to understand this phenomenon. It is proposed that the origin of the NO2 maximum sensitivity for films annealed at 600 °C is the consequence of a specific annihilation of point defects resulting in an increase in the relative concentration of oxygen vacancies, which improves selectivity toward NO2.
Development and Psychometric Properties of the Pain and Sensitivity Reactivity Scale in a Diverse Sample of Autistic People
Authors: Martínez-González Agustín E. , Cervin Matti , Piqueras José A. , Infante-Cañete Lidia , Pérez-Sánchez Susana
Published: December 2024

Background: Recent studies indicate the need to examine how the gut microbiota–brain axis is implicated in pain, sensory reactivity and gastro-intestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but no scale exists that assesses all these constructs simultaneously. Methods: We created a pool of 100 items based on the real-world experience of autistic people, and a multidisciplinary team and stakeholders reduced this pool to 50 items assessing pain, sensory hypersensitivity, and sensory hyposensitivity. In the present study, we present this new assessment tool, the Pain and Sensitivity Reactivity Scale (PSRS), and examine its psychometric properties in a sample of 270 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; mean age = 9.44, SD = 4.97), of which almost half (45%) had intellectual disability (ID). Results: A factorial model of three factors (pain, hyporeactivity, and hyperreactivity) and five specific factors for sensory hypo- and hyperreactivity, respectively, fitted the data well. Good to excellent internal consistency and adequate test–retest reliability was found for most PSRS scales. Sound psychometric properties were found in individuals with and without ID. Correlations with other measures of sensory sensitivity and pain indicated sound convergent validity. Conclusions: PSRS shows promise as a reliable measure to analyze pain and sensory reactivity in autistic people regardless of whether they have ID or not. The measure overcomes several limitations of previous assessment tools and includes variables that are important for the understanding of the gut microbiota–brain axis in ASD.
Direct Nuclear Delivery of Proteins on Living Plant via Partial Enzymatic Cell Wall Digestion
Authors: Gu Qufei , Ming Nathan , Aizezi Yalikunjiang , Wei Xiaoyang , Yuan Yizhong , Esquivel Brian , Wang Zhi-Yong
Published: December 2024

Nuclear protein delivery underlies an array of biotechnological and therapeutic applications. While many variations of protein delivery methods have been described, it can still be difficult or inefficient to introduce exogenous proteins into plants. A major barrier to progress is the cell wall which is primarily composed of polysaccharides and thus only permeable to small molecules. Here, we report a partial enzymatic cell wall digestion-mediated uptake method that efficiently delivers protein into the nucleus of plant cells. Such a method allowed efficient nuclear delivery of green fluorescent protein (GFP) flanked by two nuclear localization sequences (NLS) into Arabidopsis thaliana epidermal root cells without the usual need for large doses of nanoparticles or tissue cultures. We also show that switching from daylight to far-red light-grown conditions promotes effective protein penetration into deep cell layers. This study establishes that a partial enzymatic cell wall degradation could be applied to other cell organelles by changing the localization sequence, paving the way toward the rational engineering of plants.
Potential Mechanisms and Effects of Dai Bai Jie Ethanol Extract in Preventing Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury
Authors: Xia Niantong , Xue Hongwei , Li Yihang , Liu Jia , Lou Yang , Li Shuyang , Wang Yutian , Lu Juan , Chen Xi
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the protective effect of Dai Bai Jie (DBJ) extract against acute alcoholic liver injury (AALI) and elucidated its potential mechanism. The total saponin level in the DBJ extracts was measured using vanillin–chloroform acid colorimetry. To observe the preventive and protective effects of DBJ on AML-12 cells in an ethanol environment, the effective components of DBJ were identified. An alcohol-induced AALI mouse model was used to evaluate the efficacy of DBJ against AALI. For this purpose, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) levels were assessed, liver function indices and oxidative and inflammatory markers were determined, and histopathological examinations were performed. Mechanistic investigations were conducted using RT-qPCR assays and immunohistochemical analysis to determine the protective effects of DBJ. The samples (DBJ-1, DBJ-2, and DBJ-3) were obtained by extracting DBJ with water, 50% ethanol, and 95% ethanol, yielding total saponin contents of 5.35%, 6.64%, and 11.83%, respectively. DBJ-3 was isolated and purified, and its components were identified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS). DBJ-3 had the greatest effect on cell viability in an ethanol environment. Moreover, DBJ-3 reduced inflammatory infiltration, liver cell degeneration, and hemorrhage, while increasing ADH and ALDH levels in liver tissues. Additionally, DBJ-3 considerably decreased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels. DBJ-3 reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), while increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. Furthermore, DBJ-3 significantly increased alcohol dehydrogenase 1b (ADH1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) expression at the gene and protein levels within alcohol metabolism pathways and reduced the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) gene and protein levels. These findings suggest that DBJ-3 can prevent AALI by enhancing alcohol metabolism via the regulation of ADH1B and ALDH2 and the modulation of the NF-κB pathway to improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
No Significant Association Between Herpes Zoster and Breast Cancer: A German Outpatient Study with over 120,000 Participants
Authors: Krishnan Vedanth D. , Gremke Niklas , Hajek André , Kostev Karel , Kalder Matthias
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible association between Herpes Zoster (HZ) and the subsequent diagnosis of breast cancer (BC). Methods: Utilizing the Disease Analyzer database, anonymized medical records from German office-based practices were accessed. Longitudinal data of female patients aged 18 years and above diagnosed with HZ between 2005 and 2021 were included. Individuals without HZ diagnoses were matched to HZ patients using a nearest neighbor propensity score matching (1:1) based on age, sex, index year, average yearly consultation frequency during the follow-up, and predefined co-diagnoses. The incidence of BC in the cohort with and without HZ was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier curves and compared using the log-rank test. Finally, a univariable Cox regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between HZ and BC. Results: This study included 64,255 women with HZ and an equal number without HZ, with comparable characteristics in terms of age, visit frequency, and comorbidities. Analysis revealed no significant association between HZ and subsequent BC incidence, with similar rates observed in both HZ and non-HZ cohorts across different age groups. Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort study consisting of well-matched patients, the results indicate no significant association between an HZ infection and the development of BC over a 10-year follow-up period. This is the largest study of its kind to date.
Multi-Ligament Reconstruction in an Adolescent Female Affected by Congenital Femoral Deficiency and Complete Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligament agenesis: A Case Report
Authors: Giusti Simone , Bocchi Maria Beatrice , De Fenu Edoardo , Palmacci Osvaldo , Adriani Ezio
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Multi-ligament reconstruction in adolescent patients affected by congenital femoral deficiency is an extremely rare and delicate surgical procedure. There are very few reported cases of complete anterior and posterior cruciate ligament agenesis in these patients. Methods: We present a complex case of a 16-year-old girl affected by congenital femoral deficiency and ipsilateral tibial hypoplasia who was treated successfully for a complete agenesis of the anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL) cruciate ligament with single-sitting ACL and PCL reconstruction. Results: The adolescent patient was successfully reconstructed with excellent clinical results. Conclusions: Knee MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) should be requested in all patients affected by congenital femoral deficiency to exclude ligamentous agenesis. Where present, these should be reconstructed at an early stage as soon as limb-lengthening procedures are completed. If still skeletally immature, physeal-sparing surgical techniques should be implemented.
Could Marginal Adaptation of Composite Resin Restorations Be Influenced by a Different Polymer Using Different Techniques?
Authors: Pereira Jefferson Ricardo , Vermudt Alef , Junior Ageu Raupp , Bordignon Diego Saccon , Medeiros Henrique Vieira , Galvani Lucas David , Rosa Ricardo Abreu da , Só Marcus Vinicius Reis , Kuga Milton Carlos
Published: December 2024

Background: Marginal adaptation is one of biggest challenges in restorative dentistry, mainly in restoration of composite resin. Even with development of lower shrinkage materials, like those which use the polymer silorane, it is necessary a faithful clinical protocol in order to obtain better results and more clinical durability of restorative procedure. The purpose of this study was investigated if different polymers can influence on marginal adaptation of different composite resin restorations. Material and methods: Twenty class V cavities were confectioned in twenty human molars in a standardized way. Ten dentists received one tooth each and a questionnaire to describe their own clinical protocol. The other 10 teeth were restored by one researcher as control group. The cavities received the adhesive system than increments of composite resin, and so the restorations were finished with finishing bur (KG Sorensen, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) to remove the excess, followed by sof-lex discs (3M ESPE). After this stage, all of specimens were embedded in 1% Methylene blue (Prolabo, Paris, France) during 48 h. The evaluation of pigment penetration into the interfaces was performed after specimens were washed in distilled water and longitudinally sectioned with steel Diamond disc in low velocity. Results: There was significant statistical difference between the different techniques using compose resin. Conclusions: it was possible conclude that the clinical protocol to perform dental restoration interfere dramatically in the final results of restorative procedure.
Developing a Cryopreservation Protocol for Embryonic Axes of Six South American Peanut Genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) Using Desiccation–Vitrification
Authors: Tacán Marcelo , Andrango Raquel , Tapia César , Sørensen Marten , Vollmer Rainer , Pérez César
Published: December 2024

The present study investigates the cryopreservation of embryonic axes from the peanut genotype ECU-12466, demonstrating a successful protocol involving a 1 h desiccation on silica gel followed by a 1 h cryoprotection with Plant Vitrificatin Solution 2 (PVS2). The average dimensions of the excised embryonic axes were 5.6 mm in length and 3.5 mm in width, with plumule lengths averaging 2.2 mm. Notably, germination rates for cryopreserved axes ranged from 71.4% to 85.7%, showing resilience to varying desiccation and PVS2 treatment times, particularly at 1 h. Shoot length was significantly enhanced by a 1 h PVS2 exposure, while longer durations resulted in phytotoxic effects. Rooting rates were higher for samples treated with shorter desiccation periods, with 54% rooting achieved at 1 h of PVS2 exposure, contrasting sharply with just 16% at 2 h. The moisture content of the embryonic axes remained stable between 9.3% and 9.5%, indicating no detrimental impact from the applied treatments. To evaluate the protocol’s broader applicability, five additional peanut genotypes (ECU-11401, ECU-11418, ECU-11448, ECU-11469, and ECU-11494) were tested. While cryopreserved samples demonstrated high germination rates of up to 95.4% after 15 days, the rooting success was significantly lower (25.2%) compared to the control group’s 90.9%. Following transplantation, the growth performance varied among genotypes, with a success rate of 93% for ECU-11494. Overall, this study elucidates the critical parameters for optimizing cryopreservation protocols in peanut embryonic axes, contributing to more effective long-term conservation strategies.
Rural Versus Urban Genitourinary Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Pennsylvania: 1990–2019
Authors: Pham Jonathan , Alzubaidi Ahmad N. , Raman Jay D. , Garg Tullika
Published: December 2024

Our aim was to describe the incidence and mortality of genitourinary (GU) cancers in rural and urban Pennsylvania counties. We calculated age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of GU (prostate, bladder, and kidney) cancers from 1990 to 2019 in the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry. We defined rurality using the Center for Rural Pennsylvania’s population density-based definition. We modeled average annual percent changes (AAPC) in age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates using joinpoint regression. Overall GU cancer incidence decreased in rural and urban counties (AAPC −7.5%, p = 0.04 and AAPC −6.6%, p = 0.02, respectively). Prostate cancer incidence decreased in rural and urban counties by −10.5% (p = 0.02) and −9.1% (p = 0.01), respectively. Kidney cancer incidence increased in both rural and urban counties, respectively (AAPC = +11.2, p = 0.002 and +9.3%, p = 0.01). GU cancer mortality decreased in rural and urban counties (AAPC = −11.6, p = 0.047 and AAPC −12.2, p = 0.01, respectively). Prostate cancer mortality decreased at similar rates in rural and urban counties (AAPC −15.5, p = 0.03 and −15.4, p = 0.02, respectively). Kidney cancer mortality decreased in urban (AAPC −6.9% p = 0.03) but remained stable in rural counties. Bladder cancer incidence and mortality were unchanged in both types of counties. Over three decades, GU cancer incidence and mortality decreased across Pennsylvania counties.
Metabolic Complete Response of Metastatic Oncogene-Negative, PDL1-Negative Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer After Chemo-Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy: A Case Report
Authors: Surgo Alessia , Davì Valerio , Ciliberti Maria Paola , Carbonara Roberta , Caliandro Morena , Di Guglielmo Fiorella Cristina , Sasso Nicola , Calbi Roberto , Gentile Maria Annunziata , Talienti Tiziana , Bruno Isabella , Troia Michele , Bonaparte Ilaria , Ludovico Giuseppe Mario , Surico Giammarco , Fiorentino Alba
Published: December 2024

A 71-year-old male ex-smoker presented in October 2021 to our department with a brain and bone metastatic adenocarcinoma NSCLC. PDL1, ROS, EGFR, and ALK were negative. He underwent stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases. In November 2021, he started a chemotherapy (CHT) regimen with cisplatin (75 mg/m2 every 21 days) and pemetrexed (500 mg/m2 every 21 days), and ICI with Atezolizumab (1200 mg every 21 days). In July 2022, RT to the lung tumor and mediastinal nodal was performed with a total dose of 45 Gy in 15 fractions. He continued with immunotherapy until December 2022, when a grade 3–4 toxicity from immunotherapy was observed (hypothyroidism, psoriasis, and cystitis). He achieved a complete clinical response to the therapy. To date, the patient is alive, with a complete metabolic response, without treatment at 37 months from diagnosis.
Seizures Following Carotid Endarterectomy: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of 69,479 Patients and Evidence-Based Recommendations for Perioperative Care
Authors: Rajesh Kruthajn , Shen Helen , Bhaskar Sonu M. M.
Published: December 2024

Background: Seizures are a rare but potentially serious complication following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Understanding their prevalence and associated factors is crucial for optimizing perioperative care and improving patient outcomes. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of seizures following CEA and explore clinical and procedural factors contributing to their occurrence. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting on seizures following CEA. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases was performed, following PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of postoperative seizures. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. A total of 20 studies, encompassing 69,479 patients, were included. Results: The overall pooled prevalence of seizures following CEA was 1% (95% CI: 0–2%; p < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 93.52%). Prospective studies reported a higher pooled prevalence (2%, 95% CI 0–4%; I2 = 76.34%) compared to retrospective studies (0%, 95% CI 0–1%; I2 = 91.51%). Male predominance was noted among patients who experienced seizures, and hypertension was the most common comorbidity. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome was identified as a key contributing factor to postoperative seizures. Data on long-term outcomes, including the development of epilepsy, were insufficient for further analysis. The methodological quality of the included studies varied, with most studies demonstrating a moderate risk of bias. Conclusions: Seizures occur in approximately 1% of patients following CEA, with higher rates observed in prospective studies. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome is an important contributor to this rare complication. We provide evidence-based specific recommendations for seizure management and introduce the SMART-CEA Checklist, a practical framework to guide perioperative care and reduce complications. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes, including epilepsy, and incorporate standardized methodologies to improve data reliability and guide clinical practice.
Derivation of an Analytical Solution of a Forced Cantilevered Tube Conveying Fluid
Authors: Tembely Moussa
Published: December 2024

In this paper, an analytical technique is proposed to obtain the forced response of a cantilevered tube conveying fluid. By considering the pipe subjected to an arbitrary harmonic force, either distributed or concentrated, an analytical solution is found using Green’s function method. The closed-form solution obtained satisfies the differential equations governing the vibrating tube conveying fluid. The proposed method, which provides exact solutions, is more accurate than the classical eigenfunction expansion or Galerkin’s method and eliminates the need for eigenfunctions, eigenvalues, or infinite series.