bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variational Principles
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes smooth variational principles (of Ekeland type) as infinite two-player games. These variational principles are based on a simple but careful recursive choice of points where certain functions that change during the process have values close to their infima. Like many other recursive constructions, the choice has a natural description using the language of infinite two-player games with perfect information. The chapter first considers the perturbation game used in Theorem 7.2.1 to formulate an abstract version of the variational principle before showing how to specialize it to more standard formulations. It then examines the bimetric variant of the smooth variational principle, along with the perturbation functions that are relatively simple. It concludes with an assessment of cases when completeness and lower semicontinuity hold only in a bimetric sense.
Smoothness and Asymptotic Smoothness
Authors: Lindenstrauss Joram , Preiss David , Jaroslav Tiˇser
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the modulus of smoothness of a function in the direction of a family of subspaces and the much simpler notion of upper Fréchet differentiability. It also considers the notion of spaces admitting bump functions smooth in the direction of a family of subspaces with modulus controlled by ω‎(t). It shows that this notion is related to asymptotic uniform smoothness, and that very smooth bumps, and very asymptotically uniformly smooth norms, exist in all asymptotically c₀ spaces. This allows a new approach to results on Γ‎-almost everywhere Frechet differentiability of Lipschitz functions. The chapter concludes by explaining an immediate consequence for renorming of spaces containing an asymptotically c₀ family of subspaces.
Royal Entries, Princely Visits, Triumphal Celebrations in Spain, c. 1327–1640
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on royal and princely entries as well as royal visits. Beginning with Ferdinand III's proto-entry into Seville in 1248, it traces the subtle changes that occurred in how kings entered or visited the great city on the banks of the Guadalquivir, from Alfonso XI's iconic entry in 1327 to Philip II's solemn entry in 1570. It then draws the important distinction between the prince or king's first visit to a city and subsequent sojourns there. The first entry usually, but not always, called for some unusual or unique gesture. Most often this meant that the king would enter the city and progress along a pre-selected route under a palio (a canopy or baldachin). The chapter also looks at the triumphal entry of Fernando of Antequera into Seville after his great victory over Granada's armies in 1401.
Martial Festivals and the Chivalrous Imaginary
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on martial festivals. Mock warfare had a long history in Spain, and while it shared many characteristics with other European traditions, certain aspects of these martial festivals were deeply rooted in Iberian autochthonous experiences of warfare against Islam and in the long and complicated symbiosis of Castilian, Aragonese, Catalan, and other regional communities with Islamic Spain. The juego de cañas and fictitious battles between moros y cristianos (Moors and Christians) are only the most obvious examples of festive military displays that reflect historical interactions between these two religions traditions. The chapter then presents two different perspectives on festive martial displays. The first is the social and military perspective and the second relates to the romances and chivalrous literature that promoted and served as models for these activities.
Fear and Its Opposites in the History of Emotions
Authors: Weiss Max
Published: November 2017

This book examines the “problem” of fear in its intellectual, social, and political incarnations. It situates fear in world-historical terms, thus breaking new ground in the historical and cultural analysis of emotions. Each contributor is specifically concerned with a discrete historical moment, thereby emphasizing the variability and contingency of fears past, present, and future. Examples of such moments are the experience of fear among eighteenth-century rebels, priests, and colonial administrators in Peru; the universal fear response evoked by the Thirty Years War; and the technologically mediated experiences of anxiety and fear collectively felt by cinemagoers in Weimar Germany. This introduction discusses some of the lineaments of the history and philosophy of emotion as it pertains to the problem of fear, highlighting counterpoints or analogues to fear such as comfort, assurance, and hope.
Conceptions of Terror in the European Enlightenment
Authors: Schechter Ronald
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the images, feelings, connotations, and concepts that the word “terreur” evoked during the European Enlightenment. It first looks at a few definitions of terror before discussing the views of Paul-Henri Dietrich, Baron d'Holbach, a wealthy German nobleman who epitomized the Enlightenment war on terror. In particular, it considers Holbach's claim that philosophy is the cure for the psychological suffering caused by fear. It then explores the conception of terror as an attribute of God, which in turn associated it with majesty and justice, along with the practice of characterizing monarchs and nations as terrors. It also analyzes terror's connection to military science and law and punishment, including death penalty. Finally, it assesses the aesthetics of terror. The chapter shows that while the Enlightenment frequently railed against terror, its relationship to terror was highly ambivalent.
“When Fear Rather than Reason Dominates”
Authors: Walker Charles
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how fear was experienced by rebels, priests, and colonial administrators in Peru during the Tupac Amaru Rebellion of 1780–1783. It first provides a historical background on the rebellion before discussing the cases of twelve of the eighteen clerics who were prosecuted by the bishop of Cuzco, Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, to illustrate how priests experienced the uprising. It then considers what the rebellion contributed to our understanding of fear as a historical category and how the trials of the priests shed light on important questions about the Tupac Amaru Rebellion. It also explores how the Tupac Amaru uprising heightened social divisions in the Andes and notes that historians have deemed the postrebellion decades as the period of great fear. The chapter argues that Tupac Amaru as a symbol failed to foster the same broad, reactionary cohesion that the Haitian Revolution did a decade later.
New Worlds
Authors: Smith Justin E. H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to the history of the race concept. It considers the early development of thinking about human diversity and human origins in the context of the Renaissance. In important respects, later reflections in European philosophy echo debates that played out a century earlier within the Ibero-American world, largely as a result of the fact that the Iberians were the earliest Europeans to have significant encounters with non-European peoples in the modern era. The chapter focuses on those sixteenth-century engagements with the novissima americana, the latest news from the Americas, that dealt with the question of the origins and nature of biological kinds in the New World, and particularly with the origins and nature of New World peoples.
Diversity as Degeneration
Authors: Smith Justin E. H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on those early modern accounts of human phenotypic diversity that do not resort to claims of essential difference, but instead appeal to some form or other of degeneration to account for human diversity. Degenerationism is the view that there was an original, ideal type of the human species (and generally also of animal species), but that different groups have deviated from this perfect state as a result of migration, changes in diet and in climate, and hybridity with other species. The chapter shows that degenerationist accounts of human variety are particularly interesting in the way they conflate descriptive and normative claims. It also considers in some detail the place of apes, and in particular of higher primates, in degenerationist reflections on the lower limits of the human species.
Leibniz on Human Equality and Human Domination
Authors: Smith Justin E. H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter undertakes an extensive treatment of the place of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the history of the concept of race. In particular, the chapter draws out the significant points of difference between Leibniz's view, on the one hand, and Bernier's biogeographical view, on the other. It shows, in fact, that Leibniz remains thoroughly committed to a conception of race that is rooted in earlier ideas about the temporal succession of members of a family or lineage. Moreover, the chapter reveals in what way his analysis of race may be seen as a concrete application of his very deepest philosophical commitment, according to which the order of the world amounts to a multiplicity that is underlain by unity.
Exploring Leisure, Morality, and Geography in South Beirut
Authors: Deeb Lara , Harb Mona
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the popularity of the Bab al-Hara café in south Beirut, an area often maligned in the U.S. press as “the Hizbullah stronghold” and known in Lebanon as Dahiya. The café exemplifies many of the shifting features of leisure in south Beirut, and highlights many of the new ideas and practices of morality as well as geography that have emerged in this Shi'i-majority area of the city over the past decade. The chapter suggests that these cafés provide new spaces for leisure that are promoting flexibility in moral norms. The circumstances that both new spaces and desires for leisure provoke highlight tensions between religious and social notions about what is moral. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Mapping Leisure and Café Styles
Authors: Deeb Lara , Harb Mona
Published: November 2017

Prior to 2000, Dahiya had a few pizza places scattered along some of its commercial streets that functioned like the local man'oushe and fast-food stands. With the introduction of the Internet in Lebanon, businesses providing access appeared across Beirut, including in Dahiya. Initially, Internet access was incorporated into the “amusement centers” where young men played pool and computer games. Eventually, some of these gaming centers became small cybercafés, providing Wi-Fi along with wired desktop computers, food, and drinks. Over time, they attracted an increasingly mixed clientele of youths. This chapter provides a geographic analysis of these new leisure sites, mapping them onto Dahiya's streets and neighborhoods, and comparing their architectural design and aesthetic features.
Good Taste, Leisure’s Moral Spaces, and Sociopolitical Change in Lebanon
Authors: Deeb Lara , Harb Mona
Published: November 2017

The preceding chapters showed how ideas about morality, space, and place come together to create specific forms of leisure for more or less pious Shi'i Muslim residents of south Beirut. Choices about leisure activities and places are informed by different moral rubrics, as people negotiate social norms, religious tenets, and political loyalties. Pastimes and their settings are assessed according to ideas about where they are located and how their patrons behave—ideas built on assumptions about the relationship between morality and geography in the city. Yet how and where a person hangs out is also an expression of personal taste. This chapter brings taste into the picture and discusses how Dahiya's new leisure sites and practices are valued along with how judgments about class, morality, geography, and politics work together to produce ideas about taste and social hierarchy. It concludes by thinking through the question of whether changing leisure practices and spaces can lead to broader social, political, and urban change.
Solar Radiation at the Earth
Authors: Haigh Joanna D. , Cargill Peter
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how solar radiation is the climate's fundamental energy source. It considers the solar radiance at the top of the Earth's atmosphere, its variation with location and season, and its energy distribution within the climate system. Changes in the radiation balance are capable of influencing global surface temperature and may thus be involved in climate change. The chapter also investigates the radiative processes which influence the atmospheric temperature structure and some of the chemical processes, particularly those influenced by solar radiation, that determine atmospheric composition. To understand how variations in solar activity might affect climate it is necessary to look at the amount and distribution of solar energy reaching the Earth.
Summary
Authors: Haigh Joanna D. , Cargill Peter
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter talks about how the Earth's climate is fundamental to the well-being of humanity, and any factor with the potential to affect that is obviously of concern. Thus, an understandable interest in the body that provides the energy for all life on Earth has driven a long history of study of how changes in the Sun might influence the climate. The wealth of physical, chemical, and biological processes involved also makes the topic of intrinsic scientific fascination. Observations of the Sun, alongside theoretical advances and developments in models, are helping to further understanding of its behavior. In particular, significant advances have been made in determining how different activity indicators relate to the physical processes involved in the evolution of the solar magnetic field, sunspots, and radiation over the 11-year cycle.
Hybrid Dynamical Systems
Authors: Goebel Rafal , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Teel Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

Hybrid dynamical systems exhibit continuous and instantaneous changes, having features of continuous-time and discrete-time dynamical systems. Filled with a wealth of examples to illustrate concepts, this book presents a complete theory of robust asymptotic stability for hybrid dynamical systems that is applicable to the design of hybrid control algorithms—algorithms that feature logic, timers, or combinations of digital and analog components. With the tools of modern mathematical analysis, this book unifies and generalizes earlier developments in continuous-time and discrete-time nonlinear systems. It presents hybrid system versions of the necessary and sufficient Lyapunov conditions for asymptotic stability, invariance principles, and approximation techniques, and examines the robustness of asymptotic stability, motivated by the goal of designing robust hybrid control algorithms. This self-contained and classroom-tested book requires standard background in mathematical analysis and differential equations or nonlinear systems. It will interest graduate students in engineering as well as students and researchers in control, computer science, and mathematics.
Introduction
Authors: Goebel Rafal , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Teel Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the model of a hybrid system to be used in this volume. The focus is on the data structure and on modeling. The model suggests that the flow set, the flow map, the jump set, and the jump map can be specialized to capture the dynamics of purely continuous-time or discrete-time systems on ℝn. The former corresponds to a flow set equal to ℝn and an empty jump set, while the latter can be captured with an empty flow set and a jump set defined as ℝn. In addition, several examples of hybrid systems are given, including models of hybrid control systems. The model of a hybrid system is then related to other modeling frameworks; such as hybrid automata, impulsive differential equations, and switching systems.
Asymptotic stability, an in-depth treatment
Authors: Goebel Rafal , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Teel Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter defines local pre-asymptotic stability for a compact (closed and bounded) set and studies its properties for systems that are nominally well-posed or well-posed. While Chapter 3 dealt with global (and uniform) pre-asymptotic stability, the more general local pre-asymptotic stability is studied in this chapter, although for the more restrictive case of compact sets. Properties of the basin of attraction and uniformity of convergence are here analyzed, and some general examples of locally pre-asymptotically stable sets are given. The chapter reveals that, for nominally well-posed hybrid systems, pre-asymptotic stability turns out to be equivalent to uniform pre-asymptotic stability. For well-posed systems, pre-asymptotic stability turns out to be equivalent to uniform, robust pre-asymptotic stability and implies the existence of a Smooth Lyapunov function.
Adam
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that it is not only the angels who are perceived as dangerous competitors with God—the same holds true for Adam, the first man, who, according to some midrashim, was originally created with enormous bodily dimensions (a makro-anthropos); one midrash even goes so far as to suggest that God decided to make him mortal only when he realized that the angels made an attempt to worship him. The rabbis polemicized against attempts to elevate Adam to a supernatural and (semi)divine being because they were aware of the possible Christological interpretations and because such ideas had gained followers among the rabbis themselves. The Adam myth is but another example of the theological possibilities inherent in ancient Judaism—possibilities that were developed further by circles that would be labeled “Christian” yet could still remain within what would be called “rabbinic Judaism.” In distancing themselves from such tendencies, the rabbis ultimately aimed to shape their own (rabbinic) identity.
Reforming the European Union
Authors: Finke Daniel , König Thomas , Proksch Sven-Oliver , Tsebelis George
Published: November 2017

For decades the European Union tried changing its institutions, but achieved only unsatisfying political compromises and modest, incremental treaty revisions. In late 2009, however, the EU was successfully reformed through the Treaty of Lisbon. This book examines how political leaders ratified this treaty against all odds and shows how this victory involved all stages of treaty reform negotiations—from the initial proposal to referendums in several European countries. The book emphasizes the strategic role of political leadership and domestic politics, and it uses state-of-the-art methodology, applying a comprehensive data set for actors' reform preferences. The book looks at how political leaders reacted to apparent failures of the process by recreating or changing the rules of the game. While domestic actors played a significant role in the process, their influence over the outcome was limited as leaders ignored negative referendums and plowed ahead with intended reforms. The book's empirical analyses shed light on critical episodes: strategic agenda setting during the European Convention, the choice of ratification instrument, intergovernmental bargaining dynamics, and the reaction of the German Council presidency to the negative referendums in France, the Netherlands, and Ireland.
In the Aftermath of the Negative Referendums: The Irish Resistance
Authors: König Thomas , Finke Daniel
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the last stage of the reform process: the role of the German Presidency in managing the reform crisis by proposing the Treaty of Lisbon and the subsequent reaction by the Irish government and voters. On 21 June 2007 the political leaders met in Brussels and agreed on a reform proposal replacing the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, which had been rejected by the Dutch and French voters two years earlier. The deal brokered by the German Presidency maintained the overwhelming majority of the reform issues proposed under the compromised Constitutional Treaty. The chapter examines why the Presidency favored such an encompassing reform while knowing that its ratification would be far more uncertain compared to the less ambitious proposal called a “mini-treaty” that had been circulating at the time. This is the last episode of the trial-and-error story in which a strategic, risk-taking leader finally managed to turn failure into success.
The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left
Authors: Storrs Landon R. Y.
Published: November 2017

The loyalty investigations triggered by the Red Scare of the 1940s and 1950s marginalized many talented women and men who had entered government service during the Great Depression seeking to promote social democracy as a means to economic reform. Their influence over New Deal policymaking and their alliances with progressive labor and consumer movements elicited a powerful reaction from conservatives, who accused them of being subversives. This book draws on newly declassified records of the federal employee loyalty program—created in response to fears that Communists were infiltrating the U.S. government—to reveal how disloyalty charges were used to silence these New Dealers and discredit their policies. Because loyalty investigators rarely distinguished between Communists and other leftists, many noncommunist leftists were forced to leave government or deny their political views. This book finds that loyalty defendants were more numerous at higher ranks of the civil service than previously thought, and that many were women, or men with accomplished leftist wives. Uncovering a forceful left-feminist presence in the New Deal, the book shows how opponents on the Right exploited popular hostility to powerful women and their “effeminate” spouses. The loyalty program not only destroyed many promising careers, it prohibited discussion of social democratic policy ideas in government circles, narrowing the scope of political discourse to this day. This book demonstrates how the Second Red Scare undermined the reform potential of the New Deal and crippled the American welfare state.
“A Soul-Searing Process”: Trauma in the Civil Service
Authors: Storrs Landon R. Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at private letters and other unpublished sources about defendants other than the Keyserlings to recapture the subjective experience of being investigated, not as an exercise in voyeurism but to explain why the effects were so profound. The experience of being under loyalty investigation produced a wide range of responses from individuals and had many long-lasting effects—on their economic security, mental and physical health, personal relationships, and civic participation. Many loyalty defendants preferred to remain silent about these humiliating experiences, but examining them is necessary to establish the context in which these people made difficult strategic and ethical decisions about how best to protect themselves.
Loyalty Investigations and the “End of Reform”
Authors: Storrs Landon R. Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the connection between disloyalty charges and the shift toward the political center, or out of government service, by many public officials, which has been difficult to discern because of the silence that loyalty defendants maintained, even many years later. As they organized papers, gave interviews, and drafted memoirs, they typically avoided disclosing that they had been investigated and downplayed the leftism that had put them in the line of fire. Leon and Mary Dublin Keyserling were not the only former loyalty defendants to offer accounts that were distorted by an accumulation of omissions; they are not to blame for trying to protect themselves and their associates from further persecution. In addition to impeding progressive reform, policymakers' traumatic encounters with the federal employee loyalty program impoverished the primary sources on which scholars have relied to understand mid-twentieth-century American politics.
The Reputational Premium
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Stiglitz Edward H.
Published: November 2017

This book presents a new theory of party identification, the central concept in the study of voting. Challenging the traditional idea that voters identify with a political party out of blind emotional attachment, this pioneering book explains why party identification in contemporary American politics enables voters to make coherent policy choices. Standard approaches to the study of policy-based voting hold that voters choose based on the policy positions of the two candidates competing for their support. This study demonstrates that candidates can get a premium in support from the policy reputations of their parties. In particular, the book presents a theory of how partisans take account of the parties' policy reputations as a function of the competing candidates' policy positions. A central implication of this theory of reputation-centered choices is that party identification gives candidates tremendous latitude in their policy positioning. Paradoxically, it is the party supporters who understand and are in synch with the ideological logic of the American party system who open the door to a polarized politics precisely by making the best-informed choices on offer.
A Reputational Theory of Party Identification and Policy Reasoning
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Stiglitz Edward H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the party-centered theory of spatial voting. Party identification is essentially an emotional attachment to a political party. Typically, this affective attachment is acquired early in life, most commonly from one's parents but not infrequently from one's peers. Characteristically, party supporters' identification with their party increases over the course of their lives. However, the bond between partisan and party does not strengthen out of policy conviction. Identifying with a party is only minimally, and then often coincidentally, related to identifying with policies that the party stands for. Indeed, there are two reasons why a programmatic partisan may judge a candidate of his party to represent his policy preferences. One is because the candidate's position is closer to his. The other is because the outlook of the candidate's party is closer to his.
Introduction
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This book deals with Mumford-Tate groups, the fundamental symmetry groups in Hodge theory. Much, if not most, of the use of Mumford-Tate groups has been in the study of polarized Hodge structures of level one and those constructed from this case. In this book, Mumford-Tate groups M will be reductive algebraic groups over ℚ such that the derived or adjoint subgroup of the associated real Lie group M
ℝ contains a compact maximal torus. In order to keep the statements of the results as simple as possible, the book emphasizes the case when M
ℝ itself is semi-simple. The discussion covers period domains and Mumford-Tate domains, the Mumford-Tate group of a variation of Hodge structure, Hodge representations and Hodge domains, Hodge structures with complex multiplication, arithmetic aspects of Mumford-Tate domains, classification of Mumford-Tate subdomains, and arithmetic of period maps of geometric origin.
The Mumford-Tate Group of a Variation of Hodge Structure
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the Mumford-Tate group of a variation of Hodge structure (VHS). It begins by presenting a definition of VHS, which consists of a connected complex manifold and a locally liftable, holomorphic mapping that is an integral manifold of the canonical differential ideal. The moduli space of Γ‎-equivalence classes of polarized Hodge structures is also considered, along with a generic point for the VHS and the monodromy group of the VHS. Associated to a VHS is its Mumford-Tate group. The chapter proceeds by discussing the structure theorem for VHS, where S is a quasi-projective algebraic variety, referred to as global variations of Hodge structure. It concludes by describing an application of Mumford-Tate groups, along with the Noether-Lefschetz locus.
The Bases of Periclean Power: The Stratēgos
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines one of the bases of Pericles' political power: as military leader, which rests upon the office of a stratēgos. It first considers the institutional and military mainsprings of Pericles' authority before discussing the function of a stratēgos and the reasons why the role played by this office was so crucial in Athens. It then explores how Pericles set up a veritable policy for glory, even to the point of singing the praises of his own successes. It also analyzes Pericles' military strategy in the Peloponnesian War and concludes with the argument that Pericles' success rested on military glory—as head of the Athenian armies and navies. The chapter shows that, as a stratēgos in warfare, well accustomed to military command, Pericles dominated Athenian political life for twenty or so years.
The Bases of Periclean Power: The Orator
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines another base of Pericles' political power: as orator. In Athens, a city rapidly moving toward democratization, persuasive oratory played a key role. Pericles was a master not only of public speaking but also of the art of remaining silent or, to be more precise, of getting his political allies to speak in his place. The chapter first considers the nature of Pericles' rhetoric and his mastery of the art of persuasion in the context of Athenian democracy before discussing the two complementary facets of Pericles' oratorical skill, authority and pedagogy, through a reading of The Peloponnesian War. It also describes how Pericles limited the number of his public interventions by delegating power in order to strengthen his own authority. The chapter argues that Pericles' measured appearances impressed the masses because they evoked not just an imperial ceremony, but possibly even a form of religious epiphany.
A Periclean Economy?
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the nature of the economic prosperity of Athens during the time of Pericles. It first considers the existence of a Periclean oikonomia in relation to the birth of a “market economy” and “marketable agriculture”—agriculture whose products were destined for the marketplace—in Athens before describing Pericles' mode of managing his oikos. It then discusses the development of the Athenian economy under Pericles based on the revenues that Athens obtained as benefits of imperialism. It shows that Pericles actively promoted the genesis of a truly democratic economic policy—a policy that was founded on widespread redistributions of the city's wealth to a newly redefined civic community not only by means of great constructional undertakings but also through the general introduction of civic pay.
Pericles and His Circle: Family and Friends
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Pericles' family circle and his network of friends. It first considers Pericles' marriage to show how kinship structures functioned in Athens before discussing the tension between oikos and polis, the private sphere and the public space, in Pericles' refusal to take part in even the most elementary rituals of family sociability. It then examines how Pericles neglected the traditional forms of friendship and the sociability that was associated with them, noting that thoughout his career, Pericles set the friendship of the people before his personal relationships. It also discusses the criticisms leveled against Pericles for his equivocal friendships and, in particular, his hospitality toward foreigners and even foreign women.
Pericles Rediscovered: The Fabrication of the Periclean Myth (18th to 21st Centuries)
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the rediscovery of Pericles and the fabrication of the Periclean myth from the eighteenth to the twenty-first centuries. It first traces the roots of the Periclean myth, and particularly the genealogy of the expression “the age of Pericles,” before considering how the myth peaked and then deteriorated. It then examines the interest generated by Pericles during the two world wars, particularly with respect to his democracy and “pacific imperialism.” It also analyzes how a new Pericles emerged in the writings of historians, who now presented him as an enlightened bourgeois. It also looks at the birth of the figure of an idealized Pericles who continues to be enthroned in school textbooks. The chapter concludes by suggesting that this “official” Pericles arouses only indifference in popular culture worldwide today.
Introduction
Authors: Bell Daniel A.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter presents a scholarly work on Confucian constitutionalism, while seeking to establish a morally desirable and politically realistic alternative to liberal democracy. The modern neo-Confucians' focus on self-cultivation was too abstract to be relevant for the particular political needs of contemporary China. Surely, an adaptation of political ideals developed within the Confucian tradition is more likely to secure a Confucian way of life. The chapter proposes the concept of “political Confucianism” in contrast to the “self-cultivation Confucianism” emphasized by the neo-Confucians. Both traditions are necessary, but the most pressing task now is to revive “political Confucianism” that focuses more directly on the betterment of social and political order by legislating and legitimizing political institutions.
Transcendent Heaven?
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: November 2017

This chapter defends another interpretation of heaven that is neither transcendent nor anthropocentric: it argues that heaven is necessarily interrelated in a “heaven–earth–humanity” triad. It calls into question Jiang's view that there is one transcendent heaven occupying a higher position that generates a differentiated heaven. The notion of a transcendent heaven is redundant and illogical. It makes no sense to say that heaven can be both one thing that generates something else and one part of something else that is generated by it. The chapter speculates that the real reason for Jiang's metaphysical position is the need to justify an Academy that represents heaven and stands above the tricameral parliament.
TB and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Dye Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the dual epidemic of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. There have been some major successes in the control of both HIV/AIDS and TB. The discovery and widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is among the greatest advances in public health during the past thirty years. The rise of TB cases in Africa and elsewhere and on the discovery and implementation of control measures raise a series of questions about the population biology of TB linked to HIV/AIDS. The chapter first provides an overview of HIV infection as a risk factor for TB before discussing the global epidemiology of TB linked to HIV/AIDS. It then describes the anatomy of a TB-HIV epidemic, along with TB control in the presence of HIV. In particular, it considers ART and isoniazid preventive therapy. The chapter concludes with the argument that the DOTS strategy is necessary but not sufficient for TB–HIV control.
Becoming Very Rich
Authors: McLean Ian W.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how the gold rushes beginning in the 1850s brought not only a diversification of the economic basis of prosperity beyond that provided by the wool industry, but coincided with the de facto political independence of five of the Australian colonies through their attainment of responsible government from Britain. Critical to the maintenance and extension of prosperity during these turbulent years was the way in which the shock to the economy of the gold discoveries was mediated by the evolving economic and political institutions. Gold continued to be important to prosperity for several decades, while a resumption of the expansion of the wool industry was matched by the development of other branches of agriculture.
The New International Courts
Authors: Alter Karen J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter identifies a significant variation in which states have consented to compulsory international judicial oversight. The reach of international courts (ICs) and international law varies, but where there is international law that litigants can invoke in court, the circle of actors involved in defining what international law means, and what it means for governments to be rule of law actors, expands. This expansion brings with it a shift in international relations, away from state control in both the domestic and international realms. The chapter sketches the international judicial landscape today by presenting a bird's-eye overview of the contemporary international judiciary, revealing temporal, substantive, and regional trends in delegating authority to ICs. But the perspective is largely static, a snapshot in time that obscures how legal practice, international law, and international legal institutions evolve.
International Law Enforcement
Authors: Alter Karen J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents four case studies covering all of the substantive domains in which international courts operate. The case studies show World Trade Organization (WTO) litigation pressuring the US Congress to change a tax policy that promoted US exports; the Andean Tribunal facilitating a retreat on the issuing of “second use patents”; and the Community Court of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) leading Niger to compensate Hadijatou Mani for enslavement in the customary family law system, as well as the indictment and arrest of Charles Taylor for crimes committed in a neighboring country. In all of these case studies, the ability of ICs to offer a remedy mobilized litigants, and ICs' rulings constructed focal remedies that compliance supporters could demand.
Aberrant Numbers
Authors: Buchwald Jed Z. , Feingold Mordechai
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines early modern conceptions regarding population, which impinged crucially on contemporary views—including Isaac Newton’s—regarding chronology, and the veracity of Scripture more generally. The Bible was universally perceived as the only authoritative account of “prehistory,” its divine authorship compelling unqualified assent. The first chapters of Genesis accordingly entailed that mankind had expanded quite rapidly from a common ancestor—both before and, especially, after the Deluge. While commentators on Genesis, especially the more zealous Protestants, saw little reason to engage in vain speculations regarding the number of mankind—or to synchronize sacred and secular histories beyond what Scripture itself required—a handful of chronologers and academic theologians began treading this territory at the turn of the seventeenth century. A pioneer of this new approach was Jean Du Temps (Johannes Temporarius), a French Protestant jurist.
Newtonian History
Authors: Buchwald Jed Z. , Feingold Mordechai
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers Isaac Newton’s conceptualization of the origins of monarchies. In 1702, Newton penned the “Original of Monarchies” following the death of William III. At the heart of the new project was the question of whether large empires had existed prior to the four monarchies mentioned by Daniel, namely Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome. If not, and Newton believed this to be the case, how to account for the seemingly well-documented counter examples of ancient empires, namely Egypt and Assyria? According to Newton’s theory, population growth during the early, postdiluvian era led to the rise of towns inhabited by multiple families. Coexistence of many families, in turn, required governance, and so the “fathers of families” united to produce a common set of laws, eventually choosing a “judge” to adjudicate among the families on the basis of such agreed-upon laws. These governed towns later morphed into larger units, “cities,” which were administered by councils of “elders.” Villages arose in the vicinities of the cities, and the authority of the judges extended to them, thereby producing the first conurbation that could be termed a “kingdom.” Over time these cities expanded further still, either by joining together under a common “captain,” or through conquest, to form an empire.
The War on Newton in England
Authors: Buchwald Jed Z. , Feingold Mordechai
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the anticipation surrounding the publication of Isaac Newton’s The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms. The willingness of publisher Jacob Tonson to fork out a sizeable sum of money to secure the publication rights of the Chronology attests to the considerable public interest the book generated. On June 5, 1727, The poet Edward Young informed a friend that Londoners anticipated “with Impatience” the publication of Newton’s theological works; five months later, the Scottish divine Robert Wodrow learned from Colin Maclaurin that the Chronology was in print “and there are very great expectations from it.” More dramatic still was the visual representation of Newton’s chronology as it was engraved on some of John Senex’s more expensive globes.
The Unheavenly Chorus
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: November 2017

Politically active individuals and organizations make huge investments of time, energy, and money to influence everything from election outcomes to congressional subcommittee hearings to local school politics, while other groups and individual citizens seem woefully underrepresented in our political system. This book is a comprehensive and systematic examination of political voice in America, and its findings are sobering. The book looks at the political participation of individual citizens alongside the political advocacy of thousands of organized interests—membership associations such as unions, professional associations, trade associations, and citizens groups, as well as organizations like corporations, hospitals, and universities. Drawing on numerous in-depth surveys of members of the public as well as the largest database of interest organizations ever created—representing more than 35,000 organizations over a 25-year period—this book conclusively demonstrates that American democracy is marred by deeply ingrained and persistent class-based political inequality. The well-educated and affluent are active in many ways to make their voices heard, while the less advantaged are not. This book reveals how the political voices of organized interests are even less representative than those of individuals, how political advantage is handed down across generations, how recruitment to political activity perpetuates and exaggerates existing biases, how political voice on the Internet replicates these inequalities—and more. In a true democracy, the preferences and needs of all citizens deserve equal consideration. Yet equal consideration is only possible with equal citizen voice. This book reveals how far we really are from the democratic ideal and how hard it would be to attain it.
Introduction: Democracy and Political Voice
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter briefly engages multiple themes regarding American democracy and the “political voice.” Here, political voice is understood as any activity undertaken by individuals and organizations that has the intent or effect of influencing government action—either directly by affecting the making or implementation of public policy, or indirectly by influencing the selection of people who make those policies. The chapter provides some analyses on the inequalities of political voice and how to measure them empirically, taking into account the various factors for political participation, which complicates this investigation even further. Finally, the chapter provides further notes on the data to be analyzed in the book and presents an overview of the following chapters.
Equal Voice and the Dilemmas of Democracy
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter demonstrates how the United States deviates from the ideal of equal voice. It is based on the premise that equal consideration of the interests and preferences of all citizens is an important component of democratic governance. Equal consideration depends on equal political voice. Those who express political voice—by voting or otherwise taking part in politics—are able to inform the government of their needs and preferences and to pressure public officials to pay attention; they are therefore in a better position to protect their interests. Thus the chapter considers if equal political voice—or, more realistically, more nearly equal voice than is currently the case—is a desirable goal.
Political Participation over the Life Cycle
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the disparities in political activity on the basis of age and what their implications for the representation of the opinions, concerns, and needs of all are. It attempts, in short, to analyze life-cycle, cohort, and period effects. Life-cycle effects refer to the social, psychological, and physical changes that take place as individuals age. In any society, particular experiences tend to correspond to particular stages in the life cycle. Using data from American National Election Studies (ANES) panel studies and from more than a half century of ANES cross-sections, this chapter investigates the origins of gaps among age groups in participation and finds evidence for both cohort and life-cycle effects.
Who Sings in the Heavenly Chorus? The Shape of the Organized Interest System
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses systematic data collected for the Washington Representatives Study to inquire into the kinds of interests that are represented by organizations in national politics and the extent to which that configuration approximates equality of political voice. The survey presented here has made clear that, for all the variety in the interests represented by organizations in Washington, the pressure system is far from universal. Many constituencies with a seeming interest in federal policies have no organization of their own. What is more, both the free rider problem and the resource constraint problem here imply that organized interest representation in Washington is riddled with everyday inequalities.
The Changing Pressure Community
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the evolution of the Washington pressure community, assessing changes in the number and distribution of active organizations over a twenty-five-year span. Of special concern is whether these patterns—in particular, the strong representation of business interests in contrast to the economic interests of less economically advantaged—are unique to a 2001 analysis or are a persistent aspect of organized interest representation in Washington. The chapter reveals how most of the organizations new to the pressure community are not organizations that never existed before; rather, they are organizations that have been outside of politics and, for reasons that are less well studied, are activated into politics. Thus the shape of the pressure community is influenced by a number of factors—of which an important one, but far from the only one, is the set of processes by which new political organizations come into being.