bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
13C/15N‐Enriched l‐Dopa as a Triple‐Resonance NMR Probe to Monitor Neurotransmitter Dopamine in the Brain and Liver Extracts of Mice
Authors: Yamada Hisatsugu , Kameda Tetsuro , Kimura Yu , Imai Hirohiko , Matsuda Tetsuya , Sando Shinsuke , Toshimitsu Akio , Aoyama Yasuhiro , Kondo Teruyuki
Published: December 2015

In an attempt to monitor μm‐level trace constituents, we applied here 1H‐{13C‐15N} triple‐resonance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to 13C/15N‐enriched l‐Dopa as the inevitable precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. The perfect selectivity (to render endogenous components silent) and μm‐level sensitivity (700 MHz spectrometer equipped with a cryogenic probe) of triple‐resonance allowed the unambiguous and quantitative metabolic and pharmacokinetic analyses of administered l‐Dopa/dopamine in the brain and liver of mice. The level of dopamine generated in the brain (within the range 7–76 μm, which covers the typical stimulated level of ∼30 μm) could be clearly monitored ex vivo, but was slightly short of the detection limit of a 7 T MR machine for small animals. This work suggests that μm‐level trace constituents are potential targets of ex vivo monitoring as long as they contain N atom(s) and their appropriate 13C/15N‐enrichment is synthetically accessible.
Chromosomal abnormalities and copy number variations in fetal left‐sided congenital heart defects
Authors: Jansen Fenna A. R. , Hoffer Mariette J. V. , van Velzen Christine L. , Plati Stephani Klingeman , Rijlaarsdam Marry E. B. , Clur Sally‐Ann B. , Blom Nico A. , Pajkrt Eva , Bhola Shama L. , Knegt Alida C. , de Boer Marion A. , Haak Monique C.
Published: December 2015

Objectives

To demonstrate the spectrum of copy number variants (CNVs) in fetuses with isolated left‐sided congenital heart defects (CHDs), and analyse genetic content.

Methods

Between 2003 and 2012, 200 fetuses were identified with left‐sided CHD. Exclusion criteria were chromosomal rearrangements, 22q11.2 microdeletion and/or extra‐cardiac malformations (n = 64). We included cases with additional minor anomalies (n = 39), such as single umbilical artery. In 54 of 136 eligible cases, stored material was available for array analysis. CNVs were categorized as either (likely) benign, (likely) pathogenic or of unknown significance.

Results

In 18 of the 54 isolated left‐sided CHDs we found 28 rare CNVs (prevalence 33%, average 1.6 CNV per person, size 10.6 kb–2.2 Mb). Our interpretation yielded clinically significant CNVs in two of 54 cases (4%) and variants of unknown significance in three other cases (6%).

Conclusions

In left‐sided CHDs that appear isolated, with normal chromosome analysis and 22q11.2 FISH analysis, array analysis detects clinically significant CNVs. When counselling parents of a fetus with a left‐sided CHD it must be taken into consideration that aside from the cardiac characteristics, the presence of extra‐cardiac malformations and chromosomal abnormalities influence the treatment plan and prognosis. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eosinophilic pneumonias in children: A review of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Giovannini‐Chami Lisa , Blanc Sibylle , Hadchouel Alice , Baruchel André , Boukari Rachida , Dubus Jean‐Christophe , Fayon Michael , Le Bourgeois Muriel , Nathan Nadia , Albertini Marc , Clément Annick , de Blic Jacques
Published: December 2015

Pediatric eosinophilic pneumonias (EPs) are characterized by a significant infiltration of the alveolar spaces and lung interstitium by eosinophils, with conservation of the lung structure. In developed countries, EPs constitute exceptional entities in pediatric care. Clinical symptoms may be transient (Löffler syndrome), acute (<1 month and mostly <7 days), or chronic (>1 month). Diagnosis relies on demonstration of alveolar eosinophilia on bronchoalveolar lavage, whether or not associated with blood eosinophilia. EPs are a heterogeneous group of disorders divided into: (i) secondary forms (seen mainly in parasitic infections, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and drug reactions); and (ii) primary forms (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia). Despite their rarity, the etiological approach to EP must be well‐defined as some causes can be rapidly life‐threatening without initiation of the proper treatment. This approach (i) eliminates secondary forms, with comprehensive history taking and minimal biological assessment, (ii) is oriented in primary forms by the acute or chronic setting, and the existence of extrapulmonary symptoms. Treatment of primary forms has traditionally relied on corticosteroids, usually with a dramatic response. Specific treatments or the adjunction of corticosteroid‐sparing treatment or immunosuppressors are currently being evaluated in order to improve the prognosis and the side effects associated with corticosteroid treatment in a pediatric setting. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:203–216. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rich Pictures: Sustainable Development and Stakeholders – The Benefits of Content Analysis
Authors: Bell Simon , Berg Tessa , Morse Stephen
Published: December 2015

This paper concerns the interpretation of pictures that stakeholders draw in order to help them structure and understand complex situations. The pictures in question are called Rich Pictures (RPs) and the matter at the heart of interpretation is insight drawn from eduction (drawing forth). Insights relate to stakeholders of all kinds, be they the individual, the group, the context in which the individual and the group find themselves, or the means whereby the context can be made more sustainable or improved. RP drawing, often as a collaborative, stakeholder exercise, is a powerful activity that has the capacity to break down barriers of language, education and culture. Drawing upon research with RPs from around the world and spanning 50 years of our combined practice, this paper demonstrates RPs' utility, universality and resilience. We maintain that RP drawing enriches problem solving and, in the long term, saves time and resources being expended on erroneous and/or superficial tasks.

However, the interpretation of RPs is still in its infancy. By use of processes derived from various forms of content analysis (CA) we argue that RPs can be applied as a powerful tool in a variety of policy fields. Conclusions for application are drawn and suggestions are made for further research relating to the clearer interpretation of RPs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Corporate social responsibility as an employee governance tool: Evidence from a quasi‐experiment
Authors: Flammer Caroline , Luo Jiao
Published: December 2015

Research summary: This study examines whether companies employ corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve employee engagement and mitigate adverse behavior at the workplace (e.g., shirking, absenteeism). We exploit plausibly exogenous changes in state unemployment insurance (UI) benefits from 1991 to 2013. Higher UI benefits reduce the cost of being unemployed and hence increase employees' incentives to engage in adverse behavior. We find that higher UI benefits are associated with higher engagement in employee‐related CSR. This finding suggests that companies use CSR as a strategic management tool—specifically, an employee governance tool—to increase employee engagement and counter the possibility of adverse behavior. We further examine plausible mechanisms underlying this relationship.

Managerial summary: This study examines whether companies employ corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve employee engagement and mitigate adverse behavior at the workplace (e.g., shirking, absenteeism). We find that companies react to increased risk of adverse behavior by strategically increasing their investment in employee‐related CSR (e.g., work‐life balance benefits, health and safety policies). Our findings have important managerial implications. In particular, they suggest that CSR may help companies motivate and engage their employees. Hence, companies dealing with employees that are unmotivated, regularly absent, or engage in other forms of adverse behavior, may find it worthwhile to design and implement effective CSR practices. Further, our findings suggest that CSR can be used as employee governance tool. Accordingly, managers could benefit from integrating CSR considerations into their strategic planning. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Anionic Surfactants by Means of Photometric Titration with Methylene Blue Dye
Authors: Shyichuk Alexander , Ziółkowska Dorota
Published: December 2015

Quantitative determination of dodecyl sulfate and dioctyl sulfosuccinate has been performed with methylene blue dye in titration mode. The new approach consists in the titration of surfactant solution by standardized dye solution, simultaneously measuring absorbance at 660 nm with an immersion probe. Due to the formation of sparingly soluble ion pairs, the registered photometric titration curves are dependent on surfactant concentration. The analytical signal is the titrant volume needed to reach a certain absorbance value. The main advantage of the proposed method is that no toxic organic solvent is used. An additional advantage is that the analysis procedure can be carried out using an automatic titrator. The determination range is dependent on the end‐point absorbance value. Standard deviation values fall in the range from 2 to 7 %. The method may be useful for routine process control in the surfactant industry.
Ratios of Regioisomers of the Molecular Species of Triacylglycerols in Lesquerella (Physaria fendleri) Oil Estimated by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lin Jiann‐Tsyh , Fagerquist Clifton K. , Chen Grace Q.
Published: December 2015

The ratios of regioisomers of 72 molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAG) in lesquerella oil were estimated using the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the lithium adducts of TAG in the HPLC fractions of lesquerella oil. The ratios of ion signal intensities (or relative abundances) of the fragment ions from the neutral losses of fatty acids (FA) as α‐lactones at the sn‐2 position (MS3) of the molecular species of TAG were used as the ratios of the regioisomers. The order of the preference of FA incorporation at the sn‐2 position of the molecular species of TAG in lesquerella was as: normal FA > OH18 (monohydroxy FA with 18 carbon atoms) > diOH18 > OH20 > diOH20, while in castor was as: normal FA > OH18 > OH20 > diOH18 > triOH18. Elongation (from C18 to C20) was more effective than hydroxylation in lesquerella to incorporate hydroxy FA at the sn‐1/3 positions. The block of elongation in lesquerella may be used to increase the content of hydroxy FA, e.g., ricinoleate, at the sn‐2 position of TAG and to produce triricinolein (or castor oil) for industrial uses. The content of normal FA at the sn‐2 position was about 95 %, mainly oleate (38 %), linolenate (31 %) and linoleate (23 %). This high normal FA content (95 %) at the sn‐2 position was a big space for the replacement of ricinoleate to increase the hydroxy FA content in lesquerella oil. The content of hydroxy FA at the sn‐1/3 positions was 91 % mainly lesquerolic acid (85 %) and the content of normal FA was 6.7 % at the sn‐1/3 position in lesquerella oil.
Clinical Issues‐January 2016
Authors: Wood Amber
Published: December 2015

This Month

Use of count boards

Key words: count, retained surgical item, RSI, count board, whiteboard, dry erase board.

Subtracting items from the count

Key words: count, retained surgical item, RSI, subtract, remove.

Counting miscellaneous items for gynecological procedures

Key words: count, retained surgical item, RSI, bulb syringe, cervical cup, vagina.

RN first assistants (RNFAs) performing initial count

Key words: count, retained surgical item, RSI, RNFA, first assistant.
Generation and vulnerability of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons in the weaver condition along the anteroposterior and mediolateral axes
Authors: Martí Joaquín , Santa‐Cruz M.C. , Hervás José P.
Published: December 2015

Production and death of deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) neurons were investigated in the weaver condition at appropriate anatomical levels throughout the mediolateral (medial, intermediate and lateral) and rostrocaudal (rostral, middle and caudal) axes of three DCN‐cell groups: the fastigial, the interposed and the dentate nuclei. Current results have denoted that the deficit of DCN neurons is always more important in the homozygous weaver than in the heterozygous weaver mice. No loss of neurons was found in the dentate nucleus. In the mediolateral axis, an intranuclear gradient of depletion was observed in the mutant mice; in a given deep nucleus, neurodegeneration was more prominent in the medial pars than in lateral ones. In the rostrocaudal axis, on the other hand, when each deep nucleus was studied and compared as a whole, neuron loss was higher in the fastigial nucleus than in the interposed nucleus, which, in turn, was more important than in the dentate nucleus. These data suggest that, in the weaver condition, an internuclear gradient of neurodegeneration exists. Moreover, neurons located in rostral parts of a given nucleus appear to be more vulnerable than those settled in middle parts and these, in turn, are more than the caudal ones. These results seem to indicate the presence of an intranuclear gradient of depletion. Current autoradiographic results have revealed that, in the rostrocaudal axis, deep neurons are settled in the weaver cerebellum following three neurogenetic gradients. The first of these is internuclear; if each deep nucleus is analyzed and compared as a whole, the fastigial nucleus has more late‐generated neurons than the interposed nucleus, and this, in turn, has more than the dentate nucleus. The second gradient is also internuclear; if the proportion of late‐born neurons is compared throughout the rostral levels from each deep nucleus, it is observed that proportions increase from the fastigial to the dentate nucleus. A similar picture emerges when the middle and caudal regions are taken into account. The third gradient is intranuclear; in a given deep nucleus, the rostral region always presents more late‐produced neurons than the middle region and these, in turn, more than in the caudal level.
Peripheral morphine reduces acute pain in inflamed tissue after third molar extraction: A double-blind, randomized, active-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Akural Ethem , Järvimäki Voitto , Alaniska Keijo , Kyösti Oikarinen , Alahuhta Seppo
Published: December 2015

Graphical Abstract
Tyranny illustrated: from petition to rebellion in Ottoman Vranje
Authors: Kırlı Cengiz
Published: December 2015

This article traces the struggle of the people of Vranje to unseat their governor, Hüseyin Pasha, in the 1840s. It situates this struggle within the context of the Tanzimat reforms, one primary objective of which was to use financial and legal means to bring powerful local governors under the control of the central government. The case of Vranje, this article shows, provides a particularly colorful example to observe the disrupting effects of the center’s intervention in the provinces, to investigate the various dynamics and difficulties the center confronted in its attempt to control the periphery, and to understand the ways in which the new political discourse of the Tanzimat shaped local resistance. This article also traces the stages of political mobilization and dissent through the various strategies the people of Vranje employed, from petitioning to armed resistance, in order to fight perceived injustices.
Who Needs Imagined Contact?
Authors: Hoffarth Mark R. , Hodson Gordon
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Imagined contact is a widely-used methodology for decreasing prejudice. Recently, however, the effectiveness and replicability of imagined contact have been debated. To the extent that imagined contact is theoretically a valuable intervention when actual contact is absent or less feasible, previous intergroup contact experiences presumably moderate the efficacy of imagined contact. The present investigation found that imagined contact effects were stronger among heterosexuals with infrequent (vs. frequent) previous contact with gays, improving their intergroup emotions and attitudes (Study 1, N = 261). In contrast, there were no such effects of imagined contact with Muslims among non-Muslims (Study 2, N = 320). These findings highlight the potential for moderators to impact the efficacy of experimental contact simulations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Peter Olson Receives 2015 Inge Lehmann Medal
Authors:   AGU
Published: December 2015

Peter Olson was awarded the 2015 Inge Lehmann Medal at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2015 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for "outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core."
Decidual vascular endothelial cells promote maternal–fetal immune tolerance by inducing regulatory T cells through canonical Notch1 signaling
Authors: Yao Yanyi , Song Jieping , Wang Weipeng , Liu Nian
Published: December 2015

Adaptation of the maternal immune response to accommodate the semiallogeneic fetus is necessary for pregnancy success. However, the mechanisms by which the fetus avoids rejection despite expression of paternal alloantigens remain incompletely understood. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are pivotal for maintaining immune homeostasis, preventing autoimmune disease and fetus rejection. In this study, we found that maternal decidual vascular endothelial cells (DVECs) sustained Foxp3 expression in resting Treg cells in vitro. Moreover, under in vitro Treg cell induction condition with agonistic antibodies and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, DVECs promoted Treg cell differentiation from non‐Treg conventional T cells. Consistent with the promotion of Treg cell maintenance and differentiation, Treg cell‐associated gene expression such as TGF‐β, Epstein–Barr‐induced gene‐3, CD39 and glucocorticoid‐induced tumor necrosis factor receptor was also increased in the presence of DVECs. Further study revealed that DVECs expressed Notch ligands such as Jagged‐1, Delta‐like protein 1 (DLL‐1) and DLL‐4, while Treg cells expressed Notch1 on their surface. The effects of DVECs on Treg cells was inhibited by siRNA‐induced knockdown of expression of Jagged‐1 and DLL‐1 in DVECs. Downregulation of Notch1 in Treg cells using lentiviral shRNA transduction decreased Foxp3 expression in Treg cells. Adoptive transfer of Notch1‐deficient Treg cells increased abortion rate in a murine semiallogeneic pregnancy model. Taken together, our study suggests that maternal DVECs are able to maintain decidual Treg cell identity and promote Treg cell differentiation through activation of Notch1 signal pathway in Treg cells and subsequently inhibit the immune response against semiallogeneic fetuses and preventing spontaneous abortion.
BN-heteroacene-cored luminogens with dual channel detection for fluoride anions
Authors: Zhou Jing , Tang Ruizhi , Wang Xinyang , Zhang Wanzheng , Zhuang Xiaodong , Zhang Fan
Published: December 2015

Very recently, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been extremely extended by replacing CC units with isoelectronic B–N ones, however, BN-containing π-conjugated oligomers or polymers are still very less explored due to the lack of appropriate building blocks.
Potential wave energy production by different wave energy converters around Sicily
Authors: Iuppa C. , Cavallaro L. , Foti E. , Vicinanza D.
Published: December 2015

The performance of several Wave Energy Converter devices is evaluated at three sites located on the west side of Sicily. To select the most energetic site, the average potential wave energy along the coasts of Sicily is evaluated by adopting a third-generation spectral wave propagation model using as boundary conditions the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational archive wave and wind data. The most energetic sites are on the western side of Sicily. In the three hotspots identified, the mean energy flux is within the range of 5.33–7.52 kW/m. The analysis shows that all considered devices have a low capacity factor in their original configurations (2.19%–5.12%). The main causes of the poor results in terms of energy production are related to the fact that such devices are optimized for high-energy waves. A resizing of the devices on the basis of the local wave climate showed that a capacity factor that exceeds 30% could be obtained.
The ignition design space of magnetized target fusion
Authors: Lindemuth Irvin R.
Published: December 2015

The simple magnetized target implosion model of Lindemuth and Kirkpatrick [Nucl. Fusion 23, 263 (1983)] has been extended to survey the potential parameter space in which three types of magnetized targets—cylindrical with axial magnetic field, cylindrical with azimuthal magnetic field, and spherical with azimuthal magnetic field—might achieve ignition and produce large gain at achievable radial convergence ratios. The model has been used to compute the dynamic, time-dependent behavior of many initial parameter sets that have been based upon projected ignition conditions using the quasi-adiabatic and quasi-flux-conserving properties of magnetized target implosions. The time-dependent calculations have shown that energy gains greater than 30 can potentially be achieved for each type of target. By example, it is shown that high gain may be obtained at extremely low convergence ratios, e.g., less than 15, for appropriate initial conditions. It is also shown that reaching the ignition condition, i.e., when fusion deposition rates equal total loss rates, does not necessarily lead to high gain and high fuel burn-up. At the lower densities whereby fusion temperatures can be reached in magnetized targets, the fusion burn rate may be only comparable with the hydrodynamic heating/cooling rates. On the other hand, when the fusion burn rates significantly exceed the hydrodynamic rates, the calculations show a characteristic rapid increase in temperature due to alpha particle deposition with a subsequent increased burn rate and high gain. A major result of this paper is that each type of target operates in a different initial density-energy-velocity range. The results of this paper provide initial target plasma parameters and driver parameters that can be used to guide plasma formation and driver development for magnetized targets. The results indicate that plasmas for spherical, cylindrical with azimuthal field, and cylindrical with axial field targets must have an initial density greater than approximately 1017/cm3, 1018/cm3, and 1020/cm3, respectively, implying constraints on target plasma formation research.
Selective breaking of bonds in water with intense, 2-cycle, infrared laser pulses
Authors: Mathur D. , Dota K. , Dey D. , Tiwari A. K. , Dharmadhikari J. A. , Dharmadhikari A. K. , De S. , Vasa P.
Published: December 2015

One of the holy grails of contemporary science has been to establish the possibility of preferentially breaking one of several bonds in a molecule. For instance, the two O–H bonds in water are equivalent: given sufficient energy, either one of them is equally likely to break. We report bond-selective molecular fragmentation upon application of intense, 2-cycle pulses of 800 nm laser light: we demonstrate up to three-fold enhancement for preferential bond breaking in isotopically substituted water (HOD). Our experimental observations are rationalized by means of ab initio computations of the potential energy surfaces of HOD, HOD+, and HOD2+ and explorations of the dissociation limits resulting from either O–H or O–D bond rupture. The observations we report present a formidable theoretical challenge that need to be taken up in order to gain insights into molecular dynamics, strong field physics, chemical physics, non-adiabatic processes, mass spectrometry, and time-dependent quantum chemistry.
Electron topological transitions of 3½ kind in beryllium
Authors: Mikitik G. P. , Sharlai Yu. V.
Published: December 2015

An analysis of known experimental literature data on the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility of beryllium. It is shown that this dependence can be explained if we take into account that beryllium has an electron topological transition of 3½ kind near the Fermi level.
Surface plasmon coupled chemiluminescence during adsorption of oxygen on magnesium surfaces
Authors: Hagemann Ulrich , Nienhaus Hermann
Published: December 2015

The dissociative adsorption of oxygen molecules on magnesium surfaces represents a non-adiabatic reaction exhibiting exoelectron emission, chemicurrent generation, and weak chemiluminescence. Using thin film Mg/Ag/p-Si(111) Schottky diodes with 1 nm Mg on a 10-60 nm thick Ag layer as 2π-photodetectors, the chemiluminescence is internally detected with a much larger efficiency than external methods. The chemically induced photoyield shows a maximum for a Ag film thickness of 45 nm. The enhancement is explained by surface plasmon coupled chemiluminescence, i.e., surface plasmon polaritons are effectively excited in the Ag layer by the oxidation reaction and decay radiatively leading to the observed photocurrent. Model calculations of the maximum absorption in attenuated total reflection geometry support the interpretation. The study demonstrates the extreme sensitivity and the practical usage of internal detection schemes for investigating surface chemiluminescence.
Theories and methodology of complementary hydro/photovoltaic operation: Applications to short-term scheduling
Authors: An Yuan , Fang Wei , Ming Bo , Huang Qiang
Published: December 2015

The recently implemented Longyangxia 320 MW complementary hydro/photovoltaic (PV) project provides a novel operation mode for utility-scale PV power plants. In this paper, the principle of complimentary hydro/PV operation is presented. In short-term scheduling, hydropower can improve the power quality of PV by compensating for the sawtooth-shaped power output curve of PV and for the intermittent and random output of PV. Conversely, in mid- to long-term scheduling and during peak load regulation, PV can compensate the hydro energy deficiency of hydropower via the electricity generated. The concept of virtual hydropower is also proposed. The ability of hydropower to compensate for PV is analyzed, and curtailment situations for solar energy and water as well as their causes are detected. Finally, a calculation model for complementary hydro/PV operation is developed based on the Longyangxia project. The results show that complementary hydro/PV operation can remarkably improve the power quality of PV and is better able to reduce the peak load than a standalone hydropower plant.
Effect of dynamical heterogeneity on heat capacity at glass transition in typical silicate glasses
Authors: Li Y. Z. , Zhao L. Z. , Sun Y. T. , Wen P. , Bai H. Y. , Wang W. H.
Published: December 2015

The heat capacity jump ΔCp at glass transition and the dynamical heterogeneity are two of the most important features of glass forming liquids. In order to reveal the intrinsic relationship between the two properties, a model glass system (Na2O)x(SiO2)1−x (x = 0.2–0.35) was studied by the systematic measurements of the ΔCp and the mechanical relaxation in the supercooled liquid region. A linear increase in ΔCp with increasing content of Na2O was found, indicating direct contributions of the locally fast dynamics around Na2O to ΔCp. This positive correlation between the locally heterogeneous dynamics and ΔCp was further confirmed by the dynamical heterogeneity analyses. Our results might be helpful for understanding the nature of glass transition.
Large self-biased and multi-peak magnetoelectric coupling in transducer of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 plates and H-type magnetization-graded ferromagnetic fork
Authors: Shen Yongchun , Ling Zhihao , Lu Caijiang
Published: December 2015

This paper develops a self-biased magnetoelectric (ME) composite Metglas/H-type-FeNi/PZT (MHFP) of H-type magnetization-graded Metglas/H-type-FeNi fork and piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) plate. By using the magnetization-graded magnetostrictive layer and symmetrical H-type structure, giant self-biased ME coupling and multi-peak phenomenon are observed. The zero-biased ME voltage coefficient of MHFP composite reaches ∼63.8 V/cm Oe, which is ∼37.5 times higher than that of traditional FeNi/PZT laminate. The output ME voltage has a good near linear relation with Hac and is determined to be ∼5.1 V/Oe and ∼10.6 mV/Oe at ∼65 kHz and 1 kHz, respectively. These indicate that the proposed composite show promising applications for ME transducers and high-sensitivity self-biased magnetic sensors.
Effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on space charge distribution in propylene carbonate under impulse voltage
Authors: Sima Wenxia , Song He , Yang Qing , Guo Hongda , Chen Qiulin
Published: December 2015

Addition of nanoparticles of the ferromagnetic material Fe3O4 can increase the positive impulse breakdown voltage of propylene carbonate by 11.65%. To further investigate the effect of ferromagnetic nanoparticles on the space charge distribution in the discharge process, the present work set up a Kerr electro-optic field mapping measurement system using an array photodetector to carry out time-continuous measurement of the electric field and space charge distribution in propylene carbonate before and after modification. Test results show that fast electrons can be captured by Fe3O4 nanoparticles and converted into relatively slow, negatively charged particles, inhibiting the generation and transportation of the space charge, especially the negative space charge.
Crowdsourcing platform gets results
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: December 2015

On the Zooniverse, data-analysis projects mesh public outreach and scientific discovery.
Facets of glass physics
Authors: Berthier Ludovic , Ediger Mark D.
Published: December 2015

Humans have been making glass for more than 3000 years. Despite that long history, new ways to understand the fundamental physics of glasses continue to emerge.
The Bound Variable Hierarchy and Donkey Anaphora in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Pan Haihua , Jiang Yan
Published: December 2015

Cheng and Huang (1996) argue that both unselective binding and E-type pronoun strategies are necessary for the interpretation of natural language sentences and claim that there exists a correspondence between two sentence types in Chinese and the two strategies, namely that the interpretation of the “wh … wh” construction (which they call “bare conditional”) employs the unselective binding strategy, while the ruguo ‘if’ and dou ‘all’ conditionals use the E-type pronoun strategy. They also suggest that there is a complementary distribution between bare conditionals and ruguo/dou conditionals in the sense that the latter allows all the NP forms, e.g. (empty) pronouns and definite NPs, except for wh-phrases in their consequent clauses, and can even have a consequent clause with no anaphoric NP in it, while the former permits only the same wh-phrase appearing in both the antecedent clause and the consequent clause. Although we agree with Cheng and Huang on the necessity of the two strategies in natural language interpretation, we see apparent exceptions to the correspondence between sentence types and interpretation strategies and the complementary distribution between wh-phrases and other NPs in bare conditionals and ruguo/dou conditionals. We think that the claimed correspondence and complementary distribution are the default or preferred patterns, or a special case of a more general picture, namely that (i) bare conditionals prefer the unselective binding strategy and the ruguo ‘if’ and dou ‘all’ conditionals, the E-type pronoun strategy; and (ii) wh-phrases are more suitable for being a bound variable, and pronouns are more suitable for being the E-type pronoun. This paper proposes a Bound Variable Hierarchy to help account for the distribution of wh-phrases and pronouns in Chinese conditionals and claims that any deviation from the preferred patterns will require additional contexts or accommodation.
Formation of the experiential aspect markerPat4 識
Authors: Lien Chinfa
Published: December 2015

This paper first examines the distribution oftseng4曾as an experiential aspect marker, and then the distribution ofpat4識 both as a cognition verb and as an experiential aspect in five earlier Southern Min texts. (Wu 2001abcd and Quanzhou 2010) Almost three quarters of all instances oftseng5曾 occur in non-positive contexts. The same percentage of occurrence is also true ofpat4識, be it a cognition verb or an experiential aspect. A comparison of the use ofpat4識 as a verb and as an experiential aspect marker indicates that 16 (sixteen) tokens occur in non-positive context. Only one suspicious instance occurs in a positive context. Crucially, robust cases of reinforcement of juxtaposed negatives and experiential aspects, 未曾, show that the emergence of the experiential aspect markerpat4(‘ever’) from its cognitive source may have been induced by the weakening of the early experiential aspect markertseng5曾 in the sequenceber7-tseng5未曾 ‘have not yet; never’, of which the-tseng5intseng5was deleted to result a lacuna.
中古梵漢語言接觸引發的一種語法演變
Authors: Liu Cheng-Hui
Published: December 2015

中古的佛經翻譯活動造成漢語長期與梵語接觸，翻譯佛經文獻語言究竟帶給漢語多大的影響，是近十多年漢語語法史研究的熱點之一。本文在此脈絡下討論譯經專用帶有梵語特徵的語法格式〔VP+已，下句〕如何感染《世說新語》存古形式〔既+VP，下句〕的語法與文篇表現。首先指出上古漢語動後標記「已」和副詞「既」的由來，其次根據一組註記「相對過去」的副詞「既」、「已」、「嘗」在上古到中古幾種敘事作品的分布，確認漢語時間標記使用趨勢，最後以《世說新語》偏離漢語趨勢的副詞「既」的用例與中古譯經動後「已」的相似之處印證梵語特徵被複製到中古書面語的現實。簡言之，漢語固有的〔VP+已，下句〕僅以「VP+已」指涉前行事件，翻譯梵語獨立分詞形態的「VP+已」主要指涉前行事件，但也容許指涉時間重疊的伴隨情況；上古漢語通行的「既+VP」在連動式指涉前行事件，而《世說新語》某些「既+VP」指涉伴隨情況，甚或為冗贅，應是受到譯經「VP+已」的感染。這種現象意味梵語〔獨立分詞+主要子句〕先已透過譯經的〔VP+已，下句〕影響中古漢語使用者的認知，進而影響到書面語的存古形式。
Internal variety in the use of Slovene general extenders in different spoken discourse settings
Authors: Verdonik Darinka
Published: December 2015

In the present paper, we investigate a group of markers in spoken interaction, commonly termed general extenders (GEs). We compare their usage in different discourse settings within the reference speech corpus of the Slovene language GOS. The results show that there is a high variability of GE form, but that most forms are rarely used. GEs are generally less frequent in public and formal settings, such as classes and radio and television informative broadcasts, and more frequent in private settings. Substantial differences are found not only between the two groups of GEs, adjunctive and disjunctive, but also between particular GE expressions. We argue that mere qualitative analysis of pragmatic expressions such as GEs is not sufficient for reliable conclusions, and that quantitative corpus analysis can provide additional insights into GE functions, especially considering the differences between the two groups of GEs, adjunctives and disjunctives, and between particular GE expressions.
Cooperation in primates
Authors: Albiach-Serrano Anna
Published: December 2015

Observational studies have suggested that some nonhuman primates’ cooperative behavior may rely on their capacity to share goals and understand the role of their partners. Experimental studies have tried to find evidence for this under controlled conditions, investigating aspects like the degree of organization in different primate species and the individuals’ capacity to recognize and choose good partners, switch roles with them, and care about their outcomes. Often, the results have been mixed. Partly, this is because of the methodological difficulties inherent to empirical research. In this paper, I offer a critical, methodological review of the experimental studies done in the last years on nonhuman primates’ cooperation, I discuss their findings, and suggest possible solutions to some of the procedural problems. Hopefully, this will contribute to improve the design of future studies and therefore our knowledge about the evolutionary history of cooperation.
Agreeing is not enough
Authors: Stege Bjørndahl Johanne , Fusaroli Riccardo , østergaard Svend , Tylén Kristian
Published: December 2015

Collaborative interaction pervades many everyday practices: work meetings, innovation and product design, education and arts. Previous studies have pointed to the central role of acknowledgement and acceptance for the success of joint action, by creating affiliation and signaling understanding. We argue that various forms of explicit miscommunication are just as critical to challenge, negotiate and integrate individual contributions in collaborative creative activities. Through qualitative microanalysis of spontaneous coordination in collective creative LEGO constructions, we individuate three interactional styles: inclusive, characterized by acknowledgment and praise;instructional, characterized by self-repair; andintegrative, characterized by widespread self- and other-repair. We then investigate how different interaction styles leave distinct material traces in the resulting LEGO models. The inclusive interaction style generally results in concatenations of individual contributions with little coherence and core narrative. The instructional style produces coherent, but largely individually driven models. Finally, the integrative style generates more innovative models, synthesizing individual contributions in shared narratives or schemas.
First language attrition without second language acquisition
Authors: Laufer Batia , Baladzhaeva Liubov
Published: December 2015

We investigate whether Russian immigrants in Israel with little or no knowledge of Hebrew (L2) experience attrition of Russian (L1). We compared immigrants with no knowledge of Hebrew (−Hebrew), immigrants who knew Hebrew (+Hebrew), and monolingual controls on correctness judgment of collocations and of complex grammatical constructions. On collocations, the −Hebrew immigrants performed similarly to the +Hebrew immigrants. On grammatical constructions, they performed worse. Results of grammatical constructions correlated positively with Hebrew proficiency and usage. We conclude that immigrants with no L2 knowledge can experience just as much, or even more, attrition of L1 as immigrants with L2 knowledge. Moreover, higher L2 proficiency may positively affect L1 maintenance.
Complexity at the phrasal level in spoken L1 and very advanced L2 French
Authors: Bartning Inge , Arvidsson Klara , Forsberg Lundell Fanny
Published: December 2015

This article examines linguistic complexity in the noun phrase in spoken L1 and L2 French. Research on linguistic complexity in L2 has often concentrated on syntactic complexity, subordination in particular. In this study, we focus on syntactic complexity at the phrasal level, i.e. in the noun phrase, following the assumption put forward by Norris and Ortega (2009: 564) that internal NP complexity provides an important measure of very advanced learners. The present study examines pre- and post-modification in the noun phrase in the oral production of very advanced non-native speakers (NNS) and native speakers (NS) elicited through an on-line retelling of a clip from Modern Times. The results confirm our main hypothesis, that there are differences between NS and NNS: NS use more complex NPs, NPs with a higher mean number of words and more NPs with multiple modifiers.
The complex, language-specific semantics of “surprise”
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: December 2015

This study is conducted using the NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) methodology, which seeks to explicate complex language-specific concepts into configurations of simple universal concepts (Goddard, 2011; Goddard & Wierzbicka, 2014a; cf. Ye, 2013). The study has three main dimensions. It begins by turning the lens of NSM semantic analysis onto a set of words that are central to the “discourse of the unexpected” in English: surprised, amazed, astonished and shocked. By elucidating their precise meanings, we can gain an improved picture of the English folk model in this domain. A comparison with Malay (Bahasa Melayu) shows that the “surprise words” of English lack precise equivalents in other languages (cf. Goddard, 1997). The second dimension involves grammatical semantics, seeking to identify the semantic relationships between agnate word-sets such as: surprised, surprising, to surprise; amazed, amazing, to amaze. The third dimension is a theoretical one, concerned with the goal of developing a typology of “surprise-like” concepts. It is argued that adopting English-­specific words, such as surprise or unexpected, as descriptive categories inevitably leads to conceptual Anglocentrism (Wierzbicka, 2014). The alternative, non-Anglocentric strategy relies on components phrased in terms of universal semantic primes, such as ‘something happened’ and ‘this someone didn’t know that it will happen’, and the like.
Operationalizing mirativity
Authors: Krawczak Karolina , Glynn Dylan
Published: December 2015

This study focuses on the conceptual category of mirativity and its constructional construal in English. We propose an operationalization of mirativity with a view to investigating the phenomenon within the usage-based quantitative methodology of multifactorial analysis (Geeraerts, Grondelaers, & Bakema, 1994; Gries, 2003). The proposed operationalization is founded on two usage dimensions, i.e., the degree of performativity of the utterance and the degree of incongruity of the described event. It is argued that mirativity, in its prototypical form, can be operationally defined as a combination of high levels of these two variables. The feasibility of this operationalization in usage-based quantitative research is tested in a case study investigating three surprise-encoding constructions in English: [what + the + np], [what + a + np] and [to + my + np]. The data, amounting to 350 observations of the three constructions, were extracted from dialogic online diaries and submitted to detailed manual annotation and subsequent multivariate statistical modeling. The results reveal a usage continuum ranging from [what + the + np] through [to + my + np] to [what + a + np] relative to the high degrees of performativity and incongruity.
Compositional translation of single-word complex terms using multilingual splitting
Authors: Clouet Elizaveta , Harastani Rima , Daille Béatrice , Morin Emmanuel
Published: December 2015

Multilingual terminology acquisition from comparable corpora has been attracting the interest of researchers for twenty years, but challenges still remain. Bilingual term alignment, a subtask of multilingual terminology acquisition, requires a pre-processing step, because term structure may differ according to the language. Morphologically constructed terms should be segmented in order to be aligned with their equivalents in other languages. This article addresses the translation of complex terms using a compositional approach. We focus on the pre-processing of such terms and introduce a domain-oriented splitting method that we apply to compound terms belonging to two domains and four languages. The segmentations are used as input to a translation step. We evaluate which percentage of segmentations can be correctly translated by a compositional approach, and which splitting strategy (precision or recall-oriented) performs better. The results are compared to those obtained with the reference segmentations and with a corpus-base splitting method. Our method is close to the reference segmentation and outperforms the corpus-based method.
Reliability and validity of Yo‐Yo tests in 9‐ to 16‐year‐old football players and matched non‐sports active schoolboys
Authors: Póvoas Susana C. A. , Castagna Carlo , Soares José M. C. , Silva Pedro M. R. , Lopes Mariana V. M. F. , Krustrup Peter
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the test–retest reliability and construct validity of three age‐adapted Yo‐Yo intermittent tests in football players aged 9–16 years (n = 70) and in age‐matched non‐sports active boys (n = 72). Within 7 days, each participant performed two repetitions of an age‐related intensity‐adapted Yo‐Yo intermittent test, i.e. the Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children's test for 9‐ to 11‐year‐olds; the Yo‐Yo intermittent endurance level 1 for 12‐ to 13‐year‐olds and the Yo‐Yo intermittent endurance level 2 test for 14‐ to 16‐year‐olds. Peak heart rate (HRpeak) was determined for all tests. The distance covered in the tests was 57% (1098 ± 680 vs. 700 ± 272 m), 119% (2325 ± 778 vs. 1062 ± 285 m) and 238% (1743 ± 460 vs. 515 ± 113 m) higher (p ≤ .016), respectively for football‐trained than for non‐sports active boys aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years. The typical errors of measurement for Yo‐Yo distance, expressed as a percentage of the coefficient of variation (confidence interval), were 11.1% (9.0–14.7%), 10.1% (8.1–13.7%) and 8.5% (6.7–11.7%) for football players aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years, respectively, with corresponding values of 9.3% (7.4–12.8%), 10.2% (8.1–14.0%) and 8.5% (6.8–11.3%) for non‐sports active boys. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for test–retest were excellent in both groups (range: 0.844–0.981). Relative HRpeak did not differ significantly between the groups in test and retest. In conclusion, Yo‐Yo intermittent test performances and HRpeak are reliable for 9‐ to 16‐year‐old footballers and non‐sports active boys. Additionally, performances of the three Yo‐Yo tests were seemingly better for football‐trained than for non‐sports active boys, providing evidence of construct validity.
First-principles calculations of transition metal solute interactions with hydrogen in tungsten
Authors: Kong Xiang-Shan , Wu Xuebang , Liu C.S. , Fang Q.F. , Hu Q.M. , Chen Jun-Ling , Luo G.-N.
Published: December 2015

We have performed systematic first-principles calculations to predict the interaction between transition metal (TM) solutes and hydrogen in the interstitial site as well as the vacancy in tungsten. We showed that the site preference of the hydrogen atom is significantly influenced by the solute atoms, which can be traced to the charge density perturbation in the vicinity of the solute atom. The solute-H interactions are mostly attractive except for Re, which can be well understood in terms of the competition between the chemical and elastic interactions. The chemical interaction dominates the solute-H interaction for the TM solutes with a large atomic volume and small electronegativity compared to tungsten, while the elastic interaction is primarily responsible for the solute-H interaction for the TM solutes with a small atomic volume and large electronegativity relative to tungsten. The presence of a hydrogen atom near the solute atom has a negative effect on the binding of other hydrogen atoms. The large positive binding energies among the solute, vacancy and hydrogen suggest that they would easily form a defect cluster in tungsten, where the solute-vacancy and vacancy-H interaction contribute greatly while the solute-H interaction contributes a little. Our result provides a sound theoretical explanation for recent experimental phenomena of hydrogen retention in the tungsten alloy and further recommends a suitable W–Re–Ta ternary alloy for possible plasma-facing materials (PFMs) including the consideration of the hydrogen retention.
Dissipation and diamagnetic effects on the interchange mode growth rate and rotation in reduced magnetohydrodynamics applied to stellarators
Authors: Nicolas T. , Ichiguchi K.
Published: December 2015

The results of a reduced magnetohydrodynamic model for the interchange mode in a stellarator are reported. The model is based on Strauss equations, with the addition of resistivity, viscosity and perpendicular heat conductivity on the one hand, and ion and electron diamagnetic effects on the other hand. The ideally unstable and stable mode growth rate and frequency are studied. The main result is that the ideally unstable mode can rotate in the electron direction even in the absence of electron diamagnetic effects, due to a linear bifurcation caused by the heat conductivity. The presence of the bifurcation is explained analytically. The diamagnetic effects can be destabilizing. For the ideally stable (resistive) mode, we find that the presence of viscosity and heat conductivity causes rotation in the electron direction in the case where

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