bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition and biological value of proteins of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica growing on industrial glycerol
Authors: Michalik B. , Biel W. , Lubowicki R. , Jacyno E.
Published: October 2013

Michalik, B., Biel, W., Lubowicki, R. and Jacyno, E. 2014. Chemical composition and biological value of proteins of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica growing on industrial glycerol. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 99–104. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological value of proteins from the yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica, after cultivation on glycerol, a waste product obtained in the production of biofuel from rapeseed. In the tested material we determined moisture, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), ash, calcium, phosphorus, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, amino acids and fatty acids. The biological value of Y. lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins was determined with laboratory rats by two methods: the growth method (protein efficiency ratio standardized for casein, PERstand; net protein retention, NPR) and the Thomas–Mitchell method (biological value, BV; true digestibility, TD). The protein content of Y. lipolytica [467 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] was similar to that of S. cerevisiae (479 g kg−1 DM). Of particular interest was the almost 30-times higher crude fat content in Y. lipolytica (200 g kg−1 DM) than in S. cerevisiae (6.7 g kg−1 DM). Yarrowica lipolytica cells accumulated substantial amount of fat in which more than 90% of fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids with a considerable share of polyunsaturated fatty acids (34%). The low share of sulfur amino acid of Y. lipolytica (2.05 g 16g−1 N) and S. cerevisiae (2.32 g 16g−1 N) limited the nutritional value of the protein of the studied yeast. The biological value of proteins as assessed by the growth method (PER, NPR) did not differ between the two yeast species. Finally, Y. lipolytica was a rich source of highly digestible ether extract (over 57%).
Short Communication: Effects of feeding Falcon or Tyto whole plant barley silage on milk production and feed efficiency
Authors: Oba M. , Swift M. L.
Published: October 2013

Oba, M. and Swift, M. L. 2014. Short Communication: Effects of feeding Falcon or Tyto whole plant barley silage on milk production and feed efficiency. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 151–153. Eight lactating dairy cows were fed diets containing either Falcon or Tyto whole-plant barley silage (Hordeum vulgare; WPBS) in a crossover design to study effects on milk production and feed efficiency. The in vitro fibre digestibility (IVFD) of Falcon and Tyto WPBS was 61.6 and 57.2%, respectively. Cows consuming the Falcon WPBS utilized feed more efficiently compared with those consuming the Tyto WPBS (1.44 vs. 1.32 kg milk kg−1dry matter intake) although milk yield was not affected. This research demonstrates that IVFD may be an important quality indicator of WPBS when balancing diets for high producing lactating cows.
Response of greenhouse-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to variable irrigation
Authors: Aladenola Olanike , Madramootoo Chandra
Published: October 2013

Aladenola, O. and Madramootoo, C. 2014. Response of greenhouse-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to variable irrigation. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 303–310. In order to optimize water use in bell pepper production information about the appropriate irrigation water applications and agronomic and physiological response to mild and severe water stress is necessary. Different water applications were tested on yield, quality and water stress threshold of greenhouse-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivar Red Knight in 2011 and 2012 on the Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste Anne De Bellevue, QC. The study was carried out on a soil substrate in the greenhouse. Irrigation was scheduled with four treatments:120% (T1), 100% (T2), 80% (T3), and 40% (T4) replenishment of crop evapotranspiration in a completely randomized design. The highest marketable yield, water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were obtained with T1 in both years. T1 received 20% more water than T2 to produce 23% more marketable yield than T2. Fruit total soluble solids content was highest in T4, and smallest in T1. The mean crop water stress index (CWSI) of the irrigation treatments ranged between 0.08 and 1.18. Leaf stomatal conductance of bell pepper was 75 to 80% lower in T4 than in T1. Regression obtained between stomatal conductance and CWSI resulted in a polynomial curve with coefficients of determination of 0.88 and 0.97 in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The result from this study indicate that the yield derived justifies the use of an extra quantity of water. Information from this study will help water regulators to make appropriate decision about water to be allocated for greenhouse production of bell pepper.
On Convolutions of Convex Sets and Related Problems
Authors: Schoen Tomasz
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We prove some results concerning convolutions, additive energies, and sumsets of convex sets and their generalizations. In particular, we show that if a set A = {a1, …,an}< ⊆ R has the property that for every fixed 1 ≤ d < n; all differences ai - ai-d, d < i < n; are distinct, then |A + A| ≫ |A|3=2+c for a constant c > 0:
Is the perceived resiliency of fish larvae to ocean acidification masking more subtle effects?
Authors: Pope E. C. , Ellis R. P. , Scolamacchia M. , Scolding J. W. S. , Keay A. , Chingombe P. , Shields R. J. , Wilcox R. , Speirs D. C. , Wilson R. W. , Lewis C. , Flynn K. J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Ocean acidification, caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), is widely considered to be a major global threat to marine ecosystems. To investigate the potential effects of ocean acidification on the early life stages of a commercially important fish species, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), 12 000 larvae were incubated from hatch through metamorphosis under a matrix of two temperatures (17 and 19 °C) and two seawater pCO2s (400 and 750 μatm) and sampled regularly for 42 days. Calculated daily mortality was significantly affected by both temperature and pCO2, with both increased temperature and elevated pCO2 associated with lower daily mortality and a significant interaction between these two factors. There was no significant pCO2 effect noted on larval morphology during this period but larvae raised at 19 °C possessed significantly larger eyes and lower carbon:nitrogen ratios at the end of the study compared to those raised under 17 °C. These results suggest that D. labrax larvae are resilient to near-future oceanic conditions. However, when the incubation was continued to post-metamorphic (juvenile) animals (day 67–69), fish raised under a combination of 19 °C and 750 μatm pCO2 were significantly heavier and exhibited lower aerobic scopes than those incubated at 19 °C and 400 μatm. Most other studies investigating the effects of near-future oceanic conditions on the early life stages of marine fish have used incubations of relatively short durations and suggested these animals are resilient to ocean acidification. We propose the durations of these other studies may be insufficient for more subtle effects, such as those observed in this study, to become apparent. These findings may have important implications for both sea bass in a changing ocean and also for the interpretation of results from other studies that have shown resiliency in marine teleosts exposed to higher atmospheric concentrations of CO2.
Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover
Authors: Leach J. A. , Moore R. D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Stream temperature dynamics during winter are less well studied than summer thermal regimes, but the winter season thermal regime can be critical for fish growth and development in coastal catchments. The winter thermal regimes of Pacific Northwest headwater streams, which provide vital winter habitat for salmonids and their food sources, may be particularly sensitive to changes in climate because they can remain ice-free throughout the year and are often located in rain-on-snow zones. This study examined winter stream temperature patterns and controls in small headwater catchments within the rain-on-snow zone at the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Two hypotheses were addressed by this study: (1) winter stream temperatures are primarily controlled by advective fluxes associated with runoff processes and (2) stream temperatures should be depressed during rain-on-snow events, compared to rain-on-bare-ground, due to the cooling effect of rain passing through the snowpack prior to infiltrating the soil or being delivered to the stream as saturation-excess overland flow. A reach-scale energy budget analysis of two winter seasons revealed that the advective energy input associated with hillslope runoff overwhelms the effects of energy exchanges at the stream surface during rain and rain-on-snow events. Historical stream temperature data and modelled snowpack dynamics were used to explore the influence of transient snow cover on stream temperature over 13 winters. When snow was not present, daily stream temperature during winter rain events tended to increase with increasing air temperature. However, when snow was present, stream temperature was capped at about 5 °C, regardless of air temperature. The stream energy budget modelling and historical analysis support both of our hypotheses. A key implication is that climatic warming may generate higher winter stream temperatures in the rain-on-snow zone due to both increased rain temperature and reduced cooling effect of snow cover.
Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS): an online service for near real-time satellite monitoring of volcanic plumes
Authors: Brenot H. , Theys N. , Clarisse L. , van Geffen J. , van Gent J. , Van Roozendael M. , van der A R. , Hurtmans D. , Coheur P.-F. , Clerbaux C. , Valks P. , Hedelt P. , Prata F. , Rasson O. , Sievers K. , Zehner C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions emit plumes of ash and gases in the atmosphere, potentially at very high altitudes. Ash rich plumes are hazardous for airplanes as ash is very abrasive and easily melts inside their engines. With more than 50 active volcanoes per year and the ever increasing number of commercial flights, the safety of airplanes is a real concern. Satellite measurements are ideal for monitoring global volcanic activity and, in combination with atmospheric dispersion models, to track and forecast volcanic plumes. Here we present the Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS, http://sacs.aeronomie.be), which is a free online service initiated by ESA for the near real-time (NRT) satellite monitoring of volcanic plumes of SO2 and ash. It combines data from two UV-visible (OMI, GOME-2) and two infrared (AIRS, IASI) spectrometers. This new multi-sensor warning system of volcanic plumes, running since April 2012, is based on the detection of SO2 and is optimised to avoid false alerts while at the same time limiting the number of notifications in case of large plumes. The system shows successful results with 95% of our notifications corresponding to true volcanic activity.
Sea ice dynamics influence halogen deposition to Svalbard
Authors: Spolaor A. , Gabrieli J. , Martma T. , Kohler J. , Björkman M. B. , Isaksson E. , Varin C. , Vallelonga P. , Plane J. M. C. , Barbante C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Sea ice is an important parameter in the climate system and its changes impact upon the polar albedo and atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Iodine (I) and bromine (Br) have been measured in a shallow firn core drilled at the summit of the Holtedahlfonna glacier (Northwest Spitsbergen, Svalbard). Changing I concentrations can be linked to the March–May maximum sea ice extension. Bromine enrichment, indexed to the Br / Na sea water mass ratio, appears to be influenced by changes in the seasonal sea ice area. I is emitted from marine biota and so the retreat of March–May sea ice coincides with enlargement of the open-ocean surface which enhances marine primary production and consequent I emission. The observed Br enrichment could be explained by greater Br emissions during the Br explosions that have been observed to occur mainly above first year sea ice during the early springtime. In this work we present the first comparison between halogens in surface snow and Arctic sea ice extension. Although further investigation is required to characterize potential depositional and post-depositional processes, these preliminary findings suggest that I and Br can be linked to variability in the spring maximum sea ice extension and seasonal sea ice surface area.
La evolución de la obra y el modelo de Vittorio Guidano: Notas histórico biográficas
Authors: Moltedo Andrés
Published: October 2013

En el presente artículo se revisa la evolución del pensamiento del psiquiatra y psicoterapeuta italiano Vittorio Guidano (1944-1999), considerado como uno de las figuras seminales del cognoscitivismo italiano, señalando algunos hitos epistemológicos e históricos que acontecieron de manera coetánea a su devenir teórico desde lo conductual a lo cognitivo estructural y, finalmente, post racionalista. Asimismo se delinean de manera final, algunas líneas que han continuado el desarrollo del modelo.
Aproximación a un concepto de calidad de vida en la vejez. Escuchando a las personas mayores
Authors: Osorio Paulina , Torrejón María José , Vogel Natalia
Published: October 2013

A partir de los años setenta, el estudio de la calidad de vida, desde una perspectiva biomédica, psicológica y social, comienza a hacerse más sistemático y relevante en el mundo académico. La calidad de vida se la hadefinido, principalmente desde un punto de vista subjetivo (OMS, 1995), destacando la percepción de las personas sobre diversos ámbitos de susvidas, donde lo importante es destacar la relevancia del contexto social y cultural y del sistema de valores en el que experimentan su vida cotidiana.
The Pre-Incubator: A Longitudinal Study of 10 Years of University Pre-Incubation in Wales
Authors: Voisey Pamela , Jones Paul , Thomas Brychan
Published: October 2013

This paper describes a longitudinal study of over 10 years of university pre-incubation in Wales, using case studies of incubated businesses to track their performance since 2001. Surviving ‘graduated’ businesses were investigated and quantitative and qualitative data were gathered to profile the current status of these businesses and assess their development following the incubation process. It was noted that the off-site location was beneficial in recruiting both graduate and non-graduate clients and gave rise to a proactive and enabling business environment. Overall, a positive contribution by the pre-incubator was found, in terms of turnover generated and jobs created in an area of economic underperformance.
Awareness of Start-up Opportunities at Brandenburg University of Technology
Authors: Uhlich Stefan A. , Missler-Behr Magdalena
Published: October 2013

Small and medium-sized businesses are generally considered to be a key driving force in national economies. In comparison with other countries, the percentage of nascent entrepreneurs in Germany is small. This has been attributed to a lack of entrepreneurial awareness, which can be created and developed in schools and higher education institutions. The importance of intensifying the teaching and training of entrepreneurial skills has therefore often been stressed. Two different courses on entrepreneurship – a traditional lecture course and an advanced seminar course – are offered in the summer term at Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus. Two surveys were conducted in 2010 for each course, to measure the change in the students' willingness to start a business and thus to gain insights into the effect of entrepreneurship education on ‘founding’ awareness – that is, awareness of the process and demands of entrepreneurial start-ups. Analysis of the survey data was designed to identify (a) whether a change in students' founding propensity can be achieved through entrepreneurship education; (b) what type of course is best suited to introducing students to the idea of self-employment; and (c) whether specific groups of students can benefit from different types of courses. The research results suggest a positive change occurred in participants' stereotypically pessimistic perception of the German climate with regard to new start-up businesses. Some who had never thought about becoming an entrepreneur discovered a personal affinity for this career option. An unexpected finding was that the level of interest in start-up businesses of many students who had originally planned to establish such a business gradually declined. The authors conclude that entrepreneurship education should be offered primarily to advanced students, in order to derive maximum benefit.
Entrepreneurship Education and Economic Development in Nigeria: Policy Issues and Options
Authors: Udefuna Patrick Nnadozie , Akalefu Chiedo , Asogwa Chinako
Published: October 2013

The standard of education in Nigeria has been declining, the level of unemployment continues to rise and the nation's economic development is stagnant. Its educational institutions appear to engage more in unproductive paperwork and teaching than in entrepreneurship education that would help to equip young graduates to become self-employed and employers. In 2011 some 24% of Nigerians were jobless, with unemployment rates of over 17% in urban areas and nearly 26% in rural areas. A productive education system is a vital component of a developed economy, but in Nigeria the education sector has long suffered from neglect. Corruption, poor continuity in government and a dearth of qualified personnel in the teaching profession are some of the principal impediments. The authors recommend a review of the country's educational policies so that these policies can be made responsive to social and economic needs.
¿Cómo saber qué políticas públicas generan mayor bienestar? Aplicación en el sector salud de un modelo para la evaluación de políticas públicas en Nicaragua
Authors: Martínez Baltodano Octavio , Fonseca Mairena María Haydée
Published: October 2013

El estudio presenta paso a paso la aplicación en el sector salud del modelo Cerda-Torche (2005), una metodología para la evaluación de políticas públicas a través de la valoración de los beneficios sociales derivados de la reducción en las tasas de mortalidad. Dicha metodología puede ser aplicada a cualquier sector para evaluar el impacto social de la ejecución de políticas, programas o proyectos y de esta forma reorientar eficazmente los recursos económicos del gobierno. El valor económico de la vida se determina a través de un modelo intertemporal en el que los agentes maximizan sus patrones de consumo y ocio sujetos a una restricción presupuestaria en la que se puede acumular activos a lo largo del ciclo de vida, en ausencia de mercados completos y enfrentando probabilidades exógenas de supervivencia. Este modelo se calibra con datos de la economía nicaragüense durante 2008 y simulaciones a través de modificaciones paramétricas que permiten determinar los beneficios sociales provocados por la reducción de las tasas de mortalidad de las primeras seis causas de muerte en Nicaragua en 2008.
Cooptación, cooperación o competencia? Microfinanzas y nuevas izquierdas en Bolivia, Ecuador y Nicaragua
Authors: Bédécarrats Florent , Bastiaensen Johan , Doligez François
Published: October 2013

La última década ha estado marcada por el resurgimiento de movimientos políticos izquierdistas en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, la magnitud del alzamiento de estas “nuevas izquierdas” oculta a menudo la relación ambivalente entre estos movimientos y la sociedad, así como su lucha por encontrar alternativas al modelo de desarrollo prevaleciente. A lo largo del continente, el sector de las microfinanzas ha llenado el vacío dejado por los fallos de los bancos públicos, desarrollándose bajo una formacrecientemente comercial. Análisis de Nicaragua, Ecuador y Bolivia revelan que los nuevos gobiernos comparten su desconfianza hacia las IMF (instituciones de microfinanzas). Sin embargo, en la ausencia de alternativas viables para la provisión de servicios financieros, los gobiernos y las microfinanzas se ven obligados a coexistir. El medio en el cual lo hacen varía grandemente, dependiendo de políticas locales y factores institucionales. No obstante, algunas tendencias comunes pueden ser discernidas.
Le Zarathoustra de Nietzsche et Maître Eckhart1
Authors: Keiji Nishitani , Isaac Sylvain
Published: October 2013

Les pensées de Nietzsche et de Maître Eckhart constituent deux influences majeures qui traversent toute l’oeuvre de Nishitani. Dans ce beau texte, rédigé lors de son séjour d’études (1937-1939) à l’université de Fribourg auprès de Heidegger, Nishitani fait une lecture tout à fait originale et innovante de la mystique eckhartienne, en la mettant en contraste avec la figure de Zarathoustra chez Nietzsche. Au-delà de leurs conditions historiques et de la spécificité de leurs démarches respectives, il leur reconnaît une attitude fondamentale commune qui consiste à approfondir ce qu’il nomme le « mouvement dialectique de la vie » (lequel vise une affirmation de l’homme à travers la négation de celui-ci) en direction du fond infondé qui soutient toute existence. Par « caractère originaire de la vie », il entend la source de la vie dans son absence de fondement et de limite, dans son absence de raison. Ce faisant, et bien que relativement précoce (1938), cet essai annonce quelques-unes des intuitions les plus fulgurantes de Nishitani et offre une première esquisse de la plupart des thématiques qui lui tiendront particulièrement à coeur dans ses travaux à venir. Aussi y est-il déjà question de la vacuité, du savoir du non-avoir par opposition à la distinction sujet-objet, de la problématique de la représentation attachée à son exigence d’objectivité, de la compréhension de l’au-delà comme immanent à ce monde-ci, etc. Même la thématique du nihilisme, qui n’est pourtant pas nommément mentionnée, y fait écho dans l’exemple significatif du sentiment que tout est égal, que tout se vaut. En raison de la forme encore largement germinale que prennent ici ces réflexions, il est plus aisé d’en percevoir la portée et les imbrications. D’une certaine manière, on pourrait considérer cet essai comme un prélude aux importants développements que connaîtra la pensée nishitanienne jusqu’à l’ouvrage de maturité, Qu’est-ce que la religion ? (『宗教とはなにか』) de 1961.
Mystique du néant et śūnyatā selon la perspective de l’École de Kyōto
Authors: Vianello Giancarlo
Published: October 2013

Au début des années 1960, Ueda Shizuteru alla étudier à Marburg, sous la direction d’Ernst Benz. Le travail de cette époque se concentra sur la spéculation de Maître Eckhart et sur la comparaison avec le bouddhisme. En particulier, l’étude de Ueda fit émerger deux différentes approches de la question du néant. La mystique du néant et laśūnyatābouddhiste furent analysées dans leurs aspects constitutifs. Cet approfondissement se révèle précieux, non seulement comme étude interculturelle, mais surtout comme contribution à l’interprétation du contexte nihiliste que l’Europe et le Japon se retrouvent à partager et auquel ces derniers ont affaire. Les observations de Ueda et, en général, des auteurs de l’École de Kyōto, offrent une perspective totalement autre dans la façon de traiter les noeuds ontologiques et théologiques de la pensée occidentale.
Aiamie1, agir au mieux ? Éthique, rituels catholiques et corps social chez les Anicinabek depuis les années 1950
Authors: Bousquet Marie-Pierre
Published: October 2013

Cet article analyse la performance de rituels catholiques communautaires, comprenant des processions et des bénédictions, chez les Anicinabek (Algonquins). Il avance que leur étude donne à voir, dans le temps, l’éthique anicinabe. En effet, la période retenue, entre les années 1950 et 2000, correspond à des changements sociaux qui ont bouleversé l’ordre sociocosmique anicinabe. En portant attention à leur déroulement, à ce qu’ils mettent en scène du corps social, des relations avec le clergé et avec le surnaturel, nous postulons que ces rituels révèlent tant les transformations de l’imaginaire social et cosmologique anicinabe qu’un système de pensée pragmatique permettant de prendre les décisions pour se comporter, être et agir au mieux. Enfin, dans le contexte actuel où le catholicisme est en nette régression, nous examinons les nouveaux rites collectifs pour constater que ceux qui promeuvent les « bonnes manières de faire » tiennent essentiellement du domaine politique, terrain où se négocie maintenant la moralité commune.
L’Évolution religieuse humaine
Authors: Vecoli Fabrizio
Published: October 2013

Cet article présente et discute l’ouvrage de Robert N. BellahReligion in Human Evolution. Le but de cette contribution est de remettre dans le contexte de l’ensemble de son oeuvre l’essai du sociologue américain Bellah, et plus spécifiquement d’en relever les enjeux majeurs dans le cadre des sciences des religions. L’analyse se concentre sur les chapitres les plus denses du point de vue de la théorie générale, délaissant quelque peu ceux où l’auteur présente les différents systèmes religieux abordés. La discussion critique se concentre sur un certain nombre de problèmes soulevés par l’ouvrage : le rapport entre la religion et l’histoire, la question de l’évolutionnisme dans les sciences des religions, l’utilisation de la catégorie d’époque axiale.
Le pape Jean-Paul II et les relations entre les chrétiens et les juifs
Authors: Pawlikowski John T.
Published: October 2013

Jean-Paul II s’est exprimé et a publié plus dans un but constructif que n’importe quel pape avant lui. Il considérait le judaïsme comme partie intégrante de l’identité chrétienne. Pour lui, l’Église et le peuple juif sont profondément liés, mais il n’a hélas jamais développé cette thématique de façon compréhensive. Sa vision n’a donc jamais pénétré complètement la théologie chrétienne. Il a aussi fait preuve d’une grande considération pour les liens du peuple juif avec Israël et a finalement établi des relations formelles entre l’État juif et le Vatican. De même il a montré beaucoup de sensibilité envers la souffrance du peuple juif pendant la Shoah, ainsi que ses remarques introductives au document de 1998 sur la Shoah, We Remember le prouvent clairement.
Action et contemplation
Authors: Bouso Raquel
Published: October 2013

En 1923, Rudolf Otto a rassemblé un certain nombre d’annexes à Das Heilige (1917) et, dans l’une de celles-ci, il rapprocha le bouddhisme zen et le mystique médiéval Maître Eckhart. Le point commun était que, tout comme la vie vit sans pourquoi, vit parce qu’elle vit, l’homme juste travaille pour travailler, et ainsi seulement il est véritablement libre. Quand, en 1965, Shizuteru Ueda publia sa thèse de doctorat sur Eckhart, il inclut une comparaison avec le zen reprenant ce thème. À la lumière de la dichotomie action-contemplation dans la tradition occidentale, nous examinons les similitudes et les différences que souligne Ueda entre Eckhart et le zen à cet égard et leur signification pour la pensée contemporaine. Dans les deux cas, la projection au-delà de Dieu se traduit par une nouvelle manière d’être et d’agir dans le monde : celui qui a expérimenté cette vacuité ne demande plus pourquoi, ne cherche plus et, pour cette raison, a trouvé.
Observation and modeling of magnetospheric cold electron heating by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves
Authors: Zhou Qinghua , Xiao Fuliang , Yang Chang , He Yihua , Tang Lijun
Published: October 2013

A cold electron heating event associated with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is observed and modeled. The observational data of particles and waves are collected by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft at magnetic local time 17.0–17.2. During this event, intense He+ band EMIC waves with the peak frequency 0.25 Hz are excited, corresponding to the observed phase space density (PSD) of distinct anisotropic ions. Meanwhile, substantial enhancements in energy flux of cold (1–10 eV) electrons are observed in the same period. The energy flux of electrons below 10 eV is increased by several to tens of times. We use a sum of kappa distribution components to fit the observed ion PSD and then calculate the wave growth rate driven by the anisotropic hot protons. The calculated result is in good agreement with the in situ observation. Then, we investigate whether the excited EMIC waves can transfer energy to cold electrons by Landau resonant absorption and yield electron heating. Using the typical Maxwellian distribution for cold electrons, we evaluate the wave damping rates resulted from the cold electrons in gyroresonance with EMIC waves. The simulating results show that the strong wave growth region in the He+ band induced by anisotropic ions corresponds to the strong wave damping region driven by cold electrons. Moreover, cold electrons can be heated efficiently at large wave normal angles. The current results provide a direct observational evidence for EMIC‐driven cold electron heating—a potential mechanism responsible for stable auroral red arc.
Intensities of the Venusian N2 electron‐impact excited dayglow emissions
Authors: Fox Jane L. , F. Hać Nicholas E.
Published: October 2013

Dayglow emissions are signatures of both the energy deposition into an atmosphere and the abundances of the species from which they arise. The first N2 dayglow emissions from Mars, the (0,5) and (0,6) bands of the N2 Vegard‐Kaplan band system, were detected by the Spectroscopy for Investigations of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) UV spectrometer on board the Mars Express spacecraft. The Vegard‐Kaplan band system arises from the transition from the lowest N2 triplet state to the electronic ground state . It is populated by direct electron‐impact excitation and by cascading from higher triplet states. The Venus UV dayglow is currently being probed by an instrument similar to SPICAM, the Spectroscopy for the Investigations of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Venus (SPICAV) UV spectrometer on Venus Express, but no N2 emissions have been detected. Because the N2 mixing ratios in the Venus thermosphere are larger than those in the thermosphere of Mars and the solar flux is greater at the orbit of Venus than that at Mars, we expect the Venus N2 emissions to be significantly more intense than those of Mars. A prediction of the intensities of various N2 emissions from Venus could be used to guide observations by the SPICAV and other instruments that are used to measure the Venus dayglow. Employing updated data, we here construct models of the low and high solar activity thermospheres of Venus, and we compute the integrated overhead intensities of 17 N2 band systems and limb profiles of the Vegard‐Kaplan bands. The ratios of the predicted intensities of the various N2 bands at Venus to those at Mars are in the range 5.5–9.5.
Comparison of drift velocities of nighttime equatorial plasma depletions with ambient plasma drifts and thermospheric neutral winds
Authors: Liu Guiping , England Scott L. , Frey Harald U. , Immel Thomas J. , Lin Chin S. , Pacheco Edgardo E. , Häusler Kathrin , Doornbos Eelco
Published: October 2013

This is the first study to compare plasma depletion drifts with the ambient plasma drifts and neutral winds in the post sunset equatorial ionosphere using global‐scale satellite observations. The local time and latitude variations of the drift velocities of O+ plasma depletions at 350–400 km altitude are derived from the observations of the far ultraviolet imager operated on the IMAGE satellite during 10 March to 7 June 2002. These depletion drift velocities are compared with the simultaneously measured ion drift velocities and neutral winds by the ROCSAT‐1 and the CHAMP satellites for a similar time period. The analysis shows that the zonal drift velocity of plasma depletions is smaller than both the ambient ion zonal drift velocity and the neutral zonal wind at 18:00–20:00 magnetic local time, and after 21:00, the variations of these velocities are similar. The difference of the plasma depletion drift with the background is found to be smaller at lower latitudes. Furthermore, the zonal drift velocity of the depletion is found to have a large latitudinal gradient specifically at 12°–18° magnetic latitude, which again does not match the ambient ion drift and the neutral wind. This latitudinal difference has been reported by previous studies, but those studies use models and they only compare the depletion drifts with the modeled neutral winds. This study provides a measure of the difference that has never been studied before by any study using global observations. It has been suggested that polarization electric fields inside the plasma depletion structure drive the plasma to drift westward and thus the depletion structure moves to the east. The latitudinal gradient of the depletion drift velocity seen here in this study could also be explained by the polarization electric fields. For the C‐shaped (reversed C) depletion, the polarization electric fields inside the depletion drive a westward drift of plasma and this drift velocity changes with increasing latitude. Consequently, the depletion drift has a latitudinal gradient becoming significant at higher latitudes.
On the linkage of daytime 150 km echoes and abnormal intermediate layer traces over Sanya
Authors: Li Guozhu , Ning Baiqi , Patra A. K. , Abdu M. A. , Chen Jinsong , Liu Libo , Hu Lianhuan
Published: October 2013

The daytime 150 km echoes, which are associated with the upper E region field‐aligned irregularities, have been observed around the equatorial electrojet region but never before at magnetic latitudes near the northern anomaly crest region. We present first results of daytime 150 km echo over Sanya, China, a station located far away from the dip equator in the Northern Hemisphere. A layer of weak radar echoes with spectral width less than 10 m s−1 was seen in the height range from 145 km at 12:15 LT to 152 km at 13:45 LT on 21 July 2010. The interesting aspect is that the rare observation of daytime 150 km echoes with the small Sanya VHF radar was preceded by the occurrence of an unusual intermediate layer, which is identified as abnormal traces at the upper E region in corresponding ionograms. The abnormal intermediate layer associated with possible gravity wave activity (that implicates the presence of upper E region density gradients) could make a significant contribution to the growth of irregularities responsible for the rarely detected daytime 150 km echoes over Sanya.
Knee Power Is an Important Parameter in Understanding Medial Knee Joint Load in Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Calder Kristina M. , Acker Stacey M. , Arora Neha , Beattie Karen A. , Callaghan Jack P. , Adachi Jonathan D. , Maly Monica R.
Published: October 2013

Objective

To determine the extent to which knee extensor strength and power explain variance in knee adduction moment (KAM) peak and impulse in clinical knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Fifty‐three adults (mean ± SD age 61.6 ± 6.3 years, 11 men) with clinical knee OA participated. The KAM waveform was calculated from motion and force data and ensemble averaged from 5 walking trials. The KAM peak was normalized to body mass (Nm/kg). The mean KAM impulse reflected the mean total medial knee load during stride (Nm × seconds). For strength, the maximum knee extensor moment attained from maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) was normalized to body mass (Nm/kg). For power, the maximum knee extensor power during isotonic contractions, with the resistance set at 25% of MVIC, was normalized to body mass (W/kg). Covariates included age, sex, knee pain on the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, gait speed, and body mass index (BMI). Relationships of the KAM peak and impulse with strength and power were examined using sequential stepwise forward linear regressions.

Results

Covariates did not explain variance in the KAM peak. While extensor strength did not, peak knee extensor power explained 8% of the variance in the KAM peak (P = 0.02). Sex and BMI explained 24% of the variance in the KAM impulse (P < 0.05). Sex, BMI, and knee extensor power explained 31% of the variance in the KAM impulse (P = 0.02), with power contributing 7% (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Knee extensor power was more important than isometric knee strength in understanding medial knee loads during gait.
Educational and Vocational Outcomes of Adults With Childhood‐ and Adult‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Nine Years of Followup
Authors: Lawson Erica F. , Hersh Aimee O. , Trupin Laura , von Scheven Emily , Okumura Megumi J. , Yazdany Jinoos , Yelin Edward H.
Published: October 2013

Objective

To compare educational and vocational outcomes among adults with childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and adult‐onset SLE.

Methods

We used data derived from the 2002–2010 cycles of the Lupus Outcomes Study, a longitudinal cohort of 1,204 adult subjects with SLE. Subjects ages 18–60 years living in the US (n = 929) were included in the analysis and were classified as childhood‐onset SLE if age at diagnosis was <18 years (n = 115). Logistic regression was used to assess the unadjusted and adjusted effect of childhood‐onset SLE, sex, race/ethnicity, baseline age, urban or rural location, and US region on the likelihood of completing a bachelor's degree. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the effect of childhood‐onset SLE, demographics, education, and disease‐related factors on the odds of employment, accounting for multiple observations over the study period.

Results

Subjects with childhood‐onset SLE were on average younger (mean ± SD 29 ± 10 years versus 44 ± 9 years), with longer disease duration (mean ± SD 15 ± 10 years versus 11 ± 8 years). Subjects with adult‐onset SLE and childhood‐onset SLE subjects were equally likely to complete a bachelor's degree. However, subjects with childhood‐onset SLE were significantly less likely to be employed, independent of demographic and disease characteristics (odds ratio 0.62, 95% confidence interval 0.42–0.91).

Conclusion

While subjects with SLE are just as likely as those with adult‐onset SLE to complete college education, childhood‐onset SLE significantly increases the risk of not working in adulthood, even when controlling for disease and demographic factors. Exploring reasons for low rates of employment and providing vocational support may be important to maximize long‐term functional outcomes in patients with childhood‐onset SLE.
Structural Electrochemistry from Freestanding Polypyrrole Films: Full Hydrogen Inhibition from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Otero Toribio F. , Martinez Jose G. , Fuchiwaki Masaki , Valero Laura
Published: October 2013

Free‐standing polypyrrole films, being the metal–polymer contact located several millimeters outside the electrolyte, give stationary closed coulovoltammetric (charge/potential) loop responses to consecutive potential sweeps from –2.50 V to 0.65 V in aqueous solutions. The continuous and closed charge evolution corroborates the presence of reversible film reactions (electroactivity), together high electronic and ionic conductivities in the full potential range. The closed charge loop demonstrates that the irreversible hydrogen evolution is fully inhibited from aqueous solutions of different salts up to –2.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. The morphology of the closed charge loops shows abrupt slope changes corresponding to the four basic components of the structural electrochemistry for a 3D electroactive gel: reduction‐shrinking, reduction‐compaction, oxidation‐relaxation, and oxidation‐swelling. Freestanding films of conducting polymers behave as 3D gel electrodes (reactors) at the chain level, where reversible electrochemical reactions drive structural conformational and macroscopic (volume variation) changes. Very slow hydrogen evolution is revealed by coulovoltammetric responses at more cathodic potentials than –1.1 V from strong acid solutions, or in neutral salts self‐supported blend films of polypyrrole with large organic acids. Conducting polymers overcome graphite, mercury, lead, diamond, or carbon electrodes as hydrogen inhibitors, and can compete with them for some electro‐analytical and electrochemical applications in aqueous solutions.
Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Promoted Chemical Adsorption of Sulfur and Fabrication of High‐Areal‐Capacity Sulfur Cathode with Exceptional Cycling Stability for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Song Jiangxuan , Xu Terrence , Gordin Mikhail L. , Zhu Pengyu , Lv Dongping , Jiang Ying‐Bing , Chen Yongsheng , Duan Yuhua , Wang Donghai
Published: October 2013

As one important component of sulfur cathodes, the carbon host plays a key role in the electrochemical performance of lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. In this paper, a mesoporous nitrogen‐doped carbon (MPNC)‐sulfur nanocomposite is reported as a novel cathode for advanced Li‐S batteries. The nitrogen doping in the MPNC material can effectively promote chemical adsorption between sulfur atoms and oxygen functional groups on the carbon, as verified by X‐ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, and the mechanism by which nitrogen enables the behavior is further revealed by density functional theory calculations. Based on the advantages of the porous structure and nitrogen doping, the MPNC‐sulfur cathodes show excellent cycling stability (95% retention within 100 cycles) at a high current density of 0.7 mAh cm‐2 with a high sulfur loading (4.2 mg S cm‐2) and a sulfur content (70 wt%). A high areal capacity (≈3.3 mAh cm‐2) is demonstrated by using the novel cathode, which is crucial for the practical application of Li‐S batteries. It is believed that the important role of nitrogen doping promoted chemical adsorption can be extended for development of other high performance carbon‐sulfur composite cathodes for Li‐S batteries.
Evaluation of Built‐In Potential and Loss Mechanisms at Contacts in Organic Solar Cells: Device Model Parameterization, Validation, and Prediction
Authors: Liu Bo , Png Rui‐Qi , Tan Jun‐Kai , Ho Peter K. H.
Published: October 2013

Maximizing the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells requires the simultaneous optimization of its short‐circuit current density, fill factor, and open‐circuit voltage Voc. Several key parameters of the device model needed to understand these quantities have not been reliably determined, even for the prototypical poly(3‐hexylthiophene):phenyl‐C61‐methylbutyric ester (P3HT:PCBM) photoactive layer (PAL). Detailed analysis of the loss mechanisms at contacts and their rational optimization have not been possible. Here, using crosslinked P3HT network:PCBM cells with predefined ultrafine donor–acceptor morphology and very high internal quantum efficiencies, the built‐in potential Vbi is measured to decouple and reliably extract other key parameters of the cells. Using the refined device parameters, the general optimization of organic solar cells is evaluated and the following is established: i) The PAL composition of the first optical absorption optimum is displaced towards the more strongly absorbing component due to thin film effects. ii) The optimal cell configuration is the one in which the slower carrier travels on average the shorter distance to the collection contact, a consequence of the asymmetric photogeneration profile. iii) The absorption thickness optima follows a simple λp/nPAL scaling law, where λp is its absorption center wavelength and nPAL is the corresponding refractive index.
Hydrogenation of CO2 and CO in a high temperature gradient field between catalyst surface and opposite inert cool plate
Authors: Perko David , Pohar Andrej , Levec Janez
Published: October 2013

Methanol synthesis was carried out at 25 bar in slit formed by two parallel plates 5 mm apart. Upper plate was covered by catalyst layer and heated up to 250°C, whereas lower one was kept at about 30°C. Reaction stream in laminar flow consisted of H2, CO2, and CO in concentration range usually encountered in industrial processes. Catalyst layer was prepared by spraying CuO/ZnO/Al2O3/V2O3 slurry on SS‐plate. Continuous removal of methanol and water by condensation on the cool surface shifted equilibrium toward products formation. At isothermal conditions with no temperature gradient in slit, total carbon conversion approached the thermodynamic equilibrium when residence time was long enough. Experiments with high temperature difference showed total carbon conversion much larger compared to the thermodynamic one calculated at plate‐catalyst temperature. Three‐dimensional model predicted total carbon conversion for both isothermal and high temperature gradient operation reasonably well. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 613–622, 2014
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Substituted Pyridines
Authors: Cadu Alban , Upadhyay Puspesh K. , Andersson Pher G.
Published: October 2013

Asymmetric hydrogenation of ortho‐substituted pyridines catalyzed by N,P‐ligated iridium is demonstrated. To facilitate this reaction, the aromaticity of the pyridines was weakened by forming N‐iminopyridium ylides. The reactions give very high conversions, and after a single recrystallization, excellent ee of up to 98 % was obtained. This method lends itself to the synthesis of chiral piperidine building blocks.
Elastomer composite based on EPDM reinforced with polyaniline coated curauá fibers prepared by mechanical mixing
Authors: Araujo Joyce R. , Adamo Cristina B. , Rocha Werickson F. C. , Costa e Silva Marcos V. , Carozo Vitor , Calil Vanessa L. , De Paoli Marco‐A.
Published: October 2013

Curauá fibers were used to reinforce elastomeric matrices with polyaniline (PAni) synthesized directly on the fiber surfaces to produce antistatic‐reinforced composites. In this work, composites of poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene‐co‐diene) with curauá fibers coated with PAni were prepared by mechanical mixing in a counter‐rotating twin rotor internal mixer. Then, mechanical and electrical properties of these composites were correlated to Raman and Fourier transformed infrared spectra (FTIR) using chemometric data analyze, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Raman spectra showed correlation with electrical properties of conductive composites while FTIR spectra showed good correlation with mechanical properties. EPDM reinforced with PAni coated curauá fibers presented higher tensile strength and modulus than EPDM reinforced with pristine curauá fibers, indicating that the reinforcement effect was obtained. Chemical interaction between the phases occurs with formation of hydrogen bonding between the aminic nitrogens of PAni and the carbonyl groups of lignin of the fibers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40056.