bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Constitutional History of England, in its Origin and Development
Authors: Stubbs William
Published: June 2012

William Stubbs (1825–1901), one of the leading historians of his generation, pursued his academic research alongside his work as a clergyman. He was elected Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford in 1866 and appointed a bishop in 1884. Stubbs was a foundational figure in medieval English history, with a special interest in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The three-volume study reissued here, originally published between 1874 and 1878, was one of his most influential works. Nine editions appeared during his lifetime and it was prescribed reading for generations of students. It traces the evolution of English political institutions from the early Anglo-Saxon invasions of Britain to 1485, relying mainly on primary sources. Volume 2, published in 1875, focuses on the period from Edward I to Richard II, tracing the development of Parliament and the rise of the Commons, and examining the issue of the royal prerogative.
Paxton's Flower Garden
Authors: Paxton Joseph , Lindley John
Published: June 2012

Best remembered today for his technically innovative design for the Crystal Palace of 1851, Joseph Paxton (1803–65) was head gardener to the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth by the age of twenty-three, and remained involved in gardening throughout his life. Tapping in to the burgeoning interest in gardening amongst the Victorians, in 1841 he founded the periodical The Gardener's Chronicle with the botanist John Lindley (1799–1865), with whom he had worked on a Government report on Kew Gardens. Paxton's Flower Garden appeared between 1850 and 1853, following a series of plant-collecting expeditions. Only three of the planned ten volumes were published, but with hand-coloured plates (which can be viewed online alongside this reissue) and over 500 woodcuts, the work is lavish. Volume 1 includes colour plates of orchids, Lindley's speciality, along with a pitcher plant and Moutan peony, both still unusual and exotic at the time of publication.
An Octogenarian's Reminiscences
Authors: Bonwick James
Published: June 2012

In this 1902 work, teacher, historian and archivist James Bonwick (1817–1906) recalls a long life's contribution to the fields of education and historical writing. More than sixty publications can be attributed to Bonwick, who was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1865. He traces his life from boyhood to the many years he spent in Australia, establishing, managing and inspecting schools. Bonwick stressed the need for observation and experimentation by the pupil rather than rote learning. He was also involved in the temperance movement, and was a sympathetic champion of the near-extinct Tasmanian aborigines. Upon returning to England in the early 1880s, Bonwick immersed himself in transcribing Australian source material, archived in London, that chronicled the British settlement in Australia. Many of his transcripts were subsequently used as the basis of works on the early history of Australia both by Bonwick himself and by others.
Being a Historian
Authors: Banner, Jr James M.
Published: June 2012

Based on the author's more than 50 years of experience as a professional historian in academic and other capacities, Being a Historian is addressed to both aspiring and mature historians. It offers an overview of the state of the discipline of history today and the problems that confront it and its practitioners in many professions. James M. Banner, Jr argues that historians remain inadequately prepared for their rapidly changing professional world and that the discipline as a whole has yet to confront many of its deficiencies. He also argues that, no longer needing to conform automatically to the academic ideal, historians can now more safely and productively than ever before adapt to their own visions, temperaments and goals as they take up their responsibilities as scholars, teachers and public practitioners. Critical while also optimistic, this work suggests many topics for further scholarly and professional exploration, research and debate.
Using German Synonyms
Authors: Durrell Martin
Published: June 2012

This book, designed for students who have already developed a basic competence in German, aims to broaden and improve their vocabulary by providing detailed information on groups of German words with related meanings. It is invaluable as a guide to finding the right word for the context. In order to enhance understanding of the structure of the German vocabulary, groups of synonyms are organised under German (rather than English) headwords. All entries are accompanied by an example of usage and English glosses and there are two indexes allowing users quickly to locate words in German or English. The book takes full account of register variation, indicating the degree of formal or informal use, and reflects regional usage especially in Austria and Switzerland. It is an essential reference for intermediate and advanced students as well as teachers and other professional linguists seeking access to the finer nuances of the German language.
An Economic History of South Africa
Authors: Feinstein Charles H.
Published: June 2012

This book is the first economic history of South Africa in over sixty years. Professor Charles H. Feinstein offers an authoritative survey of five hundred years of South African economic history from the years preceding European settlements in 1652 through to the post-Apartheid era. He charts the early phase of slow growth, and then the transformation of the economy as a result of the discovery of diamonds and gold in the 1870s, followed by the rapid rise of industry in the wartime years. The final chapters cover the introduction of apartheid after 1948, and its consequences for economic performance. Special attention is given to the processes by which the black population were deprived of their land, and to the methods by which they were induced to supply labour for white farms, mines and factories. This book will be essential reading for students in economics, African history, imperial history and politics.
Migration and Refugee Law
Authors: Vrachnas John , Boyd Kim , Bagaric Mirko , Dimopoulos Penny
Published: June 2012

Migration and refugee law and policy is fundamentally concerned with the choices that we as a nation make regarding the people that we allow into our community and to share our resources. Migration and Refugee Law: Principles and Practice in Australia 2nd Edition provides an overview of the legal principles governing the entry of people into Australia. The 2nd edition encompasses legislative amendments and significant judicial decisions to 2007. As well as dealing with migration and refugee law today, the book analyses the policy and moral considerations underpinning this area of law. This is especially so in relation to refugee law, which is one of the most divisive social issues of our time. The book suggests proposals for change and how this area of law can be made more coherent and principled. This book is written for all people who have an interest in migration and refugee law.
Using Portuguese
Authors: Ganho Ana Sofia , McGovern Timothy
Published: June 2012

This is a guide to Portuguese usage for students who have already acquired the basics of the language and wish to extend their knowledge. It covers both the Brazilian and the European varieties of the language, and differentiates clearly between them. It gives detailed explanations of grammatical structures and semantic fields and, unlike conventional grammars, it gives special attention to those areas of vocabulary and grammar which cause most difficulty to English-speakers. It also contains a special chapter for students who are familiar with Spanish, highlighting key similarities and differences between the two languages. Careful consideration is given throughout to questions of style, register, and politeness which are essential to achieving an appropriate level of formality or informality in writing and speech. Clear, readable and easy to consult via its two indexes, this is an essential reference for learners seeking access to the finer nuances of the Portuguese language.
Bergson
Authors: Moore F. C. T.
Published: June 2012

This is a book about the philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859–1941) which shows how relevant Bergson is to much contemporary philosophy. The book takes as its point of departure Bergson's insistence on precision in philosophy. It then discusses a variety of topics including laughter, the nature of time as experienced, how intelligence and language should be construed as a pragmatic product of evolution, and the antinomies of reason represented by magic and religion. This is not just another exposition of Bergson's work. It offers an account of why Bergson commanded such a massive reading public in his own day and why he deserves to be read now. Written in a terse and clear style, this book will prove appealing to teachers and students of philosophy, cognitive science, psychology, religious studies and literature.
Partial Differential Equations in Classical Mathematical Physics
Authors: Rubinstein Isaak , Rubinstein Lev
Published: June 2012

The unique feature of this book is that it considers the theory of partial differential equations in mathematical physics as the language of continuous processes, that is, as an interdisciplinary science that treats the hierarchy of mathematical phenomena as reflections of their physical counterparts. Special attention is drawn to tracing the development of these mathematical phenomena in different natural sciences, with examples drawn from continuum mechanics, electrodynamics, transport phenomena, thermodynamics, and chemical kinetics. At the same time, the authors trace the interrelation between the different types of problems - elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic - as the mathematical counterparts of stationary and evolutionary processes. This combination of mathematical comprehensiveness and natural scientific motivation represents a step forward in the presentation of the classical theory of PDEs, one that will be appreciated by both students and researchers alike.
Economic Evolution and Structure
Authors: Pryor Frederic L.
Published: June 2012

In this 1996 book, Frederic L. Pryor uses the concept of structural complexity to show how changes in the population, the labour force, the structure of industry, the financial system, foreign and domestic trade, and the government sector are related to the same general trend in the US economic system. He also investigates the impact of these changes on the functioning of the system, exploring such matters as the long-term rising unemployment rate, the allegedly increasing volatility of the economy, the changing degree of competition, and the evolving economic role of the government. The discussion is aimed at those who wish to view the economy as a whole and who are concerned with problems of understanding an economy that is becoming increasingly complex along many different dimensions. For specialists a number of appendices discuss a variety of technical issues.
Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics
Authors: Turcotte Donald L.
Published: June 2012

The fundamental concepts of fractal geometry and chaotic dynamics, along with the related concepts of multifractals, self-similar time series, wavelets, and self-organised criticality, are introduced in this book, for a broad range of readers interested in complex natural phenomena. Now in a greatly expanded second edition, this book relates fractals and chaos to a variety of geological and geophysical applications. These include drainage networks and erosion, floods, earthquakes, mineral and petroleum resources, fragmentation, mantle convection and magnetic field generation. Many advances have been made in the field since the first edition was published. In this edition coverage of self-organised criticality is expanded and statistics and time series are included to provide a broad background for the reader. All concepts are introduced at the lowest possible level of mathematics consistent with their understanding, so that the reader requires only a background in basic physics and mathematics. Problems are included for the reader to solve.
A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire
Authors: Disney A. R.
Published: June 2012

The Kingdom of Portugal was created as a by-product of the Christian Reconquest of Hispania. With no geographical raison d'être and no obvious political roots in its Roman, Germanic, or Islamic pasts, it for long remained a small, struggling realm on Europe's outer fringe. Then, in the early fifteenth century, this unlikely springboard for Western expansion suddenly began to accumulate an empire of its own, eventually extending more than halfway around the globe. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, drawing particularly on historical scholarship postdating the 1974 Portuguese Revolution, offers readers a comprehensive overview and reinterpretation of how all this happened - the first such account to appear in English for more than a generation. Volume I concerns the history of Portugal itself from pre-Roman times to the climactic French invasion of 1807, and Volume II traces the history of the Portuguese overseas empire.
Social Work
Authors: Connolly Marie , Harms Louise
Published: June 2012

Social workers practice across a wide range of settings with many different people. Some work primarily with individuals, some work with families or groups of people in therapeutic or community contexts, while others focus on community advocacy, community action and social change. In such diverse disciplinary contexts, the notion of theoretically informed practice can seem complicated. Written as a core text, the book captures the critical information students need to feel confident in the application of theory to practice. Integrated case studies from both Australasian and international perspectives illustrate how theory works in practice and how theory facilitates change. Social Work: From Theory to Practice provides a comprehensive exploration of knowledge in practice, the use of evidence as a basis for practice, and the ways in which theory helps practitioners to understand, make sense of, and respond to complex human needs.
Has ‘Justice Been Done’? The Legality of Bin Laden's Killing Under International Law
Authors: Ambos Kai , Alkatout Josef
Published: June 2012

The killing of Osama bin Laden by US Special Forces on 2 May 2011 raises several questions of international law with regard to the legality of this particular operation and the permissibility of targeted killings of international terrorists in general. In this article it will be argued, on the basis of an analysis of the applicable international law, that the killing of bin Laden cannot be justified under international humanitarian law because there is no armed conflict between the United States and Al Qaeda. Even if one were to assume the existence of such an armed conflict, bin Laden's killing would only have been lawful if Al Qaeda were to be considered an organised armed group within the meaning of international humanitarian law and bin Laden could have been killedquamembership of this group. Otherwise, his killing could only have been lawful if he was (still) taking a direct part in hostilities. In any case, in the absence of an armed conflict, under the applicable legal regime of peacetime, the killing could only be justified in a situation of self-defence or an immediate danger for others. As this situation apparently did not exist, the killing of bin Laden amounted to an extrajudicial execution. On another note, the operation may also have violated international law by failing to respect Pakistan's territorial sovereignty. Ultimately, this depends on the recognition of a (pre-emptive) right to self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter, in particular taking into account the immediacy criterion.
Creative Alaska: creative capital and economic development opportunities in Alaska
Authors: Petrov Andrey N. , Cavin Philip A.
Published: June 2012

The flaws of the 20th century–type development ‘mega–projects’ in the circumpolar North prompt Arctic regions actively to search for alternative strategies of regional development that break away from resource–dependency and reconcile local (traditional) societies with the realities of post–Fordism and globalisation. This paper presents a study that focuses on the notion of creative capital (CC) and assesses its ability to foster economic development in Alaska. The findings suggest that some characteristics of the CC observed in Alaskan communities are similar to those found in southern regions, whereas others are distinct (but similar to those in the Canadian North). In Alaska, the synergy between cultural economy, entrepreneurship and leadership appear to be more important in characterising creative capacities than formal education. The geographical distribution of the CC is uneven and heavily clustered in economically, geographically and politically privileged northern urban centres. However, some remote regions also demonstrate considerable levels of creative potential, in particular associated with the aboriginal cultural capital (artists, crafters, etc.). A number of Alaskan regions, creative ‘hot spots’, could become places that can benefit from alternative strategies of regional development based on CC, knowledge–based and cultural economies.
Helicity of vector fields preserving a regular contact form and topologically conjugate smooth dynamical systems
Authors: MÜLLER STEFAN , SPAETH PETER
Published: June 2012

We compute the helicity of a vector field preserving a regular contact form on a closed three-dimensional manifold, and improve results of Gambaudo and Ghys [Enlacements asymptotiques. Topology 36(6) (1997), 1355–1379] relating the helicity of the suspension of a surface isotopy to the Calabi invariant of the isotopy. Based on these results, we provide positive answers to two questions posed by Arnold in [The asymptotic Hopf invariant and its applications. Selecta Math. Soviet. 5(4) (1986), 327–345]. In the presence of a regular contact form that is also preserved, the helicity extends to an invariant of an isotopy of volume-preserving homeomorphisms, and is invariant under conjugation by volume-preserving homeomorphisms. A similar statement also holds for suspensions of surface isotopies and surface diffeomorphisms. This requires the techniques of topological Hamiltonian and contact dynamics developed by Banyaga and Spaeth [On the uniqueness of generating Hamiltonians for topological strictly contact isotopies.Preprint, 2012], Buhovsky and Seyfaddini [Uniqueness of generating Hamiltonians for continuous Hamiltonian flows. J. Symplectic Geom. to appear, arXiv:1003.2612v2], Müller [The group of Hamiltonian homeomorphisms in the$L^\infty $-norm. J. Korean Math. Soc.45(6) (2008), 1769–1784], Müller and Oh [The group of Hamiltonian homeomorphisms and$C^0$-symplectic topology. J. Symplectic Geom. 5(2) (2007), 167–219], Müller and Spaeth [Topological contact dynamics I: symplectization and applications of the energy-capacity inequality.Preprint, 2011, arXiv:1110.6705v2] and Viterbo [On the uniqueness of generating Hamiltonian for continuous limits of Hamiltonians flows. Int. Math. Res. Not. (2006), 34028; Erratum,Int. Math. Res. Not.(2006), 38748]. Moreover, we generalize an example of Furstenberg [Strict ergodicity and transformation of the torus. Amer. J. Math. 83(1961), 573–601] on topologically conjugate but not$C^1$-conjugate area-preserving diffeomorphisms of the two-torus to trivial$T^2$-bundles, and construct examples of Hamiltonian and contact vector fields that are topologically conjugate but not$C^1$-conjugate. Higher-dimensional helicities are considered briefly at the end of the paper.
Entwicklung und Validierung des Inventars zur funktionellen Erfassung selbstverletzenden Verhaltens (IfES) bei Menschen mit intellektueller Beeinträchtigung
Authors: Bienstein Pia
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung. Das Inventar zur funktionellen Erfassung selbstverletzenden Verhaltens (IfES) ist der erste deutschsprachige, speziell für Menschen mit intellektueller Beeinträchtigung entwickelte und faktorenanalytisch überprüfte Fremdbeurteilungsfragebogen mit dem Auslöser und Funktionen des selbstverletzenden Verhaltens erfasst werden können. Ziel des Artikels ist die Beschreibung der Testkonstruktion und der psychometrischen Qualität. Die Untersuchung wurde an einer bundesweiten Stichprobe in Einrichtungen der Behindertenhilfe (n = 452) durchgeführt. Die faktorielle Validität wurde u.a. durch eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse (CFA) überprüft und führte zu einer 5-faktoriellen Lösung mit 24 Items (u.a. RMSEA. .052). Die interne Konsistenz (Cronbachs a) der einzelnen Skalen liegt zwischen .57 und .83. Die Interrater Reliabilitäten (n = 125) für die Subskalen weisen Werte von .61 bis .84 auf. Die Test-Retest-Reliabilitäten (n = 138) liegen zwischen .74 bis .90. Die konvergente Validität wurde mittels eines Fragebogens aus dem angloamerikanischen Raum ermittelt und erwies sich für die einzelnen Subskalen als befriedigend bis sehr gut. Die praktische Eignung des neuen Instrumentes sowie dessen psychometrische Qualität werden diskutiert.
At the cliff's edge
Authors: Jacobs Howy
Published: June 2012

With academic economists offering a plethora of views on how to solve the sovereign debt crisis, Howy suggests that muddling through might be a wiser course than paying heed to theoreticians.
Apocynin administration prevents the changes induced by a fructose-rich diet on rat liver metabolism and the antioxidant system
Authors: Castro María Cecilia , Francini Flavio , Schinella Guillermo , Caldiz Claudia Inés , Zubiría María Guillermina , Gagliardino Juan José , Massa María Laura
Published: June 2012

In the present study, we investigated the role of NADPH oxidase in F (fructose)-rich-diet-induced hepatic OS (oxidative stress) and metabolic changes, and their prevention by apocynin co-administration. Wistar rats were fed for 21 days on (i) a control diet, (ii) a control diet plus 10% F in the drinking water, (iii) a control diet with apocynin in the drinking water (CA) and (iv) F plus apocynin in the drinking water (FA). Glycaemia, triglyceridaemia, NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids) and insulinaemia were determined. In the liver, we measured (i) NADPH oxidase activity, and gene and protein expression; (ii) protein carbonyl groups, GSH and TBARSs (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances); (iii) catalase, CuZn-SOD (superoxide dismutase) and Mn-SOD expression; (iv) liver glycogen and lipid content; (v) GK (glucokinase), G6Pase (glucose-6-phosphatase) and G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activities; (vi) FAS (fatty acid synthase), GPAT (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase), G6Pase and G6PDH, IL-1β (interleukin-1β), PAI-1 (plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1) and TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) gene expression; and (vii) IκBα (inhibitor of nuclear factor κB α) protein expression. F-fed animals had high serum TAG (triacylglycerol), NEFA and insulin levels, high liver NADPH oxidase activity/expression, increased OS markers, reduced antioxidant enzyme expression, and increased glycogen, TAG storage and GK, G6Pase and G6PDH activities. They also had high G6Pase, G6PDH, FAS, GPAT, TNFα and IL-1β gene expression and decreased IκBα expression. Co-administration of apocynin to F-fed rats prevented the development of most of these abnormalities. In conclusion, NADPH oxidase plays a key role in F-induced hepatic OS production and probably also in the mechanism of liver steatosis, suggesting its potential usefulness for the prevention/treatment of T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus).
The Impact of Dual Tasking on Sentence Comprehension in Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Leclercq Anne-Lise , Majerus Steve , Prigent Gaïd , Maillart Christelle
Published: June 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors assessed the hypothesis of a limitation in attentional allocation capacity as underlying poor sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment (SLI).

Method

Fifteen children with SLI, 15 age-matched controls, and 15 grammar-matched controls participated in the study. Sixty sentences were presented in isolation, and 60 sentences were presented with a concurrent choice reaction time task in which colored stimuli randomly appeared at the center of the computer screen.

Results

Sentence comprehension was affected by the dual-task condition to a greater extent in children with SLI relative to age controls but not relative to grammatical controls.

Conclusion

This study does not support limitations in attentional allocation capacity as representing a core deficit in SLI. Rather, the data show that these children show attentional allocation capacity comparable to that of younger children having similar language level, suggesting that SLI is characterized by a slowed development of both attentional and language domains.
Simulations of geometry effects and loss mechanisms affecting the photon collection in photovoltaic fluorescent collectors
Authors: Prönneke L. , Gläser G. C. , Rau U.
Published: June 2012

Monte-Carlo simulations analyze the photon collection in photovoltaic systems with fluorescent collectors. We compare two collector geometries: the classical setup with solar cells mounted at each collector side and solar cells covering the collector back surface. For small ratios of collector length and thickness, the collection probability of photons is equally high in systems with solar cells mounted on the sides or at the bottom of the collector. We apply a photonic band stop filter acting as an energy selective filter which prevents photons emitted by the dye from leaving the collector. We find that the application of such a filter allows covering only 1% of the collector side or bottom area with solar cells. Furthermore, we compare ideal systems in their radiative limits to systems with included loss mechanisms in the dye, at the mirror, or the photonic filter. Examining loss mechanisms in photovoltaic systems with fluorescent collectors enables us to estimate quality limitations of the used materials and components.
Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the measurement of atmospheric amines
Authors: Yu Huan , Lee Shan-Hu
Published: June 2012

Environmental contextAmines are of interest to atmospheric chemistry as they may be important gas-phase precursors for secondary aerosol formation. We describe a mass spectrometer for real-time in-situ measurements of gaseous alkyl amines in the atmosphere. This measurement technique will help to evaluate the contribution of amines to the formation of secondary aerosols, including secondary organic aerosol and new particle formation. AbstractWe describe a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CIMS) for the ambient measurement of amines, known as important gas-phase precursors for secondary aerosol formation. Protonated ethanol or acetone ions were used as ionisation reagents to selectively detect high proton affinity base compounds (e.g. amines and NH3), thereby minimising interferences from other atmospheric gaseous organic compounds. With ethanol as ionisation reagent (~3 × 105 Hz of ion signals), the CIMS showed similar sensitivities (2.1–8.7 Hz pptv–1) and detection limits (7–41 pptv with a 1-min integration time) for NH3 and several atmospherically relevant key amine compounds containing one to six carbon atoms (C1- to C6-amines and their isomers). The CIMS background signals of the six amines ranged from 9 to 40 pptv, much lower than ~930 pptv for NH3. The CIMS response times were between 13 and 26 s for these amines. The unique combination of the fast time response, high sensitivities and low detection limits allows the use of this CIMS for real time measurements of atmospheric trace amines. During the ambient measurement made in Kent, OH, in November 2011, the measured mixing ratios of C2- and C3-amines were 8 ± 3 (mean ± 1 standard deviation) and 16 ± 7 pptv, whereas those of NH3 were 517 ± 259 pptv.
Involvement of the cysteine-rich head domain in activation and desensitization of the P2X1 receptor
Authors: Lörinczi Éva , Bhargava Yogesh , Marino Stephen F. , Taly Antoine , Kaczmarek-Hájek Karina , Barrantes-Freer Alonso , Dutertre Sébastien , Grutter Thomas , Rettinger Jürgen , Nicke Annette
Published: June 2012

P2X receptors (P2XRs) are ligand-gated ion channels activated by extracellular ATP. Although the crystal structure of the zebrafish P2X4R has been solved, the exact mode of ATP binding and the conformational changes governing channel opening and desensitization remain unknown. Here, we used voltage clamp fluorometry to investigate movements in the cysteine-rich head domain of the rat P2X1R (A118-I125) that projects over the proposed ATP binding site. On substitution with cysteine residues, six of these residues (N120–I125) were specifically labeled by tetramethyl-rhodamine-maleimide and showed significant changes in the emission of the fluorescence probe on application of the agonists ATP and benzoyl-benzoyl-ATP. Mutants N120C and G123C showed fast fluorescence decreases with similar kinetics as the current increases. In contrast, mutants P121C and I125C showed slow fluorescence increases that seemed to correlate with the current decline during desensitization. Mutant E122C showed a slow fluorescence increase and fast decrease with ATP and benzoyl-benzoyl-ATP, respectively. Application of the competitive antagonist 2′,3′-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-ATP (TNP-ATP) resulted in large fluorescence changes with the N120C, E122C, and G123C mutants and minor or no changes with the other mutants. Likewise, TNP-ATP–induced changes in control mutants distant from the proposed ATP binding site were comparably small or absent. Combined with molecular modeling studies, our data confirm the proposed ATP binding site and provide evidence that ATP orients in its binding site with the ribose moiety facing the solution. We also conclude that P2XR activation and desensitization involve movements of the cysteine-rich head domain.
Identification of cytoskeletal elements enclosing the ATP pools that fuel human red blood cell membrane cation pumps
Authors: Chu Haiyan , Puchulu-Campanella Estela , Galan Jacob A. , Tao W. Andy , Low Philip S. , Hoffman Joseph F.
Published: June 2012

The type of metabolic compartmentalization that occurs in red blood cells differs from the types that exist in most eukaryotic cells, such as intracellular organelles. In red blood cells (ghosts), ATP is sequestered within the cytoskeletal–membrane complex. These pools of ATP are known to directly fuel both the Na
+
/K
+
and Ca
2+
pumps. ATP can be entrapped within these pools either by incubation with bulk ATP or by operation of the phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase reactions to enzymatically generate ATP. When the pool is filled with nascent ATP, metabolic labeling of the Na
+
/K
+
or Ca
2+
pump phosphoproteins (E
Na
-P and E
Ca
-P, respectively) from bulk [γ-
32
P]-ATP is prevented until the pool is emptied by various means. Importantly, the pool also can be filled with the fluorescent ATP analog trinitrophenol ATP, as well as with a photoactivatable ATP analog, 8-azido-ATP (N
3
-ATP). Using the fluorescent ATP, we show that ATP accumulates and then disappears from the membrane as the ATP pools are filled and subsequently emptied, respectively. By loading N
3
-ATP into the membrane pool, we demonstrate that membrane proteins that contribute to the pool’s architecture can be photolabeled. With the aid of an antibody to N
3
-ATP, we identify these labeled proteins by immunoblotting and characterize their derived peptides by mass spectrometry. These analyses show that the specific peptides that corral the entrapped ATP derive from sequences within β-spectrin, ankyrin, band 3, and GAPDH.
Activity, materiality, and creative struggle in the communicative constitution of organizing
Authors: Aakhus Mark , Laureij Leon V.
Published: June 2012

Communication design practice involves transforming given situations into preferred courses of action. This ubiquitous feature of organizational and professional life presents an opportunity for advancing theory about the constitutive role of communication in organizing (CCO). Extant CCO argues that collective courses of action happen through a process of social reasoning involving the mediation of speech acts but this account misses some important features of activity, materiality, and creative struggle evident in communication design practice. Examination of two cases of communication design practice reveal that activity — its materiality and the creative struggle over it — is central to the social reasoning involved in constructing preferred courses of action. The alternative identified here has implications for developing a design stance that integrates design theory and research on language and social interaction to advance understanding of communication design practice in the constitution of organizing.
Beyond dialogue
Authors: Arnett Ronald C.
Published: June 2012

This essay examines the interplay between dialogue and alterity, outlining Emmanuel Levinas’s unique contribution to the study and practice of human dialogue, whose differences with Martin Buber texture an enlarged sense of identity associated with the notion of dialogue. To flesh out this contribution, this essay follows a threefold sequence of exploration: (1) a review of select essays that explore differences between Buber and Levinas; (2) a review of scholarly exchanges between Buber and Levinas on issues related to dialogue; and (3) an examination of the specific writings of Levinas on dialogue. Finally, this essay situates Levinas’s perspective within the schools of dialogue, outlining his unique position of “beyond dialogue” and further texturing our understanding of diverse schools within communication.
The contradictions of policy and practice: creativity in higher education
Authors: MacLaren Iain
Published: June 2012

Whilst much of the rhetoric of current educational policy champions creativity and innovation, structural reforms and new management practices in higher education run counter to the known conditions under which creativity flourishes. As a review of recent literature suggests, surveillance,
performativity, the end of tenure and rising levels of workplace stress are all closing off the space for real creative endeavour, characterised as it is by risk-taking, collaborative exploration and autonomy. Innovation, as conceived in this policy context (i.e., that of the UK and Ireland),
is narrow in scope and leaves little room for critical re-examination of the nature of education itself or radical reconceptions of curriculum, raising the question as to whether such are more likely to arise extra mural, from new forms of organisation.
Clinical and pathological analysis of transplant glomerulopathy cases
Authors: Shimizu Tomokazu , Tanabe Tatsu , Shirakawa Hiroki , Omoto Kazuya , Ishida Hideki , Tanabe Kazunari
Published: June 2012

Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is involved in the criteria of chronic active antibody‐mediated rejection (c‐AMR) in Banff ‘09 classification.

Patients

TG was diagnosed in 58 renal allograft biopsy specimens (BS) from 37 renal transplant patients.

Results

Among 58 BS of TG, 27 BS were mild (cg1), 16 were moderate (cg2), and 15 were severe (cg3). Peritubular capillaritis was present in 49 (84%), transplant glomerulitis was seen in 47 BS (81%), interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in 47 (81%) and the thickening of the peritubular capillary (PTC) basement membrane (PTCBM) in 44 (76%), and interstitial inflammation was present in 26 BS (45%). C4d deposition in PTC was presented in 32 BS (55%). The circulating anti‐HLA alloantibody was detected in 38 times (76%), of which 27/38 (54%) were donor‐specific antibodies. Deterioration of renal allografts’ function after biopsies was seen in 12 patients (32%) with six of them lost their graft.

Conclusions

We suggest that histopathological changes of TG accompanying by transplant glomerulitis, peritubular capillaritis, the thickening of the PTCBM, and circulating anti‐HLA antibodies might indicate c‐AMR, even if C4d deposition in PTC is negative. The prognosis of the graft exhibiting TG was relatively good under the present immunosuppression protocol in short time.
Significance of C4d deposition in antibody‐mediated rejection
Authors: Takeda Asami , Otsuka Yasuhiro , Horike Keiji , Inaguma Daijo , Hiramitsu Takahisa , Yamamoto Takayuki , Nanmoku Koji , Goto Norihiko , Watarai Yoshihiko , Uchida Kazuharu , Morozumi Kunio , Kobayashi Takaaki
Published: June 2012

The C4d staining as a special tissue marker for humoral immunity has served criteria of pathological diagnosis for antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR) in Banff classification since 2003. However, the sensitivity and specificity of C4d staining have been questioned, and recently, C4d‐negative ABMR has been more focused in renal allograft pathology. The aim of this study was to make certain of C4d staining for ABMR that was diagnosed by clinical and morphological findings. C4d staining was employed by immunofluorescence. This study included 14 patients with acute ABMR and 16 with chronic active ABMR. Eight of acute ABMR were ABO‐blood‐type‐incompatible renal transplantation (ABOinRTx) pre‐treated by DFPP and splenectomy or rituximub. In acute ABMR after ABOinRTx, C4d staining along peritubular capillary (PTC) was positive in five of them (62.5%). Only one graft biopsy of five acute ABMR with donor‐specific antibody (DSA) showed C4d positive. We assembled 16 graft biopsies showing typical transplant glomerulopathy and thickened PTC basement membrane with peritubular capillaritis as a suspicious pathological chronic active ABMR. Four of eight DSA‐positive patients were C4d negative in PTC; however, three of four DSA‐positive and C4d‐negative patients in PTC chronic active ABMR were C4d positive in only glomerular capillaries. C4d positivity could not come to a specific marker of ABMR diagnosing based on clinically and ordinary morphological findings.
De novo minimal change disease after ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation
Authors: Mochizuki Yasushi , Iwata Takahisa , Nishikido Masaharu , Uramatsu Tadashi , Sakai Hideki , Taguchi Takashi
Published: June 2012

We report the clinical and pathological findings of a case of de novo minimal change disease (MCD) after ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplantation. A 62‐yr‐old man with end‐stage renal disease associated with type I diabetes received ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation from his 58‐yr‐old wife. Although allograft function was excellent immediately after surgery, massive proteinuria (35 g/d) appeared on post‐transplantation day 5. After the allograft biopsy taken on post‐transplantation day 6, he was treated with 12 cycles of plasma exchange, but the nephrotic‐range proteinuria showed no remission. The biopsy specimen showed no significant pathological findings on light microscopy, but electron microscopy showed diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes. Based on the diagnosis of de novo MCD, the patient received intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy, followed by high‐dose steroid maintenance therapy. The steroid therapy induced complete remission of nephrotic syndrome and stable allograft function immediately, which was also maintained at one yr after the transplantation.
Selection of interspecific vine cacti hybrids (Hylocereus spp.) for self‐compatibility
Authors: Tel‐Zur Noemi , Dudai Mordehai , Raveh Eran , Mizrahi Yossi
Published: June 2012

With 2 figures and 1 table

Self‐incompatibility (SI) is the major factor that limits the development of the exotic fruit crops belonging to Hylocereus species. The selection of self‐compatible (SC) hybrids would greatly benefit growers by eliminating the need to grow complementary cultivars for cross‐pollination. With this breeding objective in mind, a total of 182 plants that resulted from the first and second generations of hybrids and a first generation of back‐crosses were screened for SC. Five hybrids, all of which were a cross between the triploid hybrid ‘S‐75’ and the diploid Hylocereus undatus, were found to be fully SC; they exhibited similar fruit weights and similar total seed numbers following cross‐ or self‐pollination. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that all the SC hybrids were tetraploids, suggesting a possible relation between SC and ploidy level. Further studies will be needed for an efficient identification of SC hybrids during their juvenile period.
Length of vernalization period affects flowering time in three lupin species
Authors: Adhikari Kedar N. , Buirchell Bevan J. , Sweetingham Mark W.
Published: June 2012

With 2 figures and 2 tables

Lupin is a long‐day plant, and its flowering time can be affected by prolonged exposure to cold, ambient temperatures and photoperiod. The vernalization response was investigated in three species of lupins, Lupinus albus L., L. luteus L. and L. mutabilis Sweet., under varying vernalization regimes in glasshouse conditions over summer. A range of genotypes were included from each species. Three weeks after emergence, each line was vernalized for 0–4 weeks in a cool room at 6°±1°C with 14h photoperiod. Vernalization did not affect flowering time in early‐season genotypes of all lupin species. However, significant differences occurred in mid to late‐season genotypes. All genotypes including very late wild types flowered after 2 weeks of vernalization, indicating 2‐week cold treatment was enough to induce flowering. Vernalization synchronized flowering for mid and late‐season genotypes of L. luteus, giving greater flexibility of phenology in long growing season environments where vernalization occurs naturally. Vernalization reduced leaf node number in late‐flowering lines of all species including mid‐season L. luteus.
The Influence of Managerial Ownership on Bank Market Value, Performance, and Risk: Evidence from Banks Listed on the Stoxx Global Index
Authors: Gulamhussen Mohamed Azzim , Pinheiro Carlos , Sousa Rui
Published: June 2012

We follow agency theory to assess the influence of managerial ownership on the market value, performance, and risk of 123 listed banks in 23 countries included in the STOXX Global Index in 2007 and 2010. After controlling for bank characteristics, regulatory restrictions, and macroeconomic conditions, our findings show a positive relation between managerial ownership and both market value (Tobin's Q) and performance (ROA and ROE). Moreover, we find a negative relation between managerial ownership and risk (EDF, NPL/L, and Z‐SCORE). Bank market value and performance is a non‐linear, inverse U‐shaped function of managerial ownership. The negative relation between managerial ownership and bank risk is also non‐linear and U‐shaped. Our results remain robust to reverse causality. In their effort to immunize the global financial system from systemic risks, central banks and practitioners should find our results relevant for regulation purposes.
EMISSION PERMITS TRADING AND DOWNSTREAM STRATEGIC MARKET INTERACTION*
Authors: DE FEO GIUSEPPE , RESENDE JOANA , SANIN MARÍA EUGENIA
Published: June 2012

This paper studies inefficiencies arising in oligopolies subject to environmental regulation based on tradable emission permits. We propose a duopoly model of upstream–downstream strategic competition: in the permits market a leader sets the price, whereas in the output market Cournot competition occurs. We find that strategic interaction in the output market gives rise to an additional distortion in the permits market where both firms adopt ‘rival's cost‐rising’ strategies to gain a competitive advantage in the output market. As a result, the price of permits is always higher than firms' marginal abatement costs.
Preparatory distributed cortical synchronization determines execution of some, but not all, future intentions
Authors: Knight Justin B. , Marsh Richard L. , Brewer Gene A. , Clementz Brett A.
Published: June 2012

Associating intentions to events that cue future behaviors is a central aspect of human cognition. There is limited understanding of the neural dynamics supporting recognition of intention‐related events, with little known about how pre‐event brain state varies as a function of intention specificity. Prior to recognized events (that cued planned behavior) occurring during an unrelated activity, we found increased steady‐state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) and intrinsic gamma synchronization for ill‐ compared to well‐specified events, as measured by EEG. Enhanced fronto‐temporo‐parietal ssVEP synchrony emerged preceding ill compared to well‐specified events, and the degree of synchrony predicted the completion of ill‐specified intentions but predicted failure to complete well‐specified intentions. Distinct executive processing and neural states are therefore optimal for anticipating and fulfilling future intentions varying in event specificity.
Accuracy and Limitations of the Diagnosis of Malnutrition in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kovesdy Csaba P. , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar
Published: June 2012

Uremic malnutrition, also known as protein‐energy wasting (PEW), is a common phenomenon in maintenance dialysis patients and a risk factor for poor clinical outcomes including worse quality of life and increased hospitalization and mortality. The paradoxical association between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and better outcomes in dialysis patients also referred to as “reverse epidemiology,” is a good example of the powerful effect‐modifying impact of the nutritional status in this population. Measures of food intake, body composition tools, nutritional scoring systems, and laboratory values such as serum albumin are used to diagnose PEW and to assess the degree of severity of PEW without clearly validated diagnostic criteria. Some observational studies suggest that inflammation is a missing link between the PEW and poor clinical outcomes in dialysis patients, although PEW per se may also predispose to illness and inflammation. Ongoing debate as to whether such surrogates as serum albumin or prealbumin concentrations are markers of nutritional status, inflammation, comorbidity, or other conditions has led to confusion and diagnostic and therapeutic nihilism. Irrespective of the cause of hypoalbuminemia in dialysis patients, evidence suggests that nutritional interventions can increase serum albumin in dialysis patients. Hence, we should continue assessing serum albumin and other surrogates of nutritional status to risk‐stratify patients and to allocate nutritional therapy, while well‐designed, large‐scale, randomized, controlled trials of the effects of nutritional intake on clinical outcomes are awaited.
Involvement of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system in the stabilization of cell–cell contacts in human keratinocytes
Authors: Löffek Stefanie , Bruckner‐Tuderman Leena , Magin Thomas M.
Published: June 2012

Desmosomes are highly organized intercellular junctions composed of a number of interacting proteins that provide mechanical integrity to epithelial tissues. Mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, including desmoplakin (DP), are associated with human hereditary diseases affecting skin integrity. The detailed mechanism of desmosome assembly remains, despite many efforts, incompletely understood. Recently, the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) has been suggested to be an important regulatory system for the proper intracellular trafficking of proteins. Here, we provide evidence for a calcium‐independent, but UPS‐dependent, stabilization of cell–cell contacts in human keratinocytes, which might be mediated by the maintenance of DP at desmosomes.