bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adiabatic continuity and confinement in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory on the lattice
Authors: Bergner Georg , Piemonte Stefano , Ünsal Mithat
Published: November 2018

Abstract

This work is a step towards merging the ideas that arise from semi-classical methods in continuum QFT with analytic/numerical lattice field theory. In this context, we consider Yang-Mills theories coupled to fermions transforming in the adjoint representation of the gauge group. These theories have the remarkable property that confinement and discrete chiral symmetry breaking can persist at weak coupling on ℝ3 × S
1 up to small (non-thermal) compactification radii. This work presents a lattice investigation of a gauge theory coupled to a single adjoint Majorana fermion, the

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

Supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM), and opens the prospect to understand analytically a number of non-perturbative phenomena, such as confinement, mass gap, chiral and center symmetry realizations, both on the lattice and in the continuum. We study the compactification of

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

SYM on the lattice with periodic and thermal boundary conditions applied to the fermion field. We provide numerical evidences for the conjectured absence of phase transitions with periodic boundary conditions for sufficiently light lattice fermions (stability of center-symmetry), for the suppression of the chiral transition, and we provide also a diagnostic for Abelian vs. non-Abelian confinement, based on per-site Polyakov loop eigenvalue distribution functions. We identify the role of the lattice artefacts that become relevant in the very small radius regime, and we resolve some puzzles in the naive comparison between continuum and lattice.
Positivity of hexagon perturbation theory
Authors: Eden Burkhard , Jiang Yunfeng , de Leeuw Marius , Meier Tim , le Plat Dennis , Sfondrini Alessandro
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The hexagon-form-factor program was proposed as a way to compute three-and higher-point correlation functions in

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

super-symmetric Yang-Mills theory and in the dual AdS5×S5 superstring theory, by exploiting the integrability of the theory in the ’t Hooft limit. This approach is reminiscent of the asymptotic Bethe ansatz in that it applies to a large-volume expansion. Finite-volume corrections can be incorporated through Lüscher-like formulae, though the systematics of this expansion is largely unexplored so far. Strikingly, finite-volume corrections may feature negative powers of the ’t Hooft coupling g in the small-g expansion, potentially leading to a breakdown of the formalism. In this work we show that the finite-volume perturbation theory for the hexagon is positive and thereby compatible with the weak-coupling expansion for arbitrary n-point functions.
Digital Explanation as Assessment in University Science
Authors: Nielsen Wendy , Georgiou Helen , Jones Pauline , Turney Annette
Published: November 2018

Assessments in tertiary science subjects typically assess content knowledge, and there is current need to both develop and assess different forms of knowledge and skills, such as communications and digital literacies. A digital explanation is a multimodal artefact created by students to explain science to a specified audience, which is an alternate form of assessment that has potential to develop and assess these other important forms of knowledge and skills. This research draws from perspectives in multimodality, educational semiotics and science education to gain a better understanding of digital explanation as a form of assessment in university science. Data sources include digital artefacts (n = 42), task descriptions and rubrics and pre-/post-interviews (n = 21) with students who created them as a task in a university science subject. Analysis involved identifying the range of media resources used across the data set, seeking patterns in how multiple resources were used and exploring students’ perspectives on the task, including their design decisions. A more detailed look at artefacts from three different science learning contexts illustrates that students base their design decisions on the content knowledge being represented, their technical capabilities to generate them and how to engage the audience. Students enjoy this form of assessment and feel that the tasks allowed them to demonstrate different sorts of capabilities than are normally assessed in their subjects. Recommendations for instructors provide guidance for considering this sort of task in tertiary science contexts.
AdNut study: effectiveness of a high calorie and protein oral nutritional supplement with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in an older malnourished population in usual clinical practice
Authors:   AdNut group, de Luis D. A. , Izaola O. , López L. , Blanco B. , Colato C. A. , Kelly O. J. , Sanz R.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of a high calorie and protein, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate containing oral nutritional supplement (HP-HMB-ONS), on nutritional status, activities of daily living and quality of life (QoL) in old malnourished subjects.

Methods

We conducted an observational, prospective, open label, multicenter study. Participants were > 65 years, undernourished or at nutritional risk [Nutrition Risk Score (NRS) ≥ 3] and had been included on an ONS (HP-HMB-ONS twice daily for 12 weeks) per standard of care. Visits at baseline (V1), 6 weeks (V2) and 12 weeks (V3) were performed. The primary endpoints were gain of body weight, change in body mass index (BMI) and NRS 2002 index. Data from QoL (EQ-5D-3L) and activities of daily living (Katz index) were also collected.

Results

A total of 235 participants were included in the study. Of these 148 took at least a 75% of the HP-HMB-ONS and were included in the analysis (per protocol); median age was 80.0 (SD:8.3) years, 65.5% (n = 97) were female, 67.6% (n = 100) had 2 or more diseases. At V3, a statistically significant increase in weight (2.1 kg; SD: 3.8) (p < 0.001) and BMI (0.8 kg/m2; SD: 1.45) were found compared to V1, whereas NRS 2002 values decreased by 0.9 (SD: 1.2). A significant (p < 0.001) improvement in Katz index (mean change = 0.3; SD:1.4) and EQ-5D scoring (mean change = 0.5; SD:1.9) compared to V1, were also reported.

Conclusions

The results suggest that administration of a HP-HMB-ONS improve the nutritional status and may led to a significant improvement in patients’ activities of daily living and QoL, independent of baseline BMI.
Holocene overbank deposition in the drainage basin of Lake Khanka
Authors: Bazarova V.B. , Lyashchevskaya M.S. , Makarova T.R. , Makarevich R.A. , Orlova L.A.
Published: November 2018

Overbank deposits in the Komissarovka River valley consist of alternating silt, clay silt, sand, and soils produced by lacustrine, alluvial, and aeolian deposition and by soil formation. Silt and sand layers in the lower part of the section correlate with the events of Early Holocene transgression and Middle Holocene regression of Lake Khanka. Deposition in the lowermost reaches of the Komissarovka River provides a faithful record of local Holocene landscapes controlled by level changes in Lake Khanka.
Isotope stratigraphy and U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from the Vendian–Cambrian deposits of the North Muya block
Authors: Vishnevskaya I.A. , Letnikova E.F. , Kanygina N.A. , Proshenkin A.I. , Soloshenko N.G. , Vetrov E.V. , Kiseleva V.Yu.
Published: November 2018

U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from the sandstones of the Mamakan Formation has been made. Geochemical and isotope parameters of the carbonate deposits of the Yanguda Formation in the Vendian–Cambrian cover of the North Muya continental block have been estimated. It has been established that only the Neoproterozoic (630–915 Ma) rocks of the North Muya block were the provenances of terrigenous material. In the least altered carbonate rocks of the Yanguda Formation, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio is within 0.70814–0.70879 and δ13C varies from –0.4 to + 1.9‰. Comparison of the evaluated isotope parameters with those of carbonate rocks of typical Vendian–Cambrian sections shows that the carbonate deposits of the Yanguda Formation accumulated in the Early Cambrian, about 520 Ma. Sedimentation of the Mamakan and Yanguda Formations took place in the local sedimentary basin in the Vendian–Early Cambrian, in the absence of tectonic activity within the North Muya block. Detrital material that formed during the destruction of the rocks of the Siberian Platform basement and cover was not supplied into the basin.
Geologic structure and correlation of the Berriasian–Lower Aptian productive beds of the Gydan Peninsula (Russian Arctic)
Authors: Ershov S.V. , Bardachevskii V.N. , Shestakova N.I.
Published: November 2018

We discuss the geologic structure of the Berriasian–Lower Aptian deposits of the Gydan Peninsula. Eight seismic sequences have been distinguished; most of them are associated with Lower Cretaceous regional clinoforms of West Siberia, their characteristics are given. A correlation of productive beds was based on the stratotype sections of the Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas as well as seismic and well data. A sequence stratigraphic model of the Berriasian–Lower Aptian complex is proposed.
On an optimal extraction problem with regime switching
Authors: Ferrari Giorgio , Yang Shuzhen
Published: November 2018

In this paper we study a finite-fuel two-dimensional degenerate singular stochastic control problem under regime switching motivated by the optimal irreversible extraction problem of an exhaustible commodity. A company extracts a natural resource from a reserve with finite capacity and sells it in the market at a spot price that evolves according to a Brownian motion with volatility modulated by a two-state Markov chain. In this setting, the company aims at finding the extraction rule that maximizes its expected discounted cash flow, net of the costs of extraction and maintenance of the reserve. We provide expressions for both the value function and the optimal control. On the one hand, if the running cost for the maintenance of the reserve is a convex function of the reserve level, the optimal extraction rule prescribes a Skorokhod reflection of the (optimally) controlled state process at a certain state and price-dependent threshold. On the other hand, in the presence of a concave running cost function, it is optimal to instantaneously deplete the reserve at the time at which the commodity's price exceeds an endogenously determined critical level. In both cases, the threshold triggering the optimal control is given in terms of the optimal stopping boundary of an auxiliary family of perpetual optimal selling problems with regime switching.
Windings of planar processes, exponential functionals and Asian options
Authors: Jedidi Wissem , Vakeroudis Stavros
Published: November 2018

Motivated by a common mathematical finance topic, we discuss the reciprocal of the exit time from a cone of planar Brownian motion which also corresponds to the exponential functional of Brownian motion in the framework of planar Brownian motion. We prove a conjecture of Vakeroudis and Yor (2012) concerning infinite divisibility properties of this random variable and present a novel simple proof of the result of DeBlassie (1987), (1988) concerning the asymptotic behavior of the distribution of the Bessel clock appearing in the skew-product representation of planar Brownian motion, ast→∞. We use the results of the windings approach in order to obtain results for quantities associated to the pricing of Asian options.
Integral estimation based on Markovian design
Authors: Azaïs Romain , Delyon Bernard , Portier François
Published: November 2018

Suppose that a mobile sensor describes a Markovian trajectory in the ambient space and at each time the sensor measures an attribute of interest, e.g. the temperature. Using only the location history of the sensor and the associated measurements, we estimate the average value of the attribute over the space. In contrast to classical probabilistic integration methods, e.g. Monte Carlo, the proposed approach does not require any knowledge of the distribution of the sensor trajectory. We establish probabilistic bounds on the convergence rates of the estimator. These rates are better than the traditional `rootn'-rate, wherenis the sample size, attached to other probabilistic integration methods. For finite sample sizes, we demonstrate the favorable behavior of the procedure through simulations and consider an application to the evaluation of the average temperature of oceans.
Effect of Winter Herbicide Applications on Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) and Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta)
Authors: Sartain Bradley T. , Mudge Christopher R.
Published: November 2018

Immense stands of bald cypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] make it difficult for herbicide applicators to access the free-floating fern giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell), which can be found growing under the canopy of the trees. The difficulty of accessing these areas, as well as avoiding direct contact of herbicides with tree foliage, provides a substantial amount of nonmanaged plant material capable of rapidly reinfesting treated sites, thus making management efforts null and void. Herbicide application during the winter, when bald cypress sheds its leaves, may be an ideal time to manage S. molesta and minimize negative impacts on the nontarget tree. Therefore, the herbicides diquat, glyphosate, flumioxazin, and glyphosate+diquat were evaluated at one of the three application timings (December, January, or February) against S. molesta and immature bald cypress during the winter. All herbicide treatments, except diquat applied in February of year 1, reduced S. molesta biomass 40% to 100%. In addition, flumioxazin applications during December, January, and February provided ≥70% S. molesta control with little or no negative impacts to bald cypress health. A treatment by timing interaction revealed that trees exposed to flumioxazin did not result in a significant decrease in average leaf length when compared with reference trees 20 wk after bud break at any of the three application timings. In addition, bald cypress exposed to flumioxazin produced the highest probability of a refoliation pattern equivalent to the nontreated reference trees. Although complete tree mortality was not documented in either study, delayed and abnormal leaf formation, reduced leaf length, irregular canopy formation, or no negative effects were observed among herbicide-treated bald cypress. This research suggests that winter herbicide applications over the top of dormant bald cypress may be a practical management technique for controlling severe infestations of S. molesta.
Rethinking Invasion Impacts across Multiple Field Sites Using European Swallowwort (Vincetoxicum rossicum) as a Model Invader
Authors: Thompson Grant L. , Bell Terrence H. , Kao-Kniffin Jenny
Published: November 2018

European swallowwort [Vincetoxicum rossicum(Kleopow) Barbarich] is found in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. It forms dense growth patterns that reduce plant and insect biodiversity, and lab assays show that it produces allelopathic compounds that affect microbial activity. Consequently, we hypothesized thatV. rossicumalters soil microbiome composition and activity in invaded habitats, which may impact ecosystem properties and processes. We sampled soil from a similar time point within a growing season at each of five sites in New York State whereV. rossicumwas both present and absent. We measured bacterial and fungal microbiome composition, available soil nitrogen (N), soil respiration (CO2flux), and soil extracellular enzyme activities. Microbial composition varied across field sites, but only fungal composition was affected by invasion. No significant differences were found between the invaded and uninvaded plots at any of the sites for available soil ammonium, nitrate, or respiration, though extractable N varied greatly between sites. Microbial hydrolytic extracellular enzyme activities suggest decreased protein degradation and increased oxidative enzyme activity withV. rossicuminvasion, which is relevant to soil N and carbon cycling processes. AlthoughV. rossicumimpacted rhizosphere microbial composition and activity, it was not associated with large perturbations in ecosystem function when examined across multiple invasion sites during this short-term study.
Instability and transition of a vertical ascension or fall of a free sphere affected by a vertical magnetic field
Authors: Pan Jun-Hua , Zhang Nian-Mei , Ni Ming-Jiu
Published: November 2018

When the Galileo number is below the first bifurcation, the instability and transition of a vertical ascension or the fall of a free sphere affected by a vertical magnetic field are investigated numerically. A compact model is used to explain that the magnetic field can destabilize the fluid–solid system. When the interaction parameter exceeds a critical value, the sphere trajectory is transitioned from a steady vertical trajectory to a steady oblique one. Furthermore, the trajectory will remain vertical at a sufficiently large magnetic field because of a double effect of the magnetic field on the fluid–solid system. Under the influence of an external vertical magnetic field, four wake patterns at the rear of the sphere are found and the physical behaviour of the free sphere is independent of the density ratio. The wake or trajectory of the free sphere is only determined by the Galileo number $G$ and the interaction parameter $N$. A close relationship between the streamwise vorticity and the sphere motion is found. An interesting ‘agglomeration phenomenon’ is also found, which shows that the vertical velocities are agglomerated into a point for a certain magnetic field regardless of the Galileo number and satisfy a scaling law $V_{z}\sim N^{-1/4}$, when $N>1$. The principal results of the present work are summarized in a map of regimes in the $\{G,N\}$ plane.
Double-diffusive instabilities at a horizontal boundary after the sudden onset of heating
Authors: Kerr Oliver S.
Published: November 2018

When a deep body of fluid with a stable salinity gradient is heated from below at a horizontal boundary a destabilizing temperature gradient develops and can lead to instabilities. We will focus on two variants of this problem: the sudden increase in the boundary temperature at the initial time and the sudden turning on of a constant heat flux. These generate time-dependent temperature profiles. We look at the growing phase of the linear instabilities as an initial value problem where the initial time for the instabilities is a parameter to be determined. We determine numerically the optimal initial conditions and the optimal starting time for the instabilities to ensure that the maximum growth occurs at some given later time. The method that is used is an extension of the method developed by Kerr & Gumm (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 825, 2017, pp. 1002–1034) in their investigation of the stability of developing temperature boundary layers at horizontal and vertical boundaries. This requires the use of an appropriate measure of the amplitude of the disturbances which is identified. The effectiveness of this approach is verified by looking at the classic problem of double-diffusive convection in a horizontal layer, where we look at both the salt-finger regime and the diffusive regime. We show that this approach is an effective way of investigating instabilities where the background gradients time dependent. For the problem of heating a salinity gradient from below, as the heat diffuses into the fluid the effective thermal Rayleigh number based on the instantaneous diffusion length scale grows. For the case of a sudden increase in the temperature by a fixed amount the effective thermal Rayleigh number is proportional to $t^{3/2}$, and for a constant heat flux it is proportional to $t^{2}$, where $t$ is the time since the onset of heating. However, the effective salt Rayleigh number also grows as $t^{2}$. We will show that for the constant temperature case the thermal Rayleigh number initially dominates and the instabilities undergo a phase where the convection is essentially thermal, and the onset is essentially instantaneous. As the salt Rayleigh number becomes more significant the instability undergoes a transition to oscillatory double-diffusive convection. For the constant heat flux the ratio of the thermal and salt Rayleigh numbers is constant, and the instabilities are always double diffusive in their nature. These instabilities initially decay. Hence, to achieve the largest growth at some given fixed time, there is an optimal time after the onset of heating for the instabilities to be initiated. These instabilities are essentially double diffusive throughout their growth.
Forced dewetting in a capillary tube
Authors: Gao Peng , Liu Ao , Feng James J. , Ding Hang , Lu Xi-Yun
Published: November 2018

Liquid films can be entrained when the dewetting velocity attains a threshold, and this dynamical wetting transition has been well studied in the situation of plane substrates. We investigate the forced dewetting in a capillary tube using diffuse-interface simulations and lubrication analysis, focusing on the onset of wetting transition and subsequent interface evolution. Results show that the meniscus remains stable when the displacing rate is below a threshold, beyond which film entrainment occurs and eventually leads to the formation of Taylor bubbles separated by liquid slugs, as has also been observed in the recent experiments of Zhao et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 120, 2018, 084501). We derive an analytical solution of the critical capillary number, and demonstrate that the wetting transition is accompanied by a vanishing apparent contact angle and an abrupt drop of the contact-line velocity. Both the bubble and slug lengths are found to depend on the capillary number and the wettability of the wall. A theoretical formula for the bubble length is also proposed and compares favourably with numerical and experimental results.
En Vogue: The Risks of Brexit to the
European Fashion Industry
Authors: Esparza Ryan
Published: November 2018

Coco Channel, Yves Saint Laurent, Gianni Versace, and
Thomas Burberry, all iconic names that are
synonymous with fashion and the fashion industry.
Further, they are all European designers. From Paris
Fashion Week to Milan Fashion Week, Europe is
arguably the center of emerging fashion. It can be
theorized that the reason for strong intellectual
property rights within the European Union (EU), in
the area of fashion design, is due to the
significance of the fashion industry within Europe.
Within the EU, there has long been a recognition of
the significance of design protection, which sets
its IP protection apart from other places in the
world. Several of the protections that the EU has
implemented can be traced back historically to
attempts by the countries in the region to protect
their textile markets, and to protect regional
innovations which were being developed within early
textile industries. Even in the early stages of the
EU's history, there were attempts to create
uniformity within the area of design. The desire to
create uniformity in this area is continuous, but
Brexit threatens a path towards uniformity.
The Influences of Common Law on the Brazilian New Code of Civil Procedure
Authors: Gomes Lucas Alves Edmundo
Published: November 2018

Most legal scholars assume that there are only two “families” of legal systems in the world: common law and civil law. Briefly, common law is applied in all countries that speak the English language and has its origination from the “habits of society.” On the other hand, civil law is applied just about everywhere else, with a few exceptions, such as in tribal law areas, jurisdictions that follow Islamic law, and a few other smaller legal systems. Brazil's New Code of Civil Procedure was promulgated in 2015 and brought innovations to Brazilian law. Elements of common law were incorporated into the Brazilian legal system, particularly that of using precedent. The application of common law elements in Brazilian law is being studied by various legal specialists. This present study explains how common law can be applied in civil law jurisdictions, similar to the way it is being adapted and applied in Brazil.
International Investment Law and
Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Guide to Web Based
Resources
Authors: Osborne Caroline L.
Published: November 2018

This article discusses web-based sources of interest to
scholars and practitioners in the area of
international investment law and dispute
resolution.
Policy Development and Frameworks for Cyber
Security in Corporates and Law Firms
Authors: Alwan Hala Bou
Published: November 2018

Despite an ongoing drive by organizations around the
world to improve the sophistication of their risk
mitigation measures, cyber-attacks are continually
increasing. A study by Panda Labs shows in Q3 in
2016 alone, 18 million new malware samples were
captured.2 Another study from Computer Crime and
Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS) shows more
than 4,000 ransomware attacks occurred daily in
2016. That's a 300% increase over 2015, where 1,000
ransomware attacks were seen per day.3 These studies reflect the double effect of
technology—connecting the world and facilitating
cyber-attacks simultaneously.
Reach of repulsion for determinantal point processes in high dimensions
Authors: Baccelli François , O'Reilly Eliza
Published: November 2018

Goldman (2010) proved that the distribution of a stationary determinantal point process (DPP) Φ can be coupled with its reduced Palm version Φ0,! such that there exists a point process η where Φ=Φ0,!∪η in distribution and Φ0,!∩η=∅. The points of η characterize the repulsive nature of a typical point of Φ. In this paper we use the first-moment measure of η to study the repulsive behavior of DPPs in high dimensions. We show that many families of DPPs have the property that the total number of points in η converges in probability to 0 as the space dimension n→∞. We also prove that for some DPPs, there exists an R∗ such that the decay of the first-moment measure of η is slowest in a small annulus around the sphere of radius √nR∗. This R∗ can be interpreted as the asymptotic reach of repulsion of the DPP. Examples of classes of DPP models exhibiting this behavior are presented and an application to high-dimensional Boolean models is given.
Pair correlation functions and limiting distributions of iterated cluster point processes
Authors: Møller Jesper , Christoffersen Andreas D.
Published: November 2018

We consider a Markov chain of point processes such that each state is a superposition of an independent cluster process with the previous state as its centre process together with some independent noise process and a thinned version of the previous state. The model extends earlier work by Felsenstein (1975) and Shimatani (2010) describing a reproducing population. We discuss when closed-form expressions of the first- and second-order moments are available for a given state. In a special case it is known that the pair correlation function for these type of point processes converges as the Markov chain progresses, but it has not been shown whether the Markov chain has an equilibrium distribution with this, particular, pair correlation function and how it may be constructed. Assuming the same reproducing system, we construct an equilibrium distribution by a coupling argument.
Stochastic LU factorizations, Darboux transformations and urn models
Authors: Grünbaum F. Alberto , de la Iglesia Manuel D.
Published: November 2018

We consider upper‒lower (UL) (and lower‒upper (LU)) factorizations of the one-step transition probability matrix of a random walk with the state space of nonnegative integers, with the condition that both upper and lower triangular matrices in the factorization are also stochastic matrices. We provide conditions on the free parameter of the UL factorization in terms of certain continued fractions such that this stochastic factorization is possible. By inverting the order of the factors (also known as a Darboux transformation) we obtain a new family of random walks where it is possible to state the spectral measures in terms of a Geronimus transformation. We repeat this for the LU factorization but without a free parameter. Finally, we apply our results in two examples; the random walk with constant transition probabilities, and the random walk generated by the Jacobi orthogonal polynomials. In both situations we obtain urn models associated with all the random walks in question.
Generalized collision operator for fast electrons interacting with partially ionized impurities
Authors: Hesslow L. , Embréus O. , Hoppe M. , DuBois T. C. , Papp G. , Rahm M. , Fülöp T.
Published: November 2018

Accurate modelling of the interaction between fast electrons and partially ionized atoms is important for evaluating tokamak disruption mitigation schemes based on material injection. This requires accounting for the effect of screening of the impurity nuclei by the cloud of bound electrons. In this paper, we generalize the Fokker–Planck operator in a fully ionized plasma by accounting for the effect of screening. We detail the derivation of this generalized operator, and calculate the effective ion length scales, needed in the components of the collision operator, for a number of ion species commonly appearing in fusion experiments. We show that for high electric fields, the secondary runaway growth rate can be substantially larger than in a fully ionized plasma with the same effective charge, although the growth rate is significantly reduced at near-critical electric fields. Furthermore, by comparison with the Boltzmann collision operator, we show that the Fokker–Planck formalism is accurate even for large impurity content.
Wavelength dependence of laser plasma interaction related to shock ignition approach
Authors: Pisarczyk T. , Gus'kov S.Yu. , Dudzak R. , Renner O. , Batani D. , Chodukowski T. , Rusiniak Z. , Dostal J. , Demchenko N.N. , Rosinski M. , Parys P. , Smid M. , Korneev Ph. , Krousky E. , Borodziuk S. , Badziak J. , Antonelli L. , Gizzi L. , Cristoforetti G. , Koester P. , Maheut Y. , Volpe L. , Baffigi F. , Levato T. , Skala J. , Zaras-Szydlowska A. , Trela J. , Mancelli D. , Ullschmied J. , Pfeifer M. , Juha L. , Krus M. , Hrebicek J. , Medrik T. , Jungwirth K. , Krupka M. , Pisarczyk P.
Published: November 2018

This paper provides a summary of recent research connected with the shock ignition (SI) concept of the inertial confinement fusion which was carried out at PALS. In the experiments, Cu planar targets coated with a thin CH layer were used. Two-beam irradiation experiment was applied to investigate the effect of preliminary produced plasma to shock-wave generation. The 1ω or 3ω main beam with a high intensity >1015W/cm2generates shock wave, while the other 1ω beam with the intensity below 1014W/cm2creates CH pre-plasma simulating the pre-compressed plasma related to SI. Influence of laser wavelength on absorbed energy transfer to shock wave was studied by means of femtosecond interferometry and measuring the crater volume. To characterize the hot electron and ion emission, two-dimensional (2D) Kα-imaging of Cu plasma and grid collector measurements were used. In single 1ω beam experiments energy transport by fast electrons produced by resonant absorption made a significant contribution to shock-wave pressure. However, two-beam experiments with 1ω main beam show that the pre-plasma is strongly degrading the scalelength which leads to decreasing the fast electron energy contribution to shock pressure. In both the single 3ω beam experiments and the two-beam experiments with the 3ω main beam, do not show any clear influence of fast electron transport on shock-wave pressure. The non-monotonic behavior of the scalelength at changing the laser beam focal radius in both presence and absence of pre-plasma reflects the competition of plasma motion and electron heat conduction under the conditions of one-dimensional and 2D plasma expansion at large and small focal radii, respectively.
Trends in and correlations between antibiotic consumption and resistance of Staphylococcus aureus at a tertiary hospital in China before and after introduction of an antimicrobial stewardship programme
Authors: Zhang Di , Cui Kai , Wang Taotao , Dong Haiyan , Feng Weiyi , Ma Chen , Dong Yalin
Published: November 2018

The overuse of antibiotics and the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance prompted the launch of an antimicrobial stewardship programme in 2011. This study aimed to investigate the trends and correlations between antibiotic consumption and resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary hospital of northwest China from 2010 to 2016. Trends were analysed by linear regression, and correlations were assessed by an autoregressive integrated moving average model. The total consumption of antibiotics halved during the 7-year study period, while the rates of resistance of S. aureus decreased significantly or remained stable; methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) declined markedly, from 73.3% at the beginning of the study to 41.4% by the end. This latter decrease was significantly correlated with the consumption of several classes of antibiotics. In conclusion, reduction in antibiotic use impacted significantly on resistance rates and contributed to a decline in MRSA prevalence.
Community-based care of children affected by AIDS in Swaziland: a gender-aware analysis
Authors: Brear Michelle R. , Shabangu Pinky N. , Hammarberg Karin , Fisher Jane , Keleher Helen
Published: November 2018

Background

Care of children affected by AIDS in Swaziland is predominately provided by families, with support from ‘community-based responses’. This approach is consistent with United Nations International Children’s Fund’s (UNICEF) framework for the protection, care and support of children affected by AIDS. However, the framework relies heavily on voluntary caregiving which is highly gendered. It pays limited attention to caregivers’ well-being or sustainable community development which enables more effective caregiving. As a result, the framework is incompatible with the social justice principles of primary health care, and the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Aim

Our aim was to examine the effects and gender dimensions of providing voluntary, community-based, care-related labour for children affected by AIDS.

Methods

We conducted multiple-methods research involving an ethnography and participatory health research, in a rural Swazi community. We analysed data related to community-based responses using an abductive, mixed-methods technique, informed by the capabilities approach to human development and a gender analysis framework.

Findings

Two community-based responses, ‘neighbourhood care points’ (facilities that provide children meals) and the ‘lihlombe lekukhalela’ (child protector) program were being implemented. The unpaid women workers at neighbourhood care points reported working in challenging conditions (eg, lacking labour-saving technologies), insufficient and diminishing material support (eg, no food), and receiving limited support from the broader community. Child protectors indicated their effectiveness was limited by lack of social power, relative to the perpetrators of child abuse. The results indicate that support for community-based responses will be enhanced by acknowledging and addressing the highly gendered nature of care-related labour and social power, and that increasing access to material resources including food, caregiver stipends and labour-saving technologies, is essential. These strategies will simultaneously contribute to the social and economic development of communities central to primary health care, and achieving the poverty, hunger, gender and work-related SDGs.
Group Therapy for Patients with Adjustment Disorder in Primary Care
Authors: Sanz Cruces José Manuel , García Cuenca Isabel María , Lacomba-Trejo Laura , Cuquerella Adell Miguel Ángel , Cano Navarro Isabel , Ferrandis Cortés María , Jordá Carreres Eva , Carbajo Álvarez Eva
Published: November 2018

A high percentage of patients have a diagnosis of adjustment disorder (AD) when they arrive at primary care (PC) appointments. However, most of them do not receive adequate psychological treatment. The present study’s aim is to determine the efficacy of a group psychological treatment program in patients with AD. The sample consisted of patients with AD from two PC units in Valencia, from which two groups were randomly generated: A treatment group (n = 31) and a waiting-list group (n = 20), homogeneous in terms of socio-demographic and psychometric variables prior to treatment. Treatment consisted of eight one-hour group sessions held on a weekly basis; taking a cognitive-behavioral approach, they addressed aspects like controlling anxiety, cognitive restructuring, and coping techniques. The variables analyzed were: Psychopathology (Revised Symptom Inventory, SCL–90–R), health-related quality of life (Health Questionnaire, SF–12), and risk of suicidal behavior (Suicide Risk Scale). Means comparisons, ANCOVAs, and tests of effect size were performed. Statistically significant differences were observed in the variables, such that after intervention, the experimental group exhibited less anxious (F = 4.11, p =.048, η2 = .08) and depressive symptoms (F = 2.41, p =.029, η 2= .10) and higher quality of life related to physical (F = 7.17, p =.010, η2 = .13) and emotional health (F = 10.31, p =.002, η2 = .18). For the reasons above, we conclude that a comprehensive approach to emotional distress in PC, including group psychological interventions, is one solution for the demand for social services, and could provide savings on economic as well as human costs.
Erfolgssicherheit und -gewissheit (ESG)
Authors: Breidebach Guido , Gruber Nicole
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Der thematische Apperzeptionstest (TAT; Heckhausen, 1963 ) ist ein bewährtes Verfahren zur Erfassung des impliziten Leistungsmotives. Dabei werden Personen instruiert, zu 6 Bildern Geschichten zu erfinden, welche dann anhand eines spezifischen Kodierschlüssels hinsichtlich der beiden Motivkomponenten Hoffen auf Erfolg und Furcht vor Misserfolg analysiert werden. Die Güte des Verfahrens hängt somit essentiell vom Auswertungskategoriensystem ab. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Erweiterung des Kodierschlüssels von Heckhausen um die Kategorie Erfolgssicherheit und -gewissheit (ESG) und deren Überprüfung. Die Auswertungsobjektivität, Test-Retest-Reliabilität (Delay: 4 Wochen) und die interne Konsistenz des Verfahrens wurden jeweils mit und ohne Berücksichtigung von ESG erfasst. Diskriminante und konvergente Validität sind durch Übereinstimmung mit konstruktnahen und -fernen Verfahren sowie faktorielle Validität mittels CFA an N = 215 Schülerinnen und Schüler ermittelt worden. Zur Prüfung der experimentellen Validität fand eine gezielte Motivanregung an N = 130 Schülerinnen und Schülern statt. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass durch ESG die Gütekriterien des TAT gesteigert werden können.
Grottoli Receives 2018 Ocean Sciences Voyager Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2018

Andr�a G. Grottoli will receive the 2018 Ocean Sciences Voyager Award at AGU’s Fall Meeting 2018, to be held 10–14 December in Washington, D. C. The award is given to midcareer scientists for significant contributions and expanding leadership in ocean sciences.
World off Course to Meet Emissions Reduction Goals
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2018

A new energy report shows a disconnect between scientific research targets and what is happening in the energy markets.
Control of Ocean Temperature on Jakobshavn Isbræ's Present and Future Mass Loss
Authors: Bondzio Johannes H. , Morlighem Mathieu , Seroussi Hélène , Wood Michael H. , Mouginot Jérémie
Published: November 2018

Large uncertainties in model parameterizations and input data sets make projections of future sea level rise contributions of outlet glaciers challenging. Here we introduce a novel technique for weighing large ensemble model simulations that uses information of key observables. The approach is robust to input errors and yields calibrated means and error estimates of a glacier's mass balance. We apply the technique to Jakobshavn Isbræ, using a model that includes a dynamic calving law, and closely reproduce the observed behavior from 1985 to 2018 by forcing the model with ocean temperatures only. Our calibrated projection suggests that the glacier will continue to retreat and contribute about 5.1 mm to eustatic sea level rise by 2100 under present‐day climatic forcing. Our analysis shows that the glacier's future evolution will strongly depend on the ambient oceanic setting.
Energy Conversion by Parallel Electric Fields During Guide Field Reconnection in Scaled Laboratory and Space Experiments
Authors: Fox W. , Wilder F. D. , Eriksson S. , Jara‐Almonte J. , Pucci F. , Yoo J. , Ji H. , Yamada M. , Ergun R. E. , Oieroset M. , Phan T. D.
Published: November 2018

We present direct and scaled comparisons between laboratory and in situ space observations of magnetic reconnection with a guide field, comparing results from the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission and the Magnetic Reconnection eXperiment (MRX). While Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission observations obtain high‐resolution and fully kinetic data, MRX observations fully cover the 2‐D reconnection plane near the current sheet, removing uncertainties in situating the measurements compared to the reconnection region. Through scaling transformations, we show a quantitative agreement in magnetic field and current density profiles, which agree within a factor of 2 from each other. The introduction of the guide field causes the energy conversion J·E in the current sheet to be dominated by J||E|| in both cases. However, parallel electric fields reported by recent spacecraft crossings are significantly (5–10 times) larger than values obtained on MRX, highlighting an important issue for understanding energy conversion by reconnection.
Short‐Time Geodetic Determination of Aquifer Storage Coefficient in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Hung , Hwang Cheinway , Chang Liang‐Cheng , Ke Chien‐Chung
Published: November 2018

Specific yield (Sy) and specific storage (Ss) are two hydrogeological parameters often estimated in a costly pumping test (hydraulic method). Pumping or a natural aquifer recession can cause gravity change and surface deformation, useful for Sy and Ss determination by the more economic geodetic method. From 2013 to 2017, over a few days we measured gravity changes at four sites and subsidence at one site in Taiwan by a FG5 gravimeter and a precision level to estimate Sy and Ss. Using short‐time gravity and level records avoids complicated logistic supports and temporal effects. The measured gravity changes are associated with the MODFLOW‐modeled groundwater depletion. We succeeded in estimating Sy at two sites and failed at the other two. One successful case uses rapid postrain declines of gravity and groundwater level. We did leveling only at one site, but here the 500‐min, continuous, submillimeter subsidence records result in a Ss consistent with the hydraulic result. Lessons on the failed cases of Sy are suggested to avoid disrupting factors in gravity surveys. A semiautomatic leveling procedure is proposed to maximize the chance for Ss determination. Our simulations show that gravity changes increase with Sy and decrease with initial hydraulic head and horizontal gravimeter‐pumping well distance, helping to predict if the gravity‐based method works at a site and to best plan a gravity survey. Drilling data show that the Sy values from the hydraulic and geodetic methods represent aquifer storage coefficients over different aquifer layers.
Long Wave Generation Induced by Differences in the Wave‐Group Structure
Authors: Padilla Enrique M. , Alsina Jose M.
Published: November 2018

The propagation of bichromatic wave groups with differences in the wave‐group structure and its influence in long‐wave generation are investigated. The wave‐group structure is controlled by the number of wave groups (Ng) within a repetition period. Consequently, an important energy content is measured at lower frequencies than the group frequency fg, in particular, at the repetition frequency fr. The cross‐shore evolution of the energy at fr is partly explained by nonlinear energy transfers from the primary frequencies and partly by a breakpoint forcing. When Ng increases, the energy transfer to fr during wave group shoaling reduces. When Ng≥3, the amplitude of fr suddenly grows at the breakpoint displaying a node‐antinode pattern within the surf zone. In this case, the observed dominance of the breakpoint forcing over the energy transfers is justified by the combination of steep‐slope regime and steep‐wave conditions. The resultant cross‐shore structure is in agreement with the Symonds et al. (1982, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC01p00492) mechanism. A new methodology is proposed to identify the amplitude and phase cross‐shore evolution of the radiated and reflected components. Due to energy dissipation of short waves and long waves at fg, the swash zone motion can be dominated by wave motions occurring at fr.
Characteristics of Sundowner Winds Near Santa Barbara, CA, From a Dynamically Downscaled Climatology: Environment and Effects Aloft and Offshore
Authors: Smith Craig , Hatchett Benjamin , Kaplan Michael
Published: November 2018

We use an 11‐year numerically downscaled climatology to diagnose various characteristics of downslope windstorms known as Sundowners that occur along the Central California coast. At the surface, Sundowners are manifested as strong northerly winds along the southern slopes of the east‐west trending Santa Ynez Mountains that are part of a lee slope jet forced by internal gravity wave breaking aloft. Our analysis shows that barotropic shallow water interfacial waves along an elevated inversion do not play any significant part in Sundowner dynamics. The mountain wave is forced on a diurnal basis by the synoptically driven strong jet of north‐northwesterly winds located just offshore, which propagates into and through the Santa Ynez Valley. The occurrence of Sundowners is associated with a transcritical transition of the barotropic shallow water mode of the marine boundary layer around the Southern California Bight. The strength and presence of the alongshore jet are of primary importance in determining upstream profiles of wind speed and static stability and thus the magnitude and location of most Sundowner events. This is especially true for the relatively common and mild Gaviota‐type events that frequently occur during spring in the western part of the range. We show that in a general sense, there is no distinct eastern or Montecito type of Sundowner event but rather a continuum of Sundowners based on wind direction upstream near ridgetop height. Montecito‐type events tend to occur in conjunction with internal gravity wave breaking over the upstream San Rafael range that enhances mountain wave activity near Montecito.