bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Eastern Approach to the Global Challenge of Corruptibility
Authors: Heaton Dennis P. , Subramaniam Ravi
Published: November 2011

This chapter analyzes the notion of corruptibility and its relation to recent high profile cases of corporate corruption and the development of corporate codes of conduct. It proceeds to develop a foundation for corporate ethical codes based on a model derived from the model of Indian Vedic philosophy and psychology. An Eastern psychology of ethics is captured in certain depictions from the Bhagavad-Gita such as balanced in success and failure, independent of possessions, and steady intellect. From the perspective of developmental psychology, these attributes are more than normative ideals; they are actual depictions of an advantaged stage of development that is realizable through appropriate technologies of consciousness. In conclusion, it will present a theoretical depiction of an advanced stage of psychological maturity which may naturally facilitate resistance of temptation and action for the common good. Moral development, particularly advanced development toward the higher states of consciousness depicted in Eastern psychology, addresses the challenge of corruptibility. As more and more individuals bring this level of self realization into the global marketplace, we predict that we shall see the global enterprises enact win/win business strategies which build economic value for the firm while helping to solve social and environmental problem
Health Ethics in a Global Context
Authors: Phillips Win , Rathert Cheryl
Published: November 2011

In this chapter we discuss some of the most important moral issues and controversies in health ethics and how globalization widens and complicates their consideration.
Women and Globalization
Authors: Sánchez-Apellániz Mercedes , Núñez Miriam , Charlo-Molina Maria José
Published: November 2011

There are two schools of thought in analyzing the effects of globalization on women. One school, basically optimistic but with some reserves, argues that participation in global trade and in financial markets will improve the situation of all citizens, including women. The other has got a more critical perspective and argues that economic globalization will further increase existing inequalities and will lead to new ones. Both sides of the discussion on the effects of globalization on women are valid, but there is a the need to go beyond the sterile debate on whether globalization is good or bad, and reach a more constructive and wider-scope debate on how to achieve the best possible outcomes of globalization for women. Globalization must be analyzed from a multidimensional perspective and it is only by means of this process and by analyzing the real experiences of actors in adapting to globalization that we can understand the true outreach of globalization. According to this alternative perspective and in trying to develop a constructive debate on the impact of globalization on women a set of practices have to be detected, analyzed, and promoted in order to minimize the negative impacts of globalization on women and reinforce the positive ones. They include, among others: cultural change; sustained and mutually-agreed action programs among business schools, companies, and other interest groups such as the public sector; and removing the glass ceiling in MNCs, including codes of conduct as a part of their corporate social responsibility.
Ethical Issues Concerning International Labor Migration
Authors: Nugroho Alois A. , Cahayani Ati
Published: November 2011

The chapter will try to identify the ethical issues concerning Indonesian labor migrants who work in Asian countries. If possible, it will give some suggestions as to how to handle the ethical issues in question.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Water Services
Authors: Tsogas George
Published: November 2011

Water companies have attracted minimal attention in the corporate social responsibility literature. This chapter examines conceptual issues regarding the applicability and relevance of CSR principles in a public service industry. It aims to bridge the gap that exists between the CSR and water service discourses by offering some initial ideas on the CSR issues of particular relevance to this industry, with emphasis on developing countries. We suggest re-examination of relationships with poor communities, a different understanding of the role of the government, and the adoption of industry-wide, as opposed to company-specific, social responsibility schemes.
Sociability in Social Network Sites
Authors: Kneidinger Bernadette
Published: November 2011

This chapter discusses the potential of social network sites (SNS) as sources for both social feedback and trial platforms for social behavioral patterns. With the findings of an online survey and 40 qualitative interviews of Facebook users, this chapter analyzes how social network sites are used for “communicative self-presentation” and how users provoke and handle positive as well as negative social reactions from other users that become part of their own identity presentations in the online network. Finally, the combination of studies shows that social feedback is not only one of the main motives for using SNS, but can also cause self-reflection processes in users. Additionally, it appears that men and women handle social feedback on SNS quite differently.
Networked Individualism, Constructions of Community and Religious Identity
Authors: Teusner Paul Emerson
Published: November 2011

This chapter offers a contribution to the ongoing research into networked individualism in late modern society from the perspective of religion online. Using a sample of weblogs created by Australians involved in the “emerging church movement,” this chapter will explore how the Internet has enabled individuals to seek relationships with others and discern a religious identity beyond the confines of local faith communities and denominational institutions. Here we will see how those who use blogs to form religious networks must negotiate constructions of communal identities, not just offline, but within the blogosphere. These negotiations represent a postmodern quest for authentic religious expression and practice, which is found in the flow of information among a myriad of traditional and new sources.
Assessing the Barriers to Greener Fiscal Measures and Ecological Tax Reform in the Transport Sector
Authors: Browne David , Caulfield Brian , O’Mahony Margaret
Published: November 2011

However, it is possible that achieving ETR through full internalisation of external costs could be contentious due to political concerns over the potental impact on lower socio-economic groups and rural communities as well as commercial concerns over the competitiveness of the freight sector and macroeconomic impacts.
European Energy Security and Sustainability
Authors: Zhuplev Anatoly , Shtykhno Dmitry A.
Published: November 2011

Europe’s economic wellbeing and growth are highly energy dependent and heavily reliant on Russian imports of oil and gas. European energy security, its alternatives, and implications are examined in this chapter with the view of sustainability and the EU-Russian energy dialog. With an asymmetric mutual political-economic interdependency with Russia, Europe’s exposure in oil and gas calls for sustainable energy solutions. Meantime, Russia, the key energy supplier in the European region, is also a major energy consumer whose economy is characterized by high energy intensity. Russian energy sector needs serious improvements in technology, investment, and management: failure to address these priorities erodes Russia’s reliability as major regional energy supplier. The chapter explores the dynamics of Russian energy sector and implications for European energy security and sustainability.
Renewable Energy in Italy
Authors: Fanetti Stefano
Published: November 2011

Italy is a country where the energy supply depends largely on imported raw materials (such as oil and natural gas). The favorable geographic location could encourage the development of renewable energy sources; nevertheless, the growth of alternative energy sources is slow. What are the reasons? This question will be dealt in this chapter, considering three different aspects of the issue: the economic incentives for renewable energies, the problematic process of authorization of the facilities and the local communities’ opposition to new plants. Besides the analysis of these issues, the aim of this paper is to identify possible solutions, taking into account the relevant legislative and regulatory changes that, at national and Community level, have affected and are affecting the field of renewable energy.
Production Costs and Net Energy Balance of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels
Authors: Randelli Filippo
Published: November 2011

From the analysis carried out, it emerges that first generation biofuels don’t seem to be the best solution because of high production cost, limited land availability and low net energy balance. Furthermore, only a small quantity of biofuels can be produced as alternative to fossil oil because an incremental production will lead to the rising of agri-food prices. Biogas handling waste products can be a good opportunity in terms of net energy balance, in particular if we consider also targets within the EU on reducing the amounts of biodegradable waste going to landfills and/or incineration. Only second generation biofuels could be a possible solution, although they still require much supplementary research and analysis.
Sustainable Urbanism Revisited
Authors: Oktay Derya
Published: November 2011

At a time of uncontrolled globalization in which serious environmental problems are threatening cities and their inhabitants, as cultural integrity is constantly under attack and many cities lack socially inclusive and responsive environments, there is an urgent need for a radical shift towards a holistic strategy for sustainable urbanism combining ecological sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability. This calls for sensitivity to the traditional urbanism and impact of global ideas, practices, and technologies on local social and cultural practices. In line with these, this chapter aims to establish an environmentally sound and human friendly framework for sustainable urbanism. In this context, the study firstly provides a conceptual understanding of sustainable urbanism and a critical review of its philosophical and practical framework; secondly, it provides an assessment of contemporary approaches to sustainable urbanism; thirdly, the chapter analyses the traditional Turkish (Ottoman) city which provides valuable clues for sustainable development, and discusses possible research directions that could help promote the concept of sustainable urbanism.
An Advanced Triple-Helix Network Model for Smart Cities Performance
Authors: Lombardi Patrizia , Giordano Silvia , Caragliu Andrea , Del Bo Chiara , Deakin Mark , Nijkamp Peter , Kourtit Karima , Farouh Hend
Published: November 2011

The chapter demonstrates that the inclusion of the abovementioned relations in the analytical hierarchy framework is significant, as it allows, for the first time, the opportunity for this network model to capture the triple helix of a smart urban or regional development and to verify whether the transformation of cities it ushers in is not merely based on an index of intellectual capital, but also on a measure of wealth creation whose standards of governance are smart.
An Approach for Land-Use Suitability Assessment Using Decision Support Systems, AHP and GIS
Authors: Polat Erkan
Published: November 2011

Nowadays, analysis of land-use suitability requires consideration of variety of criteria including not only natural/physical capacity of a land unit but also socio-economic and environmental impact implications. This chapter suggests an approach instead of typical synthesis and land-use suitability assessment methods that is used in the urban and regional planning. Using the decision support systems with AHP and GIS, a participative, GIS-supported, different, new, flexible, and soft approach is proposed for land-use suitability assessment of cities and regions in particular. The chapter presents a technique integrating SWOT-CATWOE analysis, the Delphi and Inquiry Technique, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the land-use suitability for cities. By the help of this study, settlement suitability analyses have been achieved according to the socio-economic and infrastructure, environmental or physical thresholds of the settlement, and this integration could benefit urban planners and decision makers. The proposed method begins with the identification of settlement requirements, followed by the derivation of settlement evaluation criteria with SWOT-CATWOE analysis and the Delphi and Inquiry Technique. Then, pairwise comparisons (PC matrices) are formed between each pair of settlement criteria. The AHP is used to measure the relative importance or weight of each settlement criterion. This chapter has intended a theoretical and scientific base for an AHP and GIS combination with decision support systems. Thus, when land-use suitability assessment has taken as this combination of decision support systems, AHP and GIS, more realistic, more accurate, and applicable results emerge.
Metis
Authors: Underwood Jody S.
Published: November 2011

Recommender systems in e-learning contexts typically try to “intelligently” recommend actions to a learner based on the actions of previous learners. One of the limitations of such systems is that a lot of data is needed in order to recommend meaningful activities. This chapter describes one approach for addressing this limitation in a framework that uses a structured map of mathematics concepts and processes to power a recommender system that will recommend to students digital learning activities for which they are ready. This recommender system is called Metis, for the Greek goddess of good advice, and is currently in the design phase. Metis takes seriously the idea that to build on the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that a student has, it is essential to identify those KSAs. Trying to build on KSAs that a student does not have is misguided. Metis recommends activities linked to KSAs that students are ready to learn, and more standard recommender algorithms further refine the list of recommended activities. Taking this approach has the potential to make activities more engaging, which can lead learners to greater interest in the content area.
Challenges to Use Recommender Systems to Enhance Meta-Cognitive Functioning in Online Learners
Authors: Zhou Mingming , Xu Yabo
Published: November 2011

A wealth of research has shown that meta-cognition plays a crucial role in the promotion of effective school learning. In most of the e-learning environment designs, however, meta-cognitive strategies have generally been neglected, and therefore, satisfactory uses of these strategies have rarely been realized. Most learners are not even aware of what they have been studying. If the learning system could automatically guide and intelligently recommend learning activities or strategies to facilitate student monitoring and control of their learning, it would favor and improve their learning process and performance. Unfortunately, nearly no e-learning systems to date have attempted to do so. In this chapter, we first described the need for enhancing meta-cognitive skills in e-learning environment, followed by an outline of major challenges for meta-cognitive activity recommendations. We then proposed to adopt data mining algorithms (i.e., content-based and sequence-based recommendation techniques) to meet the identified issues with a toy example.
Computational Investigation of Microscale Shrouded Rotor Aerodynamics in Hover
Authors: Lakshminarayan Vinod K. , Baeder James D.
Published: November 2011

A compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver is used to investigate the aerodynamics of a microscale shrouded rotor configuration in hover; to evaluate the predictive capability of the computational approach and to understand the flow physics of the microscale
shrouded systems. The overall performance is well predicted for a range of rotational speeds. The shrouded configuration shows improved performance over the free rotor, mainly seen as an increase in thrust. The thrust produced by the rotor in the shrouded configuration is lower than that of
the free rotor, but the thrust generated by the shroud more than compensates for the deficit. The thrust produced by the shroud is identified to come from two main sources. First, the low pressure created primarily by the blades and partly by the tip vortex around the shroud inlet generates
large shroud thrust at sections near the blade location. Second, the suction created by the flow accelerating around the shroud inlet generates additional thrust and becomes the primary source of thrust production at shroud sections away from the blades. The low pressure at the core of the
tip vortex can help in enhancing the flow acceleration. A study of the effect of various shroud parameters shows that the diffuser angle and diffuser length have a secondary influence on the performance of the system, whereas smaller tip clearance and use of elliptic shroud inlet significantly
improve the overall performance.
Prediction and Fundamental Understanding of Stall Loads in UH-60A Pull-Up Maneuver
Authors: Abhishek A. , Ananthan Shreyas , Baeder James , Chopra Inderjit
Published: November 2011

This paper isolates the physics governing the aerodynamics and structural dynamics of UH-60A rotor in an unsteady maneuvering flight and proposes a hypothesis for the mechanism of advancing blade stall observed during pull-up maneuvers. The advancing blade stall observed during the
Counter 11029 pull-up maneuver is in addition to the two conventional dynamic stall events observed on the retreating side of the blade. Both lifting-line as well as computational fluid dynamics analyses predict all three stall cycles with calculated deformations. The advancing blade transonic
stall, observed from revolution 12 onward, is a twist stall triggered by 5/rev elastic twist deformation that increases the angle of attack beyond the static stall limit, resulting in shock-induced flow separation culminating in stall. The 5/rev elastic twist is triggered by the two retreating
blade stalls from previous revolution, which are separated by 1/5th rev. The accurate prediction of both stall cycles on retreating blade holds the key to prediction of advancing blade stall. In analysis, advancing blade stall is triggered by a correct combination of control angles and 5/rev
elastic twist.
Metoclopramide-Induced Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Rumore Martha M. , Lee Spencer Evan , Wang Steven , Farmer Brenna
Published: November 2011

The authors report a case of cardiac arrest in a patient receiving intravenous (IV) metoclopramide and review the pertinent literature. A 62-year-old morbidly obese female admitted for a gastric sleeve procedure, developed cardiac arrest within one minute of receiving metoclopramide 10 mg via slow intravenous (IV) injection. Bradycardia at 4 beats/min immediately appeared, progressing rapidly to asystole. Chest compressions restored vital function. Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed ST depression indicative of myocardial injury. Following intubation, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. Various cardiac dysrrhythmias including supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) associated with hypertension and atrial fibrillation occurred. Following IV esmolol and metoprolol, the patient reverted to normal sinus rhythm. Repeat ECGs revealed ST depression resolution without pre-admission changes. Metoclopramide is a non-specific dopamine receptor antagonist. Seven cases of cardiac arrest and one of sinus arrest with metoclopramide were found in the literature. The metoclopramide prescribing information does not list precautions or adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to cardiac arrest. The reaction is not dose related but may relate to the IV administration route. Coronary artery disease was the sole risk factor identified. According to Naranjo, the association was possible. Other reports of cardiac arrest, severe bradycardia, and SVT were reviewed. In one case, five separate IV doses of 10 mg metoclopramide were immediately followed by asystole repeatedly. The mechanism(s) underlying metoclopramide’s cardiac arrest-inducing effects is unknown. Structural similarities to procainamide may play a role. In view of eight previous cases of cardiac arrest from metoclopramide having been reported, further elucidation of this ADR and patient monitoring is needed. Our report should alert clinicians to monitor patients and remain diligent in surveillance and reporting of bradydysrrhythmias and cardiac arrest in patients receiving metoclopramide.
Internal Carotid Artery Thrombosis and Its Evolution Documented by Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Olivato Silvia , Turri Giulia , Mazzucco Sara , Mansueto Giancarlo
Published: November 2011

A case of a 79-year-old man, affected by persistent right eye blindness after multiple episodes of transient left hemiparesis and right eye amaurosis. Brain computed tomography (Angio CT) well documented right internal carotid artery (ICA) plaque with a 8-mm thrombus extending from ICA origin to the ophthalmic artery, in progressive lysis in the next days.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosusmyositis Overlap Syndrome: Report of 6 Cases
Authors: Maazoun Fatma , Frikha Faten , Snoussi Mouna , Kaddour Neila , Masmoudi Hatem , Bahloul Zouhir
Published: November 2011

The incidence of myositis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is low among different series. Here we attempt to describe the main features of SLE/myositis overlap syndrome. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 174 patients with SLE seen over 15-year period. All the patients fulfilled the revised American Rheumatology Association criteria for SLE. Patients who met The Bohan and Peter criteria for definite myositis were included in this study. Among those patients, six patients had an associated myositis (3.4% overall). They were 6 women with a mean age of 29 years (20-41 years). At the initial evaluation, 3 patients (50%) were complained from myalgia, and all patients had symmetrical muscle weakness (proximal muscle weakness in 6 cases with distal muscle weakness in 2 cases). The muscle disease was severe in 1 case. Involvements of muscles of the pharynx and upper esophagus were noted in 4 patients (66.6%). The creatine kinase (CK) levels were elevated in 4 cases with a mean rate of 2153.5 UI/L. The electromyogram (EMG) revealed signs of myositis in 5 cases. Muscle biopsy, performed in 5 patients, revealed an inflammatory myopathy changes in 4 cases. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were positive in all cases. All our patients were treated with high doses of corticosteroids with favorable outcome. Relapse of SLE disease had occurred in 2 patients. The association SLEmyositis is rare with heterogeneous presentation. Through our observations and literature data we will specify the characteristics of this association.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma—Unknown Primary and Late Distant Metastasis: An Unusual Course of the Disease
Authors: Prabhu Vinod , Johnston James , Ingrams Duncan , Passant Carl
Published: November 2011

The authors report the case to understand this unusual presentation and prognosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma following treatment. We present a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a 67-year-old man. The cancer was diagnosed in the right side of his neck but the primary tumor remained unknown despite attempts at staging. The neck was treated successfully and followed up for 2 years. Metastasis of the primary lesion to the left triceps was diagnosed following a swelling noticed by the patient during the 2-year follow up period. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma can be a low, intermediate or high-grade malignancy and can metastasize to different parts of the body. However, this is the first case report of a metastasis to the triceps muscle.
Tropical Skin Infections Among Israeli Travelers
Authors: Solomon Michal , Benenson Shmuel , Baum Sharon , Schwartz Eli
Published: November 2011

Infectious skin disorders are common dermatologic illnesses in travelers. Knowledge of post-travel–related infectious skin disorders will allow for effective pre- and post-travel counseling. All cases of returning travelers seen in our center seeking care for infectious skin diseases were included in this study. For a comparison, data on returned travelers with non-infectious skin diseases and healthy travelers who had pre-travel consultations in our institution were also analyzed. Altogether, skin-related diagnosis was reported in 540 ill travelers, and among them, 286 (53%) had infectious skin diseases. Tropical skin infection was diagnosed in 64% of the infectious cases. Travelers returning from Latin America were significantly more ill with tropical skin infections than those traveling to Asia and Africa, The most common diagnoses were cutaneous leishmaniasis, myiasis, and cutaneous larva migrans. In conclusion, tropical skin infections are common among Israeli travelers, especially among those who visited Latin America.
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ticks Collected from Wild Animals in Israel
Authors: Keysary Avi , Eremeeva Marina E. , Leitner Moshe , Din Adi Beth , Wikswo Mary E. , Mumcuoglu Kosta Y. , Inbar Moshe , Wallach Arian D. , Shanas Uri , King Roni , Waner Trevor
Published: November 2011

We report molecular evidence for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) in ticks collected from roe deer, addax, red foxes, and wild boars in Israel. Rickettsia aeschlimannii was detected in Hyalomma marginatum and Hyalomma detritum while Rickettsia massiliae was present in Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks. Furthermore, a novel uncultured SFGR was detected in Haemaphysalis adleri and Haemaphysalis parva ticks from golden jackals. The pathogenicity of the novel SFGR for humans is unknown; however, the presence of multiple SFGR agents should be considered when serological surveillance data from Israel are interpreted because of significant antigenic cross-reactivity among Rickettsia. The epidemiology and ecology of SFGR in Israel appear to be more complicated than was previously believed.
Occupational Activities Associated with a Reported History of Malaria among Women Working in Small-Scale Agriculture in South Africa
Authors: Naidoo Saloshni , London Leslie , Burdorf Alex , Naidoo Rajen N. , Kromhout Hans
Published: November 2011

Malaria-endemic agricultural communities are at risk for this disease because of crop and agricultural activities. A cross-sectional survey among women in small-scale agriculture on irrigated and dryland areas in Makhatini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa explored associations with self-reported history of malaria, including demographics, crop production, and specific agricultural activities. Ninety-eight (15.2%) of 644 women reported malaria while working in agriculture. More women working in drylands than women working in irrigation scheme reported disease (18.4% versus 10.9%; P < 0.05). Working self or family-owned farms (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3–5.2), spraying pesticides (PR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.4–3.8), cultivating sugar cane (PR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.3), and cultivating cotton and mangoes (PR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.6) were positively associated with a history of malaria while working in agriculture. This study suggests that certain agricultural activities and types of crop production may increase the risk for malaria among women working in small-scale agriculture.
Using Child Health Outcomes to Identify Effective Measures of Handwashing
Authors: Luby Stephen P. , Halder Amal K. , Huda Tarique M. N. , Unicomb Leanne , Johnston Richard B.
Published: November 2011

We assessed which practical handwashing indicators were independently associated with reduced child diarrhea or respiratory disease. Fieldworkers collected 33 indicators of handwashing at baseline in 498 households in 50 villages in rural Bangladesh. Community monitors visited households monthly and asked standard questions about diarrhea and symptoms of respiratory illness among children under 5 years of age. In multivariate analysis, three handwashing indicators were independently associated with less child diarrhea—mothers reporting usually washing hands with soap before feeding a child, mothers using soap when asked to show how they usually washed their hands after defecation, and children having visibly clean finger pads. Two indicators were independently associated with fewer respiratory infections—mothers allowing their hands to air dry after the handwashing demonstration and the presence of water where the respondents usually wash hands after defecation. These rapid handwashing indicators should be considered for inclusion in handwashing assessments.
Imported Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome–Related Histoplasmosis in Metropolitan France: A Comparison of Pre–Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy and Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy Eras
Authors: Peigne Vincent , Dromer Françoise , Elie Caroline , Lidove Olivier , Lortholary Olivier
Published: November 2011

Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum infection is rare outside disease-endemic areas. Clinical presentation and outcome of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–related histoplasmosis are unknown in non-endemic areas with wide access to highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Retrospective analysis of cases recorded at the French National Reference Center for Mycoses and Antifungals during two decades: pre-HAART (1985–1994) and HAART (1997–2006). Clinical features and outcome of all adults with proven acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–related histoplasmosis were compared between the two periods. One hundred four patients were included (40 during the pre-HAART era and 64 during the HAART era). Diagnosis was established a mean of 62 days after onset of symptoms. One-year overall mortality rates decreased from 53% (pre-HAART era) to 22% (HAART era). Diagnosis during the pre-HAART era and an older age were the only independent factors associated with death. Histoplasmosis is a rare invasive fungal infection outside disease-endemic areas. Its prognosis improved significantly during the HAART era.
Distribution and lability of land-derived organic matter in the surface sediments of the Rhône prodelta and the adjacent shelf (Mediterranean Sea, France): a multi proxy study
Authors: Bourgeois S. , Pruski A. M. , Sun M.-Y. , Buscail R. , Lantoine F. , Kerhervé P. , Vétion G. , Rivière B. , Charles F.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The Gulf of Lions is a river-dominated ocean margin that receives high loads of nutrients and particulate matter from the Rhône River but most particulate materials settle rapidly on the nearshore seafloor. One question is raised on the fate of these large quantities of organic carbon delivered by the river to the coastal marine environment. Surface sediments (0–0.5 cm) were collected in the Rhône prodelta and its adjacent shelf during a period of low river discharge (April 2007, 16 stations). The sources, distribution and lability of sedimentary organic matter were examined using bulk (organic carbon, total nitrogen, stable carbon isotope ratios, and grain size) and molecular-level (pigments, amino acids, fatty acids, and δ13C of individual fatty acids) analyses. Our results confirmed previous observations of a southwestward Rhodanian imprint in the nearshore sediments, with 97% of terrigenous inputs of organic matter near the river mouth. Isotopic values of bulk organic carbon, as well as fatty acid biomarkers and compound-specific δ13C signatures of most fatty acids clearly indicate that the Rhône inputs consist of a mixture of organic matter (OM) from different origins with a strong contribution from terrestrial sources (soil and plant debris), and a smaller input from freshwater microalgae, mostly diatoms. The influence of the Rhône River was prominent within the first ten kilometers, but may still be observed on the outer shelf (~21 km) as indicated by the occurrence of long chain fatty acids, which are derived from vascular plants, and their δ13C signatures. In the proximal prodelta, bacteria-specific fatty acids were abundant (1.65 mg g−1 OC at the mouth site) and were relatively depleted in δ13C confirming that bacteria mostly utilize land-derived OM. In the shelf area, the inputs of marine OM and its predominant utilization by the bacteria was confirmed, but the coupling between the pelagic and the benthic compartments appeared limited at this period of the year. Overall, degradation indexes based on amino acids (Dauwe's degradation index) and pigments (ratio of intact chlorophyll-a to the sum of chlorophyll-a + phaeopigment-a), as well as isotopic enrichment of source-specific fatty acids reveal an offshore gradient of OM decay reflecting the rapid deposition of the terrestrial material in the prodelta, the low mixing with OM deriving from marine sources and the efficient degradation of the OM. The OM delivered by the Rhône is relatively labile based on the intermediary value of Dauwe's degradation index, the high proportion of bio-available nitrogen and the occurrence of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Deltaic sediments off the Rhône River should thus be of sufficiently high nutritional quality to sustain dense macrofaunal communities.
Controlled Crack Propagation Experiments with a Novel Alumina‐Based Refractory
Authors: Skiera E. , Malzbender J. , Mönch J. , Dudczig S. , Aneziris C. G. , Steinbrech R. W.
Published: November 2011

Innovative, carbon‐reduced and carbon‐free refractory materials are currently under development within the framework of the DFG priority program “FIRE”. Among various novel material solutions an alumina‐based refractory with titania and zirconia additives (AZT) has gained special interest for application in high temperature processes under thermal shock conditions. The resistance against fracture of the AZT material and, for comparison, of a pure alumina refractory was examined by controlled crack propagation experiments. Wedge splitting and compact tension tests with in situ crack growth observation, partially on microstructural level, have been performed for both materials. Based on the measured room temperature values of dissipated energy, refractory stiffness and fracture stress, the Hasselman thermal shock parameterR″″ was determined. The results allow to predict that AZT is less prone to scale thermal shock damage than pure alumina. The microstructural observations reveal that growth and opening displacement of the main crack is accompanied in AZT by pronounced microcracking, branching and bridging processes. First efforts are also directed towards a mechanical quantification of this fracture behavior in terms of anR‐curve representation (fracture resistance as a function of apparent crack length). The specific problems ofR‐curve evaluation that exist in AZT due to nonlinear deformation behavior are addressed and the influence of the observed crack growth mechanisms is discussed.
In‐Flight Inkjet Self‐Assembly of Spherical Nanoparticle Aggregates
Authors: Sowade Enrico , Hammerschmidt Jens , Blaudeck Thomas , Baumann Reinhard R.
Published: November 2011

Recently, there has emerged a growing interest in many disciplines to use the principle of self‐assembly in order to manufacture ensembles of nanostructures. Self‐assembly processes organize autonomously building blocks into patterns or structures without human intervention. We report on combining inkjet printing and self‐assembly as a manufacturing method for spherical aggregates. The aggregates consist of a high number of colloidal nanospheres arranged as stable ball‐shaped structures. The method allows the patterned deposition of spherical aggregates on any surface due to an in‐flight self‐assembly process of the nanospheres.
Antifungal properties of chitosan salts in laboratory media
Authors: Ren Jianming , Liu Jingli , Li Rongchun , Dong Fang , Guo Zhanyong
Published: November 2011

Some aliphatic carboxylic acids were used to produce chitosan (CS) salts by reaction with CS, and their antifungal activity against three kinds of phytopathogens was estimated by hypha measurement in vitro. The fungicidal assessment showed that all of the CS salts had excellent activity against the tested fungi. Their inhibitory indices were 41.15–64.15, 56.25–76.56, and 35.94–68.75% for Cladosporium
cucumerinum (Ell.) et Arthur, Monilinia
fructicola (Wint.) Honey, and Fusarium
oxysporum sp. Cucumis sativus L., respectively, at 1000 μg/mL; these indices were higher than that of CS. It was confirmed that the amino groups' protonation was important for the antifungal activity of CS derivatives. The substituted groups with stronger electronegativity drew more electrons from the nitrogen atoms in the derivative molecules, which relatively strengthened the polycationic character of the CS derivatives. Therefore, the antifungal activity of the CS salts was improved. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Puncture deformation and fracture mechanism of oriented polymers
Authors: Yang Y. , Ponting M. , Thompson G. , Hiltner A. , Baer E.
Published: November 2011

In this study, we investigated the effect of orientation by solid‐state cross‐rolling on the morphology, puncture deformation, and fracture mechanism of an amorphous TROGAMID material and three semicrystalline polymers: high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and nylon 6/6. In amorphous TROGAMID, it was found that orientation preferentially aligned polymer chains along the rolling deformation direction and reduced the plastic deformation of TROGAMID in a low‐temperature puncture test. The decrease of ductility with orientation changed the fracture mechanism of TROGAMID from ductile hole enlargement failure in the unoriented control to a more brittle delamination failure in TROGAMID cross‐rolled to a 75% thickness reduction. For semicrystalline polymers HDPE, PP, and nylon 6/6, the randomly oriented crystalline lamellae in the controls were first oriented into an oblique angle to the rolling direction (RD) before the lamellae became fragmented and preferentially oriented with the chain axis parallel to the RD. The morphological change resulted in the decrease of ductility in HDPE in the low‐temperature puncture test. In PP and nylon 6/6, the brittle fracture of unoriented controls was changed into ductile failure when they were cross‐rolled to a 50% thickness reduction. This was attributed to the tilted crystal lamellae morphology, which permitted chain slip deformation of crystals with the chain axis parallel to the maximum shear stress direction. With further orientation of PP and nylon 6/6 to a 75% thickness reduction, the failure mechanism changed back to brittle fracture as the morphology transformed into a layered discoid structure with the chain axis of the fragmented crystal blocks parallel to the RD; this prevented chain slip deformation of the crystals. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effective properties of particle reinforced polymeric mould material towards reducing cooling time in soft tooling process
Authors: Nandi A. K. , Datta S. , Orkus J.
Published: November 2011

Cooling time in soft tooling process using conventional mold materials is normally high. Although increase of effective thermal conductivity of mold material by inclusion of high thermally conductive fillers reduces the cooling time, it affects other properties (namely, stiffness of mold box and flow ability of melt mold material), which play important roles in soft tooling process. Therefore, to apply composite polymer in soft tooling process as mold material simultaneous studies of these properties are important. In this work, extensive experimental studies are made on the effective thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity and viscosity of composite polymeric mold materials namely Polyurethane and RTV (Room Temperature Vulcanizing)‐2 silicone rubber, with aluminum and graphite particle reinforcements. To find suitable models of the effective properties of composite mold materials, which are required to decide the optimum amount of filler content before actual application, attempts are made to fit the experimental results using various models reported in the literature. Finally, different aspects in reducing cooling time in soft tooling process and further activities are reported. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Sulphonated poly ether ether ketone/amino‐diphenylsilandiol composite electrolyte for PEM fuel cells
Authors: Ahmed Z. , Belitto S. , Di Vona M. L. , Trombetta M. , Traversa E. , Licoccia S.
Published: November 2011

A composite polymeric membrane to be used as electrolyte in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells has been prepared and characterized. The membrane is composed of an acidic polymer, sulfonated polyetheretherketone, and of basic filler, amino‐diphenylsilandiol, a functionalized organically modified silane. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)/fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated the occurrence of a specific interaction of the polymer SO3H groups with the basic function of the filler. Such interaction reflected in reduced swelling, enhanced thermal stability, and good proton conductivity values at intermediate temperatures (σ ≈ 10−2 S cm−1 at 100°C). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Characterization of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride chemistries using mass spectrometry
Authors: Rivera‐Tirado Edgardo , Aaserud David J. , Wesdemiotis Chrys
Published: November 2011

Representative Polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) samples have been studied by different MS techniques including Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance MS (ESI‐FTMS) (positive and negative modes), Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance MS (negative mode), and Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight (positive and negative modes). Negative ion ESI‐FTMS produces the best results. Differences between “mono‐succan” and “di‐succan” content can readily be observed. The source of the PIBSA (PIBSA‐I and PIBSA‐II processes) can be easily distinguished and the formation of methyl esters and amide derivatives can provide complementary data. The experiments have demonstrated the capabilities of mass spectrometry to detect and characterize such polymers samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Tuning of electrochromic properties by copolymerization of monoalkoxythiophenes and dialkoxythiophenes
Authors: Tu Shijian , Wang Yuechuan , Lan Jianwu , Zheng Qingkang , Wei Jian , Chen Sheng
Published: November 2011

Monoalkoxysubstituted and dialkoxysubstitued thiophene monomers were synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution and transetherification reactions. Electrochemical homopolymerization of 3‐octyloxythiophene (OOT) and 3,4‐dioctyloxythiophene (DOOT), copolymerization of OOT with DOOT were performed via potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methods in the supporting electrolyte. Both the copolymer and homopolymers were characterized via cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and spectroelectrochemical analysis. In the redox process of the polymers, it was linear relationship between the peak current and the scanning rate in their cyclic voltammograms. The copolymer of P(OOT‐co‐DOOT) showed obvious change of color between red and bright blue in reduced and oxidized states, that has a great difference with the homopolymers. The morphology studies indicated that the electrochemical deposition of P(OOT‐co‐DOOT) proceeds via a mechanism of nucleation and two‐dimensional growth. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Palmitoyl‐dl‐Carnitine is a Multitarget Inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development
Authors: Wenderska Iwona B. , Chong Matthew , McNulty James , Wright Gerard D. , Burrows Lori L.
Published: November 2011

Bacteria growing in biofilms are often in metabolic and physiological states that do not respond well to antibiotics, and thus, are major contributors to chronic diseases. Biofilm inhibitors, therefore, have the potential to be used alone or as adjuvants to conventional antibiotic therapies. Here, we screened a chemically diverse collection of protein kinase inhibitors for molecules that perturb biofilm development. Among the inhibitory molecules identified, palmitoyl‐dl‐carnitine (pdlc) impaired Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli biofilm formation in a dose‐dependent manner. The pdlc affected multiple pathways implicated in P. aeruginosa biofilm development; it stimulated motility, inhibited activity of the Las quorum sensing system, and overrode the biofilm‐promoting effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of aminoglycosides and high levels of the second messenger, cyclic‐di‐GMP. Palmitic acid, but not carnitine, inhibited biofilm formation but did not stimulate motility, suggesting that pdlc works through unique mechanisms. The ability to target multiple pathways involved in biofilm formation is desirable in an inhibitor, which makes pdlc an interesting lead for antibiofilm therapies.
Determination of Hemin‐Binding Characteristics of Proteins by a Combinatorial Peptide Library Approach
Authors: Kühl Toni , Sahoo Nirakar , Nikolajski Melanie , Schlott Bernhard , Heinemann Stefan H. , Imhof Diana
Published: November 2011

Studies of the binding of heme/hemin to proteins or peptides have recently intensified as it became evident that heme serves not only as a prosthetic group, but also as a regulator and effector molecule interacting with transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins. The iron‐ion‐containing heme group can associate with these proteins in different ways, with the amino acids Cys, His, and Tyr allowing individual modes of binding. Strong coordinate‐covalent binding, such as in cytochrome c, is known, and reversible attachment is also discussed. Ligands for both types of binding have been reported independently, though sometimes with different affinities for similar sequences. We applied a combinatorial approach using the library (X)4(C/H/Y)(X)4 to characterize peptide ligands with considerable hemin binding capacities. Some of the library‐selected peptides were comparable in terms of hemin association independently of whether or not a cysteine residue was present in the sequence. Indeed, a preference for His‐based (≈39 %) and Tyr‐based (≈40 %) sequences over Cys‐based ones (≈21 %) was detected. The binding affinities for the library‐selected peptides, as determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy, were in the nanomolar range. Moreover, selected representatives efficiently competed for hemin binding with the human BK channel hSlo1, which is known to be regulated by heme through binding to its heme‐binding domain.
On the integration of the baroreflex control mechanism in a heterogeneous model of the cardiovascular system
Authors: Blanco P.J. , Trenhago P.R. , Fernandes L.G. , Feijóo R.A.
Published: November 2011

The aim of the present work is to describe the integration of a mathematical model for the baroreceptor reflex mechanism to provide regulatory action into a dimensionally heterogeneous (3D–1D–0D) closed‐loop model of the cardiovascular system. Such heterogeneous model comprises a 1D description of the arterial tree, a 0D network for the venous, cardiac and pulmonary circulations and 3D patient‐specific geometries for vascular districts of interest. Thus, the detailed topological description of the arterial network allows us to perform vasomotor control actions in a differentiated way, while gaining insight about the effects of the baroreflex regulation over hemodynamic quantities of interest throughout the entire network. Two examples of application are presented. Firstly, we simulate the hemorrhage in the abdominal aorta artery and analyze the action of the baroreflex over the system. Secondly, the self‐regulated closed‐loop model is applied to study the influence of the control action in the hemodynamic environment that determines the blood flow pattern in a cerebral aneurism in the presence of a regurgitating aortic valve. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.