bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential rather than interactive effects of multiple stressors as drivers of phytoplankton community change in a large lake
Authors: Kelly Noreen E. , Young Joelle D. , Winter Jennifer G. , Palmer Michelle E. , Stainsby Eleanor A. , Molot Lewis A.
Published: May 2017

Predicting how freshwater biota respond to multiple stressors is currently a major challenge facing aquatic ecologists and environmental managers. Lake Simcoe is an ideal location to test the impact of multiple stressors on aquatic biota over time, as changes in climate warming, species invasions, nutrient loading, and human population growth have occurred throughout the last three decades.

In this study, we used a suite of multivariate analyses to quantify the unique and interactive effects of physico‐climatic, water quality, and biological variables in explaining phytoplankton community composition from 1986 to 2012.

Changes in water quality, zooplankton abundance and community composition (following the invasion of Bythotrephes longimanus), euphotic zone temperature and thermal stability, and the invasion of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) acting at different times throughout the period of record, were associated with major shifts in the phytoplankton community of Lake Simcoe: dominance of eutrophic diatoms and cyanobacteria from 1986 to 1997 shifted to chlorophytes after 1998, then again to a diverse mix of taxa represented by all major categories of algae after 2004.

Contrary to expectation, we found little evidence that interactions between multiple stressors are taking place in Lake Simcoe. Instead, our results demonstrated the sequential nature of multiple stressors in influencing interannual variation in phytoplankton community structure. By occurring consecutively over time, we propose a “sequence of stressors” has influenced the ecological health of the lake over the preceding three decades.

Considered by category, biological stressors, followed by water quality, then temperature and climate, explained the largest amount of total variance in the phytoplankton data. The prominence of zooplankton community changes as significant predictors of phytoplankton community change throughout the period of record suggests the top‐down effect of these herbivores are also very important.

Our results highlight the importance of extensive ecosystem monitoring in determining ecosystem health. Our approach may assist in the management of other aquatic systems, where identifying when multiple stressors are not operating may simplify the management process, allowing remediation efforts to focus on the most impactful stressors as primary targets for ecosystem restoration.
Phosphodiesterase‐1b deletion confers depression‐like behavioral resistance separate from stress‐related effects in mice
Authors: Hufgard J. R. , Williams M. T. , Vorhees C. V.
Published: May 2017

Phosphodiesterase‐1b (Pde1b) is highly expressed in striatum, dentate gyrus, CA3 and substantia nigra. In a new Floxed Pde1b × CreCMV global knockout (KO) mouse model, we show an immobility‐resistance phenotype that recapitulates that found in constitutive Pde1b KO mice. We use this new mouse model to show that the resistance to acute stress‐induced depression‐like phenotype is not the product of changes in locomotor activity or reactivity to other stressors (learned helplessness, novelty suppressed feeding or dexamethasone suppression), and is not associated with anhedonia using the sucrose preference test. Using tamoxifen inducible Cre, we show that the immobility‐resistant phenotype depends on the age of induction. The effect is present when Pde1b is Reduced from conception, P0 or P32, but not if reduced as adults (P60). We also mapped regional brain expression of PDE1B protein and of the Cre driver. These data add to the suggestion that PDE1B may be a target for drug development with therapeutic potential in depression alone or in combination with existing antidepressants.
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Adults and Children: A Hypothesis
Authors: Redon Sylvain , Mareau Cécile , Guedj Eric , Donnet Anne
Published: May 2017

Objective

To see how patients' clinical descriptions compare to the third classification of International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD‐III beta).

Background

CVS is an episodic syndrome associated with migraine. It is a rare disorder of childhood and adulthood. New criteria are proposed in the third classification of International Classification of Headache Disorders.

Methods

This study describes children and adults' CVS characteristics at a French tertiary‐care center, according to the ICHD‐II and ICHD‐III beta criteria. Clinical features, and results of paraclinical tests were characterized.

Results

Fifteen patients were included: 8 adults, 2 children, and 5 adolescents. Familial history of migraine or CVS was respectively noticed in 12 and 4 patients. The duration of premonitory, emetic, and postdromal phases was evaluated from hours to days. Some symptoms described in theses phases are also described in migrainous population, with a comparable frequency. Cranial or systemic autonomic symptoms were respectively reported in 47% and 93%. Nine patients described a circadian periodicity, and six patients described a circannual periodicity. The predictable periodicity was from 1 week to 12 months. A brain perfusion SPECT showed an increased hypothalamic perfusion during emetic phase in one patient.

Conclusions

CVS is a rare episodic syndrome associated with migraine. Some clinical features and paraclincal tests suggest a chronobiological disease.
Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell. Extracts inhibit the growth of body odour‐forming bacteria
Authors: McManus K. , Wood A. , Wright M. H. , Matthews B. , Greene A. C. , Cock I. E.
Published: May 2017

Objective

Terminalia ferdinandiana extracts are potent growth inhibitors of many bacterial pathogens. They may also inhibit the growth of malodour‐producing bacteria and thus be useful deodorant components, although this is yet to be tested.

Methods

Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC assays against the most significant bacterial contributors to axillary and plantar malodour formation. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non‐targeted HPLC separation of the methanolic leaf extract coupled to high‐resolution time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy was used for the identification and characterization of individual components in the extract.

Results

The T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were the most potent bacterial growth inhibitors. The leaf methanolic extract was particularly potent, with low MIC values against C. jeikeium (233 μg mL−1), S. epidermidis (220 μg mL−1), P. acnes (625 μg mL−1) and B. linens (523 μg mL−1). The aqueous and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were also potent growth inhibitors of C. jeikeium and S. epidermidis (MICs < 1000 μg mL−1). In comparison, the fruit extracts were substantially less potent antibacterial agents, although still with MIC values indicative of moderate growth inhibitory activity. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were non‐toxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay. Non‐biased phytochemical analysis of the methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of high levels of and high diversity of tannins and high levels of the flavone luteolin.

Conclusion

The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent growth inhibition of axillary and plantar malodour‐producing bacteria indicate their potential as deodorant components.
Sporotrichosis among children of a hyperendemic area in Peru: an 8‐year retrospective study
Authors: Ramírez Soto Max C.
Published: May 2017

Background

The clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of pediatric sporotrichosis are poorly understood.

Objective

To describe the incidence and clinical characteristics of cases of sporotrichosis in children 14 years of age and younger reported in Abancay from 2004 to 2011, stratified according to age.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of pediatric patients 14 years of age and younger who were diagnosed with sporotrichosis in a referral center at Abancay, a poor area located in the south central highlands of Peru, to estimate the incidence rates (per 100,000 person‐years) according to age and sporotrichosis type (lymphocutaneous and fixed), and clinical characteristics of these patients.

Results

Of the 240 pediatric cases identified, 131 (54.6%) were male. The median age at baseline was 6 years. The mean incidence rate was 81.4 cases per 100,000 person‐years for the period from 2004 to 2011, and was highest among children ranging in age from 5–9 years. The incidence of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis and fixed sporotrichosis was 55 and 27 cases per 100,000 person‐years, respectively, and the face was the most commonly affected anatomic site. Ninety‐six of the 240 patients (40%) reported previous contact with cats, and 46 (19.2%) had a clear history of traumatic inoculation with plant material. The therapeutic response to treatment with potassium iodide was satisfactory.

Conclusion

In this retrospective study, we described a high incidence of sporotrichosis in children in the south central highlands of Peru, which increased with age. Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis was the more common type with an incidence rate twice that of the fixed type. The face was the most commonly affected anatomic site, and infection appeared to be acquired predominantly through contact with cats.
A cluster of adenovirus type B55 infection in a neurosurgical inpatient department of a general hospital in Guangdong, China
Authors: Yi Lina , Zou LiRong , Lu Jing , Kang Min , Song Yingchao , Su Juan , Zhang Xin , Liang LiJun , Ni HanZhong , Ke Changwen , Wu Jie
Published: May 2017

Background

Human adenovirus type 55 is a re‐emerging human respiratory pathogen that is associated with several respiratory infections outbreaks in military and school populations. In this study, we describe the first HAdV55‐associated hospital outbreak documented in Guangdong, China.

Methods

Active surveillance was conducted in the involved neurosurgical inpatient department. All staff and patients in the involved neurosurgical department were surveyed for any symptoms of fever (≥38°C) and enlarged tonsils during the outbreak period. Throat swabs and demographic information were collected for all cases. For each specimen, assays for common respiratory viruses were performed using one‐step reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. HAdV‐positive samples were inoculated onto Hep‐2 cells for isolation. Hexon genes, fiber genes, penton genes, and whole genomes were sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was constructed.

Results and Conclusions

Forty‐three cases, including 24 laboratory‐confirmed cases and 19 possible cases, were identified. Nurses had the highest attack rate of infection, with a rate of 36.4%. The attack rate for doctors and inpatients was 20.0% and 16.7%, respectively. HAdV55 was the sole pathogen identified during this outbreak. The hexon, fiber, and penton genes from seven isolated HAdV55 stains were sequenced. All these genes showed 100% homology and fell into the HAdV55 [P14H11F14] cluster, indicating that HAdV55 was the single viral strain for the outbreak. While not conclusive, the epidemic investigation revealed that the outbreak was introduced by nurses from sources outside the hospital. It was likely that a transmission from staff to inpatients had occurred.
Morphology of seminal receptacle of the harvested golden crab Chaceon chilensis and its implication in the fertilization process
Authors: Pardo Luis Miguel , Ceroni Constanza , Riveros Marcela Paz , Ernst Billy , Pino Josefa
Published: May 2017

The external and internal architecture of crab seminal receptacles are closely associated with mating behavior, sperm transfer, and storage patterns, and ultimately reproductive success. Therefore, describing their anatomy contributes to the development of a greater understanding of crab reproductive biology. In this study, we describe the anatomy and tissue characteristics of the seminal receptacle of the golden crab Chaceon chilensis, a harvested deep‐sea species from the Juan Fernández Archipelago (off central Chile). Females in the late mature stage were used as reference for histological description. Morphological features of the seminal receptacle included: (1) a dorsal receptacle–oviduct connection, (2) velum and septum separating the dorsal and ventral chambers, (3) extensive glandular epithelium in both chambers, (4) a ribbed chitin line, (5) a highly folded, bilobulated ventral chamber, and (6) a simple‐type vagina. Some of these traits (2, 3, 4, 5) are novel for crab receptacles and could contradict the generalized idea about the pattern of sperm precedence associated with the location of the receptacle–oviduct connection. External sperm plugs were not found in mature females, but variations in the color of opercula occluding the vulva were used to assess sexual maturity. The seminal receptacle of C. chilensis has an unusual internal morphology with vast sperm storage capacity and separate storage areas for sperm ejaculates, which could allow for cryptic female choice. In cases like these, male–male competition is usually intense and males deliver large quantities of sperm in each mating event, which makes them vulnerable to sperm depletion.
Rapid actions of oestrogens and their receptors on memory acquisition and consolidation in females
Authors: Sheppard P. A. S. , Koss W. A. , Frick K. M. , Choleris E.
Published: May 2017

Increased attention has been paid in recent years to the ways in which oestrogens and oestrogen receptors rapidly affect learning and memory. These rapid effects occur within a timeframe that is too narrow for the classical genomic mode of action of oestrogen, thus suggesting nonclassical effects as underlying mechanisms. The present review examines recent developments in the study of the rapid effects of 17β‐oestradiol and oestrogen receptor (ER) agonists on learning and memory tasks in female rodents, including social recognition, object recognition, object placement (spatial memory) and social learning. By comparing studies utilising systemic or intracranial treatments, as well as pre‐ and post‐acquisition administration of oestradiol or ER agonists, the respective contributions of individual ERs within specific brain regions to various forms of learning and memory can be determined. The first part of this review explores the effects of systemic administration of 17β‐oestradiol and ER agonists on memory when administered either pre‐ or post‐acquisition. The second part not only focuses on the effects of pre‐ and post‐acquisition infusions of 17β‐oestradiol or ER agonists into the dorsal hippocampus on memory, but also discusses the contributions of other brain regions, including the medial amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The cellular mechanisms mediating the rapid effects of 17β‐oestradiol on memory, including activation of intracellular signalling cascades and epigenetic processes, are discussed. Finally, the review concludes by comparing pre‐ and post‐acquisition findings and effects of 17β‐oestradiol and ER agonists in different brain regions.
Resolution of Occlusive Carotid Artery Thrombus Treated with Anticoagulation as Demonstrated on Duplex Ultrasonography
Authors: Stein Laura , Liang John W. , Weinberger Jesse
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

While the majority of cerebral ischemic events due to carotid occlusive disease result from atherosclerotic plaque rupture, intraluminal carotid artery thrombus occasionally occurs in patients without preexisting carotid atherosclerosis. Identification of nonatherosclerotic thrombus as the cause of the carotid occlusive disease can obviate the need for an interventional procedure, and resolution of thrombus can be monitored with B‐mode duplex ultrasonography.

METHODS

We reviewed 3 patients treated on The Mount Sinai Hospital Stroke Unit with anticoagulation for nonatherosclerotic carotid thrombi and followed with serial Doppler ultrasonogrpahy for resolution of thrombus.

RESULTS

Occlusive carotid thrombus was successfully treated in all 3 patients with systemic anticoagulation. B‐mode duplex ultrasonography allowed for demonstration of resolving thrombus.

CONCLUSION

Differentiation between a stenotic plaque and occlusive thrombus can be achieved by ultrasonographic analysis of thrombus morphology, attachment site potential, and characteristics of a resolving thrombus. Systemic anticoagulation can safely and effectively eliminate the risk for future embolization and complete occlusion of the carotid artery in patients who present with transient ischemic events or completed infarcts of small size.
Facilitating Radical Front‐End Innovation Through Targeted HRM Practices: A Case Study of Pharmaceutical and Biotech Companies
Authors: Aagaard Annabeth
Published: May 2017

This study extends the knowledge of the human resource management (HRM)–innovation relationship and examines how innovation‐facilitating bundles of HRM practices are applied to facilitate radical pharmaceutical front‐end innovation (FEI). The empirical investigation is an explorative case study of science‐driven FEI and HRM practices across one in‐depth case study and seven validation studies among international pharmaceutical and biotech companies. The findings provide a theoretical overview of key HRM practices in support of radical pharmaceutical FEI as well as an empirical mapping of how innovation‐facilitating bundles of HRM practices are applied to actively develop radical, science‐driven pharmaceutical FEI, including the identification of the key innovation challenges and opportunities involving innovation‐facilitating HRM practices in pharmaceutical FEI. The article contributes to the existing innovation literature in terms of identifying how radical FEI may be facilitated through the application of innovation‐facilitating bundles of HRM practices. The empirical contribution and managerial implications provide nine specific suggestions for how pharmaceutical management groups can better support radical pharmaceutical FEI through targeted HRM practices. The derived results of the study also underline inherent challenges of the pharmaceutical industry and regulations (FDA) that may not stimulate radical innovation, which cannot be resolved by HRM, but require the attention of policy makers. The value added lies in the specificity of the empirical, pharmaceutical context in which the issue of supporting radical, science‐driven FEI is investigated.
The implementation of the Care Programme Approach for service users with a learning disability. Building Bridges to the same Old Horizons?
Authors: Kelly M.
Published: May 2017

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

People with mental health problems and learning disabilities often do not receive the care they require.

The Care Programme Approach (CPA) is meant to help with this. However, there have been many problems in the past with the introduction of the CPA into mental health services.

There is no literature which explores what factors help or hinder the introduction of the CPA for service users with a mental health and learning disability, especially from the perspective of those responsible for overseeing this process.

What does this article add to existing knowledge?

The implementation of the CPA for this service user group is fragmented, and services are not working together in partnership.

The CPA is being effectively implemented for people who are deemed to present with a risk to themselves or others. If a service user does not present with a high risk, they are not provided care through the CPA.

Service users were not involved in the development or introduction of the policy in practice.

What are the implications for practice?

Services need to work better at engaging service users when they are developing and introducing new policies.

Rather than applying the CPA for all service users, across all services, it should only be considered for those deemed to present with a high risk. It is effectively implemented for these people.

For those not deemed to present with a high risk, services should consider using alternative service user led care planning frameworks.

Introduction

The Care Programme Approach was introduced in England to ensure services met the needs of people with mental health problems and a concurrent learning disability (dual diagnosis). The CPA implementation was patchy and services failed to work in partnership.

Aim

This study aimed to explore the factors shaping the recent implementation of the CPA for service users with a dual diagnosis.

Method

A single case study approach was undertaken. Data were collected through interview (n = 26), documentary analysis (n = 64), steering group observation (n = 3) and the Partnership Assessment Tool (n = 26). Data were analysed using the Framework Approach.

Results

The CPA was only effectively implemented for people who were deemed to present with a high level of risk.

Discussion

The problems associated with implementation in the 1990s continue more recently for those with a dual diagnosis. The CPA has become more aligned with risk management protocols than supporting individual service user's recovery.

Implications for practice

Service users should be involved in the implementation of policies which have an impact on their recovery. The CPA should only be applied for those who present with high‐risk issues, whilst alternative user‐led initiatives should be considered for other service users.
Pure polyploidy: Closing the gaps in autopolyploid research
Authors: Spoelhof Jonathan P. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E.
Published: May 2017

Polyploidy (whole‐genome duplication, WGD) is an integral feature of eukaryotic evolution with two main forms typically recognized, autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. In plants, a growing body of research contradicts historical assumptions that autopolyploidy is both infrequent and inconsequential in comparison to allopolyploidy. However, the legacy of these assumptions still persists through a lack of research on central facets of autopolyploid evolution. This review highlights recent research that has significantly increased scientific understanding of autopolyploidy. Key advances include: 1) unreduced female gametes contribute disproportionally to polyploidization through the formation of triploids, 2) niche divergence in autopolyploids can occur immediately or gradually after WGD through a diverse set of mechanisms, but broad niche overlap is also common between diploids and autopolyploids, and 3) the degree of genomic and transcriptomic changes following WGD is lower in autopolyploids than allopolyploids, but is highly variable both within and between species in both types of polyploids. We discuss the implications of these and other recent findings, present promising systems for future research, and advocate for expanded research in diverse areas of autopolyploid evolution.
Impact of sleep‐disordered breathing in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Gessner Verena , Bitter Thomas , Horstkotte Dieter , Oldenburg Olaf , Fox Henrik
Published: May 2017

Sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Previous studies showed that severe SDB has a negative impact on myocardial salvage and progression of left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study investigated the frequency of SDB and the effects of SDB on left ventricular function after AMI. This retrospective study enrolled all patients with AMI who had undergone cardiorespiratory polygraphy for SDB diagnosis. The apnea–hypopnea index was used as a standard metric of SDB severity. SDB was classified as mild (apnea–hypopnea index >5 to <15 per h), moderate (≥15 to <30 per h) or severe (apnea–hypopnea index ≥30 per h). According to the majority of events, SDB was classified as predominant obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea or mixed sleep apnea (mixed SDB). A total of 223 patients with AMI (112 with ST elevation and 111 without ST elevation; 63.2 ± 11.2 years, 82% male, left ventricular ejection fraction 49 ± 12%) were enrolled. SDB was present in 85.6%, and was moderate‐to‐severe in 63.2%; 40.8% had obstructive sleep apnea, 41.7% had central sleep apnea and 3.1% had mixed SDB. Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in patients with AMI with severe SDB (45 ± 14%) versus those without SDB (57 ± 7%; P < 0.005). In addition, lower left ventricular ejection fraction (≤45%) was associated with increased frequency (apnea–hypopnea index ≥5 per h in 96%) and severity (apnea–hypopnea index ≥30 per h in 48%) of SDB in general and a higher percentage of central sleep apnea (57%) in particular. SDB is highly frequent in patients with AMI. SDB severity appeared to be linked to impaired left ventricular function, especially in patients with central sleep apnea.
Rest–activity rhythm and sleep characteristics associated with depression symptom severity in strained dementia caregivers
Authors: Smagula Stephen F. , Krafty Robert T. , Taylor Briana J. , Martire Lynn M. , Schulz Richard , Hall Martica H.
Published: May 2017

Depression is associated with disturbances to sleep and the 24‐h sleep–wake pattern (known as the rest–activity rhythm: RAR). However, there remains a need to identify the specific sleep/RAR correlates of depression symptom severity in population subgroups, such as strained dementia caregivers, who are at elevated risk for major depressive disorder. We assessed the cross‐sectional associations of sleep/RARs with non‐sleep depression symptom severity among 57 (mean age: 74 years, standard deviation: 7.4) strained dementia caregivers who were currently without clinical depression. We derived sleep measures from polysomnography and actigraphy, modelled RARs using a sigmoidally transformed cosine curve and measured non‐sleep depression symptom severity using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRDS) with sleep items removed. The following sleep–wake measures were associated with greater depression symptom severity (absolute Spearman's correlations ranged from 0.23 to 0.32): more time awake after sleep onset (WASO), higher RAR middle level (mesor), relatively shorter active periods (alpha), earlier evening settling time (down‐mesor) and less steep RARs (beta). In multivariable analysis, high WASO and low RAR beta were associated independently with depression symptom severity. Predicted non‐sleep HDRS means (95% confidence intervals) in caregivers with and without these characteristics were: normal WASO/beta = 3.7 (2.3–5.0), high WASO/normal beta = 5.5 (3.5–7.6), normal WASO/low beta = 6.3 (3.6–8.9) and high WASO/low beta = 8.1 (5.3–10.9). Thus, in our sample of strained caregivers, greater sleep fragmentation (WASO) and less sustained/sharply segregated resting and active periods (low RAR beta) correlate uniquely with depression symptom severity. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish whether these independent sleep–wake correlates of depression symptoms explain heightened depression risk in dementia caregivers.
The Hidden Arm of the Law: Examining Administrative Justice in Gun Carry Licensing
Authors: Carlson Jennifer
Published: May 2017

Responding to calls to “decenter” American penality beyond the carceral apparatus, this article ethnographically examines administrative process and dissects how it interlocks with criminal justice. To do so, it draws on an admittedly unusual, but theoretically generative, case: administrative gun boards, charged with issuing, denying, revoking, and suspending licenses to conceal carry a firearm. While scholars have examined gun ownership and gun carrying as asocialpractice, less attention has been paid to gun licensing as astatepractice. Drawing on observations of over 900 cases from gun board meetings in two counties in Michigan, this paper examines how administrative processmimics,supplements, andfacilitatescriminal justice through three mechanisms: procedural pains, in which administrative process resembles criminal justice; parallel punishment, in which administrative process supplements criminal justice through withholding of benefits, entitlements or licenses; and valve-turning, in which administrative process funnels, or threatens to funnel, claimants into the criminal justice system. Revealing how administrative process and criminal justice become mutually reinforcing, the findings extend and integrate scholarship that shows the material, symbolic, and psychic implications of criminal justice contact, on the one hand, with the increased tendency of administrative contexts to resemble criminal justice institutions, on the other.
Moral Foundations, Intuitions of Justice, and the Intricacies of Punitive Sentiment
Authors: Silver Jasmine R.
Published: May 2017

Research on punitive attitudes has, so far, focused largely on people's retributive attitudes toward offenders. However, a large theoretical body of research indicates that concerns about different types of offenses and victims may be just as important in structuring punitive attitudes. Particularly, Moral Foundations Theory suggests that distinct punitive attitudes may be based in intuitive moral concerns (“moral foundations”) about offenses that victimize individuals, groups, and the “divine,” referring to bodily purity or sanctity. In this study, I develop measures of what I term “victim-centered punitiveness,” and use data from a nationwide survey of adult Americans (N = 915) to compare the sources of offender- and victim-centered punitiveness. As expected, different moral foundations shape offender- and victim-centered punitiveness in different ways, suggesting that they have distinct intuitive, moral bases. Other factors, including racial resentment, also have distinct effects on each type of punitiveness.
“I'm Giving You a Lawful Order”: Dialogic Legitimacy in Sandra Bland's Traffic Stop
Authors: Lowrey-Kinberg Belén V. , Sullivan Buker Grace
Published: May 2017

On July 10, 2015, a young African American woman named Sandra Bland was stopped by State Trooper Officer Brian Encinia for failing to signal a lane change. What began as a routine traffic stop quickly devolved into shouting, a physical confrontation, and Bland's subsequent arrest. We use discourse analysis to examine the rapid escalation of this encounter with a focus on procedural justice (Sunshine & Tyler 2003) and the dialogic approach to legitimacy (Bottoms & Tankebe 2012). In analyzing the transcript of Sandra Bland's traffic stop, we address several key questions: How is procedural justice manifested linguistically? Can the dialogic legitimacy framework be used to understand the dynamics of individual police-citizen interactions? The conclusions of this analysis provide an interdisciplinary view of how procedural justice and legitimacy are manifested and negotiated in a police-citizen interaction.
Turning the Witness Stand into a Speaker's Platform: Victim Participation in the Norwegian Legal System as Exemplified by the Trial Against Anders Behring Breivik
Authors: Laugerud Solveig , Langballe Åse
Published: May 2017

In this article, we investigate how victims pursue legal participation when they are confronted by legal barriers and dilemmas that arise from tensions between legal formality and lay expectations and contributions of legal proceedings. We use the trial against Anders Behring Breivik as a case. Breivik placed a bomb in Norway's Government District before he shot and killed 69 people on a small island. We analyze interviews with 31 victims who testified against Breivik in court. We argue that the circumstances of the trial against Breivik can be characterized as “ideal” in terms of victims’ rights. The exceptionality of this case facilitates a focus on unquestioned obstacles to victim participation concerning the professionalization of the legal system. We question the presumption prevalent among some theorists that the professionalization of the legal system excludes lay participation, by arguing that legal formality both alienate and empower lay participation.
One gene, multiple alleles: insights into the microevolution of pigmentation polymorphisms
Authors: Santos M. Emília
Published: May 2017

Understanding how phenotypic variation is generated and maintained, and the evolutionary forces that shape these processes is the main goal of evolutionary biology. Great progress has been made in uncovering the genetic basis of morphological diversity, yet little is known about both the genetics and developmental basis of discrete polymorphisms segregating in wild populations. Exploring variation in developmental mechanisms at the population level can address the long‐standing question of whether the mechanisms of change are the same at the micro‐ and macroevolutionary scale. This integration has been difficult mainly because the study of the evolution of developmental mechanisms and population genetics remain separate (Genetics, 195, 625 and 2013). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Roberts et al. (Molecular Ecology and 2017) make a significant contribution towards bridging this gap by studying the genetic and developmental basis of an extremely variable pigmentation pattern. A polymorphic blotched coloration is common among females of four genera of Lake Malawi cichlids. The presence of this phenotype associates with a noncoding SNP upstream of the transcription factor pax7a (Science, 326, 998 and 2009). The authors describe in detail the morphs’ pigmentation development, showing that phenotypic differences result from alterations in pigment cell development and survival. Next, using controlled crosses and population genetics studies, they identified three putative pax7a dominant blotch alleles that are associated with specific morphs. These different alleles lead to higher levels of pax7a transcript that correlate with different pigment cell composition. Finally, sequence comparison of the locus within populations and between species revealed a common origin of the allele controlling the blotched morph followed by a pattern of sequential appearance of derived alleles that gave rise to morph diversity. The coupling of the evolutionary history of this allelic series with the developmental analysis of the phenotype paves the way for a mechanistic understanding of morphological innovation and diversification.
Local genes for local bacteria: Evidence of allopatry in the genomes of transatlantic Campylobacter populations
Authors: Pascoe Ben , Méric Guillaume , Yahara Koji , Wimalarathna Helen , Murray Susan , Hitchings Matthew D. , Sproston Emma L. , Carrillo Catherine D. , Taboada Eduardo N. , Cooper Kerry K. , Huynh Steven , Cody Alison J. , Jolley Keith A. , Maiden Martin C. J. , McCarthy Noel D. , Didelot Xavier , Parker Craig T. , Sheppard Samuel K.
Published: May 2017

The genetic structure of bacterial populations can be related to geographical locations of isolation. In some species, there is a strong correlation between geographical distance and genetic distance, which can be caused by different evolutionary mechanisms. Patterns of ancient admixture in Helicobacter pylori can be reconstructed in concordance with past human migration, whereas in Mycobacterium tuberculosis it is the lack of recombination that causes allopatric clusters. In Campylobacter, analyses of genomic data and molecular typing have been successful in determining the reservoir host species, but not geographical origin. We investigated biogeographical variation in highly recombining genes to determine the extent of clustering between genomes from geographically distinct Campylobacter populations. Whole‐genome sequences from 294 Campylobacter isolates from North America and the UK were analysed. Isolates from within the same country shared more recently recombined DNA than isolates from different countries. Using 15 UK/American closely matched pairs of isolates that shared ancestors, we identify regions that have frequently and recently recombined to test their correlation with geographical origin. The seven genes that demonstrated the greatest clustering by geography were used in an attribution model to infer geographical origin which was tested using a further 383 UK clinical isolates to detect signatures of recent foreign travel. Patient records indicated that in 46 cases, travel abroad had occurred <2 weeks prior to sampling, and genomic analysis identified that 34 (74%) of these isolates were of a non‐UK origin. Identification of biogeographical markers in Campylobacter genomes will contribute to improved source attribution of clinical Campylobacter infection and inform intervention strategies to reduce campylobacteriosis.
Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation
Authors: Bray G.A. , Kim K.K. , Wilding J.P.H. ,   on behalf of the World Obesity Federation
Published: May 2017

This paper considers the argument for obesity as a chronic relapsing disease process. Obesity is viewed from an epidemiological model, with an agent affecting the host and producing disease. Food is the primary agent, particularly foods that are high in energy density such as fat, or in sugar‐sweetened beverages. An abundance of food, low physical activity and several other environmental factors interact with the genetic susceptibility of the host to produce positive energy balance. The majority of this excess energy is stored as fat in enlarged, and often more numerous fat cells, but some lipid may infiltrate other organs such as the liver (ectopic fat). The enlarged fat cells and ectopic fat produce and secrete a variety of metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory products that produce damage in organs such as the arteries, heart, liver, muscle and pancreas. The magnitude of the obesity and its adverse effects in individuals may relate to the virulence or toxicity of the environment and its interaction with the host. Thus, obesity fits the epidemiological model of a disease process except that the toxic or pathological agent is food rather than a microbe. Reversing obesity will prevent most of its detrimental effects.
Scalp Infantile Hemangioma Complicated by Life‐Threatening Bleeding
Authors: Charny Jacob W. , Moon Amanda T. , Treat James R.
Published: May 2017

We report on an 8‐month‐old girl with an ulcerated occipital infantile hemangioma resulting in significant hemorrhage. The hemangioma responded rapidly to systemic propranolol and prednisolone, and we believe that describing her atypical clinical course would be helpful for others managing complicated scalp hemangiomas.
Hidden floral adaptation to nocturnal moths in an apparently bee‐pollinated flower, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Campanulaceae)
Authors: Funamoto D. , Ohashi K.
Published: May 2017

The discrepancy between observed flower visitors and those predicted based on floral phenotype has often cast doubt on the pollination syndrome concept. Here we show that this paradox may be alleviated by gaining better knowledge of the contributions of different flower visitors to pollination and the effects of floral traits that cannot be readily perceived by humans in Adenophora triphylla var. japonica. The blue, bell‐shaped and pendant flowers of A. triphylla appear to fit a bee pollination syndrome. In contrast to this expectation, recent studies show that these flowers are frequented by nocturnal moths.

We compared the flower visitor fauna, their visitation frequency and their relative contributions to seed set between day and night in two field populations of A. triphylla in Japan. We also determined the floral traits associated with temporal changes in the visitor assemblage, i.e. the timing of anthesis, the timing of changes in the sexual phase and the diel pattern of nectar production.

While A. triphylla flowers were visited by both diurnal and nocturnal insects, the results from pollination experiments demonstrate that their primary pollinators are nocturnal settling‐moths. Moreover, the flowers opened just after sunset, changed from staminate to pistillate phase in successive evenings and produced nectar only during the night, which all conform to the activity of nocturnal/crepuscular moths.

Our study illustrates that the tradition of stereotyping the pollinators of a flower based on its appearance can be misleading and that it should be improved with empirical evidence of pollination performance and sufficient trait matching.
Restoring Brazilian savanna ground layer vegetation by topsoil and hay transfer
Authors: Pilon Natashi A. Lima , Buisson Elise , Durigan Giselda
Published: May 2017

Tropical grassy biomes have been widely neglected for conservation and, after unplanned land use conversion, ecological restoration becomes urgent. The majority of interventions have been based on the misapplication of forest restoration techniques, because there are no validated techniques to restore the species‐rich ground layer. In search for innovative techniques to restore the herbaceous layer of the cerrado vegetation, we carried out an experiment based upon topsoil and hay transfer, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The restoration treatments were: (1) transfer of topsoil collected at the end of the dry season; (2) topsoil collected at the end of the rainy season; (3) transfer of hay collected at the end of the dry season; (4) topsoil + hay collected at the end of the dry season; and (5) control. We used an old‐growth grassland as source of material and as reference ecosystem to assess the efficacy of the restoration techniques applied to an area severely degraded after invasion by African grasses. After 211 days, hay transfer apparently inhibited germination and did not contribute to grassland vegetation recovery. Topsoil transfer, however, was effective at reintroducing herbaceous plants, including target species. The season of topsoil collection mattered: material collected at the end of the rainy season provided better results in terms of density and richness of the restored community than that from the dry season. The remaining challenge is to find sources of topsoil not invaded by exotic grasses in large enough amounts to support restoration initiatives without jeopardizing the source ecosystems.
OsHKT1;5 mediates Na+ exclusion in the vasculature to protect leaf blades and reproductive tissues from salt toxicity in rice
Authors: Kobayashi Natsuko I. , Yamaji Naoki , Yamamoto Hiroki , Okubo Kaoru , Ueno Hiroki , Costa Alex , Tanoi Keitaro , Matsumura Hideo , Fujii‐Kashino Miho , Horiuchi Tomoki , Nayef Mohammad Al , Shabala Sergey , An Gynheung , Ma Jian Feng , Horie Tomoaki
Published: May 2017

Salt tolerance quantitative trait loci analysis of rice has revealed that the SKC1 locus, which is involved in a higher K+/Na+ ratio in shoots, corresponds to the OsHKT1;5 gene encoding a Na+‐selective transporter. However, physiological roles of OsHKT1;5 in rice exposed to salt stress remain elusive, and no OsHKT1;5 gene disruption mutants have been characterized to date. In this study, we dissected two independent T‐DNA insertional OsHKT1;5 mutants. Measurements of ion contents in tissues and 22Na+ tracer imaging experiments showed that loss‐of‐function of OsHKT1;5 in salt‐stressed rice roots triggers massive Na+ accumulation in shoots. Salt stress‐induced increases in the OsHKT1;5 transcript were observed in roots and basal stems, including basal nodes. Immuno‐staining using an anti‐OsHKT1;5 peptide antibody indicated that OsHKT1;5 is localized in cells adjacent to the xylem in roots. Additionally, direct introduction of 22Na+ tracer to leaf sheaths also demonstrated the involvement of OsHKT1;5 in xylem Na+ unloading in leaf sheaths. Furthermore, OsHKT1;5 was indicated to be present in the plasma membrane and found to localize also in the phloem of diffuse vascular bundles in basal nodes. Together with the characteristic 22Na+ allocation in the blade of the developing immature leaf in the mutants, these results suggest a novel function of OsHKT1;5 in mediating Na+ exclusion in the phloem to prevent Na+ transfer to young leaf blades. Our findings further demonstrate that the function of OsHKT1;5 is crucial over growth stages of rice, including the protection of the next generation seeds as well as of vital leaf blades under salt stress.
ETHQV6.3 is involved in melon climacteric fruit ripening and is encoded by a NAC domain transcription factor
Authors: Ríos Pablo , Argyris Jason , Vegas Juan , Leida Carmen , Kenigswald Merav , Tzuri Galil , Troadec Christelle , Bendahmane Abdelhafid , Katzir Nurit , Picó Belén , Monforte Antonio J. , Garcia‐Mas Jordi
Published: May 2017

Fruit ripening is divided into climacteric and non‐climacteric types depending on the presence or absence of a transient rise in respiration rate and the production of autocatalytic ethylene. Melon is ideal for the study of fruit ripening, as both climacteric and non‐climacteric varieties exist. Two introgressions of the non‐climacteric accession PI 161375, encompassed in the QTLs ETHQB3.5 and ETHQV6.3, into the non‐climacteric ‘Piel de Sapo’ background are able to induce climacteric ripening independently. We report that the gene underlying ETHQV6.3 is MELO3C016540 (CmNAC‐NOR), encoding a NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC2) transcription factor that is closely related to the tomato NOR (non‐ripening) gene. CmNAC‐NOR was functionally validated through the identification of two TILLING lines carrying non‐synonymous mutations in the conserved NAC domain region. In an otherwise highly climacteric genetic background, both mutations provoked a significant delay in the onset of fruit ripening and in the biosynthesis of ethylene. The PI 161375 allele of ETHQV6.3 is similar to that of climacteric lines of the cantalupensis type and, when introgressed into the non‐climacteric ‘Piel de Sapo’, partially restores its climacteric ripening capacity. CmNAC‐NOR is expressed in fruit flesh of both climacteric and non‐climacteric lines, suggesting that the causal mutation may not be acting at the transcriptional level. The use of a comparative genetic approach in a species with both climacteric and non‐climacteric ripening is a powerful strategy to dissect the complex mechanisms regulating the onset of fruit ripening.
High‐throughput sequencing reveals bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of the invasive plant Flaveria bidentis
Authors: Song Z , Zhang R H , Fu W D , Zhang T , Yan J , Zhang G L
Published: May 2017

Bacteria are important soil components as both decomposers and plant symbionts and play a major role in plant–microbe interaction processes. However, little is known about the diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of the invasive plant Flaveria bidentis. In this study, we used high‐throughput sequencing to investigate bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of F. bidentis, compared with those of native crop maize and control plant Setaria viridis. We obtained >70 000 analysis reads from the three samples and used bioinformatics and multivariate statistics to analyse the results. An analysis of indicators showed that F. bidentis samples had lower richness but higher diversity than maize and S. viridis samples. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU)‐based bioinformatics and statistical analysis also demonstrated that F. bidentis significantly altered the bacterial rhizosphere community. Higher abundance of Actinobacteria and lower abundance of Firmicutes were observed in F. bidentis rhizosphere than those of maize and S. viridis. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed the correlations between soil bacteria communities, soil nutrients and the abundance of bacterial groups. Our results provide a starting point for investigations of the effects of F. bidentis on soil bacterial diversity and a theoretical basis for the microecological mechanism of F. bidentis invasion.