bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Membrane-Like Structure From Extensor Tendon to the Nail in the Distal End of Digits
Authors: Aoki Shimpo , Nagano Hisato , Kiyosawa Tomoharu , Matsui Toshiyasu , Kobayashi Yasushi
Published: October 2021

In distal dorsal finger injuries, the delicate structures of the nail matrix or insertion of the extensor tendon to the distal phalangeal bone should be preserved or repaired for esthetic and functional results. To explore these structures for a safer surgical approach, we focused on a membrane-like structure (the superficial extended portion of the extensor tendon [SEP]), poorly described previously, that attaches between the nail halter and the extensor tendon.

Methods

The nail structures of 6 cadavers were investigated in each of the 10 digits of the hand. In the histological study, the thickness, length, and location of the SEP were measured in each digit of 3 cadavers. In the other 3 cadavers, the moving distance of the SEP was measured macroscopically with the distal interphalangeal joint in flexion at 0 to 60 degrees for confirmation of the function. This moving distance could be considered as an indicator of the SEP straining the surrounding (retaining) structure and improving the stability of the nail in pinches.

Result

The SEP was recognized in all the digits. The average length of the SEPs was 2.38 ± 0.11 mm (mean ± SE). The average thickness of the SEPs was 0.35 ± 0.02 mm. The nail matrix and its feeding artery were found beneath the SEP in all digits. The average moving distance of the SEP was 1.38 ± 0.06 mm. This moving distance could be considered sufficiently large to support the role of SEP in the pinches compared with the excursion of the extensor tendon at the DIP joint in a previous report.

Conclusions

The SEP has been shown to play an essential role in fingertip stabilization in pinches. It can serve as an anatomical marker to avoid iatrogenic damage to the nail matrix in surgical approaches.
Outcomes of Cranioplasty Strategies for High-Risk Complex Cranial Defects
Authors: Soto Edgar , Restrepo Ryan D. , Grant John H. , Myers René P.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Although the literature contains reports of the risks and complications of calvarial vault reconstruction for acquired defects, there are few publications addressing the specific patient population who require such reconstructions in cases preceded by prior infection, radiation, massive associated soft tissue trauma, and so on. We define such clinical presentations as a hostile environment for large surface area reconstruction. Our objective is to compare the safety and efficacy of autologous bone and alloplastic reconstruction in hostile cranial defects.

Methods

An institutional review board–approved retrospective review of patients who underwent cranioplasty of a hostile site at the University of Alabama at Birmingham between January 2008 and December 2018 was performed. The patients were stratified into 3 groups based on the type of implant used: autogenous (bone), alloplastic (polyetheretherketone [PEEK], titanium, polymethyl methacrylate), or mixed (combination of bone and prosthetic). The primary outcome metric was a complication in the year after cranioplasty, identified by implant failure, necrosis, or infection. Statistical analysis included t tests and χ2 tests where appropriate using SPSS.

Results

There were 55 total cases in this period: 27 autogenous, 23 alloplastic, and 5 mixed. The purely autogenous group had the highest complication rate (44%), and the alloplastic group had the lowest complication rate (38%), which was not statistically different between the 3 groups (P = 0.121). When stratified by specific material used for reconstruction (27 bone, 14 PEEK, 10 titanium, and 5 polymethyl methacrylate), overall complication rate was statistically significant (P = 0.009, χ2 test), with PEEK implants having the lowest complication rate (21%).

Conclusions

This analysis interestingly found that in the setting of hostile cranial defects, cranioplasties would benefit from the use of prosthetic implants instead of autologous bone grafts, not only for avoidance of donor site morbidity but also for a decrease in overall complications.
Rhodocaloribacter litoris gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from an intertidal hot spring
Authors: Björnsdóttir Snædís H. , Pétursdóttir Sólveig K. , Gudmundsdóttir Elísabet E. , Olgudóttir Edda , Stefansson Sigmar K. , Róbertsdóttir Tara , Sigurpálsson Ásbjörn H. , Ólafsdóttir Sólveig K. , Fridjónsson Ólafur H. , Hreggvidsson Gudmundur Ó.
Published: October 2021

Red-pigmented strains of non-sporeforming, aerobic, chemoorganotrophic bacteria were isolated from intertidal hot springs in Laugarvík, NW-Iceland. Cells stained Gram-negative and formed pleomorphic rods that often had swollen ends and occurred singly or in filaments. Growth was observed at 40-65 °C (optimum at 60 °C), pH 6-9 (optimum at 6.5–8) and 0.5–5% (optimum at 1–2%) (w/v) NaCl. Strain ISCAR-4553Tcontained MK-7 as the main respiratory quinone and saturated iso and anteiso branched chains of 17 and 15 carbons as the main cellular fatty acids (83.4%). The G+C content of the DNA is 67.3 mol%. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was with the genusRoseithermus(92.0%) and followed byRhodothermus,RubrivirgaandRubricoccus(88–90%). Genome and phenotype comparisons supported the affiliation of the novel isolates and the genusRoseithermusto the familyRhodothermaceaeof the phylumRhodothermaeota. The described isolates are proposed to be classified as representatives of a novel species belonging to a novel genus, with the nameRhodocaloribacter litorisgen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is ISCAR-4553T(=DSM 110790T= ATCC TSD-179T).
The epidemiology of AmpC-producing Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cattle faeces on pasture-fed farms
Authors: Burgess Sara A. , Cookson Adrian L. , Brousse Lisa , Ortolani Enrico , Benschop Jackie , Akhter Rukhshana , Brightwell Gale , McDougall Scott
Published: October 2021

Introduction. Antibiotic use, particularly amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in dairy farming, has been associated with an increased incidence of AmpC-hyperproducing

Escherichia coli

.

Gap statement. There is limited information on the incidence of AmpC-hyperproducing

E. coli

from seasonal pasture-fed dairy farms.

Aim. We undertook a New Zealand wide cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of AmpC-producing

E. coli

carried by dairy cattle.

Methodology. Paddock faeces were sampled from twenty-six dairy farms and were processed for the selective growth of both extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing

E. coli

. Whole genome sequence analysis was carried out on 35 AmpC-producing

E. coli

.

Results. No ESBL- or plasmid mediated AmpC-producing

E. coli

were detected, but seven farms were positive for chromosomal mediated AmpC-hyperproducing

E. coli

. These seven farms were associated with a higher usage of injectable amoxicillin antibiotics. Whole genome sequence analysis of the AmpC-producing

E. coli

demonstrated that the same strain (<3 SNPs difference) of

E. coli

ST5729 was shared between cows on a single farm. Similarly, the same strain (≤15 SNPs difference) of

E. coli

ST8977 was shared across two farms (separated by approximately 425 km).

Conclusion. These results infer that both cow-to-cow and farm-to-farm transmission of AmpC-producing

E. coli

has occurred.
A Biologically Plausible Model for Continual Learning using Synaptic Weight Attractors
Authors: Ghosh Romik , Mastrovito Dana , Mihalas Stefan
Published: October 2021

The human brain readily learns tasks in sequence without forgetting previous ones. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), on the other hand, need to be modified to achieve similar performance. While effective, many algorithms that accomplish this are based on weight importance methods that do not correspond to biological mechanisms. Here we introduce a simple, biologically plausible, method for enabling effective continual learning in ANNs. We show that it is possible to learn a weight-dependent plasticity function that prevents catastrophic forgetting over multiple tasks. We highlight the effectiveness of our method by evaluating it on a set of MNIST classification tasks. We further find that the use of our method promotes synaptic multi-modality, similar to that seen in biology.
Organic electrolytic photocapacitors for stimulation of the mouse somatosensory cortex
Authors: Missey Florian , Botzanowski Boris , Migliaccio Ludovico , Acerbo Emma , Głowacki Eric Daniel , Williamson Adam
Published: October 2021

Objective

For decades electrical stimulation has been used in neuroscience to investigate brain networks and been deployed clinically as a mode of therapy. Classically, all methods of electrical stimulation require implanted electrodes to be connected in some manner to an apparatus which provides power for the stimulation itself.

Approach

We show the use of novel organic electronic devices, specifically organic electrolytic photocapacitors (OEPCs), which can be activated when illuminated with deep-red wavelengths of light and correspondingly do not require connections with external wires or power supplies when implanted at various depths in vivo.

Main results

We stimulated cortical brain tissue of mice with devices implanted subcutaneously, as well as beneath both the skin and skull to demonstrate a wireless stimulation of the whisker motor cortex. Devices induced both a behavior response (whisker movement) and a sensory response in the corresponding sensory cortex. Additionally, we showed that coating OEPCs with a thin layer of a conducting polymer formulation (PEDOT:PSS) significantly increases their charge storage capacity, and can be used to further optimize the applied photoelectrical stimulation.

Significance

Overall, this new technology can provide an on-demand electrical stimulation by simply using an OEPC and a deep-red wavelength illumination. Wires and interconnects to provide power to implanted neurostimulation electrodes are often problematic in freely-moving animal research and with implanted electrodes for long-term therapy in patients. Our wireless brain stimulation opens new perspectives for wireless electrical stimulation for applications in fundamental neurostimulation and in chronic therapy.
Deep mining of the Sequence Read Archive reveals bipartite coronavirus genomes and inter-family Spike glycoprotein recombination
Authors: Lauber Chris , Vaas Josef , Klingler Franziska , Mutz Pascal , Gorbalenya Alexander E. , Bartenschlager Ralf , Seitz Stefan
Published: October 2021

Genetic variation in RNA viruses is generated by point mutation and recombination as well as reassortment in the case of viruses with segmented genomes. While point mutation concerns only few sites per genome copy, recombination and reassortment can affect large genome regions, possibly facilitating the sudden emergence of novel traits. The contribution of recombination and reassortment to genomic plasticity and their rates remain poorly understood and might be underappreciated because of the lack of a comprehensive description of the virosphere.

Here we employed a computational approach that directly queries primary sequencing data in a highly parallelized way and involves a targeted viral genome assembly strategy. By screening more than 213,000 data sets from the Sequence Read Archive repository and using two metrics that quantitatively assess assembly quality we discovered 25 novel nidoviruses from a wide range of vertebrate hosts. These include eight fish coronaviruses with bipartite genomes, a giant 36.1 kilobase coronavirus genome with a duplicated Spike glycoprotein (S) gene, and 16 additional so far undescribed vertebrate nidoviruses. Some of these novel virus genomes encode protein domains that have not been described for nidoviruses. We provide evidence for a possible inter-family homologous recombination event involving S between ancestral bipartite coronaviruses and unsegmented tobaniviruses and report a case example of an individual fish simultaneously infected with members from both virus families. Our results shed light on the evolution and genomic plasticity of coronaviruses and identify recombinants with a possibly improved ability to cross species barriers, which might elevate their pandemic potential.
Consumer retention in two-wheeler industry: a moderated mediation model
Authors: Malhotra Gunjan
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to understand two-wheeler consumer retention behavior by examining their perception of service evaluation variables (such as service quality, perceived product quality and perceived consumer value), brand image and consumer empowerment that may trigger consumer satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

The study comprised a simple random sampling technique and conducted a survey (n = 284) using a structured questionnaire. The study analyzed the data using SPSS AMOS version 25 and PROCESS macros for analysis.

Findings

The study results show that service evaluation variables work best in leading to consumer retention in the two-wheeler industry. This relationship is further strengthened in the presence of consumer empowerment, brand image and consumer satisfaction.

Originality/value

The current study is one of the first studies in the two-wheeler industry that examine the relationship between service evaluation variables and consumer retention using direct, mediation and moderation effects.
Software documentation is not enough! Requirements for the documentation of AI
Authors: Königstorfer Florian , Thalmann Stefan
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently one of the most disruptive technologies and can be applied in many different use cases. However, applying AI in regulated environments is challenging, as it is currently not clear how to achieve and assess the fairness, accountability and transparency (FAT) of AI. Documentation is one promising governance mechanism to ensure that AI is FAT when it is applied in practice. However, due to the nature of AI, documentation standards from software engineering are not suitable to collect the required evidence. Even though FAT AI is called for by lawmakers, academics and practitioners, suitable guidelines on how to document AI are not available. This interview study aims to investigate the requirements for AI documentations.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 16 interviews were conducted with senior employees from companies in the banking and IT industry as well as with consultants. The interviews were then analyzed using an informed-inductive coding approach.

Findings

The authors found five requirements for AI documentation, taking the specific nature of AI into account. The interviews show that documenting AI is not a purely technical task, but also requires engineers to present information on how the AI is understandably integrated into the business process.

Originality/value

This paper benefits from the unique insights of senior employees into the documentation of AI.
Exploring the role of faculty and staff mentors in fostering ethical leadership among undergraduate students: “We have to narrow the distance”
Authors: Evans Meg E. , Taylor Rebecca M. , McCloud Laila , Burr Katherine
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this interdisciplinary study is to identify the aspects that faculty, student affairs educators and students indicate as salient for effective mentoring relationships that enhance ethical leadership development.

Design/methodology/approach

This exploratory qualitative inquiry used the Relational-Ethical-Affective-Dialogic (READ) mentoring model as a framework to examine the experiences of 13 undergraduate mentees and faculty/staff mentors in a formal mentoring program. Each study participant engaged in one semi-structured interview. Researchers coded and analyzed data using the sort and sift, think and shift process identifying power quotes to guide the thematic analysis.

Findings

The data collected in this study revealed insights into the aspects of mentor relationships that both undergraduate mentees and their mentors perceived as contributing to students' ethical leadership development. Salient elements included: (1) relational features of the mentee-mentor dynamic including trust and reciprocity; (2) structural features of the mentoring program including its focus on ethics; and (3) mentoring approaches that were attentive to power and positionality within the mentoring relationship and involved professional judgment about self-disclosure.

Originality/value

This study adds to the literature by exploring effective mentoring for ethical leadership development across disciplines. With colleges and universities serving a vital role in preparing the next generation of leaders for ethical engagement in their democratic and professional roles after graduation, it is imperative to broaden our understanding of how faculty and staff can support students' ethical leadership development.
Returning to a scamming destination: insights from Vung Tau, Vietnam
Authors: Ly Tuan Phong , Yi Kim Quang , Fok Hilda Hio Fong
Published: October 2021

Purpose

In Vietnam, there is a phenomenon that domestic tourists return to some tourist destinations despite their reputation of tourists being scammed. This study aims to focusses on Vung Tau City in Vietnam as a popular seaside destination to explain this interesting phenomenon.

Design/methodology/approach

Thereby, 22 domestic tourists who are repeated visitors and had experienced scams directly and/or indirectly in Vung Tau were interviewed and later took part in a self-evaluation.

Findings

The data shows that unreasonable charges, switching products, false reporting and dishonest middle-persons are the major dominant scams in the city. Furthermore, all visitors could be scammed regardless of gender, educational background or age. Even though scams may occur, the city remains to be a popular getaway destination for the Southern part of Vietnam due to its irreplaceable natural resources and visit intention of domestic tourists. The local authority has tried different ways to suppress issues related to tourist scams, however, due to their sociocultural and economic conditions, scams find ways to exist. Under this circumstance, domestic tourists tend to figure out how to handle scams by themselves whilst very few of them rely on the public sector to deal with them.

Practical implications

Finally, some practical strategies and recommendations are given as a reference for the local authority and businesses for long-term tourist business development.

Originality/value

This paper, respectively, investigates the common scams against domestic tourists in Vung Tau, reasons they still return to this destination, and finally, how these visitors attempt to avoid scams.
Analyzing the environmental sustainability of primary schools’ facades within the scope of life cycle assessment in Turkey and recommendations for improvement
Authors: Keles Cagla , Yazicioglu Fatih
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the sustainability conditions of primary schools in Turkey within the scope of the life cycle assessment (LCA). It is aimed to develop optimum alternatives to reduce the environmental impact of primary schools and reach environmental sustainability targets of the sustainable development goals in Turkey.

Design/methodology/approach

From the construction project of 103 buildings located in Istanbul, 10 case buildings with various typical plans were chosen for analysis. The results regarding their life cycle energy and carbon emission for material production, operation and maintenance stages were calculated for a lifespan of 50 years. Results were evaluated and compared within the scope of environmental sustainability. Optimum alternatives for improving the environmental sustainability and performances of selected case buildings’ facades were developed, and the life cycle energy and carbon emission for proposed conditions were calculated. The obtained results were evaluated for current and proposed conditions.

Findings

Results showed that reinforced concrete material contributes the most to the life cycle-embodied energy and CO2 emission of buildings. Cooling load increases the life cycle operational energy (LCOE) and CO2 emission of buildings. Using high-performance glazing significantly reduces LCOE and CO2 emission. Recycled and fiber-based materials have significant potential for reducing life cycle-embodied energy and CO2 emission.

Originality/value

This study has been developed in response to achieving sustainable development targets on public buildings in Turkey. In this regard, external walls of primary schools were analyzed within the scope of LCA and recommendations were made to contribute to the policies and regulations requested by the Government of Turkey. This study proves that alternative and novel materials have great potential for achieving sustainable public buildings. The study answers to questions about reducing the environmental impact of primary school buildings by using LCA approach with a holistic point of view.
Unveiling metabolic characteristics of an uncultured Gammaproteobacterium responsible for in situ PAH biodegradation in petroleum polluted soil
Authors: Cai Xixi , Li Jibing , Guan Fengyi , Luo Xiaoshan , Yuan Yong
Published: October 2021

Exploring the metabolic characteristics of indigenous PAH degraders is critical to understanding the PAH bioremediation mechanism in the natural environment. While stable‐isotopic probing (SIP) is a viable method to identify functional microorganisms in complex environments, the metabolic characteristics of uncultured degraders are still elusive. Here, we investigated the naphthalene (NAP) biodegradation of petroleum polluted soils by combining SIP, amplicon sequencing and metagenome binning. Based on the SIP and amplicon sequencing results, an uncultured Gammaproteobacterium sp. was identified as the key NAP degrader. Additionally, the assembled genome of this uncultured degrader was successfully obtained from the 13C‐DNA metagenomes by matching its 16S rRNA gene with the SIP identified OTU sequence. Meanwhile, a number of NAP degrading genes encoding naphthalene/PAH dioxygenases were identified in this genome, further confirming the direct involvement of this indigenous degrader in the NAP degradation. The degrader contained genes related to the metabolisms of several carbon sources, energy substances and vitamins, illuminating potential reasons for why microorganisms cannot be cultivated and finally realize their cultivation. Our findings provide novel information on the mechanisms of in situ PAH biodegradation and add to our current knowledge on the cultivation of non‐culturable microorganisms by combining both SIP and metagenome binning.
Size matters? Rapid automatized naming of shape sizes, reading accuracy and reading speed
Authors: Cohen‐Mimran Ravit , Yifat Rachel , Banai Karen
Published: October 2021

Background

The relationship between rapid automatized naming (RAN) and reading has been examined extensively, but there is still a question as to the reason for the relationship. To reduce involvement of alphanumeric and vocabulary knowledge in RAN, and to possibly reduce phonological demands, researchers have suggested using the RAN sizes that have only two items, that is, naming shapes according to two sizes: ‘little’ or ‘big’. However, despite the RAN sizes advantages, as far as we know, this test is not widely used. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether RAN sizes in kindergarten predict reading speed and accuracy toward the end of first grade among Hebrew speaking children.

Methods

A total of 113 Hebrew‐speaking children were assessed twice. In preschool, we collected matrix reasoning, phonological awareness and RAN sizes data. In first grade, these data were recollected along with reading data.

Results

Kindergarten RAN sizes accounted for 4% of the variance in reading accuracy and 4% of the variance in reading speed. Phonological awareness accounted for 4% of the variance in reading accuracy only. In first grade, RAN sizes explained 19% of the variance in reading speed, with no significant contribution to accuracy. Phonological awareness still explained 4% of the variance in accuracy.

Conclusions

The results from the current study support the claim that RAN is a unique longitudinal predictor of early reading, over and above phonological awareness. Moreover, rapid size naming may be used to test RAN with less reliance on alphanumeric and vocabulary knowledge. Finally, RAN sizes may be used to predict reading speed in Hebrew.

Highlights

What is already known about this topic

Two of the main precursors of word reading ability are phonological awareness (PA) and rapid automatized naming (RAN).

RAN of digits and letters is more strongly related to reading than RAN of colours and objects.

The relationship between RAN and reading depends on orthographic regularity.

What this paper adds

RAN in kindergarten predicts speed and accuracy of reading pointed Hebrew in first grade.

Among Hebrew‐speaking children, by the end of first grade, PA contributed a significant unique variance to reading accuracy and RAN sizes contributed a significant unique variance to reading speed.

Implications for theory, policy or practice

RAN sizes can be used when less reliance on alphanumeric and vocabulary knowledge is needed.

Among kindergarten and first grade Hebrew‐speaking children, RAN sizes can be used to predict reading speed.
Advances in smart delivery of food bioactive compounds using stimuli‐responsive carriers: Responsive mechanism, contemporary challenges, and prospects
Authors: Shishir Mohammad Rezaul Islam , Gowd Vemana , Suo Hao , Wang Mingfu , Wang Qiang , Chen Feng , Cheng Ka‐Wing
Published: October 2021

Many important food bioactive compounds are plant secondary metabolites that have traditional applications for health promotion and disease prevention. However, the chemical instability and poor bioavailability of these compounds represent major challenges to researchers. In the last decade, therefore, major impetus has been given for the research and development of advanced carrier systems for the delivery of natural bioactive molecules. Among them, stimuli‐responsive carriers hold great promise for simultaneously improving stability, bioavailability, and more importantly delivery and on‐demand release of intact bioactive phytochemicals to target sites in response to certain stimuli or combination of them (e.g., pH, temperature, oxidant, enzyme, and irradiation) that would eventually enhance therapeutic outcomes and reduce side effects. Hybrid formulations (e.g., inorganic–organic complexes) and multi‐stimuli‐responsive formulations have demonstrated great potential for future studies. Therefore, this review systematically compiles and assesses the recent advances on the smart delivery of food bioactive compounds, particularly quercetin, curcumin, and resveratrol through stimuli‐responsive carriers, and critically reviews their functionality, underlying triggered‐release mechanism, and therapeutic potential. Finally, major limitations, contemporary challenges, and possible solutions/future research directions are highlighted. Much more research is needed to optimize the processing parameters of existing formulations and to develop novel ones for lead food bioactive compounds to facilitate their food and nutraceutical applications.
Enacting multiple river realities in the performance of an environmental flow in Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin
Authors: Jackson Sue
Published: October 2021

In 2018, a large, coordinated environmental flow was instituted along the Barwon‐Darling (Barka) River to connect ecosystems and restore public confidence in water regulation in the Murray‐Darling Basin. This article examines the multiple river realities enacted by this event—environmental flow, regulated flow, unregulated flow, shut‐up flow—as a conflict over what constitutes the character of water during substantial change in Australia’s settler colonial systems of water governance. Geographical analyses of event spaces from military contexts assisted in unpacking the ontological and spatio‐temporal matters germane to this situation in which managers needed to heed the dynamism of the river at both material and institutional registers. The article describes the scientific and regulatory practices and visual technologies through which management of an “event‐ful” river brought together some waters (but not others) into something ontologically secure and coherent, and therefore governable. It shows how the naturalising discourse constrained and enabled what could be said about the relations deserving of water and who gets to decide what socio‐material connections water might make. Aboriginal leaders interviewed during the flow chose to emphasise a wider relational set of connections than did state water managers, and to accentuate dysfunctional and destructive relations, thereby inviting others to think and feel differently about environmental flows.
Racial bias and DUI enforcement: Comparing conviction rates with frequency of behavior
Authors: Kagawa Rose M.C. , McCort Christopher D. , Schleimer Julia , Pear Veronica A. , Charbonneau Amanda , Buggs Shani A.L. , Wintemute Garen J. , Laqueur Hannah S.
Published: October 2021

Research summary

This study estimates disparities in driving under the influence (DUI) convictions relative to the frequency with which racial/ethnic groups engage in alcohol‐impaired driving. We use had‐been‐drinking crashes and self‐reported alcohol‐impaired driving to approximate alcohol‐impaired driving frequency for racial/ethnic groups in California from 2001 to 2016. DUI conviction and had‐been‐drinking crash data are from a sample of 72,368 California men aged 21–49 in 2001. Self‐reported alcohol‐impaired driving rates are from male Californians who responded to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Relative to race/ethnicity‐specific estimated rates of engaging in alcohol‐impaired driving, Latino/Hispanic men had higher rates of DUI conviction than White men. This suggests racial bias plays a role in DUI convictions, with White men experiencing a lower probability of conviction than Latino/Hispanic men who engage in similar behavior.

Policy implications

These findings suggest actions aimed at reducing individual and structural biases could lead to more equitable DUI conviction rates. Such actions could include limiting discretion at each level of the criminal justice system, for example, by providing prescriptive guidance to officers on when to stop drivers or using local had‐been‐drinking crash rates to determine sobriety checkpoint and saturation patrol locations.
Towards a more inclusive human resource community: Engaging ethnic minority microbusinesses in human resource development programmes targeted at more productive methods of operating
Authors: Ram Monder , McCarthy Imelda , Green Anne , Scully Judy
Published: October 2021

The economic and social importance of ethnic minority microbusinesses (‘EMMBs’ with 1–9 employees) is neglected in human resource (HR) academic and policy discourse on productive ways of working. This article presents an action research approach to show how academics and intermediaries (local trusted industry representatives) can collaborate to promote HR development programmes targeted at more productive methods of operating in EMMBs. Our research collaboration involves academics, EMMBs (from the catering and creative sectors) and intermediaries. We develop perspectives on HR in small firms by showing how EMMBs can be engaged in initiatives of learning and development targeted at organisational change. The study contributes to recent calls for a more inclusive approach to HR theorising and practice.
Refining the evolutionary time machine: An assessment of whole genome amplification using single historical Daphnia eggs
Authors: O’Grady Christopher James , Dhandapani Vignesh , Colbourne John K. , Frisch Dagmar
Published: October 2021

Whole genome sequencing is instrumental for the study of genome variation in natural populations, delivering important knowledge on genomic modifications and potential targets of natural selection at the population level. Large dormant eggbanks of aquatic invertebrates such as the keystone herbivore Daphnia, a microcrustacean widespread in freshwater ecosystems, provide detailed sedimentary archives to study genomic processes over centuries. To overcome the problem of limited DNA amounts in single Daphnia dormant eggs, we developed an optimized workflow for whole genome amplification (WGA), yielding sufficient amounts of DNA for downstream whole genome sequencing of individual historical eggs, including polyploid lineages. We compare two WGA kits, applied to recently produced Daphnia magna dormant eggs from laboratory cultures, and to historical dormant eggs of Daphnia pulicaria collected from Arctic lake sediment between 10 and 300 years old. Resulting genome coverage breadth in most samples was ~70%, including those from >100‐year‐old isolates. Sequence read distribution was highly correlated among samples amplified with the same kit, but less correlated between kits. Despite this, a high percentage of genomic positions with single nucleotide polymorphisms in one or more samples (maximum of 74% between kits, and 97% within kits) were recovered at a depth required for genotyping. As a by‐product of sequencing we obtained 100% coverage of the mitochondrial genomes even from the oldest isolates (~300 years). The mitochondrial DNA provides an additional source for evolutionary studies of these populations. We provide an optimized workflow for WGA followed by whole genome sequencing including steps to minimize exogenous DNA.
Trajectory mapping of primary Sjögren's syndrome via transcriptome learning demonstrates limitations of peripheral blood sequencing
Authors: Zhong Bing , Wang Yaqiong , Zou Qinghua , Xuemeng Chen , Qian Can , Chen Chengshun , Xiong Jie , Zheng Zihan , Zou Liyun , Li Jingyi
Published: October 2021

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by aberrant immune cell action against secretory glands throughout the body. A number of studies have previously identified unique characteristics in the circulating expression profile of white blood cells of pSS patients. However, the molecular progression pattern of pSS is unclear. Through a systematic analysis of pSS transcriptome information, we found that pSS transcriptomes display broad heterogeneity, but cannot be distinguished from the broad range of possible profiles of healthy controls. Instead, only sample learning using a subset of pre‐identified signature genes could achieve partial separation through a trajectory governed by interferon activity. Interestingly, this trajectory is correlated with a decrease in dendritic cell counts. Our study thus highlights a major limitation to the utility of broad blood transcriptome analysis in the context of pSS, while also identifying several factors that influence the divergence between patient samples.
Genomic diversities of ctxB, tcpA and rstR alleles of Vibrio cholerae O139 strains isolated from Odisha, India
Authors: Behera Dipti Ranjan , Nayak Ashish Kumar , Nayak Smruti Ranjan , Nayak Dilena , Swain Sipraswati , Maharana Pradeep Kumar , Biswal Bhagyalaxmi , Pany Swatishree , Pati Sanghamitra , Pal Bibhuti Bhusan
Published: October 2021

The genome of Vibrio cholerae O139 strains has undergone cryptic changes since its first emergence in 1992 in South India. This study aimed to determine the presence of genotypic changes marked in ctxB, tcpA and rstR genes located within the CTX prophages among the strains of V. cholerae O139 isolated from 1999 to 2017 in Odisha. Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted on 59 V. cholerae O139 strains. A conventional PCR assay was done for ctxB gene typing followed by sequencing along with identification of rstR and tcpA gene. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was carried out to reveal clonal variations among the V. cholerae O139 strains. Among V. cholerae O139 isolates more than 60% showed resistance to ampicillin, co‐trimoxazole, furazolidone, streptomycin, neomycin and nalidixic acid. The ctxB sequencing and rstR allele‐specific PCR assay revealed the presence of three genotypes 1, 3 and 4 with at least one copy of CTX Calc φ in addition to CTX ET and CTX Cl prophages in V. cholerae O139 isolates. PFGE analysis revealed 13 pulsotypes with two clades having 60% similarity among V. cholerae O139 strains. The circulating V. cholerae O139 strains in Odisha showed variation in genotypes with multiple clonal expansions over the years.
Microbial diversity and associated metabolic potential in the supraglacial habitat of a fast‐retreating glacier: a case study of Patsio glacier, North‐western Himalaya
Authors: Rathore Meena , Sinha Rupesh Kumar , Venkatachalam Siddarthan , Krishnan Kottekkattu Padinchati
Published: October 2021

In the present study, we investigated the microbial community composition and their associated metabolic potentials using the 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4) and ITS (ITS1) amplicon sequencing approach in the Patsio glacier. The bacterial community composition was mainly dominated by Bacteroidota (18%–38% of total reads) and Cyanobacteria (9%–30%), along with a rare Candidate phylum Patescibacteria. Ferruginibacter (13%) and Polaromonas (8%) were the most dominant genera identified across the samples known to have potential ecological roles in colonization, driving the functioning of supraglacial habitats. The prevalence of metabolic genes associated with nitrogen, carbon and sulfur cycling processes was identified in the present study. The fungal diversity was dominated by members of unclassified phyla, followed by Ascomycota (up to 6%) and Basidiomycota (up to 4%), in terms of its relative abundance. The relative abundance of Fusarium and Didymella (8%–14%) was higher among the high altitude, cryoconite samples (P1–P5), while Rhodotorula (12%–29%) dominated in the glacial ice debris samples (P6–P8). Thus, our study provides significant insights into dynamics of microbial communities and its potential ecological roles in the changing climate.
Audit pricing and corporate whistleblower governance: evidence from Australian financial firms
Authors: Eulaiwi Baban , Al‐Hadi Ahmed , Duong Lien , Clark Keira , Taylor Grantley , Perrin Brian
Published: October 2021

We investigate the relationship between firm whistleblower governance and audit pricing of Australian listed financial firms over the 2008–2018 period. Consistent with agency and organisational justice theoretical tenets, we find that firms that exhibit stronger whistleblower governance incur lower audit fees. We find that the negative association between strength in whistleblower governance and firms' audit fees is more pronounced for firms that are exposed to increased litigation risk, and for firms having an anti‐fraud policy. Our results are robust to endogeneity tests including difference‐in‐difference (DID), two‐stage least squares (2SLS) and propensity score matching (PSM) analyses.
Trading risk for ambiguity: Production versus health under pesticide application
Authors: Voica Daniel C. , Schmitz Troy G.
Published: October 2021

Pesticide use reduces the variation in crop yields at the expense of potentially negative consequences to farmers and their family members. This article examines the trade‐off between decreasing production risk and increasing health ambiguity because of pesticide use. We find that under ambiguity, pesticide application decreases the variation in health outcomes, whereas under risk, it decreases the expected value of health outcomes. Health insurance protects health from the pesticide damage but not from the ambiguity effect of pesticide application, and the optimal choice of pesticide application does not depend on the farmer's health preferences over risk or ambiguity. However, in the absence of health insurance, ambiguity can increase or decrease the optimal choice of pesticide compared to the risk case. This suggests that public policies around pesticide usage should be designed to reflect and account for the multitude of behavioral responses in the presence of ambiguity and risk.
Time heals: Boosted breeding seabird populations on restored Cousine Island, Seychelles
Authors: Hart Lorinda A. , Olivier Iain , Gane Julie , Downs Colleen T. , Brown Mark
Published: October 2021

Historically, Cousine Island was used for agriculture and harvesting various seabird eggs, but following restoration efforts initiated in the 1990s, it has become an important nesting area for Seychelles seabirds. White‐tailed tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus), white tern (Gygis alba), and lesser (Anous tenuirostris) and brown noddy (Anous stolidus) populations were monitored on Cousine Island between 1997 and 2017 to determine the long‐term population responses to various environmental variables during the winter breeding season. White tern, brown noddy, and white‐tailed tropicbird populations are increasing, indicating that island conditions for breeding have improved for these species in the last 20 years. Lesser noddy populations are in decline, but not significantly, with winter air temperature significantly adding to this trend. Lesser noddies are true colonial nesters and are therefore potentially more affected by climatic conditions that result in nest failures and nearshore prey shortages. The relationship between numbers of seasonally breeding species (lesser and brown noddies) and those of year‐round breeders (white‐tailed tropicbirds and white terns) was also examined. Brown noddy population trends significantly predicted white‐tailed tropicbird and white tern winter breeding population trends, suggesting that these species populations respond similarly to local conditions. Data from this study establish a baseline for future population trend investigations and assessments of island conservation and management success.
Repair Work as Care: On Maintaining the Planet in the Capitalocene
Authors: Corwin Julia E. , Gidwani Vinay
Published: October 2021

If the Anthropocene is the Capitalocene, then one of its signature attributes in the drive for profits is the abstraction of life itself and of the human/nonhuman relations that sustain it, creating a wake of waste in its path. Repairing the fraying human and ecological systems that underwrite life entails ongoing care work that is frequently invisible or devalued, and whose burdens fall disproportionately on vulnerable populations. We detail this through three connected instances: infrastructural labour that recuperates the detritus of city life; social reproductive labour that undergirds these systems and life itself; and hands‐on repair work inherent to care. By understanding maintenance and repair work as care, our paper demonstrates the importance of this labour to our collective survival in a broken world, and the imperative of embracing a care ethics where we shoulder together the everyday burdens and benefits to live “as well as possible”.
Review article: drug‐induced small bowel injury
Authors: Hamdeh Shadi , Micic Dejan , Hanauer Stephen
Published: October 2021

Background

Drug‐induced gastrointestinal injury has been increasingly reported, but its exact incidence is not known. The small and large intestines represent the most affected sites of injury, accounting for 20%‐40% of all gastrointestinal side effects.

Aim

To provide an updated literature review detailing medications linked to the development of small bowel injury.

Methods

We conducted a literature search on PubMed from its inception to May 1, 2021. We included English‐language original studies, meta‐analyses, systematic reviews, review articles and case reports.

Results

Drug‐induced enteropathy can range from asymptomatic histological changes resulting in a subtle, self‐limited disease to a chronic inflammatory condition mimicking inflammatory bowel disease, or bowel perforation. Endoscopy can demonstrate erythema, mucosal friability, oedema, erosions, ulcers or strictures in severe cases. Histology may include mucosal erosions and ulcerations, focal active enteritis, villous atrophy, epithelial apoptosis or necrotising enteritis. A well‐established association has been found with the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics, immunotherapies, etanercept and olmesartan. Possible associations have been reported with other biologic agents, medications used for glycemic control, antihypertensives, cholinesterase inhibitors, potassium and iron supplements, with conflicting data regarding contraceptives/hormonal therapy and isotretinoin.

Conclusion

Physicians should be aware of the manifestations of drug‐induced enteropathy as early recognition can lead to prompt discontinuation of the offending therapy and, therefore, a reduced risk of future complications.
Distinct subcortical tau burden: The tau pallido‐claustral ratio separates progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Zhao Chelsey ShengQi , Yan Lei , He Wenqing , Ang Lee Cyn , Zhang Qi
Published: October 2021

Neuropathological diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) requires interpretation of tau morphology based on extensive brain sampling. Here we report subcortical tau burden is sufficient to distinguish PSP and CBD, regardless of the tau morphology. The tau pallido‐claustral ratio is a promising diagnostic indicator for PSP and CBD.
The school‐to‐work transitions of second‐generation immigrant youth
Authors: Aslam Awish , Lehmann Wolfgang
Published: October 2021

The children of immigrants obtain high levels of post‐secondary attainment in Canada, but their ability to translate these educational credentials into good jobs varies among ethno‐racial groups. To understand the social processes behind these unequal outcomes, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 27 second‐generation immigrant youth living in the province of Ontario. Motivated by the desire for intergenerational upward mobility and trusting in the widespread misrecognition of Canada as an education‐based meritocracy, these young people pursued higher education as a means to gain entry into white‐collar occupations. Despite their ambitions, the second‐generation youth in this study did not have access to the ‘career relevant’ capital needed to mobilize their educational credentials in the white‐collar labour market. And although they engaged in various forms of meta‐work to help them acquire ‘career‐relevant’ capital, the challenges they faced were not only the result of differential access to capital, but they also had to do with the way their capital was recognized in the labour market. The findings presented here emphasize the importance of considering how the intersection of multiple overlapping processes of social differentiation (i.e., immigrant status, class position, and ethno‐racial background) shape second‐generation youth's access to and recognition of ‘career‐relevant’ capital in their school‐to‐work transitions.
Spanking and externalizing problems: Examining within‐subject associations
Authors: Pritsker Joshua
Published: October 2021

This study examined the effects of spanking on externalizing on a within‐subject level, while excluding causally irrelevant between‐subject variance. Results from two longitudinal studies which used participants from the Child Development Project (n = 585) were reanalyzed with a random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel model using yearly measurements over ages 6–8. After removing between‐subject variance, there were no significant effects of general spanking on externalizing (β = .06, .07). However, when done without objects and at a rate of about once per month or less, spanking showed beneficial effects (β = −.17, −.21). Results suggest that previous findings may be due to a failure to separate between‐subject and within‐subject variance. Additionally, results illustrate the need to examine limited spanking separately from more general forms of physical punishment.