bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professionalism, Realignment, and Representation
Authors: Fiorina Morris P.
Published: May 2006

The critique of my 1994 article by Stonecash and Agathangelou reflects a series of misconceptions and misunderstandings—about measures, methods, arguments, and findings. In this rejoinder I attempt to correct these. In addition, I clarify my methods and findings. First, I show that a formal statistical test indicates that limiting the analysis to the northern states is justified. Less formally, the professionalism hypothesis cannot work the same in the South as in the North unless levels of Democratic legislative strength can rise above 100%. Second, although clearly inferior to a pooled analysis, I show that a disaggregated (state-by-state) analysis is far more supportive of the professionalization hypothesis than the flawed results Stonecash and Agathangelou report. Third, despite the repeated assertions of Stonecash and Agathangelou, I demonstrate that there is no evidence that a long-term partisan realignment to the Democrats is occurring, and that, contrary to their methodological recommendations, the variables included in my analysis would capture it if it were. Finally, Stonecash and Agathangelou interpret my research as indicating a lack of relationship between constituencies and who gets elected. That is simply not a correct reading of my article.
The Quixotic Search for Consensus on the U.S. Supreme Court: A Cross-Judicial Empirical Analysis of the Rehnquist Court Justices
Authors: Gerber Scott D. , Park Keeok
Published: May 2006

In this first systematic and extensive application of cross-judicial methodology, we examine the members of the Rehnquist Court (1986–94 terms) with prior appellate court experience to discern any correlation with their Supreme Court behavior in terms of nonconsensual opinion writing and voting. We find that they become less consensual as justices than they were as judges in the lower court. Importantly, this finding holds after controlling for such institutional differences between the two court levels as size, ideology, case types, stare decisis, and norms. Consistent with the neoinstitutional perspective, we surmise that this behavior change is due to the modern Supreme Court being unique, a court on which the members feel it is desirable, necessary, and possible to express policy disagreements with the majority via separate opinions and votes.
A Romano-British House near Bedmore Barn, Ham Hill, Somerset
Authors: Beattie I. Hamilton , Phythian-Adams W. J.
Published: May 2006

Ham Hill forms the north-western and highest part of an irregular upland overlooking the lowlands of Somerset, some five miles west of Yeovil. The hill is famous for its earthworks, and for many antiquities of the Stone, Bronze, Late Celtic, and Roman periods which have been found upon it. Most of these seem to belong to its western portion, but the south-east corner near Bedmore, or Batemoor, Barn in the parish of Montacute has yielded interesting finds.
Asia Minor, 1924. IV.—A Monument from the Upper Tembris Valley
Authors: Buckler W. H. , Calder W. M. , Cox C. W. M.
Published: May 2006

The following monument was seen in the course of a visit to the upper Tembris Valley by W. M. Calder and C. W. M. Cox in July 1924. The MS. of this paper was completed in March 1926; in the revision of the proof-sheets we have been privileged to use the notes, impressions, and photographs made by C. W. M. Cox and A. Cameron in the course of an exhaustive survey of the Tembris Valley monuments in May 1926. The notes on no. 230 have been written by Calder.
Languages in which self reference is possible
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M.
Published: May 2006

This paper treats of semantical systems S of sufficient strength so that for any set W definable in S (in a sense which will be made precise), there must exist a sentence X which is true in S if and only if it is an element of W. We call such an X a Tarski sentence for W. It is the sentence which (in a purely extensional sense) says of itself that it is in W. If W is the set of all expressions not provable in some syntactical system C, then X is the Gödel sentence which is true (in S) if and only if it is not provable (in C). We provide a novel method for the construction of these sentences, which yields sentences particularly simple in structure. The method is applicable to a variety of systems, including a form of elementary arithmetic, and some systems of protosyntax self applied. In application to the former, we obtain an extremely simple and direct proof of a theorem, which is essentially Tarski's theorem that the truth set of elementary arithmetic is not arithmetically definable.

The crux of our method is in the use of a certain function, the ‘norm’ function, which replaces the classical use of the diagonal function. To give a heuristic idea of the norm function, let us define the norm of an expression E (of informal English) as E followed by its own quotation.
A generalization of Gödel's notion of constructibility
Authors: Lévy Azriel
Published: May 2006

The notion of constructibility introduced by Gödel in [2] has been generalized by Hajnal [3], [4] in order to prove the conditional independence of the generalized continuum hypothesis and related axioms. A very similar construction was used independently by Shoenfield [11], [12]2and the author [7] to prove the conditional independence ofV = Land related axioms. Here we shall prove results further in the latter direction than those in Shoenfield [12].
Logical reflection and formalism
Authors: Lorenzen P.
Published: May 2006

A “foundational crisis” occurred already in Greek mathematics, brought about by the Pythagorean discovery of incommensurable quantities. It was Eudoxos who provided new foundations, and since then Greek mathematics has been unshakeable. If one reads modern mathematical textbooks, one is normally told that something very similar occurred in modern mathematics. The calculus invented in the seventeenth century had to go through a crisis caused by the use of divergent series. One is told that by the achievements of the nineteenth century from Cauchy to Cantor this crisis has definitely been overcome. It is well known, but it is nevertheless very often not taken seriously into account, that this is an illusion. The so-called ε-δ-definitions of the limit concepts are an admirable achievement, but they are only one step towards the goal of a final foundation of analysis. The nineteenth century solution of the problem of foundations consists of recognizing, in addition to the concept of natural number as the basis of arithmetic, another basic concept for analysis, namely the concept of set. By the inventors of set theory it was strongly held that these sets are self-evident to our intuition; but very soon the belief in their self-evidence was destroyed by the set-theoretic paradoxes. After that, about 1908, the period of axiomatic set theory began. In analogy to geometry there was put forward an uninterpreted system of axioms, a formal system. This, of course, is quite possible. A formal system contains strings of marks; and a special class of these strings, the class of the so-called “theorems”, is inductively defined.
Generalization of a lemma of G. F. Rose
Authors: Gál I. L. , Rosser J. B. , Scott D.
Published: May 2006

In attempting to reconstruct Rose's proof of Lemma 3.2 of [1], the present authors found what is apparently a different and simpler method, which moreover leads to a far stronger conclusion.

We are operating in the Heyting prepositional calculus as formulated on p. 3 of [1] or on pp. 82 and 101 of [2], and shall make use of relevant theorems on pp. 90, 113–119 of [2]. We shall use a, b, c, w, x, y, z as propositional variables.

We say that a conjunction is simple if each factor has one of the forms: (i) a, (ii) ¬a, (iii) a⊃b, (iv) a⊃(b∨c), (v) (a&b)⊃c, (vi) (a⊃b)⊃c.
Functional completeness and canonical forms in many-valued logics1
Authors: Jobe William H.
Published: May 2006

This paper examines the questions of functional completeness and canonical completeness in many-valued logics, offering proofs for several theorems on these topics.

A skeletal description of the domain for these theorems is as follows. We are concerned with a proper logic L, containing a denumerably infinite class of propositional symbols, P, Q, R, …, a finite set of unary operations, U1, U2,…, Ub, and a finite set of binary operations, B1, B2, …, Bc. Well-formed formulas in L are recursively defined by the conventional set of rules. With L there is associated an integer, M ≧ 2, and the integers m, where (1 ≦m≦M), are the truth values of L.
The independence of connectives
Authors: Smiley Timothy
Published: May 2006

In a paper in this Journal [1], McKinsey used as a criterion for the independence (non-definability) of a connective F in a propositional calculus L, the existence of a matrix for L in which the functions corresponding to all the connectives other than F are class-closing over some subset S of the elements, while the function corresponding to F is not class-closing over S (i.e., for a certain choice of arguments in S its value is not in S).
A formalisation of referentially opaque contexts
Authors: Cohen L. Jonathan
Published: May 2006

In most published systems of modal logic only one or two modal operators occur as undefined constants alongside the primitives of non-modal logic. But in a single informal argument many non-interdefinable modal operators may occur. E.g. in philosophy we may have ‘it is logically true that’, ‘it is analytic that’, and ‘it is physically necessary that’; and in jurisprudence or private international law we may have statements about what it is obligatory or not obligatory to do under several different systems of rules. Moreover even if the contexts of such operators are all referentially opaque, in Quine's sense [1] of being exempt from the substitutivity of truth-functional biconditionals, some are, as it were, opaquer than others, in being exempt from the substitutivity of certain non-truth-functional biconditionals as well.
On logics intermediate between intuitionistic and classical predicate logic
Authors: Umezawa Toshio
Published: May 2006

In [1] and [2] I investigated logics intermediate between intuitionistic and classical propositional logic. In the present paper I shall study inclusion and non-inclusion between certain intermediate predicate logics. All the logics considered result from intuitionistic predicate logic by addition of classically valid axiom schemes.
Alexander Helios and Caesarion
Authors: Meiklejohn K. W.
Published: May 2006

Dr. W. W. Tarn in his article in JRS xxii, 135 ff., has convincingly argued that in 37 B.C. Antony re-named his two children by Cleopatra, with the intention of using the name Alexander Helios in particular to attract the sentiment and religious enthusiasm of the East. His article is not concerned with the result of this propaganda, and the present note is an attempt to consider the literary evidence for its success or failure.

In the first place we should expect that, if Antony wished to give prominence to Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene, he would be forced to minimise to some extent the claims of other children of himself or of Cleopatra. Of these children Caesarion is by far the most important. As early as 42 Cleopatra had been given permission by the Triumvirs to proclaim him King of Egypt, in return for the help she had sent to Dolabella (Dio xlvii, 31, 5). He continued to retain the title until his death, and there seems to have been no attempt to subordinate him to the other children : if anything, his position becomes more important as he grows older.
Jerash in the First Century A.D.
Authors: Fink Robert O.
Published: May 2006

Some fifty miles north-east of Jerusalem, on the rugged plateau between the Jordan and the desert to the east, lies a ruined city whose striking remains have attracted the interest of hardy travellers ever since the beginning of the last century—Jerash, the ancient Gerasa, in Transjordania. This district was the Decapolis of the Romans, though its cities numbered more than ten. Since that time war and the centuries have obliterated all trace of many of them; but Jerash, with its temples and theatres, its paved and colonnaded market and streets, its almost intact walls and its many Christian churches, is still beautiful and imposing. None the less, it is only very recently that its full significance has begun to be realised. Heretofore it has been usual to assume that Jerash attained prosperity and importance only under the Antonines, beginning with Trajan's annexation of Arabia in A.D. 105–6, and his assignment of Jerash to that province. This opinion was supported by the fact that the inscriptions supply dates of the second century or later for most of the public buildings; but a reconsideration of the archaeological and epigraphic evidence shows that the present plan of the city and the present form of the public buildings are due merely to alteration and rebuilding under the Antonines. From the materials which we now have it is possible to reconstruct a good picture of the flourishing and active city of the first century—further, to show that this prosperity was itself not new, but firmly based on a long and continuous past.
The First Age of Roman Coinage
Authors: Mattingly H.
Published: May 2006

A paper by me on the same subject appeared in the Journal as long ago as 1929 (pp. 19 ff.). The criticism of the traditional datings there suggested seems in the main to have stood the test of time. But reconstruction should follow in due course on demolition; and, although no final scheme can yet be proposed, already it should not be premature to formulate some results to which research is pointing. Before we can produce a perfect figure we need a rough casting on which to work.

The earliest Roman tradition about coinage is of a very mixed character. A number of references to Roman coins—scattered at intervals over the period of the Kings and the Early Republic—may be dismissed as later intrusions. The golden prime of the Etruscan Kings will surely have known the precious metals—perhaps actual coins of foreign cities; but it has no coins of its own to show. A more trustworthy tradition tells of a form of reckoning in oxen and sheep—the ‘pecunia’ (from ‘pecus’, ‘flock’), which became the Latin word for money—only giving place officially to the currency of uncoined bronze (‘Aes Rude’) in the age of the Decemvirs.
The Introduction of Hoplite Tactics at Rome: its date and its consequences
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: May 2006

That the close connection between military organization and state-organization has received little attention in this country is less to be wondered at, because this country is an exception to the rule. Being protected by its insular situation, it has had no need of a large standing army within its boundaries. On the Continent the connection appears clearly. Feudal organization was bound up with the art of fighting by knights, and was upset as much by the invention of guns and gunpowder as by economic development: monarchy was supported by mercenary armies, and the men who introduced compulsory service have more than others contributed to the founding of democracy.

But I leave it to others to judge modern history according to their own opinions, and turn to ancient history, which I know better and where the connection is more obvious, because warfare was an almost constant occupation in ancient states and military service a duty imposed upon the citizens.
Alexandria ad Aegyptum again
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: May 2006

In a note in a recent number of the Journal, Sir Harold Bell showed that Alexandria ad Aegyptum meant ‘Alexandria by Egypt’. No one is likely to dispute his arguments in this respect. It is, however, worth pointing out that a piece of evidence from the third century before Christ shows that, in circles closely connected with Alexandria, that city was thought of as ‘in Egypt’. A Delian inscription of that date contains a decree in honour of a Naxian resident in Alexandria.
Trajan's Replies to Pliny: Authorship and Necessity
Authors: Sherwin-White A. N.
Published: May 2006

H. Peter briefly stated the reasonable opinion that Trajan did not draft the rescripts himself or manage the details of law and administration which they involve, that being the work of the secretaryAb epistulis. This widely accepted view was established on a firmer basis by the investigations of A. Henneman into the ‘outer and inner style’ of the rescripts. His general conclusion was that Trajan settled the more important problems himself from material prepared by his secretariat, by giving a verbal decision which the secretary worked up into the drafts which we have. These were written in a uniform chancery style, but personal interventions and comments of Trajan are recognizable within the formal texts. Henneman used two main arguments to establish the secretarial manner.
Legionary Pottery from Vindonissa
Authors: Ettlinger Elisabeth
Published: May 2006

Vindonissa, the only Roman legionary fortress in Switzerland, was occupied during the first century A.D. to guard the frontier against Germany. Because of the exactly defined period of habitation the pottery of this place is of special importance.

The legionary fortress at Vindonissa is situated on a plateau between two rivers and on the north side the ground slopes steeply down to the R. Aare. Some time after the foundation of the fortress, which is probably to be dated shortly after the Varus catastrophe of A.D. 9, perhaps after the third decade of the first century, the soldiers began to throw all the rubbish of the fortress down this slope.
The History of the Roman Empire 1911–1960
Authors: Starr Chester G.
Published: May 2006

Within the past five decades a great volume of work has advanced our knowledge of the Roman Empire. No single essay can hope to describe this mass in detail or even to consider fully the many cross-currents of opinion. If there is a common tide in recent scholarship, it flows less clearly than did the course of investigation in the nineteenth century. Here I shall try first to single out some of the main forces which have shaped the views of the present and past generations; then shall comment on developments in the utilization of evidence and on shifts in the areas of our principal concern; and finally shall suggest an assessment of the present position of research on the Roman Empire.
The Governors of Numidia, A.D. 193–268
Authors: Birley Eric
Published: May 2006

In their recent paper on theLimes Tripolitanus(JRSxxxix, 81–95), Mr. Goodchild and Mr. Ward Perkins have published an inscription from thecentenariumnow known as Gasr Duib, recording its erection in A.D. 244–246—when M. Iulius Philippus was emperor and his son of the same names still (nobilissimus)Caesar—and naming Cominius Cassianus as governor; and they note that the well-known governor of Numidia, M. Aurelius Cominius Cassianus, is customarily dated A.D. 208, so that ‘unless there has been an error in the reading of the consular names on the significant Lambaesis inscription, we can only conclude that the Cominius Cassianus of the Gasr Duib inscription was a son or relative of the earlier Legatus’ (op. cit. 92). It so happens that the customary dating can now be shown to be wrong, and the governorship in question can demonstrably be assigned to the decade A.D. 240–250 even without the assistance of the new discovery; and so many points of interest arise from a consideration of the evidence, that it seems worth while to set it forth at some length. At the same time, it seems desirable to put forward a revised list of the governors of Numidia from the accession of Severus in 193 to the time of Gallienus, under whom the last of the senatorial governors and commanders-in-chief of that province were appointed; for the list given by Pallu de Lessert is nowhere in need of such considerable revision as for that period, as a result of the fresh epigraphic evidence which has come to light in the past half-century. It will be convenient to take the case of identity first, and to deal with the succession of governors thereafter.
Pliny's Praetorship Again
Authors: Sherwin-White A. N.
Published: May 2006

This paper is offered to my former tutor both in deep gratitude and in answer to a challenge. When as Camden Professor he was encouraging me in my project for a historical commentary on the Letters of Pliny, he remarked that with the available evidence the problem of the date of Pliny's praetorship did not appear to be capable of definite resolution. This is an attempt to decide the matter, partly by a fresh examination of the evidence and partly by the production of a new argument.
The Fall of the Capitol Again: Tacitus, Ann. II. 23
Authors: Skutsch Otto
Published: May 2006

In JRS 43 (1953), 77 f. I stated that in a number of passages Silius Italicus (1. 625 f.; 4. 150 f.; 6. 555 f.) seems to attest a version of history according to which not only the city but the Capitol also was taken by the Gauls. I therefore suggested that the same version I should be recognized in Ennius, Ann. 164 f.:

qua Galli furtim noctu summa arcis adorti

moenia concubia uigilesque repente cruentant.
Gibbon's Dark Ages: Some Remarks on the Genesis of the Decline and Fall
Authors: Ghosh P. R.
Published: May 2006

It is a striking fact that the years in Gibbon's life about which we know least—the years 1765–72, between his return from the Grand Tour and the commencement of his History—are precisely those in which we are most interested, if we wish to study the genesis of his great book. The years 1758–64 are covered with increasing fullness in the journals which Gibbon began to keep in August 1761. From this source, for example, we can trace in detail the somewhat complex evolution of his first published work, the Essai sur l'Etude de la Littérature—detail enhanced by reference to the manuscript draft which survives. Again, for the period 1773–87 we know exactly what Gibbon was doing: his intellectual course was finally settled, and the six ample quartos of the Decline and Fall provide the best possible comment on that course, supplemented and confirmed by increasingly full correspondence and the terse outline in Memoir E of the autobiography. But between these two periods we have only meagre and uninformative letters; one apparently unimportant publication, the Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the Aeneid of 1770; and the help we can glean from Memoirs C and D of the autobiography. These were Gibbon's Dark Ages, and it is this obscure passage in his life which I wish to lighten.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Beatty Susan W.
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.

Mielke, Howard W. 1989. Patterns of Life: Biogeography of a Changing World. Unwin Hyman, Inc., Winchester, MA, USA. 370 pp. ISBN 0–04–574032–1 hb, 0–04–574033 X pb. Price unknown.
A structural analysis of three Irish wooded wetlands
Authors: Iremonger Susan F.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Transect analyses emphasize the differences in tree species composition and structure of three different wooded wetland tracts in Co. Kerry, Ireland. These are variously dominated by Alnus glutinosa, Betula pubescens, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur and Salix cinérea ssp. oleifolia. Stand density ranged from 16 to 54 live trees per 100 m2, tree height did not exceed 15 m, mean individual basal area ranged from 78 to 165 cm2 and the average total basal area per hectare was between 3.6 and 4.1m2. The sites were quite different in a number of the characteristics recorded. The Irish forests were smaller in stature and denser than others in both temperate zones (Continental Europe, North America, Japan) and the tropics. Crown area indices were also lower than for other areas, ranging from 1.15 to 1.79. The height: diameter relationships may reflect the state of sylvige‐nesis of each stand. Death by blowdown appears to be less frequent in the younger stands than death by suppression. Gaps are therefore formed gradually, not suddenly, allowing neighbouring suppressed trees to develop into the spaces formed.
Response of annual plants and communities to tilling in a semi‐arid temperate savanna
Authors: McPherson Guy R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Despite the obvious importance of savannas, the response of semi‐arid temperate savannas to disturbance has hardly been studied. The objective of this study was to determine the response of annual plants and vegetation to severe disturbance (tilling) in the grassland phase of a semi‐arid savanna characterized by perennial bunchgrasses. Most species of annual plants responded positively to tilling; however, 25% of the species did not respond or responded negatively. Response of plants and vegetation was more strongly influenced by precipitation than disturbance, even for the severe disturbance used in this study. Tilling‐induced differences were negligible during a relatively dry year. Response of annuals to disturbance in semi‐arid temperate savannas may not be consistent with response in other systems.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Taylor Alan H.
Published: May 2006

Luken, J. L. 1990. Directing Ecological Succession.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Rapoport Eduardo H.
Published: May 2006

Hengeveld, R. 1989. Dynamics of Biological Invasions.
Plant strategy types and vegetation development reflecting different forms of vineyard management1
Authors: Wilmanns O.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Phytosociological investigations of the undergrowth in vineyards in the southern part of the Upper Rhine region, southwestern Germany, over many years are briefly reported. Besides my own data collected over nearly a decade, appropriate releves of earlier authors have been included for comparison.

The cultivation regimes have changed more drastically in the course of time ‐ and continue to do so ‐ than they have in other types of agricultural types. The principal cultivation methods are: mechanical soil movement by tilling, herbicide application, and mulching (see Fig. 1). These three types of measures tend to be applied in alternation, both temporally and spatially. Their effects are very different in intensity and time of action, and consequently they cause varying species combinations to build plant communities (Table 1).

The concept of strategy‐type is discussed and the approach of ‘key characters’ in the sense of Grubb is stressed. Such traits of adaptive value for important species in the vineyard undergrowth are presented in Table 2, for the aspects life form, developmental rhythm, and diaspore formation and dispersal. The combination of such population biological parameters yields a number of strategy‐types.

In the community description the concept of agroform is used, i.e. a subtype of a plant community brought about by a special agricultural technique. Frequent soil movement results in the dominance of therophytes: the Stellaria media‐ ‘agroform’ of the Geranio rotundifolii‐Allietum Tx. 50; mulching promotes perennials with runners, leading to a Poa trivialis‐Lolio‐Potentillion community (Wilmanns 1989); moderate spraying with herbicides promotes geophytes, winter annuals, woody plants and succulents: Bromus sterilis‐ agroform of the Geranio‐Allietum. As examples of characteristic species, Allium vineale and Geranium rotundifolium are analysed.
Leaf‐nutrient accumulation and turnover at three stages of succession from heathland to forest
Authors: Rode Michael W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Accumulation of nutrients in leaves of the dominating species of three ecosystems, characterizing the secondary succession from Genisto‐Callunetum heathland through Leucobryo‐Pinetum birch‐pine woodland to mature Querco‐Fagetum oak‐beech forest, as well as nutrient turnover within these ecosystems was studied. The objective of the study was to establish potential variations in quantity and quality of nutrient supply to the plants with respect to succession dynamics. The results show very low leaf nutrient concentrations of all species investigated, coinciding with low nutrient availability in the soil. However, the nutrient content of leaves and leaf litter of Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica, which dominate the late succession stages, and in Betulapéndula are higher than in the photosynthetic organs (leaves and young shoots) of Calluna vulgaris and Pinus sylvestris.

The combination of the higher nutrient content of the leaves and an increasing leaf‐litter production during succession results in an increased nutrient turnover via leaf‐litter fall. However, due to the high leaf biomass, the storage of nutrients in the leaf biomass is highest within the birch‐pine woodland. From this, it may be assumed that the low demand and the low loss of nutrients via leaf‐litter fall are favourable for Pinus at the early stages of forest succession on poor sandy soils. In contrast, Quercus and Fagus are provided with better growth conditions at the later stages of succession resulting from the accumulation of plant‐available nutrients in the ecosystem by Pinus sylvestris, combined with a higher nutrient turnover as compared with the heathland.
Lawns have vertical stratification
Authors: Roxburgh Stephen H. , Watkins Anni J. , Wilson J. Bastow
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Vertical stratification was examined in a closely‐mown lawn, at both the beginning and end of the mowing/regrowth cycle. Two treatments were examined: Undisturbed, which had been maintained as lawn for 30 yr, and Mechanically Perturbed, on which succession was occurring, after complete removal of vegetation 9.5 months previously.

There was significant vertical stratification at both stages of the mowing/regrowth cycle, i.e. even immediately after mowing to a height of 3 cm, and in both treatments. There was general consistency of the vertical role of species during the cycle and between treatments. Relative vertical positions were not closely correlated with absolute leaf heights. However, in no case was the vertical position of a pair of species significantly reversed during the cycle or between treatments. No mutually cyclic vertical relations between species were seen.

It is concluded that vertical stratification occurs in even the shortest communities, it starts to develop quite early in succession, and it is dependent largely on the intrinsic properties of the species, their height and (at least in lawns) their recovery from defoliation.
Interactions between annuals and woody perennials in a Western Australian nature reserve
Authors: Hobbs R. J. , Atkins L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We studied the interactions between woody perennial species and native and non‐native annual species in a number of vegetation types within a nature reserve in the Western Australian wheatbelt. In particular, we examined the responses of annuals to perennial canopy removal, fire, soil disturbance and nutrient additions, and the effects of removal of annuals on perennial seedling regeneration.

Experimental shrub removal significantly increased the abundance of annuals in a dense shrubland dominated by Allocasuarina campestris, but had no effect in a more open species‐rich sandplain heath. Soil disturbance and nutrient addition in the heath area had no significant influence on annual abundance until three years after treatment. Fire had no clear effect on annual abundance in the heath within the reserve, but promoted a large increase in non‐native species within an adjacent roadverge. A pattern of increased soil nutrient levels was accompanied by greatly increased non‐native annual abundance beneath individual trees of Santalum spicatum.

Exploratory laboratory bioassay experiments indicated that several woody perennials produced leachates that were capable of reducing the germination or growth of the introduced grass Avena fatua, indicating that allelopathy may be an important component of the interaction between the annual and perennial components.

Within a woodland community, fire temporarily reduced the abundance of annual species and increased the establishment of perennial seedlings. Field experiments showed that annuals significantly reduced the survival of seedlings of the shrub Allocasuarina campestris.

Our results indicate that intact native vegetation canopies effectively prevent invasion by non‐native annuals, and that regeneration by native perennials is likely to be inhibited by the presence of an abundant annual cover.
Seed size, establishment sites and species coexistence in a Chilean rain forest
Authors: Lusk Christopher H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Seedling densities on the forest floor and on elevated microsites (logs and stumps) were compared for eight woody species in a temperate rain forest in southern Chile. Degree of association with elevated microsites varied significantly between species, showed no systematic relationship with reported shade tolerance, but was significantly negatively correlated with seed mass. Large‐seeded Podocarpus nubigena established preferentially on undisturbed forest floor sites, whereas seedlings of small‐seeded species such as Nothofagus nitida and Laurelia philippiana were found mainly on fallen logs and stumps. The abundance of large seedlings and saplings of N. nitida on logs/stumps, and the growth forms of canopy trees, confirm that recruitment of this species occurs mainly on decaying wood. The relationship between seed size and microsite preferences may be caused by effects of seed size on (1) ability to establish in forest floor litter and (2) retention of seeds on logs.

Seedling occupancy of logs and stumps varied with state of decay. Few seedlings of any species were present on logs in the early stages of decay. N. nitida established earlier than the other species, attaining maximum abundance on wood in the middle decay classes. Species richness and overall seedling abundance were highest on wood in advanced stages of decay.

Seed size differences are suggested as a determinant of differential utilization of forest floor heterogeneity, and hence of plant species coexistence.
Gap characteristics and replacement patterns in the Knysna Forest, South Africa
Authors: Midgley Jeremy J. , Cameron Michael C. , Bond William J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We investigated gap formation and gap replacement in the Knysna Forest. Most (70 %) trees died standing, most gaps were small (median gap size of 35 m2; Gap diameter/Canopy height ratio of 0.24) and were formed by a single dead individual. No large differences were found among the more common species in terms of the size of gaps they created when they died or in the size of gaps they colonised. This is probably because the more common species are shade tolerant and they established before the gaps were formed. Regenerating individuals were almost never found on root mounds in pits or on logs.

There were no indications of specific replacement patterns. In contrast, random replacement appears to be the dominant pattern for the more common species. Overall successional patterns suggest that the forest is relatively stable. We conclude that the gaps/non‐gaps paradigm is not as useful as a lottery paradigm for explaining gap dynamics in the Knysna Forest.
Secondary succession in abandoned fields of dry tropical Northern Cameroon
Authors: Donfack P. , Floret Ch. , Pontanier R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. This study evaluates the processes of recolonization of abandoned fields by native vegetation under conditions of intensive human activity (fire, intensive grazing, firewood cutting) in a semi‐arid tropical region savanna of northern Cameroon. Secondary plant succession was studied in two series of formerly cultivated fields 1–35 yr after the beginning of the fallow period. Floristic changes and the dynamics of woody plant populations were compared between areas with vertisols (clay texture) and sandy soils, as a function of length of fallows. Vegetation changed continuously during the 35 years following field abandonment. However, a very abrupt break occurred between 6 and 10 yr, due to increasingly intense human pressure during this period. Up to that point, ecological models and mechanisms of succession presented in the literature are more or less confirmed by our results. Usually, secondary succession is blocked at a stage of wooded grassland as a result of human activities.
Early secondary succession in a southeastern U.S. alluvial floodplain
Authors: Battaglia L.L. , Keough J.R. , Pritchett D.W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Species number, turnover and early successional patterns were examined over the first five years of old‐field succession in a former bottomland hardwood forest. Number of species, measured by walk‐through surveys, increased up to Year 3, but decreased in Years 4 and 5. Species turnover in 20 quadrats indicated that species’invasions remained high throughout the study, while losses of species were initially high but declined. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) on species cover in each year showed the existence of a compositional gradient that could be significantly related to relative elevation, an indirect measure of hydrology, in Years 2, 3, 4, and 5. DCA of the pooled five‐year species cover data showed greater compositional changes in lower elevation quadrats, and those higher elevation quadrats dominated by the woody vine, Campsis radicans, remained similar over time.
Spatial dynamics of regeneration in a conifer/broad‐leaved forest in northern Japan
Authors: Kubota Yasuhiro
Published: May 2006

Abstract. This study deals with stand dynamics over a 6‐yr period in a conifer/broad‐leaved mixed forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The annual rates of gap formation and recovery were 81.3 m2/ha and 66.7 m2/ha, respectively and turnover time of the canopy was 125 yr. The recruitment processes of the component species in this cool‐temperate forest were governed by different canopy types: gap, canopy edge and closed canopy. Magnolia obovata regenerated in canopy edges, and Acer mono and Prunus ssiori regenerated in canopy edges and gaps. The results suggested that the mosaic structure made up of closed canopy, canopy edge and gap was related to various regeneration niches. Abies sachalinensis had high mortality rates, initiating gap expansion. The transition probabilities from closed canopy or canopy edge to gap for deciduous broad‐leaved trees were lower than for A. sachalinensis, which implies that the difference in degeneration patterns of conifer and broad‐leaved canopies contributes to the heterogeneity of spatial structure in the mixed forests. Spatial dynamics were determined by a combination of gap expansion by A. sachalinensis (neighbour‐dependent disturbance) and gap formation by deciduous broad‐leaved trees (random disturbance).
Towards an ecological basis for the conservation of subalpine heath‐grassland on the upper ridges of the Vosges
Authors: Schnitzler Annik , Muller Serge
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The subalpine oligotrophic heath‐grasslands, assigned to the Pulsatillo‐Vaccinietum and Violo‐Nardetum, occurring at the upper ridges in the Vosges at 1100 ‐ 1300 m a.s.l. are of conservational interest because they form natural, mature and stable ecosystems. The Pulsatillo‐Vaccinietum is particularly rich in endemic plant species and subspecies due to a local oceanic‐subarctic climate and the continuous occurrence of the community throughout the Holocene period, when the association was not affected by changes in the prevailing environmental conditions.

After a period of abandonment during and after World War II, agriculture was intensified through mineral fertilization and liming, sometimes mowing, and even ploughing and sowing.

Seven pastures were selected to estimate the present plant biodiversity. Losses of biodiversity were assessed on the Kastelberg ridge by diachronic analysis of the vegetation composition and structure over the last 30 years.

Species diversity changed in both associations through a decrease in the abundance of oligotrophic, acidophilic species, typical of the mountains of western Europe, and an extension of grassland types of the Violo‐Nardetum trifolietosum.

Strategies for a return to more natural conditions include the abandonment of fertilization and liming, except locally around farms. Regular mowing is needed in order to decrease the nutrient level of the sites.
Truth Definitions, Skolem Functions and Axiomatic Set Theory
Authors: Hintikka Jaakko
Published: May 2006

§1. The mission of axiomatic set theory. What is set theory needed for in the foundations of mathematics? Why cannot we transact whatever foundational business we have to transact in terms of our ordinary logic without resorting to set theory? There are many possible answers, but most of them are likely to be variations of the same theme. The core area of ordinary logic is by a fairly common consent the received first-order logic. Why cannot it take care of itself? What is it that it cannot do? A large part of every answer is probably that first-order logic cannot handle its own model theory and other metatheory. For instance, a first-order language does not allow the codification of the most important semantical concept, viz. the notion of truth, for that language in that language itself, as shown already in Tarski (1935). In view of such negative results it is generally thought that one of the most important missions of set theory is to provide the wherewithal for a model theory of logic. For instance Gregory H. Moore (1994, p. 635) asserts in his encyclopedia article “Logic and set theory” that

Set theory influenced logic, both through its semantics, by expanding the possible models of various theories and by the formal definition of a model; and through its syntax, by allowing for logical languages in which formulas can be infinite in length or in which the number of symbols is uncountable.
Hyperfinite Law of Large Numbers
Authors: Sun Yeneng
Published: May 2006

The Loeb space construction in nonstandard analysis is applied to the theory of processes to reveal basic phenomena which cannot be treated using classical methods. An asymptotic interpretation of results established here shows that for a triangular array (or a sequence) of random variables, asymptotic uncorrelatedness or asymptotic pairwise independence is necessary and sufficient for the validity of appropriate versions of the law of large numbers. Our intrinsic characterization of almost sure pairwise independence leads to the equivalence of various multiplicative properties of random variables.
Une Preuve Formelle et Intuitionniste du Théorème de Complétude de la Logique Classique
Authors: Krivine Jean-Louis
Published: May 2006

Introduction. Il est bien connu que la correspondance de Curry-Howard permet d'associer un programme, sous la forme d'un λ-terme, à toute preuve intuitionniste, formalisée dans le calcul des prédicats du second ordre (voir, par exemple [3]). Cette correspondance a été étendue, assez récemment, à la logique classique moyennant une extension convenable du λ-calcul (voir [1, 4, 5, 6]). Chaque théorème formalisé en logique du second ordre correspond donc à une spécification de programme.

Il se pose alors le problème, en général tout à fait non trivial, de trouver la spécification associée à un théorème donné; autrement dit, de déterminer le comportement opérationnel commun aux λ-termes associés aux diverses démonstrations formelles du théorème considéré.

Cette question est résolue ici pour le théorème de complétude de la logique classique.

La première étape consiste à formaliser convenablement ce théorème en logique du second ordre. Ce travail est fait complètement dans la section 1. Il a comme sous-produit, peut-être inattendu, de montrer que ce théorème est prouvable en logique intuitionniste du second ordre (section 2). Ceci, toutefois, à condition d'introduire une légère variante de la notion de modèle, en admettant un modèle supplémentaire trivial, où toute formule est satisfaite.

On notera, à ce sujet, que des preuves intuitionnistes du théorème de complétude de la logique intuitionniste, utilisant des variantes de la notion de modele de Kripke, ont été données par H. Friedman [7] et W. Veldman [8]. On remarquera également qu'un argument de G. Kreisel [2] montre que le théorème de complétude habituel de la logique intuitionniste n'a pas de preuve intuitionniste.
Formalization in Philosophy
Authors: Hansson Sven Ove
Published: May 2006

The advantages and disadvantages of formalization in philosophy are summarized. It is concluded that formalized philosophy is an endangered speciality that needs to be revitalized and to increase its interactions with non-formalized philosophy. The enigmatic style that is common in philosophical logic must give way to explicit discussions of the problematic relationship between formal models and the philosophical concepts and issues that motivated their development.
A Statue of the Youthful Asklepios
Authors: Wroth Warwick
Published: May 2006

The marble statue of a youthful male figure holding in his left hand a snake-encircled staff, which is reproduced in the accompanying plate, was found by Smith and Porcher at Cyrene, and is now in the collection of the British Museum. By its original discoverers this figure was named Aristaeus: an attribution which has been adopted, though with some hesitation, in the Museum Guide to the Graeco-Roman Sculptures. As, however, this attribution seems more than doubtful, it may be well to lay before the readers of the Hellenic Journal some additional remarks upon the subject, and to direct special attention to a statue which is not among those photographed in the History of Discoveries at Cyrene, and which has not, hitherto, been figured elsewhere.

The statue now to be described is four feet five and a half inches in height, and represents a young and beardless male figure standing facing. His right hand rests upon his hip, and under his left arm is a staff round which is coiled a serpent. The lower half of the body is wrapt in a himation, the end of which falls over the left shoulder, leaving the chest and the right arm uncovered. The hair is wavy and carefully composed, but does not fall lower than the neck: around the head is a plain band, above which has been some kind of crown or upright headdress: the top of the head has been worked flat. On the feet are sandals, and at the side of the left foot is a conical object which has been called a rude representation of the omphalos, but which is, in all probability, a mere support.
Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias, I
Authors: Imhoof-Blumer F. , Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

The following paper is the first of a series of two or three which will bring into contact the extant coins of Greece and the text of Pausanias, thus furnishing to many passages of the traveller's writings a running numismatic commentary.

The main object we have set before us is to collect and set forth the numismatic reproductions of works of art mentioned by Pausanias; but we have not excluded any numismatic types which at all illustrate the cults and the legends mentioned by him as existing in the various cities of Peloponnesus.

The importance of the work cannot be doubted when we consider that in the case of many of the statues mentioned by Pausanias the only copies known are those upon coins; we may therefore hope to reconstruct from numismatic evidence, at least the general schemes of many great works of art wholly lost, and thus furnish very important material for recovering the history of Greek art; especially the history of the succession of types of the chief deities of Greece, which is a subject of great and increasing interest to archaeologists.

Generally speaking, the coins on which we can place the most reliance as sources of information as to the monuments are those of Hadrian and the Antonines. These coins are also the best in point of execution; and we may add that they are contemporary with the travels of Pausanias.