bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NÍVEL DE SATISFAÇÃO DOS DISCENTES DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO COM SEUS CURSOS E SUAS IES
Authors: Do Vale Aline Francilurdes Nery , De Sousa Juliana Carvalho , Da Silva Pablo Marlon Medeiros , De Lucena Júnior Ubiracui Pereira
Published: October 2017

O crescimento econômico e a globalização presentes no Brasil nas últimas décadas desencadeou em um aumento considerável no interesse de alunos por cursos de nível superior em Administração em todo o país. A presente pesquisa objetiva mensurar o grau de satisfação dos discentes em administração com seus cursos e suas Instituições de Ensino Superior da cidade de Mossoró, RN. Para a sua realização, foi utilizado um questionário, elaborado por Mainardes e Domingues (2008), composto por 52 questões e dividido em quatro atributos: Mercado de Trabalho, IES, Estrutura da IES e Curso. 394 discentes do curso de administração das quatro IES da cidade, sendo duas públicas e duas privadas, participaram da pesquisa. Os dados coletados indicam que os discentes, de forma geral, estão mais satisfeitos com os atributos ligados ao Curso e ao Mercado de Trabalho e menos satisfeitos com a IES e a sua estrutura física. Além disso, por meio do teste t de Student, verificou-se que há uma diferença significativa no nível de satisfação dos discentes das IES públicas em relação ao dos discentes das IES privadas.
AS ESTRATÉGIAS COMUNICACIONAIS DA MARCA MELISSA
Authors: Muller Fabrise de Oliveira , Da Cunha Natalí Menezes , Ghisleni Taís Steffenello
Published: October 2017

O presente artigo tem como objeto de estudo a marca Melissa e suas estratégias comunicacionais. Descrevemos como ela atua na Rede Social Facebook e, a partir disso, identificamos o tipo de campanha publicitária e a estratégia de comunicação que a Melissa utiliza no Facebook. A metodologia incluiu uma semana composta, de seis de junho à 24 de julho de 2016 e através da análise de conteúdo identificamos que a Melissa utiliza a campanha de promoção, divulgando seus produtos e evidenciando a marca, unida à estratégia de informação. A marca utiliza três tipos de postagens com maior destaque para o tipo catálogo.
AS CIDADES QUE EDUCAM: ESPAÇOS EDUCATIVOS NÃO-FORMAIS COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA FORMAÇÃO DE CIDADÃOS PROTAGONISTAS RESPONSÁVEIS
Authors: Rockenbach Cleoci Werle , Franqui Luís Henrique Teixeira
Published: October 2017

O movimento das Cidades educadoras preconiza que são cidades que educam aquelas que visam, fundamentalmente, a formação, promoção e desenvolvimento de todos os seus habitantes, ocupando-se com prioridade das crianças e dos jovens, mas incorporando em suas atividades pessoas de todas as faixas etárias, numa verdadeira formação continuada ao longo da vida. O fato de uma cidade não integrar o rol oficial das Cidades Educadoras, como é o caso de Eugênio de Castro, não exclui a possibilidade do estudo acerca de iniciativas positivas que venham ao encontro dos objetivos do movimento. Considerando que o estímulo ao protagonismo responsável abordado na política de assistência social de Eugênio de Castro se comunica claramente com a principiologia do movimento global Cidades Educadoras, apresenta-se o trabalho realizado a fim de exemplificar a possibilidade de implantação desses princípios em uma pequena cidade, mesmo não integrando o movimento internacional, e os resultados positivos alcançados com o trabalho.
A pesquisa de mercado nas microempresas do setor de viandas e marmitarias de Santa Maria-RS
Authors: Veiga André Soares , Redin Ezequiel
Published: October 2017

As microempresas do ramo de viandas e marmitarias desempenham uma atividade importante nos centros urbanos, pois o ramo da alimentação é indispensável no meio familiar. O objetivo desta investigação é analisar a utilização da pesquisa de mercado pelos empreendedores do ramo de fornecimento de viandas e marmitarias, localizadas no centro do município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Os empresários tiveram trajetórias distintas para a criação das empresas, cinco deles já tinham experiências na área de alimentação. Os entrevistados entendem que a pesquisa de mercado serve para analisar o segmento que o empreendedor quer investir, verificar a existência de público suficiente para o empreendimento, em qual região atuará e quais as necessidades dos clientes. Quanto à metodologia, este estudo caracteriza-se como pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa. Os dados coletados foram-no por meio de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado aplicadas em dez microempresas, situadas na região central da cidade de Santa Maria, no ano de 2016. Os resultados demostraram que os empresários conhecem ou já ouviram falar e sabem a real importância que a ferramenta de pesquisa de mercado traz em benefício dos negócios, mas não a utilizam adequadamente, pois realizam apenas pesquisas de menor expressão e que não são suficientes para minimizar os riscos que o mercado alimentício apresenta. É necessária uma atenção maior dos empreendedores quanto à ferramenta de pesquisa de mercado, pois, usando-a de maneira técnica, ela pode tornar-se um instrumento importante para a procura de informações pertinentes ao empreendimento e à obtenção de dados úteis para a formação de uma empresa.
IMPLEMENTATION AND PROTECTION OF LEGAL LAW ON CASH WAQF TOWARD TABUNG WAKAF INDONESIA OF DOMPET DHUAFA JAKARTA
Authors: Muflichah Siti
Published: October 2017

Waqf institution is an effort made by Muslim community and government to overcome poverty issues. One of the institutions that manage cash waqf is Wakaf Tunai Dompet Dhuafa Jakarta. Article 49 Paragraph 3 of Religious Court Law stated that the ownership of land waqf is protected and governed by the government rules This research aims to examine how the implementation and protection of waqf law on Tabung Wakaf Indonesia of Dompet Dhuafa Jakarta. This research is normative-juridical research using statute approach, conceptual approach and case approach. Then the analysis was qualitatively presented. Based on the results, the implementation of cash waqf in Tabung Wakaf Indonesia was conducted by collecting cash waqf funds to be managed into productive and non-productive activities. Tabung Wakaf Indonesia has provided legal protection to the waqif by certification of cash waqf. However, till present, there is no legitimate legality for individual cash waqf recipients or legal entities as stipulated in government regulations.Keywords: legal protection, cash waqf, tabung wakaf indonesia
ISLAMIC PERSONALIZATION AS THE BASIS OF RIGHT CLAIM SUBMISSION IN RELIGIOUS COURT
Authors: Bintoro Rahadi Wasi , Masruhan Masruhan
Published: October 2017

Law Amendment of Religious Court Year 2006 brought revolutionary change toward the competencies of the religious court. Law of Religious Court mentioned that Religious Court is only for Muslims. Furthermore, several questions appear such as are they only Muslims who are able to have any case in Religious Court, how is about people who are non-Muslim or how is about other law subjects in form of legal entity whether they can have any case or not. This paper discusses the subjects and the objects of right claim in religious court. Based on the analysis, the judiciary for law subjects who are Muslims or obey to Islamic laws in muamalah matters is done based on Islamic principles. That is what is called as Islamic personalization. This needs to be emphasized that Islamic personalization is an absolute competence in which if it is broken, it will cause right claim become NO (niet ontvankelijke verklaard).Keywords: Islamic personalization, right claim, religious court
Biomechanical Comparison of Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Lee Dong-Yeong , Kim Dong-Hee , Kim Hyun-Jung , Nam Dae-Cheol , Park Jin-Sung , Hwang Sun-Chul
Published: October 2017

Background:

Of the many issues regarding surgical techniques for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, the choice between single-bundle (SB) and double-bundle (DB) reconstruction is one of the most debated. However, it is unclear which of the reconstruction techniques yields better outcomes in knees with a PCL injury. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the benefits of SB and DB PCL reconstruction in terms of biomechanical outcomes.

Methods:

The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, and SCOPUS electronic databases were searched for relevant articles comparing the outcomes of SB and DB PCL reconstruction that were published up until August 2016. Data searching, extraction, analysis, and quality assessment were performed on the basis of the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Biomechanical outcomes of both techniques were evaluated using various outcomes. Results involving continuous outcomes are presented as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:

Ten biomechanical studies were included. There were no significant biomechanical differences between the groups with respect to external rotation, varus rotation, or coupled external rotation of the tibia with posterior drawer force at any knee flexion angle. However, posterior laxity measured using the posterior drawer test showed significantly better results after DB compared with SB reconstruction at low flexion (SMD = −0.90, 95% CI = −1.24 to −0.56, I2 = 0%), 30° (SMD = −0.79, 95% CI = −1.28 to −0.31, I2 = 48%), 60° (SMD = −0.87, 95% CI = −1.33 to −0.40, I2 = 33%), and 90° (SMD = −0.73, 95% CI = −1.11 to −0.35, I2 = 27%).

Conclusions:

Anatomic DB reconstruction of the PCL is superior to anatomic SB reconstruction in terms of restoration of anteroposterior stability. However, it remains unclear which technique yields better improvement in terms of external rotation laxity, varus laxity, and coupled external rotation of the tibia with posterior drawer force. High-quality randomized controlled trials are required to confirm and expand on these results.
Cartilage Restoration of the Patellofemoral Joint
Authors: Kane Patrick W. , Tucker Bradford S. , Frederick Robert , Ciccotti Michael G. , Freedman Kevin B.
Published: October 2017

* Articular cartilage defects of the patellofemoral joint are a common source of pain in athletes as well as in the general population.

* Consideration of different factors such as defect size and depth, patient age, and subchondral bone involvement is important in determining the best treatment option.

* Recognition of the complex biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint is essential in ensuring positive outcomes when treating these lesions.
Investigation on In-Situ Combustion in D66, a Multilayered Heavy Oil Reservoir, Liaohe Oilfield
Authors: Teng L. , Song H. , Zhang S. , Wu F. , Xu D. , Gong Y. , Jiang Z. , Gao H. , Wang C. , Zhong L.
Published: October 2017

In-situ combustion (ISC) has been investigated worldwide as a potential EOR process both for heavy oil and conventional oil, and there are some successful field applications such as industrial test in Suplacu and many tests in deep reservoir with low permeability. Most of heavy oil reservoirs recovered by In-situ combustion are known for favor reservoir properties such as limited layers (single layer is best) and appropriate heavy oil viscosity (usually hundreds to thousands of mPa•s). Obviously, it is challenging to recover multilayered heavy oil reservoirs by in-situ combustion method in consideration of heterogeneity between layers. For instance, Du 66 reservoir is a typical multilayered heavy oil reservoir in Liaohe Oilfield, it was not effectively recovered by cyclic steam stimulation (CSS in short) before 2005, and both oil production and OSR were unsatisfactory. There are no alternative but to test in-situ combustion for the purpose of improve oil recovery for such multilayered heavy oil reservoir. As a result, there are up to 91 well groups operated in inverted nine-spot pattern fireflood combined with CCS for production wells in past 10 years.

In this work, feasibility analysis and engineering design of in-situ combustion for multilayered D66 reservoir are primarily investigated based on reservoir engineering study and numerical simulation. Furthermore, recovery performance such as air injection profile and gas production and channeling are discussed based on field measurement and performance. Particularly, principles and treatment of gas channeling and casing collapse are discussed. Additionally, both experience and lessons are presented based on statistical results and typical cases.

The results show that considerable increase in oil production and improvement in ratio of oil production to steam injection (OSR in short) are observed at lower ratio of air injection to oil production (AOR in short). However, gas channeling occurs in some production wells in form of rapid increase in AOR, and it has significant effect on production performance. At the same time, casing collapse are found in many air injection wells, according remedial well treatment had to be carried out considering risk of high temperature, backfire and even explosion, and casing collapse has a much greater impact on injection performance and oil recovery. Therefore, investigation on gas channeling and profile control treatment of air injection wells were extensively carried out to eliminate gas channeling and casing collapse.

In summary, the principles and engineering design of in-combustion in multilayered heavy oil reservoir are much more complex than single layer reservoir. Gas channeling and casing collapse are two extremely difficult problems in such combustion process, which could be eliminated or weakened based on rational engineering design and effective technologies.
Dissolvable Tools in Multistage Stimulation
Authors: Jin Ningjing , Zeng Qijun
Published: October 2017

Dissolvable tools have been introduced to the industry functioning mainly as temporary pressure bearing tools, which will dissolve themselves after operations of a planned duration to restore the original flow-path. This paper is intended to present two types of dissolvable tools; dissolvable plug and dissolvable frac ball that are used in multistage stimulations. Dissolvable bridge plugs and frac balls are now available, meaning there will be no need to drill out the bridge plug or frac balls. This is different than a composite bridge plug and can provide substantial savings in time reduction for every well. Dissolvable technology avoids any HSE issues related to plug milling/drilling. Under different temperature and salinity, the ROD (Rate of Dissolving) of dissolvable metal, Mg-Al alloy can be varied. Detailed tests, have been performed to establish a raw material selection chart based on conditions for various downhole applications. Lab tests on dissolvable tools to prove pressure rating and temperature rating. Field runs of dissolvable tools downhole have shown they hold high differential pressure, in agreement with the lab test 10K psi differential pressure rating. After the stimulation operation is concluded the dissolvable tools dissolve in a pre-designed duration downhole. We will discuss the novel experience gained from a China Shale Gas project from an operational perspective. The discussion will describe dissolvable tools raw material selection, the successful and economical dissolvable plug & perf operation that was conducted.
Project Specific Risk Consideration from a Portfolio Perspective
Authors: Allan Paul D. , D'Arcy Mark
Published: October 2017

While many companies utilize advanced systems for quantifying and normalizing geologic risks, and some have standardized above ground risk characterization, relatively few use this information effectively when assessing risks at a corporate portfolio or aggregate level. Detailed project assessments are often distilled into expected value representations when combined at a corporate level, leaving the company exposed to potential risk concentrations and aggregate performance variability. This paper demonstrates an approach to assessing value and risks at a portfolio level when the underlying components contain opportunity specific and potentially unique risk drivers. Identifying critical risks at the corporate portfolio level and translating this information into efficient data compilation requests and allocation decisions requires a structured and disciplined approach. While the techniques in describing geological and above ground risks at a project level are commonly applied and portfolio aggregations of projects are routinely conducted, the tripping point for many organizations is in effectively leveraging the detailed stochastic information at a portfolio level. Gaining insights at the aggregate level and maintaining the appropriate perspective on these uncertainties can yield significant value to organizations as they mitigate risks and adjust plans to exploit opportunities. Many of the techniques used to quantify ‘portfolio risk’, such as efficient frontier risk measures, multi-objective scoring, or combined approaches fail in terms of providing decision makers with tangible and practical guidance as to the real impact of specific decisions on objectives. This paper codifies an approach that makes it possible to align the degree of acceptable corporate level uncertainties (risk) with the underlying, project level descriptions. This basic methodology may be employed and expanded to a wide range of asset types and diverse portfolio sets, independent of company size or complexity. A portfolio model was constructed, with individual projects described with varying degrees of uncertainty detail. This provides a clear example of the methodology while demonstrating the relative importance of project specific uncertainties as these are translated into an aggregate corporate view. The simple analytic structure described in this paper may be scaled to represent much more complex uncertainty environments and more diverse assets as required. The value in properly capturing project specific uncertainties and maintaining these descriptions when assessing portfolio value and risks is quantified for the examples depicted.
New Development Method to Enhance Production Recovery on Mature Field - Success Story from Semberah Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Kramadibrata A. T. , Permana R. C.
Published: October 2017

Semberah field, located in East Kalimantan, has been explored since 1974 and developed in 1990. Peak production was reached in late 1998 at 180 MMscfd and 13,000 BOPD. Sharp production decline occurred since 2000 and the field rate dropped from 170 MMscfd to 25 MMscfd in 10 years. Several efforts have been made to sustain decline at economical rate by infill well drilling, horizontal well, and compression system optimization.

Until 2008 drilling is mainly focused in middle area of Semberah along crestal area containing large reservoir tanks with updip position thus favoring high additional reserve and avoiding water table. The well population in south area was very dense with average interval 300 meters. In contrast, to the north crestal areas which have more down dip structure are less developed. The challenge of developing north area is due to limited data from existing wells and the possibility of hitting water reservoir. In 2008, a study was conducted to assess the possibility of applying semi-grid based drilling campaign in north area. The method was based on the combination of deltaic reservoir, new geological understanding and statistical study from previous drilling result. As pilot project, one well was drilling in north area with distance over 800 meters from offset well.

The result was positive, the well encountered new reservoirs or pools with high gas deliverability. The semi-grid based drilling was then focused in north area with various distance 500 - 1000 meters. After 2 years, Semberah field rate increase from 25 MMscfd to 70 MMscfd. A cumulative of 18 BCF gas was produced until 2015 from new reservoirs. A methodology of optimizing well spacing in deltaic reservoir is studied and perfected. The most optimum well spacing to increase the possibility of getting new reservoirs in north area was 500 - 700 meters.

This paper describes the successful implementation of integrated development strategy, which proved to be an effective process to enhance production recovery of a mature asset.
Resistivity Wave for Monitoring Foam Flood Propagation
Authors: Permatasari Karina Aryanti , Reekhi Gurveen Singh , Irawan Sonny , Lubis Luluan Almana
Published: October 2017

In order to produce more oil in reservoir, one of the promising methods is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). On the average, conventional production methods will produce only 30% of the Oil Initial In place (OIIP). The remaining 70% will be covered by EOR methods. WAG (Water Alternating Gas) has already exist to recover amount of hydrocarbon. Unfortunately, gas has several disadvantages which are less viscous, less density and causes poor sweep efficiency due to the high gas mobility. Foam is used to overcome the advantages of gas by reducing gas mobility, to increase sweep efficiency by reducing the fingering effect of gas and also foam can travel both high and low permeability region along the core sample. The identification of the foam flood location is an important aspect of monitoring the progression of foam. Resistivity is chosen to monitor foam propagation because it has higher sensitivity, suitable for higher concentration, it has no limitation of gas volume fraction, no need high energy. This experiment will focus to study on resistivity measurement, foam and monitoring foam flood. Objectives of this experiment are to determine the relationship between foam injection time, distance of foam propagation, velocity of foam using resistivity wave. To measure the effect of foam and brine concentration changed against resistivity in the presence of oil. To measure foam propagation can displace brine by the changes in saturation as time progresses in various distance.

Resistivity measure at several zones to monitoring foam propagation through a core sample. Core sample will be characterized to identify dimensional of the core plug, porosity and permeability of the core plug. The liquids, such as brine, surfactant, nitrogen gas will be characterized to obtain the value of density, viscosity, salinity of brine for each materials. All those properties will influence the resistivity readings of foam propagation. All liquids will be injected into the core sample as time progresses and it will be measured by multimeter to obtain the resistivity readings. By using Archie’s equation, the brine saturation in each zone of the core sample can be calculated and plotted against injection time. From the experiment, it will be concluded that resistivity increases only in zone 1 approximately at 125 minutes from 280 ohm.m to reach the stable stage at 1100 ohm.m and foam disintegration in zone. Decreasing water saturation in zone 1 approximately at 125 minutes, zone 2 approximately at 141 minutes, zone 3 approximately at 150 minutes. Velocity of the foam propagation approximately 0,01 cm/s and the flow rate of foam propagation was 0,11 cm3/s.
Pilot In-Situ Inflow Control Device ICD Waterflood Injector Transformation- A Case Study from Platong
Authors: Pakdeesirote A.. , Ackagosol S.. , Lewis K.. , Kitvarayut N.. , Pritchett J.. , Goh K. F.
Published: October 2017

Horizontal well technology has been used in the Pattani Basin to target oil and gas reservoirs since the late 1990’s. As of today, the Chevron Operated B8/32 block and Platong fields have been producing from 70 horizontal wells. While about 80 % of the horizontal wells in Platong have been completed barefoot, the use of ICD’s has been increasing since 2010. Recently, in the Platong field, two ICD equipped horizontal wells were used initially for primary production of a major reservoir, following which one of the two wells was converted into a water injector to enhance total recovery from the reservoir.

The ‘Z’ reservoir located in Platong field has significant barrels (in the millions) of oil in place with an initial gas cap and a water leg. The reservoir was initially appraised and tested with a single deviated wellbore. This well confirmed the reservoir potential and identified gas and water coning, together with sand production as the major risks to optimising oil recovery. To manage potential oil and gas coning, a reservoir development plan, based around a pair of horizontal well completions, was developed. Both well completions were designed with sand control screens incorporating ICD’s to optimize inflow along each horizontal wellbore. The wells were drilled and completed in early 2012. After collecting surveillance data and modeling the primary production performance of the reservoir, a waterflood opportunity to increase total recovery was planned. The asset team implemented the in-situ conversion of one of the horizontal wells into a waterflood injector in August 2013. Response to the water injection has been confirmed in the second well of the pair and incremental oil of >50 MBO has been recovered.

This case study presents an analysis of the target reservoir, the development strategy and then captures the lessons learned from the performance of horizontal producers with ICD completions during primary production and during the later waterflood phase. The main challenges for future horizontal wells applications in Platong are relatde to thin fluvial sands and depletion. The use of ICD’s will continue to be proposed for new horizontal targets based on the positive incremental production impact.
Injection Flow Rate Control in Multiplayer Packer Well Using Bridge Eccentric Injection Mandrel
Authors: Fakhruzan Ahmad , Apriadi Ferry , Septian Meldi , Akbar M.. , Wicaksono Unggul
Published: October 2017

Multilayer injection will increase oil recovery greater than single-layer injection in Water Flood Project. Separated injection is able performed with a single layer system but requires a lot of injection well. Multilayer well has been proven ineffective without flow separation of each layer because permeability and reservoir pressure. Although reservoir separation can be applied by using multilayer packer, but flow rate control is base concept of injection program.

Bridge Eccentric Injection Mandrel has a configuration that provides controller of flow rate at each injection layers. There is Side Pocket Mandrel for placing nozzle when install Hydraulic Packer and adjust flowrate that in accordance with injection target. This technology provides a method to prove the packer has been set and sealed by using Double Memory Pressure Gauge placed in Side Pocket Mandrel. Inside body of Bridge Eccentric Injection Mandrel has a special groove for guide Running & Pulling Tool when perform nozzle adjustment job.

Bridge Eccentric Injection Mandrel provides high accuracy reservoir data in each layer in multilayer packer injection. This technology is proven to have a system of separation and flow rate control and installation of well completion can be performed easily. Due to proven each packer has been set and seal flow connection between the layers, it gives confidence to get a more accurate data. Flow rate test results show a little difference compared with the target of injection that is affected by the surface pressure and pressure of each layer. Replacement nozzle to regulate flow rate can be conducted using a slick line unit and rig less thereby reducing operational cost.

Implementation this flow rate control technology is able for multilayer injection in every oil field. Monitoring and surveillance for update of well data can be obtained any time with low operational cost.
Influence of Miscible CO2 Flooding on Wettability and Asphaltene Precipitation in Indiana Lime Stone
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Al-Anssari Sarmad , Shakeel Muzzamil , Arif Muhammad , Dahraj Naeem Ul. , Iglauer Stefan
Published: October 2017

Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is an EOR technique in which carbon dioxide is injected into the reservoir to improve the oil recovery. The reservoir oil and rock properties are altered when carbon dioxide interacts with the oil and rock present in the reservoir. Carbon dioxide injection alters the oil and rock properties by causing reduction in oil viscosity, oil swelling and wettability alteration of the rock. This paper will present a proposal to study the wettability alteration in carbonate formations during miscible carbon dioxide flooding. In miscible carbon dioxide flooding, the injection pressure of carbon dioxide would be kept above the minimum miscibility pressure. Thus carbon dioxide is miscible with the oil present in the reservoir.

This paper primarily focuses on understanding the effect of crude oil composition on the change in wettability and asphaltene precipitation in carbonate rocks during miscible carbon dioxide flooding. Experiments will be carried out with different crude oils (Heavy, Medium and Light) on the same carbonate rock, at reservoir conditions, in order to observe the change in rock wettability. Interaction between formation and asphaltene would be investigated by measuring precipitation quantitiy into production recovery and rock at constant CO2 reservoir pressure.

Carbonate rocks are very special due to the fact that usually carbonate rocks are oil wet and carbon dioxide tends to change the wettability of the carbonate rocks from oil wet to water wet. This change in wettability of the reservoir rock increases the oil recovery. Literature review revealed that considerable amount of research has not been done on the wettability alteration of carbonate rocks during miscible CO2 flooding process. Thus this topic needs to be further investigated and studied.
Method of Characterization of Complex Fracture Network with Combination of Microseismic using Fractal theory
Authors: Wang Wendong , Su Yuliang , Zhou Zhiwei , Sheng Guanglong , Zhou Rui , Tang Meirong , Du Xianfei , An Jie
Published: October 2017

Microseismic monitoring technology is widely used to characterize the fracture network and provide enough information on fracture geometry and properties. We go beyond the existing method that uses planar fractures or orthogonal conjugate fractures for representing the fracture network. Our novel method of characterization involves an integrated workflow to utilize L-system based fractal geometry to describe fracture propagation pattern, density and network connectivity. Integer programming is incorporated into matching the origination points of the microseismic events during the fracture geometry matching procession. Furthermore, multilevel of the fractal fracture network model (FFNM) is calibrated by using genetic algorithm to help specifying the properties of fracture network. The additional rate transient analysis allows to interpret the relationship between well performance and complex fracture network features. The application of this workflow on unconventional shale gas start with calculating fractal fracture network geometry and determining fracture length for both hydraulic fracture and induced fracture. And also estimating stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and fracture parameters with combination of production data. Field case study is presented for fractured horizontal well, the matching result shows that the fracture propagation path has a good fitness with microseismic event. We also carry out rate transient analysis to interpreting the performance of complex fracture network parameters. This indicates that only connected stimulated fractures does most of the contribution to gas production. The better connectivity of multi-level fracture network, the better performance of fractured well during long time development. Besides, the most significant new finding is that SRV increases as fractal fracture induced levels increase, and this relationship appears to be fracture geometry-dependent. The novelty of this new method is expected to become a more efficient process for accurate characterization of shale reservoir complex fracture network and improvement hydraulic fracture optimization.
Change Casing Removal to a Simple and Dependable Method
Authors: Melder J. E. , Hartman C. J. , Hern G..
Published: October 2017

All wells eventually come to an end, and proper Plug and Abandonment is necessary. To properly abandon a well, casing must be removed and barrier plugs set. There are many viable methods that remove casing; section milling, pilot milling, or cut and pull. While all are effective, they each have their limitations. The most common method is to cut and pull the casing. Conventional cut and pull methods require a spear to engage the casing and uses the rig to apply high loads to pull the casing. The longer the casing is, the more weight the spear and rig must handle. Removing long sections of casing also reduces the number of trips required to recover the casing from the wellbore. If cement stringers or scale buildup exists, higher pulling loads will be required resulting in shorter joints of casing being recovered on each trip due to rig/workstring limitations.

The hydraulic pulling tool eliminates rig and workstring load capacity as a limit on how much pulling force can be applied to free stuck casing. After engaging the cut casing, pump pressure is applied to activate the tool. The pressure simultaneously sets the anchor in the parent casing and initiates a pulling force in the stroking section, breaking any bond holding the casing in place. If the 24 inches of stroke length is not sufficient to completely free the casing, the tool resets with slight over pull after the pump pressure is released. The operation can be repeated until the casing is freed. Technological advances improved design providing a robust tool with a controllable applied pulling force up to 1.8 million pounds (1.2 million pounds for 9-5/8-in casing). Since the tool is activated, re-set, and deactivated by manipulating hydraulic pressure nothing needs to be dropped from surface during the casing retrieval operation.

During recent operations in wells with barite build-up an operator chose to make multiple cuts and then proceed to pull short sections of casing out of the well. Sections as short as 50 meters were pulled requiring 30 trips to cut and recover casing. After deploying the Hydraulic Pulling Tool on several similar jobs the process has changed and the casing is now pulled in as little as one cut and pull attempt. Systems are available to pull 9-5/8-in to 20-in casing.

The use of the hydraulic pulling tool eliminates the need for the rig to apply the high pull loads and instead focuses that force down hole, at the stuck point, providing a safe and efficient operation. Retrieving long sections of casing in one run, reduces the operational tasks and ultimately results in significant cost savings during plug and abandonment operations.
Comprehensive Analysis of Time Lapsed Well Productivity Index for Characterizing Well Behavior in Tight Volcanic Gas Reservoir
Authors: Vijayvargia Utkarsh , Goyal Rajat , Anand Punj Sidharth , Tiwari Shobhit
Published: October 2017

Raageshwari Deep Gas field is located in RJ/ON 90/1 Block in western India is a retrograde gas condensate unconventional volcanic reservoir. It consists of streaks of low permeability sand which require hydraulic fracturing to achieve commercial production. Plug and perf stage technology along with limited entry was used to ensure that most of the productive pay was stimulated. Production data, Frac and Reservoir parameter were evaluated vis-à-vis Productivity Index (PI) and interdependencies were understood.

Multiple stages in a particular well were stimulated by hydraulic fracturing with each stage having from 1 to 6 perforation clusters to ensure maximum kH coverage. Different treatment designs varying in job size, proppant type, concentration and pumping rates were prepared and executed based on the formation type, net pay and petrophysical properties. After flowback and initial cleanup, the wells were hooked to the production facility. Memory production logging was then conducted in a time phased manner and the interpreted data was used to determine the PI evolution of individual cluster of all the 93 stages in 15 wells.

Time lapse PI of individual clusters as well as specific stages were plotted against: Proppant pumped per net payAverage permeabilityEffective porosityTotal proppant pumpedElevation depths of the Fatehgarh, Basalt and Felsic formations of the reservoir stretching from north to south of the field.

Important observations resulted from this exercise such as: The top most basalt stages are attributing a large portion of the 15 wells total cumulative production. It outperformed the shallower Fatehgarh sands which were thought to be more prolific.Well PI clearly supports the changes expected in the reservoir quality from north to south of the field and is in line with the OH logs.PI of wells in a particular area shows gradual improvement in contrast to the other wells PI.Positive effects of flowing back an inferior quality pay before fracturing the upper superior quality pay.

This study will not only assist in determining the optimum proppant pumped per net pay height for different formations but also facilitate in eliminating frac stages in a well which would result in significant cost reduction in upcoming development campaign of 42 wells.

This holistic workflow will be used for refining the number of frac stages in a well as well as determining an ideal proppant quantity for a particular stage in volcanic pays. Detailed analysis of production data supported in identifying the key frac and reservoir parameters which subsequently will aid in improving hydraulic fracturing efficiency. Representative case histories of production results assisted in finalizing well services activities to improve the overall well PI.
Occurrence of Particulate Mercury in Flowback Fluids After Well Workover
Authors: Yamada Junya , Kobayashi Kenta , Shibuya Takehiro , Kawasaki Midori , Nakayama Tomofumi , Maruta Hideyuki , Kobayashi Atsushi
Published: October 2017

Mercury is found in raw and untreated oil and gas produced from in-situ reservoir and must be removed for stable production and response to environmental issues. For optimization of Mercury Removal Unit (MRU) in production facilities, it is important to know accurately mercury concentration and chemical form of mercury species in production fluids. In design phase of production facilities, specification of MRU may be determined based on mercury concentration in production fluids collected during Drill Stem Test (DST). However, mercury concentration and chemical form of mercury species in DST may be unstable and different from those in stable production phase, because brine and drilling fluids containing dissolved oxygen flow in wells during DST. In this paper, the sampling and mercury analysis on production fluids after acid washing in a natural gas well was conducted to investigate influences of fresh brine containing dissolved oxygen on mercury concentration and chemical form of mercury species in flowback fluids in unsteady production phase like DST and just after well workover. As the result of the sampling and analysis, particulate mercury was detected in filtered solids collected from condensate and flowback water. In addition, mercury sulfide (β-HgS: metacinnabar and γ-HgS: hypercinnabar) was identified in the filtered solids by X-ray diffractometer. These particulate mercury concentration reached a peak (condensate: 1693 µg Hg/l, flowback water: 7751 µg Hg/l) around 40 hours elapsed from the beginning of clean up flow, and then went down with the passage of time afterward. After around 2700 hours elapsed, they decreased to 72.1 µg Hg/l (condensate) and 131 µg Hg/l (flowback water). At the same time, pH and total iron concentration in flowback water at that time were close to those in stable production phase. Hence, these results indicate that particulate mercury in production fluids was generated by the reaction of dissolved oxygen in workover fluids with hydrogen sulfide and elemental mercury in natural gas. Therefore, the occurrence of particulate mercury in flowback fluids after the well workover is considered to be temporary, and not to be produced in stable production phase. Although further investigations will be needed for the interpretation of mercury analysis results in the sampling and analysis, these results will be an important knowledge for interpretation of mercury analysis at DST.
Successfully Unlocking New Deep Reserves and Overcoming High-Temperature Environment Using Novel Advanced Hostile Wireline Formation Tester in North Malay Basin, Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area
Authors: Costam Y. R. , Fadjarijanto A.. , Zakaria Z. U. , Setiawan A. S. , Pushiri M. F. , Carigali C. Jiraratchwaro , Lee C. Y. , Iyer M. S. , Zuilekom T. V. , Parashar S.. , Bagir M.. , W. Z .M Ivan
Published: October 2017

Gas fields in a Malaysia-Thailand joint development area (MTJDA) are well-known to have the presence of high CO2 concentration and high-temperature reservoir characteristics. Sophisticated tools are necessary to measures important data to support further development and reservoir management of this field. Thus, reservoir data, such as pressure and fluid type, become crucial in terms of achieving production targets. Fields operated by this operator are located in the North Malay Basin, a few hundred kilometers from the onshore border of Malaysia and Thailand.

High bottom hole temperatures (BHTs) limits data gathering runs and challenges associated with fresh water made it more crucial to identify and qualify fluid types for further field development. The extensive wireline formation pressure testing and sampling (WFPT&S) program is mandatory to evaluate the viability of field development. Additional challenges included low porosity-low mobility reservoirs where fluid collection at low contamination in reservoirs with elevated temperatures of approximately 410°F (210°C) is considered a necessity. This operator pioneers the use of novel hostile wireline formation testers globally. Reliable pressure and downhole fluid analysis data should lead to production optimization.

The ability of fluid characterization using a pump-out formation tester coupled with downhole fluid identification has been introduced to help improve decision making and provide real-time data and the capability to pump out high-temperature formation fluid and acquire samples that meet expected contamination levels. As a result, fluid contact, formation pressure, fluid type, reservoir mobility, and CO2 content, which are the primary drivers of production optimization and field development are able to be determined successfully. In addition, new deep reserves could potentially be discovered in the MTJDA concession that are economically accessible with extreme high-temperature tools.

This paper discusses the use of a novel hostile wireline formation tester to collect low contamination samples at a predetermined level in hostile reservoir conditions with elevated temperature of 410°F (210°C). Challenges, considerations, and results are detailed.

This novel tool has proven lower CO2 content than expected in deeper reservoirs with elevated temperature up to 410°F (210 °C). This is the deepest well ever drilled by this operator in a development drilling campaign.
Accelerated Depreciation Increase the Economical of PSC Contractors Project in Indonesia
Authors: Jaluakbar Wisnu , Putra Iswahyudi Sondi
Published: October 2017

The drop in oil prices during last 2 years caused many oil and gas projects in global to be delayed, and even canceled, because the project was considered uneconomical to run under the current low oil price conditions. The postponement also happen in Indonesia and seem to increase the deficit between the total oil and gas production and total oil and gas consumption in the coming period. To overcome this situation, incentives should be given by Government of Indonesia immediately to increase the projects economics. The process of granting incentives, if possible, should not reduce state revenues. Using scenario analysis, this study finds that accelerate depreciation method does not have a big influence to economics of POD/POFDs when the POD/POFDs have high investment. When the investment to POD/POFDs was not too high, the accelerate depreciation will accelerate the investment return that eventually will increase the IRR and NPV values.
Mechanism of Scaling Corrosion for Water Injection System and Its Solution through Nonmetallic Composite Tubing
Authors: Qiang Chen , Weiye Han , Shouzhi Huang , Tao Li , Qiang Sun
Published: October 2017

Water injection has been widely applied in tapping oil and gas resources underground, however scaling corrosion in the water injection system was a universal problem, posing a huge threat to the longevity of downhole tubing.

In this paper, SEM and XRED were employed to study the mechanism of scaling and corrosion in the water injection system, non-metallic composite tubing was developed and evaluated in terms of its ability to resist scaling and corrosion, field operation was carried out to testify this approach.

The results indicated that inorganic scale was formed as a result of Cl–, Mg+, Ca+ contained in the injection water, parameters including temperature and pressure played a role in this process, the scale could become highly corrosive in the weak acid environment; nonmetallic composite tubing was developed based on self-propagating high temperature synthesis technique, it was composed of three layers, ceramics inside, ceramic-metal combination middle, metal outside respectively, its scale rate was 1/70 compared to the conventional tubing, meanwhile the mechanical properties were better than its metal counterpart, field operation was performed in several oilfields, demonstrating strong scale and corrosion resisting characteristics, the statistic over 3years indicated that nonmetallic composite tubing guaranteed the smooth water flooding operation downhole, while conventional tubing was suffering from severe corrosion.

This paper contributed to better understanding the scale and corrosion in the water injection system and its prevention technique of nonmetallic composite tubing, through the pioneering example and profound insights we were able to explore new horizons and yielded more benefits to development of water injection operation.
Development of a High-Temperature Resistant Polymer Gel System for Conformance Control in Jidong Oilfield
Authors: Zhu Daoyi , Hou Jirui , Wei Qi , Chen Yuguang , Peng Kewen
Published: October 2017

The PG reservoir in Jidong Oilfield is at a depth of around 15,000 ft with an extremely high-temperature of about 300 °F. The average water cut has reached nearly 80%, but the oil recovery is less than 10% only after two years of water flooding process. It is of great importance to developing a high-temperature resistant plugging system to improve the reservoir conformance and control water production. An in-situ polymer gel system formed by the terpolymer and a new crosslinker system was developed, and its properties were systematically studied under the condition of extremely high temperature (300 °F). Suitable gelation time and favorable gel strength were obtained by adjusting the concentration of the terpolymer (0.4%-1.0%) and the crosslinker system (0.4%-0.7%). An increase of polymer and crosslinker concentration would decrease the gelation time and increase the gel strength. The gelant could form continuous three-dimensional network structures and thus have an excellent long-time thermal stability. The syneresis of this gel system was very little even after being heated for five months at the temperature of 300 °F. The gel system could maintain most of the initial viscosity and viscoelasticity even after experiencing the mechanical shear or the porous media shear. Core flow experiments showed that the gel system could plug the fractures and reduce the permeability in the higher permeability regions, and diverted the injection water flow to the lower permeability regions, and thus improve the conformance.