bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical and Inexpensive “Convertible” Isonitrile for Use in Multicomponent Reactions.
Authors: Le Hoang V. , Fan Lijun , Ganem Bruce
Published: July 2011

It is demonstrated, that products derived from Passerini and related multicomponent reactions containing N‐tert‐butyl or N‐butylamide moieties can be readily converted to carboxylic acids by a nitrosation reaction without affecting other sensitive groups.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Non‐symmetrical Stilbene Analogues of trans‐Resveratrol Using the Same Pd Catalyst in a Sequential Double‐Heck Arylation of Ethylene.
Authors: Nobre Sabrina M. , Muniz Mauro N. , Seferin Marcus , da Silva Wagner M. , Monteiro Adriano L.
Published: July 2011

This process works without isolation after the first arylation and without additional catalyst loading.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Michael Addition of 2‐Hydroxy‐1, 4‐Naphthoquinone to β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketophosphonates.
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Youming , Wu Guiping , Song Haibin , Zhou Zhenghong , Tang Chuchi
Published: July 2011

The thiourea (QUI) efficiently promotes the title process.
ChemInform Abstract: NaBH4—I2 Mediated Chemoselective Reduction of γ‐Lactam and Thio‐γ‐lactam in Presence of Gem‐dicarboxylates: An Easy Access to 1,3‐Diaryl Pyrrolidines.
Authors: Barman Gopa , Haldar Pranab , Dutta Neelanjan , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: July 2011

The selective reduction of γ‐lactams is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Benzylpyrroles and 3‐Benzylindoles.
Authors: Sharma Ratnesh , Chouhan Mangilal , Sood Divya , Nair Vipin A.
Published: July 2011

Compounds (III) and (V) were previously synthesized by 2‐3 steps or by using expensive and toxic chemicals.
ChemInform Abstract: Heck—Mizoroki Reaction of 4‐Iodo‐1H‐pyrazoles.
Authors: Usami Yoshihide , Ichikawa Hayato , Harusawa Shinya
Published: July 2011

For the title reaction the compound (Ia) is a suitable coupling partner.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation and Reduction of N‐Alkyl‐4‐nitroindazoles with Anhydrous SnCl2 in Ethanol: Synthesis of Novel 7‐Ethoxy‐N‐alkylindazole Derivatives.
Authors: Abbassi Najat , Rakib El Mostapha , Hannioui Abdellah , Alaoui Mdaghri , Benchidmi Mohamed , Essassi El Mokhtar , Geffken Detlef
Published: July 2011

The position of the nitro group in indazoles and their structure have influence on their reaction behavior.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Imidazole 3‐Oxides; Unexpected Deoxygenation of Some Derivatives in the Reaction with 2,2,4,4‐Tetramethylcyclobutane‐1,3‐dithione.
Authors: Mloston Grzegorz , Jasinski Marcin , Rygielska Dorota , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: July 2011

The title compounds (III), (VI), and (VIII) are prepared according to well established methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Mediated Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some Novel 2‐(Substituted Biphenyl) Benzimidazoles via Suzuki—Miyaura Cross Coupling Reaction and Their N‐Substituted Derivatives.
Authors: Raut Changdev Namdev , Bharambe Shailendra Mitharam , Pawar Yogesh Ashok , Mahulikar Pramod Pandurang
Published: July 2011

Novel 2‐biaryl‐benzimidazoles (V) and (VII) are prepared via microwave‐assisted Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling followed by alkylation and acylation, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Substitution Reactions of Methoxycarbonylamino‐1‐(1‐benzotriazolyl)alkanes with Active Methylene Compounds.
Authors: Zhou Liejin , Lv Xin , Mao Hui , Wang Xiaoxia
Published: July 2011

The leaving tendency of either methoxycarbonylamino or benzotriazole group by treatment of adducts (IV) with active methylene compounds (V) is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction of Six‐Membered Cyclic Ketones: An Enamine/Metal Lewis Acid Bifunctional Approach.
Authors: Xu Zhenghu , Liu Lu , Wheeler Kraig , Wang Hong
Published: July 2011

The reaction of cyclic ketones with β,γ‐unsaturated α‐ketoesters under catalysis of yttrium triflate and optically active primary amine PYR affords benzopyran, pyranopyran, and pyranothiopyran derivatives in a highly stereo‐ and chemoselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: New Multicomponent Approach for the Synthesis of Benzo[c]coumarin Derivatives over MgO under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Valizadeh Hassan , Fakhari Ashraf
Published: July 2011

The reaction of salicyl aldehydes, malonitrile and ester (III) proceeds under solvent‐free conditions to afford the desired benzo[c]coumarin derivatives with high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Mono‐ and Bis‐2‐amino‐4H‐pyrans: Alum Catalyzed Three‐ or Pseudo Five‐Component Reaction of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin, Malononitrile and Aldehydes.
Authors: Karimi Ali Reza , Eslami Cyrus
Published: July 2011

The catalyst can be recycled and reused without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted, Yb(OTf)3/TfOH Cocatalyzed Synthesis of Xanthones and Thioxanthones by Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Reaction under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Li Jie , Jin Can , Su Weike
Published: July 2011

A novel efficient protocol for the preparation of the biologically interesting title compounds (II) and (IV) including an easy and clean work‐up is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Iminothiopyran and Isothiochromene via One‐Pot Multicomponent Reactions.
Authors: Hamadi Hosein , Khoobi Mehdi , Hossaini Zinatossadat , Shafiee Abbas
Published: July 2011

The reaction of the acetylenic esters, aryl isothiocyanates and enaminones proceeds under mild conditions without any catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactions of 3‐Cyano‐4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐pyridone.
Authors: Elassar Abdel‐Zaher A.
Published: July 2011

The base‐mediated reaction of acetylacetone with malononitrile leads to cyanopyridone (III), which is used as a convenient starting compound in the synthesis of a variety of pyridone derivatives including isoquinolinecarbonitriles (XIV) and pyridylpyridazines (X).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐5‐bromopyridine Derivatives Using Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Dandu Reddeppa Reddy , Rose Adam C. , Hudkins Robert L.
Published: July 2011

The presented synthesis of the title compounds (III) from commercially available starting materials is carried out on a multi‐gram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydroarylation of Alkynes to Form Axially Chiral 4‐Aryl 2‐Quinolinones.
Authors: Shibuya Tetsuro , Shibata Yu , Noguchi Keiichi , Tanaka Ken
Published: July 2011

The enantioselectivity results from the sterical demand of the N‐benzyl propiolamide in (I) or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Eugenol and Its Methyl Ether in the Synthesis of 3‐Methyl Derivatives of 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinoline.
Authors: Shklyaev Yu. V. , Smolyak A. A. , Gorbunov A. A.
Published: July 2011

Compounds (III) are converted into the corresponding dihydroisoquinolines by pyrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Protocol Toward Pyrazolo[3,4‐h][1,6]naphthyridines via Friedlaender Condensation of New 4‐Aminopyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐5‐carbaldehyde with Reactive α‐Methylene Ketones.
Authors: Jachak Madhukar N. , Bagul Sandeep M. , Kazi Muddassar A. , Toche Raghunath B.
Published: July 2011

The base‐catalyzed Friedlaender condensation of new aldehyde (IV) with α‐methylene ketones (V) provides access to a variety of novel pyrazolonaphthyridines (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzo[3,4‐h][1,6]naphthyridines via Friedlaender Condensation with Active Methylenes.
Authors: Rote Ramhari V. , Bagul Sandeep M. , Shelar Deepak P. , Patil Sandeep R. , Toche Raghunath B. , Jachak Madhukar N.
Published: July 2011

Aldehyde (IV) is used as a key starting material in the synthesis of naphthyridines (VI), (VIII), (X), and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Expeditious Synthesis of Novel Benzo[b][1,8]‐naphthyridine‐3‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Singh Satish Kumar , Singh Krishna Nad
Published: July 2011

Other Lewis acid catalysts give rise to very low yields or no product formation.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrano‐ and Furanoquinolines Catalyzed by Molten Tetra‐n‐butylphosphonium Bromide under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Salehi Javad , Veisi Hojat , Khodaei Mohammad M. , Khosropour Ahmad R.
Published: July 2011

Molten tetrabutylphosphonium bromide is found to be a practical catalytic media for diastereoselective one‐pot synthesis of furano‐ and pyranoquinoline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Unsubstituted Dihydropyrimidines. Nucleophilic Substitution at Position‐2 of Dihydropyrimidines.
Authors: Cho Hidetsura , Nishimura Yoshio , Yasui Yoshizumi , Kobayashi Satoshi , Yoshida Shin‐ichiro , Kwon Eunsang , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: July 2011

The synthesis and further transformation of 4‐unsubstituted dihydropyrimidine (IV) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polysubstituted 5‐Aminopyridines from α‐Azidovinyl Ketones and Amidines.
Authors: Hu Miao , Wu Jianwei , Zhang Yaohong , Qiu Fangli , Yu Yongping
Published: July 2011

An environmentally friendly synthesis of polysubstituted aminopyrimidines is presented, involving the base‐promoted reaction of α‐azidovinyl ketones (I) with amidines (II) under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient, One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrido[3,2‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Ponra Sudipta , Ghosh Debankan
Published: July 2011

Optimized mild conditions allow a rapid access to the biologically important title heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, and Pharmacological Screening of Novel Sulfamoylphenylcarbamoylquinoxaline Derivatives as Antiinflammatory, Analgesic and Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Farrag Awaff Al‐Said , Ammar Yousry Ahmed , El‐Sehemi Abd Allah Ghodran , Thabet Hamdy Khamees , Hassan Nashwa Abd‐Alim , Samy Aziza Khalil
Published: July 2011

A variety of novel sulfamoylphenylcarbamoylquinoxaline derivatives is synthesized based on the reaction of quinoxalinedicarboxylic anhydride (I) with aminophenylsulfonamides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of 6H‐Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphine 6‐Sulfide, a Novel Thiophosphacyclic Molecule.
Authors: Rakotomalala Muriel , Wagner Sebastian , Zevaco Thomas , Ciesielski Michael , Walter Olaf , Doering Manfred
Published: July 2011

The new title compound (II) can also be obtained by treating the commercially available 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide with P4S10 or the Lawesson reagent but this gives lower yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Indium‐Mediated Synthesis of β‐Lactam Carbohydrates from Imines.
Authors: Soengas Raquel G. , Segade Yuri , Jimenez Carlos , Rodriguez Jaime
Published: July 2011

Indium‐mediated cyclization of carbohydrate‐derived imines with α‐bromoesters (II) and (XI) provides an efficient diastereoselective access towards carbohydrate‐derived lactams.
ChemInform Abstract: Occurrence of C‐Glucoside of Resveratrol Oligomers in Hopea parviflora
Authors: Abe Naohito , Ito Tetsuro , Oyama Masayoshi , Sawa Ryuichi , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Chelladurai Veliah , Iinuma Munekazu
Published: July 2011

isolation and structure elucidation of stereoisomeric hopeasides A and B (I), hopeaside C (II) and D (III)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of an Isomer of the Renieramycin Skeleton from L‐Tyrosine.
Authors: Liu Wei , Dong Wen Fang , Liao Xiang Wei , Guan Bao He , Liu Zhan Zhu
Published: July 2011

Two Pictet—Spengler reactions are the key steps in an attempted novel total synthesis of the marine natural product (‐)‐renieramycin G.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Synthesis of the Benzo[b]indolo[1,2‐h][1,7]naphthyridine Ring System.
Authors: Baranova Olga V. , Zhidkov Maxim E. , Dubovitskii Sergey V.
Published: July 2011

The title skeleton is represented by structure (IV), suitable for further derivatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Spoxazomicins A—C, Novel Antitrypanosomal Alkaloids Produced by an Endophytic Actinomycete, Streptosporangium oxazolinicum K07‐0460T.
Authors: Omura Satoshi , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

Spoxazomicin A (I) shows potent and selective antitrypanosomal activities, 14—21 fold higher than those of clinically used reference drugs suramin and eflornithine.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pulvinones via Tandem Dieckmann Condensation—Alkoxide β‐Elimination.
Authors: Nadal Brice , Rouleau Julien , Besnard Helene , Thuery Pierre , Le Gall Thierry
Published: July 2011

Reaction of acyloxyesters containing a trifluoroethoxy group (I) and (III) with LiHMDS proceeds via tandem Dieckmann condensation—alkoxide β‐elimination to give pulvinones (II) and (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Half a Century of Nanoantiferromagnetism: Richardson′s Phenomenon and Neel′s Models
Authors: Petrik Marek , Harbrecht Bernd
Published: July 2011

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Reduction on Chalcogenide‐Based Cluster Materials
Authors: Delacote Cyril , Feng Yongjun , Alonso‐Vante Nicolas
Published: July 2011

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Reduction on Pt Alloys: Nanotechnology in Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhong Chuan‐Jian , Luo Jin , He Ting , Mott Derrick , Njoki Peter , Wang Lingyan
Published: July 2011

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methylated Cyclodextrins as Preorganization Platforms for the Synthesis of Multidentate Chelating Ligands Aimed at Transition Metal Coordination and Industrially Relevant Catalysis
Authors: Armspach Dominique , Matt Dominique
Published: July 2011

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Biological Activities of 1,4‐Iminoalditol Derivatives as α‐L‐Fucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Moreno‐Clavijo Elena , Carmona Ana T. , Moreno‐Vargas Antonio J. , Molina Lidia , Robina Inmaculada
Published: July 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Chemistry of 2(1H)‐Pyrazinones
Authors: Mehta Vaibhav P. , Appukkuttan Prasad , Van der Eycken Erik
Published: July 2011

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Multicomponent Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Kruithof Art , Ruijter Eelco , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: July 2011

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Thiazolidinediones — Potential Antidiabetic Compounds
Authors: Ortiz Aurelio , Sansinenea Estibaliz
Published: July 2011

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry and Biological Activities of 1,3‐Benzoxathiol‐2‐ones
Authors: Vellasco Walcimar T. Jr. , Gomes Claudia R. B. , Vasconcelos Thatyana R. A.
Published: July 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tellurophenes
Authors: Schatz J. , Sesler M.
Published: July 2011

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Copper‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Diez‐Gonzalez Silvia
Published: July 2011

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Deprotonating Methodologies for Organolithium Reagents Starting from Non‐Halogenated Materials. Part 1. Carbon—Heteroatom Bond Cleavage
Authors: Guijarro David , Pastor Isidro M. , Yus Miguel
Published: July 2011

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Atom‐Economical Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions under Proton Transfer Conditions: Construction of Tetrasubstituted Stereogenic Centers and Their Application to Therapeutics
Authors: Kumagai Naoya
Published: July 2011

Review: 196 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances on the Organocatalyzed Enantioselective α‐Heterofunctionalization of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Guillena Gabriela , Ramon Diego J.
Published: July 2011

Review: 202 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐assisted Organic Reduction Reactions
Authors: Schmoeger Christine , Stolle Achim , Bonrath Werner , Ondruschka Bernd
Published: July 2011

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Calixarenes in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Li Zheng‐Yi , Chen Jia‐Wen , Liu Ying , Xia Wei , Wang Leyong
Published: July 2011

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Stimulating Adventure of KRN 7000
Authors: Banchet‐Cadeddu Aline , Henon Eric , Dauchez Manuel , Renault Jean‐Hugues , Monneaux Fanny , Haudrechy Arnaud
Published: July 2011

Review: 225 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biology of Diesel Exhaust Effects on Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation
Authors: Inoue Ken‐ichiro , Takano Hirohisa
Published: July 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Propolis Research and the Chemistry of Plant Products
Authors: Salatino Antonio , Fernandes‐Silva Caroline C. , Righi Adne Abbud , Salatino Maria Luzia F.
Published: July 2011

Review: 146 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanomaterials Meet Microfluidics
Authors: Pumera Martin
Published: July 2011

Review: study on mutual benefits, 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrosynthesized Polymers for Biosensing
Authors: Cosnier Serge , Holzinger Michael
Published: July 2011

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recalcitrant Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
Authors: Hai Faisal Ibney , Yamamoto Kazuo , Nakajima Fumiyuki , Fukushi Kensuke
Published: July 2011

Review: 125 refs.
Synthesis and in vitro Anticancer Activity of Ruthenium–Cymene Complexes with Cyclohexyl‐Functionalized Ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐diacetate‐Type Ligands
Authors: Savić Aleksandar , Dulović Marija , Poljarević Jelena M. , Misirlić‐Denčić Sonja , Jovanović Maja , Bogdanović Andrija , Trajković Vladimir , Sabo Tibor J. , Grgurić‐Šipka Sanja , Marković Ivanka
Published: July 2011

Herein we describe the synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of novel p‐cymeneruthenium(II) complexes containing methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, and n‐butyl esters of (S,S)‐ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐di‐2‐(3‐cyclohexyl)propanoic acid. The results of IR, UV/Vis, ESIMS, 1H, and 13C NMR characterization reveal that ligand coordination occurs through nitrogen donor atoms of the ester ligands, with the organoruthenium moiety being kept in complex. These ruthenium(II) complexes are cytotoxic toward various cancer cell lines including leukemic HL‐60, K562, and REH cells (IC50: 1.0–20.2 μM), with the n‐butyl ester complex being the most effective. It causes apoptotic cell death associated with mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation, phosphatidylserine exposure, and DNA fragmentation. Importantly, the n‐butyl ester complex is more effective against leukemic patients′ blood mononuclear cells relative to those from healthy control subjects, thus indicating a fairly selective antileukemic action of RuII‐based compounds.
Identification of Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of the XendoU Endoribonucleases Family
Authors: Ragno Rino , Gioia Ubaldo , Laneve Pietro , Bozzoni Irene , Mai Antonello , Caffarelli Elisa
Published: July 2011

The XendoU family of enzymes includes several proteins displaying high sequence homology. The members characterized so far are endoribonucleases sharing similar biochemical properties and a common architecture in their active sites. Despite their similarities, these proteins are involved in distinct RNA‐processing pathways in different organisms. The amphibian XendoU participates in the biosynthesis of small nucleolar RNAs, the human PP11 is supposed to play specialized roles in placental tissue, and NendoU has critical function in coronavirus replication. Notably, XendoU family members have been implicated in human pathologies such as cancer and respiratory diseases: PP11 is aberrantly expressed in various tumors, while NendoU activity has been associated with respiratory infections by pathogenic coronaviruses. The present study is aimed at identifying small molecules that may selectively interfere with these enzymatic activities. Combining structure‐based virtual screening and experimental approaches, we identified four molecules that specifically inhibited the catalytic activity of XendoU and PP11 in the low micromolar range. Moreover, docking experiments strongly suggested that these compounds might also bind to the active site of NendoU, thus impairing the catalytic activity essential for the coronavirus life cycle. The identified compounds, while allowing deep investigation of the molecular functions of this enzyme family, may also represent leads for the development of new therapeutic tools.
HOPF‐Bifurcations, Global Coupling and Hysteresis in dc‐Driven Oxygen Discharges
Authors: Bruhn B. , May B. , Marbach J.
Published: July 2011

Starting from a hydrodynamic model to describe the positive column of a glow discharge in oxygen, we investigate the stability of the homogeneous state. Near the critical points of the instability curve the wave dynamics are approximated by an amplitude equation of the Ginzburg‐Landau type with complex coefficients and an additional integral term. The nonlocal coupling term describes the influence of the external circuit on the plasma properties. The complex coefficients are calculated for selected values of the plasma parameters. For sufficiently large values of the external resistor a subcritical Hopf‐bifurcation is found. This is in agreement with the observation that in oxygen discharges a strong hysteresis occurs at the transition from the H ‐mode to the T ‐mode. Moreover, a numerical approach is used to study the hysteresis as a transition phenomenon (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enabling multiparty karaoke over Internet based on low‐level computers: practice and experiment
Authors: Wang Jian‐Hong , Pan Jen‐Yi , Feng Shih‐Chuan , Deng Der‐Jiunn
Published: July 2011

Karaoke is a system for amateur singing. The traditional online karaoke system does not allow multi‐singers to sing a song in one session. This study designs and implements multiparty karaoke over Internet (MKI) based on low‐level computers. The MKI is an online karaoke system of distributed architecture that allows multi‐singers to sing a song in one session. The MKI must deal with the problems of feedback, asynchronous audio latency at singers’ nodes, round‐trip latency at an inviter's node, and multi‐singers singing a song in one session. The acoustic isolation between microphone and speakers avoids feedback. Network Time Protocol avoids asynchronous audio latency. The third method's round‐trip latency in this study is within 86 ms, and all participants experience the simultaneous singing of the inviter and the invitees. MKI can be used for increasing leisure time, singing skills, and interpersonal relationships. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel drug development
Authors: Wiklund Stig Johan
Published: July 2011

In the pharmaceutical industry, it is common practice to pursue sequentially, within a family of compounds, a number of candidate compounds for further development. This article challenges the sequential tradition, and instead proposes a parallel drug development paradigm, in which several candidate compounds are nominated at the same time, and are simultaneously evaluated through the development process. Evaluating several compounds as candidate drugs (CDs) simultaneously, and in particular in the same studies, will potentially bring huge productivity benefits. The average time to a successful launch, or time to the closure of research on a futile target (family of CDs), may be substantially reduced. Other benefits imply substantially reduced costs as a result of fewer studies, fewer patients receiving placebo, and fewer animals receiving vehicle. A further benefit of the parallel drug development approach is the potential for head‐to‐head comparison of CDs, leading to improved accuracy in the selection of which compounds to progress through development. A modeling framework has been developed by which development strategies can be compared. Simulations have been performed based on the model. Results are summarized to allow quantitative comparisons of the performance of the parallel development and the traditional sequential development approaches. Drug Dev Res 73: 24–34, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cytoskeleton of the neuron—an essay in celebration of Paul Letourneau's career
Authors: Jean Daphney C. , Black Mark M. , Baas Peter W.
Published: July 2011

The neuronal cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, actin filaments, neurofilaments, and an array of accessory proteins that regulate and modify these three main filament systems. This essay celebrates the career of Paul Letourneau, a pioneer of the neuronal cytoskeleton, to whom the community owes a debt of gratitude. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2011
Pioneering studies on the mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis
Authors: Gomez Timothy M.
Published: July 2011

Axon outgrowth and pathfinding occurs through a complex series of interacting biochemical signaling pathways that regulate the motility of neuronal growth cones. Over the past 30 years, Paul Letourneau and his students have explored the molecular basis of growth cone motility and have contributed immensely to this field. In celebration of his 65th birthday, this essay is written in gratitude for Paul's many contributions and training. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Develop Neurobiol, 2011
Mechanisms of neuronal growth cone guidance: An historical perspective
Authors: Maloney Michael T. , Bamburg James R.
Published: July 2011

At the distal most aspect of motile extending axons and dendrites lies the growth cone, a hand like macroorganelle of membrane bound cytoskeleton, packed with receptors, adhesion molecules, molecular motors, and an army of regulatory and signaling proteins. Splayed out along the substratum in vitro, the growth cone resembles an open hand with bundles of filamentous actin, barbed ends outstretched, as if fingers extending from a central domain of dynamic microtubule plus ends. The growth cone acts first as a sensory platform, analyzing the environment ahead for the presence of guidance cues, secondly as a mechanical dynamo establishing focal contact with the extracellular matrix to drive processive forward outgrowth, and thirdly as a forward biochemical command center where signals are interrogated to inform turning, extension, retraction, or branching. During his career, Paul Letourneau has made major contributions to our understanding of how growth cones respond to their environment. Here, we will summarize some of these major advances in their historical context. Letourneau's contributions have provided insights into cytoskeletal organization, growth cone dynamics, and signaling pathways. His recent work has described some important molecules and molecular mechanisms involved in growth cone turning. Although much remains to be understood about this important and intriguing structure, Letourneau's contributions have provided us with “growth cone guidance.” © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2011
Psychosocial determinants and family background in anorexia nervosa—results from the Stockholm birth cohort study
Authors: Ahrén Jennie C. , Chiesa Flaminia , af Klinteberg Britt , Koupil Ilona
Published: July 2011

Objective:

The aim of this study was to examine the associations between psychosocial factors and family background and incidence of anorexia nervosa (AN) in a Swedish cohort.

Method:

The Stockholm Birth Cohort, SBC (N = 14,294) contains information on social background and general health in males and females, born in Stockholm 1953. Hospitalizations for AN, based on diagnoses from the ICD‐8 through ICD‐10, were recorded from 1969 to 2002. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to measure the association between psychosocial characteristics and family background and the risk of AN.

Results:

Higher maternal education was associated with a higher risk for hospitalization for AN. An increased risk for AN was also found among females who stated that they “often compare their future prospects with others.”

Discussion:

Although the study is based on a low number of cases, it confirms earlier findings of higher maternal education among individuals with eating disorders in similar cohorts. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Transcriptional profiling of innate and adaptive human immune responses to mycobacteria in the tuberculin skin test
Authors: Tomlinson Gillian S. , Cashmore Tamaryn J. , Elkington Paul T. G. , Yates John , Lehloenya Rannakoe J. , Tsang Jhen , Brown Michael , Miller Robert F. , Dheda Keertan , Katz David R. , Chain Benjamin M. , Noursadeghi Mahdad
Published: July 2011

The tuberculin skin test (TST) is a model of integrated innate and adaptive human immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the component processes that are involved in this model have not previously been defined in vivo. We used transcriptional profiling to study these responses within the TST at molecular and system levels. Skin biopsies from TST injection sites were examined in subjects classified as TST+ or TST− by clinical and histological criteria. Genome‐wide expression arrays showed evolution of immune responses reflecting T‐cell activation and recruitment with uniquely Th1‐polarized responses and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). In addition, distinct innate immune and IFN‐γ‐stimulated gene expression signatures were identified, under the regulation of NF‐κB and STAT1 transcriptional control. These were highly enriched for chemokines and MHC class II molecules providing a potential mechanism for paracrine amplification of inflammatory responses in the TST, by supporting cellular recruitment and enhancing antigen presentation. The same repertoire of innate and adaptive immune responses was evident in TST+ and TST− subjects alike, clinically positive TSTs being distinguished only by quantitatively greater differences. These data provide new insights into complex multifaceted responses within the TST, with much greater sensitivity than previous clinical or histological assessments.
Dielectrophoresis at the nanoscale
Authors: Kuzyk Anton
Published: July 2011

Dielectrophoresis has become a powerful tool for manipulation of various materials, such as metal and semiconducting particles, DNA molecules, nanowires and graphene. This short review is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the recent advances of application of dielectrophoresis at the nanoscale.
Rapid, automated measurement of dielectrophoretic forces using DEP‐activated microwells
Authors: Broche Lionel M. , Hoettges Kai F. , Ogin Stephen L. , Kass George E. N. , Hughes Michael P.
Published: July 2011

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a physical effect that generates a force on polarisable particles experiencing a non‐homogeneous electric field; studying the effect as a function of frequency allows the determination of the electrical properties of that particle, i.e. the electrical permittivity and conductivity. In the past, DEP‐based techniques applied to the measurement of one or several cells at a time have been subject to many sources of noise, which result in an ambiguous or inaccurate result. However, improvements are possible by generating more information from the experiments. In this paper, we present a rapid automated system that measures the DEP spectrum from a large population of cells with a low level of noise using the microwell electrodes, based on a method of analysis that provides additional information about the electrical properties of the cells and a new theoretical approach was developed to obtain accurate, bias‐free results in <5 min.
Should I Ask About Eating? Patients' Disclosure of Eating Disorder Symptoms and Help‐seeking Behaviour
Authors: Gilbert Nicola , Arcelus Jon , Cashmore Rebecca , Thompson Barbara , Langham Chris , Meyer Caroline
Published: July 2011

Objective

To retrospectively explore the first disclosure of eating problems and the impact of disclosure factors on subsequent help‐seeking amongst women with eating disorders.

Method

Seventy‐one eating disorder service users were interviewed using the newly developed Eating Disorder Disclosure Interview and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire.

Results

Faster access to specialist services was associated with being older at first disclosure and with disclosures that involved either a general practitioner, an individual's partner or mother. Patients' appraisals of ‘other‐initiated’ and ‘volunteered’ disclosures did not differ, although ‘other‐initiated’ disclosures were younger and accessed help more quickly than those who ‘volunteered’. The more positively ‘other‐initiated’ disclosures were appraised, the quicker the subsequent help‐seeking.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that initiating a disclosure might lead to earlier access to treatment for individuals with eating disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A Longitudinal Study of Motives for Wishing to Be Thinner and Weight‐control Practices in 7‐ to 18‐Year‐Old Swedish Girls
Authors: Westerberg‐Jacobson Josefin , Ghaderi Ata , Edlund Birgitta
Published: July 2011

The main aim of this seven‐year longitudinal study, of 411 Swedish pre‐adolescent girls (aged 7–11 years, Year 1), was to examine a wish to be thinner, dieting attempts, described motives for wishing to be thinner and weight‐control practices. A further aim was to examine to what extent body mass index (BMI) accounted for motives for wishing to be thinner and weight‐control practices. A wish to be thinner and dieting attempts increased significantly with increasing age between the ages of 9 and 18. The most frequently reported motive for wishing to be thinner was to ‘feel better about yourself’. Categories that emerged from the qualitative analysis of self‐described motives for the wish to be thinner were, for example, to ‘correspond to the societal ideal’ and to ‘wear particular clothes’. A majority of the girls adopted weight‐control practices that would be considered as healthy, but extreme weight‐control practices increased with age. Girls with BMIs over the 75th percentile reported a greater number of motives for wishing to be thinner and used extreme weight‐control practices significantly more often than the other girls. However, of the girls who changed BMI from above the 75th percentile to under the 75th percentile, 34.1% reported that they had not used any weight‐control practices at all. Our results show that girls at a very early age are aware of the ‘thin’ ideal in our society, wish to be thinner and try to lose weight. The results point to the importance of detecting girls who wish to be thinner as early as possible. If we can employ preventive action in time, it is possible that dieting behaviour will never develop. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A simple incompressible flux splitting for sharp free surface capturing
Authors: Niu Yang‐Yao , Edwards Jack R.
Published: July 2011

This paper first applies a flux vector‐type splitting method based on the numerical speed of sound for computing incompressible single and multifluid flows. Here, a preconditioning matrix based on Chorin's artificial compressibility concept is used to modify the incompressible multifluid Navier–Stokes equations to be hyperbolic and density or volume fraction‐independent. The current approach can reduce eigenvalues disparity induced from density or volume fraction ratios and enhance numerical stability. Also, a simple convection‐pressure flux‐splitting method with high‐order essentially nonoscillatory‐type primitive variable extrapolations coupled with monotone upstream‐centered schemes for conservation laws‐type volume fraction recompressed reconstruction is used to maintain the preservation of sharp interface evolutions in multifluid flow simulations. Benchmark tests including a solid rotation test of a notched two‐dimensional cylinder, the evolution of spiral and rotational shapes of deformable circles, a dam breaking problem, and the Rayleigh–Taylor instability were chosen to validate the current incompressible multifluid methodology. An incompressible driven cavity was also chosen to check the robustness of the proposed method on the computation of single fluid incompressible flow problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social instability stress in adolescent male rats alters hippocampal neurogenesis and produces deficits in spatial location memory in adulthood
Authors: McCormick Cheryl M. , Thomas Catherine M. , Sheridan Cheryl S. , Nixon Feather , Flynn Jennifer A. , Mathews Iva Z.
Published: July 2011

The ongoing development of the hippocampus in adolescence may be vulnerable to stressors. The effects of social instability stress (SS) in adolescence (daily 1 h isolation and change of cage partner postnatal days 30–45) on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG) in adolescence (on days 33 and 46, experiment 1) and in adulthood (experiment 2) was examined in Long Evans male rats and compared to nonstressed controls (CTL). Additionally, in experiment 2, a separate group of SS and CTL rats was tested on either a spatial (hippocampal‐dependent) or nonspatial (nonhippocampal dependent) version of an object memory test and also were used to investigate hippocampal expression of markers of synaptic plasticity. No memory impairment was evident until the SS rats were adults, and the impairment was only on the spatial test. SS rats initially (postnatal day 33) had increased cell proliferation based on counts of Ki67 immunoreactive (ir) cells and greater survival of immature neurons based on counts of doublecortin ir cells on day 46 and in adulthood, irrespective of behavioral testing. Counts of microglia in the DG did not differ by stress group, but behavioral testing was associated with reduced microglia counts compared to nontested rats. As adults, SS and CTL rats did not differ in hippocampal expression of synaptophysin, but compared to CTL rats, SS rats had higher expression of basal calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II (CamKII), and lower expression of the phosphorylated CamKII subunit threonine 286, signaling molecules related to synaptic plasticity. The results are contrasted with those from previous reports of chronic stress in adult rats, and we conclude that adolescent stress alters the ongoing development of the hippocampus leading to impaired spatial memory in adulthood, highlighting the heightened vulnerability to stressors in adolescence. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solving of boundary‐layer equations with transpiration effects, governance on a vertical permeable cylinder using modified differential transform method
Authors: Rashidi M.M. , Hayat T. , Basiri Parsa A.
Published: July 2011

The suction and injection effects on the free convection boundary‐layer flow over a vertical cylinder are studied. The main stream velocity and wall temperature are proportional to the axial distance along the surface of the cylinder. Both analytic and numerical solutions of the arising mathematical problem are obtained. An analytic solution is derived by a new analytical method (DTM‐Padé) and numerical solutions have been performed by using a fourth‐order Runge–Kutta and shooting methods. Velocity and temperature profiles are shown graphically. It is shown that the differential transform method (DTM) solutions are only valid for small values of the independent variable but the obtained results by DTM‐Padé are valid for the whole solution domain with high accuracy. These methods can be easily extended to other linear and nonlinear equations and so can be found widely applicable in engineering and sciences. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20366
Effects of supplied gas humidity change on PEFC transient power generation
Authors: Manabe So , Uemura Yuki , Araki Takuto
Published: July 2011

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs, PEMFCs) are gaining increasingly more attention as clean and efficient energy‐conversion devices. Vapor and liquid transport has a strong impact on the power generation characteristics and efficiency of PEFCs, and so proper water management is needed for efficiency and durability. However, water transport factors are not well understood, particularly during unsteady operation—often the case in vehicles and distributed stationary power generators. In this study, to understand and generalize the effects of local water transport on PEFC performance, transient mass transport characteristics inside a PEFC were investigated experimentally and numerically. For this purpose, we developed an unsteady two‐dimensional numerical model based on mass‐ and charge‐conservation equations in the channel, gas diffusion layer (GDL), and membrane electrode assembly (MEA). As necessary parameters for model development, we measured the water content of the MEA, the membrane resistivity, the activation overvoltage, overall mass transfer coefficient, and so on. The membrane resistivity greatly increases as the relative humidity decreases. The activation overvoltage is also affected by the relative humidity, and not only by the current density and oxygen activity. Current load and voltage changes are frequently used as PEFC transient inputs, but lead to very complicated and intractable phenomena such as changes in the amount of generated water and electro‐osmosis, state of the electrical double layer, and so on. Hence, stepwise changes in the relative humidity of the supplied gas were adopted in this study. The experimental and numerical transient responses were in good agreement under most operating conditions, and the reliability of our measurement methods for the water transport properties and our numerical model were confirmed. Here we discuss the dominant factor in the transient responses, and conclude that the transport resistance at the PEM–GDL interface is the largest and most dominant factor in a relatively dry state under unsteady operating conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20371
Identification of robust hyperspectral indices on forest leaf water content using PROSPECT simulated dataset and field reflectance measurements
Authors: Wang Quan , Li Pingheng
Published: July 2011

In this study, we aim at finding efficient and robust hyperspectral indices for estimating forest leaf water content parameters (equivalent water thickness, EWT and fuel moisture content, FMC), which are useful for the understanding of terrestrial ecosystem functioning and evaluating fire risk. The most efficient hyperspectral indices have been identified (both on the context of index types and wavelength domains) using both a simulated dataset generated from the calibrated leaf reflectance model, PROSPECT, and datasets of field measured reflectance. Results indicate that high precision can be obtained using the type of vegetation index of two wavelength bands based on reflectance derivatives to estimate both parameters, with overall R2 and RMSE of 0·60 ∼ 0·75 and 0·0009 ∼ 0·0012 g cm−2 for EWT, 0·63 ∼ 0·87 and 0·12 ∼ 0·20 g g−1 for FMC, respectively. The best indices identified in this study for vegetation water status in temperate deciduous forests were dSR (1510, 1560) for EWT and dSR (2110, 2260) for FMC, with widths of wavebands (Δλ) be variable up to 50 nm for both dSR indices. Despite the obvious discrepancies found in fit when applying the identified indices to different datasets, the indices identified in this study are applicable to various species (Dataset III), various phenological stages, different sites (Dataset I) and various leaf anatomies (Dataset II), and therefore suitable for an all inclusive wide range of application especially in temperate deciduous forests. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibody titers against EBNA1 and EBNA2 in relation to Hodgkin lymphoma and history of infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Mueller Nancy E. , Lennette Evelyne T. , Dupnik Kathryn , Birmann Brenda M.
Published: July 2011

A role for Epstein Barr virus (EBV) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) pathogenesis is supported by the detection of EBV genome in about one‐third of HL cases, but is not well defined. We previously reported that an elevated prediagnosis antibody titer against EBV nuclear antigens (EBNA) was the strongest serologic predictor of subsequent HL. For the present analysis, we measured antibody levels against EBNA components EBNA1 and EBNA2 and computed their titer ratio (anti‐EBNA1:2) in serum samples from HL cases and healthy siblings. We undertook this analysis to examine whether titer patterns atypical of well‐resolved EBV infection, such as an anti‐EBNA1:2 ratio ≤1.0, simply reflect history of infectious mononucleosis (IM), an HL risk factor, or independently predict HL risk. Participants were selected from a previous population‐based case‐control study according to their history of IM. We identified 55 EBV‐seropositive persons with a history of IM (IM+; 33 HL cases, 22 siblings) and frequency‐matched a comparison series of 173 IM history‐negative, EBV‐seropositive subjects on HL status, gender, age and year of blood draw (IM−; 105 cases, 58 siblings). In multivariate logistic regression models, an anti‐EBNA1:2 ratio ≤1.0 was significantly more prevalent in HL cases than siblings (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval = 2.43, 1.05–5.65); similar associations were apparent within the IM+ and IM− groups. EBNA antibodies were not significantly associated with IM history in HL cases or siblings. These associations suggest that chronic or more severe EBV infection is a risk factor for HL, independent of IM history.
Survival of European patients with central nervous system tumors
Authors: Sant Milena , Minicozzi Pamela , Lagorio Susanna , Børge Johannesen Tom , Marcos‐Gragera Rafael , Francisci Silvia ,   the EUROCARE Working Group
Published: July 2011

We present estimates of population‐based 5‐year relative survival for adult Europeans diagnosed with central nervous system tumors, by morphology (14 categories based on cell lineage and malignancy grade), sex, age at diagnosis and region (UK and Ireland, Northern, Central, Eastern and Southern Europe) for the most recent period with available data (2000–2002). Sources were 39 EUROCARE cancer registries with continuous data from 1996 to 2002. Survival time trends (1988 to 2002) were estimated from 24 cancer registries with continuous data from 1988. Overall 5‐year relative survival was 85.0% for benign, 19.9% for malignant tumors. Benign tumor survival ranged from 90.6% (Northern Europe) to 77.4% (UK and Ireland); for malignant tumors the range was 25.1% (Northern Europe) to 15.6% (UK and Ireland). Survival decreased with age at diagnosis and was slightly better for women (malignant tumors only). For glial tumors, survival varied from 83.5% (ependymoma and choroid plexus) to 2.7% (glioblastoma); and for non‐glioma tumors from 96.5% (neurinoma) to 44.9% (primitive neuroectoderm tumor/medulloblastoma). Survival differences between regions narrowed after adjustment for morphology and age, and were mainly attributable to differences in morphology mix; however UK and Ireland and Eastern Europe patients still had 40% and 30% higher excess risk of death, respectively, than Northern Europe patients (reference). Survival for benign tumors increased from 69.3% (1988–1990) to 77.1% (2000–2002); but survival for malignant tumors did not improve indicating no useful advances in treatment over the 14‐year study period, notwithstanding major improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of other solid cancers.