bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALAR POCKET OF THE MALE MONARCH BUTTERFLY (DANAUS P. PLEXIPPUS) (DANAIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Urquhart F. A.
Published: December 2009

The alar pocket, located on the upper surface of the hind wing of the male monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus) appears to be of a glandular nature, as is indicated by the cells associated with the androconia and as described by authors reviewed in this paper. Two distinct kinds of modified scales are associated with the cells; one (here termed the "patellate scale") has a relatively broad blade and a deeply penetrating stalk while the other (here termed the "poculate scale") is hair-like, fragile, and penetrates the cell membrane for a short distance. The cell of the poculate scale has a chitinous lip that extends above the plane surface forming a cup-like appearance while the patellate scale is associated with a slightly depressed area. In view of the absence of wing scales at the entrance to the lip of the alar pocket of some species of Danaidae, it has been postulated by many authors that this was caused by the insertion of the male hair pencils into the pocket in order to extract the substance emanating from the gland cells. In the present study there was no evidence of scales being removed from the lip of the pocket and hence it is concluded that such does not take place in this species. It is suggested that the poculate scales, being readily dissociated from the cells, may carry the odour to the outside in a manner similar to that of the spherules or "dust" described for Danaus gelippus berenice. Owing to a lack of experimental data, the function of the alar pockets remains ambiguous.
CALLING SONGS OFORCHELIMUMMEADOW KATYDIDS (TETTIGONIIDAE): I. MECHANISM, TERMINOLOGY, AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Morris Glenn K. , Walker Thomas J.
Published: December 2009

A terminology useful in describing conocephaline amplitude modulation patterns is presented in this first part of a three-part study of calling songs inOrchelimummeadow katydids. Geographical distributions are mapped for the 18 species which occur in North America north of Mexico and several substantial range extensions reported, Comparison of stridulatory files indicates two types within the genus, one characterized by more widely spaced teeth near the basal end of the file. Teeth are asymmetrical in accordance with the generation of the loudest song components on wing closure.
RELATION OF PARASITE ATTACK TO THE COLONIAL HABIT OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Parasitism of Hyphantria cunea Drury was measured over a 17-year period in a series of permanent study areas in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The percentage of colonies attacked by parasites was independent of both plant host and colony size, but the percentage of larvae attacked within colonies decreased in the larger colonies. For most parasite species the percentage of larvae attacked per colony was relatively constant, regardless of the percentage of the colonies attacked in any area or year. Thus the colonial habit of H. cunea imposes a limit on the overall degree of parasitism that can be achieved by most of the parasite species.
CAPTURE OF GLISCHROCHILUS QUADRISIGNATUS (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) IN BAIT TRAPS, 1970–74
Authors: Foott W. H. , Hybsky J. E.
Published: December 2009

The effectiveness of bait traps to capture adult Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) was evaluated for 5 years. Traps comprised of 2.85-1. cans baited with ripe bananas, an insecticide, and a small amount of water captured from 21000 to 58000 beetles/trap when placed around the periphery of tomato fields at a density of 5 traps/ha from spring to fall. The largest numbers were trapped during the 5-week interval from mid-July to mid-August when newly developed adults emerged from the soil.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE GENUS OMOMYIA COQUILLETT AND ITS TRANSFERENCE TO THE RICHARDIIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

The characters of Omomyia are compared with those of the tephritoid complex of families (Lonchaeidae, Otitidae, Platystomatidae, Pyrgotidae, Tephritidae, Tachiniscidae, Richardiidae, Pallopteridae, Neotteophilidae, Piophilidae, and Thyreophoridae). The possession of a peculiar piercing-type ovipositor by all females of this assemblage, including Omomyia, is considered a strong synapomorphic feature of the complex. Omomyia is found to be a sister-group of two aberrant richardiid genera, Automola Loew and Epiplatea Loew. Consequently, Omomyia is transferred from the Thyreophoridae to the Richardiidae with a suggestion that Automola, Epiplatea, Omomyia, and several other genera represent a separate subfamily of Richardiidae. The paper contains one table and three figures.
A REVISION OF DYSCOLETES HALIDAY (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

The genus Dyscoletes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is revised and placed in the tribe Diospilini. Two species are ineluded, D. lancifer Haliday front western Europe and D. canadensis n. sp. from northern North America. D. soporatus Brues, a fossil, is transferred to Diospilus Haliday. Both extant species have been reared from larvae of Boreus (Boreidae: Mecoptera).
CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), INFECTED WITH ENTOMOPOXVIRUS
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: December 2009

The last larval stadium of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), is extended, if infection by an entomopoxvirus is in an advanced stage at the normal time of pupation. The larvae attain an abnormally large size. Part of this increase in size is caused by a proliferation and subsequent infection and swelling of fat body cells.
EFFECTS OF MIXED INFECTIONS OF TWO STRAINS OF GRANULOSIS VIRUS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), ON THE FORMATION OF VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: December 2009

The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), is susceptible to two types of granulosis virus. One is characterized by the formation of mostly small ellipsoidal inclusion bodies, the second by the formation of large cubic inclusion bodies. Different shapes and sizes of inclusion bodies were formed when these viruses multiplied in the same tissues, some resembling the ellipsoids, others the cubes.
THE APPLE MAGGOT (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Neilson W. T. A.
Published: December 2009

The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), is a major pest of apples in Nova Scotia, and has in recent years become a serious threat to integrated insect control. This paper is an account of its past history, economic importance, seasonal history, natural enemies, the present cultural and chemical control practices, and the prospect of using alternative control measures.
LIFE TABLE DATA FOR USE IN DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC SIMULATION MODELS PREDICTING THE GROWTH OF INSECT POPULATIONS UNDER MALTHUSIAN CONDITIONS
Authors: Hardman J. M.
Published: December 2009

Life table data from a laboratory strain of Tribolium confusum (DuVal) were obtained for use in deterministic and stochastic models of population growth under optimal environmental conditions. Frequency distributions of mortality, developmental time, and age-specific fecundity schedules taken from experiments conducted at five constant temperatures were transposed onto a physiological time scale measured in degree-days. Data of this detail were necessary for use in models that could predict the growth of laboratory populations of the same strain of beetle reared under optimal conditions.
DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC MODELS SIMULATING THE GROWTH OF INSECT POPULATIONS OVER A RANGE OF TEMPERATURES UNDER MALTHUSIAN CONDITIONS
Authors: Hardman J. M.
Published: December 2009

The concept of degree-day summation was employed in three models of malthusian growth predictive over a range of temperatures. When supplied input data from life table studies conducted at five constant temperatures, the models were able to predict the magnitude and pattern of growth of populations of Tribolium confusum Duval reared under malthusian conditions. The stochastic model, moreover, revealed that the series of chance events found in the course of population growth could explain differences between one population and the next. When computer experiments on the importance of various life table parameters were run, the models revealed the overwhelming importance of time taken to mature on the rate of population growth. The level of fecundity was next in order of importance while population growth was least sensitive to changes in survivorship.
BIOLOGY OF THE TORTOISE BEETLE, CASSIDA HEMISPHAERICA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), A POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR BLADDER CAMPION, SILENE CUCUBALUS (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), IN CANADA
Authors: Maw M. G.
Published: December 2009

The biology of Cassida hemisphaerica Hbst. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is given and its suitability as a biological control agent of bladder campion, Silene cucubalus Wibel, is evaluated. Because its host range includes a number of ornamental plants in the genus Dianthus and the adults will feed on economic plants in the family Chenopodiaceae, introduction of C. hemisphaerica is not at this time justified.
ESTIMATION OF HEMLOCK SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) FECUNDITY
Authors: Hard John S.
Published: December 2009

Mean fecundity of hemlock sawfly females emerging from cocoons collected on heavily defoliated western hemlock trees was significantly less than fecundity of females collected from lightly defoliated trees. Fecundity was highly correlated with female cocoon diameter and female forewing length, but was most highly correlated with both variables combined. Time-saving double sampling techniques are discussed for determining mean fecundities of new samples when mean cocoon diameter and forewing length are known.
AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF NEOACARUS (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: NEOACARIDAE) FROM A LAKE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Male and female adults of Neoacarus lacus n. sp. are described. This species is unique among Neoacaridae in that male adults possess 5 or 6, rather than 3, pairs of genital acetabula, and the adults inhabit a shallow eutrophic lake rather than the interstitial habitat in a stream bed.
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BUD MINING SAWFLIES, PLERONEURA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: XYELIDAE), ON WHITE FIR IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA OF CALIFORNIA: I. LIFE CYCLES, NICHE UTILIZATION, AND INTERACTION BETWEEN LARVAL FEEDING AND TREE GROWTH
Authors: Ohmart C. P. , Dahlsten D. L.
Published: December 2009

The previously unknown biologies of three species of bud mining sawflies occurring in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains are compared. All three species oviposit in the buds of white fir, Abies concolor, but in different parts of the bud. Each has a different ovipositional posture as well. The first instar of each species mines the bud in a characteristic manner; later instar larval behavior is not distinguishable. The larvae cannot be separated morphologically, but the adults are easily recognized by their genitalia. At moderate population levels competition does not appear to be a major limiting factor even though the three species occupy the same niche. The feeding of Pleroneura aldrichi, P. koebelei, and P. lutea appears to have little if any effect on the host tree.
A NEW SPECIES OFELATOPHILUSREUTER FROM ONTARIO, AND NEW SYNONYMY FORPIEZOSTETHUS FLACCIDUSVAN DUZEE (HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

The new species ofElatophilusdescribed herein was in the Anthocoridae collection of the late Mr. J. F. Brimley, Wellington, Ont. This collection of Hemiptera and Coleoptera was recently bequeathed to the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa.
EFFECTS OF THE MICROSPORIDIA NOSEMA DISSTRIAE AND PLEISTOPHORA SCHUBERGI ON THE SURVIVAL OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Wilson G. G.
Published: December 2009

During the summers of 1973 and 1974 examination of field collected samples of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, revealed the presence of a Pleistophora sp. (Wilson 1975). It has subsequently been determined as Pleistophora schubergi (Weiser 196 1 and pers. comm.). This microsporidium also appeared in laboratory cultures of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria. M. disstria is often infected in nature by the microsporidium Nosema disstriae. Preliminary tests were undertaken to compare the effects of these two microsporidia on the development of the forest tent caterpillar.
OBSERVATIONS ON MERICIA AMPELUS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), AN OCCASIONAL PARASITE OF BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Wylie H.G.
Published: December 2009

Mericia ampelus (Wlk.) was one of seven species of insect parasite reared from larvae of bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., that were collected in August 1972. At that time large populations of the host species were damaging plants of rape, Brassica spp., in numerous localities in western Canada (Wylie and Bucher 1977). As M. ampelus had not been reared before from M. configurata, studies were made in 1973–75 to determine the parasite's distribution and abundance, to obtain information on its biology and behaviour, and to assess its impact on populations of M. configurata.
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON HOST–PARASITE INTERACTIONS BETWEENHYPERA POSTICA(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ANDBATHYPLECTES ANURUS(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Latheef M. A. , Yeargan K. V. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2009

The effect of density on host–parasite interactions betweenHypera postica(Gyllenhal) andBathyplectes anurus(Thomson) was studied in a caged system in the laboratory. There was no significant relationship between proportion of hosts parasitized and host density. The frequency distribution of the parasite’s eggs approximated the Poisson distribution in 83% of the cases. There was a quadratic relationship between number of superparasitized hosts and parasite density. However, no significant correlation between proportion superparasitized and host density was detected. The Nicholsonian area of discovery was inversely related to parasite density with a strong mutual interference constant of −.467.
PREVENTING AND TERMINATING PUPAL DIAPAUSE INATHRYCIA CINEREA(DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Pupal diapause inAthrycia cinerea(Coq.), a larval parasite of bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurataWalk., was usually prevented if the parasite larvae were reared at 25°C, but not if they were reared at 20°C. Mature larvae of the parasite were more sensitive than younger larvae to this temperature effect. Diapause incidence inA.cinereaat 20°C was not reduced by using only young parent females for oviposition; by rearing the parent females at a high temperature (25°C) and long day (16 h) prior to and during oviposition; by using host larvae that had been light-programmed for non-diapause; or by increasing the photoperiod, to which the parasite larvae were exposed, from 12 to 16 h. Termination of pupal diapause was accelerated by low temperature; at least 24 weeks at 2 °C were required to synchronize adult emergence.
FLUE-CURED TOBACCO LOSSES CAUSED BY THE TOMATO HORNWORM, MANDUCA QUINQUEMACULATA (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE), AT VARIOUS INFESTATION LEVELS IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

Studies on the flue-cured tobacco losses caused by the natural tomato hornworm, Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth), were conducted in the field at Delhi, Ont., during 1973, 1974, and 1975. The feeding habits of the larval stage were observed and data on the subsequent damage to tobacco were recorded Two to six leaves per plant, depending on leaf size, were unmarketable due to damage caused by one hornworm larva. The most severe damage by the larva was due to destruction of terminal buds.

The tobacco yield was significantly related, negatively, to the tomato hornworm infestation levels. All infestation levels influenced quantitative tobacco losses, but no qualitative differences were apparent when compared with the yield in the insect-free plots. Maximum yield losses occurred at the highest level of infestation. There were no significant differences in yield losses per larva among the infestation levels or among the years. The average yield reduction per larva for all of the population densities and years was 0.70 oz of cured leaves. A prediction equation to establish the relationship between hornworm infestation levels and tobacco yield losses was calculated. A theoretical economic-injury level for the tomato hornworm on tobacco in Ontario was established.
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF 16 EXPERIMENTAL COMPOUNDS AS SOIL INSECTICIDES
Authors: Harris C. R. , Turnbull S. A.
Published: December 2009

The effectiveness of 16 experimental compounds as soil insecticides was assessed under laboratory conditions. Chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and dieldrin were included as standard insecticides. Spectrum of activity as contact insecticides was determined using 24–48 h nymphs of the field cricket, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h onion maggot adults, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), third stage darksided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. First stage crickets were used to assess the biological activity of experimental compounds relative to soil type, moisture, and temperature and also their volatility in moist sand and persistence of biological activity over a 48 week period. All of the insecticides showed broad spectrum contact activity. Twelve showed fair to very good potential in soil. Four insecticides, Shell WL 24794 (O,O-dimethyl-S-1-[3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)] ethyl phosphorodithioate), Shell WL 25735 (O-[2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl methylphosphonothioate), Shell WL 26738 (O-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate), and chlorpyrifos-methyl showed good potential. Two others, Counter® (S-[(tert-butylthio) methyl] O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) and Shell WL 24073 (O-[2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl] O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate) were considered to have very good potential as soil insecticides.
CHAETOPHLEPSIS NASELLENSIS, A DIPTEROUS PARASITOID OF THE WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Medley Richard D. , Carolin V. M.
Published: December 2009

Preserved material from 1962 field studies provided information on the habits and morphology of the tachinid parasitoid Chaetophlepsis nasellensis Reinhard. Parasitization of the larvae of the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst), continues over a 30- to 40-day period. Maggots issue from the host larvae and drop to the ground to pupate. The pupae normally overwinter, with adults emerging the following spring or summer. The early first-instar larva differs markedly from the late first-instar. The three instars can be distinguished on the basis of body length and the structure and form of the buccopharyngeal apparatus. The first and third larval instars and the puparium are distinctive enough to permit easy identification during studies of the western hemlock looper and associated loopers.
BIOLOGY OF THE CORN LEAF APHID, RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Foott W.H.
Published: December 2009

There was no evidence that the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), can overwinter in southwestern Ontario. An alate with a small colony of nymphs was found on 26 April, indicating that migration from the south starts early in the spring. Early migrants colonized winter barley, but not winter oats, rye, or wheat. Colonization on field corn did not occur until over a month after plant emergence. Only small numbers of alatae initiated infestations on corn and the large variation in size of aphid infestations observed at pollination was due to differences in the longevity and fecundity of these few early attackers. The whorl leaves which enclosed the tassel before pollination provided a very favorable environment for rapid development of the aphids. Trapping of alatae in yellow pans of water at the periphery of a corn field in the fall showed that a minimum temperature of 13°C was required for flight. At a constant temperature of 25.5°C and a light:dark photoperiod of 14:10 h, the average prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive periods for 29 aphids were 5.9, 15.8, and 9.6 days, respectively. The average number of nymphs produced/female was 68.2.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A PREDACIOUS RED WOOD ANT, FORMICA OBSCURIPES (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), FROM MANITOBA TO EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

The important species of predacious ants in Europe and North America belonging to the Formica rufa L. group, and their association with forest insects, is discussed. The absence of desirable species in Quebec is stated, and a brief description of an aggressive western North American species (F. obscuripes Forel) is given. The method used in collecting large colonies of this species in Manitoba, of transportation to Quebec, and of the eventual release and establishment is described. It is concluded that F. obscuripes is increasing in number in Quebec, and should be considered as permanently established.
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS FOR THE DESCRIPTION AND SYNTHESIS OF PREDATOR–PREY SYSTEMS
Authors: Curry Guy L. , DeMichele Don W.
Published: December 2009

In this paper, a stochastic analysis approach for predator–prey systems modeling is developed. The states of the system are assumed to have a natural probabilistic variation. Elements of queueing theory are used to describe these variations and to obtain both the transient and steady-state results for the system. The predator is considered analogous to a service facility and the prey as customers to be served. The Holling disk equation and mantid–fly experiments are analyzed by this approach. The method provides a framework for a straightforward synthesis of the system components and is readily generalized for multiple predator systems. Furthermore, hunger and other behavioral aspects can be easily incorporated into the mathematical analysis.
POST-ATTACK INJECTION OF SILVISAR 510 (CACODYLIC ACID) IN SPRUCE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INFESTED TREES
Authors: Frye R. H. , Schmid J. M. , Lister C. K. , Buffam P. E.
Published: December 2009

Post-attack injections of full- and half-strength Silvisar 510 (cacodylic acid) appear to inhibit populations of Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) more effectively than quarter- and tenth-strength dilutions. Arsenic concentrations in the phloem were highest in the full-strength treatments and progressively decreased in the lesser strength treatments. Arsenic concentrations in the phloem were generally highest just above the frill while concentrations at 20 ft and higher above the frill were significantly lower than those just above the frill. Arsenic concentrations in the needles were highest in the full- and half-strength treatments and decreased progressively in the lesser strength treatments. Concentrations in the needles were essentially equal in the upper and lower portions of the crown. Arsenic concentrations in the soil were not affected by the treatments.
EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON MORTALITY OF HIBERNATING CODLING MOTH LARVAE AND FERTILITY OF SURVIVING ADULTS (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Hagley E. A. C.
Published: December 2009

Mortality of hibernating codling moth larvae from the Georgian Bay area and the Niagara peninsula of southern Ontario was not affected after exposure to temperatures as low as −16.7°C for 48 h. One hundred per cent mortality occurred at −20.0°C after pre-conditioning the larvae for several weeks by exposure to gradually decreasing temperatures. In neither area were the minimum winter temperatures low enough nor of sufficient duration to significantly affect larval mortality. There was no effect on pupal or adult survival or on the fecundity and fertility of surviving adults following exposure of larvae to low temperatures.
LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.

The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.

The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.

Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.

The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.
ESTIMATION OF EGG POPULATIONS OF THE CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO, SITONA HISPIDULA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN KENTUCKY ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER FIELDS,
Authors: Ng Y. S. , Latheef M. A. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2009

Sampling techniques for estimating egg populations of the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidula (F.), were developed in alfalfa and red clover fields in Kentucky. An appropriate sample unit was a 3 × 3 in. (7.6 × 7.6 cm) area of plants and the soil beneath it to a depth of 4–5 in. (10.2–12.7 cm). This was processed by a flotation technique. The spatial disposition of the eggs conformed to a clumped pattern in both fields. The variation of 88 to 93% in log variances was accounted for by the variation in log means. There were no significant differences in dispersion pattern between the two crops. Variance analysis revealed that block and plot differences were rarely significant but the interquadrat variance predominated. The number of samples required to estimate the population with specified level of significance and margin of error was inversely proportional to population density.
NOTES ON A PINE-FEEDING BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA LAMBERTIANA PONDEROSANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN THE COLORADO ROCKIES
Authors: Stevens Robert E. , Borg Thomas K. , Thatcher T. O.
Published: December 2009

Choristoneura lambertiana ponderosana Obraztsov is commonly found infesting its main host, Pinus ponderosa Laws., in Colorado. It is also known from Wyoming, South Dakota, and Montana. Pinus flexilis James is a host in Montana, and in Colorado ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum Hawksworth and Wiens, is also utilized as a food plant. Adults fly and oviposit in midsummer; newly hatched larvae overwinter in hibernacula and emerge in the spring to feed on new foliage. Pupation takes place in the feeding area. There is one generation per year.
GENETIC INSECT CONTROL: CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS ISOLATED USING A SIMPLE SYSTEM IN THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Reid J.A. Keith , McEwen F.L.
Published: December 2009

A method for the direct isolation of useful genetic strains was shown effective in the onion maggot. This method circumvents the extensive preliminary investigations called for by current concepts in genetic population control. From genomes treated with 1.5 kr of gamma radiation, the system showed that 17% of those tested carried chromosomal rearrangements potentially useful in genetic population reduction.
TRAIL-LAYING BEHAVIOUR OF THE CARPENTER ANT,CAMPONOTUS PENNSYLVANICUS(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Hartwick E. B. , Friend W. G. , Atwood C. E.
Published: December 2009

Camponotus pennsylvanicus(De Geer) workers concentrate their foraging efforts in the vicinity of a new food source. Experiments with artificial “trees” confirm that these ants lay chemical trails when they locate food and under other circumstances. Marks left by ants travelling over smoked paper indicate that the trail consists of a series of streaks, sometimes variable in length, and that ants following trails make regular alternate deviations. Trails are laid extensively in the immediate vicinity of food. A trail is not reinforced by all gorged workers passing over it.

The trails activate other workers and provide a means of orientation but are clearly non-directional. A bioassay with various organs indicated that the hind gut is the source of the trail substance.

When a strong direct light is available, attention to trails dwindles and ants eventually use light orientation to reach the food, often following more direct routes at that time. Physical contact between workers may activate them but provides no directional information and may lead to temporary disorientation.
OBSERVATIONS ON ICHNEUMON CANADENSIS, A PARASITE OF NOCTUID PUPAE IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: Wylie H. G. , Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

In mid-September 1974, adults of Ichneumon canadensis Cress, emerged in the laboratory from pupae from the soil under field cages at Grosse Isle, about 15 miles northwest of Winnipeg, Man. The field cages had been stocked with laboratory-reared fifth-instar larvae of M. configurata. The cages were removed after 12–15 days when the larvae had finished feeding. Eleven I. canadensis emerged from 1671 pupae collected from experiments set up on 29 July, 2 August, and 12 August; none emerged from 229 pupae collected from experiments set up on 17 and 22 July. Parasitization could have been by adults that either were trapped inside the cages when they were erected, or that emerged later from the soil inside the cages, or that discovered the host-containing area after the cages were removed but before the soil was sifted. As this was the first report of this ichneumonid parasitizing M. configurata, various aspects of the parasite's biology were investigated.
DISTRIBUTION, SURVIVAL, AND INTRA-TREE MOVEMENT OF LATE-INSTAR BIRCH CASEBEARER LARVAE ON WHITE BIRCH (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G. , Bryant D. G.
Published: December 2009

The number of the birch casebearer larvae, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, within white birch crowns, Betula papyrifera Marsh., decreased 70% from overwintered survivors to about 50% pupae in the population. Within a crown, the highest number occurred in the outer shell and lowest in the inner. Casebearer numbers, weighted by the number of leaf clusters, were highest in the inner shell and lowest in the outer. Among crown quarters, both unweighted and weighted numbers were generally highest in the middle two crown quarters, lowest in the bottom quarter, and variable in the top quarter.

Peaks in immigration and emigration of larvae among crown strata occurred first when third and again when fourth instar larvae were most abundant. Immigration consisted only of intra-tree crawling, but emigration consisted of intra-tree crawling, removal by predation, and larvae leaving the tree to pupate on ground vegetation.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROBIAL NUMBERS AND DROPLET SIZE IN AERIAL SPRAY APPLICATIONS
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were designed to determine the actual number of spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and of nuclear polyhedral virus and entomopoxvirus deposited at ground level per unit area and to determine any change in spore:crystal ration following aerial application in forested plots.

The results indicate that: (1) The estimation of B.t. aerial spray deposits by the commonly used agar plate method grossly underestimates the deposit rates of active ingredient. The tracer dye method more accurately estimates deposit rates for both B.t. and entomopathogenic viruses. As a dye 0.1% Erio Acid Red XB is recommended. (2) The relationship between drop size and the number of spores and crystals or virus inclusion bodies/drop is curvilinear. This relationship probably holds true regardless of spray volume rate. All visible spray deposits at ground level contained some active ingredient. (3) With B.t. sprays the sporexrystal ratio emitted from the aircraft is not changed upon target impact.
EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING WITHIN-SPOT POPULATIONS OF ATTACKING ADULT DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Pulley Paul E. , Foltz John L. , Coulson Robert N. , Martin William C.
Published: December 2009

Population data collected from 132 trees during a 3-year period were used to simulate spots of K trees (1≤ k ≤ 50) infested by the attacking adult stage of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. The total number of beetles on the K trees was then estimated by sampling k trees (1≤ k ≤ 10). The k trees were chosen at random and by selecting those of largest diameter and largest infested area. Within-tree populations were estimated at two levels of precision and within-spot populations were then estimated by scaling the sum of the k within-tree estimates according to the proportion of the tree numbers, tree diameters, or infested phloem areas included in the sample. The various combinations of tree selection, within-tree precision, and scaling produced 10 procedures which were evaluated for bias, precision, and cost as estimators of within-spot populations. Bias was calculated as the mean of the proportional errors in estimating the true numbers, and the standard deviation of the proportional errors was used as a measure of precision.

The procedures in which trees were randomly selected provided unbiased estimates of the within-spot populations. Selecting the largest trees tended to overestimate the true number with the bias diminishing to zero as k → K. However, separate analyses of trees sampled on the same date within actual spots showed no reason to reject the hypothesis of no difference in beetle density (insects/diameter and insects/area) between the largest and smallest trees.

When k = K = 1, the precision of all within-spot estimators was equivalent to the precision of the within-tree estimate. For larger k = K, the precision improved approximately as √(K). No attempt was made to derive functional relationships of precision for k < K. For each procedure, precision improved as k → K. Sampling the k trees at two sample heights (3.5 and 6.5 m, 4–100 cm2 disks/height) was more precise than single level sampling (4 disks at 5 m), but equally precise estimates could be obtained by single level sampling of just one or two additional trees in the spot. Random selection of the k trees with scaling by the number of infested trees was the least precise of the estimating procedures; scaling by diameter and by infested surface area increased the precision. Best precision was obtained by selecting the k trees of greatest infested phloem area, but selecting the largest diameter trees was nearly as precise. The least costly procedure for obtaining a desired level of precision consists of selecting the k trees of largest diameter and extracting 4 disks/tree at 5 m.
A SEX PHEROMONE MIXTURE FOR THE BERTHA ARMYWORM MOTH, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA: (Z)-9-TETRADECEN-1-OL ACETATE AND (Z)-11-HEXADECEN-1-OL ACETATE
Authors: Underhill E.W. , Steck W.F. , Chisholm M.D.
Published: December 2009

An abdominal tip extract of female bertha armyworm moths, Mamestra configurata (Walker), was found to contain two sex pheromone components. One corresponded to (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate, previously identified from this source, and the other to a tetradecen-1-ol acetate, identified by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Data obtained from the EAG profile of isomeric tetradecen-1-ol acetates indicated the active component to be (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate. Neither of these two acetates was by itself attractive to males in field tests; however, mixtures were attractive, with the best attraction occurring with a C16:C14 acetate ratio of about 19:1.
AN ANALYSIS OF COTTON PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA: LYGUS HESPERUS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) INJURY—AN EVALUATION
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Leigh T. F. , Wang Y. , Cave R. D.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for partitioning normal plant fruit shedding losses from those caused by the pest Lygus hesperus Knight. The relationship between age of bug and its damaged rate per day degree was determined, and used to assess the impact of various lygus population levels on crop development and yield. A simulation model for lygus phenology and population dynamics is reported.
MONITORING FLIGHT PATTERNS OF MALE SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE)
Authors: Rice R. E. , Jones R. A.
Published: December 2009

The presence of female-produced sex pheromones in diaspidid scales has been known for several years, and was recently documented for the San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Rice 1974). This paper reports the results of 3 years of seasonal monitoring for male San Jose scale in an attempt to determine how and when this pheromone might be used as a monitoring technique in pest management programs in deciduous fruit orchards. These studies were conducted at the San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Research Center near Parlier, Fresno County, Calif.
THE EFFECTS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ON PARASITOIDS OF THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), AND THE SPRUCE CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIA RENICULELLOIDES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN MONTANA
Authors: Hamel D. R.
Published: December 2009

Parasitoid studies were conducted concurrently with a pilot control project to test the efficacy of Dipel® WP, a formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, in reducing western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, populations. Twenty-one species of parasitoids were recovered in rearings of the budworm and an associated defoliator, the spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculelloides Mutuura and Munroe. Parasitoid population alterations occurred following application. Parasitism by Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. and Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.), which attack prediapausing first-instar budworm, was significantly higher in treatment blocks following B.t. application. Parasitism by Phaeogenes hariolus (Cr.), Cermoasia auricaudata Tns., and Madremyia saundersii (Will), parasitoids of late instars and pupae, was significantly lower following treatment. Comparisons of parasitoid populations were made between pre- and post-spray sampling periods and between treatment and check blocks.
ESTIMATES OF POPULATION SIZE AND SURVIVAL OF IMMATURE STAGES OF FOUR SPECIES OF AEDES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN A TEMPORARY POND
Authors: Enfield M. A. , Pritchard G.
Published: December 2009

A temporary pond close to Calgary, Alberta, was studied for 2 years. In the spring of the first year (1974) the pond filled with water to a much higher level than normal and it did not dry and reflood until August. The first flooding hatched eggs of Aedes euedes, A. cataphylla, A. excrucians, A. fitchii, A. flavescens, and A. mercurator; the second flooding hatched eggs of A. vexans and A. cinereus. Estimates of larval population size were made for the latter two species and little larval mortality occurred until the pond was reduced to a few small puddles, when larvae became stranded. The pond dried completely before the pupal stage was attained. Fifty per cent of surviving A. vexans larvae attained instar II in 3.7 days, instar III in 6.6 days, and instar IV in 10.3 days. A. cinereus developed more slowly.

In the second year (1975) the pond contained water from the middle of April to the beginning of June, and did not refill in the summer. Estimates of larval population sizes were made for A. euedes and A. mercurator. These larvae shared a preference for the deeper water in the centre of the pond. Their numbers declined at rates of 9% per day for A. euedes and 7% per day for A. mercurator. Larvae in the second instar survived a period of 3 days when the water surface was covered with ice and snow, but A. euedes experienced a sharp drop in numbers at this time.

Fifty-three per cent of the eggs of A. vexans survived a period of 1 year in areas not flooded with water at appropriate temperatures for hatching.
AN APPARATUS FOR EXCHANGING DIETS RAPIDLY DURING ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF SUCKING INSECTS
Authors: Friend W. G. , Smith J. J. B.
Published: December 2009

An apparatus is described which permits either continuous or interrupted flow of diet under a membrane through which piercing and sucking insects can feed. The flow does not affect feeding behaviour while allowing a replacement of one diet by another which is 99% effective in less than 2 sec, using approximately 2 ml of diet. Monitoring electrical conductivity of a diet at the feeding membrane permits quantitative evaluation of exchange efficiency. Use of this apparatus in experiments on dietary requirements and mass-rearing are discussed.
GEOCORIS BULLATUS, AN OCCASIONAL PREDATOR ON FLEA BEETLES (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: December 2009

Geocoris bullatus (Say) adults were observed on two separate occasions dragging adult flea beetles over the soil surface, with one of the flea beetles being identified as Phyllotreta striolata (F). No predation was seen on other occasions when this predator and flea beetles were present together in the field, nor in laboratory confinement experiments. Under the latter circumstances G. bullatus readily attacked aphids, however. It seems likely that G. bullatus is only an incidental predator on adult flea beetles in western Canada.
THE ANALYSIS OF INTRAGENERATION CHANGE IN EASTERN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Guppy J. C. , Binns M. R.
Published: December 2009

Fifteen life tables were compiled from population and mortality data collected in the Quinte area of eastern Ontario during the 5-year period, 1972–76, that spanned the rise and fall of an outbreak of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.).

Components analysis of the data showed that a disease of the feeding larvae caused by Entomophthora phytonomi Arthur, a fungus new to the insect in North America, was the principal determinant of intrageneration survival. Multivariate analysis of the separate mortalities, expressed as k-values, confirmed that this agent was the key factor governing population trends of the weevil and was mainly responsible for its population decline.

Examination of the properties of the various mortality factors showed that E. phytonomi was density dependent but overcompensating. Other agents, including the parasitoids Bathyplectes curculionis (Thom.) and Tetrastichus incertus (Ratz.) acted in a density independent manner and contributed little to population trend.
A TECHNIQUE FOR REARING THE PREDACEOUS MITEBALAUSTIUM PUTMANI(ACARINA: ERYTHRAEIDAE), WITH NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY
Authors: Cadogan B. L. , Laing J. E.
Published: December 2009

The predaceous miteBalaustium putmaniSmiley was studied in the laboratory and in apple orchards in southern Ontario. A rearing technique was devised which facilitated the study of the life history and behaviour of individual mites.

Temperature and moisture influenced the development and hatching of eggs. In the presence of water, development proceeded more rapidly at the higher temperature of the 10°–25°C range tested. In the absence of water no development occurred. LarvalB.putmaniare free-living predators and although some were observed feeding periodically on pollen grains, they could not survive solely on this diet. All three motile stages are predators of a wide range of small, soft-bodied arthropods, but feed mainly on eriophyids and phytophagous tetranychid mites. The rate of consumption of the eggs and motile stages of the European red mite was determined for each motile stage at 20° and 25°C. Insemination is by externally deposited spermatophores and in the adult females, no facultative parthenogenesis was evident.
TRENDS OF CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) POPULATIONS OVER 12 YEARS ON TWO CULTIVARS IN AN INSECTICIDE FREE ORCHARD
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

The populations of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) on two cultivars in an insecticide free orchard showed similar trends over a 12-year period. Infestation of fruit was greater on the cultivar with the larger annual crop. Predation of eggs on the cultivar Delicious was greater than on the cultivar McIntosh. Mortality of neonate larvae was greater on McIntosh. Egg-to-egg survival ratios varied from 0.23 to 6.83. The average generation survival of egg to adult for the 12-year period was near 10% which confirms an earlier value established empirically.
SEX ATTRACT ANTS FOR MALES OF 12 MOTH SPECIES FOUND IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Steck W. , Underhill E. W. , Chisholm M. D. , Bailey B. K. , Loeffler J. , Devlin C. G.
Published: December 2009

Attractants were found for males of 12 moth species: Acronicta grisea Walker, Andropolia contacta Walker, Argyrotaenia dorsalana Dyar, Chrysaspidia putnami (Grote), Chrysaspidia venusta Walker, Eurythmia hospitella Zeller, Exartema appendiceum Zeller, Mutuuraia mysippusalis (Walker), Decodes horarianus Walsingham, Polia atlantica Grote, Sitochroa chortalis Grote, and Pandemis canadana Kearfott. For five of these species single pure compounds were useful attractants, while the remaining seven required binary mixtures whose components when tested singly showed little or no attractancy.
OVERWINTERING AREAS AND MIGRATORY ROUTES OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY (DANAUS P. PLEXIPPUS, LEPIDOPTERA: DANAIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE WESTERN POPULATION
Authors: Urquhart F. A. , Urquhart N. R.
Published: December 2009

As a result of alar tagging migrating specimens of the monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus L.) in North America over a period of 25 years, it was possible to plot the migration routes establishing two large overwintering colonies, one located in California and the other in mountains of the Sierra Madré Occidentale in Mexico. Photographs of the two overwintering populations are presented together with release–recapture lines showing the direction of migration from breeding areas to the two overwintering sites. Data, presented for the first time, show the migration routes of the Western population from the breeding areas in the mountains and west of the mountains to California.