bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is there any association between consanguinity and hearing
loss

Authors: Bener A , Eihakeem AA , Abdulhadi K
Published: September 2022

Background: Hearing loss (HL) and its complications appear to be increasingly
common in developing countries. Previous studies have supported the association between
hearing loss and consanguinity.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to
determine the frequency of hearing loss and its association with consanguinity among a
Qatari population. In addition, correlation between hearing loss and Rhesus (Rh) blood
groups has been investigated.
Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Setting: The
study was conducted at the Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation.

Subjects: Total sample of 2800 infants screened and 2277 subjects were eligible to be
included in the study.
Methods: The neonatal screening for hearing loss was
conducted from January 2003 to November 2003 among all the 2800 infants born during that
period. Some of them were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The hearing
loss was screened using otoacoustic emission (Garson Stadler Incorporation, GSI-70),
auditory brain stem responses (ABR) and tympanogram.
Results: Out of 2277 infants
screened, the prevalence of hearing loss was (119/2277) 5.2%. The prevalence of HL was
more common in boys (2.7%) than in girls (2.5%). We did not find any statistical
significant differences between genders with the respect of HL. Parental consanguinity
was more common among HL cases compared with non-HL 60.5% versus 25.3% (p < 0.0001).
Family history of hearing loss did not show any differences between the two groups. 4.2%
versus 4.3%. Risk factors like caesarean section, prenatal smoking and prenatal high
blood pressure did not show any significant differences between the two groups. However,
admission to NICU is associated with increase prevalence of HL, 8.4% versus 4.4% (p =
0.043). The present study revealed that strong correlation between hearing loss,
consanguineous (r = 0.217, p < 0.01), father education level illiterate (r = 0.293, p
< 0.01), mothers consanguineous (r = 0.206, p < 0.01), mothers educational level
illiterate (r = 0.228, p < 0.01), mother blood group positive (r = 0.476, p <
0.01), family history of HL among first or second degree of relatives (r = 0.620, p <
0.01) and father hypertension (r = 0.570, p < 0.01). Furthermore, a significant
correlation between hearing loss and Rh blood groups has been discovered.

Conclusion: The present study was directed at determining the prevalence and risk
factors of HL in the infant population of Qatar. The data revealed that parental
consanguinity was more common among hearing loss cases. There is a strong correlation
between hearing loss and the baby’s age.
Published courtesy of:Int J Pediatr
Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69(3): 327-333
Childhood deafness poses problems in developing
countries

Authors: Olusanya BO , Luxon LM , Wirz SL
Published: September 2022

Childhood deafness is an important disorder globally affecting more than 62
million children younger than 15 years. Two thirds reside in developing countries.
Although many studies have been reported on the aetiology of deafness, the age/mode of
detection and intervention in many developing countries is unknown.
Our
questionnaire based study of 363 parents of children attending the only public schools
for the deaf in Lagos, Nigeria, with a total enrolment of 429, showed that parents were
predominantly (81%) the first to suspect or detect hearing difficulty in their children.
Parental suspicion occurred mostly at 12-24 months, compared with 8-14 months in
developed countries. Only 12% suspected hearing difficulty by age 6 months. The
commonest mode of detection was a child’s failure to respond to sound (49%).
Speech/language defects or unintelligible speech were least associated with hearing
difficulty (1%). As in developed countries, doctors were most commonly consulted for
help (77%). However, most children (80%) were not provided with hearing aids even where
appropriate, granted that cochlear implantation was improbable. Parents were often told
that their children were ‘slow starters’ and would outgrow the speech delays, only to be
enrolled in schools for the deaf when this optimism failed. Ironically, only 6% were so
enrolled by age 6 years (mean age of enrolment 10.3 years). This protracted delay
especially for the 363 hearing parents may be indicative of their preference for spoken
rather than sign language after initial denial and grief.
Screening the hearing of
newborn babies allows prompt detection of congenital and early onset deafness, for
optimal development of speech and language development. Until such a programme becomes
available, doctors should follow the lead from parental suspicion especially as part of
ongoing surveillance to detect children with late onset deafness. The World Health
Organization’s current initiatives for affordable hearing aids and support services in
developing countries should encourage the development of auditory-verbal intervention
services.
Published courtesy of:BMJ 2005; 330:480-481
Wellbore Solution for Mechanical Formation Damage Control During Oil Flow Through Infinite Permeability-Pressure-Sensitive Reservoirs
Authors: Fernandes F. B. , Braga A. M. B. , Souza A. L. S. , Soares A. C.
Published: September 2022

Analytical solutions for the nonlinear hydraulic diffusivity equation (NHDE) to model the oil flow through permeability pressure-sensitive reservoirs still constitutes a challenge for formation evaluation engineers and geoscientists. This work develops analytically a new integro-differential solution for the NHDE for oil flow in permeability-pressure-sensitive reservoirs with instantaneous point-source. A set of pore pressure and permeability values for two sandstones samples in an offshore reservoir from Brazil is obtained experimentally using the geomechanical elastic parameters e.g. the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio in addition to an uni-axial cell. These data are used as input in the computational code to run the analytical model and evaluate the reservoir permeability change. After these data input, the model runs and it allows users to compute the instantaneous reservoir permeability values over the well-reservoir life-cycle. The model calibration is performed with a numerical porous media oil flow simulator which is widely used in the reservoir engineering and formation evaluation literature. The accuracy, easy implementation and the low computational costs constitute the main advantages related to the developed model. Therewith it may be a useful and attractive mathematical tool to support the well-reservoir performance management.

1 INTRODUCTION

Pressure transient analysis (PTA) has an important role in oil industry to provide several well-reservoir information, e.g., formation damage, permeability change, reservoir characterization and management, flow regimes identification, flow potential forecast and reservoir extension.

In this context, minimizing the economic impairments caused by the permeability loss effect during the well-reservoir life-cycle is essential to prevent premature wells abandonment and field disinvestments. Several analytical solutions for the hydraulic diffusivity equation (HDE) in poro-elastic reservoirs with constant permeability are available in the petroleum engineering literature (Peres et al., 1989; Chin et al., 1998). Although, there are many lacks in the scientific literature to deal with the source term solution in the right hand side of the NHDE.

Often, the classical solutions for these cases are developed through Fourier and Laplace transform or Boltzmann transformation (Fernandes, 2021a,b; Fernandes et al., 2021; Fernandes, 2022; Fernandes et al., 2022). Green’s functions (GF’s) are widely used in to solve partial differential equations related to transient phenomena related to heat transfer and flow through porous media problems.
Application of Fracture Injection Test, Rate Transient Analysis, and Pearson Correlation in Niobrara and Codell Formations to Evaluate Reservoir Performance in a Northern DJ Basin
Authors: Mindygaliyeva B. , Bekbossinov N. , Kazemi H.
Published: September 2022

This paper presents an assessment of well drilling strategy and the associated hydraulic fracture stimulation for a field in the Northern DJ Basin, Colorado. The paper is rich in data related to well orientation, completion, and production over a ten-year period from an unconventional field. Shale formations have very low permeabilities; however, multistage hydraulic fracturing stimulates the rock matrix by inducing micro- and macro-cracks; thus, improving formation drainage. Subsequently, rate transient analysis (RTA) of production data determines the quality of well stimulation. RTA emanates from single-phase linear-flow theory using rate-normalized-pressure versus (Equation) of the production data; however, RTA also extends to multiphase flow. RTA yields the effective formation permeability (EFP) and, occasionally, hydraulic fracture conductivity (HFC). Additionally, we used an iterative Perkins-Kern-Nordgren (PKN) model to interpret diagnostic fracture injection tests (DFIT) for the unstimulated formation permeability. Finally, we used 21 variables to generate a ‘correlation map’ of various reservoir performance measures: well s pacing, lateral length, number of perforations, total stimulation fluid injected, amount of sand placed, sand mesh size, quantity of p roduced oil, gas, and water. The variables that yielded the strongest positive correlation coefficients were well spacing, produced oil and gas volumes, 20/40 sand, acid additives, EFP, and HFC.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Shale formations are denoted as ‘tight’ reservoir plays with low, nano-Darcy, matrix permeabilities where pore-size distribution is in the nanometer higher frequencies (Luo, 2018). Because of low matrix permeability, the maturation of the organic matter takes place in the source rock and the resultant distribution of hydrocarbon components also remains within the source rock with little outward migration. Formations with such characteristics are designated ‘unconventional reservoir’.

There is a continued demand for hydrocarbon production due to the global energy demand and population growth. Fortunately, innovations in the technological sector of the oil and gas industry has provided effective means of oil and gas recovery from such tight formations (Kazemi et al., 2015). Contribution of unconventional reservoirs is significant in maintaining the balance in the energy market (Cui, 2015).
PENGANGGURAN DAN POTENSI EKONOMI KREATIVE MADURA
Authors: Akh. Fawaid  , Ahmad Rajaul Masrur  , HASANAH USWATUN
Published: September 2022

Jembatan Suramadu yang membentang dan mempertemukan pulau Madura dengan Surabaya, belum sepenuhnya mampu menyedot jumlah pengangguran di Madura. Buktinya, jumlah pengangguran yang terdapat di empat Kabupaten di Madura, masih sangat tinggi. Sementara disisi lain, Madura memiliki potensi ekonomi kreative yang cukup banyak. Baik kuliner, hasil karya maupun seni budaya yang berpotensi dijual.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode diskriptif kualitatif. Metode ini digunakan, untuk mengetahui secara utuh permasalahan tingginya pengangguran dan potensi ekonomi kreative yang bisa dikembangkan untuk menjawab solusi tingginya pengangguran di Madura. Sumber data berupa wawancara bebas ter-arah. Yang diperkuat dengan beberapa literature yang ada.
Implementasi Ujrah Tenaga Kerja Perspektif Ekonomi Islam Ud Hsn Desa Konang Galis Pamekasan
Authors: Fahrurrozi
Published: September 2022

Ekonomi Islam mengatur tata cara pembayaran upah yang diberikan oleh majikan kepada pekerja dengan prinsip kemanusian dimana antar majikan dengan tenaga kerja harus saling menguntungkan. UD HSN merupakan salah satu pabrik pembuatan petis yang ada di Desa Konang Kecamatan Galis Kabupaten Pamekasan. Permasalahan yang menjadi kajian pokok dalam penelitian ini, yaitu, Bagaimana implementasi ujrah tenaga kerja yang diterapkan pada UD HSN di Desa Konang Kecamatan Galis Kabupaten Pamekasan dalam perspektif ekonomi Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian kualitatif deskriptif.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: implementasi ujrah tenaga kerja pada UD HSN perspektif ekonomi Islam sudah memenuhi syarat pemberian upah dalam ekonomi Islam yaitu upah harus jelas dan ada kesepatan bersama mengenai besaran upah, sistem upah, sistem kerja, dan lain sebagainya. Namun jika berbicara mengenai prinsip upah dalam ekonomi Islam yaitu upah yang adil, layak, dan tidak menunda- nunda pembayaran masih belum sepenuhnya terpenuhi di UD HSN dikarenkan pada pekerja bagian sopir dan pengemasan, upah yang diterima masih di bawah UMK Pamekasan.
Strategi Penjualan Produk Jajanan Lokal Berbahan Ubi Oleh Siswa Ma. Arrahmah Jadddung Pragaan Sumenep Dalam Mempengaruhi Minat Beli Konsumen Menghadapi Persaingan Produk Impor
Authors: Lutfiyanto  , Ach. Hisyam Rizky Setiawan AB
Published: September 2022

Bahan-bahan makanan menjadi perhatian utama dalam membuat makanan enak dan bergizi. Makanan biasanya dihasilkan dari bahan pangan setelah terlebih dahulu diolah atau dimasak. Sedangkan yang termasuk makanan tradisional adalah makanan (termasuk jajanan) dan minuman serta bahan-bahan campuran (ingredient) yang secara tradisional telah digunakan dan berkembang di daerah atau masyarakat.

Di Indonesia sendiri banyak terdapat bahan makanan tradisional yang beraneka ragam. Namun saat ini pola konsumsi masyarakat mulai banyak berubah, semakin maraknya makanan modern semakin menurun pula tingkat konsumsi makanan tradisional di kalangan masyarakat. Hal ini disebabkan banyaknya produk olahan makanan modern, seperti makanan cepat saji (fast food) sehingga sebagian masyarakat lebih memilih makanan modern dibanding makanan tradisional agar lebih bergengsi untuk disajikan. Makanan modern dapat disajikan dengan cepat, selain itu tampilannya juga sangat menggiurkan dan pengolahannya biasanya menggunakan alat – alat yang canggih, berbeda dengan makanan tradisional yang cara penyajiannya tergolong lama. Hal tersebut yang menyebabkan banyak penjual makanan tradisional yang mengganti produk penjualannya menjadi makanan modern. Akan tetapi tetap ada penjual makanan yang tetap bertahan menjual makanan tradisional.

Namun di tangan siswa madrasah aliyah Arrahmah Jaddung Pragaan Sumenep. Bahan-bahan makanan berbahan lokal, seperti ubi, talas, singkong, jagung, dan lainnya diolah menjadi makanan modern. Seperti steak ubi, kue gulung ubi, kripik singkong cokelat, martabak nasi jagung, sempol nasi, dan agar agar nasi jagung. Namun untuk menarik minat pembeli, strategi penjualan menjadi prioritas dalam mengembangkan penjualan tersebut. Sehingga model-model penjualan harus didesain sesuai dengan bangsa pasar.
Military Affairs and Community in Prussian, Livonian and Irish Towns, 13th–16th Centuries
Authors: Kreem Juhan , Kwiatkowski Krzysztof , Maleszka Anna
Published: September 2022

This chapter investigates the impact of military affairs, such as owning weapons, mustering, military training, watch-keeping and constructing fortifications, on the formation of urban communities in three regions from the 13th to 16th centuries: Livonia, Prussia and Ireland. Citizens’ collective actions likely contributed to a sense of community, but the influence of military affairs was not straightforward. Some activities were no doubt motivated by a sense of the common good, and thus contributed to the development of a common identity. In others, one may observe clear hierarchical features, such as coercion on behalf of the municipal government, which limited the influence of military affairs on community building and community maintenance. Thus, no simple and direct impact of collectively organised military affairs on these elements can be observed. Within urban populations, the impact of military affairs was mediated through many other, non-military factors.
‘A Centaur at the Edge of the Forest’: Jacob Burckhardt as Cultural Historian
Authors: Ruehl Martin A.
Published: September 2022

Jacob Burckhardt ranks as a founding father of modern cultural history. The almost anthropological focus on everyday practices, popular attitudes, and collective beliefs in The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy is generally considered as methodologically ground-breaking and profoundly at odds with the customary emphasis on ‘high politics’ and ‘great men’ in the works of his teachers and contemporaries, such as Leopold von Ranke. This chapter revises this view of Burckhardt’s cultural historical approach. It shows that he was not as unorthodox or pioneering in the context of 19th-century German-speaking historiography as it has been made out to be. The ideological factors that shaped Burckhardt’s concept of cultural history are also considered; it is argued that its markedly ‘synchronic’ or static orientation—much criticised—were determined by Burckhardt’s deep anxieties about the social and political corollaries of modernisation. These anxieties, paradoxically, account for both the conservative and the innovative aspects of his approach.
The Performance of Identity in Renaissance Italy
Authors: Cox Virginia
Published: September 2022

Although Jacob Burckhardt’s thesis that the Italian Renaissance saw the birth of modern individualism has been comprehensively refuted, this chapter argues that a retooled version may still be of value in analysing the period’s cultural production. A fascination with individual identity, understood in the malleable and performative sense enshrined in the rhetorical notion of ethos, was a marked feature of Italian Renaissance elite culture, as Baldassare Castiglione’s sophisticated theorisation suggests. The advent of print helped disseminate the cult of the curated self by multiplying virtual spaces for self-display. By the mid-16th century, printed collections of letters and verse enabled literate men (and, increasingly, women) to craft public identities, individual and relational, in a manner reminiscent of contemporary social media. The circulation of portraits, portrait medals, and emblems complemented these literary performances. An ideal of individualism informed this activity; but it was a particular, premodern individualism, perhaps best captured by the semantic field of ‘singularity’.
The Colours of Antiquity in Burckhardt’s Portrait of the Renaissance in Italy
Authors: Reibnitz Barbara Von
Published: September 2022

In his account of the revival of antiquity, Jacob Burckhardt was not interested in Renaissance humanism in itself. Instead, he focused on the reception of antiquity as an element of cultural history. Writing cultural history requires a special methodology. On different levels, Burckhardt tried to cope with the need for a non-linear narrative which was compatible with the composite structure of cultural phenomena. The scientific basis of The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy is an extensive study of sources, to which Burckhardt gives references in his footnotes. Thanks to the new critical edition of this text, we can now connect these references to the unpublished excerpts Burckhardt made while preparing his book. They are as revealing for the background of his research as for his technique of writing the book. Many parts of the text are in fact rewritten sources—a skilled synthesis of paraphrase, translation, combination with other sources, commentary, and conclusion.
What Is Left of the Renaissance? The Discovery of the World and of Man from a Cosmopolitan Perspective
Authors: RubiÉs Joan-Pau
Published: September 2022

The ‘discovery of the world and of man’ was, for Jacob Burckhardt, the description of a new intellectual attitude. Much of the context for this change of attitude, however, was not simply the recovery of classical antiquity, but also the dramatic expansion of Europe’s geographical horizons and subsequent colonial experience, of which the discovery of a New World across the Ocean became the most potent symbol. However, the precise interaction between changing attitudes and new experiences is far from clear, as illustrated by the debate about the intellectual ‘impact’ of the discovery of the New World that dominated historiographical debate during the second half of the 20th century. Between those who emphasised the tendency to interpret novelty through the distorting lenses of the classical world, and more recent perspectives that have advocated a close and generative interaction between travel writing and humanistic culture, there is room for a fresh re-assessment of the cultural mechanisms that underpinned the positive valuation of curiosity and scientific ‘discovery’ throughout the Renaissance. This exercise invites us to reconsider Burckhardt’s assumptions and interrogate the extent to which they remained influenced by the mythology of discovery created by Renaissance historians.
Introduction
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: September 2022

What was the relationship, from the fifteenth century to the seventeenth, between two major facets of early modern European life—social hierarchy, and on the other hand literature and learning (understood in a broad sense as literate cultural activity and production)? These two facets of life were not just contiguous. They also overlapped. This volume fosters Europe-wide consideration of their relationship, rather than providing a systematic survey organized by territory, genre, discourse, or period. First, it examines the acquisition of social literacies and practices, including through the acquisition of languages (especially elite written ones such as Latin, cosmopolitan vernaculars, or technical vocabulary). The emphasis then shifts even more to analysis of representations of social hierarchy produced in the period. Overall, the relationship highlighted in the title is shown to be a complex, two-way one.
English Builders in Translation
Authors: Stevenson Christine
Published: September 2022

Accounts of architecture published in later seventeenth-century England devote inordinate attention to the Latinate vocabulary of classical ornament. That emphasis is readily explicable in terms of architecture’s social and intellectual prestige when construed as an art, as opposed to a business, though the vocabulary itself was an unstable source of distinction. This essay uses three illustrations of the ‘Art’ of architecture in Richard Blome’s The Gentleman’s Recreation (1686), and the building contractor Thomas Fitch’s sponsorship of two of them, to explore how Fitch and his fellow builders secured their social status. As his association with The Gentleman’s Recreation’s conventionally attenuated version of architecture suggests, Fitch’s means were largely the accepted ones of landownership, escutcheons, patronage and clientage. Yet some of his peers sought, and gained, social as well as professional recognition through their skill in getting large buildings solidly on the ground.
The Social Status of Publishers of Learned Texts in Europe, 1560–1630
Authors: Maclean Ian
Published: September 2022

Early modern authors, whose social status might either have been expressed through, or defined by, the books they produced, had to rely on publishers in the world of literature and learning to which they aspired. These figures came from quite diverse social origins, underwent very different levels of training, ranging from the most demanding scholarly preparation for dealing with sophisticated ancient and humanist texts, to a quite modest grasp of their own vernacular, the commercial aspects of their trade, and nothing more. They might also have been authors and scholars in their own right. As creators of books, it fell to them to fulfil the functions of choosing copy, liaising with its author or editor, ensuring the material production of the book, storing it, advertising it, selling it and distributing it. This involved them in occupying an uncomfortable intermediate position between three areas of activity: the artes mechanicae of the printshop; ‘correction’ or the scholarly vetting of books; and profit-making mercantilism that was traditionally seen as ideologically incompatible with the objects of learning and culture that their authors produced. This paper subjects these issues to a Bourdieusian analysis.
Literary Collaboration and Social Legitimacy in an Actor’s Oeuvre: The Peculiar Case of Francesco Andreini (d.1624)
Authors: Ross Sarah Gwyneth
Published: September 2022

This essay reveals the actor and author Francesco Andreini (d.1624) leveraging literary capital to ennoble his theatrical profession. In that endeavor, Andreini’s constant reference to and, in a manner of speaking, his ongoing collaboration with his dead wife, the theatrical and literary celebrity Isabella (d.1604), begins to make sense. Yet no other male author of the time made their literary model a woman. Could learning, then, even trump gender when sociocultural need dictated? And what obstacles did a Seicento actor face that might have made such an unusual strategy worth the risk? In answering these questions, we consider both the archival record and telling artifacts from Andreini’s oeuvre, particularly his first major editorial project, an edition of his Isabella Andreini’s unpublished Letters (1607) and his first solo appearance in print, the Bravure del Capitan Spavento (1609), written (or so he claimed) in the service of Isabella’s memory. In the end, we witness literary ambitions reshaping both social categories and patriarchal norms.
‘Greatness going off’ in Renaissance Antony and Cleopatra Tragedies
Authors: Patterson Jonathan
Published: September 2022

The suicides of Antony and Cleopatra afforded the Renaissance dramatist various angles on what Shakespeare called ‘Greatness going off’. Renaissance Antony and Cleopatra tragedies in France and England pointedly thematised how the great failed to preserve the dignity of their rank and office in life, and how they fell short of securing personal posthumous renown in death. Antony and his Egyptian queen found themselves unexpectedly upstaged by social inferiors. Renaissance tragedians noted the irony of Antony’s incompetent imitation of his slave, Eros, who took his own life rather than his master’s in a ‘most noble acte’ of disobedience (Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke). Cleopatra’s death, meanwhile, is unceremoniously delayed by a rebel ‘serf’, her treasurer (Etienne Jodelle); it is then facilitated by a garrulous ‘clown’ and a pair of loyal maids, one of whom almost beats the queen out of ‘this vile world’ (Shakespeare). The incongruities are manifest: what is said about Antony’s magnanimity, or Cleopatra’s alluring charms, is noticeably at odds with what is shown of their remorse, clumsiness, even physical debility, as they struggle to prevent their greatness going off. Culturally, Renaissance Antony and Cleopatra tragedies were in tune with the political–religious crises of their day; but they also sounded deeper notes of an aristocracy in slow decline.
The General War Commissariat: A Neglected Pivot of the Habsburg Fiscal-Military State
Authors: Winkelbauer Thomas
Published: September 2022

This chapter deals with the development of the General War Commissariat from its establishment in the 1640s to the reforms of government and military between the 1740s and 1760s, discussing its position within the administrative structure of the Habsburg Monarchy. Responsible for the economy of the imperial armies in the broadest sense, the Commissariat’s activities were not restricted to Vienna and the imperial court, where its bureaucratic centre was located, but extended over large parts of the Habsburg Monarchy, including the kingdom of Hungary. The Commissariat’s history was long characterised by its sometimes tension-filled, intermediate position between the Aulic Chamber and the Aulic War Council. Further attention is paid to the quantitative and structural development of the Commissariat’s personnel, and to the ways in which commissarial officials interacted with the regional and local authorities, especially representatives of the provincial Estates.
Negotiating Fiscal-Military Coordination: Provincial Tax Quotas for the Habsburg Army 1648– 1748
Authors: Maťa Petr
Published: September 2022

Did an interprovincial tax quota system exist in the early modern Habsburg Monarchy? While historians have assumed that it did, tracing its origins to 1542, this chapter, based on new research, provides a different perspective. Embedding the Habsburg case in the context of European composite monarchies and polities, it explores how the court negotiated fiscal-military coordination with the provincial diets. This chapter argues that the various distributive ratios (often covering different areas) that are encountered in the sources and served the self-interested claims of contemporaries, cannot be taken at face value. Yet the emergence of the Habsburg standing army after 1648 provided a vigorous new impulse to the idea of a quota system. Despite attempts at fixation, such a system never proved fully operative, though there were areas in which quotas functioned. The debate on quotas itself appears key to understanding the Habsburg Monarchy as a ‘negotiating state’ and the transformation of the eight Austrian-Bohemian provinces into an interlocking ‘fiscal-military core’.
The Rise of a Sustainable Public Debt in the 18th-Century Habsburg Monarchy
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: September 2022

The ability to borrow on a sustainable basis was an essential element of a successful fiscal-military state. Historians have shown greater interest in direct taxation as a source of revenue, though they have drawn attention to the role played by the Vienna City Bank and external borrowing in the rise of a medium- and long-term public debt in the 18th-century Habsburg Monarchy. This chapter factors two further, crucial elements into the story. First, the central government increasingly tapped into the credit facilities of the provincial Estates in the Austrian and Bohemian lands, in effect deriving a critical advantage from the Monarchy’s composite political structure and the public bodies associated with it. The high points of this activity would be the Seven Years War and the wars of the 1790s. After 1763 Vienna’s debt management strategies proved so successful that the first sustainable form of cameral debt could be sold, which came to represent the fourth main pillar of affordable public credit.
Navigating Uncharted Waters
Authors: Wu Annie , Davis-Van Atta Taylor , Scott Bethany , Washington Anne , Thompson Santi , Jones Jerrell , Weidner Andrew , Ramirez A. Laura , Smith Marian
Published: September 2022

In 2019, the University of Houston Libraries formed a Theses and Dissertations Digitization Task Force charged with digitizing and making more widely accessible the University’s collection of over 19,800 legacy theses and dissertations. Supported by funding from the John P. McGovern Foundation, this initiative has proven complex and multifaceted, and one that has engaged the task force in a broad range of activities, from purchasing digitization equipment and software to designing a phased, multiyear plan to execute its charge. This plan is structured around digitization preparation (phase one), development of procedures and workflows (phase two), and promotion and communication to the project’s targeted audiences (phase three). The plan contains step-by-step actions to conduct an environmental scan, inventory the theses and dissertations collections, purchase equipment, craft policies, establish procedures and workflows, and develop digital preservation and communication strategies, allowing the task force to achieve effective planning, workflow automation, progress tracking, and procedures documentation. The innovative and creative approaches undertaken by the Theses and Dissertations Digitization Task Force demonstrated collective intelligence resulting in scaled access and dissemination of the University’s research and scholarship that helps to enhance the University’s impact and reputation.
Voices of First Responders:
Authors: Dawkins Shanee , Choong Yee-Yin , Buchanan Kerrianne , Spickard-Prettyman Sandra
Published: September 2022

The goal of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Public Safety Communications Research (PSCR) program's Usability Team was to provide guidance on the usability of public safety communication technology. Toward that end, the PSCR Usability Team collected and analyzed data related to the contexts in which first responders work and their experiences with communication technology. Data analysis of first responder needs for and problems with communication technology resulted in the development of six user-centered design guidelines. These guidelines serve as a set of best practices for technology developers working to develop and improve communication technology in the public safety domain. This Special Publication is primarily intended for designers, developers, vendors, and researchers of public safety communication technology, as well as for public safety administrators and decision-makers. It is one of four in a special Voices of First Responders mini-series highlighting the experiences of first responders with communication technology, including their needs for and problems with communication technology. The special mini-series focuses on four first responder disciplines: Communication Center & 9-1-1 Services (COMMS); Emergency Medical Services (EMS); Fire Service (FF); and Law Enforcement (LE). Each presents discipline-specific data supporting the six user-centered design guidelines. This publication in the special mini-series focuses specifically on first responders in Communication Center & 9-1-1 Services (COMMS). In this publication, each of the six user-centered guidelines are discussed, along with supporting data, to provide a succinct view for how to optimize the COMMS user experience with communication technology. The results presented here are not exhaustive or comprehensive but provide a high-level summary of findings. Additional information can be found in the previous nine volumes of the Voices of First Responders Series which are cited on the final page of this publication. Ultimately, the goal is to provide guidance for ensuring an optimal user experience with communication technology for first responders in COMMS.
Voices of First Responders:
Authors: Dawkins Shanee , Choong Yee-Yin , Buchanan Kerrianne , Spickard-Prettyman Sandra
Published: September 2022

The goal of the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) Public Safety Communications Research (PSCR) program’s Usability Team was to provide guidance on the usability of public safety communication technology. Toward that end, the PSCR Usability Team collected and analyzed data related to the contexts in which first responders work and their experiences with communication technology. Data analysis of first responder needs for and problems with communication technology resulted in the development of six user-centered design guidelines. These guidelines serve as a set of best practices for technology developers working to develop and improve communication technology in the public safety domain. This Special Publication is primarily intended for designers, developers, vendors, and researchers of public safety communication technology, as well as for public safety administrators and decision-makers. It is one of four in a special Voices of First Responders mini-series highlighting the experiences of first responders with communication technology, including their needs for and problems with communication technology. The special mini-series focuses on four first responder disciplines: Communication Center & 9-1-1 Services (COMMS); Emergency Medical Services (EMS); Fire Service (FF); and Law Enforcement (LE). Each presents discipline-specific data supporting the six user-centered design guidelines. This publication in the special mini-series focuses specifically on first responders in Communication Center & 9-1-1 Services (COMMS). In this publication, each of the six user-centered guidelines are discussed, along with supporting data, to provide a succinct view for how to optimize the EMS user experience with communication technology. The results presented here are not exhaustive or comprehensive but provide a high-level summary of findings. Additional information can be found in the previous nine volumes of the Voices of First Responders Series which are cited on the final page of this publication. Ultimately, the goal is to provide guidance for ensuring an optimal user experience with communication technology for first responders in EMS.
Intracerebral hemorrhage as a rare manifestation in a patient with neurofibromatosis-1 and quasi-Moyamoya disease
Authors: Dsouza Jeanne Maria , Bhattacharya Ipshita , Gupta Sudhish , Chetiwal Rajesh , Yadav Mukesh
Published: September 2022

Neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome with incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expressivity. Although it may affect any system of the body, the disease remains generally innocuous. NF-1 has been commonly linked to neurological symptoms, including headaches, seizures, cognitive deficits, and learning disabilities, and others. While optic glioma is the most common CNS complication, vasculopathy and cerebrovascular anomalies have also been rarely reported. Specifically, intracerebral hemorrhage with vascular stenosis in NF-1 is an extremely rare manifestation. Herein, we report a patient with NF-1 presenting with stroke secondary to intracranial hemorrhage and underlying quasi-Moyamoya disease. Since the cutaneous features of NF-1 appear early in life and are striking, dermatologists might be the first contact for such patients with the medical system, and consequently play an important role in the diagnosis, evaluation, and prevention of complications.
Money (A Suicide Note): The Psychomachy between Vices and Virtues
Authors: Lazić A. , Đerić Dragičević B.
Published: September 2022

Ovaj rad se bavi analizom romana Novac (Money, 1984) istaknutog britanskog savremenog pisca Martina Ejmisa, sa ciljem da identifikuje i naglasi nerijetko suprotstavljene ideje o prirodi i karakteristikama kulture, identiteta, samog života potkraj 20.vijeka. Kao teorijsko polazište, autorke koriste dobro poznate književno-psihološko-filozofske postulate cijelog 20. i s početka 21. vijeka, kako bi književno-kritičkom analizom a na primjeru samog romana pokazale kakva je priroda savremene psihomahije, nastale u središtu kulture konzumerizma; te da li materijalistički inicirani hedonizam i konformizam s kraja 20. vijeka vode u ataraksiju – odsustvo osjećaja bilo koje vrste. Psihologija nove ere, prikazana u djelu, obilježena potragom/potjerom za novcem, suprotstavlja se iskonskim vrijednostima – duše i dobrog.
GEJMIFIKACIJA U PROCESU UČENJA
Authors: Stanić Tamara , Stanić Milenko
Published: September 2022

Pojava pandemije izazvana virusom COVID-19 je nametnula potrebu trasformacije procesa u mnogim sferama društvenog života. U osnovi tih promjena je veća primjena interneta i tehnologija zasnovanih na internetu u obavljanju svakodnevih aktivnosti. Ove promjene su zahvatile, snažno, oblast obrazovanja. Zabrana okupljanja, kao mera prevencije u pandemiji, dovela je prelaska celokupnog sistema obrazovanja na online sistem. E-learning učenje može da bude zamorno i manje interesantno za učenike u odnosu na klasičnu nastavu u školskim prostorijama. Zbog toga je potrebno razmišljati o sistemima unapređenja tog sistema i uvođenja tehnika čija bi upotreba stimulisala učenike na veću aktivnost. Jedna od tih tehnika je gejmifikacija, primena video igrica kako bi se povećala motivacija u učenju. Osnovni cilj gejmifikacije u učenju je povećanje interakcije i značajnije uključivanje učenika u predavanja. Cilj je da se upotrebom elemenata video igrica poveća posvećenost učenika na duži period kao i da se olakša razumevanje gradiva ali i da se ukloni barijera kod učenika prema procesu učenja kao nečemu dosadnom i nezanimljivom. Gejmifikacija se uveliko vezuje sa pojmom nagrada. Igrice funkcionišu po principu definisanja nivou i dostizanju određenih tačaka koje su neophodne za prelazak na sledeći nivo. Predmet istrživanja u ovom radu je upotreba gejmifikacije u procesu obrazovanja. Predstavljena su dva najčešće korišćena alata za gejmifikaciju: Socrative i Kahoot!. Opisani su načini njihove upotrebe, prednosti jednog i drugog alata i njihovo međusobno poređenje.
Sound field construction and particle trapping based on confocal transducer pairs
Authors: Di Miao  , He Xiang  , Liu Ming-Zhi  , Yan Shan-Shan  , Wei Long-Long  , Tian Ye  , Yin Guan-Jun  , Guo Jian-Zhong  ,   1. School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China;,   2. Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China
Published: September 2022

The nonlinear effect of high-intensity sound waves produces the acoustic radiation force (ARF),which makes acoustic levitation and manipulation practical.Acoustic levitation has no special needs for the physical and chemical properties of the controlled objects and is hence a promising application prospect.The commonly used levitation schemes include the standing-wave and phased-array levitation systems.The standing-wave system is poor at spatial freedom,ARF along the non-axial direction,and levitation stability.The phased-array system requires a complex control system and a high production cost.Here,we propose a single-side acoustic levitation system based on confocal-focused transducers.By driving pairs of transducers with reverse phase mode,two anti-phase focused spherical waves interfere with each other,resulting in constant sound pressure of 0 Pa at the focus.The resulting potential well can achieve stable particle capture and levitation.First,we analyzed the theoretical feasibility of the system according to Huygens'principle.Then,depending on the finite element method,we studied the influence of structural and driving parameters on the sound field distribution,such as the angle between the transducer axis and the central axis of the structure and the excitation phase modes.Finally,we demonstrated the particle trapping and thus verified the potential though distribution under two kinds of excitation phase modes of the levitation system experimentally.We found these results as follows.The strength of the dominating potential well reaches the strongest as the structural angle is 45º.As the excitation phases are 0,0,π,π,the sound field owns three potential wells which capture three clusters of quartz sands;the primary potential well is stronger than the secondary one.As the excitation phases are 0,π/2,π,and 3π/2,the sound field owns one potential well and captures one cluster of quartz sands.The isosurface of wave intensity around the potential well is more comprehensive than in the previous phase mode.The four-phase excitation improves the levitation stability better.The proposed levitation scheme can realize stable single-or multi-position capture of high-density objects in the fluid.Moreover,it has the advantages of low cost and a high degree of freedom.
Cloud Empires
Authors: Lehdonvirta Vili
Published: September 2022

The rise of the platform economy into statelike dominance over the lives of entrepreneurs, users, and workers.

The early Internet was a lawless place, populated by scam artists who made buying or selling anything online risky business. Then Amazon, eBay, Upwork, and Apple established secure digital platforms for selling physical goods, crowdsourcing labor, and downloading apps. These tech giants have gone on to rule the Internet like autocrats. How did this happen? How did users and workers become the hapless subjects of online economic empires? The Internet was supposed to liberate us from powerful institutions. In Cloud Empires, digital economy expert Vili Lehdonvirta explores the rise of the platform economy into statelike dominance over our lives and proposes a new way forward.

Digital platforms create new marketplaces and prosperity on the Internet, Lehdonvirta explains, but they are ruled by Silicon Valley despots with little or no accountability. Neither workers nor users can “vote with their feet” and find another platform because in most cases there isn't one. And yet using antitrust law and decentralization to rein in the big tech companies has proven difficult. Lehdonvirta tells the stories of pioneers who helped create—or resist—the new social order established by digital platform companies. The protagonists include the usual suspects—Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, Travis Kalanick of Uber, and Bitcoin's inventor Satoshi Nakamoto—as well as Kristy Milland, labor organizer of Amazon's Mechanical Turk, and GoFundMe, a crowdfunding platform that has emerged as an ersatz stand-in for the welfare state. Only if we understand digital platforms for what they are—institutions as powerful as the state—can we begin the work of democratizing them.
The Consequences of the Restrictive Measures Due to Two Strict Covid-19 Lockdowns on Self-Reported Physical Activity in Adolescents
Authors: Katartzi Ermioni S. , Kontou Maria G. , Pappas Ioannis , Monastiridi Sofia , Girousi Foteini
Published: September 2022

Background: Restrictions due to COVID-19 lockdowns reduced the possibilities of children and adolescents for being active, with negative consequences in adopting a healthy lifestyle. Purpose: To compare Greek adolescents’ self-reported weekly participation in physical activity, during and before the two initial strict lockdowns, due to COVID-19. Secondary aims were to examine these differences with regard to gender, and associations between weekly physical activity participation with health status variables. Methods: Three hundred and sixty-three adolescents (Ν=363) from secondary schools, in the Greek territory (108 boys and 255 girls) filled in the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire and the TNO-AZL Questionnaire for Children’s Health-Related Quality of Life Children’s Form, online. It was a cross-sectional study and data were collected during first and second strict lockdowns, from different adolescents who filled in the above online questionnaires once. Results: Adolescents reduced significantly weekly frequency of strenuous, moderate and total physical activity, during lockdowns (p.05). Time factor had a different effect on boys and girls, only in moderate physical activity (p.05). Positive correlations were found between strenuous and total physical activity with positive moods, and moderate physical activity with cognitive functioning and school performance, during lockdowns (p.05). Conclusions: This study adds information regarding the negative impact on physical activity participation in Greek adolescents during COVID-19 strict lockdowns. The findings, also, highlighted that reduced physical activity among adolescents during lockdowns associated with poorer psychosocial status. Thus, these results could be used to inform strategies for promoting health movement behaviors, in order to reduce possible negative consequences during future pandemics.
Coordinating a National Approach to Violence Prevention
Authors: Sakran Joseph V. , Hargarten Stephen , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: September 2022

This Viewpoint discusses violence-related US public health concerns and suggests creating a federal Office of National Violence Prevention to develop a comprehensive, coordinated, and sustained effort to address all aspects of violence in the US.
Expanding Moral Injury
Authors: Archer Christian Anthony
Published: September 2022

In this narrative medicine essay, a third-year family medicine resident on the threshold of his career meditates on the systemic racial inequities that stymie his ability to heal his most vulnerable and oppressed patients.
The Epidemiology of Firearm Injuries in the US
Authors: Kaufman Elinore J. , Delgado M. Kit
Published: September 2022

This Viewpoint summarizes current data on firearm injuries in the US, discusses the limitations of available data sources, and proposes measures for a comprehensive system to track firearm injury and death