bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cultivation conditions on ligninolytic enzyme production by Ganoderma carnosum
Authors: Simonic Jasmina , Vukojevic Jelena , Stajic Mirjana , Glamoclija Jasmina
Published: May 2009

Ganoderma carnosum has been found in Europe only, at coniferous trees and it is difficult to distinguish it morphologically from G. lucidum. Since G. carnosum has not been studied biochemically yet, the aim of this study was to analyse its ability to produce Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP) and laccase (Lac) under conditions of solid-state fermentation of selected plant raw materials as carbon sources, in the presence of different nitrogen concentrations in the medium. Wheat straw, corn stem, oak and grapevine sawdust were the analysed plant raw materials. Nitrogen source in synthetic medium was NH4NO3 and its concentrations were: 10mM N and 20 mM N. Enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically, using ABTS and phenol red, as the substrates for Lac and Mn-oxidizing peroxidases, respectively. Maximum level of MnP activity (56.82 U/l) was obtained in the medium with wheat straw and nitrogen concentration of 10 mM. Best carbon source for VP production was grapevine sawdust at nitrogen concentration of 10 mM (80.80 U/l). The obtained Lac activity was very low in the medium with wheat straw (1.80 U/l), while it was not detected in the presence of other three analyzed plant raw materials. Maximum of total protein content (0.06 mgml-1) was noted in the medium where oak sawdust was carbon source and nitrogen concentration was 20 mM.
Fetuses of Obese Mothers Develop Insulin Resistance in Utero
Authors: Catalano Patrick M. , Presley Larraine , Minium Judi , Hauguel-de Mouzon Sylvie
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE

Offspring of obese mothers have an increased risk for obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fetuses of obese women have increased obesity, insulin resistance, and markers of inflammation, supporting the concept of fetal programming.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Fifty-three lean and 68 obese women with singleton term pregnancies were evaluated at elective cesarean delivery. Maternal and umbilical cord blood was obtained for measures of insulin resistance and cytokines. Neonatal body composition was estimated using anthropometric measurements within 24 h of delivery.

RESULTS

The fetuses of obese mothers had greater percent body fat (13.1 ± 3.4 vs. 11.6 ± 2.9%, P = 0.02), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (1.51 ± 0.86 vs. 1.06 ± 0.70, P = 0.003), cord leptin (14.5 ± 13.5 vs. 8.2 ± 4.7 ng/ml, P = 0.001), and interleukin-6 (3.5 ± 2.3 vs. 2.4 ± 1.4 pg/ml, P = 0.02) than fetuses of lean women. There was a strong positive correlation between fetal adiposity and insulin resistance (r = 0.32, P = 0.0008) as well as maternal pregravid BMI and fetal insulin resistance (r = 0.31, P = 0.007) even with adjustment for potential confounders. Cord leptin had a significant correlation with fetal insulin resistance (r = 0.30, P = 0.001), but there was no significant correlation between any other umbilical cord cytokines and fetal insulin resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that maternal obesity creates a significant risk for the next generations with metabolic compromise already apparent at birth. Therefore, if prevention of obesity is the goal rather than treatment, the perinatal period may be an important focus of future research.
Atacama. Ocupación actual del desierto y del semidesierto de Chile
Authors: Cereceda Pilar , Errázuriz Ana María , Osses Pablo
Published: May 2009

Estos espacios representan el 40% del territorio nacional, pero sólo un 12% de la población; aportan 15% del PIB. El desierto es de una aridez extrema y sus principales riquezas económicas están en la minería; estos factores inciden en la ocupación humana, caracterizada por una gran aglomeración de la población, 80%, en pocos centros urbanos, localizados principalmente en la costa e independientes de las dificultades climáticas, hidrológicas y de relieve. La estructura demográfica, con altos porcentajes de adultos y de población masculina, refleja las características del área. El semidesierto, con lluvias hasta 200 mm anuales, permite actividades agropecuarias; éstas, junto con la minería, constituyen su base económica. Tal como en el desierto, el mar es otra fuente de riquezas. La población rural muestra aquí porcentajes más altos; ésta y la urbana se dispersan en numerosas entidades. Los valles estructuran la ocupación y la mayoría de las ciudades se ubica en el interior de ellos.
El crecimiento urbano en Europa: conceptos, tendencias y marco comparativo para el área metropolitana de Santiago de Chile
Authors: Hidalgo Rodrigo , Borsdorf Axel
Published: May 2009

A partir del desarrollo urbano en Europa se hacen algunas consideraciones conceptuales de los principales procesos que han marcado a la morfología y estructura de las ciudades. A partir de estas disquisiciones se interpreta de un modo general la evolución de la ciudad latinomamericana hasta los tiempos modernos. En base a la transformaciones ocurridas en Santiago de Chile en las últimas décadas se intenta comparar y poner en tensión el marco teórico generado para la realidad europea.
Combustión de aceites residuales simulando su inyeccion en las toberas del horno alto
Authors: Cores A. , Ferreira S. , Isidro A. , Muñiz M.
Published: May 2009

Se realiza un estudio de la combustión de diferentes aceites residuales que se producen en las plantas siderúrgicas. La combustión se consigue al inyectar el aceite residual, con caudales de 10-20 kg/h, en una cámara de combustión que simula las condiciones del horno alto en la zona de toberas. El aceite residual se precalienta a 65-90 °C para conseguir las condiciones de fluidez y se inyecta en la cámara de combustión. Durante la combustión, se registran de modo continuo las temperaturas y los contenidos de CO2, O2, CO, N2 y H2 en los gases de la cámara de combustión. Se calcula la eficiencia de la combustión de cada aceite residual.
Growth rates and age at adult size of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean Sea, estimated through capture-mark-recapture records
Authors: Casale Paolo , Mazaris Antonios D. , Freggi Daniela , Vallini Carola , Argano Roberto
Published: May 2009

Growth rates of the juvenile phase of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) were estimated for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea from capture-mark-recapture records. Thirty-eight turtles were released from Italian coasts and re-encountered after 1.0-10.9 years in the period 1986-2007. Their mean CCL (curved carapace length) ranged from 32.5 to 82.0 cm and they showed variable growth rates, ranging from 0 to 5.97 cm/yr (mean: 2.5). The association between annual growth rate and three covariates (mean year, mean size and time interval) was investigated through a non-parametric modelling approach. Only mean size showed a clear effect on growth rate, described by a monotonic declining curve. Variability indicates that factors not included in the model, probably individual-related ones, have an important effect on growth rates. Based on the monotonic decreasing growth function which indicates no growth spurt, a von Bertalanffy growth function was used to estimate the time required by turtles to grow within the observed size range. The results indicate that turtles would take 16-28 years to reach 66.5-84.7 cm CCL, the average nesting female sizes observed at the most important Mediterranean nesting sites, which can be considered an approximation of the size at maturity.
Trace metals in populations of Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu, 1813) from Sado estuary: effect of body size on accumulation
Authors: Garcês João , Costa M. Helena
Published: May 2009

Concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were measured in four surface sediments, whole worm tissues and faeces collected along Águas de Moura channel in Sado estuary. Six wet-weight worm classes were used to analyze the influence of weight. The metal concentration in colonized sediments is high for Fe and Cu, moderate for Pb and Zn, and low for Cd. The analyses of whole worm tissues show that Zn, Cd and Cu are accumulated. Considering the elevated sediment concentrations to which this species is exposed, the high levels of Zn and Cu suggest sequestration and Cu adaptation. However, the low Fe concentration indicates that this metal is not readily available. The similar Pb behaviour also suggests low availability or Fe interference. The high correlation in the sediment between Pb and Fe reinforces this suggestion. The results obtained show that Pb, Zn and Fe are the most important metals in the different weight classes. The overall results of this study show: (1) that this worm is able to adapt physiologically to elevated levels of metals; and (2) that the weight of the worms needs to be taken into account in environmental management programmes.
Identification of Nucleation Center Sites in Thermally Annealed Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Mahan A. Harv , Su Tining , Williamson Don L. , Gedvilas Lynn M. , Ahrenkiel S. Phil , Parilla Phillip A. , Xu Yueqin , Ginley David A.
Published: May 2009

Utilizing the concepts of a critical crystallite size and local film inhomogeneity, it is shown that nucleation in thermally annealed hydrogenated amorphous silicon occurs in the more well ordered spatial regions in the network, which are defined by the initial inhomogeneous H distributions in the as‐grown films. Although the film H evolves very early during annealing, the local film order is largely retained in the still amorphous films even after the vast majority of the H is evolved, and the more well ordered regions which are the nucleation center sites for crystallization are those spatial regions which do not initially contain clustered H, as probed by H NMR spectroscopy. The sizes of these better ordered regions relative to a critical crystallite size determine the film incubation times (the time before the onset of crystallization). Changes in film short range order upon H evolution, and the presence of microvoid type structures in the as grown films play no role in the crystallization process. While the creation of dangling bonds upon H evolution may play a role in the actual phase transformation itself, the film defect densities measured just prior to the onset of crystallization exhibit no trends which can be correlated with the film incubation times.
Densely Packed Arrays of Ultra‐High‐Aspect‐Ratio Silicon Nanowires Fabricated using Block‐Copolymer Lithography and Metal‐Assisted Etching
Authors: Chang Shih‐Wei , Chuang Vivian P. , Boles Steven T. , Ross Caroline A. , Thompson Carl V.
Published: May 2009

Metal‐assisted etching is used in conjunction with block‐copolymer lithography to create ordered and densely‐packed arrays of high‐aspect‐ratio single‐crystal silicon nanowires with uniform crystallographic orientations. Nanowires with diameters and spacings down to 19 nm and 10 nm, respectively, are created as either continuous carpets or as carpets within trenches. Wires with aspect ratios up to 220 are fabricated, and capillary‐induced clustering of wires is eliminated through post‐etching critical point drying. The wires are single crystals with 〈100〉 axis directions. The distribution of wire diameters is narrow and closely follows the size distribution of the block copolymer, with a standard deviation of 3.12 nm for wires of mean diameters 22.06 nm. Wire arrays formed in carpets and in channels have hexagonal order with good fidelity to the block copolymer pattern. Fabrication of wires in topographic features demonstrates the ability to accurately control wire placement. Wire arrays made using this new process will have applications in the creation of arrays of photonic and sensing devices.
Extraction, identification and sorption studies of dyes from madder on wool
Authors: Farizadeh Khostro , Montazer Majid , Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmaiel , Rashidi Abosaeid , Malek Reza Mohammad Ali
Published: May 2009

Since the last decade, the application of natural dyes on textile materials is gaining popularity all over the world, possibly because of increasing awareness of environment, ecology, and pollution control. In this research, extraction of dyes from madder at different conditions has been studied. The extracted dyes from madder were examined by TLC and HPLC. The adsorption properties of the dyes extracted from madder on natural polyamide fibers (wool) were also determined. The rate of dyeing at different temperatures, as well as the values of standard affinity, entropy, and enthalpy was calculated. The results indicated that increase of temperature leads to decrease the values of partition ratio and affinity. The adsorption isotherm was tested by fitting the adsorption data with Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, and Temkin isotherms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Reactive mold filling in resin transfer molding processes with edge effects
Authors: Ding Yanyu , Jia Yuxi , Yang Junying , Sun Sheng , Shi Tongfei , An Lijia
Published: May 2009

Reactive mold filling is one of the important stages in resin transfer molding processes, in which resin curing and edge effects are important characteristics. On the basis of previous work, volume‐averaging momentum equations involving viscous and inertia terms were adopted to describe the resin flow in fiber preform, and modified governing equations derived from the Navier–Stokes equations are introduced to describe the resin flow in the edge channel. A dual‐Arrhenius viscosity model is newly introduced to describe the chemorheological behavior of a modified bismaleimide resin. The influence of the curing reaction and processing parameters on the resin flow patterns was investigated. The results indicate that, under constant‐flow velocity conditions, the curing reaction caused an obvious increase in the injection pressure and its influencing degree was greater with increasing resin temperature or preform permeability. Both a small change in the resin viscosity and the alteration of the injection flow velocity hardly affected the resin flow front. However, the variation of the preform permeability caused an obvious shape change in the resin flow front. The simulated results were in agreement with the experimental results. This study was helpful for optimizing the reactive mold‐filling conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Intumescent polylactide: A nonflammable material
Authors: Fontaine Gaëlle , Bourbigot Serge
Published: May 2009

In this article, we examine intumescent polylactide, which exhibits a nonburning behavior upon heating. The combination of melamine and ammonium polyphosphate incorporated in the polylactide allowed us to obtain an intumescent char and low flammability. The incorporation of an additional ingredient such as organomodified montmorillonite Cloisite 30B or multiwall carbon nanotubes demonstrated varying effects on the material's reaction to fire, i.e., a large synergistic effect was observed when Cloisite 30B was used, whereas it was antagonistic when multiwall carbon nanotubes were used. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Distribution of κ‐Opioid Receptor in the Pulmonary Artery and its Changes During Hypoxia
Authors: Peng Pai , Huang Lu‐yu , Li Juan , Fan Rong , Zhang Shu‐Miao , Wang Yue‐Min , Hu Yu‐Zhen , Sun Xin , Kaye Alan David , Pei Jian‐Ming
Published: May 2009

The present study evaluated the distribution of κ‐opioid receptors (κ‐ORs) in pulmonary arteries (PAs) in rats and investigated whether κ‐ORs are altered in PAs during hypoxia. An animal model of hypobaric/hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and a pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) model of hypoxia were utilized. Distribution of κ‐ORs was determined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and changes in κ‐ORs expression in PAs and PASMCs were determined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry or Western blot techniques. The κ‐ORs were primarily distributed in the smooth muscle layer of the PAs and in the nucleus of PASMCs. The expression of the κ‐ORs were increased in PAs of rats subjected to hypoxia for 1–4 week (P< 0.01). Accordingly, the expression of κ‐ORs in PASMCs were also increased when subjected to hypoxia for 12–36 hr (P< 0.05). The present study has provided evidence for the first time of the precise location of κ‐ORs in PAs and PASMCs of rats and that hypoxia upregulates expression of κ‐ORs. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
V‐ATPase deactivation in blowfly salivary glands is mediated by protein phosphatase 2C
Authors: Voss Martin , Blenau Wolfgang , Walz Bernd , Baumann Otto
Published: May 2009

The activity of vacuolar H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) in the apical membrane of blowfly (Calliphora vicina) salivary glands is regulated by the neurohormone serotonin (5‐HT). 5‐HT induces, via protein kinase A, the phosphorylation of V‐ATPase subunit C and the assembly of V‐ATPase holoenzymes. The protein phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of subunit C and V‐ATPase inactivation is not as yet known. We show here that inhibitors of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A (tautomycin, ocadaic acid) and PP2B (cyclosporin A, FK‐506) do not prevent V‐ATPase deactivation and dephosphorylation of subunit C. A decrease in the intracellular Mg2+ level caused by loading secretory cells with EDTA‐AM leads to the activation of proton pumping in the absence of 5‐HT, prolongs the 5‐HT‐induced response in proton pumping, and inhibits the dephosphorylation of subunit C. Thus, the deactivation of V‐ATPase is most probably mediated by a protein phosphatase that is insensitive to okadaic acid and that requires Mg2+, namely, a member of the PP2C protein family. By molecular biological techniques, we demonstrate the expression of at least two PP2C protein family members in blowfly salivary glands. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secondary school science predictors of academic performance in university bioscience subjects
Authors: Green Rod , Brown Elizabeth , Ward Alex
Published: May 2009

In 2009 the Faculty of Health Sciences at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia is introducing a common first year for 11 different undergraduate courses in the faculty. Current prerequisite science entry requirements vary with course and range from none to at least two science or mathematics subjects and from ∼50 to 99 in Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank (ENTER) scores. Under the previous structure, students in different courses completed a variety of different subjects at first year. Concern about the ability of such disparate groups to complete a common first year led to the current investigation of the relationships between year 12 (final year of secondary school) science subjects and performance in first year university bioscience subjects. Year 12 results for all science‐related units and ENTER scores were obtained for all Victorian students enrolling in a first year course in the Faculty of Health Sciences in 2005 and 2006. Regression and other analyses were conducted for five first year bioscience subjects. The ENTER score was the best predictor of academic performance in all units except regional anatomy. Performance in many secondary school science subjects was highly predictive of performance in physiology, combined systematic physiology and anatomy and biomechanics units, but again not for regional anatomy units. It appears that year 12 performance in science subjects and ENTER scores may be important predictors of success in physiology, but not regional anatomy subjects at university. It is possible that regional anatomy is an entirely new subject area that requires new types of learning unrelated to year 12 science subjects. Anat Sci Ed 2:113‐118, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Age modulates attitudes to whole body donation among medical students
Authors: Perry Gary F. , Ettarh Raj R.
Published: May 2009

Managing a whole body donor program is necessary for facilitating a traditional dissection‐based anatomy curriculum in medicine and health sciences. Factors which influence body donations to medical science can therefore affect dissection‐based anatomy teaching. In order to determine whether age influences the attitudes of medical students to donations, this study surveyed, by Likert‐type questionnaires, first‐year graduate‐entry medical students attending a dissection‐based anatomy course. In contrast to attitudes among younger traditional‐entry medical students, initial support for whole body donation by an unrelated stranger (83.8%), a family member (43.2%) or by the respondent (40.5%) did not decrease among graduate‐entry medical students after exposure to dissection although there was a significant shift in strength of support for donation by stranger. This suggests that older medical students do not readily modify their pre‐established attitudes to the idea of whole body donation after exposure and experience with dissection. Initial ambivalence among respondents to the idea of donation by family member was followed by opposition to this type of donation. These findings demonstrate that age modulates the influences on a priori attitudes to whole body donation that exposure to dissection causes in younger medical students. Anat Sci Educ 2:167–172, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
The isolation and identification of a secreted biomarker associated with cell stress in serum‐free CHO cell culture
Authors: Woolley John F. , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed
Published: May 2009

One approach to improving mammalian culture productivity has been to reduce cell stress and cell death in the bioreactor, thus enhancing productivity through a longer phase of viability. Here we describe the isolation and identification of a biomarker for stress and viability loss in CHO culture. Using SELDI‐TOF mass spectrometry to profile the protein component of supernatant culture media we have identified a peak at 7.7 kDa that was associated with loss of viability toward the end of the culture and simulated stress from both toxic metabolite accumulation and nutrient depletion. The relative intensity (signal/noise ratio) of the peak increased rapidly at the onset of dropping viability toward the end of the growth phase. Also, the peak height was seen to increase significantly when cells were grown under conditions emulating ammonia accumulation and glutamine deprivation. The species has been identified as a fragment of Galectin‐1 (Gal‐1) via MS/MS fingerprinting. We propose that this peak could be utilized as a marker for early onset of stress in cell culture. This work demonstrates the efficacy of SELDI technology to identify biomarkers in mammalian cell culture and highlights its value as a tool for the monitoring and improvement of culture processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 590–600 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐throughput protein refolding screening method using zeolite
Authors: Nara Takayuki Y. , Togashi Hideaki , Sekikawa Chisato , Sakaguchi Kengo , Mizukami Fujio , Tsunoda Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

We established a 96‐well‐plate‐based refolding screening system using zeolite. In this system, protein denatured and solubilized with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride is adsorbed onto zeolite placed in a 96‐well plate. The refolding conditions can be tested by incubating the samples with refolding buffers under various conditions of pH, salts, and additives. In this study, we chose green fluorescent protein as the model protein. Green fluorescent protein was expressed as inclusion bodies, and we tested the effects of four pH conditions and six additives on its refolding. The results demonstrate that green fluorescent protein was more efficiently refolded with zeolite than with the conventional dilution method. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Improved Copper(I)–NHC Catalytic Efficiency on Huisgen Reaction by Addition of Aromatic Nitrogen Donors
Authors: Teyssot Marie‐Laure , Chevry Aurélien , Traïkia Mounir , El‐Ghozzi Malika , Avignant Daniel , Gautier Arnaud
Published: May 2009

A simple addition with a large impact: Addition of aromatic amines such as phenanthroline and 4‐DMAP (4‐dimethylaminopyridine) increases copper(I)‐catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) catalytic activity of [CuCl(SIMes)] at a large range of temperatures in such a way that efficient catalysis can safely take place in hydro‐alcoholic solvents (see scheme).

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A comparison of screening times between the ThinPrep imager and conventional cytology
Authors: Boost Terese
Published: May 2009

This small prospective study compared the time cytologists spend reviewing cervical cytology slides processed by the ThinPrep Imager (TPI) with screening times for conventional cytology slides (CS), to determine the effect, if any, of the TPI on productivity in our department. Some possible factors affecting TPI reading times, such as individual screener's experience with both specimen types, were also studied.

We recorded the time taken to screen approximately 2,140 corresponding CS and TPI slides. The CS slides were screened by 22 cytologists, of whom 14 also read the TPI slides. The time taken to screen the slides at the conventional or review microscope was recorded, including any full reviews. Administrative duties including history checks and result entry were not included.

Overall, the mean CS reading time was 5.6 minutes, (or 10.7 slides/hour) while the mean screening time for TPI was 2.9 minutes (20.6 slides/hour), a productivity increase of 92%. For the 14 cytologists who read both types of specimen, individual productivity increases ranged from 38.9 to 252%. Screener experience had little or no effect on TPI times, but slower CS readers were found to have greater increase in speed and productivity when using the TPI.

This study has demonstrated a significant decrease in screening times for TPI when compared with CS (P = 0.001), resulting in significantly increased productivity (P = 0.001). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monomeric and Dimeric Copper(II) Complexes of a Pyrrole‐Containing Tridentate Schiff‐Base Ligand
Authors: Li Rongqing , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Murray Keith S. , Brooker Sally
Published: May 2009

Three copper(II) complexes of (L1)–, [CuL1Cl] (1), [CuL1Br]n (2) and [Cu2(L1)2(μ1,3‐NCS)2] (3), and two copper(II) complexes of HL1, [Cu(HL1)X2] (X = Cl–, 4; X = Br–, 5), have been prepared and characterised [where HL1 is the Schiff‐base ligand derived from pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehyde and 2‐aminomethylpyridine]. The removal of a chloride ion and deprotonation of [Cu(HL1)Cl2] (4) to form [CuL1Cl] (1) worked well. However, attempts to protonate [CuL1Cl] with HCl to re‐form [Cu(HL1)Cl2] were not successful. X‐ray structure determinations revealed that 1 is a N3Cl‐coordinated square‐planar copper(II) monomer [CuL1Cl], whereas 3 is a doubly end‐to‐end thiocyanate‐bridged square‐pyramidal copper(II) dimer [Cu2(L1)2(μ1,3‐NCS)2]. The structure determinations on 4 and 5 showed that in both cases the copper(II) ion is in a distorted square‐planar N2X2 environment, with the pyrrole NH remaining non‐deprotonated and uncoordinated. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility investigations carried out on the end‐to‐end thiocyanate doubly bridged square‐pyramidal copper(II) dimer 3 showed that no magnetic coupling occurs between the two copper(II) ions; it exhibits Curie‐like magnetic behaviour.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A DFT Model Study of the Carbocations Formed via the Fjord‐ and Bay‐Region Diol Epoxide Metabolites of Isomeric Dibenzopyrenes and Naphthopyrene
Authors: Borosky Gabriela L. , Laali Kenneth K.
Published: May 2009

A density‐functional theory (DFT) study aimed at understanding structure–reactivity relationships in the oxidized metabolites of isomeric dibenzopyrenes (DBPs) and naphthopyrene (NP) is reported. These large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain a pyrene moiety and two benzannelated rings or a naphtho ring, and depending on the annelation mode, possess a fjord region (DB[a,l]P and N[1,2‐a]P) or two or three bay‐regions (DB[a,h]P, DB[a,i]P, and DB[a,e]P). Relative energies of the resulting carbocations were examined and compared, taking into account the available biological activity data on these compounds. Geometrical, electronic and conformational issues were considered. Charge‐delocalization modes in the resulting carbocations were deduced by the changes in charges derived from natural population analysis (NPA). The reported biological activity of these toxic PAHs was found to correlate with the degree of deviation from planarity of the aromatic system, in accord with the higher bioactivity of the fjord‐ and methylated bay‐region compounds. On the other hand, relative formation of the possible carbocations derived from each PAH, as well as the activity order for compounds presenting similar distortions, were explained by their relative carbocation stabilities. The covalent adducts formed via the fjord‐region diol epoxide of DB[a,l]P and the exocyclic amino group and the N‐7 of guanine were computed, and relative energies and geometries of the resulting adducts were examined. Furthermore, PAH‐purine base adduct formation was modeled inside a DNA fragment by means of the ONIOM method. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Quantification of phase shift in the simulation of shallow water waves
Authors: Sriram V. , Sannasiraj S. A. , Sundar V. , Schlenkhoff A. , Schlurmann T.
Published: May 2009

Numerical simulation of nonlinear waves to reproduce the laboratory measurements has been a topic of great interest in the recent past. The results reported in the literature are mainly focused on qualitative comparison or on the relative errors between the numerical simulation and measurements in laboratory and hence lack in revealing the existence of phase shift in nonlinear wave simulation. In this paper, the simulation of nonlinear waves in mixed Eulerian and Lagrangian framework using finite element method (FEM) is investigated by applying two different velocity calculation methods viz, cubic spline and least squares (LS). The simulated wave surface elevation has been compared with the experimental measurements. The coherence analysis has been carried out using the wavelet transformation, which gives a better understanding between the numerical and the experimental results with respect to the time–frequency space, compared with the conventional Fourier transformation. It is observed that the application of cubic spline approach leads to a higher phase difference for steeper waves. The present study has shown that the phase difference exists at the higher modes rather than at the primary period. For waves with steepness (wave height/wave length) higher than 0.04, LS approach is found to be effective in capturing the higher‐order frequency components in the event of nonlinearity. In addition, the comparison of numerical simulations with that from PIV measurements for the tests with solitary waves is also reported. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tenascin C and tenascin R similarly prevent the formation of myelin membranes in a RhoA‐dependent manner, but antagonistically regulate the expression of myelin basic protein via a separate pathway
Authors: Czopka Tim , Von Holst Alexander , Schmidt Gudula , Ffrench‐Constant Charles , Faissner Andreas
Published: May 2009

Membrane formation and the initiation of myelin gene expression are hallmarks of the differentiation of oligodendrocytes from their precursors. Here, we compared the roles of the two related extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins Tenascin C (Tnc) and Tenascin R (Tnr) in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Oligodendrocyte precursors from Tnr‐deficient mice exhibited reduced differentiation, as revealed by retarded expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) in culture. This could be rescued with purified Tnr. In contrast, when we cultured oligodendrocytes on a Tnc‐containing, astrocyte‐derived ECM, they barely expressed MBP. This inhibition could be overcome when we used ECM from astrocytes deficient for Tnc, suggesting that Tnc inhibits differentiation. In contrast to their antagonistic effect on differentiation, both Tnc and Tnr similarly inhibited morphologic maturation. When oligodendrocytes were cultured on the purified glycoproteins, process elaboration and membrane expansion were reduced. Both Tnc and Tnr interfered with the activation of the small GTPase RhoA. Conversely, RhoA and Rac1 activation induced by cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) increased the formation of myelin membranes, whereas Y27632‐mediated inhibition of the Rho‐cascade prevented it without, however, affecting the fraction of MBP‐expressing cells. Because Tnc and Tnr play antagonistic roles for differentiation and comparably inhibit morphologic maturation, we conclude that independent molecular pathways regulate these processes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning barriers: a framework for the examination of structural impediments to organizational change
Authors: Schimmel Remco , Muntslag Dennis R.
Published: May 2009

The body of knowledge on organizational learning is believed to be large and fragmented. Therefore, this knowledge seems to be of limited use to practitioners. We, however, present an alternative review of the most important publications on organizational learning that deals explicitly with learning barriers. The structural causes of problems with organizational learning are related to malfunctioning components of the cybernetic learning system of the organization. Thus, it became clear that the body of knowledge on organizational learning is less fragmented and does not contain any contradictions. This resulted in our construction of a framework in which the major contributions on organizational learning are integrated. It allows practitioners to use strengths of multiple theories to analyze change management problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moving beyond a legal‐centric approach to managing workplace romances: organizationally sensible recommendations for HR leaders
Authors: Pierce Charles A. , Aguinis Herman
Published: May 2009

The goal of this article is to encourage human resource (HR) leaders to think more strategically about managing workplace romances. The traditional legal‐centric management approach focuses on minimizing risks of workplace romances. We advocate embedding the legal‐centric approach within a broader and more strategic organizationally sensible approach that provides a balanced focus on minimizing risks and maximizing rewards of workplace romances. Drawing from the empirical workplace romance literature, we derive a set of organizationally sensible best‐practice recommendations that HR leaders can adopt to manage risks and rewards of romantic relationships in organizations. Implementing our more strategic recommendations should provide the added benefit of elevating HR professionals' roles as organizational leaders. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adhesion and detachment characteristics of a TBAB hydrate solid on a heat transfer surface (Effect of concentration of TBAB solutions)
Authors: Daitoku Tadafumi , Utaka Yoshio
Published: May 2009

In air‐conditioning systems, it is desirable that the liquid–solid phase change temperature of a cool energy storage material be approximately 10°C, with respect to improving the coefficient of performance (COP). Moreover, a thermal storage material that forms slurry can realize a large heat capacity of the working fluids. A solid that adheres to the heat transfer surface forms a thermal resistance layer and significantly reduces the rate of cold storage; therefore, it is important to avoid the adhesion of a thick solid layer on the surface so as to realize efficient energy storage. Considering a harvest type cooling unit, the force required for removal of the solid phase from the heat transfer surface was investigated. Tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB) clathrate hydrate was used as a cold storage material and the effect of the TBAB solution concentration on the scraping force required to detach the adhered TBAB hydrate solid from the heat transfer surface was experimentally examined. The TBAB hydrate solids were broadly categorized into two types, and the scraping force required for removal of these two types of TBAB hydrate solid was different. The scraping force required for removal of the solid increased due to the effect of increasing the concentration of the TBAB solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20254
Gaseous diffusion coefficients of methyl bromide and methyl iodide into air, nitrogen, and oxygen
Authors: Matsunaga Naoki , Hori Morio , Nagashima Akira
Published: May 2009

The gaseous diffusion coefficients of methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl iodide (CH3I) into dry air, nitrogen, and oxygen have been measured in the temperature range 303–453 K and at atmospheric pressure via the Taylor dispersion method. Both for methyl bromide and methyl iodide, the diffusion coefficients do not vary in practice on substituting pure nitrogen or oxygen for dry air. The diffusion coefficients for methyl iodide are systematically smaller than those for methyl bromide by about 11%. For the methyl iodide‐oxygen system, the effect of the thermal decomposition of methyl iodide has been observed at 453 K. The present results can be reproduced well by the functional form D = ATB, where D (cm2s−1) is the diffusion coefficient at 101 325 Pa (1 atm) and T (K) is the absolute temperature. The constants A and B are as follows: methyl bromide‐(air, nitrogen, oxygen), A = 5.57 × 10−6, B = 1.76; methyl iodide‐(air, nitrogen, oxygen), A = 5.26 × 10−6, B = 1.75. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20255
TLR9‐dependent systemic interferon‐β production by intravenous injection of plasmid DNA/cationic liposome complex in mice
Authors: Yoshida Hiroyuki , Nishikawa Makiya , Yasuda Sachiyo , Mizuno Yumiko , Toyota Hiroyasu , Kiyota Tsuyoshi , Takahashi Rei , Takakura Yoshinobu
Published: May 2009

Background

The type I interferon (IFN) response to DNA/cationic liposome complex, or lipoplex, has been reported in cultured cells, but little is known about the response in vivo. Studies of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine response to lipoplex have shown the importance of the unmethylated CpG dinucleotide (CpG motif) and its receptor, Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐9.

Methods

CpG‐ and non‐CpG lipoplex consisting of CpG‐ or non‐CpG plasmid DNA, respectively, and N‐[1‐(2,3‐dioleyloxy)propyl]‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium chloride/cholesterol liposomes were intravenously injected into mice. IFN‐β and interleukin (IL)‐6 in the serum and organs were measured by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The involvement of TLR9, phagocytic cells and the spleen in the responses was evaluated using TLR9−/−, clodronate liposome‐treated‐, and splenectomized mice, respectively. Accumulation of blood cells in the lung was evaluated histologically.

Results

CpG lipoplex induced a large increase in the levels of IFN‐β and IL‐6 in the serum, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, whereas non‐CpG lipoplex scarcely had any effect. Neither formulation led to significant cytokine production in TLR9−/− mice. Clodronate liposome‐treated mice showed a large reduction in both IFN‐β and IL‐6 levels. Splenectomized mice receiving CpG lipoplex also showed a significantly low production of IL‐6 but a similar level of IFN‐β production to that of unsplenectomized mice. A large number of monocytes were found in the capillary vessels around the pulmonary alveoli of mice receiving lipoplex.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that, in contrast to the production of IL‐6 from splenic macrophages, IFN‐β is produced from phagocytic cells other than splenic macrophages after the injection of CpG lipoplex through the TLR9‐dependent pathway. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardio‐pulmonary anatomy in theropod dinosaurs: Implications from extant archosaurs
Authors: Quick Devon E. , Ruben John A.
Published: May 2009

Although crocodilian lung and cardiovascular organs are markedly less specialized than the avian heart and lung air‐sac system, all living archosaurs possess four‐chambered hearts and heterogeneously vascularized, faveolar lungs. In birds, normal lung function requires extensive, dorsally situated nonvascularized abdominal air‐sacs ventilated by an expansive sternum and specially hinged costal ribs. The thin walled and voluminous abdominal air‐sacs are supported laterally and caudally to prevent inward (paradoxical) collapse during generation of negative (inhalatory) pressure: the synsacrum, posteriorly directed, laterally open pubes and specialized femoral‐thigh complex provide requisite support and largely prevent inhalatory collapse. In comparison, theropod dinosaurs probably lacked similarly enlarged abdominal air‐sacs, and skeleto‐muscular modifications consistent with their ventilation. In the absence of enlarged, functional abdominal air‐sacs, theropods were unlikely to have possessed a specialized bird‐like, air‐sac lung. The likely absence of bird‐like pulmonary function in theropods is inconsistent with suggestions of cardiovascular anatomy more sophisticated than that of modern crocodilians. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spadefoot‐tadpole polyphenism: Histological analysis of differential muscle growth in carnivores and omnivores
Authors: Storz Brian L. , Moerland Timothy S.
Published: May 2009

Understanding the evolution of phenotypic plasticities and the connections among the environment, genotype, and phenotype requires detailed understanding of the proximate mechanisms regulating morphological differences between phenotypes. Spea multiplicata tadpoles can develop into two different phenotypes, i.e. carnivores and omnivores, which differ in many morphological and behavioral traits. One of the major differences is enlargement of the jaw and tail musculature in carnivores relative to those of omnivores. We investigated pattern of muscle enlargement by measuring differences in myofiber number and cross‐sectional area between the phenotypes during early and mid‐development. The data show that both hyperplasia and hypertrophy underlie the carnivores' enlargement of both the orbitohyoideus jaw muscle (OH) and the tail muscle (TL). Carnivores had more OH and TL myofibers than did omnivores at all ages, but the rate of myofiber addition differed, by ∼9 and 17 myofibers per day respectively. Carnivores also had larger OH and TL myofibers than did omnivores, at many of the ages studied, and the rate of myofiber cross‐sectional area increase (log‐transformed myofiber cross‐sectional area plotted against age in days) was significantly greater for carnivores than for omnivores in the internal, but not the peripheral, regions for both the OH and TL muscle. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of pet loss on the perceived social support and psychological distress of hurricane survivors
Authors: Lowe Sarah R. , Rhodes Jean E. , Zwiebach Liza , Chan Christian S.
Published: May 2009

Associations between pet loss and posthurricane perceived social support and psychological distress were explored. Participants (N = 365) were primarily low‐income African American single mothers who were initially part of an educational intervention study. All participants were exposed to Hurricane Katrina, and 47% experienced Hurricane Rita. Three waves of survey data, two from before the hurricanes, were included. Sixty‐three participants (17.3%) reported losing a pet due to the hurricanes and their aftermath. Pet loss significantly predicted postdisaster distress, above and beyond demographic variables, pre‐ and postdisaster perceived social support, predisaster distress, hurricane‐related stressors, and human bereavement, an association that was stronger for younger participants. Pet loss was not a significant predictor of postdisaster perceived social support, but the impact of pet loss on perceived social support was significantly greater for participants with low levels of predisaster support.
Dunkl transforms and Dunkl convolutions on functions and distributions with restricted growth
Authors: Betancor Jorge J. , Molina Sandra M. , Rodríguez–Mesa Lourdes
Published: May 2009

In this paper we investigate Dunkl transforms and Dunkl convolutions on R in some spaces of functions and distributions with exponential growth introduced by Hasumi [12] (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Commutators of generalized Hardy operators
Authors: Fu Zunwei , Lu Shanzhen
Published: May 2009

LetHa,b be the commutator generated by the generalized Hardy operator and the CMO function. The (Lp, Lp) boundedness of Ha,b is discussed in this paper. Furthermore, the authors consider the boundedness of Ha,b on the weighted homogeneous Herz spaces (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Riemann–Stieltjes operators between α ‐Bloch spaces and Besov spaces
Authors: Li Songxiao , Stević Stevo
Published: May 2009

We study the following two integral operators
equation image
where g is an analytic function on the open unit disk in the complex plane. The boundedness and compactness of these two operators between the α ‐Bloch space Bα and the Besov space are discussed in this paper (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A note about stabilization in Aℝ(𝔻)
Authors: Wick Brett D.
Published: May 2009

It is shown that for Aℝ(𝔻) functions f1 and f2 with
equation image
and f1 being positive on real zeros of f2 then there exists Aℝ(𝔻) functions g2 and g1, g1–1 with and
equation image
This result is connected to the computation of the stable rank of the algebra Aℝ(𝔻) and to Control Theory (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Central schemes for Ideal magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Arminjon Paul , Touma Rony
Published: May 2009

We present second‐order accurate central finite volume methods adapted to three‐dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamics problems. These methods alternate between two staggered grids, thus leading to Riemann solver‐free algorithms with relatively favorable computing times. The div·B = 0 constraint on the magnetic field is enforced with a suitable adaptation of the constrained transport method to our central schemes. Numerical experiments show the feasibility of the proposed methods and our results are in good agreement with existing results in the recent literature. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Validated simulation of kinematics and dynamics of multibody systems using interval and Taylor model based methods
Authors: Auer Ekaterina , Luther Wolfram
Published: May 2009

In this paper, we present an integrated environment for validated modeling and simulation of kinematics and dynamics of various classes of mechanical systems SMARTMOBILE (Simulation and Modeling of dynAmics in MOBILE: Reliable and Template–based) built on top of the non‐validated tool MOBILE. We outline the main features of SMARTMOBILE and its applicability area. The functionality of the new tool and the importance of the application of validated techniques are demonstrated. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Closest point projection in contact mechanics: existence and uniqueness for different types of surfaces
Authors: Konyukhov Alexander , Schweizerhof Karl
Published: May 2009

In most contact algorithms especially in case of large deformations the closest point projection (CPP) procedure is necessarily involved in order to check the contact conditions. Despite the number of publications on numerical contact algorithms there are no complete results about existence and uniqueness of the CPP procedure for arbitrary surfaces. The current contribution is aimed to fill this void. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Absolutely stable explicit schemes for reaction systems.
Authors: Lee Chang‐Ock , Leem Chae Hun , Park Eun‐Hee , Youm Jae Boum
Published: May 2009

We introduce two numerical schemes for solving a system of ordinary differential equations which characterizes several kinds of linear reactions and diffusion from biochemistry, physiology, etc. The methods consist of sequential applications of the simple exact solver for a reversible reaction. We provide absolute stability and convergence of the proposed explicit methods. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)