bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1064 NEW INSIGHTS IN PLANT BREEDING EFFORTS FOR IMPROVED SALT TOLERANCE
Authors: Shannon Michael C.
Published: February 2019

The lack of improvement for salt tolerance has been attributed to insufficient genetic variation, a need for rapid and reliable genetic markers for screening, and the complexities of salinity × environment interactions. Salt tolerance is a quantitative character that has been defined in a multitude of ways subject to changes with plant development and differentiation; thus, assessing salt tolerance among genotypes that differ in growth or development rate is difficult. Salt tolerance also varies based upon concentrations of both major and minor nutrients in the root zone. Plant growth models may provide a method to integrate the complexities of plant responses to salinity stress with-the relevant environmental variables that interact with the measurement of tolerance. Mechanistic models have been developed over the last few years that are responsive to nitrogen or drought stress but not to salinity stress. Models responsive to salinity stress would provide insights for breeders and aid in the development of more practical research on the physiological mechanisms of plant salt tolerance.
Tuber Initiation in Hydroponically Grown Potatoes by Alteration of Solution pH
Authors: Wan Waylen Y. , Cao Weixing , Tibbitts Theodore W.
Published: February 2019

Because tuberization in potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) reportedly is inhibited when stolons are immersed in liquid, this study was conducted to determine the effect of intermittent pH reductions of the nutrient solution on tuber induction of potatoes in solution culture. Tissue-culture potato plantlets were transplanted into solutions maintained at pH 5.5. The pH of the nutrient solution was changed to 3.5 and 4.0 for 10 hours on each of three dates (30, 35, and 40 days after transplanting). For the pH 3.5 treatment, tubers were observed first on day 42 and averaged 140 tubers per plant at harvest on day 54. For the pH 4.0 treatment, tubers were observed first on day 48 and averaged 40 tubers per plant at harvest. At a constant pH 5.5, tubers were observed on day 52 and averaged two tubers per plant at harvest. Plants with the intermittent pH 3.5 had smaller shoots and roots with shorter and thicker stolons compared to constant pH 5.5. With the intermittent pH 4.0, plants were of similar size, but stolons were shorter and slightly thickener compared to those from pH 5.5. Mineral composition of leaf tissues at harvest was similar for the three pH treatments. These results indicate that regulation of solution pH can be a useful technique for inducing tuberization in potatoes.
Tomato Seedling Growth in Response to Variation in Root Container Shape
Authors: Liptay Albert , Edwards Diane
Published: February 2019

Roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings grown in multicelled trays were confined largely to the interface between the growing medium and the inner surface of the cell. Because of the predominance of roots in this area, experiments were done in prototype cells to relate seedling growth to change in this interface area while retaining a constant volume. The cell shapes that were tested included a square cell with 1.36-cm sides and other rectangular cells. All cells were 3 cm in height, but widths decreased incrementally by 0.1 cm from the 1.36×1.36-cm square to rectangles with inner cell dimensions of 0.36×5.14 cm. With these changing shapes, the interface area increased but cell width decreased to a more narrow cell. Seedling height increased as the cell shape was changed from a square (1.36 × 1.36 cm) to an elongated rectangle (1.74 × 1.06 cm). More narrow cells caused seedling height to decrease; the shortest seedlings occurred in 0.36 × 5.14-cm cells. Root growth was unaffected by change in cell shape. The smoothness of the inner cell surface, however, affected root growth; a rough texture resulted in stubby and reduced root growth but had no effect on shoot growth.
SWEETPOTATO STORAGE ROOT MUTATIONS
Authors: Sloan R. C. , Thompson P. G. , Burdine W. B. , Main J. L. , Gerard P. D.
Published: February 2019

`Beauregard' storage roots which were discarded from the Mississippi sweetpotato foundation seed program because of the presence of flesh mutations were bedded in Spring 1991. After the plants were pulled from the roots, the roots were further examined, and the flesh mutations were characterized by size and frequency. The progency from the original roots were examined for flesh mutations for three generations in 1991, 1992, and 1993. The degree of mutation in the original root did not influence the degree of mutation in succeeding generations of storage roots. In 1992 and 1993, the degree of mutation in the third and fourth generation roots did not differ from that of storage roots grown from plants from the foundation seed plant beds.
GENETIC LINKAGES OF RAPD MARKERS IN SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Hong Liang L. , Thompson Paul G.
Published: February 2019

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were analyzed in parents and progeny of four sweetpotato crosses. An average of 69 primers were tested and 23.5% produced well resolved polymorphic banding patterns. Each polymorphic primer had an average of 1.9 polymorphic bands resulting in 0.45 polymorphic fragments per primer tested. Phenotypic segregation ratios of 88% of polymorphic fragments fit those expected for hexaploid Mendelian inheritance. Numbers of linked polymorphic fragments and numbers of linkage groups were 13 and 5 for Cross A, 0 and 0 for Cross B, 23 and 3 for Cross C and 16 and 6 for Cross D. Those results indicated that RAPD markers have potential for a genetic linkage map in sweetpotato; however, many primers must be screened.
NIGHT TEMPERATURE RESPONSE CURVES FOR IN VITRO POLLEN GERMINATION, POLLEN CHARACTISTICS AND FRUITSET IN TOMATO
Authors: Bartholomew Michael , Peet Mary M.
Published: February 2019

Previous greenhouse studies in Raleigh have shown that nighttime cooling increases tomato fruit weights from 11% to 53%, depending on planting dates. The physiological mechanism was unclear, except that temperatures during fruitset were most critical We report here on a phytotron experiment comparing pollen characteristics and in vitro pollen germination of plants grown at night temperatures of 18, 22,24 or 26°C in a 12-hour photoperiod with 26°C day temperature in all treatments. There was considerable variability between sampling dates in pollen characteristics and % germination. The most consistent and significant effects were a decrease in total pollen and an increase in % abnormal pollen at high night temperatures. Number of seed present in the fruit also decreased with increasing night temperatures, indicating that the changes in pollen characteristics adversely affected seedset. Night temperatures of 22C appeared optimal for many of the pollen and growth characteristics measured, but fruit developed most rapidly at the higher night temperatures.
ROLE OF PERLITE IN FLUORIDE TOXICITY OF FLORAL CROPS
Authors: Everett Tammy L. , Nelson Paul V.
Published: February 2019

Five common sources of perlite used in the North American horticultural industry were tested for their release of fluoride during five successive teachings with pH 5.2 sodium phosphate buffer (1 cc perlite/ml buffer). Soluble fluoride in the first leachate ranged from 0.05 to 0.8 mg/l and in the fifth leachate from 0.01 to 0.18 mg/l. Lilium Asiatic hybrids `Pixie Grange' and `Sunray', Chlorophytum comosum (Thumb.) Jacques `Variegatum', and Gibasis pellucida (Martens & Gal.) D. Hunt `Bridal Veil' were. grown in sphagnum peat moss plus perlite substrates ranging up to 50% perlite and at substrate pH levels from 4.6 to 7.0. No fluoride toxicity occurred in these crops in any treatments. The precaution against the use of perlite in substrates used for growing fluoride sensitive crops needs to be reconsidered.
COTYLEDON AGE VERSUS IN VlTRO REGENERATION POTENTIAL IN CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.)
Authors: Zimmerman Nancy J. , Reichert Nancy A.
Published: February 2019

Seed and seedling cotyledon explants from 14 cultivars were placed on 2 media types to induce organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Shoots or somatic embryos were counted to determine effects of cultivar, explant and regeneration type on overall regeneration success. Opposite explant preferences were observed for each regeneration type. In somatic embryogenesis, greater numbers of seedling cotyledons were able to respond, while in organogenesis, seed cotyledons responded in greatest numbers. However, within each cultivar, no explant preferences were observed (except in `Picklebush'). Four cultivars displayed a preference for the somatic embryogenesis regeneration protocol over organogenesis: `Burpee Hybrid II' and `Burpless F1 Hybrid' (fresh market types), and `Cross Country' and `Picklebush' (pickling types). The best individual regeneration rates were obtained with `Cross Country' and `Picklebush' - both for somatic embryogenesis.
ARCCAD AS A GIS PLATFORM FOR UNDERSTANDING THE VEGETATION OF STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY
Authors: Lindley Susan , Creech D. L.
Published: February 2019

Stephen F. Austin State University is known as the ``University Among the Pines.” The campus is located along the banks of LnNana creek in the center of Nacogdocha, the oldest town in Texas. Rich with history, the community and the university are now recognizing that cultural. historical and landscape treasure deserve greater protection and conservation. This project involves: 1) collecting a data set of each tree on campus including quadrant identifier, plant ID #, species, dbh, tree health, location, crow diameter, tree height and tree value, 2) placing all trees on a campus map in ArcCAD®, a Geographic Information System (GIS) developed for the PC, 3) linking map entities (trees, polygons, themes) with specific rows in a database, and 4) developing a query strategy to ask questions of the landscape. Database queries are powerful analytical tools which can generate resultant maps that answer specific landscape questions. These maps can then be queried again for further analysis. Examples of typical queries might include: 1) illustrate only those pines with a dbh greater than 24″, 2) identify all oak trees within thirty feet of a building, or 3) illustrate all trees over sixty feet with poor tree health. ArcCAD® links the easy drafting capabilities of AutoCAD® with much of the functionality of a true GIS workstation. Map files can be linked to a database(s), text, and visual images (TIF files). We have scanned and are currently archiving old photographs of the campus for future linkages. By understanding the history of the university landscape and documenting the current status of campus vegetation, decision-makers can have at strategies that lessen the impact of development.
USE OF COWPEA AS A GREEN MANURE TO REDUCE EXTERNAL NITROGEN INPUTS IN A FALL BROCCOLI CROP
Authors: Rose Judith L. , Kahn Brian A.
Published: February 2019

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] was grown as a green manure preceding a fall crop of broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. (Italica Group)] in 1992 and 1993. Urea was used to supply 0, 84, or 168 kg·ha-1 of supplemental nitrogen (N) to broccoli which followed cowpeas. Control broccoli plots were grown on fallowed ground and were supplied with 168 kg·ha-1 of N from urea. Cowpea incorporation added over 100 kg·ha-1 of N to the soil in both years. In 1992, treatments had no significant effect on yield of marketable broccoli heads, but average head weight was reduced in the absence of external N. In 1993, broccoli yield was reduced following cowpeas except when 168 kg·ha-1 of external N also was supplied. Broccoli which followed cowpeas was delayed in maturity by 5 to 9 days in 1993. We conclude that a preceding cowpea crop alone will not supply enough N to sustain acceptable broccoli production. Further studies will determine how much external N must be supplied when broccoli follows cowpeas, and the best timing for supplying external N. We also will Investigate possible detrimental effects of the preceding cowpea crop on the broccoli.
URBAN TREE INITIAL PLANT SIZE GROWTH AS INFLUENCED BY SITE AND INITIAL PLANT SIZE
Authors: Lauderdale D.M. , Gilliam C.H. , Eakes D.J. , Keever G.J.
Published: February 2019

Two tree species, Acer rubrum `October Glory' (October Glory red maple) and Quercus phellos (willow oak) were planted in Columbus, GA and Mobile, AL. Variables evaluated were location (park vs residential) and tree size (1.5 vs 3.0 inch caliper). Greater shoot elongation occurred with 1.5 inch red maples and willow oaks than with 3.0 inch caliper trees. First year growth differences were not related to photosynthesis, night respiration, leaf water potential, or foliar nitrogen levels. Little height or caliper change occurred with either species. Red maple shoot elongation was greater in Mobile than into Columbus. Growth was not affected by location within either city.
GERANIUM PRODUCTION AS INFLUENCED BY THREE METHODS OF IRRIGATION USING A CONTROLLED RELEASE FERTILIZER
Authors: Knight Patricia R. , Eakes D. Joseph , Gilliam Charles H. , Ponder Harry G.
Published: February 2019

Seed geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey `Scarlet Elite') were grown in 10-cm pots in a 1 pine bark : 3 peat moss : 1 perlite medium from 18 March until 5 May 1993. Plants received Osmocote 14N-6.1P-12.5K and either conventional overhead (CO), drip (DI), or subirrigation (SI). Subirrigation produced greater shoot and root dry weights than CO or DI. Plants grown using DI produced fewer branches than plants grown using CO or SI. Plants receiving SI reached anthesis before plants receiving CO or DI. Method of irrigation had no influence on total root, soil, or leachate N, but SI did increase total shoot N.
STYRENE-LINED AND COPPER-COATED POTS AFFECT MAPLE GROWTH
Authors: Brass T.J. , Keever G.J. , Gilliam C.H. , Eakes D.J.
Published: February 2019

Red maple cultivars 'October Glory' and `Northwood' were grown in 7 gallon containers to determine the influence of styrene lining and copper coating of containers on container medium temperature and growth of red maple cultivars. Copper coating effectively reduced circling of roots at the container wall-medium interface. Root control with copper was less effective on `October Glory' (a more vigorous cultivar) than on `Northwood'. Height, caliper, and root dry weight also were less for `Northwood'. In the absence of copper, surface-root coverage was greater in foam - lined containers than in containers without foam where temperatures averaged 10°C higher.
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING PESTICIDE AND FERTILIZER INPUTS IN PECAN ORCHARDS
Authors: Rice N.R. , Smith M.W. , Eikenbary R.D. , Arnold D.C. , Tedders W.L. , Wood B.W. , Taylor G.G. , Landgraf B.S. , Barlow G.E.
Published: February 2019

Annual legume ground covers were evaluated in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards to supply nitrogen and increase beneficial arthropods. Treatments were established at two sites, each with 5 ha of a `Dixie' crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) /hairy, vetch (Vicia villosa) mixture and 5 ha of grass sod. Data indicated that the legume mixture supplied over 100 kg·ha-1 N to the pecan trees. Beneficial arthropods were greater in orchards with legume ground covers than in orchards with a grass groundcover. Lady beetles and green lacewings were the most important spring predators, and green lacewings were the most important fall predator. The Species distribution on the ground covers differed from that in the canopy. Coleomegilla maculata lengi, Hippodamia convergens and Coccinella septempunctata were the most abundant lady beetle species in the legume ground covers, and Olla v-nigrum, Cycloneda munda, and Hippodamia convergens were the most abundant species in the pecan canopies. Beneficial arthropods appeared to suppress injurious pecan aphids.
INFLUENCE OF VARIETY AND LOCATION ON FLESH COLOR IN POTATO
Authors: Al-Saikhan Mohamed S. , Howard Luke R. , Miller J. Creighton
Published: February 2019

The influence of variety and location on flesh color was examined using Texas and Colorado grown tubers from ten yellow flesh and two white flesh potato varieties. Flesh color was determined using a Hunter Colorimeter, which gives three readings, L* (lightness to darkness), a* (green-red index) and b* (blue-yellow index) Three readings were taken from each tuber at the distal end, center, and stem end. There were significant differences in color among varieties grown in each location for L*, and at both locations, the center was darker. The distal end had the highest chroma and hue angle values at both location. Significant differences were found between the same variety grown in both locations for L*, chroma, and hue. Chroma and hue were greater in Texas grow tubers which indicated more redness. Lower mean hue angle values indicated that Texas tubers were more red, whereas Colorado tubers were yellow. Higher mean chroma values indicated that Texas grown tubers were redder than Colorado grown tubers. L*, chroma, and hue angle are the most useful quantitative measurements.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM PECAN TREE PRODUCTION
Authors: Mullinix Benjamin G. , Worley R. E.
Published: February 2019

Three out of many pecan cultivars (Gloria, Pabst, & Stuart) were examined over long periods of time. The latter two cultivars have been planted since 1921 when the first pecan orchard was established. One tree of each of these cultivars were removed because of overcrowding. Gloria and Pabst were planted in 1954. Best production practices known were used until 1962. Fertilization and insecticide sprays were adopted. In 1970, spraying for disease was adopted. In 1974, drip irrigation and selective limb pruning were adopted. GrowSeason (GS) [(Year-Planted+l)-mean GS] was used in a linear (L), quadratic (Q), or cubic (C) model where the best model was chosen (significant F-test). Yield was expressed as cumulative yield. Older trees tended to produce more after 1962 (C trend), mid-aged trees more after 1970 (Q/C trend), and younger trees more after 1974 (L/Q trend). Younger trees had the greatest average yearly cumulative yield.
Plum Production Under Cold Stress
Authors: Norton J. D. , Boyhan C. E. , Huang Hongwen , Abrahams B. R.
Published: February 2019

On March 13-15, 1993 Alabama and much of the eastern United States experienced an unusually severe winter storm. This afforded the evaluation of plum cultivar production under cold stress. The highest yielding variety that bloomed before the storm was Bruce 12-4 with 28 kg/tree. Bruce 12-4 is noted for blooming over an extended period of time and producing very heavy yields. The average yield of the top five performers that bloomed after the storm was 51 kg/tree. The lowest temperature recorded at the test site, Shorter, AL was -5C.
UNICONAZOLE AND BENZYLAMINOPURINE INFLUENCE FLOWERING AND GROWTH OF ACALYPHA HISPANIOLAE Urb.
Authors: Svenson Sven E.
Published: February 2019

Influence of uniconazole (UNI) and benzylaminopurine CBA) on flowering and growth of Acalypha hispaniolae was evaluated. Drenches of UNI at 0.02, 0.1 and 0.2 mg ai per pot, and foliar application of 112, 225, or 450 mg BA/liter were applied 4 weeks after potting. UNI applied at 0.02 mg ai increased number of racemes produced 5 and 10 weeks after treatment, but did not influence shoot growth or stem length. At higher rates, UNI reduced flowering and growth. Application of 450 mg BA/liter increased number of racemes and shoot growth 5 weeks after treatment, but not 10 weeks after treatment. The best combination of rapid shoot growth, increased number of racemes, and increased size of racemes resulted from the interactive application of 0.02 mg ai UN1 per pot and 450 mg BA/liter. Better growth management might be obtained from a refinement of the concentration ranges studied.
PINE BARK LEVELS AND PARTICLE SIZE INFLUENCE THE ACTIVITY OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND UNICONAZOLE ON `FREEDOM' AND `GUTBIER' V-14 GLORY POINSETTIAS
Authors: Quarrels Jesse R , Newman Steven E.
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted to determine the effects of pine bark grind size and pine bark levels on the activity of two growth regulators on poinsettia Two bark grinds (≤ 6 mm and >10 mm) were used with four media combinations within each grind: vermiculite:bark:peat moss at 2:0:3, 2:1:2, 2:2:1, and 2:3:0 (by volume). Two growth regulators, paclobutrazol and uniconazole, were applied at 0, 0.125, and 0.250 mg/15 cm container in 250 ml water. Two poinsettia cultivars, `Freedom' and `Gutbier V-14 Glory', were planted September 2, 1993, pinched September 16, and growth regulators applied September 30. There were five single plant replications for each treatment. Stem length and bract area were effected by bark grind, bark level, growth regulator, and growth regulator rate. Plants treated with uniconazole had the shortest stems and the least bract area. Plants grown in the smaller grind and at higher bark levels were less effected. Plants treated with paclobutrazol had longer stems than those treated with uniconazole.
IPTASE SYNTHESIS AND LIGHT MEDIATION IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO
Authors: Barbour Sandra L. , McMahon Margaret J. , Frett John J. , Decoteau Dennis R.
Published: February 2019

Similarities exist between the effects of phytochrome and cytokinins on plant growth and development (e.g., chloroplast development, amaranthin synthesis. seed germination, photomorphogenesis). It is unclear, however, if and how these two systems interact.

As a beginning step to determine cytokinin-phytochrome interactions, we developed a strategy utilizing ipt -transgenic tobacco in phytochrome/light treatment investigations. The sour-cc of the ipt gene was Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid 15955. This gene encodes for isopentenyl transferase which is an enzyme active in cytokinin biosynthesis.

Ipt -transgenic tobacco cultures (grown on MS medium supplemented with kanamycin but no plant growth regulators) were treated with end-of-day red or far-red light for 15 minutes. After 30 days of treatment, the plant tissue was harvested and either homogenized for SDS-PAGE or fixed for transmission electron microscopic analysis.

Results from immuno-gold labelling using polyclonal antibodies specific to iptase will he used to Indicate the influence of phytochrome on cytokinin activity. Also, structural changes at the ultra-cellular level will be determined.
STORAGE LIFE AND QUALITY OF BLACKBERRY FRUIT WHEN HELD AT TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN 1C
Authors: Perkins-Veazie P. , Collins J.K. , Clark J.R.
Published: February 2019

The storage life of blackberry fruit is generally `2 to 3 days when stored at 1C. This study was done to determine the maximum storage life among erect blackberry cultivars, and to determine storage temperature effects on storage life. Shiny black fruit from `Navaho', `Arapaho', and `Shawnee' cultivars were stored at 2C, 5C, or 10C for 20, 14, and 7 days, respectively. At any temperature. only 10-20% of `Navaho' fruit had decay, while 30-50% of `Arapaho' and 40-70% of `Shawnee' fruit had decay. Weight loss was 3-5% depending on temperature and was not different among cultivars. Soluble solids concentration did not change during storage but titratable acidity decreased in all cultivars for fruit held at all temperatures. Anthocyanin content increased during storage in `Shawnee' and `Navaho' but not in `Arapaho' fruit. Results indicate that `Navaho' fruit have a longer shelflife than other blackberry cultivars.
ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED SUPERSWEET CORN
Authors: Collins J.K. , Perkins-Veazie P. , Wann E.V. , Maness N.
Published: February 2019

Supersweet corn with the shrunken-2 gene (sh2) has shown good quality after frozen storage. A study was undertaken to further evaluate the quality of supersweet corn (cv Florida Staysweet) unblanched or blanched then frozen. Samples were evaluated every 4 months for 12 months for peroxidase activity. sugar composition, water soluble polysaccharides and organoleptic qualities. Peroxidese activity changed in unblanched corn at each sampling date, which was consistently higher than in blanched corn. Sucrose and total sugars declined during storage. Sucrose was highest in blenched samples and reducing sugars were highest in unblanched samples. WSP content was low in all samples, but lower in blenched compared to unblanched samples. Taste panelists discerned differences between blanched and unblanched corn at 8 months when blanched samples were rated as more yellow than unblanched. However, no differences were found for taste between blanched and unblanched samples for taste at 12 months. These results indicate that sh2 sweetcorn maintained good eating quality for 12 months of frozen storage with or without blanching.
TOMATO TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION USING THE FLOAT TRAY SYSTEM
Authors: Wyatt Jim E. , Akridse Marla C. , Hamilton Douglas W.
Published: February 2019

Studies were conducted in plastic foam trays in float tanks to investigate effects of aeration of the nutrient solution, tray management after seeding and addition of KNO3 fertilizer to the substrate media on tomato transplant growth. Aeration of the nutrient solution had no effect on rate of tomato seedling emergence or growth, even though dissolved O2 was higher in aerated tanks than in non-aerated tanks. Placing trays in the tanks immediately after seeding caused faster seedling emergence than either delaying placement in the tanks or stacking trays until emergence began. KNO3 at 20 g·kg dry Pro-Mix” media resulted in delayed initial emergence but no differences were found 7 days after planting. Initial tray treatments or addition of KNO3 to the media had no effects on final tomato transplant size.
RESPONSE OF LONDON PLANE AND CORKSCREW WILLOW TO VARIABLE IRRIGATION
Authors: Kjelgren Roger , Rupp Larry
Published: February 2019

We investigated growth and water relations of London plane and corkscrew willow irrigated at 80% and 0% replacement of potential evapotranspiration (ETo). In Spring 1991, whips were planted in a randomized complete-block design in a silt loam soil that was clean-cultivated through two seasons. In 1992, tree response was measured in water relations [water potential (ψ)] at predawn and midday and dawn-to-dusk stomatal conductance (gs), trunk growth, and total leaf area. Soil-water depletion was monitored with a neutron probe. Measured ETo was 98.6 mm, and actual water applied based on final leaf area was 92% and 38% of ETo for plane trees and willows, respectively. Nonirrigated trees received 4% of ETo from rain. Soil water content at the 0.90-m depth was lower in the 0% ETo treatment. There were, however, no differences in predawn ψ through the season. Plane trees had consistently higher dawn-to-dusk gs than the willows, but there were no differences in gs or midday ψ between irrigation treatments for either species. Despite lower gs, willows had greater total leaf area and trunk growth than the plane trees, but again, there were no differences among irrigation treatments. Lack of detectable water-stress effects suggests that, in the absence of competition from other species, an expanding perimeter of root growth explored new soil and allowed nonirrigated trees to exploit soil water ahead of moisture depletion within the root zone.
EVALUATING INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON NAVEL ORANGES
Authors: Takele E.
Published: February 2019

I used a multidisciplinary, multiyear experiment to investigate the effect of interactive application of inputs on growth, productivity, and returns of three mature Washington navel oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Obseck] grown on rough lemon rootstock. Seventy-two combinations [made up of three levels of irrigation, two levels of fungicides/nematicides (+/-), two levels of miticides (+/-), two levels of growth regulators (+ /-), and three levels of N fertilizer] were investigated. The productivity measures indicated statistically significant interactive effects in some cases and only main effects with others. However, knowledge of significant treatment effects in one or the other productivity parameters would not have provided a complete picture to the end user without the economic analysis. Using a partial budgeting procedure, returns (after costs) were calculated for each treatment combination. Statistical analyses of variance also were performed to test for significant differences of productivity, crop value, and returns among the treatments and interactions. The results indicate that returns after costs were higher for the + fungicide-nematicide treatment and also were high with increased irrigation. However, the various treatments and their significant roles in productivity and returns are discussed. Also, the impact of water cost increases are analyzed.
PLANT WATER RELATIONS OF ARTEMISIA CANA AND AGROPYRON INTERMEDIUM DURING AND AFTER WATER STRESS PRECONDITIONING
Authors: Ernstsen Jerriann , Rupp Larry , Brown Ray
Published: February 2019

Typically, dormant seedlings are transplanted when revegetating disturbed lands to prevent transplant shock triggered by water stress. It may be possible to transplant nondormant seedlings by inducing drought-tolerant acclimation responses such as solute accumulation. Artemisia cana and Agropyron intermedium seedlings were subjected to three different water stress preconditioning treatments. After conditioning, seedlings were dried down in their containers until leaf senescence, or were transplanted to disturbed land sites. Leaf water potential components and relative water content were measured. Following treatments, water relations parameters of preconditioned seedlings were not markedly different from controls in either species. At the end of the final dry-down, water stress preconditioning had not induced active or passive solute accumulation, prolonged leaf survival during lethal drought conditions, or differences in transplant survival under the experimental conditions of this study.
Growth Inhibition of Caladium by High Temperature
Authors: Harbaugh Brent K. , Evans Michael R.
Published: February 2019

Nonplanted Caladium × hortukmum Birdsey `Candidum' tubers were exposed to 26 (control), 38,43, or 48C for 1,2, or 3 days. Then tubers were planted and forced in a glasshouse for 4 weeks at 18 to 33C (air). Leaf emergence from tubers exposed to 48C for 1 or 2 days required 3-12 days longer than leaf emergence from control tubers. No leaves emerged from tubers treated at 48C for 3 days. Exposing tubers to 38C for 3 days or 43C for 1 day did not affect subsequent plant growth. Exposing tubers to 43C for 2 or 3 days or 48C for 1 or 2 days resulted in plants with reduced shoot fresh weights and fewer leaves ≥ 15 cm. In a second experiment, planted tubers were forced for 10 days at 26C so that roots had developed to the edge of the pot and shoots had emerged to the soil surface. These planted (sprouting) tubers were exposed to 43C for 0,4,8,12,16,20, or 24 hours/day for 1,3, or 5 days and then forced for 7 weeks in a glasshouse. With 3- or 5-day treatments, days to leaf emergence increased as the hours of exposure to 43C increased. Only 33% of planted tubers exposed to 43C for 24 hours/day for 5 days sprouted. Tubers exposed to 43C for≤ 12 hours/day for 3 days produced plants of similar or greater height, numbers of leaves □≥15 cm wide, and shoot fresh weights, but additional hours of daily exposure decreased these plant characteristics. At 5 days, plant height, number of ≥ 15-cm-wide leaves, and shoot fresh weight decreased linearly with increased hours of exposure of tubers to high temperature.
Pine Bark Physical Characteristics Influence Pour-through Nitrogen Concentrations
Authors: Niemiera Alex X. , Bilderback Ted E. , Leda Carol E.
Published: February 2019

Pine bark (PB), either unamended or amended with sand (S) at 9 PB: 1 S or 5 PB:1 S (v/v), was fertilized with solutions of 100,200, or 300 mg N/liter solution and tested for N concentration using the pour-through method (PT). PB, 9 PB: 1 S, and 5 PB: 1 S had porosities of 84%, 75%, and 66%, respectively. PT NO3-N concentrations, obtained via PT, of the 5 PB:1 S substrate were 43%,28%, and 15% higher than PB NO3-N values for the 100,200, and 300 mg·liter-1 treatments, respectively. Differences in N concentration obtained with PT can be attributed to substrate physical characteristics. Based on the results, data for PT should be interpreted with regard to substrate porosity.
Humidity and Airflow during Storage Affect Peach Quality
Authors: Whitelock Derek P. , Brusewitz Gerald H. , Smith Michael W. , Zhang Xihai
Published: February 2019

This study examined the effects of high humidity (>95%) and airflow on fresh peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] quality. Peaches were stored in high airflow at 98%, 88%, and 67% relative humidity (RH) (6, 5.6, and 4.3C, respectively) and negligible airflow at 100%, 95%, and 81% RH (6, 5.6, and 4.3C, respectively). Fruit weight loss, penetrometer force, impact variables, and bruise occurrence from a single 15-cm drop impact were measured over 20 days of storage. Fruit stored at a low vapor pressure deficit had a lower rate of weight loss, with drop impact values characteristic of firmer fruit than fruit stored at higher vapor pressure deficits. High airflow increased weight loss and decreased fruit firmness, but had only a secondary effect on localized humidity. Penetrometer force and bruise occurrence were less sensitive than drop impact variables in detecting differences in fruit firmness due to treatments.
Somatic Hybridization of Complementary Citrus Rootstock:Five New Hybrids
Authors: Grosser Jude W. , Gmitter Frederick G. , Chandler J.L. , Louzada Eliezer S.
Published: February 2019

Protoplasm culture following polyethylene glycol-induced fusion resulted in the regeneration of tetraploid somatic hybrid plants from the following attempted parental combinations: Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) + Argentine trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]; `Succari' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] + Argentine trifoliate orange; sour orange (C. aurantium L.) + Flying Dragon trifoliate orange (P. trifolita); sour orange + Rangpur (C. limonia Osb.); and Milam lemon (purported sexual hybrid of C. jambhiri Lush × C. sinensis) + Sun Chu Sha mandarin (C. reticulate Blanco). Protoplasm isolation, fusion, and culture were conducted according to previously published methods. Regenerated plants were classified according to leaf morphology, chromosome number, and peroxidase, phosphoglucomutase, and phosphoglucose isomerase leaf isozyme profiles. All of the somatic hybrid plants were tetraploid, as expected (2n = 4x = 36), and all five selections have been propagated and entered into commercial citrus rootstock trials.
Crabgrass Control and Dollar Spot Suppression in Creeping Bentgrass with DSMA
Authors: Goatley J.M. , Schmidt R.E.
Published: February 2019

Research was conducted to evaluate crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.] control, incidental dollar spot (incited by Lanzia and Moellerodiscus spp.) suppression, and turfgrass quality following sequential, low-level postemergence applications of DSMA to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Farwell). DSMA was applied at 22 mg·m-2 at 7-day intervals for 15 consecutive weeks (DSMA-W) from May through Aug. 1986 and 1987 and for 10 consecutive weeks from June through Aug. 1988. DSMA also was applied in three split applications of 110 mg·m-2 every 10 days (DSMA-S) in June and July of each year. DCPA was applied in a single, preemergence application in May as a comparative standard for crabgrass control. Percent crabgrass in either DSMA-treated plot was 20% by 11 Sept., an infestation that was unacceptable for high-quality turf. Percent crabgrass infestation was 6% at all rating dates in 1987 or 1988 for DSMA-W and 11% at all dates in 1987 or 1988 for DSMA-S. DCPA significantly reduced percent crabgrass as compared to the nontreated control at all rating dates, but the percent crabgrass ratings tended to be higher than those for either DSMA treatment by the final rating dates of each year. The DSMA treatments significantly reduced dollar spot incidence in each year. Turfgrass discoloration was observed following the DSMA-S treatment in July 1987 as compared to the control, but the turf quality recovered by August. Turfgrass quality was higher for DSMA treatments than for either DCPA or the nontreated control due to season-long crabgrass control and disease suppression. Chemical names used: disodium methanearsonate (DSMA), dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA).
Application Techniques Alter Uniconazole Efficacy on Chrysanthemums
Authors: Barrett James E. , Bartuska Carolyn A. , Nell Terril A.
Published: February 2019

Four experiments using container-grown Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura `Nob Hill' or `Tara' were conducted to determine effects of application site and spray volume on uniconazole efficacy. Uniconazole applied only to mature leaves was less effective in controlling stem elongation than were stem applications, whole-plant sprays, or medium drenches. Spray volume altered efficacy more for uniconazole than for daminozide. Also, the effect of uniconazole spray volume was greater when the medium was not covered than when covered to prevent spray solution entering medium. Results from these studies showed the efficacy of uniconazole increased with increased stem coverage and with amount of chemical reaching the medium, which was achieved with high spray volumes. Chemical names used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-1-penten-3-ol) (uniconazole); butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Yield of Cucumber Infected with Pythium aphanidermatum when Grown with Soluble Silicon
Authors: Chérif M. , Menzies J.G. , Ehret D.L. , Bogdanoff C. , Bélanger R.R.
Published: February 2019

Two experiments were conducted in separate locations, one at Université Laval in eastern Canada (Québec) and one at the Agassiz Research Station in western Canada (British Columbia), in an attempt to determine the effectiveness of soluble silicon (Si) against cucumber root disease caused by Pythium aphanidermatum Edson. Long English cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Corona) plants were grown either in a standard nutrient solution or in nutrient solutions supplemented with 1.7 mm (100 ppm) Si and inoculated or not with the pathogen. Supplying the solutions with 1.7 mm Si significantly reduced mortality and disease symptoms attributed to infection by P. aphanidermatum. Grown in presence of Si, plants infected with P. aphanidermatum showed a significant increase in yield, marketable fruit, and plant dry weight compared to Si-nonamended and infected plants. These beneficial effects were observed under both experimental conditions. The fruit yield of noninoculated plants was not affected by the presence of Si in the Agassiz experiment. However, Si-amended control plants were more productive in the experiment conducted at Laval, apparently because of contamination problems, which indicates that Si beneficial effects are most likely related to disease management.
Attitudes of Consumers and Recently Bereaved Toward Sympathy Flowers
Authors: Shoemaker Candice A. , Relf P. Diane
Published: February 2019

Surveys of consumers and the recently bereaved were conducted to determine who sends flowers as a sympathy gift and when and why sympathy flowers are sent. Of consumers, 85% sent flowers as a sympathy gift at least once; similarly, 84% of the recently bereaved had sent sympathy flowers. Most sympathy flowers are sent to close friends (63%) and close family members (62%), and sympathy flowers are most often received from close friends (56%) and close family members (43%). Ninety-three percent send flowers as a sympathy gift immediately after notification of a death. According to our survey, sympathy flowers serve two roles in the bereavement process—an emotional and a functional role. Except contact of family and friends, participants indicated that receiving sympathy flowers to help deal with grief was equally or more valuable than all rituals associated with funerals.
Relationship between Oxalate Concentration and Leaf Position in Various Spinach Cultivars
Authors: Okutani I. , Sugiyama N.
Published: February 2019

A negative relationship has been reported between the oxalate concentration in leaves and leaf position numbered from the base for `Okame' spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). We compared changes in leaf and stem oxalate concentrations among three cultivars. `Viroflay' differentiated and developed leaves at a lower rate than did `Okame' and `Kyoho'. Oxalate concentrations in plant tops decreased with time in `Okame' and `Kyoho', but `Viroflay' changed little. The relationship between leaf oxalate concentration (Y; millimoles per gram of fresh weight) and its position on the stem (X) was the same for all cultivars and can be given as Y = -0.0089X + 0.158.
Growth of Bioluminescent Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Dane Fenny , Dane Marten H.
Published: February 2019

A pathogenic strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, causal agent of bacterial spot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), was genetically engineered to bioluminesce. In planta growth of the bioluminescent strain was similar to that of its parental strain. Movement and growth of the bioluminescent strain in susceptible tomato seedlings after wound inoculation was followed over time with a liquid-N-cooled, charge-coupled device camera. Highly significant differences in bioluminescent bacterial growth were observed in the four tomato cultivars used. Systemic bacterial movement was most pronounced in `Sunny', which showed population development not only at the inoculation sites but also on several sites in the leaves and at the leaf margins. Bacterial bioluminescence levels in `Campbell 28' remained significantly lower than those observed in `Walter' and `Sunny'. The technique offers unique possibilities for studying host-pathogen interactions and bacterial pathogenesis.
Leaf Removal and Terminal Bud Size Affect the Fruiting Habits of Cranberry
Authors: Patten K.D. , Wang J.
Published: February 2019

Percentage of fruiting uprights, fruit set, number of fruit per upright, and flower bud formation of `McFarlin' and `Stevens' cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were reduced by removal of old leaves, new leaves, or both on the upright. Results varied slightly, based on which leaves were removed, time of removal, cultivar, year, and bog site. Percentage of fruiting uprights, flowers and fruit per upright, and fruit set were higher on uprights with a terminal bud size >1 mm in diameter in September than for those <1 mm in diameter. Effects were cultivar and site dependent. Terminal bud size of `McFarlin' was negatively related to the subtending number of fruit and positively related to leaf fresh weight of the upright.
Incidence of Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus in Breeding Plots of Red Raspberry
Authors: Stahler M.M. , Lawrence F.J. , Martin R.R.
Published: February 2019

More than 300 red raspberry cultivars and selections were screened for raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), tobacco streak virus (TSV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in three naturally infected breeding program selection plots at Corvallis, Ore. All genotypes tested negative for TSV and TomRSV. The RBDV incidence in primocane-fruiting cultivars and selections was 67%; in floricane-fruiting genotypes, it was 34%. The pattern of RBDV infection in the field showed no discernible trend. The high incidence may have been due to use of infected parents, propagation of infected genotypes, and pollen transmission. `Willamette', considered to be immune to the common strain of RBDV, along with 14 clones that had been in the field 10 years or longer, tested negative. The high incidence of RBDV in the breeding plots may provide an opportunity to identify resistant parents for breeding programs. An early seedling screening method for RBDV susceptibility is desirable to eliminate highly susceptible genotypes from the program and maintain a lower incidence of RBDV within the breeding plots.
Bedding, Plant Population, and Spray- on Mulch Tested to Increase Dry Bean Yield
Authors: Russo V.M.
Published: February 2019

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of bed type (single or parallel raised bed vs. nonbedded); plant density (1991: ≈148,300 or 269,500 plants/ha; 1993: ≈148,300, 269,500, or 432,400 plants/ha); and use of black or white degradable mulch vs. nontreated soil on total and marketable yields and number of marketable seed per kilogram (seed count) of `Fleetwood', an erect bush, white-seeded navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Spray-on mulch degraded before canopy closure, but a residue was present at harvest. In 1991, treatments did not affect yield or seed count. In 1993, bedding did not affect yield over nonbedded seedbeds. Black spray-on mulch increased marketable yield over plants grown with white spray-on mulch. Total and marketable yields were significantly higher at 269,500 than at 148,300 plants/ha. Bed type and plant density did not affect seed count, but seed count increased with black spray-on mulch. Dry beans should not be grown on beds under soil conditions such as those in our experiment. White spray-on mulch had no beneficial effect, but using black mulch needs additional evaluation. Planting at 269,500 plants/ha likely will yield ≈2 Mg seeds/ha in most years.
Phalaenopsis Orchid Light Requirement during the Induction of Spiking
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung
Published: February 2019

Potted mature Phalaenopsis `Joseph Hampton' orchid (clone Diane) plants were placed in each of four growth chambers with 0, 8, 60, or 160 μmol·m–2·s–1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) for 12 hours daily and at 20C day/15C night air. Plants under 160 or 60 μmol·m–2·s–1 PPF began spiking (an elongating reproductive bud protruding through the base of its subtending leaf) in an average of 28 or 34 days, respectively. None of the plants placed under 0 or 8 μmol·m–2·s–1 PPF started spiking within 6 weeks. These plants, following return to a greenhouse, spiked and flowered 8 weeks later than those receiving 160 μmol·m–2·s–1. In a second experiment, plants were placed in each of three growth chambers and kept in complete darkness at 20C day/15C night for 2, 4, or 6 weeks before exposure to 160 μmol·m–2·s–1 PPF. Air was maintained at 20C day/15C night for an additional 6 weeks and then raised to 25C day/20C night to accelerate flowering. Plants exposed to 2, 4, or 6 weeks of darkness required 45, 60, or 77 days, respectively, to reach spiking. However, all plants spiked at similar times (31 to 35 days) after lighting began. Anthesis occurred at progressively later dates for plants placed in darkness for increasing durations, but plants in all treatments required 123 days to reach anthesis following their exposure to light. Flower count and size were not affected in both experiments.
COLD TOLERANCE OF CRANBERRY BUDS AND FRUIT: LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES
Authors: DeMoranville Carolyn , DeMoranville Irving , Bicki Tom
Published: February 2019

Cold tolerance of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) flower buds (spring) and fruit had previously been investigated for the cultivars Early Black (EB) and Howes (H), leading to predictors of cold tolerance based on appearance of the buds (size and growth) and fruit (color). We studied these cultivars along with `Ben Lear' (BL) (buds only) and `Stevens' (S) using controlled temperatures to determine the accuracy of predicting cold damage. BL was the least cold-tolerant cultivar in early spring, both BL and S were less tolerant than EB and H during budbreak (-2.8C vs. -3.9C) and elongation (-2.8C vs. -1.4C), and all survived any exposure to -1.4C. EB fruit were tolerant of -5C once maximum color was achieved and 2 weeks later would tolerate short exposures to -6.5C or less. H fruit developed deep tolerance (below 6.5C) by November in only 1 year out of 2. S fruit were least tolerant: -5C for short periods at M maturity. The phenological model used to predict cold tolerance of flower buds was 48% accurate in our trials, generally overestimating bud tolerance, particularly for BL and S. EB fruit showed more tolerance than predicted, H less.