bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desenvolvimento de Chrysoperla externa alimentada na fase larval com ovos de Bonagota cranaodes
Authors: Ribeiro Ana Lúcia de Paula , Lúcio Alessandro Dal'Col , Costa Ervandil Corrêa , Bolzan Andreza Ribeiro , Jovanowichs Rosmari , Riffel Cinei Terezinha
Published: September 2011

Este trabalho teve por finalidade realizar estudos biológicos da espécie de crisopídeo de maior ocorrência nos agroecossistemas brasileiros, Chrysoperla externa, a fim de viabilizar a criação desta em condições de laboratório. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, onde foi estudada a biologia das fases imatura e adulta de C. externa, alimentando suas larvas com ovos de Bonagota cranaodes e os adultos com dieta artificial a base de lêvedo de cerveja e mel na proporção de 1:1. O período embrionário foi determinado utilizando cápsulas de gelatina e tubos de vidro de 2,5x8,5cm e os insetos adultos foram criados em gaiolas de tubo de PVC com 10,0 cm de diâmetro e 23,0cm de comprimento em temperatura de 25±2°C e 70±10% de umidade relativa e fotofase de 14 horas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o período embrionário foi de 4,0 dias, com viabilidade de 89,2%. Para a fase larval, foi determinada uma duração de 13,1 dias, sendo a duração média para o 1°, 2° e 3° ínstares de 3,7; 4,9; e 4,5 dias, respectivamente. O período médio de pré-pupa e pupa foi de 1,4 e 9,3 dias, respectivamente, perfazendo um ciclo de desenvolvimento médio de 27,8 dias. As medidas da largura da cápsula cefálica mostraram que a regra de Dyar aplica-se nesse caso. Larvas de Chrysoperla externa podem ser criadas em ovos de Bonagota cranaodes em condições de laboratório.
Reação de imunofluorescência indireta para detecção de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em amostras coletivas de leite
Authors: Camillo Giovana , Antonello Ana Maria , Pereira Gabriel Ribas , Gonçalves Paulo Bayard Dias , Sangioni Luís Antônio , Muller Lilian , Vogel Fernanda Silveira Flores
Published: September 2011

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em amostras coletivas de leite, através da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Para isso, foram coletadas amostras do leite dos tanques refrigerados de 36 rebanhos, das quais foram selecionadas 14 para coletas de amostras individuais de soro sanguíneo e de leite das vacas. Encontrou-se correlação em 12 dos 14 rebanhos selecionados para a amostragem individual dos animais, em comparação à detecção de anticorpos nas amostras coletivas de leite. Foi observada uma concordância de 76% comparando-se o resultado das amostras coletivas com os resultados individuais de leite. Observaram-se baixos títulos de anticorpos (50) no soro sanguíneo dos animais soropositivos, cujos resultados da RIFI no leite coletivo e no sangue foram discordantes. Assim, a partir dos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a utilização de testes sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em amostras coletivas de leite através da RIFI pode ser uma opção ao diagnóstico para a triagem de rebanhos positivos bem como para estudos epidemiológicos.
Espécies de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera, Thripidae): novos registros em mangueira (Mangifera indica) no Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Martin Duarte de , Barbosa Flávia Rabelo , Cortez Jarcilene Almeida , Silveira Luís Cláudio Paterno
Published: September 2011

O objetivo do trabalho foi conhecer as espécies de tripes (Thysanoptera) que atacam pomares de mangueira no semiárido pernambucano. Foram realizadas coletas no período de um ano, em três plantios comerciais da cv. 'Tommy Atkins'. Avaliações semanais foram realizadas em 75 plantas, nos estádios vegetativo e reprodutivo, perfazendo um total de 10.704 amostras em folhas e 390 em panículas. Os espécimes coletados foram levados ao laboratório da Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina, PE, para triagem dos adultos em microscópio estereoscópico e, posteriormente, enviados à Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG, para identificação. As espécies Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton e Frankliniella Brevicaulis Hood, pertencentes à família Thripidae, representaram, respectivamente, 77% e 23% do total dos tripes coletados. Este estudo relata a primeira ocorrência dessas duas espécies em associação à cultura da mangueira, no Brasil.
Mapeamento de competências em bibliotecas e unidades de informação
Authors: Amorim Iara Rodrigues de , Amaral Roniberto Morato do
Published: September 2011

O presente artigo apresenta uma sistemática para mapear os atributos de competência (conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes), necessários à atuação do profissional bibliotecário. A pesquisa-ação e a aplicação foram realizadas junto à Biblioteca Central do Campus de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (BCRP/USP). Foram identificados os atributos, assim como a importância e o domínio de cada um deles, pela equipe BCRP/USP. Conclui-se que a sistemática fornece referências importantes para a gestão de pessoas em bibliotecas e unidades de informação.
A experiência de arquivamento intermediário em escritórios de advocacia de Belo Horizonte, na ótica da gestão de documentos: estudo de casos múltiplos
Authors: Medeiros Nilcéia Lage de , Negreiros Leandro Ribeiro , Amaral Cléia Márcia Gomes do
Published: September 2011

A pesquisa descreve e discute os critérios de transferência para depósitos intermediários, de documentos administrativos e processuais em três escritórios de advocacia de Belo Horizonte, sob a ótica da gestão de documentos. Os resultados revelaram que os problemas de espaço foram preponderantes na decisão relativa à transferência para da documentação para espaços fora das dependências dos escritórios, sendo adotadas as seguintes alternativas: arquivamento de processos em depósito não localizado na área nobre da cidade e de propriedade do escritório; "arquivo morto" para arquivamento de processos em sala situada na área central da cidade e de propriedade do escritório; depósito para guarda terceirizada dos documentos dos setores de Recursos Humanos e de Contabilidade/Financeiro. O que se observou foi que a decisão de adoção de espaços para depósitos intermediários, onde o m² é mais barato, não teve como referencial o ciclo vital dos documentos. Neste sentido desconsideraram-se os benefícios trazidos pela adoção da sistemática da avaliação. Observa-se que os três escritórios de advocacia estão diante de uma produção de documentos que cresce sem planejamento/gestão/avaliação e que tende a alcançar grande volume.
As folksonomias entre os conceitos e os pontos de acesso: as funções de descritores, citações e marcadores nos sistemas de recuperação da informação
Authors: Strehl Leticia
Published: September 2011

O artigo discute as potencialidades das folksonomias, a partir da proposição e análise de esquemas de representação de conceitos, que constituem os diferentes recursos de indexação de assuntos. Aborda o desenvolvimento das fontes de informação especializadas e revisa os fundamentos técnicos das linguagens natural e documentária. Trata dos sistemas de recuperação, que exploram as redes de colaboração inerentes à produção e ao uso da informação, ilustrando o funcionamento desse tipo de recurso, ao tratar dos índices de citação e dos favoritos socializados. Por fim, menciona a distinção necessária entre o papel das folksonomias, como instrumentos de representação conceitual e como pontos de acesso.
Um modelo para mapeamento de necessidades e usos de informação musical
Authors: Cruz Fernando William , Cunha Murilo Bastos da , Ferneda Edilson , Alonso Luiza Beth Nunes , Vasconcelos Ana Maria Nogales
Published: September 2011

Apesar dos bons resultados gerados pelos estudos de necessidades e usos de informação musical publicados nos últimos anos, muitos deles se ressentem da falta de um referencial para apoiar a organização de conceitos e o mapeamento de variáveis associadas aos fenômenos, que se pretende investigar nesta área. Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de modelo comportamental para necessidades e usos de informação musical, a fim de facilitar a identificação de variáveis de análise e produção de instrumentos de coleta de dados, em estudos quantitativos e qualitativos. Para validação do modelo conceitual proposto, são apresentados resultados da sua aplicação em um estudo quantitativo exploratório, com usuários não especializados em música.
Efeito de diferentes doses de ácido retinoico sobre a resistência óssea de ratos jovens
Authors: Souza Luciana Bronzi de , Freire Cristiana Maria Murbach , Almeida Renata Noêmia Alves de , Müller Sérgio Swain , Paiva Sérgio Alberto Rupp , Mazeto Gláucia Maria Ferreira da Silva
Published: September 2011

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de diferentes doses de todo-trans ácido retinóico sobre a resistência óssea, por meio de ensaio biomecânico de flexão, em tíbia de ratos jovens. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 58 ratos jovens, com quatro diferentes doses de vitamina A em suas dietas, sendo divididos em 4 grupos: grupo-controle (n=15), sem acréscimo de todo-trans ácido retinoico; grupo com acréscimo de 0,3mg de todo-trans ácido retinoico por kg de ração (n=13); grupo com 10mg de todo-trans ácido retinoico por kg de ração (n=15); e grupo com 50mg de todo-trans ácido retinoico por kg de ração (n=15). O estudo durou 30 dias. Após o sacrifício dos animais, suas patas esquerdas foram congeladas, dissecadas e as tíbias submetidas ao ensaio de flexão. Foram avaliados a carga máxima e o coeficiente de rigidez. Foi aplicada análise de variância one-way. O nível de significância estatístico adotado foi p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de carga máxima (em Newton) foram: grupo-controle =37,94, DP=4,76; grupo todo-trans ácido retinoico 0,3=36,49, DP= 4,38; grupo todo-trans ácido retinoico 10=40,12, DP=6,03; grupo todo-trans ácido retinoico 50=35,68, DP=5,22 (p=0,107). Os valores médios de coeficiente de rigidez (em Newton/milímetros) foram: grupo-controle =31,84 DP=6,75; grupo todo-trans ácido retinoico 0,3=29,18, DP=4,35; grupo todo-trans ácido retinoico 10=35,48, DP=8,14; grupo todo-trans ácido retinoico 50=30,31, DP=7,14 (p=0,85). CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a exposição a diferentes doses de todo-trans ácido retinoico, em ratos, durante 30 dias, não exerce efeito sobre a resistência óssea, quando avaliada por ensaios biomecânicos.
Estado nutricional e capacidade funcional na úlcera por pressão em pacientes hospitalizados
Authors: Perrone Francine , Paiva Adriene Alexandra , Souza Letícia Martins Ignácio de , Faria Cássia da Silva , Paese Márcia Carolina de Siqueira , Aguilar-Nascimento José Eduardo de , Dock-Nascimento Diana Borges
Published: September 2011

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a incidência de úlcera por pressão com o estado nutricional e a capacidade funcional de pacientes internados. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal realizado em dois hospitais, totalizando 130 pacientes (idade mediana = 52 (14-85) anos, 77 (59,2%) homens e 53 (40,8%) mulheres), sendo 72 (55,4%) internados para tratamento clínico, 40 (30,8%) para tratamento cirúrgico e 18 (13,8%) em terapia intensiva. Os pacientes foram avaliados pela avaliação subjetiva global e classificados, de acordo com sua capacidade funcional, em acamados e não acamados. Registrou-se a presença e número de úlceras, e sua gravidade. A classificação das úlceras foi estabelecida como grave, para lesões de 3º e 4º graus, e leve, para os graus 1 e 2. RESULTADOS: A incidência de úlcera por pressão na população estudada foi de 19,2% (n=25). Não houve associação significativa com o sexo, a idade e tipo de tratamento do paciente. Os pacientes acamados apresentaram 7,5 vezes mais chance de apresentar úlceras (19/50; 38,0%) do que os que deambulavam (6/80; 7,5%; OR=7,5; IC95%: 2,7-20,7; p<0,001). A incidência de úlcera nos pacientes gravemente desnutridos (20/49; 40,8%) foi 10 vezes maior que nos pacientes considerados não gravemente desnutridos (5/81; 6,1%; OR=10,4 IC95%: 3,6-30,5; p<0,0001) Pela análise multivariada, tanto a capacidade funcional (acamado, OR=9,2; IC95%: 2,8-30,1; p<0,001) quanto o estado nutricional (desnutrido grave, OR=3,8; IC95%: 1,0-13,9; p=0,04) associaram-se com a úlcera por pressão. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de úlcera por pressão está diretamente correlacionada com a desnutrição e com a restrição ao leito dos pacientes internados.
Verificação da prótese auditiva realizada face a face e via teleconsulta: medidas repetidas
Authors: Ferrari Deborah Viviane , Bernardez-Braga Gabriela Rosito Alvarez , Campos Patrícia Danieli
Published: September 2011

OBJETIVO: avaliar as medidas repetidas da resposta de ressonância da orelha externa sem (REUR) e com uso de amplificação (REAR) e o ganho de inserção (REIG), realizados face a face e via teleconsulta. MÉTODO: estudo prospectivo longitudinal. Foram realizadas quatro repetições da REUR, REAR e REIG (com estímulo speech noise apresentado em 65 dB NPS e 0º azimute) em 19 orelhas de adultos ouvintes normais, via face a face (F) e teleconsulta síncrona por controle remoto de aplicativo (T) e vídeo interativo. O software Polycom PVX foi utilizado para compartilhamento e transmissão de áudio e vídeo. A conexão foi realizada via LAN (Local Area Network) USP na velocidade de 384 kbps Foi calculado o erro causal (Dalhberg) entre as quatro medidas para frequências de 250 a 8000 Hz. RESULTADOS: os erros casuais entre as medidas F e T foram muito semelhantes, sendo maiores nas frequências acima de 4 kHz. As diferenças e variações entre as medidas F e T estavam dentro da magnitude de variabilidade do procedimento de medidas com microfone sonda. CONCLUSÃO: as medidas com microfone sonda via teleconsulta fornece resultados confiáveis e similares aos obtidos pelo procedimento padrão.
Bronchial provocation tests in clinical practice
Authors: Borges Marcos de Carvalho , Ferraz Erica , Vianna Elcio Oliveira
Published: September 2011

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness, which consists of an exaggerated response of the airways to bronchoconstrictor stimuli, is one of the main characteristics of asthma, presented in nearly all asthmatic patients. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness may also be present in other diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, heart failure and respiratory infection, and with some medications, such as β-blockers. Bronchial provocation tests (also known as bronchial challenges) are used to evaluate bronchial responsiveness. These tests have become increasingly used over the last 20 years, with the development and validation of accurate, safe and reproducible tests, and with the publication of well-detailed protocols. Several stimuli can be used in a bronchial challenge, and they are classified as direct and indirect stimuli. There are many indications for a bronchial challenge. In this review, we discuss the main differences between direct and indirect stimuli, and the use of bronchial challenges in clinical practice, especially for confirming diagnoses of asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and cough-variant asthma, and for use among elite-level athletes.
Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women and their newborn infants in the region of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Mattos Cinara de Cássia Brandão de , Spegiorin Lígia Cosentino Junqueira Franco , Meira Cristina da Silva , Silva Thaís da Costa , Ferreira Ana Iara da Costa , Nakashima Fabiana , Pereira-Chioccola Vera Lúcia , Mattos Luiz Carlos de
Published: September 2011

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Toxoplasmosis transmission during pregnancy can cause severe sequelae in fetuses and newborns. Maternal antibodies may be indicators of risk or immunity. The aim here was to evaluate seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma gondii (anti-T. gondii) immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and IgG avidity in pregnant women and their newborn infants. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a high-risk pregnancy outpatient clinic. METHODS: Serum samples from pregnant women (n = 87) and their respective newborns (n = 87) were evaluated for anti-T. gondii antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) (IgM and IgG), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (IgG) and an avidity test. RESULTS: Anti-T. gondii antibodies were identified in 64.4% of the serum samples from the mothers and their infants (56/87). Except for two maternal serum samples (2.3%), all others were negative for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies, using IIF. The results showed that 92.9% of the pregnant women had high IgG avidity indexes (> 30%) and four samples had avidity indexes between 16 and 30%. Two women in the third trimester of pregnancy were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies; their babies had avidity indexes between 16 and 30%. The avidity indexes of serum from the other 83 newborns were similar to the results from their mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that 2% of the pregnant women were at risk of T. gondii transmission during the gestational period. These data seem to reflect the real situation of gestational toxoplasmosis in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo.
Regulamentar faz diferença? O caso da evidenciação ambiental
Authors: Ribeiro Alex Mussoi , Bellen Hans Michael Van , Carvalho Luiz Nelson Guedes de
Published: September 2011

Baseado na discussão entre tornar o disclosure ambiental obrigatório ou não, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se as práticas de evidenciação ambiental das companhias analisadas reagem aos distintos estímulos regulatórios de seus países de origem. A resposta desta pergunta é útil no sentido de determinar a eficácia da introdução de mecanismos regulatórios nas práticas de evidenciação ambiental. Uma vez que o disclosure ambiental é, predominantemente, voluntário as companhias podem simplesmente suplantar a regulação, tornando-a sem sentido. Para o desenho metodológico, optou-se por uma abordagem descritiva de cunho predominantemente quantitativo. A amostra foi selecionada de empresas do setor de petróleo e gás natural de quatro países com similaridades culturais: os Estados Unidos, o Canadá, a Inglaterra e a Austrália. Os dados analisados foram coletados nos relatórios anuais no ano de 2007. Para classificar os dados ambientais utilizou-se uma escala adaptada de dois trabalhos consagrados no meio da evidenciação ambiental, o estudo de Clarkson et al. (2008) e o de Wiseman (1982). O teste estatístico (teste H) comprovou que existem diferenças significativas entre os níveis de evidenciação ambiental das companhias da amostra pertencentes aos países mais regulados em comparação com os menos regulados e essas diferenças só foram significativas nos itens de divulgação obrigatória, o que comprova que o disclosure ambiental das companhias reage aos estímulos regulatórios de seus países.
Efeito da Lei 11.638/07 sobre o conservadorismo condicional das empresas listadas BM&FBOVESPA
Authors: Santos Luis Paulo Guimarães dos , Lima Gerlando Augusto Sampaio Franco de , Freitas Sheizi Calheira de , Lima Iran Siqueira
Published: September 2011

A Lei nº 11.638/07 alterou, substancialmente, as normas e práticas brasileiras de contabilidade e tais mudanças poderão ter impactos significativos no conservadorismo dos resultados contábeis divulgados. Conhecer o papel do conservadorismo e seus determinantes é importante para compreender a natureza, finalidade e implicações das estimativas contábeis. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar se a promulgação da Lei n º 11.638/07 alterou o grau de conservadorismo contábil condicional de empresas brasileiras listadas na Bovespa e BMF BOVESPA. Para tanto, procedeu-se a uma pesquisa empírico-analítica por meio de coleta de informações relativas às companhias não financeiras de capital aberto que estavam listadas na Bolsa durante o período que compreendeu o primeiro trimestre de 2005 até o terceiro trimestre de 2009, no banco de dados Economática®. O modelo de Basu foi ajustado para medir o efeito da Lei nº 11.638/07 no conservadorismo condicional. Na hipótese de conservadorismo, os ganhos refletem más notícias (retornos negativos) mais rapidamente do que boas notícias (retornos positivos). Nesse modelo, a medida do conservadorismo (tratamento assimétrico dos ganhos e perdas) baseia-se na extensão em que a associação lucro-retorno é mais forte durante os períodos de más notícias, em comparação com os períodos de boas notícias. Para a amostra analisada, não é possível inferir se as novas regras tiveram algum efeito sobre o grau de reconhecimento assimétrico de perdas e ganhos. Todavia, importa observar que, em função do período de tempo abrangido, os resultados apresentados são preliminares e estão limitados pelo modelo de análise de dados adotado e pelas características da amostra utilizada no estudo, não levando em consideração outros importantes aspectos relacionados ao processo de adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade.
Current Pattern of Cleft Lip and Palate Deformities in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Fadeyibi Idowu O. , Adeniyi Abiola A. , Jewo Peter I. , Saalu Luca C. , Fasawe Adedolapo A. , Ademiluyi Samuel A.
Published: September 2011

Objective

To evaluate the current pattern of cleft lip and/or palate deformities in Lagos, Nigeria.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology.

Setting

Statewide survey of patients.

Participants/Methods

All patients with cleft lip and palate deformities that were seen during a screening program for individuals with orofacial deformities in Lagos, Nigeria, between June 2006 and May 2008 participated in this study. Demographic data were collected and physical examinations carried out. Cleft lip and/or palate deformities were classified using the Kernahan classification for common cases and the Tessier classification for the atypical cleft defects.

Results

A total of 225 patients were enrolled and completed the study. Cleft lip and palate was the most common presentation and was found in nearly 45% of the patients. Cleft lip was found in 61 (27%) patients. Twenty patients (8.89%) with different types of rare orofacial cleft deformities were seen. Cleft lip with or without cleft alveolus deformities occurred more commonly among males; whereas, cleft palate was more common among females. Cleft lip and/ or palate occurred more frequently among males. Cleft lip with or without cleft alveolus was found predominantly on the left side.

Conclusions

The pattern of cleft lip and/or palate deformities in Lagos, Nigeria, is different from those of other parts of Nigeria in some aspects. The proportion and varieties of atypical orofacial deformities in the study are striking. The prevalence of cleft lip and/or palate deformities in the study was 2.25 per 100,000. There may be an association between the prevalence of atypical deformities and the high level of environmental pollutants in the Lagos area.
Bond capacity of severely corroded bars with corroded stirrups
Authors: Hanjari Kamyab Zandi , Coronelli Dario , Lundgren Karin
Published: September 2011

Eccentric pull-out tests were carried out to study the influence of severe corrosion leading to extensive cover cracking, and the effect of corroded and non-corroded stirrups on the anchorage of deformed bars. The specimens were subjected to a low-rate electrochemical corrosion process for three time spans that caused a rebar weight loss up to approximately 20% in the main bars and 35% in the stirrups. Pull-out tests were then carried out in each specimen, on either the two corner bars or the middle bar, to measure the bond capacity. The effects of corrosion and the mechanical testing were simulated with non-linear finite-element analysis. The combination of tests and analyses gives a better understanding of the effect of high corrosion penetrations and the presence of corroded stirrups on failure modes. The presence of stirrups, corroded and non-corroded, was found to significantly change the behaviour of an anchorage region, namely the corrosion-induced crack pattern, the failure mode and the bond capacity.
Effects of time since fire on birds: How informative are generalized fire response curves for conservation management?
Authors: Watson Simon J. , Taylor Rick S. , Nimmo Dale G. , Kelly Luke T. , Haslem Angie , Clarke Michael F. , Bennett Andrew F.
Published: September 2011

Fire is both a widespread natural disturbance that affects the distribution of species and a tool that can be used to manage habitats for species. Knowledge of temporal changes in the occurrence of species after fire is essential for conservation management in fire‐prone environments. Two key issues are: whether postfire responses of species are idiosyncratic or if multiple species show a limited number of similar responses; and whether such responses to time since fire can predict the occurrence of species across broad spatial scales. We examined the response of bird species to time since fire in semiarid shrubland in southeastern Australia using data from surveys at 499 sites representing a 100‐year chronosequence. We used nonlinear regression to model the probability of occurrence of 30 species with time since fire in two vegetation types, and compared species' responses with generalized response shapes from the literature. The occurrence of 16 species was significantly influenced by time since fire: they displayed six main responses consistent with generalized response shapes. Of these 16 species, 15 occurred more frequently in mid‐ or later‐successional vegetation (>20 years since fire), and only one species occurred more often in early succession (<5 years since fire). The models had reasonable predictive ability for eight species, some predictive ability for seven species, and were little better than random for one species. Bird species displayed a limited range of responses to time since fire; thus a small set of fire ages should allow the provision of habitat for most species. Postfire successional changes extend for decades and management of the age class distribution of vegetation will need to reflect this timescale. Response curves revealed important seral stages for species and highlighted the importance of mid‐ to late‐successional vegetation (>20 years). Although time since fire clearly influences the distribution of numerous bird species, predictive models of the spatial distribution of species in fire‐prone landscapes need to incorporate other factors in addition to time since fire.
The natives are restless, but not often and mostly when disturbed
Authors: Simberloff Daniel , Souza Lara , Nuñez Martín A. , Barrios-Garcia M. Noelia , Bunn Windy
Published: September 2011

The argument that the threat posed by introduced species is overblown is often buttressed by the observation that native species sometimes also become invasive. An examination of the literature on plant invasions in the United States shows that six times more nonnative species have been termed invasive than native species, and that a member of the naturalized nonnative pool is 40 times more likely than a native species to be perceived as invasive. In the great majority of instances in which a native plant species is seen as invasive, the invasion is associated with an anthropogenic disturbance, especially changed fire or hydrological regime, livestock grazing, and changes wrought by an introduced species. These results suggest that natives are significantly less likely than nonnatives to be problematic for local ecosystems.
Laying Procedures in Deep Water and Severe Environmental Conditions
Authors: Bianchi Stefano
Published: September 2011

This paper describes some of the problems which have been met during the laying, with SAIPEM's semi-submersible lay vessel Castoro Sei, of multiple gas lines across the Strait of Messina in 1979 and across the Channel of Sicily, the latter project being still under way.

A description is given of the mathematical models which have been utilized since the early project design stages and later for control of actual laying. The presentation includes description of specific techniques and solutions adopted for overcoming particular difficulties met during the performance of the work.

The following items are presented:

Description of laying parameters in the Channel of Sicily. Problems related to very deep water pipelaying. Tri-dimensional mathematical model; design and monitoring of stress status. Abandonment and recovery in very deep water. Description of problems caused by irregular seabed in deep water; use of a manned submarine for guided pipelaying along corridors cleared by means of explosives. Problems related to currents.
Helicopter Offshore Operations
Authors: Evans M. J.
Published: September 2011

The subject of this paper is "Helicopter Support to Offshore". The paper confines itself to the North Sea environment and attempts to show how the helicopter and its supporting services have been developed to meet the requirements of the oil industry.

The North Sea operation represented a challenging task to helicopter operators as indeed it did to the oil industry. Firstly this was the first time that all personnel involved offshore had to be ferried by helicopter: previously helicopters had only been used for the transportation of key people or management staff. Secondly, the weather extremes were quite unlike any that the oil industry had experienced elsewhere in the world; in this area calm foggy days alternate with gale force winds accompanied by heavy rain sleet and snow depending upon the season.

It was therefore this sort of environment that the helicopter had to meet and overcome when offshore operations commenced in the North Sea in 1965. The operation was closely controlled by the government authority who placed it in the public transport category thus ensuring that a minimum standard of operation would be achieved.

Helicopter operations in support of UK offshore drilling commenced in the Southern half of the North Sea. This support continues to the gas fields which were subsequently found. In 1968 the exploration moved North to 57° North and two years later to 61° North (Figure 1 and 2). Support for the oil and gas fields in the North continues and represents by far the largest part of the North Sea Operation being mounted predominantly from Aberdeen and Shetland.

Prior to 1965 there was very little experience of using helicopters for the purpose of public transport and therefore the offshore support represented a new beginning. It was immediately apparent that if the transportation of people was to be successful it had to be safe and efficient. By efficient is meant a frequent and regular service. The helicopter therefore was required to meet certain basic criteria.

British Civil Airworthiness Requirements stated that helicopters operating over the water would need to meet a Group A2 Performance category. The history of helicopter development had shown that forced landings, as a result of transmission failures, were more frequent than aeroplanes. Therefore the helicopter had to meet the provision of a safe emergency alighting capability in the likely sea states.
The Brent Field, A Reservoir Engineering Review
Authors: Bath P. G. , Fowler W. N. , Russell M. P.
Published: September 2011

The Brent Field, found by well 211/29-1 in August 1971, was the first discovery in the Northern North Sea and is one of the largest hydrocarbon accumulations in the United Kingdom. It is located in about 140m (470 feet) of water approximately 160 km (100 miles) northeast of the Shetland Islands. The field has two major separate accumulations: one in the Middle Jurassic (Brent reservoir) and the other in the Lower Jurassic (Statfjord reservoir). Estimated recoveries are 250 million m3 (1600 million barrels) of oil and 100 billion m3 (3.6 trillion cubic feet) of gas, with roughly two-thirds coming from the Brent reservoir and the remaindeĩ from the Statfjord reservoir.

Brent reservoir oil is volatile and its properties vary with depth. The paper discusses the problems that arose when modelling this fluid system on the computer for development planning studies. Fluid samples taken at various depths by the Formation Interval Tester served to define the position of the gas/oil contact in the Brent reservoir.

Production started in 1976 from the first of four platforms. The production build-up continues and a pipeline has been laid to transport the oil to the terminal at Sullom Voe in the Shetland Islands. Starting in 1981 gas will be piped to Scotland where it will be processed and the dry gas stream sold to the British Gas Corporation.

Production is from rows of wells completed in single zones. These wells will subsequently be recompleted in the next higher zone when the existing completion waters out. Reservoir pressure is being maintained by water injection. Computer model studies were used to optimise well positioning, pressure levels, recoveries and production planning. Numerous Repeat Formation Tester pressure measurements have been taken and are an invaluable aid in defining the zones and monitoring reservoir performance. Several wells have high gas-oil ratios or water cuts: however, well performance has generally been good with individual well rates of up to 4800 m3/d (30, 000 b/d).
Frigg Transportation Metering Systems
Authors: Doucet Andre
Published: September 2011

Frigg gas field produces roughly a third of Britain's natural gas supply. The field's geographical location, straddling the dividing line of the Anglo-Norwegian shelf, and the pipeline's extended usage since the connection of Piper and Tartan fields, have given to Saint Fergus custody transfer metering system an outstanding duty.

Improvement of instrumentation, equipment and installation of methods of calibration and operation is a constant care for the Operator, who also prepares the future. Differential pressure cells were replaced, insertion type of density cells were replaced into metering tube pockets, statistical study of calibration sheets was performed to establish instruments and system accuracy and modern techniques will be used to increase flexibility and control of the 2 metering stations.
A Pressure LNG System
Authors: Faridany Edward K. M. , Ffooks Roger C. , Meikle Robin B.
Published: September 2011

The concept of carrying LNG under pressure is not new. Considerable test work on LNG stored at 1150 psig/–75°F and 200 psig/-175°F was carried out in the U.S.A. in the early 1960's; this work culminated in the conversion of the Liberty ship renamed ‘Sigalpha’ to carry between 820 MCF at 200 psig and 1150 MCF at 1150 psig of compressed LNG.

The basic idea(1) which remains valid today, was to reduce substantially the size and cost of the liquefaction plant at the expense of increased storage costs; the net effect being a significant overall cost saving in the transportation cost of LNG. Unfortunately, the cost of the multi vessel, high pressure, storage which had, of course, to be installed not only at the liquefaction plant but also on the ships and at the reception terminal, became much more expensive than expected and eventually absorbed the entire cost savings obtained in the liquefaction process.

The pressure concept thus went into ‘suspended animation’ until, in 1975, one of the original inventors of the system conceived a multi-lobe storage tank design which, at the somewhat lower pressure range of around 312-412 atmospheres, enables LNG to be processed, stored and transported at an extremely competitive cost. The multi-lobe design in essence eliminates all the major disadvantages of multi vessel storage whilst still enabling advantage to be taken of the reduced liquefaction plant size and cost – and it is this fact together with certain other characteristics relating to cargo handling and safety which mate the concept particularly suited to offshore projects.
Offshore Natural Gas – How to Convey it to Potential Markets?
Authors: Backhaus Herbert W.
Published: September 2011

The aim of this paper is to appraise the possible future role for natural gas from offshore areas, – under the assumption that a fair number of known and future deposits cannot be exploited by means of submarine pipelines. As a solution, offshore located natural gas converting plants seem to be viable, both from the technical and the economic point of view. In order to quantify this statement, a marginal offshore gas field has been assumed, offering a total reserve capacity of approx. 10 billion standard cubic meters, located at a distance of 250 nautical miles from the coast, at a water depth of 60 meters. For this hypothetical field the offshore production of electricity, methanol, ammonia and LNG has been investigated – dealing with involved technologies and required investments.
A Review of Unconventional Disposal Routes for Offshore Gas and Gas Liquids
Authors: Thomas Jeremy R.
Published: September 2011

Historically, the presence of gas in an oilfield has been regarded as a mixed blessing. In the more distant past, in petroleum production terms, the very word ‘gas’ was enough to strike terror into the hearts of drillers, who were so ill-equipped to harness or even to tame the invisible enemy.

A little gas in an oilfield – sufficient that is, to provide fuel for production operations – is obviously highly desirable, more so if it remains available throughout the field's oil producing life. However, as is so often the case, life is seldom so convenient. Much more likely is the oilfield that produces (and has to produce) abundant quantities of gases simultaneously with the oil. Gone are the days (and quite rightly so) when these gases could simply be flared. Even in the Middle East, in fields remote from processing facilities, remote from markets and with still substantial oil reserves the pressure is on, to avoid wasting gas. In some instances, producers of oil have insisted that gas be lifted simultaneously with crude oil in their efforts to avoid being left with a product more difficult to handle and market than the oil that everyone wants.

Turning to the offshore NW European arena, we see a close parallel, but with a compressed time scale. Early discoveries of gas in the southern basin of the North Sea were of unassociated gas; relatively simple production platforms, dry gas pipelines and minimal offshore and onshore processing enabled rapid and uncomplicated exploitation, with only modest quantities of condensates requiring disposal onshore. First discoveries of oil in more northerly waters were greeted with such rapture by all that no one seemed too concerned about gas – from some of the literature at the time, one almost gets the impression that the only problem was how to construct flare booms big enough to handle the quantities of gas involved! How different from today when no one would even think of flaring as any other than the shortest of short term palliatives.
Risk Assessment as Applied to a Complete Seabed Production System
Authors: Lyon Angus M.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the application of risk assessment to the conceptual design of a seabed production complex. Risk assessment techniques and decision criteria are reviewed, reasons for choice of technique are discussed and the study procedure is detailed listing the sources of data used.
Numerical Modelling of Sharp Flood Fronts in Two-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Jackson Charles P. , Rae John
Published: September 2011

A brief review is made of the state of the art in computing the motion of sharp flood fronts in immiscible flow. The mathematical and computational difficulties are underlined and methods which are feasible for twodimensional simulators are selected for further study. The strengths and weaknesses of these methods are discussed and a detailed example given.
Multiphase Flow Measurement Techniques for Slurry Transport
Authors: Albion Katherine J. , Briens Lauren , Briens Cedric , Berruti Franco
Published: September 2011

Multiphase flow measurement techniques are required to monitor slurry transport in industrial processes. Monitoring methods are used to ensure that the slurry is transported under specific conditions, and as an indicator of potential problems. Intrusive and non-intrusive sensors are used to measure solids concentration, mass flowrates, velocities and flow patterns. Sensing techniques are based on pressure, electrical, sound, imaging and nuclear properties. In this literature review, measurement techniques examined for horizontal pipelines include pressure measurements, the Coriolis mass flowmeter, acoustic sensors, capacitance, conductivity and microwave probes, electrical resistance tomography, laser Doppler imaging and the Pulsed Neutron Activation Technique. The principles of operation are described along with experimental results and a critique of the sensors and technology.
Boron and phosphorous free nickel-based filler metals for brazing stainless steel in shielding gas furnaces
Authors: Bach Friedrich-Wilhelm , Möhwald Kai , Holländer Ulrich , Schaup Jörg , Langohr Andre , Roxlau Christian
Published: September 2011

For high volume manufacturing of many stainless steel components, a continuous brazing process using a shielding gas furnace is usually preferred. Regarding the workability of the nickel-based brazes used here, furnace brazing in reducing or inert shielding gas is subject to considerable constraints: On the one hand, the maximum brazing temperatures are limited by the specific process and, on the other hand, limitations arise caused by the chemical reaction of the materials to be brazed with the process atmosphere. For this reason, the braze materials are an essential starting point for improving the process. In the present contribution, modified nickel-based brazes are introduced which meet the process conditions in continuous shielding gas furnaces and offer the prospect of improving the properties of stainless steel components joined in this way.
Thermochemistry of brazing ceramics and metals in air
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Schläfer Thomas , Kopp Nils
Published: September 2011

Reactive air brazing offers economically and technologically advantageous joining of ceramics to metals. Solid oxide fuel cells and membranes for oxyfuel combustion are recent fields of application. However, it remains a problem that strong metallurgical reactions between brazes and base materials occur. These reactions were analysed by differential scanning calorimetry tests to get a better understanding. Therefore, three braze alloys (Ag8Cu, Ag8Cu0.5Ti and Ag4Cu4Ni) and five base materials (alumina, 3YSZ partially stabilised zirconia, BSCF perovskite ceramic, X1CrTiLa22 and X15CrNiSi25-20) were investigated. The reaction peaks correlate with the formation of reaction layers, which were observed in metallographic analysis of brazed specimens. The results help to explain the reaction mechanisms and allow optimised selection of filler metals and brazing temperature.
Consolidation behaviour during manufacture of adapted piezoceramic modules for functional integrated thermoplastic composite structures
Authors: Hufenbach Werner , Gude Maik , Modler Niels , Heber Thomas
Published: September 2011

For the series production of adaptive fibre-reinforced thermoplastic structures, the development of process-adapted piezoceramic modules is gaining central importance. Thermoplastic-compatible piezoceramic modules are being developed which are suitable for a matrix-homogeneous adhesive-free integration of the modules in fibre-reinforced thermoplastic structures during a simultaneous welding process.

Aiming at the continuous improvement of the novel module design and its manufacturing technology based on a hot-pressing technology, an adapted physical nonlinear simulation model was developed in order to analyze the material and process dependent function and consolidation behaviour. Special regard is given to residual stresses caused by different coefficients of thermal expansion of the component materials and their specific use to enhance the module performance.
Precipitation of Co from supersaturated Au90Co10: microstructure and kinetics
Authors: Bauer Rico , Bischoff Ewald , Mittemeijer Eric Jan
Published: September 2011

The kinetics of the precipitation of Co from a supersaturated solid solution of Au-10.12 at.% Co was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry upon isothermal annealing at temperatures in the range from 567 K to 612 K and upon isochronal annealing at heating rates between 5 K min−1and 40 K min−1. The microstructural evolution during the course of precipitation was traced by (high-resolution) transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements. First, the exothermic formation of 0.5 – 1 nm thin plate-like bcc Co precipitates takes place parallel to {100} habit planes of the Au-matrix. Upon continued annealing, equiaxed fcc Co particles in epitaxial orientation with the Au lattice occur by a Bain-type transformation of the Co particles from the bcc to the fcc lattice structure associated with loss of coherency. Fitting of a modular model of transformation kinetics (Liu et al., Int. Mat. Rev. 52 (2007) 193) simultaneously to the first peak of all isothermal differential scanning calorimetry runs and simultaneously to the first peak of all isochronal differential scanning calorimetry runs demonstrated that the nucleation of bcc Co plates is governed by site saturation in the case of isothermal annealing and continuous nucleation in the case of isochronal annealing, and by linear growth for both isothermal and isochronal annealing. The activation energy for growth is remarkably small due to the presence of quenched-in vacancies. Recovery prior to precipitation leads to a change of the nucleation mechanism from site saturation to continuous nucleation as well as an increase in the activation energy for growth.
The effect of heat treatments on the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the extruded magnesium alloy ME21
Authors: Brömmelhoff Katrin , Huppmann Michael , Reimers Walter
Published: September 2011

Heat treatments of the hot extruded magnesium alloy ME21 were performed at 400 °C – 550 °C and various annealing times. The evolution of the microstructure, the texture and the resulting mechanical properties were investigated. The heat treatments result in grain growth and in an intensification of the so-called rare earth texture. The grain coarsening results in a decrease in the yield strength according to the Hall – Petch relationship. The rare earth texture also contributes to a decrease in the yield strength due to the easy activation of basal slip systems. However, this texture improves the ductility at room temperature. The combination of large grain sizes, dissolved Mg12Ce precipitates and the rare earth texture delivers fracture strains up to  – 55 % under compression. The elongation under tension is less affected.
Beyond Ni-based superalloys: Development of CoRe-based alloys for gas turbine applications at very high temperatures
Authors: Mukherji Debashis , Rösler Joachim , Strunz Pavel , Gilles Ralph , Schumacher Gerhard , Piegert Sebastian
Published: September 2011

High temperature material development is mainly driven by gas turbine needs. Today, Ni-based superalloys are the dominant material class in the hot section of turbines. Material development will continue to push the maximum service temperature of Ni-superalloys upwards. However, this approach has a fundamental limit and cannot be sustained indefinitely, as the Ni-superalloys are already used very close to their melting point. Within the framework of a DFG Forschergruppe program (FOR 727) – “Beyond Ni-base Superalloys” – CoRe based alloys are being developed at the Technische Universität Braunschweig as a new generation of high temperature materials that can be used at + 100 °C above single crystal Ni-superalloys. Two main strengthening concepts, namely precipitation hardening by MC carbides and composite hardening by Co2Re3-type σ phase are being explored in CoRe alloy development. Selected results of microstructural characterizations, including in-situ measurements by synchrotron and neutron scattering are presented.