bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trial by Jury: Still a Lamp in the Dark?
Authors: McGowan Laura
Published: December 2005

Under the current law, where evidence of jury impropriety has become known following a trial, the Court of Appeal cannot investigate jury deliberations to determine if the verdict is unsafe. This article considers whether the justifications for this rule, and the safeguards present in a jury trial, are sufficient to justify the prohibition. It concludes that they are not. The rule is indefensible, and investigations should be permitted in certain circumstances.
Minimum Requirements for Police Chiefs in the USA
Authors: Johnson Richard R.
Published: December 2005

In the USA police chiefs of municipal police departments are usually selected by the mayor or city council, and often recruited from outside the local police department. To date no study has evaluated the minimum employment qualifications required by municipalities for their police chiefs. The present study involved a content analysis of 162 municipal police chief job advertisements in order to determine the minimum requirements needed in order to compete for the position of police chief. The study also attempted to determine if community characteristics such as population size, density, racial diversity, and economic affluence were correlated to the specific minimum requirements communities sought in their chiefs.
Rural Policing and the Drug Problem: An Examination of the Influence of Major Metropolitan Areas on Drug Offending in Surrounding Rural Communities
Authors: Brock Deon , Walker Darin
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine criminal activity in rural America, particularly drug-related activity, by analysing trends in offending for four rural communities of the mid-west. The present study has three main objectives. First, discover how many offences in these rural areas are drug-related offences. Second, discover differential offending, with an emphasis on drug offending, based on location of each area of study.1 Third, uncover overall trends of offending in each of the rural communities examined.
Domestic Violence Recent Research (2004–2005) Part I: Incidence, Types and Causes
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: December 2005

This is the first of three articles dealing with three aspects of domestic violence. This first article concerns itself with the incidence, the types and the causes of domestic violence as revealed by most recent research. Violence against women appears to be associated, according to Dasgupta (2004), with women and welfare, poverty, work policies and media.
Performance Management: Threat or Opportunity? Current Problems Surrounding the Application of Performance Management to Public Services in England and Wales
Authors: Loveday Barry
Published: December 2005

This article considers recent developments in the application of performance measures and management to public and, particularly, police services. It looks at the impact of the government's overwhelming commitment to the use of targets for services and asks whether this is the best way to improve effectiveness or service delivery generally.

It goes on to assess recent managerial analysis of performance targets which suggests that the application of targets could ultimately serve to undermine the overall performance of public service by eradicating managerial initiative and trust among service providers.
Duty of Care for Informers
Authors: Billingsley Roger
Published: December 2005

This article considers the use of Covert Human Intelligence Sources, or informers, by law enforcement agencies and examines whether sufficient ‘duty of care’ is being afforded them. It reflects on the implications of the Human Rights Act 1998, and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, which provide stringent controls and inspection processes for the management and use of informers by public authorities. The article examines those criminal cases of relevance, especially relating to the civil law of tort, to determine whether law enforcement agencies could have claims made against them for a lack of duty of care, or negligence. The use of a transparent risk management process is recommended, and the article provides examples of some areas of improvement considered necessary, including the use of an independent and objective inspections body.

The policeman does not care about the informant's reputation among his fellows, except as it effects the work of the policeman.

(J. H. Skolnick, 1966, Justice Without Trial. New York: Wiley, 132.)
Fibromodulin-deficient Mice Display Impaired Collagen Fibrillogenesis in Predentin as Well as Altered Dentin Mineralization and Enamel Formation
Authors: Goldberg Michel , Septier Dominique , Oldberg Åke , Young Marian F. , Ameye Laurent G.
Published: December 2005

To determine the functions of fibromodulin (Fmod), a small leucine-rich keratan sulfate proteoglycan in tooth formation, we investigated the distribution of Fmod in dental tissues by immunohistochemistry and characterized the dental phenotype of 1-day-old Fmod-deficient mice using light and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was also used to compare the relative protein expression of dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP 1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) between Fmod-deficient mice and wild-type mice. In normal mice and rats, Fmod immunostaining was mostly detected in the distal cell bodies of odontoblasts and in the stratum intermedium and was weaker in odontoblast processes and predentin. The absence of Fmod impaired dentin mineralization, increased the diameter of the collagen fibrils throughout the whole predentin, and delayed enamel formation. Immunohistochemistry provides evidence for compensatory mechanisms in Fmod-deficient mice. Staining for DSP and OPN was decreased in molars, whereas DMP 1 and BSP were enhanced. In the incisors, labeling for DSP, DMP 1, and BSP was strongly increased in the pulp and odontoblasts, whereas OPN staining was decreased. Positive staining was also seen for DMP 1 and BSP in secretory ameloblasts. Together these studies indicate that Fmod restricts collagen fibrillogenesis in predentin while promoting dentin mineralization and the early stages of enamel formation. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:525-537, 2006)
Mast Cell Contributes to Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis after Coronary Microembolization
Authors: Zhang Qing-Yong , Ge Jun-Bo , Chen Jun-Zhu , Zhu Jian-Hua , Zhang Liang-Hui , Lau Chu-Pak , Tse Hung-Fat
Published: December 2005

Coronary microembolization (CME) is associated with progressive myocardial dysfunction despite restoration of coronary flow reserve (CFR). The potential pathophysiological role of mast cells (MCs) remains unclear. Therefore, we induced CME in 18 miniswines and determined whether MC accumulation occurs and their effects on local cytokine secretion [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]; cardiomyocyte apoptosis; and collagen formation at day 1 (D1), day 7 (D7), and day 30 (D30) after CME. Four sham-operated animals without CME (controls) and six animals treated with a MC stabilization agent (tranilast) for 30 days after CME were also studied. CFR decreased at D1 but returned to baseline level at D7 and D30. Coronary sinus levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α increased significantly at D1 and D7 ( p<0.01 vs baseline). Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 at D30 returned to baseline level, but not those of TNF-α. The numbers of total and degranulating MCs, % apoptotic cardiomyocytes, and collagen volume fraction (CVF) over CME myocardium at D1, D7, and D30 were significantly higher than controls ( p<0.01). Treatment with tranilast significantly reduced the serum level of TNF-α, numbers of total and degranulating MCs, % apoptotic cardiomyocytes, and CVF at D30 (all p<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the numbers of MCs with % apoptotic cardiomyocytes ( r = 0.77, p<0.001) and CVF ( r = 0.75, p<0.001) over the CME myocardium. Despite restoration of CFR, cardiomyocyte apoptosis persisted after CME and was positively correlated with the number of MCs but was prevented with tranilast treatment. These findings suggest that MCs contribute to cardiomyocyte apoptosis after CME. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:515-523, 2006)
Intrastriatal Infusion of Liver Growth Factor Stimulates Dopamine Terminal Sprouting and Partially Restores Motor Function in 6-Hydroxydopamine-lesioned Rats
Authors: Reimers Diana , Herranz Antonio S. , Diaz-Gil Juan José , Lobo Ma Val T. , Paíno Carlos L. , Alonso Raquel , Asensio Ma José , Gonzalo-Gobernado Rafael , Bazán Eulalia
Published: December 2005

Liver growth factor (LGF) is a mitogen for liver cells that shows biological activity in extrahepatic sites and may be useful for neuroregenerative therapies. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of the intrastriatal (IS) infusion of LGF in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive innervation was significantly increased in the dopamine-denervated striatum of rats receiving intrastriatal LGF infusions (160 ng/day/rat × 15 days) as compared with a vehicle-infused group. There was no evidence of dopaminergic neurogenesis in the striatum or substantia nigra in any experimental group at the times studied. However, in those animals undergoing IS-LGF infusion for 48 hr, we found a significant increase in both microglial proliferation and in the number of microglial cells that acquired the ameboid morphology. This is characteristic of activated microglia/macrophages that has been reported to play an important role in dopamine terminal sprouting. In summary, our study shows that IS infusion of LGF stimulates the outgrowth of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive terminals in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. As apomorphine-induced rotational behavior was also reduced in these animals, we propose LGF as a novel factor that, when delivered to the striatum, may be useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Population Structure of Sockeye Salmon from Russia Determined with Microsatellite DNA Variation
Authors: Beacham T. D. , Varnavskaya N. V. , McIntosh B. , MacConnachie C.
Published: December 2005

The population structure of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from Russia was determined from a survey of the variation of 14 microsatellite loci among approximately 3,750 sockeye salmon from 56 populations. The populations from Avacha Bay and the Palana River were quite distinct. Genetic differentiation among the populations surveyed was observed, the mean value of the differentiation index (FST) for all loci being 0.038 (SD = 0.007). Regional structuring of the populations surveyed was observed, multiple populations sampled within a lake being more similar to each other than to populations in other lakes or rivers. River drainage of origin was a significant unit of population structure. Populations spawning in rivers without access to a nursery lake for juvenile rearing displayed greater genetic variation than did populations with access to nursery lakes. Within Kurilskoye Lake, genetic differentation was observed between populations spawning in tributaries to the lake and those populations spawning along beaches within the lake. In the Kamchatka River drainage, genetic differentiation between the Azabachie Lake populations and other populations within the drainage was sufficient to discriminate between natal and nonnatal juveniles rearing in Azabachie Lake.
Identifying Introgressive Hybridization in Native Populations of California Golden Trout Based on Molecular Markers
Authors: Cordes Jan F. , Stephens Molly R. , Blumberg Marc A. , May Bernie
Published: December 2005

The California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita is one of three subspecies within the rainbow trout–redband trout complex endemic to the Kern River basin and historically restricted to Golden Trout Creek and the South Fork Kern River. Past allozyme studies have indicated that native populations of California golden trout in the Golden Trout Creek drainage may have become introgressed with rainbow trout alleles through interaction with hybrids of rainbow trout and California golden trout stocked into nearby headwater lakes that are connected to tributaries in the drainage. We used six microsatellites and a minisatellite marker to estimate the genetic diversity and levels of introgression in approximately 700 California golden trout taken from 23 locations in Golden Trout Creek, its tributaries, and surrounding lakes. Indications of introgression were found in all but one of the sampled Golden Trout Creek drainage locations, the lowest average levels (0–8%) occurring in the lower reaches of Golden Trout Creek. The highest levels (12–17%) were in the Cottonwood Lakes populations that have been used as California golden trout broodstock by the California Department of Fish and Game. Evidence of introgression was also found in fish sampled from the upper reaches of the South Fork Kern River. This suggests that past and present stocking policies and hybridization with introduced rainbow trout currently threaten the genetic integrity of California golden trout populations across all of their native range.
Dispersions of Surface‐Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Water‐Soluble and Water‐Insoluble Polymers
Authors: Vaisman L. , Marom G. , Wagner H. D.
Published: December 2005

Microscale aggregate formation, resulting from high intrinsic filler attractions, is one of the major issues in nanocomposite preparation and processing. Herein, the dispersive effects achieved by a wide range of surface‐active agents, as well as surface oxidation and functionalization, are investigated. The aim of our research is to form a uniform, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) distribution in water‐soluble (poly(ethylene glycol)) and water‐insoluble (polypropylene) polymers. In order to understand the surface‐charge‐related stability of the treated nanotubes solutions, zeta‐potential measurements are applied. Quantification of the state of the MWNT dispersion is derived from particle‐size analysis, while visual characterization is based on optical and electron microscopy. To estimate the nucleating ability of the surface‐modified carbon nanotubes, the temperature of crystallization and the degree of crystallinity are calculated from differential scanning thermograms. Finally, we suggest general guidelines to produce uniform MWNT dispersions using a dispersive agent and/or surface treatment in water‐soluble and water‐insoluble polymers.
Luminescent Core/Shell Nanoparticles with a Rhabdophane LnPO4‐xH2O Structure: Stabilization of Ce3+‐Doped Compositions
Authors: Buissette V. , Moreau M. , Gacoin T. , Boilot J.‐P.
Published: December 2005

The core/shell strategy has been successfully developed for rhabdophane lanthanide phosphate aqueous colloids. The growth of a LaPO4‐xH2O shell around Ce,Tb‐doped core nanoparticles increases their stability against oxidation. A bright green luminescence is thus preserved in sol–gel films whose fabrication requires silica coating and thermal treatment of the core/shell nanoparticles.
Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles in a Rod‐Like Fashion Using Proteins as Templates
Authors: Bhattacharya R. , Patra C. R. , Wang S. , Lu L. , Yaszemski M. J. , Mukhopadhyay D. , Mukherjee P.
Published: December 2005

An area of considerable current interest is the development of a practical approach for assembling inorganic nanoparticles into well‐defined arrays because such a technique would offer immense opportunities leading to applications in microimaging, optoelectronics, therapeutics, etc. This paper illustrates a new, simple one‐step process in which proteins act as templates to assemble gold nanoparticles in a shape‐selective fashion. We show, for the first time, that antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor 165 isoform, 2C3, and epidermal growth factor receptor can act as templates when present in solution during the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. These proteins direct the assembly of the gold nanoparticles into rod‐like shapes when cooled to –20 °C followed by thawing at room temperature. Immunoglobulin G and bovine serum albumin can also direct the assembly process in a similar fashion; however, small molecules, such as poly(L‐lysine) and lysine, cannot. The formation of a self‐assembled structure in the form of a continuous rod, or the assembly of discrete nanoparticles in a rod‐like fashion, can be tailored by controlling the ratio of the precursor gold salt, HAuCl4, to the antibody/protein used as the template. The nanoconjugates are characterized using UV‐vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The nano‐bioconjugates obtained via this process may find wide application in areas ranging from optoelectronics and biosensors to therapeutics in neoplastic disorders.
Layer‐by‐Layer Fabrication and Characterization of Gold‐Nanoparticle/Myoglobin Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Qi Z. , Honma I. , Ichihara M. , Zhou H.
Published: December 2005

Multilayer thin films of ∼ 7 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (GNPs) linked with horse heart myoglobin (Mb) are fabricated, for the first time, by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly on glass slides, and silicon and plastic substrates. The GNP/Mb nanocomposite films show sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption bands that are used to follow the LbL growth of the film and to determine the kinetics of GNP adsorption on the Mb‐modified surface. The GNP/Mb nanocomposite films are characterized using atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, polarized UV‐vis spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The GNPs in the multilayer films are spatially separated from one another, and interparticle interactions remain in the film, making it optically anisotropic. The GNP/Mb nanocomposite films are stable in air at temperatures up to 100 °C, and can withstand successive immersions in strongly acidic and basic solutions. The SPR absorption band of the GNP/Mb nanocomposite film in air exhibits a red‐shift in the wavelength maximum and an increase in the maximum absorbance relative to that in water. This result, which is in contrast to that observed with a GNP monolayer on an aminosilane‐functionalized substrate, suggests the shrinkage in air and swelling in water of Mb molecules embedded in the nanocomposite film.
Sharp Infrared Emission from Single‐Crystalline Indium Nitride Nanobelts Prepared Using Guided‐Stream Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Hu M. S. , Wang W. M. , Chen T. T. , Hong L. S. , Chen C. W. , Chen C. C. , Chen Y. F. , Chen K. H. , Chen L. C.
Published: December 2005

Single‐crystalline InN nanobelts have been synthesized using Au as the catalyst by a guided‐stream thermal chemical vapor deposition technique. The resultant InN nanobelts typically have widths ranging from 20 to 200 nm, a width to thickness ratio of 2–10, and lengths of up to several tens of micrometers. Structural analysis shows that these InN nanobelts have a wurtzite structure and exhibit a rectangular cross section with self‐selective facets, i.e., the nanobelts are enclosed only by ± (001) and ± (11?0) planes with [110] being the exclusive growth direction along their long axis. This facet selectivity can be understood by the differences in the surface energies of the different facets. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of InN nanobelts show a sharp infrared emission peak at 0.76 eV with a full width at half maximum of 14 meV, narrower than the values reported for InN epilayers. The integrated PL intensity is found to increase linearly with the excitation power, which suggests that the observed PL can be attributed to direct band‐to‐band emission.
Learning from Diatoms: Nature's Tools for the Production of Nanostructured Silica
Authors: Sumper M. , Brunner E.
Published: December 2005

Diatoms are eukaryotic, unicellular algae that are ubiquitously present in almost any water habitat on earth. Diatoms dominate phytoplankton populations and algal blooms in the oceans. They are responsible for about 25 % of the world's net primary production. Apart from this ecological significance, diatoms are mainly known for the intricate geometries and spectacular patterns of their silica‐based cell walls. These patterns are species specific. They are precisely reproduced in each generation documenting a genetic control of this biomineralization process. Biogenesis of the diatom cell wall is considered to be a paradigm for the controlled production of nanostructured silica. Biochemical studies demonstrated that diatom biosilica is a composite material containing zwitterionic proteins (silaffins) and long‐chain polyamines in addition to silica. Functional studies indicate a crucial role of these organic components in guiding silica precipitation as well as in the formation of species‐specific nanopatterns. These activities can be explained by molecular self‐assembly and phase‐separation processes. Moreover, diatom cell walls also exhibit very exciting properties from the physical point of view: they are extremely stable and they may act as photonic crystals.
Electronic Characterization of Organic Thin Films by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
Authors: Palermo V. , Palma M. , Samorì P.
Published: December 2005

This review highlights the potential of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) beyond imaging to simultaneously study structural and electronic properties of functional surfaces and interfaces. This is of paramount importance since it is well established that a solid surface possesses different properties than the bulk material. The versatility of the technique allows one to carry out investigations in a non‐invasive way for different environmental conditions and sample types with resolutions of a few nanometers and some millivolts. KPFM can be used to acquire a wide knowledge of the overall electronic and electrical behavior of a sample surface. Moreover, by KPFM it is possible to study complex electronic phenomena in supramolecular engineered systems and devices. The combination of such a methodology with external stimuli, e.g., light irradiation, opens new doors to the exploration of processes occurring in nature or in artificial complex architectures. Therefore, KPFM is an extremely powerful technique that permits the unraveling of electronic (dynamic) properties of materials, enabling the optimization of the design and performance of new devices based on organic‐semiconductor nanoarchitectures.
Modeling for batch phenol biodegradation with immobilized Alcaligenes faecalis
Authors: Jia Xiaoqiang , Wen Jianping , Jiang Yan , Bai Jing , Cheng Xianrui , Zheng Ying
Published: December 2005

Intrinsic cell growth and phenol biodegradation kinetics of Alcaligenes faecalis were studied in shaking flasks. Batch phenol biodegradation experiments were carried out in a 7.5 L fermentor with immobilized Alcaligenes faecalis in polyurethane foams. A double‐layer reaction‐diffusion model was developed to describe the dynamic behaviors of batch phenol biodegradation processes. Phenol degradation (within the cell‐immobilized polyurethane foams as well as in the main liquid phase) and cell growth (within the cell‐immobilized polyurethane foams only) at different initial phenol concentrations were simulated and analyzed in terms of both biodegradation time and layer radius course. The good agreement between the model simulations and the experimental measurements for phenol degradation in the main liquid phase validates the proposed double‐layer reaction‐diffusion model. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Anwendung von Übergangsmetallkomplexen zum Bleichen von Textilien und Holzpulpe
Authors: Hage Ronald , Lienke Achim
Published: December 2005

Aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht gehört das Bleichen von Textilien und Papier zu den wichtigsten Oxidationsprozessen. Das Entfernen unerwünschter Chromophore, sei es in Flecken auf Textilien oder bei Ligninrückständen in Holzpulpe, verbraucht mehr als 60 % der weltweiten Produktion an Wasserstoffperoxid. Die bestehenden Technologien stoßen jedoch an Grenzen: Bei Raumtemperatur hat Wasserstoffperoxid nur eine geringe Bleichwirkung auf Flecken und wird zudem nur ineffizient genutzt. Die hohe Dosierung und die hohe Temperatur, die daher für eine gute Fleckbleiche erforderlich sind, schränken den Gebrauch von Wasserstoffperoxid ein. Bei der Papierherstellung entstehen beim Gebrauch chlorbasierter Bleichmittel chlorierte Abfallprodukte, die nur sehr schwer biologisch abbaubar sind. Wasserstoffperoxid wiederum erfordert höhere Temperaturen, längere Reaktionszeiten und ist zudem teurer. Hier bieten Übergangsmetallkomplexe eine Alternative. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die Hauptklassen bekannter Bleichkatalysatoren und ihre möglichen Wirkungsweisen.
The mechanism of air/oxygen/helium atmospheric plasma action on PVA
Authors: Cai Zaisheng , Qiu Yiping
Published: December 2005

The effect of the air/oxygen/helium atmospheric plasma treatment on desizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on cotton fabric was discussed as compared with the conventional H2O2 desizing. The possible change mechanism of PVA during atmospheric plasma exposure was induced through a combination of weight loss of PVA after plasma, PVA dissolving rate in water at room temperature, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Low‐κ nanocomposite films based on polyimides with grafted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Chen Yiwang , Chen Lie , Nie Huarong , Kang E. T.
Published: December 2005

Nanocomposites of polyimides (PI) with covalently grafted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (R7R′Si8O12 or POSS) units were prepared by thermally‐initiated free‐radical graft polymerization of methacrylcyclopentyl‐POSS (MA‐POSS) with the ozone‐pretreated poly[N,N′‐(1,4‐phenylene)‐3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetra‐carboxylic amic acid] (PAA), followed by thermal imidization. The chemical composition and structure of the PI with grafted methacrylcyclopentyl‐POSS side chains (PI‐g‐PMA‐POSS copolymers) were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The POSS molecules in each grafted PMA side chain of the amorphous PI films retained the nanoporous crystalline structure, and formed an aggregate of crystallites. The PI‐g‐PMA‐POSS nanocomposite films had both lower and tunable dielectric constants, in comparison with that of the pristine PI films. Dielectric constants (κ's) of about 3.0–2.2 were obtained. The present approach offers a convenient way for preparing low‐κ materials based on existing PI's. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Photo‐oxidation of polymers: Validation of oxygen uptake and relationship with extent of hydroperoxidation
Authors: Fraïsse F. , Kumar A. , Commereuc S. , Verney V.
Published: December 2005

In this piece of work we focused our attention on the peroxidation step and alongside considered hydroperoxides as probes for the overall oxidative process. This technique of oxygen uptake actually monitors the amount of oxygen consumed during polymer degradation. Our present work aimed to investigate this technique to evaluate the oxygen uptake during in situ photoirradiation, under controlled atmosphere. Our experimental results clearly elucidate that the oxygen consumption data accounts for a very early stage of aging during the photo‐oxidation of polymers and provides us with an accurate and sensitive diagnosis about the formation of hydroperoxides. A straight‐line relationship was exhibited under our experimental conditions while observing a relation between oxygen pressure drop and hydroperoxide content in the polymer. This correlation was dependent upon the nature of polymer and of course on the aging conditions (temperature, irradiation, oxidative atmosphere). The impact of environmental atmosphere on aging was particularly kept in mind. To conclude, we emphasized that oxygen uptake is a promisingly powerful tool to identify the impact of the overall environmental parameters on the polymer photoaging. An important implication was on the understanding of atmospheric factors (including pollutants such as O3, NOx, etc.), which is usually given minor importance, on the degradation of polymer upon outdoor weathering. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Water vapor permeability of poly(lactide)s: Effects of molecular characteristics and crystallinity
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Okino Rumiko , Daimon Hiroyuki , Fujie Koichi
Published: December 2005

Amorphous‐made poly(L‐lactide) [i.e., poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA)], poly(L‐lactide‐co‐D‐lactide)[P(LLA‐DLA)](77/23), and P(LLA‐DLA)(50/50) films and PLLA films with different crystallinity (Xc) values were prepared, and the effects of molecular weight, D‐lactide unit content (tacticity and optical purity), and crystallinity of poly(lactide) [i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA)] on the water vapor permeability was investigated. The changes in number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of PLLA films in the range of 9 × 104–5 × 105 g mol−1 and D‐lactide unit content of PLA films in the range of 0–50% have insignificant effects on their water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). In contrast, the WVTR of PLLA films decreased monotonically with increasing Xc from 0 to 20%, while leveled off for Xc exceeding 30%. This is probably due to the higher resistance of “restricted” amorphous regions to water vapor permeation compared with that of the “free” amorphous regions. The free and restricted amorphous regions are major amorphous components of PLLA films for Xc ranges of 0–20% and exceeding 30%, respectively, resulting in the aforementioned dependence of WVTR on Xc. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Morphology development and crystallization behavior of a poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate blend
Authors: Lee Jong Kwan , Im Jeong Eun , Park Jong Hwan , Won Hong Youn , Lee Kwang Hee
Published: December 2005

The morphology development and crystallization behavior of an extruded poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate blend were studied with optical microscopy, light scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). During annealing at 280°C, liquid–liquid phase separation via spinodal decomposition proceeded in a melt‐extruded specimen. After the formation of the domain structure, the blend slowly underwent phase homogenization by transesterification between the two polymers. The specimen, annealed for various times (ts's) at 280°C, was subjected to a temperature drop to 180°C for the isothermal crystallization, and then the effects of liquid‐phase changes on crystallization were investigated. The crystal growth rate decreased with ts. The slow crystallization with a large ts value was associated with the composition change of the separated phases and the change of the sequence distribution in the polymer chains during annealing. The influence of ts on the endothermic behavior of the samples was examined. As ts increased, the recrystallization rate was retarded during the DSC scan, displaying multiendothermic behavior. The DSC data also suggested that the increased level of transesterification would give rise to a higher number of species being rejected from the primary crystals, leading to enhanced secondary crystallization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
NHPP models for categorized software defects
Authors: Liu Zhaohui , Ravishanker Nalini , Ray Bonnie K.
Published: December 2005

We develop NHPP models to characterize categorized event data, with application to modelling the discovery process for categorized software defects. Conditioning on the total number of defects, multivariate models are proposed for modelling the defects by type. A latent vector autoregressive structure is used to characterize dependencies among the different types. We show how Bayesian inference can be achieved via MCMC procedures, with a posterior prediction‐basedL‐measure used for model selection. The results are illustrated for defects of different types found during the System Test phase of a large operating system software development project. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Überwachung von historischen Massivbauwerken
Authors: Santa Ulrich , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: December 2005

Eine baubegleitende oder langfristige Überwachung von historischen Bauwerken dient der Bemühung, Einwirkungen und Veränderungen an der bestehenden Bausubstanz frühzeitig zu erkennen, um etwaige Schädigungen zu verhindern und den Bestand zu sichern. Mit dem dargelegten Instrumentierungskonzept für Schloß Tirol in Südtirol wurde versucht, einige aussagekräftige Größen zu identifizieren und zu erfassen, um dieser Aufgabe mit den vorhandenen Mitteln bestmöglich gerecht zu werden. Zudem soll auch ein Abriß der wichtigsten Erkenntnisse aus den gewonnenen Meßdaten diskutiert werden.
Zerstörende Belastungsversuche an einer vorgespannten Segmentbrücke
Authors: Eichinger Eva M. , Kollegger Johann , Köberl Bernd , Vill Markus
Published: December 2005

Im folgenden Beitrag werden Planung, Durchführung und Auswertung von zerstörenden Belastungsversuchen an einer vorgespannten Segmentbrücke in Wien beschrieben. Die Brücke aus dem Jahr 1975 hat eine Stützweite von 44 m und besteht aus insgesamt 18 Segmenten, die mit Epoxidharz verklebt wurden. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, durch Belastungsversuche am Tragwerk und eine Analyse der verwendeten Baustoffe, Aussagen über die Tragfähigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit von vorgespannten Segmentbrücken zu erhalten. Zusätzlich wurde durch gezieltes Durchtrennen einzelner Spannglieder der Einfluß von Schäden am Spannstahl auf das Last‐ und Verformungsverhalten der Konstruktion untersucht. Insgesamt wurden zehn Versuche durchgeführt. Die Öffnungsbreiten der Segmentfugen, die Verformungen des Tragwerks und die Dehnung im Spannstahl wurden kontinuierlich gemessen und ausgewertet. Ebenso wurden der Zustand und die Belastbarkeit der Segmentfugen und die Baustoffeigenschaften der verwendeten Materialien – Beton, Bewehrungsstahl, Spannstahl und Epoxidharz – untersucht.
On‐Line Überwachung der Wiener Reichsbrücke
Authors: Geier Roman , Deix Stefan
Published: December 2005

Die Gewährleistung der Zuverlässigkeit (Tragfähigkeit, Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Dauerhaftigkeit) und Verkehrssicherheit von Ingenieurbauwerken ist eine wesentliche Aufgabe im Bauwesen, um Tragwerke auch bei steigenden Verkehrslasten mit hoher Sicherheit möglichst lange nutzen zu können. Für die Überwachung und Prüfung von Bauwerken und im Besonderen für Brücken, existieren zahlreiche Normen und Richtlinien. Weiters wurden in der Vergangenheit verschiedene Überwachungstechnologien entwickelt. Ziel dieser Methoden war es, Veränderungen über die Zeit bzw. Schäden durch objektive Meßverfahren zum ehest möglichen Zeitpunkt festzustellen (Früherkennung), bevor ein größerer Schaden oder ein Versagen des Bauwerks eintrat. Erfolge wurden bei der Durchführung von in‐situ Messungen des Bauwerksverhaltens in Kombination mit FE‐Simulationen und Modellanpassungen (Computational‐Model‐Updating = CMU) erzielt, die als Grundlage für die Bauwerksüberwachung und Bewertung des aktuellen Erhaltungszustandes herangezogen werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll auf Entwicklung, Betrieb sowie Erfahrungen aus der Überwachung der Wiener Reichsbrücke eingegangen werden, in der eines der modernsten Brückenüberwachungssysteme in Europa installiert wurde.
Structural Phase Transitions in A2‐xSrxNiWO6 (A: Ca or Ba, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2) Double Perovskites.
Authors: Zhou Qingdi , Kennedy Brendan J. , Howard Christopher J. , Elcombe Margaret M. , Studer Andrew J.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Y3Al5O12:Eu Powders by Microwave‐Induced Combustion Process and Their Luminescent Properties.
Authors: Fu Yen‐Pei
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Nb5Si3 Intermetallic and Nb5Si3/Nb Composite by Self‐Propagating High‐Temperature Synthesis.
Authors: Yeh C. L. , Chen W. H.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Study of Semiconducting Alloys Ag1‐xCuxCd2GaS4 and AgCd2Ga1‐xInxS4.
Authors: Olekseyuk I. D. , Parasyuk O. V. , Husak O. A. , Piskach L. V. , Volkov S. V. , Pekhnyo V. I.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Cryptomelane‐Type Manganese Dioxide Nanomaterials Produced by a Novel Solvent‐Free Method.
Authors: Ding Yun‐shuang , Shen Xiong‐fei , Sithambaram Shanthakumar , Gomez Sinue , Kumar Ranjit , Crisostomo Vincent Mark B. , Suib Steven L. , Aindow Mark
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Arsenic Pentafluoride by Static Fluorination of As2O3 in a Closed System.
Authors: Mazej Zoran , Zemva Boris
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structure of a Novel Type of Polyoxomolybdate Lanthanide Complex: [(Ln(H2O)6)2 (TeMo6O24)] (Ln: Ho, Yb).
Authors: Drewes Daniel , Krebs Bernt
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Desymmetrization of 2‐Substituted 1,3‐Propanediols via Catalytic Enantioselective Ring‐Cleavage Reaction of Cyclic Acetal Derivatives.
Authors: Harada Toshiro , Shiraishi Koudai
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Thiolysis of Prochiral Cyclic Dicarboxylic Anhydrides Utilizing a Bifunctional Chiral Sulfonamide.
Authors: Honjo Takashi , Sano Shigeki , Shiro Motoo , Nagao Yoshimitsu
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Ferrocenyl P,S and S,S Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Routaboul Lucie , Vincendeau Sandrine , Daran Jean‐Claude , Manoury Eric
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetically Recoverable Chiral Catalysts Immobilized on Magnetite Nanoparticles for Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones.
Authors: Hu Aiguo , Yee Gordon T. , Lin Wenbin
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemodiversity in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclizations of Allenynecarboxylates.
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Park Dai In , Jung Seung Hyun , Reddy V. Raghava , Gupta Arun Kumar , Kim Yeong Mi
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Arabinose‐Derived Ketones as Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation of Alkenes.
Authors: Shing Tony K. M. , Leung Gulice Y. C. , Luk To
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Amination of Heteroaryl Halides.
Authors: Charles Mark D. , Schultz Phillip , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Chemoselective Addition of Amines to Epoxides in Water.
Authors: Azizi Najmodin , Saidi Mohammad R.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Diastereoselective Formation of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted Cyclopropane Derivatives.
Authors: Xie Xingang , Yue Guoren , Tang Shouchu , Huo Xing , Liang Qiren , She Xuegong , Pan Xinfu
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Michael Addition—Elimination of Ylides to α,β‐Unsaturated Imines. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Vinylcyclopropanecarbaldehydes and Vinylcyclopropylaziridines.
Authors: Zheng Jun‐Cheng , Liao Wei‐Wei , Tang Yong , Sun Xiu‐Li , Dai Li‐Xin
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Complex‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Linear Codimerization of 2‐Norbornenes with Acrylic Compounds.
Authors: Ura Yasuyuki , Tsujita Hiroshi , Wada Kenji , Kondo Teruyuki , Mitsudo Take‐aki
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Ynamides.
Authors: Riddell Nicole , Villeneuve Karine , Tam William
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photo‐Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Electron‐Rich Aryl Chlorides and Aryl Esters with Alkynes: A Metal‐Free Alkynylation.
Authors: Protti Stefano , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Highly Efficient and Direct Approach for Synthesis of Enantiopure β‐Amino Alcohols by Reductive Cross‐Coupling of Chiral N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Imines with Aldehydes.
Authors: Zhong Yu‐Wu , Dong Yi‐Zhou , Fang Kai , Izumi Kenji , Xu Ming‐Hua , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkylation—Hydride Reduction Sequence: Synthesis of meta‐Substituted Arenes.
Authors: Wilhelm Thorsten , Lautens Mark
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Trace Amount of Metallic Samarium Catalyzed Aroyl Substitution Reactions of a β‐Keto Ester in Air.
Authors: Zhang Yandong , Zhang Yongmin
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Substituted Monoamides of Tetrachlorophthalic Acid.
Authors: Dolzhenko A. V. , Kolotova N. V. , Kotegov V. P. , Syropyatov B. Ya. , Vasilyuk M. V. , Rudakova G. V. , Novikova V. V. , Feshin V. P.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NCN Pincer Palladium Complexes: Their Preparation via a Ligand Introduction Route and Their Catalytic Properties.
Authors: Takenaka Kazuhiro , Minakawa Maki , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Titanium(IV)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Sulfenylation of β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Jereb Marjan , Togni Antonio
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Decarboxylative Claisen Rearrangement Reactions of Sulfoximine‐Substituted Allylic Tosylacetic Esters.
Authors: Craig Donald , Grellepois Fabienne , White Andrew J. P.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis with Rh—Diene Complexes: 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Unsaturated Esters.
Authors: Paquin Jean‐Francois , Stephenson Corey R. J. , Defieber Christian , Carreira Erick M.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dual Catalyst Control in the Enantioselective Intramolecular Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Aroyan Carrie E. , Vasbinder Melissa M. , Miller Scott J.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Anionic Rhodium η4‐Quinonoid Complex as a Multifunctional Catalyst for the Arylation of Aldehydes with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Son Seung Uk , Kim Sang Bok , Reingold Jeffrey A. , Carpenter Gene B. , Sweigart Dwight A.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Synthesis of Aryloxyphenyl Cyclopropyl Methanones: A New Class of Antimycobacterial Agents.
Authors: Dwivedi Namrata , Tewari Neetu , Tiwari V. K. , Chaturvedi Vinita , Manju Y. K. , Srivastava A. , Giakwad A. , Sinha S. , Tripathi R. P.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 4‐Alkoxy‐N‐substituted‐1,8‐naphthalimides.
Authors: Triboni Eduardo R. , Berlinck Roberto G. S. , Politi Mario J. , Berci Pedro Filho
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Manganese(III) Acetate Based Oxidative Cyclizations of 3‐Oxopropanenitriles with Conjugated Alkenes and Synthesis of 4,5‐Dihydrofuran‐3‐carbonitriles Containing Heterocycles.
Authors: Yilmaz Mehmet , Uzunalioglu Nese , Pekel A. Tarik
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Zr‐Mediated Approach to (Z)‐Enynols and Its Application to Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Fully Substituted Dihydrofurans.
Authors: Liu Yuanhong , Song Feijie , Cong Liqing
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereocontrolled Assembly of Tetrasubstituted Tetrahydrofurans: A Concise Synthesis of Virgatusin.
Authors: Akindele Tito , Marsden Stephen P. , Cumming John G.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Step Assembly of Functionalized γ‐Butyrolactones from Benzoins or Benzaldehydes via an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Mediated Tandem Reaction.
Authors: Ye Wei , Cai Guanliang , Zhuang Zeyang , Jia Xueshun , Zhai Hongbin
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bu3SnH‐Mediated 5‐Exo Selective Radical Cyclization of N‐Vinyl‐α,β‐unsaturated Amides Leading to γ‐Lactams.
Authors: Okitsu Takashi , Saito Miho , Tamura Osamu , Ishibashi Hiroyuki
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regulation of Stereoselectivity Using Lewis Acid in the Cyclization of Allenic Aldehydes Catalyzed by Palladium Complex.
Authors: Yu Chan‐Mo , Youn Jinsuop , Lee Min‐Kyoung
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of 3‐Hydrazones of 1‐Aryl‐5‐methyl‐1,5‐ethoxycarbonylpyrrolidine‐2,3‐diones.
Authors: Gein V. L. , Gein L. F. , Chirkova M. V. , Mikhalev V. A. , Voronina E. V.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐(3‐Indolyl)‐1H‐benzimidazoles from 2‐Acylmethyl‐1H‐benzimidazoles.
Authors: Dzvinchuk I. B. , Lozinskii M. O.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocyclic Quinones in the Nenitzescu Reaction. Synthesis of Furo‐ and Pyrrolobenzothiazoles from 2‐Methyl‐4,7‐dioxobenzothiazole.
Authors: Mukhanova T. I. , Alekseeva L. M. , Shashkov A. S. , Granik V. G.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Substituent‐Dictated Concise Synthesis of 4,6‐Disubstituted N‐Alkyl‐2‐pyridones and 2‐Aminopyridines.
Authors: Goel Atul , Singh Fateh V. , Verma Deepti
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Piperidine Derivatives Through the [4 + 2] Annulation of Imines with Allenes.
Authors: Wurz Ryan P. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Regioselective Route to 5‐ and 6‐Azaindoles.
Authors: Lomberget Thierry , Radix Sylvie , Barret Roland
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Chemistry of Bridgehead Allylsilanes. Stereoselective Reactions with Aldehydes.
Authors: Lauchli Ryan , Whitney John M. , Zhu Liang , Shea Kenneth J.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Three Sesquiterpenoids, Fascicularones E, F, and G Produced by the Fungus Hypholoma fasciculare
Authors: Shiono Yoshihito , Akasaka Hironari , Hiramatsu Fuminori , Sato Kozue , Murayama Tetsuya , Ikeda Michimasa
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Eremophilane‐Type Sesquiterpenoids, Eremoxylarins A and B from Xylariaceous Endophytic Fungus YUA‐026
Authors: Shiono Yoshihito , Murayama Tetsuya
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of Serofendic Acids A (I) and B (II) Employing Tin‐Free Homoallyl—Homoallyl Radical Rearrangement.
Authors: Toyota Masahiro , Asano Takeshi , Ihara Masataka
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Synthesis of Fmoc‐N‐methyl‐α‐amino Acids.
Authors: Zhang Suode , Govender Thavendran , Norstroem Thomas , Arvidsson Per I.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Direct and Efficient Stereoconservative Procedure for the Selective Oxidation of N‐Protected β‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Ocejo Marta , Vicario Jose L. , Badia Dolores , Carrillo Luisa , Reyes Efraim
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Concise Sequential Photochemical‐Metathesis Approach for the Synthesis of (+)‐Castanospermine and Possible Uniflorine‐A Stereoisomers.
Authors: Zhao Zhiming , Song Ling , Mariano Patrick S.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Complete Stereochemical Assignment of Psymberin/Irciniastatin A.
Authors: Jiang Xin , Garcia‐Fortanet Jorge , De Brabander Jef K.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.