bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIAGNOSIS OF AIRWAY MALACIA VIA VIRTUAL BRONCHOSCOPY
Authors: Bilan Nemat , Miabi Zinat , Saiiah Melli
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: The term “malacia” refers to softness; in medical terminology, it refers to weakness of bone or cartilage. Laryngomalacia is the most common congenital abnormality of the larynx, and the patient may experience recurrent aspiration. Tracheomalacia refers to tracheal weakness and usually causes airway collapse as a result of cartilage defect. Bronchomalacia describes the weakness and collapsibility of 1 or both main bronchi. All of these diseases can be diagnosed by bronchoscopy, but this method is invasive and may interfere with the diagnosis. Furthermore, it is intolerable in young individuals who are severely ill and in patients with coagulopathy.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine the role of virtual bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of laryngotracheobronchomalacia.

METHODS: In a periexperimental study during 3 years (November 2003 through October 2006), 35 patients who had clinical signs and symptoms of airway malacia were surveyed via virtual bronchoscopy.

RESULTS: The percentage of boys and girls was 65.7% and 34.3%, respectively, and the mean age was 3.7 ± 1.6 months. The result of virtual bronchoscopy for laryngomalacia, bronchomalacia, tracheomalacia, laryngotracheomalacia and laryngobronchomalacia was 42.8%, 25.7%, 20%, 8.5%, and 2.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Virtual bronchoscopy, because of its noninvasive character, its speed imaging, and its excellent ability of assessment of airway stenosis can be considered as a substitution for bronchoscopy.
MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN (MBL) GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND SERUM MBL LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH RECURRENT RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
Authors: Li Qiu , Chen Mis Jia , Ou Xi , Wang Mo , Yang Xiqiang , Zhang Wei , She Pingli
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a plasma collectin and is considered an important component of innate immunity. Its plasma concentration is, for the most, part genetically determined by a series of single nucleotide polymorphisms located both in the structural gene and in the promoter region. MBL deficiency may be associated with increased susceptibility to infectious disease and autoimmune disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to establish the reference serum level of MBL in children, investigate the correlation between MBL gene polymorphisms and its serum level in Chinese Han nationality, and MBL gene polymorphisms and serum level in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections.

METHODS: The concentrations of oligomerized MBL in plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and MBL gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers.

RESULTS: The median MBL level in 470 normal children was 2536 ng/mL (range: 0–7860 ng/mL), and P2.5 to P97.5 was 161 to 5070 ng/mL. Two promoter polymorphisms, -550 and -221, and coding variants at codon 54 of the MBL gene affected the protein level significantly, and the most frequent genotype in Hans was HYPA/HYPA. Serum MBL levels were significantly lower in patients with recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) compared with healthy controls (H = 6.661; P < .05), and the frequency of the promoter LXP haplotype was significantly higher in patients with RRTIs than in controls (χ2 = 4.71; P = .03). The prevalence of the B allele in patients with RRTIs was higher than that in controls, but the difference did not reach significance (χ2 = 0.18; P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS: The MBL reference value in China is 161 ng/mL. Children with MBL concentrations of <161 ng/mL, therefore, were deemed to be MBL deficient, and LXP is a risk factor for recurrent respiratory tract infections in this population.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE OBESE CHILD: ADEQUACY OF BODY MASS INDEX AND FAT MASS INDEX FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Hassan Nayera , El-Masry Sahar
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: There is no agreement among researchers on adiposity indexes and on the best cutoff to define obesity.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of BMI and fat mass index (FMI) as indicators of obesity in 272 boys and 242 girls who were aged 3 to 5 years.

METHODS: Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to calculate percentage fat mass (%FM) and FMI (fat mass/stature2). Boys and girls were considered obese when %FM was ≥ 25 and ≥ 30, respectively. Cutoffs of BMI (weight/stature2) and FMI were tested at 90th, 95th, and 97th percentiles.

RESULTS: There were strong, significant correlations between BMI or FMI and %FM, but there was no significant correlation between BMI or FMI and stature; therefore, both BMI and FMI are useful indexes to assess fatness and obesity. With the use of %FM as the criterion for obesity, however, the highest prevalence of obesity was found at the 90th percentile for both genders. BMI and FMI had high specificities and lower but variable sensitivities. FMI is associated with a level of sensitivity that is somewhat higher than that of BMI. Almost all children who were not obese were classified correctly, whereas many obese children were not correctly identified.

CONCLUSIONS: FMI is a specific indicator of childhood obesity, and at 90th percentile, it has moderately high sensitivity. BMI should be used with caution as an indicator of childhood obesity.
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF IN SITU POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN CHILDHOOD LEPROSY
Authors: Dayal Rajeshwar , Singh S. P. , Mathur P. P. , Katoch V. M. , Katoch K. , Natrajan M.
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the diagnostic value of in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in leprosy, particularly for enhancing histopathological diagnosis.

METHODS: We prospectively studied 20 children (aged <16 years) with leprosy. Clinical examination of each case was performed, and skin smear for acid-fast bacillus was prepared. A biopsy of the lesion site was performed for histopathological examination and in situ PCR testing.

RESULTS: Histopathological examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis in only 45% of the cases; nonspecific histopathology was reported for the remaining 55% of the cases. In situ PCR showed a positivity of 57.1% in the early/localized form of leprosy (indeterminate/borderline tuberculoid) and 61.5% in the borderline borderline/borderline lepromatous group. When compared with the histopathological examination, a significant enhancement of 15% in diagnosis was seen. With in situ PCR, the diagnosis could be confirmed in 4 (36.3%) of 11 cases with nonspecific histopathological features (which is common in early disease) in addition to confirmation of 8 (88.8%) of 9 histopathologically confirmed tissue sections. Histopathology and in situ PCR combined together confirmed the diagnosis in 13 (65%) of the 20 cases.

CONCLUSIONS: In situ PCR is an important diagnostic tool, especially in early and doubtful cases of leprosy.
ROLE OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR IN ALLERGIC AND INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES
Authors: Abdelmoez Basma , El-Banna S. , Kairy W. , Maher M.
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin that exerts an important role in the development and functions of the central and peripheral nervous system, as it was originally discovered for its properties of simulating growth and differentiation of neurons; however, it was recently documented that several immune cells, such as mast cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, produce, store, and release NGF. Neurotrophins, including NGF, are constitutively expressed by resident lung cells and produced in increasing quantities by immune cells that invade the airways under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, NGF appears as a promoter of allergic airway inflammation by increasing eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment into the lungs. Neurotrophin receptors are expressed on several immune cells, including mast cells, T cells, B cells, and macrophages.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to clarify the role of NGF in allergic and inflammatory lung diseases.

METHODS: Our study was conducted of 90 children who attended the outpatient pediatric clinic or were admitted to the inpatient pediatric department of Elminia University Hospital. They were classified into 3 groups as follows: group 1, 35 children with asthma during the acute attack; group 2, 35 children with severe inflammatory lung disease and bronchopneumonia; group 3, 20 seemingly healthy children who were age and gender matched to the children with disease. For all children, the following were done: careful history taking, thorough clinical examination, chest radiograph, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect NGF receptor mRNA expression on purified eosinophils that were obtained from peripheral blood.

RESULTS: We found only 3 patients who had asthma and had positive NGF receptors on isolated eosinophils from the peripheral blood by RT-PCR; however, all studied patients with bronchopneumonia had negative results. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between patients with positive and negative results for NGF receptors on isolated eosinophils by RT-PCR regarding age, the frequency of recurrence of asthma attacks, and positive history of other atopic diseases such as allergic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis; however, there was no statistically significant difference between patients with positive and negative results regarding gender, type of feeding, or family history.

CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong association between NGF receptors on isolated eosinophils and the severity of allergic lung diseases and bronchial asthma.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID STATUS IN CORD-BLOOD ERYTHROCYTES AND POSSIBLE FETAL PRIMING OF ATOPY
Authors: Skouli Georgia , Eboriadou Maria , Haidopoulou Katerina , Petridou Anatoli , Laios Panagiotis , Papastaurou Theodouli , Agorastos Theodoros , Sakellaropoulou Afroditi
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Environmental factors, diet among them, that act during gestation may play an important role in determining subsequent atopy development. Studies conducted on adults and children have suggested that an imbalance of essential fatty acid (EFA) intake may predispose one to atopic diseases. Few data are available on the possible relation between EFAs and fetal priming of atopy.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the hypothesis that EFAs may play a role in the regulation of the fetal immune response.

METHODS: We collected umbilical cord-blood samples from 236 neonates with a gestational age of >34 weeks. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography, respectively. Neonates were separated into 2 groups according to IgE value: the infants in group A had IgE levels of >0.35 IU/mL, and those in group B had IgE levels of ≤0.35 IU/mL.

RESULTS: Group A consisted of 30 neonates with increased IgE levels. Analysis of fatty acid composition revealed higher percentages of arachidic acid (20:0) (mean: 0.22 vs 0.19; P < .05) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (mean: 1.36 vs 1.04; P < .05) in the infants in group B.

CONCLUSIONS: Important differences were detected in cord-blood fatty acid composition in neonates with increased IgE levels. These differences suggest that EFAs may play a role in the development of atopy predisposition in utero life.
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN CHINESE CHILDREN WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: Lau Yu Lung , Jing Dong , Leung Lee Tsz , Lee Pamela Pui Wah , Ho Marco Hok Kung , Wong Wilfred Hing Sang
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: There is a paucity of clinical studies on children with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to define the clinical characteristics of and the potential predictors for NPSLE in Chinese children.

METHODS: Sixty-two children with SLE diagnosed between 1990 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were evaluated according to the American College of Rheumatology case definitions (1999) for classification of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The demographic data, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters (complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, complement levels, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, and autoimmune markers), treatment, and SLE disease activity index score were analyzed.

RESULTS: Nineteen (30.65%) patients with SLE and 21 neuropsychiatric events were identified. Mean age at NPSLE manifestations was 13.57 ± 4.33 years. The most common neuropsychiatric manifestations were cognitive dysfunction (47.62%), seizure disorder (42.86%), and headache (28.57%), followed by mood disorder (19.05%), myelopathy (19.05%), cerebrovascular disease (14.29%), psychosis (9.52%), cranial neuropathy (9.52%), and mononeuropathy multiplex (4.76%). Renal involvement at diagnosis of SLE was significantly less common in patients with NPSLE than in those with non-NPSLE. Apart from that, we could not identify other clinical or laboratory parameters that could predict the development of NPSLE. Six patients presented with neuropsychiatric symptoms at onset of SLE. Comparing them with patients with later neuropsychiatric development, their mean age was younger and the SLE disease activity index score was significantly higher.

CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychiatric symptoms were common in Chinese children with SLE. Early-onset NPSLE occurred in younger patients with higher disease activity score. Neuropsychiatric development was negatively associated with renal involvement at diagnosis.
MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS: SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE OF MORE THAN 32 YEARS
Authors: Varma Surendra , Bourgeois Michael
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children and adolescents has a mortality rate of 1% to 2%. The proper management of DKA requires intense monitoring and clear understanding of pathophysiology related to it. Potential complications include cerebral edema, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, and relapse.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to describe our long-term experience in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children.

METHODS: This study comprised a 32-year experience of managing DKA in the pediatric age group. More than 900 episodes of DKA were encountered during this period. The age range of patients was from 9 months to 18 years. These episodes included patients presenting with new-onset type 1 diabetes as well as known patients with recurrent DKA. All patients were managed in a PICU by residents directly supervised by Dr Varma following an established protocol, including careful monitoring and paying particular attention to avoiding complications.

RESULTS: In >900 admissions during this period, the mortality rate was 0%, and the incidence of cerebral edema was <0.1%. Hypoglycemia and relapse occurred in <1% of the cases. The only occurrence of severe hypoglycemia (electrocardiographic changes and arrhythmia) was in a patient who was transferred from an outlying hospital after 36 hours of inappropriate treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: Our experience demonstrates that children with DKA can be managed successfully with minimal complications by adhering to the following principles: early recognition and rapid transport to an ICU with experienced staff and physicians; andadherence to well-established standards of treatment, including: proper fluid and electrolyte management aimed at avoiding overhydration and extreme levels of electrolytes;cautious correction of acidosis;slow, steady reductions in plasma glucose and avoidance of hypoglycemia;careful monitoring of clinical status (sensorium, state of hydration, vital signs, etc) and laboratory study results; andfrequent reassessment of the patient with adjustments and changes in treatment as dictated by the patient's needs.
MARGINAL VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN PREGNANCY CAN INDUCE MEMORY DEFICIT IN ADULT OFFSPRING
Authors: Li Ting-Yu , Huang Hong-Mei , Mao Chun-Ting , Liu Ying , Qu Ping , Yang Li
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin A deficiency in pregnancy has a negative impact on the development of offspring; however, little is known about the effect of maternal marginal vitamin A deficiency (MVAD) on the function of the central nervous system in children later in postnatal life.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether MVAD during the gestational period can cause learning and memory impairment of adult offspring.

METHODS: There were 2 offspring groups: an experimental group that had MVAD only in pregnancy and a control group. Serum vitamin A was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography. Both groups were trained by Marris water maze task at 8 weeks of age. The hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation was detected by electrophysiologic technique, and the free calcium ion concentration in cells was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

RESULTS: No significant difference in the serum vitamin A level was observed between the 2 groups; however, the escape latency of the experimental group (10.50 ± 1.58 seconds) was longer than that of the control group (8.75 ± 1.19 seconds) in the behavior test. Correspondingly, the changes of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials slope of the experimental group (29.5% ± 4.6%) was significantly less than that of the control group (57.5% ± 8.6%), and the lower relative intensity of fluorescence in cells was seen in the experimental group (85.8 ± 17.1) compared with the control group (113.6 ± 20.5) after the tetanus stimulation.

CONCLUSIONS: MVAD in pregnancy causes learning and memory impairment of adult offspring.
TRANSLUMINAL ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF FENESTRATED DUODENAL MEMBRANES
Authors: Blanco-Rodriguez Gerardo , Penchyna-Grub Jaime , Porras-Hernandez Juan Domingo
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Duodenotomy and resection or lateral duodenoduodenostomy by open or endoscopic surgery has been the traditional treatment of fenestrated duodenal membranes. A radial endoluminal incision of the membrane can widen its diameter and resolve the duodenal obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: We describe a new endoscopic procedure for membranectomy of fenestrated duodenal membranes.

METHODS: Under general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation, we introduced a flexible videopanendoscope into the second duodenal portion to visualize the membrane. Through the fenestration, we inserted a triple-lumen stone extraction balloon of 15 mm. After insufflation, we performed gentle traction to expose the membrane and distinguish its border from the duodenal wall. We dilated the orifice and advanced the endoscope to localize Vater's ampoule. Using a sphincterotome, we performed 1 or 2 radial cuts of 1.5 to 2.0 cm in the membrane in an opposite direction to the ampoule.

RESULTS: We performed this procedure on 10 patients. The mean duration of the procedure was 50 minutes. No patient had postoperative pain. Abdominal condition was normal, and all patients started oral intake 18 to 24 hours after the endoscopy. Patients were discharged asymptomatic. They completed 4 months to 4 years of follow-up. Eight continued to be asymptomatic. One had a double duodenal membrane and after 2 endoscopic cuts has occasional vomiting. Another 1 was lost to follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS: Transluminal endoscopic treatment of fenestrated duodenal membranes has been a safe procedure that may be an effective and less invasive alternative to open or laparoscopic surgery.
PYLORIC STENOSIS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF AN AUSTRALIAN POPULATION
Authors: Gotley Lisa , Blanch Andrew , Kimble Roy , Frawley Kieran , Acworth Jason
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common cause of nonbilious vomiting in infants. The “classic” presentation is one of a firstborn boy who is aged 2 to 8 weeks and has projectile vomiting; palpable olive, visible peristalsis; and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. With increased awareness of the condition and readily available ultrasonographic diagnosis, classic presentations may be becoming less common.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, and outcomes of children with IHPS at our institution.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case review of all cases of IHPS that presented to our tertiary pediatric hospital in an 11-year period.

RESULTS: The inclusion criteria were met by 330 children with confirmed IHPS. A total of 84% of patients were male, and 19% were born preterm. Preterm infants tend to present later, reflecting postmenstrual age. The median age at presentation was 36 days (range: 7–218 days) with mean symptom duration of 11 days (range: 1–95 days). Whereas 87% of patients had at least 1 classic finding on history or examination, only 14% had the classic triad. Elevated bicarbonate was present in 61% of blood samples, whereas hypochloremia was found in only 29%. Ultrasound confirmed the diagnosis in 89%. Surgical techniques were similar in outcome, except that incomplete pyloromyotomy was more common with the laparoscopic approach compared with the periumbilical approach (6% vs 1%).

CONCLUSIONS: IHPS occurs more frequently in boys and infants who were born preterm. It commonly presents without the full spectrum of classic findings. Given the availability of ultrasound diagnosis, IHPS should be considered in infants with any 1 of these findings.
IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELL CHARACTERISTICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR CLINICAL USE
Authors: Dimitriou Helen , Perdikogianni Chryssoula , Martmianaki Georgia , Choumerianou Despina , Pelagiadis Iordanis , Kalmanti Maria
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Bone marrow (BM) stroma represents a source of progenitor stromal cells, termed mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are multipotent and can differentiate into cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue. Several questions have arisen regarding their long-term expansion and their safety before use.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to assess the long-term expansion and safety of MSCs in clinical practice.

METHODS: MSCs from BM of children with benign hematologic disorders and solid tumors without BM involvement were isolated and cultured for 10 consecutive passages (P). Immunophenotypic and functional characteristics, apoptosis, and the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes (p53, p16, and Rb) and signal transduction genes (H-Ras) involved in oncogenesis were assessed.

RESULTS: MSCs expressed mesenchymal-related surface antigens, >85% from P1. They had the ability to differentiate into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction). Colony forming units (fibroblast) ranged from 40.71 ± 4.3 at P1 to 15.5 ± 6.7 at P10. Their doubling time was 2.01 ± 0.14 days at P1 and 3.5 ± 1.19 days at P9. A low percentage of apoptotic cells was detected (7-amino-actinomycin D [7AAD]) at P2 until P10. MSCs were resistant to apoptosis under serum-deprivation conditions. The expression of the cell cycle genes studied was not statistically different compared with controls, and cells did not grow on soft agar.

CONCLUSIONS: MSCs isolated from BM of children retain their characteristics for a serial number of passages and survive under serum-deprivation conditions, a necessary process in a transplantation setting. The cells do not have oncogenic properties, as shown by normal expression levels of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and no growth on soft agar. These findings enhance the use of MSCs in clinical applications.
STRATEGY FOR HIGH-DOSE IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY–RESISTANT KAWASAKI DISEASE: CURRENT STATUS IN JAPAN
Authors: Ogino Hirotaro , Nakamura Yosikazu , Yashiro Mayumi , Yanagawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy has decreased the risk for development of coronary arterial lesions (CALs) in Kawasaki disease (KD), whereas patients who show resistance to IVIg have a higher risk for CALs.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk for CALs in patients with IVIg-resistant KD and to investigate whether an additional therapy might affect its risk, based on the nationwide survey (2003–2004) in Japan.

METHODS: Information from 11 510 children with KD treated with IVIg with the first 9 days of illness was available. The incidence of CALs was compared among 4 groups: group 1 (G1), children who responded to initial IVIg; group 2 (G2), IVIg-resistant patients who received additional IVIg; group 3 (G3), IVIg-resistant patients who received additional prednisolone (PSL); and group 4 (G4), IVIg-resistant patients who received additional IVIg plus PSL. CALs were assessed on the 30th day of illness.

RESULTS: Among 11 510 cases, 2229 patients (19.4%) were resistant to initial IVIg treatment and received additional therapy. The incidence of CALs was significantly lower in children who responded to IVIg (G1, n = 9281) than in those with IVIg resistance (1.87% and 11.03%, respectively). In each of the additional therapy groups, the incidences of CALs were as follows: G2 (n = 1108), 6.68%; G3 (n = 93), 9.68%; and G4 (n = 135), 22.22%. Thus, the risk for development of CALs was significantly higher for patients in G4 than those in G1 and G2.

CONCLUSIONS: Additional therapy including PSL may increase the risk for CALs; however, several selection biases, such as more severe cases in G3 and G4, might have affected the results.
NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM IN KOREA: A 12-YEAR EXPERIENCE
Authors: Kim Jung Soo , Sun Jo Dae , Go Unyeong , Park Byung Ha , Cho Haewol , Oh Dae-Kyu
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: In Korea, the vaccine injury compensation program, which is essential for the successful national immunization program, was established in 1995.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of each vaccine and the vaccine injury compensation program in Korea.

METHODS: We analyzed the data of adverse reactions filed with the advisory committee on vaccine injury compensation of Korea from 1995 through 2006.

RESULTS: A total of 1127 cases of adverse events were reported to the committee. The number of reported adverse reactions gradually increased. BCG was the most commonly reported vaccine (616 [54.7%] cases, mostly localized suppurative lymphadenitis), followed by diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (160 [14.2%] cases, mostly neurologic responses) and measles/rubella vaccine (127 [11.3%] cases). A total of 119 cases were requested for vaccine injury compensation. The most commonly compensated vaccine was measles/rubella (31 [26%] cases), showing mostly the anxiety responses during the measles catch-up program in 2001. The second most commonly compensated vaccine was diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis with or without other vaccines (21 [16.5%] cases), followed by Japanese B encephalitis (11 [8.7%] cases) and influenza vaccine (9 [7.1%] cases). The most common and serious adverse events for injury compensation were neurologic complications such as seizure, encephalopathy, and encephalomyelitis.

CONCLUSIONS: During a 12-year period, adverse reactions were reported in 54.7% of BCG vaccination cases, 14.2% of diptheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccination cases, and 11.3% of measles/rubella vaccination cases. Vaccine injury compensation was requested in 26% of measles/rubella cases and 16.5% of diptheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis cases. Neurologic complications were the most common and serious adverse events for injury compensation.
THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS I-CATCH PROGRAM: IMPROVING CHILDREN'S ACCESS TO COMMUNITY-BASED CARE IN RESOURCE-LIMITED SETTINGS
Authors: Mandalakas Anna , Kurbasic Mirzada , Li Spenser , O'Callahan Cliff , Behrmann Ann , Anders Bron , Hillman Liz , Olness Karen , Duncan Duke
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: The great disparities in children's access to health care depend on many factors. Expanding the availability of community-based services through programs designed to decrease these disparities is imperative.

METHODS: In 2006, the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on International Child Health implemented a new program to address these disparities, the International Community Access to Child Health (I-CATCH) program, which offers mentorship in grant preparation and project execution and provides 3-year funding to support project development and implementation. Projects are community-based initiatives that increase children's access to health care or services not otherwise available. Project initiatives will decrease health disparities and will develop sustainable community-based child health programs that may be replicated in other communities.

RESULTS: During the first grant cycle, innovative proposals were received from colleagues in 16 countries. A great variety of opportunities were described to improve children's access to health. Four projects were funded, each of which focused on community education and development: (1) improve children's nutrition and decrease gastrointestinal and respiratory disease (El Salvador); (2) train community health care workers (Pakistan); (3) identify and serve high-risk pregnancies and neonates (Philippines); and (4) promote essential newborn care (Uganda).

CONCLUSIONS: The first grant cycle illuminated the impressive creativity of colleagues, who outlined many opportunities to improve children's access to care through community-based programs with the expectation of decreasing health disparities. The tremendous potential of the I-CATCH program was validated. Although assessment of the long-term impact of the I-CATCH program is needed, the initial year showed great promise.
EFFECT OF PERINATAL IRON DEFICIENCY ON BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENTS AND MYELINATION AROUND THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN RATS
Authors: Wu Lingling , Zhang Li , Shao Jie , Zhao Zhengyan
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency is a common nutritional disorder. The effect of iron deficiency on myelination of specific brain regions and their relevant behavior has not been well documented.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the consequences of perinatal iron deficiency on behavioral and myelination of specific brain regions in rats.

METHODS: Sixteen dams were randomly assigned to iron-sufficient or low-iron diets during gestation and lactation. Thereafter, all offspring were fed the iron-sufficient diet and were assessed for behavioral and neurologic developments. Behavioral assessments included sensorimotor function tests, a recognition memory task, and a spatial learning task. The density of myelination around the hippocampus was measured by 2`,3`-cyclic nucleotide 3`-phosphohydrolase (marker of oligodendrocyte) by means of immunohistochemistry and quantified by analysis of integrated optical density. The regions of interest included the corpus callosum and the fimbria of the hippocampus.

RESULTS: Iron-deficient rats showed behavioral impairments in sensorimotor functions and recognition memory task but no significant differences were found in the spatial learning task. Iron-deficient rats had significantly reduced density of myelination than control rats in the corpus callosum but had no difference in the fimbria of the hippocampus.

CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that perinatal iron deficiency can significantly alter the behavioral outcomes in rat pups and can profoundly influence the development of myelination in specific brain regions.
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF THALASSEMIA: THE GREEK EXPERIENCE
Authors: Peristeri Ioulia , Kitra Vassiliki , Goussetis Evgenios , Vessalas Georgios , Theodosaki Maria , Paisiou Anna , Petrakou Eftychia , Graphakos Stelios
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Although prevention remains the cornerstone for the management of thalassemia, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative approach.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to assess our experience with HSCTs for the treatment of patients with thalassemia.

METHODS: From 1994 to 2006, 96 HSCTs have been performed in 84 thalassemic children from Greece, 3 with sickle cell/thalassemia and 1 with sickle cell disease. According to Pesaro classification, of these 84 children, 20 were in class I, 35 were in class II, and 29 were in class III. Donors were 84 histocompatible siblings and 4 unrelated volunteers. The graft was of bone marrow in 85, cord blood in 3, bone marrow and cord blood in 4, and peripheral blood stem cells in 4. The conditioning regimen consisted of busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and antilymphocyte globulin.

RESULTS: All except 1 patient received engraftments. Ten patients rejected the graft. Eight received another transplant from the same donor, 7 of which were successful. Four patients died; causes of death were graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (2), disseminated toxoplasmosis (1), and brain hemorrhage (1). At a median follow-up time of 6.5 years, 84 of 88 children survived, 81 were cured and free from transfusions, and 3 remained transfusion-dependent. Severe acute GVHD developed in 18 children, and chronic GVHD developed in 8 patients. The overall survival rate, event-free survival rate, rejection rate, and transplant-related mortality rate were 95%, 94%, 11%, and 5%, respectively. Event-free survival was 100% for class I, 95% for class II, and 87% for class III. Eleven children had mixed chimera (residual recipient hematopoiesis) with normal levels of hemoglobin.

CONCLUSIONS: HSCT is a highly effective treatment for thalassemic patients who have a fully matched donor (related or unrelated). Younger age at transplant secures excellent results with reduced morbidity and mortality rates.
HEALTH NEEDS OF CHILDREN LIVING IN OUT-OF-HOME CARE
Authors: Tzioumi Dimitra , Nathanson Dania
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Children in out-of-home care have high, unrecognized, and unmet health needs. The combination of exposure to abuse and neglect and a background of social disadvantage place them at significant risk for poor health, which affects their physical, developmental, and emotional health.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to screen children in out-of-home care for unidentified health problems and recommend appropriate health interventions.

METHODS: A health screening clinic for children in out-of-home care was established in a tertiary children's hospital in 2005 in collaboration with social services. Working within a multidisciplinary framework, the children had a comprehensive physical, developmental, and behavioral health screen. Recommendations were made to social services for appropriate health care.

RESULTS: Of the 122 children screened, 24% had incomplete immunizations, 20% had visual problems, 30% had dental problems, and 26% had hearing loss, 45% of the children under 5 years of age had speech delay, 60% failed the developmental screen, and 54% had significant behavioral and emotional problems.

CONCLUSIONS: Children in out-of-home care are a vulnerable group of the child population who experience unacceptable levels of poor health. Comprehensive health screens are important for identifying previously undetected health problems and recommending appropriate health interventions.
Genotypic diversity of S. mutans in dental biofilm formed in situ under sugar stress exposure
Authors: Arthur Rodrigo Alex , Tabchoury Cínthia Pereira Machado , Mattos-Graner Renata de Oliveira , Del Bel Cury Altair A. , Leme Adriana Franco Paes , Vale Gláuber Campos , Cury Jaime Aparecido
Published: January 2008

In situ dental biofilm composition under sugar exposure is well known, but sugar effect on the genotypic diversity of S. mutans in dental biofilm has not been explored. This study evaluated S. mutans genotypic diversity in dental biofilm formed in situ under frequent exposure to sucrose and its monosaccharide constituents (glucose and fructose). Saliva of 7 volunteers was collected for isolation of S. mutans and the same volunteers wore intraoral palatal appliances, containing enamel slabs, which were submitted to the following treatments: distilled and deionized water (negative control), 10% glucose + 10% fructose (fermentable carbohydrates) solution or 20% sucrose (fermentable and EPS inductor) solution, 8x/day. After 3, 7 and 14 days, the biofilms were colleted and S. mutans colonies were isolated. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) of S. mutans showed that salivary genotypes were also detected in almost all biofilm samples, independently of the treatment, and seemed to reflect those genotypes present at higher proportion in biofilms. In addition to the salivary genotypes, others were found in biofilms but in lower proportions and were distinct among treatment. The data suggest that the in situ model seems to be useful to evaluate genotypic diversity of S. mutans, but, under the tested conditions, it was not possible to clearly show that specific genotypes were selected in the biofilm due to the stress induced by sucrose metabolism or simple fermentation of its monosaccharides.
Processos de criação em educadoras: uma experiência e suas implicações
Authors: Maheirie Kátia , Zanella Andréa Vieira , Da Ros Silvia Zanatta , Titon Andréia Piana , Werner Francyne Wolf , Urnau Lílian Caroline , Cabra Marcelo Grimm
Published: January 2008

Este trabalho busca analisar o processo de criação de uma atividade de produção literária, desenvolvida em um curso de formação para professores, intitulado "Oficinas Estéticas: prática pedagógica e atividade criadora". Seu objetivo foi proporcionar a construção de "olhares estéticos" que redimensionassem as relações envolvidas na ação pedagógica por meio de vivências criadoras. Analisou-se o processo de criação, utilizando-se as filmagens das oficinas e o material produzido pelos participantes durante uma atividade de reconstrução de uma história infantil. Os resultados demonstraram que, por meio da imaginação, elementos de histórias conhecidas são combinados aos novos, re-significando e transformando os movimentos dos sujeitos.
A Comparison of the Completeness and Timeliness of Automated Electronic Laboratory Reporting and Spontaneous Reporting of Notifiable Conditions
Authors: Overhage J. Marc , Grannis Shaun , McDonald Clement J.
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined whether automated electronic laboratory reporting of notifiable-diseases results in information being delivered to public health departments more completely and quickly than is the case with spontaneous, paper-based reporting.

Methods. We used data from a local public health department, hospital infection control departments, and a community-wide health information exchange to identify all potential cases of notifiable conditions that occurred in Marion County, Ind, during the first quarter of 2001. We compared traditional spontaneous reporting to the health department with automated electronic laboratory reporting through the health information exchange.

Results. After reports obtained using the 2 methods had been matched, there were 4785 unique reports for 53 different conditions during the study period. Chlamydia was the most common condition, followed by hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and gonorrhea. Automated electronic laboratory reporting identified 4.4 times as many cases as traditional spontaneous, paper-based methods and identified those cases 7.9 days earlier than spontaneous reporting.

Conclusions. Automated electronic laboratory reporting improves the completeness and timeliness of disease surveillance, which will enhance public health awareness and reporting efficiency.
Short-Term Impact Evaluation of a Social Marketing Campaign to Prevent Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Darrow William W. , Biersteker Susan
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We carried out an independent short-term impact evaluation of a social marketing campaign designed to reduce syphilis infections among men who have sex with men in south Florida in 2004.

Methods. Venue-based surveys were conducted shortly after the campaign began and 6 months later to assess changes in exposure to campaign materials, awareness, knowledge about syphilis, perceptions of risk, sexual behavior, clinic visits, and testing and treatment for syphilis among participants.

Results. Exposure to social marketing campaign materials increased from 18.0% at baseline to 36.5% at follow-up (P< .001). Awareness of syphilis and perceptions of risk increased among Broward County residents but not among Miami–Dade County residents. Risky sexual practices and patterns of recreational drug use did not change. No significant increases in knowledge, clinic visits, or testing or treatment for syphilis among participants were detected over the 6-month study period.

Conclusions. None of the campaign objectives were fully met. The interventions were insufficient to produce a significant impact among men who have sex with men in south Florida.
Cs‐Doped and Cs‐S Co‐Doped CuI p‐Type Transparent Semiconductors with Enhanced Conductivity
Authors: Mirza Adeem S. , Vishal Badri , Dally Pia , Schnohr Claudia S. , De Wolf Stefaan , Morales‐Masis Monica
Published: April 2024

One hindrance in transparent electronics is the lack of high‐performance p‐type transparent conductors (TCs). The state‐of‐the‐art p‐type TC, CuI, has a conductivity two orders of magnitude lower than n‐type TCs like ITO. While doping strategies have shown promise in enhancing the hole carrier density in CuI, they often come at the expense of hole mobility. Therefore, understanding how extrinsic dopants affect the mobility of CuI is critical to further improve the performance of CuI‐based TCs. Here the structural and electronic properties of Cs‐doped CuI are investigated. It is demonstrated that ≈4 at.% Cs doping in CuI increases the carrier density from 2.1 × 1019 to 3.8 × 1020 cm−3 while preserving the film microstructure and local coordination of Cu, as confirmed by HRTEM and XAS analysis. Introducing S as a co‐dopant in Cs:CuI boosts the carrier density to 8.2 × 1020 cm−3, reaching a stable conductivity of ≈450 S cm−1. In all cases, the enhanced carrier density negatively affects the hole mobility with ionized impurity scattering and increased Seebeck hole effective mass as mobility limiting mechanisms. Nonetheless, the new Cs, S co‐doped CuI exhibits high p‐type conductivity, Vis–NIR transparency, and stability, presenting an attractive candidate for future transparent electronic devices.
Prevented Cell Clusters’ Migration Via Microdot Biomaterials for Inhibiting Scar Adhesion
Authors: Zhuang Yaping , Lin Feng , Xiang Lei , Cai Zhengwei , Wang Fei , Cui Wenguo
Published: April 2024

Cluster‐like collective cell migration of fibroblasts is one of the main factors of adhesion in injured tissues. In this research, a microdot biomaterial system is constructed using α‐helical polypeptide nanoparticles and anti‐inflammatory micelles, which are prepared by ring‐opening polymerization of α‐amino acids‐N‐carboxylic anhydrides (NCAs) and lactide, respectively. The microdot biomaterial system slowly releases functionalized polypeptides targeting mitochondria and promoting the influx of extracellular calcium ions under the inflammatory environment, thus inhibiting the expression of N‐cadherin mediating cell–cell interaction, and promoting apoptosis of cluster fibroblasts, synergistically inhibiting the migration of fibroblast clusters at the site of tendon injury. Meanwhile, the anti‐inflammatory micelles are celecoxib (Cex) solubilized by PEG/polyester, which can improve the inflammatory microenvironment at the injury site for a long time. In vitro, the microdot biomaterial system can effectively inhibit the migration of the cluster fibroblasts by inhibiting the expression of N‐cadherin between cell–cell and promoting apoptosis. In vivo, the microdot biomaterial system can promote apoptosis while achieving long‐acting anti‐inflammation effects, and reduce the expression of vimentin and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) in fibroblasts. Thus, this microdot biomaterial system provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of tendon adhesion by inhibiting the cluster migration of fibroblasts.
Stabilizing Interfacial Behaviors of Ni‐rich Cathodes by Upcycling of Oyster Shells Waste
Authors: Heo Jun Won , Jung Jae Woo , Kim Jang Kyun , Yim Taeeun
Published: April 2024

Layered lithium oxides (LNCM), with over 60% Ni, are promising cathode materials for electric vehicles due to their high capacity. however, reliable cycling retention cannot easily achieved owing to the instability of the interface. Here, recycled oyster shell (OS) is employed as an efficient precursor for the surface modification of LNCM cathodes; subsequently, Ca‐based artificial cathode–electrolyte interphases (CEI) are obtained at the LNCM interfaces through a simple calcination process. When the pulverized OS is calcined with LNCM cathode materials at elevated temperatures, CaCO3 is converted to CaO via thermal decomposition at the LNCM interface, which effectively protects the unstable interface. Microscopic analyses indicate the nanodomain island‐type CEI layers embedded after OS calcination. The OS‐coated LNCM cathode materials increase the cycling retention after 100 cycles (93.8% vs. 62.7%) and decrease the internal cell pressure by preventing electrolyte decomposition. Incorporating Ca into the LNCM cathode materials also inhibits microcrack formation because of the improvement in particle hardness and the remarkable decrease in the irreversible dissolution of transition metals from LNCM cathodes, considering that Ca plays a crucial role in scavenging fluoride species. Consequently, recycling OS as a functional LNCM precursor is an innovative approach for enhanced cycling retention.
Partial Exsolution Enables Superior Bifunctionality of Ir@SrIrO3 for Acidic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhao Ling , Tao Zetian , You Maosheng , Xiao Huangwei , Wang Sijiao , Ma Wenjia , Huang Yonglong , He Beibei , Chen Qi
Published: April 2024

The pursuit of efficient and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting in acidic media is highly desirable, albeit challenging. SrIrO3 based perovskites are electrochemically active for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), however, their inert activities toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) severely restrict the practical implementation in overall water splitting. Herein, an Ir@SrIrO3 heterojunction is newly developed by a partial exsolution approach, ensuring strong metal‐support interaction for OER and HER. Notably, the Ir@SrIrO3‐175 electrocatalyst, prepared by annealing SrIrO3 in 5% H2 atmosphere at 175 °C, delivers ultralow overpotentials of 229 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for OER and 28 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for HER, surpassing most recently reported bifunctional electrocatalysts. Moreover, the water electrolyzer using the Ir@SrIrO3‐175 bifunctional electrocatalyst demonstrates the potential application prospect with high electrochemical performance and excellent durability in acidic environment. Theoretical calculations unveil that constructing Ir@SrIrO3 heterojunction regulates interfacial electronic redistribution, ultimately enabling low energy barriers for both OER and HER.