bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Federal Bureaucracy and Separation of Powers
Authors: Marion David E.
Published: March 2007

The approaching bicentennial of the Constitution is provoking renewed interest in the political thought of the founding period. In this connection, this essay makes the case for drawing on the political reasoning of founders such as Hamilton to illuminate the place of the federal administration in our system of separated and divided powers. Particularly highlighted is the reliance placed by Hamilton and Madison on a sound administration to promote competence in government. The essay ends by illustrating how a proper understanding of the founders' reasoning could improve the way in which practitioners and theorists approach the role of the bureaucracy in the constitutional system.
Public Members on Professional Regulatory Boards
Authors: Miller Edward J.
Published: March 2007

Members of occupational licensing boards historically were chosen exclusively from the professions being regulated. Claims that these boards were protecting professionals rather than regulating them in the public interest led to the addition of public (lay) members. This study investigates the role and impact of public members for attorney Committees on Professional Responsibility in Wisconsin. The conclusions are that public members tend to come from financial fields, are less active than professionals in their committee service, and are not more severe than other members in recommending disciplinary action.
The Availability of Volunteers
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

Estimates from survey research place the number of volunteers at nearly half the American populace. This article finds, in contrast, that the percentage of volunteers who satisfy the needs of public organizations for delivering services is far smaller and decreasing. Moreover, local governments ma)' well be at a competitive disadvantage to nonprofit agencies in attracting and sustaining their contributions. The article concludes with a discussion of strategies to enhance recruitment efforts.
Peter F. Drucker and Decentralized Administration of the Federal Government
Authors: Gazell James A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the outlook of Peter E Drucker toward the national government and public administrators in the United States. The main theme of this study is Drucker's belief that the federal government can become more effective by reducing its role as a problem solver and adopting a much diminished role as the arbiter of national purposes whose accomplishments would be left mainly to nongovernmental institutions and nonprofit organizations. The article covers three subjects: (a) Drucker's background, (b) his major allegations of deficiencies in the federal government and its civil servants, and (c) his vision of a goal-setting, environment-regulating role for this government sector.
Public Involvement and Governmental Effectiveness
Authors: Thomas John Clayton
Published: March 2007

Public managers have faced a difficult challenge in recent years: Involve the public more actively in the managerial process, they are told, but not at the expense of governmental effectiveness. Earlier research suggested that a model adapted from the literature on small-group decision making may help in meeting this challenge. According to the model the desirable degree of public involvement varies by issue; issues carrying greater needs for "acceptability" demand more involvement, issues with greater needs for "quality" demand less. This Effective Decision Model must still be tested against competing explanations of governmental effectiveness and assessed for its practical utility. This article undertakes those tasks using data from a reanalysis of 42 public decisions made with varying degrees of public involvement. The findings suggest that the Effective Decision Model can substantially improve our understanding of the relationship between public involvement and governmental effectiveness. The article concludes by explaining the model's implications for how public managers should approach issues of public involvement.
Care, Justice, and Public Administration
Authors: Jos Philip H. , Hines Samuel M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the implications of recent debate regarding the nature of moral development and moral maturily for public sector ethics. The research of Carol Gilligan and others has suggested that the conventional account of moral maturity (an "ethic of justice") overlooks an alternative "ethic of care," allegedly found only among women. Although these differing models of moral maturity are not as conceptually or empirically distinct as they initially appeared, treating the care and justice perspectives as ideal types demonstrates that neither provides a defensible account of moral maturity. The authors explain how an exclusive reliance on either impartial rationality or care and concern for particular others poses serious problems for administrators and that the administrative role demands capacities for ethical judgment and action associated with both the care and justice perspectives.
A Comparative Assessment of Public Administration Journal Publications
Authors: Houston David J. , Delevan Sybil M.
Published: March 2007

Recent critiques of public administration research have admonished scholars for the lack of rigor in their quantitative research. This study extends the ongoing debate by comparing research published in six public administration journals with that conducted in three related academic fields and three administratively focused practitioner-oriented fields. In general, it is found that public administration research is less oriented toward theory testing and is less quantitatively rigorous than that conducted in the academic fields. Although less conclusive, the findings of the comparison of practitioner-oriented fields suggest that although public administration research may not be atypical of that conducted in such fields, it cannot be counted among the more quantitatively rigorous of those fields.
Self-Inflicted Capture
Authors: Litz Reginald A.
Published: March 2007

Regulatory theorists propose the possibility of regulatory agency `capture' by external interests. However, the possibility of internal capture, meaning `self-inflicted, `that reflects regulator self-deception has not been expressly considered. This article probes this possibility by reviewing and integrating available literature on self-deception with regulatory enforcement literature. A five-stage model of regulatory enforcement behavior reflecting by a self-deceptive motive is advanced. A series of propositions arising from the model are presented. he article concludes with recommendations for minimizing self-inflicted capture's recurrence in the future.
Symbolic Seduction in the Workplace
Authors: Allcorn Seth
Published: March 2007

This article offers psychodynamic insight into one controversial aspect of the workplace and addresses the following themes. First, a few women who have low self-esteem and who perceive themselves to be attractive are unconsciously motivated to seek the attention of male authority figures to stave off feelings of worthlessness and undesirability. The concept of symbolic seduction is introduced to explain this phenomenon. Second, symbolic seduction constitutes a form of sexual harassment. Male authority figures are unconsciously sought out and seduced into finding the woman to be desirable. It is asserted that this behavior is unwelcome by men. Third, these considerations apply equally well to men who suffer from low self-esteem. They seek attachment to and control over women to compensate for frustrated attachment and autonomy needs relative to their mothers.
The Intellectual Crisis in Public Administration in the Current Epoch of Privatization
Authors: Haque M. Shamsul
Published: March 2007

In the current epoch, due to the worldwide movement of privatization, public administration as a field of study has come under considerable intellectual challenge. The genre of intellectual crisis created by this historical phenomenon is different from and more disparaging than the previous modes of crisis, such as the paradigm crisis and identity crisis, in the field The newly emerging intellectual crisis in public administration takes three main forms: the credibility crisis, the normative crisis, and the confidence crisis. In this article, the nature and causes of this current crisis are explicated and alternative intellectual strategies to overcome such crisis are explored
The Institutionalization of Nonprofit Human Service Delivery
Authors: Bielefeld Wolfgang , Corbin John J.
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates that political culture is an important factor for human service delivery systems. Information from two metropolitan areas with different political cultures is used to test expectations regarding the design andfunctioning of these systems. Thefindings indicate that in a moralistic (as opposed to a traditionalistic-individualistic) political culture, state and local governments spend more for human services, provide more funding to nonprofit organizations, and compensate forfederal human service program budget reductions. In a traditionalistic-individualistic culture, on the other hand, the private sector is relatively more important for the funding of nonprofits and for their adjustment to federal budget cuts. This has implications for the level and range of human services available to the citizens of a community andfor the changes that can be expected in communities over time.
Cultural Resources and Psychological Adjustment of African American Children: Effects of Spirituality and Racial Attribution
Authors: Christian Marcelle D. , Barbarin Oscar A.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the relationship of a family’s sociocultural resources to adjustment in a sample of low-income African American children from Ohio and Southeastern Michigan. Children of parents attending church at least weekly had fewer problems compared to those whose parents attended less frequently. Furthermore, the use of racial attributions to explain negative life outcomes was related to more frequent behavior problems. These data confirm the importance of religion as a sociocultural resource in African American families, one that potentially contributes to resilience of children at risk for behavioral or emotional maladjustment as a function of growing up in poor families and communities. In contrast, the data point out the complexity in the effects of reliance on racial attributions to explain outcomes. Although many have argued that such attributions may be a protective factor, they did not protect against children’s behavior problems.
Racial Group Concept and Self-Esteem in Black Children
Authors: Clark Maxine L.
Published: March 2007

The relationship of racial group concepts (racial preference and racial attitudes) to general and specific self-esteem in Black children was examined. The study also attempted to validate the belief of Nobles (1973) that racial group attitudes influence the Black American's concept of "self." The subjects were 210 Black children in grades three to six. A Black ex perimenter administered a variation of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory to measure general and specific self-esteem, and a measure designed after the PRAM II test to measure racial preference and racial attitude. Results indicated no linear relationships between racial group concepts and general or specific self-esteem, but more complex relationships were found. Significant grade-level differences were found, along with physical/appearance esteem, as the single best predictor of general self-esteem.
Perceived Parental Activity of Mothers, Fathers, and Grandmothers in Three-Generational Black Families
Authors: Wilson Melvin N.
Published: March 2007

Grandmothers, mothers, fathers, and children between the ages of 8-14 reported their perceptions of adult childrearing activities. For the 60 participating families, there were two levels of family structure, single-parent or dual-parent, two levels of grandmother's domicile, living with the family or living in the local community, and the sex of the child. The results indicated grandmothers perceived themselves and were perceived as having more active involvement with children when they lived with their single adult daughter than in the other conditions. Also fathers of sons were perceived as more involved with their children than were the fathers of daughters. Generally, these findings indicated that Black family patterns are more complex than previously assumed.
Traditional African Medicine and the Optimal Theory: Universal Insights for Health and Healing
Authors: Mphande Lupenga , James-Myers Linda
Published: March 2007

This article explores the methods and practices of traditional African medicine in light of current research in modern physics and neuroscience using optimal theory, which comes from anAfrocentric culturalframe of reference, as the basis for interpretation. The utility of examining data from multicultural frames of reference for the purpose of cross-fertilization is illustrated. The Vimbuza healing practices of the Tumbuka people of northern Malawi and the changing significance of those practices when examined from the assumptions of optimal theory (Myers, 1988) provide the core data describedv The paradox of cultural imperialism, transition, and assimilation for mental health and healing amongAfrican people throughout the world is discussed in terms of implications for future research.
Identifying African American Gifted Children Using a Behavioral Assessment Technique: The Gifted Children Locator
Authors: Hamilton Seward E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an alternative nontraditional technique for identifying gifted African American children. This measure more adequately considers the cultural norms and values of the African American community whereas traditional measures define giftedness according to a European cultural value standardL The redefinition of giftedness from anAfrican cultural-centeredperspective of optimal performance is discussed. The Gifted Children Locator (GCL) for Parents (GCL-P) and Teachers (GCL-T) are presented as criterion measures developed to identify AfricanAmerican children who have exhibited outstanding performance through a behavioral observational-interview rating scale. Initial reliability and validity studies are described.
An Africentric Model for AIDS Education, Prevention, and Psychological Services within the African American Community
Authors: Foster Pamela M. , Phillips Frederick , Belgrave Faye Z. , Randolph Suzanne M. , Braithwaite Noel
Published: March 2007

There is a widening gap between the growing numbers ofAfrican Americans with HIVand AIDS and culturally specific programs that address education, prevention, and psychological services within the African American community. This article describes an Africentric model for training psychologists who deliver AIDS education, prevention, and services within the African American community. The principles of NTU and Nguzo Saba were used in the training of 75 African American psychologists with the expectation that they would use these principles when doing education, prevention, and intervention activities within their communities. The article provides a historical context and conceptual framework for the program along with a summary of the impact of the program and implications for future programming and research.
On the Desirability of Own-Group Preference
Authors: Penn Michael L. , Gaines Stanley O. , Phillips Layli
Published: March 2007

This article reviews and critiques the ethnic preference research that views minorities'own-group preference behavior as indicative of self-esteem and identity achievement. The assumption that own-group preference is ideal, normative, or healthy is called into question and an alternative conceptualization is advanced. It is argued that with age and maturity individuals should find themselves less prone to accept or reject ethnically salient stimuli solely on the basis of the surface features of those stimuli and more on the basis of whether such stimuli reflect personal interests, inner experiences, values, and intrapsychic needs.
Perceived Attractiveness, Facial Features, and African Self-Consciousness
Authors: Chambers John W. , Clark Tangela , Dantzler Leatha , Baldwin Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationships between perceived attractiveness, facial features, and African self-consciousness (ASC). Attractiveness was assessed by having subjects assign descriptive adjectives (that varied from negative to positive) to three pictures: an African American female with a high prevalence of African facialfeatures, an African Amenican female with a low prevalence of African facial features, and a White female picture. A total of 149 African American college students participated. It was hypothesized that subjects high in ASC would select more positive adjectives in their descriptions of the high African facialfeatures picture than would low ASC subjects, who, in turn, would select more positive adjectives in their description of the White picture than high ASCsubjects. A 2 x 3 x 3 mixedANOVA was computedforsex, ASC (low, medium, and high), with the three pictures as a repeated measures variable. The dependent variable was the assignment of adjectives to the pictures. There was a main effect forpictures: The two African American pictures were rated higher (more positive adjectives selected) than the White picture. There was a significant ASC by picture interaction. As predicted, highASCsubjects used more positive adjectives in their descriptions of the high African facial features picture than did the medium or low ASC subjects. The results are discussed within the context of Afrocentric values in the lives of African Americans.
The Communalism Scale and Collectivistic-Individualistic Tendencies: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Jagers Robert J. , Mock Lynne O.
Published: March 2007

Communalism is an Afrocultural dimension that highlights the fundamental interdependence of people. This two-part study provided data on the construct validity of a newly developed Communalism Scale by exploring its relationship with indexes of collectivistic and individualistic tendencies. One hundred and ten African American college students completed the Communalism Scale and indexes of self-concept and interpersonal attitudes. Eighty-six students returned to complete measures of values and in-group identifications. Results conformed largely to expectations. Communalism Scale scores were negatively correlated with individualistic attitudes. Positive relationships werefound between communalism scores and collectivistic attitudes, values, and perceived similarity to parents, relatives, and ethnic group. Discussion focuses on the implications for future research using the Communalism Scale.
Black Racial Identity and Psychosocial Competence: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Carter Robert T. , DeSole Leah , Sicalides Evangeline I. , Glass Kenneth , Tyler Forrest B.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated whether Black racial identity attitudes predict psychosocial competence as defined by Tyler's tridimensional model. In particular, two aspects of Tyler's model of psychosocial competence were examined: self-attitudes and behavioral attitudes. Participants in this study were 103 (65 females, 38 males) Black undergraduates who completed the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale, the Behavioral Attributes of Psychosocial Competence Scale, and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. The study found gender differences in racial identity attitudes for the sample. However, multiple regression analyses found that Black racial identity attitudes are not associated with one's sense of psychosocial competence. Although the results were not significant, analyses of individual / weights within the regression equations suggested that the influence of racial identity attitudes on psychosocial competence may operate differently for men and women.
African Self-Consciousness, Misorientation Behavior, and a Self-Destructive Disorder: African American Male Crack-Cocaine Users
Authors: Dixon Patricia , ya Azibo Daudi Ajani
Published: March 2007

Addiction to substances is among the self-destructive disordersfound in the Azibo nosology. It is theorized that underlying these disorders is psychological misorientation that results from a distortion in African Self-Consciousness (ASC). To explore ASC and the relationship between it and misorientation behavior for a population of 101 African American males suffering from crack-cocaine addiction, the ASC scale and a background questionnaire measuring misorientation behaviorwere administered, andfactorand chi-square analyses were conducted. The results ofafactor analysis of the ASC scale yielded twofactors and indicated that there may be some distortion inASCfor this population. Chi-square analyses revealed no significant difference in misorientation behavior between the first and fourth quartile groups created on the two factors. Chi square analyses conducted on the total sample classified into three ASC orientation groups (incorrect ASC orientation, ASC orientation unclear, ASC orientation correct); however, they did yield significant differences in misorientation behavior Results are discussed in terms of Kambon 's (1992) African personality theory, the Azibo nosology (Azibo, 1989, in press), and psychodynamics perhaps characteristic of this population.
African American Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease: Support Groups and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Telfair Joseph , Gardner Marilyn M.
Published: March 2007

There has been little systematic study of the impact of support groups on the psychological well-being (PWB) of adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD). Questionnaires, administered by group leaders of 12 SCD support groups, were completed and returned from 79 (80%) of the 99 African American adolescent SCD support group members recruited into this study. Multiple regression analysis revealed that PWB was best predicted by fewer physical symptoms and greater satisfaction with the group. To test a buffering hypothesis of social support, two 2 2 analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were computed to test the interaction of group satisfaction and (a) physical symptoms and (b) pain on PWB. Group satisfaction showed a main effect for each ANOVA. An interaction effect between pain and group satisfaction was detected, supporting a buffering hypothesis. This suggests that adolescents with SCD associate pain, but not physical symptoms, as high stressors. Professionals can enhance their effectiveness as providers of social and mental health services by understanding the role support groups play in the overall well-being of adolescents with SCD.
Improving Professional Practice in an Ontario School Psychological Service
Authors: McCallum Jason W. , Bowers Joan E.
Published: March 2007

One of the benefits gained from changing positions is the opportunity to reflect on former work and roles. The senior author is having an opportunity for such reflection on his work as Coordinator of Psychological Services for the York County Board of Education (YCBE) in Ontario, while he is an exchange psychologist working with the Warwickshire Education Committee in England. As he reflects on his introduction to an education system strange to him, to communities considerably different from those with which he is familiar and a service that attends to twice as many students with half as many staff, he has reviewed how he helped members joining the psychological service of the YCBE adjust to their roles. The induction of new members parallels the attention given to improving the professional practices of all school psychologists in YCBE. This paper records the supervisory practices undertaken in the YCBE psychology department, for supervision is seen as the most important of the efforts extended to improve the professional practice of all members of the service.
Academic Achievement and Locus of Control in Father-Absent Elementary School Children
Authors: Bain Heather C. , Boersma Frederic J. , Chapman James W.
Published: March 2007

Standardized achievement scores and academic locus of control were investigated in 28 father-absent (FA) and 28 father-present (FP) third-grade children of similar IQ characteristics. Father-absent children performed significantly worse than FP children in reading achievement. There were no differences between the two groups for spelling and arithmetic, but FA males performed significantly worse than FA females, whose achievement level was closer to that of the FP males and females. For academic locus of control, FA children, compared with FP children, tended to perceive successful achievement outcomes as being related to external sources of control such as task ease or teacher assistance. On the other hand, the two groups took similar responsibility for their failures. Together, the results of this study suggest that for FA and FP groups of similar IQ characteristics, there is already some evidence of the detrimental effects of father absence on cognitive development by the third grade. Further, the academic locus of control characteristics of the one-parent children suggest that their achievement deficits may become more marked in later grades.
Case Study: The Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-up of an Under-Achieving Child
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

John, aged 12 years, was a typical case from a large and increasing number of similar cases of under-achieving children. Before proceeding to the detailed approach and analysis of the case, it is necessary to see what problems John had in connection with parental expectations and the school which he attended.
Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Intelligence Test in Thailand and in Denmark: A Response
Authors: Raven John
Published: March 2007

Dr Poulsen (School Psychology International, 4(3)), in common with many other critics of testing, fails to distinguish between the value of a test and the uses to which it is put. Paradoxically, it is only the availability of tests which allows psychologists to come to the conclusion that certain abilities, motivational dispositions or attitudes do not reflect stable individual differences but experience or the particular situation in which an individual has been placed (J. Raven, 1979).
Use of Sociometric Peer Nominations in Classifying Socially Ignored versus Socially Rejected Chilren
Authors: Lazarus Philip J. , Weinstock Stuart
Published: March 2007

Researchers.have attempted to increase the social skills in young children identified as social isolates. However, a classification system that accurately describes these youngsters has yet to be developed. The authors propose that through the use of the sociometric peer nomination technique socially isolated children can be separated into two classification groups: the socially ignored and the socially rejected. Separating these youngsters into two groups will help researchers obtain more information about the behaviour of these youngsters and will facilitate intervention strategies specifically designed for each population.
Cross-cultural Translation and Validation of Two US Psychoeducational Assessment Instruments
Authors: Fouad Nadya A. , Bracken Bruce A.
Published: March 2007

Procedures were examined for determining the culture-appropriateness of two instruments used frequently by school psychologists: one was designed for a high-school and adult population, and the other for use with young children. Traditional translation procedures as outlined by Butcher (1982) are detailed, using the example of the cross-cultural Spanish translation and validation of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, an interest inventory used in vocational school psychology. These traditional translation and validation procedures are not appropriate, however, for achievement tests, and an alternate non-traditional content validation procedure is outlined, using the Bracken Basic Concept Scale as a pre-school example.
Language Testing of Preschool Children in a Bilingual Population (Alsace, France)
Authors: Chevrie-Muller Claude , Le Normand Marie-Therese , Bouyer Jean , Stirne Renee
Published: March 2007

Many allegations have been made in sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic literature about tests used with bilingual children. When testing such children, it is important to gain an appreciation of cultural factors which may affect the assessment. In the present study information about Home Language Behaviour was obtained for 2487 preschool children. From this sample, 497 were examined: Home Language Behaviour was (1) unilingual French, (2) equally French and Alsacian or (3) mostly or uniquely Alsacian. The data obtained demonstrated that bilingual Alsacian children did not perform as well as French unilinguals in routine verbal tests. Significant differences persisted even when other relevant factors, such as educational level of the parents, had been taken into account. Such a disadvantage was not prevented by giving the children the opportunity to use their dialect and to switch from one language to another throughout the test session.
A Descriptive Study of Psychological Service Delivery in Selected Rural School Settings
Authors: Mcleskey James , Waldron Nancy L. , Cummings Jack A. , Huebner E. Scott
Published: March 2007

This investigation utilized qualitative methods to provide in-depth information regarding the nature and scope of problems faced by rural school psychologists in a diverse array of settings. Interviews were conducted with a total of fifty psychologists who practiced at ten sites in five states to determine problem areas and procedures used to deal with these problems. The results indicate that difficulties exist in particular settings in overcoming resistance to change and suspicion from school staff and parents; traveling to widely scattered schools or over hazardous terrain; working with the constraint of insufficient resources; and working with children from low SES, educationally deprived backgrounds. Specific approaches used to overcome these problems are suggested. In sum, if psychological service delivery is to be efficiently, effectively achieved, the role of the school psychologist must be adapted to fit the unique ecology of a given rural setting.
Study Skills and Problem-Solving Strategies in Spanish Students
Authors: Caballos Amalia M. , Esteban Andres
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an investigation into reported study skills, motivation and creativity and their relation to academic achievement and problem-solving strategies in a sample of Spanish high-school students. The International Study Skills Inventory (Sakamoto, 1983) was administered to 197 students attending two Seville high schools together with a non-verbal cognitive problem (Esteban, 1976). Factor analysis revealed considerable overlap with previous findings in the key factors of study skills, motivation and creativity. Current and, to a lesser extent, projected academic success, and successful problem-solving strategies were found to correlate with specific responses to the ISSI. The Spanish group were found to favour a more passive approach to study which did not relate particularly well to open-ended problem-solving. Further consideration of the whole area of attitudes to study by school psychologists is recommended.
Canadian Children's Performance on the Matrix Analogies Test
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Bardos Achilles N.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the performance differences between Canadian and American samples on the Matrix Analogies Test-Short Form (MAT-SF) (Naglieri, 1985). The MAT-SF was administered in group format to 407 Canadian students from Edmonton, Alberta. The means and standard deviations earned by the Canadian students were compared to those earned by American students of the same ages who constituted the MAT-SF normative sample. Results indicated that the means of the Canadian sample were not significantly different at three of the age groups and were significantly higher at two ages than for the American samples. Interpretation of these data and their implications for the use of the MAT-SF in Canada are presented.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Ideational Fluency in Preschool Children
Authors: Marcos Greta Gustafson , Moran James D.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the construct validity of a Spanish version of the Multidimensional Stimulus Fluency Measure (MSFM). Children were tested individually by one examiner using the MSFM; a measure previously used in the USA and Israel. Results indicated that all individual items were somewhat correlated to total score, but the uses task proved to yield unscorable responses. For remaining tasks there is a significant order effect, that is, the number of original responses increased in the course of the sequential responding. There is also a strong correlation between quality and quantity. Paraguayan children gave three to five times as many popular responses as children in comparable studies in the USA and Israel, although the number of original responses were similar. Thus, it is popular responses that seemed to be most affected by cultural or contextual variables.
Remembering the Future
Authors: Gindis Boris
Published: March 2007

'Glasnost' in the Soviet Union has brought about a new awareness of the controversial status of school psychology in the USSR. This article presents an overview of the current state of Soviet psychology in terms of specialty training, practical functioning, professional affiliations and communication. The origin of the present crisis in Soviet psychology can be traced to historical factors related to educational and school psychology. This crisis, as viewed by Soviet psychologists, along with proposals for remedies of past abuses, is described. Prevailing models of development, organizational structure, interaction with school personnel, methods of psychological assessment, professional training and other problems of modern Soviet school psychology are also discussed. The future development of school psychology in the USSR is examined against the background of the overall socio-economic restructuring of Soviet society.
An Investigation of Factors Contributing to Teachers' Job Satisfaction
Authors: Kniveton Bromley H.
Published: March 2007

This study examines by questionnaire and interview whether certain factors are related to satisfaction levels in 155 school teachers. It was found that teachers scoring lower on the satisfaction scale placed greater emphasis on the use of new technologies and of teaching aids in general, and taught larger classes than did those scoring higher on the satisfaction scales. Those scoring lower on the satisfaction scale also had unfulfilled expectations, wanting more involvement on the part of pupils and felt that their own influence on those pupils should be greater. It is also true that some teachers who had higher levels of satisfaction were frustrated by feeling not well enough paid and from being overly restricted by their superiors. It is clear that there is much scope to improve the satisfaction levels of teachers by training, and to eliminate, by good management, factors which can frustrate and irritate unnecessarily. The need to keep class sizes as small as possible, and also to train teachers in the skills needed to involve their pupils in their classroom activities was emphasized.
Teacher Acceptance of Psychological Interventions of Varying Theoretical Orientation
Authors: Schneider Barry H. , Kerridge Anne , Katz Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Acceptability to the client plays an important role in adherence to psychological interventions for atypical children. Previous research has established that teacher acceptance of psychological treatments varies as a function of the severity of the target problem, the time needed to implement the intervention and several other factors. The major objective of the current research was to expand the number and theoretical diversity of treatments surveyed. Three social learning methods (coaching, modeling and problem solving) were compared with two behavior modification techniques (time out and token reinforcement) and three traditional clinical treatments (family therapy, pharmacotherapy and play therapy), using the Treatment Evaluation Inventory (Kazdin, 1980a). Subjects were ten male and forty-three female regular and special education teachers from the Ottawa area. Participants listened to an audiocassette on which one of two hypothetical cases was described (either a withdrawn or an aggressive child), followed by a second cassette on which either seven (withdrawn child) or eight (aggressive child) possible interventions were suggested. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that teachers preferred family therapy over all other forms of intervention, and that pharmacotherapy was rated as the least acceptable. Teacher assignment, type of disorder and teachers' gender were also found to influence acceptability ratings.
Pupils' Perceptions of Their Own Behaviour
Authors: Guernina Z.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to provide data regarding the incidence of behaviour problems among a sample of adolescents in a specific representative area of Algeria (Hussein Dey) and their association with factors such as age, gender, type of school, linguistic orientation. The main value of this paper lies in its clarification of the nature and extent of behaviour problems among a sample of adolescents in Algiers, the development evaluation of the pupils' behaviour scales rating by themselves and analysis of the related factors. A description of the pupils' adjustment scale is provided with a brief explanation of the development of the instrument. Evidence concerning validity and reliability is reported in addition to a Varimax rotational factor analysis. The questionnaire was found to provide a reasonable diagnostic appraisal and proved to be valid and reliable as an instrument for assessing pupils' self rated adjustment.
Differential Diagnosis of Children with ADHD and ADHD/with Co-Occurring Conduct Disorder
Authors: Semrud-Clikeman Margaret , Hynd George W. , Lorys Alison R. , Lahey Benjamin B.
Published: March 2007

The WISC-R factors, Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization and Freedom from Distractibility (FFD) were examined for their discriminant validity in diagnosing children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ADHD with co-occurring Conduct Disorder (ADHD + CD) and those comprising a clinic control population. Contrary to expectations and clinical practice, the FFD factor did not significantly discriminate among children comprising the three diagnostic groups. The verbal comprehension and perceptual organizational factors significantly distinguished between children with and without conduct disorder, but not between the clinic control and ADHD children. Therefore, the ADHD + CD group's performance on the WISC-R factors qualitatively differs from children with internalizing disorders or ADHD, and as such is most likely a separate population. Furthermore, the use of the FFD factor did not provide sufficient sensitivity for a discriminative diagnosis (a miss rate of 50 percent for clinic control, 64.3 percent for ADHD and 38.1 percent for ADHD + CD).
Brief Therapy for School Problems
Authors: Murphy John J.
Published: March 2007

Large caseloads and other demands make it difficult for school psychologists to meet with students for an extended period of time to resolve school problems. This article describes and illustrates a practical, time-sensitive approach to school-related problems brief therapy. A general overview of brief therapy is presented, followed by a discussion of its key features. Conceptual and technical differences between brief therapy and extended therapy are highlighted. Next, specific aims and tasks of the assessment/intervention process are presented. Two case illustrations are provided to further clarify the approach. Finally, implications and limitations of brief therapy for school problems are discussed.
Creating Developmental Learning Environments
Authors: Holzman Lois
Published: March 2007

This article presents developmental learning, an approach practiced at the Barbara Taylor School in New York City, that has been influenced by key methodological insights and empirical findings of Lev Vygotsky about how children learn and develop. The argument is made that Vygotsky's work reveals a critical feature of human development: development is simultaneously the tool-and-result of developmental activity, rather than the outcome, in a means-end, tool for result fashion, of something prior. Vygotsky's analysis of the languagelearning 'zone of proximal development' of infancy and early childhood is analyzed as a model of the creation of a developmental environment. An example of a math 'lesson' from the Barbara Taylor School is next presented as an instance of creating a developmental environment in this elementary school. An activity-oriented analysis of the 'lesson' is presented, highlighting the importance of: the joint activity ofmeaningmaking; supporting children to do what they don't know how to do; and the role of teachers being good learners (rather than good 'knowers') in creating environments in which learning leads development.
Quality in Education According to the Teachings of Deming and Feuerstein
Authors: Tribus Myron
Published: March 2007

The successful transformation of education to a system of continuous improvement requires a simultaneous paradigm shift on the part of managers and administrators, with respect to how schools and school systems are managed, and teachers, parents and students with respect to how classroom experiences are organized and managed. The practices and theories advocated by W. Edwards Deming, proven so successful in industry have been applied also to the operation of schools. The theory and practices for learning, applied originally to help the learning disabled have also been used to advantage with ordinary and gifted students. Combining these two approaches will lead to more powerful synergies.
Problems with the School Psychology Consultative Service Delivery Model that Affect the Implementation of School-Based Intervention Programs
Authors: Kehle Thomas J. , Bray Melissa A. , Nastasi Bonnie K.
Published: March 2007

The study evaluated the effects of an intervention program designed for students with behavior disorders within the context of a consultative service delivery model. The intervention program focused on reducing inattentiveness and non-compliance to increase the probability of successful reintegration into regular educational settings. The results, as measured by a behavior observation instrument, indicated improved academic on-task performance and compliance. However, the results based on teacher ratings did not concur. It is hypothesized that these conflicting results were due to difficulties inherent within the correct implementation of the consultative model.
Gender and Grade Differences in Elementary School Children's Descriptive and Evaluative Self-Statements and Self-Esteem
Authors: Burnett Paul C.
Published: March 2007

Gender and developmental differences in self-description, self-evaluation and self-esteem were investigated using 957 elementary school children in grades 3 to 7. Gender differences were found for six of the seven descriptive statements and for five of the seven evaluative statements. The major gender stereotypical findings from previous studies were replicated. Boys reported higher scores than girls on descriptive and evaluative statements about their physical abilities and mathematics, while girls reported higher scores on descriptive and evaluative statements about reading. Declines over time were noted for all self-evaluations except having good relations with peers and for global self-esteem, providing some support for the notion that the decline in self-concepts and self-esteem may be attributed to the children's perceptions of themselves becoming more accurate and less egocentric in line with their cognitive capacity to integrate external feedback realistically.
A Multi-Year Home-Based Program to Promote Development of Young Palestinian Children Who Exhibit Developmental Delays
Authors: Oakland Thomas
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of the Portage Program, a home-based prescriptive-teaching secondary-prevention program based on behavioral principles and designed to promote development in infant and children who display general cognitive and related disabilities, was examined over a five year period. The progress of 396 children with handicapping conditions who reside in the Gaza Strip was followed. Children in the three lowest levels of ability made little change in their rates of development while those in the two highest levels displayed decrements in their rates of development. Additional empirical studies on the Portage Program are warranted to determine the types of children and the environmental conditions associated with its effects.
Clinical Supervision for School Psychologists
Authors: Fischetti Barbara A. , Crespi Tony D.
Published: March 2007

A United States national survey of 500 practicing school psychologists was conducted to assess current practice trends in clinical supervision. A resultant sample of 323 responses were received, provid ing a usable response rate of 65 percent. The data indicated that while 10 percent of practicing school psychologists were participating in individual and/or group clinical supervision nationwide, respondents were receiving less supervision than recommended by APA or NASP professional standards. Of note, clinically supervised (91 percent) and non-clinically supervised (70 percent) school psychologists overwhelm ingly indicated that school psychologists should participate in clinical supervision.
Critique of the Political Economy of Education: The Prokla Approach.
Authors: Broady Donald
Published: March 2007

The so-called reconstruction of Marx's critique of political economy was a significant feature in the central European Marxist discussions of the late sixties and early seventies. In the wave of this theoretical reconstruction movement, a new research discipline appeared: 'Marxist economics of education', or 'the critique of the political economy of education'. The most influential contributions came from researchers associated with the West Berlin journal PROKLA Probleme des Klassenkampfes. This article is a review of the debate during the seventies, from the pioneering contributions of the Prokla circle (Elmar Altvater and others), through the objections that were raised against their approach, to some possibilities for further research in the field.
Trade Unions and Producer Co-operatives
Authors: Cornforth Chris
Published: March 2007

Although the trade union and producer co-operative movements have similar historical roots and share many common aims, the relationships between the two have often been uneasy. As the number of new producer co-operatives has recently increased rapidly in many Western countries this paper aims to reexamine the relationship between the two movements. The paper is in two parts. The first part re-appraises some of the arguments against trade unions supporting producer co-operatives. The second part describes the role that trade unions could play both within individual producer co-operatives and in the wider movement. The author concludes that both movements have much to gain from closer collaboration.
Questions of Income Distribution in Poland
Authors: Pohorille Maksymilian
Published: March 2007

The breakdown in Poland's economic development has been accompanied by exacerbation of income distribution problems. The agreements between the government and the new trade unions have precipitated a specific wages revolution. Workers' pay has grown much more rapidly than that of salary earners. With changes in pay have gone shifts in incomes between town and country and uncontrolled redistribution stemming from market disorganization. The planned overhaul of retail prices which forms part of a general economic reform requires the creation of a 'welfare screen' to protect the lowest-earning groups.