bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Connecting evolutionary morphology to genomics using ontologies: a case study from Cypriniformes including zebrafish
Authors: Mabee Paula M. , Arratia Gloria , Coburn Miles , Haendel Melissa , Hilton Eric J. , Lundberg John G. , Mayden Richard L. , Rios Nelson , Westerfield Monte
Published: June 2007

One focus of developmental biology is to understand how genes regulate development, and therefore examining the phenotypic effects of gene mutation is a major emphasis in studies of zebrafish and other model organisms. Genetic change underlies alterations in evolutionary characters, or phenotype, and morphological phylogenies inferred by comparison of these characters. We will utilize both existing and new ontologies to connect the evolutionary anatomy and image database that is being developed in the Cypriniformes Tree of Life project to the Zebrafish Information Network (HYPERLINK “file://localhost/Library/Local%20Settings/Temp/zfin.org” zfin.org) database. Ontologies are controlled vocabularies that formally represent hierarchical relationships among defined biological concepts. If used to recode the free‐form text descriptors of anatomical characters, evolutionary character data can become more easily computed, explored, and mined. A shared ontology for homologous modules of the phenotype must be referenced to connect the growing databases in each area in a way that evolutionary questions can be addressed. We present examples that demonstrate the broad utility of this approach.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:655–668, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocytic connexin distributions and rapid, extensive dye transfer via gap junctions in the inferior colliculus: Implications for [14C]glucose metabolite trafficking
Authors: Ball Kelly K. , Gandhi Gautam K. , Thrash Jarrod , Cruz Nancy F. , Dienel Gerald A.
Published: June 2007

The inferior colliculus has the highest rates of blood flow and metabolism in brain, and functional metabolic activity increases markedly in response to acoustic stimulation. However, brain imaging with [1‐ and 6‐14C]glucose greatly underestimates focal metabolic activation that is readily detected with [14C]deoxyglucose, suggesting that labeled glucose metabolites are quickly dispersed and released from highly activated zones of the inferior colliculus. To evaluate the role of coupling of astrocytes via gap junctions in dispersal of molecules within the inferior colliculus, the present study assessed the distribution of connexin (Cx) proteins in the inferior colliculus and spreading of Lucifer yellow from single microinjected astrocytes in slices of adult rat brain. Immunoreactive Cx43, Cx30, and Cx26 were heterogeneously distributed; the patterns for Cx43 and Cx 30 differed and were similar to those of immunoreactive GFAP and S100β, respectively. Most Cx43 was phosphorylated in resting and acoustically stimulated rats. Dye spreading revealed an extensive syncytial network that included thousands of cells and perivasculature endfeet; with 8% Lucifer yellow VS and a 5‐min diffusion duration, about 6,100 astrocytes (range 2,068–11,939) were labeled as far as 1–1.5 mm from the injected cell. The relative concentration of Lucifer yellow fell by 50% within 0.3–0.8 mm from the injected cell with a 5‐min diffusion interval. Perivascular dye labeling was readily detectable and often exceeded dye levels in nearby neuropil. Thus, astrocytes have the capability to distribute intracellular molecules quickly from activated regions throughout the large, heterogeneous syncytial volume of the inferior colliculus, and rapid trafficking of labeled metabolites would degrade resolution of focal metabolic activation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatocyte growth factor‐induced enhancement of dendritic branching is blocked by inhibitors of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinases
Authors: Tyndall Stephanie J. , Patel Sandip J. , Walikonis Randall S.
Published: June 2007

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, Met, are clustered at excitatory synapses and can enhance N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor current and promote formation of neurites and dendrites. In this study, we examine the effects of HGF on dendritic arborization in mature cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons. Exogenous HGF treatment caused a dose‐dependent increase in total dendritic branch tip number, total dendritic branch length, and dendritic complexity in these neurons. NMDA receptor activity has been linked to changes in dendritic structure, so we tested the effects of HGF on the dendritic arbor in the presence of DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), an NMDA receptor inhibitor. APV blocked the HGF‐induced enhancement of the dendritic arbor in a dose‐dependent manner. Similarly, pretreatment of neurons with KN62, an inhibitor of calcium‐dependent kinases, suppressed changes in dendritic branching induced by HGF. These results suggest that HGF initiates Ca2+‐dependent processes, so we examined the effect of HGF on intracellular calcium levels and autophosphorylation of the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). HGF caused a persistent increase in fluorescence in clusters along dendrites of neurons preloaded with the Ca2+ indicator Fluo‐4. HGF treatment also enhanced autophosphorylation of CaMKII. The increases in Fluo‐4 fluorescence and autophosphorylation of CaMKII were blocked by pretreatment of neurons with APV. These results indicate that HGF stimulates Ca2+ influx into dendrites through the NMDA receptor and that this effect is necessary for the changes in dendritic morphology induced by HGF. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of EP1 receptor on cerebral blood flow in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in mice
Authors: Saleem Sofiyan , Li Rung‐chi , Wei Guo , Doré Sylvain
Published: June 2007

The lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) exhibits diverse biologic activity in a variety of tissues. Four PGE2 receptor subtypes (EP1–4) are involved in various physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions, but differ in tissue distribution, ligand‐binding affinity, and coupling to intracellular signaling pathways. To characterize the role of the EP1 receptor, physiologic parameters (mean arterial blood pressure, pH, blood gases PaO2 and PaCO2, and body temperature), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and neuronal cell death were studied in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke in wild‐type (WT) and EP1 knockout (EP1−/−) mice. The right middle cerebral artery was occluded for 60 min, and absolute CBF was measured by [14C] iodoantipyrine autoradiography. The effect of EP1 receptor on oxidative stress in neuronal cultures was investigated. Although no differences were observed in the physiologic parameters, CBF was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in EP1−/− mice than in WT mice, suggesting a role for this receptor in physiologic and pathophysiologic control of vascular tone. Similarly, neuronal cultures derived from EP1−/− mice were more resistant (90.6 ± 5.8% viability) to tert‐butyl hydroperoxide‐induced oxidative stress than neurons from WT mice (39.6 ± 17.2% viability). The EP1 receptor antagonist SC‐51089 and calcium channel blocker verapamil each attenuated the neuronal cell death induced by PGE2. Thus, the prostanoid EP1 receptor plays a significant role in regulating CBF and neuronal cell death. These findings suggest that pharmacologic modulation of the EP1 receptor might be a means to improve CBF and neuronal survival during ischemic stroke. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of susceptibility of adult mouse brain to cytomegalovirus infection by infusion of epidermal growth factor
Authors: Han Gui‐Ping , Li Li , Kosugi Isao , Kawasaki Hideya , Tsuchida Takashi , Miura Kastsutoshi , Tsutsui Yoshihiro
Published: June 2007

Neural precursor cells, including neural stem and progenitor cells, in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are the main targets for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in developing brains. The neural precursor cells in the SVZ of the adult brain have been reported to respond by proliferating after infusion with epidermal growth factor (EGF). Here we report the susceptibility of the precursor cells in the adult mouse brain to murine CMV (MCMV) infection. Adult mouse brains from 10‐, 25‐, and 70‐week‐old (W) mice were infused with either phosphate‐buffered saline or EGF into the brain for 3 days, and then intracerebrally infected with MCMV for 5 days. The susceptibility of the adult brains to MCMV was significantly increased by infusion of EGF in terms of viral titers and viral antigen‐positive cells. The susceptibility of the young adult brain from 10‐week‐old mice to MCMV was higher than that of the adult brains from 25‐week‐old or 70‐week‐old mice. Both the ependymal and the SVZ cells were susceptible to MCMV infection. The number of virus‐infected cells in the SVZ was significantly increased by infusion of EGF, whereas the number of infected ependymal cells was not significantly increased. Among the virus‐infected cells in the SVZ, 73% were positive for nestin, 87% were positive for Musashi, 86% were positive for GFAP, and 96% were positive for PCNA. These results indicate that the susceptibility of the adult brain to MCMV is correlated with the proliferative ability of the neural precursor cells in the SVZ of the adult brain. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in the secreted frizzled‐related protein‐3 gene and risk of Osteolysis and heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Gordon Andrew , Southam Lorraine , Loughlin John , Wilson Anthony Gerard , Stockley Ian , Hamer Andrew J. , Eastell Richard , Wilkinson Jeremy Mark
Published: June 2007

Secreted frizzled‐related protein‐3 (sFRP3) antagonizes ligands that promote new bone formation in adult tissues. We examined whether variation in the FRZB gene that encodes sFRP3 is associated with development of osteolysis or heterotopic ossification (HO) after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Genomic DNA was extracted from 609 subjects (osteolysis group n = 268) at a mean of 11 years following cemented THA for idiopathic osteoarthritis and genotyped for the FRZB Arg200Trp and Arg324Gly polymorphisms. The Brooker classification was used to assess HO following primary THA in 563 of the subjects. The carriage rate of the FRZB 200Trp allele was 14.2% in subjects with osteolysis versus 21.0% in controls (p = 0.041). The carriage rate of this allele was 21.7% in subjects with HO (n = 299) versus 12.0% in those without HO (p = 0.063). The odds ratio for osteolysis with carriage of FRZB 200Trp was 0.62 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.99; p = 0.049) and for HO was 1.64 (1.05 to 2.54; p = 0.028), after adjustment for the effects of other risk factors associated with the development of osteolysis or HO. Variants in the FRZB 324 locus alone were not associated with osteolysis or HO. However, the most frequent haplotype (FRZB 200Arg:324Arg) was associated with osteolysis (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.07; p = 0.014). Our data suggest that the FRZB Arg200Trp locus may be a marker for pro‐osteoblastic activity after THA. Carriage of the FRZB 200Trp allele is associated with a “positive” bone balance phenotype (osteolysis −: HO+). © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1665–1670, 2007
Thermo‐oxidative stability of ionic liquids as lubricating fluids
Authors: Minami Ichiro , Kamimura Hideto , Mori Shigeyuki
Published: June 2007

Thermo‐oxidative stability of ionic liquids was evaluated by three bulk‐scale tests. The changes in chemical and physical properties such as viscosity, deposit formation, weight loss and TAN were obtained. The results are discussed in terms of chemical structure of ionic liquids. TFSI derivatives exhibit good thermo‐oxidative stability in comparison with BF4 derivatives. As chain length of alkyl group in imidazolium‐cationic moiety increases, the thermo‐oxidative stability of the molecule decreases. Water contaminant promotes the thermo‐oxidative degradation of ionic liquids. Reaction mechanism via radical intermediates is proposed herein. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoencapsulation of Stem Cells within Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Shells
Authors: Veerabadran Nalinkanth G. , Goli Poorna L. , Stewart‐Clark Skylar S. , Lvov Yuri M. , Mills David K.
Published: June 2007

Mouse mesenchymal stem cells have been individually encased by polyelectrolyte layers of poly (L‐lysine) and hyaluronic acid using the electrostatic layer‐by‐layer assembly technique, resulting in a shell consisting of nanolayers of thickness around 6–9 nm. Maintenance of cell morphology and viability were demonstrated for up to one week. Further adjustments to shell permeability and flexibility will facilitate the use of these encapsulated cells in tissue engineering and targeted‐delivery applications.

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Polysiloxane Softener Coatings on Plasma‐Treated Wool: Study of the Surface Interactions
Authors: Canal Cristina , Molina Ricardo , Bertran Enric , Erra Pilar
Published: June 2007

Low temperature plasma (LTP) improves the shrink‐resistance of wool fabrics but impairs their softness, so different polysiloxane coatings were applied. Modifications in surface hydrophilicity and topography of fabrics and fibres have been recorded through drop test, contact angle and SEM, respectively. LTP improves the deposition of the polysiloxanes which, depending on their functionalities alter the original hydrophilicity of the wool surface. Softness and shrink‐resist results of the fabrics point out to a possible relationship between hydrophilicity of the wool fibre surface and the shrinkage behaviour of the fabrics. A possible mechanism of interaction between the different polysiloxane groups and the surface of untreated (UT) and LTP‐treated wool is proposed.

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Synthesis and Light‐Emitting Properties of New Polyimides Containing Ethynylene Units in the Main Chain
Authors: Chi Jun Ho , Park Se Hee , Lee Chang‐Lyoul , Kim Jang Joo , Jung Jin Chul
Published: June 2007

Two new polyimides (ODA‐PI and HDA‐PI) having 1,4‐phenylenediethynylene unit and octyloxy groups were synthesized. Judging from inherent viscosities of their precursor PAAs (1.42 and 1.62 dL · g−1), the two PIs were very high in molecular weight. Casting and thermal imidization of PAAs results polyimides with good‐quality films. They were stable up to 364 °C and showed no crystallites. UV‐vis and PL spectra in NMP solutions of both PIs showed maxima at 442 and 501 nm, respectively, while PL spectra in ≈10 µm thick films exhibited a maximum at 540 nm. CV indicates that two PIs were electrochemically active in redox region. The devices with construction of ITO/PEDOT/PIs/BAlq3/LiF/Al exhibited turn‐on voltages of 6.5 V in ODA‐PI and 7.5 V in HDA‐PI and emitted a bright bluish‐green light. ODA‐PI and HDA‐PI showed maximum luminescence of 256 and 316 cd · cm−2, respectively, at the same voltage of 12 V.

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Physiogenomic association of statin‐related myalgia to serotonin receptors
Authors: Ruaño Gualberto , Thompson Paul D. , Windemuth Andreas , Seip Richard L. , Dande Amit , Sorokin Alexey , Kocherla Mohan , Smith Andrew , Holford Theodore R. , Wu Alan H. B.
Published: June 2007

We employed physiogenomic analyses to investigate the relationship between myalgia and selected polymorphisms in serotonergic genes, based on their involvement with pain perception and transduction of nociceptive stimuli. We screened 195 hypercholesterolemic, statin‐treated patients, all of whom received either atorvastatin, simvastatin, or pravastatin. Patients were classified as having no myalgia, probable myalgia, or definite myalgia, and assigned a myalgia score of 0, 0.5, or 1, respectively. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from candidates within the 5‐HT receptor gene families [5a‐hydroxytryptamine receptor genes (HTR) 1D, 2A, 2C, 3A, 3B, 5A, 6, 7] and the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4). SNPs in the HTR3B and HTR7 genes, rs2276307 and rs1935349, respectively, were significantly associated with the myalgia score. Individual differences in pain perception and nociception related to specific serotonergic gene variants may affect the development of myalgia in statin‐treated patients. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Differences between bothersome and non‐bothersome night‐time frequency
Authors: Yoshimura Koji , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Oka Yasunori , Tsukamoto Taiji , Oshiro Kiyoshi , Suzukamo Yoshimi , Kinukawa Naoko , Ogawa Osamu
Published: June 2007

Aims

To determine the distributions of bothersome and non‐bothersome nocturnal voiding and the differences between them using a community‐based study.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 2,205 men and women aged 41–70 years from three Japanese towns responded to our postal questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included the International Prostate Symptom Score, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Medical Outcome Study Short Form‐8, medical history of several diseases, and history of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. We chose subjects who had one or two episodes of nocturnal voiding per night and divided them into two subgroups based on the answer to a question on trouble sleeping due to nocturnal voiding in the PSQI. We compared data regarding lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), sleep, and general health‐related quality of life (GHQL) among these subgroups.

Results

Of the subjects: 314 (14.2%), 693 (31.4%), 149 (6.8%), and 168 (7.6%) had once‐bothersome, once‐non‐bothersome, twice‐bothersome, and twice‐non‐bothersome nocturnal voiding per night, respectively. Regarding LUTS, the twice‐bothersome nocturnal voiding group had the worst and the once‐non‐bothersome group had the best scores while the once‐bothersome and twice‐non‐bothersome nocturnal voiding groups had equivalent scores. Regarding sleep and GHQL, trouble sleeping but not the frequency of nocturnal voiding per se affected the scores. The twice‐non‐bothersome nocturnal voiding group generally had better scores than the once‐bothersome group, while the former had more frequent nocturnal voiding.

Conclusions

Sleep and GHQL of subjects with mild (once or twice) night‐time frequency are considerably impacted by sleeping troubles. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:1014–1019, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insurance of municipal bonds
Authors: Sears Horace H.
Published: June 2007

Municipal bonds should be insured against mistakesss in form and procedure of issuing. Such insurance will be particularly helpful to small cities.
Status of zoning in New Jersey
Authors: Studensky Paul
Published: June 2007

The legalitiy of zoning has been questioned in New Jersey, but it wass improper zoning which was condemned, and enlightenned cities are proceeding under a new act.
Co‐ordination of social work in Knoxville
Authors: Brownlow Elizabeth Simss
Published: June 2007

Te city's department of public welfare takes the lead. This is the second article in our series on how responsibility for social work is divided between governmental and paivate agencies.
Brief review of city planning in the United States, 1924
Authors: Hubbard Theodora Kimball
Published: June 2007

Mrs. Hubbard again contributes her annual review of city planning progress.
Compulswory voting in Belgium
Authors: Reed Thomas H.
Published: June 2007

Compulsory voting defended by one who knows Belgium.
The sixth annual meeting of the national league of women voterss
Authors: Brainard Eveline W.
Published: June 2007

“In todayo already walks tomorrow.”
Municipal progress under manager government I. The story of Pasadena
Authors: Hall Halan W.
Published: June 2007

The test of city government is the comfort and well‐being which it affodsits citizens. Is the park system adeqquate; are the streets ample, clean and well paved; is the water supply good; is the city growing to a plan? This is the first of a series of articless which will describe how the cityi manager form is measuring up under these tests. Does more efficient government pay dividends? This and articles to follow will seek to answer the question.
Los Angeles' bold plans for a civic center
Authors: Gregg Gardner W.
Published: June 2007

The Allied Architects' Association has planned a civic center which will preserve tradition expedite traffic, eliminate slums and group public buildings ion pleasant and inspiring harmonoy.
Oklahoma adoptos preferential voting in the primary
Authors: Barth Harry
Published: June 2007

Jack Walton gets the credit for frightening Oklahoma into a system of preferential voting as an escape from minority nominations.
Les affiches electorales. Paris gayly chooses a council
Authors: Brooks Robert C.
Published: June 2007

Professor Brooks, who reported the London County Council election in the June Review, here reveals the French temperament at elections.
Permanent registration for elections unsuitable for large cities
Authors: Riter Frank H.
Published: June 2007

A feature of the recent session of the Pennsylvania legislature was the consideration of a permanent registration law, which is here criticized by a prominent election official.
Our city councils v. Chicago's time consumed by details
Authors: Barth Evelyn L.
Published: June 2007

Reproducing the atmosphere and manner of working of the Chicago board of aldermen. Another article in our series on city ccouncils.
Public legal aid work
Authors: Macdonald Austini F.
Published: June 2007

There are sixty‐six legal aid bureaus in as many American citiess. Those operating under municipal government control are the most successful.
Toledo hesitates in voting bonding program
Authors: Sheppaeld Virgil
Published: June 2007

Toledo's ten‐year improvement program, involving the issuance of $32,500,000 in bonds was defeated at the recent election.
The coroner system in Philadelphia
Authors: Macdonald Austin F.
Published: June 2007

A description of the coroner system as it exists in Philadelphia, a slipshod and ineffective system that has long since outlived its usefulness.
The intercity motorbus in kentucky
Authors: George John J.
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the regulation of motorbus transportation in Kentucky. The growing importance of the subject is stressed.
Criminal responsibility for state‐ments in recall charges
Authors: Warner Sam B.
Published: June 2007

A discussion of the prosecutions for criminal libel in connection With the recall elections in Kelso, Washington.
Czaristic tendencies of the national budget system
Authors: Seerrill Clarence O.
Published: June 2007

Colonel Sherrill believes that the budget secrecy enforced upon executive officers is out of place in a republic.
The conference on politics. An appraisal from the members' viewpoint
Authors: Faust Martin L.
Published: June 2007

Frank criticism, as well as frank confession, is good for the soul. The other side of last month's rosy picture of the Conference.
Registration for voting in San Francisco
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: June 2007

The San Franciscos system of registration works well, and it is so different from anything found elsewhere in this country that it affords a suggestive contrast.
How cities can control the smoke nuisance
Authors: Meller H. B.
Published: June 2007

If you knew Pittsburgh fifteen years ago and have visited it lately you have discovered that they are solving the smoke problem. Mr. Meller says that smoke emission, regulated by law, has decreased 80 percent in this period. Now is the time for citks to get busy on smoke prevention for next winter.
Seattle's city manager vote and first woman mayor
Authors: Van Nuys M. H.
Published: June 2007

Election of the first woman mayor; second defeat of the manager amendment with assistance of organized city employees and politicians; election of a charter commission which will propose a “city busiaess manager.” These are the high spots in this complete and authoritative story.
Sunnyside gardens. A successful experiment in good housing at moderate prices
Authors: Bing Alexander M.
Published: June 2007

Sunnyside homes, built by the City Housing Corporation, a limited dividend company, are the result of the social vision and business ability of Mr. Bing. Solid brick, single‐family houses of six rooms can be bought for $8830 (ten per cent down and $66.78 per month). They are accessible to subway, elevated and bus lines. Private gardens, and community playgrounds and parks are provided. The corporation, which is in excellent financial condition, has brought good homes within range of New York City wage earnem.
Hoover conference spurs local efforts for traffic control and facilitation
Authors: Buttenheim Harold S.
Published: June 2007

Important Recommendations of the Second National. Conference. on Street and Highway Safety.
Brief review of city and regional playning in the United States, 1925
Authors: Hubbard Theodora Kimball
Published: June 2007

Mrs. Hubbard again contributes her annual review of city planning.
New York housing law to aid wage earners
Authors: Gove George
Published: June 2007

The state's power of condemnation and tax exemption has been summoned to the relief of 70 per cent of the city's population.
Municipal light and power in Tacoma
Authors: Shoemaker Fred S.
Published: June 2007

Tacoma has had a municipal electric plant for 23 years. Natural advantages plus good management have brought power rates as low as .45 cents per kilowatt; residence cooking rates are 1 cent per kilowatt and heating rates ½ cent.
Pennsylvania's primary
Authors: Woodruff Clinton Rogers
Published: June 2007

Not a clean‐cut wet and dry campaign‐Republican Party still without a state boss.
Congestion de luxe—Do we want it?
Authors: Dykstra C. A.
Published: June 2007

Last month Daniel Turner wrote on the vicious circle of rapid transit and congestion math special reference to New York City. This month Mr. Dykstra discusses the same problem from the standpoint of Los Angeles' experience. And the east and the west have met, for without any collusion or conspiracy the two authors have arrived at wirtually the same conclusions.
Aerial photographs aid tax assessors
Authors: Fairchild Sherman M.
Published: June 2007

How a new art can facilitate the making of tax maps which are indispensable to fair assessments.
Contemporary town meeting government in Massachusetts
Authors: Sly John F.
Published: June 2007

Eighty‐five percent of the municipalities of Massachusetts still adhere to colonial forms of local government.
The fate of the five‐cent fare. I. Pittsburgh: A new contract brings mutual understanding
Authors: Robinson Charles K.
Published: June 2007

Six years ago the REVIEW published a series of articles on the fate of the five‐cent fare. Conditions have stabilized themselves since then and the nickel fare is little more than a memory. Today the important thing is adequate service at a reasonable rate. The present series begins with Pittsburgh, where better service plus a desire to please has done the trick.
The permanent registration system of Boston
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: June 2007

Permanant registration in Boston is successful but unnecessarily expensive. Police listing helps.
Unhappy revelation in district of Columbia's government
Authors: Telford Fred
Published: June 2007

Recent disclosures show that municipal government in the Nation's Capital is not all that it should be. One commissioner has resigned. Another commissioner and president of board of education are involved.
II. Public ownership better
Authors: Dykstra C. A.
Published: June 2007

Public ownership will more easily provide the huge capital necessary for regional power development and will assure successful private ownership in other lines of business dependent upon power.
The fate of the five‐cent fare. III. Check up on Chicago
Authors: Mohler Charles K.
Published: June 2007

The story of events in Chicago since Mr. Mohler wrote on The Fate of the Five‐Cent Fare in 1919.
The problem of an executive head for english municipalities
Authors: Cohen Joseph A.
Published: June 2007

The intensely democratic system of English municipal administration lodges great power in council committees, but neither the committees nor their administrative agents are subject to centralized control such as ia found in private business and the city manager plan.
New York city's new assessed valuations
Authors: Turn William
Published: June 2007

New York City's assessed valuations now equal the 1922 taxable valuation of real estate in the entire western half of the United States excluding Kanaas and Nebraska.
Permanent election registration in Omaha
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: June 2007

Registration for election is often unduly troublesome to the voter and expensive to the government. Permanent registration tends to reduce both trouble and expense. Since 1913 Omaha has operated without fraud and at a Lower cost than other Cities with periodic registration.
German cities since the revolution of 1918
Authors: Mitzlaff
Published: June 2007

This article has been translated into English by Mr. John B. Mason of Indianapolis, with some revision by Professor William B. Munro of Harvard University.
Some principles to guide community zoning
Authors: Sumner Charles K.
Published: June 2007

Retail business constantly tends to invade homes, which it is the first task of zoning to protect. How can we measure the reasonable demands for new business districts in a growing community?
The fate of the five‐cent fare. V. Cincinnati's second service at cost plan makes city and company partners
Authors: Lowenberg Laurent
Published: June 2007

A comprehensive service at cost franchiae, in effect last January, seem to have brought a new and healthy spirit to those engaged in Cincinnati's transportation service. The street car fare is now ten cents, three tickets for a quarter; the bus fare is ten cents straight, with universal transfers between street cars and buses. The city's control over service is complete.
Town planning in the city of Spires
Authors: Berding Andrew H.
Published: June 2007

Oxford's charm is due in a measure to hte absence of city planning in the modern sense. But the old garments no longer fit.
The supreme court speaks again on “fair value”
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

The Supreme Court leans more and more to reproduction cost as a measure of value. Other considerations were also involved and the present case cannot therefore be considered as a positive and final decisionon this important question.
Has the catskill water supply system of the city of new york fulfilled expectations?
Authors: Brush William W.
Published: June 2007

Last autumn, during the campaign for the mayoralty, a New York city paper charged that the low level of hte Ashokan reservoir was due to a large leak which had developed. Popular attention at once turned to hte adequarcy of hte city's water supply. The truth is tha the Catskill supply has fulfilled expectations, but within eight years new sources will be needed.
Newport, rhode Island, adopts a Mayor–Council–Manager charter
Authors: Cottrell Edwin A.
Published: June 2007

This interesting charter, adopted by the people and subject to hte approval of hte legislature, is based upon the 1927 Model Charter of hte National Municipal League and is in addition a conscious attempt to place int he mayor a responsible leadership for public policy and law enforcement, as well as to overcome the peculiar provisions of hte Rhode Island constitution which divides the voters into taxpaying and registry groups.
Chicago's mayoralty primary
Authors: Obeserver
Published: June 2007

Ex–Mayor Thompson wins the Republican nomination after campaign of demagogy and is contesting the mayoralty election with Mayor Dever.
Tall taxes for tall buildings
Authors: Bard Albert S.
Published: June 2007

Mr. Bard believes that present methods of valuing real estate for tax purposes are unjust as etween buildings erected under changing zoning conditions and suggests a tax differential. Mr. Bard is a New York lawyer well known for his civic activities, among which are his services as member and counsel of the National Committee for Restriction of Outdoor Advertising.
Municipal reports
Authors: Ridley Clarence E.
Published: June 2007

How we can improve the art of municipal repoprting to citizens and taxpayers.
The fate of the five–cent fare. VI. Toledo rewrites service–at–cost franchise
Authors: Sheppard Virgil S.
Published: June 2007

The proposed new franchise, which must pass the scrutiny of hte electorate, gives the street railway company a monopoly of all public menas of street transportation but retains the old valuation deemed by many too high.
Portland, oregon, seeks to simplify her regional government
Authors: Mckinley Charles
Published: June 2007

The Report of the Commission for the Simplification of Local Government in Multnomah County, Oregon.
Measuring employment in a municipality
Authors: Kleeck Mary Van
Published: June 2007

Unemployment largely relates to cities. How they can help in the national struggle to reduce it.
Are we spending too much for government? II. State expenditures–has their upward climb been justified?
Authors: Heer Clarence
Published: June 2007

The eterna lstruggle between Mr. Citizen as taxayer and Mr. Citizen as consumer of government service is well illustrated in this article. One–half of hte money increase in the cost of state government from 1915 to 1925 was due to the rising price level. But over 70 per cent of the actual increase must be charged to expansion in public education and highways; that is, to expenditures demanded by the same people who pay the taxes.
Twetny years of city planning
Authors: Nolen John
Published: June 2007

Excerpts from the President's address, nineteenth National Conference on City Planning, Washington, D. C., May 9, 1927
Exposures and explanations in new york city civil service
Authors: Marsh H. W.
Published: June 2007

More than 2,000 provisional appointments are being continued in violation of law. Is it proper or just to blame the civil service commission?
The bonded debt of 214 cities. As at january 1, 1927
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

Mr. Rightor's comparative debt statement is an annual feature of the Review. He finds hte trend still upward
Boston elevated program awaits further diagnosis
Authors: Wiesman Bernard
Published: June 2007

Shall Boston continue public control of her elevated system, adopt public ownership or resotre the properites to private management? As yet the legislature has matured no plans for her
The policewoman and the woman criminal
Authors: Brownlow Louis
Published: June 2007

The policewoman is not only a woman, but she is a police officre, too, and she has hwer share in the prevention and deteciton of crime
English hospitals as municipal groups
Authors: Berding Andrue H.
Published: June 2007

A scheme for the better coordination of British hospital facilities, public and private
The texas white primary law
Authors: Pate James E.
Published: June 2007

The original act having been declared unconstitutional by U. S. Supreme Court, Texas passes a new law to exclude negroes from primaries
Are we spending too much for government? Vii. Expenditures for police service
Authors: Harrison Leonard V.
Published: June 2007

The purchasing power of the tax dollar spent for police service is largely determined by personnel selection and management
Civic education by radio
Authors: Taylor Francis E.
Published: June 2007

New York University conducts a successful experiment in the use of radio for civic education
The “squeal book”
Authors: Upson Lent D.
Published: June 2007

The facts–if any record exists at all–about the number and character of crimes lie buried in the “squeal books” of hte police departments. Which means that we are endevoring to diagnose and cure soical diseases without knowing how extensive they are or how effective are our current remedies
Representation for minority groups
Authors: Carlosn Samuel A.
Published: June 2007

Any group numbering 10 per cent of the voters should have a representative in our city councils, says Jamestown's veteran mayor
Transit programs proposed for new york city
Authors: Bauer Jhon
Published: June 2007

Two transit plans are now definitely before the people of New York. The Untermyer program calls for reacapture by the city of that portion of the Subway systems authorized by law and operation in conjuction with the new city built lines. The Smigh plan favors complete unification of all transit facilities through agreement among all interests. The five–cent fare is still involved in the public mind
Have our cities fallen down on their traffic job?
Authors: Buttenheim Harold S.
Published: June 2007

Safety education, coordination of local efforts, adequate state laws, grade crossing elimination, and a stricter enforcement of traffic ordinances are urged as essential. The author believes that hte average American of today would rather lose his right to vote than his right to operate an automobile
Louisville election frauds in court and out
Authors: Castleman David R.
Published: June 2007

The Court of appeals of Kentucky has recently declared the 1925 municipal election in Louisville invalid and the offices vacant because of extensive and skilfully planned frauds. Wheraupon the Governor appointed to office the opposing candidates dishonestly deprived of victory two years before
Criminal statistics and identification of criminals
Authors: Robinson Louis N.
Published: June 2007

A report submitted to the Sub–committee of the National Crime Commission on Prdons, Parole, Probation, Penal Laws and Institutional Correction
Thirty‐third annual meeting of the national municipal league
Authors: Ramsey Russell
Published: June 2007

The spirit of the occasion described for those who did not attend.
Footnotes and fieldnotes in old England
Authors: Gulick Luther
Published: June 2007

Old Sarum's decline and fall in terms of modern city planning.
The hamburg election
Authors: Wells Roger H.
Published: June 2007

Politics, campaign methods, and election procedure in Germany's second largest city.
Administrative reorganization Adopted in California
Authors: Sly John F.
Published: June 2007

The successive steps by which consolidation is being accomplished in California.
Municipal land policies and their Application to city planning and housing
Authors: Hinckley Thomas L.
Published: June 2007

European cities are much advanced in the formulation and execution of land policies. Through ownership of land directly, as well as by regulation of private parcels by means of zoning and palnning, future development is controlled.
Grand rapids proves that fire prevention pays
Authors: Locke Fred H.
Published: June 2007

Through united community activity Grand Rapids wins the prize for the best work in fire prvention. Fire losses were reduced to $1/75 per capita.
Our American mayors. XII. “Jimmy” Walker
Authors: McGoldrick Joseph
Published: June 2007

The Prince charming who reingns but does not rule in New York‐and how.
Regional credits propsed in lieu of municipal recognition of husing as a public utility
Authors: Herman James
Published: June 2007

A discussion of the plan being considered by the Michingan Housing Association for using public credits in teh finanacing of housing projects.
Economic factors in city palnning
Authors: Munro William B.
Published: June 2007

How the New York regional survey is helping to put city plannig on a safe and sure basis.
a wet blanket on the county manager plan
Authors: Porter Kirk H.
Published: June 2007

Is the manager plan desirable for counties? A noted authority on county government thinks it is not.
Improving county government in North Carolina
Authors: Wager Paul W.
Published: June 2007

Davidson County wipes out deficit, reduces tax rate, and simplifies government in first year under centralized administration.
Appraising municipal reports
Authors: Ridley C. E.
Published: June 2007

An attempt to place upon a comparable basis the municipal reports rewiewed in these columns during the past year.
The initiative, referendum, and recall in German cities
Authors: Wells Roger H.
Published: June 2007

A review of the status and results of direct legislation and the recall in German municipal government, 1919–1928.
The assessment of real estate and buildings in Rochester, N. Y
Authors: Putt Hazen C.
Published: June 2007

The adoption of up‐to‐date methods has given Rochester a scientific and equitable assesment system.
Municipal government and the newspaper
Authors: Rosewater Victor
Published: June 2007

The name of Victor Rosewater is known to all readers of the REVIEW. They will appreciate his careful analysis of the practical problems of running a good newspaper.
Our American mayors XVII. Charles S. Ashley of New Bedford
Authors: Michelsen B. Frank
Published: June 2007

How the man who is probably the champion long‐distance mayor of an American city of 100,000 population or more retains his hold on the people.
Charleston port development under public ownership
Authors: Wait J. Russell
Published: June 2007

The story of port development through public ownership on a cost basis, told by one who has spent many years in privately owned and operated industries.
The New York regional plan an accomplished fact
Authors: Comey Arthur C.
Published: June 2007

After seven years of gigantic labor a comprehensive plan, based on a wealth of detailed observation, is now available for the New York area.
Connecticut judicial council reports
Authors: Lancaster Lane W.
Published: June 2007

The Connedicut legislature accepts some and rejects other recommendations made by the Judicial Council.
Kansas city studies its police department
Authors: Matscheck Walter
Published: June 2007

A survey points the way to a more efficient police department operating with fewer men and less money.
The o'fallon case‐the decision and what it portends
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

The recent pronouncement of the Supreme Court, writes Dr. Bauer, has increased the difficulties of putting utility regulation on a work able basis.
Special police patrol in portland, oregon
Authors: McKinley Charles
Published: June 2007

If you would be a policeman in business for yourself, move to Portland and become a “special.” Your profits will depend upon how lucrative a beat you can work up. And when you want to move elsewhere, you can sell your business to another aspiring “special.”
Schenectady's long‐term financial program
Authors: Baumes Harold I.
Published: June 2007

Schenectady budgets her capital improvements ten years in advance. The program can be executed with little increase in tax rate.
Cincinnati's city workhouse
Authors: Sherrill C. O.
Published: June 2007

The renovated workhouse reclaims men and equips them for useful employment instead of rendering them less fit for society.
Local taxation: Recent changes in England and Wales
Authors: Gibbon I. G.
Published: June 2007

An excellent analysis of the financial features of the new Local Government Act which radically modifies the relations between national and local finance.
Utilizing manhattan's present traffic facilities
Authors: Quigley John J.
Published: June 2007

Proposals for immediate traffic relief which can be introduced while large projects are in process of construction.
Cleveland again defeats attack on city manager charter
Authors: Fesler Mayo
Published: June 2007

On August 20 Cleveland voters defeated the third effort to abolish their city manager charter.
National parties in municipal politics
Authors: Jones O. Garfield
Published: June 2007

In Toledo, the writer belives, the Republican organization has become converted to the wisdom of abstaining from participation in municipal politics for the sake of greater solidarity in state and local campaigns. Separation of local from national politics is desirable in order that national parties may be increased in strength and vigor.
The new Illinois gas tax law
Authors: Martin James W.
Published: June 2007

This law, passed to meet the objectins of the state Supreme Court to the earlier law, contains some novel features with possibilities of later trouble.
Thwarting official crime and corruption in Chicago
Authors: Brunker Albert R.
Published: June 2007

The battle to drive crime and graft from the state's attorney's office.
Chicago's persistent traction problem some issues at stake
Authors: Douglas Paul H.
Published: June 2007

Laws have been enacted to enable a consolidation of Chicago's transit lines under an indeterminate franchise, but 120 enabling ordinance has been presented to the voters. Sharp division of opinion as to what the franchise should provide have arisen.
How Chicago awoke to need for honest assessments an episode in civic education
Authors: Fairweather George O.
Published: June 2007

Mr. Fairweather here reveah the method by which the citizens were aroused to make reassessment, in a campaign successfully waged against great political hostility.
The reassessment of real estate revolution in Cook County‐A bloodless revolution
Authors: Rees John O.
Published: June 2007

The details, of the bitter fight for fair assessment of property. The methods used in Chicago might apply to other cities as well.
The merit system in Chicago and cook county
Authors: Griffenhagen Edwin O.
Published: June 2007

The merit system is administered with varying degrees of fidelity in the governmental units in and about Chicago.
Winnetka, the model village
Authors: Langworthy Benjamin F.
Published: June 2007

The secret of Winndka's success is the continuous determination of her citizens to cooperate in making the village a good place in which to live.
Zoning can help the farmer
Authors: Ford George B.
Published: June 2007

Farmers living in small communities are subject to similar possibilities of injury by improper land uses as are their city brethren. How they may protect themselves is illustrated by suggested specifications governing wayside stands.
Dangers in amending zoning ordinances
Authors: Hammersley Charles E.
Published: June 2007

The common practice of ameding zoning ordinancs at teh behest of favored individuals must cease.
Justice of the peace in connecticut
Authors: Lancaster Lane W.
Published: June 2007

There are 1,300 J. P.'s in Connecticut, but fortunately only a reltively small proportion still try to administer justice.
Problems confronting the berlin administrative area
Authors: Gustav Böss Oberbürgermeister
Published: June 2007

Greatr Berlin, formed by the union of 94 municipalities, faces greater responsibilites than evr troubled Old Berlin.
Why i believe in the patronage system
Authors: Rupert Davies W.
Published: June 2007

Many Amrican Party workers will agree with this Canadian editor, but few have the courage to express their viewpoint so courageously. The NATIONAL MUNICIPAL REVIEW does not agree with Mr. Davis, but believes that his viewpoint will be of interest to our readers.
New york court sustains the executive budget
Authors: swenson Rinehart j.
Published: June 2007

The controversy between Governor Roosevelt and the Legislature over the executive budget has been decided, partially at least, in favor of the governor. The claim of the legislature to a share in the segregation of lump‐sum appropriations has been defeated; but juidcial dicta, likewise, deny this power to the governor and vest it in the department heads, thus seemingly defeating the effort to centralize responsibility in the governor
Fraud adn error in chicago referendum returns
Authors: Maynard David M.
Published: June 2007

Whil Chicago has special compulsory referenda only, a considerable number of measures are voted upon. Because of defects in he election system, carelessness and corruptness on the election oficials, gross errors creep into the official referendum returns. Changes in the election law would help to eliminate this
The municipal cabinet in the unitd states
Authors: Otis Garber J.
Published: June 2007

Should mayors and city managers make use of the “cabinet” system in dealing with subordinate heads of departments?
Results in new york state vindicate administrative reorganization
Authors: Roosevelt Franklind D.
Published: June 2007

“It seems hard to realize that reorganization was delayed so long,” writes GovernorRoosevelt
How cinicinnati met the unemployment crisis
Authors: Sherrill Hoehler C. O. adn Pred
Published: June 2007

On of the accomplishments of the new civic spirit o Cinicinnati has been its successful attack upon unemployment. Plans to meet the crisis when it should come were made months in advance