bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum optimal control pathways of ozone isomerization dynamics subject to competing dissociation: A two-state one-dimensional model
Authors: Kurosaki Yuzuru , Ho Tak-San , Rabitz Herschel
Published: February 2014

We construct a two-state one-dimensional reaction-path model for ozone open → cyclic isomerization dynamics. The model is based on the intrinsic reaction coordinate connecting the cyclic and open isomers with the O2 + O asymptote on the ground-state 1A′ potential energy surface obtained with the high-level ab initio method. Using this two-state model time-dependent wave packet optimal control simulations are carried out. Two possible pathways are identified along with their respective band-limited optimal control fields; for pathway 1 the wave packet initially associated with the open isomer is first pumped into a shallow well on the excited electronic state potential curve and then driven back to the ground electronic state to form the cyclic isomer, whereas for pathway 2 the corresponding wave packet is excited directly to the primary well of the excited state potential curve. The simulations reveal that the optimal field for pathway 1 produces a final yield of nearly 100% with substantially smaller intensity than that obtained in a previous study [Y. Kurosaki, M. Artamonov, T.-S. Ho, and H. Rabitz, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 044306 (2009)] using a single-state one-dimensional model. Pathway 2, due to its strong coupling to the dissociation channel, is less effective than pathway 1. The simulations also show that nonlinear field effects due to molecular polarizability and hyperpolarizability are small for pathway 1 but could become significant for pathway 2 because much higher field intensity is involved in the latter. The results suggest that a practical control may be feasible with the aid of a few lowly excited electronic states for ozone isomerization.
Quantum theory of atoms in molecules/charge-charge flux-dipole flux models for fundamental vibrational intensity changes on H-bond formation of water and hydrogen fluoride
Authors: Silva Arnaldo F. , Richter Wagner E. , Terrabuio Luiz A. , Haiduke Roberto L. A. , Bruns Roy E.
Published: February 2014

The Quantum Theory of Atoms In Molecules/Charge-Charge Flux-Dipole Flux (QTAIM/CCFDF) model has been used to investigate the electronic structure variations associated with intensity changes on dimerization for the vibrations of the water and hydrogen fluoride dimers as well as in the water-hydrogen fluoride complex. QCISD/cc-pVTZ wave functions applied in the QTAIM/CCFDF model accurately provide the fundamental band intensities of water and its dimer predicting symmetric and antisymmetric stretching intensity increases for the donor unit of 159 and 47 km mol−1 on H-bond formation compared with the experimental values of 141 and 53 km mol−1. The symmetric stretching of the proton donor water in the dimer has intensity contributions parallel and perpendicular to its C2v axis. The largest calculated increase of 107 km mol−1 is perpendicular to this axis and owes to equilibrium atomic charge displacements on vibration. Charge flux decreases occurring parallel and perpendicular to this axis result in 42 and 40 km mol−1 total intensity increases for the symmetric and antisymmetric stretches, respectively. These decreases in charge flux result in intensity enhancements because of the interaction contributions to the intensities between charge flux and the other quantities. Even though dipole flux contributions are much smaller than the charge and charge flux ones in both monomer and dimer water they are important for calculating the total intensity values for their stretching vibrations since the charge-charge flux interaction term cancels the charge and charge flux contributions. The QTAIM/CCFDF hydrogen-bonded stretching intensity strengthening of 321 km mol−1 on HF dimerization and 592 km mol−1 on HF:H2O complexation can essentially be explained by charge, charge flux and their interaction cross term. Atomic contributions to the intensities are also calculated. The bridge hydrogen atomic contributions alone explain 145, 237, and 574 km mol−1 of the H-bond stretching intensity enhancements for the water and HF dimers and their heterodimer compared with total increments of 149, 321, and 592 km mol−1, respectively.
Impacts of side chain and excess energy on the charge photogeneration dynamics of low-bandgap copolymer-fullerene blends
Authors: Huo Ming-Ming , Hu Rong , Xing Ya-Dong , Liu Yu-Chen , Ai Xi-Cheng , Zhang Jian-Ping , Hou Jian-Hui
Published: February 2014

Primary charge photogeneration dynamics in neat and fullerene-blended films of a pair of alternating benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT) and thieno[3,4-b]thiophene (TT) copolymers are comparatively studied by using near-infrared, time-resolved absorption (TA) spectroscopy under low excitation photon fluence. PBDTTT-E and PBDTTT-C, differed merely in the respective TT-substituents of ester (-E) and carbonyl (-C), show distinctly different charge photogeneration dynamics. The pair of neat PBDTTT films show exciton lifetimes of ∼0.1 ns and fluorescence quantum yields below 0.2%, as well as prominent excess-energy enhanced exciton dissociation. In addition, PBDTTT-C gives rise to >50% higher P•+ yield than PBDTTT-E does irrespective to the excitation photon energy. Both PBDTTT-E:PC61BM and PBDTTT-C:PC61BM blends show subpicosecond exciton lifetimes and nearly unitary fluorescence quenching efficiency and, with respect to the former blend, the latter one shows substantially higher branching ratio of charge separated (CS) state over interfacial charge transfer (ICT) state, and hence more efficient exciton-to-CS conversion. For PBDTTT-C:PC61BM, the ultrafast charge dynamics clearly show the processes of ICT-CS interconversion and P•+ migration, which are possibly influenced by the ICT excess energy. However, such processes are relatively indistinctive in the case of PBDTTT-E:PC61BM. The results strongly prove the importance of ICT dissociation in yielding free charges, and are discussed in terms of the film morphology and the precursory solution-phase macromolecular conformation.
Work function tuning of metal/graphene stack electrode
Authors: Song Seung Min , Bong Jae Hoon , Cho Byung Jin
Published: February 2014

Understanding of the contact between graphene and metal is a key issue to improve device performance. We extend the previous finding of work function pinning of monolayer graphene under various metals to multilayer graphene and discover that the work function of graphene under metal can be tuned from 4.3 eV to 5.1 eV by controlling the number of graphene layers. The work function of graphene is found to gradually shift with the number of graphene layers and four layers of graphene successfully screen this shift. These findings provide an alternative approach to control the work function of graphene electrodes.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) as a self-assembled gate dielectric for graphene field-effect transistors
Authors: Sanne A. , Movva H. C. P. , Kang S. , McClellan C. , Corbet C. M. , Banerjee S. K.
Published: February 2014

We investigate poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a low thermal budget organic gate dielectric for graphene field effect-transistors (GFETs) based on a simple process flow. We show that high temperature baking steps above the glass transition temperature (∼130 °C) can leave a self-assembled, thin PMMA film on graphene, where we get a gate dielectric almost for “free” without additional atomic layer deposition type steps. Electrical characterization of GFETs with PMMA as a gate dielectric yields a dielectric constant of k = 3.0. GFETs with thinner PMMA dielectrics have a lower dielectric constant due to decreased polarization arising from neutralization of dipoles and charged carriers as baking temperatures increase. The leakage through PMMA gate dielectric increases with decreasing dielectric thickness and increasing electric field. Unlike conventional high-k gate dielectrics, such low-k organic gate dielectrics are potentially attractive for devices such as the proposed Bilayer pseudoSpin Field-Effect Transistor or flexible high speed graphene electronics.
Planar micro- and nano-patterning of GaN light-emitting diodes: Guidelines and limitations
Authors: Herrnsdorf Johannes , Xie Enyuan , Watson Ian M. , Laurand Nicolas , Dawson Martin D.
Published: February 2014

The emission area of GaN light-emitting diodes can be patterned by etch-free current aperturing methods which exploit the thin and highly resistive nature of the p-doped layer in these devices. Here, the fundamental underlying electrical and optical aspects of high-resolution current aperturing are investigated theoretically. The most critical parameter for the possible resolution is the thickness d of the p-GaN layer, but the interplay of p-GaN resistivity and electrical junction characteristics is also important. A spatial resolution of 1.59d can in principle be achieved, corresponding to about 300 nm in typical epitaxial structures. Furthermore, the emission from such a small emitter will spread by about 600 nm while propagating through the p-GaN. Both values can be reduced by reducing d.
High performance transistors via aligned polyfluorene-sorted carbon nanotubes
Authors: Brady Gerald J. , Joo Yongho , Singha Roy Susmit , Gopalan Padma , Arnold Michael S.
Published: February 2014

We evaluate the performance of exceptionally electronic-type sorted, semiconducting, aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) in field effect transistors (FETs). High on-conductance and high on/off conductance modulation are simultaneously achieved at channel lengths which are both shorter and longer than individual s-SWCNTs. The s-SWCNTs are isolated from heterogeneous mixtures using a polyfluorene-derivative as a selective agent and aligned on substrates via dose-controlled, floating evaporative self-assembly at densities of ∼50 s-SWCNTs μm−1. At a channel length of 9 μm the s-SWCNTs percolate to span the FET channel, and the on/off ratio and charge transport mobility are 2.2 × 107 and 46 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. At a channel length of 400 nm, a large fraction of the s-SWCNTs directly span the channel, and the on-conductance per width is 61 μS μm−1 and the on/off ratio is 4 × 105. These results are considerably better than previous solution-processed FETs, which have suffered from poor on/off ratio due to spurious metallic nanotubes that bridge the channel. 4071 individual and small bundles of s-SWCNTs are tested in 400 nm channel length FETs, and all show semiconducting behavior, demonstrating the high fidelity of polyfluorenes as selective agents and the promise of assembling s-SWCNTs from solution to create high performance semiconductor electronic devices.
Refractive index of a single ZnO microwire at high temperatures
Authors: Qiu Kangsheng , Zhao Yanhui , Gao Yunan , Liu Xiangbo , Ji Xiaofan , Cao Shuo , Tang Jing , Sun Yue , Zhang Dongxiang , Feng Baohua , Xu Xiulai
Published: February 2014

We report a study of refractive index of a wurtzite ZnO single crystal microwire at a temperature range from room temperature to about 400 K using optical cavity modes. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the ZnO microwire at different temperatures were performed using a confocal micro-photoluminescence setup. The whispering gallery modes observed in the PL spectra show a redshift both in the ultraviolet and the visible range as the temperature rises. The redshift is used to extract the refractive index of the ZnO microwire. The dispersion relations are deduced at different temperatures, and the results show that the refractive index increases with raising temperature for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. The refractive index increases faster at a shorter wavelength, which is due to the fact that the shorter wavelength is closer to the resonance frequencies of ZnO microwire according to the Lorentz oscillator model.
Current leakage relaxation and charge trapping in ultra-porous low-k materials
Authors: Borja Juan , Plawsky Joel L. , Lu T.-M. , Bakhru Hassaram , Gill William N.
Published: February 2014

Time dependent dielectric failure has become a pivotal aspect of interconnect design as industry pursues integration of sub-22 nm process-technology nodes. Literature has provided key information about the role played by individual species such as electrons, holes, ions, and neutral impurity atoms. However, no mechanism has been shown to describe how such species interact and influence failure. Current leakage relaxation in low-k dielectrics was studied using bipolar field experiments to gain insight into how charge carrier flow becomes impeded by defects within the dielectric matrix. Leakage current decay was correlated to injection and trapping of electrons. We show that current relaxation upon inversion of the applied field can be described by the stretched exponential function. The kinetics of charge trapping events are consistent with a time-dependent reaction rate constant, k=k0⋅(t+1)β−1, where 0 < β < 1. Such dynamics have previously been observed in studies of charge trapping reactions in amorphous solids by W. H. Hamill and K. Funabashi, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5523–5527 (1977). We explain the relaxation process in charge trapping events by introducing a nonlinear charge trapping model. This model provides a description on the manner in which the transport of mobile defects affects the long-tail current relaxation processes in low-k films.
Milling effects on magnetic properties of melt spun Fe-Nb-B alloy
Authors: Ipus J. J. , Blázquez J. S. , Franco V. , Stoica M. , Conde A.
Published: February 2014

Fe75Nb10B15 amorphous ribbons were grinded via ball milling to produce powder samples preserving the amorphous microstructure. A continuous increase of the Curie temperature with the milling time is observed as well as an enhancement of spontaneous magnetization, average hyperfine field, and magnetocaloric effect. This enhancement in the magnetic character of the samples as milling progresses is ascribed to an increase of the Fe-Fe distance. However, the peak entropy change reduces after grinding the ribbon sample. This effect could be related to a broader distribution of Curie temperatures in powdered samples.
Analysis of flicker noise in two-dimensional multilayer MoS2 transistors
Authors: Kwon Hyuk-Jun , Kang Hongki , Jang Jaewon , Kim Sunkook , Grigoropoulos Costas P.
Published: February 2014

Using low-frequency noise (LFN) analysis, we examined the quality of the semiconductor, oxide, and oxide–semiconductor interface of back-gated multilayer MoS2 transistors. We also investigated the mechanism of the LFN and extracted γ exponents from the LFN behavior, 1/fγ; the value of γ was >1 at negative gate bias because of active slow traps. As VG increased, the slow traps were filled and thus γ decreased, stabilizing at ≈0.95. Various other parameters extracted from the LFN indicated that the carrier number fluctuation (Δn) model was the dominant origin of the LFN. The multilayer MoS2 structure had better noise immunity than a single-layer case in air.
High-Q band edge mode of plasmonic crystals studied by cathodoluminescence
Authors: Honda Masahiro , Yamamoto Naoki
Published: February 2014

We have investigated the quality factor (Q-factor) of the band edge modes in the plasmonic crystal by a cathodoluminescence technique. We have found that the Q-factor at the Γ point depends on the terrace width (D)/period (P) ratio of the plasmonic crystal. The finite-difference time-domain methods predict that the band edge mode at D/P = 3/4 has a high-Q-factor (Q ∼ 250 by Palik's permittivity data and Q ∼ 530 by Johnson and Christy's data). The beam-scan spectral images allowed us to visualize the standing surface plasmon polariton waves at the band edge energies, and a high-Q-factor of ∼200 was observed at D/P ∼ 3/4.
Aluminium plasma production at high laser intensity
Authors: Torrisi L. , Cutroneo M.
Published: February 2014

Thick and thin films of Al targets were irradiated in vacuum with iodine laser at 1315 nm wavelength, 300 ps pulse duration at a maximum intensity of about 1016 W/cm2 by varying the pulse energy and focal position. The laser-generated plasma was monitored in forward and backward directions by using ion collectors, SiC detectors, Thomson parabola spectrometer, and X-ray streak camera. Ion emission shows maximum proton energy of about 4 MeV in self-focusing conditions and a maximum Al ion energy of about 50 MeV. An evaluation of the electric field driving ions in conditions of target normal sheath acceleration is given.
Precision measurement of transverse velocity distribution of a strontium atomic beam
Authors: Gao F. , Liu H. , Xu P. , Tian X. , Wang Y. , Ren J. , Wu Haibin , Chang Hong
Published: February 2014

We measure the transverse velocity distribution in a thermal Sr atomic beam precisely by velocity-selective saturated fluorescence spectroscopy. The use of an ultrastable laser system and the narrow intercombination transition line of Sr atoms mean that the resolution of the measured velocity can reach 0.13 m/s, corresponding to 90 μK in energy units. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the results of theoretical calculations. Based on the spectroscopic techniques used here, the absolute frequency of the intercombination transition of 88Sr is measured using an optical-frequency comb generator referenced to the SI second through an H maser, and is given as 434 829 121 318(10) kHz.
Parallel double-plate capacitive proximity sensor modelling based on effective theory
Authors: Li Nan , Zhu Haiye , Wang Wenyu , Gong Yu
Published: February 2014

A semi-analytical model for a double-plate capacitive proximity sensor is presented according to the effective theory. Three physical models are established to derive the final equation of the sensor. Measured data are used to determine the coefficients. The final equation is verified by using measured data. The average relative error of the calculated and the measured sensor capacitance is less than 7.5%. The equation can be used to provide guidance to engineering design of the proximity sensors.
Density functional study of pressure profile for hard-sphere fluids confined in a nano-cavity
Authors: Sun Zongli , Kang Yanshuang , Zhang Junxia
Published: February 2014

To gain a deeper understanding and to master the mechanical properties of classical fluids confined in nano-geometry, the pressure tensor applicable to confined fluids is derived by taking into account more correlation among the particles. First, based on classical statistical theory, the expression for the pressure tensor is calculated by expanding the stress tensor and considering further the correlation effect among the particles. Our numerical result is compared with that of molecular dynamics simulation and the agreement between them is quite good. Then, the dependence of the bulk density and the dimension of the cavity on the pressure profile is computed and studied. The curvature dependence of contact pressure and net pressure on the cavity wall is also studied. Finally, the solid–fluid interfacial tension is calculated and compared with Monte Carlo results. The results derived in this work indicate the importance and necessity of correlation among particles in the prediction of the mechanical properties of confined fluids.
Tribological behaviour of multi-walled carbon nanotube films
Authors: Rui Li
Published: February 2014

The tribological behaviours of three kinds of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) films, flattened pristine film, film with mixed acid treatment and vertically aligned film, were investigated in air at room temperature using a universal tribometer-II. The results indicated that the flattened pristine film with less defects and oxidation had the best tribological behaviour. The vertically aligned film obtained the highest friction coefficient, and vertical orientation is perhaps the most crucial factor when high friction is needed.
Ablation experiment and threshold calculation of titanium alloy irradiated by ultra-fast pulse laser
Authors: Zheng Buxiang , Jiang Gedong , Wang Wenjun , Wang Kedian , Mei Xuesong
Published: February 2014

The interaction between an ultra-fast pulse laser and a material's surface has become a research hotspot in recent years. Micromachining of titanium alloy with an ultra-fast pulse laser is a very important research direction, and it has very important theoretical significance and application value in investigating the ablation threshold of titanium alloy irradiated by ultra-fast pulse lasers. Irradiated by a picosecond pulse laser with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm, the surface morphology and feature sizes, including ablation crater width (i.e. diameter), ablation depth, ablation area, ablation volume, single pulse ablation rate, and so forth, of the titanium alloy were studied, and their ablation distributions were obtained. The experimental results show that titanium alloy irradiated by a picosecond pulse infrared laser with a 1064 nm wavelength has better ablation morphology than that of the green picosecond pulse laser with a 532 nm wavelength. The feature sizes are approximately linearly dependent on the laser pulse energy density at low energy density and the monotonic increase in laser pulse energy density. With the increase in energy density, the ablation feature sizes are increased. The rate of increase in the feature sizes slows down gradually once the energy density reaches a certain value, and gradually saturated trends occur at a relatively high energy density. Based on the linear relation between the laser pulse energy density and the crater area of the titanium alloy surface, and the Gaussian distribution of the laser intensity on the cross section, the ablation threshold of titanium alloy irradiated by an ultra-fast pulse laser was calculated to be about 0.109 J/cm2.
Development of substrate-removal-free vertical ultraviolet light-emitting diode (RefV-LED)
Authors: Kurose N. , Shibano K. , Araki T. , Aoyagi Y.
Published: February 2014

A vertical ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED) that does not require substrate removal is developed. Spontaneous via holes are formed in n-AlN layer epitaxially grown on a high conductive n+Si substrate and the injected current flows directly from the p-electrode to high doped n+ Si substrate through p-AlGaN, multi-quantum wells, n-AlGaN and spontaneous via holes in n-AlN. The spontaneous via holes were formed by controlling feeding-sequence of metal-organic gas sources and NH3 and growth temperature in MOCVD. The via holes make insulating n-AlN to be conductive. We measured the current-voltage, current-light intensity and emission characteristics of this device. It exhibited a built-in voltage of 3.8 V and emission was stated at 350 nm from quantum wells with successive emission centered at 400 nm. This UV LED can be produced, including formation of n and p electrodes, without any resist process.
The improvement of GaN-based light-emitting diodes using nanopatterned sapphire substrate with small pattern spacing
Authors: Zhang Yonghui , Wei Tongbo , Wang Junxi , Lan Ding , Chen Yu , Hu Qiang , Lu Hongxi , Li Jinmin
Published: February 2014

Self-assembly SiO2 nanosphere monolayer template is utilized to fabricate nanopatterned sapphire substrates (NPSSs) with 0-nm, 50-nm, and 120-nm spacing, receptively. The GaN growth on top of NPSS with 0-nm spacing has the best crystal quality because of laterally epitaxial overgrowth. However, GaN growth from pattern top is more difficult to get smooth surface than from pattern bottom. The rougher surface may result in a higher work voltage. The stimulation results of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) display that too large or too small spacing lead to the reduced light extracted efficiency (LEE) of LEDs. Under a driving current 350 mA, the external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of GaN-based LEDs grown on NPSSs with 0-nm, 50-nm, and 120-nm spacing increase by 43.3%, 50.6%, and 39.1%, respectively, compared to that on flat sapphire substrate (FSS). The optimized pattern spacing is 50 nm for the NPSS with 600-nm pattern period.
Gold Catalysis: AuCl-induced Polymerization of Styrene and n-Butylvinylether
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Schäfer Sascha , Göker Verena , Eisenbach Claus D. , Dirnberger Klaus , Zhao-Karger Zhirong , Crewdson Patrick
Published: February 2014

Polymerization of styrene, 4-methoxystyrene, and n-butylvinylether was achieved using simple AuCl as catalyst and AgPF6 as cocatalyst. High molecular weights and low polydispersity indices were obtained. Evidence for a cationic mechanism was obtained by reactions with nucleophiles. The mechanistic study also indicates a living polymerization with the gold(i)–alkene complex as the resting species.
Electrochemical Reduction and Detection of Nitrobenzene Based on Porphyrin Composite-modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Xue Zhonghua , Lian Huan , Hu Chenxian , Feng Yanjun , Zhang Fan , Liu Xiuhui , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: February 2014

An electrocatalytic platform and electrochemical sensor for nitrobenzene using tetra(4-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin-functionalized N-doped ordered mesoporous carbon (TMPP/N-OMC) as sensitive material is reported. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with TMPP/N-OMC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrode shows high electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of nitrobenzene in sodium chloride solution (pH 7.00). Electrocatalytic reduction currents of nitrobenzene were found to be linearly related to concentration over the range 0.528 to 132.00 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9971 using a differential pulse voltammogram method. The detection limits were determined as 0.2162 μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The results show TMPP/N-OMC-modified glassy carbon electrodes open new opportunities for fast, simple, and sensitive field analysis of nitrobenzene.
Population dynamics of house mice in Queensland grain-growing areas
Authors: Pople Anthony , Scanlan Joe , Cremasco Peter , Farrell Julianne
Published: February 2014

Context
Irregular plagues of house mice cause high production losses in grain crops in Australia. If plagues can be forecast through broad-scale monitoring or model-based prediction, then mice can be proactively controlled by poison baiting.

Aims
To predict mouse plagues in grain crops in Queensland and assess the value of broad-scale monitoring.

Methods
Regular trapping of mice at the same sites on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland has been undertaken since 1974. This provides an index of abundance over time that can be related to rainfall, crop yield, winter temperature and past mouse abundance. Other sites have been trapped over a shorter time period elsewhere on the Darling Downs and in central Queensland, allowing a comparison of mouse population dynamics and cross-validation of models predicting mouse abundance.

Key results
On the regularly trapped 32-km transect on the Darling Downs, damaging mouse densities occur in 50% of years and a plague in 25% of years, with no detectable increase in mean monthly mouse abundance over the past 35 years. High mouse abundance on this transect is not consistently matched by high abundance in the broader area. Annual maximum mouse abundance in autumn–winter can be predicted (R2 = 57%) from spring mouse abundance and autumn–winter rainfall in the previous year. In central Queensland, mouse dynamics contrast with those on the Darling Downs and lack the distinct annual cycle, with peak abundance occurring in any month outside early spring. On average, damaging mouse densities occur in 1 in 3 years and a plague occurs in 1 in 7 years. The dynamics of mouse populations on two transects ~70 km apart were rarely synchronous. Autumn–winter rainfall can indicate mouse abundance in some seasons (R2 = ~52%).

Conclusion
Early warning of mouse plague formation in Queensland grain crops from regional models should trigger farm-based monitoring. This can be incorporated with rainfall into a simple model predicting future abundance that will determine any need for mouse control.

Implications
A model-based warning of a possible mouse plague can highlight the need for local monitoring of mouse activity, which in turn could trigger poison baiting to prevent further mouse build-up.
Elevated hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 induces insulin resistance in uremia
Authors: Chapagain Ananda , Caton Paul W. , Kieswich Julius , Andrikopoulos Petros , Nayuni Nanda , Long Jamie H. , Harwood Steven M. , Webster Scott P. , Raftery Martin J. , Thiemermann Christoph , Walker Brian R. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Corder Roger , Yaqoob Muhammad Magdi
Published: February 2014

Significance

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached epidemic proportions in the Western world in recent decades. Abnormally elevated blood insulin and impaired insulin action (insulin resistance) are common complications of CKD, and are associated with increased cardiovascular-related deaths in CKD patients. Therefore, novel therapies are required to treat insulin resistance in CKD. Abnormally elevated levels of glucocorticoids can cause insulin resistance. Here we demonstrate a crucial role for the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) predominantly in liver, which is essential for glucocorticoid production, in causing insulin resistance in CKD. Additionally, 11βHSD1 inhibition corrected insulin resistance in CKD rodent models. Taken together, this is strong evidence that selective inhibition of 11βHSD1 is a promising therapeutic target for treatment of insulin resistance in CKD.
Experience, certainty and control, and the direct evidential in Wanka Quechua questions
Authors: Floyd Rick
Published: February 2014

Evidentiality is traditionally discussed in terms of information source and its relation to the degree of commitment a speaker has with respect to a proposition. Furthermore, it is a notion that is usually thought to apply principally to assertions. A consideration of the full range of uses of the Wanka Quechua direct evidential shows that while these concepts are generally sufficient for the description of prototypical usage, understanding other uses requires explanation along different lines. Certain non-prototypical uses exemplify a type of subjectification, a process of semantic change that has been observed cross-linguistically (cf. Traugott 1989, Langacker 1990). The use of the direct evidential as a grammaticalized marker of content (WH) questions is particularly anomalous from a traditional perspective. However, it can be shown to be a well-motivated extension from other uses within the semantic network.
A functional lexicogrammar of adjectives
Authors: Tucker Gordon H.
Published: February 2014

This paper addresses the modelling of lexis within the framework of systemic functional grammar (SFG). Following Halliday's original notion of lexis as 'most delicate grammar', it is argued within SFG that there is no sharp distinction between structure and lexis. Instead, both aspects of linguistic organisation are integrated into one single network of lexicogrammatical options, which constitutes the meaning potential of a language. Options in the lexicogrammar are realised at the same time by structural configurations and lexical items.
Taking adjectives and their structures as its focus, the paper develops a lexicogrammatical description which takes into consideration the range of options available for the expression of 'qualities of things' and the constraints upon and consequences of lexicogrammatical choice in this area. What emerges in particular from such a description is the complex interrelationship and interdependency between lexical and structural choice.
A semiotic model for the description of levels in conjunction
Authors: Verstraete Jean-Christophe
Published: February 2014

This paper attempts to develop a comprehensive model for the problem of internal vs. external conjunction (Halliday & Hasan 1976). It is first argued that the distinction between internal and external conjunction is not merely a matter of semantics, but that the two types are semiotically significant categories. By postulating that internal and external conjunction are cryptotypically anchored in the speaker-encoding vs. content-related grammar of their main clause, it can be explained why and how syntactic criteria like clefting or nominalization 'react' to the semantic distinction between the two types of conjunction. Secondly, it is argued that the internal category should be subdivided into two grammatically distinct types of conjunction, which are related to the modal and the speech functional grammar of their main clause. Finally, this analysis is used to propose a sharper delineation of the modal and the speech functional subtypes of the internal category.
From action to language through gesture: A longitudinal perspective
Authors: Capirci Olga , Contaldo Annarita , Caselli Maria Cristina , Volterra Virginia
Published: February 2014

The present study reports empirical longitudinal data on the early stages of language development. The main hypothesis is that the output systems of speech and gesture may draw on underlying brain mechanisms common to both language and motor functions. We analyze the spontaneous interaction with their parents of three typically-developing children (2 M, 1 F) videotaped monthly at home between 10 and 23 months of age. Data analyses focused on the production of actions, representational and deictic gestures and words, and gesture-word combinations. Results indicate that there is a continuity between the production of the first action schemes, the first gestures and the first words produced by children. The relationship between gestures and words changes over time. The onset of two-word speech was preceded by the emergence of gesture-word combinations. The results are discussed in order to integrate and support the evolutionary and neurophysiological views of language origins and development.
How does linguistic framing of events influence co-speech gestures?: Insights from crosslinguistic variations and similarities
Authors: Özyürek Aslı , Kita Sotaro , Allen Shanley , Furman Reyhan , Brown Amanda
Published: February 2014

What are the relations between linguistic encoding and gestural representations of events during online speaking? The few studies that have been conducted on this topic have yielded somewhat incompatible results with regard to whether and how gestural representations of events change with differences in the preferred semantic and syntactic encoding possibilities of languages. Here we provide large scale semantic, syntactic and temporal analyses of speech- gesture pairs that depict 10 different motion events from 20 Turkish and 20 English speakers. We find that the gestural representations of the same events differ across languages when they are encoded by different syntactic frames (i.e., verb-framed or satellite-framed). However, where there are similarities across languages, such as omission of a certain element of the event in the linguistic encoding, gestural representations also look similar and omit the same content. The results are discussed in terms of what gestures reveal about the influence of language specific encoding on on-line thinking patterns and the underlying interactions between speech and gesture during the speaking process.
Gestures in human and nonhuman primates: Why we need a comparative view
Authors: Müller Cornelia
Published: February 2014

The present article offers a condensed overview, of why a comparative view on gestures in human and nonhuman primates may offer important insights to both: researchers of human as well as of nonhuman primates. It is argued that a comparative view may further contribute to the debate over the evolution of language but that in addition it may also enhance understanding of the relation of language and gesture in humans. The article sketches programmatic issues, which are summarized in the list of framing questions for the workshop and this special issue on “Gestural communication in nonhuman and human primates”; it is aimed to clarify conceptual and methodological prerequisites and to offer points of departure for future comparative research.
Linde’s Dictionary: A landmark in Polish lexicography
Authors: Adamska-Sałaciak Arleta
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY Samuel Linde (1771–1847), author of the first major monolingual dictionary of Polish, was a native speaker of German. This, together with the complex political situation in which his work originated and proceeded — in Leipzig, Warsaw and Vienna — led to many doubts not only as to the author’s linguistic competence, but also regarding his national allegiance and political sympathies, an aspect not unimportant in an era when Poland did not exist as an independent political entity. Despite all this, the finished 4-volume work (Warsaw, 1807–1814), whose compilation, production, content and structure are discussed in this paper, has proved to be of lasting importance for Slavic lexicography.

RÉSUMÉ Samuel Linde (1771–1847), auteur du premier grand dictionnaire polonais monolingue, avait pour langue maternelle l’allemand. Ce fait, ainsi que le contexte politique tortueux entourant son travail (à Leipzig, à Varsovie et à Vienne), a semee bien des doutes, non seulement quant à son sentiment d’appartenance nationale et politique. Cet aspect des choses n’était pas sans importance à une époque où la Pologne n’existait pas en tant qu’entité politique indépendante. Malgré tout, cet ouvrage complété en 4 volumes (Varsovie, 1807–1814), dont la rédaction, la production, le contenu et la structure sont traités dans le présent article, s’est avéré être un ouvrage d’une importance durable dans le domaine de la lexicographie slave.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Samuel Linde (1771–1847), Autor des ersten umfangreichen einsprachigen Wörterbuchs des Polnischen, hatte Deutsch als Muttersprache. Dieser Umstand und die komplexen politischen Umstände, unter denen sein Werk seinen Ursprung nahm und ausgeführt wurde — in Leipzig, Warschau und Wien — führte nicht nur zu Zweifel bezüglich der sprachlichen Kompetenz des Gelehrten, sondern auch bezüglich seiner nationalen Verbundenheit und politischen Sympathien, alle keineswegs unbedeutende Gesichtspunkte in einer Zeit, während der Polen nicht als ein eigener, unabhängiger Staat existierte. Trotz all dieser Widrigkeiten gelang es Linde, sein 4-bändiges Werk abzuschließen (Warschau, 1807–1814), dessen Zusammenstellung, Herstellung, Inhalt und Struktur im vorliegenden Aufsatz diskutiert werden. Es erwies als ein Werk von anhaltender Bedeutung für die slavische Lexikographie.
Gengo Seikatsuþ: The study of language life in Japan, 1945–1995
Authors: Heinrich Patrick
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY The indigenous concept of language life developed out of dialectology and attempts to establish a modern standard language. At first, language life existed above all merely as a label for the joint study of Japanese and its speakers and it only became an essential component of Japanese linguistics after 1945. Within the post-war studies a distinction can be drawn between an empirical approach at the National Japanese Language Research Institute and a theoretical approach by Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967). A first wave of language life studies subsided in the 1960s, the empirical approach was, however, revived and further developed in the seventies finding support in sociolinguistics. Language life was finally displaced by sociolinguistics in the mid-eighties.

RÉSUMÉ Le concept autochtone de la vie du langage remonte à la dialectologie et aux efforts pour établir une norme du japonais moderne. Au début, la vie du langage designait principalement les recherches portant sur la langue japonaise ainsi que ses locuteurs. C’est seulement après 1945 que la vie du langage est devenue une partie essentielle de la linguistique japonaise. Après la guerre on peut distinguer une approche empirique développée par l’Institut National de Recherche sur la Langue Japonaise et une approche théorique développée par Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967). La première vague de l’étude de la vie du langage s’estompera dans les années soixante, cependant dans les années soixante-dix l’approche empirique effectuera un retour et sera développée davantage, s’inspirant partiellement de la sociolinguistique. La vie du langage sera finalement remplacée dans les années quatre-vingt par la sociolinguistique.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die indigene Konzeption des Sprachlebens geht neben der Dialektologie auf Bemühungen zur Etablierung einer modernen Standardsprache zurück. Sprachleben existierte anfangs weitestgehend nur als Etikett für eine Erforschung des Japanischen in Verbindung mit seinen Sprechern, wurde allerdings nach 1945 wesentlicher Bestandteil der japanischen Linguistik. In der Nachkriegszeit lässt sich zwischen einem empirischen Ansatz am Staatlichen Forschungsinstitut für die Landessprache und einem theoretischen Ansatz durch Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967) unterscheiden. Eine erste Welle der Sprachleben-Forschung verebbte Anfang der sechziger Jahre, jedoch erfuhr der empirische Ansatz in den siebziger Jahren in Anlehnung an die Soziolinguistik eine Wiederbelebung und Weiterentwicklung. Sprachleben wurde Mitte der achtziger Jahre endgültig von der Soziolinguistik verdrängt.
Vološinov and Cassirer: A case of plagiarism?
Authors: Lähteenmäki Mika
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY Recently, it has been suggested that Valentin Vološinov (1895–1936) plagiarised Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945). This claim is to be seen as grossly overstated, although Vološinov obviously benefited from Cassirer’s work on language. This article compares Vološinov’s and Cassirer’s concepts of the sign and discusses their views concerning the relation between language and reality. There are fundamental differences between their views on the nature of the sign which mainly stem from the fact that they are committed to different philosophical paradigms. Thus, the validity of the claims according to which philosophical sources of the dialogical conception of the sign can be found in Cassirer’s works should be seriously questioned.

RÉSUMÉ Selon une étude récente, Valentin Vološinov (1895–1936) aurait plagié Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945). Bien que Vološinov ait clairement bénéficié du travail de Cassirer sur le langage, qualifier cela de plagiat constitue à notre avis une exagération grave. Le présent article compare les concepts du signe chez Vološinov et Cassirer et discute de leurs points de vue en ce qui concerne la relation entre le langage et la réalité. Il y a des divergences fondamentales quant à leurs conceptions de la nature du signe. Ces divergences proviennent surtout du fait que les deux hommes appartiennent à des traditions philosophiques différentes. Aussi doit-on sérieusement remettre en question la validité des affirmations selon lesquelles les sources philosophiques de la conception dialogique du signe se trouvent dans l’oeuvre de Cassirer.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In letzter Zeit ist behauptet worden, Valentin Vološinov (1895–1936) habe Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945) plagiiert. Diese Behauptung ist als stark übertrieben zu bezeichnen, wenn auch Vološinov offensichtlich von Cassirers Arbeiten über die Sprache profitiert hat. Der vorliegende Aufsatz vergleicht die Auffassungen über den Zeichen-Begriff bei Vološinov und Cassirer und befasst sich mit ihren Meinungen über das Verhältnis zwischen Sprache und Realität. Es bestehen fundamentale Unterschiede zwischen ihren Meinungen über die Natur des Zeichens, die hauptsächlich auf ihre Zugehörigkeit zu unterschiedlichen philosophischen Paradigmen zurückzuführen sind. Folglich sollte die Gültigkeit der Behauptungen, nach denen bei Vološinov philosophische Ursprünge der dialogischen Konzeption des Zeichens in Cassirers Arbeiten gefunden werden können, ernstlich in Frage gestellt werden.
The legacy of J.þþR. Firth: A report on recent research
Authors: Rébori Victoria
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY The present paper is a report on research on the British linguist John Rupert Firth (1890–1960) carried out in Britain during the academic year 2000–2001. It sketches some characteristics of Firth’s personality, scholarly life and thinking based on two kinds of different sources: the testimonies of people who were close to him and recently found historical documents. The main contribution of this paper is to furnish fresh data about Firth’s biography with particular reference to the question of how he became interested in the science of language.

RÉSUMÉ Le présent article est un rapport de recherche dont le sujet est la vie et l’oeuvre du linguiste britannique John Rupert Firth (1890–1960). On présente les résultats de la recherche que l’auteur a menée en Grande Bretagne pendant l’année académique 2000–2001. Quelques caractéristiques de la personnalité de Firth, aussi bien que de sa vie et de sa pensée scientifique sont esquissées. Deux sources sont à la base du présent rapport: les témoignages des personnes qui l’ont connu et des documents récemment retrouvés. La contribution principale de ce rapport est d’ajouter de nouvelles données à la biographie de Firth, et en particulier, à l’intinéraire intellectuelle de Firth qui l’a amené à la science du langage.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Beitrag ist ein Bericht über Nachforschungen zu Leben und Werk des britischen Sprachwissenschaftlers John Rupert Firth (1890–1960), die während des akademischen Jahres 2000–2001 in Grossbritannien durchgeführt wurden. Im wesentlichen wird Firths Persönlichkeit und Werdegang auf Grundlage von zwei unterschiedlichen Quellensorten skizziert: Zeugnisse von Personen, die Firth nahe standen, und erst kürzlich aufgefundene Schriftstücke. Das Hauptanliegen dieses Beitrags ist es, neue Fakten zu Firths Biographie zu liefern, und zwar insbesondere unter der Fragestellung, wie sich Firths Interesse an Sprache und Sprachwissenschaft entwickelt hat.
Language as the Key to the Epistemological Labyrinth: Turgot’s Changing View of Human Perception
Authors: Lifschitz Avi S.
Published: February 2014

A belief in a firm correspondence between objects, ideas, and their representation in language pervaded the works of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727–1781) in 1750. This conviction is particularly manifest in Turgot’s sharp critique of Berkeley’s philosophical system and his remarks on Maupertuis’s reconstruction of the origin of language. During the 1750s Turgot’s epistemological views underwent a change, apparent in two of his contributions to theEncyclopédie: the entriesExistenceandÉtymologie(1756). These articles included a reassessment of Berkeleyan immaterialism, facing an ultimate crisis of definition and representation. A similar development may be traced in contemporary works by Condillac and Diderot. Turgot’sEncyclopédieentries also envisaged a new science, an archeology of the human mind aided by the examination of linguistic development and change. This entailed the scientific verification of conjectures in any historical account of ideas, turning etymological and psychological inquiries into what Turgot termed ‘experimental metaphysics’.