bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE GROWTH-RETARDING EFFECT OF ERUCIC ACID AND ITS RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: December 2009

Young male rats fed a synthetic diet containing erucic acid but lacking fat-soluble vitamins plateau at a lower weight than those fed similar diets containing no fat or other individual fatty acids. Growth resumes in the erucic acid fed rats when vitamin A acetate and corn oil are administered, but neither is effective alone. The corn oil can be replaced by methyl linoleate. Vitamin A acetate alone causes some additional growth in rats plateaued on diets containing no fat or palmitic acid but it is more effective when combined with corn oil. Rats fed an erucic acid diet containing fat-soluble vitamins still plateaued at a lower weight than rats fed a similar diet containing oleic acid.
HISTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR CELLULAR ADAPTATION TO NON-FREEZING COLD INJURY
Authors: Héroux O.
Published: December 2009

The development and the healing of non-freezing cold injury in ears of rats maintained at 6 °C for 118 days and followed at different times of exposure revealed histological changes of a different nature at 4–6 mm away from the edge of the ear from the changes at 1–3 mm. In the first 3 mm during the first 21 days of exposure there was a continuous drop in the number of prophases and telophases and a parallel increase in the number of blocked and degenerating metaphases. In the second week, inflammatory reactions appeared; in the third week, the edema and lymphocyte infiltration was quite severe, and at that time 10% of the epithelium was degenerating. At the end of the fourth week, in the non-necrotic part of the epidermis, the number of prophases and telophases had returned to the initial level and the number of blocked metaphases was back to normal. After 56 to 118 days, no signs of edema, necrosis, or blocked metaphases could be found. In summary, the cold injury developed in the first 3 or 4 weeks and healed in the following month. After 2 months, cold temperature had no damaging effect on the epidermal tissue.At 4–6 mm from the edge of the ear, no cold injury developed, but in the first week there was a slight degree of mitotic blocking which disappeared during the second week. Essentially the same picture was observed at the 1–3 mm location in the ears of rats kept at 15 °C.On the assumption that mitotic blocking is due to a disturbance of the ionic transfer through the cellular membrane, it is suggested that the primary cause of cold injury is a direct thermal damage to the membrane.
EFFECT OF MELANOPHORE-STIMULATING HORMONE ON HUMAN DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: Kalant H. , Ogilvie J. C. , Smith Lorraine C. , Taylor N. B. G. , Walker I. G.
Published: December 2009

A preparation of melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) obtained from porcine anterior pituitary glands was found to produce no effect on the course of dark adaptation in normal human subjects, when injected subcutaneously in doses of 185 or 550 I.U.A partially purified MSH was prepared from bovine posterior pituitary glands by Hanaoka's modification of Stehle's method. It was assayed by a skin reflectance method in hypophysectomized frogs. When administered subcutaneously in a dose of 500 I.U., this material also failed to affect the course of dark adaptation in six normal subjects of Caucasian ancestry and six of Japanese ancestry.These results are compared with those of other investigators, and the disagreements are attributed to differences in apparatus and technique of measurement of dark adaptation. It is concluded that exogenous MSH does not affect dark adaptation in normal subjects.
THE FRACTIONATION OF THE HISTONES OF CALF THYMUS AND CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES BY CATION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH SODIUM SALTS
Authors: Neelin J. M. , Butler G. C.
Published: December 2009

The histone extracted from the nucleoprotein of calf thymus and chicken erythrocyte nuclei at pH 1.8 was more stable than that extracted at less than pH 1.5. Extraction directly from isolated nuclei avoided the deleterious effects of dialysis and of neutral pH. Fractionation by cation-exchange chromatography on the sodium form of Amberlite IRC-50, with "stepwise elution" by various sodium salts, recovered more than 90% of the chicken erythrocyte histone in at least seven components. About 75% of the calf thymus histone was eluted in four peaks; one of these was shown to be identical with the lysine-rich component, while the other three coincided with the arginine-rich peak eluted by barium acetate from barium IRC-50. These preparations of histone chloride were not degraded in sodium salt solutions, but tended to aggregate, especially in the presence of barium ion.
A SURFACE TENSION EQUILIBRIUM STUDY OF HUMAN SERUM IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Jasper J. J. , McCann D. S. , Mosher R. E. , Boyle A. J.
Published: December 2009

The rate of attainment of a static surface tension equilibrium by human blood serum was investigated. In general serum from atherosclerotic individuals tends to reach a static surface tension value more rapidly than serum from a normal subject. From a consideration of typical surface tension versus age-of-surface curves of fresh serum, of heated denatured serum, and of aged serum, it is concluded that the rate of change of surface tension is a function of serum protein structure and therefore influences the colloidal stability of serum.
THE EFFECT OF PHENETHYLBIGUANIDE UPON THE METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Forbath N. , Clarke D. W.
Published: December 2009

Some of the effects of phenethylbiguanide (DBI) upon carbohydrate metabolism in the isolated rat diaphragm have been studied. The addition of this compound to an incubation medium stimulates the uptake of sugars, the breakdown of glycogen, and the output of lactic acid and inorganic phosphate. Free sugar does not accumulate in the diaphragm treated with DBI.
STUDIES OF PHLORIDZIN IN MALUS
Authors: Hutchinson A. , Taper C. D. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: December 2009

The phloridzin content of dormant terminal twigs of Malus rootstock clones was not related to the vigor imparted to the scions. In young seedling trees it varied with the nutritional status of the plant; an acute deficiency of nitrogen, sulphur, or calcium resulted in a significant increase in phloridzin accumulation. Phloridzin is synthesized readily in the leaf from C14O2 in the light and appears to be stable once formed. Phenylalanine-C14 and tyrosine-C14, when fed to leaf disks, are incorporated into the C6–C3 moiety of phloridzin which includes ring B. Tyrosine is not as effective as phenylalanine. Acetate-C14 is incorporated into ring A. Phloroglucinol is not involved in the synthesis of phloridzin. A method for the quantitative determination of phloridzin is described, also a semimicro method for its alkaline hydrolysis. The large amounts of radioactive D-glucitol formed from a wide variety of precursor compounds indicate a central role for it in the carbohydrate metabolism of Malus.
A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION
Authors: Bligh E. G. , Dyer W. J.
Published: December 2009

Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 LABELLED COMPOUNDS: X. THE INCORPORATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID-l-C14
Authors: McConnell W. B.
Published: December 2009

Glutamic acid-1-C14was injected into the top internode of wheat stems at a stage of growth when kernel development was rapid (71 days after seeding). The plants were harvested 31 days later when they had matured and the incorporation of carbon-14 studied. About one-third of the carbon-14 administered was found in the upper portions of the mature plants, much of the remaining radioactivity having apparently been respired. About 85% of the carbon-14 recovered was found in the kernel. The protein fractions of these were most radioactive, but an appreciable amount of carbon-14 also appeared in the starch. Glutamic acid had the highest specific activity of the amino acids isolated from the gluten, but proline and arginine were also strongly labelled. Since these three amino acids were labelled predominantly in carbon-1 their close metabolic relationship in the wheat plant seems probable.
LINGCOD MUSCLE NUCLEASE
Authors: Tomlinson Neil
Published: December 2009

A nuclease from muscle of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) has been purified by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose in the free-base form by stepwise elution with increasing concentrations of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. HCl, pH 7.0. The nuclease has been shown to hydrolyze ribonucleic acid, adenosine 3′-benzyl phosphate, thymidine 3′-p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and thymidine 5′-p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The latter compound was hydrolyzed at a very low rate. It did not hydrolyze adenosine 2′- or 5′- benzyl phosphate or certain nucleoside cyclic phosphates. The enzyme was inhibited by monoiodoacetate but not by heparin.
SYNTHESIS OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATEDL-α-LECITHINS ACYLATION OF THE CADMIUM CHLORIDE COMPOUND OFL-α-GLYCERYLPHOSPHORYLCHOLINE
Authors: Baer Erich , Buchnea Dmytro
Published: December 2009

A facile procedure for the preparation of saturated and unsaturated L-α-lecithins from L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) is reported. The lecithins are obtained by acylating L-α-GPC, in the form of its cadmium chloride addition compound, with fatty acid chloride and pyridine at low temperature (0°–25°). The acylation proceeds rapidly and yields optically pureL-α-lecithins. The preparation of the distearoyl-, dimyristoyl-, and dioleoyl L-α-lecithins by this procedure is described.The deacylation of lecithins with mercuric chloride or sodium hydroxide was investigated. Both procedures give a partially racemized L-α-GPC. This was established by the finding that the optical activity of the lecithins resulting from reacylating the L-α-GPC preparations in the form of their cadmium chloride compounds was considerably lower than that of the corresponding authentic lecithins.
LINGCOD MUSCLE PHOSPHORIBOISOMERASE AND RIBULOSE 5′-PHOSPHATE 3′-EPIMERASE
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: December 2009

Comparatively pure phosphoriboisomerase and ribulose 5′-phosphate 3′-epimerase enzyme preparations were obtained from lingcod muscle by a simple procedure involving water extraction, saturation of the extract with ammonium sulphate, dialysis, brief heating to 55 °C, lyophilization of the solution, and final separation by ion exchange chromatography, using diethylamiuoethyl cellulose columns. Both enzymes have broad pH optima above pH 7.0, but are rapidly inactivated below this value. The following equilibria were established and compared with those obtained by other investigators: [Formula: see text], 1.35:1.0; [Formula: see text], 1: 1.5 and [Formula: see text], 1:0.58:0.66. The ketopentulose phosphate resulting from the action of phosphoriboisomerase on D-ribose 5-phosphate was isolated and identified as D-ribulose5-phosphate. Both D-ribulose and D-xylulose were demonstrated after subjecting a product of epimerase action to hydrolysis by acid phosphatase and ion exchange chromatography.
ROLE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Petrushka E. , Quastel J. H. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

The addition of small amounts (50 μg protein) of heated snake venom to respiring preparations of mitochondria from rat liver or kidney brings about an uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation as measured by a fall in the P/O ratio. When larger amounts (250 μg protein) of heated venom are added a rapid decline in the respiratory activity eventually takes place which coincides with a breakdown in the mitochondrial structure. On addition of smaller amounts (e.g. 7.5 μg protein) of heated venom to liver or kidney mitochondria there occurs a release of soluble proteins including enzymes, e.g. ATP-ase.Various phospholipids are able to exert a specific protective effect against the uncoupling action of heated venom. Albumin exhibits a non-specific effect but glutathionine, which helps to maintain the respiratory activity of mitochondria in the presence of heated venom, does not prevent the accompanying fall in the P/O ratio.The importance of the structural integrity of mitochondria for their enzymic activities is discussed, special reference being made to the role of phospholipids.
THE FORMATION OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE RIBOSIDE PHOSPHATE IN ASCITES TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Paterson A. R. P.
Published: December 2009

A nucleotide metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine has been isolated from Erhlich ascites carcinoma cells exposed to this compound under in vivo and in vitro conditions. By chemical and enzymatic methods, this nucleotide has been identified as 6-mercaptopurine nucleoside-5′-monophosphate.6-Mercaptopurine nucleotide is formed rapidly in the tumor cells in vivo, maximum concentrations being achieved within 0.5 hours after administration of the analogue. Treatment of the tumor cells with 6-mercaptopurine or with azaserine induced a twofold to threefold enhancement in their ability to synthesize 6-mercaptopurine nucleotide.Using isotopic techniques small amounts of 6-mercaptopurine nucleotide were detected in liver, intestine, and a solid tumor. The conversion of 6-mercaptopurine to the nucleotide form was also demonstrated in an ascitic form of Sarcoma 180.
THE COMBINATION OF COPPER WITH AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: December 2009

By equilibrating solutions containing amino acids, peptides, or proteins with the sparingly soluble copper salt malachite (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), it has been possible to determine the amount of copper in the solutions complexed to these compounds, and the amount of free copper in the solutions in equilibrium with the complex. The dissociation constant for the copper–glycine complex has been estimated from the data obtained using this system. The nature of the complexes has been deduced both from chemical determinations of the bound copper, and from manometric measurements of the extent of complexing, made in bicarbonate buffers. The simple amino acids have been shown to form complexes of the type CuR2, which are appreciably dissociated in dilute solutions. The degree of complexing is influenced by the nature of the group R. Histidine, tryptophane, and other compounds containing more than one donor nitrogen atom are able to form more than one type of complex with copper. The participation of other nitrogen atoms in complexing is related to their basicities. Glycylglycine is able to bind approximately twice as much copper as glycine, but the other glycine peptides from triglycine to pentaglycine show a reduced and progressively decreasing ability to bind copper.The binding of copper to proteins differs from that of the amino acids, in that the amount of copper bound is independent of the concentration of protein present, for any given concentration of free copper. The several atoms of copper bound to each protein molecule were not all bound with the same affinity.
EFFECTS OF AMPHENONE B AND OF DIET ON CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN THE RAT
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: December 2009

Amphenone B was added in concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5% to a number of synthetic diets and to a fox chow diet. These were then fed to young male rats to determine the effects on adrenal weight and on the cholesterol content of the adrenals, liver, and plasma. The rats fed amphenone mixed with synthetic diets showed a greater increase in adrenal size and adrenal cholesterol than those fed amphenone mixed with the chow diet. The liver and plasma cholesterol values of rats fed amphenone on synthetic diets were also increased appreciably while those of rats fed amphenone in the chow diet were near normal. Synthetic diets containing erucic acid and amphenone appeared to have the greatest effect on adrenal size and cholesterol content but other synthetic diets in some cases caused a greater increase in liver and plasma cholesterol concentrations. An attempt to examine the effect of injected amphenone on cholesterol levels in rats fed different diets was limited by the fact that high doses of amphenone cause prolonged anesthesia.
THE RELATION BETWEEN DRUG-INDUCED EXCITATION IN THE CAT AND ADDICTION LIABILITY
Authors: Cullumbine H. , Konop T. S.
Published: December 2009

The production of central excitation in the cat by various opium alkaloids, some synthetic analgesics, and related compounds has been studied. Dihydromorphinone, diamorphine, ketobemidone, levorphan, dipipanone, methadone, apomorphine, morphine, dihydrocodeinone, dihydrocodeine, phenadoxone, alphaprodine, codeine, meperidine, dionine, apocodeine, and pholcodine were all found to cause excitation when injected subcutaneously into cats.Papaverine, narcotine, cotarnine, hydrocotarnine, dextromethorphan, persedon, nalorphine, and levallorphan did not produce excitation in the cat. Prior administration of nalorphine or levallorphan prevented the production of excitation by morphine.Tolerance to the excitatory effect of morphine in the cat can be rapidly established.It is concluded that there is a relationship, although not an exact one, between the ability to produce excitation in the cat and the danger of producing addiction in man by the opium alkaloids and many synthetic analgesics.
THE SILICA CONTENT OF GUINEA PIG TISSUES AS DETERMINED BY CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES
Authors: Sauer F. , Laughland D. H. , Davidson W. M.
Published: December 2009

The concentration of silica in guinea pig and cow tissues was determined by the silicomolybdic acid reaction. The silica concentration was relatively low in all tissues but was greater in hair and lung than in muscle, liver, and kidney. The silica concentration of tissues was apparently not influenced by the silica concentration of the diet. The silica concentration in guinea pig and cow tissues was approximately the same.Experiments with Si31O2indicated that orally administered silica was rapidly absorbed and excreted. The suggestion is made that silica is present both in an organic and inorganic form and that the latter is rapidly eliminated from the body.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONAL AND THERMAL ACCLIMATION IN WHITE RATS: IV. MORPHOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES
Authors: Héroux O. , Campbell J. S.
Published: December 2009

White rats have been shown to develop a similar degree of resistance to cold whether exposed individually to a continuous cold temperature or exposed in groups of 10 to the fluctuating environmental conditions prevailing outdoors during the winter.Under these two different types of cold exposure, the rats were observed to have a reduced muscle growth. However the enlargement of the adrenals, thyroids, pituitary, heart, and digestive tract and the reduction of the mesenteric and subcutaneous fat and of the pelt weight, which have repeatedly been found in the indoor cold-acclimated rats, did not take place in the "outdoor winter" rats. Therefore it is clear that increased resistance to cold can be brought about without some of the anatomical changes characteristically associated with acclimation to continuous cold exposure.Cold stimulation outdoors was not sufficiently severe or of sufficient duration to produce renal lesions, hypertension, or cardiac lesions of any importance, although the animals were exposed to an average temperature of −10 °C which would certainly produce these lesions in indoor individually exposed rats.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE IN YOUNG WHEAT AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Gamborg O. L. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

Several C14-labelled compounds were fed to shoots excised from young plants of Triticum vulgare Vill. or Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. The free and bound phenylalanine and tyrosine were isolated after a metabolic period of 6 hours and their C14content measured. Shikimic acid was superior to glucose and acetate as a precursor of both phenylalanine and tyrosine. Phenyllactic acid and phenylpyruvic acid were easily converted to free phenylalanine and were incorporated into bound phenylalanine as readily as was free phenylalanine itself. Similarly, p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid were converted preferentially to tyrosine. There was some conversion of phenyl compounds to p-hydroxyphenyl compounds but little evidence of the reverse reaction. Radioactive carbon fed as cinnamic, dihydrocinnamic, or p-coumaric acids was not incorporated into either phenylalanine or tyrosine.
REMOVAL OF STRONTIUM AND CESIUM FROM MILK
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: December 2009

Radiostrontium can be removed from milk by stirring it with a cation exchange resin saturated with calcium. Successive treatment of milk with the resin will remove 95% of added strontium. Strontium which enters milk via the physiological mechanism is also removed by this process. Treatment of milk with a calcium-saturated resin raises the calcium content and reduces the potassium and sodium content of the milk.Resin that is equilibrated with a solution of CaCl2, KCl, and NaCl which has the same cation proportions as does milk is effective in removing strontium and cesium and does not alter the calcium, potassium, or sodium content of the milk.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: IV. A SIMPLIFIED CHEMICAL SCORE
Authors: McLaughlan J. M. , Rogers C. G. , Chapman D. G. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Available evidence has shown that most common foods are deficient in lysine, methionine, or in methionine and cystine. Based on the determination of these amino acids, a simplified chemical score was developed and compared with protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) values determined with the same samples. Each of 43 foods was assigned to either of two categories: (a) foods apparently deficient in lysine or (b) in methionine (+ cystine). With 16 foods in the former group there was a high degree of correlation between lysine concentration and P.E.R. With 27 foods in the latter group, a good correlation was found between the methionine (+ cystine) concentration and P.E.R. Since the regression lines for the two groups were different, a factor was added to the methionine (+ cystine) values to simplify the relationship. That foods deficient in lysine or in methionine (+ cystine) fell into two distinct groups appeared to be substantiated by data available in the literature. Because the simplified method is relatively rapid, yields reproducible results, and correlates with animal assays, it is proposed as a rapid screening procedure for the evaluation of protein in foods, but is not intended to replace the rat bio-assay method.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: III. A STUDY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS
Authors: Rogers C. G. , McLaughlan J. M. , Chapman D. G.
Published: December 2009

Bacteriological methods for the determination of protein quality were evaluated by comparison with protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) values determined by a standardized rat growth assay. Enzyme or acid hydrolyzates of foods were used as the source of amino acids with hydrolyzed whole egg powder as the reference standard. With Streptococcus faecalis A.T.C.C. 9790 autolysis occurred in media containing hydrolyzates of proteins deficient in lysine, and was largely responsible for results which did not agree with P.E.R. values. In methods employing Leuconostoc mesenteroides P-60 A.T.C.C. 8042, growth was influenced only by the most limiting amino acid relative to the requirements of the test organism.Results with enzyme hydrolyzates correlated poorly with P.E.R. values, whereas, with acid hydrolyzates, a good correlation was obtained for cereal proteins. A difference in amino acid requirements was largely responsible for the lack of agreement between the P.E.R. assay and methods employing L. mesenteroides, particularly for legumes and foods of animal origin. It was concluded that bacteriological assay methods which have been proposed for protein evaluation are unsatisfactory as screening procedures for the evaluation of protein in foods.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INCREASED TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHETASE ENZYME ACTIVITY BY CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Wainwright S. D.
Published: December 2009

A cell-free extract from conidia of Neurospora crassa developed increased tryptophan synthetase activity when incubated with a mixture of amino acids, a source of energy, and inorganic salts. Fifteen individual acids were required for development of maximal increases of enzymic activity. Either hexose diphosphate or adenosine triphosphate could serve as energy source. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, polyvinyl acetate, and magnesium and calcium ions were required. The addition of ribonuclease enzyme, ethionine, fluorophenylalanine, thienylalanine, or various antibiotics prevented development of increased tryptophan synthetase activity. The increase of activity was accompanied by a net synthesis of protein.
OBSERVATIONS ON PROTEIN DIGESTION IN VIVO: II. DIETARY FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF CASEIN FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Peraino Carl , Rogers Quinton R. , Yoshida Minoru , Chen Mou-Liang , Harper Alfred E.
Published: December 2009

The effects of various dietary changes on the emptying of solids and nitrogen from the stomach and on the disappearance of nitrogen from the gastrointestinal tract of rats trained to consume a single meal daily are described. When the animals were fed 5 g of food the presence of casein in the diet caused a general deceleration of stomach-emptying and altered the shape of the stomach-emptying curve. The presence of 50% of casein in the diet did not result in an accumulation of nitrogen in the intestine much above the amount found when a protein-free diet was fed. When dextrin was the dietary carbohydrate the diet emptied from the stomach as a homogeneous mixture, whereas when sucrose was the dietary carbohydrate the casein emptied from the stomach more slowly than did the other components of the diet. Raising the dietary level of fat to 50% caused a general deceleration of emptying and abolished the above-mentioned carbohydrate effect. No delay in stomach-emptying due to the presence of casein in the diet was noted when only 1.5 g of diet was fed. As the level of food intake was raised the total quantity of nitrogen emptying from the stomach per unit time increased although a greater percentage of the amount ingested emptied from the stomach when the level of food intake was low.
SOME STUDIES ON TRANSAMINATION WITH OXALOACETATE
Authors: Iyer G. Y. N. , Sukumaran M.
Published: December 2009

The formation of alanine in the transamination of α-amino-n-butyrate and glutamate with oxaloacetate in presence of liver homogenates has been studied. It could be quantitatively explained in terms of pyruvate formed by the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and subsequent transamination. Pyruvate at high concentrations was found to have an inhibitory effect on the α-aminobutyric–pyruvic transamination. The transaminase activity of the homogenate with respect to the glutamic–oxaloacetic system was very marked whereas it was negligible in the case of the α-aminobutyric–oxaloacetic system. In the light of these findings the relative yields of alanine from the two systems are correlated.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PENTOSES IN THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Forbath N. , Clarke D. W.
Published: December 2009

The addition of insulin, or of various enzyme inhibitors, to the intact isolated rat diaphragm causes an increase in pentose space, without causing a corresponding increase in inulin space or in total water. It is suggested that there is a relationship between cellular metabolism and permeability to pentoses. If pentose permeability and glucose permeability are governed by similar mechanisms, this means the glucose permeability might depend on cellular metabolism. However, phenethylbiguanide and pyruvate do not increase the permeability to pentoses, though they do increase glucose uptake. This means that glucose uptake might be increased without a corresponding increase in glucose permeability. Glucose utilization therefore may be governed by several factors of which the cellular permeability is only one.
THE EFFECT OF INGESTION OF DISODIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE ON THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF RADIOACTIVE IRON BY THE RAT
Authors: Larsen B. A. , Bidwell R. G. S. , Hawkins W. W.
Published: December 2009

Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was fed to young adult rats at a level of 0.1% of the diet. The effect on absorption, metabolism, and excretion of dietary iron was studied after administration of radioactive ferric chloride by stomach tube. The presence of EDTA decreased the absorption of iron and increased the excretion in urine. When EDTA was not fed until after the Fe59had been absorbed, the iron appeared to be increased in the blood and the spleen, and to be removed from the liver.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF TRANSKETOLASE FROM PORK LIVER
Authors: Simpson F. J.
Published: December 2009

Transketolase of pork liver has been purified 90-fold and separated from ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase. The transketolase is most stable between pH 7.5 and 8.5 and below 40 °C. The pH range for optimum activity is between 7.6 and 8.1. Activation by magnesium ions or thiamine pyrophosphate could not be demonstrated, but thiamine pyrophosphate increased the stability of the enzyme. Sulphydryl agents, such as p-chloromercuriphenyl sulphonic acid and N-ethylmaleimide, and heavy metal ions, such as cupric, mercuric, and zinc, at relatively high concentrations inhibited the enzyme.
GLYCERIC ACID KINASE ISOLATED FROM A POLISH VARIETY OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L.)
Authors: Ozaki K. , Wetter L. R.
Published: December 2009

Glyceric acid kinase from Polish variety rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) was purified approximately 30-fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation and adsorption on alumina Cγ gel. The enzyme has a pH optimum at 7.9 and a pH stability range extending from 6.5 to 7.5. The maximum temperature for the reaction was 45 °C. The phosphorylation required ATP and a metal ion; Mg++was slightly more effective than Mn++and Co++, while Ni++and Zn++were ineffective. The Michaelis constants for the Mg–ATP complex and the substrate were 7.3 × 10−4 M and 1.6 × 10−3 M respectively. The reaction products, ADP and 3-phosphoglyceric acid, inhibited the phosphorylation. Sulphydryl reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzoate, o-iodosobenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, and iodo-acetate completely inhibited the enzyme at low concentrations. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid was isolated and characterized from the enzyme reaction mixture.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ERYTHRITOL AND GLYCEROL BY TORULOPSIS MAGNOLIAE. STUDIES WITH C14-LABELLED GLUCOSE
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Gorin P. A. J.
Published: December 2009

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-2-C14, D-glucose-3, 4-C14, and D-glucose-6-C14were dissimilated aerobically by washed cells of Torulopsis magnoliae. The major products formed were erythritol and glycerol.A method for the stepwise degradation of erythritol, after oxidation with Acetobacter suboxydans to L-erythrulose, is described. The distribution of radioactive carbon in the erythritol suggests that it is formed by a complex series of reactions in which enzymes of the transaldolase and transketolase type play a major part to give a four-carbon fragment which is then reduced to the tetritol. Enzymes of the Embden–Meyerhof pathway are probably concerned to a lesser extent.
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO COLD AND OF DIET ON COENZYME A LEVELS IN TISSUES
Authors: Campbell James , Green Gordon R. , Schönbaum Eduard , Socol Harvey
Published: December 2009

Exposure of adult rats to a cold environment increased the coenzyme A (CoA) extractable from their livers. The increases, in rats fed a complete diet, were found within 3 days, and were larger the longer the duration of exposure, amounting to 6, 27, and 60% above the control values after 3, 17, and 24 days respectively. The relations were similar when the CoA from the liver was expressed per unit weight of fresh tissue, or of liver total solids, or of whole body. When rats were fed a diet deficient in pantothenic acid, exposure to cold also resulted in elevation of CoA in the liver, but the differences did not progress with the duration of exposure. The liver CoA was further increased by the addition of large amounts of ascorbic acid to both the complete and the pantothenate-deficient diets. This effect of ascorbic acid occurred in rats under both ordinary and cold environmental conditions. Exposure to cold did not alter the concentration of CoA in the adrenal glands, but caused enlargement of the glands so that the amount of CoA in the adrenal per unit weight of the whole body increased. Other alterations in these animals exposed to cold included enlargement of the kidneys and heart, and decrease in depot fat. Deficiency of pantothenate in the diet slowed the rate of growth of young rats and significantly reduced the levels of CoA in the liver and the adrenal glands.
ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN THE RAT EXPOSED TO A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE. II
Authors: Baker D. G.
Published: December 2009

Rats acclimatized to cold (2 °C) have lower subcutaneous tissue and superficial muscle temperatures than comparable animals living at 25 °C. The total water content of the skin is significantly increased after acclimatization to cold. This increase is due to an increase in the chloride space. The total water content of muscle was decreased in the rats acclimatized to cold although the chloride space (extracellular water) was increased. The intracellular sodium of muscle was decreased by exposure to cold.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTION OF SALICYLANILIDE. II
Authors: Baichwal R. S. , Baxter R. M. , Kandel S. I. , Walker G. C.
Published: December 2009

The fungistatic activities of certain compounds structurally related to salicylanilide suggest the possible involvement of hydrogen bonding of the anilide hydrogen atom and chelation by the phenolic and amidic oxygen atoms with an enzyme(s)/enzyme system of the fungus. The inhibition of enzymes has been followed through the development of specific color reactions on salicylanilide assay plates. The participation of sulphydryl groups in the mechanism of action is suggested by these tests.
SEDIMENTATION OF CRYSTALLINE GLOBULIN FROM CUCURBIT SEEDS
Authors: Anderson David Gene , McCalla A. G.
Published: December 2009

Crystalline globulins from cucurbit seeds decreased in dispersibility in the order: squash and pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon. Analysis by high-speed sedimentation showed that most of the dispersions in buffers below pH 4.8 contained two components, with sedimentation constants approximately 3 and 7. The proportions of the components varied with species, pH, and time after preparation. The globulin from all species was insoluble in dilute buffers between pH 4.8 and 8.2. A third component, with sedimentation constant approximately 12, was dominant above pH 8.2 but was gradually replaced by the "7" component as the pH was increased. The "3" component was found only at pH 11.9. The globulin from each species is considered to be a single protein with the components forming an association–dissociation system.
SYNTHESIS OF DIPALMITOYL-L-α-GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID DERIVATIVES, AS POSSIBLE INTERMEDIATES FOR SYNTHESIS OF GLYCERYLPHOSPHATIDES
Authors: Stanacev N. Z. , Kates M.
Published: December 2009

Using Verkade's method for the preparation of DL-α-phosphatidic acids, optically active dipalmitoyl-L-α-phosphatidic acid and its derivatives were prepared in good yield. The free dipalmitoyl-L-α-phosphatidic acid and its dimethyl ester were identical in melting point and specific rotation with the same compounds originally prepared by Baer using an alternate synthesis.
GENETIC EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Newcombe Howard B.
Published: December 2009

Evidence relating to the probable genetic consequences of exposing large human populations to low levels of ionizing radiations is reviewed. There is little reason to doubt that the production of mutations varies linearly with dose even at very low doses, and that most of the mutations have undesirable effects. Estimates of the probable numbers of seriously affected individuals resulting from a given exposure can be derived from the present frequencies of hereditary diseases and the expected increases in mutation rate. The degree of uncertainty is probably about an order of magnitude in either direction. With doses similar to those received from nuclear weapon testing, estimates of this kind will seem small if expressed as a percentage of the total population but may look large if expressed in terms of the absolute numbers of seriously affected individuals in a world population of two and one-half billion people. Much unnecessary confusion has resulted from the seemingly conflicting statements which have been drawn from this single fact. The greatest single source of uncertainty stems from a basic ignorance of the genetics of human population and of the factors responsible for a present load of hereditary abnormalities and diseases affecting at sometime during their lives at least 4% of all infants born.
ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS OF CALF THYMUS HISTONE IN STARCH GEL
Authors: Neelin J. M. , Neelin E. M.
Published: December 2009

A total of 19 zones were detected by starch gel electrophoresis of calf thymus histone in buffers of 0.02 μ below pH 5.0. Of these, 18 were evident at pH 4.9 (acetate) and 15 at pH 3.9 (formate). Above pH 5.0, aggregation interfered with resolution, but by adding 4 M urea to the gel sufficient resolution was obtained between pH 4.4 and 8.7 to distinguish a total of 22 zones. Of this total, three fast components were present only occasionally in trace amounts, and three others were resolved from the immobile aggregated histone at low pH only. At least 16 zones appeared to be native histone components. Acid extraction of the histone did not appear to cause degradation since no new N-terminal amino acids were generated by this step. Two different methods of preparation produced histone extracts with essentially the same electrophoretic properties.
AMINO ACID PATTERN IN THE BLOOD OF RATS WITH DIETARY HEPATIC NECROSIS
Authors: Valberg L. S. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: December 2009

A paper chromatographic study of the amino acids and peptides in the blood of rats with dietary liver necrosis has been made.The relative levels of alanine, methionine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, threonine, citrulline, glutamine, oxidized glutathione, and gamma aminoisobutyric acid were increased. The level of reduced glutathione was slightly reduced and levels of valine, taurine, and proline remained unchanged. Beta-alanine, which could not be detected in the blood of normal rats, was found in the case of those with acute liver damage.Although arginine was present in the blood of normal animals and in those on a necrogenic diet prior to the development of the liver lesion, it was not detectable in those animals with acute hepatic necrosis. The possible implications of this finding have been discussed.
EFFECT OF A DIETARY LYSINE DEFICIENCY ON THE CONCENTRATION OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE DEPROTEINIZED BLOOD PLASMA OF CHICKS
Authors: Gray Jean A. , Olsen Ellen M. , Hill D. C. , Branion H. D.
Published: December 2009

A lysine-deficient basal diet, both with and without supplemental lysine added, was fed to groups of Barred Plymouth Rock cockerels from hatching to 4 weeks of age. At this time blood samples were taken from the carotid artery and pooled for each group. Twelve amino acids were determined in the deproteinized plasma by microbiological assay. Deproteinized plasma from birds receiving the lysine-deficient diet was lower in lysine content and higher in threonine and tyrosine than that from birds fed the lysine-supplemented diet. Other amino acids showed much smaller differences. A similar amino acid pattern was observed when the birds were fed the lysine-supplemented diet for 25 days from hatching and then the lysine-deficient diet for 3 days before blood samples were taken. Withholding feed for 24 hours before the samples were taken resulted in a marked increase in lysine and threonine concentration, an effect which has been reported by other workers. Acid hydrolysis of the deproteinized plasma increased somewhat the concentration of lysine, as measured microbiologically, but had no effect on, or somewhat reduced, the concentrations of other amino acids.
SOME CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE OF NORMAL AND SCHIZOPHRENIC INDIVIDUALS: PART II
Authors: Acheson R. M. , Dearnaley D. P.
Published: December 2009

A comparison has been made of the compounds detectable on two-dimensional paper chromatograms by their ultraviolet absorption or fluorescence, or by development with diazotized sulphanilics acid (DSA), in extracts of the urines of normal and schizophrenic individuals. No significant difference could be detected. Of the six DSA coupling compounds reported in Part I (1) to have a possible connection with schizophrenia, only four were detected in this survey and their distribution in the urine samples does not suggest that any have a connection with the disease. Most of the compounds reported in Part I were found again in this survey along with 70 DSA or Altman-positive new materials of which many were present in only a few samples. A small number of additional compounds were detected in the urine of schizophrenics on Chlorpromazine or Reserpine therapy. No significant difference between the human pseudocholine esterase inhibitory properties of the extracts from normal and schizophrenic urines was observed.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XII. UTILIZATION OF SERINE-C14WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GLYCINE LABELLING
Authors: Nath R. , McConnell W. B.
Published: December 2009

Serine-C14(uniformly labelled) was injected into the top internode of wheat plant stems and the distribution of carbon-14 in the mature plants (harvested 24 days after injection) was studied. Fifty-six per cent of the carbon-14 injected was found in upper plant parts but only trace amounts occurred below the top internode. The kernels contained 48% of the tracer injected while only 4% remained in the stem. Gluten had the highest specific activity of any major kernel component, serine and glycine accounting for one third of the total carbon-14 of the protein. The high specific activity of serine in gluten indicates its direct incorporation into kernel proteins. The specific activity of the glycine was almost equal to that of serine. Since similar experiments with glycine-1-C14have yielded gluten with highly radioactive serine-1-C14, the ready interconvertibility of these two amino acids is demonstrated. The results indicate that interconversion takes place, at least in part, by the reversible condensation of "active" formate with carbon-2 of the glycine but that alternate pathways may also operate.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF QUERCETIN IN BUCKWHEAT: PART III
Authors: Watkin J. E. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

The effect on the conversion of carbon14 to quercetin by a buckwheat plant caused by variation in the dose rate of a carbon 14-labelled precursor in μmoles over a 100-fold range has been studied. The results expressed as dilution of carbon14 varied over a 200-fold range for the same precursor with most of the variation being found at low dose rates. When expressed as the percentage of administered carbon14 converted to quercetin the results for acetate, D-glucose, and L-phenyllactic acid were mostly constant over this range but L-phenylalanine had a maximum percentage conversion or an optimal dose rate. An explanation of the results in metabolic terms has been attempted.It is recommended that the "percentage of C14 converted" be used to express results in plant biosynthetic work.
EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION ON PROTEINS AND ENZYMES IN RAT PLASMA
Authors: Levy S. W. , Vaillancourt de Guise
Published: December 2009

The effects of anaphylactoid inflammation in rats on the limb volume, hematocrit, and plasma proteins, and on the activities of plasmin, antiplasmin, and esterase of the plasma were studied. The hyperemia and edema of the limbs and other extremities which occurred following the injection of dextran were found to be accompanied by a transient hemoconcentration and a prolonged depression in the concentration of plasma proteins (both albumin and globulin fractions). The specific activity of plasma esterase was increased and that of antiplasmin was decreased during inflammation compared with control animals. No consistent or significant change was observed in the specific activity of plasmin.
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY ON THE REGENERATION OF MAST CELLS AFTER TREATMENT WITH 48/80 IN RATS
Authors: Bois Pierre , Byrne Ernest H. , Bélanger Leonard F.
Published: December 2009

The decrease in subcutaneous mast cell population observed in rats on a magnesium-deficient diet has been confirmed. Pretreatment with histamine liberator compound 48/80 accentuates the decrease in mast cell counts. This condition was apparently the result of defective regeneration. The decrease in the number of subcutaneous mast cells was accompanied by a parallel reduction of histamine as appreciated by the guinea pig ileum assay. The peripheral vasodilation, which is an early sign of magnesium deficiency, did not appear in rats pretreated with 48/80.
AGGLUTININ RESPONSES TO S. TYPHI H ANTIGEN IN INTACT AND SUBLETHALLY IRRADIATED MICE FOLLOWING THE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF HOMOLOGOUS SPLEEN CELL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Bain Gordon O.
Published: December 2009

Agglutinin production was depressed in unirradiated mice challenged with Salmonella typhi H antigen after intraperitoneal transfer of spleen cells from immunized or non-immunized homologous donors. The inhibition of agglutinin production in the homologous situation and the production of agglutinins by mouse tissues appear to be separate immunological phenomena differing in radiosensitivity. This conclusion is based on the observations that the inhibitory effect was abolished by 500-r but not by 200- or 400-r whole-body irradiation of the recipients before spleen cell transfer, and agglutinin production was depressed more by 400 r plus homologous cell transfer than by the latter procedure alone. Thus, radiation doses of 400 r contributed to depression of antibody production without demonstrably lessening the inhibitory effect attributed to the homologous state.
STUDIES OF HYDRANGENOL IN HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA SER.: I. ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND BIOSYNTHESIS FROM C14-LABELLED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Ibrahim Ragai K. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: December 2009

Hydrangenol glucoside was isolated and identified from the flowers of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. The free isoconmarin, hydrangenol, was isolated and identified from acid hydrolyzates of flower, leaf, and root extracts of the same species. Roots contained the largest amounts.Cinnamic acid-2-C14and phenylalanine-U-C14were relatively good precursors of hydrangenol-C14, whereas tyrosine-U-C14was not. Similarly, hydrangenol-C14was readily synthesized by roots from acetate-1-C14and acetate-2-C14. This preliminary study suggests that both acetate and phenylpropanoid compounds may be involved in hydrangenol synthesis.