bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New insights on epigenetic mechanisms supporting axonal development: histone marks and miRNAs
Authors: Wilson Carlos , Cáceres Alfredo
Published: December 2020

Mechanisms supporting axon growth and the establishment of neuronal polarity have remained largely disconnected from their genetic and epigenetic fundamentals. Recently, post‐transcriptional modifications of histones involved in chromatin folding and transcription, and microRNAs controlling translation have emerged as regulators of axonal specification, growth, and guidance. In this article, we review novel evidence supporting the concept that epigenetic mechanisms work at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels to shape axons. We also discuss the role of splicing on axonal growth, as one of the most (if not the most) powerful post‐transcriptional mechanism to diversify genetic information. Overall, we think exploring the gap between epigenetics and axonal growth raises new questions and perspectives to the development of axons in physiological and pathological contexts.
Videoconferencing and the development of intercultural competence: Insights from students' self‐reflections
Authors: Tecedor Marta , Vasseur Raychel
Published: December 2020

This manuscript contributes to the existing body of literature on intercultural communicative competence (ICC) in the context of computer‐mediated communication by examining how fourth‐semester learners of Spanish (n = 18) display and develop ICC over the course of a semester. Novel to this study are: (1) the use of service‐provider virtual exchanges to carry out the videoconferencing conversations between second language (L2) learners and native speakers (NSs) and (2) the use of both Byram's ICC objectives and Bennett's ethnocentric and ethnorelative perspectives to analyze students' written reflection papers following videoconferencing conversations with NSs. The use of these two frameworks allowed us to map how students conceptualize and experience cultural difference during videoconferencing exchanges and show how their interpretations evolve, shaping their attitudes toward and their beliefs about the target cultures and its speakers. Our findings indicate that instead of relying solely on Byram's ICC framework, as is traditional, combining aspects of Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity with Byram's assessment guidelines is a fruitful and efficient way for foreign language instructors to accurately identify the developmental stage of their students and design appropriate instructional activities.
High temperatures enhance the microbial genetic potential to recycle C and N from necromass in high‐mountain soils
Authors: Donhauser Jonathan , Qi Weihong , Bergk‐Pinto Benoît , Frey Beat
Published: December 2020

Climate change is strongly affecting high‐mountain soils and warming in particular is associated with pronounced changes in microbe‐mediated C and N cycling, affecting plant‐soil interactions and greenhouse gas balances and therefore feedbacks to global warming. We used shotgun metagenomics to assess changes in microbial community structures, as well as changes in microbial C‐ and N‐cycling potential and stress response genes and we linked these data with changes in soil C and N pools and temperature‐dependent measurements of bacterial growth rates. We did so by incubating high‐elevation soil from the Swiss Alps at 4°C, 15°C, 25°C, or 35°C for 1 month. We found no shift with increasing temperature in the C‐substrate‐degrader community towards taxa more capable of degrading recalcitrant organic matter. Conversely, at 35°C, we found an increase in genes associated with the degradation and modification of microbial cell walls, together with high bacterial growth rates. Together, these findings suggest that the rapidly growing high‐temperature community is fueled by necromass from heat‐sensitive taxa. This interpretation was further supported by a shift in the microbial N‐cycling potential towards N mineralization and assimilation under higher temperatures, along with reduced potential for conversions among inorganic N forms. Microbial stress‐response genes reacted inconsistently to increasing temperature, suggesting that the high‐temperature community was not severely stressed by these conditions. Rather, soil microbes were able to acclimate by changing the thermal properties of membranes and cell walls as indicated by an increase in genes involved in membrane and cell wall modifications as well as a shift in the optimum temperature for bacterial growth towards the treatment temperature. Overall, our results suggest that high temperatures, as they may occur with heat waves under global warming, promote a highly active microbial community capable of rapid mineralization of microbial necromass, which may transiently amplify warming effects.
The patterns and driving forces of uneven regional growth in ASEAN countries: A tale of two Thailands' path toward regional coordinated development
Authors: Lang Wei , Pan Muzhe , Wu Jiemin , Chen Tingting , Li Xun
Published: December 2020

Uneven development has long been a critical issue in geography and urban studies, leading to economically inefficient urbanization, environmentally unbalanced regions, and socially unequal livelihoods. As one result, primate cities and urban primacy form within a hierarchical urban system, to which urban and regional planning must positively respond. It is worth noting that Thailand has experienced a number of important urbanization issues related to developing countries, such as semicolonialism and internal colonialism. This study aims to investigate regional uneven development based on primacy theory and the rank‐size rule, which are common in most Asian and developing countries. We examined the urbanization processes in Thailand, from 2000 to 2015, by looking at factors of population, GDP, land use, transportation networks, and nighttime light, which provide very recent regional development patterns. The second set of analyses explained the degree of primacy among different provinces and their ranking hierarchies. By presenting the persistent disparities of contemporary urbanization in Thailand and exploring its driving forces, this study offers insights into planning and policy and underscores the importance of regional coordinated development for achieving sustainable urbanization in Southeast Asian countries.
Low rate of subclinical venous thrombosis in patients with haemophilia undergoing major orthopaedic surgery in the absence of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis
Authors: Verstraete Géraldine , Lambert Catherine , Hammer Frank , Hermans Cedric
Published: December 2020

Background

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a common postoperative complication in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery of the lower limbs, such as total hip or knee replacement (THR, TKR). Routine pharmacological thromboprophylaxis with low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) or a direct oral anticoagulant agent is strongly recommended in this setting. THR and TKR as well as ankle arthrodesis are frequently performed in people with haemophilia (PWH) and chronic haemophilic arthropathy. Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in this population remains controversial.

Methods

We report the results of a single‐centre prospective study initiated in 2002 evaluating by systematic Doppler ultrasound the incidence of subclinical DVT in consecutive PWH referred for major orthopaedic surgery and not receiving pharmacological thromboprophylaxis.

Results

We included 46 different PWH (39 Haemophilia A, 7 Haemophilia B, 27 severe, 15 moderate and 4 mild forms) undergoing 67 orthopaedic procedures. Most (89.5%) were performed with continuous infusion of clotting factor concentrates. Rehabilitation was usually started on day 1 post‐op. No clinical DVT or pulmonary embolism was suspected. In total, there were 5 cases (3 severe, 1 moderate HA and 1 moderate HB) of subclinical DVT which were all distal. Two patients were treated with a short course (10‐14 days) of LMWH. The overall incidence of DVT was 7.5%.

Conclusions

These data provide imaging‐based evidence that the risk of DVT following major orthopaedic surgery among PWH is low. Identified DVTs were distal and resolved spontaneously in most cases. Systematic pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in this specific population is probably for most patients not required.
Effects of petrolatum, a petrolatum depositing body wash and a regular body wash on biomarkers and biophysical properties of the stratum corneum
Authors: Wei Karl , Stella Ching , Wehmeyer Kenneth , Christman Jeremy , Altemeier Amy , Spruell Russell , Wimalasena Rohan , Fadayel Gina , Wickett R. Randall
Published: December 2020

Background

An important trend in the personal care industry involves the development of body wash products that not only clean the skin without damage but deposit conditioning ingredients to improve skin barrier function.

Objective

The objective of this study was to develop skin biomarker measures to quantify the treatment effects of body wash products.

Methods

We employed analysis of structural proteins (keratin 1,10,11 and involucrin), a natural moisturizing factor (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) and an inflammatory mediator (IL‐1ra/IL‐1α) from adhesive discs with dry skin grading, TEWL and capacitance measurements to compare the effects of direct application of petrolatum, a high petrolatum depositing body wash, and a regular body wash on dry leg skin in a standard leg‐wash treatment protocol.

Results

High depositing body wash and petrolatum had positive effects on stratum corneum barrier function as judged by biomarker analysis, biophysical measurements and skin grading compared to the regular body wash product.

Conclusions

The results clearly indicate that a combination of biomarker and biophysical property measurements is effective for determining the skin benefits of moisturizing body wash products.
Risks of vaptans in hypernatremia and serum sodium overcorrection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Zhou Ya , Yang Wenru , Liu Guotao , Gao Weiyi
Published: December 2020

Objective

Serum sodium overcorrection and hypernatremia are significant health risks. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the risks of vaptans in hypernatremia and serum sodium overcorrection.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL for randomised controlled trials. We included studies comparing vaptans and placebo with data on hypernatremia and serum sodium overcorrection. The study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk‐of‐bias assessment tool. Fixed‐effect model meta‐analysis was used to pool the data. Different analyses were performed to ensure the accuracy of the results.

Results

Twenty‐eight studies were included in the meta‐analysis of hypernatremia incidence. Treatment with vaptans resulted in a higher risk of hypernatremia than placebo (3.8% vs 1.0%, odds ratio [OR] 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.97‐3.68). The subgroup with baseline hyponatremia had a lower risk of hypernatremia incidence; however, the use of loop diuretics increased the risk. Fourteen studies were included in the analysis of the incidence of serum sodium overcorrection. A higher risk of serum sodium overcorrection was found in using vaptans vs placebo (4.4% vs 1.4%; OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.32‐3.86).

Conclusion

Vaptans showed higher risks in the incidence of hypernatremia and serum sodium overcorrection than placebo. In addition, combination with loop diuretics increased the risk of hypernatremia. The risk of serum sodium overcorrection should be concerned in patients with hyponatremia and normal serum sodium equally. Using a low dose of vaptans can reduce both risks.
Dexamethasone vs COVID‐19: An experimental study in line with the preliminary findings of a large trial
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Mohammad Hossein , Shamshirian Amir , Ebrahimzadeh Mohammad Ali
Published: December 2020

Background

The preliminary report of the RECOVERY large randomised controlled trial indicated a promising survival effect for dexamethasone therapy of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This study aimed to investigate the anti‐hypoxic activities of dexamethasone to understand a possible mechanism of its action in hypoxia‐induced lethality through experimental models of hypoxia.

Methods

In this investigation, 84 Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into groups of seven (12 groups). Treatment groups received 10 days of dexamethasone intraperitoneal injection at both human dose (~0.1 mg/kg) and the animal does (~1 mg/kg). Control negative and positive groups were treated with 10 ml/kg of normal saline and 30 mg/kg of propranolol, respectively. Three experimental models of hypoxia, asphyctic, circulatory, and hemic were applied in this study.

Results

The findings showed that dexamethasone significantly prolonged the latency for death in the asphyctic model concerning the control group in both humans (P < .0001) and animal dose (P < .0001). The results were also highly significant for both doses in the hemic model (P < .001). In the circulatory model, although a small increase was observed in death prolongation, results were not statistically significant for both doses in this model (P > .05).

Conclusions

This experimental in vivo investigation demonstrated an excellent protective effect for 10 days of dexamethasone treatment against hypoxia, especially in asphyctic and hemic models. In addition to promising dexamethasone outcomes, using propranolol as the positive control illustrated a very substantial anti‐hypoxic effect even much better than dexamethasone in all models. It seems that propranolol would be a safe, potential, and prudent choice to invest in treating COVID‐19 patients.
Time preference and international trade
Authors: Iwasa Kazumichi , Nishimura Kazuo
Published: December 2020

We first consider a closed model, where households' time discount depends on externality in consumption. We can prove that there is a unique steady state, which is a saddle point. Then we extend the model to a two‐country world, and derive the condition on the effects of consumption externality under which there is a unique free trade steady state with saddle‐point stability.
The Challenge of Autism for Relational Approaches to Theological Anthropology
Authors: Leidenhag Joanna
Published: December 2020

In this paper, I argue that autism places an important restraint upon the use of relationality in theological anthropology. This argument proceeds by outlining how the appropriation of dialectic personalism, which initiated ‘the relational turn’ in twentieth century theological anthropology, has struggled to escape the capacity or property‐based focus on individual subjects. As such, this relational account remains discriminatory against those who do not or cannot enact a particular kind of relationality, as some models of autism suggest. Moreover, attention to interpersonal relationships as a key human capacity within twentieth century theological anthropology closely parallels and may even have informed the development of autism within psychology as, in part, a social impairment. The devastating collision of these two intellectual trajectories is made apparent in explicit references by contemporary theologians to autism as a condition that prevents some humans from bearing the image of God, developing fully into persons, or receiving God’s grace by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit.
Diagnostic performance of prostate cancer antigen 3 and the Prostate Health Index in detecting overall and clinically significant prostate cancer in men at first biopsy: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Jia Wei , Wu Bo , Shao Yuan , Cao Xiaoming , Wang Dongwen
Published: December 2020

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic value of prostate cancer antigen 3 and the Prostate Health Index for the detection of overall and clinically significant prostate cancer at initial biopsy.

Methods

A search was conducted in the online databases PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane database, and relevant articles published up to 23 February 2020 were extracted.

Results

Twenty studies including 10 376 patients were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.55 (95% confidence interval 0.53–0.57) and 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.72–0.75) for prostate cancer antigen 3 and 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.86–0.90) and 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.34–0.38) for the Prostate Health Index. The area under the curve was 0.72 for prostate cancer antigen 3 and 0.76 for the Prostate Health Index. The combination of prostate cancer antigen 3 and the Prostate Health Index had a higher area under the curve (0.79) and diagnostic odds ratio (5.83) than the use of Prostate Health Index (area under the curve 0.75, diagnostic odds ratio 4.69) or prostate cancer antigen 3 (area under the curve 0.77, diagnostic odds ratio 4.84) alone. For clinically significant prostate cancer detection, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.76–0.84) and 0.53 (95% confidence interval 0.50–0.55), respectively, for prostate cancer antigen 3, and 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.71–0.82) and 0.64 (95% confidence interval 0.61–0.67), respectively, for the Prostate Health Index. The area under the curve was 0.71 for prostate cancer antigen 3 and 0.77 for the Prostate Health Index.

Conclusion

Both the Prostate Health Index and prostate cancer antigen 3 showed acceptable and similar results for the detection of overall and clinically significant prostate cancer at first biopsy. A combination of these two diagnostic tests may be more helpful than the use of either test alone in prostate cancer management.
The relationship between international law and European labour legislation and its impact on the development of international and European social law
Authors: ROBIN‐OLIVIER Sophie
Published: December 2020

This article draws on observations of how European Union law takes account of international worker protection instruments and the activities of international organizations to protect social rights to establish a typology of the links – often close but also very diverse – between European law and “international labour law” in the broad sense.
Place du régionalisme social dans le droit transnational du travail
Authors: BLACKETT Adelle
Published: December 2020

L'auteure historicise le régionalisme social en tant que réponse – pragmatique et de principe – à l'effondrement du compromis du libéralisme encastré et à l’établissement d'un ordre économique international conçu pour empêcher la gouvernance du social au sein de l’économique à l’échelle transnationale. L'analyse du premier rapport du groupe d'arbitrage sur le chapitre relatif au travail de l'Accord de libre‐échange entre pays d'Amérique centrale, États‐Unis et République dominicaine (ALEAC‐RD) montre qu'il faut mettre en avant le régionalisme social afin d'axer l'interprétation des traités de libre‐échange sur des objectifs communs et, au‐delà, de promouvoir les mécanismes de redistribution et la solidarité internationale au sein même des accords commerciaux.
Futuros transnacionales del derecho internacional del trabajo. Introducción
Authors: BLACKETT Adelle
Published: December 2020

Se sitúa aquí el número monográfico 2020‐4 de la RIT, sobre los futuros transnacionales del derecho internacional del trabajo, en el contexto del centenario de la OIT y del reto de lograr el objetivo del trabajo decente en un nuevo siglo y bajo presiones transnacionales específicas. La autora sostiene que el derecho internacional del trabajo, como núcleo normativo del derecho transnacional del trabajo, puede desempeñar un papel crucial para ayudar a los múltiples actores involucrados, entre ellos, la OIT en sus funciones normativa y de coordinación, a afrontar el reto y remodelar la arquitectura jurídica transnacional.
How I wonder what you are: Can DNA barcoding identify the larval asteroids of Panama?
Authors: Collin Rachel , Venera‐Pontón Dagoberto E. , Driskell Amy C. , Macdonald Kenneth S. , Boyle Michael J.
Published: December 2020

As part of a project to document the diversity of larval invertebrates on both coasts of Panama, we collected and photographed 141 larval asteroids and sequenced fragments of their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S ribosomal DNA. We uncovered 10 Caribbean operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and five Pacific OTUs. We could identify six of the 15 OTUs based on >99% similarity with reference sequences in GenBank: The Pacific species Astropecten verrilli and Pentaceraster cumingi and the Caribbean species Astropecten marginatus, Astropecten antillensis, Oreaster reticulatus, and Mithrodia clavigera. Two other OTUs were placed in BINs in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) with unpublished sequences that were identified as Pharia pyramidata from the Pacific and Valvaster striatus, now known from the Caribbean as well as the Indo‐West Pacific. The remaining seven species appear likely to belong to Luidia, as 16S sequences from each have 87%–95% identity with various species of Luidia, and the sequences nest among species of Luidia in neighbor‐joining trees. The low diversity of asteroid larvae reflects ~10% of the diversity of adult sea stars reported from Panama, and highlights the need for broader collection efforts and improved coverage of DNA barcode reference sequences for Luidia and other soft‐bottom species.
The nature and quality of friendship for older adults with an intellectual disability in Ireland
Authors: McCausland Darren , McCallion Philip , Carroll Rachael , McCarron Mary
Published: December 2020

Background

Friendship is important to quality of life, yet people with intellectual disability have more restricted social networks and fewer friends outside family and support staff.

Method

Data from a nationally representative longitudinal study of older adults with intellectual disability (aged >40) examined rates and types of friends. Factors associated with having a best friend and friendship quality were explored.

Results

A large majority (92.4%) had friends but just over half (52%) had a best friend. Co‐resident friends (71.8%) were more common than non‐resident friends (62%), while staff friendships (62.5%) were important. The majority of best friends were peers with intellectual disability (63.2%), carer/service providers (15.9%) or family (8.4%). Challenging behaviour and communication difficulty were associated with reduced likelihood of having a best friend. A best friend with intellectual disability was associated with lower friendship quality scores.

Conclusion

Limited choice and social opportunity may result in a precarious form of friendship for older people with intellectual disability that undermines their quality of life.
The cuffless SOMNOtouch NIBP device shows poor agreement with a validated oscillometric device during 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
Authors: Nyvad Jakob , Christensen Kent L. , Buus Niels Henrik , Reinhard Mark
Published: December 2020

Repeated cuff‐based blood pressure (BP) measurements may cause discomfort resulting in stress and erroneous recording values. SOMNOtouch NIBP is an alternative cuff‐less BP measurement device that calculates changes in BP based on changes in pulse transit time (PTT) and a software algorithm. The device is calibrated with a single upper arm cuff‐based BP measurement. We tested the device against a validated 24‐h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) device using both the previous (SomBP1) and the current software algorithm (SomBP2). In this study, 51 patients (mean age ± SD 61.5 ± 13.0 years) with essential hypertension underwent simultaneous 24‐h ABPM with the SOMNOtouch NIBP on the left arm and a standard cuff‐based oscillometric device on the right arm (OscBP). We found that mean daytime systolic BP (SBP) with OscBP was 140.8 ± 19.7 compared to 148.0 ± 25.2 (P = .008) and 146.9 ± 26.0 mmHg (P = .034) for SomBP1 and SomBP2, respectively. Nighttime SBP with OscBP was 129.5 ± 21.1 compared with 146.1 ± 25.8 (P < .0001) and 141.1 ± 27.4 mmHg (P = .001) for SomBP1 and SomBP2, respectively. Ninety‐five% limits of agreement between OscBP and SomBP1 were ± 36.6 mmHg for daytime and ± 42.6 mmHg for nighttime SBP, respectively. Agreements were not improved with SomBP2. For SBP, a nocturnal dipping pattern was found in 33% of the study patients when measured with OscBP but only in 2% and 20% with SomBP1 and ‐2, respectively. This study demonstrates that BP values obtained with the cuff‐less PTT‐based SOMNOtouch device should be interpreted with caution as these may differ substantially from what would be obtained from a validated cuff‐based BP device.
Modulation of hepatic miRNA expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by family background and dietary fatty acid composition
Authors: Østbye Tone‐Kari K. , Woldemariam Nardos T. , Lundberg Camilla E. , Berge Gerd M. , Ruyter Bente , Andreassen Rune
Published: December 2020

This study finds significant differences in hepatic fatty acid composition between four groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) consisting of offspring from families selected for high and low capacities to express the delta 6 desaturase isomer b and fed diets with 10% or 75% fish oil. The results demonstrated that hepatic lipid metabolism was affected by experimental conditions (diet/family). The fatty acid composition in the four groups mirrored the differences in dietary composition, but it was also associated with the family groups. Small RNA sequencing followed by RT‐qPCR identified 12 differentially expressed microRNAs (DE miRNAs), with expression associated with family groups (miR‐146 family members, miR‐200b, miR‐214, miR‐221, miR‐125, miR‐135, miR‐137, miR_nov_1), diets (miR‐203, miR‐462) or both conditions. All the conserved DE miRNAs have been reported as associated with lipid metabolism in other vertebrates. In silico predictions revealed 37 lipid metabolism pathway genes, including desaturases, transcription factors and key enzymes in the synthesis pathways as putative targets (e.g., srebp‐1 and 2, Δ6fad_b and c, hmdh, elovl4 and 5b, cdc42). RT‐qPCR analysis of selected target genes showed expression changes that were associated with diet and with family groups (d5fad, d6fad_a, srebp‐1). There was a reciprocal difference in the abundance of ssa‐miR‐203a‐3p and srebp‐1 in one group comparison, whereas other predicted targets did not reveal any evidence of being negatively regulated by degradation. More experimental studies are needed to validate and fully understand the predicted interactions and how the DE miRNAs may participate in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism.
Flood susceptibility mapping and assessment using a novel deep learning model combining multilayer perceptron and autoencoder neural networks
Authors: Ahmadlou Mohammad , Al‐Fugara A'kif , Al‐Shabeeb Abdel Rahman , Arora Aman , Al‐Adamat Rida , Pham Quoc Bao , Al‐Ansari Nadhir , Linh Nguyen Thi Thuy , Sajedi Hedieh
Published: December 2020

Floods are one of the most destructive natural disasters causing financial damages and casualties every year worldwide. Recently, the combination of data‐driven techniques with remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) has been widely used by researchers for flood susceptibility mapping. This study presents a novel hybrid model combining the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and autoencoder models to produce the susceptibility maps for two study areas located in Iran and India. For two cases, nine, and twelve factors were considered as the predictor variables for flood susceptibility mapping, respectively. The prediction capability of the proposed hybrid model was compared with that of the traditional MLP model through the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) criterion. The AUROC curve for the MLP and autoencoder‐MLP models were, respectively, 75 and 90, 74 and 93% in the training phase and 60 and 91, 81 and 97% in the testing phase, for Iran and India cases, respectively. The results suggested that the hybrid autoencoder‐MLP model outperformed the MLP model and, therefore, can be used as a powerful model in other studies for flood susceptibility mapping.
Food safety lessons learned from the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Lacombe Alison , Quintela Irwin , Liao Yen‐te , Wu Vivian C. H.
Published: December 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic has ushered in a new era of food safety. To date, there is no evidence to suggest that consuming food is associated with COVID‐19. Nevertheless, COVID‐19's impact on food safety and security has been grave. The world is currently experiencing several supply chain issues as a direct result of extensive lockdowns and impacts on essential workers' safety. However, disruption in the food supply, while catastrophic in nature, has created opportunities for the advancement of medical science, data processing, security monitoring, foodborne pathogen detection, and food safety technology. This article will discuss the key components for food safety during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The discussion will draw from lessons learned early in the outbreak and will analyze the etiology of the disease through a food safety perspective. From there, we will discuss personal protective equipment, detection of SARS‐CoV‐2, useful surrogates to study SARS‐CoV‐2, and the expanding field of data science, from the food safety point of view. In the future, scientists can apply the knowledge to the containment of COVID‐19 and eventually to future pandemics.
Team‐based learning in nursing education: A scoping review
Authors: Considine Julie , Berry Debra , Allen Joshua , Hewitt Nicky , Oldland Elizabeth , Sprogis Stephanie K. , Currey Judy
Published: December 2020

Aims and objectives

To explore the use and student outcomes of Team‐Based Learning in nursing education.

Background

Team‐Based Learning is a highly structured, evidence‐based, student‐centred learning strategy that enhances student engagement and facilitates deep learning in a variety of disciplines including nursing. However, the breadth of Team‐Based Learning application in nursing education and relevant outcomes are not currently well understood.

Design

A scoping review of international, peer‐reviewed research studies was undertaken according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for scoping reviews.

Methods

The following databases were searched on 7 May 2020: Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO and Education Resources Information Center. Search terms related to nursing, education and Team‐Based Learning. Original research studies, published in English, and reporting on student outcomes from Team‐Based Learning in nursing education programmes were included.

Results

Of the 1081 potentially relevant citations, 41 studies from undergraduate (n = 29), postgraduate (n = 4) and hospital (n = 8) settings were included. The most commonly reported student outcomes were knowledge or academic performance (n = 21); student experience, satisfaction or perceptions of Team‐Based Learning (n = 20); student engagement with behaviours or attitudes towards Team‐Based Learning (n = 12); and effect of Team‐Based Learning on teamwork, team performance or collective efficacy (n = 6). Only three studies reported clinical outcomes.

Conclusions

Over the last decade, there has been a growing body of knowledge related to the use of Team‐Based Learning in nursing education. The major gaps identified in this scoping review were the lack of randomised controlled trials and the dearth of studies of Team‐Based Learning in postgraduate and hospital contexts.

Relevance to clinical practice

This scoping review provides a comprehensive understanding of the use and student outcomes of Team‐Based Learning in nursing education and highlights the breadth of application of Team‐Based Learning and variability in the outcomes reported.
Angle's Classification–A Prosthodontic Consideration: Best Evidence Consensus Statement
Authors: Campbell Stephen , Goldstein Gary
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This Best Evidence Consensus Statement evaluated the existing Angle's classification clinical literature to determine if the Angle's classification as historically determined in maximum intercuspal position (MIP) with hand held casts is coincident with the centric occlusion (CO) determined Angle's classification. In addition, it explored the value of using Angle's classification for edentulous patients

Materials and methods

The search strategy was related to the focus questions and limited to Meta‐analyses, Systematic Reviews (SR), Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) and Clinical Trials. Searches were completed using the term Angle's classification and Boolean Modifiers (AND) with the key terms: dental occlusion, dental occlusion centric, centric occlusion, centric relation, maximal intercuspation, MIP, intercuspal position, and edentulous patient, retrognathia, determination, and prognathia. Additional related articles were culled from the reference lists in the articles found in the PubMed searches.

Results

The search identified 494 articles related to the selected terminology. Titles were reviewed and selected if related to the focus questions for further review. Seven papers could be identified that addressed the specifics of the questions.

Conclusions

There is evidence that the Angle's classification for many patients will change when recorded in CO compared to the historical MIP determination/definition. A different Angle's classification recorded in CO is potentially a significant diagnostic finding for patients needing complete mouth rehabilitation. The current definitions of Angle's Classification are not useful in the management of edentulous patients.
Neurobehavioural functions during variable and stable short sleep schedules
Authors: Koa Tiffany B. , Lo June C.
Published: December 2020

We investigated whether variable sleep schedules might mitigate the neurobehavioural deficits induced by multiple nights of sleep restriction. In this 4‐night experiment, 78 young adults (age: 18–28 years) were randomly assigned to four groups: 8888, 8666, 8846 and 8486, where each digit corresponded to time‐in‐bed in hours for each study night. After one baseline night of 8‐hr time‐in‐bed, time‐in‐bed remained unchanged for the 8888 group, while the other groups had short sleep schedules (total time‐in‐bed = 18 hr) that differed in the number of time‐in‐bed changes. Sleep was monitored using actigraphy at home. Daytime neurobehavioural functions were assessed in the laboratory at single time points, after the baseline night, and again after 3 nights of the sleep manipulation period. For sustained attention, the 8888 group responded faster in the Psychomotor Vigilance Task after the manipulation period (p = .01), while responses became slower for the less variable sleep schedules (8666 and 8846; p < .01), but not the most variable sleep schedule (8486; p = .14). Processing speed also improved in the 8888 group and the variable 8846 and 8486 groups (p < .01), but not in the stable 8666 group (p = .09). Furthermore, subjective sleepiness was preserved in the 8888 and, importantly, 8486 groups (p > .05), but was elevated in the 8666 and 8846 groups (p < .05). These findings suggest that when sleep opportunities are limited across multiple nights, a variable sleep schedule that allows for prophylactic and/or recovery sleep on some nights may mitigate some daytime neurobehavioural deficits as compared with a schedule with no opportunity for recovery.
Consistent autoregressive spectral estimates: Nonlinear time series and large autocovariance matrices
Authors: Wang Jiang , Politis Dimitris N.
Published: December 2020

We consider the problem of using an autoregressive (AR) approximation to estimate the spectral density function and the n × n autocovariance matrix based on stationary data X1, … , Xn. The consistency of the autoregressive spectral density estimator has been proven since the 1970s under a linearity assumption. We extend these ideas to the nonlinear setting, and give an application to estimating the n × n autocovariance matrix. Under mild assumptions on the underlying dependence structure and the order p of the fitted AR(p) model, we are able to show that the autoregressive spectral estimate and the associated AR‐based autocovariance matrix estimator are consistent. We are also able to establish an explicit bound on the rate of convergence of the proposed estimators.
Detection of maple toxins in mare's milk
Authors: Sander Johannes , Terhardt Michael , Janzen Nils
Published: December 2020

Background

Plants from the Sapindaceae family that are consumed by horses (maple) and humans (ackee and litchi) are known to contain the toxins hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine which cause seasonally occurring myopathy in horses and entero‐encephalopathic sickness in humans. Vertical transmission of these toxins from a mare to her foal has been described once. However the mare's milk was not available for analysis in this case. We investigated mare's milk in a similar case.

Objective

We hypothesized that hypoglycin A and methylenecyclopropylglycine, like other amino acids' are secreted into the milk.

Animals

Mare with atypical myopathy.

Methods

A sample of the mare's milk and 6 commercial horse milk samples were extracted with a methanolic standard solution and analyzed for hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropylglycine, and metabolites using tandem mass spectrometry after column chromatographic separation.

Results

There were hypoglycin A (0.4 μg/L) and the associated metabolites methylenecyclopropylacetyl glycine and carnitine (18.5 and 24.6 μg/L) plus increased concentrations of several acylcarnitines in the milk. The milk also contained methylenecyclopropylformyl glycine and carnitine (0.8 and 60 μg/L). The latter substances were also detected in 1 of 6 commercial horse milk samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Transmission of the maple toxins can occur through mare's milk. Vertical transmission of Sapindacea toxins might also have importance for human medicine, for example, after consumption of ackee or litchi.
The problem with solutions
Authors: Ajjawi Rola , Eva Kevin W.
Published: December 2020

Ever wondered why academics make things so difficult? Ajjawi and Eva explain with their introduction of the 2021 State of the Science issue and this year's theme of Solution‐ism.
Protein homeostasis in LGMDR9 (LGMD2I) – The role of ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy–lysosomal system
Authors: Franekova Veronika , Storjord Hilde I. , Leivseth Gunnar , Nilssen Øivind
Published: December 2020

Aims

Limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy R9 (LGMDR9) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the fukutin‐related protein gene (FKRP), encoding a glycosyltransferase involved in α‐dystroglycan modification. Muscle atrophy, a significant feature of LGMDR9, occurs by a change in the normal balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy–lysosomal system play a key role in protein degradation in skeletal muscle cells, but their involvement in the pathology of LGMDR9 is still largely unknown. We have aimed at clarifying whether proteolysis through the UPS and the autophagy–lysosomal pathway is dysregulated in LGMDR9 patients.

Methods

Vastus lateralis biopsies from 8 normal controls and 12 LGMDR9 patients harbouring the c.826C>A/c.826C>A FKRP genotype were assessed for protein markers related to UPS, the autophagy–lysosomal system and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR), followed by ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results

Protein levels of E3 ubiquitin ligases Atrogin‐1 and MuRF1 showed a pattern similar to normal controls. Elevation of the autophagy markers Atg7, LC3B‐II, decreased level of p62 as well as downregulation of the negative autophagy regulator mTORC1, indicated an activation of autophagy in LGMDR9. Mitophagy markers Bnip3 and Parkin were decreased. TEM analysis demonstrated accumulation of autophagosome‐like structures in LGMDR9 muscle. There was also an increase in the expression of ER stress/UPR markers PDI, peIF2α and CHOP and a decrease in IRE1α. However, GRP94, Bip and Calnexin remained unchanged.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that autophagy and ER stress are induced in LGMDR9 muscle.
From leisure to labour: towards a typology of the motivations, structures and experiences of work‐related blogging
Authors: Parry Jane , Hracs Brian J.
Published: December 2020

Beyond a purely social activity, mode of leisure or form of escape, blogging is an increasingly important form of labour that is becoming central to many jobs, occupations and forms of self‐employment. Yet, the labour dynamics of blogging remain poorly understood and articulated. To address this gap, this paper presents a novel typology of work‐related blogging based on the integration of existing knowledge, an in‐depth qualitative analysis of 10 blogs and 1,304 blog posts and a ‘total social organisation of labour’ framework. It contributes to the sociology of work by unpacking and nuancing our collective understanding of the relationships between blogging, labour market mobility and labour market trends such as the fragmentation of work, the heightened significance of unpaid labour and new forms of resistance and solidarity in the digital age.
Political campaigns on YouTube: trade unions’ mobilisation in Europe
Authors: Uba Katrin , Jansson Jenny
Published: December 2020

Trade unions are called to increase their influence on policy‐making by becoming more politically active and use social media, but only a few studies investigate unions’ online political activism. We propose that industrial relations regime of a country relates to unions’ perceived opportunities for mobilisation and thereby also unions’ online political activism. We test this argument with the help of data about European trade union confederations’ political mobilisation on YouTube, 2007–2017. The results showed, expectedly, that resource‐rich confederations in the organised corporatist regime (Scandinavia) use YouTube for political activism to lesser degree than in other regimes; when these confederations do pursue political activism, such videos are often related to elections and reflect the political party‐union relationship. Unexpectedly, the resource‐poor confederations in the transitional regime (Central and Eastern Europe) mobilised politically on YouTube to the same extent as have the confederations in the social partnership, liberal and state‐centred regimes.
Do Fed Forecast Errors Matter?*
Authors: Tien Pao‐Lin , Sinclair Tara M. , Gamber Edward N.
Published: December 2020

In order to make forward‐looking policy decisions, the Fed relies on imperfect forecasts of future macroeconomic conditions. If the Fed’s forecasts are rational, then the difference between the actual outcome and the Fed’s forecast is exogenous to the information set of the Fed at the time the forecast was produced. We investigate the effect of the Fed’s forecast errors on output and price movements under the assumption that the Fed intends to implement policy through a forward‐looking Taylor rule with perfect foresight. Our results suggest that although the mean absolute magnitude of the Fed’s forecast errors is large, the impact on the macroeconomy is reassuringly small, although the impact is larger when we take into consideration the Fed’s inability to forecast recessions.
The treatment of binge eating disorder with cognitive behavior therapy and other therapies: An overview and clinical considerations
Authors: Q da Luz Felipe , Hay Phillipa , Wisniewski Lucene , Cordás Táki , Sainsbury Amanda
Published: December 2020

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a public health problem in several countries. BED is commonly associated with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and depression. Notwithstanding the health problems associated with BED, evidence‐based treatments for BED are not widely used by healthcare professionals worldwide. Thus, we provide an overview of the leading evidence‐based psychological therapies for BED, with the intention of informing healthcare professionals and the general community and facilitating greater provision of treatment. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for BED is briefly presented, focusing mainly on adaptations and stages of the cognitive behavior therapy‐enhanced (CBT‐E) transdiagnostic model for eating disorders. We also succinctly discuss the use of CBT in combination with weight management interventions or pharmacotherapy, as well as the use of interpersonal therapy and dialectical behavior therapy for BED. We conclude that there is a variety of evidence‐based psychological therapies that can be used by a variety of healthcare professionals (not only by psychologists) to help reduce binge eating and associated psychopathology in people with BED. Given the high and increasing prevalence of BED, as well as the availability of effective evidence‐based treatments, we encourage more healthcare professionals to explore up‐skilling to assist people with BED.
Application of two novel electrical restitution‐based ECG markers of ventricular arrhythmia to patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Nicolson William B. , Smith Matthew I. , Vali Zakariyya , Samani Nilesh J. , Ng G. André
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk assessment is limited, particularly in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathies. This is the first application, in patients with cardiomyopathies, of two novel risk markers, regional restitution instability index (R2I2) and peak electrocardiogram restitution slope (PERS), which have been shown to be predictive of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) or death in ischemic heart disease patients.

Methods

Blinded retrospective study of 50 patients: 33 dilated cardiomyopathy and 17 other; undergoing electrophysiological study (EPS) for SCD risk stratification, and 29 controls with structurally normal hearts undergoing EPS. R2I2 was calculated from an EPS using electrocardiogram surrogates for action potential duration and diastolic interval. Cut‐offs for high and low R2I2/PERS were predefined.

Results

R2I2 was significantly higher in study than control patients (0.99 ± 0.05 vs. 0.63 ± 0.04, p < .001). PERS showed a trend to higher values in the study group (1.18[0.63] vs. 1.09[0.54], p = .07). During median follow up of 5.6 years [interquartile range 1.9 years], nine study patients reached the endpoint of VA/death. Patients who experienced VA/death showed trends to higher mean R2I2 (1.14 ± 0.07 vs.0.95 ± 0.05, p = .12) and PERS (1.46[0.49] vs. 1.13[0.62], p = .22). A Cox proportional hazards model using grouped markers: R2I2 < 1.03 + PERS < 1.21/either R2I2 ≥ 1.03 or PERS ≥ 1.21/R2I2 ≥ 1.03 + PERS ≥ 1.21; significantly predicted VA/death (p = .02) with a hazard ratio per positive component of 3.2 (95% confidence interval 1.2–8.8).

Conclusion

R2I2≥ 1.03 + PERS ≥ 1.21 may predict VA/death in patients with cardiomyopathies. R2I2 ≥ 1.03 + PERS ≥ 1.21 have the potential to play an important role in SCD risk stratification in cardiomyopathies but their validity should be confirmed in a larger study.