bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locomotion- and mechanics-mediated tactile sensing: antenna reconfiguration simplifies control during high-speed navigation in cockroaches
Authors: Mongeau Jean-Michel , Demir Alican , Lee Jusuk , Cowan Noah J. , Full Robert J.
Published: December 2013

Animals can expend energy to acquire sensory information by emitting signals and/or moving sensory structures. We propose that the energy from locomotion itself could permit control of a sensor, whereby animals use the energy from movement to reconfigure a passive sensor. We investigated high-speed, antenna-mediated tactile navigation in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. We discovered that the passive antennal flagellum can assume two principal mechanical states, such that the tip is either projecting backward or forward. Using a combination of behavioral and robotic experiments, we demonstrate that a switch in the antenna's state is mediated via the passive interactions between the sensor and its environment, and this switch strongly influences wall-tracking control. When the tip of the antenna is projected backward, the animals maintain greater body-to-wall distance with fewer body collisions and less leg–wall contact than when the tip is projecting forward. We hypothesized that distally pointing mechanosensory hairs at the tip of the antenna mediate the switch in state by interlocking with asperities in the wall surface. To test this hypothesis, we performed laser ablation of chemo-mechanosensory hairs and added artificial hairs to a robotic antenna. In both the natural and artificial systems, the presence of hairs categorically increased an antenna's probability of switching state. Antennal hairs, once thought to only play a role in sensing, are sufficient for mechanically reconfiguring the state of the entire antenna when coupled with forward motion. We show that the synergy between antennal mechanics, locomotion and the environment simplifies tactile sensing.
Prolonged food deprivation increases mRNA expression of deiodinase 1 and 2, and thyroid hormone receptor β-1 in a fasting-adapted mammal
Authors: Martinez Bridget , Soñanez-Organis José G. , Vázquez-Medina José Pablo , Viscarra Jose A. , MacKenzie Duncan S. , Crocker Daniel E. , Ortiz Rudy M.
Published: December 2013

Food deprivation in mammals is typically associated with reduced thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations and deiodinase content and activity to suppress metabolism. However, in prolonged-fasted, metabolically active elephant seal pups, TH levels are maintained, if not elevated. The functional relevance of this apparent paradox is unknown and demonstrates variability in the regulation of TH levels, metabolism and function in food-deprived mammals. To address our hypothesis that cellular TH-mediated activity is upregulated with fasting duration, we quantified the mRNA expression and protein content of adipose and muscle deiodinase type I (DI1) and type II (DI2), and TH receptor beta-1 (THrβ-1) after 1, 3 and 7 weeks of fasting in northern elephant seal pups (N=5–7 per week). Fasting did not decrease the concentrations of plasma thyroid stimulating hormone, total triiodothyronine (tT3), free T3, total thyroxine (tT4) or free T4, suggesting that the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis is not suppressed, but rather maintained during fasting. Mean mRNA expression of adipose DI1 and DI2 increased threefold and fourfold, respectively, and 20- and 30-fold, respectively, in muscle. With the exception of adipose DI1, protein expression of adipose DI2 and muscle DI1 and DI2 increased twofold to fourfold. Fasting also increased adipose (fivefold) and muscle (fourfold) THrβ-1 mRNA expression, suggesting that the mechanisms mediating cellular TH activity are upregulated with prolonged fasting. The data demonstrate a unique, atypical mechanism of TH activity and regulation in mammals adapted to prolonged food deprivation in which the potential responsiveness of peripheral tissues and cellular TH activity are increased, which may contribute to their lipid-based metabolism.
Maintaining acoustic communication at a cocktail party: heterospecific masking noise improves signal detection through frequency separation
Authors: Siegert M. E. , Römer H. , Hartbauer M.
Published: December 2013

We examined acoustic masking in a chirping katydid species of the Mecopoda elongata complex due to interference with a sympatric Mecopoda species where males produce continuous trills at high amplitudes. Frequency spectra of both calling songs range from 1 to 80 kHz; the chirper species has more energy in a narrow frequency band at 2 kHz and above 40 kHz. Behaviourally, chirper males successfully phase-locked their chirps to playbacks of conspecific chirps under masking conditions at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of −8 dB. After the 2 kHz band in the chirp had been equalised to the level in the masking trill, the breakdown of phase-locked synchrony occurred at a SNR of +7 dB. The remarkable receiver performance is partially mirrored in the selective response of a first-order auditory interneuron (TN1) to conspecific chirps under these masking conditions. However, the selective response is only maintained for a stimulus including the 2 kHz component, although this frequency band has no influence on the unmasked TN1 response. Remarkably, the addition of masking noise at 65 dB sound pressure level (SPL) to threshold response levels of TN1 for pure tones of 2 kHz enhanced the sensitivity of the response by 10 dB. Thus, the spectral dissimilarity between masker and signal at a rather low frequency appears to be of crucial importance for the ability of the chirping species to communicate under strong masking by the trilling species. We discuss the possible properties underlying the cellular/synaptic mechanisms of the ‘novelty detector’.
Highly Efficient Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides Using Hydroxyapatite-supported Ruthenium Nanoparticles
Authors: Takahashi Yusuke , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: December 2013

We report the first example of the deoxygenation of sulfoxides using heterogeneous catalysts with alcohols as environmentally friendly reducing reagents. Hydroxyapatite-supported Ru nanoparticles (RuNPs/HAP) act as a highly efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for deoxygenation of sulfoxides using alcohols as reductants. The catalytic activity of Ru nanoparticles is outstanding compared to other metal nanoparticles such as Pt, Pd, Rh, and Au nanoparticles. RuNPs/HAP can also catalyze the selective deoxygenation of various sulfoxides, giving the corresponding sulfides in excellent yields.
PanFunPro: PAN-genome analysis based on FUNctional PROfiles
Authors: Lukjancenko Oksana , Thomsen Martin Christen , Voldby Larsen Mette , Ussery David Wayne
Published: December 2013

PanFunPro is a tool for pan-genome analysis that integrates functional domains from three Hidden Markov Models (HMM) collections, and uses this information to group homologous proteins into families based on functional domain content. We use PanFunPro to compare a set of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus genomes. The example demonstrates that this method can provide analysis of differences and similarities in protein content within user-defined sets of genomes. PanFunPro can find various applications in a comparative genomic study, starting with the basic comparison of newly sequenced isolates to already existing strains, and an estimation of shared and specific genomic content. Furthermore, it can potentially be used in the determination of target sequences for in silico bacterial identification, as well as for epidemiological studies.
Schools of data analysis in systematics are converging, but differences remain with formal classification
Authors: Stuessy Tod F.
Published: December 2013

Over the past 50 years, many different quantitative approaches have been developed to infer systematic relationships, and these have led to three distinct schools of systematics: phenetics, cladistics, and quantitative evolutionary systematics (= explicit phyletics). Phenetics emphasized quantitative assessment of overall similarity and taught the distinction between character and character state. Cladistics stressed reconstruction of phylogeny by use of synapomorphies and emphasized holophyly in classification. Quantitative evolutionary systematics built upon cladistic analysis and stressed incorporation of quantitative measures of divergence within lineages. In parallel with these conceptual and algorithmic developments have come technological advances that have allowed deep access to genetic data, beginning with allozymes, then DNA restriction site data, nuclear and organellar DNA sequences and fragment patterns, and now large‐scale genomics. The challenge in recent years has not been for new philosophical reflections on how best to interpret evolutionary history, but rather on methods to make sense of the torrents of new genetic data that apply at all levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. The search for patterns in these new data has led to use of whatever methods seem best suited for the job at hand. Phylogenetic reconstructions are now routinely done with formerly phenetic algorithms, and cladistic methods are sometimes used at the populational level. More sophisticated approaches have also been developed, such as likelihood and Bayesian statistics, and these are applicable at many different hierarchical levels. Awareness of lateral gene transfer, pervasive polyploidy, and ancient hybridizations, has led to new methods to allow better understanding of complex reticulate relationships. It is no longer productive, therefore, to worry about ideological aspects of schools of systematics but rather to focus on which algorithms and statistics are best suited to answer specific questions. For formal classification, however, areas of conflict still remain. The challenge is to determine which combination of quantitative methods will result in the most information‐rich and predictive hierarchical system, realizing that special‐purpose classifications will continue to be used in certain instances.
Biogeography: Where do we go from here?
Authors: Wen Jun , Ree Richard H. , Ickert-Bond Stefanie M. , Nie Zelong , Funk Vicki
Published: December 2013

Biogeography is a multidisciplinary science concerned with how and why organisms are distributed as they are on Earth. It links fields such as systematics, ecology, paleontology, and climatology, and occupies a central position in evolutionary biology, being fundamental to the study of processes such as speciation and adaptive radiation. Here we provide a brief overview of some particularly dynamic areas of inquiry and offer some perspectives on future directions for the field. We hope that some historical debates, such as those over the importance of dispersal, or the validity of molecular dating, are finally being put to rest. Over the last decade, biogeography has become increasingly integrative, and has benefited from advances in statistical methods for inferring geographic range dynamics in a phylogenetic context, molecular estimation of lineage divergence times, and modeling lineage birth and death. These are enabling greater insights into patterns of organismal diversification in time and space. In the next decade, analytical challenges are emerging on several fronts. For example, phylogenies are increasing in size and taxonomic breadth and new sequencing technologies enabling phylogenetic and phylogeographic datasets are increasingly genomic in depth. In addition, geographic occurrence data are accumulating in online repositories, yet tools for data mining and synthetic analysis are lacking for comparative multi‐lineage studies. Biogeography is thus entering an era characterized by phylogenomic datasets, increasingly comprehensive sampling of clades, and interdisciplinary synthesis. We anticipate continued progress in our understanding of biodiversity patterns at regional and global scales, but this will likely require greater collaboration with specialists in bioinformatics and computational science. Finally, it is clear that biogeography has an increasingly important role to play in the discovery and conservation of biodiversity. Lessons learned from biogeographic studies of islands are being applied to better understand extinction dynamics as continental ecosystems become more fragmented, and phylogeography and ecological niche modeling offer innovative paths toward the discovery of previously unknown species distributions and priority areas for conservation. The future of biogeography is bright and filled with exciting challenges and opportunities.
A new species, genus and tribe of Sapotaceae, endemic to Madagascar
Authors: Gautier Laurent , Naciri Yamama , Anderberg Arne A. , Smedmark Jenny E.E. , Randrianaivo Richard , Swenson Ulf
Published: December 2013

Phylogenetic relationships of the two Malagasy Sapotaceae endemic genera Capurodendron and Tsebona have been unclear until now. Recent collections from Madagascar, as well as a better representation of the tribe Isonandreae, altogether 95 terminals, were used to estimate a phylogeny of subfamily Sapotoideae. We analysed sequences of nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA (trnH‐psbA) with Bayesian inference and parsimony jackknifing. As in previous analyses, Sapoteae and Sideroxyleae are recovered monophyletic. In addition, Isonandreae, distributed in the Indo‐Pacific, is for the first time resolved as monophyletic and sister to Sapoteae. All Malagasy accessions of Capurodendron, Tsebona, and a new species are grouped in another well‐supported clade. This clade is accommodated in a new tribe Tseboneae characterized by caducous stipules, 5‐merous flowers with quincuncial sepals, contorted aestivation of corolla lobes, absence of corolla appendages, one or three stamens opposite each corolla lobe, villous staminodes, seeds with an adaxial scar and plano‐convex cotyledons, lacking endosperm. The new species is described in the new genus Bemangidia (B. lowryi) because it has a unique leaf venation for the tribe and combines different morphological features from Capurodendron and Tsebona. All three genera are well‐supported monophyletic groups. Bemangidia lowryi is threatened with extinction due to extensive ongoing forest destruction and is assigned a preliminary conservation status of Critically Endangered.
Kiritchkovia, a replacement name for Sibiriella Kiritchkova & Kostina (Ginkgoopsida: Karkeniales)
Authors: Doweld Alexander B.
Published: December 2013

A new generic name Kiritchkovia is established for the Jurassic foliage of Siberian plants replacing Sibiriella Kiritchkova & Kostina, 2005, which is a junior homonym of fossils Sibiriella Fajzulina, and parahomonym of fossils Siberiella Radcz. and Siberiella Korde. Two new combinations, Kiritchkovia aksarinii and Kiritchkovia koltogorica, are also effected.
Lectotypification of Linnaean names in the genus Quercus (Fagaceae)
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , Peruzzi Lorenzo
Published: December 2013

The Linnean names Quercus cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. smilax and Q. suber are discussed and lectotypified.
Typification of six Linnaean names in Cistus L. (Cistaceae)
Authors: Ferrer-Gallego P. Pablo , Laguna Emilio , Crespo Manuel B.
Published: December 2013

Nomenclatural types are designated for the names of six taxa of Cistus (Cistaceae) described by Linnaeus, C. albidus, C. crispus, C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. populifolius, and C. salviifolius. Original material from LINN and UPS was critically examined, as well as other information in the protologues. Data relevant for typification are discussed, and lectotypes are selected to maintain traditional or current use of the concerned names.
Lectotypification of Conophallus titanum (≡ Amorphophallus titanum) (Araceae)
Authors: Giordano Cristiana , Nardi Enio , Mosti Stefano
Published: December 2013

The plant with the biggest inflorescence in the world is Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. ex Arcang., originally described by Beccari as Conophallus titanum. In this work we discuss and determine the publication that must be regarded as the protologue, then designate a lectotype from among the original material.
From the Horse's Mouth: Economic Conditions and Investor Expectations of Risk and Return
Authors: Amromin Gene , Sharpe Steven A.
Published: December 2013

Data obtained from monthly Gallup/UBS surveys from 1998 to 2007 and from a special supplement to the Michigan Surveys of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior, run in 22 monthly surveys between 2000 and 2005, are used to analyze stock market beliefs and portfolio choices of household investors. We show that the key variables found to be positive predictors of actual stock returns in the asset-pricing literature are also highly correlated with investor's subjective expected returns, but with the opposite sign. Moreover, our analysis of the microdata indicates that subjective expectations of both risk and returns on stocks are strongly influenced by perceptions of economic conditions. In particular, when investors believe macroeconomic conditions are more expansionary, they tend to expect both higher returns and lower volatility. This is difficult to reconcile with the canonical view that expected returns on stocks rise during recessions to compensate household investors for increased exposure or sensitivity to macroeconomic risks. Finally, the relevance of these investors' subjective expectations is supported by the finding of a significant link between their expectations and portfolio choices. In particular, we show that portfolio equity positions tend to be higher for those respondents that anticipate higher expected returns or lower uncertainty.

This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, finance.
‘The law has no conscience’: The cultural construction of justice and the reception of Awara in China
Authors: Van Fleit Hang Krista
Published: December 2013

In 1955 members of the Indian People’s Theater Association, a group closely associated with the Communist Party of India, travelled to China as part of a cultural exchange between the two countries following the state level meeting between Zhou Enlai and Jawaharlal Nehru in 1954. Their visit saw an ‘Indian film week’ in which Hindi films were screened throughout China, most notably the 1951 Raj Kapoor film Awara, remembered fondly by many Chinese growing up in the later 1970s–early 1980s Reform period as Liulangzhe. This article situates Awara in the history of Chinese cinema, as a leftist text that depicted a fellow third world nation also engaged in constructing an alternative to the western experience of modernity.
Truth after cinema: The explosion of facts in the documentary films of Jia Zhangke
Authors: Rugo Daniele
Published: December 2013

This article identifies and elaborates on two models of resistance evident in JiaZhangke’s film corpus. The deployment of different cinematic strategies produces an experimental calling into question of the value of truth and of truth as value. In the films here analysed Jia moves from resistance through organic observation to a model of resistance structured around a series of fabulations. If the first regime addresses the truth of ideology, then the target of the second is the ideology of truth. It is in this passage that Jia enters political cinema, collapsing the distinction between factual and fictional and opening up a space that belongs to no collectivity.
Sound, image, rhetorical strategy and traumatic memory in Ai Xiaoming’s Our Children
Authors: Jin Lei
Published: December 2013

This study examines Ai Xiaoming’s Women de wawa/Our Children (2009), an independent film documentary about the 2008 Sichuan earthquake where over 50,000 children died in collapsed school buildings. The analysis draws on film-making techniques, issues in modern Chinese media and politics and psychology, and trauma studies. Our Children reveals a violent process of governmental oppression that attempted to erase traumatic memory. As a result of the politically enforced amnesia, the earthquake victims were doubly victimized. Because crucial information related to the trauma – the quality of the school buildings – remains inaccessible, and the official explanation is unacceptable, the trauma continually haunts the traumatized victims, as well as the society at large. However, by drawing on everyday people’s testimonies and an abundance of images from digital phones and cameras, Our Children succeeded in preserving both individual and public traumatic memories and allowed some people to heal.
Architectural theatricality: A food design perspective in hospitality studies
Authors: Olsen Tvedebrink Tenna Doktor , Fisker Anna Marie , Kirkegaard Poul Henning
Published: December 2013

In the attempt to improve patient treatment and recovery, researchers focus on applying concepts of hospitality to hospitals. Often these concepts are dominated by hotel-metaphors focusing on host–guest relationships or concierge services. Motivated by a project trying to improve patient treatment and recovery through the architecture framing eating experiences, this article examines, from a theoretical perspective, two less debated concepts relating to hospitality called food design and architectural theatricality.

In architectural theory the nineteenth century German architect Gottfried Semper is known for his writings on theatricality, understood as a holistic design approach emphasizing the contextual, cultural, ritual and social meanings rooted in architecture. Relative hereto, the International Food Design Society recently argued, in a similar holistic manner, that the methodology used to provide an aesthetic eating experience includes knowledge on both food and design. Based on a hermeneutic reading of Semper’s theory, our thesis is that this holistic design approach is important when debating concepts of hospitality in hospitals. We use this approach to argue for how ‘food design’ is an overlooked element in hospital eating environments today, and further point at how Semper’s discourse on theatricality can be used to add a more nuanced perspective to future hospitality studies.
Hospitable urban spaces and diversity
Authors: Mand Harpreet (Neena) , Cilliers Steani
Published: December 2013

The production and consumption of food plays a highly visible and vital role in the public life of cities and in the creation of hospitable public spaces. Food acts as a vehicle for facilitating sustenance and sociability to urban spaces. The application of Modernist principles in post-war urban redevelopment projects led to urban sprawl, which in turn led to more economic and social action taking place at the edge of cities and suburbs, rather than in the centre, where it used to be. Issues of ‘food and the city’ are being discussed in current literature, however, to date there has been no systematic analysis undertaken to indicate which form of integrating food and the city is more beneficial to the social lives of cities. This article investigates two forms of food-centred space within the city, the gastronomic quarter of the city and the food court of the shopping mall, and establishes the differences and connections between the two environments. Using Jane Jacobs’ theory of diversity as a framework, the article explores the effects mall food courts and gastronomic quarters have on the city, and whether and how these environments contribute to the diversity and vitality of urban space.
Design for disability: Industrial design-led interventions for assistive cutlery
Authors: Renda Gianni , Kuys Blair
Published: December 2013

This research details the potential for design-led interventions in regards to assistive cutlery within a hospitality environment. Design for disability, especially in terms of cutlery, has remained aesthetically stagnant within the area of hospitality. Products currently exist for use in the home environment, however due to a lack of concentration on the aesthetic resolution, they remain under-utilized. The importance of industrial design as a discipline to influence change in current product development activities for this industry is highlighted, and shows that the physical manifestation of a product is a result of a professionally trained industrial designer who increasingly utilizes inclusive design principles to develop appealing assistive products.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wall Sarah J. , Wasserman Andrew , Marchand Marie-Ève , Baker Adi , York Kara , MacDonald Kristie
Published: December 2013

MAKING ART GLOBAL (PART 2): ‘MAGICIENS DE LA TERRE’ 1989, LUCY STEEDS ET AL. London: Walther Koenig and Afterall Books (2013), 304 pp., Paperback, ISBN: 978-3-86335-258-5, $27.50

CHANNELING THE PAST: POLITICIZING HISTORY IN POSTWAR AMERICA, ERIK CHRISTIANSEN Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (2013), 318 pp., Paperback, ISBN: 978-0-29928-904-1, $29.95

EXHIBITING PATRIOTISM: CREATING AND CONTESTING INTERPRETATIONS OF AMERICAN HISTORIC SITES, TERESA BERGMAN Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press (2013), 256 pp., Paperback, ISBN: 978-1-59874-597-9, $29.95

HOW WE FORGOT THE COLD WAR: A HISTORICAL JOURNEY ACROSS AMERICA, JON WIENER Berkeley: University of California Press (2012), 384 pp., Hardcover, ISBN: 978-0-52027-141-8, $34.95

INTERPRETING ART IN MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES, CHRISTOPHER WHITEHEAD London and New York: Routledge (2012), 196 pp., Paperback, ISBN 978-0-41541-922-2, $38.95

DEFINING THE MODERN MUSEUM: A CASE STUDY OF THE CHALLENGES OF EXCHANGE, LIANNE McTAVISH Toronto: University of Toronto Press (2013), 226 pp., Hardcover, ISBN: 978-1-44264-443-4, $50.00

COLLECTING AS MODERNIST PRACTICE, JEREMY BRADDOCK Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (2012), 322 pp., Hardcover, ISBN: 978-1-42140-364-9, $39.95

HE NAMED HER AMBER, IRIS HÄUSSLER Toronto: Art Gallery of Ontario (2011), 176 pp., Hardcover, ISBN: 978-1-89424-368-1, $40.00
Conference Review
Authors: Haines Chelsea
Published: December 2013

EXHIBITION AS MEDIUM Organized by Claire Grace and Kevin Lotery, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 8–9 March 2013
Beyond the transatlantic divide: the multiple authorities of standards in the global political economy of services
Authors: Graz Jean-Christophe , Hauert Christophe
Published: December 2013

This paper explores the plurality of institutional environments in which standards for the service sector are expected to support the rise of a global knowledge-based economy. A wide range of international bodies is able to define standards affecting the internationalization of services. Relying on global political economy approaches, the analysis uncovers the power relations underpinning the various forms of standards supporting a deeper integration of the market for services. Service standards are conceived as heterogeneous forms of transnational hybrid authority. The empirical study focuses on recent developments in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the European Union, and the US. In contrast to conventional views opposing the American system to the ISO/European framework, the paper argues that institutional developments of service standards are likely to face trade-offs and compromises reflecting contrasting models of standardization, not only between, but also across, those systems. While this undermines the conventional analysis of a transatlantic divide in standardization, it also shows that the variance between product and service standards is much greater in the European context and the ISO system than in the US, where it is hardly debated.
The impact of meta-standardization upon standards convergence: the case of the international accounting standard for off-balance-sheet financing
Authors: Thiemann Matthias
Published: December 2013

Analyses of transnational governance formation point to the destabilizing effects transnational standard setters have upon national institutional configurations. Isomorphic pressures, it is argued, lead to the standardization of procedures used and actors involved in standard setting processes. What is not clear, however, is to what extent this meta-standardization increases the chances for convergence of national with transnational standards. This article explores this question for the case of the international accounting standard for off-balance-sheet financing in the Netherlands, France and Germany. It argues that the reconfiguration of domestic governance architectures had a decisive impact on convergence processes. Counter-intuitively, copying goals, membership and procedures of the transnational, private International Accounting Standards Committee limited the chances of rule convergence, as it threatened to deinstitutionalize the standard-setting role of an important national champion of rule-convergence, the banking regulator. The institutional template developed at the transnational level created actor-mismatch at the national level between those formulating and those implementing the rules, thereby weakening the coalition for rule change. A strong coalition, however, is needed to overcome vested business interests that favor convergence with transnational templates for legitimacy gains at the same time that they oppose convergence to contentious rules that limit their business activities.
Introduction: multiplicity and plurality in the world of standards
Authors: Djelic Marie Laure , den Hond Frank
Published: December 2013

Globalization is often described as a chaotic process which signals the end of national institutions’ ability to regulate markets. However, a closer look reveals a new world of standards and regulations, often with a transnational scope and reach. Contemporary rule making and rule monitoring increasingly take place in the context of transnational arenas that bring around the table many different types of actors, all of whom have or feel to have a “stake” in the regulatory project at hand, yet often for quite diverse reasons and with varying interests. While standardization would seem to suggest regularity, rationalization, and a reduction of diversity if not the advance of homogeneity and convergence, we can easily document a surprising multiplicity and plurality in our transnational world of standards. In most industries, fields and arenas, we find multiple standards and standard setting coalitions. Even so, scholars have only barely started to explore this multiplicity and plurality. Building upon what we know on technical standards, this Symposium describes and explains important patterns in the world of transnational standard-setting, revealing the nature of this plurality and the ways in which it impacts upon and is impacted by different groups of actors involved.
Surface Modification of the Ti6Al4V Alloy with Silicon Carbonitride Layer Deposited by PACVD Method
Authors: Jonas Stanisława , Konefał-Góral Jadwiga , Małek Anna , Kluska Stanisława , Grzesik Zbigniew
Published: December 2013

Four different layers of various silicon, carbon and nitrogen contents on the Ti6Al4V alloy and (001)Si wafers have been deposited by means of Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (PACVD) method. The layers were obtained from reactive gas mixture containing SiH4, CH4, NH3 and Ar. After deposition the structure and chemical composition of modified surfaces have been analyzed with use of SEM/EDS technique. Based on these results and thermodynamic calculations, the diffusion coefficients, D, for nitrogen and carbon in alloy were discussed. Scratch test shown that silicon carbonitride layers have good adhesion to metal surface. In order to determine atomic structure of obtained layers, FTIR spectra for layer-(001)Si and layer-Ti6Al4V were registered.
The minimal radius of Galerkin information for severely ill-posed problems
Authors: Solodky Sergei G. , Myleiko Ganna L.
Published: December 2013

In the present paper minimization problems of the information costs for numerical solving severely ill-posed problems are studied. A projection scheme of discretization which is economical in a sense of used harmonics is presented. By means of this scheme the order estimate of the minimal radius of Galerkin information is computed.
Hysteroscopic and laparoscopic management of uterine defects on previous cesarean delivery scars
Authors: Li Changdong , Guo Yinshu , Liu Yun , Cheng Jiumei , Zhang Weiyuan
Published: December 2013

Objective: To examine the treatment of previous cesarean delivery scar defect after cesarean delivery and the feasibility of laparoscopic uterine repair or hysteroscopic scar excision.

Study Design: A retrospective clinical study that took place from June 2009 to March 2013 and included 41 women who had previously had cesarean deliveries.

Results: Seventeen women underwent a laparoscopic approach for the repair of scar diverticula, and 24 women underwent a hysteroscopic resection of fibrotic tissue overhanging underneath the diverticula. Most women remained free of symptoms over a 3- to 16-month follow-up and 6 women became pregnant without pregnancy complications.

Conclusion: Women with a history of cesarean delivery combined with irregular perimenstrual bleeding should undergo combined hysteroscopy and ultrasound examination to detect latent scar defects. In diagnosed cases, in those who desired future pregnancies and had a residual myometrial thickness of <3.5 mm or a defect that accounted for ≥50% of the anterior uterine wall, laparoscopic surgical repair was performed with good postoperative anatomic outcomes. Women with residual myometrial thickness of ≥3.5 mm or a defect that accounted for <50% of the anterior uterine wall were treated with hysteroscopic surgery and had a relief of symptoms.
Photoconductive NSOM for mapping optoelectronic phases in nanostructures
Authors: Das Anshuman J. , Shivanna Ravichandran , Narayan K.S.
Published: December 2013

The advent of optically functional materials with low-intensive processing methods is accompanied by a growing need for high resolution imaging to probe the inherent inhomogeneities in the underlying microstructure. Atomic force microscopy based techniques are typically utilized for imaging the surface of organic thin films, quantum dots and other nanomaterials with ultrahigh resolution. Several modes like conductive, Kelvin, electrostatic amongst others have been particularly successful in imaging the local current, potential and charge distribution of variety of systems. However, the functionality of photoconduction in these materials cannot be directly imaged by these modes alone. There is a requirement for a local excitation source or collection arrangement that is compatible with scanning microscopy techniques followed by a current monitoring mechanism. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) possesses all the advantages of scanning microscopy and is capable of local excitation that overcomes the diffraction limit faced by conventional optical microscopes. Additionally, NSOM can be carried out on actual photoconductive two terminal and three terminal device structures to image local optoelectronic properties. In this review, we present the various geometries that have been demonstrated to perform photoconductive NSOM (p-NSOM). We highlight a representative set of important results and discuss the implications of photocurrent imaging in macroscopic device performance.
Physical and mechanical properties of stir-casting processed AA2024/B4Cp composites
Authors: Canakci Aykut , Arslan Fazli , Varol Temel
Published: December 2013

In this study, metal matrix composites of an aluminum alloy (AA2024) and B4C particles with volume fractions 3, 5, 7, and 10 vol% and with sizes 29 and 71 μm were produced using stir-casting technique. The effects of B4C particle content and size of boron carbide on the mechanical properties of the composites such as hardness, 0.2% yield strength, tensile strength, and fracture were investigated. Furthermore, the relation between particle content, microstructure, and particle distribution has been investigated. The hardness of the composites increased with increasing particle volume fraction and with decreasing particle size, although the tensile strength of the composites decreased with increasing particle volume fraction and with decreasing particle size. Scanning electron microscopic observations of the microstructures revealed that dispersion of the coarser sizes of B4C particles was more uniform while the finer particles led to agglomeration of the particles and porosity.
Phonologische Komplexität: Demisilben inVersprechern, Paraphasien und Neologismen
Authors: Leuninger Helen , Dümig Sascha , Kops Friederike , Koch Corinna , Grimm Teresa , Becker Jasmin , Paul Michèle , Schwarze Rabea
Published: December 2013

The following study addresses the question whether slips of the tongue(Frankfurter Versprecherkorpus) alter the phonological complexity of thetargeted demisyllables. The analysis is based on Clements (1990) phonologicaltheory, in which the markedness of demisyllables is calculated onthe basis of major class features and syllabic positions of the respectivephonemes. The analysis of the slips of the tongue showed no significantasymmetry. The erroneous as well as the intended demisyllables did notdiffer in their phonological complexity. Furthermore, slip repairs are insensitiveto phonological complexity. Even for phonological paraphasias phonologicalcomplexity is not a critical feature. In this respect they behavelike slips of the tongue. On the contrary, so-called abstruse neologismsproduced by aphasic patients are mostly constructed with unmarked demisyllables.To explain this difference, we refer to a modified language productionmodel by Buckingham (1990). In contrast to slips and paraphasias,a language processing component that is underused after languageacquisition is completed is activated during the production of abstruse neologismsdue to lexical blocking. This sublexical component, the so-calledrandom generator, fills the syllable positions in such a way that demisyllablesof low phonological complexity are generated.
Sinngebiete lebensweltlicher Erfahrung in der SMS- und Usenet-Kommunikation: Ein Vergleich
Authors: Bücker Jörg
Published: December 2013

While both SMS and Usenet communication have been the subject of variousstudies in the past years, they have not been compared with each other.Hence, this study aims at discussing some fundamental differences betweenSMS and Usenet communication from an interactional linguistic, phenomenologicaland sociological point of view. In particular, it will show thatUsenet communication allows for the conversational construction of virtualspaces of action which can be characterized as “finite provinces of meaning”(‘geschlossene Sinngebiete’) in the sense of Schütz, Luckmann andBerger. These virtual “finite provinces of meaning” emerge as a result ofcommunicative practices by which actors attribute local, temporal, behavioraland cultural dimensions to the “communication form” (‘Kommunikationsform’).In SMS communication, in contrast, such dimensions arenot linked directly to the communication form. The reason is that SMScommunication usually takes place between participants who know eachother and do not only communicate via SMS: As communication via SMSis not their primary, let alone exclusive, space of mutual interaction andsocial experience, they do not need to attribute local, temporal, behavioraland cultural dimensions of their social actions to the communication form.Usenet communication, in contrast, usually takes place between participantswho only have contact with each other within a certain domain ofthe Usenet which is characterized by specific thematic restrictions. In sucha context, it is natural to ascribe local, temporal, behavioral and culturaldimensions of social actions to the communication form (or its textualrepresentation) as the only space of mutual interaction and social experiencewhich is shared by all participants.
The Influence of Different Structural Features on Felt Musical Tension in Two Piano Pieces by Mozart and Mendelssohn
Authors: Lehne Moritz , Rohrmeier Martin , Gollmann Donald , Koelsch Stefan
Published: December 2013

In tonal music, patterns of tension and resolution form one of the core principles evoking emotions. The experience of musical tension and resolution depends on various features of the music (e.g., dynamics, agogics, melody, and harmony); however, the relative contribution of different features to the experience of tension is less clear. To investigate the influence of different features on subjectively experienced musical tension, we compared continuous ratings of felt musical tension for original and modified versions of two piano pieces by Mendelssohn and Mozart. Modifications included versions without dynamics and without agogics as well as versions in which the music was reduced to its melodic, harmonic, or outer voice components. Additionally, we compared tension ratings with a loudness model. Tension ratings for versions without dynamics, versions without agogics and without dynamics, and outer voice reductions correlated highly with ratings for the original versions for both pieces. Tension rating correlations between melodic or harmonic reductions and original versions, as well as loudness and original ratings, differed between pieces and appeared to depend on the relative importance of the feature in the respective piece. In addition, qualitative analyses suggested that felt tension and resolution depend on phrase structure, local harmonic implications, and global syntactic structures of the pieces. Altogether, results indicate that discarding expressive features such as dynamics and agogics largely preserves tension-resolution patterns of the music, whereas the contributions of harmonic and melodic structure depend on the way in which they are employed in the composition.
A Voice of the Crowd: Futurism and the Politics of Noise
Authors: Williams Gavin
Published: December 2013

In his 1913 manifesto “L'arte dei rumori” (The Art of Noises), Futurist painter Luigi Russolo exhorted readers to “walk across a great modern metropolis with ears more attentive than eyes.” For Russolo, attentive listening to the urban environment enacted a visionary aurality: the city was a mine for “new” noises, such as rumbling motors and jolting trams. However, Russolo's embrace of noise—much like that of Futurist painter Umberto Boccioni and Futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti—was undeniably a product of its time and place. This article excavates the sounds of 1913 Milan as a crucial location for the noises of early Italian Futurism. Not only was this city the Futurists' base, but it also inflected their representations of noise both through its symbolic architectural sites (above all the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele) and the buzz of its human multitudes. In this latter respect, late-nineteenth-century positivist crowd psychology can provide an illuminating context because it shares with Futurism the notion of modern, urban crowd united by a collective unconscious—one that could, moreover, be heard by the attentive listener on a city's streets. This article tracks this historical mode of listening from Russolo's manifesto until the reception of his first concert for an entire orchestra of newly wrought noise intoners—his “Gran concerto per intonarumori,” held at Milan's Teatro Dal Verme in 1914—and explores what was, in this case, a slippery (but critical) distinction between “audience” and “crowd.” Russolo's clamorously received premiere forced its listeners and performers to attend to off- (rather than on-) stage noises, thus raising still-vital questions about where to locate Futurism's noise, influence, and politics.
Constructing causation in language and memory: implications for access to justice in multilingual interactions
Authors: Filipovic Luna
Published: December 2013

Can witness memory be different for speakers of different languages? English and Spanish differ significantly in the expression of causal intentionality, and this study explores the possibility that the systematic ambiguity of English causation constructions (e.g. ‘She dropped the keys’) detracts from memory of intentionality in causation events, while the consistent tendency to differentiate intentional from non-intentional events in Spanish can result in an advantage for memory. Results from a recall memory experiment suggest that the language-guided habit of paying explicit linguistic attention to this distinction in Spanish positively affects witness memory, while the lack of pressure to explicitly determine intentionality in expressions of causation in English conditions diminishes recall for this component in causation events. The results of this empirical study are placed in the context of their relevance for: a) access to justice in multilingual investigative interviewing and b) more efficient obtaining of information in translation assisted communication and c) methodological advances in forensic linguistics and related academic and professional areas.
Foreign and archaic phrases in legal texts
Authors: Kurzon Dennis
Published: December 2013

This article deals with the occurrence of foreign words, phrases and maxims in legal texts. Unlike past studies, in which the focus has been on Latin in Anglo- American legal texts, the present study expands the borders, not only looking at Latin in European legal texts, but also at English in Russian and Ukrainian legal texts, and then beyond Europe (and common law countries) to the Middle East, where foreign words and phrases as well as Qur'anic Arabic may be found in legal texts of various Arab countries, in Persian legal texts, and Aramaic expressions in Israeli legal texts written in Hebrew. This phenomenon is discussed both from a historical point of view and a linguistic perspective in terms of syntactic integration and, primarily, in terms of code-switching and of borrowing.
More is better: likelihood ratio-based forensic voice comparison with vocalic segmental cepstra frontends
Authors: Rose Phil
Published: December 2013

The suitability of vowel cepstral spectra for forensic voice comparison is explored within a likelihood ratio-based framework, and non-technical explanations provided for some basic concepts of cepstral analysis and forensic voice comparison. Non-contemporaneous landline telephone recordings of 297 male Japanese speakers are compared using only two replicates per recording of each of their five read-out vowels. 14 cepstrally-mean-subtracted LPC cepstral coefficients modelling the spectral shape to 5 kHz are used as features. When evaluated intrinsically with kernel density multivariate likelihood ratios, all 297 same-speaker comparisons are correctly discriminated as coming from the same speaker, and only 173 of the 43,956 different-speaker comparisons (0.4%) are incorrectly evaluated as coming from the same speaker. The log-likelihood ratio cost for this comparison is very low at 0.013. Fusion with a speaker's long-term spectral data marginally improves the different-speaker error rate to 0.27% and the log-likelihood ratio cost to 0.009. It is concluded that the approach warrants further examination.