bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LH1–RC light-harvesting photocycle under realistic light–matter conditions
Authors: Chuang Chern , Brumer Paul
Published: April 2020

Quantum master equations are used to simulate the photocycle of the light-harvesting complex 1 (LH1) and the associated reaction center (RC) in purple bacteria excited with natural incoherent light. The influence of the radiation and protein environments and the full photocycle of the complexes, including the charge separation and RC recovery processes, are taken into account. Particular emphasis is placed on the steady state excitation energy transfer rate between the LH1 and the RC and the steady state dependence on the light intensity. The transfer rate is shown to scale linearly with light intensity near the value in the natural habitat and at higher light intensities is found to be bounded by the rate-determining step of the photocycle, the RC recovery rate. Transient (e.g., pulsed laser induced) dynamics, however, shows rates higher than the steady state value and continues to scale linearly with the intensity. The results show a correlation between the transfer rate and the manner in which the donor state is prepared. In addition, the transition from the transient to the steady state results can be understood as a cascade of ever slower rate-determining steps and quasi-stationary states inherent in multi-scale sequential processes. This type of transition of rates is relevant in most light-induced biological machinery.
Vibration overtone hyperpolarizability measured for H2
Authors: Ellis Rachel M. , Shelton David P.
Published: April 2020

The second hyperpolarizability (γ) of the H2 molecule was measured by gas-phase electric field induced second harmonic generation at the frequencies of the one-photon resonance for the 3–0 Q(J) overtone transitions (v, J = 0, J → 3, J for J = 0, 1, 2, and 3). The magnitude of the resonant contribution to γ was measured with 2% accuracy using the previously determined non-resonant γ for calibration. Pressure broadening and frequency shift for the transitions were also measured. A theoretical expression for the resonant vibrational γ contribution in terms of transition polarizabilities is compared to the observations. The measured γ resonance strength is 4%–14% larger than the results obtained from this theoretical expression evaluated using ab initio transition polarizabilities.
Optimization and validation of a deep learning CuZr atomistic potential: Robust applications for crystalline and amorphous phases with near-DFT accuracy
Authors: Andolina Christopher M. , Williamson Philip , Saidi Wissam A.
Published: April 2020

We show that a deep-learning neural network potential (DP) based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations can well describe Cu–Zr materials, an example of a binary alloy system, that can coexist in as ordered intermetallic and as an amorphous phase. The complex phase diagram for Cu–Zr makes it a challenging system for traditional atomistic force-fields that cannot accurately describe the different properties and phases. Instead, we show that a DP approach using a large database with ∼300k configurations can render results generally on par with DFT. The training set includes configurations of pristine and bulk elementary metals and intermetallic structures in the liquid and solid phases in addition to slab and amorphous configurations. The DP model was validated by comparing bulk properties such as lattice constants, elastic constants, bulk moduli, phonon spectra, and surface energies to DFT values for identical structures. Furthermore, we contrast the DP results with values obtained using well-established two embedded atom method potentials. Overall, our DP potential provides near DFT accuracy for the different Cu–Zr phases but with a fraction of its computational cost, thus enabling accurate computations of realistic atomistic models, especially for the amorphous phase.
On the total enthalpy behavior inside a shock wave
Authors: Shoev Georgy V. , Timokhin Maksim Yu. , Bondar Yevgeniy A.
Published: April 2020

The total enthalpy behavior inside a shock wave in a dilute monatomic gas has been numerically studied for various values of Mach and Prandtl numbers with the continuum (the Navier–Stokes–Fourier equations) and kinetic (the Shakhov model and the direct simulation Monte Carlo method) approaches. A significant difference between the results by the continuum and kinetic approaches has been observed for the internal shock wave structure. In a wide range of the free-stream Mach numbers, the continuum approach predicts qualitatively similar behavior of total enthalpy distributions that can be of a concave, constant, or convex shape depending on the Prandtl number. The more sophisticated kinetic approach predicts a more complicated form of total enthalpy profiles: e.g., an inflection point for Mach numbers around two and Prandtl numbers close to unity. The evolution of the total enthalpy in the shock is determined by the balance of heat conduction and mechanical work of normal viscous stress—processes that are predicted inaccurately by using the Navier–Stokes–Fourier equations at high Mach numbers.
Inkjet drawing dynamics of conductive polymer droplets on cellulose nanopapers
Authors: Ohira Shingo , Mizumura Daiki , Hanasaki Itsuo
Published: April 2020

The processes of wetting and solvent evaporation in the drying sessile conductive ink droplets formed by inkjet printing are clarified for characterization to be referenced for diverse applications. The electric resistance of the PEDOT:PSS ink line patterns on the nanopaper, the film material of cellulose nanofibers, is affected by the shape and structure of the wire, which are dominated by the elementary process of the droplet drying dynamics. The evaporation flow rate of the ink droplets on the nanopapers decreases at the later stage of the drying process. This is dominated by the decrease in the air–liquid interfacial surface area, while the evaporation flux is roughly constant. The wetting of droplets formed by the inkjet printer is different from the quasi-static droplet placement. The contact angles of sufficiently smaller droplets are smaller, indicating higher apparent wettability because of the momentum effect. This is distinguished from the gravity effect. The conductive particles in the ink help the droplet pinning on the substrate. The nanopapers also tend to pin the droplet peripheries compared to the slide glass. Nevertheless, the radii of both water and the conductive ink droplets on the nanopapers first increase and then decrease later. The initial slow increase in the radius is distinguished from the spreading by the inkjet momentum and is likely to be caused by the capillary effect of the fine texture of the nanopapers. This trend is significant for larger droplets, but the colored dry spots of the ink were smaller than the maximum droplet radii during drying.
Review of Scientific Instruments New Products
Authors: Mandelis Andreas
Published: April 2020

In order to supplement manufacturers’ information, this department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials which supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications.
Lasing efficiency of krypton ions in the (8 – 14)-nm band upon pulsed laser excitation
Authors: Nechay A.N. , Garakhin S.A. , Lopatin A.Ya. , Polkovnikov V.N. , Reunov D.G. , Salashchenko N.N. , Toropov M.N. , Chkhalo N.I. , Tsybin N.N.
Published: April 2020

The emission spectra of krypton plasma in the range of 8 – 14 nm upon excitation of a pulsed gas jet by 1.06-mm Nd : YAG laser radiation with a pulse energy of 0.85 J, pulse duration of 5.2 ns, and repetition rate of 10 Hz are investigated. The krypton emission spectrum is a wide (8 – 14 nm) band, peaking at 10.3 nm, which is formed by a series of much narrower lines. The observed lines are identified, and the fraction of laser pulse energy converted into the (8 – 14)-nm emission band and emitted into half-space (2πsr) is determined. The maximum conversion efficiency is found to be 21 %. The expected throughputs of lithographic systems with sources based on Sn, Xe, and Kr ions for different wavelengths, corresponding to the emission peaks of ions of these materials, are compared.
Self-compression of laser pulses in a discrete medium
Authors: Sofonov A.O. , Mironov V.A.
Published: April 2020

Using the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we study the laser radiation self-action dynamics in a nanostructured waveguide system. It is shown that for a laser pulse energy exceeding the critical value, the nonlinear evolution of the wave field markedly differs from the corresponding process in a continuous medium. While the pulse propagates in a discrete medium, its length decreases to values comparable to the scale of the structure and the velocity decreases to zero. The system parameters are determined at which the wave field after the laser pulse termination begins to propagate in the opposite direction in a compressed form. The process of slowing down and stopping the pulse is accompanied by strong radiation losses, so that about a third of the energy of the initial field distribution remains in the final compressed state.
Ytterbium laser system for studying parametric amplification of femtosecond pulses with a centre wavelength of ∼2 μm
Authors: Mukhin I.B. , Volkov M.R. , Vikulov I.A. , Perevezentsev E.A. , Palashov O.V.
Published: April 2020

A laser system is developed with an optical synchronisation of a femtosecond signal with a pump channel. The signal of a driving ytterbium fibre laser with a 60 MHz repetition rate of stretched femtosecond pulses is amplified in energy from several nanojoules to 0.4 mJ at a pulse repetition rate of 3 kHz in a wideband amplifier and then is compressed in time to 250 fs. The obtained radiation is used for generating femtosecond laser pulses with a centre wavelength of ∼2 μm, pulse energy of above 20 μJ, duration of several field oscillations, and phase stabilisation between the electromagnetic field and envelope. The other pulse of the driving fibre laser provides optical synchronisation and a minimal time delay and is directed to a regenerative Yb : YAG disk amplifier for amplification to an energy of 4 mJ at a pulse repetition rate of 3 kHz and duration of 20 ps. A multipass disk amplifier is developed for further increasing the energy of pump chirped pulses to an energy of 70 mJ at a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz and duration of 400 ps for studying parametric amplification under sub-nanosecond pumping.
Interference effects in the high-order harmonic amplification process in the active medium of a plasma-based X-ray laser modulated by an optical field
Authors: Khairulin I.R. , Antonov V.A. , Kocharovskaya O.A.
Published: April 2020

We study the process of propagation of high harmonics of optical radiation in an active medium of a plasma-based X-ray laser, simultaneously irradiated by an intense optical field of fundamental frequency. It is shown that for moderate plasma dispersion of the active medium at the frequency of the modulating optical field, the energy and relative amplitudes of the harmonics at the output of the medium are determined by their phases at the entrance to the medium, as well as by the time-delay of the harmonics with respect to the modulating field. These dependences are due to interference of high-order harmonics with a set of multi-frequency fields generated by each of the harmonics in the process of coherent scattering in a modulated active medium. The possibilities of using these effects to increase the efficiency of harmonic amplification, to control the harmonic spectrum, and determine the relative phases at the entrance to the medium are discussed on the example of the active medium of hydrogen-like Li2+ ions (with a 13.5 nm wavelength of an inverted transition).
Modelling of the laser amplification process with allowance for the effect of the temperature distribution in an Yb : YAG gain element on the thermophysical and lasing characteristics of the medium
Authors: Petrov V.V. , Petrov V.A. , Kuptsov G.V. , Laptev A.V. , Kirpichnikov A.V. , Pestryakov E.V.
Published: April 2020

A time-dependent three-dimensional model for the laser amplification process has been constructed with allowance for the effect of the temperature distribution on the thermophysical and lasing characteristics of gain media. We have performed numerical modelling of the laser amplification process in the gain elements of a two-stage subjoule-level cryogenic laser amplifier operating at a pulse repetition rate of up to 1 kHz. It has been shown that taking into account the temperature distribution is of critical importance in calculation of cryogenically cooled laser amplifiers pumped with high-power diodes. We have found optimal diode pump parameters at which the maximum achievable pulse energy at the amplifier output can reach 300 and 570 mJ at pulse repetition rates of 1000 and 500 Hz, respectively.
Accuracy of the duration estimates of ultrashort laser pulses using a single-shot second-order intensity autocorrelator
Authors: Kuzmin I.V. , Mironov S.Yu. , Khazanov E.A.
Published: April 2020

The accuracy of estimating the duration of single-cycle laser pulses with centre wavelengths of 910 and 780 nm is analysed using a single-shot second-order intensity autocorrelator. It is shown that estimates of the single-cycle pulse duration with an error of less than 5 % require the use of KDP crystals with a thickness of no more than 10 μm for the second harmonic generation. At the same time, to estimate the duration of a transform-limited pulse containing ten optical cycles, the crystal thickness can be up to 1 mm. In this case, at an optimum angle of convergence of the first-harmonic beams, the duration estimation error is less than 2 %.
Redefining the heterogeneity of peripheral nerve cells in health and autoimmunity
Authors: Wolbert Jolien , Li Xiaolin , Heming Michael , Mausberg Anne K. , Akkermann Dagmar , Frydrychowicz Clara , Fledrich Robert , Groeneweg Linda , Schulz Christian , Stettner Mark , Alonso Gonzalez Noelia , Wiendl Heinz , Stassart Ruth , Meyer zu Hörste Gerd
Published: April 2020

Peripheral nerves contain axons and their enwrapping glia cells named Schwann cells (SCs) that are either myelinating (mySCs) or nonmyelinating (nmSCs). Our understanding of other cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remains limited. Here, we provide an unbiased single cell transcriptomic characterization of the nondiseased rodent PNS. We identified and independently confirmed markers of previously underappreciated nmSCs and nerve-associated fibroblasts. We also found and characterized two distinct populations of nerve-resident homeostatic myeloid cells that transcriptionally differed from central nervous system microglia. In a model of chronic autoimmune neuritis, homeostatic myeloid cells were outnumbered by infiltrating lymphocytes which modulated the local cell–cell interactome and induced a specific transcriptional response in glia cells. This response was partially shared between the peripheral and central nervous system glia, indicating common immunological features across different parts of the nervous system. Our study thus identifies subtypes and cell-type markers of PNS cells and a partially conserved autoimmunity module induced in glia cells.
A nonlinear beam model of photomotile structures
Authors: Korner Kevin , Kuenstler Alexa S. , Hayward Ryan C. , Audoly Basile , Bhattacharya Kaushik
Published: April 2020

Significance

Actuation and propulsion are significant challenges in soft robotics. Supply of power typically requires a cumbersome tether or heavy onboard power source. Further, one typically needs to reset the system. Using theory and numerical simulations, we show, in this work, that this challenge can be overcome by the use of photomechanical materials and actuation by light. We develop a simple modeling framework which reveals how steady illumination from a distance can give rise to cyclic motion. Such motion can be exploited for actuation and propulsion with no need for tether or onboard power source, through the natural but nonlinear/nonlocal coupling between deformation and light absorption.
Spermatozoa lacking Fertilization Influencing Membrane Protein (FIMP) fail to fuse with oocytes in mice
Authors: Fujihara Yoshitaka , Lu Yonggang , Noda Taichi , Oji Asami , Larasati Tamara , Kojima-Kita Kanako , Yu Zhifeng , Matzuk Ryan M. , Matzuk Martin M. , Ikawa Masahito
Published: April 2020

Significance

As the human body is composed of 60 trillion cells that originate from a fertilized egg, sperm–oocyte fusion is the initial event of our life. Few sperm–oocyte fusion factors have been unveiled to date, and only IZUMO1 has been identified as a sperm-specific fusion-mediating protein. Here, we identified the testis-specific4930451I11Rikgene important for male fertility, playing a role in sperm–oocyte fusion during fertilization. Based on its functional role, we renamed this gene fertilization influencing membrane protein (Fimp). We discovered a factor responsible for sperm–oocyte fusion in mammals, and this knowledge could be used to develop in vitro and in vivo infertility treatments as well as male contraceptives.
Robust landscapes of ribosome dwell times and aminoacyl-tRNAs in response to nutrient stress in liver
Authors: Gobet Cédric , Weger Benjamin Dieter , Marquis Julien , Martin Eva , Neelagandan Nagammal , Gachon Frédéric , Naef Felix
Published: April 2020

Translation depends on messenger RNA (mRNA)-specific initiation, elongation, and termination rates. While translation elongation is well studied in bacteria and yeast, less is known in higher eukaryotes. Here we combined ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA) profiling to investigate the relations between translation elongation rates, (aminoacyl-) tRNA levels, and codon usage in mammals. We modeled codon-specific ribosome dwell times from ribosome profiling, considering codon pair interactions between ribosome sites. In mouse liver, the model revealed site- and codon-specific dwell times that differed from those in yeast, as well as pairs of adjacent codons in the P and A site that markedly slow down or speed up elongation. While translation efficiencies vary across diurnal time and feeding regimen, codon dwell times were highly stable and conserved in human. Measured tRNA levels correlated with codon usage and several tRNAs showed reduced aminoacylation, which was conserved in fasted mice. Finally, we uncovered that the longest codon dwell times could be explained by aminoacylation levels or high codon usage relative to tRNA abundance.
Mimicry of a biophysical pathway leads to diverse pollen-like surface patterns
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Radja Asja , Gao Yuchong , Yin Rui , Sweeney Alison , Yang Shu
Published: April 2020

Significance

Biological cells, including fungal spores, pollen grains, and insect cuticles have evolved diverse micron-scaled surface patterns. Inspired by the pollen grain patterning mechanism, here, we report the synthesis of a variety of pollen-like, patterned liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) microparticles using microfluidics and reveal that an energetically downhill biological mechanism can be leveraged to offer facile methods for synthesis. Within a droplet, the short-chain liquid crystal polymers, referred to as liquid crystal oligomers (LCOs), phase-separate from an organic solvent, LCOs phase-segregate by chain lengths, and the LCO chains align perpendicularly at interface, followed by photopolymerization. All of these contribute to the formation of robust, uniform-sized pollen-like microparticles with diverse but controllable patterns from a single material system.
Detecting electronic coherences by time-domain high-harmonic spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang Shicheng , Dorfman Konstantin
Published: April 2020

Ultrafast spectroscopy is capable of monitoring electronic and vibrational states. For electronic states a few eV apart, an X-ray laser source is required. We propose an alternative method based on the time-domain high-order harmonic spectroscopy where a coherent superposition of the electronic states is first prepared by the strong optical laser pulse. The coherent dynamics can then be probed by the higher-order harmonics generated by the delayed probe pulse. The high nonlinearity typically modeled by the three-step mechanism introduced by Lewenstein and Corkum can serve as a recipe for generation of the coherent excitation with broad bandwidth. The main advantage of the method is that only optical (non–X-ray) lasers are needed. A semiperturbative model based on the Liouville space superoperator approach is developed for the bookkeeping of the different orders of the nonlinear response for the high-order harmonic generation using multiple pulses. Coherence between bound electronic states is monitored in the harmonic spectra from both first- and second-order responses.
Asking young children to “do science” instead of “be scientists” increases science engagement in a randomized field experiment
Authors: Rhodes Marjorie , Cardarelli Amanda , Leslie Sarah-Jane
Published: April 2020

Subtle features of common language can imply to young children that scientists are a special and distinct kind of person—a way of thinking that can interfere with the development of children’s own engagement with science. We conducted a large field experiment (involving 45 prekindergarten schools, 130 teachers, and over 1,100 children) to test if targeting subtle properties of language can increase science engagement in children’s daily lives. Despite strong tendencies to describe scientists as a special kind of person (in a baseline control condition), brief video-based training changed the language that teachers used to introduce science to their students. These changes in language were powerful enough to predict children’s science interest and behavior days later. Thus, subtle features of language shape children’s beliefs and behaviors as they unfold in real world environments. Harnessing these mechanisms could promote science engagement in early childhood.
Neuroticism may not reflect emotional variability
Authors: Kalokerinos Elise K. , Murphy Sean C. , Koval Peter , Bailen Natasha H. , Crombez Geert , Hollenstein Tom , Gleeson John , Thompson Renee J. , Van Ryckeghem Dimitri M. L. , Kuppens Peter , Bastian Brock
Published: April 2020

Neuroticism is one of the major traits describing human personality, and a predictor of mental and physical disorders with profound public health significance. Individual differences in emotional variability are thought to reflect the core of neuroticism. However, the empirical relation between emotional variability and neuroticism may be partially the result of a measurement artifact reflecting neuroticism’s relation with higher mean levels—rather than greater variability—of negative emotion. When emotional intensity is measured using bounded scales, there is a dependency between variability and mean levels: at low (or high) intensity, it is impossible to demonstrate high variability. As neuroticism is positively associated with mean levels of negative emotion, this may account for the relation between neuroticism and emotional variability. In a metaanalysis of 11 studies (
N
= 1,205 participants; 83,411 observations), we tested whether the association between neuroticism and negative emotional variability was clouded by a dependency between variability and the mean. We found a medium-sized positive association between neuroticism and negative emotional variability, but, when using a relative variability index to correct for mean negative emotion, this association disappeared. This indicated that neuroticism was associated with experiencing more intense, but not more variable, negative emotions. Our findings call into question theory, measurement scales, and data suggesting that emotional variability is central to neuroticism. In doing so, they provide a revisionary perspective for understanding how this individual difference may predispose to mental and physical disorders.
The type IV pilin PilA couples surface attachment and cell-cycle initiation in
Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: Del Medico Luca , Cerletti Dario , Schächle Philipp , Christen Matthias , Christen Beat
Published: April 2020

Significance

Pili are dynamic, long proteinaceous appendages found on the surface of many bacteria to promote adhesion. Here, we provide systems-level findings on a molecular signal transduction pathway that interlinks surface sensing with cell-cycle initiation. We propose that surface attachment induces depolymerization of pili filaments. The concomitant increase in pilin subunits within the inner membrane function as a stimulus to activate the second messenger cyclic di-GMP and trigger cell-cycle initiation. Furthermore, we show that the provision of a 17-amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the membrane portion of the pilin subunit mimics surface sensing, activates cell-cycle initiation, and inhibits surface attachment. Thus, synthetic peptide mimetics of pilin represent promising chemotypes to control biofilm formation and treat bacterial infections.
Resolvin E1 is a pro-repair molecule that promotes intestinal epithelial wound healing
Authors: Quiros Miguel , Feier Darius , Birkl Dorothee , Agarwal Rachit , Zhou Dennis W. , García Andrés J. , Parkos Charles A. , Nusrat Asma
Published: April 2020

Significance

Resolvin E1 (RvE1) promotes resolution of inflammation by damping proinflammatory responses and activating restorative pathways. While mechanisms by which RvE1 signaling in immune cells contribute to resolution of inflammation are extensively studied, its role in epithelial signaling and wound repair remains undefined. Intestinal epithelial barrier compromise during an inflammatory event can result in pathogen access to tissue compartments. Thus, efficient repair of denuded intestinal mucosal surfaces is vital in restoring homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that RvE1 promotes intestinal epithelial cell migration and proliferation leading to wound repair. These findings suggest that RvE1 has the potential to serve as a targeted immunoresolvent therapeutic agent that not only dampens inflammation but activates prorepair pathways to enhance colonic mucosal wound repair.
Social, psychological, and demographic characteristics of dehumanization toward immigrants
Authors: Markowitz David M. , Slovic Paul
Published: April 2020

This study extends the current body of work on dehumanization by evaluating the social, psychological, and demographic correlates of blatant disregard for immigrants. Participants (
n
= 468) were randomly assigned to read a scenario where 1) an immigrant or 2) an immigrant and their child were caught illegally crossing the southern border of the United States, and then rated how long they should spend in jail if convicted. Participants reported that they would sentence the immigrant to more jail time than the immigrant and child. Those who sent immigrants to jail for more time also viewed them as socially distant and less human, described immigration in impersonal terms, and endorsed other social harms unrelated to immigration (e.g., the death penalty for convicted murderers). Crucially, endorsed social harms accounted for explained variance beyond simply holding conservative views. We position these data within the current literature on dehumanization theory and immigration issues.
Productivity and schematicity in constructional change
Authors: Perek Florent
Published: April 2020

In Diachronic Construction Grammar, many
instances of language change can be captured in terms of variation
in the schematicity and productivity of constructions. These two
notions are often thought to be interrelated, which suggests that
they might be collapsed and treated as essentially the same
property. By contrast, this paper argues that schematicity and
productivity, while related, should be kept separate and considered
in their own right. Cases are reported from the literature showing
that the relation between schematicity and productivity is at best
indirect. It is argued that a distinction should be made between the
schematicity of lexical slots inside a particular construction and
the schematicity of the constructional meaning itself. Only the
former is directly related to productivity. The latter may or may
not be, and if so, only in very specific ways that can be assessed
not by looking merely at the lexical items attested in the slots of
the construction, but only by examining the semantics of earlier
uses in their entirety. To illustrate this idea, a case study of
recent change in the abstract uses of the
way-construction is reported on, in which the
increasing range of abstract verbs can be related to an increase in
the variety of abstract situations conceptualized as motion in uses
of the construction. This is interpreted as an increase in the
schematicity of the motion component of the constructional
meaning.
Constructional networks and the development of benefactive
ditransitives in English
Authors: Zehentner Eva , Traugott Elizabeth Closs
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we address the question of how to
model syntactic alternations in Diachronic Construction Grammar
terms. We argue that positing horizontal links between constructions
in addition to vertical ones is particularly beneficial in
accounting for change. Our case study is the emergence of the
English “benefactive alternation”, with focus on its relation to the
more pervasive and more thoroughly studied “dative alternation”.
Based on a quantitative investigation of ditransitive benefactive
verbs in Early English Books Online (EEBO), we
locate the emergence of the benefactive alternation in Early Modern
English later than the dative alternation, which arose in Middle
English. We conclude that the benefactive alternation can be
modelled as complex networks featuring both horizontal and vertical
links on various levels of schematicity.
Converging variations and the emergence of horizontal
links
Authors: Lorenz David
Published: April 2020

The guiding question of this paper is how
(horizontal) connections are established when new items enter the
network of constructions. It presents a quantitative, corpus-based
study of the development of to-contraction (e.g.
want to > wanna) in American English since
the 19th century. From a plethora of earlier forms, gonna,
wanna and gotta emerge, first as
representations of phonetic reduction, but in time claiming their
place as newly emerged, separate nodes in the constructional
network. As their frequency increases, their usage patterns
(relative to the full form) become increasingly similar. I propose
that this marks the emergence of a horizontal link, which can be
described as an emerging “metaconstruction”. The study discusses
the status of these forms as either phonetic variants, potential
allostructions, or independent form–meaning pairings, and provides
first-hand evidence for emergent connections via mechanisms of
analogy in language. Moreover, it makes an argument that (changing)
usage patterns reflect (changing) constructional links and degrees
of entrenchment.
Putting connections centre stage in diachronic Construction
Grammar
Authors: Budts Sara , Petré Peter
Published: April 2020

Construction Grammar conceptualizes language as a
hierarchically organized network of constructions, defined as
conventional pairings of form and meaning. Importantly,
constructions are interlinked: vertical links connect lower-level
constructions with their higher-level parents; horizontal links
connect sister constructions on the same level. While the importance
of vertical connections is well-established, horizontal connections
have received only little attention in the theoretical literature so
far. The power of horizontal connections stems from their ability to
express syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. By means of two
classic case studies, we will show how shifts in similarity
relations, that derive from shared horizontal connections down to
the utterance level, enable changes in paradigmatic affiliations to
constructions higher-up in the network. Our first case study relates
the emergence of a new construction,
[be going to INF], to the
co-occurrence of its three constituent constructions in specific
contexts that were favourable to a holistic interpretation. The
second case study describes how a shared set of strong syntagmatic
connections strengthened the paradigmatic ties between periphrastic
do and the modal auxiliaries, ultimately causing
periphrastic do to break free from its lexical origins and
fully adopt its new role as auxiliary. Generally, while
constructional nodes cannot be reduced to horizontal connections
between forms and/or meanings, knowing the nature of such
connections is essential to a full understanding of both the
emergence of new constructions as well as the consolidation of
existing ones.
How much vocabulary is needed to use a concordance?
Authors: Ballance Oliver James , Coxhead Averil
Published: April 2020

Vocabulary load is a predictor of comprehension and a common concern in relation to learner use of concordances; however, vocabulary load figures for whole texts have limited relevance to learner use of concordances. This paper explores the average vocabulary load of the citations (or lines) in a concordance, reflecting how learners use concordances as reading or reference resources. Non-parametric tests are used to compare the vocabulary loads of citations from three authentic written corpora and a corpus of graded readers. The results indicate that citations from authentic corpora have an average vocabulary load of 4,000–5,000 word families, there are reliable differences in vocabulary load between citations from different corpora, and the magnitude of difference between citations from authentic corpora can be equivalent to the magnitude of difference between authentic corpora and graded reader corpora. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results in relation to language learner use of concordances.
Exploring interaction between heritage and second language
learners in the Spanish language classroom
Authors: Fernández-Dobao Ana
Published: April 2020

This study analyzes collaborative writing
activities completed by heritage language (HL) and second language
(L2) learners’ dyads with a focus on collaborative dialogue and
learning. Eight HL and ten L2 learners participated in the study,
completing a total of 26 collaborative writing activities followed
by tailor-made posttests. The interactions between the mixed dyads
were analyzed for language-related episodes, classified according to
focus, outcome, and trigger. The results of these analyses and those
of the posttests confirmed that both HL and L2 learners benefited
from working together, but in different ways and to a different
extent. Learners’ perceptions of their collaboration and the
pedagogical implications of these findings are discussed.
Languaging
Authors: Yang Luxin
Published: April 2020

Taking a perspective from sociocultural theory,
this study examined the effects of languaging on Chinese university
EFL students’ rewriting a story. Multiple sources of data were
collected including discussions, co-constructed writings, individual
revisions, and interviews. Data analysis found that languaging
helped the participants co-construct meaning and solve comprehending
and language problems in the process of writing. Languaging was also
observed to have immediate, delayed, and ongoing effects on joint
writing and individual revision. This study suggests that an
opportunity to engage in languaging with the support of source
readings and models can facilitate the generation of students’ ideas
and expressions necessary for writing and allow them to reflect on
their language knowledge in the process of writing and revising.
Languaging in wiki-based collaborative writing:
Authors: Li Mimi
Published: April 2020

Despite the acknowledgement of the role of
languaging in collaborative writing, little research has examined
how L2 students use language to mediate the process of jointly
composing a text during asynchronous computer-mediated collaborative
writing. This chapter reports on a study that investigated the
languaging of three small groups of EFL students and the factors
mediating languaging when completing a collaborative wiki writing
task. The results revealed that languaging served multiple
functions: resolving various language problems, negotiating and
deciding about content and text organization, as well as mediating
social relationships. Learners’ perception of task goals, language
proficiency grouping, and patterns of interaction explained the ways
in which the three groups engaged in languaging.
Talking to self while writing
Authors: Watanabe Yuko
Published: April 2020

Despite ample research on the positive
effects of languaging with peers, research on languaging
with oneself has received limited attention. Drawing on
sociocultural theory, I examine how second language (L2)
writers language with themselves while
composing, and how they perceive the role of languaging in
their L2 writing. Twenty university English language
learners wrote an essay individually. While writing, they
were encouraged to speak aloud to themselves but it was not
a requirement. The analyses of languaging, stimulated recall
and interview protocols showed that the learners used
languaging to facilitate their composing processes using
different verbal scaffolds. There were, however, individual
differences in the production of languaging and attitudes
towards languaging as a self-regulatory tool to mediate L2
writing.
L2 writers’ processing of written corrective
feedback
Authors: Manchón Rosa M. , Nicolás-Conesa Florentina , Cerezo Lourdes , Criado Raquel
Published: April 2020

In this study we investigated (i)
whether levels of depth of processing (DoP) are mediated by
writing conditions (individual vs. collaborative writing),
and (ii) the relationship between DoP and accuracy measures
in the texts produced before and after processing feedback.
Participants (118 intermediate EFL learners) were invited to
complete a picture-based problem-solving task in either
individual or collaborative writing conditions, in both
cases with and without the availability of feedback.
Findings show that access to feedback (rather than writing
conditions) was the key variable that mediated both DoP and
improvements in global accuracy. We discuss these findings
from various perspectives, including methodological
considerations for future languaging research.
The Multilingual Challenge for the Construction and Transmission of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Berthoud Anne-Claude , Gajo Laurent
Published: April 2020

Whereas it is now generally recognised that multilingualism is important for society, culture and the economy, the relevance of multilingualism for the world of science has still largely escaped attention. But science, too, is created and transmitted in and through communication. Today, the construction and transmission of knowledge is based on a growing monolingualism, with English as the lingua academica regarded as a condition of the universality of scientific knowledge. However, this idea is based on the illusion that languages are transparent and that the modes of communication are universal.
In this book, it is shown how multilingualism can open different perspectives and improve the quality of knowledge by offering an antidote to the squeezing out of different academic and scientific cultures. More precisely, it is shown how multilingual approaches highlight the mediating role of language and, in doing so, optimize conceptualization, communication and evaluation in science.
These findings are, for one thing, relevant to institutional language policies and, for another, open new lines of research taking scientific practices themselves as a field of investigation.
Manners, norms and transgressions
Authors: Taavitsainen Irma , Jucker Andreas H.
Published: April 2020

In this volume we focus on different types of
manners, norms and their transgressions. One kind of transgression can be
called “blunders” and deals with violations of accepted behaviour, conduct
or manners. A second kind draws more attention to language use in
interpersonal communication with violations of pragmatic principles or
breaking the norms of appropriate writing styles. In this introduction, we
first outline the change in the appropriation of manners in different
periods discussed in this book. We then proceed to the theoretical
background and suggest an overall line of diachronic changes. Our approach
falls at the interface between language and literature, which is discussed
before the chapter summaries.
Ipomedon and the elusive nature of blunders in the
courtly literature of medieval England
Authors: Silec-Plessis Tatjana
Published: April 2020

When the word blonder, which comes
from Old Norse, appeared in the English language in the late fourteenth
century, it had a stronger and more negative meaning than its Present-Day
reflex: rather than an embarrassing faux-pas, blunders always had
potentially serious repercussions, not only for their perpetrators, but also
for the society they lived in. This is exemplified in an Anglo-Norman
romance called Ipomedon, in which the hero and the
heroine’s youthful gaffes have grave consequences. This poem was later
adapted for English-speaking audiences with the characters’ errors of
judgment slightly modified. The changes made by the English compilers are
analysed in this paper as they shed light on the evolution of politeness
strategies (understood then as courtly behaviours) throughout the Middle
Ages in England. They also show how difficult it was during that period to
even consider the possibility of any transgression being a minor one.
A medical debate of “heated pamphleteering” in the early eighteenth
century
Authors: Taavitsainen Irma
Published: April 2020

This chapter probes into the controversy of smallpox
inoculation that followed soon after the novel method was introduced into
England and culminated in the second decade of the eighteenth century.
Polemical argumentation displays verbal aggression, and irony and sarcasm
take the upper hand in interpersonal language use that bursts into personal
insults in a pamphlet that serves as data for the empirical part. The method
of analysis is qualitative discourse analysis in a multi-layered contextual
frame in accordance with the historical pragmatic approach. The analysis
shows how transgressions of the prevailing norms are exploited and presents
a far cry from the recommended Royal Society style of writing science as
well as from the more rhetorical way of argumentation favoured in
contemporary polite society; even an old pattern of scholastic argumentation
is revived to poke fun at the target.
“Collect a thousand loyalty points and you get a free coffin”
Authors: Buckledee Steve
Published: April 2020

The British comedy drama Doc Martin
is set in the fictional fishing village of Portwenn in Cornwall, where the
community’s only medical practitioner, Dr Martin Ellingham, is known to be
brilliant as regards the clinical aspects of his profession but totally
devoid of even the most basic interpersonal skills. He is habitually gruff,
ill-tempered and extremely rude to patients, and indeed to the entire
population of Portwenn.

This paper draws upon Brown and
Levinson’s (1987) pioneering study of face-threatening acts and
politeness, but also Spencer-Oatey’s more recent work (2007, 2008) on quality face, social identity face and relational face.
The concept of creative impoliteness owes much to Culpeper’s view (1996, 2005, 2011) of impoliteness as a phenomenon related to situated
behaviours that conflict with interlocutors’ expectations, wishes and
notions of what ought to be said or done during interaction. The aim is to
demonstrate how Dr Ellingham’s rudeness does not consist of unoriginal
insults or standard terms of offence – if it did, viewers would quickly
switch off – but involves highly creative use of language and thus serves as
the main source of humour in the TV series. In Doc Martin
imaginative script writers and a skilled actor create a character who in
real life would be insupportable, but on the TV screen is a comic
monster.
“Meaning you have been known to act rashly”
Authors: Pelclová Jana
Published: April 2020

Molly Weasley, a mother character in J. K. Rowling’s
Harry Potter series, represents a moral authority whose
system of moral values and principles that governs her family is also
recognised and highly appreciated by other characters in the books and by
the readers. However, even Molly Weasley becomes engaged in conflictual
situations in which she transgresses her morality and chooses impoliteness
to control her interlocutor’s inappropriate behaviour. Such situations
enable her to negotiate her identity as a moral authority and to be
perceived as a complex character. Drawing upon Culpeper’s (2011) theoretical framework of
impoliteness, the objective of the paper is to study how Molly Weasley
employs conventionalised and implicational impoliteness in her direct
speeches, which functions her impolite formulas have, and how both the
triggers and functions are determined by her relation with her
interlocutor.
Continuous mitotic activity of primitive hematopoietic stem cells in adult mice
Authors: Morcos Mina N.F. , Zerjatke Thomas , Glauche Ingmar , Munz Clara M. , Ge Yan , Petzold Andreas , Reinhardt Susanne , Dahl Andreas , Anstee Natasha S. , Bogeska Ruzhica , Milsom Michael D. , Säwén Petter , Wan Haixia , Bryder David , Roers Axel , Gerbaulet Alexander
Published: April 2020

The proliferative activity of aging hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is controversially discussed. Inducible fluorescent histone 2B fusion protein (H2B-FP) transgenic mice are important tools for tracking the mitotic history of murine HSCs in label dilution experiments. A recent study proposed that primitive HSCs symmetrically divide only four times to then enter permanent quiescence. We observed that background fluorescence due to leaky H2B-FP expression, occurring in all H2B-FP transgenes independent of label induction, accumulated with age in HSCs with high repopulation potential. We argue that this background had been misinterpreted as stable retention of induced label. We found cell division–independent half-lives of H2B-FPs to be short, which had led to overestimation of HSC divisional activity. Our data do not support abrupt entry of HSCs into permanent quiescence or sudden loss of regeneration potential after four divisions, but show that primitive HSCs of adult mice continue to cycle rarely.
Physiological expression and function of the MDR1 transporter in cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Chen Mei Lan , Sun Amy , Cao Wei , Eliason Amber , Mendez Kayla M. , Getzler Adam J. , Tsuda Shanel , Diao Huitian , Mukori Clever , Bruno Nelson E. , Kim Sang Yong , Pipkin Matthew E. , Koralov Sergei B. , Sundrud Mark S.
Published: April 2020

Multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1) acts as a chemotherapeutic drug efflux pump in tumor cells, although its physiological functions remain enigmatic. Using a recently developed MDR1-knockin reporter allele (Abcb1aAME), we found that constitutive MDR1 expression among hematopoietic cells was observed in cytolytic lymphocytes—including CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells—and regulated by Runt-related (Runx) transcription factors. Whereas MDR1 was dispensable for naive CD8+ T cell development, it was required for both the normal accumulation of effector CTLs following acute viral infection and the protective function of memory CTLs following challenge with an intracellular bacterium. MDR1 acted early after naive CD8+ T cell activation to suppress oxidative stress, enforce survival, and safeguard mitochondrial function in nascent CTLs. These data highlight an important endogenous function of MDR1 in cell-mediated immune responses and suggest that ongoing efforts to intentionally inhibit MDR1 in cancer patients could be counterproductive.