bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Macrophage Migration by a Proteoglycan Extracted from Kurloff Cells of the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Revell P.A. , Dean M.F. , Vernon-Roberts B. , Muir Helen , Marshall A.H.E.
Published: July 2009

Proteoglycan extracted from the Kurloff cells of the guinea-pig spleen and its corresponding glycosaminoglycan inhibits the migration of macrophages from capillary tubes in vitro, but the proteoglycan has no effect on lymphocyte transformation in vitro. A proteoglycan, chemically and spectrally similar to Kurloff cell proteoglycan, extracted from human spleen, also inhibits macrophage migration. In contrast, proteoglycan from cartilage and its corresponding glycosaminoglycan had no significant effect. The differences between Kurloff cell proteoglycan and migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are discussed.
Assay of Complement Components C1, C4, C2, C3 and C9 in Whole Rat Serum
Authors: Caldwell J.R. , Ruddy S. , Austen K.F.
Published: July 2009

Methods are described for the purification and effective molecule titrations of rat complement components C1, C4, C2 and C9. The rat complement system is unusual in regard to the low ionicity required for the formation and maintenance of the EAC1rat intermediate, the instability of C4rat in serum or plasma, and a value for C9 activity five to ten times that observed in other species.
Serological Studies of Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Branefors-Helander Paula
Published: July 2009

Comparative immunodiffusion (ID) analyses of H. injluenzae type e capsular precipitinogens showed that lack of reciprocal precipitation does occur among variants of type e strains. This finding is in accord with results of earlier performed agglutination experiments. By means of ID analyses, two capsular precipitinogens, designated e1 and e3, were revealed in both type e variants. However, in one strain variant, the capsular substance contained e1 and e3 in comparable amounts, while the other variant contained e3 with only a minor contribution of e1. In the first-mentioned variant, the association of e1 to e3 appeared to inhibit precipitation of e3 with E3 precipitins from the other variant, as well as absorption of these precipitins by means of e3. Mild acid hydrolysis changed the antigen preparation of the first variant so that e1 was no longer demonstrable. However, e3, similar to those of the other variant and able to form precipitate with and to absorb E3 from this variant, was demonstrated after the acid treatment.
Studies of the Precipitating Antibody Response in Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Goldstein G.B. , Park H. , Yokoyama M.
Published: July 2009

Fractions of Aspergillus fumigatus obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography were used for studying the precipitating antibody in sera from four patients with bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (BPA) and in an additional patient with a pulmonary aspergilloma. Three of the 4 BPA sera demonstrated the precipitin reaction with one or more fractions in gel diffusion, but no individual pattern was identical. In order to further evaluate the nature of the precipitating antibody, the mold fractions prior to testing were exposed to either heat, papain, or to reduction and alkylation. The serum from one subject continued to show a precipitin response in gel in spite of antigen treatment, whereas heating and reduction and alkylation abolished a detectable precipitin reaction by the other two sera. Papain had no apparent effect upon any of the antigens tested. In contrast to BPA, the serum from a subject with an aspergilloma contained multiple precipitating antibodies to the mold fractions studied. These antibodies were developed against antigens which showed varying degrees of lability when exposed to either heat or to reduction and alkylation.
Studies on Contact Hypersensitivity to Chromium in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Polak L. , Frey J.R.
Published: July 2009

Macrophage migration inhibition and migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production were investigated in guinea pigs sensitized to potassium dichromate. The migration of peritoneal exudate cells from hypersensitive guinea pigs was inhibited by chromium salts independent of their valency. On the other hand, MIF was produced in the supernatant of lymph node cell cultures only with trivalent but not with hexa- or divalent chromium salts. Peritoneal exudate cells from tolerant animals were not inhibited and lymph node cells from these animals did not produce MIF upon challenge with appropriate hapten. Peritoneal exudate cells from desensitized (skin test-negative) guinea pigs were less inhibited than cells from hypersensitive animals, but significantly more than cells from normal controls. Peritoneal exudate cells from animals which had been submitted to the sensitizing procedure, but did not show apparent skin reactions to epicutaneous tests, gave very variable results in in vitro tests ranging from normal macrophage migration to complete inhibition. Therefore, the macrophage migration test seems to be more sensitive than the routine epicutaneous skin test.
Interaction of Fcγ in Coombs’ Test with Tanned Red Cells
Authors: Aarli J.A. , Tönder O.
Published: July 2009

Coombs’ test was performed with tanned red cells and 200 human sera. The titres varied between 64 and 1,024. Isolated IgG gave agglutination in corresponding dilutions. IgM agglutinated tanned red cells directly, but the reaction was inhibited by IgG. Fc-fragments of IgG gave agglutination in Coombs’ test with tanned cells while F(ab′)2-fragments did not. Accordingly, the binding of normal serum to tanned red cells depends on the Fc-part of the IgG molecule. Coombs’ test can be performed with tanned red cells employing pepsin-digested whole serum.
Determination of Serum Properdin Levels by Immunodiffusion
Authors: Westberg N.G. , McLean R.H. , Michael A.F.
Published: July 2009

The measurement of properdin in human serum can be easily carried out by the Mancini method using antiserum to purified properdin. The values are reduced in hypocomplementemic forms of glomerulonephritis.
Detection of Antigen-Specific Reaginic Antibody in vitro using Human Skin
Authors: Yamamoto S. , Greaves M.W.
Published: July 2009

Human skin removed at operation was used for detection of reaginic activity (antigen-specific IgE) in the serum of allergic patients. Human skin was sliced using a hand microtome. Skin slices were sensitized by reaginic serum from allergic patients, and measurement of the histamine released from sensitized skin slices by specific antigen was carried out by bioassay. Serum from 12 out of 14 patients allergic to grass pollen gave significant antigen-specific histamine release. The sensitivity of this method could be increased by use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid during passive sensitization. Storage of the skin for 24 h did not impair its capacity to undergo passive sensitization. This method, which is essentially an in vitro model of Prausnitz-Küstner reaction, should be useful for in vitro diagnosis of immediate type (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity in man.
The Differential Suppression of Antigen, Lymphokine and Mitogen-Induced Delayed Hypersensitivity-Type Skin Reactions by Carrageenan
Authors: Schwartz H.J. , Catanzaro P.J.
Published: July 2009

Intraperitoneal administration of carrageenan to guinea pigs produced differential suppression of delayed hypersensitivity (DH)-type skin reactions. The order of suppression was antigen-induced > skin reactive factor > concanavalin A. The relationship of the known in vitro cytotoxic effect of carrageenan for macrophages to these findings is discussed. It was concluded that carrageenan probably did not suppress DH lesions by exclusive in vivo macrophage cytotoxicity. It appeared that carrageenan affected both the afferent and efferent limbs of the DH response and that the afferent limb was particularly sensitive. The possibility that the suppressive effects of carrageenan may be mediated by plasma factors is discussed.
Effect of Reducing Agents on the Structure and the Function of the Third Component of Guinea Pig Complement (C3)
Authors: Kawachi-Takahashi S. , Tanaka K. , Kohno H. , Takahashi M.
Published: July 2009

Reduction of guinea pig complement C3 with dithiothreitol or mercaptoethanol at the concentrations of 2.5 mM and higher and the subsequent alkylation of the reduced C3 resulted in the loss of C3 reactivity in immune adherence and immune hemolysis. Treatment of C3 with l-cysteine or alkylation with iodoacetamide alone did not exhibit any detectable inhibitory effect on C3 reactivity up to their concentration of 125 mM. The reactivity of C3, which was treated with dithiothreitol or mercaptoethanol but without subsequent alkylation with iodoacetamide, was shown to recover to almost the original level when reducing agents were removed by dialysis. In contrast to the inhibitory action of reducing agents on the reactivity of C3 in the fluid phase, reduction and alkylation of the cell-bound C3 in the state of either EAC1423, or EAC423 or EAC43 cells did not show any detectable adverse effect on the immune adherence reactivity. The hemolytic reactivity of thus treated hemolytic intermediate cells was significantly affected by treatment with dithiothreitol at the concentrations as low as 2 mM, as already reported. The tests for agglutinability with anti-GPC3 of EAC142 cells reacted with reduced and alkylated C3 revealed the almost complete loss of the capacity of C3 to fix on the surface of EAC142 cells. Therefore, it was suggested that the loss of immune adherence reactivity by reduction and alkylation is a secondary phenomenon due to the failure of specific binding of reduced and alkylated C3 with the surface of EAC142 cells. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that immune adherence reaction between human erythrocytes and tanned sheep erythrocytes to which reduced and alkylated C3 was nonspecifically coupled was not inhibited but was significantly enhanced. This observation suggests that the region of C3 molecules necessary for immune adherence is distinct from the region for specific binding and a kind of activation of the ‘immune adherence region’ of C3 molecules was achieved by reduction and alkylation. Electrophoretic analysis of reduced and alkylated C3 on 5% polyacrylamide gel revealed the occurrence of the split products of C3 with lower molecular weights some of which appeared to be comparable to the fragments of C3 obtained by enzymatic digestion.
Characteristics of the Reverse Passive Respiratory Reaction in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Kelly J.F. , Patterson R.
Published: July 2009

The reverse passive respiratory reactions (RPRR) resulting from bronchial aerosolization of rabbit anti-IgE was studied in a series of nine rhesus monkeys. The respiratory response was shown to be reproducible in selected animals and to occur for at least 2 months after repeated challenges. No evidence for development of a refractory state was shown in that period of time. The RPRR occurs in a high incidence in animals which also have marked cutaneous and respiratory reactivity to standard Ascaris antigen. This suggests that there may be more than a coincidental relation between respiratory response to anti-IgE and the respiratory response to the nematode antigen. The respiratory response to anti-IgE may be potentiated or diminished by passive sensitization with IgE. The response following passive sensitization appears to be dependent on both the amount of IgE with which the animal is pretreated and the time from sensitization to challenge with anti-IgE.
A Comparative Study of the Mechanisms of Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Induced by Mouse IgG, Rabbit IgG, and Rabbit F(ab′)2 Antibodies
Authors: Casey F.B. , Tokuda S.
Published: July 2009

The role of complement was studied on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions in B10D2, ‘old’ and B10D2 ‘new’ strain, as well as BALB/c mice by mouse IgG and rabbit IgG antibodies, and rabbit F(ab′)2 antibody fragments using varying latent periods. PCA provoked by rabbit IgG using a 1-hour latent period was partially reduced by cortisone and the anticomplement factors of cobra venom and carrageenan, but it was unaffected by the absence of C5 in B10D2 ‘old’ strain mice. When a 3-hour latent period was employed with rabbit IgG, the reaction was inhibited greatly by carrageenan and cobra venom and partially reduced by C5 deficiency and cortisone. The rabbit F(ab′)2-induced PCA was markedly inhibited by carrageenan and the absence of C5 while being partially reduced by cobra venom or cortisone. Mouse IgG provoked-PCA was unaffected by any of the procedures used.
Comparative Studies on the Allergens of Horse Dandruff and Horse Serum
Authors: Ponterius G. , Brandt R. , Hultén E. , Yman L.
Published: July 2009

Serum albumin was found to be an important allergen in horse epithelia extracts. The albumin concentration varied considerably, depending on the raw material used for the preparation of the allergen extracts. In addition to serum albumin, two allergenic proteins were demonstrated in horse dandruff. The molecular weights of these allergens were calculated to be about 38,000 and 22,000, respectively. The pi of the latter was 4.2. Fifty sera from allergic patients were studied by means of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) using horse epithelia extract, horse dandruff extract, a purified horse dandruff allergen and horse serum as test allergens. About 24% of the patient sera studied were found to contain IgE specific to horse serum proteins. IgE specific to horse dandruff proteins was found in about 62% of the patient sera, while the rest, about 14%, apparently contained IgE specific to both kinds of allergens.
Immimological Studies in Burn Patients
Authors: Leguit, jr. P. , Reerink-Brongers Eveline , Eijsvoogel V.P.
Published: July 2009

In 23 thermally injured patients an initial decrease of IgG, IgM, IgA, total serum protein and serum albumin was found, followed by an increased production of all immunoglobulins, including IgE. The alteration in the immunoglobulin pattern was most marked in the severely injured patients. An anamnestic response after a booster injection with tetanus toxoid was observed. There was no rise in the titre of naturally occurring antibodies. No evidence was obtained for impairment of the humoral immune response following thermal trauma.
The Cardiac Auto-Immune System
Authors: Halbert S.P. , Lin Tsue-Ming , Smith S.
Published: July 2009

Rabbits repeatedly immunized for a prolonged period of time with homogenates of rabbit heart in complete Freund’s adjuvant developed a focal myocarditis which appeared to be of auto-immune pathogenesis. The lesions were characterized by focal myocardial cell necrosis, phagocytosis of the cell residues, followed by scarring. Within the scar, shriveled and apparently damaged myocardial cells persisted. The cardiac lesions were not correlated with the intensity of the humoral cardiac auto-immune responses in these animals. Several of the rabbits immunized with rabbit heart showed interstitial tubular kidney lesions, in confirmation of data reported by others. No correlation was found between the extent of the cardiac and kidney lesions in animals showing both. Some of the rabbits with severe cardiac changes had normal kidneys histologically. Of five rabbits immunized with small amounts of partially purified soluble rabbit cardiac antigens, two showed similar but minimal myocardial lesions. Cardiac lesions were not found in untreated controls or in rabbits immunized with a number of different complex antigen mixtures for varying, often prolonged, periods of time. The latter group included four rabbits immunized with human heart homogenates.
The Role of Calcium in Human Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Authors: Yamamoto S. , Greaves M.W.
Published: July 2009

Calcium is an essential co-factor in antigen-evoked histamine release reaction in vitro from human skin passively sensitized with reaginic antibody (IgE antibody). The reaction could be divided into two stages, an initial calcium-independent stage of antigen antibody combination (first stage) and a late calcium-dependent stage of histamine release reaction (second stage). The reaction of antigen-antibody combination in first stage took place rapidly. The magnitude of histamine release in the second stage (calcium-dependent stage) was almost equal to that of histamine release produced by incubation of sensitized skin slices with antigen in the presence of calcium at normal concentration. The first stage was stable at least for 15 min because prolongation of the first stage up to 15 min at 37 °C was not followed by any reduction of histamine release on subsequent recalcification.
Reduction by Serum Proteinase Inhibitors of B. subtilis Proteinase-Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Debanne M.T. , Dolovich J.
Published: July 2009

Subtilopeptidase A (SPA) interacts with proteinase inhibitors in serum. SPA was incubated with inhibitor-containing gel filtration fractions of rabbit serum and human serum; this caused a reduced antigenic reactivity of the enzyme in skin sites of rabbits sensitized with long-latency homocytotropic anti-SPA antibody. An appropriate fraction of α1-antitrypsin-deficient serum had a smaller effect than a corresponding fraction of normal serum in the inhibition of the antigenic reactivity of SPA in these tests. Chemically inactivated SPA (CISPA) is antigenically cross-reactive with SPA but does not interact with the inhibitors; inhibitor-containing serum fractions produced no detectible reduction in the capacity of CISPA to induce hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized rabbit skin.
Studies in Immunodermatology
Authors: Beutner Ernst H. , Beutner Eric W. , Peck Samuel M.
Published: July 2009

Antisera to whole serum of pemphigus patients and to crude preparations of normal human γ-globulin give immunofluorescent (IF) staining of the basement membrane (BM) and reticulin (R) of such tissues as monkey esophagus, kidney tubule basement membrane, lung and brain connective tissue. The organ specificity of these BM and R antibodies of the goat antisera differs from that of the basement membrane zone antibodies found in sera of bullous pemphigoid. Inhibition of IF staining of monkey esophagus with a goat antiserum to a pemphigus serum by absorption with human sera revealed that elevated levels of esophageal BM and R antigens appeared in a significantly higher proportion of pemphigus sera (10 of 11) than in control sera (3 of 12). Essentially the converse held true of the BM and R antigens of monkey kidney tubules. Significantly more control sera (22 of 28) than pemphigus sera (4 of 11) gave strong inhibition of IF staining of tubular basement membrane with a goat antiserum to a pemphigus serum. These findings suggest that impaired or altered clearing of tissue antigens from the circulation may be a factor in the formation of pemphigus antibodies.
Structural Aspects of Histamine Release in Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Krüger Per Göran , Bloom Gunnar D. , Diamant Bertil
Published: July 2009

The ATP-mediated histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells was studied in vitro by histamine assay in combination with morphological examination of the cells utilizing light and electron microscopy. It was found that ATP in the presence of calcium has strong histamine-releasing properties and that this release was accompanied by certain characteristic morphological features in the cells. Granule structure was altered, vacuoles were formed and the vacuoles communicated with the surrounding medium via peripheral pores. Expulsion of granules from the cellular domains was only rarely observed. Calcium may be of importance for the membrane fusion processes which lead to the extensive intracytoplasmic vacuolization as well as for the formation of the peripheral pores.
Cellular Immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the Rat
Authors: Blundell-Hasell Sally K.
Published: July 2009

Rats infected 1–6 weeks with N. brasiliensis were tested at weekly intervals for delayed skin hypersensitivity and spleen cell migration inhibition. The antigen preparations used were extracts of larvae and worm tissue (somatic antigens) and metabolic antigens released into culture medium by living worms and larvae. Delayed skin reactions to and migration inhibition by the two adult antigen preparations were found from the 2nd or 3rd week of infection until the end of the experiment. No response could be demonstrated to the larval somatic antigens. With the larval metabolic antigens, a delayed skin reaction could be elicited during the 2nd and 3rd week of infection only, and the inhibition of spleen cell migration was significant from the 2nd to 4th week.
A New Reliable Method for Evaluation of Foot Pad Swelling as an Experimental in vivo Immune Phenomenon
Authors: Ströbel Gunter , Staab Hans-Jürgen
Published: July 2009

Weight determination of replicas of the feet from living mice is described as a new method for evaluating the degree of the experimentally induced foot pad swelling in immunized mice. The new method gives objective, well documentable results and offers advantage to the commonly used assay with the dial calliper gauge when there is need for a good documentation or whenever there is a large number of animals to be tested within a narrow time margin.
Anaphylactoid-Inflammation-Promoting Factor
Authors: Koltai M. , Blazsó G. , Minker E. , Lonovics J. , Ottlecz Anna
Published: July 2009

The experiments reported here indicate that, when exposed to insulin, viable lymphocytes rapidly released into the incubation medium a factor capable of increasing the dextran-induced anaphylactoid reaction, but having no effect on the inflammatory response evoked by 5-HT. This pro-inflammatory factor was shown to be elaborated by cell suspensions derived from lymph nodes of rats, rabbits, pigs or calves as well as from human tonsils. Thymus cells showed no such activity. The pro-inflammatory factor was termed as anaphylactoid-inflammation-promoting factor (AIPF). Its production depended upon the dose of insulin, and the time of exposure. AIPF was found to have an elution pattern in Sephadex G-100 gels similar to that of BSA (67,000 daltons). The activity was abolished by heat or incubation with DNase or α-chymotrypsin, but was not influenced by RNase. AIPF by itself did not induce increased vascular permeability, and proved to be distinct from the permeability factors present in the lysate of lymph node cells.
Drug Inhibition of Anaphylactic Histamine Release from Peritoneal Cells of Rats Infected with Toxocara canis
Authors: Yeoh Teow-Seng , Yap Eu-Hian , Singh Mulkit , Ho Beng-Chuan
Published: July 2009

An experimental model for studying anaphylactic histamine release from rat peritoneal cells in vitro is described. Rats were sensitized by feeding the infective eggs of Toxocara canis, the antigen being prepared from the infective other anaphylactic systems. Addition of 0.2% inactivated normal rat serum to the incubation media reduced the spontaneous histamine release from 11.5 ± 1.9% to 3.1 ± 1.6% (mean ± SD) of total histamine, whereas the corresponding figure for anaphylactic histamine release was 41.3 ± 19.7%. Both disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and levamisole produced a dose-related inhibition of histamine release, with DSCG being the more potent drug.
Inhibition of Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions in the Rat by ICI 74, 917 and Disodium Cromoglycate
Authors: Evans D.P. , Marshall P.W. , Thomson D.S.
Published: July 2009

ICI 74, 917, a potent inhibitor of IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the rat, exhibited tachyphylaxis in that pre-dosing sensitised rats with a high dose of compound reduced the inhibitory effect on rat PCA of a second dose given at challenge. This phenomenon was most apparent when the pre-dose-challenge dose interval was 15–60 min. Similar findings were obtained using antigen-induced histamine release in vitro from rat peritoneal cells. In these respects, ICI 74,917 was similar to disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) although DSCG appeared less effective in inducing tachyphylaxis than ICI 74,917. There was no evidence in vivo or in vitro that a high dose of either DSCG or ICI 74, 917 enhanced the activity of a second low dose of either drug given at challenge.
Serum IgE Levels in Paraproteinaemia
Authors: Grove D.I. , Burston T.O. , Forbes I.J.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgE levels were measured by radioimmunoassay with a ‘Phadebas test kit’ in 45 patients with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinaemia. As with other immunoglobulin classes, low serum levels of IgE were found.
Further Observations on the Immunological Induction of DNA Synthesis in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Izumi S. , Penrose Jean M. , More D.G. , Nelson D.S.
Published: July 2009

Subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin (OA) into mice immunized with OA in Freund’s complete adjuvant was followed by an increase in the numbers of peritoneal macrophages synthesizing DNA, determined by autoradiography. The effect was immunologically specific. The increase was followed by an increase in the numbers of peritoneal macrophages; the numbers of peritoneal lymphocytes also increased. Injection of OA into immunized or normal mice was followed by a blood monocytosis. Increased DNA synthesis, determined by liquid scintillation counting, occurred in spleen or lymph node cells from immunized mice, cultured with OA. Diluted supernatants from such cultures, injected intravenously into normal mice, caused increases in the numbers of DNA-synthesizing peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, supernatants from concanavalin A stimulated spleen cells, freed of Con A, also caused an increase in DNA-synthesizing macrophages.
Amount and Avidity of Antibody to Escherichia coli·Antigen Measured with the Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation Technique in Children with Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Jodal U. , Hanson L.Å.
Published: July 2009

The antibody amounts and avidities were analyzed in 13 patients with acute primary pyelonephritis, 11 patients with acute primary cystitis, and one with ureterocele and recurrent infections, using the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique. The ASP titrations did not discriminate as well between pyelonephritis and cystitis as do the determinations with the indirect hemagglutination technique. The increase of antibody titer and avidity detected by the ASP method in some of the cystitis patients suggested a deeper tissue involvement in some cases resulting in antibodies demonstrable with this technique. Since control patients also showed a somewhat heterogenous antibody response regarding titer and avidity it cannot be excluded that stimulation by Escherichia coli antigens in the gut is detected by the ASP method.
In vitro Reaction of Antibodies to Ragweed
Authors: Fujita Yosuke , Wicher Konrad , Wypych John I. , Reisman Robert E. , Arbesman Carl E.
Published: July 2009

Immunoglobulin E-rich fractions and IgE-depleted fractions were prepared from individual and pooled sera of patients allergic to ragweed. The IgE-depleted fractions contained antibodies to ragweed associated with the immunoglobulins G, A and M. The IgE-rich fraction contained only IgE antibodies to ragweed, although other immunoglobulins were present in this fraction. The amount of antibodies in these fractions was determined by the radioimmunoassay described in a preceding publication. The inhibitory role of the non-IgE antibodies was examined in an allergosorbent test (RAST) by using various concentrations of the IgE-rich fraction. The RAST was performed using ragweed-coupled cellulose powder as well as paper discs. The IgE antibodies in concentrations from 0.017 to 0.069 μg/ml were inhibited by 30–60% in the cellulose RAST by non-IgE antibodies in concentrations from 6.25 to 12.5 μg/ml. The inhibition effect was substantially less pronounced in the paper disc RAST. This would indicate that for diagnostic purposes, especially for examination of sera with high levels of IgG antibodies, it is more reliable to use the disc RAST instead of the cellulose powder RAST.
In vitro Reaction of Antibodies to Ragwed
Authors: Fujita Yosuke , Wypych John I. , Wicher Konrad , Reisman Robert E. , Arbesman Carl E.
Published: July 2009

A radioimmunoassay was developed in which human antibodies to ragweed compete with 12Ι-labeled rabbit anti-ragweed antibodies for the ragweed antigen coupled to cellulose particles. By means of this test, antibodies to ragweed were determined in 96 sera of treated and untreated patients with ragweed allergy and in 32 sera of nonallergic individuals. Within the applied experimental conditions, it was possible to measure antibodies over a range from 0.4 to 200 μg/ml. In patients receiving immunotherapy, the mean value of the antibodies was 7.2 μg/ml, and in the untreated patients 1.8 μg/ml. Antibodies to ragweed were also found in the sera of nonallergic individuals. It is assumed that this test measures ‘total’ serum antibodies to ragweed.
Experimental Osteomyelitis Induced by Repeated Administration of Soluble Immune Complexes: Consideration of the Fundamental Pathogenesis of Osteomyelitis
Authors: Yamaguchi Hisao , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Torikata Chikao , Ashizawa Masaomi , Shiobara Haruo , Ishii Yoshiaki
Published: July 2009

Morphological changes of blood vessel walls including various kinds of capillaries have been induced by administration of soluble immune complexes. After repeated administrations, those experimental animals who survived the phase of initial anaphylactic shock developed osteomyelitis. In this paper, the formative processes of osteomyelitis will be discussed in relation to Aschoff’s definition of inflammation. We will emphasize the importance of the capillarization of the sinusoidal endothelia for the formation of osteomyelitis.
Adjuvant Activity of the Histamine-Sensitizing Factor of Bordetella pertussis in Different Strains of Mice
Authors: Lehrer Samuel B. , Vaughan John H. , Tan Eng M.
Published: July 2009

The effect of an extract of histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) of Bordetella pertussis on the immune response of different strains of mice to ovalbumin (OA) was investigated with regard to optimal dose of antigen and adjuvant. It was observed that all strains of mice treated with HSF during immunization with OA demonstrated enhanced production of hemagglutinating antibodies, as compared to animals treated with antigen alone. This enhancement was generally not as great as that demonstrated when Al(OH)3 was the adjuvant. HSF also stimulated a reaginic antibody response (IgE) to OA, but not in all strains of mice. In reagin responders optimal responses were observed with high doses of both antigen and adjuvant, whereas low doses of both produced little or no response. Maximal reagin production occurred usually 14–28 days after immunization and persisted for long periods of time. An anamnestic reagin response was elicited upon secondary immunization with antigen alone, not only in mice immunized with OA and HSF but also in animals treated with OA alone. These studies demonstrate the profound effect that a microbial substance such as HSF can have on reaginic antibody production and suggest that the stimulation of IgE antibody production is the net result of a number of factors including genetic capabilities of the host, environmental influence such as adjuvants, and prior exposure to an antigen.
Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity in Pigeon Breeders
Authors: Fink Jordan N. , Moore Vernon L. , Barboriak Joseph J.
Published: July 2009

This investigation was carried out to study possible differences in cell-mediated hypersensitivity between symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders. A variety of pigeon antigens were investigated using the indirect migration inhibition test. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity to pigeon antigens was detected in 6 of 8 symptomatic pigeon breeders, and in only 2 of 12 asymptomatic pigeon breeders. The results suggest that cellular mechanisms may be important in the pathogenesis of pigeon breeder’s disease.
Influence of Surface Hapten Density of Sheep Red Blood Cells on the Hemolytic or Blocking Activity of IgG Antibodies
Authors: Wiedermann G. , Müller M.M. , Förster O. , Stemberger H.
Published: July 2009

The hapten density on the surface of sheep red cells, coated with benzylpenicilloic acid (BPO) was determined. This was achieved by comparison of the inhibitory capacity of the test cells with that of a standard cell preparation of known antigen density. IgG-induced hemolysis was much more affected by the recution of haptenic sites/cell than IgM-induced hemolysis. It was concluded that more than 18,000 protein islets on the sheep red cell surface bearing at least four haptenic sites were necessary for IgG-induced lysis. Target cells with 190,000 BPO groups/cell could be protected by anti-BPO-IgG against the lytic effect of simultaneously added IgM. Using target cells with 240,000 haptenic groups/cell or more a synergistic hemolytic action of IgG- and IgM-anti-BPO antibodies could be observed.
Human IgE-Induced Degranulation of Mouse Mast Cells
Authors: Wyczolkowska J. , Prouvost-Danon A.
Published: July 2009

The relations between human IgE and mouse peritoneal mast cells were studied in vitro. Non-heated human IgE sensitizes the mouse mast cells for degranulation on challenge with anti-human IgE. This capacity is lost after heating of human IgE at 56°C. The degranulation only occurs in determined quantitative IgE-anti-IgE relationships, an excess of one or the other reagent inhibiting the reaction. Sensitization is practically instantaneous, and the degranulation is independent on the order of addition of the human IgE and anti-IgE. The human IgE can be removed from mouse peritoneal mast cells by a single washing. The results show that human IgE is unable to bind firmly to mouse peritoneal mast cells in vitro. It seems to induce the formation of biologically active human IgE-anti-human IgE complexes, which act on mouse mast cells and induce their degranulation.
Effect of Exogenous Cyclic AMP and other Adenine Nucleotides on Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Motility
Authors: Rivkin Israel , Becker Elmer L.
Published: July 2009

Cyclic AMP placed in the bottom of the modified Boyden chemotaxis chamber is weakly chemotactic for rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. Dibutyryl-cyclic AMP under similar conditions gives a biphasic response, being weakly chemotactic at low concentrations and inhibiting cell movement at higher concentrations. When mixed with the cells in the upper compartment of the chemotaxis chamber, cyclic AMP and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP enhance neutrophil spontaneous motility; on the other hand, dibutyryl-cyclic AMP mixed with the cells in the upper compartment consistently inhibits neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness, while cyclic AMP has a variable effect on chemotaxis. The only effect of ADP and ATP was to inhibit chemotaxis and spontaneous motility. AMP is totally without effect.
Use of Indirect Microhemagglutination Test with Stable Sensitized Red Cells in the Detection of Horse Protein Allergy
Authors: Ring J. , Enders B. , Seiler F. , Seifert J. , Steininger J. , Brendel W.
Published: July 2009

Sheep red blood cells were stabilized with sulfosalicylic acid and sensitized with purified horse-IgG by the action of glutardialdehyde. The cells were used in an indirect microhemagglutination test with serum samples from 12 rabbits immunized with horse-IgG and complete Freund’s adjuvant as well as from 10 control animals. 32 human serum samples were examined, 6 of them from patients with established horse protein allergy. The results were compared to those of a standard method of indirect hemagglutination using fresh human erythrocytes (group·Rh––), an active hemagglutination test against horse erythrocytes, Ouchterlony’s immunodiffusion and skin tests with horse-IgG. The method proved to be very sensitive. The results correlated well with those of the other immunological techniques. The stable sensitized cells did not lose sensitivity after 1 year of storage at 4°C.
Structure and Biological Functions of Human IgD
Authors: Luster Michael I. , Leslie Gerrie A. , Bardana, jr. Emil J.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgD levels were quantified in a large population of individuals with a variety of atopic and/or pulmonary disorders. As a group, patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) have markedly elevated (5.03 mg%) serum IgD when compared with serum IgD levels from either normal individuals (2.17 mg%) or patients with a variety of pulmonary and/or atopic disorders. Evidence is presented suggesting that the increased serum IgD levels in ABPA patients are not necessarily related to a hyper-IgE or panhyperimmunoglobulinemia common to most of all these patients, but is rather associated with an additional quantitative difference in the immunological responsiveness of some of these individuals. An understanding of why these patients produce supranormal levels of IgD may reveal the basis for inducing an IgD antibody response and subsequently help in elucidating the biological function(s) of IgD.
Preparation of Carbon-14-Labelled Whole Short Ragweed Pollen Antigens
Authors: Santilli, jr. John , Sverak Lydia , Marsh David G. , Bellanti Joseph A.
Published: July 2009

A new method of labelling short ragweed pollen antigens with carbon-14 is described. The known ragweed antigens AgE, Ra3, Ra5 and several other antigens are radiolabelled. These components are biologically active, have a high specific radioactivity and a long half-life.
Human Lymphocyte Sub-Populations and K Cells
Authors: Sandilands G. , Gray Kathleen , Cooney Anne , Froebel Karin , Anderson J.R.
Published: July 2009

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 19 normal subjects were examined for surface Ig (SIg) and capacity to form rosettes with normal and neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes and with chicken erythrocytes sensitised with IgG antibody. Information on the relationship between the presence of SIg and capacity to form rosettes was obtained by combined tests and depletion experiments. By these means, a population of lymphocytes with Fc receptors, but lacking SIg (mean 14.6%) was defined and shown to correlate closely with cytotoxic activity for antibody-sensitised target cells. Indirect evidence was also obtained that these lymphocytes, which are regarded as the major population of antibody-dependent cytotoxic cells, are capable of forming rosettes with normal and neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes. The nature of these cells is briefly discussed.
Anaphylactoid Reactions in Connection with Infusion of Invert Sugar Solutions are Due to Macromolecular Contaminants
Authors: Richter A.W. , Granath K. , Östling G.
Published: July 2009

13 untoward mild anaphylactoid reactions were observed in patients infused with invert sugar solutions in Sweden during a 7-month period in 1973: an incidence of 1/31,000 infusions. Immunological and physicochemical analysis of invert sugar solutions and of the raw material, sucrose, revealed traces of native α-1,6-glucan with molecular weight of 10–100 millions as contaminant. This indicates, that the sucrose had been exposed to microbial contamination during its manufacture from sugar-beet or sugar-cane. Reversed single radial immunodiffusion was used for α-1,6-glucan detection and screening of all sucrose batches. Rejection of contaminated sucrose as raw material reduced the incidence of anaphylactoid invert sugar reactions to about 1/575,000 infusions. Examination of all sucrose raw material for traces of crude α-1,6-glucan is recommended as a test for detection of microbial contamination.
The Mechanism of Immunoinhibition by Arachidonic and Linoleic Acid: Effects on the Lymphoid and Reticulo-Endothelial Systems
Authors: Meade Christopher J. , Mertin Jürgen
Published: July 2009

Subcutaneous injection with certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular linoleic acid (C18:2), has recently been shown to prolong the survival of skin allografts in mice and to reduce both primary and secondary cytotoxic responses by isolated spleen cells. In this study we have examined changes in the lymphoid and reticulo-endothelial systems of both grafted and ungrafted mice treated according to the schedules shown to prolong allograft survival. Many of the changes in the lymphoid and reticulo-endothelial systems which can be produced by allografting could also be produced in ungrafted animals by PUFA treatment. These changes included: increased 125IudR uptake by spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, increased spleen and lymph node weight, increased proportion of red pulp and granulocyte precursors in the spleen, and reticulo-endothelial activation as shown by an increased rate of carbon clearance. The combined effects of allografting and C18:2 on peripheral lymph node weight were greater than the effect of either treatment alone, but fell short of the sum of both treatments. Allografting increased 125IudR uptake/unit organ weight, not only in the peripheral lymph nodes, but also in bone marrow, thymus and spleen. When allografted animals were C18:2 treated, this increase was considerably reduced, uptake being little different from that in C18:2 treated ungrafted controls. The number of Θ-positive cells in the spleen was markedly increased by a tumour allograft, but such an increase could not be seen in allografted animals when treated with C18:2. Whilst prolonged C18:2 treatment led to destructive changes in the spleen, immunoinhibition could still be demonstrated after shorter treatments with C18:2 when no gross histological evidence for tissue destruction was apparent. Partial reversibility of inhibition of cytotoxic activity of isolated spleen cells could be demonstrated when treatment was discontinued.
Role of Sensitized Cells in Antitubular Basement Membrane Interstitial Nephritis
Authors: Lehman David H. , Wilson Curtis B.
Published: July 2009

The pathogenic effect of antitubular basement membrane (TBM) antibodies in anti-TBM interstitial nephritis has been demonstrated. To determine the relative role of sensitized cells in inducing this lesion, lymph node cells (LNC) alone or a combination of LNC and peritoneal exudate cells were transferred from Brown Norway (BN) rats, previously immunized with TBM into unimmunized BN-recipient rats. Cells were transferred directly under the recipients’ renal capsules. Although significant tubular lesions were induced by the cells, the lesions were usually mild and always focal. Hence, sensitized cells do not appear to be central to the pathogenesis of anti-TBM nephritis.
Adjuvant Effect of Lysolecithin Analogues on the Development of Contact Sensitivity in Mice
Authors: Strannegård Ö. , Roupe G.
Published: July 2009

The influence of two lysolecithin analogues on the development of contact sensitivity (CS) to picryl chloride in mice was studied. Both substances were shown to have an adjuvant effect on the primary CS response, but depending on dosage of adjuvant and antigen, the timing of adjuvant injection, and the strain of mice employed, the relative activities of the two substances varied considerably. Large amounts of one of the adjuvants were less stimulatory than small amounts. Both substances had a suppressive effect on the development of CS following repeated administration of picryl chloride. The results are discussed in relation to hypotheses on the cellular targets for, and mode of action of, immunological adjuvants.
Heterophile Antigen Detectable by Infectious Mononucleosis Sera on Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Mori S. , Kano K. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

By means of mixed agglutination test and indirect immunofluorescence test, reactions of infectious mononucleosis sera with bone marrow cells were investigated. Positive reactions were observed with bovine, murine and rat bone marrow cells, but negative results were obtained with cells of monkeys and guinea pigs. Absorption studies demonstrated that the observed reactions are due to interaction of the Paul-Bunnell antigen on bone marrow cells with its corresponding antibodies in infectious mononucleosis sera. Whereas all cells of bovine bone marrow gave positive results, only 50% of murine or rat cells were positive and these cells were shown to be neutrophilic granulocytes. Evidence was also presented that the Paul-Bunnell antigen and Fc receptor are present, apart from each other, on murine neutrophilic granulocytes.
The Mechanism of Tachyphylaxis to ICI 74,917 and Disodium Cromoglycate
Authors: Marshall P.W. , Thomson D.S. , Evans D.P.
Published: July 2009

Pre-incubation in vitro of sensitised peritoneal mast cells for 10 min with either ICI 74,917 (10––5 M) or disodium cromoglycate (10––3 M) abolished the ability of either drug to inhibit histamine release when subsequently presented to the cells at the same time as antigen. In the case of disodium cromoglycate, tachyphylaxis was abolished by washing the cells after pre-incubation with the drug. The failure to abolish tachyphylaxis to ICI 74,917 was due to the high pre-incubation concentration employed, as at lower concentrations (10––8 M) tachyphylaxis to ICI 74,917 was readily abolished by washing. Tachyphylaxis to these anti-allergic agents may be related to a physical blocking of drug receptor sites on or in mast cells.
Induction and Suppression of Reagins in the Neonatal Mouse
Authors: Ngan J. , Kind L.S.
Published: July 2009

Neonatal SWR mice are capable of synthesizing reagins when immunized with a mixture of concanavalin and ovalbumin or a mixture of Bordetella pertussis, alum, and ovalbumin. Reaginic antibody-forming cells can be found in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and Peyer’s patches. Tolerance with respect to IgE can be induced by the injection of deaggregated ovalbumin into neonatal mice.
Reevaluation of Inguinal Lymph Node Injection for Production of Adjuvant Arthritis in the Rat
Authors: Koga T. , Sande Vande , Yeaton R. , Pearson C.M.
Published: July 2009

An experiment was designed to compare the efficiency of lymph node injection for the induction of adjuvant arthritis (AA) with that of conventional footpad injection in the rat. Quantitative studies revealed that the minimal dose required for induction of AA by the lymph node route is one fifth of that by the footpad route. Thus, the lymph node route was found to be more efficient than the footpad method in terms of higher incidence and earlier onset of AA. PPD in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant was able to produce tuberculin sensitization in the rat. The lymph node route again proved to be superior in terms of consistent appearance of the 24-hour reaction on days 8 and 14 and prolongation of the skin reaction over 48 h. These findings show that the lymph node method is so efficient in the rat that it will be especially useful for the trial induction of AA with various materials of unknown potency as well as for production of delayed hypersensitivity. In addition, this injection method appears to be a simple and efficient technique for assay of other immunological reactions.
Arthritogenicity of Mycobacterium smegmatis Subfractions, Related to Different Oil Vehicle and Different Composition
Authors: Kohashi O. , Pearson C.M.
Published: July 2009

Arthrigenicity of Mycobacterium smegmatis subfractions appeared to be remarkably potentiated in oil vehicles such as squalane or mineral oil, while water-in-oil emulsions containing Arlacel A appeared to decrease or suppress their arthritogenicity. It seems that Arlacel A can exert a suppressive effect on the arthritogenicity of the subfractions. Poly I:C and acetylated wax D potentiated the arthritogenicity of lysozyme-solubilized product, while cord factor was unable to do so. When given together with either cell membrane fraction or cell envelope, the lysozyme-solubilized product produced much more severe disease than that of lysozyme-solubilized product alone. Cell walls lost much of their arthritogenicity when mixed with lysozyme-solubilized product.