bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiscale change point detection for dependent data
Authors: Dette Holger , Eckle Theresa , Vetter Mathias
Published: May 2020

In this article we study the theoretical properties of the simultaneous multiscale change point estimator (SMUCE) in piecewise‐constant signal models with dependent error processes. Empirical studies suggest that in this case the change point estimate is inconsistent, but it is not known if alternatives suggested in the literature for correlated data are consistent. We propose a modification of SMUCE scaling the basic statistic by the long run variance of the error process, which is estimated by a difference‐type variance estimator calculated from local means from different blocks. For this modification we prove model consistency for physical‐dependent error processes and illustrate the finite sample performance by means of a simulation study.
Increased oxygen extraction and mitochondrial protein expression after small muscle mass endurance training
Authors: Skattebo Øyvind , Capelli Carlo , Rud Bjarne , Auensen Marius , Calbet Jose A. L. , Hallén Jostein
Published: May 2020

When exercising with a small muscle mass, the mass‐specific O2 delivery exceeds the muscle oxidative capacity resulting in a lower O2 extraction compared with whole‐body exercise. We elevated the muscle oxidative capacity and tested its impact on O2 extraction during small muscle mass exercise. Nine individuals conducted six weeks of one‐legged knee extension (1L‐KE) endurance training. After training, the trained leg (TL) displayed 45% higher citrate synthase and COX‐IV protein content in vastus lateralis and 15%‐22% higher pulmonary oxygen uptake (

) and peak power output (

) during 1L‐KE than the control leg (CON; all P < .05). Leg O2 extraction (catheters) and blood flow (ultrasound Doppler) were measured while both legs exercised simultaneously during 2L‐KE at the same submaximal power outputs (real‐time feedback‐controlled). TL displayed higher O2 extraction than CON (main effect: 1.7 ± 1.6% points; P = .010; 40%‐83% of

) with the largest between‐leg difference at 83% of

(O2 extraction: 3.2 ± 2.2% points; arteriovenous O2 difference: 7.1 ± 4.8 mL· L−1; P < .001). At 83% of

, muscle O2 conductance (DMO2; Fick law of diffusion) and the equilibration index Y were higher in TL (P < .01), indicating reduced diffusion limitations. The between‐leg difference in O2 extraction correlated with the between‐leg ratio of citrate synthase and COX‐IV (r = .72‐.73; P = .03), but not with the difference in the capillary‐to‐fiber ratio (P = .965). In conclusion, endurance training improves O2 extraction during small muscle mass exercise by elevating the muscle oxidative capacity and the recruitment of DMO2, especially evident during high‐intensity exercise exploiting a larger fraction of the muscle oxidative capacity.
Sick but at work: Graded sick leave in a comparative perspective
Authors: Leoni Thomas
Published: May 2020

Measures to activate sick‐listed workers and to combine work with sickness benefits are a growing but little‐studied policy field. This article investigates graded sick leave benefits in Sweden, Finland and Germany. The analysis reveals some commonalities between countries, as well as substantial differences in terms of institutional background, benefit design and governance. The schemes range from models in which grading has become an integral component of the regular sickness certification process, to models in which the graded‐work option is targeted at a much smaller category of workers and has a stronger therapeutic character. The variation in design and governance of the models is reflected in large differences in terms of their diffusion. All schemes face a common set of obstacles and challenges. They relate in particular to the distribution of stakeholders' roles and responsibilities, the involvement of employers and the assessment of residual work ability.
An alternative interpretation for the formation of doubly plunging folds in sandstone terrains
Authors: Ji Shaocheng , Li Le
Published: May 2020

Folds are marvellous features of mountain terrains, but despite extensive research, many fundamental problems have still not been solved. In terrains of sandstone, fold hinges are rarely straight lines but curved, forming a pattern characterized by doubly plunging, elliptical dome‐and‐basin structures. Such structures are an obvious manifestation of coeval or successive shortening deformation in two orthogonal principal directions in the horizontal plane. Based on an anatomic investigation of the fold pattern of sandstone beds at the rocky beaches of Saint‐Jean‐Port‐Joli (Quebec, Canada), we propose that the doubly plunging folds may result from a transition from a plane deformation to a constrictional deformation due to auxetic effects of quartz‐rich rocks. The sandstone beds possessed potentially such negative values of Poisson's ratio that, when placed under compression in one direction, they become contracted in the transverse direction, producing a series of doubly plunging folds. Further work is needed to approve or disapprove the interpretation.
NeuroTPR: A neuro‐net toponym recognition model for extracting locations from social media messages
Authors: Wang Jimin , Hu Yingjie , Joseph Kenneth
Published: May 2020

Social media messages, such as tweets, are frequently used by people during natural disasters to share real‐time information and to report incidents. Within these messages, geographic locations are often described. Accurate recognition and geolocation of these locations are critical for reaching those in need. This article focuses on the first part of this process, namely recognizing locations from social media messages. While general named entity recognition tools are often used to recognize locations, their performance is limited due to the various language irregularities associated with social media text, such as informal sentence structures, inconsistent letter cases, name abbreviations, and misspellings. We present NeuroTPR, which is a Neuro‐net ToPonym Recognition model designed specifically with these linguistic irregularities in mind. Our approach extends a general bidirectional recurrent neural network model with a number of features designed to address the task of location recognition in social media messages. We also propose an automatic workflow for generating annotated data sets from Wikipedia articles for training toponym recognition models. We demonstrate NeuroTPR by applying it to three test data sets, including a Twitter data set from Hurricane Harvey, and comparing its performance with those of six baseline models.
Diarrhoeal disease knowledge among diarrhoea patient housholds: findings from the randomised controlled trial of the Cholera‐Hospital‐Based‐Intervention‐for‐7‐days (CHoBI7) mobile health program
Authors: Masud Jahed , Islam Bhuyian Md. Sazzadul , Kumar Biswas Shwapon , Zohura Fatema , Perin Jamie , Papri Nowshin , Dil Farzana Fahmida , Parvin Tahmina , Monira Shirajum , Alam Munirul , George Christine Marie
Published: May 2020

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Cholera‐Hospital‐Based‐Intervention‐for‐7‐days (CHoBI7) handwashing with soap and water treatment mobile health (mHealth) program on diarrhoeal disease knowledge among diarrhoea patients and their household members in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Methods

A cluster‐randomised controlled trial of the CHoBI7 mHealth program was conducted among diarrhoea patient households in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Patients were randomised to three arms: standard recommendation on oral rehydration solution use; health facility delivery of CHoBI7 plus mHealth (weekly voice and text messages) (no home visits); and health facility delivery of CHoBI7 plus two home visits and mHealth. An open‐ended questionnaire was administered to 1468 participants 12 years of age or older on diarrhoeal disease transmission and prevention. These items were combined to form a diarrhoeal disease knowledge score measured at baseline and at a 1 week, 6 month and 12 month follow‐up.

Results

At baseline, when participants were asked to report three ways diarrhoeal diseases were spread 37% (546/1468) of participants reported by water, 13% (187/1468) by lack of handwashing and 4% (53/1468) by food not being covered properly. At baseline when asked to name three ways diarrhoeal diseases could be prevented, 35% (515/1468) of participants reported safe water, and 16% (228/1468) reported handwashing with soap. At the 12‐month follow‐up, the overall diarrhoeal disease knowledge score was significantly higher in the mHealth with no home visits arm (score coefficient: 0.69, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.36, 1.01, P < 0.0001) and the mHealth with two home visits arm (score coefficient: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.49, P < 0.0001) compared with the standard recommendation arm.

Conclusion

The CHoBI7 mHealth program significantly increased knowledge of diarrhoeal disease transmission and prevention among diarrhoea patients and their household members 12 months after in‐person visits for program delivery were conducted.
Oxidative red blood cell damage associated with propofol and intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in a dog treated for 5‐fluorouracil toxicosis
Authors: Romans Cory W. , Day Thomas K. , Smith Joshua J.
Published: May 2020

Objective

To describe the first documented case of oxidant‐induced anemia in a dog associated with propofol and IV lipid emulsion (IVLE) treatment for 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) toxicosis.

Case Summary

A 2‐year‐old male intact mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation after ingestion of 5% 5‐FU cream. Refractory reactive seizures rapidly developed, and treatment with benzodiazepines, propofol, levetiracetam, and IVLE was initiated. The dog was euthanized due to development of marked oxidant‐induced anemia.

New Information Provided

This report documents the first instance of oxidant‐induced anemia in the dog, associated with propofol and IVLE infusion therapy prescribed for treatment of 5‐FU toxicosis.
Exploring populist styles of political discourse in Twitter
Authors: Breeze Ruth
Published: May 2020

In public controversy after the Brexit referendum, social media played a prominent role. In particular, veteran populist anti‐EU campaigner Nigel Farage used Twitter as a powerful weapon to further his cause. This paper compares a corpus of Farage's tweets in 2017–2018 with those by four other prominent British politicians (May, Johnson, Corbyn and Starmer). Quantitative corpus linguistics techniques are combined with qualitative analysis to examine how Farage creates a distinctive discursive style that is both down‐to‐earth and emotive. Various markers of register and affect are identified, and three core aspects of Farage's populist appeal to ‘the people’ are outlined, including the projection of negative emotions, especially anger/violence; the use of questions to provoke reactions; and the deployment of colloquial expressions and catchphrases to resonate with popular audiences and claim the status of ‘common sense’.
Phylogeny of Itaquasconinae in the light of the evolution of the flexible pharyngeal tube in Tardigrada
Authors: Gąsiorek Piotr , Michalczyk Łukasz
Published: May 2020

The family Hypsibiidae comprises four subfamilies, among which Itaquasconinae are the most abundant in genera. Although being morphologically diverse and cosmopolitan, itaquasconins are scarcely reported and their taxonomy is entangled. Here, we present a phylogeny based on three DNA markers and morphological clues obtained from a detailed scanning electron microscopy analysis of bucco‐pharyngeal apparatuses of 25 species representing seven genera. Our study revealed that (a) the polyphyletic Adropion consists of at least three evolutionary lineages, with Guidettion gen. nov. being the sister group of all remaining itaquasconins; (b) stylet supports were independently lost in Astatumen and Insulobius gen. nov.; (c) pharyngeal tube annulation can be divided into two general types, simple and complex, and is stable at the genus level, but being homoplasious (similarly to the apophyses for the insertion of stylet muscles and the shape of the claw bases), it is not useful in inferring phyletic relationships within the subfamily; and (d) Astatumen and Platicrista contain numerous similar species, challenging the current taxonomic classification; moreover, (e) three new taxa are proposed to accommodate the newly recognised lineages: Guidettion gen. nov. (the former Adropion prorsirostre group), Insulobius gen. nov. (for a new Malayan species with a mixture of Astatumen and Itaquascon traits), and Raribius gen. nov. (former Itaquascon spp. with an elongated and narrowed pharyngeal tube terminating with a spherical pharynx). The simple type of annulation is synapomorphic to Hypsibiidae, with single reversals to the uniform buccal tube in Parascon (Itaquasconinae) and in Hypsibiinae. The pharyngeal tube evolved convergently several times, and is of different character in classes Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada.
Cuspidal cohomology of stacks of shtukas
Authors: Xue Cong
Published: May 2020

Let$G$be a connected split reductive group over a finite field$\mathbb{F}_{q}$and$X$a smooth projective geometrically connected curve over$\mathbb{F}_{q}$. The$\ell$-adic cohomology of stacks of$G$-shtukas is a generalization of the space of automorphic forms with compact support over the function field of$X$. In this paper, we construct a constant term morphism on the cohomology of stacks of shtukas which is a generalization of the constant term morphism for automorphic forms. We also define the cuspidal cohomology which generalizes the space of cuspidal automorphic forms. Then we show that the cuspidal cohomology has finite dimension and that it is equal to the (rationally) Hecke-finite cohomology defined by V. Lafforgue.
A murine model of the exercise pressor reflex
Authors: Li Qinglu , Garry Mary G.
Published: May 2020

Key points

The decerebrate mouse provides a novel working model of the exercise pressor reflex (EPR).

The decerebrate mouse model of the EPR is similar to the previously described decerebrate rat model.

Studying the EPR in transgenic mouse models can define exact mechanisms of the EPR in health and disease.

The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is defined by a rise in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in response to exercise and is necessary to match metabolic demand and prevent premature fatigue. While this reflex is readily tested in humans, mechanistic studies are largely infeasible. Here, we have developed a novel murine model of the EPR to allow for mechanistic studies in various mouse models. We observed that ventral root stimulation (VRS) in an anaesthetized mouse causes a depressor response and a reduction in HR. In contrast, the same stimulation in a decerebrate mouse causes a rise in MAP and HR which is abolished by dorsal rhizotomy or by neuromuscular blockade. Moreover, we demonstrate a reduced MAP response to VRS using TRPV1 antagonism or in Trpv1 null mice while the response to passive stretch remains intact. Additionally, we demonstrate that intra‐arterial infusion of capsaicin results in a dose‐related rise in MAP and HR that is significantly reduced by a selective and potent TRPV1 antagonist or is completely abolished in Trpv1 null mice. These data serve to validate the development of a decerebrate mouse model for the study of cardiovascular responses to exercise and further define the role of the TRPV1 receptor in mediating the EPR. This novel model will allow for extensive study of the EPR in unlimited transgenic and mutant mouse lines, and for an unprecedented exploration of the molecular mechanisms that control cardiovascular responses to exercise in health and disease.
Rapid Estimate of Wind Turbine Energy Loss Due to Blade Leading Edge Delamination Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Campobasso M. Sergio , Cavazzini Anna , Minisci Edmondo
Published: May 2020

Estimating reliably and rapidly the losses of wind turbine annual energy production due to blade surface damage is essential for optimizing maintenance planning and, in the case of leading edge erosion, assessing the need for protective coatings. These requirements prompted the development of the prototype system presented herein, using machine learning, wind turbine engineering codes, and computational fluid dynamics to estimate annual energy production losses due to blade leading edge delamination. The power curve of a turbine with nominal and damaged blade surfaces is determined, respectively, with the open-source FAST and AeroDyn codes of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, both using the blade element momentum theory for turbine aerodynamics. The loss prediction system is designed to map a given three-dimensional geometry of a damaged blade onto a damaged airfoil database, which, in this study, features 6000+ airfoil geometries, each analyzed with Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics over the working range of angles of attack. To avoid lengthy aerodynamic analyses to assess losses due to damages monitored during turbine operation, the airfoil force data of a damaged turbine required by AeroDyn are rapidly obtained using a machine learning method trained using the pre-existing airfoil database. Presented results demonstrate that realistic estimates of the annual energy production loss of a utility-scale offshore turbine due to leading edge delamination are obtained in just a few seconds using a standard desktop computer. This highlights viability and industrial impact of this new technology for managing wind farm energy losses due to blade erosion.
Optimization of Axial Vibration Attenuation of Periodic Structure With Nonlinear Stiffness Without Addition of Mass
Authors: Vasconcellos Diego P. , Silveira Marcos
Published: May 2020

We explore the vibration attenuation of a periodic structure when one absorber with nonlinear cubic stiffness is included without increasing the total mass. Metastructures, and specifically periodic structures, present interesting characteristics for vibration attenuation that are not found in classical structures. These characteristics have been explored for automotive and aerospace applications, among others, as structures with low mass are paramount for these industries, and keeping low vibration levels in wide frequency range is also desirable. It has been shown that the addition of vibration absorbers in a periodic arrangement can provide vibration attenuation for shock input without increasing the total mass of a structure. In this work, the dynamical response of a metastructure with one nonlinear vibration absorber, with same mass as original structure, optimized for vibration attenuation under harmonic input is compared with a base metastructure without absorbers and a metastructure with linear absorbers via the evaluation of the H2 norm of the frequency response. A simplified approach is used to compare linear and nonlinear stiffness based on deformation energy, by considering linear and nonlinear restoring forces to be equal at mean deformation. The dynamical response of the optimal system is obtained numerically, and an optimization procedure based on sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is proposed to find the optimal position and stiffness coefficients of only one nonlinear absorber, showing that it results in lower level of vibrations than original structure and than structure with linear absorbers, while almost the same level as a structure with all nonlinear absorbers.
A Damage Criterion to Predict the Fatigue Life of Steel Pipelines Based on Indentation Measurements
Authors: Drumond Geovana , Roudet Francine , Chicot Didier , Pinheiro Bianca , Pasqualino Ilson
Published: May 2020

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of surface microhardness on different phases of fatigue damage. This helps to estimate the evolution of the material resistance from microplastic distortions and gives pertinent data about cumulated fatigue damage. The objective of this work is to propose a damage criterion, associated with microstructural changes, to predict the fatigue life of steel structures submitted to cyclic loads before macroscopic cracking. Instrumented indentation tests (IIT) were conducted on test samples submitted to high cycle fatigue (HCF) loads. To evaluate the role of the microstructure initial state, the material was considered in two different conditions: as-received and annealed. It was observed that significant changes in the microhardness values happened at the surface and subsurface of the material, up to 2 µm of indentation depth, and around 21% and 7% of the fatigue life for as-received and annealed conditions, respectively. These percentages were identified as a critical period for microstructural changes, which was taken as a reference in a damage criterion to predict the number of cycles to fatigue failure (Nf) of a steel structure.
Coupled Piezoelectric Phononic Crystal for Adaptive Broadband Wave Attenuation by Destructive Interference
Authors: Xu Jiawen , Zhang Xin , Yan Ruqiang
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we report a piezoelectric phononic crystal plate featuring broadband wave attenuation. In the piezoelectric phononic crystal system, the transmitted elastic wave is attenuated owing to destructive interference by taking advantages of phase difference. The proposed concept is applied to a piezoelectric phononic crystal plate synthesized by functional dual-lane units that yields phase difference. Whereas, the piezoelectric unit-cells are connected negative capacitance shunt circuits individually. Our analysis shows that the coupled phononic crystal has a strong broadband low-frequency wave attenuation capability. The bandwidth of 10 dB wave attenuation is broadened by 34 times in the vicinity of 5 kHz comparing to that of a local resonance metamaterial under the same mechanical configuration. Moreover, the frequency range of wave attenuation of the proposed system can be online adjusted through the modification of the external shunt circuits.
Exploring Elastoplastic Constitutive Law of Microstructured Materials Through Artificial Neural Network—A Mechanistic-Based Data-Driven Approach
Authors: Yang Hang , Qiu Hai , Xiang Qian , Tang Shan , Guo Xu
Published: May 2020

In this paper, a data-driven approach for constructing elastoplastic constitutive law of microstructured materials is proposed by combining the insights from plasticity theory and the tools of artificial intelligence (i.e., constructing yielding function through ANN) to reduce the required amount of data for machine learning. Illustrative examples show that the constitutive laws constructed by the present approach can be used to solve the boundary value problems (BVPs) involving elastoplastic materials with microstructures under complex loading paths (e.g., cyclic/reverse loading) effectively. The limitation of the proposed approach is also discussed.
Si-based materials for lithium-ion batteries IV: Surface-modified Si/C/perfluorooctene powder
Authors: Haasch Richard T. , Abraham Daniel P.
Published: May 2020

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze nano-Si/C/perfluorooctene powder obtained from Paraclete Energy Inc. The spectra were obtained using incident monochromatic Al Kα radiation at 1486.6 eV (0.834 01 nm). An initial survey spectrum together with F 1s, O 1s, C 1s, and Si 2p are presented. A final survey spectrum was collected to ascertain the amount of beam-induced damage, which appears to be minimal. The spectra indicate the principal core level photoelectron and Auger electron signals with only minor nitrogen signal and show the expected silicon-carbon, carbon-fluorine, and silicon-fluorine species related to the surface modification process in addition to oxidized carbon and silicon due to atmospheric exposure.
Si-based materials for lithium-ion batteries V. n-SiO powder
Authors: Haasch Richard T. , Abraham Daniel P.
Published: May 2020

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze Si powders that have a native oxide surface, obtained from Paraclete Energy, Inc. The spectra were obtained using incident monochromatic Al Kα radiation at 1486.6 eV (0.834 01 nm). An initial survey spectrum together with O 1s, C 1s, and Si 2p are presented. A final survey spectrum was collected to ascertain the amount of beam-induced damage, which appears to be minimal. The spectra indicate the principal core level photoelectron and Auger electron signals with only minor nitrogen signal and show the expected oxidized carbon and silicon species related to atmospheric exposure.
Si-based materials for lithium-ion batteries X: 70% surface-modified Si/C/polyvinylidine difluoride-carbon black/lithiated polyacrylic acid electrode
Authors: Haasch Richard T. , Abraham Daniel P.
Published: May 2020

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze a 70% Si/C/polyvinylidine difluoride/carbon black/lithiated polyacrylic acid electrode fabricated at the Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Prototyping Facility (CAMP), Argonne National Laboratory. The spectra were obtained using incident monochromatic Al Kα radiation at 1486.6 eV (0.834 01 nm). A survey spectrum together with O 1s, C 1s, and Si 2p are presented. The spectra indicate the principal core level photoelectron and Auger electron signals with only minor copper and lithium signals and show the expected silicon-carbon and silicon-fluorine species related to the surface modification process in addition to oxidized carbon and silicon due to atmospheric exposure.
Simple Steps to Promote Classroom Engagement and Inclusion: A Report from the Field
Authors: Tobin Roger G.
Published: May 2020

Idescribe an effort to enhance student engagement and classroom inclusion in a sophomore Introduction to Modern Physics class, through the use of assigned student groups, cold-calling, and exposure to the work of female physicists of varied backgrounds. These approaches took minimal effort, appeared to have positive impacts, and had no discernible negative effects. They could readily be adapted to other physics classes at the college and high school levels. This work is not a research study and makes no generalizable claims. It reports on the experience of one instructor and the students, in one class at one institution, and may be of interest to others who are concerned with similar issues.
Physics Textbooks from 1960–2016: A History of Gender and Racial Bias
Authors: Lawlor Timothy M. , Niiler Timothy
Published: May 2020

According to a report from the Statistical Research Center of the American Institute of Physics (AIP), 74% percent of BS physics degrees and 87% of PhD physics degrees were awarded to White recipients while Black recipients accounted for 3% and 2%, respectively. In 2016 only 2.5% of physics faculty members were African American. More striking, Palus reports that, “In the entire United States, of the thousands and thousands of college physics and astronomy faculty, only 75 are African American or Hispanic women.” AIP also reported that in 2012 the percent of physics BS degrees completed by female students of any race was less than 18% and the percent of physics PhD degrees awarded to females was less than 20%. Between 2002 and 2014 the percent of women faculty in physics only rose from 10% to 16%. At the assistant professor level, this is 23%; however, at higher ranks the percent of associate and full professor was 18% and 10%, respectively, which may indicate barriers to promotion. These trends are too often reflected in widely used educational resources.
Magnetic Forces Between a Magnet and a Solenoid
Authors: Kwon Munho , Jung Joongwoo , Jang Taehun , Sohn Sangho
Published: May 2020

Electromagnetism, along with mechanics, is one of the most fundamental disciplines in physics, and the magnetic force is one of the most easily accessible forces existing in nature. Magnets are often used as science teaching aids and are readily available from a young age; the forces of these magnets are first dealt with in NGSS (Next Generation Science Standards) in third grade, and are continuously presented in the secondary curriculum.
Gender & Self-Efficacy: A Call to Physics Educators
Authors: Henderson Rachel , Sawtelle Vashti , Nissen Jayson Micheal
Published: May 2020

Many students across the United States enter college with aspirations of becoming a successful career scientist within the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). However, the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded in physics has significantly lagged behind the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded in the other STEM disciplines. Of the physics bachelor’s degrees awarded nationally in 2014, only 20% were conferred to women. As a part of the conversation on recruitment, retention, and diversity in physics, researchers have focused on students’ self-efficacy (SE), or one’s personal beliefs in their capabilities to execute a specific task. Self-efficacy is highly correlated with performance and success, career aspirations, and student persistence, particularly in physics. In addition, many studies have shown that men and women evaluate their science SE differently with women, on average, reporting a lower SE toward science. This article will provide a robust literature review about the research reporting on the gender differences in science SE, specifically within the physics discipline. We will highlight common resources educators can use to measure students’ SE in their own physics classrooms, the standard findings that SE decreases in introductory physics courses but not in other science courses, and within physics the decreases tend to be larger for female students.
U.S. ‘Warp Speed’ vaccine effort comes out of the shadows
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: May 2020

Goal is to vaccinate 300 million Americans by January.
Oldest
Homo sapiens
bones found in Europe
Authors: Gibbons Ann
Published: May 2020

Pendants of cave bear teeth spark debate about cultural links to Neanderthals.
Antivaccine forces gaining online
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: May 2020

Growth of Facebook influence alarms public health experts.
Blockchain-facilitated sharing to advance outbreak R&D
Authors: van der Waal Mark B. , dos S. Ribeiro Carolina , Ma Moses , Haringhuizen George B. , Claassen Eric , van de Burgwal Linda H. M.
Published: May 2020

Technology may help overcome nontechnological barriers
The malaria parasite has an intrinsic clock
Authors: Rijo-Ferreira Filipa , Acosta-Rodriguez Victoria A. , Abel John H. , Kornblum Izabela , Bento Ines , Kilaru Gokhul , Klerman Elizabeth B. , Mota Maria M. , Takahashi Joseph S.
Published: May 2020

Plasmodium
's inner clock

Malarial fevers are notably regular, occurring when parasitized red blood cells rupture synchronously to release replicated parasites. It has long been speculated that the
Plasmodium
parasites that cause malaria must therefore have intrinsic circadian clocks to be able to synchronize like this. Two groups have now probed gene expression in experiments and models using data obtained during the developmental cycles of
P. falciparum
in vitro and in the mouse model of
P. chabaudi
malaria. Smith
et al.
discovered that four strains of
P. falciparum
have circadian and cell cycle oscillators, each with distinctive periodicities that can be experimentally manipulated. Rijo-Ferreira
et al.
found that gene expression in
P. chabaudi
was strikingly rhythmic, persisted during constant darkness and in infections of arrhythmic mice, and synchronized by entraining to the host's periodicity.

Science
, this issue p.
754
, p.
746
Forest microclimate dynamics drive plant responses to warming
Authors: Zellweger Florian , De Frenne Pieter , Lenoir Jonathan , Vangansbeke Pieter , Verheyen Kris , Bernhardt-Römermann Markus , Baeten Lander , Hédl Radim , Berki Imre , Brunet Jörg , Van Calster Hans , Chudomelová Markéta , Decocq Guillaume , Dirnböck Thomas , Durak Tomasz , Heinken Thilo , Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Kopecký Martin , Máliš František , Macek Martin , Malicki Marek , Naaf Tobias , Nagel Thomas A. , Ortmann-Ajkai Adrienne , Petřík Petr , Pielech Remigiusz , Reczyńska Kamila , Schmidt Wolfgang , Standovár Tibor , Świerkosz Krzysztof , Teleki Balázs , Vild Ondřej , Wulf Monika , Coomes David
Published: May 2020

Local factors restrain forest warming

Microclimates are key to understanding how organisms and ecosystems respond to macroclimate change, yet they are frequently neglected when studying biotic responses to global change. Zellweger
et al.
provide a long-term, continental-scale assessment of the effects of micro- and macroclimate on the community composition of European forests (see the Perspective by Lembrechts and Nijs). They show that changes in forest canopy cover are fundamentally important for driving community responses to climate change. Closed canopies buffer against the effects of macroclimatic change through their cooling effect, slowing shifts in community composition, whereas open canopies tend to accelerate community change through local heating effects.

Science
, this issue p.
772
; see also p.
711
Quantum interference in H + HD → H
2
+ D between direct abstraction and roaming insertion pathways
Authors: Xie Yurun , Zhao Hailin , Wang Yufeng , Huang Yin , Wang Tao , Xu Xin , Xiao Chunlei , Sun Zhigang , Zhang Dong H. , Yang Xueming
Published: May 2020

Intriguing interference mechanism

Quantum interference (QI) effects play a fundamental role in the dynamics of chemical reactions. Xie
et al.
detected unusual QI oscillations in the differential cross section measured in the recoil scattering direction of the prototypical elementary reaction H + HD → H
2
+ D (see the Perspective by Aoiz). Topological analysis showed that this pattern originates from the QI between a direct abstraction and previously unknown rebounding insertion pathways, which are affected by the geometric phase at energies far below the conical intersection. The QI observed between these two distinctive pathways in the three-atom system is a clear example of the quantum nature of chemical reactivity.

Science
, this issue p.
767
; see also p.
706
Making the ivory tower more inclusive
Degrees of Difference: Reflections of Women of Color on Graduate School
Kimberly D. McKee and Denise A. Delgado, editors
University of Illinois Press, 2020. 232 pp.
Authors: Zárate Sonia
Published: May 2020

Scholars urge graduate programs to do better by women of color
The fantastical lives of fungi
Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds, and Shape Our Futures
Merlin Sheldrake
Random House, 2020. 368 pp.
Authors: Dunn Rob
Published: May 2020

An ode to an underappreciated life form reminds readers that the mundane can be sublime
Seismicity from the deep magma system
Authors: Matoza Robin S.
Published: May 2020

Deep seismicity may reflect magma cooling beneath volcanoes
Lessons from the crucible of crisis
Authors: McNutt Marcia
Published: May 2020

As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to claim lives around the planet, the United States observes the bitter anniversaries of two tragedies: its most damaging volcanic eruption and its largest marine oil spill. Forty years ago, on 18 May 1980, Mount St. Helens volcano erupted in Washington state, claiming 57 lives and triggering an enduring legacy of downstream sediment and hydrogeologic disruptions (see the Perspective by J. J. Major on page 704). Just 10 years ago, the
Deepwater Horizon
explosion and oil spill began on 20 April 2010 and continued to release oil for 87 days into the Gulf of Mexico from a damaged deep-sea well before it was finally capped. Eleven rig workers died in the explosion. As we all continue to struggle with the current pandemic crisis, it is an opportune time to ask what lessons in the response to previous catastrophes should not be forgotten.
Analysis of Paradoxical Efficacy of Carbapenems against Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli in a Murine Model of Lethal Peritonitis
Authors: Roujansky Ariane , de Lastours Victoire , Guérin François , Chau Françoise , Cheminet Geoffrey , Massias Laurent , Cattoir Vincent , Fantin Bruno
Published: May 2020

The clinical benefit of carbapenems against carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
(CPE) remains in question. MICs of imipenem (IMP) and ertapenem (ERT) against isogenic derivatives of the wild-type strain
Escherichia coli
CFT073 producing KPC-3, OXA-48, or NDM-1 were 0.25, 2, 16, and 64 mg/liter for IMP and 0.008, 0.5, 8, and 64 mg/liter for ERT, respectively. Swiss ICR-strain mice with peritonitis were treated for 24 h with IMP or ERT. Despite a limited duration of time during which free antibiotic concentrations were above the MIC (down to 0% for the NDM-1-producing strain), IMP and ERT significantly reduced bacterial counts in spleen and peritoneal fluid at 24 h (
P
 < 0.
Insights into the Function and Horizontal Transfer of Isoproturon Degradation Genes (
pdmAB
) in a Biobed System
Authors: Storck Veronika , Gallego Sara , Vasileiadis Sotirios , Hussain Sabir , Béguet Jérémie , Rouard Nadine , Baguelin Céline , Perruchon Chiara , Devers-Lamrani Marion , Karpouzas Dimitrios G. , Martin-Laurent Fabrice
Published: May 2020

Our study provides novel insights into the interactions of IPU with the bacterial community of biobed systems, reinforces the assumption of a transposable nature of IPU-degrading genes, and verifies that on-farm biobed systems are hot spots for the evolution of pesticide catabolic traits.
Hypogeusia as the initial presenting symptom of COVID-19
Authors: Melley Lauren E , Bress Eli , Polan Erik
Published: May 2020

COVID-19 is the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first arose in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since been declared a pandemic. The clinical sequelae vary from mild, self-limiting upper respiratory infection symptoms to severe respiratory distress, acute cardiopulmonary arrest and death. Otolaryngologists around the globe have reported a significant number of mild or otherwise asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 presenting with olfactory dysfunction. We present a case of COVID-19 resulting in intensive care unit (ICU) admission, presenting with the initial symptom of disrupted taste and flavour perception prior to respiratory involvement. After 4 days in the ICU and 6 days on the general medicine floor, our patient regained a majority of her sense of smell and was discharged with only lingering dysgeusia. In this paper, we review existing literature and the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to the reported symptoms of hyposmia, hypogeusia and dysgeusia.
Impact of contact versus non-contact wide-angle viewing systems on outcomes of primary retinal detachment repair (PRO study report number 5)
Authors: Tieger Marisa G. , Rodriguez Marianeli , Wang Jay C. , Obeid Anthony , Ryan Claire , Gao Xinxiao , Kakulavarapu Srividya , Mardis Patrick J. , Madhava Malika L. , Maloney Sean M. , Adika Adam Z. , Peddada Krishi V. , Sioufi Kareem , Stefater James A. , Forbes Nora J. , Capone Jr. Antonio , Emerson Geoffrey G. , Joseph Daniel P. , Regillo Carl , Hsu Jason , Gupta Omesh , Eliott Dean , Ryan Edwin H. , Yonekawa Yoshihiro
Published: May 2020

Background/aims

Vitrectomy to repair retinal detachment is often performed with either non-contact wide-angle viewing systems or wide-angle contact viewing systems. The purpose of this study is to assess whether the viewing system used is associated with any differences in surgical outcomes of vitrectomy for primary non-complex retinal detachment repair.

Methods

This is a multicenter, interventional, retrospective, comparative study. Eyes that underwent non-complex primary retinal detachment repair by either pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone or in combination with scleral buckle/PPV in 2015 were evaluated. The viewing system at the time of the retinal detachment repair was identified and preoperative patient characteristics, intraoperative findings and postoperative outcomes were recorded.

Results

A total of 2256 eyes were included in our analysis. Of those, 1893 surgeries used a non-contact viewing system, while 363 used a contact lens system. There was no statistically significant difference in single surgery anatomic success at 3 months (p=0.72), or final anatomic success (p=0.40). Average postoperative visual acuity for the contact-based cases was logMAR 0.345 (20/44 Snellen equivalent) compared with 0.475 (20/60 Snellen equivalent) for non-contact (p=0.001). After controlling for numerous confounding variables in multivariable analysis, viewing system choice was no longer statistically significant (p=0.097).

Conclusion

There was no statistically significant difference in anatomic success achieved for primary retinal detachment repair when comparing non-contact viewing systems to contact lens systems. Postoperative visual acuity was better in the contact-based group but this was not statistically significant when confounding factors were controlled for.
No detectable remodelling in adult human menisci: an analysis based on the C14bomb pulse
Authors: Våben Christoffer , Heinemeier Katja M , Schjerling Peter , Olsen Jesper , Petersen Michael Mørk , Kjaer Michael , Krogsgaard Michael R
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Bone and other human tissues remodel through life, for example, as a response to increasing load, and this prevents permanent destruction of the tissue. Non-traumatic meniscal rupture is a common musculoskeletal disease, but it is unknown if it is caused by inability of the menisci to remodel. The aim of this study was to determine whether meniscal collagen is remodelling throughout life.

Methods

The life-long turnover of the human meniscal collagens was explored by the14C bomb pulse method.14C levels were determined in menisci from 18 patients with osteoarthritis and 7 patients with healthy knees.

Results

There was a negligible turnover of the meniscal collagen in adults. This low turnover was observed in menisci from patients with knee osteoarthritis and in healthy menisci.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence that essentially no remodelling occurs in the adult human meniscal collagen structure and explains the clinical degeneration that is often seen in menisci of middle-aged and elderly persons. It suggests that strengthening of the collagen structure of menisci, as response to physical activity, may occur during childhood, while it is not possible in the adult population.
Graduated compression stockings as adjuvant to pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis in elective surgical patients (GAPS study): randomised controlled trial
Authors: Shalhoub Joseph , Lawton Rebecca , Hudson Jemma , Baker Christopher , Bradbury Andrew , Dhillon Karen , Everington Tamara , Gohel Manjit S , Hamady Zaed , Hunt Beverley J , Stansby Gerrard , Warwick David , Norrie John , Davies Alun H
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To investigate whether the use of graduated compression stockings (GCS) offers any adjuvant benefit when pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis is used for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective surgery.

Design

Open, multicentre, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial.

Setting

Seven National Health Service tertiary hospitals in the United Kingdom.

Participants

1905 elective surgical inpatients (≥18 years) assessed as being at moderate or high risk of venous thromboembolism were eligible and consented to participate.

Intervention

Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis alone or LMWH pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis and GCS.

Outcome measures

The primary outcome was imaging confirmed lower limb deep vein thrombosis with or without symptoms, or pulmonary embolism with symptoms within 90 days of surgery. Secondary outcome measures were quality of life, compliance with stockings and LMWH, lower limb complications related to GCS, bleeding complications, adverse reactions to LMWH, and all cause mortality.

Results

Between May 2016 and January 2019, 1905 participants were randomised. 1858 were included in the intention to treat analysis (17 were identified as ineligible after randomisation and 30 did not undergo surgery). A primary outcome event occurred in 16 of 937 (1.7%) patients in the LMWH alone group compared with 13 of 921 (1.4%) in the LMWH and GCS group. The risk difference between the two groups was 0.30% (95% confidence interval −0.65% to 1.26%). Because the 95% confidence interval did not cross the non-inferiority margin of 3.5% (P<0.001 for non-inferiority), LMWH alone was confirmed to be non-inferior.

Conclusions

For patients who have elective surgery and are at moderate or high risk of venous thromboembolism, administration of pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis alone is non-inferior to a combination of pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis and GCS. These findings indicate that GCS might be unnecessary in most patients undergoing elective surgery.

Trial registration

ISRCTN13911492.
YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: a pandemic of misinformation?
Authors: Li Heidi Oi-Yee , Bailey Adrian , Huynh David , Chan James
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic is this century’s largest public health emergency and its successful management relies on the effective dissemination of factual information. As a social media platform with billions of daily views, YouTube has tremendous potential to both support and hinder public health efforts. However, the usefulness and accuracy of most viewed YouTube videos on COVID-19 have not been investigated.

Methods

A YouTube search was performed on 21 March 2020 using keywords ‘coronavirus’ and ‘COVID-19’, and the top 75 viewed videos from each search were analysed. Videos that were duplicates, non-English, non-audio and non-visual, exceeding 1 hour in duration, live and unrelated to COVID-19 were excluded. Two reviewers coded the source, content and characteristics of included videos. The primary outcome was usability and reliability of videos, analysed using the novel COVID-19 Specific Score (CSS), modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) and modified JAMA (mJAMA) scores.

Results

Of 150 videos screened, 69 (46%) were included, totalling 257 804 146 views. Nineteen (27.5%) videos contained non-factual information, totalling 62 042 609 views. Government and professional videos contained only factual information and had higher CSS than consumer videos (mean difference (MD) 2.21, 95% CI 0.10 to 4.32, p=0.037); mDISCERN scores than consumer videos (MD 2.46, 95% CI 0.50 to 4.42, p=0.008), internet news videos (MD 2.20, 95% CI 0.19 to 4.21, p=0.027) and entertainment news videos (MD 2.57, 95% CI 0.66 to 4.49, p=0.004); and mJAMA scores than entertainment news videos (MD 1.21, 95% CI 0.07 to 2.36, p=0.033) and consumer videos (MD 1.27, 95% CI 0.10 to 2.44, p=0.028). However, they only accounted for 11% of videos and 10% of views.

Conclusion

Over one-quarter of the most viewed YouTube videos on COVID-19 contained misleading information, reaching millions of viewers worldwide. As the current COVID-19 pandemic worsens, public health agencies must better use YouTube to deliver timely and accurate information and to minimise the spread of misinformation. This may play a significant role in successfully managing the COVID-19 pandemic.