bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Future in Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer
Authors: Catarino P.A. , Goldstraw P.
Published: September 2006

Surgical techniques remain central to the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Clinical situations which invoke the role of surgery include the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary masses, staging of the mediastinum, restaging of the mediastinum and the assessment of resectability. The techniques available include cervical mediastinoscopy, anterior mediastinotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopy and different procedures for intra-operative mediastinal lymph node assessment including systematic nodal dissection, lobe-specific nodal dissection and sentinel node mapping. The staging of lung cancer is continuously evolving as technological advances combine with clinical advances to better stratify patients into treatment and prognostic categories and alter pre-operative investigation algorithms. Although most of the surgical techniques have been around for many years, it is their application in future which is likely to change. The increasing use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography fusion imaging is raising the proportion of patients being shown to have additional lesions that could contraindicate surgical treatment but which require tissue confirmation to exclude a false-positive examination. Many such lesions are amenable to the expanding techniques available to the interventional endoscopist. The relationship between the surgeon and the endoscopist must become closer to ensure that the appropriate technique is used at each point in the patient’s pathway. The future of surgical techniques will be driven by: (1) developments in screening and imaging, with a likelihood that more early stage cancers will present and may be amenable to minimally invasive surgical approaches with the possibility of a role for robotics and nanotechnology; (2) improvements in neoadjuvant therapies which will demand flawless mediastinal staging and restaging; (3) advances in molecular biology which, whilst currently requiring that surgery provide samples of tumour and lymph node tissue to fully characterize the disease, do hold the promise that ever smaller amounts of tissue will be required and that eventually the genetic fingerprint will provide a biological ultrastaging to perhaps supersede anatomical staging.
Hill Walkers’ Lung
Authors: Cormican Liam J. , Rees P. John
Published: September 2006

A previously healthy female presented with a 7-week history of dyspnoea on exertion following inhalation of a fluorochemical-based water repellent spray, which was applied to footwear, in the living area that she shared with 8 members of her family while on a hill walking holiday. Clinical examination, serial lung function studies, bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsies and high-resolution CT thorax confirmed a sub-acute interstitial pneumonitis, which did not resolve until 15 weeks following exposure. None of her family members were affected despite similar exposure. Interstitial pneumonitis due to inhalation of fluorochemical-based water repellent, though rarely described, usually presents in an acute severe form necessitating immediate therapy and resolves in 1–4 weeks. Pulmonary fibrosis can also occur. Sub-acute interstitial pneumonitis following inhalation of fluorochemical-based water repellent spray should always be considered as a cause of unexplained persistent respiratory symptoms in otherwise healthy individuals involved in outdoor pursuits.
Factors associated with women's antenatal plans to use a baby walker: A cross sectional study
Authors: Illingworth Rachel , Kendrick Denise , Collier Jacqueline , Woods Amanda , Wattse Kim , Dewey Michael , Chen Chih-Mei
Published: September 2006

Objective The objective of these analyses was to explore maternal antnatal decisions about baby walker use, factors associated with these decisions and the relationship between antenatal plans to use a walker and postnatal walker use.

Design Cross sectional study.

Setting Mothers-to-be (n = 1174) participating in a cluster randomised controlled trial of an educational package to reduce walker use in 64 general practices in the East Midlands of the United Kingdom.

Method Data on plans to use a walker, socio-demographic and ecnomic characteristics, partner's views on walker use, knowledge of walker-related injury and attitudes towards walkers were collected at entry to the trial by means of a self-completion questionnaire. Data on post-natal walker use was collected by postal questionnaire nine months after delivery.

Results The majority of mothers-to-be (74 per cent) had already decided whether or not to use a walker prior to the birth of their baby and onthird were planning to do so. Several factors were identified which may be useful for identifying mothers-to-be who are undecided about walker use antenatally; these include partner's views on walkers, parity, houing tenure and attitudes towards walkers. Antenatal plans about walker use had high positive and negative predictive values for predicting posnatal walker use.

Conclusion Education regarding walker use will be an important method for reducing walker use until walkers are no longer available to purchase first or second hand. The results of this study will assist health professionals in identifying which mothers-to-be are likely to be undcided about walker use and this group may be more receptive to health education than those who have already made a decision.
Men's health-is there a ‘popular press’ potential?
Authors: Clements Angela , Parry-Langdon Nina , Roberts Chris
Published: September 2006

Objective To examine the types of health messages delivered to males and females through the'popular' media of magazines that have a health content, and to consider the potential for'popular' magazines to play a role in communicating health promotion messages to men.

Design A qualitative approach that subscribes to content analysis of a sample of 'popular' women's and men's magazines over a six month period.

Method Analysis of 23 women's weekly and monthly magazines and six men's monthly magazines that had a health content took place over a period of six months. Content analysis identified an analytical frame-work of four themes general health and healthy lifestyle issues, medical issues, letters to a doctor/other health‘expert’ and letters to an ‘agony aunt’ through which health promotion messages in the magazines were examined. Descriptive codes were developed from repeated reviews of the messages. Codes were then indexed and grouped into themes. Based on these themes, a set of typologies was developed.

Results The initial examination of health promotion messages identified three typologies for communication. A set of seven categories emerged that highlight different styles and formats adopted by magazines for delivering and communicating health messages.

Conclusion The opportunity for the delivery of timely health promotion messages directly to men is potentially high. In particular, the typology outlined in these results highlights the use of different communication styles and formats to appeal to different target groups in the delivery of health information. There are also opportunities to work in partnership with magazines aimed at both men and women to ensure that male health is placed more firmly on their health agenda.
The Kurdish Quest for Autonomy and Iraq's Statehood
Authors: Dawoody Alexander
Published: September 2006

This study examines the Kurdish historic aspiration for self-rule and the opportunities presented by the collapse of the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein in 2003. In addressing these issues, the primary objectives are to identify the challenges facing the Iraqi Kurds' quest for self-rule, the problems created by the Kurdish quest for ethnicity-based federalism, and the ramifications of the impending Iraqi federalism for the future of Iraq as a country.
The Arab World
Authors: Jreisat Jamil E.
Published: September 2006

The Arab world is a region of considerable importance for world peace and the global economy. This region, however, is enduring slow development, political instability, extremism, and many ominous prospects of constant conflicts and turmoil. Pressures are mounting from within and from without for change and reform. This article reviews some of the most salient issues facing the region today and examines the opportunities for reform. Particular emphasis is on national development, governance, succession of authority, and Arab–American relations.
Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kapiszewski Andrzej
Published: September 2006

Saudi Arabia has since the beginning of the 1990s, despite the autocratic character of the regime, witnessed political activities that, while not directly questioning the Islamic base of the country's identity, have called for changes in the manner in which the state is governed. The study analyses petitions to the King and other actions undertaken by the opposition demanding reforms as well as responses of the authorities, which in effect led to the broadening of the political participation of the Saudis, culminating in municipal elections in 2005. Impact of international events on the political situation inside the Kingdom, like 9/11 and the Iraqi war, is also examined.
Barriers to Sustainable Development
Authors: Reid Margaret , Schwab William
Published: September 2006

Sustainable development is now widely promoted as a holistic concept that aims to integrate social, economic and cultural policies to ensure high-quality growth in the context to which it is applied. During implementation such programs encounter, however, place-specific institutional and cultural barriers that often go unrecognized. This article presents findings from a 10-year collaboration of the University of Arkansas with Yarmouk University, Jordan, that led to the adoption of a heritage tourism strategy that is both economically and environmentally feasible.
Clinical Trial Design Issues: At Least 10 Things You Should Look For in Clinical Trials
Authors: Glasser Stephen P. , Howard George
Published: September 2006

Randomized controlled trials remain the gold standard study design and yield the highest level of scientific credence. However, recognition of the limitations of the randomized controlled trial is important. This review highlights 10 potentially problematic areas one should carefully assess when performing or reading an article reporting the results of a randomized controlled trial, problematic areas that can affect the outcome of the trial and therefore mislead the reader. These areas include ethical issues, eligibility criteria, masking (blinding), randomization, analytic methods, the selection of subjects for the interventional and comparison groups, selection of end points, and the interpretation of the results. Each of these is discussed, and examples of published articles are used to highlight the main points.
Effects of Hypericum perforatum on Ivabradine Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers: An Open‐Label, Pharmacokinetic Interaction Clinical Trial
Authors: Portolés A. , Terleira A. , Calvo A. , Martínez I. , Resplandy G.
Published: September 2006

The effects of the CYP3A4 inducer, Hypericum perforatum, on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of ivabradine were assessed. An open‐label, 2‐period, nonrandomized, phase‐I, pharmacokinetic interaction design was used. Twelve healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of ivabradine (10 mg) followed by H perforatum (300 mg orally, 3 times a day) for 14 days, combining the last dose with another single dose of ivabradine. Pharmacokinetic data for ivabradine (S16257) and its main active metabolite (S18982) prior to and after the administration of H perforatum were analyzed. After repeated administration of H perforatum, highest observed concentration in plasma (Cmax) and area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) were significantly decreased for ivabradine (32.7 ± 16.6 vs 15.4 ± 7.0 ng/mL, P <.01; 114 ± 39.1 vs 43.7 ± 12.0 ng·h/mL, P <.01, respectively), and for S18982 (Cmax, 6.8 ± 3.7 vs 5.1 ± 2.0 ng/mL, P <.05; AUC, 56.2 ± 23.4 vs 38.3 ± 25.1 ng·h/mL, P <.01). Tendencies toward shorter time to Cmax and lower apparent terminal half‐life values were found. Pharmacokinetic results are consistent with an induction of ivabradine metabolism by H perforatum.
Lack of Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Omeprazole or Lansoprazole and Ivabradine in Healthy Volunteers: An Open‐Label, Randomized, Crossover, Pharmacokinetic Interaction Clinical Trial
Authors: Portolés A. , Calvo A. , Terleira A. , Laredo L. , Resplandy G. , Gorostiaga C. , Moreno A.
Published: September 2006

The effects of omeprazole and lansoprazole (CYP3A4 inhibitors) on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ivabradine (metabolized via CYP3A4) and its active metabolite (S18982) were assessed. Pharmacodynamics and safety were secondary objectives. An open‐label, randomized, crossover, phase I, pharmacokinetic interaction design was used. Volunteers received a single oral dose of ivabradine (10 mg), were randomized to receive either omeprazole (40 mg) or lansoprazole (60 mg) for 5 days, and were administered an ivabradine dose on the sixth day. Crossover was performed after washout. Pharmacokinetic parameters for ivabradine did not vary significantly after omeprazole (Cmax: 45.0 ± 36.6 vs 42.7 ± 27.6 ng/mL, P = .98; AUC: 128 ± 87 vs 126 ± 63 ng/mL, P = .82) or lansoprazole administration (Cmax: 45.0 ± 36.6 vs 41.3 ± 29.4 ng/mL, P = .70; AUC: 128 ± 87 vs 123 ± 50, P = .73). Analyses of S18982 pharmacokinetic parameters showed similar results. Coadministration of either omeprazole or lansoprazole did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ivabradine. No pharmacodynamic interaction or safety concerns were evidenced.
Pharmacokinetics of Ertapenem in Patients With Varying Degrees of Renal Insufficiency and in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Mistry Goutam C. , Majumdar Anup K. , Swan Suzanne , Sica Domenic , Fisher Alison , Xu Yang , Hesney Michael , Xi Liwen , Wagner John A. , Deutsch Paul J.
Published: September 2006

Ertapenem is a parenteral β‐lactam carbapenem antibiotic. This open‐label study examined the pharmacokinetics of single 1‐g intravenous doses of ertapenem, administered over 30 minutes, in patients with mild, moderate, and advanced renal insufficiency (RI) and in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis. Pharmacokinetics were compared with historical controls pooled across healthy young and elderly subjects. Area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to infinity increased 7% in mild, 53% in moderate, 158% in advanced RI, and 192% in ESRD; end of infusion concentration changed minimally; half‐life was 4.5 hours in the historical control group and 4.4, 6.1, 10.6, and 14.1 hours in mild RI, moderate RI, advanced RI, and ESRD, respectively. Hemodialysis cleared ∼30% of the dose. The recommended dose in mild to moderate RI and after hemodialysis is unchanged at 1 g daily; and in advanced RI and ESRD is reduced to 0.5 g daily. If the daily dose is given 6 hours prior to hemodialysis, a supplementary 150‐mg dose (30% of the daily dose) is recommended postdialysis.
Stability in the Urban Community in a Time of War: Police, Protestantism and Poor Relief in Nantes during the French Wars of Religion, 1562-89
Authors: Tingle Elizabeth
Published: September 2006

Traditionally, the French Wars of Religion of the later sixteenth century were associated with disorder, violence and rebellion in the greater cities of the realm. Recent historiography shows that this picture is not always the case in the middling and smaller-sized cities, where stability, cooperation with the crown and strong civic cultures caused them to be spared many of the excesses of war and violence. This study of Nantes shows that the period between the end of the first civil war of 1562-3 and the Catholic League rebellion of 1589 saw great efforts, by Crown and city élites acting in concert, to promote order and good governance in the urban community, through developments in the theoretical and practical concept known as police. Police had at its heart moral and material administration, for the good of the whole common weal. In Nantes, in accordance with this concept, great efforts were made to maintain the dominant religious culture of Catholicism and to safeguard the social economy, through provisioning and poor relief. It involved also the wide dissemination of responsibility for order, through many strata of the urban population. The result was relative peace and stability in Nantes during the reigns of Charles IX and Henri III.
Contesting Concepts of the Nation in Arms: French Memories of the War of 1870-1 in Dijon
Authors: Varley Karine
Published: September 2006

In the campaign to rebuild hope after the defeat of 1870–1, cultural representations of the Franco-Prussian War asserted that the nation had united behind the defence. Yet, while patriotic discourse insisted on the popular character of the resistance, memories of the Paris Commune served to discredit the concept of the nation in arms. By examining radical republican efforts to commemorate the defence of Dijon, this article challenges assumptions of consensus over the conduct of the armed forces in 1870–1. The city’s first war memorial portrayed a civilian- led resistance with revolutionary iconography. Deemed subversive by the government of Moral Order, it was toppled in 1875. Memories of Garibaldi’s antimilitarism and anti-clericalism, revived at the unveiling of his statue in 1900, exacerbated controversies over radical military reforms and the separation of Church and State. At the heart of debates about the defence of Dijon lay competing concepts of the role of the army within the Republic.
Physicomechanical Properties, Machinability, and Morphological Behavior of Short Glass Fiber-reinforced Nylon 6 Composites
Authors: Jawali N. Dayananda , Siddeswarappa B. , Siddaramaiah
Published: September 2006

In this study, a series of short glass fiber-reinforced nylon 6 composites with different weight ratios of glass content viz., 15, 30, 40, and 50% have been fabricated by melt mixing. The fabricated nylon 6 composites have been characterized for physicomechanical properties such as specific gravity, tensile properties, and wear resistance. A marginal improvement in tensile strength and tensile modulus is observed with increase in high modulus fiber. Wear resistance is increased with the increase in rigid glass fiber content in the nylon matrix. The dimensional stability of the composite is improved with the increase in fiber content. The acoustic behavior of these composites has been measured using acoustic emission technique. The surface morphological behavior of the composites has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrograph reveals fiber pullout and skin formation in the composites.
Mechanical and Rheological Characterization of Treated Jute-HDPE Composites with a Different Morphology
Authors: Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: September 2006

The present article summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical and rheological behavior of high density polyethylene (HDPE)/jute composites. HDPE with short jute fibers of 6 mm length are melt-mixed employing Haake torque rheocord followed by compression molding. Various types of chemical treatments such as mercerization, cyanoethylation, coupling agent treatment, etc. are performed to improve interfacial adhesion between the fibers and HDPE matrix. Variations in fiber loading, surface treatment, coupling agent concentration, and treatment time period as a function of mechanical strength are studied. Mechanical tests show that composites treated with 1% maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) exhibit an increase of 47.3, 26.4, and 28.1% in tensile, flexural, and impact strengths, respectively. The melt viscosity and die swell ratio of the composites with an increase in shear rate, fiber loading, and coupling agent concentration are also investigated using a capillary rheometer. Further, the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the composites is measured by employing a parallel plate rheometer. Time-temperature superposition is applied to generate various viscoelastic master curves. The treated composites display an increase in storage modulus and complex viscosity indicating improved interfacial adhesion. The fiber-matrix morphology of the extrudates is also examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Why I wanted to join the Luftwaffe
Authors: Campbell Nicky
Published: September 2006

In a postscript to the World Cup, the BBC Radio 5 Live presenter observes of England's supporters: "Most of the English fans are great, absolutely normal, absolutely fine and absolutely embarrassed by the significant minority who bring shame on us all. Needless to say, empty vessels made the loudest and most offensive noise.... There they were on the Nuremberg parade ground ceding their brittle individualism to offensive chant after psychotic rant in a way that probably hasn't been seen on that spot for, oh many a long year. Sixty-five? The supreme irony of the racist doggerel and nationalist nonsense intermingled with ditties about winning the war is a great inescapable. They actually think they won. Those morons genuinely think they personally were in the winning side in the great victory over fascism. There was no great escape from one bloody song wherever we went. Drifting down from far off streets, deafening us in city squares, driving us out of heaving bars - "Ten German Bombers" includes the resolve "But the RAF from England shot them down." It never seemed appropriate to make a measured point of pedantry on the multi-national composition of that airborne force. I let it lie. It is not the most offensive song there is, but I'll be honest: the sheer bovine repetition it made me want to go back in time and join the Luftwaffe."
Running away from the circus
Authors: Boyle Raymond
Published: September 2006

Professor Boyle bemoans the number of former sports stars now dominating sports journalism. He writes: "Over the last few years, sports broadcasting, from athletics to football, has become less journalistically driven and increasingly populated by former sports stars with little or no background in journalism. Framed by entertainment rather than journalistic values and with too many vested interests involved, football coverage on television tends now to be driven by soft opinion rather than hard analysis. Television often appears to see its role as promoting sport, rather than reporting, investigating and analysing." And he asks: "Surely sports broadcasting is too important to be left solely to ex-athletes and players at a time when, as sport becomes bigger and more complex, there has never been a greater need for journalistic rigour?"
Queen Victoria has a lot to answer for
Authors: Melville-Brown Amber
Published: September 2006

In penetrating the legal maze enveloping the question of privacy, solicitor Melville-Brown recalls how a case involving Queen Victoria and Prince Albert was perhaps the germinal start of it all: "Private etchings made by the royals for their own gratification, of which surreptitious copies were taken at the shop they had been sent to for impressions to be made, gave rise to this early claim. An enterprising chap proposed to exhibit the copies, publicising the exhibition in a catalogue. A distinctly unamused monarch sent her husband off to deal with the fellow (after all, one does not want one's private etchings gawped at by one's subjects) and the dutiful husband was granted an injunction in confidence against the entrepreneur's 'sordid spying into the privacy of domestic life' in respect of both catalogue and exhibition. This action similarly protected material of a confidential nature, imparted in circumstances importing an obligation of confidence, and where there had been a misuse of that information to the detriment of the person communicating it..." And she concludes: "At present, there appears to be an uneasy truce between those demanding privacy protection and those defending free speech. There is a Faustian pact at play here: celebrities need the media to make them celebrated; the public wants the press to entertain and educate them; the media wants to serve them both to serve itself. While free speech and privacy continue to fight it out for supremacy like two naughty children, time only will show whether that pact will survive.
Have you actually read the HRA?
Authors: Winston Brian
Published: September 2006

Professor Winston believes the HRA is beneficial to journalism, but writes: "The recent call by Conservative leader David Cameron for the repeal of the Human Rights Act is meaningless, as he does not propose stopping people appealing to the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, the procedure before the Act became law. But at least he does make opportunistic political sense, which is much more than can be said for the hostility of the British press to the Act. It is not rare for the press to bite the hand that feeds it, but the annals of self-inflicted harm have little to show that has been as foolish as the newspapers' current endless attacks on the Act. Which leads me to ask: has anybody in Fleet Street now engaged in spinning every story they can as an example of its malignant effect ever actually read the HRA?"
What climate consensus?
Authors: Glover Peter C
Published: September 2006

Glover believes the media presents a biased view of global warming and argues: "For those of us who have taken the trouble to study the issue and the media coverage of it, the shrillness of the mainstream media's approach appears to owe more to scaremongering than to good investigative reporting - on an issue that could waste billions if the climate dissenters are correct." And he concludes: "What we, as journalists, personally believe about the science of climatology and its associated predictions for global cataclysm is hardly the point. What clearly is the point, however, is that we ought not to be propagating media myths based on a 'consensus' science view on global warming and climate change... I have had...difficulty convincing some editors and producers of the need to question the basic assumptions and wild predictions for the climate in 100 years time - surprising, really, when you consider the irony that climatologists (or meteorologists, as we otherwise know them) can't predict what the 'climate' will be in two weeks time with any degree of accuracy.
The Post man’s still delivering
Authors: Hagerty Bill
Published: September 2006

BJR editor Hagerty interviews Leonard Downie Jr, the Washington Post's executive editor for the past 15 years. He is the longest serving editor of any major newspaper in the United States, yet remains largely anonymous outside the industry. Downie's views on the British media include: "...there is a general tendency in the British media [for writers] to be essayists rather than reporters. There's a lot of detail that doesn't appear in most British reporting - it's more impressionistic, more analytical, and it's less deep and less facts-seeking. I particularly admire the proper analysis and the level of intellectual engagement, which is very high... But one thing that... disturbs me is the whole lobby system - the conspiring with officialdom to produce stories that are almost impossible to trace the origins of and to be misleading to the public as a result. It makes government more opaque rather than more transparent..."

And he also observes: "The depths of investigative reporting and accountability reporting here, and the premium on accuracy, is paramount. In Britain, the Daily and Sunday Telegraph, for example, are both very aggressive newspapers right now, but every time they report something that interests us, the first thing we have to do is check it out. Just because they've reported it doesn't mean it's true. I would hate for people to see The Washington Post that way."
Regrets? I’ve had a few
Authors: Askew Barry
Published: September 2006

Askew, an award-winning regional editor, survived for just eight months as editor of the News of the World and then disappeared back into the provinces, never to take up full-time employment again. Askew recalls his career as a hard-working, hard-playing editor and observes: "I'm in my seventieth year now - it's a miracle I'm still here - and for the past ten years or so I've been pretty much retired... Quiet retirement, I suppose you'd describe it. Regrets - we've all got some of those. That the tenure at the News of the World wasn't longer, so I could have built on the initial success with the circulation and gradually transformed the paper in a way that would have had a lasting impact. I have a professional track record over decades of editing newspapers and doing reasonably well at it that will stand scrutiny by any standards, so it was frustrating not to be allowed to carry that forward in at least one arena where I thought I might have done so. The other one is I would have been a lot better off to have made the decision to go and work for a different kind of national newspaper, where my own strengths of investigative journalism might have had a better arena in which to be tested. Anything from the Mail on Sunday to The Sunday Times."
Departures and Homecomings
Authors: Hewitt Nicholas
Published: September 2006

This essay explores the theme of diaspora and departure in the context of the city of Marseille, identified by the legendary journalist Albert Londres as the definitive symbol of departure and return in the French twentieth-century imaginary. The work of the late twentieth-century novelist Jean-Claude Izzo draws upon Londres’ analysis of the city as the locus of diaspora and departure, especially in Total Khéops and Les Marins perdus, and is constructed through a precise awareness of cultural production in Marseille and representations of it in journals such as Les Cahiers du Sud and authors as diverse as Dumas, Marcel Pagnol and José Giovanni. In his complex evocation of Marseille, Izzo plays upon an ambiguous relationship between the stereotype of the city as the site of successive diasporas, often with conflictual social consequences, and its more positive role as a centre of Mediterranean culture and an unlikely, but historically consistent, positive influence as a place of homecoming and assimilation. In this context, the bleak depiction of Marseille as a centre of social deprivation and conflict is counterbalanced by a powerful belief in the city as the object of homecoming.
The Reception of French Catholic Intellectuals in Britain after the Second World War
Authors: Kelly Michael
Published: September 2006

French intellectuals had a major impact on British cultural life during the post-war years from 1945 to 1960. Among them, Catholic intellectuals were a significant group. This article seeks to reveal some patterns taken in the process of ‘diaspora of ideas’. It identifies three groups of Catholic intellectuals: philosophers such as Mounier and Marcel, writers such as Mauriac and Bernanos, and priests such as Lubac and Teilhard de Chardin. It shows that their ideas travelled through personal contacts, through the work of literary and academic commentators, and especially through published translations. They were received by a largely Catholic audience, divided between elite and working-class groups with different priorities. British publishers and their advisors scanned the French intellectual scene, selecting for translation those items that seemed most relevant to British concerns. They largely ignored or neglected historical, political or institutional issues specific to the French context, and used French ideas to assist them in addressing key issues in Britain.
Diasporic Subjectivities
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: September 2006

This article explores connections between the notion of diaspora and theories of subjectivity and language, especially in the work of Sartre and Derrida. In L’Etre et le néant Sartre relates the pour-soi to the Jewish Diaspora, and in Le Monolinguisme de l’autre Derrida refers to his own experience in Algeria to develop ideas about the originary alienation from place and language. The diasporic subject has no home or language of its own; it has no assurance of its place with a settled order which would secure its sense of belonging or even its existence. Some of the epistemological, ethical and political aspects of this are explored with reference to recent films and Camus’s short story ‘L’Hôte’.
Anti Anti-dualism
Authors: Derksen Maarten
Published: September 2006

In contrast to Goertzen, I do not think that the fragmentation of psychology and the social sciences is a problem that requires a principled solution. When researchers find opportunities to collaborate, they should be supported, but there is no compelling reason to adopt one overall model of integration. The philosophical issue usually put forward as the root cause of fragmentation—Cartesian dualism—is a red herring: a pragmatic pluralism of approaches in psychology is quite compatible with a logical (as opposed to an ontological) reading of dualism. I therefore repeat my original call for a critical engagement with evolutionary psychology.
Embodied Categorizing in the Grounded Theory Method
Authors: Rennie David L. , Fergus Karen D.
Published: September 2006

In this article it is argued that attention to embodied experiencing enhances the quality of categorizing in the grounded theory method of qualitative research. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s model of experiential cognition is applied to the structural features of embodied categorizing, while Eugene Gendlin’s philosophy of experiential phenomenology is extended to use of embodied experiencing in the process of creating and evaluating categories. This use is demonstrated. The method’s procedure of categorizing is connected more tightly with its methodology, seen by the authors as methodical hermeneutics, and with its epistemology, seen as an accommodation of realism and relativism. The article concludes with practical implications for the practice of categorizing in the grounded theory method.
From Gestalt to Structure
Authors: Welsh Talia
Published: September 2006

This paper outlines the earliest writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty: his proposals in the early 1930s which study a synthesis of science and philosophy as well as his first text, The Structure of Behavior (completed in 1938, published in 1942). The first section of the paper traces the historical development of his thought from a simple championing of the sciences (in contrast to the dominant neo-Kantian philosophy of the time) to a strongly critical stance toward any kind of reductionism in psychology. The second section describes how Merleau-Pomty’s critique of psychology’s overestimation of the ability to localize the causes of behavior leads him to limit the reach of scientific psychology. In conclusion, it outlines how his early idea of structure in psychology is offered as a solution to poles of naïve materialism in the sciences and abstract intellectualism in philosophy.
Does Pragmatism Lead to Pluralism?
Authors: Stone Rebecca
Published: September 2006

As its most basic mission, pragmatism sets out to determine an idea’s merit by examining its practical consequences, rather than through purely abstract evaluation. As a result of this emphasis on an idea’s effectiveness, the complex ways in which pragmatists conceive of abstract notions such as truth and self-concept are often overlooked. Close examination of the works of two pragmatist thinkers, William James and Jerome Bruner, reveals a crucial debate regarding pragmatism’s goal. The gap between the pragmatisms of James and Bruner can best be exposed by looking at their attitudes toward pluralism. For Bruner, pluralism is the goal of pragmatism from the outset of inquiry; in this model, pragmatism is used to mediate between multiple sets of beliefs. For James, however, a pragmatist must be open-minded, in that pragmatism is committed to examining all new ideas, but the goal of inquiry is to support one belief rather than many. The relationship of pluralism to pragmatism has crucial implications for the way in which the two thinkers conceive of the human capacity for self-knowledge.
Passing the Time in Pastimes, Professionalism and Politics
Authors: Knights David
Published: September 2006

This article may be seen as in search of time but with no ‘real’ prospect of finding it since it is believed that time reflects and reinforces the relations in which it is embedded. The article will focus on pastimes, professionalism, and politics, arguing that while these diverse activities would appear to have no more than their alliteration in common, they share a similar orientation to time that is informed by a phenomenological consciousness of intentionality. This involves a linear sense of time as representing the gap that can only be bridged by intentions being realized instrumentally in specific results through means-end chains. Time then becomes filled up with activities that leave little space for reflection. This raises some issues regarding time that, outside of philosophy and even there only occasionally, would not ordinarily be aired. Some of these issues will be ethical, epistemological and methodological. The ethics will be drawn through an examination of Levinas’s misgivings about the phenomenology of Heidegger, the epistemology and methodology from some deliberations on time in relation to Foucault’s discourse on epistemic regimes, and methodology as one possible implication of those deliberations.
The Persistence of the Standardized Life Cycle
Authors: Elchardus Mark , Smits Wendy
Published: September 2006

This article investigates to what degree the standardized life cycle has been replaced by an individualized life course, characterized by the absence of a strict sequence and timing of life's transitions. In order to measure the normative position of people, rather than the external conditions to which they are subject, the test is based on the ideal life course or life cycle as described by a purely random sample of 4666 inhabitants of Belgium, aged 18 to 36. The available evidence overwhelmingly points towards the persistence of a standardized ideal life cycle, characterized by a strict sequence and timing of the important transitions.
Structural Damage Detection Using Local Damage Factor
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Ren Qingwen , Qiao Pizhong
Published: September 2006

Damage in a structure alters its dynamic characteristics. Significant research has been conducted in damage detection and structural health monitoring using dynamics-based techniques. But simultaneously determining the presence, severity, and location of damage using the existing damage detection methods can still prove challenging. In this study, a new practical method of structural damage detection called Local Damage Factor (LDF) is presented, which is capable of determining the presence, severity, and location of structural damage at the same time. By including the dynamic characteristics of the intact local structure in the LDF method, the influence of structural nonlinearity, imperfections, and system noise is considered, so that the accuracy of damage detection is improved. Furthermore, a modified LDF (MLDF) method is proposed, which can detect damage without requiring benchmark data for the intact local structure. As a demonstration, the proposed LDF and MLDF methods are applied to damage detection in a 3-D steel frame structure, and the experimental results indicate that both methods can effectively determine the presence, severity, and location of a crack cut into one of the pillars in the frame with a saw. The LDF method is effective in a way that can eliminate both the nonlinear severity effect of structure itself and the ambient noise inherent in the intact structure, whereas the MLDF method is advantageous in that it does not require information about the intact local structure, which is often unavailable for damage detection. The proposed LDF method of in situ damage detection is illustrated using the concrete columns in a wharf structure. The successful detection of damage in the 3-D steel frame, as well as the wharf, demonstrates that the proposed local damage factor technique can be effectively and efficiently used in damage detection and structural health monitoring of structures.
Propagation of Stoneley Waves at an Interface Between Two Microstretch Elastic Half-spaces
Authors: Tomar S. K. , Singh Dilbag
Published: September 2006

Frequency equations for Stoneley waves at unbonded and bonded interfaces between two dissimilar microstretch elastic half-spaces have been derived. Eringen’s theory of microstretch elastic solid material is employed for mathematical analysis. It is found that Stoneley waves in a microstretch elastic solid medium are dispersive. Numerical computations are performed for a particular model to study the variation of phase velocity with respect to wavenumber, and reveal that for small values of non-dimensional wave number, the effect of microstretch property of the medium has a significant effect on dispersion curves, while no effect is observed for higher values of the non-dimensional wavenumber. The results of Tajuddin, Murty and Stoneley have been derived as particular cases of the present problem, and some other interesting particular cases have also been discussed.
Violence and Revolutionary Subjectivity
Authors: Finlay Christopher J.
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between revolution and violence in Marxism and in a series of texts drawing on Marxian theory. Part 1 outlines the basic normative frameworks which determine the outer limits of permissible violence in Marxism. Part 2 presents a critical analysis of a series of later discussions - by Sorel, Fanon and Žižek - which transformed the terms in which violence was discussed by developing one particular aspect of Marxist thought. By teasing out the implications of revolutionary theory for the commission and permission of violence, it is possible to specify those points at which it tends towards excess. This in turn points towards limits that an adequate normative theory of revolutionary violence should establish.
A National Identity Republicanism?
Authors: Andronache Laura
Published: September 2006

This article attempts to bring into discussion concepts from contemporary theories of republicanism from the vantage point of the particular theory of republican citizenship advocated by David Miller, and based on national identity. It emerges from the discussion of his notions of national identity and republican citizenship that he works with two parallel notions of political obligation: one that can be intimated from Miller’s Rousseauian vision of a political community as a community of common will, and another that can be derived from his discussion of republican citizenship as a practice of deliberation. After identifying these two notions of political obligation as ancestral obligation and political obligation as public practice I proceed to show that they work independently of one another, and that the latter is to be preferred to the former. I conclude by suggesting that these findings entitle us to think that national identity is neither a necessary nor a desirable foundation for republican citizenship.
Screening before Sanctioning
Authors: Herreros Francisco
Published: September 2006

In modern political science, repeated elections are considered as the main mechanism of electoral accountability in democracies. More rarely, elections are considered as ways to select ‘good types’ of politicians. In this article it is argued that historical republican authors interpreted elections in this last sense. They viewed elections as a means to select what they often called the ‘natural aristocracy’, virtuous political leaders who would pursue the common good. This argument is presented in three steps. First, it is claimed that republican authors did not consider retrospective accountability as one of the goals of electoral processes. Second, I present some evidence concerning the distinction in republican authors between two types of politicians, ‘good’ and ‘bad’. And, finally, I present some republican arguments about how elections could serve as a device for selecting the ‘good’ politicians.
Regulation of dendritic cell migration and adaptive immune response by leukotriene B4 receptors: a role for LTB4 in up-regulation of CCR7 expression and function
Authors: Del Prete Annalisa , Shao Wen-Hai , Mitola Stefania , Santoro Giuseppe , Sozzani Silvano , Haribabu Bodduluri
Published: September 2006

Trafficking of dendritic cells (DCs) to peripheral tissues and to secondary lymphoid organs depends on chemokines and lipid mediators. Here, we show that bone marrow–derived DCs (BM-DCs) express functional leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptors as observed in dose-dependent chemotaxis and calcium mobilization responses. LTB4, at low concentrations, promoted the migration of immature and mature DCs to CCL19 and CCL21, which was associated with a rapid (30-minute) increase of CCR7 expression at the membrane level. At longer incubation times (6 hours), gene array analysis revealed a promoting role of LTB4, showing a significant increase of CCR7 and CCL19 mRNA levels. BM-DCs cultured from BLT1−/− or BLT1/2−/− mice showed a normal phenotype, but in vivo BLT1/2−/−DCs showed dramatic decrease in migration to the draining lymph nodes relative to wild-type (WT) DCs. Consistent with these observations, BLT1/2−/− mice showed a reduced response in a model of 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB)–induced contact hypersensitivity. Adoptive transfer of 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)–pulsed DCs directly implicated the defect in DC migration to lymph node with the defect in contact hypersensitivity. These results provide strong evidence for a role of LTB4 in regulating DC migration and the induction of adaptive immune responses.
Over 20% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia carry stereotyped receptors: pathogenetic implications and clinical correlations
Authors: Stamatopoulos Kostas , Belessi Chrysoula , Moreno Carol , Boudjograh Myriam , Guida Giuseppe , Smilevska Tatjana , Belhoul Lynda , Stella Stefania , Stavroyianni Niki , Crespo Marta , Hadzidimitriou Anastasia , Sutton Laurent , Bosch Francesc , Laoutaris Nikolaos , Anagnostopoulos Achilles , Montserrat Emili , Fassas Athanasios , Dighiero Guillaume , Caligaris-Cappio Federico , Merle-Béral Hélène , Ghia Paolo , Davi Frédéric
Published: September 2006

The chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) immunoglobulin repertoire is biased and characterized by the existence of subsets of cases with closely homologous (“stereotyped”) complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences. In the present series, 201 (21.9%) of 916 patients with CLL expressed IGHV genes that belonged to 1 of 48 different subsets of sequences with stereotyped heavy chain (H) CDR3. Twenty-six subsets comprised 3 or more sequences and were considered “confirmed.” The remaining subsets comprised pairs of sequences and were considered “potential”; public database CLL sequences were found to be members of 9 of 22 “potential” subsets, thereby allowing us to consider them also “confirmed.” The chance of belonging to a subset exceeded 35% for unmutated or selected IGHV genes (eg, IGHV1-69/3-21/4-39). Comparison to non-CLL public database sequences showed that HCDR3 restriction is “CLL-related.” CLL cases with selected stereotyped immunoglobulins (IGs) were also found to share unique biologic and clinical features. In particular, cases expressing stereotyped IGHV4-39/IGKV1-39-1D-39 and IGHV4-34/IGKV2-30 were always IgG-switched. In addition, IGHV4-34/IGKV2-30 patients were younger and followed a strikingly indolent disease, contrasting other patients (eg, those expressing IGHV3-21/IGLV3-21) who experienced an aggressive disease, regardless of IGHV mutations. These findings suggest that a particular antigen-binding site can be critical in determining the clinical features and outcome for at least some CLL patients.