bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The tomato CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE8 (SlCCD8) regulates rhizosphere signaling, plant architecture and affects reproductive development through strigolactone biosynthesis
Authors: Kohlen Wouter , Charnikhova Tatsiana , Lammers Michiel , Pollina Tobia , Tóth Peter , Haider Imran , Pozo María J. , de Maagd Ruud A. , Ruyter‐Spira Carolien , Bouwmeester Harro J. , López‐Ráez Juan A.
Published: August 2012

Strigolactones are plant hormones that regulate both above‐ and belowground plant architecture. Strigolactones were initially identified as rhizosphere signaling molecules. In the present work, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 8 (SlCCD8) was cloned and its role in rhizosphere signaling and plant physiology assessed by generating knock‐down lines.

Transgenic SlCCD8 plants were generated by RNAi‐mediated silencing. Lines with different levels of strigolactone reduction – confirmed by UPLC‐MS/MS – were selected and their phenotypes investigated.

Lines exhibiting reduced SlCCD8 levels displayed increased shoot branching, reduced plant height, increased number of nodes and excessive adventitious root development. In addition, these lines exhibited reproductive phenotypes such as smaller flowers, fruits, as well as fewer and smaller seeds per fruit. Furthermore, we show that strigolactone loading to the xylem sap is possibly restricted to orobanchol.

Infestation by Phelipanche ramosa was reduced by 90% in lines with a relatively mild reduction in strigolactone biosynthesis and secretion while arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, apical dominance and fruit yield were only mildly affected. This demonstrates that reduction of strigolactone biosynthesis could be a suitable tool in parasitic weed management. Furthermore, our results suggest that strigolactones are involved in even more physiological processes than so far assumed.
Modelling terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions and implications for climate feedback
Authors: Xu‐Ri  , Prentice I. Colin , Spahni Renato , Niu Hai Shan
Published: August 2012

Ecosystem nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions respond to changes in climate and CO2 concentration as well as anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enhancements. Here, we aimed to quantify the responses of natural ecosystem N2O emissions to multiple environmental drivers using a process‐based global vegetation model (DyN‐LPJ).

We checked that modelled annual N2O emissions from nonagricultural ecosystems could reproduce field measurements worldwide, and experimentally observed responses to step changes in environmental factors. We then simulated global N2O emissions throughout the 20th century and analysed the effects of environmental changes.

The model reproduced well the global pattern of N2O emissions and the observed responses of N cycle components to changes in environmental factors. Simulated 20th century global decadal‐average soil emissions were c. 8.2–9.5 Tg N yr−1 (or 8.3–10.3 Tg N yr−1 with N deposition). Warming and N deposition contributed 0.85 ± 0.41 and 0.80 ± 0.14 Tg N yr−1, respectively, to an overall upward trend. Rising CO2 also contributed, in part, through a positive interaction with warming.

The modelled temperature dependence of N2O emission (c. 1 Tg N yr−1 K−1) implies a positive climate feedback which, over the lifetime of N2O (114 yr), could become as important as the climate–carbon cycle feedback caused by soil CO2 release.
Congenital lower urinary tract obstruction: a population‐based epidemiological study
Authors: Malin G , Tonks AM , Morris RK , Gardosi J , Kilby MD
Published: August 2012

Please cite this paper as: Malin G, Tonks A, Morris R, Gardosi J, Kilby M. Congenital lower urinary tract obstruction: a population‐based epidemiological study. BJOG 2012;119:1455–1464.

Objective  To determine the prevalence and outcome of lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO), including the sensitivity of antenatal diagnosis.

Design  A retrospective population‐based study.

Setting  Regional population‐based congenital anomalies register (WMCAR).

Population  Fetuses affected by LUTO delivered between 1995 and 2007 to women resident in the West Midlands.

Methods  Cases were selected from the WMCAR using codes and keyword terms from the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD10). Diagnoses were validated using additional data sets from Regional Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Pathology and Paediatric services.

Main outcome measures  Rates of prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and mortality, with trends.

Results  There were 284 LUTO cases in 851 419 births during the study period, representing a total prevalence of 3.34 (2.95–3.72) per 10 000 births, and this prevalence did not change significantly over time. The prevalence of LUTO was significantly higher in Black and minority ethnic groups when compared with white Europeans (OR 2.38; 95% CI 1.87–3.03), and are associated with area‐based deprivation measures (P < 0.01). Of all LUTO cases, 221 (77.8%) were isolated, and the remainder were associated with other structural or chromosomal anomalies. The most common subtype was posterior urethral valves (PUVs; n = 179, 63%). In total there were 211 (74.3%) cases of isolated, non‐female, singleton fetuses that fitted the referral criteria for in utero vesico‐amniotic shunting, giving a prevalence of 2.48 (2.14–2.81) per 10 000 live births. Within this group, the prenatal diagnosis rate was 46.9% (99/211).

Conclusion  This is the largest population‐based study of LUTO that has been performed to date, and provides accurate estimates for prevalence. The low prevalence and relatively low rate of antenatal detection limit the number of cases amenable to prenatal surgical intervention.
Making evidence‐based decisions when organising information retrieval training for nurses and head nurses
Authors: Ovaska Tuulevi
Published: August 2012

Using the PICO (Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome)1 framework, this feature presents a case study on the information skills strand of a continuing education programme delivered at Kuopio University Hospital in Finland for nurses and head nurses. H.S.
Informing the public health
Authors: Birkenhead Gary
Published: August 2012

Why with an increase in the amount of health information, and ways of accessing it, so many people experience poor health? What is the role of health library and information professionals in improving public health? These questions are of great interest to me. There are many examples of initiatives, particularly in the public library sector, which address health issues, however they are often very local and best practice is not always shared. Clearly changing the health status of a population requires more than information, but information is clearly an essential component. If health information is to be effective in improving public health then we need to address health literacy, and this is where health library and information professionals can play a significant role. Through this journal and the other activities of the Health Libraries Group I hope we can share good practice and explore new ways that health library and information workers can improve the health of individuals and communities.
Psychological distress and perceived support among Jordanian parents living with a child with cerebral palsy: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Al‐Gamal Ekhlas , Long Tony
Published: August 2012

Background:  Cerebral palsy, with a prevalence in Europe of 2–2.5 per 1000 live births, is the most common severe physical disability affecting children. While many parents have positive perceptions of their disabled children, caring for a child with disability can be exhausting and stressful, and social support is an important coping resource. There is little evidence about how having a child with cerebral palsy affects Jordanian parents.

Aim:  The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the psychological distress and perceived support among Jordanian parents living with a child with cerebral palsy.

Method:  In 2010, a cross‐sectional, descriptive, correlational design was used with a nonprobability sample of 204 Jordanian parents. Both mothers and fathers, interviewed individually rather than in pairs, were recruited from health care centres that provided comprehensive care for children with cerebral palsy in Jordan and from designated schools for special education. The Gross Motor Function Classification System, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were administered to parents. Descriptive statistical analysis was applied. Bivariate correlation analysis was undertaken to examine the relationship between variables.

Results:  More than 60% of parents often felt nervous and stressed. The mean score on the PSS was 27.0 (SD = 9.33), and the mean score on the MSPSS was 58.9 (SD = 15.1). Severe disability in the child was associated with high mental distress in the parent and linked to low support from friends. There was a significant negative correlation between parental stress, depression and social support. Parents with the most psychological distress were the least well supported.

Conclusion:  This study has implications for health professionals in terms of developing strategies for reducing parental stress. There are implications for policy to provide support for parents and to develop family‐centred services. The findings will inform an intervention study to investigate multi‐professional support.
AKAP‐dependent sensitization ofCav3.2 channels via theEP4receptor/cAMPpathway mediatesPGE2‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia
Authors: Sekiguchi Fumiko , Aoki Yuka , Nakagawa Maiko , Kanaoka Daiki , Nishimoto Yuta , Tsubota‐Matsunami Maho , Yamanaka Rumi , Yoshida Shigeru , Kawabata Atsufumi
Published: August 2012

Background and Purpose

TheCav3.2 isoform ofT‐typeCa2+channels (Tchannels) is sensitized by hydrogen sulfide, a pro‐nociceptive gasotransmitter, and also byPKAthat mediatesPGE2‐induced hyperalgesia. Here we examined and analysedCav3.2 sensitization via thePGE2/cAMPpathway inNG108‐15 cells that expressCav3.2 and produce cAMPin response toPGE2, and its impact on mechanical nociceptive processing in rats.

Experimental Approach

InNG108‐15 cells and rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons,T‐channel‐dependent currents (Tcurrents) were measured with the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. The molecular interaction ofCav3.2 with A‐kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) and its phosphorylation were analysed by immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting inNG108‐15 cells. Mechanical nociceptive threshold was determined by the paw pressure test in rats.

Key Results

InNG108‐15 cells and/or ratDRGneurons, dibutyryl cAMP(db‐cAMP) orPGE2increasedTcurrents, an effect blocked byAKAPSt‐Ht31 inhibitor peptide (AKAPI) orKT5720, aPKAinhibitor. The effect ofPGE2was abolished byRQ‐00015986‐00, anEP4receptor antagonist.AKAP150 was co‐immunoprecipitated withCav3.2, regardless of stimulation with db‐cAMP, andCav3.2 was phosphorylated by db‐cAMPorPGE2. In rats, intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of db‐cAMPorPGE2caused mechanical hyperalgesia, an effect suppressed byAKAPI, two distinctT‐channel blockers,NNC55‐0396 and ethosuximide, or ZnCl2, known to inhibitCav3.2 amongTchannels. Oral administration ofRQ‐00015986‐00 suppressed thePGE2‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia.

Conclusion and Implications

Our findings suggest thatPGE2causesAKAP‐dependent phosphorylation and sensitization ofCav3.2 through theEP4receptor/cAMP/PKApathway, leading to mechanical hyperalgesia in rats.
The dynamic nature of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) gene transcription
Authors: Laprairie RB , Kelly MEM , Denovan‐Wright EM
Published: August 2012

The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is an integral component of the endocannabinoid system that modulates several functions in the CNS and periphery. The majority of our knowledge of the endocannabinoid system involves ligand–receptor binding, mechanisms of signal transduction, and protein–protein interactions. In contrast, comparatively little is known about regulation of CB1 gene expression. The levels and anatomical distribution of CB1 mRNA and protein are developmental stage‐specific and are dysregulated in several pathological conditions. Moreover, exposure to a variety of drugs, including cannabinoids themselves, alters CB1 gene expression and mRNA levels. As such, alterations in CB1 gene expression are likely to affect the optimal response to cannabinoid‐based therapies, which are being developed to treat a growing number of conditions. Here, we will examine the regulation of CB1 mRNA levels and the therapeutic potential inherent in manipulating expression of this gene.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue‐8
Interactions Between the Apolipoprotein A1/C3/A5 Haplotypes and Alcohol Consumption on  Serum Lipid Levels
Authors: Yin Rui‐Xing , Li Yi‐Yang , Wu Jin‐Zhen , Pan Shang‐Ling , Liu Cheng‐Wu , Lin Wei‐Xiong , Yang De‐Zhai
Published: August 2012

Background

The interactions between apolipoprotein (Apo) A1/C3/A5 haplotypes and alcohol consumption on serum lipid profiles have not been previously explored. The present study was undertaken to detect the polymorphisms of ApoA1 −75 bp G>A (rs1799837), ApoC3 3238C>G (rs5128), ApoA5 −1131T>C (rs662799), ApoA5 c.553G>T (rs2075291), and ApoA5 c.457G>A (rs3135507) and the interactions between their haplotypes and alcohol consumption on serum lipid levels.

Methods

Genotyping was performed in 1,030 unrelated subjects (516 nondrinkers and 514 drinkers) aged 15 to 89. The interactions between ApoA1/C3/A5 haplotypes and alcohol consumption on serum lipid levels were detected by factorial regression analysis after controlling for potential confounders.

Results

The frequencies of ApoC3 3238 CG/GG genotypes and ApoA1 −75 bp A allele in nondrinkers were higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). The frequencies of ApoC3 3238 CG/GG genotypes and G allele in drinkers were higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). The frequencies of ApoA1 −75 bp GA/AA genotypes and A allele in males were higher, and those of ApoC3 3238 CG/GG genotypes were lower in drinkers than in nondrinkers (p < 0.05 to 0.01). The frequency of ApoC3 3238 GG genotype in male drinkers was also higher in ≥25 g/d than in <25 g/d subgroups (p < 0.05). There were 11 haplotypes with a frequency >1% in our study population. The haplotypes of G–G–T–C–G (in the order of c.553G>T, c.457G>A, −1131T>C, 3238C>G, and −75 bp G>A), G–G–T–C–A, and G–G–C–G–G were shown consistent interactions with alcohol consumption to increase serum total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and ApoA1 levels (p < 0.05 to 0.001). The interactions between G–G–T–G–G (HDL‐C and ApoA1), G–G–C–C–A (ApoA1), G–A–T–C–G (triglyceride), G–G–T–C–G (ApoA1/ApoB ratio), and G–G–C–G–G (ApoB) haplotypes and alcohol consumption on serum lipid levels were also detected (p < 0.05 to 0.001); the levels of these serum lipid parameters were significantly higher in drinkers than in nondrinkers.

Conclusions

The differences in serum lipid parameters between drinkers and nondrinkers might partly result from different interactions between the ApoA1/C3/A5 haplotypes and alcohol consumption.
Eight‐year experience of bloodless surgery at a tertiary care hospital in Korea
Authors: Jo Kyung Il , Shin Jeong Won , Choi Tae Yoon , Park Yu Jin , Youm Wook , Kim Moon Jung
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: The Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bloodless Center was established in 2000, and more than 2000 bloodless surgeries has been performed there since. This study was carried out to analyze the characteristics of patients who underwent bloodless surgery and the influences of postoperative lowest hemoglobin level (Hblow) along with the lowest postoperative Hb/preoperative Hb ratio (Hblow/pre) on successful completion of bloodless surgery.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1407 patients were included. Patients were divided according to Hblow into not more than 7 and more than 7 g/dL groups and compared regarding use of transfusion alternatives, coexisting risk factors, and mortality rate. They were also grouped as Hblow/pre of not more than 0.5 or more than 0.5, and mortalities were compared between them.

RESULTS: Jehovah's Witnesses comprised 1323 (94.0%) of the total population. The frequency of simultaneous use of erythropoietin and iron was significantly higher in Hblow of not more than 7 group than in more than 7 g/dL group, as was the use of hemostatics. Among risk factors urging transfusion, the frequencies of cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular accident were higher in Hblow of not more than 7 than in the more than 7 g/dL group. Mortality rates in Hblow of not more than 7 g/dL and Hblow/pre of not more than 0.5 groups were significantly higher than those in Hblow of more than 7 g/dL and Hblow/pre of more than 0.5 groups, respectively.

CONCLUSION: We have provided an effective bloodless surgery program for the past 10 years. A prospective multicenter study with other bloodless centers in Korea concerning mortality rates, actual operative blood loss, and postoperative complications in high‐risk group of patients would be needed to establish evidence‐based guidelines for bloodless surgery.
High anti‐HLA response in women exposed to intrauterine transfusions for severe alloimmune hemolytic disease is associated with mother–child HLA triplet mismatches, high anti‐D titer, and new red blood cell antibody formation
Authors: Verduin Esther P. , Schonewille Henk , Brand Anneke , Haasnoot Geert W. , Claas Frans H.J. , Lindenburg Irene T.M. , Lopriore Enrico , Oepkes Dick , Roelen Dave L. , Doxiadis Ilias I.N.
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Women whose fetuses were treated with intrauterine transfusions (IUTs) for alloimmune hemolytic disease are high responders to red blood cell (RBC) antigens. We investigated the risk for HLA alloimmunization.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Women and their children treated with IUT between 1987 and 2008 were included. Participants were HLA antigen typed and studied for the prevalence of HLA antibodies compared to age‐matched parous nontransfused blood donors. Anti‐D titer, the formation of new RBC antibodies after IUT, and the degree of fetomaternal HLA mismatches on HLA antibody formation and/or persistence were analyzed.

RESULTS: A higher prevalence of HLA Class I antibodies was observed in these women compared to controls (41% vs. 23%). Both a higher anti‐D titer (>8000) and formation of new RBC antibodies after IUT were associated with increased HLA immunization. HLA antibody formation was associated with the number of fetomaternal triplet epitope mismatches. Antigens within HLA‐Bw4, HLA‐B35/51/52/53/18/78‐complex and A1/A9, were higher and mismatches within HLA‐C were less immunogenic than expected. HLA antibodies against the IUT‐treated fetus were more persistent than other antibodies.

CONCLUSION: Women whose fetuses were treated with IUT had a high risk of developing and maintain fetal‐specific HLA Class I antibodies. Factors associated with increased HLA immunization were a higher amount of fetomaternal HLA triplet mismatches, higher anti‐D titer, and additional RBC antibody formation. We presume that the induction of HLA Class I antibodies is the result of increased fetomaternal hemorrhage during IUT, eliciting antibodies in women with an increased susceptibility to alloimmunization.
Hippocampal Agenesis in an Individual who Engaged in Violent Criminal Behaviors After Discontinuing Carbamazepine and Paroxetine Treatment
Authors: Hanada Hiroaki , Akiyoshi Jotaro , Kanehisa Masayuki , Ishitobi Yoshinobu , Tsuru Jusen , Tanaka Yoshihiro , Shimomura Tsuyoshi , Kawano Yoshihisa
Published: August 2012

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (ADS) occurs after abrupt discontinuation of an antidepressant medication. A 23‐year‐old man with right hippocampal agenesis demonstrated sexual crime (hypersexuality) since the age of eight and had been successfully treated with carbamazepine since the age of 13. He had required increased doses of paroxetine and carbamazepine owing to the development of an unstable affect after quitting his job. He abruptly stopped taking his medication for 3 days and his criminal behaviors re‐emerged. We examined changes in brain structure and activity before and after medication cessation, using MRI and functional MRI (fMRI). The image of a girl in a swimsuit increased activity in the thalamus only after medication discontinuation. The alteration in thalamic activity might induce hypersexuality. We conclude that a primary hypersexuality had been suppressed with carbamazepine and paroxetine treatment, and the discontinuation of the medication caused the hypersexuality.
Characterization of the Standard and Recommended CODIS Markers*
Authors: Katsanis Sara H. , Wagner Jennifer K.
Published: August 2012

As U.S. courts grapple with constitutional challenges to DNA identification applications, judges are resting legal decisions on the fingerprint analogy, questioning whether the information from a DNA profile could, in light of scientific advances, reveal biomedically relevant information. While CODIS loci were selected largely because they lack phenotypic associations, how this criterion was assessed is unclear. To clarify their phenotypic relevance, we describe the standard and recommended CODIS markers within the context of what is known currently about the genome. We characterize the genomic regions and phenotypic associations of the 24 standard and suggested CODIS markers. None of the markers are within exons, although 12 are intragenic. No CODIS genotypes are associated with known phenotypes. This study provides clarification of the genomic significance of the key identification markers and supports—independent of the forensic scientific community—that the CODIS profiles provide identification but not sensitive or biomedically relevant information.
Total Situs Inversus Found Coincidentally Following a Firearm Injury
Authors: Turk Figen , Yuncu Gökhan , Ozturk Gökhan , Ekinci Yasin , Semerkant Tolga
Published: August 2012

Situs inversus totalis is very rare and usually diagnosed coincidentally as it does not affect the patient's life. Being unaware of the patient's condition can lead to undesirable results from the surgeon and patient's point of view when an emergency and forensic surgical intervention is required. We present a case who was operated on urgently for a firearm injury after receiving a preoperative diagnosis of situs inversus totalis. In conclusion, situs inversus totalis can cause difficulties for surgeons in case of emergency surgery and is usually diagnosed coincidentally. There are a few cases of situs inversus with lung cancer in the literature but this is the first time a case with a firearm injury has been reported.
Fatal Ischemic Enteritis with Hemorrhage—A Late Complication of Treated Wilms Tumor
Authors: Gilbert John D. , Byard Roger W.
Published: August 2012

A 35‐year‐old man with a history of childhood Wilms tumor successfully treated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, collapsed and died unexpectedly in hospital following admission for abdominal pain. At autopsy, there was ischemic necrosis of the small intestine with altered blood within the stomach and small intestine. Within the upper abdominal aorta, there was patchy confluent calcific atherosclerosis with extension into the proximal superior mesenteric artery which was occluded by thrombus. Death was attributed to ischemic enteritis of the small intestine caused by mesenteric artery thrombosis complicated by gastrointestinal hemorrhage with aspiration. Localization of atherosclerosis to the radiation field with no significant atherosclerosis elsewhere and the young age of the decedent were supportive of radiation‐induced atherogenesis. Geographically, localized atherosclerosis at autopsy in a tumor survivor should raise the possibility of a treatment‐related side effect that may directly contribute to death many years after the original therapeutic intervention.
Women with acute intermittent porphyria have a defect in 5α‐steroid production during the menstrual cycle
Authors: INNALA EVA , BÄCKSTRÖM TORBJÖRN , POROMAA INGER SUNDSTRÖM , ANDERSSON CHRISTER , BIXO MARIE
Published: August 2012

Objective. To measure serum concentrations of progesterone, estradiol and 5α‐ and 5β‐reduced progesterone metabolites in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women with latent acute intermittent porphyria and manifest acute intermittent porphyria in comparison with healthy control women. Design. A descriptive study with repeated measurements during a complete, ovulatory menstrual cycle. Setting. University hospital out‐patient clinic. Population. Thirty‐two women with DNA‐diagnosed acute intermittent porphyria and 20 healthy control women. Methods. Blood samples for serum progesterone, estradiol, allopregnanolone and pregnanolone were drawn on predefined menstrual cycle days, twice in the follicular phase and three times in the luteal phase. Serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were analysed with commercial kits. Allopregnanolone and pregnanolone levels were analysed with radioimmunoassay following diethylether extraction and celite column chromatography. Main outcome measures. Changes in serum levels of progesterone, estradiol, allopregnanolone and pregnanolone throughout the menstrual cycle. Results. Women with acute intermittent porphyria displayed lower serum concentrations of allopregnanolone in comparison with healthy control women, the difference being most prominent in the luteal phase (p < 0.001). Levels of pregnanolone did not differ significantly between groups. No significant difference was found between women with latent acute intermittent porphyria and manifest acute intermittent porphyria. Conclusions. Decreased levels of the 5α‐reduced progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone were found in the menstrual cycle of women with acute intermittent porphyria. This has not been reported previously and could indicate a reduced 5α‐reductase type 1 capacity in the ovary and liver among these women.
Newborns of mothers with intellectual disability have a higher risk of perinatal death and being small for gestational age
Authors: HÖGLUND BERIT , LINDGREN PETER , LARSSON MARGARETA
Published: August 2012

Objective. To study mode of birth, perinatal health and death in children born to mothers with intellectual disability (ID) in Sweden. Design. Population‐based register study. Setting. National registers; the National Patient Register linked to the Medical Birth Register. Sample. Children of first‐time mothers with ID (n = 326; classified in the International Classification of Diseases 8–10) were identified and compared with 340 624 children of first‐time mothers without ID or any other psychiatric diagnosis between 1999 and 2007. Methods. Population‐based data were extracted from the National Patient Register and the Medical Birth Register. Main outcome measures. Mode of birth, preterm birth, small for gestational age, Apgar score, stillbirth and perinatal death. Results. Children born to mothers with ID were more often stillborn (1.2 vs. 0.3%) or died perinatally (1.8 vs. 0.4%) than children born to mothers without ID. They had a higher proportion of cesarean section birth (24.5 vs. 17.7%) and preterm birth (12.2 vs. 6.1%), were small for gestational age (8.4 vs. 3.1%) and had lower Apgar scores (<7 points at five minutes; 3.7 vs 1.5%) compared with children born to mothers without ID. Logistic regression adjusted for maternal characteristics confirmed an increased risk of small for gestational age (odds ratio 2.25), stillbirth (odds ratio 4.53) and perinatal death (odds ratio 4.25) in children born to mothers with ID. Conclusions. Unborn and newborn children of mothers with ID should be considered a risk group, and their mothers may need better individual‐based care and support.
The role of specific cow's milk proteins in the etiology of recurrent aphthous ulcers
Authors: Besu Irina , Jankovic Ljiljana , Konic‐Ristic Aleksandra , Raskovic Sanvila , Besu Valeri , Djuric Milanko , Cakic Sasa , Magdu Ileana Ursu , Juranic Zorica
Published: August 2012

Background

Recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU), or recurrent aphthous stomatitis, is recognized as one of the most common oral mucosal diseases worldwide. It was noted some connection between immunity to cow's milk proteins (CMP) and oral diseases.

The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of the increased levels of serum antibodies to specific cow's milk proteins (SCMP), constituents of cheese or of whey, by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, in subjects who have RAU.

Methods

Fifty subjects with RAU and 50 healthy people, as controls (C), were included in this research. Levels of serum IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies to SCMP were determined by ELISA. The statistical analysis of data was performed by Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction.

Results

The levels of serum anti‐SCMP IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies were significantly higher in subjects with RAU in comparison with controls (P < 0.005).

Conclusions

These results indicate the strong association between high levels of serum anti‐SCMP IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies, especially to caseins: α‐, β‐, and κ‐casein from cow's milk and clinical manifestations of RAU. Serum immunity to the whey proteins in subjects with RAU was not in so high percentage expressed.
Effect of a school‐based oral health‐education program on Iranian children: results from a group randomized trial
Authors: Yekaninejad Mir S. , Eshraghian Mohammad R. , Nourijelyani Keramat , Mohammad Kazem , Foroushani Abbas R. , Zayeri Farid , Pakpour Amir H. , Moscowchi Anahita , Tarashi Mahsa
Published: August 2012

Parents and school staff play important roles in promoting children's oral health. Our study goals were to investigate whether an intervention targeting parents and school staff can improve the oral‐health behavior and oral‐health status of schoolchildren. Three‐hundred and ninety‐two schoolchildren in six schools in Tehran participated in a group randomized trial from September 2010 to March 2011. Schools were randomly allocated into three groups: comprehensive, student, and control. Intervention in the comprehensive group consisted of strategies to encourage children, their parents, and school staff to increase the frequency of toothbrushing and flossing. In the student group, the intervention targeted only children. The control group received no intervention. The primary outcome was change in oral‐health behaviors (brushing and flossing), while the secondary outcomes were changes in oral hygiene and Community Periodontal indices and in Health Belief Model components. Multilevel modeling was employed for data analyses. Students who were in the comprehensive intervention group brushed and flossed significantly more frequently compared with those in the student intervention group. Although students' gingival health improved significantly in the comprehensive intervention group, such significant improvement was not seen in the student group. In conclusion, promising results are seen when the oral‐health education targets both school and home settings.
Low postnatal serum IGF‐I levels are associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
Authors: Löfqvist Chatarina , Hellgren Gunnel , Niklasson Aimon , Engström Eva , Ley David , Hansen‐Pupp Ingrid ,   and the WINROP Consortium
Published: August 2012

Aim:  To characterize postnatal changes in serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐I) in relation to development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in very preterm infants.

Methods:  Longitudinal study of 108 infants with mean (SD) gestational age (GA) 27.2 (2.2) weeks. Weekly serum samples of IGF‐I were analysed from birth until postmenstrual age (PMA) 36 weeks. Multivariate models were developed to identify independent predictors of BPD.

Results:  Postnatal mean IGF‐I levels at postnatal day (PND) 3–21 were lower in infants with BPD compared with infants with no BPD (16 vs. 26 μg/L, p < 0.001). Longitudinal postnatal change in IGF‐I levels (IGF‐I regression coefficient (β)), PNDs 3–21, was lower in infants with BPD compared with infants with no BPD (0.28 vs. 0.97, p = 0.002) and mean IGF‐I during PMA 30–33 weeks was lower in infants with BPD as compared with infants without BPD (22 vs. 29 μg/L, p < 0.001). In a binomial multiple regression model, lower GA, male gender and lower mean serum IGF‐I levels during PND 3–21 were the most predictive risk factors associated with BPD (r2 = 0.634, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Lower IGF‐I concentrations during the first weeks after very preterm birth are associated with later development of BPD.
Pain in children and adolescents in primary care; chronic and recurrent pain is common
Authors: Holm Sara , Ljungman Gustaf , Söderlund Anne
Published: August 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to describe a paediatric primary care pain sample and examine associations between pain, health‐related quality of life and disability.

Methods:  The study design is descriptive and cross‐sectional. One hundred and fifty‐four consecutive children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 16 seeking care for a pain‐related conditions participated in this study. Pain characteristics, health‐related quality of life and disability were investigated.

Results:  Eighty‐seven per cent of participants had a pain duration of 3 months or more, and almost half of the group studied had a pain duration of ≥ 12 months. The disability levels in the study group as a whole were low, with a mean FDI of 10.4 (SD 7.6). However, 35% of the study group had moderate disability levels and reported a mean FDI of 18.7 (SD 4.8). Single pain location was reported in 42%, whereas 58% had two or more pain locations. The children with multiple pain locations reported lower health‐related quality of life and higher disability than children with single pain location.

Conclusion:  Paediatric pain patients in primary care consist partly of patients only slightly influenced by pain and partly of patients for whom pain has a great impact on their lives.
Subtilisin‐like proprotein convertase paired basic amino acid‐cleaving enzyme 4 is required for chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cells
Authors: Yuasa Keizo , Futamatsu Go , Kawano Tsuyoshi , Muroshita Masaki , Kageyama Yoko , Taichi Hiromi , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Nagahama Masami , Matsuda Yoshiko , Tsuji Akihiko
Published: August 2012

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been implicated in the regulation of multiple stages of endochondral bone development. BMPs are synthesized as inactive precursors, and activated by removal of the propeptide. The subtilisin‐like proprotein convertase (SPC) family comprises seven members [furin/SPC1, PC2/SPC2, PC1/PC3/SPC3, paired basic amino acid‐cleaving enzyme 4 (PACE4)/SPC4, PC4/SPC5, PC6/PC5/SPC6, and PC8/PC7/LPC/SPC7], and activates various signaling molecules, including BMPs. In this study, we analyzed the role of this family in chondrogenic differentiation by using the mouse embryonal carcinoma‐derived clonal cell line ATDC5. Both SPC‐specific inhibitors, decanoyl‐Arg‐Val‐Lys‐Arg‐chloromethylketone and α1‐antitrypsin Portland variant, suppressed chondrogenic differentiation. RT‐PCR analysis revealed that PACE4 mRNA levels increased markedly during chondrogenic differentiation, whereas furin expression remained unchanged. Knockdown of PACE4 expression significantly reduced chondrogenic differentiation. Furthermore, proBMP6, which shows an expression pattern similar to that of PACE4, was efficiently processed into its mature form by PACE4, whereas furin could not process proBMP6. These results suggest that PACE4 may regulate the rate of hypertrophic conversion of ATDC5 cells through activation of proBMP6.
CLE Peptides in Plants: Proteolytic Processing, Structure‐Activity Relationship, and Ligand‐Receptor InteractionF
Authors: Gao Xiaoming , Guo Yongfeng
Published: August 2012

Ligand‐receptor signaling initiated by the CLAVATA3/ ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family peptides is critical in regulating cell division and differentiation in meristematic tissues in plants. Biologically active CLE peptides are released from precursor proteins via proteolytic processing. The mature form of CLE ligands consists of 12–13 amino acids with several post‐translational modifications. This review summarizes recent progress toward understanding the proteolytic activities that cleave precursor proteins to release CLE peptides, the molecular structure and function of mature CLE ligands, and interactions between CLE ligands and corresponding leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) receptor‐like kinases (RLKs).

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[ Yongfeng Guo (Corresponding author)]
Mitochondrial DNA suggests a single maternal origin for the widespread triploid parthenogenetic pest species, Paratanytarsus grimmii, but microsatellite variation shows local endemism
Authors: Carew Melissa , Gagliardi Bryant , Hoffmann Ary A.
Published: August 2012

Parthenogenesis is common among invasive pest species, with many parthenogenetic species also showing polyploidy. Parthenogenetic polyploid species often have multiple hybrid origins and the potential to rapidly spread over vast geographical areas. In this study, we examine patterns of mitochondrial and microsatellite variation in a widespread triploid parthenogenetic chironomid pest species, Paratanytarsus grimmii. Based on samples from five countries, including Australia, England, Germany, Japan, and Canada, we found extremely low mitochondrial diversity (<0.14%), with most individuals sharing a common and widespread haplotype. In contrast, microsatellite diversity revealed 41 clonal variants, which were regionally endemic. These findings suggest a single invasive maternal lineage of P. grimmii is likely to have recently spread over a broad geographical range. High levels of genotypic endemism suggest P. grimmii populations have remained relatively isolated after an initial spread, with little ongoing migration. This, in part, can be attributed to rapid genetic differentiation via mutations of common clonal genotypes after P. grimmii spread, but multiple polyploidization and subsequent founder events are also likely to be contributing factors.
Inhomogeneous accretion discs and the soft states of black hole X-ray binaries
Authors: Dexter Jason , Quataert Eliot
Published: August 2012

Observations of black hole binaries (BHBs) have established a rich phenomenology of X-ray states. The soft states range from the low variability, accretion disc dominated thermal (TD) state to the higher variability, non-thermal steep power law (SPL) state. The disc component in all states is typically modelled with standard thin disc accretion theory. However, this theory is inconsistent with optical/UV spectral, variability and gravitational microlensing observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), the supermassive analogues of BHBs. An inhomogeneous disc (ID) model with large (≃0.4 dex) temperature fluctuations in each radial annulus can qualitatively explain all of these AGN observations. The inhomogeneity may be a consequence of instabilities in radiation-dominated discs, and therefore may be present in BHBs as well. We show that ID models can explain many features of the TD and SPL states of BHBs. The observed relationships between spectral hardness, disc fraction and rms variability amplitude in BHBs are reproduced with temperature fluctuations similar to those inferred in AGNs, suggesting a unified picture of luminous accretion discs across orders of magnitude in black hole mass. This picture can be tested with spectral fitting of ID models, X-ray polarization observations and radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations. If BHB accretion discs are indeed inhomogeneous, only the most disc-dominated states (disc fraction ≳0.95) can be used to robustly infer black hole spin using current continuum fitting methods.
Reactive Transport Modeling of ZVI Column Experiments for Nickel Remediation
Authors: Bilardi Stefania , Amos Richard T. , Blowes David W. , Calabrò Paolo S. , Moraci Nicola
Published: August 2012

MIN3P, a multicomponent reactive transport model for variably saturated porous media, is used to simulate the outputs of column tests carried out using zero valent iron (ZVI) for nickel contaminated groundwater remediation. The objective of this study is to investigate the main chemical reactions involved in contaminant removal and the main causes of the reactivity decline of ZVI over time. According to the results of the model the major causes of ZVI reactivity loss is identified in the mineral precipitation of α‐FeOOH on iron surface that probably caused ZVI passivation and led to a decline of the electron transfer rate. An existing empirical relationship between mineral precipitation and the reactivity loss of ZVI, included in the model, reproduced the changes in nickel removal observed during different laboratory column tests.
Elderly Hypertensives: How Are They Different?
Authors: Franklin Stanley S.
Published: August 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:779–786. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Once considered an inconsequential part of the aging process, the development of isolated systolic hypertension represents a late manifestation of increased elastic artery stiffness and is the predominant hypertensive subtype in the middle‐aged and elderly populations. Its inherent increased risk for vascular events, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and dementia, highlights the importance of its control. The purpose of this short review is to summarize how hypertension is different in the elderly when compared with “essential hypertension” in younger adults. The emphasis will be on the multiple ways that increased artery stiffness affects the natural history and clinical manifestations of hypertension in the elderly.
Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis: Pulmonary lymphatic disorder in an adult
Authors: Yoo Su Hyun , Song Joon Seon , Lee Jeong‐Ju , Lee Miji , Hwang Hee Sang , Jang Se Jin
Published: August 2012

Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis (DPL) is a rare disorder involving the intrathoracic lymphatic system from the mediastinum to the pleura. Although DPL is a lymphatic developmental abnormality and is pathologically benign, it has various clinical presentations and a progressive course. We recently studied a case of DPL in a 35‐year‐old man presenting with cough and hemoptysis with unilateral chylothorax. A chest computed tomography scan showed diffuse interstitial thickening along the peribronchovascular bundles and intralobular septae with pleural and pericardial effusion. Wedge resection of the left lower lung was performed to make a diagnosis. Microscopically, the lesion was characterized by variably sized and increased lymphatic channels of the interlobular septa and subpleural area. The cells lining the lymphatics were immunohistochemically positive for D2–40 and CD34. This patient is still alive without recurrent symptoms 13 months after beginning a low‐fat medium‐chain triglyceride diet and chemical pleurodesis.
Stratified mucin producing intraepithelial lesion
Authors: Cha Yoon Jin , Koh Myoung Ju , Kim Young Tae , Cho Nam Hoon
Published: August 2012

We report a case of stratified mucin producing intraepithelial lesion (SMILE), associated with adenocarcinoma and human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 infection. A 54‐year‐old lady presented with vaginal bleeding for 2 months. A punchy biopsy in private clinic showed papillary neoplasm composed of stratified columnar epithelium showing intracytoplasmic mucin vacuole. Microscopic examination for following cone biopsy demonstrated adenocarcinoma along with SMILE, and HPV 18 was detected by DNA chip examination. After several immunohistochemical stainings, SMILE showed predominant glandular differentiation.
Quantitative Parsimony and the Metaphysics of Time: Motivating Presentism
Authors: TALLANT JONATHAN
Published: August 2012

In this paper I argue that presentism—the view that only present objects exist—can be motivated, at least to some degree, by virtue of the fact that it is more quantitatively parsimonious than rival views.
Noble gases and meteorites
Authors: Begemann F.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— Noble gases repeatedly have served to widen the scope of meteorite research. During the first half century of such measurements, the emphasis was on the determination of U, Th/He‐gas retention ages of iron meteorites, which is the most unsuitable class of meteorites for such studies. With the realization that the He in these meteorites results from the interaction of cosmic rays with meteoritic matter, meteorites became to be used as “the poor man's space probe” that yielded information on the constancy in time and space of the cosmic radiation. Another widening of scope came with the discovery of extremely high noble gas contents in the outermost layers of the individual grains that make up stony meteorites. These gases are of solar origin; they have been implanted as low‐energy solar wind (SW) or as solar energetic particles (SEP) into the grains before their compaction. Presently they offer the only opportunity to precisely measure the isotopic composition of solar matter and to learn about potential changes of the Sun in time. Stony meteorites of the “carbonaceous” variety contain “stardust” that carries the undiluted nucleosynthesis products of individual stars that yield incredibly detailed information concerning the parameters that prevailed during the synthesis.
Meteor stream activity. III. Measurement of the first in a new series of Leonid outburst
Authors: Jenniskens Peter
Published: August 2012

Abstract— In 1994 November, a shower of bright Leonid meteors signaled what is likely the first meteor outburst of Leonids associated with the upcoming return of comet P/Tempel‐Tuttle to perihelion. Measurements of meteor activity and the meteor brightness distribution are presented. By comparing the present observation with those of past Leonid returns, a forecast is made of the time, the duration, the intensity, and the mean meteor brightness of Leonid outbursts that may occur if previously observed patterns are repeated in the forthcoming years.
Detailed data for 259 fireballs from the Canadian camera network and inferences concerning the influx of large meteoroids
Authors: Halliday Ian , Griffin Arthur A. , Blackwell Alan T.
Published: August 2012

Abstract— We present data for 259 meteoric fireballs observed with the Canadian camera network, including velocities, heights, orbits, luminosities along each trail, estimates of preatmospheric masses and surviving meteorites (if any) as well as membership in meteor showers. Some 213 of the events comprise an unbiased sample of the 754 fireballs observed in a total of 1.51 × 1010 km2 h of clear‐sky observations. The number of fireballs and the amount of clear sky in which they were recorded are given for each day of the year. We find at least 37% of the unbiased sample are members of some 15 recognized meteor showers. Preatmospheric masses, based on an assumed luminous efficiency of 0.04 for velocities >10 km s−1, range from 1 g for some very fast fireballs up to hundreds of kilograms for the largest events. We present plots and equations for the flux, as a function of initial mass, for the entire group of fireballs and for some subgroups: meteorite‐dropping objects; meteor shower members; groups that appear to be mainly of asteroidal or cometary origin; and for very fast objects. For masses of a few kilograms, asteroidal objects outnumber cometary ones. Cometary objects attain greater peak brightness than asteroidal ones of equal mass largely due to higher velocity, but also because they fragment more severely. For 66 fireballs, we estimate the meteoroid density using photometric and dynamic masses. Presumed cometary objects have typical densities near 1.0, while asteroidal values show two groups that suggest meteoroids similar to carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Our basic data may be used by others for further studies or to reexamine our results using assumptions different from those employed in this paper.