bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the ability of imaging sonar to identify fish species at a subtropical artificial reef
Authors: Sibley E C P , Madgett A S , Lawrence J M , Elsdon T S , Marnane M J , Fernandes P G
Published: October 2023

Imaging sonars (ISs) are high-frequency acoustic devices that are increasingly being used to study fish in marine and freshwater habitats. Acoustic devices are limited in quantifying species richness, and previous attempts to identify fish species using IS have mostly focused on assemblages of low species richness or high morphological diversity. This study aimed to determine the ability of IS for identifying fish species at a subtropical artificial reef off Perth, Western Australia. Several fish traits that could be defined using IS were identified and described for all fish species observed with simultaneous optical footage. These traits were used to create a clustering algorithm to infer the species identity of IS detections of the five most abundant species at the reef. The identities of all fish from two species (Chromis westaustralis and Neatypus obliquus) were inferred with 100% success, though no individuals from the remaining three species (Seriola dumerili, Coris auricularis, and Pempheris klunzingeri) were correctly identified. An alternative clustering-based approach to categorising fish detected by IS independent of taxonomic inference was also implemented. Overall, this study demonstrates that IS can identify reef fish with variable success, and proposes an alternative method for describing fish assemblages irrespective of species identity.
Decades of eelgrass meadow dynamics across the northeast Pacific support seascape-scale conservation
Authors: Munsch S H , Walter R K , Sanderson B L , Reshitnyk L , O'Leary J K , Kiffney P M , Hessing-Lewis M , Gerwing T G , Endris C A , Chesney W B , Beheshti K M , Beaty F L
Published: October 2023

Eelgrass meadows provide vital nearshore habitats and ecosystem services, but they have declined from human stressors and conservation efforts are now widespread. Dynamic ecosystems like eelgrass meadows naturally rearrange as disturbance and recruitment unfold across seascapes. However, some decisions that protect eelgrass only consider extant meadows, thus ignoring the potential for change. Here, we report decades of eelgrass dynamics observed across the northeast Pacific. Our observations support conservation expanded to the seascape scale, which includes potentially inhabitable areas along with extant meadows. We found that total seascape meadow area changed over time, and changes within seascapes were often asynchronous. Some meadows rearranged across seascapes over multiple kilometres and decades. Also, some seascapes compartmentalized meadow collapse, which enabled later recovery, or supported local recruitment that substantially increased total meadow area. These observations were consistent with hierarchical patch dynamics, which promote ecosystem persistence over larger space and time scales. Thus, to enable the dynamics that underpin eelgrass persistence, it is necessary to keep many eelgrass habitat options open across seascapes, rather than protect only extant meadows. Given that dynamic, hierarchical ecosystems are common along marine shorelines, this approach may be effective for both nearshore ecosystems in general and for eelgrass in particular.
The relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and glucolipid metabolism in pregnant women with large for gestational age infants
Authors: Lan Yehui , Pan Shuangjia , Chen Baoyi , Zhou Feifei , Yang Fan , Chao Shan , Hua Ying , Liu Haibin
Published: October 2023

Aim

To elucidate the association between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and glucolipid metabolism in women with large for gestational age (LGA) infants.

Methods and results

A single-center, observational prospective cohort study was performed at a tertiary hospital in Wenzhou, China. Normal pregnant women were divided into LGA group and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) group according to the neonatal birth weight. Fecal samples were collected from each subject before delivery for the analysis of gut microbiota composition (GMC) and SCFAs. Blood samples were obtained at 24–28 weeks of gestation age to measure fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin levels, as well as just before delivery to assess serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein. The GMC exhibited differences at various taxonomic levels. Within the Firmicutes phylum, genus Lactobacillus, genus Clostridium, species Lactobacillus agil, and species Lactobacillus salivarius were enriched in the LGA group. Microbispora at genus level, Microbispora rosea at species level belonging to the Actinobacteria phylum, Neisseriales at order level, Bartonellaceae at family level, Paracoccus aminovorans, and Methylobacterium at genus level from the Proteobacteria phylum were more abundant in the LGA group. In contrast, within the Bacteroidetes phylum, Prevotella at genus level and Parabacteroides distasonis at species level were enriched in the AGA group. Although there were few differences observed in SCFA levels and most glucolipid metabolism indicators between the two groups, the serum HDL level was significantly lower in the LGA group compared to the AGA group. No significant relevance among GMC, SCFAs, and glucolipid metabolism indicators was found in the LGA group or in the AGA group.

Conclusions

Multiple different taxa, especially phylum Firmicutes, genus Prevotella, and genus Clostridium, might play an important role in excessive fetal growth, and LGA might be associated with the lower serum HDL level.
Surgical anatomy of the liver
Authors: Rammohan Ashwin , Rela Mohamed
Published: October 2023

A thorough anatomical knowledge of the liver is essential for safe and precise liver surgery. Most immediate postoperative biliary and vascular complications can be attributed to technical problems which at times may be due to a failure in recognition of anomalous anatomy. Apart from liver resections, where the goal is to preserve a good functional liver remnant while achieving appropriate oncological clearance, a thorough knowledge of liver anatomy is also of paramount importance in liver transplantations. This chapter presents a brief overview of liver anatomy, along with its common variations, with a view to providing a comprehensive understanding of its surgical application.
Extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis, and hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction
Authors: Khan Mohammad Qasim , Kamath Patrick S.
Published: October 2023

While portal hypertension commonly arises secondary to cirrhosis, it can also present in its absence, termed non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. This group of disorders is classified into prehepatic, intrahepatic and post-hepatic aetiologies based on the level of involvement. Prehepatic aetiologies involve disruption of the portal venous or splenic venous systems. Intrahepatic aetiologies may be presinusoidal, sinusoidal, or postsinusoidal. Post-hepatic aetiologies of portal hypertension comprise disruption of the hepatic venous outflow from the level of the hepatic venules to the heart. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management of extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension, and hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction, with specific emphasis on Budd–Chiari syndrome.
Interventional radiological and surgical treatment of portal hypertension
Authors: Khan Mohammad Qasim , Kamath Patrick S.
Published: October 2023

The first-line management of portal hypertension and its complications, such as variceal bleeding and ascites, involves utilizing non-invasive medical therapies including diuretics, beta-blockers, paracentesis, and oesophagogastroduodenoscopy. However, patients may become refractory to these therapies or may develop adverse reactions or complications that preclude their use, warranting leveraging of interventional radiological and surgical techniques. This chapter discusses the technicalities, indications, complications, and outcomes of (1) interventional radiological procedures such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, (2) non-shunt surgical procedures, and (3) surgical portosystemic shunts, in the management of portal hypertensive complications.
Principles and techniques of liver resection
Authors: Kron Philipp , Lodge J. Peter A.
Published: October 2023

The aim of any liver resection surgery is to successfully remove part of the liver, most usually because of the presence of a tumour. For liver tumour resection, it is important to achieve clear margins, but also leave an adequate future liver remnant in terms of parenchymal volume and quality, adequate vascular inflow and outflow, and adequate biliary drainage. To compromise on margins may result in tumour recurrence but to compromise on any of the other aspects will be associated with catastrophe due to postoperative liver failure, often resulting in death. Liver resection techniques continue to advance rapidly, with improved immediate safety and long-term outcomes. Thus, liver resection should only be performed in expert centres.
Non-invasive imaging of the biliary tract
Authors: Husarik Daniela , Reiner Cäcilia S.
Published: October 2023

Non-invasive imaging has a key role in the examination of a wide spectrum of diseases of the gall bladder and bile ducts. Conditions affecting the biliary tract include cholelithiasis and associated complications, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and benign and malignant focal lesions. Imaging modalities used to asses these conditions are ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography–CT (PET/CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). US is often the first imaging modality in suspected biliary disease with high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of gallstones and acute cholecystitis. Complicated forms of cholecystitis, cystic biliary lesions, and malignancies of the bile duct or gall bladder are assessed on cross-sectional imaging (CT, MRI with MRCP) with PET/CT having the ability to detect unsuspected metastases of biliary malignancies. MRCP is especially useful for evaluating the biliary tree, choledocholithiasis, traumatic and postoperative bile duct injuries, as well as patients with post-transplantation cholangiopathy.
Laparoscopic liver surgery
Authors: Hobeika Christian , Cauchy François , Soubrane Olivier
Published: October 2023

The first successful laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) was reported in 1993. To date, tens of thousands of LLRs have been performed worldwide and both the feasibility and safety of this approach have now been demonstrated. LLR has become a standard in the management of patients with pauci-nodular colorectal cancer liver metastases. Moreover, there are various advantages of LLR which seem to benefit the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and underlying liver disease. LLR is an innovative and skill-demanding technique and its development has led to the refinement of the basic steps of liver surgery. Thus, adopting LLR for HPB trainees requires a stepwise approach with progressive increase regarding the technical difficulty of the procedures. This chapiter describes the fundamental surgical steps of LLR such as laparoscopic vascular controls, laparoscopic bleeding management, the art of laparoscopic parenchymal transection, the situation of conversion and the specimen extraction site.
Neonatal cholestasis syndrome
Authors: Ramachandran Priya
Published: October 2023

Neonatal cholestasis syndrome refers to a spectrum of disorders which present as cholestasis in early infancy. They include diseases involving defects in bile component synthesis and transport as well as those causing obstruction to the biliary tree. The varied range of aetiopathogenic factors which play a role in the onset and progression of the neonatal cholestasis syndrome spectrum of disorders is discussed in this chapter along with management strategies. Early diagnosis is possible by analysis of known gene mutations. Prevention of disease progression and treatment of the component diseases involves therapeutic interventions such as surgery. Surgery is performed to relieve obstruction when possible and reduce the total circulating bile acid pool (biliary diversion procedure) when necessary and plays a major role in ameliorating disease morbidity.
Malignant lesions of the extrahepatic biliary system
Authors: Compagnon Philippe , Peloso Andrea , Toso Christian
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (eCCAs), focusing on the role of endoscopy, surgery, and transplantation. It reviews optimal evaluation and management of patients with eCCA, including a careful integration of clinical information, imaging studies, cytology, and/or histology, as well as a coordinated multidisciplinary approach. It also discusses epidemiological trends, newly identified risk factors, and most recent staging systems. It reviews additional therapy such as radio- or chemotherapy either in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting. Furthermore, it addresses palliative approaches as well as emerging targeted therapy and immunotherapy. eCCAs account for nearly 90% of biliary tract malignancies and present an ongoing challenge for hepatobiliary surgeons.
The ESC Textbook of Thrombosis
Authors: De Caterina Raffaele , Moliterno David , Kristensen Steen
Published: October 2023

Written by internationally renowned experts in the field of thrombosis, The ESC Textbook of Thrombosis presents an up-to-date and in-depth review of all aspects of thrombosis and antithrombotic therapies. Not only does it reflect contemporary European guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology but it also summarizes the latest evidence from clinical trials. Covering the topic in great detail with 30 chapters, the textbook is split into four sections: pathophysiology of thrombosis, clinical pharmacology of antithrombotic drugs, therapeutic strategies, and special situations. The content will help cardiologists dealing with acute and chronic coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valves, and pulmonary embolism as well as cardiac surgeons, cardiovascular researchers, and general physicians alike.
Thrombosis and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiological background
Authors: Calvert Peter , Tidbury Nicola , Lip Gregory Y.H.
Published: October 2023

Atrial fibrillation presents a situation whereby all three elements of Virchow’s triad of thrombosis are met within the left atrium. Chronic endothelial injury and dysfunction results in fibrotic remodelling of the left atrium, and fibrillation impairs contractile function, resulting in blood stasis. Meanwhile, the coagulation system activates abnormally, and fibrinolysis is impaired. This creates a prothrombotic state for thrombus formation, particularly within the left atrial appendage, which may lead to systemic thromboembolism and stroke.
Vitamin K antagonists
Authors: Verheugt Freek W.A. , Brouwer Marc A.
Published: October 2023

Since the 1950s, vitamin K antagonists have been used for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombotic disorders. They have a narrow therapeutic window. To ensure efficacy and safety, close monitoring of the anticoagulation status is mandatory. Dietary and drug interactions are common. The most frequent side effect is bleeding, but birth defects and skin necrosis may occur as well. Rapid and effective reversal can be achieved with prothrombin complex concentrates. With the advent of direct oral anticoagulants, the use of vitamin K antagonists will diminish, but they currently remain the first choice in anticoagulation-eligible patients with advanced kidney disease, rheumatic heart valve disease, left ventricular thrombus, and in those with mechanical heart valves.
Oral factor Xa inhibitors
Authors: Siegbahn Agneta , Svensson Peter J. , Wallén Håkan , Wallentin Lars
Published: October 2023

Oral factor Xa (FXa) inhibitors exert their antithrombotic effects and increase the risk of bleeding by their effects on the coagulation system. The oral direct FXa inhibitors are highly potent, reversible active-site inhibitors of FXa with good bioavailability, rapid onset, and used in a daily standard dose without laboratory monitoring. Dose adjustment is needed in relation to renal function. Three FXa inhibitors are registered for clinical use in the European Union for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism and for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation—rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban. The FXa inhibitors provide similar or better protection against venous thromboembolism and stroke than warfarin. In patients with atrial fibrillation there is improved long-term survival as compared with warfarin. Simultaneously, there is a much lower risk of intracranial bleeding and, with apixaban and edoxaban, also a lower risk of all bleeding than with warfarin. The treatment is cost-effective and preferred by most patients.
Antithrombotic therapies in ischaemic stroke
Authors: Diener Hans Christoph , Hankey Graeme J. , Eikelboom John W.
Published: October 2023

Most cases of ischaemic stroke are caused by cerebrovascular thrombosis or thromboembolism as a complication of underlying cardiovascular diseases. The acute treatment of ischaemic stroke in stroke centres includes chemical lysis and/or mechanical aspiration of occlusive thrombi to restore perfusion of any salvageable ischaemic penumbra. Early initiation and long-term maintenance of antithrombotic therapies with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs are effective adjuncts to vascular risk factor control and revascularization procedures, where appropriate, for preventing early and long-term recurrent thromboembolic ischaemic stroke and other major adverse cardiovascular events.
Biomarker-based risk stratification in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Hijazi Ziad , Batra Gorav , Lindbäck Johan , Wallentin Lars
Published: October 2023

Biomarkers provide incremental prognostic information on major clinical outcomes and might be integrated in decision support tools for patients with acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases. The development of decision support tools should follow statistical guidelines to be robust and externally valid, allowing them to be used in different settings outside the dataset where they were developed. The ABC (Age, Biomarkers, Clinical history) risk score in atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease are examples of well-documented, externally validated, and calibrated, biomarker-based risk scores performing better than conventional risk scores. These scores may be used as tools for integrated risk assessment. Before clinical implementation, the increment clinical utility of novel biomarkers should be demonstrated in prospective clinical cohorts. Risk scores incorporating biomarkers and/or artificial intelligence might be the future for prediction of cardiovascular events and provide decision support on selection of treatment.
Drug development, clinical trials, and regulatory requirements
Authors: Korjian Serge , Daaboul Yazan , Gibson C. Michael
Published: October 2023

The drug development process as we know it today did not exist before the second half of the 20th century. Over the past several decades, regulatory agencies have been developed to monitor drug development and ensure that novel therapeutic agents are safe for human use and effective for their desired indications. The rigour and requirements with which drugs are studied and clinical trials are performed have evolved with decades of slowly expanding guidelines and regulations. After identifying a target for therapeutic intervention, drugs undergo a series of preclinical investigations in animal models. If deemed to be of potential value to humans, drugs are then tested in a series of three phases of clinical trials to evaluate their optimal dosing in humans, feasibility, generalizability, as well as their safety and efficacy. Once approved by regulatory bodies, drugs may eventually be marketed to the public. Post-marketing, drugs continue to be monitored lifelong for development of any short-term and long-term adverse events via phase IV surveillance.
When Is a Thought Mine and When Is It Not?
Authors: Payne Roberta
Published: October 2023

Getting to know the actual experience of subjects that have suffered from psychosis is central for any type of understanding of the phenomenon. After all, any descriptive, conceptual, or explanatory approach should be able to make sense of such reports. In this chapter, Roberta Payne opens a window onto what it is like to experience thought insertion from a first-person perspective. Replete with insights, the author offers a contextualized experiential understanding of the ways in which the delusion appears and relates to other aspects of her life. So, in this way, this contribution aims at recovering the centrality of lived experience in the study of psychopathological phenomena.
A Hybrid Account of Thought Insertion
Authors: Miyazono Kengo
Published: October 2023

There are two influential theories of delusions in the recent literature: the two-factor theory and the prediction error theory. Often, the two-factor theory and the prediction error theory are construed as rival accounts. However, they might not be irreconcilable and a hybrid proposal that combines the central insights of the two theories has been proposed by Myazono. In this chapter, the author will apply this hybrid theory to thought insertion (TI) and show that many important features of TI can be explained by the theory. The chapter begins by describing the central ideas of the hybrid theory and then applies them to TI. The hybrid account explains TI in terms of erroneous data occurring due to some ‘imagistic prediction errors’, which are prioritized over prior beliefs due to overestimating the precision of the imagistic prediction errors.
Thought Insertion as a Persecutory Delusion
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: October 2023

Popular two-factor accounts of thought insertion hold that it is caused by two elements working in tandem: an anomalous experience of some kind (the first factor) and a reasoning deficit or bias (the second factor). This chapter develops a very different alternative to explaining and treating thought insertion—one that views thought insertion as a form persecutory delusion. If this thesis is correct, clinical interventions for persecutory delusions may be successful for thought insertion as well. The chapter begins by presenting several difficulties for two-factor accounts of thought insertion and for two-factor accounts of delusions more generally. It then discusses positive reasons for seeing thought insertion as a form of persecutory delusion. The positive case begins with reflection on first-person descriptions of thought insertion gleaned from online discussion forums. It continues by considering ways in which clinical diagnostic tools may create the appearance of deep differences between symptoms such as thought insertion and persecutory delusions where there are none. This case is bolstered by evidence for considerable volatility in the type of delusions patients present with over time. Implications for the treatment of thought insertion are then considered.
From placebo research to healing
Authors: Jonas Wayne B.
Published: October 2023

This chapter has four objectives: to review three core mechanisms underlying the placebo response and explore how they manifest in practice; to describe six clinical practices and behaviors that utilize placebo mechanisms for optimization of healing; to discuss the implications of placebo research for delivering person-centered clinical decision-making; and to summarize tools used to enhance placebo-based healing in routine practice. After reading this chapter, providers will be better able to recognize placebo mechanisms occurring in their practice, to implement healing words and rituals in patient care that use knowledge about placebo mechanisms and access the HOPE Note Toolkit for ethically optimizing placebo-based healing in their own practice.
Nocebos in migraine
Authors: Mitsikostas Dimos D.
Published: October 2023

In clinical trials, the adverse events (AEs) reported by individuals treated with a placebo are referred as nocebo responses. These are attributable to the nocebo effects plus a set of other variables (e.g., the natural history of the medical condition in question) and random comorbidities that may occur during the time of the trial. The chapter summarizes recent evidence on nocebo responses in clinical trials for migraine with pharmaceutical agents. In clinical trials for the symptomatic treatment of migraine, the proportion of participants who experienced any AE in the placebo arms varied from 18%–21%, but the proportion of participants who discontinued treatment because of AEs was less than 1%. In clinical trials for the prophylaxis of migraine, the proportion of participants who experienced any AE in the placebo arms varied from 43% to 60%, and the proportion of participants who discontinued due to AE varied from 1% to 10%. These (and other) findings indicate that nocebo responses play a fundamental role in the manifestation of the drug safety or tolerability profile of the medicines in use for migraine treatment and determine treatment adherence. Therefore, awareness of the nocebo phenomenon is essential for boosting treatment adherence and enhance patients’ outcomes.
Placebos, nocebos, and COVID-19
Authors: Calabrese Leonard
Published: October 2023

The global COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be an unprecedented disruptor of our way of life since its inception in early 2020. It has had profound effects on the large and the small, disrupting to varying degrees everything from governmental function to individual, day-to-day lives. COVID-19 itself has now become synonymous with personal fear of health and well-being, suspicions of scientific credibility, and rancor over individual rights in terms of access and choice of treatment and prevention. The chapter explores this interface by first describing our current understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis and clinical expression and then discussing the theoretic framework and critical appraisal of existing data on the implications of placebo and nocebo effects on clinical expression of the illness, as well as focusing on the efficacy and toxicity of its treatments and vaccine acceptance and tolerability.
From state-controlled to free migration: The income effects of the 2008 Swedish labour-migration reform
Authors: Elwert Annika , Emilsson Henrik , Irastorza Nahikari
Published: October 2023

In 2008, Sweden changed its labour-migration policy to facilitate more labour migration from countries outside the EU. Most state ambitions to shape labour migration, including practices such as the use of labour-market tests and the assessment of migrants’ human capital, were abandoned and the responsibility to select migrants was transferred to employers. We use Swedish register data and adopt a difference-in-differences approach to assess the effects of the policy change on labour migrants’ labour income, in comparison to non-EU migrants who moved to Sweden for reasons other than work. The effects of the policy change are substantial. Labour migration from outside the EU increased and its composition changed after the reform, resulting in a significant decrease in mean income. We conclude that changes in their occupational composition were the main drivers of the income drop for labour migrants. In sum, the new non-selective labour-migration policy lowered labour migrants’ mean income by opening the door to unskilled labour.
The population of comet candidates among quasi-Hilda objects revisited and updated
Authors: Correa-Otto J , García-Migani E , Gil-Hutton R
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we perform a dynamical study of the population of objects in the unstable quasi-Hilda region. The aim of this work is to make an update of the population of quasi-Hilda comets (QHCs) that have recently arrived from the Centaurs region. To achieve our goal, we have applied a dynamical criteria to constrain the unstable quasi-Hilda region that allowed us to select 828 potential candidates. The orbital data of the potential candidates were taken from the ASTORB data base and we apply backward integration to search by those that have recently arrived from the outer regions of the Solar system. Then we studied the dynamical evolution of the candidates from a statistical point of view by calculating the time-averaged distribution of a number of clones of each candidate as a function of aphelion and perihelion distances. We found that 47 objects could have been recently injected into the inner Solar system from the Centaur or transneptunian regions. These objects may have preserved volatile material and are candidates to exhibit cometary activity.
Planet gap-opening feedback on disc thermal structure and composition
Authors: Chen Kan , Kama Mihkel , Pinilla Paola , Keyte Luke
Published: October 2023

(Exo-)planets inherit their budget of chemical elements from a protoplanetary disc. The disc temperature determines the phase of each chemical species, which sets the composition of solids and gas available for planet formation. We investigate how gap structures, which are widely seen by recent disc observations, alter the thermal and chemical structure of a disc. Planet–disc interaction is a leading hypothesis of gap formation and so such changes could present a feedback that planets have on planet-forming material. Both the planet gap-opening process and the disc thermal structure are well studied individually, but how the gap-opening process affects disc thermal structure evolution remains an open question. We develop a new modelling method by iterating hydrodynamical and radiative transfer simulations to explore the gap-opening feedback on disc thermal structure. We carry out parameter studies by considering different planet locations rp and planet masses Mp. We find that for the same rp and Mp, our iteration method predicts a wider and deeper gap than the non-iteration method. We also find that the inner disc and gap temperature from the iteration method can vary strongly from the non-iteration or disc without planets, which can further influence dust-trap conditions, iceline locations, and distribution of various ices, such as H2O, CO2, and CO on large dust grains (‘pebbles’). Through that, a gap-opening planet can complicate the canonical picture of the non-planet disc C/O ratio and influence the composition of the next generation of planetesimals and planets.
Dependence of peculiar velocity on the host properties of the gravitational wave sources and its impact on the measurement of Hubble constant
Authors: Nimonkar Harshank , Mukherjee Suvodip
Published: October 2023

Accurate measurement of the Hubble constant from standard sirens such as the gravitational wave (GW) sources with electromagnetic counterparts relies on the robust peculiar velocity correction of the redshift of the host galaxy. We show in this work that the peculiar velocity of the host galaxies exhibits a correlation with the properties of the host galaxy primarily such as its stellar mass and this correlation also evolves with redshift. As the galaxies of higher stellar mass tend to form in galaxies with higher halo masses which are located in spatial regions having a non-linear fluctuation in the density field of the matter distribution, the root mean square peculiar velocity of more massive galaxies is higher. As a result, depending on the formation channel of the binary compact objects, the peculiar velocity contamination to the galaxies will be different. The variation in the peculiar velocity of the host galaxies can lead to a significant variation in the estimation of the Hubble constant inferred using sources such as binary neutron stars. For the network of GW detectors such as LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK), LVK+LIGO-India, and Cosmic Explorer + Einstein Telescope, the variation in the precision of Hubble constant inferred from 10 bright siren events can vary from $\sim 5.4 - 6~{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$, $\sim 4.5 - 5.3~{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$, and $\sim 1.1 - 2.7~{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$, respectively. The impact of such a correlation between peculiar velocity and stellar mass on the inference of the Hubble constant is not only limited to GW sources but also applicable to type-Ia supernovae.
Incorporation of realistic intrinsic profiles for the Fe Kα and Fe Kβ emission lines in X-ray reprocessor models
Authors: Yaqoob Tahir
Published: October 2023

The Fe Kα fluorescent emission line from neutral matter is widely used as a diagnostic tool in X-ray spectroscopy for many astrophysical X-ray sources. The line properties can potentially be used to constrain the geometry, column density, and kinematics of the material in which the line is formed. The intrinsic width and the shape of the intrinsic line profile has been neglected thus far, because it is much smaller than the instrumental broadening in all space-based X-ray detectors before Hitomi. However, the instrumental broadening of X-ray microcalorimeters is comparable to the intrinsic line width. We have performed new calculations based on Monte Carlo simulations of the MYTORUS X-ray reprocessor spectral-fitting model that utilize parametrizations of historical high-precision laboratory measurements of the intrinsic profiles of the Fe Kα and Fe Kβ lines. A publicly available table is provided that can seamlessly replace the existing Fe Kα and Fe Kβ line spectrum in the MYTORUS model. The new table can also be used in a standalone mode (without the MYTORUS model) in order to derive empirical velocity widths, if the line-emitting matter is Compton thin. Neglecting to account for the intrinsic profiles of the Fe Kα and Fe Kβ lines can result in a significant overestimate of the velocity broadening, if the true velocity broadening is less than ${\sim} 2000 \ \rm km \ s^{-1}$. Residual artefacts may also appear in observed line profiles in data with a high signal-to-noise ratio.
Formation of sodium-bearing species in the interstellar medium
Authors: Acharyya Kinsuk , Woon David E , Herbst Eric
Published: October 2023

Sodium-bearing species such as NaCl in the gas phase have been observed in an assortment of carbon-rich and oxygen-rich stellar atmospheres and interstellar environments such as the high-mass protostellar disc surrounding Orion Src1 and the proto-binary system, IRAS 16547−4247. Their detection in relatively low-temperature regions is yet to be made. In this paper, we consider the synthesis of sodium-bearing species with an emphasis on NaCl, via both gas-phase and grain-surface chemistry under assorted interstellar conditions. We also consider the chemistry leading to the gas-phase species NaH and NaOH. Two classes of numerical simulations were run: models under isothermal conditions at temperatures from 10 to 800 K with varied intervals, and three-phase warm-up models that consist of an initial isothermal collapse at 10 K, followed by a warm-up phase in which temperature rises linearly to 200 K, and finally a hot core phase. We have included reactive desorption for both models to produce gaseous NaCl, NaH, and NaOH. We found that for isothermal models over a broad parameter space, the fractional abundances of gaseous NaCl and NaOH can reach above 2 × 10−10 and approx. 1 × 10−10, respectively, are in the detection range of observational facilities such as Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array and JWST. For warm-up models, we found that if we consider molecules to be co-desorbed with water, gaseous NaCl can have a sufficiently large abundance for detection. We then conclude that both gaseous NaCl and NaOH can be detected; however, more experiments and quantum mechanical calculations are needed to constrain the relevant reaction rates better.
Synthetic light curves and spectra from a self-consistent 2D simulation of an ultra-strippped supernova
Authors: Maunder Thomas , Müller Bernhard , Callan Fionntan , Sim Stuart , Heger Alexander
Published: October 2023

Spectroscopy is an important tool for providing insights into the structure of core-collapse supernova explosions. We use the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code artis to compute synthetic spectra and light curves based on a two-dimensional explosion model of an ultra-stripped supernova. These calculations are designed both to identify observable fingerprints of ultra-stripped supernovae and as a proof of principle for using synthetic spectroscopy to constrain the nature of stripped-envelope supernovae more broadly. We predict characteristic spectral and photometric features for our ultra-stripped explosion model, and find that these do not match observed ultra-stripped supernova candidates like SN 2005ek. With a peak bolometric luminosity of $6.8\times 10^{41}\, \mathrm{erg}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$, a peak magnitude of $-15.9\, \mathrm{mag}$ in R band, and Δm15,R = 3.50, the model is even fainter and evolves even faster than SN 2005ek as the closest possible analogue in photometric properties. The predicted spectra are extremely unusual. The most prominent features are Mg ii lines at $2 {,}800\, {\mathring{\rm A}}$ and $4 {,}500\, {\mathring{\rm A}}$ and the infrared Ca triplet at late times. The Mg lines are sensitive to the multidimensional structure of the model and are viewing-angle dependent. They disappear due to line blanketing by iron group elements in a spherically averaged model with additional microscopic mixing. In future studies, multi-D radiative transfer calculations need to be applied to a broader range of models to elucidate the nature of observed Type Ib/c supernovae.
Observing white dwarf tidal stripping with TianQin gravitational wave observatory
Authors: Ye Chang-Qing , Chen Jin-Hong , Zhang Jian-dong , Fan Hui-Min , Hu Yi-Ming
Published: October 2023

Recently discovered regular X-ray bursts known as quasi-periodic eruptions have a proposed model that suggests a tidal stripping white dwarf inspiralling into the galaxy’s central black hole on an eccentric orbit. According to this model, the interaction of the stripping white dwarf with the central black hole would also emit gravitational wave signals, their detection can help explore the formation mechanism of quasi-periodic eruptions and facilitate multimessenger observations. In this paper, we investigated the horizon distance of TianQin on this type of gravitation wave signal and found it can be set to 200 Mpc. We also find that those stripping white dwarf model sources with central black hole mass within $10^4 \!-\! 10^{5.5}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ are more likely to be detected by TianQin. We assessed the parameter estimation precision of TianQin on those stripping white dwarf model sources. Our result shows that, even in the worst case, TianQin can determine the central black hole mass, the white dwarf mass, the central black hole spin, and the orbital initial eccentricity with a precision of 10−2. In the optimistic case, TianQin can determine the central black hole mass and the white dwarf mass with a precision of 10−7, determine the central black hole spin with a precision of 10−5, and determine the orbital initial eccentricity with a precision of 10−8. Moreover, TianQin can determine the luminosity distance with a precision of 10−1 and determine the sky localization with a precision of 10−2–10 $\rm deg^2$.
Theories and models of health behaviour
Authors: Johan Søgaard Anne
Published: October 2023

Theory can serve many purposes. According to McQueen (1991), theories for health education should fulfil some basic aims:

to help organize research questions about health education; to be empirically verifiable; (3) to be falsifiable; to lead to a better understanding of the phenomena under study; (5) to lead to practical research; to build on existing knowledge in the field; to help health education address questions which are of importance for public health; to lead to research which is utilized.
Social factors in oral health promotion
Authors: Gift Helen C
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to consider the range of social factors which are either correlates or determinants of oral health, oral disease prevention, or health promotion strategies. Social factors represent customs, values, and behaviours of cultures, societies, and social networks, and arise, directly or indirectly, from the associations of individuals with each other, social groups, and society.1 Social factors are associated with many of the major processes that lead to oral diseases or dysfunction, including: exposure of individuals to conditions that lead to illness; susceptibility of people to disease; socially determined habits, customs, and values; as well as general social changes such as economic cycles and technological development which alter resources and ultimately health.
The role of the decision maker in oral health promotion
Authors: Reisine Susan
Published: October 2023

Decisions about health promotion occur at many levels. The individual decides to brush his or her teeth. The state adopts a water fluoridation programme. Professional organizations endorse the use of sealants. As these few examples illustrate, the location of the decision maker will have important implications for the scope and efficacy of oral health promotion programmes.
The Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition in Ages 3 to 6 Years: A Cross-Cultural Comparison for Children in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chien-Yu , Huang Tzu-Yun , Koh Chia-Lin , Yu Yen-Ting , Chen Kuan-Lin
Published: October 2023

Objective

The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) is a popular assessment of children’s motor skills in both Western and Eastern countries. Since children’s motor skills are strongly influenced by the sociocultural context, it is essential to specifically examine the applicability of the MABC-2 in different cultures. The performance on the MABC-2 age band 1 of children in Taiwan was compared with the standardized sample from the United Kingdom. The sex differences in the performance on the MABC-2 were also investigated.

Methods

Children aged 3 to 6 years were recruited and categorized into 4 age groups. The researchers assessed the children with the MABC-2 age band 1, containing 8 tasks categorized into 3 components: manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance. Z tests and effect sizes were used to examine the cultural differences in the 3 components and in the total scale of the MABC-2. Independent t tests were used to check for sex differences in the MABC-2.

Results

Data on 615 children with a mean age of 4.95 years (SD = 0.97) were collected. Clinically significant differences (effect size > 0.5) were found in 2 components and the total scale of the MABC-2 across most age groups. Children in Taiwan performed better on manual dexterity, balance, and the total scale. Marginally clinically significant differences (absolute effect size > 0.4) were found in the aiming and catching component for the children aged 3 and 6 years old; children in Taiwan scored lower on aiming and catching than did children in the United Kingdom. Girls had significantly higher scores on manual dexterity, balance, and the total scale, while boys had significantly higher scores on aiming and catching.

Conclusions

Cultural and sex differences exist in the MABC-2. Constructing a norm for children in Taiwan of different sex and modification of the items are suggested for application of the MABC-2 in Taiwan.
Effect of helmet-wearing regulation on electric-bike riders: a case study of two cities in China
Authors: Ma Wenxin , Liu Zhiyong , Li Ruimin
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Electric bikes (e-bikes) are widely used for commuting and delivery in China. With the rapid increase in e-bikes on the road, related accidents have become crucial issues threatening the public. This research aims to explore the protective effect of helmet-wearing regulation and to investigate some factors influencing head injury with reference to two case cities in China, obtaining information to protect e-bike riders.

Methods

The traffic police-reported crash data cover the periods before and after the implementation of helmet-wearing regulations in Taizhou (with data from 2017 to 2019) and Nanning (with data in 2020) of China. Preliminary statistical analysis, logistic regression and chi-square test with a Bonferroni correction were applied in the research.

Results

A lack of helmets was common among victims in the context of a high helmet-wearing rate among general e-bike riders in Taizhou, indicating that fatality could be avoided to some extent by wearing helmets. Specifically, helmet wearing could reduce the probability of suffering fatal head injury by 6.4%. After the regulation implementation in Taizhou, the proportion of fatal head injuries decreased from 89% to 79%, remaining at a high level, which indicates that other measures in addition to helmet-wearing regulations should be taken. According to the results from Nanning, mandatory regulation worked more effectively than encouraged regulation in terms of reducing head injury.

Conclusions

Mandatory helmet-wearing regulations are highly recommended to policymakers to reduce head injury among e-bike riders. Measures in addition to helmet-wearing regulation, e.g. enhancing law-abiding awareness and improving road infrastructure, should be considered to further protect e-bike riders.
Should All Nurses Be Required to Complete Implicit Bias Training?
Authors: Bartley Tanya , O'Connor Rebecca , Beard Kenya
Published: October 2023

Bias mitigation requires a systematic approach.
Increased Risk of Serious Infection with Proton Pump Inhibitor Use in Children
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: October 2023

According to this study:
Cardiovascular Manifestations of Hemochromatosis: A Review of Pathophysiology, Mechanisms, and Treatment Options
Authors: Ahmed Shamim , Peterson Stephen J. , Parikh Manish A. , Frishman William H.
Published: October 2023

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in the body. It is one of the most common inherited disorders. The excess iron deposition can cause damage to various organs, including the liver, heart, pancreas, and joints. If left untreated, hemochromatosis can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis, diabetes, heart failure, and increased risk of certain cancers. Iron overload in hemochromatosis significantly affects the cardiovascular system, leading to morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the current literature describing the pathogenesis and various cardiovascular manifestations of hemochromatosis, including dilated cardiomyopathy, conduction abnormalities, heart failure, cardiac fibrosis, myocardial infarction, and valvular heart disease. This article aims to provide a detailed understanding of the cardiovascular manifestations associated with hemochromatosis and their underlying mechanisms through a review of current literature in publicly available databases.