bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GDEMM2024: Global Digital Elevation Merged Model 2024 for surface, bedrock, ice thickness, and land-type masks
Authors: Ince E. Sinem , Abrykosov Oleh , Förste Christoph
Published: October 2024

Various research topics in geosciences such as gravity modelling, terrain correction and ocean circulation, require high resolution and accuracy global elevations for land topography, bathymetry, and ice thickness that refer to a consistent vertical datum. Unfortunately, most of the existing DEMs do not provide such solutions for Earth relief layers with the same resolution globally. To overcome this deficiency, we merged various DEMs published in the recent years and compiled an up-to-date global solution. We provide 30 arcsecond grid suite for relief layers and land-type masks which have been substantially improved w.r.t. the grids in literature. The quality of the merged surface elevation is assessed against the GNSS heights at about globally distributed 22000 stations. The merged surface model shows a reduction in standard deviation of a factor of three compared to other commonly used DEMs. Other evaluations are performed over land-ice and oceans which supports the advancement of GDEMM2024. The improvements are due to the accuracy and coverage of the original input data, updated land-type masks and merging methodology.
Patterns of intersectional tumor volumes in T2-weighted MRI and [18F]FET PET in adult glioma: a prospective, observational study
Authors: Weller Jonathan , Unterrainer Marcus , Sonderer Markéta , Katzendobler Sophie , Holzgreve Adrien , Biczok Annamaria , Harter Patrick N. , Tonn Joerg-Christian , Albert Nathalie L. , Suchorska Bogdana
Published: October 2024

Brain tumor volumes as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do not always spatially overlap with biological tumor volumes (BTV) measured by [18F]Fluoroethyltyrosine positron emission tomography ([18F]FET PET). We prospectively investigated volumetric patterns based on the extent of tumor volume overlap between the two modalities. Eighty-six patients with newly diagnosed glioma who had undergone MRI and [18F]FET PET between 2007 and 2009 were included in this prospective study and (re-)classified according to CNS WHO 2021 (Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System by the World Health Organization). Four different patterns of volume overlap were defined mathematically according to the extent of overlap between MRI-based T2 tumor volume (non-enhancing tumor volume, nCEV) and BTVs. Progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined. Seventy patients were diagnosed with isocitrate dehydrogenase wildtype (IDHwt) glioblastoma and 16 with IDH-mutant glioma, respectively. The most common pattern was characterized by a larger non-contrast-enhancing tumor volume (nCEV) that enclosed all or most of the BTV and was observed in 46 patients (54%) (pattern 1). This pattern was more frequent in IDH-mutant gliomas than in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (81% versus 47%, p = 0.02). In multivariate analyses, pattern 1 was associated with prolonged PFS (HR 0.59; 95 CI 0.34-1.0; p = 0.05), but not OS (HR 0.66; 95 CI 0.4–1.08; p = 0.1). For OS, presence of an IDH mutation (p = 0.05) and lower age (p = 0.03) were associated with prolonged OS. The spatial relation between nCEV and BTV varies within and between glioma entities. Most frequently, a larger nCEV encases the BTV. Some patients show spatially dissociated nCEVs and BTVs. Not accounting for this phenomenon in surgery or radiotherapy planning might lead to undertreatment.
Mechanism of enhanced salt tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by CRZ1 overexpression
Authors: Zuo Furong , Wu Yajing , Sun Yanqiu , Xie Caiyun , Tang Yueqin
Published: October 2024

Achieving high-gravity fermentation in the industrial production of fuel ethanol, and enhancing the fermentation efficiency of high-salt raw materials, such as waste molasses, can significantly reduce wastewater output and process costs. Therefore, the development of hyperosmotic-tolerant industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, capable of resisting high-salt stress, offers both environmental and economic benefits. Our previous study highlighted the potential of CRZ1 overexpression as a strategy to improve the yeast strain’s resistance to high-salt stress, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. The fermentation capabilities of the CRZ1-overexpressing strain, KCR3, and its parental strain, KF7, were evaluated under condition of 1.25 M NaCl at 35 °C. Compared to KF7, KCR3 showed an 81% increase in glucose consumption (129.25 ± 0.83 g/L) and a 105% increase in ethanol production (47.59 ± 0.93 g/L), with a yield of 0.37 g/g. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that under high-salt stress, KCR3 exhibited significantly upregulated expression of genes associated with ion transport, stress response, gluconeogenesis, and the utilization of alternative carbon sources, while genes related to glycolysis and the biosynthesis of ribosomes, amino acids, and fatty acids were notably downregulated compared to KF7. Crz1 likely expands its influence by regulating the expression of numerous transcription factors, thereby impacting genes involved in multiple aspects of cellular function. The study revealed the regulatory mechanism of Crz1 under high-salt stress, thereby providing guidance for the construction of salt-tolerant strains.
Antarctic sea ice surface temperature bias in atmospheric reanalyses induced by the combined effects of sea ice and clouds
Authors: Wang Zhaohui , Fraser Alexander D. , Reid Phillip , O’Farrell Siobhan , Coleman Richard
Published: October 2024

Sea-ice surface temperature from atmospheric reanalysis has been used as an indicator of ice melt and climate change. However, its performance in atmospheric reanalyses is not fully understood in Antarctica. Here, we quantified biases in six widely-used reanalyses using satellite observations, and found strong and persistent warm biases in most reanalyses examined. Further analysis of the biases revealed two main culprits: incorrect cloud properties, and inappropriate sea-ice representation in the reanalysis products. We found that overestimated cloud simulation can contribute more than 4 K warm bias, with ERA5 exhibiting the largest warm bias. Even in reanalysis with smaller biases, this accuracy is achieved through a compensatory relationship between relatively lower cloud fraction bias and overestimated sea ice insulation effect. A dynamic downscaling simulation shows that differences in sea-ice representation can contribute a 2.3 K warm bias. The representation of ice concentration is the primary driver of the spatial distribution of biases by modulating the coupling between sea ice and clouds, as well as surface heat conduction. The lack of a snow layer in all reanalyses examined also has an impact on biases.
Edible Fish Species as Bioaccumulators and Bioindicators of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Durban Basin, South Africa
Authors: Ogola Henry Joseph Oduor , Debipersadh Sanjeev , Odhiambo Achieng Kennedy , Mang Kalu Chimdi , Kimani Wambui Virginia
Published: October 2024

Seafood consumption in the Durban basin faces a hidden threat: heavy metal (HM) contamination in fish. This chapter unveils the intricate interplay of dietary preferences and specific physiological traits that influence the distribution of HM in edible fish within the Durban basin. It elucidates the divergent capacities of fish gills, liver and muscles in accumulating different HMs, with certain species exceeding both South African and international regulatory limits. This revelation underscores the urgent need for comprehensive monitoring and effective management strategies. Furthermore, the chapter introduces the maasbanker or Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Carangiformes, Carangidae) and the slinger seabream Chrysoblephus puniceus (Spariformes, Sparidae) as promising bioindicators for moderate HM pollution, underlining the importance of species-specific considerations for accurate monitoring. Finally, avenues for future research are identified, including longitudinal studies on HM accumulation, comparative analyses of bioindicators and broader ecosystem health assessments.
Native Nigerian Fish Species Used as Models in Ecotoxicological Studies:  A Rapid Systematic Review
Authors: Sogbanmu Temitope Olawunmi , Dauda Akeem Babatunde
Published: October 2024

Fish species are important aquatic models utilised in ecotoxicology studies; however, most of these species are found in temperate countries. In this chapter, we reviewed native fish species in Nigeria that are utilised for ecotoxicology studies. A search of the literature was conducted using Google Scholar search engine from anytime until November 7, 2023, resulting in a total of 45 articles that were included in this review. The commonly used native Nigerian fish species in laboratory and field-based (biomonitoring) ecotoxicological studies are the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and the Guinean tilapia Coptodon guineensis. These fish species have been demonstrated to be valid models to study biomarkers of exposure to and effects of toxicants including pesticides, effluents, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, plant and sediment extracts. They serve as bioindicators of stressors or pollutants in biomonitoring programmes with indices ranging from cellular (nuclear abnormalities, haematological effects) to tissue and organ histological alterations, oxidative stress indices as well as individual/population level effects (such as behavioural changes). We recommend targeted studies on the culture exploitation of other native Nigerian freshwater, brackish and marine fish species as well as ratification of C. gariepinus and O. niloticus as globally recognised model fish species for use in ecotoxicological studies.
Aggregation-induced Emission-active Polymers
Authors: Xie Yujun , Li Zhen
Published: October 2024

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has attracted increasing attention due to its advantages of facile synthesis and high photoluminescence (PL) efficiency in the solid state. The typical AIEgens are hexaphenylsilole (HPS), tetraphenylethene (TPE), 9,10-distyrylanthracene (DSA), and polysubstituted benzene. AIE-active polymers are generally constructed by integrating AIEgens into the polymer main chains, side chains, or end groups, and the chemical response towards external stimuli can be implemented via introducing various functional groups. Compared to small molecules, polymers have additional advantages in terms of functionalization and processability, since their photophysical properties can be finely tuned to meet the needs of practical applications. In this chapter, we briefly describe the molecular design strategies for AIE polymers, including linear polymers, dendrimers, and hyperbranched polymers. Thereafter, the representative AIE polymers in various fields such as OLEDs, chemical probes for the detection of nitroaromatic explosives, CO2, pH, metal ions, light, and temperature, and conjugated microporous polymers are summarized. Finally, the challenges and future expectations for the molecular design of AIE polymers are discussed.
Influence of H-bonding on the crystalline structures and ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of novel nanogenerators of the lithium salt of 6-amino hexanoic acid incorporated poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites
Authors: Aishwarya Ananya , Adaval Akanksha , Mondal Suvankar , Dasgupta Titas , Bhattacharyya Arup R.
Published: October 2024

Lithium salt of 6-amino hexanoic acid (Li–AHA) was melt-mixed with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), varying Li–AHA concentration (1–15 wt%), to establish hydrogen bonding between NH2 groups of Li–AHA and –CF2 groups in PVDF.
Variable gain DNA nanostructure charge amplifiers for biosensing
Authors: Majikes Jacob M. , Cho Seulki , Cleveland Thomas E. , Liddle J. Alexander , Balijepalli Arvind
Published: October 2024

DNA origami interfaced with electrical readout allowed a drastic charge amplification of ≈2 × 104 that can be tuned with an applied DC bias. The modularity and reusability of this approach will allow flexible and multiplexed biosensing.
Time-gated multi-dimensional luminescence thermometry via carbon dots for precise temperature mobile sensing
Authors: Silva Sílvia F. V. , Figueiredo Gonçalo , Pereira Rui F. P. , de Zea Bermudez Verónica , Fu Lianshe , André Paulo S. , Carneiro Neto Albano N. , Ferreira Rute A. S.
Published: October 2024

A new luminescence thermometry method uses surface- engineered carbon dots with temperature-responsive phosphorescence. Activated by low-power LED and measured via smartphone, it shows 7.9% °C−1 sensitivity, surpassing existing CD-based thermometers.
A novel amine-first strategy suitable for preparing both functional and engineering bio-polyamides: furfurylamine as the sole furan source for bisfuranic diamine/diacid monomers
Authors: Shu Hong-Hui , Liu Yun , Han Sheng-Li , Fang Xiu-Qin , Wang Chang , Liu Cheng-Mei
Published: October 2024

Biomass-based polyamides (bioPAs) are renewable materials that are viable alternatives to petroleum-based polyamides in the engineering field.
Thiazolothiazole-linked solid-state emissive linear and porous organic polymers utilizing tetraphenyl-buta-1,3-diene-based AIE-active building blocks
Authors: Datta Ayan , Pal Prasanta , Mondal Runa , Malik Sudip
Published: October 2024

Three newly designed and synthesized –CHO-containing tetraphenyl-buta-1,3-diene-based AIEgens have been used to construct a series of thiazolothiazole-linked linear polymers and branched porous organic polymers, via a metal-free one-step synthesis.
Strategic electrochemical oxidation of vinblastin sulfate (an anticancer drug)viaPVP-functionalized strontium oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Lanjar Sana-ul-Nisa , Solangi Amber R. , Batool Nahjul , Khand Nadir H. , Kamboh Manaza , Malah Arfana , Buledi Jamil A. , Khan Mir Mehran
Published: October 2024

Graphical layout for the synthesis of PVP-SrO NPs.
Correction: Janus N,N-dimethylformamide as a solvent for a gradient porous wound dressing of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and as a reducer for in situ nano-silver production: anti-permeation, antibacterial and antifouling activities against multi-drug-resistant bacteria both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Liu Menglong , Wang Ying , Hu Xiaodong , He Weifeng , Gong Yali , Hu Xiaohong , Liu Meixi , Luo Gaoxing , Xing Malcolm , Wu Jun
Published: October 2024

Correction for ‘Janus N,N-dimethylformamide as a solvent for a gradient porous wound dressing of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and as a reducer for in situ nano-silver production: anti-permeation, antibacterial and antifouling activities against multi-drug-resistant bacteria both in vitro and in vivo’ by Menglong Liu et al., RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 26626–26639, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA03234C.
Dual-ligand PROTACS mediate superior target protein degradation in vitro and therapeutic efficacy in vivo
Authors: Chen Yong , Xia Zihan , Suwal Ujjwal , Rappu Pekka , Heino Jyrki , De Wever Olivier , De Geest Bruno G.
Published: October 2024

Dual-ligand PROTACs which comprise of two copies of each E3 ligase ligand and targeted protein ligand display superior activity compared to conventional single-ligand PROTACs. The higher activity of dual-ligand PROTACs is enabled by the stabilized and long-lived ternary complex formation.
Correction: Multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXene electrode decorated with polypyridine for efficient symmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Lin Peng , Wang Sibo , Liu Ailing , Yi Ting , Su Fei , Wang Hui , Xue Song , Zong Xueping
Published: October 2024

Correction for ‘Multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXene electrode decorated with polypyridine for efficient symmetric supercapacitors’ by Peng Lin et al., Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE00892H.
Dynamics of phase-separated microdroplets near the contact line of evaporating all-aqueous drops
Authors: Rai Rahul , Gopu Maheshwar , Parameswaran Senthan Pugalneelam , Adhyapak Tapan Chandra , Mampallil Dileep
Published: October 2024

Evaporation of multicomponent drops can induce liquid–liquid phase separation and spatial reconfiguration of phases through complex dynamics near the contact line.
Challenges and advancements in p-GaN gate based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on silicon substrates
Authors: Zhu Miaodong , Li Guoxin , Li Hangtian , Guo Zhonghong , Yang Ying , Shang Jianbo , Feng Yikang , Lu Yunshu , Li Zexi , Li Xiaohang , Gao Fangliang , Wei Wenqiu , Li Shuti
Published: October 2024

This review highlights the challenges and advancements in p-GaN gate HEMTs on silicon substrates. It also discusses several attempts to enhance device performance and explores the future developments of p-GaN gate HEMT.
Additive-induced intermolecular interaction enhancement enables highly efficient organic solar cells
Authors: Chen Chen , Hu Dingqin , Huang Peihao , Mak Chun Hong , Liu Heng , Lei Hongliang , Jiang Xue , Li Yulu , Yu Fengyi , Tu Kaihuai , Hsu Hsien-Yi , Lu Xinhui , Chen Haiyan , Xiao Zeyun
Published: October 2024

We developed a pyridine-based solvent additive targeting the acceptor moiety. This additive fine-tunes the aggregation, crystallinity, and stacking of the active layer through stronger non-covalent interactions with the acceptor.
Ultra-low thermal conductivity and enhanced mechanical properties of high-entropy perovskite ceramics
Authors: Qiao Wenjing , Zhao Jiantuo , Qi Yingwei , Zhu Xiaopei , Wang Xifei , Xu Zhizhi , Bai Mei , Mei Junwen , Hu Yanhua , Lou Xiaojie
Published: October 2024

A novel entropy-stabilized ceramic system featuring a disordered perovskite structure manifests low thermal conductivity and superior mechanical properties.
Harmonic modal analysis of hydroelectric runner in steady-state conditions: a Bayesian approach
Authors: Morin Nicolas , Dollon Quentin , Antoni Jérôme , Tahan Antoine , Monette Christine , Gagnon Martin
Published: October 2024

The characterization of hydroelectric turbine runners' dynamic behaviour is essential for accurate stress and fatigue life prediction leading to design and maintenance adapted to the fluctuating power demand. As the modal parameters of runners depend on the operating regime and coupling effects, a representative estimation of these parameters relies on the analysis of in-operation data. However, harmonics contained in Francis runners strain response complexify the use of traditional operational modal analysis methods. This paper proposes a steady-state harmonic modal analysis method using Non-Trivial Rotor-Casing Interactions (NTRCI). The Bayesian method used to identify the parameters is first presented. Then the method is evaluated on a ground truth system obtained with an analytically generated strain response and then deployed on operating runner strain gauge measurements. The paper concludes with a discussion and future works related to the exhaustivity of the proposed model and additional signal processing needs.
Kindliches Delir erkennen und behandeln
Authors: Lindemann-Wittke Dagmar
Published: October 2024

Pädiatrische Intensivpatienten, die ein Delir entwickeln, rücken zunehmend in den Fokus. Eine adäquate Behandlung verbessert das Patienten-Outcome entscheidend, setzt allerdings auch voraus, dass das Delir schnell erkannt wird. In diesem CNE Schwerpunkt wird zunächst das Delir erläutert. Danach werden für die Pädiatrie anwendbare Scores herausgestellt. Diese wurden im Rahmen einer Bachelorarbeit hinsichtlich ihrer Anwendbarkeit untersucht, um sie einer Implementierung auf einer interdisziplinären Kinderintensivstation zuzuführen. Abschließend werden ausgewählte Forschungsergebnisse der diesem Beitrag zugrunde liegenden Arbeit veröffentlicht.
Praxisanleitung in der Pädiatrie – Teil 1
Authors: Shams Dean
Published: October 2024

Wie gelingt gute Praxisanleitung und welche Besonderheiten gibt es in der Pädiatrie? In dieser und den folgenden Ausgaben stellen wir beispielhaft konkrete Anwendungsbeispiele für die praktische Ausbildung vor.
Lower Blood Loss with Bicruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty Compared with Bicruciate-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Kozu Takashi , Iriuchishima Takanori , Ryu Keinosuke , Nakanishi Kazuyoshi
Published: October 2024

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common surgical procedure to treat end-stage knee osteoarthritis. This study compared blood loss volume and other clinical outcomes between bicruciate-retaining (BCR) and bicruciate-stabilized (BCS) TKA. Ninety-seven participants who underwent unilateral TKA were enrolled. The BCS-TKA and BCR-TKA groups comprised 78 and 19 participants, respectively. Blood loss was calculated using preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values, height, weight, and sex. Measurements were taken immediately after surgery, on days 1 and 7, and total blood loss was calculated up to day 7. Operation time, range of motion at 7 and 14 days postoperatively, blood transfusion requirement, and postoperative complications such as infection, hematoma, and deep vein thrombosis were compared between the groups. Blood loss was comparable between groups at all time points (125.7 vs. 105.4 mL, 57.9 vs. 43.5 mL, and 68.2 vs. 41.7 mL for immediate, day 1, and day 7 postoperatively, respectively; all p > 0.05) except for total blood loss, which was significantly lower in the BCR group compared with the BCS group (190.7 vs. 251.1 mL; p < 0.05). The BCR group also had a longer operation time than the BCS group (131.2 vs. 112.4 minutes; p < 0.05). No other significant differences were observed in other outcomes. Total blood loss up to 7 days postoperatively was significantly lower in the BCR group than in the BCS group despite a longer operation time. This may be attributed to the reduced bone resection and greater soft tissue preservation, including the anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligaments, in the BCR technique.
Intradural Repair of Temporal Bone Encephalocele and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Results from a Single Institution
Authors: Ellsperman Susan E. , D'Agostino Anna K. , Olszewski Adam M. , Peng Kevin A. , Slattery William H. , Lekovic Gregory P.
Published: October 2024

Background Lateral temporal bone encephaloceles incidence is increasing with obesity rates. Middle fossa (MF) craniotomy, transmastoid (TM), or combined MF + TM access can be used for repair.

Methods Retrospective review of MF or MF + TM repair with an intradural graft. Sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Pre/postoperative audiometric results were included. Postoperative complications were reported.

Results A total of 49 patients (50 repairs) were included. In addition, 74% were women (p < 0.05). Ten patients had a history of chronic otitis media and surgery. Average BMI was 35.8, and average age was 59. Furthermore, 54% had multiple skull base defects; 18 (36%) patients had a MF approach. In total, 32 (64%) patients had a MF + TM approach for repair; 13 (40.1%) of these patients had a concurrent tympanoplasty. Hearing improved for 74%. Air conduction pure-tone average improved by an average of 5 dB (p 0.27). No differences in hearing outcomes were observed between the MF and MF + TM groups. Two patients (6%) had hearing decline. Eight complications were reported (1 (2%) skin infection, 4 (8%) recurrent/persistent cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] leaks requiring lumbar drain or shunt, and 3 (6%) episodes of aphasia or mental status change). Age >65 years was not associated with risk of postoperative complication.

Conclusion Intradural repair of encephalocele and CSF leak is a safe and effective surgical approach. Intradural reinforcement along the entire MF floor is beneficial for multiple areas of dehiscence and thin dura. Complication rates including recurrent/persistent CSF leak and aphasia related to temporal lobe retraction were similar to previously published reports and not associated with older patient age. Hearing was stable or improved in 94% with no difference noted between MF and MF + TM repair.
Surgical Technique for Repair of Tegmen Dehiscence with Encephalocele: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Altshuler Marcelle , Jha Rohan , Gupta Saksham , Hong Christopher S. , Balagurunath Kaasinath , Gerstl Jakob V.E. , Song Yohan , Corrales Eduardo , Smith Timothy
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives Tegmen dehiscence with encephalocele presents certain surgical challenges, necessitating innovative approaches to improve patient outcomes and minimize complications. Here we aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel middle cranial fossa craniotomy technique.

Methods Nineteen adult patients with radiographically confirmed tegmen dehiscence with encephalocele were included. Patients underwent a middle cranial fossa craniotomy technique for tegmen dehiscence repair, utilizing a split-thickness bone graft, pedicled pericranial flap, and hydroxyapatite for extradural repair and with an inlay graft for the intradural repair. The primary outcome measured was the major perioperative complications or need for revision surgery, while the secondary outcome measured was the resolution or improvement of preoperative symptoms associated with tegmen dehiscence.

Results Our series encompassed tegmen dehiscence repairs in 19 patients, with an average age at surgery of 51 years (range: 24–82 years). The average follow-up time was 8.80 months (range: 0.43–27.62 months). Patients commonly presented with symptoms such as hearing loss (n = 8), otorrhea (n = 8), fullness or ear pressure (n = 6), dizziness or imbalance (n = 6), or a history of meningitis (n = 4), among others. Postoperatively, symptoms resolved completely in 42% of patients (n = 8) and partially in 58% of patients (n = 11). Notably, no patients required revision surgery or developed new dehiscence in the follow-up period.

Conclusion Our middle cranial fossa craniotomy technique for tegmen dehiscence with encephalocele repair demonstrated promising postoperative outcomes, with complete or partial symptom resolution in all patients and no major complications. Our findings suggest that this technique is a safe and effective approach for tegmen dehiscence repair.
An Advanced Cardiac Life Support Application Improves Performance during Simulated Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Senter-Zapata Michael , Neel Dylan V. , Colocci Isabella , Alblooshi Afaf , AlRadini Faten Abdullah M. , Quach Brian , Lyon Samuel , Coll Maxwell , Chu Andrew , Rainer Katharine W. , Waters Beth , Baugh Christopher W. , Dias Roger D. , Zhang Haipeng , Eyre Andrew , Isselbacher Eric , Conley Jared , Carlile Narath
Published: October 2024

Objectives Variability in cardiopulmonary arrest training and management leads to inconsistent outcomes during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Existing clinical decision aids, such as American Heart Association (AHA) advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) pocket cards and third-party mobile apps, often lack comprehensive management guidance. We developed a novel, guided ACLS mobile app and evaluated user performance during simulated cardiac arrest according to the 2020 AHA ACLS guidelines via randomized controlled trial.

Methods Forty-six resident physicians were randomized to lead a simulated code team using the AHA pockets cards (N = 22) or the guided app (N = 24). The primary outcome was successful return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Secondary outcomes included code leader stress and confidence, AHA ACLS guideline adherence, and errors. A focus group of 22 residents provided feedback. Statistical analysis included two-sided t-tests and Fisher's exact tests.

Results App users showed significantly higher ROSC rate (50 vs. 18%; p = 0.024), correct thrombolytic administration (54 vs. 23%; p = 0.029), backboard use (96 vs. 27%; p < 0.001), end-tidal CO2 monitoring (58 vs. 27%; p = 0.033), and confidence compared with baseline (1.0 vs 0.3; p = 0.005) compared with controls. A focus group of 22 residents indicated unanimous willingness to use the app, with 82% preferring it over AHA pocket cards.

Conclusion Our guided ACLS app shows potential to improve user confidence and adherence to the AHA ACLS guidelines and may help to standardize in-hospital cardiac arrest management. Further validation studies are essential to confirm its efficacy in clinical practice.
Adrenal Crisis with Hypercalcemia Precipitated by Levothyroxine Initiation in a Patient with Polyendocrinopathy
Authors: Shwaylia Fatma , Almazrouei Raya
Published: October 2024

Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 2 involving autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency and autoimmune hypothyroidism is rare. Fatigue and tiredness are common overlapping symptoms between the two conditions. Initiating levothyroxine in a patient with underlying adrenal insufficiency may precipitate a severe adrenal crisis. Here, we report a case of a 21-year-old lady who presented with an adrenal crisis with hypercalcemia after levothyroxine initiation. This case highlights the importance of taking a proper detailed history and diligent physical examination which can direct the appropriate diagnosis and avoid the preventable consequence.
20.2.10.2 Arenecarboxylic Acids (Update 2024)
Authors: Franck X. , Durandetti M.
Published: October 2024

This is an update to the original Science of Synthesis chapter from 2007 (Section 20.2.10) focusing on arenecarboxylic acids. This update encompasses articles published between 2007 and 2023. Aromatic carboxylic acids commonly appear as motifs in natural products and biologically significant compounds. Consequently, exploring strategies to synthesize these compounds is a crucial area of research. Recently, novel methodologies utilizing photochemical or electrochemical synthesis have emerged.
9 Biomimetic Nanozymes
Authors: Jin S. , Jeong Y.
Published: October 2024

Nanozymes are being studied as suitable alternatives to natural enzymes in live environments because of their biocompatible size with other proteins. Their size can not only provide biocompatibility in biological applications but also enhance catalytic activity and yield benefits for catalyst separation and reuse in industrial applications. Due to these advantages, diverse types of nanozymes have been developed. This chapter provides an overview of the catalytic mechanisms and classification of biomimetic nanozymes. Additionally, it reviews recent research progress on biomimetic nanozyme based catalysis and its biosensing, bioimaging, and therapeutic applications.
15 Abiotic Chemistry in Living Animals: Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Porte K. , Thoreau F. , Papot S. , Taran F.
Published: October 2024

The concept of click chemistry, first reported in 2001, has paved the way for bioorthogonal chemistry, which represents a class of chemical transformations that operate in biological media without interfering with endogenous functional groups. Bioorthogonal reactions including ligation, cleavage, and click-to-release reactions can now be carried out in living organisms, unveiling the potential to modulate drug properties by fostering their selective release or synthesis in targeted tissues as well as their on-demand clearance. Herein, we report innovative approaches that employ bioorthogonal chemistry for therapeutic purposes.
Colloidal droplet desiccation on a electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) platform
Authors: Ghosh Udita Uday , Dhara Trina , Bakshi Janesh , Nath Kalpita , DasGupta Sunando
Published: October 2024

The physics of the effects of electric field on the desiccation of colloidal droplets, comprising of dispersed negatively charged nanoparticles [2 μl, 1(w/w. %)], are studied in a standard electrowetting-on-a-dielectric configuration. The extent of contact line pinning during evaporation is found to be a function of the magnitude of the applied voltage and quantified in terms of the dimensionless electrowetting number (η). The pinned contact line led to higher particle compaction as evidenced by the characterization of dried colloidal film thicknesses. Crack formation and their dynamics have been analyzed in detail to elicit the interplay of forces near the contact line region and on the compaction front. These aspects of crack formation are elucidated in the light of magnitude and polarity of the applied electric field. It is found to influence the crack front initiation velocity, the geometry, the number of cracks, and an attempt is made to explain the same via first principle-based approaches. Therefore, this study indicates the possibility of using electrowetting as a technique to fine-tune the crack formation behavior in thin colloidal films.
Fundamental studies of liquid fuel fraction and droplet diameter distribution of diethyl ether using a double injection strategy
Authors: Sonawane Utkarsha , Jena Ashutosh , Mishra Yogeshwar Nath , Agarwal Avinash Kumar
Published: October 2024

Optical laser spray investigations have minimally intrusive, simultaneous measurement capabilities with higher spatial and temporal resolution. The microscopic and macroscopic spray parameters of diesel and diesel-diethyl ether blend spray with a split injection strategy were investigated in this experimental study. Lower effective fuel injection pressure due to lower needle lift under the split injection strategy was responsible for the larger droplet sizes in split injection. However, appropriate closing and opening of the injector for a longer dwell time resulted in diluted spray and finer droplet formation. Longer dwell time provided sufficient time for efficient evaporation of fuel droplets, resulting in higher vapor formation. The liquid fuel fraction was lower for longer dwell time and diesel-diethyl ether spray, indicating superior atomization and evaporation characteristics. Higher fuel injection pressure resulted in longer liquid penetration, which can be reduced by using split injection strategies. Diesel-diethyl ether spray was more diluted for fuel concentration and had a lower spray area than diesel. Two high-velocity peaks were observed for split injections. The occurrence of high-velocity peaks improves the fuel–air mixing and droplet vaporization. Diesel-diethyl ether spray showed a higher density of detection of coarser droplets, indicating evaporation of finer droplets. Higher vapor pressure of diethyl ether resulted in rapid evaporation of finer droplets.
Theoretical treatment of the instability of fully developed laminar pipe flow taking wall roughness into account
Authors: Durst Franz
Published: October 2024

This paper concerns theoretical treatments of the stability of laminar, fully developed pipe flow, a long-standing problem in fluid mechanics that has not yet been solved. Numerous publications theoretically demonstrate that this flow is inherently stable to all types of small disturbances and across all Reynolds numbers (Re). However, apparently corresponding experiments show that laminar, fully developed pipe flows reach their state of transition at finite values of Re=(ŨD/ν), with Ũ= mean velocity, D= pipe diameter, ν= kinematic viscosity of fluid. An explanation for this “anomaly” is currently not available. The aim of this paper is to provide such an explanation by treating laminar pipe flows theoretically, taking wall roughness into account. This yields, for certain roughness properties and pipe diameters, a mean velocity distribution that possesses an inflection point and is, therefore, inherently unstable. A stability parameter, S=(4k0/δD), (k0= maximum permeability of wall roughness, δ= roughness layer thickness, D= pipe diameter) is derived that categorizes laminar, fully developed pipe flows into two classes: stable (when the parameter is >1.0) and unstable (when the parameter is <1.0). Hence, laminar pipe flows become unstable when the derived stability parameter approaches 1.0. Parallel carried out numerical studies confirm the results presented in this paper. One- and two-dimensional predictions yield similar results suggesting the stability parameter S be equal to 1.0 for a criterion for the onset of instability and transition in turbulence of laminar pipe flows. Nearly all available experimental results can be explained by the theoretical treatment described in this paper. An additional paper is in preparation to consider various results available on laminar pipe flows, such as region of constant Rec, dependence on pipe diameter and pipe length, and friction factor of laminar pipe flows.
Dynamics of jet breakup and the resultant drop size distribution-effect of nozzle size and impingement velocity
Authors: Kirar Pavan Kumar , Kumar Nikhil , Sahu Kirti Chandra
Published: October 2024

We conduct systematic experiments to investigate the dynamics of liquid jet breakup and the resulting droplet size distribution, emphasizing the influence of liquid jet velocity and needle exit diameter. We precisely control jet formation using a pressurized water tank equipped with needles of different sizes. Our study quantifies breakup dynamics through dimensionless parameters such as the liquid Weber number (We) and the needle exit area ratio (Ar). Our key findings identify three distinct breakup regimes—dripping, Rayleigh, and wind-induced—each dictated by the interplay of surface tension and aerodynamic forces for various combinations of liquid jet velocity and needle exit diameter. We construct a regime map to delineate different breakup behaviors in the We−Ar space. It is observed that lower jet velocities produce narrow probability density functions for jet breakup length due to stable jets, whereas higher velocities result in broader distributions. Increasing jet velocity extends breakup lengths for moderate flow rates due to enhanced stability in the Rayleigh regime, but higher velocities induce instability, leading to shorter breakup lengths. Additionally, we analyze the effects of the needle exit area ratio and liquid Weber number on droplet size distribution, highlighting the transition from mono-modal to bi-modal distribution under varying conditions.
Experimental framework to examine turbulent puffs generated by human coughing
Authors: Bahl Prateek , Bhattacharjee Shovon , MacIntyre Raina , Doolan Con , de Silva Charitha
Published: October 2024

Respiratory infections spread through pathogen-laden droplets and aerosols exhaled by humans as part of turbulent puffs. Understanding the dynamics of these puffs is essential for assessing risks and implementing effective infection control measures. This study introduces an innovative experimental framework that employs neutrally buoyant helium-filled soap bubbles to visualize and quantitatively analyze puffs expelled during respiratory exhalations. This approach allows for the exploration of flow and turbulence statistics in exhalation puffs, an area that has not been previously examined. The experimental setup employs a high-speed camera coupled with light sheet illumination in a controlled environment. This framework can measure puff trajectory and radius directly from the raw images captured by the camera or from the velocity fields obtained through particle image velocimetry. The framework was subsequently applied to 15 coughs from three subjects. Our observations of maximum and mean velocities within the puff align with previous studies on droplet flow statistics. Additionally, based on the vorticity distribution of the exhalation, we observed a two-stage evolution of the puff with an initial jet-like phase where the trajectory scales with t1/2, followed by a puff-like phase with t1/4 scaling. Furthermore, we observed an entrainment coefficient (α) of 0.32 ± 0.06 for the initial jet-like phase and 0.17  ±  0.08 for the puff-like phase. Overall, this framework offers improved insight into the transport mechanisms of respiratory aerosols by enabling the quantification of different flow statistics of turbulent puffs.
Stochastic analysis of the interaction between excess fluid flow and soil deformation in heterogeneous deformable porous media
Authors: Chang Ching-Min , Ni Chuen-Fa , Lin Chi-Ping , Lee I-Hsian
Published: October 2024

Since aquifers deform under applied stresses, it is important to understand the interaction between fluid flow and soil deformation, as the deformation of the solid matrix affects the storage of water in the void space and may reach an extent that causes land subsidence under certain conditions. Geological heterogeneity has a major influence on groundwater movement and can therefore affect the amount of compaction. The aim of this work is, therefore, to perform a stochastic analysis of the influence of the variability of hydraulic conductivity fields on the interaction between excess fluid flow and soil deformation in heterogeneous, deformable porous media. The stress equilibrium equation and the storage equation together form a pair of coupled constitutive equations to describe the interaction of deformation (volume strain) and excess pore fluid pressure head. Using the Fourier–Stieltjes representation approach and a perturbation approximation, the coupled equations are solved analytically in the Fourier space domain for the case of unidirectional excess mean flow. Based on these solutions and the representation theorem, results are obtained for the variances of excess pore fluid pressure head and volume strain. They serve as an index of variability quantification for the evaluation of the variability of the log conductivity field and the compressibility coefficient of the soil on the variability of pressure head and volume strain fields. An illustration of the application of the proposed stochastic theory to predict the excess pore pressure and volume strain under uncertainty is also given.
A culling method for fluid–cloth interaction based on dual-scale dynamic time steps
Authors: Jin Yanxia , Wang Songsong , Nan Keliang , Wang Ting , Liu Xinyu , Zhang Zhuangwei , Zhang Xiaozhu
Published: October 2024

This paper proposes a fluid–cloth simulation method based on dynamic time-stepping and a two-level collision detection algorithm to enhance the realism and real-time interaction of fluid and cloth. The method addresses the slow collision detection speed and poor culling efficiency between flexible cloth and complex fluid models. First, an adaptive k-means algorithm based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics is introduced, which dynamically divides fluid particles into two independent clusters according to velocity differences and applies a dual-scale dynamic time stepping (DDTS) scheme. Second, an extended position-based dynamics method is employed to simulate the cloth, integrating the small time steps derived from the fluid simulation to ensure the numerical stability during the cloth constraint solving process. Finally, a bounding box collision detection algorithm based on spatial hashing is constructed for the purpose of high-level culling between particles and triangles. At the low-level culling stage, a new filter, the dynamic motion filter (DMF), is proposed as a means of further improving culling efficiency. In comparison with the combination of continuous collision detection and position-based dynamics collision constraints, the average frame rate of the model building process with the introduction of the DDTS method is increased by 120%, resulting in higher-quality visual effects. Furthermore, the DMF increases the culling rate for vertex-face collision pairs by 3% to 23% and reduces overall collision detection time by 2% to 8% compared with other collision culling methods, enhancing the culling efficiency of collision.
Electron optics simulation in the overall gyrotron geometry
Authors: Marti Lea , Pagonakis Ioannis Gr. , Sieben Leif , Millen Marthe , Genoud Jérémy , Hogge Jean-Philippe , Barnes Alexander B.
Published: October 2024

A model is presented for simulating the electron beam within the entire gyrotron geometry using an electron optics code. The model incorporates the influence of the electromagnetic fields generated by the cavity's operational mode through a simple self-consistent approach. This simulation method proves highly beneficial for investigating the effects occurring within the complete gyrotron structure. One such application includes the examination of ions and electrons, resulting from the ionization of residual gas molecules upon collision with the electron beam. By calculating the trajectories of these particles, interesting conclusions can be drawn.
Analysis of macroscopic, microcosmic, and microscopic characteristics of red-bed soft rock in Central Yunnan and its mechanical response in construction
Authors: Wu Kai , Jin Bin , Hong Shaopan , Chen Jian , Nie Qiqiang , Liu Hongliang , Cai Hui , Gao Xin
Published: October 2024

The red-bed soft rock mass in central Yunnan, characterized by terrestrial clastic sedimentary strata with a red color, is mainly found in the Chuxiong area of Yunnan Province. Understanding its properties is crucial for managing large deformations in soft rock tunnels. This study focuses on the Fenghuangshan Tunnel in the Chuxiong Section of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project. Various laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the macroscopic mechanical properties, microcosmic hydrophysical properties, microscopic composition, and pore structure characteristics of the red-bed soft rock at different burial depths. The finite difference simulation software was utilized to model the excavation process of these tunnels, exploring the deformation and mechanical response laws of the surrounding rock, which were then verified through on-site monitoring. Results indicate that with increased burial depth, rock mechanical properties are enhanced; water's weakening effect on soft rock decreases by 28%; primary and secondary disintegration resistance indices increase by 13.3% and 8.5%, respectively; the content of hard hydrophobic minerals like quartz rises by 21%; pore structure is reduced; pore size distribution becomes more uniform; and particle arrangement becomes more compact. Stress concentration at the tunnel foot and steps junction is evident. As burial depth increases, vertical and horizontal displacements of the surrounding rock rise, but the vertical displacement growth rate slows while the horizontal displacement convergence rate accelerates. This study provides valuable references for similar projects.
Influence of thin film for LIPSS formation on soda-lime glass using SHG femtosecond laser beam
Authors: Arun Kumar K. Deva , Aspe Barthélemy , Depardieu Martin , Thomann Anne-Lise , Semmar Nadjib
Published: October 2024

This investigation focuses on the influence of thin films on laser-induced periodic surface structures (TF-LIPSSs) formed on soda-lime glass using femtosecond laser pulses with a wavelength of 515 nm. In this study, we introduce a new framework involving a combined metal thin film of chromium and silver (Cr:30 nm + Ag:100 nm) deposited onto soda-lime glass by DC magnetron sputtering. Due to their better coupling by heat accumulation, metal thin film enables a more efficient transfer of energy to the dielectric glass substrate, leading to the formation of periodic structures. The thin-metal-film-deposited glass substrate is irradiated with the second-harmonic generator of a Satsuma laser source to create the LIPSS at high repetition rates ranging from 10 to 250 kHz. We observe simultaneously low-spatial-frequency LIPSS (LSFL) with a spatial period (Λ) of 400 nm and high-spatial-frequency LIPSS (HSFL) with a spatial period of about 110 nm on thin film and glass substrate, respectively. Interestingly, at 10 μJ and 100 kHz, the HSFL observed on the glass substrate are significantly smaller than half of the irradiation wavelength. In the center region, the HSFL⊥ are perpendicular to the laser beam polarization. In the transitioned region between the impact center and the melted area, the HSFLII are parallel to the polarization. Furthermore, when the energy was increased from 10 to 15 μJ, the irradiated zone geometry changed from a regular circular shape to an elliptical one due to an uneven energy distribution over the ablated area, resulting in the formation of irregular surface structures. Finally, a comparative analysis of surface modifications on a metal thin-film-coated glass substrate using different repetition rates and energy levels revealed dissimilar morphological structures.