bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperoxia promotes polarization of the immune response in ovalbumin‐induced airway inflammation, leading to a TH17 cell phenotype
Authors: Nagato Akinori C. , Bezerra Frank S. , Talvani André , Aarestrup Beatriz J. , Aarestrup Fernando M.
Published: June 2015

Previous studies have demonstrated that hyperoxia‐induced stress and oxidative damage to the lungs of mice lead to an increase in IL‐6, TNF‐α, and TGF‐β expression. Together, IL‐6 and TGF‐β have been known to direct T cell differentiation toward the TH17 phenotype. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that hyperoxia promotes the polarization of T cells to the TH17 cell phenotype in response to ovalbumin‐induced acute airway inflammation. Airway inflammation was induced in female BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal sensitization and intranasal introduction of ovalbumin, followed by challenge methacholine. After the methacholine challenge, animals were exposed to hyperoxic conditions in an inhalation chamber for 24 h. The controls were subjected to normoxia or aluminum hydroxide dissolved in phosphate buffered saline. After 24 h of hyperoxia, the number of macrophages and lymphocytes decreased in animals with ovalbumin‐induced airway inflammation, whereas the number of neutrophils increased after ovalbumin‐induced airway inflammation. The results showed that expression of Nrf2, iNOS, T‐bet and IL‐17 increased after 24 of hyperoxia in both alveolar macrophages and in lung epithelial cells, compared with both animals that remained in room air, and animals with ovalbumin‐induced airway inflammation. Hyperoxia alone without the induction of airway inflammation lead to increased levels of TNF‐α and CCL5, whereas hyperoxia after inflammation lead to decreased CCL2 levels. Histological evidence of extravasation of inflammatory cells into the perivascular and peribronchial regions of the lungs was observed after pulmonary inflammation and hyperoxia. Hyperoxia promotes polarization of the immune response toward the TH17 phenotype, resulting in tissue damage associated with oxidative stress, and the migration of neutrophils to the lung and airways. Elucidating the effect of hyperoxia on ovalbumin‐induced acute airway inflammation is relevant to preventing or treating asthmatic patients that require oxygen supplementation to reverse the hypoxemia.
Different bone regeneration patterns in periimplant circumferential gap defects grafted with two types of osteoconductive biomaterial
Authors: Lee Jung‐Seok , Sohn Joo‐Yeon , Lim Hyun‐Chang , Jung Ui‐Won , Choi Seong‐Ho
Published: June 2015

This study aimed to determine healing patterns in periimplant gap defect grafted with demineralized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and porous titanium granules (PTG), which are known to induce a minimal tissue reaction and to undergo minimal biodegradation in healing process. Experiments were performed using a standardized periimplant gap‐defect model in dogs with two observational periods: 4 and 8 weeks. Circumferential defects were surgically induced around dental implants on unilateral mandibles in five dogs, and collagen barrier membranes were placed over the DBBM and PTG grafts at two experimental sites and over a nongrafted site. Four weeks later, the same procedures were performed on the contralateral mandible, and the animals allowed to heal for a further 4 weeks, after which they were sacrificed and their mandibles with graft/control sites harvested for histologic evaluation. Both types of grafted biomaterials significantly enhanced the defect fill with newly formed bone, but the bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) was significantly increased only at sites that had been grafted with DBBM. The two experimental sites exhibited different healing patterns, with new bone formation being observed on the surface of the DBBM particles throughout the defect, while there was no de novo bone formation on the PTG surface, but rather appositional bone growth from the base and lateral walls of the defect. It has been suggested that gap‐defect filling with DBBM around dental implants may enhance both BIC and defect fill; however, the present findings show that defect grafting with PTG enhances only defect fill and not BIC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1202–1209, 2016.
Nitinol: Tubing versus sputtered film – microcleanliness and corrosion behavior
Authors: Wohlschlögel Markus , Lima de Miranda Rodrigo , Schüßler Andreas , Quandt Eckhard
Published: June 2015

Corrosion behavior and microcleanliness of medical‐device grade Nitinol tubing (NixTi1‐x, x
0.51; outer diameter 7 mm, wall thickness 0.5 mm), drawn from various ingot qualities, are compared to the characteristics of sputtered Nitinol film material (NixTi1‐x, x = 0.51; thickness 50 µm). Electropolished tubing half‐shell samples are tested versus as‐received sputtered film samples. Inclusion size distributions are assessed using quantitative metallography and corrosion behavior is investigated by potentiodynamic polarization testing in phosphate‐buffered saline at body temperature. For the sputtered film samples, the surface chemistry is additionally analyzed employing Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) composition‐depth profiling. Results show that the fraction of breakdowns in the potentiodynamic polarization test correlates with number and size of the inclusions in the material. For the sputtered Nitinol film material no inclusions were detectable by light microscopy on the one hand and no breakdowns were found in the potentiodynamic polarization test on the other hand. As for electropolished Nitinol, the sputtered Nitinol film material reveals Nickel depletion and an Oxygen‐to‐Titanium intensity ratio of ∼2:1 in the surface oxide layer, as measured by AES. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1176–1181, 2016.
Educational Inequalities in Post-Hip Fracture Mortality: A NOREPOS Studys
Authors: Omsland Tone K , Eisman John A , Næss Øyvind , Center Jacqueline R , Gjesdal Clara G , Tell Grethe S , Emaus Nina , Meyer Haakon E , Søgaard Anne Johanne , Holvik Kristin , Schei Berit , Forsmo Siri , Magnus Jeanette H
Published: June 2015

Hip fractures are associated with high excess mortality. Education is an important determinant of health, but little is known about educational inequalities in post-hip fracture mortality. Our objective was to investigate educational inequalities in post-hip fracture mortality and to examine whether comorbidity or family composition could explain any association. We conducted a register-based population study of Norwegians aged 50 years and older from 2002 to 2010. We measured total mortality according to educational attainment in 56,269 hip fracture patients (NORHip) and in the general Norwegian population. Both absolute and relative educational inequalities in mortality in people with and without hip fracture were compared. There was an educational gradient in post-hip fracture mortality in both sexes. Compared with those with primary education only, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of mortality in hip fracture patients with tertiary education was 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–0.87) in men and 0.79 (95% CI 0.75–0.84) in women. Additional adjustments for Charlson comorbidity index, marital status, and number of children did not materially change the estimates. Regardless of educational attainment, the 1-year age-adjusted mortality was three- to fivefold higher in hip fracture patients compared with peers in the general population without fracture. The absolute differences in 1-year mortality according to educational attainment were considerably larger in hip fracture patients than in the population without hip fracture. Absolute educational inequalities in mortality were higher after hip fracture compared with the general population without hip fracture and were not mediated by comorbidity or family composition. Investigation of other possible mediating factors might help to identify new targets for interventions, based on lower educational attainment, to reduce post-hip fracture mortality. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Influence of S100A6 on CacyBP/SIP Phosphorylation and Elk‐1 Transcriptional Activity in Neuroblastoma NB2a Cells
Authors: Wasik Urszula , Kadziolka Beata , Kilanczyk Ewa , Filipek Anna
Published: June 2015

In this work, we have found that casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylates the CacyBP/SIP protein under in vitro conditions and have mapped the phosphorylation site to threonine 184. Moreover, we present evidence that S100A6, a CacyBP/SIP interacting protein, inhibits this phosphorylation in the presence of Ca2+. CacyBP/SIP phosphorylation by CKII was also observed in neuroblastoma NB2a cells. Interestingly, we have found that the effect of DRB, a CKII inhibitor, on CacyBP/SIP phosphorylation state is similar to that of S100A6 overexpression. Phosphorylation at threonine 184 seems to have an effect on CacyBP/SIP phosphatase activity since the T184E phosphorylation mimic mutant overexpressed in NB2a cells has lower phosphatase activity toward p‐ERK1/2 when compared to the non‐phosphorylable T184A mutant or to the wild‐type protein. In conclusion, our data suggest that S100A6 and Ca2+, through inhibiting CacyBP/SIP phosphorylation on threonine 184, are important regulators of CacyBP/SIP phosphatase activity and of ERK1/2‐Elk‐1 signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 126–131, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of ALAD‐20S Proteasome Complexes in Ubiquitination and Acetylation of Proteasomal α2 Subunits
Authors: Schmitt Sara M. , Neslund‐Dudas Christine , Shen Min , Cui Cindy , Mitra Bharati , Dou Q. Ping
Published: June 2015

The ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway has gained attention as a potential chemotherapeutic target, owing to its importance in the maintenance of protein homeostasis and the observation that cancer cells are more dependent on this pathway than normal cells. Additionally, inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) by their inhibitors like Vorinostat (SAHA) has also proven a useful strategy in cancer therapy and the concomitant use of proteasome and HDAC inhibitors has been shown to be superior to either treatment alone. It has also been reported that delta‐aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) is a proteasome‐associated protein, and may function as an endogenous proteasome inhibitor. While the role of ALAD in the heme biosynthetic pathway is well characterized, little is known about its interaction with, and the mechanism by which it inhibits, the proteasome. In the present study, this ALAD‐proteasome complex was further characterized in cultured prostate cancer cells and the effects of SAHA treatment on the regulation of ALAD were investigated. ALAD interacts with the 20S proteasomal core, but not the 19S regulatory cap. Some ubiquitinated species were detected in ALAD immunoprecipitates that have similar molecular weights to ubiquitinated proteasomal α2 subunits, suggesting preferred binding of ALAD to ubiquitinated α2. Additionally, SAHA treatment increases levels of ALAD protein and an acetylated protein with a molecular weight similar to the ubiquitinated α2 subunit. Thus, the results of this study suggest that ALAD may play a regulatory role in a previously unreported post‐translational modification of proteasomal α subunits. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 144–151, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early Growth Response Protein‐1 Expression by Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐1 Requires ROS‐Dependent Activation of ERK1/2 and PKB Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Youreva Viktoria , Srivastava Ashok K.
Published: June 2015

Early growth response protein‐1 (Egr‐1) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in the regulation of several genes implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as atherosclerosis. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), a potent mitogen, is believed to contribute to the development of CVD through the hyperactivation of mitogenic and growth promoting pathways, including the MAPK and PKB pathways, as well as regulation of multiple transcription factors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to mediate the effects of IGF‐1 and are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities. We have previously shown that IGF‐1 induces the expression of Egr‐1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC); however, the signaling pathways involved in this process remain unexplored. Therefore, we have investigated the involvement of MAPK, PKB, and ROS in IGF‐1‐induced Egr‐1 expression in VSMC. Treatment of VSMC with IGF‐1 enhanced Egr‐1 protein levels in a time and dose‐dependent fashion and PD98059 and SP600125, two selective inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK, respectively, significantly decreased IGF‐1‐induced increase in Egr‐1 expression in these cells. In addition, blockade of PI3‐K/PKB pathways by Wortmannin/SC‐66 respectively, also attenuated IGF‐1‐induced Egr‐1 protein as well as mRNA expression. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, blocked the Egr‐1 expression in response to IGF‐1. In summary, these data demonstrate that ROS‐dependent activation of ERK1/2/JNK, PI3‐K/PKB signaling events play a critical role in IGF‐1 induced expression of Egr‐1 in VSMC. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 152–162, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial distribution of soil organic matter in two fields on tidal flat sediments (Zhejiang Province, China) differing in duration of paddy management
Authors: Kölbl Angelika , Mueller‐Niggemann Cornelia , Schwark Lorenz , Cao Zhi‐Hong , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid
Published: June 2015

Despite of its ecological and economic importance, only limited information is available on spatial variability of soil organic C (OC) in paddy fields during soil development. To obtain deeper insights into the accumulation and spatial distribution of OC with ongoing paddy management, the present study investigates spatial heterogeneities in puddled topsoil layers, in the plough pan, as well as in the underlying subsoil of a 50‐ and 300‐y old paddy site at the area of Cixi (Hangzhou Bay, E China). Sampling of the plots was done on the basis of a regular, orthogonal grid. The grid combined a large‐scale design with distances of 5 m with a small‐scale nested sampling ranging within 0.5 to 1 m. Samples have been taken with an auger in three sampling depths: (1) puddled topsoil layer, (2) dense plough layer, (3) mixed subsoil horizon. All samples were analyzed for their OC and total N concentrations as well as for their soil color (lightness value) to assess relationships between soil lightness and OC amount and distribution. The spatial behavior of all analyzed parameters in the different soil layers was investigated by calculating variograms; the degree of spatial dependence was determined by nugget‐to‐sill ratios. The results show that for each analyzed soil layer, OC and N concentrations were significantly higher in the field with 300 y of paddy management than in the field with 50 y of paddy management. Topsoil OC concentrations changed from 13.8 to 23.6 mg g−1, OC in the plough layer changed from 3.3 to 9.6 mg g−1, and also the subsoil showed a slight increase from 2.9 to 3.3 mg g−1.

Although only two points in time were compared, we assume that paddy soil formation is the most likely reason for differences in the spatial distribution of OC between the two sites. Comparing the spatial depth distribution of the 50‐ and 300‐y old paddy sites suggests that the development of a spatial pattern of OC proceeded with time from topsoil to the underlying soil horizons. Measuring soil lightness was insufficient to predict amount and distribution of soil OC in paddy soils, especially in soils with interfering dark‐colored burnt straw residues. The degree of spatial homogeneity was equal in the two sites, suggesting that cultivation practices (puddling, levelling, burning and incorporation of straw residues) most likely maintained a rather high random spatial variability of approx. 45%. The spatial pattern of OC in the topsoil was dissimilar to the plough layer, revealing that transport of OC in the plough pan occurred mainly in preferential flow paths along localized cracks and biopores.
Impact of pre‐harvest light spectral properties on health‐ and sensory‐related compounds in broccoli florets
Authors: Steindal Anne Linn Hykkerud , Johansen Tor J , Bengtsson Gunnar B , Hagen Sidsel F , Mølmann Jørgen AB
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Plants grown at different latitudes experience differences in light spectral composition. Broccoli (Brassica oleraceaL. varitalica) plants were grown in climate‐controlled chambers under supplemental wavelengths (red, far‐red, red + far‐red or blue) from light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). The light treatments were combined with two cold climate temperatures (12 and 15 °C) during broccoli head formation to investigate the effects on morphology and content of health‐ and sensory‐related compounds: glucosinolates, flavonols, ascorbic acid and soluble sugars.

RESULTS

Supplemental far‐red and red + far‐red light led to elongated plants and the lowest total glucosinolate content in broccoli florets. The content of quercetin was highest with supplemental red light. Vitamin C was not significantly affected by the light treatments, but 12 °C gave a higher content than 15 °C.

CONCLUSION

The effects of supplemental red and far‐red light suggest an involvement of phytochromes in the regulation of glucosinolates and flavonols. A shift in red:far‐red ratio could cause changes in their content besides altering the morphology. The sugar and vitamin C content appears to be unaffected by these light conditions. Supplemental blue light had little effect on plant morphology and content of the health‐ and sensory related compounds. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioactive compounds of juices from two Brazilian grape cultivars
Authors: da Silva Juliana Kelly , Cazarin Cinthia Baú Betim , Correa Luiz Claudio , Batista Ângela Giovana , Furlan Cibele Priscila Busch , Biasoto Aline Camarão Telles , Pereira Giuliano Elias , de Camargo Adriano Costa , Maróstica Junior Mário Roberto
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Grape juice consumption may prevent several chronic diseases owing to the presence of phenolic compounds, which have an important role in the reduction of oxidative stress. This study investigated the polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of grape juices from two cultivars: BRS‐Cora and Isabella. Total polyphenol content (TPC), anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl), and phenolic profile (high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array and fluorescence detection – HPLC‐DAD‐FLD) were determined.

RESULTS

BRS‐Cora grape juice showed higher concentrations of total polyphenols and anthocyanins, as well as higher antioxidant potential, than those of Isabella grape juice. A significant positive correlation was found in TPC or anthocyanin contents when correlated with the remaining antioxidant assays. In addition, HPLC‐DAD‐FLD showed a higher total phenolic content in BRS‐Cora grape juice compared to Isabella.

CONCLUSION

The present results show BRS‐Cora as a promising cultivar for grape juice production with an improved functional potential. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Different actions of salt and pyrophosphate on protein extraction from myofibrils reveal the mechanism controlling myosin dissociation
Authors: Shen Qingwu W , Swartz Darl R , Wang Zhenyu , Liu Yue , Gao Yuan , Zhang Dequan
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Myosin is the major functional protein in muscle foods for water retention, protein binding/gelation and fat holding/emulsification. To maximize its functionality, myosin needs to be released from thick filaments. Understanding of the mechanism controlling myosin extraction will help improve quality traits of meat products.

RESULTS

The data obtained show that actomyosin binding is the rate‐limiting constraint for myosin release in rigor condition. Magnesium pyrophosphate (MgPPi) increased myosin extraction by weakening actomyosin interaction and maximized myosin extraction at 0.4 mol L−1 NaCl, which was not attained at 1.0 mol L−1 NaCl in the absence of PPi. Interaction between myosin rod domains is another critical constraint for myosin extraction, which is, rather than PPi, salt dependent. Further, our data suggest that MyBP‐C (myosin binding protein C) and M‐line might not be of significance in the process of NaCl‐induced myosin extraction, though further study was needed.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides new insight into the mechanism that controls myosin extraction from intact sarcomere, which could be applied to maximize myosin function and to improve meat quality in practice. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of processing on the polyphenol and phenolic acid content and antioxidant capacity of semi‐dried cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum M.)
Authors: Rizzo Valeria , Clifford Mike N , Brown Jonathan E , Siracusa Laura , Muratore Giuseppe
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

This study was performed to test the effects of pre‐treating cherry tomatoes with a solution containing citric acid–NaCl–CaCl2 (10:10:24 g L−1), followed by one of three different drying regimes (40, 60, 80 °C) on the antioxidant capacity of their aqueous extracts and the extent of phenolic compound degradation.

RESULTS

Chlorogenic acids, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rutin and naringenin were all detected in the aqueous extracts. In fresh cherry tomatoes the predominant phenolic compound was rutin, followed by naringenin, which corresponded to 79% and 8% of the total phenolic compounds present, respectively. Pre‐treatment was protective towards naringenin and had a modest protective effect on rutin and ferulic acid (0.1 > P > 0.05). Total phenolic content was similar in all samples, but there was a trend for the level of free polyphenols to be lower in treated tomatoes. The destruction of naringenin was confirmed by liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric data.

CONCLUSION

A significant effect of temperature on the antioxidant capacity was observed. After this treatment the industry might introduce some advances in the processing of tomatoes, preserving the main nutritive characteristics and saving the products as semi‐dried. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Characterization of Four‐Arm Star Polystyrene Based on a Novel Tetrafunctional RAFT Agent
Authors: Wright Trevor Gavin , Weber Wolfgang , Pfukwa Helen , Pasch Harald
Published: June 2015

Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) is a very versatile polymerization technique whereby the topology of the final polymer can be tailored using specific RAFT agents. The tetrafunctional RAFT agent, tetrabenzyl(1,3‐dithietane‐2,2,4,4‐tetrayl)­tetracarbanotrithioate, has not previously been used to synthesize polymers. Poly­styrene (PS) is synthesized using this tetrafunctional RAFT agent and advanced characterization is performed using spectroscopic and separation methods. In situ 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) are used to determine the topology of the resultant PS. The polymerization is followed by in situ 1H NMR, using styrene‐d8 rather than hydrogenous styrene. In situ 1H NMR spectra show that the RAFT agent is incorporated into the polymer as a terminal group. Aminolysis of the star‐shaped PS is performed and the SEC and NMR results before and after aminolysis are compared. These results indicate that the expected star‐shaped topology of the polymer is achieved.

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Cavin‐2 in oral cancer: A potential predictor for tumor progression
Authors: Unozawa Motoharu , Kasamatsu Atsushi , Higo Morihiro , Fukumoto Chonji , Koyama Tomoyoshi , Sakazume Tomomi , Nakashima Dai , Ogawara Katsunori , Yokoe Hidetaka , Shiiba Masashi , Tanzawa Hideki , Uzawa Katsuhiro
Published: June 2015

Cavin‐2 (CVN2) affects formation of large caveolae, which are membrane‐rich cholesterol domains associated with several functions in signal transduction. Accumulating evidence suggests that CVN2 is present in many cellular types; however, the molecular mechanisms of CVN2 in cancers and its clinical relevance are unknown. We proposed a mechanism by which CVN2 regulates caveolin‐1 expression leading to slow cellular proliferation by inactivation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses were used to assess the CVN2 regulation mechanism in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to analyze the correlation between CVN2 expression and clinical behavior in 115 patients with OSCC. A CVN2 overexpressed model of OSCC cells (oeCVN2 cells) was used for functional experiments. CVN2 expression was down‐regulated significantly (P < 0.05) in OSCCs compared with normal counterparts in vitro and in vivo. In addition to the findings that a serum deprivation culture induced up‐regulation of CVN2 and slowed cellular proliferation, oeCVN2 cell growth decreased because of cell‐cycle arrest at the G1 phase resulting from up‐regulated cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (p21Cip1 and p27Kip1) and down‐regulated cyclins (cyclin D1, cyclin E) and cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6). Interestingly, CVN2 overexpression facilitated caveolin‐1 recruitment and colocalization with each other. We also found decreased ERK phosphorylation levels, an upstream event in cell‐cycle arrest. Clinically, IHC data from primary OSCCs showed high tumoral progression in CVN2‐negative patients with OSCC. CVN2 may be a possible key regulator of OSCC progression via the CVN2/caveolin‐1/ERK pathway and a potential therapeutic target for developing new treatments for OSCCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perspectives of Halogen Bonding Description in Scoring Functions and QSAR/QSPR: Substituent Effects in Aromatic Core
Authors: Titov Oleg I. , Shulga Dmitry A. , Palyulin Vladimir A. , Zefirov Nikolay S.
Published: June 2015

Halogen bonding (XB) is a new promising interaction pattern in medicinal chemistry. It has predominantly electrostatic nature – high electrostatic potential anisotropy. However to fully unleash the potential of XB in rational drug design fast and robust empirical methods of XB description should be developed. Current approaches rely heavily on ab initio calculation for each molecule studied. Thus fast prediction of electrostatic parameters for description of XB for arbitrary organic molecules is of paramount importance to promptly establish QSAR/QSPR, virtual screening and molecular docking pipelines suitable for today′s agile development requirements. The two most promising approaches to describe anisotropic electrostatic models – the extra point (EP) charge model and the multipole expansion (ME) model – were studied on their ability (1) to describe ab initio molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and (2) to produce parameters that can be predicted for each molecule empirically rather than estimated via ab initio calculations. The reference ab initio MEP was calculated for a set of 730 substituted halobenzenes. Parameters for anisotropic electrostatics of both empirical models (EP and ME) studied were extracted from ab initio MEP. The FreeWilson and Hansch type QSPR models relating XB parameters with aromatic substituents were built and analyzed, providing the guidelines for further development.
Antemortem Cranial Trauma in Ancient Mesopotamia
Authors: Sołtysiak A.
Published: June 2015

As a result of a review of the available literature and some unpublished sources, data on ante mortem cranial trauma have been gathered for 25 archaeological sites from Mesopotamia, dated from the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic to the modern period. In total, 31 healed cranial lesions have been noted in 28 out of 1278 individuals, and the general frequency of this condition was 2.2%. Both men and women were affected, with no clear preference noted, and sharp‐force trauma was rare; therefore, intra‐group violence and accidents were more likely causes of most lesions than military activities. The frequency of ante mortem trauma was higher in earlier periods (before the end of the third millennium BCE); the size of lesions increased with time, and healed lesions were more common in the northern periphery of Mesopotamia than in the core area. All this may be the consequence of early state formation and the establishment of professional armies, which made most farmers and city dwellers less involved in violent conflicts than in other parts of the Near East where the observed frequency of violence‐related injuries was much higher than in Mesopotamia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remains of the Dead: Exploring a Human Anatomical Collection from Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Cardoso F. Alves , Lira V.
Published: June 2015

Osteological lesions can be important to positively identify human remains in forensic contexts, as well as contribute to past population studies. However, their analysis requires training and appropriate research conditions, which may be lacking in certain geographic areas as, for example, the northern region of Brazil. Emphasising existing resources, such as anatomical collections, may help to address this issue. This study explores the anatomical collection of Professor Dr. Manuel da Silva Braga of the Federal University of Pará (Brazil), introducing the traumatic lesions identified in seven crania (13.7%; 7/51) of male (four) and female (three) individuals. The sample profile and the cases identified are in accordance with the pattern of violent victims in the region. This study is the first of its kind in the Pará State, contributing with case studies and examples, to the disciplines of biological anthropology, paleopathology, and bioarchaeology and forensic discipline. It also highlights the significance that anatomical collections may have in the development of those disciplines, suggesting a need for reappraisal and reevaluation of existing resources, as these may be of use for training and research. Lastly, this study builds a bridge towards the social and cultural context of the collection, reinforcing the value of an interdisciplinary approach to human remains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly[N‐(10‐oxo‐2‐vinylanthracen‐9(10H)‐ylidene)cyanamide] as a novel cathode material for li‐organic batteries
Authors: Schmidt Daniel , Häupler Bernhard , Stolze Christian , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: June 2015

Redox‐active polymers draw significant attention as active material in secondary batteries during the last decade. A new anthraquinone‐based redox‐active monomer was designed, which electrochemical behavior was tailored by mono‐modification of one keto group. The monomer exhibits two one‐electron redox reactions and has a low molar mass, resulting in a high theoretical capacity of 207 mAh/g. The polymerization of the monomer was optimized by variation of solvent and initiator. Moreover, the electrochemical behavior was studied using cyclic voltammetry and the polymer was used as active material in a composite electrode in lithium organic batteries. The polymer reveals a cell potential of 2.3 V and a promising capacity of 137 mAh/g. During the first 100 cycles, the capacity drops to 85% of the initial value. The influence of the charging speed on the charging/discharging properties of the batteries was further investigated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2517–2523
Utilization of poly(vinylchloride) and poly(vinylidenefluoride) as macroinitiators for ATRP polymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate: Electroanalytical and graft‐copolymerization studies
Authors: Lanzalaco Sonia , Galia Alessandro , Lazzano Flavia , Mauro Rosalia Rita , Scialdone Onofrio
Published: June 2015

The utilization of poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) and poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF) as macroinitiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was studied performing electroanalytical investigations and “grafting from” experiments to evaluate the potential modification of such commercial polymers by ATRP. The study was performed changing various operating parameters such as the nature of the copper salt, the ligand, the solvent, the temperature, and the reaction time. Electroanalytical data suggest that PVC can be easily activated by both CuCl/Tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) and CuCl/Tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6TREN), two catalytic systems widely adopted for ATRP reactions, in a wide range of operating conditions. PVDF is more difficult to be activated, due to the higher strength of the CF bond. In particular, the utilization of high temperature and of a more reductant redox couple such as Cu(I)Me6TREN/Cu(II)Me6TREN was needed to achieve a significant degree of grafting. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2524–2536
Compliance to exercise‐oncology guidelines in prostate cancer survivors and associations with psychological distress, unmet supportive care needs, and quality of life
Authors: Galvão Daniel A. , Newton Robert U. , Gardiner Robert A. , Girgis Afaf , Lepore Stephen J. , Stiller Anna , Occhipinti Stefano , Chambers Suzanne K.
Published: June 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of Australian prostate cancer survivors meeting contemporary exercise‐oncology guidelines and identify associations with distress, unmet supportive care needs, and quality of life.

Methods

A population‐based cohort of 463 prostate cancer survivors who were on 10.8 months post‐curative therapy was assessed for compliance with current exercise guidelines for cancer survivors, motivational readiness for physical activity, psychological distress, unmet supportive care needs, and quality of life.

Results

Only 57 men (12.3%) reported sufficient exercise levels (150 min of moderate intensity or 75 min of strenuous exercise per week and twice weekly resistance exercise), 186 (40.2%) were insufficiently active, and 220 (47.5%) were inactive. Among inactive men, 99 (45.0%) were in the contemplation or preparation stage of motivation readiness. Inactive men had higher global distress (p = 0.01) and Brief Symptom Inventory‐Anxiety (p < 0.05) than those who were insufficiently active. Total Supportive Care Needs and International Prostate Cancer Symptom scores were higher in inactive than insufficiently and sufficiently active men (p < 0.05). Lack of physical activity contributed to poorer quality of life.

Conclusions

Only a small proportion of Australian prostate cancer survivors met contemporary exercise‐oncology recommendations despite increasing recognition of exercise to improve patient outcomes. Strategies are urgently required to increase prostate cancer survivors' participation in aerobic and resistance exercise training.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevation of one hour plasma glucose during oral glucose tolerance testing
Authors: Sheikh Saba , Putt Mary E. , Forde Kimberly A. , Rubenstein Ronald C. , Kelly Andrea
Published: June 2015

Objectives

In cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, elevations in 1 hr plasma glucose (PG1) during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test are common, but of unclear long‐term clinical relevance. Thus, we examined associations of PG1 with percent‐predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1% predicted), CF exacerbations, and CF related diabetes (CFRD) development.

Study Design

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 80 pediatric patients with CF (43 males) followed over 5 years in a single CF center. We considered the association between elevated versus normal PG1 (greater vs. no greater than 160 mg/dl) and linear changes in FEV1% predicted over time for males and female, as well as the odds of a CF exacerbation and the odds of developing CFRD.

Results

No significant difference in FEV1% predicted between normal versus elevated PG1 was found at baseline, or over time in males or females. However, males with elevated PG1 tended to have worse FEV1% predicted over time than those with normal PG1 (reduction of 0.9 FEV1% predicted/year, 95%CI: −2.5, 0.6). Subjects with PG1 > 160 mg/dl were more likely to develop CFRD (OR 4.5, 95%CI: 1.7, 18.7, P = 0.04) but CF exacerbation risk was similar in both groups.

Conclusion

The risk of CFRD increases with PG1 > 160 mg/dl. No statistically significant evidence of an association between elevated PG1 and pulmonary function was found, yet our results do not exclude the possibility that in males, elevated PG1 may signal adverse changes in FEV1% predicted over time. This possibility requires further study with a larger sample size. Pediatr Pulmonol. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:963–969. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Larvicidal activity of Magnolia denudata seed hydrodistillate constituents and related compounds and liquid formulations towards two susceptible and two wild mosquito species
Authors: Wang Zhang‐qian , Perumalsamy Haribalan , Wang Mo , Shu Shaohua , Ahn Young‐Joon
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Anopheles sinensis, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes transmit malaria, dengue fever and West Nile virus diseases respectively. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 17 constituents from Magnolia denudata seed hydrodistillate (MD‐SHD) and four experimental MD‐SHD liquid formulations (10–50 mg L−1 liquid) to third‐instar larvae from insecticide‐susceptible Cx. p. pallens and Ae. aegypti as well as wild Ae. albopictus and An. sinensis.

RESULTS

2,4‐Di‐tert‐butylphenol was the most toxic constituent (LC50 1.98–3.90 mg L−1), followed by linoleic acid (7.19–10.49 mg L−1), towards larvae of the four mosquito species. High toxicity was also produced by nerolidol, (±)‐limonene, α‐terpinene and γ‐terpinene (LC50 9.84–36.42 mg L−1). The toxicity of these compounds was virtually identical towards larvae of the four mosquito species, even though An. sinensis larvae were resistant to deltamethrin and temephos. The MS‐SHD 50 mg L−1 liquid resulted in 92–100% control towards larvae of the four mosquito species, while commercial temephos 200 g L−1 emulsifiable concentrate was almost ineffective towards An. sinensis larvae (30% mortality).

CONCLUSION

Reasonable mosquito control in the aquatic environment can be achieved by MD‐SHD 50 mg L−1 liquid as a potential larvicide. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Cooperative Janus System for Enhancement of Fog Collection
Authors: Cao Moyuan , Xiao Jiasheng , Yu Cunming , Li Kan , Jiang Lei
Published: June 2015

Harvesting micro‐droplets from fog is a promising method for solving global freshwater crisis. Different types of fog collectors have been extensively reported during the last decade. The improvement of fog collection can be attributed to the immediate transportation of harvested water, the effective regeneration of the fog gathering surface, etc. Through learning from the nature's strategy for water preservation, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic cooperative Janus system that achieved reinforced fog collection ability is reported here. Directional delivery of the surface water, decreased re‐evaporation rate of the harvested water, and thinner boundary layer of the collecting surface contribute to the enhancement of collection efficiency. Further designed cylinder Janus collector can facilely achieve a continuous process of efficient collection, directional transportation, and spontaneous preservation of fog water. This Janus fog harvesting system should improve the understanding of micro‐droplet collection system and offer ideas to solve water resource crisis.
Anspruchsvolle Isoliergläser und Abstandhalter als Garanten für Energieeffizienz
Authors: Akgül Alexander , Göke Knut
Published: June 2015

Das Löwenbräu‐Areal in Zürich ist ein kontrastreiches Gebäudeensemble. Die denkmalgeschützte Bausubstanz einer alten Brauerei wurde saniert und um drei Neubauten ergänzt. Das anspruchsvolle, gemischte Nutzungskonzept bietet Raum für Wohnungen, Büros und Kunstgalerien. Energieeffizienz ist ein weiteres Charakteristikum. Glas spielte dabei eine besondere Rolle. 3‐fach Wärmedämmgläser bieten optimalen Wärmeschutz und tragen zum Erfüllen höchster Qualitätsstandards bei. Neben den verwendeten Hochleistungs‐Isoliergläsern ist der Randverbund von entscheidender Bedeutung. So kam ein speziell entwickelter “Warme Kante“‐Abstandhalter zum Einsatz. Der Fachartikel thematisiert die im Löwenbräu‐Areal gesammelten Erfahrungen.

Demanding insulating glass units and spacers as guarantors for energy efficiency. The Löwenbräu site in Zurich is a building ensemble full of contrasts. The building stock being under a preservation order has been restored and was complemented by three new buildings. The high‐quality, mixed utilisation concept provides space for flats, offices and art galleries. Energy efficiency represents a further characteristic. Glass plays a special part. Triple low‐e glasses offer optimal thermal protection and contribute to fulfilling the highest quality standards. In addition to the used high‐performance insulating glasses the edge seal is of crucial importance. So, an especially developed warm‐edge‐spacer was applied. The professional article discusses the experience gained in the Löwenbräu site.
Integrale Fassadenplanung
Authors: Mähl Florian , Kloft Harald
Published: June 2015

Die rasant zunehmenden technologischen Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre und Jahrzehnte prägen auch das Bauwesen zunehmend. Die Herausforderung besteht vor allem darin, die Vielzahl neuer Technologien in den Planungs‐ und Bauprozess zu integrieren. In der Baupraxis zeigt sich diese Entwicklung dadurch, dass immer mehr spezialisierte Akteure am Planungsprozess beteiligt sind und die notwendigen Abstimmungen an den Planungsschnittstellen zunehmen. Der Ansatz der Integralen Planung ist prädestiniert, um die zunehmende Komplexität im Planungsprozess zu steuern. Der Fassade als eines der Schlüsselgewerke beim Bauen kommt in diesem Zusammenhang eine wesentliche Bedeutung zu. Denn als “multifunktionale Bauteile“ haben Fassadenkonstruktionen den verschiedensten technischen, gestalterischen und funktionalen Anforderungen zu genügen und müssen daher eine Vielzahl von Eigenschaften aufweisen. Diese Planungskultur ermöglicht zu einem relativ frühen Zeitpunkt Qualität, Kostensicherheit und effiziente technische Lösungen für die Planung von Fassadenkonstruktionen. Insbesondere beim Bauen im Bestand hilft der integrale Ansatz, angemessene und auf die Bestandsarchitekturen abgestimmte Ertüchtigungs‐ und Revitalisierungsmaßnahmen der Gebäudehülle zu entwickeln.

Integrated Design of Facades. The rapidly increasing technological development over the last years and decades does have a growing influence on the building industry. The challenge is to integrate a multitude of new technologies into the planning process and the construction phase. This trend is indicated by involving more and more specialists and by requiring more coordination between the different stages of the planning process. The approach of integral planning is predestined to control the increasing complexity in the planning process. The facade does play a key role in this context. Especially for renovation and building redevelopment, the integrated approach is beneficial to develop adequate retrofitting and revitalization measures for the building envelope.
Calpain Determines the Propensity of Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells to Autophagic Cell Death Following Insulin Withdrawal
Authors: Chung Kyung Min , Park Hyunhee , Jung Seonghee , Ha Shinwon , Yoo Seung-Jun , Woo Hanwoong , Lee Hyang Ju , Kim Seong Who , Kim Eun-Kyoung , Moon Cheil , Yu Seong-Woon
Published: June 2015

Programmed cell death (PCD) has significant effects on the function of neural stem cells (NSCs) during brain development and degeneration. We have previously reported that adult rat hippocampal neural stem (HCN) cells underwent autophagic cell death (ACD) rather than apoptosis following insulin withdrawal despite their intact apoptotic capabilities. Here, we report a switch in the mode of cell death in HCN cells with calpain as a critical determinant. In HCN cells, calpain 1 expression was barely detectable while calpain 2 was predominant. Inhibition of calpain in insulin-deprived HCN cells further augmented ACD. In contrast, expression of calpain 1 switched ACD to apoptosis. The proteasome inhibitor lactacystin blocked calpain 2 degradation and elevated the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In combination, these effects potentiated calpain activity and converted the mode of cell death to apoptosis. Our results indicate that low calpain activity, due to absence of calpain 1 and degradation of calpain 2, results in a preference for ACD over apoptosis in insulin-deprived HCN cells. On the other hand, conditions leading to high calpain activity completely switch the mode of cell death to apoptosis. This is the first report on the PCD mode switching mechanism in NSCs. The dynamic change in calpain activity through the proteasome-mediated modulation of the calpain and intracellular Ca2+ levels may be the critical contributor to the demise of NSCs. Our findings provide a novel insight into the complex mechanisms interconnecting autophagy and apoptosis and their roles in the regulation of NSC death. Stem Cells  2015;33:3052—3064
Examining evidence construction as the transformation of the material world into community knowledge
Authors: Manz Eve
Published: June 2015

Recent consensus documents in science education (e.g., the Next Generation Science Standards) emphasize helping students develop facility with constructing and critiquing both claims and the evidence that supports them. While students typically view evidence as necessary for supporting scientific claims, they tend to objectify evidence, that is, they see it as self‐evident and factual, rather than as constructed or open to interpretation (Driver, Leach, Miller, & Scott, 1996; Sandoval & Çam, 2011). In this paper, I introduce a perspective from the science studies literature—evidence construction as transformation—that might usefully guide closer analyses of students' work with evidence. I describe the problem of objectification of evidence and how it has been studied, developing an argument for studying in greater detail how evidence is constructed by classroom communities over the course of their work with investigations. The remainder of the paper shows how one framework was developed for this purpose and describes how it was applied to an empirical investigation conducted in a third grade classroom to understand what work was done to construct evidence and what roles teachers and students were playing in this work. I argue that this framework makes visible three important aspects of evidence construction: what epistemic work is done to construct evidence, whom this work is meaningful to, and what it is meaningful for. I end the paper by exploring potential implications for understanding the construction of an explanation in community activity, the development of students' facility with evidence construction, and the teacher's role in facilitating the construction of evidence. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53:1113–1140, 2016