bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elucidation of GPR55-Associated Signaling behind THC and LPI Reducing Effects on Ki67-Immunoreactive Nuclei in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Kolbe Marc Richard , Hohmann Tim , Hohmann Urszula , Maronde Erik , Golbik Ralph , Prell Julian , Illert Jörg , Strauss Christian , Dehghani Faramarz
Published: November 2023

GPR55 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In cancer, GPR55 has been described to show accelerating and decelerating effects in tumor progression resulting from distinct intracellular signaling pathways. GPR55 becomes activated by LPI and various plant-derived, endogenous, and synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabinoids such as THC exerted antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation or inducing apoptosis. Besides its effects through CB1 and CB2 receptors, THC modulates cellular responses among others via GPR55. Previously, we reported a reduction in Ki67-immunoreactive nuclei of human glioblastoma cells after GPR55 activation in general by THC and in particular by LPI. In the present study, we investigated intracellular mechanisms leading to an altered number of Ki67+ nuclei after stimulation of GPR55 by LPI and THC. Pharmacological analyses revealed a strongly involved PLC-IP3 signaling and cell-type-specific differences in Gα-, Gβγ-, RhoA-ROCK, and calcineurin signaling. Furthermore, immunochemical visualization of the calcineurin-dependent transcription factor NFAT revealed an unchanged subcellular localization after THC or LPI treatment. The data underline the cell-type-specific diversity of GPR55-associated signaling pathways in coupling to intracellular G proteins. Furthermore, this diversity might determine the outcome and the individual responsiveness of tumor cells to GPR55 stimulation by cannabin oids.
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Vaccine: Current Landscape and Perspectives
Authors: Meliante Piero Giuseppe , Petrella Carla , Fiore Marco , Minni Antonio , Barbato Christian
Published: November 2023

The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its mechanism of action aims to counteract the blockade of tumor immune escape. This result can also be obtained by stimulating the immune system with vaccines. This review scope is to comprehensively gather existing evidence and summarize ongoing clinical trials focused on therapeutic vaccines for HNSCC treatment. The current landscape reveals numerous promising drugs in the early stages of experimentation, along with a multitude of trials that have been suspended or abandoned for years. Nonetheless, there are encouraging results and ongoing experiments that instill hope for potential paradigm shifts in HNSCC therapy.
Development of an LFD-RPA Assay for Rapid Detection of Pentatrichomonas hominis Infection in Dogs
Authors: Rong Yao , Zhang Xichen , Chen Xuejiao , Li Jianhua , Gong Pengtao , Wang Xiaocen , Li Xin , Zhang Xu , Yue Taotao , Zhang Hongbo , Zhou Xiaofei , Zhang Nan
Published: November 2023

Pentatrichomonas hominis is a trichomonad protozoan that infects the cecum and colon of humans and other mammals. It is a zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrhea in both animals and humans. As companion animals, dogs infected with P. hominis pose a risk of transmitting it to humans. Current methods, such as direct smears and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), used for P. hominis detection have limitations, including low detection rates and the need for specialized equipment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop rapid, sensitive, and simple detection methods for clinical application. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has emerged as a technology for rapid pathogen detection. In this study, we developed a lateral flow dipstick (LFD)-RPA method based on the highly conserved SPO11-1 gene for detecting P. hominis infection by optimizing the primers, probes, and reaction conditions, and evaluating cross-reactivity with genomes of Giardia duodenalis and other parasites. The LFD-RPA method was then used to test 128 dog fecal samples collected from Changchun. The results confirmed the high specificity of the method with no cross-reactivity with the five other parasites. The lowest detection limit of the method was 102 copies/µL, and its sensitivity was 100 times higher than that of the conventional PCR method. Consistent with the positivity rate observed using nested PCR, 12 samples (out of 128) tested positive using this method (positivity rate, 9.38%). In conclusion, the LFD-RPA method developed in this study represents a simple and sensitive assay that allows for the rapid detection of P. hominis infection in dogs, especially in this field.
Effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate on the Properties of the Electrodeposited Invar Alloy
Authors: Kwak Ji-Han , Kim In-Gyeong , Park Yong-Bum , Shin Se-Eun
Published: November 2023

In the OLED display manufacturing process, a fine metal mask (FMM) is used for the RGB side-by-side in precise positions. An Invar alloy with exceptionally low thermal expansion was used as the FMM material to prevent the deformation of the FMM by heat during the deposition process. The thickness of the FMM must be reduced to less than 10 microns to manufacture high-resolution OLED displays, making it essential to apply a bottom-up electrodeposition process. Moreover, controlling the interfacial energy of the cathode substrate and the electrolyte is necessary to achieve ion electrodeposition and peeling of the ultra-thin Fe-Ni plated on the cathode substrate during electrodeposition. Therefore, this study investigated the effect on the properties of the electrodeposited Fe-Ni alloy by controlling the amount of SLS content, which acts as a surfactant. The amount of SLS content was maintained in the range of 0 to 1 g/L, and the composition homogeneity, microstructure, and surface defects of the electrodeposited Fe-Ni alloy were investigated. Under low pH conditions, the composition was insignificantly changed depending on the difference in the amount of SLS content, and a uniform composition was observed. The findings of this research offer valuable insights for optimizing the electrodeposition process, which is crucial for producing high-resolution OLED displays with ultra-thin FMM, advancing display technology.
Studying the Crucial Physical Characteristics Related to Surface Roughness and Magnetic Domain Structure in CoFeSm Thin Films
Authors: Fern Chi-Lon , Liu Wen-Jen , Chang Yung-Huang , Chiang Chia-Chin , Lai Jian-Xin , Chen Yuan-Tsung , Chen Wei-Guan , Wu Te-Ho , Lin Shih-Hung , Lin Ko-Wei
Published: November 2023

This study investigated the effects of varying film thicknesses and annealing temperatures on the surface roughness and magnetic domain structure of CoFeSm thin films. The results revealed that as the film thickness increased, both the crystalline size and surface roughness decreased, leading to a reduction in coercivity (Hc) and improved magnetic contrast performance. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the presence of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and samarium (Sm) within the thin films. Notably, the 40 nm Co40Fe40Sm20 thin film annealed at 200 °C exhibited lower sheet resistance (Rs) and resistivity (ρ), indicating higher conductivity and a relatively higher maximum magnetic susceptibility (χac) at 50 Hz. These findings suggest that these films are well suited for low-frequency magnetic components due to their increased spin sensitivity. The 40 nm Co40Fe40Sm20 thin film, subjected to annealing at 200 °C, displayed a distinct stripe domain structure characterized by prominently contrasting dark and bright patterns. It exhibited the lowest Hc and the highest saturation magnetization (Ms), leading to a significant improvement in their soft magnetic properties. It is proposed that the surface roughness of the CoFeSm thin films plays a crucial role in shaping the magnetic properties of these thin magnetic films.
Effect of Process Pressure on Carbon-Based Thin Films Deposited by Cathodic Arc on Stainless Steel for Bipolar Plates
Authors: Steinhorst Maximilian , Giorgio Maurizio , Roch Teja , Leyens Christoph
Published: November 2023

In this study, three carbon-based coating variants were deposited onto stainless steel substrates, and the process pressure during the carbon layer deposition was varied. We conducted Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, interfacial contact resistance measurements, and potentiodynamic polarization tests to examine the effect of the process pressure on the properties of the coatings. The structural characterization revealed that all specimens exhibit a highly sp2-bonded structure. However, some structural differences could also be identified. In the TEM cross-section images of the carbon layer variants, these structural differences could be observed. The carbon layer deposited at 0.98 Pa has some distortions in the mainly perpendicular graphitic structure, which agrees with the Raman results. Almost completely vertically oriented graphitic layers exhibit the 0.1 Pa coating variant with a d-spacing similar to pure graphite. Regarding the contact resistance, the process pressure has only minor influence. All coatings variants have very low resistance values below 3 mΩ cm2, even at a compaction force of 50 N cm−2, which can be attributed to the graphite-like structure. The polarization tests show that the corrosion resistance increases with increasing process pressure. The best coating variant has a corrosion current density of approximately 10−8 A cm−2 and almost 10−6 A cm−2 at room temperature and 80 °C, respectively.
Mechanical Performance and Strengthening Mechanism of Polymer Concretes Reinforced with Carbon Nanofiber and Epoxy Resin
Authors: Li Zhenfang , Liu Aizhu , Gao Dong , Wu Chuanji , Liu Xin , Zhai Haoran
Published: November 2023

To address the issues of the brittleness, low tensile strength, insufficient bond strength, and reduced service life associated with ordinary cement concrete being used as a repair material, a water-based epoxy (WBE) and carbon-nanofiber-reinforced concrete composite repair material was designed, and the mechanical properties, bonding performance, and durability of the concrete modified using WBE and carbon fiber under various WBE contents were investigated and evaluated. In this paper, a self-emulsifying water-based epoxy curing agent with reactive, rigid, flexible, and water-soluble chains was obtained via chemical grafting, involving the incorporation of polyethylene glycol chain segments into epoxy resin molecules. The results demonstrated that a WBE has a contributing effect on improving the weak interfacial bond between the carbon fiber and concrete; moreover, the composite admixture of carbon fiber and WBE improves the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, in which the composite admixture of 1% carbon fiber and 10% WBE has the best performance. The flexural strength and chlorine ion permeability resistance of concrete were slightly reduced after more than 10% admixture, but bond strength, tensile strength, compressive strength, dry shrinkage resistance, and frost resistance were promoted. The addition of WBE significantly retards the cement hydration process while greatly improving the compactness and impermeability of the concrete. Furthermore, the combined effects of WBE and carbon fiber effectively prevented the generation and expansion of cracks. The interaction mechanism and microstructure evolution between the WBE, carbon fiber, and cement hydration were described by clarifying the mineral composition, organic–inorganic interactions, the evolution of the hydration products, and composite morphology at different scales. Carbon fiber and WBE exhibited synergistic effects on the tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance of concrete. In the formed three-dimensional network structural system of concrete, the WBE formed an organic coating layer on the fiber surface and provided fiber protection as well as interfacial bonding reinforcement for the embedded cement particles.
Development of AI-Based Tools for Power Generation Prediction
Authors: Aravena-Cifuentes Ana Paula , Nuñez-Gonzalez Jose David , Elola Andoni , Ivanova Malinka
Published: November 2023

This study presents a model for predicting photovoltaic power generation based on meteorological, temporal and geographical variables, without using irradiance values, which have traditionally posed challenges and difficulties for accurate predictions. Validation methods and evaluation metrics are used to analyse four different approaches that vary in the distribution of the training and test database, and whether or not location-independent modelling is performed. The coefficient of determination, R2, is used to measure the proportion of variation in photovoltaic power generation that can be explained by the model’s variables, while gCO2eq represents the amount of CO2 emissions equivalent to each unit of power generation. Both are used to compare model performance and environmental impact. The results show significant differences between the locations, with substantial improvements in some cases, while in others improvements are limited. The importance of customising the predictive model for each specific location is emphasised. Furthermore, it is concluded that environmental impact studies in model production are an additional step towards the creation of more sustainable and efficient models. Likewise, this research considers both the accuracy of solar energy predictions and the environmental impact of the computational resources used in the process, thereby promoting the responsible and sustainable progress of data science.
Correlations of the Electronic, Elastic and Thermo-Electric Properties of Alpha Copper Sulphide and Selenide
Authors: Ramoshaba Moshibudi , Mosuang Thuto
Published: November 2023

A full potential all-electron density functional method within generalized gradient approximation is used herein to investigate correlations of the electronic, elastic and thermo-electric transport properties of cubic copper sulphide and copper selenide. The electronic band structure and density of states suggest a metallic behaviour with a zero-energy band gap for both materials. Elastic property calculations suggest stiff materials, with bulk to shear modulus ratios of 0.35 and 0.44 for Cu2S and Cu2Se, respectively. Thermo-electric transport properties were estimated using the Boltzmann transport approach. The Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and power factor all suggest a potential p-type conductivity for α-Cu2S and n-type conductivity for α-Cu2Se.
Improving the Time Resolution of Large-Area LaBr3:Ce Detectors with SiPM Array Readout
Authors: Bonesini Maurizio , Bertoni Roberto , Abba Andrea , Caponio Francesco , Prata Marco , Rossella Massimo
Published: November 2023

LaBr3:Ce crystals have good scintillation properties for X-ray spectroscopy. Initially, they were introduced for radiation imaging in medical physics with either a photomultiplier or SiPM readout, and they found extensive applications in homeland security and gamma-ray astronomy. We used 1″ round LaBr3:Ce crystals to realize compact detectors with the SiPM array readout. The aim was a good energy resolution and a fast time response to detect low-energy X-rays around 100 keV. A natural application was found inside the FAMU experiment, at RIKEN RAL. Its aim is a precise measurement of the proton Zemach radius with impinging muons, to contribute to the solution to the so-called “proton radius puzzle”. Signals to be detected are characteristic X-rays around 130 KeV. A limit for this type of detector, as compared to the ones with a photomultiplier readout, is its poorer timing characteristics due to the large capacity of the SiPM arrays used. In particular, long signal falltimes are a problem in experiments such as FAMU, where a “prompt” background component must be separated from a “delayed” one (after 600 ns) in the signal X-rays to be detected. Dedicated studies were pursued to improve the timing characteristics of the used detectors, starting from hybrid ganging of SiPM cells; then developing a suitable zero pole circuit with a parallel ganging, where an increased overvoltage for the SiPM array was used to compensate for the signal decrease; and finally designing ad hoc electronics to split the 1″ detector’s SiPM array into four quadrants, thus reducing the involved capacitances. The aim was to improve the detectors’ timing characteristics, especially falltime, while keeping a good FWHM energy resolution for low-energy X-ray detection.
Fabrication of SiC-on-Insulator (SiCOI) Layers by Chemical Vapor Deposition of 3C-SiC on Si-in-Insulator Substrates at Low Deposition Temperatures of 1120 °C
Authors: Steiner Johannes , Schultheiß Jana , Wang Shouzhong , Wellmann Peter J.
Published: November 2023

Compared to bulk silicon carbide (SiC) wafers, SiC-on-insulator (SiCOI) substrates enable new device designs of electronic switches as well as novel photonic applications. One application is a micro-resonator for the usage in a Kerr frequency comb. For SiCOI substrates, a deposition temperature below 1200 °C is advisable due to stability reasons of the buried oxide layer during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process conditions. To create 3C-SiC-on-insulator layers, a cold-wall CVD reactor was utilized, with propane and silane as the sources for carbon and silicon, respectively. To improve the cracking of the carbon source gas at low temperatures, the inner setup of the utilized cold-wall CVD reactor was changed to a non-water-cooled system. The change of the inner reactor setup was investigated numerically, and the grown epitaxial layers were characterized by Raman, EDX, SEM-imaging and XRD spectroscopy. We demonstrate successful deposition of 3C-SiC epitaxial layer substrates at temperatures below 1200 °C without delamination on SOI.
A Fibrous Perovskite Nanomaterial with Exsolved Ni-Cu Metal Nanoparticles as an Effective Composite Catalyst for External Steam Reforming of Liquid Alcohols
Authors: Wei Tong , Wang Juan , Jia Yangbo , Harimoto Tatsukuni
Published: November 2023

The conversion of hydrogen to power via combined external reforming of liquid alcohol and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology is an effective approach to address future energy challenges. In this study, an La0.8Ba0.1Mn0.8Ni0.1Cu0.1O3 (LBMNCu) perovskite nanofiber with high porosity was synthesized with a modified electrostatic spinning method, which acted as an efficient catalyst for steam reforming of liquid alcohols (methanol and ethanol). After reduction, fine metallic Ni-Cu was uniformly distributed throughout the perovskite nanofiber surface. The obtained composite displayed a methanol conversion above 99.9% at 450 °C and an ethanol conversion above 99% at 600 °C, which was highly superior to the common Ni-Cu/Al2O3 catalyst. The catalytic performance of our assembled catalysts also remained stable in methanol and ethanol atmospheres for 50 h and no coking was detected. Furthermore, when the reformed gas was fed into a Y0.08Zr0.92O2 (YSZ)-based SOFC system, the open circuit voltage remained around 1.1 V at 700 °C for 50 h accordingly, without coking, and the voltage remained virtually unchanged at 0.7 V for 50 h at 700 °C and 400 mA cm−2 during galvanostatic discharge mode, indicating that using LBMNCu nanofiber as a catalyst for hydrogen production and utilization is an efficient strategy. The interaction of the in situ exsolved metallic nanoparticles and nanofibrous perovskite could also be a promising approach for designing a highly active catalyst for H2 generation.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Trends and Outcomes in Canada: A Registry-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Seftel Matthew D. , Pasic Ivan , Parmar Gaganvir , Bucher Oliver , Allan David S. , Bhella Sita , Hay Kevin Anthony , Ikuomola Oluwaseun , Musto Grace , Prica Anca , Richardson Erin , Truong Tony H. , Paulson Kristjan
Published: November 2023

Background: Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is an established therapy for hematologic malignancies and serious non-malignant blood disorders. Despite its curative potential, HCT is associated with substantial toxicity and health resource utilization. Effective delivery of HCT requires complex hospital-based care, which limits the number of HCT centres in Canada. In Canada, the quantity, indications, temporal trends, and outcomes of patients receiving HCT are not known. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of first transplants reported to the Cell Therapy Transplant Canada (CTTC) registry between 2000 and 2019. We determined overall survival (OS) and non-relapse mortality (NRM), categorizing the cohort into early (2000–2009) and later (2010–2019) eras to investigate temporal changes. Results: Of 18,046 transplants, 7571 were allogeneic and 10,475 were autologous. Comparing the two eras, allogeneic transplants increased in number by 22.3%, with greater use of matched unrelated donors in the later era. Autologous transplants increased by 10.9%. Temporal improvements in NRM were observed in children and adults. OS improved in pediatric patients and in adults receiving autologous HCT. In adults receiving allogeneic HCT, OS was stable despite the substantially older age of patients in the later era. Interpretation: HCT is an increasingly frequent procedure in Canada which has expanded to serve older adults. Noted improvements in NRM and OS reflect progress in patient and donor selection, preparation for transplant, and post-transplant supportive care. In allogeneic HCT, unrelated donors have become the most frequent donor source, highlighting the importance of the continued growth of volunteer donor registries. These results serve as a baseline measure for quality improvement and health services planning in Canada.
Rheological Behaviour of ABS/Metal Composites with Improved Thermal Conductivity for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Moritz Vicente F. , Prévost Harald , Crespo Janaína S. , Ferreira Carlos A. , Devine Declan M.
Published: November 2023

Metal-reinforced polymer composites are suitable materials for applications requiring special thermal, electrical or magnetic properties. Three-dimensional printing technologies enable these materials to be quickly shaped in any design directly and without the need for expensive moulds. However, processing data correlating specific information on how the metal particles influence the rheological behaviour of such composites is lacking, which has a direct effect on the processability of these composites through melt processing additive manufacturing. This study reports the compounding and characterisation of ABS composites filled with aluminium and copper particulates. Experimental results demonstrated that the tensile modulus increased with the incorporation of metal particles; however, there was also an intense embrittling effect. Mechanical testing and rheological analysis indicated poor affinity between the fillers and matrix, and the volume fraction proved to be a crucial factor for complex viscosity, storage modulus and thermal conductivity. However, a promising set of properties was achieved, paving the way for polymer–metal composites with optimised processability, microstructure and properties in melt processing additive manufacturing.
Multiplexed RT-qPCR Coupled with Whole-Genome Sequencing to Monitor a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern in a Hospital Laboratory Setting in Latvia
Authors: Niedre-Otomere Baiba , Kampenusa Inara , Trofimova Julija , Bodrenko Jevgenijs , Vangravs Reinis , Skenders Girts , Nikisins Sergejs , Savicka Oksana
Published: November 2023

At the end of 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VOC) displaced the previously dominant Delta VOC and enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic challenges worldwide. Respiratory specimens submitted to the Riga East University Hospital Laboratory Service by the central and regional hospitals of Latvia from January to March 2022 that were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA were tested by commercial multiplexed RT-qPCR targeting three of the Omicron VOC signature mutations: ΔH69/V70, E484A, and N501Y. Of the specimens tested and analyzed in parallel by whole-genome sequencing (WGS), 964 passed the internal quality criteria (genome coverage ≥90%, read depth ≥400×) and the Nextstrain’s quality threshold for “good”. We validated the detection accuracy of RT-qPCR for each target individually by using WGS as a control. The results were concordant with both approaches for 938 specimens, with the correct classification rate exceeding 96% for each target (CI 95%); however, the presumptive WHO label was misassigned for 21 specimens. The RT-qPCR genotyping provided an acceptable means to pre-monitor the prevalence of the two presumptive Omicron VOC sublineages, BA.1 and BA.2.
Assessment of Cross-Reactivity of Chimeric Trypanosoma cruzi Antigens with Crithidia sp. LVH-60A: Implications for Accurate Diagnostics
Authors: Santos Emily F. , Daltro Ramona T. , Regis-Silva Carlos G. , Pavan Tycha B. S. , de Oliveira Fabrícia A. , da Silva Ângela M. , Almeida Roque P. , Gonçalves Noilson L. S. , Sampaio Daniel D. , Santos Faber N. , Marchini Fabricio K. , Celedon Paola A. F. , Zanchin Nilson I. T. , Santos Fred L. N.
Published: November 2023

This study focuses on developing accurate immunoassays for diagnosing Chagas disease (CD), a challenging task due to antigenic similarities between Trypanosoma cruzi and other parasites, leading to cross-reactivity. To address this challenge, chimeric recombinant T. cruzi antigens (IBMP-8.1, IBMP-8.2, IBMP-8.3, and IBMP-8.4) were synthesized to enhance specificity and reduce cross-reactivity in tests. While these antigens showed minimal cross-reactivity with leishmaniasis, their performance with other trypanosomatid infections was unclear. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic potential of these IBMP antigens for detecting CD in patients with Crithidia sp. LVH-60A, a parasite linked to visceral leishmaniasis-like symptoms in Brazil. This study involved seven Crithidia sp. LVH-60A patients and three Leishmania infantum patients. The results indicated that these IBMP antigens displayed 100% sensitivity, with specificity ranging from 87.5% to 100%, and accuracy values between 90% and 100%. No cross-reactivity was observed with Crithidia sp. LVH-60A, and only one L. infantum-positive sample showed limited cross-reactivity with IBMP-8.1. This study suggests that IBMP antigens offer promising diagnostic performance, with minimal cross-reactivity in regions where T. cruzi and other trypanosomatids are prevalent. However, further research with a larger number of Crithidia sp. LVH-60A-positive samples is needed to comprehensively evaluate antigen cross-reactivity.
Multi-UAV Urban Logistics Task Allocation Method Based on MCTS
Authors: Ma Zeyuan , Chen Jing
Published: November 2023

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) open new methods for efficient and rapid transportation in urban logistics distribution, where task allocation is a significant issue. In urban logistics systems, the energy status of UAVs is a critical factor in ensuring mission fulfillment. While extensive literature addresses the energy consumption of UAVs during tasks, the feasibility of energy replenishment must be addressed, which introduces additional uncertainty to the task allocation. This paper realizes multi-tasking, considering the energy consumption and replenishment of UAVs, to ensure that the tasks can be accomplished while reducing energy consumption. This paper proposes uniform distribution K-means to realize balanced multi-task grouping. Based on the Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS), a task-allocation-oriented MCTS method is proposed, including improving the selection and simulation process of MCTS. The aim was to collaborate with multiple trees for node selection and record historical simulation information to guide subsequent simulations for better results. Finally, the optimality of the proposed method was validated by comparing it with other relevant MCTS methods through several randomized experiments.
Security of the Decoy-State BB84 Protocol with Imperfect State Preparation
Authors: Reutov Aleksei , Tayduganov Andrey , Mayboroda Vladimir , Fat’yanov Oleg
Published: November 2023

The quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two remote users to share a common information-theoretic secure secret key. In order to guarantee the security of a practical QKD implementation, the physical system has to be fully characterized and all deviations from the ideal protocol due to various imperfections of realistic devices have to be taken into account in the security proof. In this work, we study the security of the efficient decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol in the presence of the source flaws, caused by imperfect intensity and polarization modulation. We investigate the non-Poissonian photon-number statistics due to coherent-state intensity fluctuations and the basis-dependence of the source due to non-ideal polarization state preparation. The analysis is supported by the experimental characterization of intensity and phase distributions.
Convergence Trends in Euro Economies: Financial Crisis Recovery and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Haynes Philip , Alemna David
Published: November 2023

The configurative comparative method, Dynamic Pattern Synthesis (DPS) is used to replicate previous research into the impact of the euro on economic convergence. The DPS method ensures a forensic examination of the diverse variable patterns that influence cluster memberships. As with previous research conclusions, there are multiple patterns of convergence and divergence. Consistent clusters across the time periods compared are Germany, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Ireland; Slovakia and Estonia; Italy, Spain, and Slovenia; and Portugal and Greece. The variable patterns most likely to influence cluster definitions are differences in GDP per capita, productivity, and investment, although there are other differing variable patterns that influence specific smaller cluster memberships and the consistency of memberships over time. Externalities undermine nominal convergence. An example is the divergence of the experience of consumer inflation between 2016 and 2022. Nevertheless, some convergence in long-term interest rates is achieved. There is also divergence in the real convergence target of GDP per capita. As regards structural changes, productivity differences widen, and investment as a percentage of GDP converges during COVID-19. The theoretical implications are that the complex dynamics between collaboration, competitive markets, and global instabilities makes convergence unlikely. Real convergence, such as reducing the distribution differences of GDP per capita, is only likely to be possible over many decades, and needs considerable government interventions. Complex systems theory informs us that limits to convergence are inevitable in dynamic systems where events bring unplanned divergences.
Modeling Students’ Perceptions of Chatbots in Learning: Integrating Technology Acceptance with the Value-Based Adoption Model
Authors: Al-Abdullatif Ahlam Mohammed
Published: November 2023

As technology continues to advance, chatbots are likely to become an increasingly vital tool in education. This study digs further into how students perceive and accept chatbots for use in learning activities. The study examines the integrated relationships between the constructs of the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the constructs of the value-based model (VAM), including perceived enjoyment, perceived risk, and perceived value, to predict students’ attitudes and, consequently, their acceptance of chatbots for learning in higher education. A total of 432 respondents participated in an online survey, and the proposed hypotheses were evaluated through structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS). The study offers useful insights on chatbot adoption in Saudi higher education, as the results highlight important drivers of chatbot acceptance among students, including perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, perceived enjoyment, and perceived value. Perceived risk was not a significant predictor of students’ attitudes or their acceptance of chatbot use in learning. The results are expected to foster the adoption of chatbot technology in supporting distance learning in Saudi Arabia’s higher education.
Noise Reduction Method for the Vibration Signal of Reactor CRDM Based on CEEMDAACN-SK
Authors: Liu Zhilong , Li Tongxi , Zhu Zhifeng , Li Minggang , Nie Changhua , Tang Zhangchun
Published: November 2023

The reactor control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) controls the startup, shutdown and power of the reactor; it is one of the key pieces of equipment to ensure the normal operation of the reactor. CRDM is complex, mainly composed of stator, rotor, bearing, roller, etc. The characteristic analysis of the vibration monitoring signal is one of the important methods of the CRDM state evaluation. In view of the characteristics of large noise interference and the difficulty in analyzing the vibration monitoring signal of CRDM, this paper proposes a noise reduction method for the vibration signal of CRDM based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive amplitude correction noise and spectral kurtosis (CEEMDAACN-SK), which can deeply reduce the vibration signal of CRDM. Firstly, the proposed CEEMDAACN algorithm is used to decompose the vibration signal of CRDM to obtain multiple intrinsic mode functions (IMF). Then, the spectral kurtosis of each IMF component is analyzed to obtain the spectral kurtosis map of each IMF component, which is compared with the spectral kurtosis map of the original signal. Finally, the denoising reconstruction of the signal is carried out to obtain the final denoising signal. Through experimental analysis, the performance of the proposed CEEMDAACN-SK denoising algorithm is better than the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise and spectral kurtosis (CEEMDAN-SK) algorithm in terms of results. The method proposed in this paper can be applied not only to the vibration signal noise reduction of CRDM, but also to other equipment and fields, such as nuclear power main circulation pump and the chemical industry.
A Novel Unsupervised Segmentation Method of Canopy Images from UAV Based on Hybrid Attention Mechanism
Authors: Li Jiaqi , Wu Yin , Zhang Haojia , Wang Hancong
Published: November 2023

Crown segmentation is a pivotal process in the acquisition of tree parameters. In light of the high expenses associated with satellite remote sensing and LiDAR technologies, our study leverages the cost-effective and efficient UAV remote sensing technology for capturing crown images. In addition, considering the expense and sensitivity associated with labeling data for supervised learning and its implications on model generalization and label quality, this paper introduces an innovative unsupervised learning framework based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). To address the limited receptive field of CNN, we have introduced a novel hybrid attention module following each CNN module. This enhancement ensures the integrity of the segmentation results and the coherence of the boundaries. Furthermore, in response to the growing need for user interaction, we have incorporated a scribble interaction function. Through the semantic segmentation of the collected crown images, our proposed method attains remarkable results, achieving an accuracy of 98.15%, an F1_score of 97.01%, and an mIoU of 95.58%. Additionally, we have conducted a comparative analysis of our proposed method with two clustering algorithms, namely K-Means and GMM, and two CNN models, DeepLab and U-Net. The results reveal that our segmentation structures outperform other methods significantly. The experimental findings demonstrate the immense application potential of this method in diverse fields, including forestry management, environmental protection, and ecosystem monitoring.
Efficient Encoding Method for Combined Codes in the MWD Telemetry System
Authors: Chen Wei , Gu Qingshui , Li Xiufeng , Ye Conglin , Lin Jingyi
Published: November 2023

MPPM (Multipulse Position Modulation) is a pulse code technology that is widely used in optical communication and deep space communication due to its high energy efficiency. Combination code is a variation of MPPM and is widely used in MWD (Measurement While Drilling) telemetry systems. However, whether it is MPPM or combination code, it is difficult to establish a simple mapping relationship between bit symbols and pulse symbols. Therefore, an encoding table is usually used to realize the mapping between bit symbols and pulse symbols. With an increase in bit width, the storage complexity of the encoding table increases exponentially. This is unacceptable for underground transmitters working in harsh environments. This paper maps the code symbols of MPPM to a hyper-triangular region of a high-dimensional tensor and establishes a simple lookup table and lookup algorithm to achieve low-complexity mapping from bit symbols to MPPM code symbols. At the same time, this paper also provides a method for extending from MPPM code symbols to commonly used combination code symbols in MWD, thereby providing an efficient implementation path for large bit width combination code encoding at the underground end of MWD.
Implementation of Deep Learning-Based Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter for V2V and V2G Applications—An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Banda Mohan Krishna , Madichetty Sreedhar , Nandavaram Banda Shanthi Kumar
Published: November 2023

Growth in renewable energy systems, direct current (DC) microgrids, and the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) will substantially increase the demand for bi-directional converters. Precise control mechanisms are essential to ensure optimal performance and better efficiency of these converters. This paper proposes a deep neural network (DNN)-based controller designed to precisely control bi-directional converters for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications. This control technique allows the converter to quickly attain new reference values, enhancing performance and efficiency by significantly reducing the overshoot duration. To train the DNN controller, large synthetic data are used by performing simulations for various sets of conditions, and the results are validated with a hardware setup. The real-time performance of the DNN controller is compared with a conventional proportional–integral (PI)-based controller through simulated results using MATLAB Simulink (version 2023a) and with a real-time setup. The converter attains a new reference of about 975 μs with the proposed control technique. In contrast, the PI controller takes about 220 ms, which shows that the proposed control technique is far better than the PI controller.
Pathways to Decarbonization of Deep-Sea Shipping: An Aframax Case Study
Authors: Farrukh Salman , Li Mingqiang , Kouris Georgios D. , Wu Dawei , Dearn Karl , Yerasimou Zacharias , Diamantis Pavlos , Andrianos Kostas
Published: November 2023

Deep-sea decarbonization remains an enigma as the world scrambles to reduce global emissions. This study looks at near-term decarbonization solutions for deep-sea shipping. Pathways are defined, which are appealing to ship owners and major world economies alike. The economic and environmental viability of several of the most advanced near-term technologies for deep-sea decarbonization are revealed. The environmental analysis suggests the necessity of new emission intensity metrics. The economic analysis indicates that the carbon tax could be a great motivator to invest in decarbonization technologies. Standalone decarbonization technologies can provide a maximum of 20% emissions reduction. Hence, to meet IMO 2050 targets of 50% emissions reduction, several solutions need to be utilized in tandem. This study reaches the conclusion that alternative fuels are the crucial step to achieve a net zero carbon economy, although bunkering, infrastructure, and economic hurdles need to be overcome for the widespread implementation of carbon-neutral fuels.
Physical-Chemical Properties of Nano-Sized Phyllosilicates: Recent Environmental and Industrial Advancements
Authors: Elmi Chiara
Published: November 2023

Phyllosilicates are common minerals that include the most widely known micas and clay minerals. These minerals are found in several natural environments and have unique physical-chemical features, such as cation exchange capacity (CEC) and surface charge properties. When phyllosilicates are nano-sized, their physical-chemical properties are enhanced from those of the micro-sized counterpart. Because of their unique crystal chemical and physical-chemical features, kinetics, and particle size, nano-sized clay minerals (i.e., kaolinite, montmorillonite/illite) and micas (i.e., muscovite) are of great interest in several fields spanning from environmental applications to engineered materials. This paper aims to overview the recent developments of environmental protection and technological applications employing nano-sized natural micas and clay minerals. Emphasis is given to the role that the unique physical-chemical properties of montmorillonite, vermiculite, kaolinite, and muscovite play in nanoparticle formulations, manufacture, and technical performance.
Evaluation of the Environmental Burden of Cross-Laminated Timber Manufacturing in Japan Using the Input–Output Analysis
Authors: Liu Mengyuan , Murano Akito , Goh Chun Sheng , Kayo Chihiro
Published: November 2023

Japan is actively promoting the application of cross-laminated timber (CLT) in construction to utilize plantation forests efficiently and fulfil its climate commitments. Although CLT has unique structural properties and environmental advantages, understanding the environmental burden of CLT manufacturing remains scarce. This study uses input–output analysis to evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from CLT manufacturing. An extended input–output table was created to measure the GHG emissions by investigating the revenue and expenditure data of the largest CLT manufacturers in Japan in 2020, combined with the energy and emission intensity data. The results showed that electricity, activities not elsewhere classified, road freight transportation (except self-transportation), timber, and logs were the main sectors contributing to GHG emissions from CLT manufacturing. In addition, the environmental burdens of the cement and steel sectors were evaluated for comparison with the same increase in the final demand. We found that CLT manufacturing emits significantly fewer GHGs than the cement and steel sectors. These findings highlight the potential of CLT in reducing environmental burden, particularly in construction and civil engineering, emphasizing the importance of renewable energy use and efficient raw material transportation.
Biomonitoring with Lichens and Mosses in Forests
Authors: Brunialti Giorgio , Frati Luisa
Published: November 2023

Currently, forest ecosystems are often located in remote areas, far from direct sources of air pollution [...]
Augmenting Functional and Sensorial Quality Attributes of Kefir through Fortification with Encapsulated Blackberry Juice
Authors: Travičić Vanja , Šovljanski Olja , Tomić Ana , Perović Milica , Milošević Maja , Ćetković Nenad , Antov Mirjana
Published: November 2023

Kefir is a fermented dairy product claimed to confer many health-promoting effects, but its acidic taste is not appealing to some consumers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to enhance the functional and sensorial quality attributes of kefir through fortification with encapsulated blackberry juice (EBJ). The blackberry juice was successfully encapsulated via freeze-drying using lentil protein isolate (LPI) as the carrier. The encapsulated blackberry juice showed good physicochemical, functional, and morphological properties, as well as microbiological safety for use as a food additive. The kefir was fortified with EBJ in concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% (w/w), stored for up to 28 days under refrigeration, and periodically evaluated. Parameters such as the viscosity, titrable acidity, and pH indicate that the kefir fortification did not affect its stability during storage. EBJ significantly increased the antioxidant properties of the kefir, depending on the fortification level. Additionally, all the fortified samples provided more anthocyanins than the daily recommended intake. Microbiological profiling demonstrated that good laboratory practice and hygiene were implemented during the experiments. Finally, the panelists showed that higher EBJ concentrations in the kefir resulted in greater overall acceptability, indicating that this encapsulate has the potential to be a substitute synthetic color additive in the dairy industry.
Potential Use of PLA-Based Films Loaded with Antioxidant Agents from Spent Coffee Grounds for Preservation of Refrigerated Foods
Authors: Pettinato Margherita , Bolla Maria , Campardelli Roberta , Firpo Giuseppe , Perego Patrizia
Published: November 2023

The aim of this work concerned the production of an active food packaging suitable for refrigerated foods. Polylactic-acid-based films were produced by optimizing the solvent casting technique and testing different loadings of extracts obtained from spent coffee grounds. Indeed, an extract obtained by high-pressure and -temperature extraction (HPTE) and a further purified extract by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) were separately used as active agents, and the effects on packaging features and active compounds migration were analyzed. The selected active agents showed antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition effects on food simulants (peroxide values of 9.2 ÷ 12.0 meqO2/kg extra virgin olive oil), demonstrating the possibility of enhancing food shelf life. In addition, significant effects on the packaging structure due to the presence of the extract were observed, since it can enhance gas barrier properties of the polymer (O2 permeability of 1.6 ÷ 1.3 × 10−9 cm2/s) and confer better processability. In general, the HPTE extract exhibited better performances than the further purified extract, which was due to the presence of a complex pool of antioxidants and the browning effect on the film but a limited loading capacity on the polymer (840 μg caffeine/g PLA), while higher loading capabilities were enabled using LLE extract.
Application of Injectable Hydrogels as Delivery Systems in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ji Rong , Hao Zhizhong , Wang Hao , Li Xingfan , Duan Linyan , Guan Fangxia , Ma Shanshan
Published: November 2023

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological injury caused by traffic accidents, trauma, or falls, which leads to significant loss of sensory, motor, and autonomous functions and seriously affects the patient’s life quality. Although considerable progress has been made in mitigating secondary injury and promoting the regeneration/repair of SCI, the therapeutic effects need to be improved due to drug availability. Given their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity, injectable hydrogels can be used as delivery systems to achieve controlled release of drugs and other substances (cells and proteins, etc.), offering new hope for SCI repair. In this article, we summarized the types of injectable hydrogels, analyzed their application as delivery systems in SCI, and further discussed the mechanisms of hydrogels in the treatment of SCI, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and pro-neurogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the potential benefits of hydrogels in the treatment of SCI in combination with therapies, including the recent advances and achievements of these promising tools. Our review may offer new strategies for the development of SCI treatments based on injectable hydrogels as delivery systems.