bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Study of Finger print Patterns among Male and Female
Authors: Mukul Chopra
Published: January 2021

Dermatoglyphics, the study of epidermal ridges on palm, sole and digits, is considered as most effectiveand reliable evidence of identification and plays a major role in any crime investigation. The finger printsare unique and distinguishable for every individual. The objective of the present study was to study thefinger prints of different Individuals and compare particular pattern in the different gender. This study wasconducted on 150(75 males and 75 females in the age group of 18-50 years) persons randomly selected.Finger prints were recorded with the help of Camalin ink on bond paper and were analyzed. The mean agefor male was 35.78 years and for female 28.52years. The predominant pattern among both Male and Femalewas loop, (62.8%) in Male and (58.8%) in Female respectively which was followed by whorl (24.53%)in Male and (32%) in Female respectively. Plain arch pattern in male and female was 10.14% and 7.34%respectively. Ulnar loop was commonly seen in all fingers whereas radial loop was predominantly seen onindex fingers in both sexes.
Neubaustrecke HS2 London – Birmingham: Innerstädtisches Bauen im Bereich historischer Eisenbahninfrastruktur/HS2 London – Birmingham: Construction at Euston in close proximity to historic railway
Authors: Herfs Thomas
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung Das britische Verkehrsministerium plant den Bau einer weiteren Hochgeschwindigkeitsstrecke mit einer Gesamtlänge von 230 km und einer möglichen Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 360 km/h. Die Phase 1 des High Speed Two (HS2) Projekts verbindet die Städte London und Birmingham und soll im Jahr 2026 betriebsbereit sein. Für die Vertragsvergabe der Hauptbauwerke ‚Main Works Civils‘ wurde die Trasse in sieben Lose eingeteilt und nach einem mehrjährigen Planfeststellungsverfahren im Jahr 2017 öffentlich ausgeschrieben. Das Design-Build-Vorhaben sieht für die Planungsphase (Stage 1) ein sogenanntes Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) vor, in dessen Rahmen Bauherr, bauausführende Firmen und Planer gemeinschaftlich einen Bauentwurf (Scheme Design) entwickeln und die Ausführung planen.

HS2 beauftragte für die zwei südlichen Lose S1 und S2 mit einer Gesamtlänge von 25,8 km die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Skanska, Costain und Strabag (SCS JV). Beide Lose befinden sich im Ballungsraum von London und umfassen unter anderem den Bau von Tunneln mittels Schildvortrieb, in Spritzbeton- und Deckelbauweise sowie den Bau von Ventilationsschächten, Brücken und Kavernen.

Am südlichen Ende der Eisenbahntrasse befindet sich das Vorfeld ‚Euston Approaches‘ des Londoner Bahnhofs Euston Station. Innerhalb dieses ersten Kilometers der Strecke plant HS2, eine Reihe von Ingenieurbauwerken direkt neben und unterhalb der historischen Eisenbahninfrastruktur bei laufendem Bahnbetrieb zu errichten. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die örtlichen Randbedingungen des komplexen Bauvorhabens und die daraus entstehenden Herausforderungen an den Entwurf und die Planung der oberflächennahen Kaverne, welche im Vorfeld als außergewöhnlich hohes Projektrisiko identifiziert wurde. Die Entwicklung des Scheme Designs wurde daher begleitet von Design Reviews, Design Checks und einer Technical Assurance. Das Projekt befindet sich zurzeit am Ende der Planungsphase.
Bewehrte Beton-Beton-Verbundfugen bei nachträglicher Verstärkung: Ermüdungsbeanspruchung/Interface between old and new concrete in case of subsequently strengthening: Fatigue loading
Authors: Heinrich Jens , Zenk Thomas , Maurer Reinhard
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung Mit der EOTA TR 066 steht ein Bemessungskonzept für Verbundfugen bei der nachträglichen Verstärkung mit Aufbeton bei ruhenden und ermüdungswirksamen Beanspruchungen zur Verfügung. Das Bemessungskonzept hat in entsprechender Form auch im Model Code 2010 seinen Niederschlag gefunden.

Im Zuge eines Forschungsvorhabens wurden zur Validierung des Ermüdungsnachweises als Bestandteil des Bemessungskonzepts der EOTA TR 066 Bauteilversuche an der TU Dortmund unter zyklischer Belastung durchgeführt. Die Versuche bestätigten die Ergebnisse aus zuvor durchgeführten Kleinkörperversuchen an den Universitäten Innsbruck und Delft. Zudem konnte anhand von Messungen der Stahlspannungen in den Schubverbindern während der Versuchslaufzeit festgestellt werden, dass die Spannungsschwingbreiten bei sehr großer Rauigkeit (Rt ≥ 3 mm) der Verbundfuge und bei ausreichender Begrenzung der Schwingbreiten der zyklischen Beanspruchungen Δτiu so gering sind, sodass kein expliziter Nachweis gegen Ermüdung erforderlich ist.

Die Anwendung des Nachweiskonzeptes ist an zusätzliche konstruktive, betontechnische und ausführungstechnische Bedingungen geknüpft. Im Vergleich zum derzeitigen Nachweisverfahren im DIN EN 1992–2/NA liefert das Bemessungskonzept deutlich wirtschaftlichere Ergebnisse.
Einfluss chloridinduzierter Spannstahl- korrosion auf das Tragverhalten von Brückenbauwerken – Numerische und experimentelle Untersuchungen an vorgespannten Trägern/Influence of chloride-induced corrosion of prestressing steel on the load bearing behavior of bridge constructions – Numerical and experimental examinations on prestressed beams
Authors: Kirpal Eric , Stempniewski Lothar
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung Die Bereitstellung einer sicheren und zuverlässigen Infrastruktur beruht auf dem bestmöglichen Erhalt der Bausubstanz unter Einsatz der zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel. Dabei ist die Kenntnis über die Restnutzungsdauer der Brückenbauwerke unter zunehmender Einwirkung aus Verkehr und Schädigung von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Mittels Modellen zur Prognose der Entwicklung von Schädigungen, sensiblen Messverfahren zur Detektion von Schäden an Bauwerken sowie computergestützten Nachrechnungen des Systemverhaltens ist eine Ableitung der verbleibenden Nutzungsdauer durch Gegenüberstellung der Systemantwort mit normativ festgelegten Grenzzuständen möglich. Zur Bestimmung des Einflusses chloridinduzierter Korrosion auf die Tragfähigkeit vorgespannter Brückenbauwerke wurde am Institut für Massivbau und Baustofftechnologie (IMB) des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) ein numerisches Modell entwickelt, welches die Untersuchung zeitabhängiger Schädigungsvorgänge durch Modellierung zunehmender muldenförmiger Querschnittsreduktionen und Berücksichtigung korrosionsbegleitender Effekte erlaubt sowie ein Konzept erarbeitet, welches ermöglicht, anhand von Spannungs- beziehungsweise Dehnungsänderungen des Betons an Bauwerksaußenseiten auf nicht direkt detektierbare Korrosionsschäden an der Spannbewehrung rückzuschließen. Zur Validierung der numerischen Untersuchungen sowie der indirekten Methode zur Detektion lokaler Korrosionsschäden mittels Monitoring wurden Bauteilversuche an der Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt Karlsruhe (MPA Karlsruhe) durchgeführt.
Künstliche Intelligenz im Bauingenieurwesen – Hintergründe, Status Quo und Potenziale/Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering – Background, Status Quo and Potential Applications
Authors: Kraus Michael A. , Drass Michael
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung Die Technologie der sogenannten „Künstlichen Intelligenz/Artificial Intelligence“ (KI/AI) hält derzeit flächendeckenden und in verschiedensten Formen Einzug in den privaten wie beruflichen Alltag aller Branchen. Diesen Umstand nimmt vorliegender Aufsatz zum Anlass, zunächst die Hintergründe und Definitionen dieser Technologie aufzuarbeiten, die verschiedenen Methoden anhand von bereits umgesetzten Beispielen aus dem Bauwesen zu veranschaulichen und schließlich die Potenziale für künftige Anwendungen der KI aufzuzeigen. Bei der Auswahl der Veranschaulichungsbeispiele wurde versucht, ein möglichst breites Spektrum von Anwendungen der KI im Bauwesen und benachbarter Disziplinen zu präsentieren: einerseits dient die KI als Alternative zu etablierten numerischen Verfahren wie der Finite-Elemente-Methode bei der Berechnung und Bemessung von Tragwerken und Bauteilen und andererseits lassen sich bildverarbeitende KI-Methoden von der Bauüberwachung bis hin zur produktionsbegleitenden Werkstoffkontrolle vielfältig erfolgreich und praxisnah einsetzen. Besonders erwähnenswert ist, dass die dargestellte physik-informierte KI keine „big data“-Situation bedingt und somit für die Baupraxis interessant ist.
Theoretical foundations for strengthening the authority of the judiciary power in Ukraine
Authors: HDANSKYI Nazar
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The term "authority of the judiciary" appears in a significant number of legal acts throughout the history of Independent Ukraine. The meaning of this concept differs in domestic and English-language sources due to the difference in interpretation of the term "authority". The authority of the judiciary is recognized by scholars as one of its features or properties, and there are also strong links with other features, including independence. At the same time, due to the lack of legislative enshrinement of the concept, there is a blurring of the conceptual and categorical apparatus, in particular, ambiguity in the works of various authors on the interpretation of "authority of the judiciary", "authority of justice", "authority of judge", etc. Despite the importance of the issue of the authority of the judiciary, it remains virtually unexplored, and regulations on "strengthening" or "undermining" the authority of the judiciary or justice do not have a proper theoretical and methodological justification.
The purpose of the paper is to generalize the theoretical foundations of strengthening the authority of the judiciary in Ukraine.
Results. The paper presents the results of a study of the theoretical foundations of strengthening the authority of the judiciary. The urgency of this problem is emphasized in view of the intensification of the processes of civil society development and European integration of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the broad representation of the relevant concept in regulatory sources in the absence of its definition. The limitations of research on the authority of the judiciary in modern works on jurisprudence are noted. Emphasis is placed on the dominance of the approach in modern jurisprudence, according to which the authority of the judiciary is formed on the basis of the authority of judges. The dynamic nature of the authority of the judiciary and the existence of a potential opportunity to monitor its level was noted. Author proposed a set of theoretical principles which can allow to form sound recommendations on strategic directions for strengthening the authority of the judiciary.
Conclusion. The events of recent years have indicated the incompleteness of judicial reform processes in Ukraine. The expected increase in trust in the judiciary did not happen, which negatively affected its authority among the population and Ukraine's international partners. Finding ways to strengthen the authority of the judiciary is one of the important tasks in establishing the rule of law and ensuring strict observance of the right to a fair trial, which is a condition for Ukraine's European integration. According to the results of the study, a number of theoretical principles of strengthening the authority of the judiciary were summarized. A promising area of further research is the development of methodological aspects of strengthening the authority of the judiciary.
Diet composition, guild structure and trophic relationships of wintering birds of prey in an estuarine wetland (The Evros Delta National Park, Greece)
Authors: Alivizatos Haralambos , Goutner Vassilis
Published: January 2021

Seven species of birds of prey studied in the Evros Delta National Park belong to a common assemblage of a trophic guild. However, their diet study revealed different groups of feeding niches. A cluster analysis provided three groups with very similar diets: The eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) and greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga) constituted a group feeding mainly on birds with their diets including 96% (13 bird species) and 98% (16 bird species), by number respectively, most bird prey being water birds. A second group, characterized by a considerable variety of prey types dominated by small mammals and birds, included the western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) (67% mammals, 27% birds -at least 12 species ), black kite (Milvus migrans) (46% mammals, 39% birds -at least 11 species) and common  buzzard (Buteo buteo) (birds 36% -at least 7 species, mammals 22%). In all three species, birds dominated by biomass, whereas other prey such as arthropods (mainly insects), amphibians and reptiles had a low contribution by mass where they occurred. A third group included the common barn owl (Tyto alba), feeding mainly on small mammals (97%, at least 12 species) and little owl (Athene noctua). The little owl’s diet consisted of mammals (29%, -at least 6 species), birds (5% -at least 7 species) and, though insects preponderated by number (64%), mammals were dominant by biomass in both owls. Diversity indices estimated on class level were low, ranked as B. buteo > M. migrans > A. noctua > C. aeruginosus > A. heliaca = T. alba > A. clanga. Dietary similarities may be partly due to common habitat preferences and the role of other potential factors to niche partitioning is discussed.
PERSEPSI KEAGAMAAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP SITUS PURBAKALA GUNUNG PADANG CIANJUR
Authors: Rustandi Nanang , Wibisono Yusuf
Published: January 2021

Gunung Padang site, Cianjur District, a prehistoric cultural heritage becomes a concern because community activities also juxtaposed religious worships. The problems arise when various perception of the site’s existence is linked to myths. The focus is explored on how religious people related to the perception of Gunung Padang’s existence and restoration. This study uses qualitative research method using two data sources. The primary data are obtained from document studies, field observations, and in depth interviews. Secondary data are obtained from books, journals and other research documents. To analyze the relationship between community religious perceptions and culture of ancient sites, phenomenological approach is applied. The results indicate that religious perception over the site is strongly influenced by the process of integrating local religious and cultural understanding passed down for generations. The form of religious expressions are in form of belief, rite, and community. From the research findings, it arises a configuration of society’s religious perception towards Gunung Padang which integrates religion, culture, and belief (syncretism) characterized by local wisdom. Keywords: Religion; Culture; Society; Site; Myth
HD 63021: Chromospheric Activity and Mass Transfer in a Close Binary
Authors: Whelan David G. , Chojnowski S. Drew , Labadie-Bartz Jonathan , Daglen James , Hudson Ken , Casey Gary M. , Stringfellow Guy S. , Lester Kathryn V. , Barry John , Heinerikson Joshua , Pankratz Dan , Schreffler Mary , Maderak Ryan , Lotspeich Nick , Vitale-Sullivan Molly , Woodard Micah
Published: January 2021

Prompted by X-ray detections from multiple surveys, we investigated the A-type star HD 63021 and found that it is a double-lined spectroscopic binary with highly variable emission associated with the primary star. Analysis of our multiepoch spectroscopic observations, the majority of which were carried out on small-aperture telescopes, indicates a very short orbital period of just 2.9 days and a mass ratio M
2/M
1 of 0.23. The A1 V star is a slow rotator, with a rotational speed of ∼34 km s−1. Assuming that its mass is 2.3 M
⊙, the present-day secondary is an evolved star of ∼0.5 M
⊙ that nearly fills its Roche lobe. This secondary star rotates comparatively rapidly at ∼44 km s−1, and we see evidence that it is chromospherically active. Analysis of a photometric light curve from TESS reveals two strong periods, one at the orbital period for the system and another at half the orbital period. These findings suggest that HD 63021 is a close binary system undergoing mass transfer from the secondary star onto the primary star—in all ways like an Algol eclipsing binary system, except without the eclipse. We discuss the system’s mass transfer, which is not steady but seems to run in fits and bursts, and infer the system’s basic physical properties from an orbital parameter study, the Roche lobe geometry, and its extant X-ray emission.
Understanding Polarized Dust Emission from ρ Ophiuchi A in Light of Grain Alignment and Disruption by Radiative Torques
Authors: Tram Le Ngoc , Hoang Thiem , Lee Hyeseung , Santos Fabio P. , Soam Archana , Lesaffre Pierre , Gusdorf Antoine , Reach William T.
Published: January 2021

The alignment of dust grains with the ambient magnetic field produces polarization of starlight as well as thermal dust emission. Using the archival SOFIA/HAWC+ polarimetric data observed toward the ρ Ophiuchus (Oph) A cloud hosted by a B star at 89 and 154 μm, we find that the fractional polarization of thermal dust emission first increases with the grain temperature and then decreases once the grain temperature exceeds ≃25–32 K. The latter trend differs from the prediction of the popular RAdiative Torques (RATs) alignment theory, which implies a monotonic increase of the polarization fraction with the grain temperature. We perform numerical modeling of polarized dust emission for the ρ Oph-A cloud and calculate the degree of dust polarization by simultaneously considering the dust grain alignment and rotational disruption by RATs. Our modeling results could successfully reproduce both the rising and declining trends of the observational data. Moreover, we show that the alignment of only silicate grains or a mixture of silicate–carbon grains within a composite structure can reproduce the observational trends, assuming that all dust grains follow a power-law size distribution. Although there are a number of simplifications and limitations to our modeling, our results suggest grains in the ρ Oph-A cloud have a composite structure, and the grain size distribution has a steeper slope than the standard size distribution for the interstellar medium. Combination of SOFIA/HAWC+ data with JCMT observations 450 and 850 μm would be useful to test the proposed scenario based on grain alignment and disruption by RATs.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: The M
BH–Host Relations at 0.2 ≲ z ≲ 0.6 from Reverberation Mapping and Hubble Space Telescope Imaging
Authors: Li Jennifer I-Hsiu , Shen Yue , Ho Luis C. , Brandt W. N. , Dalla Bontà Elena , Alvarez G. Fonseca , Grier C. J. , Santisteban J. V. Hernandez , Homayouni Y. , Horne Keith , Peterson B. M. , Schneider D. P. , Trump Jonathan R.
Published: January 2021

We present the results of a pilot Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging study of the host galaxies of ten quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping (SDSS-RM) project. Probing more than an order of magnitude in black hole (BH) and stellar masses, our sample is the first statistical sample to study the BH–host correlations beyond z > 0.3 with reliable BH masses from reverberation mapping rather than from single-epoch spectroscopy. We perform image decomposition in two HST bands (UVIS-F606W and IR-F110W) to measure host colors and estimate stellar masses using empirical relations between broadband colors and the mass-to-light ratio. The stellar masses of our targets are mostly dominated by a bulge component. The BH masses and stellar masses of our sample broadly follow the same correlations found for local RM active galactic nuclei and quiescent bulge-dominant galaxies, with no strong evidence of evolution in the

relation to z ∼ 0.6. We further compare the host light fraction from HST imaging decomposition to that estimated from spectral decomposition. We find a good correlation between the host fractions derived with both methods. However, the host fraction derived from spectral decomposition is systematically smaller than that from imaging decomposition by ∼30%, indicating different systematics in both approaches. This study paves the way for upcoming more ambitious host galaxy studies of quasars with direct RM-based BH masses at high redshift.
Numerical Relativity Simulations of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Long-term Remnant Evolutions, Winds, Remnant Disks, and Nucleosynthesis
Authors: Nedora Vsevolod , Bernuzzi Sebastiano , Radice David , Daszuta Boris , Endrizzi Andrea , Perego Albino , Prakash Aviral , Safarzadeh Mohammadtaher , Schianchi Federico , Logoteta Domenico
Published: January 2021

We present a systematic numerical relativity study of the dynamical ejecta, winds, and nucleosynthesis in neutron star (NS) merger remnants. Binaries with the chirp mass compatible with GW170817, different mass ratios, and five microphysical equations of state (EOSs) are simulated with an approximate neutrino transport and a subgrid model for magnetohydrodynamic turbulence up to 100 ms postmerger. Spiral density waves propagating from the NS remnant to the disk trigger a wind with mass flux ∼0.1–0.5 M
⊙ s−1, which persists for the entire simulation as long as the remnant does not collapse to a black hole. This wind has average electron fraction ≳0.3 and average velocity ∼0.1–0.17 c and thus is a site for the production of weak r-process elements (mass number A < 195). Disks around long-lived remnants have masses ∼0.1–0.2 M
⊙, temperatures peaking at ≲10 MeV near the inner edge, and a characteristic double-peak distribution in entropy resulting from shocks propagating through the disk. The dynamical and spiral-wave ejecta computed in our targeted simulations are not compatible with those inferred from AT2017gfo using two-components kilonova models. Rather, they indicate that multicomponent kilonova models including disk winds are necessary to interpret AT2017gfo. The nucleosynthesis in the combined dynamical ejecta and spiral-wave wind in the long-lived mergers of comparable mass robustly accounts for all the r-process peaks, from mass number ∼75 to actinides in terms of solar abundances. Total abundances are weakly dependent on the EOS, while the mass ratio affects the production of first-peak elements.
GPCAL: A Generalized Calibration Pipeline for Instrumental Polarization in VLBI Data
Authors: Park Jongho , Byun Do-Young , Asada Keiichi , Yun Youngjoo
Published: January 2021

We present the Generalized Polarization CALibration pipeline (GPCAL), an automated pipeline for instrumental polarization calibration of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data. The pipeline is designed to achieve a high calibration accuracy by means of fitting the instrumental polarization model, including the second-order terms, to data from multiple calibrator sources simultaneously. It also allows for using more accurate linear polarization models of calibrators for D-term estimation compared to the conventional way that assumes similar linear polarization and total intensity structures. This assumption has been widely used in the existing packages for instrumental polarization calibration but could be a source of significant uncertainties when there is no suitable calibrator satisfying the assumption. We demonstrate the capabilities of GPCAL by using simulated data, archival Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) data of many active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets at 15 and 43 GHz, and our Korean VLBI Network (KVN) observations of many AGN jets at 86, 95, 130, and 142 GHz. The pipeline could reproduce the complex linear polarization structures of several sources shown in the previous studies using the same VLBA data. In addition, GPCAL reveals a complex linear polarization structure in the flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 273 from the KVN data at all four frequencies. These results demonstrate that GPCAL can achieve a high calibration accuracy for various VLBI arrays.
Magnetic Fields Observed by Voyager 2 in the Heliosheath
Authors: Burlaga L. F. , Berdichevsky D. B. , Jian L. K. , Koval A. , Ness N. F. , Park J. , Richardson J. D. , Szabo A.
Published: January 2021

We present observations of the magnetic field

in the outermost region of the heliosheath made by Voyager 2 (V2) from 2016 to 2018.6, just before V2 entered the magnetic barrier inside of the heliopause. The average magnetic field strength (B) during this interval was relatively large, 0.135 nT, mainly due to numerous merged interaction regions. Sector structure was observed, and the direction of azimuthal angle λ was primarily close to the Parker spiral magnetic field directions 90° and 270°. Thus, the heliospheric current sheet extended to relatively high southern latitudes poleward of V2 (>30°). On smaller scales, distributions of daily increments in B and the components of

from 2016 to 2018.6 were accurately described by q-Gaussian distributions. The average values of the nonextensivity parameter q for one-day increments of the components decreased from q = 1.7 ± 0.01 during 2016 (near solar maximum) to q = 1.3 ± 0.1 during 2017 and 2018, as solar activity declined. The BT direction was close to the average magnetic field direction, and V2 measured primarily compressible fluctuations. These new results are also presented in the context of an overview of the observations of the magnetic field in the heliosheath from the termination shock crossing to the heliopause.
Two new species of the genus Metapocyrtus Heller 1912 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrynchini), subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller 1912, from Mindanao Island, Philippines
Authors: Cabras Analyn , Medina Milton Norman , Bollino Maurizio
Published: January 2021

Two new Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912, subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller, 1912 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) are described and illustrated from Mindanao Island, Philippines. The species are Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) davaoensis sp.n. and Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) hirakui sp.n. from Davao City and Bukidnon respectively. Brief bionomical notes and phenotypic characters compared to their sympatric Entiminae counterparts are also reported. The discovery of M. (O.) davaoensis sp.n. in Davao City confirms how understudied coleoptera are in Mindanao, and underlines the potential for the discovery of new species even in highly urbanized areas.
SARS-CoV-2 Structural Analysis of Receptor Binding Domain New Variants from United Kingdom and South Africa
Authors: Padilla-Sanchez Victor
Published: January 2021

SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 80 million infections and close to 2 million deaths worldwide as of January 2021. This pandemic has caused an incredible damage to humanity being it medically and/or financially halting life as we know it. If it were not enough, the current virus is changing to a more deadly form because of the mutations that are arising on its genome. Importantly, two variants have emerged in recent months, one in United Kingdom and the other in South Africa that are more infectious and escape antibody binding. These two variants have mutations in the receptor binding domain of the spike glycoprotein namely N501Y (UK, SA), K417N (SA) and E484K (SA). Here, I present a structural analysis of spike glycoprotein bound to ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) where the mutations have been introduced in silico showing the reason why these variants bind better to ACE2 receptors.
Le Grand Contournement de Paris, trop loin et trop proche de Paris ? Jeux d’échelles et diversité des dynamiques du polycentrisme du Bassin Parisien (1982-2015)
Authors: Le Néchet Florent
Published: January 2021

Nous nous interrogeons dans cet article sur les liens, à la fois à l’échelle locale et à l’échelle de la « méga-cité polycentrique » parisienne, entre croissance des réseaux de transport (routier, principalement), étalement urbain et fonctionnement polycentrique de la métropole parisienne. Les résultats suggèrent une diversité des formes d’émergence du polycentrisme autour de Paris, selon des corridors bien distincts. A l’échelle locale, les autoroutes radiales concourent à la mutation de pôles intermédiaires attirant des flux depuis Paris et depuis les principales métropoles du Bassin Parisien, tandis que, plus loin de l’attraction de la métropole parisienne, elles semblent favoriser un développement résidentiel et globalement une maturation du système de villes local. Spécifiquement, la rocade dite « Grand Contournement de Paris » ne semble pas jouer de rôle structurant sur la dynamique du Bassin Parisien, sauf pour les territoires les plus éloignés de Paris.
The global attractor for the wave equation with nonlocal strong damping
Authors: Chen Biyue , Zhao Chunxiang , Zhong Chengkui
Published: January 2021

The paper is devoted to establishing the long-time behavior of solutions for the wave equation with nonlocal strong damping: \begin{document}$ u_{tt}-\Delta u-\|\nabla u_{t}\|^{p}\Delta u_{t}+f(u) = h(x). $\end{document} It proves the well-posedness by means of the monotone operator theory and the existence of a global attractor when the growth exponent of the nonlinearity \begin{document}$ f(u) $\end{document} is up to the subcritical and critical cases in natural energy space.
L’envers de la marqueterie Boulle : analyse des matériaux de collage
Authors: Elie-Lefebvre Delphine , Hartmann Daniel , Balcar Nathalie
Published: January 2021

La restauration d’une œuvre de mobilier offre l’opportunité de s’intéresser à la colle qui assure le maintien des différents éléments sur la structure en bois. Une nouvelle technique d’investigation des colles, jusque-là absente des laboratoires français dédiés à l’étude du patrimoine, a été évaluée et validée pour connaître l’origine animale de ce matériau.
Le nettoyage des bronzes dorés
Authors: Plé Emmanuel , Schröter Julie
Published: January 2021

Cet article présente l’un des protocoles de nettoyage des bronzes dorés encrassés et ternis actuellement employés au C2RMF. Les avantages et limitations possibles du procédé sont évoqués à partir d’observations directement menées sur des œuvres, ainsi qu’à partir de tests comparatifs simples effectués en atelier sur des coupons métalliques. Si les résultats obtenus permettent d’affiner les paramètres les plus adaptés en termes d’innocuité vis-à-vis des bronzes dorés, ce premier constat ouvre la perspective sur une étude plus approfondie prenant en compte d’autres variables et modes d’évaluation. Enfin, des améliorations de l’appareillage utilisé sont proposées afin d’assurer un meilleur contrôle du processus de nettoyage par le conservateur-restaurateur.
Chip-Last (RDL-First) Fan-Out Panel-Level Packaging (FOPLP) for Heterogeneous Integration
Authors: Lau John H , Ko Cheng-Ta , Peng Chia-Yu , Yang Kai-Ming , Xia Tim , Lin Puru Bruce , Chen JJ , Huang Po-Chun , Tseng Tzvy-Jang , Lin Eagle , Chang Leo , Lin Curry , Lu Winnie
Published: January 2021

In this investigation, the chip-last, RDL (redistribution-layer)-first, fan-out panel-level packaging (FOPLP) for heterogeneous integration is studied. Emphasis is placed on the materials, process, fabrication, and reliability of a heterogeneous integration of one large chip (10mm × 10mm) and two small chips (7mm × 5mm) by a FOPLP method on a 20mm × 20mm RDL-first substrate fabricated on a 515mm × 510mm temporary glass panel. Reliability test such as the drop test of the heterogeneous integration package on a PCB (printed circuit board) is performed and test results including failure analysis are presented. Some recommendations are also provided.
Latest Technologies of Epoxy Molding Compound (EMC) for FO-WLP
Authors: Iwai Masahiro , Ukawa Ken , Ichizawa Go , Mori Takeshi
Published: January 2021

FO-WLP is used for RF etc. for mobile as a package excellent in low profile, low warpage, cost reduction, electric performance etc. and this market is expanding since it began to be used in Application processer (AP) in 2016. It is expected that adoption to AP for mobile will continue to grow and further expansion to other products is also expected.

Meanwhile, Epoxy molding compound (EMC) for FO-WLP is required to have functions not found in EMC for low-end packages. For example, since the molding area is large and the molding thickness is thin, if a conventional EMC is used, the warpage becomes large after curing and it cannot proceed to the subsequent process. In order to control warpage after curing, it is important to reduce cure shrinkage of EMC. In addition, in order to fill completely the gap between flip chip bumps of large size chip, control of filler size, melt viscosity etc. is more severely required.
Advanced Die-Beam Alignment Method for Laser-Assisted Bonding
Authors: Braganca Wagno Alves , KyungOe Kim
Published: January 2021

The action of checking whether the laser beam and die are aligned during laser-assisted bonding process is referred to as die-beam alignment. The current method for die-beam alignment is a simple visual inspection by naked eye, which makes this method highly susceptible to human-error as it depends on the feeling and ability of the engineer/operator responsible for it. Furthermore, it lacks a defined metric for quantitative evaluation. The purpose of this research is to develop a human error-free method for die-beam alignment based on computer vision algorithms. A dedicated image-acquisition camera, combined with a custom-made software based on computer vision, successfully aligned the die and the laser beam with an accuracy of 0.060 mm. The simple hardware setup, integrated with the user-friendly software, makes it a convenient method for on-site use.
Optimizing X-Ray Inspection for Advanced Packaging Applications
Authors: Peterson Brennan , Kwan Michael , Duewer Fred , Reid Andrew , Brooks Rhiannon
Published: January 2021

Over the coming decade, advanced packaging will become increasingly critical to performance, cost, and density improvements in advanced electronics. There is both an industry push: cost and performance advances in transistor scaling are increasingly difficult. And there is an industry pull: customization for each market can be done far more quickly by assembling a series of parts in a package, rather than by design and integration into a single device. This isnt a new idea: Gordon Moore said the same in the 60’s. But after decades of increased device level integration, it is an important change.

Figure 1 shows an example (future) device: there are large bumps, hybrid bonds--for extreme bandwidth and low latency connection to cache memory, TSV based DRAM, and multiple CPU to CPU interconnects. Each of these is a failure point.

Figure 1: The wide variety of interconnects on future advanced packages Figure 2: the triangle of misery as applied to standard and Advanced xray imaging (AXI)

Manufacturing will necessarily advance in the packaging arena: pin density and package size will both increase to support the high bandwidth and device integration demands. The downside of multiple device integration is a higher set of requirements on the reliability of both the individual devices and the fully assembled system. This is an opportunity to take advantage of new strategies and technologies in package inspection. The sampling challenges for both control and inspection for high reliability require systems that can run at 100% coverage and millions of units per year. An overview of reliability sampling challenges as it relates to the end of line inspection, as well as sampling for both defect type and incidence is critical to understanding how and what to measure to maximize yield.

There are fundamental tradeoffs between speed, resolution, and signal to noise ratio that inform a systematic engineering understanding of inspection. Optimizing that trade-off specifically for semiconductor inspection leads to dedicated tools with extremely high resolution, speed, and low dose.

In parallel with the speed requirements, sensitivity, and noise immunity can be improved with an understanding of the systematic sources of noise. These can be mitigated and even eliminated with novel algorithms for both image enhancement and defect location.
Thin Glass Handling Solutions for Microelectronics Packaging
Authors: Shorey Aric , Nelson Shelby , Levy David , Ballentine Paul
Published: January 2021

Glass substrates with fine-pitch through-glass via (TGV) technology gives an attractive approach to wafer level packaging and systems integration. Glass can be made in very thin sheets (<100 um thick) which aids in integration and eliminates the need for back-grinding operations. Electrical and physical properties of glass have many attractive attributes such as low RF loss, the ability to adjust thermal expansion properties, and low roughness with excellent flatness to achieve fine L/S. Furthermore, glass can be fabricated in panel format to reduce manufacturing costs. The biggest challenge to adopting glass as a packaging substrate has been the existence of gaps in the supply chain, caused primarily by the difficulty in handling large, thin glass substrates using standard automation and processing equipment. This paper presents a temporary bonding technology that allows the thin glass substrates to be processed in a semiconductor fab environment without the need to modify existing equipment.
Wire-Bonding Reliability Evaluationa
Authors: Hossein Akbari Schlumberger
Published: January 2021

In microelectronic devices, wire bonding is the most common first-level interconnection method between die and lead. Failure of wire bonding causes component failure. Component failure may lead to system or sub-system failures, which often have very expensive consequences. Such failures are even more severe in the harsh operating conditions of the Oil and Gas industry, where services such as rig charge are extremely expensive. We have developed a robustness-evaluation method for microelectronic components using construction analysis.
Characterization of Highly Thermally Conductive Organic Substrates for a Double-Sided Cooled Power Module
Authors: Cheng Tzu-Hsuan , Nishiguchi Kenji , Fukawa Yoshi , Baliga B. Jayant , Bhattacharya Subhashish , Hopkins Douglas C.
Published: January 2021

Silicon-Carbide (SiC) power devices have become a promising option for traditional Silicon (Si) due to the superior material properties. To fully take advantage of the SiC devices, a high-performance power device packaging solution is necessary. This study proposes a cost-effective double-sided cooled (DSC) 1.2 kV SiC half-bridge power module using organic epoxy-resin composite dielectric (ERCD) substrates. The high mechanical and thermal performance of the power module is achieved by the low-modulus, moderate thermal conductivity, and relatively thin (120 μm) layer of ERCD material compared with traditional metal-clad ceramic approaches. This novel organic dielectric can withstand high voltage (5 kV @ 120 μm) and operate up to 250°C continuously, which is indispensable for high power applications. The thermal modeling results show that the equivalent thermal resistance junction-to-case (Rjc_eq) of the DSC power module using dual direct bonded copper (DBC) is 17% higher than the dual ERCD configuration. Furthermore, a non-insulated DSC power module concept is proposed for maximizing thermal performance by considering thermal vias in the ERCD substrate and direct-soldered heat sink. A thought process for optimization of thermal via design is demonstrated and it shows up to 24% of improvement on thermal performance compared with the insulated DSC power module.
Uptake Rate of Hydrogen Getter for Effectively Removing Outgassed H2 from Microelectronic Packages
Authors: Xia Hua , Vriens Jeffrey , DeWire David
Published: January 2021

Hydrogen absorption kinetic properties of palladium foil-based getter elements have been studied by manometric method based pressure amplitude measurement. The getter H2 uptake rate can be simply converted by pressure amplitude change, and can be fairly described by a mixed gas sorption modeling analysis. It has been found that the sorption rate of Pd-based getter element has a maximum rate of 40 ppm/min at initial absorption stage but it gets slowly down to 0.5ppm/min when approaching maximum sorption capacity, determined by a getter foil thickness. Based on different H2 outgassing rates of metal and polymer based package materials, a safety factor based methodology has been proposed for down selecting an appropriate getter element that can effectively removing outgassed H2 from microelectronic packages.
Performance of alkaline impregnated biochar derived from rice hull for hydrogen sulfide removal from gas
Authors: Seo Dong-Cheon , Guo Ruifeng , Lee Dong-Hoon
Published: January 2021

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) causes malodor, health disorders, and equipment corrosion, but is a constituent of a wide range of valuable gases. For efficient H2S removal, biochars derived from rice hull and loaded with four alkalis (NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, and K2CO3) were prepared by impregnation. The H2S removal characteristics were investigated by continuous adsorption column tests. The alkaline impregnated biochars (IBCs) showed superior H2S removal performance compared to that of coconut shell activated carbon (AC) due to the enhanced chemical adsorption. The removal capacity varied depending on the alkalis and their concentration of aqueous solution for impregnation. The IBC with 5 M of NaOH solution afforded the highest removal capacity of 24.41 mg/g, which greatly exceeded 7.65 mg/g of the AC. Moreover, the height-to-diameter ratio, inlet gas flow rate, H2S gas concentration, temperature, and inlet gas moisture influenced the adsorption capacity, which mainly affect the contact and reaction between H2S and the alkali impregnated on rice hull biochar.
Görme Yetersizliği Olan Kadınların Üreme Sağlığı Sorunları ve Çözüm Yolları
Authors: TANER Aylin , DEMİREL BOZKURT Özlem
Published: January 2021

Görme yetersizliği olan kadınlar, üreme sağlığına yönelik, menstrual siklus, cinsel sağlık, gebelik, doğum şekli, emzirme ve çocuk sahibi olma, aile planlaması, jinekolojik muayene ve yıllık düzenli kontrole gitme sorunlarının yanı sıra sağlık hizmetine erişim, eğitim alma ve bakıma yönelik sorunlar yaşamaktadır. Bu sorunlar ve çözüm yollarına yönelik eğitim ve danışmanlık verilirken optimal düzeyde yarar sağlayabilmek için dokunsal, işitsel materyallerden yararlanılması gerekmektedir. Görme eylemi, bilgi edinmeden sorumludur ve bu organdaki herhangi bir değişiklik, bireyin kapasitesinin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Sağlık profesyonellerinin görme yetersizliğinin nedenlerini, bireylerin öğrenmelerine olan etkisini bilmeleri, üreme sağlığına yönelik düzenlenecek eğitim planlarının oluşturulmasında yarar sağlayacaktır. Kadınları bilgilendirmek için hazırlanan üreme sağlığına yönelik broşür ve kitapçıkların Braille alfabesi ile yazılması ya da seslendirilmesi görme yetersizliği olan kadınların bilgiye ulaşmalarını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Hemşirelerin görme yetersizliği olan bireylere yaklaşım, eğitim ve danışmanlık verme konularında eğitim alması sağlanmalıdır. Bu derlemenin amacı, bireylerin eğitim/danışmanlık alma şeklini etkileyen görme yetersizliğinin tanımlarına ve nedenlerine dikkat çekerek, kadınların üreme sağlığına yönelik yaşadıkları sorunlar ve çözüm yollarına ilişkin hemşirelerin farkındalığını artırmaktır.
Emergency compounding of COVID-19 medicines: A readiness programme to up-skill pharmacy graduates in Namibia
Authors: Mavu Daniel , Mubita Mwangana , Niaz Qamar , Lusepani Monde , Nowaseb Seth , Enkara Tonata , Philomiene Aiases , Pick Riana , Kibuule Dan
Published: January 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated inequitable access to medicines in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly due to limited capabilities for local manufacture.
Aim: To describe priority medicine lists and critical skill sets required for an emergency compounding of COVID-19 medicines training programme.
Methods: An evaluation of the COVID-19 emergency compounding readiness programme for the University of Namibia pharmacy graduates. The main outcomes were enhanced skill sets in compounding, quality control, and regulation of priority COVID-19 medicines. Data on outcomes were thematically analysed.
Results: Fifty- eight pharmacy graduates demonstrated competence in emergency compounding, quality control, regulation, and provision of therapeutic information of COVID-19 medicines. A priority list and a skills set for emergency compounding of COVID-19 medicines were developed.
Conclusions: The upskilling of pharmacy graduates on emergency compounding of COVID-19 medicines has the potential to address inequalities in the rapid response and control of epidemics.
Pharmacy education during and beyond COVID-19 in six Asia-Pacific countries: Changes, challenges, and experiences
Authors: Nik Mohamed Mohamad Haniki , Mak Vivienne , Sumalatha G , Nugroho Agung Endro , Hertiani Triana , Zulkefeli Mohd , Dorjbal Enkhjargal , Dashbaljir Shinezaya , Faller Erwin Martinez , Benosa Christine Aileen Ching , Zaini Syahrir
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic shifted pharmacy education to remote teaching and learning (T&L) strategies. To share changes, challenges, and experiences in pharmacy education among member countries, the Federation of Asian Pharmaceutical Associations hosted a 1.5-hour webinar on 15th May 2020. Questions collected during registration and the live webinar were coded using thematic analysis. A total of 794 participants from 18 countries/territories registered, while 346 attended the webinar. Of 445 questions, 392 were from the registration form and 53 from the webinar. All questions were coded to four major themes: new normal pharmacy education, ethics and safety, material accessibility, and teaching and evaluation methods. Questions during registration were mostly on new normal adaptation (n=79), T&L formats (n=65), and access/resources/ sustainability (n=59). Webinar questions were mainly on assessment format (n=13), laboratory skills (n=9), and access/resources/sustainability (n=9). The webinar provided an opportunity to quickly identify issues regarding pharmacy education during the COVID-19 pandemic for prompt actions and further research.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacy education, staff and students in an Australian setting
Authors: Chuang Sara , Trevaskis Natalie , Mak Vivienne
Published: January 2021

Worldwide, COVID-19 has changed the way Pharmacy Education is being delivered. In Australia there was a rapid shift to online delivery, implementation of new technologies and new models for remote online teaching. The effects of the pandemic on pharmacy education, students and staff are discussed as well as strategies of how to maintain workforce development goals to ensure quality education.
Direct Vision Internal Urethrotomy (DVIU) and Regular Clean Self Intermittent Catheterization (CSIC) For Short Bulbar Urethral Strictures: A Durable Solution
Authors: Trivedi Pankaj
Published: January 2021

Background: To evaluate durability of DVIU results and recurrence of stricture if the CSIC was done regularly up to one year and weekly thereafter. Subjects and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Urology at tertiary care teaching hospital of Rajasthan, India. Files of all patients operated between January 2015 and July 2018 for single bulbar urethral strictures of less than 1-1.5cm size in length, iatrogenic, idiopathic, traumatic or inflammatory origins were evaluated. Patient with multiple or complicated strictures of post urethroplasty, post hypospadias repair, previous radiation or multiple DVIU were excluded from the study. Data of all patients who were on CSIC following direct vision internal urethrotomy were evaluated at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Results: Mean age of patients was 41.13 years with range in between 26-74 years. Most common cause of urethral strictures were idiopathic 66 (58.92%) followed by iatrogenic 27 (24.11%) causes. After 24 months of follow up 95 (84.82%) patients maintained urethral caliber up to 16 Fr. Failure or recurrence was found in 17 (15.18%) patients who required intervention. Conclusion: Direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU) with regular clean intermittent self-catheterization (CSIC) was found good success rate in bulbar urethral strictures upto 1 cm in selected patients.