bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vir Maxime Catholicus: Sulpicius Severus' Use and Abuse of Jerome in the Dialogi
Authors: GOODRICH RICHARD J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines Sulpicius Severus' use of the image of St Jerome in his Dialogi, a work intended to defend Sulpicius' earlier Vita Martini, as well as to censure the low standards of the Gallic clergy and ascetics. Sulpicius, by misrepresenting the contents of Jerome's epistle xxii, was able to offer an indirect critique of his compatriots. Moreover he played to a secondary pro-Rufinian audience by reworking Rufinus' arguments and casting them in Jerome's face. These included such sore points as the reception of Jerome's epistle xxii, his volte-face on the question of Origen and his excommunication by John of Jerusalem. This use of figured speech adds another dimension to this text, one which suggests that Sulpicius was not as friendly towards Jerome as has previously been thought.
Conversion and St Louis's Last Crusade
Authors: LOWER MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Arguments as to why St Louis diverted his 1270 crusade to Tunis from Jerusalem have been raging ever since the expedition returned to France. Although historians have recently agreed that the diversion was the decision of Louis himself, this consensus has not led to exploration of his reasons for crusading to a north African port city. This essay argues that the diversion to Tunis is best understood in terms of Louis's ideas about conversion in general and his policy towards the Jews of his land in particular. The close parallels between Louis's Jewish policy and the Tunisian strategy suggest that these conversion policies led Louis to Tunis.
Thomas Cranmer and Johannes Dantiscus: Retractation and Additions
Authors: MacCULLOCH DIARMAID
Published: March 2007

The friendship of Thomas Cranmer with the Polish humanist and diplomat Bishop Johannes Dantiscus is one of the most interesting among Cranmer's European-wide circle of acquaintance. Although it was extremely episodic and petered out in religious disagreement, it was a vivid and early illustration of the international cast of mind of this central figure of the English Reformation. So one of the archival discoveries which pleased me most in writing my biography of Thomas Cranmer was a pair of letters from Cranmer to Johannes Dantiscus. I learned of these letters through the generosity of Dr Stephen Ryle, who sent me an unsolicited letter about them while I was actually reading the proofs of my book, and supplied me with photocopies of the originals in the Czartoryski Library in Kraków, preserved amid other fragments of the Polish royal archives. As I hastened to read these, in a frighteningly brief window of opportunity before my proofs had to be completed, I found a beguilingly and startlingly novel addition to Cranmer's career, which necessitated last-minute alterations to my text. The letters were dateable to early summer 1527. The first letter was written from Bilbao on the Basque coast, while the writer was waiting for a ship to England, and passed on greetings to Dantiscus from a number of mutual acquaintances in diplomatic circles at the emperor's court in Spain.
Lubrication theory for electro-osmotic flow in a non-uniform electrolyte
Authors: SOUNART T. L. , BAYGENTS J. C.
Published: March 2007

A lubrication theory has been developed for the electro-osmotic flow of non-uniform buffers in narrow rectilinear channels. The analysis applies to systems in which the transverse dimensions of the channel are large compared with the Debye screening length of the electrolyte. In contrast with related theories of electrokinetic lubrication, here the streamwise variations of the velocity field stem from, and are nonlinearly coupled to, spatiotemporal variations in the electrolyte composition. Spatially non-uniform buffers are commonly employed in electrophoretic separation and transport schemes, including iso-electric focusing (IEF), isotachophoresis (ITP), field-amplified sample stacking (FASS), and high-ionic-strength electro-osmotic pumping. The fluid dynamics of these systems is controlled by a complex nonlinear coupling to the ion transport, driven by an applied electric field. Electrical conductivity gradients, attendent to the buffer non-uniformities, result in a variable electro-osmotic slip velocity and, in electric fields approaching 1 kV cm−1, Maxwell stresses drive the electrohydrodynamic circulation. Explicit semi-analytic expressions are derived for the fluid velocity, stream function, and electric field. The resulting approximations are found to be in good agreement with full numerical solutions for a prototype buffer, over a range of conditions typical of microfluidic systems. The approximations greatly simplify the computational analysis, reduce computation times by a factor 4–5, and, for the first time, provide general insight on the dominant fluid physics of two-dimensional electrically driven transport.
A new proof on net upscale energy cascade in two-dimensional and quasi-geostrophic turbulence
Authors: GKIOULEKAS ELEFTHERIOS , TUNG KA KIT
Published: March 2007

A general proof that more energy flows upscale than downscale in two-dimensional turbulence and barotropic quasi-geostrophic (QG) turbulence is given. A proof is also given that in surface QG turbulence, the reverse is true. Though some of these results are known in restricted cases, the proofs given here are pedagogically simpler, require fewer assumptions and apply to both forced and unforced cases.
Stability of helical tip vortices in a rotor far wake
Authors: OKULOV V. L. , SØRENSEN J. N.
Published: March 2007

As a means of analysing the stability of the wake behind a multi-bladed rotor the stability of a multiplicity of helical vortices embedded in an assigned flow field is addressed. In the model the tip vortices in the far wake are approximated by infinitely long helical vortices with constant pitch and radius. The work is a further development of a model developed in Okulov (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 521, p. 319) in which the linear stability of N equally azimuthally spaced helical vortices was considered. In the present work the analysis is extended to include an assigned vorticity field due to root vortices and the hub of the rotor. Thus the tip vortices are assumed to be embedded in an axisymmetric helical vortex field formed from the circulation of the inner part of the rotor blades and the hub. As examples of inner vortex fields we consider three generic axial columnar helical vortices, corresponding to Rankine, Gaussian and Scully vortices, at radial extents ranging from the core radius of a tip vortex to several rotor radii.

The analysis shows that the stability of tip vortices largely depends on the radial extent of the hub vorticity as well as on the type of vorticity distribution. As part of the analysis it is shown that a model in which the vortex system is replaced by N tip vortices of strength Γ and a root vortex of strength − N/Γ is unconditionally unstable.
The role of forcing in the local stability of stationary long waves. Part 1. Linear dynamics
Authors: HODYSS DANIEL , NATHAN TERRENCE R.
Published: March 2007

The local linear stability of forced, stationary long waves produced by topography or potential vorticity (PV) sources is examined using a quasi-geostrophic barotropic model. A multiple scale analysis yields coupled equations for the background stationary wave and low-frequency (LF) disturbance field. Forcing structures for which the LF dynamics are Hamiltonian are shown to yield conservation laws that provide necessary conditions for instability and a constraint on the LF structures that can develop. Explicit knowledge of the forcings that produce the stationary waves is shown to be crucial to predicting a unique LF field. Various topographies or external PV sources can be chosen to produce stationary waves that differ by asymptotically small amounts, yet the LF instabilities that develop can have fundamentally different structures and growth rates. If the stationary wave field is forced solely by topography, LF oscillatory modes always emerge. In contrast, if the stationary wave field is forced solely by PV, two LF structures are possible: oscillatory modes or non-oscillatory envelope modes. The development of the envelope modes within the context of a linear LF theory is novel.

An analysis of the complex WKB branch points, which yields an analytical expres-sion for the leading-order eigenfrequency, shows that the streamwise distribution of absolute instability and convective growth is central to understanding and predicting the types of LF structures that develop on the forced stationary wave. The location of the absolute instability region with respect to the stationary wave determines whether oscillatory modes or envelope modes develop. In the absence of absolute instability, eastward propagating wavetrains generated in the far field can amplify via local convective growth in the stationary wave region. If the stationary wave region is streamwise symmetric (asymmetric), the local convective growth results in a local change in wave energy that is transient (permanent).
Overturning in a filling box
Authors: KAYE N. B. , HUNT G. R.
Published: March 2007

Overturning in a cylindrical filling box driven by a turbulent plume is examined theoretically and experimentally. We establish the initial penetration depth (h) of the buoyant flow that intrudes vertically up the sidewall as a function of the box radius (R) and height (H). Dimensional arguments reduce the problem to finding η = h/H as a function of the aspect ratio Φ = R/H. The flow is modelled in two parts, the radial outflow from the plume along the base of the box and the flow up the sidewall. The outflow is modelled as a forced radial gravity current with constant buoyancy flux while the sidewall flow is modelled as a line fountain. Two regimes were found: first, when the plume outflow is adjusting toward a pure gravity current on impact with the vertical wall and the rise height is given by η ∼ Φ−1/3; secondly, when the outflow is fully developed on, or before, impact and the rise height is given by η ∼ Const. Experimental results show good agreement with these scalings and allow the constants of proportionality to be established.
Centre modes in inviscid swirling flows and their application to the stability of the Batchelor vortex
Authors: HEATON C. J.
Published: March 2007

We identify a family of centre-mode disturbances to inviscid swirling flows such as jets, wakes and other vortices. The centre modes form an infinite family of modes, increasingly concentrated near to the symmetry axis of the mean flow, and whose frequencies accumulate to a single point in the complex plane. This asymptotic accumulation allows analytical progress to be made, including a theoretical stability boundary, inO(1) parameter regimes. The modes are located close to the continuous spectrum of the linearized Euler equations, and the theory is closely related to that of the continuous spectrum. We illustrate our analysis with the inviscid Batchelor vortex, defined by swirl parameterq. We show that the inviscid instabilities found in previous numerical studies are in fact the first members of an infinite set of centre modes of the type we describe. We investigate the inviscid neutral curve, and find good agreement of the neutral curve predicted by the analysis with the results of numerical computations. We find that the unstable region is larger than previously reported. In particular, the value ofqabove which the inviscid vortex stabilizes is significantly larger than previously reported and in agreement with a long-standing theoretical prediction.
Mean flow of turbulent–laminar patterns in plane Couette flow
Authors: BARKLEY DWIGHT , TUCKERMAN LAURETTE S.
Published: March 2007

A turbulent–laminar banded pattern in plane Couette flow is studied numerically. This pattern is statistically steady, is oriented obliquely to the streamwise direction, and has a very large wavelength relative to the gap. The mean flow, averaged in time and in the homogeneous direction, is analysed. The flow in the quasi-laminar region is not the linear Couette profile, but results from a non-trivial balance between advection and diffusion. This force balance yields a first approximation to the relationship between the Reynolds number, angle, and wavelength of the pattern. Remarkably, the variation of the mean flow along the pattern wavevector is found to be almost exactly harmonic: the flow can be represented via only three cross-channel profiles asU(x, y, z) ≈U0(y) +Uc(y) cos(kz) +Us(y) sin(kz). A model is formulated which relates the cross-channel profiles of the mean flow and of the Reynolds stress. Regimes computed for a full range of angle and Reynolds number in a tilted rectangular periodic computational domain are presented. Observations of regular turbulent–laminar patterns in other shear flows – Taylor–Couette, rotor–stator, and plane Poiseuille – are compared.
The linear stability of high-frequency flow in a torsionally oscillating cylinder
Authors: BLENNERHASSETT P. J. , BASSOM ANDREW P.
Published: March 2007

The linear stability of the Stokes layer induced in a fluid contained within a long cylinder oscillating at high frequency about its longitudinal axis is investigated. The disturbance equations are derived using Floquet theory and the resulting system solved using pseudo-spectral methods. Both shear modes and axially periodic centripetal disturbance modes are examined and neutral stability curves and corresponding critical conditions for instability identified. For sufficiently small cylinder radius it is verified that the centripetal perturbations limit the stability of the motion but that in larger-radius configurations the shear modes associated with the Stokes layer take over this role. These results suggest a possible design, free of entry-length effects, for experiments intended to examine the breakdown of oscillatory boundary layers.
Arctic unity, Arctic difference: mapping the reach of northern discourses
Authors: Wilson Elana
Published: March 2007

Since the end of the Cold War, cooperative and region-building endeavours involving Arctic governments and peoples have flourished. These efforts have been rooted in a desire to pursue northern sustainable development and in assertions about the shared experiences and values of Arctic states and peoples. In this paper, a case study is presented concerning a Canadian development project designed to promote Canadian sustainable economic development models to indigenous and non-indigenous leaders and bureaucrats in the Russian north. In their efforts to move knowledge across northern borders, the Canadian project team relied clearly upon two central discourses of the Arctic region-building process: a common Arctic space and the shared pursuit of sustainable development. Drawing upon over thirty qualitative interviews and a year of participant observation at project events, the aim of this article is to map the currency and reach of these Arctic regional discourses at a more ‘local’ level amongst the Russian and Canadian Arctic residents involved in the project. The continuing debate during this development project over what Arctic regionalism and sustainable development mean in practice calls into question a key assertion of contemporary region-building rhetoric, the assumption or hopeful injunction that not only is a regional landscape or environment shared but that values and experiences are, or will come to be, shared as well.
A further note on the Beechey Island memorials
Authors: Barr William
Published: March 2007

Some additional details of the construction of ‘Franklin's cairn’ and ‘Franklin's cenotaph’ on Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada are presented.
John Hugh Mather and the north Russian campaign, 1919
Authors: Vennell Adrian
Published: March 2007

John Hugh Mather was a member of the crew of Terra Nova, the vessel of R. F. Scott's expedition of 1910–1913. After World War I, he participated in the allied campaign against the Bolsheviks in Arctic Russia and achieved considerable distinction in that area of operations.
Improving communications at Port Lockroy
Authors: Selby Jonathan
Published: March 2007

New communications equipment has been installed at Port Lockroy with the aim of rendering more efficient the booking system for visits by cruise ships and other vessels.
Sentinel surveillance systems with special focus on vector-borne diseases
Authors: Racloz V. , Griot C. , Stärk K. D. C.
Published: March 2007

In the past few decades, vector-borne diseases have been spreading into countries previously free of these agents. It is necessary for a surveillance method to be tailored to the biology of these agents in order to detect their incursion. Using a sentinel herd system, it is possible to target high-risk areas where occurrence is most probably due to vector presence. Since the 1970s, diseases such as Akabane, vesicular stomatitis and Bluetongue disease have successfully been monitored using cattle herds as sentinels in many countries such as Saudi Arabia, Australia, China, Indonesia, Sultanate of Oman and most recently in countries in Western Europe. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of sentinel herd surveillance systems in general. In order to determine their efficacy, the following criteria were found to be essential: the choice of sentinel locations, sentinel animal, seasonality of sampling and diagnostic testing methods. We conclude that due to its ability to focus on a specific disease, sentinel herd systems have been successful in the early detection of the spread of a targeted agent. This review is used as a basis for recommendations for the development of future sentinel herd systems.
Mechanisms and regulation of calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in pigs and ruminants: comparative aspects with special emphasis on hypocalcemia in dairy cows
Authors: Schröder Bernd , Breves Gerhard
Published: March 2007

Adequate blood calcium (Ca) concentrations are a prerequisite to maintain several physiological functions of mammals such as pig and ruminants. Thus, blood Ca levels have to be regulated within very close limits. This is basically ensured through the coordinated effects of the calcitropic hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). If plasma Ca decreases, one main effect of subsequently secreted PTH is the stimulation of renal reabsorption of Ca from the glomerular filtrate to reduce urinary Ca loss. Another important action of PTH is the induction of the renal enzyme 1[@@@]\rmalpha [@@@]-hydroxylase, which is responsible for the production of calcitriol. In most monogastric species, so far investigated, one of the most important effects of calcitriol is to stimulate active absorption of Ca from the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the upper small intestines, via a vitamin D-receptor-mediated genomic action. Whether this concept can be transferred without any constrictions to ruminants is still under discussion. Marked interspecies differences have to be recognized with respect to ruminant or non-ruminant animals, particularly with respect to individual segments along the gastrointestinal axis and with respect to vitamin D sensitivity of Ca transport mechanisms. This review will elucidate some of the current concepts related to the mechanisms and sites of Ca absorption in pigs and ruminants with special emphasis on dairy cows where Ca homeostasis is occasionally compromised at the time of parturition.
Ammonia and urea transport across the rumen epithelium: a review
Authors: Abdoun Khalid , Stumpff Friederike , Martens Holger
Published: March 2007

The transport of nitrogen across the rumen epithelium is characterized by absorption of ammonia from the rumen and by an influx of urea into the rumen. The transport rates of both compounds are large and exhibit wide variation. The transport of ammonia occurs in two forms: in the lipophilic form as NH3, the magnitude of which is linearly related to the pH in the ruminal fluid at pH values above 7, while at a physiological pH of 6.5 or lower, ammonia is predominantly absorbed as NH4+via putative potassium channels in the apical membrane. The uptake of NH4+depends on the potential difference of the apical membrane, Pda, and shows competition with K uptake. The pathway for basolateral exit of NH4+is unknown. Hence, the relative transport rates of NH3or NH4+are determined by the ruminal pH according to the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. Transport of ammonia interacts with the transport of Na and Mg mainly via changes of the intracellular pH. Urea recycling into the rumen has been known for many years and the transport across the rumen epithelium is mediated via urea transporters in the luminal and basolateral membrane of the epithelium. Transport of urea occurs by simple diffusion, but is highly variable. A significant increase of urea influx is caused by the fermentation products CO2and short-chain fatty acids. Conversely, there is some evidence of inhibition of urea influx by ruminal ammonia. The underlying mechanisms of this modulation of urea transport are unknown, but of considerable nutritional importance, and future research should be directed to this aspect of ruminal transport.
Brucella: functional genomics and host–pathogen interactions
Authors: Rajashekara Gireesh , Eskra Linda , Mathison Angie , Petersen Erik , Yu Qiqi , Harms Jerome , Splitter Gary
Published: March 2007

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a number ofBrucellaspecies and is characterized by chronic macrophage infection. However, genes that may contribute to intracellular survival of theBrucellaspecies are not well studied. This review presents, first, genomic islands that are present or absent in variousBrucellaspecies that may help establishBrucellainfection and survival strategies. Second, the alteration in macrophage transcription byBrucellato permit its long-term survival within this hostile intracellular environment. A large number of macrophage gene transcripts are altered followingBrucellainfection indicating thatBrucellais not a silent invader of host cells. Macrophage transcript levels associated with inflammation, apoptosis, signal transduction and vesicular intracellular trafficking are altered duringBrucellainfection, and likely contribute to intracellular survival ofBrucella. Lastly, the host–pathogen interaction events associated withBrucellainfection in living mice visualized in real-time using biophotonic imaging. Mice are often used to evaluateBrucellainfections; however,Brucelladissemination and pathogenesis is poorly understood in mice. Biophotonic imaging ofBrucellainfections revealed sites of bacterial localization similar to human infections and different patterns of infection by attenuated or virulentBrucella.
Postoperatives Fieber – nicht immer infektiöser Art
Authors: Perren  , Merlani  , Previsdomini  , Stocker
Published: March 2007

Bei einem 74-jährigen Patienten tritt sechs Tage nach chirurgischer Behandlung eines Magenkarzinoms ein St. febrilis auf, der über insgesamt 47 Tage anhält und dessen Ursache trotz intensiver Abklärungen nicht erkannt wird. Er wird schlussendlich wegen stark reduziertem Bewusstsein, Lungenödem und hämodynamischer Instabilität notfallmässig auf die Intensivstation verlegt. Die Diagnose einer akuten Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz wird gestellt. Nach adäquater Kortisolsubstitution verschwindet das Fieber innerhalb weniger Stunden und der Zustand des Patienten verbessert sich im Verlauf weniger Tage. Das postoperative Fieber ist ein häufiges Phänomen und beruht nur in der Hälfte der Fälle auf einer infektiösen Ursache. Eine Infektion ist imperativ bei den Fieberzuständen auszuschliessen, die später als zwei Tage postoperativ auftreten. Vor allem bei länger andauerndem Fieber empfehlen wir mittels spezieller Listen (wie zum Beispiel für das fever of unknown origin) nach nicht-infektiösen Ursachen zu suchen.
Posttraumatische Zwerchfellhernie
Authors: Michel  , Keerl  , Kubik-Huch
Published: March 2007

Dieses Fallbeispiel dokumentiert eine posttraumatische rechtsseitige Zwerchfellhernie, welche sich 17 Jahre nach dem Trauma als akutes Abdomen präsentiert. Die radiologisch vermutete inkarzerierte Dünndarmschlinge mit konsekutivem Ileus konnte operativ bestätigt werden.
Psychometric Properties of a Parental Childrearing Behavior Scale for French-Speaking Parents, Children, and Adolescents
Authors: Meunier Jean-Christophe , Roskam Isabelle
Published: March 2007

Abstract. The present study validates a culturally appropriate questionnaire, the Evaluation des Pratiques Educatives Parentales (EPEP), to assess parents' child-rearing behavior in French-speaking samples. Three versions of the instrument were validated on 493 parents' self-reports, and on 159 children's and 834 adolescents' ratings of their parents' childrearing behavior. The EPEP questionnaire is based on recent conceptually and psychometrically sound instruments for English and Dutch populations ( Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992 ; Van Leeuwen & Vermulst, 2004 ). It replicates the nine-factor solution of the Dutch scale and provides similar psychometric properties: moderate to high internal consistency, interrater reliability between children and their parents, test-retest reliability, no relationship with social desirability, discriminative properties based on differences between mother and father, child's age and gender, and on correlations with children's personality traits. Results are discussed in the context of the relevance of the instrument from research and clinical perspectives.
Psychometric Properties of the French Version of the Self-Report and Teacher Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Authors: Capron Christiane , Thérond Carine , Duyme Michel
Published: March 2007

Abstract. This study was the first attempt at determining the psychometric properties of the French self-report and teacher Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) versions. An epidemiological sample of 1,400 youths (12.8 ± 0.69 years), second-year schoolchildren (boys n = 692, girls n = 708), and their teachers completed the SDQ. The analyses assessed (1) reliability using the internal consistency and test-retest methods; (2) validity by means of homogeneity measures, factor analyses, and criterion group methods; and (3) inter-rater agreement. Cut-off scores were also determined. Gender was considered for factor and cut-off analyses. Psychometric properties were satisfactory for the total difficulties scale both for the self-report and teacher SDQs (although somewhat less so for the self-report subscales). The five-factor structure theoretically expected was confirmed for both SDQs. Scores above the 90th percentile were associated with an increase in the number of at-risk youths from two groups (school failure or referred for psychological care). The current data demonstrated that the French SDQ versions could accurately measure psychopathological symptoms in youths and be considered as screening tools whose validity would appear to be promising.
Bryant's Empathy Index
Authors: de Wied Minet , Maas Cora , van Goozen Stephanie , Vermande Marjolijn , Engels Rutger , Meeus Wim , Matthys Walter , Goudena Paul
Published: March 2007

Abstract. The present study examined the internal structure of Bryant's (1982) Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents, a 22-item questionnaire measure of dispositional affective empathy. Third graders (n = 817), fourth to sixth graders (n = 82), and eighth graders (n = 1,079) were studied. Factor analyses revealed that the empathy index is multidimensional, encompassing two subscales. The same two-factor solution emerged in all samples. The first factor, labeled empathic sadness, showed good reliability in the two larger samples. Sex differences were established in each sample, with girls reporting more empathic sadness than boys. The second factor, reflecting attitudes rather than feelings, showed weak reliability in all samples, and poor differentiation between the sexes in the two younger age samples. The findings seriously challenge the validity of the 22-item empathy index. Improvement of the scale as a measure of affective empathy is indicated.
Is Masked Neighbor Priming Inhibitory?
Authors: De Moor Wendy , Van der Herten Liesbeth , Verguts Tom
Published: March 2007

Abstract. To investigate neighbor effects in visual word recognition, the masked priming technique holds considerable advantages over unprimed methods, because a target word is used as its own control. However, inhibitory neighbor effects obtained with masked priming are still open for different interpretations, because the primes differ across conditions. Given this theoretical problem, it is useful to investigate neighbor priming effects using a prime as its own control. This option is available in the incremental priming technique ( Jacobs, Grainger, & Ferrand, 1995 ), in which a within-condition baseline is created by comparing the response times (RTs) to a target when it is primed at different prime durations. In this study, we examined masked neighbor priming using this technique. Both the traditional and the within-condition baseline indicated that masked neighbor word priming is inhibitory in nature. The results are discussed in terms of current theories of visual word recognition.
Distortions in the Memory of the Pitch of Speech
Authors: Stern Steven E. , Mullennix John W. , Corneille Olivier , Huart Johanne
Published: March 2007

Abstract. Corneille, Huart, Becquart, & Brédart (2004) found that people remember ambiguous race faces as closer to a race prototype than they actually are. In three studies, we examined whether this memory bias generalizes to voice memory. In Studies 1 and 2, participants listened to synthesized male and female speech samples (high, moderate, or low pitch) and were asked to identify a voice target when paired against distracters higher or lower in pitch. The results showed that pitch distortions occurred, with the pattern consistent with assimilation toward low and high ends of the pitch continuum. Study 3 replicated this result with a wider voice pitch range. The results parallel those of Corneille et al. (2004) . The implications of this work are discussed.
Effects of additional nonmethane volatile organic compounds, organic nitrates, and direct emissions of oxygenated organic species on global tropospheric chemistry
Authors: Ito Akinori , Sillman Sanford , Penner Joyce E.
Published: March 2007

This work evaluates the sensitivity of tropospheric ozone and its precursors to the representation of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and organic nitrates. A global 3‐D tropospheric chemistry/transport model (IMPACT) has been exercised initially using the GEOS‐Chem chemical reaction mechanism. The model was then extended by adding emissions and photochemical reactions for aromatic and terpenoid hydrocarbons, and by adding explicit representation of hydroxy alkyl nitrates produced from isoprene. Emissions of methanol, phenol, acetic acid and formic acid associated with biomass burning were also added. Results show that O3 increases by 20% in most of the troposphere, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) increases by 30% over much of the troposphere and OH increases by 10%. NOx (NO + NO2) decreases near source regions and increases in remote locations, reflecting increased transport of NOx away from source regions by organic nitrates. The increase in O3 was driven largely by the increased role of PAN as a transporter of NOx and by the rerelease of NOx from isoprene nitrates. The increased PAN production was associated with increases in methyl glyoxal and hydroxyacetone. Comparison with measured values show reasonable agreement for O3 and PAN, but model measurement agreement does not either improve or degrade in the extended model. The extended model shows improved agreement with measurements for methanol, acetic acid and peroxypropional nitrate (PPN). Results from the extended model were consistent with measured alkyl nitrates and glycolaldehyde, but hydroxyacetone and methyl glyoxal were overestimated. The latter suggests that the effect of the isoprene nitrates is somewhat smaller than estimated here. Although the model measurement comparison does not show specific improvements with the extended model, it provides a more complete description of tropospheric chemistry that we believe is important to include.
A simple integral model of buoyancy‐generating plumes and its application to volcanic eruption columns
Authors: Ishimine Y.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the importance of the increase in buoyancy flux due to thermal expansion of entrained air to clarify the fundamental features of volcanic eruption columns. A one‐dimensional steady state model, which is simplified as much as possible, is developed to elucidate the essential differences in behavior between a typical incompressible turbulent plume and an eruption column in which the buoyancy flux significantly increases with height. An analytical solution of a simple form is specifically derived for an idealized axisymmetric turbulent plume of a linearly increasing buoyancy flux in a uniform environment. The solution predicts that the upward velocity of the plume is constant along the height, in contrast to the upward velocity of a common incompressible plume, the velocity of which decreases inversely proportional to the third root of the height. More realistic plumes in both uniform and density‐stratified environments are also investigated by modifying the one‐dimensional model. The model yields several scaling parameters, some of which are used to estimate the terminal height of an eruption column. Numerical investigations using the parameters indicate that the thermal energy in an eruption column is exhausted for heating and expanding entrained air before reaching the terminal height. Numerical investigations also imply that the buoyancy flux in an eruption column may be less than half of that predicted by the conventional theory of an incompressible plume. The discussion based on the present model also sheds new light on the physical background of the superbuoyant behavior of an eruption column.
Mechanisms of active folding of the landscape (southern Tian Shan, China)
Authors: Hubert‐Ferrari Aurélia , Suppe John , Gonzalez‐Mieres Ramon , Wang Xin
Published: March 2007

We explore the kinematic mechanisms of active large‐scale folding, based on analysis of two adjacent major anticlines in Tian Shan (central Asia) that share an acceleration of shortening rate leading to topographic emergence and folded geomorphic surfaces. Their folding mechanisms are fundamentally different. Yakeng anticline is a gentle pure shear detachment fold with 1200 m of shortening and a well‐constrained history of growth beginning at 5.5 Ma with an order‐of‐magnitude increase in shortening rate from 0.16 to ∼1.2–1.6 mm/yr at ∼0.16–0.21 Ma. The shape of the deformed topographic surface and of subsurface horizons deposited during deformation is a linearly proportional image at reduced amplitude of the deeper structure, which shows that instantaneous uplift rates have been pointwise linearly proportional to the current finite fold amplitude. In contrast, Quilitak anticline is a complex fault bend fold with uplift rates proportional to the sine of the fault dip, showing discontinuities in uplift rate across active axial surfaces. The 10‐ to 20‐km‐wide anticline is topographically emergent only in a central 5‐ to 7‐km‐wide mountainous uplift, the abrupt southern edge of which is marked by ∼600‐ to 700‐m‐high triangular facets that result from active folding of a pediment across an active axial surface. The giant facets are shown to form by kink band migration and record postemergence deformation since an order‐of‐magnitude acceleration in shortening rate from ∼0.6 to ∼4–5 mm/yr, apparently contemporaneous with Yakeng. Sections logged across the active ∼115‐m‐wide hinge zone show that recent strata provide a bed‐by‐bed record of fold scarp growth, which is quantitatively deciphered by fitting bed shapes to a finite width kink band migration model.
P and S wave delays beneath intraplate volcanic ridges and gravity lineations near the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Harmon Nicholas , Forsyth Donald W. , Lamm Rosalee , Webb Spahr C.
Published: March 2007

The Gravity Lineations Intraplate Melting Petrology and Seismic Expedition (GLIMPSE) explored the origin of two intraplate, non–hot spot ridge systems associated with gravity lineations in the south central Pacific. Using the 11 month ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) deployment of the GLIMPSE experiment, we determined the average P and S station delays for the region. Across the array, station delays varied by 1.22 s for P waves and 2.13 s for S waves. The presence of ultraslow shear velocity (<400 m/s) sediment layers of variable thickness throughout the region introduced S delays, determined from P‐to‐S‐converted phases generated at the crust‐sediment boundary, of 0.08 to 0.43 s. Consequently, we corrected the S delays for these sediments to examine seismic anomalies due to crustal and mantle structure. We used the sediment delay times and the relative amplitudes of the converted phases to estimate the average regional shear velocity and thickness of the sediment layer beneath the stations. The range of sediment thickness in the region is 10–70 m, and the average shear velocity in the sediments is 140 m/s. Both the average P and sediment‐corrected S delays show a positive correlation with seafloor age, with faster arrivals on older seafloor where the seismically fast lithosphere has thickened away from the spreading axis. The delay times also correlate with the residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly (rMBA), with slow arrivals coinciding with rMBA lows and the associated ridge systems. The delays are much too large to be caused by variations in crustal thickness and must represent anomalies within the mantle. These observations qualitatively support the either the channelized asthenospheric return flow model or the small‐scale convection hypothesis for the origin of the gravity lineations. These models predict both positively correlated density and velocity anomalies caused by thermal anomalies and the pressure‐release melting that migrates to the surface to form the volcanic ridges above the upwelling limbs of convection cells or channels.
An empirical approach for the retrieval of integral ocean wave parameters from synthetic aperture radar data
Authors: Schulz‐Stellenfleth J. , König T. , Lehner S.
Published: March 2007

In this study a new empirical approach to retrieve integral ocean wave parameters from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is presented. The idea behind this computationally efficient technique is to estimate integral ocean wave parameters without the intermediate step of retrieving the two‐dimensional ocean wave spectrum. The method has the radiometrically calibrated SAR image as the only source of information and is based on a quadratic model function with 22 input parameters. These parameters include the radar cross section, the image variance, and 20 parameters computed from the SAR image variance spectrum using a set of orthonormal functions. The coefficients of the quadratic function were fitted for the estimation of Hs, the mean periods Tm01, Tm02, T−10, the wave power, and the wave heights associated with different spectral bands. The fit procedure is based on a stepwise regression method. A data set of 12,000 globally distributed ERS‐2 wave mode image spectra and colocated WAM ocean wave spectra was available for the study. Two separate subsets of 6000 collocation pairs each were used to fit the model and to carry out comparisons of the retrieved wave parameters with numerical model results. Additional comparisons were performed using NDBC buoy measurements. Scatterplots and global maps with the derived parameters are presented. It is shown that the rms of the SAR derived Hs with respect to the WAM Hs is about 0.5 m. For the mean period Tm−10 an rms of 0.72 s with a high‐frequency cutoff period of about 6 s is achieved.
Black carbon aerosol mass concentrations over Ahmedabad, an urban location in western India: Comparison with urban sites in Asia, Europe, Canada, and the United States
Authors: Ramachandran S. , Rajesh T. A.
Published: March 2007

Black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentrations measured using an aethalometer at Ahmedabad, an urban location in western India, from September 2003 to June 2005 are analyzed. BC mass concentrations are found to show diurnal and seasonal variations. Diurnal evolution in BC is marked with two peaks, one in the morning hours, just after the sunrise, and the other in the late evening hours. The peaks occur due to fumigation effect of boundary layer, gradual increase in the anthropogenic activities, and rush hour traffic. January BC values are about a factor of 5 higher than July mass concentrations. During winter the surface boundary layer is shallow resulting in trapping of pollutants in a lesser volume which leads to higher BC concentrations. In July an increase in boundary layer height, surface temperature, convective activity, and rainfall result in lower BC values. BC mass concentrations are about 0.8 μg m−3 in July 2004 (southwest monsoon), while BC was higher than 5 μg m−3 in January 2004 (northeast monsoon). Ahmedabad BC mass concentrations are higher than those measured over central, western India and Hyderabad, an urban city in south India during a land campaign in February 2004. BC values measured over Ahmedabad are found to be higher than those measured over various locations representing different environments in Europe. Seasonal variations are less pronounced in urban locations in Europe. BC mass concentrations at east St. Louis, Illinois, an urban site are found to be less than 2 μg m−3 during September 2003 to June 2005, with less pronounced seasonal variations. BC mass concentrations at various land locations in India, Beijing, and Seoul are higher than those measured over various locations in Europe, Canada, and the United States.
On the wintertime increase of Arctic ozone: Relationship to changes of the polar‐night vortex
Authors: Salby Murry L. , Callaghan P. F.
Published: March 2007

Interannual changes of springtime ozone over the Arctic follow from anomalous transport and chemical depletion, two mechanisms that control the wintertime increase of ozone. Attempts to disentangle these contributions to anomalous ozone rest upon the isolation of air over the Arctic. To elucidate changes of Arctic ozone between warm and cold winters, their latitude‐height structure is investigated in the solar backscatterd ultraviolet record and then related to contemporaneous changes of dynamical structure in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction record. Structural differences between warm and cold winters imply a major contribution to anomalous Arctic ozone from horizontal transport. Anomalous isentropic mixing by planetary waves appears conspicuously in the structure of March ozone, which has been driven into coincidence with θ surfaces following warm winters but remains deflected across them following cold winters. In concert with anomalous downwelling of ozone‐rich air, this mechanism accounts for at least two thirds of the observed deficit of springtime ozone over the Arctic following cold winters. About half of the observed deficit during March is erased during April, when weakening of the vortex following cold winters eventually opens the Arctic to isentropic mixing by planetary waves. Delayed relative to warm winters, isentropic mixing during cold winters ultimately leads to much the same ozone structure. This significantly reduces the anomaly between warm and cold winters from that found a month earlier. The observed reduction is consistent with the estimated contribution to anomalous Arctic ozone from isentropic mixing.
The Ammonium-Induced Increase in Rat Brain Lactate Concentration is Rapid and Reversible and is Compatible with Trafficking and Signaling Roles for Ammonium
Authors: Provent Peggy , Kickler Nils , Barbier Emmanuel L , Bergerot Astrid , Farion Régine , Goury Sarah , Marcaggi Païkan , Segebarth Christoph , Coles Jonathan A
Published: March 2007

The glutamate—glutamine shuttle requires a flux of fixed N from neurons to astrocytes. The suggestion that some or all of this N is ammonium has received support from reports that ammonium (as NH+4) rapidly enters astrocytes. Ammonium might also help control astrocyte energy metabolism by increasing lactate production. If ammonium has these functions, then its effect on brain metabolism must be rapid and reversible. To make a minimal test of this requirement, we have followed the time courses of the changes induced by a 4 min venous infusion of 1 mol/L NH4Cl, 2.5 mmol/kg body weight, in rat. Extracellular [NH+4] in cortex, monitored with ion-selective microelectrodes, reached a peak of approximately 0.7 mmol/L 1.65 mins after the end of the infusion, then recovered. Brain metabolites were monitored non-invasively every 4 mins by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lactate peak area during the 3.2 min acquisition starting at the end of the infusion was 1.84 ± 0.24 times baseline (± s.e.m., P = 0.009, n = 9). Lactate increased until 13.2 ± 2.1 mins after the end of the infusion and recovered halfway to baseline by 31.2 mins. Glutamate decreased by at least 7.1% ( P = 0.0026). Infusion of NaCl caused no change in lactate signal. Cerebral blood flow, measured by arterial magnetization labeling, more than doubled, suggesting that the lactate increase was not caused by hypoxia. At least three consecutive ammonium-induced increases in lactate signal could be evoked. The results are compatible with an intercellular trafficking/signaling function for ammonium.
From Axial to Road-Centre Lines: A New Representation for Space Syntax and a New Model of Route Choice for Transport Network Analysis
Authors: Turner Alasdair
Published: March 2007

Axial analysis is one of the fundamental components of space syntax. The space syntax community has suggested that it picks up qualities of configurational relationships between spaces not illuminated by other representations. However, critics have questioned the absolute necessity of axial lines to space syntax, as well as the exact definition of axial lines. Why not another representation? In particular, why not road-centre lines, which are easily available in many countries for use within geographical information systems? Here I propose that a recently introduced method of analysis, angular segment analysis, can marry axial and road-centre line representations, and in doing so reflect a cognitive model of how route choice decisions may be made. I show that angular segment analysis can be applied generally to road-centre line segments or axial segments, through a simple length-weighted normalisation procedure that makes values between the two maps comparable. I make comparative quantitative assessments for a real urban system, not just investigating angular analysis between axial and road-centre line networks, but also including more intuitive measures based on metric (or block) distances between locations. I show that the new angular segment analysis algorithm produces better correlation with observed vehicular flow than both standard axial analysis and metric distance measures. The results imply that there is no reason why space syntax inspired measures cannot be combined with transportation network analysis representations in order to create a new, cognitively coherent, model of movement in the city.