bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterned Arrays of Functional Lateral Heterostructures via Sequential Template‐Directed Printing
Authors: Li Yifan , Su Meng , Li Zheng , Huang Zhandong , Li Fengyu , Pan Qi , Ren Wanjie , Hu Xiaotian , Song Yanlin
Published: April 2018

The precise integration of microscale dots and lines with controllable interfacing connections is highly important for the fabrication of functional devices. To date, the solution‐processible methods are used to fabricate the heterogeneous micropatterns for different materials. However, for increasingly miniaturized and multifunctional devices, it is extremely challenging to engineer the uncertain kinetics of a solution on the microstructures surfaces, resulting in uncontrollable interface connections and poor device performance. Here, a sequential template‐directed printing process is demonstrated for the fabrication of arrayed microdots connected by microwires through the regulation of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability of material solution or suspension. Flexibility in the control of fluidic behaviors can realize precise interface connection between the micropatterns, including the microwires traversing, overlapping or connecting the microdots. Moreover, various morphologies such as circular, rhombic, or star‐shaped microdots as well as straight, broken or curved microwires can be achieved. The lateral heterostructure printed with two different quantum dots displays bright dichromatic photoluminescence. The ammonia gas sensor printed by polyaniline and silver nanoparticles exhibits a rapid response time. This strategy can construct heterostructures in a facile manner by eliminating the uncertainty of the multimaterials interface connection, which will be promising for the development of novel lateral functional devices.
Fluorescence Polarization Control for On–Off Switching of Single Molecules at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Hulleman Christiaan N. , Huisman Maximiliaan , Moerland Robert J. , Grünwald David , Stallinga Sjoerd , Rieger Bernd
Published: April 2018

Light microscopy, allowing sub‐diffraction‐limited resolution, has been among the fastest developing techniques at the interface of biology, chemistry, and physics. Intriguingly no theoretical limit exists on how far the underlying measurement uncertainty can be lowered. In particular data fusion of large amounts of images can reduce the measurement error to match the resolution of structural methods like cryo‐electron microscopy. Fluorescence, although reliant on a reporter molecule and therefore not the first choice to obtain ultraresolution structures, brings highly specific labeling of molecules in a large assembly to the table and inherently allows the detection of multiple colors, which enables the interrogation of multiple molecular species at the same time in the same sample. Here, the problems to be solved in the coming years, with the aim of higher resolution, are discussed, and what polarization depletion of fluorescence at cryogenic temperatures can contribute for fluorescence imaging of biological samples, like whole cells, is described.
Electrochemical Confinement Effects for Innovating New Nanopore Sensing Mechanisms
Authors: Ying Yi‐Lun , Gao Rui , Hu Yong‐Xu , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: April 2018

Nanopores employ a confined space for electrochemical sensing of high‐throughput individual biomolecules in solution. Tremendous research efforts over the last two decades have made nanopore techniques become a powerful single‐molecule tool in nanotechnology and biotechnology. The most general mechanism of nanopore sensing is based on a volume‐exclusion effect. However, the increasing demands on revealing the single‐molecule chemistry and biophysics require that nanopores not only provide structural/conformational/sequencing information but also directly read the dynamic functional properties of single molecules. Here, the concept of electrochemical confinement effects in nanopores for developing new sensing mechanisms is proposed and extended. Three examples of electrochemical confinement effects are demonstrated here including the confinement of strong interactions between pore and analyte, the electron‐transfer process, and the subwavelength light inside nanopores. In particular, the latter two effects lead to novel detection mechanisms beyond volume exclusion, which can efficiently convert the dynamic function/structure of single molecules into ionic signatures or optical patterns. These achievements give rise to the possibility of adopting nanopore sensing in a wider range of future applications in both life and material sciences.
A comprehensive 3‐dimensional security analysis of a controller in software‐defined networking
Authors: Tseng Yuchia , Naït‐Abdesselam Farid , Khokhar Ashfaq
Published: April 2018

Software‐defined networking (SDN) has recently emerged as a novel networking paradigm that enables network administrators to manage network services through high‐level abstraction of networking functions. This is achieved by mainly decoupling the control plane from the data plane. The control plane, namely the SDN controller, makes dynamic decisions on where traffic is sent in the underlying systems that forward data to the selected destinations. The SDN controller, seen as a networking operating system, acts, therefore, as the brain in SDN. Consequently, its importance makes it a privileged new target for future attackers. In order to have a comprehensive security assessment of the SDN controller, we conducted a 3‐dimensional analysis to study the security of OpenFlow‐based SDN controllers. This study includes: (1) the essential components of a controller, (2) the characteristics provided by a controller, and (3) the STRIDE model. At the end, we also summarized 9 principles that are necessary to secure an SDN controller from the reported attacks and analyzed the security of 5 active open‐source controllers following those principles.
Data‐Driven Bi‐Objective Genetic Algorithms EvoNN Applied to Optimize Dephosphorization Process during Secondary Steel Making Operation for Producing LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas Cylinder) Grade of Steel
Authors: Bhattacharyya Debanjana , Padhee Prabodh Ranjan , Das Prabir Kumar , Halder Chandan , Pal Snehanshu
Published: April 2018

Though the potential scope of multi‐objective genetic algorithm in the field of secondary steel making (SSM) is enormous, the useful utilization of such evolutionary techniques in secondary steel making process is yet to be done. In this work, data driven multi‐objective optimization is implemented to lower the phosphorous content in the steel bath after completion of secondary steel making process by using minimum lime. The input variables considered for this investigation are process route, minimum vacuum level, process time, ladle inlet temperature, ladle outlet temperature, SSM carbon input, SSM manganese input, SSM phosphorus input, SSM sulfur input, SSM silicon input, Al addition, and tundish sulfur. A data driven Evolutionary Neural Network (EvoNN) algorithm is used to form the meta‐models by training of a dataset consisting of 76 data entries obtained from a steel plant. Analysis of Pareto front gives an effective and beneficial guideline so that one can achieve low tundish phosphorous content avoiding higher amount of slag generation due to extra lime addition during secondary steel making process. This work helps to select the optimum secondary steel making process route for producing LPG grade steel depending upon composition of liquid steel input to secondary steel making units.
GABA tea attenuates cardiac apoptosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by enhancing PI3K/Akt‐mediated survival pathway and suppressing Bax/Bak dependent apoptotic pathway
Authors: Chen Bih‐Cheng , Hung Meng‐Yu , Wang Hsueh‐Fang , Yeh Li‐Jen , Pandey Sudhir , Chen Ray‐Jade , Chang Ruey‐Lin , Viswanadha Vijaya Padma , Lin Kuan‐Ho , Huang Chih‐Yang
Published: April 2018

Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is the major risk factor for the development of heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) tea on hypertension‐induced cardiac apoptotic pathways in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In order to reveal the mechanisms, 36 male SHR at eight weeks of age, 200 g were divided into six groups. One group was fed water as a control group. Other rats were administered one of the following treatments: GABA tea at dose 150 and 300 mg/kg/day as low GABA tea (LGT) and high GABA tea (HGT) groups, respectively, pure GABA at dose 150 and 300 mg/kg/day as LG and HG groups, respectively, green tea (GT) as control of LGT and HGT groups. After 12 weeks, cardiac tissues were analyzed by histological analysis, western blotting, and TUNEL assays. GABA tea, GT, and pure GABA decreased hypertension‐induced cardiac abnormalities, including abnormal myocardial architecture. In addition, GABA tea, GT, and pure GABA dramatically increased anti‐apoptotic protein, Bcl2. Furthermore, GABA tea, GT, and pure GABA also decreased activated‐caspase 9 and activated‐caspase 3. Additionally, the survival associated protein IGF‐I and PI3K/Akt were enhanced in cardiac tissues upon treatment. Our results showed an optimistic anti‐apoptotic and pro‐survival effects of GABA tea treatment against hypertensive rat hearts.
Arsenic trioxide induces growth inhibition and death in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells accompanied by mitochondrial increase and GSH depletion
Authors: Park Woo Hyun , Han Bo Ran , Park Hyun Kyung , Kim Sung Zoo
Published: April 2018

Arsenic trioxide (ATO; As2O3) induces cell death in various cells via oxidative stress. Expose to chronic arsenic is involved in the development of vascular diseases. However, little is known about the cytotoxic effects of ATO on human normal vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Thus, in this study, we investigated the effects of ATO on cell growth and death in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle (HPASM) cells in relation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels. ATO treatment decreased the growth of HPASM cells with an IC50of ∼30–50 μM at 24 h, and ATO induced HPASM cell death via apoptosis or necrosis dependent on the doses of it at this time. Treatment with 50 μM ATO did not increase ROS levels at the early time points, but it significantly increased mitochondriallevels at 24 h. ATO also induced GSH depletion in HPASM cells.N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC; a well‐known antioxidant) did not significantly affect apoptotic cell death, ROS levels, or GSH depletion in ATO‐treated HPASM cells. However,l‐buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; an inhibitor of GSH synthesis) intensified mitochondriallevels in ATO‐treated HPASM cells, and significantly increased cell death and GSH depletion in these cells as well. In summary, we provided the first evidence that ATO inhibited the growth of HPASM cells, and induced apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death in these cells, accompanied by increases in mitochondriallevel and GSH depletion.
Identification and characterization of GRIP domain Golgin PpImh1 from Pichia pastoris
Authors: Jain Bhawik Kumar , Thapa Pankaj Singh , Varma Ashok , Bhattacharyya Dibyendu
Published: April 2018

Budding yeast Pichia pastoris has highly advanced secretory pathways resembling mammalian systems, an advantage that makes it a suitable model system to study vesicular trafficking. Golgins are large Golgi‐resident proteins, primarily reported to play role in cargo vesicle capture, but details of such mechanisms are yet to be deciphered. Golgins that localize to the Golgi via their GRIP domain, a C‐terminal Golgi anchoring domain, are known as GRIP domain Golgins. In this present study, we have identified and functionally characterized a homologue of one such GRIP domain Golgin protein, Imh1, from the budding yeast P. pastoris. We have demonstrated that the GRIP domain present at the C‐terminal of P. pastoris Imh1 (PpImh1) functions as its Golgi‐targeting sequence. Using a combination of yeast two‐hybrid analysis, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy, we have shown that PpImh1 can self‐associate and form a homodimer. Analysis of purified recombinant PpImh1 by CD spectroscopy indicates the presence of an 85% α‐helical structure, a characteristic of high‐content α‐helical coiled‐coil sequences normally present in other Golgin family proteins. Two‐hybrid analysis indicated self‐interaction between C‐terminal fragments, yet N‐terminal fragments do not mediate any such form of self‐interaction, suggesting that PpImh1 may form a parallel dimer. Electron microscopy data indicates that PpImh1 forms extended rod‐like homo‐dimeric molecules with splayed N‐terminal end which can act as a tether for capturing vesicles. Our study provides the first evidence in support of the dimeric Y‐shaped structure for any Golgin in the budding yeast.
Expression of unique chimeric human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV‐16) L1‐L2 proteins in Pichia pastoris and Hansenula polymorpha
Authors: Bredell Helba , Smith Jacques J. , Görgens Johann F. , van Zyl Willem H.
Published: April 2018

Cervical cancer is ranked the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. Despite two prophylactic vaccines being commercially available, they are unaffordable for most women in developing countries. We compared the optimized expression of monomers of the unique HPV type 16 L1‐L2 chimeric protein (SAF) in two yeast strains of Pichia pastoris, KM71 (Muts) and GS115 (Mut+), with Hansenula polymorpha NCYC 495 to determine the preferred host in bioreactors. SAF was uniquely created by replacing the h4 helix of the HPV‐16 capsid L1 protein with an L2 peptide. Two different feeding strategies in fed‐batch cultures of P. pastoris Muts were evaluated: a predetermined feed rate vs. feeding based on the oxygen consumption by maintaining constant dissolved oxygen levels (DO stat). All cultures showed a significant increase in biomass when methanol was fed using the DO stat method. In P. pastoris the SAF concentrations were higher in the Muts strains than in the Mut+ strains. However, H. polymorpha produced the highest level of SAF at 132.10 mg L−1 culture while P. pastoris Muts only produced 23.61 mg L−1. H. polymorpha showed greater potential for the expression of HPV‐16 L1/L2 chimeric proteins despite the track record of P. pastoris as a high‐level producer of heterologous proteins.
The Social and Cultural Environment
Authors: Willemsen Marc C.
Published: April 2018

Policy is not made in a vacuum. Disputes over tobacco control are fought within changing policy environments. This chapter explores key population-level factors that influence a national government’s decision to adopt tobacco control policy measures. These factors include social norms about smoking, the proportion of smokers in the population, societal support for tobacco control, and cultural values. These factors are interrelated in a specific way and to understand this, we will take a short detour into what is sometimes called “system thinking in tobacco control.” Ten years ago, the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) published a monograph on this topic (Best, Clark, Leichow, & Trochim, 2007), which acknowledged the complexity of tobacco control at the national level, involving as it does the interplay of factors over long periods of time, including feedback loops. According to experts from the NCI, a government’s willingness to acknowledge and address the smoking problem follows from its level of awareness that tobacco is a problem, and from the balance of lobbying forces that propose or hold back policy solutions. A government’s awareness of the problems associated with tobacco is further affected by specific population factors that are amenable to change. A country’s smoking rate is one of these: as long as the proportion of smokers is high, the government is more likely to be aware that there is a public health risk that needs to be addressed. Changes in the number of smokers also affect public support for tobacco control, which increases when adult smoking rates go down—a process which was believed to be mediated by social norms. Reduced smoking (people quitting or fewer people starting) shifts the balance between smokers and non-smokers, increasing the level of anti-smoking norms and altering public opinion. There is also evidence for the reverse effect, in that people quit smoking when social norms become less accommodating. Together, these population factors determine the context within which national tobacco control policymaking takes place. I have put the main factors together in a simplistic model, which I have called the flywheel model of tobacco control (Willemsen, 2011).
Scientific Evidence and Policy Learning
Authors: Willemsen Marc C.
Published: April 2018

Scientific evidence plays an important role in the policymaking process. Facts about the seriousness of a problem need to be accepted before a problem will be fully addressed, and evidence needs to be available for policymakers to decide about solutions. The Netherlands is among those countries where an evidence-based public health policy is best developed (CHRODIS, 2015; Smith, 2013, p. 4). When the evidence-based movement in public policy reached its apotheosis in the United Kingdom in 1997, with the new Labour government declaring “what matters is what works” (Davies, Nutley, & Smith, 2000), this was already common in the Netherlands. However, sometimes the call for more evidence may paralyse the policy process. There are also limits to the power of evidence. While a prerequisite for current policymaking in the field of public health is that important policy choices are “evidence based,” in practice this often means that policy is at best “evidence informed” (Slob & Staman, 2012).
The Tobacco Control Coalition
Authors: Willemsen Marc C.
Published: April 2018

Tobacco is the main contributor to three groups of disease: cancer, lung disease, and heart disease. Everywhere in the world, health charities fighting these illnesses became natural leaders in the field of tobacco control. The Netherlands is no exception. The Dutch Cancer Society, the Dutch Heart Foundation, and the Lung Foundation Netherlands have been fighting tobacco from the start of the Dutch tobacco control advocacy movement. The Dutch Cancer Society holds the oldest track record in tobacco control advocacy and has the largest financial resources.
B+L violation at colliders and new physics
Authors: Cerdeño David G. , Reimitz Peter , Sakurai Kazuki , Tamarit Carlos
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Chiral electroweak anomalies predict baryon (B) and lepton (L) violating fermion interactions, which can be dressed with large numbers of Higgs and gauge bosons. The estimation of the total B + L-violating rate from an initial two-particle state — potentially observable at colliders — has been the subject of an intense discussion, mainly centered on the resummation of boson emission, which is believed to contribute to the cross-section with an exponential function of the energy, yet with an exponent (the “holy-grail” function) which is not fully known in the energy range of interest. In this article we focus instead on the effect of fermions beyond the Standard-Model (SM) in the polynomial contributions to the rate. It is shown that B + L processes involving the new fermions have a polynomial contribution that can be several orders of magnitude greater than in the SM, for high centre-of-mass energies and light enough masses. We also present calculations that hint at a simple dependence of the holy grail function on the heavy fermion masses. Thus, if anomalous B + L violating interactions are ever detected at high-energy colliders, they could be associated with new physics.
Dynamics of entanglement in expanding quantum fields
Authors: Berges Jürgen , Floerchinger Stefan , Venugopalan Raju
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We develop a functional real-time approach to computing the entanglement between spatial regions for Gaussian states in quantum field theory. The entanglement entropy is characterized in terms of local correlation functions on space-like Cauchy hypersurfaces. The framework is applied to explore an expanding light cone geometry in the particular case of the Schwinger model for quantum electrodynamics in 1+1 space-time dimensions. We observe that the entanglement entropy becomes extensive in rapidity at early times and that the corresponding local reduced density matrix is a thermal density matrix for excitations around a coherent field with a time dependent temperature. Since the Schwinger model successfully describes many features of multiparticle production in e
+
e
− collisions, our results provide an attractive explanation in this framework for the apparent thermal nature of multiparticle production even in the absence of significant final state scattering.
A New Oval Advancement Flap Design for Reconstruction of Pilonidal Sinus Defect
Authors: Arpaci Enver , Altun Serdar , Orhan Erkan , Eyuboglu Atilla , Ertas Nilgun Markal
Published: April 2018

Backgrounds

Pilonidal sinus is a common chronic disease of the sacrococcygeal region. Although many surgical methods have been described for treating pilonidal sinus disease, controversy still exists as to the best surgical technique. The aim of this study is to present a new modified advancement flap technique named “omega flap” for the treatment of pilonidal sinus disease.

Materials and methods

This study included 18 patients with pilonidal sinus who were treated between March 2012 and August 2014. All cases underwent oval excision and omega advancement flap reconstruction. Defect size, postoperative complications, postoperative pain, painless sitting time, patient satisfaction and recurrence were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

All patients were discharged on the first postoperative day. There was no flap necrosis. No recurrence and no major complication were observed during follow‐up period. The outcomes were also satisfactory regarding functionally and aesthetically, and the patients were satisfied with the results.

Conclusions

Presented method has a different geometry than classical advancement flap methods. Our technique provides two‐layered repair with minimal tension and off‐midline closure for the reconstruction of pilonidal sinus defect. It is easily performed, reliable, associated with no recurrens and good aesthetic results.
The evolutionary impacts of conservation actions
Authors: Shefferson Richard P. , Mason Chase M. , Kellett Kimberly M. , Goolsby Eric W. , Coughlin Erin , Flynn R. Wes
Published: April 2018

Conservation management for environmental sustainability is now ubiquitous. The ecological effects of these actions are well‐intentioned and well‐known. Although conservation biologists and managers increasingly incorporate evolutionary considerations into management plans, the evolutionary consequences of management strategies have remained relatively unexplored and unconsidered. But what are the evolutionary consequences? Here, we advocate a new research agenda focused on identifying, predicting, and countering the evolutionary consequences of conservation management. We showcase the examples of park creation and invasive species management, and speculate further on five other major methods of management. Park creation may cause selection for altered dispersal and behavior that utilizes human foods and structures. Management of invasive species may favor the evolution of resistance to or tolerance of control methods. In these and other cases, evolution may cause deviations from the predicted consequences of management strategies optimized without considering evolution, particularly when management results in or coincides with major environmental change, if population size change strongly, or if life histories are short enough to allow more rapid evolution. We call for research focused on: (1) experimental predictions and tests of evolution under particular management strategies, (2) widespread monitoring of managed populations and communities, and (3) meta‐analysis and theoretical study aimed at simplifying the process of evolutionary prediction, particularly at systematizing a means of identifying traits likely to evolve due to likely existing genetic variance or high mutation rates. Ultimately, conservation biologists should incorporate evolutionary prediction into management planning to prevent the evolutionary domestication of the species that they are trying to protect.
Metal particle shape: A practical perspective
Authors: Nouri Alireza , Sola Antonella
Published: April 2018

The choice of appropriate processing conditions in powder metallurgy and the achievement of the required properties for the final metal components greatly depend on the shape of the solid phase. Powder sinterability, packing density, compressibility, mechanical behavior, reactivity and flowability, among the others, are influenced by particle shape. The present paper offers an informative overview on the role of particle shape in powder metallurgy and provides the basic definitions, qualitative shape descriptors and semi-quantitative shape factors that are essential to better understand the effect of metal particle shape in everyday industrial practice.
Adherence to Emergency Public Health Measures for Bioevents: Review of US Studies
Authors: Gershon Robyn R. , Zhi Qi , Chin Alexander F. , Nwankwo Ezinne M. , Gargano Lisa M.
Published: April 2018

The frequency of bioevents is increasing worldwide. In the United States, as elsewhere, control of contagion may require the cooperation of community members with emergency public health measures. The US general public is largely unfamiliar with these measures, and our understanding of factors that influence behaviors in this context is limited. The few previous reviews of research on this topic focused on non-US samples. For this review, we examined published research on the psychosocial influences of adherence in US sample populations. Of 153 articles identified, only 9 met the inclusion criteria. Adherence behaviors were categorized into 2 groups: self-protective behaviors (personal hygiene, social distancing, face mask use, seeking out health care advice, and vaccination) and protecting others (isolation, temperature screening, and quarantine). A lack of uniformity across studies regarding definitions and measures was noted. Only 5 of the 9 articles reported tests of association between adherence with emergency measures and psychosocial factors; perceived risk and perceived seriousness were found to be significantly associated with adherence or adherence intentions. Although it is well documented that psychosocial factors are important predictors of protective health behaviors in general, this has not been rigorously studied in the context of bioevents. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:528–535)
Predictors of Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Recommendation Disagreement
Authors: Bio Laura L. , Kruger Jenna F. , Lee Betty P. , Wood Matthew S. , Schwenk Hayden T.
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE

To identify predictors of disagreement with antimicrobial stewardship prospective audit and feedback recommendations (PAFR) at a free-standing children’s hospital.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study of audits performed during the antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) from March 30, 2015, to April 17, 2017.

METHODS

The ASP included audits of antimicrobial use and communicated PAFR to the care team, with follow-up on adherence to recommendations. The primary outcome was disagreement with PAFR. Potential predictors for disagreement, including patient-level, antimicrobial, programmatic, and provider-level factors, were assessed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

RESULTS

In total, 4,727 antimicrobial audits were performed during the study period; 1,323 PAFR (28%) and 187 recommendations (15%) were not followed due to disagreement. Providers were more likely to disagree with PAFR when the patient had a gastrointestinal infection (odds ratio [OR], 5.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99–15.21), febrile neutropenia (OR, 6.14; 95% CI, 2.08–18.12), skin or soft-tissue infections (OR, 6.16; 95% CI, 1.92–19.77), or had been admitted for 31–90 days at the time of the audit (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.36–3.18). The longer the duration since the attending provider had been trained (ie, the more years of experience), the more likely they were to disagree with PAFR recommendations (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Evaluation of our program confirmed patient-level predictors of PAFR disagreement and identified additional programmatic and provider-level factors, including years of attending experience. Stewardship interventions focused on specific diagnoses and antimicrobials are unlikely to result in programmatic success unless these factors are also addressed.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2018;806–813
Anonymity and Democracy: Absence as Presence in the Public Sphere
Authors: ASENBAUM HANS
Published: April 2018

Although anonymity is a central feature of liberal democracies—not only in the secret ballot, but also in campaign funding, publishing political texts, masked protests, and graffiti—it has so far not been conceptually grounded in democratic theory. Rather, it is treated as a self-explanatory concept related to privacy. To overcome this omission, this article develops a complex understanding of anonymity in the context of democratic theory. Drawing upon the diverse literature on anonymity in political participation, it explains anonymity as a highly context-dependent identity performance expressing private sentiments in the public sphere. The contradictory character of its core elements—identity negation and identity creation—results in three sets of contradictory freedoms. Anonymity affords (a) inclusion and exclusion, (b) subversion and submission, and (c) honesty and deception. This contradictory character of anonymity's affordances illustrates the ambiguous role of anonymity in democracy.
UNIVERSAL MIXED ELLIPTIC MOTIVES
Authors: Hain Richard , Matsumoto Makoto
Published: April 2018

In this paper we construct a $\mathbb{Q}$-linear tannakian category $\mathsf{MEM}_{1}$ of universal mixed elliptic motives over the moduli space ${\mathcal{M}}_{1,1}$ of elliptic curves. It contains $\mathsf{MTM}$, the category of mixed Tate motives unramified over the integers. Each object of $\mathsf{MEM}_{1}$ is an object of $\mathsf{MTM}$ endowed with an action of $\text{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$ that is compatible with its structure. Universal mixed elliptic motives can be thought of as motivic local systems over ${\mathcal{M}}_{1,1}$ whose fiber over the tangential base point $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}q$ at the cusp is a mixed Tate motive. The basic structure of the tannakian fundamental group of $\mathsf{MEM}$ is determined and the lowest order terms of a set (conjecturally, a minimal generating set) of relations are deduced from computations of Brown. This set of relations includes the arithmetic relations, which describe the ‘infinitesimal Galois action’. We use the presentation to give a new and more conceptual proof of the Ihara–Takao congruences.
Reconnection in the Martian Magnetotail: Hall‐MHD With Embedded Particle‐in‐Cell Simulations
Authors: Ma Yingjuan , Russell Christopher T. , Toth Gabor , Chen Yuxi , Nagy Andrew F. , Harada Yuki , McFadden James , Halekas Jasper S. , Lillis Rob , Connerney John E. P. , Espley Jared , DiBraccio Gina A. , Markidis Stefano , Peng Ivy Bo , Fang Xiaohua , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: April 2018

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission observations show clear evidence of the occurrence of the magnetic reconnection process in the Martian plasma tail. In this study, we use sophisticated numerical models to help us understand the effects of magnetic reconnection in the plasma tail. The numerical models used in this study are (a) a multispecies global Hall‐magnetohydrodynamic (HMHD) model and (b) a global HMHD model two‐way coupled to an embedded fully kinetic particle‐in‐cell code. Comparison with MAVEN observations clearly shows that the general interaction pattern is well reproduced by the global HMHD model. The coupled model takes advantage of both the efficiency of the MHD model and the ability to incorporate kinetic processes of the particle‐in‐cell model, making it feasible to conduct kinetic simulations for Mars under realistic solar wind conditions for the first time. Results from the coupled model show that the Martian magnetotail is highly dynamic due to magnetic reconnection, and the resulting Mars‐ward plasma flow velocities are significantly higher for the lighter ion fluid, which are quantitatively consistent with MAVEN observations. The HMHD with Embedded Particle‐in‐Cell model predicts that the ion loss rates are more variable but with similar mean values as compared with HMHD model results.
Sudden Sodium Layers: Their Appearance and Disappearance
Authors: Qiu Shican , Soon Willie , Xue Xianghui , Li Tao , Wang Wanyin , Jia Mingjiao , Ban Chao , Fang Xin , Tang Yihuan , Dou Xiankang
Published: April 2018

Temperature variation has been proposed to play an important role in the formation of the sporadic sodium layers (SSLs or NaS) in subtropic area, based on the observed significant correlation between SSLs and high temperatures. The icy‐dust particle, which could form in the extremely cold conditions and act as absorbers of sodium species, was proposed to be a possible candidate for the sodium reservoir of the SSLs. In this study, the University of Science and Technology of China temperature/wind lidar and the sodium fluorescence lidar at a subtropic station Hefei (31°N, 117°E), China, were used to observe sodium density, temperature, and wind profiles simultaneously throughout the SSL events. Based on the observations of two SSLs occurring on 12 and 13 May 2013, the possibility of an icy‐dust layer existing and acting as the sodium reservoir is tested for the first time in details. Both events experienced an extremely cold temperature (<150 K) several hours before the onset of SSLs, followed by a subsequently fast production of sodium atoms during a large temperature enhancement (>40 K). An empirical model including two main steps is then proposed: first, sodium species are collected by an icy‐dust reservoir and stored during the extremely cold phase; second, free sodium atoms could be released from the reservoir by a possible trigger. As a result, this kind of SSLs could possibly be regarded as a quasi‐continuous phenomenon caused and modulated by temperature variations with an icy‐dust model that can exhibit intermittent time variations related to the water vapor concentration.
The Inferred Formation of a Subice Platelet Layer Below the Multiyear Landfast Sea Ice in the Wandel Sea (NE Greenland) Induced by Meltwater Drainage
Authors: Kirillov S. , Dmitrenko I. , Rysgaard S. , Babb D. , Ehn J. , Bendtsen J. , Boone W. , Barber D. , Geilfus N.
Published: April 2018

Oceanographic and ice‐mass‐balance records are presented from two moorings deployed on landfast multiyear ice in the Wandel Sea (North Greenland) during June–August 2015. Here we show that the melting and drainage of >1 m of snow from June 14 to July 14 created a double‐diffusive vertical stratification which resulted in supercooling of water and enabled the formation of platelet crystals below the sea ice. Although the effect of supercooling, with temperatures up to 0.5°C below the freezing point, might be overestimated considerably in our records, this process led to the formation of ∼1.1–1.2 m‐thick subice platelet layer. While warm water temperatures lead to the complete loss of this layer at one mooring site, the layer persisted through summer and became incorporated into the congelation ice at the second site. The warm water that melted out the platelet layer can be ascribed to two different sources: (1) in situ heating from solar radiation resulting in a temperature increase up to 0.8°C in late July and (2) advection of warm surface water (with temperatures up to 3–4°C) from the ice‐free coastal regions in mid‐August. The combination of processes causing the seasonal growth of a platelet layer and either its subsequent ablation or incorporation into congelation ice is discussed with respect to the ice‐mass balance and stability of the landfast ice cover in the Wandel Sea. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for the formation of a platelet layer in the Arctic, a phenomenon that historically has only been observed in the Antarctic.
Summer Predictability Barrier of Indian Ocean Dipole Events and Corresponding Error Growth Dynamics
Authors: Liu Da , Duan Wansuo , Feng Rong , Tang Youmin
Published: April 2018

The effects of sea temperature errors in both tropical Pacific and Indian oceans on the predictability of positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events are explored by using the GFDL CM2p1 coupled model. The results show that the positive IOD events tend to occur with a “winter predictability barrier” (WPB) and a “summer predictability barrier” (SPB). More is known about the WPB, while less is known about the SPB. This study focuses on the SPB. The results demonstrate that two types of initial errors are more likely to cause a significant SPB. One type is of large and negative sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the central‐eastern Pacific and a dipole mode‐structured subsurface sea temperature that has negative anomalies in the upper layers of the eastern equatorial Pacific and positive anomalies in the lower layers of the western equatorial Pacific; the other type shows a pattern almost opposite of the former type. By tracking evolutions of both types of initial errors, it is found that their Pacific Ocean (PO) component‐induced northwesterly wind in the east pole of IOD is significantly suppressed by the summer strongest climatological southeasterly and positive IOD‐induced southeasterly wind there, finally causing the considerable suppression of the loss of latent heat flux in the east pole and then favors the fastest growth of a positive SST error in this region during summer. Then a significant SPB for the IOD occurs.
Biased Wind Measurements in Estuarine Waters
Authors: Mariotti G. , Huang H. , Xue Z. , Li B. , Justic D. , Zang Z.
Published: April 2018

Near surface wind—conventionally measured 10 m above the ground, U10—is a fundamental variable for many processes acting in bays and estuaries. For practical reasons, wind in bays and estuaries is often measured at the land‐water interface, e.g., on docks, piers, and jetties. By analyzing time series of U10 from 15 stations in the Mississippi Delta, Louisiana, we show that wind measurements at the land‐water interface are biased and not representative of the wind over estuarine waters. Specifically, measurements at the land‐water interface underestimate the speed of winds blowing from land, because even short (<1 km) stretches of land with large bed roughness can significantly reduce U10. Wind measured next to large channels is biased not only in speed but also in direction, which tends to align with the channel axis. We suggest that very local (<1 km) variability in the boundary layer properties contributes to the large spatial variability of the measured estuarine wind field. Simple anisotropic corrections based on bed roughness should be applied to measurements made at the land‐water interface to estimate wind over adjacent estuarine waters. Alternatively, wind measured at offshore stations—even if located hundreds of km away—provide reliable estimates of estuarine wind. A more systematic use of wind measurements would likely increase the accuracy of estuarine numerical models and allow for more direct comparison between different estuarine systems.
Depletion of Nsd2-mediated histone H3K36 methylation impairs adipose tissue development and function
Authors: Zhuang Lenan , Jang Younghoon , Park Young-Kwon , Lee Ji-Eun , Jain Shalini , Froimchuk Eugene , Broun Aaron , Liu Chengyu , Gavrilova Oksana , Ge Kai
Published: April 2018

The epigenetic mechanisms regulating adipose tissue development and function are poorly understood. In this study, we show that depletion of histone H3K36 methylation by H3.3K36M in preadipocytes inhibits adipogenesis by increasing H3K27me3 to prevent the induction of C/EBPα and other targets of the master adipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). Depleting H3K36 methyltransferase Nsd2, but not Nsd1 or Setd2, phenocopies the effects of H3.3K36M on adipogenesis and PPARγ target expression. Consistently, expression of H3.3K36M in progenitor cells impairs brown adipose tissue (BAT) and muscle development in mice. In contrast, depletion of histone H3K36 methylation by H3.3K36M in adipocytes in vivo does not affect adipose tissue weight, but leads to profound whitening of BAT and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue (WAT). These mice are resistant to high fat diet-induced WAT expansion and show severe lipodystrophy. Together, these results suggest a critical role of Nsd2-mediated H3K36 methylation in adipose tissue development and function.
Defining a conformational ensemble that directs activation of PPARγ
Authors: Chrisman Ian M. , Nemetchek Michelle D. , de Vera Ian Mitchelle S. , Shang Jinsai , Heidari Zahra , Long Yanan , Reyes-Caballero Hermes , Galindo-Murillo Rodrigo , Cheatham Thomas E. , Blayo Anne-Laure , Shin Youseung , Fuhrmann Jakob , Griffin Patrick R. , Kamenecka Theodore M. , Kojetin Douglas J. , Hughes Travis S.
Published: April 2018

The nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (LBD) is a highly dynamic entity. Crystal structures have defined multiple low-energy LBD structural conformations of the activation function-2 (AF-2) co-regulator-binding surface, yet it remains unclear how ligand binding influences the number and population of conformations within the AF-2 structural ensemble. Here, we present a nuclear receptor co-regulator-binding surface structural ensemble in solution, viewed through the lens of fluorine-19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular simulations, and the response of this ensemble to ligands, co-regulator peptides and heterodimerization. We correlate the composition of this ensemble with function in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) utilizing ligands of diverse efficacy in co-regulator recruitment. While the co-regulator surface of apo PPARγ and partial-agonist-bound PPARγ is characterized by multiple thermodynamically accessible conformations, the full and inverse-agonist-bound PPARγ co-regulator surface is restricted to a few conformations which favor coactivator or corepressor binding, respectively.
Air separation with graphene mediated by nanowindow-rim concerted motion
Authors: Vallejos-Burgos Fernando , Coudert François-Xavier , Kaneko Katsumi
Published: April 2018

Nanoscale windows in graphene (nanowindows) have the ability to switch between open and closed states, allowing them to become selective, fast, and energy-efficient membranes for molecular separations. These special pores, or nanowindows, are not electrically neutral due to passivation of the carbon edges under ambient conditions, becoming flexible atomic frameworks with functional groups along their rims. Through computer simulations of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon permeation, here we reveal the remarkable nanowindow behavior at the atomic scale: flexible nanowindows have a thousand times higher permeability than conventional membranes and at least twice their selectivity for oxygen/nitrogen separation. Also, weakly interacting functional groups open or close the nanowindow with their thermal vibrations to selectively control permeation. This selective fast permeation of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon in very restricted nanowindows suggests alternatives for future air separation membranes.
Defect-enriched iron fluoride-oxide nanoporous thin films bifunctional catalyst for water splitting
Authors: Fan Xiujun , Liu Yuanyue , Chen Shuai , Shi Jianjian , Wang Juanjuan , Fan Ailing , Zan Wenyan , Li Sidian , Goddard William A. , Zhang Xian-Ming
Published: April 2018

Developing cost-effective electrocatalysts operated in the same electrolyte for water splitting, including oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, is important for clean energy technology and devices. Defects in electrocatalysts strongly influence their chemical properties and electronic structures, and can dramatically improve electrocatalytic performance. However, the development of defect-activated electrocatalyst with an efficient and stable water electrolysis activity in alkaline medium remains a challenge, and the understanding of catalytic origin is still limited. Here, we highlight defect-enriched bifunctional eletrocatalyst, namely, three-dimensional iron fluoride-oxide nanoporous films, fabricated by anodization/fluorination process. The heterogeneous films with high electrical conductivity possess embedded disorder phases in crystalline lattices, and contain numerous scattered defects, including interphase boundaries, stacking faults, oxygen vacancies, and dislocations on the surfaces/interface. The heterocatalysts efficiently catalyze water splitting in basic electrolyte with remarkable stability. Experimental studies and first-principle calculations suggest that the surface/edge defects contribute significantly to their high performance.
A self-destructive nanosweeper that captures and clears amyloid β-peptides
Authors: Luo Qiang , Lin Yao-Xin , Yang Pei-Pei , Wang Yi , Qi Guo-Bin , Qiao Zeng-Ying , Li Bing-Nan , Zhang Kuo , Zhang Jing-Ping , Wang Lei , Wang Hao
Published: April 2018

Cerebral amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) accumulation resulting from an imbalance between Aβ production and clearance is one of the most important causes in the formation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In order to preserve the maintenance of Aβ homeostasis and have a notable AD therapy, achieving a method to clear up Aβ plaques becomes an emerging task. Herein, we describe a self-destructive nanosweeper based on multifunctional peptide-polymers that is capable of capturing and clearing Aβ for the effective treatment of AD. The nanosweeper recognize and bind Aβ via co-assembly through hydrogen bonding interactions. The Aβ-loaded nanosweeper enters cells and upregulates autophagy thus promoting the degradation of Aβ. As a result, the nanosweeper decreases the cytotoxicity of Aβ and rescues memory deficits of AD transgenic mice. We believe that this resourceful and synergistic approach has valuable potential as an AD treatment strategy.
Integrated molecular subtyping defines a curable oligometastatic state in colorectal liver metastasis
Authors: Pitroda Sean P. , Khodarev Nikolai N. , Huang Lei , Uppal Abhineet , Wightman Sean C. , Ganai Sabha , Joseph Nora , Pitt Jason , Brown Miguel , Forde Martin , Mangold Kathy , Xue Lai , Weber Christopher , Segal Jeremy P. , Kadri Sabah , Stack Melinda E. , Khan Sajid , Paty Philip , Kaul Karen , Andrade Jorge , White Kevin P. , Talamonti Mark , Posner Mitchell C. , Hellman Samuel , Weichselbaum Ralph R.
Published: April 2018

The oligometastasis hypothesis suggests a spectrum of metastatic virulence where some metastases are limited in extent and curable with focal therapies. A subset of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer achieves prolonged survival after resection of liver metastases consistent with oligometastasis. Here we define three robust subtypes of de novo colorectal liver metastasis through integrative molecular analysis. Patients with metastases exhibiting MSI-independent immune activation experience the most favorable survival. Subtypes with adverse outcomes demonstrateVEGFAamplification in concert with (i) stromal, mesenchymal, and angiogenic signatures, or (ii) exclusiveNOTCH1andPIK3C2Bmutations with E2F/MYC activation. Molecular subtypes complement clinical risk stratification to distinguish low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk patients with 10-year overall survivals of 94%, 45%, and 19%, respectively. Our findings provide a framework for integrated classification and treatment of metastasis and support the biological basis of curable oligometastatic colorectal cancer. These concepts may be applicable to many patients with metastatic cancer.