bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Synthesis of Fluorescent Oligomers Assembled on a DNA Backbone
Authors: Cho Younjin , Kool Eric T.
Published: February 2006

A number of research laboratories have investigated the properties of multichromophore molecules and their applications in materials science and in biotechnology. Previous approaches for preparing such molecules have involved traditional organic synthesis. Here we describe the one‐step enzymatic synthesis of such a multichromophore species by using a DNA‐polymerizing enzyme (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)). We find that a nucleotide‐like molecule with pyrene replacing the DNA base (dPTP) can be accepted as a substrate for this enzyme to produce discrete chromophores that have 3 or 4 pyrenes consecutively, depending on which anomer (α or β) is used. Products were characterized by gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence. The reaction was found to change the fluorescence emission of the chromophore from a maximum at 375 nm (the monomer nucleotide) to 490 nm in the oligomeric product. This new green–white emission is consistent with the formation of a pyrene excimer between adjacent pyrene glycosides, which exhibit a large Stokes shift of 130 nm. The enzymatic synthesis of the pyrene excimer might have applications in homogeneous biological assays for DNA fragments, such as those that arise during apoptosis.
A working model of the neurophysiology of hypnosis: a review of evidence
Authors: Gruzelier John
Published: February 2006

Neuropsychophysiological evidence is reviewed testing a three‐stage, top‐down working model of the traditional hypnotic relaxation induction involving: (1) a thalamocortical attentional network engaging a left frontolimbic focused attention control system underpinning sensory fixation and concentration on the induction; (2) instatement of frontolimbic inhibitory systems through suggestions of tiredness at fixation and relaxation whereby anterior executive functions are suspended and directed by the induction; (3) engagement of right‐sided temporoposterior functions through passive imagery and dreaming. A selectivity of action in high susceptibles was a hallmark of the studies. Increased Stroop interference coincided with maintenance of error detection and abolition of error evaluation potentials, interpreted as dissociation of cognitive and affective executive systems of the anterior cingulate. Verbal, category and design fluency tasks were dissociated with hypnosis centring on left anterior processes as seen in left lateral and medial reduced EEG connectivity. Limbic modulated electrodermal orienting responses and frontal modulated mismatch negativity waves were inhibited. Asymmetries in electrodermal and electrocortical responses to tones shifted to favour the right hemisphere, an asymmetry also seen in visual sensitivity. Haptic processing and visual sensitivity disclosed more distributed changes in medium susceptibles, while low susceptibles were characterized by poorer attentional functions at baseline and improvements through the induction. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The nature of hypnotic analgesia: neurophysiological foundation and evidence
Authors: Crawford Helen J. , Knebel Timothy , Vendemia Jennifer M.C.
Published: February 2006

This paper reviews neurophysiological research (EEG, event‐related potential, regional cerebral blood flow, neurochemical) that supports the proposal that hypnotic analgesia is an active inhibitory process involving several brain systems mediating attentional and nociceptive processes. Even though the processes of hypnotic analgesia may be dissociated from conscious awareness and appear to be out of volitional control, it is proposed that hypnotic analgesia depends on the activation of a supervisory, attention control system – involving the anterior frontal cortex – which then participates with other cortical and subcortical systems in the allocation of thalamocortical activities. Hypnotic analgesia affects the active allocation of attention and disattention associated with the anterior frontal region, as well as spatio‐temporal aspects of pain perception associated with the posterior cortical systems. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis and cancer: host defences, quality of life and survival
Authors: Walker Leslie G.
Published: February 2006

In recent years it has become increasingly clear that the diagnosis and treatment of cancer are stressful experiences. Not surprisingly, therefore, high levels of psychiatric morbidity and psychological distress have been reported (Derogatis et al., 1983). There is now evidence, however, from prospective, randomized, controlled trials, that psychological interventions can enhance the quality of life of patients with cancer (see Meyer and Mark, 1995 for a meta‐analysis). In addition, psychological interventions, including hypnosis, can modulate the immune response in a way that might be relevant to the progression of malignant disease (Walker and Eremin, 1995). Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic susceptibility, or F‐bias: its relevance to eating disorders
Authors: Oakley David , Frasquilho Francisco
Published: February 2006

Hypnosis research and theory has recently paid increasing attention to hypnotizability as a trait in its own right and to a convergence with ideas in neuropsychology. Hypnotizability, or F‐bias, may be broadly characterized as involving focused attention, flexibility in switching cognitive styles and the activity of frontal cortical systems. F‐bias/hypnotizability correlates with a number of activities other than hypnotic performance, one of which is disordered eating behaviour. Within the clinical literature the general finding has been that restricting anorexics are of normal or slightly above normal hypnotizability whereas bulimics are very significantly above normal hypnotizability and show increased dissociative tendencies. In normal weight non‐clinical populations also there is also a positive correlation between hypnotizability, dissociative tendencies and attitudes to food intake. A recent study looked at both dissociation and hypnotizability in relation to disordered eating, as measured by an eating questionnaire, in a normal weight female undergraduate population. The data confirmed that those with bulimic tendencies scored higher on both hypnotizability and dissociation. The results also showed that hypnotizability was specifically related to a factor of dietary restraint, whereas dissociation was related to a factor of impulsive eating. The latter may account for the binge components of disordered eating. In contrast to earlier views, which tended to equate hypnotizability and dissociative tendencies, these data suggest that they are independent factors which influence different aspects of eating behaviour. Other work is described, which indicates that restrained eaters are more responsive than non‐restrained eaters to suggestions of increased body size, which may account in part at least for the distortions of body image seen in clinical eating disorders. The ways in which both hypnotizability and dissociative tendencies might operate as independent moderators in a sociocultural model of the development of anorexia and bulimia nervosa are discussed. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic susceptibility and holistic/emotional styles of thinking
Authors: Brown R.J. , Oakley D.A
Published: February 2006

It has been suggested that an everyday preference for holistic and emotional thought is related to the ability to enter hypnosis, although research addressing the idea has often yielded inconsistent results. This study correlated hypnotic susceptibility, as measured by the Harvard Group Scale (Shor and Orne, 1962), with three measures of a holistic/emotional thinking style: the experiential sub‐scale of the Rational Versus Experiential Inventory (RVEI) (Epstein et al., 1995), the right hemisphere sub‐scale of the Human Information Processing Survey (HIPS) (Taggart and Torrance, 1984) and the elaborative processing sub‐scale of the Inventory of Learning Processes (ILP) (Schmeck et al., 1977). A social desirability measure was also included. Only the experiential scale of the RVEI and the social desirability scale showed significant positive correlations with susceptibility; a multiple regression analysis showed the RVEI scale to be the best predictor of susceptibility. The implications of these results for the analytic‐holistic hypothesis in hypnosis are discussed. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
An investigation of the ‘state‐dependency’ of recall during hypnotic amnesia
Authors: Henry Smith Caleb , Morton John , Oakley David
Published: February 2006

If hypnosis was to be considered a state, one would expect that entering or leaving it would lead to spontaneous state‐dependent effects on free recall (e.g. Tulving and Thompson, 1973; Eich, 1980). In apparent support of the contrary view, that hypnosis does not provide state‐cues that facilitate free recall, Kihlstrom, Brenneman, Pistole and Shor (1985) found that the reinduction of hypnosis did not differentially facilitate the breaching of post‐hypnotic amnesia compared to a non‐reinduction group. However, following the second deinduction of hypnosis, subjects' recall level decreased, whereas subjects' recall level in the non‐reinduction group increased. This apparent state‐dependent effect is interpreted here as indicating that ‘state incongruence’ can constitute a task‐demand for greater amnesia. In order to test this suggestion, subjects in the present study memorized a word‐list either before or after a hypnotic induction. Following an amnesia suggestion, subjects who learned the word‐list before the induction recalled fewer items than those who learned it afterwards, which could be interpreted as a state‐dependent effect. However, an equivalent recall level in the two groups following the reversal of the amnesia and before the deinduction of hypnosis, suggests that the apparent state‐dependency of amnesic recall reflects subjects' belief that hypnosis represents an ‘altered state’ rather than an effect of the presence of state‐cues per se. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The effect of guided imagery in a hypnotic context on forearm blood flow
Authors: McGuirk Joan , Fitzgerald David , Friedmann Peter S. , Oakley David , Salmon Peter
Published: February 2006

Venous leg ulceration is a painful and debilitating condition. Current treatment comprises local or systemic medical interventions intended to influence the pathological changes associated with ulceration. This study was conducted to determine in a non‐ulcerated population, the potential of guided imagery in a hypnotic context to influence blood flow, which is a critical variable in the process of ulcer healing. In a within‐subjects design, subjects each underwent one experimental session during which they listened to two kinds of imagery designed respectively to increase and decrease forearm blood flow by suggesting hot or cold sensations. Script order and arm order were counterbalanced. Objective measurement of blood‐flow was by a Laser‐Doppler flowmeter. Analysis of variance confirmed significant changes in line with the predictions on both objective and subjective measures. Further analysis revealed that the differential changes in blood flow were present only when the left arm was targeted first. The results are discussed in relation to previous literature, particularly in relation to expectancy effects, and implications for treatment of venous leg ulceration are considered. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Facilitation of sexual pleasure via hypnosis: a case for the court
Authors: Vingoe Frank J.
Published: February 2006

The Defendant charged with the rape of his stepson's girlfriend (C ), had been approached by C because of his interest in hypnosis. C wondered whether hypnosis could increase sexual pleasure. Following a party, C was apparently hypnotized and penetration occurred. Issues in the trial presented to the Court by the expert‐witness included: the motivation of C, the influence of alcohol on hypnotic responsivity, awareness during hypnosis, coercion, controllability and simulation. Convinced that C was not hypnotized, the jury's verdict was Guilty of Unlawful Intercourse. Mitigation resulted in a sentence of nine months, suspended for two years. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The effect of two procedures on hypnotic susceptibility modification
Authors: Cangas Adolfo J. , Pérez Marino
Published: February 2006

The object of this research was to compare the effectiveness of two standardized programmes of hypnotic susceptibility modification, that of Sachs and Anderson (1967) and the Carleton Skills Training Package (CSTP) (Gorassini and Spanos, 1986). The results showed a statistically significant difference between these two programmes and the control group for both objective and subjective reponses to the suggestions, but no significant difference between the two programmes. The effectiveness of the CSTP in modifying hypnotic responsiveness scores, which had been placed in doubt in several studies, was confirmed. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The use of hypnosis and brief strategic therapy with a case of separation anxiety and school refusal
Authors: Roberts Dennis
Published: February 2006

This paper is a case report on a 14‐year‐old, Year 9 pupil (‘Jane’) presenting separation anxieties and long‐term school attendance difficulties (school phobia). Referral was made to the psychology service from a pupil referral unit. Parental views included their concerns about non‐attendance, difficulties separating from her parents, and the need for confidence building and coping with stomach pains and panic attacks.

The intervention consisted of a preliminary interview to gather information and decide upon appropriate action, two individual therapy sessions, and two follow‐up review meetings. Hypnosis and brief strategic therapy techniques were used in the individual therapy sessions. Techniques included the use of metaphor, positive reframing of negative associations, tasking and relaxation training with suggestions for confidence building and anxiety‐reduction. The metaphor and the tasks chosen were particularly helpful because they utilized information given by the pupil about her family and their new puppy. A metaphor about the puppy incorporated aspects of the pupil's presenting problem and was used to provide positive suggestions about successful early learning experiences, separation and independence. Other aspects of this intervention also helped in bringing about a successful outcome. Acceptance and acknowledgement of negative feelings helped to develop trust, and firm expectations about the pupil's own resources to cope encouraged her confidence.

At the follow‐up, the pupil reported no recurrence of the panic attacks or stomach pains, and attendance had improved from 3% to 67% (over 10 and seven weeks respectively), rising to 90% attendance for the following school term (12 weeks). Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Phenomenological state effects during hypnosis: a cross‐validation of findings
Authors: Kumar V. K. , Pekala Ronald J. , McCloskey Michael M.
Published: February 2006

From a factor analysis of Pekala's (1982, 1991b) Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory completed retrospectively in reference to the Harvard scale induction, Kumar et al. (1996) obtained the following five correlated state effects factors: dissociated control state, positive affect, negative affect, visual imagery and attention to internal processes. They found that the factor‐based scores of dissociated control state, positive affect and attention to internal processes were significantly correlated with the Harvard scores. The present study found evidence for the cross‐validity of the factor weights (obtained in the previous study) in computing factor‐based scores in data from two separate studies. The same factors (as in the previous study) of dissociated control state, positive affect, and attention to internal processes were significantly correlated with hypnotizability not only as assessed by the Harvard, but also the Stanford scale. These findings fit well with the traditional conceptions of hypnosis and observations by clinicians and experimentalists that certain phenomenological states are reliably observed to occur under a hypnotic induction. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Expectancy information as a moderator of the effects of hypnosis on memory
Authors: Burgess Cheryl A. , Kirsch Irving
Published: February 2006

Highly suggestible and low‐suggestible students were shown slides of 40 line drawings and asked to recall them six times. Two‐thirds of the students were given a hypnotic induction and hypermnesia suggestion for trials 3 and 4. Half of these participants were told that hypnosis enhances memory. The others were warned that hypnosis can lead to the production of false memories. Highly suggestible students given memory enhancement expectancy information displayed an increase in confident errors during hypnosis and retained these false memories after hypnosis. However, this effect was mitigated during hypnosis and eliminated after hypnosis among students who were warned that it might occur. Compared to control participants, hypnosis did not produce an increase in accurate memories, regardless of warnings. These data argue against both the use of hypnosis to enhance memory and the per se exclusion of testimony from hypnotized witnesses. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis and Winnicott's transitional phase
Authors: Doron Adiel , Mendlovic Shlomo
Published: February 2006

Winnicott's transitional phase stands for the space where inner and outer realities are being connected and separated. It is through this unique phase that individuals progress from infantile autism to socialization. We suggest that hypnosis represents regression into the transitional phase. This may be of importance in designing therapy schemes that combine hypnosis and psychotherapy. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis with selected movement disorders
Authors: Medd David Y.
Published: February 2006

A particular subgroup of movement disorders have aetiologies involving the basal ganglia of the brain, which coordinate signals from the motor cortex and other inputs. Such disorders are classed as resulting from shortages or imbalances of specific neurotransmitters. In recent decades, hypnosis has been used with patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome and the dystonias, either experimentally or to achieve therapeutic changes. In this paper, an attempt to identify common and distinguishing factors is made, centred around the role of the autonomic nervous system, and in particular the role of the relaxation response. The results of previous work with Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome and the dystonias is briefly reviewed, and new work with dystonia and Sydenham's chorea is presented. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotherapy for the unstable bladder: four case reports
Authors: Smith Nigel , D'Hooghe Vasanti , Duffin Stephanie , Fitzsimmons Dawne , Rippin Chris , Wilde Gill
Published: February 2006

The unstable bladder is a common disorder associated with frequent voiding, urgency, nocturia and urge incontinence. Four consecutive patients (one male, three female; aged from 47 to 69 years) presented with an unstable bladder condition which failed to respond to first‐line treatment by a specialist nurse. Treatments included advice on fluids, reduction of caffeine intake and bladder training. Detrusor instability was confirmed on urodynamic testing. These patients were unable to tolerate anticholinergic drugs or had contraindications to their use. Treatment consisted of three one‐hour sessions of hypnotherapy, including anxiety control methods, ego‐strengthening, training in self‐hypnosis, age progression, explanation of stable bladder function and the hand‐on‐abdomen technique used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Urinary symptoms had been present for a median of three years and three of the patients were experiencing regular episodes of urinary incontinence at the start of hypnotherapy. Two patients had an excellent response to treatment with complete remission of symptoms during a follow‐up period of six months. The other two patients derived some benefit from the treatment but continued to experience lower urinary tract symptoms. Brief hypnotherapy may offer some benefit to some patients who have failed to respond to first‐line treatment and are unable to take anticholinergic drugs. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
An Ericksonian approach to crack cocaine addiction: a single‐session intervention
Authors: Marcus Joel D.
Published: February 2006

Cocaine addiction is a significant problem in the United States and treatment is hampered by high relapse rates. This is particularly the case with crack cocaine because it is smoked and consequently has a rapid but relatively short‐lived effect on the brain. This readily creates a cycle of craving and dependence. Moreover, the multiple environmental cues associated with the craving set up powerful conditions for relapse. This paper describes an Ericksonian approach alongside more traditional hypnotic techniques. In particular, the methods of utilization and orientation to the future are described and a one‐year follow‐up is discussed. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis and HIV/AIDS spectrum illnesses: an Ericksonian method of utilization
Authors: Marcus Joel D.
Published: February 2006

This paper describes an Ericksonian approach to the treatment of individuals who have been diagnosed as HIV‐positive and those who have AIDS. The different approaches required to these two related conditions are discussed and treatment programmes incorporating Ericksonian utilization techniques and more traditional hypnotic procedures are described. Dealing with a terminal illness is a major problem for clinicians working with these patients, and the use of hypnosis to facilitate the process of dying is addressed. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The use of hypnosis for a patient with chronic pain
Authors: Jack Margaret A.
Published: February 2006

To protect confidentiality, the patient will be referred to as Alice. Alice was a 58‐ year‐old woman who had been experiencing chronic pain in her right arm since an operation two years previously for syringomyelia. The referral, from an anaesthetist, requested psychological input for Alice to help her cope better with her pain, and adjust better to pain‐related losses, particularly the loss of her ability to engage in creative pursuits, and her vocational loss, having to leave her job as an art teacher. Hypnosis was used throughout six treatment sessions. She learned self‐hypnosis and used a tape which she eventually returned. She was able to use hypnosis to create complex visual images as if she were painting a picture. She thus regained some ability to imaginally enjoy her work again. She also learned to lower her pain levels through displacement and psychologically induced analgesia. Her general morale was lifted and a 6‐month follow‐up showed that the benefit of therapy was maintained despite significant family stress. She was no longer using painkillers or sleeping pills.

Extracts from the transcripts are included to illustrate therapeutic technique and progress. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic suggestibility and absorption: revisiting the context effect
Authors: Milling Leonard S. , Kirsch Irving , Burgess Cheryl
Published: February 2006

Measures of hypnotic suggestibility and absorption were administered to 150 participants in the context of a single experiment and to 146 participants in the guise of different experiments. Half of the participants received the absorption scale before being tested for suggestibility and half after. In both orders of administration, associations between suggestibility and absorption were significantly stronger when assessed in the same experimental context than when assessed in different contexts, and both variables were significantly affected by testing context. Overall, the findings indicate that relations between absorption and suggestibility are moderated by context and that this effect is not an artefact of non‐random sampling or of differences in time intervals between testing sessions. The results suggest that the association between absorption and suggestibility is modest at best and challenge the contention that absorption is a reliable personality trait marker of suggestibility. Copyright © 2000 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The current status of hypnosis in Spain
Authors: Cangas Adolfo J. , Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: February 2006

While Spanish academic researchers have actively attempted to disengage hypnosis from its traditional links with altered states and automatism, and to promote it by linking hypnotic phenomena with other everyday psychological processes, in the legal field there seems to have been little activity. Among jurists, opinion is divided regarding the exact influence of hypnosis on conscious will, although some maintain that hypnosis can override will, and most that being in a state of hypnosis at the time of committing a criminal act can be used as a defence, depending on knowledge of the prior personality of the individual and the kind of suggestions given. Consequently, because of its alleged influence on will, hypnosis is forbidden by law in Spain as an investigative procedure. Likewise, the practice of hypnosis has been removed from Spanish public health system services, and it cannot be subsidized by private insurance companies. We conclude that traditional notions of hypnosis may be holding back its practical acceptance in Spain. Copyright © 2000 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Can hypnosis cause madness?
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: February 2006

Recent controversy about the dangers of hypnosis came to a head in the summer of 1998 with the High Court trial in London of a stage hypnotist for allegedly inducing schizophrenia in one of his participants. In this paper a number of issues arising from the case are critically examined; included are the propositions put forward by the prosecution that the hypnotic state is similar, psychologically and neurophysiologically, to that of schizophrenia, and thereby, because of its very nature, hypnosis can increase vulnerability to psychotic illness and other forms of psychological damage; inadequate dehypnosis may lead to a person remaining in a pathological state; and a series of fairly routine stage hypnosis suggestions can act as a trigger for a schizophrenic reaction in certain individuals. It is concluded that hypnosis procedures must always be applied with due caution and regard to the rights of participants, but that there is no substantive scientific evidence to support any special link between hypnosis and the triggering of episodes of schizophrenia. Copyright © 2000 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Remembering and forgetting autobiographical events: instrumental uses of hypnosis
Authors: Barnier Amanda J.
Published: February 2006

Although intrinsic hypnosis research focuses on the phenomenon of hypnosis itself, instrumental research uses hypnosis as a tool to investigate phenomena outside its immediate domain. The present paper illustrates the value of instrumental hypnosis research by focusing on the use of hypnosis to explore the remembering and forgetting of autobiographical events. In particular, the paper focuses on a programme of research using post‐hypnotic amnesia to develop a laboratory model of functional amnesia. This research highlights some of the theoretical and methodological challenges inherent in instrumental hypnosis research, as well as its interest and value. Finally, other potential uses of hypnosis within the domain of personal memory are discussed, including autobiographical memory in hypnotically elicited delusions. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
A critical evaluation of the relationship between sustained attentional abilities and hypnotic susceptibility
Authors: Jamieson Graham A. , Sheehan Peter W.
Published: February 2006

During hypnosis, highly susceptible individuals report a loss of awareness of their surroundings and a narrowing of their awareness to the events suggested by the hypnotist. These individuals also report more frequent occurrences of deeply involving experiences in daily life. It has been widely theorized that the ability to strongly maintain the focus of attention underlies hypnotic susceptibility (Crawford, 1994). Studies making use of a range of behavioural measures are widely cited as supporting this view. However, lack of replication and uncertainty about the nature of the measures makes interpretation difficult. The present study uses a factor analytic design (n = 182) to explore the structure of the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility, imagery, absorption and a range of behavioural measures said in the hypnosis literature to correlate with susceptibility and to index sustained attentional abilities. If the general claims are correct, similar relationships should be found here. Further, an identifiable sustained attention factor should emerge from the covariance structure, including a substantial loading from susceptibility. These predictions were not supported. Results showed that only absorption correlated significantly with susceptibility. A sustained attention factor did emerge but was independent of the hypnosis absorption factor. Linkages between susceptibility and sustained attention remain undemonstrated. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis in post‐abortion distress: an experimental case study
Authors: Walters Valerie J. , Oakley David A.
Published: February 2006

The present case study of a 23‐year‐old woman begins by exploring post‐abortion distress in context with hypnosis and identifies particular themes across symptoms that indicate that hypnosis may be an appropriate adjunct to therapy for this problem. For treatment a three‐phase framework was used, as proposed by Brown (1995) for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Symptom changes were monitored throughout the course of therapy in a multiple‐baseline study design. The client, S, also completed preand post‐therapy questionnaires. The therapeutic outcome is described with reference to data collected from weekly monitoring and from written feedback regarding her own feelings about the therapy. The results indicate that the therapeutic interventions improved specific symptoms as well as general mental health and it is concluded that hypnosis may be a particularly appropriate adjunct to therapy for post‐abortion distress. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Is response expectancy sufficient to account for hypnotic negative hallucinations?
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F. , Toner Steven , Cole Jon
Published: February 2006

According to the response expectancy theory of hypnosis, hypnotic phenomena are fundamentally genuine and occur simply because subjects expect them to occur. In the present study, under both hypnotic and non‐hypnotic conditions, subjects were presented with a clear visual stimulus after being led to expect that they would see nothing, that is, they would experience a negative hallucination. Results showed that although about half the subjects were 100% confident that they would see nothing, all reported seeing something. Moreover, whereas expectancy did not correlate significantly with the clarity of the image, hypnotic depth did. Although the results are not supportive of expectancy theory, they are deemed to be compatible with both classic state theory and sociocognitive approaches to hypnosis that stress the operation of strategic enactment and compliance. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Optometric uses of hypnosis
Authors: Evans Bruce J.W. , Barnard N.A. Simon , Arkush Carol
Published: February 2006

The literature on optometric uses of hypnosis is reviewed. Probably, the most common uses are for patients with contact lens phobias and for those with intractable diplopia. This is double vision that does not respond to treatment and usually results from paresis of eye muscle(s) following trauma, a neurological lesion, or unsuccessful surgery. Attempts have also been made to use hypnosis to treat other optometric conditions, including refractive error, strabismus, amblyopia, and nystagmus. Only a few optometrists practise hypnosis and clearly such work should be confined to areas of their own expertise. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Teaching hypnosis in British psychology departments: a 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Fellows Brian J.
Published: February 2006

An eight‐item questionnaire asking about the extent and nature of hypnosis teaching and research was sent to 65 British university psychology departments as a follow‐up to a previous survey conducted in 1984. Forty‐seven questionnaires were returned (72%). In some cases, the questionnaire was completed by the Head of Department, to whom they were addressed, and in others by a specialist member of staff. Results showed no overall change over the 10‐year period in the amount of hypnosis teaching or research. About one‐third of departments reported teaching hypnosis, but this usually consisted only of an occasional lecture or seminar. As before, few departments offered students any opportunity for practical work in the subject, with some notable exceptions. Only 11 departments reported research in hypnosis. However, attitudes towards hypnosis teaching and research remained very positive, with over 80% of returns asserting that hypnosis was a suitable subject for teaching and research. The benefits and problems associated with teaching hypnosis to students are identified and discussed. One major benefit is the high level of student interest in the subject. Problems include the misconceptions of ethical committees about the subject and the absence of further training and career opportunities in clinical hypnosis for psychology graduates. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Managing examination anxiety
Authors: Hart Barry B. , Hart Chrissi
Published: February 2006

Hypnosis was used in a group format with 28 students attending an examination anxiety workshop prior to their ‘A’ level examinations. The workshop included a discussion of anxiety and stress, study skills, how to challenge negative self‐defeating statements, and a 30‐minute hypnosis session. The hypnosis was aimed at mental and physical relaxation and changing attitudes about examinations. Feedback immediately after the workshop clearly indicated that all students felt that their attendance was very worthwhile, and that the most highly rated part of the day was the hypnosis element. Follow‐up 4 months later indicated that most participants thought that the workshop was helpful in managing anxiety both before and during the examinations. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Can relaxation training and hypnotherapy modify the immune response to stress, and is hypnotizability relevant?
Authors: Johnson Vanessa C. , Walker Leslie G. , Heys Steven D. , Whiting Paul H. , Eremin Oleg
Published: February 2006

A study was carried out with the following aims: (1) to evaluate the psychological and immunological effects of 3 weeks' relaxation practice; (2) to investigate the effects of relaxation training and hypnosis on the modulation of the immune response to an experimental stressor; and (3) to relate changes to hypnotic susceptibility. Twenty‐four healthy volunteers were assigned, according to a stratified, permuted blocks, random allocation procedure, to relaxation training with hypnosis or to a control condition. Subjects attended on three occasions: day 1, day 21 and day 22 or 23. Various psychological tests were carried out on each of the occasions and, in addition, samples of urine and blood were collected for immunological and biochemical analysis. Two samples of blood were taken at the second visit, one before exposure to an experimental stressor on day 21 and one immediately thereafter.

Relaxation had several effects including improvement on a number of measures of mental state and a reduction in lymphocyte responsiveness and IL‐1 secretion. However, on exposure to the stressor, previous relaxation training and pre‐exposure hypnotic suggestion led to increased lymphocyte responsiveness and IL‐1 secretion.

The extent to which IgA increased as a result of relaxation therapy for 3 weeks was positively correlated with Creative Imagination Scale (CIS) scores (changes in the control group during the same period were not correlated with CIS scores). Moreover, immediate changes in IL‐1 following exposure to the stressor were positively correlated with CIS scores in the experimental group and negatively in the control group. Hypnotizability, as assessed by the CIS, may be an important moderator of the psychoneuroimmunological response to relaxation training and exposure to acute stress. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Using hypnosis to aid recovery of taste sensation after a course of radiotherapy: a case study
Authors: Kraft Tom
Published: February 2006

This is a case study of a 55‐year‐old lady, who lost all taste sensation after receiving an intensive course of radiotherapy. There was some improvement after two hypnosis sessions, and she made an excellent recovery after only eight hypnosis sessions. These findings suggest that hypnosis accelerates the rate of healing as regards taste sensation. The treatment involved powerful imagery of the preparation and eating of various food dishes. Though there were no explicit instructions as regards vasodilatation or increased warmth, it is argued that this could be a crucial factor in the accelerated healing of taste sensation. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Yellow Pages® advertisers of hypnotherapy: a survey of hypnosis beliefs and practice
Authors: Northcott Paul
Published: February 2006

All people advertising under the category of ‘hypnotherapy’ in the British Yellow Pages® telephone directories were surveyed by post. Beliefs about hypnosis were measured and information was sought concerning their professions. Of the 1155 questionnaires distributed, 52% were returned. Seventy‐four per cent of respondents reported using hypnosis as their main form of therapy; the remainder practised a diverse range of therapies. In contrast to findings of other surveys, results suggest the current sample had beliefs similar to present scientific views. The need for more research involving this group of hypnosis users is recommended. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Lay therapy again: is sexual involvement legitimate as treatment for non‐sexual disorders?
Authors: Vingoe Frank J.
Published: February 2006

Pope (1994) and his colleagues have carried research on the sexual attraction/relationship between therapists and their clients, and supervisors and their trainees in clinical psychology. Their findings have caused some concern, particularly with reference to the relative lack of training in this area. Both professionally qualified therapists and unqualified lay therapists are at risk. When hypnosis is involved, there may be concern that a sexual relationship could develop between therapist and client.

The present paper includes a case study involving a lay therapist who was alleged to have committed various sexual offences with three of his clients. The results of this study are discussed and the implications for training underlined. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Synthesis of Cyano‐Bridged Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Clavel Guylhaine , Larionova Joulia , Guari Yannick , Guérin Christian
Published: February 2006

A principally new exploit of ionic liquids as an alternative reaction medium in the synthesis of cyano‐bridged coordination‐polymer nanoparticles is reported. Stable colloid solutions containing nanoparticles of cyano‐bridged molecule‐based magnets, M3[Fe(CN)6]2/[RMIM][BF4] (M2+=Ni, Cu, Co) and Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3/[RMIM][BF4] (R=1‐butyl (BMIM), 1‐decyl (DMIM)), were prepared in the corresponding 1‐R‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [RMIM][BF4], which acts as both a stabilising agent and a solvent. By varying the length of the N‐alkyl chain on the imidazolium cation of [RMIM]+ and the temperature, the growing process can be controlled to produce nanoparticles of different sizes. By studying the magnetic properties of frozen colloids it is shown that the relaxation of magnetisation is strongly influenced by interparticle interactions, which leads to the appearance of spin‐glass‐like dynamics in these systems.
The Combinatorial Approach to Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Phosphoramidite Libraries, Ruthenacycles, and Artificial Enzymes
Authors: de Vries Johannes G. , Lefort Laurent
Published: February 2006

For a more general implementation of asymmetric catalysis in the production of fine chemicals, the screening for new catalysts and ligands must be dramatically accelerated. This is possible with a high‐throughput experimentation (HTE) approach. However, implementation of this technology requires the rapid preparation of libraries of ligands/catalysts and consequently dictates the use of simple ligands that can be readily synthesised in a robot. In this concept article, we describe how the development of new ligands based on monodentate phosphoramidites enabled the development of an integral HTE protocol for asymmetric hydrogenation. This “instant ligand library” protocol makes it possible to synthesise 96 ligands in one day and screen them the next day. Further diversity is possible by using mixtures of monodentate ligands. This concept has already led to an industrial application. Other concepts, still under development, are based on chiral ruthenacycles as new transfer hydrogenation catalysts and the use of enzymes as ligands for transition‐metal complexes.
Microwave‐Assisted Covalent Sidewall Functionalization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Li Junxin , Grennberg Helena
Published: February 2006

Thermal cycloaddition of 1,3‐dipolar azomethine ylides to the sidewalls of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) has been used to prepare MWNTs that contain 2‐methylenethiol‐4‐(4‐octadecyloxyphenyl) (4), N‐octyl‐2‐(4‐octadecyloxyphenyl) (5) or 2‐(4‐octadecyloxyphenyl)pyrrolidine (6) units. All these contain the 4‐octadecyloxyphenyl substituent that acts as a solubilizing group. Microwave (MiW)‐assisted heating was found to be highly efficient for soluble MWNTs, for which the amount of added groups after only 2 h of MiW heating at 200 °C, determined by using thermogravimetric analysis, was found to be in the same range as that obtained after 100–120 h of conventional heating of soluble and insoluble MWNTs. Solubility is a key feature for a successful MiW‐heated reaction; MWNTs insoluble in the reaction medium yielded considerably less addends in the MiW‐heated reactions than in the conventionally heated reaction. The location and even distribution of the pyrrolidine units over the outermost layer of the MWNTs was verified by transmission electron microscopy analysis of 4 that had been treated with gold nanoparticles and thoroughly washed to remove gold particles adsorbed on nonfunctionalized parts of the MWNTs.
A leucine‐rich repeat membrane protein, 5T4, is expressed by a subtype of granule cells with dendritic arbors in specific strata of the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Imamura Fumiaki , Nagao Hiroshi , Naritsuka Hiromi , Murata Yasunobu , Taniguchi Hisaaki , Mori Kensaku
Published: February 2006

Segregation of neuron‐type‐specific synaptic connections in different strata is a characteristic feature shared by the olfactory bulb (OB) and retina. In the mammalian OB, mitral cells form dendrodendritic synapses with granule cells (GCs) in the deep stratum of the external plexiform layer (EPL), whereas tufted cells form dendrodendritic synapses in the superficial stratum. In the search for membrane proteins with strata‐specific expression patterns, we found that a leucine‐rich repeat membrane protein (5T4 oncofetal trophoblast glycoprotein) was expressed selectively by a subset of superficial GCs. The somata of 5T4‐positive GCs were localized in or near the mitral cell layer, and their apical dendrites ramified preferentially in the superficial stratum of the EPL, where tufted cell dendrites ramified. Strata‐specific expression of 5T4 was found also in the retina: 5T4 was expressed selectively by rod‐bipolar cells and a subset of amacrine cells whose dendrites ramified in a specific sublamina of the inner plexiform layer. During the perinatal and postnatal development of the OB, 5T4 expression paralleled in time the formation of dendrodendritic synapses in the EPL. Odor deprivation during the first postnatal month selectively reduced the thickness of the superficial stratum of the EPL and the number of 5T4‐positive GCs. Because 5T4 is known to interact with actin cytoskeleton, these observations suggest that 5T4 is involved in the formation or maintenance of strata‐specific dendritic ramification or synaptic connection of subsets of local interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:754–768, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ipsilateral cortical connections of dorsal and ventral premotor areas in New World owl monkeys
Authors: Stepniewska Iwona , Preuss Todd M. , Kaas Jon H.
Published: February 2006

In order to compare connections of premotor cortical areas of New World monkeys with those of Old World macaque monkeys and prosimian galagos, we placed injections of fluorescent tracers and wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) in dorsal (PMD) and ventral (PMV) premotor areas of owl monkeys. Motor areas and injection sites were defined by patterns of movements electrically evoked from the cortex with microelectrodes. Labeled neurons and axon terminals were located in brain sections cut either in the coronal plane or parallel to the surface of flattened cortex, and they related to architectonically and electrophysiologically defined cortical areas. Both the PMV and PMD had connections with the primary motor cortex (M1), the supplementary motor area (SMA), cingulate motor areas, somatosensory areas S2 and PV, and the posterior parietal cortex. Only the PMV had connections with somatosensory areas 3a, 1, 2, PR, and PV. The PMD received inputs from more caudal portions of the cortex of the lateral sulcus and more medial portions of the posterior parietal cortex than the PMV. The PMD and PMV were only weakly interconnected. New World owl monkeys, Old World macaque monkeys, and galagos share a number of PMV and PMD connections, suggesting preservation of a common sensorimotor network from early primates. Comparisons of PMD and PMV connectivity with the cortex of the lateral sulcus and posterior parietal cortex of owl monkeys, galagos, and macaques help identify areas that could be homologous. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:691–708, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.