bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical demonstration of Chlamydia infection in the urogenital tracts
Authors: Kobayashi Tadao K. , Ueda Masami , Araki Hirotaka , Toyoda Kazuaki , Ohmori Kenji , Sawaragi Isamu
Published: February 2007

The peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) technique was applied in cellular samples for the detection of chlamydial infection. Urethral scrapings were obtained from 316 males with clinically suspected urethritis. Positive PAP staining was detected in 118 (37%) of 316 tested. Cellular samples from the endocervix of 25 (54%) of 46 female contacts of males with positive Chlamydia‐infected cells had positive Chlamydia‐PAP staining. Chlamydia was also found in 12 (25%) of 48 male with gonorrhea. Serum IgG antibodies against Chlamydiatrachomatis were evaluated using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 29 out of 73 patients had positive Chlamydia serology; of these, 21 were positive for PAP staining, and eight were negative. The determination of Chlamydia antigen by means of the PAP technique appears to be a satisfactory method for detecting Chlamydia in male and female genital specimens; also, the procedure can be done readily in most laboratory settings. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:302‐6.
Carcinoids, atypical carcinoids, and small‐cell carcinomas of the lung: Differential diagnosis of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy specimens
Authors: Szyfelbein Wanda M. , Ross Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2007

The acceptance of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnostic work‐up of pulmonary masses has resulted in an increased number of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung first encountered as aspiration cytology specimens. The accurate cytologic identification of these neuroendocrine neoplasms is important in that they have relatively specific clinical and prognostic features in contrast to nonneuroendocrine neoplasms. We report on the cytologic features of 46 primary pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms initially encountered on fine‐needle aspiration biopsies. The neoplasms are separated into three distinct cytologic groups, including the typical carcinoid (13 cases), the atypical carcinoid (3 cases), and small‐cell carcinomas (30 cases). The clinical features of all cases—and histologic findings when they were available—are also considered. Finally, a detailed cytologic description of the three groups of neuroendocrine neoplasms is presented with emphasis on differential diagnosis including nonneuroendocrine pulmonary neoplasms.
Keratin immunoreactivity in fine‐needle aspiration of the prostate: An aid in the differentiation of benign epithelium from well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ostrzega Nora , Cheng Lorna , Layfield Lester J.
Published: February 2007

The efficacy of utilizing immunocytochemical staining of prostatic basal cells in separating benign from malignant prostatic epithelium was tested by staining fine‐needle aspiration smears of prostatic lesions with the monoclonal antibody EAB‐903. This antibody has been shown to stain keratin subtypes present in the prostate only in basal cells. The study utilized 12 benign, nine malignant, and four suspicious‐for‐carcinoma cases. Ten of 12 benign cases showed an intermingled pattern of staining, which was not found in the malignant cases. Our findings indicate that this distinctive pattern of staining may assist in distinguishing benign epithelium from well‐differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Fine‐needle aspiration of an apocrine breast carcinoma with multivacuolated, lipid‐rich, giant cells
Authors: Duggan Máire A. , Young Grace K. , Hwang Wei Sek
Published: February 2007

The frequency of mammary apocrine carcinoma varies considerably and reflects the definitional differences of various researchers. Lipid synthesis by malignant mammary cells is not uncommon, and occasionally it is so extensive that the designation lipid‐rich carcinoma is warranted. Many subtypes of lipid‐rich carcinoma are described. Although focal apocrine change is observed in one type, a tumor composed predominately of an apocrine carcinoma with an intimate admixture of lipid‐rich malignant cells is previously underscribed. The fine‐needle aspiration, histologic, and ultrastructural features of such a tumor is delineated for which the descriptive title lipid‐rich apocrine carcinoma is coined.
Immunoperoxidase studies by monoclonal antibody B72.3 applied to breast aspirates: Diagnostic considerations
Authors: Lundy J. , Kline T. S. , Lozowski M. , Chao S.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the reactivity of monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 when applied directly to aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) of the breast in the following conditions: (1) infiltration lobular carcinoma; (2) fibrocystic disease; (3) fibroadenoma; and (4) apocrine cysts. Nine of ten aspirates from infiltrating lobular carcinoma were positive in these assays, while 21 of 22 benign cases reacted negatively. The single false‐positive benign aspirate manifested a staining pattern characteristic of apocrine cells. This study demonstrates that the MAb B72.3 can be employed as a potentially valuable diagnostic adjunct. It can be used on stained aspirates to assist in the interpretation of ABC from breast lesions.
Cytologic diagnosis of a chordoma without physaliforous cells
Authors: Thompson Steven K. , Callery Richard T.
Published: February 2007

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of a presacral chordoma without the classic physaliforous cells is reported. The potential for the misdiagnosis of these lesions when these cells are absent is discussed. The pertinent literature related to this case is reviewed.
Current use of the papanicolaou class system in gynecologic cytology
Authors: Maguire Nancy Council
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to survey, by circulation of a questionnaire, pathologists, cytotechnologists, and clinicians regarding their use of the Papanicolaou class system in gynecologic cytology. The results indicate that (1) the class system is being used in reporting by 72% of respondents; (2) a descriptive diagnosis is used by 97% of respondents; (3) patient treatment may be influenced by the class assigned; and (4) there is a lack of agreement regarding the assignment of classes to cytologic entities, there being no total agreement across the survey groups regarding the classes assigned to any of 34 cytologic entities. It was concluded that little benefit is gained from the use of a class system since cytologic entities were not assigned classes uniformly by respondents. The results of this study support those who advocate discontinuation of the Papanicolaou class system in favor of a descriptive diagnosis.
The significance of leukemia and lymphoma cells in cerebrospinal fluid contaminated by blood containing malignant cells: A probabilistic approach based on the poisson frequency distribution
Authors: Stanley Michael W. , Henry Michelle J.
Published: February 2007

The significance of malignant cells in a body fluid is often difficult to determine if that fluid is contaminated by blood containing malignant cells. This problem is most often seen in examination of CSF from patients with lymphoma or leukemia. We suggest a statistical model of this problem in which the numbers of malignant cells in the blood and the fluid specimen are related to the number of red blood cells. Using the Poisson distribution, the probability of finding the observed number of malignant cells in the fluid is calculated and used as the basis for suggesting whether these cells are likely to represent contamination effect or true involvement of the fluid by the malignancy. The limitations and applicability of this process are discussed.
Ciliated ovarian adenocarcinoma cells in ascitic fluid cytology: Report of a case with immunocytochemical features
Authors: Kobayashi Tadao K. , Teraoka Shigeki , Tsujioka Toshiyuki , Yoshida Yoshinobu
Published: February 2007

A case of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma presenting with ascitic fluid is reported. Cytology of the ascitic fluid showed the presence of cilia on most of malignant tumor cells. These tumor cells occurred singly; cilia usually appeared in unipolar locations. Immunocytochemical studies were performed on the ascitic fluid samples as well as tissue sections. CA19‐9, CA125, CA50, and epithelial antigens were positive, while carcinoembryonic antigen was negative. The positive reactions were characteristic for cilia of the tumor cells. The findings also emphasize that positive reaction of these markers will usually exclude a noncommon epithelial tumor, but will not distinguish between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Report of cilia‐bearing tumor cells in ascitic fluid are few; no one, to the best of our knowledge, has previously documented the immunocytochemistry of these tumor cells.
Cytologic criteria of hyperplastic lesions in endometrial samples obtained by the endocyte sampler
Authors: Coscia‐Porrazzi Luigi O.
Published: February 2007

The present investigation attempted to identify useful parameters for the cytologic diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasias in samples obtained with the Endopap endometrial sampler. A clinical and morphological classification dividing hyperplasia into benign simple hyperplasia (BSH); benign complex hyperplasia (BCH); and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) has been suggested by Meisels, et al. based on five valuable cytologic criteria. To these we added six of our own and applied them to 1,172 cases, 432 of which had a previous histologic diagnosis of normal proliferative endometrium (NPE); 462 were BSH, 210 were BCH, and 14 fit the EIN pattern. The cytologic criteria evaluated were overlapping cells, enlarged nuclei, aniso karyosis, granularity of chromatin, stromal cells, branching glandular structures, and moruloid or papillary‐like cellular aggregates, dilated glandular borders in cellular sheets, nuclear clearing, clumped chromatin, and enlarged eosinophilic cytoplasm. Our results are consistent with the following findings: (1) there is no useful parameter for cytologic differentiation between NPE and BSH; (2) BCH is characterized by cellular aggregates, dilated glandular borders in cellular sheets, and branching glandular structures; (3) EIN is characterized by nuclear clearing, clumped chromatin, and anisokaryosis; and (4) enlargement of nucleoli and eosinophilic cytoplasm alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis of EIN.
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of seven cases
Authors: Stanley Michael W. , Tani Edneia M. , Skoog Lambert
Published: February 2007

We describe the cytomorphology of seven cases of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast studied by fine‐needle aspiration cytology and by histology. All seven cases contained foci of ductual adenocarcinoma. This finding was combined with heterologous mesenchymal elements in four cases, a spindlecell pattern of growth in one case, and extensive squamous‐cell metaplasia in two cases. Both carcinomatous and metaplastic components were present on smears in four cases (57%). Thus in three cases (43%), the diagnosis was not possible on smear material alone. Differential diagnostic considerations are discussed.
Applications of immunocytochemistry to diagnostic cytopathology
Authors: Osamura R. Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2007

Immunohistochemical technique is now successfully applied to the cytologic materials. This review article describes details of staining procedures for immunocytochemistry at both light and electron microscopic levels. The clinical application of the technique includes aspiration biopsy cytology for breast lesions, thyroid lesions, lymph nodes, the nervous system, and others. The establishment of carcinoma cells in the body fluid by the demonstration of carcinoembyronic antigen (CEA) and the establishment of specific diagnoses in small‐cell or largecell anaplastic tumors by immunocytochemistry warrants special emphasis.
Adenosquamous‐cell carcinoma of the ovary: Report of a case with positive peritoneal fluid cytology
Authors: Kornacki Susan , Chung Haingsub R. , Khan M. Yusuf , Sama Jahir C.
Published: February 2007

Cytologic examination of peritoneal fiuid showed only malignant squamous cells, without revealing adenocarcinomatous cell components, in a patient who had an endometrioid adenosquamous‐cell carcinoma of the ovary. Histologic examination of the ovary demonstrated diffuse squamous‐cell carcinoma with rare foci of endometrioid and abortive malignant glands, as well as isolated mucin‐positive cells. The cytologic differential diagnosis of malignant squamous cells in peritoneal fluid and the pathogenesis of squamous‐cell carcinoma of the ovary are discussed.
Fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of extragonadal choriocarcinoma with lmmunoperoxidase studies
Authors: Hoover Lola A. , Hafiz Mohammad A.
Published: February 2007

A case of extragonadal choriocarcinoma in a 30‐yr‐old man was diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy with immunoperoxidase studies. FNA diagnosis in this case resulted in prompt treatment of rapidly growing metastases without the need for an invasive diagnostic procedure.
A rapid method for spin‐drying large quantities of cytofunnels
Authors: Ostrander Dona , Greene Claudia L.
Published: February 2007

A centrifugal spinner designed for drying lettuce leaves has been found to facilitate rapid drying of large quantities of cytofunnels.
Cytologic criteria for subclassification of Hodgkin's disease using fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Moriarty Ann T. , Banks Evelyn R. , Bloch Ted
Published: February 2007

Hodgkin's disease (HD) is increasingly being evaluated by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA); however, criteria to subclassify HD into its four subtypes—nodular sclerosis (NS), mixedcellularity (MC), lymphocyte‐depleted (LD), and lymphocytepredominant (LP)—has not been established. In order to evaluate criteria for subclassification, all FNA cases of HD obtained over a 5‐yr period at Indiana University Medical Center that had confirmatory surgical biopsies were reviewed. The number of Reed‐Sternberg (RS) cells was quantitated in each cytologic case and statistically analyzed by subgroup, using analysis of variance (ANOVA). LD had the highest mean (x̄) number of RS cells (x̄ = 51) with NS and MC having similar means ( x̄ = 7 and 6, respectively). Only one case of LP was identifed and therefore could not be analyzed statistically. Fibrosis and the presence of RS variants were qualitatively assessed and were not helpful in distinguishing the subtypes of HD. Although the quantitation of RS cells may be used to identify LD types of Hodgkin's disease, MC and N S cannot be separated reliably on this criterion alone. Although FNA can be used to diagnose HD, stage a patient, or assess efficacy of chemotherapy, subtyping of HD should still be done on histologic sections of excised lymph nodes.
Diagnosis of retinoblastoma by fine‐needle aspiration and aqueous cytology
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Das Jayachandra , Chachra Krishan Lal , Natarajan Radha
Published: February 2007

This article reports the cytodiagnosis of three cases of retinoblastoma in children aged 1.5, 2.5, and 5 yr. Two of them were diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the primary tumor and one by aqueous cytology. The tumor cells were usually round to oval, small and uniform, with scanty cytoplasm; they generally occurred in closely packed clusters of variable sizes. We discuss the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma with other round‐cell tumors of childhood involving the orbit.
The significance of atypical apocrine cells in fine‐needle aspirates of the breast
Authors: Johnson Terri L. , Kini Sudha R.
Published: February 2007

Apocrine metaplastic cells are frequently present in fine‐needle aspirates (FNAs) of breast lesions, especially fibrocystic disease. Occasionally, apocrine cells may be atypical and present diagnostic difficulties. The morphologic features of six breast FNAs that contained atypical apocrine cells were analyzed and compared with benign apocrine cells in breast aspirates. In the six abnormal cases, the large, pleomorphic, atypical apocrine cells were the predominant cell type and occurred singly and in syncytial tissue fragments. The cells had large, eccentric, vesicular nuclei and usually multiple macronucleoli. The histologic diagnoses in the cases were apocrine carcinoma (five cases) and atypical apocrine metaplasia (one case). In comparison, benign apocrine cells are relatively small and uniform and arranged in cohesive, orderly sheets. It is concluded that, in breast FNAs. the predominance of atypical apocrine cells, occurring singly and in syncytia, should raise the suspicion of carcinoma.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of breast masses in pregnant and lactating women
Authors: Finley James L. , Silverman Jan F. , Lannin Donald R.
Published: February 2007

Eleven pregnant women with breast masses that arose during pregnancy or in the postpartum period underwent fine‐needle aspiration biopsies. Cytologic examination demonstrated a spectrum of morphologic features, including (I) a pattern of dissociated epithelial cells stripped of their cytoplasm along with small clusters of cells having a frayed secretory type of cytoplasm; (2) larger epithelial groups with nuclear pleomorphism, prominent irregular nucleoli, and abundant vacuolated cytoplasm; (3) cellular smears, often with an inflammatory background and proteinaceous debris; and (4) microtissue fragments showing features of lobular hyperplasia. This article illustrates the clinical utility of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in evaluating breast masses in pregnant and lactating women and discusses the potential hazards for a false‐positive diagnosis of malignancy in these patients.
Hodgkin's disease mimicking suppurative lymphadenitis: A possible pitfall in fine‐needle aspiration biopsy cytology
Authors: Fulciniti Franco , Zeppa Pio , Vetrani Antonio , Troncone Giancarlo , Palombini Lucio
Published: February 2007

We report one case of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease with uncommon pseudosuppurative presentations in fineneedle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples and on histopathologic material. The criteria for cytologic diagnosis include atypical mononuclear cells and diagnostic SR cells in the purulent exudate. This lesion is considered a possible pitfall in FNAB cytology of Hodgkin's disease.
Endoscopic biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis of malignant gastric ulcers
Authors: Moreno‐Otero Ricardo , Marrón Carmen , Cantero José , Pajares José M. , Martinez‐Raposo Alejandro
Published: February 2007

Endoscopy significantly improves the diagnosis of tumors of the stomach: however, its value may be limited in differentiating benign from malignant gastric ulcers (MGUs). The accuracy of endoscopy was compared in 20patients with MGU studied by endoscopy, biopsy, and cytology. Endoscopy correctly diagnosed 13 cases (65%), with endoscopic signs being benign or indeterminate in the remaining seven. However, all 20 MGUs were accurately diagnosed since biopsy and cytology increased the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy in the remaining seven patients. The combination of biopsy and cytology yielded a positive diagnosis in 19 patients (95%); the remaining patient was operated on with only the endoscopic diagnosis of MGU. The complementarity of these three techniques was highlighted in five cases where only one of the procedures unequivocally diagnosed malignancy. It is concluded that biopsy and cytology are useful complementary techniques and should always be performed together in categorizing the nature of all gastric ulcers despite a benign macroscopic appearance at endoscopy.
Cytologic evaluation of papanicolaou‐stained bone marrow aspirates
Authors: Berman Jules J. , McNeill Ruth E.
Published: February 2007

Aspirates obtained from bone marrow were prepared for routine Papanicolaou staining and screened by a cytologist. As a preliminary study, 100 consecutive bone marrow aspirations were examined. It was shown that metastatic carcinoma and primary bone marrow disorders (including leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and multiple myeloma) can be recognized on Papanicolaou‐stained marrow aspirates using the same cytologic criteria employed in the evaluation of cells from any site. Evaluation of bone marrow aspirates in the cytology laboratory is feasible and can be used to augment parallel services employing air‐dried Wright‐Giemsa‐stained specimens in the hematology laboratory.
Metastatic metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: Diagnosis by bronchial brush cytology
Authors: Selvaggi Suzanne M. , Kissner Dana , Qureshi Faisal
Published: February 2007

Metaplastic carcinoma of the female breast is an uncommon lesion that may metastasize to body sites. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary metastasis diagnosed on bronchial brush cytology. The patient presented with pulmonary symptomatology 1 yr and 3 mo after a left modified radical mastectomy for breast carcinoma. Bronchoscopic examination revealed an endobronchial lesion partially obstructing the bronchus intermedius. Bronchial brush cytology showed the presence of nonkeratinizing squamous tumor cells admixed with a few scattered clusters of tumor cells with glandular features. Histologic review of the original breast lesion showed a metaplastic carcinoma of the breast with a predominant squamous‐cell component. Accurate knowledge of a patient's clinical history is necessary to differentiate a second primary lesion from a metastatic one, particularly when the original lesion is so uncommon.
Angiosarcoma of the heart: pericardial fluid cytology
Authors: Randall Milton B. , Geisinger Kim R.
Published: February 2007

The unique cytomorphologic aspects of a cardiac angiosarcoma in pericardial fluid are presented. Smears and cell block preparations revealed clusters of malignant pleomorphic oval to spindle‐shaped cells concentrically layered about amorphous acellular cores. The cytologic findings were correlated with histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in the necropsy material.
Abc‐immunoperoxidase staining of cytologic preparations: Improvement of specificity
Authors: Zarbo Richard J. , Johnson Terri L. , Kini Sudha R.
Published: February 2007

Immunoperoxidase (IP) methods perfected on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues (FFPE) and then applied to aspirate smears may result in high background staining and, a significant number of false‐positive results. This is especially true if polyclonal primary antibodies are used or if aspirates and fluids contain a high interstitial or serum protein content. Because of a recurring problem with antiserum to alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), AFP was selected as the primary test antibody with which to evaluate our avidin‐biotin complex (ABC)‐IP method. The same method, with diaminobenzidine (DAB) or aminoethylcarbazole (AEC) chromogens, was performed on six types of cytologic preparations of a fresh liver specimen. The liver did not stain for AFP in FFPE and frozen tissue; therefore, it could be used to evaluate potential false‐positive staining of direct touch imprints, washed aspirate smears, and cytospins that were both air‐dried and alcohol‐carbowax‐fixed. Initial chromogen incubation times were standardized to give identical results on AFP‐positive fixed hepatoma and fetal liver controls. Cytologic preparations immunostained with ABC‐IP with AEC chromogen resulted in varying background and hepatocyte staining. In comparison, the ABC‐IP method using DAB chromogen resulted in no false‐positive results and a clean background. The ABC‐IP method with AEC standardized for sensitivity on a fixed tissue control required a markedly shortened chromogen incubation time to preclude significant false‐positive staining of cytology specimens. It appears that use of AEC chromogen for this antibody with incubation time standardized on a FFFE tissue control and then applied to cytologic preparations also amplifies nonspecific and background staining, contributing difficulty in assessing a true‐positive result. In contrast, the ABC‐IP method with DAB chromogen standardized on fixed tissues can be directly translated to various types of cytologic preparations. Knowledge of this pitfall should be especially useful in trouble‐shooting other immunoreactions since it is open difficult to obtain and store cytologic quality‐control materials for immunohistochemistry.
Psammoma bodies in fine‐needle aspiration cytology of papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung
Authors: Chen Karl T. K.
Published: February 2007

The fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of two cases of papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung is reported. Both cases showed psammoma bodies and papillary clusters of tumor cells in FNA specimens. Both tumors were resected and confirmed as primary papillary carcinoma of the lung by histologic examination and by clinicopathologic exclusion of the possibility of metastasis from other organs.
Matrix crystals in cytologic urine specimens
Authors: Zaharopoulos Paul , Wong Jick Y. , Wen Julie W.
Published: February 2007

Three cytologic urine specimens from separate patients seen over a period of 3 mo were prepared by the Papanicolaou method. They contained crystals (uric acid type in two and magnesium ammonium phosphate in one) that incorporated variable amounts of organic (mucoprotein) matrix; many appeared by light microscopy to be made exclusively of matrix. Scanning electron microscopy performed in one of the specimens containing uric acid crystals suggested that the matrix forms were in progressive stages of mineralization. These cases, plus a similar one reported recently by us, demonstrate that the detection by urine cytology of organic matrix incorporated in the structure of urinary crystals is not rare and that the Papanicofaou staining method facilitates such detection.
Cellular follicular cyst of the ovary: Fluid cytology mimicking malignancy
Authors: Stanley Michael W. , Horwitz Charles A. , Frable William J.
Published: February 2007

We report three ovarian cysts studied by aspiration cytology. The fluids obtained were highly cellular, with numerous groups of atypical cells featuring a high nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear hyperchromasia, and prominent nucleoli. In each case, these features were considered evidence of a low‐grade malignant neoplasm. All three patients underwent oophorectomy, which revealed benign follicular cysts. Possible means of resolving the diagnostic dilemma posed by these cellular follicular cysts are discussed.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of adrenal cryptococcosis: A case report
Authors: Powers Celeste N. , Rupp George M. , Maygarden Susan J. , Frable William J.
Published: February 2007

A case of adrenal cryptococcosis diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy cytology in a 58‐yr‐old man is presented. The organisms were easily seen with routine modified Wright stain (Diff‐Quik) as variably sized yeasts, some with a brightly eosinophilic capsule. The diagnosis was confirmed with mucicarmine and silver stains. The identification of fungi with routine cytologic stains allows a rapid presumptive diagnosis of the infectious agent, collection of material for confirmatory special stains, and prompt initiation of therapy.
Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy: Report of a case
Authors: Akhtar Mohammed , Bakry Mohammed , Qadri S. M. Hussain , Ali Muhammad Ashraf
Published: February 2007

A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy is presented. The cytologic smears revealed lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Large numbers of Leishmania organisms were present within the macrophages and in the intercellular spaces. Part of the material was used for a microbiologic culture, which revealed large numbers of promastigotes. These were studied by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy.
Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis in papanicolaou‐stained cervical smears: Control study by in situ hybridization
Authors: Ghirardini Carla , Ghinosi Patrizia , Raisi Orville , Rivasi Francesco , Trentini Gian Paoio
Published: February 2007

Ninety‐one Papanicolaou‐stained vaginopancervical smears were destained and subjected to in situ hybridization with Chlamydia trachomatis DNA probe. At cytologic examination (Pap test), 71 smears showed changes suggestive of chlamydial infection, while remaining 20 were negative. At the control by in situ hybridization, the results of Pap test were confirmed in 85 out of 91 cases, two false‐positive and four false‐negative cases being detected. The sensitivity and specifcity of Pap test, compared with in situ hybridization, were 95% and 89%, respectively. Like some recent reports, the present study confirms the reliability of Pap test in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and its possible relevant role in reducing the diffusion of the infection, when properly applied to mass‐screening program.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of alveolar soft‐part sarcoma
Authors: Shabb Nina , Sneige Nour , Fanning Christina V. , Dekmezian Roupen
Published: February 2007

Alveolar soft‐part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare soft‐tissue tumor. Few cases have been reported in the aspiration cytology literature. We discuss the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic features of ASPS in four patients. The smears were characterized by single cells and clusters of cells associated with thin‐walled vasculature, resulting in a distinct pseudoalveolar pattern. The cells had abundant granular cytoplasm and large round nuclei with prominent central nucleoli. Binucleated and occasional multinucleated cells were present. Numerous stripped tumor nuclei were a consistent feature. Periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive diastase‐resistant granules were demonstrable within the intact and fragmented cytoplasm. Electron microscopy of aspirated material identified granules and crystals with the characteristic lattice pattern. To conclude, the FNA cytologic features of ASPS are characteristic. Confirmation by special stains and electron microscopy of FNA material is possible. The differential diagnostic considerations include renal cell carcinoma, paraganglioma, granular cell tumor, clear cell sarcoma, and epithelioid sarcoma.
Occult thyroid cancer discovered by fine‐needle aspiration cytology of cervical lymph node: A report of three cases
Authors: Matsuda Minoru , Nagumo Sachiko , Koyama Hiroki , Wada Akira
Published: February 2007

Three cases of occult thyroid cancer measuring 10, 6, and 3 mm in diameter were discovered by fine‐needle aspiration cytology of cervical lymph nodes. In these three cases, thyroid tumors were not palpable, and scintigraphic, echographic, and sof‐tissue radiologic examinations demonstrated no abnormalities of the thyroid glands. Cytologically, the presence of intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, nuclear grooves, and colloid was characteristic in aspirated materials. Histologically, all three cases were diagnosed as papillary carcinoma. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of cervical lymph node was very useful to find occult carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
Usefulness of a near‐total fine‐needle aspiration biopsy retrieval method: A study of its use in 85 consecutive patients
Authors: Dekker Andrew , Reyna Etna L. , Fuhrman Carl
Published: February 2007

Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy may provide miniscule material for diagnosis. A method was devised to ensure optimal retrieval of the specimen. If performed in the manner described, at least four to five different samples from each case may be obtained. This includes a smear stained with the Papanicolaou and hematoxylin and eosin methods, a cell block preparation, and at least two cytocentrifuge specimens. In 85 cases in which the method was applied and subsequently analyzed, we found the cell block and Papanicolaou‐stained smears to be most effective for diagnosis, whereas the cytocentrifuge method was much less effective. The sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 100%, respectively.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology and the diagnosis of neoplasms in the pediatric age group
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Glasgow Ben , Ostrzega Nora , Reynolds C. Patrick
Published: February 2007

Sixty‐six aspirates obtained from 63 pediatric patients clinically suspected of having small cell malignancies were studied by a variety of techniques to determine the accuracy and utility of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of small round‐cell neoplasms (SRCN) of childhood. FNA correctly identified all 47 SRCNs as malignant and gave a correct specific diagnosis in 81% of the cases. No false‐positive diagnoses of malignancy occurred in this series. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and cell culture performed on FNA material were found to be useful aids in the diperential diagnosis of these tumors. The cytologic appearances and differential diagnoses of these neoplasms are discussed.
Diagnostic utility of fine‐needle sampling without aspiration: A prospective study
Authors: Rajasekhar Angajala , Sundaram Challa , Chowdhary Thomas , Charanpal Motupalli , Ratnakar K. S.
Published: February 2007

Fine‐needle sampling without aspiration (FNS) was done in 100 consecutive patients with 109 palpable masses. Its effciency in obtaining adequate material is compared with conventional fineneedle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and found to be 80% with either method. FNS shows a diagnostic accuracy that correlates well with FNAC and histopathology. Malignant lesions are sampled more easily. Anatomic site has no influence on the yield. Most of the negative cases are small swellings, less than 1.5 cm in diameter. It is more cost effective than FNAC. Trauma to the tissues and the resultant artifacts are less. It is relatively painless and can safely be applied to many areas, including some sensitive sites.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of cysticercosis presenting as palpable nodules
Authors: Rajwanshi A. , Radhika S. , Das A. , Jayaram N. , Banerjee C. K.
Published: February 2007

The cytologic findings in the fine‐needle aspirate of 30 cases of cysticercosis presenting as palpable nodules are described. Essential for a diagnosis are identification of parasitic fragments. These include bluish fibrillary structures sometimes with honeycombing, tegument of parasite thrown into rounded wavy folds, and scolex with hooklets and hyaline membrane surrounding it. The inflammatory reaction consisted of eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, histiocytes, epithelioid cells, and giant cells in varying proportions.
Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in aseptic meningitis: Cytomorphic and lmmunocytochemical features
Authors: Ross Jeffrey S. , Magro Cynthia , Szyfelbein Wanda , Sorensen Susan
Published: February 2007

We report five cases of aseptic meningitis presenting with high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)cell counts (260‐600 cells/cmm) and mononuclear pleocytosis, suggesting the diagnosis of CNS malignant lymphoma. In four of five cases a reactive background of small lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils was seen. Immunocytochemical studies in all five cases revealed that 100% of the lymphoid cells were T‐cells. Three of four cases evaluated for lymphocyte subsets displayed a CD4 to CD8 ratio of 3:1. In the fourth case the CD4:CD8 was 1 to greater than 10; this patient was subsequently proven to have AIDS with HIV meningitis. In this study the cytologic features of the benign atypical lymphoid pleocytosis of aseptic meningitis in contrast to malignant lymphomas in CSF specimens included small or indistinct nucleolus, regular perinucleolar area, smaller widely separated chromatin aggregates, generally ample cytoplasm with perinuclear clearing and polyclonal T‐cell immunophenotype.
A model for quantitative follow‐up studies of cervical lesions
Authors: Zeppa P. , Van der Poel H. G. , Boon M. E. , Kok L. P. , Kurniawan A. N.
Published: February 2007

A model for follow‐up studies of cervical lesions is described in which the specimen were taken in a noninvasive way using Cytobrushes and in which automatic measurement of the abnormal nuclei in the sampled epithelial fragments was possible because 2‐μm thin Feulgen‐stained plastic sections were prepared. The planimetric parameters AREA, PERIMETER, FORM PE, and FORM ELL, and the densitometric parameters optical density (OD) and integrated optical density (IOD) were assessed. The mean total volume and the mean total DNA were calculated using stereological methods. The moderate dysplasias differed from the carcinoma in situs for all the densitometric parameters except for OD, and from the invasive carcinomas for IOD and 5cER. In the moderate‐dysplasia group, there were three types of DNA histograms: a highly abnormal type resembling the histograms of the carcinoma group, a normal type, and an intermediate type. Changes in DNA histograms can be established during follow‐up studies of dysplasias without having disturbed the lesion due to the efficient and elegant noninvasive sampling method that was not used in earlier quantitative studies.
Diagnostic correlation of fiberoptic bronchoscopic biopsy and bronchoscopic cytology performed simultaneously
Authors: Naryshkin Sonya , Daniels Joan , Young Nancy A.
Published: February 2007

The reliability of bronchoscopic cytology relative to biopsy is controversial. Some still consider biopsy the definitive procedure. Comparative studies are few and limited in scope. Therefore, we compared simultaneously obtained biopsies and cytologies for 224 cases. One hundred and sixty‐six cases (74.6%) correlated completely. Forty‐four cases (19.6%) did not correlate and cytology was diagnostic in 24 of these. Biopsy was diagnostic in sarcoidosis and vasculitis, whereas cytology only excluded the presence of neoplasm or infection. In 14 cases (5.8%), biopsy and cytology showed pathologic changes, but one or the other was more definitive. Rarely, the 2 techniques provided complementary information. A specific diagnosis was obtained more often from the combination of cytology and biopsy than from either alone. However, when biopsy is contraindicated it is reassuring that cytology usually yields the same information as biopsy, and can detect neoplastic and infectious diseases when the biopsy is non‐diagnostic. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superficial and deep‐seated tuberculous lesions: Fine‐needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of 574 cases
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Bhambhani Suresh , Pant Jiwa N. , Parkash Suraj , Murthy N. S. , Hedau Suresh T. , Sodhani Pushpa , Pant Chandra S.
Published: February 2007

Over a period of 2 yr (1987‐1988), FNA smears in 574 cases were found to have cytologic features suggestive of or consistent with tuberculous lesions. The age of the patients ranged from 6 mo to 75 ye, with a median of 24 yr. The male to female ratio was 273:301. Sites of FNA were superficial lymph nodes (SLN) in 440 (76.7 percent) cases, superficial extranodal sites (SENS) in 50 (8.7 percent), both SLN and SENS in 7 (1.2%), the thoracic cavity in 16 (2.8%), and the abdominal cavity in 61 (10.6%). Cytologic features were described under 3 major cytologic patterns, i.e., type I: epithelioid granuloma without necrosis, type II: epithelioid granuloma with necrosis, type III: necrosis without epithelioid granuloma. Type I, II, and III reactions were observed in 181 (31.5%), 183 (31.9%), and 210 (36.6%) cases, respectively. The overall AFB positivity was 30.8%. The AFB positivities for type I, II, and III cytologic reactions were 5.4%, 32.0%, and 48.5%, respectively. The AFB positivity was tow (< 30.0%) in swellings of the body surface (23.8%) and abdominal organs (18.9%). High positivity (> 60.0%) was observed in lesions of the thorax (63.6%) and thyroid (62.5%). © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urothelial toxicity following conditioning therapy in bone marrow transplantation and bladder cancer: Morphologic and morphometric comparison by exfoliative urinary cytology
Authors: Stella Francesco , Battistelli Serafina , Marcheggiani Francesco , De Santis Maurizio , Donnorso Raffaele Perrone , Baronciani Donatella , Durazzi Suzy M. T. , Troccoli Rosario , Lucarelli Guido
Published: February 2007

Since cyclophosphamide and busulphan used for therapy of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can cause urothelial cell changes similar to those found in bladder cancer, comparative morphologic and morphometric urinary cytologic research was carried out, examining 812 urine samples taken from 121 patients undergoing BMT and 60 urine samples from 20 patients with bladder cancer. The morphological results showed some differences in the characteristics of the urinary sediment in urothelial toxicity caused by conditioning therapy in BMT and in bladder cancer; among these were background, cellularity, leukocytes, urothelial cell arrangement, cell shape and size, vacuolization, mitosis, and nucleoli. A comparative morphometric study was also carried out, showing differences regarding cell area, nuclear area and perimeter, and N/C ratio, especially between well‐differentiated bladder cancer and urothelial toxicity. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolated or phagocytosed miniature dyskeratotic cells in papilloma virus infection associated with cervical neoplasia
Authors: de Borges Rosa J. , Montes America
Published: February 2007

Dyskeratotic cells that occur in squamous cervical epithelium under certain abnormal conditions appear in cervical smears in sheets or aggregates, or as miniature cells, either isolated or phagocytosed. In order to determine the tissue correlates of such cells, 116 cervical biopsies with a histopathologic diagnosis of papillomavirus (HPV) infection were reviewed and compared to previous findings in cytological smears; the patients were 18‐65 yr of age. Eighty of the 116 cases had, in addition, cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia (CIN). A much higher number of miniature dyskeratotic cells was recorded in the biopsies from patients with both HPV and CIN types of lesions (76.3% of the biopsies had isolated miniature cells and 41.3% showed phagocytosed miniature cells), compared to those with only HPV infection (19.4% with isolated and 5.5% with phagocytosed miniature cells). In addition, in the HPV plus CIN patients, the more advanced the neoplastic lesion, the higher the percentage of cases in which both types of dyskeratocytes are observed. These highly keratinized isolated miniature cells are found in, and are considered to arise from, the deeper layers of the epithelium; when phagocytosed they appear in the center of a concentric arrangement of cells. These cells constitute a pathological entity that can be distinguished from the sheets and aggregates of dyskeratotic cells that come from the superficial layers of parakeratotic epithelia. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Fine‐needle cytology of an eccrine spiradenoma of the breast: Diagnosis made by a holistic approach
Authors: Madeleine M. C. , Bosch M. A. , Boon Mathilde E.
Published: February 2007

Eccrine spiradenoma is a rather rare adnexal tumor of the skin. When the clinical presentation is that of a breast neoplasm, diagnosis can be difficult. As cytology was a new procedure for this tumor, the approach of choice appeared to be a holistic one. The cytologic picture showed bland groups of uniformly sized cuboid cells with scant cytoplasm, round to ovoid nuclei, and inconspicuous nucleoli, while in the groups rosettelike structures could be discerned. Only by integrating the data of clinical history, inspection, palpation, reaction on breast puncture, and immunologic findings could the diagnosis be made.
Cytodiagnosis of lesions presenting as salivary gland swellings: A report of seven cases
Authors: Chan May K. M. , McGuire Lloyd J.
Published: February 2007

The cytologic and histologic findings of seven cases presenting clinically as salivary gland swellings are described. These included two cases of pilomatrixoma of skin in the parotid region, two cases of neurilemmoma in the submandibular area, a case of Kimura's disease in the peri‐mandibular gland lymphoid tissue, a case of Castleman's disease in intraparotid lymph node, and a case of branchial cleft cyst in the parotid region. It is important to recognize lesions that masquerade as salivary gland tumors so that misdiagnosis and overdiagnosis on smears can be avoided and the patients can be treated appropriately. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration biopsy cytology of papillary carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Nguyen Gia‐Khanh , Redburn Jim
Published: February 2007

The fine‐needle aspirates of two cases of noninfiltrating papillary carcinoma (PC) and three examples of early invasive PC of the breast were examined. In three cases in which the tumors displayed cuboidal or polygonal cells the aspirates showed papillalike clusters of tumor cells with relatively “strong” cellular cohesiveness. Single and small aggregates of tumor cells as well as hemosiderin‐laden or foamy macrophages were also present. Aspirates from the two PCs predominantly consisting of tall columnar epithelial cells revealed only monolayered and multilayered epithelial fragments with folding in one case. In the other case large epithelial fragments and small tight clusters of polygonal tumor cells were present. No bipolar nuclei of myoepithelial cells were identified in all cases. No specific cellular features permitting the differentiation between noninfiltrating and early invasive breast PCs were identified in this small series. Staining for carcinoembryonic antigen using the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique was performed on aspiration smears of three cases. It revealed a positive cytoplasmic reaction in two cases. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ovarian follicular cysts: A potential source of false positive diagnoses in ovarian cytology
Authors: Nuñez Carlos , Diaz Jose I. , Selvaggi Suzanne
Published: February 2007

The cytology samples of 22 benign ovarian cysts aspirated during laparoscopy (16) or laparotomy (6) were evaluated for clinicopathologic correlations. Clinically, most patients were evaluated for chronic pelvic pain. The cysts ranged in size from 1 to 5 cm (average 2.4 cm), and were described as having benign appearance. Cytologically, small granulosa cells arranged in clusters or isolated had granular cytoplasm with occasional microvacuoles. The nuclei were round to oval, uniform, and eccentrically placed. They had granular chromatin with chromocenters and one to two micronucleoli. Relative nuclear area averaged 50%. Mitoses were present in all but two cases, ranging from 0 to 38 mitoses per 10 high power fields (average 7.2 mitoses per 10 high power fields). Present in some cases were mesothelial cells and histiocytes. Three cases with follow‐up histopathology specimens revealed two follicular cysts and a collapsed cyst without discernible lining. The immature appearance of the granulosa cells, the granular chromatin, and the presence of mitoses often suggested cytologically the possibility of a neoplastic process. Recognition of the cytopathology features, knowledge of the clinical history, and the laparoscopic findings may reassure the pathologist about the benign nature of the cysts. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Should we report cervical smears lacking endocervical component as unsatisfactory?
Authors: Sidawy Mary K. , Tabbara Sana O. , Silverberg Steven G.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of the study is to correlate the accuracy of diagnosis of cervical smears with the presence/absence of an endocervical component. The referral smears and the smears obtained during colposcopic examination of 84 patients with biopsy‐proven squamous lesions were evaluated for the presence of an endocervical component, and the cytologic interpretations were compared with the histologic findings. Of the 136 smears containing an endocervical component, 111 (81.6 percent) had good correlation with histology and 25 (18.4%) showed a discrepancy. Of the 30 smears lacking an endocervical component, 24 (80%) had good histologic correlation and 6 (20%) were discrepant. Our data showed no significant difference in the detection of squamous lesions in those smears with an endocervical component from those without. We conclude that, although the presence or absence of an endocervical component should be documented in the cytology report, its absence should not be an indication to report the cervical smears as unsatisfactory. Diagn Cylopathol 1992;8:567‐570. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.