bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TILLAGE, PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION AND CROP ROTATION ON PEARL MILLET–COWPEA PRODUCTIVITY IN THE WEST-AFRICAN SAHEL
Authors: SUBBARAO G. V. , RENARD C. , PAYNE W. A. , BATIONO A.
Published: July 2002

The millet (Pennisetum glaucum)-based cropping systems that dominate the Sudano–Sahelian Zone of West Africa cannot, as they are currently practised, meet the growing food needs of the region. They must therefore be intensified in a sustainable manner. The present study was initiated in 1986 and continued until 1996 to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilization, tillage and rotation with sole cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on an operational scale with two cropping systems, namely, sole millet and millet–cowpea intercropping. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The effects of P fertilization, ridging with animal traction and planting on ridges (AT), and rotation with sole cowpea increased the productivity of millet substantially in 10 of the 11 years. Based on the 11-year average, P fertilization alone improved grain yield by 52%, and AT with P fertilization improved grain yield by nearly 135%. Combining AT, P fertilization and the sole cowpea rotation resulted in a 200% increase in grain yield compared with the traditional system of production. Millet productivity did not show a significant decline when intercropped with cowpea. Stability and relative stability analysis showed that the traditional system was more stable than the various agronomic packages, but had the least yield. Conversely, the agronomic package with the highest yield advantage over the traditional system was the least stable. A major portion of the annual variation in the environmental index for grain yield and total dry matter was attributed to the seasonal variation in rainfall and organic matter depletion. Organic matter levels declined linearly with years of cultivation. Significant differences were found in the rate of depletion between the various agronomic treatments tested. After 11 years, nearly 60% of the organic matter was depleted irrespective of the agronomic treatments.
THE ROLE OF PHOTOPERIOD IN DETERMINING SEASONAL YIELD VARIATION IN TEA
Authors: MATTHEWS R. B. , STEPHENS W.
Published: July 2002

Previously published data from two tea experiments in Tanzania and Malawi were re-analysed to identify factors responsible for the marked seasonal peaks and troughs of production observed at the two locations. Simulation modelling indicated that the influence of seasonal variations in temperature or photoperiod on shoot growth rates alone were not able to explain the occurrence of a large peak in September/October followed by smaller and progressively wider peaks in December, February and April in well-irrigated, well-fertilized tea at the two sites. Various mechanisms to explain these seasonal variations in yield are discussed, but it is concluded that the best explanation is the regulation of the numbers of shoots available for harvesting through the effect of photoperiod on shoot activity. The significant production peak normally obtained in September/October at both locations can then be explained by the release of a large number of buds from their resting state around the time of the winter solstice in June. Subsequent peaks are due to successive cohorts of shoots released from apical dominance when the preceding peak is harvested.
Sedimentation and volcanism linked to multiphase rifting in an Oligo-Miocene intra-arc basin, Anglona, Sardinia
Authors: SOWERBUTTS ALISON
Published: July 2002

Three extensional phases can be recognized in the northern, Anglona area of the Oligo-Miocene
Sardinian Rift during a fifteen million year period which spanned Corsica–Sardinia continental
microplate separation and Western Mediterranean back-arc basin opening. In response to this
multiphase rifting, a complex facies architecture involving clastic, carbonate and volcanic rocks developed.
Integrated onshore facies and structural analysis, dating and offshore seismic data are here used
to reconstruct the tectono-stratigraphic history of the Anglona area. Initial late Oligocene extension
created a half-graben geometry with syn-rift clastic deposits shed locally from fault-bounded highs,
passing laterally to lacustrine marlstones. Calc-alkaline volcanic activity subsequently predominated
as volcanic centres developed along one half-graben bounding fault. Voluminous pyroclastic and epiclastic
material was supplied to the adjacent half-graben accommodation space and was deposited in
marginal to marine conditions. Second-phase mid-Aquitanian–early Burdigalian extensional faulting,
recognized from localized clastic syn-rift stratal wedges, truncated and subdivided the half-graben.
The syn-rift sediments were sealed by a regionally correlated ignimbrite that in turn was offset by late
second-phase faulting. Third-phase extensional fault movement which reactivated the original fault
trend then occurred. A perched lake developed in the resultant topography coeval with the progressive
marine transgression of lower areas. As sea-level rose during mid-Burdigalian times, reefal carbonates
and grainstones developed on fault-block highs whilst calcarenites and marlstones were deposited
in hangingwall locations. Initial extension was coeval with the formation of the Sardinian proto-rift
and the initiation of the Western Mediterranean basin. Second-phase faulting occurred as the
Corsica–Sardinia microplate rotated to its present position during Western Mediterranean back-arc
basin spreading. Final extension can be correlated to a second major extension phase along the Oligo-Miocene
Sardinian Rift following back-arc basin opening, as extension was transferred towards the
fore-arc. In Anglona, the main influence of multiphase tectonism was on rift topography, providing
accommodation space and localized uplifted source areas. Varying relative sea-level mainly controlled
the broad types of facies belts that developed. Contemporaneous calc-alkaline volcanism played a
major role in the supply of basin filling material and in changing the topography locally.
Geophysical characteristics of the Tornquist Fan area,

northwest Trans-European Suture Zone: indication of late

Carboniferous to early Permian dextral transtension
Authors: THYBO HANS
Published: July 2002

The Tornquist Fan is a northwestward widening splay of late

Carboniferous–early Permian fault

zones in the region of Denmark emanating from the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone
in

northern Poland. The

crust–mantle boundary shows an undulating topography which correlates

with the main tectonic features of

the area. Zones of high average velocity through the consolidated crust
coincide

with pronounced positive

Bouguer gravity anomalies in the deep basins and in the border zone of
the

shield. Less pronounced, similar

correlation to gravity is found for the thickness of the lower crust, whereas

the thickness of the upper crust in

parts is inversely related to the gravity anomalies. Some magnetic anomalies

appear to be related to the gravity

anomalies. The positive features are interpreted as magmatic bodies that

formed during late

Carboniferous to early Permian transtensional movement along the faults
of

the Tornquist Fan, which

explains pull-apart structures in the area and the Ringkøbing-Fyn basement
High.

The magmatism has

strong implications for the subsequent formation of the regional Mesozoic

basins. Localized dextral strike-slip

movement on the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone became distributed over the Tornquist

Fan, which formed

part of the rigid Baltic Shield and was situated at the northwestern end
of

this major, long-reaching Central

European zone. As defined by late Cretaceous–early Tertiary

compressional inversion structures, the

Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone cuts across the Tornquist Fan area.
Thermochronological evidence for late Proterozoic (Vendian)

cooling in southwest Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Spitsbergen
Authors: MANECKI M. , HOLM D. K. , CZERNY J. , LUX D.
Published: July 2002

Two Proterozoic terranes with different metamorphic

histories are distinguished from geological

mapping in southwestern Wedel Jarlsberg Land: a northern

greenschist facies terrane and a southern amphibolite

facies terrane which has been overprinted by greenschist

facies metamorphism. To better characterize

the tectonothermal history of these terranes we have obtained

new 40Ar/39Ar mineral dates from

this area. A

muscovite separate from the northern terrane yielded a

Caledonian plateau age of 432±7 Ma. The southern

terrane yielded significantly older

40Ar/39Ar ages with three muscovite

plateau dates of 584±14 Ma,

575±15 Ma, and 459±9 Ma, a 484±5 Ma biotite

plateau date, and a 616±17 Ma hornblende plateau date.

The oldest thermochronological dates are over 300 Ma younger

than the age of amphibolite facies metamorphism

and therefore probably do not represent uplift-related cooling.

Instead, the Vendian dates correlate

well with a regionally widespread magmatic and

metamorphic/thermal resetting event recognized within

Caledonian complexes of northwestern Spitsbergen and

Nordaustlandet. The apparent Ordovician dates are

interpreted to represent partial resetting, suggesting that

late Caledonian greenschist facies overprinting of

the southern terrane was of variable intensity.
Occurrence of a sheeted dolerite dyke complex in the Ballantrae ophiolite,
Scotland
Authors: OLIVER G. J. H. , McALPINE R. R.
Published: July 2002

A sheeted dolerite dyke swarm has been discovered at Duniewick
Fort,
Ballantrae. It forms
part of the Early Ordovician Ballantrae Complex of Ayrshire, southwest
Scotland. Asymmetric
chilled margins, parallel to sub-parallel dykes and multiple dykes
(dykes within dykes) are found.
Although the mineralogy has been altered by metamorphism, the geochemistry
is comparable with
modern day back-arc marginal basin basalt. Cross-cutting sills have
the chemistry of within-plate
basalt. The regional geological setting suggests that an ophiolite
sequence has been dismembered and
incorporated into a serpentinite mélange. This is the first
description of a 100% sheeted dyke complex
(senso stricto) from the Ballantrae ophiolite.
FROM WORLD WAR TO COLD WAR: THE WARTIME ALLIANCE AND POST-WAR TRANSITIONS, 1941–1947
Authors: REYNOLDS DAVID
Published: July 2002

This review examines some of the recent British, American, and Russian scholarship on a series of important international transitions that occurred in the years around 1945. One is the shift of global leadership from Great Britain to the United States, in which, it is argued, the decisive moment was the fall of France in 1940. Another transition is the emergence of a wartime alliance between Britain and America, on the one hand, and the Soviet Union, on the other, followed by its disintegration into the Cold War. Here the opening of Soviet sources during the 1990s has provided new evidence, though not clear answers. To understand both of these transitions, however, it is necessary to move beyond diplomacy and strategy to look at the social, cultural, and economic dimensions of the Second World War. In particular, recent studies of American and Soviet soldiers during and after the conflict re-open the debate about Cold War ideology from the bottom up.
‘THE CRUELL PRESSURE OF AN ENRAGED, BARBAROUS PEOPLE’:

IRISH AND ENGLISH IDENTITY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY POLICY AND PROPAGANDA
Authors: NOONAN KATHLEEN M.
Published: July 2002

Seventeenth-century English men and women, caught in the upheaval
of the Civil War,
sought to understand what it was to be English and sought to grasp
England's proper role in the world.
One of the ways in which they did this was through their encounters
with other people. The Irish had
a long history of interaction with the English, but in the middle of
the seventeenth century their role
in defining Englishness became acute. Late Tudor and early Jacobean commentaries
on Ireland had
stressed the superiority of English culture while acknowledging some
virtues of Ireland and its people
that would make it amenable to beneficial transformation by the English.

In the middle of the century,
occasioned by the events of the 1641 uprising, this ameliorative view
of the Irish gave way to the view
that English and Irish were incompatible. Earlier studies have emphasized

the role of religion in the
discordant relationship between the two peoples in the seventeenth
century. This essay maintains that
the shift in attitude had as much to do with ethnicity as it did with
religion and considers the central
role of John Temple and his treatise The Irish rebellion in changing

English attitudes on both a
national and local level. The study suggests that Temple's view
became the dominant one for more than
200 years because of the demographic changes within the Irish community
in London and puritan
concerns about a godly community that occurred at the time Temple set forth
his ideas.
FATE, FACTION, AND FICTION IN FOXE'S BOOK OF MARTYRS
Authors: FREEMAN THOMAS S.
Published: July 2002

The tales of divine judgements on sinners which are found throughout John Foxe's
famous martyrology, the Acts and monuments, and also collected in a concluding appendix to the
work, have often been dismissed as the products of gossip, while Foxe's printing of them has been
traditionally regarded as an idiosyncratic, but ultimately insignificant, aberration in his historical
writing. After examining the sources for two of these stories of providential punishment, this article
will argue that some of the anecdotes of divine retribution printed in Acts and monuments were sent
to Foxe in pursuit of local feuds and private grievances, arising from personal hatreds and prospects
of material gain as well as religious conflict. After examining the changes made to these stories in the
different editions of Acts and monuments, this article will maintain that such providential stories
were central, rather than marginal, features of Foxe's work and thought. It is hoped that this article
will offer a fresh perspective on Foxe's editorial practices, on the accuracy of Acts and monuments
and also on the conflicting objectives of Foxe and his informants.
ROBERT D. MCCHESNEY, Kabul under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising (Princeton, N.J.: Marcus Weiner, 1999). Pp. 319. $49.95 cloth, $25.95 paper.
Authors: Canfield Robert L.
Published: July 2002

The year 1929 was a particularly disruptive period for the city of Kabul (perhaps the only comparable time was when the mujahedin fought over it in the 1990s). In January of that year, under pressure from a band of Tajik rebels who entered Kabul almost unopposed, the ruler of Afghanistan, Amir Aman Allah, abdicated his throne and fled the capital. The man who occupied his office was a former soldier-turned-highwayman from the village of Kalakân some twenty miles north of Kabul. He was named Habib Allah (and is so called throughout the work under review), but he is better remembered by the epithet “Bacha-i Saqqaw,” or “Water Carrier's Son,” his father having once served in that role for the military. A Tajik, he was the first non-Pushtun to occupy the throne since the birth of Afghanistan in the 18th century. He would hold it for only nine months.
IMPERIAL CONCERNS AND ‘WOMEN'S AFFAIRS’:
STATE EFFORTS TO REGULATE CLITORIDECTOMY
AND ERADICATE ABORTION IN MERU, KENYA, c. 1910–1950
Authors: THOMAS LYNN M.
Published: July 2002

During the colonial period, European officers undertook a series
of
campaigns in conjunction with African officials to regulate the severity
of
clitoridectomy and to alter the timing of female initiation in Meru, Kenya.
While their efforts to ban the more drastic forms of clitoridectomy contributed
to the government's stated objective of gradually eliminating the
practice, this anti-clitoridectomy stance was compromised by their parallel
efforts to enforce female initiation at an earlier age in order to combat
abortion. Officers attributed the apparently high prevalence of abortion
in
Meru to the late age at which clitoridectomy took place. Whereas in other
areas of central Kenya female initiation took place prior to puberty, in
Meru,
it was a pre-nuptial rite. Officers observed that as ‘custom’
prohibited
uninitiated females from bearing children, unexcised girls who became
pregnant most often obtained abortions. To eliminate the possibility of
a girl
being sexually mature but unexcised, administrators enforced measures
requiring girls to be excised before puberty.
Optimum plant populations for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in a mixture with cassava (Manihot esculenta) and its relevance to rainy season-based cropping systems in south-western Nigeria
Authors: OLASANTAN F. O.
Published: July 2002

Experiments were conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the optimum plant population density for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) sown in monoculture or intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta). The crops were sown as late and early season crops in 1997 and 1998. Okra was sown at varied spacings to achieve final plant densities of 25000, 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in both monoculture and mixed stands. Intercropping had no significant effect on okra phenology (time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting). However, it significantly reduced weed growth by 25–45% and nematode infection in okra by 36%, and kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 3·0–4·4°C and more moist by 5–10g/kg, compared with monoculture. The durations of vegetative and reproductive growth and the weed-control ability of okra in both cropping systems were influenced by population density. Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha took the longest time to reach specific phenological stages, controlled weeds best and gave the highest fresh pod yields in both seasons. There was little increase in pod yields between 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in mixed stands in late season sown crops. The growth and tuber yield of cassava were not significantly affected by intercropping and okra population density.

The growth of okra and cassava were better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system. This appears to have been due mainly to the effect of temperature and rainfall differences between the seasons. The substantial variation in the weather during the two seasons also had greater effect in monoculture than mixed stands. It is concluded that when rainfall is limiting, okra could be intercropped with cassava using population density up to 35000 plants/ha to allow the vegetable to develop and to maximize pod yield under the relatively dry conditions. The optimum target suggested is 50000–60000 plants/ha during the wet periods.
Characterization and agronomic value of Italian

landraces of lucerne (Medicago sativa)
Authors: RUSSI L. , FALCINELLI M.
Published: July 2002

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is the most common forage

species in the world. In Italy it is grown on

c. 1 million ha and is one of the most important crops for

restoring soil fertility and for low-input

agriculture. Landraces are still common (73% of the seed market) and 14

are registered in the

National Register of Varieties. However, by 2002, landraces will be removed

from the Register, seed

certification will terminate and seed marketing will be forbidden. The

collection, agronomic

evaluation and characterization of farmer-landraces, still widespread in

central Italy, were the

objectives of the present work, particularly of the most important

morphological and physiological

characters useful for their identification. From 1993 to 1995, 20

landraces were evaluated for dry

matter and seed yield in dense stands, and compared with Casalina, a

local landrace, Boreal, an

improved variety, and Italia Centrale, the registered landrace from central

Italy. From 1992 to 1994,

six landraces were evaluated as spaced plants and 48 morphophysiological

characters were recorded.

Several landraces, not differing from the local control, were

significantly more productive than

Boreal. Univariate analysis of variance indicated that although

differences were found in several

characters, they could not be used to distinguish between populations.

Discriminant analysis was

more powerful, and five landraces out of six were clearly distinguished,

with an average of correct

classification of individuals in the group of origin as high as 82%.

The ex situ and in situ conservation of lucerne landraces,

their potential role in future breeding

programmes, and the most important characters to be used in discriminant

analysis in the

landrace/variety characterization of allogamous species in

Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium are discussed.
Integration of nitrate cover crops into sugarbeet

(Beta vulgaris) rotations. I. Management and

effectiveness of nitrate cover crops
Authors: ALLISON M. F. , ARMSTRONG M. J. , JAGGARD K. W. , TODD A. D.
Published: July 2002

Between 1989 and 1993, 17 experiments tested the

effect of cover crop species, sowing date and

destruction date on cover crop dry matter (DM) yield, N

uptake and on soil mineral nitrogen (SMN)

content. All the experiments were carried out in Suffolk,

Norfolk, Lincolnshire and Yorkshire on

sandy-loam textured soils after crops of cereals or

oilseed rape had been harvested. The largest DM

yields were obtained with early sowings and averaged

1·6 t/ha. Cover crop N uptake was less

dependent upon sowing date and averaged 35 kg N/ha.

The average reduction in SMN was from 46

to 32 kg N/ha. Differences between cover crop species

were small when compared with season/site variations.

Cereal cover crop DM yields were closely related to the

thermal time accumulated from the first

significant rainfall after sowing, whilst the yields of

non-cereal cover crops were more affected by the

moisture content of the soil at sowing. The amount of

SMN in the soil at sowing had little or no effect

on cover crop yield. The yields of cereal cover crops were

much more predictable than those of non-cereal cover

crops. Water usage by cover crops was estimated to be

20 mm/t DM and large cover

crops delayed the onset of leaching and reduced the

amount of water leached. However, even in dry

autumns and winters, soils are likely to reach field

capacity before the following beet crop is sown.

Due to their large C[ratio ]N ratio (20[ratio ]1) little

N would be mineralized after cover crop destruction. Cover

crops comprising volunteer cereals and weeds often

performed as well as the other cover crops and

in most cases will be the most cost-effective cover crops.
A comparative study of nitrate leaching from
intensively managed monoculture grass and
grass–clover pastures
Authors: HOODA P. S. , MOYNAGH M. , SVOBODA I. F. , ANDERSON H. A.
Published: July 2002

Nitrate leaching losses from intensively managed monoculture grass
and grass–clover pastures were
measured during 1994–96 at a long-term experimental farm in south-west
Scotland. Field-size
lysimeter plots were established in 1993 on the existing pastures on a
silty clay loam non-calcareous
gley. No fertilizer-N was applied to the grass–clover, while the
monoculture grass was fertilized with
c. 240 kg N ha−1 year−1, but
both swards received 2–3 cattle
slurry applications annually
(120–390 kg total N ha−1 year−1).

The pastures supported 2–3 cuts for silage conservation, and were

grazed by dairy cattle and stocked with sheep during the winter months.

Initially, leachate nitrate concentrations from the fertilized grass

were considerably larger than
those from the clover-based pasture, but became similar with time. The

annual nitrate leaching losses
from the grass–clover (24–38 kg NO3-N ha−1)

were less than that from the monoculture grass
(30–45 kg NO3-N ha−1), but the
differences were not large considering the additional fertilizer-N
applied to the latter treatment. Results also suggested that greater leaching
losses occur during a
warmer, drier year, compared to a cooler, wetter year, regardless of the
source of N-input.
Measurement of the acid neutralizing capacity of
agroforestry tree prunings added to tropical soils
Authors: WONG M. T. F. , GIBBS P. , NORTCLIFF S. , SWIFT R. S.
Published: July 2002

Laboratory incubation in the UK of an Oxisol from Burundi and an Ultisol from Cameroon with
3·1% by weight of prunings of young shoots of Calliandra calothyrsus, Cassia siamea, Flemingia
congesta, Grevillea robusta, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena diversifolia and Leucaena leucocephala
resulted in increased soil pH and decreased exchangeable aluminium content. The greatest increase
in pH and corresponding decrease in exchangeable aluminium occurred during the first 14 days of
incubation and the decrease continued at a slower rate until 42 days incubation. The acid neutralizing
effect decreased after 42 days but was still important at the last sampling time at 98 days. Polyphenol
to nitrogen ratio was not well correlated with observed change in soil pH whereas the total base cation
(calcium, magnesium and potassium) content proved to be a good predictor of these changes in the
Ultisol, but not in the Oxisol. The proposed mechanism giving rise to acid neutralization is
complexation of protons and aluminium by organic anions. The total base cation content of the
prunings ranged from 0·94 to 2·25 molc/kg and the buffer capacity of the Oxisol was 48 mmol
OH−/pH/kg.
Leaching and mobility of carbofuran from granular
and alginate controlled release formulations
Authors: MAREI A. S. , SOLTAN H. R. , MOUSA A. , KHAMIS A.
Published: July 2002

Controlled release (CR) formulations can significantly influence the fate of carbofuran in the
environment. The influence of three alginate-encapsulated CR formulations compared with the
granular formulation (G10%) on the mobility of carbofuran in sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam
soil was investigated. In flooded soil the leaching potential of the three alginate controlled release
formulations tested was decreased more than nine times (not more than 3%) compared with the
G10% (28%). Most of the released carbofuran was confined to the top 0–5 cm of the soil column
followed by the second 5–10 cm layer and the least was found in the fourth section (15–20 cm). The
data obtained for a sandy loam soil irrigated by drip irrigation showed that the greatest proportion
of carbofuran leached through the columns was from the G10% (52%) compared with 3–4% from
CR formulations over a 30-day period. The carbofuran concentrations found in different soil depths
showed similar trends to those for the flooded soil. Based on the residue levels recorded within the
20 cm depth, the relative retention ratio of carbofuran in sandy clay loam versus sandy loam soil was
1·2[ratio ]1 for the controlled release formulations and 1·9[ratio ]1 for the G10%.
THE ETHNIC MINORITIES OF SOUTHERN ITALY AND SICILY: RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH SURNAMES
Authors: VIENNA A. , GARCIA J. A. PEÑA , MASCIE-TAYLOR C. G. N. , BIONDI G.
Published: July 2002

Surnames of grandparents were collected from children in the primary schools of the Albanian–Italian, Croat–Italian and Greek–Italian villages of southern Italy and Sicily. The coefficients of relationships by isonymy show almost no relationship with ethnicity. Ethnolinguistic minorities of southern Italy and Sicily are geographically subdivided into two main clusters: the first cluster comprises the Albanian, Croat and Greek communities of the Adriatic area; and the second cluster comprises the Albanian and Greek communities of the Ionian, Thirrenian and Sicilian areas.
EFFECTS OF COUPLES' CHARACTERISTICS ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICA: THE GHANAIAN EXAMPLE
Authors: OHENEBA-SAKYI YAW , TAKYI BAFFOUR K.
Published: July 2002

Using data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, this
study examines couples' demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in the
context of their attitudes towards family planning, and the impact of these
factors on the use of contraceptives. The characteristics of the husbands and
their influence on wives' behaviour illustrate the role of intra-household
relations between men and women and their effect on fertility-related
behaviour in patriarchal African societies.
IMPACT OF MIGRATION, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS ON BLOOD PRESSURE OF SIKHS
Authors: SINGH L. P. , KAUR B.
Published: July 2002

This study documents the impact of migration, environment and caste on the blood pressure of Sikhs living in the UK and their peers in the native Punjab state of India. A sample of 449 adult Sikhs, males and females, were studied in the Punjab state, and in Southall, in the Ealing borough of London and Handsworth in Birmingham in the UK. There is minor variation in the blood pressure of members of various castes among the Sikhs living in the Punjab. The pattern in blood pressure broadly corresponds with the economic status of the individuals, with well-off groups showing higher blood pressure compared to the poorer groups. The blood pressure of migrants, though higher than that of their sedente peers, is not significantly so. Age at arrival in the UK and the length of exposure to the new environment were generally not significantly related to variation in blood pressure. There seems to be a secular shift in the blood pressure values of the native Punjabi Sikhs compared to earlier studies, possibly because of the rise in civic disturbances and social unrest in the Punjab during recent years.
Primary structure of κ-casein isolated from mares' milk
Authors: IAMETTI STEFANIA , TEDESCHI GABRIELLA , OUNGRE EMANUELA , BONOMI FRANCESCO
Published: July 2002

In this work the purification and the complete primary structure of
κ-casein from equine milk are reported for the first time. Mares' milk casein was
separated by RP-HPLC into four fractions. Complete primary sequence was
obtained by sequence analysis of the protein in the fastest eluting peak isolated by
chromatography. This sequence was 95% identical to that reported for the C-terminal
portion of the zebras' κ-casein and showed high similarity with κ-caseins
from sources other than Equidae, confirming that this protein was indeed κ-casein in
equine milk. The presence of post-translational modifications in equine κ-casein was
investigated by mass spectroscopy, after enzymic dephosphorylation. Two main
components were found, the smaller component being more abundant. Equine
κ-casein was recognized by a lectin specific for one of the glucosidic bonds in the
saccharide moiety of bovine κ-casein. Sequence comparison with prevision studies
showed that the distribution of charged and hydrophobic regions in equine κ-casein
was similar, but not identical, to that found in the bovine protein; these regions are
associated with the role of κ-casein in the formation and stabilization of the micellar
structure of casein in milk.
Differential effects of retinoids on proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells in collagen gel culture
Authors: PURUP STIG , JENSEN SØREN KROGH , SEJRSEN KRIS
Published: July 2002

The effects of increasing concentrations of retinol, retinal and retinoic acid on proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells were investigated in collagen gel cultures. All retinoids significantly inhibited proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. The relative inhibitory potency of the retinoids was: retinoic acid > retinal > retinol. Maximal inhibition at 10 μg/ml corresponded to a 75–95% inhibition of proliferation obtained in basal medium. Retinol, retinal and retinoic acid also inhibited proliferation of cells growth-stimulated with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Retinoids in highest concentrations (10 μg/ml) inhibited 68–85% of proliferation of cells obtained in culture medium containing 25 ng IGF-I/ml. Retinol and retinoic acid also inhibited proliferation of cells growth-stimulated by insulin and other growth factors from the IGF growth factor family (des(1-3)IGF-I and IGF-II), as well as growth factors from the epidermal growth factor family (EGF and TGF-α), with retinoic acid being more effective than retinol. At a concentration of 100 ng/ml, retinol and retinoic acid inhibited respectively 24–38 and 44–52% of mammary cell proliferation stimulated by growth factors of the IGF family, and at 10000 ng/ml, 61–71% of cell proliferation was inhibited. The growth-stimulating effect of insulin, EGF and TGF-α was inhibited 42–64% by retinol and retinoic acid at 100 ng/ml, and 64–84% at 10000 ng/ml. The present results show that retinol, retinal and retinoic acid are potent inhibitors of bovine mammary epithelial cell proliferation. It is suggested that retinoids may have concentration-dependent roles in regulation of pubertal mammary growth and development, indicating that the milk yield potential of heifers may be affected by vitamin A status.
Compressible magnetoconvection in three dimensions: pattern formation in a strongly stratified layer
Authors: RUCKLIDGE A. M. , WEISS N. O. , BROWNJOHN D. P. , MATTHEWS P. C. , PROCTOR M. R. E.
Published: July 2002

The interaction between magnetic fields and convection is interesting both because
of its astrophysical importance and because the nonlinear Lorentz force leads to an
especially rich variety of behaviour. We present several sets of computational results
for magnetoconvection in a square box, with periodic lateral boundary conditions, that
show transitions from steady convection with an ordered planform through a regime
with intermittent bursts to complicated spatiotemporal behaviour. The constraints
imposed by the square lattice are relaxed as the aspect ratio is increased. In wide
boxes we find a new regime, in which regions with strong fields are separated from
regions with vigorous convection. We show also how considerations of symmetry and
associated group theory can be used to explain the nature of these transitions and
the sequence in which the relevant bifurcations occur.
On the density waves developed in gravity channel flows of granular materials
Authors: WANG CHI-HWA , TONG ZIQUAN
Published: July 2002

This paper provides insight to the transient development of density waves generated in
gravity-driven flows of granular materials. The evolution of three modes of dominant
linear instabilities (predicted in a previous work by Wang, Jackson & Sundaresan
1997) is examined by FFT analysis. For the first symmetric density wave (SDW1)
mode, the evolution is governed by the linear instability. The second symmetric
density wave (SDW2) mode undergoes a few stages of temporal development; as a
result, large particle clusters gradually degenerate into a series of smaller clusters in
the flow direction. For the anti-symmetric (ASDW) mode, the corresponding particle
distribution shows significant development in the direction perpendicular to the flow.
The present study indicates that the wall roughness may affect the structure of the
density waves, but these density waves need not be triggered by the wall roughness.
All the three modes of instabilities reported in this work are of inertial nature and
occur only when the particle–particle collisions are significantly inelastic.
The effect of compressibility on turbulent shear flow: a

rapid-distortion-theory and direct-numerical-simulation study
Authors: SIMONE A. , COLEMAN G.N. , CAMBON C.
Published: July 2002

The influence of compressibility upon the structure of

homogeneous sheared turbulence is investigated. For the case in which

the rate of shear is much larger than the rate of nonlinear

interactions of the turbulence, the modification caused by

compressibility to the amplification of turbulent kinetic energy by

the mean shear is found to be primarily reflected in

pressure–strain correlations and related to the anisotropy of

the Reynolds stress tensor, rather than in explicit dilatational

terms such as the pressure–dilatation correlation or the

dilatational dissipation. The central role of a ‘distortion

Mach number’ Md = 

S[lscr ]/a, where S is the mean strain or

shear rate, [lscr ] a lengthscale of energetic structures, and

a the sonic speed, is demonstrated. This parameter has

appeared in previous rapid-distortion-theory (RDT) and

direct-numerical-simulation (DNS) studies; in order to generalize the

previous analyses, the quasi-isentropic compressible RDT equations

are numerically solved for homogeneous turbulence subjected to

spherical (isotropic) compression, one-dimensional (axial)

compression and pure shear. For pure-shear flow at finite Mach

number, the RDT results display qualitatively different behaviour at

large and small non-dimensional times St: when

St < 4 the kinetic energy growth rate increases

as the distortion Mach number increases; for

St > 4 the inverse occurs,

which is consistent with the frequently observed tendency for

compressibility to stabilize a turbulent shear flow. This

‘crossover’ behaviour, which is not present when the mean

distortion is irrotational, is due to the kinematic distortion and

the mean-shear-induced linear coupling of the dilatational and

solenoidal fields. The relevance of the RDT is illustrated by

comparison to the recent DNS results of Sarkar (1995), as well as new

DNS data, both of which were obtained by solving the fully nonlinear

compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The linear

quasi-isentropic RDT and nonlinear non-isentropic DNS solutions are

in good general agreement over a wide range of parameters; this

agreement gives new insight into the stabilizing and destabilizing

effects of compressibility, and reveals the extent to which linear

processes are responsible for modifying the structure of compressible

turbulence.
On the long-wave instability of natural-convection

boundary layers
Authors: DANIELS P. G. , PATTERSON JOHN C.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the stability of the one-dimensional boundary

layer generated by

sudden heating of an infinite vertical wall. A quasi-steady approximation
is used to

analyse the asymptotic form of the lower branch of the neutral curve, corresponding

to disturbances of wavelength much greater than the boundary-layer width.
This leads

to predictions of the critical wavenumber for neutral stability and the
maximum

phase speed of the travelling waves. Results are obtained for a range of

Prandtl numbers and

are compared with solutions of the full stability equations and with numerical

simulations and experimental observations of cavity flows driven by sudden

heating of the sidewalls.
Instabilities of fully developed rapid flow of a

granular material in a channel
Authors: WANG CHI-HWA , JACKSON R. , SUNDARESAN S.
Published: July 2002

The equations of motion for ‘rapid’ flow of a

granular material have fully developed

solutions representing flow driven by a body force, such as gravity, along
a channel

bounded by plane parallel walls. The stability of these solutions to

small perturbations

is investigated. For given properties of the particles and the

channel walls it is found

that the condition of critical stability is a relation between the

mean concentration

of the particles and the width of the channel. When the base

state is unstable the fastest

growing modes are travelling waves propagating in the axial direction

and these induce

characteristic patterns of variations in particle concentration,

as well as velocity. These

instabilities are contrasted with those found for Couette shearing in an
earlier

publication.
Taylor–Couette flow with axial oscillations of the
inner cylinder: Floquet analysis of the basic flow
Authors: MARQUES F. , LOPEZ J. M.
Published: July 2002

The linear stability of the flow in the annular gap between
two infinitely long cylinders,
driven by the constant rotation and harmonic oscillation in the
axial direction of the
inner cylinder, is analysed using Floquet theory. Closed form solutions
for the basic
flow are derived, both with and without the presence of endwalls. Recent
experiments
and theory using the narrow gap approximation have shown that the axial
oscillations
significantly stabilize the flow with respect to centrifugal
instabilities. However, the
agreement has only been qualitative. The present analysis reproduces the
experimental
results to well within experimental uncertainty. We have identified
the major source of discrepency with the previous theory to be due to the
lack of
global endwall effects
enforcing a net zero axial mass flux. Analysis of the basic flow indicates
that the
stabilization is primarily due to waves of azimuthal vorticity propagating
inwards
from the cylinder boundary layers due to the axial oscillations.
Stochastic nonlinear shoaling of directional spectra
Authors: AGNON Y. , SHEREMET A.
Published: July 2002

We derive a deterministic directional shoaling model and a stochastic

directional

shoaling model for a gravity surface wave field, valid for a beach with

parallel depth

contours accounting for refraction and nonlinear quadratic (three wave)
interactions.

A new phenomenon of non-resonant spectral evolution arises due to the medium

inhomogeneity. The kernels of the kinetic equation depend on the bathymetry
through

an integral operator. Preliminary tests carried out on laboratory data
for a

unidirectional case indicate that the stochastic model also works rather
well

beyond the region

where the waves may be regarded as nearly Gaussian. The limit of its applicability

is decided by the dispersivity of the medium (relative to the nonlinearity).
Good

agreement with both laboratory data and the underlying deterministic model
is found

up to a value of about 1.5 for the spectral peak Ursell number. Beyond
that only the

deterministic model matches the measurements.
Instability of hypersonic flow over a cone
Authors: SEDDOUGUI SHARON O. , BASSOM ANDREW P.
Published: July 2002

The linear stability analysis of hypersonic flow over a sharp slender

cone with an attached shock is described. Attention is focused on the viscous

modes of instability

which may be described by a triple-deck structure. The situation in which
both the

effect of the shock and the influence of curvature are important is considered
in the

weak-interaction region. Both neutral and non-neutral solutions are presented
for

both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric disturbances. The results obtained
suggest

that the effect of curvature on the stability of hypersonic flow is

significant when the attached shock is taken into account.
Surface-wave generation by gusty wind
Authors: MILES JOHN , IERLEY GLENN
Published: July 2002

Nikolayeva & Tsimring's (1986) collisionless Boltzmann
model for surface-wave
generation by a slowly fluctuating wind U(z, t)

is transformed to an equivalent steady flow in which the wind speed in
the reference
frame of the wave (of speed c) is given by
V(z)=〈(U−c)−2〉

−1/2, where 〈 〉 signifies a Gaussian average.
This leads to a
Sturm–Liouville equation for the Gaussian-averaged, complex amplitude
of the
wave-induced pressure. The wind-to-wave energy transfer for a logarithmic
wind profile with
the mean friction velocity κŪ1
(κ=Kármán's constant), the standard deviation

δŪ1, and the roughness length
z0=ΩŪ21/g

is determined as a function of the parameters δ
and Ω (Charnock's constant) through numerical integration of
a Riccati equation
(derived from the Sturm–Liouville equation). The energy transfer
exceeds that
predicted by the quasi-laminar model (Miles 1957; Conte & Miles 1959)
by as much
as 20–30% for δ≈1 and c (wave speed)[lsim ]6Ū1

but is decreased for c[gsim ]8Ū1 and
may
be negative for sufficiently large c/Ū1.

These predictions contrast with the order-of-magnitude increase
predicted by Nikolayeva & Tsimring.
Co-rotating stationary states and vertical
alignment of geostrophic vortices with thin cores
Authors: SUTYRIN GEORGI G. , McWILLIAMS JAMES C. , SARAVANAN R.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the evolution of nearby like-sign vortices whose

centres are at different
vertical levels in a stably stratified rotating fluid. We employ two differently
singularized
representations of the potential vorticity distribution in the quasi-geostrophic

equations (QG), in order to elucidate the pair-interaction behaviour previously
seen
in non-singular QG numerical solutions. The first is an analytically tractable
conservative
(Hamiltonian) elliptical-moment model (EM) for thin-core vortices, which

exhibits a regime of very strong horizontal elongation of a vortex in response
to the
strain induced by its partner. We interpret this as an early evolutionary
stage towards
the irreversible dissipative merger and alignment interactions. This interpretation

is strengthened by weakly dissipative numerical solutions of a thin-core
contour-dynamics
model (CD), which exhibit even further progress towards the completion

of these vortex interactions in the same regime.

In the EM model we classify the co-rotating stationary states which exist
always
for vertically offset thin-core vortices. However, the mutual strain field
among the
vortices cannot be balanced by co-rotation in a weakly elongated stationary
state for
a certain class of neighbouring, but substantially non-aligned, vortex
configurations,
and our interpretive assumption is that such configurations will rapidly
evolve in
non-singular QG solutions towards a more aligned configuration through
significantly
non-conservative reorganizations of the potential vorticity field. Both
the EM and CD
models show qualitatively similar regime boundaries between evolutions
with weakly
and strongly deformed vortices. In particular, there is a fairly close
correspondence
between the occurrence of strong vortex elongation in the EM solutions
and significant
filamentation and splitting in the CD solutions.
The stress singularity in surfactant-driven
thin-film flows. Part 1. Viscous effects
Authors: JENSEN O. E. , HALPERN D.
Published: July 2002

The leading edge of a localized, insoluble surfactant monolayer,
advancing under
the action of surface-tension gradients over the free surface of a thin,
viscous, fluid
layer, behaves locally like a rigid plate. Since lubrication theory fails
to capture the
integrable stress singularity at the monolayer tip, so overestimating the
monolayer
length, we investigate the quasi-steady two-dimensional Stokes flow near
the tip,
assuming that surface tension or gravity keeps the free surface locally
at. Wiener–Hopf
and matched-eigenfunction methods are used to compute the ‘stick-slip’
flow
when the singularity is present; a boundary-element method is used to explore
the
nonlinear regularizing effects of weak ‘contaminant’
surfactant or surface diffusion.
In the limit in which gravity strongly suppresses film deformations, a
spreading
monolayer drives an unsteady return flow (governed by a nonlinear diffusion
equation)
beneath most of the monolayer, and a series of weak vortices in the fluid
ahead of
the tip. As contaminant or surface diffusion increase in strength, they
smooth the tip
singularity over short lengthscales, eliminate the local stress maximum
and ultimately
destroy the vortices. The theory is readily extended to cases in which
the film deforms
freely over long lengthscales. Limitations of conventional thin-film approximations

are discussed.
Bounds for heat transport in a porous layer
Authors: DOERING CHARLES R. , CONSTANTIN PETER
Published: July 2002

Bounds on convective heat transport in a porous layer heated from
below are derived
using the background field variational method (Constantin &
Doering 1995a, b, 1996;
Doering & Constantin 1992, 1994, 1996; Nicodemus, Holthaus & Grossmann
1997a)
based on the technique introduced by Hopf (1941). We consider the infinite

Prandtl–Darcy number model in three spatial dimensions, and additionally
the finite
Prandtl–Darcy number equations in two spatial dimensions, relevant
for the related
Hele-Shaw problem. The background field method is interpreted as a rigorous

implementation of heuristic marginal stability concepts producing rigorous
limits on
the time-averaged convective heat transport, i.e. the Nusselt
number Nu, as a function
of the Rayleigh number Ra. The best upper bound derived here,
although not
uniformly optimal, matches the exact value of Nu up to and immediately
above the
onset of convection with asymptotic behaviour,
Nu[les ]9/256Ra as Ra→∞, exhibiting
the
Howard–Malkus–Kolmogorov–Spiegel scaling anticipated
by classical scaling and
marginally stable boundary layer arguments. The relationship between these
results
and previous works of the same title (Busse & Joseph 1972; Gupta &
Joseph 1973) is
discussed.