bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unpacking the prevalence: A warning against overstating the recently narrowed gap for Black autistic youth
Authors: Fannin Danai Kasambira , Williams Ed‐Dee G. , Fuller Marcus , Pearson Jamie N. , Boyd Brian A. , Drame Elizabeth R. , Taylor Jonte' , Dickerson Aisha S. , Spinks‐Franklin Adiaha , Coles‐White D' Jaris
Published: May 2024

Recent findings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network's 2020 prevalence report indicate that disparities in autism diagnoses between Black and White youth have narrowed, reflecting improved screening, awareness, and access to services (Maenner et al., 2023. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 72, 1–14.). Claims of reducing disparities beyond prevalence rates, however, are not fully supported, as indicated by the reality that Black youth whose screenings indicate autistic traits are still not being referred for full evaluation or early intervention services at the same rate as their White peers (Major et al., 2020. Autism, 24, 1629–1638; Smith et al., 2020. Pediatrics, 145, S35–S46.). Black 8‐year‐olds identified as autistic still experience disparate educational placements (Waitoller et al., 2010. The Journal of Special Education. 44, 29–49.) where services may not be autism‐specific or have Individual Education Plan goals only focused on “behavior problems” (Severini et al., 2018. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 3261–3272.), are served in the most restrictive environments (Skiba et al., 2006. Exceptional Children, 72, 411–424.) and lack consistent augmentative and alternative communication support (Pope et al., 2022. American Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology, 31, 2159–2174.). Additionally, ADMM researchers report consistent disparities in the identification of co‐occurring intellectual disability where Black autistic children have significantly more co‐occurrences than White autistic children. The purpose of this commentary is to first examine the assertion that the narrowed gap indicates, “…improved…access to services among historically underserved groups,” (p. 9) (Maenner et al., 2023. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 72, 1–14.). We will then recommend strategies to address the ongoing disparities.
Probing the Origin of Overpotential for Sodium‐Oxygen Batteries with Distribution of Relaxation Time
Authors: Ma Dejing , Chen Juan , Yu Fengjiao , Chen Yuhui
Published: May 2024

Sodium‐oxygen batteries are emerging as new battery systems. Deep understanding of the origin of overpotential and the kinetic process in sodium‐oxygen batteries remain challenging yet critical. We apply a method of distribution of relaxation time (DRT) to decipher the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), allowing us to monitor the changes of different kinetic processes during the discharging and charging. The origin of the overpotential in a battery was further comprehensively investigated combining DRT analysis with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, Raman and other characterizations. Overpotential is found to primarily stem from oxygen mass transport during discharging, and from poor solid‐solid contact at the electrode surface during charging. Our work demonstrates the study of kinetic processes using DRT analysis, and suggests effective ways to improve the performances of sodium‐oxygen batteries.
Improving critical thinking skills of preservice chemistry teachers through integrated biochemistry course
Authors: Wahyudi Andi , Ariyani Yusinta Dwi
Published: May 2024

Many studies have reported various interventions to increase critical thinking, but very few studies have examined the impact of learning in classrooms and laboratories. This study aimed to find a learning pattern (practice to theory or theory to practice) in improving students' critical thinking skills (CTs). Pre and posttest nonequivalent group design was employed in this study. Eighty preservice chemistry teachers divided 40 students in experimental class 1 and 40 in experimental class 2. A test of enzyme‐CTs was developed to measure student CTs before and after the intervention. The result showed that integrated biochemistry courses could improve students' CTs. An independent sample t‐test was employed, and the result showed a significant difference N‐gain students' CTs between experimental classes 1 and 2 (p = 0.018). It indicates that the pattern of developing CTs from practice to theory is better than theory to practice. The research result can be taken into consideration for placing biochemistry theory and biochemistry practicum in the same semester for the chemistry or chemistry education curriculum. Students can find concepts independently in practical activities and develop them in theoretical activities. Further research should analyze the discriminant factors that differentiate between students in experimental classes 1 and 2.
Circular economy business models as progressive business models: Evidence from circular start‐ups
Authors: De Angelis Roberta
Published: May 2024

The transition towards the circular economy—viewed as a holistic solution to meet the sustainable development goals—requires the crucial engagement of the corporate sector, and thereby, radically new business models. Whilst academic literature abounds of tools classifying and categorising circular business models, comparatively little is known in terms of how exactly they look like in the corporate context. Drawing on case studies of small, British circular start‐ups, this article illustrates the characteristics of circular business models and their fit with progressive business models, which are conceptualised as serving nature, future generations, and society, while maintaining financial profitability. This article also highlights how circular business models contribute to competitive advantage and the distinctive challenges met in implementation. As a result, this research contributes to the scant academic literature exploring circular business models implementation, particularly within the context of start‐ups and SMEs.
Gelsolin knockdown confers radiosensitivity to glioblastoma cells
Authors: Gao Dezhi , Jiang Tao , Liu Yanwei
Published: May 2024

Objective

Radiotherapy (RT) is a cornerstone of the glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. However, the resistance of tumour cells to radiation results in early recurrence. The mechanisms underlying GBM radioresistance remain unclear. Screening for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to radiation might be a potential solution to this problem.

Method

RT‐associated DEGs were screened based on the RNA sequencing of 15 paired primary and recurrent GBMs. The mRNA and protein expression of candidate genes were validated in RNA sequencing of The Chinese Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset and 18 cases of GBM samples. The relationship between the candidate gene and radiation was confirmed in irradiated GBM cells. The association of candidate gene with clinical characteristics and survival was investigated in the CGGA and TCGA dataset. Biological function and pathway analysis were explored by gene ontology analysis. The association of the candidate gene with radiosensitivity was verified using cell counting Kit‐8, comet, and colony formation assays in vitro and subcutaneous tumour xenograft experiments in vivo.

Results

Gelsolin (GSN) was selected for further study. GSN expression was significant elevated in recurrent GBM and up‐regulated in irradiated GBM cell lines. High expression of GSN was enriched in malignant phenotype of glioma. Moreover, high expression of GSN was associated with poor prognosis. Further investigation demonstrated that GSN‐knockdown (GSN‐KD) combined with RT significantly inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced radiosensitivity in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, GSN‐KD could lead to more serious DNA damage and promotes apoptosis after RT.

Conclusion

Radiation induced up‐regulated of GSN. GSN‐KD could enhance the radiosensitivity of GBM.
The Polysaccharides from Pinellia ternata and Their Derivatives: Preparation, Structure Characteristics, and Activities in Vitro
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐liang , Guo Zheng‐lei , Qi Kai‐li , Zhou Qing‐song , Liu Yan‐mei , Xiong Li‐xia , Zhang Jing , Zhang Ji , Zhang Wei‐jie
Published: May 2024

Three polysaccharides, PTC, PTH, and PTB, were extracted from Pinellia ternata using three different extraction conditions: room temperature water, hot water, and 2 % Na2CO3 solution. PTC and PTH were composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, and arabinose, which combine to form complex structures. PTB was composed solely of glucose and rhamnose. Further analysis indicated that PTC and PTB exhibited triple‐helix structures. PTC showed the highest scavenging capacity against DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1004.1, 1584.1, and 1584.1 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, PTC, PTH, and PTB were subjected to sulfation, phosphorylation, and selenization, resulting in the production of nine derivates. The distinctive absorptive bands of these derivates were determined through infrared spectroscopy. Selenized and sulfated derivates have shown significant antitumor and immunoenhancing properties. Our findings revealed that at 400 μg/mL, the inhibition rate of selenated PTB on HeLa cells was 54.2 % and that on HepG2 cells was 43.1 %. Additionally, selenized PTC displayed significant immunoenhancing activity, with a proliferation rate of 63.7 % at 400 μg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. These results provide valuable evidence supporting the consideration of polysaccharides from Pinellia ternata as a potential candidate for the development of antineoplastic drugs.
IKZF2 Degradation: It′s Time to Take into Account it When Designing Cereblon‐Based PROTACs
Authors: Li Minglei
Published: May 2024

Proteolysis‐targeting chimera (PROTAC) has become a very important means of protein degradation and a new way of disease treatment. In particular, PROTACs constructed with ligands for E3 ligase cereblon account for more than 90 % of the PROTACs currently in clinical research. Notably, CRBN ligands themselves are a class of molecular glue compounds capable of degrading neo‐substrate proteins. Compared to the target proteins degradation, the degradation of neo‐substrates, especially IKZF2, has not received enough attention. Therefore, this review summarizes the currently published IKZF2 degraders derived from articles and patents, which are conducive to the design of PROTACs with desired IKZF2 degradation from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.
Effect of variety, growing location and year on composition, certain antinutritional factors, and functionality of faba beans (Vicia faba) grown in Canada
Authors: Fenn Dora , Wang Ning , Maximiuk Lisa
Published: May 2024

Background and Objectives

Faba bean is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. It serves as a staple food in Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean region. Faba bean production in Canada has recently increased due to the interest in sustainable plant‐based proteins. Identifying faba bean varieties that can grow across different environments and provide good quality, nutrition, and functionality is important. This study aimed to determine the effect of variety, growing location, and year on the composition, certain anti‐nutrients, and functionality of the faba bean varieties grown in Canada.

Findings

Variety, growing location, and year had significant effects on the protein content, crude fat, ash, phytic acid, stachyose, verbascose, trypsin inhibitor activity, and functional properties of faba beans, including oil emulsion and water holding capacity. Starch content, total dietary fiber, and least gelling concentration were significantly affected by variety and growing location, whereas raffinose, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity, and stability were significantly affected by variety and growing year. Significant interactions of variety, growing location, and year were observed for most characteristics. Environment played a greater role in affecting faba bean characteristics than variety except for starch content, total dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and foaming stability.

Conclusions

It was found that varietal and environmental factors affected each trait differently. Selecting suitable varieties and growing conditions would improve the quality of faba bean.

Significance and Novelty

Information from this study will be useful to breeders, growers, and food manufacturers to improve the production and utilization of faba beans.
Delayed metastatic endometrial carcinoma mimicking primary colon adenocarcinoma: A surprise histopathological finding
Authors: Foong Hui Yuan , Blundell Jian , Law Cameron , Warner Ross
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide, with an increasing incidence. Colonic metastasis is a rare occurrence; thus, misdiagnosis is common. Immunohistochemistry facilitates accurate diagnosis and subsequent management.

Most cancers in the colon are primary colorectal cancers, however metastasis from another primary is possible, albeit rare. Endometrial cancer metastasis to the colon is a rare occurrence and is only described in a handful of cases. We describe a rare case of metastatic endometrial cancer in the colon presenting 5 years post radical hysterectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy in a 62‐year‐old female. She presented with a 1‐week history of right upper quadrant pain, with no other associated symptoms. She was presumed to have a primary colorectal cancer based on her colonoscopy and CT findings; later proven otherwise by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Endometrial cancer metastasis to the colon is rare, thus misdiagnosis can easily occur. Currently, there are 6 similar cases reported in the literature, all occurring in the absence of colorectal endometriosis. This case illustrates the relative importance of considering colon as a potential site for metastasis of endometrial cancer and the utility of IHC in aiding diagnosis and guiding further management.
Duodenal stricture secondary to IgG4‐related chronic sclerosing duodenitis—A case report with review of the literature
Authors: Anns Khizer Masroor , Salar Musa , Salar Hashim , Khan Faheemullah , Memon Wasim Ahmed , Aman Muhammad , Zafar Uffan , Minhas Khurram , Zafar Hasnain , Shahid Jehanzeb
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

This case highlights the importance of a definite diagnosis of an IgG4‐related chronic sclerosing duodenitis based on histological and radiological findings to rule out any malignancy in the mass. While dealing with patients having concentric duodenal thickening resulting in stricture formation, one should think of inflammatory etiology as well. IgG4‐related disease is one of these inflammatory disorders where we see soft tissue thickening without a large mass or any associated lymphadenopathy as in our case.

Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) is distinguished as an infiltration of IgG‐4‐positive plasmacytes involving inflammatory lesions across multiple organs which is accompanied by raised IgG4 levels in the serum. Several inflammatory disorders are recognized as part of the IgG4‐RD family based on shared histopathological features, which include Mikulicz's disease, chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, or Riedel's thyroiditis. Our case highlights a distinctive presentation of IgG4‐related diseases; a 58‐year‐old man presenting with duodenal stricture highly suspicious of a duodenal mass/ampullary mass later found to be due to IgG4‐related sclerosing duodenitis with negative malignancy on biopsy. We present the diagnostic challenges faced and relevant findings noted.
An uncommon presentation of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS‐1)—A case report
Authors: Alrufaidi Ali M. , Alnashery Mohammed Mosa , Alghanimi Ageel Ahmad , Elmansor Rash Elamin Ahmed , Ghazy Ramy Mohamed
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS‐1) is a rare disorder defined by the presence of at least two of the following conditions: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), chronic hypoparathyroidism, and Addison's syndrome. Despite the lack of CMC and autoimmune history, APS‐1 can be diagnosed using genetic testing.

We present the case of a 28‐year‐old female patient with a history of hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism since the age of 2 years. She presented to the endocrine clinic with hypogonadism, primary amenorrhea, and primary ovarian insufficiency. Addison's disease was eventually diagnosed, despite a negative Synacthen test. The adrenal crisis required intravenous hydrocortisone therapy. No CMC was documented, and there was no family history of such conditions. The diagnosis of APS‐1 was confirmed by genetic testing, revealing homozygous pathogenic variants of the autoimmune regulator gene. Management included oral calcium and calcitriol and oral hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone for Addison's disease. Hormonal induction of secondary sexual characteristics was initiated. The patient received combined oral estrogen and progesterone pills. This case highlights the critical significance of early recognition, thorough evaluation, and tailored treatment for patients with APS‐1 to enhance their quality of life and mitigate potentially life‐threatening complications. This underscores the importance of screening for associated minor autoimmune diseases as part of a holistic approach to care.
LncRNA Snhg12/IGFBP3 axis is involved in liver fibrosis by promoting the proliferation and activation of mouse hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Liao Jingmao , Yuan Qi , Luo Lidan , Hu Xiaoxuan , Li Zhengzheng , Zhang Zheng
Published: May 2024

Liver fibrosis is a persistent damage repair response triggered by various injury factors, which leads to an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix within liver tissue samples. The current clinical treatment of liver fibrosis is currently ineffective; therefore, elucidating the mechanism of liver fibrogenesis is of significant importance. Herein, the function and related mechanisms of lncRNA Snhg12 within hepatic fibrosis were investigated. Snhg12 expression was shown to be increased in mouse hepatic fibrotic tissue samples, and Snhg12 knockdown suppressed hepatic pathological injury and down‐regulated the expression levels of fibrosis‐associated proteins. Mechanistically, Snhg12 played a role in the early activation of mouse hepatic stellate cells (mHSCs) based on bioinformatics analysis, and Snhg12 was positively correlated with Igfbp3 expression. Further experimental results demonstrated that Snhg12 knockdown impeded mHSCs proliferation and activation and also downregulated the protein expression of Igfbp3. Snhg12 could interact with IGFBP3 and boost its protein stability, and overexpression of Igfbp3 partially reversed the inhibition of mHSCsproliferation and activation by the knockdown of Snhg12. In conclusion, LncRNA Snhg12 mediates liver fibrosis by targeting IGFBP3 and promoting its protein stability, thereby promoting mHSC proliferation and activation. Snhg12 has been identified as an underlying target for treating liver fibrosis.
Research Progress on Energy Storage and Anode Protection of Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Battery
Authors: Liu Shaoyang , Li Shuaijie , Li Yu
Published: May 2024

With the advantages of high energy density, abundant resources and environmental friendliness, Aqueous Zinc‐ion Batteries (AZIBs) are considered as one of the promising new energy systems. However, its practical application is limited by the problems of irregular dendrite growth and interfacial side reaction in zinc anode. In view of the above problems, relevant researchers have given solutions such as the construction of artificial protective layer and the regulation of substrate structure. This paper summarizes the relevant literatures in order to help the future research of zinc‐ion batteries.
Research progress on electronic and active site engineering of cobalt‐based electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: He Chuansheng , Yang Linlin , Wang Jia , Wang Tingting , Ju Jian , Lu Yizhong , Chen Wei
Published: May 2024

Electrocatalytic water splitting has been identified as a potential candidate for producing clean hydrogen energy with zero carbon emission. However, the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction on the anode side of the water‐splitting device significantly hinders its practical applications. Generally, the efficiency of oxygen evolution processes depends greatly on the availability of cost‐effective catalysts with high activity and selectivity. In recent years, extensive theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that cobalt (Co)‐based nanomaterials, especially low‐dimensional Co‐based nanomaterials with a huge specific surface area and abundant unsaturated active sites, have emerged as versatile electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions, and thus, great progress has been made in the rational design and synthesis of Co‐based nanomaterials for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reactions. Considering the remarkable progress in this area, in this timely review, we highlight the most recent developments in Co‐based nanomaterials relating to their dimensional control, defect regulation (conductivity), electronic structure regulation, and so forth. Furthermore, a brief conclusion about recent progress achieved in oxygen evolution on Co‐based nanomaterials, as well as an outlook on future research challenges, is given.
Joint cationic and anionic redox chemistry in a vanadium oxide cathode for zinc batteries achieving high energy density
Authors: Wang Wenfeng , Zhang Lu , Duan Zeang , Li Ruyue , Zhao Jiajin , Tang Longteng , Sui Yiming , Qi Yadi , Han Shumin , Fang Chong , Wang Desong , Ji Xiulei
Published: May 2024

Rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries are promising for large‐scale energy storage due to their low cost and high safety; however, their energy density has reached the ceiling based on conventional cathodes with a single cationic redox reaction mechanism. Herein, a highly reversible cathode of typical layered vanadium oxide is reported, which operates on both the cationic redox couple of V5+/V3+ accompanied by the Zn2+ storage and the anionic O–/O2– redox couple by anion hosting in an aqueous deep eutectic solvent electrolyte. The reversible oxygen redox delivers an additional capacity of ∼100 mAh g–1 at an operating voltage of ∼1.80 V, which increases the energy density of the cathode by ∼36%, endowing the cathode system a record high energy density of ∼506 Wh kg–1. The findings highlight new opportunities for the design of high‐energy zinc batteries with both Zn2+ and anions as charge carriers.
Risk versus Benefit of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Payo‐Serafín Tania , Méndez‐Blanco Carolina , Fernández‐Palanca Paula , Martínez‐Geijo Jennifer , Reviejo María , Ortiz‐de‐Urbina Juan José , González‐Gallego Javier , Marin Jose J. G. , Mauriz José L. , San‐Miguel Beatriz
Published: May 2024

Although the treatment landscape has rapidly evolved over the last years, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers. With recent advances, both immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)‐based chemotherapy constitute the standard treatment for advanced HCC. A systematic search of randomized clinical trials employing TKIs was performed in 17 databases, obtaining 25 studies evaluating the prognosis, tumor response, and presence of adverse events (AEs) related to TKIs in HCC. Overall effect sizes were estimated for the hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), either extracted or calculated with the Parmar method, employing STATA 16. Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi‐square‐based Q‐test and inconsistency (I2) statistic; source of heterogeneity by meta‐regression and subgroup analysis; and publication bias by funnel plot asymmetry and Egger's test. The research protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023397263). Meta‐analysis revealed a correlation between survival and tumor response parameters and TKI treatment vs. placebo, despite detecting high heterogeneity. Combined TKI treatment showed a significantly better objective response rate (ORR) with no heterogeneity, whereas publication bias was only detected with time to progression (TTP). Few gastrointestinal and neurological disorders were associated with TKI treatment vs. placebo or with combined treatment. However, a higher number of serious AEs were related to TKI treatment vs. sorafenib alone. Results show positive clinical benefits from TKI treatment, supporting the approval and maintenance of TKI‐based therapy for advanced HCC, while establishing appropriate strategies to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity.
Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene for Sequestration of Aquatic Pollutants
Authors: Madhu Swedha , MacKenzie Jayden , Grewal Kuljeet Singh , Farooque Aitazaz A. , Koleilat Ghada I. , Selopal Gurpreet Singh
Published: May 2024

The rapid expansion of industrialization has resulted in the release of multiple ecological contaminants in gaseous, liquid, and solid forms, which pose significant environmental risks to many different ecosystems. The efficient and cost‐effective removal of these environmental pollutants has attracted global attention. This growing concern has prompted the synthesis and optimization of nanomaterials and their application as potential pollutant removal. In this context, MXene is considered an outstanding photocatalytic candidate due to its unique physicochemical and mechanical properties, which include high specific surface area, physiological compatibility, and robust electrodynamics. This review highlights recent advances in shaping titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXenes, emphasizing the importance of termination groups to boost photoactivity and product selectivity, with a primary focus on engineering aspects. First, a broad overview of Ti3C2Tx MXene is provided, delving into its catalytic properties and the formation of surface termination groups to establish a comprehensive understanding of its fundamental catalytic structure. Subsequently, the effects of engineering the morphology of Ti3C2Tx MXene into different structures, such as two‐dimensional (2D) accordion‐like forms, monolayers, hierarchies, quantum dots, and nanotubes. Finally, a concise overview of the removal of different environmental pollutants is presented, and the forthcoming challenges, along with their prospective outlooks, are delineated.
Enhanced Fill Factor and Efficiency of Ternary Organic Solar Cells by a New Asymmetric Non‐Fullerene Small Molecule Acceptor
Authors: Wang Kun , Gao Jingshun , Wang Huiyan , Guo Qing , Zhang Jianqi , Guo Xia , Zhang Maojie
Published: May 2024

Asymmetric non‐fullerene small molecules acceptor (as‐NF‐SMAs) exhibit greater vitality in photovoltaic materials compared to their symmetric counterparts due to their larger dipole moments and stronger intermolecular interactions, which facilitate exciton dissociation and charge transmission in organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, we introduced a new as‐NF‐SMAs, named IDT‐TNIC, as the third component in ternary organic solar cells (TOSCs). The asymmetric IDT‐TNIC used indacenodithiophene (IDT) as the central core, alkylthio‐thiophene as a unilateral π‐bridge and extended end groups as electron‐withdrawing. Due to the non‐covalent conformational lock (NCL) established between O⋅⋅⋅S and S⋅⋅⋅S, the IDT‐TNIC molecule preserves its coplanar structure effectively. Furthermore, IDT‐TNIC exhibits complementary absorption and excellent compatibility with donor and acceptor materials, as well as optimized ladder energy level arrangement, resulting in a higher and more balanced μh/μe value, more homogeneous and suitable phase separation morphology in TOSCs. Thus, the PCE of the TOSCs reached 17 % when the weight ratio of PM6 : Y6 : IDT‐TNIC was 1 : 1.1 : 0.1, and it is noteworthy that when the device area was increased to 1 cm2, the PCE could still be maintained at over 14 %. Detailed studies and analysis indicate that IDT‐TNIC has great potential as a third component in OSCs and for large‐scale printing in the future.
Catalysis for Carbon‐Circularity: Emerging Concepts and Role of Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Centi Gabriele , Liu Yuefeng , Perathoner Siglinda
Published: May 2024

Carbon circularity is crucial for achieving a circular economy but has wider implications and impacts with respect to the circularity of materials. It has an in‐depth transformative effect on the economy. CO2 recycling is a critical component for this objective, with catalysis and inorganic chemistry playing a determining role in achieving this challenge. This concept paper presents some examples, as food for thought, of unconventional aspects in developing thermal and electro/photocatalysts for recycling CO2. The aspects discussed regard designing novel materials for CO2 thermo‐ or electro‐conversion and developing novel nanostructured electrodes.
Hybrid grasshopper and Harris hawk optimization algorithm‐based energy efficient routing protocol for extending network lifetime in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kodati Sarangam , Dhasaratham Meghavath , Kishor Bodla , Narayana Garlapati
Published: May 2024

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), routing based on cluster construction is highly preferred as it greatly supports reliable data communication, load balancing, and fault tolerance with extended network lifetime. In specific, metaheuristic approach‐based dynamic cluster heads (CHs) selection has the possibility of enhancing the lifespan of network and at the same time is capable in reducing the energy consumption. In this paper, hybrid grasshopper and Harris hawk optimization algorithm‐based energy efficient routing protocol (HGHHOA) is propounded for optimal CH selection. This proposed HGHHOA approach adopted a fitness function that incorporated the factors of residual energy, distance between CH and cluster members, distance between selected CHs and the sink, node centrality, and node degree into account. The fitness function values of optimality facilitate a potential CH selection with significant cost‐effective routing. It is proposed with primary objective of improving the network lifespan through optimized selection of CHs that balances the available energy in a predominant way. It is proposed with significance of handling premature convergence with minimized energy consumption and network lifetime through the possibility of establishing an ideal balance between number of alive and dead nodes. The results of this proposed HGHHOA approach with varying rounds of implementation exhibited better results in throughput and residual energy which is 23.98% and 29.21%, better than the bassline CH selection mechanisms.
Appendicitis after endoscopic band ligation for massive ileocecal hemorrhage
Authors: Sato Hiroto , Yamamoto Yu , Kaizuka Akira , Ohtaki Yu , Toda Makoto , Fujishima Shoichiro , Shirahata Nakao , Ae Ryusuke , Kanno Takeshi
Published: May 2024

A 68‐year‐old man was admitted with hematochezia. Emergency computed tomography showed multiple diverticula throughout the colon. Initial colonoscopy on day 2 showed no active bleeding, but massive hematochezia on day 3 led to the performance of an emergency endoscopy. Substantial bleeding in the ileocecal area obscured the visual field, making it challenging to view the area around the bleeding site. Two endoscopic band ligations (EBLs) were applied at the suspected bleeding sites. Hemostasis was achieved without active bleeding after EBL. However, the patient developed lower right abdominal pain and fever (39.4°C) on day 6. Urgent computed tomography revealed appendiceal inflammation, necessitating emergency open ileocecal resection for acute appendicitis. Pathological examination confirmed acute phlegmonous appendicitis, with EBLs noted at the appendiceal orifice and on the anal side. This case illustrates the efficacy of EBL in managing colonic diverticular bleeding. However, it also highlights the risk of appendicitis due to EBL in cases of ileocecal hemorrhage exacerbated by poor visibility due to substantial bleeding. Endoscopists need to consider this rare but important complication when performing EBL in similar situations.
Numerical study of plasma behavior in a disk‐shaped noble gas MHD generator
Authors: Kimsor Ork , Okuno Yoshihiro
Published: May 2024

Plasma behavior in cesium‐seeded argon (Ar/Cs) and xenon‐seeded argon (Ar/Xe) disk‐shaped MHD generators are compared under almost the same working conditions using r‐θ two‐dimensional simulation. For both working gases, uniform plasma occurs at the optimum load resistance, and the power outputs are the same under an identical inlet ionization degree. For Ar/Cs, plasma is stable and uniform in the range of electron temperature of 4300–5800 K basically according to the linear perturbation theory. In the actual plasma in the MHD generator, however, the uniform plasma still can be maintained even at higher electron temperatures due to the low three‐body recombination coefficient of Ar. For Ar/Xe, on the other hand, uniform plasma is maintained when the characteristic time of the electron number density is longer than the residence time of the working gas where the electron temperature is around 4300–8600 K, even though unstable plasma is suggested from the linear perturbation theory.
Phytoplankton species and traits response to a gradient of urbanization in subtropical lowland streams
Authors: Frau Diego , Pineda Alfonso
Published: May 2024

Lotic environments are among the most vulnerable aquatic ecosystems, and changes occurring in them happen faster than our capacity to measure the impacts, with the choice of community attributes that best reflect these disturbances still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the response of phytoplankton species and species traits along a gradient of urbanization in lowland streams. To do this, we sampled nine streams in three areas classified as densely populated (DP), low populated (LP), and rural areas (RA) during the four seasons (n = 108), considering relevant limnological variables (including metals, herbicides, and inorganic nutrients) and phytoplankton. Phytoplankton was analysed using taxonomic and morpho‐functional traits approaches. We used several multivariate analyses to assess phytoplankton species and trait distribution among stream groups (DP, LP, RA) and identify their environmental drivers. We found that phytoplankton responded to the urbanization gradient at both taxonomic and functional levels. However, this response was mediated by the land use (urban vs. rural) rather than its intensity. The main stressors detected were eutrophic conditions and organic matter contamination, which differed among groups (DP‐LP and RA). Both approximations indicated eutrophic, organically enriched conditions, but the situation varied among seasons and stream groups. The response of the taxonomic approach was clearer than the traits‐based approach, showing differences in density only between stream groups in the summer and the spring. Phytoplankton was responding to the gradient of urbanization in these subtropical lowland streams, but the seasonality, especially temperature and changes in the water column mixing also mediate the effect.
New Strategies to Improve the Efficiency of Curcumin‐Based Iridium Complexes for OLED Devices
Authors: Lino Valeria , Prontera Carmela Tania , Maglione Maria Grazia , Borriello Carmela , Tassini Paolo , Manini Paola
Published: May 2024

Among the solid‐state lighting technologies, OLEDs occupy a prominent position for the high efficiencies associated with the low CO2 emissions. In line with the recent studies aimed at designing sustainable and biodegradable devices, herein we report on the synthesis of a series of iridium(III) complexes featuring, as β‐diketone ligands, curcumin and 6‐dehydrogingerdione, two natural compounds found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale. To improve the solubility of both the ligands and prevent the aggregation of the complexes, oleoyl residues were inserted on the phenolic −OH groups. The resulting complexes exhibited a green emission with quantum yields as high as 2.8 % (relative to fluorescein). OLED devices were fabricated by using, as emitting layer, a host‐guest blend of the iridium complex in 4,4’‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1’‐biphenyl (CBP). The morphological analysis revealed that thin films of the emitting layer were homogeneous. The devices fabricated with iridium complexes from 6‐dehydrogingerdione exhibited higher luminance, efficiency and power efficiency with respect to the corresponding devices obtained from curcumin; also the functionalization of the β‐diketone unit with the oleoyl residue proved to increase significantly the performance of the device. Overall, these data suggest that aggregation is a key factor that compromise the performances of the corresponding OLEDs.
Epileptic encephalopathies secondary to hypothalamic hamartomas treated with radiosurgery: A case series
Authors: Jaramillo‐Jiménez Esteban , Sandoval‐Barrios Juliana , Walsh Fergus John , Jaramillo‐Jiménez María Clara , Echeverri‐Sánchez Juan David , Rodríguez‐Márquez Iader Alfonso , Barrientos‐Montoya Hernán Darío , Ascencio‐Lancheros José Luis , Giraldo‐Palacio John Freddy , Sierra‐Arrieta Iván Manuel , Gómez‐Duque David Ignacio , Pérez‐López Simón , Bustamante Mariana Torres
Published: May 2024

Objective

Hypothalamic hamartomas are congenital lesions that typically present with gelastic seizures, refractory epilepsy, neurodevelopmental delay, and severe cognitive impairment. Surgical procedures have been reported to be effective in removing the hamartomas, however, they are associated with significant morbidity. Therefore, it is not considered a safe therapeutic modality. Image‐guided robotic radiosurgery (CyberKnife® Radiosurgery System) has been shown to provide good outcomes without lasting complications.

Methods

This series of cases describes the clinical, radiological, radiotherapeutic, and postsurgical outcomes of five patients with epileptic encephalopathies secondary to hypothalamic hamartomas who were treated with CyberKnife®.

Results

All patients exhibited refractory epilepsy with gelastic seizures and were unsuitable candidates for surgical resection The prescribed dose ranged between 16 and 25 Gy, delivered in a single fraction for four patients and five fractions for one patient while adhering strictly to visual pathway constraints. After radiosurgery, four patients maintained seizure control (one with an Engel class Ia, three with an Engel class 1d), and another presented sporadic, nondisabling gelastic seizures (with an Engel class IIa). After 24–26 months of follow‐up, in three patients, their intelligence quotient scores increased. No complications were reported.

Significance

This report suggests that Cyberknife may be a good option for treating hypothalamic hamartoma, particularly in cases where other noninvasive alternatives are unavailable. Nevertheless, additional studies are essential in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique in these cases.
Probabilistic generation of hazard‐consistent suites of fully non‐stationary seismic records
Authors: Yanni Hera , Fragiadakis Michalis , Mitseas Ioannis P.
Published: May 2024

A novel, practical, and computationally efficient probabilistic methodology for the stochastic generation of suites of fully non‐stationary artificial accelerograms is presented. The proposed methodology ensures that the produced ground motion suites match a given target spectral mean and target variability for the whole period range of interest. This is achieved by first producing an ensemble of random target spectra with the given mean and variability and then using them to generate artificial, target spectrum‐compatible, acceleration time‐histories with spectral representation techniques. Spectral correlation can also be assumed for the generated ground motion spectra. Based on the same backbone, two different formulations are proposed for generating spectrum‐compatible acceleration time‐histories of the non‐stationary kind. The distinction between these two variants lies in the techniques employed for modeling the temporal and spectral modulation, focusing on the site‐compatibility of the produced records. The first approach uses past‐recorded seismic accelerograms as seed records, and the second proposes and uses a new, probabilistic time‐frequency modulating function. The outcome of the proposed methodology is suites containing site‐compatible ground motion time‐histories whose spectral mean and variability match those obtained from any of the usually employed target spectra used in the earthquake engineering practice. An online tool implementing the proposed methodology is also freely provided.
Development of a Zebrafish embryo-based test system for thyroid hormone system disruption: 3Rs in ecotoxicological research
Authors: Gölz Lisa , Blanc-Legendre Melanie , Rinderknecht Maximilian , Behnstedt Laura , Coordes Sara , Reger Luisa , Sire Sacha , Cousin Xavier , Braunbeck Thomas , Baumann Lisa
Published: May 2024

There is increasing concern regarding pollutants disrupting the vertebrate thyroid hormone (TH) system, which is crucial for development. Thus, identification of TH system–disrupting chemicals (THSDCs) is an important requirement in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) testing framework. The current OECD approach uses different model organisms for different endocrine modalities, leading to a high number of animal tests. Alternative models compatible with the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) principle are required. Zebrafish embryos, not protected by current European Union animal welfare legislation, represent a promising model. Studies show that zebrafish swim bladder inflation and eye development are affected by THSDCs, and the respective adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) have been established. The present study compared effects of four THSDCs with distinct molecular modes of action: Propylthiouracil (PTU), potassium perchlorate, iopanoic acid, and the TH triiodothyronine (T3) were tested with a protocol based on the OECD fish embryo toxicity test (FET). Effects were analyzed according to the AOP concept from molecular over morphological to behavioral levels: Analysis of thyroid- and eye-related gene expression revealed significant effects after PTU and T3 exposure. All substances caused changes in thyroid follicle morphology of a transgenic zebrafish line expressing fluorescence in thyrocytes. Impaired eye development and swimming activity were observed in all treatments, supporting the hypothesis that THSDCs cause adverse population-relevant changes. Findings thus confirm that the FET can be amended by TH system–related endpoints into an integrated protocol comprising molecular, morphological, and behavioral endpoints for environmental risk assessment of potential endocrine disruptors, which is compatible with the 3Rs principle.
The Importance of Including Variable Exposure Concentrations When Assessing Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Pharmaceuticals to an Amphipod
Authors: Grønlund Sara Nicoline , Læssøe Casper D. , Cedergreen Nina , Selck Henriette
Published: May 2024

Pharmaceuticals have been classified as an environmental concern due to their increasing consumption globally and potential environmental impact. We examined the toxicity of sediment-associated diclofenac and citalopram administered as both single compounds and in a mixture to the sediment-living amphipod Corophium volutator. This laboratory-based study addressed the following research questions: (1) What is the toxicity of sediment-associated diclofenac and citalopram to C. volutator? (2) Can the mixture effect be described with either of the two mixture models: concentration addition (CA) or independent action (IA)? (3) What is the importance of the choice of (i) exposure measure (start concentration, time-weighted average [TWA], full exposure profile) and (ii) effect model (concentration–response vs. the toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic model general unified threshold model for survival in its reduced form [GUTS-RED]) for the derived effect concentration values? Diclofenac was more toxic than citalopram to C. volutator as a single compound (10-day exposure). Diclofenac exposure to C. volutator provided median lethal concentrations (LC50s) within the same range (11 µg g−1 dry wt sediment) using concentration–response based on TWA and both GUTS-RED models. However, concentration–response based on measured start concentrations provided an approximately 90% higher LC50 (21.6 ± 2.0 µg g−1 dry wt sediment). For citalopram, concentration–response parameters were similar regardless of model or concentration used (LC50 85–97 µg g−1 dry wt sediment), however, GUTS-RED with the assumption of individual tolerance resulted in a lower LC50 (64.9 [55.3–74.8] µg g−1 dry wt sediment). The mixture of diclofenac and citalopram followed the CA quite closely, whereas the result was synergistic when using the IA prediction. In summary, concentration–response based on TWA and GUTS-RED provided similar and reasonably good fits compared to the data set. The implications are that GUTS-RED will provide a more flexible model, which, in principle, can extend beyond the experimental period and make predictions based on variable exposure profiles (toxicity at different time frames and at different variable exposure scenarios) compared to concentration–response, which provides contaminant toxicity at one point in time. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1767–1777. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Measuring persistent global economic factors with output, commodity price, and commodity currency data
Authors: Basistha Arabinda , Startz Richard
Published: May 2024

In this study, we use monthly G7 industrial production data, commodity price index data, and commodity currency exchange rate data in a dynamic factor model to examine the global economic factors useful for commodity price prediction. We differentiate between the dynamic factors by specifying a persistent factor and a non‐persistent factor, both as a single global factor using all data and as factors for each category of data. The in‐sample predictive performances of the three persistent factors together are better than the non‐persistent factors and the single global factors. Out‐of‐sample outcomes based on forecast combinations also support the presence of predictive information in the persistent factors for overall commodity prices and for most sub‐categories of commodity price indexes relative to their means. The gains in forecast accuracy are heterogeneous, ranging from 5% to 7% in the 1‐ to 6‐month horizon for overall commodity prices to a high of around 20% for fertilizers in the 12‐month horizon in the recent sample. We further show that the information in the persistent factors, especially in the commodity currency exchange rate‐based persistent factor, can be integrated with other global measures to further improve the predictive performances of the global measures.