bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulin‐like growth factor‐I protects granule neurons from apoptosis and improves ataxia in weaver mice
Authors: Zhong Jin , Deng Jixian , Phan Jennifer , Dlouhy Stephen , Wu Huangbing , Yao Weiguo , Ye Ping , D'Ercole A. Joseph , Lee Wei‐Hua
Published: April 2005

Most cerebellar granule neurons in weaver mice undergo premature apoptosis during the first 3 postnatal weeks, subsequently leading to severe ataxia. The death of these granule neurons appears to result from a point mutation in the GIRK2 gene, which encodes a G protein‐activated, inwardly rectifying K+ channel protein. Although the genetic defect was identified, the molecular mechanism by which the mutant K+ channel selectively attacks granule neurons in weaver mice is unclear. Before their demise, weaver granule neurons express abnormally high levels of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 5 (IGFBP5). IGF‐I is essential for the survival of cerebellar neurons during their differentiation. Because IGFBP5 has the capacity to block IGF‐I activity, we hypothesized that reduced IGF‐I availability resulting from excess IGFBP5 accelerates the apoptosis of weaver granule neurons. We found that, consistently with this hypothesis, exogenous IGF‐I partially protected cultured weaver granule neurons from apoptosis by activating Akt and decreasing caspase‐3 activity. To determine whether IGF‐I protects granule neurons in vivo, we cross‐bred weaver mice with transgenic mice that overexpress IGF‐I in the cerebellum. The cerebellar volume was increased in weaver mice carrying the IGF‐I transgene, predominantly because of an increased number of surviving granule neurons. The presence of the IGF‐I transgene resulted in improved muscle strength and a reduction in ataxia, indicating that the surviving granule neurons are functionally integrated into the cerebellar neuronal circuitry. These results confirm our previous suggestion that a lack of IGF‐I activity contributes to apoptosis of weaver granule neurons in vivo and supports IGF‐I's potential therapeutic use in neurodegenerative disease. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptome analysis of frontal cortex in alcohol‐preferring and nonpreferring rats
Authors: Worst Travis J. , Tan John C. , Robertson Daniel J. , Freeman Willard M. , Hyytia Petri , Kiianmaa Kalervo , Vrana Kent E.
Published: April 2005

Although it is widely accepted that alcohol abuse and alcoholism have a significant genetic component of risk, the identities of the genes themselves remain obscure. To illuminate such potential genetic contributions, DNA macroarrays were used to probe for differences in normative cortical gene expression between rat strains genetically selected for alcohol self‐administration preference, AA (Alko, alcohol) and P (Indiana, preferring), or avoidance, ANA (Alko, nonalcohol) and NP (Indiana, nonpreferring). Among 1,176 genes studied, six demonstrated confirmable, differential expression following comparison of ethanol‐naive AA and ANA rats. Specifically, the mRNA level for metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) was down‐regulated in the AA vs. ANA lines. In contrast, calcium channel subunit α2δ1 (cacna2d1), vesicle‐associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2), syntaxin 1 (both syntaxin 1a and 1b; STX1a and STX1b), and syntaxin binding protein (MUNC‐18) mRNAs were found to be increased in frontal cortex following comparison of AA with ANA animals. Bioinformatic analysis of these molecular targets showed that mGluR3 and cacna2d1 fall within chromosomal locations reported to be alcohol‐related by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) as well as quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies. To determine further whether these differences were strain specific, the above‐mentioned genes were compared in ethanol‐preferring (P) and ‐nonpreferring (NP) selected lines. VAMP2 was the only gene that displayed statistically different mRNA levels in a comparison of P and NP rats. In conclusion, the altered cortical gene expression illuminated here would have the effect of altering neurotransmitter release in AA rats (compared with ANA rats). Such alterations, however, might not be a universal characteristic of all animal models of alcohol abuse and will also require further investigation in post‐mortem human samples. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffusion Kinetics at Liquid‐Glassy Polymer Interphases
Authors: Arzondo Luis , Tomba J. Pablo , Carella José M. , Pastor José M.
Published: April 2005

Summary: We explored the diffusion mechanisms in a series of liquid/glassy polymer interphases. The diffusion experiments were performed in a unique way: the temperature range studied encompassed the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the glassy matrices. We observed that the diffusion behavior of the liquid polymer was remarkably continuous when passing through the matrix Tg, and that the diffusion modes at the liquid/glassy interphases were very similar to those observed in liquid/liquid polymer diffusion.

Diffusion profiles of liquid PS in glassy PPO obtained by confocal Raman spectroscopy. The sample was held at 160 °C for the times indicated in the plot.

magnified image

Diffusion profiles of liquid PS in glassy PPO obtained by confocal Raman spectroscopy. The sample was held at 160 °C for the times indicated in the plot.
Ring‐Opening Polymerization of ε‐Caprolactone by Poly(ethylene glycol) by an Activated Monomer Mechanism
Authors: Kim Moon Suk , Seo Kwang Su , Khang Gilson , Lee Hai Bang
Published: April 2005

Summary: The polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (CL) in the presence of HCl · Et2O by an activated monomer mechanism was performed to synthesize diblock or triblock copolymers composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL). The obtained PCLs had molecular weights close to the theoretical values calculated from the CL to PEG molar ratios and exibited monomodal GPC curves. We successfully prepared PEG and PCL block copolymers by a metal‐free method.

The non‐metal catalyzed living ring‐opening polymerisation of ε‐caprolactone by PEG.

magnified image

The non‐metal catalyzed living ring‐opening polymerisation of ε‐caprolactone by PEG.
Back Cover: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 8/2005
Authors: Asandei Alexandru D. , Saha Gobinda
Published: April 2005

Back Cover: The cover shows the use of the TiCp2Cl‐catalyzed radical ring opening (RRO) of epoxides in the living ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters. Zn reduction of TiCp2Cl2 (red) produces the TiCp2Cl metalloradical (green) which upon epoxide RRO generates novel Ti alkoxide initiators (orange‐blue) and provides access to a variety of epoxide‐derived polymer chain ends. Further details can be found in the Communication by A. D. Asandei* and G. Saha on page 626.
Minimizing the cost of placing and sizing wavelength division multiplexing and optical crossconnect equipment in a telecommunications network
Authors: Melián Belén , Laguna Manuel , Moreno‐Pérez José A.
Published: April 2005

Cost reduction is a major concern when designing optical fiber networks. Multiwavelength optical devices are new technology for increasing the capacity of fiber networks while reducing costs, when compared to installing traditional (e.g., SONET) equipment and new fiber. In this article we discuss the development of a metaheuristic method that seeks to optimize the location of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and Optical Crossconnect (OXC) equipment in fiber networks. The procedure combines ideas from the scatter search, tabu search, and multistart methodologies. Computational experiments with both real‐world and artificial data show the effectiveness of the proposed procedure. The experiments include a comparison with a permutation‐based approach and with lower bounds generated with CPLEX. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 45(4), 199–209 2005
Swelling and electroresponsive characteristics of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels
Authors: Yoon Seoung Gil , Kim In Young , Kim Sun I , Kim Seon Jeong
Published: April 2005

Electroactive polymer gels composed of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(acrylic acid) and poly(vinyl alcohol) were prepared and their swelling properties characterized. The swelling behavior of the polymer gels was studied by immersion of the gels into deionized water at room temperature. The state of the water in the polymer gels was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and the microstructure of the swollen gel in each sample was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The samples' response to being stimulated in an applied electric field was also investigated. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Microstructural Differences between Virgin and Recycled Lots of PBX 9502
Authors: Peterson Paul D. , Idar Deanne J.
Published: April 2005

PBX 9502 is an insensitive high explosive formulated comprised of 95 wt% TATB and 5 wt% Kel‐F 800TM binder. Due to the relatively high cost of manufacturing TATB (triaminotrinitrobenzene), methods for reclaiming TATB from PBX 9502 machine cuttings were previously developed. Reclaimed PBX 9502 was mixed with ~ 50% virgin PBX 9502 to produce “recycled” lots of PBX 9502. Several studies have shown significant differences between the mechanical properties of virgin and recycled lots of PBX 9502, and postulated that the differences were related to various aspects of TATB particle size and distribution. The purpose of this study is to show that these differences in mechanical properties are related to differences in the distribution of TATB within the microstructure of PBX 9502. Ultimately, a better understanding of these properties may lead to selected formulation changes for future rebuilds, Lifetime Extension Programs (LEP) and/or candidate replacements to enhance engineering and physics performance.
A Pressurized Vessel Test to Measure the Minimum Burning Pressure of Water‐Based Explosives
Authors: Turcotte Richard , Lightfoot Phillip D. , Badeen Christopher M. , Vachon Marie , Jones David E. G. , Chan Sek Kwan
Published: April 2005

It is well known that water‐based commercial explosives locally ignited in closed vessels do not undergo self‐sustained combustion when the pressure is lower than some threshold value. The latter is usually referred to as the Minimum Burning Pressure (MBP) of the explosive and is now being used by some manufacturers as a basis of safety for many associated manufacture, transport, and handling processes. In the present work, both an apparatus based on hot‐wire ignition and an associated methodology were developed to measure the MBP of water‐based explosives. Typical results for various emulsion and water‐gel explosives are also reported and discussed. It is also shown that the technique could be used to characterize very insensitive explosive substances normally used as explosive precursors.
Isolation and antifungal activity of kakuol, a propiophenone derivative from Asarum sieboldii rhizome
Authors: Lee Jung Yeop , Moon Surk Sik , Hwang Byung Kook
Published: April 2005

An antifungal substance active against Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk & Mont) Arx was isolated from the methanol extracts of Asarum sieboldii (Miq) Maek rhizomes. High‐resolution MS, NMR and UV spectral data confirmed that the antifungal substance is kakuol, 2‐hydroxy‐4,5‐methylenedioxypropiophenone. Colletotrichum orbiculare was most sensitive to kakuol, with MIC of 10 µg ml−1. Kakuol also completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr and Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur at 50 µg ml−1 and 30 µg ml−1, respectively. However, no antimicrobial activity was found against yeast and bacteria even at 100 µg ml−1. Kakuol exhibited a protective activity against the development of anthracnose disease on cucumber plants. The control efficacy of kakuol against the anthracnose disease was in general somewhat less than that of the commercial fungicide chlorothalonil. This is the first report to demonstrate in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of kakuol against C orbiculare infection. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct ab initio simulation of silver ion dynamics in chalcogenide glasses
Authors: Tafen De Nyago , Drabold D. A. , Mitkova M.
Published: April 2005

In this paper, we present new models of germanium selenide chalcogenide glasses heavily doped with silver. The models were readily obtained with ab initio molecular dynamics and their structure agrees closely with diffraction measurements. Thermal molecular dynamics simulation reveals the dynamics of Ag+ ions and the existence of trapping centers as conjectured in other theory work. We show that first principles simulation is a powerful tool to reveal the motion of ions in glass. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative study of the electron affinities of beryllium and magnesium dimers and trimers
Authors: Kaplan I. G. , Díaz C. C.
Published: April 2005

The electron affinities of magnesium dimers and trimers are calculated at the MP4(SDTQ) and CCSD(T) levels employing the Gaussian 03 suit of programs and the Dunning‐type aug‐cc‐pVQZ basis set. The vertical electron detachment energy (VEDE) is 0.298 eV (0.269 eV) for Mg and 0.839 eV (0.840 eV) for Mg at the MP4(SDTQ), and CCSD(T), levels. The comparative analysis of the nature of the excess electron binding and its atomic‐state distribution in small beryllium and magnesium anions are performed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Anatomy and physiology of the parathyroids: A practical discussion for surgeons
Authors: Ayala Luis A.
Published: April 2005

Normal parathyroid glands vary in macroscopic appearance, number, and location. Adequate surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism often depends on identification of all glands, which requires precise knowledge of the normal anatomy and embryology of organs derived from the third and fourth branchial pouches. The following questions form the basis of surgical strategy: (a) Is this a normal parathyroid gland? (b) Where should the surgeon look for a normal gland? (c) How many parathyroid glands are there? (d) Where should the surgeon look for a missing gland? About 80% of patients have 4 glands. The upper pair is usually near the point where the recurrent nerve enters the larynx. The lower pair is more variable in location and may be found between the inferior thyroid artery and the thymus. Normal glands may be ectopically located along the path of embryologic migration, adjacent to or embedded in organs of similar origin.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin maintain calcium levels which modify intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and bone turnover. PTH secretion responds promptly to calcium changes acting upon vitamin D synthesis, tubular reabsorption of phosphates, calcium renal excretion, and bone reabsorption. Vitamin D controls intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin stimulates bone accretion. Excess PTH tilts this balance toward hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and bone décalcification; hypercalcemia and detectable PTH levels coincide only in hyperparathyroidism.

In treating patients with hyperparathyroidism, delicate surgical technique is essential, but the ingenuity of the surgeon in developing a plan of action based on thorough knowledge of normal anatomy and embryology is the key to successful therapy.
Parathyroid pathology: Its relation to choice of operation for hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Esselstyn Caldwell B.
Published: April 2005

Multichannel autoanalyzers have diagnosed many unsuspected, largely asymptomatic cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. The age of onset of the disease and its rate of progression are not well understood. Surgical restoration of the eucalcemic state is associated with the healing of bone pathology, but many patients are not relieved of hypertensive or renal disease, and sometimes these problems continue to develop in the postoperative period, resulting in continued morbidity and mortality despite “successful” surgery. Conflicting opinions regarding the differentiation between parathyroid adenomas, hyperplasia, and normal glands appear to be resolving as newer data, both retrospective and prospective, reemphasize the pathologic importance of the clinically enlarged or abnormal glands. Parathyroid surgery for renal osteodystrophy of secondary hyperparathyroidism and for persisting hypercalcemia of tertiary hyperparathyroidism may be modified by autotransplantation. Carcinoma of the parathyroid glands is rare, but operative findings merit review. A variety of surgical approaches have been proposed. The surest method for restoring normal calcium levels with minimal permanent hypocalcemia is identification of 4 parathyroid glands and removal of those which are grossly abnormal. For patients with multiple endocrine adenomatosis or familial hyperparathyroidism, subtotal parathyroidectomy is preferred. Additional surgical guidelines are reviewed and the development of a parathyroid registry to ensure closer follow‐up is suggested.
Total pericardiectomy for uremic pericarditis
Authors: Engelman Richard M. , Levitsky Sidney , Konchigeri Halappa N. , Wyndham Christopher R. C. , Roper Keith , Kurtzman Neil A.
Published: April 2005

Between 1973 and 1975, 19 patients were treated for uremic pericarditis. The clinical presentation of the condition varied, with some patients having minimal symptoms (chest pain, fever) and others sustaining circulatory collapse. Pericardial friction rub, elevated central venous pressure, and paradoxical pulse were the most common physical findings. Serial chest radiography, echocardiography, and cardiac scan were most useful in establishing the diagnosis. Three patients had cardiac catheterization and angiography. Pericardiectomy was the initial procedure performed in 13 of 19 patients, and there was no operative mortality or recurrence of pericarditis. Four patients initially had a pericardial window created rather than a pericardiectomy. Two had recurrence of symptoms and one required later total pericardiectomy. Two patients underwent initial tube pericardiostomy. Both died after recurrent tamponade. Total pericardiectomy appears to be the treatment of choice for uremic pericarditis and the only form of therapy which is definitive. The risk of circulatory collapse from tamponade warrants early operative intervention in this critically ill group of patients.
Comparison of antibiotic and antiseptic prophylaxis of wound infection in acute abdominal surgery
Authors: Stokes E. Joan , Howard Elaine , Peters Joseph L. , Hackworthy Carol A. , Milne Shelagh E. , Witherow Ross O.
Published: April 2005

A prospective, randomized trial of prophylaxis against wound infection in acute abdominal surgery was conducted in 210 patients comparing systemic administration of 2 antibiotics active against bowel organisms, topical administration of povidone iodine to the wound, and no prophylactic treatment. Prophylactic treatment was given only on the day of operation. There was a significant decrease in wound infection following both types of prophylactic treatment compared to no treatment. There was no significant difference in results between systemic treatment with antibiotics and povidone iodine sprayed into the wound. The advantage of topical treatment with povidone iodine over antibiotic treatment is that development of bacterial resistance is not a hazard.
Technique and results of operative management of biliary atresia
Authors: Kasai Morio , Suzuki Hiroshi , Ohashi Eisuke , Ohi Ryoji , Chiba Tsuneo , Okamoto Atsutake
Published: April 2005

Intrahepatic bile ducts are patent in the liver of patients with biliary atresia in early infancy. Small bile ducts at the porta hepatis continuing to the intrahepatic ducts usually terminate in fibrous tissue replacing the hepatic radicles, which does not extend to the common hepatic duct. Therefore, the level of transection of the fibrous tissue at the porta hepatis is of prime importance for successful hepatic portoenterostomy. Transection should be done at the level of the posterior surface of the portal vein. The overall cure rate of surgery for biliary atresia was 30%. In our recent series, however, the results have markedly improved and the cure rate has been increased to 55%. There are 47 patients living without jaundice, 22 of them for more than 5 years. The longest survivors are 23 years old. All the longterm survivors are leading a normal life for their age, although 6 of them have some physical or mental handicap. Early operation, adequate surgical technique, and prevention of postoperative cholangitis are requisites for successful hepatic portoenterostomy.
Long‐term results of surgical treatment of biliary atresia
Authors: Odièvre M.
Published: April 2005

The long‐term results of surgical treatment of biliary atresia are presented from a series of 111 “noncorrectable” cases treated by the Kasai procedure. Thirty‐four patients displayed some degree of restoration of bile flow for at least 1 year after surgery. Almost all of them still have some manifestations of cholestasis, abnormal intrahepatic bile ducts, persistent hepatic fibrosis, or portal hypertension. Despite this continuous liver dysfunction, many of these patients are able to carry on an almost normal life.
Long‐term results of replantation of 10 upper extremities
Authors: Matsuda Masao , Shibahara Hiromich , Kato Nobuo
Published: April 2005

From February, 1974 to June, 1976, replantation of 11 severed arms was performed at Chukyo Hospital, and 10 of these replantations were successful. Follow‐up studies were performed regarding the status of the circulation, length and girth, motor function, sensory function, and autonomic nerve function. The peripheral circulation of the replanted arms was relatively poor, but did not correlate closely with function of the arm. Useful sensation returned in 8 patients and effective pinch and grasp returned in 6 patients. When observed objectively, 6 of 10 patients recovered satisfactory function. Subjectively, however, 8 patients were satisfied with their results and in the remaining 2 patients, satisfactory function in the future is anticipated. The most important factors in functional prognosis were the level of severance and the severity of crushing. In order to obtain satisfactory results, replantation should be confined to young patients with a non‐crushing amputation.
Abdominal scintigraphy for diagnosis of intestinal bleeding
Authors: Seitz Wolfgang , Keim Hans ‐J. , Hahn Karl
Published: April 2005

Abdominal scintigraphy with99mTc‐pertechnetate, using a gamma‐camera linked to a data processor, was done in 8 patients with acute massive intestinal hemorrhage and in 34 patients with chronic recurrent intestinal hemorrhage. Endoscopy and x‐ray studies had failed in all patients to reveal a bleeding source. All but 3 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy, confirming the abnormal findings of scintigraphy. In all acutely bleeding patients, scintigraphy was positive. The bleeding was proven by laparotomy to be due to Meckel's diverticulum with gastric mucosa in 5, jejunal neurinoma in 1, and sigmoid colon carcinoma in 1 patient. Scintigraphy was positive in only 3 chronically bleeding patients, 1 of whom had a Meckel's diverticulum with gastric mucosa and 2 of whom had bleeding colon polyps. Scintigraphy was equivocal in 10 patients, 7 of whom were found to have chronic inflammation of the appendix, and it was negative in 21 patients, including 1 who had a Meckel's diverticulum without gastric mucosa. In chronic intestinal hemorrhage, abdominal scintigraphy was only occasionally helpful for locating a bleeding source. In acute intestinal bleeding, however, scintigraphy was a useful test, particularly in identifying a Meckel's diverticulum with gastric mucosa in children.
Postoperative acute cholecystitis in Japan
Authors: Kasahara Yoh , Umemura Hiroya , Kuyama Takeshi , Oku Hidetaka
Published: April 2005

Postoperative acute cholecystitis following surgery unrelated to the biliary tract is a rare complication. Of 49 cases of this disease collected from the Japanese literature, including 3 of our cases, the ratio of males to females was 42∶7, the ages ranged from 31 to 83 years, and 82% of the patients had no biliary calculi. The antecedent operation was performed for cancer of the stomach in 30 patients (61%), and for another type of cancer in an additional 10. Several pathogenetic factors that differ from those responsible for ordinary cholecystitis are considered to be contributory to this disease, among which impairment of the circulation to the gallbladder may be one of the most important. The overall mortality rate of postoperative cholecystitis was 32%. Although cholecystectomy is the preferred treatment, local findings or the condition of the patient should be considered in the decision regarding therapy. Early surgical intervention should not be delayed in the elderly patient, because there was a significant difference between the average age of survivors and those who died.
Neuropeptides of the gut: A newly discovered major control system
Authors: Polak J. M. , Bloom S. R.
Published: April 2005

It has long been considered that the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems were exclusively responsible for the nervous control of the gut. However, a large proportion of the autonomic nerve fibers are now considered to be peptidergic. A number of hormonal peptides have been described in both brain and peripheral tissues, and their wide range of pharmacologic actions suggest that they may act locally in a variety of ways, depending on their location. Improved immunocytochemical techniques for use‐in both light and electron microscopy are largely responsible for the recent progress in identifying these peptides. Substance P has been found extensively throughout the human body. VIP is present in considerable concentrations throughout the gastrointestinal tract and may play an important role as a vasodilatory substance. The distribution of somatostatin is extensive, and large quantities have been found in several parts of the brain, as well as in the pancreas and gut. Somatostatin is a powerful inhibitory substance, and may be one of the important factors contributing to the multifactorial etiology of duodenal ulceration. Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been localized primarily in the I cells of the jejunum. It has a powerful motor effect on the stomach and intestine, as well as having an important role in gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. Bombesin has been found in the gut, lung, and brain, and has been shown to act extensively throughout the body. Endogenous brain opiates, endorphins, are mainly distributed in the central nervous system and are probably involved in the control of pain and emotion. In addition, enkephalin is present in the nerve fibers of the submucosa and the endocrine cells of the antral mucosa, where it may play a physiologic role similar to morphine. Finally, neurotensin was first isolated in the brain, but has been found in highest concentrations in the gut, particularly in the ileum. Its hypotensive actions suggest that it may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of dumping syndrome.

In fact, the possible pathologic implications of any malfunction in this delicately balanced system are substantial. The effects of local destruction of the autonomic nerves are drastic and already well documented. The role of neuropeptides in many serious bowel disorders is yet to be determined.
Biochemical basis of action of gastrointestinal hormones
Authors: Gardner Jerry D.
Published: April 2005

The actions of secretin and VIP on pancreatic enzyme secretion result from their abilities to activate adenylate cyclase and increase cellular cyclic AMP. The actions of cholecystokinin, cholinergic agents, caerulein, bombesin, litorin, physalaemin, and eledoisin on pancreatic enzyme secretion result from their abilities to cause release of bound cellular calcium. Although this action causes an increase in cellular cyclic GMP, it remains to be determined whether or not cyclic GMP is a mediator of the action of secretagogues on pancreatic enzyme secretion. Secretagogues that increase cyclic AMP do not alter calcium transport or cyclic GMP and do not modify the changes in calcium transport or cyclic GMP caused by other agents. Secretagogues that cause release of cellular calcium and increase cyclic GMP do not alter cyclic AMP and do not cause major changes in the increase in cyclic AMP produced by other secretagogues. Although the two mechanisms of action of pancreatic secretagogues are initially distinct, they interact at some presently undefined step, and this interaction results in potentiation of enzyme secretion. The finding that two agents potentiate each other has important implications for the mechanisms of action of the two agents and has potential therapeutic applications.
Mechanisms of release of gastro‐entero‐pancreatic endocrine cells
Authors: Track Norman S.
Published: April 2005

Endocrine cells of the gastro‐entero‐pancreatic (GEP) system release their hormones in response to nutrient stimulation. Gastro‐entero endocrine cells receive stimulation from the circulation and lumen and have the potential to secrete into the circulation and lumen. Pancreatic endocrine cells cannot receive stimulation from nor secrete into the lumen.

Antral gastrin‐producing G cells released hormone in a biphasic manner in response to feeding; the initial plasma gastrin peak was absent after a 48‐hour fast. The increase of antral tissue gastrin detected was far more than that required for the major plasma gastrin response. Intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) (30% dextrose, 12% amino acids) was used to assess the effect of the absence of luminal stimulation upon GEP hormone (gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon, and insulin) release. During the first 6 days of IVH, circulating insulin concentrations increased absolutely and in relationship to glucagon; gastrin concentrations decreased to undetectable levels. During the following 4 days of IVH, circulating insulin decreased and gastrin increased to their initial concentrations. The IVH responses reflect the abilities of the different cells to adapt to intravenous nutrients.

GEP endocrine cells have distinct differences in their hormone turnover mechanisms in response to nutrient stimulation. These different cellular response mechanisms may provide a clue to the functional evolution and sophistication of GEP endocrine cells.
Allotransplantation of the lung in dogs with experimental lung damage
Authors: Salem Georg , Schlick Werner , Keiler Alfred , Möschl Peter , Glöckler Martin , Radaszkiewicz Taddäus , Kreuzer Wilhelm
Published: April 2005

In 8 dogs, bilateral pulmonary emphysema was induced by intratracheal instillations of papain, and in 6 dogs, unilateral emphysema was induced by bronchoscopic instillation of papain in the right main bronchus. Development of emphysema was documented by weekly pulmonary function studies. Lung compliance and functional residual capacity were increased, and airway resistance was increased in forced ventilation. When emphysema was established, unilateral allotransplantation of the lung was performed. Postoperative studies of lung function showed no serious ventilation‐perfusion imbalance. Ventilatory function and oxygen consumption of the graft were at least equal to the animal's own damaged lung. Respiratory insufficiency and death were always accompanied by rejection or severe infection. It is concluded that postoperative respiratory failure was not due to difference of airway and vascular resistance between the damaged lung and the graft.
Surgical management of stenosis of the left main coronary artery
Authors: Cohn Lawrence H. , Koster J. Kenneth , Mee Roger B. , Collins John J.
Published: April 2005

Catheterization morbidity, results of medical treatment, and operative morbidity and mortality in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis (LCA) are higher than in patients with other coronary atherosclerotic lesions, occurring in combination or alone. Patients with LCA stenosis have a wide variety of clinical manifestations and range from “asymptomatic” patients with only positive exercise tests to critically ill, unstable patients requiring emergency angiography and operation. Experience with the surgical treatment of LCA stenosis in 141 patients at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital from 1970–1977 is reviewed. Operative mortality rates were 10% (5/49) in unstable patients, 4% (4/92) in stable patients, and 6.4% (9/141) overall. Actuarial survival up to 90 months was better in stable than unstable patients, in patients who were completely rather than incompletely revascularized, and in patients in whom only LCA stenosis existed and was bypassed. Prospective studies of medical and surgical treatment support the concept that patients with LCA disease should be treated with coronary bypass surgery.
The role of surgery in the treatment of patients with complications of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Austen W. Gerald , McEnany M. Terry
Published: April 2005

In the patient in cardiogenic shock with or without a mechanical complication after acute myocardial infarction, medical treatment alone is often inadequate. Occasionally, early mechanical circulatory support by means of intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) may be successful; in such patients, however, operation is usually required later. In most instances, IABP alone is insufficient, but it is an effective stabilizing measure that allows many patients to safely undergo cardiac catheterization, coronary arteriography, and surgical treatment. In selected patients with anterior myocardial infarction, early IABP can interrupt injury. Patients with severe cardiogenic shock due to massive infarction with extensive ventricular dysfunction are best managed with myocardial revascularization and, frequently, infarctectomy. Patients with an interventricular defect who survive to undergo defect repair usually do not undergo concomitant revascularization, but we frequently perform infarctectomy in this situation. Other patients with mechanical complications of myocardial infarction, such as mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle rupture or dysfunction, ruptured chordae tendineae, or annular or ventricular dilatation, are usually best treated with both coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve repair or replacement with or without infarctectomy. In some patients with a malignant ventricular arrhythmia, wide excision of the infarct may be helpful, with or without revascularization. The likelihood of a good result after operation for any of the complications of myocardial infarction improves if the surgical procedure can be safely postponed until the patient is not in an acute state of illness. However, postponement should not be at the expense of other organ systems, and any patient who is showing signs of clinical deterioration while receiving optimal medical therapy should be considered for insertion of the intra‐aortic balloon and operation.
Experimental studies of a nonwoven vascular prosthesis for use in small arteries
Authors: Watanuki Tetsu , Yamamoto Yoshio , Ishikawa Masaaki , Murakami Heihachiro , Akaba Noritake , Yohda Toshiyuki , Kan Rinkei
Published: April 2005

We have developed a nonporous, 3‐layered laminated vascular prosthesis made of a new nonwoven cloth. Examination of its physical properties and stress relaxation curve showed that the new prosthesis is strong enough to be used as a vascular substitute and compares favorably with human arteries. Animal experiments showed that the nonporosity of the prosthesis did not adversely affect neointima formation. The prosthesis was implanted in the abdominal aorta of 70 dogs for up to 6 years and had a patency rate of 94.3%. The grafts remained elastic and pliable without aneurysmal dilatation even after prolonged use. Studies using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that a thin, smooth neointima was formed on the inner surface of the prosthesis. The velourlike surface structure of the nonwoven cloth appeared to form a good foundation for deposition of fibrin and formation of the neointima. On the basis of our encouraging experimental results, we have used the new prosthesis for reconstruction of the peripheral arteries in 10 patients, but the followup period has been too short for proper evaluation.
Markov structures and decay of correlations for non-uniformly expanding dynamical systems
Authors: Alves José F. , Luzzatto Stefano , Pinheiro Vilton
Published: April 2005

We consider non-uniformly expanding maps on compact Riemannian manifolds of arbitrary dimension, possibly having discontinuities and/or critical sets, and show that under some general conditions they admit an induced Markov tower structure. Moreover, the decay of the return time function can be controlled in terms of the time generic points need to achieve some uniform expanding behavior. As a consequence we obtain some rates for the decay of correlations of those maps and conditions for the validity of the Central Limit Theorem.
Local exact controllability to the trajectories of the Boussinesq system
Authors: Guerrero S.
Published: April 2005

In this paper we deal with the local exact controllability to the trajectories of the Boussinesq system with

N + 1

distributed scalar controls supported in small sets. In a first step, we present a new Carleman inequality for a linearized version of the Boussinesq system, which leads to its null controllability at any time

T > 0

. Then, we deduce the desired result concerning the local exact controllability of the (nonlinear) Boussinesq system.

Dans ce papier on étudie la contrôlabilité exacte locale aux trajectoires du système de Boussinesq avec

N + 1

contrôles scalaires localisés dans des petits ouverts. Dans un premier temps, on présente une nouvelle inégalité de Carleman pour un système de Boussinesq linéarisé, ce qui nous permet d'établir la contrôlabilité à zéro de ce système pour tout temps

T > 0

. On en déduit ensuite la contrôlabilité exacte locale du système (non linéaire) de Boussinesq.
Role of Cys‐295 on subunit interactions and allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase‐2 from Escherichia coli
Authors: Caniuguir Andrés , Cabrera Ricardo , Báez Mauricio , Vásquez Claudio C. , Babul Jorge , Guixé Victoria
Published: April 2005

In a previous work, chemical modification of Cys‐238 of Escherichia coli Pfk‐2 raised concerns on the importance of the dimeric state of Pfk‐2 for enzyme activity, whereas modification of Cys‐295 impaired the enzymatic activity and the MgATP‐induced tetramerization of the enzyme. The results presented here demonstrate that the dimeric state of Pfk‐2 is critical for the stability and the activity of the enzyme. The replacement of Cys‐238 by either Ala or Phe shows no effect on the kinetic parameters, allosteric inhibition, dimer stability and oligomeric structure of Pfk‐2. However, the mutation of Cys‐295 by either Ala or Phe provokes a decrease in the k
cat value and an increment in the K
m values for both substrates. We suggest that the Cys‐295 residue participates in intersubunit interactions in the tetramer since the Cys‐295‐Phe mutant exhibits higher tetramer stability, which in turn results in an increase in the fructose‐6‐P concentration required for the reversal of the MgATP inhibition relative to the wild type enzyme.
RB18A enhances expression of mutant p53 protein in human cells
Authors: Lottin-Divoux Séverine , Barel Monique , Frade Raymond
Published: April 2005

RB18A (TRAP220/DRIP205) is a cofactor of transcription. We herein demonstrated that RB18A downregulated p53 and upregulated MDM2 promoters. These RB18A regulations, not modified by p53wt expression, were inhibited by mutant p53 (p53mut) expression, which directly interacts with RB18A D5 domain. In addition, RB18A via its D4 domain, also interacts directly and specifically with MDM2 protein inhibiting p53mut degradation. Altogether, these mechanisms contribute to maintain a high level of p53mut expression in tumor proliferating cells. Therefore, RB18A plays a central role to control p53wt and p53mut protein content and functions in cells through a loop of regulation, which involves MDM2.
Interleukin‐2‐dependent regulation of Na/K pump in human lymphocytes
Authors: Marakhova Irina , Karitskaya Inna , Aksenov Nikolay , Zenin Valerii , Vinogradova Tatjana
Published: April 2005

The present study provides the first evidence that the abundance of catalytic α1‐subunit of Na,K‐ATPase increases in the course of T cell blast transformation. Immunodepressant cyclosporin A at anti‐proliferative doses diminished the induction of α1 protein in activated lymphocytes. Furthermore, in competent T cells, IL‐2 increases both the transport activity of Na/K pump and the content of Na,K‐ATPase α1 protein in a time‐dependent manner. A correlation was found between the long‐term elevation in ouabain‐sensitive Rb influxes and the increase in α1 protein content in late activated T cells. These results suggest that (1) the increased expression of Na,K‐ATPase proteins underlie the cell cycle‐dependent upregulation of ion pump during T cell transformation, and (2) IL‐2 is involved in the regulated expression of Na,K‐ATPase in human lymphocytes.
Linear motifs: Evolutionary interaction switches
Authors: Neduva Victor , Russell Robert B.
Published: April 2005

Linear motifs are short sequence patterns associated with a particular function. They differ fundamentally from longer, globular protein domains in terms of their binding affinities, evolution and in how they are found experimentally or computationally. In this Minireview, we discuss various aspects of these critically important functional regions.
John H. Herz: realism and the fragility of the international order
Authors: Stirk Peter
Published: April 2005

John H. Herz is a significant, but comparatively neglected, figure in the development of International Relations (IR) as a discipline. Although he contributed to the emergence of realism as the dominant approach to international relations in the United States, his thought is characterised by an insight into the fragility of the international order and the state which stands in marked contrast to the emphasis upon durability and persistence evident in recent surveys of a self-avowed American realism.
Between power and hegemony; business communities in peace processes
Authors: Ben-Porat Guy
Published: April 2005

The support that businessmen and business organisations displayed for the peace processes in Israel and Northern Ireland was open and vocal, underscoring the supposed linkage between globalisation, peace and economic growth, and the supposed leadership role of business. The purpose of this study is to examine the motivations of the business communities in Israel and Northern Ireland in becoming involved in the peace processes, their organisation to promote peace, decision-making processes at critical junctures, and their actual impact on the political outcomes. Study of the business communities demonstrates that their empowerment enabled them to exert political influence but fell short of hegemony that would enable them to set the wider political agenda. The impact of both business communities, for different reasons, was therefore limited.
How not to argue against state personhood: a reply to Lomas
Authors: Wendt Alexander
Published: April 2005

It may be that states are not persons, but there is nothing in Peter Lomas' dismissive critique of my article that would help us decide one way or the other. Lomas never engages the central points of my argument, and does not appear to have read the relevant literature. This is too bad, since Lomas' evident passion about the question of whether states are persons is fully justified. At stake empirically is our ability to explain important patterns in world politics, like balancing or the tendency of states to follow international law, which seem to presuppose state persons. And normatively, state personhood has many politically charged implications, whether limiting the possibilities for individual self-realisation, as emphasised by Lomas, or providing a metaphysical ground for claims of group rights, collective responsibility and guilt, reparations, and the like. So the stakes are high, and having been neglected in IR for so long our current understanding of the issue is preliminary at best. Passion, however, is no substitute for clear thinking, and here Lomas muddies the water considerably. As such I welcome the opportunity to respond. Since Lomas concentrates on my easy case – collective intentionality – I shall do likewise, defending the reality of only that aspect of state personhood, thus bracketing whether states are also super-organisms with collective consciousness.
Reading Charles Beitz: twenty-five years of Political Theory and International Relations
Authors: Rengger Nicholas
Published: April 2005

The last thirty years has seen the growth – or, as I should prefer to say, rebirth – of a field of inquiry that for much of the twentieth century was quiescent. That field would now routinely be called international political theory, in part to distinguish it from both political theory in general and International Relations (IR) theory in general, though of course, there are overlaps with both. Roughly speaking that field consists in ethical, historical and philosophical reflection on the manner and matter of international politics. There is a rich body of such inquiries in intellectual history (and not just in Europe) but for a variety of historical and intellectual reasons such inquiries had fallen out of fashion by the late nineteenth century. This situation was reinforced by the simultaneous evolution of the individual disciplines of political science and IR, and in particular by the rise of methodological and epistemological claims in both largely inimical to those earlier sorts of inquiry. Thus, as the story is widely told, ‘political theory’ and ‘IR’, as academic inquiries, followed largely independent paths for most of the twentieth century.
Participation in Community Dance: a Road to Empowerment and Transformation?
Authors: Houston Sara
Published: April 2005

The community dance movement in the United Kingdom has been very active in organizing and delivering dance projects for disenfranchised communities and individuals for several decades. But initiatives have gained momentum following a shift in policy for arts funding after the 1997 General Election. This article examines how dance social-inclusion projects seek not only to allow those excluded from mainstream opportunities to participate in dance, but also to empower them. The aim of the paper is critically to examine these aims while acknowledging the work that the dance community has done in welcoming participation from groups traditionally not associated with the art form. Sara Houston firstly sets the political and social context that welcomes notions of empowerment to take root within arts projects, then goes on to debate what practitioners mean by the term within the context of championing a social inclusion policy, and discusses how examples of claims manifest themselves in practice, if they do at all. She examines one three-year initiative for residents of a sheltered housing unit and an eighteen-month project in an adult male maximum security prison, outlining what the projects offered and considering the limits of recording evidence of empowerment. Sara Houston lectures in the Department of Dance Studies at the University of Surrey. Her work on social inclusion initiatives in dance has been published by Animated, Primary Health Care, and has also been utilized in a Government White Paper.