bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intubating Through Supraglottic Airway Devices: A Narrative Review
Authors: Yang Ong Say , Moll Vanessa , Moser Berthold , Prabhakar Amit , Cornett Elyse M. , Kaye Alan David , Imani Farnad , Moradi Moghadam Omid , Varrassi Giustino , Urits Ivan , Viswanath Omar
Published: June 2021

Implication Statement: Despite the increasing popularity of video laryngoscopes, the supraglottic airway device (SAD) remains a critical airway rescue tool. The SAD provides a conduit for tracheal intubation in failed laryngoscopy. This article aims to help the operator: (1) select an intubating SAD with consistent performance; (2) inform the appropriate SAD-endotracheal tube pairings; and (3) explain various SAD and endotracheal tube maneuvers available to increase chances of successful intubation. Objectives: The first supraglottic airway device (SAD) was introduced more than thirty years ago. Since then, SADs have undergone multiple iterations and improvements. The SAD remains an airway rescue device for ventilation and an intubation conduit on difficult airway algorithms. Data Sources: Several SADs are specifically designed to facilitate tracheal intubation, i.e., “intubating SADs,” while most are “non-intubating SADs.” The two most commonly reported tracheal intubation methods via the SADs are the blind and visualized passage of the endotracheal tube (ETT) preloaded on a fiberoptic scope. Fiberoptic guided tracheal intubation (FOI) via an intubating SAD generally has higher success rates than blind intubations and is thus preferred. However, fiberscopes might not always be readily available, and anesthesiologists should be skilled to successfully intubate blindly through a SAD. Summery: This narrative review describes intubating SAD with consistent performance, appropriate SAD-ETT pairings, and various SAD and ETT maneuvers to increase successful intubation chances.
Programmable Pump for Intrathecal Morphine Delivery to Cisterna Magna: Clinical Implications in Novel Management of Refractory Pain Above Middle Thoracic Vertebrae Level Utilizing a Prospective Trial Protocol and Review
Authors: Sun Chang , Wang Yu-Tong , Dai Yu-Jie , Liu Zhi-Hui , Yang Jing , Cheng Zhu-Qiang , Dong Dao-Song , Wang Cheng-Fu , Zhao Guo-Li , Lu Gui-Jun , Song Tao , Jin Yi , Kaye Alan D. , Imani Farnad , Sadegi Kambiz , Sun Li-Li , Sun Yong-Hai
Published: June 2021

Background: The cisterna Intrathecal Drug Delivery system (IDDS) with morphine has proven to be effective in treating refractory cancer pain above the middle thoracic vertebrae level in some countries. However, it has not been fully investigated in others. We designed the current project to investigate the efficacy and safety of cisterna IDDS for pain relief in refractory pain above the middle thoracic vertebrae level in advanced cancer patients. Methods: This study protocol allows for eligible cancer patients to receive the cisterna IDDS operation. Pain intensity (Visual Analogue scale, VAS), quality of life (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, SF-36), and depression (Self-Rating Depression scale, SDS) are assessed along with side effects in the postoperative follow-up visits. Recent literature suggests a potential role for cisterna IDDS morphine delivery for refractory pain states above the middle thoracic level. Conclusion: The results of this study may provide further evidence that cisterna IDDS of morphine can serve as an effective and safe pain relief strategy for refractory pain above the middle thoracic vertebrae level in advanced cancer patients.
Identifying Factors Affecting Cancer-related Death in Patients with Adenocarcinoma Gastric Cancer; An Analysis in the Presence of Competing Risks
Authors: Safari Malihe , Mahjub Hossein , Esmaeili Habib , Abasi Mohamad , Roshanaei Ghodratollah
Published: June 2021

Background: Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of gastric cancer that has shorter survival than other types of gastric cancer. The death of patients with this type of cancer may be due to the progression of cancer or other related causes. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting death due to the cancer progression in gastric cancer patients with the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, using competing risk models. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed on 306 gastric cancer patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma referring to Imam Khomeini clinic in Hamadan from 2002 to 2017. Death due to the cancer progression was considered an interest event and death due to without progression as a competing event. To determine the effect of covariates on hazard, the cause-specific and subdistribution hazard regression models were used. Data analysis was performed, using R3.6.1 software and cmprsk and survival packages. Results: The mean (SD) age of patients was 62.3 (12.5) years and 74.3% were male. The effect of the stage, the number of involved lymphomas, and the type of treatment were significant on the hazard of death due to the disease progression in both cause-specific and subdistribution hazard models. Conclusions: The results showed that most deaths occur in the first 3 years of follow-up. The higher stage and higher number of lymph nodes have increased the hazard of death but supplementary treatment significantly decreased the hazard of death due to cancer progression in adenocarcinoma gastric cancer patients in both competing risk models.
Metachronous Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Breasts: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.
Authors: Saneii Mastane , Fadavi Pedram , Novin Kambiz , Garousi Maryam
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) is a rare form of extranodal lymphoma. The most common pathology is diffuse large B cell lymphoma and most patients are diagnosed at stages 1 and 2. The therapeutic options available so far include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy Case Presentation: The patient was a 54-year old woman with localized primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The patient underwent 6 courses of chemotherapy with an R-CHOP regimen followed by radiotherapy of the breast and regional lymph nodes with a dose of 40 Gy. In PET scan done three months later, the patient was in complete remission. Around one year later, the patient experienced relapse in the contralateral breast. Conclusions: In the pattern of lapse of patients, there is a tendency for extranodal relapse. In some studies it has been speculated that there is a high probability of relapse in central nervous system (CNS) and some authorities advocate CNS prophylaxis in these patients. The best outcome would be for patients treated with chemotherapy including rituximab followed by radiation. We reviewed some studies regarding treatment modalities and site of relapse.
Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Garlic Extract Use on the Blood Pressure, Fat Percentage, and Lipid Profile of Patients with Hypertension
Authors: Towhidi Farhad , Mohammadzadeh Salamat Khalid , Soroush Ali , Pourmotabbed Ali
Published: June 2021

Background: Obesity is known as one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives: This quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of an eight-week aerobic exercise and garlic extract use on the blood pressure, fat percentage, and lipid profile of patients with hypertension. Methods: A total of 50 men with a mean age of 53 ± 7.6 years were recruited from among obese patients with blood pressure. They were randomly divided into five groups of aerobic exercise, garlic extract, aerobic exercise plus garlic extract, placebo, and control. The experimental groups underwent aerobic exercise (3 sessions per week, each session for 35 - 60 min with a maximum heart rate of 50 - 75) or garlic extract supplementation (daily use of 6 g) for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected before interventions and 48 h after the last exercise session. Statistical analysis was done by the dependent t-test and ANCOVA. Results: Body weight, body fat percentage, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and serum LDL significantly reduced in the aerobic exercise, garlic extract, and aerobic exercise plus garlic extract groups compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise plus garlic extract groups showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol level and serum triglyceride and an increase in serum HDL compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise plus garlic extract group indicated a higher increase in serum HDL and a higher decrease in the body weight, body fat percentage, and serum LDL compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise plus garlic extract group indicated a higher serum LDL decrease compared to the aerobic exercise group (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: Both aerobic exercise and garlic extract seem to be able to improve obesity, lipid profile, and hypertension. However, their concurrent use has no additional effects on the blood pressure control although it mostly influences lipid profile and body composition.
Eurázijské kultúrne kontexty slovenskej ľudovej čarodejnej rozprávky
Authors: Šutor Lukáš
Published: June 2021

Štúdia obsahuje analýzu a interpretáciu slovenského rozprávkového materiálu v kultúrno-antropologickom kontexte (s dôrazom na antropológiu umenia, antropológiu náboženstva a symbolickú antropológiu). Materiál zahŕňa najdôležitejšie zbierky s prevahou čarodejných rozprávok z reprezentatívnych zberov 19. storočia na Slovensku (preromantická, romantická a postromantická škola). Upozorňujeme na svetonázorový a hodnotový antagonizmus dvoch kultúrnych komplexov (agrárneho a nomádskeho) v eurázijskom regióne a ich pretavenia do príbehového konfliktu prislúchajúcich symbolických foriem v sledovaných rozprávkach a ich typových variantoch. Jadrom príbehovej aktivity je iniciácia čarodejníka/šamana, ktorá je v opisovanej podobe odvoditeľná z prevalencie duchovných predstáv nomádskeho kultúrneho komplexu s afinitou na symboly uranovského okruhu. Za najpravdepodobnejšie centrum dominantných ideových foriem sledovaných rozprávkových príbehov považujeme Strednú Áziu.
Using eye-tracking to investigate teacher gaze: Data accuracy and drawing of meaningful dynamic areas of interest in video stimuli
Authors: Pappa Christina Ioanna , Kosel Christian , Schnitzler Katharina , Seidel Tina
Published: June 2021

Studie, které zkoumají pozornost učitelů skrze eye-tracking vykazují velkou různorodost co se týče stylu reportování a pohledu na kvalitu dat. Důvodem může být to, že eye-tracking je v oblasti výzkumu učitele poměrně novou metodou a systematická metodologická doporučení prozatím neexistují. To se týká především kvality sbíraných dat (tedy přesnosti) a způsobu jejich zpracování skrze vykreslení dynamických oblastí zájmu (areas of interest, AOI) ve video stimulech. Předkládaná studie zkoumá vliv různých hladin akceptované přesnosti dat na počet fixací a tři způsoby vykreslení AOI (AOI ve tvaru žáka kreslená pomocí křivek; AOI tváře žáka kreslená pomocí oválů; AOI oblasti žáka vykreslená obdélníkem) na standardní eye-trackingové proměnné: počet fixací, počet pohledů (glances) a délka fixace. 62 účastníků sledovalo video stimul s pěti označenými žáky, kteří představovali cílové AOI. Byla provedena jednoduchá analýza rozptylu s cílem určit vliv různých hladin přesnosti dat (>1°, > 0.5° to ≤ 1.0°, and ≤ 0.5°) na počet ficaxí. Vliv tří typů vykreslení dynamických AOI byl zkoumán pomocí několika jendofaktorových analýz rozptylu s opakovaným měřením. Výsledky neukázaly významný rozdíl mezi jednotlivými hladinami přesnosti. Významné rozdíly byly ale pozorovány u různých typů AOI. Při použití obdélníků bylo zaznamenáno více fixací a více návštěv AOI než u dalších dvou typů AOI. Nejdelší průměrné fixace byly zaznamenány u AOI zaměřených pouze na tváře žáků. Tyto výsledky nazančují, že je nutné zvážit výběr tvaru AOI v závislosti na výzkumné otázce a pozice AOI v prostoru a zároveň věnovat pozornost přesnosti dat.
Cultural intelligence and heritage impact on choosing foreign tourist destination
Authors: Zdravković Stefan , Peković Jelena
Published: June 2021

Due to the process of globalization, travel has become much more affordable, so tourists have the opportunity to visit foreign and even some exotic destinations. Market research helps travel agencies in formulating a marketing strategy, which should attract tourists and ensure their satisfaction, which ultimately enables the service provider to make a profit. The purpose and goal of the research is to determine whether cultural intelligence as a push-factor implying the desire of tourists to learn a foreign language, and get to know other cultures and their value systems and cultural heritage as a pull-factor implying touring buildings, and cultural monuments of other countries, influence the choice of foreign tourist destinations. Furthermore, the research examines whether the influence of these variables from the aspect of a demographic characteristic of age is more pronounced in respondents belong to generation Z compared to the generation X respondents. The sample includes 208 respondents from the Republic of Serbia. After statistical processing of the data, the obtained results show that variables have a statistically significant positive impact on the choice of foreign tourist destinations, and that their impact is more pronounced in generation Z respondents compared to those of generation X, so the research provides useful information to marketers and travel agencies.
Likelihood of propensity to travel: Prediction based on socio-demographic factors
Authors: Zahirović Sejfudin , Okičić Jasmina , Herić Mensur , Kakeš Dino
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this research is to provide some insights into socio-demographic determinants of predicting the likelihood of residents propensity to travel. Using the quota sampling technique, data collection was carried out from October to December 2019, yielding a sample of 632 valid responses. To gain a better understanding of the sociodemographic determinants of propensity to travel, we, primarily, use descriptive statistical analysis, chi-square test and probit regression model. The research findings have revealed that age, education and household income characteristics may be considered as antecedents of travel propensity of residents. Having in mind the impact that Covid-19 pandemic has on sector of tourism worldwide, and based on the results of this research, policymakers' efforts should be directed to promoting local tourist destinations and to enhancing tourism literacy of residents.
The results of the study of defoliation at bioindication points in the Republic of Serbia in 2014
Authors: Stefanović Tomislav , Bilibajkić Svetlana , Nevenić Radovan , Đorđević Ilija , Poduška Zoran , Češljar Goran , Gagić-Serdar Renata
Published: June 2021

The Forest Condition Monitoring Project (ICP Forests) operates as an international European project where annual monitoring of forest condition, along with recording of data on defoliation, changes in colour and presence of other forms of tree damage, are performed on a network of bioindication points. The main aim of the programme is monitoring of forest condition in permanent, representative areas, distributed in a systematic European network. The paper analyses data on defoliation, as a part of the results of work on monitoring of forest condition at bioindication points in the Republic of Serbia in 2014. The assessment of defoliation at the points is performed regardless of the cause of leaf loss, thus the obtained results do not aim at determining causal connection, but only at representing the state of defoliation at the bioindication points in 2014.
The Internet of Things - the Nearest Future of Viticulture
Authors: Kudryashova Ekaterina , Casetti Michele
Published: June 2021

It is recognized that viticulture and wine sector in general successfully combines traditions and innovations. The Internet of Things technology has already found its way to the vineyards as a prospective innovation. The innovations in wine industry are discussed in the publications, however, IoT not so often falls within the focus. In order to show the production and consumption trends in viticulture we rely mostly on the data accumulated by the International Organization of Vine and Wine. Some analytical materials of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations were also relevant for this study. The information about implementation of Internet of Things is quite fragmentated by now and was collected from different sources. At least two drivers of Internet of Things in viticulture could be mentioned. The first is the climate change and the need to respond to its challenges by wine growers. Technology helps to detect the changes and suggest the best and timely solutions. The second reason why the IoT has prospective in wine sector follows from the characteristics of wine and its consumption trends. There are quite a few strategic decisions to be taken by wine producer and consumers related to wine. These strategic decisions need to be based on a precise data accumulation and processing. The Internet of things is relevant for the decisions of storage, sales, ratings, and collectibles. The range of end-users of the data processing is wide enough in the wine sector. The Internet of Things is already reality of viticulture and it has prospective to develop further. This paper argues that viticulture is a readily open for the IoT and there is a field for IoT implementation in there.
Trente-cinq tableaux inédits de Théophile Hamel
Authors: Vézina Raymond
Published: June 2021

Thirty-five paintings executed by Théophile Hamel for the Canadian government are reproduced here for the first time. Various authors from 1922 up to 1970 insisted that these paintings had been destroyed in fires in governments buildings. This mistake was rectified in 1970 by R. H. Hubbard. In 1975 and 1976, R. V. published the catalogue of the paintings including their location. Problems related to their size and the reflections in the glass panes covering them prevented their being photographed before 1981.

The ‘Information on the subject’ which accompanies the photographs conforms to the norms set down in the method developed by the author for the computerized inventory of works of art. To ensure the accuracy of the information presented, verifications were made in a pre-established list of dictionaries and specialized publications. The information is presented under three headings: sources, disallowed information, and accepted information. The numbers refer to the sources confirming or refuting the information under each heading. The ‘Information on the paintings’ were taken straight from the paintings themselves. Written permission from one of the institutions housing these paintings is required in order to obtain a photograph from the Picture Division of the Public Archives of Canada.
The Feminist Consciousness Raising Circle as Pedagogical Form in Suzanne Lacy and Julia
London’s Freeze Frame (1982)
Authors: Santone Jessica
Published: June 2021

Cet article analyse un projet de pratique sociale, Freeze Frame: Room for
Living Room (1982), par rapport à sa situation pédagogique. Pour la performance
culminant dans un magasin de meubles, Suzanne Lacy et Julia London ont réparti, en dix-sept
cercles, cent-vingt participantes qui étaient initialement « figées », pour passer au mode
de la conversation à leur signal. Le projet se proposait de surmonter l’aliénation du public
face aux stéréotypes sur les femmes, mais les dynamiques de pouvoir étaient telles que le
principal axe pédagogique du projet reposait sur les groupes en conversation, qui ont été
modélisés d’après les interventions féministes éveillant les consciences dans les années
1970. En étudiant ses projets subséquents, on peut voir comment Lacy a intégré cette forme
de pédagogie féministe dans son développement du « new genre public art ». Freeze
Frame doit être considéré comme un exemple clé du rôle de la pédagogie féministe dans
l’histoire de l’art pédagogique.
Critical Ethnography as an Archival Tool
Authors: Rokay Moska
Published: June 2021

Due to the limitations of existing archival theories and methodologies, there are few clear options that allow underrepresented and marginalized communities to represent themselves ethically, faithfully, and responsibly in their own voices in mainstream archival institutions. As a result, many of these communities lack knowledge and fundamental pedagogical resources about themselves and their history in Canada. Based on research from the author’s one-year master’s degree, this article uses a critical ethnographic framework and oral history interviews to understand the archival needs of a segment of the Afghan diaspora that has long been settled in Canada. The Afghan Canadian participants agreed that digital archives could provide a solution to the community’s dearth of knowledge and material about itself – its own histories and stories. The research demonstrates that a critical ethnographic framework can be applied as an instrument in the archives in order to understand the desires, identity-formation processes, and representations of a marginalized community to ensure faithful archival representation.
Des fondements transculturels du picaresque au débat terminologique : du picaresque au picarisme ?
Authors: Bodo Bidy Cyprien
Published: June 2021

Cette étude est une réflexion sur les raisons qui fondent la transculturalité du picaresque. Elle explique pourquoi la culture et l’écriture picaresques sont en capacité d’aller de part en part des frontières littéraires et géographiques. Dans cette optique, l’analyse interroge les fondements du picaresque. Il en ressort, d’une part, que la poétique picaresque s’inspire du conte qui est une pratique culturelle et littéraire transculturelle. D’autre part, le déclencheur du picaresque, l’inégalité sociale, est également propre à l’humanité et donc transfrontalière. En conséquence, l’étude soutient que le picaresque doit (aussi) sa transculturalité au conte et à l’injustice sociale qui le fondent et qui sont, eux-mêmes, intrinsèquement transculturels. Cette approche revisite la piste de l’influence souvent convoquée dans les études sur la pratique du picaresque hors d’Espagne ou d’Europe. Elle propose l’idée de l’existence d’une ressemblance sans contact qui implique un débat terminologique que cette réflexion ne manque pas de mener pour aboutir à une suggestion terminologique : le picarisme.
Hydro-kinesiotherapy as a means of inclusive education of students in the field of physical culture
Authors: Nebytova Liliya Anatol'evna , Katrenko Marina Vasil'evna , Zhuravleva Yuliya Ivanovna , Sasin Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Published: June 2021

The subject of this research is the restoration and maintenance of the health of students with disabilities. The article discusses the legal aspects adopted by the Russian Federation, which are aimed at assertion of humanistic values, ideals, and harmonious development of persons with health limitations. The presented material reveals the peculiarities of implementation of inclusive education in higher educational institutions. Special attention is given to creation of the conditions in organization of pedagogical process in physical culture (swimming) for students with disabilities. Hydro-kinesiotherapy[WU1]  is proposed as a means of optimal use of inclusion in the field of physical culture, as it implies therapeutic and recovery swimming, as well as unification and teaching of all students in a single educational system. The main conclusions of the proposed method are reflected in the scientific research and textbooks developed by the authors that describe hydro-kinesiotherapy as the remedy for promotion of health of students with disabilities. The article indicates the undeniable positive effect of water and swimming in combination with physical rehabilitation, which have a versatile impact on the body and contribute to strengthening and restoration of locomotor apparatus. The obtained results testify to the effectiveness of using hydro-kinesiotherapy, and give grounds for its implementation in the universities, healthcare centers, lessons of therapeutic swimming. The author emphasizes the need for the educational institutions of general purpose to extend their social functions for solving the tasks of professional education alongside rehabilitation tasks, thereby becoming a rehabilitation and educational pedagogical system.  [WU1]
No Capitalism Without Nationalism
Authors: Hadžidedić Zlatko
Published: June 2021

Most theories of nationalism labelled as ‘modernist’ tend to overlook the fact that the phenomenon to which they vaguely refer as ‘Modernity’ is defined by a single, very precise and consistent socio-economic system, that of capitalism. However, this fact makes nationalism and capitalism, rather than nationalism and ‘Modernity’, practically congruent. From this perspective, the essential question that arises is whether the emergence of these two was a spontaneous but compatible and useful coincidence, or nationalism was capitalism’s deliberate invention? In the capitalist era, society has become merely a resource whose existence enables functioning of the market. Such a society must destroy all traditional communal ties on which the maintenance of traditional society was based, so that the principles of reciprocity and solidarity be replaced by the procedures of asymmetric economic exchange. Once the procedures of asymmetric economic exchange become the central principle of human relations, society stops functioning as a whole and becomes sharply divided into two parts – a well-organised and tightly-structured network of self-interested individuals permanently striving for perpetual economic gain and a shapeless mob of socially dislodged labour permanently striving for mere survival. The incessant widening of the gap between the two strata makes capitalism’s essential principle of endless accumulation of capital socially unsustainable. For, rapidly urbanised masses, forced into selling their labour below the minimal price, contain a permanently present insurrectionary potential that might threaten stability of the entire system. So, bridging that gap without actually changing the structure of society becomes the paramount task for the system trying to preserve its mechanism of incessant exploitation of labour and limitless accumulation of capital. Therefore, the system has to introduce a social glue that is tailored to conceal, but also to cement, the actual polarisation of society. At the same time, this glue is designed to compensate the uprooted masses for the loss of their authentic identities by replacing these with a single artificial one. This multi-purpose invention is an abstract concept of absolute social unity, named “the nation”, based on the assumption that those who are located on both sides of the gap, no matter whether they are on the exploiting or exploited side, automatically share the same equal rights, same common interests, and same identity.
Geopolitics in the Western Balkans: linkages, leverages and gatekeepers
Authors: Abazi Enika
Published: June 2021

With the end of the Cold War, Western Balkans countries have embraced the perspective of integration into the Euro-Atlantic structures, with the exception of Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina regarding accession in NATO. The return of international system from hegemonic to competitive followed by the ambiguities that accompany the integration into the Euro-Atlantic structures marked the return of competitors like China, Russia and Turkey in the regional affairs. To map out sources of influence and the context in which foreign interferences affect decision-making and interests, transfer ideas and norms in the region, the paper uses the concept of linkages that facilitate the understanding of opportunities and constrains, benefits and costs resulting from established relationship between Western Balkan countries and different international and regional powers. The paper makes a multi-level investigation of linkages developed between Western Balkans and the leverage of the most influential actors during the last decade, without undermining historical and societal context that favor of disfavor them.
The significance and influence of religions and confessions on the formation of nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Pehar Antonio
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the religious and confessional identity of the population in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time of Ottoman and then the Austro-Hungarian authorities, and it is trying to define the elements of nationality in their identity. The reasons for initiating the rounding-up of three national identities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muslim/Bosniak, Croatian and Serbian) and not a common one are also highlighted. It identifies the external factors as well as the circumstances of the internal dynamics of society that have influenced the formation of the nation on the dominant principle of religious/confessional affiliation of the population.
A Pioneer of Women’s Liberation
Authors: Legan Cvikl Jerca
Published: June 2021

Gabrielle Bonheur “Coco” Chanel is a creative icon who has freed the ‘new’ woman from the millennium of dictated dress codes, stereotypical behaviors and clichéd sexual and status simplification. The little black dress has become synonymous of sophistication, to the femininity she gave the character flavor of relaxation and empowered women with timeless clothing pieces and equipped them with inspiring pieces of jewelry, distinctive decorative accessories and bold fragrances. Since then, with the Chanel fashion women were able to step sovereignly and freely aside of male. Coco resisted the reservation of clothing and decorative pieces and fabrics as exclusively masculine in order to help revolutionary women on their journey to a more a more useful elegance and a more noticeable fatality. Without any doubt she succeeded. She gave the new woman what she could not have before: practicality, youthfulness, timelessness and freedom, which was often scandalous at the time of her creation. But it has paid off with a revolution in the clothing industry and, more importantly, with a historic step in liberating the modern woman.
Sfida all’ultimo parallelo: la conquista del Polo Sud cento anni dopo
Authors: Bernat Paolo
Published: June 2021

100 years ago, Antarctica was still mostly unknown and unexplored. The first landings on the Antarctic coast took place in the early decades of the nineteenth century and were made by whalers and sealers. In the following years the first scientific expeditions began and European and US expeditions started the geographical discovery and the mapping of the Antarctic coasts. But it was only in the years 1911-1912 that two expeditions, very different but equally well prepared, arrived almost simultaneously at the South Pole. The events that happened in the Antarctic together with the different nature of the two leaders Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott determined the outcome of these expeditions and the fate of their teams. The centenary of the conquest of the South Pole (December 14, 1911) is an opportunity to remember the passion for science, the spirit of adventure and the fierce perseverance that characterized those extraordinary men and that even now form the basis of scientific research and of human progress, not only in Antarctica but in all areas of knowledge and life.
L’Antartide è veramente un "awful place"? I caratteri ambientali del continente più freddo della Terra
Authors: Smiraglia Claudio
Published: June 2021

The Antarctic continent is certainly made an "awful" place by its harsh climate: in the past, explorers and researchers endured terrible hardships and the climate remains a challenge today, in spite of the many improvements in knowledge and technology. The Antarctic may be termed "the continent of the extremes", as it occupies an area unlike any other on earth. It is the farthest and most inaccessible and isolated continent; the most regular because of its rounded shape, with the South Pole at the centre; the coldest continent, with temperatures falling to -90°C; the driest (with an average of 130 mm of precipitation); the windiest, the highest, the most glacialized (it contains 91% of the volume of the earth’s ice). It also displays the most monotonous landscapes and presents the greatest contrast between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. But the Antarctic is also "extreme" because it is the least populated continent, with no indigenous population at all, while its few settlements (consisting in scientific bases) are concentrated on the coast; it is the only place that does not belong to one nation, but to all the world; it is the place where unique information on the past, present and future of humankind is revealed.
C’era una volta un gufo: incanto e disincanto in The Brown Owl di Ford Madox Ford
Authors: Milano Rosanna
Published: June 2021

Although The Brown Owl was a successful fairy tale when first published in 1891, it has since been unjustly forgotten. The Brown Owl was Ford’s first work, written for his sister Juliet to reassure her after the saddest event of their life: their father’s death and the division of their family. The fairy story as Ford calls it, seems to follow the scheme of popular fairy tales but it was born out of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which Ford frequented in those years and carries most of the features of the late Victorian literary aestheticism. Art for art’s sake, irony, disenchantment, longing for evasion, are among them. Ford himself later belittled his fairy tales defining them as twaddle, but fairy tale motifs peep out throughout his prose and seem to play an important role in his view of the world.
Il pentimento in Tolstoj e Dostoevskij. Dal cerchio magico dell’Io al bisogno di perdono
Authors: Ghini Giuseppe
Published: June 2021

Given the religious metaphysics of Russian Realism (Steiner 1995: 49), repentance is one of the pivotal moments necessary for the characters of Tolstoy’s and Dostoevsky’s works: it is through repentance that such characters radically change their lives, become aware of evil committed, and renounce evil forever; in other words, they die and are reborn. The two great novelists have, however, two very different attitudes towards repentance: Tolstoy examines all its aspects in the psychological consciousness of his characters, while Dostoyevsky shows their necessary openness to the transcendent world.
“Il tormentato esaminator di se stesso”. Dinamiche della conversione nei Promessi sposi
Authors: Langella Giuseppe
Published: June 2021

In order to tell the story of the conversion of the Conte del Sagrato in Fermo e Lucia, Manzoni adheres to the Pauline model of a sudden shock, thus interpreting the event as a miraculous event in which the redeemed sinner’s role remains completely passive. In The Betrothed, however, the whole episode is being rewritten from the Augustinian model of the Confessions, which represents conversion as a slow and gradual process of crisis, full of anxiety, inner conflict, dejection and resistance, in which God calls for repentance, creates favourable opportunities, eliminates inner anguish and offers necessary help, while respecting human timing, nature and freedom. This essay reconstructs, step by step, all the stages of the conversion of the Unnamed, from his first appearance in the novel to his exit, highlighting the psychological as well as moral turning points of the process of conversion, not without repeated references to the other converts in the novel, starting with Fra Cristoforo, and Napoleon in the Fifth of May.
Oculomotor and neuropsychological effects of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia
Authors: Hill Kristian S. , Reilly James L. , Harris Margret S.H. , Khine Tin , Sweeney John A.
Published: June 2021

Cognitive enhancement has become an important target for drug therapies in schizophrenia. Treatment development in this area requires assessment approaches that are sensitive to procognitive effects of antipsychotic and adjunctive treatments. Ideally, new treatments will have translational characteristics for parallel human and animal research. Previous studies of antipsychotic effects on cognition have relied primarily on paper-and-pencil neuropsychological testing. No study has directly compared neurophysiological biomarkers and neuropsychological testing as strategies for assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatment early in the course of schizophrenia. Antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia were tested before treatment with risperidone and again 6 weeks later. Matched healthy participants were tested over a similar time period. Test-retest reliability, effect sizes of within-subject change, and multivariate/univariate analysis of variance were used to compare 3 neurophysiological tests (visually guided saccade, memory-guided saccade, and antisaccade) with neuropsychological tests covering 4 cognitive domains (executive function, attention, memory, and manual motor function). While both measurement approaches showed robust neurocognitive impairments in patients prior to risperidone treatment, oculomotor biomarkers were more sensitive to treatment-related effects on neurocognitive function than traditional neuropsychological measures. Further, unlike the pattern of modest generalized cognitive improvement suggested by neuropsychological measures, the oculomotor findings revealed a mixed pattern of beneficial and adverse treatment-related effects. These findings warrant further investigation regarding the utility of neurophysiological biomarkers for assessing cognitive outcomes of antipsychotic treatment in clinical trials and in early-phase drug development.
Categorical Perception of emotional faces is not affected by aging
Authors: Rossignol Mandy , Bruyer Raymond , Philippot Pierre , Campanella Salvatore
Published: June 2021

Effects of normal aging on categorical perception (CP) of facial emotional expressions were investigated. One-hundred healthy participants (20 to 70 years old; five age groups) had to identify morphed expressions ranging from neutrality to happiness, sadness and fear. We analysed percentages and latencies of correct recognition for nonmorphed emotional expressions, percentages and latencies of emotional recognition for morphed-faces, locus of the boundaries along the different continua and the number of intrusions. The results showed that unmorphed happy and fearful faces were better processed than unmorphed sad and neutral faces. For morphed faces, CP was confirmed, as latencies increased as a function of the distance between the displayed morph and the original unmorphed photograph. The locus of categorical boundaries was not affected by age. Aging did not alter the accuracy of recognition for original pictures, no more than the emotional recognition of morphed faces or the rate of intrusions. However, latencies of responses increased with age, for both unmorphed and morphed pictures. In conclusion, CP of facial expressions appears to be spared in aging.
Orbitofrontal cortex-related executive functions in children and adolescents: their assessment and its ecological validity
Authors: Poletti Michele
Published: June 2021

This paper discusses the ecological validity of recently proposed tasks for the assessment of executive functions related to the Orbitofrontal Cortex, in children and adolescents. This topic is discussed considering two conceptually distinct approaches to ecological validity, verisimilitude and veridicality. The issue of ecological validity has been increasingly recognized in child neuropsychology, but an attention to this topic seems to lack in studies that assessed the development of Orbitofrontal cortex-related executive functions in children and adolescents with gambling tasks or delay of gratification tasks. An exception is represented by ADHD population, where specially delay aversion tasks seem to have a good veridicality-oriented ecological validity. The weakness of literature about the ecological validity of these executive measures must encourage to keep in mind ecological validity during the development of new tasks.
Meeting a cancer patient in pain: stories of difficulties
Authors: Leone Daniela , Anania Stefania , Fossati Ivan , Cassardo Claudio , Zagonel Vittorina , Vegni Elena
Published: June 2021

Current literature only partially explored the physician’s experience of being with a cancer patient in pain. The aim of the study was to explore the internal representation of physicians specialized in oncology and pain medicine of a challenging meeting with a cancer patient in pain. Using a written open narrative format, 46 physicians specialized in oncology and pain medicine were asked to tell “the story of a challenging meeting with a patient who was in pain”. The narrations were analysed in accordance to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Three main categories were identified each with sub-themes: (1) “Non-written stories”; (2) “Written stories”; (3) “Family members”. The study showed the difficulty to be patient centered, in a context in which the pain is central, forbidding a relation between human beings. The family members, a third party, could be an interesting medium to consent a possible, and difficult, human relation.
Continuing conundrums in communication between qualitative and quantitative paradigms in health research
Authors: Pett Marjorie A. , Clark Lauren C.
Published: June 2021

Despite concerted efforts, there remains a residue of shared spoken and unspoken prejudices from the qualitative-quantitative debates of the 1970’s and 1980’s. In this discussion, we examine both the source and content of these conundrums and posit the need for greater use of mixed methods research in the health sciences. An exemplar that has used mixed methods in health sciences research is presented.
What do facial expressions of emotion express in young children? The relationship between facial display and EMG measures
Authors: Balconi Michela , Lecci Giovanni , Trapletti Verdiana
Published: June 2021

The present paper explored the relationship between emotional facial response and electromyographic modulation in children when they observe facial expression of emotions. Facial responsiveness (evaluated by arousal and valence ratings) and psychophysiological correlates (facial electromyography, EMG) were analyzed when children looked at six facial expressions of emotions (happiness, anger, fear, sadness, surprise and disgust). About EMG measure, corrugator and zygomatic muscle activity was monitored in response to different emotional types. ANOVAs showed differences for both EMG and facial response across the subjects, as a function of different emotions. Specifically, some emotions were well expressed by all the subjects (such as happiness, anger and fear) in terms of high arousal, whereas some others were less level arousal (such as sadness). Zygomatic activity was increased mainly for happiness, from one hand, corrugator activity was increased mainly for anger, fear and surprise, from the other hand. More generally, EMG and facial behavior were highly correlated each other, showing a "mirror" effect with respect of the observed faces.
Effects of spatial cueing on overt orienting of gaze to attentive stimuli
Authors: Falciati Luca , Balconi Michela , Cobelli Chiara , Maioli Claudio
Published: June 2021

The latency of visually guided saccades executed after a cueing condition was adopted as a more ecological index to explore how spatial attention, usually assessed by manual responses, operates in the visual field. Subjects executed saccades aimed towards one of 4 possible positions, equally distributed around a central fixation cross. Before the onset of the saccadic target, a visual cue was briefly presented at the same or at a different spatial location. The visual cue was non-predictive of the target position. Two experimental sessions were carried out, differing for the onset asynchrony between cue and target. A time-dependent coupling between the task-irrelevant location of the cue and the direction of a following overt shift of attention emerged. Clinical applications of the adopted experimental setting to neurological and psychiatric patients with motor impairments are discussed.
Repetition-priming effect: a cognitive task for the definition of a clinical assessment
Authors: Pagani Silvia , Balconi Michela , Sozzi Matteo , Bianchi-Marzoli Stefania , Melzi Lisa , Corbo Massimo
Published: June 2021

This research aims to study how semantic priming words can influence behavioral measures (RTs, accuracy), to develop an experimental paradigm to differentiate visual neglect and hemianopia. 69 experimental subjects were involved in four experiments. In each experiment target words were preceded by word primes semantically related, neutral or unrelated to the target. The four experiments differed in terms of: number of prime, prime duration and distance between pc monitor and subject. In general, related primes should improve facilitatory effect in target recognition more than unrelated primes, reducing RTs and increasing response accuracy. After repeated ANOVA analysis applied to each experiment and paired comparisons, it is possible to point out that single related primes, shown for 150 ms, greatly improve response behavior in terms of RTs reduction. For future applications to the clinical field, we assume that neglect patients should be facilitated in these specific experimental conditions, due to implicit contralesional prime processing. On the contrary, hemianopics should nowise be facilitated, due to visual field deficit.
Autonomic responsivity and semantic associative competences in disturb of consciousness
Authors: Balconi Michela , Stoppelli Rachele , Vanutelli Maria Elide
Published: June 2021

Linguistic associative functions in disorders of consciousness patient (DOC) were studied in the present research by using autonomic measures (Skin Conductance Response, SCR; Heart Rate, HR). We intended to verify the preservation of semantic linguistic processes in Vegetative State (VS) and Minimal Consciousness State (MCS) by considering arousal modulation. Twenty-four patients and twenty controls were submitted to an auditory semantic task (congruous or incongruous word sequences). A similar increased SCR/HR was found for both DOC and control group in response to incongruous condition. This modulation was interpreted as a marker of the increased cognitive difficulty in processing and restoring incongruent information. However, MCS and VS groups quantitatively (but not qualitatively) differed in term of degree of increased arousal, since higher SCR and HR increasing was observed for MCS than VS. These results were interpreted as a marker that the semantic processing was partially preserved in both VS and MCS patients.
The Relationship between Humans and Other Animals in European Animal Welfare Legislation
Authors: Sobbrio Paola
Published: June 2021

Beginning with the Treaty of Amsterdam and then later with the Treaty of Lisbon (TFEU), Europe has more than once formally recognized nonhuman animals as sentient beings. This recognition spurred the creation of regulations that provide for the protection and promotion of animal welfare. However, this protection seems to contain many exceptions, particularly regarding the consideration from which these regulations stemmed: the recognition of animal sentience. In this paper, I argue that the regulations generated by this legislation, far from being aimed at improving the living conditions of nonhuman animals used by the human animals, are actually put in place in order to obtain additional benefits for humans. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the reduction of zoonotic diseases (in the case of nonhuman animals being used for breeding), and the improvement in predictability of animal models (in the case of nonhuman animals being used for experimental purposes). While the rhetoric of these laws seems to endorse the protection and welfare of animals as sentient beings, they actually allow for their enslavement and objectification. In the end, the credibility of Europe’s acknowledgement of animal sentience is greatly hampered by the institutionalization of very cruel practices allowed by animal welfare regulations.