bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic rerouting of the carbohydrate flux is key to counteracting oxidative stress
Authors: Ralser Markus , Wamelink Mirjam M , Kowald Axel , Gerisch Birgit , Heeren Gino , Struys Eduard A , Klipp Edda , Jakobs Cornelis , Breitenbach Michael , Lehrach Hans , Krobitsch Sylvia
Published: December 2007

Background

Eukaryotic cells have evolved various response mechanisms to counteract the deleterious consequences of oxidative stress. Among these processes, metabolic alterations seem to play an important role.

Results

We recently discovered that yeast cells with reduced activity of the key glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase exhibit an increased resistance to the thiol-oxidizing reagent diamide. Here we show that this phenotype is conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans and that the underlying mechanism is based on a redirection of the metabolic flux from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway, altering the redox equilibrium of the cytoplasmic NADP(H) pool. Remarkably, another key glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), is known to be inactivated in response to various oxidant treatments, and we show that this provokes a similar redirection of the metabolic flux.

Conclusion

The naturally occurring inactivation of GAPDH functions as a metabolic switch for rerouting the carbohydrate flux to counteract oxidative stress. As a consequence, altering the homoeostasis of cytoplasmic metabolites is a fundamental mechanism for balancing the redox state of eukaryotic cells under stress conditions.
Performance Contracting in After-Sales Service Supply Chains
Authors: Kim Sang-Hyun , Cohen Morris A. , Netessine Serguei
Published: December 2007

Performance-based contracting is reshaping service support supply chains in capital-intensive industries such as aerospace and defense. Known as “power by the hour” in the private sector and as “performance-based logistics” (PBL) in defense contracting, it aims to replace traditionally used fixed-price and cost-plus contracts to improve product availability and reduce the cost of ownership by tying a supplier's compensation to the output value of the product generated by the customer (buyer).

To analyze implications of performance-based relationships, we introduce a multitask principal-agent model to support resource allocation and use it to analyze commonly observed contracts. In our model the customer (principal) faces a product availability requirement for the “uptime” of the end product. The customer then offers contracts contingent on availability to n suppliers (agents) of the key subsystems used in the product, who in turn exert cost reduction efforts and set spare-parts inventory investment levels. We show that the first-best solution can be achieved if channel members are risk neutral. When channel members are risk averse, we find that the second-best contract combines a fixed payment, a cost-sharing incentive, and a performance incentive. Furthermore, we study how these contracts evolve over the product deployment life cycle as uncertainty in support cost changes. Finally, we illustrate the application of our model to a problem based on aircraft maintenance data and show how the allocation of performance requirements and contractual terms change under various environmental assumptions.
A Framework for Reconciling Attribute Values from Multiple Data Sources
Authors: Jiang Zhengrui , Sarkar Sumit , De Prabuddha , Dey Debabrata
Published: December 2007

Because of the heterogeneous nature of different data sources, data integration is often one of the most challenging tasks in managing modern information systems. While the existing literature has focused on problems such as schema integration and entity identification, it has largely overlooked a basic question: When an attribute value for a real-world entity is recorded differently in different databases, how should the “best” value be chosen from the set of possible values? This paper provides an answer to this question. We first show how a probability distribution over a set of possible values can be derived. We then demonstrate how these probabilities can be used to solve a given decision problem by minimizing the total cost of type I, type II, and misrepresentation errors. Finally, we propose a framework for integrating multiple data sources when a single “best” value has to be chosen and stored for every attribute of an entity.
A Century of Classical World
Authors: Santirocco Matthew S.
Published: December 2007

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Transitional Experiences of First-Year College Students Who Were Homeschooled
Authors: Bolle Mary Beth , Wessel Roger D , Mulvihill Thalia M
Published: December 2007

This study examined transitional experiences of first-year college students who were homeschooled in high school. It sought to determine if experiences of such students corresponded with Tinto's (1988, 1993) theory of student departure. The qualitative study found that there was little distinction between the transitional experiences of homeschooled students and traditionally educated students. During their first year of college, students experienced transitional issues such as loneliness, meeting others with different values, and dealing with greater independence. Academic and student support services, such as orientation, resident assistants, and campus programming, were influential institutional interventions in their transition to college.
First-Year Students’ Plans to Volunteer: An Examination of the Predictors of Community Service Participation
Authors: Cruce Ty M , Moore John V
Published: December 2007

The impacts of community service participation on college student development are extensive and well documented. The characteristics of students that predict volunteerism, however, are not well understood. The purpose of this study is two-fold: first, to estimate the differences in first-year students' decision to volunteer while in college by their background characteristics and by the characteristics of the institutions that they attend; and second, for those students who did not volunteer, to estimate the differences in their intentions to volunteer (i.e., "Plan to do," "Do not plan to do," or "Have not decided") by those same student and institutional characteristics. Study results suggest changes to several campus practices that may remove barriers to successful community service participation among first-year students.
Graduate Student Constructions of Spirituality in Preparation Programs
Authors: Rogers Judy L , Love Patrick
Published: December 2007

Are emerging student affairs professionals prepared to respond to undergraduates' growing interest in spirituality? This study explored that question through interviews with 32 graduate students in three college student personnel programs, one at a state university and two at religiously affiliated institutions. Students reported that authenticity, connectedness, purpose, and transcendence were themes evident in their curriculum. However these emphases were not uniformly identified as spiritual nor were they typically recognized as preparing them to work with undergraduates' spiritual quest. Additionally, how faculty mediated institutional and program context had significant influence on graduate students' exploration of spirituality.
Internet Use and Well-Being Among College Students: Beyond Frequency of Use
Authors: Gordon Cheryl F , Juang Linda P. (Linda Pailiang) , Syed Moin
Published: December 2007

The purpose of the study was to gather descriptive information about college students' Internet use and to explore the relationship between types of Internet use and well-being. The sample consisted of 312 college students (67% female; age range 18-49 years; M = 21.34 years, SD = 5.05). Self-report questionnaires were administered in a large undergraduate psychology course. Exploratory factor analyses suggested 5 specific types of use: Meeting People, Information Seeking, Distraction, Coping, and E-mail. Confirmatory factor analyses on a new sample from the same university (N = 169) verified the 5-factor structure. Using the Internet for coping purposes related to depression, social anxiety, and family cohesion more so than frequency of use. This study highlights the importance of examining types of Internet use in relation to well-being.
Using Queer Theory to Explore Lesbian College Students’ Multiple Dimensions of Identity
Authors: Abes Elisa S , Kasch David
Published: December 2007

By introducing queer theory to Abes and Jones's (2004) constructivist narrative inquiry of lesbian college students' perceptions of their multiple identities, we retell the developmental narrative of one participant's negotiation of her sexuality, religion, gender, and social class. This queer retelling of a developmental story shows how identities are constantly forming and reforming and challenges heteronormative assumptions underlying student development theory, including the construct of self-authorship. We propose a fluid perspective on student development that accounts for lesbian college students' resistance of heteronormative structures. We also encourage student affairs practice that centers lesbian college students' agency and resistance.
Translation Strategies: The Fifth Column in French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish
Authors: Azevedo Milton Mariano
Published: December 2007

This article compares the strategies used in the French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese translations of Hemingway's only play, The Fifth Column. Assuming that culturally relevant features present in the source text tend to be lost in translation and taking into account the four categories of mode of address, semantic congruence, off-color language, and representation of speech—this article considers how systematic comparison of translations clarifies the relationship between a translation and the source text. The results obtained suggest that comparative translation is a viable interdisciplinary field combining elements from literary criticism, translation theory, stylistics, and cognitive linguistics.
The Kansas City Star Welcomes The Hemingway Society
Authors: Zieman Mark
Published: December 2007

From 9–15 June 2008, The Hemingway Society will hold its biennial international conference in Kansas City, Missouri, where a teenaged Hemingway worked as a cub reporter on The Kansas City Star in 1917 and 1918. Here Mark Zieman, editor of the Star, welcomes the Society with a look at the city's attractions, a wealth of anecdotes about Hemingway's time with the newspaper, and extensive quotation from a previously unpublished Hemingway letter to his father about his fast-paced life at the Star.
Hemingway's Michigan Landscapes
Authors: Berman Ron
Published: December 2007

Ernest Hemingway's descriptions of the terrain of northern Michigan recall his experience, describe Nature, imply his ecological beliefs—and reconstruct what he sees in terms of post-Impressionist landscape painting. It was widely understood in his lifetime that landscape was an imaginative version of a scene rather than its photographic reconstruction. The way in which a scene was depicted implied much about artistic beliefs and intentions. Hemingway was particularly indebted to Cézanne for his ideas about landscape, but he took many cues from other painters ancient and modern.
"'Drive,' He Said": How Ted Brumback Helped Steer Ernest Hemingway into War and Writing
Authors: Paul Steve
Published: December 2007

From 9–15 June 2008, The Hemingway Society will hold its biennial international conference in Kansas City, Missouri, where a teenaged Hemingway worked as a cub reporter on The Kansas City Star in 1917 and 1918. Here Mark Zieman, editor of the Star, welcomes the Society with a look at the city's attractions, a wealth of anecdotes about Hemingway's time with the newspaper, and extensive quotation from a previously unpublished Hemingway letter to his father about his fast-paced life at the Star.
Henry James and Dirty French Novels
Authors: Brooks Peter
Published: December 2007

James's essays on such French novelists as Flaubert, Maupassant, Zola, and George Sand display considerable discomfort with their portrayal of sexuality, yet at the same time–as is especially apparent in his comments on Sand–a deep fascination with the subject. In a letter to Paul Bourget in 1887, criticizing his French disciple's novel Mensonges , he is more than usually explicit about what bothers him in the representation of sexual activities. In his later work, we see James more and more attempting to find a place for sexuality as a force that–like evil–is crucial and yet not directly representable.
"Monstrous Levity": Between Realism and Vision in Two of Henry James's Artist-Tales
Authors: O'Hara Daniel T.
Published: December 2007

This essay traces the pleasures of the text(s) in two Jamesian artist-tales, "The Story of a Masterpiece" and "The Liar." The two tales share similar plots, but are constructed differently. James changes point of view in the later story and, with this formal shift, complicates both representation and the readerly experience of Jouissance. James suspends his texts and his readers between realism and the visionary, opening the possibility of a modern "truth-event."
A Fitting "Form": The Ethical Bearing of a Keyword in Roderick Hudson
Authors: Scott Rebekah
Published: December 2007

This essay considers the aesthetic and ethical workings of a keyword in James: "form." While The Golden Bowl is considered the apotheosis of Jamesian Form and "late" semantic playfulness, with seventy instances of the word in its many applications, Roderick Hudson, James's "first" novel, surprisingly displays a programmatic interest in "form" (sculpture, objets d'art, beauty, good conduct). The most interesting struggles in James–those over ethics, aesthetics, etiquette, and economics–are often enacted in a single word. Only by scrutiny of overused, self-masking words can the insidious confusion of the beautiful, the valuable, and the good be exposed.
Narrative Refusals and Generic Transformation in Austen and James: What Doesn't Happen in Northanger Abbey and The Spoils of Poynton
Authors: Warhol Robyn R
Published: December 2007

This essay reads The Spoils of Poynton as a Modernist re-rendering of the Austenian marriage plot, tracing the connections between what is not narrated and genre. The coupling of Northanger Abbey and Spoils, of Catherine Moreland and Fleda Vetch, highlights how James pushes narrative boundaries, creating a "neo-narrative."
Perceptions of Environmental Health Risks and Communication Barriers among Low-SEP and Racial/Ethnic Minority Communities
Authors: Taylor-Clark Kalahn , Koh Howard , Viswanath K
Published: December 2007

Despite a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards in lower socioeconomic positions (SEP) and racial/ethnic minority communities, research suggests that such communities may have concerns about environmental risks different from those of their higher SEP and White counterparts. These groups also face disproportionate barriers to accessing and utilizing public health information. Little work has focused on the environmental risk communication barriers that low-SEP minorities face. This paper reports on the results of seven focus groups conducted in three low-SEP Massachusetts communities, with an over-sample of racial/ethnic minorities. We explored (1) definitions of the environment, (2) perceptions of environmental health effects, (3) information-seeking behaviors around these issues, and (4) challenges to accessing and utilizing information. The local environment shapes these communities' perceptions of environmental risks; they face considerable barriers to accessing, understanding, and utilizing other sources of information about environmental health risks. We discuss the implications for future targeted campaigns to reduce negative impacts of environmental health risks.
Network Analysis of an Organizational Collaboration for Pacific Islander Cancer Control
Authors: Tanjasiri Sora Park , Tran Jacqueline H , Palmer Paula Healani , Valente Thomas W
Published: December 2007

Community-based participatory research (CPBR) represents a growing research approach for addressing health disparities disfavoring members of racial/ethnic minorities and other underserved populations in the U.S. While such endeavors are often guided by explicit principles regarding the relationships between communities and universities, few studies have reported on the development or strength of such relationships. This paper describes the methods and preliminary results of a cross-sectional analysis of the ties between community and university organizations in a CBPR network to address cancer disparities between Pacific Islanders in Southern California and the general population. These analyses afford a means of representing the collaborative relationships and may enhance tracking improvements in CBPR links for cancer education, research, and training. Such tracking will help concerned parties understand how academic and community groups collaborate and coordinate their efforts to reach shared and overlapping goals.
Long-Term Engagement in Smoking Cessation Counseling among Rural Smokers
Authors: Cupertino A. Paula , Mahnken Jonathan D , Richter Kimber , Cox Lisa Sanderson , Casey Genevieve , Resnicow Ken , Ellerbeck Edward F
Published: December 2007

Introduction. Effective smoking cessation treatment requires active patient engagement. This may be particularly important for rural smokers who have less access to smoking cessation resources than others. This study describes long-term engagement in counseling for smoking cessation and factors associated with engagement. Methods. As part of a randomized trial, 231 rural smokers received up to 6 telephone-based counseling sessions at 6-month intervals over 24 months. Engagement in treatment was categorized according to the number of counseling calls each interval. During the final 6-month interval, more than 60% of continuing smokers remained engaged in treatment. Call completion varied over time; while levels of engagement dropped after the first interval, many continuing smokers remained engaged throughout the study. Education, age, motivation, income, diabetes, and health insurance status were predictors of treatment engagement. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that smokers will remain engaged in long-term counseling designed to address the chronic nature of nicotine dependence.
Questionnaire Design from a Cross-Cultural Perspective: An Empirical Investigation of Koreans and Non-Koreans
Authors: Willis Gordon , Zahnd Elaine
Published: December 2007

Abstract: A persistent challenge to self-report data across racial, ethnic, or cultural groups is the inherent difficulty of attaining cross-cultural comparability of key measures. The current research study investigated the cross-cultural functioning of health-survey questions presented to four groups: (1) Koreans who were monolingual in Korean; (2) non-Korean native speakers of English; (3) bilingual Koreans interviewed in English, and (4) bilingual Koreans interviewed in Korean. This design allowed us to include those likely to be medically underserved, and to assess both linguistic and cultural barriers to collecting health survey data. A total of 36 cognitive interviews were conducted to identify (a) translation problems; (b) problems of cultural adaptation that impede cross-cultural comparability; and (c) generic problems of questionnaire design that affect all groups. An important category of problems was identified that appeared to result from the interaction of respondent and question characteristics. Such problems can best be assessed through explicit consideration of the socio-cultural backgrounds of survey respondents, as opposed to the more usual focus on details of item translation and wording.
Racialized Geography, Corporate Activity, and Health Disparities: Tobacco Industry Targeting of Inner Cities
Authors: Yerger Valerie B , Przewoznik Jennifer , Malone Ruth E
Published: December 2007

Industry has played a complex role in the rise of tobacco-related diseases in the United States. The tobacco industry's activities, including targeted marketing, are arguably among the most powerful corporate influences on health and health policy. We analyzed over 400 internal tobacco industry documents to explore how, during the past several decades, the industry targeted inner cities populated predominantly by low-income African American residents with highly concentrated menthol cigarette marketing. We study how major tobacco companies competed against one another in menthol wars fought within these urban cores. Little previous work has analyzed the way in which the inner city's complex geography of race, class, and place shaped the avenues used by tobacco corporations to increase tobacco use in low-income, predominantly African American urban cores in the 1970s–1990s. Our analysis shows how the industry's activities contributed to the racialized geography of today's tobacco-related health disparities.
A Structural Approach to Examining Prostate Cancer Risk for Rural Southern African American Men
Authors: Griffith Derek M , Mason Mondi A , Rodela Marisela , Matthews Derrick D , Tran Anh , Royster Michael , Cotten Michael , Eng Eugenia
Published: December 2007

Physical, cultural, and social factors influence health risk and behavior, but few have explored how the environmental context affects African American men's prostate cancer screening and treatment. This paper describes a structural analysis of data from eight focus groups of rural, southern African American men (n=66). A structural approach highlights the interrelationships between individuals, the health service system, and community factors that directly and indirectly affect screening and treatment for prostate cancer. The availability of accurate and timely health information and health services, social norms regarding health and professional help-seeking, and the sociopolitical context shaped men's screening and treatment behaviors. These proximal and distal health factors affected men's prostate cancer knowledge, perceived risk, willingness to seek care and trust in the health service system. The findings suggest that prostate cancer screening and treatment occurs in a larger structural context that has important implications for help-seeking and health promotion.
''A Great Machine'' or a ''Beast of Prey'': A Boston Corporation and Its Rural Debtors in an Age of Capitalist Transformation
Authors: Thornton Tamara Plakins
Published: December 2007

In the 1820s and 30s, the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company (MHLIC), established by the Boston elite to administer family trusts, invested in mortgage loans to farmers from western Massachusetts. Those aspects of Company mortgages that marked them as modern debtor-creditor arrangements\-\-formal procedures, written contracts, and above all, the necessity of punctual payments, enforced by the threat of lawsuits\-\- frightened and alienated many borrowers and fueled broader-based political protests against corporations. Rural discontent over the Company's business practices occurred as farmers underwent the difficult transition from a household to a market economy, but the Company's insistence on those practices represent the Boston elite's own adjustment to a new era of corporate capitalism. Conducting business with novel sorts of economic actors, no longer fellow merchants but distant strangers and social inferiors, elite Bostonians positioned the Company as an impersonal mechanism, irrevocably fixed in its method of operation, against what it perceived as an unreliable and assertive yeomanry. Rule-bound regularity soon emerged as not only standard business procedure but a full-blown ideological vision of a clockwork universe of business. Implying both the impartial application of rules and predictability in the business world, this vision held political and cultural appeal in an age of novel social tensions and unprecedented economic instability. Exploring the vexed relations between Massachusetts farmers and the MHLIC thus illuminates the process whereby the practices and values associated with corporate capitalism took hold among yeomen farmers and elite Bostonians alike.
Minnows, Spies, and Aristocrats: The Social Crisis of Congress in the Age of Martin Van Buren
Authors: Pasley Jeffrey L.
Published: December 2007

Scholars have been debunking the Jacksonian era's reputation as the "Age of the Common Man" for decades now, but they have gone too far in dismissing changes about which many contemporary political observers and participants complained. This essay explores the turbulent political culture of Washington, D.C. in the 1830s and finds evidence of real political democratization, understood as social (and related cultural) change in the composition and operation of American political institutions. The peace and job security enjoyed by members of the established "residential elite," longtime officeholders and their families, was disturbed by the influx of new blood who followed Andrew Jackson to Washington, including a large number of newspaper editors and other men whose middling to working-class social backgrounds and rough manners mostly barred them from office before 1828. Jackson appointed more than 70 editors to his administration and many of them ended up in Congress by the time of Martin Van Buren's presidency. Congress had a difficult time adjusting to the presence of these "minnows," and vice versa. In the bulk of the essay, the experiences of former newspaper editors' in Washington are woven together to show some of the problems surrounding the entry of common men into high office. Three former editors figure most prominently in the narrative. Michigan senator John Norvell could not afford to serve in Congress, but did the drudgework the great orators shirked, then quit to seek patronage offices when he was nearly bankrupt. Matthew Livingston Davis was a printer from the 1790s and longtime henchman of Aaron Burr who pioneered punditry in the 1830s with a column signed "The Spy in Washington." The column's inside information set nerves on edge and helped stir up a string of violent incidents involving members of Congress, including the shooting death of another former editor, Rep. Jonathan Cilley of Maine, in a misbegotten duel.
P. Yadin 21 and Rabbinic Law on Widows' Rights
Authors: Katzoff Ranon
Published: December 2007

Some scholars of Jewish history of Late Antiquity claim that in the second century C.E. rabbis and rabbinic tradition had no substantial influence on the lives of Jews outside of the rabbis' own small coteries. An argument used to support this claim is the apparent absence of any reference to rabbinic law in the legal documents found in the Judaean Desert. Though several scholars have pointed to the continuities between the documents and rabbinic juristic literature, it has been possible to counter that these continuities should not be seen as influence of rabbinic law on Jewish practice but rather as evidence that rabbis adopted popular practice into their law. P.Yadin 21/22, document a transaction dated 130 C.E., in which a Jewish woman, Babatha, sells the crop of her late husband's orchards. The price is stated as part of that self-same crop. This odd transaction, not paralleled in Greek papyri, is perplexing. It is here proposed that P.Yadin 21 is designed as a simulated transaction, a dodge, allowing a widow to apply self-help in exercising her rights vis-a-vis her late husband's estate as would have been recognized in tannaitic law at the time of the transaction, particularly in the halakhah stated by Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Yehudah, whose views are reflected in other documents of the same find. It is significant that the dodge would make sense in neither Roman nor Greek law. This, then, is a case in which rabbinic jurisprudence affected Jewish practice, not the reverse.
Resituating the Principle of Equipoise: Justice and Access to Care in Non-Ideal Conditions
Authors: Kukla Rebecca
Published: December 2007

The principle of equipoise traditionally is grounded in the special obligations of physician-investigators to provide research participants with optimal care. This grounding makes the principle hard to apply in contexts with limited health resources, to research that is not directed by physicians, or to non-therapeutic research. I propose a different version of the principle of equipoise that does not depend upon an appeal to the Hippocratic duties of physicians and that is designed to be applicable within a wider range of research contexts and types—including health services research and research on social interventions. I consider three examples of ethically contentious research trials conducted in three different social settings. I argue that in each case my version of the principle of equipoise provides more plausible and helpful guidance than does the traditional version of the principle.
Revisiting Equipoise: A Response to Gifford
Authors: Miller Paul B , Weijer Charles
Published: December 2007

The authors respond to objections Fred Gifford has raised against their paper "Rehabilitating Equipoise." They situate this exchange in the wider context of recent debate over equipoise, highlighting substantial points of agreement between themselves and Gifford. The authors offer a brief restatement of "Rehabilitating Equipoise" in which they amplify some of its core arguments. They then assess Gifford's objections. Finding each to be unfounded, they argue that there is no justification for "pulling the plug" on clinical equipoise.
German Romanticism Goes to Hollywood: Heinrich von Kleist's "On the Puppet Theater" and Being John Malkovich
Authors: Kley Martin
Published: December 2007

This paper presents an analysis of Spike Jonze's 1999 film Being John Malkovich through the lens of its intertextual play with the German Romantic Heinrich von Kleist's 1811 essay "On the Puppet Theater." Based on Kleist's critique of the Enlightenment (especially its model of instrumental reason) and his essay's theme that true gracefulness in the theater can only be achieved after the removal of human consciousness, Jonze's film confronts us with a challenging allegory of the cinema, cinematic spectatorship, and the star system. In such a reading, the cinematic apparatus can be seen as the realization of Kleist's crank, with which one of the discussants in the essay seeks to replace the puppeteer. John Cusack's Craig, the film's initially unsuccessful puppeteer, undertakes a similar endeavor: entering the famous actor John Malkovich's body through a mysterious portal, he learns to control his new puppet, hence integrating puppet and puppeteer in one body and achieving effortless performances. But the portal does not turn out to be the "backdoor to paradise" from Kleist's essay. Instead, the film moves beyond Kleist's text by suggesting the absurdity of such metaphysical speculations (especially in the nightmarish scene when Malkovich enters his own portal). The constellation in Being John Malkovich amounts instead to a deadly struggle for power and identity, with Craig's "murder" of John Malkovich being the perfect crime which, according to Jean Baudrillard, marks the victory of virtuality over actuality. In accordance with this insight, I interpret the struggle between puppet and puppeteer allegorically as the struggle between actor and spectator. Viewed in this light, Craig's shift from gazing passively through Malkovich's eyes to taking full control over his body signals different models of cinematic spectatorship and functions of the star system. In its most extreme form, the star (Malkovich)—as a "pseudo-event" (D. Boorstin)—becomes a mere puppet for the spectator/puppeteer. The film is therefore not only about what it means to be John Malkovich for those who invade his body, but also about what it means for John Malkovich himself. In my reading of Being John Malkovich as a creative adaptation of "On the Puppet Theater," the actor John Malkovich, performing best when being violated by others, becomes one of Kleist's mutilated dancers (victims of war whose artificial limbs allow them to dance gracefully), hence indicating an intricate relationship between aesthetics and violence that goes beyond Kleist's romantic vision of a reintegrated version of the subject as untainted by culture and reason.
Show and Tell
Authors: Laborde Katheryn Krotzer
Published: December 2007

In 2006, a college professor found herself teaching freshmen composition students during the fall semester at Xavier University of Louisiana. This in itself was not unusual; what was different was that this "fall" semester was starting in January, thanks to Hurricane Katrina. Whether an out-of-towner who rode out the storm on campus or a New Orleans native who lost everything to the disaster, each student had been affected in some way, as had their still-shaken professor who was aware that, in time, not only would the shock wear off but the all-important memories and stories would fade. The students were encouraged throughout the course to write about the disaster from a variety of angles: finding out about the storm; evacuating; filling the time created when the fall semester was put on hold; and coming back to the ruined city and damaged campus. Throughout the semester Laborde, herself a creative non-fiction writer, shared her writing and her photographs (most taken in her recovery work as an Exterior Damage Assessor for the City of New Orleans) in order to encourage students to share their own observations and experiences in the form of journal entries and essays. This essay includes sections of Laborde's essays that were published in other publications, as well as passages by her students.
Excess and Identity: The Franco-Romanian Ionesco Combats Rhinoceritis
Authors: Quinney Anne Holloway
Published: December 2007

Eugène Ionesco's play Rhinocéros has been read by many as a general satire of totalitarianism, the police state, and demagogy as well as a moral call to question the rise of these phenomena in the twentieth century. This article explores the extent to which the play represents more specifically Ionesco's own struggles with his identity as Romanian and Jewish in the era of the Iron Guard. The author argues that Ionesco's staging of this drama is in fact a strategy to bear witness to both political and social realities that marked his youth. Often considered a French writer—since French was his literary language—contemporary readers may not be familiar with Ionesco's ties to Romania. Born to a French mother and Romanian father, Ionesco spent the critical years of young adulthood, from ages thirteen to thirty, in Romania at a time when that country's aggressive racism and widespread anti-Semitism led to the creation and popularization of the radical nationalist political party of the Iron Guard. In the years between 1925 and 1933, Ionesco saw many of his close friends become increasingly fascinated by the Iron Guard with its mystical, anti-Western, and anti-Semitic rhetoric. He saw all around him "men metamorphosed into beasts, rhinoceros…You would run into an old friend, and all of a sudden, under your very eyes, he would begin to change. It was as if his gloves became paws, his shoes hoofs. You could no longer talk intelligently with him for he was not a rational human being." In this intellectual milieu and atmosphere of mass ideology of the 1930s, Ionesco's ambivalence toward being partly Jewish turned into horror. Ionesco was astounded and disgusted to learn of the literary politics of those he counted as friends and this, in his mind, constituted a betrayal. Ionesco's reasons for leaving Romania in the 1930s when everyone he knew was embracing an ideology caustic to his own future explain the terror of the process of 'rhinocerization' in his play. Therefore, to call Ionesco a "French" writer occludes the very real national identifications and the struggles of those national identities that his fictions literally animate. That Rhinocéros can be read as an allegory for the Nazi Occupation of France, the cold war communist attitude of the Leftists in Paris, the French persecution of Algerians, and the incursions of Romanian youth into fascism in the 1930s underscores the centrality of the resistance to anti-Semitic ideology in the expression of Ionesco's double identity as Romanian and French.
Impact Exercise Increases BMC During Growth: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Gunter Katherine , Baxter-Jones Adam DG , Mirwald Robert L , Almstedt Hawley , Fuchs Robyn K , Durski Shantel , Snow Christine
Published: December 2007

Our aim was to assess BMC of the hip over 8 yr in prepubertal children who participated in a 7-mo jumping intervention compared with controls who participated in a stretching program of equal duration. We hypothesized that jumpers would gain more BMC than control subjects. The data reported come from two cohorts of children who participated in separate, but identical, randomized, controlled, school-based impact exercise interventions and reflect those subjects who agreed to long-term follow-up (N = 57; jumpers = 33, controls = 24; 47% of the original participants). BMC was assessed by DXA at baseline, 7 and 19 mo after intervention, and annually thereafter for 5 yr (eight visits over 8 yr). Multilevel random effects models were constructed and used to predict change in BMC from baseline at each measurement occasion. After 7 mo, those children that completed high-impact jumping exercises had 3.6% more BMC at the hip than control subjects whom completed nonimpact stretching activities (p < 0.05) and 1.4% more BMC at the hip after nearly 8 yr (BMC adjusted for change in age, height, weight, and physical activity; p < 0.05). This provides the first evidence of a sustained effect on total hip BMC from short-term high-impact exercise undertaken in early childhood. If the benefits are sustained into young adulthood, effectively increasing peak bone mass, fracture risk in the later years could be reduced.
Impact of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide on Age-Induced Bone Loss
Authors: Ding Ke-Hong , Shi Xing-Ming , Zhong Qing , Kang Baolin , Xie Ding , Bollag Wendy B , Bollag Roni J , Hill William , Washington Walter , Mi Qing-Sheng , Insogna Karl , Chutkan Norman , Hamrick Mark , Isales Carlos M
Published: December 2007

GIP is an important hormonal link between nutrition and bone formation. We show for the first time that BMSCs express functional GIP receptors, that expression decreases with aging, and that elevations in GIP can prevent age-associated bone loss.

Introduction: We previously showed that C57BL/6 mice lose bone mass as they age, particularly between 18 and 24 mo of age. The mechanisms involved in this age-dependent induced bone loss are probably multifactorial, but adequate nutrition and nutritional signals seem to be important. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is an enteric hormone whose receptors are present in osteoblasts, and GIP is known to stimulate osteoblastic activity in vitro. In vivo, GIP-overexpressing C57BL/6 transgenic (GIP Tg+) mice have increased bone mass compared with controls. Bone histomorphometric data suggest that GIP increases osteoblast number, possibly by preventing osteoblastic apoptosis. However, potential GIP effects on osteoblastic precursors, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), had not previously been examined. In addition, effects of GIP on age-induced bone loss were not known.

Materials and Methods: Changes in BMD, biomechanics, biomarkers of bone turnover, and bone histology were assessed in C57BL/6 GIP Tg+ versus Tg− (littermate) mice between the ages of 1 and 24 mo of age. In addition, age-related changes in GIP receptor (GIPR) expression and GIP effects on differentiation of BMSCs were also assessed as potential causal factors in aging-induced bone loss.

Results: We report that bone mass and bone strength in GIP Tg+ mice did not drop in a similar age-dependent fashion as in controls. In addition, biomarker measurements showed that GIP Tg+ mice had increased osteoblastic activity compared with wildtype control mice. Finally, we report for the first time that BMSCs express GIPR, that the expression decreases in an age-dependent manner, and that stimulation of BMSCs with GIP led to increased osteoblastic differentiation.

Conclusions: Our data show that elevated GIP levels prevent age-related loss of bone mass and bone strength and suggest that age-related decreases in GIP receptor expression in BMSCs may play a pathophysiological role in this bone loss. We conclude that elevations in GIP may be an effective countermeasure to age-induced bone loss.
BMD Decreases Over the Course of a Year in Competitive Male Cyclists
Authors: Barry Daniel W , Kohrt Wendy M
Published: December 2007

Male cyclists have been found to have low BMD in cross-sectional studies. Changes in BMD values over 1 yr of training and competition were studied in 14 male cyclists. BMD decreased significantly at the total hip, neck, trochanter, and shaft regions but not the lumbar spine. This first prospective study of cyclists showed a decrease in BMD over the course of 1 yr.

Introduction: Cross-sectional studies have shown that some endurance athletes, and cyclists in particular, have low BMD. Whether vigorous cycle training is causally related with low BMD remains unknown.

Materials and Methods: Changes in BMD values over 1 yr of training and competition were studied in 14 male road cyclists, 27–44 yr of age. Subjects were randomized to receive 1500 (500 mg with meals) or 250 mg of supplemental calcium citrate daily. BMD measurements were obtained at pre-, mid-, post-, and off-season time points over 1 yr. Dermal calcium loss during exercise was estimated using a patch collection technique to examine calcium loss as a potential mediator of changes in BMD.

Results: Using paired t-tests, BMD was found to decrease significantly from pre- to off-season at the total hip, neck, shaft, and trochanter regions (relative changes of −1.5 ± 2.1%, −0.7 ± 2.1%, −0.9 ± 2.1%, and −1.0 ± 1.2%, respectively, all p < 0.05). The 1.0 ± 1.2% decrease in BMD at the lumbar spine failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.079). There were no differences in changes in BMD between the calcium supplementation groups. The 2-h dermal calcium loss was estimated at 136.5 ± 60.5 mg. Higher dermal calcium losses were associated with lower baseline BMD values at the total hip, neck, and shaft (all p < 0.05), but were not significantly associated with changes in BMD.

Conclusions: This study suggests that high intensity cycle training may adversely affect BMD. Excessive dermal calcium loss during exercise may be a contributing factor, but mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
Notochordal Inclusions in the Vertebral Bone Marrow
Authors: Corsi Alessandro , De Maio Fernando , Mancini Federico , Ippolito Ernesto , Riminucci Mara , Bianco Paolo
Published: December 2007

Nontumoral notochordal inclusions in vertebral bone marrow give rise to MRI-detectable lesion without osteolysis, and their detection may cause concern or overtreatment. These lesions likely arise from dislocation of notochordal cells from the nucleus pulposus early in life, followed by growth in a permissive bone marrow microenvironment.

We present a case of nontumoral notochordal inclusions in vertebral bone marrow, giving rise to an MRI detectable lesion without osteolysis. MRI detection of such lesions may cause concern or overtreatment. Quite distinct from chordomas, these lesions likely arise from dislocation of notochordal cells from the nucleus pulposus early in life, followed by growth in a permissive bone marrow microenvironment.
Preparation of Polyclonal Antibody Specific for BRD7 and Detection of Its Expression Pattern in the Human Fetus
Authors: Liu Huaying , Li Xiaoling , Niu Zhaoxia , Zhang Liming , Zhou Ming , Huang He , He Jiajin , Zhang Wenling , Xiao Lan , Tang Yunlian , Wang Li , Li Guiyuan
Published: December 2007

BRD7 is a novel bromodomain gene. It plays critical role in cell growth, cell cycle progression, and signal-dependent gene expression. Overexpression of the BRD7 gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells is effective to inhibit cell growth and cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. However, little is known about its bio-functions because of the unavailability of a specific BRD7 antibody. In this study, for the first time, we generated a highly specific BRD7 antibody. It is able to specifically recognize recombinant GST-BRD7N protein with a molecular mass of 65 kDa and recognize BRD7-Myc and endogenously expressed BRD7 protein with an approximate molecular mass of 75 kDa, which corresponds well with the calculated molecular mass of the BRD7 protein. More importantly, with these antisera, we analyzed BRD7 distribution in the human fetus by Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays. Obvious nuclear expression of BRD7 protein presents in human cerebellum, pancreas, intestines, liver, and kidney. Cardiomyocyte shows high cytoplasm expression of the BRD7 protein. Weak nuclear expression of the BRD7 protein is found in human cerebrum, lung, and stomach. These data may help to further study the cellular role of the BRD7 gene. In particular, the prepared BRD7 antibody will be helpful for studying the bio-functions of endogenously expressed BRD7 protein.
p53 Nuclear Accumulation and Bcl-2 Expression in Contiguous Adenomatous Components of Colorectal Adenocarcinomas Predict Aggressive Tumor Behavior
Authors: Shanmugam Chandrakumar , Katkoori Venkat R. , Jhala Nirag C. , Grizzle William E. , Siegal Gene P. , Manne Upender
Published: December 2007

For subsets of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) patients, nuclear accumulation of p53 (p53nac) and Bcl-2 expression are prognostic indicators. To understand their role in the progression of CRC we evaluated 90 CRCs and their contiguous adenomatous components (CAdCs) for immunohistochemical expression of these markers. In general, p53nac and Bcl-2 expression was significantly increased when comparing normal colonic epithelia to CAdCs and CRCs. Thirteen (14%) CAdCs that demonstrated p53nac continued to express p53nac in their contiguous CRCs. A similar trend was observed in Bcl-2 expression in that the majority of CAdCs expressing Bcl-2 continued to express it in their matching CRCs (39/44). Patients whose CAdCs and their contiguous CRCs demonstrate p53nac had shorter median survival (35.9 months) than those patients whose CAdCs and CRCs did not (80.56 months). However, patients whose CAdCs had p53nac and lacked Bcl-2 expression had the lowest median survival (15.74 months) when compared with patients whose CAdCs did not demonstrate p53nac but had increased expression of Bcl-2 (71.77 months). These findings suggest that in those adenomas that demonstrate p53nac but lack Bcl-2 expression, their contiguous CRCs are more likely to be aggressive as they progress.
Manfred Fuhrmann, Latein und Europa. Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts in Deutschland von Karl dem Großen bis Wilhelm II. 2001
Authors: Landfester Manfred
Published: December 2007

Ein perspektivenreiches wie glänzend geschriebenes Buch: diese 1100jährige Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts in Deutschland. Allerdings treffen weder Ober- noch Untertitel präzise den Inhalt des Buches, denn die europäische Dimension wird nur gelegentlich thematisiert, wenn sie auch präsent ist, und mit dem gelehrten Unterricht ist in erster Linie der Unterricht auf den Schulen gemeint, wenn auch die Verhältnisse an den Universitäten im Horizont der Darstellung liegen. Auch wird die Bedeutung des Griechischen im Titel nicht sichtbar, obgleich der Neuhumanismus mit seinem Griechenglauben als Zentrum die Hälfte des Buches einnimmt. Das Buch enthält also sowohl mehr als auch weniger, als der Titel verspricht. Es ist eine deutsche Schul- und Bildungsgeschichte unter dem Aspekt der Rezeption des Lateins und des Griechischen. Es beansprucht auf keinen Fall, eine umfassende Geschichte der Rezeption der Antike in Europa und Amerika zu sein. Freilich ist die Interdependenz zwischen den verschiedenen Bereichen der Rezeption punktuell behandelt.