bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strongly asymmetric hybridization barriers shape the origin of a new polyploid species and its hybrid ancestor
Authors: Vallejo‐Marín Mario , Cooley Arielle M. , Lee Michelle Yuequi , Folmer Madison , McKain Michael R. , Puzey Joshua R.
Published: May 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Hybridization between diploids and tetraploids can lead to new allopolyploid species, often via a triploid intermediate. Viable triploids are often produced asymmetrically, with greater success observed for “maternal‐excess” crosses where the mother has a higher ploidy than the father. Here we investigated the evolutionary origins ofMimulus peregrinus, an allohexaploid recently derived from the triploidM. ×robertsii, to determine whether reproductive asymmetry has shaped the formation of this new species.

METHODS:

We used reciprocal crosses between the diploid (M. guttatus) and tetraploid (M. luteus) progenitors to determine the viability of triploidM. ×robertsiihybrids resulting from paternal‐ vs. maternal‐excess crosses. To investigate whether experimental results predict patterns seen in the field, we performed parentage analyses comparing natural populations ofM. peregrinusto its diploid, tetraploid, and triploid progenitors. Organellar sequences obtained from pre‐existing genomic data, supplemented with additional genotyping was used to establish the maternal ancestry of multipleM. peregrinusandM. ×robertsiipopulations.

KEY RESULTS:

We found strong evidence for asymmetric origins ofM. peregrinus, but opposite to the common pattern, with paternal‐excess crosses significantly more successful than maternal‐excess crosses. These results successfully predicted hybrid formation in nature: 111 of 114M. ×robertsiiindividuals, and 27 of 27M. peregrinus, had anM. guttatusmaternal haplotype.

CONCLUSION:

This study, which includes the firstMimuluschloroplast genome assembly, demonstrates the utility of parentage analysis through genome skimming. We highlight the benefits of complementing genomic analyses with experimental approaches to understand asymmetry in allopolyploid speciation.
METHOD FOR ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF DWELL TIMES AT STOPS IN LOCAL BUS TRANSPORTATION
Authors: Csiszár Csaba , Sándor Zsolt
Published: May 2016

The punctuality of local public bus transportation contributes to the service quality and has impact on mode choice. Appropriate planning and control measures as well as adequate passenger information require efficient analysis and prediction methods. Advanced fleet tracking systems provide enough data for these research purposes. The main factors that cause schedule deviation has been identified through the analysis of the data. As important time elements of the journey time are dwell times at stops, the research focused on it; however, the elaborated database structure is adequate also for analysis of the other time elements, which coincides with our further research intentions too. Innovative methods based on the historical data have been elaborated for the prediction of dwell times. The essence of the method: multi-variate analysis of the dwell times by exploration of the significant influencing factors, and then prediction of times based on the factors describing the certain situations. Soundness of the methods has been verified with examples, and the results well approximated the real values.
S’intégrer dans la République des Lettres. Le cas de Nicolas Fatio de Duillier (1681-1688)
Authors: Recous Noémie
Published: May 2016

En 1688, le genevois Nicolas Fatio de Duillier (1664-1753) est officiellement élu membre de la Royal Society de Londres, honneur confirmant son identité de savant et de membre de la République des Lettres. Fatio de Duillier n’était pas issu d’une famille de tradition savante, et sa ville d’origine, Genève, n’était pas un des centres de la République des Lettres. Si son mérite personnel, indéniable, a été présenté comme l’argument décisif de sa reconnaissance européenne, il cache en réalité des processus plus complexes de construction et de médiatisation d’une identité publique. Pour comprendre les forces à l’œuvre dans ces processus, les outils de l’analyse de réseau sont très utiles. Le concept d’intermédiaire permet de révéler le rôle de certains individus qui ont mis leurs ressources, notamment sociales, au service du jeune Fatio, et ont été déterminants dans ses choix et ses succès. C’est le cas de son maître à l’Académie de Genève, et par la suite mentor et ami, Jean-Robert Chouët. C’est aussi celui de grands noms de la République des Lettres tels que Jean-Dominique Cassini et Christiaan Huygens, qui ont fait figure de mentors pour le jeune homme, tout en y trouvant des intérêts personnels, selon la règle du don et contre-don régissant les sociabilités de la République des lettres. L’analyse de réseau permet également le changement d’échelle, en révélant les ensembles auxquels l’individu est intégré, en l’occurrence les réseaux protestants et marchands, qui ont été des ressources majeures pour le jeune homme. À travers le cas de Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, ce sont donc ces processus d’élaboration et de médiatisation d’une identité savante qui sont étudiés.
Where Is the Nursing?: Baccalaureate Nursing Students' Perceptions of Nontraditional Child Health Clinical Placements
Authors: Studnicka Katie , O'Brien Karen
Published: May 2016

Background:

Nursing students tend to look forward to their child health clinical placement in a hospital setting. However, there has been a shift away from hospital experiences to nontraditional community settings. When students are notified that the clinical settings are in the community, they often are disappointed. However, on completion of the placement, students' preconceptions about the community setting often have been changed positively.

Method:

This qualitative study using focus groups explored the pre- and postperceptions of nursing students in nontraditional clinical placements.

Results:

The overarching theme was Where Is the Nursing? This theme was underpinned by subthemes of the value of the placement and role (expectations and self-identification as a nurse).

Conclusion:

Participants were able to identify key aspects of nursing (e.g., communication, building relationships), but many of the students did not view these as nursing skills. In addition, some participants had difficulty identifying their roles as nurses. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(6):349–352.]
Nursing Student Work-Study Internship Program: An Academic Partnership
Authors: Wallace Jonalyn
Published: May 2016

Background:

A large northern California-based integrated health system and five universities partnered to conduct an innovative work-study internship program designed to address the education-to-practice gap for nursing students.

Method:

The nursing student work-study intern-ship program provides prelicensure nursing students with a paid internship in the health system. Interns are exposed to the realities of clinical practice and master learned skills working under the supervision of an RN preceptor.

Results:

Work-study interns reported that participation in the program exposed them to new clinical situations, helped them integrate clinical knowledge and critical thinking skills, improved prioritization and time management skills, and expanded their communication skills within the interprofessional team. Interns cited feeling better equipped to safely and effectively transition into the new graduate role.

Conclusion:

The nursing student work-study program shows how an academic practice partnership can address the education-to-practice gap in an innovative manner. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(6):357–359.]
Overview of Cellular Computing-Basic Principles and Applications
Authors: Das Amit , Dasgupta Rakhi , Bagchi Angshuman
Published: May 2016

Computers, due to their raw speed and massive computing power, have been highly used by biologists to expedite life science research whereas several computational algorithms like artificial neural network, genetic algorithm and many similar ones have been inspired by the behaviors of several biological or cellular entities. However till date both these disciplines i.e. life sciences and computer sciences have mostly progressed separately while recent studies are increasingly highlighting the impact of each discipline on the other. The chapter describes several features of biological systems which could be used for further optimizations of computer programs or could be engineered to harness necessary computational capabilities in lieu of traditional silico chip systems. We also highlight underlying challenges and avenues of implementations of cellular computing.
The comprehension and production of quantifiers in isiXhosa-speaking Grade 1 learners
Authors: Nel Joanine , Southwood Frenette
Published: May 2016

Background: Quantifiers form part of the discourse-internal linguistic devices that children need to access and produce narratives and other classroom discourse. Little is known about the development - especially the prodiction - of quantifiers in child language, specifically in speakers of an African language.Objectives: The study aimed to ascertain how well Grade 1 isiXhosa first language (L1) learners perform at the beginning and at the end of Grade 1 on quantifier comprehension and production tasks.Method: Two low socioeconomic groups of L1 isiXhosa learners with either isiXhosa or English as language of learning and teaching (LOLT) were tested in February and November of their Grade 1 year with tasks targeting several quantifiers.Results: The isiXhosa LOLT group comprehended no/none, any and all fully either in February or then in November of Grade 1, and they produced all assessed quantifiers in February of Grade 1. For the English LOLT group, neither the comprehension nor the production of quantifiers was mastered by the end of Grade 1, although there was a significant increase in both their comprehension and production scores.Conclusion: The English LOLT group made significant progress in comprehension and production of quantifiers, but still performed worse than peers who had their L1 as LOLT. Generally, children with no or very little prior knowledge of the LOLT need either, (1) more deliberate exposure to quantifier-rich language or, (2) longer exposure to general classroom language before quantifiers can be expected to be mastered sufficiently to allow access to quantifier-related curriculum content.Keywords: quantifiers; isiXhosa; Grade 1
Identifying phonological processing deficits in Northern Sotho-speaking children: The use of non-word repetition as a language assessment tool in the South African context
Authors: Wilsenach Carien
Published: May 2016

Diagnostic testing of speech/language skills in the African languages spoken in South Africa is a challenging task, as standardised language tests in the official languages of South Africa barely exist. Commercially available language tests are in English, and have been standardised in other parts of the world. Such tests are often translated into African languages, a practice that speech language therapists deem linguistically and culturally inappropriate. In response to the need for developing clinical language assessment instruments that could be used in South Africa, this article reports on data collected with a Northern Sotho non-word repetition task (NRT). Non-word repetition measures various aspects of phonological processing, including phonological working memory (PWM), and is used widely by speech language therapists, linguists, and educational psychologists in the Western world. The design of a novel Northern Sotho NRT is described, and it is argued that the task could be used successfully in the South African context to discriminate between children with weak and strong Northern Sotho phonological processing ability, regardless of the language of learning and teaching. The NRT was piloted with 120 third graders, and showed moderate to strong correlations with other measures of PWM, such as digit span and English non-word repetition. Furthermore, the task was positively associated with both word and fluent reading in Northern Sotho, and it reliably predicted reading outcomes in the tested population. Suggestions are made for improving the current version of the Northern Sotho NRT, whereafter it should be suitable to test learners from various age groups.
Cytomorphological features of papillary cystadenocarcinoma of parotid gland: A case report with review of literature
Authors: Joshi Usha , Chufal Sanjay Singh , Thapliyal Naveen , Khetan Harsh
Published: May 2016

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma is a very rare slow growing malignant neoplasm characterized by cysts and intraluminal papillary projections. It is defined by WHO as a separate entity. On FNA, cytological features can mimic with various papillary and cystic neoplasms of salivary gland. It is also difficult to distinguish from benign salivary gland neoplasms as it has bland nuclear features. Thus we present cytomorphological features and discuss its differential diagnosis with neoplasms having prominent papillary architecture with review of literature.
Abstract 16
Authors: Parikh Pankti , Gurugunti Aishhwarrya , Bantwal Belinda George Ganapathi , Ayyar Vageesh , Appaiah Sonali
Published: May 2016

Objective: To report our experience with the diagnostic evaluation of children and adolescents presenting with tall stature as a prominent symptom.

Methods: This retrospective case series includes four patients (2 girls & 2 boys) who presented with tall stature during their childhood or adolescence and were evaluated in our hospital. Details regarding demographic information, clinical presentation, treatment history, laboratory investigations, and follow-up data including height velocity were collected after a review of their case records.

Results: The first child presented at 4 years of age with a height SDS of +2.95; she was diagnosed to have congenital hypothyroidism at birth and previous height recordings did not have evidence of any accelerated growth spurt. As her bone age also corresponded to the increased height age, she was followed up with a provisional diagnosis of constitutional advancement of growth and puberty (CAGP). She entered puberty at the age of 7.5 years and attained menarche at the age of 9.5 years; her last recorded height at the age of 11 years was 161 cm, which is close to the target height of 163 cm. The second patient presented at 14 years of age with tall stature (SDS of +1.45, which was +1.70 above the conditional target height SDS). Her clinical examination revealed severe acanthosisnigricans with acromegaloid features and advanced bone age. Though all initial evaluation including GH dynamics were normal, she returned a year later with frank hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and had no evidence of supra-normal growth velocity. The third patient was noticed to have transient acceleration in growth spurt (reported by his mother) with positive change in height SDS and bone age advancement when he presented with symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The growth acceleration settled with the treatment of Graves’ disease. The fourth patient was an 18-year-old male who presented with tall stature (height SDS of +2.83) along with facial asymmetry and hypogonadism. He was diagnosed to have McCune Albright syndrome based on the clinical features and was found to have a GH-secreting macroadenoma that contributed to his tall stature.

Conclusion: Tall stature is not typically considered a pathological condition and the majority of them require no intervention. However, a thorough physical examination and initial evaluation for bone age advancement and accelerated height velocity should always be done to ensure a pathological cause is not missed. We present a wide spectrum of etiological diagnoses ranging from CAGP to various endocrine disorders that can manifest as tall stature.
Nearly Asymptomatic Eight-Month Thoracic Aortic Dissection
Authors: Kumar Arjun , Kumar Krishan , Zeltser Roman , Makaryus Amgad N.
Published: May 2016

Thoracic aortic dissection is a rare, but lethal, medical condition that is either misdiagnosed as a myocardial infarction or overlooked completely. Though thoracic aortic dissections are commonly diagnosed in patients exhibiting sharp chest pain, there are some notable cases where patients do not report the expected severity of pain. We report a unique case of a patient with a thoracic aortic dissection who was initially nearly asymptomatic for eight months, in order to heighten awareness, highlight diagnosis protocol, and improve prognosis for this commonly misdiagnosed, but fatal, condition.
Evaluation of an Electronic Module for Reconciling Medications in Home Health Plans of Care
Authors: Gibson Bryan , Livnat Yarden , Thraen Iona , Brody Abraham , Rupper Randall , Kramer Heidi
Published: May 2016

Transitions in patient care pose an increased risk to patient safety. One way to reduce this risk is to ensure accurate medication reconciliation during the transition. Here we present an evaluation of an electronic medication reconciliation module we developed to reduce the transition risk in patients referred for home healthcare.

Nineteen physicians with experience in managing home health referrals were recruited to participate in this within-subjects experiment. Participants completed medication reconciliation for three clinical cases in each of two conditions. The first condition (paper-based) simulated current practice – reconciling medication discrepancies between a paper plan of care (CMS 485) and a simulated Electronic Health Record (EHR). For the second condition (electronic) participants used our medication reconciliation module, which we integrated into the simulated EHR.

To evaluate the effectiveness of our medication reconciliation module, we employed repeated measures ANOVA to test the hypotheses that the module will: 1) Improve accuracy by reducing the number of unaddressed medication discrepancies, 2) Improve efficiency by reducing the reconciliation time, 3) have good perceived usability.

The improved accuracy hypothesis is supported. Participants left more discrepancies unaddressed in the paper-based condition than the electronic condition, F (1,1) = 22.3, p < 0.0001 (Paper Mean = 1.55, SD = 1.20; Electronic Mean = 0.45, SD = 0.65). However, contrary to our efficiency hypothesis, participants took the same amount of time to complete cases in the two conditions, F (1, 1) =0.007, p = 0.93 (Paper Mean = 258.7 seconds, SD = 124.4; Electronic Mean = 260.4 seconds, SD = 158.9). The usability hypothesis is supported by a composite mean ability and confidence score of 6.41 on a 7-point scale, 17 of 19 participants preferring the electronic system and an SUS rating of 86.5.

We present the evaluation of an electronic medication reconciliation module that increases detection and resolution of medication discrepancies compared to a paper-based process. Further work to integrate medication reconciliation within an electronic medical record is warranted.
Belleza cruda de la Hochschule Für Gestaltung Ulm
Authors: Martínez Castillo Alberto
Published: May 2016

Podemos entender la dialéctica entre racionalidad y organicismo de los edificios de la HfG Ulm como epítome de la polaridad existente entre razón lógica y razón intuitiva en la obra artística y arquitectónica de Max Bill. Las deformaciones de los espacios de relación de la escuela -vinculables con la parte emocional- no responderían únicamente a la adecuación de la estructura de orden a la ladera de la colina de Kuhberg. La austeridad del hormigón visto nos permite apreciar, más allá de la connotación puritana asignada en su época, la idea de una des-elaboración material y de detalle en búsqueda de una belleza cruda.
Napping and Nighttime Sleep: Findings From an Occupation-Based Intervention
Authors: Leland Natalie E. , Fogelberg Donald , Sleight Alix , Mallinson Trudy , Vigen Cheryl , Blanchard Jeanine , Carlson Mike , Clark Florence
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE. To describe sleeping behaviors and trends over time among an ethnically diverse group of community-living older adults.

METHOD. A descriptive secondary data analysis of a subsample (n = 217) from the Lifestyle Redesign randomized controlled trial was done to explore baseline napping and sleeping patterns as well as 6-mo changes in these outcomes.

RESULTS. At baseline, the average time sleeping was 8.2 hr daily (standard deviation = 1.7). Among all participants, 29% reported daytime napping at baseline, of which 36% no longer napped at follow-up. Among participants who stopped napping, those who received an occupation-based intervention (n = 98) replaced napping time with nighttime sleep, and those not receiving an intervention (n = 119) experienced a net loss of total sleep (p < .05).

CONCLUSION. Among participants who stopped napping, the occupation-based intervention may be related to enhanced sleep. More research examining the role of occupation-based interventions in improving sleep is warranted.
Bidirectional air–sea exchange and accumulation of POPs (PAHs, PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs) in the nocturnal marine boundary layer
Authors: Lammel Gerhard , Meixner Franz X. , Vrana Branislav , Efstathiou Christos I. , Kohoutek Jiři , Kukučka Petr , Mulder Marie D. , Přibylová Petra , Prokeš Roman , Rusina Tatsiana P. , Song Guo-Zheng , Tsapakis Manolis
Published: May 2016

Abstract. As a consequence of long-range transported pollution, air–sea exchange can become a major source of persistent organic pollutants in remote marine environments. The vertical gradients in the air were quantified for 14 species, i.e. four parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), three polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), three organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and two polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in the gas-phase at a remote coastal site in the southern Aegean Sea in summer. Most vertical gradients were positive (Δc∕Δz > 0), indicating downward (net depositional) flux. Significant upward (net volatilisational) fluxes were found for three PAHs, mostly during daytime, and for two OCPs, mostly during night-time, as well as for one PCB and one PBDE during part of the measurements. While phenanthrene was deposited, fluoranthene (FLT) and pyrene (PYR) seem to undergo flux oscillation, hereby not following a day–night cycle. Box modelling confirms that volatilisation from the sea surface has significantly contributed to the night-time maxima of OCPs. Fluxes were quantified based on eddy covariance. Deposition fluxes ranged from −28.5 to +1.8 µg m−2 day−1 for PAHs and −3.4 to +0.9 µg m−2 day−1 for halogenated compounds. Dry particle deposition of FLT and PYR did not contribute significantly to the vertical flux.
Impact of aerosols on precipitation over the Maritime Continent simulated by a convection-permitting model
Authors: Hassim Muhammad E. E. , Grabowski W. W. , Lane T. P.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. We examine the impact of assumed cloud droplet concentration on the simulated diurnal cycle of rainfall over New Guinea and surrounding seas using convection-permitting numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The simulations mimic effects of cloud condensation nuclei on cloud and precipitation processes. They follow simulations reported in Hassim et al (ACP 2016) that focused on dynamical aspects, namely the topographic forcing and the off-shore propagation of convective systems that contribute to the observed early-morning rainfall maximum north-east of New Guinea. Simulations reported in this current study apply the bulk cloud microphysics of Thompson et al. with contrasting cloud droplet concentrations of 100 and 1,000 per cc, referred to as pristine and polluted conditions, respectively. Overall, the assumed cloud droplet concentration has a small impact on the simulated convection. This emphasizes the predominant control from the diurnal cycle and the large-scale conditions. Pristine convection results in a 15–20 % larger surface accumulated rainfall over both land and ocean, and a noticeable shift of the cloud top height distribution, a reduction of the contribution of shallow cloudiness (cloud tops below 3 km) and an increase of the population of deep clouds (cloud tops above 9 km). The simulated impact on precipitation and cloud fields is in stark contrast to previous modelling studies that document small enhancement of surface precipitation and significant increase of the cloud top height in polluted conditions. Analysis of microphysical fields suggests that the simulated small enhancement of precipitation in pristine conditions comes from more efficient rain processes below the freezing level and enhanced graupel initiation and growth aloft. The increase of the cloud top height is arguably due to precipitation off-loading increasing cloud buoyancy aloft that has been shown to operate in shallow warm convection. However, the relatively low horizontal resolution and application of the bulk cloud microphysics warrants follow-up studies to assess validity of the impacts documented in the current study.
Carbon monoxide total column retrievals from TROPOMI shortwave infrared measurements
Authors: Landgraf Jochen , aan de Brugh Joost , Scheepmaker Remco , Borsdorff Tobias , Hu Haili , Houweling Sander , Butz Andre , Aben Ilse , Hasekamp Otto
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The TROPOMI spectrometer is the single payload of the Copernicus Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5P) mission. It measures Earth radiance spectra in the shortwave infrared spectral range around 2.3 μm with a dedicated instrument module. These measurements provide CO total column densities over land, which for clear sky conditions are highly sensitive to the tropospheric boundary layer. For cloudy atmospheres over land and ocean, the column sensitivity changes according to the light path through the atmosphere. In this study, we present the physics-based operational S5P algorithm to infer atmospheric CO columns satisfying the envisaged accuracy (
Changing patterns of extreme water levels in urbanizing plain river network region of Taihu Basin, China: characteristics and causes
Authors: Wang Yuefeng , Xu Youpeng , Xu Yu , Song Song , Li Guang , Wu Lei
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Water level is an indicating factor in flood control in the plain river network region of Taihu Basin (PRNRTB). It is mainly influenced by climate change and human activity. In this study, the annual and seasonal variations of extreme water level from 1960 to 2012 were analyzed based on daily water level of eight stations in the PRNRTB. The modified Mann-Kendall test and sequential cluster analysis are used to detect trends and points of abrupt change. The results indicated that the extreme water level shows a significant increase at a regional scale. The increases in extreme high water level (EHWL) and extreme low water level (ELWL) were 0.007 and 0.01 m per year, respectively. Detected points of abrupt change was around 1988 for the region and most stations, which correspond to the period of intensive human activities in this region. The changes in average annual EHWL and ELWL between 1989 and 2012 are, respectively, 7.8 and 12.7 % higher than that between 1960 and 1988. Meanwhile, contributions of precipitation and human activity were also assessed in three individual periods (1989–2012, 1989–2000, and 2000–2012). Between 1989 and 2012, the contribution from human activity increased from 20.5 to 70.3 % for EHWL, while human activity was always the main driver responsible for the increase in ELWL in that period. In addition, a thorough discussion is included about the potential driving force on the extreme water level in the PRNRTB. Human activities are suggested to have played more and more important roles in the extreme water level changes since the late 1980s. The results of the study would provide support in water resources management and floods control in urban development.
Reduction of the 59-day error signal in the Mean Sea Level derived from TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-2 data with the latest FES and GOT ocean tide models
Authors: Zawadzki Lionel , Ablain Michaël , Carrere Loren , Ray Richard D. , Zelensky Nikita P. , Lyard Florent , Guillot Amandine , Picot Nicolas
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Mean sea level (MSL) is a prominent indicator of climatic change (Ablain et al., 2015; Cazenave et al., 2014; Leuliette and Willis, 2011), and is therefore of great scientific and societal interest. Since the beginning of the altimeter mission TOPEX/Poseidon, followed by Jason-1 and Jason-2 on similar orbits, and many other missions on different orbits (ERS, EnviSat, etc.), MSL products became essential to the comprehension of Global ocean circulation. Since early in the TOPEX/Poseidon mission (Nerem, 1995) a suspicious signal, having period near 59 days and amplitude of roughly 5 mm, was apparent in the GMSL record. Compared with the 4–5 mm amplitude of the annual signal (Minster et al., 1999), the suspicious 59-day signal has understandably attracted attention. Moreover, the same signal has been subsequently detected in Jason-1 and later Jason-2 MSLs. In 2010, it was the subject of a dedicated session at the Ocean Surface Topography Science Team (OSTST) meeting in Lisbon. The conclusions were this signal is the aliasing of a higher frequency error inherited from the tide model correction: the semi-diurnal wave S2. The source of this error was mainly attributed to TOPEX measurements which are assimilated in ocean tide models. When these models are used in the computation of TOPEX/Poseidon MSL, most of the error cancels. However, this error is communicated to Jason-1 and Jason-2 MSLs. Since 2010, considerable efforts have been undertaken within the ocean tide community in order to correct ocean tide S2-waves from this error, particularly in the Goddard Ocean Tide (GOT) and Finite Element Solution (FES) latest versions. The present paper aims at assessing, quantifying and characterizing the reduction of the 58.77-day error thanks to the latest releases.
Sensitivity of ice production estimates in Laptev Sea polynyas to the parameterization of subgrid-scale sea-ice inhomogeneities in COSMO-CLM
Authors: Gutjahr Oliver , Heinemann Günther , Preußer Andreas , Willmes Sascha , Drüe Clemens
Published: May 2016

Abstract. A tile-approach (TA) for the calculation of the energy balance over fractional sea ice was implemented into the standard version of the COSMO-CLM (CCLM) model. The tile-approach accounts for subgrid-scale energy exchange within polynyas and leads, which are neglected in the CCLM standard version. We perform six simulations for the area of the Laptev Sea at a horizontal resolution of 5 km for the winter season 2007/08 (Nov–Apr) with different grid-scale and subgrid-scale ice thicknesses within polynyas. A reference run without TA assumes a grid-scale ice-thickness of 10 cm within polynyas (derived as the mean thin-ice thickness in the Laptev polynyas from satellite data). Three sensitivity runs were performed for 10 cm grid-scale ice thickness and subgrid-scale open water, thin-ice of 1 and 10 cm thickness. Two runs use a grid-scale ice thickness of 50 cm and a subgrid-scale ice thickness of 5 and 1 cm, respectively. We analyse the sensitivity of the ice production (IP) in this winter and compare them with estimations from remote sensing methods. In addition, the impact of the surface heat exchange on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is shown for a case study. The use of the TA causes an increased heat loss over polynyas, which is up to +109.7 % higher in the sensitivity runs compared to the reference run. This enhanced heat loss is caused by an increase of the surface temperatures and the near-surface wind speed within and above polynyas. The surface temperatures are +6 to +16 °C higher than in the reference simulation. The reference ice production of 29.05 km3 increases due to the enhanced heat loss in the sensitivity simulations by +0.3 to +124.5 %. The comparison of the IP with estimates from remote sensing methods remains difficult due to different assumptions on the combination with atmospheric data, turbulent transfer coefficients for heat and polynya definitions. In summary, the consideration of subgrid-scale energy fluxes in form of the tile approach yields a more realistic representation of fractional sea ice cover. However, the impact on IP and the ABL depends strongly on the choice of the subgrid-scale ice thickness, which should be consistent with satellite-derived ice thickness distribution in polynyas.
Hacia una Antropología compartida. Reflexiones, experiencias y propuestas acerca de la fotografía participativa en investigación antropológica
Authors: González Granados Paula
Published: May 2016

Este artículo tiene dos objetivos principales. En primer lugar, trazar un recorrido por las experiencias colaborativas a través de la fotografía y el video en Antropología, y en segundo lugar, contextualizar y mostrar los resultados de una investigación realizada recientemente sobre proyectos de fotografía participativa impulsados desde colectivos de fotógrafos documentales. Para estos objetivos me he centrado en trabajos pioneros y en autores que han puesto a prueba este tipo de metodologías con niños y adolescentes, escenario de mi trabajo de campo. Esta investigación, que está en sus comienzos, pretende buscar sinergias con otros profesionales y poder así establecer teorías y colaboraciones de cara a próximos proyectos de investigación aplicada a través del uso de los medios audiovisuales.
"Ethnoscapes" domésticos y rite de passage: significación y cronicidad del diagnóstico en esquizofrenia
Authors: Alegre-Agís Elisa
Published: May 2016

A partir de los resultados de un estudio etnográfico realizado con personas diagnosticadas de esquizofrenia y sus familiares en Barcelona y Tarragona durante un año, se problematizan las transformaciones de los roles y relaciones dentro del espacio doméstico a partir del acontecimiento del primer brote y la asignación del diagnóstico como ritual de paso. Para ello, se recurre a una lectura cultural de la familia, entendiendo el grupo como un ethnoscape específico. Se analiza la concepción de la cronicidad, y sus consecuencias en la conformación del rol de enfermo en el marco de las relaciones de parentesco, y se discuten las paradojas en términos de autonomía para los afectados, debido a la proyección de la connotación cultural de cronicidad.
Impact of Technological Alliances Between Asymmetrical Firms on Icts Appropriation
Authors: TLICH LjImen
Published: May 2016

The study evaluates the contribution of technological cooperation between asymmetrical firms to reduce the digital divide. To do this, we assess the impact of technological alliances between Euro-Mediterranean firms on ICTs appropriation by especially Tunisian firms. But it mustn’t be studied independently of strategic and demographic contexts. The article presents a quantitative study based on a survey which was conducted among a sample of 155 companies. We led logistic multinomial regressions to estimate the model and valid the hypothesis.
Norwegian adolescents, physical activity and mental health: The Young-HUNT study
Authors: Fløtnes Ida Slettbakk , Nilsen Tom Ivar Lund , Augestad Liv Berit
Published: May 2016

Background: The aim of the study was to examine the associations of physical activity, sport participation, and body composition on the risk of symptoms of mental health problems in a large population-based sample of Norwegian adolescents.Methods: Analyses were based on 4-year longitudinal data from the Young-HUNT studies in Norway among 2000 adolescents aged 13-19 years. We calculated relative risks of anxiety/depression symptoms, as well as of feeling downhearted and dissatisfied with life, in relation to various measures of physical activity, sports participation, anthropometric measures, and body image.Results: Overall, physical activity was inversely associated with the risk for anxiety/depression in boys (Ptrend, 0.02), but not in girls (P-trend, 0.34). Girls who considered themselves “very fat/chubby” had a higher risk than those who considered themselves as “about the same as others” (RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7), whereas in boys, the risk was highest for those who considered themselves as “thin/very thin” (RR, 1.7; 95% CI,1.1-2.7). Analysis of the risk of feeling downhearted or dissatisfied with life showed an inverse association for physical activity, both in girls and boys, and there was also a U-shaped association with body image.Conclusion: Physical activity was inversely related to risk of anxiety/depression in boys, but not in girls, and inversely related to the risk of feeling downhearted and dissatisfied with life in both genders. Body image was strongly associated with symptoms of anxiety/depression and measures of well-being, whereas body size showed no clear associations. These results suggest that self-perception of appearance are moreimportant for mental health in adolescents than the actual body composition, and that being physically active may be beneficial, especially among boys.
Low level of objectively measured physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, and high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Pakistani male immigrants in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Andersen Eivind , Høstmark Arne Torbjørn , Lorentzen Catherine , Anderssen Sigmund Alfred
Published: May 2016

Background: The level of physical fitness in south Asian immigrants living in Norway is largely unknown, but the level of physical activity seems to be low, possibly in part explaining their high prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, previous studies have used self-reported measures of physical activity, and it might be questioned whether the previous data reflect the true physical activity level.Aim: To describe objectively measured physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness and diabetes risk in a group of Pakistani immigrant men living in Oslo, Norway.Methods: One hundred and fifty Pakistani immigrant men in the age group 25-60 years were included. Physical activity level was assessed with an accelerometer. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured until exhaustion on a treadmill, and diabetes risk was evaluated with an oral glucose tolerance test.Results: Mean age was 37.3 years (SD=7.7). Total physical activity level was 308 counts/min (SD=131), and peak oxygen uptake was 34.2 ml·kg-1·min-1 (SD=5.6). Fifty percent of the participants had the metabolic syndrome, and 76% were obese. Physical activity level and cardiorespiratory fitness level were lower, and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome higher in a subgroup of taxi drivers as compared with those inother occupations (P<0.05).Conclusions: Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness levels are low and diabetes risk high among Pakistani immigrant men living in Oslo, especially in taxi drivers
Results of workplace drug testing in Norway
Authors: Lund Hilde Marie Erøy , Bogstrand Stig Tore , Christophersen Asbjørg Solberg
Published: May 2016

Workplace drug testing is less common in Norway than in many other countries. During the period from 2000-2006, 13469 urine or blood samples from employees in the offshore industry, shipping companies and aviation industry were submitted to the Norwegian Institute of Public Health for drug testing. The samples were analysed for benzodiazepines, illicit drugs, muscle relaxants with sedating properties, opioids and z-hypnotics. In total, 2.9% of the samples were positive for one or more substances. During the study period the prevalence decreased for morphine (from 1.9% to 1.1%) and increased for amphetamine (from 0.04% to 0.6%), clonazepam (from 0% to 0.1%), methamphetamine (from 0.04% to 0.6%), nitrazepam (from 0% to 0.4%) and oxazepam (from 0.5% to 1.3%) (p<0.05). There was no significant change in prevalence for the other substances included in the analytical programme. Illicit drugs were significantly associated with lower age (OR: 0.93, p<0.05). This study found low prevalence of drugs among employees in companies with workplace drug testing programmes in Norway.
Increasing life expectancy and the growing elderly population
Authors: Brunborg Helge
Published: May 2016

The life expectancy has increased rapidly in Norway in recent decades, with about ¼ year per year. The increase has been particularly fast for men, following a temporary decline in the 1950s and 1960s. Statistics Norway’s mortality projections using the Lee-Carter method indicate further improvements in this century – about 10 years higher life expectancy at birth. This implies significant mortality declines for older persons as the mortality is now small for young people. With no deaths below age 50 the life expectancy would be only 1-2 years higher.Population projections are for several reasons important for studying population ageing, including to have knowledge about the future age structure, and to estimate the effects of possible policy changes. In addition, the mortality projections are used for several other purposes than for projecting the population, such as calculating future pensions according to the new pension system, where life expectancy improvements reduce the annual pensions.The population projections show that the population will age regardless of plausible assumptions made about the demographic components births, deaths, immigration and emigration. Policies to affect these components may only marginally affect future ageing, and in some cases in the wrong direction. The only factor that may significantly affect the future ratio of the working to the non-working population, the potential support ratio, is that people work longer. This ratio will remain at the current level if the pension age is increased from the current 67 years to 78 years at the end of the century. This may be possible if the health of old persons continues to improve.
Fall risk factors in community-dwelling elderly people
Authors: Bergland Astrid
Published: May 2016

Falls are a common and serious problem for older adults. Approximately one-third of older communitydwelling people fall at least once a year. The main purpose of this paper is to present risk factors for fall in older people living at home. The databases used for identifying documentation of risk factors are Cinahl, Eric, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Medline, Psycinfo and dissertation. Many psychosocial and medical conditions and impairment of sensorimotor function, balance and gait have been shown in large epidemiological studies to be strongly associated with falls. Several of the risk factors are interrelated. The intrinsic-extrinsic distinction seem to be an oversimplification. A better understanding of falls is usually obtained when examining the person in association with the environmental factors. Advanced age, history of falls, ADL limitations, impaired gait and mobility, visual impairment, reduced sensation, muscular weakness, poor reaction time, impaired cognition, diseases as stroke, use of psychoactive medication and use of many medications are risk factors shown to be strongly associated with falls. This means recommendation of multifactorial fall risk assessment must incorporate a range of physiological and mental tests in addition to assessing balance and gait as well as taking multiple chronic diseases and medications into account. These finding underscore the importance of multidimensional fall intervention with special focus on modifiable risk factors
Characteristics of senior centre users – and the impact of a group programme on social support and late-life depression
Authors: Bøen Hege
Published: May 2016

Background: Senior centres are described as arenas for prevention. However, few studies have addressed this subject. The main aims of the present study were to evaluate the impact of a senior centre programme on depression and social support, to gain knowledge about the socio-demographic, psychosocial and health characteristics of users of the senior centres in relation to non-users, and to investigate the associations between psychological distress and social support and somatic and socio-demographic factors.Methods: Data were obtained from the Norwegian Population Register for two municipal districts in Oslo. A random sample was drawn limited to 4,000 of the total number of residents over 65 years living at home. Self-report questionnaires were sent by post. The response rate was 64% and n=2,387. Psychological distress was assessed using Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10) and social support with Oslo-3 Social Support Scale. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was an outcome measure in addition to scales of health and life satisfaction. In total 415 persons fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the RCT and 92 completed the study.Findings: High age and specific health problems were associated with increased use of the senior centre. Single women used the senior centres more than married women whereas single men used the senior centres less than married men. Lack of social support and somatic health problems increased psychological distress. Physical impairments and hearing in particular was associated with low levels of social support which again was associated with psychological distress. There were no significant effects on depression of the group programme. However, based on data from one year follow-up, the programme may have a delayed effect due to a general age-dependent increase in depression. This means that the intervention does not make any significant difference to persons with an already manifest depression, but likely prevents worsening for those with milder symptoms. Social support and quality of life were moderately improved.Conclusion: The findings document a public health problem since the prevalence of physical impairments is high and loneliness is quite common and might lead to increased psychological distress. A further evaluation of these programmes is necessary to capture the effectiveness of the specific parts of the programme’s content.
Forord
Authors: Sørensen Ingvild Menes , Iversen Marjolein M.
Published: May 2016

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HbA1c as a diagnostic tool in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Berg Jens P.
Published: May 2016

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) expresses the ratio between glycated HbA1 and total HbA1 and reflects the average plasma glucose concentration the preceding 2-3 months. It has become the most important marker of chronic hyperglycemia and is closely correlated to late complications of diabetes. The analysis has now been standardized and traceable to an international reference material and reference methods. Standardization of the HbA1c analyses paved the way for it to become the primary tool for diagnosing diabetes. Despite some limitations in which HbA1c is not representative of average glucose concentration, the inclusion of HbA1c as a diagnostic tool will simplify the diagnostics of diabetes compared with the glucose criteria, and hopefully improve the prevention of late complications of diabetes.
Assessing fear of hypoglycemia among adults with type 1 diabetes – psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey II questionnaire
Authors: Graue Marit , Iversen Marjolein M. , Wentzel-Larsen Tore , Rokne Berit , Haugstvedt Anne
Published: May 2016

Background: Hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes, but the overall frequency of both mild and severe hypoglycemia is difficult to estimate. The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey II (HFS-II) is often used to assess the fear of hypoglycemia. Material and methods: The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the HFS-II for adults, including the behavior (HFS-B) and worry (HFS-W) subscales, among 235 adults in Norway with type 1 diabetes. We assessed associations between HFS-II scores and other rating scales and demographic and clinical variables. Results: The Norwegian version of HFS-II had an acceptable factor structure in relation to HFS-W, whereas the structure within HFS-B was more questionable. The expected relationships between HFS-II subscales and measures of related constructs administered concurrently demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were satisfactory. Conclusion: Access to reliable and valid self-report instruments enables the early detection of psychosocial problems. HFS-W performs well, whereas HFS-B needs to be further examined and developed.