bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UV‐B‐induced anthocyanin accumulation in hypocotyls of radish sprouts continues in the dark after irradiation
Authors: Su Nana , Lu Yanwu , Wu Qi , Liu Yuanyuan , Xia Yan , Xia Kai , Cui Jin
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Raphanus sativus L. cv. Yanghua sprouts are rich in health‐promoting anthocyanins; thus hypocotyls show a red color under light. In this study, effects of UV‐B irradiation at 5 W m−2 on anthocyanin biosynthesis in the hypocotyls of radish sprouts were investigated.

RESULTS

Anthocyanins began to accumulate rapidly from 24 h irradiation and increased continuously until 48 h, showing a similar pattern to phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.804. The expression of DFR and ANS paralleled the upward trend in anthocyanin accumulation, while CHS, CHI and F3H were upregulated before accumulation. When sprouts were moved into the dark from UV‐B, the anthocyanin accumulation did not stop immediately. By contrast, anthocyanin accumulated continuously for more than 12 h in the dark, which was further supported by the significantly higher PAL activity monitored at 24 h after irradiation. Similarly, the transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis‐related genes were much higher over 6 h after 12 h UV‐B irradiation.

CONCLUSION

UV‐B‐induced anthocyanin accumulation continues in the dark after irradiation, which was supported by unfading PAL activity and high levels of biosynthesis‐related genes. This will provide evidence to produce high‐quality sprouts with more anthocyanins but less energy wastage in practice. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The “nutrient pump:” Iron‐poor sediments fuel low nitrogen‐to‐phosphorus ratios and cyanobacterial blooms in polymictic lakes
Authors: Orihel Diane M. , Schindler David W. , Ballard Nathaniel C. , Graham Mark D. , O'Connell David W. , Wilson Lindsey R. , Vinebrooke Rolf D.
Published: March 2015

Several lines of evidence from a eutrophic lake show how polymixis enables phosphorus (P) released from anoxic, iron (Fe)‐poor sediments to lower nitrogen‐to‐phosphorus (N : P) ratios and stimulate cyanobacterial blooms. Detailed sediment analyses revealed extensive formation of Fe sulfides, which suppressed porewater Fe levels and prevented sequestration of P in Fe minerals. Experimental additions of Fe significantly decreased the flux of dissolved P from warm, anoxic sediments, increasing N : P ratios in porewater and overlying water. The net midsummer effect of polymixis and P release from Fe‐poor sediments quickly doubled the total P in the euphotic zone during a period of very low external P loading. This internal “nutrient pump” decreased N : P in surface waters and led to a cyanobacterial bloom comprised primarily of diazotrophic Anabaena and Aphanizomenon spp. along with nonheterocystous and potentially toxic Microcystis icthyoblabe and Woronichinia naegelianum. Concentrations of the cyanotoxin, microcystin, in this lake were typically elevated during, or shortly after, episodes of internal P loading. Our study demonstrates an important mechanism underlying the increasing cyanobacterial dominance of weakly stratified eutrophic north temperate lakes, and warns of further increases under a warming climate.
Dynamics of marine bacterial community diversity of the coastal waters of the reefs, inlets, and wastewater outfalls of southeast Florida
Authors: Campbell Alexandra M. , Fleisher Jay , Sinigalliano Christopher , White James R. , Lopez Jose V.
Published: March 2015

Coastal waters adjacent to populated southeast Florida possess different habitats (reefs, oceanic inlets, sewage outfalls) that may affect the composition of their inherent microbiomes. To determine variation according to site, season, and depth, over the course of 1 year, we characterized the bacterioplankton communities within 38 nearshore seawater samples derived from the Florida Area Coastal Environment (FACE) water quality survey. Six distinct coastal locales were profiled – the Port Everglades and Hillsboro Inlets, Hollywood and Broward wastewater outfalls, and associated reef sites using culture‐independent, high‐throughput pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region. More than 227,000 sequences helped describe longitudinal taxonomic profiles of marine bacteria and archaea. There were 4447 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified with a mean OTU count of 5986 OTUs across all sites. Bacterial taxa varied significantly by season and by site using weighted and unweighted Unifrac, but depth was only supported by weighted Unifrac, suggesting a change due to presence/absence of certain OTUs. Abundant microbial taxa across all samples included Synechococcus, Pelagibacteraceae, Bacteroidetes, and various Proteobacteria. Unifrac analysis confirmed significant differences at inlet sites relative to reef and outfalls. Inlet‐based bacterioplankton significantly differed in greater abundances of Rhodobacteraceae and Cryomorphaceae, and depletion of SAR406 sequences. This study also found higher counts of Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and wastewater associated SBR1093 bacteria at the outfall and reef sites compared to inlet sites. This study profiles local bacterioplankton populations in a much broader context, beyond culturing and quantitative PCR, and expands upon the work completed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FACE program.
Numerical and analytical study of drug release from a biodegradable viscoelastic platform
Authors: Azhdari E. , Ferreira J. A. , de Oliveira Paula , da Silva P. M.
Published: March 2015

A mathematical model to simulate drug delivery from a viscoelastic erodible matrix is presented in this paper. The drug is initially distributed in the matrix that is in contact with water. The entrance of water in the material changes the molecular weight, and bulk erosion can be developed depending on how fast this entrance is and how fast degradation occurs. The viscoelastic properties of the matrix also change in the presence of water as the molecular weight changes. The model is represented by a system of quasi‐linear partial differential equations that take into account different phenomena: the uptake of water, the decreasing of the molecular weight, the viscoelastic behavior, the dissolution of the solid drug, and the delivery of the dissolved drug. Numerical simulations illustrating the behavior of the model are included. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of group analysis to classification of systems of three second‐order ordinary differential equations
Authors: Suksern S. , Moyo S. , Meleshko S. V.
Published: March 2015

Here, we give a complete group classification of the general case of linear systems of three second‐order ordinary differential equations excluding the case of systems which are studied in the literature. This is given as the initial step in the study of nonlinear systems of three second‐order ordinary differential equations. In addition, the complete group classification of a system of three linear second‐order ordinary differential equations is carried out. Four cases of linear systems of equations are obtained. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Using Stem Cells to Prevent the Progression of Myopia—A Concept
Authors: Janowski Miroslaw , Bulte Jeff W.M. , Handa James T. , Rini David , Walczak Piotr
Published: March 2015

The prevalence of myopia has increased in modern society due to the educational load of children. This condition is growing rapidly, especially in Asian countries where it has already reached a pandemic level. Typically, the younger the child's age at the onset of myopia, the more rapidly the condition will progress and the greater the likelihood that it will develop the known sight-threatening complications of high myopia. This rise in incidence of severe myopia has contributed to an increased frequency of eye diseases in adulthood, which often complicate therapeutic procedures. Currently, no treatment is available to prevent myopia progression. Stem cell therapy can potentially address two components of myopia. Regardless of the exact etiology, myopia is always associated with scleral weakness. In this context, a strategy aimed at scleral reinforcement by transplanting connective tissue-supportive mesenchymal stem cells is an attractive approach that could yield effective and universal therapy. Sunlight exposure appears to have a protective effect against myopia. It is postulated that this effect is mediated via local ocular production of dopamine. With a variety of dopamine-producing cells already available for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, stem cells engineered for dopamine production could be used for the treatment of myopia. In this review, we further explore these concepts and present evidence from the literature to support the use of stem cell therapy for the treatment of myopia. Stem Cells 2015;33:2104–2113
Development of an Environmentally Acceptable Detergent Formulation for Fatty Soils Based on the Lipase from the Indigenous Extremophile Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain
Authors: Grbavčić Sanja , Marković Darka , Rajilić‐Stojanović Mirjana , Antov Mirjana , Šćiban Marina , Karadžić Ivanka , Knežević‐Jugović Zorica
Published: March 2015

A lipase derived from an indigenous extremophile Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated from rancid metalworking fluid was evaluated as a detergent additive. Applicability of the obtained enzyme as an additive in detergent formulations was confirmed by its implementation in the formulations of several new products differing in surfactant type and concentrations, demonstrating satisfactory performance in terms of degreasing efficiency and composition of the washing wastewater. The degreasing efficiency of different enzyme‐containing detergent formulations was studied on cotton fabric samples stained with triolein and compared to that of formulations containing only surfactant. The highest efficiency of the fatty soil removal in formulations with a low content of surfactants (0.4 %) was noted in the enzyme formulation containing Lutensol® XP‐80 (degreasing efficiency >80 %) and Triton® X‐100 (degreasing efficiency >60 %). An attempt was then made to optimize the composition of the enzyme formulation on the basis of one or both of these surfactants using statistically planned experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Taking into consideration the environmental aspects and the shown detergency, it appeared that rather high degreasing effects were achieved in formulations based on a low quantities of Lutensol® XP‐80 (0.4 %) at all pH values. However, pH seemed to have a notable effect since the degreasing efficiency significantly increased with increasing pH and the amount of the enzyme. Formulations having a moderate alkaline pH profile and higher amount of enzyme exhibited a high cleaning performance of fatty soil even at a low concentration of the surfactant.
Negative emotions towards others are diminished in remitted major depression
Authors: Zahn R. , Lythe K.E. , Gethin J.A. , Green S. , Deakin J.F.W. , Workman C. , Moll J.
Published: March 2015

Background:

One influential view is that vulnerability to major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with a proneness to experience negative emotions in general. In contrast, blame attribution theories emphasise the importance of blaming oneself rather than others for negative events. Our previous exploratory study provided support for the attributional hypothesis that patients with remitted MDD show no overall bias towards negative emotions, but a selective bias towards emotions entailing self-blame relative to emotions that entail blaming others. More specifically, we found a decreased proneness for contempt/disgust towards others relative to oneself (i.e. self-contempt bias). Here, we report a definitive test of the competing general negative versus specific attributional bias theories of MDD.

Methods:

We compared a medication-free remitted MDD (n = 101) and a control group (n = 70) with no family or personal history of MDD on a previously validated experimental test of moral emotions. The task measures proneness to specific emotions associated with different types of self-blame (guilt, shame, self-contempt/disgust, self-indignation/anger) and blame of others (other-indignation/anger, other-contempt/disgust) whilst controlling for the intensity of unpleasantness.

Results:

We confirmed the hypothesis that patients with MDD exhibit an increased self-contempt bias with a reduction in contempt/disgust towards others. Furthermore, they also showed a decreased proneness for indignation/anger towards others.

Conclusions:

This corroborates the prediction that vulnerability to MDD is associated with an imbalance of specific self- and other-blaming emotions rather than a general increase in negative emotions. This has important implications for neurocognitive models and calls for novel focussed interventions to rebalance blame in MDD.
Hybrid Type II fuzzy system & data mining approach for surface finish
Authors: Tseng Tzu-Liang (Bill) , Jiang Fuhua , Kwon Yongjin (James)
Published: March 2015

In this study, a new methodology in predicting a system output has been investigated by applying a data mining technique and a hybrid type II fuzzy system in CNC turning operations. The purpose was to generate a supplemental control function under the dynamic machining environment, where unforeseeable changes may occur frequently. Two different types of membership functions were developed for the fuzzy logic systems and also by combining the two types, a hybrid system was generated. Genetic algorithm was used for fuzzy adaptation in the control system. Fuzzy rules are automatically modified in the process of genetic algorithm training. The computational results showed that the hybrid system with a genetic adaptation generated a far better accuracy. The hybrid fuzzy system with genetic algorithm training demonstrated more effective prediction capability and a strong potential for the implementation into existing control functions.

Highlights A new methodology in predicting a CNC machining output has been investigated. A data mining technique and a hybrid type II fuzzy system are applied. Two different types of membership functions were created to generate a hybrid system. Fuzzy rules are automatically modified in the process of genetic algorithm training. The results showed that the hybrid system generated a far better accuracy.
Anti‐androgen enzalutamide enhances prostate cancer neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation via altering the infiltrated mast cells → androgen receptor (AR) → miRNA32 signals
Authors: Dang Qiang , Li Lei , Xie Hongjun , He Dalin , Chen Jiaqi , Song Wenbing , Chang Luke S. , Chang Hong-Chiang , Yeh Shuyuan , Chang Chawnshang
Published: March 2015

The recently developed anti‐androgen enzalutamide also known as (MDV3100) has the advantage to prolong by 4.8 months the survival of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. However, the mechanisms behind the potential side effects involving the induction of the prostate cancer (PCa) neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation remain unclear. Here we found PCa cells could recruit more mast cells than normal prostate epithelial cells, and enzalutamide (or casodex) treatment could further increase such recruitment that resulted in promoting the PCa NE differentiation. Mechanism dissection found infiltrated mast cells could function through positive feedback to enhance PCa to recruit more mast cells via modulation of the androgen receptor (AR) → cytokines IL8 signals, and interruption by AR‐siRNA or neutralizing anti‐IL8 antibody could partially reverse the recruitment of mast cells. Importantly, targeting the PCa androgens/AR signals with AR‐siRNA or enzalutamide (or casodex) also increased PCa NE differentiation via modulation of the miRNA32 expression, and adding miRNA32 inhibitor reversed the AR‐siRNA‐ or enzalutamide‐enhanced NE differentiation. Together, these results not only identified a new signal via infiltrated mast cells → PCa AR → miRNA32 to increase PCa NE differentiation, it also pointed out the potential unwanted side effects of enzalutamide (or casodex) to increase PCa NE differentiation. Targeting these newly identified signals, including AR, IL8, or miRNA32, may help us to better suppress PCa NE differentiation that is induced during ADT with anti‐androgen enzalutamide (or casodex) treatment.
Envisioning Episcopal Exemption: The Life of Christina of Markyate
Authors: Bugyis Katie
Published: March 2015

This article examines the biography of a twelfth-century English holy woman, theLife of Christina of Markyate—particularly its account of a vision that she had in which she was crowned in the likeness of a bishop's miter—within the context of campaigns undertaken by English monasteries in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries to obtain the papal privilege of full exemption from the sacramental and juridical control of their diocesan bishop. Reading Christina's vision in view of the bids for independence made by St. Albans—the community responsible for commissioning and writing her biography—especially helps to shed light on why theLifeseems to figure her in a distinctly episcopal cast. Significantly, theLife's account of this vision may have been shaped by a miniature cycle of the passion and miracles of St. Edmund, produced by Burycirca1125, seemingly in an effort to provide further confirmation of the abbey's exempt status. In a miniature depicting Edmund's apotheosis, the saint divinely receives a miter-like crown, which is nearly identical in its ornamentation to the one that Christina would later receive. Ultimately under investigation in this article is whether St. Albans' campaign for exemption was one of the influences dictating the composition of theLife of Christina.
A Neglected Eucharistic Controversy: The Afterlife of John Wyclif's Eucharistic Thought in Bohemia in the Early Fifteenth Century
Authors: Perett Marcela K.
Published: March 2015

The renewed interest in John Wyclif (d. 1384) has brought this late medieval figure back into the spotlight of historians, giving rise to numerous studies evaluating his thought and its implications in the context of late fourteenth century England. However, it is not possible fully to appreciate Wyclif's importance in late medieval European culture without understanding the legacy of his ideas on the continent. According to the accepted narrative, John Wyclif's thought was mediated to the continent through the scholarly contacts between the universities in Oxford and in Prague, and re-emerged in the Latin writings of Jan Hus. This article argues that John Wyclif's thought, especially his critique of the church's doctrine of transubstantiation, found a larger audience among the rural clerics and laity in Bohemia, whom it reached through Peter Payne, who simplified and disseminated the works of the Oxford master. Wyclif's critique of transubstantiation sparked a nationwide debate about the nature of the Eucharist, generating numerous treatises, both in Latin and in the vernacular, on the subject of Christ's presence in the sacrament of the mass. This debate anticipated, a full century earlier, the famous debate between Luther and Zwingli and the Eucharistic debates of the sixteenth century Reformation more generally. The proliferation of vernacular Eucharistic tractates in Bohemia shows that Wyclif's critique of transubstantiation could be answered in a number of different ways that included both real presence (however defined) and figurative theologies—a fact, which, in turn, explains the doctrinal diversity among the Lollards in England.
Three Early Female Protestant Reformers' Appropriation of Prophecy as Interpretation of Scripture
Authors: Sujin Pak G.
Published: March 2015

After setting forth a wider context of the role of prophecy for German medieval women, the dual medieval tradition of prophecy as visionary and as interpretation of scripture, and the protestant emphasis on prophecy as interpretation of scripture, this essay demonstrates that Argula von Grumbach, Katharina Schütz Zell, and Marie Dentière not only echoed the appeals to the priesthood of all believers made by contemporary male reformers, they also embraced the teachings of these same male reformers that viewed prophecy as interpretation of scripture. In this way, prophecy became a significant lens by which Argula von Grumbach, Katharina Schütz Zell, and Marie Dentière conceived of themselves and their ministries—an understanding often lacking in the secondary sources that study these women. Specifically, it will be shown that each of these women employed Old Testament prophecy in ways that parallel contemporary male reformers' use of prophecy: presenting herself as speaking God's Word and not her own, locating her ministry within a larger biblical prophetic tradition, interpreting contemporary situations in the light of biblical prophecy and to distinguish between true and false prophets. The article concludes by exploring whether the male reformers actually intended this application of their teachings for women and exploring what is distinctive in these women's views and uses of prophecy.
The Social Gospel as a Grassroots Movement
Authors: Deichmann Wendy J.
Published: March 2015

The social gospel movement in the United States began as a faith-based, grassroots movement of laity and clergy in the aftermath of the Civil War. During this era, American society faced extreme levels of social instability resulting not only from wartime trauma and loss, but also relocation of massive numbers of those emancipated from slavery, a rapidly accelerated pace of both industrialization and urbanization and unprecedented waves of immigration.
Jane Addams, Apotheosis of Social Christianity
Authors: Schultz Rima Lunin
Published: March 2015

Jane Addams was not a theologian or a minister; she held no university position. However, in her role as head resident of the Hull-House settlement she became a social theorist of democracy and one of its most influential interpreters. Her primary interest was not in religious institutions, but in the moral and ethical concerns of public life in American society. Was it a good society? Did the people share in a common life? Were the least of them nurtured and protected? In 1892, Addams declared, “This renaissance of the early Christian humanitarianism is going on in America, in Chicago, if you please, without leaders who write or philosophize, without much speaking, but with a bent to express in social service and in terms of action the spirit of Christ.”
EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY FACTORS ON MATERNAL HEALTH CARE SERVICE USE IN INDIA: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH
Authors: YADAV AWDHESH , KESARWANI RANJANA
Published: March 2015

This study aimed to assess empirically the influence of individual and community (neighbourhood) factors on the use of maternal health care services in India through three outcomes: utilization of full antenatal care (ANC) services, safe delivery and utilization of postnatal care services. Data were from the third round of the National Family Health Survey (2005–06). The study sample constituted ever-married women aged 15–49 from 29 Indian states. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed for the three outcomes of interest accounting for individual- and community-level factors associated with the use of maternal health care services. A substantial amount of variation was observed at the community level. About 45%, 51% and 62% of the total variance in the use of full ANC, safe delivery and postnatal care, respectively, could be attributed to differences across the community. There was significant variation in the use of maternal health care services at the individual level, with socioeconomic status and mother's education being the most prominent factors associated with the use of maternal health care services. At the community level, urban residence and poverty concentration were found to be significantly associated with maternal health care service use. The results suggest that an increased focus on community-level interventions could lead to an increase in the utilization of maternal health care services in India.
Motion planning and posture control of multiple n-link doubly nonholonomic manipulators
Authors: Sharma Bibhya , Vanualailai Jito , Singh Shonal
Published: March 2015

The paper considers the problem of motion planning and posture control of multiple n-link doubly nonholonomic mobile manipulators in an obstacle-cluttered and bounded workspace. The workspace is constrained with the existence of an arbitrary number of fixed obstacles (disks, rods and curves), artificial obstacles and moving obstacles. The coordination of multiple n-link doubly nonholonomic mobile manipulators subjected to such constraints becomes therefore a challenging navigational and steering problem that few papers have considered in the past. Our approach to developing the controllers, which are novel decentralized nonlinear acceleration controllers, is based on a Lyapunov control scheme that is not only intuitively understandable but also allows simple but rigorous development of the controllers. Via the scheme, we showed that the avoidance of all types of obstacles was possible, that the manipulators could reach a neighborhood of their goal and that their final orientation approximated the desired orientation. Computer simulations illustrate these results.
Physical Growth in the Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit and Neuropsychological Performance at Preschool Age in very Preterm-Born Singletons
Authors: Raz Sarah , DeBastos Angela K. , Newman Julie Bapp , Peters Brittany N. , Heitzer Andrew M. , Piercy Jamie C. , Batton Daniel G.
Published: March 2015

We studied the associations between early postnatal growth gains and neuropsychological outcome in very preterm-born children. Specifically, we wished to establish whether relationships exist between gains in head circumference (relative to gains in body-weight or length), from birth to hospital discharge, and intellectual, language, or motor, performance at preschool age. We used data from 127 preschoolers, born <33 weeks, all graduates of the William Beaumont Hospital Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit (NICU) in Royal Oak, MI. Cognitive, motor, and language outcomes were evaluated using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence-Revised, Peabody Developmental Scales – 2nd Edition, and the Preschool Language Scale – 3rd Edition, respectively. Differences between Z-scores at birth and hospital discharge, calculated for three anthropometric measures (head circumference, weight, length), were variables of interest in separate simultaneous multiple regression procedures. We statistically adjusted for sex, socioeconomic status, birth weight, length of hospitalization, perinatal complications, and intrauterine growth. Examination of the relationships between anthropometric indices and outcome measures revealed a significant association between NICU head growth and global intelligence, with the Z-difference score for head circumference accounting for a unique portion of the variance in global intelligence (ηp2 =.04). Early postnatal head growth is significantly associated with neuropsychological outcome in very preterm-born preschoolers. To conclude, despite its relative brevity, NICU stay, often overlapping with the end of 2nd and with the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, appears to be a sensitive developmental period for brain substrates underlying neuropsychological functions. (JINS, 2015, 21, 126–136)
Diversity, Interdisciplinarity, Language and House Style
Authors: Mountain Rosemary
Published: March 2015

In celebration of the twentieth anniversary of Organised Sound, the author browses past issues of the journal to explore its multidisciplinary facets and potential for ‘knowledge transfer’ to cognate areas. It is pointed out that despite the journal’s apparent ‘house style’, the written texts contain subtle variations according to disciplinary concerns and author’s perspective, and should be understood as one strand of a multi-modal form of expression, to be augmented by remembered aural and bibliographic references and associated conference discussions as well as the more obvious visual and sonic accompanying material.
Organising Organised Sound: A coming of age
Authors: Simoni Mary
Published: March 2015

This article puts forth the author’s views on a panorama of contemporary influences that presage the future of higher education. The author describes how these views have shaped a new curriculum and pedagogy at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Artificial Intelligence inOrganised Sound
Authors: Miranda Eduardo R. , Williams Duncan
Published: March 2015

Artificial Intelligence is a rich and still-developing field with a number of musical applications. This paper surveys the use of Artificial Intelligence in music in the pages ofOrganised Sound, from the first issue to the latest, at the time of writing. Traditionally, Artificial Intelligence systems for music have been designed with note-based composition in mind, but the research we present here finds that Artificial Intelligence has also had a significant impact in electroacoustic music, with contributions in the fields of sound analysis, real-time sonic interaction and interactive performance-driven composition, to cite but three. Two distinct categories emerged in theOrganised Soundpapers: on the one hand, philosophically and/or psychologically inspired, symbolic approaches and, on the other hand, biologically inspired approaches, also referred to as Artificial Life approaches. The two approaches are not mutually exclusive in their use, and in some cases are combined to achieve ‘best of both’ solutions. That said, asOrganised Soundis uniquely positioned in the electroacoustic music community, it is somewhat surprising that work addressing important compositional issues such as musical form and structure, which Artificial Intelligence can be readily applied to, is not more present in these pages.
In Situ Heater Design for Nanoscale Synchrotron-Based Full-Field Transmission X-Ray Microscopy
Authors: Kiss Andrew M. , Harris William M. , Nakajo Arata , Wang Steve , Vila-Comamala Joan , Deriy Alex , Chiu Wilson K. S.
Published: March 2015

The oxidation of nickel powder under a controlled gas and temperature environment was studied using synchrotron-based full-field transmission X-ray microscopy. The use of this technique allowed for the reaction to be imaged in situ at 55 nm resolution. The setup was designed to fit in the limited working distance of the microscope and to provide the gas and temperature environments analogous to solid oxide fuel cell operating conditions. Chemical conversion from nickel to nickel oxide was confirmed using X-ray absorption near-edge structure. Using an unreacted core model, the reaction rate as a function of temperature and activation energy were calculated. This method can be applied to study many other chemical reactions requiring similar environmental conditions.
The association between religiosity and resuscitation status preference among patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Delgado-Guay Marvin O. , Chisholm Gary , Williams Janet , Bruera Eduardo
Published: March 2015

Objective:

The potential influence of patient religious and spiritual beliefs on the approach to end-of-life care and resuscitation status preferences is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess the association between religiosity and resuscitation preferences in advanced-cancer patients.

Method:

We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial that evaluated the influence of physician communication style on patient resuscitation preferences. All patients completed the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire–Short Form (SCSRFQ–SF) and expressed their resuscitation preferences. We determined the frequency of resuscitation preferences and its association with intensity of religiosity.

Results:

A total of 78 patients completed the study. The median age was 54 years, with a range of 18–78. Some 46 (59%) were women; 57 patients (73%) were Caucasian, 15 (19%) African American, and 5 (7%) Hispanic. A total of 46 patients (56%) were Protestant and 13 (17%) Catholic. Some 53 of 60 patients who chose Do Not Resuscitate status (DNR) (88%) and 16 of 18 patients who refused DNR (89%) for a video-simulated patient were highly religious (p = 0.64). When asked about a DNR for themselves after watching the videos, 43 of 48 who refused DNR (90%) and 26 of 30 patients who chose DNR (87%) were highly religious (p = 0.08). The Spearman correlation coefficient for patients choosing DNR for themselves and intensity of religiosity was r = –0.16 (p = 0.16). Some 30 patients (38%) who chose DNR for the video patient refused DNR for themselves, and 42 who chose DNR for both the video patient and themselves (54%) were highly religious (p = NS).

Significance of Results:

There was no significant association between intensity of patient religiosity and DNR preference for either the video patient or the patients themselves. Other beliefs and demographic factors likely impact end-of-life discussions and resuscitation status preferences.
Past, Present and Future of Chinese Astronomy
Authors: Fang Cheng
Published: March 2015

Through out the ancient history, Chinese astronomers had made tremendous achievements. Since the main purpose of the ancient Chinese astronomy was to study the correlation between man and the universe, all the Emperors made ancient Chinese astronomy the highly regarded science throughout the history. After a brief introduction of the achievement of ancient Chinese astronomy, I describe the beginnings of modern astronomy research in China in the 20th century. Benefiting from the fast development of Chinese economy, the research in astronomy in China has made remarkable progress in recent years. The number of astronomers has doubled in the past ten years, and the number of graduate students has grown over 1300. The current budget for astronomy research is ten times larger than that ten years ago. The research covers all fields in astronomy, from galaxies to the Sun. The recent progress in both the instruments, such as the Guo Shoujing's telescope, a Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST), and the theoretical research will be briefly presented. The ongoing and future projects on the space- and ground-based facilities will be described, including the Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST), “Chang E” (Lunar mission) project, Hard X-ray Modulate Telescope (HXMT), DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE), Deep Space Solar Observatory (DSO), Chinese Antarctic Observatory (CAO), 65m steerable radio telescope, Chinese Spectral Radioheliogaph (CSRH) etc.
The Herschel View of Star Formation
Authors: André Philippe
Published: March 2015

Recent studies of the nearest star-forming clouds of the Galaxy at submillimeter wavelengths with the Herschel Space Observatory have provided us with unprecedented images of the initial conditions and early phases of the star formation process. The Herschel images reveal an intricate network of filamentary structure in every interstellar cloud. These filaments all exhibit remarkably similar widths - about a tenth of a parsec - but only the densest ones contain prestellar cores, the seeds of future stars. The Herschel results favor a scenario in which interstellar filaments and prestellar cores represent two key steps in the star formation process: first turbulence stirs up the gas, giving rise to a universal web-like structure in the interstellar medium, then gravity takes over and controls the further fragmentation of filaments into prestellar cores and ultimately protostars. This scenario provides new insight into the inefficiency of star formation, the origin of stellar masses, and the global rate of star formation in galaxies. Despite an apparent complexity, global star formation may be governed by relatively simple universal laws from filament to galactic scales.
State-of-the-Art Observations and Modeling of Stellar Flares
Authors: Kowalski Adam F. , Hawley Suzanne L.
Published: March 2015

Flares are observed on a wide variety of stellar types, ranging from closely orbiting binary systems consisting of an evolved member (RS CVn's) and young, nearby super-active M dwarfs (dMe's). The timescales and energies of flares span many orders of magnitude and typically far exceed the scales of even the largest solar flares observed. In particular, the active M dwarfs produce an energetic signature in the near-UV and optical continuum, which is often referred to as the white-light continuum. White-light emission has been studied in Johnson UBVR filters during a few large-amplitude flares, and the best emission mechanism that fits the broadband color distribution is a T~104 K blackbody (Hawley & Fisher 1992). Time-resolved blue spectra have revealed a consistent picture, with little or no Balmer jump and a smoothly rising continuum toward the near-UV (Hawley & Pettersen 1991). However, the most recent self-consistent radiative-hydrodynamic (RHD) models, which use a solar-type flare heating function from accelerated, nonthermal electrons, do not reproduce this emission spectrum. Instead, these models predict that the white-light is dominated by Balmer continuum emission from Hydrogen recombination in the chromosphere (Allred et al. 2006). Moreover, Allred et al. (2006) showed that the Johnson colors of the model prediction exhibit a broadband distribution similar to a blackbody with T~9000 K.
3-D views of the expanding CME: from the Sun to 1AU
Authors: Rouillard Alexis P.
Published: March 2015

Three-dimensional information on Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) can be obtained from a wide range of in-situ measurements and remote-sensing techniques. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and white-light imaging sensed from several vantage points can be used to infer the 3-D geometry of the different parts that constitute a CME. High-resolution and high-cadence coronal imaging provides detailed information on the formation and release phase of a magnetic flux rope, the lateral expansion of the CME and the reconfiguration of the corona associated with the effects of pressure variations and reconnection. The evolution of the CME in the interplanetary medium and the connection of its various substructures with in-situ measurements can be obtained from multi-point heliospheric imaging.
3D Perspectives of Stellar Activity: Observation and Modelling
Authors: Jardine Moira
Published: March 2015

As the Sun emerges from a period of unprecedented low activity, the nature of the Sun's magnetic field compared to that of other stars is a particularly timely question. Just as observations of the full 3D structure of the solar magnetic field are becoming available through STEREO and SDO, advances in spectropolarimetric techniques now allow us to map the surface magnetic fields of other stars, revealing the great diversity of magnetic geometries that stars of different masses and rotation rates can display. This has now been possible for over 60 main sequence stars, with a smaller number of younger, pre-main sequence stars also mapped. Modelling of coronal structures based on these observations is revealing the full nature of stellar magnetic activity and its possible impact on orbiting planets.
Tracing the evolution within nearby galaxy groups: a multi-wavelength approach
Authors: Bettoni Daniela , Marino Antonina , Rampazzo Roberto , Plana Henri , Rosado Margarita , Galletta Giuseppe , Mazzei Paola , Bianchi Luciana , Buson Lucio M. , Ambrocio-Cruz Patricia , Gabbasov Ruslan
Published: March 2015

Evolutionary scenarios suggest that several mechanisms (from inner secular evolution to accretion/merging) may transform galaxy members, driving groups from an active star forming phase to a more passive, typical of dense environments. We are investigating this transition in a nearby group sample, designed to cover a wide range of properties (see also Marino et al. (2010), Bettoni et al. (2011) and Marino et al. (2012)). We study two groups, USGC U268 and USGC U376 located in different regions of the Leo cloud, through a photometric and kinematic characterization of their member galaxies. We revisit the group membership, using results from recent red-shift surveys, and we investigate their substructures. U268, composed of 10 catalogued members and 11 new added members, has a small fraction (~24%) of early-type galaxies (ETGs). U376 has 16 plus 8 new added members, with ~38% of ETGs. We find the significant substructuring in both groups suggesting that they are likely accreting galaxies. U268 is located in a more loose environment than U376. For each member galaxy, broad band integrated and surface photometry have been obtained in far-UV (FUV) and near-UV (NUV) with GALEX, and in u, g, r, i, z (SDSS) bands. Hα imaging and 2D high resolution kinematical data have been obtained using PUMA Scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer at the 2.12 m telescope in San Pedro Mártir (Baja California, México). We improved the galaxy classification and we detected morphological and kinematical distortions that may be connected to either on-going and/or past interaction/accretion events or environmental induced secular evolution. U268 appears more active than U376, with a large fraction of galaxies showing interaction signatures (60% vs. 13%). The presence of bars among late-type galaxies is ~10% in U268 and 29% in U376. The cumulative distribution of (FUV - NUV) colors of galaxies in U268 is significantly different (bluer) than that of U376's galaxies. Most (80%) of the early-type members in U376 inhabits the red sequence, a large fraction of galaxies, of different morphological types, are located in the green valley, while the blue sequence is under-populated with respect to U268.
Ultraviolet Emission from Star-formation in Selected Gas-rich Early-type Galaxies
Authors: Leeuw Lerothodi L.
Published: March 2015

We present GALEX ultraviolet (UV) emission results of star-formation in a small sample of nearby, gas-rich early-type galaxies. The first observational evidence of star-formation in this sample was presented by Leeuw et al.2008, using 350 μm continuum data. The measured far-infrared (far-IR) excess of these galaxies showed that the most likely and dominant heating source of the observed 350 μm continuum emission from dust is star-formation, that could have been triggered by an accretion or merger event. Consistent with starbursts that are less than 1 Gyr (e.g., Kaviraj 2010), the GALEX near-UV (NUV) minus SDSS r-band emission of the galaxies is < 5.5. The UV results corroborate those of mid-IR to radio data for the sample.
Recent star formation in intermediate redshift (0.35< z <1.5) early–type galaxies
Authors: Rutkowski M. J. , Jeong H. , Yi S. , Kaviraj S. , Cohen S. H. , Windhorst R. A.
Published: March 2015

We measured the UV-optical-near-IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of redshift z ~ 0.3-1.5 early-type galaxies (ETGs) with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (Rutkowski et al.2012). We searched for young stellar populations and morphological signatures of the mechanisms driving recent star formation (RSF) in these ETGs in order to provide observational constraints on models of galaxy evolution.
Positive AGN feedback in Centaurus A
Authors: Shabala Stanislav , Crockett R. Mark , Kaviraj Sugata
Published: March 2015

We observed the inner filament of NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), using the F225W, F657N and F814W filters. We find a young stellar population near the south-west tip of the filament. We constrain the ages of these stars to 1-3 Myrs. No further recent star formation is found along the filament.

We propose an updated explanation for the origin of the inner filament. It has been suggested Sutherland et al.1993 that radio jets can shock the surrounding gas, giving rise to the observed optical line emission. We argue that such shocks can naturally arise due to a weak cocoon-driven bow shock (rather than from the radio jet directly) propagating through the diffuse interstellar medium. We suggest such a shock has overrun a molecular cloud, triggering star formation in the dense molecular core. The outer, more diffuse parts of the cloud are then ablated and shock heated, giving rise to the observed optical line and X-ray emission.
Phaethon-Gemind complex by Pan-STARRS
Authors: Abe Shinsuke
Published: March 2015

The physical nature such as orbital distribution of asteroids is fundamental to understanding how our solar system has been evolved. The connection between Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) and Earth impactors such as meteorites and fireballs are still under debate, since there is no meteorite orbit whose parent NEO was identified. The orbital distribution of NEOs has been investigated by comprehensive sky surveys including Pan-STARRS (The Panoramic Survey Telescope And Rapid Response System). Here we focus on the Phaethon-Gemind complex detected by Pan-STARRS PS1 Prototype Telescope and our follow-up lightcurve observations.
Micrometeoroid Detection in the Inner Planetary Region by the IKAROS-ALADDIN
Authors: YANO Hajime , HIRAI Takayuki , OKAMOTO Chisato , FUJII Masayuki , TANAKA Makoto
Published: March 2015

The ALADDIN (Arrayed Large-Area Dust Detectors in INterplanetary space) made of 0.54 m2 PVDF sensors was deployed on the anti-Sun face of the thin polyimide sail membrane of the deep space solar sail spacecraft gIKAROS (Interplanetary Kitecraft Accelerated by the Radiation Of the Sun)h. It has measured micrometeoroid flux between the Earthfs orbit and Venusf orbit (i.e., 1.0 ~ 0.7 AU of heliocentric distance) for 1.5 revolutions from June 2010 until October 2011. The ALADDIN dust detector is arrayed by 8 channels of 9-20 micron-thick PVDF sensors, which are capable of detecting hypervelocity impacts of micrometeoroids at > ~ 10−12g, according to ground calibration impact experiments. The sensors filter electronic, thermal and vibration noises and can record time, peak hold value above its threshold, and relaxation duration of each impact signal. In total, its cruising measurements counted more than 3000 dust impacts after screening noise signals. The ALADDIN flux in the 2010-2011 epoch was compared with fluxes at similar mass range of micrometeoroids and in similar heliocentric distances measured by Helios in 1970fs and Galileo in 1990fs, both of which were composed of much less number of impact data. Then, it suggested enhancement of dust flux in the trailing edge of circumsolar orbits of the Earth and Venus, which are consistent with previous reports of larger dust grain enhancements observed by infrared telescopes. This also implies that the temporal flux enhancement of large micrometeoroids in the blob may have caused a cascading effect to produce smaller dust by collisions with sporadic meteoroids. Also it is apparent that the micrometeoroid flux increases by approximately one order of magnitude from 1 AU to 0.7 AU during the 2010-2011 epoch. The temporal variance of the Helios flux data in 1976-80 in the same region of 1 AU may be associated with difference of averaged solar activities during both epochs. Since the solar activity in the years 2010-2011 was around the minimum of the solar cycle, smaller micrometeoroids, which are more affected by solar radiation pressure than larger ones, may have survived longer than those in the Helios epoch, which covered from the minimum to the maximum of the solar cycle in late 1970fs.
New Outburst of Centaur Comet (60558) 174P/Echeclus
Authors: Choi Young-Jun , Ishiguro Masateru , Moon Hong-Kyu
Published: March 2015

We report observations of new outburst of Centaur (60558) 174P/Echeclus, using Suprime-Cam of Subaru tele-scope. The outburst was detected by Jager on May 30, 2011 (Jaeger et al., 2011). We made several follow-up observations for this outburst with 1m telescope at Mt. Lemon Optical Astronomy Observatory located in US and 60cm telescope at Sobaeksan Optical Astronomy Observatory in Korea. The very first presence of coma around (60558) 2000 EC98 has been detected by Choi and Weissman (2006) on 2005 December 30.50 UT with the Palomar 5m telescope. Soon after, the object was given the periodic comet designa-tion 174P/Echeclus. We will present the characterstics and discuss the reason of this recursive outburst.