bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Devilish Money” and Peasant Ethics: Leo Tolstoy's Economic Imagination and Emplotment in “Polikushka”
Authors: VDOVIN ALEXEY
Published: January 2017

The article investigates how Leo Tolstoy’s economic ideas are embodied and instantiated in the plot of his short story “Polikushka” (1863) from the two intertwined perspectives of narratology and the history of economic ideas. The various names given to the sum of money the protagonist, Polikei, loses can be explained by the ruble’s “dual exchange rate”; that is, the differential rates between the silver ruble and assignation ruble (1:3.5) which existed in Russia from 1839 to 1851. Polikei’s misplacement of banknotes (called “devilish” in “Polikushka” drafts) accords with the broader European literary mythology of banknotes as the Devil’s playthings. In addition to European parallels, the article discusses possible Russian plot sources dating back to Nekrasov’s poetry and the prose of Pogodin, Potekhin, and Dostoevsky. In the second section, the article explores the narrative patterns of the story and demonstrates that we cannot blame Polikei’s death on his mistress’ desire to test and rehabilitate him. The narration is organized as a network of mutually exclusive viewpoints, the correlation of which develops into an ugly portrayal of both the elderly landlady and Polikei, shown to be equally guilty in the tragic ending of the story. In the last two sections, the article reveals the ideological underpinnings of Tolstoy’s skeptical attitude, displayed in his pedagogical writings of 1861–62, toward the notion of peasants and the educated elite being able to communicate with each other effectively. In these writings Tolstoy noted the harmful effects that philanthropy, mis‐targeted education, false ideologies, and the unreasonable circulation had on the peasantry. In conclusion, the article locates one possible source for Tolstoy’s viewpoint in the political and economic ideas of P.‐J. Proudhon, with whom Tolstoy communicated in Brussels when writing “Polikushka.”
Space and Storytelling in Late Imperial Russia: Tolstoy, Chekhov, and the Question of Property
Authors: MANGOLD MATTHEW
Published: January 2017

This article brings the question of late Imperial Russian space into the scene of historical criticism. It does so by examining the spatial problematics of four stories Tolstoy and Chekhov published during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Tolstoy’s “How Much Land Does a Man Need” (1886) and “Kholstomer” (1886) and Chekhov’s “The Man in a Case” (1898) and “Gooseberries” (1898) inscribe into public discourse spatial terms, ethical quandaries, and a range of spatial experiences common during the rapid modernization of imperial Russia. Each author anchors major spatial binaries like city and country and spaciousness and crowding to the question of property, thereby posing a series of related questions to readers. Who will manage the growing space of Russia? How will it be managed? And what could be done if it is not managed well? When placed within the relevant social and historical contexts, I argue, these stories show Tolstoy and Chekhov grappling with the problem of space through both their chosen literary forms and in their lives as landowners.
Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky's Poetics of Passivity
Authors: EMERY JACOB
Published: January 2017

Confusion over the aesthetic quality of strength are pronounced in the Soviet context of underground and dissident fiction. Strength, and more broadly the alternatives to it employed by silenced authors and unpublished texts, is a central problem already in Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky’s 1926 novel The Letter Killers Club. Krzhizhanovsky’s meditation on literary irrelevance–questions of a censored art’s ability to exert itself in the world, and of an inadequate artist’s ability to realize an idea–braids together in a single fiction two concerns underpinning major theoretical approaches to strength vis à vis weakness: the automatization of production and the inspiration of influence. In The Letter Killers Club’s carefully curated re‐stagings of precursor texts in their intersection with literary economies, Krzhizhanovsky asks us to find the intersection between writing as the manifestation of literary influence (the author moved by the spirit of past culture) and artistic production as the result of automation (the worker moved by a mechanized will), both of which conceive the artwork as emanating from a condition of passivity. The metaphor of inspiration (vdokhnovenie), which suggests the alienated spirit of the divine animating the dumb, passive clay of human material, becomes for Krzhizhanovsky a demonic possession, identified with the frightening potential of a radically different industrial future, which nonetheless underwrites the continuity and independence of cultural tradition.
The Single Factor Fallacy: Implications of Missing Critical Variables from an Analysis of Intergroup Contact Theory1
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F. , Hewstone Miles
Published: January 2017

The single factor fallacy occurs when social scientists model their applied work largely around a single factor. The problem generally arises when either a highly relevant theory is ignored or when missing key variables distort the results. Examples of this fallacy are drawn from the expanding research literature on intergroup contact, where we discuss the implications of missing critical variables from the analysis (including segregation, effects of negative as well as positive contact, extended contact, and contact when the outgroup is in the majority). The policy issues involved include racially desegregated schools, minority protest, the impact of neighborhood diversity, and anti‐immigration voting. Three suggestions for avoiding the fallacy are emphasized—the use of mediation–moderation analysis, longitudinal research, and multilevel analysis. We end by outlining five simple principles, based on our own experience in the United States and the United Kingdom, that may increase the impact of social scientists’ research on public policy.
Addressing Violent Intergroup Conflict from the Bottom Up?
Authors: Ditlmann Ruth K. , Samii Cyrus , Zeitzoff Thomas
Published: January 2017

How might interventions that engage ordinary citizens in settings of violent conflict affect broader conflict dynamics? Given the volume of resources committed every year to citizen‐oriented programs that attempt to promote peace, this is an important question. We develop a framework to analyze processes through which individual‐level interventions could mitigate violent conflict escalation more broadly. Individual‐level interventions may increase positive feelings toward the outgroup, as well as psychological, social, and material resources among participants. These have the potential to influence behaviors such as policing of the ingroup, public advocacy, and political action that can contribute to peace. Yet, the effectiveness of interventions to influence the conflict is moderated by contextual factors like groups’ access to material resources, their positions in society, and political institutions. We use this analytical framework to assess evidence from recent intervention studies. We find that the current evidence base is quite small, does not cover the diversity of relevant contexts, and gives too little attention to resources and capacities that enable people to engage in conflict mitigation behaviors. Researchers and policy makers should go beyond thinking only about improving attitudes to thinking about behavior, resources, and capacities for such behaviors, and contextual conditions that constrain behavior.
To wait or not to wait? Improving results when interviewing intoxicated witnesses to violence
Authors: Hildebrand Karlén Malin , Roos Af Hjelmsäter Emma , Fahlke Claudia , Granhag Pär Anders , Söderpalm‐Gordh Anna
Published: January 2017

Witnesses to violent crimes are often alcohol intoxicated, but few studies have investigated the impact of alcohol on witness reports. This study investigated how alcohol intoxication and time of interview affected reports of intimate partner violence (IPV). One hundred thirty six healthy men (N = 66) and women (N = 70) were randomized to an alcohol group (0.8g/kg for men, 0.75g/kg for women) (N = 70) or control group (N = 66), given juice. Participants consumed drinks in a laboratory setting before they witnessed an IPV scenario. Fifty percent of the intoxicated and sober participants were interviewed ten minutes after viewing the film and all participants were interviewed one week later. For the analyses, participants in the alcohol group were divided into two groups (moderately/highly intoxicated) based on their BAC‐level. Ten minutes after viewing the event, highly (BAC = 0.08–0.15) intoxicated witnesses gave shorter, but as accurate, reports as moderately intoxicated/sober witnesses. All witnesses gave shorter and less accurate reports one week later compared to immediately after. However, an immediate interview increased completeness one week later. In general, time and high intoxication made witnesses give less detailed accounts of actions and verbal information, but not of objects. Highly intoxicated witnesses reported less actions and verbal information in all interviews, while information regarding objects was reported to a similar extent. At the present BAC‐level, it is beneficial to conduct an immediate free recall interview with intoxicated witnesses to obtain a maximum amount of correct information and minimize the negative effect of time.
Perceived stress, recurrent pain, and aggregate salivary cortisol measures in mid‐adolescent girls and boys
Authors: Lindfors Petra , Folkesson Hellstadius Lisa , Östberg Viveca
Published: January 2017

Measures of perceived stress have been criticized for theoretical inconsistency. However, the validated pressure activation stress scale has been suggested as a theoretically sound alternative. But it is unclear how pressure and activation stress relate to objective and subjective measures including commonly used aggregate cortisol measures and health complaints respectively. Specifically, this study aimed at investigating how pressure and activation stress were related to aggregate salivary cortisol measures and recurrent pain in mid‐adolescent girls and boys. Mid‐adolescents (119 girls and 56 boys) provided self‐reports in questionnaires on activation and pressure stress and recurrent pain (headache, stomach ache, neck/shoulder and back pain). Additionally, adolescents sampled saliva during an ordinary school day: (1) immediately at awakening; (2) 30 minutes after waking up; (3) 60 minutes after waking up, and (4) at 8 p.m. These samples were analyzed for cortisol. Hierarchical regressions showed no statistically significant associations between activation and pressure stress and cortisol, neither for girls nor for boys. However, activation and pressure stress were significantly associated with recurrent pain but only for girls. The findings may relate to subjective and objective measures reflecting distinct aspects of stress‐related functioning. However, the study participants included mid‐adolescents whose bodily systems are flexible and still relatively unaffected by the strain of their daily stress perceptions. To conclude, the non‐significant relationships between activation and pressure stress and commonly used aggregate measures of cortisol adds to the understanding of how perceived stress may relate to physiological functioning in the daily life of adolescents when using such aggregate measures.
The production of racial inequality within and among organizations
Authors: Wooten Melissa E. , Couloute Lucius
Published: January 2017

This article examines the production of racial inequality. Although most research concerned with racial inequality focuses exclusively on individuals, we argue that higher level actors, namely, organizations, contend with racial inequality in much the same way that people do. Using prior research on race and organizations, this paper illustrates that understanding how organizations produceandexperience racial inequality is necessary. We argue that racial inequality regimes have the capacity to operate on people, but also among organizations.
The “contact hypothesis”: Critical reflections and future directions
Authors: McKeown Shelley , Dixon John
Published: January 2017

Research on intergroup contact has grown exponentially over the past decade. Such research has typically extolled the benefits of positive interaction between members of historically divided communities, particularly on outcomes related to prejudice reduction. Emerging work in the field, however, has qualified this optimistic picture by identifying three gaps in the existing literature. First, in everyday life, contact may be construed as a negative experience that increases rather than decreases responses such as prejudice, anxiety, and avoidance. Second, in real‐life settings, contact is often circumscribed by informal practices of (re)segregation that are easily overlooked if researchers rely primarily on examining structured contact and explicit processes using primarily laboratory and questionnaire methods. Third, positive contact may have “ironic” effects on the political attitudes and behaviors of the historically disadvantaged, undermining their recognition of social injustice and decreasing their willingness to engage in collective action to challenge the status quo. Although it is now a truism that intergroup contact can reduce intergroup prejudice, these developments emphasize the importance of maintaining a critical perspective on the “contact hypothesis” as a model for promoting social change in historically divided and unequal societies. They also lay the foundations for future developments in the field.
Is revenge about retributive justice, deterring harm, or both?
Authors: Osgood Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2017

This paper explores the vast literature on revenge and retributive punishment to ascertain whether revenge seekers are primarily seeking retribution or to deter future harm. This review considers research findings from social, consumer, evolutionary, and industrial/organizational psychology. Revenge is defined as an action in response to some perceived wrongdoing by another party that is intended to inflict damage, injury, discomfort, or punishment on the party judged responsible. In support of the perspective that revenge is about retribution, vengeance is typically triggered only by unjust harms, revenge‐seekers report a moral imperative, justice beliefs predict revenge, and justice‐related information has the greatest influence on punishment calculations. On the other hand, a plethora of findings in economic games such as serial prisoner dilemmas reveal that tit‐for‐tat style revenge is an effective means of deterring future harm. Overall, the evidence seems to support a retribution model of revenge over a deterrence model; however, as this review describes in its conclusion, the psychology of revenge is in need of further investigation along several key dimensions.
Response to Kathleen Fisher's “Look Before You Leap”
Authors: Fort Andrew O. , Komjathy Louis
Published: January 2017

This article provides two short responses to Kathleen M. Fisher's essay “Look Before You Leap: Reconsidering Contemplative Pedagogy,” published in this issue of the journal.
(Inadvertently) Instructing Missionaries in (Public University) World Religions Courses: Examining a Pedagogical Dilemma, its Dimensions, and a Course Section Solution
Authors: Karapanagiotis Nicole
Published: January 2017

In this article, I explore an ethical and pedagogical dilemma that I encounter each semester in my world religions courses: namely, that a great number of students enroll in the courses as part of their missionary training programs, and come to class understanding successful learning to mean gathering enough information about the world's religious “traditions” so as to effectively seduce people out of them. How should we teach world religions – in public university religious studies courses – with this student constituency? What are/ought to be our student learning goals? What can and should we expect to accomplish? How can we maximize student learning, while also maintaining our disciplinary integrity? In response to these questions, I propose a world religions course module, the goal of which is for students to examine – as objects of inquiry – the lenses through which they understand religion(s). With a recognition of their own lenses, I argue, missionary students become more aware of the biases and presumptions about others that they bring to the table, and they learn to see the ways in which these presumptions inform what they see and know about others, and also what they do not so easily see.
Effectiveness of provider strategies for the early recognition of clinical deterioration due to sepsis in pediatric patients: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Patton Lindsey , Young Virginia
Published: January 2017

Review question:

The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of provider strategies for the early recognition of clinical deterioration due to sepsis in pediatric patients. Specifically, the review question is: among pediatric, hospitalized patients, up to 18 years of age, what is the effectiveness of clinical assessment compared with use of early recognition screening tools for the recognition of clinical deterioration due to sepsis?
Effect of reproductive ageing on pregnant mouse uterus and cervix
Authors: Patel Rima , Moffatt James D. , Mourmoura Evangelia , Demaison Luc , Seed Paul T. , Poston Lucilla , Tribe Rachel M.
Published: January 2017

Key points

Older pregnant women have a greater risk of operative delivery, still birth and post‐term induction.

This suggests that maternal age can influence the timing of birth and processes of parturition.

We have found that increasing maternal age in C57BL/6J mice is associated with prolongation of gestation and length of labour.

Older pregnant mice also had delayed progesterone withdrawal and impaired myometrial function.

Uterine ageing and labour dysfunction should be investigated further in older primigravid women.

Advanced maternal age (≥35 years) is associated with increased rates of operative delivery, stillbirth and post‐term labour induction. The physiological causes remain uncertain, although impaired myometrial function has been implicated. To investigate the hypothesis that maternal age directly influences successful parturition, we assessed the timing of birth and fetal outcome in pregnant C57BL/6J mice at 3 months (young) and 5 months (intermediate) vs. 8 months (older) of age using infrared video recording. Serum progesterone profiles, myometrium and cervix function, and mitochondrial electron transport chain complex enzymatic activities were also examined. Older pregnant mice had a longer mean gestation and labour duration (P < 0.001), as well as reduced litter size (P < 0.01) vs. 3‐month‐old mice. Older mice did not exhibit the same decline in serum progesterone concentrations as younger mice. Cervical tissues from older mice were more distensible than younger mice (P < 0.05). Oxytocin receptor and connexin‐43 mRNA expression were reduced in the myometrium from 8‐month‐old vs. 3‐month‐old mice (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively) in tandem with more frequent but shorter duration spontaneous myometrial contractions (P < 0.05) and an attenuated contractile response to oxytocin. Myometrial mitochondrial copy number was reduced in older mice, although there were no age‐induced changes to the enzymatic activities of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes. In conclusion, 8‐month‐old mice provide a useful model of reproductive ageing. The present study has identified potential causes of labour dysfunction amenable to investigation in older primigravid women.
Loss of protohaem IX farnesyltransferase in mature dentate granule cells impairs short‐term facilitation at mossy fibre to CA3 pyramidal cell synapses
Authors: Booker Sam A. , Campbell Graham R. , Mysiak Karolina S. , Brophy Peter J. , Kind Peter C. , Mahad Don J. , Wyllie David J. A.
Published: January 2017

Key points

Neurodegenerative disorders can exhibit dysfunctional mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity.

Conditional deletion of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria, from hippocampal dentate granule cells in mice does not affect low‐frequency dentate to CA3 glutamatergic synaptic transmission.

High‐frequency dentate to CA3 glutamatergic synaptic transmission and feedforward inhibition are significantly attenuated in cytochrome c oxidase‐deficient mice.

Intact presynaptic mitochondrial function is critical for the short‐term dynamics of mossy fibre to CA3 synaptic function.

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by peripheral and central symptoms including cognitive impairments which have been associated with reduced mitochondrial function, in particular mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV or cytochrome c oxidase activity. In the present study we conditionally removed a key component of complex IV, protohaem IX farnesyltransferase encoded by the COX10 gene, in granule cells of the adult dentate gyrus. Utilizing whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings from morphologically identified CA3 pyramidal cells from control and complex IV‐deficient mice, we found that reduced mitochondrial function did not result in overt deficits in basal glutamatergic synaptic transmission at the mossy‐fibre synapse because the amplitude, input–output relationship and 50 ms paired‐pulse facilitation were unchanged following COX10 removal from dentate granule cells. However, trains of stimuli given at high frequency (> 20 Hz) resulted in dramatic reductions in short‐term facilitation and, at the highest frequencies (> 50 Hz), also reduced paired‐pulse facilitation, suggesting a requirement for adequate mitochondrial function to maintain glutamate release during physiologically relevant activity patterns. Interestingly, local inhibition was reduced, suggesting the effect observed was not restricted to synapses with CA3 pyramidal cells via large mossy‐fibre boutons, but rather to all synapses formed by dentate granule cells. Therefore, presynaptic mitochondrial function is critical for the short‐term dynamics of synapse function, which may contribute to the cognitive deficits observed in pathological mitochondrial dysfunction.
Didáctica de la lógica para el ejercicio de la razonabilidad
Authors: Henao Rubén Darío , Moreno-Torres Mónica
Published: January 2017

Este artículo de revisión muestra el estado de la didáctica de la lógica —DL— y se propone incluir en este campo el método abductivo. Esta iniciativa surge de los resultados de la investigación doctoral y del análisis documental de DL. Este análisis corrobora que los didactas se focalizan en ciencias y disciplinas que sustentan la lógica y, aunque señalan algunas estrategias, relegan las posibilidades que la abducción brinda a la DL. Esta permite la construcción de una estrategia didáctica que —apoyada en la abducción— promueve en maestros y estudiantes una visión razonable de lógica, didáctica y sociedad; de allí la nominación de didáctica de la lógica abductiva, DLA.
La formación flexible en los programas de pregrado en psicología en Colombia: un estudio crítico
Authors: Díaz-Villa Mario , Vásquez-Gómez Mónica Viviana
Published: January 2017

En este artículo de investigación se analiza la propuesta de formación flexible que predomina en la formación profesional en psicología en Colombia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivoanalítico mixto documental con 36 universidades del país. El análisis cualitativo fue de contenido y semántico para el tratamiento de los documentos oficiales de los programas, de las instituciones educativas y algunas agendas internacionales. El estudio incluyó un análisis estadístico para caracterizar la estructura curricular de los planes de estudio. Se concluyó que la propuesta de formación universitaria en psicología se promueve desde un criterio instrumental de la educación asociado a un principio instrumental de la flexibilidad curricular, funcional a la lógica adaptativa y desregularizada del capitalismo global, orientada bajo un modelo estandarizado de y por competencias laborales.
Liderazgo escolar y eficacia colectiva en escuelas públicas de Bogotá
Authors: López-Alfaro Pablo , Osorio-González Francisco , Gallegos-Araya Verónica , Cáceres-Cadena María Dolores
Published: January 2017

En este artículo de investigación se analiza la estructura factorial de las dimensiones de liderazgo, eficacia colectiva y expectativas docentes, además de la estimación del efecto mediador de la eficacia colectiva entre las dimensiones de
liderazgo y expectativas docentes. Participaron 587 educadores de 32 escuelas públicas primarias y secundarias de Bogotá. Para el estudio se desarrollaron análisis factoriales exploratorios, confirmatorios y se aplicaron las ecuaciones estructurales para la validez del modelo causal. Los resultados evidencian el efecto positivo del liderazgo y el rol mediador de la eficacia colectiva hacia las expectativas docentes.
El “machismo latinoamericano” y sus derivas en la educación internacional: reflexiones de estudiantes estadounidenses en Buenos Aires
Authors: Felitti Karina , Rizzotti Andrea
Published: January 2017

Este artículo analiza las representaciones y experiencias de jóvenes estadounidenses participantes de un programa de educación internacional en Buenos Aires, en relación con los modelos, representaciones y relaciones de género y de sexualidad que observan y viven en la cultura local argentina. Con una metodología cualitativa, entre 2012 y 2014, se recogieron testimonios escritos y orales de 50 estudiantes, varones y mujeres, sobre temas como los piropos/acoso callejero, el machismo latinoamericano, el amamantamiento en público, los ideales corporales, cuestiones que permitieron reflexionar sobre estereotipos culturales en los que confluyen el género, la etnicidad, la clase y la nacionalidad.
Preguntas formuladas en educación científica: un estudio comparativo colombiano-español
Authors: Torres-Valois Tarcilo , Sanjosé-López Vicente
Published: January 2017

La formulación de preguntas es un potente recurso para el aprendizaje de las ciencias. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el desarrollo de la competencia metacognitiva por medio de la formulación de preguntas. En este estudio se usaron dos dispositivos experimentales de ciencias con un comportamiento inesperado. Se pidió a los participantes realizar preguntas destinadas a comprender su funcionamiento. La evaluación contrastó el desempeño de estudiantes colombianos con estudiantes españoles equivalentes. Los resultados mostraron que los colombianos formulan significativamente más preguntas en general, y más preguntas de alta calidad, que los estudiantes españoles. Se concluyó que estos estudiantes han desarrollado su control de la comprensión de un modo eficaz.
Sobre el concepto de campo en Bourdieu
Authors: Bustamante-Zamudio Guillermo
Published: January 2017

Con el concepto de tensión, Pierre Bourdieu da la herramienta clave para
distinguir el campo de la ciencia y el campo en el que se lucha por la legitimidad de la ciencia (en el seno del mundo de la ciencia). Así mismo, su concepto de presión es clave para entender la relación entre la sociedad y la ciencia, la lucha por la legitimidad de la ciencia en el mundo social (tres autores han desarrollado tales tópicos: Gaston Bachelard, el primero, de orden epistemológico; Bourdieu mismo, el segundo, de orden sociológico; y Jean-François Lyotard, el tercero, de orden político). Sin embargo, Bourdieu oscila entre diferenciar y mezclar, tanto las tensiones de cada uno de los campos mencionados, como la oposición entre tensión y presión. Por otro lado, Bourdieu nos permite pensar algunos de los efectos propios de la presión ejercida sobre la ciencia por los financiadores, la industria, el Estado y el público: la cienciometría, que deja como resto una alodoxia; las asociaciones y las instituciones, que producen como resto una pérdida de dedicación a la investigación que busca conocer; y una vulgarización que deja como resto una descontextualización y una reproducción del sistema dominante. Con el interés de sostener el trabajo de investigación que hacemos, usando, entre otros recursos el concepto de campo, postulado por Pierre Bourdieu, leímos de forma pormenorizada su texto El oficio de científico. Ciencia de la ciencia y reflexividad [2000-1].
Integrating the Case Method and Design Projects in the Industry-Sponsored Academic Education
Authors: Nunez Manuel A. , Bzymek Zbigniew M.
Published: January 2017

This is a companion paper to IMECE 2013 - 63278. The paper describes a course in which practical designing of industrial products and processes is supported by the analysis of operations management cases taken from actual manufacturing companies. Through the case method, students assume the role of decision-makers who have to use their engineering and business knowledge to deal with real-life problems. Such an approach helps to support and complement the students’ senior design experience and cover those subjects left out from their sponsored design projects. The cases emphasize operations management concepts; economic analysis of manufacturing processes; process analysis, design, and improvement; integration of experimental analysis and research methodologies in diverse manufacturing industries; as well as the interaction between manufacturing technologies and the competitive strategy of the firm. This way, students not only practice solving manufacturing problems, but also develop a framework for dealing with practical situations they are likely to face in their career development. We provide teaching recommendations and practical examples of the case method in this context.
Proposal of “Future Applied Conventional Technology”
Authors: Narita Chieko , Shimode Yutaro , Yamamoto Iwako , Kida Noriyuki , Hamada Hiroyuki
Published: January 2017

Japanese traditional industry has evolved depending on demand, so that it has been contributed to Japanese manufacturing for a long time. Therefore, it is considered that learning and understanding the basis of that skill connects to learning the culture of one’s own country and supporting future manufacturing. Consequently, we propose the development of human resources who can contribute not only to Japanese manufacturing, but also to world manufacturing through Future-Applied Conventional Technology. That is consistent subject — not just a unit — from elementary to high school. Its aim is to deepen a person’s familiarity with and understanding of the culture and manufacturing in his or her own country. In Japan, an individual accomplishes this by learning Japanese traditional manufacturing — practical and indwelling knowledge of the predecessor in traditional industry — and developing the ability to absorb the acquired knowledge and skill through inventive ideas based on the “visiting old, learning new” concept.
Using paired visual and passive acoustic surveys to estimate passive acoustic detection parameters for harbor porpoise abundance estimates
Authors: Jacobson Eiren K. , Forney Karin A. , Barlow Jay
Published: January 2017

Passive acoustic monitoring is a promising approach for monitoring long-term trends in harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) abundance. Before passive acoustic monitoring can be implemented to estimate harbor porpoise abundance, information about the detectability of harbor porpoise is needed to convert recorded numbers of echolocation clicks to harbor porpoise densities. In the present study, paired data from a grid of nine passive acoustic click detectors (C-PODs, Chelonia Ltd., United Kingdom) and three days of simultaneous aerial line-transect visual surveys were collected over a 370 km2 study area. The focus of the study was estimating the effective detection area of the passive acoustic sensors, which was defined as the product of the sound production rate of individual animals and the area within which those sounds are detected by the passive acoustic sensors. Visually estimated porpoise densities were used as informative priors in a Bayesian model to solve for the effective detection area for individual harbor porpoises. This model-based approach resulted in a posterior distribution of the effective detection area of individual harbor porpoises consistent with previously published values. This technique is a viable alternative for estimating the effective detection area of passive acoustic sensors when other experimental approaches are not feasible.
Load Accommodation Strategies and Movement Variability in Single-Leg Landing
Authors: Nordin Andrew D. , Dufek Janet S.
Published: January 2017

Our purpose was to examine changes in participant-specific single-leg landing strategies and intra-individual movement variability following alterations in mechanical task demands via external load and landing height. Nineteen healthy volunteers (15M, 4 F, age: 24.3 ± 4.9 y, mass: 78.5 ± 14.7 kg, height: 1.73 ± 0.08 m) were analyzed among 9 single-leg drop landing trials in each of 6 experimental conditions (3 load and 2 landing height) computed as percentages of participant bodyweight (BW, BW + 12.5%, BW + 25%) and height (H12.5% & H25%). Lower-extremity sagittal joint angles and moments (hip, knee, and ankle), vertical ground reaction forces (GRFz), and electrical muscle activities (gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles) were analyzed. Individual single-leg drop landing strategies were identified using landing impulse predictions and the Load Accommodation Strategies Model (James et al., 2014). Intra-individual movement variability was assessed from neuromechanical synergies extracted using single-case principal component analyses (PCA). Fewer contrasting single-leg landing strategies were identified among participants under greater mechanical task demands (p < .001) alongside lesser intra-individual movement variability (p < .001). These results reveal changes in movement control under greater mechanical task demands, which may have implications for understanding overuse injury mechanisms in landing.
Athletic Subculture Within Student-Athlete Academic Centers
Authors: Rubin Lisa M. , Moses Ron A.
Published: January 2017

Over 400,000 student-athletes participate in NCAA intercollegiate athletics programs. Due to their dual roles as student and athlete, they have a different college experience than the general student population. Specialized academic centers and resources for student-athletes are part of the reason they are separated and often isolated from the rest of campus. Teams have their own unique academic subculture that influences each student-athlete in his or her academic pursuits. The purpose of this study is to explore the athletic academic subculture among student-athletes at the Division I level and the role the athletic academic center and special resources play in cultivating a separate culture from the campus culture. Symbolic interactionism was the framework used as the lens to view the results of this study in the context of neoliberalism.
Deficiency of microRNA
miR-34a
expands cell fate potential in pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Choi Yong Jin , Lin Chao-Po , Risso Davide , Chen Sean , Kim Thomas Aquinas , Tan Meng How , Li Jin Billy , Wu Yalei , Chen Caifu , Xuan Zhenyu , Macfarlan Todd , Peng Weiqun , Lloyd K. C. Kent , Kim Sang Yong , Speed Terence P. , He Lin
Published: January 2017

Limiting potential for totipotency

Biological roles for microRNAs are not limited to RNA silencing and posttranscriptional regulation; they have now been shown to also regulate cell pluripotency. Choi
et al.
eliminated
miR-34a
from mouse embryonic stem cells and found that the cells exhibited a bidirectional cell fate potential, generating both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages (see the Perspective by Hasuwa and Siomi). During
miR-34a
deficiency, an endogenous retrovirus was induced, at least in part through Gata2-dependent transcriptional activation. Thus, the interplay of protein-coding genes, noncoding RNAs, and endogenous retroviruses can change cell fate plasticity and the developmental potential of pluripotent stem cells.

Science
, this issue p.
eaag1927
; see also p.
581
TZAP: A telomere-associated protein involved in telomere length control
Authors: Li Julia Su Zhou , Miralles Fusté Javier , Simavorian Tatevik , Bartocci Cristina , Tsai Jill , Karlseder Jan , Lazzerini Denchi Eros
Published: January 2017

A protein to trim too-long telomeres

Telomeres cap the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. They consist of multiple copies of short DNA repeats. The length of telomeres is important to genome stability; if they become too short, individuals can become prone to cancer and premature aging. Li
et al.
discovered a protein, TZAP (telomeric zinc finger–associated protein), which instead prevents telomeres from becoming too long (see the Perspective by Lossaint and Lingner). TZAP binds directly to the telomeric DNA repeats, competing with the shelterin complex. It stimulates telomere trimming, preventing aberrantly long telomeres.

Science
, this issue p.
638
; see also p.
578
Complete Genome Sequence of Lleida Bat Lyssavirus
Authors: Marston Denise A. , Ellis Richard J. , Wise Emma L. , Aréchiga-Ceballos Nidia , Freuling Conrad M. , Banyard Ashley C. , McElhinney Lorraine M. , de Lamballerie Xavier , Müller Thomas , Fooks Anthony R. , Echevarría Juan E.
Published: January 2017

All lyssaviruses (family
Rhabdoviridae
) cause the disease rabies, an acute progressive encephalitis for which, once symptoms occur, there is no effective cure. Using next-generation sequencing, the full-genome sequence for a novel lyssavirus, Lleida bat lyssavirus (LLEBV), from the original brain of a common bent-winged bat has been confirmed.
First Complete Genome Sequence of
Papaya ringspot
virus
-W Isolated from a Gourd in the United States
Authors: Ali Akhtar
Published: January 2017

In the United States, the
Papaya ringspot virus
was first reported from papaya in Florida in 1949. Here, we determined the first complete genome sequence (10,302 nucleotides) of a
Papaya ringspot virus
-W isolate, which was collected from a commercial field of gourd in Tulsa, OK.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Plant Growth–Promoting Pseudomonas punonensis Strain D1-6 Isolated from the Desert Plant
Erodium hirtum
in Jordan
Authors: Lafi Feras F. , AlBladi Maha L. , Salem Nida M. , Al-Banna Luma , Alam Intikhab , Bajic Vladimir B. , Hirt Heribert , Saad Maged M.
Published: January 2017

Pseudomonas punonensis
strain D1-6 was isolated from roots of the desert plant
Erodium hirtum
, near the Dead Sea in Jordan. The genome of strain D1-6 reveals several key plant growth–promoting and herbicide-resistance genes, indicating a possible specialized role for this endophyte.
Draft Genome Sequence of JVAP01
T
, the Type Strain of the Novel Species Acinetobacter dijkshoorniae
Authors: Fernández-Orth Dietmar , Cosgaya Clara , Telli Murat , Mosqueda Noraida , Marí-Almirall Marta , Roca Ignasi , Vila Jordi
Published: January 2017

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the type strain of
Acinetobacter dijkshoorniae
, a novel human pathogen within the
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
–
Acinetobacter baumannii
(ACB) complex. Strain JVAP01
T
has an estimated genome size of 3.9 Mb, exhibits a 38.8% G+C content, and carries a plasmid with the
bla
NDM-1
carbapenemase gene.
Reporting Characteristics and Risk of Bias in Randomised Controlled Trials of Acupuncture Analgesia Published in Pubmed-Listed Journals
Authors: Li Xiuxia , Wang Rong , Shi Xiue , Chen Zehao , Pan Yuanqing , Li Xusheng , Yang Kehu
Published: January 2017

Background

Acupuncture analgesia has been evaluated by a number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs); however, a systematic summary of reporting quality of RCTs in this specific field is lacking.

Objective

To examine the reporting characteristics and risk of bias of RCTs of acupuncture analgesia indexed in the PubMed database.

Methods

A PubMed search of RCTs of acupuncture analgesia was conducted through November 2015. The Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the risk of bias of each trial.

Results

206 articles were identified across 59 journals (impact factor 0.4–20), of which 56% of articles and 86% of journals were Science Citation Index (SCI)-indexed. Nearly half of the articles were published in China. The next most represented countries of origin were the UK (22%) and USA (21%). Of the included trials, postoperative pain was the most prevalent phenotype, and manual acupuncture was the most frequently applied type of stimulation (46%). A total of 12% of articles reported on analgesic mechanisms. The most frequently used acupuncture points were LI4, ST36, PC6, SP6 and Shenmen. The overwhelming majority of trials were considered to be at high risk of bias (84%). Furthermore, 79% of trials enrolled <50 participants per treatment arm.

Conclusions

RCTs of acupuncture analgesia indexed in PubMed journals generally exhibited poor reporting of methodological and treatment details. Future studies should provide more information regarding clinical trial registration, blinding of participants (including sham procedures where applicable) and outcome assessors, as well as the training and qualification of acupuncturists.
Case characteristics among Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak and non-outbreak cases in Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2015
Authors: Alhamlan F S , Majumder M S , Brownstein J S , Hawkins J , Al-Abdely H M , Alzahrani A , Obaid D A , Al-Ahdal M N , BinSaeed A
Published: January 2017

Objectives

As of 1 November 2015, the Saudi Ministry of Health had reported 1273 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); among these cases, which included 9 outbreaks at several hospitals, 717 (56%) patients recovered, 14 (1%) remain hospitalised and 543 (43%) died. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, demographic and clinical characteristics that distinguished cases of MERS contracted during outbreaks from those contracted sporadically (ie, non-outbreak) between 2012 and 2015 in Saudi Arabia.

Design

Data from the Saudi Ministry of Health of confirmed outbreak and non-outbreak cases of MERS coronavirus (CoV) infections from September 2012 through October 2015 were abstracted and analysed. Univariate and descriptive statistical analyses were conducted, and the time between disease onset and confirmation, onset and notification and onset and death were examined.

Results

A total of 1250 patients (aged 0–109 years; mean, 50.825 years) were reported infected with MERS-CoV. Approximately two-thirds of all MERS cases were diagnosed in men for outbreak and non-outbreak cases. Healthcare workers comprised 22% of all MERS cases for outbreak and non-outbreak cases. Nosocomial infections comprised one-third of all Saudi MERS cases; however, nosocomial infections occurred more frequently in outbreak than non-outbreak cases (p<0.001). Patients contracting MERS during an outbreak were significantly more likely to die of MERS (p<0.001).

Conclusions

To date, nosocomial infections have fuelled MERS outbreaks. Given that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a worldwide religious travel destination, localised outbreaks may have massive global implications and effective outbreak preventive measures are needed.
Psychosocial well-being and health-related quality of life in a UK population with Usher syndrome
Authors: Dean Gavin , Orford Amy , Staines Roy , McGee Anna , Smith Kimberley J
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To determine whether psychosocial well-being is associated with the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of people with Usher syndrome.

Setting

The survey was advertised online and through deafblind-related charities, support groups and social groups throughout the UK.

Participants

90 people with Usher syndrome took part in the survey. Inclusion criteria are having a diagnosis of Usher syndrome, being 18 or older and being a UK resident.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

All participants took part in a survey that measured depressive symptoms, loneliness and social support (predictors) and their physical and mental HRQOL (outcomes). Measured confounders included age-related, sex-related and health-related characteristics. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses examined the association of each psychosocial well-being predictor with the physical and mental HRQOL outcomes while controlling for confounders in a stepwise manner.

Results

After adjusting for all confounders, psychosocial well-being was shown to predict physical and mental HRQOL in our population with Usher syndrome. Increasing depressive symptoms were predictive of poorer physical (β=−0.36, p<0.01) and mental (β=−0.60, p<0.001) HRQOL. Higher levels of loneliness predicted poorer mental HRQOL (β=−0.20, p<0.05). Finally, increasing levels of social support predicted better mental HRQOL (β=0.19, p<0.05).

Conclusions

Depression, loneliness and social support all represent important issues that are linked with HRQOL in a UK population with Usher syndrome. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that psychosocial well-being is an important factor to consider in people with Usher syndrome alongside functional and physical impairment within research and clinical practice.
Modifying head nurse messages during daily conversations as leverage for safety climate improvement: a randomised field experiment
Authors: Zohar Dov , Werber Yaron T , Marom Ronen , Curlau Bruria , Blondheim Orna
Published: January 2017

Background

Recent literature reviews lament the paucity of high-quality intervention studies designed to test safety culture improvement in hospitals. The current study adapts an empirically supported strategy developed for manufacturing companies by focusing on patient care and safety messages head nurses communicate during daily conversations with nurses.

Methods

The study was designed as randomised control trial coupled with before-after measurement of outcome variables. We randomly assigned 445 nurses working in 27 inpatient departments in a midsize hospital in Israel to experimental and control groups. Ten randomly chosen nurses in both groups filled a brief questionnaire referring to last conversation with head nurse. One month later, head nurses in the experimental group received individual feedback, comparing individual with mean hospital scores, coupled with self-set goals for the following feedback session. Head nurses in the control group received no feedback, except for a summary report by the end of intervention.

Results

Patient care messages increased by 16% and professional development messages by 12%, accompanied by 17% decline in nurse-blaming messages in the experimental group, remaining unchanged in the control group. Such changes led to statistically significant increase in patient care behaviours (17%), safety climate (13%), teamwork (9%) and supervisory leadership quality (18%). Rule-compliance messages and workaround behaviours remained unchanged in experimental and control departments.

Conclusions

These data support the utility of our intervention strategy for improving patient safety climate and resultant caring behaviours in healthcare organisations. The fact that our intervention used easy-to-deliver feedback requiring only two sessions minimised its organisational costs.