bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O‐GlcNAcomics—Revealing roles of O‐GlcNAcylation in disease mechanisms and development of potential diagnostics
Authors: Copeland Ronald J. , Han Guanghui , Hart Gerald W.
Published: May 2013

O‐linked‐β‐N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) is a dynamic PTM of the 3′‐hydroxyl groups of serine or threonine residues of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins. The cycling of this modification is regulated in response to nutrients, stress, and other extracellular stimuli by the catalytic activities of O‐GlcNAc transferase and O‐GlcNAcase. O‐GlcNAc is functionally similar to phosphorylation and has been demonstrated to play critical roles in numerous biological processes, including cell signaling, transcription, and disease etiology. Since its discovery nearly 30 years ago, studies have demonstrated that the O‐GlcNAc is highly abundant and widespread, like phosphorylation however, the development of methodologies to study O‐GlcNAc at the site level has been challenging. Recently, a number of studies have overcome these challenges and describe new tagging, enrichment, and mass spectrometric‐based approaches to study O‐GlcNAc in terms of its site identification, stoichiometry, and dynamics on proteins. The development of these methods are key for elucidation of O‐GlcNAc's functional crosstalk with phosphorylation and other PTMs, and will serve to provide the necessary information for the development of site‐specific antibodies, which will aid in the determination of a particular protein's site‐specific function. In this review, we describe these methods and summarize results obtained from them demonstrating the roles of O‐GlcNAc in diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's, and in learning and memory, while also describing how these new strategies have implicated O‐GlcNAc as a potential diagnostic for the screening of patients for prediabetes.
Anti‐inflammatory Activities of an Active Fraction Isolated from the root of Astragalus membranaceus in RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Lai Patrick Kwok‐Kin , Chan Judy Yuet‐Wa , Wu Shi‐Biao , Cheng Ling , Ho Grace Ka‐Wai , Lau Ching‐Po , Kennelly Edward J. , Leung Ping‐Chung , Fung Kwok‐Pui , Lau Clara Bik‐San
Published: May 2013

The root of Astragalus membranaceus (AR), which has been widely used in Traditional Chinese herbal formulae for treating foot ulcer, was found to exhibit anti‐inflammatory property, but its molecular mechanism still remains unknown. We previously identified the anti‐inflammatory sub‐fraction using bioassay‐guided fractionation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the anti‐inflammatory mechanism of the major active fraction (MAF) (0.039 to 0.156 mg/mL) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. MAF was shown to inhibit LPS‐induced mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by 54.7% and 65.1%, respectively. Additionally, MAF down‐regulated the protein expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 and MAPK regulator by 45.0% to 74.6%, as well as the reduction of DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) by 66.5%. It also attenuated the production of prostaglandin E2, interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha by 21.2% to 86.2%. Furthermore, the chemical constituents of MAF were identified. A total of 13 known chemical compounds were found in MAF, including five isoflavonoids and eight saponins. In conclusion, a bioactive fraction of AR was identified which possessed anti‐inflammatory property by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and inactivation of NFκB through MAPK signalling pathway. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust fault reconstruction for linear parameter varying systems using sliding mode observers
Authors: Alwi Halim , Edwards Christopher
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a robust fault detection and isolation scheme using a sliding mode observer based on a linear parameter varying system, with fault reconstruction capability. Both actuator and sensor fault reconstruction schemes are considered that possess robustness against a certain class of uncertainty and corrupted measurements. For actuator fault reconstruction, the input distribution matrix (associated with the actuators being monitored) is factorized into fixed and varying components. LMIs are used to design the key observer parameters in order to minimize the effect of uncertainty and measurement corruption on the fault reconstruction signal. The faults are reconstructed using the output error injection signal associated with the nonlinear term of the sliding mode observer. For sensor fault reconstruction, the idea is to reformulate the problem into an actuator fault reconstruction scenario so that the same design procedure can be applied. This is achieved by augmenting the original system with the filtered sensors being monitored. Simulations using a full nonlinear model of a large transport aircraft are presented and show good fault reconstruction performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metallographic effects of pure aluminum on properties of nanoporous anodic alumina (NPAA)
Authors: Rashidi Fereshteh , Masuda Tatsuya , Asoh Hidetaka , Ono Sachiko
Published: May 2013

The microstructure of aluminum substrates was investigated during the quality control of grain sizes determination and crystal orientation analysis before and after preheat (recrystallization) treatment at 500 °C, in relation to the microstructure and heat stability of nanoporous anodic alumina (NPAA) membranes formed on various preheated aluminum substrates and subsequently detached. Depending on the preheating conditions, the average grain size of the aluminum substrate increased from 3 µm to 1280 µm. Also, the preferential crystal orientation of aluminum was (311) and/or (100) or (311)/(422) or (220) under different heating conditions. Recrystallization at a higher heating rate and particularly a higher cooling rate yielded lower grain growth of the aluminum substrate, so that quenching rather than annealing resulted in smaller grains and domains as well as a larger number of grain boundaries on the top surface of related α‐NPAA membranes. This induced less ordered growth in the nanopore structure and lower stability against cracking and deflection during crystallizing α‐NPAA thin film membranes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Netzwerkbogenbrücken der ÖBB über den Zentralverschiebebahnhof Wien‐Kledering, Österreich
Authors: Heinlein Manfred , Einhäuser Oliver
Published: May 2013

Um den Flughafen Wien Schwechat an den Hauptbahnhof Wien anzubinden, ist es erforderlich, in Wien‐Kledering eine Brückenkette über den Zentralverschiebebahnhof zu errichten. Herzstück dieser Brückenkette sind zwei Netzwerkbogenbrücken aus Stahl mit Stützweiten von 112,50 m und 88,50 m.

Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit statisch‐konstruktiven Aspekten der beiden Netzwerkbogenbrücken, vor allem mit der Formfindung des Bogens und mit den Hängern. Die gewählte Bauweise stellt in Kombination mit dem hohen Nutzlastanteil durch die Eisenbahn eine sehr wirtschaftliche Lösung dar.

Network arch bridges for the ÖBB over the central marshalling yard at Vienna‐Kledering, Austria – Structural and constructional design of the bridges. To connect Vienna International Airport at Schwechat with the new Main Railway Station a chain of bridges must be erected over the central marshalling yard. The centrepiece of this chain of bridges is formed by two network arch bridges with spans of 112.50 m and 88.50 m.

This article examines the structural and constructional aspects of the two steel network arch bridges, in particular the form of the arch and the hangers. In combination with high proportion of live load made up by the railway the method of construction chosen represents a highly economical solution.
Zwei Netzwerkbogenbrücken: Verbindung zwischen Ostbahn und Flughafenschnellbahn in Wien, Österreich
Authors: Stelzer Barbara , Dorrer, Günther
Published: May 2013

Mit der Errichtung der Verbindungsschleife zwischen der Ostbahn und der Flughafenschnellbahn schaffen die Österreichischen Bundesbahnen (ÖBB) die Anbindung des Flughafens Wien‐Schwechat an die höherrangige Bahninfrastruktur und den neuen Hauptbahnhof Wien. Die Strecke ist als zweigleisige Bahnstrecke mit einer Entwurfsgeschwindigkeit von 100 km/h geplant, deren Herzstück zwei Netzwerkbogenbrücken mit einer Spannweite von 112,50 m und 88,50 m bilden. Es sind die ersten Netzwerkbogenbrücken im Schienennetz der ÖBB. Durch die gewählte Architektur und aufgrund der darunter verlaufenden Gleise erforderlichen Konstruktionshöhe wird nach Fertigstellung der Verbindungsschleife bereits von weitem ein Stück Stahlbaugeschichte ins Blickfeld gerückt.

Two network arch bridges: Connection between the existing railway lines Ostbahn and Flughafenschnellbahn in Vienna, Austria – Characteristics from the point of view of a steel constructors. The Austrian Federal Railways ÖBB is constructing a new connection between the existing railway lines Ostbahn and Flughafenschnellbahn. The new line allows the direct access from the Vienna International Airport to the new Main Railwaystation Vienna. The line is designed as a double‐tracked railway for a velocity of 100 km/h. The heart of the new connection is formed by two network arch bridges with spans of 112.50 m and 88.50 m. The two bridges will be the first network arch bridges within the route network of the ÖBB. Due to the architectural design and the height of the arches above the ground level a new landmark in steelwork histroy will be created.
Preservation of the Celiac Branch of the Vagus Nerve during Laparoscopy‐assisted Distal Gastrectomy: Impact on Postprandial Changes in Ghrelin Secretion
Authors: Takiguchi Shuji , Hiura Yuichiro , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Kurokawa Yukinori , Yamasaki Makoto , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Miyata Hiroshi , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro
Published: May 2013

Background

Ghrelin is a brain‐gut peptide with GH‐releasing and appetite‐inducing properties. Because ghrelin is secreted mainly by the stomach, fasting levels fall after distal gastrectomy. The vagal nerve is responsible for periprandial changes. The presents study investigated the impact of preserving the celiac branch of the vagus nerve during laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy on postoperative ghrelin secretion.

Method

Between May 2009 and July 2010, 42 consecutive patients who underwent LADG were divided into two groups, the first in which the celiac branch of the vagus was preserved (“Preserved,” n = 21) and the second in which it was not (“Not Preserved,” n = 21). Blood samples were collected for assays of several hormones, including ghrelin, leptin, and insulin; these were taken before and 2 h after breakfast on postoperative day 7.

Results

There were no significant differences in the background characteristics of the two groups. Plasma fasting ghrelin decreased significantly after LADG, by about 50 % of the baseline values in both groups. Postprandial plasma ghrelin levels in the Preserved group were significantly lower than those in the Not Preserved group (23 ± 8 vs 32 ± 9 fmol/ml; p = 0.0058). The ratio of the total ghrelin concentration after breakfast to that before was defined as the A/B ratio. The mean preoperative and postoperative A/B ratios were almost the same in the Preserved group (preoperative vs postoperative: 0.41 vs 0.44; p = 0.52). On the other hand, the mean A/B ratio in the Not Preserved group increased from 0.41 to 0.61 postoperatively (preoperative vs postoperative; p = 0.0003). Preservation of the celiac branch of the vagus nerve during LADG was related to the prandial ghrelin changes.
,,Bewegte Schule‘‘ – Beitrag zur Gesundheitsförderung
Authors: Scholz Uwe , Ungerer-Röhrich Ulrike
Published: May 2013

Einleitung

Bewegte Schule hat die Aufgabe, ganzheitliches Lernen zu fördern, zu einem gesunden und bewegten Lebensstil beizutragen und das Schulleben bewegt zu gestalten. und gestalten. Das gelingt nur, wenn auch die Entwicklung der Schule mitgedacht wird. Es geht inhaltlich darum, durch den verstärkten Einbezug von Bewegung und Spiel den Schulalltag gesundheits- und lernfördernd zu rhythmisieren. Dies ist mit Blick auf die zunehmende Verweildauer der Schüler im Ganztagsschulbetrieb von hoher Bedeutung (Abeling und Städtler, 2008).
Estimation of tail‐related risk measures in the Indian stock market: An extreme value approach
Authors: Karmakar Madhusudan
Published: May 2013

The purpose of the study is to estimate tail‐related risk measures using extreme value theory (EVT) in the Indian stock market. The study employs a two stage approach of conditional EVT originally proposed by McNeil and Frey (2000) to estimate dynamic Value at Risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES). The dynamic risk measures have been estimated for different percentiles for negative and positive returns. The estimates of risk measures computed under different quantile levels exhibit strong stability across a range of the selected thresholds, implying the accuracy and reliability of the estimated quantile based risk measures.
Resilience of Vietnamese Refugees: Resources to Cope with Natural Disasters in Their Resettled Country
Authors: Xin Huaibo , Aronson Robert E. , Lovelace Kay A. , Strack Robert W. , Villalba José A.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Study findings suggest that refugees are more vulnerable than the general population to mental disorders from disasters. This pilot study explored the nature of Vietnamese refugees’ resilience to a potential natural disaster as a first step toward improving their disaster mental health.

Methods

Interviews were conducted with 20 ethnic Vietnamese and Montagnard adult refugees using a semistructured interview guide. Factors in resilience at both individual and family levels were examined.

Results

Our results indicated that these refugees had positive personalities and strong family cohesion. However, although a majority of the participants had experienced natural disasters, they lacked knowledge and specific strategies to cope with these events. The individual participants and their families lacked sufficient information, financial resources, emergency supplies, or social support for a natural disaster.

Conclusions

Enhancing refugees’ current strengths in responding to disasters, delivering them tailored emergency training, strengthening relationships between refugee service providers and refugee communities, and advocating for refugees’ socioeconomic capacity building should be considered. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–8)
Developing and Sustaining Successful Mentoring Relationships
Authors: Hudson Peter
Published: May 2013

As mentor teachers hold the balance of power in the relationship, how do they build and sustain positive mentor-mentee relationships? This study involved 11 pairs of mentors and mentees (n= 22) with audio-recorded interviews to explore their relationships, mentors’ support and mentors’ expectations for mentees’ involvement in the school. Findings suggested ways to build and sustain mentoring relationships (e.g., professionalism, respect, and support). Indeed, support in providing information for planning, access to resources, two-way dialoguing with feedback and reflections, and establishing safe, risk-taking environments to trial and evaluate newly learnt teaching practices were considered as ways to build and sustain relationships.
Investigating the Validity and Reliability of the Caregiving Questionnaire with Individuals in Same-Sex Couple Relationships
Authors: Bouaziz Anne-Rose , Lafontaine Marie-France , Gabbay Nicolas , Caron Angela
Published: May 2013

This study examined the factor structure, reliability, and convergent and divergent validity of the Caregiving Questionnaire (CQ; Kunce & Shaver, 1994) with a sample of individuals who identify themselves as gay, lesbian, and bisexual and are currently involved in same-sex couple relationships (N = 143; 114 females). An exploratory factor analysis extracted the CQ's four dimensions, supporting its construct validity. Additionally, the questionnaire demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. Correlations were found among participants’ self-reported romantic attachment patterns, as evaluated by the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998), and caregiving patterns, as measured by the CQ. No significant associations were found between the four factors and participants’ age, relationship duration, or gross annual revenue. Results support the use of the CQ with individuals involved in same-sex relationships.
A CITIZENSHIP OF DISTINCTION IN THE OPEN RADIO DEBATES OF KAMPALA
Authors: Brisset-Foucault Florence
Published: May 2013

This article investigates practices of speech and sociability in open radio debates in Kampala to decipher imaginaries of citizenship in contemporary Uganda. In theseebimeeza(‘round tables’ in Luganda, also called ‘people's parliaments’) orators are engaged in practices of social distinction when compared to those they call the ‘common men’. These spaces of discussion reflect the importance of education in local representations of legitimacy and morality, whether in Buganda ‘neotraditional’ mobilizations or Museveni's modernist vision of politics. Theebimeezaand the government ban imposed on them in 2009 reveal the entrenchment of the vision of a ‘bifurcated’ public sphere, the separation of a sphere of ‘development’ and a sphere of ‘politics’, the latter being only accessible to educated ‘enlightened’ individuals – despite the revolutionary discourse and the institutionalization of the Movementist ‘grassroots democracy’ model in 1986.
Dating the Cambrian Purley Shale Formation, Midland Microcraton, England
Authors: WILLIAMS MARK , RUSHTON ADRIAN W. A. , COOK ALAN F. , ZALASIEWICZ JAN , MARTIN ADAM P. , CONDON DANIEL J. , WINROW PAUL
Published: May 2013

Zircons from a bentonite near the base of the Purley Shale Formation in the Nuneaton area, Warwickshire, yield a 206Pb/238U age of 517.22 ± 0.31 Ma. Based on the fauna of small shelly fossils and the brachiopod Micromitra phillipsii in the underlying Home Farm Member of the Hartshill Sandstone Formation, trilobite fragments that are questionably referred to Callavia from the basal Purley Shale Formation, and the presence of trilobites diagnostic of the sabulosa Biozone 66 m above the base of the Purley Shale Formation, the bentonite likely dates an horizon within Cambrian Stage 3, at about the level of the Fallotaspis or basal Callavia Biozone. This is consistent with bentonite ages from other localities in southern Britain, which constrain the age of the lower and uppermost parts of Cambrian Stage 3. The new date provides additional chronological control on the earliest occurrence of trilobites in the Midland Microcraton, a date for the marine transgression at the base of the Purley Shale Formation, and is the first radiometric age from the Cambrian succession of Warwickshire.
THE IMPACT OF STURGES BOURNE'S POOR LAW REFORMS IN RURAL ENGLAND
Authors: SHAVE SAMANTHA A.
Published: May 2013

England was blighted by frequent agricultural depressions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Recurrent crises brought poor law reform to the parliamentary agenda and led to the passage of two non-compulsory pieces of legislation, Sturges Bourne's Acts of 1818 and 1819. These permissory acts allowed parishes to ‘tighten up’ the distribution of poor relief through two vital tools: the formation of select vestries, and the appointment of waged assistant overseers. Whilst previous studies have tended to represent the legislation as a failing reform in the dying days of the old poor law, we know remarkably little about the relief practices deployed by parishes operating under the auspices of Sturges Bourne's Acts. This article starts by detailing the genesis of the reforms before considering the provisions of the acts and their rates of adoption in rural England. Focusing upon administrative records from Wessex and West Sussex, the article proceeds to examine the inspection of relief claimants, and judgments made as to their ‘character and conduct’; the general measures taken to reduce outdoor relief; and their alternative strategies for allocating relief. It is argued that the reforms re-drew the distinction between ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ poor, ultimately changing individuals' and families' entitlement to relief under the old poor laws.
Low MHD activity using resonant helical field and limiter biasing in IR-T1 tokamak
Authors: LAFOUTI M. , GHORANNEVISS M. , MESHKANI S. , SALAR ELAHI A.
Published: May 2013

In this paper, the effect of resonant helical magnetic field (RHF) and cold biased local limiter on plasma current, loop voltage, confinement time energy, poloidal beta, line emission intensity Hα, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) behavior based on Mirnov oscillations in the IR-T1 tokamak has been investigated. The experiments have been done in different regimes as cold biased local limiter, magnetic perturbation application, and both of these. At first the effect of the positive and negative bias voltage on plasma parameters and magnetic fluctuations detected by Mirnov coils has been investigated. Also, the effects of RHF on plasma parameters have been investigated in the edge region. Then the effects of applied biasing and RHF at the same time are analyzed. The bias voltage has been restricted to (−320 ≤ Vbias ≤ +320) and it has been applied with the limiter biasing that is fixed at r = 11.25 cm. These parameters have been measured using a diamagnetic loop, spectrometer, which is a visible light spectrometer for H-alpha, and Mirnov coils. The time-resolved frequency component analysis has been performed using short-time Fourier transforms. Fourier-based techniques and auto-correlation have been employed to analyze the frequency of MHD fluctuations. The results show that applied radial electric field at the plasma edge could control electromagnetic instabilities in the tokamak. In the positive biased regime, the amplitude of low-frequency Mirnov oscillations (<30 kHz) decreases after the application of biasing. Confinement time increases and line emission intensity decreases in all situations. The results are reversed when negative biasing has been applied. When RHF and biasing are applied to the plasma at the same time, the plasma parameters do not change any more compared to corresponding discharges with only RHF (L = 3). In other words, the amplitude of MHD activity can be totally controlled when a convenient biasing is applied to the limiter in the phases of current flat-top.
Description of a new species of Hirsutonuphis (Annelida: Onuphidae) from the Mexican Pacific, with notes on the world distribution of the genus
Authors: Estrella-Ruiz Alejandra , Hernández-Alcántara Pablo , Solís-Weiss Vivianne
Published: May 2013

A new species of Hirsutonuphis (Annelida: Onuphidae) is described from the continental shelf of the Gulf of California, Mexican Pacific. Hirsutonuphis paxtonae sp. nov. is easily distinguished from eight previously described species belonging to this genus, by the bi- and tri-dentate pseudocompound hooded falcigers on the first 5–6 chaetigers, the pectinate chaetae from chaetigers 6–11, the bidentate subacicular hooded hooks from chaetigers 18–21, and its colour pattern: a dark transverse band in the dorsal part of the peristomium and on each chaetiger, which gradually fades from chaetigers 12–27. Most species of Hirsutonuphis have been found in the Pacific Ocean, and more particularly in Australian waters, although this new onuphid is the third species of the genus described from the Mexican Pacific, in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. A taxonomic key is provided for all the species of the genus.
Distinctness, phylogenetic relations and biogeography of intertidal mussels (Brachidontes, Mytilidae) from the south-western Atlantic
Authors: Trovant Berenice , Ruzzante Daniel E. , Basso Néstor G. , Orensanz J.M. (Lobo)
Published: May 2013

Rocky shore intertidal communities along the cold- and warm-temperate coasts of the south-western Atlantic are dominated by small mussels of the genusBrachidontes s.l. (Mytilidae), yet the status of species occurring in the region remains unresolved. Taxonomic studies have been based on shell morphology, but high phenotypic variability has led to much confusion. Based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes (COI, 28S rDNA and ITS1) from nine localities in Uruguay and Argentina we confirmed the occurrence of three species in the south-western Atlantic:Brachidontes darwinianusandB. rodrigueziiin the warm-temperate andB. purpuratusin the cold-temperate sector. The latter two species coexist in the same beds along the transition zone (41–43°S). The phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes, indicate an early divergence ofB. purpuratus. At the intra-specific level, low genetic differentiation and absence of fossil record forB. purpuratusfrom the earlier Quaternary marine terraces of Patagonia likely result from a relatively recent (post-LGM) colonization originated from populations in the south-eastern Pacific. In the case ofB. rodriguezii, by contrast, genetic intraspecific differentiation, a fossil record of phenotypically-related forms going back to the Late Miocene, and phylogenetic position in the COI-based phylogeny, prompts the hypothesis that this species is derived from a local stock with a long history of occurrence in the warm-temperate region of the south-western Atlantic. While intertidal mussel beds from the south-western Atlantic are ecologically similar in appearance, their assembly involves components clearly differentiated in terms of historical biogeography and phylogeny.
Cooperative games and multiagent systems
Authors: Airiau Stéphane
Published: May 2013

Forming coalitions is a generic means for cooperation: people, robots, web services, resources, firms; they can all improve their performance by joining forces. The use of coalitions has been successful in domains such as task allocations, sensor networks, and electronic marketplaces. Forming efficient coalitions requires the identification of matching synergies between different entities (finding complementary partners, or similar partners, or partners who add diversity). In addition, the different parties must negotiate a fair repartition of the worth created by the coalition. The first part of this paper is a tutorial on cooperative game theory (also called coalitional games). We then survey the different scenarios and the key issues addressed by the multiagent systems community.
Collaborative ontology engineering: a survey
Authors: Simperl Elena , Luczak-Rösch Markus
Published: May 2013

Building ontologies in a collaborative and increasingly community-driven fashion has become a central paradigm of modern ontology engineering. This understanding of ontologies and ontology engineering processes is the result of intensive theoretical and empirical research within the Semantic Web community, supported by technology developments such as Web 2.0. Over 6 years after the publication of the first methodology for collaborative ontology engineering, it is generally acknowledged that, in order to be useful, but also economically feasible, ontologies should be developed and maintained in a community-driven manner, with the help of fully-fledged environments providing dedicated support for collaboration and user participation. Wikis, and similar communication and collaboration platforms enabling ontology stakeholders to exchange ideas and discuss modeling decisions are probably the most important technological components of such environments. In addition, process-driven methodologies assist the ontology engineering team throughout the ontology life cycle, and provide empirically grounded best practices and guidelines for optimizing ontology development results in real-world projects. The goal of this article is to analyze the state of the art in the field of collaborative ontology engineering. We will survey several of the most outstanding methodologies, methods and techniques that have emerged in the last years, and present the most popular development environments, which can be utilized to carry out, or facilitate specific activities within the methodologies. A discussion of the open issues identified concludes the survey and provides a roadmap for future research and development in this lively and promising field.
Laws of War, Morality, and International Politics: Compliance, Stringency, and Limits
Authors: SHUE HENRY
Published: May 2013

A person with moral commitments can respect International Humanitarian Law (IHL) only if the permissions granted by it do not depart radically from their basic morality, but the features of contemporary war require considerable departures from morality in the content of any rules applicable to war. The features of the contemporary international political arena, in turn, and especially the dominant interpretation of sovereignty, require that IHL be the same for all parties. But, contrary to the arguments of some influential analytic philosophers, such ‘symmetry’ in the laws need not involve their content's departing excessively from basic morality. Insisting on the same rules for all, however, leads to the problem that, other things equal, the more stringent the content of a set of rules, the greater the temptation on the part of self-interested parties to flout the rules. However, a hard-headed view of IHL requires no concessions to terrorists or anti-terrorists.
The Contemporary Legal Nature of UN Security Council Ceasefire Resolutions
Authors: HENDERSON CHRISTIAN , LUBELL NOAM
Published: May 2013

This article sets out to examine the legal nature of ceasefire resolutions issued by the United Nations Security Council. While it has become common practice for the Council to issue calls or demands for ceasefires, their legal nature – and in particular whether they are legally binding – remains unclear. Furthermore, given the ubiquity of non-international armed conflict, there is an additional challenge with regard to the legal effect of such resolutions upon non-state armed groups. The article provides an analysis of these issues and concludes with a potential way forward.
Diplomatic Asylum and the Assange Case
Authors: DEN HEIJER MAARTEN
Published: May 2013

This article traces the place and development of diplomatic asylum in international law in close connection with the more specific questions raised by the case of Julian Assange, who was granted asylum in the Ecuador embassy in London on 16 August 2012. After discussing the historical rise and decline of diplomatic asylum, the article reviews the current status of diplomatic asylum in international law and its implications for the triangular legal relationship between the United Kingdom, Ecuador, and Mr Assange. The article submits that, although there would not seem to be a title in general international law or human rights law for Ecuador to grant asylum to Assange, there is no obvious legal route for the United Kingdom to terminate the asylum. The fate of Assange resembles that of a long series of historical precedents where diplomatic asylum resulted in protracted stays. Although this may seem an unsatisfactory result from the perspective of international law, the uneasy balance between territorial sovereignty and diplomatic inviolability also engenders incentives to avoid disputes or to resolve them through diplomatic channels.
Automatic Crystallographic Characterization in a Transmission Electron Microscope: Applications to Twinning Induced Plasticity Steels and Al Thin Films
Authors: Galceran M. , Albou A. , Renard K. , Coulombier M. , Jacques P.J. , Godet S.
Published: May 2013

A new automated crystallographic orientation mapping tool in a transmission electron microscope technique, which is based on pattern matching between every acquired electron diffraction pattern and precalculated templates, has been used for the microstructural characterization of nondeformed and deformed aluminum thin films and twinning-induced plasticity steels. The increased spatial resolution and the use of electron diffraction patterns rather than Kikuchi lines make this tool very appropriate to characterize fine grained and deformed microstructures.
The Conserved Tetrameric Subunit Stoichiometry of Slc26 Proteins
Authors: Hallworth Richard , Stark Kelsey , Zholudeva Lyandysha , Currall Benjamin B. , Nichols Michael G.
Published: May 2013

The Slc26 family proteins, with one possible exception, transport anions across membranes in a wide variety of tissues in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. Mutations in human members of the family are a significant cause of disease. Slc26 family proteins are thought to be oligomers, but their stoichiometry of association is in dispute. A recent study, using sequential bleaching of single fluorophore-coupled molecules in membrane fragments, demonstrated that mammalian Slc26a5 (prestin) is a tetramer. In this article, the stoichiometry of two nonmammalian prestins and three human SLC26 proteins has been analyzed by the same method, including the evolutionarily-distant SLC26A11. The analysis showed that tetramerization is common and likely to be ubiquitous among Slc26 proteins, at least in vertebrates. The implication of the findings is that tetramerization is present for functional reasons.
Behandlungspfade in der stationären Alkoholentzugsbehandlung – Effekte auf die Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität
Authors: Godemann Frank , Tuchman Jolante , Keller Ute , Mathar David , Hauth Iris
Published: May 2013

Fragestellung: Die Behandlung von alkoholbezogenen Erkrankungen ist der häufigste Grund für eine stationäre psychiatrische Aufnahme. Die Behandlung erfolgt zumeist gestuft. Nach der Entzugsbehandlung folgt die qualifizierte Entzugsbehandlung. Behandlungsziel ist die Etablierung von Rahmenbedingungen, die eine langfristige Abstinenz bzw. zumindest eine Trinkphasenunterbrechung fördert. Die Untersuchung geht der Frage nach, ob Behandlungspfade helfen können, verschiedene suchtbezogene Therapieziele erfolgreich umzusetzen. Methodik: In einer naturalistischen Studie wurde untersucht, ob die Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität durch die Implementierung von Behandlungspfaden, die in ein bestehendes Krankenhausinformationssystem integriert sind, verbessert werden kann. Ergebnisse: Verschiedene Faktoren beeinflussen die Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität. Die individuelle Schwere der Erkrankung hat einen negativen, die Dauer der stationären Behandlung einen positiven Einfluss auf einzelne Variablen der Behandlungsqualität. Auch die Umsetzung von Behandlungspfaden trägt zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung von Behandlungszielen bei. Laboruntersuchungen und EKG werden nach Aufnahme zeitnaher durchgeführt, es gelingt häufiger, den Kontakt zur ambulanten Suchtberatungsstelle herzustellen. Schlussfolgerung: Behandlungspfade sind ein sinnvolles Instrument, um die stationäre Behandlung von alkoholbezogenen Störungen zu unterstützen.
Aktionswoche Alkohol 2011 – Ergebnisse einer Evaluation
Authors: Soellner Renate , Berganski Kamila , Krieger Julia , Stephany Sally , Storm Vera
Published: May 2013

Fragestellung: Die Aktionswoche Alkohol, die seit 2007 in einem zweijährigen Rhythmus von der Deutschen Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen e. V. (DHS) veranstaltet wird, zielt auf einen bewussteren und maßvolleren Umgang mit Alkohol in der Bevölkerung. Im Jahr 2011 fanden über 1500 Veranstaltungen von verschiedenen Institutionen statt. Erstmalig wurde begleitend zur Aktionswoche eine umfassende Evaluation durchgeführt, um eine systematische Bewertung hinsichtlich der Konzeption und Durchführung sowie der Erreichbarkeit der Zielgruppe zu ermöglichen und Empfehlungen für zukünftige Veranstaltungen abzuleiten. Methode: Mit dem Ansatz eines deskriptiv-summativen Evaluationsdesigns wurde in insgesamt sechs Studien die Kooperation zwischen der DHS und Veranstaltern, die Eignung des Mottos und der Botschafter der Aktionswoche, die Medienpräsenz der Aktionswoche, der Internetauftritt sowie das zur Verfügung gestellte Material evaluiert. Ergebnisse: Die Zufriedenheit der Veranstalter mit der Kooperation der DHS fiel insgesamt sehr gut aus. In den Bereichen der Materiallieferung und der Unterstützung bei der konkreten Durchführung von Aktionen sahen die Veranstalter noch Verbesserungspotential. Der Internetauftritt wurde von der Öffentlichkeit und den Veranstaltern als insgesamt positiv bewertet. Hinsichtlich der Übersichtlichkeit und Bestellmöglichkeit von Materialien wurde noch Optimierungsbedarf gesehen. Die Präsenz der Aktionswoche Alkohol 2011 in Fernsehen, Zeitungen und Rundfunk war gering. Schlussfolgerung: Die Aktionswoche Alkohol wurde zu großen Teilen positiv bewertet. In Teilbereichen wird Optimierungsbedarf gesehen. Die hier vorliegende Evaluation liefert wertvolle Ergebnisse und Anregungen für die vierte im Mai 2013 stattfindende Aktionswoche und andere vergleichbare Präventionskampagnen.
Der Spinnenphobie-Fragebogen für Kinder und Jugendliche (SPF-KJ)
Authors: Leutgeb Verena , Köchel Angelika , Schienle Anne
Published: May 2013

Fragestellung: Die Spinnenphobie ist eine häufige Erscheinung der westlichen Zivilisation, die insbesondere die weibliche Bevölkerung betrifft. Da die Störung einen relativ frühen Beginn zeigt, jedoch bei jungen Menschen selten erkannt und behandelt wird, besteht Bedarf nach einem für Kinder und Jugendliche geeigneten, reliablen und ökonomischen Erfassungsinstrument. Methodik: Zur Entwicklung (mittels Exploratorischer und Konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse) und Validierung des Fragebogens diente eine Gesamtstichprobe von 816 Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 7 bis 15 Jahren. Ergebnisse: Der resultierende Spinnenphobie-Fragebogen für Kinder und Jugendliche (SPF-KJ) besteht aus zehn Items und zeigt eine gute interne Konsistenz (Cronbachs α = .86). Die Skala korreliert positiv mit allgemeiner Ängstlichkeit, Ekelempfindlichkeit und -sensitivität. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Kurzskala SPF-KJ ist ein reliables, valides und ökonomisches Instrument zur Erfassung auf Spinnen bezogener Ängste und eignet sich insbesondere zur Anwendung in der Psychotherapieforschung.
Result-Blind Peer Reviews and Editorial Decisions
Authors: Greve Werner , Bröder Arndt , Erdfelder Edgar
Published: May 2013

The present article suggests a possible way to reduce the file drawer problem in scientific research ( Rosenthal, 1978 , 1979 ), that is, the tendency for “nonsignificant” results to remain hidden in scientists’ file drawers because both authors and journals strongly prefer statistically significant results. We argue that peer-reviewed journals based on the principle of rigorous evaluation of research proposals before results are known would address this problem successfully. Even a single journal adopting a result-blind evaluation policy would remedy the persisting problem of publication bias more efficiently than other tools and techniques suggested so far. We also propose an ideal editorial policy for such a journal and discuss pragmatic implications and potential problems associated with this policy. Moreover, we argue that such a journal would be a valuable addition to the scientific publication outlets, because it supports a scientific culture encouraging the publication of well-designed and technically sound empirical research irrespective of the results obtained. Finally, we argue that such a journal would be attractive for scientists, publishers, and research agencies.
Placing Dispositional Forgiveness Within Theories of Adult Personality Development
Authors: Hill Patrick L. , Allemand Mathias , Heffernan Marie E.
Published: May 2013

Compared to the longstanding literature on the process of forgiveness or state forgiveness, relatively less research has focused on how to develop a dispositional tendency to forgive others, known as forgivingness. This holds particularly true with respect to adulthood, which has been typically viewed as a period of personality consistency rather than change. In the current paper, we begin by discussing forgivingness and its potential for promoting adult well-being. Next, we describe three literatures that help us understand possible influences on forgivingness development in adulthood, which focus on (a) how adults respond to their changing societal roles, (b) the choices they make with respect to social and emotional regulation, and (c) their relationship attachment models. Finally, we conclude by presenting important questions for the future research on this personality trait.
A polarizable reactive force field for water to enable molecular dynamics simulations of proton transport
Authors: Asthana Abhishek , Wheeler Dean R.
Published: May 2013

A new polarizable water model is developed for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the proton transport process. The interatomic potential model has three important submodels corresponding to electrostatic interactions, making and breaking of covalent bonds, and treatment of electron exchange and correlation through a van der Waals potential. A polarizable diffuse charge density function was used to describe Coulombic interactions between atoms. Most of the model parameters were obtained from ab initio data for a lone water molecule. Molecules respond realistically to their electrochemical environment by the use of coupled fluctuating charge and fluctuating dipole dynamics, which controlled the charge density. The main purpose of the work is to develop a general model and framework for future studies, though some validation work was performed here. We applied the model to a MD simulation study of bulk properties of liquid water at room temperature and model gave good agreement with thermodynamic and transport properties at the same conditions. The model was then applied to a preliminary study of proton transfer, in which multiple proton transfer events were observed, though the rate of proton transfer was under-predicted by a factor of 5.
Energy contents and vortex dynamics in Mode-C transition of wired-cylinder wake
Authors: Yildirim I. , Rindt C. C. M. , van Steenhoven A. A.
Published: May 2013

The 3D transition of the flow behind a circular cylinder with a near-wake wire disturbance has been investigated experimentally. The flow is oriented horizontally and the wire is positioned in the upper half of the wake. We performed flow visualization and particle image velocimetry experiments to investigate the influence of the wire on various properties of the flow, such as the dynamics of the spanwise structures. Experiments were performed in the Reynolds number range of Re = 165–300. It is shown that in Mode-C transition of the wired cylinder wake, some part of the streamwise vorticity content of the upper von Kármán vortices located at the perturbed side, is transferred to the secondary vortices. This vorticity transfer results in upper von Kármán vortices which are weaker than the lower ones. The analysis of the discrete energy content of the wake supports this analysis by showing that the energy intensity at von Kármán vortex shedding frequency f0 at the perturbed side of the wake is less than the energy intensity in the lower half. This leads to conclusion that the excess energy is transferred to the subharmonic frequency f1 ≈ f0/2.
An innovative method for coordinate measuring machine one-dimensional self-calibration with simplified experimental process
Authors: Fang Cheng , Butler David Lee
Published: May 2013

In this paper, an innovative method for CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) self-calibration is proposed. In contrast to conventional CMM calibration that relies heavily on a high precision reference standard such as a laser interferometer, the proposed calibration method is based on a low-cost artefact which is fabricated with commercially available precision ball bearings. By optimizing the mathematical model and rearranging the data sampling positions, the experimental process and data analysis can be simplified. In mathematical expression, the samples can be minimized by eliminating the redundant equations among those configured by the experimental data array. The section lengths of the artefact are measured at arranged positions, with which an equation set can be configured to determine the measurement errors at the corresponding positions. With the proposed method, the equation set is short of one equation, which can be supplemented by either measuring the total length of the artefact with a higher-precision CMM or calibrating the single point error at the extreme position with a laser interferometer. In this paper, the latter is selected. With spline interpolation, the error compensation curve can be determined. To verify the proposed method, a simple calibration system was set up on a commercial CMM. Experimental results showed that with the error compensation curve uncertainty of the measurement can be reduced to 50%.
The dissociative chemisorption of methane on Ni(111): The effects of molecular vibration and lattice motion
Authors: Jackson Bret , Nave Sven
Published: May 2013

We examine the dissociative chemisorption of methane on a Ni(111) surface, using a fully quantum approach based on the Reaction Path Hamiltonian that includes all 15 molecular degrees of freedom and the effects of lattice motion. The potential energy surface and all parameters in our model are computed from first principles. Vibrational excitation of the molecule is shown to significantly enhance the reaction probability, and the efficacy for this is explained in terms of the vibrationally non-adiabatic couplings, vibrational mode softening, and mode symmetry. Agreement with experimental data for molecules initially in the ground and 1ν3 state is good, and including lattice anharmonicity further improves our results. The variation of the dissociation probability with substrate temperature is well reproduced by the model, and is shown to result primarily from changes in the dissociation barrier height with lattice motion. The enhancement of dissociative sticking with substrate temperature is particularly strong for processes that would otherwise have insufficient energy to surmount the barrier. Our model suggests that vibrationally excited molecules are likely to dominate the “laser off” dissociative sticking at high nozzle temperatures.
Active control of a cylinder wake flow by using a streamwise oscillating foil
Authors: Bao Y. , Tao J.
Published: May 2013

In this study, numerical experiments are carried out to control the vortex shedding of a circular cylinder by utilizing an oscillating foil. The thin foil of elliptic shape undergoes prescribed harmonic oscillations in the streamwise direction in the near wake region. This simplified model is intended to study how wake dynamics are modified via localized wake disturbance, and then to stabilize the global wake instability. The results show that, at proper gap spacing, the oscillating foil can completely suppress the wake unsteadiness and recover the recirculating bubble type flow. The global instability suppression is then established on the imposition of local symmetry into the reversed flow behind the cylinder. It is revealed that the dynamic interaction between the main shears layer and oscillatory boundary layers is responsible for the wake stabilization mechanism. In addition, the kinematic/dynamic parameters related to foil motions and flow properties are widely discussed to reveal their effects on the performance of wake stabilization and drag reduction.