bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A versatile method for cyclic polymers from conjugated and unconjugated vinyl monomers
Authors: Liu Xueping , Chen Ji‐Qiang , Zhang Minghui , Wu Ying , Yang Miao , Zhang Ke
Published: August 2019

A versatile method was introduced to prepare cyclic polymers from both conjugated and unconjugated vinyl monomers. It was developed on the combination of the RAFT polymerization and the self‐accelerating double strain‐promoted azide‐alkyne click (DSPAAC) reaction. In this approach, a switchable chain transfer agent 1 was designed to have hydroxyl terminals and a functional pyridinyl group. The protonation and deprotonation of pyridinyl group endowed the chain transfer agent 1 with a switchable control capability to RAFT polymerization of both conjugated and unconjugated vinyl monomers. Based on this, RAFT polymerization and the following hydroxyl end group modification were used to prepare various azide‐terminated linear polymers including polystyrene, poly(N‐vinylcarbazole), and polystyrene‐block‐poly(N‐vinylcarbazole). Using sym‐dibenzo‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene‐3,7‐diyne (DBA) as small linkers, the corresponding cyclic polymers were then prepared via the DSPAAC reaction between DBA and azide terminals of the linear precursors. Due to the self‐accelerating property of DSPAAC reaction, this bimolecular ring‐closing reaction could efficiently produce the pure cyclic polymers using excess molar amounts of DBA to linear polymer precursors. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1811–1820
Ensembling multiple raw coevolutionary features with deep residual neural networks for contact‐map prediction in CASP13
Authors: Li Yang , Zhang Chengxin , Bell Eric W. , Yu Dong‐Jun , Zhang Yang
Published: August 2019

We report the results of residue‐residue contact prediction of a new pipeline built purely on the learning of coevolutionary features in the CASP13 experiment. For a query sequence, the pipeline starts with the collection of multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) from multiple genome and metagenome sequence databases using two complementary Hidden Markov Model (HMM)‐based searching tools. Three profile matrices, built on covariance, precision, and pseudolikelihood maximization respectively, are then created from the MSAs, which are used as the input features of a deep residual convolutional neural network architecture for contact‐map training and prediction. Two ensembling strategies have been proposed to integrate the matrix features through end‐to‐end training and stacking, resulting in two complementary programs called TripletRes and ResTriplet, respectively. For the 31 free‐modeling domains that do not have homologous templates in the PDB, TripletRes and ResTriplet generated comparable results with an average accuracy of 0.640 and 0.646, respectively, for the top L/5 long‐range predictions, where 71% and 74% of the cases have an accuracy above 0.5. Detailed data analyses showed that the strength of the pipeline is due to the sensitive MSA construction and the advanced strategies for coevolutionary feature ensembling. Domain splitting was also found to help enhance the contact prediction performance. Nevertheless, contact models for tail regions, which often involve a high number of alignment gaps, and for targets with few homologous sequences are still suboptimal. Development of new approaches where the model is specifically trained on these regions and targets might help address these problems.
Pharmacodynamics, safety, and immunogenicity of Pelmeg®, a pegfilgrastim biosimilar in healthy subjects
Authors: Wessels Hendrik , Lehnick Dirk , Höfler Josef , Jankowsky Ruediger , Chamberlain Paul , Roth Karsten
Published: August 2019

A pharmacodynamics (PD) and immunogenicity study was conducted to investigate biosimilarity of Pelmeg®, a pegfilgrastim biosimilar to EU‐authorized Neulasta®. The multiple‐dose, randomized, double‐blind, two‐sequence, and three‐period cross‐over study comprised 96 healthy male subjects, receiving Pelmeg (Test [T]) and Neulasta (Reference [R]) in a sequential manner (T‐T‐R vs R‐R‐T). Subjects were dosed with 3 mg pegfilgrastim, as this dose was previously shown to be in the ascending part of the dose‐response curve for PD. The primary PD endpoint was the area under the effect curve (AUEC0‐last) for absolute neutrophil count (ANC). The primary immunogenicity endpoint was proportion of anti‐drug antibody (ADA)‐positive subjects at the end of Period 2 (ie, after administration of two doses of the same study drug). Comparability was demonstrated for the PD endpoint, with the geometric mean ratio (T/R) of AUEC0‐last being 101.59%, with a corresponding 95% CI of [99.58; 103.63]. Of note, when using tighter acceptance limits (90.00%‐111.00%), comparability between test and reference was shown as well. Only two confirmed ADA positive samples were detected, one after treatment with Pelmeg and one after Neulasta. These had a low ADA titer, no filgrastim reactivity, and no neutralizing capacity. No clinically meaningful differences in safety between Pelmeg and Neulasta were observed. Overall, the results from this study confirmed the biosimilarity of Pelmeg and Neulasta for PD and immunogenicity, as shown already at the bioanalytical level and in the pivotal PK/PD study with Pelmeg.
Miklós Bodanszky Award Lecture: Selective chalcogen chemistry to study protein science
Authors: Metanis Norman , Notis Dardashti Rebecca , Mousa Reem , Weil‐Ktorza Orit
Published: August 2019

In recent decades, chemical protein synthesis and the development of chemoselective reactions—including ligation reactions—have led to significant breakthroughs in protein science. Among them are a better understanding of protein structure‐function relationships, the study of protein posttranslational modifications, exploration of protein design, unnatural amino acid incorporation, and the study of therapeutic proteins and protein folding. Chalcogen chemistry, especially that of sulfur and selenium, is quite rich, and we have witnessed continuous progress in this field in recent years. In this short review, we will instead summarize three stories that we have recently presented on chalcogen chemistry and its impact on protein science, which was presented in the Miklós Bodanszky Award Lecture at the 35th European Peptide Society Meeting in Dublin, Ireland, 26 August 2018.
The Effect of Introducing Optical Blanking on GaN Epitaxy Using Pulsed Laser Deposition Technology
Authors: Kodama Kazuki , Ueda Daisuke
Published: August 2019

The optical blanking operation of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using a picosecond laser enables the dramatic reduction of sheet resistance with excellent uniformity for the regrowth of heavily Ge‐doped GaN films. Attained carrier density exceeds over 3.5 × 1020 cm−3, which is good enough to achieve nonalloy ohmic contact. The obtained contact resistance is 0.05 Ω mm regardless of the overlaying metal. Blanking duty ratio for the pulse‐mode operation can be simply controlled by rotating the half‐wave plate outside the vacuum chamber. By introducing the blanking mode, the complete elimination of the Ga droplet is achieved even at a growth temperature of 500 °C, showing a decrease in sheet resistance. It is confirmed that the ohmic characteristics remain unchanged on annealing treatment up to 300 °C. The proposed growth technique using laser blanking is free from mechanical shutter; therefore, the technique has superior repeatability in GaN epitaxy. It is believed the present optical blanking operation is a useful technique for the industrialization of practical GaN devices.
Growth and Characterization of GaP/GaPAs Nanowire Heterostructures with Controllable Composition
Authors: Bolshakov Alexey D. , Fedorov Vladimir V. , Sibirev Nikolai V. , Fetisova Marina V. , Moiseev Eduard I. , Kryzhanovskaya Natalia V. , Koval Olga Yu. , Ubyivovk Evgeniy V. , Mozharov Alexey M. , Cirlin George E. , Mukhin Ivan S.
Published: August 2019

Growth and properties of the self‐catalyzed heterostructured GaP nanowires (NWs) with GaP1 − xAsx insertions in the form of nanodiscs (NDs) grown by means of molecular‐beam epitaxy on Si (111) substrate are studied. To obtain the NDs with the different composition and optoelectronic properties, the ratio of As and P fluxes is varied. Structural properties of the synthesized heterostructures are characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy is used to study chemical composition of the NDs. The maximum achieved fraction x in the NDs is nearly 60%. Sublinear dependence of As concentration in the ND on the As/P flux ratio is observed and theoretical description for the observed phenomenon is provided. The proposed model can be used to estimate the predicted As/P ratio for the synthesis of GaPAs NDs as well as NWs of the required composition. Microphotoluminescence (μPL) studies demonstrate the appearance of broadband PL signal in the spectral range between 600 and 700 nm, corresponding to the NDs with different compositions. Spectra intensity modulation is found due to longitudinal Fabry–Pérot‐type resonances in the individual NWs.
Using a genetic algorithm to generate D‐optimal designs for mixture‐process variable experiments
Authors: Pradubsri Wasinee , Chomtee Boonorm , Borkowski John J.
Published: August 2019

This article presents and develops a genetic algorithm (GA) to generate D‐efficient designs for mixture‐process variable experiments. It is assumed the levels of a process variable are controlled during the process. The GA approach searches design points from a set of possible points over a continuous region and works without having a finite user‐defined candidate set. We compare the performance of designs generated by the GA with designs generated by two exchange algorithms (DETMAX and k‐exchange) in terms of D‐efficiencies and fraction of design space (FDS) plots which are used to evaluate a design's prediction variance properties. To illustrate the methodology, examples involving three and four mixture components and one process variable are proposed for creating the optimal designs. The results show that GA designs have superior prediction variance properties in comparison with the DETMAX and k‐exchange algorithm designs when the design space is the simplex or is a highly‐constrained subspace of the simplex.
Extended Kalman filters for fractional‐order nonlinear continuous‐time systems containing unknown parameters with correlated colored noises
Authors: Huang Xiaomin , Gao Zhe , Ma Ruicheng , Chen Xiaojiao
Published: August 2019

By using the Grünwald‐Letnikov (G‐L) difference method and the Tustin generating function method, this study presents extended Kalman filters to achieve satisfactory state estimation for fractional‐order nonlinear continuous‐time systems that containing some unknown parameters with the correlated fractional‐order colored noises. Based on the G‐L difference method and the Tustin generating function method, the difference equations corresponding to fractional‐order nonlinear continuous‐time systems are constructed respectively. The first‐order Taylor expansion is used to linearize the nonlinear functions in the estimated system, which provides the system model for extended Kalman filters. Using the augmented vector method, the unknown parameters are regarded as new state vectors, and the augmented difference equation is constructed. Based on the augmented difference equation, extended Kalman filters are designed to estimate the state of fractional‐order nonlinear systems with process noise as fractional‐order colored noise or measurement noise as fractional‐order colored noise. Meanwhile, the extended Kalman filters proposed in this paper can also estimate the unknown parameters effectively. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed extended Kalman filters is validated in simulation with two examples.
In Utero Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy Protects Against Myelomeningocele via Spinal Cord Coverage and Hepatocyte Growth Factor Secretion
Authors: Abe Yushi , Ochiai Daigo , Masuda Hirotaka , Sato Yu , Otani Toshimitsu , Fukutake Marie , Ikenoue Satoru , Miyakoshi Kei , Okano Hideyuki , Tanaka Mamoru
Published: August 2019

Despite the poor prognosis associated with myelomeningocele (MMC), the options for prenatal treatments are still limited. Recently, fetal cellular therapy has become a new option for treating birth defects, although the therapeutic effects and mechanisms associated with such treatments remain unclear. The use of human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) is ideal with respect to immunoreactivity and cell propagation. The prenatal diagnosis of MMC during early stages of pregnancy could allow for the ex vivo proliferation and modulation of autologous hAFSCs for use in utero stem cell therapy. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of hAFSCs-based treatment for fetal MMC. hAFSCs were isolated as CD117-positive cells from the amniotic fluid of 15- to 17-week pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis and consented to this study. Rat dams were exposed to retinoic acid to induce fetal MMC and were subsequently injected with hAFSCs in each amniotic cavity. We measured the exposed area of the spinal cord and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels at the lesion. The exposed spinal area of the hAFSC-treated group was significantly smaller than that of the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a reduction in neuronal damage such as neurodegeneration and astrogliosis in the hAFSC-treated group. Additionally, in lesions of the hAFSC-treated group, HGF expression was upregulated and HGF-positive hAFSCs were identified, suggesting that these cells migrated to the lesion and secreted HGF to suppress neuronal damage and induce neurogenesis. Therefore, in utero hAFSC therapy could become a novel strategy for fetal MMC. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:1170–1179
Correlated Cryo Super‐Resolution Light and Cryo‐Electron Microscopy on Mammalian Cells Expressing the Fluorescent Protein rsEGFP2
Authors: Tuijtel Maarten W. , Koster Abraham J. , Faas Frank G. A. , Sharp Thomas H.
Published: August 2019

Super‐resolution light microscopy (SRM) enables imaging of biomolecules within cells with nanometer precision. Cryo‐fixation by vitrification offers optimal structure preservation of biological specimens and permits sequential cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) on the same sample, but is rarely used for SRM due to various technical challenges and the lack of fluorophores developed for vitrified conditions. Here, a protocol to perform correlated cryoSRM and cryoEM on intact mammalian cells using fluorescent proteins and commercially available equipment is described. After cell culture and sample preparation by plunge‐freezing, cryoSRM is performed using the reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent protein rsEGFP2. Next, a super‐resolved image is reconstructed to guide cryoEM imaging to the feature of interest. Finally, the cryoSRM and cryoEM images are correlated to combine information from both imaging modalities. Using this protocol, a localization precision of 30 nm for cryoSRM is routinely achieved. No impediments to successive cryoEM imaging are detected, and the protocol is compatible with a variety of cryoEM techniques. When the optical set‐up and analysis pipeline is established, the total duration of the protocol for experienced cryoEM users is 3 days, not including cell culture.
Overlapping Marathons: What Happens to Female Pace When Men Catch Up?
Authors: Birk Erica G. , Lee Logan M. , Waddell Glen R.
Published: August 2019

We exploit a highly competitive environment in which elite‐female athletes are exposed to the presence of men, but without being in direct competition with them. Specifically, we use variation in how fast the fastest man runs in the New York City Marathon to identify the potential influence of men on female performance while holding constant female‐runners' marginal incentives to perform. Our results suggest that as the men overtake the female runners, the performance of female runners declines differentially across ability, with the largest declines concentrated among lower ability runners.
Correlation power analysis and effective defense approach on light encryption device block cipher
Authors: Rai Vikash Kumar , Reddy Boreddy V. , Tripathy Somanath , Mathew Jimson
Published: August 2019

Recently many works have shown that one of the weaknesses of cryptographic algorithms is power analysis attacks on its hardware implementation. This side channel analysis (SCA) is of interest because such attack can leak information of cryptographic algorithms. So, developing attack resistant mechanism is important for hardware security modules. This paper investigates the vulnerability of light encryption device (LED) block cipher, against correlation power analysis. LED is a lightweight block cipher targeted for compact hardware implementation to protect ubiquitous computing data. We use Chipwhisperer capture hardware to capture power traces during encryption of randomly generated plain texts using the same secret key. Our proposed attack successfully retrieves all 64 bits of secret key correctly using only 300 power traces and 256 key guesses. Furthermore, we propose a simple but effective mitigation technique to prevent such attacks.
Simplified optimal design of MDOF structures with negative stiffness amplifying dampers based on effective damping
Authors: Wang Meng , Sun Fei‐fei , Nagarajaiah Satish
Published: August 2019

This paper presents a study on multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) structures equipped with a negative stiffness amplifying damper (NSAD). The NSAD not only preserves the negative stiffness feature of negative stiffness devices (NSDs) but also achieves prominent damping magnification effect, substantially reducing a NSD's requirement for high additional damping, which is used to contain the increased displacements resulting from the reduction in overall stiffness of a system. The dynamic equations of MDOF systems with NSADs are described in state–space representation, and the effective damping and frequencies are parametrically studied. Then, a simple optimization method is proposed. A study of the 20‐storey benchmark building shows that NSADs are the most efficient of supplemental devices in reducing interstorey drifts compared with viscous dampers (VDs) and viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) with the same supplemental damping coefficient. For instance, when compared with that of VEDs, the maximal peak interstorey of NSADs can be further reduced by about 30%. In terms of reducing acceleration responses, NSADs perform much better than VDs and VEDs owing to their negative stiffness feature. Partially arranged, NSADs are best implemented at the storeys that have smaller interstorey drift responses. This is because the negative stiffness preserved by NSADs significantly reduces the interstorey drift of storeys without NSADs.
Building service businesses in Africa: Introducing the business builder model
Authors: Aksoy Lerzan , Allerstorfer Peter , Cadet Fabienne , Cook Paul , Keiningham Timothy , Koser Manuel
Published: August 2019

The success of Silicon Valley has served as a driving force for entrepreneurs and investors worldwide. Many have attempted to create their own version in developing markets by setting up Silicon Valley‐style tech incubators. In recent years, Africa has seen an influx of these start‐up incubators, which has resulted in an emergence of major tech hubs in different parts of the continent. These areas have taken on names synonymous with the booming tech industry: Cape Town in South Africa is known as the Silicon Cape, Nairobi in Kenya as the Silicon Savannah, and Lagos, Nigeria as the Silicon Lagoon. Despite the influx and success of some of these incubators, there is also a multitude of examples where success and longevity are rare. The lifespan of these start‐ups are short and they seldom realize any profit. Limited access to capital markets, poor infrastructure, and weak regulatory environment are just a few reasons cited for this. Although there is a multitude of articles and publications that feature success cases and reasons behind propelling success, there are far fewer that focus on failures. As such, with this article we aim to shed light on the various reasons why these businesses fail by analyzing the literature and demonstrating them with real‐world examples of both successes and failures in the market. Using the information analyzed, we then propose a solution for successfully investing in tech startups in the developing world, the business builder model.
Decoding pluripotency: Genetic screens to interrogate the acquisition, maintenance, and exit of pluripotency
Authors: Li Qing V. , Rosen Bess P. , Huangfu Danwei
Published: August 2019

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to unlimitedly self‐renew and differentiate to any somatic cell lineage. A number of systems biology approaches have been used to define this pluripotent state. Complementary to systems level characterization, genetic screens offer a unique avenue to functionally interrogate the pluripotent state and identify the key players in pluripotency acquisition and maintenance, exit of pluripotency, and lineage differentiation. Here we review how genetic screens have helped us decode pluripotency regulation. We will summarize results from RNA interference (RNAi) based screens, discuss recent advances in CRISPR/Cas‐based genetic perturbation methods, and how these advances have made it possible to more comprehensively interrogate pluripotency and differentiation through genetic screens. Such investigations will not only provide a better understanding of this unique developmental state, but may enhance our ability to use pluripotent stem cells as an experimental model to study human development and disease progression. Functional interrogation of pluripotency also provides a valuable roadmap for utilizing genetic perturbation to gain systems level understanding of additional cellular states, from later stages of development to pathological disease states.

This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates
Base Platform Security Hardware Building Blocks
Authors: Cheruvu Sunil , Kumar Anil , Smith Ned , Wheeler David M.
Published: August 2019

Historically, the attacks on platforms have been transitioning from application-level software (SW) to user mode SW to kernel mode SW to firmware (FW) and now hardware (HW). The frequency of HW- and FW-level vulnerabilities increased substantially from 2003 to 2019 and therefore reinforces a concrete need for HW-based security to harden the platform. This is evident from the data cataloged in the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) organized as CVEs; more information about NVD can be found at

. The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) is a list of entries with the information that identifies a unique vulnerability or an exposure and is used in many cybersecurity products and services including the NVD; more information about CVE can be found at

. The NVD has been mined to derive the statistics and visualizations with pertinent search terms such as Firmware and Hardware. It is evident from Figure 3-1 (a) that the firmware-related CVEs have increased significantly and 2017–2018 saw the biggest jump when the hacker community started attaching the FW on the platforms. Similarly Figure 3-1 (b) shows that during the same time period, the HW-related CVEs also hit a peak. Please note that all these CVEs need to be investigated carefully for the impacted areas within a platform. But the trends are clearly pointing toward the HW as the last line of defense.
Epilogue
Authors: Passerini Luisa
Published: August 2019

The epilogue discusses the theoretical and methodological implications of the volume in decentering heritage and memory. Looking at the terminological and conceptual history behind terms such as “heritage” and “dissonance”, it points to possible directions for future research and debates in heritage and memory studies and beyond.
Europe’s Peat Fire: Intangible Heritage and the Crusades for Identity
Authors: van der Laarse Rob
Published: August 2019

Rob van der Laarse explores conflicts around the supposed ownness of intangible cultural heritage through examples from the recent (political) rediscovery of folklore in contemporary Europe. Recently, the promotion of, and identification with, national and regional folklore have been hijacked by European populist parties and movements. In their discourses, real and imaged folklore phenomena have been transformed into political means to foster territorial cultural identities and their “authenticity”. Through examples from the Netherlands and other European countries, the chapter critically discusses the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) and its role in stimulating contestation of the ownership of heritage by enabling (political) actors to utilize the concept of intangible cultural heritage for cultural identity-building projects.
Contesting Cultural Heritage: Decolonizing the Tropenmuseum as an Intervention in the Dutch/European Memory Complex
Authors: van Huis Iris
Published: August 2019

The chapter discusses how (post-)immigrant activism in the Netherlands currently impacts Dutch and European cultural heritage and their cultural archive and memory complex. The discussion focuses on the Tropenmuseum and the way postcolonial (post)immigrants carried out interventions there, resulting in new ways of visually and textually representing the colonial past. Though the end result is not a final ideal decolonized situation, it did evince de-essentializing processes in which intersectional perspectives are taken up. The interventions coincide with other national and international protests and processes, making it part of a project or movement that produces decolonial counter-narratives to ethno-nationalist discourses. The case indicates how heritage is sought to be transformed by demanding greater visibility for injustices from the colonial past, for the resistances against these injustices, and for their implications for the present.
Analysis of the short-term prognosis and risk factors of elderly acute kidney injury patients in different KDIGO diagnostic windows
Authors: Li Qinglin , Mao Zhi , Hu Pan , Kang Hongjun , Zhou Feihu
Published: August 2019

Background and aims

Follow-up observation was performed on elderly acute kidney injury (AKI) patients to analyze the short-term prognosis and risk factors of AKI patients in the 48-h diagnostic window and 7-day diagnostic window of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines.

Methods

Inpatients aged ≥ 75 years in the geriatric ward of the People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, China, between January 2007 and December 2015 were selected as the research subjects. According to two diagnostic criteria in the KDIGO guidelines, patients were divided into a 48-h diagnostic window group and a 7-day diagnostic window group. The medical data of the patients were divided into the death group and the survival group for analysis based on the survival condition of the patients after 90 days of AKI. Factors that affected the 90-day survival of patients in the 48-h diagnostic window and 7-day diagnostic window groups were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression.

Results

During the follow-up period, a total of 652 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 623 cases were men, accounting for 95.6% of the patients. The median age was 87 (84–91) years. According to the KDIGO staging criteria, there were 308 (47.2%) cases in AKI stage 1, 164 (25.2%) cases in stage 2, and 180 (27.6%) cases in stage 3. Among the 652 patients, 334 (51.2%) were diagnosed with AKI based on the 48-h diagnostic criteria window, and 318 (48.8%) were diagnosed with AKI based on the baseline 7-day diagnostic criteria. The 90-day mortality of AKI patients was 42.5% in the 48-h diagnostic window and 24.2% in the 7-day diagnostic window. The multivariate Cox analysis results showed that low mean arterial pressure (HR = 0.966; P < 0.001), low serum prealbumin level (HR = 0.932; P < 0.001), infection (HR = 1.448; P = 0.047), mechanical ventilation (HR = 1.485; P = 0.038), high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (HR = 1.026; P < 0.001), blood magnesium level (HR = 2.560; P = 0.024), and more severe AKI stage (stage 2: HR = 3.482; P < 0.001 and stage 3: HR = 6.267; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors affecting the 90-day mortality of elderly patients in the 48-h diagnostic window, whereas low body mass index (HR = 0.851; P < 0.001), low mean arterial pressure (HR = 0.980; P = 0.036), low serum prealbumin level (HR = 0.950; P = 0.048), low serum albumin level (HR = 0.936; P = 0.015), high BUN level (HR = 1.046; P < 0.001), and more severe AKI stage (stage 2: HR = 4.249; P = 0.001 and stage 3: HR = 9.230; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors affecting the 90-day mortality of elderly patients in the 7-day diagnostic window.

Conclusions

The clinical differences of AKI and risk factors for 90-day mortality in elderly AKI individuals vary depending on the definition used. An increment of Scr ≥ 26.5 μmol/L in 48 h (48-h KDIGO window) alone predicts adverse clinical outcomes.
CONTINUITY OF UNIVERSALLY MEASURABLE HOMOMORPHISMS
Authors: ROSENDAL CHRISTIAN
Published: August 2019

Answering a longstanding problem originating in Christensen’s seminal work on Haar null sets [Math. Scand. 28 (1971), 124–128; Israel J. Math. 13 (1972), 255–260; Topology and Borel Structure. Descriptive Topology and Set Theory with Applications to Functional Analysis and Measure Theory, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, 10 (Notas de Matematica, No. 51). (North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam–London; American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1974), iii+133 pp], we show that a universally measurable homomorphism between Polish groups is automatically continuous. Using our general analysis of continuity of group homomorphisms, this result is used to calibrate the strength of the existence of a discontinuous homomorphism between Polish groups. In particular, it is shown that, modulo

$\text{ZF}+\text{DC}$

, the existence of a discontinuous homomorphism between Polish groups implies that the Hamming graph on

$\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$

has finite chromatic number.
A comparison of the accuracy of two electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems
Authors: Doll Michelle E. , Masroor Nadia , Cooper Kaila , Trimmer Trina , Pryor Rachel , Auricchio Joseph , Armstrong-Novak Jo Dee , Stevens Michael P. , Bearman Gonzalo
Published: August 2019

Interest in electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems (EHHMSs) is now widespread throughout the infection control community. We tested 2 types of EHHMS for accuracy. The type B EHHMS captured more HH events with superior accuracy. Hospitals considering an EHHMS should assess the technology’s ability to accurately capture HH performance in the clinical workflow.
THE PARTHIAN ROCK RELIEFS AND BAHDINAN GATE IN AMADIYA/AMEDI: A PRELIMINARY REPORT FROM THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MAPPING MESOPOTAMIAN MONUMENTS SURVEY
Authors: Bahrani Zainab , Almamori Haider , Malko Helen , Rodriguez Gabriel , Yalcin Serdar
Published: August 2019

This article presents three rock reliefs of the Parthian era in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, documented in Amadiya/Amedi by Columbia University's Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments survey project in 2013. The paper discusses the iconography, style and date of the reliefs and the methods that the Columbia team used to document them, including photogrammetry, perspectival corrected and perspective controlled stills, and 360° immersive, processed panoramas. At the same time as presenting a reading of the relief imagery, the article offers a preliminary self-reflective consideration of the documentation methods we have been utilizing for the study of rock reliefs in the past seven years. These technological advances, enormously useful for digital image capture, are nevertheless a form of imaging and must be understood as such methodologically. The final results of these kinds of technically advanced images of rock reliefs must rely on modes of visual interpretation that remain subjective and dependent on visual analytical skills based in historical knowledge, stylistic and iconographic analyses, as well as on-site, close up material-tactile studies of surfaces, of carving styles and methods. Finally, taking architectural context and landscape into account, the paper makes the case that the location of the reliefs dating to the Parthian era, at the citadel's entry, guided and inspired the Seljuk era monumental portals of Amadiya/Amedi that were subsequently erected and sculpted in dialogue with the ancient remains.
Collective action problems in offensive and defensive warfare
Authors: Fog Agner
Published: August 2019

A collective action problem exists not only in offensive warfare, but also in defensive situations. The collective action problem is dealt with in the same way in offensive and defensive warfare: by strong leadership, discipline, rewards and punishments, strong group identification, strict religiosity, and intolerance of deviants. This behavior is explained in terms of evolutionary psychology.
Between-group attack and defence in an ecological setting: Insights from nonhuman animals
Authors: Radford Andrew N. , Schindler Susanne , Fawcett Tim W.
Published: August 2019

Attempts to understand the fundamental forces shaping conflict between attacking and defending groups can be hampered by a narrow focus on humans and reductionist, oversimplified modelling. Further progress depends on recognising the striking parallels in between-group conflict across the animal kingdom, harnessing the power of experimental tests in nonhuman species and modelling the eco-evolutionary feedbacks that drive attack and defence.
The attack and defense mechanisms: Perspectives from behavioral economics and game theory
Authors: Chowdhury Subhasish M.
Published: August 2019

This commentary complements the article by De Dreu and Gross (2019) from the perspectives of behavioral economics and game theory. It aims to provide a bridge between psychology/neuroscience research and economics research in attack-and-defense by stipulating relevant literature, clarifying theoretical structures, and suggesting improvements in experimental designs and possible further investigations.
Reasons to strike first
Authors: Buckner William , Glowacki Luke
Published: August 2019

De Dreu and Gross predict that attackers will have more difficulty winning conflicts than defenders. As their analysis is presumed to capture the dynamics of decentralized conflict, we consider how their framework compares with ethnographic evidence from small-scale societies, as well as chimpanzee patterns of intergroup conflict. In these contexts, attackers have significantly more success in conflict than predicted by De Dreu and Gross's model. We discuss the possible reasons for this disparity.
Functional sex differences and signal forms have coevolved with conflict
Authors: Becker D. Vaughn , Dubbs Shelli L.
Published: August 2019

Evolutionary theory makes further predictions about conflict. It predicts sex differences in the proclivity to attack and defend. It further suggests complementary biases in what we expect of the sexes. Finally, it suggests that the forms of human facial expressions of anger and happiness may have coevolved with the regularity of conflict as a means of signaling, bluffing, and defusing attack.
Asymmetric conflict: Structures, strategies, and settlement
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Gross Jörg
Published: August 2019

Our target article modeled conflict within and between groups as an asymmetric game of strategy and developed a framework to explain the evolved neurobiological, psychological, and sociocultural mechanisms underlying attack and defense. Twenty-seven commentaries add insights from diverse disciplines, such as animal biology, evolutionary game theory, human neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, and political science, that collectively extend and supplement this model in three ways. Here we draw attention to the superordinate structure of attack and defense, and its subordinate means to meet the end of status quo maintenance versus change, and we discuss (1) how variations in conflict structure and power disparities between antagonists can impact strategy selection and behavior during attack and defense; (2) how the positions of attack and defense emerge endogenously and are subject to rhetoric and propaganda; and (3) how psychological and economic interventions can transform attacker-defender conflicts into coordination games that allow mutual gains and dispute resolution.
Social-cognitive mechanisms in the cycle of violence: Cognitive and affective theory of mind, and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents
Authors: Heleniak Charlotte , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: August 2019

Children who are victims of interpersonal violence have a markedly elevated risk of engaging in aggressive behavior and perpetrating violence in adolescence and adulthood. Although alterations in social information processing have long been understood as a core mechanism underlying the link between violence exposure and externalizing behavior, scant research has examined more basic social cognition abilities that might underlie this association. To that end, this study examined the associations of interpersonal violence exposure with cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM), core social-cognitive processes that underlie many aspects of social information processing. In addition, we evaluated whether difficulties with ToM were associated with externalizing psychopathology. Data were collected in a community-based sample of 246 children and adolescents aged 8–16 who had a high concentration of exposure to interpersonal violence. Violence exposure was associated with lower accuracy during cognitive and affective ToM, and the associations persisted after adjusting for co-occurring forms of adversity characterized by deprivation, including poverty and emotional neglect. Poor ToM performance, in turn, was associated with externalizing behaviors. These findings shed light on novel pathways that increase risk for aggression in children who have experienced violence.
Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to adolescent suicide-related behaviors: The internalizing and externalizing comorbidity hypothesis
Authors: Duprey Erinn Bernstein , Oshri Assaf , Liu Sihong
Published: August 2019

Child maltreatment is a robust risk factor for suicidal ideation and behaviors during adolescence. Elevations in internalizing and externalizing symptomology have been identified as two distinct developmental pathways linking child maltreatment and adolescent risk for suicide. However, recent research suggests that the co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing symptomology may form a distinct etiological pathway for adolescent risk behaviors. Using the Longitudinal Studies on Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) sample (N= 1,314), the present study employed a person-centered approach to identify patterns of concurrent change in internalizing and externalizing psychopathology over five time points from early childhood to adolescence in relation to previous experiences of child maltreatment and subsequent suicidal ideation and behaviors. Results indicated four distinct bivariate externalizing and internalizing growth trajectories. Group membership in a heightened comorbid internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectory mediated the association between childhood abuse and adolescent suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors. These findings suggest that the concurrent development of externalizing and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence may constitute a unique developmental trajectory that confers risk for suicide-related outcomes.
Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in leukocytes after early life adversity
Authors: Elwenspoek Martha M. C. , Hengesch Xenia , Leenen Fleur A. D. , Sias Krystel , Fernandes Sara Beatriz , Schaan Violetta K. , Mériaux Sophie B. , Schmitz Stephanie , Bonnemberger Fanny , Schächinger Hartmut , Vögele Claus , Muller Claude P. , Turner Jonathan D.
Published: August 2019

Early life adversity (ELA) has been associated with inflammation and immunosenescence, as well as hyporeactivity of the HPA axis. Because the immune system and the HPA axis are tightly intertwined around the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), we examined peripheral GR functionality in the EpiPath cohort among participants who either had been exposed to ELA (separation from parents and/or institutionalization followed by adoption;n= 40) or had been reared by their biological parents (n= 72).

Expression of the strict GR target genesFKBP5andGILZas well as total and1Fand1HGR transcripts were similar between groups. Furthermore, there were no differences in GR sensitivity, examined by the effects of dexamethasone on IL6 production in LPS-stimulated whole blood. Although we did not find differences in methylation at the GR1Fexon or promoter region, we identified a region of the GR1Hpromoter (CpG 1-9) that showed lower methylation levels in ELA.

Our results suggest that peripheral GR signaling was unperturbed in our cohort and the observed immune phenotype does not appear to be secondary to an altered GR response to the perturbed HPA axis and glucocorticoid (GC) profile, although we are limited in our measures of GR activity and time points.
Frozen–thawed ampullary cell monolayer improves bovine embryo in vitro development and quality
Authors: Asaadi Anise , Kafi Mojtaba , Atashi Hadi , Azari Mehdi , Hostens Miel
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different timing for frozen–thawed bovine ampullary epithelial cell (BAEC) and bovine oviductal epithelial cell (BOEC) co-culture on the development and quality of bovine embryos produced in vitro. Embryo development was assessed by day 8 blastocyst yield, whereas embryo quality was determined using blastocyst differential cell count, cryotolerance and the expression of selected genes related to embryo quality. The results showed that the presence of BAECs during the last 6 h of in vitro maturation (IVM) increased blastocyst yield and survival of the vitrified-warmed blastocysts. In addition, embryos produced in the presence of BAECs during the last 6 h of IVM or in the presence of BOECs during the first 4 days of in vitro culture (IVC) showed a greater number of trophectoderm cells and a greater inner cell mass. In terms of gene expression, IFN-T was downregulated and PLAC8, AQP3 and ATP1A1 were upregulated in the presence of the BAECs during the last 6 h of the IVM and/or in the presence of BOECs during the first 4 days of IVC. In conclusion, co-culturing bovine oocytes with a frozen–thawed ampullary cell monolayer during the last 6 h of maturation increased blastocyst yield and quality.
The effect of repeated controlled ovarian stimulation cycles on the gamete and embryo development
Authors: Paul L.T. , Atilan O. , Tulay P.
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate if there is an adverse effect of multiple controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) on the maturity of oocytes (MI and MII), fertilization rate, embryo developmental qualities and clinical pregnancy rates in donation cycles. In total, 65 patients undergoing oocyte donation cycles multiple times were included in this study. Patients were grouped as group A that consisted of donors with ≤2 stimulation cycles while B consisted of donors with ≥3 stimulation cycles; and group C included donors who had ≤15 oocytes, while group D had donors with ≥16 oocytes. Numbers of oocytes obtained, MI and MII oocytes, fertilization, embryo quality and clinical pregnancy outcomes were compared. Significant statistical differences were observed in total number of oocytes obtained, maturity of oocytes (MI and MII), fertilization rate, embryo qualities and clinical pregnancy outcomes of donors in groups A–D. Donors with ≤2 ovarian stimulation cycles had lower numbers of immature oocytes than donors with three or more stimulation cycles. However, donors with ≥3 stimulation cycles had higher numbers of mature oocytes, zygotes, with better day 3 embryo qualities and higher clinical pregnancy rates than donors with ≤2 stimulation cycles. Repeated COS does not seem to have any adverse effect on ovarian response to higher dose of artificial gonadotropin, as quality of oocytes collected and their embryological developmental potential were not affected by the number of successive stimulation cycles. The effect of multiple COS on the health of the oocyte donor needs to be assessed for future purpose.
Low salinity negatively affects early larval development of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: insights from skeletal muscle and molecular biomarkers
Authors: Melo Luis Henrique , Martins Yuri Simões , Melo Rafael Magno Costa , Prado Paula Suzanna , Luz Ronald Kennedy , Bazzoli Nilo , Rizzo Elizete
Published: August 2019

The present study evaluated the effects of low salinity on the early larval development of Oreochromis niloticus, specifically histological damage to white muscle, morphology of the yolk-sac surface and trunk area, and molecular expression of apoptosis and cell proliferation biomarkers. Newly hatched larvae were submitted to four salinity treatments for a period of 48 or 72 h, in duplicate: (S0) freshwater, (S2) 2 g l−1, (S4) 4 g l−1, and (S6) 6 g l−1NaCl. Larval development was examined using histology, electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and morphometry. At the yolk-sac surface, larvae of S4 and S6 displayed alterations to the apical opening of chloride cells that may be related to osmotic expenditure caused by the increased salinity. Caspase-3 expression did not differ significantly among treatments, however significantly lower proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression (P < 0.05) suggested minor cell proliferation in larvae of S4 and S6 compared with S0 and S2. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in both trunk area and percentage of normal white muscle fibres (WF) in larvae of S4 and S6. Vacuolated areas and myofibrils concentrated at the cell periphery and found in the white muscle from larvae exposed to saline environments suggested disturbance to muscle development. Oedema and mononuclear infiltrate were also observed in the white muscle of S4 and S6 larvae. Together these results indicated that treatments with 4 and 6 g l−1 NaCl may cause osmoregulation expenditure, morphological alterations to the yolk-sac surface and histological damage to skeletal muscle that negatively affected the early larval development of O. niloticus.