bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Little Chip that Could
Authors: Wyld David C.
Published: May 2011

This chapter provides an overview of RFID (radio frequency identification) and the emerging use of the technology in the governmental sector. It examines the fundamental aspects of what RFID technology is, why there is a need for it, and how it is advantageous vs. present bar code technology. The chapter provides a look at how RFID is being used today, both at the federal and state/local levels of government. It looks at the major RFID initiatives being undertaken in the military and the governmental supply chain, as well as creative uses of the technology for improving public administration. The purposes of the chapter were to raise governmental executives and academicians’ understanding and awareness of RFID technology and to spotlight the technological, business, and privacy considerations that will be raised over the next decade with the advent of what has been described as nothing less than a “weird new media revolution.”
Working with Gordon Pask (1967-1978)
Authors: Scott Bernard
Published: May 2011

Conversation Theory was conceived and developed by Gordon Pask in the days when he was Research Director of System Research Ltd, a non-profit research organisation founded in the 1950’s. I worked with Gordon at System Research Ltd between 1968 and 1978. Here, I give a personalised account of the development of Conversation Theory and its applications as I observed and participated in them during those years. Conversation Theory is reflexive: it explains the observer to himself. Being party to its development was a journey of self-discovery and self-invention in which Gordon was my guide and mentor. I have ordered my account chronologically; I have also tried to show how Conversation Theory evolved in a “boot-strapping” manner as a tool and as an explanation of its own significance. Gordon, par excellence, knew how to foster creative conversation and “moments of excellence”.
Online Tutoring as Conversation Design
Authors: de la Cruz Mendoza Guadalupe , Kearney Nick
Published: May 2011

This chapter focuses on the design of conversations in online education. The central feature, conversation design, is presented as a continuous process that takes place not only during the preparatory phases but also during the emerging conversation, which is best understood as dialogue. We see dialogue as a useful way of understanding the principal task of the online tutor; the facilitation of the construction of knowledge by the learner within a framework of significant interaction. Furthermore, the developmental nature of this process requires a process in which the tutor, instead of implementing a series of actions designed previously, must adopt a role similar to that of the action researcher, continually observing, reflecting and adapting the process. The chapter proposes a range of theoretical considerations and practical techniques for structuring and facilitating these online learning dialogues. The aim is to offer theoretical and methodological approaches to the design of learning conversations (dialogue) as a mode of learning and constructing knowledge.
Politeness as a Social Computing Requirement
Authors: Whitworth Brian , Liu Tong
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes how social politeness is relevant to computer system design. As the Internet becomes more social, computers now mediate social interactions, act as social agents, and serve as information assistants. To succeed in these roles computers must learn a new skill—politeness. Yet selfish software is currently a widespread problem and politeness remains a software design “blind spot.” Using an informational definition of politeness, as the giving of social choice, suggests four aspects: 1. respect, 2. openness, 3. helpfulness, and 4. remembering. Examples are given to suggest how polite computing could make human-computer interactions more pleasant and increase software usage. In contrast, if software rudeness makes the Internet an unpleasant place to be, usage may minimize. For the Internet to recognize its social potential, software must be not only useful and usable, but also polite.
Classifying Knowledge Maps
Authors: Eppler Martin J.
Published: May 2011

This chapter looks at graphic strategies to reference knowledge and to make it more accessible through interactive knowledge maps. It discusses pragmatic ways of classifying knowledge maps to give an overview of their application contexts and formats. In the chapter, we show where and how the term knowledge map has been previously used and which criteria must be met in a sound and useful knowledge map classification that can support knowledge management processes and strategies. Various classification principles are presented and discussed. A table then matches map formats to knowledge management purposes and knowledge-related contents in order to serve as a selection and organizing framework. Examples of some of the main types of knowledge maps are presented to illustrate the varieties of knowledge mapping present in the classification. The article concludes by discussing its limitations and future research questions in the area of knowledge mapping.
TODE
Authors: Stamou Sofia , Ntoulas Alexandros , Christodoulakis Dimitris
Published: May 2011

In this paper we study how we can organize the continuously proliferating Web content into topical cate-gories, also known as Web directories. In this respect, we have implemented a system, named TODE that uses a Topical Ontology for Directories’ Editing. First, we describe the process for building our ontol-ogy of Web topics, which are treated in TODE as directories’ topics. Then, we present how TODE inter-acts with the ontology in order to categorize Web pages into the ontology’s topics and we experimentally study our system’s efficiency in grouping Web pages thematically. We evaluate TODE’s performance by comparing its resulting categorization for a number of pages to the categorization the same pages dis-play in Google Directory as well as to the categorizations delivered for the same set of pages and topics by a Bayesian classifier. Results indicate that our model has a noticeable potential in reducing the hu-man-effort overheads associated with populating Web directories. Furthermore, experimental results im-ply that the use of a rich topical ontology increases significantly classification accuracy for dynamic con-tents.
The Era Of Nanosatellites
Authors: Quiroga Juan Jorge
Published: May 2011

Nowadays it is possible to achieve low cost and short production times space missions using satellites with a mass below 10 kg. These small satellites are described as nanosatellites. Current microelectronic technology makes it possible to develop nanosatellites for scientific experiments and relatively complex measurements (as well as for other applications) making it easy for universities and small research groups to have access to space science exploration and to exploit the new economic possibilities that emerge.This chapter, describes an experiment developed in Argentina at the Universidad Nacional del Comahue to design and construct a nanosatellite called Pehuensat-1.
Space Elevator
Authors: Nelson Paul E.
Published: May 2011

Currently, transporting cargo into Outer Space is not only expensive, but a complicated and prolonged process. The Space Shuttles used today are inadequate, overused and obsolete. At this time, there are efforts all around the world to make Space more accessible. There have been many proposals to solve the Space transportation dilemma. One proposal is the creation of a Space Elevator. The Space Elevator would provide low-cost, easy access to Space by dramatically reducing the cost of sending cargo into Space. A $10-$100 per pound the Space Elevator would provide an astounding cost-saving compared to the tens of thousands of dollars per pound it costs today. This low-cost access to Space would make it possible to substantially increase the amount of cargo that could be sent into Space on a daily basis. The first part of this paper describes how the Space Elevator is expected to work, and the advantage of access to space via the SE versus using primarily rockets. A compendium of information from a variety of sources is included in order to explain how the Space Elevator would be designed, constructed, and how it could solve the problems of transporting cargo into Space easily, cheaply, and frequently. The Space Elevator is a relatively new topic in the area of realistic science concepts and was merely science fiction not too long ago. The Space Elevator (“SE”) concept has only been in the spotlight in the last five years due to the work of Dr. Bradley Edwards of Carbon Designs Inc. Acceptance of the SE will be a difficult task for many reasons. One of these is that most people do not know about the SE concept, and those who do, tend to have trouble believing it is possible to build. In order to determine the best way of integrating the SE concept into society, a survey was conducted at Darien High School. The survey included such topics as the naming of "The Space Elevator," and how best to get the younger generation interested in the idea. The second part of this paper describes how to utilize the survey results to further the SE concept.
Financial Trading Systems
Authors: Bertoluzzo Francesco , Corazza Marco
Published: May 2011

In this chapter we propose a financial trading system whose trading strategy is developed by means of an artificial neural network approach based on a learning algorithm of the recurrent reinforcement type. In general terms, this kind of approach consists, first, of directly specifying a trading policy based on some predetermined investor’s measure of profitability, and second, of directly setting the financial trading system while using it. In particular, with respect to the prominent literature, in this contribution we take into account as a measure of profitability the reciprocal of the returns weighted direction symmetry index instead of the widespread Sharpe ratio, and we obtain the differential version of the measure of profitability we consider and all the related learning relationships. Finally, we propose a simple procedure for the management of drawdown-like phenomena, and finally, we apply our financial trading approach to some of the most prominent assets of the Italian stock market.
The Impact of Group Relationships on Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Zhang Qiping , Ribiere Vincent M. , Chintakovid Thippaya
Published: May 2011

Organizations nowadays typically have several locations geographically dispersed around the world. Organizations distribute their resources around the world to reduce cost and remain competitive. As a consequence, globally distributed working teams are common, thereby rendering a need for knowledge sharing cross-culturally. This chapter presents a series of studies investigating the impact of cultures on how people handle knowledge management issues. It shows how in-group/out-group relationships determine people’s attitudes towards knowledge sharing in a global working environment. Findings of this project would help organizations’ executives understand better how to encourage their members to reap benefits from using the knowledge management systems.
Moving Towards a Generic, Service-based Architecture for Flexible Teaching and Learning Activities
Authors: Gütl Christian
Published: May 2011

Modern, computer-supported learning must go far beyond simply delivering learning content in a one-fit-for-all approach to students. It instead should include a variety of didactic aspects and cognitive characteristics. Furthermore, diverse systems and information must be taken into account for individualized learning processes. In light of this information, the objective of this chapter is to delineate an open, distributed, and service-based architecture for flexible teaching and learning activities. Backed by relevant research strands in this context, an architecture for an enhanced e-learning system developed within the AdeLE research project shall be depicted and experiences gained so far will be discussed. Based on this, a proposal is given for a generic and flexible architecture for adaptive e-learning towards the end of this chapter.
End-User Quality of Experience-Aware Personalized E-Learning
Authors: Muntean Cristina Hava , Muntean Gabriel-Miro
Published: May 2011

Lately, user quality of experience (QoE) during their interaction with a system is a significant factor in the assessment of most systems. However, user QoE is dependent not only on the content served to the users, but also on the performance of the service provided. This chapter describes a novel QoE Layer that extends the features of classic adaptive e-learning systems in order to consider delivery performance in the adaptation process and help in providing good user perceived QoE during the learning process. An experimental study compared a classic adaptive e-learning system with one enhanced with the proposed QoE Layer. The result analysis compares learner outcome, learning performance, visual quality and usability of the two systems and shows how the QoE Layer brings significant benefits to user satisfaction improving the overall learning process.
A Generic Platform for the Systematic Construction of Knowledge-based Collaborative Learning Applications
Authors: Caballé Santi , Daradoumis Thanasis , Xhafa Fatos
Published: May 2011

This study aims to explore the importance of efficient management of event information generated from group activity in collaborative learning practices for its further use in extracting and providing knowledge on interaction behavior. The essential issue here is how to design a platform that can be used for real, long-term, complex collaborative problem-solving situations and which enables the instructor to both analyze group interaction effectively and provide an adequate support when needed. The achievement of this task first involves the design of a conceptual model that structures and classifies the information generated in a collaborative learning application at several levels of description. This conceptual model is then translated into a computational model that not only allows the efficient management of the knowledge produced by the individual and group activity but also the possibility of exploiting this knowledge further as a meta-cognitive tool for real-time coaching and regulating the collaborative learning process. The computational model becomes the central issue in this contribution while the conceptual model is briefly introduced.
Pedagogical Scenario Modelling, Deployment, Execution and Evolution
Authors: Peter Yvan , Le Pallec Xavier , Vantroys Thomas
Published: May 2011

The rise of the pedagogical scenario approach supported by the standardisation of IMS Learning Design is changing the focus from the pedagogical objects to the activities that support learning. With the standardisation, comes the promise of the reuse of successful designs for the pedagogical scenarios. However, the uptake of this approach relies on a sound support of the users both at the design phase and at the execution phase and the level to which successful design can be adapted for reuse in both phases. This chapter covers the whole lifecycle of pedagogical scenarios and shows the current level of support one can find in existing Learning Management Systems and tools. It presents also the way to enhance this support through the use of Model Driven Engineering for the design and deployment phase and
The Purchasing Agent's View of Online Reverse Auctions
Authors: Lee Peggy D.
Published: May 2011

This chapter views online reverse auctions from the purchasing agent’s perspective. I found that purchasing agents with a high level of buying experience will perceive that online reverse auctions have a negative impact on the trust and cooperation in supplier relationships. Purchasing agents did not see a negative impact of online reverse auctions on long term viability of suppliers. The chapter discusses the evolution of the buyer-supplier relationship, emphasizing the critical success factors in supplier selection. Further, it discusses the role of the online reverse auction in the buyer-supplier relationship. By understanding the lens through which purchasing agents view online reverse auctions, managers can do a better job of managing the procurement function through improved training programs for purchasing agents that incorporate the appropriateness of online reverse auctions vs. other sourcing strategies. In addition, they will be able to better manage online reverse auctions, minimizing any negative impact of the auction on existing supplier relationships.
Secure Web Service Composition
Authors: Carminati Barbara , Ferrari Elena , Hung Patrick
Published: May 2011

Web service security is today receiving growing attention, and enterprises are realizing that effective security management is essential for earning and maintaining trust in their services. One of the major benefits of Web services is that it is possible to dynamically combine different services together to form a more complex service. Also, in this case, security issues are a primary concern. In this chapter, we focus on security issues that arise when composing Web services. We first provide an overview of the main security requirements that must be taken into account when composing Web services. Then, we survey literature and standards related to Web services composition. Finally, we present a proposal for a brokered architecture on support of the secure composition of Web services.
Building Innovative Secure and Interoperable e-government Services
Authors: Kaliontzoglou A. , Karantjias T. , Polemi D.
Published: May 2011

Research into initiatives worldwide shows that although some of the legal and or-ganizational barriers for the adoption of new technologies in e-government have been lifted, there are still not many implementations of actual e-government ser-vices that have been designed based on a common and systematic approach. The prevailing requirements for e-government services, interoperability and security, pose major challenges to e-government architects and it is now being slowly un-derstood that Web services in combination with public key infrastructures may provide the necessary solutions. In this context, this chapter presents three innova-tive e-government services based on these technologies, focusing on their security and interoperability aspects. The goal of the chapter is to demonstrate the ser-vices’ specifications and use cases so that they may act as examples for further re-search and development.
SeqPAM
Authors: Kumar Pradeep Kumar , Bapi Raju S. , Krishna P. Radha
Published: May 2011

With the growth in the number of web users and necessity for making information available on the web, the problem of web personalization has become very critical and popular. Developers are trying to customize a web site to the needs of specific users with the help of knowledge acquired from user navigational behavior. Since user page visits are intrinsically sequential in nature, efficient clustering algorithms for sequential data are needed. In this paper, we introduce a similarity preserving function called sequence and set similarity measure S3M that captures both the order of occurrence of page visits as well as the content of pages. We conducted pilot experiments comparing the results of PAM, a standard clustering algorithm, with two similarity measures: Cosine and S3M. The goodness of the clusters resulting from both the measures was computed using a cluster validation technique based on average levensthein distance. Results on pilot dataset established the effectiveness of S3M for sequential data. Based on these results, we proposed a new clustering algorithm, SeqPAM for clustering sequential data. We tested the new algorithm on two datasets namely, cti and msnbc datasets. We provided recommendations for web personalization based on the clusters obtained from SeqPAM for msnbc dataset.
On the Usage of Structural Information in Constrained Semi-Supervised Clustering of XML Documents
Authors: Bezerra Eduardo , Xexéo Geraldo , Mattoso Marta
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, we consider the problem of constrained clustering of documents. We focus on documents that present some form of structural information, in which prior knowledge is provided. Such structured data can guide the algorithm to a better clustering model. We consider the existence of a particular form of information to be clustered: textual documents that present a logical structure represented in XML format. Based on this consideration, we present algorithms that take advantage of XML metadata (structural information), thus improving the quality of the generated clustering models. This chapter also addresses the problem of inconsistent constraints and defines algorithms that eliminate inconsistencies, also based on the existence of structural information associated to the XML document collection.
Visualizing Multi Dimensional Data
Authors: García-Osorio César , Fyfe Colin
Published: May 2011

This chapter gives a survey of some existing methods for visualizing multi dimensional data, that is, data with more than 3 dimensions. To keep the size of the chapter reasonably small, we have limited the methods presented by restricting ourselves to numerical data. We start with a brief history of the field and a study of several taxonomies, then we propose our own taxonomy and use it to structure the rest of the chapter. Throughout the chapter the iris data set if used to illustrate most of the methods since this is a data set with which many readers will be familiar. We end with a list of freely available software and a table that gives a quick reference for the bibliography of the methods presented.
Data and Knowledge
Authors: Rada Roy
Published: May 2011

In the 1960s and early 1970s, the emphasis in hospital information systems was on operational control—active monitoring of routine task performance, with emphasis on doing highly structured tasks better, faster, and cheaper. This operational control has been extensively achieved with systems such as patient accounting and medical records. The next era of application, which followed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, shifted attention toward functional effectiveness in the form of management control (Tan, 2001). In practice, this is often accomplished by data aggregation, analysis, interpretation, and presentation (Bali, 2005). Since the 1980s, a major trend has been the development of knowledge-based systems to support clinical care.
Digital Government Development Strategies
Authors: Chen Yu-Che , Knepper Richard
Published: May 2011

Digital government has a better chance of success if it follows a well-articulated and sound strategy. Failures of digital government projects in terms of cost overrun, delay in delivery, and problems in implementation are the rule rather than the exception (Heeks, 1999). Having a sound strategy is considered as the first and most important step in securing the success of information technology projects (Fletcher, 1999). More importantly, a strategic master plan helps align information and communication technology investment and resource allocation with the objectives of organizations. If done properly, a strategic plan can help public organizations realize the full potential of an information technology investment.
Prospects and Scopes of Data Mining Applications in Society Development Activities
Authors: Rahman Hakikur
Published: May 2011

Society development activities are continuous processes that are intended to uplift the livelihood of communities and thereby empower the members of communities. Along the way of socialization, these sorts of activities have become intrinsic phenomenon of a society, though, day-by-day their developments are intricately adopting innovative scientific techniques. Innovations and technologies, especially, the information and communication technologies have graced the development actors with dynamically improved tools and techniques to design, develop and implement diversified performances globally. Rapidly developed new ICTs gave the development initiators tremendous boost to take many indigenous that are geographically dispersed, but could easily be monitored. However, many of the development projects lack of proper management, thorough analysis, appropriate need assessment, and seemingly could not sustain. In most cases, development partners blame each others, among them are the initiators, designers, implementers, or the donors. Subsequently, in many countries, most innovative success cases could not see the light of sustainability, due to improper reporting, monitoring, and feedback. In consequences, projects fail. This chapter tries to establish methodologies for establishing successful development initiatives, synergizing a few success cases. Furthermore, utilizing recently available means, as such data mining, projects and activities around each corner of the globe can be easily recorded, adequately analyzed, monitored, and reported for their successful replication in other countries with necessary favorable condition exists. This chapter also highlighted a few areas of development aspects and hints application of data mining tools, through which decision-making would be easier. Along this perspective, this chapter has put forward a few potential areas of society development initiatives, where data mining applications can be engaged. The focus area varies from basic education, health care, general commodities, tourism, ecosystem management to a few advanced uses, including database tomography. Finally, the chapter provides some future challenges and recommendations in terms of using data mining applications for empowering knowledge society.
Early Warning System for SMEs as a Financial Risk Detector
Authors: Koyuncugil Ali Serhan
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces an early warning system for SMEs (SEWS) as a financial risk detector which is based on data mining. In this study, the objective is to compose a system in which qualitative and quantitative data about the requirements of enterprises are taken into consideration, during the development of an early warning system. Furthermore, during the formation of system; an easy to understand, easy to interpret and easy to apply utilitarian model that is far from the requirement of theoretical background is targeted by the discovery of the implicit relationships between the data and the identification of effect level of every factor. Using the system, SME managers could easily reach financial management, risk management knowledge without any prior knowledge and expertise. In other words, experts share their knowledge with the help of data mining based and automated EWS.
Content-Based Indexing of Symbolic Music Documents
Authors: Orio Nicola
Published: May 2011

Indexing is the core component of most information retrieval systems, because it allows for a compact representation of the content of a collection of documents, aimed at efficient and scalable access and retrieval. Indexing techniques can be extended also to music, providing that significant descriptors are computed from music documents. These descriptors can be defined as the “lexical units” of music, and depend on the dimensions that are taken into account – melody, harmony, rhythm, timbre – and are related to the way listeners perceive music. This paper describes some relevant aspects of indexing of symbolic music documents, giving a review of its basic concepts and going in more detail about some key aspects, such as the consistency at which candidate index terms are perceived by listeners, the effectiveness of alternative approaches to compute indexes, and how individual indexing schemes can be combined together by applying data fusion approaches.
MusicStory
Authors: Shamma David A. , Woodruff John , Pardo Bryan
Published: May 2011

This chapter covers some of the challenges in storytelling with music. We describe the MusicStory system which creates music videos from personal media (audio and image) collections. Using a song’s lyrics, MusicStory finds and presents word/image associations. It takes the emotional experience of listening to music, amplifies it and heightens its visceral appeal by externalizing concrete and visual imagery intrinsic in the music. The retrieved images vary in their association - some semantically on point and some distant. The flow of imagery moves with the pace of the song: providing quick transitions through fast songs, and leisurely transitions through slower songs. In addition, MusicStory uses vocal segmentation to direct the video and alter how images are displayed. We discuss the creative and technical challenges in this work as well as how it was deployed in several fashions.
Evaluation of a Tool to Enhance Searching for Useful Medical Information on the Internet
Authors: Parry David
Published: May 2011

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) requires appropriate information to be available to clinicians at the point of care. Electronic sources of information may fulfill this need but require a high level of skill to use successfully. This chapter describes the rationale and initial testing of a system to allow collaborative searching and ontology construction for professional groups in the health sector. The approach is based around the use of a browser using a fuzzy ontology based on the National library of medicine (NLM) unified medical language system (UMLS). The results suggest that a tool that can assist users in finding information by recording their preferences and preferred meaning of text words can be usable by healthcare professionals. This approach may provide high-quality information for professionals in the future.
A User Acceptance Study on a Plant Mixed Reality System for Primary School Children
Authors: Mei-Ling Charissa Lim , Theng Yin-Leng , Liu Wei , Cheok Adrian David
Published: May 2011

Based on the initial findings of Study I (Theng, Lim, Liu, & Cheok, 2007) on our plant mixed reality system (PMRS), designed for primary school children (11-12 years old), this chapter describes Study II, employing the well-established technology acceptance model (TAM) to investigate participants’ perceptions of usefulness and usability, identified as key determinants of participants’ intention to use the system. Preliminary results seemed to indicate participants’ intention to use the PMRS for learning, and this intention was influenced directly by perceived usefulness and indirectly through perceived usability and social influence. System quality, personal innovativeness, and compatibility were found to be important external factors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of implications on the design of mixed reality systems for education.
Architecting Virtual Reality Systems
Authors: Capilla Rafael , Martínez Margarita , Nava Francisco , Muñoz Cristina
Published: May 2011

Virtual reality systems are a kind of complex software systems that need a lot of effort and resources during its development phase. Because rigid and monolithic approaches for these systems have been used in the past, maintenance and evolution activities become difficult tasks to carry out. Today, software architectures are used for designing more maintainable and modular systems, but previous experiences in the virtual reality field didn’t pay much attention to the usage of appropriate architecture descriptions. In this chapter we describe how the design of virtual reality systems can be improved with software architectures. Our main goal is to provide guidance in the design of virtual reality systems that can be reused for similar applications. A software architecture-centric approach is proposed and used to tackle certain problems that affect the construction of this kind of software intensive systems.
Quality Metrics for Evaluating Data Provenance
Authors: Ahsan Syed , Shah Abad
Published: May 2011

With the proliferation of Web, a tremendous amount of data is available to researchers and scientists in computational sciences, business organizations and general public. This has resulted in an increased importance of data intensive domains such as Bioinformatics, which are increasingly using Web-based applications and service-oriented architecture which uses the data available on the Web sources. To trust the data available on Web and the results derived from it, a Data Provenance system must be devised to ensure authenticity and credibility of Web resources. In this paper we have discussed various domains which necessitate such data provenance systems. We propose a set of tangible parameters which affect the quality of data and define quality metrics to evaluate those parameters. The chapter concludes with a section on future directions in which we identify various research problems and possible applications of data provenance.
Optimising Object Classification
Authors: Beynon Malcolm J.
Published: May 2011

This chapter investigates the effectiveness of a number of objective functions used in conjunction with a novel technique to optimise the classification of objects based on a number of characteristic values, which may or may not be missing. The classification and ranking belief simplex (CaRBS) technique is based on Dempster-Shafer theory and, hence, operates in the presence of ignorance. The objective functions considered minimise the level of ambiguity and/or ignorance in the classification of companies to being either failed or not-failed. Further results are found when an incomplete version of the original data set is considered. The findings in this chapter demonstrate how techniques such as CaRBS, which operate in an uncertain reasoning based environment, offer a novel approach to object classification problem solving.
Data Reduction
Authors: Wang Yu
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses several data reduction techniques that are important in intrusion detection and prevention. Network traffic data includes rich information about system and user behavior, but the raw data itself can be difficult to analyze due to its large size. Being able to efficiently reduce data size is one of the key challenges in network security and has been raised by many researchers over the past decade (Lam, Hui & Chung, 1996; Mukkamala, Tadiparthi, Tummala, & Janoski, 2003; Chebrolu, Abraham & Thomas, 2005; Khan, Awad & Thuraisingham, 2007). Recall the concept of the data cube which was presented in Chapter IV; using various approaches, it is possible to reduce the size of data in all three cube dimensions (variables, observations, and occasions). More specifically, we can reduce the total number of observations by sampling network traffic, reduce the total number of variables by eliminating variables that are not robust and do not associate with the outcome of interest, and reduce the number of occasions by taking a sample of the time-related events. We will discuss these approaches in the following sections, including data structure detection, sampling, and sample size determination. In addition to statistical approaches for data reduction, we need to carefully select a data type for each variable to ensure that the final size of a given dataset does not increase due to any inappropriate data types. For example, we shall use the byte to store a binary variable. Data reduction heavily involves multivariate analysis on which a great number of literatures are available on this topic. Readers who are interested in gaining a better understanding of detailed and advanced multivariate analysis can refer to Thomson (1951), Bartholomew (1987), Snook & Gorsuch (1989), Everitt & Dunn (1991), Kachigan (1991), Loehlin (1992), Hatcher & Stepanski (1994), Rencher (1995), Tabachnick (2000), and Everitt (2005).
Development of an Integrated, Adaptable CNC System
Authors: Xu Xun
Published: May 2011

In order to prepare manufacturing companies to face increasingly frequent and unpredictable market changes with confidence, there is a recognized need for CNC machine tools to be further advanced so that they become more integrated with design models and adaptable to uncertain machining conditions. For a CNC system to be able to access any design information, this design information has to be at the task-level, that is what-to-do. For a CNC system to produce the final part, it has to turn the task-level information into method-level information which effectively is the machine control data. These topics are discussed at the beginning of this chapter. The rest of the chapter discusses a CNC native database used for converting the task-level data to method-level data, the methodology of converting the task-level data to methodlevel data, and implementation of the methodology to a conventional CNC machine that employs G-codes. Again both STEP-NC (ISO 14649-1, 2003) and function blocks (IEC 61499, 2005) are used.
Integrating CAD/CAPP/CAM/CNC with Inspections
Authors: Xu Xun
Published: May 2011

A logical step after CNC machining is inspection. With inspections, Closed-Loop Machining (CLM) can be realized to maximize the efficiency of a machining process by maintaining a tight control in a manufacturing system. CLM is normally regarded as the highest level of CNC automation. CLM however, requires a tight integration between CAD, CAPP, CAM, and CNC, in particular CAM and CNC and inspections. The questions that are to be answered are (a) what type of inspections is fit for CLM and (b) is there a good data model that one can use to bring machining and inspections together? This chapter tries to provide some possible solutions to these questions. Prior to this, a brief review of the past research work is given. Toward the end of the chapter, a conceptual framework for integrating machining with inspections is presented.
Internet-Based Integration
Authors: Xu Xun
Published: May 2011

Today, companies often have operations distributed around the world, and production facilities and designers are often in different locations. Increased use of outsourcing and geographically dispersed supply chains further complicates the manufacturing world. The globalization of manufacturing business means that companies should be able to design, build, and maintain, anywhere at any time. Manufacturing engineers are seeking effective tools during planning to help improve production processes, plant designs, and tooling, and to allow earlier impact on product designs. Collaboration may exist in a number of activities such as (a) reviewing designs with the design team; (b) interfacing with tooling designers; (c) verifying tooling assembly and operation; (d) reviewing manufacturing process plans and factory layouts; and (e) discussing manufacturing problems with suppliers. In larger companies, collaboration is becoming increasingly important in design and manufacturing. Everyone knows something, but no one knows everything. There is an evolution from individuals working independently to functioning in workgroups, as well as enterprise collaboration and collaboration throughout a supply chain. Within a supply chain, sharing knowledge has become paramount. This chapter describes the methods of developing an Internet-enabled, integrated CAD, CAPP, CAM, and CNC system to support collaborative product development. The main goal is to provide a team environment enabling a group of designers and engineers to collaboratively develop a product in real time. STEP can be used to represent product data for heterogeneous application systems and data formats, and the Web-based Product Structure Manager developed can be an effective function module to co-ordinate collaborative activities.
Modularity and Complex Adaptive Systems
Authors: Cornforth David , Green David G.
Published: May 2011

Modularity is ubiquitous in complex adaptive systems. Modules are clusters of components that interact with their environment as a single unit. They provide the most widespread means of coping with complexity, in both natural and artificial systems. When modules occur at several different levels, they form a hierarchy. The effects of modules and hierarchies can be understood using network theory, which makes predictions about certain properties of systems such as the effects of critical phase changes in connectivity. Modular and hierarchic structures simplify complex systems by reducing long-range connections, thus constraining groups of components to act as a single component. In both plants and animals, the organisation of development includes modules, such as branches and organs. In artificial systems, modularity is used to simplify design, provide fault tolerance, and solve difficult problems by decomposition.
Concept and Definition of Complexity
Authors: Standish Russell K.
Published: May 2011

The term complexity is used informally both as a quality and as a quantity. As a quality, complexity has something to do with our ability to understand a system or object—we understand simple systems, but not complex ones. On another level, complexity is used as a quantity when we talk about something being more complicated than another. In this chapter, we explore the formalisation of both meanings of complexity, which happened during the latter half of the twentieth century.
Emergence in Agent-Based Computational Social Science
Authors: Dessalles Jean Lou , Ferber Jacques , Phan Denis
Published: May 2011

This chapter provides a critical survey of emergence definitions both from a conceptual and formal standpoint. The notions of downward/backward causation and weak/strong emergence are specially discussed for application to complex social system with cognitive agents. Particular attention is devoted to the formal definitions introduced by Müller (2004) and Bonabeau and Dessalles (1997), which are operative in multi-agent frameworks and make sense from both cognitive and social point of view. A diagrammatic 4-Quadrant approach allows us to understand complex phenomena along both interior/exterior and individual/collective dimensions.
The Power of Design Drawing in Other Design Fields
Authors: Stubbs Todd S. , Gibbons Andrew S.
Published: May 2011

This chapter is a survey of the literature of design studies, where the various characteristics of a phenomenon called design drawing, are considered. Included in this review is an exploration of the roles and attributes design drawing plays in those design fields outside ID, as an important design language. Its importance to those design fields suggests that design drawing might have much to teach us about Visual Instructional Design Languages (VIDLs). In reviewing these attributes of design drawing and how they are implemented in those other fields of design, we hope to inspire a dialogue on how these important characteristics will aid in creating or nurturing VIDLs.
The Culture Based Model
Authors: Young Patricia A.
Published: May 2011

Globalizing the field of Instructional Design lies in the building and nurturing of innovative models, frameworks, visual languages, and practices that include culture based considerations. This chapter argues that culture, as a design construct, is integral to educating learners and enhancing the design process. This is supported by a review of theoretical and methodological studies that define culture and an examination of models of culture that are supported by VIDLs. Further, the significance of VIDLs as design tools is offered through the Culture Based Model (CBM) an intercultural instructional design framework that guides designers through the management, design, development and assessment process while taking into account explicit culture based considerations. The chapter provides a description of the origins of CBM, an overview of relevant research, and an outline of the model and its possible applications with VIDLs. This research suggests that VIDLs can serve a broader scope if culture is considered.
A Visual Learning Design Representation to facilitate dissemination and reuse of innovative pedagogical strategies in University Teaching
Authors: Agostinho Shirley , Harper Barry , Oliver Ron , Hedberg John , Wills Sandra
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes a visual learning design representation devised in an Australian funded project that focused on identifying and describing innovative educational practices employing the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). Referred to as Learning Designs project (www.learningdesigns.uow.edu.au), the aim was to produce generic learning design resources and tools to help academics in higher education implement innovative ICT-based learning designs in their own teaching contexts. The chapter describes the Learning Designs project, details how and why the graphical learning design representation was created and provides an example to illustrate the visual formalism. How the authors have built on this work since the completion of the project is also discussed. The purpose of this chapter is to explain how this visual representation works so as to inform teachers and educational researchers of its potential to serve as a common language to describe learning designs.
Designing for Change
Authors: Casey John , Brosnan Kevin , Greller Wolfgang , Masson Allen , MacNeil Aine , Murphy Colette
Published: May 2011

This chapter looks at the possible uses of visual forms of Instructional Design (ID) languages as possible ‘change agents’ for design practice in the public post-secondary education sector. A lot of work is being done in the technical realm of the standardisation and interoperability for Educational Modelling Languages (EMLs), but this is largely restricted to existing ID specialists that use ‘dialects’ of ID languages and schemes. This is important work but it does not address the vast majority of educators working in the post-secondary public educational sector whose design work is highly individualised and deeply embedded in rich institutional contexts. The challenge for visual ID languages and EMLs in general is how they can move beyond their current specialist niche applications to be useful to mainstream educators. In this chapter we argue that this development needs to happen along 2 related dimensions: (i) changes in the organisation of the educational workplace and related training – what might be termed ‘push factors’; and, (ii) the use of tools such as visual ID languages to support that change process at individual and group levels – what might be termed ‘pull’ factors. We shall be concentrating on this second dimension. Specifically, in this chapter we shall be looking at ideas for how we might apply visual ID languages as a support mechanism in helping educators externalise and share their design models and ideas in order to develop them into semi-formal abstractions that might be developed to feed into the use of EMLs. To ground these ideas, we shall be looking at the experiences of those who have tried these types of approaches in practice. Finally we discuss the effect this type of perspective might have on the future development of visual ID languages and related tools.
The Learning Technologies Model
Authors: Caladine Richard
Published: May 2011

The learning activities model (LAM) developed in the previous chapter provides a theoretical framework for the analysis of the process of learning through the categorization of activities. During the design of learning events, different techniques, methods, and technologies can be applied to activities within each category or to complete categories of the LAM. This matching process is, in essence, the basis of the technology selection method (TSM), presented in Chapter VIII. However, before technologies that are appropriate to learners and learning events can be selected it is essential to have a clear understanding of the nature and capabilities of the technologies. To assist in the understanding and analysis of learning technologies, a theoretical framework of them, called the learning technologies model (LTM), is presented.