bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of mammary gland metabolism in the sow: I. Development of methods for the measurement of cellular metabolites in milk and colostrum
Authors: Atwood Craig S. , Hartmann Peter E.
Published: June 2009

We have modified deproteinization methods and a number of spectrophotometric and bioluminescent methods in order to measure the concentrations of cellular metabolites in small volumes (< 0·3 ml) of sows' colostrum and milk. For the majority of the assays, recoveries ranged from 92 to 105%. The binding of ATP and UTP to a calcium phosphate–citrate–caseinate complex in milk, and the decrease in ATP (92%/h) and UTP (18·1 %/h) concentrations during in vitro incubation of the whey fraction suggested that it was unlikely ATP and UTP (both < 1 µM) could exist free in sows' milk. The mean concentrations (range) of cellular metabolites in milk (6–11 d post partum) were: glucose, 669 µM (220–1367); glucose 6-phosphate, 63·0 µM (27·6–101·4); glucose 1-phosphate, 18·3 µM (13·1–24·8); UDPglucose, 296 µM (170–494); UDPgalactose, 635 µM (230–945); lactose, 162 mM (124–187); UDP, 105 µM (85–130); UMP, 1760 µM (1326–2587); inorganic phosphate, 135 mM (1·4–29·3); ATP, <0·5 µM; ADP, 53·6 µM (10·5–171·25); AMP, 215 µM (61·6–491·6); cAMP, 22·3 µM (3·5–61·6); galactose, 198 µM (118–474) and fructose, 226 µM (172–283). Differences in the concentrations of glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, UDPgalactose and cAMP between fore and hind milk samples indicated postsecretory changes in the concentrations of certain metabolites. Changes in the concentrations of metabolites during in vitro incubation of milk and of colostrum suggested that these postsecretory changes were probably due to the actions of enzymes present in mammary secretion. Collection of milk that has been most recently secreted (hind milk) will provide the most accurate indication of the intracellular concentrations of these metabolites. The concentrations of cellular metabolites in the milks from different species are compared.
Effect of pH on flux during ultrafiltration of sweet whey and buttermilk
Authors: Ramachandra Rao Harohally G. , Lewis Michael J. , Grandison Alistair S.
Published: June 2009

The flux patterns for sweet whey and buttermilk were strongly influenced by pH. Increasing the pH of buttermilk from 6·6 to 8·0 tended to reduce initial flux values and reduce deposit formation on the membrane as indicated by lower values for the fouling coefficient. Flux was mostly controlled by concentration polarization. Reducing the pH below 6·6 increased the flux but caused more deposit on the membrane as indicated by high fouling coefficient values. Almost the opposite was found for sweet whey. The initial flux increased as pH increased, followed by considerable flux decline, which was linked to greater fouling of the membrane. Reducing the pH reduced the initial flux considerably but also reduced further fouling. These changes are thought to be brought about by the combined effects of pH change on the proteins and minerals, and in particular on calcium.
Influence of κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin genetic variants on the heat stability of milk
Authors: Robitaille Gilles
Published: June 2009

Heat coagulation time-pH curves at 140°C were obtained for 43 blended skim milk samples from Holstein cows to determine the effects of genetic variants of κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin on milk heat stability. The blended milk samples were similar in terms of protein content and milk salts, but were genotypically different for κ-casein (AA, AB) and β-lactoglobulin (AA, AB, BB). Type A curves were obtained for all milks. Maximum heat stability was affected by the κ-casein genotype (AB > AA, P < 0·01) but the influence of the β-lactoglobulin genotype was only significant when the κ-casein AA genotype was present (β-lactoglobulin AA > BB, P < 0·0001). Minimum heat stability was significantly higher (P < 0·0001) for milk genotyped κ-casein AB:β-lactoglobulin BB. The effects of milk genotyped κ-casein BB on maximum and minimum heat stability were determined by analysing individual milks: κ-casein BB:β-lactoglobulin AB (n=8) and reconstituted milks: κ-casein BB:β-lactoglobulin AA, AB and BB (n = 17). Type B curves were obtained on three occasions for individual κ-casein BB:β-lactoglobulin AB milk and on five occasions in the case of reconstituted milks with κ-casein BB:β-lactoglobulin AA, AB and BB. This suggests a relationship between the type B curve and the κ-casein B genetic variant. Comparison of the mean values of heat stability at the pH of maximum heat stability of each individual and reconstituted milk genotype suggested that the best genotype for κ-casein in terms of heat stability was BB.
Comparison of proteolytic activities in various lactobacilli
Authors: Sasaki Masahiro , Bosman Boukje W. , Tan Paris S. T.
Published: June 2009

A total of 169Lactobacillusstrains from 12 species (Lb. acidophilus, Lb. brevis, Lb. buchneri, Lb. casei, Lb. delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricus, Lb. delbrueckiisubsp.delbrueckii, Lb. delbrueckiisubsp.lactis, Lb. fermentum, Lb. helveticus, Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei, Lb. plantarum and Lb. rhamnosus), isolated from raw milk and various milk products, and 9Lactococcus lactisstrains were evaluated for peptidase activities with five chromogenic substrates and a tryptic digest of casein. Within each species, the peptidase activity of the cell-free extracts of the strains varied. Furthermore, differences were observed between theLactobacilhisspecies andLc. lactis. Lb. helveticushad by far the highest hydrolysing activities towards all substrates, indicating the presence of powerful aminopeptidases, X-prolyl-dipeptidyl aminopeptidases and proline iminopeptidases.Lb. delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricuspossessed high hydrolysing activities towards substrates containing proline, alanylprolyl–p–nitroanilide and prolyl–p–nitroanilide. On the other hand,Lb. fermentumandLb. breviscould be considered as weakly proteolytic species. A more detailed study with highly proteolyticLactobacillusstrains indicated that at least three different proteinases or endopeptidases were present. Compared withLc. lactis, theLactobacillusstrains had a much lower hydrolytic action on glutamyl-glutamic acid, suggesting that glutamyl aminopeptidase was absent in lactobacilli.
Immunological and electrophoretic study of the proteolytic enzymes from variousLactococcusandLactobacillusstrains
Authors: Sasaki Masahiro , Bosman Boukje W. , Tan Paris S. T.
Published: June 2009

Cell extracts of various lactobacilli and twoLactococcusstrains were investigated for their immunoresponse with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against various proteolytic enzymes fromLc. lactis. Except forLactobacillus caseiSBT 2233, none of the lactobacilli proteins showed immunoresponse with the monoclonal antibodies. With polyclonal antibodies raised against aminopeptidases N and C and endopeptidase ofLc. lactisan immunoresponse was observed. However, the molecular masses of the reactive bands on the blot were considerably different from those of the corresponding lactococcal peptidases, except for the band that reacted with polyclonal antibodies against aminopeptidase C. The polyclonal antibodies raised against X-prolyl-dipeptidyl aminopeptidase and tripeptidase did not show any immunoreaction. As a control, all antibodies reacted with the lactococcal proteins on the blot, with molecular masses corresponding to those reported for the proteinases and peptidases. The results clearly showed that most of the proteolytic enzymes of lactobacilli were immunologically different from those of lactococci. The proteolytic enzymes in the cell-free extracts were separated by non-denaturing PAGE and visualized by zymogram staining. The electrophoretic pattern of the proteolytic enzymes of lactobacilli was different from that ofLc. lactis. Both experiments indicate that the enzymes of the proteolytic system of lactobacilli are different from those of lactococci.
Development of an immunological method for studying the incorporation of ripening enzymes in cheese curd
Authors: Laloy Edith , Vuillemard Jean-Christophe , Abboudi Mouhsine El , Fliss Ismael , Grace Eric De , Simard Ronald E.
Published: June 2009

Polyclonal antibodies raised against partly purified aminopeptidase were specific to cell-free extracts ofLactobacillus caseisubsp.pseudoplantarumUL 137, and did not cross react with any other proteins in Cheddar cheese, at least during the first week of maturation. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed in order to quantify cell-free extracts in the cheese curd, and was also used to determine the efficiency of encapsulation of cell-free extracts in liposomes. This method was very sensitive and exhibited a detection limit of ∼10 μg total protein/g cheese and ∼1 μg total protein/ml liposome suspension. The efficiency of encapsulation of cell-free extracts into liposomes was ∼55–60%. The retention of liposome-encapsulated cell-free extracts was ∼14 times that of non-encapsulated extracts.
Identification of starter cultures in thermally treated plain yogurt using gene probes and polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Lick Sonja , Keller Martina , Krusch Uli , Heller Knut J.
Published: June 2009

Plain yogurts (set type) fermented by three different starter cultures were subjected to different heat treatments (20 s at 72, 80 or 100 ·C, or 30 min at 60, 70, 80 or 100 ·C). DNA was extracted from each yogurt and analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis, by species-specific hybridization and by primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Obvious degradation of DNA could be observed after heating at 80 ·C for 30 min and at 100 ·C for 20 s and 30 min. Identification ofLactobacillus delbrueckiiusing a species-specific hybridization fragment could be carried out in yogurt treated at 100 ·C for 20 s or for 30 min at lower temperatures. After treatment for 30 min at 100 ·C identification by hybridization was no longer possible. However, under the same conditions identification of starter microorganisms was still possible by primer-specific PCR, and this was demonstrated as an example forStreptococcus thermophilus.
324. The heat resistance of the bacteriophages of cheese starter with observations on the estimation of phage concentration
Authors: Nichols Agnes A. , Wolf J. Z.
Published: June 2009

The heat resistance, in milk, of bacteriophages attacking strains of lactic streptococci isolated from cheese starters has been determined. Active phages did not usually survive a temperature of 75°C. for 7½ min. but many phages were not destroyed by heating for 50–60 min. at 65–67°C. and most survived at 70°C. for 10–15 min. The practical implications of these findings in the ‘sterilization’ of milk for starter making have been discussed. Growth in yeast dextrose broth was found to be superior to methylene blue reduction for the demonstration of residual phages after heating.
326. The effect of temperature of pre-heating, of clarification and of bacteriological quality of the raw milk on the keeping properties of whole-milk powder dried by the Kestner Spray Process
Authors: Mattick A. T. K. , Hiscox Edith R. , Crossley E. L. , Lea C. H. , Findlay J. D. , Smith J. A. B. , Thompson S. Y. , Kon S. K. , Egdell J. W.
Published: June 2009

(1) Increasing the pre-heating temperature of the milk from 165 to 190° F. before spray-drying greatly improved the resistance of the powder to the development of tallowy ‘off’-flavours on storage. From the results of accelerated tests at 47 and 37° C. a storage life (in air) of the order of 2 years could safely be predicted for the powders from milk pre-heated at the higher temperature. Confirmation has now been obtained by storage of the powders for 2½ years at 15° C. and at room temperature.

(2) Improvement in the bacteriological quality of the milk supply, and more careful control during its passage through the plant, produced some improvement in the keeping properties of powders prepared from milk pre-heated at the lower temperature, but had relatively little effect on the keeping properties of the powder when the higher preheating temperature was used.

(3) The shapes of the deterioration curves for the various powders showed that the effect of the higher pre-heating temperature and of improvement in the milk supply was to extend the induction period which precedes rapid deterioration. The protective effect of both factors was greater when measured at the ‘slightly tallowy’ or ‘fairly good’ stage than when comparison was made at a more advanced stage of decomposition.
Effect of stage of lactation, stage of pregnancy, milk yield and herd management on seasonal variation in spontaneous lipolysis in bovine milk
Authors: Chazal Marie-Paule , Chilliard Yves
Published: June 2009

The free fatty acid (FFA) levels after milking (initial FFA) and after 22 h storage at 4°C (FFA-22) were determined in milk from 57 cows every 2 weeks for one year. FFA levels which were higher in summer than in winter were explained by later stages of lactation occurring in summer. Initial FFA content increased regularly during lactation. FFA-22 content increased after 12 weeks, and further after 32 weeks of lactation. The first increase was due to stage of lactation. The second increase, which appeared in late lactation, was essentially due to the stage of pregnancy combined with the effect of milk yield. FFA-22 content increased in the second part of pregnancy, chiefly after 24 weeks. A low milk yield (≼ 5 kg) further increased lipolysis, but only after 16 weeks of pregnancy. The effect of stage of pregnancy may have been enhanced by management factors such as feeding conditions. In this investigation, the seasonal FFA variation in bulk tank milk could be explained entirely by physiological factors.
Effect of heat treatment on casein micelle profiles obtained by controlled pore-glass chromatography
Authors: Anderson Malcolm , Moore Carolyn , Griffin Mary C. A.
Published: June 2009

The effect of heat treatment on the profiles of casein micelles obtained at 340 and 280 nm from controlled pore-glass chromatography of milk was studied in a series of unhomogenized whole milk samples which had been heated in a pilot plant at 75, 90, 105, 120, 135 and 150 °C for holding times of 4, 16, 32, 72, 150 and 300 s. A second experiment was carried out in which whole milk was preheated at temperatures between 70 and 110 °C for 13, 60 and 180 s before being treated at 120 °C for 4 s or 150 °C for 16 s. The average micelle size in some of the samples was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. Profiles were divided into four fractions in which micelle size decreased from fraction 1 to fraction 4. The dimensions of these fractions were expressed in terms of size relative to that of the total profile. Fraction 4 was not affected by any of the heat treatments. Fractions 1–3 were significantly affected only by temperatures above 120 °C. Between 120 and 150 °C fraction 1 increased significantly while fractions 2 and 3 showed a corresponding decrease. Holding time affected fraction 1 only above 120 °C. For fraction 2 there was no effect in < 32 s at temperatures less than 150 °C. Fraction 3 was the most sensitive to changes in holding time, but no effect was observed below 105 °C. Average micelle size measurements indicated that a substantial size increase only occurred in those milks heated at 135 °C for longer than 16 s and in all the samples at 150 °C. To assess whether this increase in micelle size was reversible, samples were dialysed against a 70 mm-NaCl solution containing 10 mm-EDTA and then separated by column chromatography on Sephacryl S-300. The proportion of materials which was undissociated by dialysis remained unchanged for temperatures below 120 °C, but progressively increased with treatments more severe than 120 °C for 16 s. Column profiles were not influenced by variations in the conditions of preheating
Psychrotrophic flora of raw milk: resistance to several common disinfectants
Authors: Suárez Beatriz , Ferreirós Carlos M.
Published: June 2009

The psychrotrophic bacterial flora of milk was examined after aseptic hand milking. A total of 409 strains were tentatively characterized and classified into 17 groups by a reduced set of tests and cluster analysis. Lipolytic organisms (53·7%) exceeded proteolytic organisms (29·6%), and a reported predominance of oxidase-positive organisms (54·5%) was not found. Gram-negatives were mainly Entero-bacteriaceae,Flavobacterium, AcinetobacterandPseudomonas. In the Gram-positive groups Micrococcaceae were the most abundant (44·4%) followed by coryneforms (16·3%). Only two of seven commonly used disinfectants acted differently with Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (P< 0·01), although in general Gram-positives were more resistant than Gram-negatives.
Capital Market Imperfections and the Sensitivity of Investment to Stock Prices
Authors: Ovtchinnikov Alexei V. , McConnell John J.
Published: June 2009

Prior studies argue that investment by undervalued firms that require external equity is particularly sensitive to stock prices in irrational capital markets. We present a model in which investment can appear to be more sensitive to stock prices when capital markets are rational, but subject to imperfections such as debt overhang, information asymmetries, and financial distress costs. Our empirical tests support the rational (but imperfect) capital markets view. Specifically, investment–stock price sensitivity is related to firm leverage, financial slack, and probability of financial distress, but is not related to proxies for firm undervaluation. Because, in our model, stock prices reflect the net present values (NPVs) of investment opportunities, our results are consistent with rational capital markets improving the allocation of capital by channeling more funds to firms with positive NPV projects.
Ostertagia nianqingtanggulaensis K'ung & Li, 1965 (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from sheep and goats at high altitudes in Nepal
Authors: Joshi B.R. , Gibbons L.M. , Jacobs D.E.
Published: June 2009

The trichostrongyloid nematode Ostertagia nianqingtanggulaensis K'ung & Li, 1965, previously recorded only from sheep in Tibet, is redescribed and is shown to be a common parasite of both sheep and goats at higher altitudes in the Himalayan foothills of western Nepal. Herbage examination indicated that infective larvae can overwinter on snow covered slopes. Use of tracer animals confirmed that migratory flocks are exposed to infection when grazing on alpine pastures during the summer months. In contrast, nearby non-migratory flocks kept at lower altitudes did not harbour O. nianqingtanggulaensis and tracer animals grazed with these flocks did not become infected with this species.
Genomic identification of Anisakis simplex isolates
Authors: Siles M. , Cuéllar C. , Perteguer M.J.
Published: June 2009

RAPD technique was used to differentiate individuals of Anisakis simplex obtained from Merluccius merluccius, Phycis blennoides, Conger conger and Lepidorhombus boscii, from the North Atlantic Ocean. The amplification patterns of the host DNA controls were markedly different from those obtained for the parasitic material. No variation within the same host was detected. The amplification patterns for larvae obtained from fish of the same genus were somewhat different. The amplification patterns of A. simplex isolates from M. merluccius, P. blennoides, C. conger and L. boscii, were different. These results suggest the possible existence of two populations with a considerable high genetic variability and a different adaptation to different host species.
On the Experimental Development of Bothridium (=Solenophorus) pythonis de Blainville, 1824, in Cyclops viridis Jurine, 1820
Authors: Solomon S. Gladstone
Published: June 2009

Three species, and one variety, of the pseudophyllid genus Bothridium de Blainville, are known to occur in pythons. B. ovatum occurs in the African python (P. sebce): B. pythonis in the Indian python (P. molurus) and B. pythonis var minor in P. reticulatus, the Indo-Malayan python; while Maplestone and Southwell (1923, p. 317) record another species, B. ornatum from the Australasian python (P. spilotes var variegatus). The literature on this genus appears, so far, to have dealt only with morphology and taxonomies. Joyeux and Baer (1927, p. 126) describe the anatomy and relationships of B. ovatum, B. pythonis and B. pythonis var. minor. Braun (1894–1900, p. 1690) gives a brief description, accompanied by very detailed figures, of the anatomy of B. pythonis and also figures the embryonated ovum (pi. Iviii, fig. 8). This is the only figure of any developmental stage of the parasite which the writer has been able to discover. Southwell (1930, p. 58) records the worm from P. reticularis and P. molurus, in Bengal, Nepal and Ceylon, and summarises its anatomy. He also mentions its occurrence in a tiger which he thinks had been eating a python. No account of the life-cycle of any species of Bothridium appears to have been written. When, therefore, in February, 1932, some living Bothridium arrived in the Helminthology Department, it was resolved to discover how far its development resembled that of other better-known Psuedophyllids.
The Genus Anguillulina Gerv. & v. Ben., 1859, vel Tylenchus Bastian, 1865
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

The purpose of the present paper is to bring together brief descriptions of the various species of the genus Anguillulina, more generally known under the synonymous generic name of Tylenchus Bastian, 1865. In the case of the plant-parasitic species, in addition to particulars on dimensions and morphology, data are given on life-history, hosts and geographical distribution; such matters as symptoms, pathology and methods of control are not dealt with.
On Streptovitella acadiœ (gen. et spec. nov.). A Trematode of the Family Heterophyidæ from the Black Duck (Anas rubripes)
Authors: Swales William E.
Published: June 2009

In the spring of 1932, Mr. Otto Schierbeck, Chief Forester for the Province of Nova Scotia, forwarded several Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) which he had collected in a dead or dying condition on the shores of Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia, to the Animal Diseases Research Institute, Hull, Quebec. Mr. Schierbeck stated that the ducks had arrived there on their northward migratory flight six weeks earlier than usual, and after a period of hardship, had commenced to die in large numbers; and although the popular belief was that starvation was the cause of these deaths, he was not convinced that this was the case, owing to the apparently short period between the first signs of sickness and death.
A Study of the Potato Eelworm (Heterodera schachtii) in the Irish Free State
Authors: Carroll J.
Published: June 2009

Before dealing in detail with certain aspects of the research work on the potato eelworm which has been carried out by the present writer an account of the occurrence of the parasite in Ireland must be given.
The Bilharzia Complement Fixation Reaction in Goats infected with Schistosoma mattheei and Schistosoma bovis
Authors: Fairley N. Hamilton
Published: June 2009

1. The sera of 18 goats were investigated for the bilharzia complement fixation reaction, using as antigen alcoholic extract of the livers of snails (Planorbis exustus) infected with cercariae of S. spindale.

2. The sera of 5 out of 7 goats harbouring S. mattheei, and of 4 out of 4 goats exposed to alimentary infection with S. bovis yielded positive results, the range of complement fixation varying from 5 to 20 M.H.D.'s.

3. The sera of non-infected goats and of 3 goats exposed to infection with cercariae of S. mansoni from which these animals appear naturally immune, yielded negative reactions.

4. The complement fixation reaction with cercarial antigen (S. spindale) has now been applied to infestation with 3 human and 4 cattle schistosomes, and its group applicability to mammalian schistosomiasis may be regarded as proven.
A Note on the Development of Filaria ozzardi in Culicoides furens Poey
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: June 2009

Filaria ozzardi Manson, 1897, or as it is recently but less familiarly known, Mansonella ozzardi, was first described in its larval stage, having been found in the blood of Caribs of British Guiana. The adult form of which the female only was found by Daniels (1899) in the subperitoneal connective tissue of Indians from the same region, is very inadequately described.
Tylenchus hordei Schøyen, a Nematode Parasite Causing Galls on the Roots of Barley and other Gramineae
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Forty years ago Schøyen (1885) gave an account of a serious disease of barley occurring in the vicinity of Lorn in Norway, which was associated with the formation of galls on the roots of the plants. The galls were found to contain eelworms which had without doubt caused their production and the symptoms of disease also. Schøyen named the worm Tylenchus hordei n.sp. Similar galls had been found at about the same time by Eriksson (1885) on diseased barley at Pajala in northern Sweden, but he had ascribed their formation to the nematode Heterodera radicicola; Schøyen discussed this and gave reasons for thinking it an erroneous view. Closely similar galls had been found previously on the roots of Sea Lyme Grass, Elymus arenarius, by Warming (1877) in Sjaelland, Denmark, and by Trail (1881) at Aberdeen, Scotland. The former had considered that they were caused by Heterodera radicicola, whilst the latter thought they were due to a nematode belonging to the genus Tylenchus, though he was not positive on this as he only saw female worms.
On the Nematode Genus Aphelenchus
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

It is well known that free-living nematodes are of frequent occurrence in various kinds of rotting organic materials both animal and vegetable under natural conditions. In a recent investigation of the nematodes occurring in a variety of substances such as pig-manure, sheep droppings taken from pastures, soil from a chicken run, decaying leaves from a drain, etc., the writer has made use of the Baermann method (Cort and others 1922) with a good deal of success. Amongst several interesting forms obtained from samples taken from a heap of pigmanure were six worms, four females and two males, belonging to the genus Aphelenchus, which at once attracted attention by reason of certain peculiarities in their appearance. They closely resemble Aphelenchus tenuicaudatus de Man (1895) in certain anatomical features, but differ on certain points, and the writer regards them as belonging to a hitherto undescribed species.
Observations on the incidence of Heterodera schachtii at the Ormskirk Potato Testing Station
Authors: Triffitt M. J.
Published: June 2009

The Potato Testing Station at Ormskirk, a branch of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany, has during the past season, been found to include considerable areas of land heavily infested with the eelworm Heterodera schachtii. This discovery was made subsequent to the failure of some of the potato crops, which, in the course of the normal rotation practised at the station, happened last season to be grown on the affected areas.
A Review of the Plant Parasitic Members of the genus Aphelenchus
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

1. The paper deals with nematodes of the genus Aphelenchus causing diseases in cultivated plants. A list of these, with the main pathological conditions to which they give rise, is set out on page 144.

2. Each parasite and the disease due to it is dealt with, and particulars are given concerning the structure of the worm, together with the symptoms and biology in each case.

3. A general discussion on the problem of the appropriate treatment of these diseases is given, and the suggestion is made that some form of heat treatment of infective soils is likely to give the best results, owing to the fact that comparatively low temperatures are lethal to the parasites.
Observations on the Nematode Genera Kalicephalus, Diaphanocephalus, and Occipitodontus g.n., and on the Larval Development of Kalicephalus philodryadus sp.n.
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: June 2009

The following communication is based mainly on material collected at the Prosectorium of the Zoological Society of London. In it there is also incorporated a study of several species in the collection of the Helminthological Department of the London School of Tropical Medicine.
The Ætiological Relationship of Loa loa to Calabar Swellings
Authors: Low George C.
Published: June 2009

It has long been held—and rightly so—that Calabar swellings are caused in some way or other by adult Loa loa moving about in the subcutaneous tissues.
A Filarial Survey in British Guiana, 1921
Authors: Anderson J. , Khalil M. , Lee C. U. , Leiper R. T.
Published: June 2009

The Filariasis Commission, composed as it was of British, Chinese, and Mohammedan members, was able to take a more extensive and a more representative survey of the incidence of filariasis than would have been possible in the case of a single investigator. Dr. Khalil had frequent invitations to local Mohammedan ceremonies, and as these were usually held at night, he was able to examine a large number of bloodfilms from East Indian immigrants. Dr. C. U. Lee was very hospitably received by the Chinese families of Georgetown, and collected statistics as to the filarial rate amongst them on a scale that was hitherto unattainable. The whole commission, working together, was able to undertake a survey of an institution such as Georgetown Prison, the Almshouse, or Christchurch Public School with little inconvenience to the children or inmates. Thus from hospitals, schools, prisons, asylums, and domiciliary visitations, the Commission collected details and examined blood-films from 4,215 inhabitants of British Guiana. The total number of examinations was made up as follows:—
Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn), as a pest of Bulbous Irises
Authors: Hodson W. E. H.
Published: June 2009

It is only within the last few years that the various species of Bulbous Irises have been recognised as host of Anguillulina dipsaci. Despite the comparative paucity of information on the matter there is evidence of the likelihood of infestations becoming serious in the immediate future. It may, therefore, be of value to place on record such information as is at present available.
Helminth Parasites observed in a Herd of Goats maintained at St. Albans, England
Authors: Oldham J. N. , Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

The question of helminth parasitism in British goats appears to have had little or no attention paid to it. This is somewhat surprising when one considers the fairly large number of goats which must be present in this country and, although no annual statistics as to the number of goats in Britain are available, Holmes Pegler (1929) observes that early in 1925 the Ministry of Agriculture, assisted by the British Goat Society, obtained returns of the number of goats in England and Wales which was set down as, roughly, 60,000. Similarly little definite data is available on the frequency and intensity with which these animals are infected by helminths in different localities. In this paper an attempt is made to supplement the meagre data relative to these conditions.
On Syngamus nasicola Linstow, 1899, from sheep and cattle in the West Indies
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: June 2009

1. The occurrence of Syngamus nasicola Linstow, 1899, in sheep, cattle and goats in the West Indies is recorded.

2. The species is re-described, on the basis of West Indian material and cotypes from deer and goat.

3. The species is contrasted with S. laryngeus Railliet, 1899, with which it has affinities and has hitherto been thought to be identical.

4. Special emphasis is laid on the use of the internal structure of the buccal capsule in differentiating the two species.

5. Syngamus kingi is compared with S. nasicola and it is concluded that the two species are identical, in which case S. kingi becomes a synonym of S. nasicola.
The Second Ecdysis of the Infective Larvae of Certain Trichostrongylidae in Solutions of Sodium Sulphide and of Organic Compounds containing Sulphur
Authors: Lapage Geoffrey
Published: June 2009

1. The second ecdysis of infective nematode larvae readily occurs in watery infusions of chopped up garlic bulbs and the cast sheaths are dissolved after the larvae have left them. No particular change in the sheaths was observed before the ecdyses occurred.

2. Ecdyses also occurred readily in 1% sodium sulphide in distilled water, the sheaths being, however, remarkably distended and thinned before the ecdysis occurred.

3. In 0·1% solutions of cystein hydrochloride ecdyses occurred with changes in the sheath similar to those recorded by the writer in mixtures of HCl and NaOH and leading to detachment of a cap, but with little distension or thinning of the sheaths. The cast sheaths were usually not dissolved. Similar ecdyses occurred in 1% sodium taurocholate and 1% saccharin in distilled water, but the former of these two solutions seemed more toxic to the larvae than either saccharin or cystein hydrochloride.

4. Some ecdyses occurred in 0·2% sulphonal with detachment of a cap and some osmotic distension and thinning of the sheaths. The empty sheaths were all slowly dissolved in the medium.

5. In 1% sodium thiosulphate a few ecdyses occurred with some thinning and distension of the sheaths, but the larvae were usually shrunken and often died quickly.

6. The solutions here described could be used for artificial production of ecdyses, 1% sodium sulphide being probably the best for this purpose; but none are so useful as the 1 in 20 dilution of Milton hypochlorite used by the writer (1933 b), because this also sterilises the exsheathed larvae and the medium in which they exsheath.
On the origin of strains of Heterodera schachtii occurring in Britain, with special reference to the Beet-strain.
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

The history of the beet-strain of Heterodera schachtii in Germany, where it was first recognized in 1859, and its subsequent discovery in other beet-growing European countries and the United States of America, have already been described in some detail in a Memorandum published by the Imperial Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology. This Memorandum was published in 1931 with the object of emphasizing the potential danger of Heterodera schachtii to the sugar-beet industry, then comparatively newly established in Britain. Observations carried out in America are quoted, which strongly indicated that the eelworm was introduced into the United States by the use of seed imported from European countries where the infection was known to be intense and of long standing; this contention, however, does not yet appear to have been decisively proved. The danger of repeated beet cultivation, without regard to rotation of crops, was particularly emphasized with reference to the wide distribution of the potato-strain of H. schachtii in Britain, and such infections as were already known to occur on other host-plants were noted.
On Three New Species of the Genus Falcaustra Lane (Nematoda-Kathlaniidae) from Malayan Amphibians
Authors: Yuen P. H.
Published: June 2009

The members of the genus Falcaustra are mainly parasites of tortoises. Of the 17 species of Falcaustra described from Asia, only 2 are parasitic in amphibians. Baylis (1933), recorded 3 species of Falcaustra from Malayan tortoises and Balasingam (1961), recorded another from Testudo emys from Malaya. The present paper records for the first time 3 new species of Falcaustra from Malayan amphibians for which the following names are proposed: Falcaustra purchoni sp.nov., F. pahangi sp.nov. and F. dubia sp.nov.
Parenteral Infection of the Cat by Larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Authors: Hamilton J. M.
Published: June 2009

The lungworm, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, is a common parasite of the domestic cat in Great Britain and produces pulmonary lesions in that species which are occasionally severe. The disease may be reproduced experimentally either by the oral administration of third stage larvae which have been extracted from infected molluscs or by feeding the latter, themselves. For experimental purposes, the former procedure is preferred but the main disadvantage is that an infecting dose must be given on several occasions and over a period of days if sickness, with consequent loss of larvae, is to be avoided. Parenteral administration would, therefore, be advantageous. It is known that pulmonary infections have been produced in calves by the subcutaneous administration of larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus (Wade and Swanson, 1958), in pigs by the intravenous and intratracheal injection of Metastrongylus spp. larvae (Kelley & Krous, 1961) and in sheep by the intravenous inoculation of Dictyocaulus filaria larvae (Michel and Sinclair, 1963). As neither intravenous nor intratracheal administration is particularly desirable in cats, it was resolved to attempt the reproduction of lungworm disease in that species by the subcutaneous injection of third stage larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus.
The Effect of Sublethal Doses of the Molluscicide (N-tritylmorpholine) on the Development of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata (Say)
Authors: Massoud J. , Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

1. The effects of a sublethal concentration (0·0165 p.p.m.) of N-tritylmorpholine on the development of S. mansoni in B. glabrata are described.

2. A total of 160 snails were infected with S. mansoni and then divided into 4 groups. Each group was treated separately with N-tritylmorpholine for a period of 24 hours.

3. The first group was treated 10 days after infection (early prepatent stage); the second group 20 days after infection (late prepatent stage); the third group 42 days after infection (patent stage); and the fourth group was left untreated and kept as an infected but untreated control group.

4. Three groups of uninfected snails were treated simultaneously with the infected groups, and a fourth uninfected group was left untreated and maintained as an uninfected and untreated control group.

5. In the early and late prepatent groups treated with N-tritylmorpholine a relatively short incubation period was observed compared with those in the patent and untreated infected groups.

6. No significant difference was observed between the cercarial infection rates of the 4 infected groups of snails (x2 = 0·744; p > 0·5).

7. In all infected groups peak cercarial production was observed about 15–20 days after the emergence of cercariae was first noted, after which numbers declined. No significant difference was observed between the total cercarial production of the early prepatent, late prepatent or patent groups and that of the untreated infected control group (p > 0·4).

8. The mortality rate of snails in the patent group was significantly higher than in the corresponding uninfected control group (x2 = 6·04; p <0·02).

9. Treated infected snails in all three groups ultimately had a lower survival rate than did treated uninfected snails.

10. The survival rate of untreated infected snails while initially as good as that of the untreated and uninfected group, was ultimately much poorer.
“Parthenogenesis” in Schistosoma mattheei
Authors: Taylor M. G. , Amin M. B. A. , Nelson G. S.
Published: June 2009

Experimental studies in mice have shown that with single sex female infections of S. mattheei there is a slow maturation of the worms with evidence of incomplete parthenogenesis; at 9 weeks no eggs were produced but at 17 weeks there was an average of 500 eggs per mouse. These were all non viable. Under similar conditions S. mansoni females failed to produce eggs.

When the females of S. mattheei were paired with males of S. mansoni, the females reached full maturity and produced large numbers of eggs typical of their own species-many of the eggs were non viable but some contained active miracidia.It is considered that this is an example of parthenogenesis and not hybridisation. Cross specific pairings of schistosomes must occur frequently in man particularly with S. haematobium, S. mansoni and S. mattheei and this phenomenon could be of considerable clinical, epidemiological and biological significance. Parthenogenesis in mixed infections probably accounts for the large number of non-viable S. haematobium eggs seen in rectal biopsies, and it may also be important in reducing the transmission potential of schistosomes to man since cross pairing must result in the “sterilisation” of a considerable proportion of the female worms in mixed infections. This phenomenon may also explain the observed reproductive isolation of schistosome species which simultaneously infect the same host.
A Survey of the Intestinal Helminths of Yakusu, Haut Congo Belge
Authors: Fisher A. C.
Published: June 2009

Yakusu lies on the North bank of the river Congo twelve miles below Stanleyville and the termination of the rapids of Stanley Falls. One of largest tributaries, the Lindi, joins the main stream just above the settlement.
A Technique for Staining and Counting Syphacia obvelata in the Faeces and Ingesta of Mice
Authors: Whitlock H. V.
Published: June 2009

A method is described for the recovery of Oxyurid nematodes from faeces and ingesta of mice, by washing and sieving after the worms have been stained with iodine. It can be performed in one quarter of the time and is more efficient and less fatiguing than the method previously employed.
On the GenusOpisthorchisR. Blanchard, 1895, with a Note on the Occurrence ofO. geminus(Loose, 1896) in New Avian Hosts
Authors: Bisseru B.
Published: June 2009

This paper is devoted to a critical analysis and revision of the systematics of the trematode genusOpisthorchis. It is shown that there is no justification for the recognition of the generaAmphimerusBarker, 1911,NotaulusSkrjabin, 1913,GomtiaThapar, 1930,EvranorchisSkrjabin, 1944 andEuamphimerusYamaguti, 1941.

The generic diagnosis of the genusOpisthorchishas been amplified, and on the basis of the information available in the literature mainly, certain species in this genus are suggested to be synonyms of earlier recorded forms. A list is presented of the species recognized and the host or hosts are indicated as far as is possible.

Opisthorchis geminusis recorded from two new hosts,Plectropterus gambensisandDendrocygna viduata.
On an Unusual Brood Capsule from a Hydatid Cyst of a Goat in Ceylon
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Paramananthan D. C.
Published: June 2009

1. An unusual type of brood capsule is described with the cuticle on the outside and with 70 scolices which are fully developed and projecting outwards. The brood capsule is much larger than the normal brood capsule.

2. This type of brood capsule has been described earlier in cultures by Coutelen (1927) and a similar mode of origin has been suggested for this particular brood capsule.
The Behaviour and Development of Brugia patei (Buckley, Nelson and Heisch, 1958) in a Mosquito Host, Mansonia uniformis (Theobald)
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Pester F. R. N.
Published: June 2009

1. The behaviour and development of Brugia patei has been followed in the mosquito host, Mansonia uniformis, from ingestion of the microfilariae to the development of the infective stages.

2. The microfilariae penetrated very rapidly out of the stomach into the abdomen of the mosquito; 80% of them escape from the stomach during the first 50 minutes after a blood meal.

3. The microfilariae migrate from the abdomen to the thorax through fat body cells and the heart during the first 140 minutes followed engorgement and begin to penetrate the indirect flight muscles within 15 minutes from engorgement. During this migration microfilariae were found in close association, suggesting that they follow similar pathways of migration through the body of the mosquito.

4. Most microfilariae (98%) have settled in the indirect flight muscles within 2 hours of engorgement. In these muscles the larvae digest away the muscle surrounding them but do not begin to elongate until the third or fourth day after the blood meal. The rate of development varies from one mosquito host to another, but about 80% of the larvae have developed to the infective stage by the ninth to tenth days after the infective feed. The infective stages concentrate in the head and proboscis of the mosquito vector. The development of B. patei is faster than that of B. pahangi in mosquitoes from the same colony.

5. The efficiency of M. uniformis as a vector of B. patei is compared with the similar efficiency of M. longipalpis as a vector of B. malayi. In both mosquitoes the majority of the microfilariae ingested develop to the infective stage. M. uniforms is also an efficient vector of B. pahangi.

6. The development of the parasite is discussed briefly with reference to knowledge of the physiological events within the mosquito host subsequent to the blood meal.
Studies on the Inhibition of Development of Ostertagia spp. in Lambs
Authors: Connan R. M.
Published: June 2009

Inhibition of development in the larvae of Ostertagia spp. infecting tracer lambs under field conditions shows a seasonal pattern (Connan, 1968) somewhat similar to that seen in O. ostertagi infections in calves (Anderson, Armour, Jennings, Ritchie and Urquhart, 1965). This finding also agrees with the seasonal appearance of dormant larvae in ewes (Soulsby, 1966; Connan, 1968) and one year old sheep (Parnell, 1962; James and Johnstone, 1967).
The Identity of Ostertagia trifurcata Ransom, 1907
Authors: Lancaster M. B
Published: June 2009

Some confusion exists as to the correct identity of Ostertagia trifurcata. The relevant literature is reviewed, and it is concluded that the observations of Sarwar (1954, 1956) pertaining to the identity of O. trifurcata are correct; that is that the genital cone possessed papillae. Teladorsagia davtiani is therefore a synonym of O. trifurcata and O. pinnata a valid species.
Studies on Bunostomum trigonocephalum Rudolphi, 1808. V. Biology in Abnormal Hosts, Mouse and Guineapig
Authors: Srivastava V. K. , Subramanian G.
Published: June 2009

1. The infective stage larvae of Bunostomum trigonocephalum (Rudolphi, 1808) penetrate the intact skin and undergo skin-lung migration in the mouse and skin-lung-intestine migration in the guineapig. After percutaneous infection in guineapigs, they moult in the lungs to the fourth stage and to the fifth stage in the intestine. Relatively few of them undergo this partial development in the guineapig and they are stunted in growth.

2. In the abnormal hosts, the penetrating larvae cause extensive tissue disorganisation. The histopathology of the skin and lungs is described. There is a cellular reaction to the parasites.

3. In guineapigs, the infective stage larvae reach the lungs after per os infection but they are few in number do no persist for more than six days.
Hybridization between different strains of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 from Cameroun and Zaïre
Authors: Frandsen Flemming
Published: June 2009

The offspring from hybridization experiments between Schistosoma intercalatum, Cameroun (intermediate host Bulinus forskalii) and S. intercalatum, Zaïre (intermediate host B. globosus) was investigated. Reciprocal crosses between the two forms were performed.

F1–and F2– miracidia developed in both parental intermediate hosts. The minimum prepatent period was 24 days at 26°C, an average of the prepatent periods for the two parental strains.

The total cercariae production per 100 exposed snails decreased sharply from 121 000 for the parental strain from Cameroun in B. forskalii to 21 000 and 5000 from the F1–and F2–generations, respectively. The figures for S. intercalatum, Zaïre in B. globosus were 270 000, 134 000 and 3000, respectively. F1–and F2–generations were from the cross between males from Cameroun and females from Zaïre.

The viability of the four cross-breeding experimentas carried out (two with each combinations of the parental strains) were low. It was only possible to obtain F2–cercariae. No miracidia were hatched from eggs produced by the F2–generation.