bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Owns the Land? Norway, the Sami and the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention
Authors: Vik Hanne Hagtvedt , Semb Anne Julie
Published: February 2014

In 1986, the International Labour Organization (ILO) started a process aimed at revising its 1957 Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention (C107). This process was completed in 1989 with the adoption of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (C169). Simultaneously, national legal and political processes in many Western states addressed the rights of their own indigenous populations. These states voted in favour of C169, but only Norway chose to ratify it – indeed, as the first country in the world, in June 1990. This article details the internal political processes within the Norwegian government, to shed light on the significance of the domestic situation in Norway for its support for C169. We find that a low degree of perceived need for domestic changes may enable states to take a leading role in creating new human rights conventions. Furthermore, the participation of government officials in international horizontal and vertical policy networks may shape the policies of their ministries and thereby those of the state.
From The Hague to the Balkans: A Victim-oriented Reparations Approach to Improved International Criminal Justice
Authors: Palassis Stathis N.
Published: February 2014

The international crimes committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s have been the subject of both State responsibility claims and prosecutions establishing individual criminal responsibility. On 26 February 2007 the International Court of Justice handed down its judgment in the Genocide case while it is expected that in 2014 the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia will conclude all appeals from prosecutions. While these initiatives contribute to the acknowledgement of the commission of international crimes they have not provided the victims with any financial reparations. Instead victims have had to make compensation claims under domestic law. The article examines how, in addition to the international initiatives at The Hague, a regionally focused victim oriented reparations approach can assist in attaining improved international criminal justice for international crimes committed during the Yugoslav wars. A victim oriented reparations approach would enhance victims’ rights through the provision of financial reparations, reflect improved international criminal justice and assist in the attainment long-term stability in the war-torn States of the former Yugoslavia.
Drones at Trial. State and Individual (Criminal) Liabilities for Drone Attacks
Authors: Knoops Geert-Jan Alexander
Published: February 2014

This article delves into issues of individual and State (criminal) liability for (lethal) drone operations; a yet unexplored area given the proliferation of drone attacks in recent years. The criteria under which military and political leaders can (possibly) be held criminally accountable for conducting drone attacks within and outside an armed conflict are outlined, based upon ICTY, ICC and ECHR-case law. Against this background, the discrepancies and pitfalls of the U.S. policy vis-à-vis drone attacks are discerned, as well as the subject-matter of responsibilities of third states which facilitate principal States such as the U.S. in these attacks.
The Politicisation of Hybrid Courts: Observations from the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Authors: Hamilton Tomas , Ramsden Michael
Published: February 2014

The use of ‘hybrid’ tribunals as a means to secure accountability for international crimes seeks to combine national ownership over the trials whilst providing a framework for the inclusion of international standards and personnel in the proceedings. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) represents one such hybrid experiment. Yet the ECCC has faced recurring allegations of political interference. These allegations are substantial and even if not always verifiable at least create an appearance of impropriety. The failure of the ECCC and United Nations to adequately address these allegations derived from a hybrid model that failed to provide sufficient safeguards against interference. The international community agreed on a solution to secure accountability with awareness that the trials were likely to be politically tainted. As such, the experiment in Cambodia provides a cautionary tale for the future design of hybrid tribunals.
Aggravating and Mitigating Sentencing Factors at the ICTR—An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Pruitt William R.
Published: February 2014

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) has been operating for nearly two decades now and has sentenced over sixty defendants. While the sentencing guidelines from the official Tribunal statute and rules of procedure are vague and indefinite, the court has established a sentencing jurisprudence of its own, especially when it comes to aggravating and mitigating factors. The use of these factors in sentencing have been questioned, so an exploratory analysis of what factors the court has considered and how they have done so was constructed. The results show a wide ranging list of both aggravating and mitigating factors without providing a strict sentencing structure. These sentencing factors may set a standard for future international courts sentencing defendants for the most heinous of crimes.
Turkish Nationals and the Right to Study in the European Union: A Progressive Interpretation
Authors: Hoogenboom Alexander
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This contribution has as its main aim to analyse the rights that a Turkish national can derive from EU law, and in particular the Ankara Agreement acquis, with a view to engage in a course of study in one of the Member States of the European Union. In that regard, it is argued that a progressive interpretation of the applicable legal regime supportive of free movement of students is both necessary and warranted as (greater) student mobility may contribute to a closer relationship between the peoples of the (Member States of the) EU and Turkey as well as the realisation of mutual economic benefits. Coupled with the fact that the Ankara acquis allows for broad room of interpretation, this point of departure is used as a springboard and justification for reading an extensive set of rights into the acquis, including a right of entry and residence for study purposes, equal treatment with host Member States as regards access to education and under certain circumstances rights of access to the labour market and/or equal treatment as regards study grants.
Concepts of Time and European Citizenship
Authors: Mantu Sandra
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The right of EU citizens to enjoy full social rights in their host Member State is closely related to their engagement in the performance of economic activities, as either workers, self-employed or service providers. Since the adoption of Directive 2004/38, length of residence has become an additional criterion for entitlement, in the absence of economic engagements. This article examines the implications of economic readings of time for the strengthening of social rights of all migrant EU citizens and questions the extent to which work time remains the main frame of reference for the legal construction of EU citizens and their rights.
Improving the Recovery of Assets Resulting from Organised Crime
Authors: Cabana Patricia Faraldo
Published: February 2014

Over the last few years, the international community as well as States have committed themselves to improving mechanisms for preventing and repressing money-laundering and for confiscation, in particular in the context of organised crime. In spite of this standardising effort, in several national systems the level of application of the offence of money laundering by judges and courts is less than satisfactory. Existing legal mechanisms aimed at confiscating assets of criminal origin are not giving the expected results. The intended aim of this work is to put forward solutions to the practical challenges in order to help legal measures being effective in practice, taking into account the differences between national legal cultures. In order to define the topic, after an introduction to the difficulties of implementing international standards, the paper focuses in particular on overcoming internal obstacles, not on aspects relating to international cooperation.
Racist Crime Reported to the Police in Finland
Authors: Sahramäki I. , Niemi J. , Kääriäinen J.
Published: February 2014

It is estimated that one third of racist harassment incidents is reported in Finland. The percentage of all racist crimes reported to the police is presumably significantly lower. Even though crime reporting in general has been studied, there is fairly little research done on crime reporting of minorities. In this paper register-based data retrieved from the official Finnish police registers is compared with European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey. The variables examined are age and gender of the victim and relationship between the victim and offender. Based on the data available the impact of these characteristics to exposure of racist crimes is examined by comparing the main differences between Somali and Russian minorities. The results indicate that only small part of the racist incidents is reported to the police in both minority groups and that lower number of racist crimes is actually reported to the police than victims describe in the victimization survey.
Behind the Scenes: The Struggle of Political Groups for Influence as Reflected in Inscriptions
Authors: von Hinüber Oskar
Published: February 2014

The main topic is the attempt to trace activities of different religious groups, Hindus, and in particular Śaivas, on the one side, and Buddhists on the other, as reflected in specific wordings of inscriptions.
The Development of Śaivism in Koṭīvarṣa, North Bengal, with Special Reference to the Koṭīvarṣa-Māhātmya in the Skandapurāṇa
Authors: Yokochi Yuko
Published: February 2014

Koṭīvarṣa/Koṭivarṣa, alias Devīkoṭa and Śoṇitapura, in North Bengal is known to be one of the early centres of Tantric Śaivism. In this paper, the history of Śaivism at the site up to the twelfth century will be examined, using textual, archaeological and epigraphical sources, of which the two recensions of the Skandapurāṇa are the main material. The study reveals a strong local tradition of goddess worship throughout the period. The site was subsumed under Śaivism possibly by the fourth century; thereafter, diverse streams of Tantric Śaivism—goddess-oriented followers of the Yāmala scriptures and the orthodox Saiddhāntikas—took hold there in different periods and interacted with the local tradition of goddess worship.
The New Companies Law in Kuwait: A Brief Overview
Authors: Madi Ramzi
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article provides a brief overview of the new Companies Law in Kuwait, Decree Law No. 25 for 2012. The author will compare this Law, when necessary, with the previous Law and wishes to state his preference for the provisions of the new Law.
The Debate about methodus medendi during the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century in England
Authors: Crignon Claire
Published: February 2014

Following a recent trend in the field of the history of philosophy and medicine, this paper stresses the necessity of recognizing empiricism’s patent indebtedness to the sciences of the body. While the tribute paid to the Hippocratic method of observation in the work of Thomas Sydenham is well known, it seems necessary to take into account a trend more critical of ancient medicine developed by followers of chemical medicine who considered the doctrine of elements and humours to be a typical example of the idols that hinder the improvement of medical knowledge and defend the necessity of experimentation (comparative anatomy, dissection, autopsy, chemical analysis of bodies). In light of the fact that modern discoveries (blood circulation, the lymphatic system, theory of fevers) resulted in a “new frame of human nature,” they developed a critical reading of ancient empiricism. As a consequence, we can distinguish between two distinct anti-speculative traditions in the genesis of philosophical empiricism. The first (which includes Bacon, Boyle and Willis) recommends an active investigation into nature and refers to the figure of Democritus, the ancient philosopher who devoted himself to the dissection of beasts. Defenders of this first tradition refuse point-blank to be called ‘empiricists’, a label which had a very negative meaning during the seventeenth century, when it was used to dismiss charlatans and quacks. The other tradition (including Sydenham and Locke), stressing as it does the role of description and observation, is more sceptical of the ability of dissection or anatomy to give us access to causes of diseases. This later tradition comes closer to the definition of ancient empiricism and to the figure of Hippocrates.
Hospitality and Indonesian Migrant Workers
Authors: Sihombing Batara
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The custom of hospitality has been widely practiced by people since ancient times and is regarded as a sign of a civilized people. The Bible, and other ancient writings, record how hospitality was extended to strangers; that is, to people who were dislocated, displaced and alienated. Hospitality entails kind and generous treatment towards strangers allowing them to feel part of society, or the family. Currently, there are millions of Indonesian economic migrants employed overseas as domestic workers. These maids often face terrible abuse including cruelty, rape, little or no salary, even torture and death. Treatment of overseas domestic workers contrasts sharply with the welcoming hospitality of biblical times. This paper argues that an application of the biblical word in this area would create a more human working environment for the overseas domestic workers, extending God’s love to those in a desperate situation.
Migrants as Missionaries: The Case of Priscilla and Aquila
Authors: vanThanh Nguyen
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This paper argues that early Christian migration movements, whether stimulated by mission or caused by persecution, were historically a prime factor in the expansion of the Good News of Jesus Christ. The case of Priscilla and Aquila will demonstrate that migration and mission were closely connected. This Judean, Christ-believing couple, was constantly on the move for the cause of the gospel. They first settled in Rome, then were forced to migrate to Corinth because of the Edict of Claudius in 49 CE, relocated in Ephesus for the purpose of evangelization, and finally returned to Rome after Claudius’ death in 54 CE. Having experienced the trauma and travail of displacement, uprootedness, and continual migration, they knew the importance of being welcomed and providing hospitality to strangers. Consequently, an examination of this model immigrant couple can inspire every Christian who is on the move to become a potential missionary.
Homemade Mission, Universal Civilization: Friedrich Schleiermacher’s Theology of Mission
Authors: Zorgdrager Heleen E.
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Though it is generally acknowledged that Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1836) was the first to put mission studies in the curriculum of theology, the contents of his theology of mission are not very well known. This article offers a careful reconstruction of his mission theology based on a gender-critical and postcolonial reading of the main sources, in particular Christian Ethics. Schleiermacher made a case for a family-based type of mission, closely linking mission activity to religious education. He favored an organic and grassroots approach to mission. By highlighting his upbringing in the Moravian mission-oriented community and by analyzing his reluctance to morally justify modern foreign missions, the author replies to recently voiced criticisms that Schleiermacher’s theology takes a colonialist stance and contributes to the export of a “cult of female domesticity”. His views on the superiority of Christian religion can be counterbalanced and modified by his actual theology of the missional encounter. The article proposes to retrospectively regard Schleiermacher as one of the first theologians who convincingly expressed the notion of a missional church which is as inclusive as possible.
The Halvori Vank‘: An Armenian Monastery and a Zaza Sanctuary
Authors: Arakelova Victoria , Grigorian Kristine
Published: February 2014

The Halvori Vank‘, Armenian Surb Karapet (St. John the Precursor) Monastery in Dersim, has for centuries remained one of the most revered holy sites both for the Armenians and the neighbouring Zazas. The article is an attempt to generalise the information on the Halvori Vank‘, culled from historical sources, including those unknown to wider academic audience—traveller accounts and descriptions by local Armenian intellectuals.
Armeno-Iranian Structural Interaction: The Case of Parthian wxd, Armenian ink‘n
Authors: Meyer Robin
Published: February 2014

While Armenian is not a member of the Iranian language family, its lexicon is replete with borrowings from esp. Parthian. This paper ventures to show that borrowing is not restricted to lexical items alone, but extends to the realm of syntax as well. This will be demonstrated by means of a corpus based investigation of the usage of Middle Persian xwd, Parthian wxd and its functional counterpart, Armenian ink‘n; furthermore, parallels regarding the expression of reflexivity in both language groups are addressed. The tripartite function of the respective pronouns as intensifier, discourse anaphora and clause level anaphora are the result of extended language contact between Armenian and Western Middle Iranian.
Imagining Acupuncture: Images and the Early Westernization of Asian Medical Expertise
Authors: Bivins Roberta
Published: February 2014

Abstract

While an increasing number of studies have now examined the textual transmission of medical knowledge from one culture to another, less work has been done on the role and impact of medical images and image-making in knowledge transmission and reception. Here, drawing on the example of acupuncture, I assess the ‘translation’ of images, their adaptation in response to the visual norms and medical politics of the receiving culture, and their enduring effects on early responses to Chinese medical expertise and practices in Europe.
Hear Then No More Parables: The Case against ‘Parable’
Authors: Kelley Shawn
Published: February 2014

Scandalous racial ideas are woven into the very fabric of some of the most cherished concepts of modern biblical scholarship. In his book Racializing Jesus, Shawn Kelley argues that race plays an essential role in the construction of a dizzying amount of cherished scholarly categories. Central to his argument is the claim that the category of parable is decidedly problematic because it emerges from, and is rendered coherent by, some of the most toxic elements of modern racialized ideology. Parable scholarship has long drawn its fundamental interpretive ideas from specific, modern views concerning the nature and power of symbolic and metaphoric language. Unfortunately these categories have a long and rather unseemly history, and they derive their power from this history. Behind the moving language of art, freedom and higher consciousness lurk the less appealing world of nationalism, race and ethnic purity. Escaping the later almost certainly means, at least for a time, learning to live without the former. This means that New Testament scholars and historical Jesus scholars would do well to put aside the category of parable. Parable scholarship envisions the powerful words forcing the hearer to make a stark choice, but perhaps the choice belongs instead to the biblical scholars: embrace these aesthetic categories along with their deeply troubling ideological baggage, or give up on the scholarly category of parable in its entirety.
Lamech’s Change of Mind: The Hellenistic Philosophy behind the Use of שנא in the Genesis Apocryphon and the Book of Daniel
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: February 2014

This article seeks to establish that the ‘strong’ meaning of the verbal forms derived from שנא in the Genesis Apocryphon and the book of Daniel is of a dramatic, even violent, change; when used to denote a ‘change’ in mind or countenance, this refers to mental anguish, and so opens up a hitherto overlooked connection between this Jewish literature and the Hellenistic science of physiognomy. The semantic input of this Hellenistic context is important for a better understanding of the range of this Aramaic lexeme, and of the other lexeme employed to denote a ‘change’ by these two early Jewish texts, חלף. Thus this article will attempt to demonstrate the importance of the wider cultural context in which lexemes articulate their meaning.
The Practice of Prophetic Imagination: A Response to Walter Brueggemann
Authors: Shelton James B.
Published: February 2014

In The Practice of the Prophetic Imagination, Walter Brueggemann presents the case and guidelines for proclaiming the message of the Hebrew prophets in contemporary situations. He critiques defective epistemologies that shout down the voice of God such as those subscribing to an ‘irrelevant transcendence or a cozy immanence’. For Brueggemann, the prophets address two major realms: royal presumption and Canaanite religion and culture. He addresses contemporary issues that call for critique in contemporary preaching.
Spiritual Gifts and Spiritual Formation in 1 Corinthians and Ephesians
Authors: Turner Max
Published: February 2014

This article seeks to define ‘spiritual formation’ as it would be understood by the apostle, and to relate that concept to his teaching on spiritual gifts, with particular reference to 1 Corinthians and Ephesians. It argues that in Ephesians spiritual gifts of wisdom and revelation build the ‘body’ towards the goal of cosmic re-unification in Christ, by deepening corporate grasp of the central mystery of the gospel.
Rethinking Luke’s Purpose: The Effect of First-Century Social Conflict
Authors: Hedlun Randy J.
Published: February 2014

This article addresses the issue of Luke’s authorial purpose for the composition of the Luke-Acts literature. Observing that existing theories are inadequate in that they fail to provide a comprehensive cohesive program for the literature’s content and are anachronistically complex, the article suggests an authorial purpose paradigm natural to the early Jesus movement’s status as a newly emerging society. Through application of Berger and Luckmann’s sociology of knowledge models, this article argues that reading Luke-Acts as the author’s legitimation of the Jesus movement’s social world is a valid, even preferred reading of the literature. By tracing key elements in the development of Luke’s legitimation conceptual machinery, the social conflict background is established–further indicating that it is the social conflicts that motivated the document’s writing and organized its content. This article lays a foundation for Luke’s legitimating strategy, which was in response to a purity conflict theme. It is argued that this was Luke’s primary purpose for writing Luke-Acts.
Martyn Lloyd-Jones’s Influence on Pentecostalism and Neo-Pentecostalism in the UK
Authors: Kay William K.
Published: February 2014

Martyn Lloyd-Jones (1899-1981), by common consent one of the foremost preachers of the 20th century, led evangelical opinion in the UK in the post-war years. His relationship with the Pentecostal-charismatic movement is a matter of debate since anti-charismatic opinion prefers to see in him purely as a representative of traditional Reformed theology. This article argues that his relationship with experiential Christianity led him to accept a position on the work of the Holy Spirit that was close to that of classical Pentecostalism.
Les mires méridiennes lointaines de l’Observatoire de Lyon : Recherches bibliographiques, archivistiques et archéologiques
Authors: Pécontal Emmanuel
Published: February 2014

The first argument set out in 1877 by the Parisian astronomer Charles André, founder of the Observatoire de Lyon, to justify the establishment of an astronomical institute in Saint-Genis-Laval was the fact that it offered the opportunity to install remote marks along its meridian. André had used this argument three years before to reject another site selected by a local committee. However, at that time remote meridian marks had been abandoned by most astronomers in favour of close ones. We have conducted field research to discover the remains of these marks, as well as to seek evidence – both in the literature and in archives – of their use. This investigation shows that the argument for remote marks was in fact driven by geodetic considerations. The choice of Saint-Genis-Laval was actually made by geodesists of the Dépôt Général de la Guerre and its director, François Perrier, who wanted to institute new observatories in Province as key points in the primary geodetic network of France.
Newer Testaments? Tradition, Culture and the Expansion of ‘Scripture’ in Contemporary Africa
Authors: James Rob
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Scripture is a text designated to bear transcendent meaning. The text thus designated mediates the Transcendent Other for the believer. Since very early in the history of the Church, the Bible has fulfilled this role in Christianity. Now, there are indications that other texts, especially folklore, may begin to be used in a similar way to how the Bible is used. This paper explores such suggestions by seeing how they apply in the thought of various contemporary African theologians. Other texts and traditions do indeed seem to hold a similar status and there is one explicit call for traditional stories to be thought of as a ‘second canon.’ In the end, it seems unlikely we can use the term ‘scripture’ to describe these texts, although they are often used as such, or to mediate the transcendent in place of the Bible’s mediation.
“The One Who Calls in Grace”: Paul’s Rhetorical and Theological Identification with the Galatians
Authors: McFarland Orrey
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article explores an important link Paul makes between himself and the Galatians in Galatians 1: the connection between God’s calling the Galatians “in grace” (1:6) and the calling of Paul “through grace” (1:15). By describing his calling in the same language as the Galatians’, Paul presents himself, together with the Galatians, as one who has received grace in Christ: calling here designates foremost an act of divine creation in the Christ-event and only secondly a commissioning to a particular vocation. Paul’s and the Galatians’ stories thus become intertwined and mutually explicable as instantiations of the gospel Paul received. Accordingly, this rhetorical and theological identification with the Galatians more fully establishes how chapters 1-2 relate to 3-6: Paul’s autobiographical testimony of an unworthy Apostle who now preaches the gospel of God’s grace in Christ to his unworthy churches cannot be disentangled from his exposition and exegetical defense of that gospel.
Examination Report: The Polychromy of the Arch of Titus Menorah Relief
Authors: Piening Heinrich
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Between June 5 and 7, 2012, the menorah relief of the Arch of Titus in Rome was subjected to UV-VIS spectrometry analysis by the Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project. This technical report details the methods by which UV-VIS-spectrometry of the menorah relief revealed traces of yellow ochre as a paint layer applied directly to the stone surface of a menorah arm and the front of the menorah base.

UV-VIS spectrometry is a non-destructive technique used to identify colorants. The surface to be examined is briefly illuminated by white light. From the reflected light this produces, the portion of white light that has been absorbed by the surface is calculated. The absorbed spectra are then compared with those in a special data library comprising about six thousand spectra of different art objects. Analysis of this data, and the characteristics of the spectra, show that the yellow pigment must have been cleaned and prepared thoroughly before use, and that it was applied as a first coat. Together this suggests that the menorah was originally painted yellow.
Science and “Race” In Solomon Yudovin’s Photographic Documentation of Russian Jewry, 1912–1914
Authors: Morris-Reich Amos
Published: February 2014

Abstract

From the perspective of Central European developments in scientific photography, this article studies the photographs taken by Solomon Yudovin as part of S. An-sky’s ethnographic expedition to the Pale of Settlement between 1912 and 1914. The first part of the article argues that the scientific goals of the expedition demanded the introduction of photography less out of an inherent interest in the medium than out of the desire to employ advanced scientific techniques. The second part identifies various strains of scientific photography in Yudovin’s photographic practice. It shows that his photographs encompass both of what later came to be contrasted as racial photography and social documentation. Employing a comparative approach, and touching particularly on questions of Jewish visibility at the time and after the Holocaust, the third part of the article points to the specificity of photography as an indexical medium in this history.
Today Is Already Yesterday: The Glossa XX1 Architectural Project For The Italian Memorial In Block 21 At Auschwitz
Authors: Maestri Gregorio Carboni
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The architect of the proposed Glossa XX1 Architectural Project for the Italian Memorial in Block 21 at Auschwitz presents and elucidates the restorations it involves and its response to criticisms made by the director of the Auschwitz Museum.
The British Media, the Veil and the Limits of Freedom
Authors: Williamson Milly
Published: February 2014

The media in Britain have presented ‘immigration’ as the most significant crisis facing the country; they consistently present migrants, asylum seekers, etc. as a burden on national resources, and increasingly, as a security threat. Muslims in particular have been targeted, and have been presented as an alien ‘other’ who refuse to ‘integrate’ into the British ‘way of life’, and indeed who threaten it. This paper argues that, in this framework, the veil has become an iconic symbol of cultural difference, a sign of the perceived failures of multiculturalism and the ‘problem’ of tolerance. The context that shapes the ‘debate’ on the veil is the neoliberal restructuring of the British economy and welfare state; the consequences of this restructuring and its impact on the quality of public services are explained in cultural terms by reference to the intrusion of an alien culture (Islam). In order to ‘protect’ British ‘culture’, the state relies on the anti-Muslim sentiments whipped up in the media to push through a rash of anti-terror legislation that not only discriminates against the Muslim population of Britain, but curtails the very freedoms that it purports to protect.
The Problem of Meritefnut: A “God’s Wife” During the 25th–26th Dynasties
Authors: Pope Jeremy
Published: February 2014

Abstract

At the beginning of the 20th century, a socle and hinge both inscribed for the “God’s Wife Meritefnut” appeared on the antiquities market in Upper Egypt. The inscription upon the hinge affiliated Meritefnut with three additional names from the era of Kushite rule: Shepenwepet, Pi(ankh)y, and Amenirdis. For more than a century, the woman dubbed by Kenneth Kitchen as “the mysterious Meryt-Tefnut” has remained unidentified, and the problems that she presents have never received more than a few sentences of discussion in the published literature to date. Yet the state of the evidence does not warrant resignation. Prosopographical analysis yields only five possible explanations for Meritefnut’s identity, and one of these explanations is considerably more tenable than the others. Moreover, every one of the available explanations challenges at least one widely-held assumption about the official protocol of the God’s Wife of Amun.
Afghanistan 2014: Shadows over Central Asia?
Authors: Halbach Uwe
Published: February 2014

How will the withdrawal of ISAF forces from Afghanistan in 2014 affect the states of Central Asia and other parties with interests in the region? What will the effect be on economic interests (the “New Silk Road”) and will risks such as drug trafficking and cross-border terrorism increase? This paper considers these questions with specific reference to the Afghanistan policies of the Central Asian states.
History, Theology and Tolerance: Grotius and his English Contemporaries
Authors: Dunthorne Hugh
Published: February 2014

Drawing on letters of Grotius and his English hosts as well as on work of modern scholars, the first part of this article considers the origins, conduct and outcome of Grotius’s mission to England in April and May 1613. Ostensibly part of a trade delegation, his real purpose was to win the support of King James I and senior English churchmen for the policy of Oldenbarnevelt and the States of Holland in the worsening religious and political conflict of the United Provinces; and his failure to achieve this purpose was one factor which led to the writing of the treatise Ordinum Pietas soon after his return to the Netherlands. In the short term, Grotius’s treatise was no more successful in winning English support than his diplomacy had been. But in the longer term, as the second part of this article seeks to show, its impact was more positive. The arguments for tolerance put forward in Ordinum Pietas were reinforced in later works of Grotius: in his Verantwoordingh (1622) and in De veritate religionis Christianae (1627), the most accessible, popular and widely-translated of all his writings. And these works, together with the emergence of a more tolerant policy in the Netherlands from the years around 1630, left their mark on Britain. They resonated in English writings on toleration, from the pamphlets of Henry Robinson and Richard Overton in the 1640s to Locke’s Letter on Toleration of 1689. In doing so, they contributed not only to the growth of more liberal religious attitudes in Britain but also to the measures which enshrined those attitudes in law, the toleration acts of 1650, 1689 and 1695.
Common Cause: Public Health and Bacteriology in Germany, 1870–1895
Authors: Hardy Anne I. , Hardy Anne I. , Hård Mikael
Published: February 2014

The concept of appropriation has been applied in various contexts to investigate how different groups in society approach new scientific facts and technical artifacts in an active and creative manner. In this article we introduce the concept of “mutual appropriation” to describe the circulation of knowledge between scientific communities, in this case public health doctors and bacteriologists. In much the same way as Bruno Latour has shown for the French Pasteuriens, the German bacteriologists around Robert Koch adapted their research agenda to the interests of the Hygieniker. Conversely, most members of the public health movement appropriated bacteriological arguments and integrated them in multifactorial etiologies, thus modifying existing theories. Despite cognitive differences, the collaboration was guided by a sense of a common cause that was reinforced by a feeling of urgency due to the 1892 cholera epidemic in Hamburg.
The Transfer of Medical Charlatanism to Eighteenth-Century Russia
Authors: Renner Andreas
Published: February 2014

This article examines one case study of medical charlatanism from eighteenth-century Russia in its political, social, and ideological dimensions. Quackery is seen as a by-product of “westernization”—the counterpart to European-style medicine institutionalized from above. The legal notion of charlatanism remained irrelevant for the majority of the population, but it was pivotal for the professional identity of physicians. The struggle against charlatanism was a symbolic struggle that confirmed the precedence of official physicians concerning all questions of health and disease. Though the government never meant—and lacked the means—to repress other healers, a binary medical culture was evolving.
Health Care, the Circulation of Medical Knowledge, and Research in the Soviet Gulag in the 1930s
Authors: Ermolaeva Oxana
Published: February 2014

This article aims at a historical analysis of medical culture, health care services, and medical research in the GULAG. After presenting a brief history of the GULAG medical service, the study focuses on the specific features and factors surrounding medical knowledge production, implementation, and circulation. The article also investigates medical research conducted within the GULAG, touching upon the situation in which it emerged and the ways it was carried out. It argues that due to several factors, which will be discussed in detail, the GULAG health care proved internally deficient and failed to fulfill its main task, namely the preservation of the health of the prisoners. The circulation of medical knowledge in the GULAG had unique features, which are all explained by the specific character of the semi-military regime of this penitentiary institution, veiled in secrecy, and the severe underfinancing of the medical service. Medical research, conducted in the Soviet GULAG in conditions of professional isolation, nevertheless contributed to the development of medical science in the Soviet Union, especially the diagnostics and treatment of specific diseases caused by malnutrition in extreme climatic conditions.
HISTORICAL REGIONS BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION AND PERCEPTION: VIEWING FRANCE AND POLAND IN THE LATE-EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY-NINETEENTH CENTURIES
Authors: Struck Bernhard
Published: February 2014

This essay tackles the problem of spatial imaginations, representations, and "mental maps." Its main point of reference is Larry Wolff's thesis that the division of Europe into an Eastern - backward and uncivilized - part, on the one hand, and a Western - modem and civilized - part, on the other, can be traced back to the late-eighteenth century. In the Enlightenment, according to Wolff, philosophers, writers, and above all travelers created this normative and value laden inner-European dichotomy. From the perspective of German travelogues on Poland and France published between roughly 1750 and 1850, Europe and its inner division appears in a completely different light. The perceptions, for instance, of travel infrastructure, rural life, and small provincial towns are widely identical. From the perspective of a bourgeois, educated, mostly Protestant traveier, originating from an urban background, the main dichotomy around 1800 was not the division between Eastern and Western Europe. The cleavages followed the division between urban and rural culture, bourgeois and peasant milieu, or between denominations, such as Protestantism and Catholicism.
INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS AND GEOPOLITICAL REGIONALIZATION: THE CASE OF THE EAST EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: Brnardić Teodora Shek
Published: February 2014

Although Western scholarship in the 1980s and 1990s tended to argue for the disunity of the Enlightenment movement, the so-called "East European Enlightenment" is still mostly taken as a unitary phenomenon. My aim is to describe the state of art of a virtually non-existent historical discipline - "East European Enlightenment studies" - and to reconstruct the intellectual roots of its marginalization. In addition, methodological complements to the macroregionalist approach will be offered by using the concept of the "Venturian Enlightenment" with the example of the Enlightenment in Bohemia and by suggesting some new research topics.
A Failed Environmental Turn? Khrushchev’s Thaw and Nature Protection in Soviet Russia
Authors: Coumel Laurent
Published: February 2014

This article aims to identify a “Thaw” in Soviet environmental history. Focusing on the attempts from some actors, above all writers and scholars of the Academy of Sciences to promote an ambitious law at the all-Union level in the second half of the 1950s, it uses new evidences from the central Russian archives to show the existence of an offensive by activists and experts in this field, but also their failure to obtain the creation of a unified state committee of ministerial rank. If the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature (VOOP) was sidelined in this battle, the 1960 Law on Nature Protection was significant for its members. It cited the VOOP as the main organ of control in the environmental field, and created an opportunity for new “social organizations” to emerge in the country: the Brigades for Nature Protection (DOP), the first of which was created at Moscow State University.
A Belated and Tragic Ecological Revolution: Nature, Disasters, and Green Activists in the Soviet Union and the Post-Soviet States, 1960s-2010s
Authors: Coumel Laurent , Elie Marc
Published: February 2014

In the late Soviet period, environmental issues gained an unprecedented media resonance and dramatic socio-political importance. The “Ecological Revolution” took a tragic turn in the Soviet Union, against the background of high-impact industrial and natural disasters. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station (Ukraine, 1986) and in a context of increased free-speech, Soviet citizens seized on new and old, covered up or forgotten environmental issues and demanded that a hesitant government put them on the political agenda. In a mixture of media revelations, mass demonstrations, and intense voluntary-sector activity, environmental issues of local, national and global significance ranked high among the main preoccupations of the Soviet population. In this introduction to a special issue of SPSR on the environmental history of the late Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia, we explore new avenues of understanding the upsurge of ecological perestroika from the 1960s to the 2010s.
The End of Grassroots Ecology: Political Competition and the Fate of Ecology during Perestroika, 1988-1991
Authors: Sigman Carole
Published: February 2014

This article deals with the Moscow ecological groups which appeared during perestroika, like many other “informal” political clubs whose specificity was to be independent from, but tolerated by, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). It focuses on the effects the 1989 electoral campaign for the USSR Congress of People’s Deputies had on their evolution. The ecological issue had stirred people into action and had been more and more present on the political agenda since 1986. However it almost vanished as a significant political stake and as a nascent grassroots movement in these first contested elections, at least in Moscow. The very configuration of political interplay during this campaign incited the informal clubs and the “radical” CPSU reformers they were supporting to relegate to the background the ecological issue. Henceforth, ecological groups were confined in the margins of the political space.
Miki Takeo’s Initiative on the Korean Question and U.S.-Japanese Diplomacy, 1974-1976
Authors: Kim Seung-young
Published: February 2014

In the mid-1970s, Japanese Prime Minister Miki Takeo actively promoted mediation diplomacy and passionately worked for a solution to the Korean question through great power guarantees from the United States and China. He sent his intermediary to Pyongyang and advocated dialogue between the United States and North Korea as well as between South and North Korea. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, however, worried that Miki’s initiative could destabilize the favorable equilibrium for the United States and South Korea by either isolating the South Koreans or making them seem American puppets. Particularly, after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975, Washington remained receptive to South Korea, which worried that Japanese support would strengthen North Korea. The Chinese, while supporting Pyongyang’s diplomatic stance, also remained reluctant to join any bold diplomatic initiative. Miki made little significant progress apart from several rounds of frank exchange of views with American leaders. Still, these discussions between American and Japanese leaders demonstrate the nature and persistence of Japan’s concerns on the Korean question.
Participatory Filmmaking Among Contemporary Shugendō Practitioners: Representing an Esoteric Tradition in an Accessible Documentary Film
Authors: McGuire Mark Patrick
Published: February 2014

From the late 1970s rising interrelated interests in Japanese mountain asceticism, Esoteric Buddhism and “New Age” spirituality and healing were spurred by oil shocks and concerns about the fragility of human and ecological health during a time of unprecedented economic prosperity. When the bubble economy burst in the 1990s, certain individuals shifted focus to inner rather than outer wealth and to greater quality of life over income. They found a growing body of print, audio-visual and on-line media produced by charismatic Shugendō priests Tanaka Riten and Tateishi Kōshō, who condensed and abbreviated traditional ascetic mountain initiation rituals of Shugendō (literally “The Way of Acquiring Power”). They adapted these practices to suit the needs and work schedules of busy urban lay participants. In 2007 filmmaker Jean-Marc Abela and I traveled to Yoshino and Shingu (south of Kyoto) to create a participatory documentary film, Shugendō Now. By disseminating research about the experiences of Shugendō priests and lay practitioners in an accessible documentary and Ph.D. thesis, we have sought to contribute to a new understanding of how a mountain ascetic tradition is being creatively reinvented in the 21st Century. Bringing a camera and professional filmmaker into the field and seeking direction and feedback from research co-participants enabled unanticipated discoveries and my most productive and collaborative fieldwork experiences to date.
“The Elks Are Our Horses”: Animals and Domestication in the New France Borderlands
Authors: Breen Benjamin
Published: February 2014

Historians have long overlooked the role played by animals in cross-cultural interactions in the American borderlands. Yet domesticated animals - and the social practices that accompanied them - were central both to the ‘civilizing mission’ of colonizers and to indigenous American resistance. This paper examines these themes within the context of the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi region between 1670 and 1730. Drawing evidence from Algonquian and Iroquoian languages and cultural practices as well as from the accounts of French missionaries and voyageurs, I show that the indigenous peoples of the Pays d’en Haut rejected the positive connotations that domestication held for Europeans, and instead equated domestication with enslavement. The resulting conflicts between conceptions of nature, ownership and tameness had an enduring influence on European-Indian relations. Although this study examines specific patterns of interaction on the New French frontier, it also raises broad questions relating to environmental history and European-indigenous interactions throughout the New World.
Proximization Theory and Critical Discourse Studies: A Promising Connection?
Authors: Cap Piotr
Published: February 2014

The goal of this paper is to show how proximization theory, a recent cognitive-pragmatic model of crisis and threat construction, can be applied in Critical Discourse Studies (CDS). It is argued that the rapidly growing, intergeneric field of CDS is in need of new, interdisciplinary methodologies that will allow it to account for an increasingly broader spectrum of discourses, genres and thematic domains. Thus, proximization theory is used as a candidate methodological tool to handle three sample discourses—health, environment, modern technology—with a view to further applications. The results seem promising: the theory elucidates well the key features of public discourses within the CDS scope, for instance legitimization patterns in policy communication. Equally promising seem the prospects for proximization theory itself to continue to draw empirically from the expanding CDS territory.