bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsuccessful Vitrectomy Without Gas Tamponade for Macular Retinal Detachment and Retinoschisis Without Optic Disc Pit
Authors: Hotta Kazuki
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The mechanism of subretinal fluid accumulation in optic disc pit maculopathy is unknown. A 67-year-old Japanese woman complaining of blurred vision in her right eye presented with a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography examination showed maculopathy typically associated with optic disc pits, except that the patient had no optic disc pit. Long-acting gas tamponade was required to achieve reattachment of the retina and retinoschisis after initial failure of surgery using surgically induced vitreous detachment without either fluid-air exchange or gas injection. Vitreous traction may not have played a major role in introducing fluid into the submacular space in this case. Gas tamponade may be indispensable to achieve surgical success. This may also pertain to some cases of optic nerve pits. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:328-331.]
A Simple and Rapid Method for Purification of Triamcinolone Acetonide Suspension for Intravitreal Injection
Authors: Hernaez-Ortega Maria C , Soto-Pedre Enrique
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Purification of triamcinolone acetonide suspension is important to avoid the potential toxic effects of the vehicle. The aim of this article is to describe a simple and rapid technique to remove the vehicle, instead of the long procedure described in the literature. Triamcinolone acetonide suspension was sedimented by density grathent centrifugation. In a few minutes, this new technique yielded a clear supernatant that was easily replaced by a nontoxic sterile solution. More prolonged procedures may not be convenient for unplanned treatments and may also contribute to a greater chance for contamination of the triamcinolone acetonide suspension. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:350-351.]
Successful Treatment of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Secondary to Globe Perforation During Peribulbar Injection in a Case of Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Authors: Sheu Shwu-Jiuan , Hsiao Ya-Chuan
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment followed peribulbar injection in a patient with preexisting sympathetic ophthalmia. Inadvertent globe perforation resulted in subsequent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Scierai buckling and pars plana vitrectomy reattached the retina. The histopathology of the subretinal fibrotic tissue confirmed the diagnosis. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:426-428.]
In Vivo Laser and White-Light Confocal Microscopic Findings of Human Conjunctiva
Authors: Kobayashi Akira , Yoshita Tsuyoshi , Sugiyama Kazuhisa
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To report in vivo laser and white-light confocal microscopic findings of human conjunctiva to investigate the potential application of these confocal microscopes as diagnostic devices for normal and pathologic conjunctiva.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two healthy volunteers, 28- and 35-year-old men, participated in this study. The temporal bulbar conjunctiva, which was approximately 5 mm away from the limbus, was examined by in vivo laser and white-light confocal microscopic analysis.

* RESULTS: Using laser confocal microscopy, at least two different cell types could be distinguished in both subjects: conjunctival superficial epithelial cells and conjunctival basal epithelial cells. In contrast, conjunctival epithelial cells could not be visualized using white-light confocal microscopy.

* CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that laser confocal microscopy, but not white-light confocal microscopy, can be used to visualize in vivo human conjunctiva. Further investigations in a large number of normal subjects and in patients with conjunctival pathologies are required to fully evaluate the usefulness of this device in daily clinical ophthalmology.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:482-484.]
Common Neonatal Skin Lesions: Melanocytic Nevi, Pigment Alterations, and Nonmelanocytic Nevi
Authors: Habeshian Kaiane A. , Kirkorian A. Yasmine
Published: January 2019

Birthmarks are common in the healthy population and are generally harmless. Certain presentations, however, raise concern for associated syndromes or potential complications. It is important for pediatricians to be familiar with both harmless and potentially concerning birthmarks. This article discusses congenital melanocytic nevi, café-au-lait macules, hypomelanotic macules, nevus depigmentosus, nevus anemicus, epidermal nevi, and nevus sebaceous, including potential syndromes and complications.

[
Pediatr Ann.
2019;48(1):e23–e29.]
Dental Care and Trauma Management in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Khan Leah
Published: January 2019

Dental health in early childhood is a predictor for oral health as we age, and oral health is an important factor affecting overall health. For this reason, providing good guidance and early intervention is imperative to help set our patients up for success. To do this, providers must be familiar with dental anatomy and development, as well as recommendations for caries prevention, pacifier use, juice consumption, fluoride, and the establishment of a dental home. Aside from general oral health care, providers must also be able to provide guidance regarding dental trauma prevention and management. As health care providers are often the first point of contact after injury, they must be able to provide acute care and appropriate referral as necessary.

[
Pediatr Ann.
2019;48(1):e3–e8.]
Who's Your Family?: African American Caregivers of Older Adults With Dementia
Authors: Epps Fayron , Rose Karen M. , Lopez Ruth Palan
Published: January 2019

The nature and outcome of family caregiving is different for various racial and ethnic groups. The purpose of the current study was to use qualitative methods to examine and characterize family networks of African American family caregivers (
N
= 26) who provided care to family members with dementia (
N
= 18). Researchers used data generated from a parent study that addressed family involvement in health promotion activities for African American older adults with dementia. Data were analyzed using sociograms and thematic analysis. Three themes that characterized African American family caregiving networks were identified: (a)
Complexity
, (b)
Familism
, and (c)
Religiosity
. Findings suggest that narrowly defining family caregivers as a dyad of a caregiver and care recipient does not reflect how these family networks function. A better understanding of the complex functioning of these networks may help explain physical and psychological well-being outcomes for individuals with dementia and their family members.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2019; 12(1):20–26.]
First World War Memorials in Slovakia
Authors: Zimová Katarína
Published: January 2019

This survey focuses on Slovak cultural heritage and social memory, in particular First World War monuments in Slovakia. The description of historical circumstances provides a exemplary overview of memorials in Slovakia.
***
Članek se osredotoča na slovaško kulturno dediščino in družbeni spomin, zlasti na spomenike prve svetovne vojne na Slovaškem. Opisu zgodovinskih okoliščin sledi vzorčni pregled spomenikov na Slovaškem.
The forbidden opinion polls of the Spanish Transition. Access to public information and Digital History
Authors: Magallón-Rosa Raúl
Published: January 2019

The goal of this research is to analyse the role played by social media, the periodicals library and access to public information when revisiting collective memory on the Spanish Transition. The analysis is carried out based on an unpublished interview to Adolfo Suarez in 1995. During the interview, and off-the-record, former Spanish president Adolfo Suarez confessed to journalist Victoria Prego that the monarchy was not subjected to referendum because the opinion polls suggested they would lose. Those statements came to light 20 years later, after a special TV program broadcast by La Sexta Columna that turned Adolfo Suarez into a trending topic for several days.

Between 1955 and 1972 at least six opinion polls were carried out - perfectly documented and censored or silenced at the time - asking Spaniards about their preferences on the best government system for Spain.
Pervasive Learning and Technology Usage for Creativity Development in Education
Authors: Shubina Ivanna , Kulakli Atik
Published: January 2019

This paper’s aim is to investigate the role of creativity and pervasive learning in a modern education paradigm. The research was conducted by relevant literature review along with reflective analysis on sub-context such as creativity, educational development, pedagogical methods, important factors behind of creativity development and technology-learning systems affects. Various issues may become a supportive factor or barrier for creativity development in educational processes. Technology in an education field provides many opportunities for creativity enhancement, among which supports to enhance curiosity to develop some skills to improve student's cognitive processes and engagement as well as to increase intrinsic motivation, self-regulation. Authors attempted to consider all the benefits, challenges and risks related to enhancing creativity with the help of technology in modern educational paradigm. Many studies have been analyzed in order to answer main research question: How technology-pervasive learning environment can enhance stimulation and development of creativity among students?
The Development of In-Service Mathematics Teachers' Integration of ICT in a Community of Practice: Teaching-in-Context Theory
Authors: Baya'a Nimer F. , Daher Wajeeh M. , Anabousy Ahlam A.
Published: January 2019

The goal of the present research is to describe five lower-secondary in-service mathematics teachers' development of ICT (Information Communication Tech-nology) integration in their teaching as a result of mentoring pre-service teachers who practiced the integration of technology in their mathematics teaching. This is done through the combination of Schoenfeld's Teaching-in-Context theory and Goos' community of practice framework. To collect the research data, the re-searchers used semi-structured interviews with the in-service teachers at the be-ginning and end of the academic year. In addition, several observations of lessons taught by the in-service teachers with the assist of pre-service teachers were rec-orded towards the end of the intervention. The research findings indicate that the community of practice context can serve as an escalator that supports the decision of in-service mathematics teachers to integrate ICT in their mathematics teaching. However, these decisions were conditioned by taking care of the students' formal procedural mathematical knowledge.
Adaptive Learning Model Based on Ant Colony Algorithm
Authors: Li Rongxia
Published: January 2019

To better respond to people’s demands for multimedia learning, appropriate learn-ing paths should be offered based on their actual learning demands and different knowledge levels. Adaptive online learning model integrates and improves exist-ing learning frameworks to offer a set of knowledge paths that can cater to dif-fer7ent preferences, tastes, and knowledge levels of learners, no need for them to be aware of this. Based on the improved ant colony algorithm, an adaptive learn-ing system model that can satisfy learners’ demands is built herein with reference to the foraging approach of ants to traverse the paths, thereby to find the best learning path, while the classification method for some learning objects can de-termine the search parameters. This innovative approach proposed hereof can help improve learners' academic performance and learning efficiency.
Wireless Sensor Networks Suitable for Large-Scale Heterogeneous Networking
Authors: Wang Xi , Li Feifei
Published: January 2019

In order to optimize the network architecture, addressing mechanism, heterogeneous nodes and other functions of wireless sensor networks, this study begins with the issue of networking of large-scale heterogeneous networks. A layered distributed network architecture is proposed, which provides a powerful reference for the future architecture of wireless sensor networks. Based on this architecture, the resource addressing of the corresponding hierarchical network, and the scale and location deployment of heterogeneous nodes such as sink nodes are discussed separately, and corresponding strategies and algorithms are proposed. The research results show that the core idea of the addressing mechanism is data-centric, address-oriented addressing is transformed into service-oriented addressing. Therefore, the proposed LBA addressing algorithm is suitable for other hierarchically structured networks. In addition, although the sink node is taken as an example for research, it is also suitable for the deployment of other heterogeneous nodes such as sink nodes, relay nodes, and base stations. In summary, regardless of the number of nodes or the location of the deployment, energy-saving factors need to be considered. Energy-saving is also an indispensable technology in wireless sensor network technology.
Improvement of Hierarchical Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Yang Yinghui , Yang Qunting , Gao Tiegang
Published: January 2019

To prolong the life cycle of the network and increase the effective data transmission quantity of the network, several classic network layer routing algorithms are analyzed and they are implemented with programming language, which verifies their real advantages and disadvantages. In the model of ring networking, the optimal number of cluster heads in the annular region is deduced with the goal of minimizing the average energy consumption of cluster heads in each ring,and the formation mechanism of cluster heads is proposed for the purpose of preferentially using nodes with more residual energy as cluster heads.To further optimize energy consumption performance, a dynamic self-organizing multi-hop routing selection mode is proposed.Finally, the network simulation software is applied to construct the model based on ring network, and the optimization algorithm is adopted to obtain the flow chart of actual programming and some programming methods.The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves the ultimate optimization goal, which increases the number of effective monitoring data packets.
Exploration of Multi-Node Collaborative Image Acquisition and Compression Techniques for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
Authors: He Fangzhou
Published: January 2019

Aiming at saving energy and maximizing the network life cycle, the multi-node cooperative image acquisition and compression technology in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks(WMSNs) is studied deeply. The Minimum Energy Image Collection (MEIC) problem for multiple target domains in a certain period of time in the monitoring area is proposed, the integer linear programming for Minimum Energy Image Collection (MEIC) problem is described and proved to be NP complete; then combined with the features of image acquisition of camera node, the Local Camera Coordinative Energy-saving Strategy (LCCES) is proposed, and the performance of the Local Camera Coordinative Energy-saving Strategy (LCCES) is evaluated through a lot of simulation experiments; finally, the LBT-based Multi-node Cooperative Image Compression Scheme (LBT-MCIC) is proposed. The results show that this strategy can effectively reduce the number of active camera nodes in the process of image acquisition, thus reducing the energy consumption of image acquisition. At the same time, it also plays a role in balancing the energy consumption of camera nodes in the network, effectively solves the problem of high cost of common nodes in the image transmission scheme of two-hop cluster structure and has the characteristics of low computational complexity and high quality of reconstructed image.
Retrospection of a Maori Tutor Educator's Bi-Cultural Teaching Discourse in Te Wananga o Aotearoa (TWoA)
Authors: Ratima Terehia
Published: January 2019

This chapter attempts to explore the possibility of the application of Ako Wananga ontological discourse from the bi-cultural framework teaching perspective within Te Wananga o Aotearoa in Aotearoa New Zealand incorporating Te Tiriti o Waitangi/The Treaty of Waitangi as a partnership agreement between Mᾱori and non-Mᾱori. The author's teaching philosophy roots in the belief that effective learning can take place in a safe environment where the Kaiako (educator) and the tauira (student) are enabled to build a relationship that is meaningful.
Social Workers' Understanding of Bi-Culturalism and Its Cultural Differences in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Akhter Selina
Published: January 2019

The chapter attempts to review some conceptualizations developed in the literature around the topic cultural appropriateness and examines how culture interacts with child abuse and domestic violence situations of ethnic migrant community. Also, the chapter highlights specific cultural knowledge of ethnic migrant community that the practitioners from different cultures need to deal with in society. The uniqueness of New Zealand is that it takes into account the discourse of the Treaty of Waitangi, history, racism, colonization, Matauranga Maori, etc. while the major focus of the concept cultural sensitiveness developed in multicultural context is on the differences between Western and non-Western cultural values and the legacy of their cultural norms and socio-economic context.
Biculturalism in Social Work Practice
Authors: Martis Elias Paul
Published: January 2019

Social work education and practice has primarily been dominated by a medical model worldview. Traditional social work frameworks and medical models have focused on deficits or psychopathology and limited wellness to bio-psycho-social dimensions. In 2005, Te Wānanga o Aotearoa (TWOA) introduced a social work degree that incorporates Māori holistic models of well-being and practice. The degree was further developed into a four-year degree in 2016. This chapter looks at the contribution made by this bicultural social work degree to social work education and practice. This innovative and bold initiative by TWOA accords privilege to Māori and other indigenous bodies of knowledge and practice frameworks equal to those of western theories and frameworks. The bicultural degree argues that an indigenous approach to social work education and practice frameworks are not in competition or antithesis to western frameworks but are complementary and complete the helping process.
Modeling and Re-Evaluating Security in an Incremental Development of RBAC-Based Systems Using B Method
Authors: Al-Hadhrami Nasser Al-Mur
Published: January 2019

Incremental software development through the addition of new features and access rules potentially creates security flaws due to inconsistent access control models. Discovering such flaws in software architectures is commonly performed with formal techniques that allow the verification of the correctness of a system and its compliance with applicable policies. In this chapter, the authors propose the use of the B method to formally, and incrementally, design and evaluate the security of systems running under role-based access control (RBAC) policies. They use an electronic marking system (EMS) as a case study to demonstrate the iterative development of RBAC models and the role of the B language in exploring and re-evaluating the security of the system as well as addressing inconsistencies caused by incremental software development. Two formal approaches of model checking and proof obligations are used to verify the correctness of the RBAC specification.
Performing Security on Digital Images
Authors: Soualmi Abdallah , Laouamer Lamri , Alti Adel
Published: January 2019

In image watermarking, information is embedded in the original image for many reasons, such as ownership proofing, alteration detection, and/or fingerprinting, but it can also be used for real-time services such as e-payment, broadcast monitoring, and surveillance systems. For these, the data embedded must be extractable even if the image is manipulated intentionally or unintentionally. In contrast, robust techniques are the kind of watermarking that could assure the authenticity and protect the copyright. Many robust image watermarking approaches have been proposed in the last few years, and the purpose of this chapter is to provide a survey about recent relevant robust image watermarking methods existing in the literature.
The Dynamics of Social Media Marketing Content and Customer Retention
Authors: Willis Michelle
Published: January 2019

Social media platforms are the key tools to facilitate online engagement; however, to stimulate a discussion, the content published on the platforms is significant as it must appeal to different consumers. The quality of the content and platform type is key to successful engagement. Maintaining positive relationships with consumers is a vital activity for many brands in social media. Trust, satisfaction, fairness, and mutual dependency are key factors to retaining customers. Moreover, positive brand attitudes and higher purchase intentions were found to be linked to positive evaluations of companies' social media postings. To maintain value, firms use social media platforms that facilitate consumer-to-consumer as well as consumer-to-business engagement. Drawing from social influence theory, this chapter explores how social media marketing content (SMMC) impacts customer retention.
Exploring the Relationship Between Social Media and Social Influence
Authors: Usman Ali , Okafor Sebastian
Published: January 2019

Online behavioral tailoring has become an integral part of online marketing strategies. Contemporary marketers increasingly seek to create an influential environment on social media to empower online users to participate in online brand communities. By interacting in this way, online communities hosted by brands marketers can enhance the nature of the complex interactions that occur amongst those that participate. Such online interactions lead to three different types of social influence compliance, internalization, and identity, which develop the consumers' purchase intentions. This chapter explains how the social influence support the change in beliefs, attitude, and intentions of the online consumers in the user-generated social media networking sites (SNSs). Furthermore, it discusses the functional impact of such online social influence that enables companies to understand the perceptions and needs of online users making sense of how multiple levels of social influence phenomenon on social media impact on consumers purchase intentions.
Social Media, Online Brand Communities, and Customer Engagement in the Fashion Industry
Authors: Helal Guida
Published: January 2019

Fashion brands have shifted communication to social media as part of evolutionary modern-day marketing approaches to reaching consumers. Brands have adjusted to a vocal customer through back-and-forth interchange on social media platforms that have progressively facilitated for online brand communities. Social media brand communities serve to engage audiences in interactive settings that resonate with individual consumers across different levels. As brand awareness is augmented, brand impressions are conceived, brand-customer relationships are formed, and a sense of community is fostered around a brand, consumers exploit association to such social media brand communities in advancing social identity. The following chapter explores the impact of social media brand communities on Millennials in the fashion industry, while considering the social identity theory. The chapter focuses on theoretical and managerial implications. This chapter considers the influence social media brand communities and social identity may have on a fashion brand.
User-Generated Content and Consumer Brand Engagement
Authors: Naem Muhammad , Okafor Sebastian
Published: January 2019

Debates on the importance of user-generated content (UGC) and consumer brand engagement have increasingly gained attention amongst researchers, practitioners, marketing managers, and business leaders. UGC is a concept popularized in the 21st century with the advent and rise of Web 2.0 technology. Web 2.0 has gained recognition due to its novel features that include openness, participation, and the facilitation of the creation and sharing of content. It revolutionized interactions amongst people, and users are now able to share and create personalized content on the internet instead of merely using the content available. The primary objective of this chapter is to evaluate the influence of UGC on consumer brand engagement and discuss its impact on customers and organizational marketing practices.
Online Service Failure
Authors: Azemi Yllka , Ozuem Wilson
Published: January 2019

Digital media literature suggests that social media has eased the process of conceptualizing the customer, inclusive of their perception of fairness in the recovery provision. This is because individuals in social media reveal personal information and engage in online conversation and online communities. However, the inherited risk in social media such as the rapid spread of online negative word-of-mouth and the ease of switching behavior to other online providers no longer permits superficial understanding of customers' perception of failure-recovery experiences. Drawing on extant conceptual theories, the current chapter examines online failure and recovery strategies and argues that effective recovery strategies not only enhance the development of marketing communication programs but act as an effective tool for customer retention.
E-WOM
Authors: Güven Esra , Işık Özlem
Published: January 2019

Together with the internet, social networking sites provide the consumers and the companies with a new marketing channel. In these online platforms, people make groups and come together for specific purposes. This new vivid and productive environment attracts the consumers seeking for product information and the companies trying to be in close contact with the customers. So the traditional WOM (word of mouth) has gained a new momentum and transformed into a new form in this online environment, called e-WOM (electronic word of mouth). Setting out from this recent fact, the chapter aims to give a general review of word of mouth communication starting with the traditional word of mouth and then elaborating e-WOM. It tries to tell about what e-WOM is and how it functions in online environments. As well as the definitions and the explanations of e-WOM, the chapter also aims to give the underlying reasons and the related factors during the process of e-WOM communication, thus putting a general framework for the companies and brands about this new marketing communication.
The Challenges of Nation Branding in the Digital Age
Authors: Ciutad Mario , Jahankhani Hamid , O'Brien Jim
Published: January 2019

The concept of nation branding, the origins of the term, and how brand management is applied to obtain the expected results are investigated. Governments are driving nation branding projects, but some, like in the case of the Spanish project Marca España (ME), fail in detailing their objectives. Even when the objectives are weak, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of these projects. This is why some studies and indexes have been created. The indexes distinguish how a country ranks in various areas of study (economic, social, cultural, etc.), and the results are used to measure the efficiency of nation branding. Certain methodologies are used in this study together with various sets of data: from economic indicators and reputation indexes to the digital relevance of Spain.
Disruptive Technology in the Smartphones Industry
Authors: Appiah Dominic , Ozuem Wilson , Howell Kerry E.
Published: January 2019

The impact of identity on brand loyalty has taken precedence as an area of focus in recent marketing research. This has occurred in an era defined by technological revolution, which has created market disruptions, and there are implications for customer-brand relationships. Nonetheless, existing research has failed to acknowledge the impact of socio-psychological attributes and functional utility maximization. Knowledge that illuminates how firms can reposition themselves to sustain brand loyalty when disruptions occur in today's complex and globalized business environment is also required. The chapter presents an empirical investigation into the phenomenon of brand switching behavior among consumers in a specific competitive market, particularly in the smartphone industry. It explores how resistance could be built from an identity theory perspective, as emphasis has historically been placed on the functional utility of products at the expense of social meanings. This chapter provides consideration for market disruptions in the smartphone industry. It confirms that the literature does not capture other non-utilitarian factors such as socio-psychological benefits; hence, there are underlying factors that motivate consumers to continue buying brands they buy.
Diversity and Inclusion in the Academy
Authors: Swayze Susan , Jakeman Rick C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes how graduate students of color and lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) students define diversity and inclusion and describe their classroom experiences with diversity and inclusion. In semi-structured interviews with graduate students of color and students who self-identified as LGB, differing views of diversity and inclusion emerged—diversity was described numerically, while inclusion was discussed in terms of action. Further, graduate students of color described diversity based on visible signs of representation while LGB graduate students emphasized inclusion and the need for voice. This chapter concludes with recommendations that faculty members can enact to create more inclusive classroom environments in higher education.
Optimizing Learning Through Activities and Assessments
Authors: Inoue-Smith Yukiko
Published: January 2019

Developing an effective online learning environment requires course instructors to integrate technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge (TPACK) into teaching. Focusing on a TPACK-based design for a fully online course in qualitative research methods, this chapter provides a detailed description of developing an online course in three stages: (1) planning and designing a course, (2) preparing an effective course syllabus, and (3) developing activities and assessments. Rubrics as assessment tools are used extensively for grading competencies in the core assignments, addressing the issue of how best to evaluate learning outcomes based on the criterion referenced assessment. The chapter describes that learning activities and assessments are so closely intertwined that it is almost impossible to discuss one without discussing the other, as one seeks to optimize online learning. The description thus supports the principle of instructors who not only become facilitators of learning but also motivators for students in online courses.
Overview of Machine Learning Approaches for Wireless Communication
Authors: Ensari Tolga , Günay Melike , Nalçakan Yağız , Yildiz Eyyüp
Published: January 2019

Machine learning is one of the most popular research areas, and it is commonly used in wireless communications and networks. Security and fast communication are among of the key requirements for next generation wireless networks. Machine learning techniques are getting more important day-by-day since the types, amount, and structure of data is continuously changing. Recent developments in smart phones and other devices like drones, wearable devices, machines with sensors need reliable communication within internet of things (IoT) systems. For this purpose, artificial intelligence can increase the security and reliability and manage the data that is generated by the wireless systems. In this chapter, the authors investigate several machine learning techniques for wireless communications including deep learning, which represents a branch of artificial neural networks.
Machine Learning in Wireless Communication
Authors: Sharma Neha Vaishnavi , Yadav Narendra Singh
Published: January 2019

As the circumstances are changing, mankind has turned out to be more inclined to snappy and speedier correspondence and access to information. The correspondence happens in numerous structures (e.g., presently, this correspondence is all the more a virtual substance than a physical one). So as to keep up fast correspondence, the coming age will depend on exceptionally tried and true, canny and self-learning/self-modifying correspondence organizers. In this context, this chapter reviews the most important machine learning techniques with the direct applicability in wireless ad-hoc systems. A guide of machine learning methods and their relevance is also provided. Different applications of ad-hoc wireless networks are discussed in terms of energy-aware communications, optimal node deployment and localization, resource allocation, and scheduling.
Machine Learning-Based Subjective Quality Estimation for Video Streaming Over Wireless Networks
Authors: Ghosh Monalisa , Singhal Chetna
Published: January 2019

Video streaming services top the internet traffic surging forward a competitive environment to impart best quality of experience (QoE) to the users. The standard codecs utilized in video transmission systems eliminate the spatiotemporal redundancies in order to decrease the bandwidth requirement. This may adversely affect the perceptual quality of videos. To rate a video quality both subjective and objective parameters can be used. So, it is essential to construct frameworks which will measure integrity of video just like humans. This chapter focuses on application of machine learning to evaluate the QoE without requiring human efforts with higher accuracy of 86% and 91% employing the linear and support vector regression respectively. Machine learning model is developed to forecast the subjective quality of H.264 videos obtained after streaming through wireless networks from the subjective scores.
Adaptive Principal Component Analysis-Based Outliers Detection Through Neighborhood Voting in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Aleksandrova Ekaterina , Anagnostopoulos Christos
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces statistical learning methods and findings of a group decision-making algorithm in internet of things (IoT) and edge computing environments. The discussed methodology locally detects outliers in an on-line and adaptive mode. It is driven by three perspectives—opinion, confidence, and independence—and exploits the incremental principal component analysis using the power method for eigenvector and eigenvalue estimation and Knuth and Welford's online algorithms for variance estimation. The methodology is implemented and evaluated over real contextual data in a wireless network of environmental sensors from where appropriate conclusions are drawn about the capabilities and limitations of the proposed solution in IoT environments.
Drawing the Line Between the Good and the Bad Effects of Superheroes in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Muruti Rheinhold D. , Likando Gilbert , Taukeni Simon George
Published: January 2019

The effects of superheroes on school violence has not been given adequate attention in research even though superhero movies, games, and characters are becoming increasingly popular worldwide. In addition, very little has been known particularly on the role of superheroes toward building children's nonviolent character and personality. This chapter focuses on how the effects of superheroes contribute to the learning process by examining both positive and negative effects. The chapter concludes with recommendations that map out practical implications for learning in schools.
Developing a Culture of Nonviolence Through Cultural Humility Professional Development
Authors: Keiffer-Lewis Veronica
Published: January 2019

Nonviolence is a way of being, one we should begin building in early childhood. Early childhood development centers and schools can and should play a critical role in cultivating the spirit of nonviolence through curriculum, program design, parent-teacher interactions, peer-to-peer role modeling, and every interaction with children. Early childhood education (ECE) can play a pivotal role in supporting attributional development of both teachers and families in cultivating the spirit of nonviolence. This intrapersonal and interpersonal development is essential for the creation and sustainability of a culture of nonviolence in ECE programs. In this chapter, the author examines nonviolent attributes at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional level to create a culture of nonviolence from the inside out. Special attention is paid to the attribute of humility and how cultural humility principles and practices foster the skills of and commitment to nonviolence. Recommendations for promising practices and professional development are provided.
Russia
Authors: Kuznetsov Mikhail Yevgenievich , Zhuplev Anatoly V.
Published: January 2019

International economic developments are driven by two conflicting trends: globalization and localization with rising protectionism in many global regions and nations. Russian economy seems to be well globalized and integrated into the world economy. But it is still composed mostly of mineral fuels, oils, distillation products (48%), commodities (15%) with the sign of economic nationalism and state capitalism in the growing degree of direct and indirect state participation in the economy, rising from 35% in 2005 to approximately 70% in 2015. During the last 15 years the model of state capitalism, combined with a significant level of world integration, supported economic growth, development, and even rising competitiveness of Russia. On the other hand, the Russian economy is slowing down and balances between stagnation and recession, and a significant share of state-owned economy in the long run can lead to slowing down the internal competition and innovation.
Economic Nationalism and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Windsor Duane
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses conceptual relationships between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and a set of related phenomena typically labeled as economic nationalism, economic patriotism, economic protectionism, populism, and antiglobalization. The research question addressed is whether this set of related phenomena redefines or at least affects CSR in significant ways that practitioners and scholars should include in the conception of CSR and, if so, how theoretically. Such investigation is affected by two essential circumstances. First, CSR remains a topic of continuing theoretical controversy: specific “responsibility” of any business anywhere is not a resolved matter. Second, economic nationalism and related phenomena—which appear to be rising in importance—are opposed to the economic, political, and social globalization effects following the 1995 founding of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The chapter seeks to refine CSR for varying conditions as shaped by economic nationalism, economic patriotism, economic protectionism, populism, and antiglobalization.
An Overview of Analytics for the Design and Operation of Criminal Justice Systems
Authors: Bae Ki-Hwan G. , Evans Gerald W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter will provide, first, some basic information about criminal justice systems in the United States, including definitions, costs, and the need to view such systems from a systems perspective. Following this introduction, a review of the research involving the intersection of (1) analytical methodologies including simulation and (2) the design and operation of criminal justice systems will be given. The review will cover the areas of (1) prediction of crime, criminal detection, and arrest; (2) adjudication; (3) incarceration and rehabilitation; and (4) multi-aspects of criminal justice systems. The chapter will close out with sections on suggestions for future research and conclusions.
Fundamental Concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability
Authors: Antonaras Alexandros
Published: January 2019

Social value is created when resources, inputs, processes, or policies are combined to generate improvements in the lives of individuals or society as a whole. It is crucial for any organization to be able to demonstrate the value it creates by its very existence. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has never been more important. Citizens nowadays demand a responsible business behavior from all kinds of organizations, corporations, and their leaders who have become aware of the crucial role of social responsibility in seeking performance excellence and sustainable growth. This chapter introduces the concept of CSR and explains its importance providing the historical background that made it synonymous to sustainability. The benefits resulting from CSR are briefly presented while the main recent developments in the area of CSR and sustainability are analyzed. Particularly, emphasis is given on the 2030 Agenda, the European Directive (2014/95/EU) on non-financial reporting, and the recent trends for socially responsible investments.
Stakeholder Management
Authors: Kostopoulos Alexandros G.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to attempt a short but comprehensive record of the connection between sustainable development and stakeholders, to present the basic theoretical base on the topic, while describing fundamental principles of stakeholder management and means of relative engagement. The core assumption of this chapter is that corporate responsibility is perceived as the responsibility of an organisation to act in the interest of legitimate organizational stakeholders. Although stakeholder engagement is not a new concept, it is accepted as crucial to an organization's sustainability and success. For those reasons, the chapter focuses on the strategic approach of stakeholder management while describing briefly some important steps in implementing stakeholder engagement. The final section of the chapter focuses on the future of stakeholder engagement as well as on related risks that may arise for non-engagers.
The Effect of Corporate Sustainability Practices on Financial Performance
Authors: Gok Ibrahim Yasar , Ozdemir Ozan , Unlu Bugra
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the impact of corporate sustainability practices (CSP) on corporate financial performance (CFP) is investigated in terms of Turkish manufacturing industry. In this context, 16 sustainable companies vs. 21 control companies in 2016 and 16 sustainable companies vs. 24 control companies in 2017 are examined. Thirty-seven financial performance variables within seven groups are used, and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test is applied. In 2016, four out of seven significant variables point out that sustainable companies perform better than control sample; however, in 2017, three out of four significant variables indicate the opposite. Therefore, the results are mixed, and it is concluded that implementing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria do not have a noticeable positive effect on financial performances of manufacturing industry companies, at least in the short-term.
CSR Activities in Maritime and Shipping Industries
Authors: Akkan Erdem
Published: January 2019

In today's global business, customers, governments, and international organizations are more sensitive to environmental (such as oil spills, explosions) and ethical (such as sexual harassment at office, child labor, labor safety) issues caused by business activities. The shipping industry seems to be a “usual suspect” because of comparatively big potential environmental risk taken. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is simply defined as adopting continuously responsible business activities to customers, public, and environment, is a helpful tool to achieve many business outcomes such as increased revenue, sales, or firm reputation. This chapter explores CSR in the maritime and shipping industries.
Employee Engagement
Authors: Gupta Ashish , Tandon Anushree , Barman Darshana
Published: January 2019

Modern organizations are moving towards more sustainable models by utilizing the power of employees to attain their objectives. Organizations are engaging their employees in various activities to ensure their level of commitment towards employers. Positive employee engagement has been linked to a growth in terms of organizational performance, financial benefits, and reduced attrition. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the concept of employee engagement in today's competitive market and to know about the various engagement practices adopted by the global leaders. This study is an attempt to address this need by giving a brief insight into the evolution of employee engagement as an academic discipline, the broad approaches adopted to characterize employee engagement, and the resultants dimensions identified through the studies. The authors also attempt to provide an insight into industrial attempts to execute employee engagement initiatives through brief cases.
Employee Engagement Strategies With Special Focus on Indian Firms
Authors: Bhowal Mohuwa , Saini Damini
Published: January 2019

In today's business environment, it is highly important that organizations develop and adhere to the standing orders as well as formulate appropriate policies and reward systems for employees to sustain them in the organization. The purpose of this chapter was to highlight the Indian scenario of employee engagement. Authors described the employee engagement and its major concepts and approaches along with its background, especially in India. Further, the major challenges and encounters in employee engagement field are also discussed. In the end, the authors proposed a list of solutions comprising workplace, leadership, and culture and other ways to handle these challenges.
The Impact of Job Engagement and Organizational Commitment on Organizational Performance
Authors: Singh Vandana
Published: January 2019

Job engagement has received much concentration in both research and practice due to its potential impact on various organizational outcomes. The chapter explores the impact of organizational commitment and job engagement on organizational performance in IT industry. The questionnaire employed in this study consisted of job engagement variables and organizational commitment variables taken as independent variables while organizational performance variables as the dependent variable. Sample for the study consisted of 475 IT professionals from five IT organizations. Simple random sampling was used as a sampling technique, and this study was an ex-post in nature. Data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, correlation, and multiple regression. The result revealed that the job engagement and organizational commitment significantly correlated with IT organizational performance and significantly impact the organizational performance of IT.
Managing Organizations Through Employee Engagement
Authors: Rana Shikha
Published: January 2019

Recently, a lot of research is being conducted espousing the role of employees in achieving growth and sustainability. Everyday organizations are confronted with unforeseen changes in the form of innovations, competition, and legal compliances. These factors may hinder the organizational growth. Research studies have shown that employees play a crucial and important role in the long-term success of the organization as overall performance is a result of employees' enhanced productivity, which is an outcome of motivation, satisfaction, and engagement. An employee is said to be engaged if he/she attains the objectives, stays committed with the organization, and represents the company. High engagement of an employee with the organization leads to various organizational outcomes like high productivity and profitability, customer satisfaction, and reduced turnover of employees. The chapter explicates the concept of employee engagement and its drivers and relevance in the current scenario. Furthermore, various practices implemented by Indian organizations have also been discussed in the chapter.