bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF BENTHIC HABITAT RESTORATION ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ECOSYSTEM METABOLISM IN THREE HEADWATER STREAMS
Authors: Hoellein T. J. , Tank J. L. , Entrekin S. A. , Rosi‐Marshall E. J. , Stephen M. L. , Lamberti G. A.
Published: June 2011

The assemblage of stream habitat types can drive biofilm composition and activity in headwater streams, thereby influencing rates of ecosystem function. However, the influence of human‐induced alterations to the distribution of benthic habitat such as construction, land‐use changes and restoration on biofilm‐mediated processes has not been well studied. We measured nutrient uptake of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate, as well as gross primary production and community respiration in three streams in Michigan, USA, each with an upstream reference and a downstream restored reach. The restoration included a 10‐m sediment trap, paired with 40–60 m of gravel and boulder added downstream and designed to retain sediment, stabilize banks and provide spawning habitat for trout. We sampled four times in the six stream reaches from May 2006 to September 2007. Across streams, restored reaches reflected the structural manipulation with increased predominance of coarse inorganic sediments, higher gas exchange rate and increased transient storage. However, nutrient uptake and community respiration rates were different between reaches at only one site. The ecosystem response by this stream was driven by the large differences in coarse inorganic habitat between reference and restored reaches. We conclude that restorations of benthic habitat which are visually conspicuous, such as creation of settling pools and gravel‐filled reaches, did not universally affect stream ecosystem function. Initial conditions and magnitude of change may be key factors to consider in explaining functional responses, and predicting the influence of habitat restoration on ecosystem function remains a challenge. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schichten über Schichten
Authors: Schaaf Peter , Spieß Lothar , Kups Thomas , Romanus Henry , Grieseler Rolf , Hopfeld Marcus , Wilke Marcus , Stauden Thomas , Lorenz David , Fischer Andreas
Published: June 2011

Schichten und Beschichtungen sind mittlerweile eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für eine Vielzahl von technischen Anwendungen für hochwertige Werkstoffe geworden. In diesem Beitrag werden beispielhaft hochwertige Beschichtungen für elektrisch leitende und optisch transparente Schichten für die Photovoltaik, Schichten für medizinische Elektroden, für Halbleiterkontakte und für Hochtemperaturkontakte vorgestellt. Die hierfür eingesetzten Verfahren sind das Magnetron‐Sputtern und die gepulste Laserdeposition. Der Einfluss der Beschichtungsparameter auf die funktionalen Eigenschaften werden vorgestellt.
Improvements in the performance of turbomolecular pumps
Authors: Chew Andrew , Brewster B. , Olsen I. , Ormrod S.
Published: June 2011

A new range of turbomolecular pumps, nEXT, has been developed. This incorporates a new damping mechanism and pumping stage options. A new Siegbahn drag stage in combination with a regenerative mechanism are described in their combination with pure turbomolecular stages. Consequent increased backing pressures, high compression ratios and the facilitation of a boost port being used to create additional pumping capacity in the viscous flow regime will be described.
Aktive Thermosonde zur Messung des Energieeinstromes
Authors: Wiese Ruben , Kersten Holger , Wiese Georg , Häckel Marko
Published: June 2011

Es wird eine aktive Thermosonde zur Bestimmung des Energieeinstromes bei plasmatechnologischen Prozessen vorgestellt. Das Messprinzip beruht auf der Kompensation des eintreffenden Energieeinstromes. Wesentliche Vorteile gegenüber anderen Verfahren sind die Möglichkeit der kontinuierlichen Messung, auch in beschichtenden Plasmen sowie der Verzicht auf eine Kalibrierung der Sonde.

Der Energieeinstrom kann an ausgewählten Positionen der Anlage gemessen und die Korrelation mit den Eigenschaften der herzustellenden Schicht bzw. der zu behandelnden Oberfläche festgestellt werden. Da die Sonde empfindlich auf Änderungen der Prozessparameter unmittelbar an der Oberfläche des Substrates reagiert, ist sie besonders zur kostengünstigen Regelung und Überwachung des Schichtbildungs‐ bzw. Behandlungsprozesses geeignet und kann damit zur Qualitätssicherung eingsetzt werden. Die Sonde ist für industrielle Prozesse als auch für akademische Fragestellungen geeignet.
Diverse Perceptions of the Informed Consent Process: Implications for the Recruitment and Participation of Diverse Communities in the National Children's Study
Authors: Lakes Kimberley D. , Vaughan Elaine , Jones Marissa , Burke Wylie , Baker Dean , Swanson James M.
Published: June 2011

We examined the experiences, perceptions, and values that are brought to bear when individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds consider participating in health research. Fifty‐three women from Latino, Asian American, Middle Eastern, or Non‐Latino, White backgrounds participated in seven English or Spanish focus groups facilitated by trained investigators using a standard protocol. Investigators described the National Children's Study (NCS) and then asked questions to elicit potential concerns, expectations, and informational needs. Group sessions were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative thematic methods. A major theme that emerged during focus groups was participant self‐identification as a member of a cultural group or community when raising issues that would influence their decision to participate in research. A related theme was the belief by some that communities may differ in the ease of participation in the NCS. Identified themes related to the informed consent process included perceived risks, anticipated burden, perceived benefits, informational needs, and decision‐making strategies. Although themes were shared across groups, there were cultural differences within themes. Findings indicated that individuals from diverse backgrounds may have different perspectives on and expectations for the research process. To effectively recruit representative samples, it will be important to address a range of issues relevant for informed consent and to consider the impact of participation on both individuals and communities.
Insight into β‐Carotene Thermal Degradation in Oils with Multiresponse Modeling
Authors: Achir Nawel , Pénicaud Caroline , Avallone Sylvie , Bohuon Philippe
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to gain further insight into β‐carotene thermal degradation in oils. Multiresponse modeling was applied to experimental high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) data (trans‐, 13‐cis‐, and 9‐cis‐β‐carotene concentrations) during the heat treatments (120–180 °C) of two β‐carotene‐enriched oils, i.e., palm olein and copra. The test of different reaction schemes showed that β‐carotene isomerization reactions were dominant and reversible. The resulting cis isomers and trans‐β‐carotene simultaneously underwent oxidation and cleavage reactions at the same rate constant. From the kinetic analysis, it appeared that—contrary to oxidation and cleavage reactions—isomerization rate constants did not follow the Arrhenius law. However, the isomerization equilibrium constant increased with temperature, favoring isomer production, particularly 9‐cis‐β‐carotene. Its production was shown to be concomitant with oxidation and cleavage reactions, indicating that 9‐cis‐β‐carotene could be a good degradation indicator during oil storage or processing.
Interesterification of Lard and Soybean Oil Blends Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipase in a Continuous Packed Bed Reactor
Authors: da Silva Roberta Claro , Soares Fabiana Andreia Schaffer De Martini , Fernandes Thaís Gonzaga , Castells Anna Laura Donadi , da Silva Kelly Caroline Guimarães , Gonçalves Maria Inês Almeida , Ming Chiu Chih , Gonçalves Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo , Gioielli Luiz Antonio
Published: June 2011

Structured lipids (SL), formulated by blends of lard and soybean oil in different ratios, were subjected to continuous enzymatic interesterification catalyzed by an immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM) in a continuous packed bed reactor. The original and interesterified blends were examined for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, regiospecific distribution, and solid fat content. Blends of lard and soybean oil in the proportions 80:20 and 70:30 (w/w), respectively, demonstrated a fatty acid composition, and proportions of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) and monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA), that are appropriate for the formulation of pediatric products. These same blends were suited for this purpose after interesterification because their sn‐2 positions were occupied by saturated fatty acids (52.5 and 45.4%, respectively), while unsaturated fatty acids predominantly occupied sn‐1,3 positions, akin to human milk fat. Interesterification caused rearrangement of triacylglycerol species.
Epigenetic regulation of prostate cancer
Authors: Chin Suyin P. , Dickinson Joanne L. , Holloway Adele F.
Published: June 2011

Prostate cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer deaths. Whilst the underlying mechanisms leading to prostate cancer are still to be determined, it is evident that both genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to the development and progression of this disease. Epigenetic changes involving DNA hypo- and hypermethylation, altered histone modifications and more recently changes in microRNA expression have been detected at a range of genes associated with prostate cancer. Furthermore, there is evidence that particular epigenetic changes are associated with different stages of the disease. Whilst early detection can lead to effective treatment, and androgen deprivation therapy has a high response rate, many tumours develop towards hormone-refractory prostate cancer, for which there is no successful treatment. Reliable markers for early detection and more effective treatment strategies are, therefore, needed. Consequently, there is a considerable interest in the potential of epigenetic changes as markers or targets for therapy in prostate cancer. Epigenetic modifiers that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases have recently been explored to reactivate silenced gene expression in cancer. However, further understanding of the mechanisms and the effects of chromatin modulation in prostate cancer are required. In this review, we examine the current literature on epigenetic changes associated with prostate cancer and discuss the potential use of epigenetic modifiers for treatment of this disease.
Insufficient DNA methylation affects healthy aging and promotes age-related health problems
Authors: Liu Liang , van Groen Thomas , Kadish Inga , Li Yuanyuan , Wang Deli , James Smitha R. , Karpf Adam R. , Tollefsbol Trygve O.
Published: June 2011

DNA methylation plays an integral role in development and aging through epigenetic regulation of genome function. DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is the most prevalent DNA methyltransferase that maintains genomic methylation stability. To further elucidate the function of Dnmt1 in aging and age-related diseases, we exploited the Dnmt1+/− mouse model to investigate how Dnmt1 haploinsufficiency impacts the aging process by assessing the changes of several major aging phenotypes. We confirmed that Dnmt1 haploinsufficiency indeed decreases DNA methylation as a result of reduced Dnmt1 expression. To assess the effect of Dnmt1 haploinsufficiency on general body composition, we performed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis and showed that reduced Dnmt1 activity decreased bone mineral density and body weight, but with no significant impact on mortality or body fat content. Using behavioral tests, we demonstrated that Dnmt1 haploinsufficiency impairs learning and memory functions in an age-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings point to the interesting likelihood that reduced genomic methylation activity adversely affects the healthy aging process without altering survival and mortality. Our studies demonstrated that cognitive functions of the central nervous system are modulated by Dnmt1 activity and genomic methylation, highlighting the significance of the original epigenetic hypothesis underlying memory coding and function.
Reevaluation of the Braginskii viscous force for toroidal plasma
Authors: JOHNSON ROBERT W.
Published: June 2011

The model by Braginskii [1] (Braginskii, S. I. 1965 Transport processes in plasma. In: Review of Plasma Physics, Vol. 1 (ed. M.A. Leontovich). New York, NY: Consultants Bureau, pp. 205–311) for the viscous stress tensor is used to determine the shear and gyroviscous forces acting within a toroidally confined plasma. Comparison is made to a previous evaluation, which contains an inconsistent treatment of the radial derivative and neglects the effect of the pitch angle. Parallel viscosity contributes a radial shear viscous force, which may develop for sufficient vertical asymmetry to the ion velocity profile. An evaluation is performed of this radial viscous force for a tokamak near equilibrium, which indicates qualitative agreement between theory and measurement for impure plasma discharges with strong toroidal flow.
Terebellomorph polychaetes from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps with the description of two new species of Terebellidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) representing the first records of the family from deep-sea vents
Authors: Reuscher Michael , Fiege Dieter , Wehe Thomas
Published: June 2011

Terebellomorph polychaetes are reported from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps collected in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Two new species of Terebellidae,Neoamphitrite hydrothermalissp. nov. andStreblosoma kaiasp. nov., are described from hydrothermal vents of the western Pacific. These are the first terebellid species described from hydrothermal vents. New records from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps and new geographical records are presented for nine additional species belonging to Ampharetidae, Alvinellidae, Terebellidae and Trichobranchidae. A synoptic table with diagnostic characters for all species of the genusStreblosomaSars, 1872 is provided. Keys for all terebellomorph species currently known from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, respectively, are included. Additionally the new combinationNeoamphitrite pachyderma(Hutchings & Glasby, 1988) comb. nov. is proposed.
Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania
Authors: Miguel Edward
Published: June 2011

This article examines how government policies affect ethnic relations by comparing outcomes across two nearby districts, one in Kenya and one in Tanzania, using colonial-era boundary placement as a “natural experiment.” Despite similar geography and historical legacies, governments in Kenya and Tanzania have followed radically different language, education, and local institutional policies, with Tanzania consistently pursuing more serious nation building. The evidence suggests that nation building has allowed diverse communities in rural Tanzania to achieve considerably better local public goods outcomes than diverse communities in Kenya. To illustrate, while Kenyan communities at mean levels of diversity have 25 percent less local school funding than homogeneous communities on average, the comparable figure in the Tanzanian district is near zero. The Kenya-Tanzania comparison provides empirical evidence that serious reforms can ameliorate social divisions and suggests that nation-building should take a place on policy agendas, especially in Africa.
The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women
Authors: Clark Ann Marie , Friedman Elisabeth J. , Hochstetler Kathryn
Published: June 2011

The increased visibility of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements at the international level invites continuing evaluation of the extent and significance of the role they now play in world politics. While the presence of such new actors is easily demonstrated, international relations scholars have debated their significance. The authors argue that the concept of global civil society sets a more demanding standard for the evaluation of transnational political processes than has been applied in prior accounts of transnational activity. Further, most empirical studies of this activity have focused on a limited number of NGOs within a single issue-area. Using three recent UN world conferences as examples of mutual encounters between state-dominated international politics and global civic politics, the authors develop the concept of global civil society to provide a theoretical foundation for a systematic empirical assessment of transnational relations concerning the environment, human rights, and women at the global level.
Domestic Institutions and International Regulatory Cooperation: Comparative Responses to the Convention on Biological Diversity
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: June 2011

In 1992 governments negotiated a multilateral treaty regime to manage biological diversity. Unlike the United Kingdom, the United States rejected this treaty. Yet both nations were equally at risk from biodiversity loss and equally likely to benefit from its protection. This empirical puzzle is used to explore state choice in regulatory cooperation. Epistemic community analysis helps to explain the onset of negotiations and the contours of debates over regime norms and rules. But state choices, and the regime itself, primarily reflected the regulatory politics of biodiversity management. The international commitments on biodiversity, ostensibly alike for the U.K. and the U.S., had to be implemented through their domestic regulatory structures; the result was a distinct set of domestic ramifications. Electoral incentives and especially domestic institutions influenced both industry and governmental assessments by shaping expectations about the impact of the regime in operation. As states increasingly seek to regulate internationally, domestic institutions and anticipated implementation will play ever greater roles in explaining state choice and, because powerful states are equally influenced by these dynamics, in explaining international outcomes.
Fighting Inflation in a Transitional Regime: Russia's Anomalous Stabilization
Authors: Treisman Daniel S.
Published: June 2011

Russia's recent experience fighting inflation—dramatic success in 1995–96 after repeated failures in 1992–94—poses a challenge for existing theories of the politics of macroeconomic stabilization. Monthly inflation rates fell to close to zero despite a deeply unpopular president distracted by heart disease, a government penetrated by economic lobbies, a far-from-independent central bank, a parliament dominated by opposition factions, a lively election season, and the fiscal pressures of “fighting a regional war. The article reviews this experience, shows its incompatibility with existing political economy theories, and proposes an explanation with implications for other reforming regimes. Success was achieved by offering previous beneficiaries from inflation—major commercial banks and subsidized sectors—other sources of government-protected rents that did not increase the money supply. Even when expropriating powerful rent seekers is politically infeasible, it is sometimes possible to trade them less-inflationary rents for ones that are more inflationary.
Clarifying the Foreign Aid Puzzle: A Comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish Aid Flows
Authors: Schraeder Peter J. , Hook Steven W. , Taylor Bruce
Published: June 2011

This study explores the donor side of debates revolving around the proper role of foreign assistance as a foreign policy tool, by empirically testing for the aid determinants of four industrial democracies: France, Japan, Sweden, and the United States. A pooled cross-sectional time-series design is employed to assess the impacts of six sets of variables on aidflowsto thirty-six African states during the 1980s. Three sets of these variables—humanitarian need, strategic importance, and economic potential—are constructed using data traditionally employed in empirical foreign aid studies. Three additional sets of variables—cultural similarity, ideological stance, and region—are constructed from data that regional specialists consider to be important in the foreign aid equation. Although no two cases are alike, one can nevertheless draw some tentative conclusions about the nature of the foreign aid regime of the final cold war decade of the 1980s on the basis of several cross-national patterns. In short, the results (1) contradict rhetorical statements of northern policymakers who claim that foreign aid serves as an altruistic foreign policy tool designed to relieve humanitarian suffering; (2) confirm the expected importance of strategic and ideological factors in a foreign aid regime heavily influenced by the cold war; and (3) underscore the importance of economic, particularly trade, interests in northern aid calculations.
Left Government, Policy, and Corporatism: Explaining the Influence of Partisanship on Inequality
Authors: Rueda David
Published: June 2011

The author argues that to understand the relationship between partisan government and equality two fundamental things need to be done: separate the effects of partisanship on policy and of policy on the economy; and assess the influence of government partisanship once the mediating role of corporatism is accounted for. The main goal of this article is to explore the relationship between government partisanship, policy, and inequality at the lower half of the wage distribution. The analysis is motivated by a puzzling finding in previous work: the absence of government partisanship effects on earnings inequality. The author focuses on the role of three different policies: government employment, the generosity of the welfare state, and minimum wages. The results show that government employment is a most significant determinant of inequality (although it is affected by left government only when corporatism is low). They also demonstrate that welfare state generosity does not affect inequality and, in turn, is not associated with left government. Finally, they reveal that the effect of government partisanship on minimum wages and of minimum wages on inequality is completely conditional on the levels of corporatism (these effects are only present when corporatism is low). The author explains why specific policies do or do not affect earnings inequality and also why corporatism mitigates or magnifies the influence of government partisanship. By explicitly exploring the determinants of policy and earnings inequality, the article represents an important contribution to our understanding of how governments can promote redistribution.
Electoral Systems and the Number of Parties in Postcommunist States
Authors: Moser Robert G.
Published: June 2011

Scholars studying electoral systems have consistently found that single-member plurality elections tend to constrain the number of parties operating in a polity to a much greater extent than multimember proportional representation systems. This article tests this hypothesis in the post-communist context by examining the effects of proportional representation and single-member district elections on the number of parties in five postcommunist states. It is shown that some postcommunist states, most notably Poland and Hungary, have followed the standard pattern of party consolidation over time in reaction to incentives of electoral systems, while others, most notably Russia and Ukraine, have not. The author argues that the different effects of electoral systems can be attributed to different levels of party institutionalization found in postcommunist states.

These findings have policy implications. Under conditions of extreme party underdevelopment, the electoral system that promotes the use of party labels—proportional representation—may be more effective than the plurality system in constraining the number of parties, provided a legal threshold is used. This runs counter to the conventional wisdom that plurality elections offer the greatest constraint on the number of parties.
Village Committee Elections in China: Institutionalist Tactics for Democracy
Authors: Shi Tianjian
Published: June 2011

Earlier institutionalist studies in Chinese politics have shown how conservatives and local bureaucrats took advantage of institutional designs in the Leninist system of the People's Republic of China to delay and undermine the implementation of reforms. There has been less discussion of how reformers adapted their strategies to existing institutional constraints to overcome the opposition of conservatives. Using the implementation process of the Organic Law of the Village Committees, this article describes how the reformers adapted to the Chinese institutional setting to promote political reform over opposition at the elite and local levels.

As the case of the village elections shows, the reformers in China designed a strategy to promote reform incrementally. Each step along the way was arranged to appear to be a natural response to the interaction between the initial reform policy and unforeseen consequences brought about by the previous policy. In this process, reformers deliberately manipulated a crucial variable—time—to bring about gradual change in the important actor, that is, the peasants, from spectators into participants, and thereby to change the balance of power between proponents and opponents of the reform. Other political players were also carefully enfranchised at different stages of the implementation process to help reformers in their struggle against conservatives.
Africa's Overgrown State Reconsidered: Bureaucracy and Economic Growth
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur A.
Published: June 2011

How close is the link between outsized states and economic stagnation in Africa? This article shows that African public bureaucracies are not as large as often portrayed, that they have been getting smaller, and that reducing their size alone has not been a prescription for economic revival. To the contrary, the countries with higher levels of public employment, such as Botswana and Mauritius, are apt to have the better economic records. These findings suggest that a superabundance of public personnel is not initself?, major impediment to growth in Africa. Too much attention has been paid to quantitative or “first-generation” bureaucratic problems, and too little attention has been given the “second-generation” issues of bureaucratic quality.
Post-Postcommunism: Transition, Comparison, and the End of “Eastern Europe”
Authors: King Charles
Published: June 2011

A decade after the end of European and Eurasian communism the once acrimonious debates between “area studies” and “the discipline” have largely subsided. Access to archives, survey data, and political elites has allowed east European countries to be treated as normal arenas of research. Recent work by both younger and established scholars has made serious contributions not only to the understanding of postcommunism but also to broader research questions about the political economy of reform, federalism, transitional justice, and nationalism and interethnic relations. The key issue for students of postcommunism is explaining the highly variable paths that east European and Eurasian states have taken since 1989. Compared with the relative homogeneity of outcomes in earlier transitions in southern Europe and Latin America—extrication from previous regimes followed by long periods of consolidation—the record in the east looks profoundly more varied: a handful of successful transitions and easy consolidations, several incomplete transitions, a few transitions followed by reversion to authoritarian politics, even some transitions that never really began at all. The works under review point scholars toward the study of the institutional legacies of state socialism: the “subversive institutions” of the communist state, the institutional dimensions of ethnic solidarity and mobilization, and the emerging patterns of interinstitutional bargaining in the first years of postcommunism.
Federalism and Central bank Independence: The Politics of German Monetary Policy, 1957–92
Authors: Lohmann Susanne
Published: June 2011

Two channels of political control allow elected politicians to influence monetary policy. First, political threats to the status, structure, or very existence of the central bank may force central bankers to comply with politically motivated demands on monetary policy. Second, politicians may use their powers of appointment to ensure diat central bank appointees share their electoral and party-political goals. This paper derives the monetary policy outcomes obtained as a function of me degree of central bank independence (zero, partial, or full) and central bankers' types (partisans or technocrats).

Based on a case study of the 1957 and 1992 institutional changes to the German central banking system and a regression analysis covering the period in between, the author argues that the formal independence of the system is protected by its embeddedness in the institutions of German federalism and by the federalist components of its decentralized organizational structure. The behavioral independence of the German central bank fluctuates over time with the party control of federalist veto points. The Bundesbank is staffed with nonpartisan technocrats who are partially insulated from political pressures.
Politics beyond the State Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics
Authors: Wapner Paul
Published: June 2011

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOS) both lobby states and work within and across societies to advance their interests. These latter efforts are generally ignored by students of world politics because they do not directly involve governments. A study of transnational environmental activist groups (TEAGs) such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, and World Wildlife Fund demonstrates that NGO societal efforts indeed shape widespread behavior throughout the world. TEAGs work through transnational social, economic, and cultural networks to shift standards of good conduct, change corporate practices, and empower local communities. This type of practice involves “world civic politics.” That is, TEAGs influence widespread behavior by politicizing global civil society—that slice of collective life which exists above the individual and below the state yet across national boundaries. This article examines the activity of world civic politics as practiced by environmental activists and evaluates its relevance for the study of NGOs and world politics in general.
Assessing Competing Defense Postures: The Strategic Implications of “Flexible Response”
Authors: Zagare Frank C. , Kilgour D. Marc
Published: June 2011

A two-stage Asymmetric Escalation Game is developed to explore the connection between stage credibility and deterrence stability. There are two players in the model: Challenger and Defender. Challenger may initiate or not. If Challenger initiates, Defender may do nothing, respond in kind, or escalate; Challenger may then escalate or counterescalate, and so on. Each player is uncertain about the other's intentions at the final stage of the game. Escalation represents a choice that both players believe is qualitatively different from other available responses. Thus the model applies to any situation in which Defender may respond by crossing a threshold, thereby inducing a (psychologically) distinct level of conflict.

The Perfect Bayesian Equilibria are identified and interpreted, and inferences are drawn about the viability of limited war options and various competing flexible response deployment policies. In general, the model reveals that substrategic deployments add little to overall deterrence stability. Under certain relatively rare conditions, a policy called no-first-use in the super power context offers Defender advantages that might conceivably warrant the deployment stance associated with it. But a war fighting deployment never benefits Defender. Within the confines of the model, therefore, limited or substrategic wars are possible but unlikely.
Identity and Persuasion: How Nations Remember Their Pasts and Make Their Futures
Authors: Cruz Consuelo
Published: June 2011

Identity struggles are once again a salient problem in world politics. This article aims to throw light on the sources, dynamics, and consequences of identity formation and mobilization. It makes two theoretical arguments. First, because collective memory is both a seemingly factual narrative and a normative assessment of the past, it shapes a group's intersubjective conceptions of strategic feasibility and political legitimacy. This is why collective identity is above all an expression of normative realism: a group's declaration to itself and to others about what it can or cannot do; what it will or will not do. Second, at critical junctures competing actors assert or contest the normative realism underlying collective identity. They do this through rhetorical politics, deploying their powers of persuasion in order to engage the constitutive elements of the group's shared identity. In practical terms, rhetorical politics is structured by a dominant frame: a historically shaped discursive formation that does two things. It articulates in readily accessible ways the fundamental notions a group holds about itself in the world and allows or disallows specific strategies of persuasion on the basis of their presumptive realism and normative sway. Within this frame, rhetorical politics engenders acollective field of imaginable possibilities:a restricted array of plausible scenarios about how the world can or cannot be changed and how the future ought to look. Though circumscribed, this field is vulnerable to endogenous shifts, precisely because actors' rhetorical struggles introduce conflicts over the descriptive and prescriptive limits of what is “realistically” possible. Such conflicts may in fact produce a new dominant rhetorical frame and profoundly influence a nation's political and economic development. Two contrasting cases from Latin America offer empirical support for these arguments. The article shows that the sharp developmental divergence between Costa Rica and Nicaragua can be properly understood only through close analytical scrutiny of the different rhetorical frames, fields of imaginable possibilities, and collective identities that rose to prominence at critical points in these countries' colonial and postcolonial histories.
The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism
Authors: Capoccia Giovanni , Kelemen R. Daniel
Published: June 2011

The causal logic behind many arguments in historical institutionalism emphasizes the enduring impact of choices made during critical junctures in history. These choices close off alternative options and lead to the establishment of institutions that generate self-reinforcing path-dependent processes. Despite the theoretical and practical importance of critical junctures, however, analyses of path dependence often devote little attention to them. The article reconstructs the concept of critical junctures, delimits its range of application, and provides methodological guidance for its use in historical institutional analyses. Contingency is the key characteristic of critical junctures, and counterfactual reasoning and narrative methods are necessary to analyze contingent factors and their impact. Finally, the authors address specific issues relevant to both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of critical junctures.
The Achilles' Heel of Liberal IR Theory?: Globalization and Conflict in the Pre-World War I Era
Authors: McDonald Patrick J. , Sweeney Kevin
Published: June 2011

Despite substantial evidence that international trade has promoted peace in the post—World War II era, the commercial peace research program still faces an important historical challenge. Dramatic economic integration in the nineteenth century failed to prevent the increasing interstate hostilities that culminated in the outbreak of war in 1914. This article uses a theoretical revision grounded in standard trade theory to reexamine the relationship between commerce and peace in the fifty years before World War I, a period often referred to as the first era of globalization. The article focuses on domestic conflict over commercial policy rather than on interdependence to understand the conditions under which globalization promotes peace. In a sample dating from 1865 to 1914, the authors find that lower regulatory barriers to commerce reduce participation in militarized interstate disputes. Contradicting conventional wisdom, this evidence affirms a basic premise of commercial liberalism during the first era of globalization—free trade promotes peace.
Psychopathologische und komorbide Störungen inhaftierter Jugendlicher in Österreich
Authors: Plattner Belinda , Aebi Marcel , Steinhausen Hans-Christoph , Bessler Cornelia
Published: June 2011

Fragestellung: Inhaftierte Jugendliche zeigen hohe Prävalenzraten an psychiatrischen Störungen und gehäuft psychiatrische Komorbidität. Im Strafvollzug tätige Kinder- und JugendpsychiaterInnen stehen vor der Versorgungsaufgabe und der Notwendigkeit, störungsspezifische Behandlungsansätze auszuarbeiten. Die in dieser Studie erhobenen psychiatrischen Störungen bei inhaftierten Jugendlichen wurden im Hinblick auf störungsspezifische Behandlungsaspekte geschlechtsspezifisch ausgewertet. Methodik: Das Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview für Kinder und Jugendliche wurde angewandt, um die Psychopathologie bei in Österreich inhaftierten Jugendlichen zu erheben. Die endgültige Stichprobe umfasste 333 Jugendliche (58 Mädchen und 275 Jungen). Ergebnisse: 90 % der inhaftierten Jugendlichen litten an mindestens einer psychiatrischen Störung, über 60 % zeigten zwei oder mehr koexistierende Störungsbilder. Mittels Faktorenanalyse wurden für männliche Jugendliche drei klinisch relevante Störungsmuster anhand von psychopathologischen Merkmalen ausgearbeitet: ADHS/Störung des Sozialverhaltens und Drogenmissbrauch; Angst und Depression; Trennungsangst/PTBS und Alkoholmissbrauch. Für weibliche Jugendliche ergaben sich vier Störungsmuster: Trennungsangst/Sozialphobie/Dysthymie; PTBS und Drogenmissbrauch in Kombination mit entweder ADHS oder Störung des Sozialverhaltens; Depression und Alkoholmissbrauch. Schlussfolgerungen: Aufgrund der hohen Raten an Psychopathologien bei inhaftierten Jugendlichen ist eine umfassende und strukturierte Diagnostik unerlässlich für die weitere Behandlungsentscheidung, da bei inhaftierten Jugendlichen verschiedene Störungsmuster berücksichtigt werden müssen. Die gefundenen Störungsmuster könnten im Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung delinquenten Verhaltens, mit unterschiedlichen Behandlungsbedürfnissen und mit dem Risiko für erneute Delikte wichtig sein.
Training sozialer Fertigkeiten für Kinder mit ADHS
Authors: Schmitman gen. Pothmann Marion , Petermann Ulrike , Petermann Franz , Zakis Daniela
Published: June 2011

Hintergrund: Zu den häufigsten Begleiterscheinungen einer ADHS gehören mangelnde soziale Kompetenzen. Erstmalig wurde im deutschsprachigen Raum ein Therapiekonzept zur Förderung sozialer Fertigkeiten entwickelt, das auf die spezifischen Defizite von Kindern mit ADHS abgestimmt ist. Methodik: In einem Zweigruppen-Prätest-Posttest-Design mit unbehandelter Wartekontrollgruppe wurden 40 Kinder im Alter zwischen 7 und 13 Jahren mit den Diagnosen F90.0, F90.1, F98.8 untersucht, davon waren 15 % Mädchen und 85 % Jungen. In Gruppen von 3 Personen nahmen sie an dem neu entwickelten 10-stündigen Trainingsprogramm TEAM teil. Zur Messung sozialer Kompetenz wurde der Erfassungsbogen sozialer Fertigkeiten für Eltern (ESF-E) eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus wurden Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen (FBB ADHS) und begleitende psychische Faktoren erfasst (SDQ). Ergebnisse: Mittels MANOVA mit Messwiederholungsfaktor konnten signifikante Effekte des Trainings für nahezu alle soziale Fertigkeiten gezeigt werden. Uneinheitlich sind die Ergebnisse zu den verschiedenen Aufmerksamkeitskomponenten und den psychosozialen Begleitfaktoren. Die stärksten Effekte zeigten sich in den Bereichen: Konfliktmanagement, Emotionsregulation und Empathiefähigkeit. Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Durchführung des Trainings sozialer Fertigkeiten eine sinnvolle und effektive Ergänzung in der Therapie von Kindern mit ADHS darstellt. Die Überprüfung von Langzeiteffekten steht noch aus.
Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse (CECA)
Authors: Kaess Michael , Parzer Peter , Mattern Margarete , Resch Franz , Bifulco Antonia , Brunner Romuald
Published: June 2011

Fragestellung: Validierung der deutschen Übersetzung eines Fragebogens und des korrespondierenden Interviews zur Erhebung belastender Kindheitserlebnisse im familiären Rahmen sowie Untersuchung eines Zusammenhangs dieser Erfahrungen mit suizidalen Verhaltensweisen. Methodik: Der Fragebogen wurde anhand einer konsekutiv rekrutierten klinischen Stichprobe von 125 stationären, psychiatrischen Patienten (13–25 Jahre) am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg getestet. Zusätzlich wurden Testwiederholungen und das korrespondierende Interview durchgeführt. Suizidale Verhaltensweisen wurden mit der Paykel Suizid Skala erhoben. Ergebnisse: Der Fragebogen zeigte eine sehr gute interne Konsistenz und Retest-Reliabilität. Die Interrater-Reliabilität des Interviews war gut. Auch zeigte sich eine signifikante Korrelation der Ergebnisse von Fragebogen und Interview. Suizidale Verhaltensweisen waren signifikant mit allen negativen Kindheitserlebnissen assoziiert, jedoch waren mütterliche Vernachlässigung und Antipathie die besten Prädiktoren für suizidales Verhalten. Schlussfolgerungen: Fragebogen und Interview stellen reliable und valide Instrumente zur Erhebung von belastenden Kindheitserlebnissen dar. Sie erheben ein breites Spektrum an negativen Kindheitserlebnissen inklusive negativer Bindungserfahrungen. Der Zusammenhang dieser negativen Kindheitserlebnisse mit suizidalen Verhaltensweisen zeigt deutlich die Notwendigkeit der Erhebung solcher Erlebnisse in Forschung und Therapie.
Wie wirksam sind analytische und tiefenpsychologisch fundierte Langzeitpsychotherapien bei Jugendlichen?
Authors: Seiffge-Krenke Inge , Nitzko Sina
Published: June 2011

Fragestellung: In der Qualitätssicherung der analytischen Psychotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen fehlen bislang Studien, die die Effizienz aus der Sicht unterschiedlicher, an der Behandlung beteiligter Personen erheben. Methodik: In 28 Langzeitpsychotherapien bei Jugendlichen wurde die Effizienz der Behandlung aus der Sicht von Jugendlichen, ihren Eltern sowie ihren Therapeuten über drei Messzeitpunkte in einem Zeitraum von durchschnittlich 113 Stunden untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Therapiegruppe (n = 28) unterschied sich von einer unbehandelten Wartekontrollgruppe (n = 32) nicht in wesentliche Stichprobenmerkmalen; auch das Diagnosespektrum war gleich. Die Therapeuten berichteten eine starke Veränderung in der psychischen und körperlichen Symptomatik (η2 = .62) und beschrieben auch einen deutlichen Rückgang in den zuvor bestandenen kommunikativen Beeinträchtigung des Kindes in Bezug auf Eltern, Geschwister und Freunde (η2 = .57) durch die Behandlung. Die Jugendlichen und ihre Eltern nahmen ebenfalls eine Abnahme internalisierender Symptome, externalisierender Symptome und der Gesamtsymptombelastung wahr (η2 = .26), allerdings sind die Ausgangswerte der Jugendlichen in der Selbsteinschätzung höher als in der Fremdeinschätzung. In Bezug auf die Diagnose (internalisierende Störungen vs. externalisierende Störungen) konnten keine Effekte auf die Behandlungseffizienz aus Sicht der Jugendlichen und Eltern festgestellt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die unterschiedlichen Perspektiven sollten in der therapeutischen Arbeit berücksichtigt werden.
Kognitive und emotionale Empathie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS und Störung des Sozialverhaltens
Authors: Schwenck Christina , Schmitt Dominique , Sievers Sabrina , Romanos Marcel , Warnke Andreas , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: June 2011

Hintergrund: Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die Erfassung kognitiver und emotionaler Empathie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychiatrischen Störungen und einer gesunden Vergleichsgruppe unter Anwendung subjektiver und objektiver diagnostischer Verfahren. Methodik: Insgesamt wurden in der vorliegenden quasiexperimentellen Studie 96 Jungen untersucht. Davon wiesen 20 eine Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) vom unaufmerksamen (ADHS-U), 20 vom kombinierten (ADHS-K) Subtypus und 20 eine Störung des Sozialverhaltens (SSV) auf. Für die nichtklinische Kontrollgruppe (KG) wurden 36 gesunde Jungen untersucht. Das durchschnittliche Alter betrug 12.0 Jahre (SD = 2.36). Als Teilaspekte der emotionalen und kognitiven Empathie wurden die emotionale Reaktivität, die Emotionserkennung und die Perspektivübernahme mit subjektiven Fragebogen- und objektiven Testverfahren erfasst. Dabei kamen als subjektive Fragebogenverfahren der Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1983 ) und der Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA; Bryant, 1982 ) sowie als objektive Testverfahren der Empathy Response Task (ERT; Ricard & Kamberk-Kilicci, 1995 ) und eine an Buitelaar et al. (1999) angelehnte Zuordnungsaufgabe zur Emotionserkennung zum Einsatz. Ergebnisse: In dem objektiven Testverfahren des ERT zeigte sich die KG den Gruppen ADHS-K und SSV in der Fähigkeit zur Perspektivübernahme überlegen, insbesondere bei komplexen Aufgabenstellungen. Kinder mit ADHS-U zeigten in diesem Verfahren ein signifikant größeres Ausmaß an emotionaler Empathie als Probanden der Gruppe ADHS-K bei einfachen Aufgabenstellungen. Keine Gruppenunterschiede ergaben sich für die Aufgabe zur Emotionserkennung sowie für die subjektiven Fragebogenmaße IECA und IRI. Diskussion: Die gefundenen Defizite für Kinder mit ADHS-K und SSV unterstützen weitgehend die vorliegenden Ergebnisse der Literatur. Für die emotionale Informationsverarbeitung scheint – wie im Bereich der kognitiven – der Subtypus der ADHS eine bedeutsame Rolle zu spielen. Insbesondere objektive und ökologisch valide Testverfahren scheinen sich zur Erfassung der Empathie zu eignen.
Are pyridazines privileged structures?
Authors: Wermuth Camille G.
Published: June 2011

Compared to carbocyclic drug molecules, pyridazine-containing drugs present additional interaction possibilities, as illustrated here for the antirhinoviral agent R 61837.
Analysis of turbulent skin friction generated in flow along a cylinder
Authors: Monte Stephane , Sagaut Pierre , Gomez Thomas
Published: June 2011

This paper presents an extension of FIK identity [K. Fukagata et al., Phys. Fluids 14, L73 (2002)] to turbulent axial flow along a cylinder. This relation gives the contributions of both the mean flow and the turbulent fluctuating flow to the skin friction coefficient. The later contribution is then further decomposed more precisely as proposed by B. Frohnapfel, Y. Hasegawa, and N. Kasagi, “Reactive Flow Control for Skin Friction Drag Reduction based on Sensing of the Streamwise Wall-Shear Stress,” Euromech Fluid Mechanics Conference 8 (EFMC8), Bad Reichenhall, Germany, 13–16 Sept. 2010, S4-30. The Reynolds shear stress can be linked to the eigenvalues of the anisotropy tensor, the angle between the principal axis of the Reynolds stress tensor, and the mean flow direction and the turbulent kinetic energy. These eigenvalues and the alignment are important elements of the Reynolds stress profile. The present analysis is based on high-fidelity Reynolds-Stress-Model-based simulations. The results are first validated using available DNS and experimental data. Then, results are used in order to investigate the variations of the skin friction componential contributions with respect to characteristic dimensionless radius a+, Reynolds numbers, Rea (cylinder-radius-based Reynolds number) and Reδ (boundary-layer-thickness-based Reynolds number), or curvature ratio δ/a, and anisotropic decomposition of the Reynolds stress. Explicit empirical formula for surface responses of skin friction and its turbulent component is given.