bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the photovoltaic effect by resistive switching
Authors: Xu Biao , Wang Guangyu , Zhou Yong , Li Qi , Xu Qingyu
Published: September 2018

The mismatch between band structures of a light-absorptive layer and hole or electron transport layers will significantly deteriorate the performance of photovoltaic devices, which is generally alleviated by inserting a mitigating layer. In this report, we propose an alternative strategy to improve the efficiency by using resistive switching, which may decrease defect density in bulk and the lower barrier height at the interface due to the migration of defects to the interface under a certain electric field. By using a BiFeO3 film as a model light harvesting layer, a TiO2 mesoporous layer as an electron transport layer, and NiOx as a hole transport layer, bipolar resistive switching behavior has been observed. By setting the device in the low resistance state under certain applied voltages, performance has been significantly improved. Compared with the virgin device, the highest short-circuit current Jsc increases 2.3 times from 2.38 to 5.66 μA cm−2 and open-circuit voltage Voc increases 1.35 times from 0.39 to 0.525 V.
Field-effect passivation of Si by ALD-Al2O3: Second harmonic generation monitoring and simulation
Authors: Damianos D. , Vitrant G. , Kaminski-Cachopo A. , Blanc-Pelissier D. , Ghibaudo G. , Lei M. , Changala J. , Bouchard A. , Mescot X. , Gri M. , Cristoloveanu S. , Ionica I.
Published: September 2018

This paper investigates the ability of second harmonic generation (SHG) to probe the passivation quality of atomic layer deposited Al2O3 on Si by estimating the induced interface electric field due to fixed charges in the oxide. Samples with various oxide charges (Qox) and interface state densities (Dit) were fabricated, using different deposition parameters. The samples were characterized by capacitance-voltage (C-V) and microwave photoconductance decay measurements in order to evaluate Qox and Dit, as well as the effective minority carrier lifetime τeff. The SHG results were consistent with Qox, Dit, and τeff values, proving the ability of the technique to monitor the interfacial quality in a contactless and non-destructive way. Optical simulations which use the electric field values obtained from the C-V measurements could reproduce the measured SHG signal. This demonstrates that SHG coupled with optical simulation can give access to the electric field magnitude and thus characterize the electrical properties of oxide/Si interfaces.
Probing of quantum energy levels in nanoscale body SOI-MOSFET: Experimental and simulation results
Authors: Bendayan M. , Mandelbaum Y. , Teller G. , Chelly A. , Karsenty A.
Published: September 2018

In the efforts to address the need for developing ultra-fast computers based on combined electronic and optical signal processing using silicon-based nanoscale devices, new types of transistors have been developed. Ultra-Thin Body and Nano-Scale Body (NSB) Silicon-On-Insulator Metal–Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor devices, sharing a similar W/L but with a channel thickness of, respectively, 46 nm and down to 1.6 nm, have been fabricated using a selective Gate-Recessed Channel process on the same silicon wafer, and electrically tested at room (300 K) and low (77 K and 4.7 K) temperatures. In addition to the observed drain current values, which were found to be different by three orders of magnitude, quantum steps have been identified in the NSB transfer curves when measured at low temperatures. Since the NSB device's channel is part of a quantum well structure, the steps can point to discrete levels of energy. Such an approach can lead the way to some opportunities toward inter-subband emitting devices. Location of discrete steps is evidence of indirect-to-direct transition in ultra-thin silicon.
Design considerations for indirectly driven double shell capsules
Authors: Montgomery D. S. , Daughton W. S. , Albright B. J. , Simakov A. N. , Wilson D. C. , Dodd E. S. , Kirkpatrick R. C. , Watt R. G. , Gunderson M. A. , Loomis E. N. , Merritt E. C. , Cardenas T. , Amendt P. , Milovich J. L. , Robey H. F. , Tipton R. E. , Rosen M. D.
Published: September 2018

Double shell capsules are predicted to ignite and burn at relatively low temperature (∼3 keV) via volume ignition and are a potential low-convergence path to substantial α-heating and possibly ignition at the National Ignition Facility. Double shells consist of a dense, high-Z pusher, which first shock heats and then performs work due to changes in pressure and volume (PdV work) on deuterium-tritium gas, bringing the entire fuel volume to high pressure thermonuclear conditions near implosion stagnation. The high-Z pusher is accelerated via a shock and subsequent compression of an intervening foam cushion by an ablatively driven low-Z outer shell. A broad capsule design parameter space exists due to the inherent flexibility of potential materials for the outer and inner shells and foam cushion. This is narrowed down by design physics choices and the ability to fabricate and assemble the separate pieces forming a double shell capsule. We describe the key physics for good double shell performance, the trade-offs in various design choices, and the challenges for capsule fabrication. Both 1D and 2D calculations from radiation-hydrodynamic simulations are presented.
Magnetic excitations of skyrmions in antiferromagnetic-exchange coupled disks
Authors: Xing Lingdi , Hua Dayin , Wang Weiwei
Published: September 2018

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures. They can exist in bilayer synthetic antiferromagnets and have some exotic behaviors in terms of dynamics. In this work, we theoretically studied the dynamics of magnetic skyrmions in antiferromagnetic-exchange coupled disks in terms of microwave response using micromagnetic simulations. It is well known that clockwise (CW)/counterclockwise (CCW) circular resonance modes of skyrmions can be excited when an in-plane microwave is applied to the system. We found three coupled excitation modes (CW-CW, CCW-CCW, and CW-CCW) in the presence of antiferromagnetic-exchange coupling and the type of excitation mode depends on the frequency of the in-plane microwave. Furthermore, the topological trajectories of excitation modes are elliptical. For the low frequency (less than 10 GHz) excitation, the trajectory is close to linear mode since the major axis of the ellipse is much larger than its minor axis.
Ultra-narrow-band and highly efficient near-infrared absorption of a graphene-based Tamm plasmon polaritons structure
Authors: Zhou Kun , Lu Lu , Song Jinlin , Li Bowen , Cheng Qiang
Published: September 2018

We theoretically propose a graphene-based Tamm plasmon polaritons (GTPP) structure to enhance the absorption of graphene in the near-infrared range. An ultra-narrow-band and highly efficient absorption can be realized based on Tamm plasmon polaritons (TPP) and critical coupling with guide resonances. Simulated results indicate that dramatic enhancement of graphene absorption with the help of the GTPP structure can be improved from 2.3% to near 75%, and the absorption of the GTPP structure can reach near 99% for both TM and TE polarizations. Furthermore, a further study reveals that the absorption peak of the GTPP structure can be adjusted by the geometry and incident angle, the absorption of the proposed GTPP structure possesses good wavelength selectivity and the full width at half-maximum of 2.5 nm can be acquired. The proposed GTPP structure shows tunability and favorable enhancement of graphene absorption and retains promising potential in graphene-based optoelectronic devices.
Effects of thermostatting in molecular dynamics on anharmonic properties of crystals: Application to fcc Al at high pressure and temperature
Authors: Moustafa Sabry G. , Schultz Andrew J. , Kofke David A.
Published: September 2018

The precision and accuracy of the anharmonic energy calculated in the canonical (NVT) ensemble using three different thermostats (viz., Andersen, Langevin, and Nosé-Hoover) along with no thermostat (i.e., microcanonical, NVE) are compared via application to aluminum crystals at ≈100 GPa for temperatures up to melting (4000 K) using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation. In addition to the role of the thermostat, the effect of using either conventional or the recently introduced harmonically mapped averaging (HMA) method is considered. The effect of AIMD time-step size Δt on the ensemble averages gauges accuracy, while for a given Δt, the stochastic uncertainty (computed using block averaging) provides the metric for precision. We identify the rate of convergence of block averages (with respect to block size) as an important issue in this context, as it imposes a minimum simulation length required to achieve reliable statistics, and it differs considerably among the methods. We observe that HMA with a Langevin thermostat in an NVT simulation shows the best performance, from the point of view of accuracy, precision, and simulation length. In addition, we introduce a novel HMA-based ensemble average for the temperature. In application to NVE simulations, the new formulation exhibits much smaller fluctuations compared to the conventional kinetic-energy approach; however, it provides only marginal improvement in uncertainty due to strong negative correlations exhibited by the conventional form (which acts to reduce its uncertainty but also slows convergence of the block averages).
Ferromagnetic insulator Cr2Ge2Te6
thin films with perpendicular remanence
Authors: Mogi M. , Tsukazaki A. , Kaneko Y. , Yoshimi R. , Takahashi K. S. , Kawasaki M. , Tokura Y.
Published: September 2018

Ferromagnetic van der Waals (vdW) insulators possess robust magnetic order even in a few layers of two-dimensional sheets. The heterostructures of such vdW materials prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) are one of the ideal platforms for exploration of novel electronic/spintronic functionalities based on their ferromagnetism via an abrupt hetero-interface. Here we report successful MBE-growth of a vdW magnetic insulator Cr2Ge2Te6 thin film on a topological insulator (Bi,Sb)2Te3. Metal to insulator transition is observed in Cr–Ge–Te alloy films with increasing Ge content as tuned by the Ge and Cr flux ratio, corresponding to the structural phase change from Cr2Te3 to Cr2Ge2Te6. In the nearly stoichiometric Cr2Ge2Te6 films, a large remanent magnetization with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy appears in contrast to the bulk crystals with no discernible hysteresis. The perpendicular remanence with high Curie temperature of about 80 K remains in the thinnest 6-nm film prepared in this study. Designing of magnetic vdW heterostructures based on the Cr2Ge2Te6 thin films offers great opportunities for exploring unusual physical phenomena via proximity effect at the vdW hetero-interface.
NTC thin film temperature sensors for cryogenics region with high sensitivity and thermal stability
Authors: Lin Zude , Zhan Guanghui , You Minmin , Yang Bin , Chen Xiang , Wang Xiaolin , Zhang Weiping , Liu Jingquan
Published: September 2018

HfOxNy thin films were deposited on polished and oxidized silicon wafers at different nitrogen-oxygen gas flow rates by DC magnetron reactive sputtering, and temperature sensors based on these HfOxNy thin films were fabricated using a microelectromechanical system micromachining process. The resistance–temperature dependencies of these sensors were studied in the temperature range of 4.2 K–300 K, and the effect of the sputtering gas flow rate on the initial resistivity and sensitivity [temperature coefficient of resistance and absolute sensitivity (Sa)] was discussed. One of these sensors was subjected to 15 cycles between 300 K and 4.2 K for thermal cycle stability testing. The performances of these sensors were compared to the now available negative temperature coefficient thin film temperature sensors (ZrNx, CrNx, RuO2, and ZrOxNy), and they show very outstanding sensitivity and thermal cycle stability. Furthermore, the conduction mechanism of HfOxNy thin films in the cryogenic region was studied for the first time.
A capacitance spectroscopy-based platform for realizing gate-defined electronic lattices
Authors: Hensgens T. , Mukhopadhyay U. , Barthelemy P. , Vermeulen R. F. L. , Schouten R. N. , Fallahi S. , Gardner G. C. , Reichl C. , Wegscheider W. , Manfra M. J. , Vandersypen L. M. K.
Published: September 2018

Electrostatic confinement in semiconductors provides a flexible platform for the emulation of interacting electrons in a two-dimensional lattice, including in the presence of gauge fields. This combination offers the potential to realize a wide host of quantum phases. Capacitance spectroscopy provides a technique that allows one to directly probe the density of states of such two-dimensional electron systems. Here, we present a measurement and fabrication scheme that builds on capacitance spectroscopy and allows for the independent control of density and periodic potential strength imposed on a two-dimensional electron gas. We characterize disorder levels and (in)homogeneity and develop and optimize different gating strategies at length scales where interactions are expected to be strong. A continuation of these ideas might see to fruition the emulation of interaction-driven Mott transitions or Hofstadter butterfly physics.
Defect effects on spatiotemporal evolution of photoinduced martensitic transition in MnNiSn
Authors: Zhang Ming , Li Zi-An , Tian Huanfang , Yang Huaixin , Li Jianqi
Published: September 2018

Martensitic transition and reverse transition in ferromagnetic shape memory alloy MnNiSn contain a variety of structural dynamic features accompanied directly by atomic motions and micro-domain alterations. To investigate the effects of crystalline defects on the dynamical structural phase transitions, we use ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM) to directly image the rapid structural phase transition in MnNiSn initiated by femtosecond laser pulses. Via high spatiotemporal resolution images, we reveal the pinning effect by the grain boundary on the phonon-driven martensitic transition after fs-laser pulse excitations, and the structural oscillation is also observed as driven by coherent acoustic phonons that start at the sites of the grain boundary and propagate with the speed of sound. These results elucidate the roles of crystallographic defects in the dynamical processes of martensitic transition and highlight the unprecedented capability of UTEM for direct imaging lattice motions with nanometer spatial and picosecond temporal resolutions.
Photoluminescence quenching in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides by Al2O3 encapsulation
Authors: Kim Seong Yeoul , Yang Hae In , Choi Woong
Published: September 2018

We report the photoluminescence quenching in monolayer MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2 by atomic layer deposited Al2O3 encapsulation. The negative shift and broadening of photoluminescence emission suggested electron doping after encapsulation. The further reduction, softening, and broadening of the A1g mode in Raman spectra also suggested electron doping after Al2O3 encapsulation. To investigate the origin of photoluminescence quenching, we fabricated bottom-gate MoS2 transistors on SiO2/Si substrates. Under a 405-nm-laser, Al2O3-encapsulated MoS2 transistors exhibited enhanced electron photocurrent, suggesting that photoluminescence quenching was dominated by hole transfer to encapsulation-induced trap states. These results demonstrated the importance of defect control for the dielectric deposition in achieving high-performance optoelectronic devices based on monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides.
Probability distributions related to tilings of non-convex polygons
Authors: Adler Mark , van Moerbeke Pierre
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we study random lozenge tilings of non-convex polygonal regions. The interaction of the non-convexities (cuts) leads to new kernels and thus new statistics for the tiling fluctuations near these regions. This paper gives new probability distributions and joint probability distributions for the fluctuation of tiles along lines in between the cuts.
Spin field-effect transistor action via tunable polarization of the spin injection in a Co/MgO/graphene contact
Authors: Ringer Sebastian , Rosenauer Matthias , Völkl Tobias , Kadur Maximilian , Hopperdietzel Franz , Weiss Dieter , Eroms Jonathan
Published: September 2018

We fabricated a non-local spin valve device with Co-MgO injector/detector tunnel contacts on a graphene spin channel. In this device, the spin polarization of the injector contact can be tuned by both the injector current bias and the gate voltage. The spin polarization can be turned off and even inverted. This behavior enables a spin transistor where the signal is switched off by turning off the spin injection using the field-effect. We propose a model based on a gate-dependent shift of the minimum in the graphene density of states with respect to the tunneling density of states of cobalt, which can explain the observed bias and gate dependence.
Flow around in-line sphere array at moderate Reynolds number
Authors: Choi Daehyun , Park Hyungmin
Published: September 2018

In the present study, we perform a series of water-tunnel experiments to investigate the flow around an in-line sphere array at the Reynolds number of 1000, based on the free-stream velocity and sphere diameter, focusing on how the sphere wake changes by the additional spheres located behind while the spacing between them being varied. We try to capture the qualitative picture of the wake behind each sphere and to measure quantitative distribution of flow statistics using dye visualization and particle image velocimetry techniques. When the spacing is less than one sphere diameter, the gap flow is steady and axisymmetric, while the last wake is planar symmetric with a weaker turbulence level. When the spacing is twice larger than the sphere diameter, on the other hand, the flows in the gap and final wake tend to recover the axisymmetric feature, which is similar to that of a single sphere wake at the same Reynolds number. Between these two regimes, there is a transitional flow regime (the spacing is comparable to the sphere diameter) where the flow is still planar symmetric, but the turbulence level is enhanced. Depending on the flow topology, it is found that the characteristic frequencies (i.e., Strouhal number) in the shear layers and the gap are also affected. Finally, based on our analysis, we propose a flow regime map for each wake in the considered sphere arrays and also estimate the pressure distribution from the velocity measurements, by which the forces acting on each sphere can be assessed.
AKNS and NLS hierarchies, MRW solutions, P
n breathers, and beyond
Authors: Matveev Vladimir B. , Smirnov Aleksandr O.
Published: September 2018

We describe a unified structure of rogue wave and multiple rogue wave solutions for all equations of the Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (AKNS) hierarchy and their mixed and deformed versions. The definition of the AKNS hierarchy and its deformed versions is given in the Sec. II. We also consider the continuous symmetries of the related equations and the related spectral curves. This work continues and summarises some of our previous studies dedicated to the rogue wave-like solutions associated with AKNS, nonlinear Schrödinger, and KP hierarchies. The general scheme is illustrated by the examples of small rank n, n ⩽ 7, rational or quasi-rational solutions. In particular, we consider rank-2 and rank-3 quasi-rational solutions that can be used for prediction and modeling of the rogue wave events in fiber optics, hydrodynamics, and many other branches of science.
The lichen flora of tropical Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Neldner Victor J. , Rogers Rodrick W. , Forster Paul I.
Published: September 2018

The first account of the lichen flora of the Cape York Peninsula bioregion is provided with 423 lichen taxa from 47 families and 127 genera recorded. The tropical savannas of Cape York Peninsula, which experience annual or biennial ground fires, are generally a harsh environment for lichen establishment and growth. The majority of eucalypts and Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. trees that dominate much of Cape York Peninsula vegetation regularly shed their bark and do not generally provide a suitable habitat for lichen establishment and persistence. However, even in these savanna habitats, some tree species provide suitable fire-safe substrates for lichens. The rainforest, riparian and coastal vegetation lichen flora is much more diverse, primarily because of the lack of fire but also because of more mesic conditions and persistent thin bark types. Most of the lichens (413 lichen species) survive on a number of bark types, while there are 51 species on rock substrates (10 exclusively on rocks). The diverse lichen flora is dominated by pantropical species, many of which are shared with New Guinea, Thailand and the Northern Territory. However, eleven lichen species are only known from Cape York Peninsula.
An angled rack with a bypass and a nature-like fishway pass Atlantic salmon smolts downstream at a hydropower dam
Authors: Nyqvist D. , Elghagen J. , Heiss M. , Calles O.
Published: September 2018

Hydropower dams disrupt longitudinal connectivity and cause fragmentation of river systems, which has led to declines in migratory fish species. Atlantic salmon smolts rely on intact longitudinal connectivity to move downstream from rearing habitats in freshwater to feeding grounds at sea. Smolts often suffer increased mortality and delays when they encounter hydropower plants during their downstream migration. Currently, there are few examples of downstream passage solutions that allow safe and timely passage. We assessed the performance of two passage solutions at a hydropower dam, namely, an angled 15-mm rack with a bypass and a large nature-like fishway. The performance of these new fish passage solutions was evaluated by tracking radio-tagged Atlantic salmon smolts as they encountered the facilities. The radio-tagged smolts passed the dam 9.5h after release (median) and exhibited a dam-passage efficiency of 84%, with passage rates increasing with body length. Fish passage occurred through both the rack bypass and the nature-like fishway. The passage efficiencies were 70–95% for the rack bypass and 47% for the nature-like fisway. The new fish passage facilities resulted in improved passage conditions at the site, confirming that angled racks with bypasses as best-practise solutions for downstream passage, but also that large nature-like fishways may act as downstream passage routes for salmon.
NMDA-receptor antibodies alter cortical microcircuit dynamics
Authors: Rosch Richard E. , Wright Sukhvir , Cooray Gerald , Papadopoulou Margarita , Goyal Sushma , Lim Ming , Vincent Angela , Upton A. Louise , Baldeweg Torsten , Friston Karl J.
Published: September 2018

NMDA-receptor antibodies (NMDAR-Abs) cause an autoimmune encephalitis with a diverse range of EEG abnormalities. NMDAR-Abs are believed to disrupt receptor function, but how blocking this excitatory synaptic receptor can lead to paroxysmal EEG abnormalities—or even seizures—is poorly understood. Here we show that NMDAR-Abs change intrinsic cortical connections and neuronal population dynamics to alter the spectral composition of spontaneous EEG activity and predispose brain dynamics to paroxysmal abnormalities. Based on local field potential recordings in a mouse model, we first validate a dynamic causal model of NMDAR-Ab effects on cortical microcircuitry. Using this model, we then identify the key synaptic parameters that best explain EEG paroxysms in pediatric patients with NMDAR-Ab encephalitis. Finally, we use the mouse model to show that NMDAR-Ab–related changes render microcircuitry critically susceptible to overt EEG paroxysms when these key parameters are changed, even though the same parameter fluctuations are tolerated in the in silico model of the control condition. These findings offer mechanistic insights into circuit-level dysfunction induced by NMDAR-Ab.
Mechanism of tRNA-mediated +1 ribosomal frameshifting
Authors: Hong Samuel , Sunita S. , Maehigashi Tatsuya , Hoffer Eric D. , Dunkle Jack A. , Dunham Christine M.
Published: September 2018

Significance

Accurate gene expression is essential in all organisms. During protein synthesis, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) decode the genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) on the ribosome into amino acids using a defined 3-nt code. A fundamental question in biology is how the ribosome maintains this 3-nt code, or mRNA frame, during the dynamic processes that move the mRNA-tRNA pairs through the different tRNA-binding sites. We solved structures of a frameshift-prone tRNA bound to the bacterial ribosome after mRNA decoding. We find that the tRNA undergoes conformational rearrangements in the peptidyl (P) and exit (E) sites that cause the ribosome to lose its grip on the mRNA and allow the tRNA to shift into a new reading frame.
Écrire pour être traduit aux Nations Unies
Authors: Saint Robert Marie-Josée de
Published: September 2018

Dans une institution où tout écrit officiel doit être traduit, un outil d’aide à la rédaction apparaît comme essentiel au bon
fonctionnement de la chaîne de production documentaire. Un texte source dont les ambiguïtés involontaires (erreurs d’appellations
officielles, d’acronymes ou dans les citations, non-emploi des termes officiels ou recommandés, fautes d’orthographe ou de
syntaxe, phrases incomplètes, répétitions, etc.) seraient éliminées par son auteur grâce à l’assistance d’un outil expert
relié aux banques de données terminologiques et textuelles officielles, permettrait d’obtenir un texte cible de qualité et
concordant dans toutes les langues. Un tel logiciel d’aide à la rédaction servirait aussi d’aide à la traduction et à la
compréhension des textes.

L’objet de cette communication est de décrire l’organisation du travail de réécriture et de traduction mise en place à
l’ONU, eu égard à sa politique linguistique et documentaire, et d’étudier les possibilités et les difficultés que présentent
l’amélioration et l’uniformisation des textes source au moyen de l’informatique.
Écrire, traduire, réviser les textes expographiques
Authors: Lemaire Nathalie
Published: September 2018

Cet article s’appuie sur notre révision française unilingue argumentée d’un corpus de panneaux de salle et des cartels prédicatifs d’expositions internationales de peinture. Les anomalies détectées dans ces textes expographiques (cibles et sources) ont fait l’objet d’un triple classement – par nature, par effet produit sur le visiteur-lecteur et par origine (présence/absence de l’anomalie considérée dans le texte de départ et association ou non de l’anomalie à une erreur de traduction). L’examen de la corrélation entre la correction (ou l’incorrection), la cohérence (ou l’incohérence), l’efficacité (ou l’inefficacité) d’un même passage dans le texte de départ et le texte d’arrivée livre, en effet, des indications sur les points critiques – remédiables – mais aussi sur les lignes de force – exploitables – du processus de coconstruction de la qualité rédactionnelle par les intervenants de la chaine éditoriale. Nous illustrons notre propos par des exemples tirés des trois cas de figure modélisés : (1) transfert, dans la traduction française, d’anomalies observables dans le texte de départ ; (2) dégradation, dans la traduction française, de la qualité rédactionnelle observée dans le texte de départ ; (3) amélioration de la qualité rédactionnelle du texte d’arrivée par rapport à celle du texte français de départ. Ces exemples sont ensuite mis en lien avec les bonnes pratiques d’assurance qualité rédactionnelle émergentes en édition multilingue. La combinaison de ces bonnes pratiques, adaptée aux caractéristiques du texte expographique informatif, forme l’essentiel de nos recommandations aux responsables de la communication plurilingue dans les musées soucieux de mieux contrôler les risques de l’édition multilingue et de tirer profit des synergies de la qualité rédactionnelle assurée à six mains (et plus).
Evaluating evaluation
Authors: Gilbert Kristin Enola
Published: September 2018

This study examines a participant’s narrative in a focus group interview dealing with the evaluation of criminal justice policy – the impact of community policing training. However, rather than look at the narrative solely in the speech of the interviewee, I analyze the integration of speech and embodied conduct like gesture, gaze, and posture in the production and negotiation of professional identities. I demonstrate the applied merits of a multimodal approach to criminal justice evaluation in the mapping between denotational text and interactional positioning, a mapping that inheres in embodied stance and broader sociocultural context.
Learning English in Catalonia
Authors: Diert-Boté Irati , Martin-Rubió Xavier
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study is to unveil English learners’ beliefs and emotions regarding the English language education received in Catalan schools. For that purpose, data from 5 focus groups with 31 university students have been analysed through a combination of MCA and small stories analysis. The findings reveal that the participants are dissatisfied with the English language education provided, and they believe that the teachers and/or the system are to blame for their (low) level of English. In the main story analysed, boredom, demotivation, irritation and frustration are emotions attached to English learning in high school, which are also present in most of our subjects’ small stories; it is the repetition (iterativity) of small stories, beliefs and emotions across participants that leads us to the detection of a discourse of victimhood, by which students identify themselves as the victims of their English teachers and/or the education system.
Evaluating place in orientations of narratives of internal migration
Authors: Wright Lyn
Published: September 2018

This study examines the evaluation of place in orientation sequences of narratives of internal migration to the Southern United States. Unlike other narratives of displacement, narratives of internal migration foreground talk about the here and now in which tellers evaluate place as an important aspect of narrative meaning-making. The current study draws on five narratives of internal migration told during research interviews about growing up bilingual in the South to examine how the South (and other places) are evaluated by young bilingual adults in the region. This study demonstrates how evaluations of place provide a resource for constructing narrators’ authority, moral positions, and belonging in relation to two main stereotypical narratives of the South, i.e. as a racialized and racist place or as a moral and hospitable place. The study has implications for understanding the construction of place and self identity in narrative as well as processes of migration of immigrant families within the U.S.
How reading narratives can improve our fitness to survive
Authors: Krieken Kobie van
Published: September 2018

Previous research has argued that narrative is an evolutionary adaptation, offering advantages in terms of survival and reproductive successes. It is yet unclear, however,hownarratives may promote our fitness to survive. Integrating developments in narrative theory, evolutionary psychology, communication science, and cognitive neuroscience, this article presents a Mental Simulation Model that explains the mechanisms through which narratives prepare us for potential life-threatening events in the future. The model proposes that the design features of narrative (setting, perspective, and action) facilitate various distinctive processes of mental simulation (transportation, identification, and action simulation). It is argued that these simulation processes are capable of enhancing our fitness to survive in distinct but complementary ways. The article offers testable propositions and discusses empirical implications.
After asylum
Authors: Rud Jeremy A.
Published: September 2018

In this study I examine a corpus of former refugee narratives published by the nonprofit Refugee Council of Australia (RCOA) on their website in 2011. In order to investigate the relationship between the constituent parts and the narrative as a whole, I use critical discourse analysis to examine the strategic use of person, quantified temporal phrases, broader thematic elements, and the constitution of “former refugee narrative” as a genre. I conclude that the RCOA dominates temporality and maintains authority over the narratives through specifically applied quantification yet captures the necessary subjective and emotional material of the refugee experience to achieve the authenticity the co-narratives need to be well-received by the public. Thus, by manipulating hermeneutic composability, the RCOA evidences an objective, authoritative portrayal yet captures a subjective experience worth telling, and by manipulating intertextual gaps they appeal to the Australian nationalism implicit in the contemporary political climate.
Teacher motivation and emotions vis-à-vis students’ positive perceptions of effective teaching and
learning
Authors: Enríquez Raído Vanessa
Published: September 2018

Interdisciplinary research into the interplay between emotions, cognition, and translation is still in its infancy. This is
certainly true for research focused on teachers, teachers’ motivation, and related emotions. Unlike in translation studies,
however, the situation in teacher motivation theory and research has changed significantly over the last decade. This article
draws on teacher motivation theory to adopt an interpretive framework for the study of teacher socioemotional dimensions, as
associated with students’ positive perceptions of effective teaching and learning. A self-case study involving the reflexive
analysis of a teaching portfolio in translation suggests that teacher motivation and emotions significantly influence students’
perceptions of effective teaching and learning, and that research on teachers matters for reasons such as student outcomes and
teacher professional development.
FeCrNiMnAl high-entropy alloy coating by spray deposition and thermite reaction
Authors: Chen Gang , Zhu Lihua , Shen Shucheng , Zhou Chengshang
Published: September 2018

High-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings demonstrate excellent corrosion resistance and wear resistance. However, their applications are limited owing to a complicated process and high costs. In the present work, an FeCrNiMnAl HEA coating was synthesised by spray deposition combining with thermite reaction using a mixture of Fe2O3, CrO3, MnO2, Ni, and Al powders as precursors. After spray deposition, the as-formed coating layer consisted of two body-centred cubic phases, and showed good metallurgical bonding with the substrate. The average microhardness value of the FeCrNiMnAl HEA coating reached 432.2 ± 10.8 HV, which was higher than that of the substrate (259.5 ± 8.4 HV). The coating also exhibited superior wear resistance and corrosion resistance compared with the substrate. This method has great potential for preparing HEA coatings.
Defamilisation and familisation risks, adult worker models, and pro-employment/decommodification measures for women: the case of Hong Kong
Authors: Yu Sam Wai-Kam , Chau Chui-Man Ruby , Kühner Stefan
Published: September 2018

This paper is concerned with the research areas of defamilisation/familisation and adult worker models. It particularly focuses on demonstrating how the study of government pro-employment and decommodification measures for reducing defamilisation and familisation risks faced by women contributes to the examination of the adult worker models. It presents three analytical tasks. The first is to categorise the adult worker models into four types (market-focused, supported, choice-focused and collective consumption) based on different combinations of the pro-employment and decommodification measures. The second is to explore the relative desirability of these four types in enhancing women's well-being. Based on the case example of Hong Kong, the third is to examine issues concerning the application of the adult worker models in the analysis of how the government responds to defamilisation and familisation risks.
Spike-triggered average electrical stimuli as input filters for bionic vision—a perspective
Authors: Rathbun D L , Ghorbani N , Shabani H , Zrenner E , Hosseinzadeh Z
Published: September 2018

Bionic retinal implants are gaining acceptance in the treatment of blindness from degenerative diseases including retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. Objective. A current obstacle to the improved performance of such implants is the difficulty of comparing the results of disparate experiments. Another obstacle is the current difficulty in selectively activating the many different retinal ganglion cell types that are used as separate pathways for visual information to the brain. Approach. To address these obstacles, we propose a modelling framework based on white noise stimulation and reverse correlation. In this perspective, we first outline early developments in visual retinal physiology leading up to the implementation of white noise stimuli and spike-triggered averaging. We then review recent efforts to adapt the white noise method for electrical stimulation of the retina and some of the nuances of this approach. Main results. Based on such white noise methods, we describe a modelling framework whereby the effect of any arbitrary electrical stimulus on a ganglion cell’s neural code can be better understood. Significance. This framework should additionally disentangle the effects of stimulation on photoreceptor, bipolar cell and retinal ganglion cell—ultimately supporting selective stimulation of specific ganglion cell types for a more nuanced bionic retinal implant. Finally, we point to upcoming considerations in this rapidly developing domain of research.
4. Creating a worldview of childhood
Authors: Marten James
Published: September 2018

The League of Nations made history on September 26, 1924, when it adopted a resolution declaring that children enjoyed certain rights. The Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child reflected a consensus among policymakers and reformers about what childhood meant. Despite its brevity, its idealism, and its lack of specifics—or perhaps because of them—the declaration encouraged a new worldview of children and childhood. “Creating a worldview of childhood” explains how its five clauses provide useful categories for assessing the status of childhood in the twentieth century and help to organize the many threads of reform and policymaking that appeared during the last half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries.
5. Women in African politics
Authors: Taylor Ian
Published: September 2018

Gender inequality in Africa varies depending on the histories, culture, colonial legacy, and levels of economic development of each community. Generally, inequality is very real and has a direct impact upon the possibilities of the active involvement of women in political processes in Africa. ‘Women in African politics’ outlines the pre-colonial situation, the effects of colonialism on gender roles, and post-colonial Africa. At independence, most new states granted women the franchise. However, the societal norms of respectability, motherhood, and domestic responsibility often resulted in strong opposition to women playing particularly prominent roles in politics. Despite this, in recent years, women have begun mobilizing politically.
9. Africa’s international relations
Authors: Taylor Ian
Published: September 2018

Despite the myth of marginality and irrelevance, Africa has always played an important role in international politics. The slave trade, the Scramble for Africa and subsequent colonial period, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and the increasing importance of the continent’s natural resources all demonstrate how significant Africa has been to the wider global political economy. ‘Africa’s international relations’ considers the implications for Africa’s international relations and discusses interests, old and new. The continent is increasingly important in international relations and is attracting interest from a huge array of actors such as China, India, and Brazil. It also considers the question of aid and the concept of pan-Africanism.
The status of sociology
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2018

‘The status of sociology’ asks whether sociology can be scientific. Some forms of sociological research follow the models of the physical sciences, but there are some fundamental limits to such imitation. We need to appreciate the differences between the subject matter of the natural and the human sciences. People think and feel. They act as they do, not because they are bound to follow unvarying rules but because they have beliefs, values, interests, and intentions. For the sociologist there is always a further step to take. Our notion of explanation does not stop at identifying regular patterns in social action.
3. Saints in the Middle Ages
Authors: Yarrow Simon
Published: September 2018

The Church’s triumphal collaboration with the Roman Empire had ended by 500 ce. Political authority hung on in the West through the accommodation reached between two new forms of leadership, the holy man bishop and the Christian king. Saints and their relics—venerated at cathedrals, the court chapels of kings, and monasteries—fostered a new civilization, Latin Christendom. ‘Saints in the Middle Ages’ discusses the Carolingian reform of the cult of saints; the roles of saints in religious life in the Byzantine Empire; the changing relationship between church and saints in the later Middle Ages as a result of papal-led reformation; and the vernacularization of saintly patronage from the 13th‒15th centuries.
7. Writing the saints
Authors: Yarrow Simon
Published: September 2018

Hagiography, or ‘writings about the holy’, is the family of literature dedicated to saints. ‘Writing the saints’ considers the origins, form, and functions of hagiography, explaining that its roots were in classical forms of secular biography and in the Gospels. It borrowed from the former all the persuasive techniques and forms used to describe the lives of extraordinary men and women, and from the latter it drew its central purpose and dramatic theme. Aside from its invaluable testimony to religious practice, ecclesiastical, political, and social history, hagiography’s longevity and variety has made it a vast storehouse of human understandings and expressions of spirituality, and of the relationship between God, the saints, and humanity.
8. Globalizing sanctity
Authors: Yarrow Simon
Published: September 2018

The cult of saints crossed global horizons as part of the spread of Roman Catholicism that began in the late 15th century with the maritime expeditions of Catholic Portugal and Spain. ‘Globalizing sanctity’ explains that the most successful seedbed of sainthood was the Americas, where the Church received most patronage when it operated as a colonial government ideological arm, working to pacify and economically exploit the Amerindian natives. Why did the indigenous people adopt their Christian oppressors’ religion and what part did saints play? A fundamental feature of Catholic world mission was syncretism, mixing elements of two sets of religious belief and meaning through the adaptation of symbols and practices culturally accommodating to both.
Patient cardiovascular risk self-management: results from a randomized trial of motivational interviewing delivered by practice nurses
Authors: Huntink Elke , Koetsenruijter Jan , Wensing Michel , van Lieshout Jan
Published: September 2018

Background

To enhance cardiovascular risk management and patients’ self-management, a tailored programme to improve cardiovascular risk management was tested in a randomized trial. The presented study concerned secondary analysis.

Objectives

To explore the correlations of practice nurses’ counselling skills at baseline on chronic illness care (measured with Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care questionnaire) and patients’ self-management (assessed with Patient Activation Measure) at follow-up and to examine the effect of the tailored implementation programme on chronic illness care and patients’ self-management.

Methods

A two-arm cluster randomized trial was conducted in 34 general practices in the Netherlands. Counselling skills of practice nurses at baseline were abstracted from audio-taped consultations, which were assessed by Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity. Data of 2184 patients with established cardiovascular disease or at high cardiovascular risk were gathered at inclusion and at 6 months follow-up by a composite questionnaire. Multilevel regression analysis was applied, controlling for patient characteristics.

Results

Counselling skills of practice nurses were not associated with chronic illness care and patients’ self-management scores. At follow-up, patients in the intervention group experienced less chronic illness care and were less activated in disease management than patients in the control group. The most important predictors were patients’ age, gender and education level.

Conclusions

The logic model underlying the implementation programme needs to be reconsidered, because patient perceptions were neither influenced by nurses’ counselling skills nor by other components of the implementation programme.
Cryptococcal Meningitis and Tuberculous Meningitis Co-infection in HIV-Infected Ugandan Adults
Authors: Ellis Jayne , Cresswell Fiona V , Rhein Joshua , Ssebambulidde Kenneth , Boulware David R
Published: September 2018

We report 5 HIV-infected Ugandan adults with cryptococcal and tuberculous (TB) meningitis co-infection. All unmasked meningitis occurred within 5 weeks of starting HIV therapy. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra facilitated prompt diagnosis; however, 60% in-hospital mortality occurred. TB meningitis coinfection prevalence was 0.8% (5/586) among cryptococcal meningitis, 2 during second cryptococcal episodes.