bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH SERVICE QUALITY TERHADAP KEPUASAN TAMU GENERASI Z DALAM MENGINAP DI HOTEL FOUR POINTS, BALI
Authors: Julita Julita , Papuania Hairuni , Orlina Meita , Michelle Michelle
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dimensi kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan tamu generasi Z dalam menginap di Hotel Four Points, Bali. Generasi Z dipilih dikarenakan generasi ini merupakan generasi yang mendominasi populasi di Indonesia dan cenderung realitistis dalam memberikan penilaian. Baik data primer maupun data sekuder dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini. Data sekunder dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber seperti jurnal, buku dan publikasi terkait lainnya. Data primer dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada responden secara online dengan teknik purposive sampling. Jumlah responden yang menjawab kuesioner yakni 140 responden dan menghasilkan tanggapan yang valid dan setiap item pernyataan juga dinyatakan reliabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan didapatkan bahwa dimensi-dimensi service quality yakni tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, dan empathy berpengaruh secara positif terhadap kepuasan tamu menginap. Service quality (X) mempengaruhi variabel kepuasan tamu menginap (Y) sebesar 72.8%. Angka determinan faktor 72.8% ini cukup tinggi, sehingga dapat diartikan kelima dimensi service quality mampu sebagian besar menjelaskan kejadian kepuasan tamu menginap yakni Generasi Z di hotel Four Points Bali.
PENGARUH BAURAN PEMASARAN DAN PERCEIVED QUALITY TERHADAP PENJUALAN SAMBAL HIYUNG
Authors: Goeltom Vasco A.H , Muller Hasoloan Situmorang Jimmy , Cindy Cindy
Published: September 2022

Permasalahan yang dialami oleh Sambal Hiyung adalah belum dikenalnya Sambal Hiyung dan masih belum tercapainya target penjualan dari Sambal Hiyung selama enam bulan terakhir, selain itu jumlah penjualannya justru menurun dan mengalami stagnasi penjualan selama tiga bulan terakhir. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh marketing mix dan perceived quality terhadap penjualan Sambal Hiyung. Penelitian ini dibuat dengan jenis metode penelitian kuantitatif dan dengan menggunakan tipe asosiatif kausal. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan purposive sampling dengan sampel konsumen yang pernah melakukan pembelian Sambal Hiyung di kota Tangerang minimal satu kali dalam tiga bulan terakhir dan harus berusia 17 tahun keatas. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner.  Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah analisis regresi berganda.  Marketing mix dan perceived quality berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap penjualan produk-produk Sambal Hiyung. Untuk dapat lebih dikenal lagi, Sambal Hiyung sebaiknya dapat meningkatkan promosinya yaitu dengan promosi dari mulut ke mulut dan promosi dengan beralih ke iklan media sosial yang dapat diviralkan. Sambal Hiyung perlu untuk melakukan survei kepada pelanggan terlebih dahulu mengenai preferensi rasa yang lebih disukai oleh pelanggan sehingga dapat menangkap peluang dengan lebih tepat dan memenuhi kebutuhan pelanggan.
Direct Method Translation of Descriptive Text from English into Indonesian
Authors: Sinurat Bloner , E. Silalahi Dumaris , Saputra Nanda
Published: September 2022

The objective of the research is to find out the extent of direct translation at the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Pematangsiantar in the translation descriptive text from English into Indonesianin academic year 2019/2020.The problem research is about what extent of direct translation method are used at grade eight students of SMP N 6 Pematangsiantar in the translation descriptive text from English into Indonesian?. To solve the problems, the research used theories Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) divided translation procedures into two namely Direct or Literal Translation which cover three procedures (borrowing, calque, and Literal translation). The research uses qualitative descriptive method. The data was taken from grade VIII-2 SMPN 6 Pematangsiantar with the total number of students are twenty students. The researcher takes 20 students to analyze the students’ translating. Then, the researcher analyzes the data, describe and classify their translation. The research finding of the thesis showthat the students’ translation borrowing translatiom 22,2%, calque translation 19,05%, literal translation 58,73% but some students did not get transferring the meaning of text so the students did not complete  to translate the text. The researcher concludes that some students always found many difficulties in translation because they do not understand meaning word, the usage of structure in sentences and confused within the text.
Rancangan Sistem Informasi Penjualan Obat Farmasi Pada PT. Guna Abdi Wisesa Berbasis Web
Authors: Wahyu Fahrizal Farhan , Lestari Dwi , Sharyanto
Published: September 2022

Obat farmasi adalah zat atau campuran bahan, termasuk produk biologi yang digunakan untuk mempengaruhi dan menyelidiki sistem fisiologis dalam proses penegakan diagnosis, pencegahan, penyembuhan, pemulihan, peningkatan kesehatan, dan kontrasepsi bagi manusia. PT. Guna Abdi Wisesa adalah Pedagang Besar Farmasi (PBF) yang bergerak di bidang distribusi obat dan alat kesehatan. Sistem informasi penjualan obat pada PT. Guna Abdi Wisesa berupa pemesanan obat farmasi dan pengecekan stok. Proses pemesanan obat farmasi masih ditulis tangan menggunakan kertas, dan proses pengecekan data persediaan obat menggunakan Microsoft Excel membutuhkan waktu. Dari gambaran permasalahan yang terjadi maka dirancang dan dibangun sebuah sistem informasi penjualan obat berbasis web yang diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan yang ada. Metode analisis dan perancangan yang digunakan adalah Unified Modeling Language (UML). Sistem informasi penjualan obat berbasis web ini menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan MySQL sebagai databasenya. Adanya sistem informasi penjualan obat berbasis web dapat membantu perusahaan dalam proses penjualan obat farmasi.
Pola Pastoral Kedukaan Berdasarkan 1 Tesalonika 4:13-18
Authors: Illu Jonidius , Rosiana Tapilaha Sandra , Henderina Keluanan Yane
Published: September 2022

Isu-isu pokok yang dibahas dalam tulisan ini antara lain ketidakmengertian tentang penjelasan Alkitab bahwa kehidupan dankematian sebagai suatu keadaan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam proses hidup manusia,dan dampaknya yaitu menyalahkan Allah, diri sendiri dan orang lain, serta menimbulkan gangguan secara mental dan fisik. Selain itu, adanya ketidakmengertian tentang kesiapan hidup seseorang selama ia hidup dan keyakinan akan pengharapan hidup kekal bersama Yesus Kristus dan orang percaya lain dalam kekekalan, yang dijelaskan dalam salah satu bagian Firman Tuhan yaitu 1 Tesalonika 4:13-18. Tujuan penelitian untuk memberikan penjelasan pola pastoral berdasarkan 1 Tesalonika 4:13-18 agar dimengerti oleh setiap orangKristen sehingga memahami akan keadaan orang yang meninggal di dalam Yesus Kristus dan juga tidak mengalami dukacita yang berkepanjangan sehingga menimbulkan penolakan terhadap keadaan tetapi menerima dengan harapan atau keyakinan bahwa di dalam Yesus Kristus adakepastian hidup yang kekal.
Audiologic and Vestibular Findings in a Sample of Human Immunodeficiency
Virus Type-1-Infected Mexican Children Under Highly Active Antiretroviral
Therapy

Authors: Palacios GC , Montalvo MS , Fraire MI , Leon E , Alvarez MT , Solorzano F
Published: September 2022

Objective: There is little information about audiologic and vestibular disorders
in pediatric patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1). The
aim of this study was to evaluate audiologic and vestibular disorders in a sample of
HIV-1-infected children receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
Methods:
Patients underwent pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination testing, auditory
brainstem responses, electronystagmography, and rotatory testing. HIV-1 viral load and
absolute CD4+ cell counts were registered.
Results: Twenty-three patients were
included, aged 4.5 pars (median, range 5 months to 16 years). Pure tone audiometry was
carried out in 12 children over 4 years of age: 4 (33%) showed hearing loss, 2 were
conductive. Auditory brainstem responses were measured in all 23 patients, suggesting
conductive hearing loss in 6 and sensorineural hearing loss in 2. Most patients with
conductive hearing loss had the antecedent of acute or chronic suppurative otitis media
but with dry cars at the time of evaluation (p=0.003). Abnormal prolongations of
interwave intervals in auditory brainstem responses were observed in 3 children (13%. 4
ears), an abnormal morphology in different components of auditory brainstem responses in
4 (17.4%, 7 ears), and abnormal amplitude patterns in 11 patients (48%, 17 ears).
Vestibular tests were abnormal in all six patients tested, with asymmetries in caloric
and rotators- tests. Although differences were not significant, in general, audiologic
abnormalities were more frequent in patients with more prolonged HIV-1 infections,
higher viral loads, or lower absolute CD4+ cell counts.
Conclusions: Conductive
hearing loss associated with previous otitis media events, abnormalities in auditory
brainstem responses suggesting disorders at different levels of the auditory pathways,
and unilateral vestibular hyporeflexia were frequent findings in our sample of
HIV-1-infected children under Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. These findings
suggest that HIV-1-infected children should be submitted to audiologic and vestibular
evaluation as early as possible in order to reduce their impact on the psychosocial
development of these patients.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008; 72(11):
1671-1681.
Which children would benefit most from tympanostomy tubes (grommets)? A
personal evidence-based review

Authors: Lous J
Published: September 2022

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common condition in young children. OME
causes some hearing loss, and can cause permanent changes in the tympanic membrane as
well as other symptoms. In most cases, OME is of short duration. As long-lasting
bilateral OME for decades has been associated with delayed cognitive and language
development, parents and ENT specialists have a positive attitude towards treatment with
tympanostomy tubes (TT).
Method: This personal evidence-based review is built on
own observations and research combined with newer studies and guidelines.
Results:
The review argues for a relatively restrictive treatment policy concerning the use of TT
in children with OME without signs or symptoms of impaired social or linguistic
function.
Conclusion: Six months with bilateral OME and significant hearing loss
should be present before treatment with TT in otherwise healthy children. At the moment
we have no evidence for the subgroups of children excluded from the RCTs, i.e., children
with speech/language delays, behaviour and learning problems, or syndromes. Clinicians
will need to make their own decisions regarding treatment of such children. The
situation just now is that some children are over-treated and some are under-treated.
There is an urgent need for prospective cohort studies and randomised studies on
children with long-lasting OME in an attempt to characterise the children who would
benefit most from TT.
Published courtesy of:Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;
72(6): 731-736
Clinical trial of a low-cost, solar-powered hearing aid

Authors: Parving A , Christensen B
Published: September 2022

Objective: In July 2001 the World Health Organization (WHO) launched their
‘Guidelines for hearing aids and services for developing countries’. The objective of
this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of an analogue, low-cost, behind-the-ear
hearing aid (BTE-HA) that met the minimum technical requirements outlined by the
WHO.
Material and Methods: A total of 25 subjects (17 males, 8 females; median age
74 years; range 50-86 years) were recruited among patients referred for audiological
evaluation who consented to participate in the trial. All subjects had a hearing loss of
< or = 60 dB HL at 2 kHz, were mobile and mentally unimpaired; 13 were experienced
users of HAs, 3 suffered from mixed conductive/sensorineural hearing impairment (HI) and
the remainder had pure sensorineural HI. Based on puretone, speech and impedance
audiometry the BTE-HAs were fitted, using the National Acoustic Laboratories-R (NALR)
prescription rule, 21 binaurally and 4 monaurally. All fittings were validated by
insertion gain measurements, and the immediate benefit was measured by means of the
speech recognition score in background noise (SRSN; signal:noise ratio = 10 dB) without
and with the HA. After a 6-week trial period a structured interview based on the
International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HAs) was performed.
Results:
The results showed that the amplification of the HA deviated significantly from the
NAL-R target at all frequencies, giving significantly more amplification at 500 and 1000
Hz despite maximum bass-cut, whenever relevant, and significantly less amplification as
required at 2, 3 and 4 kHz. The median SRSN without HA was 48% (range 0-96%), which
improved significantly to 80% (range 24-100%) with HA. The median individual difference
in SRSN without and with HA was 20% (range 0-72%). The total IOI-HA score with the test
HA was 4.1 (range 2.6-4.6), showing that it offered subjectively high satisfaction and
reduction in limitations of activity.
Conclusions: The low-cost HA: (i) provides
benefit to the hearing-impaired person; (ii) offers poor amplification in the high
frequencies; and (iii) gives subjective satisfaction similar to that for modern
available HAs.
Published courtesy of:Acta Otolaryngol. 2004; 124(4):
416-420
Predictors of hearing loss in school entrants in a developing
country

Authors: Olusanya BO , Okolo AA , Aderemi AA
Published: September 2022

Background: Hearing loss is a prevalent and significant disability that impairs
functional development and educational attainment of school children in developing
countries. Lack of a simple and practical screening protocol often deters routine and
systematic hearing screening at school entry.
Aim: To identify predictors of
hearing loss for a practical screening model in school-aged children.
Settings and
Design: Community-based, retrospective case-control study of school entrants in an inner
city.
Methods: Results from the audiologic and non-audiologic examination of 50
hearing impaired children in randomly selected mainstream schools were compared with
those of a control group of 150 normal hearing children, matched for age and sex from
the same population. The non-audiologic evaluation consisted of medical history, general
physical examination, anthropometry, motor skills, intelligence and visual acuity while
the audiologic assessment consisted of otoscopy, audiometry and tympanometry.

Statistical Analysis: Multiple logistic regression analysis of significant variables
derived from univariate analysis incorporating student t-test and chisquare.

Results: Besides parental literacy (OR:0.3; 95% CI:0.16-0.68), non-audiologic variables
showed no association with hearing loss. In contrast, most audiologic indicators,
enlarged nasal turbinate (OR:3.3; 95% CI:0.98-11.31), debris or foreign bodies in the
ear canal (OR:5.4; 95% CI:1.0-36.03), impacted cerumen (OR:6.2; 95% CI:2.12-14.33), dull
tympanic membrane (OR:2.2; 95% CI:1.10- 4.46), perforated ear drum (OR:24.3; 95%
CI:2.93-1100.17) and otitis media with effusion OME (OR:14.2; 95% CI:6.22- 33.09), were
associated with hearing loss. However, only parental literacy (OR:0.3; 95%
CI:0.16-0.69), impacted cerumen (OR:4.0; 95% CI:1.66-9.43) and OME (OR:11.0; 95%
CI:4.74-25.62) emerged as predictors.
Conclusion: Selective screening based on the
identification of impacted cerumen and OME will facilitate the detection of a
significant proportion of hearing impaired school entrants.
Published courtesy of:J
Postgrad Med. 2004; 50(3): 173-178
Determinants Revisit Intention Through Perceived Value for Tourist Visits to Tourism Destinations at Kepulauan Seribu of DKI Jakarta
Authors: Handayani Estiningsih Tri , Limakrisna Nandan , Muharam Hari
Published: September 2022

The tourism industry is important and strategic in the implementation of development in Indonesia because it is able to bring in large amounts of foreign exchange for the country. Tourist satisfaction is met will have an impact on the emergence of revisit interest (Revisit Intention), as a spontaneous response to the object of visitors because the expression of satisfaction felt during the initial visit is appropriate and even exceeds expectations. This research aims to be able to find ways and strategies to increase Revisit Intention for tourists, so that methods are found that can be recommended to interested parties through research on the variables that affect Revisit Intention, such as Promotion, Servicescape, Destination Image and Perceived Values. This research was conducted in the Kepulauan Seribu tourism destination in DKI-Jakarta with a total of 400 samples, using the Random Sampling. The research method used SEM with the LISREL program. The results of the research obtained the following data, such as (1) There is an effect Promotion on Revisit Intention (β = 0.62); (2) There is an effect Servicescape on Revisit Intention; (3) There is no effect of Destination Image on Revisit Intention (β = 0.21 ); (4) There is an effect Promotion on Perceived Value  (β =- 0.21); (5) There is an influence Servicescape on Perceived Value (        ); (6) There is no influence of Destination Image on Perceived Value (β =-0.14); and (7) There is an effect of Perceived Value on Revisit Intention (β = 0.0552).
IMPLEMENTASI HYBRID CONTRACK DI PEGADAIAN SYARIAH CPS PASAR LEGI JOMBANG
Authors: Muthammimatus Sa’idah  , Arivatu Ni’mati Rahmatika
Published: September 2022

Dalam Arrum Tasjily, terdapat dua akad yang saling mengikat yaitu akad Rahn dan Ijarah. Akad Rah merupakan suatu tanggungan / jaminan atas utang yang  dapat dieksekusi apabila sirahingagal menunaikan kewajibannya. Sedangkan akad Ijarah ialah pemindahan hak guna atas barang atau jasa melalui pembayaran upah sewa(‘ujrah) tanpa diikuti dengan pemindahan kepemilikan atas barang tersebut. Terdapat beberapa Fatwa DSN-MUI yang mengatur operasional kedua akad tersebut, salah satunya adalah Fatwa DSN MUI No: 68/DSN-MUI/III2008 tentang rahntasjily. Terdapat kesesuaian antara penerapan kedua akad tersebut dengan Fatwa DSN-MUI yang mengatur ketentuan-ketentuan yang berlaku. Hal tersebut digunakan oleh Pegadaian Syariah CPS Pasar Legi Jombang, sebagai acuan dalam pengambilan kebijakan. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, dengan dipaparkan data dan beberapa pengertian dari sumber permasalahan.
ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI KECAMATAN BIBOKI MOENLEU KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH UTARA PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA
Authors: Agripina Ambone  , Yosefina M. Fallo  , Joka Umbu
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui 1) gambaran umum usahatani padi sawah 2) pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Biboki Moenleu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2019 sampai selesai. Penentuan sampel mengunakan teknik simple random sampling yaitu secara acak berjumlah 100 petani responden. Jenis data yang digunakan yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis data yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriptif kualitatif dan analisis pendapatan. Hasil penelitian: 1) Gambaran usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Biboki Moenleu meliputi pengolahan lahan, persiapan bibit, penanaman, pemeliharaan, panen dan pasca panen. ; 2) Total biaya variabel yang dikeluarkan sebesar Rp. 211,820,066,-; Total biaya Penyusutan yang  dikeluarkan sebesar Rp.32,700,654, dan  pendapatan total sebesar Rp. 870.269.280,  serta nilai R/C ratio 4.5.
A Geographic Analysis of the Interdisciplinary Collaborations in the Brazilian Scientific Community
Authors: Pessoa Junior Geraldo J. , Dias Thiago M. R. , Silva Thiago H. P. , Laender Alberto H. F.
Published: September 2022

Interdisciplinary collaborations have recently attracted the attention of scholars, since they help bridging academic relationships and contribute to make scientific collaboration networks even stronger. However, previous works on this subject have mainly focused on characterizing such interdisciplinary collaborations in specific research groups or scientific communities. In this article, we start from a previous work in which we characterized the interdisciplinary collaborations within the entire Brazilian scientific community, as defined according to the upper level of the knowledge area classification scheme proposed by CNPq, the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, considering the following eight major areas: Agrarian Sciences, Applied and Social Sciences, Biological Sciences, Engineering, Exact and Earth Sciences, Health Sciences, Humanities, and Linguistics, Letters and Arts. Based on this interdisciplinary collaboration network, we conducted a geographic analysis that characterizes how these collaborations have been spread across the Brazilian geographic regions. Overall, our results show strong collaborative ties involving the triad formed by the three main Brazilian geographic regions (Southeast, South and Northeast) for all major areas. Besides, three of the eight major areas (Agrarian Sciences, Biological Sciences, and Health Sciences) show a massive participation in interdisciplinary collaborations across all regions. Despite that, geographic proximity is an important factor, since the proportion of interdisciplinary collaborations involving researchers from the same region is high. Finally, we analyze the patterns of interdisciplinary collaboration by regions and by major areas, thus showing that the Brazilian interdisciplinary network is highly connected.
Mediating meaning in booktalk: Reading Clubs as third spaces
Authors: Scheckle Eileen
Published: September 2022

Various studies have shown that South Africa has low levels of school literacy. This is exacerbated when schools are located in low socio-economic settings where schools have a dearth of resources to be mobilised to develop literacy practices. This article reports on a qualitative study of classroom reading clubs where learners read novels in groups once a week. In particular it focuses on discussions within two reading clubs to explore how learners took up different positions to talk about books and how together they constructed a shared understanding. The study suggests how through talk learners have an opportunity to think and this thinking is made visible to researchers. The article suggests that classroom reading clubs can sites to develop reading strategies reasoning in response to literature. Keywords: reading clubs, critical thinking, booktalk, dialogism, discussion
The Buddha as a Warrior: On Some Martial Metaphors in Early (Mūla)Sarvāstivāda Literature
Authors: Eltschinger Vincent
Published: September 2022

From the first century CE, the Buddhist elites’ polemical interaction with Brahmanism as well as other religio-philosophical (proto)systems took altogether new forms, targeted several new opponents, and mobilized more clearly identifiable actors. Evidence suggests that the (Mūla)Sarvāstivādins, notably those that later labelled themselves Yogācāras, were perceived as specialists of inter-religious polemics in addition to being experts in Buddhist dogmatics. And indeed, their Vinaya quite unambiguously suggests that the (Mūla)Sarvāstivādins developed a new interpretation of the meaning and function of the future Buddha’s final “descent” on earth, an interpretation that was most likely devised to reflect and legitimate their concern with anti-tīrthika controversy. Even in the absence of any explicit connection to it, narrative works by Aśvaghoṣa (around 100CE) and Kumāralāta (c. C3rd) as well as several sections of the Yogācārabhūmi compendium (c. C4th), all of which are quite clearly related to this broad monastic affiliation, bear testimony to this martial agenda.
Shepherds in Wolves’ Clothing: bodhisattva s, tīrthika s and ‘bodhisattva-tīrthika s ’
Authors: Jones C.V.
Published: September 2022

In Mahāyānist works concerned with the activities of bodhisattvas, ideal Buddhist renunciates who work tirelessly to achieve the status of a buddha, non-Buddhist systems are often little more than opportunities for a bodhisattva to exercise his power. The religious other is an obstacle to be surmounted, or an opponent to be subjugated. But in some relatively early Mahāyāna sources we also encounter the ideal bodhisattva who works ‘for’ or ‘among’ non-Buddhists as part of his efforts to educate any and all sentient beings. This chapter addresses some of the attitudes towards non-Buddhists found in Mahāyānist sūtra literature, and focuses on references to the ‘bodhisattva-tīrthika’ as a particularly creative example of literary bodhisattvas’ range of appearances and activities. Particular attention is given to the Bodhisattvagocaropāyaviṣayavikurvāṇanirdeśasūtra (or Satyakaparivarta), which employs the idea of the bodhisattva-tīrthika for several ends. The text celebrates the many and various activities of bodhisattvas while neutralizing the authority of non-Buddhist systems and their exponents. It also suggests a hierarchy of teachings about liberation, which polemically incorporates all traditions concerned with liberation, Buddhist or otherwise, within the mysterious and multifarious influence of the Buddha.
What do the Shameless Ones Nonsensically Profess? Genealogy of a Buddhist-Jain Philosophical Dialogue
Authors: Gorisse Marie-Hélène
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses the reasons why Jainism became marginal in the philosophical dialogues in which Buddhists engaged themselves. It examines how Buddhist authors depict Jain philosophers and how these depictions serve the Buddhist agenda. Especially, in his Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti, Dharmakīrti (c. 550–610 CE) attacks the anekāntavāda, the theory according to which everything is non-one-sided, which stands at the core of Jain conceptions of the world. This refutation was the beginning point of a tradition of refutations of Jainism, as is witnessed in the Tattvasaṃgraha of Śāntarakṣita (725–788 CE) and in the commentary thereof, the Pañjikā of Kamalaśīla (740–795 CE); by Jitāri (ca. 8-9th c.) in his Anekāntavādanirāsa; or by Karṇakagomin (ca. 900 CE) in his Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛttiṭīkā. Investigating the main moments of this exchange presents an opportunity to reflect on strategies of engagement with the other in Buddhist philosophy. In the third movement of this chapter are discussed selected argumentative strategies that Buddhists adopted and their philological and soteriological consequences.
The Demonisation of the Other through the Narrative of Māra’s Defeat ( māravijaya )
Authors: Schmidt-Leukel Perry
Published: September 2022

Across different cultural realms, and over a long period of time up to the present day, Buddhism has demonized religious others (Hindus, Christians, Muslims) and political others (political powers and parties) by referring to them as “Māras”, “Māra’s sons” or “Māra’s army”. In this context, the most frequently employed narrative is the story of Māra’s defeat (māravijaya) in the context of the Buddha’s awakening. While this demonization took place in word and image alike, my paper will focus primarily on Buddhist iconography. The demonization of the other was not without practical implications. In India, the Earth Goddess called upon by the Buddha as the witness of his purity is accompanied by, or transforms into the fierce Aparājitā, the “destroyer of all Māras”. In East Asia, the Earth Goddess causes a huge flood in which she drowns Māra’s army. The motif of killing to the higher glory of the Buddha has been repeatedly applied within real conflicts and was justified by some Buddhists as the killing of demonic appearances, not of genuine human beings.
The Origins of the Origin Debates: Buddhist Responses to Daoist Accounts of the Origins of Buddhism (5th–6th Centuries)
Authors: Bokenkamp Stephen R.
Published: September 2022

The first centuries of Buddhist propagation within the boundaries of China were relatively uneventful. As the religion became integrated into Chinese society, however, processes of imitation and “sinification,” while perhaps flattering, threatened what elite Buddhists saw as the purity of the doctrine. So, beginning toward the end of the fifth century, Buddhists began to actively distinguish themselves from other religions, mostly those today categorized under the label “Daoism,” and to argue strenuously for the unique qualities of the Buddhist dharma. The Buddhist monk Seng You 僧祐‎ (445-518) collected evidence of this struggle in his Hongming ji弘明集‎ [Collection for the Clarification and Propagation of Buddhism]. The present study explores Daoist claims and Buddhist responses with special focus on the debate on Buddhist distinctiveness conducted by two men who were historically identified as Buddhists, Zhang Rong 張融‎ (444-497) and Zhou Yong 周顒‎ (d. 493).
Posthumous Conversions of Confucians: A Zen Case Study from Song China to Modern Japan
Authors: Barrett T.H.
Published: September 2022

Neo-Confucians (to use the Western term) claimed to make East Asian Buddhism redundant by showing that Chinese traditions of thought offered better solutions to the human condition than Buddhism, yet the suspicion remained that they were themselves influenced by Buddhist ideas. Thus, for example, Buddhists claimed that figures associated with Neo-Confucianism had learned from, or become, Buddhists themselves. Among the earliest such figures was Li Ao (c. 772-836). His supposed allegiance to Buddhism is reaffirmed in the work of the Japanese Zen teacher Imakita Kōsen (1816-1892), whose writings remain in circulation to this day. Tracing the way in which Li’s case was deployed in Imakita’s and earlier Buddhist works, so that his name is still associated with Buddhism on the internet today, illustrates the strength of this particular polemical tactic.
The Place of Native Populations in the Chartered Towns of Conquered Regions: Wales and Prussia as a Comparative Case Study
Authors: Czaja Roman , Stevens Matthew Frank
Published: September 2022

This chapter identifies the common pattern of integration and discrimination that affected native persons attempting to move into the new medieval colonial towns established in Wales, by Norman and English conquerors and the crown, and in Prussia, by the State of the Teutonic Knights and bishops. Both areas were hitherto largely unurbanised. The authors posit that, at first, in both regions, when medieval colonisers founded new towns, native persons were initially accepted into forming urban communities, as the main concern was to make each new town a success by any means. Second, there followed by a period of top-down legal discrimination driven by the security and economic concerns of the territorial ruler. And third, a subsequent phase of bottom-up legal discrimination was enacted at the request of colonial townsmen seeking to limit native commercial competition following the Black Death (1348–9) and the commencement of pan-European economic depression (from c.1390).
‘Irishtowns’ and ‘Welsh Streets’: Ethnic Enclaves Within the Towns of Colonial Ireland and Wales in a Northern-European Colonial Context
Authors: Booker Sparky , Stevens Matthew Frank
Published: September 2022

English colonisation in Ireland and Wales was accomplished initially by military means but consolidated and made profitable through urbanisation. This involved developing proto-urban settlements and founding new towns. As these towns grew, during the 12th and 13th centuries, many developed areas – streets, neighbourhoods or distinct walled sections – associated with the native population. These were called, variously, Irishtown, Irishstreet, Irishgrange and Welsh Street. This chapter argues that although these names indicated a concentration of Irish or Welsh inhabitants when first applied, the demographic character of the areas could change rapidly while retaining an ethnically associated name. The role played by the church in shaping the ethnic composition of these areas is highlighted. The divergent history of Ireland and Wales ensured that the evolution of these areas differed, as new Irishtowns were created in the late medieval and early modern periods, while ethnic names fell out of use in Wales.
Shaping the Public Space of Danzig and Dublin, 14th–16th Centuries: Tensions Between the Common Good and Private Use
Authors: Maciakowska Zofia , Maleszka Anna
Published: September 2022

This chapter assesses the role of municipal authorities and the idea of the common good in shaping the public space and infrastructure of two cities, Danzig (Gdańsk) and Dublin. An important element of urban authorities’ policies in both cities concerned the relationship between public and private spaces, and between two or more private spaces. In both cities, special legal solutions and rules were collated in local customs that illustrate the manner in which urban authorities attempted to tackle everyday problems common to all large towns of medieval Europe, arising from waste and pollution, fire hazards, unauthorized encroachment on streets, water access, animal husbandry, etc. It is argued that the negotiation and elaboration of customs regarding public spaces played a critical role in the normalization of social life, while their enforcement was an important aspect of social disciplining.
Quarters and Quartermasters in Franconian and Prussian Towns, 14th–16th Centuries: The Common People and Their Participation in Urban Governance
Authors: Czaja Roman , Flachenecker Helmut
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on how quarters functioned in municipal authority structures and relationships between town councils and the commons in Franconia and Prussia. In Franconia quarters became, in the 15th and 16th centuries, the spatial or organisational framework for the participation of the commons. Quartermasters were a threat to the council, especially in times of crisis, and they could embrace violent opposition and become the voice of the commons. In Prussia, the strong social and political position of the merchant oligarchy meant that city councils used quarters, when confronting internal or external threats, to create a system of mobilisation and political communication with the commons that could function without the intermediation of guilds. The subordination of older quarters to municipal authorities created the appearance of a community ruled by town councillors. During power struggles between city councils and guilds, guilds acted as representatives of citizens against the councils.
A Renaissance Reclaimed: Burckhardt’s Civilisation of the Renaissance Reconsidered
Authors: Bauer Stefan , Ditchfield Simon
Published: September 2022

The conference that led to this volume was convened in 2018 to mark the 200th anniversary of the birth of Jacob Burckhardt, the ‘father of cultural history’. The contributors were tasked with the dual aim of, on the one hand, analysing the intentions and methods behind The Civilisation of the
Renaissance in Italy (1860) and, on the other, considering whether the work has any continuing relevance. Not wanting to reduce the Swiss historian to having been either merely an implausible Whig or simply a reactionary prophet, the emphasis of this essay collection is on Burckhardt’s complexity, above all his ambivalence about the virtues and vices of modernity and the role played by the Italian Renaissance at its birth. After a summary of the individual chapters, the introduction closes with, first, a brief survey of the relevant chapters of the volume occasioned by the other anniversary conference held in Burckhardt’s birthplace of Basel, and then with some concluding reflections on the enduring value of the author’s provisional and subjective approach and his masterly deployment of the language of irony.
‘The State as a Work of Art’: State and Politics in Burckhardt and in Italian Renaissance Political Thought
Authors: Black Robert
Published: September 2022

Jacob Burckhardt maintained that The Modern State first emerged in Renaissance Italy. In that period, however, ‘stato’ (status in Latin) referred not to sovereign and permanent political bodies—such as the Kingdom of France or the Republics of Florence and Venice—but usually to a regime in power or to the dominions of rulers or republics. As such, ‘stato’ could carry a negative connotation associated with tyranny. Only in the late sixteenth century did ‘stato’ assume its modern meaning. For Scipione Ammirato (d. 1601), ‘The State, what is it, if not a realm or empire or wherever a dominion is referred to by name?’ For Giovanni Botero (d. 1617), ‘The State is a permanent dominium over people.’ For Burckhardt, the Renaissance State was a work of art, subject to rational planning, unconstrained by law or morals—but this development could occur only when the ‘stato’ became The State.
Burckhardt, Humanists, and the Remains of Antiquity
Authors: Stenhouse William
Published: September 2022

Jacob Burckhardt was notoriously hostile to the humanists. In the third part of Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, ‘The Revival of Antiquity’, he presented them as a class of greedy and amoral courtiers, strangely devoted to reviving a dead language. When Burckhardt moved to describing individuals, however, he gave some of these scholars a more sympathetic portrayal. This chapter points to some of the reasons for Burckhardt’s hostility, and then shows that it was humanists engaged in rediscovering the material remains of antiquity who won his admiration. By comparing his approach to those of his 19th-century predecessors, this chapter argues that Burckhardt’s education and experience of Italy made him sympathetic to those scholars who had excavated the tangible evidence of the past, and to those artists, especially Raphael, who responded to them. Unlike their philologist contemporaries, they presented a creative way of reviving antiquity. This essay complements Barbara von Reibnitz’s demonstration of how Burckhardt understood the reception of antiquity, to illustrate the factors shaping his attitudes to the humanists in practice.
Afterword
Authors: Fba Peter Burke
Published: September 2022

This afterword presents a few reflections on the relation of Burckhardt’s interpretation to earlier views of the Renaissance, from Petrarch via Vasari and Voltaire to Georg Voigt; on the genres to which his book belongs, as both a self-conscious ‘essay’ and as an early contribution to cultural history; on the connections between the different parts of the study, including some of its basic concepts, such as Kunstwerk, Individualismus and Volksgeist; and finally, on the book’s career from its original publication in 1860, when it sold only a few copies, until the present day, when, despite the rejection of some of Burckhardt’s arguments, his study is established as a classic.
Marta Marchina, Poetry, and Social Mobility in Baroque Rome
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2022

Martha Marchina was a seventeenth century working-class woman Latin poet in Rome. She was encouraged in her studies by the Oratorians of Santa Maria in Vallicella, and brought to the attention of Cardinal Spada, and became a Spada protegée.  Though she continued to live with her father and work with her hands, she acquired a reputation as a woman of letters. The Spadas were themselves a parvenu family trying to establish themselves in Rome, using education and the cultivation of the arts to do so. Marchina was part of their cultural capital, since her verse, in the epigrammatic style fashionable at the time, was circulated in manuscript, and admired by contemporaries.  Her work was eventually published in 1662 as a Spada contribution to the reception of the royal convert, Queen Christina of Sweden, and a discreet advertisment of the Spada family’s significance.
The Idiota ’s Authority: Fifteenth-Century Hierarchies in Dialogue
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard J.
Published: September 2022

Late medieval Europe offered new options for ambitious authors to challenge political and learned hierarchies. To explore what these options implied, this chapter takes as a starting point Nicholas of Cusa’s remarkable Idiota dialogues, showing how Cusanus’ own life used writing and scholarship to move through social strata, and how this social movement involved newly significant claims about the power of unlearned knowers. By looking at unlearned figures in late medieval devotional writing, the chapter argues that such untutored minds claimed particular authority precisely because they represented the ‘least’ of society.
The Scribes of the Old Pillory: Hired Hands and their Customers in Sixteenth-Century Lisbon
Authors: Park Simon
Published: September 2022

If a sixteenth-century Lisboeta needed a quick love letter or other missive, they would head for the stalls at the Old Pillory. These one-stop text shops provided on-demand prose and verse to the noble and the ordinary, to the illiterate and the just plain lazy, all for the same low price: 20 reais. Nevertheless, the demand was such that the scribes amassed fortunes exceeding those of notaries and scribes who held salaried positions in the church or court. Wealthy, then, but outside the institutions that traditionally conferred social status, these hired (and hidden) hands raise numerous questions about the relationship between literature, learning, and the social order, through their own ambiguous place in society, but also in relation to their clients whose use of the scribes blurred the lines between different social groups and their respective modes of writing.
Authorship and Social Status in Early Modern England
Authors: Burrow Colin
Published: September 2022

This chapter shows that the social status of writers in England between about 1580 and 1620 was radically entangled with the status of literary genres and with bibliographical markers of status. These evolved and migrated rapidly between different genres. It explores the rise of markers of authorship and social status in printed play texts and in volumes of collected works, and shows how authors and stationers sought to borrow markers of status from adjacent genres in order to elevate themselves and their work. The final section explores how the inclusion of sonnet sequences within collected editions of poems by the ‘household laureates’ Samuel Daniel and Michael Drayton in the early seventeenth century both elevated the status of the sonneteer and encouraged writers associated with noble households to present themselves as mere clerks or accountants. This is then related to the representation of social status in Shakespeare’s sonnets. A conclusion shows that the languages of social and literary status were complex codes and partially autonomous from each other, but that over the course of the forty or so years covered by the chapter it became markedly easier to claim high quasi-social status by virtue of literary activity.
The Fiscal-Military Constitution of Bourbon France in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Rowlands Guy
Published: September 2022

Eschewing the notion of France as a ‘fiscal-military state’, this essay places the fiscal-military constitution of France in comparative perspective, looking at the armed forces, revenue-raising, credit and logistics. It investigates just how effective and efficient the French state was at raising and deploying resources for war in a sustainable fashion and considers the extent to which the fiscal-military constitution allowed the strategic interests and political goals of the monarchs to be met. For all the greater sophistication and increase of human, material and financial resources the French state achieved from the 1660s, it was not enough to meet the strategic demands Louis XIV and Louis XV placed on the armed forces and fiscal machinery in most wars from the 1690s. Yet these pressures not only drained energy from France, the fiscal-military overstretch, and strategic setbacks eventually generated demands for serious reform of the fiscal-military constitution by the Seven Years War, ultimately weakening the foundations of the monarchy.
The European Fiscal-Military System and the Habsburg Monarchy
Authors: Wilson Peter H.
Published: September 2022

The emergence of the Habsburg Monarchy as a European great power depended not only on its internal consolidation and institution-building, but also on accessing external resources both through the Empire and from the wider European fiscal-military system. This co-evolved with the shift of European politics to an order based on sovereign national states around 1560 and was dismantled as part of the completion of that process around 1850. The early modern state’s limitations both demanded and enabled external fiscal-military partnerships, since they were both unable to mobilise sufficient resources from within their own jurisdictions, nor to prevent their own subjects providing such assistance to other powers. The paradox of the emergence of modern European states is that competition was only possible through cooperation, since few states were able to wage war alone.
Fiscal-Military Exigency and Authority in 17th-Century Moravia
Authors: David Jiří
Published: September 2022

The consolidation of early modern monarchies under the impact of the increasing number and duration of wars, altered the relationship between power centres and regions. This study analyses this process with an examination of a specific territory of the Habsburg Monarchy (Moravia) during the 17th century, which witnessed the establishment of a new relationship between central authorities and provincial elites. The Thirty Years War and its ‘total’ character are identified as a leading factor behind the changes in question. In the decades following the end of that war, long-term functional-organizational instruments gradually came into being that were capable of responding to the growing needs of the new standing army. This study concludes that government relied on the provincial Estates in the creation of these instruments, as they possessed the requisite local authority to ensure sustainability.
Habsburg War Finance and Noble Credit-Brokerage in the Southern Netherlands under Charles VI
Authors: Hyden-Hanscho Veronika
Published: September 2022

When in 1715 the Southern Netherlands passed formally into the hands of Vienna, one of the formerly wealthiest regions of northern Europe became a part of the Austrian Habsburg composite monarchy. For nearly 100 years, the Austrian Netherlands played an important role in the financial management of that Monarchy in the form of contributions, subsidies, credit, and loans accommodated by the provincial Estates in wartime. This paper considers a key opening episode in that financial relationship during the reign of Charles VI. Two key issues are considered. First, the problem of tax farming will be analysed on the basis of the example of the county of Hainault and the tax negotiations between its Estates and the government. Second, the intermediary role played by the area’s leading nobleman, the duke of Arenberg, between provincial Estates and emperor will elucidate the problem of wartime borrowing and debt management.