bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of insecticidal efficacy of four natural substances against granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius [L.]) adults: does the combined use of the substances improve their efficacy?
Authors: Bohinc Tanja , Trdan Stanislav
Published: July 2017

Laboratory tests were carried out to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of different natural inert dusts (diatomaceous earth, wood ash, quartz sand) and the leaf powder of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. against granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius [L.]) adults. The efficacy of the substances was tested individually and in combination with each other. The substances were applied at different concentrations, and bioassays were carried out at four different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35°C) and two different relative humidity (RH) levels (55% and 75%). The adult mortality was recorded after the 7th, 14th and 21st days of exposure. The progeny production of individuals exposed to different combinations was also assessed. Wood ash proved to be the most efficient inert dust in our research. We detected 100% mortality in the treatment exposed to a higher concentration (5 w%) of wood ash at 35°C and 55% RH after 7 days of exposure. A lower RH level had also a negative impact on the progeny production. We can conclude that wood ash can be efficient in controlling granary weevil adults as a single substance or in combination with other substances. Further surveys should focus on the impact of the wood ash dose rates. Due to the high percentage of area covered with forest in some European countries, the main ingredient is present locally, but additional surveys are needed to help improve the practical use of wood ash.
Non-Parametric Wavelet Functional Analysis for Horizontal and Vertical displacements Derived from GPS Stations in Western Alaska during the Year 2012
Authors: Zahmatkesh Homayoon , Abedeni Abbas
Published: July 2017

In order to analyze the dynamic processes of the Earth interior and the effect of the propagation of the seismic waves to the surface, a comprehensive study of the Earth crust kinematics is necessary. Although the Global Positing System (GPS) is a powerful method to measure ground displacements and velocities both horizontally and vertically as well as to infer the tectonic stress regime generated by the subsurface processes (from local fault systems to huge tectonic plate movements and active volcanoes), the complexity of the deformation pattern generated during such movements is not always easy to be interpreted. Therefore, it is necessary to work on new methodologies and modifying the previous approaches in order to improve the current methods and better understand the crustal movements. In this paper, we focus on western Alaska area, where many complex faults and active volcanoes exist. In particular, we analyze the data acquired each 30 seconds by three GPS stations located in western Alaska (AC31, AB09 and AB11) from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012 in order to compute their displacements in horizontal and vertical components by vectorial summation of the average daily and annual velocities components. Furthermore, we design non-parametric DMeyer and Haar wavelets for horizontal and vertical velocities directions in order to identify significant and homogenous displacements during the year 2012. Finally, the non-parametric decomposition of total horizontal and vertical normalized velocities based on level 1 and level 2 coefficients have been applied to compute normal and cumulative probability histograms related to the accuracy and statistical evolution of each applied wavelet. The results present a very good agreement between the designed non-parametric wavelets and their decomposition functions for each of the three above mentioned GPS stations displacements and velocities during the year 2012.
Work-Life Balance among Teaching Hospital Nurses in Malaysia
Authors: Nurumal Mohd , Makabe Sachiko , Che Jamaludin Farah Ilyani , Fahmi Mohd Yusof Hairil , Aung Khin Thandar , Kowitlawakul Yanika
Published: July 2017

Extreme workload and poor working environment have a negative impact on the emotional and physical statuses among nurses. The study has contributed to evaluate work-life balance and its related factors among teaching hospital nurses. It was aimed to examine the work-life balance and its related factors among teaching hospital nurses. A cross-sectional study using a universal sampling technique was conducted. 1002 nurses were included from the Teaching hospital of Klang Valley, Malaysia. The instrument was adapted from NIOSH Generic Job Stress Questionnaire and QoL questionnaire from WHO, and it was used to measure the quality of work-life balance. Non-work activities, job requirement, supervisor support, job satisfaction, manageability, social and environmental variables have independently influenced work-life balance among nurses. Furthermore, quality of life variables has positively influenced the work-life balance (P<0.050). Work life balance and organizational commitment can have a positive relationship. Whereas, Nurses working in fixed shifts were observed with greater work-life balance as compared to the nurses working in multiple shifts. A friendly environment in the professional sector plays a major role for developing motivation and enthusiasm among workers.
Lutheran Perspectives on Ethical Business in an Age of Downsizing
Authors: Childs, James M.
Published: July 2017

Fundamental theological and ethical themes of Luther's thought and tradition provide a basis for appreciating both the role of business in God's providential design and the importance of occupation for living out one's Christian vocation. These same insights establish the ethical basis for a critical appraisal of the current practice of downsizing and its negative impact on the quality of individual lives and whole communities. While Lutheran ethics is realistic about the ambiguities of life, it is also an ethic of compassionate love seeking justice in the world of business as in all of life.
The Issue of Riba in Islamic Faith and Law
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz
Published: July 2017

With the growth of Muslim economies, both at the national and international levels, the issue of riba (interest, usury) poses great difficulties. The charging or receiving of riba has been forbidden in Islam, which presents a major problem to financial institutions that charge interest. Muslim legal scholars belonging to all schools of legal thought have reinterpreted scriptural sources to accommodate drastic economic changes; practical considerations have forced Muslim groups, both of Sunni and Shi'ite persuasion, to justify interest-based banking and other institutions of finance. As a matter of religion, the status of interest is far from resolved. However, within the legal tradition, there are ethical principles like maslahah (public good) and la darar wa la dirar (no harm, no harassment) that will determine the future direction of a Muslim search for a morally responsible economy.
Currículum enfermero y estrategias pedagógicas en materia de sostenibilidad medioambiental en los procesos de salud y cuidado
Authors: Álvarez Nieto Carmen , López-Medina Isabel Mª , Linares-Abad Manuel , Grande-Gascón Mª Luisa , Álvarez-García Cristina
Published: July 2017

Fundamentos: Las enfermeras deben ser conocedoras de cómo afecta el cambio climático a la salud. Para la obtención de estos conocimientos es necesario definir las competencias a adquirir y las estrategias pedagógicas que afronten la sostenibilidad medioambiental en la formación de Enfermería. Objetivo: Describir las dimensiones que debe incluir la formación enfermera en materia de sostenibilidad medioambiental, cambio climático y cuidados de salud y determinar las estrategias pedagógicas más adecuadas.
Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de publicaciones sobre sostenibilidad medioambiental en relación a enfermería y cuidados de salud de los últimos 10 años. Se diseñaron estrategias de búsqueda para quince bases de datos de enfermería y ciencias de la salud. Los resultados se sistematizaron en matrices de datos.
Resultados: La formación enfermera en sostenibilidad medioambiental debe incluir contenidos sobre globalización, impacto ambiental, promoción de salud, uso de recursos y gestión adecuada de residuos, alimentos e influencias de los procesos de producción, los efectos del tabaquismo y los efectos ambientales en la salud de la infancia. Los enfoques educativos más adecuados para incluir la sostenibilidad medioambiental en la formación enfermera son la Investigación-Acción Participativa y el aprendizaje basado en problemas.
Conclusiones: La formación enfermera en materia de sostenibilidad medioambiental debe incluir competencias en diferentes niveles: en lo individual, comprendiendo los fundamentos y el alcance del problema y actuando consecuentemente en el ámbito profesional y en el personal, y en el plano social, Enfermería tiene un papel clave en la promoción de  la salud medioambiental.
Características do trabalho e estratégias de cuidado em saúde mental com o usuário de crack
Authors: Costa de Oliveira Gustavo , Nasi Cintia , Jeanninne Bisso Lacchini Annie , Fernando Schneider Jacó , Barbosa de Pinho Leandro
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: Conocer características del trabajo y estrategias de atención en salud mental con los consumidores de crack, en un Centro de Atención Psicosocial para alcohol y otras drogas (CAPS AD).
Método: Estudio de caso cualitativo, evaluativo, desarrollado en un CAPS AD de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se utilizó, como referente teórico-metodológico, la Evaluación de Cuarta Generación. La recolecta de datos fue de enero a marzo de 2013. Se realizaron 36 entrevistas con trabajadores, usuarios, familiares y coordinadores.
Resultados: El cotidiano del servicio permite espacios flexibles que incentivan la creatividad y la centralidad en el usuario. Prioriza el vínculo y la escucha para fortalecer la relación con el usuario y fragilizar la relación con la droga.
Consideraciones finales: Se consideró la importancia de los servicios sustitutivos en la consolidación de estrategias de cuidado diversificadas, que repiensen la centralidad en la droga y rescaten el protagonismo del usuario.
Prevención del trauma perineal: una revisión integradora de la literatura
Authors: Carneiro Marinha , Ferreira Couto Cristina Manuela
Published: July 2017

Este artículo describe las estrategias que pueden ser desarrolladas por la matrona con el objetivo de mantener la integridad del perineo materno, durante la fase activa del segundo periodo del trabajo de parto.
Objetivo: Determinar la evidencia disponible sobre las intervenciones de la matrona para la prevención del trauma perineal.
Método: Identificación de artículos incorporando las evidencias científicas sobre la prevención del trauma perineal, recurriendo a un conjunto de bases de datos de la salud: Medline, Elsevier, Nursing Reference, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, resultante en 14 artículos.
Resultados/Discusión: La actuación de la matrona en la prevención del trauma perineal debe seguir un conjunto secuencial de intervenciones: incentivar el ejercicio físico moderado, tres veces por semana, durante el embarazo; incentivar a la mujer para la realización del masaje perineal, desde la 30ª semana de gestación; promover la restricción de la manipulación perineal durante el trabajo de parto, haciendo solamente masaje suave, alentando el tirón espontáneo y el cambio de posición de la madre y, además, proceder a la aplicación de gasas calientes en el perineo, y preferir el apoyo perineal simple cuando se aplica la maniobra de Ritgen. En todo el proceso, promover el empoderamiento de la mujer mediante el apoyo y la confianza.
Conclusión: Las intervenciones son señaladas como beneficiosas en la prevención del trauma perineal. No obstante, su aplicación exige más evidencia, así como una efectiva divulgación de sus resultados por parte de los equipos multidisciplinares y de la comunidad con la presentación de los beneficios para la salud de la mujer, la familia y la sociedad.
Recursos audiovisuales en la educación en enfermería: revisión de la literatura
Authors: Agama Sarabia Adiel , Trejo Niño Gabriela , De la Peña León Belinda , Islas Ortega Mariana , Crespo Knofler Silvia , Martínez Felipe Lizette , González Velázquez María Susana
Published: July 2017

Introducción. Los recursos audiovisuales como estrategias de enseñanza fomentan el cambio de una educación tradicional hacia una que integra los cambios tecnológicos, la cual utiliza y dispone de los recursos para mejorar el aprendizaje, por lo que es necesario contar con la mejor evidencia disponible para apoyar su utilización en la formación de los estudiantes.
Objetivo. Analizar la evidencia existente del impacto que tienen los recursos audiovisuales en el mejoramiento de la enseñanza en enfermería.
Metodología. Búsqueda sistematizada en las bases de datos Medline, CINAHL, EBSCO, SciELO, ERIC, PubMed, LILACS y Cochrane. Utilizando el método PICo y Descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud (DeSC) en inglés, español y portugués.
Resultados. Se seleccionaron 7 estudios experimentales y cuasi-experimentales dónde se observa que los recursos audiovisuales ayudan a mejorar el aprendizaje declarativo, contextual y actitudinal, sin embargo, no superan a las estrategias situadas como la simulación, práctica tutorizada y actividades interactivas.
Conclusiones. La evidencia demuestra que el uso de los recursos audiovisuales desarrolla la empatía y favorece la expresión de la interioridad del alumno, sin embargo, por sí solos no superan a estrategias de aprendizaje constructivistas.

 
Introducción al estudio de la reminiscencia platónica.
Authors: Molina Antonio Ignacio
Published: July 2017

Nos encontramos ante una obra que nos narra la reminiscencia Platónica en diversas formas, puesto que la concepción del alma de Platón posee diversos ejemplo dentro de la literatura, como en el Caso de la Odisea, en el descenso de Odiseo a los infiernos y su diálogo con Aquiles.
Approaches to identify kinase dependencies in cancer signalling networks
Authors: Dermit Maria , Dokal Arran , Cutillas Pedro R.
Published: July 2017

Cells integrate extracellular signals into appropriate responses through a complex network of biochemical reactions driven by the activity of protein and lipid kinases, among other proteins. In order to understand this complexity, new approaches, both experimental and computational, have recently been developed with the aim to identify regulatory kinases and infer their activation status in the context of their signalling network. Here, we review such approaches with particular focus on those based on phosphoproteomics. Integration of kinase activity measurements inferred from phosphoproteomics data with other ‘omics’ datasets is starting to be used to identify regulatory nodes in biochemical networks. These methodologies may in the future be used to identify patient‐specific targets and thus advance personalised cancer medicine.
An improved digital polymerase chain reaction protocol to capture low‐copy KRAS mutations in plasma cell‐free DNA by resolving ‘subsampling’ issues
Authors: Ono Yusuke , Sugitani Ayumu , Karasaki Hidenori , Ogata Munehiko , Nozaki Reo , Sasajima Junpei , Yokochi Tomoki , Asahara Shingo , Koizumi Kazuya , Ando Kiyohiro , Hironaka Katsunori , Daito Tsutomu , Mizukami Yusuke
Published: July 2017

Genetic alterations responsible for the initiation of cancer may serve as immediate biomarkers for early diagnosis. Plasma levels of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in patients with cancer are higher than those in healthy individuals; however, the major technical challenge for the widespread implementation of cfDNA genotyping as a diagnostic tool is the insufficient sensitivity and specificity of detecting early‐stage tumors that shed low amounts of cfDNA. To establish a protocol for ultrasensitive droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) for quantification of low‐frequency alleles within a limited cfDNA pool, two‐step multiplex ddPCR targeting eight clinically relevant mutant KRAS variants was examined. Plasma samples from patients with colorectal (n = 10) and pancreatic cancer (n = 9) were evaluated, and cfDNA from healthy volunteers (n = 50) was utilized to calculate reference intervals. Limited cfDNA yields in patients with resectable colorectal and pancreatic cancers did not meet the requirement for efficient capture and quantification of rate mutant alleles by ddPCR. Eight preamplification cycles followed by a second‐run ddPCR were sufficient to obtain approximately 5000–10 000 amplified copies per ng of cfDNA, resolving the subsampling issue. Furthermore, the signal‐to‐noise ratio for rare mutant alleles against the extensive background presented by the wild‐type allele was significantly enhanced. The cutoff limit of reference intervals for mutant KRAS was determined to be ~ 0.09% based on samples from healthy individuals. The modification introduced in the ddPCR protocol facilitated the quantification of low‐copy alleles carrying driver mutations, such as oncogenic KRAS, in localized and early‐stage cancers using small blood volumes, thus offering a minimally invasive modality for timely diagnosis.
The influence of evaporation and rainfall on supratidal groundwater dynamics and salinity structure in a sandy beach
Authors: Geng Xiaolong , Boufadel Michel C.
Published: July 2017

Evaporation has been recognized as a major driving force affecting coastal aquifer systems. However, its effects on subsurface flow and salinity structure have not been investigated in sufficient detail. This paper presents field measurements and numerical simulations of pore water flow and subsurface salinity structure in the supratidal zone of a sandy beach subjected to evaporation as well as rainfall. It was found that evaporation significantly increased pore water salinity, up to 85 g/L, within a shallow layer, approximately 10 cm below the beach surface. The induced density gradient generated salt fingers near the beach surface, which caused local groundwater circulation (i.e., fingering flow). However, unlike inland aquifers, the salt fingering was significantly diminished by tidal action that prompted the horizontal mixing of salt in the beach. The subsequent precipitation (e.g., rainfall) diluted the evaporation‐induced high saline plume near the beach surface and drove the plume to migrate downward; the plume gradually dispersed and was diluted along the groundwater pathways. The simulation results indicated that evaporation as well as precipitation at the beach surface induced complex driving mechanisms for supratidal groundwater flow. Depending on the intensity at the beach surface, evaporation and rainfall significantly altered the pore water flow and associate solute transport processes in the supratidal zone of the beach.
Juvenile Diversion
Authors: Ray James V.
Published: July 2017

Juvenile diversion is the practice of routing juvenile offenders out of the juvenile justice system to reduce the negative effects associated with juvenile justice involvement. This entry provides an overview of the theoretical and practical rationales behind juvenile diversion, the heterogeneity that characterizes diversion programs, and the current state of research regarding the effectiveness of diversion programs.
Prison Nurseries
Authors: Feintuch Sophie
Published: July 2017

Prison nurseries are residential facilities located within prisons that accommodate incarcerated mothers and their babies or young children. These units prevent the mother–child separation that otherwise occurs when mothers go to prison. Prison nurseries are common throughout the world, with almost every country allowing some children to reside in women's prisons. Programs vary greatly by region, and while some only permit babies to remain with their mothers for a number of weeks, others house school‐aged children. Prison nursery programs commonly have a rehabilitative focus, and incarcerated mothers may be able to access education and training opportunities in addition to parenting courses. Few studies have measured the impact of prison nurseries, and scholars continue to debate whether they are in the best interest of the child. This entry presents an overview of prison nursery policies and designs throughout the world and explores some of the primary arguments for and against their use, in addition to alternatives to prison nurseries that some countries have implemented.
M
achiavelli:
The Prince
Authors: Chapman‐Schmidt Ben
Published: July 2017

Machiavelli's
The Prince
has generated controversy for nearly half a millennium for its unapologetically state‐centered consequentialist moral philosophy. When it comes to corrections,
The Prince
sublimates not only individual rights but even abstract notions of justice to the good of the state and, by extension, its ruler.
The Prince
encourages rulers to fake virtues such as mercy and integrity while ignoring them when the situation requires it; to be careful in deciding guilt but ruthless in applying punishment; to seek to inspire fear rather than love while avoiding inspiring hatred; to use cruelty wisely; and to use elites as scapegoats to be tossed aside when they have served their purpose. Though seemingly amoral, these guidelines are grounded in a belief that a strong state is necessary to prevent the greater suffering that accompanies disorder, and that small cruelties in the present can prevent greater cruelties in the future.
Prison Labor and Convict Lease System
Authors: Scott Julian
Published: July 2017

The convict lease system, whereby prisoners' labor is exploited for private organizations' gain, has been in existence for more than 200 years within the United States, and American political and economic interests have created a symbiotic relationship between private industry and prison labor. Historically, the convict labor system has undergone various transitional stages between the early modern era (1790–1970s) and the postmodern era. The convict lease system can be viewed as an arrangement between politicians and entrepreneurs that has creatively expanded patterns of degradation with the intent and purpose of manipulating social control strategies for economic purposes.
Motivational Interviewing for Juveniles
Authors: Brown Michael P.
Published: July 2017

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a treatment philosophy that utilizes a unique set of therapeutic methods to motivate people who are struggling with problematic behaviors, but are nevertheless ambivalent about making changes to those behaviors. MI assumes that, if motivated, people have what it takes to make the necessary behavioral changes. The client–therapist relationship is critical to the change process. Therapists seek to establish strong and collaborative relationships with their clients and to do this they exhibit empathy, genuineness, and warmth. MI has been found to be effective for adolescents who have marijuana, alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco addictions. It has also been found to be effective at reducing behaviors that heighten risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.
Juveniles in Adult Prisons
Authors: Grant Lorna E.
Published: July 2017

The change in legislation in the United States in recent years has contributed to more juveniles finding themselves in adult correctional facilities. Since 1992, 45 states have passed or amended their legislation which makes it easier to prosecute juveniles as adults and send them to adult prisons. This is contrary to the juvenile justice philosophy and the Juvenile Court Act of 1899, which focused on rehabilitation for juveniles. According to the Equal Justice Initiative (2014), on any given day in America approximately 10,000 juveniles are housed in adult jails and prisons nationwide. This entry provides a historical overview of what has led to change in legislations, followed by sections on legislative reforms for juvenile offenders from 1974 to 2013, policies impacting juveniles in correctional facilities, the consequences of housing juveniles in adult correctional facilities, and a policy recommendation based on best practices.
G
hana, Corrections in
Authors: Akoensi Thomas D.
Published: July 2017

Corrections in Ghana has evolved from communal traditional practices emphasizing offender reintegration and restitution to offender punishment in prisons. Prisons in Ghana represent a colonial legacy and its
modus operandi
via the maintenance of safe custody, and welfare provision since independence remains unchanged. The raison d'être of prison administration is security and discipline, with little emphasis and resource provision geared toward offender rehabilitation. With no parole system or alternatives to imprisonment, Ghana's prisons remain severely overcrowded with a concomitant effect on both prisoners' and prison officers' stress and well‐being. This entry gives a broad overview of corrections in Ghana with a focus on (1) the history of imprisonment, (2) the structure of the Ghanaian prison system, with attention to both adult and juvenile corrections, and (3) a profile of prison officers, the principal custodians of incarceration.
Mental Health Issues of Inmates
Authors: Deitzer Jessica
Published: July 2017

Mental illness is overrepresented in prisons and jails, both in the United States and internationally. Since the 1980s in the United States, the already overcrowded prison system has been dealing with an influx of mentally ill prisoners for which it is neither prepared nor well‐suited. This change may be attributed to deinstitutionalization. Mentally ill offenders are often given inadequate treatment and experience many problems associated with their incarceration. With this in mind, many scholars, practitioners, and advocates are proposing changes to current mental health policies and practices. This entry includes a review of the history of mental health care, the current state of mental health treatment, problems associated with incarcerating mentally ill offenders, and recommendations for policy changes proposed by various organizations.
Judicial Discretion
Authors: Kern Leesa J.
Published: July 2017

Judicial discretion is the practice of allowing judges the freedom to make decisions on the merit of the case before them, guided to some extent by both precedent and legislative action. Where sentencing decisions have been questioned for being too lenient or too discriminatory, steps have been taken by legislatures to limit the scope of discretion available for sentencing through the use of sentencing grids, mandatory minimums, and determinate sentencing guidelines.
Irwin:The Jail
Authors: Shammas Victor L.
Published: July 2017

In the United States, the jail population totaled around 700,000 persons per day by the early 2010s, and an annual total of nearly 12 million detainees were confined across more than 3,000 facilities. InThe Jail, published in 1985, John Irwin scrutinizes the American system of pretrial detention and short‐term internment. Arguing that jails are imbued with greater “pains of imprisonment” than traditional penitentiaries because of a distinct lack of emphasis on rehabilitative procedures, Irwin contends that these liminal holding facilities produce four stages of mortification as citizens pass through their gates. The jail causes psychic disintegration and disorientation of lower‐class citizens drawn from deteriorating urban quarters, and the jail degrades and prepares marginalized populations for a continued existence at the bottom tiers of the social order. Far from protecting the public from predatory and dangerous offenders, Irwin argues, jails are instead filled with non‐serious offenders whose primary crime is that they are offensive to public sensibilities.
Home Confinement (House Arrest)
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: July 2017

House arrest has yet to find its formal historian but from fragmented sources we know that it was used in the pre‐modern era, usually but not necessarily as a form of detention for more privileged critics of political or ecclesiastical authority. It acquired sinister, antidemocratic connotations as a penal intervention in the authoritarian and totalitarian regimes of the twentieth century, and is still used in China (sometimes with government closed‐circuit television cameras trained on the home), often but not always for more privileged dissidents with strident supporters in the West. With the exception of its occasional use as a wartime “emergency power”, pretrial detention at home (bail) has been its only legacy in Western democratic societies. Both this and home confinement as a judicial or executive punishment increased in penal status when electronic monitoring became available to enforce them.
Institutionalization
Authors: Marcum Catherine , Workman Haylea
Published: July 2017

Immersion into a life of incarceration involves adopting a new system of values, beliefs, and even language. This new subculture can entail behaviors and beliefs from an existence previous to incarceration, as well as embracing standards and ideals of prison life. Together, these work to ensure that an inmate becomes institutionalized into the corrections system.
Hungary, Corrections in
Authors: Howard‐Bostic Chiquita D.
Published: July 2017

Political, social, and economic changes following Hungary's transition from state socialism to democratization have shaped the formation of the current criminal and juvenile justice systems. Social movements among alternative organizations and the Communist Party encouraged constitutional changes and shifts in power and control. Issues such as money laundering, drug abuse and distribution, human trafficking, and homelessness are challenges for Hungarian police officers and public officials. Recent policy and criminal justice initiatives reflect social inequalities that emerged from market corruption, access to modern technology, and the availability of housing. After 1990, the implementation of a centralized police department, drug reform movements, and decriminalization programs decreased recidivism rates and encouraged policies that do not disproportionately impact impoverished groups.
I
slam in Prisons
Authors: Rush Jeffrey , Whitman Erica
Published: July 2017

Departments of correction in the United States offer a variety of programs and opportunities for inmates aimed to help in rehabilitation and/or reducing prison time. Most of these can be classified into one of four areas: work, education, counseling/therapy, and religion. Of these religion is typically the most controversial. Islam in prison is one of these programs. In a post‐ 9/11 environment, the introduction of Islam in prisons has been controversial. Given that many inmates may lack close ties with family members or others in their communities, Islam may provide structure and a sense of belonging. The conversion of inmates to Islam in US prisons is widespread. While offering a structured future for inmates, it has also led to the radicalization of some prison inmates.
Course of Grip Force Impairment in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Over the First Five Years After Diagnosis
Authors: Rydholm Maria , Book Christina , Wikström Ingegerd , Jacobsson Lennart , Turesson Carl
Published: July 2017

Objective

Objective measures of function are important in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study was to investigate grip strength in patients with early RA.

Methods

An inception cohort of 225 patients with early RA was followed in accordance with a structured protocol. Average and peak grip force values of the dominant hand (measured using a Grippit device [AB Detektor]) were evaluated and compared to expected age‐ and sex‐specific reference values from the literature. Separate analyses were performed for those with limited self‐reported disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index [HAQ DI] score ≤0.5) and clinical remission (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints <2.6).

Results

Baseline average grip force among RA patients was significantly lower than the corresponding expected value (mean 105N versus 266N; P < 0.001). Observed average and peak grip force values were significantly reduced compared to those expected in women as well as in men over time and at all time points. The average grip force improved significantly from inclusion to the 12‐month visit (age‐corrected mean change 34N [95% confidence interval 26–43]). At 5 years, the average grip force was still lower than that expected overall (mean 139N versus 244N; P < 0.001), and also among those with HAQ DI scores ≤0.5 and those in clinical remission.

Conclusion

Grip strength improved in early RA patients, particularly during the first year. However, it was still significantly impaired 5 years after diagnosis, even among those with limited self‐reported disability and those in clinical remission. This suggests that further efforts to improve hand function are important in early RA.
Carbon Coated Alumina Nanofiber Membranes for Selective Ion Transport
Authors: Solodovnichenko Vera S. , Lebedev Denis V. , Bykanova Victoria V. , Shiverskiy Alexey V. , Simunin Mikhail M. , Parfenov Vladimir A. , Ryzhkov Ilya I.
Published: July 2017

The authors propose a novel type of ion‐selective membranes, which combine the advantages of ceramic nanofibrous media with good electrical conductivity. The membranes are produced from Nafen alumina nanofibers (diameter around 10 nm) by filtration of nanofiber suspension through a porous support followed by drying and sintering. Electrical conductivity is achieved by depositing a thin carbon layer on the nanofibers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence analysis, and TEM are used to confirm the carbon structure formation. The deposition of carbon leads to decreasing porosity (from 75 to 62%) and specific surface area (from 146 to 107 m2 g−1) of membranes, while the pore size distribution maximum shifts from 28 to 16 nm. Measurements of membrane potential in an electrochemical cell show that the carbon coated membranes acquire high ionic selectivity (transference numbers 0.94 for anion and 0.06 for cation in aqueous KCl). Fitting the membrane potential data by the Teorell–Meyer–Sievers model shows that the fixed membrane charge increases proportionally with increasing electrolyte concentration. The carbon coated membranes are ideally polarizable for applied voltages from −0.5 to +0.8 V. The potential applications of produced membranes include nano‐ and ultrafiltration, separation of charged species, and switchable ion‐transport selectivity.
Assembly and Characterizations of Bifunctional Fluorescent and Magnetic Microneedles With One Decade Length Tunability
Authors: Lugagne Jean‐Baptiste , Brackx Gwennhaël , Seyrek Emek , Nowak Sophie , Sivry Yann , Vitorazi Leticia , Berret Jean‐François , Hersen Pascal , Charron Gaëlle
Published: July 2017

This report presents the fabrication of bifunctional magnetic and fluorescent microneedles (µNDs) made of a ternary mixture of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots (QDs), and polyelectrolyte. The assembly relies on the electrostatic complexation of negatively charged NPs with positively charged polymer strands and is controlled by the charge ratio between the nanoparticle building blocks and the polymer mortar. The resulting 1D objects can be actuated using an external magnetic field and can be imaged using fluorescence microscopy, thanks to the fluorescent and superparamagnetic properties inherited from their NP constituents. Using a combination of core and surface characterizations and a state‐of‐the‐art image analysis algorithm, the dependence of the brightness and length on the ternary composition is thoroughly investigated. In particular, statistics on hundreds of µNDs with a range of compositions show that the µNDs have a log‐lormal length distribution and that their mean length can be robustly tuned in the 5–50 µm range to match the relevant length scales of various applications in micromixing, bioassays or biomechanics.
Metal Conductive Surface Patterning on Photoactive Polyimide
Authors: Liu Jing , Li Minfeng , Yang Yuzhao , Xu Lirong , Lin Jingjing , Hong Wei , Chen Xudong
Published: July 2017

Current fabrication methods for metal interconnects and contacts are generally based on conventional photoresist fabrication procedures that require expensive equipment and multiple material/time‐consuming steps. In this work, a photopatternable polyimide is synthesized via the copolymerization of a functional diamine monomer with a 1,4‐dihydropyridine side‐chain which can decompose under UV irradiation into a pyridine group—a promising ligand for palladium ions. After the absorption of palladium ions, the electroless copper plating is carried out to form metal patterns of copper. Copper patterns with smooth boundaries are confirmed by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. Robust interfacial bonding between the copper and the polyimide film is evidenced by Scotch tape adhesion tests. The photopatternable polyimide has the advantages of low Pd consumption, easy operation without expansive equipment. The linear thermal expansion coefficient of the photopatternable polyimide remains close to the one of copper wire, demonstrating the adaptability of the photopatternable polyimide for integrated circuit application. This work presents the approach of (i) the synthesis of a novel photopatternable polyimide and (ii) its application for making flexible conductive metal structures and patterned metal interconnects, which can be expected to have tremendous potential in the field of flexible electronics.
Noncovalent Se···O Conformational Locks for Constructing High‐Performing Optoelectronic Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Dong Tao , Lv Lei , Feng Linlin , Xia Yu , Deng Wei , Ye Pan , Yang Bei , Ding Shang , Facchetti Antonio , Dong Huanli , Huang Hui
Published: July 2017

Noncovalent conformational locks are broadly employed to construct highly planar π‐conjugated semiconductors exhibiting substantial charge transport characteristics. However, current chalcogen‐based conformational lock strategies for organic semiconductors are limited to S···X (X = O, N, halide) weak interactions. An easily accessible (minimal synthetic steps) and structurally planar selenophene‐based building block, 1,2‐diethoxy‐1,2‐bisselenylvinylene (DESVS), with novel Se···O noncovalent conformational locks is designed and synthesized. DESVS unique properties are supported by density functional theory computed electronic structures, single crystal structures, and experimental lattice cohesion metrics. Based on this building block, a new class of stable, structurally planar, and solution‐processable conjugated polymers are synthesized and implemented in organic thin‐film transistors (TFT) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. DESVS‐based polymers exhibit carrier mobilities in air as high as 1.49 cm2 V−1 s−1 (p‐type) and 0.65 cm2 V−1 s−1 (n‐type) in TFTs, and power conversion efficiency >5% in OPV cells.
Abnormal Pressure‐Induced Photoluminescence Enhancement and Phase Decomposition in Pyrochlore La2Sn2O7
Authors: Zhao Yongsheng , Li Nana , Xu Cong , Li Yan , Zhu Hongyu , Zhu Pinwen , Wang Xin , Yang Wenge
Published: July 2017

La2Sn2O7 is a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material and shows a strong near‐infrared fluorescent at ambient pressure and room temperature. By in situ high‐pressure research, pressure‐induced visible photoluminescence (PL) above 2 GPa near 2 eV is observed. The emergence of unusual visible PL behavior is associated with the seriously trigonal lattice distortion of the SnO6 octehedra, under which the Sn–O1–Sn exchange angle θ is decreased below 22.1 GPa, thus enhancing the PL quantum yield leading to Sn 3P1 → 1S0 photons transition. Besides, bandgap closing followed by bandgap opening and the visible PL appearing at the point of the gap reversal, which is consistent with high‐pressure phase decomposition, are discovered. The high‐pressure PL results demonstrate a well‐defined pressure window (7–17 GPa) with flat maximum PL yielding and sharp edges at both ends, which may provide a great calibration tool for pressure sensors for operation in the deep sea or at extreme conditions.
Solution Combustion Synthesis: Low‐Temperature Processing for p‐Type Cu:NiO Thin Films for Transparent Electronics
Authors: Liu Ao , Zhu Huihui , Guo Zidong , Meng You , Liu Guoxia , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo , Shan Fukai
Published: July 2017

Low‐temperature solution processing opens a new window for the fabrication of oxide semiconductors due to its simple, low cost, and large‐area uniformity. Herein, by using solution combustion synthesis (SCS), p‐type Cu‐doped NiO (Cu:NiO) thin films are fabricated at a temperature lower than 150 °C. The light doping of Cu substitutes the Ni site and disperses the valence band of the NiO matrix, leading to an enhanced p‐type conductivity. Their integration into thin‐film transistors (TFTs) demonstrates typical p‐type semiconducting behavior. The optimized Cu5%NiO TFT exhibits outstanding electrical performance with a hole mobility of 1.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, a large on/off current ratio of ≈104, and clear switching characteristics under dynamic measurements. The employment of a high‐k ZrO2 gate dielectric enables a low operating voltage (≤2 V) of the TFTs, which is critical for portable and battery‐driven devices. The construction of a light‐emitting‐diode driving circuit demonstrates the high current control capability of the resultant TFTs. The achievement of the low‐temperature‐processed Cu:NiO thin films via SCS not only provides a feasible approach for low‐cost flexible p‐type oxide electronics but also represents a significant step toward the development of complementary metal–oxide semiconductor circuits.
Controllable Synthesis of Atomically Thin Type‐II Weyl Semimetal WTe2 Nanosheets: An Advanced Electrode Material for All‐Solid‐State Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Yu Peng , Fu Wei , Zeng Qingsheng , Lin Junhao , Yan Cheng , Lai Zhuangchai , Tang Bijun , Suenaga Kazu , Zhang Hua , Liu Zheng
Published: July 2017

Compared with 2D S‐based and Se‐based transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), Te‐based TMDs display much better electrical conductivities, which will be beneficial to enhance the capacitances in supercapacitors. However, to date, the reports about the applications of Te‐based TMDs in supercapacitors are quite rare. Herein, the first supercapacitor example of the Te‐based TMD is reported: the type‐II Weyl semimetal 1Td WTe2. It is demonstrated that single crystals of 1Td WTe2 can be exfoliated into the nanosheets with 2–7 layers by liquid‐phase exfoliation, which are assembled into air‐stable films and further all‐solid‐state flexible supercapacitors. The resulting supercapacitors deliver a mass capacitance of 221 F g−1 and a stack capacitance of 74 F cm−3. Furthermore, they also show excellent volumetric energy and power densities of 0.01 Wh cm−3 and 83.6 W cm−3, respectively, superior to the commercial 4V/500 µAh Li thin‐film battery and the commercial 3V/300 µAh Al electrolytic capacitor, in association with outstanding mechanical flexibility and superior cycling stability (capacitance retention of ≈91% after 5500 cycles). These results indicate that the 1Td WTe2 nanosheet is a promising flexible electrode material for high‐performance energy storage devices.
Retracted: Highly Sensitive MoS2 Humidity Sensors Array for Noncontact Sensation
Authors: Zhao Jing , Li Na , Yu Hua , Wei Zheng , Liao Mengzhou , Chen Peng , Wang Shuopei , Shi Dongxia , Sun Qijun , Zhang Guangyu
Published: July 2017

Recently, 2D materials exhibit great potential for humidity sensing applications due to the fact that almost all atoms are at the surface. Therefore, the quality of the material surface becomes the key point for sensitive perception. This study reports an integrated, highly sensitive humidity sensors array based on large‐area, uniform single‐layer molybdenum disulfide with an ultraclean surface. Device mobilities and on/off ratios decrease linearly with the relative humidity varying from 0% to 35%, leading to a high sensitivity of more than 104. The reversible water physisorption process leads to short response and decay times. In addition, the device array on a flexible substrate shows stable performance, suggesting great potential in future noncontact interface localization applications.
Low‐Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma‐Enhanced CVD of Nanocomposite Coatings “Molybdenum Disulfide (Filler)–Silicon Oxide (Matrix)”
Authors: Alexandrov Sergey E. , Tyurikov Kirill S. , Kirilenko Demid A. , Redkov Alexey V. , Lipovskii Andrey A.
Published: July 2017

The possibility of practical realization of a two‐stage chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using as an example of nanocomposite coating “molybdenum disulfide (filler)–silicon oxide (matrix)” is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. Deposition is performed in a two‐zone vertical tubular quartz reactor. The formation of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles by spray pyrolysis is carried out in the upper zone, and the lower zone is used for deposition of nanocomposite coatings by atmospheric pressure plasma‐enhanced CVD. An aerosol of the ammonium thiomolybdate solution in dimethylformamide is used for the synthesis of molybdenum disulfide particles, and silicon dioxide coatings are deposited from tetraethoxysilane. The structure and the composition of nanocomposite coating deposited are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy.
Nanodome Structured BiVO4/GaOxN1−x Photoanode for Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Kang Bong Kyun , Han Gill Sang , Baek Ji Hyun , Lee Dong Geon , Song Young Hyun , Kwon Seok Bin , Cho In Sun , Jung Hyun Suk , Yoon Dae Ho
Published: July 2017

A nanodome structured BiVO4/GaOxN1−x (BVO/GaON) bilayer photoanode that is prepared by a facile solution method, and that exhibits an improved photoelectrochemical water‐oxidation performance is reported. GaON porous nanospheres with an average size of ≈300 nm are first synthesized by a nitridation (NH3 flow, 800 °C) of Ga4(OH)10SO4 nanospheres. The GaON nanospheres are coated by a slurry coating method, and then the BVO layer is uniformly deposited by a sol–gel spin‐coating method to form the nanodome structure. Band alignment, light absorption, and relative electrochemical active surface area are investigated to elucidate the advantages of the nanodome structure, using UV–vis spectroscopy, Mott–Schottky analysis, and electrochemical measurements, respectively. It is found that the resulting nanodome structured BVO/GaON photoanode forms a type I heterojunction, in which the GaON layer acts as a hole mirror, and thus reduces interfacial recombination. More importantly, the nanodome structured BVO/GaON exhibits larger electrochemical surface area and improved light absorption properties compared to the planar‐type BVO/GaON photoanode, which originates from its unique nanodome structure. When combined with a CoOx electrocatalyst, the nanodome structured BVO/GaON shows largely improved photocurrent generation (water oxidation activity), and reduced onset potential values.
Iron‐Mediated Oxidative C–H Alkylation of S,S‐Functionalized Internal Olefins via C(sp2)–H/C(sp3)–H Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Wang Quannan , Lou Jiang , Wu Ping , Wu Kaikai , Yu Zhengkun
Published: July 2017

Mediated by a catalytic amount of FeCl3, the C–H alkylation of S,S‐functionalized internal olefins, i.e., α‐oxo ketene dithioacetals and their analogues, was efficiently achieved using simple ethers and toluene derivatives as the coupling partners, di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) as the oxidant, and DABCO⋅6 H2O as the additive. The alkylthio functionality is essential for the internal olefinic C–H bond to undergo such an alkylation with the O‐adjacent C(sp3)–H bonds of the ethers and the benzylic C–H bonds of the toluene derivatives, respectively. Tetrasubstituted olefins were thus synthesized and further transformed to highly substituted pyrazoles and isoxazoles. The strategy to activate an internal olefinic C–H bond by polarizing its parent olefinic C=C bond with both the dialkylthio group and an electron‐withdrawing functionality was investigated. The mechanistic studies suggest a radical pathway for the C(sp2)–H/C(sp3)–H cross‐coupling reactions. The present protocol provides a convenient route to tetrasubstituted olefins.

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