bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Uses of Tosylmethyl Isocyanide (TosMIC)
Authors: Leusen Daan Van , Leusen Albert M. Van
Published: April 2004

TosMIC is the acronym for 4‐tolylsulfonylmethyl isocyanide or tosylmethyl isocyanide. It is the best‐known member of a series of about 25 sulfonyl‐substituted methyl isocyanides RSO2CH2NC collected in Chart 1 (p. 426). TosMIC is a multipurpose synthetic reagent. It is by far the most versatile synthon derived from methyl isocyanide. This chapter provides a complete account of the synthetic uses of TosMIC based on a literature search closed in January 1996, and supplemented with further data available to the authors. Also included are applications of some of the more important TosMIC homologs (TosCHRNC).

TosMIC is the only commercially available sulfonylmethyl isocyanide. It is a stable, colorless, practically odorless solid, which can be stored at room temperature without decomposition.

Four brief review papers on the chemistry of TosMIC have appeared, in 1980, 1987, 1993, and 1995. Several reviews on the chemistry of isocyanides in general are available.

An effort has been made to make this chapter as complete as possible, in coverage both by tables and by references, with respect to the immediate objective: a survey of the “Synthetic Uses of TosMIC.” Emphasis is on the primary products derived from reactions of TosMIC and related isocyanides, with limited reference to the further utilization of these products. Thus, the next section gives a complete account of reductive cyanation, the conversion of aldehydes or ketones into cyanides with the use of TosMIC, but for obvious reasons synthetic applications of the product cyanides are not treated in this chapter. One of the subsequent sections describes the application of TosMIC to the synthesis of pyrroles, including 2,3‐divinylpyrroles, which are important precursors in a new synthesis of indoles. This latter transformation, made possible by the easy availability of the precursors through TosMIC chemistry, is afforded brief coverage.

As a rule, reference to preliminary papers has been omitted when the same information is available from the corresponding full papers. The patent literature is covered highly selectively and is cited only when providing new and relevant information. Negative results of reactions are reported in the text or tables only when at least some relevant information is available with respect to the conditions of such unsuccessful attempts.
α‐Hydroxylation of Enolates and Silyl Enol Ethers
Authors: Chen Bang‐Chi , Zhou Ping , Davis Franklin A. , Ciganek Engelbert
Published: April 2004

The autoxidation of enolizable carbonyl compounds was reported as early as 1871, and the accelerating action of base is well documented. The products of these reactions, however, were usually mixtures of compounds resulting from decomposition of the unstable alpha‐hydroperoxy intermediates. It was not recognized until the 1960s that these intermediates can be reduced to alpha‐hydroxy compounds with zinc dust. This observation laid the foundation for what has become on of the simplest and most widely used strategies for introducing a hydroxyl group adjacent to a carbonyl group, namely the oxidation of metal enolates. The alpha‐hydroxy carbonyl array not only occurs in many biologically active molecules, but also serves as an important building block for synthesis.

While the oxygenation of enolates still play an important role in the synthesis of alpha‐hydroxy carbonyl compounds, a variety of new, more convenient oxididizing agents, including chiral nonracemic ones, have been introduced. In addition, sily enol ethers and silyl ketene acetals can serve as educts for alpha‐hydroxycarbonyl compounds. This chapter covers the literature of alpha‐hydroxylation of metal enolates and silyl enol ethers up to the end of 2000. Nitriles and aza‐enolates are included. The related alpha‐alkoxylation, alpha‐acyloxylation, and alpha‐sulfonyloxylation of metal enolates are briefly discussed.
Hydroformylation of high‐molecular‐weight cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene catalyzed by HRH(CO)(PPh3)3
Authors: Im‐Erbsin Sasisom , Prasassarakich Pattarapan , Rempel Garry L.
Published: April 2004

The kinetics of the hydroformylation of high‐molecular‐weight cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene in the presence of HRh(CO)(PPh3)3 and monochlorobenzene as a solvent were studied. The degree of conversion was examined by spectroscopic characterization with Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR analysis. According to the 24‐factorial experimental design, the temperature, catalyst concentration, and pressure appear to be significant factors for the hydroformylation of cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene. The kinetic studies indicated that the hydroformylation was first‐order with respect to the catalyst and carbon–carbon double‐bond concentrations and H2/CO pressure (1:1 ratio). The effects of the H2/CO ratio in the synthesis gas and added triphenyl phosphine were also studied. The apparent activation energy for the hydroformylation of cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene over the temperature range of 60–80°C was estimated to be 41 kJ/mol. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 854–869, 2004
Self‐reinforcing elastomer composites based on ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber and liquid‐crystalline polymer
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Sahoo N. G. , Jana G. K. , Das C. K.
Published: April 2004

In this study, the prime factor determining the size, shape, and distribution of liquid‐crystalline polymer (LCP) was the viscosity ratio at the processing conditions. The fiber‐forming capacity of the LCP depended on the viscosity of the ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM). With increasing LCP content, the tensile and tear strengths did not increase, perhaps because of incompatibility between the EPDM and LCP. The hardness increased because of the hard mesogenic groups in the LCP. The percentage swelling decreased as the LCP content increased. With increasing LCP content, processability became easier because of a lower melt viscosity. The scorch time increased at higher LCP levels. A higher percentage crystallinity was observed with increasing LCP content. Scanning electron microscopy clearly showed the fiber phase formation, which was two‐dimensionally isotropic in nature, confirming fiber formation even in a shear field. The addition of LCP improved the thermal stability. The onset degradation temperatures shifted to higher values with increasing LCP content. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis revealed that with the addition of LCP, the mechanical damping increased at its lower level. High‐temperature processing increased the effective amorphous zone. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 711–718, 2004
Polyimides 6: Synthesis, characterization, and comparison of properties of novel fluorinated poly(ether imides)
Authors: Banerjee Susanta , Madhra Mukesh Kumar , Kute Vijay
Published: April 2004

Five new poly(ether imides) have been prepared on reaction with oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODA) with five different diamines: 1,4‐bis(p‐aminophenoxy‐2′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) benzene, 4,4′‐bis(p‐aminophenoxy‐2′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) benzene, 1,3‐bis(p‐aminophenoxy‐2′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) benzene, 2,6‐bis(p‐aminophenoxy‐2′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) pyridine, and 2,5‐bis(p‐aminophenoxy‐2′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) thiophene. Synthesized polymers showed good solubility in different organic solvents. The polyimide films have low water absorption of 0.3–0.7%, low dielectric constants of 2.82–3.19 at 1 MHz, and high optical transparency at 500 nm (>73%). These polyimides showed very high thermal stability with decomposition temperatures (5% weight loss) up to 531°C in air and good isothermal stability; only 0.4% weight loss occurred at 315°C after 5 h. Transparent thin films of these polyimides exhibited tensile strength up to 147 MPa, a modulus of elasticity up to 2.51 GPa and elongation at break up to 30% depending upon the repeating unit structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 821–832, 2004
Complex interactions among additive/supercritical CO2/polymer ternary systems and factors governing the impregnation efficiency
Authors: Xu Qun , Chang Yuning
Published: April 2004

Styrene and acrylic acid were impregnated into a series of polyamide products (nylon1212, nylon1010, nylon66, nylon6) using supercritical CO2 as the additive‐carrier and substrate‐swelling agent. The impregnation efficiency of low molecular weight additives into substrates is attributed to complicated interactions among the system: (1) loading of additives in substrates, (2) dissolving of additives in CO2 phase, (3) swelling and plasticizing of substrates by CO2. For the first time solubility parameter was introduced to discuss the impregnation efficiency. It was found that the relative solubility of additive in the polymer substrate and CO2 is a major factor governing the incorporated amount; yet swelling of the substrate and CO2‐induced crystallization also contribute to the value. The study generalizes complex factors influencing the impregnation possibility of different systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 742–748, 2004
From two‐step flow to the Internet: The changing array of sources for genetics information seeking
Authors: Case Donald O. , Johnson J. David , Andrews James E. , Allard Suzanne L. , Kelly Kimberly M.
Published: April 2004

The diffusion of the Internet has radically expanded the readily available sources for information of all types. Information that was once obtained second‐hand from friends and acquaintances—the traditional “two‐step flow”—is now found easily through the Internet. The authors make use of survey data to explore this thesis in regards to information sources about genetic testing and the influence of the Internet on the information seeking behaviors of the public. A telephone survey of a random sample of 882 adults asked them about their knowledge of, concerns about, and interest in genetic testing. Respondents were most likely to first turn to the Internet for information about cancer genetics, second to public libraries, and third to medical doctors. Overall, doctors were the most likely source to be consulted when second and third choices are considered. Age, income, and self‐reported understanding of genetics are shown to be predictors of whether someone goes to medical professionals for advice, rather than to the Internet or public library. The results raise questions about the apparent tendency of the public to regard the Internet as the best source of information on complex topics like genetics, for which it may be ill‐suited.
Engineering green fluorescent protein as a dual functional tag
Authors: Paramban Rosanto I. , Bugos Robert C. , Wen Su Wei
Published: April 2004

A hexa‐histidine (6 × His) sequence was inserted into a surface loop of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to develop a dual functional GFP useful for both monitoring and purification of recombinant proteins. Two variants (GFP172 and GFP157), differentiated by the site of insertion of the 6×His sequence, were developed and compared with a control variant (GFPHis) having the 6×His sequence at its C‐terminus. The variants were produced in Escherichia coli and purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The purification efficiencies by IMAC for all variants were found to be comparable. Purified GFP172 and GFP157 variants retained ∼60% of the fluorescence compared to that of GFPHis. The reduction in the fluorescence intensity associated with GFP172 and GFP157 was attributed to the lower percentage of fluorescent GFP molecules in these variants. Nonetheless, the rates of fluorescence acquisition were found to be similar for all functional variants. Protein misfolding at an elevated temperature (37°C) was found to be less profound for GFP172 than for GFP157. The dual functional properties of GFP172 were tested with maltose binding protein (MBP) as the fusion partner. The MBP‐GFP172 fusion protein remained fluorescent and was purified from E. coli lysate as well as from spiked tobacco leaf extracts in a single‐step IMAC. For the latter, a recovery yield of ∼75% was achieved and MBP‐GFP172 was found to coelute with a degraded product of the fusion protein at a ratio of about 4:1. The primary advantage of the chimeric GFP tag having an internal hexa‐histidine sequence is that such a tag allows maximum flexibility for protein or peptide fusions since both N‐ and C‐terminal ends of the GFP are available for fusion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal‐Complex Assemblies Constructed from the Flexible Hinge‐Like Ligand H2bhnq: Structural Versatility and Dynamic Behavior in the Solid State
Authors: Yamada Koichi , Yagishita Sadahiro , Tanaka Hirokazu , Tohyama Kazuhiro , Adachi Keiichi , Kaizaki Sumio , Kumagai Hitoshi , Inoue Katsuya , Kitaura Ryo , Chang Ho‐Chol , Kitagawa Susumu , Kawata Satoshi
Published: April 2004

Novel metal‐complex assemblies constructed from the flexible hinge‐like ligand H2bhnq (H2bhnq=2,2′‐bi(3‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone)) have been synthesized. The X‐ray crystal structures of these compounds reveal that four types of architectures are accessible by variation of the metal ions. In copper(II) compounds 1–3, the chelating bhnq2− ions bridge copper(II) centers to form one‐dimensional zigzag chains. The chains of 1–3 are arranged by hydrogen‐bonding interactions and stacking interactions to produce porous structures. Cobalt(II) and zinc(II) compounds 4 and 5 form one‐dimensional helical chains. In 4 and 5, the crystal packing induces spontaneous resolution of the helical chains with chiral cavities formed perpendicular to the helices. Nickel(II) compounds 6 and 7 form cyclic tetramers. The fourth architecture, a dimer (compound 8), is obtained by the reaction of zinc(II) and bhnq2− in MeOH. In these compounds, changes of the dihedral angles and the metal‐coordination mode of the bhnq2− ion induce the structural versatility. The assemblies of the zigzag chains of the copper(II) compounds exhibit reversible vapochromic behavior. UV/Vis, powder X‐ray diffraction, EPR, and adsorption isotherm measurements indicate that this vapochromic behavior is based on the hinge‐like flexibility of the bhnq2− ion.
Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast carcinoma incidence rate ratios
Authors: Tjønneland Anne , Christensen Jane , Thomsen Birthe L. , Olsen Anja , Overvad Kim , Ewertz Marianne , Mellemkjær Lene
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

The goal of the current study was to investigate the relation between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast carcinoma in a prospective study cohort. Particular attention was paid to the type of HRT used and to the association of HRT type with estrogen receptor status and tumor histology.

METHODS

Between 1993 and 1997, a total of 29,875 women were enrolled in the Danish Cancer Society's prospective “Diet, Cancer and Health” study. Among 23,618 women who were assumed to be postmenopausal and for whom information on HRT use was available, we identified 423 cases of breast carcinoma over a median follow‐up period of 4.8 years. Statistical analyses were based on the Cox proportional hazards model, with age serving as the time parameter.

RESULTS

The breast carcinoma incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80–2.75) for users of HRT at baseline compared with women who never received HRT. Among HRT users (relative to nonusers), the IRR for estrogen receptor–positive tumors (2.38; 95% CI, 1.84–3.06) was greater than the IRR for estrogen receptor–negative tumors (1.56; 95% CI, 1.00–2.43). HRT use at baseline also was analyzed in relation to the incidence of lobular carcinoma and the incidence of ductal carcinoma; the adjusted IRR associated with HRT use was 3.53 (95% CI, 1.94–6.41) for lobular carcinoma and 2.10 (95% CI, 1.64–2.70) for ductal carcinoma. The likelihood of developing estrogen receptor–positive breast carcinoma was found to depend significantly on the type of HRT regimen used (P = 0.03), with women receiving continuous therapy having the greatest probability of developing estrogen receptor–positive disease.

CONCLUSIONS

An increased breast carcinoma IRR was found to be associated with current HRT use. In addition, relative to other types of HRT regimens, continuous estrogen + progestin regimens were found to be associated with an increased risk of breast carcinoma, and particularly estrogen receptor–positive breast carcinoma. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Preferential brain locations of low‐grade gliomas
Authors: Duffau Hugues , Capelle Laurent
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

The objectives of this study were to register the brain locations in a consecutive series of low‐grade gliomas (LGGs) and compare these localizations with the locations of de novo glioblastomas (GBMs) that were collected during the same period in an effort to analyze whether LGGs are situated in preferential areas and to review the pathophysiologic hypothesis of such a phenomenon.

METHODS

One hundred thirty‐two patients with LGG and 102 patients with GBM who were followed consecutively between 1996 and 2003 by the authors were reviewed, whatever their treatment. Using anatomic, three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging, the location of each tumor was analyzed accurately according to a classification system based on the proximity of eloquent areas previously reported by the authors.

RESULTS

One hundred nine LGGs (82.6%), compared with 55 GBMs (53.9%), were situated within functional regions (P < 0.001). More specifically, 36 LGGs (27.3%), compared with 11 GBMs (10.8%), were localized in the region of the supplementary motor area (SMA) (P < 0.001); and 33 LGGs (25%), compared with 11 GBMs (10.8%), were located within the insula (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings suggest that LGGs are located preferentially in “secondary” functional areas (immediately near the so‐called primary eloquent regions), especially within the SMA and the insular lobe. This preferential localization may be explained by developmental, cytomyeloarchitectonic, neurochemical, metabolic, and functional reasons. A better knowledge of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying preferential LGGs locations may improve understanding of the genesis and natural history of these tumors and, subsequently, their management. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Numerical methods for one‐dimensional Stefan problems
Authors: Caldwell J. , Kwan Y. Y.
Published: April 2004

This paper describes and compares several effective methods for the numerical solution of one‐dimensional Stefan problems. It is not intended to be an exhaustive review but is restricted to a range of problems and geometries including melting in the half‐plane, outward cylindrical solidification and outward spherical solidification. From the limited comparison of numerical results obtained, some helpful comments can be made which may prove valuable in the future use of these methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mini‐review: Specificity and expression of CIITA, the master regulator of MHC class II genes
Authors: LeibundGut‐Landmann Salomé , Waldburger Jean‐Marc , Krawczyk Michal , Otten Luc A. , Suter Tobias , Fontana Adriano , Acha‐Orbea Hans , Reith Walter
Published: April 2004

The class II transactivator (CIITA) has been referred to as the "master control factor" for the expression of MHC class II (MHCII) genes. As our knowledge on the specificity and function of CIITA grows, it is becoming increasingly evident that this sobriquet is entirely justified. First, despite extensive investigations, the major target genes of CIITA remain those implicated in the presentation of antigenic peptides by MHCII molecules. Although other putative target genes have been reported, the contribution of CIITA to their expression remains indirect, controversial or comparatively minor relative to its decisive role as a regulator of MHCII and related genes. Second, the most important parameter dictating MHCII expression is by far the expression pattern of the gene encoding CIITA (MHC2TA). The vast majority of signals that activate or repress MHCII expression under physiological and pathological situations converge on one or more of the three alternative promoters that drive transcription of the MHC2TA gene. In short, with respect to its specificity and its exquisitely controlled pattern of expression, CIITA is by a long stretch the single most important transcription factor for the regulation of genes required for MHCII‐restricted antigen‐presentation.
The survival effect of TNF‐α  in human neutrophils is mediated via NF‐κB‐dependent IL‐8 release
Authors: Cowburn Andrew S. , Deighton John , Walmsley Sarah R. , Chilvers Edwin R.
Published: April 2004

The capacity of cytokines to modulate neutrophil apoptosis is thought to be a major factor influencing the resolution of granulocytic inflammation. We have previously shown that the late survival effect of TNF‐α  in human neutrophils involves activation of both NF‐κB and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) pathways. In this study, we address how these pathways integrate to prevent cell death. In human neutrophils, TNF‐α  (200 U/ml) induced rapid IκB‐α  degradation, NF‐κB activation and IL‐8 release (31.8±5.4 pg/105 cells/2 h), whereas GM‐CSF (10 ng/ml) stimulated an equivalent IL‐8 release (26.5±4.5 pg/105 cells/2 h) without enhanced IκB‐α  degradation or NF‐κB activation compared to control. Importantly, inhibition of PI3‐kinase did not modify TNF‐α ‐induced IκB‐α  degradation, yet fully inhibited the survival effect of both cytokines. Inhibition of IκB‐α  phosphorylation, PI3‐kinase or ERK1/2 activation blocked IL‐8 release by both cytokines. Blocking IL‐8 activity by inhibiting its synthesis or by using a neutralizing antibody enhanced the early pro‐apoptotic effectof TNF‐α  and inhibited its late survival effect without affecting GM‐CSF‐induced survival. These data suggest that cross‐talk between NF‐κB and PI3‐kinase pathways in TNF‐α ‐stimulated neutrophils results from NF‐κB/ERK1/2‐dependent IL‐8 production which acts in an autocrine manner to drive PI3‐kinase‐dependent survival. In contrast, GM‐CSF‐mediated survival does not involve NF‐κB activation or IL‐8 release.
Effects of a Surfactant on the Electrocatalytic Activity of Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Towards the Oxidation of Dopamine
Authors: Xun Zhiyin , Cai Chenxin , Lu Tianhong
Published: April 2004

The cobalt hexacyanoferrate film (CoHCF) was deposited on the surface of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode with a potential cycling procedure in the presence and absence of the cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), to form CoHCF modified GC (CoHCF/GC) electrode. It was found that CTAB would affect the growth of the CoHCF film, the electrochemical behavior of the CoHCF film and the electrocatalytic activity of the CoHCF/GC electrode towards the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA). The reasons of the electrochemical behavior of CoHCF/GC electrode influenced by CTAB were investigated using FTIR and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The apparent rate constant of electrocatalytic oxidation of DA catalyzed by CoHCF was determined using the rotating disk electrode measurements.
Use of a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Spinel‐Type Manganese Oxide as a Potentiometric Sensor for Lithium Ions in Flow Injection Analysis
Authors: Teixeira Marcos F. S. , Cavalheiro Éder T. G. , Bergamini Márcio F. , Moraes Fernando C. , Bocchi Nerilso
Published: April 2004

A potentiometric sensor constructed from a mixture of 25% (m/m) spinel‐type manganese oxide (lambda‐MnO2), 50% (m/m) graphite powder and 25% (m/m) mineral oil is used for the determination of lithium ions in a flow injection analysis system. Experimental parameters, such as pH of the carrier solution, flow rate, injection sample volume, and selectivity for Li+ against other alkali and alkaline‐earth ions and the response time of this sensor were investigated. The sensor response to lithium ions was linear in the concentration range 8.6×10−5–1.0×10−2 mol L−1 with a slope 78.9±0.3 mV dec−1 over a wide pH range 7–10 (Tris buffer), without interference of other alkali and alkaline‐earth metals. For a flow rate of 5.0 mL min−1 and a injection sample volume of 408.6 μL, the relative standard deviation for repeated injections of a 5.0×10−4 mol L−1 lithium ions was 0.3%.
Time trends of female lung cancer in Hong Kong: Age, period and birth cohort analysis
Authors: Chiu Yuk Lan , Yu Ignatius T.S. , Wong Tze Wai
Published: April 2004

The study was conducted to estimate the effects of age, year of diagnosis (period) and year of birth (cohort) on the time trend of female lung cancer incidence between 1976 and 2000 in Hong Kong. Data were obtained from a population‐based cancer registry and the Census and Statistics Department. Using the Hong Kong general population of 1990 as the reference, age‐adjusted incidence rates were computed by using direct standardization. We also analyzed secular trends in 2 consecutive periods, 1976–1990 and 1991–2000, using a Poisson regression model to estimate the annual percentage change in incidence rate. Age, period and cohort effects were assessed employing the method proposed by Clayton and Schifflers with 3 Poisson regression models fitted separately for age alone, age and period, and age and cohort. The age‐adjusted incidence rate increased steadily up to 1990, when a peak of 40.1 per 100,000 was reached. Thereafter, a downward trend was observed. The overall annual increase was 4.2% during the period 1976–1990 with the fastest increase observed in women aged 80–84 years. An overall decrease of 2.3% was seen in the period 1991–2000, with the greatest reduction occurring in the 35–39 age group. After the adjustment for age, significant period and cohort effects on the time trend of incidence were observed. The age‐cohort model provided a better description of the data than the age‐period model. The risk of successive 5‐year birth cohorts increased from 1896 to 1925 and then decreased. The time trend of lung cancer incidence of Hong Kong female in 1976–2000 had a marked birth cohort effect. Our results imply that major sources of exposure, which carry an increased risk of lung cancer for Hong Kong women, have been becoming less common in recent decades. Domestic air pollution, poor nutrition and tobacco smoking might have played important roles in the change of risks in successive generations and provide guidance for future interventions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of the human homologue of drosophila discs large oncosuppressor in histologic samples from human papillomavirus–associated lesions as a marker for progression to malignancy
Authors: Cavatorta Ana Laura , Fumero Gastón , Chouhy Diego , Aguirre Roxana , Nocito Ana Lía , Giri Adriana A. , Banks Lawrence , Gardiol Daniela
Published: April 2004

High‐risk HPVs play a causal role in the development of cervical cancer, and their E6 oncoproteins target h‐Dlg for ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis. The h‐Dlg oncosuppressor is associated with cell–cell interactions, and deregulation of these structures leads to defective cell adhesion, loss of cell polarity and unregulated proliferation. We evaluated the contribution of this E6 activity in the progression to malignancy in HPV infections by analyzing h‐Dlg expression in HPV‐associated lesions. We analyzed h‐Dlg in cervical, laryngeal, vulvar, colon and kidney histologic samples by Dlg immunohistochemistry. HPV association was ascertained by a PCR‐colorimetric method. Although Dlg was certainly expressed in intraepithelial cervical, vulvar and laryngeal HPV‐associated lesions, its cellular and tissue distribution patterns were altered compared to normal tissue. However, marked reduction in Dlg levels was observed in HPV‐positive invasive cervical carcinomas. To elucidate whether the loss of Dlg was significant for carcinogenesis in general, we investigated Dlg expression in tumors not associated with HPV. In colon and kidney carcinomas, Dlg was expressed, albeit with a different pattern of distribution with respect to the normal tissue. The loss of Dlg may be considered a late‐stage marker in cervical carcinogenesis, but alterations in its expression and localization take place during the different dysplastic stages. Dlg downregulation and/or alterations in its localization may contribute to transformation and may explain some of the characteristics of the malignant cells, such as loss of polarity and high migration ability. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ilyocryptusthailandensis sp. nov. (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Ilyocryptidae) from North Thailand
Authors: Kotov Alexey A. , Sanoamuang La‐orsri
Published: April 2004

Previously only a single species of Ilyocryptus Sars, 1862 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Ilyocryptidae) was reported from Thailand, I. spinifer Herrick, 1882. However, our examination of numerous samples from this country resulted in the discovery of four other species of Ilyocryptus. Ilyocryptus thailandensis sp. nov. is described from two adjacent water bodies in Uttaradit Province, North Thailand. It has at least two characters which distinguish it from any other species of the Ilyocryptus: (1) a row of lateral setae reaching medial anus, and continuing along preanal margin up to base of the postabdomen; (2) a large projection bearing the sensory setae, situated on the coxal region of antenna II. It appears to be a rare species, may be, endemic of the North Thailand.
Banning antimicrobial growth promoters in feedstuffs does not result in increased therapeutic use of antibiotics in medicated feed in pig farming
Authors: Arnold Sabine , Gassner Beat , Giger Thomas , Zwahlen Roland
Published: April 2004

Objective

We analysed prescription patterns for medicated feedstuffs to find out whether the ban on nutritive antimicrobial growth promotion introduced in Switzerland in 1999 had caused an increase in the therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents given orally to piglets and fattening pigs.

Methods

From 1996 to 2001, a total of 6427 prescriptions were evaluated for medicated pig feed delivered to pig farms in the Swiss canton of St Gall. Prescribed daily doses (PDD) were derived for 14 active ingredients. The overall amount and the potency of antimicrobial agents were measured in relation to the size of the pig population (PDD/population).

Results

The use of antimicrobial agents decreased between 1996 (1200 kg) and 1999 (708 kg) and increased thereafter from 779 kg in 2000 to 936 kg in 2001. The PDD/population (6.1 in 1996 and 3.6 in 1999) remained low (3.3 in 2000 and 3.4 in 2001). The difference between the two parameters can be explained by changes in prescribing patterns, namely a reduction in antimicrobial therapy of respiratory diseases in fattening pigs and a shift to antimicrobial treatment of gastrointestinal‐tract infections in piglets using drugs with a high PDD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do therapeutic indications of antidepressants change from one year to another?
Authors: Cuevas Carlos De las , Sanz Emilio
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To analyse and describe the pattern of prescriptions for antidepressants by all psychiatrists working for the Canary Islands Health Service (CIHS) during the 4‐year period from 1999 to 2002.

Methods

All prescriptions for antidepressants by the ten psychiatrists who worked continuously for the CIHS during the period 1999–2002 in the island of Tenerife (700 000 inhabitants) were collected from the CIHS central database. Global prescription of antidepressant medication for the entire region (1.8 million inhabitants) by any physician working for the public sector was counted and converted into defined daily doses (DDDs).

Results

The intensity of prescribing antidepressants increased from 22.1 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 1999 to 29.1 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 2002, with the five top selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) being responsible for 83.6% of all the antidepressant prescriptions in the year 2002. A wide variation in individual prescription pattern was evident both between and within each psychiatrist during these years. Working in the same conditions, and with a similar morbidity pattern, one psychiatrist prescribed up to 32 000 DDDs in one year, whereas another colleague only prescribed 600 DDDs in the same period and to the same covered population. The amount of individual variation in prescription pattern highly correlated with the intensity of drug prescribing.

Conclusions

The high inter‐ and intra‐individual variation in antidepressant prescribing could not be linked with personal, structural or morbidity patterns, and the heavy influence of pharmaceutical industry could not be ruled out. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principles for modeling propensity scores in medical research: a systematic literature review
Authors: Weitzen Sherry , Lapane Kate L. , Toledano Alicia Y. , Hume Anne L. , Mor Vincent
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To document which established criteria for logistic regression modeling researchers consider when using propensity scores in observational studies.

Methods

We performed a systematic review searching Medline and Science Citation to identify observational studies published in 2001 that addressed clinical questions using propensity score methods to adjust for treatment assignment. We abstracted aspects of propensity score model development (e.g. variable selection criteria, continuous variables included in correct functional form, interaction inclusion criteria), model discrimination and goodness of fit for 47 studies meeting inclusion criteria.

Results

We found few studies reporting on the propensity score model development or evaluation of model fit.

Conclusions

Reporting of aspects related to propensity score model development is limited and raises questions about the value of these principles in developing propensity scores from which unbiased treatment effects are estimated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis in a patient with Hodgkin disease and ataxia‐telangiectasia
Authors: Sandoval Claudio , Swift Michael
Published: April 2004

We describe a child with with Hodgkin disease and ataxia‐telangiectasia who also developed an unusual pneumonitis caused by a cytomegalovirus which was fatal. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:559–560. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of spirometric reference values
Authors: Subbarao Padmaja , Lebecque Patrick , Corey Mary , Coates Allan L.
Published: April 2004

Lung‐function reference values play a vital role in the management of respiratory disorders. There are many proposed reference equations for pediatric spirometry. Recently, spirometric reference equations were proposed, using data from people aged 8–80 years living in the US compiled by the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Our objective was to compare the predictive value of wider age‐range reference equations to established pediatric reference equations for the pediatric population. Spirometry, height, and weight were obtained from 70 normal children aged 6–18 years. The difference between measured and predicted values as suggested by different reference equations was compared. Predicted values from general equations significantly differed from those generated from pediatric equations and from measured values in this population. The difference between measured and predicted values from the wider age‐range equations varied between 7–16% for forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). The difference between measured and predicted values for the pediatric equations varied between 1–4%. Although wider age‐range equations provide continuity through age ranges, their predictive accuracy may be low in the pediatric age group, especially for the youngest, smallest children. Extrapolating reference equations beyond the age range of subjects used to generate then is not recommended. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:515–522. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asset restructuring and business group affiliation in French civil law countries
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E. , Cannella Albert A. , Tihanyi Laszlo , Faraci Rosario
Published: April 2004

We examine the relationship of environmental antecedents to asset restructuring in nine French civil law countries in Latin America and Europe. In these countries, business group affiliation helps member firms to access resources, take advantage of environmental opportunities, and neutralize threats. Results indicated that environmental antecedents, such as change in country development, increased competition and deregulation led to increased asset restructuring. More importantly, however, we also found that the influence of environmental factors was moderated by business group membership. The relationship between change in country development and restructuring was stronger for group‐affiliated firms and the effects of increased competition and deregulation on asset restructuring were stronger for primarily independent firms. Our study offers additional evidence that organizations may respond differently to environmental opportunities and threats depending on the institutional setting. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a novel human UDP‐GalNAc transferase, pp‐GalNAc‐T15
Authors: Cheng Lamei , Tachibana Kouichi , Iwasaki Hiroko , Kameyama Akihiko , Zhang Yan , Kubota Tomomi , Hiruma Toru , Tachibana Kahori , Kudo Takashi , Guo Jian-Ming , Narimatsu Hisashi
Published: April 2004

We have cloned, expressed and characterized a novel member of the human UDP‐GalNAc:polypeptide N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (pp‐GalNAc‐T) family, pp‐GalNAc‐T15. The pp‐GalNAc‐T15 transcript was ubiquitously expressed in human tissues. Recombinant pp‐GalNAc‐T15 transferred N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) toward a panel of mucin‐derived peptide substrates in vitro. Although pp‐GalNAc‐T15 showed significantly less catalytic activity than pp‐GalNAc‐T2, T15 transferred up to seven GalNAcs to the Muc5AC peptide, while T2 transferred up to five GalNAcs. These results clearly indicated that pp‐GalNAc‐T15 is a novel member of the human pp‐GalNAc‐T family with unique catalytic activity.
Repetitive sequences that shape the human transcriptome
Authors: Jasinska Anna , Krzyzosiak Wlodzimierz J.
Published: April 2004

Only a small portion of the total RNA transcribed in human cells becomes mature mRNA and constitutes the human transcriptome, which is context‐dependent and varies with development, physiology and pathology. A small fraction of different repetitive sequences, which make up more than half of the human genome, is retained in mature transcripts and shapes their function. Among them are short interspersed elements (SINEs), of which Alu sequences are most frequent, and simple sequence repeats, which come in many varieties. In this review, we have focused on the structural and functional role of Alu elements and trinucleotide repeats in transcripts.
Precise Sm–Nd and U–Pb isotopic dating of the supergiant Shizhuyuan polymetallic deposit and its host granite, SE China
Authors: LI XIAN-HUA , LIU DUNYI , SUN MIN , LI WU-XIAN , LIANG XI-RONG , LIU YING
Published: April 2004

The supergiant Shizhuyuan W–Sn–Bi–Mo deposit is hosted by the Qianlishan granite, a small, highly fractionated granitic pluton (∼10 km2) with multiple phases of intrusions within the Early Yanshanian granitoid province of SE China. Strong alteration of skarn and greisen that formed in the contact zone between the first and second phases of granite intrusions and Devonian limestone is responsible for the polymetallic mineralizations. SHRIMP U–Pb zircon analysis indicates that the two early phases of the Qianlishan granite formed contemporaneously at 152±2 Ma. Metasomatic minerals (garnet, fluorite and wolframite) separated from the skarn and greisen yield a Sm–Nd isochron age of 149±2 Ma that is interpreted as the formation age of the Shizhuyuan deposit. Therefore, the mineralization of the supergiant Shizhuyuan polymetallic deposit formed contemporaneously with, or very shortly after, the intrusion of the small, highly fractionated Qianlishan granite.
Extent and duration of marine anoxia during the Frasnian–Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction in Poland, Germany, Austria and France
Authors: BOND DAVID , WIGNALL PAUL B. , RACKI GRZEGORZ
Published: April 2004

The intensity and extent of anoxia during the two Kellwasser anoxic events has been investigated in a range of European localities using a multidisciplinary approach (pyrite framboid assay, gamma-ray spectrometry and sediment fabric analysis). The results reveal that the development of the Lower Kellwasser Horizon in the early Late rhenana Zone (Frasnian Stage) in German type sections does not always coincide with anoxic events elsewhere in Europe and, in some locations, seafloor oxygenation improves during this interval. Thus, this anoxic event is not universally developed. In contrast, the Upper Kellwasser Horizon, developed in the Late linguiformis Zone (Frasnian Stage) in Germany correlates with a European-wide anoxic event that is manifest as an intensification of anoxia in basinal locations to the point that stable euxinic conditions were developed (for example, in the basins of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). The interval also saw the spread of dysoxic waters into very shallow water (for instance, reefal) locations, and it seems reasonable to link the contemporaneous demise of many marine taxa to this phase of intense and widespread anoxia. In basinal locations, euxinic conditions persisted into the earliest Famennian with little change of depositional conditions. Only in the continental margin location of Austria was anoxia not developed at any time in the Late Devonian. Consequently it appears that the Upper Kellwasser anoxic event was an epicontinental seaway phenomenon, caused by the upward expansion of anoxia from deep basinal locales rather than an ‘oceanic’ anoxic event that has spilled laterally into epicontinental settings.
Mishna¯h, ’Avôt 5: 13 in early Buddhism
Authors: DERRETT J. DUNCAN M.
Published: April 2004

Though early Buddhist texts are concerned with giving alms and all aspects of the merit to be gained by so doing, the sharp, perhaps witty, categorization of donors that we find in Mishna¯h, ’Avôt 5:13 (one of the six groups of four) has no other counterpart in Pali sources despite the fact that numbered categories are very common in Buddhist texts. The parallel between the Mishna¯h and its Buddhist counterparts is explicable. The two civilizations were at one on the point: Jewish merchants were prepared to expound significant Jewish learning; the first Christian missionaries were Jewish; the items from which Mishna¯h 5 was concocted, especially anonymous ones (as here), could have existed well before the third century and a contact about 200 CE would not offend any known criteria.
Temporal partitioning of reproductive activity in a neotropical anuran community
Authors: Gottsberger Brigitte , Gruber Edith
Published: April 2004

The phenology of calling activity and reproduction of a neotropical anuran community in French Guiana was studied during one rainy season. We investigated the correlation between calling activity, rainfall, temperature and water level in two ponds and recorded the occurrence of tadpoles of pond-breeding species. The study site contained 31 calling frog species, which were divided into groups according to reproductive mode. Increased rainfall was associated with increased reproductive activity in all groups, but temporal patterns in calling activity varied significantly between groups. Species with aquatic oviposition exhibited sporadic acoustic activity, aggregating into explosive breeding events following heavy rainfall. Species laying eggs in foam nests had the peak of calling activity at the start of the rainy season. Taxa with embryonic development on vegetation called mainly from middle to late wet season, being the only group which showed a significant correlation of calling with increasing water level. Dendrobatids with terrestrial oviposition and subsequent parental tadpole transportation were continuously active. Species with direct development or with non-feeding larvae were mainly active at the beginning of the rainy season. It is concluded that phenologies of calling activity in South American tropical anuran species are strongly influenced by abiotic factors like rainfall and availability of breeding sites. The temporal limitation of the rainy season forces species to adjust calling and reproductive activity according to their reproductive modes.
Pollination ecology of the dioecious tree Commiphora guillauminii in Madagascar
Authors: Farwig Nina , Randrianirina Emile F. , Voigt Friederike A. , Kraemer Manfred , Böhning-Gaese Katrin
Published: April 2004

In dioecious plant species differences in morphology and resources between female and male flowers can have consequences for flower visitation rates. Female flowers sometimes lack pollen and can be less attractive to pollinators than male flowers. We studied the pollination ecology of the dioecious tree Commiphora guillauminii in a dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. We recorded floral display, visiting insect species and visitation rates for female and male trees. The results showed that female trees produce significantly larger but fewer flowers per inflorescence than male ones. Number of flowers per tree did not differ between the sexes. During 270 observation-hours we observed 17 insect and two bird species visiting the flowers. Mean visitation rates of male flowers were 6.1 times higher than those of female flowers (1.07 vs. 0.18 visitors per flower h−1). Visitation rates to female and male trees showed similar daily and seasonal patterns. Fruit set (2.9%) was low, which could have been caused by pollinator or pollen limitation. This study suggests that dioecy may pose a risk for fruit set and, potentially, reproductive success for plant species with depauperate pollinator faunas on islands such as Madagascar.
Roost availability and population size of Thyroptera tricolor, a leaf-roosting bat, in north-eastern Costa Rica
Authors: Vonhof Maarten J. , Fenton M. Brock
Published: April 2004

Estimates of roosting habitat availability and population size using unbiased sampling regimes are completely lacking for any bat species. The use of conspicuous and accessible roosts in the developing, rolled leaves of Heliconia and Calathea plants by Thyroptera tricolor (Spix's disc-winged bat) provided an ideal opportunity to address this need. To assess roost availability and population size, the number of occupied and unoccupied leaves and bats in known areas in an area of lowland rain forest in north-eastern Costa Rica were quantified in 1998–99. A high density of leaves was available on any given day (mean: 43 leaves ha−1), but the density of roost leaves was low (mean: 2.5 leaves ha−1), corresponding with a low occupancy rate of 5.7 or 12% based on different methods of estimation. Developing leaves were available for 8–16 h in the preferred size range of leaves used by T. tricolor, and a maximum of 28–60 h, depending on the plant species. Using closed-population mark–recapture models, the 5.69-ha study area supported 261 individuals over a 4-mo period in 1998, corresponding to a density of 43 bats ha−1. These results have important implications for the results of studies on bat community structure and rarity, and for the behaviour and ecology of T. tricolor.
‘Sound is the interface’: from interactive to ecosystemic signal processing
Authors: DI SCIPIO AGOSTINO
Published: April 2004

This paper takes a systemic perspective on interactive signal processing and introduces the author's Audible Eco-Systemic Interface (AESI) project. It starts with a discussion of the paradigm of ‘interaction’ in existing computer music and live electronics approaches, and develops following bio-cybernetic principles such as ‘system/ambience coupling’, ‘noise’, and ‘self-organisation’. Central to the paper is an understanding of ‘interaction’ as a network of interdependencies among system components, and as a means for dynamical behaviour to emerge upon the contact of an autonomous system (e.g. a DSP unit) with the external environment (room or else hosting the performance). The author describes the design philosophy in his current work with the AESI (whose DSP component was implemented as a signal patch in KYMA5.2), touching on compositional implications (not only live electronics situations, but also sound installations).