bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heidegger's Transcendentalism
Authors: Dahlstrom Daniel
Published: September 2005

This paper attempts to marshall some of the evidence of the transcendental character of Heidegger's later thinking, despite his repudiation of any form of transcendental thinking, including that of his own earlier project of fundamental ontology. The transcendental significance of that early project is first outlined through comparison and contrast with the diverse transcendental turns in the philosophies of Kant and Husserl. The paper then turns to Heidegger's account of the historical source of the notion of transcendence in Plato's thinking, its legacy in various forms of transcendental philosophy, and his reasons for attempting to think in a post-transcendental way. The paper concludes by identifying four vestiges of the transcendental turn in Heidegger's later thinking.
The Vertigo of Immanence: Deleuze's Spinozism
Authors: de Beistegui Miguel
Published: September 2005

This paper is an attempt to identify the source of Deleuzian thought, that is, the "plane" or "image" from which it unfolds despite its many twists and turns. This, I believe, is immanence. The thread of immanence appears most clearly in What Is Philosophy? but can be shown to have been at work from the very start. But immanence is not just the plane of Deleuzian thought. It is also, and above all, that of philosophy itself, especially in its difference from religion and onto-theology. This in turn means that, following Spinoza and his univocal ontology, Deleuzian thought can be seen as completing or realizing the conditions of philosophy itself.
Paying for Security
Authors: Heo Uk , Eger Robert J.
Published: September 2005

To investigate the direct and indirect effects of defense spending on economic growth, the authors develop a multilink (via investment, employment, and exports) defense-growth model and test it with U.S. data for the time period from 1951 to 2000. By doing so, they advance previous scholarship on the indirect effects of the defense-growth trade-off through both a theoretical and empirical investigation of multiple indirect channels. Using a nonlinear four-sector production function model that incorporates labor, capital, technology, and exports, they test the direct and indirect impacts of defense spending on growth. Defense spending has a negative, indirect effect on economic growth via investment and export while the direct impact on growth seems to be rather small. Nonmilitary government spending has economic effects on growth that are similar to those associated with military spending.
The Impact of Leadership Turnover and Domestic Institutions on International Cooperation
Authors: McGillivray Fiona , Smith Alastair
Published: September 2005

In the context of a noisy, continuous-choice prisoner's dilemma, the authors examine how leadership turnover and domestic institutions affect the depth and reliability of cooperative agreement that can be enforced between states through the use of leader-specific punishment strategies. If foreign nations target punishments against leaders observed to cheat on cooperative arrangements (i.e., they refuse any future cooperation as long as the responsible incumbent remains in office), then citizens remove leaders caught cheating, providing the cost of doing so is less than the value of the cooperation foregone. For leaders whoare easily replaced, being caught cheating cost them their job. Since cheating jeopardizes their tenure, such leaders can credibly commit to deeper and more reliable cooperation. The authors derive hypotheses about the patterns of cooperation and leadership turnover predicted under different institutional arrangements.
Adaptive Fit Versus Robust Transformation: How Organizations Respond to Environmental Change
Authors: Lengnick-Hall Cynthia A. , Beck Tammy E.
Published: September 2005

Previous research has examined a variety of ways by which firms adapt to environmental change and surprise. Most recommendations emphasize ways to achieve an adaptive fit between a firm and its environment. The authors propose that an alternate response to the uncertainty caused by a dynamic environment—robust transformation —should be examined as well. Organizational routines for dealing with complexity are seen as shaping the institutional response to environmental uncertainty.Resilience capacity is introduced as an internal factor that influences the repertoire of available routines and helps a firm decide whether routines directed toward adaptive fit or robust transformation are more appropriate to implement.
High-Performance Work Systems and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Internal Social Structure
Authors: Evans W. Randy , Davis Walter D.
Published: September 2005

This study provides a theoretical framework illustrating how the internal social structure of the organization can mediate the relationship between high-performance work systems (HPWS) and organizational performance. HPWS positively influence the internal social structure by facilitating bridging network ties, generalized norms of reciprocity, shared mental models, role making, and organizational citizenship behavior. Although HPWS are conceptualized as a system of human resource (HR) practices, each category ofHRpractices has a differential relationship with the mediating variables. HPWS lead to (a) financial performance via administrative efficiency and (b) sustainable performance via flexibility arising from the coordination and exploitation of knowledge resources.
How Do Entrepreneurs Organize Firms Under Conditions of Uncertainty?
Authors: Alvarez Sharon A. , Barney Jay B.
Published: September 2005

Entrepreneurs looking to exploit market opportunities and create economic value must concern themselves with both value creation and value appropriation. In this context, entrepreneurs face an unusual challenge; they must accomplish these two tasks before the economic value of the market opportunity is known, even probabilistically. The purpose of this article is to describe how entrepreneurs in these settings organize a firm to solve their resource coordination and profit appropriation problems. Three different ways of organizing firms in these settings are examined, and their implications for research in entrepreneurship and other fields are discussed.
Testing Measurement Equivalence in a Patient Satisfaction Instrument
Authors: Mark Barbara A. , Wan Thomas T. H.
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this methodological study was to examine five sources of measurement equivalence (configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, invariant uniquenesses, and invariant factor variances) in perceptions of patient satisfaction for two groups of patients, whose satisfaction was measured at different times, for men compared with women, and for minority populations compared with Whites. The sample consisted of a total sample of 1,897 patients of whom 1,070 were females, and 1,228 were White. Using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, we found that the 10-item Likert-type scale performed well across time but required additional attention if it is to be used to compare satisfaction between genders and racial groups.
Seeking to Understand Telephone Support for Dementia Caregivers
Authors: Salfi Jenn , Ploeg Jenny , Black Margaret E.
Published: September 2005

Caregivers of persons with dementia encounter particular challenges in their roles and often experience unmet needs for information and emotional support. This article describes a qualitative descriptive study designed to explore the intervention of telephone support for such caregivers. Data were collected from both caregivers and telephone support providers. Results revealed that telephone support met four specific needs of dementia caregivers: the need for (a) information and education, (b) referral and/or assistance required to navigate through the system, (c) emotional support, and (d) caregiver support that is convenient and hassle free. Caregivers’ main experience with the intervention was the sense of companionship, whereas service providers experienced mixed feelings of helplessness and an opportunity to empower caregivers.
Enhancing Research With Migrant Women Through Focus Groups
Authors: Ruppenthal Luciana , Tuck Jodi , Gagnon Anita J.
Published: September 2005

Recent systematic reviews of measurement strategies have identified a striking lack of data to support the validity of most questionnaires used with multiethnic, migrant populations. In the context of two ongoing research studies examining the reproductive health needs of migrant women in Canada, cultural validation was required for proposed study questionnaires and protocols in a total of 13 languages. Multilingual, multiethnic women with various migrant profiles were recruited from the community to review research materials in a series of focus groups. Recommendations by these women were made in relation to consent and interpretation procedures, development of trust in research, home visits after birth, approaches to sensitive topics, inclusion of discrimination as a research variable, and reimbursement of participants. Preliminary work applying focus-group methods to mixed ethno-cultural groups yielded valuable information on appropriateness of planned research.
Increased prevalence of activated CD70+CD4+ T cells in the periphery of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Han B K , White A M , Dao K H , Karp D R , Wakeland E K , Davis L S
Published: September 2005

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by loss of immune tolerance. A hallmark of SLE is the presence of autoantibodies resulting from B cell hyperactivity. Previous studies have shown that the presence of abnormal B cell subsets in the periphery, such as CD27highCD20− B cells, correlate with disease activity. We examined the relationship between the expression of CD70, the ligand for CD27 expressed by activated T cells, and indicators of disease activity. A significant increase in median CD70+CD4+ T cell frequencies and memory CD45RA−CD4+ T cell frequencies was observed in SLE samples as compared to healthy controls. The frequencies of CD70+CD4+ T cells correlated with disease duration but not age, treatment, or disease activity. Although a majority of CD70+CD4+ T cells appeared to be effector memory cells, mitogen-stimulated CD70+CD4+ T cells were capable of secreting a full repertoire of effector cytokines. Despite the presence of activated CD4+ T cells, no increase in immunosenescent CD4+ T cells, as defined by the loss of CD28 and/or the acquisition of CD57 was observed in samples from SLE patients. These studies indicate that increased CD70 expression might serve as a useful marker of abnormal T cell activity in SLE.
The impact of gender on clinical manifestations of primary antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Jara L J , Medina G , Vera-Lastra O , Barile L
Published: September 2005

The objective of the study was to determine the clinical differences at diagnosis and during follow-up between male and female patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS). We analysed 68 patients, 30 males and 38 females diagnosed and followed between 1990 and 2003. Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome associated with systemic lupus erythematosus at onset and during follow-up were excluded. The mean age at diagnosis was 31.4 ± 11 years in males and 35.7 ± 11 years in females (NS). The follow-up after diagnosis was 8.7 ± 3.1 years in males and 9.2 ± 2.9 years in females (NS). We did not find significant differences between the two groups with respect to venous and arterial thrombosis. However, in female patients, stroke was more prevalent than in male patients (12/38 versus 3/30, P = 0.03). In contrast, we found a significant prevalence of severe gastrointestinal complications in male compared to female patients (7/30 versus 1/38, P = 0.009). One male patient died due to catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. This study suggests that clinical course in patients with PAPS may be different with significant prevalence of central nervous system involvement in females and gastrointestinal involvement in males. Factors such as accelerated atherosclerosis, hormones, related to gender could be the explanation of these findings.
Anti-corpus luteum antibody and menstrual irregularity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Authors: de Sousa D Cabral , Medeiros M M das Chagas , Viana V S Trindade , Mota R M Salani
Published: September 2005

The aim of the present study was to verify the presence of anti-corpus luteum antibodies (anti-CoL) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) patients, as well as establish its possible correlation with menstrual and/or hormonal disturbances in both populations and with SLE activity. Forty-six patients with SLE, 31 with HT, four with both SLE and HT, and 36 healthy women were studied. Out of these, seven (15.2%) patients with SLE, three (9.7%) with HT, three (75%) with both pathologies, and none of the healthy controls tested positive for anti-CoL. The presence of anti-CoL was not significantly correlated to menstrual disturbance ( P = 0.083), changes in the level of follicle stimulating hormone ( P = 1.0), luteinizing hormone ( P = 0.284), estradiol ( P = 0.316), prolactin ( P = 1.0) or SLE activity measured by SLEDAI ( P = 0.756) in SLE patients. There were not enough patients testing positive for anti-luteal antibodies among those with HT or both HT and SLE (three from each group) for a statistical analysis. In conclusion, we found no association between anti-CoL and menstrual or hormonal disturbance in patients with SLE. Also anti-CoL was not specific for SLE, and was not found to be a marker of ovarian failure in SLE.
Mortality and cancer incidence in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the Hanyang Lupus Cohort in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Chun B-C , Bae S-C
Published: September 2005

The rates of mortality and cancer have not been compared between Korean systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and the general population. The objective of this study was to compare the observed mortality and cancer incidence rates of SLE patients with the expected age-, sex- and calendar-matched incidence rates of a comparable general control population. This study included 466 SLE patients who were in the Hanyang Lupus Cohort, Seoul and we excluded the males from the analyses because the number of males was too small to expect any incidence of cancer or death. We used the national female mortality rates from 1992 to 2001 as recorded by the Korean National Statistical Office as the standard mortality rates, and the Seoul Cancer Registry data as the standard cancer incidence rate. Ten of the females in our study died, giving a crude mortality rate of 596.0/100 000 person-years (PY) and a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 3.02. The crude cancer incidence was 179.3/100 000 PYand the standard incidence ratio was 1.04. These results demonstrate that the SMR is significantly higher in SLE patients than in the general population, whereas the incidence of cancer is the same in these two groups.
Alternative or Simultaneous Electrochemical Access with Micro Water/Oil Phases in a Middle Phase Microemulsion Based on the Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance on Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Kunitake Masashi , Murasaki Shinpei , Yoshitake Shinya , Ohira Akihiro , Taniguchi Isao , Sakata Masayo , Nishimi Taisei
Published: September 2005

The electrochemical contact with the micro aqueous phase and the micro organic solvent phase in the “middle phase” microemulsion, in which the water phase and the oil phase bicontinuously coexist on a microscopic scale, was alternatively or simultaneously achieved by controlling the hydrophilicity and lipophilicity on electrode surfaces.
Synthesis of Self-standing Mesoporous Organosilica Films
Authors: Ohtani Osamu , Goto Yasutomo , Okamoto Kentaro , Inagaki Shinji
Published: September 2005

The mesostructured self-standing films with homogeneously distributed phenylene in the framework were synthesized using evaporation-induced coassembly of surfactant and 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene. The addition of methyltriethoxysilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane to control the siloxane cross-linking network improved the flexibility and strength of films substantially. Thus obtained films also maintain their morphology with mesostructure even after calcination at 300 °C.
Self-aggregation of Synthetic Zinc 3-Hydroxymethyl-purpurin-18 and N-Hexylimide Methyl Esters in an Aqueous Solution as Models of Green Photosynthetic Bacterial Chlorosomes
Authors: Tamiaki Hitoshi , Shimamura Yasuhide , Yoshimura Hideaki , K. Pandey Suresh , K. Pandey Ravindra
Published: September 2005

Zinc 31-hydroxy-131-oxo-chlorins possessing a six-membered exo-ring attached at the 13- and 15-positions were prepared by modifying purpurin-18. These synthetic anhydride and imide self-aggregated in an aqueous THF solution to give large oligomers (J-aggregates) similarly with the corresponding natural and artificial chlorophylls possessing a five-membered E-ring.
A Novel Iodine-bridged Piano-stool Iron Complex: Crystal Structure and Electronic State
Authors: Masuhara Naoji , Nakashima Satoru , Yamada Koji
Published: September 2005

The iodine-bridged iodo(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron dicarbonyl complex, [(η5-C5Me5)Fe(CO)2I–I]2 (1) has been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction method, IR spectroscopy, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Water-soluble Polythiophene as an Optical Probe for Detection of the Helicity and Conformational Transition in Polysaccharides
Authors: Li Chun , Numata Munenori , Hasegawa Teruaki , Sakurai Kazuo , Shinkai Seiji
Published: September 2005

A conformation-sensitive optical method for monitoring the random coil–helix transition of polysaccharides has been developed by using a water-soluble polythiophene.
Thermal Stability of Al2O3-supported Co–Mo–S Active Sites: Real Thermal Stability Separated from Sintering of MoS2 Particles
Authors: Usman  , Kubota Takeshi , Okamoto Yasuaki
Published: September 2005

Real thermal stability of Al2O3-supported Co–Mo–S active sites was investigated, for the first time, separately from the sintering effect, showing that the Co–Mo–S structure is unstable to thermal treatments at 673 K and remarkably destroyed at 773 K, regardless of the presence of H2S/H2.
A Simple Approach to Synthesize Mo2N Nanocrystals
Authors: Cai Peijun , Yang Zeheng , Wang Chenyi , Gu Yunle , Qian Yitai
Published: September 2005

Mo2N nanocrystals were successfully synthesized through a simple reaction route. The synthesis was carried out in an autoclave in the temperature range of 450–550 °C, using MoCl5 and NaN3 as the reactants. Characterized by XRD, XPS, and TEM, the composition and morphology of the products were confirmed. This work contributes an effective and facile method for preparing the refractory metal nitride.
Enantioselective Diels–Alder Reaction Promoted by Achiral Functionalization of a SiO2-supported Cu–BOX [Bis(oxazoline)] Catalyst
Authors: Tada Mizuki , Tanaka Satoka , Iwasawa Yasuhiro
Published: September 2005

We have found that surface chemical functionalization of a SiO2-supported Cu–BOX [bis(oxazoline)] catalyst with achiral 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane remarkably increases enantioselectivity in asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene and 3-acryloyl-2-oxazolidinone.
Fabrication and Electrochemical Properties of High-density Graft Films with Ferrocene Moieties on ITO Substrates
Authors: Sakakiyama Tomofumi , Ohkita Hideo , Ohoka Masataka , Ito Shinzaburo , Tsujii Yoshinobu , Fukuda Takeshi
Published: September 2005

High-density graft films bearing ferrocene (Fc) moieties were fabricated on quartz and indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The thickness of the film increased with the increase in the molecular weight of the polymer. We successfully observed quantitative electrochemical redox signals on the ITO substrates coated with a graft polymer. The cyclic voltammograms showed that all ferrocene moieties were electrochemically active.
Thermo-base Generator for Low Temperature Solid-phase Imidation of Poly(amic acid)
Authors: Fukukawa Ken-ichi , Ogura Tomohito , Shibasaki Yuji , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: September 2005

Efficient thermo-base generators (TBGs) which can release an secondary alicyclic amine (e.g. 2,6-dimethylpiperidine; DMP) have been developed for low temperature solid-phase imidation of poly(amic acid) (PAA). Such latent thermo-sensitive catalysts promote thermal imidation of PAA film smoothly up to 200 °C, without the salt formation and storage instability of PAA solution.
Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 Bonded to an Amine Functionalized SiO2 as an Excellent Water-tolerant Solid Acid
Authors: Horita Naoto , Yoshimune Miki , Kamiya Yuichi , Okuhara Toshio
Published: September 2005

Unlike Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40, Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40–SiO2 composites combined using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane are entirely insoluble and well sedimentable in reaction mixtures that contain a large excess of water. The catalytic activities for the hydration of olefin and hydrolysis of ester in the presence of excess water were comparable to those of Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 and were much higher than those of typical water-tolerant solid acids, such as H-ZSM-5 and Nb2O5.
Preparation and Electroluminescent Characteristics of a Series of Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes Based on Phenylpyridines with a Diphenylamino Group
Authors: Nishida Jun-ichi , Echizen Hidenori , Iwata Takeshi , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: September 2005

A series of cyclometalated iridium complexes with a strong electron-donating and bulky diphenylamino group was prepared and the phosphorescence wavelengths were found to be greatly dependent on the substituent positions: some of them afforded high performance electroluminescence (EL) devices.
31P{27Al} MQMAS/HETCOR NMR Study on Structure of Amorphous AlPO4
Authors: Iijima Takahiro , Kanehashi Koji , Saito Koji , Hatakeyama Moriaki , Nemoto Takahiro , Shimizu Tadashi , Ohki Shinobu
Published: September 2005

A solid-state NMR method combining 27Al multiple-quantum magic-angle spinning (MQMAS) and 31P{27Al} heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) has been applied for the structural analysis of amorphous AlPO4. We obtained a correlation between the isotropic chemical shifts of 31P in PO4 and of 27Al in each AlOn (n = 4, 5, and 6) distributed by the amorphous structure.
Irradiation of Ultrasound onto Substrate Mixture Enhances Transglycosylating Activity of Commercial α-Amylase Preparation
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Itoh Hiroshi , Shoda Shin-ichiro
Published: September 2005

Irradiation of ultrasound onto a mixture of starch and n-octyl β-d-glucopyranoside enhanced the transglycosylating activity of commercial α-amylase preparation, producing n-octyl β-d-isomaltoside in good yield. The enhancement was attributable to the formation of an inclusion complex with the glycosyl donor and the glycosyl acceptor.
Direct Observation of Amphiphilic Silica Particles Assembled at an Oil–Water Interface
Authors: Ikeda Shigeru , Takahara Yoshiko K , Ishino Satoru , Matsumura Michio , Ohtani Bunsho
Published: September 2005

The location of amphiphilic silica particles, on which have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, at a n-decane–water interface was investigated. By scanning electron microscopy observation of the particles fixed at the interface with a curable poly(dimethylsiloxane), we found that each hemisphere of a amphiphilic particle are immersed in the oil or aqueous phase.
Synthesis of (E)-5-(2-Radioiodovinyl)arabinosyl Uridine Analog for Probing HSV-1 Thymidine Kinase Gene
Authors: Yu Chung-Shan , Wu Chien-Hung , Chiang Li-Wu , Wang Ren-Tsong , Wang Heng-Yen , Yeh Chien-Hung , Lin Kun-I
Published: September 2005

The genetic probe labeled with positron emitter for monitoring tumor cells transfacted by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene has been intensively studied. A useful synthetic methodology was developed to synthesize (E)-5-[2-(tributylstannyl)vinyl]arabinosyl uridine (TSVAU) and to radiolabel (E)-5-{2-[125I]iodovinyl}arabinosyl uridine (IVAU) substrate for herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase gene. The synthesis started from arabinosyl uridine via six steps to provide TSVAU in 18% yield. The subsequent radiolabeling with Na[125I]I under oxidation provided [125I]IVAU in 80% radiochemical yield.
Selective Enclathration of Linear Alkanols by a Self-assembled Coordination Cage. Application to the Catalytic Wacker Oxidation of ω-Alkenols
Authors: Yoshizawa Michito , Sato Naoko , Fujita Makoto
Published: September 2005

Linear alkanols were efficiently enclathrated by a self-assembled cage (1) to give a 1:2 host–guest complex as confirmed by NMR and crystallographic analyses. Cage 1 also enclathrated an ω-alkenol, 8-nonen-1-ol, and, upon heating, Wacker-type oxidation took place with a catalytic amount of 1 to give 9-hydroxynonan-2-one in a good yield.
Steps involved in the application for flexible training
Authors: Walls Janet , Marshall Colette
Published: September 2005

The key to a successful transition from full-time training into flexible training is forward thinking and planning, and leaving as much time as possible to process the application. To simplify the procedure, we would suggest that the following points are addressed.
Infrared Spectra of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Labeled with Oxygen-18
Authors: Dirlikov Stoil , Koenig Jack L.
Published: September 2005

Fourier transform infrared spectrum of atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is compared with that of atactic PMMA labeled with 18O in the ester groups. The results obtained define the assignment of the bands associated with vibrations of the ester groups of PMMA. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provides a simple method for obtaining the spectra of “pure” derivatives containing 18O.
The Shape of Analytical Curves in Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. I. Normal Concentration Range
Authors: De Loos-Vollebregt M. T. C. , De Galan L.
Published: September 2005

Analytical curves have been calculated for different Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) systems which all correct for background absorption. The sensitivity and curvature of the analytical curves have been compared mutually and to normal AAS. A variable magnetic field is preferred over a constant field. In the variable field sensitivity and curvature are equal to normal AAS whereas in the constant field sensitivity is lower and curvature is stronger compared to normal AAS. Whenever a constant magnetic field is used it should be adjustable to the magnetic field strength where maximum sensitivity is obtained. The magnetic field should be applied to the atomizer to achieve correction for wavelength dependent background absorption. The most promising Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometer employs a variable magnetic field applied to the atomizer and directed parallel to the optical axis.
A Microprocessor Controlled Near-Infrared Circular Dichroism Spectrophotometer
Authors: Koehler Mark E. , Urbach F. L.
Published: September 2005

A near-infrared circular dichrometer was constructed to cover the wavelength range 0.5 to 2.1 μm. The instrument employed a commercial photoelastic modulator with an infrasil quartz optical element to provide quarter-wave modulation throughout the range of the instrument. An indium antimonide [In(Sb)] doped photovoltaic detector was used at Λ > 1 μm, and a near-IR sensitive photomultiplier detector was used at Λ < 1 μm. Phase- and frequency-sensitive detection was employed and an automatic normalization circuit was used to extract the circular dichroism from the detector signal. The level of artifactual signals was reduced by the use of a passive depolarizing element. The instrument was interfaced with a microprocessor system which provided experimental control and signal enhancement capability. Data were transferred to a minicomputer system which provided bulk storage and both numeric and graphic hard copy output. The instrument, with its computer control capabilities, represents a significant improvement over previously existing instruments operating in this wavelength range in its facility for digital signal enhancement and data analysis.
A Minicomputer-Based Emission Spectrographic Analysis System Dependent on Scanning Microphotometry
Authors: Thomas Catharine P.
Published: September 2005

A minicomputer-based, semiquantitative, emission spectrographic system was designed to perform survey analyses (64 elements per sample), on a wide variety of geologic materials rapidly (9 s per determination). The system can analyze as many as 40 000 samples per year, while maintaining long-term consistency of results, and can provide archival storage capability (photoplate, microfiche, data bank). The minicomputer's partitioned memory allows simultaneous execution of programs to acquire 92 000 sequential, digitized, transmittance-readings per spectrum from a precision scanning microphotometer in 70 s, and to reduce these data to the peak and background transmittances, the location, and a profile code of as many as 500 analytical lines. The plate emulsion is calibrated in 10 equal segments between 2300 and 4700 Å. Intensities and preliminary concentrations based on prestored analytical curve coefficients are calculated for each line. Corrections for spectral interferences are made, and final results are selected according to a predetermined priority scheme. A report form for every 10 samples is printed within 5 min after a plate is recorded. All the preliminary data are stored on magnetic tape for production of microfiche within 24 h. Spectra on a second plate can be scanned while analysis of the first plate is being performed.
Raman Spectroscopy of Thin Polymer Films Using Integrated Optical Techniques
Authors: Rabolt J. F. , Santo R. , Swalen J. D.
Published: September 2005

Raman spectroscopy of polymer films using integrated optics has been shown to be a general technique applicable to films with thicknesses as small as 1 μ. With this technique no apparent interference from spectral features due to the substrate has been observed. It has been shown that compared to a bulk sample the scattering volume in the thin film has increased by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude which results in a Raman spectrum with considerably higher signal/noise ratio.
Spectroscopic Studies of Some Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Rackham D. M.
Published: September 2005

Fluorescence, ultraviolet, and infrared spectroscopic data for some imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines have been correlated. Attention is drawn to the spectral characteristics of each fused ring system and the differences between them. The value of fluorescence spectroscopy in the quantitative analysis of nanogram quantities of these compounds is emphasized.
Adaptation of an Interactive, Discharge-Simulation Program to a Disc-Supported Microcomputer
Authors: Olscheske Thomas J. , Walters John P.
Published: September 2005

The capabilities of a disc-based microcomputer system are explored by adapting a sophisticated modeling program for emitting and absorbing plasma discharges to it. Results are favorable, with performance equal to or exceeding that obtained from a large, time-sharing computer system.
Quantitative Determination of Si, Al, Ti, and Fe in Laterites and Bauxites by X-ray Fluorescence Using a Computer for Correction of Interelement Effects
Authors: Schorin Hasso
Published: September 2005

A method for the quantitative determination of the major constituents in laterites and bauxites by x-ray fluorescence using fused Na2B4O7 glass discs is presented. The calibration curves were set up employing synthetic mixtures of oxides of Si, Al, Ti, and Fe. The interelement effects were corrected using a multiple regression analysis programed on a PDP 11/45 computer. The precision was determined by preparation and analysis of five synthetic pellets; the accuracy was ascertained by analysis of five international standards.
Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Analysis of Semivolatile Coal Gasification Pollutants
Authors: Erickson Mitchell D. , Cooper Stephen D. , Sparacino Charles M. , Zweidinger Ruth A.
Published: September 2005

Gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry has been used to analyze a sample of semivolatile organic pollutants collected during a coal gasification using a bench scale coal gasifier. The compounds identified include benzene, phenol, naphthalene, and some of their alkyl derivatives.
An Electronic, Adjustable-Waveform Current Generator for Use with a Quarter-Wave Resonant Spark Source
Authors: Araki Tsutomu , Walters John P.
Published: September 2005

A newly designed current generator for use with a quarter-wave spark source for a fundamental spectroscopic study of spark discharge chemistry is described. The generator outputs a trapezoidal discharge current waveform whose duration and amplitude are adjustable independently of the source repetition rate up to 5 μsec and 30 A, respectively. A multi-π section LC ladder network and a fast SCR are combined for the new generator to produce the adjustable discharge current waveform, in place of a single RC filter for a conventional current generator. The LC network functions as a current width stretcher and the SCR shapes the pulse into the desired duration by shunt clipping the tail. To evaluate the performance of the new current generator, transient emission waveforms of Cu lines are compared for a trapezoidal current waveform and a simple relaxation discharge waveform with that generated from the conventional generator.
Infrared Spectra of Polymer Mixtures—Problems Caused by Dispersion Effects in Difference Spectra
Authors: Allara D. L.
Published: September 2005

Calculations of infrared difference spectra of polymer blends and pure components have been made based on models with no intermolecular bonding interactions. The results demonstrate that residual peaks can arise from optical phenomena based solely on the effects of differences in the real part of the refractive indices of the pure components. Accordingly, chemical interpretations, such as intermolecular bonding interactions, of residual difference peaks must be made with caution in blends where the real refractive indices of the components differ by several percent or more in absorption-free energy regions.
A Simple and Versatile Microspectrophotometric System
Authors: Wungkobkiat Somkiat , Morita Terumasa , Minami Shigeo
Published: September 2005

An easy-to-construct, cost-effective, and versatile microspectrometric system, employing a circular variable filter as a continuous wavelength scan monochromator, is presented. This simple system includes a single microscope optics, a single photodetector, and a spinning glass plate in conjunction with signal processing electronics, which allows a variety of microspectrometric operations at the cellular level. Three modes of operation, such as double-beam, double-beam derivative, and single-beam wavelength modulated derivative, are provided by minor rearrangements of the optics and the electronic modules. Some spectra of living cells are also presented to demonstrate the system performance.
Comparison of Ellipsoidal and Parabolic Mirror Systems in Fluorimetry and Room Temperature Phosphorimetry
Authors: Walden G. L. , Winefordner J. D.
Published: September 2005

The use of ellipsoidal and parabolic mirrors to increase the collection efficiency of sample luminescence is demonstrated for small volume samples. The results indicate that the real value of such systems is in the cases in which dilution to larger volumes is not desirable.
Considerations of the Systematic Error Produced by the Calibration Plot in Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Goode Scott R. , Northington Joseph W.
Published: September 2005

The accuracy of chemical analysis by flame atomic emission spectrometry is influenced by the methods used to obtain the calibration plot. Experimental data are treated by several different methods to obtain calibration plots, which are then used to determine the accuracy of each method. In general, log-log plots are shown to be more accurate than are linear plots, especially at the higher analyte concentrations where the emission is no longer directly proportional to concentration.
A Continuous Sampling System for Room Temperature Phosphorimetric Analysis
Authors: Yen-Bower Esther Lue , Winefordner J. D.
Published: September 2005

An experimental system for the continuous sampling of organic phosphors by the room temperature phosphorimetric technique has been constructed. Phosphorimetric time resolution was achieved by the use of an analog switch phosphoroscope. The results obtained show that this system is fairly sensitive and will allow extremely rapid analyses of small amounts of samples, thereby making it quite suitable for routine analysis of molecules exhibiting phosphorescence at room temperature.
Intracavity Laser Intensity Modulation at Frequencies from 0.01 Hz to 1.2 GHz
Authors: Lytle F. E. , Pelletier M. J. , Harris T. D.
Published: September 2005

An acoustooptic output coupler (cavity-dumper) is employed to intensity modulate the radiation produced by argon ion or dye lasers. By using an amplitude modulated rf carrier, heterodyning two acoustically upshifted beams, heterodyning one upshifted beam against the unshifted beam, or heterodyning an upshifted beam against a downshifted beam, a continuous range of frequencies from 0.01 Hz to 1.2 GHz could be generated. Phase fluorimetric determinations of subnanosecond lifetimes demonstrate the utility of the source.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Analysis for Particle-Associated Ammonium Sulfate
Authors: Krost Kenneth J. , McClenny William A.
Published: September 2005

A commercial Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, modified for automated analysis of particulate-associated sulfate, was used to obtain the integrated absorbance (635 cm−1 to 595 cm−1) due to sulfate in ambient particulate matter collected onto Teflon® filters. An evaluation of this instrumentation was undertaken to determine its applicability for measuring sulfate and the correlation of results with those of ion chromatography and x-ray fluorescence. Particulate samples from six geographical areas were evaluated in this study. Results from different filter sets, using individual filter blanks, show values of the coefficient of determination of 0.90 or higher, with one notable exception. This exception was due to a skewed shift in the peak wavelength absorption (620 cm−1), and apparently indicates the effect of co-collected compounds in chemically shifting the spectra. For best analytical results, the spectrum of individual Teflon® filters instead of a generic blank should be used for subtracting the contribution of Teflon® absorption. Orientation of the filter in the FT-IR system must be the same during measurement of the blank and the sample to avoid spurious readings. The detection limit for ammonium sulfate is 1.2 μg/cm2, which corresponds to 0.36 μg/m3 sampled over 24 hours at 15.0 L/min for ammonium sulfate.
Terminal and Intermediate Combustion Products Observed from 2.0 to 5.0 μm in Flame/Furnace Infrared Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Yunke , Busch Marianna A. , Busch Kenneth W.
Published: September 2005

A computer-controlled, dispersive, scanning spectrometer with a wavelength range from 1 to 15 μm is described and used to study the flame/furnace infrared emission (FIRE) spectra of combustion products formed in a small analyte/air flame and in an electrically heated furnace (570°C), operated with and without a column of heated hopcalite (370°C). When lead selenide was used as the detector, the emission spectra of the combustion products of pentane, benzene, dichloromethane, and methanol could be measured over the wavelength range from 2 to 5 μm. In addition to discrete emission bands from terminal combustion products such as CO2, H2O, and HCl, discrete emission from CO (4.6–4.9 μm) and continuum emission associated with soot formation were also observed under oxygen-limited combustion of benzene, dichloromethane, and possibly pentane. Bands centered at approximately 3.3 μm (3030 cm−1) and 3.5 μm (2857 cm−1) were observed in several spectra and attributed to C-H stretching in intermediate combustion products, with the 3.5- μm band being assigned to the stretching of the carbonyl hydrogen of aldehydes (formaldehyde, in particular). On the basis of these results, the “anomalous emission” observed at 3.8 μm in previous studies employing electrothermal excitation is attributed either to the presence of formaldehyde or to the formation of particulate carbon, which are both associated with conditions favoring the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
Quantitative Fourier-Domain Analysis. Part I: Analysis of Raw FT-IR Interferograms
Authors: Monfre Stephen L. , Brown Steven D.
Published: September 2005

A new procedure for performing quantitative analysis in the Fourier domain has been developed. The procedure involves the use of a linear, recursive digital filter for the analysis of raw interferogram data from a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. It was discovered that the analysis of raw interferograms permitted the use of spectral information that is generally neglected when conventional quantitative Fourier-domain procedures are used. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the computation requirements for Fourier-domain quantitative analysis procedures is seen. It was also discovered during the analysis of the raw interferograms that instrument stability was one factor which affected the accuracy of the concentration estimates. Tests were performed to demonstrate the required stability of the instrumentation, and a procedure is described for maintaining the required instrument stability throughout the analysis. Once instrument stability was achieved, the quantitative results which were obtained were similar to results obtained from the conventional Fourier-domain analysis algorithms.
Direct Introduction of Steel Samples into a Capacitively Coupled Microwave Plasma for Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Masamba Wellington R. L. , Smith Benjamin W. , Winefordner James D.
Published: September 2005

The feasibility of analyzing steel samples by direct introduction into a helium/hydrogen mixed-gas capacitively coupled microwave plasma was assessed with steel standard reference materials (NIST 442-450). Linear calibration curves were obtained for various concentration ranges. Limits of detection for Sn and Pb were 5 μg/g and 0.08 μg/g, respectively.
Infrared Intensities of Liquids X: Accuracy of Current Methods of Obtaining Optical Constants from Multiple Attenuated Total Reflection Measurements Using the CIRCLE Cell
Authors: Bertie John E. , Zhang Shuliang L. , Manji Rizwan
Published: September 2005

The literature description of the Bertie-Eysel method for obtaining the optical constants (i.e., the real and imaginary refractive indices) of liquids from multiple attenuated total reflection measurements using the CIRCLE cell is brought up to date in this paper. The accuracy of the computation methods is explored by analyzing pATR spectra which are themselves calculated from known k(ν˜) spectra that contain single Lorentzian bands, and the corresponding known n(ν˜) spectra, and also from simulated, known, n(ν˜) and k(ν˜) spectra of pure liquid methanol and glacial acetic acid. The optical constants are recovered from the pATR spectra and compared with the known originals. It is shown that k(ν˜) spectra that contain k(ν˜) values up to 0.8, 0.7, and 0.6 can be obtained accurately when the real refractive indices are near 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5, respectively. The method is, thus, reliable for spectra that can be accurately measured from the multiple reflections in the CIRCLE cell. It is likely to be troublesome for higher values of the real and the imaginary refractive indices. However, these are best measured by single-reflection methods, and more direct ways of computing the optical constants are available for such methods.
Evaluation of Signal Reabsorption and Sample Heating in NIR-Raman Measurements
Authors: Archibald D. D. , Yager Paul
Published: September 2005

In order to assess the magnitude of the experimental problem of NIR absorption in NIR-Raman measurements, 1064 nm-Raman spectra of representative scattering lipid suspensions were measured, the spectral artifacts were compared, and the relative magnitude of sample heating was determined by using principal component analysis to measure the shift in a thermotropic phase transition. As in a previous evaluation of the problem, solvent O-H absorption was found to be the main difficulty because it significantly attenuates the Raman signal from C-H stretching. This is true even though the effective sample thickness was only 175 μm. Small Raman intensity artifacts were created by the changes in NIR absorption or optical scattering that occur with changing lipid concentration or state of liposome aggregation. Though use of D2O as the suspending solvent greatly improved the intensity of the C-H stretching region, in comparison to H2O suspensions, observed laser heating was reduced by only a factor of two. C-H stretching absorption can contribute to the heating when D2O is the solvent. In D2O the lipid sample heating was reduced to an acceptable level (1°C) when the laser illumination was 740 mW over a 2.5-mm circular spot. Thus power density needs to be kept at less than 1/10 that typically used in similar visible Raman experiments. O-H containing samples without strong optical scattering show pronounced spectral attenuation in the 180° geometry, if the spectrometer optics collect from deep within the specimen. This consideration places limitations on the use of long pathlengths to improve signal intensity. Extinction pathlengths available from the literature provide a convenient way to extrapolate these results to other NIR excitation wavelengths. Shifting excitation from 1064 nm to 910 nm would avoid most of the Raman spectral attenuation by O-H and reduce the H2O lipid suspension sample heating by a factor of two. Unfortunately, heating of the D2O suspensions will not be significantly reduced even if the excitation is moved to 830 nm.
Determination of Minimum Identifiable Quantities for Target Analysis of Semivolatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Krock Kevin A. , Wilkins Charles L.
Published: September 2005

Thirty-five semivolatile compounds from the phenolic, chlorinated hydrocarbon, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon classes are analyzed with the use of lightpipe-based gas chromatography/infrared spectrometry in order to determine the minimum identifiable quantities (MIQ) as defined in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 8410. MIQs for all compounds studied are in the range of 1 to 20 nanograms. The present results represent an improvement of about an order of magnitude over those reported earlier in U.S. EPA studies. An important factor in achieving this improvement is the use of selected wavelength chromatogram reconstructions for locating high-noise chromatogram data files. These data suggest that target analysis of complex semivolatile environmental organic samples is achievable by lightpipe GC/FT-IR.