bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of seint, óljóst og veikt: Hvernig og hvers vegna hugmyndin um fyrsta viðkomustaðinn í heilbrigðiskerfinu hefur misst marks
Authors: Sigurgeirsdóttir Sigurbjörg
Published: December 2015

Þessi rannsókn snýst um hugmyndir og hagsmuni í heilbrigðisþjónustu á Íslandi. Rannsóknin lýsir því hvernig annars vegar hugmyndin um heilsugæsluna sem fyrsta viðkomustað sjúklinga í heilbrigðiskerfinu og hugmyndin um það að sjúklingar eigi að hafa nokkurt val um það hvert þeir sæki þjónustu innan kerfisins hafa tekist á við mótun kerfisins í hart nær hálfa öld. Leitast er við að varpa ljósi á þá spurningu hvers vegna stjórnvöldum hefur ekki tekist að ná því markmiði að heilsugæslan verði að jafnaði fyrsti viðkomustaðurinn í heilbrigðisþjónustunni. Markmið rannsóknarinnar er að öðlast betri skilning á því hvernig gjá milli markmiða og niðurstöðu í opinberri stefnumótun eins og greina má í þessu stefnumáli verður til. Byggt er m.a. á áralöngum rannsóknum á þróun íslenska heilbrigðiskerfisins, m.a. birtum og óbirtum gögnum úr rannsóknum höfundar og viðtölum við lækna, embættismenn og stjórnmálamenn. Stuðst er við kenningar um innleiðingarferli í opinberri stefnumótun til að draga upp fræðilega mynd af því hvernig framkvæmd og eftirfylgni þessarar stefnumótunar hefur gengið fyrir sig. Þá er gefin mynd af því hvernig mál komast á dagskrá stjórnvalda og hvers vegna tilraunir stjórnvalda til að koma á meiriháttar breytingum takast stundum, en oftast ekki. Meginniðurstöður rannsóknarinnar eru þær að betra aðgengi að heilsugæsluþjónustu fyrir landsmenn sem fyrstu lögin lögðu áherslu á var fyrst og fremst ætlað að ná til íbúa á landsbyggðinni. Aftur á móti, þá kom markmiðið um fyrsta viðkomustaðinn of seint fram sem stefnumið stjórnvalda, markmið stefnumótunar og innleiðingar voru óljós og misvísandi, og stjórntækin of veik.
"We are like the Poles": On the ambiguous labour market position of young Icelanders
Authors: Einarsdóttir Margrét , Einarsdóttir Jónína , Rafnsdóttir Guðbjörg Linda
Published: December 2015

Paid work is quite common amongst young people under the age of 18 in the Western world, although most undertake flexible part-time work. Nevertheless, studies on their labour market position are rare. The aim of this article is to examine the labour market position of young people in Iceland, a high-income Nordic country. We ask about: (i) young people’s general labour market rights regarding payslips and formal work contracts; (ii) their special labour market rights, safeguarded by child labour laws, in relation to rest periods, working hours, the prevalence of injuries and the consequent absence from work, and; (iii) the young persons’ own perceptions of their labour market position. The study is based on mixed methods: a survey (N = 952) and group interviews (N = 42) with 13-17-year-olds. The research reveals that the labour market position of young people is characterised by ambiguity. While their general rights to employment and decent pay are recognised to some extent, their work often violates child labour laws and accidents do occur. Young people commonly perceive their labour market position as weak. Their position in society, on the other hand, allows them to quit when confronted with an adverse work environment or if the work interferes with other duties. To conclude, education on occupational health and safety (OHS) and additional research on their labour market position are needed.
Upplýsingaréttur og þagnarskylda
Authors: Valsson Trausti Fannar
Published: December 2015

Greinin fjallar um samspil lagáakvæða um þagnarskyldu annars vegar og rétt almennings til aðgangs að gögnum samkvæmt upplýsingalögum hins vegar. Leitast er við að lýsa einkennum almennra og sérstakra þagnarskylduákvæða út frá löggjöf og réttarframkvæmd og áhrifum þeirra á upplýsingarétt almennings. Þá lýsir höfundur þeirri afstöðu að það sé almennt mikilvægt fyrir íslenskan upplýsingarétt og eðlilega framþróun hans að betur verði hugað að þagnarskyldureglum í íslenskri löggjöf.
Optimization of cadmium(II) adsorption onto modified and unmodified lignocellulosics (rice husk and egussi peeling)
Authors: Raoul Tchuifon Tchuifon Donald , Ndifor-Angwafor Nche George , Christian Ngakou Sadeu , Théophile Kamgaing , Manga Ngomo Horace , Gabche Anagho Solomon , Mbadcam Ketcha Joseph
Published: December 2015

The present study is based on the adsorption of cadmium (II) ions on rice husk and egussi peeling, unmodified and modified with nitric acid in aqueous solution, using batch technique. It was carried out as a function of contact time, dosage, pH and initial concentration. The equilibrium time was achieved within 25 minutes for unmodified rice husk (Glu NT) and 20 minutes for unmodified egussi peeling (Cuc NT) with an adsorbed quantity of 13.18 mg/g. In the case of modified materials, we obtained 15 minutes for modified rice husk (Glu HNO3) and 10 minutes for modified egussi peeling (Cuc HNO3) with an adsorbed quantity of 18.77 mg/g. The maximum biosorption occurred at pH 5.5 for all biosorbents. The adsorbent mass for maximum adsorption was 0.4 g giving an adsorption capacity of 62.02 % for unmodified adsorbents. In the case of modified adsorbents, the minimal mass at which maximum adsorption occurred was 0.4 g giving an adsorption capacity of 98.33 % and 0.6 g giving an adsorption capacity of 98.33 % for modified rice husk and egussi peeling respectively. The adsorbent/adsorbate equilibrium was well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and by Langmuir’s and Freundlich adsorption model. This models showed that the adsorption of cadmium (II) is a chemisorption process.
The Relative Advantage of Marketing over Technological Capabilities in Influencing New Product Performance: The Moderating Role of Country Institutions
Authors: Eisend Martin , Evanschitzky Heiner , Calantone Roger J.
Published: December 2015

Marketing and technological capabilities are major drivers of new product performance. Prior research has suggested that marketing capabilities outperform technological capabilities. This study shows that the relative advantage of marketing over technological capabilities for new product performance depends on the institutional context in a country. Meta-analytic data of 341 effect sizes of the relationship between capabilities and new product performance taken from 50 articles with 57 independent samples and collected in 17 different countries reveal new contingencies to the capabilities framework. Although in general, marketing capabilities have a stronger influence than technological capabilities on new product performance, this effect is moderated by institutional context factors. The relative advantage decreases and even reverses with increasing growth rates; it further decreases with increasingly stronger rules of law in a country; and it increases in societies that put emphasis on self-expression values over survival values. These findings contribute to research on the utility of different capabilities, inform the institution-based view of firms in international marketing, and provide implications for international marketing managers.
Effect of connexin 36 blockers on the neuronal cytoskeleton and synaptic plasticity in kainic acid-kindled rats
Authors: Wu Xue-mei , Wang Guang-liang , Miao Jing , Feng Jia-chun
Published: December 2015

In this study we investigated the potential anti-epileptogenic effect of neuronal connexin Cx36 gap junction
blockage via inhibition of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) and synaptophysin (SYP) overexpression.
Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (six animals per group): control, sham, carbenoxolone
(CBX), quinine (QN), and quinidine (QND). An epilepsy model was produced by injecting kainic acid (KA)
into the rat amygdala. Broad-spectrum and selective blockers of the Cx36 channel (CBX, QN, and QND) were
administered via intraperitoneal injection. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was assessed by immunofluorescent
and immunohistochemical examination. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was significantly increased after KA
administration in the sham group compared with the control group. Expression of MAP-2 and SYP was significantly
decreased in the CBX, QN, and QND groups compared with the sham group. The results provide new evidence
regarding the key role of MAP-2 and SYP overexpression in three important mechanisms: the modulation of
neuronal plasticity, hyperexcitability of the hippocampal neuronal network, and persistent seizure discharge.
Furthermore, the reversal of MAP-2 and SYP overexpression following administration of Cx36 channel blockers
indicates a potential role for Cx36 channel blockers in anti-epileptogenic treatment and in doing so, highlights a
critical need for further investigation of these compounds.
Dopamine Modulates the Activity of Sensory Hair Cells
Authors: Toro Cecilia , Trapani Josef G. , Pacentine Itallia , Maeda Reo , Sheets Lavinia , Mo Weike , Nicolson Teresa
Published: December 2015

The senses of hearing and balance are subject to modulation by efferent signaling, including the release of dopamine (DA). How DA influences the activity of the auditory and vestibular systems and its site of action are not well understood. Here we show that dopaminergic efferent fibers innervate the acousticolateralis epithelium of the zebrafish during development but do not directly form synapses with hair cells. However, a member of the D1-like receptor family, D1b, tightly localizes to ribbon synapses in inner ear and lateral-line hair cells. To assess modulation of hair-cell activity, we reversibly activated or inhibited D1-like receptors (D1Rs) in lateral-line hair cells. In extracellular recordings from hair cells, we observed that D1R agonist SKF-38393 increased microphonic potentials, whereas D1R antagonist SCH-23390 decreased microphonic potentials. Using ratiometric calcium imaging, we found that increased D1R activity resulted in larger calcium transients in hair cells. The increase of intracellular calcium requires Cav1.3a channels, as a Cav1 calcium channel antagonist, isradipine, blocked the increase in calcium transients elicited by the agonist SKF-38393. Collectively, our results suggest that DA is released in a paracrine fashion and acts at ribbon synapses, likely enhancing the activity of presynaptic Cav1.3a channels and thereby increasing neurotransmission.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe neurotransmitter dopamine acts in a paracrine fashion (diffusion over a short distance) in several tissues and bodily organs, influencing and regulating their activity. The cellular target and mechanism of the action of dopamine in mechanosensory organs, such as the inner ear and lateral-line organ, is not clearly understood. Here we demonstrate that dopamine receptors are present in sensory hair cells at synaptic sites that are required for signaling to the brain. When nearby neurons release dopamine, activation of the dopamine receptors increases the activity of these mechanosensitive cells. The mechanism of dopamine activation requires voltage-gated calcium channels that are also present at hair-cell synapses.
Selective VIP Receptor Agonists Facilitate Immune Transformation for Dopaminergic Neuroprotection in MPTP-Intoxicated Mice
Authors: Olson Katherine E. , Kosloski-Bilek Lisa M. , Anderson Kristi M. , Diggs Breha J. , Clark Barbara E. , Gledhill John M. , Shandler Scott J. , Mosley R. Lee , Gendelman Howard E.
Published: December 2015

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mediates a broad range of biological responses by activating two related receptors, VIP receptor 1 and 2 (VIPR1 and VIPR2). Although the use of native VIP facilitates neuroprotection, clinical application of the hormone is limited due to VIP's rapid metabolism and inability to distinguish between VIPR1 and VIPR2 receptors. In addition, activation of both receptors by therapeutics may increase adverse secondary toxicities. Therefore, we developed metabolically stable and receptor-selective agonists for VIPR1 and VIPR2 to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic therapeutic end points. Selective agonists were investigated for their abilities to protect mice against MPTP-induced neurodegeneration used to model Parkinson's disease (PD). Survival of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the substantia nigra was determined by stereological tests after MPTP intoxication in mice pretreated with either VIPR1 or VIPR2 agonist or after adoptive transfer of splenic cell populations from agonist-treated mice administered to MPTP-intoxicated animals. Treatment with VIPR2 agonist or splenocytes from agonist-treated mice resulted in increased neuronal sparing. Immunohistochemical tests showed that agonist-treated mice displayed reductions in microglial responses, with the most pronounced effects in VIPR2 agonist-treated, MPTP-intoxicated mice. In parallel studies, we observed reductions in proinflammatory cytokine release that included IL-17A, IL-6, and IFN-γ and increases in GM-CSF transcripts in CD4+T cells recovered from VIPR2 agonist-treated animals. Moreover, a phenotypic shift of effector to regulatory T cells was observed. These results support the use of VIPR2-selective agonists as neuroprotective agents for PD treatment.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 can elicit immune transformation in a model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Such immunomodulatory capabilities can lead to neuroprotection by attenuating microglial activation and by slowing degradation of neuronal cell bodies and termini in MPTP-intoxicated mice. The protective mechanism arises from altering a Th1/Th2 immune cytokine response into an anti-inflammatory and neuronal sparing profile. These results are directly applicable for the development of novel PD therapies.
Lin28B and Let-7 in the Control of Sympathetic Neurogenesis and Neuroblastoma Development
Authors: Hennchen Melanie , Stubbusch Jutta , Abarchan-El Makhfi Ikram , Kramer Marco , Deller Thomas , Pierre-Eugene Cécile , Janoueix-Lerosey Isabelle , Delattre Olivier , Ernsberger Uwe , Schulte Johannes B. , Rohrer Hermann
Published: December 2015

The RNA binding protein Lin28B is expressed in developing tissues and sustains stem and progenitor cell identity as a negative regulator of theLet-7family of microRNAs, which induces differentiation. Lin28B is activated in neuroblastoma (NB), a childhood tumor in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. Forced expression of Lin28B in embryonic mouse sympathoadrenal neuroblasts elicits postnatal NB formation. However, the normal function of Lin28B in the development of sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells and the mechanisms involved in Lin28B-induced tumor formation are unclear. Here, we demonstrate a mirror-image expression ofLin28BandLet-7ain developing chick sympathetic ganglia.Lin28Bexpression is not restricted to undifferentiated progenitor cells but, is observed in proliferating noradrenergic neuroblasts.Lin28knockdown in cultured sympathetic neuroblasts decreases proliferation, whereasLet-7inhibition increases the proportion of neuroblasts in the cell cycle. Lin28B overexpression enhances proliferation, but only during a short developmental period, and it does not reduceLet-7a. Effects ofin vivo Lin28Boverexpression were analyzed in theLSL-Lin28BDBHiCremouse line. Sympathetic ganglion and adrenal medulla volume and the expression level ofLet-7awere not altered, althoughLin28Bexpression increased by 12- to 17-fold. In contrast,Let-7aexpression was strongly reduced inLSL-Lin28BDbhiCreNB tumor tissue. These data demonstrate essential functions for endogenousLin28andLet-7in neuroblast proliferation. However,Lin28Boverexpression neither sustains neuroblast proliferation nor affects let-7 expression. Thus, in contrast to other pediatric tumors,Lin28B-induced NB is not due to expansion of proliferating embryonic neuroblasts, and Let-7-independent functions are implicated during initial NB development.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLin28A/B proteins are highly expressed in early development and maintain progenitor cells by blocking the biogenesis and differentiation function of Let-7 microRNAs. Lin28B is aberrantly upregulated in the childhood tumor neuroblastoma (NB). NB develops in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla and is elicited by forced Lin28B expression. We demonstrate that Lin28A/B and Let-7 are essential for sympathetic neuroblast proliferation during normal development. Unexpectedly, Lin28B upregulation in a mouse model does not affect neuroblast proliferation, ganglion size, and Let-7 expression during early postnatal development. Lin28B-induced NB, in contrast to other pediatric cancers, does not evolve from neuroblasts that continue to divide and involves Let-7-independent functions during initial development.
Corticostriatal Divergent Function in Determining the Temporal and Spatial Properties of Motor Tics
Authors: Israelashvili Michal , Bar-Gad Izhar
Published: December 2015

Striatal disinhibition leads to the formation of motor tics resembling those expressed during Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. The spatial properties of these tics are dependent on the location of the focal disinhibition within the striatum; however, the factors affecting the temporal properties of tic expression are still unknown. Here, we used microstimulation within the motor cortex of freely behaving rats before and after striatal disinhibition to explore the factors underlying the timing of individual tics. Cortical activation determined the timing of individual tics via an accumulation process of inputs that was dependent on the frequency and amplitude of the inputs. The resulting tics and their neuronal representation within the striatum were highly stereotypic and independent of the cortical activity properties. The generation of tics was limited by absolute and relative tic refractory periods that were derived from an internal striatal state. Thus, the precise time of the tic expression depends on the interaction between the summation of incoming excitatory inputs to the striatum and the timing of the previous tic. A data-driven computational model of corticostriatal function closely replicated the temporal properties of tic generation and enabled the prediction of tic timing based on incoming cortical activity and tic history. These converging experimental and computational findings suggest a clear functional dichotomy within the corticostriatal network, pointing to disparate temporal (cortical) versus spatial (striatal) encoding. Thus, the abnormal striatal inhibition typical of Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders results in tics due to cortical activation of the abnormal striatal network.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe factors underlying the temporal properties of tics expressed in Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders have eluded clinicians and scientists for decades. In this study, we highlight the key role of corticostriatal activity in determining the timing of individual tics. We found that cortical activation determined the timing of tics but did not determine their form. A data-driven computational model of the corticostriatal network closely replicated the temporal properties of tic generation and enabled the prediction of tic timing based on incoming cortical activity and tic history. This study thus shows that, although tics originate in the striatum, their timing depends on the interplay between incoming excitatory corticostriatal inputs and the internal striatal state.
Phase 2 clinical trial of sunitinib as adjunctive treatment in patients with advanced differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Bikas Athanasios , Kundra Priya , Desale Sameer , Mete Mihriye , O'Keefe Kaitlyn , Clark Brandon G , Wray Lynette , Gandhi Rahul , Barett Christina , Jelinek James S , Wexler Jason A , Wartofsky Leonard , Burman Kenneth D
Published: December 2015

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sunitinib following at least one course of radioactive iodine treatment in patients with advanced differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The study endpoints included best response rate (including best objective response rate) and progression-free survival (PFS) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, measurement of serum thyroglobulin (Tg), and toxicity evaluation.

Design and methods

This was a single center, nonrandomized, open-label, phase 2 clinical trial. In total, 23 patients were enrolled and were treated with a starting daily, oral dose of 37.5 mg sunitinib. Patients were evaluated with imaging, laboratory tests, and physical examination periodically per protocol.

Results

The mean best response was a decrease of 17.2% (s.d. 22.8) in tumor sum from baseline. Six (26%) patients achieved a partial response (PR), and 13 (57%) had stable disease (SD) for a clinical benefit rate (PR+SD) of 83%. The overall median PFS was 241 days (interquartile limits, 114–518). No statistically significant difference was observed between the medians of the baseline and post-treatment Tg values (P=0.24). The most common adverse events included grades 1 and 2 decreases in blood cell counts (especially leukocytes), diarrhea, fatigue, hand–foot skin reaction, nausea, musculoskeletal pain, and hypertension.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that sunitinib exhibits significant anti-tumor activity in patients with advanced DTC. Since sunitinib was relatively well-tolerated, there is the potential for clinical benefit in these patients, and further investigation of this agent is warranted.
The use of terrestrial laser scanning in monitoring of the residential barracks at the site of the former concentration camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau
Authors: Gawronek Pelagia , Mitka Bartosz
Published: December 2015

The technological development of the remote sensing systems more and more often meets the
requirements related to archiving the cultural heritage of humanity. Today, terrestrial laser
scanning (TLS) is a very useful tool in acquiring spatial data about monuments of architecture.
However, construction features of these monuments, their shape, size and kind of materials they
are made of often set limits to the use of TLS technology in documentation of the condition of
these objects. When archiving the state of barracks of the former concentration camp Auschwitz
II-Birkenau proved necessary, the authors of this paper suggested and implemented the idea
of monitoring the technical condition of the objects by using terrestrial (ground-based) laser
scanning technology. This method, backed by a traditional geodesy, allowed for archiving the
barracks’ state with a satisfactory accuracy, while minimizing the inconveniences caused by the
construction features of buildings.
Combined Herbivory by Targeted Sheep Grazing and Biological Control Insects to Suppress Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe)
Authors: Mosley Jeffrey C. , Frost Rachel A. , Roeder Brent L. , Mosley Tracy K. , Marks Gerald
Published: December 2015

The use of biological control insects is a promising option for suppressing spotted knapweed, a nonindigenous perennial forb that infests more than 3 million hectares of North American rangeland. Efficacy increases when spotted knapweed is attacked by more than one phytophagous insect; however, combined herbivory by biological control insects has not achieved widespread suppression of spotted knapweed in North America. Here we expand the concept of combined herbivory beyond two or more species of biological control insects to include a vertebrate herbivore, specifically targeted grazing by domestic sheep. Our experiment on foothill rangeland in northwestern Montana evaluated spotted knapweed response to three treatments: (1) biological control insects only, (2) biological control insects + targeted sheep grazing applied in late July (spotted knapweed in late bud–early flower stage), and (3) biological control insects + targeted sheep grazing applied in mid-August (spotted knapweed in full-flower stage). We combined targeted sheep grazing with herbivory by three species of biological control insects: knapweed flower weevil, knapweed root weevil, and sulfur knapweed root moth. Treatments were applied during four consecutive years (2009 to 2012). Spotted knapweed fitness was suppressed more where targeted sheep grazing and biological control insects were combined vs. areas treated with biological control insects alone. Combined herbivory was effective when targeted sheep grazing was applied during either late July or mid-August, but July grazing was more effective. Spotted knapweed produced 96 to 99% fewer viable seeds in sheep-grazed areas. After 4 yr of treatment, total spotted knapweed plant density (seedlings, juvenile, and adult plants) was 86% less in July-grazed areas and 61% less in August-grazed areas than in areas treated with biological control insects alone. Combined herbivory by targeted sheep grazing and biological control insects reduced adult plant density and prevented compensatory recruitment of spotted knapweed, but treatment with biological control insects alone did not.
Response of pipelines of differing flexural stiffness to normal faulting
Authors: Saiyar M. , Ni P. , Take W. A. , Moore I. D.
Published: December 2015

Relative ground movement represents a severe seismic hazard to pipelines crossing faults, and the maximum expected pipeline strains are the primary design concern. Past research has documented how stiff steel pipelines respond to permanent ground deformation and has produced calibrated empirical models of pipeline response to strike-slip and normal faulting. However, what little data exist on flexible pipelines illustrate how ‘stiff pipeline’ soil reaction models significantly overestimate peak strains for flexible pipelines. Results for four centrifuge tests conducted on model pipelines are presented to quantify the flexural response of pipelines to normal faulting over a wide range of pipeline stiffness. Continuous functions of pipeline and soil displacement calculated using digital image correlation are used to assess pipeline curvature, soil reaction and relative displacement. Comparisons of peak measured curvatures to current design analysis methods confirm that empirical stiff pipeline soil reactions progressively overestimate maximum curvature as the pipeline's stiffness decreases. Two strategies to modify current empirical soil reactions to account for flexible pipelines were then investigated, with the strategy of reducing the stiffness of the empirical soil reaction (while maintaining the advantage of a simplified, abrupt, step-like fault) providing better outcomes than modification to account for more realistic ground displacement profiles.
A New Science is Born – Early Childhood Neuropedagogy
Authors: Varga László
Published: December 2015

The latest national and international researches emphasize childhood as a key factor in the course of life of the individual. In recent years, research on young children’s early brain (head) and emotional development (heart) have underscored its importance for later development. Integrating this ‘Brain-Based, Heart-Felt’ research into classroom practice, however, will require meaningful dialogue between educators and brain scientists to inform both research and ECE institutions. Our group aims to bring educators and scientists together through the development of joint research projects to improve the understanding of how children learn and develop. Linking brain and EQ research to ECE is extremely valuable to our understanding of children development and learning. The research will provide educational sciences with lots of new information and data whereas it will also modify and complement the content of nursery school teacher and early childhood educator trainings as well as the innovation of early childhood educational and research facilities.
Pedagógustehetség − tehetséges pedagógus?
Authors: Bencéné Fekete Andrea
Published: December 2015

A tehetség definíciójának számos meghatározása létezik, sok külföldi és hazai tudományos modellje vált ismertté. Az egyes meghatározások más-más nézetet foglalnak össze, mutatnak be, más lényegi dolgot emelnek ki, és más módon közelítik meg a témát. A tehetség fogalma sokrétű, árnyalt, de iskolarendszerünkben ennek ellenére mindig a tantárgyakhoz kötve választják ki a tehetségeket. A tehetséggondozás folyamatának résztvevői a gyerekek mellett a tehetséget segítő mentorok, akik lehetnek a szülők, a pedagógusok és tehetségtámogatók. A tehetségsegítőknek olyan szakembereknek kell lenniük, akik fel tudják ismerni a gyerekekben rejlő képességeket, és elhivatottak arra, hogy fejlődésüket támogassák. A tehetségek sorsát legtöbbször a pedagógusok egyengetik, azonban senki nem foglalkozik azzal, hogy kik is azok a tehetséges pedagógusok, akik a saját szakmájukat a legmagasabb szinten tudják művelni.
Lelkesedés és inspiráció a nevelőtestületben
Authors: Farnady-Landerl Viktória
Published: December 2015

A pedagógia a neurokonstruktivizmus megjelenésével újabb jelentős állomásához érkezett. Egy új, interdiszciplináris tudomány van kialakulóban, a neuropedagógia. A kompetencia alapú (outputorientált) képzés elvárásai, a személyiség főbb komponensrendszereire, illetve azok szerveződésére vonatkozó interdiszciplináris ismereteink, valamint a neuropedagógia új szemlélete újfajta kihívásokat támasztanak a pedagógusok felé. 2015 áprilisa és augusztusa között 501 fő részvételével zajló online, véletlenszerű, empirikus, pedagógusattitűd-kutatásunkban arra kerestük a választ, hogy probléma-e a pedagógusok körében az elmélet és a gyakorlat összhangja, a rendelkezésre álló neuropedagógiai tudás megszerzése, megosztása, a neuropedagógiai szemlélet gyakorlatba való átültetése. Ismerik-e, illetve beépítik-e a pedagógusok a neurotudományok legkorszerűbb eredményeit pedagógiai gondolkodásukba és tevékenységükbe. Jelen tanulmányban e kutatás néhány elemét kiemelve, azokat szakirodalmi forrásokkal összevetve tekintjük át, hogy milyen tényezők befolyásolják pozitívan és negatívan a neurotudományos paradigmaváltás térnyerését a pedagógiában, kifejezetten a pedagógusok szakmai tevékenységének fókuszából.
In memoriam Apáczai Kiadó
Authors: Fülöp Orsolya
Published: December 2015

Az oktatáspolitika időszakonként változik, más-más irányba próbálják terelni a tanítók, tanárok szellemiségét, tudását. A rendszerváltás után egyre több tankönyvkiadó jelent meg, melyek egyike az Apáczai Kiadó volt. Véleményem szerint a Kiadó olyan komplex módon látta el az oktatás támogatását, mellyel a felnövekvő generációkat és az őket tanító pedagógusokat az adott oktatási rendszernek megfelelően szolgálta ki, ezzel folyamatosan biztosítva mind az egyén, mind az intézmények szakmai, innovatív fejlődését, megújulását. Tanulmányomban szeretnék a Kiadó tevékenységéről tényfeltáró, átfogó képet adni. A Magyarországon működő tankönyvkiadók közül ez volt az egyetlen, amely 2014 májusáig magyar magántulajdonú cégként tudott működni. Eltelt az első tanév az „Apáczai kiadó nélkül”, a tankönyvpiac radikális változásokon ment keresztül, de tankönyvírói, kollégái ma is jelen vannak, szerves részét képezik az Oktatási Hivatalnak.
Kiegészítések a Nyugat-Dunántúl flórájának ismeretéhez
Authors: Mesterházy Attila , Kulcsár László
Published: December 2015

Cikkünkben az elmúlt közel 10 évben a Nyugat-Dunántúlon végzett florisztikai kutatásaink eredményeit ősszegezzük. Munkánkban törekedtünk a Nyugat-Dunántúl területén előforduló ritka, kevés irodalmi adattal rendelkező vagy növényföldrajzi szempontból érdekesebb taxonok adatainak közlésére. A cikkben szereplő enumeráció 98 taxon 172 előfordulási adatát közli. A kutatás során előkerült a Nyugat-Dunántúl flórájára nézve 9 új faj, melyek közül 3 faj tekinthető őshonosnak [Oenanthe banatica Heuff., Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P.Beauv., Polycnemum majus A. Braun.], míg 6 faj valószínűleg adventív megtelepedés eredménye [Artemisia annua L., Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decr., Rumex pulcher L., Cerasus vulgaris Mill. subsp. acida (Dumort.) Dostál, Salvia austriaca Jacq., Digitalis lanata Ehrh.]. A cikkben szereplő további taxonok döntően őshonos növények, többségük védett vagy természetvédelmi szempontból kiemelt jelentőségű, ezért monitorozásuk javasolt. Több, a régióban még ritka adventív faj lelőhelyét ismertetjük (például Calepina irregularis Adans.). Számos, növényföldrajzi szempontból jelentős fajról közlünk adatokat, elősegítve ezzel elterjedésük pontosabb megismerését. Az ismertetésre kerülő taxonok leginkább természetes vagy féltermészetes élőhelyeken fordulnak elő, de néhány ritka, extenzív szántókhoz vagy szünantróp élőhelyekhez köthető ritka gyom [például Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch., Thesium dollineri Murb.] előfordulásáról is beszámolunk.
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: A rare presentation
Authors: K Meher Lakshmi , B Triveni , S Sai Mallikarjun , Md Shoiab Zeesham
Published: December 2015

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-Cell Lymphoma (SPTL) is a very rare form of skin lymphoma that is localized primarily to the subcutaneous adipose tissue without palpable involvement of the lymph nodes. Diagnosis of SPTCL is a challenge as clinical features are non specific and mimic benign conditions. Unless there is expertise in oncopathology and strong suspicion, biopsy is also difficult to interpret. Due to misdiagnosis, steroids are started early which mask the disease leading to further delay in seeking appropriate care. We present here an illustrative case of a young lady with symptoms mimicking collagen vascular disease and diagnosis of SPTCL reached later. Keywords: subcutaneous panniculitis like T cell lymphoma; SPTL; lymphoma
Point of view on measurement uncertainty in terms of quality management
Authors: Nellutla Rohini , Chowdary Radhika
Published: December 2015

All types of measurements have some inaccuracy due to bias and imprecision. Quality control (QC) checks are meant to watch and establish precision of the test results. When we speak of a measurement, we often want to know how reliable it is. We need some way of judging the relative worth of a measurement. Traditionally, there has been the concept of error, but the term ‘error’ implies that the difference between the true value and a test result can be determined and the result corrected, which is rarely the case. In contrast, the more recent concept of measurement is, measurement uncertainty (MU) which is a non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. Uncertainty of measurement is new to the medical laboratory. It represents the expected variability in a laboratory result if the test is repeated second time. Hence, it is the measure of precision measured in terms of standard deviation (SD). It provides quantitative estimates of the level of confidence that a laboratory has in the analytical precision of test results, and is therefore an essential component of a quality system for medical laboratories. The laboratory should focus to minimize the uncertainties for improving the overall performance. Keywords: measurement uncertainty; bias, lab errors; quality management
Inhalation of Pin - A Rare Case Report
Authors: Kar Sandeep Kumar , Das Deepanwita , Sen Chaitali , Bhattacharya Riju , Munsi Asit
Published: December 2015

A boy aged 1year presented with persistent cough, sputum and fever for last two months which is did not subside in spite of empirical mediacal therapy. For last 15 days symptoms started to aggravate and not responding to medical management. Chest X-ray showed a pin in the right main bronchus with more radiolucency of right lung. CT scan of chest revealed radiodense linear opacity in the right lower lobe primary and secondary bronchus with partial collapse consolidation of right lower lobe medial basal and lateral basal segment. Rigid bronchoscopic removal was tried but failed. Ultimately thoracotomy was done to remove the foreign body.
Analysis of the CYP3A4*1B Gene Variant in an Iranian Population: Pilot Base Study
Authors: Karimpur Zahmatkesh Arezu , Movafagh Abolfazl
Published: December 2015

Various studies revealed that, CYP3A4*1B, as a variant allele of CYP3A4 gene, has variations in populations with different ethnic background. In this pilot research work, we studied 183 healthy non consanguinity men of an Iranian origin for this genetic variation. We applied RFLP-PCR technique for this research study. In contrast with other researches, in Asian country (such as China and Japan with 0% allele frequency) our study showed that frequency of this allele in Iranian men among an Asian continent is 3%. This finding is an important attempt in pharmacogenetics research endeavor.
In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Evaluation of Crude Extracts of Dioscorea dumetorum and Psidium guajava Leaves in the Control of Storage Rot of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Bulbs
Authors: Okey Edward Ntui , Akwaji Patrick Ishoro , Umana Etim Johnson , Markson Aniedi Abasi Akpan
Published: December 2015

The antifungal activity of the ethanolic crude leaf extracts of Dioseoreadumetorum and Psidium quajava on the fungal pathogens isolated from infected onion bulbs were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The pathogens were Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer. For the in vitro antifungal assay, various concentrations of the extracts ranging from 10g/200ml, 20g/200ml, 30g/200ml, 40g/200ml and 50g/200ml were separately added to PDA media. The fungal pathogens were separately inoculated into the media and incubated for seven days. For the in vivo assay, healthy onion bulbs were properly surface sterilized using 99% ethanol and sodium hypochlorite (bleach). The sterile onion bulbs were then sprayed with the extracts at different concentrations two hours prior to inoculation with the fungal pathogens. Each onion bulb after being treated with different concentration of the extracts of 10g/200ml, 20g/200ml, 30g/200ml, 40g/200ml and 50g/200ml were dipped into beakers containing dissolved spore of each pathogen and incubated for seven days. Results of the in vitro antifungal assay shows that at 10g/200ml – 50g/200ml concentration, ethanolic leaf extracts of D. dumetorum and P. guajava completely inhibited the radial growth of A. niger and R. stolonifer after seven days observation period. For the in vivo antifungal assay, results shows that the extracts had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the mycelial growth of the fungal pathogens at all the different concentrations tested. Pathogen growth inhibition was most effective at 30g/200ml, 40g/200ml and 50g/200ml concentrations. The inhibitory action of the extracts increased/decreased with a corresponding increase/decrease in the concentration of the plant extracts. Ethanolic extracts of D. dumetorum was found to be more effective in inhibiting the growth of the fungal pathogens than P. guajava extracts.
Prevalencia de orgasmo en mujeres universitarias de Bucaramanga (Colombia), 2013
Authors: Guarín-Serrano Rocío , Cadena-Afanador Laura , Mujica-Rodríguez Ana María , Ochoa-Vera Miguel Enrique , Useche-Aldana Bernardo
Published: December 2015

Objetivo: establecer la prevalencia de vida de orgasmo femenino y de dificultades orgásmicas en universitarias del área metropolitana de Bucara manga (Colombia).

Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. Se administró un cuestionario de autorreporte a una muestra de mujeres universitarias de Bucaramanga. Además de la prevalencia de orgasmo, se midieron variables sociodemográficas como edad, orientación sexual, religiosidad y estado civil; y variables relacionadas con la conducta y la estimulación sexual. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y un análisis exploratorio mediante análisis bivariado y multivariado para medir la asociación de variables de interés con el orgasmo.

Resultados: se encuestaron 1.038 mujeres, con una edad mediana de 20 años. La prevalencia de vida de orgasmo fue del 76 % (IC 95 %: 73,5-78,7) y la prevalencia de dificultades para alcanzar el orgasmo fue del 24 % (IC 95 %: 21,3-26,5). De las mujeres que no habían tenido orgasmo o tenían dificultades para alcanzarlo el 6,2 % habían consultado al ginecólogo por esta razón. En el análisis multivariado se encontró asociación entre el orgasmo y la edad (OR = 1,19; IC 95%: 1,08-1,31), la masturbación (OR = 2,55; IC 95 %: 1,34-4,84) y las relaciones sexuales con una pareja (OR = 4,2; IC 95 %: 2,28-7,72).

Conclusión: una de cada 3 mujeres universitarias no han tenido experiencia orgásmica y tres de cada 10 mujeres con experiencia orgásmica reportan dificultad para alcanzarlo. Es importante indagar sobre estos problemas sexuales en la consulta de ginecología.
Prevalencia de resultado positivo de la citología para vaginosis bacteriana, candidiasis y tricomoniasis en una Empresa Social del Estado de Medellín (Colombia), 2010-2012
Authors: Cardona-Arias Jaiberth Antonio , Herrera-Posada Daniela , Valencia-Arredondo Marleny
Published: December 2015

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del resultado positivo de la citología para vaginosis bacteriana, candidiasis y tricomoniasis vaginal, y su distribución según edad, método de planificación y sector de residencia.

Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal en especímenes citológicos obtenidos de mujeres atendidas entre los años 2010-2012 en Metrosalud, red de instituciones de la que hacen parte cincuenta centros de salud y unidades hospitalarias de primer nivel en Medellín (Colombia). Se incluyó toda la población de mujeres del régimen subsidiado atendida en la institución, se excluyeron las citologías con muestras insatisfactorias por ausencia de células, exceso de eritrocitos o leucocitos, y extendido defectuoso. Se usó fuente de información secundaria. Los datos se almacenaron y analizaron en SPSS 21®, con medidas de resumen y frecuencias absolutas y relativas.

Resultados: se incluyeron 206.035 registros. La prevalencia de vaginosis bacteriana fue 18 %, candidiasis 4,7 % y tricomoniasis 0,8 %. Los subgrupos con mayor prevalencia de infecciones fueron los adolescentes, con 22,8 % de vaginosis bacteriana, 9,2 % de candidiasis y 1,0 % para tricomoniasis; y quienes usan el dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) con 25,6, 5,1 y 1,2 % respectivamente.

Conclusión: se halló una elevada prevalencia de las infecciones estudiadas, principalmente en adolescentes y usuarias del DIU; esta información resulta útil para los tomadores de decisiones en salud y para evaluar la pertinencia de estructurar programas de tamización de infecciones del tracto genital aunados a la tamización del cáncer cérvico-uterino.
Teratoma placentario: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Authors: García-Riaño Diego Armando , Aragón-Mendoza Rafael Leonardo , Méndez-Sarmiento Claudia Patricia
Published: December 2015

 

Objetivo: el teratoma placentario es un tumor benigno poco frecuente, solo han sido reportados algunos casos a nivel mundial, ninguno de estos en Colombia. Se presenta un caso para revisar la literatura publicada respecto a su diagnóstico prenatal, histopatológico y pronóstico en el embarazo. 

Materiales y métodos: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 19 años, con gestación de 32 semanas, quien consultó a la Unidad de Obstetricia del Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael, hospital general privado de IV nivel de complejidad en atención, ubicado en Bogotá (Colombia). La paciente tenía como hallazgo ultrasonográfico prenatal una imagen de ecogenicidad heterogénea en cavidad amniótica. Se encontró una masa ovoide, de aspecto sólido, de 5 centímetros, localizada en la cara fetal de la placenta. El estudio histopatológico mostró hallazgos correspondientes a teratoma placentario. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura publicada en las bases de datos: PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO, Ovid y ScienceDirect.

Resultados: se encontraron 10.523 títulos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 23 relacionados con teratoma placentario. Todos eran reportes de caso. Su diagnóstico se basa en la ecografía prenatal y en el estudio histopatológico, que muestra tejidos maduros de las tres capas germinativas sin organización definida. Tiene un buen pronóstico obstétrico y no parece incrementar el riesgo de malformaciones fetales.

Conclusión: el teratoma placentario es un tumor de aparición poco frecuente, que generalmente tiene un comportamiento benigno.

 
Características clínicas y pronóstico de las pacientes con cáncer de cérvix tratadas en tres instituciones de salud en Barranquilla, Colombia, de 2005 a 2011
Authors: Fernández-Mercado Robinson , Amaya-Guío Jairo , González-Rubio Álvaro , Pineda-Vega Rafael , Riveros-Torrado Elbert , Álvarez-González Angélica , Corro-Melgarejo Jose M.
Published: December 2015

Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y el pronóstico de las pacientes con cáncer de cérvix tratadas en tres instituciones de salud en Barranquilla, Colombia.

Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva descriptiva. Se revisaron las bases de datos de las tres instituciones participantes en donde se identificaron los casos que tuvieron diagnóstico CIE 10 de: tumor maligno de endocérvix, tumor maligno de exocérvix, tumor maligno del cuello del útero y tumor maligno del itsmo uterino. Se excluyeron pacientes remitidas por recidiva tumoral. En caso de deceso, este fue corroborado con el certificado de defunción. Se describe la mortalidad absoluta por estadio clínico. Para establecer el pronóstico se estimó la probabilidad de estar libre de enfermedad y de sobrevivir al primer, tercer y quinto año de seguimiento.

Resultados: se identificaron 375 pacientes con diagnóstico de carcinoma de cérvix, de las cuales 27 se perdieron en el seguimiento para un total de 348 pacientes evaluadas. Se encontró una tasa de complicaciones cercana al 19% siendo más frecuentes en pacientes con radioterapia (94%) que en las que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico (6%). La probabilidad de sobrevida a los 5 años es del 92% y la probabilidad de estar libre de enfermedad a los 5 años es del 89%.

Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos en cuanto a complicaciones y sobrevida posterior al tratamiento fueron similares a lo reportado en la literatura. Se requieren más estudios con una mayor profundidad metodológica que caractericen el pronóstico de las pacientes con cáncer de cérvix en nuestra población.
Educación e innovación: pilares del desarrollo
Authors: Torres Citraro Leonidas
Published: December 2015

Sin los conocimientos adecuados, las personas se mantienen al margen de la sociedad, el progreso tecnológico no se traduce en el crecimiento económico y por lo tanto las empresas y los países no pueden competir en un mundo globalmente conectado y cada vez más complejo. La revolución tecnológica que estamos viviendo desde finales del siglo pasado ha venido cambiando gradualmente el mercado de trabajo, exigiendo nuevas habilidades, destrezas y conocimientos a los jóvenes que se están incorporando a dicho mercado. La proporción de profesionales graduados en ciencias sociales y humanidades en América Latina para el año 2007 representaba el 63% del total, casi el triple de los egresados en ingeniería, tecnología y ciencias. En cuanto a la calidad de la educación, los diferentes indicadores señalan grandes deficiencias con relación al promedio de los países desarrollados. Razón por la cual el trabajador promedio de América del Sur presenta una productividad relativa del 12%, es decir, produce 8 veces menos que su similar de estados Unidos y casi 3 veces menos que sus colegas de Asia. Con esta baja productividad sobre nuestras espaldas es doloroso concluir que el desarrollo de América Latina es una meta muy difícil. Por otro lado las innovaciones, con una frecuencia creciente, pasan a desempeñar tareas que antes eran ejecutadas por personas calificadas, formadas en instituciones educativas de prestigio, pero que siguen planes de estudio para la caduca realidad del siglo pasado. La cruda realidad de las personas desplazadas es que pocas tienen la oportunidad de actualizar sus conocimientos. La mayoría asume trabajos rutinarios con menores salarios o se quedan sin trabajo.