bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A year-long immune profile of the systemic response in acute stroke survivors
Authors: Tsai Amy S , Berry Kacey , Beneyto Maxime M , Gaudilliere Dyani , Ganio Edward A , Culos Anthony , Ghaemi Mohammad S , Choisy Benjamin , Djebali Karim , Einhaus Jakob F , Bertrand Basile , Tanada Athena , Stanley Natalie , Fallahzadeh Ramin , Baca Quentin , Quach Lisa N , Osborn Elizabeth , Drag Lauren , Lansberg Maarten G , Angst Martin S , Gaudilliere Brice , Buckwalter Marion S , Aghaeepour Nima
Published: January 2019

Whether the systemic immune response to stroke contributes to long-term disability is unclear. Using deep immune profiling of peripheral blood over a one-year period following ischaemic stroke, Tsai et al. identify three immunological phases characterized by sequential engagement of innate and adaptive immune compartments, which correlate with post-stroke cognitive trajectories.
Ustekinumab Exposure-outcome Analysis in Crohn’s Disease Only in Part Explains Limited Endoscopic Remission Rates
Authors: Verstockt Bram , Dreesen Erwin , Noman Maja , Outtier An , Van den Berghe Nathalie , Aerden Isolde , Compernolle Griet , Van Assche Gert , Gils Ann , Vermeire Séverine , Ferrante Marc
Published: January 2019

Background and Aims

Ustekinumab, an anti-IL12/23p40 monoclonal antibody, has been approved for Crohn’s disease [CD]. Real-life data in CD patients receiving ustekinumab intravenously [IV] during induction, followed by subcutaneous [SC] maintenance, are lacking. We assessed efficacy of ustekinumab and studied exposure-response correlations.

Methods

We performed a prospective study in 86 CD patients predominantly refractory or intolerant to anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and/or vedolizumab. All received ustekinumab 6 mg/kg IV induction, with 90 mg SC every 8 weeks thereafter. Endoscopic response (50% decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for CD [SES-CD] at Week 24), endoscopic remission [SES-CD ≤2], and clinical remission [daily stool frequency ≤2.8 and abdominal pain score ≤1] were assessed at weeks 4,8,16, and 24. Further serial analyses included patient-reported outcomes [PRO2], faecal calprotectin [fCal], and ustekinumab serum levels.

Results

SES-CD decreased from 11.5 [8.0–18.0] at baseline to 9.0 [6.0–16.0] at week [w]24 [p = 0.0009], but proportions of patients achieving endoscopic response [20.5%] or endoscopic remission [7.1%] were low. Clinical remission rates were 39.5% at w24. After IV induction, fCal dropped from baseline [1242.9 μg/g] to w4 [529.0 μg/g] and w8 [372.2 μg/g], but increased again by w16 [537.4 μg/g] and w24 [749.0 μg/g]. A clear exposure-response relationship was observed, both during induction and during maintenance therapy, with different thresholds depending on the targeted outcome.

Conclusions

In this cohort of refractory CD patients, ustekinumab showed good clinical remission rates but limited endoscopic remission after 24 weeks. Our data suggest that higher doses may be required to achieve better endoscopic outcomes.
Graded reader comprehension questions and item discrimination analysis
Authors: Ramonda Kris , Sevigny Paul
Published: January 2019

Although the benefits of extensive reading are well known, very little research has investigated the validity of assessment tools to measure general comprehension of graded readers. To address this, quizzes were authored for 42 level 2 Penguin graded readers and administered to 166 students over a semester. Item facility for high-scorers and low-scorers was calculated for the 168 question items from the 42 graded readers, and the resulting item discrimination (ID) score was used to categorize and group quiz items with shared structural and content-based features. The results showed that certain question types tend to be more effective for measuring comprehension of graded readers than others.
Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India
Authors: Plagemann Johannes , Destradi Sandra
Published: January 2019

What kind of foreign policy do populists execute once in power? Based on the existing literature, we conceptualize populism as a set of ideas whose two core elements are anti-elitism and antipluralism. From this we develop a set of hypotheses regarding both substantive aspects of foreign policy as well as foreign policy–making processes of populist leaders in government. An analysis of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign policy record serves as a first plausibility probe of our hypotheses. We find that our concept of populism carries most explanatory value in the procedural aspects of foreign policy making as well as in its communication, less so in those aspects relating to the goals or substance of foreign policy. Whereas foreign policy under Modi's populist leadership is highly centralized and personalized, the traditional foreign policy establishment, including most notably the Ministry of External Affairs, has lost some of its previous authority. Engaging the Indian diaspora abroad emerged as another characteristic of populist foreign policy making. By contrast, the case of India does not confirm our hypothesis regarding a preference of bilateralism over multilateralism, nor does populism necessarily preclude investing in global public goods.
Making Universal Influenza Vaccines: Lessons From the 1918 Pandemic
Authors: Morens David M , Taubenberger Jeffery K
Published: January 2019

The year 2018 marked the 100th anniversary of the deadliest event in human history. In 1918–1919, pandemic influenza spread globally and caused an estimated 50–100 million deaths associated with unexpected clinical and epidemiological features. The descendants of the 1918 virus continue to circulate as annual epidemic viruses causing significant mortality each year. The 1918 influenza pandemic serves as a benchmark for the development of universal influenza vaccines. Challenges to producing a truly universal influenza vaccine include eliciting broad protection against antigenically different influenza viruses that can prevent or significantly downregulate viral replication and reduce morbidity by preventing development of viral and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Perhaps the most important goal of such vaccines is not to prevent influenza, but to prevent influenza deaths.
Women or Leaders? Practices of Narrating the United Nations as a Gendered Institution
Authors: Bode Ingvild
Published: January 2019

The United Nations has been an important forum for promoting women's rights, but women are still underrepresented at the most senior levels of its leadership. This points to persistent obstacles in reaching gender parity at the UN, despite the organization's overt commitment to this objective. Situated in feminist institutionalist insights, I argue that the institutionalization of gender inequality through practices in the UN as a gendered institution can account for continued barriers to women leadership. This makes contributions to feminist institutionalist literature in international relations by taking it to the individual microlevel. Gendered practices sustain, inform, and manifest themselves in four interconnected processes that reinforce gendered divisions of subordination: positional divides, symbols and imagery, everyday interactions, and individual identity (based on Acker 1990, 146–47; Scott 1986). These processes and their practices become accessible through the narrative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with senior women leaders at the UN. By recognizing their narratives as valid forms of insight into the study of the UN, this approach recognizes women leaders’ agency as opposed to portraying them as numbers only.
Inflammation status in HIV-positive individuals correlates with changes in bone tissue quality after initiation of ART
Authors: Lerma-Chippirraz E , Pineda-Moncusí Marta , González-Mena A , Soldado-Folgado Jade , Knobel H , Trenchs-Rodríguez M , Díez-Pérez A , Brown Todd T , García-Giralt N , Güerri-Fernández R
Published: January 2019

Background

The mechanisms behind ART-induced bone changes in HIV-infected patients are poorly known. We aimed to analyse changes in inflammatory and bone markers in HIV after tenofovir disoproxil fumarate initiation, and the associations with changes in the bone strength parameters.

Methods

HIV-positive participants starting tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based ART underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (QDR 4500 SL®, Hologic, Waltham, MA, USA) for bone mineral density (BMD), a microindentation test (OsteoProbe®, Active Life Scientific, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) for bone quality [bone material strength index (BMSi)] and phlebotomy at baseline and 48 weeks after ART. A panel of inflammatory biomarkers and bone turnover markers were measured by ELISA. HIV-negative controls underwent identical procedures once. Values are expressed as medians and IQRs, and non-parametric tests were used to perform the analysis.

Results

Twenty HIV-infected individuals and 20 HIV-negative control individuals were matched in terms of age and gender. HIV individuals showed higher levels of inflammatory markers. We found no differences in bone turnover markers. HIV-positive individuals presented lower BMSi values at baseline compared with controls [86 (83–90) versus 89 (88–93), respectively; P = 0.034]. We found no difference in BMD (at either of the sites evaluated). BMSi tended to increase with treatment. IL-1β at baseline was positively correlated with changes in BMSi after ART (rho = 0.564, P = 0.014). Baseline levels of sclerostin tended to be negatively correlated with changes in BMSi (rho = −0.402, P = 0.097). We found a negative correlation between time since HIV diagnosis and changes in BMSi (rho = −0.466, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

We observed a correlation between changes in bone quality and the inflammatory environment in HIV-positive individuals. Moreover, among the underlying mechanisms we highlight the Wnt pathway as having a potentially significant role in ART bone quality recovery.
Gender, Violence, and Justice in Colonial Assam: The Webb Case, c. 1884
Authors: Wright Ashley
Published: January 2019

In 1884, Charles Webb, a European employee of a steam transportation company in Assam, sexually assaulted and killed Sukurmani, a woman who had left Bengal with her family to work on a tea plantation. The district magistrate dismissed most of the charges against Webb, assessing only a modest fine for wrongful confinement, and, though the case was appealed and brought to the attention of the viceroy, ultimately this verdict was upheld. The Webb case, as it became known in the Indian press, galvanized public opinion in India, as discussion of the case overlapped with discussion of the controversial Ilbert Bill of the previous year. This article traces the Webb case as it made its way through the courts and newspapers, arguing that a close study of this case reveals the ways that hierarchies of race, class, caste, and gender were constructed and were manifest in daily life. This article further argues that the treatment of the Webb case by the courts and later by the vernacular press indicates that sexual violence was a central element in nineteenth-century contests over colonial rule in India.
Session Two: Character Strengths and Signature Strengths
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: January 2019

Session Two is the first of three sessions focusing on Character Strengths and Signature Strengths, which are positive traits that can be developed through practice and can contribute to personal growth and wellness. Taken together, Sessions Two to Four cover assessing strengths; understanding their contextualized, situation-specific usage; and how specific strengths can be utilized to create a desired or better version of the self. The chapter provides a list of readings, videos, and websites that relate to Character Strengths and Signature Strengths and offers eight different worksheets to practice the concepts learned in the chapter. The chapter also includes real-life case studies to illustrate the use of Character Strengths and Signature Strengths.
Session Eight: Gratitude
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: January 2019

Session Eight expands the concept of gratitude—which was first introduced in Session One in the form of the Gratitude Journal. Session Eight facilitates the client recalling and writing to someone who is alive now and who in the past did something positive but who the client has never fully thanked. The positive psychotherapy practices covered in this session are the Gratitude Letter and Gratitude Visit. The chapter provides a list of readings, videos, and websites that relate to gratitude and offers a worksheet to practice the concepts learned in the chapter. The chapter also includes a real-life case study that illustrates how to practice gratitude.
Session Nine: Hope and Optimism
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: January 2019

Thinking about a different and desirable future and finding paths to achieve that future are one of the most remarkable human capacities. Hope and optimism are inherent in this capacity. In Session Nine, clients learn to see the best possible, realistic outcomes. They learn that challenges are temporary and how to develop a sense of hope. The central positive psychotherapy practice covered in this session is One Door Closes, Another Door Opens. The chapter provides a list of readings, videos, and websites that relate to hope and optimism and offers a worksheet to practice the concepts learned in the chapter. The chapter also includes a real-life case study that illustrates how to practice hope and optimism.
Session Eleven: Slowness and Savoring
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: January 2019

Clients report that despite doing many things each day, most of which are done quickly, they still feel stressed, underaccomplished, and tired. Despite speeding up almost everything, including human maturation, we are not any happier or healthier. That is why the “Slow Movement” is attracting attention. In Session Eleven, clients learn how to deliberately slow down and develop an awareness of how to savor. In so doing, they learn to attend mindfully to the positives. The central positive psychotherapy practices covered in this session are Slow and Savor. The chapter provides a list of readings, videos, and websites that relate to slowness and savoring and offers two worksheets to practice the concepts learned in the chapter. The chapter also includes a real-life case study that illustrates how to engage in slowness and savoring.
The origin of the red-sequence galaxy population in the EAGLE simulation
Authors: Correa Camila A , Schaye Joop , Trayford James W
Published: January 2019

We investigate the evolution in colour and morphology of the progenitors of red-sequence galaxies in the EAGLE cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We quantify colours with u* − r* intrinsic magnitudes and morphologies with a measure of the stellar kinematics. The time when galaxies moved on to the red sequence depends on their morphology. Disc-type galaxies tend to have become red during the last 3 Gyr, while elliptical-type galaxies joined the red sequence earlier, with half the sample already being red 5 Gyr ago. The time-scale, τGreen, of colour transition through the ‘green valley’ depends weakly on the galaxy’s morphological type. Elliptical-type galaxies cross the green valley slightly faster (τGreen ≈ 1 Gyr) than disc-type galaxies (τGreen ≈ 1.5 Gyr). While τGreen is similar for central and satellite galaxies, for satellites τGreen decreases with increasing stellar mass to host-halo mass ratio. Coupled with our finding that galaxies tend to become green after becoming satellites, this indicates that satellite-specific processes are important for quenching red-sequence galaxies. The last time central, elliptical-type red-sequence galaxies left the blue cloud is strongly correlated with the time the luminosity of the central black hole peaked, but this is not the case for discs. This suggests that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback is important for quenching ellipticals, particularly centrals, but not for discs. We find only a weak connection between transformations in colour and morphology.
Mitogenomes Uncover Extinct Penguin Taxa and Reveal Island Formation as a Key Driver of Speciation
Authors: Cole Theresa L , Ksepka Daniel T , Mitchell Kieren J , Tennyson Alan J D , Thomas Daniel B , Pan Hailin , Zhang Guojie , Rawlence Nicolas J , Wood Jamie R , Bover Pere , Bouzat Juan L , Cooper Alan , Fiddaman Steven R , Hart Tom , Miller Gary , Ryan Peter G , Shepherd Lara D , Wilmshurst Janet M , Waters Jonathan M
Published: January 2019

The emergence of islands has been linked to spectacular radiations of diverse organisms. Although penguins spend much of their lives at sea, they rely on land for nesting, and a high proportion of extant species are endemic to geologically young islands. Islands may thus have been crucial to the evolutionary diversification of penguins. We test this hypothesis using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from all extant and recently extinct penguin taxa. Our temporal analysis demonstrates that numerous recent island-endemic penguin taxa diverged following the formation of their islands during the Plio-Pleistocene, including the Galápagos (Galápagos Islands), northern rockhopper (Gough Island), erect-crested (Antipodes Islands), Snares crested (Snares) and royal (Macquarie Island) penguins. Our analysis also reveals two new recently extinct island-endemic penguin taxa from New Zealand’s Chatham Islands: Eudyptes warhami sp. nov. and a dwarf subspecies of the yellow-eyed penguin, Megadyptes antipodes richdalei ssp. nov. Eudyptes warhami diverged from the Antipodes Islands erect-crested penguin between 1.1 and 2.5 Ma, shortly after the emergence of the Chatham Islands (∼3 Ma). This new finding of recently evolved taxa on this young archipelago provides further evidence that the radiation of penguins over the last 5 Ma has been linked to island emergence. Mitogenomic analyses of all penguin species, and the discovery of two new extinct penguin taxa, highlight the importance of island formation in the diversification of penguins, as well as the extent to which anthropogenic extinctions have affected island-endemic taxa across the Southern Hemisphere’s isolated archipelagos.
Governing for Health
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

Governing for Health makes the argument that it is vital that governments and international agencies govern in the interests of protecting the environment and promoting human health and equity. A healthy society results from the organized efforts of every sector in society to promote health in all activities. The book examines how this can be done in the fiscal, health service, education, urban planning, environment, and local government sectors. It also promotes the crucial role of civil society in advocating for the health of people and the environment. The importance of the work of each sector to health is described, and the ways in which that work can be made more health promoting are examined. Each chapter contains practical examples of changes that can be made if governing for health is privileged. A key message of the book is that in the last decades economic considerations have come to dominate public decision-making so that governing for profit has been the single-minded aim of governments. The book argues passionately that new priorities are required that see all sectors governing for the needs of people and the environment rather than for short-term profits. The book also contains a chapter directed to politicians, suggesting a manifesto for well-being. It concludes by distilling the messages of the book into six central messages for governing for health, and ends with a plea that hope and courage should dominate decision-making.
Creating an Ecologically Sustainable World to Support Environmental and Human Health
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains the impact of environmental threats on human health, considers the urgency for action in a context of disputed politics, argues the need for an ecosystems perspective, and assesses policy action in the areas of global warming (climate change), renewable energy, sustainable food and water, and the need for humans to reconnect to nature and land. It argues that the earth’s ecosystem is greatly threatened by human activity and that industrialization has ravaged the natural environment to the point that soon it may no longer support human life. Consequently, the case is made for radical change toward an ecosystems view to maintain a safe operating space for humanity. The importance of renewable energy, sustainable food and water supplies, restoring nature, and protecting biodiversity are seen as vital to human health.
In Person
Authors: Margulies Ivone
Published: January 2019

In Person: Reenactment in Postwar and Contemporary Cinema delineates a new performative genre based on replay and self-awareness. The book argues that in-person reenactment, an actual person reenacting her past on camera, departs radically from other modes of mimetic reconstruction. In Person theorizes this figure’s protean temporality and revisionist capabilities, and it considers its import in terms of social representativity and exemplarity. Close readings of select, historicized examples define an alternate, confessional-performative vein to understand the self-reflexive nature of postwar and post-Holocaust testimonial cinemas. The book contextualizes Zavattini’s proposal that in neorealism everyone should act his own story in a sort of anti-individualist, public display (Love in the City and We the Women). It checks the convergence between verité experiments, a heightened self-critique in France, and the reception of psychodrama in France (Chronicle of a Summer and The Human Pyramid) in the late 1950s. And, through Bazin, it reflects on the quandaries of celebrity biopics: how the circularity of the star’s iconography is checked by her corporeal limits (Sophia: Her Own Story and the docudrama Torero!). In Person traces a shift from the exemplary and transformative ethos of 1950s reenactment toward the unredemptive stance of contemporary reenactment films such as Lanzmann’s Shoah, Zhang Yuan’s Sons, and Andrea Tonacci’s Hills of Chaos. It defines continuities between verité testimony (Chronicle and Moi un Noir) and later parajuridical films such as The Karski Report and Rithy Panh’s S21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine, suggesting the power of co-presence and in-person actualization for an ethics of viewership.
Neorealist Reenactment as Postwar Pedagogy
Authors: Margulies Ivone
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the Italian cinema contexts for Cesare Zavattini’s radical reconception of the notion of the nonprofessional actor—that everyone acts his or her life on camera—during the waning of neorealism. Pedinamento, closely tracking an event, and film-lampo, the investigation film, are analyzed as a transition from neorealist precepts to a verité focus on named individuals who turn their lives into exemplary narratives. Episodes from Love in the City (1953)—Zavattini and Maselli’s The Story of Caterina and Antonioni’s Attempted Suicides—are analyzed in their articulation of narrative of self-revision. A complementary omnibus project We the Women (1953) on famous stars’ everyday existence suggests the ways early 1950s reenactment engages thematically with the star system (e.g., Guarini’s Contest: 4 Actresses; 1 Hope, Franciolini’s Alida Valli) and with questions of authenticity and theatricality. In-person reenactment leads to modern cinema hybrids mixing acting and self-presentation (e.g., Visconti’s take on Magnani, Rossellini’s on Bergman).
Celebrity Reenactment, Biopic, and the Mortal Body
Authors: Margulies Ivone
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyzes two stars’ biopics from the 1950s: Carlos Velo’s Torero! on bullfighter Luis Procuna and Sophia: Her Own Story (1980) featuring the famous Loren playing herself and her mother in a TV biopic. The chapter analyzes the constraints posed to celebrity self-reenactment: how different temporal orders: of biology (the star’s aging body), the recurrent circuitry of star iconography, and the flexible order of aesthetic representation balance precariously in these narratives. Taking the cue from André Bazin’s analysis on bullfighting and death in the cinema, this chapter analyzes the specific roles of archival footage and of reenactment in star biopics. In particular, it looks at how reenactment’s temporal indeterminacy contrasts with documentary images of bullfights. The chapter situates Velo’s work within Mexican experiments with ciné-verdad as well as Zavattini’s international influence in these efforts in 1950s Mexico.
Senseless Mimesis
Authors: Margulies Ivone
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the second-to-last sequence of scenes in Serras da Desordem as indicative of the unredemptive quality of contemporary reenactment films. The conclusion relates the cold analytical record of the realities at the reservation of the Awá Guajá Indians to the perverse ethnography of Jean Rouch (Les Maitres Fous) and Luis Bunuel (Las Hurdes), where a purposeful indeterminacy regarding time and chronology, a stasis, and a foregrounded repetition and circularity imply a critical view that has none of the prospects of transformation proper to modern neorealist and verité reenactment. Framed by Serras’ relentless fragmentation, this sequence’s dry look suggests the power of reenactment to destabilize all documentary record.
Time . . . and How We Study It
Authors: Riess Jones Mari
Published: January 2019

This chapter surveys a number of the popular experimental designs used to study people’s perception (or estimation) of time. This includes descriptions of paradigms that present isolated pairs of time intervals for people to compare as well as experimental designs that require people to anticipate certain target onsets in various contexts. In this respect, it distinguishes between designs that require people to respond to time and those designs that require people to use time. Also discussed are paradigms that record driven rhythms in the form of cortical oscillations. Concepts of attending, anticipatory attending, and temporal expectancy are also introduced in this chapter.
Parallelism
Authors: Riess Jones Mari
Published: January 2019

The ability to “keep time” refers to the momentary tracking of a dynamic environmental event; sometimes our natural tendencies for “keeping” time are apparent, while the underlying synchronies of attending may be less obvious. This chapter has three goals. The first is to demonstrate a parallelism between the production of an event (e.g., a spoken phrase or sentence) and one’s expectancy or perception of that event. Expressing such parallels requires specifying underlying factors in production and expectancies, such as the attractors and referent oscillation responsible for producing a tempo curve. The second goal is to propose the respective roles of voluntary and involuntary factors that figure into these expressions. The third goal is to present readers with a sample of studies that embody parallelism.
Musical Melodies
Authors: Riess Jones Mari
Published: January 2019

This chapter has three major sections. The first section introduces musical scales together with psychological implications. The second section focuses on theory and research surrounding musical tonality. The third section presents issues surrounding the perception of melodic contours. A number of theories are explored, some including Gestalt concepts, as well as concepts based on dynamic attending theory (DAT). The latter theory is shown to address attending to both musical tonality and contour. In general, percepts of tonal melodies lend themselves to DAT interpretations based on attractor profiles, whereas melodic contour perceptions can be explained in terms of exogenous entrainment to a changing frequency.
Speech Timing
Authors: Riess Jones Mari
Published: January 2019

Against a historic background which features an early interest in isochrony in speech production or perception, some contemporary approaches to speech timing shifted to feature segmented durations, rather than rhythms, as the basis of speech timing. Recently, another turnabout revived heightening interest in speech rhythms. This is documented with research suggesting that listeners exhibit sensitivities not only to quasi-isochronous speech but also to relative timing reminiscent of metrical relationships. The latter is indicative of the traditional mode-locking entrainment protocol. This chapter traces this evolution. Also introduced are other dynamic attending constructs, such as transient mode-locking, that are proposed to operate while attending to speech timing. Finally, classic descriptions of sequential grouping tendencies (i.e., the Iambic/Trochaic law) are translated into entrainment rules for the formation of temporal groups.
Learning Speech
Authors: Riess Jones Mari
Published: January 2019

This culminating chapter is divided into five parts. Following an initial background are sections related to time spans of phonemes, syllables, words, and phrases, respectively. A historical background, lodged in both linguistics and psychology, presents domain-specific explanations of perceptual learning of speech versus music. In contrast, this chapter continues a domain-general argument by assuming that learning of speech (as well as music) depends on grasping abstract time relationships (attractors) at various time scales in speech as well as in music. This portrait brings together many familiar dynamic attending constructs from earlier chapters. It outlines three stages of phoneme learning in infants. With age, learning develops to include learning of attractor profiles in syllables and words. Ultimately, word learning is shown to rely on both traditional and transient mode-locking.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Richard H.
Published: January 2019

The conclusion reviews many of the theoretical and historical issues covered in this study and ends with an analysis of Cage’s last composition, One
11, a feature-length film collaboration with filmmaker Henning Lohner that sought to capture a sense of unmediated perception in an audiovisual setting. Consisting of a series of randomized lighting cues captured through randomized shot durations and angles, and accompanied by a musical score that followed similar techniques, One
11 highlights many of the contradictory elements of Cage’s aesthetic, while highlighting the importance of the audiovisual for fully articulating the Cagean notion of audiovisuality.
An Invitation
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: January 2019

In Western countries, there are two systems for understanding the world: religion and science. These two systems come together in surprising ways in exploring the power of self-sacrifice and martyrdom. In this chapter, the authors define martyrdom as peaceful and deliberate acceptance of suffering and death for a cause. The story of World War II Warsaw’s physician, author, and Jewish orphanage director Janusz Korczack sets the stage for exploring basic questions of the book: What exactly does martyrdom mean? How do martyrs differ from heroes and victims? How can a larger psychology of self-sacrifice help us understand martyrdom? The chapter ends with a road map for the rest of the book.
Psychology of Happiness
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: January 2019

Can empirical research evaluate Jesus’s claim that self-sacrifice can bring bliss? The authors find answers in positive psychology’s exploration of meaning as a source of happiness and in research on the emotion of elevation associated with witnessing self-sacrifice. Science seems to agree with religion’s promises: self-sacrifice can indeed improve health, longevity, and life satisfaction.
Harry, Frodo, and Neo
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: January 2019

Looking first for evidence in popular culture, the authors ask whether martyrdom stories still inspire today as they did 2,000 years ago. Three blockbuster stories that became cultural icons turn out to be martyrdom stories: the Harry Potter series, Lord of the Rings, and the Matrix trilogy. At the heart of each, the authors uncover a story that fits the definition of martyrdom. What’s more, their popular appeal around the world seems to be associated with the parallels they share with the Gospel story of Jesus.
Andrei Sakharov, a Failed Martyr
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: January 2019

Some true martyrs fail to bring the social change they seek, because they are too far from ideal martyrdom, or because those called upon to follow in the martyr’s footsteps refuse to do so. Andrei Sakharov’s failure to affect Russia’s foreign and domestic policy can be traced to his story’s incongruence with the seven ideal conditions for martyrdom (ICMs), but also to his audience’s unwillingness to accept his sacrifice and follow his call. Propaganda and efforts to silence the martyr’s story can stifle a true martyrdom from reaching and moving followers. But even martyrs who fail to lead their contemporaries can succeed in another way. A martyr’s cause, associated with the martyr’s name, gains significance.
Fake Martyrs
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: January 2019

Fake martyrdoms, either cynically forged, as was Nazi Germany’s Horst Wessel, or sincerely misguided, as was Guatemala’s Rodrigo Rosenberg, can yet have political impact––when an audience is ready for social change. Lessons from fake martyrs illuminate the moral and emotional investments a martyr’s audience must make if the martyr’s story is to have power. In this chapter, the authors explore how, as we tell stories of martyrdom, we tell our own stories—as cultures, communities, and individuals—about what inspires us, what make our lives meaningful. Famous, fake, or failed, fictional or factual—we help create martyrs, and they help create us.
Fairy Tale Science
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: January 2019

The last section of the book focuses on the audience of martyrdom: ordinary people who make the extraordinary achievements of martyrs possible. The authors describe the developmental origins of self-sacrifice, its psychological appeal, and its effects on those who engage in it. The developmental psychology of self-sacrifice begins with a child born a perfect egoist, unable to see the world from a perspective different from her own. Through the first several years, she learns to act altruistically and learns the rewards of this action. A major milestone of socialization is the capacity to value the self-sacrifices of others. This achievement is owed to expanding cognitive and emotional capacities, and aided by exposure to fairy tales and identification with fairy tale characters.
Bio-centric Views of the Origin of Consciousness: The Search for the Solution to the Hard Problem
Authors: Reber Arthur S.
Published: January 2019

Two strategies are used to review the many efforts to solve (or resolve or dissolve) the Hard Problem. One searches for the neurocorrelates of consciousness, the effort to answer the question: “How does the brain make the mind?” The other looks for the first appearance of true consciousness in phylogenesis. Both approaches are reviewed and found wanting. The reason is they all begin with human consciousness and use it as the basis for the explorations. This, it is argued, has lead to a “category error” where the H. sap. mind is treated as a distinct type and not as a token on the same existential continuum as other minds. It also reveals the existence of the “emergentist’s dilemma” or the difficulty of determining how consciousness could spring into existence when one cosmic moment before, it didn’t exist. The chapter ends by anticipating criticism of these arguments and of the CBC and providing prophylactic arguments.
Where We Get Serious: The Cellular Basis of Consciousness
Authors: Reber Arthur S.
Published: January 2019

First, the chapter examines the research methods used in the past to look for the evolutionary origins of other forms, functions, and behaviors—specifically vision, memory, and affect. We find that searching for the roots in primitive species has been standard operating procedure and wonder why there is a reluctance to do this with consciousness—noting that the category error is the culprit. The formal Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC) model is presented, followed by a look at the species under consideration—the prokaryotes and archaea, the simplest of unicellular organisms. An in-depth review of the remarkable lives of these creatures is presented examining the perhaps startling array of functions they carry out, including sensing, perceiving, learning, memory, decision-making, and communication. The lines of criticism that will certainly be used against the CBC are introduced and, as before, prophylactic arguments are presented.
Where do Young People Work?
Authors: Grotti Raffaele , Russell Helen , O’Reilly Jacqueline
Published: January 2019

Jobs for young people are very unevenly distributed across economic sectors. Regardless of country differences, there are striking similarities in this uneven sectorial distribution. Little attention has been given to understanding the changing composition of “youth-friendly” sectors for youth labor transitions. Using a shift-share analysis, this chapter examines whether the decline in jobs for youth, before and after the Great Recession, can be attributed to shrinkage of total employment in specific sectors (because of structural changes) or to a youth hiring freeze by employers (because of changes in employers’ preferences). This chapter examines whether the quality of youth jobs has deteriorated for young men and women in terms of changing proportions of full- and part-time, permanent and temporary job opportunities. The chapter concludes by arguing that more attention needs to be given to involving employers in policies that will enable and encourage them to employ young people, especially in difficult times.
Do scarring effects vary by ethnicity and gender?
Authors: Zuccotti Carolina V. , O’Reilly Jacqueline
Published: January 2019

Being unemployed or inactive in youth leaves scars, but some people appear to be more successful than others in overcoming an initial disadvantaged situation. This chapter examines how early labor market experiences affect later employment and occupational opportunities for different groups. It compares the outcomes of White British men and women with those of second-generation ethnic minorities (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Caribbean) in England and Wales. It also discusses mechanisms affecting scarring and how they might vary across ethnic groups and genders. The analysis is based on the ONS Longitudinal Study. The examination follows individuals’ labor market experiences from 2001 (aged 16–29 years) to 2011 (aged 26–39 years). Having not been in employment, education, or training (NEET) has a less detrimental effect on later employment probabilities for Asian men than for White British men; the opposite is observed for Pakistani and Caribbean women compared to White British women.
How can trade unions in Europe connect with young workers?
Authors: Vandaele Kurt
Published: January 2019

Trade union density has almost universally declined across Europe in recent decades, although substantial cross-country variation still exists. This chapter argues that the currently low rate of youth unionization is not the outcome of a generational shift in attitudes and beliefs regarding the value of trade unions. This phenomenon is a result rather of the decline of union membership as a social custom and the diminishing exposure to unionism in the workplace. This chapter argues that unions have a huge amount of agency as they play a particularly important role in the effort to develop effective, tailor-made strategies for organizing young workers.
Science and Social Work Practice
Authors: Bunn Mary , Marsh Jeanne
Published: January 2019

Two major developments in the field of social work underscore the role of practice as an important bridge between scholarship and service delivery and as an active strategy for learning, improving outcomes, and advancing the discipline/profession. These include the recalibration of the practitioner–client relationship and the implementation of evidence-based practices. Both of these developments elevate interest in practice strategies, such as relational approaches to care and shared decision-making, that prioritize and privilege client characteristics, needs, values, and preferences along with practitioner expertise. This chapter examines these phenomena including the concept of the client–provider relationship as a central construct in social work practice. It discusses examples of research in these two areas and advocates for a scientific practice where client needs and preferences are a central concern and where the practitioner–client relationship becomes an essential focus of study.
Politics in the Marketplace
Authors: Jarvis Katie
Published: January 2019

Politics in the Marketplace integrates politics, economics, and gender to ask how the Dames des Halles invented notions of citizenship through everyday trade during the French Revolution. As crucial food retailers, traditional representatives of the Third Estate, and famed leaders of the march on Versailles, these Parisian market women held great revolutionary influence. This work innovatively interweaves the Dames’ political activism and economic practices to reveal how marketplace actors shaped the nature of nascent democracy and capitalism through daily commerce. Parisians struggled to overhaul the marketplace and reconcile egalitarian social aspirations with free market principles. While haggling over new price controls, fair taxes, and acceptable currency, the Dames and their clients negotiated economic and social contracts in tandem. The market women conceptualized a type of economic citizenship in which individuals’ activities such as buying goods, selling food, or paying taxes positioned them within the collective social body and enabled them to make claims on the state. They insisted that their commerce served society and demanded that the state pass favorable regulations to reciprocate. The Dames also drew on their patriotic work as activists and their gendered work as republican mothers to compel the state to provide practical currency and assist indigent families. Thus, the Dames’ notion of citizenship portrayed useful work, rather than gender, as the cornerstone of civic legitimacy. Consequently, Politics in the Marketplace challenges the interpretation that the Revolution launched an inherently masculine trajectory for citizenship. It calls on scholars to rethink the relationship among work, gender, and embryonic citizenship.
Introduction
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: January 2019

The introduction outlines the reasons why it is necessary to examine the changing shape of civic activism around the world. It lays out the book’s main aims and a summary of its core arguments.
The spread of global protests
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 details the spread of mass protests to every region around the world in recent years. It presents data to show the unprecedented intensity of this wave of protest. The chapter then offers examples of the main protests that have taken place over the last several years. It assesses the main features of these protests, their different triggers, and the similarities and differences between them.
International support for civic activism
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: January 2019

Chapter 8 moves into the more policy-oriented realm of international support for civil society. It looks at how far donors are shifting away from partnering with traditional NGOs to support new types of activism. It finds evidence of some such shift but notes that the new activism requires a far more fundamental change in the way that the international community engages with civil society actors.
Conclusion
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: January 2019

The conclusion revisits the core issues of the book, providing an overview of the reach and significance of the new activism, the varied drivers of this phenomenon, the recent evolution in mass protests, what this activism means for democracy, and the policy implications for international organizations of the changing shape of global civil society.
Can the President Be Charged with a Crime?
Authors: Coan Andrew
Published: January 2019

What if a sitting president accepted illegal foreign campaign donations or sought to obstruct an ongoing federal investigation? Could he be charged with a crime? The conventional wisdom is no, but the Constitution is silent on this question, no court has ever decided it, and there are respectable arguments on both sides. This chapter recounts these arguments and the intense debates they provoked among the young lawyers working for past special prosecutors. Ultimately, both Leon Jaworski and Ken Starr chose not to indict the president. Future prosecutors are likely to follow the same course. This does not mean that special prosecutors are powerless to hold the president accountable for violating the law. But if they are to do so, the American people have a central—and daunting—role to play. Once again, the last, best hope for the rule of law is not judges or lawyers but democratic politics.
Optics f2f
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This book is primarily intended to be used in optics teaching from undergraduate to graduate level. It is assumed that an elementary course on optics has previously been studied, but all the key concepts of wave optics and light propagation are introduced where needed, and illustrated graphically. A recurring theme is that simple building blocks such as plane and spherical waves can be summed to construct useful solutions. Fourier methods and the angular-spectrum approach are used extensively, especially to provide a unified approach to Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction. Particular attention is paid to analysing topics in contemporary optics—propagation, dispersion, laser beams and waveguides, apodization, tightly focused vector fields, unconventional polarization states, and light–matter interactions. Throughout the text the principles are applied through worked examples and the book is copiously illustrated with more than 240 figures. The 200 end-of-chapter exercises offer further opportunities for testing the reader’s understanding.
Planetary justice
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan
Published: January 2019

Reflexivity requires the capacity to reconsider core values: notably justice, which many people think is the most important societal value. Injustice looms large in an unstable Earth system, as pre-existing injustices are intensified and new ones emerge. Against those who think that the Anthropocene overrides or ignores justice by invoking ideas of emergency or by blaming humans as a whole for our predicament, this chapter shows how justice itself can be productively reimagined for the Anthropocene. The resultant planetary justice can incorporate traditional concerns about distribution of resources across rich and poor groups, recognition of the standing of historically marginalized groups, and the need to alleviate poverty. But planetary justice is much more imaginative in how it integrates justice toward future generations, non-humans, and the Earth system itself. The continuing vitality of core social values such as justice depends on their ability to co-evolve with a changing Earth system.