bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Insertion Depth and Predrilling Diameter on Primary Stability of Orthodontic Mini-implants
Authors: Wilmes Benedict , Drescher Dieter
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the impact of the insertion depth and predrilling diameter have no effect on the primary stability of mini-implants.

Materials and Methods: Twelve ilium bone segments of pigs were embedded in resin. After implant site preparation with different predrilling diameters (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 mm), Dual Top Screws 1.6 × 10 mm (Jeil, Korea) were inserted with three different insertion depths (7.5, 8.5, and 9.5 mm). The insertion torque was recorded to assess primary stability. In each bone, five Dual Top Screws were used as a reference to compensate for the differences of local bone quality.

Results: Both insertion depth and predrilling diameter influenced the measured insertion torques distinctively: the mean insertion torque for the insertion depth of 7.5 mm was 51.62 Nmm (±25.22); for insertion depth of 8.5 mm, 65.53 Nmm (±29.99); and for the insertion depth of 9.5 mm, 94.38 Nmm (±27.61). The mean insertion torque employing the predrill 1.0 mm was 83.50 Nmm (±33.56); for predrill 1.1 mm, 77.50 Nmm (±27.54); for the predrill 1.2 mm, 61.70 Nmm (±28.46); and for the predrill 1.3 mm, 53.10 (±32.18). All differences were highly statistically significant (P < .001).

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Higher insertion depths result in higher insertion torques and thus primary stability. Larger predrilling diameters result in lower insertion torques.
Functional Lateral Shift of the Mandible Effects on the Expression of ECM in Rat Temporomandibular Cartilage
Authors: Wattanachai Tanapan , Yonemitsu Ikuo , Kaneko Sawa , Soma Kunimichi
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the effects of mechanical stress from a functional lateral shift of the mandible have no effect on the expression of two main condylar cartilage extracellular matrix components, type II collagen and aggrecan, in rats from early puberty to young adulthood.

Materials and Methods: Functional lateral shift of the mandible was induced in experimental groups of 5-week-old male Wistar rats, using guiding appliances. The rats were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post appliance attachment. The condyles were immunohistochemically evaluated for type II collagen and aggrecan (the immunoreactive areas were quantified).

Results: As compared with the control group, on the contralateral condyles, the immunoreactivity of the experimental groups was significantly increased from 7 to 14 days. While on the ipsilateral condyles, the immunoreactive areas were significantly decreased throughout the experimental period.

Conclusion: A functional lateral shift of the mandible modulated the condylar cartilage extracellular matrix differently on each side of the condyle, which affected condylar morphology, growth, biomechanical properties, and even the susceptibility of the condylar cartilage to pathogenesis.
Facial Morphology of Slovenian and Welsh White Populations Using 3-Dimensional Imaging
Authors: Bozic Marko , Kau Chung How , Richmond Stephen , Ihan Hren Nataša , Zhurov Alexei , Udovič Marjana , Melink Staša , Ovsenik Maja
Published: February 2009

Objective: To use 3-dimensional (3D) facial averages to test the hypothesis that the facial morphologies of 2 European white groups (Slovenia and Wales) have no differences.

Methods: Fifty males and 50 females from Wales and 43 males and 44 females from Slovenia were included in the study. Subjects ranged from 18 to 30 years of age. Four subgroups were formed: Slovenian males (SM), Slovenian females (SF), Welsh males (WM), and Welsh females (WF). 3D data were acquired using a laser scanning system. An average face for each subgroup was obtained using a previously validated mathematical algorithm. Facial differences were quantified after average faces had been superimposed using a previously validated method.

Results: A total of 187 subjects from Slovenia and Wales formed 4 gender-specific subgroups. Absolute differences between subgroups ranged from 0.36 mm to 1.51 mm. The mean linear facial difference between SF and WF was 0.64 ± 0.51 mm, and between SM and WM was 0.36 ± 0.41 mm. Similarities between subgroups ranged from 13.43% (SF, WF) to 70.23% (SM, WM). Slovenian males and females tend to express Class III facial morphology when compared with the Welsh gender–specific subgroups. Male faces, in general, have more pronounced nasal, brow, and frontal regions and mandibles when compared with females. Female faces have more prominent malar and periocular areas.

Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. Morphologic differences exist between Slovenian and Welsh faces.
Accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting fragmentation of the medial coronoid process in dogs
Authors: Seyrek-Intas Deniz , Michele Ursula , Tacke Sabine , Kramer Martin , Gerwing Martin
Published: February 2009

Objective—To determine the accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (FMCP) in dogs.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—102 dogs (112 elbow joints) suspected to have FMCP.

Procedures—Elbows were examined ultrasonographically prior to surgery for evidence of fragmentation, fissuring, or deformation of the medial coronoid process; thickening of the joint capsule; joint effusion; and secondary new bone formation. Results were compared with intraoperative findings.

Results—At surgery, 51 (46%) joints had free fragments, 55 (49%) had nondisplaced fragments, and 6 (5%) did not have any fragments or fissures. Fragments were not seen ultrasonographically in 23 of the 51 (45%) joints in which a free fragment was found during surgery or in 50 of the 55 (91%) joints in which a nondisplaced fragment was found during surgery. Accuracy of using ultrasonographic evidence of any medial coronoid process abnormality (ie, a medial coronoid process fragment, deformation of the medial coronoid process, or both) for diagnosis of medial coronoid process fragmentation was 77%. The kappa coefficient for the level of agreement between ultrasonographic (ie, any medial coro-noid process abnormality) and surgical findings was −0.014, indicating that there was no agreement.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that ultrasonography was of limited diagnostic value in detecting FMCP in dogs.
Evaluation of the risk of endocarditis and other cardiovascular events on the basis of the severity of periodontal disease in dogs
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Glickman Nita W. , Moore George E. , Goldstein Gary S. , Lewis Hugh B.
Published: February 2009

Objective—To test the hypothesis that increased severity of periodontal disease in dogs is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular-related events, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy, as well as markers of inflammation.

Design—Historical cohort observational study.

Sample Population—59,296 dogs with a history of periodontal disease (periodontal cohort), of which 23,043 had stage 1 disease, 20,732 had stage 2 disease, and 15,521 had stage 3 disease; and an age-matched comparison group of 59,296 dogs with no history of periodontal disease (nonperiodontal cohort).

Procedures—Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular-related diagnoses and examination findings in dogs as a function of the stage of periodontal disease (1, 2, or 3 or no periodontal disease) over time while controlling for the effect of potential confounding factors.

Results—Significant associations were detected between the severity of periodontal disease and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular-related conditions, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy, but not between the severity of periodontal disease and the risk of a variety of other common noncardiovascular-related conditions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The findings of this observational study, similar to epidemiologic studies in humans, suggested that periodontal disease was associated with cardiovascular-related conditions, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Chronic inflammation is probably an important mechanism connecting bacterial flora in the oral cavity of dogs with systemic disease. Canine health may be improved if veterinarians and pet owners place a higher priority on routine dental care.
Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in alpacas in the United States
Authors: Topliff Christina L. , Smith David R. , Clowser Sharon L. , Steffen David J. , Henningson Jamie N. , Brodersen Bruce W. , Bedenice Daniela , Callan Robert J. , Reggiardo Carlos , Kurth Kathy L. , Kelling Clayton L.
Published: February 2009

Objective—To determine the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)–infected alpaca herds in the United States and investigate factors associated with seropositive herd status and, subsequently, determine the proportion of animals within seropositive alpaca herds that are persistently infected (PI) carriers for BVDV, obtain information regarding previous herd exposure to BVDV, determine titers of anti-BVDV antibodies of dams, and ascertain whether individual seropositive crias had received supplemental colostrum at birth.

Design—Prevalence study.

Animals—63 alpaca herds with ≥ 12 registered female alpacas.

Procedures—250 alpaca breeders were randomly selected from 562 eligible herds listed in the Alpaca Owner and Breeders Association membership directory and mailed a voluntary participation request. Sixty-three alpaca breeders participated in the study. From each herd, blood samples from ≥ 4 crias were tested for BVDV, BVDV RNA, and serum neutralizing antibodies against BVDV. A region of the genome of BVDV recovered from PI crias was sequenced to determine genetic homology.

Results—Among the 63 herds, 16 (25.4%) had seropositive crias and 4 (6.3%) had PI crias. Infections in 3 of the 4 herds with PI crias were linked as evidence by the genetic homologies of viruses. In addition to PI crias, feeding supplemental colostrum was associated with herd seropositivity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results confirmed the importance of BVDV infections in alpacas in the United States and highlighted the importance of determining the BVDV infection status of animals before they are commingled to limit exposure of herds to BVDV infection.
Humoral response to an equine encephalitis vaccine in healthy alpacas
Authors: Bedenice Daniela , Bright Amy , Pedersen Douglas D. , Dibb Jack
Published: February 2009

Objective—To determine humoral responses to an equine encephalitis vaccine in healthy alpacas.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—39 healthy alpacas on 1 farm and 86 healthy alpacas on a second farm.

Procedures—All alpacas were given 3 doses IM of a bivalent, killed-virus equine encephalitis vaccine, with 4 weeks between doses. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus neutralizing antibody responses were determined with a plaque reduction neutralization assay every 14 days in alpacas on the first farm and 70 days after the first dose of vaccine on the second farm.

Results—For alpacas on the first farm, geometric mean virus neutralizing antibody titer peaked 2 weeks after the third vaccine dose was given (ie, day 70). At this time, 29 of 38 (76%) animals were seropositive for antibodies against EEE virus, and percentage of animals ≤ 2 years old that were seropositive (16/17) was significantly higher than percentage of animals > 6 years old that were seropositive (1/5). For alpacas on the second farm, 76 (88%) were seropositive on day 70, and percentage of animals ≤ 2 years old that were seropositive (24/24) was significantly higher than percentage of animals > 6 years old that were seropositive (27/33). For both farms, geometric mean titer on day 70 was significantly higher in animals < 2 years old than in animals > 6 years old.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that inoculation of alpacas with 3 doses of a bivalent, killed-virus equine encephalitis vaccine induced a humoral antibody response against EEE virus.
Environmental NGOs in Transforming China
Authors: Maohong Bao
Published: February 2009

Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations (ENGOs) play a very important role in worldwide environmental protection. They are often theorized as social movement organizations, as corporatist, or as an integral part of civil society. China's ENGOs cannot be analyzed easily from any of these theoretical perspectives. Instead, this article contextualizes ENGOs within the social transformation of socialist China. By doing so, the article addresses three core questions: How can the rise of China's ENGOs be explained? Do ENGOs in China have the same functions and roles as ENGOs in industrialized countries? What is ENGOs' short-term role in transforming China?
Introduction: Contested Landscapes—Space, Place, and Identity in Contemporary Ireland
Authors: Rau Henrike
Published: February 2009

Ireland’s transition from a predominantly rural to a (sub)urban society over the course of the twentieth century coincided with fundamental changes in its socio-cultural and environmental fabric (Corcoran et al. 2007; Moore and Scott 2005; Punch 2004).1 In particular, the recent suburbanization of many Irish towns and cities has raised interesting questions about the spatial organization of human social life. How important is public space for democratic participation? What kinds of spaces do people require to engage with others, or to get involved in community activities? Can we use spatial resources more sustainably and, if so, what are the consequences of such a transition for public and private spaces?
Efficient Chemical Sensing by Coupled Slot SOI Waveguides
Authors: Passaro Vittorio M. N. , Dell’Olio Francesco , Ciminelli Caterina , Armenise Mario N.
Published: February 2009

A guided-wave chemical sensor for the detection of environmental pollutants or biochemical substances has been designed. The sensor is based on an asymmetric directional coupler employing slot optical waveguides. The use of a nanometer guiding structure where optical mode is confined in a low-index region permits a very compact sensor (device area about 1200 μm2) to be realized, having the minimum detectable refractive index change as low as 10-5. Silicon-on-Insulator technology has been assumed in sensor design and a very accurate modelling procedure based on Finite Element Method and Coupled Mode Theory has been pointed out. Sensor design and optimization have allowed a very good trade-off between device length and sensitivity. Expected device sensitivity to glucose concentration change in an aqueous solution is of the order of 0.1 g/L.
Recent Advances in Nanotechnology Applied to Biosensors
Authors: Zhang Xueqing , Guo Qin , Cui Daxiang
Published: February 2009

In recent years there has been great progress the application of nanomaterials in biosensors. The importance of these to the fundamental development of biosensors has been recognized. In particular, nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots have been being actively investigated for their applications in biosensors, which have become a new interdisciplinary frontier between biological detection and material science. Here we review some of the main advances in this field over the past few years, explore the application prospects, and discuss the issues, approaches, and challenges, with the aim of stimulating a broader interest in developing nanomaterial-based biosensors and improving their applications in disease diagnosis and food safety examination.
Error in Radar-Derived Soil Moisture due to Roughness Parameterization: An Analysis Based on Synthetical Surface Profiles
Authors: Lievens Hans , Vernieuwe Hilde , Álvarez-Mozos Jesús , De Baets Bernard , Verhoest Niko E.C.
Published: February 2009

In the past decades, many studies on soil moisture retrieval from SAR demonstrated a poor correlation between the top layer soil moisture content and observed backscatter coefficients, which mainly has been attributed to difficulties involved in the parameterization of surface roughness. The present paper describes a theoretical study, performed on synthetical surface profiles, which investigates how errors on roughness parameters are introduced by standard measurement techniques, and how they will propagate through the commonly used Integral Equation Model (IEM) into a corresponding soil moisture retrieval error for some of the currently most used SAR configurations. Key aspects influencing the error on the roughness parameterization and consequently on soil moisture retrieval are: the length of the surface profile, the number of profile measurements, the horizontal and vertical accuracy of profile measurements and the removal of trends along profiles. Moreover, it is found that soil moisture retrieval with C-band configuration generally is less sensitive to inaccuracies in roughness parameterization than retrieval with L-band configuration.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPING SYSTEM FOR CUSTOM-CONTOURED FOAM CUSHION USING THE PRESSURE MAPPING METHOD
Authors: Yang Che-Chang , Hsu Yeh-Liang
Published: February 2009

For people with limited mobility such as wheelchair users, prevention of pressure sore is an important health care issue. To relieve pressure at buttocks, foam cushion enveloping specific contour matching with an individual's buttocks has commonly been employed. This paper presents a prototyping system that generates custom-contoured foam cushion using the pressure distribution at the buttock–cushion interface. Based on the load–deformation characteristics of the foam material, this pressure distribution is converted into the corresponding deformation of the foam. A surface smoothing process approximates all discrete data points into a bi-cubic surface. ASCII NC codes are then generated for CNC fabrication of the cushion with the desired surface contour. This study integrates commercially available products into a fully automated system and can be readily implemented by seat/wheelchair cushion manufacturers.
TRANSMURAL PRESSURE THROUGHOUT A PRE-STRESSED HOLLOW CONDUIT WHEN SUBMITTED TO COMBINED LARGE SOLID DEFORMATIONS
Authors: Cheref M. , Ramtani S.
Published: February 2009

In the human body, water passes continuously from the bloodstream across the walls of the blood vessels to the regional lymphatic as a result of a hydrostatic pressure difference. Then, as an illustrative example, our model involves application of a transmural pressure and the resulting transmural filtration of fluid through a pre-strained hollow cylinder subjected to combined finite deformations. Some results that can provide additional useful insight can help in improving the method for performing prosthesis conduit material for use with living tissue, understanding problems which involves the diffusion of fluid-saturated wall for various mechanical parameters such as the pre-stress/strain, the material parameters ratio and applied or induced twist angle are discussed.
COMPARISON OF HIGH FLEXION DESIGN AND POSTERIOR STABILIZATION PROSTHESES OF TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY BY GAIT ANALYSIS
Authors: Tsai Wen-Chi , Chen Sheng-Chang , Lu Tung-Wu , Liu Hwa-Chang
Published: February 2009

Introduction: The primary goal of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is to resolve knee destruction and associated problems at the end stages of diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. High satisfactory rate has been reported in terms of pain relief and correction of deformity. However, the method for objective assessment of the outcome, such as range of motion (ROM) and quantitative evaluation of the clinical outcome of TKA, is to be confirmed. The purpose of this study was mandatory to investigate the ROM objectively and the newly designed prostheses.

Materials and methods: The study was done in randomly selected patients who received dynamic measurement of knee function. Twenty-six patients participated in the study. They were divided into two groups (13 patients in A and 13 patients in B group), according to the knee prostheses they had received. Basic knee functions were evaluated in various dynamic activities, including nonweight bearing status of knee flexion, level walking, kneeling, and squatting, using computerized gait analysis techniques (Vicon 512 system). Passive knee ROM and static alignment were measured using traditional goniometer. HSS scores, physical, and neural examination were recorded.

Results: After comparing patients in almost similar criteria, results have shown that there was no significant difference between two types of knee prostheses in randomly selective patients.

Conclusion: Newly designed prostheses for achieving higher flexion angle cannot guarantee to provide better knee flexion for every patient. A patient, who can achieve higher knee flexion in pre-operative status, will have high flexion results in post-operative result. In other words, poor knee flexion function in pre-operation will lead to poor knee flexion function in post-operation status. Minor prosthesis design has little to do with the surgical outcome of knee flexion.
Recent General Education Policy Reforms and their impact on LIS education
Authors: Wijetunge Pradeepa
Published: February 2009

This paper briefly introduces the general education system of Sri Lanka and the recent problems encountered with regard to the quality of education. With the objective of eradicating these problems, General Education Policy Reforms were brought in by the mid 1990s. These policy reforms are analysed in the paper together with two major World Bank funded projects which introduced radical changes to the general education system by implementing the recommended policy reforms. A special emphasis is laid on the unprecedented library development activities resulted from the policy reforms and finally the impacts of these General Education Policy Reforms and related activities on Library and Information Science education of Sri Lanka is discussed. Key Words: Education Policy Reforms; Library Education; General Education Policy; Sri Lanka doi: 10.4038/jula.v10i0.314 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 10) 2006 p.1-18
Identification of physical problems of major palm leaf manuscripts collections in Sri Lanka
Authors: Alahakoon CNK
Published: February 2009

A survey of the largest collection of palm-leaf manuscripts was carried out in order to find out its maintenance, flaws, problems relating to the preservation and conservation programmes in Sri Lanka. Altogether, 717 manuscripts were taken to study the collections. The main research tools were a record sheet, a self administered questionnaire followed by interviews. 10% of each collection was selected as samples of the study and a simple random sampling method was applied. Data analysis was done by using SPSS statistical analysis package. The survey of visual observation and the viva-voce interviews revealed that most flaws of the manuscripts have taken place due to lack of awareness of the condition of the storage area, lack of experts in the field and insufficient equipment to control the hazards of the environment of the stack areas of some repositories. In the management process, application of new technology is not much practiced due to non availability of the infrastructure and the trained personnel in these repositories. The significant finding of the study revealed that a workable preservation and conservation policies and establishment of conservation units and cleaning programmes are needed.   doi: 10.4038/jula.v10i0.318 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 10) 2006 p.54-65
An Assessment of the Quality of Faculty in Humanities and Social Sciences in the Public University System in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gamage Sujata N
Published: February 2009

In a global knowledge society assessment of university teachers necessarily has to involve global benchmarks, but, universities in developing countries need to be realistic in their selection of benchmarks. In this study we assess the current performance of faculty members in humanities and social science in the public university system in Sri Lanka in terms of the post-graduate qualifications, rank and international publications of individual faculty members and benchmark their performance relative to their counterparts in three selected Asian universities. The results are presented in the form of a faculty quality score card and a faculty quality ranking report for the public university system in Sri Lanka. doi: 10.4038/jula.v9i0.310 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 9) 2005 p.1-11
Automation of Library Functions with Special Reference to Circulation System Adopted at the Library of Open University of Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijayaratne Anusha
Published: February 2009

We were slow to explore the automation world as the custom software development entails substantial investment and the off the shelf software packages are either too costly or do not meet all the requirements. However, the several library automation projects have been embarked in recent years, as the librarians could not ignore the power of the library automation in order to meet up with the rest of the world in the trend of information management and dissemination. This paper reviews the success of the automation project of the library of the Open University of Sri Lanka with special focus on the automating the circulation of library materials using Alice for Windows - the integrated library management software package. doi: 10.4038/jula.v9i0.311 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 9) 2005 p.12-22
The Role of the Librarian of a Research library: with relevant to field of Agriculture
Authors: Gunasekara RM
Published: February 2009

Any research library provides specialized information facilities to its user community. Therefore the librarian in a research library has to play a vital role in satisfactory its readers. Present paper briefly describes the functions and responsibilities of a librarian in a research library.    doi: 10.4038/jula.v9i0.313 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 9) 2005 p.62-69
Planning University library services and sections to ensure provision of quality reader services
Authors: Thusithakumari Maheekanthi
Published: February 2009

University library plays a major role in delivering information for academic and research services. Librarians must pay attention in planning services and sections, especially by using modern technology and adhearing to local and international standards. Then only quality library services could be provided. doi: 10.4038/jula.v9i0.319 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 9) 2005 p.23-34
Synthesis of Aliphatic (S)‐α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Amides using a One‐Pot Bienzymatic Cascade of Immobilised Oxynitrilase and Nitrile Hydratase
Authors: van Pelt Sander , van Rantwijk Fred , Sheldon Roger A.
Published: February 2009

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A one‐pot bienzymatic cascade combining a hydroxynitrile lyase (Manihot esculenta, E.C. 4.1.2.10) and a nitrile hydratase (Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus, E.C. 4.2.1.84) for the synthesis of enantiopure aliphatic α‐hydroxycarboxylic amides from aldehydes is described. Both enzymes were immobilised as cross‐linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Stability tests show that the nitrile hydratase CLEAs are sensitive to water‐immiscible organic solvents as well as to aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), but are remarkably stable and show useful activity in acidic aqueous environments of pH 4–5. The cascade reactions are consequently carried out by using a portionwise feed of HCN and moderate concentrations of aldehyde in acidic aqueous buffer to suppress the uncatalysed hydrocyanation background reaction. After optimisation, this method was used to synthesise five different kinds of aliphatic α‐hydroxycarboxylic amides from the corresponding aldehydes with good yields and with enantiomeric purities comparable to those obtained for the α‐hydroxynitriles in the microaqueous hydrocyanation using hydroxynitrile lyase and an excess of HCN.
Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: II. AMPA and GluR5 receptors
Authors: Ouardouz Mohamed , Coderre Elaine , Zamponi Gerald W. , Hameed Shameed , Yin Xinghua , Trapp Bruce D. , Stys Peter K.
Published: February 2009

Objective

Glutamate receptors, which play a major role in the physiology and pathology of central nervous system gray matter, are also involved in the pathophysiology of white matter. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for excitotoxic damage to white matter elements are not fully understood. We explored the roles of AMPA and GluR5 kainate receptors in axonal Ca2+deregulation.

Methods

Dorsal column axons were loaded with a Ca2+indicator and imaged in vitro using confocal microscopy.

Results

Both AMPA and a GluR5 kainate receptor agonist increased intraaxonal Ca2+in myelinated rat dorsal column fibers. These responses were inhibited by selective antagonists of these receptors. The GluR5‐mediated Ca2+increase was mediated by both canonical (ie, ionotropic) and noncanonical (metabotropic) signaling, dependent on a pertussis toxin–sensitive G protein/phospholipase C–dependent pathway, promoting Ca2+release from inositol triphosphate–dependent stores. In addition, the GluR5 response was reduced by intraaxonal NO scavengers. In contrast, GluR4 AMPA receptors operated via Ca2+‐induced Ca2+release, dependent on ryanodine receptors, and unaffected by NO scavengers. Neither pathway depended on L‐type Ca2+channels, in contrast with GluR6 kainate receptor action.1Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of GluR4 and GluR5 clustered at the surface of myelinated axons; GluR5 coimmunoprecipitated with nNOS and often colocalized with neuronal nitric oxide synthase clusters on the internodal axon.

Interpretation

Central myelinated axons express functional AMPA and GluR5 kainate receptors, and can directly respond to glutamate receptor agonists. These glutamate receptor–dependent signaling pathways promote an increase in intraaxonal Ca2+levels potentially contributing to axonal degeneration. Ann Neurol 2009
Titelbild: Heterogeneously Hybridized Porous Coordination Polymer Crystals: Fabrication of Heterometallic Core–Shell Single Crystals with an In‐Plane Rotational Epitaxial Relationship (Angew. Chem. 10/2009)
Authors: Furukawa Shuhei , Hirai Kenji , Nakagawa Keiji , Takashima Yohei , Matsuda Ryotaro , Tsuruoka Takaaki , Kondo Mio , Haruki Rie , Tanaka Daisuke , Sakamoto Hirotoshi , Shimomura Satoru , Sakata Osami , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: February 2009

Ein poröses Kupferkoordinationsgerüst wuchs epitaktisch als Einkristall auf der Einkristalloberfläche eines porösen Zinkkoordinationsgerüsts, wie S. Kitagawa et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 1798 ff. beschreiben. Im Bild sind die Strukturbeziehungen zwischen dem Kupfer‐ und dem Zinkgerüst zu sehen, die durch röntgenographische Untersuchung der Oberflächen mit Synchrotronstrahlung erhalten wurden; epitaktisches Wachstum in der Ebene unter Rotation kompensiert die unterschiedlichen Gitterkonstanten der beiden Kristalle.

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Innentitelbild: A Synthetic Lectin for O‐Linked β‐N‐Acetylglucosamine (Angew. Chem. 10/2009)
Authors: Ferrand Yann , Klein Emmanuel , Barwell Nicholas P. , Crump Matthew P. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesus , Vicent Cristina , Boons Geert‐Jan , Ingale Sampat , Davis Anthony P.
Published: February 2009

Kohlenhydrate sind schwer zu fassen – selbst für natürliche Rezeptoren –, wenn sie in Wasser vorliegen, da ihre Hydroxygruppen dem Lösungsmittel ähneln und auf diese Weise wie eine Tarnung wirken. In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 1807 ff. beschreiben A. P. Davis et al. einen synthetischen Rezeptor, der die wichtige β‐N‐Acetylglucosaminyl(β‐GlcNAC)‐Einheit bemerkenswert effizient bindet. Der Rezeptor zeigt gute Affinitäten und hervorragende Selektivitäten, selbst gemessen an natürlichen Kohlenhydrat‐bindenden Proteinen.

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Cover Picture: Heterogeneously Hybridized Porous Coordination Polymer Crystals: Fabrication of Heterometallic Core–Shell Single Crystals with an In‐Plane Rotational Epitaxial Relationship (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 10/2009)
Authors: Furukawa Shuhei , Hirai Kenji , Nakagawa Keiji , Takashima Yohei , Matsuda Ryotaro , Tsuruoka Takaaki , Kondo Mio , Haruki Rie , Tanaka Daisuke , Sakamoto Hirotoshi , Shimomura Satoru , Sakata Osami , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: February 2009

A porous copper coordination framework grew epitaxially as a single crystal on the surface of a single crystal of a porous zinc coordination framework, as described by S. Kitagawa and co‐workers in their Communication on page 1766 ff. The picture shows the structural relationship between the copper and zinc frameworks, which has been unveiled by synchrotron surface X‐ray diffraction measurements; in‐plane rotational epitaxial growth compensates for the different lattice constants of the two crystals.

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Photoluminescence, FTIR, and electrical characterization of samarium(III) chloride‐doped polyaniline
Authors: Ameen Sadia , Ali Vazid , Zulfequar M. , Mazharul Haq M. , Husain M.
Published: February 2009

The synthesized polyaniline (PANI) is doped with different concentrations of Samarium(III) chloride (SmCl3). The electrical conductivity of doped PANI samples has been measured in the temperature range (300–400K). It has been found that dc conductivity increases with the increase of dopant concentration. Different parameters, based on the conductivity, such as pre‐exponential factor (σ0) and activation energy (ΔE) have also been calculated. These parameters exhibit information about the nature and suitability of the dopant. Doped samples are characterized by FTIR and photoluminescence studies, which show the interaction of dopant with PANI. Two sharp peaks of different intensities from PL spectra at 388 and 604nm have appeared in doped PANI, which might be due to the effect of SmCl3. It has been observed that SmCl3 (dopant) shows noticeable changes in the electrical and spectroscopic properties of doped PANI. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Modular process for the flexible synthesis of magnetic beads—Process and product validation
Authors: Hickstein Birgit , Peuker Urs Alexander
Published: February 2009

Here we present a modular process for the flexible production of magnetic beads with variable magnetic properties and anion or cation exchanger functionalities. Magnetic beads are used in bio‐separations and downstream processing to remove a valuable substance from e.g., a fermentation broth (Magnetic Fishing). The magnetic beads we are presenting here consist of a composite material, containing nanoscale magnetite and ion exchanger particles which are embedded into a polymer matrix. With this composite concept, anion and cation exchanger properties are available in magnetic beads with different matrix polymers (PVB, PVA, PMMA, and PVAc). The content of magnetite was varied in a range between 0 and 40 wt %, ion exchanger particles between 0 and 60 wt % and the matrix polymer between 20 and 60 wt %. The magnetic bead characteristics, which determine the application properties, are shown. Thermo gravimetrical analyses, FTIR spectra and measurements of the ion exchange capacity prove the different properties in respect to the magnetic beads composition. In an adsorption experiment, it was possible to achieve a maximum capacity of 270 mg/g for β‐galactosidase with PVB‐beads. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of poly[(trimethylene terephthalate)‐co‐(29 mol % ethylene terephthalate)] copolyester
Authors: Chen Ming , Ko Chi‐Yun , Wang Hui‐Chen , Chen Ren‐Yi , Wang Chuan‐Liang , Lu Hsin‐Ying , Tseng I‐Min
Published: February 2009

The copolyester was characterized as having 71 mol % trimethylene terephthalate units and 29 mol % ethylene terephthalate units in a random sequence according to the NMR spectra. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to investigate the isothermal crystallization kinetics in the temperature range (Tc) from 130 to 170°C. The melting behavior after isothermal crystallization was studied using DSC and temperature‐modulated DSC by varying the Tc, the crystallization time, and the heating rate. The DSC thermograms and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns reveal that the complex melting behavior involves melting‐recrystallization‐remelting and different lamellar crystals. As the Tc increases, the contribution of recrystallization gradually falls and finally disappears. A Hoffman‐Weeks linear plot yields an equilibrium melting temperature of 198.7°C. The kinetic analysis of the growth rates of spherulites and the change in the morphology from regular to banded spherulites indicate that a regime II→III transition occurs at 148°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Aerosol growth and activation in polluted air masses over a tropical metropolis in the Indian sub‐continent
Authors: Varun Raj S. , Ghosh S. , Sivakumar B.
Published: February 2009

Air pollution can affect cloud formation in more than one way. When the pollutant gases are condensable (e.g. oxides of sulphur), then the process of aerosol activation is eased to a certain extent aiding cloud formation. However, polluted days are often characterised by low updraught speeds which inhibit aerosol growth. In this study, we have critically examined the aerosol activation process in a polluted coastal environment where both effects are present. We have concentrated on the Chennai region (one of the largest cities in the world) of the Indian sub‐continent because its pace of industrialisation is increasing rapidly, adding to increasing SO2 pollution over the years. Air masses over Chennai contain a mixture of aerosol particles including NaCl, because of its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, along with ammonium sulphate. We have used observational data along with a detailed microphysical chemical parcel model to study cloud activation effects. We find that over Chennai, often the presence of the condensable pollutant vapour (SO2) more than compensates for the low updraught speeds by lowering the level of maximum super saturation significantly. This latter effect favours the activation of ammonium sulphate as well as NaCl aerosol particles. We have undertaken a systematic analysis to quantify the relative strengths of these two competing effects and find that even with low updraught speeds, oxides of sulphur can perturb the activation domain comprising a mixture of aerosol particles to such an extent that aerosol particles in polluted environments often grow efficiently. This effect is non‐intuitive in the sense that one associates smaller cloud droplet sizes with polluted air masses. This is the first microphysical modelling study for the Indian sub‐continent where National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) observations have been applied to cloud microphysical processes. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A DNA replicon system for rapid high‐level production of virus‐like particles in plants
Authors: Huang Zhong , Chen Qiang , Hjelm Brooke , Arntzen Charles , Mason Hugh
Published: February 2009

Recombinant virus‐like particles (VLPs) represent a safe and effective vaccine strategy. We previously described a stable transgenic plant system for inexpensive production and oral delivery of VLP vaccines. However, the relatively low‐level antigen accumulation and long‐time frame to produce transgenic plants are the two major roadblocks in the practical development of plant‐based VLP production. In this article, we describe the optimization of geminivirus‐derived DNA replicon vectors for rapid, high‐yield plant‐based production of VLPs. Co‐delivery of bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV)‐derived vector and Rep/RepA‐supplying vector by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in efficient replicon amplification and robust protein production within 5 days. Co‐expression of the P19 protein of tomato bush stunt virus, a gene silencing inhibitor, further enhanced VLP accumulation by stabilizing the mRNA. With this system, hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) and Norwalk virus capsid protein (NVCP) were produced at 0.80 and 0.34 mg/g leaf fresh weight, respectively. Sedimentation analysis and electron microscopy of transiently expressed antigens verified the efficient assembly of VLPs. Furthermore, a single replicon vector containing a built‐in Rep/RepA cassette without P19 drove protein expression at similar levels as the three‐component system. These results demonstrate the advantages of fast and high‐level production of VLP‐based vaccines using the BeYDV‐derived DNA replicon system for transient expression in plants. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 706–714. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of co‐cultures of meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes on PLLA scaffolds
Authors: Gunja Najmuddin J. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A.
Published: February 2009

The knee meniscus, a fibrocartilaginous tissue located in the knee joint, is characterized by heterogeneity in extracellular matrix and biomechanical properties. To recreate these properties using a tissue engineering approach, co‐cultures of meniscus cells (MCs) and articular chondrocytes (ACs) were seeded in varying ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) on poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds and cultured in serum‐free medium for 4 weeks. Histological, biochemical, and biomechanical tests were used to assess constructs at the end time point. Strong staining for collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was observed in all groups. Constructs with 100% MCs were positive for collagen I and constructs cultured with 100% ACs were positive for collagen II, while a mixture of collagen I and II was observed in other co‐culture groups. Total collagen and GAG per construct increased as the percentage of ACs increased (27 ± 8 µg, 0% AC to 45 ± 8 µg, 100% ACs for collagen and 12 ± 4 µg, 0% ACs to 40 ± 5 µg, 100% ACs for GAG). Compressive modulus (instantaneous and relaxation modulus) of the constructs was significantly higher in the 100% ACs group (63 ± 12 and 22 ± 9 kPa, respectively) when compared to groups with higher percentage of MCs. No differences in tensile properties were noted among groups. Specific co‐culture ratios were identified mimicking the GAG/DW of the inner (0:100, 25:75, and 50:50) and outer regions (100:0) of the meniscus. Overall, it was demonstrated that co‐culturing MCs and ACs on PLLA scaffolds results in functional tissue engineered meniscus constructs with a spectrum of biochemical and biomechanical properties. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 808–816. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limited resection and free jejunal graft interposition for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervical oesophagus
Authors: Ott K , Lordick F , Molls M , Bartels H , Biemer E , Siewert J R
Published: February 2009

Background

Therapeutic strategies for cervical oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are controversial. Treatment options range from definitive radiotherapy to multimodal treatment. Outcome after limited resection and reconstruction with a free jejunal graft interposition was evaluated retrospectively.

Methods

Patients with clinical T1–4 Nx M0 tumours treated between 1986 and 2006 were included.

Results

Of 109 patients, 94 underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy and 15 had a primary resection. Complete or partial preservation of the larynx was achieved in 93 patients (85·3 per cent). Minor and major complications occurred in 74·3 per cent, with 44·0 per cent of all patients having more than one complication. Reoperation was necessary in 29·4 per cent. The 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent, and the in-hospital mortality rate 2·8 per cent. The complete R0 resection rate was 72·5 per cent. Median overall survival was 34·3 months; 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 83·8, 47·0 and 47·0 per cent respectively. Survival was not influenced by complications (P = 0·401) or reoperation (P = 0·428).

Conclusion

Despite high complication and reoperation rates, the mortality rate was low, even after preoperative chemoradiation. This complex surgical strategy is a treatment option for cervical SCC in oncological centres with an infrastructure providing multidisciplinary management.
Degradation of mesh coatings and intraperitoneal adhesion formation in an experimental model
Authors: Schreinemacher M H F , Emans P J , Gijbels M J J , Greve J-W M , Beets G L , Bouvy N D
Published: February 2009

Background

In laparoscopic ventral hernia repair a mesh is placed in direct contact with the viscera, often leading to substantial adhesions. In this experimental study the ability of different coated and uncoated meshes to attenuate adhesion formation was examined.

Methods

Six commercially available meshes were placed intraperitoneally against a closed peritoneum in rats: Prolene® (polypropylene), Timesh® and Ultrapro® (polypropylene composites with titanium and polyglecaprone respectively), Proceed® and Parietex Composite® (polypropylene and polyester meshes coated with a layer of cellulose and collagen respectively) and C-Qur® (polypropylene mesh coated with a layer of omega-3 fatty acids). Adhesions and incorporation were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically after 7 and 30 days.

Results

Parietex Composite® and C-Qur® significantly reduced adhesion formation at 7 days' follow-up compared with all other meshes. By 30 days, this effect had diminished as a significant increase in adhesions together with phagocytosis of the coating was seen for all meshes with layered coatings (Proceed®, Parietex Composite® and C-Qur®). Incorporation was insufficient for all meshes.

Conclusion

The absorbable layers of Parietex Composite® and C-Qur® reduce adhesion formation to intraperitoneal mesh in the short term, but the effect diminishes and phagocytosis of absorbable coatings may contribute to adhesion formation.
Timing and impact of infections in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Besselink M G , van Santvoort H C , Boermeester M A , Nieuwenhuijs V B , van Goor H , Dejong C H C , Schaapherder A F , Gooszen H G
Published: February 2009

Background

Although infected necrosis is an established cause of death in acute pancreatitis, the impact of bacteraemia and pneumonia is less certain.

Methods

This was a cohort study of 731 patients with a primary episode of acute pancreatitis in 2004–2007, including 296 patients involved in a randomized controlled trial to investigate the value of probiotic treatment in severe pancreatitis. Time of onset of bacteraemia, pneumonia, infected pancreatic necrosis, persistent organ failure and death were recorded.

Results

The initial infection in 173 patients was diagnosed a median of 8 (interquartile range 3–20) days after admission (infected necrosis, median day 26; bacteraemia/pneumonia, median day 7). Eighty per cent of 61 patients who died had an infection. In 154 patients with pancreatic parenchymal necrosis, bacteraemia was associated with increased risk of infected necrosis (65 versus 37·9 per cent; P = 0·002). In 98 patients with infected necrosis, bacteraemia was associated with higher mortality (40 versus 16 per cent; P = 0·014). In multivariable analysis, persistent organ failure (odds ratio (OR) 18·0), bacteraemia (OR 3·4) and age (OR 1·1) were associated with death.

Conclusion

Infections occur early in acute pancreatitis, and have a significant impact on mortality, especially bacteraemia. Prophylactic strategies should focus on early intervention.