bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generating controllable velocity fluctuations using twin oscillating hydrofoils
Authors: Harding S. F. , Bryden I. G.
Published: October 2012

An experiment apparatus has been previously developed with the ability to independently control the instantaneous flow velocity in a water flume. This configuration, which uses two pitching hydrofoils to generate the flow fluctuations, allows the unsteady response of submerged structures to be studied over a wide range of driving frequencies and conditions. Linear unsteady lift theory has been used to calculate the instantaneous circulation about two pitching hydrofoils in uniform flow. A vortex model is then used to describe the circulation in the wakes that determine the velocity perturbations at the centreline between the foils. This paper introduces how the vortex model can be discretized to allow the inverse problem to be solved, such that the foil motions required to recreate a desired velocity time series can be determined. The results of this model are presented for the simplified cases of oscillatory velocity fluctuations in the vertical and stream-wise directions separately, and also simultaneously. The more general case of two-dimensional aperiodic velocity fluctuations is also presented, which demonstrates the capability of configuration between the suggested frequency limits of $0. 06\leq k\leq 1. 9$.
Far-field representation for the vertical force on a floating structure
Authors: McIver M.
Published: October 2012

Equations are derived that relate the vertical hydrodynamic force on two- and three-dimensional structures that are floating in a fluid of infinite depth to the far-field dipole coefficient in the velocity potential. By an application of Green’s theorem to the radiation or scattering potential and a suitable test potential, the heave added mass, the heave damping and the vertical exciting force are shown to be expressible in terms of the dipole coefficient in the relevant potential. The results add to the known reciprocity relations, which relate quantities such as the damping and the exciting force to the amplitude of the far-field radiated wave. The expressions are valid at all frequencies, and their high- and low-frequency asymptotics are investigated.
Paying Attention: Overnight Returns and the Hidden Cost of Buying at the Open
Authors: Berkman Henk , Koch Paul D. , Tuttle Laura , Zhang Ying Jenny
Published: October 2012

We find a strong tendency for positive returns during the overnight period followed by reversals during the trading day. This behavior is driven by an opening price that is high relative to intraday prices. It is concentrated among stocks that have recently attracted the attention of retail investors, it is more pronounced for stocks that are difficult to value and costly to arbitrage, and it is greater during periods of high overall retail investor sentiment. The additional implicit transaction costs for retail traders who buy high-attention stocks near the open frequently exceed the effective half spread.
Intraspecific variation between the ITS sequences ofToxocara canis,Toxocara catiandToxascaris leoninafrom different host species in south-western Poland
Authors: Fogt-Wyrwas R. , Mizgajska-Wiktor H. , Pacoń J. , Jarosz W.
Published: October 2012

Some parasitic nematodes can inhabit different definitive hosts, which raises the question of the intraspecific variability of the nematode genotype affecting their preferences to choose particular species as hosts. Additionally, the issue of a possible intraspecific DNA microheterogeneity in specimens from different parts of the world seems to be interesting, especially from the evolutionary point of view. The problem was analysed in three related species –Toxocara canis,Toxocara catiandToxascaris leonina– specimens originating from Central Europe (Poland). Using specific primers for species identification, internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 and ITS-2 regions were amplified and then sequenced. The sequences obtained were compared with sequences previously described for specimens originating from other geographical locations. No differences in nucleotide sequences were established inT. canisisolated from two different hosts (dogs and foxes). A comparison of ITS sequences ofT. canisfrom Poland with sequences deposited in GenBank showed that the scope of intraspecific variability of the species did not exceed 0.4%, while inT. catithe differences did not exceed 2%. Significant differences were found inT. leonina, where ITS-1 differed by 3% and ITS-2 by as much as 7.4% in specimens collected from foxes in Poland and dogs in Australia. Such scope of differences in the nucleotide sequence seems to exceed the intraspecific variation of the species.
Lateral sinus thrombosis following myringoplasty: a rare complication
Authors: Sim G , Lannigan F
Published: October 2012

Objective:

We report lateral sinus thrombosis occurring as a rare complication following a routine and uneventful otological procedure.

Case report:

Lateral sinus thrombosis is a rare but known complication of otitis media. It has not been documented as a complication of routine otological surgery. We present a case of this rare complication following a myringoplasty. We also discuss the presentation, investigation and treatment of lateral sinus thrombosis. It is essential to be able to recognise and treat this rare complication early, due to its high mortality rate.

Conclusion:

Lateral sinus thrombosis is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. It is therefore essential for clinicians to be able to recognise and treat this condition early.
Cochlear implants and positron emission tomography
Authors: Aggarwal R , Green K M J
Published: October 2012

Objective:

This review aimed to summarise present knowledge surrounding cochlear implants and neuroplasticity using positron emission tomography.

Overview:

Cochlear implants are an established device for severe sensorineural hearing loss. However, the outcomes following a cochlear implant are variable and unpredictable. Furthermore, despite increasing numbers of implantations taking place, there are still uncertainties regarding how individuals learn to process speech using an implant. Functional neuroimaging studies using techniques such as positron emission tomography provide an insight into the cortical changes that take place in patients with cochlear implants.

Conclusion:

Only when the underlying mechanisms responsible for speech processing in implantees are understood can appropriate rehabilitation for those with poor speech perception be provided and outcomes improved.
Modern management of juvenile recurrent parotitis
Authors: Capaccio P , Sigismund P E , Luca N , Marchisio P , Pignataro L
Published: October 2012

Aims:

To evaluate modern diagnostic and therapeutic management of juvenile recurrent parotitis, and to show the benefits of operative sialoendoscopy on the basis of our experience in 14 patients and the results of others.

Results:

Ultrasonography is sensitive in detecting the pathological features of juvenile recurrent parotitis. Interventional sialoendoscopy is a safe and effective method of treating the disease. In our case series, after a mean follow-up time of 30 months only 5 patients experienced recurrence of symptoms, with a mean symptom-free period of 20 months.

Conclusion:

The use of modern, minimally invasive diagnostic tools such as colour Doppler ultrasonography, magnetic resonance sialography and sialoendoscopy represents a new frontier in the management of juvenile recurrent parotitis. Operative sialoendoscopy also has the important therapeutic benefit of reducing the number of recurrences of acute episodes of parotitis, thus giving patients a better quality of life until puberty.
A new species of Pyrgillus from India
Authors: SINGH Kirshna Pal , SINGH Pushpi
Published: October 2012

Pyrgillus tibellii, a new lichen species, is described from India. It is characterized by mazaediate, perithecioid ascomata, an excipular margin with an orange reddish pruinose rim reacting K+ reddish violet, and large, 3-septate ascospores.
The true identity of Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale and the re-establishment of some of its synonyms as accepted species
Authors: BENATTI M. N. , ELIX J. A.
Published: October 2012

The type collection of Parmelia goebelii (Bulbothrix goebelii) was discovered to be a mixture of several different Bulbothrix species. The true identity of B. goebelii is established and problems regarding the variability of this species discussed. The species B. papyrina, B. scortella and B. subdissecta, synonymized with B. goebelii by Hale, are resurrected as valid taxa. A detailed description of B. goebelii is presented, its lectotype is selected, and the characteristics of all four species discussed.
Testing morphology-based delimitation of Vulpicida juniperinus and V. tubulosus (Parmeliaceae) using three molecular markers
Authors: MARK Kristiina , SAAG Lauri , SAAG Andres , THELL Arne , RANDLANE Tiina
Published: October 2012

The delimitation of two morphologically similar and not easily separable Vulpicida species, V. juniperinus and V. tubulosus, is analyzed using nuclear ITS and Mcm7, and mitochondrial SSU DNA sequences. Seventy-nine Vulpicida specimens, most from the two focal taxa, are included in the three-locus gene tree. The results from Bayesian and parsimony analyses are presented. There are strong conflicts between the single locus gene trees. Vulpicida juniperinus and V. tubulosus are divided into two clearly distinguished groups in the ITS and concatenated B/MCMC tree. However, these species are mixed in both clades, appearing polyphyletic. Currently accepted V. juniperinus and V. tubulosus are not distinct according to the loci studied. Vulpicida pinastri appears monophyletic based on the available sequences.
A study of the pruinose species of Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from China
Authors: WEI Xin-Li , WEI Jiang-Chun
Published: October 2012

Six pruinose species of Hypogymnia are reported in this paper, including one new species Hypogymniapruinoidea. The type of Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa was found to be a mixture with H. laccata. Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa is therefore typified with a lectotype, and the description of H. pseudopruinosa is revised. Distributions of the six pruinose species are given and discussed. Comments on differences and similarities between pruinose species of Hypogymnia are made. Diagnostic characters of each species, and a key to the pruinose species of Hypogymnia in China, are also provided.
Cecidiomyces, a new subantarctic lichenicolous hyphomycete genus
Authors: ZHURBENKO Mikhail P. , BRAUN Uwe
Published: October 2012

Cecidiomyces santessoniigen. & sp. nov., found onStereocaulonspecies on the subantarctic Macquarie Island (Tasmania, Australia), is described, illustrated and compared with other morphologically similar genera and species. It is characterized by a lichenicolous habit, gall-formation, caespitose to sporodochial colonies, semi-macronematous, monoblastic, determinate conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, solitary, 0–1-euseptate, pigmented conidia, and schizolytic conidial secession.
Comparative reproductive biology of Sciaenidae family species in the Río de la Plata and Buenos Aires Coastal Zone, Argentina
Authors: Militelli M.I. , Macchi G.J. , Rodrigues K.A.
Published: October 2012

A comparative analysis on various aspects of the reproductive biology of 7 Sciaenidae family species was done. In addition the reproductive parameters needed for stock assessment models were provided. The research covered the analysis of the duration of the breeding season and the estimation of reproductive variables such as size at maturity, fecundity and spawning frequency. When all species were considered together, some aspects of reproduction were similar, regarding the reproductive strategy; all species are batch spawners with indeterminate fecundity and an extensive reproductive season (approximately six months) except for Pogonias cromis, which showed a more limited spawning season (three months). With regard to reproductive potential, wide differences in fecundity values mainly due to the different sizes attained by each species were observed (range in batch fecundity values between 5000 and 2,800,000 hydrated oocytes). However, when relative fecundity was compared, average values were generally similar, ranging approximately between 150 and 200 hydrated oocytes per female gram. Pogonias cromis is the exception within this group, because the mean relative fecundity ranged between 75 and 98 hydrated oocytes per ovary-free female gram. This difference may be a consequence of the greater oocyte size reached by P. cromis eggs (1100–1400 μm) compared to the rest of sciaenid analysed (750–900).
Individual subject meta-analysis of parameters forCryptosporidium parvumshedding and diarrhoea in animal experimental models
Authors: ADELL A. D. , MILLER W. A. , HARVEY D. J. , VANWORMER E. , WUERTZ S. , CONRAD P. A.
Published: October 2012

Cryptosporidiumis a zoonotic protozoan parasite with public health importance worldwide. The objectives of this study were to (1) conduct a meta-analysis of published literature for oocyst shedding and diarrhoea outcomes, and (2) develop recommendations for standardization of experimental dose–response studies. Results showed that for the outcome of oocyst shedding in faeces, the covariates ‘experimental species’, ‘immunosuppression’, ‘oocyst dose’ and ‘oocyst dose’ × ‘age’ were all significant (P ⩽ 0·05). This study suggests that exposing mice, piglets, or ruminants, and using immunosuppressed experimental hosts, is more likely to result in oocyst shedding. For the outcome of diarrhoea in experimentally infected animal species, the key covariates ‘experimental species’, ‘age’ and ‘immunosuppression’ were significant (P ⩽ 0·2). Therefore, based on the results of this meta-analysis, these variables should be carefully reported and considered when designing experimental dose–response studies. Additionally, detection of possible publication bias highlights the need to publish additional studies that convey statistically non-significant as well as significant results in the future.
Increasing children's lunchtime consumption of fruit and vegetables: an evaluation of the Food Dudes programme
Authors: Upton Dominic , Upton Penney , Taylor Charlotte
Published: October 2012

Objectives

Although previous research has shown that the Food Dudes programme increases children's fruit and vegetable consumption at school, there has been limited evaluation of the extent to which changes are maintained in the long term. Furthermore, despite knowledge that the nutritional content of home-supplied meals is lower than that of school-supplied meals, little consideration has been given to the programme's impact on meals provided from home. The present study therefore assessed the long-term effectiveness of the Food Dudes programme for both school- and home-supplied lunches.

Design

Two cohorts of children participated, one receiving the Food Dudes intervention and a matched control group who did not receive any intervention. Consumption of fruit and vegetables was assessed pre-intervention, then at 3 and 12 months post-intervention. Consumption was measured across five consecutive days in each school using weighed intake (school-provided meals) and digital photography (home-provided meals).

Setting

Fifteen primary schools, six intervention (n 1282) and seven control schools (n 1151).

Subjects

Participants were children aged 4–11 years.

Results

A significant increase in the consumption of fruit and vegetables was found at 3 months for children in the intervention schools, but only for those eating school-supplied lunches. However, increases were not maintained at 12 months.

Conclusions

The Food Dudes programme has a limited effect in producing even short-term changes in children's fruit and vegetable consumption at lunchtime. Further development work is required to ensure the short- and long-term effectiveness of interventions promoting fruit and vegetable consumption in children such as the Food Dudes programme.
Relationship of socio-economic factors and parental eating habits with children's food intake in a population-based study in a metropolitan area of Brazil
Authors: dos Santos Barroso Gabriela , Sichieri Rosely , Salles-Costa Rosana
Published: October 2012

Objective

To evaluate the association of sociodemographic factors and parental food consumption with children's food intake.

Design

A cross-sectional survey.

Setting

A population-based study with a representative sample in a metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Parents’ socio-economic variables, age and education level and children's age were obtained by face-to-face interviews. The parental food intake was assessed using an FFQ and the children's food intake was assessed using two 24 h recalls.

Subjects

Children (n 366) aged 6–30 months and their parents.

Results

The hierarchical regression analysis indicated that parents’ age was positively associated with the intake of vegetables among children (β = 0·73, 95 % CI 0·11, 1·34), while parents’ educational level was positively associated with the intake of fats (β = 3·52, 95 % CI 0·04, 7·01) and negatively associated with the intake of beans (β = −13·98, 95 % CI −27·94, −0·03). The age of the children was positively associated with the intakes of meats and eggs (β = 2·88, 95 % CI 1·55, 4·22), sugars (β = 5·08, 95 % CI 1·85, 8·30) and coffee (β = 1·77, 95 % CI 0·71, 2·84), and negatively associated with the intake of vegetables (β = −2·12, 95 % CI −3·20, −1·05). The influence of parental food intake was observed for the food groups of breads, cereals and tubers (β = 0·06, 95 % CI 0·003, 0·12), beans (β = 0·11, 95 % CI −0·003, 0·22) and fruits (β = 0·10, 95 % CI 0·03, 0·16). Unfavourable socio-economic variables were associated with intakes of breads, cereals and tubers, vegetables, fruits, meats, sugars and coffee by children.

Conclusions

Parental food intake is associated with children's intake of cereals, beans and fruits independent of socio-economic status.
Schopenhauer's Contraction of Reason: Clarifying Kant and Undoing German Idealism
Authors: Gardner Sebastian
Published: October 2012

Schopenhauer's claim that the essence of the world consists inWilleencounters well-known difficulties. Of particular importance is the conflict of this metaphysical claim with his restrictive account of conceptuality. This paper attempts to make sense of Schopenhauer's position by restoring him to the context of post-Kantian debate, with special attention to the early notebooks andFourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. On the reconstruction suggested here, Schopenhauer's philosophical project should be understood in light of his rejection of post-Kantian metaphilosophy and his opposition to German Idealism.
Necessity, Responsibility and Character: Schopenhauer on Freedom of the Will
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: October 2012

This paper gives an account of the argument of Schopenhauer's essay On the Freedom of the Human Will, drawing also on his other works. Schopenhauer argues that all human actions are causally necessitated, as are all other events in empirical nature, hence there is no freedom in the sense of liberum arbitrium indifferentiae. However, our sense of responsibility or agency (being the ‘doers of our deeds’) is nonetheless unshakeable. To account for this Schopenhauer invokes the Kantian distinction between empirical and intelligible characters. The paper highlights divergences between Schopenhauer and Kant over the intelligible character, which for Schopenhauer can be neither rational nor causal. It raises the questions whether the intelligible character may be redundant to Schopenhauer's position, and whether it can coherently belong to an individual agent, suggesting that for Schopenhauer a more consistent position would have been to deny freedom of will to the individual.
The ‘Perfected System of Criticism’: Schopenhauer's Initial Disagreements with Kant
Authors: Kossler Matthias
Published: October 2012

I would like to know who of my

contemporaries should be more competent in

Kantian philosophy than me.

(Schopenhauer in a letter to Rosenkranz and Schubert, 18371)

In this paper the attempt is made to show how Schopenhauer's critique of Kant leads from initial disagreements to a fundamental modification, even a new formation, of the Kantian concepts of understanding, reason, imagination, perception, idea and thing-in-itself. The starting point and the core of his critique is the demand for the appreciation of intuitive knowledge which is apart from and independent of reason. The intuitive knowledge goes back to images and its highest form is aesthetic contemplation. Without a participation of concepts it is sufficient to explain objective reality. Particularly on the basis of Schopenhauer's critical examination of Kant's schematism it can be shown that his alternative conception of an image-based objectivity of experience is to be taken seriously, even if the way he presents it sometimes gives the impression of a mere misunderstanding of Kant's theory of cognition.
Occupancy of serotonin and norepinephrine transporter by milnacipran in patients with major depressive disorder: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]DASB and (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2
Authors: Nogami Tsuyoshi , Takano Harumasa , Arakawa Ryosuke , Ichimiya Tetsuya , Fujiwara Hironobu , Kimura Yasuyuki , Kodaka Fumitoshi , Sasaki Takeshi , Takahata Keisuke , Suzuki Masayuki , Nagashima Tomohisa , Mori Takaaki , Shimada Hitoshi , Fukuda Hajime , Sekine Mizuho , Tateno Amane , Takahashi Hidehiko , Ito Hiroshi , Okubo Yoshiro , Suhara Tetsuya
Published: October 2012

Antidepressants used for treatment of depression exert their efficacy by blocking reuptake at serotonin transporters (5-HTT) and/or norepinephrine transporters (NET). Recent studies suggest that serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors that block both 5-HTT and NET have better tolerability than tricyclic antidepressants and may have higher efficacy compared to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies have reported >80% 5-HTT occupancy with clinical doses of antidepressants, but there has been no report of NET occupancy in patients treated with antidepressants. In the present study, we investigated both 5-HTT and NET occupancies by PET using radioligands [11C]DASB and (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2, in six patients, each with major depressive disorder (MDD), using various doses of milnacipran. Our data show that mean 5-HTT occupancy in the thalamus was 33.0% at 50 mg, 38.6% at 100 mg, 60.0% at 150 mg and 61.5% at 200 mg. Mean NET occupancy in the thalamus was 25.3% at 25 mg, 40.0% at 100 mg, 47.3% at 125 mg and 49.9% at 200 mg. Estimated ED50 was 122.5 mg with the dose for 5-HTT and 149.9 mg for NET. Both 5-HTT and NET occupancies were observed in a dose-dependent manner. Both 5-HTT and NET occupancies were about 40% by milnacipran at 100 mg, the dose most commonly administered to MDD patients.
Nicotine induces chromatin remodelling through decreases in the methyltransferases GLP, G9a, Setdb1 and levels of H3K9me2
Authors: Chase Kayla A. , Sharma Rajiv P.
Published: October 2012

Studies examining the epigenetic effects of nicotine are limited, but indicate that nicotine can promote a transcriptionally permissive chromatin environment by increasing acetylation of histone H3 and H4. To further explore nicotine-induced histone modifications, we measured histone methyltransferase (HMT) mRNA expression as well as total and promoter-specific H3K9me2 levels. Following administration of nicotine, HMT mRNA and H3K9me2 levels were examined in mouse primary cortical neuronal culture and cortex extracted from mice injected intraperitoneally, as well as in human lymphocyte culture. Furthermore, Bdnf/BDNF mRNA levels were examined as an epigenetically regulated read-out of gene expression. There was a significant decrease of the HMT GLP, G9a and Setdb1 mRNA expression in the nicotine-treated tissue examined, with significant decreases seen in both total and promoter-specific H3K9me2 levels. Increasing doses of nicotine resulted in significant decreases in Bdnf/BDNF promoter specific H3K9me2 binding, leading to enhanced Bdnf/BDNF transcription. Taken together, our data suggest that nicotine reduces markers of a restrictive epigenomic state, thereby leading to a more permissive epigenomic environment.
How (not) to measure institutions: a reply to Robinson and Shirley
Authors: VOIGT STEFAN
Published: October 2012

This is a short reply to the comments by James Robinson and Mary Shirley on my paper ‘How (not) to measure institutions’.
Preoccupied with occupation: critical examinations of the historical development of the law of occupation
Authors: Arai-Takahashi Yutaka
Published: October 2012

This article examines the historical evolution of the law of occupation from two angles. First, it analyses scholarly discourse and practice with respect to the general prohibition on the Occupying Power making changes to the laws and administrative structure of the occupied country, as embodied in Article 43 of the 1907 Hague Regulations. Many Occupying Powers and scholars have endeavoured to rationalize exceptions to this ‘general principle’ governing the entire corpus of the law of occupation. Their studies support the contingent nature of the law of occupation, with its interpretation being dependent on different historical settings and social context. The second part of the article focuses on how the law of occupation that evolved as a European project has rationalized excluding the system of colonialism from the framework of that law. The historical assessment of this body of jus in bello would be incomplete and biased if it did not address the narratives of such structural exclusivity.
Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: Implications for fault branching and seismic hazards
Authors: Schwartz David P. , Haeussler Peter J. , Seitz Gordon G. , Dawson Timothy E.
Published: October 2012

The propagation of the rupture of the Mw7.9 Denali fault earthquake from the central Denali fault onto the Totschunda fault has provided a basis for dynamic models of fault branching in which the angle of the regional or local prestress relative to the orientation of the main fault and branch plays a principal role in determining which fault branch is taken. GeoEarthScope LiDAR and paleoseismic data allow us to map the structure of the Denali‐Totschunda fault intersection and evaluate controls of fault branching from a geological perspective. LiDAR data reveal the Denali‐Totschunda fault intersection is structurally simple with the two faults directly connected. At the branch point, 227.2 km east of the 2002 epicenter, the 2002 rupture diverges southeast to become the Totschunda fault. We use paleoseismic data to propose that differences in the accumulated strain on each fault segment, which express differences in the elapsed time since the most recent event, was one important control of the branching direction. We suggest that data on event history, slip rate, paleo offsets, fault geometry and structure, and connectivity, especially on high slip rate‐short recurrence interval faults, can be used to assess the likelihood of branching and its direction. Analysis of the Denali‐Totschunda fault intersection has implications for evaluating the potential for a rupture to propagate across other types of fault intersections and for characterizing sources of future large earthquakes.
Emplacement mechanism of off‐axis large submarine lava field from the Oman Ophiolite
Authors: Umino Susumu
Published: October 2012

Large submarine lava flows with thicknesses >100 m and volumes exceeding a few km3are not uncommon volcanic constructs of mid‐ocean ridges and around Hawaii Islands, yet details of the physical processes of eruption of these large lava flows are poorly understood. The V3 unit of the Oman Ophiolite extruded onto pelagic sediment far off the paleospreading axis as thick lava flows with an areal extent of >11 km by 1.5 km and the maximum thickness >270 m, yielding an estimated volume >1.2 km3. The feeder dike for the V3 flow field has an unusual thickness up to 60 m, striking at a high angle to the paleospreading axis. The skewed variation in thickness suggests an intrusion at the apparent level of neutral buoyancy in off‐axis crust. The thick sheet flows consist of massive core and columnar jointed crust. Finer‐grained, finely jointed layers and lenses embedded in coarser‐grained, roughly jointed lava show a complex cooling and growth history of the lava crust. In the periphery of the flow field, sheet flows lack developed core textures and change laterally into compound flows of pillow and subaqueous pahoehoe lobes, which are occasionally intermingled with pelagic shale. On the other hand, core lacks fine columnar joints and shows a typical doleritic texture. We conclude that the V3 flow field formed by extrusion of lava at low to moderate rates onto a subhorizontal seafloor covered with thick pelagic sediment, burying topographic relief >100 m of abyssal hills and fault grabens.
A small persistent locked area associated with the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, deduced from GPS data
Authors: Ikuta Ryoya , Satomura Mikio , Fujita Akio , Shimada Seiichi , Ando Masataka
Published: October 2012

Co‐seismic fault slip distributions of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake and inter‐seismic couplings prior to the earthquake were estimated from surface 3‐dimensional displacements measured by the GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET). The deduced co‐seismic slip was up to 30 m near the epicenter, and greater than 5 m in a 400 × 200‐km region extending along the Japan Trench. The moment magnitude of the slip was estimated to beMw9.0. The area of co‐seismic slip greater than 10 m overlaps with four previously known M7‐class asperities. We researched inter‐plate coupling on the fault for 15 years prior to the earthquake using daily GPS data. We determined that the plate boundary was locked during at least the last 15 years in a limited area of a few 10 s of km, approximately coinciding with the maximum co‐seismic slip area, suggesting that this small area had been persistently locked and that the rupture of this last patch played an important role to cause the mega‐thrust earthquake. The low seismic‐coupling which is ratio of seismic slip to slip deficit accumulation of M7‐class earthquakes in this area, which were reported by a study using seismic wave analysis over the past 80 years, can be explained by the influence of this locked area which may have dragged the hanging wall and suppressed the effective slip deficit in surrounding area.
Propagation dynamics of seismic and aseismic slip governed by fault heterogeneity and Newtonian rheology
Authors: Ando Ryosuke , Takeda Naoto , Yamashita Teruo
Published: October 2012

Slow earthquakes called episodic tremor and slip (ETS) events propagate over 100 km at low average velocities, ∼10 km per day, along several plate interfaces accompanying seismic and aseismic slip. These low propagation velocities differentiate slow earthquakes from ordinary earthquakes, and thus understanding their propagation processes is fundamental to understanding the poorly constrained physics governing the diversity and universality of earthquakes. We show that rheological heterogeneity on faults primarily governs ETS propagation on the basis of comprehensive modeling and observations that correlate migration patterns with the energetics of tremor on a plate‐bounding fault in southwest Japan. The fault has persistent small‐scale segmentation, in which ETS events started propagating energetically in relatively brittle sections and decelerated generally with a parabolic pattern in relatively ductile sections. Simulated spontaneous ruptures that are based on these parabolic tremor migration patterns constrain the cause of ductility to Newtonian plastic flow or perhaps dilatant strengthening, but reject large‐scale fluid flows. We discuss possible elementary processes underlying the Newtonian rheology. This model is also consistent with the observed seismicity migration pattern before the 2011Mw9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake, suggesting delayed triggering by theMw 7.3 foreshock.
Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores
Authors: Coulter Sarah E. , Pilcher Jonathan R. , Plunkett Gill , Baillie Mike , Hall Valerie A. , Steffensen J. P. , Vinther Bo M. , Clausen Henrik B. , Johnsen Sigfus J.
Published: October 2012

Acidity peaks in Greenland ice cores have been used as critical reference horizons for synchronizing ice core records, aiding the construction of a single Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05) for the Holocene. Guided by GICC05, we examined sub‐sections of three Greenland cores in the search for tephra from specific eruptions that might facilitate the linkage of ice core records, the dating of prehistoric tephras and the understanding of the eruptions. Here we report the identification of 14 horizons with tephra particles, including 11 that have not previously been reported from the North Atlantic region and that have the potential to be valuable isochrons. The positions of tephras whose major element data are consistent with ash from the Katmai AD 1912 and Öraefajökull AD 1362 eruptions confirm the annually resolved ice core chronology for the last 700 years. We provide a more refined date for the so‐called “AD860B” tephra, a widespread isochron found across NW Europe, and present new evidence relating to the 17th century BC Thera/Aniakchak debate that shows N. American eruptions likely contributed to the acid signals at this time. Our results emphasize the variable spatial and temporal distributions of volcanic products in Greenland ice that call for a more cautious approach in the attribution of acid signals to specific eruptive events.
Mislocalization and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 by a synthetic small molecule
Authors: Jung Dongju , Abu-Elheiga Lutfi , Ayuzawa Rie , Gu Ziwei , Shirakawa Takashi , Fujiki Yukio , Nakatsuji Norio , Wakil Salih J. , Uesugi Motonari
Published: October 2012

Chromeceptin is a synthetic small molecule that inhibits insulin-induced adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and impairs the function of IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2). The molecular target of this benzochromene derivative is MFP-2 (multifunctional protein 2). The interaction between chromeceptin and MFP-2 activates STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6), which subsequently induces IGF inhibitory genes. It was not previously known how the binding of chromeceptin with MFP-2 blocks adipogenesis and activates STAT6. The results of the present study show that the chromeceptin–MFP-2 complex binds to and inhibits ACC1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1), an enzyme important for the de novo synthesis of malonyl-CoA and fatty acids. The formation of this ternary complex removes ACC1 from the cytosol and sequesters it in peroxisomes under the guidance of Pex5p (peroxisomal-targeting signal type 1 receptor). As a result, chromeceptin impairs fatty acid synthesis from acetate where ACC1 is a rate-limiting enzyme. Overexpression of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase or siRNA (small interfering RNA) knockdown of ACC1 results in STAT6 activation, suggesting a role for malonyl-CoA in STAT6 signalling. The molecular mechanism of chromeceptin may provide a new pharmacological approach to selective inhibition of ACC1 for biological studies and pharmaceutical development.
Internet Censorship Circumvention Technology Use in Human Rights Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Maitland Carleen F , Thomas (Trey) Herschel F , Tchouakeu Louis-Marie Ngamassi
Published: October 2012

Using an organizational informatics approach, this study explores the implications of human rights organizations’ use of censorship circumvention technologies. Through qualitative analyses of data collected through in-depth interviews, the research examines the factors influencing the use of circumvention technologies and the organizational effects of their use. The outcomes include a revised model of censorship circumvention technology use as well as a new model situating human rights organizations and their audiences in bidirectional information flows. The research provides recommendations for practice as well as insight for organizational informatics and information systems security research in the areas of protective technologies, awareness, detection, and physical security.
Increasing the energy content of lactation diets fed to first-litter sows reduces weight loss and improves productivity over two parities
Authors: Smits R. J. , Henman D. J. , King R. H.
Published: October 2012

In an experiment designed to evaluate the lactation and reproductive response to increasing energy in lactation, 288 pregnant nulliparous sows were allocated to diets formulated to contain: 13.0, 13.6, 14.2, 14.7 or 15.3 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg of diet fed. Sows commenced their dietary regimen at 109.6 ± 0.1 days of gestation. Sows were fed 3 kg/day of their treatment diet before farrowing, then diets were offered ad libitum until weaning at 26.9 ± 0.1 days. Sows were fed a commercial diet postweaning until mating and throughout their subsequent gestation. There was no effect of dietary energy level on first-litter size born (10.5 ± 0.1 liveborn) or average piglet birthweight (1.44 ± 0.01 kg). Sow ad libitum feed intake during lactation was also unaffected by dietary energy level. There was no linear or quadratic response to dietary energy level on litter gain during lactation (1.79 ± 0.03 kg/day). Consequently sows lost weight during lactation in an inverse linear response to dietary energy level (P < 0.001) and sow weaning weight and backfat P2 increased with energy level (181 kg and 16.1 mm at 13.1 MJ DE/kg versus 191 kg and 17.2 mm at 15.3 MJ DE/kg, respectively, P < 0.05). The proportion of sows staying in the herd until their second litter and the cumulative litter size over two parities was maximised when sows were fed a lactation diet containing at least 14.2 MJ DE/kg (P < 0.05). Increasing the dietary energy content of lactation diets resulted in an improvement in sow productivity over their early parities, but did not increase lactation performance.
Embryo survival, but not first-parity litter size, is increased when gilts are fed diets supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil
Authors: Smits R. J. , Luxford B. G. , Mitchell M. , Nottle M. B.
Published: October 2012

The response in reproductive performance when pigs are fed diets supplemented with fats high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has not been widely studied. Improved fertility has been reported in sows and other species fed diets with added fish oil, a rich source of omega-3 PUFA, but results are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the duration and the level of supplementation of omega-3 PUFA from fish oil on the reproductive performance of gilts. In Experiment 1, 570 Large White and Landrace purebred gilts were fed ad libitum either an unsupplemented diet containing tallow (Control) or a diet containing 3 g fish oil/kg (Omega-3) as a partial replacement for tallow from 24 weeks (Omega-3 for 6 weeks) or 27 weeks of age (Omega-3 for 3 weeks) before mating. Liveweight and backfat gain between 24 weeks of age and mating were recorded. Gilts were then fed an unsupplemented diet during gestation and farrowing rate and first litter size were recorded. In Experiment 2, 356 Large White × Landrace F1 cross gilts were fed ad libitum diets containing either 0, 3 or 10 g fish oil/kg of diet as a partial replacement of tallow from 24 weeks of age and continued after mating at 2.2 kg/day until slaughter at 25 days of gestation. Pregnancy rate, ovulation and embryo survival were recorded. Data were analysed by general linear model ANOVA and Chi-square methods. In Experiment 1, there was no increase in farrowing rate or litter size born in gilts fed the omega-3-supplemented diet for either 3 or 6 weeks before mating compared with Control gilts. In Experiment 2, supplementation with omega-3 PUFA from 24 weeks of age through to mating and continued during early gestation did not increase ovulation rate but there was a trend (P < 0.10) for an increase in embryo survival measured at Day 25 of gestation in gilts fed diets containing fish oil. Embryo survival was higher in gilts fed diets containing 3 g fish oil/kg of diet than in those fed the Control diet (P < 0.05). Increasing the supplementation level to 10 g fish oil/kg did not increase embryo survival further. In both experiments, supplementation of omega-3 as fish oil did not affect the onset of oestrous, gilt removal and weight and backfat gain. In conclusion, supplementation of omega-3 PUFA before mating did not improve farrowing rate or litter size in gilts. It may be necessary to continue feeding diets with low concentrations of fish oil during early gestation to maximise the reproductive response to elevated omega-3 PUFA.
Central amygdala nucleus (Ce) gene expression linked to increased trait-like Ce metabolism and anxious temperament in young primates
Authors: Fox Andrew S. , Oler Jonathan A. , Shelton Steven E. , Nanda Steven A. , Davidson Richard J. , Roseboom Patrick H. , Kalin Ned H.
Published: October 2012

Children with anxious temperament (AT) are particularly sensitive to new social experiences and have increased risk for developing anxiety and depression. The young rhesus monkey is optimal for studying the origin of human AT because it shares with humans the genetic, neural, and phenotypic underpinnings of complex social and emotional functioning. In vivo imaging in young monkeys demonstrated that central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) metabolism is relatively stable across development and predicts AT. Transcriptome-wide gene expression, which reflects combined genetic and environmental influences, was assessed within the Ce. Results support a maladaptive neurodevelopmental hypothesis linking decreased amygdala neuroplasticity to early-life dispositional anxiety. For example, high AT individuals had decreased mRNA expression of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3 (NTRK3). Moreover, variation in CeNTRK3expression was inversely correlated with Ce metabolism and other AT-substrates. These data suggest that altered amygdala neuroplasticity may play a role the early dispositional risk to develop anxiety and depression.
Ecosystem responses in the southern Caribbean Sea to global climate change
Authors: Taylor Gordon T. , Muller-Karger Frank E. , Thunell Robert C. , Scranton Mary I. , Astor Yrene , Varela Ramon , Ghinaglia Luis Troccoli , Lorenzoni Laura , Fanning Kent A. , Hameed Sultan , Doherty Owen
Published: October 2012

Over the last few decades, rising greenhouse gas emissions have promoted poleward expansion of the large-scale atmospheric Hadley circulation that dominates the Tropics, thereby affecting behavior of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Expression of these changes in tropical marine ecosystems is poorly understood because of sparse observational datasets. We link contemporary ecological changes in the southern Caribbean Sea to global climate change indices. Monthly observations from the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series between 1996 and 2010 document significant decadal scale trends, including a net sea surface temperature (SST) rise of ∼1.0 ± 0.14 °C (±SE), intensified stratification, reduced delivery of upwelled nutrients to surface waters, and diminished phytoplankton bloom intensities evident as overall declines in chlorophyll
a
concentrations (ΔChl
a
= −2.8 ± 0.5%⋅y
−1
) and net primary production (ΔNPP = −1.5 ± 0.3%⋅y
−1
). Additionally, phytoplankton taxon dominance shifted from diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophorids to smaller taxa after 2004, whereas mesozooplankton biomass increased and commercial landings of planktivorous sardines collapsed. Collectively, our results reveal an ecological state change in this planktonic system. The weakening trend in Trade Winds (−1.9 ± 0.3%⋅y
−1
) and dependent local variables are largely explained by trends in two climatic indices, namely the northward migration of the Azores High pressure center (descending branch of Hadley cell) by 1.12 ± 0.42°N latitude and the northeasterly progression of the ITCZ Atlantic centroid (ascending branch of Hadley cell), the March position of which shifted by about 800 km between 1996 and 2009.
Recombination is associated with the evolution of genome structure and worker behavior in honey bees
Authors: Kent Clement F. , Minaei Shermineh , Harpur Brock A. , Zayed Amro
Published: October 2012

The rise of insect societies, marked by the formation of reproductive and sterile castes, represents a major unsolved mystery in evolution. Across several independent origins of sociality, the genomes of social hymenopterans share two peculiar attributes: high recombination and low but heterogeneous GC content. For example, the genome of the honey bee,Apis mellifera, represents a mosaic of GC-poor and GC-rich regions with rates of recombination an order of magnitude higher than in humans. However, it is unclear how heterogeneity in GC content arises, and how it relates to the expression and evolution of worker traits. Using population genetic analyses, we demonstrate a bias in the allele frequency and fixation rate of derived C or G mutations in high-recombination regions, consistent with recombination’s causal influence on GC-content evolution via biased gene conversion. We also show that recombination and biased gene conversion actively maintain the heterogeneous GC content of the honey bee genome despite an overall A/T mutation bias. Further, we found that GC-rich genes and intergenic regions have higher levels of genetic diversity and divergence relative to GC-poor regions, also consistent with recombination’s causal influence on the rate of molecular evolution. Finally, we found that genes associated with behavior and those with worker-biased expression are found in GC-rich regions of the bee genome and also experience high rates of molecular evolution. Taken together, these findings suggest that recombination acts to maintain a genetically diverse and dynamic part of the genome where genes underlying worker behavior evolve more quickly.
Provirophages and transpovirons as the diverse mobilome of giant viruses
Authors: Desnues Christelle , La Scola Bernard , Yutin Natalya , Fournous Ghislain , Robert Catherine , Azza Saïd , Jardot Priscilla , Monteil Sonia , Campocasso Angélique , Koonin Eugene V. , Raoult Didier
Published: October 2012

A distinct class of infectious agents, the virophages that infect giant viruses of the
Mimiviridae
family, has been recently described. Here we report the simultaneous discovery of a giant virus of
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
(Lentille virus) that contains an integrated genome of a virophage (Sputnik 2), and a member of a previously unknown class of mobile genetic elements, the transpovirons. The transpovirons are linear DNA elements of ∼7 kb that encompass six to eight protein-coding genes, two of which are homologous to virophage genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the free form of the transpoviron replicates within the giant virus factory and accumulates in high copy numbers inside giant virus particles, Sputnik 2 particles, and amoeba cytoplasm. Analysis of deep-sequencing data showed that the virophage and the transpoviron can integrate in nearly any place in the chromosome of the giant virus host and that, although less frequently, the transpoviron can also be linked to the virophage chromosome. In addition, integrated fragments of transpoviron DNA were detected in several giant virus and Sputnik genomes. Analysis of 19 Mimivirus strains revealed three distinct transpovirons associated with three subgroups of Mimiviruses. The virophage, the transpoviron, and the previously identified self-splicing introns and inteins constitute the complex, interconnected mobilome of the giant viruses and are likely to substantially contribute to interviral gene transfer.