bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodology for Longitudinal Assessment of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Habits in Early Childhood in a Transnational Multicenter Study
Authors: Verwied‐Jorky Sabine , Schiess Sonia , Luque Verónica , Grote Veit , Scaglioni Silvia , Vecchi Fiammetta , Martin Francoise , Stolarczyk Anna , Koletzko Berthold ,   European Childhood Obesity Project
Published: December 2010

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to describe developed methods for repeated longitudinal assessment of feeding habits and nutrient intakes of children in a multicenter trial in different European countries and to assess feasibility.

Patients and Methods:

Nutrient intake and dietary habits of formula‐fed and breast‐fed infants were assessed in 5 European countries (Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain). Prospective age‐adapted 3‐day weighed food records were used from birth to 2 years of age (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months). Standard operating procedures were developed to check each day's food record for quality. Dietitians were trained by using standardized food records. Data entry and nutrient analyses were performed with a dedicated software developed for this project.

Results:

Of 1368 study participants, at least one 3‐day food record was available; of 25,367 1‐day food records, data on quality could be evaluated. Overall, between 81% and 97% (depending on the country) of the food records had been completed with high accuracy. The implementation of solid foods and regular family foods decreased the recording quality significantly during the 2‐year time course (P < 0.001). The standardized training shows coefficients of variation up to a maximum of about 41%, indicating differences in data entry.

Conclusions:

The experiences gathered indicate that collecting dietary and behavioral data in a large number of infants from different cultures is a challenging but feasible task in which permanent supervision and training is vital. However, we conclude that the established methodology is suitable to obtain valuable results on current infant nutrition practice in Europe.
Initial Dietary and Microbiological Environments Deviate in Normal‐weight Compared to Overweight Children at 10 Years of Age
Authors: Luoto Raakel , Kalliomäki Marko , Laitinen Kirsi , Delzenne Nathalie M , Cani Patrice D , Salminen Seppo , Isolauri Erika
Published: December 2010

Objective:

The aim of the study was to characterize early nutritional and microbiological environments (maternal colostrum adiponectin concentration and early gut microbiota composition) in children subsequently becoming normal weight versus overweight.

Patients and Methods:

Fifteen overweight children at 10 years of age were identified from an ongoing prospective nutrition, allergy, mucosal immunology and intestinal microbiota project. Normal‐weight children (n = 15), matched for sex, gestational age and body mass index at birth, mode of delivery, probiotic intervention, and duration of breast‐feeding, were identified from the same cohort as controls. To characterize the early dietary environment we analyzed the adiponectin concentration in the maternal colostrum. With an aim to assess the initial microbiological environment, we analyzed the gut microbiota composition by fluorescent in situ hybridization in these children at the age of 3 months. Additionally, putative early markers of low‐grade inflammation, such as serum‐soluble innate microbial receptor sCD14, were analyzed at the age of 3 months.

Results:

The colostrum adiponectin concentration was significantly higher in mothers whose children were normal weight than in those whose children were overweight at the age of 10 years (P = 0.001). In parallel, the normal‐weight children had significantly higher sCD14 concentrations in the serum (P = 0.049) and tended to have higher bifidobacterial numbers in the gut microbiota (P = 0.087) at the age of 3 months.

Conclusions:

The results of the present study suggest that early dietary and gut microbiological environments have a more complex effect on the metabolic programming of a child than previously anticipated.
Supplementation of Infant Formula With Probiotics and/or Prebiotics: A Systematic Review and Comment by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition
Authors:   ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition:, Braegger Christian , Chmielewska Anna , Decsi Tamas , Kolacek Sanja , Mihatsch Walter , Moreno Luis , Pieścik Małgorzata , Puntis John , Shamir Raanan , Szajewska Hania , Turck Dominique , van Goudoever Johannes
Published: December 2010

Infant formulae are increasingly supplemented with probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics despite uncertainties regarding their efficacy. The present article, developed by the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, systematically reviews published evidence related to the safety and health effects of the administration of formulae supplemented with probiotics and/or prebiotics compared with unsupplemented formulae. Studies in which probiotics/prebiotics were not administered during the manufacturing process, but thereafter, for example in capsules, the contents of which were supplemented to infant formula or feeds, were excluded.

On the basis of this review, available scientific data suggest that the administration of currently evaluated probiotic‐ and/or prebiotic‐supplemented formula to healthy infants does not raise safety concerns with regard to growth and adverse effects. The safety and clinical effects of 1 product should not be extrapolated to other products. At present, there is insufficient data to recommend the routine use of probiotic‐ and/or prebiotic‐supplemented formulae. The Committee considers that the supplementation of formula with probiotics and/or prebiotics is an important field of research. There is a need in this field for well‐designed and carefully conducted randomised controlled trials, with relevant inclusion/exclusion criteria and adequate sample sizes. These studies should use validated clinical outcome measures to assess the effects of probiotic and/or prebiotic supplementation of formulae. Such trials should also define the optimal doses and intake durations, as well as provide more information about the long‐term safety of probiotics and/or prebiotics. Because most of the trials were company funded, independent trials, preferentially financed jointly by national/governmental/European Union bodies and other international organisations, would be desirable.
Cycles, stochasticity and density dependence in pink salmon population dynamics
Authors: Krkošek Martin , Hilborn Ray , Peterman Randall M. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: December 2010

Complex dynamics of animal populations often involve deterministic and stochastic components. A fascinating example is the variation in magnitude of 2-year cycles in abundances of pink salmon (
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
) stocks along the North Pacific rim. Pink salmon have a 2-year anadromous and semelparous life cycle, resulting in odd- and even-year lineages that occupy the same habitats but are reproductively isolated in time. One lineage is often much more abundant than the other in a given river, and there are phase switches in dominance between odd- and even-year lines. In some regions, the weak line is absent and in others both lines are abundant. Our analysis of 33 stocks indicates that these patterns probably result from stochastic perturbations of damped oscillations owing to density-dependent mortality caused by interactions between lineages. Possible mechanisms are cannibalism, disease transmission, food depletion and habitat degradation by which one lineage affects the other, although no mechanism has been well-studied. Our results provide comprehensive empirical estimates of lagged density-dependent mortality in salmon populations and suggest that a combination of stochasticity and density dependence drives cyclical dynamics of pink salmon stocks.
Molecular characterization of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 using the 5′ untranslated region and VP1 region
Authors: Zhou Fei , Kong Fanrong , Wang Bin , McPhie Kenneth , Gilbert Gwendolyn L. , Dwyer Dominic E.
Published: December 2010

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are members of the speciesHuman enterovirusA, and are both major and independent aetiological agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. The human enterovirus (HEV) 5′ untranslated region (UTR) is fundamentally important for efficient virus replication and for virulence, whilst the VP1 region correlates well with antigenic typing by neutralization, and can be used for virus identification and evolutionary studies. A comparison was undertaken of the 5′UTR and VP1 nucleotide sequences of five EV71 clinical isolates and 10 CVA16 clinical isolates from one laboratory with the 5′UTR and VP1 sequences of 104 EV71 strains and 45 CVA16 strains available in GenBank. The genetic relationships were analysed using standard phylogenetic methods. The EV71 phylogenetic analysis showed that the VP1 sequences were clustered into three genogroups, A, B and C, with genogroups B and C further divided into five subgenogroups, B1–B5 and C1–C5, respectively. All EV71 strains were clustered similarly in the 5′UTR and VP1 trees, except for one Taiwanese strain, which demonstrated different clustering in the two trees, suggesting a recombination event in the phylogeny. The CVA16 phylogenetic analysis showed that the VP1 sequences were clustered into two genogroups, A and B, with genogroup B further divided into B1 (B1a and B1b), B2 and a possible B3; and that a similar pattern and grouping of all strains were displayed in the 5′UTR tree. This study demonstrated that comparing the two regions provides evidence of epidemiological linkage of HEV-A strains, and that mutation in the two regions plays a vital role in the evolution of these viruses. The combination of molecular typing and phylogenetic sequence analysis will be beneficial in both individual patient diagnosis and public health measures.
Invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type a in Northern Ontario First Nations communities
Authors: Kelly Len , Tsang Raymond S. W. , Morgan Alanna , Jamieson Frances B. , Ulanova Marina
Published: December 2010

Seven epidemiologically unrelated cases of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type a (Hia) disease were identified in First Nations communities of Northwestern Ontario, Canada, in 2004–2008. In all cases, Hia was isolated from blood. The clinical presentation in most of the cases was moderately severe and all patients responded to antibiotic therapy. Laboratory analysis of Hia isolates from Northwestern Ontario indicated striking similarities in their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The findings are discussed in the context of current epidemiology of invasive Hia disease. Our data along with some published studies by others suggest an increased susceptibility to this infection among North American indigenous populations.
Subunits Rip1p and Cox9p of the respiratory chain contribute to diclofenac-induced mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: van Leeuwen Jolanda S. , Orij Rick , Luttik Marijke A. H. , Smits Gertien J. , Vermeulen Nico P. E. , Vos J. Chris
Published: December 2010

The widely used drug diclofenac can cause serious heart, liver and kidney injury, which may be related to its ability to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiaeas a model system, we studied the mechanisms of diclofenac toxicity and the role of mitochondria therein. We found that diclofenac reduced cell growth and viability and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Strains increasingly relying on respiration for their energy production showed enhanced sensitivity to diclofenac. Furthermore, oxygen consumption was inhibited by diclofenac, suggesting that the drug inhibits respiration. To identify the site of respiratory inhibition, we investigated the effects of deletion of respiratory chain subunits on diclofenac toxicity. Whereas deletion of most subunits had no effect, loss of either Rip1p of complex III or Cox9p of complex IV resulted in enhanced resistance to diclofenac. In these deletion strains, diclofenac did not increase ROS formation as severely as in the wild-type. Our data are consistent with a mechanism of toxicity in which diclofenac inhibits respiration by interfering with Rip1p and Cox9p in the respiratory chain, resulting in ROS production that causes cell death.
The periplasmic chaperone Skp is required for successful Salmonella Typhimurium infection in a murine typhoid model
Authors: Rowley Gary , Skovierova Henrieta , Stevenson Andrew , Rezuchova Bronislava , Homerova Dagmar , Lewis Claire , Sherry Aileen , Kormanec Jan , Roberts Mark
Published: December 2010

The alternative sigma factor σ
E (rpoE) is essential for survival in vivo of Salmonella Typhimurium but is dispensable during growth in the laboratory. We have been identifying σ
E-regulated genes and studying their regulation and function to elucidate their potential role in the severe attenuation of S. Typhimurium rpoE mutants. In this study we identify five promoters that control the rseP, yaeT (bamA), skp region. A confirmed σ
E-dependent promoter, yaeTp1, and a second downstream promoter, yaeTp2, are located within the upstream gene rseP and direct expression of the downstream genes. The only known function of RseP is σ
E activation, and it is therefore not expected to be essential for S. Typhimurium in vitro. However, it proved impossible to delete the entire rseP gene due to the presence of internal promoters that regulate the essential gene yaeT. We could inactivate rseP by deleting the first third of the gene, leaving the yaeT promoters intact. Like the rpoE mutant, the rseP mutant exhibited severe attenuation in vivo. We were able to delete the entire coding sequence of skp, which encodes a periplasmic chaperone involved in targeting misfolded outer-membrane proteins to the β-barrel assembly machinery. The skp mutant was attenuated in mice after oral and parenteral infection. Virulence could be complemented by providing skp in trans but only by linking it to a heterologous σ
E-regulated promoter. The reason the skp mutant is attenuated is currently enigmatic, but we know it is not through increased sensitivity to a variety of RpoE-activating host stresses, such as H2O2, polymyxin B and high temperature, or through altered secretion of effector proteins by either the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 or the SPI-2 type III secretion system.
cAMP receptor protein (CRP) positively regulates the yihU–yshA operon in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi
Authors: Villarreal J. M. , Hernández-Lucas I. , Gil F. , Calderón I. L. , Calva E. , Saavedra C. P.
Published: December 2010

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the aetiological agent of typhoid fever in humans. This bacterium is also able to persist in its host, causing a chronic disease by colonizing the spleen, liver and gallbladder, in the last of which the pathogen forms biofilms in order to survive the bile. Several genetic components, including the yihU–yshA genes, have been suggested to be involved in the survival of Salmonella in the gallbladder. In this work we describe how the yihU–yshA gene cluster forms a transcriptional unit regulated positively by the cAMP receptor global regulator CRP (cAMP receptor protein). The results obtained show that two CRP-binding sites on the regulatory region of the yihU–yshA operon are required to promote transcriptional activation. In this work we also demonstrate that the yihU–yshA transcriptional unit is carbon catabolite-repressed in Salmonella, indicating that it forms part of the CRP regulon in enteric bacteria.
Aminopeptidase N (CD13) as a target for cancer chemotherapy
Authors: Wickström Malin , Larsson Rolf , Nygren Peter , Gullbo Joachim
Published: December 2010

The enzyme aminopeptidase N (APN, also known as CD13) is a Zn2+ dependent membrane‐bound ectopeptidase that degrades preferentially proteins and peptides with a N‐terminal neutral amino acid. Aminopeptidase N has been associated with the growth of different human cancers and suggested as a suitable target for anti‐cancerous therapy. Different approaches have been used to develop new drugs directed to this target, including enzyme inhibitors as well as APN‐targeted carrier constructs. This review discusses the prevalence and possible function of APN in malignant diseases, mainly solid tumors, as well as its “drugability” evaluated in preclinical in vivo models, and also provides a brief overview of current clinical trials focused on APN. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 501–508)
Processes controlling retention of spring‐spawned Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the western Gulf of Maine and their relationship to an index of recruitment success
Authors: CHURCHILL JAMES H. , RUNGE JEFFREY , CHEN CHANGSHENG
Published: December 2010

Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, harvested in US waters are currently managed as a Gulf of Maine stock and as a stock comprising Georges Bank and southern New England populations. Over the past two and a half decades, success of age‐1 recruitment to the Gulf of Maine stock has varied by more than an order of magnitude. To investigate the hypothesis that this variation is related to variation in the transport of larval cod to nursery areas, we carried out model simulations of the movement of planktonic eggs and larvae spawned within the western Gulf of Maine during spring spawning events of 1995–2005. Results indicate that the retention of spring‐spawned cod, and their transport to areas suitable for early stage juvenile development, is strongly dependent on local wind conditions. Larval cod retention is favored during times of downwelling‐favorable winds and is least likely during times of upwelling‐favorable winds, during which buoyant eggs and early stage larvae tend to be advected offshore to the Western Maine Coastal Current and subsequently carried out of the Gulf of Maine. Model results also indicate that diel vertical migration of later stage larvae enhances the likelihood of retention within the western Gulf of Maine. Consistent with model results is a strong correlation between age‐1 recruitment success to the Gulf of Maine cod stock and the mean northward wind velocity measured in Massachusetts Bay during May. Based on these findings, we propose a wind index for strong recruitment success of age‐1 cod to the Gulf of Maine stock.
Evolutionary and comparative analysis of MYB and bHLH plant transcription factors
Authors: Feller Antje , Machemer Katja , Braun Edward L. , Grotewold Erich
Published: December 2010

The expansion of gene families encoding regulatory proteins is typically associated with the increase in complexity characteristic of multi‐cellular organisms. The MYB and basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) families provide excellent examples of how gene duplication and divergence within particular groups of transcription factors are associated with, if not driven by, the morphological and metabolic diversity that characterize the higher plants. These gene families expanded dramatically in higher plants; for example, there are approximately 339 and 162 MYB and bHLH genes, respectively, in Arabidopsis, and approximately 230 and 111, respectively, in rice. In contrast, theChlamydomonasgenome has only 38 MYB genes and eight bHLH genes. In this review, we compare the MYB and bHLH gene families from structural, evolutionary and functional perspectives. The knowledge acquired on the role of many of these factors in Arabidopsis provides an excellent reference to explore sequence–function relationships in crops and other plants. The physical interaction and regulatory synergy between particular sub‐classes of MYB and bHLH factors is perhaps one of the best examples of combinatorial plant gene regulation. However, members of the MYB and bHLH families also interact with a number of other regulatory proteins, forming complexes that either activate or repress the expression of sets of target genes that are increasingly being identified through a diversity of high‐throughput genomic approaches. The next few years are likely to witness an increasing understanding of the extent to which conserved transcription factors participate at similar positions in gene regulatory networks across plant species.
Metformin improves cardiac function in rats via activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Fang , Zhang Jin‐Ying , Li Ling , Zhao Xiao‐Yan , Tao Hai‐Long , Zhang Li
Published: December 2010

1. Metformin is one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Accumulating evidence suggests that metformin also has cardioprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the cardioprotective effects of metformin and the mechanisms involved.

2. A rat model of chronic heart failure was established by permanent left coronary artery occlusion. Heart failure rats were randomly divided into four groups: (i) a saline‐treated group given 4 mL/kg day via intragastric gavage; (ii) a metformin‐treated group, given 100 mg/kg metformin once daily via intragastric gavage; (iii) a group treated with 5 mg/kg 5′‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxyamide‐ribonucleoside (AICAR), an AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist, every second day; and (iv) a group treated with 100 mg/kg per day metformin + 20 mg/kg, i.p., compound C (an AMPK antagonist). After 4 weeks treatment, echocardiography was used to assess left ventricular (LV) dimensions and function. Expression of AMPK, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 was determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis.

3. Metformin administration significantly improved cardiac function and LV remodelling, as evidenced by increases in LV systolic pressure and LV ejection fraction and decreases in LV end‐diastolic diameter and LV end‐systolic diameter. These beneficial effects of metformin were associated with increased AMPK and eNOS phosphorylation, as well as reductions in insulin, TGF‐β1, basic fibroblast growth factor and tumour necrosis factor‐α levels in the circulation and/or myocardium.

4. The results indicate that chronic low‐dose metformin confers significant cardioprotective effects against chronic heart failure by activating the AMPK–eNOS pathway.
Nursing and justice as a basic human need
Authors: Johnstone Megan‐Jane
Published: December 2010

This paper explores the idea that justice is a basic human need akin to those famously depicted in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs and, as such, warrants recognition as a core element in representative ideas about nursing. Early nurse theorists positioned the principles and practice of nursing as having their origins in ‘universal human needs’. The principle of deriving nursing care from human needs was thought to provide a guide not only for promoting health, but for preventing disease and illness. The nursing profession has had a longstanding commitment to social justice as a core professional value and ideal, obligating nurses to address the social conditions that undermine people's health. The idea of justice as a universal human need per se and its possible relationship to people's health outcomes has, however, not been considered. One reason for this is that justice in nursing discourse has more commonly been associated with law and ethics, and the legal and ethical responsibilities of nurses in relation to individualized patient care and, more recently, changing systems of care to improve health and health outcomes. Although this association is not incorrect, it is incomplete. A key aim of this paper is to redress this oversight and to encourage a broader conceptualization of justice as necessary for human survival, health and development, not merely as a professional value, or legal or ethical principle for guiding human conduct.
Naturalistic nursing
Authors: Hussey Trevor
Published: December 2010

Where nurse education aims to provide an overarching intellectual framework, this paper argues that it should be the framework of naturalism. After an exposition of the chief features of naturalism and its relationship to science and morality, the paper describes naturalistic nursing, contrasting it with some other perspectives. There follows a defence of naturalism and naturalistic nursing against several objections, including those concerning spirituality, religion, meaning, morality, and alternative sources of knowledge. The paper ends with some of the advantages of the naturalistic approach.
Bruteau's philosophy of spiritual evolution and consciousness: foundation for a nursing cosmology
Authors: McCarthy M. Patrice
Published: December 2010

The ontological foundation of the modern world view based on irreconcilable dichotomies has held hegemonic status since the dawn of the scientific revolution. The post‐modern critique has exposed the inadequacies of the modern perspective and challenged the potential for any narrative to adequately ground a vision for the future. This paper proposes that the philosophy of Beatrice Bruteau can support a foundation for a visionary world view consistent with nursing's respect for human dignity and societal health. The author discusses the key concepts of Bruteau's perspective on societal evolution based on an integrated study of science, mathematics, religion, and philosophy. This perspective is discussed as a foundation to move beyond the dichotomous influence of the modern world view and the deconstructive critique of the post‐modern perspective. The author suggests spiritual evolution and a participatory consciousness as an ontological foundation for a cosmology congruent with nursing's social mandate.
What do nurses know?
Authors: Luntley Michael
Published: December 2010

This paper defends an epistemic conservatism – propositional knowing‐that suffices for capturing all the fine details of the knowledge of experienced nurses that depends on the complex ways in which they are embedded in shared fields of activity. I argue against the proliferation of different ways of knowing associated with the work of Dreyfus and Benner. I show how propositional knowledge can capture the detail of the phenomenology that motivates the Dreyfus/Benner proliferation.
‘I Like How You Think’: Similarity as an Interaction Bias in the Investor–Entrepreneur Dyad
Authors: Murnieks Charles Y. , Haynie J. Michael , Wiltbank Robert E. , Harting Troy
Published: December 2010

abstract

Investigating the factors that influence venture capital decision‐making has a long tradition in the management and entrepreneurship literatures. However, few studies have considered the factors that might bias an investment decision in a way that is idiosyncratic to a given investor–entrepreneur dyad. We do so in this study. Specifically, we build from the literature on the ‘similarity effect’ to investigate the extent to which decision‐making process similarity (shared between the investor and the entrepreneur) might bias or otherwise impact the investor's evaluation of a new venture investment opportunity. Our findings suggest venture capitalists evaluate more favourably opportunities represented by entrepreneurs who ‘think’ in ways similar to their own. Moreover, in the presence of decision‐making process similarity, the impacts of other factors that inform the investment decision actually change in counter‐intuitive ways.
Corporate Governance and the Environment: What Type of Governance Creates Greener Companies?
Authors: Kock Carl J. , Santaló Juan , Diestre Luis
Published: December 2010

abstract

We build on a stakeholder–agency theoretical perspective to explore the impact of particular corporate governance mechanisms on firm environmental performance. Our empirical evidence shows that several important corporate governance mechanisms such as the board of directors, managerial incentives, the market for corporate control, and the legal and regulatory system determine firms' environmental performance levels. These results suggest that these different governance mechanisms resolve, to some extent, the existing divergence of interests between stakeholders and managers with respect to environmental activities.
Retracted: The Impact of Accumulating and Reactivating Technological Experience on R&D Alliance Performance
Authors: Ernst Holger , Lichtenthaler Ulrich , Vogt Carsten
Published: December 2010

Retraction:The following article from the Journal of Management Studies, The Impact of Accumulating and Reactivating Technological Experience on R&D Alliance Performance by Holger Ernst, Ulrich Lichtenthaler and Carsten Vogt, published online 17 March 2011 on Wiley Online Library (http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal's General Editors, Andrew Corbett, Andrew Delios and Bill Harley and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. The article is retracted due to errors in the reported empirical results, which form part of the basis for the conclusions drawn by the authors in the study. While the second author did not collect the data, he takes the responsibility for these technical errors.
Knowledge Acquisition, Network Reliance, and Early‐Stage Technology Venture Outcomes
Authors: Sullivan Diane M. , Marvel Matthew R.
Published: December 2010

abstract

Knowledge acquisition is central to entrepreneurship when explaining successful venturing. However, little is known about how knowledge acquisition during early venture development affects desirable venture outcomes. This study draws on the knowledge‐based view and social network theory to develop and test a conceptual model of knowledge acquisition using a sample of early‐stage technology entrepreneurs operating in university‐affiliated incubators. We examine how an entrepreneur's acquisition of different types of knowledge and reliance on their network for knowledge relate to outcomes of product/service innovativeness and first‐year venture sales. Results suggest that acquiring technology knowledge positively relates to the innovativeness of products/services developed by entrepreneurs. Moreover, entrepreneurs can enhance this positive relationship by relying more on networks for technology knowledge acquisition.
A NEW INSIGHT INTO THE GENDER GAP IN MATH
Authors: Sohn Kitae
Published: December 2010

In the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Cohort, I find that the gender gap is not uniform across the distribution of math skills and that these quantile‐specific gaps vary with age. Specifically, girls at the top of the distribution initially fall behind boys but manage to catch up later. At the same time, girls in the lower parts of the distribution lose ground. In fifth grade, a gender gap of 0.2 standard deviation, about 2.5 months of schooling, is observed across the entire distribution. Overall, these patterns indicate the possibility that low performing girls become worse and vice versa. These results demonstrate important dynamics of the gap that are relevant for policy, but that the mean gap fails to show.
Moral Mistakes
Authors: Adams Zed
Published: December 2010

Is it possible to show that a moral claim is mistaken without taking a moral stand with regard to it? A striking number of contemporary metaethicists suppose that it is. In this paper, I argue against a prominent line of support for this supposition. My goal is to cast suspicion on a general tendency to think that the epistemic standing of moral claims is something that can be assessed from outside the practices of making and critically evaluating moral judgements. I do this by focusing on a widely accepted criterion of competence with regard to the use of moral concepts, the moral supervenience criterion (MSC). This criterion holds that someone who judges two acts or events to be morally different without thinking that he has to identify some non‐particular non‐moral difference between them simply doesn't understand what it is to make a moral judgement. I focus on a paradigmatic example of the sort of mistake in moral judgement that is supposed to support the MSC and argue that it provides no support whatsoever. I then offer my own alternative explanation of this sort of mistake in moral judgement. I conclude with a discussion of why advocates of the MSC are inclined to suppose that it is possible to assess the epistemic standing of a moral claim without oneself taking a moral stand with regard to it.
Party Platforms and Public Childcare: Structural and Ideational Factors Shaping Policy in Norway and Sweden
Authors: Sorensen Kerstin
Published: December 2010

While the Scandinavian countries are well‐known for their gender‐egalitarian policies, there are important intra‐Scandinavian policy differences. Through a comparative‐historical analysis of Norway and Sweden, this article illustrates how structural factors (economic and political) and ideational factors (gender and religion) interact and combine to produce the particular national policy outcomes in the post‐ Second World War period, using public childcare as a comparative case study. The economic developments pursued by the countries in the postwar period are key to understanding the political party dynamics, the perpetuation (or lack thereof) of religious and centre‐periphery cleavages, as well as the change in the political leadership's gender‐ideological orientations, and the consequences of these factors for the evolution of public childcare policy. Norway has no institutionalised childcare guarantee, private ownership of childcare is high and religion plays a role in the national preschool curriculum. In contrast, Sweden has a binding national childcare guarantee, public ownership remains high and religion plays no role in the preschool curriculum. The policy differences are theoretically interesting as factors commonly hypothesised as important to gender‐egalitarian policy outcome – on their own, or combined – cannot explain these differences. Thus, this article contributes important knowledge about the causal mechanisms behind gender‐egalitarian policy development. The study fills a gap in the comparative welfare state literature by showing how structural and ideational factors are mutually reinforcing.
Support Vector Machines to improve physiologic hot flash measures: Application to the ambulatory setting
Authors: Thurston Rebecca C. , Hernandez Javier , Del Rio Jose M. , De La Torre Fernando
Published: December 2010

Most midlife women have hot flashes. The conventional criterion (≥2 μmho rise/30 s) for classifying hot flashes physiologically has shown poor performance. We improved this performance in the laboratory with Support Vector Machines (SVMs), a pattern classification method. We aimed to compare conventional to SVM methods to classify hot flashes in the ambulatory setting. Thirty‐one women with hot flashes underwent 24 h of ambulatory sternal skin conductance monitoring. Hot flashes were quantified with conventional (≥2 μmho/30 s) and SVM methods. Conventional methods had low sensitivity (sensitivity=.57, specificity=.98, positive predictive value (PPV)=.91, negative predictive value (NPV)=.90, F1=.60), with performance lower with higher body mass index (BMI). SVMs improved this performance (sensitivity=.87, specificity=.97, PPV=.90, NPV=.96, F1=.88) and reduced BMI variation. SVMs can improve ambulatory physiologic hot flash measures.
Guilt and pride are heartfelt, but not equally so
Authors: Fourie Melike M. , Rauch Henri G. L. , Morgan Barak E. , Ellis George F. R. , Jordaan Esmè R. , Thomas Kevin G. F.
Published: December 2010

We examined the cardiovascular physiology of guilt and pride to elucidate physiological substrates underpinning the behavioral motivations of these moral emotions. Although both emotions motivate prosocial behavior, guilt typically inhibits ongoing behavior, whereas pride reinforces current behavior. To succeed in eliciting real emotions, we used a novel social interaction task. We found dissociable sympathetic activation during guilt and pride; specifically, Guilt participants experienced prolonged cardiac sympathetic arousal as measured by preejection period (PEP), whereas Pride participants experienced transient non‐cardiac somatic arousal and a shift to low frequency (LF) power in the cardiac spectrogram. This dissociation supports their distinctive motivational functions. Higher self‐reported Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivity was furthermore uniquely associated with guilt, supporting its function as a punishment cue.
Hospice Use and Outcomes in Nursing Home Residents with Advanced Dementia
Authors: Kiely Dan K. , Givens Jane L. , Shaffer Michele L. , Teno Joan M. , Mitchell Susan L.
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVES:To identify characteristics of nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia and their healthcare proxies (HCPs) associated with hospice referral and to examine the association between hospice use and the treatment of pain and dyspnea and unmet needs during the last 7 days of life.

DESIGN:Prospective cohort study.

SETTING:Twenty‐two Boston‐area NHs.

PARTICIPANTS:Three hundred twenty‐three NH residents with advanced dementia and their HCPs.

MEASUREMENTS:Data were collected at baseline and quarterly for up to 18 months. Hospice referral, frequency of pain and dyspnea, and treatment of these symptoms was ascertained. HCPs reported unmet needs during the last 7 days of the residents' lives for communication, information, emotional support, and help with personal care.

RESULTS:Twenty‐two percent of residents were referred to hospice. After multivariable adjustment, factors associated with hospice referral were nonwhite race, eating problems, HCP's perception that the resident's had less than 6 months to live, and better HCP mental health. Residents in hospice were more likely to receive scheduled opioids for pain (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=3.16; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.57–6.36) and oxygen, morphine, scopolamine, or hyoscyamine for dyspnea (AOR=3.28, 95% CI=1.37–7.86). HCPs of residents in hospice reported fewer unmet needs in all domains during the last 7 days of the residents' life.

CONCLUSION:A minority of NH residents with advanced dementia received hospice care. Hospice recipients were more likely to received scheduled opioids for pain and symptomatic treatment for dyspnea and had fewer unmet needs at the end of life.
Multiplex cytokine profiling in patients with sepsis
Authors: MERA SIMONA , TATULESCU DOINA , CISMARU CRISTINA , BONDOR COSMINA , SLAVCOVICI ADRIANA , ZANC VIRGINIA , CARSTINA DUMITRU , OLTEAN MIHAI
Published: December 2010

Mera S, Tatulescu D, Cismaru C, Bondor C, Slavcovici A, Zanc V, Carstina D, Oltean M. Multiplex cytokine profiling in patients with sepsis. APMIS 2010; 119: 155–63.

A major goal for the clinical research in sepsis is mapping the various mediators driving the systemic manifestations of infection. Identifying relevant mediators responsible for the physiological alterations during sepsis may offer diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. We aimed to explore the novel approach of simultaneously measuring several biomolecules using the multiplex technique and to study its relevance in diagnosing and monitoring septic patients. In 30 patients fulfilling American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine sepsis criteria, we simultaneously measured 17 cytokines during the first 7 days after admission. We analysed the results with respect to the presence of septic shock and survival. Five patients died during the study. We found a significant positive correlation between the monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1β and interleukin (IL)‐8 levels in the first 3 days and Sepsis‐related Organ Failure Assessment score on day 1. Most cytokines showed no significant difference between patients with mild or severe sepsis. The initial levels of MIP‐1β and granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor were lower in patients with septic shock than in patients without shock. IL‐8 and MCP‐1 early after admission were higher in the non‐survivors (p < 0.05). In the multivariate logistical regression, the initial levels of IL‐8 were the most predictive for fatal outcome. Moreover, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐12, interferon‐γ, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and tumour necrosis factor‐α exhibited persistent increases in non‐survivors. The simultaneous evaluation of multiple cytokines in sepsis may identify complex cytokine patterns that reflect the systemic response associated with shock and mortality.
Maxillary sinus vascular anatomy and its relation to sinus lift surgery
Authors: Rosano Gabriele , Taschieri Silvio , Gaudy Jean‐François , Weinstein Tommaso , Del Fabbro Massimo
Published: December 2010

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence, location, size and course of the anastomosis between the dental branch of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA), known as alveolar antral artery (AAA), and the infraorbital artery (IOA).

Material and methods: The first part of the study was performed on 30 maxillary sinuses deriving from 15 human cadaver heads. In order to visualize such anastomosis, the vascular network afferent to the sinus was injected with liquid latex mixed with green India ink through the external carotid artery. The second part of the study consisted of 100 CT scans from patients scheduled for sinus lift surgery.

Results: An anastomosis between the AAA and the IOA was found by dissection in the context of the sinus anterolateral wall in 100% of cases, while a well‐defined bony canal was detected radiographically in 94 out of 200 sinuses (47% of cases).

The mean vertical distance from the lowest point of this bony canal to the alveolar crest was 11.25±2.99 mm (SD) in maxillae examined by CT. The canal diameter was <1 mm in 55.3% of cases, 1–2 mm in 40.4% of cases and 2–3 mm in 4.3% of cases.

In 100% of cases, the AAA was found to be partially intra‐osseous, that is between the Schneiderian membrane and the lateral bony wall of the sinus, in the area selected for sinus antrostomy.

Conclusions: A sound knowledge of the maxillary sinus vascular anatomy and its careful analysis by CT scan is essential to prevent complications during surgical interventions involving this region.

To cite this article:
 Rosano G, Taschieri S, Gaudy J‐F, Weinstein T, Del Fabbro M. Maxillary sinus vascular anatomy and its relation to sinus lift surgery. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 711–715 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02045.x
Effects of magnesium intake deficiency on bone metabolism and bone tissue around osseointegrated implants
Authors: Belluci Marina Montosa , Giro Gabriela , del Barrio Ricardo Andrés Landazuri , Pereira Rosa Maria Rodrigues , Marcantonio Elcio , Orrico Silvana Regina Perez
Published: December 2010

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of magnesium dietary deficiency on bone metabolism and bone tissue around implants with established osseointegration.

Materials and methods: For this, 30 rats received an implant in the right tibial metaphysis. After 60 days for healing of the implants, the animals were divided into groups according to the diet received. Control group (CTL) received a standard diet with adequate magnesium content, while test group (Mg) received the same diet except for a 90% reduction of magnesium. The animals were sacrificed after 90 days for evaluation of calcium, magnesium, osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum levels and the deoxypyridinoline (DPD) level in the urine. The effect of magnesium deficiency on skeletal bone tissue was evaluated by densitometry of the lumbar vertebrae, while the effect of bone tissue around titanium implants was evaluated by radiographic measurement of cortical bone thickness and bone density. The effect on biomechanical characteristics was verified by implant removal torque testing.

Results: Magnesium dietary deficiency resulted in a decrease of the magnesium serum level and an increase of PTH and DPD levels (P≤0.05). The Mg group also presented a loss of systemic bone mass, decreased cortical bone thickness and lower values of removal torque of the implants (P≤0.01).

Conclusions: The present study concluded that magnesium‐deficient diet had a negative influence on bone metabolism as well as on the bone tissue around the implants.

To cite this article:
 Belluci MM, Giro G, del Barrio RAL, Pereira RMR, Marcantonio E Jr, Orrico SRP. Effects of magnesium intake deficiency on bone metabolism and bone tissue around osseointegrated implants.  Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 716–721 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02046.x
Modulation of Lipid‐Induced ER Stress by Fatty Acid Shape
Authors: Deguil Julie , Pineau Ludovic , Rowland Snyder Ellen Claire , Dupont Sébastien , Beney Laurent , Gil Adrià , Frapper Gilles , Ferreira Thierry
Published: December 2010

Exposure of pancreatic β cells to long‐chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) induces a so‐called endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that can ultimately lead to cell death. This process is believed to participate in insulin deficiency associated with type 2 diabetes, via a decrease in β‐cell mass. By contrast, some unsaturated fatty acid species appear less toxic to the cells and can even alleviate SFA‐induced ER stress. In the present study, we took advantage of a simple yeast‐based model, which brings together most of the trademarks of lipotoxicity in human cells, to screen fatty acids of various structures for their capacity to counter ER stress. Here we demonstrate that the tendency of a free fatty acid (FFA) to reduce SFA toxicity depends on a complex conjunction of parameters, including chain length, level of unsaturation, position of the double bonds and nature of the isomers (cis or trans). Interestingly, potent FFA act as building blocks for phospholipid synthesis and help to restore an optimal membrane organization, compatible with ER function and normal protein trafficking.
Association of Lubricant Use with Women’s Sexual Pleasure, Sexual Satisfaction, and Genital Symptoms: A Prospective Daily Diary Study
Authors: Herbenick Debra , Reece Michael , Hensel Devon , Sanders Stephanie , Jozkowski Kristen , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: December 2010

Introduction

Although lubricant use is commonly recommended to women for solo and partnered sexual activities, little is known about women’s use of lubricant or their relationship to sexual pleasure and satisfaction.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess: (i) how adult women used lubricant during partnered and solo sexual activities; (ii) relations between women’s reports of sexual pleasure and satisfaction and their use of a lubricant during a particular sexual event; and (iii) to what extent lubricant use was associated with subsequent genital symptoms.

Methods

A total of 2,453 women completed a 5-week internet-based, double-blind prospective daily diary study in which they were assigned to use one of six water- or silicone-based lubricants.

Main Outcome Measures

Baseline data included demographics, contraceptive use, and sexual behavior during the 4 weeks prior to study enrollment. Daily diary data included reports of penile–vaginal sex, penile–anal sex, solo sex, lubricant use, lubricant application, ratings of sexual pleasure and satisfaction, and genital symptoms.

Results

Water-based lubricants were associated with fewer genital symptoms compared with silicone-based lubricants. In addition, the use of a water-based or silicone-based lubricant was associated with higher ratings of sexual pleasure and satisfaction for solo sex and penile–vaginal sex. Water-based lubricant use was associated with higher ratings of sexual pleasure and satisfaction for penile–anal sex as compared with no lubricant use.

Conclusion

The water- and silicone-based lubricants used in this study were associated with significantly higher reports of sexual pleasure and satisfaction and rarely associated with genital symptoms.