bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INHIBITION OF ERYTHROPOIESIS BY PLASMA FROM NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: SKJÆLAAEN PEER , HALVORSEN SVERRE
Published: January 2008

The marked and rapid decrease of erythropoie‐sis in the normal newborn infants may be due to disappearance of erythropoietin alone, but an inhibitory mechanism may also be involved. Several authors have previously reported the presence of erythropoiesis‐inhibiting factors in plasma from high altitude natives brought to sea level and in plasma from hypertransfused animals. The present studies of 59Fe incorporation in RBC of polycythemic mice injected with plasma from normal and hyperbilirubinemic newborn infants, show that erythropoietic in‐hibitor(s) is present in the plasma of infants at least from the fourth day of life. This inhibition was not due to the bilirubin content. A possible influence of estrogen was discussed and found to be unlikely. The relation to chalones, the tissue specific inhibitors of mitosis, is discussed.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF DUODENAL JUICE IN RICKETS DUE TO VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
Authors: ÖZSOYLU SIRNASI̊ , TURHAN ÖRGE
Published: January 2008

Duodenal juice alkaline phosphatase activity of 17 children with rickets was assayed and not found to be different from the control values. Malnutrition did not seem to affect this activity.
THE CUTIS VERTICIS GYRATA AND MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROME IN A 4‐YEAR‐OLD BOY
Authors: PALO J. , IIVANAINEN M.
Published: January 2008

A 4‐year‐old profoundly mentally retarded boy with cutis verticis gyrata is described. He had four folds on the left parietal region, small asymmetric head, micrognathia, short neck, marmorated skin, thoracic scoliosis, spastic tetraplegia and epilepsy. Encephalography revealed marked asymmetric macroventriculy with hypoplastic brain stem and cerebellum. Thorn's test and corticotrophin stimulation test gave normal responses. The boy is the youngest patient with the cutis verticis gyrata and mental retardation syndrome described in the literature. The numerous malformations of the patient strongly support the theory of prenatal origin of the cutis verticis gyrata and mental retardation syndrome.
A CONTROLLED TRIAL ON THERAPY FOR NEWBORNS WEIGHING 750‐1 250 g
Authors: BUCCI G. , MENDICINI M. , SCALAMANDRÈ A. , ANNIBALDI L. , SAVIGNONI P. G. , NODARI S.
Published: January 2008

A controlled therapeutic trial was performed in newborns with birthweight of 750‐1 250 g. 40 infants (the “treatment” group) received an i.v. infusion with glucose and NaHCO, from the 1st to the 4th‐7th day of life, and increasing amount of human milk from the 2nd day of life. They also received in the newborn period 3 antibiotics (penicillin, methicillin, and colistin), gamma globulin, and fresh human plasma. 40 infants (the “control” group) received only oral feeding with 10% glucose and human milk, starting in the 2nd day of life, and i.m. kanamycin.

As compared to controls, in treated infants acidemia decreased more rapidly in the first two days of birth, but hypercarbia developed after the 3rd day.

Blood electrolytes and ECG studies were performed in part of the infants in the 2nd day of life. Markedly increased serum K and and BUN levels were observed in controls, and significantly lower values in treated infants. Severe ECG abnormalities were associated with hyperkalemia in controls, and were never observed in treated infants. Serum Ca levels were low and similar in the two groups. Hyperbilirubinemia occurred more frequently controls, and exchange‐transfusion was performed only in this group of infants.

Since many metabolic abnormalities commonly occurring in fasting newborns with very low weight are potentially dangerous to the central nervous system, the conclusive evaluation of the i.v. infusion with glucose and NaHC03 must await long‐term follow‐up studies in survivors. While waiting for this evidence, it is suggested that this therapy should be given routinely to newborns with very low weight. The present observations also suggest that, if a reasonably fast oral feeding schedule is provided, in most circumstances the infusion therapy should not be continued after the 3rd day of birth.
CHRONIC HYPOMAGNESEMIA WITH MAGNESIUM‐DEPENDENT HYPOCALCEMIA
Authors: NORDIO S. , DONATH A. , MACAGNO F. , GATTI R.
Published: January 2008

Description of a case of “chronic hypomag‐nesemia” with secondary hypocalcemia, tetany and convulsions followed for a period of 3 years, from the age of 7 month. Primary malabsorption of magnesium has been demonstrated. Mitochondria of intestinal mucosa cells were found to be swollen. Mg‐con‐centration was increased in sweat.
PIMARICIN (NATAMYCIN) IN THE TREATMENT OF SUPERFICIAL FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN
Authors: LASKOWNICKA Z. , PASYK K. , POREBSKA A. , ZEMBUROWA K.
Published: January 2008

Sixty‐nine children suffering from superficial fungal infections were treated with four pimari‐cin preparations: pimafucin vaginal tablets, pimafucin 1 % suspension, pimafucin, and pimafucort ointments. Complete cure was achieved in fifty‐three children (76.8%), improvement in twelve (17.3%). In four (5.7%) children with serious basic diseases (leukaemia, diabetes) the treatment was unsuccessful. No signs of intolerance were observed.
HEMISPHERECTOMY IN EARLY HEMIPLEGIA AND INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY
Authors: TÖRMÄ T. , DONNER MÄRTA
Published: January 2008

Six children and young persons are described in whom hemispherectomy was performed because of intractable epilepsy and, in 5, severe behaviour disturbance. All of them had spastic hemiplegia and progressive impairment of the intellectual function before the operation. The follow‐up period was 3 to 8 years. In two cases the results were satisfactory, in 3 cases only partly so. Two of these had severe complications, one immediately after the operation and one some months later; the complications probably impaired the results. One boy did not benefit from the operation.
CARBIMAZOLE TREATMENT IN EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: OLIN P. , EKHOLM R.
Published: January 2008

This paper presents ultrastructural and biochemical studies on the thyroid glands from two twin‐fetuses of a CR of 105 and 120 mm, whose thyrotoxic mother was treated for 14 days with carbimazole. The light and electron microscopic appearance of the fetal thyroids corresponded to that normally seen at this stage of development. No morphological signs of excessive TSH‐stimulation were detected. The fetal thyroid glands incorporated radioiodine and labelled leucine into thyroglobulin in vitro. These normal findings during thyrostatic treatment of the mother are discussed and related to the efficiency of the fetal pituitary‐thyroid feed‐back system and to the passage of thyrostatic agents through the placenta.
SHORT TERM DIFFERENCES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT IN NURSERY HOMES AND IN PRIVATE FAMILIES
Authors: HANSEN A. BJERRING
Published: January 2008

The investigation was done to determine the degree to which infant homes designed to be modern and humanized are successful in rearing infants when compared to private families. Twenty‐two nursery children and twenty‐two family children were given the Hetzer‐Bühler developmental tests at ages 6 and 8 months. The two samples were controlled for health, age, sex, and social background.

Characterization of the social environment was made on the basis of participant observation, home visits, and informal interviews, A remarkable similarity was found in the living environment for all the babies. There were only two marked differences between the life situation in the nurseries as compared to the private families. The emotional bonds between infant and parental figure appeared less intense, and there was a lack of continuity of the relationship.

At 6 months the probability was greater than 0.5 that the two groups belonged to the same population. The nursery group showed a considerable relative retardation in the 2 months thereafter. It is suggested that the 6 first months of an infant's stay in a nursery be sufficient for arrangement of adoption or sufficient improvement in parent(s) life situation for them to take care of the child.
THE INCIDENCE AND GENETICS OF METACHROMATIC LEUCODYSTROPHY IN NORTHERN SWEDEN
Authors: GUSTAVSON K.‐H. , HAGBERG BENGT
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and genetics of metachromatic leuco‐dystrophy (MLD). A series of 13 cases of late infantile MLD and 2 cases of juvenile MLD was collected from the northern part of Sweden and studied together with their relatives. The series was considered to be adequately representative of the true occurrence of MLD during the period 1955–1965. The incidence rate for late infantile MLD was estimated to be about 1 per 40 000. The MLD patients were highly concentrated to the south‐west part of Norrland. From the family analysis it was concluded that late infantile MLD is most probably transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene.
PLASMA CALCIUM FRACTIONS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS FROM BIRTH TO ADULT AGES
Authors: BERGMAN LARS , ISAKSSON BJÖRN
Published: January 2008

A simple and rapid method to determine ultra‐filtrable calcium in plasma is described in detail. Total calcium, ultrafiltrable calcium (Cauf), and protein‐bound calcium in plasma are reported for 202 normal children (range 0–16 years of age) divided into 12 age groups, as well as for 93 healthy male blood donors. There was a decrease in plasma calcium and ultrafiltrable calcium after 1–21 hours of life. The minimum value was reached at 24–48 hours of life. An increase was then seen during the first week of life. Later in childhood total calcium and Cauf decreased continuously and significantly with age, and with the most marked rate during the first two‐three years.

The ultrafiltrable calcium fraction was found to be responsible for the changes in total plasma calcium. In 24–48 hours of life and 5–7 days of life protein‐bound calcium was significantly lower as well. There were no significant differences between males and females in childhood.
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS IN NONACUTE RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN
Authors: BERG U.
Published: January 2008

The clinical value of various renal function tests in recurrent urinary tract infections in children has been examined. The study also includes an evaluation of glomerular capacity versus tubular capacity in recurrent urinary tract infections. There was no good correlation between blood urea nitrogen concentration and serum creatinine concentration within the normal limits for these two parameters. When blood urea nitrogen concentration and/or serum creatinine concentration were elevated, a highly significant correlation between the two parameters was found. When relating blood urea nitrogen concentration to the clearance of inulin an elevation of blood urea nitrogen concentration was not found until the filtration rate was below 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 b.s. The tubular functions were examined by studies of (a) the concentrating capacity, (b) the diluting capacity, (c) sodium reabsorption and id) renal acid‐base regulation. The concentrating capacity was determined by two screening tests, maximal urine osmolality after 19 hours of fluid and food deprivation with or without injection of pitressin tannate, and by free water reabsorption. The administration of exogenous pitressin had no significant effect on maximal urine osmolality. There was a highly significant correlation between free water reabsorption and maximal urine osmolality. A highly significant correlation was also found between free water reabsorption and glomerular filtration rate. Diluting capacity was evaluated by determining minimum urine osmolality and free water clearance. A highly significant correlation between minimum urine osmolality and free water clearance was obtained. There was a good correlation between free water clearance and glomerular filtration rate. When sodium reabsorption is depressed below normal, urine sodium concentration during hydropenia is abnormally low. A normal standard bicarbonate level does not exclude a defect in renal acidifying mechanisms. A defect renal acidifying capacity could be found even in patients with normal filtration rates indicating that renal acidifying capacity might be the first sign of renal damage in children with recurrent urinary tract infections.
CONTROL OF SODIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN CHILDREN WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AND REDUCED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATES
Authors: APERIA A. , BERG U. , BROBERGER O.
Published: January 2008

Basal sodium excretion and rapid response to oral and intravenous sodium loads have been studied in children with recurrent urinary tract infections and a wide range of glomerular filtration rates. Basal sodium excretion related to body surface was remarkably stable in all children studied and thus independent of glomerular filtration rate. The rapid response to an oral or an intravenous sodium load was reduced in patients with low filtration rates. The urinary sodium excretion rate following oral sodium load was correlated to the glomerular filtration rate with high statistical significance. In patients with high filtration rates saline infusion resulted in a rather prompt inhibition of tubular sodium reabsorption with consequent increase in urinary sodium excretion. In patients with low filtration rates inhibition of tubular sodium reabsorption following intravenous saline load was much less pronounced. During the transition from hydropenia to water diuresis without extra sodium supply both the patients with low and with high filtration rates increased the absolute as well as the fractional sodium excretion concomitantly with an increase in the filtered load of sodium. The results are compatible with, but do not prove the existence of an additional natriuretic factor that keeps the basal sodium excretion constant in the diseased kidney.
INCIDENCE OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS IN TERM, PRETERM AND SMALL‐FOR‐GESTATIONAL AGE INFANTS IN RELATION TO DIETARY PROTEIN INTAKE
Authors: SVENNINGSEN N. W. , LINDQUIST B.
Published: January 2008

In this investigation comprising 516 neonates the frequency of metabolic acidosis from day 5 to day 21 of postnatal life is reported. 334 term and 131 preterm appropriate‐for‐gestational age (AGA) infants and 51 small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) infants were studied. The incidence of metabolic acidosis occurring after the 5th day of postnatal life was in each group of infants 4.79%, 20.61% and 11.76% respectively.

Furthermore, the infants were divided into three groups according to the amount of protein and solute content of the formula consumed. An increasing incidence of metabolic acidosis with increasing dietary protein intake was observed, especially among preterm infants. In the group of small‐for‐gestational age infants a similar increase with a higher protein and solute content of the formula was registered. However, this augmented incidence was related to the gestational age, rather than to birth weight.
VISION SCREENING OF FOUR‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Authors: KÖHLER LENNART , STIGMAR GÖRAN
Published: January 2008

Included in a general health control of an un‐selected population of 2 447 four‐year‐old children, a vision screening was performed, using a visual acuity test (Marquez‐Bostrom's hooks), cover test and Wirt Fly Stereo test. The screening could be carried out in 98% of the children. 364 children (15.2%) were referred because of newly detected visual defects, and 358 children (15.0%) were professionally examined. Of these, 40.8% had a visual acuity of ≤0.6 and 5.9% of ≤0.1. Functional amblyopia was found in 12.3% and manifest strabismus in 10.3%, The main error of refraction was hyperopia (≥ 2.5 D), diagnosed in 28.5%, while myopia was infrequent, 3.9%.

The children examined by the ophthalmologist were also classified into four groups, according to their need of professional care, where group 0 means overreferral and groups 2–3 represent “significant eye disorders”, in need of ophthalmological treatment and/or observation. Overreferral was found in 16.5% and significant eye disorders in 43%. With the visual acuity test, 97% of the children with eye disorders were detected. Retesting children, who failed the tests, reduced the over‐referral from 39.5% to 12.5% (p<0.001). By lowering the passing standards of the visual acuity test, still fewer children would have been overreferred, but, at the same time, 1/5 of children needing treatment would then have remained undiscovered.

Including children already under professional care, the prevalence of strabismus in this unselected material of 4‐year‐old children was just below 4%, and the need for corrective glasses around 8%.

Children reported to have family eye disorders, partus complications or present eye complaints were in the risk zone for suffering significant eye disorders, but this information from the parents was not sufficiently selective to be of practical value as a screening method.

A small control group of 73 children and a follow‐up of 479 children at school 3 years later, revealed that no children with functional amblyopia were missed at the screening test.
SAPHENOUS VEIN AUTOGRAFT ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA FOR EXTENDED HEMODIALYSIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: D'APUZZO V. G. , GRUSHKIN C. M. , BRENNAN L. P. , STILES Q. R. , FINE R. N.
Published: January 2008

Twenty‐two saphenous vein autograft arterio‐venous (A‐V) fistulas were constructed in 21 patients aged 6 9/12 to 20 8/12 years. Clotting resulted in fistula failure in 4 instances, 16 fistulas have been utilized for repetitive hemo‐dialysis for 1 to 11 months, 2 fistulas have functioned for 4 1/2 to 15 1/2 months but have not as yet been utilized for dialysis, and 1 patient died suddenly shortly after the fistula was created. The advantages of the internal fistula for pediatric patients was the absence of infection, rarity of clotting episodes and freedom of arm movement. Despite the lack of complications and the advantages of the subcutaneous A‐V fistula in comparison with the external cannula, general acceptance was not uniform in the younger children because of the requirement for repeated venipunctures.
GENTAMICIN IN THE TREATMENT OF PURULENT MENINGITIS IN NEONATES AND INFANTS
Authors: ZOUMBOULAKIS D. , ANAGNOSTAKIS D. , ARSENI A. , NICOLOPOULOS D. , MATSANIOTIS N.
Published: January 2008

Twenty‐one infants with purulent meningitis, who failed to improve after a 5–6 days parenteral administration of ampicillin, alone or in combination with kanamycin in appropriate doses, were subsequently treated with gentamicin. Two infants died and one developed hydro‐cephaly, but the remaining 18 recovered and the cure seems complete and permanent. Although gentamicin is an ototoxic drug, it might be used for therapy, in some cases of purulent meningitis in infancy when the other less toxic antimicrobial agents are not effective.
PERINATAL MORTALITY IN ICELAND
Authors: BIERING GUNNAR
Published: January 2008

Data concerning perinatal mortality in Iceland in 1970 are presented.

The total number of newborn infants was 4 018. Perinatal mortality was 18.3/1 000.

Information concerning perinatal mortality in Reykjavik 1961–1970 is also presented and comparisons made between Reykjavik and the country at large.
TREATMENT OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS IN CHILDREN WITH DDAVP, A SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE OF VASOPRESSIN
Authors: ARONSON A. S. , ANDERSON K.‐E. , BERGSTRAND C. G. , MULDER J. L.
Published: January 2008

The effects of a new, synthetic analogue of vasopressin, DDAVP (l‐deamino‐8‐d‐arginine vasopressin), was investigated in 10 children with diabetes insipidus due to deficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone. The lack of pressor activity, and the specific and long‐lasting antidiuretic effect of this preparation was confirmed. During an observation period of 8–19 months it was found that intranasal administration of 1.25‐10 μg of DDAVP twice daily was sufficient to normalize drinking and urine production in all the patients. No side effects were observed. It is concluded that DDAVP is a valuable alternative in the treatment of vasopressin sensitive diabetes insipidus in children, and that it is well suited for long‐term use.
EXCRETION OF BILE ACIDS IN ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FOETALIS
Authors: NORMAN ARNE , STRANDVIK BIRGITTA
Published: January 2008

The excretion pattern of intramuscularly injected cholic acid‐24–14C was studied for 4 days after the injection in 10 cases of erythro‐blastosis (EB). Seven patients with EB and raised serum conjugated bilirubin excreted 3643% of the injected isotope in the urine, whereas the amounts of isotope in the faeces varied greatly. In 3 cases without raised serum conjugated bilirubin less isotope was recovered in the urine and always more than 10% of injected isotope was recovered in the faeces. Cholic acid‐24–14C was excreted essentially unchanged in all cases but in conjugated form.

In all cases of EB the urine was found to contain bile acids, chiefly cholic acid. The infants with EB associated with cholestasis excreted 4.8–132.3 μmol of these acids per day; the corresponding values in the absence of cholestasis being 0.4–0.9 μmol per day. In the infants with physiological jaundice the excretion ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.7 μmol per day; the correspondign values in the 2 patients with hyperbilirubinaemia were about 0.2 μmol per day.

The infants with EB associataed with cholestasis were found to excrete as large amounts of bile acids in the urine as the infants with intrahepatic cholestasis. These findings strongly suggest that increased serum conjugated bilirubin, irrespective of the patho‐genesis of the liver damage, is associated with an impaired bile acid excretion to the intestine. EB without increased serum conjugated bilirubin did not seem to alter the bile acid metabolism, since the urinary excretion of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in these cases was practically the same as in jaundiced newborn infants.
VECTORCARDIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS IN DEXTROCARDIAC CHILDREN
Authors: ZÁBORSKY B. , PAAVILAINEN T. O. A.
Published: January 2008

Fifteen cases with several forms of dextro‐cardia were examined by vectorcardiography according to the Frank system. In cases of isolated dextrocardia with concordant viscero‐atrial and atrioventricular situs, without transposition, heart disease or with small left to right shunt, the results corresponded to the ECG. The VCG differed only slightly from the mirror image of inscriptions with inverted electrode placement. In situs inversus totalis with mirror image dextrocardia and in transposition complexes, the usual VCG records were more distorted and did not correspond to the ECGs. Further investigations are necessary with the inverted electrode placement. The spatial half area QRS‐T angle appeared to be useful in estimating ventricular hypertrophy and was not influenced by the position of the heart.
DECREASING INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT DIPLEGIA—AN ACHIEVEMENT OF MODERN NEONATAL CARE?
Authors: HAGBERG B. , OLOW I. , HAGBERG G.
Published: January 2008

The clinical syndromes of 429 cerebral palsied children born in 1959–68 and constituting a representative and unselected Swedish series were analysed with respect to the changing panorama of the various syndromes. The main preliminary finding was a significantly decreased total incidence due to a likewise significantly lowered number of diplegic babies with a birth weight less than 2 500 g.
TRANSVERSE MYELITIS FOLLOWING MUMPS
Authors: BENADY SAM , ZVI AMOS BEN , SZABO GERSHON
Published: January 2008

An example of transverse myelitis complicating seriologically proven mumps in a 3‐year‐old boy is described. This patient is the youngest as yet reported with the condition.
NEONATAL HYPOGLYCAEMIA DUE TO AN ISLET‐CELL ADENOMA
Authors: BÆRENTSEN HANNE
Published: January 2008

A full‐term newborn showed signs of hypogly‐caemia which was very resistant to treatment. At the age of 4 months the child underwent an explorative laparotomy. An adenoma was found in the pancreas and was enucleated. The insulin content of the adenoma was extremely high. No postoperative complications occurred and the child has since developed quite normally.
BILE ACID EXCRETION AFTER DISAPPEARANCE OF JAUNDICE IN INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS OF INFANCY
Authors: NORMAN ARNE , STRANDVIK BIRGITTA
Published: January 2008

In twelve cases of intrahepatic cholestasis of infancy the patients were re‐examined 1–58 weeks after disappearance of jaundice. All infants were clinically healthy, but 4 infants showed raised serum transaminase.

Cholic acid‐24–14C was injected intramuscularly and the isotope excretion in the urine and faeces was investigated for 4 days after the injection. Most of the isotope was excreted in the faeces. In 5 of the 12 infants the urine contained 9–26% of the administered isotope whereas the other infants excreted less than 5%. No unconjugated labelled cholic acid was excreted. After solvolysis and hydrolysis the major labelled compound was identified as cholic acid. In 7 healthy infants used as controls no cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were deteted in the urine. All the 12 patients excreted cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in the urine at the time of the re‐examination, the total daily urinary excretion ranging from 0.6 to 3.7 μmol. These results indicated that the bile acid excretion was still impaired after regression of jaundice in the infants who had had intrahepatic cholestasis.
URINARY PHENYLALANINE EXCRETION IN HYPERPHENYL‐ALANINEMIC CHILDREN
Authors: GUTTLER F. , ROSLEFF F.
Published: January 2008

24‐hour phenylalanine loading tests were done in 5 children with persistent hyperphenyl‐alaninemia off diet. The urinary excretion of phenylalanine were compared to the excretion after loading of phenylketonuric children on diet.

Serum phenylalanine of children with persistent hyperphenylalaninemia returned to preloading levels (285 μmol/l) within 24 hours. These children, however, excreted phenylalanine during phenylalanine loading in lesser quantities than patients with phenylketonuria on diet. Serum phenylalanine of phenylketonuric children on diet attained preloading levels (300 μmol/l) approximately 14 days after loading. Thus, the present data do not support the hypothesis that hyperphenylalaninemic patients are phenylketonurics protected by increased urinary excretion of phenylalanine.
PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD I. Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
Authors: ANDERSEN ELLEN DAMGÅRRD , JACOBSEN J. RAMSØSE , SANDØSE E. , VIDEBÆK J. , WENNEVOLD A.
Published: January 2008

A 1 to 30 year follow‐up study of 54 infants and children with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is presented. In 28 cases the first attack occurred in infancy, and in 18 of these already in the first months of life. Nine patients had organic heart disease. The WPW syndrome was diagnosed in 30 cases. When first seen, most of the infants presented signs of incipient or manifest congestive heart failure, which was very unusual in the children, most of whom had only minor symptoms. Four children had experienced brief syncopes during attacks. Digitalis was effective against congestive heart failure and, when continued, may have prevented failure during subsequent attacks. Whether digitalis and other anti‐arrhythmic agents facilitated conversion to sinus rhythm could not be established in this study. Vagal stimulation was only rarely effective. Preventive treatment with digitalis or other antiarrhythmic drugs seemed to have little if any effect on the frequency of recurrent attacks. Out of 23 infants who were followed for at least 5 years, 17 had been free from attacks during the last 3 years and 13 of these had had their last attack before the age of 6 months. Out of 23 children followed for 5 years or more, only 3 had been free from recurrences during the last 3 years. Patients with the WPW‐syndrome had a somewhat higher incidence of recurrent attacks.
QUINIDINE TOXICITY IN A NORMAL HEART
Authors: RIVERS R. P. A. , BOYD R. D. H.
Published: January 2008

ECG changes are documented in a child who survived ingestion of an unknown quantity of quinidine sulphate. Atrial tachycardia developed with intermittent 2: 1 A.V. response, and recurrent attacks of probable ventricular tachycardia occurred. A plan for the management of acute quinidine poisoning is suggested.
PULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS IN CHILDREN A Review with Special Reference to the Disperse Telangiectatic Type, Illustrated by Report of a Case
Authors: UTZON FINN , BRANDRUP FLEMMING
Published: January 2008

Arteriovenous pulmonary fistulas present in infancy in more than half the number of cases. A distinction is drawn between isolated and multiple fistulas, and as a special category of the latter, the disperse telangiectatic type, is described.

A review of the literature reveals 17 cases of this type. The present case extends this series—a girl dying at the age of 6 months, in whom the diagnosis of disperse telangiectatic arteriovenous pulmonary fistulas was regarded as probable on the basis of the investigations made. The diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy, which included bronchovascular injection of contrast during fluoroscopy.

The relationship to the dominant hereditary

Disease telangiectasia hereditaria (Rendu‐Osler disease) is discussed. It is emphasized that this relationship appears particularly clear in the telangiectatic type, a circumstance which is however not confirmed in the present case. The difficulties in diagnosis and the diagnostic procedures are mentioned.
MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM IN A PATIENT WITH E‐TRISOMY SYNDROME
Authors: FLUGE G. , MYKING A. , AARSKOG D.
Published: January 2008

A newborn patient with E‐triso my syndrome and male pseudohermaphroditism is described. At autopsy the internal genital organs were

found to be ambiguous with a bicornuate uterus and rudimentary Fallopian tubes. The testes and epididymis showed normal gross and microscopic appearance, while the deferential ducts were hypoplastic and ended as Gärtner's canals on both sides of the rudimentary utero‐vaginal canal.

The failure of the embryonic testes to sup press the Müllerian ducts in this patient is probably not a result of the genetic imbalance caused by the chromosome aberration, but rather a fortuitous event related to the phenomenon encountered in the uterine hernia syndrome.
RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA IN SWEDEN General Survey and Selected Study on Patients born in 1960–1966
Authors: SVEDBERGH BJÖURN , LINDSTETD EVA
Published: January 2008

In Sweden 274 cases of retrolental fibroplasia have been reported between 1945 and 1966.

After a dramatic decrease in incidence since 1953, there has been a slight increase between 1960 and 1966. Thus 23 patients with irreversible retrolental fibroplasia during this latter period as a rule were of very low birth weight and gestational age; received oxygen for more than 1 week and in maximum concentrations below 40% in breathing air in the incubator. Oxygen was partly administered by funnel to half the patients. One patient history indicated a pathogenetic connection with intra‐uterine hypoxia. Aspects of pathophysiology, oxygen therapy and its control are discussed.
ETHANOL IN THE PREVENTION OF NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINAEMIA
Authors: JOUPPILA P. , KOIVISTO M. , SUONIO S.
Published: January 2008

Seventy‐four pregnant women were given 80 g of ethanol orally or 63, 94 or 102 g intravenously the day prior to delivery. Nineteen mothers and their offspring served as controls. The effect on the bilirubin values of the newborn was studied. The bilirubin levels of the newborn were not significantly lower during the first six days of life compared with the controls. The results differ from those reported earlier. The reasons for this are discussed.
IMPAIRED DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY IN SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS
Authors: KLAJMAN A. , STERNBACH MARION , RANON LOTTE , DRUCKER M. , GEMINDER D. , SADAN N.
Published: January 2008

Two children with subacute sclerosing pan‐encephalitis showed impaired delayed hypersensitive reaction to killed measles virus in the presence of normal response to candida extract, phytohemagglutinin and PPD. These results suggest that the persistence of the virus in the brain may induce tolerance of the T lymphocytes to it and perpetuate the disease.
CONGENITAL PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA—A REPORT OF THREE CASES
Authors: HEDVALL GUNNEL
Published: January 2008

Three cases of congenital paroxysmal tachycardia are described. The babies were in cardiac failure at birth, with cyanosis, grunting, heart and liver enlargement. In one case the tachycardia was converted by nasopharynx suction‐ing, in the two by digitalization. The three babies lost weight excessively when their edema disappeared and showed temporary signs of overdosage of digitalis. All three babies made an uneventful recovery.
CHRONIC HEPATITIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: ALAGILLE D. , GAUTIER M. , HBROUIN C. , HADCHOUEL M.
Published: January 2008

In a group of 35 children first classified as “chronic hepatitis”, the study of the histo‐logical patterns revealed only 16 cases as actual chronic hepatitis: 3 persistent nonaggres‐sive hepatitis (type l), 6 chronic aggressive hepatitis (type 2 a) and 7 chronic aggressive hepatitis (type 2 b). As previously reported, there was a prevalence of females. The incidence increases with age. A history of acute hepatitis was found in only 4 of the 16 children. Australia antigen was positive in only 3 of 9 children tested.

Persistent nonactive hepatitis has a benign evolution while chronic active hepatitis with histological aggressivity shows acute rapid It It is for this reason that massive and prolonged corticosteroid therapy has to be utilized in the latter group, since the few control studies have demonstrated a longer survival.
RENAL FUNCTION IN LONG‐TERM SURVIVORS AFTER TREATMENT FOR NEPHROBLASTOMA
Authors: JEREB B. , APERIA A. , BERG U. , BROBERGER O. , BÅRYD I.
Published: January 2008

Renal function was investigated in 16 cases of nephroblastoma, in whom nephrectomy had been performed 2–19 years previously. All but one of these patients were also given postoperative radiation. The average radiation dose to the remaining kidney ranged from about 250 to about 1 700 rads in 17–63 days.

None of the patients had clinically manifest renal dysfunction. The glomerular filtration rate was examined in 16 patients, the clearance of PAH and the filtration fraction in 15, the renal sodium balance in 8 and the acid‐base balance in 13.

The glomerular filtration rate and the clearance of PAH were 70–100 per cent of the normal values for healthy children with 2 kidneys. Subclinical impairment of the sodium balance control was found in 6 patients, and of the acid‐base balance in 9. Abnormal regulation of the acid‐base balance was more noticeable in the patients given higher radiation doses. The glomerular filtration rate, clearance of PAH, filtration fraction and the sensitivity of the sodium balance control were not correlated to the radiation dose.
A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF CHILDREN WITH ASTHMATOID BRONCHITIS I. Skin Test Reactions and IgE Antibodies to Common Allergens
Authors: FOUCARD TONY
Published: January 2008

Eighty‐one children, 2–66 months old, with asthmatoid bronchitis were followed for 15–40 months (mean 31 months). The children were physically examined 3–4 times a year. Blood samples were taken on these occasions. Skin prick tests were done at the beginning and at the end of the investigation period. Antibodies of the IgE class, as measured by RAST, were found against animal danders, pollens or house dust in 5 children at the first examination and during the follow‐up period in another 5 children. Strongly positive prick test reactions were accompanied by a positive RAST in 86%, smaller wheals less frequently. IgE antibodies to egg white or cow's milk were found in 26 children, in many cases during the first year of life and occasionally as early as at the age of 3 months. As the children grew older the titres decreased and the antibodies seemed to be of clinical importance only in a few cases with high titres to the egg white extract. In contrast, IgE antibodies to animal danders were not detected until 11/2 years of age and those to pollen not until 3 years of age. These antibodies showed increasing titres with time and they seemed to be of clinical importance in all but a few cases with very low titres.
LACTOSE MALABSORPTION IN ETHIOPIAN CHILDREN
Authors: HABTE D. , STERKY G. , HJALMARSSON B.
Published: January 2008

Oral lactose tolerance test was performed on 183 Ethiopian and 28 Caucasian children resident in Ethiopia. A study of various sampling time intervals during the lactose tolerance test indiaated that the fasting and 40 min samples were sufficient and the most suited for large incidence studies. The incidence of lactose malabsorption amongst Ethiopian children was found to be 80%, being 61.5% in the under 1 year age group and 89.7% in the older children (7–13 years). An unexpected finding was the high incidence of 25% amongst Caucasian children (mainly Scandinavians). Altered intestinal bacterial flora and/or repeated gastrointestinal infections and prolonged reduced intake of milk are offered as possible factors for the high incidence.

Milk consumption in normal quantities (250 ml) by a school population of malabsorbers gave rise toabdominal symptoms“in some but this rapidly abated by 4 weeks to reach the preconsumption level. This preliminary observation, if confirmed, should encourage the use of milk as a valuable source of supplementary food in communities where protein calorie malnutrition is widespread.
PYROGLUTAMIC ACIDURIA Studies in an Infant with Chronic Metabolic Acidosis
Authors: HAGENFELDT L. , LARSSON A. , ZETTERSTROM R.
Published: January 2008

A one‐year‐old girl with chronic metabolic acidosis was found to have normal renal acidi‐fication. In the urine, however, she excreted a daily amount of 50 mmoles of L‐pyroglutamate (5‐oxo‐˜‐proline). This excretion did not increase with increasing protein intake. Studies of the turnover of L‐pyroglutamate under steady state conditions revealed that 75% of the pyroglutamate synthesized was metabolized by the patient. The level of pyroglutamate degrading enzyme (5‐0times0‐prolinase) in the patient's leucocytes was not decreased, and the enzyme appeared to have normal affinity for its substrates, i.e. pyroglutamate and ATP.
MUCOLIPIDOSIS II (I‐CELL DISEASE) A Clinical and Biochemical Study
Authors: WIESMANN ULRICH N. , VASSELLA FRANCO , HERSCHKOWITZ NORBERT N.
Published: January 2008

The diagnosis of mucolipidosis I1 (I‐cell disease) was made in a patient with a Hurler like appearance but only borderline muco‐polysacchariduria. The cultured fibroblasts of high doses of prednison, which resulted in a further increase in the enzyme activity. On the ultrastructural level there was the storage of polymorphous material in the liver and in the peripheral nerve. Vacuolated cells were present in the peripheral leucocytes and in the bone marrow. These findings indicate that the lysosmal enzyme depletion in the cells in the patient could be similar to that found in cultured cells. However, the clinical picture could also be caused by the excess activity of lysosomal enzymes in the extracellular fluids which are able to degrade the matrix substance of the connective tissues and could mimic a mucopolysaccharidosis.
CONVERSION OF ANGIOTENSIN I IN PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC VASCULAR BEDS OF CHILDREN1
Authors: FRIEDLI BEAT , BIRON PIERRE , FOURON JEAN‐CLAUDE , DAVIGNON ANDRE
Published: January 2008

The systemic pressor response to bolus injections of Angiotensin I (A‐I) into the pulmonary artery (PA) and the aortic root (Ao) was compared in 11 children during routine left and right heart catheterization; five had a left‐to‐right shunt and 6 had no hemodynamic abnorm'alities. An additional 4 children with normal hemodynamics were tested with Angiotensin I1,(A‐II). Systemic pressor peaks to PA injections of A‐I were slightly higher than those resulting from Ao injections. A study of the time course of the pressor responses showed that the intervals from the injection to onset of response, and from injection to half peak, were significantly prolonged after injection of A‐I into the aorta, as compared with injections of A‐I1 by the same route. Such a difference was not observed when A‐I and A‐I1 were given into the PA. These results indicate that conversion occurs to a considerable degree in the peripheral circulation, with a delay that is most probably due to the process of activation. When this peripheral conversion is maximal, the systemic pressor response assay is unable to detect pulmonary conversion solely on the basis of the height of pressor peaks, because the responses are equal after PA and Ao injections. PA injections of Angiotensin I and I1 had no effect on pulmonary artery pressure. It is concluded that: (1) pulmonary conversion occurs in all children with and without shunt; (2) peripheral (systemic) conversion occurs to a considerable degree and can account for most of the overall conversion of Angiotensin I, so that the role of the lung in the renin‐angiotensin system seems unlikely.
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN I. Investigation of Infants and Caildren without Heart Disease
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM NILS‐RUNE
Published: January 2008

Echocardiographic examinations have been

A test of the reproducibility of the echo cardiographic measurements was performed by examining eleven subjects on 2 consecutive days. Four of these 11 infants and children had no signs of heart disease while the other 7 had various forms of congenital heartdisease.

The results of the investigation of infants and children without heart disease are presented as nomograms for the prediction of various echocardiographic measurements in relation to the body weight. Such nomograms are presented for the amplitude of movement of the echo from the anterior mitral leaflet, the aortic root diameter, a left atrial dimension, a left ventricular internal dimension and the distance between the anterior chest walland the right side of the interventricular septum. Normal values are also given for a right ventricular dimension and the width of the interventricular septum. performed on 64 infants and children with out heart disease, aged from 3 days to 15 years. Examinations of the following four regions were made: 1, the anterior mitral leaf let; 2, the aortic root and the left atrium; 3, the interventricular septum and the posterior left ventricular wall, and 4, the anteriortricuspid leaflet.
DEVELOPMENT OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN LATE GESTATION: I. The Functional Residual Capacity of the Lung in Premature Children
Authors: LACOURT GERALD , POLGAR GEORGE
Published: January 2008

Functional residual capacity has been measured in premature and term infants soon after birth and repeatedly thereafter. Good correlation with body weight, length and gestational age have been found. However, the known relationships between the development of lung volume and attributes of body growth in older individuals are only partially valid during late gestation. Some peculiar growth patterns observed in this age could be explained by disproportionate variations in the rate of growth of body length and weight on the one hand and of lung volume on the other.

By extrapolation over a very short range it was possible to verify the post mortem estimates of the gestational age at which alveolization occurs.
URINARY BILE ACID CONJUGATES IN EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY ATRESIA
Authors: NORMAN ARNE , STRANDVIK BIRGITTA , OJAMÄE ÖIE
Published: January 2008

The urinary excretion of bile acid conjugates was studied after the administration of 24‐14C‐labelled chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid and their corresponding glycine conjugates labelled with glycine‐l‐14T in 5 infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia. Chenodeoxycholic acid‐24‐14C and chenodeoxycholyl[l‐14C]glycine were mainly excreted in the form of labelled metabolites with the TLC behaviour of monosulphates of tauro‐ and glycochenodeoxycholate and glycochenodeoxycholate, respectively. Most of the cholic acid‐24‐14C and the cholyl[l‐14C]glycine were found to be excreted in the form of glycocholate. All labelled bile acids were excreted in conjugated form.
FAILURE TO THRIVE IN LEBANON: III. Family Income, Expenditure and Possessions
Authors: KANAWATI ABDALLAH A. , DARWISH OLFAT , McLAREN DONALD S.
Published: January 2008

Information was obtained from 40 Thriving and 30 Failing to Thrive families, as previously defined, living in two low socio‐economic areas of Beirut concerning their income, expenditure on various items and their possessions. Both groups were unable to save money but the Failing to Thrive were usually in debt. This group spent proportionally more on food and bought less nutritious food. Families of neither group were fully able to meet their energy or protein requirements. The possessions of the Thriving group were worth, on average, about three times those of the Failing to Thrive group. The contrast between the groups was least for household goods, greater for houses, and greatest for motorcars. The Failing to Thrive group had far fewer decorations, jewelry, and toys and the latter may be an important index of the richness of the child's environment. Refrigerators, radios and heaters were especially prized.
EFFECT OF OROTIC ACID UPON SERUM BILIRUBIN IN NEWBORN INFANTS WITH ERYTHROCYTE G‐6‐PD DEFICIENCY
Authors: CUTILLO S. , MELONI T. , DORE A.
Published: January 2008

Fifty mature male newborns with erythrocyte G‐6‐PD deficiency were used for a study con cerning the effectiveness of orotic acid in preventing severe hyperbilirubinemia. Twentyfive randomly selected neonates were given orotic acid (100 mg/kg/day) orally in two daily doses from their 1st to their 5th day of life. Twenty‐five newborns were not treated

According to these results orotic acid does not seem to be effective in preventing severe hyperbilirubinemia, which frequently occurs in newborn babies' with erythrocyte G‐6‐PD deficiency. and served as controls. Six exchange transfusions were performed in the test group and six in the controls.
COLONIC PERFORATION SECONDARY TO THROMBO‐EMBOLUS FROM AN UMBILICAL ARTERY CATHETER
Authors: ANDERSON A. , HOFER P. Å. , HOLMLUND D. E. W. , WENDEL H. Å.
Published: January 2008

A case of colonic perforation in a newborn infant is described. Perforation was probably secondary to an arterial thrombo‐embolus originating from a catheter placed in the aorta via an umbilical artery.
ESTIMATION OF FREE THYROXINE INDEX IN THE NEWBORN USING MICRO‐METHODS
Authors: ROGOWSKI P. , SIERSBÆK‐NIELSEN K. , HANSEN J. MØLHOLM
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Rogowski, P., Siersbæk‐Nielsen, K. and Mølholm Hansen, J. (Medical Department E, the Obstetrical Department, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark). Estimation of free thyroxine index in the newborn using micro‐methods. Acta Paediat Scand, 63: 201, 1974.–Thyroid function in the newborn has been studied with the purpose of establishing normal values for total plasma thyroxine, T‐3 test and free thyroxine index in the neonatal period using new micro‐methods. Total thyroxine determinations were carried out using the Sephadex column method (Tetralute®) which requires 25 to 50 µ1 plasma. The unbound TBG binding sites were evaluatid using a T‐3 Sephadex retention test (Trilute®) requiring 50 μl plasma. Free thyroxine index were calculated as the product of the two tests. 202 fullterm newborns were examined in the period 19 to 71 hours after birth and the normal range (95 % limits) for plasma thyroxine were found to be 9.2–26.0 μg/100 ml. Normal values for the T‐3 test varied between 42.5 and 64.9 % and free thyroxine index values between 510–1378 arbitrary units. The mean values of total thyroxine, T‐3 test and free thyroxine index were found to be significantly increased compared with cord blood and adult mean values indicating a physiological thyroid hyperfunction in the neonatal period. The new thyroid function tests used in the present study were found to be technical simple and are suggested to be used whenever thyroid diseases in the newborn are suspected.