bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pottery groups from Mycenae: a summary
Authors: French Elizabeth
Published: October 2013

The possibility of establishing the sequence and chronological development of Mycenaean pottery by excavation on a well-stratified site is remote. Remains of the Mycenaean period are, generally, found either on rocky outcrops or in the eroded upper levels of mounds which have been inhabited for many centuries, and there is, thus, little scope for true stratigraphic excavation. The very considerable quantity of Mycenaean pottery which has been discovered in the Mediterranean area and the studies of it which have been published in the last twenty-five years have produced the impression that Mycenaean pottery is ‘well known’. Indeed, such pottery is, on the whole, easily recognized but there is often great difficulty in dating it. Pottery from settlements has largely been neglected, on the grounds of its fragmentary condition, in favour of better-preserved examples from tombs. The result is that, in his volume dealing with chronology, Furumark was able to use, for the L.H. III period, only ten groups of pottery from domestic contexts. Moreover, if the student of today wishes to compare new material with these groups, he will find that the evidence from Mycenae (four of the ten groups) was almost completely lost during the war and that of the rest only the pottery from Athens and from Zygouries is available.
Two Cypriot sherds from Crete
Authors: Popham M.
Published: October 2013

In the course of studying Late Minoan pottery in Crete the author came across two sherds which were clearly of Cypriot origin. The first was found among material from the 1901 excavations of the British School at Zakro and the second in the boxes of the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos. Since there is only one other definite occurrence in Crete of a Cypriot Bronze Age import, they seemed to merit attention and publication. It is particularly opportune that they should have been found so soon after the recent study of Minoan imports in Cyprus.
Notes on a Possible Minoan Forgery
Authors: Betts John H.
Published: October 2013

The well-known gem of lapis lacedaemonius, generally described as from Kydonia (i.e. the province of Crete in which lies the town of Khania), and now in the Benaki Museum in Athens, has been frequently quoted as a basis for, or in support of theories on, Minoan–Mycenaean religious belief and practice. In this note it is intended to set out grounds for doubting the genuineness of the gem.

Its shape and material establish a prima facie case for authenticity. The rather large (c. 25 millimetre diameter) lentoids, slightly elliptical in shape and pierced, generally down the shorter axis, occur commonly in lapis lacedaemonius, carnelian and agate in the L.M. I–II period. Moreover the material does not seem to have been used by forgers, perhaps because it is harder to acquire than, for example, carnelian or agate. However these factors seem out-weighed on closer inspection, when all grounds for doubting the stone's genuineness are considered.
Some Late Minoan III Pottery from Crete
Authors: Popham M. R.
Published: October 2013

The publication of any Late Minoan IIIB and C pottery from Crete hardly requires apology even when the context of the pottery is as unsatisfactory as that to be considered in this article. For we know far too little about the latter phases of Minoan history and this deficiency will only be made good when more material has been made available. Certainly a more thorough examination of Mainland and Cretan relations in this period is required than that which will be attempted below, though it may well be that the time is not yet ripe for firm or convincing conclusions to be formed. In particular the late Mycenaean IIIB and early IIIC phases of pottery require clearer definition. When this has been done, several of the suggestions in this article, based on comparisons with Mainland pottery, may require amendment.

The pottery to be the subject of this study was found in a box numbered Gamma 67 in a store-room of Heraklion Museum in which was housed material from the old excavations at Zakro, Ayia Triadha, Palaikastro, Knossos, and elsewhere. It is predominantly advanced L.M. III in character but includes a few L.M. I sherds, some L.M. II/IIIA, and a considerable amount of Geometric. Unfortunately the box has no label stating the provenance of its contents but there are other helpful indications.
Conjectures in Polygnotus' Troy
Authors: Robertson Martin
Published: October 2013

Pausanias x. 26. 2: γεγραμμέναι δὲ ἐπι κλίνης ὑπὲρ ταύτας Δηινόμη τε καὶ Μητιόχη καὶ Πεῖσίς ἐστι καὶ Κλεοδίκη. ‘Painted on a couch above these are Deinome and Metioche and Peisis too and Kleodike.’

In Polygnotus’ Troy Taken, painted in the Lesche of the Cnidians at Delphi, this group formed part of the Trojan prisoners, shown between the wall of the city and the sea. ταύτας refers to another group (Klymene, Kreousa, Aristomache, and Xenodike) who are described as being above the women between Aithra and Nestor: Andromache with her child, Medesikaste, and Polyxena. These were certainly at the bottom of the picture; Deinome, Metioche, Peisis, and Kleodike certainly at the top. ἐπὶ κλίνης is unconvincing in the context. Most editors and translators accept it without comment, but Frazer's translation, ‘sitting on a couch’ underlines a minor difficulty: four on a couch is hard to envisage in terms of Greek life or art; and though the σχῆμα Πινδαρικόν does not make for clarity, it seems impossible to confine the phrase to the first one or two names. The reading, however, is unacceptable on other grounds, as Carl Robert has shown: this is the open air and these are prisoners of war; a κλίνη is entirely out of place. Polygnotan art was certainly not fully naturalistic, and included much that had a symbolic not a literal reference; but a couch is as improper in this context symbolically as naturally. In Polygnotus' other picture in the Lesche, the Underworld, Theseus and Peirithoos, and in another part Pelias, were shown seated on θρόνοι, while other figures sat on rocks or hillocks or leaned against trees; but the spatial and temporal setting of the Underworld was certainly (and naturally) less defined than that of the Troy. Robert tentatively suggests ἐπικλινής, translating ‘in gebückter Haltung’, but admits that the word has poor authority as applied to persons, and that to force it on this author in this sense is hardly justified.
A Tympanum Fragment at Perachora
Authors: Coulton J. J.
Published: October 2013

In a useful study, M. C. Llinas has made some important contributions to our knowledge of the stoa at Perachora, and has devoted further attention to the problems of that interesting but sometimes enigmatic building. In the last section of his paper, however, he attributes to one of the stoa pediments a fragmentary tympanum block, and on the strength of the cutting in it he has proposed a roof structure quite abnormal in a stoa. It is his restoration of the roof which provokes these few remarks, for although the Greeks were sometimes lavish in their use of roofing timbers, their structures were not as a rule illogical.

M. Llinas proposes a Gaggera roof with three or four heavy purlins, c. 0·20 × 0·30 m. in section and centred c. 0·67 m. apart on either side of a ridge beam (cf. Fig. 1, a). Support for these beams was presumably provided from a cross-beam at every pier of the upper colonnade (intercolumniation 2·30 m.); for since all the piers were of uniform strength, there would be no advantage in cross-beams spaced further apart. Now purlins 0·30 m. high seem unreasonably large to be supported every 2·30 m.
A small votive capital from Kythera
Authors: Ohnesorg Aenne
Published: October 2013

The fragment of a marble volute found near Palaiopolis was at first identified as part of a capital, and later interpreted as an altar akroterion. By measuring, drawing and analysing the details of the fragment, it has become clear that it must be reconstructed as a capital. Its size is determined by the axes of the ornamental leaves of the cushion and the diameter of the echinus, which lead to 2 alternatives (FIG. 3). The capital as such is unusual with its flat volutes with large rosette eyes, the ‘attic’ two-tiered echinus, the omphalos-like disk on the front of the ‘spandrel’ and the leaf patterns on the cushion. The almost eclectic use of features from different regions of the Ancient World makes dating difficult. An origin in the later sixth century BC seems probable. It would appear to be a votive capital that perhaps bore the plinth of a votive sculpture.
Anchialos-Sindos Double Trapeza. Pit C: observations on the painted and black-glazed pottery of local fourth-century BC workshops
Authors: Kalliga Kyriaki
Published: October 2013

The article points out certain features of Late Classical pottery in Macedonia, based on the contents of a refuse pit in the ancient Anchialos-Sindos Double Trapeza settlement (in the industrial area of present-day Sindos), which yielded large quantities of local pottery. It describes a number of types of vessels, some of which resemble their Attic prototypes more or less closely, while others are totally independent creations of the local workshop. The precise dating of this pottery was a consequence of the need to determine with greater accuracy the events that led to the abandonment of many settlements around the Thermaikos Gulf and the founding of the city of Thessaloniki by Cassander in the late 4th century BC.
The Distribution of Chiot Pottery
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: October 2013

Distribution maps are fashionable among archaeologists, but they are not always used properly. It is not enough to mark the places where objects of a given class have been found; it is important to know also in what frequency they were found, where they have not been found, and where they have not been looked for. To collect this information is often difficult and sometimes impossible since so much excavation has gone unrecorded, and I have therefore chosen one of the easier subjects, the distribution of Chiot pottery in the late seventh and early sixth centuries B.C. Much Chiot pottery is fortunately distinctive, so that even the more conscienceless excavators have often identified it and thought it worth mention, and thus we have fuller data for its distribution than for that of most classes of archaic Greek pottery.
South-Eastern Elements in the Prehistoric Civilization of Serbia
Authors: Milojčić V.
Published: October 2013

Under the same title M. M. Vasić published an article forty years ago, which was then the first step towards a systematic study of the connections between the Aegean area and the Serbian and North Balkan spheres. M. Vasić's article was the first result of the first systematic researches at Vinča, the most important site of the Northern Balkans. From this time on many excavations have been made at Vinč and other prehistoric sites, and the material has piled up too rapidly for scientific evaluation to cope with. As the past forty years, ending with World War II and the subsequent events in Yugoslavia, must no doubt be reckoned an entire phase in the history of this study, it seems appropriate now to attempt to give a summary of the results so far gained.
An Eight-Sided Minoan Sealstone in the Ashmolean Museum
Authors: Myres J. L.
Published: October 2013

The eight-sided prism of sardonyx, of which the eight faces are represented in Fig. 1, was acquired by Sir Arthur Evans in Eastern Crete, and is certainly of Cretan workmanship and Middle Minoan style.

All the signs are recorded already in Scripta Minoa I (Oxford, 1909) and are numbered there as follows:—
New Evidence for Dating the Settlements at Troy
Authors: Blegen Carl W.
Published: October 2013

Since Schliemann's earliest excavations almost seventy years ago the problem of dating the successive layers of remains at Troy has constantly engaged the serious attention of the interested archaeological world. At first it was hardly more than a subject for speculation, since in the early ‘seventies’ little comparative material was available from other sites and the internal evidence was insufficient for safe chronological conclusions. Schliemann himself thought that the ‘burnt layer,’ first called Troy III, and later equated with the final phase of Troy II, represented the ruins of the citadel of Priam; but his discovery in 1890, at a much higher level in a stratum of Troy VI, of considerable numbers of Mycenaean potsherds made a revision of this dating imperative. It was, however, left to Professor Dörpfeld, after Schliemann's death, to ascertain definitely in two further campaigns of excavation, in 1893 and 1894, that the Sixth and the Seventh layers were those of settlements coeval with the Mycenaean Age, and that they could therefore safely be assigned to the second half of the second millenium B.C. Professor Dörpfeld also put forward the view, which met with general acceptance, that Troy VI was the Homeric stronghold besieged and captured by the Achaeans under the leadership of their sovereign Agamemnon.
Neolithic Black Ware in Greece and on the Danube
Authors: Childe V. Gordon
Published: October 2013

Professor Myres has been the chief agent in inducing English archaeologists to appreciate the significance of the Danubian province for Greek prehistory. Since his first paper in Science Progress, 1896–7, he has frequently discussed in a stimulating manner the relations between the two areas. In his latest pronouncement he not only shews how political considerations have affected the interpretation of the relevant facts, but has stated in an unequivocal way the essential conditions for an objective decision between two contrasted views: ‘not only continuity of material on a series of sites, but coherence of styles within a chronological scheme.’ Six years ago both desiderata seemed far from fulfilment. The Danubian province was still separated by the Balkan wall from the Aegean; not even its relative chronology was clear. Subsequent discoveries by Heurtley in Macedonia and by Fewkes in the Morava valley have substantially reduced the gap between the two provinces in one direction. Even on the Middle Danube Banner and Tompa have established a provisionally acceptable cultural sequence. At the same time fresh comparative material has been made available beyond the Aegean which must affect any interpretation of Danubian-Aegean relationships. A re-examination of some of the issues might then appropriately be dedicated to the far-sighted savant who first inspired my own interest in the Danube valley.
The Process of Tradition in Greece
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The word ‘tradition’, used to mean either the process of oral transmission or the story so transmitted, may cover two things: the oral relation from man to man of real events with the possible value of such traditions for history, and this amounts to the study of what is called folk-memory, or the transmission of legends dealing with such supernatural happenings as no one is likely to regard as true. This paper deals exclusively with the latter.

We read and are taught from our childhood legends of the gods and heroes of Greek and Roman mythology, to say nothing of the legends of our own northland. These legends are set down in books, but it is reasonable to ask what relation these written stories bear to what in earlier ages was actually told and more or less believed by people in different parts of the country concerned and at different periods. How far was a legend always told in the form in which we happen to find it recorded? We are, I believe, too prone to look upon a legend as having been always a fixed and so to say canonical story, although we have in fact no lack of hints that legends admit of the widest variations.
Coupe de Bronze Chypro-Phénicienne Trouvée en Gréce
Authors: Dussaud René
Published: October 2013

Il y a bien près d'un siècle que l'attention des archéologues fut attirée par des coupes de bronze ou d'argent, parfois doré, découvertes d'abord à Nimroud puis à Chypre. Dès 1855 Fr. Lenormant émit l'avis que les coupes de Nimroud étaient d'origine phénicienne.

En 1876, une tombe au voisinage de Palestrina fournit un véritable trésor: objets en or, argent, electrum, argent doré, ivoire, bronze et fer, parmi lesquels deux coupes l'une anépigraphe en argent doré, l'autre en argent avec inscription phénicienne. Le tout fut attribué à l'art phénicien par Helbig. Fr. Lenormant fut également d'avis que la plupart des objets portaient la marque de l'industrie phénicienne et plus spécialement carthaginoise. La coupe de Palestrina en argent doré fut brillamment expliquée par Clermont-Ganneau, du moins quant à la frise principale: prince sortant en char de sa ville fortifiée pour aller chasser le cerf dans la montagne, sacrifice aux dieux, attaque par le génie de la montagne figuré en singe, rentrée dans la ville fortifiée.
Lasithi in Ancient Times
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S.
Published: October 2013

Recent excavations in the district of Lasithi in Crete have both raised and answered a number of historical problems which, while not suitable for inclusion in a strict excavation report, may yet properly be the subject of an essay in honour of one who did so much for the archaeology and topography of Crete in the early days.

It must be remembered that the following pages are suggestions intended merely to stimulate further enquiry on a less restricted scale. In prehistoric archaeology certainty is impossible. A definite set of facts may be interpreted in two quite different ways, both equally possible. The only hope is to fit the greatest possible number of facts into the framework and to make sure that there is no vital fact which contradicts the whole.
A Geometric Amphora and Gold Band
Authors: Cook John
Published: October 2013

Among the most interesting discoveries of the post-war years in Attica are a Late Geometric amphora and an impressed gold head-band; they are reported to have been found, the band inside the amphora, near Koropi in the Mesogaia, and were acquired together by Mrs. Helen Stathatou, who has graciously consented to my making them more widely known in this tribute to the master of Greek archaeology for whom both she and I have so high a regard. Each is a first-rate piece in itself, and the discovery of the two in one burial gives an added interest to the pair.
A Note on the Origin of the Triglyph
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: October 2013

There are several explanations current about the origin of the triglyph. First, that the frieze of triglyph and metope started from a decorative feature of Mycenaean art and survived—invisibly to us–until eventually Doric architecture emerged. Secondly, that triglyphs are the fossilised remains of barred wooden windows, which early Greeks needed but their successors did not. Thirdly, that triglyphs are the flattened vestiges of an upper row of columns, abandoned by the timid masons of the seventh century. Fourthly, that the triglyph represents the end or a facing of the end of a wooden beam, this though in all ascertainable early instances the beams run from the course above the triglyph. Fifthly, and liable to the same objection, that the metopes were originally the ends of beams and the triglyphs bars between them. To each of these explanations—and probably to any other that has been or can be devised—there are serious objections. But since the treatment and the prominence of the orthodox triglyph give it an appearance of being an important structural member and particularly one of wood, the most popular explanation is the fourth, which derives the triglyph from the wooden beam. If this is accepted, the argument may reasonably be pushed further.
Recently Published Collections of Modern Folktales
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

For two reasons I feel justified in sending this small paper to the volume of the British School Annual to be dedicated to my friend Professor A. J. B. Wace. From his earliest visits to Greece, from the days before the First World War when he and I travelled together in the Greek Islands, Professor Wace, together with his learning as an archaeologist, has always shown the most sympathetic interest in the later and contemporary life of the Greek people. This is one reason; the other is that I find here an opportunity to bring before a number of readers, most of whom have travelled in Greece, a mass of freshly published material bearing very closely on the character and ways of thought of the Greeks as they are now and, I believe, have been even from the days of classical antiquity.
The Ancestry of the Minoan Palace
Authors: Lawrence A. W.
Published: October 2013

The object of this paper is to attempt to trace the sources of the various architectural elements which compose the palaces of Crete. To a large extent these were derived from overseas, and the better knowledge of Asiatic architecture which has resulted from the publications of recent years calls for some revision of the views held by Evans and Pendlebury. This re-statement isolates and thereby facilitates investigation of the native share in the invention of the palace form, which has much in common with Cretan buildings of the Early Bronze Age. The difference between such buildings and the contemporary work in other regions of the Aegean demands explanation, and a theory which may account for it has at least the merit of offering a reason for the strangest feature of the Minoan palaces, their confused planning.
Some Mycenaean Artists
Authors: Stubbings F. H.
Published: October 2013

The uniformity of Mycenaean pottery in its third phase (L.H. III) has often, and naturally, been remarked upon. It was made, we may almost say, by mass-production methods, in so far as such methods may be achieved when the only machine available to aid the potter's hand is his wheel. In the ‘Potter's shop’ at Zygouries certain types repeat themselves by the score with scarcely any variation in size or shape, and with only a little in decoration; from Cyprus, as the Corpus Vasorum will show, one may see in the British Museum alone dozens of small stirrup-jars with so little to differentiate one from another that one cannot remember them individually. More than this; we can find stirrup-jars (and the same is true of other types) from Rhodes or Mycenae or even Egypt that are indistinguishable from the Cypriot ones. There is in fact plenty of evidence to justify the use of terms like uniformity, standardisation, sameness, even monotony, that are sometimes employed in speaking of L.H. III pottery.
Some Notes on the Spartan Σφαιρεῖς
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

It seems appropriate to contribute to this volume an unpublished fragment from Sparta of a list of victorious σφαιρεῖς of which Professor Wace kindly gave me a squeeze many years ago, and to append to it some miscellaneous notes on the lists of this class published in IG V. 1, 674–688. Some of these notes have already appeared in print, in earlier volumes of the Annual, but it may be helpful to collect and slightly amplify them here, using the prosopographical evidence now available for establishing a more exact date for some of the lists. It seems also a suitable occasion to examine briefly a new interpretation of these lists suggested in a recent work on Sparta.
Part II. The Prehistoric Cemetery: Graves below The House of the Warrior Vase
Authors: A. J. B. Wace  , Pakenham-Walsh M.
Published: October 2013

The exploration of the Grave Circle within the Cyclopean Walls near the Lion Gate, which we began in 1920, resulted in the discovery or identification of several groups of graves, which led us to the conclusion that a Prehistoric Cemetery had lain on the hillside at this point before the fortifications were constructed and that the Shaft Graves were a group of royal graves enclosed within that cemetery.

In 1939, following a suggestion made by Tsountas, we explored the area to the north-west of the Lion Gate outside the walls and found there fifteen graves belonging to the Prehistoric Cemetery which was in use from Middle Helladic to Late Helladic II times. Subsequent exploration outside the walls in this region has resulted in the discovery of yet more graves, and those so far noted and explored outside the walls now number forty. To these we should probably add one more, a disturbed grave found recently by the Anastelosis Section of the Greek Archaeological Service in its operations at the north-west angle of the bastion on the west of the entrance to the Lion Gate.
Notes on Some Attic Decrees
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

Mr. D. M. Lewis has made a valuable contribution to our understanding of this decree relating to the Praxiergidai and their ancestral ritual, but his restoration of the last line (l. 25) is far from satisfactory. In his version the last two lines are given as follows:

In stating that the restorations are ‘virtually compulsory’ he has failed to realise that [με]δίμνον is not the only possible explanation for the six letters that survive, and he does not discuss the unlikely construction with a genitive plural following ἀμφιεννύ[ναι].
Notes on some Attic Decrees III
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

In this much-mutilated fragment from near the top of a decree, which S. dates to the period 370–360 B.C. on the evidence of the lettering, only five letters survive from the text proper, in (apparently) line 7, namely λεφθη for which no restoration is offered. For these it seems impossible to find any alternative to [ἐκ]λὲφθη or -θη[σαν and it may be suggested that this allusion to a theft, important enough to be recorded in a decree, might well be a sequel to the theft of sacred objects from the Parthenon by Glauketes. We know from Demosthenes that this crime was committed while he was a Treasurer (of Athena), and we also have his name recorded as Secretary to that board in the incomplete heading of the Traditio of 374/3 B.C. It is possible, therefore, that this decree recorded a resolution that he should be prosecuted on this charge, and, if so, that it was passed either in his year of office or in the following year.
Prehistoric Laconia: A Note
Authors: Waterhouse Helen
Published: October 2013

This paper contains a brief summary of the results of researches into the prehistory of Laconia which were conducted mainly during the years 1936–9. It is greatly regretted that a series of varied but compelling impediments has hitherto delayed a proper publication; this, however, will follow as soon as possible.

The map, Fig. 1, is taken from sheet G 13, Kalamai, of the 1/250,000 series dated June 1944. The chronological table lists the sites alphabetically under six regions. The nature of the evidence for each entry is briefly noted, entries without source reference being based on autopsy. Literary sources for the history of pre-Dorian Laconia will not be discussed here.
Ancient Sites in the Province of Ayios Vasilios, Crete
Authors: Hood Sinclair , Warren Peter
Published: October 2013

‘It is a singular fact regarding the eparkhia of Agios Vasiles, that throughout its whole extent not any ancient city has been discovered; and yet there can be no doubt that in one or two of the most populous of these valleys there must have been a town of more or less importance. To all my inquiries, however, in my two journeys through the greater part of the province, I could learn of no ruins or traditional site of any Hellenic city. … Notwithstanding this denial, I am induced to call the attention of any future traveller to this absence of any recognized ancient site in so large a district …’ So Captain Spratt at the end of the second volume of his Travels and Researches in Crete, published in 1865.
A Group of Late Helladic IIIB 1 Pottery from Mycenae
Authors: French Elizabeth
Published: October 2013

The L.H. IIIB deposits from Mycenae fall into two distinguishable groups. The earlier, called L.H. IIIB 1, is represented by the pottery from the destruction level in the houses east of the modern road and south of the tomb of Clytemnestra. The destruction to which we owe these deposits appears to have occurred late in the L.H. IIIB 1 phase, and probably also affected the houses on the Atreus ridge. The later group, classified as L.H. IIIB 2, has been found in buildings within the Citadel and also in isolated contexts outside the walls. The deposits from within the Citadel come from the debris of a second, more widespread, destruction which affected other centres as well as Mycenae. The differentiation of the two periods was confirmed in the Citadel House area by the finding of deposits of L.H. IIIB 2 stratified above others of L.H. IIIB 1 character. The pottery of both these phases from the Citadel House will be published in the general account of the excavations which have taken place in that area since 1959. The detailed publication of the whole vases from the L.H. IIIB 1 destruction level of the houses outside the walls is planned for the next article in this series.
Riddle Appreciation and Reading Comprehension in Cantonese-Speaking Children
Authors: Tang Ivy N. Y. , To Carol K. S. , Weekes Brendan S.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

Inference-making skills are necessary for reading comprehension. Training in riddle appreciation is an effective way to improve reading comprehension among English-speaking children. However, it is not clear whether these methods generalize to other writing systems. The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between inference-making skills, as measured by riddle appreciation ability, and reading comprehension performance in typically developing Cantonese-speaking children in the 4th grade.

Method

Forty Cantonese-speaking children between the ages of 9;1 (years;months) and 11;0 were given tests of riddle appreciation ability and reading comprehension. Chinese character reading and auditory comprehension abilities were also assessed using tests that had been standardized in Hong Kong.

Results

Regression analyses revealed that riddle appreciation ability explained a significant amount of variance in reading comprehension after variance due to character reading skills and auditory comprehension skills were first considered. Orthographic, lexical, morphological, and syntactic riddles were also significantly correlated with reading comprehension.

Conclusion

Riddle appreciation ability predicts reading comprehension in Cantonese-speaking 4th-grade children. Therefore, training Cantonese speakers in riddle appreciation should improve their reading comprehension.
On electron bunching and stratification of glow discharges
Authors: Golubovskii Yuri B. , Kolobov Vladimir I. , Nekuchaev Vladimir O.
Published: October 2013

Plasma stratification and excitation of ionization waves is one of the fundamental problems in gas discharge physics. Significant progress in this field is associated with the name of Lev Tsendin. He advocated the need for the kinetic approach to this problem contrary to the traditional hydrodynamic approach, introduced the idea of electron bunching in spatially periodic electric fields, and developed a theory of kinetic resonances for analysis of moving striations in rare gases. The present paper shows how Tsendin's ideas have been further developed and applied for understanding the nature of the well-known S-, P-, and R-striations observed in glow discharges of inert gases at low pressures and currents. We review numerical solutions of a Fokker-Planck kinetic equation in spatially periodic electric fields under the effects of elastic and inelastic collisions of electrons with atoms. We illustrate the formation of kinetic resonances at specific field periods for different shapes of injected Electron Distribution Functions (EDF). Computer simulations illustrate how self-organization of the EDFs occurs under nonlocal conditions and how Gaussian-like peaks moving along resonance trajectories are formed in a certain range of discharge conditions. The calculated EDFs agree well with the experimentally measured EDFs for the S, P, and R striations in noble gases. We discuss how kinetic resonances affect dispersion characteristics of moving striations and mention some non-linear effects associated with glow discharge stratification. We propose further studies of stratification phenomena combining physical kinetics and non-linear physics.
Boundary based on exchange symmetry theory for multilevel simulations. II. Multiple time scale approach
Authors: Shiga Motoyuki , Masia Marco
Published: October 2013

The QM/MM BEST method presented in the first article of this series [M. Shiga and M. Masia, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 044120 (2013)] has been applied herein to simulate the whole series of hydrated alkali ions. In this article we show how to overcome the sampling bottleneck for QM/MM simulations by using our method with multiple time scale algorithm (MTS-BEST). We extend the use of MTS-BEST to ab initio QM/MM path integral molecular dynamics simulations, thus demonstrating that one could obtain a complete quantum description of the primary subsystem based on first principles. We highlight that the MTS-BEST approach could be generally applied to hybrid multiscale simulation of diffusive systems, thus extending its relevance to a broad class of simulation techniques beyond QM/MM. We show that it is important to account for electron correlation to better reproduce the hydration structural properties such as the ion–water radial distribution functions, and the anisotropic angular distributions around the ion.
A rotamer energy level study of sulfuric acid
Authors: Partanen Lauri , Pesonen Janne , Sjöholm Elina , Halonen Lauri
Published: October 2013

It is a common approach in quantum chemical calculations for polyatomic molecules to rigidly constrain some of the degrees of freedom in order to make the calculations computationally feasible. However, the presence of the rigid constraints also affects the kinetic energy operator resulting in the frozen mode correction, originally derived by Pesonen [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 144310 (2013)]. In this study, we compare the effects of this correction to several different approximations to the kinetic energy operator used in the literature, in the specific case of the rotamer energy levels of sulfuric acid. The two stable conformers of sulfuric acid are connected by the rotations of the O-S-O-H dihedral angles and possess C2 and Cs symmetry in the order of increasing energy. Our results show that of the models tested, the largest differences with the frozen mode corrected values were obtained by simply omitting the passive degrees of freedom. For the lowest 17 excited states, this inappropriate treatment introduces an increase of 9.6 cm−1 on average, with an increase of 8.7 cm−1 in the zero-point energies. With our two-dimensional potential energy surface calculated at the CCSD(T)-F12a/VDZ-F12 level, we observe a radical shift in the density of states compared to the harmonic picture, combined with an increase in zero point energy. Thus, we conclude that the quantum mechanical inclusion of the different conformers of sulfuric acid have a significant effect on its vibrational partition function, suggesting that it will also have an impact on the computational values of the thermodynamic properties of any reactions where sulfuric acid plays a role. Finally, we also considered the effect of the anharmonicities for the other vibrational degrees of freedom with a VSCF-calculation at the DF-MP2-F12/VTZ-F12 level of theory but found that the inclusion of the other conformer had the more important effect on the vibrational partition function.
Stochastic vortex structure method for modeling particle clustering and collisions in homogeneous turbulence
Authors: Sala K. , Marshall J. S.
Published: October 2013

Current particle dispersion models do not accurately predict the particle clustering that occurs in turbulent flow due to interaction of the particles with turbulent eddies. This clustering arises due to the effects of centrifugal forces which act to throw heavy particles out of the turbulent eddies, causing the particles to collect in high-concentration sheets lying between the eddies. The current paper proposes a stochastic vortex structure (SVS) model for simulation of particle clustering and collisions in turbulent flows. A new measure for particle drift relative to the fluid velocity is proposed that is related to the cross product of the fluid acceleration and velocity fields. Tests were conducted comparing the predictions of the SVS model with direct numerical simulation (DNS) and with three different stochastic Lagrangian methods in statistically stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence with particles having Stokes numbers based on integral length scaling of order unity, assuming one-way fluid-particle coupling. The tests examined different turbulent flow features that are important for particle dispersion and clustering, as well as for prediction of the particle collision rate and collision distribution. The results indicate that the SVS model performs reasonably well for predicting particle concentration heterogeneity and collision rate, and that differences between the SVS and DNS results can be attributed to the fact that the SVS model neglects the small-scale velocity fluctuations within the turbulent flow.
Dual pillar spin torque nano-oscillator
Authors: Sharad Mrigank , Yogendra Karthik , Roy Kaushik
Published: October 2013

We present a Dual Pillar Spin Torque Nano Oscillator (DP-STNO) suitable for energy efficient information processing. The proposed DP-STNO consists of a low resistance Giant Magneto-Resistance path that allows ultra-low voltage biasing of the oscillating ferromagnetic-free-layer, and a high resistance Tunneling Magneto-Resistance path that provides amplified RF-signal and facilitates easy sensing mechanism. The free-layers of multiple DP-STNOs can be coupled through dipolar-fields to accomplish complex signal processing tasks, like edge-extraction from an image, with high energy efficiency.
Experimental detection of thermal entanglement in a molecular chain
Authors: Chakraborty Tanmoy , Sen Tamal K. , Singh Harkirat , Das Diptaranjan , Mandal Swadhin K. , Mitra Chiranjib
Published: October 2013

Detection of entangled states from experimental magnetic susceptibility is reported for an organic radical. The present system exemplifies an ideal spin ½ chain with full isotropy. Experimental susceptibility data are modelled by the formulation described by Bonner and Fisher. An explicit correlation is established between the molecular structure and the spin chain interaction. Using experimental magnetic susceptibility as entanglement witness, entanglement is observed to exist up to 28 K in the present system. Evolution of entanglement with magnetic field is also studied and a surface plot is generated, which clearly exhibits the variation of entanglement with magnetic field and temperature.
Comment on “Collinear phase-matched terahertz-wave generation in GaP crystal using a dual-wavelength optical parametric oscillator” [J. Appl. Phys. 95, 7588 (2004)]
Authors: Tomita Isao , Kohno Takuya
Published: October 2013

The dependence of terahertz (THz)-wave power on the length of a GaP crystal used for collinear phase-matched THz-wave generation is reanalyzed, and it is found that optical losses affect the THz-wave power more strongly than that described in the above paper.
Kinetic shear Alfvén instability in the presence of impurity ions in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Lu Gaimin , Shen Y. , Xie T. , Qi Longyu , He Zhixiong , He Hongda , Cui Shaoyan
Published: October 2013

The effects of impurity ions on the kinetic shear Alfvén (KSA) instability in tokamak plasmas are investigated by numerically solving the integral equations for the KSA eigenmode in the toroidal geometry. The kinetic effects of hydrogen and impurity ions, including transit motion, finite ion Larmor radius, and finite-orbit-width, are taken into account. Toroidicity induced linear mode coupling is included through the ballooning-mode representation. Here, the effects of carbon, oxygen, and tungsten ions on the KSA instability in toroidal plasmas are investigated. It is found that, depending on the concentration and density profile of the impurity ions, the latter can be either stabilizing or destabilizing for the KSA modes. The results here confirm the importance of impurity ions in tokamak experiments and should be useful for analyzing experimental data as well as for understanding anomalous transport and control of tokamak plasmas.
High bandwidth optical force clamp for investigation of molecular motor motion
Authors: Roychowdhury Subhrajit , Aggarwal Tanuj , Salapaka Srinivasa , Salapaka Murti V.
Published: October 2013

Use of optical tweezers for load force regulation on processive motors has yielded significant insights into intracellular transport mechanisms. The methodology developed in this letter circumvents the limitations of existing active force clamps with the use of experimentally determined models for various components of the optical tweezing system, thus making it possible to probe motor proteins at higher speeds. This paradigm also allows for real-time step estimation for step sizes as small as 8 nm with dwell time of 5 ms or higher without sacrificing force regulation.
Compressibility of highly porous network of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Rawal Amit , Kumar Vijay
Published: October 2013

A simple analytical model for predicting the compressibility of highly porous network of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been proposed based on the theory of compression behavior of textile materials. The compression model of CNT network has accounted for their physical, geometrical, and mechanical properties. The compression behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been predicted and compared with the experimental data pertaining to the compressibility of highly porous nanotube sponges. It has been demonstrated that the compressibility of network of MWCNTs can be tailored depending upon the material parameters and the level of compressive stresses.
Design improvement of central cooling plant for energy saving using cooling tower water
Authors: Vakiloroaya Vahid , Fakhar Ahmad , Samali Bijan , Pishghadam Kambiz
Published: October 2013

This paper investigates and recommends design improvement for a central cooling plant to enhance the energy efficiency of the system. A storage tank together with an immersed heat exchanger is installed in the liquid line between the condenser and expansion valve to utilize the make-up water of the cooling tower. The heat exchanger uses the make-up water to reduce the refrigerant temperature leaving the condenser and thus enhance the refrigerant sub-cooling. For this purpose, an existing central cooling plant of a commercial building, located in a hot and dry climate region, is used for experimentation and data collection. The energy consumption and relevant data of the existing central cooling plant were acquired over the course of a typical week in summer. First, theoretical-empirical system models including mechanistic relations between components are developed. A numerical algorithm together with monitored data and mathematical model implemented on a transient system simulation tool is used to predict the performance of the new design under transient loads. The integrated simulation tool was validated by comparing predicted and measured power consumption of the central cooling plant. Comparison of the proposed system with existing cooling plant is included in this paper to demonstrate the advantages of our new configuration. Results show that about 9.7% in average and up to 14% power saving can be obtained by using our design while maintaining the comfort condition inside the building.
Longing to belong
Authors: Butcher Tim
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine distinctions between embeddedness and belonging in ethnographic fieldwork to make sense of a researcher's identity position in the field.

Design/methodology/approach

– A confessional ethnographic narrative was retrospectively crafted from field notes from a 12-month fieldwork period. This narrative is presented and critically discussed to problematize the author's remembered sense of place and temporality in the field.

Findings

– Regardless of whether a researcher “longs to belong” in the field, the paper finds that the research and the researcher belongs to the field. The temporality of an ethnographer's being in the field causes its inhabitants, the research participants to assign him/her a distinct and hybrid identity position.

Research limitations/implications

– It is recognized that the research presented is bound by nostalgia. However, such reflexive intersubjectivity must be accounted for in ethnography. The identity position of a researcher influences the research process and outcomes. And that identity is not at the discretion of the researcher.

Originality/value

– Adopting the trope of habitus and postcolonial principles, this research illustrates the criticality of reflexive intersubjectivity in ethnography to positioning the researcher as “Other,” not the research participants. For organizational ethnographers, and qualitative researchers more widely, to recognize this ethical consideration has consequences for how fieldwork is practiced and reported.
Epidemiological study and considerations of primary focal hyperhidrosis in Japan: From questionnaire analysis
Authors: Fujimoto Tomoko , Kawahara Kazuo , Yokozeki Hiroo
Published: October 2013

Primary hyperhidrosis is a disorder of excessive, bilateral and relatively symmetrical sweating occurring in the palms, soles and axillae regions without obvious etiology. There have been some reports of the epidemiology of primary hyperhidrosis abroad so far, but there has never been any research performed in Japan. We performed a questionnaire survey for people aged 5–64 years who agreed with the purpose of this study at 20 companies or schools, and received 5807 valid responses. From this survey, each prevalence could broken down into 5.33% for primary palm hyperhidrosis, 2.79% for primary plantar hyperhidrosis, 5.75% for primary axillae hyperhidrosis and 4.7% for primary head hyperhidrosis. Patients with severe symptoms were estimated to be approximately 616 000 for primary palmar hyperhidrosis and 2 239 000 for primary axillae hyperhidrosis in Japan. These findings reveal that many patients feel a decreased quality of life because of symptoms of hyperhidrosis every day. However, only 6.2% of the patients had visited medical institutions. Moreover, few patients take appropriate treatment even after visiting the hospital.
Efficacy and safety of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in Malaysia
Authors: Wong Su‐ming , Ng Ting Guan , Baba Roshidah
Published: October 2013

Staphylococcus aureus is frequently found in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and contributes to disease exacerbation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bleach baths as an adjunctive treatment in AD patients. Patients between 2 and 30 years old with moderate to severe AD were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Patients soaked in diluted bleach or distilled water baths for 10 min, twice a week for 2 months. Efficacy assessments included the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores and S. aureus density was determined using quantitative bacterial cultures. Patients in the treatment group showed significant reductions in EASI scores. A 41.9% reduction in S. aureus density from baseline was seen at 1 month further reducing to 53.3% at 2 months. Equal numbers of patients in both groups experienced mild side‐effects. This study demonstrates that diluted bleach baths clinically improved AD in as little as 1 month. No patient withdrew from the treatment arm because of intolerance to the baths.