bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The methods of training of the Patrol-Guard Service officers in the midst of the novel coronavirus infection
Authors: Koynov Maxim Yurevich
Published: January 2021

The research subject is the methods of practical training of the Patrol-Guard Service officers via in-person learning and the inclusion of the distance learning techniques in the midst of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The research object is legal relations emerging in the process of formation of new educational methods in the midst of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The author analyzes the situation in the educational sphere connected with the use of various elements of in-person and distance teaching of the Patrol-Guard Service officers. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the consideration of elements of in-person and distance learning and in searching for the balance between these types of learning, and in the formation of the concept of blended learning and the analysis of its effectiveness in the current situation. The author’s contribution to the study of the topic is the analysis of the possibility to integrate blended learning and theoretical distance learning at the first stage, and practical in-person learning at the second stage into the system of block-module-based education used at the educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The author concludes that the use of the blended method of teaching allows achieving a high-level of training of the Patrol-Guard Service officers in the period of restrictions caused by the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19).   
Is the fourth wave of juvenile crime approaching? The review of socio-pedagogical publications
Authors: Ostapenko Andrei Aleksandrovich
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the article is to review the scope of scientific literature of the late 15 - 20 years considering the problem of juvenile crime. The review covers the monographs, theses and articles published in scientific journals, and even newspaper articles covering all three waves of juvenile crime in Russia, starting with the analysis of juvenile crime of the 1920s - the 1930s. The analysis includes the new Russian-language (and partially Ukrainian-language) publications studying pedagogical activity, authorship, and scientific inventions of an outstanding pedagogue of the Soviet epoch A.S. Makarenko. The author demonstrates that the interest in Makarenko’s work is not decreasing both in Russia and abroad. The second part of the text contains the review of works of Makarenko’s followers and adherers - S.A. and G.K. Kalabalin, and their apprentices A.S. Kalabalin and V.I. Slobodchikov. The last part of the text is the review of articles and monographs studying the new wave of juvenile crime. In particular, the author analyzes the works illustrating the psychological and pedagogical, social and medical reasons of emergence, expansion and growth scale of such youth subculture as A.U.E (Prisoner’s Urka Unity), and the ways of its prevention and combating.   
A beautiful flourish. The foundation story of Wroclaw (and Wroclaw residents)
Authors: Biskupska Kamilla
Published: January 2021

In the article, I present the content and the context of the foundation story of Wroclaw – created after 1945 in one of the largest and most destroyed cities which joined Poland after World War II (Polish Western and Northern Territories). The analyzed empirical material consists of personal documents – statements of Wroclaw residents written and submitted in 1966 for the competition entitled: “What does the city of Wrocław mean to you”. The most important element of this story about the creation of the city is the figure of a pioneer, shaped in the image of a mythical hero. The features of pioneers (such as courage, uncompromising love for the city and openness to others) have become an important narrative co-creating the discourse about the city in the narratives of subsequent generations of Wroclaw residents.
Władza nad dyskursem w narracji wspomnieniowej. Przypadek Archiwum Historii Mówionej
Authors: Ciesek-Ślizowska Bernadetta , Duda Beata , Sujkowska-Sobisz Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes communication strategies that reveal the knowledge of and power over a memory narrative connected to The Warsaw Uprising – one of the most crucial events for Poland, and in the history of World War II. The interviews carried out with insurgents and civilians – participants of the 1944 events, constituted the base for the research. Over 1,900 verbal activities of people conducting meetings with witnesses of history were subjected to a detailed review. The authors of the article were primarily interested in these activities’ influence on the shape of the memory narrative. The interpretation of the collected material is accomplished within the confines of critical discourse analysis which focuses on the relationship of knowledge and power as manifested in specific ways language is used.
Konflikt pamięci czy konflikt władzy? Strategie językowe w dyskusji nad zmianą nazwy ulicy w Poznaniu
Authors: Fabiszak Małgorzata , Brzezińska Anna Weronika
Published: January 2021

The aim of this article is to present the public debate about the renaming of 23rd of February Street to Lt. J. Lewandowska Street in Poznań in 2017. Newspaper articles from the regional press and social media posts have been analysed with the use of Critical Discourse Analytic tools. The focus is on the question of whether the renaming of the street was a conflict of memory or a conflict of power. This case study is inspired by research on the ideologically motivated changes in the linguistic landscape of the city and shows that the change in political regimes is followed by attempts to harmonize the symbolic indicators of values and collective memory. Our results demonstrate that these changes may be contested by both the opposition and the city inhabitants and may lead to a broader political debate.
Versprachlichtes Gedächtnis
Authors: Chlebda Wojciech
Published: January 2021

The mnemonic turn in the humanities has placed memory in the centre of interest. This includes linguistics as well. It turns out that memory, both individual and communal / ceollecktive, is strongly linked to language, that is, it participates both in the forming of memory content and in its material expression: its externalizing in verbal narrations (and, more broadly, semiotic narrations). Both processes – the shaping of memory and its externalizing – take place in the forms available to hu- mans through their ethnic language (phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactical, genological, and discursive forms), which allows memory to exist. It also has an influence, oftentimes a deforming one, on the very shape (content) of memory and the ways its content is conveyed. This highly complex range of problems has given rise, in the humanities, to a new research subdiscipline known as memory linguistics or linguistic memory science whose goals and tasks have precisely delineated in this paper.
Artistas plásticos y partidos comunistas: el viaje de David Alfaro Siqueiros a Montevideo y Buenos Aires en 1933 y su impacto en los debates estético-políticos
Authors: Prado Acosta Laura
Published: January 2021

Objective/Context: the article investigates the links between groups of plastic artists and communist parties in the Southern Cone in the 1930s. The visits of David Alfaro Siqueiros to Montevideo and Buenos Aires in 1933 are taken as a gateway to address an ‘intense moment’ of the intersection between art and politics. The research adopts intellectual history as its main framework. On the one hand, it aims to study artists qua intellectuals because they formulated aesthetic-political postulates both through their works and writings that reflected on the social function of art. On the other hand, the framework of ideas, contexts, dynamics, and tensions typical of artistic-intellectual groups is analyzed. Methodology: the analysis and interpretation of primary sources is highlighted, both of visual works and writings on art, and there is a dialogue with secondary bibliography on the history of art, the history of communism, and cultural history. Originality: the article places communist groups in a ‘zone’ of the cultural fields of the Southern Cone. Thus, it captures the articulations between party membership and insertion in artistic circuits and formulates a new look at the link between communism and art in regions where communism was not a ruling party. Conclusions: Siqueiros’ visits to the Rio de la Plata metropolises generated a scenario in which a singular convergence between art and politics took place, which, unlike that which occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in the region, did not deny or break the modes of operation of the artistic field, but fought a battle to transform it from within.
Autonomía, terrorismo e Iglesia en Euskadi. Los obispos vascos ante la política de Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (1981-1982)
Authors: Pelaz López José-Vidal , Reguero Sanz Itziar
Published: January 2021

Objective/Context: this article has the goal of analyzing the two pastoral letters published by the Basque episcopate in 1981 and 1982 against the autonomic policy of the Union of the Democratic Center (ucd) government and examines their repercussion in Spanish political parties, in the top national dailies and their impact outside of Spain as well. The first letter dealt with the relation between putschism and terrorism. The second expressed a radical opposition to the Organic Law on the Harmonization of the Autonomy Process (loapa) jointly promoted by the executive and the Socialist opposition. Methodology: the methodology is based on a qualitative content analysis of the written press and in the study of archival sources. Originality: the text reviews two documents that have not been analyzed in a monographic fashion despite existing studies about Catholic Church and Basque terrorism. The national and international political and media controversy unleashed by their publication sheds novel insight on the difficulties the last President of the ucd Government, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, faced in articulating the new State of Autonomies amid the Etarra terrorist escalation. Conclusions: the main findings reveal that the bishops’ discourse, in tune with Basque nationalism, shows the division that eta had produced inside Basque and Spanish society and highlights the difficulty in articulating a unified discourse against terror.
Control of magnetic vortex circulation in one-side-flat nanodisk pairs by in-plane magnetic filed
Authors: Ma Xiao-Ping , Yang Hong-Guo , Li Chang-Feng , Liu You-Ji , Piao Hong-Guang ,   College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
Published: January 2021

In a nanodisk made of soft ferromagnet, the magnetic vortex structure are highly stabilized, and the circulation directions of the vortices are naturally binary (either clockwise (CW) or counter-clockwise (CCW)), which can be associated with one bit of information, and thus the magnetic vortices have been of great interest recently. A vortex-circulation-based memory requires the perfect controllability of the circulation direction. From the circulation point of view, there are four possible ground states in a nanodisk pair: (CCW, CCW), (CCW, CW), (CW, CCW) and (CW, CW). In a perfect circular nanodisk, CW and CCW states are degenerate because of the high symmetry of the system. However, the circulation of the magnetic vortex is known to be controlled by introducing the asymmetry. It has been reported that the magnetic vortices with opposite (the same) circulations are realized in one-side-flat disk pair. That means in one-side-flat nanodisk pair only the control of two of these four ground states is possible, eg., (CCW, CW), (CW, CCW) or (CCW, CCW), (CW, CW). We found that the reversal of the magnetic vortex circulation is affected by the nanodisk thickness as well. By further introducing another asymmetry, different thickness, the control of the four circulation ground states is achieved in a nanodisk pair. In this work, the controllability of the four ground states in a nanodisk pair was numerically investigated via micromagnetic simulations. The results show that in a single one-side-flat nanodisk, there exists a preferred rotational sense at the remanent state after the nanodisk is saturated by the external magnetic field, applied parallel to the flat edge of the nanodisk. The shape anisotropy is the primary cause of this phenomenon. We further found that the obtained rotational senses of the magnetization in the vortex state in nanodisks with the same geometrical parameters but different thickness (20 nm and 50 nm) are opposite for the same direction of the externally applied field. This is attributed to the competition between the demagnetization field energy and the exchange energy during the vortex formation. The method we proposed provides a simple means of controlling the vortex state that can thus become a useful tool for designing vortex-based devices.
Spatial correlations constrain cellular lifespan and pattern formation in corneal epithelium homeostasis
Authors: Strinkovsky Lior , Havkin Evgeny , Shalom-Feuerstein Ruby , Savir Yonatan
Published: January 2021

Homeostasis in adult tissues relies on the replication dynamics of stem cells, their progenitors and the spatial balance between them. This spatial and kinetic coordination is crucial to the successful maintenance of tissue size and its replenishment with new cells. However, our understanding of the role of cellular replicative lifespan and spatial correlation between cells in shaping tissue integrity is still lacking. We developed a mathematical model for the stochastic spatial dynamics that underlie the rejuvenation of corneal epithelium. Our model takes into account different spatial correlations between cell replication and cell removal. We derive the tradeoffs between replicative lifespan, spatial correlation length, and tissue rejuvenation dynamics. We determine the conditions that allow homeostasis and are consistent with biological timescales, pattern formation, and mutants phenotypes. Our results can be extended to any cellular system in which spatial homeostasis is maintained through cell replication.
Random access parallel microscopy
Authors: Ashraf Mishal , Mohanan Sharika , Sim Byu Ri , Tam Anthony , Rahemipour Kiamehr , Brousseau Denis , Thibault Simon , Corbett Alexander D , Bub Gil
Published: January 2021

We introduce a random-access parallel (RAP) imaging modality that uses a novel design inspired by a Newtonian telescope to image multiple spatially separated samples without moving parts or robotics. This scheme enables near-simultaneous image capture of multiple petri dishes and random-access imaging with sub-millisecond switching times at the full resolution of the camera. This enables the RAP system to capture long-duration records from different samples in parallel, which is not possible using conventional automated microscopes. The system is demonstrated by continuously imaging multiple cardiac monolayer and Caenorhabditis elegans preparations.
Thresholds for post-rebound SHIV control after CCR5 gene-edited autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Cardozo-Ojeda E Fabian , Duke Elizabeth R , Peterson Christopher W , Reeves Daniel B , Mayer Bryan T , Kiem Hans-Peter , Schiffer Joshua T
Published: January 2021

Autologous, CCR5 gene-edited hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation is a promising strategy for achieving HIV remission. However, only a fraction of HSPCs can be edited ex vivo to provide protection against infection. To project the thresholds of CCR5-edition necessary for HIV remission, we developed a mathematical model that recapitulates blood T cell reconstitution and plasma simian-HIV (SHIV) dynamics from SHIV-1157ipd3N4-infected pig-tailed macaques that underwent autologous transplantation with CCR5 gene editing. The model predicts that viral control can be obtained following analytical treatment interruption (ATI) when: (1) transplanted HSPCs are at least fivefold higher than residual endogenous HSPCs after total body irradiation and (2) the fraction of protected HSPCs in the transplant achieves a threshold (76–94%) sufficient to overcome transplantation-dependent loss of SHIV immunity. Under these conditions, if ATI is withheld until transplanted gene-modified cells engraft and reconstitute to a steady state, spontaneous viral control is projected to occur.
Improving preclinical studies through replications
Authors: Drude Natascha Ingrid , Martinez Gamboa Lorena , Danziger Meggie , Dirnagl Ulrich , Toelch Ulf
Published: January 2021

The purpose of preclinical research is to inform the development of novel diagnostics or therapeutics, and the results of experiments on animal models of disease often inform the decision to conduct studies in humans. However, a substantial number of clinical trials fail, even when preclinical studies have apparently demonstrated the efficacy of a given intervention. A number of large-scale replication studies are currently trying to identify the factors that influence the robustness of preclinical research. Here, we discuss replications in the context of preclinical research trajectories, and argue that increasing validity should be a priority when selecting experiments to replicate and when performing the replication. We conclude that systematically improving three domains of validity – internal, external and translational – will result in a more efficient allocation of resources, will be more ethical, and will ultimately increase the chances of successful translation.
The gut microbiota is a transmissible determinant of skeletal maturation
Authors: Tyagi Abdul Malik , Darby Trevor M , Hsu Emory , Yu Mingcan , Pal Subhashis , Dar Hamid , Li Jau-Yi , Adams Jonathan , Jones Rheinallt M , Pacifici Roberto
Published: January 2021

Genetic factors account for the majority of the variance of human bone mass, but the contribution of non-genetic factors remains largely unknown. By utilizing maternal/offspring transmission, cohabitation, or fecal material transplantation (FMT) studies, we investigated the influence of the gut microbiome on skeletal maturation. We show that the gut microbiome is a communicable regulator of bone structure and turnover in mice. In addition, we found that the acquisition of a specific bacterial strain, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), a gut microbe that induces intestinal Th17 cell expansion, was sufficient to negatively impact skeletal maturation. These findings have significant translational implications, as the identification of methods or timing of microbiome transfer may lead to the development of bacteriotherapeutic interventions to optimize skeletal maturation in humans. Moreover, the transfer of SFB-like microbes capable of triggering the expansion of human Th17 cells during therapeutic FMT procedures could lead to significant bone loss in fecal material recipients.
Globally defining the effects of mutations in a picornavirus capsid
Authors: Mattenberger Florian , Latorre Victor , Tirosh Omer , Stern Adi , Geller Ron
Published: January 2021

The capsids of non-enveloped viruses are highly multimeric and multifunctional protein assemblies that play key roles in viral biology and pathogenesis. Despite their importance, a comprehensive understanding of how mutations affect viral fitness across different structural and functional attributes of the capsid is lacking. To address this limitation, we globally define the effects of mutations across the capsid of a human picornavirus. Using this resource, we identify structural and sequence determinants that accurately predict mutational fitness effects, refine evolutionary analyses, and define the sequence specificity of key capsid-encoded motifs. Furthermore, capitalizing on the derived sequence requirements for capsid-encoded protease cleavage sites, we implement a bioinformatic approach for identifying novel host proteins targeted by viral proteases. Our findings represent the most comprehensive investigation of mutational fitness effects in a picornavirus capsid to date and illuminate important aspects of viral biology, evolution, and host interactions.
Calcineurin subunit B is involved in shell regeneration inHaliotis diversicolor
Authors: Buddawong Tiranan , Asuvapongpatana Somluk , Suwannasing Chanyatip , Habuddha Valainipha , Sukonset Chompoonut , Sombutkayasith Chanyarak , McDougall Carmel , Weerachatyanukul Wattana
Published: January 2021

Abalone shells are mainly composed of two major polymorphs of CaCO3that are distributed in different layers of the shell. The process of shell biomineralization is controlled by genes and proteins expressed within the mantle epithelium. In this present paper, we conducted a shell regeneration experiment to study the role of HcCNA and HcCNB (individual subunits of calcineurin) in shell biomineralization inH. diversicolor. The results of qPCR showed thatHcCNBis upregulated to a greater extent thanHcCNAin the mantle after shell notching. In vivo study of the effects of rHcCNB injection showed a significantly higher percentage of regenerated shell length, but not area, in the injected group compared to the control group. In addition, SEM observation of the inner surface of the regenerated shells revealed three different zones including prismatic, nacreous, and a distinct transition zone. Changes in the crystal organization and ultrastructure are clearly evident in these three zones, particularly after 3 weeks of rHcCNB administration. We hypothesize that this is due to faster biomineralization rates in the rHcCNB treated group. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HcCNB participates in shell regeneration inH. diversicolor. As calcineurin subunits have also been implicated in shell formation in bivalves, these findings suggest that calcineurin subunits may play important roles in biomineralization in all conchiferans.
Effects of subjective and objective autoregulation methods for intensity and volume on enhancing maximal strength during resistance-training interventions: a systematic review
Authors: Larsen Stian , Kristiansen Eirik , van den Tillaar Roland
Published: January 2021

Background

Maximal strength is a critical determinant of performance in numerous sports. Autoregulation is a resistance training prescription approach to adjust training variables based on the individuals’ daily fluctuations in performance, which are a result of training-induced fitness and fatigue, together with readiness from daily non-training stressors.

Objective

This review aimed to summarise the effects of different subjective and objective autoregulation methods for intensity and volume on enhancing maximal strength.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted through SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies had to meet the following criteria to be included in the review: (1) estimation of 1-RM or a 1-RM test for both pre-test and post-test to measure progression in strength assessment during the training intervention, (2) a training comparison group, (3) participants were healthy, (4) the article had a detailed description of training intensity, training volume, and training frequency during the training intervention, (5) the training intervention lasted for more than four weeks, (6) studies with objective autoregulation methods utilised a validated measuring tool to monitor velocity, (7) English-language studies.

Results

Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 30 training groups and 356 participants. Effect size and percentage differences were calculated for 13 out of 14 studies to compare the effects of different training interventions. All autoregulation training protocols resulted in an increase in 1-RM, from small ES to large ES.

Conclusion

Overall, our findings suggest that using both subjective autoregulation methods for intensity, such as repetitions in reserve rating of perceived exertion and flexible daily undulation periodisation, together with objective autoregulation methods for autoregulation intensity and volume, such as velocity targets and velocity loss, could be effective methods for enhancing maximal strength. It is speculated that this is because the implementation of autoregulation into a periodised plan may take into account the athletes’ daily fluctuations, such as fluctuations in fitness, fatigue, and readiness to train. When training with a validated measuring tool to monitor velocity, this may provide objective augmented intra- and interset feedback during the resistance exercise who could be beneficial for increasing maximal strength. Coaches, practitioners, and athletes are encouraged to implement such autoregulation methods into a periodised plan when the goal is to enhance maximal strength.
Molecular systematics of the Sicista tianschanica species complex: a contribution from historical DNA analysis
Authors: Lebedev Vladimir S. , Kovalskaya Yulia , Solovyeva Evgeniya N. , Zemlemerova Elena D. , Bannikova Anna A. , Rusin Mikhail Yu , Matrosova Vera A.
Published: January 2021

The Tianshan birch mouse Sicista tianschanica is an endemic of the Central Asian mountains and has previously been shown to include several karyomorphs (“Terskey”, “Talgar”, “Dzungar”); however, the taxonomic status of these forms has remained uncertain. We examined the genetic variation in S. tianschanica based on historical DNA samples from museum collections, including the type series. Mitochondrial and nuclear data indicated that the species complex includes two major clades: Northern (N) and Southern (S) (cytb distance 13%). The N clade corresponds to the “Dzungar” karyomorph (Dzungar Alatau, Tarbagatay). The S clade is comprised of four lineages (S1–S4) divergent at 6–8%; the relationships among which are resolved incompletely. The S1 lineage is found in eastern Tianshan and corresponds to the nominal taxon. The S2 is distributed in central and northern Tianshan and corresponds to the “Terskey” karyomorph. The S3 is restricted to Trans-Ili Alatau and belongs to the “Talgar” karyomorph. The S4 is represented by a single specimen from southeastern Dzungar Alatau with "Talgar" karyotype. No interlineage gene flow was revealed. The validity of S. zhetysuica (equivalent to the N clade) is supported. Based on genetic and karyotypic evidence, lineages S2 and S3 are described as distinct species. The status of the S4 requires further investigation.
Left Planum Sphenoidale Transitional Meningioma -Simpson Grade-1
Authors: Joseph Jerrine , Emmanuel C , Suresh Arumugam , Parathasarthy Anand , Aruni Wilson
Published: January 2021

Planum sphenoidale meningiomas are rare slow growing tumours that impair cognition and lead to behavioural changes. Other common presentations of this condition include persistent headache followed by vision diminution. Dismissing cognitive impairment and behavioural changes as part of dementia, depression or aging might lead to loss of opportunity to treatment. The common symptoms manifested in sphenoid (spheno-orbital) wing meningioma is bulging of the eyes which may be painless, visual impairment and ocular paresis. Headache is also a common symptom, in addition to ptosis. Variants of the clinical syndrome include the following: Eye swelling and hearing loss, optic atropy, Kennedy syndrome and mental changes. Patient had severe headache for which he went for the eye checkup, where the loss of vision in the left eye was confirmed, through the field test. The MRI confirmed the tumour presence. Though the diagnosis was informed it took one year to convince the patient for the surgery. Hence, the author wishes to emphasise the role of tumour support systems. Physician’s serve as patients’ first point of entry into the health care system and as the continuing focal point for all necessary health care services along with their team they play a vital role in convincing patients from postdiagnosis to surgery and recovery.
Complications and Recurrence after Pterygium Excision using Mitomycin C Eye Drops versus Sutureless and Glue Free Conjunctival Autograft: A Prospective Study
Authors: Shukla Prachi , Bhartiya Suman
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Recurrence is the most common problem with pterygium excision. Various adjunctive methods have been described to decrease the recurrence rate of pterygium. Mitomycin C (MMC) and limbal Conjunctival Autograft (CAG) are most commonly used methods to reduce its recurrence. Aim: To compare the recurrence rate of pterygium and the complications with MMC eyedrops after bare sclera pterygium excision versus sutureless and glue free CAG. Materials and Methods: Total 104 eyes were divided into two groups (A and B) of 52 eyes each. Group A patients underwent bare sclera excision of pterygium followed by 0.01% MMC eye drops BD (twice a day) for five days and Group B patients had sutureless and glue free CAG using oozing blood as tissue adhesive after pterygium excision. The patients were followed-up postoperatively on day 1, day 3, day 7, one month, three months, six months and one year. All the patients were examined for recurrence and complications. Statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 and student’s t-test was applied for comparison. Results: A total of 104 eyes of 92 patients were divided into two groups (A and B) of 52 each. The mean age of Group A was around 45 year and group B was around 43 years and the difference was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Total three patients had recurrence in one year of follow-up in group A, out of which first case appeared before the end of 1st month, second before the completion of 3rd month and the third case at the last follow-up. In group B only one case presented with recurrence at 6th month follow-up. The difference between the recurrences in both the groups was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Short term complications were observed in five patients in group A. One patient had corneal thinning; one had scleral thinning, two patients presented with avascular sclera and one patient with granuloma. In group B, 18 patients with graft retraction, eight with graft oedema, five with sub-conjunctival graft haemorrhage and one with granuloma were observed. All these complications resolved by the time. Long term complications were not observed in any patient of both the groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that the use of MMC eye drops (0.01%) BD or glue free and sutureless CAG after pterygium excision is safe and effective treatment modalities for pterygium.
Identification of key modules and hub genes in glioblastoma multiforme based on co‐expression network analysis
Authors: Li Chun , Pu Bangming , Gu Long , Zhang Mingwei , Shen Hongping , Yuan Yuan , Liao Lishang
Published: January 2021

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary tumour in the central nervous system, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. In this study, data set GSE50161 was used to construct a co‐expression network for weighted gene co‐expression network analysis. Two modules (dubbed brown and turquoise) were found to have the strongest correlation with GBM. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the brown module was involved in the cell cycle, DNA replication, and pyrimidine metabolism. The turquoise module was primarily related to circadian rhythm entrainment, glutamatergic synapses, and axonal guidance. Hub genes were screened by survival analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Human Protein Atlas databases and further tested using the GSE4290 and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases. The eight hub genes (NUSAP1, SHCBP1, KNL1, SULT4A1, SLC12A5, NUF2, NAPB, and GARNL3) were verified at both the transcriptional and translational levels, and these gene expression levels were significant based on the World Health Organization classification system. These hub genes may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the accurate diagnosis and management of GBM.
Raineya
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Egas Conceição
Published: January 2021

Rai'ney.a. N.L. fem. n.
Raineya
referring to Fred A. Rainey, for his contributions to the taxonomy and phylogeny of archaea and bacteria.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Raineyaceae / Raineya

The genus
Raineya
comprises one species named
Raineya orbicola
. The organism forms long filaments and rod‐shaped cells that are 0.5–0.8 μm in width and 5.0–15.0 μm in length. Nonmotile and does not possess flagella. Cells stain Gram‐negative, and endospores are not observed. Flexirubin‐type pigments are not present. Colonies are orange pigmented. Slightly thermophilic with an optimum growth temperature of about 50°C and strictly aerobic. Cytochrome
c
oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Chemoorganotrophic. Growth factors are necessary for growth in minimal medium. Carbohydrates and polyols are not utilized for growth. Some organic acids and amino acids are used as carbon and energy sources. The major respiratory quinone of this species is menaquinone 7 (MK‐7). The polar lipid profile is composed of unidentified aminolipids (ALs), unidentified aminophospholipids (APLs), and additional unidentified lipids (ULs). Fatty acids are primarily isobranched and hydroxy fatty acids. Isolated from a hydrothermal area.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 39.2 (HPLC), 37.6 (genome).

Type species
:
Raineya orbicola
Albuquerque et al. 2018
VP
.
Ampullimonas
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Egas Conceição
Published: January 2021

Ampullimonas
(Am.pul.li.mo'nas. L. fem. n.
ampulla
flask, bottle; L. fem. n.
monas
unit; N.L. fem. n.
Ampullimonas
a unit from a bottle of water).

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Ampullimonas

The genus
Ampullimonas
comprises one species named
Ampullimonas aquatilis
. The organism forms rod‐shaped cells that are 1.0 μm in width and 1.0–2.0 μm in length. The species is motile. The organism stains Gram‐negative, and endospores are not observed. Colonies are nonpigmented. The species
A. aquatilis
is mesophilic and strictly aerobic. Cytochrome
c
oxidase‐positive and catalase‐negative. Chemoorganotrophic; capable of chemolithoheterotrophic growth with molecular hydrogen. Able to fix N
2
under microaerobic conditions. Growth factors are necessary for growth in minimal medium. Organic acids are used as carbon and energy sources; sugars, amino acids, and polyols tested are not used for growth with the exception of glycerol. The major respiratory quinone of this species is ubiquinone 8 (U‐8). The polar lipid profile is composed of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Fatty acids are primarily straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated; hydroxy fatty acids are also present. The type strain was isolated from bottled mineral water.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 49.7–49.8 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Ampullimonas aquatilis
França et al. 2016
VP
.
Maybe a free thinker but not a critical one: High conspiracy belief is associated with low critical thinking ability
Authors: Lantian Anthony , Bagneux Virginie , Delouvée Sylvain , Gauvrit Nicolas
Published: January 2021

Critical thinking is of paramount importance in our society. People regularly assume that critical thinking is a way to reduce conspiracy belief, although the relationship between critical thinking and conspiracy belief has never been tested. We conducted two studies (Study 1, N = 86; Study 2, N = 252), in which we found that critical thinking ability—measured by an open‐ended test emphasizing several areas of critical thinking ability in the context of argumentation—is negatively associated with belief in conspiracy theories. Additionally, we did not find a significant relationship between self‐reported (subjective) critical thinking ability and conspiracy belief. Our results support the idea that conspiracy believers have less developed critical thinking ability and stimulate discussion about the possibility of reducing conspiracy beliefs via the development of critical thinking.
Revealing Novel Power Laws and Quantization in Electrospinning Considering Jet Splitting—Toward Predicting Fiber Diameter and Its Distribution Part II Experimental
Authors: Schubert Dirk W. , Allen Vincent , Dippel Ursula
Published: January 2021

Blends of poly‐ϵ‐caprolactone (PCL) with two different molar masses are deliberately varied to change viscosity independent of polymer concentration enabling to separate viscosity and a direct concentration dependence of the fiber diameter in the electrospinning process. Multiple distributions as a result of jet splitting are determined and analyzed. The existence of essentially two modes in fiber diameter frequency distribution, the base mode and the split mode, is revealed, whereas the scaling laws for each mode can be validated according to the latest theory. Finally, the theoretical predicted upper limit of the ratio of standard deviation of fiber diameter and average fiber diameter is validated.
Synergistic Superiority of a Silver‐Carbon Black‐Filled Conductive Polymer Composite for Temperature–Pressure Sensing
Authors: Wang Gang , Ouyang Mingjiang , Huang Yifan , Huang Yining , Yang Zheng , Guo Bingkun , Wu Jinbo , Zhang Mengying , Wen Weijia
Published: January 2021

Flexible conductive polymer composites (CPCs) are creating new opportunities in soft electronics and their applications. Compared with CPCs based on unary filler systems, CPCs with binary fillers have plenty of advantages in mechanical and electrical properties due to the synergistic superiority of fillers. Herein, a new kind of flexible binary fillers CPC composed of nano‐sized carbon black (CB) particles and micro‐sized silver (Ag) platelets uniformly dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is reported and named Ag‐CB‐PDMS. A synergistic conductive network structure based on observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) is proposed. The conductivity is approximately 20 times higher than that of unary filler system, with a threefold improvement in its stability. Through the regulation of the filler concentration, the temperature coefficient can be adjusted, and the resistance is insensitive to temperature when silver and carbon black concentrations are 15 and 18 wt%, respectively. Meanwhile, Ag‐CB‐PDMS retains good flexibility and shows excellent piezoresistive characteristics. During compression‐release cycles, Ag‐CB‐PDMS exhibits excellent stability, good repeatability (1000 cycles), and fast response time (52 ms). A temperature–pressure sensor is constructed based on Wheatstone bridge for real‐time monitoring of lithium‐ion batteries (LiBs) to achieve early safety warning.
Improved Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Microarc Oxidation Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V Alloy with Ultrasonic Assistance for Potential Biomedical Applications
Authors: Xu Cheng , Chen Liang-Yu , Zheng Chuan-Bo , Zhang Hong-Yue , Zhao Cui-Hua , Wang Ze-Xin , Lu Sheng , Zhang Jin-Wei , Zhang Lai-Chang
Published: January 2021

Although microarc oxidation is frequently used in producing wear‐ and corrosion‐resistant coatings on Ti and Ti alloys for biomedical applications, the formation of nonuniform microstructure of the coatings is still unavoidable. To overcome this drawback, this work adopts ultrasonic assistance in the microarc oxidation of Ti–6Al–4V and systematically investigates the influences of ultrasonic treatment with different durations on the coating microstructures and resultant properties. The positive effects of ultrasonic, such as cavitation effect, sound flow effect, and mechanical effect, accelerate the cooling rate of electrolyte and promote the homogeneity of the solute on the sample surface. Therefore, the ultrasonic‐assisted coatings exhibit uniform microstructures with fewer cracks and therefore improve performances. For instance, compared with the counterpart without ultrasonic assistance, the ultrasonic‐assisted coating with 15 min duration demonstrates 25.1% lower mass loss in the tribology test and half corrosion density in Hank's solution. Such results indicate that ultrasonic assistance in microarc oxidation of Ti–6Al–4V can homogenize the microstructures of coatings and enhance their corrosion resistance and wear resistance in human body.
Efficient Passivation Strategy on Sn Related Defects for High Performance All‐Inorganic CsSnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Bo , Di Haoxiang , Chang Bohong , Yin Ruiyang , Fu Lin , Zhang Ya‐Nan , Yin Longwei
Published: January 2021

Despite remarkable progress in hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the concern of toxic lead ions remains a major hurdle in the path towards PSC's commercialization; tin (Sn)‐based PSCs outperform the reported Pb‐free perovskites in terms of photovoltaic performance. However, it is of a particularly great challenge to develop effective passivation strategies to suppress Sn(II) induced defect densities and oxidation for attaining high‐performance all‐inorganic CsSnI3 PSCs. Herein, a facile yet effective thioamides passivation strategy to modulate defect state density at surfaces and grain boundaries in CsSnI3 perovskites is reported. The thiosemicarbazide (TSC) with SCN functional groups can make strong coordination interaction with charge defects, leading to enhanced electron cloud density around defects and increased vacancy formation energies. Importantly, the surface passivation can reduce the deep level trap state defect density originated from undercoordinated Sn2+ ion and Sn2+ oxidation, significantly restraining nonradiative recombination and elongating the carrier lifetime of TSC treated CsSnI3 PSCs. The surface passivated all‐inorganic CsSnI3 PSCs based on an inverted configuration delivers a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.20%, with a prolonged lifetime over 90% of initial PCE, after 500 h of continuous illumination. The present strategy sheds light on surface defect passivation for achieving highly efficient all‐inorganic lead‐free Sn‐based PSCs.
High‐Sensitivity Flexible X‐Ray Detectors based on Printed Perovskite Inks
Authors: Ciavatti Andrea , Sorrentino Roberto , Basiricò Laura , Passarella Bianca , Caironi Mario , Petrozza Annamaria , Fraboni Beatrice
Published: January 2021

The demand for high‐energy radiation detection systems combining high sensitivity, low‐cost and large‐area fabrication has pushed the research on hybrid perovskites as promising materials for X‐ and γ‐photon detection, thanks to their high Z atoms, solution‐processability, and high optoelectronic performance. Here, flexible direct X‐ray detectors are demonstrated with outstanding real‐time detection properties. They are based on printed micrometers‐thick films of methylammonium lead triiodide nanocrystals inks, formulated in low boiling point and benign solvents. Record optoelectronic performances, such as high X‐ray sensitivity (up to 2270 µC Gy−1 cm−2), radiation tolerance over 2.2 Gy of total dose, and fast response time (48 ms) have been achieved by using a simple device architecture and materials processing The functionality under strong bending stress (strain > 10%) and under high X‐ray energy (up to 150 keV) has been assessed, opening the way for flexible real‐time direct radiation detectors and imagers, operating at low‐voltages (bias < 4V) and apt to be fabricated by means of large‐area scalable processes.
Self‐Activatable Photo‐Extracellular Vesicle for Synergistic Trimodal Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Ding Jingjing , Lu Guihong , Nie Weidong , Huang Li‐Li , Zhang Yahui , Fan Wenlin , Wu Guanghao , Liu Houli , Xie Hai‐Yan
Published: January 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great potential in both disease treatment and drug delivery. However, accurate drug release from EVs, as well as the spontaneous treatment effect cooperation of EVs and drugs at target tissues, is still challenging. Here, an engineered self‐activatable photo‐EV for synergistic trimodal anticancer therapy is reported. M1 macrophage‐derived EVs (M1 EVs) are simultaneously loaded with bis[2,4,5‐trichloro‐6‐(pentyloxycarbonyl) phenyl] oxalate (CPPO), chlorin e6 (Ce6), and prodrug aldoxorubicin (Dox‐EMCH). After administration, the as‐prepared system actively targets tumor cells because of the tumor‐homing capability of M1 EVs, wherein M1 EVs repolarize M2 to M1 macrophages, which not only display immunotherapy effects but also produce H2O2. The reaction between H2O2 and CPPO generates chemical energy that activates Ce6, creating both chemiluminescence for imaging and singlet oxygen (1O2) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Meanwhile, 1O2‐induced membrane rupture leads to the release of Dox‐EMCH, which is then activated and penetrates the deep hypoxic areas of tumors. The synergism of immunotherapy, PDT, and chemotherapy results in potent anticancer efficacy, showing great promise to fight cancers.
Efficient Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting Induced by the Giant Internal Electric Field of a g‐C3N4/rGO/PDIP Z‐Scheme Heterojunction
Authors: Chen Xianjie , Wang Jun , Chai Yongqiang , Zhang Zijian , Zhu Yongfa
Published: January 2021

A graphitic carbon nitride/rGO/perylene diimide polymer (g‐C3N4/rGO/PDIP) Z‐scheme heterojunction is successfully constructed to realize high‐flux charge transfer and efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting. A giant internal electric field in the Z‐scheme junction is built, enabling the charge separation efficiency to be enhanced dramatically by 8.5 times. Thus, g‐C3N4/rGO/PDIP presents an efficient and stable photocatalytic overall water splitting activity with H2 and O2 evolution rate of 15.80 and 7.80 µmol h−1, respectively, ≈12.1 times higher than g‐C3N4 nanosheets. Meanwhile, a notable quantum efficiency of 4.94% at 420 nm and solar‐to‐hydrogen energy‐conversion efficiency of 0.30% are achieved, prominently surpassing many reported g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts. Briefly, this work throws light on enhancing the internal electric field by interface control to dramatically improve the photocatalytic performance.
Monolithic Light Reflector‐Nanowire Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ra Yong‐Ho , Lee Cheul‐Ro
Published: January 2021

The development of small size, ultracompact photonic devices is required for a wide range of applications, such as next‐generation automobile displays, micro‐light‐emitting diode (µ‐LED) TVs, smart phones and watches, virtual reality, and augmented reality. Here, for the first time, a new approach is reported to dramatically reduce the size of photonic device chips by using a monolithic light reflector‐nanowire LED system. Moreover, the vertical cavity nanowire structure for the surface‐lighting emission is developed by selective area epitaxy that can precisely control the gaps and diameters of the GaN nanowires. The light reflection is provided by high quality Al metal reflector which is directly deposited by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique. The selective area growth shows uniform GaN heterostructure arrays with excellent crystal quality and desired aspect ratio. Furthermore, an advanced selective area etching process is introduced to fabricate Al mirrors between nanowire arrays. Significantly improved light efficiency is observed at ≈550 nm spectral wavelength from the monolithic Al light reflector‐vertical surface emitting nanowire LED system. To break the “green gap” bottleneck in III‐nitride photonics, the approach will open a new route toward monolithic, ultrasmall, electrically pumped nanoscale light emitters for next‐generation photonic and electronic devices.