bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COATING TREATMENTS ON THE QUALITY OF MANGO FRUIT
Authors: HOA THAI THI , DUCAMP MARIE‐NOELLE , LEBRUN MARC , BALDWIN ELIZABETH A.
Published: May 2007

Eight coating formulations were evaluated for beneficial effects on the shelf‐life of mangoes (cvs. Kent, Tommy Atkins, and Lirfa) harvested at different maturity stages. Four coatings were then selected for further study under various conditions of storage including ambient (19–22C and56–60% RH) and simulated commercial (12C and 80% RH) storage. The four coating formulations contained carnauba wax, shellac, zein, and/or cellulose derivatives. All coatings reduced the respiratory rate, the development of external and internal color, and all but carnauba wax retarded the loss of firmness. Changes in acids were also delayed in all coated mangoes. Based on these parameters, fruit maturation was estimated to have been delayed by a few days compared with uncoated fruit. Shellac and cellulose‐based coatings, however, caused elevated levels of ethanol, although this did not lead to significant flavor differences from the control (uncoated fruit) in sensory tests. Only the carnauba wax coating was an effective water loss barrier under conditions of high RH.
EFFECT OF LIGHT SOURCE ON ACCEPTABILITY OF CITRUS FRUITS
Authors: BARBUT SHAI
Published: May 2007

The effect of three commonly used light sources on the color acceptability of oranges, lemons and limes was investigated. The color of the oranges under incandescent (INC) and metal halide (MH) lights was more preferred (P<0.05), by the panelists than when presented under fluorescent (FL). The main reason was the dull orange color seen under FL light. Relative luminance data, collected via a fiber optic probe connected to a photo diode array, demonstrated the reason to be insufficient red light reflected from oranges presented under FL. The yellow lemons were also preferred more under INC and MH than under FL: the latter resulted in a greenish tinge appearance. The color of the limes was more preferred under INC light than under FL, but preferred equally to the product presented under MH.
A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: ÖZCAN MUSA , AYAR HMET
Published: May 2007

The antioxidant effects of extracts of propolis were tested in butter stored at 5 and 25 C. Propolis samples were collected from bee hives. While oxidation rancidity of butter was evaluated by determining peroxide and thiobarbutiric acid (TBA) values hydrolytic rancidity was determined by measuring free fatty acids (FFA) values. Both concentrations (0.02% and 0.05%) of propolis extracts tested exhibited antioxidant effect compared with controls during experiment at 5 and 25C. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) showed similar effects. Both concentrations of propolis extract at 5C were effective in retarding oxidation when compared with the control. A level of 0.05% of propolis extract allowed the TBA values during experiment to increase (P<0.01). The TBA values of 0.05% propolis added‐butters were similar with that of 0.02% BHA added‐butter. Propolis extracts at 25 C significantly inhibited hydrolytic rancidity. While propolis extracts had effects on peroxide and FFA value of butter, propolis may be considered as a new source of natural antioxidants of moderate efficiency.
SENSORY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF VACUUM‐PACKED SLICED COOKED CHICKEN BREAST. SHELF‐LIFE ESTIMATION
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐PÉREZ Ma R. , ZURERA‐COSANO G. , Ma GARCÍA‐GIMENO R. , BARCO‐ALCALÁ E. , Ma CASTILLEJO‐RODRÍGUEZ A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract The shelf‐life of vacuum packed, sliced, cooked chicken‐breast based on sensory and microbial changes as a function of temperature (2.3, 6.5, 10, 13.5 and 17.7C) was determined. Sensory evaluation and a microbiological study charted the development of lactic acid and psychotropic bacteria and of Brochothrix thermosphacta. Six different sensory methods were used to estimate product shelf‐life; of these, the method based on average smell and taste was deemed the most suitable, since these parameters had a greater impact on shelf‐life. From a microbiological point of view, mean shelf‐life times were estimated at each temperature and compared with the estimates of the tasting panel. In the samples stored at the three lowest study temperatures (2.3, 6.5 and 10C), lactic acid and psychotropic bacteria counts of 107–108 cfu/g were not achieved; this agrees with the absence of sensory rejection at the end of the experiment. At 13.5 and 17.7C, mean shelf‐life estimated microbiologically was shorter than that estimated using sensory methods. This difference, which here amounted to at least 8 days, is due to the so‐called “delayed change”, reported in previous experiments with cooked meat products.
USE OF SEMITRAINED PANEL MEMBERS IN THE SENSORY EVALUATION OF HAKE (MERLUCCIUS MERLUCCIUS, L) ANALYZED STATISTICALLY
Authors: RUIZ‐CAPILLAS CLAUDIA , MORAL ANTONIO , VILLAGACÍA TERESA
Published: May 2007

Abstract The main objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of semitrained sensory assessors to parameters traditionally used in the sensory analysis of hake and to compare their performance with that of trained inspectors. Appropriate statistical methods were used to validate this objective.

The study was carried out with whole gutted hake stored for 7 and 12 days in a controlled atmosphere consisting of 60%/15%/25% (CO2/O2/N2), followed by conventional storage in ice. The hake stored under the CA conditions were preserved better than the control hake at 7 days and at 12 days the difference was even more in favor of the CA storage. Ten parameters evaluated in the sensory tests could be reduced to five with no loss in essential information. The evaluations of the semitrained assessors largely correlated with those of trained inspectors. A model using five parameters and semitrained assessors could be routinely used to evaluate the quality of cooked hake previously stored in ice.
INFLUENCE OF CONVENTIONAL CLARIFICATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION ON THE PHENOLIC COMPOSITION OF GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLE JUICE
Authors: GÖKMEN VURAL , ACAR JALE , KAHRAMAN NERMIN
Published: May 2007

Abstract The effects of conventional clarification and ultrafiltration techniques on the phenolic composition of apple juice was studied. Since the health benefit of fruits and fruit juices have been ascribed, in part, to the phenolic antioxidants, it is very important to know what the effects of processing steps are on the level of phenolic compounds in fruit juices. The total losses of phenolic compounds were determined to be 28% and 7% during conventional clarification using gelatin and bentonite, and ultrafiltration, respectively. A total of 14 phenolic compounds were identified in apple juice prepared from Golden Delicious apples. The phenolic compounds were found to be based mainly on hydroxycinnamic acids (∼ 50% of total phenolics) and chlorogenic acid was found to be the major phenolic compound with its concentration as high as 465.45 mg 1−1 in raw apple juice.
OPTIMIZING STABILITY OF ORANGE JUICE FORTIFIED WITH WHEY PROTEIN AT LOW pH VALUES
Authors: KAZMERSKI MICHELLE , AGBOOLA SAMSON , CORREDIG MILENA
Published: May 2007

Abstract The influence of temperature, heating time and pH on the stability of whey protein‐fortified Valencia orange juice was determined by uronic acid content, degree of esterification (DE), % transmission measurements (%T) and capillary electrophoretic analysis of the juice‐protein supernatants. Uronic acid content and charge of pectins showed no significant change in heat‐treated samples with added proteins. The %T decreased with decreasing pH and increasing temperature and heating time for α‐lactalbumin (α‐lac), β‐lactoglobulin (β‐lg) and whey protein isolate (WPI). The lowest transmission values were shown at pH 3.0 and 85C. Capillary electropherograms confirmed more extensive juice‐protein interactions in WPI and β‐lg added juices than in those containing α‐lac, especially at low pH, resulting in more stable juice‐protein mixtures.
THE DETERMINATION OF ASCORBIC ACID, CHLOROPHYLL AND PECTIN CONTENTS OF TURKISH KIWIFRUIT
Authors: GULDAS METIN
Published: May 2007

Abstract The contents of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and pectin in kiwifruits (Hayward cultivar) grown in Turkey were investigated. While chlorophyll and pectin contents were similar to previous studies, the ascorbic acid content tended to be lower.
FORTIFICATION WITH CALCIUM CITRATE MALATE MAY NOT INFLUENCE THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF AN ORANGE FLAVORED BEVERAGE1
Authors: ASSMANN SUSANNE , MEDEIROS DENIS M. , CHAMBERS EDGAR
Published: May 2007

Abstract The impact of calcium fortification in the form of calcium citrate malate (CCM) on sensory attributes of an orange flavored beverage was investigated. It was hypothesized that the sensory properties would be negatively influenced by increasing the calcium concentration. Samples of an orange flavored beverage were prepared containing five levels of CCM that had 20% to 60% of the daily Adequate Intake (AI) for calcium. The influence of calcium fortification with CCM on sensory attributes of the beverage was determined using descriptive sensory analysis. In addition, a consumer acceptance test evaluated the acceptability of the sample beverages. The astringency of the beverage increased with higher levels of calcium. However, no further influence on sensory properties of the beverage was observed. There were minimal differences in consumers’liking for all five samples. The acceptability by consumers was not influenced by CCM concentration. Calcium fortification up to 60% of the AI did not reduce consumers’acceptability, however, it influenced the astringency of the orange flavored beverage.
MARKET‐OPTIMUM INSTRUMENTAL VALUES FROM INDIVIDUAL CONSUMERS’DISCRIMINATIONS OF STANDARD SENSORY QUALITY OF THE TEXTURE OF SHORT‐DOUGH BISCUITS
Authors: BOOTH D.A. , MOBINI S. , EARL T. , WAINWRIGHT C.J.
Published: May 2007

Abstract A small diverse panel of untrained assessors made quantitative descriptive judgements of the hardness, crispness and crunchiness of short dough biscuits varying independently in compliance and force of fracture at first bite, and in the sizes and frequency of cracks when the bitten‐off piece of biscuit was first crushed. Each individual's ratings relative to a market recipe were scaled in 50%‐discrimination distances from market standard on each instrumental measure, and personal ranges of top quality were calculated. These quality ranges were aggregated across the panel to provide profiles of estimated market popularity within the range of values tested of each instrumental measure of a sensed fracture pattern. Each market response profile was single‐peaked despite the diversity of the panel. Hence, this method will establish market‐optimum instrumental criteria for food quality from modestly sized panels of representative end‐users without sensory training. It is therefore a powerful and economical tool for product development and quality control.
PREDICTION OF APPLE FIRMNESS FROM MASS LOSS AND SHRINKAGE
Authors: LINK S.O. , DRAKE S.R. , THIEDE M.E.
Published: May 2007

Prediction of firmness from mass loss and shrinkage was investigated in apples (Malus x domestica Borkh.) under regular atmosphere (RA) storage conditions. Apples (‘Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’) were repeatedly weighed to determine mass loss. Shrinkage was measured with a strain gauge sensor. ‘Delicious’ apples lost firmness (73 to 58 N) while ‘Fuji’ apples maintained firmness at 69 N over 57 days in storage. Apples lost mass at a constant rate with ‘Delicious’ losing mass slower (0.6 % per month) than ‘Fuji’ (1.1% per month). ‘Delicious’ apple shrank less (0.28 mm) than the ‘Fuji’ (0.70 mm) over 57 days. The relationship between firmness and mass loss, or shrinkage was dependent on apple cultivar. Firmness was significantly and linearly related to mass loss and to shrinkage in ‘Delicious’ apples. It is possible to predict firmness of ‘Delicious’ apples under RA storage conditions by tracking mass loss or shrinkage.
Accuracy of prediction of canine litter size and gestational age with ultrasound
Authors: Lenard ZM , Hopper BJ , Lester NV , Richardson JL , Robertson ID
Published: May 2007

Different sonographic criteria have been developed to estimate canine fetal age, including fetal mensuration and assessment of fetal organ development. This retrospective study assessed the accuracy of gestational age and litter size predictions in 76 bitches using one of two techniques. The first method used the differential features of fetal organ development that occur in early and mid pregnancy, based on published tables for beagles. The second method used biparietal head and trunk diameters to predict gestational age based on tables published for late gestational Labrador Retrievers. The accuracy of the two methods was compared and the effect of maternal body weight and litter size evaluated. Litter size and maternal body weight did not affect the accuracy of gestational age prediction. Using a combination of both methods, the overall accuracy of predicting parturition date within 65 ± 1 day and ± 2 days was 70.8% and 86.1%, respectively. The correct litter size was predicted in 65% of cases, and in 89.5% of cases for ± 1 pup. Pearson's correlation between actual litter size and predicted litter size was high (R = 0.957, P < 0.001). The organ development method of predicting gestational age was more accurate than late gestational fetal mensuration (P = 0.019). The optimum time for sonographic estimation of fetal age and litter size is early and mid pregnancy.
Data Transformation as a Means to obtain Reliable Consensus Values for Reference Materials
Authors: CHRISTIE OLAV H. J. , ALFSEN KNUT H.
Published: May 2007

Two different methods for estimating modal values of skewed distributions have been applied to round robin data on reference materials. The first method involves polynomial fitting to a histogram, and the second is confined to data transformation to overcome the problems connected with treatment of data characterized by skewed distributions. The transformation method (Gamma) allows the construction of a confidence interval which is non‐symmetrical with respect to the central value of skewed distributions.
Comparison of Two Background Correction Procedures for X‐Ray Fluorescence Trace element Analysis of Some Standard Samples
Authors: WYROBISCH W.
Published: May 2007

Ten geochemical reference samples were analysed for Rb, Sr and Cr by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. The results obtained by two different background correction procedures are compared. For Sr both the correction procedures yield almost similar results in carbonate matrix; however, for Rb and Sr in silicate samples some significant differences are often noticed.
Echantillons de Référence pour l'Analyse Végétale
Authors: PINTA M.
Published: May 2007

Le Comité Inter‐Instituts présente quelques résultats nouveaux, obtenus sur la série d'étalons végétaux qu'il a constitué (12 éahantillons). Le sodium est déterminé par spectrométrie d'émission de flamme, le chlore par titrimétrie potentiométrique, le soufre pap turbidimétrie, le bore par colorimétrie à l'azométhine H.

Les résultats donnés sont les moyennes de 8 à 15 laboratoires selon les éléments. L'éaart‐type et le coefficient de variation sont donnés pour chaque résultat. Les résultats de Na, Cl, B sont considérés comme valeurs de référence.

Quelques résultats d‘éléments trace par spectrographie d'émission, Al, Co, Cr, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sr, Ti, V sont présentés comme valeurs d'orientation.
Solid Sampling Atomic Absorption Determination Of Silver in Silicate Rock Reference Samples. Application to a Homogeneity Study of Silver In a One‐Ton Two‐Mica Granite Reference Sample
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K. , MOREL J. , L'HOMEL N.
Published: May 2007

Silver content of silicate rook samples rarely exceeds 200 ppb. For determining such low levels of silver, a solid sampling flame atomic absorption method has been developed and has been applied to the analysis of several silicate rock reference samples. These results are compared with the sparse published data. Using silver as an example, the usefulness of solid sampling procedures for testing the repartition of volatile trace elements during the processing of new rock reference samples is illustrated.
Is there a Need for Sedimentary Rock Reference Samples ?
Authors: PARKER A.
Published: May 2007

Six sedimentary rook types are proposed as geochemical standards: an arkosic sandstone, a quartzitic sandstone, a shale, a marl, a dolomitic limestone and an evaporite. Localities where these might be obtained are given, and alternative suggestions invited.
A Story of Two Rocks
Authors: AHRENS L.H.
Published: May 2007

An attempt is made to assess the impact that the investigation on reference (standard) rocks G‐1 and W‐1 has had on the geological fraternity. It is pointed out that prior to 1950, most geologists, petrologists, geochemists and the analysts themselves had a false impression of the quality of the data as obtained by classical methods of chemical analysis.

As a result of the G‐1 W‐1 investigation, numerous other rock standards have been prepared, yet, despite the G‐1, W‐1 experience and the availability of several other reference rocks, progress on the improvement on data quality is often disappointingly slow.

The G‐1, W‐1 investigation has had significant consequences for the development of geochemistry and the extra‐terrestrial chemistry; one example is given.
Reference Materials for Ore, Ore Concentrate and Coke Samples. An Approach to Derive Consensus Values and Associated Uncertainties from Collaborative Studies1
Authors: COLOMBO A. , ROSSI G.
Published: May 2007

The certification procedure for the preparation of reference materials for ore, ore concentrates and coke samples is presented. Emphasis is put on the problems connected with the evaluation of analytical data, and the approach used to obtain consensus values and associated uncertainties is discussed. In this connection, the application of a certification parameter, to he established prior to the starting of a certification procedure, is suggested. This parameter could be of help in the evaluation of the feasibility of certification.
The Precision of “Rapid” Rock Analysis And the Homogeneity of New USGS Standard Rock Samples
Authors: CLEMENCY Ch.V. , BORDEN D. M.
Published: May 2007

Additional analytical data for the thirteen oxides usually determined in a rock analysis by wet methods and estimates and, conclusions from the analysis of variance are presented for the eight new USGS rock standards STM‐1, RGM‐1, QLO‐1, SCo‐1, MAG‐1, SDC‐1, BHVO‐1 and SGR‐1. The “single‐solution” method of sample dissolution, and the “rapid methods” described by Shapiro were used. Three bottles of each standard were analyzed in duplicate, providing six replicate analyses of each sample. Relative standard deviations ranged from 0. 00 to 202 %, with only 12 of the possible 104 sample‐oxide combinations exceeding 10 %. Most deviations exceeding 10 % occur with oxides at very low concentrations or with the determi‐nation, of H2O+ and CO2, all of which often yield poor precision. These data indicate that the rapid wet chemical methods, except possibly for H2O+ and CO2, or when very low concentrations are present, can be considered reliable. Of the 104 F‐ratios calculated during the analysis of variance for sample‐oxide combinations, only eight equal or exceed the tabled value of 9. 55 for F0.95 (d. f. 2, 3). These data strongly support the conclusion that the contents of the bottles may be considered homogeneous for most oxides determined. When our data for an oxide in the several samples are plotted versus similar data in the USGS Prof. Paper 840 by several methods, the plots generally show good agreement for most sample‐oxide combinations, but approximately thirty of the 104 show substantial differences, with no obvious correlation between the various methods used or the nature or magnitude of the differences.
Analyse de 47 Echantillons Géochimiques de Référence par Fluorescence‐X (Cu, Ga, Ni, Zn) Et par Absorption Atomique (Cu, Ni, Zn)
Authors: QUINTIN M. , MARTIN A. , de KERSABIEC A. M.
Published: May 2007

47 étalons géochimiques internationaux dont les huit nouveaux étalons de l'USGS ont été analysés par fluorescence‐X et absorption atomique pour Ni, Cu, Zn et par fluorescence‐X pour Ga.

Les auteurs développment ici pour la fluores‐cence‐X les problèmes concernant le choix des fonds, le calcul du fond véritable sous‐jacent au pic mesuré, les impuretés des tubes et de l'appareillage. Une méthode directe sur échantillon pulvérulent, non destructive, sans aucune préparation est utilisée.

Trois systèmes de fluorescence‐X utilisant deux appareillages (Philips PW 1540 et Siemens SSRS 1) et deux tubes molybdène et or sont confrontés et les moyennes comparée à celles d'une méthode d'absorption atomique par mise en solution de l'échantillon (IL 353).

Les résultats obtenus sont comparés soit aux valeurs recommandées, soit aux moyennes calculées à partir de la littérature. On discute tant les accords que les divergences.
The Preparation and Certification of Two Samples of Chromium Ore
Authors: STOCH H. , STEELE T.W. , RANKIN R.S.
Published: May 2007

The preparation of two chromium ores as reference materials is described and the procedures used in the measurement of the homogeneity of the samples are outlined. Statistical analysis of the data submitted by 32 laboratories that resulted in the certification of the samples is presented. Certified values have been assigned for 11 constituents in the one sample and for 10 in the other sample. Provisional values have been assigned for FeO in both samples and CaO in one of the samples.
Some Statistical Calculations Concerning The Determination of Trace Constituents
Authors: MOORE F.
Published: May 2007

The magnitude of sampling errors involved in the determination of trace constituents in parti‐culate geochemical materials is derived in relation to the concentration of trace element, the size of the contaminant particles and the sample size. The derivation, which is based on an assumed Poisson distribution for the number of contaminant particles in the sample, is extended to cover a continuous size distribution of contaminant particles and is then applied in detail to four British Chemical Standards.
Geostandard Needs for Environmental Research and Monitoring Programs
Authors: FLEGAL A.R.
Published: May 2007

Geostandards are needed to intercalibrate environmental research and routine environmental monitoring programs. Because a principal concern in both types of analyses is the elemental concentrations of discrete phases, values for partial extractions of geostandards are also needed. This and other information are solicited for an intercalibration among laboratories which monitor metals in marine sediments and wastewater sludge.
Determination of Fluorine, Chlorine and Water in Eight USGS Reference Samples
Authors: TROLL G. , FARZANEH A.
Published: May 2007

Eight reference samples from the U.S. Geological Survey have been analysed for their contents of F, Cl and water. After pyrolysis F was determined with an ion‐selective electrode, Cl by colorimetry and water by Karl‐Fischer titration.
Reference Samples for Electron Microprobe Analysis*
Authors: JAROSEWICH E. , NELEN J.A. , NORBERG Julie A.
Published: May 2007

The chemical analyses of twenty‐six minerals, four natural glasses, and one synthetic glass prepared for use as microprobe reference samples are presented. New chemical analyses of minerals and revised analyses of several minerals published previously are included. Details of sample preparation are described and the homogeneity of the samples has been tested by the homogeneity index.
Candoluminescence Emission Analysis of Cerium in Thirty‐Six International Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: MAZZUCOTELLI A. , VANNUCCI R.
Published: May 2007

Cerium has been determined in thirty‐six international geochemical reference samples using candoluminescence emission analysis. Samples are fused with sodium peroxide in nickel crucibles and interfering elements are removed by an ion exchange technique.

Cerium values obtained in the present work generally lie within ranges reported in the literature or close to the upper or lower ends of these ranges. Candoluminescence values for cerium compare favourably with previously reported INAA values for most of the geochemical reference samples analysed in the present study.
Studies in “Standard Samples” for Use In the General Analysis of Silicate Rocks and Minerals*
Authors: ABBEY S.
Published: May 2007

Reviews already published on the state of “standard samples” of silicate rocks and minerals, as well as of some samples of other materials that can be used as reference standards for the general analysis of silicate rocks and minerals, have been updated. Usable values of varying degrees of reliability are suggested for major, minor and trace constituents of nearly one hundred different samples. Presentation of the information has been improved with a view to making it more convenient for readers’use.
Accurate Determination of Zinc and Lead in Silicate Rocks by Means of Cation Exchange Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: VICTOR A.H. , STRELOW F.W.E.
Published: May 2007

Zinc and lead in the six S.A. NIMROC Standards and in DTS‐1 and PCC‐1 have been determined accurately by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. A selective ion exchange separation procedure, using AG5OW‐X8 cation exchange resin and 0.5 M HCl ‐ 60% acetone as eluent, has been employed to separate zinc and lead from the matrix elements. To increase the sensitivity of lead, a slotted stainless steel tube, which is positioned on top of the air‐acetylene burner head, has been used during atomic absorption measurements. The accuracy and precision of the described method is demonstrated by the analysis of synthetic mixtures containing various amounts of zinc and lead as well as major rock‐forming elements.
Preparation of Synthetic Standards For Use in Instrumental Neutron‐Activation Analysis
Authors: EDDY B.T. , WATTERSON J.I.W. , ERASMUS C.S.
Published: May 2007

An account is given of the formulation and preparation of synthetic standards suitable for the routine analysis of minerals, ores and ore concentrates by instrumental neutron activation. Fifteen standards were prepared, each containing from one to seven elements. The standards contain forty‐four elements that produce isotopes with half‐lives longer than 12 hours. An evaluation of the accuracy and precision of the method of preparation is given.
The Search for “Best Values”‐ A Study Of Three Canadian Rocks
Authors: ABBEY S.
Published: May 2007

A comparison is made between various measures proposed thus far for deducing the “best values” from discordant data received in the course of collaborative analysis of proposed reference rocks. Using the raw data on three Canadian samples and the summation and “iron‐oxide compatibility” tests, it is claimed that the “select laboratories” method produces the best results.
Determination of Selenium in Twenty Geological Reference Materials by Neutron Activation And Inorganic Ion Exchange
Authors: GLADNEY E. S. , KNAB D.
Published: May 2007

Twenty geological reference samples have been analyzed for selenium using thermal neutron activation followed by radiochemical separation of 75Se. Data are presented for 3 NBS, 11 USGS, and 6 CCRMP materials.
Determination of Cesium in Sixty ‐ Three Geochemical Reference Samples by Flame Emission Spectrometry
Authors: TERASHIMA S. , MITA N.
Published: May 2007

The cesium contents of 63 geochemical reference samples have been determined by flame emission spectrometry using an air‐acetylene flame. The agreement between the present results and published data is generally good.
Uranium, Thorium and Potassium In Reference Samples
Authors: BELYAEV Yu. I. , SOBORNOV O. P.
Published: May 2007

Coherent values of U, Th and K concentrations obtained by γ‐spectrometry are recommended for 43 international rock reference samples.
Instrumental Thermal Neutron Activation Determination of 20 Elements in Nineteen Silicate Reference Materials
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , PERRIN Daniel R.
Published: May 2007

Elemental concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Ta, Th, Ti and V have been measured in 11 USGS, 6 CCRMP and 2 NBS reference materials by instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis. The results are compared with recent consensus and agency values.
XRF Determination of 19 Trace Elements In International Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: ROBINSON DOUGLAS , BENNETT MIKE C.
Published: May 2007

Routine XRF determination of 19 trace elements in 23 international standards using the method of Leake et al is examined. Agreement of results for 15 well‐established international reference samples is generally good, showing that this method gives comparable results to other techniques. New trace element data using this method are presented for the 8 USGS III standards.
Comparative Determination of Uranium In Silicates by Delayed Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: CONRAD C.P. , ROWE M.W. , GLADNEY Ernest S.
Published: May 2007

Results of the measurement of uranium in silicate reference materials on the same samples at two different facilities, both using delayed neutron activation analysis, are compared. Good agreement was observed between the results of our two laboratories. Discrepancies have been observed occasionally between different laboratories which utilize delayed neutron activation analysis. On the basis of the results observed in this work, we conclude that discrepant results are not due to variations in the physical facilities of the laboratories.
Determination of Uranium in Seventeen CRPG Rock Reference Samples by Independent Nuclear Methods
Authors: PERRIN Daniel R. , GLADNEY Ernest S.
Published: May 2007

Instrumental epithermal neutron activation analysis and delayed neutron assay have both been used to measure uranium in CRPG reference samples. Excellent agreement between the methods was achieved. Results are compared with data from other laboratories.
An Evaluation of USGS III
Authors: ABBEY Sydney
Published: May 2007

“Usable values” based on evaluation by the “select laboratories” method are presented for concentrations of many constituents of eight reference rocks from the U.S. Geological Survey. Comparisons are made between the derived values and those published earlier.
Determination of Trace Amounts of Tin in Seventy‐Three Geochemical Reference Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: TERASHIMA S.
Published: May 2007

The tin contents of 73 geochemical reference samples have been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using an argon‐hydrogen flame after extraction of tin (IV) as iodide with benzene. The agreement between the present results and published data is generally good.
The Rejection of RU‐l Due to Ambient Oxidation
Authors: STEGER Henry F.
Published: May 2007

The history of a zinc‐copper sulfide ore, RU‐1, is presented to show quantitatively the serious effects of ambient oxidation on unprotected samples that led to its rejection for inued use as a reference material. It is shown that pyrrhotite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite are much more susceptible to oxidation than is pyrite, the major constituent. The preparation of another sample, RU‐2, from the same ore body verifies that oxidation also occurs to an appreciable extent during the preparation stages.
Seven Standard Ore Samples of Uranium, Thorium and Radium Prepared by The Bureau of Uranium Geology (China)
Authors: ZHENZHOU YANG , XICHEN LIU
Published: May 2007

In 1978, seven uranium ore reference samples were prepared by the Bureau of Uranium Geology (China). The processing of these samples, prepared in the range of 220–370 kg, is briefly presented along with their general chemical composition. Analytical procedures employed for the determination of U, Th and Ra are briefly discussed. Recommended values are proposed for U, Th and Ra in the seven reference samples.
Determination of Bromine and Iodine in U.S.G.S. Standard Marine Mud (MAG‐1)
Authors: ULLMAN W.J. , TISUE G.T.
Published: May 2007

The concentrations of bromine and iodine in USGS reference material MAG‐1 were determined by standard addition with secondary‐source x‐ray fluorescence spectrometric detection. Three determinations of bromine in the same sample yielded 311, 309 and 346 μg Br/g solid. The iodine content was found to be 380 μg I/g solid. The determination of bromine in a second bottle of MAG‐1 (266 ± 9 μg Br/g) indicated that a large variation in halogen concentration may exist between samples of this reference material.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of NBS 1633a Fly Ash and 1632a Bituminous Coal Reference Samples With the Use of Short Irradiation
Authors: OBRUSNÍK Ivan , PǑSTA Severin
Published: May 2007

Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been applied to the analysis of recently issued NBS reference materials SRM 1633a Fly Ash and SRM 1632a Bituminous Coal. Only the nuclides with half‐lives of less than 48 hours have been used. The results for the determination of 18 elements (Fly Ash) and 19 elements (Coal) are compared with the values given by NBS and with recent results obtained by other investigators.
Improved Background Correction in the Analysis Of Cadmium by Flame Atomic Absorption
Authors: GOGUEL Reiner
Published: May 2007

Cadmium signals obtained by direct aspiration of highly concentrated solutions of rocks and other geochemical samples are swamped by strong matrix background signals. Mainly because of iron interference, the deuterium source or other continua are not satisfactory for background correction. In order to isolate atomic absorption by cadmium the total signal and the background signal have to be measured precisely. Sequential measurements in the double beam mode with electrodeless discharge lamps of cadmium and arsenic at 228.80 and 228.81 nm produced a set of uninterfered data for cadmium within marginally useful detection limits of (0.10 ppm in granite, 0.16 ppm Cd in limestone). Simple extraction of the sample powders with nitric acid dissolves only part of the sample matrix but most of the cadmium. In this way higher relative and absolute cadmium concentrations in solution and better detection limits are obtained (e.g. 0.02 ppm Cd in granite). This approach allows cadmium in geosamples at levels below 0.3 ppm to be determined more accurately than via hydrofluoric acid dissolution.
The Precision of Classical Rock Analysis
Authors: Flanagan Francis J. , Kirschenbaum Herbert
Published: May 2007

Three rock reference samples. W‐2, DNC‐1, and BIR‐1, were analysed five times over several months by classical chemical methods using a Youden Square as the experimental design. A significant variation for the data classified by months was found for SiO2, CaO, H2O‐, and TiO2 among the 15 constituents determined. Nevertheless, most standard deviations for the five data for each oxide in any sample, as well as the error standard deviations from the analyses of variance, are less than or approximately equal to the allowable difference between duplicate determinations traditionally used as limits of error. We also determined nine constituents in three portions each of two samples, W‐2 and DNC‐1, the six portions being analysed concurrently. F ratios for 16 comparisons of the variances of the five data for an oxide obtained over several months and of the three data determined as a group were significant for only one oxide, total iron as Fe2O3 in W‐2. We conclude that, if a chemist analyses rock samples carefully, the variation of the determinations will be the same for portions analysed as a group, or analysed over a time interval.
Report (1984) on Two GIT‐IWG Geochemical Reference Samples: Albite from Italy, AL‐I And Iron Formation Sample from Greenland, IF‐G
Authors: GOVINDARAJU Kuppusami
Published: May 2007

Two reference samples, Albite AL‐I and Iron Formation sample IF‐G were analysed for their chemical composition by the International Working Group “Analytical Standards of Minerals, Ores and Rocks” (GIT‐IWG). AL‐I was processed in 189 kg and IF‐G and 760 kg. 103 GIT‐IWG laboratories participated in this collaborative study along with 171 geoanalysts. This study lasted 15 months (September 1982 ‐ December 1983) and is the second undertaken by the GIT‐IWG. Over 2400 units of data were collated. As a result of this international study, the major and minor elements have been well characterized in both the samples; however, more data on trace elements will be very welcome for a better definition of trace elements, although working values have been proposed for about forty trace elements in each sample. The first and the second collaborative studies undertaken by GIT‐IWG demonstrate well the immense analytical potential of the GIT‐IWG.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Six Bulgarian Geostandards
Authors: GEISLER M. , TATTO NGUYEN , TASKAEV E.
Published: May 2007

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the determination of 25 elements (most of them in trace quantities) in six Bulgarian geostandards: Monzonite BV, Gabbro GV, Dolomite DM, Porphiry Copper Ore MrA, Fire Clay OgG and Lead‐Zinc Sulphide Ore OZrO. Analyses were made independently in two laboratories and compared with available data.
First Co‐Operative Study on Four Tropical Soil Samples and One Lateritic Bauxite (Suriname) Proposed as Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: BURKE Keith E.
Published: May 2007

Five samples from Suriname have been analysed for their chemical composition by 18 laboratories. The proposed reference samples are four soil samples and one lateritic bauxite. The samples were analyzed for major and minor elements as well as for 36 trace elements. More data are needed for better characterization of these samples, particularly for trace elements.
Geochemical Reference Samples, Drainage Sediment GSD 1 ‐ 8 from China
Authors: XIE Xuejing , YAN Mingcai , LI Lianzhong , SHEN Huijun
Published: May 2007

A set of eight geochemical standard reference samples of stream sediments was prepared. The original purpose was to use these samples as primary standards for the data quality monitoring of a nation‐wide regional geochemical survey program in China. But their use has been soon extended to other fields. Forty‐one laboratories in China have joined in a collaborative venture to analyse these samples, using a variety of analytical procedures. Recommended values for over 50 trace and minor elements were derived by a method of repetitive elimination of outliers and calculation of central “tendency” from several central values.
Données sur Potassium et Argon (de 1976 à 1984) Dans quelques Echantillons Géochimiques de Reference
Authors: ZIMMERMANN J.L. , VERNET M. , GUYETAND G. , DAUTEL D.
Published: May 2007

Les résultats d'un grand nombre de dosages de potassium et d'argon effectués sur des échan tillons standards sont présentés; les âges K‐Ar correspondant sont également calculés. Il s'agit d'une part de standards géochronologiques: la muscovite Berne 4M, la biotite LP6 et la phonolite MZ, d'autre part de standards géochimiques diffusés par le CRPG: la biotite Mica‐Fe, la phlogopite Mica‐Mg et le basalte BE‐N.
Chlorine in 27 Geochemical Reference Samples
Authors: FUGE Ronald
Published: May 2007

27 reference samples have been analysed for Cl by automated photometric analysis following alkali fusion. The results are in general agreement with the compilation values listed. However, it is apparent that in the case of the six USGS samples included, values are generally lower than those previously quoted for photometric determinations, particularly for G‐2 and AGV‐1.
Determination of Elemental Composition of NBS 278 and NBS 688 Via Neutron Activation and X‐Ray Fluorescence
Authors: GLADNEY E.S. , BOWER N.W.
Published: May 2007

Data on NBS Standard Reference Materials 278 (Obsidian) and 688 (Basalt) are presented. Ten major elements, 24 trace elements, iron oxides, and water content were determined using X‐ray fluorescence, instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis, delayed neutron assay, spectrophotometry, and coulometry. Good agreement between X‐ray fluorescence and neutron activation, and with NBS certified values or recent literature consensus values was obtained.
Determination of Uranium in GSJ, CRPG, and CCRMP Reference Samples by Delayed Neutron Assay
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S.
Published: May 2007

Uranium concentrations were determined in 30 reference materials from Japanese, French, and Canadian agencies using delayed neutron assay methods. Many of these materials are new and have few previously reported values for uranium.
Determination of Cobalt in South African Primary and Secondary Reference Samples by Ion Exchange Chromatography and electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: ANDERSON J. , VICTOR A. H.
Published: May 2007

Results are presented for the determination of trace quantities of cobalt in three South African primary rock standards and in four secondary rock standards. Cohalt is separated from all other elements using a selective ion exchange separation procedure and determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Two French Geochemical Reference Samples ‐ Basalt BR and Biotite Mica‐Fe
Authors: PRUDÊNCIO Maria I. , GOUVEIA M. A. , CABRAL J. M. P.
Published: May 2007

Instrumental neutron activation analysis results for 20 trace elements (Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, Rb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Th) and for two major elements (Na and Fe) in two geochemical reference samples issued by the “Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques” are reported and compared with available literature values. In general our results agree well with recommended or proposed values.
Sequential Inductively Coupled Plasma Determination Of Some Rare‐Earth Elements in Five French Geostandards
Authors: ROELANDTS Iwan , MICHEL Gilbert
Published: May 2007

Experimental data for eleven rare‐earth elements (REE) obtained by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) in five French geochemical reference standards (BE‐N, BR, DR‐N, GS‐N and FK‐N)are presented. The method is based on acid digestion of the sample and cation‐exchange separation from matrix elements.

Together with these new determinations an updated compilation of these reference materials are presented. Good agreement between the present results and previously preferred and published values obtained by various analytical techniques is observed. The values obtained in the present work corroborate the validity of the outlined method.
Re‐evaluation of Reference Materials, IGS 21‐39
Authors: LISTER Brian
Published: May 2007

The 20 ore and concentrate reference materials originally issued by the Institute of Geological Sciences (as it then was) in 1977 have been reevaluated using robust as opposed to classical statistical techniques. The opportunity has also been taken to correct minor errors and to incorporate any new data. One material, the nickel concentrate, IGS 20, has been withdrawn due to incipient oxidation. A total of 24 elemental concentrations in the remaining 19 samples have received revised values.
USGS Reference Samples Attapulgite ATT‐1 and Bentonite CSB‐1
Authors: Hosterman John W. , Flanagan Francis J.
Published: May 2007

The U.S. Geological Survey has prepared an attapulgite and a bentonite as reference samples because of their economic importance. The attapulgite (ATT‐1) is from the Meigs‐Attapulgite‐Quincy fuller's earth district of Georgia and Florida, and the bentonite (CSB‐1) is from the Northern Black Hills bentonite district of Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota. The chemical and mineralogical properties of these two samples are quite different. Provisional values calculated from the few analytical data and the X‐ray diffraction mineralogy are presented for those who wish to use the clays as reference samples.
Determination of Selenium in Thirty‐Two Geochemical Reference Materials by Continuous ‐ Flow Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: SANZOLONE Richard F. , Chao T.T.
Published: May 2007

A continuous‐flow hydride atomic absorption spectrophotometric method has been applied to 32 geochemical reference materials for the determination of selenium. The sample is decomposed with a mixture of nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acids. Selenium values obtained in this study are in general agreement with literature values and provide additional certification for these reference materials. The precision of the method is generally better than 5% relative standard deviation. The lower limit of determination of selenium in the sample is 12 ppb.
Radiochemical Determination of Gold in Rocks
Authors: TASKAEV Evgeny , PENEV Ivan , SCHELHORN Hubert , GEISLER Martin
Published: May 2007

A method developed for radiochemical determination of gold in rock samples has been applied to six Bulgarian, four ZGI (GDR) and one USGS geostandards. The method is based on acid dissolution of the sample, followed by extraction of gold with copper diethyldithiocarbamate solution in CHCl3. The chemical yield was determined by using 199Au tracer. The present data are compared with published values for the ZGI and USGS samples.
Evaluation of Geochemical Reference Standards by X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Stork Allen L. , Smith David K. , Gill James B.
Published: May 2007

Twenty five elements in twenty six geochemical reference standards analyzed by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry yield major and trace element concentrations close to consensus values. Ninety percent of our analyses agree with consensus values for standards to within pm 0.5 to 1.5 relative percent for major elements and pm 3 to 5 relative percent or pm 1‐3 ppm, whichever is higher, for trace elements. Consistent divergences from consensus values of trace elements are noted.
Determination de Huit Terres Rares Dans L'Echantillon Geaochimique de Reafearence NBS 88a par Activation Neutronique Instrumentale
Authors: BEAUDOIN Georges , BERGERON Mario
Published: May 2007

Les teneurs de huit éléments des terres rares (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu) sont déterminées par l'analyse par l'activation neutronique instrumentale sur l'Echantillon Géochimique de Référence NBS 88a. Ces teneurs proviennent de la moyenne arithmétique de dix analyses de NBS 88a. Elles se comparent bien avec d'autres déterminations de ces éléments publiées dans la littérature. Dans la limite de la précision analytique, NBS 88a paraît homogène en ce qui concerne les terres rares.
1986 Values for Fifteen GSJ Rock Reference Samples, “Igneous Rock Series”
Authors: ANDO Atsushi , MITA Naoki , TERASHIMA Shigeru
Published: May 2007

During the five‐year period (April 1981 ‐ March 1986), a series of fifteen rock reference samples, “Igneous rock series”, has been prepared by the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ). Based on the data available (published and communicated), consensus values for major, minor and trace elements have been derived; these values are presented for this second series of samples as well as for the first series of two samples, Granodiorite JG‐1 and Basalt JB‐1.
Accurate Determination of Nickel in South African Primary and Secondary Geochemical Reference Materials by Cation Exchange Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: VICTOR A.H.
Published: May 2007

Nickel in the six SA primary (NIMROCS) and fourteen secondary reference materials as well as in a phosphate rock has been determined accurately by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. A selective and quantitative twocolumn ion exchange separation procedure, using AG50W‐X4 cation exchange resin, is employed for the separation of nickel from all other elements. The accuracy and precision of the described method are demonstrated by the analysis of synthetic rock solutions containing various amounts of nickel.