bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential roles of factors IX and XI in murine placenta and hemostasis under conditions of low tissue factor
Authors: Grover Steven P. , Schmedes Clare M. , Auriemma Alyson C. , Butler Emily , Parrish Molly L. , Miszta Adam , Cleuren Audrey C. , Visser Mayken , Heitmeier Stefan , Posma Jens J. , Spronk Henri M. , Antoniak Silvio , Wolberg Alisa S. , Pawlinski Rafal , Gailani David , Mackman Nigel
Published: January 2020

The intrinsic tenase complex (FIXa-FVIIIa) of the intrinsic coagulation pathway and, to a lesser extent, thrombin-mediated activation of FXI, are necessary to amplify tissue factor (TF)-FVIIa–initiated thrombin generation. In this study, we determined the contribution of murine FIX and FXI to TF-dependent thrombin generation in vitro. We further investigated TF-dependent FIX activation in mice and the contribution of this pathway to hemostasis. Thrombin generation was decreased in FIX- but not in FXI-deficient mouse plasma. Furthermore, injection of TF increased levels of FIXa-antithrombin complexes in both wild-type and FXI−/− mice. Genetic studies were used to determine the effect of complete deficiencies of either FIX or FXI on the survival of mice expressing low levels of TF. Low-TF;FIX−/y male mice were born at the expected frequency, but none survived to wean. In contrast, low-TF;FXI−/− mice were generated at the expected frequency at wean and had a 6-month survival equivalent to that of low-TF mice. Surprisingly, a deficiency of FXI, but not FIX, exacerbated the size of blood pools in low-TF placentas and led to acute hemorrhage and death of some pregnant dams. Our data indicate that FIX, but not FXI, is essential for survival of low-TF mice after birth. This finding suggests that TF-FVIIa–mediated activation of FIX plays a critical role in murine hemostasis. In contrast, FXI deficiency, but not FIX deficiency, exacerbated blood pooling in low-TF placentas, indicating a tissue-specific requirement for FXI in the murine placenta under conditions of low TF.
Use of analgesics in acute stroke patients with inability to self-report pain: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Schuster J. , Hoyer C. , Ebert A. , Alonso A.
Published: January 2020

Background

Pain is a common and burdensome complication in patients with acute stroke. We assessed the impact of impaired communication in stroke patients on pain assessment and treatment.

Methods

We included 909 (507 male, mean age 71.8 years) patients admitted to our stroke unit from 01/2015 to 12/2015 in the analysis. Patients were assigned to four groups: able to communicate (AC), not able to communicate prior to index stroke (P-NAC), due to focal symptoms of index stroke (S-NAC), due to a reduced level of consciousness (C-NAC). Pain prevalence, documentation of pain and use of analgesics were evaluated. C-NAC patients were excluded from analyses regarding analgesic treatment due to relevant differences in patient characteristics.

Results

746 patients (82.1%) were classified as AC, 25 (2.8%) as P-NAC, 90 (9.9%) as S-NAC and 48 (5.3%) as C-NAC. Pain was documented on the Numeric Rating Scale and in form of free text by nurses and physicians. Nurses documented pain more frequently than physicians (p < 0.001). Pain prevalence was 47.0% (n.s. between groups). The use of analgesic medication increased from 48.7% in the AC group, to 76.0% in the P-NAC group, and 77.8% in the S-NAC group (p < 0.001). Opioid use was significantly more frequent in NAC patients (p < 0.001). The response to the treatment was poorly documented with significantly lowest rates in S-NAC patients (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study suggests that post-stroke pain in patients with inability to communicate is not attended enough, not systematically assessed and therefore not sufficiently treated.
Fluid intake-related association between urine output and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Shen Yanfei , Cai Guolong , Chen Shangzhong , Hu Caibao , Yan Jing
Published: January 2020

Background

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a complex response to various insults, has a high mortality rate. As pulmonary edema resulting from increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of ARDS, management of the fluid status, including the urine output (UO) and fluid intake (FI), is essential. However, the relationships between UO, FI, and mortality in ARDS remain unclear. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the interactive associations among UO, FI, and mortality in ARDS.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a prospective randomized controlled trial performed at 10 centers within the ARDS Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute research network. The total UO and FI volumes within the 24-h period preceding the trial, the UO to FI ratio (UO/FI), demographic data, biochemical measurements, and other variables from 835 patients with ARDS, 539 survivors, and 296 non-survivors, were analyzed. The associations among UO, FI, the UO/FI, and mortality were assessed using a multivariable logistic regression.

Results

In all 835 patients, an increased UO was significantly associated with decreased mortality when used as a continuous variable (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98–0.99, P = 0.002) and as a quartile variable (OR of Q2 to Q4: 0.69–0.46, with Q1 as reference). To explore the interaction between UO and FI, the UO/FI was calculated, and a cut-off value of 0.5 was detected for the association with mortality. For patients with a UO/FI ≤0.5, an increased UO/FI was significantly associated with decreased mortality (OR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03–0.253, P <  0.001); this association was not significant for patients with UO/FI ratios > 0.5 (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.96–1.14, P = 0.281). A significant interaction was observed between UO and the UO/FI. The association between UO and mortality was significant in the subgroup with a UO/FI ≤0.5 (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99, P = 0.006), but not in the subgroup with a UO/FI > 0.5.

Conclusions

The association between UO and mortality was mediated by the UO/FI status, as only patients with low UO/FI ratios benefitted from a higher UO.
Development and application of the Action Taxonomy for Learning Assistants (ATLAs)
Authors: Thompson Amreen Nasim , Talbot Robert M. , Doughty Leanne , Huvard Hannah , Le Paul , Hartley Laurel , Boyer Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

Background

The success of the learning assistant (LA) model has largely been attributed to LA facilitation of active learning tasks. A deeper understanding of how LAs facilitate these tasks would inform LA training and support successful adoption of the LA model. Our investigation of LA actions during their interaction with students in the classroom contributes to that understanding. We present and discuss the development of the action taxonomy for learning assistants (ATLAs), as well as illustrate its applicability by presenting some analyses that were conducted on sample data.

Results

The LAs carried out several different actions that we categorized broadly as LA-Directed Facilitation, LA-Guided Facilitation, Advice, Feedback, Course-Related Talk, and Non-Course-Related Talk. LA-Directed Facilitation and LA-Guided Facilitation were the most common types of actions observed. We found that LA actions varied by course.

Conclusions

ATLAs is a tool that can be used to examine LA actions. In our sample data set, LAs undertook many different actions during interactions with students which indicates that LAs play several different roles in the classroom. These findings have practical implications not only for faculty seeking to implement a peer instruction model such as the LA model, but also for instructors wanting to utilize LAs in their courses more effectively. Understanding what the LAs are doing during interactions with students can provide us insight into the different roles that LAs undertake. Knowledge of these roles will guide effective training, feedback, and direction of LAs, particularly during the pedagogy course.
Atypical hyperglycemia presentation suggests considering a diagnostic of other types of diabetes: first reported GCK-MODY in Perú
Authors: Lizarzaburu-Robles Juan Carlos , Gomez-de-la-Torre Juan Carlos , Castro-Mujica María del Carmen , Vento Flor , Villanes Sofia , Salsavilca Elizabeth , Guerin Chris
Published: January 2020

Background

Prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is estimated between 1 and 2% of all diabetes cases. In Latin-America little information has been described about the frequency of the disease, perhaps due to limited access to genetic studies.

Case presentation

We present the case of a male patient with a history of two years of fatigue, mild hyperglycemia and intermittent polyuria, accompanied by a recent history of weight loss. He was diagnosed initially as type 2 diabetes, but in the follow-up as a patient with type 1 diabetes. He required relatively low doses of insulin and was evaluated in the endocrinology service at a hospital in Lima. The results of glucose, insulin and C-peptide in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed were not consistent with a type 1 diabetes. Moreover, the age of the patient and the clinical characteristics did not strongly suggest a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes either. These clinical features had prompted us to carry out the genetic study. The genetic test performed with a genetic MODY panel through a massive sequencing. Heterozygous pathogenic for a variant in GCK gene was found c.629C>T p.(Thr210Met). His parents were negative for this variant after performed the genetic test.

Conclusions

This is the first case of MODY for a pathogenic variant in the GCK gene reported in Perú. The genetic evaluation of a clinical suspicion of MODY is important to confirm the diagnosis and establish an adequate treatment in patients.
Proteomic characterization of HaCaT keratinocytes provides new insights into changes associated with SDS exposure
Authors: Petushkova Natalia A. , Rusanov Alexander L. , Pyatnitskiy Mikhail A. , Larina Olesya V. , Zgoda Victor G. , Lisitsa Andrey V. , Luzgina Natalia G.
Published: January 2020

Background

Using human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line model, we screened for proteins that changed their content due to SDS exposure in non-toxic dose (25 μg/ml, as determined by the MTT assay and microscopic examination) during 48 h.

Methods

The altered level of proteins from HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to SDS was analyzed by LC-MS/MS approach and quantified using Progenesis LC software.

Results

The Pathview map of 131 upregulated proteins was built, and enhancement of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis was found.

Conclusions

The results of our study admit the possibility of promotion of the cutaneous neoplasia and/or the peculiarity of the response of immortalized keratinocytes to the SDS treatment and provide new insights into possible role of SDS as integrator of diverse signaling that influence cell fate decisions.
An emerging threat Fileless malware: a survey and research challenges
Authors: Sudhakar  , Kumar Sushil
Published: January 2020

With the evolution of cybersecurity countermeasures, the threat landscape has also evolved, especially in malware from traditional file-based malware to sophisticated and multifarious fileless malware. Fileless malware does not use traditional executables to carry-out its activities. So, it does not use the file system, thereby evading signature-based detection system. The fileless malware attack is catastrophic for any enterprise because of its persistence, and power to evade any anti-virus solutions. The malware leverages the power of operating systems, trusted tools to accomplish its malicious intent. To analyze such malware, security professionals use forensic tools to trace the attacker, whereas the attacker might use anti-forensics tools to erase their traces. This survey makes a comprehensive analysis of fileless malware and their detection techniques that are available in the literature. We present a process model to handle fileless malware attacks in the incident response process. In the end, the specific research gaps present in the proposed process model are identified, and associated challenges are highlighted.
Expanding our views of science education to address sustainable development, empowerment, and social transformation
Authors: Kyle William C.
Published: January 2020

On 25 September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution, which took effect 1 January 2016, to transform the world to better meet human needs and the requirements of economic transformation, while protecting the environment, ensuring peace and realizing human rights. Since 1987, there have been several global initiatives oriented toward sustainable development, yet science educators have often remained silent with respect to ensuring the goals of science education are linked intrinsically to the central tenets of sustainable development. Why such silence? Where are the voices of science educators?

In this position statement, I offer a rationale for expanding our views of science education to address sustainable development, empowerment, and social transformation. Science education ought to be a primary vehicle for addressing the current and emerging global challenges facing humanity. All too often, science educators merely focus upon fostering awareness and concern for global challenges. Such an orientation falls short of the education discourse that ought to be oriented toward addressing the goals, aspirations, desires, and needs of youth, who presently number 1.8 billion and represent the largest segment of the global population being underserved. The active engagement of youth in sustainable development efforts is imperative to achieve the goals of the 2030 Agenda. Youth are not mere beneficiaries of the 2030 Agenda; they have a critical role in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

I offer a rationale for why science educators ought to become active agents in facilitating the engagement of youth in addressing global challenges facing humanity. Youth are demanding action; science educators ought to enable learners and communities to transform and reinvent the world they are inheriting.
Cognitive Function of Children and Adolescents With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Importance of Early Diagnosis
Authors: Messina Valeria , Karlsson Leif , Hirvikoski Tatja , Nordenström Anna , Lajic Svetlana
Published: January 2020

Context

Patients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are treated postnatally with lifelong glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy. Previous results on general cognitive ability in individuals with CAH have been conflicting.

Objective

To evaluate long-term cognitive effects of GC replacement therapy and the impact of early diagnosis in children with CAH.

Design and Setting

Observational study with patients from a single research institute.

Patients

32 children with CAH (mean age 11.5 years) identified through the Swedish national neonatal screening program for CAH and 52 matched population controls (mean age 10.7 years). Eleven (6 female) children with CAH who were treated prenatally with dexamethasone (DEX), (CAH-DEX) (mean age 11.7 years).

Intervention

GC replacement therapy, neonatal screening for CAH.

Measures

Cognitive abilities assessed with standardized neuropsychological tests (Wechsler scales, Span Board Test, Stroop Interference Test, NEPSY list learning).

Results

Children with CAH (not prenatally treated) performed equally well as population controls on a series of tests assessing general intellectual ability and executive functions. No significant differences were observed in cognitive performance between patients with different genotypes (null, non-null). Patients with salt-wasting CAH performed poorer than patients with simple virilizing CAH in a test assessing visuo-spatial working memory (P = 0.039), although the performance was within the normal range for the population. Prenatally DEX-treated girls with CAH had lower verbal intellectual ability compared with CAH girls not exposed to prenatal treatment (P = 0.037).

Conclusion

Children and adolescents with CAH who were diagnosed early via a neonatal screening program and treated with hydrocortisone had normal psychometric intelligence and executive functions.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Ovarian Aging
Authors: Kasapoğlu Işıl , Seli Emre
Published: January 2020

As women delay childbearing because of demographic and socioeconomic trends, reproductive aging and ensuing ovarian dysfunction become increasingly more prevalent causes of infertility. Age-related decline in fertility is characterized by both quantitative and qualitative deterioration of the ovarian reserve. Importantly, disorders of aging are frequently associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, as are impaired oogenesis and embryogenesis. Ongoing research explores the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian aging, and potential ways to exploit mitochondrial mechanisms to slow down or reverse age-related changes in female gonads.
Amhr2-Cre–Mediated Global Tspo Knockout
Authors: Fan Jinjiang , Campioli Enrico , Sottas Chantal , Zirkin Barry , Papadopoulos Vassilios
Published: January 2020

Although the role of translocator protein (TSPO) in cholesterol transport in steroid-synthesizing cells has been studied extensively, recent studies of TSPO genetic depletion have questioned its role. Amhr2-Cre mice have been used to generate Leydig cell-specific Tspo conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Using the same Cre line, we were unable to generate Tspo cKO mice possibly because of genetic linkage between Tspo and Amhr2 and coexpression of Amhr2-Cre and Tspo in early embryonic development. We found that Amhr2-Cre is expressed during preimplantation stages, resulting in global heterozygous mice (gHE; Amhr2-Cre+/–,Tspo–/+). Two gHE mice were crossed, generating Amhr2-Cre–mediated Tspo global knockout (gKO; Tspo–/–) mice. We found that 33.3% of blastocysts at E3.5 to E4.5 showed normal morphology, whereas 66.7% showed delayed development, which correlates with the expected Mendelian proportions of Tspo+/+ (25%), Tspo–/– (25%), and Tspo+/– (50%) genotypes from crossing 2 Tspo–/+ mice. Adult Tspo gKO mice exhibited disturbances in neutral lipid homeostasis and reduced intratesticular and circulating testosterone levels, but no change in circulating basal corticosterone levels. RNA-sequencing data from mouse adrenal glands and lungs revealed transcriptome changes in response to the loss of TSPO, including changes in several cholesterol-binding and transfer proteins. This study demonstrates that Amhr2-Cre can be used to produce Tspo gKO mice instead of cKO, and can serve as a new global “Cre deleter.” Moreover, our results show that Tspo deletion causes delayed preimplantation embryonic development, alters neutral lipid storage and steroidogenesis, and leads to transcriptome changes that may reflect compensatory mechanisms in response to the loss of function of TSPO.
A new characterization of the simple groups C4(q), by its order and the largest order of elements
Authors: Ebrahimzadeh Behnam , Mohammadyari Reza , Sadeghi Miryousef
Published: January 2020

We prove that the simple group C4(q), where q > 2 and (q4 + 1)=2 are prime numbers, can be uniquely determined by its order and the largest order of elements.
Use of a smartphone thermometer to monitor thermal conductivity changes in diabetic foot ulcers: a pilot study
Authors: Maddah Erfan , Beigzadeh Borhan
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To investigate the dependability of a thermal gadget connecting to a smartphone. Comparing the exact temperature of damaged tissue with adjacent parts of the limb and to evaluate the changes in thermal conductivity of hard-to-heal wounds in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU).

Methods:

Potential candidates were divided into three groups and selected from different hospitals in Tehran. Group 1 contained patients with inflammation, Group 2 were patients with vascular complications, and Group 3 were patients who were managing to control their glucose levels to an acceptable level, according to their medical records (i.e. ‘healthy cases’). All thermal images were taken without any external stimulus, in room temperature conditions after 15 minutes' rest. All medical records were confirmed by therapeutic supervisors. Moreover, the tissue conditions in patients were considered in the computational part of the study. The temperatures of the ulcer and adjacent tissues were observed and compared. The collected data were used in a suggested model for human tissues and the method of calculation in this study was trial and error. In this study, patients in Group 2 were considered in the computational section of the study.

Results:

Temperature difference between the wounds and adjacent tissues for the big toe in three patients in Group 2 was 2.2ºC for the healthier candidate and almost 6.9ºC in the worst case. By comparing the thermal conductivity of normal and damaged tissues, a significant reduction in thermal conductivity was observed for the candidate with the worst status of big toe by about 84.3%. For the other two candidates in this category, it was almost 68.86% and 20.47%.

Conclusion:

The variation in thermal conductivity represents the change in tissue properties. Thermal conductivity can be applied for early DFU detection. This data may allow introduction of the smartphone thermometer as an authentic and alternative apparatus that is beneficial in diabetic clinics as well as self-assessment by patients. Moreover, due to the decrease in thermal conductivity, this study suggests using intelligent thermal sheets in vulnerable parts of the diabetic foot.
Artificial Intelligence, Advertising, and Disinformation
Authors: Katyal Sonia K.
Published: January 2020

Abstract: The following article is Professor Sonia Katyal's keynote address for Advertising & Society Quarterly 's third annual colloquium held at Duke University in October 2019. In this talk, Katyal explores the conflict between the protection of civil rights and the use of artificial intelligence. In particular, she covers the intersection between commercial and political expression in an age of deep fakes, disinformation, and artificial intelligence. The talk first discusses the links between artificial intelligence, advertising, and disinformation. It then moves to the roots of commercial and political disinformation in artificial intelligence. Throughout her discussion, Katyal draws from prominent court cases as well as notable examples from the news. In the end, Katyal calls for deep thinking about how various forms of discrimination, disinformation, and injustice caused by artificial intelligence might be addressed by public and private entities for the future of a well-functioning democracy and marketplace.
Dadvertising: The Rise of Involved Fatherhood in Contemporary American Advertising
Authors: Walker Tara , Gangadharbatla Harsha
Published: January 2020

Abstract: There has been an increase in the number of ads featuring stay-at-home and involved fathers in the recent past. Using hybrid masculinity theory, feminist theory, and postfeminist theory as a framework, the current study examines the nuances of advertisements featuring involved fathers and stay-at-home dads by employing feminist rhetorical criticism as a method. While both hybrid masculinity theory and feminist theory suggest there is much more work to do to achieve gender equality, postfeminist ideology holds that feminism's work is done. Overall, our findings suggest that ads featuring stay-at-home and involved dads are representing feminist goals of gender equality in some ways, and yet are problematic in other ways. This inherent contradiction is reflective of both hybrid masculinity, feminism, and postfeminism: fathers are represented more often doing housework and childcare, but advertisers are also supplementing these portrayals with hegemonic masculine traits such as strength, toughness, and athleticism.
Reprint Retrospective: "Complex Little Femmes": Adwomen and the Female Consumer
Authors: Davis Simone Weil
Published: January 2020

Abstract: This article, which first appeared as Chapter 3 of Living Up to the Ads: Gender Fictions of the 1920s (Duke University Press, 2000), explores the contributions of some pioneering US adwomen. During the 1920s, female advertisers Christine Frederick, Dorothy Dignam, Helen Woodward, and Ruth Waldo penetrated a predominantly male workforce, successfully selling the notion that women were indispensable to the industry. As they advertised their capacity for "that feminine touch" to colleagues, they were negotiating with prevailing ideas about gender, generating their own stories about masculinity and femininity in the ads they wrote. At times the contrast was striking between the messages about female identity in their copy and their own professional challenges and triumphs. Using archival records, manuals, and memoirs, this essay takes a look at their role in the profession and in shaping the 20th century approach to gender.
Inspiring the Next Generation of Women through the Lessons in Herstory App: An Interview with Margaret Johnson and Bonnie Wan
Authors: Johnson Margaret , Wan Bonnie , Timke Edward
Published: January 2020

Abstract: In this interview, Margaret Johnson and Bonnie Wan of Goodby Silverstein & Partners (GS&P) reflect on their work to inspire the next generation of women through advertising, industry activism, and nonprofit work. In addition to describing their roles at GS&P, Johnson and Wan discuss cause-based advertising at GS&P, their work on gender and sexuality at GS&P, how they have pursued projects to empower girls and women through industry activism and innovative projects like the Lessons in Herstory augmented reality app, the Daughters of the Evolution nonprofit, and advice to students and practitioners on how to approach social issues with mindfulness and care.
Author Meets Critics: American Advertising Cookbooks: How Corporations Taught Us to Love Spam, Bananas, and Jell-O
Authors: Elias Megan , Elvins Sarah , Langdon Jason , Timke Edward , Ward Christina
Published: January 2020

Abstract: This Author Meets Critics conversation focuses on Christina Ward's book American Advertising Cookbooks: How Corporations Taught Us to Love Spam, Bananas, and Jell-O (Process Media, 2018). Ward meets with two food historians, an advertising historian, and a creative director to discuss the following topics covered in the book: how cookbooks can be advertisements; how cookbooks are ideological state apparatuses and markers of aspirational identities; the intersection of power, classism, and foodie culture; lessons to be learned from the production of advertising cookbooks; brand spokespeople (e.g. Aunt Jemima, Betty Crocker, Fannie Farmer, Sue Swanson, Uncle Ben); the formation of identities through advertising cookbooks; advertising cookbooks as social equalizers; the book's colorful illustrations; advertising cookbooks in a digital world; and advice to advertisers based on a reading of the book.
The Direct Effect: Creating Integrated Marketing Campaigns with Direct Mail
Authors: Cross Ian R.
Published: January 2020

Abstract: Consumers live in an omnichannel world and marketing students are often taught marketing concepts through the traditional approaches of print and TV advertising or the digital world of websites and social media. Consumers are moving seamlessly through both these worlds, but there has been little academic attention paid to the reemergence of direct mail and how its connection to digital creates new opportunities for marketers. A complete direct mail and digital marketing class has been developed in an experiential learning framework in collaboration with the US Postal Service and other industry partners. Course materials are constructed as modules that can be used individually, combined with existing courses or used as a semester long experience. To facilitate experiential learning, the curriculum content is supported with resources designed to connect students with the direct mail and marketing industry through guest lectures, in class exercises, and a live omnichannel project experience connecting direct mail with digital.
Advertising in the Archives: The Wisconsin Historical Society
Authors: Blessing Matt , Jacobs Sally , Kapler Joe , Timke Edward
Published: January 2020

Abstract: This Advertising in the Archives article presents details about the advertising, marketing, and business collections located on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus at the Wisconsin Historical Society (WHS), the second largest North American heritage collection after the Library of Congress. WHS seeks to collect, preserve, and share stories about Wisconsin and North American history. The key topics covered in this archives article include the following: the origins, mission, and work of the WHS; details about and examples from significant advertising-related papers held in the WHS archives, such as the Advertising Women of New York scrapbooks, Bruce Barton papers, Dorothy Dignam papers, Lord & Thomas/Foote, Cone & Belding records, McCormick/International Harvester corporate records, and the Rosser Reeves papers; details about and examples from WHS' large material culture collections; future directions for WHS; and advice on how to preserve advertising documents and materials for the benefit of the future.
Propagation characteristics of a partially coherent self-shifting beam in random media
Authors: Wang Yuyan , Mei Zhangrong , Zhang Ming , Mao Yonghua
Published: January 2020

In a recent publication [Opt. Lett. 43, 4727 (2018)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.43.004727], a novel class of partially coherent sources with complex degrees of coherence was introduced. In this paper, we obtain the expression of the cross-spectral density function of the self-shifting beam generated from a light source propagating in random media. Then we calculated and simulated the behaviors of the spectral density and the spectral degree of coherence in the propagation. The results show that there will be a phenomenon of self-shifting in propagation, and the coherence of the beam is Gaussian when it is far enough from the light source. The light intensity is weakened with an increase in turbulence, while the wander of the center of the spectral density remains unchanged in different media.
Ghost radiance suppression using backward ray path analysis for a Risley prism scanner of an active laser ranging system
Authors: Hong Jinsuk , Shin Jung-Hwan , Koh Hae Seog , Kim Sug-Whan
Published: January 2020

The LAser raDAR (LADAR) system designed in this study shows a ghost pattern around the object image when operated. The system contains 4 wedge prisms, each with different rotational directions and speeds. Therefore, an efficient and thorough analysis method was established. Ray path analysis was performed, and categorized, for every instantaneous case sampled using a backward ray tracing method. The rays’ flux and directions were accumulated according to their path histories. This backward ray tracing was performed repeatedly with different neutral density (ND) filter orientations, until no measurable ghost radiance remained in the field of regard (FOR): a tilt angle of 5°. The ND filter was replaced with a mechanical vignette. Subsequently, the ghost flux was 21% of the total accumulated point cloud, coinciding with the actual measurement of 19%. The final image has significantly improved resolution and shows no ghost reflections where they were previously.
Dual phase grating based X-ray differential phase contrast imaging with source grating: theory and validation
Authors: Ge Yongshuai , Chen Jianwei , Zhu Peiping , Yang Jun , Deng Shiwo , Shi Wei , Zhang Kai , Guo Jinchuan , Zhang Huitao , Zheng Hairong , Liang Dong
Published: January 2020

In this work, we developed a new theoretical framework using wave optics to explain the working mechanism of the grating based X-ray differential phase contrast imaging (XPCI) interferometer systems consist of more than one phase grating. Under the optical reversibility principle, the wave optics interpretation was simplified into the geometrical optics interpretation, in which the phase grating was treated as a thin lens. Moreover, it was derived that the period of an arrayed source, e.g., the period of a source grating, is always equal to the period of the diffraction fringe formed on the source plane. When a source grating is utilized, the theory indicated that it is better to keep the periods of the two phase gratings different to generate large period diffraction fringes. Experiments were performed to validate these theoretical findings.
Modelling Fabry-Pérot etalons illuminated by focussed beams
Authors: Marques Dylan M. , Guggenheim James A. , Ansari Rehman , Zhang Edward Z. , Beard Paul C. , Munro Peter R. T.
Published: January 2020

Fabry-Pérot (FP) etalons are used as filters and sensors in a range of optical systems. Often FP etalons are illuminated by collimated laser beams, in which case the transmitted and reflected light fields can be calculated analytically using well established models. However, FP etalons are sometimes illuminated by more complex beams such as focussed Gaussian beams, which may also be aberrated. Modelling the response of FP etalons to these beams requires a more sophisticated model. To address this need, we present a model that can describe the response of an FP etalon that is illuminated by an arbitrary beam. The model uses an electromagnetic wave description of light and can therefore compute the amplitude, phase and polarization of the optical field at any position in the system. It can also account for common light delivery and detection components such as lenses, optical fibres and photo-detectors, allowing practical systems to be simulated. The model was validated against wavelength resolved measurements of transmittance and reflectance obtained using a system consisting of an FP etalon illuminated by a focussed Gaussian beam. Experiments with focal spot sizes ranging from 30 µm to 250 µm and FP etalon mirror reflectivities in the range 97.2 % to 99.2 % yielded excellent visual agreement between simulated and experimental data and an average error below 10% for a range of quantitative comparative metrics. We expect the model to be a useful tool for designing, understanding and optimising systems that use FP etalons.
Simultaneous measurement of gas absorption and path length by employing the first harmonic phase angle method in wavelength modulation spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Chenguang , Mei Liang , Wang Xingping , Deng Hao , Hu Mai , Xu Zhenyu , Chen Bing , He Yabai , Kan Ruifeng
Published: January 2020

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been widely employed for gas sensing, where the gas concentration is often obtained from the absorption signal with a known or a fixed absorption path length. Nevertheless, there are also numerous applications in which the absorption path length is very challenging to retrieve, e.g., open path remote sensing and gas absorption in scattering media. In this work, a new approach, based on the wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS), has been developed to measure the gas absorption signal and the corresponding absorption path length simultaneously. The phase angle of the first harmonic signal (1f phase angle) in the WMS technique is utilized for retrieving the absorption path length as well as the gas absorption signal. This approach has been experimentally validated by measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in open path environment. The CO2 concentration is evaluated by measuring the reflectance signal from a distant object with hundreds of meters away from the system. The measurement accuracy of the absorption path length, evaluated from a 7-day continuous measurement, can reach up to 1%. The promising result has shown a great potential of utilizing the 1f phase angle for gas concentration measurements, e.g., open path remote sensing applications.
Novel method for the angular chirp compensation of passively CEP-stable few-cycle pulses
Authors: Cirmi Giovanni , Çankaya Hüseyin , Krogen Peter , Calendron Anne-Laure , Hua Yi , Debord Benoit , Gérôme Frédéric , Benabid Fetah , Kärtner Franz X.
Published: January 2020

We demonstrate a novel, energy-efficient, cost-effective simple method for seeding CEP-stable OPCPAs. We couple the CEP-stable idler of a broadband OPCPA into a hollow core Kagome fiber thus compensating for the angular chirp. We obtain either relatively narrow bandwidths with ∼36% coupling efficiency or quarter-octave spanning bandwidths with ∼2.2% coupling efficiency. We demonstrate spectral compressibility, good beam quality and CEP stability. Our source is an ideal seed for high-energy, high-average power, CEP-stable few-cycle OPCPA pulses around 2 µm, which can drive the generation of coherent soft X-ray radiation in the water window spectral region via HHG.
Experimental generation of a kind of reversal rotating beams
Authors: Liu Zhenglin , Zhao Daomu
Published: January 2020

A kind of reversal rotating beams with astigmatic phase is proposed, whose spectral density and degree of coherence both follow anisotropic Gaussian distribution. Unlike a general rotating beam, the spectral density and the degree of coherence of this beam can be reversal rotated during propagation, that is, the direction of rotation could change automatically. Such a beam can be viewed as having two elements with astigmatic phase and partial coherence of the beam, which can reshape the cross-spectral density, corresponding to two directions of rotation. We generated this beam successfully in experiment and observed the expected phenomenon, which is basically consistent with the result of the numerical simulation. The reversal rotating beam has certain requirements on the astigmatic phase, which is analyzed and verified. The effect of the main parameters in astigmatic phase on the reversal rotation is further studied from both simulation and experiment.
Diagnosis of liquid-gas mixed sprays in the near-field region using femtosecond laser induced supercontinuum imaging method
Authors: Wang Mingxin , Tan Wenjiang , Si Jinhai , Zheng Yipeng , Huang Zhenqiang
Published: January 2020

Direct femtosecond shadowgraphy and supercontinuum (SC)-illumination imaging methods for diagnosing liquid-gas mixed sprays in the near-field region of spray nozzles were compared. Some big spray structures can be captured using femtosecond shadowgraphy which can freeze the motion of the sprays. But the speckles caused by the interference of multi-scattered photons erode the edges of ligaments and conceal many fine droplets. SC-illumination imaging can not only freeze the motion of the sprays but also significantly suppressing the speckles, presenting a more realistic spray pattern. Based on the SC imaging technology, the effects of various factors such as flow ratio of gas to liquid (GLR), total flow and nozzle size on the spray were studied.
Laser finished glass edges with compressive stress
Authors: Gray Stuart , Heck Todd L. , Hsieh Miya
Published: January 2020

Laser finishing of glass can produce clean and strong edges without the need for mechanical grinding which can leave particles adhered to the surface. However, the thermal cycle involved in laser finishing can create a residual tensile stress that weakens the edge by causing crack growth at flaws. In this paper we investigate the residual stress in laser finished flat glass sheets as a function of processing conditions and glass properties. We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, that under the right conditions, a laser finished glass edge can be generated with close to zero stress or with a compressive stress that is expected to hinder flaw growth.
Dispersive Fourier transform characterization of multipulse dissipative soliton complexes in a mode-locked soliton-similariton laser
Authors: Lapre Coraline , Billet Cyril , Meng Fanchao , Genty Goëry , Dudley John M.
Published: January 2020

We use the dispersive Fourier transform to spectrally characterize “multipulse soliton complexes” in a dissipative soliton fiber laser operating in the soliton-similariton regime. These multipulse complexes consist of two or more circulating dissipative solitons of picosecond duration, but with temporal separations of ∼5–40 ns, three orders of magnitude greater than the individual pulse durations. The results we present include a multipulse complex of 9 distinct single soliton pulses with ∼10 ns separation, as well as a multipulse complex where a soliton molecule of two bound pulses separated by ∼40 ps coexists with multiple single pulses with separations of ∼30 ns. We also use the dispersive Fourier transform to characterize breathing and transition dynamics in this multipulse regime, and our results add further to the experimental characterization of the diverse range of nonlinear structures in dissipative soliton systems.
La Trata Infantil con Fines Sexuales. Análisis Comparado de la Normativa Ecuatoriana y Española
Authors: Herrero Villoria Cristina , Picornell Lucas Antonia , Montes López Estrella
Published: January 2020

Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo del marco normativo vigente en Ecuador y España en materia de trata infantil con fines de explotación sexual. El objetivo es identificar semejanzas y diferencias que orienten las políticas públicas de ambos países en la detección, identificación y protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes víctimas de trata, en un contexto en el que recientemente se han identificado nodos de conexión de trata de personas.
Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Escherichia coli isolated from the water supply of smallholder dairy farms in Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, Thailand
Authors: Pumipuntu Natapol , Pumipuntu Sangkom
Published: January 2020

Background and Aim: The problem of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in both humans and animals is an important public health concern globally, which is likely to increase, including in Thailand, where carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), such as Escherichia coli, are of particular concern. They are pathogens found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals as well as in the environment. They may cause opportunistic infection and are often resistant to antibiotics in various fields especially in animal husbandry, such as pets or livestock farms. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli from water samples of smallholder dairy farms in Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, Thailand.

Materials and Methods: Sixty-four water samples were collected from 32 dairy farms in Kaeng Khoi district, Muak Lek district, and Wang Muang district of Saraburi Province, and Kantharawichai district and Mueang district of Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. All samples were cultured and isolated for E. coli by biochemical tests. All E. coli isolates were tested for drug susceptibility using imipenem, meropenem, and drug resistance genes of carbapenemases such as blaNDM, blaIMP, and blaOXA48 of drug-resistant E. coli isolates detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.

Results: A total of 182 E. coli isolates were found (140 and 42 isolates from Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, respectively). Drug sensitivity tests found that two isolates of E. coli from water in Kaeng Khoi were resistant to imipenem; therefore, the incidence of E. coli resistance to carbapenem was 1.43% of Saraburi Province. On the other hand, there was no incidence of drug-resistant E. coli in Maha Sarakham. In addition, the detection of the drug-resistant gene of E. coli in both isolates by PCR showed the expression of blaNDM.

Conclusion: This study reports E. coli resistance to antimicrobial drugs on livestock farms. It can be considered to be the first report of E. coli CRE detection in a dairy farm at Saraburi, which should be the subject of further extended study.
Perspectives of application of intranasally administered insulin for correction of metabolic and hormonal disorders in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Shpakov Alexander O. , Derkach Kira V. , Surkova Elena V. , Bespalov Alexey I.
Published: January 2020

In recent years, the possibility of using intranasally administered insulin to treat Alzheimers disease and other cognitive disorders has been widely studied. At the same time, the possibility of its use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus is practically not investigated, which is due to the insufficient study of the molecular mechanisms of its action on the hormonal and metabolic status of the organism. The review discusses literature data and the results of our own research on the role of insulin in the central regulation of energy homeostasis, as well as on the experience of using intranasally administered insulin to correct eating disorders and metabolic and hormonal dysfunctions developing under conditions of experimental diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. In studies involving healthy volunteers, various effects of intranasally administered insulin were shown, including effects on cognitive function, eating behavior and weight loss, and the gender specificity of its action was found. In the course of numerous studies of intranasally administered insulin in animal models of diabetes mellitus, not only stabilization of carbohydrate homeostasis was shown, but also a positive effect in the form of restoration of the functional activity of insulin signaling pathways in the hypothalamus and other parts of the brain. We have presented and analyzed data on the systemic effects of intranasally administered insulin in rodents with experimental models of diabetes mellitus, as well as in healthy individuals.
Perception of women towards contraceptive methods: using health belief model
Authors: Mohamed Mahmoud Noha , Saber Ghaly Asmaa , Hassan Ahmad Afaf
Published: January 2020

Introduction: The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the major conceptual frameworks guiding current research as well as practice in the health sciences. It takes into account the multiple factors present in a personâ€™s decisions to live a healthy life, seek help when needed, and maintain periodic check-ups and screening. Aim of the study is to identify perception of women towards contraceptive methods using the health belief model. Research design: A descriptive research design was utilized in this study. Setting: This study was conducted at four family planning clinics affiliated to four maternity hospitals namely: EL- Shatby Maternity University hospital affiliated to Alexandria University, Dar-Ismail Maternity hospital affiliated to Ministry of Health, Faisal hospital affiliated to Health Insurance and Dar ALWelada hospital affiliated to Medical Health Association. Subjects: A convenience sample of 320 women who were seeking family planning services. Tools; Tool I: Contraceptive users' basic data structured interview schedule; Tool II: Contraceptive users' Health Belief scale. Results: Approximately an equal percent (56.56% & 43.44%) of the contraceptive users perceived themselves either highly susceptible or moderately susceptible for threat of getting pregnant, respectively. More than three-fourths (76.25%) of them had moderate perceived severity to the problems associated with contraceptive use compared to only 23.75% of them who had high level of perception. As much as 84.37% of them highly perceived the benefits of contraception uptake. Meanwhile, almost all (93.44%) of them moderately perceived barriers associated with contraception utilization. Conclusion: Contraceptive users had high perception related to susceptibility of the threat of pregnancy and benefits of contraceptive methods utilization. Moreover, the vast majority of them had moderate perception to severity and barriers associated with contraception uptake. Last but not least, there was a statistically significant correlation between women's health beliefs and their utilization of contraceptive method.Â