bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ПЛАНІВ БЛОКУ БАЗОВИХ ХІМІЧНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН ПІДГОТОВКИ ФАХІВЦІВ ЗА СПЕЦІАЛЬНІСТЮ “ФАРМАЦІЯ” ТА “ЛІКУВАЛЬНА СПРАВА” У МЕДИЧНИХ ВНЗ КРАЇН-АСОЦІЙОВАНИХ ПАРТНЕРІВ ЕРАЗМУС
Authors: Falfushynska H. I. , Ivanets L. M. , Zagrichuk G. Ya.
Published: March 2016

У статті розглянуто порівняльний аналіз структури навчальних програм та кількості кредитів блоку базових хімічних дисциплін підготовки фахівців за спеціальностями “Фармація” (неорганічна хімія, органічна хімія, фізична та колоїдна хімія) та “Лікувальна справа” (медична хімія) у ВНЗ України та країн Європи, які є асоційованими партнерами програми ЕРАЗМУС+.
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ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ВИХОВНОЇ РОБОТИ НА КАФЕДРІ ФАРМАКОЛОГІЇ З КЛІНІЧНОЮ ФАРМАКОЛОГІЄЮ
Authors: Oleschuk O. M. , Volska A. S. , Shevchuk O. O. , Koval M. I.
Published: March 2016

У статті висвітлено виховну роботу зi студентами Тернопільського державного медичного університету імені І. Я. Горбачевського на кафедрі фармакології з клінічною фармакологією.

 
Sympathetic Neural and Hemodynamic Responses During Cold Pressor Test in Elderly Blacks and Whites
Authors: Okada Yoshiyuki , Jarvis Sara S. , Best Stuart A. , Edwards Jeffrey G. , Hendrix Joseph M. , Adams-Huet Beverley , Vongpatanasin Wanpen , Levine Benjamin D. , Fu Qi
Published: March 2016

The sympathetic response during the cold pressor test (CPT) has been reported to be greater in young blacks than whites, especially in those with a family history of hypertension. Because blood pressure (BP) increases with age, we evaluated whether elderly blacks have greater sympathetic activation during CPT than age-matched whites. BP, heart rate, cardiac output, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity were measured during supine baseline, 2-minute CPT, and 3-minute recovery in 47 elderly (68±7 [SD] years) volunteers (12 blacks and 35 whites). Baseline BP, heart rate, cardiac output, or muscle sympathetic nerve activity did not differ between races. Systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate increased during CPT (all
P
<0.001) with no racial differences (all
P
>0.05). Cardiac output increased during CPT and ≤30 s of recovery in both groups, but was lower in blacks than whites. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity increased during CPT in both groups (both
P
<0.001); the increase in burst frequency was similar between groups, whereas the increase in total activity was smaller in blacks (
P
=0.030 for interaction). Peak change (Δ) in diastolic BP was correlated with Δ total activity at 1 minute into CPT in both blacks (
r
=0.78,
P
=0.003) and whites (
r
=0.43,
P
=0.009), whereas the slope was significantly greater in blacks (
P
=0.007). Thus, elderly blacks have smaller sympathetic and central hemodynamic (eg, cardiac output) responses, but a greater pressor response for a given sympathetic activation during CPT than elderly whites. This response may stem from augmented sympathetic vascular transduction, greater sympathetic activation to other vascular bed(s), or enhanced nonadrenergically mediated vasoconstriction in elderly blacks.
Hyperglycemia Suppresses Calcium Phosphate–Induced Aneurysm Formation Through Inhibition of Macrophage Activation
Authors: Tanaka Teruyoshi , Takei Yuichiro , Yamanouchi Dai
Published: March 2016

Background

The aim of this study was to elucidate aspects of diabetes mellitus–induced suppression of aneurysm. We hypothesized that high glucose suppresses aneurysm by inhibiting macrophage activation via activation of Nr1h2 (also known as liver X receptor β), recently characterized as a glucose‐sensing nuclear receptor.

Methods and Results

Calcium phosphate (Ca
PO
4
)–induced aneurysm formation was significantly suppressed in the arterial wall in type 1 and 2 diabetic mice. A murine macrophage cell line,
RAW
264.7, was treated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) plus Ca
PO
4
and showed a significant increase in matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9)
mRNA
and secreted protein expression compared with
TNF‐
α alone. Elevated Mmp9 expression was significantly suppressed by hyperglycemic conditions (15.5 mmol/L glucose) compared with normoglycemic conditions (5.5 mmol/L glucose) or normoglycemic conditions with high osmotic pressure (5.5 mmol/L glucose +10.0 mmol/L mannitol). Nr1h2
mRNA
and protein expression were suppressed by treatment with
TNF‐
α plus Ca
PO
4
but were restored by hyperglycemic conditions. Activation of Nr1h2 by the antagonist
GW
3965 during stimulation with
TNF‐
α plus Ca
PO
4
mimicked hyperglycemic conditions and inhibited Mmp9 upregulation, whereas the deactivation of Nr1h2 by small interfering
RNA
(si
RNA)
under hyperglycemic conditions canceled the suppressive effect and restored Mmp9 expression induced by
TNF‐
α plus Ca
PO
4
. Moreover, Nr1h2 activation with
GW
3965 significantly suppressed Ca
PO
4
‐induced aneurysm in mice compared with vehicle‐injected control mice.

Conclusions

Our results show that hyperglycemia suppresses macrophage activation and aneurysmal degeneration through the activation of Nr1h2. Although further validation of the underlying pathway is necessary, targeting Nr1h2 is a potential therapeutic approach to treating aneurysm.
Nationalism and Beyond: Writings on Nüjie and the Emergence of a New Gendered Collective Identity in Modern China
Authors: Zhang Yun
Published: March 2016

This study focuses on nüjie, as a new conceptualization of women’s public identity, and the transformations in its meaning in early twentieth-century China. Rather than merely perceiving nüjie as a term for collective womanhood in the context of Chinese nationalism and feminism, this essay reinterprets it as a conceptual totality as well as a powerful category to redraw Chinese women’s links to those connections between the Chinese nation and women, gendered social relations, and more broadly, the relationship of women to the modernizing world. By examining writings – in particular women’s writings on nüjie in late Qing women’s feminist journals, this essay argues it was through the empowering category of nüjie that women writers constructed feminist critiques within – and against – the nationalist discourse, and ultimately, envisioned a new collective identity for Chinese women.
Inside the Home, Outside the Family: Wet Nurses in Republican China
Authors: Ransmeier Johanna
Published: March 2016

In Republican Beijing matchmakers (mei) not only arranged marriages, but also acted as brokers in domestic labor. Finding and helping a family to keep a suitable wet nurse often proved contentious. Changes to the legal environment from the 1910s to the 1930s made the task even more challenging. Previously Chinese society may have treated wet nurses as part of a household with stakes in the overall well-being of the family and a paternal guarantee of food and shelter, but the emphasis on contract as the mode of engagement in the early twentieth century altered wet nurses’ status. For some women contracts became a device through which to confront their employers, while for others the loss of constructed family obligation proved devastating. This article draws upon police records to expose rivalries between servants and the precarious nature of domestic employment in this transitional period. The experience of wet nurses also reveals competing ideas about what constituted a family at the beginning of the twentieth century, as eventually co-sanguinal prevailed over co-residential conceptions of the household unit.
The Family of Nations as an Element of the Ideology of Colonialism
Authors: Kleinschmidt Harald
Published: March 2016

The article links the use of the concept of ‘civilisation’ with the nineteenth-century perception of the international system, for which the ‘family of nations’ was current as a technical term in international legal theory for the international legal community. Following the distinction between state sovereignty and subjecthood under international law, international legal theorists denied the latter to most states outside Europe and classed them as ‘uncivilised’, even though their governments had concluded treaties under international law with European and the us governments and had thereby been formally recognised as sovereigns. In many cases, these treaties were agreements concerning the establishment of ‘Protectorates’ as the paramount type of dependency under the control of a European or the us government. In this context, international law became the house law of the ‘Family of Nations’, which extended across the globe while denying access to it to many states.
Diplomacy as Self-representation: British Columbia’s First Nations and China
Authors: Montsion Jean Michel
Published: March 2016

China’s recent interest and substantial investments in Canada’s natural resource sector have led some First Nations in British Columbia to undertake diplomatic activities to represent their interests to Chinese officials and investors. This article explores the interplay developing between the diplomatic activities of British Columbia’s First Nations and those of the Canadian state in the area of natural resource promotion. It does so by examining the diplomatic efforts of British Columbia’s First Nations Energy and Mining Council and the Canadian government’s Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement with China. The article argues that this interplay represents a struggle over diplomatic representation, in which British Columbia’s First Nations challenge the Canadian state’s monopoly on the representation of indigenous interests abroad, whereas the Canadian state constantly reframes indigenous perspectives on international affairs as a matter of domestic jurisdiction, in order to re-ground its control over Canadian foreign diplomatic practices.
Rafflesia parvimaculata (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of Rafflesia from Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: SOFIYANTI NERY , MAT-SALLEH KAMARUDIN , MAHMUD KHAIRIL , MAZLAN NOR ZUHAILAH , HASEIN MOHD. ROS. ALBUKHAREY , BURSLEM DAVID F.R.P.
Published: March 2016

The new species Rafflesia parvimaculata is described from Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. This species is characterized by its numerous small white warts on the perigone lobes, and also by its slender, unbranched, capitate ramenta that are white in color and densely arranged inside the floral perigone tube. These unique characters distinguish R. parvimaculata from other Rafflesia species. The discovery of this new species brings the total number of Rafflesia species described from Peninsular Malaysia to five
Lepidolejeunea novae-caledoniae (Piippo) R.L.Zhu & Frank Müll. (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae), stat. nov. from New Caledonia
Authors: SHU LEI , ZHANG LI-NA , PROMMA CHATCHABA , MÜLLER FRANK , ZHU RUI-LIANG
Published: March 2016

New Caledonia is one of the biodiversity hotspots with bryophyte endemism estimated to be up to 39% (Thouvenot & Bardat 2010; Thouvenot et al. 2011). A total of 151 species in 28 genera of Lejeuneaceae have been recorded in this country (Thouvenot 2015; Thouvenot et al. 2015; Müller et al. 2016). Lepidolejeunea bidentula (Jack & Stephani 1894: 107) Schuster (1980: 425) is a widespread species in E Africa, Oceania, and SE Asia. Piippo (1986) described a new variety known only from New Caledonia, L. bidentula var. novae-caledoniae Piippo (1986: 26), based on MacKee’s collections from New Caledonia. Although this variety is easily separated from L. bidentula var. bidentula by the long falcate apical tooth, Piippo (1986) considered that this taxon deserved varietal rank owing to the lack of sufficient understanding of the androecia at that time. In the course of our studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Lejeuneaceae, we encountered a male plant of this taxon with rich androecia in F. Müller’s collections from New Caledonia. The male plant clearly showed that the androecia are usually intercalary on short or long branches, and that male bracteoles (3−4) are present throughout the androecium (Fig. 1). In Lepidolejeunea bidentula var. bidentula, on the other hand, male bracteoles are always restricted to the base of the androecia. Whether the male bracteoles are born throughout the androecium or restricted to the base is one of the most reliable characters in Lejeuneaceae (Mizutani 1961; Grolle & Zhu 2000; Zhu & So 2001). Comparison of samples of the two varieties revealed further morphological differences such as the relative size of the ocelli, a character already observed by Piippo (1986). Therefore, it is appropriate to raise the variety novae-caledoniae to specific rank.
An illustrated catalogue of type specimens of the bathyal brittlestar genera Ophiomusium Lyman and Ophiosphalma H. L. Clark (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
Authors: BAKER ALAN N.
Published: March 2016

Type specimens of 61 species of the bathyal ophiuriod genera Ophiomusium Lyman and Ophiosphalma H.L. Clark are illustrated and their main features outlined, to form a partial catalogue for current and future workers. Thirty-nine species of Ophiomusium and 22 of Ophiosphalma are recognised, based largely on the number of exposed tentacle pores on the basal ventral arm plates. Most of the Ophiosphalma listed here are new combinations from their original genus, Ophiomusium. Ophiomusium sculptum Verrill is a junior subjective synonym of O. acuferum Lyman, and Ophiosphalma fimbriatum (Koehler) is a junior subjective synonym of O. glabrum (Lütken & Mortensen). The subspecies Ophiomusium fimbriatum atlanticum Hertz and Ophiomusium facunda muta Hertz are elevated to full species.  Because of their bathyal habitat (<4000 m), representatives of these genera are relatively rare in collections, and it will require fresh material of a range of sizes, for morphological comparison and for DNA analysis, to reliably confirm their taxonomic validity and clarify their relationships.
Progress toward High-Resolution, Real-Time Radiosonde Reports
Authors: Ingleby Bruce , Pauley Patricia , Kats Alexander , Ator Jeff , Keyser Dennis , Doerenbecher Alexis , Fucile Enrico , Hasegawa Jitsuko , Toyoda Eizi , Kleinert Tanja , Qu Weiqing , St. James Judy , Tennant Warren , Weedon Richard
Published: March 2016

Some real-time radiosonde reports are now available with higher vertical resolution and higher precision than the alphanumeric TEMP code. There are also extra metadata; for example, the software version may indicate whether humidity corrections have been applied at the station. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers and other users need to start using the new Binary Universal Form for Representation of Meteorological Data (BUFR) reports because the alphanumeric codes are being withdrawn. TEMP code has various restrictions and complexities introduced when telecommunication speed and costs were overriding concerns; one consequence is minor temperature rounding errors. In some ways BUFR reports are simpler: the whole ascent should be contained in a single report. BUFR reports can also include the time and location of each level; an ascent takes about 2 h and the balloon can drift 100 km or more laterally. This modernization is the largest and most complex change to the worldwide reporting of radiosonde observations for many years; international implementation is taking longer than planned and is very uneven. The change brings both opportunities and challenges. The biggest challenge is that the number and quality of the data from radiosonde ascents may suffer if the assessment of the BUFR reports and two-way communication between data producers and data users are not given the priority they require. It is possible that some countries will only attempt to replicate the old reports in the new format, not taking advantage of the benefits, which include easier treatment of radiosonde drift and a better understanding of instrument and processing details, as well as higher resolution.
A Laboratory Facility to Study Gas–Aerosol–Cloud Interactions in a Turbulent Environment: The Π Chamber
Authors: Chang K. , Bench J. , Brege M. , Cantrell W. , Chandrakar K. , Ciochetto D. , Mazzoleni C. , Mazzoleni L. R. , Niedermeier D. , Shaw R. A.
Published: March 2016

A detailed understanding of interactions of aerosols, cloud droplets/ice crystals, and trace gases within the atmosphere is of prime importance for an accurate understanding of Earth’s weather and climate. One aspect that remains especially vexing is that clouds are ubiquitously turbulent, and therefore thermodynamic and compositional variables, such as water vapor supersaturation, fluctuate in space and time. With these problems in mind, a multiphase, turbulent reaction chamber—called the Π chamber because of the internal volume of 3.14 m3 with the cylindrical insert installed—has been developed. It is capable of pressures ranging from 1,000 to –60 hPa and can sustain temperatures of –55° to 55°C, thereby spanning much of the range of tropospheric clouds. To control the relative humidity in the chamber, it can be operated with a stable, unstable, or neutral temperature difference between the top and bottom surfaces, with or without expansion. A negative temperature difference induces turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection and associated supersaturation generation through isobaric mixing. Supporting instrumentation includes a suite of aerosol generation and characterization techniques; temperature, pressure, and humidity sensors; and a phase Doppler interferometer. Initial characterization experiments demonstrate the ability to sustain steady-state turbulent cloud conditions for times greater than 1 day, with droplet diameters typically in the range of 5–40 µm. Typical turbulence has root-mean-square velocity fluctuations on the order of 10 cm s–1 and kinetic energy dissipation rates of 1 × 10–3 W kg–1.
Quantitative Precipitation Estimation of the Epic 2013 Colorado Flood Event: Polarization Radar-Based Variational Scheme
Authors: Chang Wei-Yu , Vivekanandan Jothiram , Ikeda Kyoko , Lin Pay-Liam
Published: March 2016

The accuracy of rain-rate estimation using polarimetric radar measurements has been improved as a result of better characterization of radar measurement quality and rain microphysics. In the literature, a variety of power-law relations between polarimetric radar measurements and rain rate are described because of the dynamic or varying nature of rain microphysics. A variational technique that concurrently takes into account radar observational error and dynamically varying rain microphysics is proposed in this study. Rain-rate estimation using the variational algorithm that uses event-based observational error and background rain climatological values is evaluated using observing system simulation experiments (OSSE), and its performance is demonstrated in the case of an epic Colorado flood event. The rain event occurred between 11 and 12 September 2013. The results from OSSE show that the variational algorithm with event-based observational error consistently estimates more accurate rain rate than does the “R(ZHH, ZDR)” power-law algorithm. On the contrary, the usage of ad hoc or improper observational error degrades the performance of the variational method. Furthermore, the variational algorithm is less sensitive to the observational error of differential reflectivity ZDR than is the R(ZHH, ZDR) algorithm. The variational quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) retrieved more accurate rainfall estimation than did the power-law dual-polarization QPE in this particular event, despite the fact that both algorithms used the same dual-polarization radar measurements from the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD).
A New Climatology for Investigating Storm Influences in and on the Extratropics
Authors: Bauer Mike , Tselioudis George , Rossow William B.
Published: March 2016

The NASA Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) Climatology of Mid-Latitude Storm Area (MCMS) project is a set of tools for examining midlatitude cyclones in model-generated data. The MCMS software has two primary tasks. The first task identifies and tracks likely cyclones in sea level pressure fields. Special care is taken to minimize the known problems of this approach near steep or high topography. The second task finds the outermost closed pressure contour that uniquely surrounds each cyclone center, or collection of centers in the case of multicenter cyclones. This enclosed area is then used as a rough proxy for the domain over which a cyclone influences its immediate environment. Here the MCMS software is applied to several decades of reanalysis data. These results are shown to be consistent with the findings of a recent intercomparison of cyclone-finding methods. Besides providing details concerning cyclone storm area, the MCMS software departs from other cyclone-finding methods by providing a comprehensive record concerning every cyclone it processes. The MCMS software also provides extensive diagnostics about the actions of specific operations (filters) and adjustable parameters. The benefits of this accounting are demonstrated and discussed, as are those related to the use of cyclone storm area as a tool for climate research. MCMS datasets are available for several reanalysis products, as is the MCMS software itself, including the source code needed to generate new MCMS datasets and utilities for working with existing ones.
Project Sagebrush: Revisiting the Value of the Horizontal Plume Spread Parameter σy
Authors: Finn D. , Clawson K. L. , Eckman R. M. , Liu H. , Russell E. S. , Gao Z. , Brooks S.
Published: March 2016

The first phase of an atmospheric tracer experiment program, designated Project Sagebrush, was conducted at the Idaho National Laboratory in October 2013. The purpose was to reevaluate the results of classical field experiments in short-range plume dispersion (e.g., Project Prairie Grass) using the newer technologies that are available for measuring both turbulence levels and tracer concentrations. All releases were conducted during the daytime with atmospheric conditions ranging from neutral to unstable. The key finding was that the values of the horizontal plume spread parameter σy tended to be larger, by up to a factor of ~2, than those measured in many previous field studies. The discrepancies tended to increase with downwind distance. The values of the ratio σy/σθ, where σθ is the standard deviation of the horizontal wind direction, also trend near the upper limit or above the range of values determined in earlier studies. There was also evidence to suggest that the value of σy began to be independent of σθ for σθ greater than 18°. It was also found that the commonly accepted range of values for σθ in different stability conditions might be limiting, at best, and might possibly be unrealistically low, especially at night in low wind speeds. The results raise questions about the commonly accepted magnitudes of σy derived from older studies. These values are used in the parameterization and validation of both older stability-class dispersion models as well as newer models that are based on Taylor’s equation and modern PBL theory.
Atmospheric Rotors and Severe Turbulence in a Long Deep Valley
Authors: Strauss Lukas , Serafin Stefano , Grubišić Vanda
Published: March 2016

The conceptual model of an atmospheric rotor is reexamined in the context of a valley, using data from the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) conducted in 2006 in the southern Sierra Nevada and Owens Valley, California. All T-REX cases with strong mountain-wave activity have been investigated, and four of them (IOPs 1, 4, 6, and 13) are presented in detail. Their analysis reveals a rich variety of rotorlike turbulent flow structures that may form in the valley during periods of strong cross-mountain winds. Typical flow scenarios in the valley include elevated turbulence zones, downslope flow separation at a valley inversion, turbulent interaction of in-valley westerlies and along-valley flows, and highly transient mountain waves and rotors. The scenarios can be related to different stages of the passage of midlatitude frontal systems across the region. The observations from Owens Valley show that the elements of the classic rotor concept are modulated and, at times, almost completely offset by dynamically and thermally driven processes in the valley. Strong lee-side pressure perturbations induced by large-amplitude waves, commonly regarded as the prerequisite for flow separation, are found to be only one of the factors controlling rotor formation and severe turbulence generation in the valley. Buoyancy perturbations in the thermally layered valley atmosphere appear to play a role in many of the observed cases. Based on observational evidence from T-REX, extensions to the classic rotor concept, appropriate for a long deep valley, are proposed.
Impacts of the Diurnal Radiation Cycle on the Formation, Intensity, and Structure of Hurricane Edouard (2014)
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Zhang Fuqing
Published: March 2016

This work examines the impacts of the diurnally varying radiation cycle on the formation, intensity, structure, and track of Hurricane Edouard (2014) at different stages of its life cycle through convection-permitting simulations. During the formation stage, nighttime destabilization through radiative cooling may promote deep moist convection that eventually leads to the genesis of the storm, while a tropical cyclone fails to develop in the absence of the night phase despite a strong incipient vortex under moderately strong vertical wind shear. The nighttime radiative cooling further enhances the primary vortex before the storm undergoes rapid intensification. Thereafter, the nighttime radiative cooling mainly increases convective activities outside of the primary eyewall that lead to stronger/broader rainbands and larger storm size during the mature stage of the hurricane; there is, however, less impact on the hurricane’s peak intensity in terms of maximum 10-m surface wind speed. The control forecast undergoes distinct secondary eyewall formation during the mature stage of Edouard (as observed), while there is no apparent eyewall replacement cycle as simulated in sensitivity experiments without solar insolation and the moat is narrower in those with switch-on solar insolation at night, suggesting the potential role of the diurnally varying radiative impact.
The Vertical Structure of Tropospheric Water Vapor: Comparing Radiative and Ocean-Driven Climate Changes
Authors: Rose Brian E. J. , Rencurrel M. Cameron
Published: March 2016

Changes in column-integrated water vapor (Q) in response to increased CO2 and ocean heat uptake (OHU) are investigated in slab-ocean aquaplanet simulations. The simulations span a wide range of warming and moistening patterns due to the spatial structures of the imposed OHU. Fractional changes in Q per degree of surface warming range from 0% to 20% K−1 locally and from 3.6% to 11% K−1 globally. A new diagnostic technique decomposes these changes into relative humidity (RH), surface temperature, and lapse rate contributions. Single-column calculations demonstrate substantial departures from apparent (surface temperature based) Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) scaling due to lapse rates changes; a moist-adiabatic column with fixed, uniform RH exceeds the CC rate by 2.5% K−1. The RH contribution is very small in most simulations. The various Q scalings are thus all consistent CC, but result from different patterns of polar amplification and lapse rate change. Lapse rates are sensitive to location and magnitude of OHU, with implications for Q under transient climate change. CO2 with subpolar (tropical) OHU results in higher (lower) Q scalings than CO2 alone. The weakest Q scaling (and largest RH effects) is found for increased poleward ocean heat transport, which causes strongly polar-amplified warming and near-zero tropical temperature change. Despite weak RH changes and fidelity to the CC relation, Q is expected to vary widely on different time scales in nature due to sensitivity of lapse rates to OHU along with the nonlinearity of the diagnostics.
The Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Northern Hemisphere Winter Blocking
Authors: Henderson Stephanie A. , Maloney Eric D. , Barnes Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2016

The persistent and quasi-stationary nature of atmospheric blocking is associated with long-lasting extreme weather conditions that influence much of the Northern Hemisphere during boreal winter. The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) has been previously shown to influence important factors for blocking, including Rossby wave breaking and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, the extent to which the MJO influences blocking across the Northern Hemisphere is not yet fully understood.

Utilizing a two-dimensional blocking index, composites of North Pacific, North Atlantic, and European blocking are generated relative to MJO phase. In the west and central Pacific, all MJO phases demonstrate significant changes in blocking, particularly at high latitudes. A significant decrease in east Pacific and Atlantic blocking occurs following phase 3 of the MJO, characterized by enhanced convection over the tropical East Indian Ocean and suppressed convection in the west Pacific. The opposite-signed MJO heating during phase 7 is followed by a significant increase in east Pacific and Atlantic blocking. A significant decrease in European blocking follows MJO phase 4, with an increase after phase 6. The phase 6 European blocking is hypothesized to result from two preexisting conditions: 1) an anomalous anticyclone over the Atlantic and 2) a preceding negative Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern initialized and influenced by MJO heating.
Large Contribution of Supercooled Liquid Clouds to the Solar Radiation Budget of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Bodas-Salcedo A. , Hill P. G. , Furtado K. , Williams K. D. , Field P. R. , Manners J. C. , Hyder P. , Kato S.
Published: March 2016

The Southern Ocean is a critical region for global climate, yet large cloud and solar radiation biases over the Southern Ocean are a long-standing problem in climate models and are poorly understood, leading to biases in simulated sea surface temperatures. This study shows that supercooled liquid clouds are central to understanding and simulating the Southern Ocean environment. A combination of satellite observational data and detailed radiative transfer calculations is used to quantify the impact of cloud phase and cloud vertical structure on the reflected solar radiation in the Southern Hemisphere summer. It is found that clouds with supercooled liquid tops dominate the population of liquid clouds. The observations show that clouds with supercooled liquid tops contribute between 27% and 38% to the total reflected solar radiation between 40° and 70°S, and climate models are found to poorly simulate these clouds. The results quantify the importance of supercooled liquid clouds in the Southern Ocean environment and highlight the need to improve understanding of the physical processes that control these clouds in order to improve their simulation in numerical models. This is not only important for improving the simulation of present-day climate and climate variability, but also relevant for increasing confidence in climate feedback processes and future climate projections.
Warming of the Global Ocean: Spatial Structure and Water-Mass Trends
Authors: Häkkinen Sirpa , Rhines Peter B. , Worthen Denise L.
Published: March 2016

This study investigates the multidecadal warming and interannual-to-decadal heat content changes in the upper ocean (0–700 m), focusing on vertical and horizontal patterns of variability. These results support a nearly monotonic warming over much of the World Ocean, with a shift toward Southern Hemisphere warming during the well-observed past decade. This is based on objectively analyzed gridded observational datasets and on a modeled state estimate. Besides the surface warming, a warming climate also has a subsurface effect manifesting as a strong deepening of the midthermocline isopycnals, which can be diagnosed directly from hydrographic data. This deepening appears to be a result of heat entering via subduction and spreading laterally from the high-latitude ventilation regions of subtropical mode waters. The basin-average multidecadal warming mainly expands the subtropical mode water volume, with weak changes in the temperature–salinity (θ–S) relationship (known as “spice” variability). However, the spice contribution to the heat content can be locally large, for example in Southern Hemisphere. Multidecadal isopycnal sinking has been strongest over the southern basins and weaker elsewhere with the exception of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Current/subtropical recirculation gyre. At interannual to decadal time scales, wind-driven sinking and shoaling of density surfaces still dominate ocean heat content changes, while the contribution from temperature changes along density surfaces tends to decrease as time scales shorten.
Metrics for the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation: Toward Routine Benchmarks for Climate Models
Authors: Covey Curt , Gleckler Peter J. , Doutriaux Charles , Williams Dean N. , Dai Aiguo , Fasullo John , Trenberth Kevin , Berg Alexis
Published: March 2016

Metrics are proposed—that is, a few summary statistics that condense large amounts of data from observations or model simulations—encapsulating the diurnal cycle of precipitation. Vector area averaging of Fourier amplitude and phase produces useful information in a reasonably small number of harmonic dial plots, a procedure familiar from atmospheric tide research. The metrics cover most of the globe but down-weight high-latitude wintertime ocean areas where baroclinic waves are most prominent. This enables intercomparison of a large number of climate models with observations and with each other. The diurnal cycle of precipitation has features not encountered in typical climate model intercomparisons, notably the absence of meaningful “average model” results that can be displayed in a single two-dimensional map. Displaying one map per model guides development of the metrics proposed here by making it clear that land and ocean areas must be averaged separately, but interpreting maps from all models becomes problematic as the size of a multimodel ensemble increases.

Global diurnal metrics provide quick comparisons with observations and among models, using the most recent version of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). This includes, for the first time in CMIP, spatial resolutions comparable to global satellite observations. Consistent with earlier studies of resolution versus parameterization of the diurnal cycle, the longstanding tendency of models to produce rainfall too early in the day persists in the high-resolution simulations, as expected if the error is due to subgrid-scale physics.
Boreal Summer Synoptic-Scale Waves over the Western North Pacific in Multimodel Simulations
Authors: Zhao Haikun , Jiang Xianan , Wu Liguang
Published: March 2016

During boreal summer, vigorous synoptic-scale wave (SSW) activity, often evident as southeast–northwest-oriented wave trains, prevails over the western North Pacific (WNP). In spite of their active role for regional weather and climate, modeling studies on SSWs are rather limited. In this study, a comprehensive survey on climate model capability in representing the WNP SSWs is conducted by analyzing simulations from 27 recent general circulation models (GCMs). Results suggest that it is challenging for GCMs to realistically represent the observed SSWs. Only 2 models out of the 27 GCMs generally well simulate both the intensity and spatial pattern of the observed SSW mode. Plausible key processes for realistic simulations of SSW activity are further explored. It is illustrated that GCM skill in representing the spatial pattern of the SSW is highly correlated to its skill in simulating the summer mean patterns of the low-level convergence associated with the WNP monsoon trough and conversion from eddy available potential energy (EAPE) to eddy kinetic energy (EKE). Meanwhile, simulated SSW intensity is found to be significantly correlated to the amplitude of 850-hPa vorticity, divergence, and conversion from EAPE to EKE over the WNP. The observed modulations of SSW activity by the Madden–Julian oscillation are able to be captured in several model simulations.
Benefits of CMIP5 Multimodel Ensemble in Reconstructing Historical Ocean Subsurface Temperature Variations
Authors: Cheng Lijing , Zhu Jiang
Published: March 2016

A complete map of the ocean subsurface temperature is essential for monitoring aspects of climate change such as the ocean heat content (OHC) and sea level changes and for understanding the dynamics of the ocean/climate variation. However, global observations have not been available in the past, so a mapping strategy is required to fill the data gaps. In this study, an advanced mapping method is proposed to reconstruct the historical ocean subsurface (0–700 m) temperature field from 1940 to 2014 by using ensemble optimal interpolation with a dynamic ensemble (EnOI-DE) approach and a multimodel ensemble of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) historical and representative concentration pathway 4.5 simulations. The reconstructed field is a combination of two parts: a first guess provided by the ensemble mean of CMIP5 models and an adjustment by minimizing the analysis error with the assistance of error covariance determined by the CMIP5 models. The uncertainty of the field can also be assessed. This new approach was evaluated using a series of tests, including subsample tests by using data from the Argo period, idealized tests by specifying a truth field from the models, and withdrawn-data tests by removing 20% of the observations for validation. In addition, the authors showed that the ocean mean state, long-term trends, and interannual and decadal variability are all well represented. Furthermore, the most significant benefit of this method is to provide an improved estimate of the long-term historical OHC changes since 1940, which have important implications for Earth’s energy budget.
Energetic Constraints on the Width of the Intertropical Convergence Zone
Authors: Byrne Michael P. , Schneider Tapio
Published: March 2016

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) has been the focus of considerable research in recent years, with much of this work concerned with how the latitude of maximum tropical precipitation responds to natural climate variability and to radiative forcing. The width of the ITCZ, however, has received little attention despite its importance for regional climate and for understanding the general circulation of the atmosphere. This paper investigates the ITCZ width in simulations with an idealized general circulation model over a wide range of climates. The ITCZ, defined as the tropical region where there is time-mean ascent, displays rich behavior as the climate varies, widening with warming in cool climates, narrowing in temperate climates, and maintaining a relatively constant width in hot climates. The mass and energy budgets of the Hadley circulation are used to derive expressions for the area of the ITCZ relative to the area of the neighboring descent region, and for the sensitivity of the ITCZ area to changes in climate. The ITCZ width depends primarily on four quantities: the net energy input to the tropical atmosphere, the advection of moist static energy by the Hadley circulation, the transport of moist static energy by transient eddies, and the gross moist stability. Different processes are important for the ITCZ width in different climates, with changes in gross moist stability generally having a weak influence relative to the other processes. The results are likely to be useful for analyzing the ITCZ width in complex climate models and for understanding past and future climate change in the tropics.
How Will Climate Change Affect the Water Availability in the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China?
Authors: Zhang Aijing , Liu Wenbin , Yin Zhenliang , Fu Guobin , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: March 2016

This paper presents a detailed analysis of how future climate change may affect water availability in a typical arid endorheic river basin, the Heihe River basin (HRB), in northwest China. The analysis is based on the improved Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), which is calibrated and validated with historical streamflow data from the upper HRB and is used to predict future hydrological responses. Six general circulation models (GCMs), under two emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), are downscaled to construct future climate change scenarios. The results suggest that the climate of the upper HRB will likely become warmer and wetter in the near future (2021–50), with the largest increase in precipitation occurring in the summer. Correspondingly, the basinwide evapotranspiration, snowmelt, and runoff are projected to increase over the same period. The mean temperature in the near future is projected to rise, relative to the recent 30 years (1981–2010), by 1.2°–1.7°C under scenario RCP4.5 and by 1.4°–2.1°C under scenario RCP8.5. The mean precipitation is projected to increase by 10.0%–16.6% under scenario RCP4.5, and by 10.5%–22.0% under scenario RCP8.5. The mean values of evapotranspiration, snowmelt, and runoff are expected to increase by 14.2%, 4.3%, and 11.4%, respectively, under scenario RCP4.5 and to increase by 18.7%, 5.8%, and 12.8%, respectively, under scenario RCP8.5. Though the model simulations forecast an increase in streamflows in the headwater region of the HRB, future water availability varies significantly over space and time. The findings of this study will help to frame more effective water management strategies for the HRB under changing climatic conditions.
Evaluating Four Multisatellite Precipitation Estimates over the Diaoyu Islands during Typhoon Seasons
Authors: Yong Bin , Wang Jingjing , Ren Liliang , You Yalei , Xie Pingping , Hong Yang
Published: March 2016

The Diaoyu Islands are a group of uninhabited islets located in the East China Sea between Japan, China, and Taiwan. Here, four mainstream gauge-adjusted multisatellite precipitation estimates [TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis, version 7 (TMPA-V7); CPC morphing technique–bias-corrected product (CMORPH-CRT); Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks–Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR); and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation–gauge adjusted (GSMaP_Gauge)] are adopted to detect the rainfall characteristics of the Diaoyu Islands area with a particular focus on typhoon contribution. Out of the four products, CMORPH-CRT and GSMaP_Gauge show much more similarity both in terms of the spatial patterns and error structures because of their use of the same morphing technique. Overall, GSMaP_Gauge performs better than the other three products, likely because of denser in situ observations integrated in its retrieval algorithms over East Asia. All rainfall products indicate that an apparent rain belt exists along the northeastern 45° direction of Taiwan extending to Kyushu of Japan, which is physically associated with the Kuroshio. The Diaoyu Islands are located on the central axis of this rain belt. During the period 2001–09, typhoon-induced rainfall accounted for 530 mm yr−1, and typhoons contributed on average approximately 30% of the annual precipitation budget over the Diaoyu Islands. Higher typhoon contribution was found over the southern warmer water of the Diaoyu Islands, while the northern cooler water presented less contribution ratio. Supertyphoon Chaba, the largest typhoon of 2004, recorded 53 h of rainfall accumulation totaling 235 mm on the Diaoyu Islands, and this event caused severe property damage and human casualties for Japan. Hence, the Diaoyu Islands play an important role in weather monitoring and forecasting for the neighboring countries and regions.
Estimating Confidence Intervals around Relative Humidity Profiles from Satellite Observations: Application to the SAPHIR Sounder
Authors: Brogniez Hélène , Fallourd Renaud , Mallet Cécile , Sivira Ramsès , Dufour Christophe
Published: March 2016

A novel scheme for the estimation of layer-averaged relative humidity (RH) profiles from spaceborne observations in the 183.31-GHz line is presented. Named atmospheric relative humidity profiles including analysis of confidence intervals (ARPIA), it provides for each vector of observations the parameters of the distribution of the RH instead of its expectation, as is usually done by the current methods. The profiles are composed of six layers distributed between 100 and 950 hPa. The approach combines the six channels of the Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d’Humidité Intertropical par Radiométrie (SAPHIR) instrument on board the Megha-Tropiques satellite and the generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) method to infer the parametric distributions, assuming that they follow a Gaussian law. The knowledge of the conditional uncertainty is an asset in the evaluation using radiosounding profiles of RH with a dedicated Bayesian method. Taking the uncertainties into account in both the ARPIA estimates and the in situ measurements yields biases, root-mean-square, and correlation coefficients in the range of −0.56% to 9.79%, 1.58% to 13.32%, and 0.55 to 0.98, respectively, with the largest biases being obtained over the continent, in the midtropospheric layers.