bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (R115777) preferentially inhibits in vitro autonomous erythropoiesis of polycythemia vera patient cells
Authors: Larghero Jérôme , Gervais Nathalie , Cassinat Bruno , Rain Jean-Didier , Schlageter Marie-Hélène , Padua Rose Ann , Chomienne Christine , Rousselot Philippe
Published: January 2005

Polycythemia vera (PV) is an acquired myeloproliferative disorder with primary expansion of the red cell mass leading to an increased risk of thrombosis and less frequently to myelofibrosis and secondary acute leukemia. Standard therapies include cytoreduction with either phlebotomy or chemotherapeutic agents and antithrombotic drugs. Because long-term exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy may increase the risk of acute transformation, new therapeutic options are needed. Tipifarnib is a nonpeptidomimetic inhibitor of farnesyl transferase that was developed as a potential inhibitor of RAS signaling. In the present study we report that tipifarnib used at pharmacologically achievable concentrations strongly inhibits the erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) autonomous growth that characterizes patients with PV. Moreover, at low tipifarnib concentrations (0.15 μM), the inhibitory effect was preferentially observed in PV BFU-E progenitors and not in normal BFU-E progenitors and was not rescued by erythropoietin (EPO). Thus tipifarnib may specifically target PV stem cells and may be of clinical interest in the treatment of patients with PV.
A qualitative study investigating patients' beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Cooper A F , Jackson G , Weinman J , Horne R
Published: January 2005

Background: The opportunity to attend a cardiac rehabilitation course is usually offered to patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction. However, despite referral, many patients fail to attend.

Objective: To elicit patients' beliefs about the role of the cardiac rehabilitation course following myocardial infarction.

Design: Qualitative study using in-depth semi-structured interviews.

Setting: London Teaching Hospital.

Subjects: Thirteen patients were interviewed after discharge from hospital following myocardial infarction, but prior to attendance at cardiac rehabilitation.

Main outcome measures: Patients' beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation that may act as barriers to attendance.

Results: Themes identified included: the content of cardiac rehabilitation, perceptions of exercise, benefits of cardiac rehabilitation, explicit barriers to attendance and cardiac knowledge. Whilst some patients viewed cardiac rehabilitation as an important and necessary part of recovery others expressed doubt that it was appropriate for them. Some patients were uncertain of the course content and misunderstood the role of exercise and its perceived effects. Misconceptions with regard to cardiac knowledge were also apparent. The combination of erroneous beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation and cardiac misconceptions seemed to result in doubts regarding attendance.

Conclusions: Prior to course attendance some patients hold erroneous beliefs about the course content, especially the exercise component. Co-existent cardiac misconceptions are also apparent. Further research is needed to clarify the extent to which these beliefs may contribute to the decision not to attend cardiac rehabilitation.
Institutionalization after stroke
Authors: Portelli R , Lowe D , Irwin P , Pearson M , Rudd AG
Published: January 2005

Background and purpose: There are widespread regional variations in the institutionalization rate after stroke. This study sought to identify the factors that predict institutionalization after a primary diagnosis of stroke and determine whether institutionalization rate could be used to assess the quality of hospital care.

Methods: A retrospective case note audit of 2778 consecutive admissions with stroke, between 1 September and 31 October 2000 from a randomly selected sample of 79 hospitals in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Data were collected on demographics, case-mix, clinical outcome, organization of discharge, and place of residence at discharge and at three and six months. The figures from this audit were validated using data from the 1998 National Sentinel Audit of Stroke.

Results: Overall 14% of patients previously living at home were discharged to nursing or residential homes. Using logistic regression, Barthel Index score at discharge accounted for 40% of variation. Two-thirds of patients with a discharge Barthel score of B=5 were institutionalized. Age alone explained 14% and when taken together with discharge Barthel and length of stay it accounted for 54% of variation. On admission 22% of the variation in institutionalization rate could be accounted for by total Glasgow Coma Score (15, B=15), age and ability to walk unaided. Regional variations in institutionalization rates are evident and may in part be explained by differences in ease of access to the institutions.

Conclusions: Discharge disability and older age were the dominant factors determining admission to nursing and residential homes. It is not possible to predict sufficiently reliably for an individual patient the likelihood of institutionalization at admission or at 72 h after admission, to justify early resource allocation decisions.
Duplicated genes with split functions: independent roles ofprotocadherin15orthologues in zebrafish hearing and vision
Authors: Seiler Christoph , Finger-Baier Karin C. , Rinner Oliver , Makhankov Yuri V. , Schwarz Heinz , Neuhauss Stephan C. F. , Nicolson Teresa
Published: January 2005

In the sensory receptors of both the eye and the ear, specialized apical structures have evolved to detect environmental stimuli such as light and sound. Despite the morphological divergence of these specialized structures and differing transduction mechanisms, the receptors appear to rely in part on a shared group of genes for function. For example, mutations in Usher (USH)genes cause a syndrome of visual and acoustic-vestibular deficits in humans. Several of the affected genes have been identified, including the USH1F gene, which encodes protocadherin 15 (PCDH15). Pcdh15mutant mice also have both auditory and vestibular defects, although visual defects are not evident. Here we show that zebrafish have two closely related pcdh15 genes that are required for receptor-cell function and morphology in the eye or ear. Mutations in pcdh15a cause deafness and vestibular dysfunction, presumably because hair bundles of inner-ear receptors are splayed. Vision, however, is not affected in pcdh15a mutants. By contrast, reduction of pcdh15b activity using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides causes a visual defect. Optokinetic and electroretinogram responses are reduced in pcdh15b morpholino-injected larvae. In electron micrographs, morphant photoreceptor outer segments are improperly arranged, positioned perpendicular to the retinal pigment epithelium and are clumped together. Our results suggest that both cadherins act within their respective transduction organelles: Pcdh15a is necessary for integrity of the stereociliary bundle, whereas Pcdh15b is required for alignment and interdigitation of photoreceptor outer segments with the pigment epithelium. We conclude that after a duplication of pcdh15, one gene retained an essential function in the ear and the other in the eye.
Genetic analysis of interactions between the somitic muscle, cartilage and tendon cell lineages during mouse development
Authors: Brent Ava E. , Braun Thomas , Tabin Clifford J.
Published: January 2005

Proper formation of the musculoskeletal system requires the coordinated development of the muscle, cartilage and tendon lineages arising from the somitic mesoderm. During early somite development, muscle and cartilage emerge from two distinct compartments, the myotome and sclerotome, in response to signals secreted from surrounding tissues. As the somite matures, the tendon lineage is established within the dorsolateral sclerotome, adjacent to and beneath the myotome. We examine interactions between the three lineages by observing tendon development in mouse mutants with genetically disrupted muscle or cartilage development. Through analysis of embryos carrying null mutations in Myf5 and Myod1, hence lacking both muscle progenitors and differentiated muscle, we identify an essential role for the specified myotome in axial tendon development, and suggest that absence of tendon formation in Myf5/Myod1 mutants results from loss of the myotomal FGF proteins, which depend upon Myf5 and Myod1 for their expression, and are required, in turn, for induction of the tendon progenitor markers. Our analysis of Sox5/Sox6 double mutants, in which the chondroprogenitors are unable to differentiate into cartilage,reveals that the two cell fates arising from the sclerotome, axial tendon and cartilage are alternative lineages, and that cartilage differentiation is required to actively repress tendon development in the dorsolateral sclerotome.
An allometric comparison of microsomal membrane lipid composition and sodium pump molecular activity in the brain of mammals and birds
Authors: Turner Nigel , Else Paul L. , Hulbert A. J.
Published: January 2005

Previous research has shown that the lipid milieu surrounding membrane proteins may be an important factor in determining their activity. To investigate this we have examined sodium pump molecular activity and microsomal membrane lipid composition in the brain of five mammalian and eight avian species ranging in size from 30 g mice to 280 kg cattle and 13 g zebra finches to 35 kg emus, respectively. Sodium pump(Na+,K+-ATPase) activity was higher in the smaller species and showed a significant allometric decline with body mass in both the mammals (μmol Pi h-1 mg wet mass-1 =6.2×mass-0.06) and birds (μmol Pih-1 mg wet mass-1 = 5.4×mass-0.07). In small mammals, the elevated enzyme activity was related to allometric changes in both the concentration and the molecular activity (turnover rate) of sodium pumps, while in birds, no significant body-size-related variation was observed for either sodium pump concentration or molecular activity. Microsomal phospholipid fatty acid profile displayed little allometric variation in both the mammals and birds and was not correlated with molecular activity in either group. Brain phospholipids from both endothermic classes were dominated by the long chain n-3 polyunsaturate, docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)], which accounted for an average of 28% and 34% of the total fatty acids in the mammals and birds respectively. Bird membranes also contained a relatively large percentage of 22:5 (n-6) as well as high levels of cholesterol. These results are discussed in relation to neurological function and the emerging field of membrane lipid rafts.
The Intramolecular Electron Transfer between the Type 1 Cu and the Type 2 Cu in a Mutant of Hyphomicrobium Nitrite Reductase
Authors: Suzuki Shinnichiro , Maetani Takehiko , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Kobayashi Kazuo , Tagawa Seiichi
Published: January 2005

The intramolecular electron transfer (ET) between the type 1 Cu and the type 2 Cu in the Cys114Ala mutant of Hyphomicrobium denitrificans nitrite reductase has been observed by pulse radiolysis. At pH 5.4–7.0, the ET rates of C114A having one type 1 Cu and one type 2 Cu per monomer are 104–105 times as large as those of the native enzyme containing two type 1 Cu sites and one type 2 Cu site.
Apolipoprotein H (apoH)-dependent autoantibodies and apoH protein polymorphism in selected patients showing lupus anticoagulant activity
Authors: Vogrinc Željka , Trbojević-Čepe Milica , Coen Désirée , Vitale Ksenija , Stavljenić-Rukavina Ana
Published: January 2005

Apolipoprotein H (apoH) is considered to be a necessary cofactor for the binding of certain antiphospholipid antibodies to anionic phospholipids. Some apoH-dependent antiphospholipid antibodies also exert lupus anticoagulant (LA) activity, which seems to depend on antiphospholipid antibody epitope specificity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the presence of less frequent
Differential production of immunoglobulin classes and subclasses by mucosal-type human B-lymphocytes exposed in vitro to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: Cognasse Fabrice , Acquart Sophie , Beniguel Lydie , Sabido Odile , Chavarin Patricia , Genin Christian , Garraud Olivier
Published: January 2005

As B-lymphocytes play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity, we aimed to examine the effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on purified tonsil-originating CD19+ B-cells, representing mucosal B-cells. We screened various K-type ODNs, reactive with human B-cells, and tested for the production of immunoglobulins in vitro. Using one CpG-ODN, DSP30, we observed that it could upregulate not only Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) mRNA expression in activated B-cells, but also the early expression of CD69 followed by the sequential expression of CD80, CD86 and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. Furthermore, mRNA expression of certain B-cell-derived cytokines was influenced by exposure to DSP30, with a strong upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and downregulation of IL1-β. Stimulation of B-cells, co-stimulated with IL-2, IL-10 and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) with different CpG-ODNs, had differing effects on the terminal differentiation in vitro of B-cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. TLR9 is involved in innate immunity and the recognition of bound CpG DNA from invading bacterial pathogens. As tonsillar B-cells are mucosal-type B-lymphocytes, this study suggests that CpG-ODNs show promise as mucosal adjuvants in modulating the local production of immunoglobulins of certain classes and subclasses, a crucial issue in vaccine perspectives.
The soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)-ferritin index is a potential predictor of celiac disease in children with refractory iron deficiency anemia
Authors: De Caterina Maurizio , Grimaldi Ernesto , Di Pascale Giovanni , Salerno Giuliana , Rosiello Assunta , Passaretti Maria , Scopacasa Francesco
Published: January 2005

The soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) distinguishes iron deficiency anemia from other types of anemia. Refractory iron deficiency anemia is often the onset symptom in malabsorption-induced celiac disease. We evaluated whether sTfR levels distinguish celiac disease-associated iron deficiency anemia from iron deficiency anemia of other origin. To this aim we measured sTfR and ferritin levels and their ratio (the sTfR/ferritin index) and other hematological parameters in 42 anemic children (20 with and 22 without celiac disease) vs. 22 non-anemic children with celiac disease and 31 healthy controls (age range 4–12years). Hemoglobin parameters, mean cell volume, and serum iron and ferritin levels were decreased to a similar extent in the anemic patients (celiac and non-celiac). The sTfR level in non-anemic celiac patients was similar to that of normal controls (1.7±0.35mg/L), whereas it was significantly increased in non-celiac and celiac anemic patients (2.2±0.5mg/L, p<0.05 and 2.7±1.2mg/L, p<0.001, respectively). The sTfR/ferritin index was also increased more in the anemic celiac patients (mean 4.4, range 1.5–12.0) than in anemic non-celiac children (mean 2.6, range 1.4–4.0) compared with non-anemic children (mean 1.2, range 0.7–2.0). Differences were more pronounced when ferritin was <5ng/mL. Thus, the sTfR/ferritin index may be a predictive measure in discriminating anemic patients with celiac disease from those without celiac disease.
Serum amyloid A protein levels as a possible aid in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children
Authors: Lycopoulou Lilia , Mamoulakis Charalambos , Hantzi Eugenia , Demetriadis Dimitrios , Antypas Spyros , Giannaki Maria , Bakoula Chryssa , Chrousos George , Papassotiriou Ioannis
Published: January 2005

Hematological and biochemical tests, including white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and other acute-phase reactants, have been used in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. However, there is controversy among physicians about the value of this practice in children. The objective of our study was to evaluate serum amyloid A protein (SAA) levels in children with confirmed acute appendicitis and to compare the sensitivity and specificity of this marker of inflammation with those for WBC and CRP. A prospective cohort study of 60 children admitted with abdominal pain to rule out appendicitis was used in the study. Of these, 42 underwent surgery, while 18 children who had spontaneous amelioration within 24h of admission were not operated on and served as controls. WBC and serum SAA and CRP levels were obtained preoperatively. Serum concentrations of the analytes were determined with particle-enhanced immunonephelometric methods. Patients with acute appendicitis had WBC, SAA and CRP levels higher than those of the control group (p<0.001). There was no appendicitis patient with a normal SAA value, while 21.4% of the patients had CRP values within the normal range. The performance of each test was measured by receiver-operating characteristic curves. Area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.849 for WBC, 0.868 for CRP and 0.964 for SAA. The sensitivity and specificity of these methods were 76% and 75% for WBC>10.0×10
Quantitative automated human chorionic gonadotropin measurement in urine using the Modular Analytics E170 module (Roche)
Authors: Ajubi Nasser E. , Nijholt Nine , Wolthuis Albert
Published: January 2005

Ongoing demands on laboratory performance require optimization of processes. An obvious way to achieve this is to reduce manual labor in favor of automated methods. We describe the validation of an automated quantitative urine human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) analysis on the Roche Modular E170 analyzer to replace the manual qualitative pregnancy test in urine. At urine hCG concentrations of 476, 45 and 11U/L, we found inter-assay variation of 4.3%, 4.3% and 6.8% and average intra-assay variation of 3.0%, 2.6% and 3.0%, respectively. The analytical detection limit was 0.7U/L. We did not detect any loss (due to degradation or adsorption) during a storage period of 5days at 4°C or at −20°C. Recoveries of hCG in urine of a pregnant woman diluted with urine of a pre-menopausal non-pregnant woman (concentration range between 6 and 800mU/L) were between 93% and 112% (y=0.997x−3.843, r
Evaluation of immunoassays for the measurement of insulin-like growth factor-I and procollagen type III peptide, indirect biomarkers of recombinant human growth hormone misuse in sport
Authors: Abellan Rosario , Ventura Rosa , Pichini Simona , Pascual Jose A. , Pacifici Roberta , Di Carlo Simonetta , Bacosi Antonella , Segura Jordi , Zuccaro Piergiorgio
Published: January 2005

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and procollagen type III peptide (P-III-P) have been proposed as indirect biomarkers for the detection of the misuse of recombinant human growth hormone in sport. An extended intra- and inter-laboratory validation of commercially available immunoassays was carried out. For total IGF-I, two radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits (IGF-I/RIA1, Nichols Institute Diagnostics and IGF-I/RIA2, Mediagnost) and one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (R&D) were evaluated. For P-III-P, two RIA kits (P-III-P/RIA3, Cis-bioInternational and P-III-P/RIA4, Orion Diagnostica) were studied. The intra-laboratory precision and accuracy values for all IGF-I assays were better than 15%. The IGF-I/ELISA showed the lowest limit of quantification (LOQ) and its calibration curve covered the range of concentrations found in human serum samples. Higher agreement between laboratory results was obtained for IGF-I/ELISA and IGF-I/RIA1. Low inter-technique correlation was obtained for the three assays; the only comparable results were obtained between IGF-I/ELISA and IGF-I/RIA1. For P-III-P, intra-laboratory precision and accuracy values better than 15% were obtained for both assays in almost all cases. The calibration curve for P-III-P/RIA4 covered the range of concentrations of serum samples, while 30% of the values for P-III-P/RIA3 were below the calibration sample with the lowest concentration. Inter-laboratory correlation was also higher for P-III-P/RIA4. In summary, ELISA and RIA4 were the most suitable assays for measurement of IGF-I and P-III-P, respectively, in serum samples. However, the validation studies carried out show the need for harmonization of immunoassay parameters to improve the reproducibility and comparability of results between different laboratories and in different studies.
Driver Distraction From a Control Theory Perspective
Authors: Sheridan Thomas B.
Published: January 2005

Distraction from cell phones, navigation systems, information/entertainment systems, and other driver-interactive devices now finding their way into the highway vehicles is a serious national safety concern. However, driver distraction is neither well defined nor well understood. In an effort to bring some better definition to the problem, a framework is proposed based on the ideas of control theory. Loci and causes of distraction are represented as disturbances to various functional elements of a control loop involving driver intending (goal setting), sensing, deciding on control response, dynamics of the vehicle, and human body activation and energetics. It is argued that activation should be classed separately from the other functions. Attention switching from environmental observation/control to internal device manipulation is modeled as sampled-data control. Also fit within the control framework are mental modeling and anticipation of events in the driver's preview. The control framework is shown to suggest some salient research questions and experiments. Actual or potential applications of this research include a refined understanding of driver distraction and better modeling and prediction of driving performance as a function of vehicle and highway design.
Address Entry While Driving: Speech Recognition Versus a Touch-Screen Keyboard
Authors: Tsimhoni Omer , Smith Daniel , Green Paul
Published: January 2005

A driving simulator experiment was conducted to determine the effects of entering addresses into a navigation system during driving. Participants drove on roads of varying visual demand while entering addresses. Three address entry methods were explored: word-based speech recognition, character-based speech recognition, and typing on a touch-screen keyboard. For each method, vehicle control and task measures, glance timing, and subjective ratings were examined. During driving, word-based speech recognition yielded the shortest total task time (15.3 s), followed by character-based speech recognition (41.0 s) and touch-screen keyboard (86.0 s). The standard deviation of lateral position when performing keyboard entry (0.21 m) was 60% higher than that for all other address entry methods (0.13 m). Degradation of vehicle control associated with address entry using a touch screen suggests that the use of speech recognition is favorable. Speech recognition systems with visual feedback, however, even with excellent accuracy, are not without performance consequences. Applications of this research include the design of in-vehicle navigation systems as well as other systems requiring significant driver input, such as E-mail, the Internet, and text messaging.
Age Differences in Visual Search for Traffic Signs During a Simulated Conversation
Authors: McPhee Lisa C. , Scialfa Charles T. , Dennis Wanda M. , Ho Geoffrey , Caird Jeff K.
Published: January 2005

The effects of divided attention were examined in younger adults (M = 23 years) and older adults (M = 64 years) who searched for traffic signs in digitized images of traffic scenes. Sign search was executed under single-task and dual-task conditions in scenes containing either small or large amounts of visual clutter. For both age groups, clutter and the secondary task had additive effects on search accuracy, speed, and oculomotor involvement. Compared with the younger adults, older adults were less accurate, especially with high-clutter scenes, were slower to decide that a target sign was not present, and exhibited a marginally greater divided-attention effect on reaction times. They exhibited longer fixations in the divided-attention condition, in which they also showed a disproportionate reduction in recognition memory for the content of the secondary task. Actual or potential applications of this research include methods for evaluating the distraction of conversations and safety implications of conversation on visual search behavior.
Comparing Effects of 2-D and 3-D Visual Cues During Aurally Aided Target Acquisition
Authors: Pierno Andrea C. , Caria Andrea , Castiello Umberto
Published: January 2005

The aim of the present study was to investigate interactions between vision and audition during a visual target acquisition task performed in a virtual environment. In two experiments, participants were required to perform an acquisition task guided by auditory and/or visual cues. In both experiments the auditory cues were constructed using virtual 3-D sound techniques based on nonindividualized head-related transfer functions. In Experiment 1 the visual cue was constructed in the form of a continuously updated 2-D arrow. In Experiment 2 the visual cue was a nonstereoscopic, perspective-based 3-D arrow. The results suggested that virtual spatial auditory cues reduced acquisition time but were not as effective as the virtual visual cues. Experiencing the 3-D perspective-based arrow rather than the 2-D arrow produced a faster acquisition time not only in the visually aided conditions but also when the auditory cues were presented in isolation. Suggested novel applications include providing 3-D nonstereoscopic, perspective-based visual information on radar displays, which may lead to a better integration with spatial virtual auditory information.
5.1: Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode Panel using Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Chuman Takashi , Ohta Satoru , Miyaguchi Satoshi , Satoh Hideo , Tanabe Takahisa , Okuda Yoshiyuki , Tsuchida Masami
Published: January 2005

By using organic thin‐film transistors with pentacene as the active organic layer, active matrix organic light emitting diode panel has been developed. The number of pixels in the panel is 8 × 8, and each pixel is driven by switching and driving transistors. We confirmed 16 gray scales representation by means of an analog driving method.
44.2: Mass Manufacturing of Full Color Passive‐Matrix and Active‐Matrix PLED Displays
Authors: Fleuster M. , Klein M. , Roosmalen P. V. , Wit A. D. , Schwab H.
Published: January 2005

Philips is preparing the mass production of passive‐ and active‐matrix full‐color polymer OLED displays with ink jet printing. Several major technical challenges had to be solved en route to mass production: First, a reliable and fast full‐color inkjet printing process had to be developed for high‐resolution displays. Second, material lifetimes had to be brought to sufficient levels under real application conditions using inkjet printing. Finally, the necessary mass production equipment had to made available including the accurate stage, the plate handling, and the print heads.
Microcrystalline silicon: An emerging material for stable thin‐film transistors
Authors: Roca i Cabarrocas P. , Kasouit S. , Kalache B. , Vanderhaghen R. , Bonnassieux Y. , Elyaakoubi M. , French I.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Top‐gate and bottom‐gate microcrystalline‐silicon thin‐film transistors (TFTs) have been produced at low temperature (150–250°C) by the standard radio‐frequency glow‐discharge technique using three preparation methods: the hydrogen dilution of silane in hydrogen, the layer‐by‐layer technique, and the use of SiF4‐Ar‐H2 feedstock. In all cases, a stable top‐gate TFT with mobility values around 1 cm2/V‐sec have been achieved, making them suitable for basic circuit on glass applications. Moreover, the use of SiF4 gas combined with specific plasma treatments of the a‐SiN:H dielectric produces large columns, even at the interface with the dielectric. This leads to stable bottom‐gate TFTs, fully compatible with today's a‐Si:H production facilities, reaching mobility values up to 3 cm2/V‐sec. These devices are an interesting alternative to laser‐crystallized polysilicon thin films in a growing number of applications.
Red shift of the PSL spectra by Al3+ doping in BaFBr:Eu2+
Authors: Xiong Guangnan , Gao Suhua , Yu Hua , Xu Li , Lou Suyun
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Photostimulated luminescent (PSL) materials are currently used for digital storage and display in radiography. The phosphor BaFBr:Eu2+ doped with Al3+ is shown to have a very high PSL intensity, and the peak of the PSL spectrum shifts to a longer wavelength. Compared with BaFBr:Eu2+ doped with Ca2+, Sr2+, or Mg2+, BaAlFBr:Eu2+ is better suited to the stimulated light wavelength emitted by a semiconductor laser. The red‐shift mechanism is considered to be a FAcenter for BaFBr:Eu2+ doped with Ca2+, Sr2+, or Mg2+ and a FZ1 center for BaFBr:Eu2+ doped with Al3+.
Antiferroelectric LCD with one polarizer in a reflective configuration
Authors: You Doo‐Hwan , Lee Ju‐Hyun , Park Seong‐Sik , Lee Sin‐Doo
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A reflective antiferroelectric liquid‐crystal (AFLC) display with one polarizer is proposed. An optical retardation film was introduced into the reflective configuration to obtain enhanced electro‐optic (EO) characteristics. Numerical simulations were carried out to optimize the cell parameters so that the EO switching between the black and white states could be easily achieved. The reflective AFLC display with optimized cell parameters was found to exhibit high contrast, excellent brightness, and fast response.
P‐45: Characterization of Tungsten Nanowire Emitter Grown by Self‐catalytic Function
Authors: Choi Chang‐Hoon , Jang Yoon‐Taek , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Lee Yun‐Hi , Oh Myung‐Hwan , Ahn Jin‐Ho , Min Nam‐Ki
Published: January 2005

We describe for the first time tungsten nanowires prepared by a simple thermal treatment of a self‐catalytic thin layer. The obtained nanowires at this work have an average diameter of 10‐50 nm showing perfect straightness. We present an application of the W‐nanowires for electron emission sources and the results obtained for the diode configuration show that field electron emission started at 4 V/um and the saturated emission current level is about 0.1mA/cm2. The field enhancement factor β of W nanowire was about 38256. This value is close to the reported field enhancement factor for carbon nanotubes. The observed results may offer a possibility for nano‐sized needle electron sources without nanolithography.
19.5 L: Late‐News Paper: Inkjet‐Printed Bus and Address Electrodes for Plasma Display
Authors: Furusawa M. , Hashimoto T. , Ishida M. , Shimoda T. , Hasei H. , Hirai T. , Kiguchi H. , Aruga H. , Oda M. , Saito N. , Iwashige H. , Abe N. , Fukuta S. , Betsui K.
Published: January 2005

A novel inkjet technique for forming bus and address electrodes has been developed. Silver nano‐particles dispersed into organic solvent were employed as a special ink for inkjet printing. Bus electrodes of 50‐μm‐width and 2‐μm‐thickness have been inkjet printed using the nano‐particle ink. The resistivity of the bus electrodes was 2 μΩcm after baking at 300°C for 30 minutes. We have fabricated a PDP test panel using inkjet bus electrodes to study its feasibility.
43.4L: Late‐News Paper: A Novel Protective Diffuser for Backlit LCDs
Authors: Uekita Masakazu , Mineo Yutaka , Masaki Hitoshi
Published: January 2005

Two types of diffusers are used in most backlight units for the advanced notebook computers. As the display size is larger, the distortion of optical films is a problem. It is found that the distortion of a protective diffuser is greatly reduced by introducing colloidal silica particles into acrylic binders.
44.4: The Transmittance Control of Film Laminated CRTs by Light Absorbent Anti‐reflective Coating and Pigmented Adhesive
Authors: Hanaoka Hideaki , Ikui Kunio , Watanabe Kazuo , Yamauchi Hideaki , Higuchi Katsushi
Published: January 2005

The transmittance control method of the anti‐reflective (AR) film laminated CRT is described. The light absorbent three‐layer AR coating whose stack is consist of SiOX/TiN/SiO2 shows wide‐band low reflectance, good adhesion onto plastic film, and less total thickness than the conventional transparent five‐layer one. But it has the ghost problem of displayed pictures and the limitation of adjustable transmittance.

The absorbent three‐layer AR coating and pigmented pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) is proposed as the best combination. It achieves both wide‐band low reflectance and wide‐range adjustment of transmittance.

Furthermore it improves brightness balance among three colors of CRT by partly applying color filter concept into the pigmented PSA.
50.4: Anti‐Reflection (AR) Coating on Plastic Panels for Display Applications
Authors: Chen Dinguo , Yan Yongan , Westenberg Enrico , Niebauer Dan , Sakaitani Norikazu , Chaudhuri S. Ray , Sato Yoshitake , Takamatsu Masahiro
Published: January 2005

Traditionally, various vacuum‐based processes have been used for producing interference‐type anti‐reflection (AR) coatings on large area substrates for different commercial applications. In this paper, the development of sol‐gel derived AR coating on large plastic substrates for display application is presented. The sol‐gel dip coating process was used to deposit thin films on large size plastic panels. By developing solutions with different refractive indices, multi‐layer thin‐film AR coating stacks were designed and fabricated. Optical constants of the coating materials were characterized by using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Optical, mechanical and environmental tests were performed on the sol‐gel derived AR coating stack. These coatings possess good uniformity and meet stringent automotive specifications. This technology has been commercialized successfully for dashboard instrument panel application in Toyota Prius, a new hybrid car. The sol‐gel derived AR coating possesses equivalent or superior properties when compared to the major commercially available AR coating products. These AR coated panels are also useful for other commercial applications.
53.3: Multisync Poly‐Si AMLCD
Authors: Kim I. G. , Lee H. H. , Kim D. H. , Park W. Y. , Min B. H. , Souk J. H. , Jung B. H.
Published: January 2005

We propose a new scan driver circuit to implement multi display mode(mutisync function), which uses an identical conventional scan driver circuit without an additional circuit. The new scheme is simple and takes a small area, compared with the prior schemes for multisync mode. We have fabricated 7‐inch QVGA low‐temperature Poly‐Si TFT LCD employing our scan driver architecture and obtained good display images for normal mode and cinema mode.
55.2: Pre‐Processing for Large Area Displays
Authors: Simpson R.
Published: January 2005

A variety of large area displays is now in use, including tiled videowalls, big single screen projected images and large emissive displays used in stadiums. In practice it is found that different types of display, and different applications, benefit from pre‐processing—either to improve significantly the subjective image quality, or to create more cost‐effective systems. This paper gives some examples and explains their technical basis.
L‐2: Late‐News Paper: A New Shadowmask System for Flat Face CRTs
Authors: Ohmae Hideharu , Demi Yoshikazu , Hoshi Toshiharu , Hirotoshi Watanabe , Takakuwa Ayumu
Published: January 2005

We have started producing tension type shadow masks, which are made of invar and expected to be used for next‐generation flat type television sets. Invar is used in most TV CRTs, since it maintains good characteristics due to its low coefficient of thermal expansion, preventing doming and mask looseness. We have investigated a tension type mask using material which consists mainly of iron from the viewpoint of cost reduction. In this paper we report our success in obtaining a new tension type shadow mask which maintains the necessary tension even at raised temperatures caused by electron beam radiation and better characteristics with respect to mask vibration and doming.
27.2: Market Trends for Displays in Consumer Television
Authors: Castellano Joseph A.
Published: January 2005

Worldwide shipments of color television sets in 2000 will top 135 million units valued at $60 billion. While the directly viewed cathode ray tube (CRT) remains the dominant display technology for television today, penetration of the market by projection systems and directly viewed flat panel displays will increase steadily during this decade. Unit shipments of projection televisions will double over the next four years, reaching 2.2 million units valued at $5.9 billion in 2004. The market for televisions based on plasma display panels (PDPs) will grow to 1.1 million units valued at $3.2 billion in 2004. In addition, LCD television shipments will reach 2.6 million units valued at $547 million in 2004. Finally, while it is still too early to forecast specific shipments, field emission displays and organic light emitting diode displays will also find applications in various segments of the television market.
28.2: Formation of Nano‐structured Molybdenum Microtips by Reactive Ion Etching of Polyimide‐Coated Field Emitter Arrays
Authors: Choi Jun Hee , Lee Hang Woo , Park Young Jun , Cha Seung Nam , Kim Jung Woo , Jung So Yeon , Kang Suk Hun , Lee Eun Soo , Jung Jae Eun , Park Nam Shin , Lee Nae Sung , You Jong Hun , Kim Jong Min
Published: January 2005

Morphologies of Spindt‐type molybdenum microtips were modified by reactive ion etching following polyimide coating on field emitter arrays(FEAs). The modification produces nano‐structured apexes on the microtips. The nano‐structured geometry provides multiple emission sites to lower the driving gate bias by around 30V and to remarkably improve emission uniformity on 5.2″ FEAs. In addition, the double‐gated FEAs, which are stable in a high voltage operation, were fabricated to achieve high brightness by taking advantage of the modification process.
32.1: Suppression of Common‐Mode Ringing in CRT Deflection Yokes
Authors: Harberts D. W.
Published: January 2005

A new technology is presented to suppress the common‐mode ringing in CRT deflection yokes: Ringing‐Free Wire. The effectiveness is analyzed with our newly developed frequency response measuring method.
32.3: New Electron Gun For 41cm Color Display Tube
Authors: Murakami Fumiaki , Oono Katsumi , Yamane Hisakazu , Shono Kazuhiro
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new electron gun (PX gun) for 41cm color display tube. This electron gun achieves 32% decrease of number of parts, and 25% reduction of the cost with improvement of focus performance. This gun adopts the single Dynamic‐Beam‐Forming system (single DBF), a bi‐potential focus lens, new triode, optimizing G2‐G3 dimension to reduce the influence of assembly accuracy, optimum side‐beam‐trajectory system, and a new main lens.
P‐6: The Challenge and Issues of Display for Mobile Telecommunication
Authors: Li Jinliang , Chen Jinyue , Ding Shou‐Qian
Published: January 2005

This paper reviews the history of display technology for the mobile telecommunications and presents the challenge and issues for the future mobile telecommunication scenario to be considered by the display industry. Some proposal for display used in mobile environment is also considered.
P‐19: New Barrier Rib Formation Technology by Electrophoresis
Authors: Lee J. W. , Hong J. H. , Im S. J. , Lee W. T. , Kim K. Y. , Kim J. M.
Published: January 2005

A ceramic microstructure for PDP barrier rib was prepared by new formation method applying micro machining and electrophoresis. Multi‐component ceramic powder (SiO2‐B2O3‐PbO‐X etc.) was deposited on a Cu layer patterned with PR in ethanol by DC electric field. Sintering accompanying the removal of PR produced barrier rib structure showed 100 μm height and width respectively.
P‐63: Composite Optical Devices for Display Application Liquid Crystal/Polymer
Authors: Rajesh Kumar , Kikuchi Hirotsugu , Kajiyama Tisato
Published: January 2005

A jump in the anchoring state of the liquid crystal from planer to the out—of—the plane normal anchoring on the substrate during UV irradiation, in composite system with low dispersion of polymer in liquid crystal along with surface active—agent, has been investigated for devices for display application.
34.1: Invited Paper: Reduction of Halo in Transparent Electroluminescent (EL) Display
Authors: Kanda S. , Katayama M. , Hattori Y. , Ito N.
Published: January 2005

Recently, a variety of information is displayed in automobiles. One of the elements which is expected to be used for display of information is the transparent EL display. However, this display generates a phenomenon called “halo”, which causes the area around the emitter to blur and gleam, resulting in decrease of visibility. In this research, we elucidated the mechanism of how this phenomenon occurs, and reduced the relative halo luminance ratio (i.e. halo luminance of adjacent pixels / luminance of illuminating pixels) from 3.6% to 1.7%. This has made possible the materialization of a dual vision optitron meter, which is a device combining analog meters with digital meters having a transparent EL panel (dual vision optitron meter is a registered trademark).
38.1: Effect of Black Matrix Window on CRT Luminance‐Contrast Performance
Authors: Kikkert J. S.
Published: January 2005

Monte Carlo simulations of light scattering in phosphor layers have been performed, showing that both luminance and reflectivity of matricized CRTs are lower than is to be expected from the matrix window transmission alone. The effect increases with increasing grain size and decreasing phosphor‐matrix overlap, and has been confirmed experimentally.
Cholesteric polarisers: simulated performance in PLLCDs
Authors: Springle I. D. , Welzen Th. L. , Davey A. B. , Crossland W. A.
Published: January 2005

In order to assess the performance limitations of cholesteric polarisers in photoluminescent liquid crystal displays, we have calculated their optical characteristics using a 4×4 matrix formalism combined with the concept of integrated transmission. Fixed‐pitch polarisers are considered under controlled illumination conditions. High extinction and transmission can be achieved using narrow‐band low‐divergence illumination.
9.3: High‐Resolution 5‐in. Full‐Color FEDs with New Aging Technique
Authors: Kim J. M. , Park N. S. , Choi J. H. , Lee H. W. , Kim J. W. , Hong S. S. , Choe S.
Published: January 2005

High resolution field emission display (FED) devices of 5 inch developed. Under scheme, electron diagonal in size are the gate‐switching trajectory profiles fully drive are simulated and tested. Uniquely‐printed spacer with high aspect ratio are fabricated on ITO coated glass for high vacuum packaging. In addition, new gas aging scheme of stabilizing field emitting array are extensively investigated during the sealing and exhausting process in order to prevent oxidation effects on the micro tip. Finally, full color images of 64 gray scale will be demonstrated.
47.1: Invited Paper: Excimer‐Laser‐Based Ultra‐Large‐Grain Growth Technology: Towards Single‐Crystal Si TFTs, SOIS, and Solar Cells
Authors: Matsumura M. , Oh C.‐H.
Published: January 2005

A novel crystallization method has been reviewed together with previous works for large‐grain growth of Si using an excimer laser. In the new method, the laser‐light intensity distribution is modulated in space to control a lateral motion of the melt‐solid interface. The distribution can be designed well by a phase‐shift concept. Grains as long as 7μm have been grown and the two‐dimensional array of c‐Si islands has been formed. The method seems attractive not only to c‐Si TFTs but also to SOIS and solar cells.
Single Stage CCFL Backlight Resonant Inverter Using PWM Dimming Methods
Authors: Coles Charles
Published: January 2005

Abstract: An overview of the theory of operation of a single stage CCFL backlight resonant inverter that reduces component count and maintains power efficiency. Contains a design tutorial, including equations and circuit equivalents. Provides recommendations for PWM dimming methods to minimize “thermometer effects”. Provides schematics and results of the circuit design to demonstrate design feasibility.
15.3: Switching Characteristics of the PALC Display
Authors: Ilcisin K. J. , Kuijk K. E.
Published: January 2005

We describe the physical processes that determine the addressability of the Plasma Addressed Liquid Crystal (PALC) display. We introduce an equivalent electrical model that incorporates the decay physics and simplifies the analysis of PALC switching behavior. This model confirms the suitability of PALC for use in HDTV and workstation displays.
Optimised Photoluminescent Phosphors for UV‐excited Light Emitting Systems
Authors: Newport A. C. , Vecht A. , Bayley P. A. , Crossland W. A.
Published: January 2005

Photoluminescent liquid crystal displays (PLLCDs) use an LCD to modulate the intensity of activating (ultra violet) light incident upon visible emissive phosphors. The UV backlight and the visible emitting front screen phosphors must meet specific requirements in order to achieve optimum performance. This paper identifies phosphor materials that meet the requirements for PLLCD.
Electro‐optical Performance of a Vertically‐Aligned LCD Mode Using Electrically Controlled Self‐Compensation
Authors: Liu Weimin , Kelly Jack , Chen J.
Published: January 2005

Very recently, a novel homeotropic nematic LCD with excellent grayscale performance has been introduced. This rub‐free mode adopts the homeotropic alignment in the off‐state and switching is controlled by an in‐plane field. It has electrically‐induced dual domain‐like director configuration. In this work, we simulate the electro‐optical behavior of this device to optimize its performance. We investigate the dependence of electro‐optical performance on cell thickness and electrode gap distance. The angular dependence is also studied, which shows the effect of self‐compensation. We find from modeling that the director configuration above the electrodes is well behaved and masking of the electrodes is unnecessary. In fact, this homeotropic mode has better performance if the electrodes are unmasked.
22.3: Tilting Disc: A Real Scale Interface for Cyberspace
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Shiwa S. , Kitagawa A. , Ichinose S.
Published: January 2005

This paper presents a head‐mounted display‐based immersive interface for the cyberspace, and a new navigation interface specially designed for use with HMDs. With the proposed interface, users can move within the cyberspace by simply shifting their body weight to tilt the disc in the direction desired.
25.3: A Novel Self‐Aligned Coplanar Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Transistor
Authors: Kim Sung Ki , Choi Young Jin , Cho Se Il , Cho Kyu Sik , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

A novel self‐aligned coplanar a‐Si:H TFT was developed using the three stacked layers of thin a‐Si: H, silicon‐nitride (SiNx), and a‐Si:H. After patterning thin a‐Si:H and SiNx, the structure was ion‐doped and then Ni layer was deposited. The fabricated TFT exhibited a field effect mobility of 0.44 cm2/Vs, a threshold voltage of 5.3 V, a subthreshold slope of 0.5 V/dec., an on/off current ratio of about 107, and parasitic resistance of 5.3 × 103 Ω Coplanar self‐aligned a‐Si:H TFT is very suitable for the fabrication of large area and high resolution TFT‐LCD because of small parasitic resistance and very small parasitic capacitance between gate and source/drain electrodes.
P‐1: The Application of Tetraethooxysilane (TEOS) Oxide to a‐Si:H TFTs as the Gate Insulator
Authors: Lee J. K. , Choi J. B. , See S. M. , Han C. W. , Soh H. S.
Published: January 2005

A bottom gate a‐Si:H thin film transistor (TFT) with tetraethooxysihme (TEOS) oxide as a gate insulator has been made for the first time. TEOS oxide film of 2000 Å has high breakdown strength as twice as the SiNx film of 2000 Å prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). A proper thickness combination of SiNx / TEOS oxide double layer for the high production yield will be discussed. and the characteristics of a‐Si:H TFT fabricated with SiNx / TEOS oxide will be presented. The pixel charging properties and the Ωvalues of the SiNx / TEOS oxide double layered a‐Si:H TFT‐LCD will be compared with those Of the SiNx/Al2O3 double layered a‐Si:H TFT‐LCD by panel simulation.