bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Outcomes of an Occupational Health and Safety Training Program
Authors: Berthelette D , Desnoyers L , Gilbert F , Leduc N
Published: January 2012

We are evaluating the outcomes of an occupational health and safety training program provided by a Quebec union whose objective is to increase member's ability to participate in injury prevention through union action. In a previous exploratory study we identified the 32 themes of the OHS training program and the learning outcomes pertaining to each of these themes. We used a pretest posttest control group design in order to evaluate the program's outcomes. Questionnaires were distributed to intervention (n=40) and control groups (n=47) whose respective response rates were 100% and 89.4%. We used logistic regression in order to measure the respective effects of OHS program exposure and of the pretest results on the posttest results. In addition, we controlled for the potential confounding effects of the following variables: length of experience as a union delegate or as a member of occupational health and safety committee, previous exposure to an OHS training program, and presence in the delegate's firm of other workers previously exposed to the OHS training program under study. We report on one of the themes of the OHS training program that we identified: the legal right for a worker to refuse to execute a dangerous working activity. The results show that the training on that theme produced most of its expected outcomes.
Systematic Evaluation of Office Ergonomics Training Programs
Authors: Robertson Michelle M. , Robinson Marie
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a systematic evaluation process to measure the effectiveness and benefits of office ergonomic training programs. Positive effects of such training is illustrated by two case studies involving office environment technologies. Successful components of office ergonomics training are also described.
Community Redevelopment: A Look at the Educational System and its Impact on Work
Authors: Newman Leah C.
Published: January 2012

Providing access to equal educational opportunities is vital to the survival of our communities, and society as a whole. Access to better educational opportunities would assist in creating viable pools of qualified workers. These individuals could contribute to the work force in many ways, as engineers, designers, service providers and entrepreneurs. This pool of workers would help to create and sustain economic power and stability. Statistics suggest that in the 21st century, underrepresented populations will encompass a large portion of the population. If our society is to remain competitive, not only will it be necessary to better develop the concept of equal educational opportunity, but it will also be imperative to put these ideas into practice. The lack of achievement in the elementary and high schools is beginning to manifest itself as seen in the college admission rates, college retention rates, as well as America's unemployment lines. The lack of foundation is creating a very unstable situation – the educationally disabled child, who will evolve into an adult who is unable to succeed on his or her own. This can lead to an individual who is outside the system – an individual who creates havoc in our communities. These problems are cyclical and, for the most part, each feeds on the other. In other words, the history that created a state of inferiority for these groups has created the inaccessibility to resources, that, in turn, evolved into the larger problem of low academic enrollments, high drop out rates and low/no employment. This conceptual paper attempts to address this issue of education and how it impacts the working environment.
Cognitive Modeling of Airline Crew Automation Errors
Authors: Boehm-Davis Deborah A. , Schoppek Wolfgang , Diez Melanie , Hansberger Jeffrey T. , Holt Robert W. , Ikomi Philip A.
Published: January 2012

Cockpit automation has changed the roles, responsibilities, and activities of pilots, leading to new types of errors on the flight deck. This research is focused on understanding those errors through the development of a computational cognitive model that describes how pilots interact with automated systems. The cognitive model under development is based on a cognitive task analysis supplemented with eye tracking data collected from commercial pilots flying a low-fidelity simulator.
Effects of Visual and Audio Callouts on Pilot Visual Attention during Electronic Moving Map Use
Authors: Purcell Kevin P. , Andre Anthony D.
Published: January 2012

NASA's Taxiway Navigation and Situational Awareness (TNASA)'s in-cockpit Electronic Moving Map (EMM) has been found to improve the efficiency and safety of airport surface (ground taxi) operations. However its design also leads to a paradox: the EMM requires the pilot to look head-down into the cockpit, diverting attention away from the primary, out-the-window (OTW) view. The present study examined the potential benefits of pilots attending to the EMM only when directed by either audio or visual “head-up” callouts. The callouts were presented in either a general (“check map”) or specific (“traffic conflict your right”) form. The visual attention effects of audio and visual callouts, in both general and specific form, were assessed using an eye tracking system in the context of a medium fidelity part-task ground taxi simulation. Our objective was to determine ways to maximize the utility of the EMM while minimizing its head-down visual attention demands. Preliminary results showed all callout types, specifically audio, increased OTW dwell time, with a stated preference for having any callout present over not having one.
Modeling the Combined Effects of Performance Shaping Factors on Performance: A Comparison of Two Different Techniques
Authors: Walters Brett , Archer Rick , Yow Amy
Published: January 2012

In an effort to develop computer-generated forces (CGFs) that behave more realistically, Micro Analysis and Design, in conjunction with the U.S. Army Research Institute, developed algorithms and data structures that allow human performance models to be affected by key features of training. As part of this effort, the effects of other performance shaping factors (PSFs) on human performance were also examined. An abundance of empirical data has been collected on the independent effects of several PSFs on human performance. However, very little empirical data has been collected on combined effects of multiple PSFs. Thus, developing models that accurately represent these effects is extremely difficult. Two different techniques were identified that represent the combined effects of PSFs. This report describes a study that examined performance in a simple movement-to-contact scenario within a human performance model. The effects of both heat and fatigue on performance were tested under varying levels using both of these techniques. Two important results were found. First, both techniques produced results with high face validity. Soldier performance was best when both PSFs were at low levels and worse when they were both at high levels. Low levels of one PSF combined with high levels of the other PSF produced results inbetween. Second, almost all of the results produced by the two techniques were not significantly different from each other.
Simplified Plant Analysis Risk (SPAR) Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) Methodology: Comparisons with Other HRA Methods
Authors: Byers J. C. , Gertman D. I. , Hill S. G. , Blackman H. S. , Gentillon C. D. , Hallbert B. P. , Haney L. N.
Published: January 2012

The 1994 Accident Sequence Precursor (ASP) human reliability analysis (HRA) methodology was developed for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) in 1994 by the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). It was decided to revise that methodology for use by the Simplified Plant Analysis Risk (SPAR) program. The 1994 ASP HRA methodology was compared, by a team of analysts, on a point-by-point basis to a variety of other HRA methods and sources. This paper briefly discusses how the comparisons were made and how the 1994 ASP HRA methodology was revised to incorporate desirable aspects of other methods. The revised methodology was renamed the SPAR HRA methodology.
Relations among Multiple Workload Measure during a Memory Task
Authors: Ryan Arthur M.
Published: January 2012

The present study examined the utility of Sanders' (1983) cognitive-energetic model of multiple levels of attentional mechanisms for predicting physiological, performance, and subjective responses to manipulations of computational demand. Sanders' (1983) model provides a theoretical basis that can account for the relations between measures of mental workload. According to the model, the computational processing level consists of serial information processing stages that transform a stimulus and produce a response, whereas, the energetic resource level regulates physiological state and supplies the computational processing level with energetic resources. Associations and dissociations among psychophysiological measures are predicted to occur because central nervous system measures are assumed to be sensitive to computational processing, whereas, autonomic nervous system measures are assumed to be sensitive to energetic resources and only indirectly to computational processing. Further, reaction time is expected to be correlated with central measures, whereas, subjective rating is expected to be correlated with autonomic measures. The observed patterns of associations and dissociations are discussed within the context of Sanders' (1983) model.
Measurement of Fatigue and Sleepiness in ATC Simulation
Authors: Mollard Regis , Cabon Phillipe , Bourgeois-Bougrine Samira , David Hugh
Published: January 2012

Eight Air Traffic Controllers carried out exercises using a TRACON II ATC Simulator. After a training and familiarization day, the controller carried out four simulation exercises, two low and two high traffic load. His performance during each exercise was recorded. A self-assessment questionnaire for fatigue and a test of cortical evoked potential were applied and a sample of saliva was taken for cortisol analysis before and after each experimental session. The NASA-TLX was completed after each exercise and a test of alpha-rhythm attenuation was carried out at the start and end of each day.
Qeeg Characteristics Associated with Cellular Phone Use
Authors: Morris Christina S. , Shirkey Edwin C. , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between frontal EEG characteristics and minutes of cellular phone use per month. In this study, 33 male volunteers (16 non-cell phone users and 17 cell phone users) were used. QEEG measurements at F3 and F4 were obtained from each participant, in addition to self-reported estimates of minutes of cell phone use per month. Correlation analyses of log transformed EEG variables with measures of cell phone use indicated statistically significant negative correlations. The negative relationships were between minutes per month of cell phone use and beta2 (21–32hz) absolute and relative power in the eyes open condition for both right and left hemispheres, and absolute power in the left hemisphere eyes closed condition. Cell phone user and non-user group comparison of EEG means also indicated that users had significantly lower beta2, absolute power for both eyes open and closed condition in both right and left hemispheres. The results indicate a highly speculative suggestion that excessive cellular phone use, or exposure to electromagnetic fields in that range (1900–220 MHz) can be a factor in beta2 range activity. Interestingly, previous experimental EEG findings report an increase in beta2 activity during cell phone exposure. The contradiction between this study and the previous experimental findings could be explained by the neuro-electromagnetic withdrawal theory (NEWT) in which the EEG patterns mimic substance addiction and withdrawal patterns. Further empirical investigation is needed to determine the potential after effects that may be related to cellular phone usage
Driver Behaviour Modelling and Traffic Simulation
Authors: Espié Stéphane , Saad Farida
Published: January 2012

The ARCHISIM multidisciplinary project was aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of road situations and driver activity, constructing a model of these activities and, on that basis, designing a real-time traffic simulation system capable of hosting a driving simulator. In this paper, we will present the general approach adopted in our project and the main results obtained so far. We will conclude by discussing prospects for further research that continues this work.
Experimental Comparison of Manual and Voice Controls for the Operation of in-Vehicle Systems
Authors: Carter Chris , Graham Robert
Published: January 2012

Many previous research studies have found that the operation of in-vehicle systems while on-the-move using traditional manual controls (buttons, switches etc.) can adversely affect driving performance. It has been proposed that voice operation can reduce these effects by allowing the eyes to remain on the road, and the hands to remain on the steering wheel. A counter-argument to the incorporation of voice control is that, by mounting manual controls on or near the steering wheel, similar benefits can be experienced. To examine these arguments, a study was designed to compare different types of control for operating an in-car entertainment (ICE) system, incorporating radio, tape and CD functions. Thirty two participants carried out tasks using either (i) standard manual ICE controls, (ii) manual steering wheel button controls, (iii) voice controls with spoken and visual feedback, or (iv) voice controls with no feedback. The ICE was operated alone, or while carrying out a simultaneous PC-based driving task using steering wheel and pedals. Driving performance was found to be significantly better while using voice controls than the manual controls. Transaction times while driving were shortest for the standard controls, intermediate for the voice conditions, and longest for the steering wheel controls. Subjectively, the voice controls with feedback were rated easiest, most likeable, and most efficient to use while driving.
Towards Comfortable and Efficient Man-Machine Interaction in the Cabins of Vehicles
Authors: de Looze M.P. , Roetting M. , Vink P. , Luczak H.
Published: January 2012

The comfort of the operators in the cabins of vehicles is getting an increasingly important issue. At first glance, the cabins of professional machines (earth-moving equipment, busses, harvesting equipment) might look modern and highly comfortable. However, this does not imply that the cabins actually are comfortable, especially in the long term. How to improve comfort in combination with efficiency in the cabins of vehicles is the topic of this symposium.
Safety Analysis of Passenger and Crew in Crashworthiness in European Rail Vehicles
Authors: Rebelo F. Carvalho , Ricardo E.S. , da Silva Correia , Kelo L. Barreiros
Published: January 2012

This work describes the studies conducted to evaluate the design effectiveness of rail vehicles interior to provide crashworthiness for rail passenger vehicles.
Old Theories, New Technologies: Developing Guidelines for the Cognitive Ergonomics of Augmented Reality
Authors: Kalawsky R.S. , Stedmon A. W. , Hill K. , Cook C.A.
Published: January 2012

Research into human factors issues surrounding the use of AR technology is very limited, and there is a need for formal guidelines to underpin human factors integration (HFI). The DERA Centre for Human Sciences (CHS) and the Advanced VR Research Centre (AVRRC) at Loughborough University are evaluating the potential of Augmented Reality (AR) for providing operator feedback in an embedded training system. An important aspect of the research is concerned with investigating the cognitive ergonomics of AR technology and human information processing issues that may arise through its use, when information is presented via AR and overlaid upon one or more primary display surfaces such as a visual display unit. Two main issues have been addressed: first, the impact of AR on human information processing; and, second, the most appropriate symbology sets for displaying information via the AR medium. The experiments reported in this paper assess issues of re-accommodation and reaction times to alarms on different display formats, illustrating that AR performs as well as standard display formats.
The When and How of Using 2-D and 3-D Displays for Operational Tasks
Authors: Wickens Christopher D.
Published: January 2012

Three different cannonical viewpoints into a 3D domain are defined to create a taxonomy of 3D displays. We then show how the information processing demands of each display viewpoint, provides benefits and or imposes costs on four categories of tasks, involving travel, image matching or situation awareness, visual search, and precise judgments. These task-display interactions are illustrated from experiments in aviation display design, battlefield judgments, and data visualization. Conclusions are offered regarding two possible ways of addressing the task-display interactions in design.
On the Design of Perspective Displays
Authors: Ellis Stephen R.
Published: January 2012

Perspective displays are a form of information display which capture many of the geometric features of a real environment. How their representational and analytic functions may be balanced is illustrated in terms of informative geometric distortions that may be introduced to aid communication of specific spatial messages.
Allocation of Attention Affects Perceived Heading Direction with Transparent Flow Fields
Authors: Richman Joel B. , Dyre Brian P. , Fournier Lisa
Published: January 2012

Transparent motion occurs whenever dynamic HUD or HMD symbology is overlaid on the scene available through the windscreen. Psychophysical research has shown that two-dimensional transparent motion can produce systematic errors in perceived motion direction. In two experiments, we examined: a) whether transparent radial expansion patterns that accompany observer motion and specify heading direction are subject to such errors, b) whether attentional allocation to different motion components affects these errors, and c) whether these errors can result in inappropriate control input. We found that significant errors in perception of heading direction do occur for transparent radial expansion patterns, that attentional allocation influences these errors, and that these errors result in inappropriate control input.
Effects of Graphs on Text Comprehension
Authors: Rice Sean J. , Gillan Douglas J.
Published: January 2012

Sources of information, from textbooks to multimedia encyclopedias combine text and graphics. This paper applies the construction-integration model of text comprehension to the processing of text and quantitative graphs. The model suggests that, when reading a graph that has information that is redundant with the text, a reader may directly connect the propositional information from the graph and the text due to overlap. When reading a graph that has information that elaborates on the text, a reader makes inferences to connect the propositional information from the graph and the text. Hypotheses from this model are that (1) use of an elaborative graph should produce better comprehension if the graph and text are concurrent, whereas (2) use of a redundant graph should produce better comprehension if the graph and text are separated. Three experiments tested these hypotheses by giving readers text with three types of graphs – text only, redundant graphs, and elaborative graphs — with the graphs either concurrent with (Experiment 1), before (Experiment 2A), or after (Experiment 2B) the text, then giving readers text-based or inference-based questions. In all three orders of the graph and text, performance on the inference-based questions was better in the elaborative graph condition than in the redundant graph condition. The discussion extends the application of the construction-integration model to reading text with graphs.
Creation of Interface System for Nuclear Reactor Operation
Authors: Yamaguchi Yukichi , Tanabe Fumiya
Published: January 2012

Present status of on going JAERI's research project aiming at empirical evaluation of the EID concept is described. The research project is proceeded with three consecutive steps: design and implementation of the interface system, verification, and validation of the interface on a full-scope reactor simulator. Following detailed analysis of system structure in a way of “walking-through” the operation procedure on the simulator, a new interface system was created on this. In the newly created interface system, sets of graphical display formats representing higher levels of information items and new navigation mechanism were introduced to cope with complex nature of reactor system. At present, verification work for this new interface system is being conducted.
Exploring Databases for Taste or Inspiration with Interactive Multi-Dimensional Scaling
Authors: Stappers Pieter Jan , Pasman Gert , Groenen Patrick J.F.
Published: January 2012

The verbal interfaces of current databases are not well suited for searches based on taste, intuition, or complexity (such as selecting a wine, a colour, or a product with many attributes). MDS-Interactive is a visual interaction method, based on multidimensional scaling (MDS), where people manipulate a set of sample objects to navigate through a large collection. In the development of MDS-Interactive, attention was given to the balance of constraint and freedom, of inspiration and information, of verbal and visual interaction styles. We discuss the basic ideas of our technique, its relation to ecological display theory, and experiences with a prototype interface for a consumer recommendation service.
Frequency and Force Effects on Psychophysical and Myoelectric Variables in Low-Intensity Pinching Tasks
Authors: Visser Bart , van Dieën Jaap H. , Veeger DirkJan (H.E.J.) , de Looze Michiel P. , Douwes Marjolein
Published: January 2012

Force and frequency in manual handling tasks are known risk factors for work related upper arm disorders. Three force levels and three frequencies are used to define the external load in a pinching task. The effects of these external loads on subjective and objective responses are studied. Subjective ratings poorly reflect the levels of external load. EMG variables P50 en P10 of the prime mover muscle seem useful variables in evaluating the effects of task frequency above a certain threshold in task frequency. P90 of the prime mover muscle is useful in evaluating the effects of external forces. It can be concluded that the P50 does not reflect the differences in force levels in tasks with low intensities.
Designing the Ergonomic Properties of Pruning Shears Using Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
Authors: Leppänen Markku , Mattila Markku , Kivistö-Rahnasto Jouni
Published: January 2012

The aim of this paper is to describe the use of Quality Function Deployment - methodology in designing the ergonomic properties of pruning shears. Ergonomic design is an essential part of product design. To join ergonomic design successfully to the design process, it is necessary to follow good design tradition and to take into account the special characteristics of ergonomics. QFD is a planning tool which can be used to identify user requirements and to interprete these requirements into product characteristics. QFD can be used for improving ergonomics and usability of products, and it has also features similar to participatory ergonomics. Both methods and approaches tend to integrate the end-user into the design process. This application of QFD - methodology described in this paper is at the moment at the stage where it can be used as a design help when aiming for more ergonomic pruning shears. It is especially suited to the initial steps of the design process when the first concepts of a new pruning shears are being developed. This application does not give any new information for the technical design, but it gathers the existing knowledge together into a form in which it is easily available. This way available resources can be allocated for those tool characteristics where they might give the most promising results. This application can be used during the whole design process e.g. in the form of a checklist or to compare prototypes with products already on the market. This research was supported by the European Community under the Industrial and Materials Technologies Programme (Brite Euram III) and it was part of the Eurohandtool Project (Contract no BRPR-CT96-0350).
An Intermethodological Articulation Experienced in an Ergonomic Setting of Fishing Boats Aiming at the Design, Ergonomics and Action-Research
Authors: da Silva Teles Roosewelt , Vidal Mário César , Thiolent Michel Jean-Marie
Published: January 2012

This paper aims to show and to discuss some results of a large-time resarch upon the ergonomics problems of fishing in Cabo Frio, 200 km north far from Rio de Janeiro city. By working in a combined Ergonomic Action, Research-Action and Design Methodology perspective, we've looked for establishing the requisites and restraints concerning fishing boat projects, focusing the aspect of habitableness in a sea ambience, because the fishing boat is the workplace in this environment, and that makes it different from boats related to charge or people sea transport.
Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry in Kenya
Authors: Majale M.M. , Morumbasi J. , Mutuli D.A.
Published: January 2012

The construction industry in Kenya contributes significantly to the socioeconomic development of the nation. A variety of construction technologies are used in the sector, which employs a vast number of workers with varying skills who use different tools, equipment and machinery depending on the type and magnitude of the construction work. The application of labour-intensive technologies in the construction industry in Kenya calls for the provision of occupational safety and health services to the workers. This paper outlines occupational safety and health needs in the construction industry in Kenya.
Human Factors Analysis of Naval Aviation Maintenance Related Mishaps
Authors: Schmidt John , Schmorrow Dylan , Figlock Robert
Published: January 2012

Naval Aviation has redoubled its long-standing efforts to eliminate mishaps, especially those linked to human error. The focus was expanded not only to cover aircrew error, but maintainer error as well. To examine maintainer error, the Naval Safety Center's Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) was adapted to analyze reportable Naval Aviation maintenance related mishaps (MRMs). A total of 470 MRMs for Fiscal Years 90–97 were analyzed. The HFACS Maintenance Extension effectively profiled the nature of maintenance errors and depicted the latent supervisory, working, and maintainer conditions that “set the stage” for subsequent maintainer acts that were the proximate factors leading to a MRM. The profile and general findings held true for both major MRMs and less severe, reportable MRMs.
Process Monitoring during Normal Operations at Canadian Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Davey Eric
Published: January 2012

This paper summarizes the findings from several observational studies to characterize the basis for a process monitoring strategy used by operators in ‘normal’ operations at CANDU nuclear power plants. These studies were undertaken in support of projects to develop improved control room displays and information systems to better support operators in both normal and abnormal operating situations. With the assistance of operators from several plants, an underlying basis for process monitoring was defined and a ‘generic’ strategy for monitoring process conditions in ‘normal’ operations has been established.
Computerization of Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Operating Procedures
Authors: O'Hara John M. , Higgins James , Stubler William
Published: January 2012

Emergency operating procedures (EOPs) in nuclear plants guide operators in handling significant process disturbances. Historically these procedures have been paper-based. More recently, computer-based procedure (CBP) systems have been developed to improve the usability of EOPs. The objective of this study was to establish human factors review guidance for CBP systems based on a technically valid methodology. First, a characterization of CBPs was developed for describing their key design features, including both procedure representation and functionality. Then, the research on CBPs and related areas was reviewed. This information provided the technical basis on which the guidelines were developed. For some aspects of CBPs the technical basis was insufficient to develop guidance; these aspects were identified as issues to be addressed in future research.
Recording and Evaluation of Human Factor Events with a View to System Awareness and Ergonomic Weak Points within the System, at the Example of Commercial Aeronautics
Authors: Linsenmaier Bernd , Straeter Oliver
Published: January 2012

The risk for human errors is particularly high, if a person has not considered enough information about his situation. This consideration of information also can be described as situation awareness. It will become dangerous, if a person assesses his awareness higher as it is actual. This discrepancy between subjective and actual situation awareness can be found out at almost all Human Factor (HF) Events. With the examination of the situation awareness, the event analysis is carried out consistently from the point of view of the man. By this concept, HF Events can be examined even more on ergonomic aspects. It is however necessary that reports about HF Events provide sufficient information about the situation awareness. For this a computer-based event analysis scheme is used to report events interactively. With this software, we currently investigate how it is possible to create uniform and comparable event reports. The complete event is divided up into sub-events and is described using the Man Machine System framework. The demarcation of the sub-events is mainly made by allocation of the persons involved. This human and system related view also allows describing the situation awareness of this person and provides data for the later analysis of the situation awareness.
Automation Distrust Impacts on Command and Control Decision Time
Authors: Grounds Christopher B. , Ensing Annette R.
Published: January 2012

Research into how an air defense command and control soldier will interact with automation and decision aid recommendations is evolving to show that, when trust in the automation is in question, a degradation in decision time of at least 30% will exist when compared to an operator that is not distrustful. Current work involves methods to decrease the temporal effects of distrust on operator authorization, including the accuracy of decisions when reliability is in question, using configural displays and other holistic display methods.
Age Related Differences in Driving Performance and Target Identification
Authors: Chaparro Alex , Alton Jeff
Published: January 2012

We investigated the effects of age and simulated driving scenario complexity (low, high) on measures of driving performance and on a peripheral letter detection and identification task. The right and left turn signals were used to indicate whether a letter was or was not part of a three letter target set, respectively. The participants were 12 younger (ages 18–41) and 12 older individuals (64–85). Complexity was manipulated by varying the number of stoplights that could potentially turn red as a participant approached an intersection and the number of obstacles (e.g. other traffic, intersections etc). The results showed that older subjects drove slower overall, had more difficulty controlling the simulator when navigating curves, had more accidents, and identified fewer target letters than the younger participants. As the complexity of the scenario increased the older participants showed a disproportionate increase in accidents and a marginally significantly (p <.06) greater decrease in peripheral letter identification than the younger drivers.
On Improving Set-Up Angle Accuracy for Extension Ladders
Authors: Young Stephen L. , Wogalter Michael S.
Published: January 2012

The set-up angle for a straight extension ladder can influence the likelihood that the ladder will either slip out from the base or tip over at the top. The present study examined different methods of determining the set-up angle for ladders. Sixty-eight lay persons set up an extension ladder at three different heights (3.0, 4.3, and 5.2 meters), each using one of six methods—Basic, Stand-Reach, “L” Sticker, 75.5 degrees, 4-to-1, or a Bubble level. Results demonstrated that the Basic method (where participants were given no specific instructions) produced significantly more shallow set-up angles than any of the other five methods. The Bubble condition (where a bubble-level was provided on the side rail of the ladder) produced performance that was closest to the criterion of 75.5 degrees. All of the other methods produced intermediate set-up angles that were between the Basic and the Bubble conditions. These results indicate that assistive devices can be useful in promoting less-shallow ladder set-up angles.
Cross-Disability Access to Widely Varying Electronic Product Types Using a Simple Interface Set
Authors: Vanderheiden Gregg C. , Law Chris M.
Published: January 2012

A set interface three simple interface features can be applied to virtually any mass-market electronic device, giving access to people with disabilities: people who cannot see, have difficulty seeing, cannot read, cannot hear, have difficulty hearing, have difficulty physically manipulating controls, and people who have difficulty remembering product processes can use one or more of the interface features to get information from, and control the device. This demonstration will show the three interface features applied on a number of products.
Survey of Surgeons' Use, Assessment and Look-Ahead of Endoscopic Surgical Technologies
Authors: MacKenzie C.J. , Ibbotson J.A.
Published: January 2012

A questionnaire soliciting the experience and opinions of surgeons of different specialties regarding Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) was used to gauge the present and future state of MIS. The questionnaire was sent to over 1000 surgeons in the province of British Columbia, Canada. Results are summarized, highlighting different aspects of MIS including demographics, procedures performed, constraints and possible solutions for the constraints of the surgical procedures performed by general and specialty surgeons. The look-ahead reveals the attitudes of surgeons toward future technologies and techniques.
Patient Satisfaction with Health Care Services Via Videoconferencing
Authors: Oikarinen Anu , Kangas Eeva , Repola Hannele , Hiltunen Ulla , Tornberg Vesa
Published: January 2012

In 1998, a project was started in Northern Finland which concentrates in the implementation and usability of six telemedicine systems. One of the telemedicine systems included in the project was videoconferencing. This substudy aims to point out the problems and benefits of teleconsultation via videoconferencing as reported by the patients. The consultation was carried out between two remote sites; the general practitioner (GP) and the patient were at a health care centre and the specialist at a hospital. The patients' opinions of the new method of health service were elicited using a questionnaire. Altogether 51 patients filled in the questionnaire, including 33 females and 18 males living in Northern Finland. The mean age of the patients was 42 years (SD = 18 years). Almost all the patients were ready to use video consultation again based on this experiment. In general, 46 (90 %) of the patients were satisfied with the new method of care. The most important benefit of video consultation was the savings in travelling costs and time. A rapid response without a long waiting time was attained. However, there was also a need to develop the interaction and communication in the consultation situation.
The Contribution of Ergonomics to the Prevention of Musculo-Skeletal Lesions among Ambulance Technicians
Authors: Massad Rafat , Gambin Christiane , Duval Lisette
Published: January 2012

The Association pour la santé et la sécurité, secteur affaires sociales duQuébec (ASSTSAS) has worked with three ambulance companies to develop and implement a training program for Québec's ambulance technicians on patient handling strategies that are respectful of both the needs of the patients and the biomechanical limitations of the technicians. The lifting strategies used by the ambulance technicians to transfer patients from one surface to another were questioned and new strategies, based on sliding techniques, were developed. Further research is required to design ambulance equipment that is not only better suited to the patients' needs, but also more appropriate for the ambulance technicians' work, in order to help prevent workplace accidents.
Acd Cpr Movement Analysis and Redesign
Authors: Wu Fonggong , Chi Chih-hsien , Lin Jyh-shiun
Published: January 2012

In the current first aid skill departments, “Active Compression-Decompression CPR (ACD CPR)” is being discussed amongst a large number of professionals in the area. Both theory analysis and animal tests prove the rise of cardiac output, but the effects haven't been obvious in real life first aid procedures. This study, therefore, is by studying the interrelationship between ACD CPR and the user, to find out the cause that made ACD CPR effects not as obvious as expected, at the same time, pinpoint the problem and give solutions. The study looks at the ACD CPR device form analysis as well as the mechanical design of the kit and come up with solutions for each, at last using motion experiments to test the analysis results and reasonable guesses. Results show that the ACD CPR control panel design directly affects the quality of users' force exertion motions, and the height of the ACD CPR kit caused by mechanical design is another important effect. At the end, through a re-design and motion experiments we prove that the analysis and reasonable guesses of this study were correct, and the new ACD CPR device has truly made an improvement in the holding and griping area.
An Investigation of Navigation Processes in Human Locomotor Behavior
Authors: Adams Christi J. , Beaton Robert J.
Published: January 2012

An observational study examined how available ambient lighting affected the time required for high attention, fine navigation when approaching a navigation hazard. Low ambient light levels, representing twilight and night conditions, increase the amount of time required for fine navigation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed differences in ambient light levels yielded differences in time to contact for three direct contact hazards and two passing hazards. Under all conditions, post hoc analysis showed responses for Night lighting levels were different from Day lighting levels. Specific comparisons between types of navigation hazards were not contemplated, since perceptual and motor requirements varied considerably among hazards.
Noise Impact in Powered Respirators
Authors: Fröhner Klaus-Dieter , Li Ze
Published: January 2012

In respirators the users are closely linked with the apparatus. The new types of respirators use powered ventilators so that the technical layout and the used elements have strong effects on the users. The most unwanted effect is noise that influences not only the hearing ability of the user but also impairs the communication between users. This study aims at a systematic investigation of influencing factors based on a study evaluating methods for measurements. It covers the main actual products of respirators on the market and after measuring gives a systematic approach to what can be changed to improve the noise impact in powered respirators.
Risk Assessment and a Method for Risk Reduction with Standard Case Studies
Authors: Spelten Christoph , Landau Kurt
Published: January 2012

The German legislation on health and safety at work obliges the employer to take measures to improve the level of health and safety protection at work. To some extent, this regulation has a very general character. Increasingly this lack of specification leads to decision difficulties, which particular measures should be taken from both an ergonomic and an economic perspective. The Ergonomics Institute, Darmstadt University of Technology has performed analyses of more than 5000 workplaces in companies of different sectors. From this work a collection of case studies has resulted.
An Integrative Approach for Label Evaluation and Design
Authors: Riley Donna M. , Fischhoff Baruch
Published: January 2012

Assessing label effectiveness requires knowing how consumers currently use a product, what strategies for risk mitigation are most effective, and how label reading, comprehension and compliance relate to mitigatory behavior. W***c offer an integrative approach for determining the information content of warnings. It begins with a product risk assessment. Structured, open-ended interviews with consumers then identify gaps in knowledge, whose criticality is determined by the risk assessment. The approach is applied to reducing risk from methylene chloride paint strippers. Consumer interviews indicate prevalent mitigation behaviors, while a quantitative exposure model identifies which actions are most effective in reducing risk. Labels are then evaluated for content and presentation, using the model to estimate exposure to methylene chloride. The results are used to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of paint-stripper labels.
Evaluating Graphical Messages for Mentally Retarded Adults; Do Pictures Get the Intended Information Across?
Authors: Hoonhout Henriëtte C.M.
Published: January 2012

Most individuals with cognitive disabilities cannot understand textual communications, so this group might benefit from graphic symbols in instructions and warnings. Studies were carried out to investigate whether graphic symbols and instructions can indeed be understood by this group. A set of symbols was presented to two groups: non-retarded adults and adults with mild retardation. Two types of tests were employed: a comprehensibility test and a matching test. Non-retarded adults outperformed the adults with mild retardation on both tests. The latter group more often provided an incorrect interpretation of the symbols and often seemed to provide merely a description of the symbol instead of an extrapolation of its intended meaning. Abstract and ambiguous drawings were especially difficult for the retarded group. Symbols with realistic pictorial elements denoting concrete, simple objects seem to work best. There are indications that training in the meaning of the symbols may improve understanding.
Designing Effective Warning Messages for Patient Medication Information
Authors: Dejoy David M. , Brooks Kay L.
Published: January 2012

The lack of appropriate patient/consumer information is often cited as a major cause of medication misuse and drug-related morbidity. This paper reviews recent guidelines for improving written patient information for both prescription and over-the-counter medications. Discussion focuses on three complex issues: providing complete and specific information, providing understandable and usable information, and providing attractive and well-designed materials. Inevitable tradeoffs in meeting these objectives pose a significant challenge to designing more effective patient/consumer materials.
Descriptive Survey of Household Product Warning Labels and Consumer Knowledge
Authors: Smith-Jackson Tonya , Balasubramanian Venkat , Sridharan Sriram
Published: January 2012

Many household products are associated with several safety hazards ranging from minimal to severe and life threatening. Several household products were surveyed to determine conformity of labels to principles known to enhance warning label effectiveness and to determine consumer knowledge of product hazards identified by experts to be unfamiliar to consumers. Most product labels did not apply signal word/background color principles or symbols/pictorials, which are features known to facilitate attention capture, comprehension, and compliance. Although point biserial correlations were significant for the relationship between product usage and accuracy of reporting product hazards, consumers had little overall knowledge of the specific hazards in question. Implications for household product label design are discussed.
Dynamic Pushing and Pulling and Implications for Slipping
Authors: Haslam R A , Boocock M , Lemon P , Thorpe S
Published: January 2012

Eight male subjects performed pushing and pulling tasks on 2 level floor surfaces having good and reduced resistance to slipping. Using a four wheel industrial trolley, adapted so that the force required to move it could be varied by adding weights to boxes attached to either side, a psychophysical approach was used to determine maximum acceptable forces for each of 4 experimental conditions. Mean initial maximum acceptable forces were 439N (slip-resistant surface/pushing), 430N (slip-resistant surface/pulling), 453N (slippery surface/pushing), and 410N (slippery surface/pulling), with differences between conditions non-significant. Thus, for these subjects, maximum acceptable forces were independent of the floor surfaces used. This was despite significant differences (p<0.001) in ratings of perceived slipping.
Ergonomic Redesign of a Commercial Tool Handle
Authors: Jung Myung-Chul , Hallbeck Susan
Published: January 2012

Many commercial hand tools have been designed without ergonomic principles in mind which can result in the occurrence of upper extremity trauma. In this study, therefore, a clamping hand tool, Quick-Grip® bar clamp, was selected, ergonomically evaluated, a new version of the clamp focused on the handle was developed, and the original and ergonomically designed versions were compared using survey questionnaire. Design processes of the development of a new version were evaluation of the original clamp regarding ergonomic guidelines and anthropometric data, an idea sketch, prototype development, drafts and rendering of new design, development of final model, and objective and subjective comparisons to the original handle. Eleven male and eleven female students participated in the subjective testing portion which entailed questions after finishing simulated work. The results revealed that subjects were satisfied with the new version that was comfortable to hold and use in any position due to the rounded shape, the handle dimensions were appropriate, and no subjects reported pain in the hand. This study shows that application of ergonomics principles to the design of hand tools could increase usability and value of products and should be considered by manufacturers and designers.