bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Compact Satellite Polarizers Based on a Guide with Diaphragms
Authors: Piltyay S. , Bulashenko A. , Fesyuk I. , Bulashenko O.
Published: October 2021

In this article we carry out the comparative analysis of new compact satellite polarisers based on a square guide with diaphragms. The main electromagnetic parameters of the developed microwave guide devices with various amount of diaphragms were obtained within the satellite frequency interval from 10.7 GHz to 12.75 GHz. Waveguide polarization converters with different amount of diaphragms from 2 to 5 have been designed and optimized. The main parameters of the presented polarizer were calculated applying the numerical method of finite integration in the frequency domain. Optimization of the electromagnetic parameters of the developed waveguide devices was carried out using the software CST Microwave Studio. As a result, sizes of the device designs have been optimized for the provision of improved polarization and phase parameters. The performed analysis showed that a waveguide polarizer with five diaphragms has the best electromagnetic parameters. The developed compact polarizer with five diaphragms based on a square guide provides a minimum deviation of the output phase difference from 90 degrees and high level of isolation between linear polarization over the entire operating frequency range. Presented in the article compact waveguide polarization converters can be applied in satellite systems, which require efficient polarization separation of signals.
Characteristics and factors influencing the natural regeneration of Larix principis-rupprechtii seedlings in northern China
Authors: Zhao Weiwen , Liang Wenjun , Han Youzhi , Wei Xi
Published: October 2021

Larix principis-rupprechtii is an important and widely distributed species in the mountains of northern China. However, it has inefficient natural regeneration in many stands and difficulty recruiting seedlings and saplings. In this study, we selected six plots with improved naturally-regenerated L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings. A point pattern analysis (pair-correlation function) was applied to identify the spatial distribution pattern and correlation between adult trees and regenerated seedlings mapped through X/Y coordinates. Several possible influencing factors of L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings’ natural regeneration were also investigated. The results showed that the spatial distribution patterns of Larix principis-rupprechtii seedlings were concentrated 0–5 m around adult trees when considering the main univariate distribution type of regeneration. There was a positive correlation at a scale of 1.5–4 m between seedlings and adult trees according to bivariate analyses. When the scale was increased, these relationships were no longer significant. Generally, adult trees raised regenerated L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings at a scale of 1.5–4 m. Principal component analysis showed that the understory herb diversity and litter layer had a negative correlation with the number of regenerated seedlings. There was also a weak relationship between regenerated numbers and canopy density. This study demonstrated that the main factors promoting natural regeneration were litter thickness, herb diversity, and the distance between adult trees and regenerated seedlings. Additionally, these findings will provide a basis for the late-stage and practical management of natural regeneration in northern China’s mountain ranges.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Micronutrients on Growth, Yield and Quality of Sorghum under Temperate Conditions
Authors: Rashid Zahida , Ahmad Ahngar Tanveer , Sabiya B. , Sabina N. , Khuroo N. S. , Shabeena M. , Rakshanda A. , A. Bhat Raies , Rasool Faisul-Ur- , Shafeeq H. , Dar Z. A. , Jan Seerat
Published: October 2021

A field experiment was conducted at Dry land Agricultural Research Station, Rangreth, Srinagar, SKUAST-K in Kharif 2020 to study the effect of Plant Growth Regulators and micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of sorghum. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of Plant Growth Regulators and micronutrients on herbage yield and quality. The treatments included; T1: Tricontanol 10 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray), T2: Salicylic acid 100 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray), T3: 5 kg Zn/ha soil application, T4: 2 kg B/ha soil application, T5: 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B/ha soil application, T6: 5 kg Zn/ha (soil application ) + Triacontanol 10 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray), T7: 5 kg Zn/ha (soil application) + salicylic acid 100 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray), T8: 2 kg B/ha (soil application) + Triacontanol 10 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray), T9: 2 kg B/ha (soil application )+ salicylic acid 100 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray), T10: 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B/ha (soil application) + Triacontanol 10 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray), T11: 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B/ha (soil application) + salicylic acid 100 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray) and T12: Water spray at the time of PGR application. Zn and B were applied at the time of sowing in the soil. The crop was raised with recommended package of practices. In treatments, where zinc was not a treatment, an amount of sulphur through gypsum equivalent to sulphate supplied with 5 kg ZnSO4 was applied to compensate. The crop was sown in 30.0 cm apart lines. The trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The results indicated that all the treatments improved the green fodder yield over control. Among different treatments, T10: 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B/ha soil application + Triacontanol 10 ppm at 30 DAS foliar spray and T11: 5 kg Zn + 2 kg B/ha soil application + salicylic acid 100 ppm at 30 DAS foliar spray produced maximum GFY (493.6 and 490.5q/ha) on locational mean basis. It was significantly superior to other treatments. These treatments improved the green fodder yields by 35.0 % and 34.2 %, respectively, over control (spray of water). In terms of dry matter, similar trend was noted and the improvement with T10 and T11 was to the tune of 36.8 % and 41.0 % over control. Tricontanol 10 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray) (T1) improved the green fodder yield and dry fodder yield by 13.6% and 14.3 % respectively over T12Water spray at the time of Plant Growth Regulator application. Similarly spray of T2: Salicylic acid 100 ppm at 30 DAS (foliar spray) improved the green fodder yield and dry fodder yield by 14.4% and 15.4% respectively over T12Water spray at the time of Plant Growth Regulator application. Similar trend was observed with respect to quality parameters (crude protein content and crude protein yield) of sorghum.
The Future and Prospects of Periwinkle Composites in Reinforced Concretes: A Review
Authors: Amarachi Nkwoada , Gerald Onyedika , Emeka Oguzie , Martin Ogwuegbu
Published: October 2021

The choice of building materials and the rising cost of construction materials have continued to plaque the building and construction industry without an immediate solution. Industrialists and scholars are investigating several naturally occurring materials for concrete composite reinforcements. The article chronologically reviewed the growth and development of periwinkle shell powder (PSP) and periwinkle ash powder (PSA) as composite materials in concretes. Findings showed that 28 days of curing age are required for lightweight concretes reinforced with PSP or PAP at 10-30% optimum. Produced lightweight concretes were susceptible to acidic medium and induce lower compressive strength which eventually leads to concrete/structure disintegrate and collapse. Research challenges and funding hamper the application of PSP/PAP in the concrete formulation and are unable to drive innovations and economic benefits as a composite. Advances in concrete technology showed that PSP/PSA mollusk shells achieve pillar strength grade and weight/load bearing status for the improvement of PSP/PSA blended concretes. Also, the composite potential showed that the functionalization of PSP/PSA, sustainability, and nano modification of cementitious materials and concretes are promising. Future studies are required to develop periwinkle reinforced concrete silos, sewers, and smart concrete materials with improved mechanical, thermal, and aesthetic properties.
Effect of Oral Iron Therapy in Moderately Affected Anemianic Pregnant Women
Authors: Anitha M. Sarmishta,
Published: October 2021

In India, Iron deficiency anemia is one of the major causes of maternal deaths, over the past years, various oral and intra muscular & intravenous preparations of iron have been used for correction of iron muscular are associated with significant side effects; Intramuscular (Iron dextran) was used as an alternative to oral iron therapy for those who were not compliant to oral therapy. Iron dextran has a lot of side effects such as fever, arthralgia, even anaphylactic reactions extending to pulmonary edema and even death. Further it is not possible to achieve the target rise in Hemoglobin level in a limited time period, when the patient is approaching term. Whereas Intravenous (Iron sucrose complex) is a relatively new drug which is a BOON to medical therapy and is the BEST OPTION of iron therapy when used as an alternative to oral therapy as it restores iron stores more promptly and is able to raise the hemoglobin to satisfactory level .
Predictably Engineering the Viscoelastic Behavior of Dynamic Hydrogels via Correlation with Molecular Parameters
Authors: Lou Junzhe , Friedowitz Sean , Will Karis , Qin Jian , Xia Yan
Published: October 2021

Rational design of dynamic hydrogels with desirable viscoelastic behaviors relies on an in‐depth understanding of the principles correlating molecular parameters and macroscopic properties. To quantitatively elucidate such principles, a series of dynamic covalent hydrogels crosslinked via hydrazone bonds is designed. The exchange rate of the hydrazone bond is tuned by varying the concentration of an organic catalyst, while maintaining the crosslinking density unchanged. This strategy of independently tuning exchange dynamics of crosslinks and crosslinking density allows unambiguous analysis of the viscoelastic response of the dynamic hydrogels as a function of their network parameters. It is found that the terminal relaxation time of the dynamic hydrogels is primarily determined by two factors: the exchange rate of crosslinks and the number of effective crosslinks per polymer chain, and is independent of the network architecture. Furthermore, a universal correlation is identified between the terminal relaxation time determined from stress relaxation and the exchange rate determined via reaction kinetics, which can be generalized to any viscoelastic hydrogel network, in principle. This quantitative correlation facilitates the development of dynamic hydrogels with a variable desired viscoelastic response based on molecular design.
Ligand‐Controlled, Tunable Copper‐Catalyzed Radical Divergent Trifluoromethylation of Unactivated Cycloalkenes
Authors: Wang Qi , Zang Zhong‐Lin , Jie Mi , Luo Li‐Hua , Yang Dan , Zhou Cheng‐He , Cai Gui‐Xin
Published: October 2021

The Cu‐catalyzed high‐chemoselective trifluoromethylation reactions of unactivated cycloalkenes via the modulation of appropriate ligands have been explored. The Cu(I)/appropriate ligands‐catalytic systems overcome the key challenge in differentiating two pathways involving radical intermediates and provide a ligand‐controlled approach for site‐specific spiro‐aryltrifluoromethylation and chlorotrifluoromethylation to afford trifluoromethylated spiro‐tetrahydroquinoline compounds and vicinal Cl‐containing trifluoromethyl cycloalkanes. Moreover, compared with reported chlorine sources, 1,2‐dichloroethane is used as more green and economical feedstock for chlorotrifluoromethylation.

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Anatomical Study of the Duodenojejunal Uncinate Process Vein: A Key Landmark for Mesopancreatoduodenal Resection During Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Honjo Masahiko , Tohyama Taiji , Ogawa Kohei , Tamura Kei , Sakamoto Katsunori , Takai Akihiro , Watanabe Jota , Ohtani Hiromi , Takada Yasutsugu
Published: October 2021

Background

The mesopancreas or mesopancreatoduodenum is an important anatomical concept during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in patients with periampullary carcinoma. This study investigated whether the duodenojejunal uncinate process vein (DJUV), which is defined as the vein draining from the upper jejunum to the superior mesenteric vein adjacent to the uncinate process, is a useful anatomical landmark for the caudal border of mesopancreatoduodenum resection during PD.

Methods

This study enrolled 100 adult patients with hepatobiliary pancreatic disease who underwent preoperative multidetector‐computed tomography (CT). The anatomy of the key blood vessels involved during PD, and the relationship between these vessels and the DJUV, were analyzed by preoperative CT.

Results

The first jejunal vein was the DJUV in 85 cases, whereas the second jejunal vein was the DJUV in 15 cases. Furthermore, the DJUV was classified into two subtypes depending on its positional relationship with the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and vein were located on the cranial side of the DJUV in all cases. The distance between the middle colonic artery, used as a guide for regional lymph nodes, and the point where the DJUV intersected the SMA was within 10 mm in 80% of cases. These results imply that using the DJUV as a landmark for the caudal border of the mesopancreatoduodenum provides a safe approach and enables sufficient dissection of regional lymph nodes and tissues around the SMA.

Conclusion

The DJUV may be a useful anatomical landmark for the caudal border of the mesopancreatoduodenum resection during PD.
Genomic basis of syndromic short stature in an Algerian patient cohort
Authors: Moosa Shahida , Chentli Farida , Altmüller Janine , Bögershausen Nina , Nürnberg Peter , Yigit Gökhan , Li Yun , Wollnik Bernd
Published: October 2021

Short stature is one of the most common reasons for a referral to the pediatric endocrinology clinic. Thousands of patients with short stature are assessed annually at the Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases (DEMD) at Bab el Oued University Hospital in Algiers, Algeria. However, diagnostic rates in patients with syndromic short stature are not optimal due to the unavailability of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Here, we enrolled 10 Algerian patients with syndromic short stature in a pilot study to test the impact of genetic and genomic approaches in the DEMD. Using a combination of two different NGS modalities, namely exome sequencing and the Mendeliome (TruSight™ One sequencing panel) along with single gene testing, we were able to establish a confirmed molecular diagnosis in 7/10 patients (70%) and to identify strong likely disease‐causing variants in a further two patients. Novel variants in NPR2 and VPS13B were identified. Using copy number variation analysis on the exome data, we also identified a de novo deletion of the short arm of chromosome X. These definitive diagnoses have made a substantial impact on patient treatment, management and genetic counseling. Genomic testing has the ability to transform clinical practice, and is an essential diagnostic tool in any tertiary pediatric clinic, particularly in resource limited settings.
The Inhibition Effect of Photo‐Cross‐Linking between Probes in Photo‐Induced Double Duplex Invasion DNA
Authors: Fujimoto Kenzo , Hirano Ayumu , Watanabe Yasuha , Shimabara Ami , Nakamura Shigetaka
Published: October 2021

Double duplex invasion (DDI) DNA is a useful antigene method that inhibits expression of genomic DNA. We succeeded in performing photoinduced‐DDI (pDDI) using ultrafast photo‐cross‐linking. 5‐Cyanouracil (CNU) has been used in pDDI to inhibit photo‐cross‐linking between probes, but its importance has not been clarified. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of spacer (S) and d‐spacer (dS) that exhibit photo‐cross‐linking ability similar to that of CNU. CNU exhibited the highest pDDI efficiency, and S, dS, and T were not very different. The photo‐cross‐linking inhibitory effect was better with S and dS than with thymidine (T). Conversely, the thermal stability was significantly lower with S and dS than with T. The results suggest that the pDDI efficiency is determined by the balance between the photo‐cross‐linking inhibitory effect and the thermal stability, which is the introduction efficiency for double‐stranded DNA. Therefore, CNU, which has a photo‐cross‐linking inhibitory effect and a high Tm value, showed the highest inhibitory efficiency.
Solid‐Contact Ion‐Selective Electrodes Paving the Way for Improved Non‐Zero Current Sensors: A Minireview
Authors: Kałuża Dawid , Michalska Agata , Maksymiuk Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

Potentiometric ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs) are established tools useful for the determination of activity of many ions with high selectivity. These sensors, developed originally for zero‐current conditions, are of interest for other sensing protocols, requiring tailored construction optimization with the ultimate goal to offer higher sensitivity, extended response range, offering more robust sensors, or minimizing calibration and pre‐treatment procedures. Among the different possibilities, the proposed electrochemical trigger applied for the sensing of “redox inactive ions” offers important advantages and gains significant attention. The non‐zero current applications of ISEs are typical for internal‐solution free systems; thus, the optimization of all‐solid‐state transducers receives significant research attention. The aim of this Minireview is to summarize recent research in in the field, focusing on improvements of transducers and electrochemically triggered ion‐selective sensors.
Synthesis of Non‐Aqueous Neptunium(III) Halide Solvates from NpO2
Authors: Whitefoot Megan A. , Perales Diana , Zeller Matthias , Bart Suzanne C.
Published: October 2021

Two Np(III) halides, NpI3(THF)4 and NpBr3(THF)4, have been prepared and isolated in high yields as described in this work. Starting with neptunia (NpO2), NpCl4(DME)2 was first generated in an updated, higher yielding synthesis than what was previously reported by using HCl/HF. This material was then reduced with KC8, followed by subsequent ligand exchange, to generate NpBr3(THF)4 and NpI3‐(THF)4. Full characterization by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, 1H NMR spectroscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy confirmed the molecular formulas and oxidation states. These trivalent materials are straightforward to synthesize and can be used as starting materials for non‐aqueous Np(III) chemistry, obviating the need for rare and restricted Np metal and elemental halogens.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Heck Carbonylation Reactions: Asymmetric Synthesis of 2‐Oxindole Ynones and Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Zhang Di , Xiong Youyuan , Guo Yingjie , Zhang Lei , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling
Published: October 2021

Herein, we report a Pd‐catalyzed enantioselective domino Heck carbonylation reaction of o‐iodoacrylanilides with terminal alkynes and water as the nucleophiles, affording a diversity of β‐carbonylated 2‐oxindole derivatives bearing a 3,3‐disubstituted all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter, in high yields (55–99 %) with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). The synthetic utilities of the protocol were demonstrated in the gram‐scale synthesis of 2‐oxindole‐derived ynone 3 ea and carboxylic acid 4 a, as well as the facile synthesis of chiral 2‐oxindoles with a pyrazole or isoxazole moiety.
Safety and efficacy of iron supplementation after myocardial infarction in mice with moderate blood loss anaemia
Authors: Wischmann Patricia , Chennupati Ramesh , Solga Isabella , Funk Felix , Becher Stefanie , Gerdes Norbert , Anker Stefan , Kelm Malte , Jung Christian
Published: October 2021

Aims

Iron deficiency is frequently observed in patients with acute coronary syndrome and associates with poor prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Anaemia is linked to dysregulation of iron metabolism, red blood cell dysfunction, and increased reactive oxygen species generation. Iron supplementation in chronic heart failure is safe and improves cardiac exercise capacity. Increases in iron during ischaemia or immediately after reperfusion are associated with detrimental effects on left ventricular (LV) function. The safety and applicability of iron during or immediately after reperfusion of AMI in anaemia are not known. We aimed to study the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation within 1 h or deferred to 24 h after reperfusion of AMI by analysing LV function and infarct size.

Methods and results

In a mouse model of moderate blood loss anaemia (n = 6–8 mice/group), the effects of iron supplementation (20 mg iron as ferric carboxymaltose per kg body weight) within 1 h and deferred to 24 h after ischaemia/reperfusion were assessed. Cardiac function was analysed in vivo by echocardiography at baseline (Day 3) with and without anaemia, after AMI (24 h), and after administration of intravenous iron. Anaemia was characterized by iron deficiency and a trend towards increased haemolysis, which was supported by increased plasma free‐haemoglobin [sham vs. anaemia (n = 8/group): P < 0.05]. Anaemia increased heart rate, LV end‐diastolic volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output, while LV end‐systolic volume remained unchanged at baseline. Superimposition of AMI deteriorated global LV function, whereas infarct sizes remained unaffected [sham vs. anaemia (n = 6/group): P = 0.9]. Deferred iron supplementation 24 h after ischaemia/reperfusion resulted in reversal of end‐systolic volume increase and reduced infarct size [% of area at risk: sham vs. anaemia + iron after 24 h; (n = 6/group); 48 ± 7 vs. 38 ± 7; P < 0.05], whereas administration within 1 h after reperfusion was neutral [sham vs. anaemia + iron; (n = 6/group); 48 ± 7 vs. 42 ± 8; P = 0.56]. Moreover, iron application after reperfused AMI showed unaltered mortality compared with sham.

Conclusions

Iron supplementation 24 h after reperfusion of AMI is safe and reversed enlargement of end‐systolic volume after AMI resulting in increased stroke volume and cardiac output. This highlights its potential as adjunctive treatment in anaemia with ID after reperfused AMI. Time point of iron application after reperfusion appears critical.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Phosphorylation of 2‐Amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones with H‐Phosphonates
Authors: Yang Fang , Zhou Qiuju , Wang Heyan , Tang Lin
Published: October 2021

As a simple and efficient system, Cu(OAc)2 ⋅ H2O and K2S2O8 can activate H‐phosphonates to produce the corresponding dialkyl phosphoryl radicals. The obtained dialkyl phosphoryl radicals react smoothly with 2‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones, affording accurate preparation of various phosphoryl‐functionalized 2‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones. The developed copper‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative phosphorylation features broad substrate scope, easily available reagents, high atom economy and operational simplicity, which enables a practical avenue for C−P bond formation.
Success rate and learning curve of intraoperative neural monitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy
Authors: Choi Hae Won , Ji Yong Bae , Kim Eugene , Kim Kyu Nam , Tae Kyung
Published: October 2021

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the success rate and learning curve of intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) in thyroidectomy.

Methods

We studied 130 consecutive patients (200 nerves at risk [NARs]) who had undergone conventional thyroidectomy with IONM of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and EBSLN from January 2017 to March 2020. The learning curve was defined as the number of NARs required to achieve an effective and reliable neuromonitoring rate.

Results

IONM of the EBSLN was successful in 136/200 (68%) NARs. The cutoff point of the learning curve was 45 NARs (28 patients). The neural identification rate of EBSLN was significantly higher in the post‐learning 155 NARs group than the pre‐learning group (82.6% vs. 17.8%, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Approximately 45 NAR neuromonitoring attempts were required to reach a significant increase in the EBSLN identification rate and overcome the learning curve.
Heat transfer enhancement of finned‐tube heat exchanger using nozzle‐ and diffuser‐shaped fins instead of straight fins
Authors: Jalil Ehsan , Goudarzi Koorosh
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a new method has been used to improve the heat transfer rate in the finned‐tube heat exchanger with nozzle‐ and diffuser‐shaped arrangement. For this study, the effect of several parameters was studied numerically. For the computational fluid dynamics simulation, the continuity, momentum, and energy equations were solved by the finite volume method using the standard k–ԑ model. The rate of heat transfer increases with the decreasing of fin bend radius (15 < Rfb < 20) for both nozzle‐shaped fin and diffuser‐shaped fin. By increasing of side temperature (600 < Tside < 900) and side Reynolds number (2000 < Reside < 5000) the heat transfer rate increased for both nozzle‐ and diffuser‐shaped fins. Results showed that a nozzle‐shaped fin with a fin bend radius of 15 mm under the condition of Rein = 20,000, Tside = 900 K, and Reside = 3400 has a higher effect on heat transfer in comparison with the other types of fins. The maximum heat transfer rate was almost 39% and 35% for the nozzle‐shaped fin with a bend radius of 15 mm and diffuser‐shaped fin with a bend radius of 15 mm compared with the simple tube, respectively. Finally, correlational equations have been suggested to forecast the average Nu number as functions of various parameters of the tube equipped with different types of outer fins involving nozzle‐ and diffuser‐shaped.
Existence of multiple positive solutions for singular p‐q‐Laplacian problems with critical nonlinearities
Authors: Wang Jiayu , Han Wei
Published: October 2021

In this article, we consider the following p‐q‐Laplacian system with singular and critical nonlinearity

where Ω is a bounded domain in
with smooth boundary ∂Ω. 1 < q < p < α + β = p∗, 0 < r < 1, α, β > 1, λ ∈ (0, Λ∗) is parameter and h1(x), h2(x) ∈ L∞, h1(x), h2(x) > 0. We show the existence and multiplicity of weak solution of equation above for suitable range of λ.
Tracking vibrational energy transfer and molecular dynamics in nitromethane and nitromethane/methanol mixed solutions by ultrafast spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Xiaosong , Li Hui , Liu Weilong , Zhang Wei , Shi Zhe
Published: October 2021

Vibrational dynamics and energy transfer were identified by femtosecond time‐ and frequency‐resolved coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. Nitromethane (NM) was selectively and collectively excited in an orderly manner. The beating modes involving vibrations were described and the dephasing time of theses vibrational modes was monitored. The results indicated that intramolecular vibrational energy transfer was governed by vibrational couplings. When the NM/methanol mixed solutions were collectively excited, no evidence for a beat or intermolecular energy transfer was found because hydrogen bonds acted as a molecular damper yielding a faster decay of molecular dynamics.
An ultrasound study of the mobility of the median nerve during composite finger movement in the healthy young wrist
Authors: Yao Buwen , Roll Shawn C.
Published: October 2021

Introduction/Aims

There is a lack of consensus regarding median nerve movement in the carpal tunnel during composite finger flexion in healthy individuals. In this study we examined the amount and direction of median nerve movement and differentiate nerve mobility between dominant and nondominant sides in a large, healthy, young adult cohort.

Methods

Sonographic videos of the median nerve during composite finger motion from extension to full flexion were analyzed in 197 participants without median nerve pathology. Displacement of the nerve's centroid was calculated based on a change in the relative location of the nerve. Longitudinal nerve sliding was categorized as none, independently from the tendons, or with the tendons.

Results

In short axis, median nerves moved within 1 mm vertically and 3 mm horizontally; no direction was predominant. About half of the nerves (52.5%) slid independently while 26.9% slid with the tendons; 21.3% did not slide at all. On the nondominant side, median nerves that slid with the tendons had a larger absolute vertical displacement than nerves that slid independently or did not slide at all (P < .01). Nerves on the dominant side moved in a radial direction more frequently than on the nondominant side (P = .02).

Discussion

Transverse nerve movement during composite finger flexion in healthy individuals varies widely with no clear pattern in the direction of transverse movement or amount of longitudinal sliding. These data provide a foundation for future research to better understand the biomechanical contribution of nerve movement to median nerve pathologies.
Organo‐sulfonic acid catalyzed degradation kinetics and thermodynamic studies of nylon‐6 by hydrothermal method
Authors: Khuntia Sonam Pratik , Gadgeel Arjit , Mestry Siddhesh , Mhaske Shashank T.
Published: October 2021

Nylon‐6 as an engineering polymer and its starting monomer are both costly. Chemical reutilization offers some economic and environmental benefits. Depolymerization of nylon‐6 was carried out by the conventional technique of hydrothermal method using various organo‐sulfonic acids such as Methane sulfonic acid (MSA), para‐toluene sulfonic acid (p‐TSA), benzene sulfonic acid (BSA), and tetra‐butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) as a phase transfer catalyst. Various parameters such as temperature, time, normality of acids, and phase transfer catalyst concentration were varied to optimize its parameters, and characterization techniques such as amine value titrations and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used for quantitative measurements. Solid‐state 13C NMR was done for structure confirmation. A chemical kinetics interpretation shows degradation mechanism follows first‐order kinetics under various catalysts. MSA has the highest reaction rate of 8.49 × 10−2 h−1 at 90°C; it decreases to 7.72 × 10−2 h−1 at 100°C. At the same time, aromatic Sulfonic acids such as p‐TSA and BSA have a higher reaction rate of 8.995 × 10−2 h−1 and 5.582 × 10−2 h−1, respectively. The activation energy was lowered as the acidity of organo‐sulfonic acids increased as benzene sulfonic acid has the lowest Ea. Followed by p‐TSA, and MSA has the highest Ea. Free energy shows a similar kind of value. A simple theoretical model was used to calculate the activation energy. Thermodynamic parameters such as heat of enthalpy and entropy of reaction were evaluated using the Eryig–Polanyi equation. The combined catalytic effect of organo‐sulfonic acids and phase‐transfer catalyst provides a better environment‐friendly method for depolymerizing nylon‐6.
Parental experiences of rapid exome sequencing in cases with major ultrasound anomalies during pregnancy
Authors: Plantinga Mirjam , Zwienenberg Lauren , van Dijk Eva , Breet Hanna , Diphoorn Janouk , El  Mecky Julia , Bouman Katelijne , Verheij Joke , Birnie Erwin , Ranchor Adelita V. , Corsten‐Janssen Nicole , van Langen Irene M.
Published: October 2021

Background

Adding rapid exome sequencing (rES) to conventional genetic tests improves the diagnostic yield of pregnancies showing ultrasound abnormalities but also carries a higher chance of unsolicited findings. We evaluated how rES, including pre‐ and post‐test counseling, was experienced by parents investigating its impact on decision‐making and experienced levels of anxiety.

Methods

A mixed‐methods approach was adopted. Participating couples (n = 46) were asked to fill in two surveys (pre‐test and post‐test counseling) and 11 couples were approached for an additional interview.

Results

All couples accepted the rES test‐offer with the most important reason for testing emphasizing their hope of finding an underlying diagnosis that would aid decision‐making. The actual impact on decision‐making was low, however, since most parents decided to terminate the pregnancy based on the major and multiple fetal ultrasound anomalies and did not wait for their rES results. Anxiety was elevated for most participants and decreased over time.

Conclusion

Major congenital anomalies detected on ultrasound seem to have more impact on prenatal parental decision‐making and anxiety then the offer and results of rES. However, the impact of rES on reproductive decision‐making and experienced anxiety requires further investigation, especially in pregnancies where less (severe) fetal anomalies are detected on ultrasound.
Prognostic role of 11C‐choline PET/CT scan in patients with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer undergoing primary docetaxel chemotherapy
Authors: Jimbo Masaya , Andrews Jack R. , Ahmed Mohamed E. , Dundar Ayca , Karnes R. Jeffrey , Bryce Alan H. , Kendi Ayse T. , Kwon Eugene D. , Lowe Val J. , Bold Michael S.
Published: October 2021

Background

We sought to assess the prognostic utility of 11C‐choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) undergoing primary docetaxel chemotherapy.

Methods

We performed a single institution retrospective analysis of 77 mCRPC patients who were treated with 6 cycles of docetaxel chemotherapy, and who also underwent 11C‐choline PET/CT scans at baseline (before chemotherapy), mid‐course (after 3 cycles), and posttherapy (after 6 cycles). We evaluated treatment response based on percent change in blood pool‐corrected maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the target lesion on PET/CT, as well as percent change in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with complete treatment response. Progression free survival (PFS) analysis was performed using log‐rank test and shown on Kaplan–Meier plot.

Results

Percent change in blood pool‐corrected SUVmax on mid‐course scan was a significant predictor of complete response (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–0.99, p = .0003), whereas percent change in PSA was not (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.99–1.01, p = .6025). 57 of 77 patients (74%) achieved ≥20% reduction in blood pool‐corrected SUVmax on mid‐course; these patients were 3.6 times more likely to achieve complete response after full 6 cycles of docetaxel chemotherapy, compared to patients with <20% reduction in blood pool‐corrected SUVmax (OR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.04–16.52, p = .0420). Median PFS in the complete response group was 35.1 months (95% CI: 26.0–52.7 months), compared to 9.4 months (95% CI: 6.9–13.0 months) in the incomplete response group (p = .0005).

Conclusions

Our study showed that mid‐course and posttherapy 11C‐choline PET/CT evaluation for mCRPC patients undergoing primary docetaxel chemotherapy can predict full course treatment response and PFS, respectively. 11C‐choline PET/CT imaging may provide valuable prognostic information to guide treatment choices for patients with mCRPC.
Direct Excitation of Triplet State of Molecule by Enhanced Magnetic Field of Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Sugimoto Hiroshi , Hasebe Hiroaki , Furuyama Taniyuki , Fujii Minoru
Published: October 2021

Efficient excitation of a triplet (T1) state of a molecule has far‐reaching effects on photochemical reaction and energy conversion systems. Because the optical transition from a ground singlet (S0) to a T1 state is spin‐forbidden, a T1 state is generated via intersystem crossing (ISC) from an excited singlet (S1) state. Although the excitation efficiency of a T1 state can be increased by enhancing ISC utilizing a heavy atom effect, energy loss during S1→T1 relaxation is inevitable. Here, a general approach to directly excite a T1 state from a ground S0 state via magnetic dipole transition, which is boosted by enhanced magnetic field induced by a dielectric metasurface, is proposed. As a dielectric metasurface, a hexagonal array of silicon (Si) nanodisks is employed; the nanodisk array induces a strongly enhanced magnetic field on the surface due to the toroidal dipole (TD) resonance. A proof‐of‐concept experiment is performed using ruthenium (Ru) complexes placed on a metasurface and demonstrates that the phosphorescence is 35‐fold enhanced on a metasurface when the TD resonance is tuned to the wavelength of the direct S0→T1 transition. These results indicate that photon energy necessary to excite the T1 state can be reduced by more than 400 meV compared to the process involving the ISC. By combining optical measurements with numerical simulations, the mechanism of the phosphorescence enhancement is quantitatively discussed.
Electron and muon magnetic moments and implications for dark matter and model characterisation in non-universal U(1)′ supersymmetric models
Authors: Frank Mariana , Hiçyılmaz Yaşar , Mondal Subhadeep , Özdal Özer , Ün Cem Salih
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We attribute deviations of the muon and electron magnetic moments from the theoretical predictions to the presence of an additional U(1)′ supersymmetric model. We interpret the discrepancies between the muon and electron anomalous magnetic moments to be due to the presence of non-universal U(1)′ charges. In a minimally extended model, we show that requiring both deviations to be satisfied imposes constraints on the spectrum of the model, in particular on dark matter candidates and slepton masses and ordering. Choosing three benchmarks with distinct dark matter features, we study implications of the model at colliders, concentrating on variables that can distinguish our non-universal scenario from other U(1)′ implementations.
QCD factorization for chiral-odd parton quasi- and pseudo-distributions
Authors: Braun Vladimir M. , Ji Yao , Vladimirov Alexey
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We study chiral-odd quark-antiquark correlation functions suitable for lattice calculations of twist-three nucleon parton distribution functions hL(x) and e(x), and also the twist-two transversity distribution δq(x). The corresponding factorized expressions are derived in terms of the twist-two and twist-three collinear distributions to one-loop accuracy. The results are presented both in position space, as the factorization theorem for Ioffe-time distributions, and in momentum space, for quasi- and pseudo-distributions. We demonstrate that the twist-two part of the hL quasi(pseudo)-distribution can be separated from the twist-three part by virtue of an exact Jaffe-Ji-like relation.
Three-dimensional de Sitter horizon thermodynamics
Authors: Anninos Dionysios , Harris Eleanor
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We explore thermodynamic contributions to the three-dimensional de Sitter horizon originating from metric and Chern-Simons gauge field fluctuations. In Euclidean signature these are computed by the partition function of gravity coupled to matter semi-classically expanded about the round three-sphere saddle. We investigate a corresponding Lorentzian picture — drawing inspiration from the topological entanglement entropy literature — in the form of an edge-mode theory residing at the de Sitter horizon. We extend the discussion to three-dimensional gravity with positive cosmological constant, viewed (semi-classically) as a complexified Chern-Simons theory. The putative gravitational edge-mode theory is a complexified version of the chiral Wess-Zumino-Witten model associated to the edge-modes of ordinary Chern-Simons theory. We introduce and solve a family of complexified Abelian Chern-Simons theories as a way to elucidate some of the more salient features of the gravitational edge-mode theories. We comment on the relation to the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence.
ON THE TRANSITIVITY OF THE GROUP OF ORBIFOLD DIFFEOMORPHISMS
Authors: PASQUOTTO F. , ROT T. O.
Published: October 2021

Consider a connected manifold of dimension at least two and the group of compactly supported diffeomorphisms that are isotopic to the identity through a compactly supported isotopy. This group acts n-transitively: any n-tuple of points can be moved to any other n-tuple by an element of this group. The group of diffeomorphisms of an orbifold is typically not n-transitive: simple obstructions are given by isomorphism classes of isotropy groups of points. In this paper we investigate the transitivity properties of the group of compactly supported diffeomorphisms of orbifolds that are isotopic to the identity through a compactly supported isotopy. We also study an example in the category of area preserving mappings.
Ionospheric tomographic common clock model of undifferenced uncombined GNSS measurements
Authors: Olivares-Pulido Germán , Hernández-Pajares Manuel , Lyu Haixia , Gu Shengfeng , García-Rigo Alberto , Graffigna Victoria , Tomaszewski Dariusz , Wielgosz Paweł , Rapiński Jacek , Krypiak-Gregorczyk Anna , Kaźmierczak Rafał , Orús-Pérez Raul
Published: October 2021

In this manuscript, we introduce the Ionospheric Tomographic Common Clock (ITCC) model of undifferenced uncombined GNSS measurements. It is intended for improving the Wide Area precise positioning in a consistent and simple way in the multi-GNSS context, and without the need of external precise real-time products. This is the case, in particular, of the satellite clocks, which are estimated at the Wide Area GNSS network Central Processing Facility (CPF) referred to the reference receiver one; and the precise realtime ionospheric corrections, simultaneously computed under a voxel-based tomographic model with satellite clocks and other geodetic unknowns, from the uncombined and undifferenced pseudoranges and carrier phase measurements at the CPF from the Wide Area GNSS network area. The model, without fixing the carrier phase ambiguities for the time being (just constraining them by the simultaneous solution of both ionospheric and geometric components of the uncombined GNSS model), has been successfully applied and assessed against previous precise positioning techniques. This has been done by emulating real-time conditions for Wide Area GPS users during 2018 in Poland.
Human metabolism and urinary excretion of seven neonicotinoids and neonicotinoid-like compounds after controlled oral dosages
Authors: Wrobel Sonja A. , Bury Daniel , Hayen Heiko , Koch Holger M. , Brüning Thomas , Käfferlein Heiko U.
Published: October 2021

Few human data on exposure and toxicity are available on neonicotinoids and neonicotinoid-like compounds (NNIs), an important group of insecticides worldwide. Specifically, exposure assessment of humans by biomonitoring remains a challenge due to the lack of appropriate biomarkers. We investigated the human metabolism and metabolite excretion in urine of acetamiprid (ACE), clothianidin (CLO), flupyradifurone (FLUP), imidacloprid (IMI), sulfoxaflor (SULF), thiacloprid (THIAC) and thiamethoxam (THIAM) after single oral dosages at the currently acceptable daily intake levels of the European Food Safety Authority. Consecutive post-dose urine samples were collected up to 48 h. Suspect screening of tentative metabolites was carried out by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Screening hits were identified based on their accurate mass, isotope signal masses and ratios, product ion spectra, and excretion kinetics. We found, with the exception of SULF, extensive metabolization of NNIs to specific metabolites which were excreted next to the parent compounds. Overall, 24 metabolites were detected with signal intensities indicative of high metabolic relevance. Phase-I metabolites were predominantly derived by mono-oxidation (such as hydroxy-FLUP, -IMI, and -THIAC) and by oxidative N-desalkylation (such as N-desdifluoroethyl-FLUP and N-desmethyl-ACE, -CLO and -THIAM). IMI-olefin, obtained by dehydration of hydroxylated IMI, was identified as a major metabolite of IMI. SULF was excreted unchanged in urine. Previously reported metabolites of NNIs such as 6-chloronicotinic acid or 2-chlorothiazole-4-carboxylic acid and their glycine derivatives were detected either at low signal intensities or not at all and seem less relevant for human biomonitoring. Our highly controlled approach provides specific insight into the human metabolism of NNIs and suggests suitable biomarkers for future exposure assessment at environmentally relevant exposures.
Refined count for rational tropical curves in arbitrary dimension
Authors: Blomme Thomas
Published: October 2021

In this paper we introduce a refined multiplicity for rational tropical curves in arbitrary dimension, which generalizes the refined multiplicity introduced by Block and Göttsche (Compositio Mathematica 152(1): 115–151, 2016). We then prove an invariance statement for the count of rational tropical curves in several enumerative problems using this new refined multiplicity. This leads to the definition of Block–Göttsche polynomials in any dimension.
A Three-Dimensional Mechanical Loading Model of Human Osteocytes in Their Native Matrix
Authors: Zhang Chen , Farré-Guasch Elisabet , Jin Jianfeng , van Essen Huib W. , Klein-Nulend Jenneke , Bravenboer Nathalie
Published: October 2021

Osteocytes are mechanosensory cells which are embedded in calcified collagenous matrix. The specific native matrix of osteocytes affects their regulatory activity, i.e., transmission of signaling molecules to osteoclasts and/or osteoblasts, in the mechanical adaptation of bone. Unfortunately, no existing in vitro model of cortical bone is currently available to study the mechanosensory function of human osteocytes in their native matrix. Therefore, we aimed to develop an in vitro three-dimensional mechanical loading model of human osteocytes in their native matrix. Human cortical bone explants containing osteocytes in their three-dimensional native matrix were cultured and mechanically loaded by three-point bending using a custom-made loading apparatus generating sinusoidal displacement. Osteocyte viability and sclerostin expression were measured 1–2 days before 5 min loading and 1 day after loading. Bone microdamage was visualized and quantified by micro-CT analysis and histology using BaSO4 staining. A linear relationship was found between loading magnitude (2302–13,811 µɛ) and force (1.6–4.9 N) exerted on the bone explants. At 24 h post-loading, osteocyte viability was not affected by 1600 µɛ loading. Sclerostin expression and bone microdamage were unaffected by loading up to 8000 µɛ. In conclusion, we developed an in vitro 3D mechanical loading model to study mechanoresponsiveness of viable osteocytes residing in their native matrix. This model is suitable to study the effect of changed bone matrix composition in metabolic bone disease on osteocyte mechanoresponsiveness.