bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchronous primary glomus tumor in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the ipsilateral lung
Authors: Yun Ju Sik , Song Sang Yun , Na Kook Joo , Kim Seok , Choi Yoo Duk
Published: April 2019

Glomus tumors are rare mesenchymal neoplasms arising from the glomus bodies in the deep dermis of the extremities or derive from the modified smooth muscle cells of the normal glomus body. Primary pulmonary glomus tumors are particularly rare and infrequently reported. We report a case of a primary glomus tumor occurring in the lung with adenocarcinoma in the ipsilateral lung as synchronous lung cancers in a 69‐year‐old man. He underwent lobectomy for adenocarcinoma and wedge resection for the glomus tumor with mediastinal lymph node dissection and was doing well without recurrence or metastasis at the last follow‐up.
Gone with the wind: Aerial dispersal of Parthenolecanium corni crawlers in a newly planted grapevine plot
Authors: Hommay Gérard , Wiss Louis , Chadoeuf Joël , Le Maguet Jean , Beuve Monique , Herrbach Etienne
Published: April 2019

Soft scales nymphs are suspected to propagate grapevine leafroll viruses in the vineyard, while moving from vine to vine, but results of long distance dispersion, especially those due to wind, are poorly known. Thus, a net of sticky cylindrical traps was placed in a newly planted grapevine plot to evaluate aerial dispersal of Parthenolecanium corni (Hemiptera Coccidae) nymphs. The plot was surrounded by vine plots infested by this species. Number of crawlers collected on traps was generally higher on the trap side exposed downwind and depended on population density of neighbouring vines. Coloured glitters of size and weight similar to that of crawlers were used to simulate wind transport. The highest number of glitters was trapped at the prevailing wind sector. A majority of glitters was found on traps close to dispersion cups, and the most remote were collected up to 165 m away from glitter source. Wind dispersal of crawlers was confirmed by colonisation of the new vine plot by P. corni, 2 years after plantation. The settling of P. corni on the young plot displayed no significant structure, as expected from a wind dispersal. Although grapevine leafroll viruses and Grapevine virus A were detected by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in several batches of trapped nymphs, these viruses were not found in vines colonised by P. corni in the new plot within the 4 years following plantation.
Effects of IGF‐1 isoforms on muscle growth and sarcopenia
Authors: Ascenzi Francesca , Barberi Laura , Dobrowolny Gabriella , Villa Nova Bacurau Aline , Nicoletti Carmine , Rizzuto Emanuele , Rosenthal Nadia , Scicchitano Bianca Maria , Musarò Antonio
Published: April 2019

The decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength occurring in aging, referred as sarcopenia, is the result of many factors including an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, changes in metabolic/hormonal status, and in circulating levels of inflammatory mediators. Thus, factors that increase muscle mass and promote anabolic pathways might be of therapeutic benefit to counteract sarcopenia. Among these, the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) has been implicated in many anabolic pathways in skeletal muscle. IGF‐1 exists in different isoforms that might exert different role in skeletal muscle. Here we study the effects of two full propeptides IGF‐1Ea and IGF‐1Eb in skeletal muscle, with the aim to define whether and through which mechanisms their overexpression impacts muscle aging. We report that only IGF‐1Ea expression promotes a pronounced hypertrophic phenotype in young mice, which is maintained in aged mice. Nevertheless, examination of aged transgenic mice revealed that the local expression of either IGF‐1Ea or IGF‐1Eb transgenes was protective against age‐related loss of muscle mass and force. At molecular level, both isoforms activate the autophagy/lysosome system, normally altered during aging, and increase PGC1‐α expression, modulating mitochondrial function, ROS detoxification, and the basal inflammatory state occurring at old age. Moreover, morphological integrity of neuromuscular junctions was maintained and preserved in both MLC/IGF‐1Ea and MLC/IGF‐1Eb mice during aging. These data suggest that IGF‐1 is a promising therapeutic agent in staving off advancing muscle weakness.
Maintenance of World Health Organization Risk Drinking Level Reductions and Posttreatment Functioning Following a Large Alcohol Use Disorder Clinical Trial
Authors: Witkiewitz Katie , Falk Daniel E. , Litten Raye Z. , Hasin Deborah S. , Kranzler Henry R. , Mann Karl F. , O'Malley Stephanie S. , Anton Raymond F.
Published: April 2019

Background

Reductions in the World Health Organization (WHO) risk drinking levels have been proposed as an alternative primary outcome for alcohol clinical trials. Yet, little is known about whether reductions in WHO risk drinking levels can be maintained over time. The current study examined whether reductions in WHO risk drinking levels were maintained for up to 1 year following treatment, and whether reductions over time were associated with improvements in functioning.

Methods

Secondary data analysis of individuals with alcohol dependence (n = 1,226) enrolled in the COMBINE study, a multisite, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Logistic regression was used to examine the maintenance of end‐of‐treatment WHO risk level reductions and WHO risk level reductions at the 1‐year follow‐up. Repeated‐measures mixed models were used to examine the association between WHO risk level reductions and functional outcomes over time.

Results

Achieving at least a 1‐ or 2‐level reduction in risk by the end of treatment was significantly associated with WHO risk level reductions at the 1‐year follow‐up assessment (p < 0.001). Among individuals who achieved at least a 1‐level reduction by the end of treatment, 85.5% reported at least a 1‐level reduction at the 1‐year follow‐up. Among individuals who achieved at least a 2‐level reduction by the end of treatment, 77.8% reported at least a 2‐level reduction at the 1‐year follow‐up. WHO risk level reductions were associated with significantly lower alcohol consumption, better physical health (p < 0.01), and fewer alcohol‐related consequences (p < 0.001) up to 1 year following treatment.

Conclusions

One‐ and 2‐level reductions in WHO risk levels during alcohol treatment were maintained after treatment and associated with better functioning over time. These findings support the use of the WHO risk level reductions as an outcome measure that reflects clinically significant improvement in how individuals seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder feel and function.
Severe childhood trauma and clinical and neurocognitive features in schizotypal personality disorder
Authors: Velikonja T. , Velthorst E. , McClure M. M. , Rutter S. , Calabrese W. R. , Rosell D. , Koenigsberg H. W. , Goodman M. , New A. S. , Hazlett E. A. , Perez‐Rodriguez M. M.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Literature suggests that childhood trauma increases vulnerability for schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders, including schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). Yet, it remains unexplored whether childhood trauma predicts symptom load and the level of neurocognitive functioning in SPD.

Method

We included 225 individuals with SPD and 127 healthy controls. Childhood trauma was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and schizotypal traits were assessed using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Standard neurocognitive assessments covered six cognitive domains.

Results

All types of reported childhood trauma were significantly associated with SPD, in a linear fashion. Severe sexual abuse showed the greatest magnitude of association with higher cognitive–perceptual load (e.g., ideas of reference, odd belief or magical thinking); severe emotional neglect was associated with interpersonal scores (e.g., excessive social anxiety, constricted affect) within the SPD group. SPD individuals who reported severe trauma showed worse cognitive functioning (i.e., working memory, verbal/visual learning and memory, as well as verbal fluency).

Conclusions

Particular severe childhood trauma types were associated with higher cognitive–perceptual and interpersonal symptoms in SPD, along with worse cognitive functioning. These findings highlight the need for clinicians to enquire about childhood trauma in SPD patients, since unaddressed early adverse experiences may carry long‐term negative consequences.
DNMT3a in the hippocampal CA1 is crucial in the acquisition of morphine self‐administration in rats
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Jun , Jiang Feng‐Ze , Zheng Wei , Duan Ying , Jin Shu‐Bo , Shen Fang , Liang Jing , Li Ming , Sui Nan
Published: April 2019

Drug‐reinforced excessive operant responding is one fundamental feature of long‐lasting addiction‐like behaviors and relapse in animals. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms responsible for the persistent drug‐specific (not natural rewards) operant behavior are not entirely clear. In this study, we demonstrate a key role for one of the de novo DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3a, in the acquisition of morphine self‐administration (SA) in rats. The expression of DNMT3a in the hippocampal CA1 region but not in the nucleus accumbens shell was significantly up‐regulated after 1‐ and 7‐day morphine SA (0.3 mg/kg/infusion) but not after the yoked morphine injection. On the other hand, saccharin SA did not affect the expression of DNMT3a or DNMT3b. DNMT inhibitor 5‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza) microinjected into the hippocampal CA1 significantly attenuated the acquisition of morphine SA. Knockdown of DNMT3a also impaired the ability to acquire the morphine SA. Overall, these findings suggest that DNMT3a in the hippocampus plays an important role in the acquisition of morphine SA and may be a valid target to prevent the development of morphine addiction.
Inhibitory effects of Shati/Nat8l overexpression in the medial prefrontal cortex on methamphetamine‐induced conditioned place preference in mice
Authors: Haddar Meriem , Uno Kyosuke , Azuma Katsunori , Muramatsu Shin‐ichi , Nitta Atsumi
Published: April 2019

Shati/Nat8l is a novel N‐acetyltransferase identified in the brain of mice treated with methamphetamine (METH). Shati/Nat8l mRNA is expressed in various brain areas, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), where the expression level is higher than that in other brain regions. Shati/Nat8l overexpression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) attenuates the pharmacological response to METH via mGluR3. Meanwhile, dopamine (DA) and glutamate dysregulations have been reported in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and NAc after METH self‐administration and during reinstatement. However, the mechanism, the reward system, and function of Shati/Nat8l in the mPFC is unclear. Here, we injected an adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector containing Shati/Nat8l into the mPFC of mice, to overexpress Shati/Nat8l in the mPFC (mPFC‐Shati/Nat8l). Interestingly, the METH‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was attenuated in the mPFC‐Shati/Nat8l mice, but locomotor activity was not. Additionally, immunohistochemical results from mice that were injected with AAV‐GFP showed fluorescence in the mPFC and other brain regions, mainly the NAc, indicating an mPFC‐NAc top‐down connection. Finally, in vivo microdialysis experiments revealed that Shati/Nat8l overexpression in the mPFC reduced extracellular DA levels and suppressed the METH‐induced DA increase in the NAc. Moreover, decreased extracellular glutamate levels were observed in the NAc. These results indicate that Shati/Nat8l overexpression in the mPFC attenuates METH‐induced CPP by decreasing extracellular DA in the NAc. In contrast, Shati/Nat8l‐mPFC overexpression did not alter METH‐induced hyperlocomotion. This study demonstrates that Shati/Nat8l in the mPFC attenuates METH reward‐seeking behaviour but not the psychomotor activity of METH.
Understanding the assistive technology needs of people over 55: The future of mobility aids
Authors: Moxham Lorna J. , Stutchbury Tamantha K. , Spinks Geoffrey , de Vet Eliza , Ikutegbe Victoria , Traynor Victoria , Taylor Leanne , Michielin Nicole
Published: April 2019

Objective

To understand mobility issues not adequately serviced by assistive technology (AT).

Methods

A two‐stage mixed‐methods research project that forms the basis of future AT design and manufacture. Stage 1: a focus group comprising 46 participants (people aged 55 years or older with mobility issue/s) and their support networks. Stage 2: a sample of 413 people over 55 completed a purpose‐designed survey informed by stage 1, regarding mobility issues and perceived desirability of suggested AT mobility aids.

Results

Two core themes emerged: (a) functionality issues relating to existing AT designs and (b) identified mobility issues encountered during activities of daily living that could potentially be resolved by developing new AT. Importance was placed on certain features of AT mobility aids with cost, transportability and aesthetics being primary issues.

Conclusion

Consulting end‐users and their networks ensures valuable insight into how future AT can better address and target mobility needs.
Prevalence and outcomes of overweight and obesity among pregnant women in rural Queensland
Authors: Cochrane Lynsey , Brumpton Kay , Winter Sacha , Bell Katrina , Burnham Harriet , Wadwell Kristen , Kitchener Scott
Published: April 2019

Objective

To assess the prevalence of overweight and obese women in the antenatal and perinatal periods, in rural hospitals; and to evaluate neonatal and maternal outcomes, including transfer to larger birthing centres.

Design

A retrospective clinical chart audit.

Setting

Rural maternity services in five Queensland rural hospitals.

Participants

Data were collected from 250 women presenting to participating rural hospitals, with an estimated due date in 2016.

Main outcome measures

Obstetric and neonatal data, whether transfer occurred, mode of delivery and any complications, and neonatal outcomes including birth weight and complications were collected. Demographic information collected included maternal age, gravidity and parity, race, smoking status and pre‐pregnancy body mass index. The main outcome measures of interest were birth weight, Caesarean rate, transfer rate and diagnosis of gestational diabetes in relation to the body mass index.

Results

Over 50% of women were overweight or obese while entering pregnancy, with 5.2% of mothers in the morbidly obese category. There was an increase in the birth weight of mothers with a body mass index of more than 25. The increasing body mass index was associated with an increased likelihood of transfer, diagnosis of gestational diabetes, elective and, especially, emergency Caesareans performed at the hospital. Twenty‐four percent of women continued to smoke throughout pregnancy.

Conclusion

A high prevalence of obesity was found in the rural obstetric population. As the body mass index increases, so too does birth weight, gestational diabetes, transfer rate and Caesarean section rate. The rates of smoking throughout pregnancy were higher than the average metropolitan rates. These findings have implications not just for rural hospital operation and resources, but also for preventive health activities in rural communities.
Toward clinically applicable biomarkers for asthma: An EAACI position paper
Authors: Diamant Zuzana , Vijverberg Susanne , Alving Kjell , Bakirtas Arzu , Bjermer Leif , Custovic Adnan , Dahlen Sven‐Erik , Gaga Mina , Gerth van Wijk Roy , Del Giacco Stefano , Hamelmann Eckard , Heaney Liam G. , Heffler Enrico , Kalayci Ömer , Kostikas Konstantinos , Lutter Rene , Olin Anna‐Carin , Sergejeva Svetlana , Simpson Angela , Sterk Peter J. , Tufvesson Ellen , Agache Ioana , Seys Sven F.
Published: April 2019

Inflammation, structural, and functional abnormalities within the airways are key features of asthma. Although these processes are well documented, their expression varies across the heterogeneous spectrum of asthma. Type 2 inflammatory responses are characterized by increased levels of eosinophils, FeNO, and type 2 cytokines in blood and/or airways. Presently, type 2 asthma is the best‐defined endotype, typically found in patients with allergic asthma, but surprisingly also in nonallergic patients with (severe) asthma. The etiology of asthma with non‐type 2 inflammation is less clear. During the past decade, targeted therapies, including biologicals and small molecules, have been increasingly integrated into treatment strategies of severe asthma. These treatments block specific inflammatory pathways or single mediators. Single or composite biomarkers help to identify patients who will benefit from these treatments. So far, only a few inflammatory biomarkers have been validated for clinical application. The European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology Task Force on Biomarkers in Asthma was initiated to review different biomarker sampling methods and to investigate clinical applicability of new and existing inflammatory biomarkers (point‐of‐care) to support diagnosis, targeted treatment, and monitoring of severe asthma. Subsequently, we discuss existing and novel targeted therapies for asthma as well as applicable biomarkers.
Intra‐operative analgesia with remifentanil vs. dexmedetomidine: a systematic review and meta‐analysis with trial sequential analysis
Authors: Grape S. , Kirkham K. R. , Frauenknecht J. , Albrecht E.
Published: April 2019

Intra‐operative remifentanil is associated with increased postoperative analgesic requirements and opioid consumption. Dexmedetomidine has characteristics suggesting it may substitute for intra‐operative remifentanil during general anaesthesia, but existing literature has reported conflicting results. We undertook this meta‐analysis to investigate whether general anaesthesia including dexmedetomidine would result in less postoperative pain than general anaesthesia including remifentanil. The MEDLINE and PubMed electronic databases were searched up to October 2018. Only randomised trials including patients receiving general anaesthesia and comparing dexmedetomidine with remifentanil administration were included. Meta‐analyses were performed mostly employing a random effects model. The primary outcome was pain score at rest (visual analogue scale, 0–10) at two postoperative hours. The secondary outcomes included: pain score at rest at 24 postoperative hours; opioid consumption at 2 and 24 postoperative hours; and rates of hypotension, bradycardia, shivering and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Twenty‐one randomised trials, including 1309 patients, were identified. Pain scores at rest at two postoperative hours were lower in the dexmedetomidine group, with a mean difference (95%CI) of −0.7 (−1.2 to −0.2), I2 = 85%, p = 0.004, and a moderate quality of evidence. Secondary pain outcomes were also significantly better in the dexmedetomidine group. Rates of hypotension, shivering and postoperative nausea and vomiting were at least twice as frequent in patients who received remifentanil. Time to analgesia request was longer, and use of postoperative morphine and rescue analgesia were less, with dexmedetomidine, whereas episodes of bradycardia were similar between groups. There is moderate evidence that intra‐operative dexmedetomidine during general anaesthesia improves pain outcomes during the first 24 postoperative hours, when compared with remifentanil, with fewer side effects.
Family history of prostate cancer and age‐related trend of testosterone levels among US males: NHANES 2003–2004
Authors: Zhang X. , Zhong Y. , Taylor N. , Xu X.
Published: April 2019

Background

Studies have suggested that rapid age‐related declines of testosterone (T) level may play a critical role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa), and family history of PCa is another well‐established risk factor of PCa, which have been reported to be associated with androgen metabolism‐related genes. However, few studies have ever investigated whether a family history of PCa influences the risk of PCa via regulating the age‐related trend of T level among males over the life course.

Objectives

To examine the association between family history of PCa and age‐related trend of T levels.

Materials and Methods

We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2003 to 2004 (n = 322) to compare the age‐specific T levels in males with a family history of PCa and those without.

Results

We found that between two younger age groups (ages 20–39 and 40–59), there was a more pronounced drop‐off in T levels among men with a family history of PCa compared to men without a family history.

Discussion and Conclusion

This preliminary analysis suggested that men with a family history of PCa may experience a sharper decline in T level over the life course as compared to males without a family history. However, no conclusions can be made due to small sample sizes. Further longitudinal studies with large sample sizes are needed.
Testing random effects in linear mixed models: another look at the F‐test (with discussion)
Authors: Hui F. K. C. , Müller Samuel , Welsh A. H.
Published: April 2019

This article re‐examines the F‐test based on linear combinations of the responses, or FLC test, for testing random effects in linear mixed models. In current statistical practice, the FLC test is underused and we argue that it should be reconsidered as a valuable method for use with linear mixed models. We present a new, more general derivation of the FLC test which applies to a broad class of linear mixed models where the random effects can be correlated. We highlight three advantages of the FLC test that are often overlooked in modern applications of linear mixed models, namely its computation speed, its generality, and its exactness as a test. Empirical studies provide new insight into the finite sample performance of the FLC test, identifying cases where it is competitive or even outperforms modern methods in terms of power, as well as settings in which it performs worse than simulation‐based methods for testing random effects. In all circumstances, the FLC test is faster to compute.
A human amniotic membrane plug to repair retinal detachment associated with large macular tear
Authors: Caporossi Tomaso , Tartaro Ruggero , De Angelis Lorenzo , Pacini Bianca , Rizzo Stanislao
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To describe a surgical technique, using a human amniotic membrane (hAM) plug, in two cases of retinal detachment with a large macular tear.

Methods

Surgical technique description with surgical video. A 23‐gauge pars plana vitrectomy with peripheral retinectomy was performed. An hAM plug was implanted under the neuroretina to seal the posterior retinal break. Standard silicone oil tamponade was performed at the end of the surgery. The patients were positioned face down after the operation for the first 2 weeks. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were performed in the follow‐ups.

Results

The 1 week postoperative OCT showed a neuroretina ingrowth over the hAM plug. The 3‐month OCT showed a regenerated neurosensory retina entirely covering the hAM plug. Visual acuity improved from light perception to 20/400 (LogMAR 1,3) 3 months after the operation in both patients. The silicone oil was extracted 4 months after surgery, and no recurrences were observed. The patients’ visual acuity remained stable at 20/400 after the silicone oil extraction.

Conclusion

In these complex cases, hAM transplantation can be a valid option not only to help the retinal reattachment but also for a partial regenerative effect which, in these cases, was accompanied by a visual acuity recovery.
What do we owe the newly dead? An ethical analysis of findings from Japan's corpse hotels workers
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. , Miwa Eriko
Published: April 2019

While people are still alive, we owe them respect. Yet what, if anything, do we owe the newly dead? This question is an urgent practical concern for aged societies, because older people die at higher rates than any other age group. One novel way in which Japan, the frontrunner of aged societies, meets its need to accommodate high numbers of newly dead is itai hoteru or corpse hotels. Itai hoteru offer families a way to wait for space in over‐crowded crematoriums while affording an environment conducive to grieving. Drawing on conversations with itai hoteru employees, we delineate the values this contemporary death practice expresses and show how these values comprise part of the broader idea of a good death. A good death implies duties on both sides of death's divide: to both the dying and the newly dead.
Period‐specific mean annual hospital volume of radical cystectomy is associated with outcome and perioperative quality of care: a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Liedberg Fredrik , Hagberg Oskar , Aljabery Firas , Gårdmark Truls , Hosseini Abolfazl , Jahnson Staffan , Jancke Georg , Jerlström Tomas , Malmström Per‐Uno , Sherif Amir , Ströck Viveka , Häggström Christel , Holmberg Lars
Published: April 2019

Objective

To investigate the association between hospital volume and overall survival (OS), cancer‐specific survival (CSS), and quality of care of patients with bladder cancer who undergo radical cystectomy (RC), defined as the use of extended lymphadenectomy (eLND), continent reconstruction, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and treatment delay of <3 months.

Patients and Methods

We used the Bladder Cancer Data Base Sweden (BladderBaSe) to study survival and indicators of perioperative quality of care in all 3172 patients who underwent RC for primary invasive bladder cancer stage T1–T3 in Sweden between 1997 and 2014. The period‐specific mean annual hospital volume (PSMAV) during the 3 years preceding surgery was applied as an exposure and analysed using univariate and multivariate mixed models, adjusting for tumour and nodal stage, age, gender, comorbidity, educational level, and NAC. PSMAV was either categorised in tertiles, dichotomised (at ≥25 RCs annually), or used as a continuous variable for every increase of 10 RCs annually.

Results

PSMAV in the highest tertile (≥25 RCs annually) was associated with improved OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75–1.0), whereas the corresponding HR for CSS was 0.87 (95% CI 0.73–1.04). With PSMAV as a continuous variable, OS was improved for every increase of 10 RCs annually (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–0.99). Moreover, higher PSMAV was associated with increased use of eLND, continent reconstruction and NAC, but also more frequently with a treatment delay of >3 months after diagnosis.

Conclusions

The current study supports centralisation of RC for bladder cancer, but also underpins the need for monitoring treatment delays associated with referral.
Global, regional and national burden of testicular cancer, 1990–2016: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Authors: Pishgar Farhad , Haj‐Mirzaian Arvin , Ebrahimi Hedyeh , Saeedi Moghaddam Sahar , Mohajer Bahram , Nowroozi Mohammad Reza , Ayati Mohsen , Farzadfar Farshad , Fitzmaurice Christina , Amini Erfan
Published: April 2019

Objective

To provide estimates of the global incidence, mortality and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) associated with testicular cancer (TCa) between 1990 and 2016, using findings from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study.

Materials and Methods

For the GBD 2016 study, cancer registry data and a vital registration system were used to estimate TCa mortality. Mortality to incidence ratios were used to transform mortality estimates to incidence, and to estimate survival, which was then used to estimate 10‐year prevalence. Prevalence was weighted using disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Age‐specific mortality and a reference life expectancy were used to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). DALYs are the sum of YLDs and YLLs.

Results

Global incidence of TCa showed a 1.80‐fold increase from 37 231 (95% uncertainty interval [ UI] 36 116–38 515) in 1990 to 66 833 (95% UI 64 487–69 736) new cases in 2016. The age‐standardized incidence rate also increased from 1.5 (95% UI 1.45–1.55) to 1.75 (95% UI 1.69–1.83) cases per 100 000. Deaths from TCa remained stable between 1990 and 2016 [1990: 8394 (95% UI 7980–8904), 2016: 8651 (95% UI 8292–9027)]. The TCa age‐standardized death rate decreased between 1990 and 2016, from 0.39 (95% UI 0.37–0.41) to 0.25 (95% UI 0.24–0.26) per 100 000; however, the decreasing trend was not similar in all regions. Global TCa DALYs decreased by 2% and reached 391 816 (95% UI 372 360–412 031) DALYs in 2016. The age‐standardized DALY rate also decreased globally between 1990 and 2016 (10.31 [95% UI 9.82–10.84]) per 100 000 in 2016).

Conclusion

Although the mortality rate for TCa has decreased over recent decades, large disparities still exist in TCa mortality, probably as a result of lack of access to healthcare and oncological treatment. Timely diagnosis of this cancer, by improving general awareness, should be prioritized. In addition, improving access to effective therapies and trained healthcare workforces in developing and under‐developed areas could be the next milestones.
Oiling the wheels of discovery
Authors: Flower Roderick J.
Published: April 2019

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc
Death among primates: a critical review of non‐human primate interactions towards their dead and dying
Authors: Gonçalves André , Carvalho Susana
Published: April 2019

For the past two centuries, non‐human primates have been reported to inspect, protect, retrieve, carry or drag the dead bodies of their conspecifics and, for nearly the same amount of time, sparse scientific attention has been paid to such behaviours. Given that there exists a considerable gap in the fossil and archaeological record concerning how early hominins might have interacted with their dead, extant primates may provide valuable insight into how and in which contexts thanatological behaviours would have occurred. First, we outline a comprehensive history of comparative thanatology in non‐human primates, from the earliest accounts to the present, uncovering the interpretations of previous researchers and their contributions to the field of primate thanatology. Many of the typical behavioural patterns towards the dead seen in the past are consistent with those observed today. Second, we review recent evidence of thanatological responses and organise it into distinct terminologies: direct interactions (physical contact with the corpse) and secondary interactions (guarding the corpse, vigils and visitations). Third, we provide a critical evaluation regarding the form and function of the behavioural and emotional aspects of these responses towards infants and adults, also comparing them with non‐conspecifics. We suggest that thanatological interactions: promote a faster re‐categorisation from living to dead, decrease costly vigilant/caregiving behaviours, are crucial to the management of grieving responses, update position in the group's hierarchy, and accelerate the formation of new social bonds. Fourth, we propose an integrated model of Life‐Death Awareness, whereupon neural circuitry dedicated towards detecting life, i.e. the agency system (animate agency, intentional agency, mentalistic agency) works with a corresponding system that interacts with it on a decision‐making level (animate/inanimate distinction, living/dead discrimination, death awareness). Theoretically, both systems are governed by specific cognitive mechanisms (perceptual categories, associative concepts and high‐order reasoning, respectively). Fifth, we present an evolutionary timeline from rudimentary thanatological responses likely occurring in earlier non‐human primates during the Eocene to the more elaborate mortuary practices attributed to genusHomothroughout the Pleistocene. Finally, we discuss the importance of detailed reports on primate thanatology and propose several empirical avenues to shed further light on this topic. This review expands and builds upon previous attempts to evaluate the body of knowledge on this subject, providing an integrative perspective and bringing together different fields of research to detail the evolutionary, sensory/cognitive, developmental and historical/archaeological aspects of primate thanatology. Considering all these findings and given their cognitive abilities, we argue that non‐human primates are capable of an implicit awareness of death.
Using recursive partitioning approach to select tumor‐associated antigens in immunodiagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Qin Jiejie , Wang Shuaibing , Shi Jianxiang , Ma Yan , Wang Keyan , Ye Hua , Zhang Xiaojun , Wang Peng , Wang Xiao , Song Chunhua , Dai Liping , Wang Kaijuan , Jiang Binghua , Zhang Jianying
Published: April 2019

The present study aimed to select anti‐tumor‐associated antigen (TAA) autoantibodies as biomarkers in the immunodiagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) by the recursive partitioning approach (RPA) and further construct and evaluate a predictive model. A case‐control study was designed including 407 GAC patients as the case group and 407 normal controls. In addition, 67 serial serum samples from 25 GAC patients were collected at different time points before and after gastrectomy treatment. Autoantibodies against 14 TAA were measured in sera from all subjects by enzyme immunoassay. Finally, RPA resulted in the selection of nine‐panel TAA (c‐Myc, p16, HSPD1, PTEN, p53, NPM1, ENO1, p62, HCC1.4) from all detected TAA in the case‐control study; the classification tree based on this nine‐TAA panel had area under curve (AUC) of 0.857, sensitivity of 71.5% and specificity of 71.3%; The optimal panel also can identify GAC patients at an early stage from normal individuals, with AUC of 0.737, sensitivity of 64.9% and specificity of 70.5%. However, frequencies of the nine autoantibodies showed no correlation with GAC stage, tumor size, lymphatic metastasis or differentiation. GAC patients positive for more than two autoantibodies in the nine‐TAA panel had a worse prognosis than that of the GAC patients positive for no or one antibody. Titers of 10 autoantibodies in serial serum samples were significantly higher in GAC patients after surgical resection than before. In conclusion, this study showed that the panel of nine multiple TAAs could enhance the detection of anti‐TAA antibodies in GAC, and may be potential prognostic biomarkers in GAC.
Blood pressure, sympathovagal tone, exercise capacity and metabolic status are linked in Turner syndrome
Authors: Brun Sara , Berglund Agnethe , Mortensen Kristian H. , Hjerrild Britta E. , Hansen Klavs W. , Andersen Niels H. , Gravholt Claus H.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

We studied cardiac autonomic changes in relation to metabolic factors, body composition and 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements in Turner syndrome patients without known hypertension.

Design

Cross sectional.

Patients

Participants were 48 TS women and 24 healthy female controls aged over 18 years.

Methods

Short‐term power spectral analysis was obtained in supine‐standing‐supine position. Bedside tests included three conventional cardiovascular reflex tests of heart rate response to standing up, heart rate response to deep breathing and blood pressure response to standing up. Mean heart rate during the last 2 minutes of work was used to calculate the maximal aerobic power (VO2max).

Results

We found a significantly higher mean reciprocal of the heart rate per second (RR) in TS. Testing for interaction between position and status (TS or control), there were highly significant differences between TS and controls in high‐frequency (HF) power, the coefficient of component variation (square root of HF power/mean RR) and low‐frequency (LF): HF ratio, with a dampened decline in vagal activity among TS during standing. Bedside test showed TS had a significantly higher diastolic BP in the supine position compared to controls, and the adaptive rise in BP, when changing to upright position was reduced. VO2max and self‐reported level of physical activity were significantly correlated to systolic ambulatory blood pressure both 24‐hour and night diastolic ambulatory blood pressure.

Conclusion

Vagal tone and modulation of the sympathovagal balance during alteration in body position are impaired in TS. These changes can be risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
In vivo confocal microscopy of the inflamed anterior segment: A review of clinical and research applications
Authors: Patel Dipika V. , Zhang Jie , McGhee Charles NJ.
Published: April 2019

In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) allows non‐invasive imaging of the living human cornea, specifically enabling the detection of immune cells in the healthy and diseased ocular anterior segment. Studies using IVCM have provided insight into the effects of contact lens wear on corneal Langerhans cell density and morphology, and the effects of eye drops on conjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue. IVCM has also been shown to be a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool in distinguishing infective and non‐infective uveitis and in diagnosing atypical infective keratitis. In the research setting, this technology has enhanced our understanding of the role of inflammatory cells in corneal neuropathy and angiogenesis. In vivo‐ex vivo correlation using animal models has helped overcome some of the difficulties in identifying cell type on IVCM images. As highlighted in this review, currently there are multiple established, and emerging, clinical and research applications for IVCM in the inflamed anterior segment.
Cystoid macular oedema following cataract surgery: A review
Authors: Han Jina V. , Patel Dipika V. , Squirrell David , McGhee Charles NJ.
Published: April 2019

Pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema (PCMO) remains a significant cause of compromised postoperative vision in contemporary cataract surgery. Well‐established risk factors include intraoperative complications such as posterior capsule rupture and preoperative factors including: diabetes mellitus, uveitis, retinal vein occlusion, epiretinal membrane. The role of topical glaucoma medications in PCMO continues to be debated. Current treatment strategies largely target suppression of inflammation. Topical NSAIDs remain the mainstay in prophylaxis and treatment of PCMO. Topical corticosteroids are commonly used as monotherapy or in combination with NSAIDs. Unfortunately, high‐quality trials are notably lacking for other PCMO treatment modalities such as: periocular corticosteroids, orbital floor triamcinolone, intravitreal triamcinolone, corticosteroid implants, intravitreal bevacizumab and pars‐plana vitrectomy. A lack of consistency in defining PCMO and resolution of PCMO explains why even large systematic reviews may come to contradictory conclusions. This review explores the varied contemporary evidence‐base in relation to the aetiology, diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of PCMO.
Poverty‐aware social work in the child protection system: A critical reflection on two single‐case studies
Authors: Saar‐Heiman Yuval
Published: April 2019

In recent years, scholarly writing that calls for the development of a new child protection framework that contextualizes risk and links it to poverty and social marginalization has increased. Nonetheless, there is a lack of research on the challenges of implementing such a framework in frontline practice. Based on the ongoing, rigorous documentation of the author's experience, as a social work practitioner in a community child protection centre, this article presents two single‐case studies that describe and conceptualize the potential contribution of the poverty‐aware paradigm to the creation of a social framework for child protection practice. Utilizing critical reflection as a method of analysis, the findings reveal two major tensions entwined in poverty‐aware child protection practice: the tension between focusing child protection interventions on parenting and focusing them on poverty and the tension between framing risk within a social context and framing it within the concept of the best interest of the child. Based on the case studies, seven poverty‐aware practices to cope with these tensions are identified.
Fourier Analysis of Correlated Monte Carlo Importance Sampling
Authors: Singh Gurprit , Subr Kartic , Coeurjolly David , Ostromoukhov Victor , Jarosz Wojciech
Published: April 2019

Fourier analysis is gaining popularity in image synthesis as a tool for the analysis of error in Monte Carlo (MC) integration. Still, existing tools are only able to analyse convergence under simplifying assumptions (such as randomized shifts) which are not applied in practice during rendering. We reformulate the expressions for bias and variance of sampling‐based integrators to unify non‐uniform sample distributions [importance sampling (IS)] as well as correlations between samples while respecting finite sampling domains. Our unified formulation hints at fundamental limitations of Fourier‐based tools in performing variance analysis for MC integration. At the same time, it reveals that, when combined with correlated sampling, IS can impact convergence rate by introducing or inhibiting discontinuities in the integrand. We demonstrate that the convergence of multiple importance sampling (MIS) is determined by the strategy which converges slowest and propose several simple approaches to overcome this limitation. We show that smoothing light boundaries (as commonly done in production to reduce variance) can improve (M)IS convergence (at a cost of introducing a small amount of bias) since it removesC0discontinuities within the integration domain. We also propose practical integrand‐ and sample‐mirroring approaches which cancel the impact of boundary discontinuities on the convergence rate of estimators.
The clinical and radiographic outcomes of Schneiderian membrane perforation without repair in sinus elevation surgery
Authors: Park Won‐Bae , Han Ji‐Young , Kang Philip , Momen‐Heravi Fatemeh
Published: April 2019

Background

The aim of this comparative study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of nonrepair of the perforated maxillary sinus membrane compared to the nonperforated cases.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective comparative study was performed by identifying all lateral window sinus augmentation procedures, which were done during a defined period. Demographic data, systemic diseases, and smoking habits of patients were recorded. Thickness of the Schneiderian membrane and the amount of residual bone before surgery were measured by cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). In case of perforation, no attempt was made to repair the membrane. Alloplast was used for bone augmentation. The thickness of the Schneiderian membrane and gained bone height were recorded using CBCT at the time of prosthesis delivery.

Results

Sixty‐three patients with 65 sinuses were included in this retrospective study. The rate of sinus perforation was 39%. There was a significant association between the presence of sinus pathoses before surgery and the occurrence of Schneiderian membrane perforation (P = 0.03). The Schneiderian membrane was significantly thicker in patients with perforation compared to the patients without perforation (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between the size of the perforation and the thickness of the Schneiderian membrane. Most of the perforations (83%) occurred at the mesial and middle part of the lateral window. The Schneiderian membrane thickness was decreased significantly in both groups after the sinus elevation procedure (P < 0.05). The bone graft height was stable over the follow‐up period in both groups (P > 0.05). There was no implant failure in any of the groups.

Conclusions

Nonrepair of the Schneiderian membrane perforation did not adversely affect the clinical and radiographical outcomes. There were higher intraoperative and postoperative complications in the nonrepair group.
Using cumulative human‐impact models to reveal global threat patterns for seahorses
Authors: Zhang Xiong , Vincent Amanda C. J.
Published: April 2019

Understanding threats acting on marine organisms and their conservation status is vital but challenging given a paucity of data. We studied the cumulative human impact (CHI) on and conservation status of seahorses (Hippocampus spp.)—a genus of rare and data‐poor marine fishes. With expert knowledge and relevant spatial data sets, we built linear‐additive models to assess and map the CHI of 12 anthropogenic stressors on 42 seahorse species. We examined the utility of indices of estimated impact (impact of each stressor and CHI) in predicting conservation status for species with random forest (RF) models. The CHI values for threatened species were significantly higher than those for nonthreatened species (category based on International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List). We derived high‐accuracy RF models (87% and 96%) that predicted that 5 of the 17 data‐deficient species were threatened. Demersal fishing practices with high bycatch and pollution were the best predictors of threat category. Major threat epicenters were in China, Southeast Asia, and Europe. Our results and maps of CHI may help guide global seahorse conservation and indicate that modeling and mapping human impacts can reveal threat patterns and conservation status for data‐poor species. We found that for exploring threat patterns of focal species, species‐level CHI models are better than existing ecosystem‐level CHI models.
Is Emotional Magnitude Spatialized? A Further Investigation
Authors: Holmes Kevin J. , Alcat Candelaria , Lourenco Stella F.
Published: April 2019

Accumulating evidence suggests that different magnitudes (e.g., number, size, and duration) are spatialized in the mind according to a common left–right metric, consistent with a generalized system for representing magnitude. A previous study conducted by two of us (Holmes & Lourenco, ) provided evidence that this metric extends to the processing of emotional magnitude, or the intensity of emotion expressed in faces. Recently, however, Pitt and Casasanto () showed that the earlier effects may have been driven by a left–right mapping of mouth size rather than emotional magnitude, and they found no evidence for an emotional magnitude mapping when using words as stimuli. Here, we report two new experiments that further examine these conclusions. In Experiment 1, using face stimuli with mouths occluded, we replicate the original finding: Less emotional faces were associated with the left and more emotional faces with the right. However, we also find that people can reliably infer the sizes of the occluded mouths, and that these inferred mouth sizes can explain the observed left–right mapping. In Experiment 2, we show that comparative judgments of emotional words yield a left–right mapping of emotional magnitude not attributable to stimulus confounds. Based on these findings, we concur with Pitt and Casasanto that faces pose challenges for isolating the forces driving spatialization, but we suggest that emotional magnitude, when assessed using unconfounded stimuli in a sufficiently sensitive task, may indeed be spatialized as originally proposed. Suggestions for further research on the spatialization of emotional magnitude are discussed.