bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Insecticides for Controlling Fruit Damage on Raspberry Caused by Beetles, Tarnished Plant Bug, and Slugs, 1989
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Travis J. W. , Rytter J. , Rebarchak G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Rock Springs Research Farm. The study was laid out as a completely randomized design with 7 treatments each replicated 4 times. Treatments consisted of 5 plants, spaced 3 feet apart. Data were obtained from samples taken from the center section of plots. Six 24′ sections of fruiting canes were sampled/plot and the total number of clusters determined. The number of clusters damaged by beetles, tarnished plant bug and slugs/total number of clusters were recorded. “Beetle damage” refers to damage by soldier beetle and/or Japanese beetle. The first series of sprays were applied 16 Jun using a CO2 Precision Boom Sprayer that delivered 72 gal/acre at 35 psi. The spray boom was equipped with twin fan nozzles (T.J. 60-1104 vs). On 18 Jul sprays were applied using a Meyers Boom Sprayer that was adjusted to deliver 72 gal/acre traveling 3 mph. Treatments in parentheses were applied on 25 May.
California Red Scale Control and Impact on Citrus Red Mite, 1988
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 8 replicates and 6 treatments was conducted in Field 5 of the University of California Citrus Research Center, Riverside, California. Individual plots were 6 rows wide by 6 trees long. The center 4 trees in each plot were the data trees and only half of each of the 4 trees was sampled for CRS or CRM. The half that was sampled was the half of each tree that faced the center of the plot. Six plots were assigned to each of the 8 experimental blocks based on pre-treatment infestation levels of CRS so that the 6 plots within each block had similar pre-treatment infestations of CRS and all plots within a block were of the same variety (lemon or orange). This resulted in 8 blocks of 6 plots; 5 of the blocks were in a planting of lemons and 3 blocks were in Valencia oranges, and within each block, the 6 plots had similar initial infestations of CRS. Each of the 6 plots within each block then was assigned randomly to a treatment so that each treatment was represented once in every block. Pre-treatment infestation of CRS was estimated in Jun by examining in situ 100 twigs (ca. 1-2 yr. old, ca. 9 in long) from each plot (25 twigs/data tree) and scoring the twigs as infested or not infested with live CRS (second instar or older). There were 2 post-treatment evaluations of CRS, in Oct-Nov, and in May ‘89. In each of these post-treatment evaluations, the infestation of CRS on twigs was measured as in the pre-treatment evaluation except that the sample size was 120 twigs/plot. Additionally, in each post-treatment evaluation, 120 fruit/plot were scored in situ as being infested with 0, 1-10, or > 10 live or dead CRS (any stage). Live and dead CRS were included in the fruit evaluation because scaly fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse regardless of whether the scale are live or dead. Infested fruit were divided into lightly infested (1-10 scale) or heavily infested (> 10 scale) because it generally takes 10 or more scale/fruit before they are downgraded in the packinghouse. Therefore, fruit evaluations that included live and dead CRS provided a measure of how well the treatments protected the fruit from becoming infested with CRS and subsequently downgraded in the packinghouse. Twig evaluations that included only live CRS provided a measure of how well the treatments reduced the population of CRS in the field. In addition to the evaluations of CRS in the plots, we also estimated the infestation of CRM, once in Nov and once in Mar. In the Nov evaluation, 120 leaves/plot (30/data tree) were examined, upper and lower surface, and scored as infested or not infested with adult female CRM. In the Mar ‘89 evaluation, the lower surfaces only of 120 leaves/plot were examined and the number of adult female CRM/leaf were recorded. CRM data was analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with treatment and variety (lemon vs. orange) as main effects.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1989
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Welker Robert , Potter Christine
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 6 single-tree plots (3 'Rome Beauty', 3 'Golden Delicious') of 35-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 4 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 19 Apr (prepink [PP]), 9 May (petal fall [PF]), 26 May (first cover [1C]), 10 Jun (second cover [2C]), 23 Jun (third cover [3C]), 8 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 25 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 8 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 23 Aug (seventh cover [7C]) and 6 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Dikar, Dodine, Folpet, Manzate 200, Rubigan, Solubor, and Streptomycin. Control of RAA was evaluated by counting colonies on each tree. The effect of treatments on WALH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Treatment effect on ERM was determined by sampling 33 leaves from the periphery of each 'Rome Beauty' tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Control of STLM was evaluated by counting mines observed in 5 min while walking around the periphery of each tree. The effect of treatments on fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 apples/treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 25 Sep. Fruit picked from 'Golden Delicious' trees were rated for finish on a scale of 0-5, 5 being worst.
Citrus Thrips Control, 1988
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides for control of CT were evaluated in Field 12 (18-yr-old Atwood Navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Ca. Pesticides were applied at petal fall (25 Apr), and/or various dates after petal fall with a hand-gun at 500 psi, outside coverage, 200 gal/acre. The field was sub-divided into 3 blocks with one replicate of each treatment within each block allocated randomly (except 3 replicates in each block for the untreated control); each replicate consisted of 4 trees. In the majority of plots, 10 outside fruit/tree from knee to eye level were picked and were sampled for CT infestation (any life stage) at 4 times during the critical (6 wk after petal fall) during which CT fruit scarring occurs (only 3 of the replicates were sampled in this way in the untreated check). CT fruit scarring counts were taken one month prior to harvest (on 15 Nov) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as; (a) none, (b) slight (any CT scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Citrus Thrips Control, 1989
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides for the control of CT were evaluated in Field 12 (19-yr-old Atwood navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, 200 gal/ acre. The field was divided into 3 blocks with one replicate of each treatment within each block allocated randomly (except 3 replicates in each block for the untreated control); each replicate consisted of 4 trees. In the control plots, 10 outside fruit/tree from knee to eye level were picked and were sampled for infestation with immature CT at 5 times during the critical period (the first 6 wk after petal fall) during which CT fruit scarring occurs. CT fruit scarring counts were taken one month prior to harvest (on 10 Oct) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as; (a) none, (b) slight (any CT scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Citrus Thrips Control, 20-Tree Plots, 1989
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides for control of CT were applied spring 1986-1989 in Field 14 (Fisher navel orange on Troyer rootstock planted May, 1982, mini-sprinkler irrigation, 18 ft × 18 ft spacing) at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied at petal fall and with some treatments, at 2 wk after petal fall, with a Bean hand sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, 200 gal/ acre. The field was divided into 4 blocks with one 20-tree replicate (5x4 trees, except the control in block 4, 3 × 10 trees, 30 trees total) of each treatment allocated randomly within each block in 1986 (once plots were assigned, the same treatment was used in each plot 1986 to 1989 except that Brigade replaced Spur and Danitol replaced Asana starting in 1988). CT fruit scarring counts were taken prior to harvest from the center 6 trees in each plot on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any CT scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars. CRS fruit infestation was monitored prior to harvest in 1988 (on 6 Dec) with all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level rated as (a) clean, (b) infested with 1-10 scale, or (c) >10 scale.
Timing Lorsban Applications for Crs Control, 1987
Authors: Walker G. P. , O’Connell N. V. , Aitken D. C. G. , Smith D.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 10 single-tree replicates and 11 treatments was conducted in a field of mature navel orange trees (2 varieties of navels were in the field: “Old Line Washington” and “Fisher”) in Field 63 at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station, Exeter, California. Each experimental tree was surrounded on all 4 sides by untreated border trees. Trees were assigned to 10 blocks of 11 trees each based on their pre-treatment infestation level of CRS, so that the 11 trees within each block had similar pre-treatment infestations of CRS. Each of the 11 trees in each block then was assigned randomly to a treatment so that each treatment was represented once in every block. Eight of the 11 treatments were different application dates for otherwise identical applications of Lorsban 4E (3/4 pt/100 gal) applied by, hand-held spray guns from both ground and tower positions at ca 500 psi and ca 17-19 gal/tree. Three of the 11 treatments were different application dates for otherwise identical applications of Lorsban 4E at a dilution of 3/8 pt/100 gal and applied as described for the other treatments. Pre-treatment (Mar) infestation of CRS on each tree was measured by in situ examination of 75 twigs (ca 1-2 yr old, and ca 9 inch long) and recording the presence or absence of live CRS. In 2 post-treatment evaluations (Dec and Mar ‘88), the infestation on 75 twigs/tree was determined in a similar manner, except that only adult females were included in the post-treatment evaluations. Additionally, in the post-treatment evaluations, up to 100 fruit/tree (100 were not always available, averages were 86 and 68 fruit/tree in the first and second post-treatment evaluations, respectively), were scored in situ as being infested with 0, 1-10, or >10 live or dead CRS. Infested fruit were categorized into those with more or less than 10 CRS/fruit because fruit are generally downgraded in the packinghouse when infested with approximately 10 or more scale. Also, both live and dead CRS are included in fruit evaluations because scaly fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse regardless of whether the scale are live or dead. Therefore, counts of live and dead CRS on fruit were used to assess how well a treatment protected the fruit from becoming infested and downgraded, while counts of live CRS on twigs were used to assess how well a treatment suppressed population growth. During the 3.5 month period that encompassed all the application dates, CRS phenology was monitored weekly with pheromone traps and crawler traps.
Control of Insect Pests on Fall Broccoli, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Packman’ broccoli seedlings were transplanted into a Lily sandy loam soil at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville on 29 Aug. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 3 rows × 15 ft spaced 36 inches between rows and 14 plants/row. Blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Insecticide treatments were applied on 29 Aug and 12 Sep using 2.5 gal compressed CO2 hand sprayers at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi. Flea beetle (FB) and cabbage looper (CL) counts were based on number of insects/14 plants. Yield was measured from the center row of each plot (equal plant population) on 24 Oct. Plots treated with Javelin and Dipel were sprayed only with Sevin SOS (1.5 lb (AI)/acre) for flea beetle control on 28 Aug.
Effect of Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Kurstaki on Lepidopterous Pests of Cabbage, 1989
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Eastman Catherine E. , Kinney Karl K.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted on 31 May into plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long, 15 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Bond adjuvant was used with all treatments except the USDA formulations and Ambush. Sprays were applied with 3 hollowcone nozzles (Teejet TXSS8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30.8 gal/acre (for USDA treatments = 20.4) at 50 psi. Sprays were applied on 30 Jun and 6, 13, 24, and 31 Jul. Two destructive samples (5 plants/plot) were taken 5 Jul and 27-30 Jul. Field populations of DBM were augmented from a laboratory colony before the first treatment application. Head yields and quality (10 plants/ plot) were determined at harvest. Insect counts were transformed by x + 0.5 for analysis.
Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Control, 1990
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with pretreatment counts as the blocking factor. There were 4 single-tree replicates/ treatment. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Per-acre rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. The dates of applications were 31 Jul (early); 10 Aug (mid); and 22 Aug (late). Stage distribution of nymphal instars on the 3 spray dates were as follows; early, lst-3rd 77%, 4th-5th 23%; mid, lst-3rd 53%, 4th-5th 47%; late, lst-3rd 25%, 4th-5th 75%. Leafhopper nymph densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 randomly selected leaves/tree (80 leaves/treatment). Counts were taken at about 1-wk intervals.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potato, 1987
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Cox David L. , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John
Published: March 2022

The trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landisville, Pa. Certified class B 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 30 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 34 inches between rows. Plot were 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received Temik at planting, however, no foliar treatment was applied to the plot. The foliar insecticides were applied on 24 Jun, 16, 30 Jul, and 11 Aug with a George White boom sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi. Border rows were sprayed with Asana (0.0735 lb [AI]/acre) on 26 Jun by hand, and with the boom sprayer on later dates. A Tx-18 type spray nozzle with a 50 mesh screen was used, with the tractor speed at 3 mph. Ten stems per plot were sampled immediately before and 24 h after spraying, with all stages of Colorado potato beetle being sampled. A subjective damage index was implemented beginning on 2 Jul: 1 indicating 0-5% leaf loss to 5 indicating >75% defoliation. Two 25 ft rows/plot were harvested on 25 Sep, and graded by size 2 weeks later. Average maximum and minimum daily temperatures (degree fahrenheit) were 76.2° and 49.3° for May, 89.6° and 59.1° for Jun, 89.0° and 63.5° for Jul, and 85.5° and 58.5° for Aug, respectively. Rainfall totals were 3.62 inches in May, 1.88 inches in Jun, 2.85 inches in Jul, and 1.99 inches in Aug. Precipitation for May was 0.04 inches above normal. Jun precipitation was 2.22 inches below normal. Jul precipitation was 1.52 inches below normal. Aug precipitation was 1.62 inches below normal. A factor affecting the trials was drought stress (precipitation for May through Aug was 5.32 inches below normal).
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays, 1990
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots were established in a potato field on the UI Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by furrow. Twelve treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Twenty gal of finished spray were applied (using 30 psi and X-8 [Spraying Systems] hollow cone nozzles) to all but the Kryocide plots. Kryocide was applied using 50 gal/A. Pretreatment counts were made and the first insecticide treatments were applied 20 Jun. A second spray was applied to all but the Asana plots on 27 Jun. All stages of beetles were counted using whole plant inspections of the center ten hills of the center two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range test.
Apple, Mite Airblast Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of 'Yorking' and 2 replicates of 'Golden Delicious'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 17 yr old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph except for Morestan which was applied at 75 gal/acre. A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Nova, Guthion, Lannate, and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator SP was observed by making 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Pest pressure was moderate. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11—25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1989
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 2 Mar, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand held CO2-powered sprayer on 28 Mar, 4, 11, 17, 25 Apr, 1, 9, 16, and 22 May. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 65 gpa the first two sprays, 90 gal/acre the next 2 sprays, 105 gal/acre the fifth spray, and 120 gal/acre for the remaining sprays. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Fruit were harvested on 30 May and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer) and the tomato pinworm were determined.
Sweetpotato Whitefly and Leafminer Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes in Southwest Florida, Spring 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. , Arnold Calvin E.
Published: March 2022

On 15 Feb, transplants were set 15 inches apart on raised beds of Immokalee fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 6-ft centers. Treatments consisted of alternations of insecticides and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 13, 16, 20, 23, 27, 31 Mar, 3, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 24, 27 Apr, 1, 4, 8, 11, 16 and 19 May. The sprayer was operated at 150 psi and treated all 3 rows simultaneously. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the no. of nozzles/row or changing tractor speed. Thus, the sprayer delivered 40 gal/acre the first five sprays (4 nozzles/row), 60 gal/acre the sixth spray (4 nozzles), 70 gal/acre the seventh, eighth and ninth sprays (4 nozzles, slower tractor speed) and 80 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). Each nozzle was fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. To control lepidopterous larvae, Lannate L was applied at 2 pt/100 gal (60 gal/acre) on 29 Mar and Lannate LV was applied at 24 oz/100 gal (80 gal/acre) on 4 and 19 May. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 25 Apr and 8 May. The numbers of large (>0.5 inch long) and small leafmines (°0.5 inch) and the numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. A sample of about 25 lbs of mature green fruit was harvested on 8 and 23 May. Fruit were exposed to about 100 ppm of ethylene at 70°F and 90% RH for 4-5 d. After about another week, fruit were rated 1-4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit. Each fruit was cut transversely and rated 1-5 for increasing severity of internal white tissue. Although white tissue is normally present in certain commercially grown tomato cultivars, the amount of white tissue is increased by populations of the sweetpotato whitefly.
Control of Armyworm Larvae on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1989
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 8 Sep, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand held CO2-powered sprayer on 17, 24, 31 Oct, 7, 14, 21, 28 Nov and 5 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 90 gal/acre on the first spray, 105 gal/acre the next three sprays, 115 gal/acre the next three sprays, and 120 gal/acre for the final spray. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Fruit were harvested on 7 Dec and the numbers and weight of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer) were determined.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly and Associated Disorders on Staked Tomato, 1989
Authors: Stansly P. A.
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes spaced at 18 inches were transplanted on 7 Aug in 3-row plots 24 ft long on 3 raised soil beds (6-ft centers) which were fumigated with 13.5 gal/acre Vorlex and covered with plastic mulch. The experimental design was completely randomized with 5 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Manzate 200 (1.5 lb/acre) and Tri-Basic Copper (3 lb/acre) were applied weekly, and Javelin SC at 1.2 qt/acre was applied twice to control Spodoptera spp. Insecticide applications began 13 Oct and continued weekly for 6 wk using a tractor mounted boom sprayer delivering 150-200 lb/inch2 to 4 drop lines with a maximum of 24 T-jet hollow cone nozzles fitted with brass TLX-3 80° tips and 100 mesh stainless steel strainers with check valves. An adjuvant (Induce at 1 pt/100 gal) was applied as an adjuvant with all treatments including the control. Whitefly immatures were counted on the terminal leaflet of the 6th, 7th and 8th leaf from the top on 9 randomly selected plants/plot. Plants affected by geminivirus were marked as symptoms appeared. All fruit of commercial size were harvested on 21 Nov and 4 Dec, graded for quality and size and weighed. Fruit were held for 4 d in ethylene (5 ppm), and sorted according to degree of ripeness. Fruit that were still between 10% and 50% green were considered "irregular" in ripeness. Yield values was assessed according to 8 Dec 1989 prices irrespective of irregular ripening.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, Missouri, 1990
Authors: Becker S. A. , Bailey W. C.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on 1-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Missouri South Farm located just east of Columbia. Treatments were applied 30 Apr using tractor-mounted spray equipment calibrated to deliver 17.5 gal/acre at 20 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots measuring 20 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples of pretreatment and 7, 14, and 21 DAT were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 8 inches tall at the time of treatment. Precipitation fell on 10 d during the study and totaled 9.0 inches. First precipitation occurred 72 h after application. Data were transformed by X + 0.5 for analysis, but means of actual counts are used in the table.
Potato Leafhopper Control, Missouri, 1989
Authors: Becker S. A. , Bailey W. C. , Arne C. N.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on a 3-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Missouri Wurdack Farm located near Cook Station in Crawford county. Treatments were applied 2 Jul using tractor-mounted spray equipment calibrated to deliver 16.5 gal/ acre at 20 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots measuring 20 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples of 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 3 inches tall at time of treatment. Precipitation fell on 8 d during the study and totaled 2.7 inches. Data were transformed by X + 0.5 for analysis, but means of actual counts are shown in the table.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1990
Authors: Karner Mile. , Smith L. D. , Goodson Jerr.
Published: March 2022

Two trials were conducted in southwest Okla. to determine efficacy of several foliar sprays for AW larvae. Test 1 was applied on 15 Mar on a 4-year-old stand of “OK-08” alfalfa in Tillman County near Tipton, OK. Test 2 was applied on 22 Mar on a 4-year-stand of “Buffalo” alfalfa in Jackson county near Altus, Okla. Insecticides were applied using a ground rig with a 15-ft boom that was calibrated to deliver 12.0 gal/ acre at 28 psi. Plots were 15 × 100 ft. and arranged in a randomized complete block design of 3 replicates. Larval densities were determined at 4 intervals following treatment by collecting 10 stems from each plot and extracting larvae with Berlese funnels. Yield estimates were also taken 28 DAT.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Illinois, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey Kevin L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 2-yr-old stand during the first alfalfa period at the Foundation Shaw Farm, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Plots were 40 × 50 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 21 May from a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 18.7 gal/acre at 30 psi through a 20-ft boom equipped with flat fan nozzles (Teejet XR8002) spaced 20 inches apart. AW abundance was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot at 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 DAT. Alfalfa stem length and plant maturity (n = 30) were recorded at harvest. Forage yield was determined from a 3.2 × 45 ft swath taken from each plot on 14 Jun. Subsamples of the strip-harvested hay were used to determine yield and crude protein.
Use of Labeled Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Insects in Wisconsin, 1990
Authors: Wedberg Joh. , Jensen Brya.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 12 × 15 m were established in a field of ‘Garst 630’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design, and applied on 16 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat fan nozzles delivering 235 liters of finished spray/ha at 40 psi when driven at 2.6 mph. The insecticide-impregnated dry fertilizer was prepared by placing the dry fertilizer in plastic bag and slowly spraying the formulated insecticide with a hand mist sprayer onto the fertilizer while mixing periodically to ensure uniformity. This mixture was then applied with a push-type broadcast spreader in a checkerboard pattern to ensure proper coverage. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diam sweep net.
Aphid Control and Yield in Canola, 1990
Authors: Montandon R. , Slosser J. E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for control of mixed populations of aphids in canola at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Munday, Tex. Canola was planted 26 Sep ‘89 in 20 × 27 ft test plots (10-inch row spacing). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 3 times. Treatment occurred on 2 Apr when aphids were observed on aerial plant parts, and prior to pod formation by the plants. Sprays were applied with a boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 13.3 gal/acre at 40 psi. Sampling occurred immediately prior to the first treatment, and 3 and 7 DAT. Effectiveness of the sprays was evaluated by examining 50 terminals in each plot for % aphid infestation and 50 for level of infestation. Infestation level ratings were based on a 0-3 point scale (0 = no aphids, 1 = 1-10 aphids, 2 = 10-25 aphids, 3 = >25 aphids/terminal). Effect of treatments on yield was determined by weighing seed harvested from 52 row ft on 29 May.
Application Timing and Corn Rootworm Control, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E.
Published: March 2022

The test plot was planted 9 May in a trap crop field. Selected soil insecticides were applied at planting and first cultivation at Urbana, 111. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment consisted of a single 100-ft row; rows were 30 inches apart. Granular insecticides applied at planting were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere, 7000 series, 4-row max-emergence planter). Planting-time granules were applied in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter and were incorporated into the soil. Granules applied at cultivation (25 Jun) were delivered with Noble metering units mounted in brackets on the cultivator. These treatments were side-dressed with drop tubes on either side of the row at the base of the plants and were then covered with soil by cultivator shovels. Liquid Furadan 4 F was applied at cultivation time with equipment calibrated to deliver 52 gal/acre at 30 psi and a speed of 4 mph. Spray was applied through 2 flat fan nozzles (Teejet 8004E) mounted on either side of the row to be treated. The insecticide was then incorporated into the soil with the cultivator shovels.
Control of Wireworms with Soil Insecticides and Seed Treatments, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey Kevin L. , Gray Mike E.
Published: March 2022

We established 2 wireworm trials in field corn, one at Assumption (Christian County) and the other at Hutsonville (Crawford County). The Assumption site had been a permanent pasture until 10 yr ago, and wireworms have been a problem for the last 6 yr. Three wireworm baits (each a 2-oz mixture of wheat and corn buried 4-6 inches deep) were placed in this field in early spring. An average of 4 wireworms/bait station was found in the germinating seed-baits 3 wk after baiting. The Hutsonville site had been used as set-aside acreage in 1987 and had been planted to soybeans and corn in 1988 and 1989, respectively. An average of 12 wireworms was found in each of the 3 bait stations in this field. The experimental designs were randomized complete block with 4 replications at Assumption and 6 at Hutsonville. Treatments were applied to single rows (50-ft long at Assumption and 85-ft long at Hutsonville) with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied with Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere 7000 series, 4-row max-emergence planter). Granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7- inch band ahead of the firming wheels and were incorporated into the soil. Seed treatments were mixed with seed on the day of planting. Following corn emergence, stand counts (in 17.3 ft of row) and 2 trench soil samples were taken from each plot. A soil sample consisted of a trench of soil 3.3 ft (length) × 4 inches (width) × 4 inches (depth) that was removed and sifted from each row. The number of live wireworm larvae was recorded for each trench sample. In addition, seeds/seedlings in each 3.3 ft of row were examined for wireworm damage and rated according to the following scale; (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, with plant showing some signs of stress, and (4) seed/seedling damaged, with no plant establishment. The percentage of damaged plants was calculated from the rating scale. Before ANOVA, wireworm data were transformed by square root (x + 0.5) and percent damage data were transformed by arcsine [square root (%/100)]. Untransformed data are presented.
Control of Southern Corn Billhug in Field Corn, 1990
Authors: Roberts P. M. , All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P.
Published: March 2022

Corn seed was planted on 16 Apr at the Southeastern Branch Experiment Station, Burke County. Soil type was a Marlboro sandy loam. A randomized complete block design was used with 2-row plots × 20 ft long × 38 inch row width with 3 ft alleys and 6 replications. Granules were applied in a 15-cm band at planting. All plants in each plot were examined for southern corn billbug damage on 2, 9, and 16 May. Yield was determined by harvesting all ears in each plot on 4 Sep.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1990
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Granular insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in two fields in west central Nebr. Insecticides were applied to Field I at planting on 18 May with application boxes on a John Deere Max-emerge planter. Two replications of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. T-Band applications were made in a 7.0 inch band in front of the press wheel. Banded applications were made by applying a 7.0 inch band behind the press wheel. In-furrow applications were made by applying insecticide directly into the seed furrow. Corn variety for Field I was undetermined at time of writing. Insecticides were applied to Field II at the time of irrigation furrow construction, 27 Jun, to the base of the plants, with International Harvester boxes on a Hawkins/Bridger ditching unit. Treatments in Field II were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were evaluated 13 Jul by rating washed roots, using the 1-6 Iowa State root rating scale, of 4 plants from each treatment.
Evaluation of In-Furrow Insecticides for Early Season Thrips Control on Cotton in Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T.
Published: March 2022

Eleven treatments were evaluated for thrips control on cotton planted 25 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures at planting were 23.0 and 23.7°C, respectively, and soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 4 rows x 50 ft (38 inch centers) arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with four replications. Granular materials were applied by a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as the carrier for sprayed insecticides. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples were collected on 6, 12, 21 and 27 Jun. Plants were washed with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular microscope. Rainfall between the planting date and 27 Jun totaled 5.09 inches. Boll counts were made on 26 Sep. The center 2 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 9 Oct.
Ovo-Larvicidal Activity of Curacron From Different Spray Droplet Attributes, 1990
Authors: Kirk I. W. , House V. S.
Published: March 2022

Curacron applied at 3 rates with 2 nozzle types was evaluated for % mortality of TBW eggs and neonate larvae and percent control of fruit damage by the neonate larvae. Cotton plants were grown in the greenhouse, 2 plants/pot, to average heights of 17-21 inches. TBW eggs (0-24 h old) were collected from a susceptible strain of laboratory reared moths and transferred to the cotton plants with a small water-moistened brush. Plants were sprayed in a laboratory spray chamber and then returned to the greenhouse for further treatment and evaluation. A factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the effect of droplet size and density and rate of Curacron on control of TBW eggs, neonate larvae, and fruit damage. Target droplet sizes, Dv0.3, of 285 and 180 μm with corresponding droplet densities of 25 and 70 drops/cm2 were obtained in preliminary screening of selected sections of the spray plume of Spraying Systems 8002E and 650033 nozzles, respectively. Rates were 0.057, 0.125, and 0.250 lb/acre in spray deposit rates of 1.12 and 2.28 gal/acre for the 650033 and 8002E nozzles, respectively. Nine eggs were placed on each of 3 fully expanded terminal leaves of each plant in each pot prior to spraying (54 eggs/pot). Eggs were similarly placed on other sprayed plants 1 and 2 DAT. This 2 × 3 × 3 (nozzle × rate × days posttreatment) experiment with 3 replications was conducted in triplicate. Six d after egg placement, the plants were examined for egg hatch, larval mortality, and fruit damage. The percentage eggs hatched, percentage larval recovery from hatched eggs, and percentage damaged fruit were converted to percent mortality and percent damage compared to an untreated check by Abbott's formula. Data were transformed by arcsine x prior to ANOVA and DMRT.
Early Season Insect Control with Infurrow Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W.
Published: March 2022

The insecticidal efficacy, effects on plant growth and yields of selected insecticide treatments applied as in-furrow sprays was compared to that for Temik 15 G. Cotton was planted in a Gigger Silt Loam on 24 Apr with a John Deere 7100 planter modified to apply pesticides through a granular applicator hopper boxes or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. Infurrow sprays were applied with a COa charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through Teejet 8003 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 52 psi. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 40-inch centers × 65-ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Numbers of thrips and aphids were determined by sampling 10 plants on 16 and 25 May using whole-plant washing procedures. Plant stand, leaf area and plant height were measured on 15, 21 and 28 May, respectively. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 middle rows of each plot on 24 Sep and 10 Oct. All plots received Terraclor Super-X (10 lb form./acre) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season.
Late-Season Control of the Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex, 1990
Authors: Micinski S. , Kirby M. L. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides and 6 insecticide combinations were evaluated late season at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La., to determine the efficacy of the selected treatments in controlling the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 8 Jun on 1.02-m centers. Plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of finished spray solution/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatments were applied on 24 and 30 Aug, and 6 Sep. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed on the entire test area until 9 Aug, when all insecticide sprays were terminated. Insect levels and plant damage were monitored 3—5 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot.
Evaluation of In-Furrow and Side-Dress Insecticide Applications for Thrips and Aphid Control on Cotton, 1990
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Brown Paul H. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen treatments were evaluated for thrips and aphid control on cotton planted 17 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures were 24.6 and 22.2°C, respectively, and soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 12 rows by 50 ft (38 inch centers) arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with 4 replications. Granular material was applied by a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes. Liquid treatments were applied at planting by use of a CO2-powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a volume of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as the carrier for sprayed insecticides. Five treatments received an additional application by side-dressing and 2 treatments received only the side-dressing application. Sidedressing was applied 27 Jun, 2 inches deep by using a John Deere planter offset 8 inches from the seed furrow and with 1 press wheel removed. Liquids were applied at 10 gal/acre. Insect samples were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from the center 4 rows of each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples for thrips on seedling cotton were collected 24 May, 1, 7, 12 and 19 Jun. Plants were washed with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Insects were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular microscope. Sampling for aphids after 19 Jun was accomplished by counting insects on each of 10 leaves picked at random in the center 4 rows of each plot from 3 levels of the plant canopy, the fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, a leaf arising from the mainstem Vi of the plant height down the plant from the terminal, and a leaf near the bottom of the plant. Rainfall between the planting date and 19 Jun totaled 6.03 inches. Rainfall between 27 Jun and 19 Jul was 3.65 inches. The center 4 rows of all plots were mechanically harvested 9 Oct. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. An application of Thiodan at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied 3 Jul to reduce aphids because control from the side-dressing was not noticeable.
Thrips Control in Peanuts, 1989
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Jackson County, Fla., planted 18 May. Plot size was 4 rows × 20 ft with a 36-inch row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Granular treatments were applied at planting in a 7-inch band over the row, by using a Gandy applicator attached to the planter. In-furrow insecticides were released between the seed furrow openers and the press wheels. The banded insecticide treatment was released after the press wheel but before a drag chain. Spray insecticide treatments were applied 6 Jun with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3, D3 nozzles/row. These chemicals were applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each untreated control and granular insecticide plot on 1 Jun and in plots of all treatments on 12, 15, and 22 Jun. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 terminal buds randomly selected from the 2 outer rows of a plot on each sample date. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 × dissecting scope.
Corn Earworm Control in 'Nc T Peanut in Virginia, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CEW in cv. NC 7 virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, Va. Peanuts were planted 2 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Temik 15 G at 1 lb (AI)/acre was applied in-furrow at planting. Test treatments were applied on 20 Aug using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation/acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 DAT by comparing numbers of small, medium and large-sized CEW larvae, corresponding to lst-2nd, 3rd-4th and 5th-6th instar groupings, respectively, per 3 row-ft. Pretreatment means were determined from four 3 row-ft samples per replicate taken before treatments were applied on 20 Aug. Yield was determined by digging, combining (28 Sep), drying and weighing peanuts from the two center rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Corn Earworms and Fall Armyworms on Peanuts, 1990
Authors: Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled peanut at the Wiregrass Substation in Headland, Ala. Eight treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 15 ft alley. Treatments were applied in water on 26 Jul using a boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX3 nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8.3 gal/acre. Insect populations were monitored by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between 2 randomly selected rows and by beating both rows. Samples were taken at 1 hr before treatment and at four and seven DAT.