bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational, Gender, and Geographic Representation of Information Sources in U.S. and Canadian Business Magazines
Authors: McShane Steven L.
Published: December 2011

This study evaluated the occupational, gender, and geographic representation of 1,404 information sources in a large sample of feature articles of the four leading U.S. and Canadian business magazines: Fortune, Business Week, Canadian Business, and Report on Business Magazine. The results indicate that business magazine journalists rely heavily on senior executives, whereas government officials and lower level employees are seldom included as information sources. Using affirmative action utilization analysis, the study determined that female sources are significantly underrepresented in most occupational groups. U.S. business magazines significantly overrepresent sources in the Mid-Atlantic relative to the corporate head offices and labor force in that region, while underrepresenting the Midwestern and Southwestern regions. Canadian publications overwhelmingly use Ontario sources, while underrepresenting sources from Quebec and the Prairies. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of elite power and production constraints on representative journalism.
Images of Rosie: A Content Analysis of Women Workers in American Magazine Advertising, 1940–1946
Authors: Lewis Charles , Neville John
Published: December 2011

This study, based on a content analysis of magazine advertising images of women during the World War II era, has two purposes. One is to help determine whether advertisers made a concerted change in their shaping of women's images during and after World War II. The other purpose is to indicate further research on the topic of women and advertising during the war years. This examination is an initial attempt to better explain the relationship between the advertising industry, the actual “reality” of working women, and sociocultural constructions of female gender identity immediately before, during, and immediately following World War II.
A Longitudinal Study of Agenda Setting for the Issue of Environmental Pollution
Authors: Ader Christine R.
Published: December 2011

This study found that the agenda-setting hypothesis was supported for the issue of pollution from 1970 to 1990. Real-world conditions and the public agenda were not correlated for this issue. Additionally, despite the overall reduction in pollution, media coverage has increased. However, for waste pollution there was a positive correlation found between the media agenda and real-world conditions.
Did the “Magic” Work? Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis
Authors: Wanta Wayne , Elliott William R.
Published: December 2011

The knowledge gap hypothesis, which argues that individuals with higher levels of education are able to process and understand information in the news media better than those with less education and thus learn more from news accounts, was examined on the topic of AIDS through a two-wave trend study. Wave one was completed in March 1991 and wave two was completed in November 1991 in the ten days immediately following Magic Johnson's announcement that he had tested positive for HIV. The hypothesis was not supported. The initial knowledge gap found in wave one between high- and low-educated individuals remained relatively constant in wave two. However, lower educated individuals did increase their knowledge of HIV dramatically as a proportion of the knowledge held by better educated groups. Thus, all individuals moved from fairly low knowledge levels equally to higher levels, but the knowledge gap narrowed as a proportion of the difference between high and low education groups.
Sample Size in Content Analysis of Weekly Newspapers
Authors: Lacy Stephen , Robinson Kay , Riffe Daniel
Published: December 2011

Weeklies, although increasing in circulation, have rarely been studied as a source of information. These authors review the research on sampling for daily newspapers and explore various sampling techniques for weekly newspapers.
Theory of Synesthesia Applied to Persuasion in Print Advertising Headlines
Authors: Nelson Michelle R. , Hitchon Jacqueline C.
Published: December 2011

Synesthetic metaphors are prevalent historically in popular culture, including advertising. Such metaphors equate sense A to sense B, such as hearing to sight, as demonstrated in the advertising headline, “Can't You Just Hear This Color?” In clinical terms, synesthesia is a rare condition in which stimulation of one sense produces an involuntary perception in another. For example, a person actually sees vivid, corresponding colors when listening to sound. Although awareness of synesthesia began with the study of synesthetes, the general population can enjoy a synesthetic experience metaphorically. As a consequence of its clinical roots, psychological implications, and aesthetic impact, synesthesia has received attention in diverse disciplines. The experiment reported here tests hypotheses regarding the persuasive impact of synesthetic metaphor in print advertising headlines. Findings suggest that in some circumstances, synesthetic headlines produce less, rather than more, favorable attitudes toward the advertisement and brand than literal equivalents.
Community Ties and Dependence on Media for Public Affairs
Authors: Emig Arthur G.
Published: December 2011

This report of a telephone survey of 373 respondents indicates a significant relationship between those individuals who demonstrate strong community ties and those who use certain types of media. The study, which measured several different kinds of community ties, also found that media user types were most likely to differ in terms of their ties to community processes. The author calls for future research to sort out which community ties are antecedents to and which are consequences of media use.
Suffragist: The Making of a Militant
Authors: Lumsden Linda
Published: December 2011

The Suffragist newspaper performed several important functions for its publisher, the National Woman's Party, which picketed the White House in 1917 to protest for votes for women. The newspaper gave women a voice, offered them community, kept the suffrage issue alive during wartime, legitimized the demand for a federal suffrage amendment, and advanced the NWP viewpoint regarding the controversial pickets. Suffragist became more militant as suppression of the pickets intensified and was a key factor in the NWP's eventual successful confrontation with the White House and American patriarchal political power. This early example of the twentieth-century feminist press used vivid and impassioned reporting, dramatic photographs, righteous editorials, republican rhetoric, clever illustrations, and emotional first-person accounts by imprisoned suffrage pickets to make its case.
Predictors of Viewing and Enjoyment of Reality-Based and Fictional Crime Shows
Authors: Oliver Mary Beth , Armstrong G. Blake
Published: December 2011

Telephone surveys were conducted in Virginia and Wisconsin to explore attitudinal predictors of exposure to and enjoyment of reality-based and fictional crime programs. Punitive attitudes about crime, higher levels of racial prejudice, and higher levels of authoritarianism were associated with more frequent viewing and greater enjoyment of reality-based programming, but were unrelated to enjoyment of fictional programming. Reality-based viewing and enjoyment were also more common among younger respondents, respondents with lower levels of education, and respondents who were heavier television viewers.
The Corporate Plaintiff as Public Figure
Authors: Bunker Matthew D.
Published: December 2011

With the constitutionalization of libel law, an increasingly important issue for the press has been which defamation plaintiffs will be regarded by courts as public figures. Public figure status carries with it a significantly higher level of fault - actual malice - than that which most private figure plaintiffs must demonstrate. One persistent question has been how the status question should be decided when the plaintiff is a corporation rather than a natural person. This study analyzes recent case law and formulates a tentative solution to the corporate public figure problem.
Remembering the News: Effects of Medium and Message Discrepancy on News Recall over Time
Authors: Wicks Robert H.
Published: December 2011

This article suggests a theoretical explanation of the processes related to recall and learning of media news information. It does so by linking the concepts of schematic thinking and the Search of Associative Memory (SAM) to the variable of time. It argues that learning from the news may be better than many recent studies suggest. Although humans may have trouble recalling discrete news stories in recall examinations, it seems likely that they acquire “common knowledge” from the news media. Time is an important variable in helping people to remember news if they use it to think about new information in the context of previously stored knowledge.
The New News and the 1992 Presidential Campaign: Perceived vs. Actual Political Knowledge
Authors: Hollander Barry A.
Published: December 2011

Nontraditional news coverage, the so-called new news, emerged as a major factor in the 1992 presidential campaign. Little is known, however, about whether attention to the political content of such programs informs the public or simply provides the perception of being informed. Analysis of survey data reveals that attention to MTV and late-night programs is either unrelated to or negatively impacts campaign knowledge. Attention to talk shows is positively related to knowledge. While respondents perceive themselves as being informed by talk shows, for the less educated such attention is unrelated to campaign knowledge.
Picturing the Gulf War: Constructing an Image of War in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report
Authors: Griffin Michael , Lee Jongsoo
Published: December 2011

Despite numerous commentaries on Gulf War reporting, there has been little systematic analysis of the visual depiction of the war. This study reports the findings of a visual content analysis of 1,104 war-related pictures appearing in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report during “Desert Storm.” The analysis indicates that a narrowly limited range of images, with a special emphasis on cataloguing military weaponry and technology, dominated the pictorial coverage. Moreover, the scarcity of pictures depicting ongoing events in the Gulf contradicts the impression of first-hand media coverage promoted during the conflict.
The “Not-So-Genial” Conspiracy: The New York Times and Six Presidential “Honeymoons,” 1953–1993
Authors: Hughes William J.
Published: December 2011

Scholars and political actors generally believe that presidents enjoy a period of sanguine rapport with the press gallery during a honeymoon of about two months at the beginning of each new administration. The honeymoon is characterized by a minimum of hostile questions by reporters and relatively gentle media treatment of the new president. However, this content analysis of front-page headlines in the New York Times during the first 100 days of the Eisenhower, Kennedy, Nixon, Carter, Reagan, and Clinton administrations suggests that all honeymoons are not equal.
How Pagination Affects Job Satisfaction of Editors
Authors: Stamm Keith , Underwood Doug , Giffard Anthony
Published: December 2011

A survey of 187 editors at 13 Northwest newspapers found, contrary to anecdotal reports, that pagination is not responsible for widespread anger and unhappiness in newsrooms. The study found that pagination makes both positive and negative contributions to job satisfaction. Most of the editors still took pride in their newspapers and found editing a satisfying line of work despite changes in editing tasks brought on by pagination.
The Invisible Woman: Female Sports Journalists in the Workplace
Authors: Miller Phyllis , Miller Randy
Published: December 2011

This research explores the experiences of women journalists working in sports, focusing on four areas of potential problems: condescension in the workplace, equal opportunity in the workplace, perceived performance, and job satisfaction. The results of the study indicate that although females are appearing in sports newsrooms across the nation in increasing numbers, women feel they are, in many ways, invisible to their colleagues, expected to know less and accept more menial assignments, while being the target of sexist language. In spite of the discrimination, approximately three-fourths of the respondents said that they are satisfied with their jobs.
The Impact of Need for Cognition on Thinking About Free Speech Issues
Authors: Thompson Margaret E.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the way that need for cognition (NFC) affects thinking about free speech issues. Past research has shown a large disparity between general support for abstract principles of free speech and willingness to apply those principles in specific situations. The results of this study show a smaller tolerance disparity for high NFC respondents; they are more likely to apply free speech principles in forming opinions in specific issue situations.
What's Bad in an Ad: Thirty Years of Opinion from Ad Age's “Ads-We-Can-Do-Without” Letters
Authors: Bergh Bruce G. Vanden , Rifon Nora J. , Ziske Molly Catherine
Published: December 2011

Advertising practitioners' criticism of ad content was studied through the lens of Advertising Age's ads-we-can-do-without letters for a thirty-year period from 1962 to 1992. A content analysis of 404 complaint letters and accompanying ads found significant changes in practitioner criticism as we movefrom the 1960s to the 1970s. The 1960s produced significantly more complaints about executional errors while the 1970s was a time of heightened concern about the negative social impact of sex, violence, and vulgarity in ads. Concern about sexually- related content and vulgarity continued through the 1980s but appeared to drop off significantly in the 1990s.
The Salience and Pertinence of Ethics: When Journalists do and Don't Think for themselves
Authors: White H. Allen
Published: December 2011

An experiment applied Carter's Paradigm of Affective Relations and Kelman's Functional Theory to journalism ethics. Two ways of making ethical decisions were studied. One way, the use of internalized ethical orientations, was found to be a highly salient way of resolving ethical dilemmas, one that would lead to consistent ethical decision making across situations. The second way, following ethical guides, was found to be a less salient way of ethical decision making. Following ethical guides, however, was found to be pertinent to ethical situations if the guides and situations shared attributes.
Predictors of State Legislators' Attitudes toward Public Affairs Television in the State Capital
Authors: Sussman Glen
Published: December 2011

Television programming is one means by which citizens gain access to the halls of government. A survey of state legislators finds that lawmakers generally support expanding television coverage of legislative proceedings to include gavel-to-gavel programming. Among the fifteen independent variables employed in this study to predict legislators' views, “public factors” - public confidence in the legislative institution and citizens' preference for more coverage - had the greatest impact on legislators' attitudes toward gavel-to-gavel public affairs programming. Overall, the findings are encouraging in terms of opening up the political process to citizens.
How Editors and Readers Rank and Rate the Importance of Eighteen Traditional Standards of Newspaper Excellence
Authors: Gladney George Albert
Published: December 2011

This survey explores whether readers and editors agree on what makes a good newspaper. The results show that readers and editors of newspapers agree on the importance of many traditional journalistic standards, such as integrity, impartiality, editorial independence, strong local news coverage, accuracy, and good writing. However, readers do not value professional staffing goals and enterprise reporting as highly as do editors, particularly editors at larger newspapers. Other results of this study more finely distinguish differences between editors and readers at newspapers of different circulation sizes.
Looking through Gendered Lenses: Female Stereotyping in Advertisements and Gender Role Expectations
Authors: Lafky Sue , Duffy Margaret , Steinmaus Mary , Berkowitz Dan
Published: December 2011

This study applied cognitive heuristics theory to the study of gender role stereotyping. Seventy-five high school students viewed magazine advertisements with stereotypical images of women, while fifty others viewed nonstereotypical images. Both groups then responded to statements concerning a woman in a “neutral” photograph. Differences in gender role expectations were found for six of the twelve questionnaire statements, although differences were not consistently related to either gender or experimental treatment. While the effects documented in this experiment were not dramatic, the results provide further evidence that even brief exposure to stereotypical advertisements plays a role in reinforcing stereotypes about gender roles and that what Sandra Bem has described as the lenses of gender lead to differences in the ways males and females cognitively process visual advertising images.
The Impact of Traditional and Nontraditional Media Forms in the 1992 Presidential Election
Authors: McLeod Jack M. , Guo Zhongshi , Daily Katie , Steele Catherine A. , Huang Huiping , Horowitz Edward , Chen Huailin
Published: December 2011

Data collected from two surveys in 1992, one cross-sectional and one two-wave panel, are used to examine the predictive patterns of traditional and nontraditional media forms on people's campaign interest, campaign information processing strategies, campaign participation, knowledge of candidates' issue positions, affect and image favorability toward candidates, perceived votes for candidates, and issue salience. Applying three incremental levels of controls, nontraditional media were found to have the strongest impact on labile characteristics (e.g., campaign interest) and weakest impact on criteria more difficult to alter, such as knowledge of candidates' issue positions. Traditional media forms continue to have a potent influence greater than that of nontraditional media forms on the campaign.
Journalism Labor Force Supply and Demand: Is Oversupply an Explanation for Low Wages?
Authors: Becker Lee B. , Stone Vernon A. , Graf Joseph D.
Published: December 2011

Radio and television stations consistently have offered entry-level news salaries below those provided by daily newspapers, public relations, and advertising employers. The data reported in this paper show an oversupply of labor in radio news, television news, and daily newspapers. That oversupply probably serves to hold down salaries generally and to explain the lower pay in television news in comparison with daily newspapers. Television has many more persons seeking entry-level jobs than jobs available.
Sexual Harassment of Women Journalists
Authors: Walsh-Childers Kim , Chance Jean , Herzog Kristin
Published: December 2011

A survey of 227 women newspaper journalists revealed that more than 60 percent believe sexual harassment is at least somewhat a problem for women journalists; more than one-third said harassment has been at least somewhat a problem for them personally. Two-thirds experience nonphysical sexual harassment at least sometimes, and about 17 percent experience physical sexual harassment at least sometimes. News sources were the most frequent harassers, and harassment ranged from degrading comments to sexual assault._
A Battle for Humor: Satire and Censorship in Le Bayard
Authors: Collins Ross F.
Published: December 2011

Research on humorous and satiric publications during wartime is scarce, and studies of World War I humorous publications suggest that such publications emphasized patriotic material supporting the war and ridiculing the enemy. This study of a French weekly satiric publication, Le Bavard, indicates that, at least in France, the conventional assumption needs to be reassessed. Despite heavy censorship, Le Bavard criticized French politicians and lampooned government leadership. The protest-minded approach of Le Bavard may be attributed to its association with leftist politics.
Advertorials in Magazines: Current Use and Compliance with Industry Guidelines
Authors: Cameron Glen T. , Ju-Pak Kuen-Hee , Kim Bong-Hyun
Published: December 2011

Editorial and commercial messages may be confusing to readers. This content analysis of 222 magazine issues found that advertorials often do not make the commercial source evident to the reader. In the 273 advertorials identified, advertising labels were either missing or not prominent. Other design and content elements of the advertorials also frequently violated guidelines established by the American Society of Magazine editors for distinguishing editorial and commercial messages.
Good News from a Bad Neighborhood: Toward an Alternative to the Discourse of Urban Pathology
Authors: Ettema James S. , Peer Limor
Published: December 2011

This study analyzes the language through which journalists comprehend the nature and meaning of the urban community. It employs content analysis and interviews with reporters to critique the discourse of urban pathology - that is, the conceptual system often used to think and write about economically distressed neighborhoods. Rather than suggesting that all the “bad news “from these neighborhoods merely be balanced with “good news,” this study promotes a vocabulary of community assets - a set of terms that can enhance the power of journalistic language to describe the community. Such a vocabulary, the study concludes, would make a useful contribution to the practice of civic journalism.
Corporate Newspaper Structure, Editorial Page Vigor, and Social Change
Authors: Demers David
Published: December 2011

Many critics contend that corporate newspapers are less vigorous editorially than entrepreneurial newspapers because they are more concerned about the bottom line than about information diversity. This study, which involves a national probability survey of daily newspapers, fails to support that belief. Corporate newspapers publish more local editorials and letters to the editor, and a larger number and proportion of editorials and letters that are critical of mainstream groups and institutions. From a broader perspective, these findings may be interpreted as supporting theories which hold that the pace of social change quickens as social systems become more structurally pluralistic.
Adolescent Responses to TV Beer ADS and Sports Content/Context: Gender and Ethnic Differences
Authors: Slater Michael D. , Rouner Donna , Domenech-Rodriguez Melanie , Beauvais Frederick , Murphy Kevin , van Leuven James K.
Published: December 2011

This experiment examines gender and ethnic differences in adolescent responses to TV beer advertising in sports and entertainment programming, as well as the relationship between such responses and present and planned alcohol use behavior. Female adolescents responded less positively than males to beer advertisements and to sports content of advertising, and more positively to nonbeer advertisements. However, positive responses to beer ads predicted alcohol use among female and male adolescents. No differences in response patterns to ads due to Latino ethnicity were found.
Television's Portrayal of the Environment: 1991–1995
Authors: Shanahan James , McComas Katherine
Published: December 2011

This paper examines data from an ongoing project which content analyzes television's messages about environmental issues. The data are weeklong samples taken yearly from prime-time network television programs sampled in the Boston, Massachusetts, and Ithaca, New York, areas. We analyze the environment as a “theme” in prime-time entertainment programming, recording its prevalence in comparison to other themes. A multiple dimensional scaling shows how the environment appears in relation to other themes on television. Also, we analyze “episodes” in television programs which have specific environmental content. Our data show that attention to environmental issues has been decreasing in our sample years 1991 to 1995.
Forecast 2000: Widening Knowledge Gaps
Authors: Gaziano Cecilie
Published: December 2011

This report updates a 1983 analysis of fifty-eight knowledge gap studies, adding thirty-nine studies and pointing out innovative ways to improve research in the area. The persistence of knowledge inequalities across topics and research settings has serious consequences. Gaps in public affairs and health knowledge have an especially severe impact on those groups most negatively affected by socioeconomic changes, who also tend to be information poor. Rapid growth of socioeconomic divisions between “haves” and “have-nots” in the last two decades suggests that knowledge gaps deserve increased research attention because they are related and potentially affected phenomena.
Portrayals of Latinos in Magazine Advertising
Authors: Taylor Charles R. , Bang Hae-Kyong
Published: December 2011

A content analysis of U.S. magazine advertisements aimed at general audiences examines the frequency and nature of advertising portrayals of Latino Americans. To assess the nature of portrayals, Latino representation by product category is analyzed, as are the types of relationships and settings in which Latino American models are shown. Results suggest that Latinos are highly under-represented in magazine advertising. Implications of the low incidence of portrayals of Latinos are discussed.
Interactions and Nonlinearity in Mass Communication: Connecting Theory and Methodology
Authors: Eveland William P.
Published: December 2011

This paper stresses the importance of a close link between theory and methodology. Specifically, in the context of mass communication research this paper (1) defines interactions and nonlinearity; (2) explains the appropriate techniques to test for these effects in survey data; (3) uses four well-known mass communication theories (knowledge gap, diffusion of information and innovations, effects of uses and gratifications, and cultivation) as examples of when to expect and test for these types of effects; and (4) identifies the theoretical and methodological implications of the recent debate on this topic among statisticians in psychology and other disciplines for mass communication researchers.
The Media Trade Press as Technology Forecaster: A Case Study of the VCR'S Impact on Broadcasting
Authors: Napoli Philip M.
Published: December 2011

This paper assesses how the broadcasting and advertising trade press performed in their role as technology forecaster, using the introduction of the VCR and its potential impact on broadcasting as a case study. An examination of the forecasts made within the broadcasting and advertising trade press during the early stages of the VCR's development and diffusion indicates that the advertising trade press proved much more active and much more accurate in forecasting the future of the VCR. The results also indicate the importance of integrating technological and social factors for constructing accurate forecasts.
Third-Person Effects of News Coverage: Orientations Toward Media
Authors: Price Vincent , Huang Li-Ning , Tewksbury David
Published: December 2011

This research focused on empirical connections between third-person effects and media orientations - general beliefs about news and characteristic uses of the news media. The study examined the contributions of three groups of independent variables, including political factors, media schemas, and media use, to third-person effects. Results of regression analyses suggest that each of the three groups of variables is modestly related to the magnitude of third-person effects, but none individually has great predictive power or necessarily alters third-person effects in a given news scenario. Finally, the mechanisms by which different variables influence the magnitude of third-person effects clearly vary. Overall, the results suggest only modest connections between individual differences in media orientations and the tendency to exhibit third- person effects.
The Specialized Business Press and Industry-Related Political Communication: A Comparative Study
Authors: Hollifield C. Ann
Published: December 2011

Although trade publications produce half as many copies as consumer magazines and twice as many as daily newspapers, there has been little study of their role and performance in the U.S. media system. This study compared coverage of an industry-related policy proposal, the National Information Infrastructure, by the communication-industry trade press, non-communication-industry trade press, and newspapers. The study found that trade media appear to function as an insider channel of communication in the early stages of industry-related policy processes, but that they are less likely than nonindustry-related media to cover the social implications of industry policy proposals.
The Future of the Internet: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Mindich David T. Z.
Published: December 2011

The following articles are adapted from a panel discussion under the above title, presented at the 1997 convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication in Chicago. The panel was sponsored by Jhistory, an Internet group of journalism historians, and organized by Mindich.
“Which Communications Revolution is it, Anyway?”
Authors: Stephens Mitchell
Published: December 2011

Today's “communications revolution” is compared to two previous “communications revolutions”: the invention and development of writing and the invention and development of the letter press. Their histories can provide a number of lessons from which we can better understand our age of television, computers, and the Internet.
The Internet and Continuing Historical Discourse
Authors: Dicken-Garcia Hazel
Published: December 2011

Emphasizing that the “culture in which the Internet is used” permeates “discourse on the Internet,” this essay offers reflections on discourse (1) about the Internet, (2) communication technologies across time, (3) the future, (4) discourse online, and (5) the importance of discourse today. Final comments highlight questions about how Internet use may reshape discourse, community, people's perceptions, and communication behavior.
A Decade of Indecency Enforcement. A Study of how the Federal Communications Commission Assesses Indecency Fines (1987–1997)
Authors: Rivera-Sanchez Milagros , Ballard Michelle
Published: December 2011

In recent years, the Federal Communications Commission has been quite active in leveling fines against various broadcast outlets for “indecent” programming. This study examines the standards that the FCC uses in an attempt to discover the way in which programs are evaluated and fines assessed. In conducting this study, the authors investigate whether the FCC has developed a predictable pattern to follow in reviewing programming and leveling fines.
Newspaper Economic Coverage of Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards
Authors: Coulson David C. , Lacy Stephen
Published: December 2011

This study analyzed six large newspapers' economic coverage of federal regulations intended to reduce motor vehicle emissions under the Clean Air Act. Examination of this topic involved evaluating costs and benefits of government controls. All but one paper explicitly referred to formal cost-benefit analysis as a method to evaluate the standards. They all included specific economic costs and benefits associated with regulating motor vehicle emissions. However, the reporting on costs was far more extensive than on benefits in five of the papers.
“Spectacles of the Poor”: Conventions of Alternative News
Authors: Hindman Elizabeth Blanks
Published: December 2011

This is an ethnographic case study of an inner-city neighborhood newspaper caught between two worlds: that of mainstream journalism, with its traditional routines and expectations, and that of alternative journalism, which emphasizes advocacy for lower-income people and presenting the world from the neighborhood's, not the outside world's, perspective. The study focuses on how the newspaper deals with the conflict between those worlds and their interpretations of the conventions of objectivity, newsgathering, and story construction.
Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986
Authors: Ashley Laura , Olson Beth
Published: December 2011

This content analysis examined the use of framing techniques found in the New York Times, Time, and Newsweek's coverage of the women's movement. Coverage of both women who organized to promote and deter the movement was studied. Results showed that both groups were not considered important. The strongest evidence for framing techniques was the delegitimation of feminists. This included reporting aspects of the women's appearance, using quotation marks around such words as “liberation,” and emphasizing dissension within the movement. Conversely, the anti-feminists were described as well- organized and attractive. The movement's goals were rarely mentioned, while surface details were commonly presented.
Privatized Government Functions and Freedom of Information: Public Accountability in an Age of Private Governance
Authors: Bunker Matthew D. , Davis Charles N.
Published: December 2011

In recent years, privatization has touched nearly every area of public life. Increased privatization efforts have posed increasing problems for public access to governmental records when a governmental function has been privatized. Records long open to public inspection now are being created, maintained, and controlled by private businesses often at odds with the very purpose of public records laws. The authors examine this problem and offer possible solutions to the problems caused by this increasing trend.
Measuring Newspaper Profits: Developing a Standard of Comparison
Authors: Martin Hugh J.
Published: December 2011

Debate over newspaper profits centers on whether earnings are emphasized at the expense of journalistic quality. However, studies of newspaper profitability have used varying measures. This study uses economic theory to develop a long-run standard for comparison of newspaper profits. Profits earned by fifteen publicly-owned newspaper companies during an eleven-year period are compared to publishing company profits and to yields from government and corporate bonds. The comparisons show that average newspaper company profits could be considered excessive. Suggestions are made for refinement of the measures developed here.
The Institution of Advertising: Predictors of Cross-National Differences in Consumer Confidence
Authors: Zinkhan George M. , Balazs Anne L.
Published: December 2011

The institution of advertising depends upon customer confidence. From both a managerial and a public policy perspective, it is important that customers have confidence in advertising as a reliable source of information about the marketplace. Here, we explored the cultural factors which affect customer confidence in advertising. Using a sample of sixteen European nations, we tested Hofstede's theory of cross-national values. In particular, we found that Hofstede's dimensions of uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and individualism are important predictors of advertising confidence.
Latino Media Use for Cultural Maintenance
Authors: Ríos Diana I. , Gaines Stanley O.
Published: December 2011

We investigated whether three ethnic subgroups described as predominant Latino heritage, bicultural, and low Latino heritage previously identified in the research literature would emerge from data collected in New Mexico. We also tested the impact of gender on audience subgroup membership. The results of this Latino media use research indicate that three subgroups differed significantly in their use of general market (English-language) and ethnic media (Spanish-language) for cultural maintenance. Gender, however, was not significant as a main predictor of media use for cultural maintenance. Rather, subgroup membership moderated the impact of gender upon media use for cultural goals.
From Barriers to Challenges: Career Perceptions of Women TV News Anchors
Authors: Engstrom Erika , Ferri Anhony J.
Published: December 2011

A survey of 128 local women anchors found that they rank concerns with their physical appearance, conflicts between the roles of wife/mother and newscaster, and difficulties in balancing career and family as their major career challenges. A comparison of this study's results with those of a 1986 study shows that women anchors today continue to perceive physical appearance as a major challenge in their work. However, their concerns about entry into the profession have shifted to issues related to the maintenance of career and family goals.
Interest-Group Influence on the Media Agenda: A Case Study
Authors: Huckins Kyle
Published: December 2011

Attempting to add to the growing literature on setting the media agenda (or agenda building), the study uses agenda-setting theory in a case study of testing the correlation between the agendas of an interest group (Christian Coalition) and media (major U.S. newspapers). Highly significant relationships were found in correlations cross-lagged at three months between the agenda of the group's official newspaper and the media agenda, and statistically significant second-level effects were also noted. One-and two-month lags yielded lower correlations, but also in the direction of the Coalition setting the media agenda for coverage of the group.
The Variable Nature of Defamation: Social Mores and Accusations of Homosexuality
Authors: Koehler Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2011

In spite of the remarkable stability of the definition of defamation in American law, the interpretation of what, exactly, is defamatory—because it is tied to community standards—has proved quite changeable. Negative attitudes toward homosexual orientation have varied not only over time, but also among different locations and among various sizes and types of communities. Through a close examination of fifty-nine state and federal cases decided during the last 150 years, this study explores whether it has, over time and from one region of the country to another, been considered defamatory to accuse someone of being gay.
Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism, and Community Newspapers
Authors: Hindman Douglas Blanks , Littlefield Robert , Preston Ann , Neumann Dennis
Published: December 2011

This study expanded the conceptual definition of community structural pluralism to include a consideration of community ethnic pluralism, and used that revised definition as a basis for analyzing the relationships among community characteristics and the orientations of local newspaper editors. Findings indicate that editors in more ethnically pluralistic communities are more likely to include ethnic minorities in their lists of influential persons and important news sources. Editors who include ethnic minorities in a list of important news sources are more likely to consider it important to cover stories about ethnic minorities.
The Impact of Beat Competition on City Hall Coverage
Authors: Lacy Stephen , Coulson David C. , Cyr Charles St.
Published: December 2011

The study used a survey of newspaper city hall beat reporters to explore the impact of newspaper and television news competition on their coverage of city hall. Newspaper competition was much more likely to affect content than TV news competition, but TV can have an impact on some reporters, especially in the absence of newspaper competition. Competition was related to reporters having less time for in-depth stories, reporting unimportant stories and, to a lesser degree, an increase in sensationalism in city hall news. Competition also was related to increases in the number of stories and an increased likelihood that reporters would cover stories they might have missed without competition. Perhaps the most interesting results were the strong relationship between competition and reporter-editor interaction and the impact of this interaction on reporters' perceptions of content changes.
Cognitive Impact of Banner Ad Characteristics: An Experimental Study
Authors: Li Hairong , Bukovac Janice L.
Published: December 2011

Banner ads function as both image and direct response advertising. Industry wisdom assumes that banner ad characteristics affect the viewer's recall and clicks; however, most evidence is anecdotal. This study examines the viewer's cognitive response as a function of banner ad size and type in a lab experiment. The study finds that animated banner ads result in quicker response and better recall than non-animated banner ads and that large banner ads lead to better comprehension and more clicks than small banner ads. User mode—information-seeking or Web-surfing—was not found to affect the viewer's response to banner ads.
Social or Economic Concerns: How News and Women's Magazines Framed Breast Cancer in the 1990s
Authors: Andsager Julie L. , Powers Angela
Published: December 2011

Media framing of complex diseases is important because the way these are presented may affect individuals' choices regarding health. The authors analyzed 127 articles on breast cancer from three news magazines and four women's magazines to examine whether they focused on social or economic issues. Two content analysis methods were used to determine the issues, sources, and frames. Issues in news and women's magazines were significantly different, with women's magazines offering more personal stories and comprehensive information. Although both presented information on prevention and treatment, news magazines framed breast cancer from an economic angle, focusing on insurance and research funding.
Nowhere Near Picture Perfect: Images of the Elderly in Life and Ebony Magazine Ads, 1990–1997
Authors: Bramlett-Solomon Sharon , Subramanian Ganga
Published: December 2011

This content analysis of Life and Ebony, which replicates and updates an earlier study, examines 9,314 advertisements and shows that fewer elderly figures appeared in the magazines than during the previous decade. Further, the figures that did appear more often are associated with aging products and services. A surprising finding was that African-American elderly figures in Life appeared proportionately more than White elderly figures in Ebony. This is the opposite of what was found in a previous study. If magazine advertising is indeed responsive to reader taste, then the elderly are not highly valued consumers in these magazines.
Differential Employment Rates in the Journalism and Mass Communication Labor Force Based on Gender, Race, and Ethnicity: Exploring the Impact of Affirmative Action
Authors: Becker Lee B. , Lauf Edmund , Lowrey Wilson
Published: December 2011

This paper examines whether gender, race, and ethnicity are associated with employment in the journalism and mass communication labor market and—if discrepancies in employment exist—what explanations might he offered for them. The data show strong evidence that race and ethnicity are associated with lower levels of employment among journalism and mass communication graduates. These discrepancies in success in the job market are explainable in highly specified situations by factors normally associated with hiring, such as type of training, type of institution offering the training, or qualifications such as internship experience and level of performance in the classroom.
Reactions to People with Disabilities: Personal Contact versus Viewing of Specific Media Portrayals
Authors: Farnall Olan , Smith Kim A.
Published: December 2011

The research presented in this paper explored the relationship between personal contact, viewing media portrayals of people with disabilities, and audience's reactions to them. Viewers of positive portrayals of the disabled on television programs and in the movies were more likely to perceive discrimination and less likely to say they had negative emotions when encountering people with disabilities, but more often said they were uncomfortable with them. Having a close friend or relative with a disability was generally unrelated to perceptions of discrimination, but was associated with less frequently having negative emotions and more often feeling uncomfortable with disabilities.
The Impact of Intermedia and Newspaper Competition on Advertising Linage in Daily Newspapers
Authors: Shaver Mary Alice , Lacy Stephen
Published: December 2011

This exploratory study of forty dailies found a negative relationship between the number of radio and television stations and daily newspaper ROP advertising. A weaker relationship was found between number of radio and television stations and total advertising linage in daily newspapers. The markets used here varied greatly in competition's impact on linage. It appears intermedia advertising is monopolistically competitive with some media being better at some types of advertising than others. These results hold implications for antitrust actions because the growth in newspaper clusters is basedon the assumption that intermedia competition is extensive in newspaper markets.
Running Out of Time: An Analysis of Shutting Down New York Newsday by Times Mirror
Authors: Dress Abby
Published: December 2011

The launch of New York Newsday in 1983 was doomed to failure, regardless of the newspaper's promise and its natural expansion from Newsday's Long Island base into New York City. Theplan for profitability advocated by senior management was approved by its parent, Times Mirror, which welcomed a presence in the highly visible New York market, already dominated by three other daily newspapers. However, the effects of media conglomeration on Times Mirror for bottom line results would pull the plug on the New York venture that was nearing its provisional term and beginning to show positive results.
“There Is Abuse Everywhere”
Authors: Martin Nina
Published: December 2011

Migrant-serving nonprofit organizations negotiate some of the most intractable economic, social, and political problems in the United States. In the realm of economic development, nonprofit organizations have emerged as labor market intermediaries, devising various strategies to assist migrant workers in securing work, making ends meet on low wages, and negotiating an abusive workplace. I contribute to literatures in community and economic development, by presenting a definition of the sector of “migrant nonprofit organizations” and typologizing organizations’ labor market strategies. The role of nonprofit organizations in the labor market is contradictory, both flanking and contesting precarious work. The article draws on a survey and semistructured interviews with organizations in Chicago.
Synergistic Effects of Planning and Self-Efficacy on Physical Activity
Authors: Koring Milena , Richert Jana , Lippke Sonia , Parschau Linda , Reuter Tabea , Schwarzer Ralf
Published: December 2011

Many individuals are motivated to improve their physical activity levels but often fail to act on their good intention. This study examines the roles of planning and self-efficacy in the prediction of physical activity. A total of 290 participants (77% women, mean age = 41.9 years) were surveyed three times. Intentions, planning, and physical activity were specified as a mediator chain. Results reveal that intentions were partly translated into physical activity by planning. Self-efficacy moderated this mediation, reflected by a planning × self-efficacy interaction ( p < .05) on physical activity accounting for 16% of the variance in behavior. If a person is self-efficacious, planning seems more likely to be translated into physical activity.