bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilostyles boyacensis, a new species of Apodanthaceae (Cucurbitales) from Colombia
Authors: Gonzalez Favio , Pabon Mora Natalia
Published: September 2014

Pilostyles boyacensis, a new Apodanthaceae from Colombia, is described and illustrated. The species was found between 2000 and 2415 m elevation, parasitizing Dalea cuatrecasasii (Fabaceae:Papilionoideae) in dry interandean valleys of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. The species can be distinguished from its congeners by the monoecious condition, the small size (1.5–2.5 mm in diameter) of the almost cleistogamous and tubular flowers, and the presence of five or six white petals and three to four rows of pollen sacs. The locations of the new species are among the highest for the genus in the Americas, and are altitudinally isolated from the tetrapetalous P. thurberi, from S United States and Mexico, P. mexicana from Mexico, Honduras and Guatemala, P. blanchetii from Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Brazil and N Argentina, and P. berteroi from Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, none of which (except P. thurberi) parasitizes Dalea. The Dalea-host life style suggests that P. boyacensis is closely related to P. thurberi. As in other Pilostyles, the new species exhibits isophasic growth, but unlike most species of the genus, both staminate and carpellate flowers are often found adjacent in the same flower row. The species sets flowers and fruits continuously at least from late November to late March, which corresponds to the driest months of the year in these areas. Camponotus ants and a black shield bug are frequent visitors to flowers and fruits, and might play an active role in seed dispersal.
Rhynchosia sousae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), a new species from eastern Mexico
Authors: Fortunato Renee , Robbiati Federico O.
Published: September 2014

Rhynchosia sousae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) an endemic species from Veracruz State, in eastern Mexico, is described as new and illustrated. On account of its morphological features, it is assigned to sect. Rhynchosia. A table separating it from similar species: R. amabilis and R. precatoria, is presented, and its relationships and distinguishing characters are discussed.
The diatom genus Tetracyclus (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) from Chile
Authors: Williams David M.
Published: September 2014

Ehrenberg referred only once to the diatom species Biblarium chilense Ehrenb. (1854: 301, 303, nom. nud.) in the text to his Mikrogeologie (Ehrenberg, 1854). His comments are relatively uninformative; he never published an illustration: “B[iblarium] chilense ist eine dem Bibl. compressum verwandte neue Art” (Ehrenberg, 1854: 301, and noted in the table on p. 303) “B[iblarium] chilense is a new species related to Bibl. compressum” (translation modified after Ralfs in Pritchard, 1862: 806) Consequently the name Biblarium chilense is a nomen nudum. Even so, some years later De Toni, observing neither illustration nor specimen, transferred it to Tetracyclus as Tetracyclus (chilensis) chilense (Ehrenb.) De Toni (De Toni 1892: 749).
Two new synonyms in Himalayan Saussurea (Asteraceae)
Authors: Yuan Qian , Chen Yousheng
Published: September 2014

Saussurea Candolle (1810: 156) is one of the largest genera in the tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae) which includes over 400 species (Lipschitz 1979; Shi & Raab-Straube 2011).
Consideration of a recommendation to co-publish optional combinations in alternative classifications of the Ornithogaleae (Scilloideae, Asparagaceae)
Authors: Crouch Neil Robert , Klopper Ronell R. , McNeill John
Published: September 2014

A number of new taxa were recently described from the tribe Ornithogaleae of the subfamily Scilloideae in the Asparagaceae, with names following the generic classification by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2011). Manning & Goldblatt (2013) subsequently provided new combinations to enable a transfer of these taxa to an alternative generic classification system proposed by Manning et al. (2009). In view of the prevailing nomenclatural flux within the Ornithogaleae epitomised by the aforementioned publications, Manning & Goldblatt (2013) recommended that “all future descriptions of species and any new combinations in the [Ornithogaleae] include an optional combination in the alternative classification (i.e. Manning et al. 2009 or Martínez-Azorín et al. 2011) to obviate the necessity for separate publications on the combinations, and to facilitate their direct integration into existing collections and databases”.
A new species and new records of the genus Eustigmaeus (Acari: Prostigmata: Stigmaeidae) from Western Siberia
Authors: KHAUSTOV ALEXANDER A. , TOLSTIKOV ANDREI V.
Published: September 2014

A new species of the genus Eustigmaeus Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Stigmaeidae), E. tjumeniensis sp. nov. is described from mosses of fens in Western Siberia, Russia. Eutigmaeus collarti (Cooreman, 1955), E. ioanninensis Kapaxidi and Papadoulis, 1999, E. jiangxiensis Hu, Chen and Huang, 1996 are recorded from Russia for the first time. Eustigmaeus parvisetus (Chaudhri, 1965) is recorded from Eurasia for the first time. Eustigmaeus collarti and E. parvisetus are redescribed based on material from Western Siberia. A key to Eustigmaeus species of Russia is provided.
Book Review: Carla Bellamy, The Powerful Ephemeral. Everyday Healing in an Ambiguously Islamic Place
Authors: Alavi Seema
Published: September 2014

CARLA BELLAMY, The Powerful Ephemeral. Everyday Healing in an Ambiguously Islamic Place, Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2011, pp. 282.
Book Review: Julie E. Hughes, Animal Kingdoms: Hunting Environment and Power in India
Authors: Chavda Divyabhanusinh
Published: September 2014

JULIE E. HUGHES, Animal Kingdoms: Hunting Environment and Power in India, Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2012, pp. 314.
The Science of Organizational Change and the Art of Changing Organizations
Authors: Woodman Richard W.
Published: September 2014

As a field of applied behavioral science, organizational change and development has characteristics of both science and art. I will explore four areas where the science of organizational change and the art of changing organizations are often in tension creating paradoxes that must be resolved or at least “held,” misunderstandings, occasional dysfunction, and insight and value. I will argue that the coexistence of science and art can be found specifically in theory creation and utilization, the evaluation of organizational change, the act of organizational diagnosis, and the study of organizational creativity. The advancement of theory, research, and practice in organization development depends, to a very real extent, on the ability to appreciate and to balance science and art in each of these domains.
Between Empire and Nation: A Micro-Historical Approach to Japanese Repatriation and the Korean Economy During the US Occupation of Korea, 1945–6
Authors: Kahm Howard
Published: September 2014

After the Japanese surrender in August 1945, nearly a million Japanese people initiated a massive repatriation movement back to Japan from former imperial Japanese territories in Manchuria and Korea. Utilizing a micro-historical approach to examine Japanese repatriation in southern Korea, this article argues that repatriation unfolded through a three-phase process that demonstrated the historical agency of the Koreans and Japanese in the midst of US occupation controls. As the Japanese began to determine their own identity within a post-imperial nation-state system, they utilized ‘secret ships’ to move themselves and their possessions back to Japan. US searches of departing Japanese for money and assets reveal the micro-level processes of dismantling the Japanese imperial economy and creating separate national economies in Korea and Japan. As Japanese repatriates evaded the controls through creative counter-measures, the repatriation process itself and the development of the secret ship system created new economic connections between Japan and Korea. The fragments of the Japanese empire were reassembled into new postwar configurations that were dependent on individual choices being made at the ground level by the Japanese and the Koreans as they stood at the transition between empire and nation.
Contention in the Courtroom: The Legal Dimension of the 1960s Protests in the German and US Student Movements
Authors: Kraft Sandra
Published: September 2014

The images of campus protests and street battles of 1968 are deeply ingrained in public memory and have been the subject of many academic writings. However, the courtroom as a site of protest has been neglected as a serious field of inquiry. By comparing the ‘Chicago 8’ trial of 1969 in the USA with the proceedings against the members of the West German Kommune 1 of 1967, this article not only demonstrates the importance of the legal process as part of a wider movement strategy, but it also reveals striking similarities between the two cases – in the defendants’ protest strategies, and in the repertoires of ‘social control’ by the legal authorities. In spite of the different legal systems in which the trials took place – and without any transnational exchanges of legal strategies between participants – the dynamics of contention were almost identical in both countries. When asking how contention happens, evolves, and escalates, it seems that similar goals and strategies of the contending parties and the interaction between them mattered much more than the structural or institutional differences between the two legal systems. This interaction determined the very nature of the trials and established their central role in the history of the era.
Characterization of prickle tactile discomfort properties of different textile single fibers using an axial fiber-compression-bending analyzer (FICBA)
Authors: Asad Rabie AM , Yu Weidong , Zheng Yong-hong , He Yong
Published: September 2014

This research contributes to the study of prickle sensation in terms of single fiber bending modulus and flexural rigidity, which are important factors for fabric-evoked prickle for garment tactile comfort. In this study, a novel technique was used to study the flexural buckling behavior of single fibers using an axial fiber-compression-bending analyzer (FICBA). The bending behavior and bending equivalent modulus of different single fibers were measured and analyzed. The bending properties of single fibers were quantified by calculating the equivalent bending modulus, and the flexural rigidity via measurement of the protruding length ( l), diameter ( d) of single fiber, and its critical force ( Pcr), obtained from the peak point of the force–displacement curve. The experimental results indicate that ramie single fiber has the highest bending modulus, while cotton has the lowest bending modulus. However, hemp, jute, wool, flax, and cashmere fiber have bending modulus values lower than ramie but higher than cotton. On the other hand, the flexural rigidity of jute fiber is higher than that of wool followed by ramie, hemp, flax, cashmere, and cotton consecutively. Therefore, jute, wool, and ramie are stiffer than the other fibers, especially jute fiber. Thus, jute, wool, and ramie are uncomfortable single fibers because the fabric-evoked prickle, which is caused by short, coarse, and stiff fibers protruding from the fabric surface, generate sufficient force to evoke a low level of activity on a human nociceptors, but insufficient to penetrate the human skin so as to cause itchiness.
Can You Tell That I’m in a Relationship? Attachment and Relationship Visibility on Facebook
Authors: Emery Lydia F. , Muise Amy , Dix Emily L. , Le Benjamin
Published: September 2014

People often attempt to shape others’ perceptions of them, but the role of romantic relationships in this process is unknown. The present set of studies investigates relationship visibility, the centrality of relationships in the self-images that people convey to others. We propose that attachment underlies relationship visibility and test this hypothesis across three studies in the context of Facebook. Avoidant individuals showed low desire for relationship visibility, whereas anxious individuals reported high desired visibility (Studies 1 and 2); however, similar motives drove both groups’ actual relationship visibility (Study 1). Moreover, both avoidant individuals and their partners were less likely to make their relationships visible (Studies 1 and 3). On a daily basis, when people felt more insecure about their partner’s feelings, they tended to make their relationships visible (Study 3). These studies highlight the role of relationships in how people portray themselves to others.
Towards a typology of local development policies and programmes
Authors: Dente Bruno
Published: September 2014

The main aim of this article is to provide a viable classification of local development policies and programmes by spelling out the essential elements of the local development approach (LDA) as they emerge from the literature, namely the existence of a territorial focus, the mobilisation of local actors and the attempt to reach policy integration. Subsequently, and for each element, we will specify which its most relevant dimension is in order to identify some typical configurations that emerge in real world policies and programmes. This will allow building up a framework in which any specific instance of LDA initiative can be located. From the normative point of view, the main conclusion is that the territorial focus and the mobilisation of local actors appear to be the necessary conditions for effective policy integration, the third element of LDA.
Early Adolescent Boys’ Exposure to Internet Pornography
Authors: Beyens Ine , Vandenbosch Laura , Eggermont Steven
Published: September 2014

Research has demonstrated that adolescents regularly use Internet pornography. This two-wave panel study aimed to test an integrative model in early adolescent boys ( Mage = 14.10; N = 325) that (a) explains their exposure to Internet pornography by looking at relationships with pubertal timing and sensation seeking, and (b) explores the potential consequence of their exposure to Internet pornography for their academic performance. An integrative path model indicated that pubertal timing and sensation seeking predicted the use of Internet pornography. Boys with an advanced pubertal stage and boys high in sensation seeking more frequently used Internet pornography. Moreover, an increased use of Internet pornography decreased boys’ academic performance 6 months later. The discussion focuses on the consequences of this integrative model for future research on Internet pornography.
Hill-Sachs Lesions in Shoulders With Traumatic Anterior Instability
Authors: Ozaki Ritsuro , Nakagawa Shigeto , Mizuno Naoko , Mae Tatsuo , Yoneda Minoru
Published: September 2014

Background:

In patients with traumatic anterior shoulder instability, a large Hill-Sachs lesion is a risk factor for postoperative recurrence. However, there is no consensus regarding the occurrence and enlargement of Hill-Sachs lesions.

Purpose:

To investigate the influence of the number of dislocations and subluxations on the prevalence and size of Hill-Sachs lesions evaluated by computed tomography (CT) with 3-dimensional reconstruction.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

The prevalence and size of Hill-Sachs lesions were evaluated preoperatively by CT in 142 shoulders (30 with primary instability and 112 with recurrent instability) before arthroscopic Bankart repair. First, the prevalence of Hill-Sachs lesions was compared with the arthroscopic findings. Then, the size of Hill-Sachs lesions confirmed by arthroscopy was remeasured using the previous CT data. In addition, the relationship of Hill-Sachs lesions with the number of dislocations and subluxations was investigated.

Results:

Hill-Sachs lesions were detected in 90 shoulders by initial CT evaluation and were found in 118 shoulders at arthroscopy. The Hill-Sachs lesions missed by initial CT were 15 chondral lesions and 13 osseous lesions. However, all 103 osseous Hill-Sachs lesions were detected by reviewing the CT data. In patients with primary subluxation, the prevalence of Hill-Sachs lesions was 26.7%, and the mean length, width, and depth of the lesions (calculated as a percentage of the diameter of the humeral head) were 9.0%, 5.3%, and 2.1%, respectively, while the corresponding numbers for primary dislocation were 73.3%, 27.7%, 14.8%, and 7.0%, all showing statistically significant differences. Among all 142 shoulders, the corresponding numbers were, respectively, 56.3%, 20.7%, 11.2%, and 4.8% in patients who had subluxations but never a dislocation; 83.3%, 33.4%, 19.1%, and 7.6% in patients with 1 episode of dislocation; and 87.5%, 46.8%, 22.2%, and 10.2% in patients with ≥2 episodes, all showing statistically significant differences. There were no differences in lesion measurements in relation to the number of subluxations.

Conclusion:

Computed tomography is a useful imaging modality for evaluating Hill-Sachs lesions except for purely cartilaginous lesions. Hill-Sachs lesions were more frequent and larger when the primary episode was dislocation than when it was subluxation. Among patients with recurrent episodes of complete dislocation, the prevalence of Hill-Sachs lesions is increased, and the lesions are larger.
Should Test Anxiety be Measured Differently for Males and Females? Examination of Measurement Bias Across Gender on Measures of Test Anxiety for Middle and High School, and College Students
Authors: Lowe Patricia A.
Published: September 2014

The present study examined measurement invariance across gender and gender differences on two measures of test anxiety developed for U.S. middle and high school, and college students. It was hypothesized that measurement invariance and gender differences would be found on the two measures of test anxiety, suggesting no separate scoring system is needed for males and females and that gender differences reported reflect true differences on the underlying trait. The results of four confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) and two multi-group CFAs indicated that the measures of test anxiety were invariant across gender. In addition, internal consistency reliability estimates were found to be similar for males and females on each measure. Furthermore, gender differences were reported on the test anxiety measures. Implications of the findings for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Bimodal Oscillations of Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations in the Circadian System of the Madeira Cockroach Rhyparobia maderae
Authors: Schendzielorz Julia , Schendzielorz Thomas , Arendt Andreas , Stengl Monika
Published: September 2014

Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is the most important coupling factor of the circadian system in insects, comparable to its functional ortholog vasoactive intestinal polypeptide of the mammalian circadian clock. In Drosophila melanogaster, PDF signals via activation of adenylyl cyclases, controlling circadian locomotor activity rhythms at dusk and dawn. In addition, PDF mediates circadian rhythms of the visual system and is involved in entrainment to different photoperiods. We examined whether PDF daytime-dependently elevates cAMP levels in the Madeira cockroach Rhyparobia maderae and whether cAMP mimics PDF effects on locomotor activity rhythms. To determine time windows of PDF release, we searched for circadian rhythms in concentrations of cAMP and its functional opponent cGMP in the accessory medulla (AMe), the insect circadian pacemaker controlling locomotor activity rhythms, and in the optic lobes, as the major input and output area of the circadian clock. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays detected PDF-dependent increases of cAMP in optic lobes and daytime-dependent oscillations of cAMP and cGMP baseline levels in the AMe, both with maxima at dusk and dawn. Although these rhythms disappeared at the first day in constant conditions (DD1), cAMP but not cGMP oscillations returned at the second day in constant conditions (DD2). Whereas in light-dark cycles the cAMP baseline level remained constant in other optic lobe neuropils, it oscillated in phase with the AMe at DD2. To determine whether cAMP and cGMP mimic PDF-dependent control of locomotor activity rhythms, both cyclic nucleotides were injected at different times of the circadian day using running-wheel assays. Whereas cAMP injections generated delays at dusk and advances at dawn, cGMP only delayed locomotor activity at dusk. For the first time we found PDF-dependent phase advances at dawn in addition to previously described phase delays at dusk. Thus, we hypothesize that PDF release at dusk and dawn controls locomotor activity rhythms and visual system processing cAMP-dependently.
Remedy Through Paradox? Constructions of Internal Legitimacy in a Publicly Discredited Organization
Authors: Breit Eric
Published: September 2014

This article examines how members of publicly discredited organizations discursively construct senses of internal legitimacy. Drawing on a case study of the Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration—an organization that has been subject to lengthy and persistent public criticism—four paradoxical relations between discourses are identified and critically examined: acknowledgment/denial, voice/silence, unity/fragmentation, and image/substance. Based on the findings, three arguments are made: First, talk by members of discredited organizations about their organization, their organizational selves, and the criticism offers crucial resources for the construction of internal legitimacy. Second, constructions of internal legitimacy require members to relate to and navigate between paradoxes. Third, despite the complexity they impose, paradoxes provide members of discredited organizations with significant room for managing their internal legitimacy.
Challenging Social Cognition Models of Adherence
Authors: Murdoch Jamie , Salter Charlotte , Poland Fiona , Cross Jane
Published: September 2014

Attempts to model individual beliefs as a means of predicting how people follow clinical advice have dominated adherence research, but with limited success. In this article, we challenge assumptions underlying this individualistic philosophy and propose an alternative formulation of context and its relationship with individual actions related to illness. Borrowing from Scollon and Scollon’s three elements of social action—historical body, interaction order, and discourses in place—we construct an alternative set of research methods and demonstrate their application with an example of a person talking about asthma management. We argue that talk- or illness-related behavior, both viewed as forms of social action, manifest themselves as an intersection of cycles of discourse, shifting as individuals move through these cycles across time and space. We conclude by discussing how these dynamics of social action can be studied and how clinicians might use this understanding when negotiating treatment with patients.
Difference Between Received and Expected Knowledge of Patients Undergoing Knee or Hip Replacement in Seven European Countries
Authors: Klemetti Seija , Leino-Kilpi Helena , Cabrera Esther , Copanitsanou Panagiota , Ingadottir Brynja , Istomina Natalja , Katajisto Jouko , Papastavrou Evridiki , Unosson Mitra , Valkeapää Kirsi
Published: September 2014

The purpose of the study was to examine received and expected knowledge of patients with knee/hip arthroplasty in seven European countries. The goal was to obtain information for developing empowering patient education. The data were collected (during 2009-2012) from patients ( n = 943) with hip/knee arthroplasty prior to scheduled preoperative education and before discharge with the Received Knowledge of hospital patient scale (RKhp) and Expected Knowledge of hospital patient scale (EKhp). Patients’ knowledge expectations were high but the level of received knowledge did not correspond to expectations. The difference between received and expected knowledge was higher in Greece and Sweden compared with Finland ( p < .0001, p < .0001), Spain ( p < .0001, p = .001), and Lithuania ( p = .005, p = .003), respectively. Patients’ knowledge expectations are important in tailoring patient education. To achieve high standards in the future, scientific research collaboration on empowering patient education is needed between European countries.
Rheological model for stress-softened visco-hyperelastic materials
Authors: Tauheed Firozut , Sarangi Somnath
Published: September 2014

A rate-dependent thermodynamically consistent constitutive model for hyperelastic materials in finite strain regime is presented on the basis of multiplicative split of deformation gradient tensor into elastic and viscous parts. The total stress is decomposed into an equilibrium stress and a viscosity-induced overstress by following the Zener rheological model. To incorporate the Mullins stress-softening phenomenon in viscoelastic material, an invariant-based stress-softening function is also proposed. An analytical scheme based on Clausius-Duhem inequality is proposed that ascertains thermodynamic consistency with the fundamental relation between the viscous strain rate and the overstress tensor with some limited elastic parent material models. The proposed softening model is validated with uniaxial stress relaxation test data and the proposed analytical scheme confirms the necessity of considering both the current overstress and the current deformation as variables to describe the evolution of the rate-dependent phenomena.
Vibrational damage detection using fractal surface singularities with noncontact laser measurement
Authors: Bai Runbo , Ostachowicz Wiesław , Radzieński Maciej , Cao Maosen
Published: September 2014

This study concerns damage detection in plate-type structures using fractal surface singularities with noncontact laser measurement of structural dynamic responses. The fractal dimension analysis aided by linear isomorphism is used to deal with mode shapes for a plate with damage. With this method, the linear isomorphism is utilized to remove the local extrema while preserving the damage information of a mode shape, giving a retrofitted mode shape. The retrofitted mode shape is processed by Katz’s fractal dimension analysis to produce a fractal dimension surface with its singular peak indicating the presence and location of the damage. In the method, a series of high-resolution mode shapes of the plate are used, which are acquired by using a noncontact measurement system consisting of a piezoceramic transducer as the actuator and a scanning laser vibrometer as the sensor. The capability of the method to locate and quantify damage is numerically demonstrated using a two-side-clamped aluminum plate with cracks of various depths; the efficacy of the method in identifying complex cracks is experimentally validated using a suspended aluminum plate bearing a cross-like crack. The numerical and experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately identify complex damage in plates, requiring neither benchmark models for the entire structure under investigation, or any prior knowledge of the material properties and the boundary conditions of the structure.
A compact analytical method for vibration analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes with restrained boundary conditions
Authors: Yayli Mustafa Özgür
Published: September 2014

In the present study, free vibration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with restrained boundary conditions is studied using nonlocal elasticity theory. To give generality to the present problem, the SWCNT is assumed to be elastically restrained by means of rotational and translational springs at the ends. The lateral displacement function is considered to be in the form of a Fourier sine series. The first, second and higher order derivatives of the Fourier sine series are legitimized using Stoke's transformation. The main advantage of this transformation is its capability of dealing with various boundary conditions to determine the vibration frequencies. Numerical results are given for different nonlocality parameters, different length of SWCNTs and different boundary conditions. The present formulation can be used for the dynamic analyses of SWCNTs with generally restrained boundary conditions.
Replacement in the U.S. House
Authors: Brunell Thomas L , Grofman Bernard , Merrill Samuel
Published: September 2014

We know that most House seats remain within the same party over the course of a redistricting decade. For example, over 75% did so in the last decade. This gives rise to the question: “Why do some seats change hands and others not?” We seek to go beneath the standard answers (such as extent of electoral vulnerability as indicated by the previous victory margin, challenger qualifications, relative spending of challenger and incumbent, midterm loss affecting districts newly won by the president’s party, realignment effects that made Democrats in the South vulnerable) to examine the conditions of ideological competition that affect each of these factors and the concomitant probability of electoral defeat. We offer a general model of unidimensional party competition across multiple constituencies, where a party “chases the outliers” of the other party that are closest to its own ideological mean, thus eliminating “anomalous” districts which should be vulnerable to change in party control, and we test that model with data from the U.S. House of Representatives 1980–2006. Over time, Democrats capture liberal and moderately liberal districts held by Republicans, while Republicans capture conservative and moderately conservative districts held by Democrats. In a neo-Downsian world where candidates do not locate at the preferences of the median voter in the district but, rather, are shifted in the direction of their own party mean, we show that this outlier-chasing dynamic can be expected, in the long run, to “empty” out the center. This results in an equilibrium of ideologically distinct parties and a high level of polarization, involving a self-reinforcing dynamic in which the seats that become vulnerable change as the parties become more distinct. Indeed, rather than puzzling about why so much polarization exists, our work suggests that the real puzzle is why it has taken so long to get to the level of polarization we presently enjoy. We suggest that the combination of incumbency advantage, and multidimensionality of political competition might be the answer, with the Civil War role of race as an independent dimension slowly wearing off.
Non-model-based control for a wheeled mobile robot towing two trailers
Authors: Keymasi Khalaji Ali , Rahimi Bidgoli Mojtaba , Moosavian S Ali A
Published: September 2014

In this paper, trajectory tracking control of a wheeled mobile robot (tractor) with two trailers including three nonholonomic constraints is analyzed. This system is a nonlinear, under actuated mechanical system subjected to nonholonomic kinematic constraints. First, system dynamic equations are obtained. A non-model-based control algorithm using PD-action filtered errors has been used in order to control the wheeled robot. Non-model-based controllers are always more appropriate than model-based algorithms due to lower dependency on dynamic models, lower computational costs, and also robustness to uncertainties. Asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system has been investigated using Lyapunov method and Barbalat’s lemma. Finally, in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach simulation and experimental results have been presented. Obtained results show that without requiring a priori knowledge of plant dynamics, and with reduced computational burden, the tracking performance of the presented algorithm is quite satisfactory.
Fathers’ Experiences With the Special Education System
Authors: Mueller Tracy Gershwin , Buckley Pamela C.
Published: September 2014

Research about parent experiences with the special education system is largely dominated from mothers’ perspectives. This article will present a qualitative interview study of the overlooked voice: fathers of children with disabilities. Twenty fathers were interviewed about their experiences navigating the system for their child. Three key experiences surfaced during data analysis: Individualized Education Program (IEP) meeting, collaboration with educators, and conflict. The fathers reported that IEP meetings exemplify an overwhelming and insufficient process in need of restructuring. Findings indicated that effective collaboration with educators require building relationships, establishing communication, and listening to the parent voice. The fathers also discussed addressing conflict with educators through two strategies: fighting the battle and/or coming together for a resolution. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
The Impact of Accelerometer Use in Exercise-Associated Hypoglycemia Prevention in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Stenerson Matthew , Cameron Fraser , Payne Shelby R. , Payne Sydney L. , Ly Trang T. , Wilson Darrell M. , Buckingham Bruce A.
Published: September 2014

Background:

Exercise-associated hypoglycemia is a common adverse event in people with type 1 diabetes. Previous in silico testing by our group demonstrated superior exercise-associated hypoglycemia mitigation when a predictive low glucose suspend (PLGS) algorithm was augmented to incorporate activity data. The current study investigates the effectiveness of an accelerometer-augmented PLGS algorithm in an outpatient exercise protocol.

Methods:

Subjects with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy participated in two structured soccer sessions, one utilizing the algorithm and the other using the subject’s regular basal insulin rate. Each subject wore their own insulin pump and a Dexcom G4™ Platinum continuous glucose monitor (CGM); subjects on-algorithm also wore a Zephyr BioHarness™ 3 accelerometer. The algorithm utilized a Kalman filter with a 30-minute prediction horizon. Activity and CGM readings were manually entered into a spreadsheet and at five-minute intervals, the algorithm indicated whether the basal insulin infusion should be on or suspended; any changes were then implemented by study staff. The rate of hypoglycemia during and after exercise (until the following morning) was compared between groups.

Results:

Eighteen subjects (mean age 13.4 ± 3.7 years) participated in two separate sessions 7-22 days apart. The difference in meter blood glucose levels between groups at each rest period did not achieve statistical significance at any time point. Hypoglycemia during the session was recorded in three on-algorithm subjects, compared to six off-algorithm subjects. In the postexercise monitoring period, hypoglycemia occurred in two subjects who were on-algorithm during the session and four subjects who were off-algorithm.

Conclusions:

The accelerometer-augmented algorithm failed to prevent exercise-associated hypoglycemia compared to subjects on their usual basal rates. A larger sample size may have achieved statistical significance. Further research involving an automated system, a larger sample size, and an algorithm design that favors longer periods of pump suspension is necessary.
Observation of anomalous linear photogalvanic effect and its dependence on wavelength in undoped InGaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well
Authors: Zhu Laipan , Liu Yu , Gao Hansong , Qin Xudong , Li Yuan , Wu Qing , Chen Yonghai
Published: September 2014

We observed an anomalous linear photogalvanic effect (ALPGE) in undoped InGaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well and studied its wavelength dependence in details. This effect is believed to originate from the optical momentum alignment effect and the inhomogeneity of light intensity. We find that the spot location with the maximum ALPGE current is wavelength independent. And the normalized ALPGE current decreasing at smaller wavelengths is attributed to the sharp decrease of the momentum and energy relaxation time. The electrical measurement of the spectra dependence of ALPGE is highly sensitive proving to be an effective method for detecting the momentum anisotropy of photoinduced carriers and band coupling.
Modification of light absorption in thin CuInS2 films by sprayed Au nanoparticles
Authors: Katerski Atanas , Kärber Erki , Acik Ilona Oja , Dolgov Leonid , Mere Arvo , Sildos Ilmo , Mikli Valdek , Krunks Malle
Published: September 2014

The chemical spray pyrolysis method was used to deposit CuInS2 (CIS) thin films and Au nanoparticles (NPs) in two configurations: glass/Au-NP layer covered with CuInS2 film (Au-NP/CIS) and glass/CuInS2 films covered with Au-NP layer (CIS/Au-NP). According to X-ray diffraction (XRD), the spray of 2 mM HAuCl4 aqueous solution with a volume of 2.5 to 15 ml onto a glass substrate at 340°C results in metallic Au nanoparticles with a similar mean crystallite size in the range of 30 - 38 nm. The mean crystallite sizes remain in the range of 15 - 20 nm when grown onto a CIS film. The prepared films show plasmonic light absorption with increasing intensity in the spectral range of 500- 800 nm when increasing the volume of HAuCl4 solution sprayed. When compared to bare CIS on glass, the absorptance was increased ca. 4.5 times in the case of glass/Au-NP/CIS and ca. 3 times in the case of glass/CIS/Au-NP configuration. The glass/Au-NP/CIS configuration had an advantage since Au-NP could be embedded without chemically damaging the CIS.
Structuring research methods and data with the research object model: genomics workflows as a case study
Authors: Hettne Kristina M , Dharuri Harish , Zhao Jun , Wolstencroft Katherine , Belhajjame Khalid , Soiland-Reyes Stian , Mina Eleni , Thompson Mark , Cruickshank Don , Verdes-Montenegro Lourdes , Garrido Julian , de Roure David , Corcho Oscar , Klyne Graham , van Schouwen Reinout , ‘t Hoen Peter A C , Bechhofer Sean , Goble Carole , Roos Marco
Published: September 2014

Background

One of the main challenges for biomedical research lies in the computer-assisted integrative study of large and increasingly complex combinations of data in order to understand molecular mechanisms. The preservation of the materials and methods of such computational experiments with clear annotations is essential for understanding an experiment, and this is increasingly recognized in the bioinformatics community. Our assumption is that offering means of digital, structured aggregation and annotation of the objects of an experiment will provide necessary meta-data for a scientist to understand and recreate the results of an experiment. To support this we explored a model for the semantic description of a workflow-centric Research Object (RO), where an RO is defined as a resource that aggregates other resources, e.g., datasets, software, spreadsheets, text, etc. We applied this model to a case study where we analysed human metabolite variation by workflows.

Results

We present the application of the workflow-centric RO model for our bioinformatics case study. Three workflows were produced following recently defined Best Practices for workflow design. By modelling the experiment as an RO, we were able to automatically query the experiment and answer questions such as “which particular data was input to a particular workflow to test a particular hypothesis?”, and “which particular conclusions were drawn from a particular workflow?”.

Conclusions

Applying a workflow-centric RO model to aggregate and annotate the resources used in a bioinformatics experiment, allowed us to retrieve the conclusions of the experiment in the context of the driving hypothesis, the executed workflows and their input data. The RO model is an extendable reference model that can be used by other systems as well.

Availability

The Research Object is available at http://www.myexperiment.org/packs/428

The Wf4Ever Research Object Model is available at http://wf4ever.github.io/ro
Antibiotic stewardship in the intensive care unit
Authors: Luyt Charles-Edouard , Bréchot Nicolas , Trouillet Jean-Louis , Chastre Jean
Published: September 2014

The rapid emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in ICUs worldwide constitute a problem of crisis dimensions. The root causes of this problem are multifactorial, but the core issues are clear. The emergence of antibiotic resistance is highly correlated with selective pressure resulting from inappropriate use of these drugs. Appropriate antibiotic stewardship in ICUs includes not only rapid identification and optimal treatment of bacterial infections in these critically ill patients, based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characteristics, but also improving our ability to avoid administering unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotics, shortening the duration of their administration, and reducing the numbers of patients receiving undue antibiotic therapy. Either we will be able to implement such a policy or we and our patients will face an uncontrollable surge of very difficult-to-treat pathogens.
Propensity-matched analysis of the effect of preoperative intraaortic balloon pump in coronary artery bypass grafting after recent acute myocardial infarction on postoperative outcomes
Authors: Yu Pey-Jen , Cassiere Hugh A , Dellis Sophia L , Kohn Nina , Manetta Frank , Hartman Alan R
Published: September 2014

Introduction

There is substantial variability in the preoperative use of intraaortic balloon pumps (IABPs) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting post myocardial infarction. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of preoperative IABPs on postsurgical outcomes in this subset of patients.

Methods

From 2007 to 2012, 877 patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass post myocardial infarction. Four hundred and six patients were propensity-score matched based on the likelihood of receiving a preoperative balloon pump. Total blood transfusion requirements, composite in-hospital morbidity and/or mortality end point, total hours in the intensive care unit, and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups.

Results

No significant differences in demographics, preoperative risk factors, intraoperative variables or length of hospital stay were found between patients with and without balloon pumps after propensity score matching. Compared to patients without balloon pumps, a higher percentage of patients with preoperative IABPs required transfusions. Patients with preoperative balloon pumps were more likely to have the composite end point of in-hospital morbidity (24.1% versus 12.8%, P <0.004), and increased hours in the intensive care unit (median hours: 69.0 versus 46.0, P <0.013) as compared to patients without balloon pumps.

Conclusions

The use of preoperative IABPs in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting after myocardial infarction is associated with increased transfusion requirements, increased in-hospital morbidity and longer postoperative intensive care unit stay as compared to patients without IABPs.
Thyroid Nodules in an 11-Year DanThyr Follow-Up Study
Authors: Krejbjerg Anne , Bjergved Lena , Pedersen Inge Bülow , Knudsen Nils , Jørgensen Torben , Perrild Hans , Ovesen Lars , Rasmussen Lone Banke , Laurberg Peter
Published: September 2014

Context:

Limited longitudinal data are available on changes in the thyroid gland structure in a population and how this is influenced by iodine fortification (IF).

Objective:

Our objective was to clarify how IF influenced thyroid gland structure in 2 regions with different iodine intake at baseline (Copenhagen, mild iodine deficiency [ID]; Aalborg, moderate ID).

Design and Setting:

We conducted a longitudinal population-based study (DanThyr) where participants were examined before (1997) and after (2008) the Danish mandatory IF of salt (2000).

Participants:

We examined 2465 adults, and ultrasonography was performed by the same sonographers using the same equipment, after controlling performances.

Main Outcome Measure:

Change in thyroid gland structure was evaluated.

Results:

The follow-up period saw an increased prevalence of multinodularity (9.8%–13.8 %, P < .001), especially in the previously moderate ID region of Aalborg (9.1%–15.4%, P < .001), whereas no change in prevalence was seen for solitary nodules (5.6%–5.1%, P = .34). In individual participants, changes in thyroid structure and disappearance of thyroid nodules during the 11 years was common with an overall normalization rate of 21.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.9–24.9) per 1000 person-years. Solitary nodules had a significantly higher normalization rate than multiple nodules (normalization rate ratio 0.47 [95% CI = 0.32–0.67]). A regional difference (Aalborg vs Copenhagen) was seen between normalization rates of multiple nodules (normalization rate ratio 0.29 [95% CI = 0.12–0.64]), but not for solitary nodules (normalization rate ratio 0.81 [95% CI = 0.53–1.21]).

Conclusions:

Changes in the thyroid gland structure with both appearance and disappearance of thyroid nodules are common after an iodization program.
Imitatio Rerum: Sacred Objects in the St. Giles’s Hospital Processional
Authors: Kumler Aden
Published: September 2014

In the late fourteenth-century Processional (London, British Library, MS Add. 57534) made for St. Giles’s Hospital, Norwich, nine brightly colored paintings describe a series of liturgical processions in exceptional detail. The manuscript’s images are, however, most remarkable for what they do not render visible: the human figures who enacted each ritual performance. In the Processional’s paintings the beholder is instead offered a vision of liturgy as an assembly of vasa sacra and ornamenta, invested with considerable authority, even agency, by the artist’s brush. This essay examines how the paintings in the St. Giles’s Hospital Processional represent sacred objects not as the “props” of Christian ritual but as the subject of ritual and the subjects of ritual action. Attending to the imbrication of objecthood and subjecthood in the Processional’s text and images, the essay elucidates the Processional’s participation in a powerful medieval tradition of imitatio rerum: the refashioning of subjectivity after the model of things.
Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates in the Presence of a Magnetic Recyclable Fe3O4@SiO2-2mimSO3H Nanocatalyst
Authors: Shakourian-Fard Mehdi , Rezayan Ali Hossein , Kheirjou Somayyeh , Bayat Ahmad , Hashemi Mohammad Mahmoodi
Published: September 2014

A highly efficient magnetic Brønsted acid catalyst was synthesized based on immobilization of 2-methylimidazole functionalized by chlorosulfonic acid on the surface of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2-2mimSO3H). The catalyst has an excellent activity and recyclable for at least 6 reaction runs and is proven to be highly effective in the synthesis of α-aminophosphonate compounds in a green way. The facile recovery of the catalyst is carried out by applying an external magnet device. It is both “green” and efficient. The catalyst was fully characterized by techniques of TEM, SEM, FT-IR, TGA, and elemental analysis (CHNS).
Synthesis of 8-Substituted Adenine and Adenosine Libraries and the Binding to pre-miR-29a
Authors: Fukuzumi Takeo , Aikawa Haruo , Harada Yasue , Sugai Ayako , Murata Asako , Nakatani Kazuhiko
Published: September 2014

A small chemical library of 8-substituted adenine and adenosine derivatives was synthesized and examined for binding to pre-miR-29a. We found that one compound showed the affinity with 61 nM of Kd and a 10-fold stronger binding than the double-stranded RNA.
Plasticizer-Promoted Thermal Crosslinking of a Dynamic Covalent Polymer with Complementarily Reactive Alkoxyamine Units in the Side Chain under Bulk Conditions
Authors: Su Jing , Imato Keiichi , Sato Tomoya , Ohishi Tomoyuki , Takahara Atsushi , Otsuka Hideyuki
Published: September 2014

Plasticizer-promoted thermal crosslinking reactions of an alkoxyamine-appended poly(methyl methacrylate)-based dynamic covalent polymer were successfully performed under bulk conditions. The films of the dynamic covalent polymer with complementarily reactive alkoxyamine side chains and dibutyl phthalate as a plasticizer were prepared and their crosslinking behavior was observed at 100 °C.