bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Ulcerogenic Effect of S(+)‐Ketoprofen in the Rat
Authors: Cabré Francesc , Fernández M. Francisca , Zapatero M. Isabel , Arañó Antonia , García M. Luisa , Mauleón David
Published: October 2017

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the gastrointestinal mucosa, which can lead not only to stomach ulcers but also ulcers in the small and large intestines. Ulcers of the small intestine are less common than those of the stomach, but intestinal lesions are more life threatening. Although the R(−)‐enantiomers of the arylpropionic acid (APA) class of NSAIDs are assumed to lack the toxic effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition, they may contribute to the ulcerogenicity of racemates. We have examined the intestinal ulcerogenic effects of single oral doses of S(+)‐ketoprofen compared with racemic ketoprofen in the small intestine and cecum of rats. The toxicity in the small intestine was measured as the weight ratio between portions of intestine showing lesions and the total weight of the tissue. Toxicity in the cecum was evaluated by measuring the size of the ulcers. S(+)‐ketoprofen had no significant ulcerogenic effect at 10 or 20 mg/kg. However, racemic ketoprofen was clearly ulcerogenic in the small intestine and cecum at the 40 mg dose. R(−)‐ketoprofen at 20 mg/kg does not show any effect in the cecum and only limited ulcerogenesis in the small intestine: The latter effect may be the result of racemic inversion. Therefore, the ulcerogenic action of racemic ketoprofen can be interpreted as a synergism between S(+)‐ and R(−)‐ketoprofen. The mechanism of this synergism is not well understood but may be a general feature of APA NSAIDs.
Clinical Comparison of Dexketoprofen Trometamol and Dipyrone in Postoperative Dental Pain
Authors: Bagán José Vicente , López Arranz J. Sebastián , Valencia Eduardo , Santamaría Joseba , Eguidazu Isabel , Horas Manuel , Forns Mónica , Zapata Antonio , Artigas Remei , Mauleón David
Published: October 2017

A total of 125 outpatients with moderate to severe pain after surgical removal of one impacted third molar were randomly assigned to receive dexketoprofen trometamol 12.5 or 25 mg or dipyrone 575 mg. For first‐dose assessments, patients rated their pain intensity and its relief at regular intervals. From 60 min post dose to the end of the 6‐h observation period, both doses of dexketoprofen trometamol had higher pain relief scores than dipyrone: Between 3 and 6 h the differences were statistically significant. In addition, peak measures (PIDmax and PARmax) were statistically superior after both doses of dexketoprofen trometamol compared to dipyrone. The overall efficacy assessed at the end of the first‐dose phase was rated as good or excellent by 90%, 83.3%, and 70% of patients receiving dexketoprofen trometamol 25 mg, dexketoprofen trometamol 12.5 mg, and dipyrone, respectively. The number of patients who required remedication during the 6‐h period was significantly lower in both dexketoprofen groups. Repeated‐dose data were also obtained. No significant differences were found in the efficacy after repeated doses, the number of doses taken, or the mean time elapsed between doses. The overall efficacy at the end of the repeated‐dose phase was rated as good or excellent by 84.2%, 66.7%, and 70% of patients receiving dexketoprofen trometamol 25 mg, dexketoprofen trometamol 12.5 mg, and dipyrone, respectively. The frequency of adverse events was similar for all treatments and no serious adverse events were reported during the study.
Surfactant‐assisted electromembrane extraction combined with cyclodextrin‐modified capillary electrophoresis for the separation and quantification of Tranylcypromine enantiomers in biological samples
Authors: Fakhari Ali Reza , Mohammadi Kosalar Hasan , Asadi Sajad , Hasheminasab Kobra Sadat
Published: October 2017

Surfactant‐assisted electromembrane extraction coupled with cyclodextrin‐modified capillary electrophoresis was developed for the separation and determination of Tranylcypromine enantiomers in biological samples. This combination would provide a new strategy for selective and sensitive determination of target analytes. The addition of surfactant in the donor solution improved the analyte transport into the lumen of hollow fiber that resulted in an enhancement in the analytes migration into acceptor solution. Optimization of the variables, affecting proposed method, was carried out and best results were achieved with a 175 V potential as driving force of the electromembrane extraction, 2‐nitrophenyloctylether as the supported liquid membrane, donor solution containing 0.2 mM Triton X‐100 with pH 3 and 0.1 M HCl for acceptor solution. Then, the extract was analyzed using cyclodextrin‐modified capillary electrophoresis method for separation of Tranylcypromine enantiomers. The best results were obtained with a phosphate running buffer (100 mM, pH 2.0) containing 7% w/v hydroxypropyl‐α‐cyclodextrin. Under the optimum conditions, a low limit of detection (3.03 ng/mL), good linearity (R2 > 0.9953), and relative standard deviations below 4.0% (n = 5) were obtained. Finally, this procedure was applied to determine the concentration of Tranylcypromine enantiomers in urine samples with satisfactory results.
Characterization of ancient lipids in prehistoric organic residues: Chemical evidence of livestock‐pens in rock‐shelters since early neolithic to bronze age
Authors: Gea Jaime , Sampedro María Carmen , Vallejo Asier , Polo‐Díaz Ana , Goicolea M. Aranzazu , Fernández‐Eraso Javier , Barrio Ramón J.
Published: October 2017

The characterization of ancient lipids from prehistoric sediments (fumiers) located in a rock‐selter has been possible after the optimization of an analytical method based on the microwave‐assisted extraction and solid‐phase extraction clean‐up step and a final derivatization step followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Eight sterols and two bile acids were detected just in the partially burned and unburned layers of the fumiers (animal organic residues deriving from manure/dung). The relationship between some of these compounds can be used to distinguish the biogenic origin of the samples, concluding that these strata (from Early Neolithic to Late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age) can be classified as ruminant residues. Three main periods of activity are observed over a period of 2000 years: one from 3990 ± 40 before present (4530–4410 calibrated before present) to 4100 ± 40 before present (4820–4750/4730–4510/4470–4450 calibrated before present), the second from 4470 ± 40 before present (5300–4970 calibrated before present) to 5490 ± 30 before present (6310–6275/6230–6220 calibrated before present) and the third from 5880 ± 30 before present (6775–6765/6750–6645 calibrated before present) to 6010 ± 30 before present (6940–6780/6765–6755 calibrated before present). Chemical data obtained are in concordance with the previous results obtained in the area.
Revisiting revising Mexican wolf historical range: A reply to Hendricks et al.
Authors: Heffelfinger James R. , Nowak Ronald M. , Paetkau David
Published: October 2017

Hendricks et al. () questioned our clarification of Mexican wolf historical range and our criticism of their expansion proposals far to the north and west. A recent habitat suitability analysis identifies large areas of high quality habitat in Mexico and the latest population viability analysis shows Mexican wolves can be recovered in their historical range. Expanding historical range descriptions based on poorly understood distribution of molecular markers is unnecessary and serves only to impede the recent successful progress to recover the Mexican wolf.
Chicken thigh microvascular training model improves resident surgical skills
Authors: Creighton Francis X. , Feng Allen L. , Goyal Neerav , Emerick Kevin , Deschler Daniel
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Microsurgical techniques are essential for vessel anastomosis in free flap reconstructive surgery. However, teaching these skills intraoperatively is difficult. The chicken thigh microvascular model is a high‐fidelity model that has been previously validated to differentiate between skill levels of surgeons. This study aims to determine if this model objectively improves microsurgical skills.

Study Design

Validation study

Methods

Thirteen residents were given a tutorial on microvascular anastomosis and asked to perform anastomoses on the microvascular model. Anastomoses were video‐recorded and the time required for trainees to complete the first stitch of their first anastomosis was compared to the time required for the first stitch of their last anastomosis. Comparison of first and last stitch times was completed using a paired student t‐test. All participants completed a survey regarding their experience with the simulator.

Results

There was a statistically significant decrease between the time required for the first stitch (235 s, 95%CI 198–272 s) compared to last stitch (120 s, 95%CI 92–149 s), and an average 48.7% (115 s) decrease in time (p < 0.001). Junior (PGY 2/3) and senior (PGY 4/5) residents had similar decreases in time, 49.1% and 48.21%, respectively. One hundred percent of residents felt they improved during the session and 92% of residents agreed or strongly agreed that their final stitch was better than their last stitch. All residents agreed or strongly agreed that the simulation is realistic, effective in teaching the procedure, and would translate to improved intraoperative performance.

Conclusions

The chicken thigh model demonstrates objective improvements in resident microvascular surgical skills.

Level of Evidence

NA
Exercise and physical activity for patients with end‐stage liver disease: Improving functional status and sarcopenia while on the transplant waiting list
Authors: Duarte‐Rojo Andrés , Ruiz‐Margáin Astrid , Montaño‐Loza Aldo J. , Macías‐Rodríguez Ricardo U. , Ferrando Arny , Kim W. Ray
Published: October 2017

Sarcopenia and physical deconditioning are frequent complications in patients with cirrhosis and end‐stage liver disease (ESLD). They are the end result of impaired dietary intake, chronic inflammation, altered macronutrient and micronutrient metabolism, and low physical activity. Frailty is the end result of prolonged sarcopenia and physical deconditioning. It severely affects a patient's functional status and presents in approximately 1 in 5 patients on the liver transplantation waiting list. Sarcopenia, poor physical fitness/cardiopulmonary endurance (CPE), and frailty are all associated with increased mortality in ESLD. Clinical trials addressing the usefulness of exercise in patients with cirrhosis have shown that it improves the metabolic syndrome, sarcopenia, CPE, health‐related quality of life, and hepatic venous pressure gradient. Although evidence on the benefits of exercise on clinical outcomes derived from large clinical trials is still missing, based on existing literature from multiple medical subspecialties, we believe that an exercise program coupled to a tailored nutritional intervention benefits both cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal functions, ultimately translating into improved functional status, sense of well‐being, and possibly less complications from portal hypertension. In conclusion, although supervised exercise training is the prevailing approach to manage ESLD patients, such intervention is not sustainable or feasible for most patients. Innovative home‐based physical activity interventions may be able to effectively reach a larger number of patients. Liver Transplantation 24 122–139 2018 AASLD.
On the reducibility of isomorphism relations
Authors: Hyttinen Tapani , Moreno Miguel
Published: October 2017

We study the Borel reducibility of isomorphism relations in the generalized Baire space . In the main result we show for inaccessible κ, that if T is a classifiable theory and is stable with the orthogonal chain property (OCP), then the isomorphism of models of T is Borel reducible to the isomorphism of models of .
Spectrum of CFTR gene mutations in Ecuadorian cystic fibrosis patients: the second report of the p.H609R mutation
Authors: Ortiz Sofía C. , Aguirre Santiago J. , Flores Sofía , Maldonado Claudio , Mejía Juan , Salinas Lilian
Published: October 2017

Background

High heterogeneity in the CFTR gene mutations disturbs the molecular diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). In order to improve the diagnosis of CF in our country, the present study aims to define a panel of common CFTR gene mutations by sequencing 27 exons of the gene in Ecuadorian Cystic Fibrosis patients.

Methods

Forty‐eight Ecuadorian individuals with suspected/confirmed CF diagnosis were included. Twenty‐seven exons of CFTR gene were sequenced to find sequence variations. Prevalence of pathogenic variations were determined and compared with other countries’ data.

Results

We found 70 sequence variations. Eight of these are CF‐causing mutations: p.F508del, p.G85E, p.G330E, p.A455E, p.G970S, W1098X, R1162X, and N1303K. Also this study is the second report of p.H609R in Ecuadorian population. Mutation prevalence differences between Ecuadorian population and other Latin America countries were found.

Conclusion

The panel of mutations suggested as an initial screening for the Ecuadorian population with cystic fibrosis should contain the mutations: p.F508del, p.G85E, p.G330E, p.A455E, p.G970S, W1098X, R1162X, and N1303K.
Time‐harmonic and asymptotically linear Maxwell equations in anisotropic media
Authors: Qin Dongdong , Tang Xianhua
Published: October 2017

This paper is focused on following time‐harmonic Maxwell equation:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4615:mma4615-math-0001
where
is a bounded Lipschitz domain,
is the exterior normal, and ω is the frequency. The boundary condition holds when Ω is surrounded by a perfect conductor. Assuming that f is asymptotically linear as
, we study the above equation by improving the generalized Nehari manifold method. For an anisotropic material with magnetic permeability tensor
and permittivity tensor
, ground state solutions are established in this paper. Applying the principle of symmetric criticality, we find 2 types of solutions with cylindrical symmetries in particular for the uniaxial material.
A comparison of exogenous and endogenous CESTMRI methods for evaluating in vivo pH
Authors: Lindeman Leila R. , Randtke Edward A. , High Rachel A. , Jones Kyle M. , Howison Christine M. , Pagel Mark D.
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Extracellular pH (pHe) is an important biomarker for cancer cell metabolism. Acido‐chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI uses the contrast agent iopamidol to create spatial maps of pHe. Measurements of amide proton transfer exchange rates (kex) from endogenous CEST MRI were compared to pHe measurements by exogenous acido‐CEST MRI to determine whether endogenous kex could be used as a proxy for pHe measurements.

Methods

Spatial maps of pHe and kex were obtained using exogenous acidoCEST MRI and an endogenous CEST MRI analyzed with the omega plot method, respectively, to evaluate mouse kidney, a flank tumor model, and a spontaneous lung tumor model. The pHe and kex results were evaluated using pixelwise comparisons.

Results

The kex values obtained from endogenous CEST measurements did not correlate with the pHe results from exogenous CEST measurements. The kex measurements were limited to fewer pixels and had a limited dynamic range relative to pHe measurements.

Conclusion

Measurements of kex with endogenous CEST MRI cannot substitute for pHe measurements with acidoCEST MRI. Whereas endogenous CEST MRI may still have good utility for evaluating some specific pathologies, exogenous acido‐CEST MRI is more appropriate when evaluating pathologies based on pHe values. Magn Reson Med 79:2766–2772, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Motion robust high resolution 3D free‐breathing pulmonary MRI using dynamic 3D image self‐navigator
Authors: Jiang Wenwen , Ong Frank , Johnson Kevin M. , Nagle Scott K. , Hope Thomas A. , Lustig Michael , Larson Peder E.Z.
Published: October 2017

Purpose

To achieve motion robust high resolution 3D free‐breathing pulmonary MRI utilizing a novel dynamic 3D image navigator derived directly from imaging data.

Methods

Five‐minute free‐breathing scans were acquired with a 3D ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequence with 1.25 mm isotropic resolution. From this data, dynamic 3D self‐navigating images were reconstructed under locally low rank (LLR) constraints and used for motion compensation with one of two methods: a soft‐gating technique to penalize the respiratory motion induced data inconsistency, and a respiratory motion‐resolved technique to provide images of all respiratory motion states.

Results

Respiratory motion estimation derived from the proposed dynamic 3D self‐navigator of 7.5 mm isotropic reconstruction resolution and a temporal resolution of 300 ms was successful for estimating complex respiratory motion patterns. This estimation improved image quality compared to respiratory belt and DC‐based navigators. Respiratory motion compensation with soft‐gating and respiratory motion‐resolved techniques provided good image quality from highly undersampled data in volunteers and clinical patients.

Conclusion

An optimized 3D UTE sequence combined with the proposed reconstruction methods can provide high‐resolution motion robust pulmonary MRI. Feasibility was shown in patients who had irregular breathing patterns in which our approach could depict clinically relevant pulmonary pathologies. Magn Reson Med 79:2954–2967, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Combined endogenous MR biomarkers to predict basal tumor oxygenation and response to hyperoxic challenge
Authors: Cao‐Pham Thanh‐Trang , Joudiou Nicolas , Van Hul Matthias , Bouzin Caroline , Cani Patrice D. , Gallez Bernard , Jordan Bénédicte F.
Published: October 2017

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, which translates into increased angiogenesis, malignant phenotype cell selection, change in gene expression and greater resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a need for markers of hypoxia to stratify patients, in order to personalize treatment to improve therapeutic outcome. However, no modality has yet been validated for the screening of hypoxia in routine clinical practice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) R1 and R2* relaxation parameters are sensitive to tissue oxygenation: R1 is sensitive to dissolved oxygen and R2* is sensitive to intravascular deoxyhemoglobin content. Two rat tumor models with distinct levels of hypoxia, 9L–glioma and rhabdomyosarcoma, were imaged for R1 and R2* under air and carbogen (95% O2 and 5% CO2) breathing conditions. It was observed that the basal tumor oxygenation level had an impact on the amplitude of response to carbogen in the vascular compartment (R2*), but not in the tissue compartment (R1). In addition, the change in tissue oxygenation estimated by ΔR1 correlated with the change in vascular oxygenation estimated by ΔR2*, which is consistent with an increase in oxygen supply generating an elevated tumor pO2. At the intra‐tumoral level, we identified four types of voxel to which a hypoxic feature was attributed (mild hypoxia, severe hypoxia, normoxia and vascular steal), depending on the carbogen‐induced change in R1 and R2* values for each voxel. The results showed that 9L–gliomas present more normoxic fractions, whereas rhabdomyosarcomas present more hypoxic fractions, which is in accordance with a previous study using 18F–fluoroazomycin arabinoside (18F–FAZA) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry. The response of the combined endogenous MRI contrasts to carbogen challenge could be a useful tool to predict different tumor hypoxic fractions.
Foaming of trans‐polyisoprene using N2 as the blowing agent
Authors: Wang Dan , Prakashan K. , Xia Lin , Xin Zhenxiang , Zhang Zhenxiu
Published: October 2017

Foaming of trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene (TPI) polymer was carried out through a batch process using nitrogen (N2) as the blowing agent. TPI vulcanizates having varying crosslink densities were prepared by varying crosslinking agent content and curing time. The vulcanizates were then saturated with N2 inside a pressure vessel at a pressure of 14 MPa and varying temperatures for 5 hours before effecting the foaming by rapidly quenching the pressure. The effects of varying the crosslinking agent content, silica filler content, and precuring time of the vulcanizates and the effects of varying the gas saturation temperature of foaming on the cell characteristics and physical properties of the foam prepared were investigated. The cells of the TPI foams had a spherical, closed structure. The density, expansion ratio, cell size, cell density, and tensile properties of the foams varied with varying crosslink density of the TPI vulcanizates as well as the saturation temperature of foaming. The important effects of crosslink density and saturation temperature on the N2 solubility in the TPI matrix and thus on the foam expansion were discussed. The silica filler was found to be acting as a cell nucleating agent and reinforcing filler for the TPI foams.
Controlled sub‐10‐nanometer poly(N‐isopropyl‐acrylamide) layers grafted from silicon by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Schulz Andreas S. , Gojzewski Hubert , Huskens Jurriaan , Vos Willem L. , Julius Vancso G.
Published: October 2017

Surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) was used to graft poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brush layers with a controllable thickness in the 10‐nm range from silicon substrates. The rate of polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide was tuned by the [Cu(II)]0/[Cu(I)]0 ratio between the deactivating and activating species. The polymer layer thickness was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry. PNIPAM layers with a dry thickness between 5.5 and 16 nm were obtained. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) confirmed that the chemical structure is PNIPAM brushes. Analysis of the AFM data showed that our procedure leads to polymer grafts in the “mushroom‐to‐brush” transition regime.
Prevalence and clonality of synchronous primary carcinomas in the bladder and prostate
Authors: Jing Ying , Zhang Ruiyun , Ma Pengfei , Cai Mei‐Chun , Zhuang Guanglei , Chen Haige
Published: October 2017

Incidental prostate adenocarcinoma (IPCa) has been frequently discovered during postoperative histopathological evaluation of radical cystoprostatectomy specimens in patients with bladder cancer (BCa). However, there is currently no conclusive study addressing the clinical significance of IPCa and the clonal relatedness of IPCa and BCa. Here, we performed a retrospective single‐center review of 919 BCa cases and an additional meta‐analysis including a total of 19 868 individuals who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. IPCa, mostly clinically insignificant, was detected in 67 of 919 BCa patients (7.3%) and was significantly associated with greater age. In the meta‐analysis, a lower prevalence was observed in Asian than in non‐Asian countries (19% versus 32%), presumably due to their different rates of prostate cancer occurrence. Whole‐exome sequencing on matched BCa and IPCa samples unambiguously revealed independent clonal origins of the synchronous tumors. BCa and IPCa lesions from each patient displayed distinctive genomic abnormalities and largely unrelated mutational signatures of single nucleotide variations, indicating disparate mutational processes underlying bladder and prostate oncogenesis. These findings provide important insights into the incidental nature of prostate adenocarcinoma in patients with bladder cancer, and suggest that the two concurrent diseases can be managed separately. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How are multifactorial beliefs about the role of genetics and behavior in cancer causation associated with cancer risk cognitions and emotions in the US population?
Authors: Hamilton Jada G. , Waters Erika A.
Published: October 2017

Objective

People who believe that cancer has both genetic and behavioral risk factors have more accurate mental models of cancer causation and may be more likely to engage in cancer screening behaviors than people who do not hold such multifactorial causal beliefs. This research explored possible health cognitions and emotions that might produce such differences.

Methods

Using nationally representative cross‐sectional data from the US Health Information National Trends Survey (N = 2719), we examined whether endorsing a multifactorial model of cancer causation was associated with perceptions of risk and other cancer‐related cognitions and affect. Data were analyzed using linear regression with jackknife variance estimation and procedures to account for the complex survey design and weightings.

Results

Bivariate and multivariable analyses indicated that people who endorsed multifactorial beliefs about cancer had higher absolute risk perceptions, lower pessimism about cancer prevention, and higher worry about harm from environmental toxins that could be ingested or that emanate from consumer products (Ps < .05). Bivariate analyses indicated that multifactorial beliefs were also associated with higher feelings of risk, but multivariable analyses suggested that this effect was accounted for by the negative affect associated with reporting a family history of cancer. Multifactorial beliefs were not associated with believing that everything causes cancer or that there are too many cancer recommendations to follow (Ps > .05).

Conclusion

Holding multifactorial causal beliefs about cancer are associated with a constellation of risk perceptions, health cognitions, and affect that may motivate cancer prevention and detection behavior.
Safranal Inhibits HeLa Cell Viability by Perturbing the Reassembly Potential of Microtubules
Authors: Cheriyamundath Sanith , Choudhary Sinjan , Lopus Manu
Published: October 2017

Saffron, a spice from Crocus sativus, has been known for its health benefits and medicinal properties. Safranal is a component of saffron and is known for its antioxidant and anticancer properties. In this study, we elucidated a possible tubulin‐targeted antiproliferative mechanism of action of safranal. In vitro, the compound perturbed secondary structure of tubulin without altering net microtubule polymer mass. It inhibited HeLa cell viability in a concentration‐dependent manner, with minimal damage to cellular microtubules. However, it strongly inhibited recovery of microtubule network after cold‐induced disassembly, indicating its ability to interfere with the nucleation potential of tubulin. Further, as the acetylation pattern of the safranal‐treated microtubules revealed, unlike many tubulin‐targeted agents, the compound did not appear to induce persistent stabilization of microtubules. Our data shows an unusual, tubulin‐targeted antiproliferative mechanism of safranal. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ship‐icing prediction methods applied in operational weather forecasting
Authors: Samuelsen Eirik Mikal
Published: October 2017

Sea‐spray wetting of ships operating in cold environments imposes a great safety risk, due to icing. For this reason, marine‐icing warnings have been a part of operational weather forecasting for the last five decades, yet verification of such warnings has only been done sparingly. This article evaluates different ship‐icing methods applied in operational weather forecasting. The methods are tested against a unique dataset from a single ship type from Arctic–Norwegian waters and two screened datasets from several ship types from Alaska and the east coast of Canada. Missing and uncertain parameters in the latter datasets are supplemented by reanalysis data from different sources. Continuous icing‐rate verification and sensitivity tests are presented for the physical icing models alongside categorical icing‐rate verification, which is applied in order also to evaluate icing nomograms, which are still used by several forecasting agencies. Furthermore, a newly proposed definition of the boundaries between icing‐rate severity categories is applied in the categorical verification procedure. The overall best verification scores for continuous and categorical icing rates are obtained by the Marine Icing model for the Norwegian COast Guard (MINCOG) and a physically based Overland model, updated from its initial version with more realistic heat transfer. Finally, sensitivity tests highlight that very low air and sea‐surface temperatures rarely occur over sea areas together with high waves, due to fetch limitations, even for strong winds. For this reason, models and nomograms that do not treat wind speed and wave height separately will provide inaccurate predictions of the icing rate in such areas. Consequently, it is preferable that methods applied in operational weather forecasting are replaced with methods capable of taking this effect into account.
The ARTEMIS under‐ice AUV docking system
Authors: Kimball Peter W. , Clark Evan B. , Scully Mark , Richmond Kristof , Flesher Chris , Lindzey Laura E. , Harman John , Huffstutler Keith , Lawrence Justin , Lelievre Scott , Moor Joshua , Pease Brian , Siegel Vickie , Winslow Luke , Blankenship Donald D. , Doran Peter , Kim Stacy , Schmidt Britney E. , Stone William C.
Published: October 2017

The ARTEMIS docking system demonstrates autonomous docking capability applicable to robotic exploration of sub‐ice oceans and sub‐glacial lakes on planetary bodies, as well as here on Earth. In these applications, melted or drilled vertical access shafts restrict vehicle geometry as well as the in‐water infrastructure that may be deployed. The ability of the vehicle to return reliably and precisely to the access point is critical for data return, battery charging, and/or vehicle recovery. This paper presents the mechanical, sensor, and software components that make up the ARTEMIS docking system, as well as results from field deployment of the system to McMurdo Sound, Antarctica in the austral spring of 2015. The mechanical design of the system allows the vehicle to approach the dock from any direction and to pitch up after docking for recovery through a vertical access shaft. It uses only a small volume of in‐water equipment and may be deployed through a narrow vertical access shaft. The software of the system reduces position estimation error with a hierarchical combination of dead reckoning, acoustic aiding, and machine vision. The system provides critical operational robustness, enabling the vehicle to return autonomously and precisely to the access shaft and latch to the dock with no operator input.
Effect of thicknesses of InP epilayers on InP/GaAs heterostructure
Authors: Li Jingjuan , Guo Zuoxing , Zhao Liang , Jia Zhengquan , Zhang Min , Zhao Lei
Published: October 2017

InP epilayers with different thicknesses were grown on GaAs substrates at a low temperature by using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Atom force microscope and double‐crystal X‐ray were carried out to investigate the morphology and the crystal quality. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to characterize the microstructure and morphology. It was found that with the epilayer thicknesses increased, the crystal quality was improved and the dislocations in epilayers were decreased. Moreover, the sample that has 150‐nm InP epilayer could observe large numbers of antidislocations in the gallium arsenide substrate. The formation mechanism of antidislocations was also discussed with the analysis of crystal structure and surface morphology. Furthermore, we proposed a mechanism to explain the motion and the reaction of antidislocations.
Covariate adjustment using propensity scores for dependent censoring problems in the accelerated failure time model
Authors: Cho Youngjoo , Hu Chen , Ghosh Debashis
Published: October 2017

In many medical studies, estimation of the association between treatment and outcome of interest is often of primary scientific interest. Standard methods for its evaluation in survival analysis typically require the assumption of independent censoring. This assumption might be invalid in many medical studies, where the presence of dependent censoring leads to difficulties in analyzing covariate effects on disease outcomes. This data structure is called “semicompeting risks data,” for which many authors have proposed an artificial censoring technique. However, confounders with large variability may lead to excessive artificial censoring, which subsequently results in numerically unstable estimation. In this paper, we propose a strategy for weighted estimation of the associations in the accelerated failure time model. Weights are based on propensity score modeling of the treatment conditional on confounder variables. This novel application of propensity scores avoids excess artificial censoring caused by the confounders and simplifies computation. Monte Carlo simulation studies and application to AIDS and cancer research are used to illustrate the methodology.
DNA Mismatch Repair Deficiency Promotes Genomic Instability in a Subset of Papillary Thyroid Cancers
Authors: Javid Mahsa , Sasanakietkul Thanyawat , Nicolson Norman G. , Gibson Courtney E. , Callender Glenda G. , Korah Reju , Carling Tobias
Published: October 2017

Background

Efficient DNA damage repair by MutL‐homolog DNA mismatch repair (MMR) enzymes, MLH1, MLH3, PMS1 and PMS2, are required to maintain thyrocyte genomic integrity. We hypothesized that persistent oxidative stress and consequent transcriptional dysregulation observed in thyroid follicles will lead to MMR deficiency and potentiate papillary thyroid tumorigenesis.

Methods

MMR gene expression was analyzed by targeted microarray in 18 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 9 paracarcinoma normal thyroid (PCNT) and 10 normal thyroid (NT) samples. The findings were validated by qRT‐PCR, and in follicular thyroid cancers (FTC) and follicular thyroid adenomas (FTA) for comparison. FOXO transcription factor expression was also analyzed. Protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Genomic integrity was evaluated by whole‐exome sequencing‐derived read‐depth analysis and Mann–Whitney U test. Clinical correlations were assessed using Fisher’s exact and t tests.

Results

Microarray and qRT‐PCR revealed reduced expression of all four MMR genes in PTC compared with PCNT and of PMS2 compared with NT. FTC and FTA showed upregulation in MLH1, MLH3 and PMS2. PMS2 protein expression correlated with the mRNA expression pattern. FOXO1 showed lower expression in PMS2‐deficient PTCs (log2‐fold change −1.72 vs. −0.55, U = 11, p < 0.05 two‐tailed). Rate of LOH, a measure of genomic instability, was higher in PMS2‐deficient PTCs (median 3 and 1, respectively; U = 26, p < 0.05 two‐tailed). No correlation was noted between MMR deficiency and clinical characteristics.

Conclusions

MMR deficiency, potentially promoted by FOXO1 suppression, may explain the etiology for PTC development in some patients. FTC and FTA retain MMR activity and are likely caused by a different tumorigenic pathway.
The Forgotten Emancipator
Authors: Zietlow Rebecca E.
Published: October 2017

Congressman James M. Ashley, a member of the House of Representatives from 1858 to 1868, and was the main sponsor of the Thirteenth Amendment to the American Constitution, which declared the institution of slavery unconstitutional. Rebecca E. Zietlow uses Ashley's life as a unique lens through which to explore the ideological origins of Reconstruction and the constitutional changes of this era. Zietlow recounts how Ashley and his antislavery allies shared an egalitarian free labor ideology that was influenced by the political antislavery movement and the nascent labor movement - a vision that conflicted directly with the institution of slavery. Ashley's story sheds important light on the meaning and power of popular constitutionalism: how the constitution is interpreted outside of the courts and the power that citizens and their elected officials can have in enacting legal change. The book shows how Reconstruction not only expanded racial equality but also transformed the rights of workers throughout America.
The generation of problem-focussed patent clusters: a comparative analysis of crowd intelligence with algorithmic and expert approaches
Authors: Wodehouse Andrew , Vasantha Gokula , Corney Jonathan , Maclachlan Ross , Jagadeesan Ananda
Published: October 2017

This paper presents a new crowdsourcing approach to the construction of patent clusters, and systematically benchmarks it against previous expert and algorithmic approaches. Patent databases should be rich sources of inspiration which could lead engineering designers to novel solutions for creative problems. However, the sheer volume and complexity of patent information means that this potential is rarely realised. Rather than the keyword driven searches common in commercial systems, designers need tools that help them to understand patents in the context of the problem they are considering. This paper presents an approach to address this problem by using crowd intelligence for effective generation of patent clusters at lower cost and with greater rationale. A systematic study was carried out to compare the crowd’s efficiency with both expert and algorithmic patent clusters, with the results indicating that the crowd was able to create 80% more patent pairs with appropriate rationale.
Rodolfo Kusch's ‘Estar’ as Seen from the Systemic Perspective of Humberto Maturana as a way of ‘corazonar’ Coexistence
Authors: Holas Sergio
Published: October 2017

In this paper, I further develop Rodolfo Kusch's concept of ‘negation’. I argue that it is an affirmative tool that enables us to sense and feel the other sides or domains of what we call reality and allows us to approach a plateau negated as a horizon of possibilities for conviviality and coexistence. Kusch's concept of negation brings forth an image of the emotions as being intimately interconnected to the values and ethos that form the basis of our behaviours. This paper also argues that Kush's concept of negation must be considered together with Kusch's development of ‘estar’ as a philosophical concept which underpins ‘América profunda’ ways of being in the world (or the multiverse). Finally, I propose that this ‘estar’ requires a ‘corazonar’ of our ways of bringing forth ourselves and our territories to life.
A new hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India with remarks on its dental histology and biostratigraphy
Authors: Bhat Mohd Shafi , Ray Sanghamitra , Datta P. M.
Published: October 2017

A new lonchidiid genus,Pristrisodus, from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India is described based on multiple, well-preserved, isolated teeth. Comparative analysis resulted in synonymizingParvodus tikiensisandLissodus duffini,which are known from the same horizon and resulted in a new taxon,Pristrisodus tikiensisn. comb. These teeth are elongated with mesiodistal length greater than or equal to twice the labiolingual width and have a high principal cusp, lateral cusplets, a distinct ridge near the crown-root junction labially and higher up on the crown lingually, weak ornamentation, and linear depression along the crown-root junction. Five morphotypes based on overall shape, robustness and crown height are determined. The teeth show a gradual monognathic heterodonty. The anterolateral teeth (morphotypes I−II) have high, pyramidal principal cusp with two or three small but pointed cusplets, and triangular labial and lingual protuberance. The posterolateral teeth (morphotypes III−IV) have four incipient cusplets, relatively low principal cusp, bilobed/rounded, hanging labial and incipient lingual protuberances. Morphotype V comprises anterior teeth that are broad, triangular and robust, and have rounded/blunt principal cusp, one cusplet, and low, hanging labial peg. Multivariate analyses corroborate the qualitative assessment of the Indian hybodonts. Dental histology ofPristrisodusn. gen., shows that it is distinctly different from other lonchidiid genera. The assemblage of freshwater sharks, along with other vertebrate microfossils of the Tiki Formation, shows similarity with that of the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group, USA. The euryhaline nature resulted in the adaptation of the hybodonts to freshwater systems in India during the Carnian.
THE ISLIP ROLL RE-EXAMINED
Authors: Payne Matthew
Published: October 2017

The mortuary roll of John Islip (1464–1532), Abbot of Westminster, is the finest example of its kind to survive in England. The drawings, possibly by Gerard Horenbout, afford the only views of the interior of Westminster Abbey before the Dissolution. The discovery of eighteenth-century copies of an unknown, coloured version of the roll provides important new evidence for both the circumstances of the production and the later history of both rolls. It also provides, for the first time, an authentic colour view of the interior of Westminster Abbey in the late medieval period, and new information on its decoration.
The politics of cognition: liberalism and the evolutionary origins of Victorian education
Authors: EDDY MATTHEW DANIEL
Published: October 2017

In recent years the historical relationship between scientific experts and the state has received increasing scrutiny. Such experts played important roles in the creation and regulation of environmental organizations and functioned as agents dispatched by politicians or bureaucrats to assess health-related problems and concerns raised by the public or the judiciary. But when it came to making public policy, scientists played another role that has received less attention. In addition to acting as advisers and assessors, some scientists were democratically elected members of local and national legislatures. In this essay I draw attention to this phenomenon by examining how liberal politicians and intellectuals used Darwinian cognitive science to conceptualize the education of children in Victorian Britain.
A learned artisan debates the system of the world: Le Clerc versus Mallemant de Messange
Authors: RABINOVITCH ODED
Published: October 2017

Sébastien Le Clerc (1637–1714) was the most renowned engraver of Louis XIV's France. For the history of scientific publishing, however, Le Clerc represents a telling paradox. Even though he followed a traditional route based on classic artisanal training, he also published extensively on scientific topics such as cosmology and mathematics. While contemporary scholarship usually stresses the importance of artisanal writing as a direct expression of artisanal experience and know-how, Le Clerc's publications, and specifically the work on cosmology in hisSystème du monde(1706–1708), go far beyond this. By reconstructing the debate between Le Clerc and the professor Mallemant de Messange on the authorship of this ‘system of the world’, this article argues that Le Clerc's involvement in publishing ventures shaped his identity both as an artisan and as a scientific author. Whereas the Scientific Revolution supposedly heralded a change from the world of ‘more or less’ to the ‘world of precision’, this article shows how an artisan could be more ‘precise’ than the learned scholar whose claims he disputed, and points to the importance of the literary field as a useful lens for observing the careers of early modern scientific practitioners.
Effects of microencapsulatedLactobacillus plantarumLIP-1 on the gut microbiota of hyperlipidaemic rats
Authors: Song Jiao J. , Tian Wen J. , Kwok Lai-Yu , Wang Ya L. , Shang Yi N. , Menghe Bilige , Wang Jun G.
Published: October 2017

Thein vivoeffects of administering free and microencapsulatedLactobacillus plantarumLIP-1 cells (2·0×109colony-forming units/d) were evaluated in high-fat-diet-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Results from real-time quantitative PCR targeting to LIP-1 cells showed a higher colon colonisation count of LIP-1 in the rats receiving microencapsulated cells compared with free cells (P<0·05). Moreover, the microencapsulated LIP-1 treatment resulted in a more obvious lipid-lowering effect (P<0·05). Meanwhile, their faecal samples had significantly less lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria (especiallyBilophila,SutterellaandOscillibacter) and mucosa-damaging bacteria (BilophilaandAkkermansia muciniphila), whereas significantly more SCFA-producing bacteria (P<0·05) (namelyLactobacillus,Alloprevotella,Coprococcus,EubacteriumandRuminococcus) and bacteria that potentially possessed bile salt hydrolase activity (Bacteroides,Clostridium,EubacteriumandLactobacillus), and other beneficial bacteria (AlistipesandTuricibacter). Further, Spearman’s correlation analysis showed significant correlations between some of the modulated gut bacteria and the serum lipid levels. These results together confirm that microcapsulation enhanced the colon colonisation of LIP-1 cells, which subsequently exhibited more pronounced effects in improving the gut microbiota composition of hyperlipidaemic rats and lipid reduction.
Sociodemographic inequalities in the management of depression in adults aged 55 and over: an analysis of English primary care data
Authors: Walters K. , Falcaro M. , Freemantle N. , King M. , Ben-Shlomo Y.
Published: October 2017

Background

We do not know how primary care treatment of depression varies by age across both psychotropic medication and psychological therapies.

Methods

Cohort study including 19 710 people aged 55+ with GP recorded depression diagnoses and 26 276 people with recorded depression symptoms during the period 2009–2013, from 373 General Practices in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database in England. Main outcomes were initiation of treatment with anti-depressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics, anti-psychotic drugs, referrals to psychological therapies within 6 months of onset.

Results

Treatment rates with antidepressants are high for those recorded with new depression diagnoses (87.1%) or symptoms of depression (58.7%). Treatment in those with depression diagnoses varies little by age. In those with depressive symptoms there was a J-shaped pattern with reduced antidepressant treatment in those in their 60s and 70s followed by increased treatment in the oldest age groups (85+ years), compared with those aged 55–59 years. Other psychotropic drug prescribing (hypnotics/anxiolytics, antipsychotics) all increase with increasing age. Recorded referrals for psychological therapies were low, and decreased steadily with increasing age, such that women aged 75–79 years with depression diagnoses had around six times lower odds of referral (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.1–0.29) than those aged 55–59 years, and men aged 80–84 years had around seven times lower (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.05–0.36).

Conclusions

The oldest age groups with new depression diagnoses and symptoms have fewer recorded referrals to psychological therapies, and higher psychotropic drug treatment rates in primary care. This suggests potential inequalities in access to psychological therapies.