bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual-mode pushbroom hyperspectral imaging using active system components and feed-forward compensation
Authors: Abdo Mohammad , Förster Erik , Bohnert Patrick , Badilita Vlad , Brunner Robert , Wallrabe Ulrike , Korvink Jan G.
Published: August 2018

Among the methods developed for hyperspectral imaging, pushbroom spatial scanning stands out when it comes to achieving high spectral resolution over a wide spectral range. However, conventional pushbroom systems are usually realized using passive system components, which has limited their flexibility and adaptability and narrowed their application scenarios. In this work, we adopt a different approach to the design and construction of pushbroom systems based on using active internal components. We present a new system concept utilizing an internal line scanning unit and a rotating camera mechanism. This enables a dual-mode imaging system that allows switching between 2D spatial imaging and spectral imaging. The line scanning unit, which consists of a narrow slit mounted to a linear piezo motor, facilitates the spatial scanning of the target while eliminating the laborious relative motion between the target and the imaging system, which is needed in conventional spectrographs. A software is developed for the automation and synchronization of the active components, which enables a novel feed-forward compensation function to compensate the shift in the diffraction angle due to the scanning motion of the slit and provide higher flexibility in data acquisition.
The Hilbert space costratification for the orbit type strata of SU(2)-lattice gauge theory
Authors: Fuchs E. , Jarvis P. D. , Rudolph G. , Schmidt M.
Published: August 2018

We construct the Hilbert space costratification of G = SU(2)-quantum gauge theory on a finite spatial lattice in the Hamiltonian approach. We build on previous work [F. Fürstenberg, G. Rudolph, and M. Schmidt, J. Geom. Phys. 119, 66–81 (2017)], where we have implemented the classical gauge orbit strata on the quantum level within a suitable holomorphic picture. In this picture, each element τ of the classical stratification corresponds to the zero locus of a finite subset {pi} of the algebra R of G-invariant representative functions on GCN. Viewing the invariants as multiplication operators p^i on the Hilbert space H, the union of their images defines a subspace of H whose orthogonal complement Hτ is the element of the costratification corresponding to τ. To construct Hτ, one has to determine the images of the p^i explicitly. To accomplish this goal, we construct an orthonormal basis in H and determine the multiplication law for the basis elements; that is, we determine the structure constants of R in this basis. This part of our analysis applies to any compact Lie group G. For G = SU(2), the above procedure boils down to a problem in combinatorics of angular momentum theory. Using this theory, we obtain the union of the images of the operators p^i as a subspace generated by vectors whose coefficients with respect to our basis are given in terms of Wigner’s 3nj symbols. The latter are further expressed in terms of 9j symbols. Using these techniques, we are also able to reduce the eigenvalue problem for the Hamiltonian of this theory to a problem in linear algebra.
A “polar contact” tent for reduced perturbation and improved performance of NIF ignition capsules
Authors: Hammel B. A. , Weber C. R. , Stadermann M. , Alday C. L. , Aracne-Ruddle C. , Bigelow J. R. , Clark D. S. , Cortez J. P. , Diaz S. , Döppner T. , Felker S. , Field J. E. , Haan S. W. , Havre M. O. , Heinbockel C. , Hinkel D. E. , Hsing W. W. , Johnson S. A. , Nikroo A. , Pickworth L. A. , Ralph J. E. , Robey H. F. , Smalyuk V. A.
Published: August 2018

In indirectly driven Inertial Confinement Fusion implosions conducted on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), the imploding capsule is supported in a laser-heated radiation enclosure (called a “hohlraum”) by a pair of very thin (∼15–45 nm) plastic films (referred to as a “tent”). Even though the thickness of these tents is a small fraction of that of the spherical capsule ablator (∼165 μm), both numerical simulations as well as experiments indicate that this capsule support mechanism results in a large areal density (ρR) perturbation on the capsule surface at the contact point where the tent departs from the capsule. As a result, during deceleration of the deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel layer, a jet of the dense ablator material penetrates and cools the fuel hot spot, significantly degrading the neutron yield (resulting in only ∼10%–20% of the unperturbed 1-D yield). In this article, we present a hypothesis and supporting design simulations of a new “polar contact” tent support system, which reduces the contact area between the tent and the capsule and results in a significant improvement in the capsule performance. Simulations predict a ∼70% increase in neutron yield over that for an implosion with a traditional tent support. An initial demonstration experiment was conducted on the NIF and produced highest ever recorded primary DT neutron yield among all layered DT implosions with plastic ablators on the NIF, though more experiments are needed to comprehensively study the effect of the polar tent on implosion performance.
Rortex and comparison with eigenvalue-based vortex identification criteria
Authors: Gao Yisheng , Liu Chaoqun
Published: August 2018

Most of the current Eulerian vortex identification criteria, including the Q criterion and the λci criterion, are exclusively determined by the eigenvalues of the velocity gradient tensor or the related invariants and thereby can be regarded as eigenvalue-based criteria. However, these criteria will be plagued with two shortcomings: (1) these criteria fail to identify the swirl axis or orientation; (2) these criteria are prone to severe contamination by shearing. To address these issues, a new vector named Rortex which represents the local fluid rotation was proposed in our previous work. In this paper, an alternative eigenvector-based definition of Rortex is introduced. The direction of Rortex, which represents the possible axis of the local rotation, is determined by the real eigenvector of the velocity gradient tensor. And then the rotational strength obtained in the plane perpendicular to the possible axis is used to define the magnitude of Rortex. This new equivalent definition allows a much more efficient implementation. Furthermore, a systematic interpretation of scalar, vector, and tensor versions of Rortex is presented. By relying on the tensor interpretation, the velocity gradient tensor is decomposed to a rigid rotation part and a non-rotational part including shearing, stretching, and compression, different from the traditional symmetric and anti-symmetric tensor decomposition. It can be observed that shearing always manifests its effect on the imaginary part of the complex eigenvalues and consequently contaminates eigenvalue-based criteria, while Rortex can exclude the shearing contamination and accurately quantify the local rotational strength. In addition, in contrast to eigenvalue-based criteria, not only the iso-surface of Rortex but also the Rortex vectors and the Rortex lines can be applied to investigate vortical structures. Several comparative studies on simple examples and realistic flows are studied to confirm the superiority of Rortex.
Generation of second-harmonic Ince-Gaussian beams
Authors: Wang Meng-Ying , Tang Jie , Wang Hui-Jun , Ming Yang , Zhang Yong , Cui Guo-Xin , Lu Yan-Qing
Published: August 2018

As a continuous transition between the Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian beams, the Ince-Gaussian beams form a family of exact orthogonal solutions of the free-space paraxial wave equation in elliptic coordinates. Ince-Gaussian beams have multiple transverse mode patterns, which make them unique in terms of application in the fields of bioengineering, particle manipulation, and quantum entanglement. Here, based on binary nonlinear computer-generated holograms with a domain structure (realized via electric field poling at room temperature), we generate a second-harmonic Ince-Gaussian beam pumped with a fundamental Gaussian beam. In this process, the transverse part of the phase-matching condition is satisfied, which is called the Raman–Nath-type nonlinear diffraction. Both frequency conversion and beam shaping can be realized simultaneously, thereby offering the advantage of integration of both functions into a single device.
On the explicit asymptotic W5 symmetry of 3D Chern-Simons higher spin AdS3 gravity
Authors: Özer H. T. , Filiz Aytül
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we explicitly construct an asymptotic W5 symmetry algebra of the three-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS3) higher spin gravity. We use an sl(5,R)⊕sl(5,R) Lie algebra valued Chern-Simons gauge theory with a negative cosmological constant, and its asymptotic symmetry algebra is explicitly calculated as two copies of the classical W5 algebra with central charge c. Our results can be interpreted as a spin 5 extension of AdS3 gravity and a proof of how the higher spin Ward identities and the asymptotic W5 symmetry algebra is derived from the higher spin bulk field equations of motion. This higher spin asymptotic W5 symmetry algebra contains a finite number of conformal primary spin s: s = 2, 3, 4, 5. We also indicated how to introduce chemical potentials and holonomy conditions associated with these higher spin charges in AdS3 higher spin gravity in a manner that it preserves the asymptotic symmetry algebra.
Broadband underwater acoustic carpet cloak based on pentamode materials under normal incidence
Authors: Chen Jueguang , Liu Jiehui , Liu Xiaozhou
Published: August 2018

Acoustic carpet cloak in air has become an attractive topic in the past few years and has been realized in many feasible ways. However, underwater acoustic carpet cloak still suffers from lacking operator flexibility. Inspired by those works before, we design an impedance matching underwater acoustic carpet cloak using pentamode materials under normal incidence. The carpet cloak employs an effective velocity lower than water to restore the distorted reflected waves and its effective density is tuned to guarantee impedance matching with water. It is also demonstrated that a cloaked area with a higher height can be formed by simply using more microstructures in the cloak. Simulation results depict that the proposed carpet cloak has a great performance in a wide range of frequency. Our investigation may have potential applications in simplifying the underwater acoustic carpet cloak design.
Determination of the refractive index of liquids at cryogenic temperature
Authors: Faoro R. , Bassu M. , Burg T. P.
Published: August 2018

In this work, we present a method for measuring the refractive index of liquids at cryogenic temperature by shearing interferometry. The method is self-calibrated and easy to use over the range from cryogenic to room temperature. We validated the accuracy of our approach by comparing the measured refractive index of liquid propane with data reported in the literature. Moreover, we measured the refractive indices of three as yet uncharacterized fluorinated liquids that are of great interest as immersion fluids in the field of cryogenic light microscopy.
Requirements for efficient hole extraction in transition metal oxide-based silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Messmer Christoph , Bivour Martin , Schön Jonas , Hermle Martin
Published: August 2018

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are of increasing importance for many applications reaching from thin-film transistors and non-volatile memory to novel contact layers in photovoltaics. Due to their tunable electrical properties and high transparency, TMOs are also promising candidates as contact layers in silicon heterojunction solar cells already leading to cell efficiencies of about 22%. However, the current extraction of charge carriers via these thin contact layers is still not fully understood. To assist the engineering of novel silicon heterojunctions, numerical device simulations are used to improve knowledge regarding relevant heterojunction and thin film properties. The efficient current extraction from a silicon absorber is investigated with Sentaurus TCAD for a TMO-based hole contact. It is shown that for an ideal hole extraction from the induced crystalline silicon pn-junction via the amorphous silicon buffer and the TMO into the external metal electrode, two requirements have to be fulfilled: (A) A sufficiently high TMO work function is needed to ensure a high hole conductivity (via a high charge carrier ratio p/n) in the induced pn-junction within the silicon absorber. (B) Extraction of those holes into the TMO calls for efficient trap-assisted tunneling. Experimental evidence for a limitation of hole extraction by (A) and (B) is given for a variety of TMO based hole contacts using molybdenum oxide.
Entropy rates for Horton self-similar trees
Authors: Chunikhina Evgenia V.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we examine finite unlabeled rooted planted binary plane trees with no edge length. First, we provide an exact formula for the number of trees with given Horton-Strahler numbers. Then, using the notion of entropy, we examine the structural complexity of random trees with N vertices. Finally, we quantify the complexity of the tree’s structural properties as tree is allowed to grow in size, by evaluating the entropy rate for trees with N vertices and for trees that satisfy Horton Law with Horton exponent R.
2. Mass culture and mass politics, 1800–1860
Authors: Avila Eric
Published: August 2018

In the aftermath of the American Revolution, the framers of the Constitution confronted the task of forging a new national identity. “Mass culture and mass politics, 1800–1860” describes a surging phase of modernization in the United States between the Revolution and the Civil War, fueled by new technologies of communication and transportation. It outlines the burgeoning working class and a new middle class born of a market revolution and abstract economic forces. The impact of the developing theater arts, the influence of African Americans on the regionally distinct Southern culture, and the discovery of western lands and peoples that inspired new forms of cultural expression during the antebellum period are also described.
4. The new mass culture, 1900–1945
Authors: Avila Eric
Published: August 2018

A profound shift was underway in American culture at the turn of the twentieth century—a shift away from the Victorian ideals of the industrial era and toward a new set of values structured by a corporatizing economy. “The new mass culture, 1900–1945” describes how as an overflow of manufactured goods spilled outward from industrial centers, a new consumer ethic, pushed by a burgeoning advertising industry, exhorted men and women to indulge their growing spending power and leisure time. The early twentieth century witnessed the birth of a new mass culture, based on the new technologies of sight and sound. Cinema, advertising, and radio dominated this new cultural landscape.
4. The abolitionist crossroads
Authors: Newman Richard S.
Published: August 2018

After the turbulent 1830s, doubt and discord haunted the antislavery ranks. Facing opposition in the North and South, immediate abolitionists quarrelled not only with their opponents but also with each other. A series of questions loomed: Should abolitionists moderate their protest or become even more radical? Should they form a political party or separate from corrupt civil and religious institutions? Should they aid fugitive slaves or embrace nonviolence? Should women and African Americans take more or less prominent roles in the antislavery movement? “The abolitionist crossroads” explains how the 1840s were a time of dynamism and change for abolitionism not just in America but around the world.
6. American emancipations
Authors: Newman Richard S.
Published: August 2018

Even before the election of 1860, abolition made national headlines with John Brown’s failed raid at Harpers Ferry. Though he hoped to foment a slave rebellion in western Virginia, Brown’s raid ended with his capture and execution. “American emancipations: Abolitionism in the Civil War era” describes how Brown’s death put a spotlight on slaveholders too. While southern masters and their northern allies vilified abolitionists, some Republicans joined abolitionists in using Brown’s memory to focus on slave power outrages. No one could have predicted that this tactic would lead to a civil war, or slavery’s complete destruction, in a just a few years. Abolitionists were ready to exploit events to their advantage.
Sex roles and stereotypes
Authors: Simmons Leigh W.
Published: August 2018

‘Sex roles and stereotypes’ examines the notion, implicit in many of the original ideas about sexual selection, that males and females have natural ‘roles’ with characteristic behaviour associated with each sex. It also explores further the reasons behind deviations from the ‘typical’ sex roles in mate choice and in mating competition. Are there ‘standard’ male and female roles in both humans and other animal species? One version of sex roles holds that males are generally dominant and females submissive, stemming from the way that sexual selection favours different behaviours in each sex. This could mean that sexual selection dictates particular behaviours in males and females. But in fact, sexual behaviour is extraordinarily varied in nature.
Sexual selection after mating
Authors: Simmons Leigh W.
Published: August 2018

Darwin viewed sexual selection as a process that ended with mate acquisition, assuming that females are fundamentally monogamous, mating with just one male. ‘Sexual selection after mating’, however, shows this assumption to be false. Sexual selection continues long after the physical act of mating is over, as sperm compete inside a female’s reproductive tract and females bias the paternity of their young by selectively using sperm from particular males. Multiple mating by females has turned out to be ubiquitous across animal taxa. The far-reaching evolutionary consequences of sperm competition and cryptic female choice for the evolution of reproductive traits are examined, from the gametes themselves to the adult organisms producing them.
4. Politics and religion
Authors: Cummings Brian
Published: August 2018

Until recently it was commonplace to assume that a prayer book in the English vernacular was an act of popularization and even democratization. Cranmer, in his preface, explicitly appeals to broadening the reach of liturgy, opening it out to a wider audience and a popular register. However, the Book of Common Prayer, as well as a radical reformation of devotion, was a political act of religion. ‘Politics and religion’ outlines the political changes that had an impact on the use and amendments to the Book of Common Prayer, with new editions appearing in 1552, 1559, and 1662 after Parliamentary Acts, making it the only permitted form of religious ritual and public prayer.
6. Modernity and the Book of Common Prayer
Authors: Cummings Brian
Published: August 2018

‘Modernity and the Book of Common Prayer’ describes the revisions and changes to the Book of Common Prayer from the 17th century onwards. It outlines the plans to revise the book by the General Synod of the Church of England, a process that began in 1964 resulting in the 1980 Alternative Service Book. The biggest change came with the publication of Common Worship in 2000, which replaced the Book of Common Prayer outright. It abolished uniformity, providing alternative prayers for different services and encouraging experimentation and improvisation. The Book of Common Prayer always operated as an instrument of monolithic social order. This alone made it difficult for it to survive into the 21st century.
Josiah Wedgwood: the world’s greatest innovator
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David
Published: August 2018

‘Josiah Wedgwood: the world’s greatest innovator’ looks at the important contribution made by a Staffordshire potter to an improved quality of life and work in the society in which he lived. Josiah Wedgwood (1730–95) was a product innovator, constantly searching for innovation in the materials he used and design forms of his pottery, seeking out collaboration with other companies, artists, and industries. He made significant contributions to building national infrastructure, helped create a dynamic regional industry, pioneered new export markets, and positively influenced government policies. He invested extensively in the training and skills development of his employees and introduced a remarkable number of marketing and retailing innovations.
Joseph Schumpeter’s gales of creative destruction
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David
Published: August 2018

‘Joseph Schumpeter’s gales of creative destruction’ shows how innovation is creative and beneficial—bringing new industries, wealth, and employment—and also destructive of some established firms, many products and jobs, and the dreams of failed entrepreneurs. Innovation is essential for competitive survival. Most innovations are incremental improvements—providing new models of existing products and services, or adjustments to organizational processes, but most attempts at innovation fail. Organizations rarely innovate alone: they do so in association with others, including suppliers and customers. The various models and theories of innovation are discussed, concluding that understanding the time dimension in innovation is critical. How innovations are consumed and diffused is also considered.
6. But is it intelligence, really?
Authors: Boden Margaret A.
Published: August 2018

Suppose that future AGI systems equalled human performance. Would they have real intelligence, real under-standing, real creativity? Would they have selves, moral standing, free choice? Would they be conscious? And without consciousness, could they have any of those other properties? ‘But is it intelligence, really?’ considers these philosophical questions, suggesting some answers that are more reasonable than others. It looks at concepts such as the Turing Test; the many problems of consciousness; the studies of AI-inspired philosophers Paul Churchland, Daniel Dennett, and Aaron Sloman; virtual machines and the mind–body problem, and moral responsibility. It concludes that no one knows, for sure, whether an AGI could really be intelligent.
SKmDB: an integrated database of next generation sequencing information in skeletal muscle
Authors: Yuan Jie , Zhou Jiajian , Wang Huating , Sun Hao
Published: August 2018

Motivation

Skeletal muscles have indispensable functions and also possess prominent regenerative ability. The rapid emergence of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data in recent years offers us an unprecedented perspective to understand gene regulatory networks governing skeletal muscle development and regeneration. However, the data from public NGS database are often in raw data format or processed with different procedures, causing obstacles to make full use of them.

Results

We provide SKmDB, an integrated database of NGS information in skeletal muscle. SKmDB not only includes all NGS datasets available in the human and mouse skeletal muscle tissues and cells, but also provide preliminary data analyses including gene/isoform expression levels, gene co-expression subnetworks, as well as assembly of putative lincRNAs, typical and super enhancers and transcription factor hotspots. Users can efficiently search, browse and visualize the information with the well-designed user interface and server side. SKmDB thus will offer wet lab biologists useful information to study gene regulatory mechanisms in the field of skeletal muscle development and regeneration.

Availability and implementation

Freely available on the web at http://sunlab.cpy.cuhk.edu.hk/SKmDB.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
ISDB: a database toolkit for storing and analyzing viral integration site data
Authors: Sibley Thomas R , Silberman Evan J , Mullins James I
Published: August 2018

We introduce ISDB, a set of software tools for the creation and administration of relational databases of viral integration site (IS) data. Using ISDB, investigators can curate a private database from any heterogeneous set of data sources, including previously-published datasets and internal, work-in-progress data. To make data visible and accessible to collaborators with varying degrees of computational expertise, ISDB automatically generates web sites describing database contents and data exports in several common formats. Compared to a public depository database, the ability to build local, private databases makes ISDB suitable for use in testing hypotheses and developing analyses in the long pre-publication phase of most research.

Availability and implementation

Installation and usage documentation for ISDB are provided on our website https://mullinslab.microbiol.washington.edu/isdb/. Source code is available under the open source MIT license from https://github.com/MullinsLab/ISDB.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Penalized co-inertia analysis with applications to -omics data
Authors: Min Eun Jeong , Safo Sandra E , Long Qi
Published: August 2018

Motivation

Co-inertia analysis (CIA) is a multivariate statistical analysis method that can assess relationships and trends in two sets of data. Recently CIA has been used for an integrative analysis of multiple high-dimensional omics data. However, for classical CIA, all elements in the loading vectors are nonzero, presenting a challenge for the interpretation when analyzing omics data. For other multivariate statistical methods such as canonical correlation analysis (CCA), penalized least squares (PLS), various approaches have been proposed to produce sparse loading vectors via l1-penalization/constraint. We propose a novel CIA method that uses l1-penalization to induce sparsity in estimators of loading vectors. Our method simultaneously conducts model fitting and variable selection. Also, we propose another CIA method that incorporates structure/network information such as those from functional genomics, besides using sparsity penalty so that one can get biologically meaningful and interpretable results.

Results

Extensive simulations demonstrate that our proposed penalized CIA methods achieve the best or close to the best performance compared to the existing CIA method in terms of feature selection and recovery of true loading vectors. Also, we apply our methods to the integrative analysis of gene expression data and protein abundance data from the NCI-60 cancer cell lines. Our analysis of the NCI-60 cancer cell line data reveals meaningful variables for cancer diseases and biologically meaningful results that are consistent with previous studies.

Availability and implementation

Our algorithms are implemented as an R package which is freely available at: https://www.med.upenn.edu/long-lab/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Is Scientism Epistemically Vicious?
Authors: Kidd Ian James
Published: August 2018

This chapter offers a virtue epistemological framework for making sense of the common complaint that scientism is arrogant, dogmatic, or otherwise epistemically vicious. After characterizing scientism in terms of stances, it argues that their components can include epistemically vicious dispositions, with the consequence that an agent who adopts such stances can be led to manifest epistemic vices. The main focus of the chapter is the vice of closed-mindedness, but the idea that arrogance and dogmatism are “cooperative vices” is also considered: vices liable to be activated by closed-mindedness. The chapter concludes that determining whether or not any given stance is vicious will require sensitivity to the ontology of that stance and the psychology of the agents who adopt them. This would be contributing to our understanding both of scientism and of epistemically virtuous and vicious characters or psychologies.
The Moral and Economic Case for Free Immigration
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

The chapter makes a prima facie case for open borders. It argues that there is a strong common-sense moral case for free movement because migration restrictions coercively interfere with people’s freedom of movement. Such restrictions generally stand in need of justification. Second, there also exists a strong economic case for free movement. Economic models and history suggest that freeing up migration will be an enormous benefit to both migrants and receiving populations. The chapter concludes by suggesting that even though it does not offer a conclusive case for open borders by itself, the burden of proof squarely lies with those who would oppose immigration.
Conclusion
Authors: VanCour Shawn
Published: August 2018

Reflecting on the forms of mediamaking discussed in preceding chapters, the conclusion assesses their continued relevance for contemporary sound culture and lays out guiding principles for future scholarship. Mediamaking, it argues, entails not only the development of dominant production practices but also the professionalization and legitimation of media labor, playing a vital role in shaping new technologies. Although shifts in radio technologies, industries, content, and audiences have yielded corresponding changes in mediamaking practices throughout the past century, foundational strategies developed by radio workers during the prenetwork era have shown surprising longevity and continue to inform key dimensions of contemporary soundwork. In tracing these transformations in future histories, scholars will need to show continued consideration of more institutionally specific pressures and demands but will reap continued rewards from cultivating transmedia perspectives that connect these developments to larger shifts in period sound cultures.
Thought, Emotions, and Sentiments in the Development of Justice
Authors: Turiel Elliot , Dahl Audun , Besirevic Zinaida
Published: August 2018

This chapter approaches the question of “becoming just” from the perspective of theory and research on the psychology of the development of morality from childhood to adulthood. A perspective on the topic of what it means to be just is presented, based on both philosophical and psychological considerations. It is maintained that psychological-developmental research needs to be grounded in substantive definitions of the moral domain involving considerations of welfare, justice, and rights. Research has shown that there is a correspondence between philosophical analyses of welfare, justice, and rights and the types of judgments individuals begin to develop at early ages. Research findings are discussed regarding the types of social interactions children experience across cultures that contribute to their moral development, as well as the nature of moral judgments formed at different ages.
Resistance in the Age of Trump
Authors: Delmas Candice
Published: August 2018

This chapter uses the book’s previous arguments to inquire into American citizens’ and officials’ present political obligations under President Donald Trump. Citizens are bound by the natural duty of justice, the principle of fairness, the Samaritan duty, and political association to resist the various injustices threatened or enacted by Trump’s administration, including by protesting, educating themselves, disobeying the law, intervening in cases of hate crimes, acting in solidarity, and donating cash and time to movements. The chapter then presents the recent debate over whether to serve under Trump, and argues that civil servants (officials and bureaucrats) have a political obligation to minimize damage from within, that is based on the duty of justice and the principle of fairness. Finally, it argues that resistance from within, given its anti-democratic appearance, should generate feelings of ambivalence among civil servants.
The Influences of Families on Religious Vocations
Authors: Wittberg Patricia
Published: August 2018

This chapter is based on several national surveys of U.S. Catholics that CARA conducted, as well as a 2015 survey commissioned by the National Religious Vocation Conference of the members of men’s and women’s religious orders, diocesan priests and seminarians, and their families. It explores the differences between the families of priests, seminarians, and religious order members and other Catholic families by covering the family religious backgrounds and practices of priests and religious and whether other family members encouraged or discouraged discernment of a religious or priestly vocation. Also covered are the misconceptions that family members had of the priesthood and religious life and the worries they expressed about the future.
Building the Pipelines
Authors: Bátiz-Lazo Bernardo
Published: August 2018

Chapter 4 (‘Building the Pipelines’) recounts the development of online cash machines in Japan, Sweden, the UK, and the USA. Particular attention is given to the industrial organization of the early years of the industry as well as the collaboration between Lloyds Bank and IBM to develop a special project than then grew to become a whole line of business for IBM. In the early 1980s, when the adoption of ATM was about to take off, ‘Big Blue’ was positioned to take over this segment of retail finance. Instead it left the market. With hindsight, it was perhaps an error to try to sell ATMs as terminals of specific computer systems rather add-ons to banks’ established capacity.
Introduction
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: August 2018

The goal of this chapter is to introduce the field of microbial ecology and some terms used in the rest of the book. Microbial ecology, which is the study of microbes in natural environments, is important for several reasons. Although most are beneficial, some microbes cause diseases of higher plants and animals in aquatic environments and on land. Microbes are also important because they are directly or indirectly responsible for the food we eat. They degrade pesticides and other pollutants contaminating natural environments. Finally, they are important in another “pollution” problem: the increase in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. Because microbes are crucial for many biogeochemical processes, the field of microbial ecology is crucial for understanding the effect of greenhouse gases on the biosphere and for predicting the impact of climate change on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Even if the problem of climate change were solved, microbes would be fascinating to study because of the weird and wonderful things they do. The chapter ends by pointing out the difficulties in isolating and cultivating microbes in the laboratory. In many environments, less than one percent of all bacteria and other microbes can be grown in the laboratory. The cultivation problem has many ramifications for identifying especially viruses, bacteria, and archaea in natural environments, and for connecting up taxonomic information with biogeochemical processes.
The Ties That Bind
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

This book explores an important and neglected dimension of the history of the family in Elizabethan and Stuart England. It demonstrates the importance of sibling relationships, across all levels of society, and investigates their nature both in childhood and throughout adult life. While close bonds and bitter rivalries between siblings have always existed, many aspects of the relationship reflect the particular circumstances and values of the period and place. How far did parents favour the firstborn, and sons over daughters? How did this influence relationships between children? The practice of primogeniture, widespread among the gentry and middling sort, raised the important issue of reciprocal rights and responsibilities between heirs and siblings. Contemporaries largely agreed on ideals, but in practice primogeniture proved highly contentious. Disgruntled younger brothers feature prominently in both contemporary drama and the historical record. The high levels of mortality and remarriage led to many families containing half-siblings or step-siblings, creating further problems of adjustment for both adults and children. The Reformation also created new problems of religious discord, which sometimes divided parents from children and siblings from each other. All these issues are explored thematically in Part 1. Part II investigates them further through a series of vivid sibling case studies, drawing on autobiographical evidence and letters. Familiar figures such as Samuel Pepys appear in a new light, while other chapters explore the intense emotional lives of Dorothy Osborne and her brother; and the families of a Lancashire tradesman, a Plymouth surgeon, and a Somerset excise collector.
Physical properties
Authors: Janssen Ted , Chapuis Gervais , de Boissieu Marc
Published: August 2018

Physical properties of aperiodic crystals present some theoretical challenges due to the lack of three-dimensional periodicity. For the description of the structure there is a periodic representation in higher-dimensional space. For physical properties, however, this scheme cannot be used because the mapping between interatomic forces and the high-dimensional representation is not straightforward. In this chapter methods are described to deal with these problems. First, the hydrodynamic theory of aperiodic crystals and then the phonons and phasons theory are developed and illustrated with some examples. The properties of electrons in aperiodic crystals are also presented. Finally, the experimental findings of phonon and phason modes for modulated and quasicrystals are presented. The chapter also discusses diffuse scattering, the Debye–Waller factor, and electrical conductivity.
Freeborn Subjects
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the ideas and organizational ligatures that emerged by the 1630s to challenge the policies of Charles I’s personal rule. The chapter outlines some of the striking political ideas put forward by members of the “puritan triumvirate.” It also surveys the various ecclesiological alternatives championed by more rigorous puritans as alternatives to the existing episcopal and ceremonial order. Finally, it surveys the networks of clandestine print and distribution, centered in the Netherlands and anchored by sectarian puritans, which were responsible for disseminating these ideas and programs in England. The chapter concludes with three local case studies—London, Bristol, and Hertford—that illustrate these interlinked themes. The chapter argues that in terms of personnel, organizational structure, and ideological formulation the 1630s had already witnessed key developments that would have a deep impact on civil-war politics.
Athens, Jerusalem, and Beyond
Authors: Rudavsky T. M.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 2 presents a preliminary chronological overview of the major figures discussed in the work. The major topics of subsequent chapters are arranged thematically, ranging from Jewish philosophy’s earliest awakening in the Hellenistic era with the Greek writings of Philo of Alexandria and its flourishing in the medieval period, to its culmination in the seventeenth century with the radical thought of Baruch Spinoza. The role of Neoplatonism is examined as well as the influences of the Neoplatonists, John Philoponus, Aristotle, the Kalâm theologians, and the Islamic philosophers. The chapter emphasizes the interaction between Jewish thinkers and their intellectual peers.
Joseph in Love
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

This chapter treats the romance that we know of as Joseph and Aseneth, the earliest parts of which may be Hellenistic. It is an extraordinary sequel to the Potiphar’s wife story, in which Joseph marries a native Egyptian woman, who then converts to Judaism. The romance emerges as a complex meditation on the challenges of intermarriage, in the context of biblical prohibition (and, implicitly, the Egyptian practice of sibling marriage), but also as a text that itself sits between cultures, blending Jewish, Greek and Egyptian elements.
Comparison of Early Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation and Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Dursun Mesut , Uslu Sinan , Bulbul Ali , Celik Muhittin , Zubarioglu Umut , Bas Evrim Kiray
Published: August 2018

Aims

To compare the effect of early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nIPPV) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in terms of the need for endotracheal ventilation in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants born between 24 and 32 gestational weeks.

Methods

This is a randomized, controlled, prospective, single-centered study. Forty-two infants were randomized to nIPPV and 42 comparable infants to nCPAP (birth weight 1356 ± 295 and 1359 ± 246 g and gestational age 29.2 ± 1.7 and 29.4 ± 1.5 weeks, respectively).

Results

The need for endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation was significantly lower in the nIPPV group than the nCPAP group (11.9% and 40.5%, respectively, p < 0.05). There were no differences in the duration of total nasal respiratory support, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or other early morbidities.

Conclusion

nIPPV compared with nCPAP reduced the need for endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation in premature infants with RDS.
Characterization of Early Blight Resistance in Potato Cultivars
Authors: Xue Weiya , Haynes Kathleen G. , Qu Xinshun
Published: August 2018

Early blight, caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, is one of the most economically important foliar diseases of potatoes worldwide. In this study, 217 tetraploid old and modern potato cultivars were evaluated for foliar resistance to early blight in field experiments in Pennsylvania in 2016 and 2017. Relative area under the disease progress curve (RAUDPC) was calculated based on visual assessment of foliar disease during the growing season each year. RAUDPC ranged from 0.0090 to 0.7372 in 2016 and from 0.0215 to 0.7889 in 2017, respectively. Significant differences in resistance to A. solani among cultivars were found (P < 0.0001). A significant interaction was found between cultivar and environment (P < 0.0001). Cluster analysis classified the cultivars into five groups: resistant, moderately resistant, intermediate, moderately susceptible, and susceptible. Broad-sense heritability for early blight resistance was estimated as 0.89 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.86 to 0.92. All cultivars were also evaluated for foliage maturity in separate field trials in 2016 and 2017, and a strong negative correlation between early blight resistance and maturity was found. Maturity-adjusted RAUDPC was calculated by regressing maturity on RAUDPC; predicted values more than two standard deviations greater or less than observed values were used to identify cultivars with greater genetic susceptibility or resistance to early blight, respectively, independent of maturity. Although most resistant and moderately resistant cultivars showed late maturity and most susceptible cultivars showed early maturity, a few exceptions were found.
The Real Cost of the US Health Care System
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J.
Published: August 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2018;319(10):983–985)

It is well known that the health care system in the United States is excessively costly.
Planned Home Versus Planned Hospital Births in Women at Low-Risk Pregnancy: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis
Authors: Rossi A. Cristina , Prefumo Federico
Published: August 2018

(Abstracted from Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018;222:102–108)

Maternity care in hospitals has contributed to significantly reduced maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates over the latter half of the 20th century. Hospital care allows for prompt intervention and care that may not be available outside the hospital.
Bilateral Internal Iliac Artery Embolization Results in an Unacceptably High Rate of Complications in Patients Requiring Pelvic/Acetabular Surgery
Authors: Lindvall Eric , Davis Jason , Martirosian Armen , Garcia Gustavo , Husak Lisa
Published: August 2018

Objectives:

To assess complication rates in patients undergoing open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of pelvic/acetabular fractures with and without pelvic angiography embolization (PAE).

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Setting:

Level 1 Trauma Center.

Patients/Participants:

One hundred eleven patients with pelvic or acetabular fractures that required orthopaedic fixation.

Intervention:

Retrospective analysis of outcomes in patients who underwent ORIF of pelvic/acetabular fractures with and without PAE.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Comparison of surgical wound infections, necrosis, and/or fracture nonunions between the PAE group and a control group (no PAE).

Results:

Final study groups consisted of 50 patients in the PAE group and 61 patients in the control group. Ninety-six percent of patients underwent nonselective PAE. Significantly higher complications were noted in the PAE group than in the control group (20% compared with 4.9%; P = 0.020). In addition, posterior surgical approaches combined with internal iliac artery embolization represented the highest complication rate.

Conclusions:

Patients requiring PAE and pelvic/acetabular ORIF should undergo a multidisciplinary treatment approach with the trauma surgeon, interventional radiologist, and orthopaedic surgeon before PAE being performed to decrease complications and avoid nonselective bilateral internal iliac artery embolization.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Using Clinical Decision Support to Improve Referral Rates in Severe Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Kirby Amanda M. , Kruger Bradley , Jain Renuka , O'Hair Daniel P. , Granger Bradi B.
Published: August 2018

Clinical decision support systems are used to ensure compliance with guidelines and can assist providers in improving quality of care. This quality improvement initiative was designed to evaluate the use of a clinical decision support system to improve specialist referral rate for patients with severe aortic stenosis. A clinical decision support system for cardiology and primary care providers was implemented to improve diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis. The ordering provider received an electronic medical record in-basket alert providing feedback and recommendations for referral to specialist for evaluation. The echocardiogram data were evaluated for change in specialist referral rate. Before clinical decision support system implementation, the referral rate was 72% for a 3-month period. All providers ordering echocardiograms received clinical decision support system notification if patient results met criteria based on valve severity (aortic valve area < 1.0 cm2, mean gradient ≥ 40 mm Hg, peak velocity ≥ 4.0 m/s). After implementation, clinical decision support system referral rate was 97.5%, a 24.6% increase in referral rates (P < .001). Low referral rates for patients with severe aortic stenosis are a recognized challenge. Utilizing the clinical decision support system to improve awareness of quality guidelines and recommendations was associated with increased adherence to referral guidelines by providers. This innovation is pertinent to practice and enhances the functionality of the electronic medical record by providing real-time feedback to providers to improve practice. Referral rates for patients with severe aortic stenosis can be improved with use of provider clinical decision support system.