bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variasi Morfologi Empat Spesies Jati ( Tectona Sp) di Asia Tenggara: Potensi Pemuliaan Pohon dan Bioteknologinya
Authors: Fauzi Mohamad Anis , Hasna Tri Maria , Setiadi Dedi , Adinugraha Hamdan Adma
Published: January 2021

Jati (Tectona grandis Linn.f) dikembangkan secara intensif di Indonesia terutama di Pulau Jawa dengan luas pengelolaan hutan tanaman ± 1 juta Ha. Di Asia Tenggara jenis ini ditanam pula oleh negara Philipina, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam bagian Selatan dan Myanmar dengan luas bervariasi. Namun demikian pengetahauan mengenai variasi morfologi dan pemanfaatan untuk kegiatan bioteknologi dan pemuliaan masih berkisar pada satu spesies saja yaitu Tectona grandis. Sedangkan spesies lain seperti Tectona abludens, Tectona hamiltoniana dan Tectona philiphinensis belum banyak diketahui.Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel daun di 3 pengembangan jati di Pulau Jawa yaitu Cepu dan Randublatung Jawa Tengah, Nglambangan Bojonegoro Jawa Timur dan Ciamis Jawa Barat. Untuk Spesies Tectona abludens sampel daun diambil di daerah Dlingo, Bantul DIY dan Selang, Gunungkidul. Sedangkan untuk jenis Tectona philiphinensis lebih dalam dipelajari berdasarkan informasi yang diperoleh dari Kementrian Kehutanan Philipina dan untuk jenis  Tectona hamiltoniana dilengkapi dengan data dan informasi dari Kementrian Kehutanan Myanmar. Sampel daun dari tiap jenis diambil 2 daun (daun muda dan daun tua) masing-masing 5 ulangan. Pengamatan terhadap bentuk duduk daun, jumlah tulang daun primer dan sekunder serta pola tulang daun didiskripsikan dan dibandingkan antara keempat spesies tersebut. Morfologi bunga, kulit batang, kayu, biji dan bentuk percabangan digunakan juga untuk melengkapi variasi morfologi masing-masing spesies. Variasi morfologi yang ada dipergunakan untuk mengetahui variasi empat spesies Tectona sp tersebut sehingga diketahui karakter-karakter tiap jenis yang berpeluang untuk dimanfaatkan dalam kegiatan pemuliaan pohon baik melalui pemuliaan konvensional atau bioteknologi.Tectona grandis memiliki morfologi yang lebih dekat dengan Tectona abludens, sedangkan Tectona hamiltoniana dan Tectona phillipinensis memiliki morfologi khas yang berbeda dengan lainnya. Beberapa karakter morfologi diantara keempat spesies tersebut berpeluang diamanfaatkan untuk kegiatan pemuliaan jati antara lain kelurusan batang, kemampuan adaptasi di lahan kering dan ketahanan terhadap penyakit.
The Moroccan Bachelor New Reform: the Incorporation of Soft Skills through Project-Based Learning
Authors: El Bakkali Abdelaaziz
Published: January 2021

Recent debates about the bachelor in Morocco show that teaching learners to maintain positive attitudes and take over responsibilities for social and political processes is an essential educational asset of soft skills, mainly for schools that adopt project-based instructions. To engage students in this newest reform, significant preconditions of democratic school culture are set as effective outcomes to generate ethical behaviors. Today, social and political issues tend to provide meaningful opportunities to engage students in proper activities, specifically by using project-based learning. This paper aims at examining important venues that Moroccan school leaders, along with the bachelor outcomes, wish to implement to foster democratic participation within and outside school life by adopting project-based learning. It questions the challenges and perspectives of this implementation along with the progress of Moroccan educational institutions. Hence, the paper adheres to a meta-analysis technique, whereby a unique examination of the various already conducted studies came out with conclusions: perspectives and challenges. The typical meta-analysis method disengages readings of various scholarly academic sources related to school effectiveness concerning the implementation of project-based instruction, specifically after a long journey of debates about the bachelor. Because of its descriptive nature, this method allows the researcher to explore the wide-range of pitfalls that provide potential opportunities for alternative conclusions which are adopted in restructured and well-run approaches. The significant results and conclusions drawn from this paper are profoundly and qualitatively discussed and analyzed.
Nurturing Entrepreneurship Skills, Creativity and Communication Skills: An Exploratory Study on Omani Arab EFL Learners
Authors: Naqvi Samia
Published: January 2021

To prepare students to face the world of work, universities should ensure that engineers graduating from their campuses demonstrate entrepreneurial skills and the ability to understand market forces alongside domain knowledge. This exploratory study focused on the design, application, and evaluation of a research-based coursework assignment in a business communication course offered to undergraduate level engineering students at a university college in Oman. The assignment aimed at developing students’ entrepreneurship skills, basic business concepts, creativity, critical thinking, communication skills, and research skills. Student perceptions on the role of assignment in developing the above-mentioned skills and in influencing their affective domain were gathered using a survey questionnaire carrying closed and open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using SPSS and frequency tables were generated. The results of the survey revealed that the students enjoyed working on the assignment and showed strong agreement for most of the items on the role of assignment in developing their skills and knowledge. The assignment model used in this study can support teachers in designing assessments that target the development of entrepreneurial skills alongside other meta-skills and can help solve the problem of unemployment in due course.
Online EFL Emergency Remote Teaching during COVID 19, Challenges and Innovative Practices: A Case of Oman
Authors: Naqvi Samia , Zehra Insiya
Published: January 2021

The emergent situation brought about by COVID 19 has led to an unprecedented change in the educational sector worldwide, including the Sultanate of Oman. Most of the educational institutions here have responded swiftly to fulfill the requirements of academia by switching to an online emergency remote teaching mode overnight. To get adjusted to the ‘new normal,’ teachers across all academic disciplines, including the English language, have had to adapt to new teaching approaches and learn new skills and competencies to confront this challenge. This empirical cross-sectional research study explores the teacher technology self-efficacy, the challenges faced, and the innovative practices adopted by the EFL teachers during the crisis. A mixed-methods approach was used here, including an online survey and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with six teachers. The survey was administered to 100 EFL teachers from fourteen higher-education institutions, whereas the interviews were held with six survey participants. The study found that majority of the teachers had a strong sense of self-efficacy in using technology as well as considerably positive learning experiences and novel innovations, which all resulted in the various ways they faced pandemic-related challenges. The paper gives, in particular, an account of the innovative techniques adopted by the interviewed teachers during the Pandemic crisis. This investigation hopefully adds to the field of knowledge by sharing effective, innovative techniques that have relevance to EFL teaching in Oman and beyond.
Skill-based ESP Classroom: Teaching for Preserving and Enhancing Oman’s Comparative Advantages in an Era of Economic and Digital Transformation
Authors: Heckadon Peter , Tuzlukova Victoria
Published: January 2021

English for Specific Purposes oriented inquiry spans different territories and domains (Basturkmen, 2013). Firmly established in the English for Specific Purposes teaching and learning practice developed in Oman’s tertiary education, this paper explores a skill-based teaching approach ascribable to its far-reaching partnership with Oman 2040 vision initiative, and 21st-century educational thinking and planning for the future. In particular, while debating current issues related to economic and digital transformation, it aims at examining student skill development in the context of an English for Specific Purposes classroom using Omani tertiary education students’ self-perceived responses. Students responded to a survey that investigated perceptions of transferable skill importance, self-efficacy, and opportunities for improvement. The results reveal that adaptability/flexibility, time management, oral communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving are the most essential student perceived transferrable skills concerning their future employability and professional success; however, the perceived opportunities to use and improve these skills as well as satisfaction with the ability to use them in the course vary, and, therefore, should be addressed when considering further development of the English for Business course curriculum and its delivery. As an outcome of this study, English for Specific Purposes program providers and educators will have a better understanding of the students’ skill-sets and provide their students with the tools and strategies they need to learn and thrive in English for Specific Purposes courses effectively.
Zephyr: original Russian confectionery product
Authors: Belova Irina , Rudenko Oksana , Kondratiev Nikolay , Osipov Maksim , Lavrukhin Mikhail
Published: January 2021

Zephyr is one of the most favorite sweets in Russia: tender and airy. So, in 2017, the share of zephyr accounted for 23.5% in the segment of sugary confectionery products in Russia, which in physical terms amounted to 251.5 thousand tons. Its popularity among consumers is facilitated by the fact that natural fruit raw materials are used in the manufacture of zephyr. The modern industrial technology of zephyr is developed on the basis of folk recipes for pastila, which was made from apples and honey as a way of preserving apples. Zephyr is a pastila type confectionery of a foamy structure, the mass fraction of fruit raw materials in which is not less than 11%, the density is not more than 0.6 g / cm3. The use of a large amount of fruit raw materials in zephyr increases the nutritional value and enriches it with macro- and micronutrients. Pectin gives additional beneficial properties to zephyr, since it is able to bind heavy metals and radionuclides. The mass fraction of pectin in zephyr is in the range from 3% to 9%, which turns zephyr into a source of dietary fiber. To preserve the unique Russian dessert, the Research Institute of the Confectionery Industry has developed a method for determining the mass fraction of fruit raw materials in pastila products based on the ratio of the mass fraction of organic acids and macronutrients, the values of which are determined using the method of capillary electrophoresis. 34 samples of zephyr presented in the retail chains of the Russian Federation were studied for compliance with the requirements of the state standard for the content of fruit raw materials. High content of fruit raw materials from 11 to 60% was confirmed for most samples.
Quality Control Design on Customized Mica Packaging Craft Product
Authors: Soekesi Agustine Eva Maria , Kusdiartini Veronica , Prestyanto Bayu , Prapti Meniek Srining
Published: January 2021

Quality is one of differentiation strategies that can be addressed to achieve competitive advantage. Many alternatives can be selected to achieve this purpose. One of them is to maintain good quality of the products. A craft souvenir enterprise in Semarang controls the operation system of every product it produces to meet a good quality. This is very important since it produces customized products in which each product is designed according to customer order. A case study was conducted on the mica packaging craft product. Observations for 3 months with weekly production period show that the proportion of defective products is still relatively high compared to that is set by the enterprise (3.6% against 3%). By using the Statistical Process Control method and follow-up using the fishbone diagram method, it is found that there are 3 main causes, namely material, man (labor), and machine factors. Refer to this analysis, corrective actions is carried out to reduce occurrence of defective products in the next production periods.
Effect of Compensation and Benefit on Employee Performance with Motivation as Moderating Variable
Authors: Prihantoko Cahyo , Ferijani Agatha
Published: January 2021

Banking industry is currently experiencing a new demographic era known as the era of demographic bonus which occurs due to changes in the age structure of labor. This demographic bonus also occurs in Bank X in Semarang in which all funding officers in the marketing department are aged between 20 and 38 years old which is known as generation Y or millennial generation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of compensation and benefits on employee performance and whether motivation moderates the influence. The population in this study were all funding officers in the marketing department, totaling 121 employees and all of them were selected as the sample. The type of data used is primary data obtained from the respondents by means of questionnaires. The classical assumption tests used in this study include normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity tests. The analytical tool used in this research is the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) test. The results indicate that compensation and benefits affect employee performance and motivation moderates the effect of compensation and benefits on employee performance.
“Fricciones académicas”. La permeabilidad de la ficción (o de la teoría) en la escritura de Javier García Rodríguez
Authors: Sánchez Ungidos Guillermo
Published: January 2021

El propósito de este trabajo es profundizar en la relación entre ficción y teoría a partir de la obra en prosa de Javier García Rodríguez, con el convencimiento de que se trata de una practica narrativa que se pone así misma en evidencia y en cuyo seno ambos discursos se superponen para sintetizar una dialéctica productiva que los enriquece. Para ello, se toman en consideración las premisas contrainterpretativas de Susan Sontag, en busca de la “función formal” de la ficción (y de la teoría), de una erótica sustentada en un sujeto —o, mejor, una máscara— que nos hace comprender que, por desgracia, somos lectores de ficción.
DAMPAK PENGANGGURAN TERHADAP TINDAKAN KRIMINAL DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF KONFLIK
Authors: Sabiq Rafli Muhammad , Apsari Nurliana Cipta
Published: January 2021

Pekerjaan memiliki peran penting dalam keberlangsungan hidup masyarakat. Masyarakat tentu ingin mendapatkan pekerjaan sebaik-baiknya untuk kehidupan yang baik dan terhindar dari pengangguran. Pengangguran menjadi masalah sosial yang belum terselesaikan dan menjadi mimpi buruk bagi masyarakat.Pengangguran dapat menyebabkan masalah bagi yang mengalaminya seperti depresi dan menyebabkan masalah sosial lainnya seperti tindakan kriminal. Pengangguran sering menjadi alasan bagi seseorang untuk melakukan tindakan kriminal demi memenuhi kebutuhannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan faktor penyebab dan dampak dari pengangguran yang dapat menyebabkan tindakan kriminal. Hal ini selanjutnya akan ditinjau menggunakan perspektif konflik yang mencakup sejumlah teori dan fokus yang menjelaskan tentang adanya ketidaksetaraan, dominasi, kekuatan, dan ketimpangan yang terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa pengangguran memberikan tekanan psikologis bagi para penganggur yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya tindakan kriminal. Tekanan ini membuat para penganggur tidak dapat berpikir jernih dan membuatnya menghalalkan segala cara termasuk tindakan kriminal demi memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhannya.
Aerospace robotics
Authors: SOBOLEV Leonid B.
Published: January 2021

Subject. The article considers problems related to the national technological security in the medium- and long-term, which involve the catastrophic lag of Russia in the production and use of robots in various economic activities. Robotics is one of the components of the fourth industrial revolution, a logical continuation of computerization and automation of industrial and service processes of the previous stage of the world economy evolution.
Objectives. I focus on analyzing the robotics process of the global aerospace industry, the link with the global robotics process, and the impact on the labor market.
Methods. The study employs general scientific methods to analyze the open-source data.
Results. I demonstrate the economic feasibility and efficiency of using robots in the aviation industry, space exploration, and related industries.
Conclusions. Russia's achievement of worldwide average indicators will require dramatic overhaul, starting with the system of engineering robotic education, acceleration of the development of microelectronics and sensory professional equipment, and the labor market reform.
The condition of fruit tree nurseries and areas of government incentives for their development in Russia
Authors: SHARIPOV Sharip I. , YAKH'YAEV Gusein U. , IBRAGIMOVA Bakhu Sh.
Published: January 2021

Subject. The article investigates the state and development prospects for nurseries of perennial fruit and berry plantations.
Objectives. Our aim is to explore the current state of fruit tree nurseries in Russia, identify trends and directions of government incentives for their development.
Methods. The study draws on abstract-logical, monographic, systems, comparative, economic, statistical, and other methods of economic research.
Results. We show that the level of fruit tree nursery development does not adequately respond to the demands of intensively growing horticulture. Over one third of planting materials are imported. The ranking of the country's regions by the volume of planting material demonstrates that the greatest number of seedlings is in the Krasnodar Krai and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. However, only 25% of gardens of the Krasnodar Krai use the planting material produced in the region.
Conclusions. We unveiled trends in the fruit tree nursery development by subject of the Russian Federation; substantiated the importance of introducing differentiated subsidy rates for perennial fruit and berry plantations, applying an increasing factor, when domestic planting material is used.
Ways to diversify enterprises in the space sphere: Challenges, problems, and solutions
Authors: FAL'KO Sergei G. , RYZHIKOVA Tamara N. , AGALAROV Zurab S.
Published: January 2021

Subject. The article addresses the efficiency of commercialization through enterprise diversification in the rocket and space sphere.
Objectives. The study aims to assess the condition of the space market, find ways of diversification, identify opportunities for commercialization and diversification of business in this area to generate profit, and highlight urgent problems in the space market.
Methods. We employ econometric methods, like correlation and regression analysis, and methods of mathematical statistics.
Results. We propose a large-scale structure of the space market, enabling to examine and explore the relationship between its segments. The paper provides an assessment of the space market and opportunities for commercialization and diversification of business in this area for generating profit. It includes a profit-making model based on intermediate segments and post-sale service, which can serve as a basis for business diversification in this sphere. It also presents recommendations for further investigation.
Conclusions. The lack of communication between the space market segments makes it difficult to develop the production of launchers, and therefore, in the long run, will lead to a reduction in the number of launches and degradation of the industry.
Applying asset-and equity-based multipliers in the valuation of oil and gas corporations
Authors: SHIMKO Oleg V.
Published: January 2021

Subject. This article explores the ratios of the company's market capitalization and value to the balance sheet value of assets and equity of the twenty five leading public oil and gas companies between 2008 and 2018.
Objectives. The article aims to identify key trends in the changes in market capitalization and value ratios of the company to the balance sheet value of assets and equity of the largest public oil and gas companies, identify the factors that have caused these changes, and establish the applicability of these multipliers to estimate the value of the business within the oil and gas industry.
Methods. For the study, I used comparative, and financial and economic analyses, and generalization of materials of the companies' consolidated financial statements.
Results. The article establishes that the multipliers studied are acceptable for assessing the value of oil and gas companies, but it is preferable to use asset-based ratios.
Conclusions and Relevance. The overall decline in profitability and the increase in debt load in the stock exchange sector of the global oil and gas industry should be taken into account when using multipliers based on assets and shareholder capital in the assessment of the value of oil and gas corporations through a comparative approach. The results of the study can be used to assess the possible value of oil and gas assets as part of a comparative approach and develop measures to increase the market capitalization of public oil and gas companies.
Crowdfunding as a modern form of financing
Authors: STARODUBTSEVA Elena B. , MEDVEDEVA Marina B.
Published: January 2021

Subject. The article considers the specifics of crowdfunding as a digital platform, on which basis participants attract and invest funds in the global financial market, as well as the relationships between the participants of this process.
Objectives. We focus on positive and negative features of crowdfunding as a financial innovation, its place and role in modern investment activities.
Methods. The study draws on methods of logical, statistical analysis and synthesis, and comparative analysis techniques.
Results. The performed analysis of relevant works enabled to define the concept of crowdfunding, crowdfunding platform, show advantages and disadvantages of this type of financing, identify its functions, and make a comparative analysis of modern forms of financing, such as venture capital financing, business angels, and crowdfunding. The paper highlights and analyzes the participants of the crowdfunding process, the forms of income, the main subtypes of crowdfunding, depending on the forms of generated income, crowdinvesting in particular.
Conclusions. Crowdfunding, as a platform for attracting funds, is possible only if there is public confidence in the financial and banking system, and stable development of the economy. On the other hand, there should be trust and reliable cooperation between all participants of this process.
The non-financial sector debt: Global trends
Authors: KRINICHANSKII Konstantin V.
Published: January 2021

Subject. This article examines the non-financial sector debt ratio relative to the GDP of emerging and developed market economies.
Objectives. The article aims to find out what institutional units show debt growth or reduction, what causes and conditions prevent debt decline or lead to its growth in different countries and sectors, and highlight the foundations of public policy in this area.
Methods. For the study, I used a cross-country comparative analysis, grouping method, and graphical and trend analyses. The study covers 43 market economies, including 26 developed and 17 emerging ones. The time period is from Q4 2001 to Q4 2019.
Results. The article identifies and describes the structural debt changes that have taken place since 2008, which include a reduction in private sector leverage and rising public sector debt in developed market economies, and accelerated growth in the non-financial corporations and households' debt in emerging market economies.
Conclusions and Relevance. Given the different conditions of access to the capital market and the institutional differences between developed and emerging market economies, different approaches to debt management are needed. The identified trends are important to develop non-financial sector debt management policies, including both fiscal and monetary policies.
Research of levels of development of mental activity of children of senior preschool age in the process of logical and mathematical exercises and games
Authors: Amet-Usta Zarema , Ennanova Lenura
Published: January 2021

The article presents the results of research on the problem of developing mental activity in older preschool children in the process of logical and mathematical exercises and games. The essence of the concept, criteria and indicators of mental activity are defined. The article presents diagnostic tools for diagnostics of older preschool children, the results of the study, as well as pedagogical conditions that contribute to improving the effectiveness of the teacher in this direction.
Taxonomy of educational purposes in the process of application of computer training and control programs in a foreign language in training future military professionals
Authors: Arkhipenko Marina , Yegorushkina Tamara
Published: January 2021

To implement the tasks of training future military professionals at the university, it is necessary to use computer programs based on modern digital technologies that can perform educational, training and monitoring functions. The authors of the article offer teachers of higher education to understand the issues of educational goals taxonomy, when using foreign language computer training and control programs in teaching students. From this depends, in their opinion, the quality of mastering professional competencies by students in digital education. The article reveals the features of the use of foreign language computer training and control programs in a military university. Empirical data from the researches of the authors of the article are presented. It is concluded that the implementation of the taxonomy of educational goals, when using computer training and control programs, in teaching a foreign language at a military university, will contribute to improving the educational process and rethinking the approaches used in future professionals training.
Features of the methodology of teaching a foreign language using song material in the context of the modern educational paradigm
Authors: Voronin Valeriy
Published: January 2021

Modern education includes various components. Knowledge is the basis, but it is very important to form self-awareness through communication, which provides not only socialization, but also development of moral and aesthetic basis and value system of the pupils. In this article the features of the methodology of using song material at the English language lessons on the basis of the interconnection of various forms of communication are considered.
Realization of the principle of methodological complementarity in the context of foreign language teachers' professional development
Authors: Dubakov Artem , Olar Julia , Pushkareva Marina
Published: January 2021

The analysis of functions of the principle of methodological complementarity in the frame of foreign language teachers' professional development was carried out in the article. The authors disclose terminological characteristics of the principle of complementarity and the principle of methodological complementarity, reveal the connections of the principle of methodological complementarity with methodological training and professional development of foreign language teachers. Further on, the variants of the principle of methodological complementarity realization in the frame of foreign language teachers' professional development, appropriate within several innovative organizational forms, are shown.
EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL AND THE NEW POLICY GOALS IN TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY - HOW GAMIFICATION CAN INFLUENCE PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR FOR CUTTING CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE EU
Authors:   SNSPA, BUTNARU-TRONCOTĂ Miruna
Published: January 2021

Road traffic is one of the major sources of many of the worst pollutants, including carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, carcinogenic particles and noise. The past decades have seen a dramatic rise in these harmful effects on human health, that proved to cause at the same time massive damage to the natural and built environment. In response to this aggravating situation, the new European Commission’s President Ursula von der Leyen placed as the centrepiece of her political mandate ‘the European Green Deal’, a comprehensive climate and nature package of measures to make Europe climate neutral by 2050. To reach this very ambitious goal, there is a need for very creative and efficient policy solutions. And this is the scope of the current study. As the sustainability concerns become vital for policy planning, the paper advocates for the need of all EU’s main stakeholders to realise the potential of ‘green gamification’ to help EU member states reach these ambitious policy goals, particularly in the field of transport and mobility - which are of crucial importance for overall CO2 reduction. Placed at the intersection of technology innovation and the need to find more efficient ways to protect the environment, ‘green gamification’ is an emerging concept that refers to the usage of game mechanics when it comes to engaging people, with the purpose to change their behaviour on sustainability issues. In short, it aims to motivate a sustainable behaviour within companies, institutions and citizens, with the use of interactive games, in order to fight against pollution and climate change. Applied to the field of transport and mobility, green gamification implies using strategies to cut carbon emissions especially by convincing people to reduce the use of private cars. But how can we better incentivise citizens’ behaviour for cutting carbon emissions and achieve the new EU transport and mobility policy goals for 2050? To tackle this relevant question the article aims to assess the potential of ‘green gamification’ to help EU member states reach these ambitious policy goals.
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REFUGEE CRISIS 2011-2016: THE ARAB SPRING AND THE ROLE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Authors: FLUTUR Toader
Published: January 2021

The issue of uncontrolled migration has produced an institutional transformation of the European Union, dictated by the need to find solutions to new challenges. The reform of migration and asylum policy had to enter the European public agenda at an accelerated pace and political leaders had to find the common will to create the right legislative framework to respond to the migration crisis. The most important migration route preferred by refugees and economic migrants, is the Mediterranean Sea which in recent years has experienced the most intense human trafficking but also the most deaths in such a short time. As a result of the popular riots in North Africa and the Middle East in 2011, the deteriorating political and social situation in the countries of origin, more and more citizens have left their native places in the hope of ensuring a better life in the European Union. In order to support the structural reforms needed by the two areas and even physical reconstruction if we refer to the Syrian case, the European Union must show active involvement and a coherent plan to curb the fluid sources of migration. Supporting the reconstruction of foundations or strengthening institutions, investment in aid programs to stimulate economies and strong agreements with the governments of the states of the Middle East and North Africa are just some of the measures that the European Union should take swiftly.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE UN INSTRUMENTS AGAINST TERRORIST FINANCING
Authors: NAHEED Iffat
Published: January 2021

Terrorist financing with its different modes has become a core area of interest for researchers and policy makers around the world. With the passage of time the troika of terrorist financing; money laundering as a means for financing terror; and transnational organized crime has become a new equation to be considered for possible eradication. As terrorist financing has assumed complexities worldwide, so has the global response for countering it gained more legal maturity. In 2006, the adoption of “Global Counter Terrorism Strategy” aimed at strategizing policies and actions for combating Terrorism and especially Terrorism Financing. In 2009, ‘International Convention for the Suppression of Financing of Terrorism’ largely filled the lacuna in identifying terrorist financing as a criminal offence. This paper is aimed at critically analyzing the different UN instruments for countering terrorist financing along with the challenges encountered in their implementation. It assesses that one of the most difficult aspects in countering terrorist financing remains the manner in which different UN Member States synchronize these instruments with their domestic legal framework. Another complicating factor remains the ever evolving complexity penetrating into terror financing.
A Gain-based Remedy for Breach of Contract in English Law: Some Lessons for South African Law
Authors: Seanego Kwena
Published: January 2021

A gain-based remedy for breach of contract is aimed at taking away the profits acquired through breach of contract. Traditionally, contractual damages can be claimed only if the breach caused the plaintiff patrimonial loss. There is an assumption that breach of contract causes a loss to the plaintiff, and as a result the defendant should compensate the plaintiff. However, in the past, courts have been confronted with cases where the opposite of this assumption is true. This is in instances where a defendant breaches a contract and gains profit as a result of that breach, whereas the plaintiff suffers little or no patrimonial loss. Unfortunately, in these circumstances the plaintiff may be left with no remedy or legal recourse for the breach, while the defendant may keep the profits generated as a result of the breach. However, in English law the courts have recognised a gain-based remedy in the circumstances outlined above, allowing the disgorgement of such ill-gotten profits. But a similar remedy has not yet gained recognition in the South African law of contract. The purpose of this article is to explore how South African law can draw some valuable lessons from English law in developing and recognising a gain-based remedy for breach of contract in order to deal with the profits generated through breach of contract.
WIZJA I RZECZYWISTOŚĆ NA PODSTAWIE PLANOWANYCH INWESTYCJI TRAMWAJOWYCH W AGLOMERACJI POZNAŃSKIEJ
Authors: Majewski Bartosz , Fleischer Wojciech
Published: January 2021

This article describes opportunities for tramway-system development in the south-western part of the Poznan Agglomeration, in compliance with the need to implement sustainable development in the suburban and city space. The article is based on the authors’ original concepts and current urban studies.
Resolution of retro-odontoid cyst in a patient with atlanto-occipital assimilation after occipitocervical fixation
Authors: Kawanishi Masahiro , Ito Yutaka , Tanaka Hidekazu , Yokoyama Kunio , Yamada Makoto , Sugie Akira
Published: January 2021

Background:

Fusion of the atlas with the lower part of the occiput is clinically known as atlanto-occipital assimilation (AOA) or atlas occipitalization. This can be either partial or complete depending on the extent of fusion. AOA is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the craniovertebral junction and is usually asymptomatic.

Case Description:

An 80-year-old female presented with a retro-odontoid cyst in conjunction with AOA. Following posterior occipitocervical fixation without resection of the cyst, the patient improved, and the postoperative MR documented cyst resolution.

Conclusion:

Patients with AOA and a retro-odontoid cyst may be successfully managed with occipitocervical fixation without resection of the cyst. However, we would recommend preoperative computed tomography angiography to document whether the vertebral artery follows an anomalous course to avoid an intraoperative neurovascular injury.
Endoscopic treatment of brain abscess
Authors: Elmallawany Mohamed , Ashry Ahmed , Alsawy Mohamed F.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Treatment of brain abscess is still a subject of controversy. The main treatment is surgical, although medical therapy alone can be used for selected cases. The treatment of choice is aspiration, which may be performed with the aid of an endoscope or by freehand technique, with or without stereotactic or intraoperative ultrasound guidance. Excision is valuable in some cases. We are reporting our results of endoscopic approach in 12 patients.

Methods:

This study included 12 patients of brain abscesses treated between January 2015 and January 2018. All the cases except those with small abscesses (<3.0 cm in diameter) were included in the study. Rigid endoscope was used. Follow-up CT scan was done in all cases within 7 and 30 days after surgery. Follow-up periods ranged between 3 and 6 months.

Results:

There were 11 patients with a history of chronic otitis media and one patient who suffered from congenital cyanotic heart disease. Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 5 in one patient, 13 in two cases, and 14–15 in 9 cases. There were one cerebellar, six temporal, and five frontal abscesses. All the patients recovered completely except one who died (GCS 5). There was no procedure-related complication. Hospital stay ranged from 14 to 45 days with an average of 28 days. The endoscopy aided visualization of multiloculations and septation in eight patients which allowed the opening of the septations and complete evacuation.

Conclusion:

Endoscopic aspiration is safe, easy, and represents an effective way of treatment of brain abscess through proper visualization. It can be used for ensuring the complete aspiration of contents, control of any bleeding point, and also for multiloculated abscess to identify and open the septations which may not be possible in stereotactic or any other guided aspirations.
KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS DIKAJI DARI SELF-ESTEEM SISWA PADA MATERI HIMPUNAN
Authors: Elviani Dina , Sugiatno Sugiatno , Sayu Silvia
Published: January 2021

This study aims to find out how students' mathematical communication skills in solving sets of questions that have high, medium, and low self-esteem, in class VII of SMP Islam Bawari in Pontianak. This study used a descriptive qualitative research method with a survey form. The subjects of this research is 29 students in class VIIB SMP Islam Bawari Pontianak. Test and non-test techniques are used in this study as data collection techniques. Self-esteem questionnaire test, mathematical communication ability test, and interview are the tools used in this research. The results of this study are students with a high level of self-esteem that have fulfilled the category of mathematical communication skills, including that students are relatively able to understand the context of the problem in presenting the information obtained from the problem; Students with moderate levels of self-esteem almost meet the category of mathematical communication skills, This is indicate that students have a difficulty in solving problems, so the answers given are incomplete and inaccurate with the information contained in the questions; Students with low levels of self-esteem barely meet the category of communication skills, This is indicate that students have a difficult in understanding the purpose of the question.Keywords: Material of Set, Mathematical Communication Skills, Self-Esteem
ANTISIPASI DIDAKTIS BERSTRUKTUR KONFLIK KOGNITIF UNTUK MENGATASI HAMBATAN BELAJAR SISWA DALAM MATERI PENJUMLAHAN DAN PENGURANGAN BILANGAN BULAT
Authors: Lestari Yanti Ngudi , Sugiatno Sugiatno , Hartoyo Agung
Published: January 2021

This research was backgrounded by the difficulties experienced by junior high school students in understanding the addition and subtraction of integers material. One action chosen to overcome this problem was by designing a didactic anticipation with the cognitive conflict structure. The subjects of this research were the class VII students of SMPN 4 Sungai Pinyuh, of which 5 students were randomly taken as the sample. This research was conducted in two phases, preceded by the pretest to find out the initial difficulties faced by students, followed by intervention in the form of cognitive conflict anticipation, and the posttest to determine whether the designed strategy can reduce the difficulties faced by the students. The results showed that the didactic anticipation with the cognitive conflict structure could facilitate students in understanding the addition and subtraction of integers material.Keywors: Didactic anticipation, Learning obstacles
PENGGUNAAN THREE-TIER TEST UNTUK MENGUNGKAP HAMBATAN EPISTEMOLOGI DALAM MATERI SPLDV
Authors: Yunita Kurnia , Sugiatno Sugiatno , Suratman Dede
Published: January 2021

This research is aimed to describe the epistemology obstacle using the three-tier test in SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Pontianak. The method that used in this research is qualitative descriptive with the form of a survey. The subject is 33 students from grade 9 of SMP Muhammadiyah Pontianak academic year 2019/2020. The result from this research showed that the three-tier test instrument can reveal students epistemology obstacles based on the indicator. Conceptual obstacle could reveal that students still lacking in constructing mathematics models. It happened because students still make mistakes in presupposing and confuse in reasoning. The procedural obstacle could reveal that incompatibility in question completion steps and the inability to complete the question in a very simple form. It happened because the students working process is different from the direction in the question, students are not able to complete and do the questions. The technical operational obstacle could reveal that errors in calculating numbers from the sum of integers operation and errors in variable writing, writing incomplete steps and errors in switching the constants or the variables from previous steps.Keywords: Three-tier Test, epistemology obstacle, SPLDV
HAMBATAN EPISTEMOLOGI PEMAHAMAN KONSEPTUAL BERDASARKAN TAKSONOMI SOLO SISWA
Authors: Utami Zhafirah Atiqah Utami, Atiqah , Sugiatno Sugiatno , Ijuddin Romal
Published: January 2021

This study aims to explain and describe the epistemological obstacle of students' mathematical conceptual understanding based on the SOLO taxonomy at MTs Negeri 2 Pontianak. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a survey form. The subjects of this research is 35 students in class VIII F MTs Negeri 2 Pontianak. Data collection techniques that used were test and and non-test. Data collection tools that used were conceptual understanding tests and interview. The results of data analysis from this study indicate that the epistemological obstacle of students' mathematical conceptual understanding based on the SOLO taxonomy from 35 students is 40% of students are in level 0 (prestructural); 11.43% of students are in level 1 (unistructural); 20% of students are in level 2 (multistructural); 25.71% of students are in level 3 (relational); and 2.86% of students are in level 4 (extended abstract). The obstacle of students that have at level 0 are all of conceptual understanding indicator. Students at level 1 and 2 have obstacles in indicators 2, 3, and 4. Students at level 3 have obstacles in indicators 2 and 4. Students at level 4 have obstacles in indicator 4.Keywords: Epistemological obstacle, Mathematical Conceptual Understanding, SOLO Taxonomy
KESALAHAN SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL STATISTIKA TIPE HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS
Authors: Damayanti Safrida Dwi , Hartoyo Agung , Suratman Dede
Published: January 2021

This study aims to inform student errors in solving statistical problems type HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills). There are five varians students ability, that are very high, high, medium, low, and very low. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study. Subjects in the study involved 36 high school students. The object of this research is the students' errors in solving HOTS type statistical problems. Data collection tecniques used are test tecniques and direct communication teniques (interviews). The results resreach obtained are 3 students with very high ability, 12 students with high ability, 10 students with moderate ability, 6 students with low ability, and 5 students with very low ability to solve statistical problems in the HOTS type. Analytical framework for exposing errors using the Newman method. While the data analysis technique uses qualitative data analysis of Miles and Huberman. Whereas the errors made by students are  reading errors (R), comprehension errors (C), transformation errors (T), process skill errors (P), encoding errors (E). The mistakes most students make are process skills errors and encoding errors.Keywords: Error, Higher Order Thinking Skills, Statistika
TANTANGAN BELAJAR MATEMATIKA DALAM MATERI ARITMATIKA SOSIAL PADA PESERTA DIDIK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS
Authors: Wulandari Adinda Cintya , Sugiatno Sugiatno , Bistari Bistari
Published: January 2021

Advantages in mathematics education require high equality and strong support for all students and students from different backgrounds both social life and those in remote areas need to get equality in mathematics education. Learning challenges are basically caused by the emergence of students' obstacles in learning that students feel in the process of teaching and learning mathematics so that students are slow or unable to achieve their learning goals properly. In order to be able to spur the success of the mathematics learning process for SLB students, therefore we need basic facilities and infrastructure or supporting student success. The research aims to explore the cognitive factors that cause the challenges of learning mathematics in social arithmetic material in students with special needs. Descriptive method is used in this research. in the research subject consisted of 4 students of class VIII Extraordinary Middle School - B Dharma Asih Pontianak. The data obtained include student learning outcomes in social arithmetic material and student interviews. The results showed that 75% have not been able to work on social arithmetic problems so that the cognitive factors that cause the more dominant mathematical learning challenges affecting the four subjects are understanding and application.Keywords: Children with Special Needs, Learning Challenges, Social Arithmetic