bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A vertical bait station for black rats (Rattus rattus) that reduces bait take by a sympatric native rodent
Authors: Zewe Frances , Meek Paul , Ford Hugh , Vernes Karl
Published: December 2013

Novel bait stations can be used as a targeted method of delivering bait by exploiting behavioural traits of the target species. On Muttonbird Island, New South Wales, the black rat (Rattus rattus) has been baited to aid the conservation of the island’s wedge-tailed shearwater (Ardenna pacifica) colony, which may result in poisoning of the sympatric swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus). We aimed to design a bait station that R. rattus could reach, but that R. lutreolus could not. We found that 11 (92%) of 12 captive R. rattus reached the bait chambers by climbing a 50-cm vertical pipe, whereas only four (18%) of 22 R. lutreolus reached these bait stations. In a field trial on Muttonbird Island R. rattus entered the bait chamber on an average of 5.3 events per night of vertical bait station deployment, but R. lutreolus did not enter the stations. In a field trial on the mainland at a site with a high density of R. lutreolus, this species was detected in one vertical bait station five times, equating to an average of 0.017 events per night of vertical bait station deployment. We conclude that R. rattus readily climbs a 50-cm pipe to enter the bait station, whereas R. lutreolus rarely or never does on Muttonbird Island or at the mainland site.
Morphometric analysis of Correa lawrenceana (Rutaceae) and the reinstatement of var. ferruginea endemic to Tasmania
Authors: Othman Raja Nur Ateeka , Jordan Gregory J. , Duretto Marco F.
Published: December 2013

Correa lawrenceana Hook. is a widespread species in south-eastern Australia with eight recognised varieties. The Tasmanian variety, var. lawrenceana, is morphologically diverse. The present study uses multivariate morphometrics, including cluster, ordination and canonical discriminant analyses of samples of all recognised varieties of C. lawrenceana to assess whether more than one Tasmanian form warrants taxonomic recognition. These analyses showed that (1) var. lawrenceana can be divided into two well discriminated groups that are both endemic to Tasmania, a glabrescent form from the north-east and a hirsute form from the western, central and south-eastern regions, (2) the glabrescent form matches the type of C. lawrenceana and thus retains the name var. lawrenceana, and the hirsute form matches the type of C. lawrenceana var. ferruginea Hook.f. that is reinstated. The two varieties are separated geographically except in a small area around Deloraine in the north where intermediate morphological forms occur. The density of trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface is important for distinguishing the two Tasmanian varieties. An updated key to all varieties of C. lawrenceana along with descriptions of the Tasmanian varieties is presented. Nomenclature of the Tasmanian taxa is discussed and C. lawrenceana, C. lawrenceana var. glabra Benth., C. lawrenceana var. glabra L.Rodway and C. ferruginea Gunn ex Hook. are lectotypified.
Review of the species concepts Chara fibrosa and C. flaccida (Characeae, Charophyceae)
Authors: Casanova Michelle T.
Published: December 2013

Taxonomic circumscriptions of the charophyte taxa Chara fibrosa C.Agardh ex Bruzelius. and C. flaccida var. wightii A.Braun are revised, and both taxa are recognised at species rank, as C. fibrosa and C. wightii (A.Braun) Casanova. Both species are illustrated and a review of relevant morphological characters is also presented.
Lamprothamnium in Australia (Characeae, Charophyceae)
Authors: Casanova Michelle T.
Published: December 2013

Charophytes in the genus Lamprothamnium exhibit a large amount of diversity, particularly in the examples from Australia, although little of that variation has been recognised at species level in the past. The Australian members of the genus are revised here on the basis of extensive new collections, examination of specimens in herbaria and comprehensive review of the literature and available type material. The existing species Lamprothamnium macropogon (A.Braun) Ophel, L. inflatum (Fil. & G.O.Allen ex Fil.) A.García & Karol and L. heraldii A.García & Casanova are retained, eight new species are described (L. australicum Casanova, L. beilbyae Casanova, L. capitatum Casanova, L. compactum Casanova, L. coorongense Casanova, L. diminutum Casanova, L. macroanthum Casanova and L. stipitatum Casanova) and two taxa variously treated at infraspecific rank in Lychnothamnus are transferred to Lamprothamnium at species rank (L. cockajemmyense Casanova, L. tasmanicum (A.Braun) Casanova). Neither L. papulosum (Wallr.) J.Groves nor L. succinctum (A.Braun) R.D.Wood are confirmed for Australia after examination of the type material of these species. Species are distinguished by the arrangement of the gametangia, morphology of the fertile whorls and characteristics of the oospores. Four of these species are dioecious and nine are monoecious, which supports published conjectures concerning the biogeography of charophyte species (Proctor (1980): J. Phycol. 16, 218–233, doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1980.tb03023.x).
The key role of adherence for the effectiveness of antiretroviral-based prevention: state of the science and implications for the Asia-Pacific region
Authors: Amico K. Rivet
Published: December 2013

Remarkable advances have been made in the last few years in biomedical strategies to prevent onward transmission of HIV (treatment as prevention (TasP)) and prevent infection among at-risk populations through pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Numerous issues remain heavily debated, primarily concerning the feasibility of leveraging resources for both widespread access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for those living with HIV and access to effective prevention antiretrovirals (ARVs) among those at risk for infection. Even with consistent and wide-spread access to ARVs, the behavioural pathway from ARV access to successful rapid and durable suppression or reaching levels of PrEP adherence that confer high rates of protection is increasingly well recognised. For either ‘biobehavioural’ strategy to have maximal individual and community benefit, individuals accessing them must actually use them. In this review, the unique and overlapping factors influencing adherence to ART and PrEP are identified, with an emphasis on the behavioural, social and structural facilitators and barriers to TasP and PrEP success. The implications of the current research base and evidence generated specifically within the Asia-Pacific region are discussed.
Reaction-based fluorescent sensor for investigating mobile Zn
2+
in mitochondria of healthy versus cancerous prostate cells
Authors: Chyan Wen , Zhang Daniel Y. , Lippard Stephen J. , Radford Robert J.
Published: December 2013

Significance

Mobile zinc plays important roles in mammalian physiology. Understanding the action of mobile zinc requires tools to follow it within and between live cells. Zinc-selective fluorescent probes offer a facile means for detecting such mobile zinc, but small molecules constructed to perform this task typically have an unpredictable cellular distribution. Subtle changes in chemical structure can radically alter subcellular localization. To overcome this challenge, we installed a chemical unit to direct the sensor specifically to mitochondria and discovered that tumorigenic cells lose their ability to accumulate mobile zinc within these organelles. To carry out this work, we devised a reaction-based sensor that undergoes zinc-mediated chemistry, converting a nonfluorescent molecule into one that emits brightly and avoiding undesired sequestration in endo/lysosome.
A note on the distribution of gaps between zeros of the Riemann zeta-function
Authors: Wu XiaoSheng
Published: December 2013

Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis, we prove that a positive proportion of the time, the gap between consecutive zeros of the Riemann zeta-function is smaller than

0.6553
0.6553

times the average spacing and that a positive proportion of the time, the gap between consecutive zeros is larger than

1.6989
1.6989

times the average spacing.
𝐶^{𝑘}-smooth approximations of LUR norms
Authors: Hájek Petr , Procházka Antonín
Published: December 2013

Let

X
X

be a WCG Banach space admitting a

C

k

C^{k}

-smooth norm where

k
∈

N

∪

{
∞
}

k \in \mathbb {N} \cup \left \{\infty \right \}

. Then

X
X

admits an equivalent norm which is simultaneously,

C
1

C^1

-smooth, LUR, and the limit of a sequence of

C

k

C^{k}

-smooth norms. If

X
=
C
(
[
0
,
α
]
)

X=C([0,\alpha ])

, where

α
\alpha

is any ordinal, then the same conclusion holds true with

k
=
∞

k=\infty

.
A combinatorial approach to graphlet counting
Authors: Hočevar Tomaž , Demšar Janez
Published: December 2013

Motivation: Small-induced subgraphs called graphlets are emerging as a possible tool for exploration of global and local structure of networks and for analysis of roles of individual nodes. One of the obstacles to their wider use is the computational complexity of algorithms for their discovery and counting.

Results: We propose a new combinatorial method for counting graphlets and orbit signatures of network nodes. The algorithm builds a system of equations that connect counts of orbits from graphlets with up to five nodes, which allows to compute all orbit counts by enumerating just a single one. This reduces its practical time complexity in sparse graphs by an order of magnitude as compared with the existing pure enumeration-based algorithms.

Availability and implementation: Source code is available freely at http://www.biolab.si/supp/orca/orca.html.

Contact:  tomaz.hocevar@fri.uni-lj.si

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Genomics in Coccidioides: Insights into evolution, ecology, and pathogenesis
Authors: Whiston Emily , Taylor John W
Published: December 2013

Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii, the causative agents of the mammalian disease coccidioidomycosis, are dimorphic fungal pathogens distributed throughout desert-like environments in North and South America. Coccidioides spp. are members of the Onygenales, a diverse group of pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi. Recently, full genomes have been published for Coccidioides and a number of other Onygenales species. Phylogenomic comparisons and additional studies in Coccidioides population genomics and gene expression have shed light on the ecology and pathogenesis of Coccidioides and the other medically important species in this clade. Observed patterns of gene family expansion/contraction and evidence of gene flow have provided insight to the evolution of Coccidioides and greatly broadened our understanding of the diversity and sources of genetic variation found in fungi. In the future, expansion of the number of sequenced isolates from all populations will allow deeper insight into the evolutionary processes that have shaped this unique human pathogen. In addition, deep sequencing of isolates from a single Coccidioides population and pairing of those data with phenotype information on growth and pathogenicity for genome-wide association analysis will allow researchers to find genes responsible for any phenotype, virulence included, that shows variation in the population.
Small RNAs reveal two target sites of the RNA-maturation factor Mbb1 in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas
Authors: Loizeau Karen , Qu Yujiao , Depp Sébastien , Fiechter Vincent , Ruwe Hannes , Lefebvre-Legendre Linnka , Schmitz-Linneweber Christian , Goldschmidt-Clermont Michel
Published: December 2013

Many chloroplast transcripts are protected against exonucleolytic degradation by RNA-binding proteins. Such interactions can lead to the accumulation of short RNAs (sRNAs) that represent footprints of the protein partner. By mining existing data sets of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii small RNAs, we identify chloroplast sRNAs. Two of these correspond to the 5′-ends of the mature psbB and psbH messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are both stabilized by the nucleus-encoded protein Mbb1, a member of the tetratricopeptide repeat family. Accordingly, we find that the two sRNAs are absent from the mbb1 mutant. Using chloroplast transformation and site-directed mutagenesis to survey the psbB 5′ UTR, we identify a cis-acting element that is essential for mRNA accumulation. This sequence is also found in the 5′ UTR of psbH, where it plays a role in RNA processing. The two sRNAs are centered on these cis-acting elements. Furthermore, RNA binding assays in vitro show that Mbb1 associates with the two elements specifically. Taken together, our data identify a conserved cis-acting element at the extremity of the psbH and psbB 5′ UTRs that plays a role in the processing and stability of the respective mRNAs through interactions with the tetratricopeptide repeat protein Mbb1 and leads to the accumulation of protected sRNAs.
The Agricultural Productivity Gap *
Authors: Gollin Douglas , Lagakos David , Waugh Michael E.
Published: December 2013

According to national accounts data, value added per worker is much higher in the nonagricultural sector than in agriculture in the typical country, particularly in developing countries. Taken at face value, this “agricultural productivity gap” suggests that labor is greatly misallocated across sectors. In this article, we draw on new micro evidence to ask to what extent the gap is still present when better measures of sector labor inputs and value added are taken into consideration. We find that even after considering sector differences in hours worked and human capital per worker, as well as alternative measures of sector output constructed from household survey data, a puzzlingly large gap remains.
Characterization of LgnR, an IclR family transcriptional regulator involved in the regulation of l-gluconate catabolic genes in Paracoccus sp. 43P
Authors: Shimizu Tetsu , Nakamura Akira
Published: December 2013

Five genes encoding enzymes required forl-gluconate catabolism, together with genes encoding components of putative ABC transporters, are located in a cluster in the genome ofParacoccussp. 43P. A gene encoding a transcriptional regulator in the IclR family,lgnR, is located in front of the cluster in the opposite direction. Reverse transcription PCR analysis indicated that the cluster was transcribed as an operon, termed thelgnoperon. Two promoters, PlgnAand PlgnR, are divergently located in the intergenic region, and transcription from these promoters was induced by addition ofl-gluconate ord-idonate, a catabolite ofl-gluconate. Deletion oflgnRresulted in constitutive expression oflgnA,lgnHandlgnR, indicating thatlgnRencodes a repressor protein for the expression of thelgnoperon andlgnRitself. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and DNase I footprinting analyses revealed that recombinant LgnR binds to both PlgnAand PlgnR, indicating that LgnR represses transcription from these promoters by competing with RNA polymerase for binding to these sequences.d-Idonate was identified as a candidate effector molecule for dissociation of LgnR from these promoters. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LgnR formed a cluster with putative proteins from other genome sequences, which is distinct from those proteins of known regulatory functions, in the IclR family of transcriptional regulators. Additionally, the phylogeny suggests an evolutionary linkage between thel-gluconate catabolic pathway andd-galactonate catabolic pathways distributed inAlphaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria,GammaproteobacteriaandActinobacteria.
A trinuclear palladium(II) complex containingN,S-coordinating 2-(benzylsulfanyl)anilinide and 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiolate ligands with a central square-planar PdN4motif
Authors: Cross Edward D. , MacDonald Kristen L. , McDonald Robert , Bierenstiel Matthias
Published: December 2013

The reaction of dichlorido(cod)palladium(II) (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) with 2-(benzylsulfanyl)aniline followed by heating inN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) produces the linear trinuclear Pd3complex bis(μ2-1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiolato)bis[μ2-2-(benzylsulfanyl)anilinido]dichloridotripalladium(II)N,N-dimethylformamide disolvate, [Pd3(C7H4NS2)2(C13H12NS)2Cl2]·2C3H7NO. The molecule has \overline{1} symmetry and a Pd...Pd separation of 3.2012 (4) Å. The outer PdIIatoms have a square-planar geometry formed by anN,S-chelating 2-(benzylsulfanyl)anilinide ligand, a chloride ligand and the thiolate S atom of a bridging 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiolate ligand, while the central PdIIcore shows an allN-coordinated square-planar geometry. The geometry is perfectly planar within the PdN4core and the N—Pd—N bond angles differ significantly [84.72 (15)° for the N atoms of ligands coordinated to the same outer Pd atom and 95.28 (15)° for the N atoms of ligands coordinated to different outer Pd atoms]. This trinuclear Pd3complex is the first example of one in which 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiolate ligands are onlyN-coordinated to one Pd centre. The 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiolate ligands were formedin situfrom 2-(benzylsulfanyl)aniline.
China's educational cooperation with Africa: toward new strategic partnerships
Authors: Niu Changsong
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine China-Africa educational cooperation under the framework of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) while illustrating the modalities of Sino-Africa educational cooperation.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on empirical and documentary analysis, the paper describes and explores the unique features of China-Africa educational cooperation.

Findings

– In the past decades, China's expanding engagement with Africa in the field of international development assistance has attracted great attention and given rise to mixed reactions and arguments at the international level. China's cooperation with Africa has a long and notable history, dating back to the 1950s. China's cooperation with other developing countries is known as South-South development cooperation, based on principles of equality, mutual benefit, solidarity and no conditionality. With a thorough and critical analysis of the decision-making mechanism and the practices of China's educational cooperation with Africa, this paper puts forward some important issues regarding the perspective of sustainability and effectiveness in Chinese cooperative arrangements.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper tries to explain the dynamic and the practices of China's education engagement with Africa and puts forward key challenges regarding its effectiveness toward new strategic partnerships. However, the answers to these questions require some innovative measures in the future practices of China-Africa educational cooperation.

Originality/value

– The China-Africa education partnership is not a stand-alone sector, which can be better understood in the context of the historical development of China-Africa cooperation and under the framework of the FOCAC.
Overlap between autism and schizophrenia: history and current status
Authors: Fitzgerald Michael
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– Considerable confusion surrounds the overlapping of autism and schizophrenia. This has significant implications for clinicians given that correct diagnosis is critical for treatment.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper sets out to clarify the position by reviewing the history and current status of the relationship between autism and schizophrenia. A general review was conducted using a chronological approach that focused on phenomenology, aetiology, genetic mechanisms and treatment.

Findings

– Persons with autism are far more rigid, have difficulties set shifting and get far more upset and aggressive when their routines have changed. They have far more severe theory of mind and empathy deficits than those with schizophrenia.

Research limitations/implications

– Future diagnostic refinement by means of molecular genetic studies will alter the diagnostic categories. Further studies of the conditions of autism and schizophrenia are therefore necessary.

Practical implications

– Both conditions need treatment both clinically and practically.

Originality/value

– This paper elucidates the relationship between autism and schizophrenia from a historical and current perspective. It emerges that this confusion is likely to be resolved by molecular genetic studies that will alter the diagnostic categories.
Attenuating double jeopardy of negative country of origin effects and latecomer brand
Authors: Hamin Hamin , Baumann Chris , L. Tung Rosalie
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of ethnocentrism in attenuating the negative country of origin effect and latecomer brands. The literature has established the importance of the “country of origin” effect, and this study compares consumers in the Asian emerging markets to developed consumers' response to cars from China, India and Russia.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data on consumers' willingness to purchase cars from emerging markets such as China, India and Russia were collected from 3,201 respondents in those three emerging markets and in the three most important Western car markets, the USA, the UK and Germany. The study employed a choice-based conjoint analysis.

Findings

– The results of this study confirmed the hypothesised ethnocentrism in the emerging markets with a strong preference for their own latecomer brands (Great Wall, Tata and AvtoVAZ, respectively). Developed markets in contrast are more sceptical of the Chinese, Indian and Russian car brands, but there is nonetheless substantial potential, especially with consumers who have previously bought latecomer brands from Asia. Utility values per brand, price, brand-partnership, product features, warranties and also place of manufacturing/assembly have been calculated in the study.

Originality/value

– This paper should prove valuable to academic researchers in establishing strong consumer preferences in emerging markets for their own products, and in establishing the potential of latecomer brands in developed markets.
Integrated systems oriented student-centric learning environment
Authors: S. Desai Mayur , A. Johnson Ronald
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework that serves as a guide to develop a curriculum and instructional strategy that is systems oriented and student-centric.

Design/methodology/approach

– The framework is based on the theories in the field of education by prominent researchers. The framework is divided into four sub-systems, input, process, output, and feedback. While the input, process, and output sections discuss basic elements critical in students’ learning, the feedback section suggests how the learning environment can be controlled and corrected based on student learning outcomes.

Findings

– The paper presents a framework for the student to graduate transformation process in institutions of higher education based on fundamental premise that this process is an ecosystem consisting of several interlinked and interacting sub-systems. A key driver of the transformation process should be a feasible set of expected competencies that the global market place for talent expects of college graduates. These market-valued competencies can be used to define the success of the curriculum, course design, and instructional techniques and determine the sufficiency of the resource allocation by the institution of higher education to specific academic and supporting programs.

Originality/value

– The framework that is based on integration of well-grounded theories in the field of education. Thus it adds value to the development of curriculum that is needed by the education institutions to excel and compete in the global and dynamic academic environment.
Sustainability in the global hotel industry
Authors: Jones Peter , Hillier David , Comfort Daphne
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide an exploratory review of how the global hotel industry publicly communicates its approach to sustainability.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper begins with an outline of the growing importance of sustainability within the hospitality industry and a short discussion of the characteristics of sustainability. The paper draws its empirical material from the most recent information on sustainability posted on the world's leading hotel chains' corporate websites.

Findings

– The findings reveal that while there is considerable variation in the information the leading hotel chains provided publicly on their sustainability commitments and achievements, they embrace a wide range of environmental, social and economic issues. More critically, the authors argue that these commitments are driven more by the search for efficiency gains, that they are couched within existing business models centred on continuing growth, and that as such the global hotel industry is currently pursuing a “weak” rather than a “strong” model of sustainability.

Practical implications

– The paper suggests that although the leading global hotel companies are well placed to take a leading role in promoting sustainability, they may need to extend their sustainability reporting and to introduce external assurance procedures.

Originality/value

– The paper provides an accessible review of the sustainability agendas currently being pursued within the global hotel industry and as such it will interest academics, students and practitioners interested in both the hospitality industry and corporate sustainability strategies.
Managing organizational challenges in global projects
Authors: Aarseth Wenche , Rolstadås Asbjørn , Andersen Bjorn
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to complement the research that has been done in global projects so far and has two objectives: to study organizational challenges in global projects, compared with those of traditional projects; and to define and analyze the main organizational challenges the project team members and project managers meet when assigned to global projects.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research is based on a survey sent to 550 project managers and people working in a global environment, data from 246 respondents, and 30 interviews with senior project team members.

Findings

– The results show that the main organizational challenges are managing the external stakeholders in the global project; the local government in the country, local content demand, local authorities, local industry, and lack of support from the base organization and management. One of the conclusions is that companies need a relationship management approach to managing these challenges in global projects.

Originality/value

– Organizational challenges are an underestimated area in projects and when it comes to an in-depth understanding of organizational challenges in global projects only a very few studies have been published compared with other project management issues. This article contributes to existing research by presenting the organizational challenges in global projects and how they differ from traditional projects.
Greening the campus of a Brazilian university: cultural challenges
Authors: da Silveira Marques Pereira Giovana , Jabbour Charbel , V.W. Borges de Oliveira Sonia , Alves Teixeira Adriano
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– This study examined the relationship between environmental management practices developed at a campus of a Brazilian university (University of Sao Paulo) and the greening of its organizational culture. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– This article presents a theoretical background based on the concepts of environmental management, organizational culture and environmental management in higher education institutions. The main framework of this research is the model proposed by Harris and Crane.

Findings

– The studied university has an environmental management program that is sometimes constrained in the following ways: the university bureaucracy and hierarchy; the main performance indicators for lecturers and professors are based on scientific production and publication, giving them little time for complementary activities; and some units develop their own environmental management practices, but they are not disseminated as best practices for use by other units. Some academic units showcase the proactive actions of professors who incorporate environmental management into their daily activities. The general perception is that the phrase “environmental management” is almost synonymous with “solid waste management”.

Originality/value

– This research details the first Brazilian application of the Harris and Crane model. It contributes an original analysis of environmental management and “green” organizational culture of a Brazilian university, an organizational type that has seldom been studied to date.
A high gain and high linearity class-AB power amplifier for WCDMA applications
Authors: Ramiah Harikrishnan , Eswaran U. , Kanesan J.
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to design and realize a high gain power amplifier (PA) with low output back-off power using the InGaP/GaAs HBT process for WCDMA applications from 1.85 to 1.91 GHz.

Design/methodology/approach

– A three stages cascaded PA is designed which observes a high power gain. A 100 mA of quiescent current helps the PA to operate efficiently. The final stage device dimension has been selected diligently in order to deliver a high output power. The inter-stage match between the driver and main stage has been designed to provide maximum power transfer. The output matching network is constructed to deliver a high linear output power which meets the WCDMA adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) requirement of −33 dBc close to the 1 dB gain compression point.

Findings

– With the cascaded topology, a maximum 31.3 dB of gain is achieved at 1.9 GHz. S11 of less than −18 dB is achieved across the operating frequency band. The maximum output power is indicated to be 32.7 dBm. An ACLR of −33 dBc is achieved at maximum linear output power of 31 dBm.

Practical implications

– The designed PA is an excellent candidate to be employed in the WCDMA transmitter chain without the aid of additional driver amplifier and linearization circuits.

Originality/value

– In this work, a fully integrated GaAs HBT PA has been implemented which is capable to operate linearly close to its 1 dB gain compression point.
Leadership networks in destinations
Authors: Zehrer Anita , Raich Frieda , Siller Hubert , Tschiderer Franz
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– Co-operation activities play a central role for the development of a tourism destination, and require a co-operative approach among numerous different actors to manage and market a tourism destination. This paper aims to describe the characteristics of leadership networks in tourism destinations and their impact on destination development.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper discusses network relationships of destination leaders, as in their collectivity, leaders shape and influence the destination's core services, strategic orientation and innovation capability. The research is based on the examination of relevant literature and a quantitative survey conducted in five selected tourism destinations in the Tirol, Austria.

Findings

– The article discusses leadership networks in community-structured destinations, providing insights into its organizational structure and dynamic behaviour. Moreover, the paper illustrates the network characteristics and its influence on the development of the tourism destination. Thus, implications for destination management can be derived.

Originality/value

– Discussions on leadership have usually been limited to firms and have not yet fully embraced the network and destination level. The originality of the paper is to provide insights in destination leadership and networking activities of leaders within destinations by means of a quantitative approach and thus adds to the growing body of literature on the functionalities of destination leadership networks, their structures and mechanisms.
Novel molecular determinants of viral susceptibility and resistance in the lipidome of Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Fulton James M. , Fredricks Helen F. , Bidle Kay D. , Vardi Assaf , Kendrick B. Jacob , DiTullio Giacomo R. , Van Mooy Benjamin A. S.
Published: December 2013

Viruses play a key role in controlling the population dynamics of algae, including Emiliania huxleyi, a globally distributed haptophyte with calcite coccoliths that comprise ca. 50% of the sinking carbonate flux from the surface ocean. Emiliania huxleyi viruses (EhVs) routinely infect and terminate E. huxleyi blooms. EhVs are surrounded by a lipid envelope, which we found to be comprised largely of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) with lesser amounts of polar glycerolipids. Infection appears to involve membrane fusion between the virus and host, and we hypothesized that specific polar lipids may facilitate virus attachment. We identified three novel intact polar lipids in E. huxleyi strain CCMP 374 and EhV86, including a GSL with a monosaccharide sialic acid headgroup (sGSL); for all 11 E. huxleyi strains we tested, there was a direct relationship between sGSL content and sensitivity to infection by EhV1, EhV86 and EhV163. In mesocosms, the E. huxleyi population with greatest initial sGSL content had the highest rate of virus‐induced mortality. We propose potential physiological roles for sGSL that would be beneficial for growth but leave cells susceptible to infection, thus furthering the discussion of Red Queen‐based co‐evolution and the cost(s) of sensitivity and resistance in the dynamic E. huxleyi‐EhV system.
Psychopathy and the Cinema: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Leistedt Samuel J. , Linkowski Paul
Published: December 2013

The authors investigated the relationship between cinema and psychopathy to describe and analyze the portrayal of fictional psychopathic characters in popular films and over cinematic history. From 400 films (1915–2010), 126 fictional psychopathic characters (21 female and 105 male) were selected based on the realism and clinical accuracy of their profiles. Movies were then analyzed by senior forensic psychiatrists and cinema critics. Secondary (71%) and manipulative (48%) subtypes were the most common in the female group, while secondary (51%) and prototypical (34%) were the most common in the male group. Corresponding to the increased understanding of clinical psychopathy by professional mental health providers over time, the clinical description of and epidemiological data on fictional psychopaths in popular films have become more realistic. Realistic fictional psychopaths remain in the minority but are very important for didactic purposes in Academic facilities, as “teaching Movies.”
Ecological production functions for biological control services in agricultural landscapes
Authors: Jonsson Mattias , Bommarco Riccardo , Ekbom Barbara , Smith Henrik G. , Bengtsson Jan , Caballero‐Lopez Berta , Winqvist Camilla , Olsson Ola
Published: December 2013

Research relating to ecosystem services has increased, partly because of drastic declines in biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. However, the mechanistic linkages between land use, biodiversity and service provision are poorly understood and synthesized. This is particularly true for many ecosystem services provided by mobile organisms such as natural enemies to crop pests. These species are not only influenced by local land use but also by landscape composition at larger spatial scales.

We present a conceptual ecological production function framework for predicting land‐use impact on biological control of pests by natural enemies. We develop a novel, mechanistic landscape model for biological control of cereal aphids, explicitly accounting for the influence of landscape composition on natural enemies varying in mobility, feeding rates and other life history traits. Finally, we use the model to map biological control services across cereal fields in a Swedish agricultural region with varying landscape complexity.

The model predicted that biological control would reduce crop damage by 45–70% and that the biological control effect would be higher in complex landscapes. In a validation with independent data, the model performed well and predicted a significant proportion of biological control variation in cereal fields. However, much variability remains to be explained, and we propose that the model could be improved by refining the mechanistic understanding of predator dynamics and accounting for variation in aphid colonization.

We encourage scientists working with biological control to adopt the conceptual framework presented here and to develop production functions for other crop‐pest systems. If this kind of ecological production function is combined with production functions for other services, the joint model will be a powerful tool for managing ecosystem services and planning for sustainable agriculture at the landscape scale.
Little Evidence of a Role for the α1GABAA Subunit‐Containing Receptor in a Rhesus Monkey Model of Alcohol Drinking
Authors: Sawyer Eileen K. , Moran Casey , Sirbu Madelynn H. , Szafir Melissa , Van Linn Michael , Namjoshi Ojas , Phani Babu Tiruveedhula VVN , Cook James M. , Platt Donna M.
Published: December 2013

Background

Alcohol potentiates GABAergic neurotransmission via action at the GABAA receptor. α1 subunit‐containing GABAA receptors have been implicated as mediators, in part, of the behavioral and abuse‐related effects of alcohol in rodents.

Methods

We systematically investigated the effects of 1 α1‐preferring benzodiazepine agonist, zolpidem, and 2 antagonists, β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylate‐tert‐butyl ester (βCCT) and 3‐propoxy‐β‐carboline hydrochloride (3‐PBC), on oral self‐administration of alcohol (2% w/v) or sucrose solution and observable behavior in rhesus macaques. We compared these effects to those of the nonselective benzodiazepine agonist triazolam, antagonist flumazenil, and inverse agonist β‐carboline carboxylate (βCCE).

Results

Alcohol and sucrose solutions maintained reliable baseline drinking behavior across the study. The α1‐preferring compounds did not affect intake, number of sipper extensions, or blood alcohol levels (BALs) at any of the doses tested. Zolpidem, βCCT, and 3‐PBC increased latency to first sipper extension in animals self‐administering alcohol, but not sucrose, solution. Triazolam exerted biphasic effects on alcohol‐drinking behavior, increasing intake at low doses but decreasing BAL and increasing latency at higher doses. At doses higher than those effective in alcohol‐drinking animals, triazolam increased sucrose intake and latency. Flumazenil nonsystematically increased number of extensions for alcohol but decreased BAL, with no effects on sucrose drinking. βCCE decreased sipper extensions for alcohol and increased latency for first sucrose sipper extension, but full dose–effect relationships could not be determined due to seizures at higher doses.

Conclusions

Alcohol‐drinking animals appeared more sensitive to the effects of GABAergic compounds on drinking behavior. However, these results do not support a strong contribution of α1GABAA receptors to the reinforcing effects of alcohol in primates.
Visual performance and ocular abnormalities in deaf children and young adults: a literature review
Authors: Hollingsworth Richard , Ludlow Amanda K. , Wilkins Arnold , Calver Richard , Allen Peter M.
Published: December 2013

Visual defects are common in deaf individuals. Refractive error and ocular motor abnormalities are frequently reported, with hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism and anomalies of binocular vision, all showing a greater prevalence in deaf individuals compared with the general population. Near visual function in deaf individuals has been relatively neglected in the literature to date. Comparisons between studies are problematic due to differences in methodology and population characteristics. Any untreated visual defect has the potential to impair the development of language, with consequences for education more generally, and there is a need to improve screening and treatments of deaf children.
Metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: dietary and lifestyle factors compared to the general population
Authors: Bly Michael J , Taylor Stephan F , Dalack Gregory , Pop‐Busui Rodica , Burghardt Kyle J , Evans Simon J , McInnis Melvin I , Grove Tyler B , Brook Robert D , Zöllner Sebastian K , Ellingrod Vicki L
Published: December 2013

Objective

Since a poor diet is often cited as a contributor to metabolic syndrome for subjects diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, we sought to examine dietary intake, cigarette smoking, and physical activity in these populations and compare them with those for the general population.

Methods

Individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder (n = 116) and schizophrenia (n = 143) were assessed for dietary intake, lifestyle habits, and metabolic syndrome and compared to age‐, gender‐, and race‐matched subjects from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000. Additionally, matched subgroups within the patient populations were compared to elicit any differences.

Results

As expected, the metabolic syndrome rate was higher in the samples with bipolar disorder (33%) and schizophrenia (47%) compared to matched NHANES controls (17% and 11%, respectively), and not different between the patient groups. Surprisingly, both subjects with bipolar disorder and those with schizophrenia consumed fewer total calories, carbohydrates and fats, as well as more fiber (p < 0.03), compared to NHANES controls. No dietary or activity differences between patient participants with and without metabolic syndrome were found. Subjects with schizophrenia had significantly lower total and low‐density cholesterol levels (p < 0.0001) compared to NHANES controls. Subjects with bipolar disorder smoked less (p = 0.001), exercised more (p = 0.004), and had lower body mass indexes (p = 0.009) compared to subjects with schizophrenia.

Conclusions

Counter to predictions, few dietary differences could be discerned between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and NHANES control groups. The subjects with bipolar disorder exhibited healthier behaviors than the patients with schizophrenia. Additional research regarding metabolic syndrome mechanisms, focusing on non‐dietary contributions, is needed.
Children's conceptions of physical events: Explicit and tacit understanding of horizontal motion
Authors: Howe Christine , Taylor Tavares Joana , Devine Amy
Published: December 2013

The conceptual understanding that children display when predicting physical events has been shown to be inferior to the understanding they display when recognizing whether events proceed naturally. This has often been attributed to differences between the explicit engagement with conceptual knowledge required for prediction and the tacit engagement that suffices for recognition, and contrasting theories have been formulated to characterize the differences. Focusing on a theory that emphasizes omission at the explicit level of conceptual elements that are tacitly understood, the paper reports two studies that attempt clarification. The studies are concerned with 6‐ to 10‐year‐old children's understanding of, respectively, the direction (141 children) and speed (132 children) of motion in a horizontal direction. Using computer‐presented billiards scenarios, the children predicted how balls would move (prediction task) and judged whether or not simulated motion was correct (recognition task). Results indicate that the conceptions underpinning prediction are sometimes interpretable as partial versions of the conceptions underpinning recognition, as the omission hypothesis would imply. However, there are also qualitative differences, which suggest partial dissociation between explicit and tacit understanding. It is suggested that a theoretical perspective that acknowledges this dissociation would provide the optimal framework for future research.
Web‐based reading annotation system with an attention‐based self‐regulated learning mechanism for promoting reading performance
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ming , Huang Sheng‐Hui
Published: December 2013

Due to the rapid development of information technology, web‐based learning has become a dominant trend. That is, learners can often learn anytime and anywhere without being restricted by time and space. Autonomic learning primarily occurs in web‐based learning environments, and self‐regulated learning (SRL) is key to autonomic learning performance. Moreover, sustained attention to web‐based learning activities can be challenging for students. Therefore, a web‐based reading annotation system with an attention‐based self‐regulated learning mechanism (ASRLM), which is based on brainwave detection, is designed to enhance the sustained attention of learners while reading annotated English texts online, and thereby promote online reading performance. In total, 126 Grade 7 students in four classes at a junior high school in New Taipei City, Taiwan, are the participants. Among the four classes, two classes are randomly distributed to the experimental group and the other two classes are randomly distributed to the control group. The experimental group utilizes the ASRLM to support their reading of annotated English texts online, whereas the control group is not supported by the ASRLM while reading annotated English texts online. Experimental results show that sustained attention and reading comprehension of the experimental group are better than those of the control group. Moreover, the web‐based reading system with ASRLM support promotes the sustained attention and reading comprehension of female learners more than those of male learners while reading annotated English texts online. Additionally, learners with high‐SRL ability in the experimental group have better sustained attention and reading comprehension than those learners with low‐SRL ability. Furthermore, the sustained attention and reading comprehension of the experimental group are strongly correlated, and the duration of sustained attention strongly predicts their reading comprehension performance.
Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Genomic Imbalance in a Case of Epithelioid Glioblastoma with BRAF V600E Mutation
Authors: Nobusawa Sumihito , Hirato Junko , Kurihara Hideyuki , Ogawa Akira , Okura Naoki , Nagaishi Masaya , Ikota Hayato , Yokoo Hideaki , Nakazato Yoichi
Published: December 2013

Epithelioid glioblastoma is among the rarest variants of glioblastoma and is not formally recognized in the World Health Organization classification; it is composed of monotonous, discohesive sheets of small, round cells with eccentric nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm devoid of cytoplasmic stellate processes, showing the retention of nuclear staining of INI‐1 protein. Here, we report a case involving a 22‐year‐old man with a right occipital lobe tumor, which comprised mainly epithelioid tumor cells with a small area of diffusely infiltrating less atypical astrocytoma cells showing a lower cell density. Array comparative genomic hybridization separately performed for each histologically distinct component demonstrated eight shared copy number alterations (CNAs) and three CNAs observed only in epithelioid cells; one of the latter was a homozygous deletion of a tumor suppressor gene, LSAMP, at 3q13.31. BRAF V600E mutation was observed both in epithelioid tumor cells and in diffusely infiltrating less atypical astrocytoma cells. Our findings suggest that the regional loss of LSAMP led to the aggressive nature of epithelioid cells in the present case of epithelioid glioblastoma.