bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adults with Cerebral Palsy have Higher Prevalence of Fracture Compared with Adults Without Cerebral Palsy Independent of Osteoporosis and Cardiometabolic Diseases
Authors: Whitney Daniel G , Alford Andrea I , Devlin Maureen J , Caird Michelle S , Hurvitz Edward A , Peterson Mark D
Published: February 2019

Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) have an increased risk of fracture throughout their lifespan based on an underdeveloped musculoskeletal system, excess body fat, diminished mechanical loading, and early development of noncommunicable diseases. However, the epidemiology of fracture among adults with CP is unknown. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of fracture among a large sample of privately insured adults with CP, as compared with adults without CP. Data were from the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart (Eden Prairie, MN, USA), a deidentified nationwide claims database of beneficiaries from a single private payer. Diagnostic codes were used to identify 18- to 64-year-old beneficiaries with and without CP and any fracture that consisted of osteoporotic pathological fracture as well as any type of fracture of the head/neck, thoracic, lumbar/pelvic, upper extremity, and lower extremity regions. The prevalence of any fracture was compared between adults with (n = 5,555) and without (n = 5.5 million) CP. Multivariable logistic regression was performed with all-cause fracture as the outcome and CP group as the primary exposure. Adults with CP had a higher prevalence of all-cause fracture (6.3% and 2.7%, respectively) and fracture of the head/neck, thoracic, lumbar/pelvic, upper extremity, and lower extremity regions compared with adults without CP (all p < 0.01). After adjusting for sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, adults with CP had higher odds of all-cause fracture compared with adults without CP (OR 2.5; 95% CI, 2.2 to 2.7). After further adjusting for cardiometabolic diseases, adults with CP had higher odds of all-cause fracture compared with adults without CP (OR 2.2; 95% CI, 2.0 to 2.5). After further adjusting for osteoporosis, adults with CP still had higher odds of all-cause fracture compared with adults without CP (OR 2.0; 95% CI, 1.8 to 2.2). These findings suggest that young and middle-aged adults with CP have an elevated prevalence of all-cause fracture compared with adults without CP, which was present even after accounting for cardiometabolic diseases and osteoporosis. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Metabolism, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics of [14C]‐Cefiderocol (S‐649266), a Siderophore Cephalosporin, in Healthy Subjects Following Intravenous Administration
Authors: Miyazaki Shiro , Katsube Takayuki , Shen Helen , Tomek Charles , Narukawa Yukitoshi
Published: February 2019

The objectives of this study were to characterize the concentration‐time profiles of total radioactivity equivalent and unchanged cefiderocol, the route(s) of elimination and mass balance, and safety of cefiderocol after intravenous administration of a single 1000‐mg (100 μCi) dose of [14C]‐cefiderocol as a 1‐hour infusion in healthy adult male subjects. Unchanged cefiderocol accounted for the majority of total radioactivity in plasma, and the partitioning of total radioactivity into red blood cells was negligible. The recovery of total radioactivity was complete in all subjects within 120 hours after initiation of the infusion (101.5% of the administered dose). Cefiderocol‐related material was primarily excreted into urine, with 98.7% of the administered dose of [14C]‐cefiderocol excreted as total radioactivity into urine and negligible excretion into feces. Based on the results of metabolite profiling, cefiderocol accounted for 92.3% of area under the concentration‐time curve of total radioactivity in plasma and accounted for 90.6% of the administered dose excreted into urine. Metabolism was a minor route of elimination for cefiderocol. Cefiderocol was generally safe and well tolerated in healthy adult male subjects. In conclusion, unchanged cefiderocol represents the majority of total radioactivity in plasma. Cefiderocol is primarily excreted as unchanged drug into urine. This study indicates that cefiderocol and drug‐related material did not remain in the body.
Adaptive NK cell responses in HIV/SIV infections: A roadmap to cell-based therapeutics?
Authors: Ram Daniel R , Manickam Cordelia , Lucar Olivier , Shah Spandan V , Reeves R Keith
Published: February 2019

NK cells play a critical role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Although current NK cell immune therapies have focused primarily on cancer biology, many of these advances can be readily applied to target HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cells. Promising developments include recent reports that CAR NK cells are capable of targeted responses while producing less off-target and toxic side effects than are associated with CAR T cell therapies. Further, CAR NK cells derived from inducible pluripotent stem cells or cell lines may allow for more rapid “off-the-shelf” access. Other work investigating the IL-15 superagonist ALT-803 (now N803) may also provide a recourse for enhancing NK cell responses in the context of the immunosuppressive and inflammatory environment of chronic HIV/SIV infections, leading to enhanced control of viremia. With a broader acceptance of research supporting adaptive functions in NK cells it is likely that novel immunotherapeutics and vaccine modalities will aim to generate virus-specific memory NK cells. In doing so, better targeted NK cell responses against virus-infected cells may usher in a new era of NK cell-tuned immune therapy.
Effect of chronic kidney disease on progression of clinical attachment loss in older adults: A 4‐year cohort study
Authors: Iwasaki Masanori , Taylor George W. , Sato Misuzu , Minagawa Kumiko , Ansai Toshihiro , Yoshihara Akihiro
Published: February 2019

Background

People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may have an increased risk of periodontal disease, but longitudinal evidence is sparse.

Methods

This 4‐year cohort study assessed the association between CKD and changes in periodontal health status, defined by attachment loss (AL) progression, among older adults. Participants were 388 community‐dwelling Japanese adults who were 70 years old at baseline with 7053 teeth. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by using baseline serum creatinine concentration. AL at six sites for every tooth was recorded at baseline and follow‐up examinations. Multilevel logistic regression models estimated the tooth‐specific risk of AL progression (≥1 site exhibiting a ≥3 mm increase in AL) with baseline CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) as the principal exposure.

Results

At baseline, 27.8% of the study population (108/388 participants) had CKD. After 4 years, 21.8% of the studied teeth (1537/7053 teeth) exhibited AL progression. After applying inverse probability weighting and adjusting for potential confounders, including sex, use of devices for interdental cleaning, smoking, diabetes, tooth location, abutment for a removable denture, and highest AL, CKD was associated with significantly higher odds of AL progression (adjusted odds ratio: 1.73; 95% confidence interval: 1.15–2.60).

Conclusions

The results suggest that CKD increases the risk of periodontal disease progression in older community‐dwelling Japanese adults. Additional studies with more complete information, as well as in other geographic areas and age groups, are necessary to further generalize the findings.
Effect of maternal periodontitis on GLUT4 and inflammatory pathway in adult offspring
Authors: Mattera Maria Sara de Lima Coutinho , Chiba Fernando Yamamoto , Lopes Flávia Lombardi , Tsosura Thaís Verônica Saori , Peres Maria Angelica , Brito Victor Gustavo Balera , de Oliveira Sandra Helena Penha , Pereira Renato Felipe , Marani Fernando , dos Santos Rodrigo Martins , Belardi Bianca Elvira , Tessarin Gestter Willian Lattari , Benites Mariana Lopes , Ervolino Edilson , Heimann Joel Claudio , Sumida Doris Hissako
Published: February 2019

Background

Maternal periodontal disease leads to low birth weight (LBW), insulin resistance (IR), increased TNF‐α levels, and alterations in insulin signaling in adult offspring. TNF‐α has been associated with the stimulation of IKKβ/NF‐κB, resulting in the decreased expression of GLUT4. Another mechanism that may be involved in decreasing GLUT4 expression is DNA methylation. This study aimed to evaluate in the adult offspring of rats with periodontal disease: IR, inflammatory pathways, DNA methylation, and expression of GLUT4.

Methods

Female Wistar rats were distributed into control and experimental periodontal disease groups. Seven days after induction of periodontal disease, both groups were mated with healthy male rats. After weaning, male offspring were distributed into control offspring (CN‐o) and periodontal disease offspring (PED‐o) groups. Body weights were measured from 0–75 days of age. At day 75, the following were measured in the offspring: IR (HOMA‐IR index); TNF‐α and NF‐κBp65 content in the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) by western blotting; IKKα/β, JNK, ERK 1/2, NF‐κBp65, and NF‐κBp50 phosphorylation status in the GM by western blotting; DNA methylation by restriction digest and real‐time PCR(qAMP); and expression of GLUT4 mRNA in the GM by real‐time PCR.

Results

LBW, IR, increases in TNF‐α, IKKα/β, ERK 1/2, NF‐κBp65, and NF‐κBp50 decreased expression of GLUT4 mRNA were observed in the PED‐o rats. No differences were identified in JNK phosphorylation status and DNA methylation in the evaluated regions of the GLUT4‐encoding gene Slc2a4.

Conclusion

Maternal periodontal disease causes LBW, IR, activation of inflammatory pathways, and decreased GLUT4 expression in the GM of adult offspring.
Amyloid formation kinetics of hen egg white lysozyme under heat and acidic conditions revealed by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Xing Lei , Fan Wei , Chen Ning , Li Mengna , Zhou Xiaoguo , Liu Shilin
Published: February 2019

Amyloid fibrillation of proteins is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease, accompanied by the formation of the organized cross‐β cores. This conformational transformation is considered to be related to the toxicity underlying the pathogenic mechanism. However, the exact conformational transformation kinetics of amyloid fibrillation are not fully understood. Herein, Raman spectroscopy was used to detect the transformation in the molecular structure of hen egg white lysozyme during amyloid formation under heat and acidic conditions (pH 2.0 and 65°C). The overall kinetics of the hen egg white lysozyme conformational change were investigated by analyzing five characteristic spectral fingerprints. The two N–Cα–C stretching bands at 899 and 935 cm−1 and the amide I band (at 1,640–1,680 cm−1) correlated to the lysozyme skeleton structure, whereas the band of the Phe amino acid group in side chains at 1,003 cm−1 and the two Trp residue bands at 760 and 1,340–1,360 cm−1 were associated with the tertiary structure. Based on these results, a four‐stage step‐by‐step transformation mechanism is first proposed to describe the exact kinetics of lysozyme amyloid fibrillation under heat and acidic conditions. This provides necessary information for physiologists to artificially control the amyloid formation of neurodegenerative disease patients.
Perioperative and oncological outcomes of abdominoperineal resection in the prone position vs the classic lithotomy position: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Mesquita‐Neto Jose Wilson B. , Mouzaihem Hassan , Macedo Francisco Igor B. , Heilbrun Lance K. , Weaver Donald W. , Kim Steve
Published: February 2019

Background and Objectives

This study is a systematic review with meta‐analysis designed to compare the perioperative and oncological outcomes of the abdominoperineal resection (APR) carried out in the prone jack‐knife position (P‐APR) vs the classic lithotomy position (C‐APR).

Methods

We conducted an electronic search through PubMed utilizing the PRISMA guidelines. We included all randomized and nonrandomized studies which allowed for comparative analysis between the two groups. Research that focused on and analyzed the extralevator abdominal excision were excluded. Pooled variables and number of events were analyzed using the random‐effect model.

Results

The final analysis included seven nonrandomized retrospective cohorts encompassing 1663 patients. P‐APR was associated with decreased operative time (OT) (DM, −43.8 minutes; P < 0.01) and estimated blood loss (EBL) (DM, 86.9 mL; P < 0.01). There were no observed differences regarding perineal wound infections (PWI) (odds ratio [OR], 0.36; P = 0.18), intraoperative perforation of rectum (IOP) (OR, 0.98; P = 0.97), circumferential resection margin (CRM) positivity (OR, 1.02; P = 0.98) or 5‐year LR (OR, 1.00; P = 0.99).

Conclusion

The prone approach for APR is associated with decreased EBL and OT, although not with any change in the incidence of PWI or IOP. Moreover, surgical positioning per se does not appear to affect the CRM positivity rates or LR rate.
Emotional Reactivity, Emotion Regulation Capacity, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Traumatized Refugees: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Spiller Tobias R. , Liddell Belinda J. , Schick Matthis , Morina Naser , Schnyder Ulrich , Pfaltz Monique , Bryant Richard A. , Nickerson Angela
Published: February 2019

Refugees who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often react with strong emotions when confronted with trauma reminders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations between low emotion regulation capacity (as indexed by low heart rate variability [HRV]), probable PTSD diagnosis, and fear and anger reaction and recovery to trauma‐related stimuli. Participants were 81 trauma‐exposed refugees (probable PTSD, n = 23; trauma‐exposed controls, n = 58). The experiment comprised three 5‐min phases: a resting phase (baseline); an exposition phase, during which participants were exposed to trauma‐related images (stimulus); and another resting phase (recovery). We assessed HRV at baseline, and fear and anger were rated at the end of each phase. Linear mixed model analyses were used to investigate the associations between baseline HRV and probable DSM‐5 PTSD diagnosis in influencing anger and fear responses both immediately after viewing trauma‐related stimuli and at the end of the recovery phase. Compared to controls, participants with probable PTSD showed a greater increase in fear from baseline to stimulus presentation, d = 0.606. Compared to participants with low emotion regulation capacity, participants with high emotion regulation capacity showed a smaller reduction in anger from stimulus presentation to recovery, d = 0.548. Our findings indicated that following exposure to trauma‐related stimuli, probable PTSD diagnosis predicted increased fear reactivity, and low emotion regulation capacity predicted decreased anger recovery. Impaired anger recovery following trauma reminders in the context of low emotion regulation capacity might contribute to the increased levels of anger found in postconflict samples.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Echo Envelope Statistical Modeling Compared to B‐Mode and Power Doppler Ultrasound Imaging in Patients With Clinically Diagnosed Lateral Epicondylosis of the Elbow
Authors: Bureau Nathalie J. , Destrempes François , Acid Souad , Lungu Eugen , Moser Thomas , Michaud Johan , Cloutier Guy
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To compare the accuracy of homodyned K quantitative ultrasound (QUS) with that of B‐mode and Doppler ultrasound imaging for discriminating between lateral epicondylosis (LE) and asymptomatic elbows.

Methods

This prospective study received Institutional Review Board approval, and participants provided written informed consent. Between February 2015 and March 2017, 30 LE elbows in 27 patients and 24 asymptomatic elbows in 13 volunteers underwent B‐mode, Doppler, and radiofrequency ultrasound imaging of the common extensor tendon (CET) and radial collateral ligament (RCL). Two readers classified the elbows independently on the basis of a review of B‐mode and Doppler images. The global and local estimates of QUS parameters (μn, 1/α, andk) were computed in the CET and CET‐RCL regions, respectively, and the area of each region was calculated. A random‐forest classifier identified the most discriminating 3‐parameter combination: CET global estimate of 1/α, CET‐RCL area, and local estimate ofk.

Results

The patients with LE had a mean age of 50 years (range, 31–66 years), and the volunteers had a mean age of 50 years (range, 37–57 years). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity of reader 1, reader 2, and the QUS‐based model were 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66–0.95), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.56–0.89), and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.72–1.04); 0.79 (95% CI, 0.66–0.93), 0.65 (95% CI, 0.47–0.82), and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.67–1.01); and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.80–0.85), 0.73, and 0.79, respectively.

Conclusions

An automated, computer‐based QUS technique diagnosed LE with accuracy of 0.82. This technique could provide quantitative biomarkers for the characterization of LE disease.
3D Printing of a Robust Polyamide‐12‐Carbon Black Composite via Selective Laser Sintering: Thermal and Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Espera Alejandro H. , Valino Arnaldo D. , Palaganas Jerome O. , Souza Lucio , Chen Qiyi , Advincula Rigoberto C.
Published: February 2019

The need for big volume powder materials in building mechanically robust sintered parts via selective laser sintering (SLS) has been observed considering the direction towards the future of mass fabrication. This work presents a facile approach of combining polyamide‐12 (PA12) and carbon black (CB) powders to be used in the SLS application. The study investigates the mixing consistency, mechanical property, and thermal stability changes of the resulting 3D printed material. Bulk resistivity is correlated with the amount of CB, showing consistency of carbon content in the sintered parts produced by the effective separate grains mixing method. 3D printed parts are built with 0, 1.5, 3, 5 and 10 wt% CB via SLS. Improvements are seen at 1.5 and 3 wt% CB with the blockage of crack growth by the CB particles on applied load. For concentrations greater than 3 wt%, mechanical properties degrade due to hindering of physical contact between PA12 particles caused by CB particles, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the sintering process. The CB/PA12 sintered parts exhibit enhanced thermal stability resulting in higher degradation temperatures than the neat PA12. Therefore, in this study, thermally and mechanically enhanced 3D printed CB/PA12 build parts via SLS are successfully demonstrated.
Redistribution of Indian summer monsoon by dust aerosol forcing
Authors: Maharana P. , Dimri A. P. , Choudhary A.
Published: February 2019

Previous studies based on models and observations show that dust aerosols have an impact on the timing and distribution of the Indian summer monsoon but the transition of various Indian summer monsoon‐associated atmospheric features which unfolds in the process is still not clear. Through regional climate simulations, this study identifies the different phases of the change in the mean distribution of monsoon related characteristics in response to local dust forcing. The deposition of dust along the slopes of the Tibetan Plateau results in a heated atmospheric column (elevated heat pump) over there starting from May. This drags the monsoonal flow towards the foothills of the Himalayas before the conventional monsoon onset over India, which tends to decrease the rainfall over central India and increase it along the foothills of the Himalayas during May and June. July is the period of transition during which the reversal of various atmospheric conditions takes place. The elevated heat pump completely vanishes with the wet deposition of dust, which reduces the vertical wind over the Tibetan Plateau. The removal of dust increases the temperature over the Indo‐Gangetic plain, which efficiently drags the moisture carrying southwesterly towards central India. Meanwhile, stronger horizontal divergence of moisture towards the Bay of Bengal reduces the rainfall over central India and these atmospheric conditions further intensify during August. These results provide strong evidence of the role of dust aerosols in shaping the Indian summer monsoon distribution over India.
Efficient integration of scalable active‐phased array antenna based on modular approach for MM‐wave applications
Authors: Abdel‐Wahab Wael , Al‐Saedi Hussam , Ehsandar Ahmad , Palizban Ardeshir , Raeis‐Zadeh Mohsen , Safavi‐Naeini Safieddin
Published: February 2019

In this article, efficient integration approach of building large‐scale active‐phased array antenna (A‐PAA) for millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) is presented. In this approach, large‐scale A‐PAA is constructed from smaller size A‐PAAs (modules) with inter‐element spacing of half‐wave length and assembled into efficient planar waveguide feeding platform based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Simple low profile vertical RF‐connection between the SIW splitter/combiner outputs and the modules using surface mount super‐mini board‐to‐board (SM‐SMC) is presented. Embedded metallic via‐pad transition integrated into the SIW board is employed to match the SM‐SMC to the SIW mode at Ka band. Sixteen‐way power splitter with transitions to SM‐SMCs is designed at 30 GHz. The measured results of S‐parameters show insertion loss of <0.70 dB over the operating frequencies 28.50‐30.50 GHz.
A preliminary study of the local biomechanical environment of liver tumors in vivo
Authors: Ma Shengyuan , Zhu Mo , Xia Xiaolong , Guo Liang , Genin Guy M. , Sacks Michael S. , Gao Mingyuan , Mutic Sasa , Hu Yanle , Hu Chun‐hong , Feng Yuan
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Biomechanical properties can be used as biomarkers to diagnose tumors, monitor tumor development, and evaluate treatment efficacy. The purpose of this preliminary study is to characterize the biomechanical environment of two typical liver tumors, hemangiomas (HEMs) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and to investigate the potential of using strain metrics as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis, based on a limited clinical dataset.

Methods

Magnetic resonance (MR) tagging was used to quantify the motion and deformation of the two types of liver tumors. Displacements of the tumors arising from a heartbeat were measured over one cardiac cycle. Local biomechanical conditions of the tumors were characterized by estimating two principal strains (ε1 and ε2) and an octahedral shear strain (εsoct) of the tumor and its peripheral region. Biomechanical conditions of the tumors were compared with those of the arbitrarily selected regions from healthy volunteers.

Results

We observed that the HCCs had significantly smaller strain values compared to their peripheral tissues. However, the HEMs did not have significantly different strains from those of the peripheral tissues, and were similar to healthy liver regions. The sensitivity of using ε1, ε2, and εsoct to diagnose HCC were all 1, while the sensitivity of using ε1, ε2, and εsoct to diagnose HEM were 0.67, 0.17, and 0.67, respectively.

Conclusions

Lagrangian strain metrics provide insight into the biomechanical conditions of certain liver tumors in the human body and may provide another perspective for tumor characterization and diagnosis.
The quest for high spatial resolution diffusion‐weighted imaging of the human brain in vivo
Authors: Holdsworth Samantha J. , O'Halloran Rafael , Setsompop Kawin
Published: February 2019

Diffusion‐weighted imaging, a contrast unique to MRI, is used for assessment of tissue microstructure in vivo. However, this exquisite sensitivity to finer scales far above imaging resolution comes at the cost of vulnerability to errors caused by sources of motion other than diffusion motion. Addressing the issue of motion has traditionally limited diffusion‐weighted imaging to a few acquisition techniques and, as a consequence, to poorer spatial resolution than other MRI applications. Advances in MRI imaging methodology have allowed diffusion‐weighted MRI to push to ever higher spatial resolution. In this review we focus on the pulse sequences and associated techniques under development that have pushed the limits of image quality and spatial resolution in diffusion‐weighted MRI.
Meet the Board of ChemistryOpen: Thomas Wirth
Authors: Wirth Thomas
Published: February 2019

Thomas Wirth
is Professor of organic chemistry at Cardiff University. He received the Werner Prize from the New Swiss Chemical Society in 2000, the Wolfson Research Merit Award from the Royal Society, and the Bader Award from the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2016. He is an elected fellow of The Learned Society of Wales and currently serves as Chair of the Editorial Board for ChemistryOpen.
Sacral Pedicle Stress Fracture in an Adolescent Competitive Basketball and Track and Field Athlete with a Prior Femoral Physeal Injury: A Case Report
Authors: Creighton Andrew , Holtzman Gregory , Ziegler Craig , Prather Heidi
Published: February 2019

A sacral pedicle stress fracture is an uncommon source of low back pain in adolescent athletes. Given the extensive differential diagnosis of low back pain coupled with the fact that nondirected specific imaging can be normal, diagnosis can be delayed. We report the case of a 15‐year‐old African American male, dual‐sport athlete who experienced low back pain from a sacral pedicle stress fracture. This case highlights the importance of a thorough history and physical examination in tandem with appropriate testing to identify predisposing factors to ultimately arrive at a diagnosis. A comprehensive, conservative treatment approach is described.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Crane Deborah A. , Doody David R. , Schiff Melissa A. , Mueller Beth A.
Published: February 2019

Background

Pregnant women with congenital or acquired spinal cord injury face challenges due to compromised neurologic function and mobility, factors that may also affect fetal/infant health. Few studies have examined pregnancy course and longer‐term outcomes in this population.

Objective

To assess pregnancy outcomes among women with spinal cord injury, paralysis, or spina bifida using population‐based data.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Washington state linked birth‐hospital discharge records.

Participants

All women (N = 529) with spinal cord injury, paralysis, or spina bifida with singleton live birth deliveries 1987‐2012, and a comparison group of women without disabilities (N = 5282).

Methods

Diagnosis codes were screened to identify cases and a 10:1 random sample of comparison women. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated overall and separately for each condition using multivariable regression. Subsequent hospitalizations or death were identified via linkage to hospital discharge/death records for 2 years after delivery.

Main Outcome Measurements

Pregnancy course (weight gain, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, infection, venous thromboembolism), delivery/labor characteristics, infant characteristics (birthweight/size, gestational age), and longer‐term outcomes (occurrence/reasons for maternal/infant rehospitalization, mortality).

Results

Women with these spinal conditions had increased adjusted risks of prenatal urinary tract infection/pyelonephritis (RR 26.43, 95% CI 13.97‐49.99), venous thromboembolism (RR 9.16, 95% CI 2.17‐38.60), preterm rupture of membranes (RR 2.15, 95% CI 1.18‐3.90), and cesarean delivery (RR 1.88, 95% CI 1.70‐2.09). They had longer hospitalizations and increased rehospitalization (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.28‐1.87), including for postpartum depression (RR 8.15, 4.29‐15.48) or injury (RR 13.05, 95% CI 6.60‐25.81). Their infants were more often small for gestational age (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.33‐2.06), but had no increased risk of rehospitalization or death.

Conclusions

We observed no increased long‐term morbidity among infants of women with these conditions. Possible increased maternal morbidities during the first postpartum years indicate areas for intervention.

Level of Evidence

III.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by U.S. Adults with Self‐Reported Doctor‐Diagnosed Arthritis: Results from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Zhang Yan , Dennis Jeff A. , Bishop Felicity L. , Cramer Holger , Leach Matthew , Lauche Romy , Sundberg Tobias , Leung Brenda , Zhang Anthony L. , Bacon Luke , Sibbritt David , Adams Jon
Published: February 2019

Background

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies have been reported for the management of arthritis. However, little is known about CAM use among adults with self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis.

Objectives

To determine (1) the prevalence and type of CAM use, (2) the difference in characteristics between CAM users and non‐CAM users, and (3) the factors related to CAM use, among U.S. adults with self‐reported doctor‐diagnosed arthritis.

Design

Secondary analysis of the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data.

Setting

The NHIS is a cross‐sectional survey that gathers health‐related data on the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population.

Participants

The NHIS 2012 uses a complex, multistage sampling design and oversamples minorities to achieve population representation; it included 34 525 adults, with 7179 adults having arthritis.

Methods

Data were analyzed using Stata 15.1 survey syntax. The potential factors related to CAM use included sociodemographics and health‐related characteristics.

Main Outcome Measurements

CAM modalities were categorized into six groups: natural products, manipulative therapies, mind‐body therapies, special diets, movement therapies, and other practitioner‐based CAM modalities.

Results

Of the adults with arthritis, 2428 (weighted estimate of 36.2% of U.S. adult population) had used CAM within the last year. Adults with arthritis reported greater use of CAM than those without, particularly the use of natural products, manipulative therapies and other practitioner‐based CAM modalities. Factors associated with higher CAM use included being female, residing in regions other than the U.S. South, having a college degree or higher, reporting very good/excellent self‐rated health status, and having current symptoms of joint stiffness/pain.

Conclusion

As more than one‐third of U.S. adults with arthritis seek CAM therapies, open and nonjudgmental conversations between conventional medicine providers, CAM providers, and patients should be encouraged to ensure patient health care needs are being met.

Level of Evidence

III
Phenotypic and genotypic pyrethroid resistance ofAedes albopictus, with focus on the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Italy
Authors: Pichler Verena , Malandruccolo Chiara , Serini Paola , Bellini Romeo , Severini Francesco , Toma Luciano , Di Luca Marco , Montarsi Fabrizio , Ballardini Marco , Manica Mattia , Petrarca Vincenzo , Vontas John , Kasai Shinji , della Torre Alessandra , Caputo Beniamino
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

The highly invasive mosquito speciesAedes albopictushas become a major health concern in temperate areas due to its role as vector of exotic arboviruses. Pyrethroid insecticides represent the main tools for limiting the circulation of such mosquito‐borne viruses. The present work aim to extend previous reports on phenotypic pyrethroid‐resistance in EuropeanAe. albopictus, to identify its genetic basis and to monitor the geographical distribution of resistant genotypes, with a particular focus on sites experiencing the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Italy.

RESULTS

Bioassays, performed according to World Health Organization protocols, showed full susceptibility to deltamethrin (concentration = 0.05%) and varying levels of resistance to permethrin (0.75%) and/or α‐cypermethrin (0.05%) across Italy, with highest levels in the core of the 2017 chikungunya outbreak. Partial genotyping of theVSSCgene revealed widespread distribution of V1016G mutation and confirmed its association with pyrethroid resistance.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained show that the condition for the spread of pyrethroid resistance inAe. albopictusin Europe exists under strong selective pressure due to intensive insecticide spraying to control exotic arbovirus outbreak or high levels of nuisance. The results draw attention to the need for an evidence‐based implementation of mosquito nuisance control, taking insecticide resistance management into consideration. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Responses of two ladybird beetle species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to dietary RNAi
Authors: Haller Simone , Widmer Franco , Siegfried Blair D , Zhuo Xuguo , Romeis Jörg
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

One concern with the adoption of RNAi‐based genetically engineered (GE) crops is the potential harm to valued non‐target organisms. Species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) are important natural enemies and might be exposed to the insecticidal dsRNA produced by the plant. To assess their susceptibility to dietary RNAi, we fed Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella septempunctata with a dsRNA designed to target the vATPase A of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Dvv dsRNA). Specific dsRNAs designed to target the vATPase A of the two ladybird beetle species served as positive controls.

RESULTS

Our results revealed that both species were sensitive to dietary RNAi when ingesting their own dsRNAs, with C. septempunctata being more sensitive than A. bipunctata. Dvv dsRNA also adversely affected the two ladybird beetles as indicated by a significantly (but marginally) prolonged developmental time for A. bipunctata and a significantly reduced survival rate for C. septempunctata. These results, however, were obtained at Dvv dsRNA concentrations that were orders of magnitude higher than expected to occur in the field. Gene expression analyses confirmed the bioactivity of the dsRNA treatments and the results from the feeding bioassays. These results are consistent with the bioinformatics analyses, which revealed a higher number of 21‐nucleotide‐long matches, a requirement for effective RNAi, of the Dvv dsRNA with the vATPase A of C. septempunctata (34 matches) than with that of A. bipunctata (six matches).

CONCLUSION

Feeding bioassays revealed that two ladybird species are responsive to dietary RNAi. The two species, however, differed in their sensitivity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Examining relationships between cloud‐resolving model parameters and total flash rates to generate lightning density maps
Authors: Bovalo Christophe , Barthe Christelle , Pinty Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2019

Forecasting the electrical activity of a storm is a difficult task because of the complexity of cloud electrification processes and the unforeseeable characteristics of lightning flashes. Nowadays, very few models are able to simulate explicitly the entire life cycle of the electric charges in clouds, which is a result of the balance between the charge separation rates (microphysics) and the charge neutralization rates by lightning flashes (physics of streamer discharges).

The main objective of this study is to investigate which particular dynamical and/or microphysical parameter can serve as the best proxy for the total lightning activity. With this aim, eight storms were simulated with Meso‐NH and its cloud electrical scheme. This model‐to‐model approach guarantees a full consistency between the dynamics, the microphysics and the lightning activity. Two approaches are followed to analyse the results. The first one considers the entire domain of simulation, while the second one concentrates on individual convective cells.

Linear regressions between predicted flash rates and recorded parameters or proxies (total graupel mass, updraught volume with vertical velocity higher than 10 m/s, product of precipitating and non‐precipitating ice mass flux and maximum updraught speed) are analysed to show the benefit of the cell‐scale approach. Then, in order to evaluate the relationships, the HyMeX storm case of 24 September 2012 was simulated. The mass of graupel best represents the overall location of the lightning activity (RMSE of the flash rate density better than 10−2 fl min−1km−2) and locates the peak lightning flash rate well. The three other proxies tend to cause false alarms due to the y‐intercept value of the regression equation.
Ultrathin and Stretchable Rechargeable Devices with Organic Polymer Nanosheets Conformable to Skin Surface
Authors: Hatakeyama‐Sato Kan , Wakamatsu Hisato , Yamagishi Kento , Fujie Toshinori , Takeoka Shinji , Oyaizu Kenichi , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: February 2019

Ultrathin flexible electronic devices have been attracting substantial attention for biomonitoring, display, wireless communication, and many other ubiquitous applications. In this article, organic robust redox‐active polymer/carbon nanotube hybrid nanosheets with thickness of just 100 nm are reported as power sources for ultrathin devices conformable to skin. Regardless of the extreme thinness of the electrodes, a moderately large current density of 0.4 mA cm−2is achieved due to the high output of the polymers (>10 A g−1). For the first time, the use of mechanically robust yet intrinsically soft electrodes and polymer nanosheet sealing leads to the fabrication of rechargeable devices with only 1‐µm thickness and even with stretchable properties.
A Comparative Study on the Structure and Properties of α‐amylase‐ and Pullulanase‐Modified Starch‐Polyvinyl Alcohol‐Based Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Gao Chengcheng , Lu Yue , Yu Chen , Tang Xiaozhi
Published: February 2019

Starch‐based nanocomposites have been popular in food packaging for decades, particularly starch‐polyvinyl alcohol‐nanoparticle systems. To further improve the performance of these nanocomposites, α‐amylase, and pullulanase are used to adjust the structure and properties of the starch‐polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)‐laponite RD (LRD) nanocomposite films. The α‐amylase‐treated films show increased elongation at break (E%) and decreased tensile strength (TS). The increased E% primarily results from the uniform dispersion of LRD and the improved miscibility between each component. Low molecular weight polysaccharides obtained by the hydrolyzation of starch function as plasticizers. The decreased molecular weight of starch leads to less physical entanglements of polymer chains and a decreased TS. The pullulanase‐treated films show an increased TS and decreased E%. These results are attributed to the increased amylose content. Amylose tends to reorganize and form intramolecular hydrogen bonds, thus resulting in an increased TS. The decreased miscibility between each component mainly contributes to the decreased E%. This study shows that α‐amylase and pullulanase alters the structure and properties of starch‐based nanocomposites in different manners and shows great potential in controlling the performance of starch‐based nanocomposites.
Organocatalytic Desymmetrization Reactions for the Synthesis of Axially Chiral Compounds
Authors: Di Iorio Nicola , Crotti Simone , Bencivenni Giorgio
Published: February 2019

The enantioselective synthesis of atropisomers is an emerging field, that in recent years reached fundamental results and put the bases for innovative applications. Organocatalysis is playing a central role in the realization of original synthesis for novel atropisomeric scaffolds.[1] In this short review, we would like to highlight the results obtained by our group and others in the field of axially enantioselective desymmetrization reactions using organocatalysis as main strategy.
Competitive cross‐voltage level procurement of reactive power considering reliable capacity from wind and photovoltaics
Authors: Kaempf Erika , Ernst Bernhard , Braun Martin
Published: February 2019

Transition toward high shares of power production from wind and photovoltaics (PV) brings about a substantial increase in controllable reactive power (Q). The capability to provide Q independent of active power production (24/7) is available at comparably low or even zero investment cost. Yet, this capability is not required by network connection codes and only rarely utilized, even if available. In a first step, we take an overall economic perspective and review the economic competition of 24/7 Q provision from variable renewable power plants (VRPP) with alternative Q resources. Technical restrictions to be respected are discussed, as well as the reliability requirements related to investment‐planning relevant Q provision. Competitiveness is significantly influenced by Q utilization rate and connecting voltage level. For practical implementation of 24/7 Q procurement from VRPP, its value needs to be assessed. We review possible approaches from overall economic perspective. We conclude that in operational decisions, VRPP Q should be valued at marginal cost, whereas in Q investment planning decisions, full cost should be considered. We derive the pros and cons of making 24/7 Q provision a mandatory part of network connection codes. For system operators (SOs) to integrate available capacity, regulatory acknowledgment of related revenue impact should be considered. We present possible solutions. Summarizing, the contribution presents the status quo in research on cross‐voltage level, investment‐relevant Q provision by VRPP. Using the presented methodology for value assessment, areas for further research are systematically pointed out.

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy

Photovoltaics > Economics and Policy
RNAs in the spliceosome: Insight from cryoEM structures
Authors: Zhang Lingdi , Vielle Anne , Espinosa Sara , Zhao Rui
Published: February 2019

Pre‐mRNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a multimegadalton RNA–protein complex. The spliceosome undergoes dramatic compositional and conformational changes through the splicing cycle, forming at least 10 distinct complexes. Recent high‐resolution cryoEM structures of various spliceosomal complexes revealed unprecedented details of this large molecular machine. This review highlights insight into the structure and function of the spliceosomal RNA components obtained from these new structures, with a focus on the yeast spliceosome.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
Reframing Activism as Leadership
Authors: Martin Georgianna L. , Williams Brittany M. , Green Bernard , Smith Matthew J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses trends in activism among students and educators and the leadership concepts inherent in working for social change.
Formal Leaders and Social Change: A Historical Case Study of Student Body Presidents as Activists
Authors: Broadhurst Christopher J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores how two student activists used their roles as student body presidents to lead their campuses to protest the Kent State Shootings in 1970. The administrative responses and their strategies for working with activists are also explored.
The self-dual classical double copy, and the Eguchi-Hanson instanton
Authors: Berman David S. , Chacón Erick , Luna Andrés , White Chris D.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

The double copy is a map from non-abelian gauge theories to gravity, that has been demonstrated both for scattering amplitudes and exact classical solutions. In this study, we reconsider the double copy for exact solutions that are self-dual in either the gauge or gravity theory. In this case, one may formulate a general double copy in terms of a certain differential operator, which generates the gauge and gravity solutions from a harmonic function residing in a biadjoint scalar theory. As an illustration, we examine the single copy of the well-known Eguchi-Hanson instanton in gravity. The gauge field thus obtained represents an abelian-like object whose field is dipole-like at large distances, and which has no magnetic or electric charge.
Multiparticle production at mid-rapidity in the color-glass condensate
Authors: Martinez Mauricio , Sievert Matthew D. , Wertepny Douglas E.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

In this paper, we compute a number of cross sections for the production of multiple particles at mid-rapidity in the semi-dilute / dense regime of the color-glass condensate (CGC) effective field theory. In particular, we present new results for the production of two quark-antiquark pairs (whether the same or different flavors) and for the production of one quark-antiquark pair and a gluon. We also demonstrate the existence of a simple mapping which transforms the cross section to produce a quark-antiquark pair into the corresponding cross section to produce a gluon, which we use to obtain various results and to cross-check them against the literature. We also discuss hadronization effects in the heavy flavor sector, writing explicit expressions for the production of various combinations ofDand$$ \overline{D} $$D¯mesons,J/ψ mesons, and light hadrons. The various multiparticle cross sections presented here contain a wealth of information and can be used to study heavy flavor production, charge-dependent correlations, and “collective” flow phenomena arising from initial-state dynamics.
The impact of transparency on mobile privacy decision making
Authors: Betzing Jan Hendrik , Tietz Matthias , vom Brocke Jan , Becker Jörg
Published: February 2019

Smart devices provide unprecedented access to users’ personal information, on which businesses capitalize to offer personalized services. Although users must grant permission before their personal information is shared, they often do so without knowing the consequences of their decision. Based on the EU General Data Protection Regulation, which mandates service providers to comprehensively inform users about the purpose and terms of personal data processing, this article examines how increased transparency regarding personal data processing practices in mobile permission requests impact users in making informed decisions. We conducted an online experiment with 307 participants to test the effect of transparency on users’ decisions about and comprehension of the requested permission. The results indicate increased comprehension of data processing practices when privacy policies are transparently disclosed, whereas acceptance rates do not vary significantly. We condense our findings into principles that service providers can apply to design privacy-transparent mobile apps.
THE META-INDUCTIVE JUSTIFICATION OF INDUCTION
Authors: Sterkenburg Tom F.
Published: February 2019

I evaluate Schurz's proposed meta-inductive justification of induction, a refinement of Reichenbach's pragmatic justification that rests on results from the machine learning branch of prediction with expert advice.

My conclusion is that the argument, suitably explicated, comes remarkably close to its grand aim: an actual justification of induction. This finding, however, is subject to two main qualifications, and still disregards one important challenge.

The first qualification concerns the empirical success of induction. Even though, I argue, Schurz's argument does not need to spell out what inductive method actually consists in, it does need to postulate that there is something like the inductive or scientific prediction strategy that has so far been significantly more successful than alternative approaches. The second qualification concerns the difference between having a justification for inductive method and for sticking with induction for now. Schurz's argument can only provide the latter. Finally, the remaining challenge concerns the pool of alternative strategies, and the relevant notion of a meta-inductivist's optimality that features in the analytic step of Schurz's argument. Building on the work done here, I will argue in a follow-up paper that the argument needs a stronger dynamic notion of a meta-inductivist's optimality.