bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Analytic Versus Holistic Thinking
Authors: Choi Incheol , Koo Minkyung , Jong An Choi
Published: April 2007

The authors constructed the Analysis-Holism Scale (AHS) to measure analytic versus holistic thinking tendency. In Study 1, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, a 24-item scale was developed. In Study 2, convergent and discriminant validities were tested. In Studies 3 and 4, the known-group difference validity was examined by comparing scores on the AHS of Americans and Koreans (Study 3) and of Korean students of Oriental medicine and Korean students of non-Oriental medicine majors (Study 4). Results of Studies 3 and 4 show that Koreans and Korean students of Oriental medicine scored higher on the AHS than did Americans and Korean students of non-Oriental medicine majors, respectively. Studies 5 and 6 tested predictive validity by examining associations of the AHS with performances on two cognitive tasks (categorization and causal reasoning). Data analysis shows that those with high scores on the AHS displayed the holistic pattern of performances on each task more than did those with low scores.
When Prosocials Act Like Proselfs in a Commons Dilemma
Authors: Brucks Wernher M. , Van Lange Paul A. M.
Published: April 2007

Past research has shown that people with prosocial orientations exercise restraint when collectively shared resources are close to being depleted, whereas people with proself orientations tend to maintain high levels of consumption. This research seeks to extend this important finding by examining whether the presence of noise in social-ecological interaction may modify the effects of social values in a commons dilemma. Participants were taking resources from a gradually declining pool. For half of the participants, the intended consumption was subject to incidental increases in consumption (negative noise). Consistent with hypotheses, noise exerted detrimental effects on cooperation when resources became scarce, yet these effects were only observed for prosocials, not for proselfs. These results indicate that noise in social-ecological interaction plays an important role in common-pool management. It tends to undermine cooperation among those who are otherwise inclined to save resources .
Beyond the Banality of Evil: Three Dynamics of an Interactionist Social Psychology of Tyranny
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Reicher Stephen
Published: April 2007

Carnahan and McFarland critique the situationist account of the Stanford prison experiment by arguing that understanding extreme action requires consideration of individual characteristics and the interaction between person and situation. Haslam and Reicher develop this argument in two ways. First, they reappraise historical and psychological evidence that supports the broader “banality of evil” thesis—the idea that ordinary people commit atrocities without awareness, care, or choice. Counter to this thesis, they show that perpetrators act thoughtfully, creatively, and with conviction. Second, drawing from this evidence and the BBC [British Broadcasting Corporation] Prison Study, they make the case for an interactionist approach to tyranny that explains how people are (a) initially drawn to extreme and oppressive groups, (b) transformed by membership in those groups, and (c) able to gain influence over others and hence normalize oppression. These dynamics can make evil appear banal but are far from banal themselves.
Induction of Drosophila Behavioral and Molecular Circadian Rhythms by Temperature Steps in Constant Light
Authors: Yoshii Taishi , Fujii Kana , Tomioka Kenji
Published: April 2007

In constant light, where Drosophila rhythms are normally disrupted, temperature cycles induce circadian rhythms at both the molecular and behavioral level. The authors investigated the process by which the thermoperiod induces the rhythms using temperature steps. A 10 °C temperature step-up induced a single locomotor activity peak ca 9 h after the temperature transition, whereas a 10 °C step-down induced a strong activity peak ca 24 h after the transition, and the peak recurred for several cycles, suggesting that the underlying clock is reset. Arrhythmic per01, tim 01, dClkJrk, and cyc01 mutant flies failed to show the rhythm after the step-down, suggesting that per, tim, dClk, and cyc are necessary for the step-down—induced rhythm. After the step-up, per01 flies exhibited an activity peak similar to that of wild-type flies, suggesting that the peak can be induced by the step-up in absence of PER. mRNA levels of per, tim , dClk, vri, and Pdp1ε were changed in response to the temperature steps, but the changes differed depending on the direction of temperature steps, suggesting that steps-up and steps-down have different roles in the initiation of the oscillation. Probably, alternating 12-h temperature steps-up and steps-down will induce opposite changes in mRNA levels of clock genes, eventually producing stable molecular oscillations. Although TIM shows responses to temperature consistent with the changes of its mRNA, this is not the case for PER, consistent with posttranscriptional regulation. Changes of the mRNA levels were significantly altered but still observed in per 01 flies but not observed in dClkJrk flies, except for per mRNA. This suggests that dCLK is involved in the temperature-induced changes in the levels of most clock gene mRNA but that per is regulated via a different mechanism.
Light-Inducible and Clock-Controlled Expression of MAP Kinase Phosphatase 1 in Mouse Central Pacemaker Neurons
Authors: Doi Masao , Cho Sehyung , Yujnovsky Irene , Hirayama Jun , Cermakian Nicolas , Cato Andrew C. B. , Sassone-Corsi Paolo
Published: April 2007

MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1) is a negative regulator for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)—mediated signal transduction, a key pathway that leads to the regulated expression of circadian clock genes. Here the authors analyzed mkp1 expression by in situ hybridization and found that mkp1 is a light-inducible and clock-controlled gene expressed in the central pacemaker neurons of the hypothalamic SCN. Interestingly, mkp1 presents a marked similarity to the clock core gene per1 in terms of the gene expression profiles as well as the gene promoter organization. Both mkp1 and per1 are subject to bimodal regulation in the SCN: the external light-dependent acute up-regulation and the functional clock-dependent circadian oscillation. Consistent with this, the authors show that mkp1 gene has a per1-like promoter that contains 2 functionally distinct elements: cAMP-responsive element (CRE) and E-box. CRE sites present in the mkp1 promoter constitute the functional binding sites for the CRE binding protein (CREB), which serves as an important regulator that mediates the light-induced signaling cascades in the SCN neurons. Furthermore, the authors show that the E-box present in the mkp1 promoter is necessary and sufficient for transcriptional control exerted by circadian clock core regulators that include a positive complex CLOCK/BMAL1 and a negative factor CRY1. The authors' studies on mkp1 have identified for the first time a gene encoding a phosphatase that functions in light-dependent and time-of-day-dependent manners in the mammalian central clock structure SCN.
Circadian Physiology Is a Toxicity Target of the Anticancer Drug Gemcitabine in Mice
Authors: Li X.M. , Lévi F.
Published: April 2007

The circadian timing system determines the optimal timing and waveform of drug tolerability, yet treatment itself can alter this system. Gemcitabine is an antimetabolite agent that is active against lung and pancreatic cancers. Tolerability for this drug is best following dosing at ZT 11 in mice. The authors investigated the effects of gemcitabine on the circadian rhythms in body temperature and rest activity as physiological markers of the circadian timing system. Healthy unrestrained B6D2F1 mice implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters were kept in LD 12:12 prior to receiving a single intravenous dose of gemcitabine (200, 400, or 600 mg/kg) at ZT 11 or 23. Gemcitabine (400 mg/kg) transiently suppressed the body temperature rhythm in 50% of the mice dosed at ZT 23, as compared to none of the mice treated at ZT 11 within the 2 days following drug dosing (Fisher 's exact test p = 0.04). The rest-activity circadian rhythm was suppressed in 40% (ZT 11) and 50% (ZT 23) of the mice, respectively. In the mice with persistent circadian rhythms, gemcitabine delivery at ZT 23 resulted in more prominent decreases and slower recovery of circadian mesor and amplitude of both rhythms as compared to mice treated at ZT 11. Gemcitabine also induced a transient internal desynchronization between temperature and activity rhythms following dosing at ZT 23 but not at ZT 11. The delivery of a single therapeutic dose of gemcitabine near its time of least toxicity produced least alterations in circadian physiological outputs, a finding that suggests that the extent of circadian disruption contributes to toxicokinetic processes.
Circadian Variations in Clock Gene Expression of Human Bone Marrow CD34+ Cells
Authors: Tsinkalovsky Oleg , Smaaland Rune , Rosenlund Benedikte , Sothern Robert B. , Hirt Asle , Steine Solrun , Badiee Azadeh , Foss Abrahamsen Jenny , Eiken Hans Geir , Laerum Ole Didrik
Published: April 2007

Time-dependent variations in clock gene expression have recently been observed in mouse hematopoietic cells, but the activity of these genes in human bone marrow (BM) has so far not been investigated. Since such data can be of considerable clinical interest for monitoring the dynamics in stem/progenitor cells, the authors have studied mRNA expression of the clock genes h Per1 , h Per2, h Cry1, h Cry2, h Bmal1, h Rev-erb α, and h Clock in human hematopoietic CD34-positive (CD34 +) cells. CD34+ cells were isolated from the BM samples obtained from 10 healthy men at 6 times over 24 h. In addition, clock gene mRNA expression was analyzed in the whole BM in 3 subjects. Rhythms in serum cortisol, growth hormone, testosterone, and leukocyte counts documented that subjects exhibited standardized circadian patterns. All 7 clock genes were expressed both in CD34+ cells and the whole BM, with some differences in magnitude between the 2 cell populations . A clear circadian rhythm was shown for h Per1, h Per2, and h Cry2 expression in CD34+ cells and for h Per1 in the whole BM, with maxima from early morning to midday. Similar to mouse hematopoietic cells, h Bmal1 was not oscillating rhythmically. The study demonstrates that clock gene expression in human BM stem/progenitor cells may be developmentally regulated, with strong or weaker circadian profiles as compared to those reported in other mature tissues.
Cultural Trauma and Social Quality in Post—Soviet Moldova and Belarus
Authors: Abbott Pamela
Published: April 2007

This article looks at influences on the social quality of the lives of the citizens of Belarus and Moldova in the context of the traumatic shock—economic, political, and social—experienced after 1991. It argues that lived experience— how people evaluate their condition—is as significant an influence on their welfare as the actual circumstances in which they live. The majority of respondents perceive the post-1991 economic and political changes negatively, and levels of general satisfaction and happiness are comparatively low. The findings suggest that objective economic factors, health status, and social context influence well-being, but also personal control and satisfaction with material circumstances, with health having a greater influence on happiness, while material circumstances and the evaluation of them have a greater influence on general satisfaction.
“The Occupation of Beauty”
Authors: Schwartz Katrina Z. S.
Published: April 2007

This article uses the case of Latvia to explore the relationship between discourses of nature, homeland, and national identity. National entrepreneurs construct homelands by infusing physical terrain with national meanings, thereby transforming landscape into “ethnoscape.” The author traces this process in Latvia, beginning with the National Awakening of the 1860s, including the interwar period of independence, and the period under Soviet rule. By focusing on the intranational discursive construction of homeland, this article seeks to complicate the dominant understanding of national identity as a phenomenon linked solely to the drawing and policing of boundaries between members of the nation and outsiders.
Wherefore the Liberal State?
Authors: Møller Jørgen
Published: April 2007

The post-Soviet setting is characterized by a disheartening political paradox. Since the fall of communism, some kind of electoralism has been spreading to almost every corner of the former empire, yet liberal rights and the rule of law have not been its fellow travelers; nor do they seem destined to provide companionship in the imminent future. Revisiting the long-standing German current of fiscal sociology, it is possible to solve this paradox. In the Europe of yesterday, liberal constitutionalism was the product of a quid pro quo between the rulers and the ruled: an exchange of rights for revenue. Historically, this “grand bargain of the liberal state” was a prerequisite for liberal democracy, and the very same social mechanisms—or lack thereof— seem to be operating in the post-Soviet world of today.
Culture Wars, Soul-Searching, and Belarusian Identity
Authors: Ioffe Grigory
Published: April 2007

Attaching political labels to a situation whose roots transcend politics constitutes a critical weakness of Western policies vis-à-vis Belarus. The contemporary nationalist discourse in Belarus allows one to discern three “national projects,” each being a corpus of ideas about Belarus “the way it should be”: (1) Nativist/pro-European, (2) Muscovite liberal, and (3) Creole. While the projects' nametags are debatable, the trichotomy is a useful abstraction, as it reflects the lines of force in the “magnetic field” of Belarusian nationalism. The article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each project, cultural wars between them, the role of a civilizational fault line that runs across Belarus and the attendant geopolitical divisions that underlie multiplicity of national projects. The idea is expressed of a desirable consensus based on the most viable aspects of the national projects.
Envisioning Nursing in 2050 Through the Eyes of Nurse Theorists: King, Neuman, and Roy
Authors: Beryl Pilkington F.
Published: April 2007

Nurse theorists King, Neuman, and Roy envision how their theoretical ideas will be expressed in the world in 2050, anticipating the challenges and opportunities that will be presented. King suggests that her conceptual system, theory of goal attainment, and transaction process provide the structure and process that lead to cost effective, quality care. Neuman and Reed propose that the Neuman systems model will continue to help nurses and others to meet healthcare planning and implementation needs of client systems. Roy describes how her philosophical beliefs and adaptation model will be relevant to the health and quality of life of integrated persons and environment in 2050.
Evidence-Based Practice: Ethical Questions for Nursing
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: April 2007

Evidence-based nursing practice is a global phenomenon, the purpose of which is to standardize and guide nursing practice based on exclusionary quantitative scientific inquiry. What are the origins of this standard terminology found in medicine, nursing, and other healthcare professions? What are the educational and ethical implications for evidence-based nursing practice from a nursing theoretical perspective? The author will begin a discussion of ethical questions for the discipline to consider as the evidence-based practice movement gains momentum in healthcare arenas worldwide.
Hope in “Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption”: A Human Becoming Hermeneutic Study
Authors: Rizzo Parse Rosemarie
Published: April 2007

This article is the report of the human becoming hermeneutic method study on “Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption” (the short story, the screenplay, and the film). The study unfolded during the Parse-King dialogue that answered the research question what is hope as humanly lived? Emergent meanings were discovered that enhanced knowledge and understanding of hope in general and expanded the human becoming school of thought.
The Art of Nursing: Communication and Self-Expression
Authors: Price Sheri , Arbuthnot Elsa , Benoit Rosalind , Landry David , Landry Marilyn , Butler Lorna
Published: April 2007

Nursing is considered both an art and a science, yet the nature of art and science has been historically depicted as two distinct fields of inquiry in the health professions. To meet the health challenges of the future, blending science and art through nursing theory, research, and practice is critical. This article describes how nurses in a master's of nursing program at Dalhousie University broke with tradition for the practicum course to articulate and apply the theoretical elements of knowing using aesthetic inquiry. The challenge was in articulating and guiding students through the theory of aesthetic knowing, the linkages with the fine arts, and the conceptualization of nursing art.
Nursing in Korea
Authors: Baumann Steven L.
Published: April 2007

Nursing in Korea with support from the federal government is shifting focus to better address the needs of an aging population, in particular the increasing number of persons with dementia. The family in Korea is struggling to balance family caregiving obligations with the demands of employment in a competitive world economy. Nurses are in an ideal position to not only teach families how best to assist family members with dementia but also how to find meaning in caregiving.
Living Attentive Presence and Changing Perspectives With a Web-Based Nursing Theory Course
Authors: Aquino-Russell Catherine , Maillard Strüby Françoise V. , Reviczky Kathryn
Published: April 2007

Online education can be a wonderful teaching-learning experience for professors and students alike. This column shares excerpts from postings that students and a professor wrote during an online nursing theories course with the intention to illuminate selected essences, paradoxes, and processes of Parse's teaching-learning model and to portray living attentive presence and changing perspectives with online teaching-learning strategies. This reflection was initiated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the Institute of Human Becoming when two of the authors (Aquino-Russell and Maillard Strüby) were introduced to the human becoming teaching-learning model by nurse theorist Rosemarie Rizzo Parse.
Reformulation of a Methodological Concept in Grounded Theory
Authors: Reed Pamela G. , Runquist Jennifer J.
Published: April 2007

Although the grounded theory method was not designed with nursing science in mind, it is one of the most prevalent and theory-producing qualitative methods in nursing. Changes in the grounded theory methodology have been debated in numerous articles. What has not received much attention, however, is a central idea of the grounded theory method—the basic social process. The goal here is to raise for consideration the idea that change is needed in nurse researchers' understanding of the basic social process; there is a need to reformulate this substantive concept of the grounded theory method so as to render it more congruent with nursing ontology and productive of nursing knowledge.
Reducing the Burden of Dementia in Korea
Authors: Ko Sung-Hee , Lee Miok C. , Baumann Steven L.
Published: April 2007

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of persons with dementia in Korea, and the number is expected to continue to increase. Dementia is increasingly a condition for which there are effective treatments and services. Because most adults work full-time in addition to having other family responsibilities, the government of Korea and the community are more involved in helping persons with dementia, than in the past. Nurses are needed to help with dementia research, public policy, education, and healthcare in Korea and elsewhere.
Sociology and theology reconsidered
Authors: Brewer John D.
Published: April 2007

This article explores the relationship between theology and sociology on two levels. The first is in terms of the general disciplinary closure that has marked much of their coexistence, despite the many topics on which they potentially meet. The second level is more specific and concerns the tension in Britain between religious sociology, in which sociology is put to serve faith, and the secular sociology of religion, where religion is studied scientifically. This tension has been addressed before with respect to the history of sociology in France and the United States, but the British case, hitherto relatively unknown, illustrates the potential there was for a more fruitful relationship between sociology and theology in Britain that went undeveloped as the secular sociology of religion eventually replaced early religious sociology. The existence of religious sociology has been written out of the history of the discipline in Britain, such that when theology and sociology began a more serious engagement in the 1970s in Britain and elsewhere, particularly as biblical studies discovered sociology and as theologians and sociologists first met jointly, this earlier dialogue was entirely overlooked.
The warring twins
Authors: Inglis David
Published: April 2007

Of all sociology's `strange others', cultural studies is perhaps the least unfamiliar to many sociologists. Yet cultural studies exists in one of the most ambiguous relationships with sociology of any academic discipline. In this article, it is argued that the complicated nature of the relationship is compelled by the very closeness of the two participants in it. What often seems to be an ongoing state of ritualized antagonism between them flows not from their ostensible differences but in fact from their striking underlying similarities. Their symbiotic bond both compels, and is hidden by, the rhetorical displays of selfhood in which they both often engage. The article reviews and assesses this state of affairs, and argues that the similarities between the two disciplines are actually based on a number of shared epistemological assumptions, a priori ways of thinking that in fact are very much open to question. A critique of these assumptions is outlined, and it is suggested that by recognizing their shared nature, both sociology and cultural studies, and the relationship between them, would enter into a greater state of intellectual maturity.
Science, site and speech
Authors: Livingstone David N.
Published: April 2007

An awareness of the significance of location in the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge has brought a new dimension to recent work on the sociology of science. But the importance of speech in scientific enterprises has been less well developed. This article explores the idea of `spaces of speech' by underscoring the connections between location and locution. It develops a case study of how Darwinian evolution was talked about in different sites using examples from Ireland and the American South during the latter part of the 19th century. These reveal how sites enable and constrain what may be said, and heard, about particular scientific claims, and how they are crucial to understanding the circulation of scientific claims in public arenas.
Economic sociology as a strange other to both sociology and economics
Authors: Finch John H.
Published: April 2007

Economic sociologists have developed and applied theories and concepts in close connection with broadly economic phenomena, including, recently, embeddedness and actor network theory. Key to these theories is understandings of action given uncertainty in which actors develop calculative capabilities, and an emphasis on markets with boundaries and interstices as essential properties. This article reflects upon the connections between Parsons' and Smelser's economic sociology and that of contemporary authors including Granovetter, Callon and White. As a strange other to economics and to sociology, economic sociology can develop research questions in considering arbitrage generally, rather than only restricted to financial markets.
Thinking sociologically
Authors: Pollock Griselda
Published: April 2007

This article takes as its provocation Marx's intriguing statement about the disjunction between the flowering of Greek art and the underdeveloped stage of social and economic development made as an epilogue to the Introduction to the Grundrisse in order to ask what are the relations between that which has been considered art and what Marx calls `production as such'. In the elaborated conditions of contemporary capitalist societies, we can ask: Is art still being made? To examine this question I juxtapose what Bauman has called `thinking sociologically' with a proposition that art thinks aesthetically. So how can art historians deal with that challenge of thinking aesthetic practices both socially and historically? I track a genealogy of art historians (Clark, Antal, Shapiro) who have attempted to think socially about artistic practices. This leads into a section about the necessity for both sociological and aesthetic education if we are to avoid totalitarianism or free-market individualism (Bahro). Finally, thinking sociologically, by taking as a case study the work of Aby Warburg, I explore the technological conditions of art historical production itself particularly in relation to photography and the way this shapes our access to the image. Warburg represents the possibility of another model for art historical thinking about the image as Kulturwissenschaft, a parallel to Sozialwissenschaft in its ambition and relation to the great intellectual revolutions c.1905 (Freud, Bergson, Einstein, Hussserl). Like Marx, Warburg questioned the continuity of the imaginary space of art thinking in the age of technological industrialism. Where art is now, where art history is, are not just sociological questions to which Marx might offer a dismal answer. I conclude that what is necessary is a constructive conversation between thinking sociologically and thinking aesthetically, knowing synthetically and knowing for oneself — curricular issues made more intense by the shared conditions in which all intellectual production is being transformed in contemporary sites of intellectual practice, the university, by `production as such' leading thought to risk the same fate as art in contemporary society, as Marx hypothesized. As a final thought, I suggest that in contemporary art work that confronts trauma and catastrophe, often using new technologies as aesthetic processes, we may find a counter-argument.
III. Contesting Same-Sex Marriage in Talk-in-Interaction
Authors: Land Victoria , Kitzinger Celia
Published: April 2007

Recent legal developments in the UK have reasserted the traditional nuclear family as the normative model and defined marriage as between one man and one woman. This article uses conversation analysis (CA) to analyse naturally occurring telephone conversations in the course of which lesbians, gay men and their heterosexual advocates negotiate the term `marriage' in relation to lesbian and gay relationships. The data were collected in the UK after same-sex marriage was legally available in some countries and in the run-up to the legal introduction of `civil partnerships' as an alternative to marriage for same-sex couples. Our analysis shows some of the interactional consequences of the exclusion of same-sex couples from the institution of marriage in the UK.
VI. Becoming a `Bloke'
Authors: Kitzinger Celia , Rickford Rose
Published: April 2007

This article uses conversation analysis (CA) on a single case study (a call to a helpline for women with symphysis pubis dysfunction) to explore how, and why, a speaker produces a non-present third person she has earlier referred to using a non-gendered term (`your partner') as a member of a gendered category (`a bloke') — and why she later seeks to undo this categorization. This contributes to (feminist) CA an understanding of how gender is constructed in talk-in-interaction and, more generally, to understandings of membership categorization and person reference.
VII. Gendered `People'
Authors: Stockill Clare , Kitzinger Celia
Published: April 2007

Drawing on a case study of a single data extract, this article uses conversation analysis (CA) to explore the use of: (1) gendered linguistic terms (`girls' and `boys') that are treated as relevantly interactionally gendered by the participants; (2) use of a linguistically non-gendered term (`people') that is not treated as relevantly interactionally gendered; (3) use of a linguistically gendered term (`man') that is not treated as relevantly interactionally gendered; and (4) use of a linguistically non-gendered term (`people') that is treated as relevantly interactionally gendered by the participants. Our analysis shows that the interactional meaning of gender is not intrinsic to gendered linguistic forms, but to the action a linguistic form is used to do on any given occasion of use. This contributes to the development of feminist CA and to the understanding of how gender is constructed in talk-in-interaction, as well as more generally to conversation analytic work on membership categorization and person reference.
Corporate Tax Reform
Authors: Metcalf Gilbert E.
Published: April 2007

I measure the industry impacts of an environmental tax reform in which a carbon tax is used to finance full or partial corporate tax integration. Using an input-output framework with fifty-eight industry sectors, I find that the industry impacts of such a reform are likely to be modest.
The Impact of Counterstereotypic Training and Related Correction Processes on the Application of Stereotypes
Authors: Kawakami Kerry , Dovidio John F. , van Kamp Simone
Published: April 2007

The present research examined the impact of counterstereotypic training on the application of stereotypes and the moderating effects of correction on these processes. As expected, when receiving no training, participants chose male over female candidates for a supervisory position and rated both male and female candidates as more gender stereotypic. After receiving extensive counterstereotypic association training, however, participants no longer preferred male over female job candidates and no longer attributed stereotypic traits to a greater extent. These latter results, however, were only found after participants had an opportunity to correct for perceived influences on an initial task. These findings provide evidence for the potential moderating effects of correction processes on the success of strategies aimed at decreasing intergroup biases.
Naïve Theories About the Effects of Mood in Groups: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Kelly Janice R. , Spoor Jennifer R.
Published: April 2007

We examined the content and consequences of people's naïve theories about the effects of group mood. These theories are a potential input in Kelly and Spoor's (2006) Input-Process-Outcome model of group moods and performance. In Study 1, participants generated potential positive and negative consequences of group moods, which were coded using an adapted form of Bales' Interaction Process Analysis (Bales, 1970). Participants believed that positive and negative moods have implications for both task and relationship processes, and these consequences varied according to group type (creativity, friendship, decision making, and sport team). In Study 2, participants watched an ostensible group interaction among friends or strangers who had just had positive or negative experiences. Perceptions of the interaction varied in a manner consistent with naïve theories about group moods and their effects. Implications for future research on group moods are discussed.
Group Allegiances and Perceptions of Media Bias
Authors: Ariyanto Amarina , Hornsey Matthew J. , Gallois Cindy
Published: April 2007

People have a tendency to view media reports of intergroup conflicts as biased against their own group (hostile media perception). However, limited research has been conducted investigating how group membership of the perceiver and group membership of the media source combine to influence perceptions of bias. Muslims and Christians in Indonesia (N = 212) read an article describing inter-religious conflict. The article was attributed either to a Muslim newspaper, a Christian newspaper, or an unidentified newspaper. Results indicated the hostile media perception only among high identifiers. There was also some evidence for the predicted role of newspaper religion in influencing perceptions of bias: the article was seen to be biased in favor of Muslims when attributed to a Muslim newspaper, biased in favor of Christians when attributed to a Christian newspaper, and intermediate when the newspaper was not identified. The effect of newspaper religion was mediated by prior beliefs of bias. Results are discussed in terms of heuristic explanations of bias perceptions in the media.
Measuring the Measures
Authors: Boldry Jennifer G. , Gaertner Lowell , Quinn Jeff
Published: April 2007

We meta-analytically synthesized the intergroup variability literature (177 effect sizes, from 173 independent samples, and 12,078 participants) to test the potential moderating effect of 11 measures of perceived variability. Aggregating across the measures, we detected a small but reliable tendency to perceive more variability among ingroup than outgroup members and such outgroup homogeneity was stronger among non-minimal than minimal groups. Furthermore, analyses that distinguished among the 11 measures revealed systematic discrepancies among the patterns of perception detected by those measures. Those systematic discrepancies further varied across social contexts defined by relative group status, with some measures yielding ingroup homogeneity and others outgroup homogeneity. We discuss the possibility that the measures of variability require different mental activities that interact with contextually induced cognitive and motivational processes to yield disparate intergroup perceptions.
Running in place
Authors: Sheehan Rebecca
Published: April 2007

In this article, relying on participant observation and personal experiences, I show how tourism and play come together in road races like the Crescent City Classic in New Orleans and explain some implications of these intersections. I reveal how adult play in the Classic enables participants to engage corporeally with images of the city as tourist place. I seek to elucidate qualities of corporeal adult play in the event of the Crescent City Classic road race that form a means through which we understand, perform, and shape self and city. In these ways, other social practices connected to play and tourism become evident, destabilized, and reinforced. My aim also is to show how what we think or envision and what we do intertwine and how various social practices are embedded within each other.
Heritage of the senses
Authors: Chronis Athinodoros
Published: April 2007

Tourist sites are seen not merely as stages where tourists perform, but as the physical platforms for collective reflection and articulation of group identities. In the context of a Byzantine exhibition in Thessaloniki, Greece, it is argued that notions of Byzantine heritage for contemporary Greeks are a joint enterprise among multiple constituents. Museum organizers purposefully design heritage exhibitions in order to shape a national character anchored on a `golden' past. Recontextualizing tangible objects of the Byzantine everyday life into cultural artifacts that deserve collective recognition, they participate into a certain kind of memory management shaping modern Greek subjectivity. On their side, tourists actively reflect on the exhibited artifacts, identifying their traces in contemporary life. It is argued that the exhibited objects function as tangible mnemonic devices and emit perceptions of cultural continuity due to their multi-sensory bodily associations and ritualistic performances in the everyday life of the tourists. The institutionalization of these reflective acts (re)produces an ethnic subjectivity when the tourists' situated and embodied interpretation of the artifacts meets the organizers' efforts to establish these objects as significant for the collective identity.
Caesare Lombroso as a signal criminologist
Authors: Rock Paul
Published: April 2007

This article is based on a contribution made to a panel discussion at the November 2005 meetings of the American Society of Criminology, a discussion that was triggered by a celebration of Nicole Rafter's and Mary Gibson's new translation of Caesare Lombroso's Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman. It dwells on how Lombroso and his book were generally received in the United Kingdom; how his ideas were in the main soon rejected but long memorialized; and how one might attempt to understand some part of why he should have been so dismissed, on the one hand, yet so retained, on the other, by invoking the familiar idea that he has been made continually and dialectically to play a signal, rhetorical role in defining by negation the theoretical backbone of an insurgent feminist criminology.
Tackling on-street sex work
Authors: Sagar Tracey
Published: April 2007

This article considers the deployment of anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs) against female sex workers in light of the UK government's quest for the development of coherent legal and policy frameworks to tackle the problem of on-street sex work. First, it seeks to critique the exclusionary ASBO as an inappropriate approach to tackle sex work. Next, it discusses the pre-ASBO consultation procedure, which was meant to bring welfare agencies to the consultation table prior to the issue of an ASBO. Finally, it considers the ASBO as a mechanism of control capable of working `in tandem' with local inclusive initiatives that aim to provide practical, material and emotional assistance to enable sex workers to exit the streets. It is concluded that ASBOs should not be issued against sex workers, particularly given their potential to impact negatively on social/welfare work.
Improved pitting corrosion resistance of cold worked and thermally aged AISI type 316 L(N) SS by laser surface modification
Authors: Rao R.V. Subba , Parvathavarthini N. , Pujar M. G. , Dayal R. K. , Khatak H. S. , Kaul R. , Ganesh P. , Nath A. K.
Published: April 2007

Laser surface melting has been conducted on the surface of prior cold worked and aged AISI type 316 L(N) stainless steel specimens to homogenise the composition and as a result improve the corrosion resistance. Although the top layers of surface melted specimens did not show a marked improvement in corrosion resistance, the subsequent layers exposed after mild polishing showed a dramatic increase in pitting corrosion resistance and an appreciable improvement in intergranular and general corrosion. This is attributed to the dissolution of secondary phases in the melted and heat affected zones.
Laser processed Cr–SiC coatings on AISI type 316L stainless steel
Authors: Jagdheesh R. , Mudali U. Kamachi , Nath A. K.
Published: April 2007

Laser processed Cr–SiC coatings were produced on AISI type 316L stainless steel substrate using a continuous wave CO2 laser. The microstructure of the laser processed coatings consists of planar growth at the interface, followed by columnar dendrite and fine cellular structures at the core and top surface of the molten zone. High temperature phases such as δ-ferrite, γ-austenite and M7C3 carbides were found in the resolidified microstructure. The microchemical analysis of the laser processed zone showed the presence of high concentration of silicon. The laser processed zone also exhibited high hardness around 1300 HV.
Microstructure, hardness and cavitation erosion behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V laser nitrided under different gas atmospheres
Authors: Kaspar J. , Bretschneider J. , Jacob S. , Bonß S. , Winderlich B. , Brenner B.
Published: April 2007

The present paper reports on a comparative study of the microstructure, hardness and cavitation erosion behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V laser nitrided under different gas atmospheres with nitrogen concentrations of 0–25%. By varying the nitrogen content of the gas atmosphere, the structure and hence the hardness and cavitation erosion behaviour of the laser nitrided layers can be controlled in a wide range. With increasing nitrogen content of the gas atmosphere, the structure within the laser nitrided layers characteristically changed from martensitic α′-Ti to a fine mixture of α- and β-Ti grains, finally leading to the formation of different titanium nitrides. The study revealed that the increase of hardness and cavitation erosion resistance can be mainly attributed to solid solution hardening of the nitrogen. It is shown that optimum cavitation erosion resistance is only achieved if crack free layers containing no brittle titanium nitrides are produced.
Laser transformation hardening of Ti–6Al–4V in solid state with accompanying kinetic model
Authors: Hahn J. D. , Shin Y. C. , Krane M. J. M.
Published: April 2007

Laser transformation hardening in the solid state is shown to successfully provide a surface hardness increase of almost 40% for Ti–6Al–4V with a case depth over 2.5 mm while reducing surface damage. This was completed by testing a matrix of four conditions using a direct diode laser, varying the power and the travel speed, followed by a mechanical and microstructural analysis of the hardness development. A kinetic model was developed to predict these changes by explaining the amount of α that transforms to β upon heating and the fraction of martensitic α′ that forms with natural quenching. The model matched the experimental results reasonably well with the major separation due to the poor hardenability of Ti–6Al–4V.
Laser composite surfacing of copper for improved tribological properties
Authors: Majumdar J. D. , Chandra B. R. , Biswas D. , Nath A. K. , Manna I.
Published: April 2007

Copper and its alloys are important engineering materials because of their excellent thermal and electrical conductivities. However, a relatively poor resistance to wear and erosion restrict its wide ranging applications. In the present study, commercially pure copper (of dimensions 20 × 20 × 10 μm) was subjected to laser composite surfacing by melting the surface of sand blasted copper using a continuous wave CO2 laser and simultaneous deposition of a mixture of K2TiF6 and KBF6 (in the weight ratio of 2 : 1) on the surface of molten copper. Following laser processing, a detailed study of the microstructure and phases of the surface layer was carried out and correlated with laser parameters. The mechanical (microhardness and wear resistance) properties of the surface layer were evaluated.
Laser remelting of plasma sprayed zirconia based ceramic coating for pyrochemical reprocessing applications
Authors: Shankar A. R. , Babu B. J. , Sole R. , Mudali U. K. , Khatak H. S.
Published: April 2007

Type 316L stainless steel rod was coated with 300 μm thick yttria stabilised zirconia (≈8%Y2O3) by plasma spraying over a 50 μm metallic bond coating of NiCrAlY. However, the presence of porosity and microcracks in the as sprayed coating is a drawback. In the present work an attempt was made to study the plasma spraying of such coatings and to enhance their properties through laser surface treatment. A continuous wave CO2 laser of 10·6 μm wavelength with a beam diameter of 1·5 mm was used to eliminate porosity and microcracks. Powers of 50, 75 and 100 W with 2500 μm s&minus1 scan rate and 500 μm step size were applied to melt the surface. The as coated and laser treated samples were characterised using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and SEM. The porosity was decreased from 10% in the as coated sample to 0·5% in the laser treated samples. Segmented cracks were formed due to residual stresses developed during laser remelting and solidification. Delamination occured near the bond coat/ceramic interface in the coating as the melted thickness was higher for higher laser power. Microhardness measurements indicated higher hardness in the laser treated region. Optical and SEM examination revealed polygonal grains of zirconia formed during laser remelting in all the laser treated samples. The X-ray diffraction analysis of laser treated samples revealed the formation of tetragonal, non-transformable tetragonal and cubic phases. With an increase of laser power, the non-transformable tetragonal phase increased marginally.
Characteristics of laser melted AISI-T1 high speed steel and its wear resistance
Authors: Darmawan W. , Quesada J. , Marchal R.
Published: April 2007

For many wood machining processes, the interest of tool steels remains very important because of their good tool edge accuracy and easy grinding. The main problem is their low resistance to wearing and moderately toughness. To increase their performance, a laser treatment applied on the tool edges was presented in this paper. First, the surface of AISI-T1 samples was scanned by a laser beam with varying laser treatment conditions (laser power and scanning speed). Second, an investigated laser treatment condition promising good characteristics (high hardness, high melt volume, no cracks) was chosen and applied on T1 peeling tool edges, then its wear resistance was tested for peeling beech wood. The experimental results show that the microhardness of the melted T1 samples was affected by the laser power and the scanning speed. The microhardness was slightly increased with increasing laser power and with decreasing scanning speed. The microhardness of the melted T1 samples under each treatment conditions after three times one hour each tempering at 550°C was higher than that of the conventionally hardened T1. The melt volume of the laser treated T1 samples was also increased with increasing laser power and with decreasing scanning speed. The laser treatment condition with a laser power of 3000 W and a scanning speed of 200 mm min−1 was considered to provide good characteristics and was applied for melting the edge of T1 peeling tool. The wear resistance and wear pattern of the melted T1 peeling tool in peeling beech was better than those of the conventionally hardened T1 peeling tool.
Dry sliding friction wear behaviour of high power diode laser hardened steels and cast iron
Authors: Sridhar K. , Katkar V. A. , Singh P. K. , Haake J. M.
Published: April 2007

High power diode laser hardening of steels, namely AISI 1018l AISI 4140 and grey cast iron has been carried out at a power level of 4 kW. A rectangular laser beam of 13 × 4 mm was used for hardening at scan speeds of 1000, 1500 and 2000 mm min−1. The laser heat treated surfaces were characterised for their microstructure using optical and scanning electron microscopy which revealed different levels of martensitic transformation based on the scan speed employed in processing the samples. The microhardness profile of the heat treated region revealed much higher hardness values as compared with that of base metal. The wear resistance of the laser heat treated samples was evaluated in the pin on disc machine as per ASTM standard G-99A at a constant load of 10 kg and a sliding speed of 5 m s−1. The results indicated highest wear resistance for sample processed at 1000 mm min−1 in the case of AISI 1018 steel, while in the case of AISI 4140 steel and cast iron, the sample processed at 2000 and 1500 mm min−1 exhibited the highest wear resistance in the range of test parameters employed. The wear scars after the test have been studied using scanning electron microscopy which revealed oxidative wear and microploughing of the surface under test conditions.