bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Firearms Diffusion, Exotic and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in the Lowveld Frontier, South Eastern Zimbabwe 1870-1920
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton
Published: February 2007

This article considers late-nineteenth-century firearms as technology
received and used by Africans with a variety of social outcomes. It
focuses on the Gonarezhou area of South Eastern Zimbabwe, a rich wildlife
habitat now incorporated in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, the
largest single wildlife conservation area in the world. When completely
established it will cover 100,000 square kilometers in Zimbabwe, South
Africa, and Mozambique.
I treat the transfer of firearms here as a societal demand and
supply process. The firearms discourse is important to this area,
which throughout the last two centuries has experienced sustained
poaching and civil war. This is just the recorded period; in reality,
firearms-induced exploitation of nature in the area has been going
on since 1500. This article is a modest attempt to reconstruct the
process of diffusion that brought guns here during the period of
European imperial expansion, and the consequences of this transfer,
which included the emergence of areas outside the control of European
governments, alteration of hunting activities
with harmful consequences for the environment, and the development of
an extensive trade in human beings to serve the mines and farms of
South Africa. The article is a byproduct of a much broader research
on Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) among precolonial societies of
the southeastern Lowveld (lowlands) of Zimbabwe. Such a perspective
emphasizes the deep involvement of African users of firearms in the
diffusion process, in contrast to some expectations about the dominant
role of Europeans, even as it demonstrates that firearms diffusion in
the Great Limpopo area between 1870 and 1920 produced an essentially negative impact.
Requirements Elicitation Techniques: Analyzing the Gap between Technology Availability and Technology Use
Authors: Hickey Ann M , Davis Alan M. (Alan Michael) , Kaiser Denali
Published: February 2007

Many software development projects fail because the resulting software
does not satisfy user needs. The process of determining user needs is
generally termed
requirements elicitation. Although there are many possible
reasons for software failures, if analysts practiced more effective
requirements elicitation, fewer projects would fail. Although hundreds
of requirements elicitation techniques have been developed by researchers
to aid analysts in effectively determining user needs, few have ever been
used by practitioners. This paper reports on research to study the nature
of the gap between requirements elicitation technique availability and
use, identifies the major factors that impact the transfer of elicitation
techniques to practice, and explores how to improve the transfer of
elicitation techniques from research to practice.
How enduring were the inequalities among European immigrant groups in the United States?
Authors: Alba Richard , Lutz Amy , Vesselinov Elena
Published: February 2007

A long-standing and unresolved issue in the study of racial and ethnic groups concerns the persistence of initial inequalities among groups. Recently it has surfaced again in the study of U.S. immigrant groups, in George Borjas’s (1994) claim that the human capital differences among early-twentieth-century immigrant groups are reflected in the relative socioeconomic achievements of their third generations. Reexamining this claim, we find that Borjas’s analysis hinges on a series of problematic decisions, such as his inclusion of non-European groups as well as his failure to take ethnically mixed ancestry into account and to compensate for the weak correspondence in eastern Europe between ethnic ancestry and the national frontiers of the early 1900s. We replicate a portion of his analysis, correcting for these problems. Our results reveal no correspondence between the literacy of the first generation and the educational attainment of the third among European groups. Borjas’s analysis seems to go farthest astray in including non-Europeans, especially Mexicans, because of the more systematic legal and social liabilities suffered by these groups.
Circular, invisible, and ambiguous migrants: Components of difference in estimates of the number of unauthorized Mexican migrants in the United States
Authors: Bean Frank D. , Corona Rodolfo , Tuiran Rodolfo , Woodrow-Lafield Karen A. , Van Hook Jennifer
Published: February 2007

Based on an equation that can be used with available data and that provides a basis for facilitating decomposition analyses, this research estimates that about 2.54 million total (as opposed to enumerated) unauthorized Mexicans resided in the United States in 1996. Comparing this figure with an estimate of about 2.70 million released by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) during the 1990s, we find that the two estimates involve different assumptions about circular, invisible, and ambiguous migrants. Such differences not only can have important policy implications; they can also be sizable and can operate in opposite directions, as illustrated by findings from a components-of-difference analysis. The results are also extrapolated to 2000, and implications for 2000 census counts are discussed.
Simultaneity in the use of maternal-child health care and contraceptives: evidence from developing countries
Authors: Ahmed Saifuddin , Mosley W. Henry
Published: February 2007

This study examined the relationship between the use of maternal-child health (MCH) care and the use of contraceptives. The high correlation between the two may be due to the independent effect of one on the other or to an association of both with the same or similar background factors. We used structural equation models to examine the relationship between these two interventions. The data were derived from six Demographic and Health Surveys: Zimbabwe from Sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand from Asia, Egypt and Tunisia from North Africa, and Guatemala and Colombia from Latin America. The results show that in all six countries, the use of contraceptives and MCH care are significantly associated, independent of intervening factors; this finding suggests that families develop a joint demand for better-quality health and limited family size and translate these demands into action by using health services for mothers and for children and by voluntarily regulating fertility.
Forest fires, air pollution, and mortality in Southeast Asia
Authors: Sastry Narayan
Published: February 2007

I assess the population health effects in Malaysia of air pollution from a widespread series of fires that occurred in Indonesia between April and November of 1997. I describe how the fires occurred and why the associated air pollution was so widespread and long lasting. The main objective is to uncover any mortality effects and to assess how large and important they were. I also investigate whether the mortality effects were persistent or whether they represented a short-term, mortality-harvesting effect. The results show that the smoke haze from the fires had a deleterious effect on the health of the population in Malaysia.
Self-reported work-limitation data: What they can and cannot tell US
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Daly Mary C. , Houtenville Andrew J. , Nargis Nigar
Published: February 2007

Despite their widespread use in the literature, the Current Population Survey (CPS) and similar surveys have come under attack of late. We put the criticisms in perspective by systematically examining what the CPS data can and cannot be used for in disability research compared to the National Health Interview Survey. On the basis of our findings, we argue (1) that the CPS can be used to monitor trends in outcomes of those with disabilities and (2) that the dramatic decline in the employment of people with disabilities we describe in the CPS during the 1990s is not an artifact of the data.
Mortality rates of elderly Asian American populations based on medicare and social security data
Authors: Lauderdale Diane S. , Kestenbaum Bert
Published: February 2007

We present sex- and age-specific death probabilities for the elderly of six Asian American subgroups— Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese—based on data from Social Security Administration files. We determined ethnicity by combining race, place of birth, surname, and given name. The data source and ethnic determination are the same for deaths and the population at risk, avoiding the problem of noncomparability present when data for the numerator come from vital records and data for the denominator come from census records. We found that death rates for elderly Asian Americans are lower than those for whites, and that socioeconomic differences between subgroups do not translate into like differences in mortality.
Demography and the social contract
Authors: Tienda Marta
Published: February 2007

As the most demographically complex nation in the world, the United States faces ever more formidable challenges to fulfill its commitment to the democratic values of equity and inclusion as the foreign-born share of the population increases. Immigration, the major source of the contemporary diversification of the population, provides several lessons about how to prepare for that future within a framework of social justice and how to realign recent demographic trends with cherished democratic principles. A review of historical and contemporary controversies about the representation of the foreign-born and alien suffrage both illustrates the reemergence of ascriptive civic hierarchies and highlights some potentially deleterious social and civic consequences of recent demographic trends.
Family size and support of older adults in urban and rural China: Current effects and future implications
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Kwong Julia
Published: February 2007

Change in China’s age structure is creating concerns about whether reductions in family size undermine traditional support mechanisms for older adults. Future generations may expect less support as the availability of children declines. In this article, the association between number of children and the receipt of instrumental and financial support is examined for rural and urban populations. Probabilities are modeled as bivariate probits. Coefficients are used to conduct simulations in which support is examined across hypothetical distributions of number of children. The results show that the number of children is an important determinant of support, but future reductions in support may not be as dramatic as anticipated.
Decomposing change in life expectancy: A bouquet of formulas in honor of Nathan Keyfitz’s 90th birthday
Authors: Vaupel James W. , Romo Vladimir Canudas
Published: February 2007

We extend Nathan Keyfitz’s research on continuous change in life expectancy over time by presenting and proving a new formula for decomposing such change. The formula separates change in life expectancy over time into two terms. The first term captures the general effect of reduction in death rates at all ages, and the second term captures the effect of heterogeneity in the pace of improvement in mortality at different ages. We extend the formula to decompose change in life expectancy into age-specific and cause-specific components, and apply the methods to analyze changes in life expectancy in Sweden and Japan.
Why poverty remains high: The role of income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure, 1949–1999
Authors: Iceland John
Published: February 2007

After dramatic declines in poverty from 1950 to the early 1970s in the United States, progress stalled. This article examines the association between trends in poverty and income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure using three measures of poverty: an absolute measure, a relative measure, and a quasi-relative one. I found that income growth explains most of the trend in absolute poverty, while inequality generally plays the most significant role in explaining trends in relative poverty. Rising inequality in the 1970s and 1980s was especially important in explaining increases in poverty among Hispanics, whereas changes in family structure played a significant role for children and African Americans through 1990. Notably, changes in family structure no longer had a significant association with trends in poverty for any group in the 1990s.
Verification of the ages of supercentenarians in the United States: Results of a matching study
Authors: Rosenwaike Ira , Stone Leslie F.
Published: February 2007

Unprecedented declines in mortality among the very old have led to the emergence of “true” supercentenarians (persons aged 110 and over). The ages of these individuals have been welldocumented in European countries with a history of birth registration, but have not been systematically studied in the United States, which lacks similar documentation and where the inaccuracy of age reporting has been an issue. To verify age, we linked records from the Social Security Administration for close to 700 individuals who died from 1980 to 1999 purportedly at ages 110 and older to records of the U.S. censuses of 1880 and 1900, conducted when these individuals were children. This group was a residual group from an earlier file that was reduced by the SSA after data checks that eliminated incorrect records. The results of the matched records for the residual file indicate that over 90% of the whites were accurately reported as supercentenarians, but only half of the blacks appeared to have attained age 110. The verification of age shows that the United States has more “true” supercentenarians than do other nations
Valentinian and Sethian Apocalyptic Traditions
Authors: Attridge Harold W
Published: February 2007

The paper reexamines the relationship between "apocalyptic" and "gnostic"
traditions, on the assumption that global definitions of these
phenomena are problematic. Valentinian and Sethian corpora in the Nag
Hammadi collection display different appropriations of apocalyptic
literary forms and conceptual schemes. Apart from a few late works with
traces of Valentinian positions, this tradition largely ignores features
characteristic of apocalyptic literature. Valentinian eschatology seems to
be founded primarily on philosophical cosmology and psychology. Sethian
texts preserve many features of Jewish revelatory literature, and
many details associated with various eschatological schemes familiar
from apocalyptic sources. The most extensive use of the characteristic
"heavenly ascent" topos in Sethian literature, however, seems to be a
third-century development, perhaps responding to contemporary forms of
religious propaganda.
Recovering Origen's Pauline Exegesis: Exegesis and Eschatology in the Commentary on Ephesians
Authors: Layton Richard A.
Published: February 2007

Origen's Commentary on Ephesians is preserved only in fragments excerpted in a Byzantine catena, which are inadequate for reconstructing Origen's interpretation of this letter. This article investigates the possibility that a commentary on the same text by Jerome preserves the interplay in Origen's commentary between the investigation of specific exegetical problems and the interpretation of the eschatological vision presented in Ephesians. This thesis is pursued in a detailed examination of five passages that are critical to the eschatology of Origen's commentary. Although Jerome does not permit the reconstruction of Origen's exact words, it may be possible to recover from the Latin commentary the structure and the flow of the exegetical inquiry the Alexandrian exegete conducts. In particular, Jerome's attestation to Origen's commentary may support a reappraisal of Origen's complex thought obscured by the subsequent conflict over the theologian in the late fourth century.
Ambrose, Philo, and the Presence of Art in the Bible
Authors: Kamesar Adam
Published: February 2007

The present article is a treatment of Ambrose, Ep. 55
(Faller-Zelzer). In this letter, Ambrose addresses a problem that
had long troubled educated readers of the Greek and Latin Bible, but came
especially to the fore during the pagan-Christian cultural rivalries
of the fourth century. The biblical authors did not appear to have written
their works according to principles of literary art, or as we might put
it, rules of composition and style. In defense, Ambrose puts forward the
assertion that the requisites of art are in fact indicated in the biblical
text. In formulating his claim, he relies heavily on a section of Philo's
treatise On Flight and Finding. However, in this passage, Philo
is not con-cerned with the issue of art in the Bible. The objective of
the first section of the article is to answer the question of why
Ambrose uses the passage for the purpose that he does. In the second
section, the further progression and specific nature of Ambrose's
argument is considered in light of the Philonic source. The problem
elucidated and addressed here is the manner in which Ambrose appears to
move away from the issue of the literary quality of the Bible and the
claim about the sacred authors' awareness of the principles of art.
Anti-Judaism and Care for the Poor in Aphrahat's Demonstration 20
Authors: Becker Adam H.
Published: February 2007

While various scholars have written on the subject of Aphrahat and the Jews, no one has introduced Demonstration 20, On the Care of the Poor , into the discussion. In this work Aphrahat exhorts his community to care for the poor, while he simultaneously attacks Judaism, which he construes as the spiritual equivalent of the rich man's greed. However, Aphrahat at times conflates the two sides of this analogy, thus rejecting the very possibility that Jews could engage in charity. I would like to set the argument of Demonstration 20 within the context of the Sassanian persecution of Christians, when those Christians who did not understand Christianity as a distinct faith from Judaism may have been flocking to the synagogue to receive charity and perhaps, to Aphrahat's chagrin, something more.
Race and Universalism in Early Christianity
Authors: Buell Denise Kimber
Published: February 2007

Through rhetorical analyses of Clement of Alexandria's
Protreptikos, Origen's ContraCelsum, and the Shepherd
of Hermas, this article demonstrates how some early Christians
use ideas about race and ethnicity to make universalizing claims about
Christianness by defining Christianity as a race, open to all peoples. In
so doing, it challenges prevailing ways of interpreting the meaning
and significance of race in early Christian self-definition. Adopting a
different approach to reading race and ethnicity in pre-Constantinian
Christian texts holds great potential for analyzing the intersecting
domains of Christian-imperial, Christian-local, intra-Christian,
and Christian-Jewish relations.
Plagiarism and Lay Patronage of Ascetic Scholarship: Jerome, Ambrose and Rufinus
Authors: Layton Richard A
Published: February 2007

Jerome became embroiled in controversy with
Ambrose and Rufinus over accusations of plagiarism. This essay aims
to delineate a link between the plagiarism dispute and Jerome's
ongoing effort to maintain the lay patronage vital to his program of
scholarship. Jerome's definition of what constituted plagiarism and whom
the offense victimized was determined by the rhetorical conventions of
literary patronage. Against the foil of the plagiarist, Jerome promoted
frankness and expertise as the chief authorial virtues. By contrast,
Rufinus appealed to fidelity, gratitude and discretion, all traditional
qualities of the literary protégé. The appeals of both
Jerome and Rufinus to the embedded moral codes of patronage betray the
subtle shifts in social institutions as well as possibilities for a
new configuration of literary relationships in ascetic society. While
the exchange of accusations effectively foreclosed reassessment of the
meaning of authorial integrity and authenticity, the plagiarism dispute
nevertheless reveals the anxieties of both readers and writers in ascetic
literary society.
Infected Sheep and Diseased Cattle, or the Pure and Holy Flock: Cyprian's Pastoral Care of Virgins
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey D.
Published: February 2007

Virgins were held in high regard in the North African churches of the third century. Much can be learned about how Cyprian of Carthage operated as bishop by examining his pastoral care of virgins. An analysis of every reference to virgins in his writings reveals that he considered ecclesiastical discipline particularly important for them in that they lived as symbols of the purity of the Church itself. De habitu uirginum, written in Cyprian's earliest years as bishop, indicates an uncompromising stance: those virgins who indulged in an excessive beauty regime were infected and diseased, and a contagion to the rest of the community. They had to be cut off from the Church. Several years later, after the Decian persecution, we find in Epistula 4 a more lenient Cyprian: virgins who had not been sexually intimate with the men with whom they had lived could be readmitted to communion. In the years from 251, penance rather than excommunication became the way for Cyprian to cure those infections which threatened the purity of the Church for all those who submitted to his authority.
Canonical and Apocryphal Acts of Apostles
Authors: Bovon Francois
Published: February 2007

The Acts of the apostles, depicting the ministry, travels, teaching,
miracles and passion of Jesus' disciples were written in the first
centuries C.E. To date, scholarly comparison has either
enhanced the value of canonical work by discrediting the apocryphal
as literature of entertainment or has simply considered both canonical
and apocryphal literature to be Christian novels. This paper emphasizes
both differences and similarities between the canonical and apocryphal
texts. Among the differences, the apostle's martyrdom story in the
apocryphal acts, similar to Jesus' passion narrative in the canonical
gospels, reveals the function of the apostle as mediator of a message
of salvation.
John Chrysostom's Sex Aquarium: Aquatic Metaphors for Theater in Homily 7 on Matthew
Authors: Retzleff Alexandra G
Published: February 2007

Chrysostom speaks in highly rhetorical terms about the harmful potential
of mime actresses to bring about the moral ruin of spectators. Taken
literally, Homily 7 on Matthew has been understood as testimony
of an unusual type of aquatic spectacle, termed tetim�mi,
the production of which has proven difficult to reconstruct from
archaeological evidence. Taken metaphorically, however, the aquatic
imagery in this homily is easily understood in the context of mime,
one of the most popular forms of entertainment on the stages of eastern
cities in late antiquity. A metaphorical reading of hom. 7 in Mt.
dispels the long-standing theory that theater orchestras were flooded
for the production of tetim�mi
Jewish Aspects of the Protoevangelium of James
Authors: Horner Timothy J
Published: February 2007

This essay is a reexamination of the Protoevangelium of James and its Jewish imagery and setting. By reading the Protoevangelium of James alongside the Mishnah several interesting parallels arise. The mishnaic teachings on the process by which girls become women and how they are passed from fathers to husbands provide intriguing parallels. Moreover, the concern in each of the texts is for the preservation and assurance of virginity. The implication for this cultural connection is that the assertion of Mary's postpartum virginity (the real innovation of the Protoevangelium of James) may have come from within a Jewish community (albeit a Christian one).
Christ's Laughter: Docetic Origins Reconsidered
Authors: Stroumsa Gedaliahu A. G
Published: February 2007

One of the most radical heresies of early Christianity, Docetism, maintained that Jesus did not really die on the cross but only appeared to do so. Some docetic conceptions go further, denying Jesus a physical body altogether. This article argues that a claim that Jesus' sacrifice was not really accomplished appeared among the very first followers of Jesus. For first-century Jews Isaac provided an obvious model of someone who—in his akedah ("binding") as described in Genesis 22—had almost been sacrificed, but not quite. The figure of Isaac, which soon became a typos, or figura, of Christ for the church fathers, as the Akedah was understood as a sacramentum futuri, must have been the source of this docetic interpretation of the crucifixion. Various gnostic texts and traditions describe Christ laughing in heaven while Simon of Cyrene is being crucified in his place. This laughter of Christ has not so far been properly understood. This article proposes to see in it a reference to the etymology of Isaac's name, yzhaq ("he will laugh"). This etymology was widely known among first-century Jews. Philo, for instance, discusses it on various occasions, even claiming that Isaac was actually the son of God, not of Abraham, and that his mother Sarah was a virgin when she conceived him.
Factors Related to the Morale of Agriculture Teachers in Machakos District
Authors: Mwangi John Gowland , Mwai Kimu Augustino
Published: February 2007

A well-functioning education system is necessary for sustained socioeconomic development and rapid progress in science and technology. Such a system requires well-trained teachers with high morale, who are good role models. This study, designed to determine agriculture teachers’ morale and factors affecting it, explains why low morale leads to teachers’ apathy, poor job performance, increased value for material rewards, dissatisfaction with school authorities, low turnover and constant shortage. This correlational study (N = 95, reliability = 0.91, a-level = 0.05) shows a gender imbalance favouring male teachers. Besides qualification, personal characteristics were not significantly related to teachers’ morale as morale factors, which were also related to teachers’ stress in England. They include inadequate pay; poor career structure, lack of promotion opportunities, poor school facilities, inadequate school disciplinary policy, attitudes and behaviour of the school head and of other teachers, and pupils’ poor work attitudes and lack of interest in school. Lack of trained teachers had forced schools to hire untrained agriculture teachers, which was likely to lower the quality of education. The researchers concluded that teachers’ morale could be improved by giving them pay that matches inflation, job tenure, improved teaching facilities, promotion opportunities, managerial responsibilities and administrative support.
A Profile of Poverty in the Limpopo Province of South Africa
Authors: Gyekye Agyapong B , Akinboade Oludele A
Published: February 2007

The Limpopo province is one of the poorest regions in South Africa. The
article develops a poverty profile for the province by location,
administrative region and racial grouping. Poverty is quite high in the rural
areas though urban poverty is also significant. Bushbuckridge, Southern,
Central and Lowveld administrative regions are the poorest as are non-white
households.
Citizens of Paradise: Dickinson and Emmanuel Levinas's Phenomenology of the Home
Authors: Zapedowska Magdalena
Published: February 2007

There is a similarity between ED's poetry and Levinas's philosophy in that both depend on experience and reject the principle of unity - the main tenet of romantic thought. The paper discusses interiority, which is a key aspect of ED's work. The I discovers itself in enjoyment of the elemental and realizes its selfhood by withdrawal in the home, which is a realm of absolute, happy independence, provides shelter, and mediates between the I and nature. The home is conceived in different ways in ED's poems but always remains a primary frame of reference.
Angling in the Lake of Darkness: Possession, Dispossession, and the Politics of Discovery in King Lear
Authors: Brayton Dan
Published: February 2007

The desperate and dispossessed villains of Jacobean tragedy, as Jonathan Dollimore has argued, represent social and ideological forces in Stuart England; their tragic predicaments mediate contemporary dilemmas and anxieties. By representing social relations and political antagonisms onstage as problems of visual control, Jacobean tragedy engages in a radical critique of ideological formations. Taking its cue from Dollimore, this study contends that such ideological relations are presented in Lear as spatial relations, and that at stake in the analysis of ideological formations is scopic authority over bodies and territory, emblematized by the map of state that appears on stage in the first act. In an analysis of the language of discovery—as exposure, visual penetration, uncovering—that permeates Lear, this essay examines the persistent connection of territorial control, as an issue of scopic power, with the hermeneutics of invisibility articulated in the misogynist rhetoric of demonic possession. Such a dialectic of visuality, which thematically structures the play, connects Lear with contemporaneous debates about the status of visuality—debates over demonic possession and territorial representation. By demonstrating that King Lear depicts social alienation and political dissolution as spatial problems, this essay suggests that Shakespeare encodes a radical critique of kingship by representing the stage itself as the site of discovery and critique.
Raphael's "Backward Reform": Agent provocateur or Agent proclamateur ?
Authors: Freeman John
Published: February 2007

Appearing as a court outsider, Raphael Hythloday is often portrayed as an agent provocateur. His most vociferous objection to the current state of the commonwealth, over the issue of enclosure, has stood as his most radical proposal. Nonetheless, there is a peculiar "backwardness" to Raphael's reforms. Far from provocative, the proclamatory nature of his pronouncements is derivative not only of the style and tenor of Tudor documents but also of their ideology. An agent proclamateur, Raphael operates as a double agent, thereby illustrating how More's humanist training in letters allowed him to pursue power while still maintaining the humanist pose of detachment from--and even disdain for--such maneuverings.
Incognito, Intervention, and Dismemberment in Adam Bede
Authors: Kreisel Deanna K
Published: February 2007

George Eliot’s Adam Bede utilizes the metaphors of obstetric invasion and dismemberment to negotiate the author’s enduring dilemma: how to assume a masculine voice and retain a feminine sympathetic insight. Eliot set the novel at a historical moment that saw a crucial shift in medical discourse, the usurpation of (female) midwifery by invasive (male) obstetric medicine; this rhetoric informs the birth and murder of Hetty Sorrel’s infant. Hetty stands in for the author in her obsession with concealment, and also remains a strangely androgynous figure. She embodies Eliot’s nightmare possibility of female authorship: the “hidden dread” of a secret birth becomes a botched and bifurcated text, a baby whose dead body has perhaps even been dismembered by its mother. Through the figure of Hetty Eliot is able to rehearse and resolve, through her character’s banishment and death, the tensions inherent in her androgynous incognito and narratorial style.
Sebastien le Prestre de Vauban: Reflections on His Fame, His Fortifications, and His Influence
Authors: Johnston A. J. B. (Andrew John Bayly)
Published: February 2007

Presque trois si�cles apr�s sa mort, l'ing�nieur
S�bastien le Prestre de Vauban reste remarquablement bien connu
en France et, dans un moindre d�gr�, en Europe et en
Am�rique du Nord. Pourquoi? Qu'est-ce qu'il a fait? Cet article
explore quelques sujets qui lui regardent: sa vie et les efforts qu'il a
accomplis; les raisons de sa r�putation durable; son influence en
Am�rique du Nord (r�gion qu'il n'a jamais visit�). On
le tenait en grande estime pour des qualit�s diff�rentes
d'une �poque � une autre. N�anmoins, le lien
constant �tait la d�finition de la France: �
l'origine en termes g�ographiques, plus r�cemment en termes
culturels. Les attitudes et les qualit�s de Vauban, et d'autres
comme lui, sont remarquablement modernes. Elles indiquent que l'habitude
de prendre les d�cisions au centre de l'administration, et
l'autorit� croissante des experts (avec une d�f�rence
� leur �gard), ne sont pas des d�veloppements
r�cents.
The Algerian War and the Revision of France's Overseas Mission
Authors: Cohen William B.
Published: February 2007

Puisque l'Algérie était la colonie la plus importante
de la France, elle était considérée comme un
modèle de la colonisation française. Récemment,
lorsque les Français réfléchissent sur
l'époque de leur colonisation de l'Afrique du Nord, ils ont eu
tendance à souligner surtout la conduite brutale de la guerre
en Algérie, entre 1954 et 1962. Cette mise en évidence de
l'emploi de la torture et des autres horreurs en Algérie a eu pour
effet de détruire la confiance qu'on avait dans un récit
qui mettait en valeur la mission civilisatrice de la France outre-mer.
Borderland Worries: Loyalty Oaths in Acadie /Nova Scotia, 1654-1755
Authors: Johnston A. J. B. (Andrew John Bayly)
Published: February 2007

A l'époque moderne, les rois et leurs officiers
s'inquiétaient de la fidélité de leurs sujets
à la couronne. Pour adresser ce souci, ils utilisaient
souvent des serments. Une histoire bien connue relate comment, dans la
région frontière de l'Acadie/Nova Scotia entre 1713
et 1755, les autorités britanniques à Annapolis Royal
et à Halifax essayaient de convaincre les Acadiens à
jurer un serment de fidélité inconditionnelle, une
tentative qui se termina avec la déportation massive de milliers
d'Acadiens à partir de 1755. Cet article ne se concentre pas
sur cet épisode familier, mais sur maints autres serments de
fidélité appliqués ou discutés pendant la
période tourmentée entre le milieu du dix-septième
siècle et le milieu du dix-huitième. Les Britanniques
n'étaient pas le seul pouvoir à utiliser des serments ou
à penser à les employer vis-à-vis des Acadiens;
les gens de la Nouvelle-Angleterre et les Français eux-mêmes
en faisaient autant. Pendant un siècle, par conséquent, la
fidélité des Acadiens se trouvait le sujet d'une attention
profonde de la part de toutes les autorités impériales.
L'Arbre de Paix : Eighteenth-Century Franco-Iroquois Relations
Authors: Parmenter Jon
Published: February 2007

Cet essai analyse les rapports entre les Français et les
Iroquois entre 1701 et 1760. L'interprétation historique courante
les caractérise comme hostiles, froids, et insignifiants. Mais
les archives canadiennes révèlent des rapports
culturels intimes, réciproquement salutaires, et soutenus par
de fréquents contacts personnels entre les Français et
les Iroquois au dix-huitième siècle. Après 1701,
les Français acceptaient la neutralité iroquoienne, et
fondaient leur alliance avec ces puissantes nations amérindiennes
sur des principes qui ressemblaient de près le concept iroquoien
de kaswentha: un rapport pacifique basé sur la coexistence
du pouvoir dans un contexte de respect pour l'autonomie et le
caractère distinctif de chaque groupe. La bonne volonté
des Français en réglant leur politique vis-à-vis
des Iroquois après une période prolongée de guerre
au dix-septième siècle permet aux peuples iroquoiens de
retenir leurs positions comme nations indépendantes pendant la
conquête du Canada et jusqu'au présent.
Painting, Photography, and Fidelity in The Tragic Muse
Authors: Sonstegard Adam
Published: February 2007

Photographs can approach the elegance of paintings, but
reproductions can show the distortion of photographs--so The
Tragic Muse (1890) suggests, complicating critical understandings
of James and visual art. Dramatizing artists' fidelity, James
resists assuming that families, races, and genders provide similar
options. Fidelity in art can mean "infidelity" in life, lead to
"adulterated" reproductions, and impugn understandings of
inherited and performed identities--concerns which resurface in
The American Scene (1907) when James contemplates immigrant
populations and in A Small Boy and Others (1913) when a family
daguerreotype becomes evidence of his own fidelity.
"Oh, the land's all right!": Landscape in James's American Scene
Authors: Stowe William W.
Published: February 2007

In most of James's fiction and travel writing, landscape is a
setting for human activity, a stage set for a particularly
important action or revelation or an aesthetic phenomenon. In The
American Scene, James comes closer to an integrated environmental
vision, incorporating nature, geography, history, social dynamics,
and visual qualities in his view of the land. In the process he
relates land and femininity, not as a pretext for male domination
of either, but as a way of suggesting that the land be treated
with the dignity due to the independent women in his later
fiction.
Pre-national Time: Novel, Epic, Henry James
Authors: Dimock Wai-chee
Published: February 2007

What difference does it make to map globalization along the axis of time rather than the axis of space? This essay tests that possibility, focusing on pre-national time and exploring it through a genre-based paradigm, inspired by Adorno and especially Lukacs. Adorno and Lukacs see genres as diachronic forms giving each individual work a backward as well as a forward extension.
The ancient epic and the modern novel continually interact and must be read in tandem if literature is to be seen as a cumulative, global phenomenon. James's novels are
global in just this way: looking back to The Odyssey and forward to Erza Pound's Cantos.
Jonathan Edwards on Space and God
Authors: Reid Jasper William
Published: February 2007

This paper examines how Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) shifted from a broadly Newtonian conception of divine, absolute space to a more Berkeleian or Leibnizian theory of merely relative, ideal space. Setting Edwards' views within a context of contemporary European thought, it elucidates his early position, as expressed in the opening portion of his essay 'Of Being' (c. 1721), and then proceeds to chart the development of his more mature views, showing in particular how the development of his immaterialism during the early 1720s drove him to change his mind on the issue of space and its relationship with God.
Butler's "Future State" and Hume's "Guide of Life"
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2007

In this paper I argue that Hume's famous discussion of probability and induction, as originally presented in the Treatise, is significantly motivated by irreligious objectives. A particular target of Hume's arguments is Joseph Butler's Analogy of Religion. In the Analogy Butler intends to persuade his readers of both the credibility and practical importance of the doctrine of a future state of rewards and punishments. The argument that he advances relies on probable reasoning and proceeds on the assumption that our past experience in this life serves as a reliable and effective guide for our expectations concerning a future state. In the relevant sections of the Treatise Hume aims to discredit this religious argument and the practical objectives associated with it.
Courts Across Borders: The Implications of Judicial Agency for Human Rights and Democracy
Authors: Jacobson David , Ruffer Galya Benarieh
Published: February 2007

The global expansion of human rights has shifted modes of political
engagement in significant ways. This article analyzes this shift as one
towards "judicial agency," where an increasingly dense web of legal rights
mediated by judicial and administrative bodies enables the individual to
bypass traditional democratic forms of political mobilization. Through
this new mode of political engagement, litigants challenge legislative
and executive authority as they cross organizational and even national
boundaries through a "nesting process," seeking judicial ways through
which they can restructure rules and norms over a range of issues. This
development is particularly marked in the European Union.
Decommissioned? International Humanitarian Law and the Inter-American Human Rights System
Authors: Moir Lindsay
Published: February 2007

The relationship between human rights and humanitarian law is a close one,
especially in the context of internal armed conflict. Although regulated
by humanitarian law, human rights law remains valuable in such conflicts
for several reasons. These include the possibility that enforcement
mechanisms created by human rights instruments could serve as alternative
fora for the enforcement of humanitarian standards. The Inter-American
machinery has been particularly active in this area, and this article
examines the relationship between human rights and humanitarian law
as it has been reflected and developed in the jurisprudence of the
Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights.
Whose Testimony? Whose Truth? Where are the Armed Actors in the Stoll-Menchu Controversy?
Authors: Schirmer Jennifer G
Published: February 2007

A most heated debate has involved David Stoll's (1993) charge that
Rigoberta Menchú's testimony was a tissue of lies. He has
been accused of missing the essential truths about which Menchú
spoke. Stoll's ethnography and the many responses to it are flawed in that
they both omit the testimony of the most powerful actor in Guatemala, and
don't expand the concept of truth to include that one key actor—the
army. This paper examines that testimony and asks: Whose meaning of truth
will prevail to serve as the political baseline for Guatemala's future?
The International Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Catalyst for Innovative Child Care Policies
Authors: Davis Martha F. , Powell Roslyn
Published: February 2007

Childcare has long been a priority issue for women's rights advocates in
the United States, yet the United States continues to compare unfavorably
to other industrialized nations that extend childcare services and
other supports to assist families with young children. Provisions of the
Children's Rights Convention, as well as language in CEDAW and the ICCPR,
suggest that childcare should be viewed through a human rights framework
rather than the more limited framework of domestic law. This article
focuses on the Children's Rights Convention, analyzing the Convention's
impact on childcare in ratifying countries. In particular, the article
analyzes childcare policies of Australia, Finland, France and Sweden,
while also reviewing exchanges between the Committee on the Rights of the
Child and less industrialized countries. The authors conclude that framing
childcare as a human rights concern might shift the internal politics
of the issue by energizing advocates as well as enlisting new sources
of pressure to combat this aspect of the US policy of exceptionalism.
The Rights of the New Untouchables: A Constitutional Analysis of HIV Jurisprudence in India
Authors: Krishnan Jayanth
Published: February 2007

It is believed that India will soon have the highest number of HIV/AIDS
cases of any country. Some reports project that 37 million people
will be infected within the next two decades. Sadly, few studies have
examined the legal claims of those who suffer with this disease in this,
the world's largest democracy. In this article, I systematically examine
how the courts in India have responded to rights-based claims brought by
people who have HIV. The conventional wisdom is that the Indian judiciary
frequently protects the rights of the poor, the under-represented, and
the ill. But my findings reveal that, at least for people with HIV, the
courts have not extended to this group full constitutional protection. The
implications of this conclusion force us to revisit whether the courts
in India best safeguard the rights of others who are disadvantaged.
Child Poverty in Canada and the Rights of the Child
Authors: Howe Robert Brian , Covell Katherine
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the problem of child poverty
in Canada in light of Canada's commitments under the United Nations
Convention on the Rights of the Child. By ratifying the Convention in
1991, Canada was obligated to advance the basic economic security rights
of children under Article 27. A particular problem, as Canada recognized,
was child poverty. In accord with the Convention, Canada took important
measures to overcome the problem. However, child poverty has persisted
as a serious problem, putting at risk the exercise of children's rights
in ways that are more far-reaching than often thought.
Lessons Learned: Practical Lessons Gleaned from Inside the Truth Commissions of Guatemala and South Africa
Authors: Quinn Joanna R , Freeman Mark
Published: February 2007

The truth commissions of South Africa and Guatemala were important
in bringing global attention to the subject of truth-seeking. This
article presents some of the key observations and recommendations made
by commissioners and staff directly involved in these commissions about
the official truth-seeking process which evolved in both countries. These
reflections provide practical lessons as to the structure and mandate of
the truth commission, data collection and public hearings, information
management and reporting to the public, from which future commissions
might draw ideas.
Academic and Life Goals: Insights from Adolescent Writers
Authors: Potter Ellen F , McCormick Christine , Busching Beverly A.
Published: February 2007

In order to understand factors that encourage or discourage
adolescents' participation in school writing classes and influence their
motivation to become skilled writers, we interviewed high school students
about their writing experiences, goals, and processes and analyzed their
statements for patterns of goal pursuit. Nineteen students of varying
achievement levels and classroom placements (8 boys and 11 girls,
6 African American and 13 European American) who had been previously
interviewed in fifth and sixth grades were interviewed again in the
tenth grade. Goals arising from developmental and personal life issues
were central to these adolescent writers, whose writing motivation
was heavily influenced by the extent to which they perceived they
were encouraged to write authentic personal texts whose messages were
respected by caring teachers. The low achieving and alienated students
whose writing motivation had declined from earlier years did not now
believe they received respect for their ideas, but that their teacher
was interested only in their texts' basic organization and display of
proper grammatical conventions. Methods for teaching writing that enlist
and honor the personal goals of adolescents and support their motivation
to write are described.
Minority Education and Analytical Thinking Skills: Traditionalizing Disempowerment
Authors: Freed Craig , Pena Robert
Published: February 2007

This research examines a community struggling to define the type of
education needed for its children. After years of being a minority culture
in a much larger school district, a small group of individuals in the
community petitioned the state to begin a new school district. Community
members indicated a desire for an emphasis on vocational skills so
students would be more employable. The teachers, most coming from outside
the community, wanted a more liberal arts curriculum with an emphasis
on analytical thinking skills. In the nearly twenty years since the
district's formation, a random autonomy has come to define the curriculum
efforts made by the professional educators. Unless there is a significant
effort to arrive at a community and school consensus, it is unlikely that
an empowering, relevant high school curriculum will be established.
An Analysis of the Linkages Between High School Allowance, High School Market-Place Work, and Academic Success in Higher Education
Authors: Hannah Richard L , Baum Charles L
Published: February 2007

We examine the market-place work of high school seniors and their
academic success. In particular, we examine the relationship between
allowance and hours of high school work. Then, we relate the effect
of market-place work to academic achievement. Our results indicate that
allowance is a significant determinant of high school work hours, having a
negative effect. Further, we find that high school work reduces academic
success by reducing the probability of being an honors student. Our
results are important because they expand our understanding of high
school work beh~vior and its consequences.