bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journal editors’ perspectives on the roles and tasks of peer reviewers in biomedical journals: a qualitative study
Authors: Glonti Ketevan , Boutron Isabelle , Moher David , Hren Darko
Published: November 2019

Objective

Peer reviewers of biomedical journals are expected to perform a large number of roles and tasks, some of which are seemingly contradictory or demonstrate incongruities between the respective positions of peer reviewers and journal editors. Our aim was to explore the perspectives, expectations and understanding of the roles and tasks of peer reviewers of journal editors from general and specialty biomedical journals.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

Worldwide.

Participants

56 journal editors from biomedical journals, most of whom were editors-in-chief (n=39), male (n=40) and worked part-time (n=50) at journals from 22 different publishers.

Methods

Semistructured interviews with journal editors were conducted. Recruitment was based on purposive maximum variation sampling. Data were analysed thematically following the methodology by Braun and Clarke.

Results

Journal editors’ understanding of the roles and partly of tasks of peer reviewers are profoundly shaped by each journal’s unique context and characteristics, including financial and human resources and journal reputation or prestige. There was a broad agreement among journal editors on expected technical tasks of peer reviewers related to scientific aspects, but there were different expectations in the level of depth. We also found that most journal editors support the perspective that authorship experience is key to high-quality reviews, while formal training in peer reviewing is not.

Conclusion

These journal editors’ accounts reveal issues of a social nature within the peer-review process related to missed opportunities for journal editors to engage with peer reviewers to clarify the expected roles and tasks.

Further research is needed on actual performance of peer reviewers looking into the content of peer-reviewer reports to inform meaningful training interventions, journal policies and guidelines.
Qualified but not yet fully competent: perceptions of recent veterinary graduates on their day‐one skills
Authors: Duijn Chantal , Bok Harold , ten Cate Olle , Kremer Wim
Published: November 2019

Background

The goal of veterinary education is to prepare learners to successfully enter the profession. However, the transition from learner to professional can be an intense and stressful phase. In this study, recently graduated veterinarians’ perceptions of readiness to work independently and to successfully cope with early career challenges are addressed.

Methods

A survey based on five commonly occurring entrustable professional activities (EPAs) in primary care was sent to newly qualified veterinarians (graduated between six months and three‐and‐a‐half years ago and working in primary veterinary clinics). The survey was a combination of open and Likert scale‐type questions and contained items on the self‐reported need for supervision for these EPAs. One hundred and fifty‐six participants (response rate 41.2 per cent) answered the survey. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse and present the quantitative data.

Results

The day‐one after graduation levels varied per EPA between ‘with direct, proactive supervision’ and ‘supervision at a distance’. On average after 6.8 months participants felt ready to execute all five tasks with distant supervision. After almost 10 months, participants had the feeling of being fully competent to execute the EPAs unsupervised.

Conclusion

This study provides insight into early career challenges faced by recently graduated veterinarians. The results emphasise the importance of adequate preparation of veterinarians during education and the importance of guidance during early career to foster a successful transition from veterinary school to clinical practice.
Ultrasound of the normal canine supraspinatus tendon: comparison with gross anatomy and histology
Authors: Lassaigne Caroline Chloe , Boyer Charlotte , Sautier Lucile , Taeymans Olivier
Published: November 2019

Background

This study aimed to compare the ultrasonographic and histological features of the supraspinatus tendon (ST) and its peculiar appearance in contrast with the biceps brachii tendon.

Methods

For this purpose, 19 non‐lame dog cadavers were subjected to an ultrasonographic and histologic evaluation of both shoulders after postmortem examination.

Results

Close to their insertion on the greater tubercle, all STs displayed a widened portion with a deep central hypoechoic area lacking a fibrillar pattern, when compared with its more proximal aspect and adjacent biceps brachii. Histologically this deep portion corresponded to poorly organised collagen bundles interspersed within a myxoid substance mainly composed of mucopolysaccharides. This central myxoid area with collagen disarray was responsible for the reduced echogenicity on ultrasound.

Conclusion

The focal widening of the ST insertion and its central mucopolysaccharidic composition could be an anatomical adaptation to marked forces specifically applied to this tendon. However, the ultrasound and histological appearances are very similar to those described in tendinosis, which represents a confounding factor in diagnosing tendonitis at the insertion of the supraspinatus. In the absence of other ultrasonographic criteria of tendinopathy, a hypoechoic central area in the ST near its insertion should be considered normal.
Solar system tests in Rastall gravity
Authors: Manna Tuhina , Rahaman Farook , Mondal Monimala
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we have investigated the classical tests of General Relativity like precession of perihelion, deflection of light and time delay by considering a phenomenological astrophysical object like Sun, as a neutral regular Hayward black hole in Rastall gravity. We have tabulated all our results for some appropriate values of the parameter [Formula: see text]. We have compared our values with [Formula: see text], which corresponds to the Schwarzschild case. Also the value of [Formula: see text] is of particular interest as it gives some promising results.
Near Zero-Energy Computation Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata
Authors: Torres Frank Sill , Niemann Philipp , Wille Robert , Drechsler Rolf
Published: November 2019

Near zero-energy computing describes the concept of executing logic operations below the (

k
B
T

ln 2) energy limit. Landauer discussed that it is impossible to break this limit as long as the computations are performed in the conventional, non-reversible way. But even if reversible computations were performed, the basic energy needed for operating circuits realized in conventional technologies is still far above the (

k
B
T

ln 2) energy limit (i.e., the circuits do not operate in a physically reversible manner). In contrast, novel nanotechnologies like
Quantum-dot Cellular Automata
(QCA) allow for computations with very low energy dissipation and hence are promising candidates for breaking this limit. Accordingly, the design of reversible QCA circuits is an active field of research. But whether QCA in general and the proposed circuits in particular are indeed able to operate in a logically and physically reversible fashion is unknown thus far, because neither physical realizations nor appropriate simulation approaches are available. In this work, we address this gap by utilizing an established theoretical model that has been implemented in a physics simulator enabling a precise consideration of how energy is dissipated in QCA designs. Our results provide strong evidence that QCA is indeed a suitable technology for near zero-energy computing. Further, the first design of a logically and physically reversible adder circuit is presented, which serves as proof of concept for future circuits with the ability of near zero-energy computing.
Female Performance and Participation in Computer Science
Authors: Kemp Peter E. J. , Wong Billy , Berry Miles G.
Published: November 2019

The change in the English computing curriculum and the shift towards computer science (CS) has been closely observed by other countries. Female participation remains a concern in most jurisdictions, but female attainment in CS is relatively unstudied. Using the English national pupil database, we analyzed all exam results (n = 5,370,064) for students taking secondary school exams in 2016, focusing on those students taking GCSE CS (n = 60,736), contrasting this against ICT (n = 67,359).

Combining gender with ethnicity and the IDACI poverty indicator, we find that females from the poorest areas were more likely to take CS than those from the richest areas and that CS was more popular among ethnic minority females than white females. ICT was far more equitable for females and poorer students than CS.

CS females typically got better grades than their male peers. However, when controlling for average attainment in other subjects, males got 0.31 of a grade higher. Female relative underperformance in CS was most acute among large female cohorts and with girls studying in mixed-gender schools. Girls did significantly better than boys in English when controlling for CS scores, supporting theories around female relative strengths lying outside STEM subjects.

The move to introduce CS into the English curriculum and the removal of the ICT qualifications look to be having a negative impact on female participation and attainment in computing. Using the theory of self-efficacy, we argue that the shift towards CS might decrease the number of girls choosing further computing qualifications or pursuing computing as a career. Computing curriculum designers and teachers need to carefully consider the inclusive nature of their computing courses.
Absorptive transport of amino acids by the rat colon
Authors: Chen Yuxin , Dinges Meredith M. , Green Andrew , Cramer Scott E. , Larive Cynthia K. , Lytle Christian
Published: November 2019

The capacity of the colon to absorb microbially produced amino acids (AAs) and the underlying mechanisms of AA transport are incompletely defined. We measured the profile of 16 fecal AAs along the rat ceco-colonic axis and compared unidirectional absorptive AA fluxes across mucosal tissues isolated from the rat jejunum, cecum, and proximal colon using an Ussing chamber approach, in conjunction with1H-NMR and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry chemical analyses. Passage of stool from cecum to midcolon was associated with segment-specific changes in fecal AA composition and a decrease in total AA content. Simultaneous measurement of up to 16 AA fluxes under native luminal conditions, with correction for endogenous AA release, demonstrated absorptive transfer of AAs across the cecum and proximal colon at rates comparable (30–80%) to those across the jejunum, with significant Na+-dependent and H+-stimulated components. Expression profiling of 30 major AA transporter genes by quantitative PCR revealed comparatively high levels of transcripts for 20 AA transporters in the cecum and/or colon, with the levels of 12 exceeding those in the small intestine. Our results suggest a more detailed model of major apical and basolateral AA transporters in rat colonocytes and provide evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of AAs across the colonic epithelium that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of microbially generated amino acids across the colonic epithelium under physiological conditions that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues. The segment-specific expression of at least 20 amino acid transporter genes along the colon provides a detailed mechanistic basis for uniport, heteroexchange, Na+-cotransport, and H+-cotransport components of colonic amino acid absorption.
Developmental changes in the utilization of citrulline by neonatal pigs
Authors: Mohammad Mahmoud A. , Didelija Inka C. , Wang Xioying , Stoll Barbara , Burrin Douglas G. , Marini Juan C.
Published: November 2019

Developmental changes in the renal expression and activity of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), enzymes that use citrulline for the production of arginine, have been reported. Thus, the ability of neonates, and especially premature neonates, to produce arginine may be compromised. To determine the utilization of citrulline in vivo, we measured renal expression of ASS1 and ASL and conducted citrulline compartmental and noncompartmental kinetics using [15N]citrulline in pigs of five different ages (from 10 days preterm to 5 wk of age). The tracer was given in substrate amounts to also test the ability of neonatal pigs to use exogenous citrulline. Preterm and term pigs at birth had lower ASS1 and ASL expression than older animals, which was reflected in the longer half-life of citrulline in the neonatal groups. The production and utilization of citrulline by 1-wk-old pigs was greater than in pigs of other ages, including 5-wk-old animals. Plasma citrulline concentration was not able to capture these differences in citrulline production and utilization. In conclusion, the developmental changes in renal ASS1 and ASL gene expression are reflected in the ability of the pigs to use citrulline. However, it seems that there is an excess capacity to use citrulline at all ages, including during prematurity, since the bolus dose of tracer did not result in an increase in endogenous citrulline. Our results support the idea that citrulline supplementation in neonatal, including premature, pigs is a viable option to increase arginine availability.
L-Cystathionine Protects against Homocysteine-Induced Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis of Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Wang Xiuli , Wang Yi , Zhang Lulu , Zhang Da , Bai Lu , Kong Wei , Huang Yaqian , Tang Chaoshu , Du Junbao , Jin Hongfang
Published: November 2019

The study was aimed at investigating the effects of L-cystathionine on vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and its mechanisms. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in the study. Apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells was induced by homocysteine. Apoptosis, mitochondrial superoxide anion, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, and caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities were examined. Expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 was tested and BTSA1, a Bax agonist, and HUVEC Bax overexpression was used in the study. Results showed that homocysteine obviously induced the apoptosis of HUVECs, and this effect was significantly attenuated by the pretreatment with L-cystathionine. Furthermore, L-cystathionine decreased the production of mitochondrial superoxide anion and the expression of Bax and restrained its translocation to mitochondria, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, suppressed the leakage of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and downregulated activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3. However, BTSA1, a Bax agonist, or Bax overexpression successfully abolished the inhibitory effect of L-cystathionine on Hcy-induced MPTP opening, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, and HUVEC apoptosis. Taken together, our results indicated that L-cystathionine could protect against homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of HUVECs.
Antioxidant and the Dwarfing Candidate Gene of “Nantongxiaofangshi” (Diospyros kaki Thunb.)
Authors: Dong Yuhan , Wang Peihong , Jiang Mengting , Qu Shenchun
Published: November 2019

The aims of this work were to identify genes related to dwarfing for subsequent dwarfing-related research in persimmon and evaluate the relationship between antioxidant activity, dwarf, and hormones of persimmon trees for analyzing the possible dwarf mechanism oxidation factors. In the present study, a transcriptome analysis of “Nantongxiaofangshi” was used to identify and clone 22 candidate genes related to gibberellin signal transduction pathways and synthetic pathway. The expression of these genes was assessed in two persimmon cultivars, “Dafangshi” and “Nantongxiaofangshi,” by RT-qPCR at different phenological stages and in response to the exogenous application of GA3 (GA treatment) and PAZ (paclobutrazol, a plant growth inhibitor, also called PP333). The results revealed differential expression of 14 of these 22 genes in the two varieties. Subsequently, endogenous hormone levels were assessed of the two varieties, along with the number of internodes and internode length. The results suggested that the persimmon could be used as a valuable and powerful natural candidate for providing information on the functional role of dwarfing.
CGRP Reduces Apoptosis of DRG Cells Induced by High-Glucose Oxidative Stress Injury through PI3K/AKT Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Nrf-2 Expression
Authors: Liu YaDong , Zhang SiCong , Xue Jun , Wei ZhongQing , Ao Ping , Shen BaiXin , Ding LiuCheng
Published: November 2019

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which are sensitive to oxidative stress due to their anatomical and structural characteristics, play a complex role in the initiation and progression of diabetic bladder neuropathy. We investigated the hypothesis that the antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of CGRP may be partly related to the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, thus reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress responses. This study shows that CGRP activates the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby inducing increased expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and resulting in the decrease of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels and reduced neuronal apoptosis. These effects were suppressed by LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Therefore, regulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression by the PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role in the regulation of the antioxidant and antiapoptotic responses in DRG cells in a high-glucose culture model.
Seasonal Features and a Case Study of Tropopause Folds over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Luo Jiali , Liang Wenjun , Xu Pingping , Xue Haiyang , Zhang Min , Shang Lin , Tian Hongying
Published: November 2019

Tropopause fold is the primary mechanism for stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) at the midlatitudes. Investigation of the features of tropopause folds over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is important since the TP is a hotspot in global STE. In this study, we investigated seasonal features of the tropopause fold events over the TP using the 40-year ERA-Interim reanalysis data. The development of a tropopause folding case is specifically examined. The results show that shallow tropopause folds occur mostly in spring, while medium and deep folds occur mostly in winter. The multiyear mean monthly frequency of shallow tropopause folds over the TP reaches its maximum value of about 7% in May and then decreases gradually to its minimum value of 1% in August and increases again since September. Deep folds rarely occur in summer and autumn. Both the seasonal cycle and seasonal distribution of total tropopause folds over the TP are dominated by shallow folds. The relative high-frequency areas of medium and deep folds are located over the southern edge of the TP. The westerly jet movement controls the displacement of the high-frequency folding region over the TP. The region of high-frequency tropopause folds is located in the southern portion of the plateau in spring and moves northward in summer. The jet migrates back to the south in autumn and is located along about 30°N in winter, and the region where folds occur most frequently also shifts southward correspondingly. A medium fold event that occurred on 29 December 2018 is used to demonstrate the evolution of a tropopause fold case over the TP in winter; that is, the folding structure moves from west to east, the tropopause pressure is greater than 320 hPa over the folding region, while it is about 200 hPa in the surrounding areas, and the stratospheric air with high potential vorticity (PV) is transported from the high latitudes to the plateau by meridional winds. A trajectory model result verifies the transport pathway of the air parcels during the intrusion event.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Cold-Rolled Mg-14Li-1Zn Alloy after Hot Rolling
Authors: Wu Qiang , Fu Kunning , Wu Ruizhi , Zhang Jinghuai , Hou Legan , Zhang Milin
Published: November 2019

The as-cast Mg-14Li-1Zn alloy was hot rolled at different temperatures with the reduction of 50%, followed by cold rolling with the reduction of 80%. The effects of the hot rolling temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final specimens were investigated. The results show that the higher rolling temperature brings about a more homogeneous microstructure, which is favorable for the subsequent cold rolling. When the hot rolling temperature is 300°C, the final specimen possesses the highest tensile strength and hardness of 238 MPa and 67.7 HV, respectively. When the hot rolling temperature is 200°C, the final specimen possesses the highest elongation of 24.6%.
Detection and Quantification of Total and Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Anadara subcrenata in the Zhoushan Archipelago
Authors: Wu Bing , Gong Hongxia , Zhang Hui , Chen Jiabei , Wang Hongling
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Anadara subcrenata sampled from aquafarms and retail markets in the Zhoushan islands during June 2013 to March 2015, using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) method. Total V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 265 (83.86%) samples with the density 0.3 to 2400 MPN/g. In total, 30.70% and 17.41% of the samples exceeded 100 MPN/g and 1,000 MPN/g, respectively. Both highest positive rate (98.99%) and highest prevalence (median = 210.0 MPN/g) were recorded in summer. Samples from aquafarms had a higher positive rate and median than those from retail markets. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was detected both in aquafarms and retail markets in all seasons but not in winter. Among the 265 tlh-positive samples, 20 (7.55%) of the samples harbored tdh, and 5 (1.89%) of the samples harbored both tdh and trh. These results indicate that the Zhoushan archipelago is severely contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus in Anadara subcrenata; these results are applicable in risk assessment and to control the risk of food-borne disease caused by V. parahaemolyticus.
Structural and Functional Characterization of Deceased Donor Stem Cells: A Viable Alternative to Living Donor Stem Cells
Authors: Rao Prakash N. , Deo Dayanand D. , Marchioni Misty A. , Taghizadeh Rouzbeh R. , Cetrulo Kyle , Sawczak Sharyn , Myrick Jacob
Published: November 2019

Stem cells can be isolated from various human tissues including bone marrow (BM) and adipose tissue (AT). Our study outlines a process to isolate adult stem cells from deceased donors. We have shown that cell counts obtained from deceased donor BM were within established living donor parameters. Evaluation of demographic information exhibited a higher percentage of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in males versus females, as well as a higher percentage of HSC in the age bracket of 25 years and under. For the first time, we show that deceased donor femur BM grew cell colonies. Our introduction of new technology for nonenzymatic AT processing significantly increased cell recovery over the traditional enzymatic processing method. Cell counts from the deceased donor AT exceeded living donor parameters. Furthermore, our data illustrated that AT from female donors yielded a much higher number of total nucleated cells (TNC) than males. Together, our data demonstrates that our approach to isolate stem cells from deceased donors could be a routine practice to provide a viable alternative to living donor stem cells. This will offer increased accessibility for patients awaiting stem cell therapies.
Cu Nanoparticle-Modified High-Density Polyethylene Monofilament and Its Antifouling Performance on Fishing Netting
Authors: Yu Wenwen , Liu Yongli , Wang Lei , Shi Jiangao
Published: November 2019

Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) were modified by organic surfactant, then CuNP-modified high-density polyethylene (CuNP/HDPE) monofilaments were prepared by melt spinning. The effect of CuNP content on the morphology and properties of nanocomposite monofilaments was investigated. FT-IR and dynamic light scattering proved the successful surface modification for CuNP. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the dispersed behavior of the CuNP. When the CuNP content was less than 1.0 wt%, the CuNPs were well dispersed in these nanocomposite monofilaments, and the increase of crystallization rate, the breaking strength, and knot strength were observed by differential scanning calorimeter and tensile test. Therefore, nanocomposite monofilaments showed comparable properties at low CuNP contents. With increasing CuNP content, the width of tanδ peak and △Ea for α-relaxation from dynamic mechanical analysis were increased, indicating more amorphous components near the crystalline regions. In addition, burst release of Cu ions in seawater was observed. The coupon tests demonstrated that CuNPs could significantly improve antibiofouling performance of CuNP/HDPE fishing netting. CuNP/HDPE fishing netting have a strong potential for using in marine antifouling mitigation.
Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Rift Valley Fever in Domestic Small Ruminants in the North Region of Cameroon
Authors: Poueme R. , Stoek F. , Nloga N. , Awah-Ndukum J. , Rissmann M. , Schulz A. , Wade A. , Kouamo J. , Moctar M. , Eisenbarth A. , God-yang L. , Dickmu S. , Eiden M. , Groschup M. H.
Published: November 2019

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic vector borne infectious disease of major medical and veterinary importance particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is dearth of epidemiological knowledge of the disease in Cameroon. We conducted a cross-sectional study (January 2016–January 2017) to investigate the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in sheep and goats in the North region of Cameroon. Stratified sampling approach was used to select herds where sera were collected from 680 randomly selected small ruminants (355 goats and 325 sheep) in eight localities (Kismatari, Lagdo, Pitoa, Garoua, Bocklé, Dembo, Poli and Touboro) within three administrative divisions (Bénoué, Mayo-Rey and Faro) in the North region. Anti-RVFV antibodies were detected using a competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while a capture ELISA was used for the detection of specific RVFV-Immunoglobulin M (Ig-M) antibodies. We evaluated the associated potential risk factors of RVF in small ruminants based on observations of animal-related intrinsic and extrinsic factors in combination with serological results. The results revealed that 3.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2–5.1%) of sampled animals and 24.6% (95% CI: 15.1–37.1%) of 65 sampled herds were seropositive for anti-RVFV antibodies and no difference in seropositivity between sheep and goats at individual animal as well as at herd levels was observed. Localities along hydrographic or large water banks such as Kismatari (OR: 14.333, (95% CI: 1.436–145.088)) and Pitoa (OR = 11.467 (95% CI: 1.249–50.306)) were significantly associated to RVFV antibody seroprevalence in a simple logistic regression. In addition, the multiple regression analysis showed that age and access to water points significantly influenced RVFV antibody seroprevalence in small ruminants. This study revealed that anti-RVFV antibodies are present in sheep and goats in the North region of Cameroon. It highlights the likely endemic circulation of RVFV in the considered localities despite the absence of clinical cases reported in animals or humans. Under these conditions, it is necessary to set up an early warning, surveillance and control strategy based on epizootic risk.
Grey Spectrum Analysis of Air Quality Index and Housing Price in Handan
Authors: Zhang Kai , Chen Yan , Wu Lifeng
Published: November 2019

To analyze the relationship between air quality index (AQI) and housing price, six relationship indexes between air quality index and housing price were calculated using grey spectrum theory, specifically grey association spectrum, grey cospectrum, grey amplitude spectrum, grey phase spectrum, grey lag time length, and grey condense spectrum. Three main change periods were extracted. There was a negative correction between the air quality and the housing price in Handan. The results provide a basis for the government’s measures to prevent haze.
Epidemiology and Control of Meningococcal Disease in Canada: A Long, Complex, and Unfinished Story
Authors: De Wals Philippe
Published: November 2019

The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Canada has been punctuated by outbreaks caused by serogroup A strains in the 1940s, virulent serogroup C clones from 1985 to 2001, a serogroup B clone in Quebec from 2003 to 2014, and more recently a W clone in British Columbia. Region- and province-wide immunization campaigns have been implemented to control these outbreaks using meningococcal C polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, a quadrivalent ACWY conjugate vaccine, and a serogroup B protein-based vaccine. Meningococcal C conjugate vaccines have been included in routine immunization programs for children, and ACWY conjugate vaccines have been included in school-based programs for adolescents in most jurisdictions. In contrast, serogroup B protein-based vaccines were only recommended and used for high-risk individuals and to control outbreaks. Currently, the immunization schedules adopted in provinces and territories are not uniform. This is not explained by notable epidemiologic differences. Publicly funded immunization programs are the result of a complex decision-making process. Political factors including public opinion, media attention, interest groups’ advocacy campaigns, decision-makers’ priorities and budgetary constraints have played important roles in shaping meningococcal programs in Canada, and this should be recognized. As the recent occurrence of outbreaks caused by virulent W clones shows, continued investments in epidemiological surveillance at both the provincial and national levels are necessary, so there can be early warning and informed decisions can be made.
Autoimmune Hepatitis—Immunologically Triggered Liver Pathogenesis—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Sucher Elisabeth , Sucher Robert , Gradistanac Tanja , Brandacher Gerald , Schneeberger Stefan , Berg Thomas
Published: November 2019

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe liver disease that arises in genetically predisposed male and female individuals worldwide. Diagnosis of AIH is made clinically applying diagnostic scores; however, the heterotopic disease phenotype often makes a rapid determination of disease challenging. AIH responds favorably to steroids and pharmacologic immunosuppression, and liver transplantation is only necessary in cases with acute liver failure or end-stage liver cirrhosis. Recurrence or development of de novo AIH after transplantation is possible, and treatment is similar to standard AIH therapy. Current experimental investigations of T cell-mediated autoimmune pathways and analysis of changes within the intestinal microbiome might advance our knowledge on the pathogenesis of AIH and trigger a spark of hope for novel therapeutic strategies.
Products of Sulfide/Selenite Interaction Possess Antioxidant Properties, Scavenge Superoxide-Derived Radicals, React with DNA, and Modulate Blood Pressure and Tension of Isolated Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Grman Marian , Misak Anton , Kurakova Lucia , Brezova Vlasta , Cacanyiova Sona , Berenyiova Andrea , Balis Peter , Tomasova Lenka , Kharma Ammar , Domínguez-Álvarez Enrique , Chovanec Miroslav , Ondrias Karol
Published: November 2019

Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenously produced signalling molecule, affect many physiological and pathological processes. However, the biological effects of their mutual interaction have not yet been investigated. Herein, we have studied the biological and antioxidant effects of the products of the H2S (Na2S)/selenite (Na2SeO3) interaction. As detected by the UV-VIS and EPR spectroscopy, the product(s) of the H2S-Na2SeO3and H2S-SeCl4interaction scavenged superoxide-derived radicals and reduced⋅cPTIO radical depending on the molar ratio and the preincubation time of the applied interaction mixture. The results confirmed that the transient species are formed rapidly during the interaction and exhibit a noteworthy biological activity. In contrast to H2S or selenite acting on their own, the H2S/selenite mixture cleaved DNA in a bell-shaped manner. Interestingly, selenite protected DNA from the cleavage induced by the products of H2S/H2O2interaction. The relaxation effect of H2S on isolated thoracic aorta was eliminated when the H2S/selenite mixture was applied. The mixture inhibited the H2S biphasic effect on rat systolic and pulse blood pressure. The results point to the antioxidant properties of products of the H2S/selenite interaction and their effect to react with DNA and influence cardiovascular homeostasis. The effects of the products may contribute to explain some of the biological effects of H2S and/or selenite, and they may imply that a suitable H2S/selenite supplement might have a beneficial effect in pathological conditions arisen, e.g., from oxidative stress.
ВПЛИВ ПСИХОВЕГЕТАТИВНИХ РОЗЛАДІВ НА КОГНІТИВНИЙ СТАТУС ТА ЯКІСТЬ ЖИТТЯ ХВОРИХ НА ІШЕМІЧНУ ХВОРОБУ СЕРЦЯ ІЗ СУПУТНЬОЮ АРТЕРІАЛЬНОЮ ГІПЕРТЕНЗІЄЮ
Authors: Mykhailovska N. S. , Manuilov S. M. , Grytsai H. V. , Kulynych T. O.
Published: November 2019

Мета: вивчити вплив психовегетативних розладів на когнітивний статус та якість життя хворих на ішемічну хворобу серця (ІХС), коморбідну з артеріальною гіпертензією (АГ).

Матеріали і методи. У проспективне моноцентрове подвійне відкрите дослідження в паралельних групах залучено 56 хворих на ІХС: стабільну стенокардію напруження II–III функціонального класу, коморбідну з АГ, віком 42–68 років (медіана віку – 5,0 (54,0; 65,0) років; 26 жінок, 30 чоловіків). Усім хворим проводили комплексне клінічне обстеження згідно із загальноприйнятими стандартами. Виявлення тривожно-депресивних розладів (ТДР) здійснювали за допомогою госпітальної шкали тривоги і депресії (HADS); когнітивних порушень − за допомогою Монреальської шкали оцінки когнітивних функцій (МоСА); дослідження якості життя проводили за допомогою Сіетловського опитувальника (SAQ) та опитувальника SF-36; оцінку вегетативної дисфункції − за допомогою часових і спектральних показників варіабельності серцевого ритму (ВСР). Залежно від наявності ТДР хворих поділено таким чином: 1 група – 34 хворі у поєднанні з ТДР і 2 група – 22 пацієнти без ТДР.

Результати. У хворих на ІХС та АГ з ТДР порівняно з хворими без ТДР спостерігали вегетативний дисбаланс зі зниженням загальної варіабельності серцевого ритму, переважанням активності симпатичної ланки на тлі пригнічення парасимпатичних впливів. У хворих на ІХС з АГ з ТДР виявлено погіршення якості життя пацієнтів за даними Сіетловського опитувальника та загального опитувальника здоровʼя SF-36, а також помірне зниження когнітивної функції за МоСА. Встановлено позитивний кореляційний звʼязок між сумарним рівнем тривоги і депресії та когнітивним дефіцитом (r=+56; р<0,05), показниками якості життя PL (r=+0,54; p<0,05), AF (r=+0,50; p<0,05), співвідношенням LF/HF (r=+0,44; p<0,05), зворотний − з SDNNі (r=+0,34; p<0,05).

Висновки. Виявлено асоціацію між тривожно-депресивними, вегетативними порушеннями та погіршенням складових якості життя та когнітивного статусу в хворих на ІХС, коморбідну з АГ.
ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СТАНДАРТІВ НА СИСТЕМИ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЯКІСТЮ В ЗАКЛАДАХ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я
Authors: Krut A. G. , Gorochuk V. V.
Published: November 2019

Мета: визначити відмінності вимог стандарту «ДСТУ EN 15224:2019 (EN 15224:2016, IDT). Системи управління якістю. EN ISO 9001:2015 у сфері охорони здоров’я» від стандарту «ДСТУ ISO 9001:2015 (ISO 9001:2015, IDT). Системи управління якістю. Вимоги».
Матеріали і методи. Використано наукові літературні джерела, вітчизняні й міжнародні документи, стандарти на системи управління якістю. Застосовано методи системного підходу, системного й порівняльного аналізу, контент-аналізу, графічний.
Результати. У специфічному для сфери охорони здоров’я стандарті більш детально представлені характерис­тики якості медичної допомоги (відповідність потребам пацієнта, доступність, безперервність, ефективність, результативність, неупередженість, безпека, своєчасність, наукова обґрунтованість, орієнтованість на пацієнта, залучення пацієнта) на відміну від існуючих (ефективність, результативність, справедливість, орієнтованість на пацієнта, безпека, своєчасність). Уточнено поняття потреб пацієнта в медичній допомозі як відхилення поточного стану здоров’я від бажаного. Наголошено, що процесний підхід у закладі охорони здоров’я має бути зосереджений на клінічних процесах, а ризик-орієнтоване мислення – на безпеці пацієнта та розробці превентивних заходів. Рекомендовано здійснювати управління клінічними процесами на основі циклу Демінга (PDCA). Структура процесів представлена клінічними процесами, процесами управління ресурсами, менеджменту, дослідними та навчальними процесами. Підкреслено важливість формування, накопичення та використання власної бази знань в закладах охорони здоров’я.
Висновки. Досліджуваний стандарт, специфічний для сфери охорони здоров’я, після введення в дію в Україні, доповнить арсенал управлінських інструментів із розробки, впровадження та підтримки функціонування систем управління якістю в закладах охорони здоров’я.
СТРАТЕГІЧНІ НАПРЯМИ БОРОТЬБИ З НЕБЕЗПЕЧНИМ ТА ШКІДЛИВИМ ВЖИВАННЯМ АЛКОГОЛЮ В ДОКУМЕНТАХ ВСЕСВІТНЬОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я
Authors: Gruzieva T. S. , Zamkevich V. B.
Published: November 2019

Мета: дослідити сучасні стратегії та підходи до профілактики вживання алкоголю і зменшення шкоди, пов’язаної з цим чинником ризику, в стратегічних документах Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров’я (ВООЗ).

Матеріали і методи. При виконанні дослідження використано бібліографічний та інформаційно-аналітичний методи. Науковою базою є інформаційні, стратегічні, програмні та робочі документи ВООЗ та Європейського регіонального бюро (ЄРБ) ВООЗ.

Результати. Аналіз стратегічних і програмних документів ВООЗ, ЄРБ ВООЗ, ООН, ЄС засвідчив пріоритетність питань профілактики та скорочення нездорового вживання алкоголю в рамках боротьби з неінфекційними захворюваннями та зміцнення здоров’я населення. Глобальний план дій щодо неінфекційних захворювань, Глобальна стратегія скорочення шкідливого вживання алкоголю висвітлюють перспективні напрями запобігання нездоровій алкогольній поведінці та зменшення поширеності цього чинника ризику з використанням популяційних, групових та індивідуальних підходів, економічних, правових, інформаційних, медичних та інших важелів. Регіональні європейські документи, насамперед Європейський план дій зі скорочення шкідливого вживання алкоголю на 2012–2020 рр., представляють комплекс дієвих заходів, що стосуються впровадження заходів маркетингової та цінової політики, підвищення обізнаності громадян, боротьби з водінням у нетверезому стані, лідерства і прихильності, скорочення негативних наслідків вживання алкоголю та алкогольної інтоксикації в рамках сектору охорони здоров’я, зменшення доступності алкогольних напоїв, скорочення вживання, виробленої незаконно алкогольної продукції або неорганізованим сектором, моніторингу та епідеміологічного нагляду.

Висновки. Визначені перспективні напрями, стратегії та заходи протидії нездоровому вживанню алкоголю, які окреслено міжнародними та регіональними документами в охороні здоров’я, є основою для обґрунтування і розробки концептуальних засад та конкретних планів дій з профілактики і боротьби з негативними наслідками вживання алкоголю населенням з урахуванням національного контексту.
Does Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Targeting Local Abnormal Ventricular Activity Elimination Reduce Ventricular Fibrillation Incidence?
Authors: Kitamura Takeshi , Maury Philippe , Lam Anna , Sacher Frederic , Khairy Paul , Martin Ruairidh , Vlachos Konstantinos , Frontera Antonio , Takigawa Masateru , Nakatani Yosuke , Thompson Nathaniel , Massouillie Gregoire , Cheniti Ghassen , Martin Claire A. , Bourier Felix , Duchateau Josselin , Klotz Nicolas , Pambrun Thomas , Denis Arnaud , Derval Nicolas , Cochet Hubert , Hocini Meleze , Haissaguerre Michel , Jais Pierre
Published: November 2019

Background:

Various strategies for ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) have been described, but their impact on ventricular fibrillation (VF) is largely unknown. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of substrate-based VT ablation targeting local abnormal ventricular activity (LAVA) on recurrent VF events in patients with structural heart disease.

Methods:

A retrospective 2-center study was performed on patients with structural heart disease and both VT and VF, with incident VT ablation procedures targeting LAVAs. Generalized estimating equations with a Poisson loglinear model were used to assess the impact of catheter ablation on VF episodes. The change in VF events before and after catheter ablation was compared with matched controls without ablation.

Results:

From a total of 686 patients with an incident VT ablation procedure targeting LAVAs, 21 patients (age, 57±14 years; left ventricular ejection fraction, 30±10%) had both VT and VF and met inclusion criteria. A total of 80 VF events were recorded in the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator logs the 6 months preceding ablation. Complete and partial LAVA elimination was achieved in 11 (52%) and 10 (48%) patients, respectively. Catheter ablation was associated with a highly significant reduction in VF recurrences (
P
<0.0001), which were limited to 3 (14%) patients at 6 months. The total number of VF events thereby decreased from 80 to 3, from a median of 1.0 (range, 1–29) to 0.0 (range, 0–1) in the 6 months before and after ablation, respectively. The reduction in VF events was significantly greater in patients with catheter ablation compared with 21 matched controls during 6-month periods following and preceding a baseline assessment (Poisson β-coefficient, 1.39;
P
=0.0003).

Conclusions:

Substrate-guided VT ablation targeting LAVAs may be associated with a significant reduction in recurrent VF, suggesting that VT and VF share overlapping arrhythmogenic substrates in patients with structural heart disease.
Effect of Pycnogenol on Blood Pressure: Findings From a PRISMA Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Studies
Authors: Fogacci Federica , Tocci Giuliano , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Presta Vivianne , Banach Maciej , Cicero Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe
Published: November 2019

Results of previous clinical trials evaluating the effect of pycnogenol supplementation on blood pressure (BP) are controversial. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact of pycnogenol on BP through a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis of available randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies (randomized clinical trials [RCTs]). Literature search included SCOPUS, PubMed-Medline, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases up to January 10, 2019 to identify RCTs investigating the impact of pycnogenol on BP. Two investigators independently extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis is registered in International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under number CRD42018112172. Overall, the impact of pycnogenol on BP was reported in 7 trials involving 626 participants. Meta-analysis did not suggest any significant improvement in systolic BP (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −0.028 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.182 to 0.127; P = .726; I2= 46%), diastolic BP (WMD: −0.144 mm Hg; 95% CI: −0.299 to 0.010; P = .067; I2= 0%), mean arterial pressure (WMD: −0.091 mm Hg; 95% CI: −0.246 to 0.063; P = .246; I2= 0%), and pulse pressure (WMD: −0.003 mm Hg; 95% CI: −0.151 to 0.158; P = .966; I2= 0%) following pycnogenol treatment. Results persisted in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Therefore, the present meta-analysis does not suggest any significant effect of pycnogenol on BP.
Minority Stress and Drinking: Connecting Race, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Cerezo Alison , Williams Chelsey , Cummings Mariah , Ching Derek , Holmes Meredith
Published: November 2019

We carried out a constructivist grounded theory-based qualitative exploration on the relations between intersectional minority stress and drinking among a community sample of 20 Latinx and African American sexual minority, gender expansive women. Our overarching goal was to illuminate the nuanced ways in which participants’ lived experiences; in relation to race and ethnicity, gender identity, and sexual orientation, intersected to create complex forms of minority stress rarely captured in the research literature. Semi-structured interviews and lifeline methodology were employed to assess participants’ major life stressors and drinking history; particularly, when and how drinking became a regular part of participants’ lives. Our findings indicated that drinking was primarily connected to same-sex romantic partnerships, cultural and familial ties to alcohol, social norms within queer spaces, familial rejection and loss of racial and ethnic community, and chronic stress. Recommendations for research, practice, advocacy, education, and training are discussed.
Uncovering Tonal and Temporal Correlates of Phrasal Prominence in Medʉmba
Authors: Franich Kathryn
Published: November 2019

Characterizing prosodic prominence relations in African tone languages is notoriously difficult, as typical acoustic cues to prominence (changes in F0, increases in intensity, etc.) can be difficult to distinguish from those which mark tonal contrasts. The task of establishing prominence is further complicated by the fact that tone, an important cue to syllable prominence and prosodic boundaries cross-linguistically, plays many roles in African languages: tones often signal lexical contrasts, can themselves be morphemes, and can also interact in key ways with prosody. The present study builds on phonological generalizations about tonal patterns in Medʉmba, a Grassfields Bantu language, and uses the speech cycling paradigm to investigate relative timing of syllables varying in phrase-level prominence. Specifically, we investigate timing asymmetries between syllables hypothesized to occur at the edge of a phonological phrase, which carry a high phrase accent, and those in phrase-medial position, which do not. Results indicate significant differences in the temporal alignment of accented versus non-accented syllables, with accented syllables occurring significantly closer to positions established as prominence-attracting in previous speech cycling research. We show that these findings cannot be attributed to differences in tone alone. Findings demonstrate the importance of relative temporal alignment as a correlate of prosodic prominence. Findings also point to increased duration as a phonetic property which distinguishes between syllables bearing phrasal prominence from those which do not.
Helping preservice teachers separate fact from fiction
Authors: Delamarter Jeremy
Published: November 2019

Preservice teachers base their expectations of teaching on the cultural images that surround them. Unfortunately, these images tell an incomplete story, and preservice teachers’ expectations of teaching often reflect a narrow understanding of a fantastically complex endeavor. Jeremy Delamarter explains that, to help their candidates thrive, teacher preparation programs must respond to incomplete expectations by gathering useful information about aspiring teachers’ expectations, providing analytical frameworks for questioning their expectations, supporting effective reflection, and recognizing candidates’ demographic differences.