bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laser Reference Sensor Alignment Tracking and Star Observations
Authors: Smith Noah H. , Bae Sungkoo , Schutz Bob E.
Published: October 2014

The laser reference sensor is the central instrument in the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 laser pointing knowledge system, simultaneously observing stars and the altimetry laser in a single instrument coordinate frame. The star observations are relatively sparse, with a predicted brightness cutoff near visual magnitude 5, and their density varies significantly across the sky. There are star gaps of up to approximately 200 s, and areas of the sky with 20 simultaneously observable stars. The star observations are augmented with observations from two spacecraft star trackers using an alignment filter. The filter tracks the motion of the laser reference sensor relative to the spacecraft. Monte Carlo simulation is used to characterize the effects of various magnitude cutoffs, types of alignment variations, and regions of the sky on alignment tracking and overall pointing knowledge performance. Multiple model adaptive estimation is used to map alignment process noise filter tuning with respect to the input parameters. The results include pointing knowledge uncertainty predictions over an input parameter space of three star brightness cutoffs, two types of alignment variations, and three alignment variation amplitudes. The results also map pointing uncertainty to regions of the sky and individual stars.
Auditory processing deficit in a patient with Ramsay Hunt syndrome
Authors: Saransh Jain , George Sony , Sam Shincy Anna
Published: October 2014

Objective:

The present study was undertaken to investigate the auditory processing skills in an individual diagnosed as ‘herpes zoster oticus with polycranialis multiplexa involving VII, IX and X cranial nerve with lacunar infarct in the right frontal cortex’ (Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II). Prior investigation on hearing sensitivity revealed that sensorineural hearing loss with both cochlear and retrocochlear involvement was frequent in these individuals. Apart from hearing loss, multiple neurological conditions such as infections, myelopathies and vasculopathies relating to both central and peripheral nervous system, were also found to be associated with this condition. Research evidence suggested that an auditory processing disorder may be associated with all these conditions. It is, therefore, possible that auditory processing disorders may be associated with Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II. There is a dearth of literature investigating auditory processing skills in such individuals, which suggested the need to investigate such skills.

Study design:

This was a single case study design investigating auditory processing skills using a series of behavioural and objective tests known to be sensitive enough to assess them. Behavioural tests such as speech perception in noise, gap detection, duration pattern and duration discrimination and objective tests like speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses, click-evoked auditory middle latency responses and speech-evoked auditory middle latency responses were performed.

Results:

Investigations of the peripheral auditory system revealed a mild sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear and minimal hearing loss in the left ear with no indication of retrocochlear pathology. Poor scores on speech perception in noise, gap detection, duration pattern and a duration discrimination test pointed towards the presence of auditory processing disorder. These results were further confirmed using more objective tests where the absence of a far-field response component in the speech-evoked auditory brainstem response, as well as absence of the middle latency response, strengthened the behavioural test findings.

Conclusions:

The results of the present case study focus on the presence of auditory processing disorders and, thus, meticulous investigations of auditory processing skills are warranted in the audiological test battery of these individuals.
A Method for Estimating Urban Background Concentrations in Support of Hybrid Air Pollution Modeling for Environmental Health Studies
Authors: Arunachalam Saravanan , Valencia Alejandro , Akita Yasuyuki , Serre Marc , Omary Mohammad , Garcia Valerie , Isakov Vlad
Published: October 2014

Exposure studies rely on detailed characterization of air quality, either from sparsely located routine ambient monitors or from central monitoring sites that may lack spatial representativeness. Alternatively, some studies use models of various complexities to characterize local-scale air quality, but often with poor representation of background concentrations. A hybrid approach that addresses this drawback combines a regional-scale model to provide background concentrations and a local-scale model to assess impacts of local sources. However, this approach may double-count sources in the study regions. To address these limitations, we carefully define the background concentration as the concentration that would be measured if local sources were not present, and to estimate these background concentrations we developed a novel technique that combines space-time ordinary kriging (STOK) of observations with outputs from a detailed chemistry-transport model with local sources zeroed out. We applied this technique to support an exposure study in Detroit, Michigan, for several pollutants (including NOx and PM2.5), and evaluated the estimated hybrid concentrations (calculated by combining the background estimates that addresses this issue of double counting with local-scale dispersion model estimates) using observations. Our results demonstrate the strength of this approach specifically by eliminating the problem of double-counting reported in previous hybrid modeling approaches leading to improved estimates of background concentrations, and further highlight the relative importance of NOx vs. PM2.5 in their relative contributions to total concentrations. While a key limitation of this approach is the requirement for another detailed model simulation to avoid double-counting, STOK improves the overall characterization of background concentrations at very fine spatial scales.
Land Ecological Security Evaluation of Guangzhou, China
Authors: Xu Linyu , Yin Hao , Li Zhaoxue , Li Shun
Published: October 2014

As the land ecosystem provides the necessary basic material resources for human development, land ecological security (LES) plays an increasingly important role in sustainable development. Given the degradation of land ecological security under rapid urbanization and the urgent LES requirements of urban populations, a comprehensive evaluation method, named Double Land Ecological Security (DLES), has been introduced with the city of Guangzhou, China, as a case study, which evaluates the LES in regional and unit scales for reasonable and specific urban planning. In the evaluation process with this method, we have combined the material security with the spiritual security that is inevitably associated with LES. Some new coefficients of land-security supply/demand distribution and technology contribution for LES evaluation have also been introduced for different spatial scales, including the regional and the unit scales. The results for Guangzhou indicated that, temporally, the LES supply indices were 0.77, 0.84 and 0.77 in 2000, 2006 and 2009 respectively, while LES demand indices for the city increased in 2000, 2006 and 2009 from 0.57 to 0.95, which made the LES level decreased slowly in this period. Spatially, at the regional scale, the urban land ecological security (ULES) level decreased from 0.2 (marginal security) to −0.18 (marginal insecurity) as a whole; in unit scale, areas in the north and in parts of the east were relatively secure and the security area was shrinking with time, but the central and southern areas turned to be marginal insecurity, especially in 2006 and 2009. This study proposes that DLES evaluation should be conducted for targeted and efficient urban planning and management, which can reflect the LES level of study area in general and in detail.
Future Climate Data from RCP 4.5 and Occurrence of Malaria in Korea
Authors: Kwak Jaewon , Noh Huiseong , Kim Soojun , Singh Vijay , Hong Seung , Kim Duckgil , Lee Keonhaeng , Kang Narae , Kim Hung
Published: October 2014

Since its reappearance at the Military Demarcation Line in 1993, malaria has been occurring annually in Korea. Malaria is regarded as a third grade nationally notifiable disease susceptible to climate change. The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of climatic factors on the occurrence of malaria in Korea and construct a malaria occurrence model for predicting the future trend of malaria under the influence of climate change. Using data from 2001–2011, the effect of time lag between malaria occurrence and mean temperature, relative humidity and total precipitation was investigated using spectral analysis. Also, a principal component regression model was constructed, considering multicollinearity. Future climate data, generated from RCP 4.5 climate change scenario and CNCM3 climate model, was applied to the constructed regression model to simulate future malaria occurrence and analyze the trend of occurrence. Results show an increase in the occurrence of malaria and the shortening of annual time of occurrence in the future.
Modeling Population Exposure to Ultrafine Particles in a Major Italian Urban Area
Authors: Spinazzè Andrea , Cattaneo Andrea , Peruzzo Carlo , Cavallo Domenico
Published: October 2014

Average daily ultrafine particles (UFP) exposure of adult Milan subpopulations (defined on the basis of gender, and then for age, employment or educational status), in different exposure scenarios (typical working day in summer and winter) were simulated using a microenvironmental stochastic simulation model. The basic concept of this kind of model is that time-weighted average exposure is defined as the sum of partial microenvironmental exposures, which are determined by the product of UFP concentration and time spent in each microenvironment. In this work, environmental concentrations were derived from previous experimental studies that were based on microenvironmental measurements in the city of Milan by means of personal or individual monitoring, while time-activity patterns were derived from the EXPOLIS study. A significant difference was observed between the exposures experienced in winter (W: 28,415 pt/cm3) and summer (S: 19,558 pt/cm3). Furthermore, simulations showed a moderate difference between the total exposures experienced by women (S: 19,363 pt/cm3; W: 27,623 pt/cm3) and men (S: 18,806 pt/cm3; W: 27,897 pt/cm3). In addition, differences were found as a function of (I) age, (II) employment status and (III) educational level; accordingly, the highest total exposures resulted for (I) 55–59 years old people, (II) housewives and students and (III) people with higher educational level (more than 10 years of scholarity). Finally, significant differences were found between microenvironment-specific exposures.
Low-Dose Interleukin-2 Therapy: A Driver of an Imbalance between Immune Tolerance and Autoimmunity
Authors: Kosmaczewska Agata
Published: October 2014

For many years, the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in autoimmune responses was established as a cytokine possessing strong pro-inflammatory activity. Studies of the past few years have changed our knowledge on IL-2 in autoimmune chronic inflammation, suggesting its protective role, when administered at low-doses. The disrupted balance between regulatory and effector T cells (Tregs and Teffs, respectively) is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases, and is dependent on homeostatic cytokines, including IL-2. Actually, inherent defects in the IL-2 signaling pathway and/or levels leading to Treg compromised function and numbers as well as Th17 expansion have been attributed to autoimmune disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of IL-2 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In particular, we highlight the impact of the dysregulated IL-2 pathway on disruption of the Treg/Th17 balance, reversal of which appears to be a possible mechanism of the low-dose IL-2 treatment. The negative effects of IL-2 on the differentiation of follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and pathogenic Th17 cells, both of which contribute to autoimmunity, is emphasized in the paper as well. We also compare the current IL-2-based therapies of animal and human subjects with immune-mediated diseases aimed at boosting the Treg population, which is the most IL-2-dependent cell subset desirable for sufficient control of autoimmunity. New perspectives of therapeutic approaches focused on selective delivery of IL-2 to inflamed tissues, thus allowing local activity of IL-2 to be combined with its reduced systemic and pleiotropic toxicity, are also proposed in this paper.
A Comprehensive Mixture of Tobacco Smoke Components Retards Orthodontic Tooth Movement via the Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis in a Rat Model
Authors: Nagaie Maya , Nishiura Aki , Honda Yoshitomo , Fujiwara Shin-Ichi , Matsumoto Naoyuki
Published: October 2014

Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of numerous components. Nevertheless, most experiments have examined the effects of individual chemicals in tobacco smoke. The comprehensive effects of components on tooth movement and bone resorption remain unexplored. Here, we have shown that a comprehensive mixture of tobacco smoke components (TSCs) attenuated bone resorption through osteoclastogenesis inhibition, thereby retarding experimental tooth movement in a rat model. An elastic power chain (PC) inserted between the first and second maxillary molars robustly yielded experimental tooth movement within 10 days. TSC administration effectively retarded tooth movement since day 4. Histological evaluation disclosed that tooth movement induced bone resorption at two sites: in the bone marrow and the peripheral bone near the root. TSC administration significantly reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclastic cells in the bone marrow cavity of the PC-treated dentition. An in vitro study indicated that the inhibitory effects of TSCs on osteoclastogenesis seemed directed more toward preosteoclasts than osteoblasts. These results indicate that the comprehensive mixture of TSCs might be a useful tool for detailed verification of the adverse effects of tobacco smoke, possibly contributing to the development of reliable treatments in various fields associated with bone resorption.
Windage Power Losses of Ordinary Gears: Different CFD Approaches Aimed to the Reduction of the Computational Effort
Authors: Concli Franco , Gorla Carlo , Della Torre Augusto , Montenegro Gianluca
Published: October 2014

Efficiency improvement is one of the main challenges in all fields of design. The reduction of power losses is becoming a great concern also in the design of power transmissions. For this reason it is important to have specific models available in order to quantify the power losses during the design stage. The power losses of a gear transmission can be subdivided into bearing losses, seal losses, meshing losses and hydraulic losses. Although literature provides models for the prediction of losses related to bearings or to gear meshing, for the calculations of the losses generated by the interaction with the lubricant, only few and simplified models are available. For this reason the authors recognize that a general purpose method is required in order to overcome this lack of fit and to improve the capability to predict the efficiency of gearboxes. Being able to compare different design solutions means being able to improve the efficiency, reduce the operating temperature and, consequently, improve the reliability of the system. In this paper, the windage losses generated by a single rotating gear have been studied exploiting different numerical approaches. The results obtained have been compared with measurements showing good agreement.
Deguelin Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of U-2 OS Human Osteosarcoma Cells via the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 in Vitro
Authors: Shang Hung-Sheng , Chang Jin-Biou , Lin Ju-Hwa , Lin Jing-Pin , Hsu Shu-Chun , Liu Chi-Ming , Liu Jia-You , Wu Ping-Ping , Lu Hsu-Feng , Au Man-Kuan , Chung Jing-Gung
Published: October 2014

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant primary bone tumor in children and young adults and lung metastasis is the main cause of death in those patients. Deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid, is known to be an Akt inhibitor and to exhibit cytotoxic effects, including antiproliferative and anticarcinogenic activities, in several cancers. In the present study, we determined if deguelin would inhibit migration and invasion in U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. Deguelin significantly inhibited migration and invasion of U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells which was associated with a reduction of activities of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9). Furthermore, results from western blotting indicated that deguelin decreased the cell proliferation and cell growth-associated protein levels, such as SOS1, PKC, Ras, PI3K, p-AKT(Ser473), IRE-1α, MEKK3, iNOS, COX2, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, p-p38; the cell motility and focal adhesion-associated protein levels, such as Rho A, FAK, ROCK-1; the invasion-associated protein levels, such as TIMP1, uPA, MMP-2. MMP-9, MMP-13, MMP-1 and VEGF in U-2 OS cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that deguelin reduced NF-κB p65, Rho A and ROCK-1 protein levels in cytosol. MMP-7, MMP-9 and Rho A mRNA levels were suppressed by deguelin. These in vitro results provide evidence that deguelin may have potential as a novel anti-cancer agent for the treatment of osteosarcoma and provides the rationale for in vivo studies in animal models.
Impact of Soy Isoflavones on the Epigenome in Cancer Prevention
Authors: Pudenz Maria , Roth Kevin , Gerhauser Clarissa
Published: October 2014

Isoflavones (IF) such as genistein are cancer preventive phytochemicals found in soy and other legumes. Epidemiological studies point to a reduced risk for hormone‑dependent cancers in populations following a typical Asian diet rich in soy products. IF act as phytoestrogens and prevent tumorigenesis in rodent models by a broad spectrum of bioactivities. During the past 10 years, IF were shown to target all major epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression, including DNA methylation, histone modifications controlling chromatin accessibility, and non-coding RNAs. These effects have been suggested to contribute to cancer preventive potential in in vitro and in vivo studies, affecting several key processes such as DNA repair, cell signaling cascades including Wnt-signaling, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, migration and invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis formation and development of drug-resistance. We here summarize the state-of-the-art of IF affecting the epigenome in major hormone-dependent, urogenital, and gastrointestinal tumor types and in in vivo studies on anti-cancer treatment or developmental aspects, and short-term intervention studies in adults. These data, while often requiring replication, suggest that epigenetic gene regulation represents an important novel target of IF and should be taken into consideration when evaluating the cancer preventive potential of IF in humans.
HPV Genotyping 9G Membrane Test: A Point-of-Care Diagnostic Platform
Authors: Song Keumsoo , Nimse Satish , An Heejung , Kim Taisun
Published: October 2014

The results of HPV detection in 550 cervical samples by cervical cytology were compared with the sequencing analysis and HPV genotyping 9G membrane test. The HPV genotyping 9G membrane test can efficiently identify and discriminate five HR-HPV genotypes. The 100% identical results of HPV genotyping 9G membrane tests with the sequencing results in 550 clinical samples ensure its wide clinical applicability. The simple handling steps and the portable scanning device make the HPV genotyping 9G membrane test applicable in point-of-care settings. Moreover, the HPV genotyping 9G membrane test allows one to obtain final results in 30 min at 25 °C by simply loading the hybridization and washing solution and scanning the membranes without any drying steps or special handling. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the HPV genotyping 9G membrane test was found to be 100%, which is much higher than cervical cytology.
ENOX2 Target for the Anticancer Isoflavone ME-143
Authors: Morr D. James , Korty Theodore , Meadows Christiaan , Ades Laura M. C. , Morr Dorothy M.
Published: October 2014

ME-143 (NV-143), a synthetic isoflavone under clinical evaluation for efficacy in the management of ovarian and other forms of human cancer, blocked the activity of a cancer-specific and growth-related cell surface ECTO-NOX protein with both oxidative (hydroquinone) and protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity designated ENOX2 (tNOX) and inhibited the growth of cultured cancer cells with EC50s in the range of 2050 nM. Purified recombinant ENOX2 also bound ME-143 with aKdof 43 (4050) nM. Both the oxidative and protein disulfide-thiol interchange activities of ENOX proteins that alternate to generate a complex set of oscillations with a period length of 22 min compared to 24 min for the constitutive counterpart ENOX1 (CNOX) that characterizes ENOX proteins responded to ME-143. Oxidation of NADH or reduced coenzyme Q10was rapidly blocked. In contrast, the protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity measured from the cleavage of dithiodipyridine (EC50of ca. 50 nM) was inhibited progressively over an interval of 60 min that spanned three cycles of activity. Inhibition of the latter paralleled the inhibition of cell enlargement and the consequent inability of inhibited cells to initiate traverse of the cell cycle. Activities of constitutive ENOX1 (CNOX) forms of either cancer or noncancer cells were unaffected by ME-143 over the range of concentrations inhibiting ENOX2. Taken together, the findings show that ME-143 binds to ENOX2 with an affinity 4 to 10 times greater than that reported previously for the related anticancer isoflavone, phenoxodiol.
TRAF4 Enhances Osteosarcoma Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Yao Weitao , Wang Xin , Cai Qiqing , Gao Songtao , Wang Jiaqiang , Zhang Peng
Published: October 2014

TRAF4, or tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4, is overexpressed in several cancers, suggesting a specific role in cancer progression. However, its functions in osteosarcoma are unclear. This study aimed to explore the expression of TRAF4 in osteosarcoma tissues and cells,
the correlation of TRAF4 to clinical pathology of osteosarcoma, as well as the role and mechanism of TRAF4 in osteosarcoma metastasis. The protein expression levels of TRAF4 in osteosarcoma tissues and three osteosarcoma cell lines, MG-63, HOS, and U2OS, were assessed. Constructed TRAF4 overexpression
vectors and established TRAF4 overexpression of the U2OS cell line. Cell proliferation, cell invasion, protein levels, and TRAF4 phosphorylations were assessed following TRAF4 transfection, as well as the effects of TRAF4 siRNA on cell proliferation and invasion. The results show that TRAF4
protein levels in osteosarcoma tissues were significantly higher than that in normal bone tissues. Importantly, an obvious upregulation of TRAF4 was found in carcinoma tissues from patients with lung metastasis compared with patients without lung metastasis. Consistently, a similar increase
in TRAF4 mRNA and protein was also demonstrated in the osteosarcoma cell lines MG-63, HOS, and U2OS compared to normal bone cells, hFOB1.19. When TRAF4 was overexpressed in U2OS cells, cell proliferation was significantly enhanced, accompanied by an increase in Ki67 expression and colony formation.
Compared with the control and vector-treated groups, TRAF4 transfection increased the invasion potential of U2OS cells (p<0.05). Interestingly, TRAF4 transfection significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt. After blocking Akt with its specific siRNA, TRAF4-induced cell proliferation
and invasion were dramatically attenuated. In summary, our findings demonstrated that TRAF4 enhances osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion partially by the Akt pathway. This work suggests that TRAF4 might be an important target in osteosarcoma.
Blockage of Potassium Channel Inhibits Proliferation of Glioma Cells Via Increasing Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Hu Li , Li Li-Li , Lin Zhi-Guo , Jiang Zhi-Chao , Li Hong-Xing , Zhao Shi-Guang , Yang Kong-Bin
Published: October 2014

The potassium (K+) channel plays an important role in the cell cycle and proliferation of tumor cells, while its role in brain glioma cells and the signaling pathways remains unclear. We used tetraethylammonium (TEA), a nonselective antagonist of big conductance K+
channels, to block K+ channels in glioma cells, and antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) to inhibit production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). TEA showed an antiproliferation effect on C6 and U87 glioma cells in a time-dependent manner, which was accompanied
by an increased intracellular ROS level. Antioxidant NAC pretreatment reversed TEA-mediated antiproliferation and restored ROS level. TEA treatment also caused significant increases in mRNA and protein levels of tumor-suppressor proteins p53 and p21, and the upregulation was attenuated by
pretreatment of NAC. Our results suggest that K+ channel activity significantly contributes to brain glioma cell proliferation via increasing ROS, and it might be an upstream factor triggering the activation of the p53/p21Cip1-dependent signaling pathway, consequently
leading to glioma cell cycle arrest.
Climatic niche differences between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes ofChamerion angustifolium(Onagraceae)
Authors: Thompson Ken A. , Husband Brian C. , Maherali Hafiz
Published: October 2014

•Premise of the study:Polyploidy—the possession of more than two copies of each chromosome in the nucleus—is common in flowering plants. Polyploid plants can occupy different geographic ranges than their diploid progenitors, but the factors responsible for maintaining these range differences are poorly understood. Polyploidy can have significant physiological consequences, and the present study aims to determine whether previously described physiological differences between cytotypes are correlated with climatic niches and geographic distributions.

•Methods:Prior research indicates that tetraploid plants ofChamerion angustifolium(Onagraceae) are more tolerant of drought and less tolerant of freezing than diploids, which suggests that they should occupy a niche that is warmer and drier than that of diploids. We extracted climate data for 134 populations ofC. angustifoliumclassified as pure diploid, pure tetraploid, or mixed‐ploidy. We compared climatic conditions between these population categories and generated ecological niche models to compare their geographic distribution with prior qualitative estimates.

•Key results:Pure tetraploid populations occupy habitats that are warmer and drier than those of pure diploid populations. Mixed‐ploidy populations occur in habitats that are not strictly intermediate between pure diploid and pure tetraploid populations, but are as cold as pure diploid populations and have intermediate soil moisture deficits. Our niche models were similar to previous qualitative estimates of cytotype geographic distribution.

•Conclusions:The correspondence between the physiological tolerances of cytotypes, their climatic niches, and their geographic distributions suggests that physiological traits are at least partially responsible for differences in the realized climatic niches of diploid and tetraploidC. angustifolium.
Speaking of food: Connecting basic and applied plant science
Authors: Gross Briana L. , Kellogg Elizabeth A. , Miller Allison J.
Published: October 2014

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts that food production must rise 70% over the next 40 years to meet the demands of a growing population that is expected to reach nine billion by the year 2050. Many facets of basic plant science promoted by the Botanical Society of America are important for agriculture; however, more explicit connections are needed to bridge the gap between basic and applied plant research. This special issue, Speaking of Food: Connecting Basic and Applied Plant Science, was conceived to showcase productive overlaps of basic and applied research to address the challenges posed by feeding billions of people and to stimulate more research, fresh connections, and new paradigms. Contributions to this special issue thus illustrate some interactive areas of study in plant science—historical and modern plant–human interaction, crop and weed origins and evolution, and the effects of natural and artificial selection on crops and their wild relatives. These papers provide examples of how research integrating the basic and applied aspects of plant science benefits the pursuit of knowledge and the translation of that knowledge into actions toward sustainable production of crops and conservation of diversity in a changing climate.
Single dose Peramivir for the Treatment of Acute Seasonal Influenza: Integrated Analysis of Efficacy and Safety from Two Placebo-Controlled Trials
Authors: Whitley Richard , Laughlin Alan , Carson Simon , Mitha Essack , Tellier Guy , Stich Mark , Elder Jenna , Alexander W James , Dobo Sylvia , Collis Phil , Sheridan William P
Published: October 2014

Background

Current influenza treatment options include oral or inhaled antiviral agents. There is an unmet need for parenteral antiviral treatments.

Methods

Peramivir, a parenteral influenza neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI), was administered by single-dose intramuscular (IM) injection in two placebo-controlled studies in adult outpatients with acute, uncomplicated influenza during two consecutive influenza seasons.

Results

In a Phase II study, peramivir treatment significantly shortened duration of fever and reduced viral load in nasopharyngeal secretions. A subsequent Phase III study was not fully enrolled; however, in both studies, the magnitude of the treatment effect favouring peramivir was consistent with that reported for other NAIs. A post-hoc analysis was conducted by integrating efficacy and safety results of 427 subjects from both studies. The median time to alleviation of symptoms (TTAS) in subjects receiving peramivir 300 mg (113.2 h) was shorter than for placebo (134.8 h; P=0.161 adjusted for smoking behaviour, influenza season and virus type; unadjusted P=0.047). The median time to resolution of fever was reduced by 24 h after treatment with peramivir 300 mg compared with placebo ( P=0.004). The proportion of subjects shedding influenza virus was significantly decreased over 48 h following peramivir treatment ( P=0.009). Detection of post-treatment viruses with decreased susceptibility to NAIs was uncommon. Peramivir was generally safe and well-tolerated with types and rates of adverse event similar to placebo.

Conclusions

The results of these studies are consistent with previous reports of peramivir administered by intravenous infusion, and demonstrate a positive risk–benefit profile for peramivir in patients with acute uncomplicated influenza.
Comment penser aujourd'hui la valence différentielle des sexes ?
Authors: Faure-Pragier Sylvie
Published: October 2014

Les progrès médicaux dans le champ de la procréatique et l’autonomie quasi totale dans la conception qu’ils confèrent amènent à revisiter la théorie de Françoise Héritier sur la « valence différentielle des sexes ». Quid de la dépendance de la femme par rapport à l’homme aujourd’hui en France ? Les évolutions constatées durant ces vingt dernières années, aussi bien dans les techniques de fécondation que dans les nouvelles configurations familiales, tendent à révéler de nouvelles inégalités hommes/femmes dans leur rapport respectif à la sexualité et à la parentalité. Pour autant, l’avènement de nouveaux modèles de procréation, à travers l’exemple des couples lesbiens, introduit également à l’élaboration d’un nouveau fantasme originaire : le sujet accéderait à la symbolisation, bien plus par la certitude d’être « enfant du désir d’enfant » de ses parents que par la mise en œuvre d’un fantasme de scène primitive.
« Bricoleur » du langage
Authors: Douville Olivier
Published: October 2014

Le passage adolescent est paradoxal. D’une part, le jeune se pose comme un sujet par et pour la rupture d’avec l’univers culturel domestique, d’autre part il va reprendre souvent pour édifier son devenir des éléments culturels refoulés à la génération précédente. Ce paradoxe est vif et très visible en ce qui concerne les contextes de migration, mais il est interne à chaque processus adolescent, « migrant » ou « autochtone ». L’article, prenant appui sur la notion due à C. Lévi-Strauss de « langage mythopoétique », explore les traductions de ce paradoxe dans la façon particulière qu’ont les adolescents de modeler la langue et de prendre la parole.
La construction de l'identité de genre à l'adolescence
Authors: Chiland Colette
Published: October 2014

Après quelques remarques portant sur la terminologie (sexe, genre, identité), un bref rappel sera fait sur la construction de l’identité de genre jusqu’à l’adolescence. Le passage d’une certaine androgynie de l’enfance à la plénitude de l’identité sexuée se fait parfois avec quelques difficultés banales ; c’est aussi le moment où l’accès possible à une sexualité complète et fécondante confirme ou développe l’orientation sexuelle. En dehors de tout trouble du développement du sexe, certains adolescents (transsexuels) ont un refus de leur sexe d’assignation, qui est leur sexe biologique, et demandent une transformation hormono-chirurgicale. Certains adolescents ont un problème d’identité de genre en rapport avec leur trouble du développement du sexe. Au sein de notre culture s’est développé un mouvement « transgenre » qui remet en question le genre et va jusqu’à refuser toute distinction de sexe, posant ainsi des problèmes qui ne sont plus médicaux, mais sociétaux.
Le sexe et le genre : la différence anatomique des sexes entre réalité déniée et réalité augmentée
Authors: Brousselle André
Published: October 2014

La question du genre revient à l’avant de la scène politique et serait même affaire de culture, voire de civilisation. Il est stimulant d’opposer deux types d’attitudes extrêmes vis-à-vis de la différence anatomique des sexes : celle de J. Butler, étendant le déni de la différence anatomique, et celles de rituels d’excision et de circoncision, qui visent à accroître cette différence en créant une « réalité augmentée ». Les psychothérapies montrent comment les problématiques de l’adolescent peuvent retrouver ces mêmes dénis pour des raisons internes et non plus purement culturelles.
Territoire et mémoire en Bohême : la gestion post-socialiste du passé allemand le long de la frontière germano-tchèque
Authors: Bauer Paul
Published: October 2014

Plus de vingt ans après la chute du régime socialiste en Tchécoslovaquie, les traces du passé allemand dans les pays tchèques sont l’objet d’une mise en patrimoine symbolisée par l’ouverture en 2012, à Ústí nad Labem (Nord-Ouest de la Bohême), d’un musée dédié à l’apport culturel des populations germanophones dans l’histoire de la République tchèque. Partant de cet exemple, l’analyse se propose d’interroger la gestion du passé allemand à partir de l’étude de l’articulation mémoire/territoire dans les espaces frontaliers de la République tchèque depuis 1990. Agencé en trois parties, cet article présente dans un premier temps la notion de mémoire sociale et son intérêt pour la recherche en géographie sociale et culturelle. Il restitue ensuite l’évolution de la relation société/espace dans les régions frontalières tchèques depuis 1945 afin de saisir les cadres de représentation spatiaux dans lesquels s’effectue la mobilisation du passé allemand dans le présent.
Géographie animée : l'expérience de l'ailleurs dans l'œuvre de Hayao Miyazaki
Authors: Trouillard Emmanuel
Published: October 2014

L’animation offre des possibilités vastes aux réalisateurs, et notamment la liberté de retranscrire avec précision leur imaginaire spatial. L’œuvre animée d’Hayao Miyazaki, à l’esthétique aisément identifiable, est aujourd’hui reconnue internationalement depuis le succès du Voyage de Chihiro en 2001. Elle a largement contribué à dédiaboliser auprès du grand public occidental une animation japonaise à la réputation longtemps sulfureuse. Cette œuvre propose également un discours proprement géographique : elle est traversée de part en part par les thèmes du déracinement du héros et de son ouverture au monde. Miyazaki utilise le dessin animé comme un instrument d’exploration systématique des différents modes de relation à l’ailleurs. Cette dimension spatiale des films de Miyazaki n’a pourtant fait que très rarement l’objet de recherches. Cet article entend aborder le rôle structurant de l’expérience de l’ailleurs dans son cinéma, en choisissant comme corpus d’étude les 10 longs-métrages qu’il a signé à ce jour. Nous montrons en particulier, que la fiction miyazakienne s’articule autour de deux grands types de récits (films d’aventure et films du quotidien) : face à un ailleurs, les héros miyazakiens peuvent mettre en place deux stratégies distinctes, soit de connexion, soit d’intégration, aux implications spatiales spécifiques.
L'écran de l'exotisme. La place de Joséphine Baker dans le cinéma français
Authors: Staszak Jean-François
Published: October 2014

Cet article examine les rôles qui ont été ceux de J. Baker dans les quatre films français qu’elle a tournés entre 1927 et 1940. Je cherche à analyser l’imaginaire géographique véhiculé par ses films et à comprendre quelle pouvait être la place de J. Baker dans l’industrie cinématographique. Ses trois premiers films racontent la même histoire d’une Cendrillon tropicale, qui connaît le succès sur scène mais ne peut s’intégrer à la société française. Si les réalisateurs jouent beaucoup sur la sauvagerie et l’érotisme des personnages incarnés par J. Baker, la question raciale, qui constitue pourtant un enjeu essentiel, n’est abordée qu’indirectement. L’exotisation de J. Baker prend place dans une culture coloniale, autant marquée par ses stéréotypes que par ses contradictions, mais ces films n’en sont pas pour autant de simples véhicules de l’idéologie coloniale. Son dernier film met d’ailleurs en scène la réussite de son intégration à la société française. J. Baker s’avère être un signifiant polysémique, qui peut renvoyer à des espaces multiples et servir des idéologies variées.
Urbanités du spectacle, urbanités en spectacle. Paris, Je t'aime et New York, I love you : voyages impossibles en métropoles cinématographiques ?
Authors: Pleven Bertrand
Published: October 2014

Paris, je t’aime (2006) et New York, I love you (2010) sont deux films collectifs. Leur forme – éclatée – interroge tandis que leur manière de faire de la ville un produit d’appel apparaît comme une vraie rupture. L’article se propose de questionner la géographie urbaine construite par ces films au regard de leurs conditions de production tout en prenant en compte leur réception par les publics. Ainsi sont mises en lumière certaines logiques amenant à considérer ces deux films, en dépit de leur caractère ambigu et pluriel, comme des systèmes de reproduction des représentations attachées à Paris et New York. La démarche appliquée peut apparaître comme une grille d’analyse en partie transposable à d’autres types d’urbanités cinématographiques.
Holly[wine] ou le vin dans le cinéma américain
Authors: Schirmer Raphaël
Published: October 2014

Quatre-vingts ans après la Prohibition, les États-Unis d’Amérique sont devenus le premier consommateur mondial de vin et le quatrième producteur mondial. Le rôle du pays est comparable à l’échelle mondiale à ce que fut celui de l’Angleterre des XVIII e et XIX e siècle pour l’Europe : une plaque tournante de l’économie vitivinicole, un pays prescripteur de goûts, avec un remarquable effet de construction ou de transformation des territoires du vin. Le cinéma américain tend à refléter cette nouvelle passion de la société pour le vin. Tout l’intérêt est de comprendre le discours qu’il tient à ce propos, ainsi que l’imaginaire qu’il bâtit autour de cette boisson. Le vin est presque devenu banal en ce qui concerne ses apparitions à l’écran, non dans ce qu’il signifie. Car l’Amérique cherche à se débarrasser des anciens codes qui encadrent le vin pour en proposer de nouveaux, censés être plus démocratiques.
Des bons élèves aux bons étudiants
Authors: Daverne-Bailly Carole , Dutercq Yves
Published: October 2014

En enquêtant sur les étudiants des classes préparatoires et les lycéens qui s’y destinent, cet article permet de dégager chez ces bons élèves des caractéristiques renvoyant à une manière de concevoir leurs études qui les différencie des étudiants de l’université de masse. Ils se distinguent en effet par la rationalisation de leurs efforts, quelques renoncements aux plaisirs de leur âge et un soutien de leurs parents, souvent dotés d’un bon capital culturel et économique, ce qui leur a permis de les aider à faire les justes choix d’orientation. Ces caractéristiques s’ajoutent à des conditions d’études favorables leur permettant d’envisager avec confiance leur avenir social et professionnel.
Les valeurs des jeunes Européens : un tableau d'ensemble
Authors: Galland Olivier
Published: October 2014

Les valeurs des jeunes Européens restent fortement déterminées par l’appartenance nationale. C’est le premier enseignement d’une analyse systématique des orientations de valeurs des Européens, jeunes et adultes, réalisée grâce à la construction d’indicateurs synthétiques. Cette analyse permet de dégager trois groupes de pays aux systèmes de valeurs assez contrastés : les pays du nord de l’Europe, les pays d’Europe continentale et les pays de l’est de l’Europe. Un autre enseignement de l’étude est la mise en évidence du rôle persistant du facteur religieux dans l’orientation des valeurs des jeunes.
La démocratie est-elle un idéal commun aux jeunes Européens ?
Authors: Roudet Bernard
Published: October 2014

Au cours du xx e siècle, les jeunes, et surtout les étudiants, furent acteurs ou enjeux d’évènements à travers différents mouvements ou projets destinés à les mobiliser lors d’élections. Aujourd’hui, les jeunes Européens se caractérisent par un certain retrait vis-à-vis de l’espace politique, tant en termes de politisation, de participation politique que de confiance dans les institutions. On cherche à montrer dans cet article si l’idée démocratique est toujours valorisée par les nouvelles générations, mais aussi si des divergences sont constatées dans le rapport à la démocratie entre les jeunes et les générations plus anciennes, ainsi qu’au sein des différents pays européens.
Appartenances et orientations cosmopolites des jeunes Européens
Authors: Cicchelli Vincenzo
Published: October 2014

En essayant de traduire sociologiquement les grands questionnements du cosmopolitisme, cet article exploite les indicateurs relatifs aux formes d’identification infranationale, nationale et supranationale de l’enquête Valeurs, afin d’étudier les déterminants de l’appartenance des jeunes Européens d’une part et de saisir les implications de cette dernière en termes d’orientation cosmopolite à l’égard du monde d’autre part. Incontestablement, les jeunes qui déclarent une appartenance à l’Europe et au monde sont plus souvent diplômés, urbains, socialement intégrés et vivent en Europe occidentale. Ils affirment également plus fréquemment accepter la différence culturelle, se montrent plus solidaires avec des individus appartenant aux cercles les plus éloignés de leur sociabilité et moins inquiets quant à l’immigration.
Les élèves ruraux face à la stigmatisation des territoires
Authors: Alpe Yves , Barthes Angela
Published: October 2014

L’école rurale est l’objet depuis plus d’un siècle de débats sur sa capacité à proposer aux élèves une scolarité conforme aux attentes du modèle républicain de l’école publique. Les recherches sur les trajectoires scolaires des élèves ruraux ont montré la bonne tenue de leurs résultats, elles ont aussi souligné la modestie relative de leurs ambitions. Face à l’hétérogénéité croissante du « rural » et à la généralisation des modèles culturels, les politiques publiques, axées sur la réduction d’un prétendu « déficit socioculturel », se sont avérées inefficaces, et parfois même pénalisantes, dans la mesure où elles participent à la stigmatisation des territoires ruraux.
Talking letter, singing pipe : modalities of performance at the Carolingian court
Authors: Knight Gillian R.
Published: October 2014

Résumé Cet article propose une relecture de trois importantes épîtres en vers latins – Angilbert 2, Theodulf 25 et Alcuin 26 – remettant en question leur statut de témoins fiables des rivalités et conflits à la cour carolingienne. À la lumière des théories de la représentation, ces épîtres s’avèrent relever plutôt de la fiction mimétique de l’éclogue virgilienne, alliant panégyrique et invective.
L' Éthique à Nicomaque à la Faculté des arts de Paris avant et après 1277
Authors: Costa Iacopo
Published: October 2014

L’article se propose deux buts principaux : premièrement, revenir sur le problème de la datation d’un commentaire anonyme de l’ Éthique à Nicomaque d’Aristote (ms. BnF, lat. 14698) et de son rapport avec un commentaire, également anonyme, des Météores (contenu dans le même manuscrit) ; deuxièmement, étudier la tradition des commentaires de l’ Éthique originaires de la Faculté des arts de Paris, le problème de leur hétérodoxie, et leur position vis-à-vis des sources thomasiennes ainsi que de la condamnation de 1277.
De Pétrarque à Raimondo Marliano : aux origines de la géographie historique
Authors: Gautier Dalché Patrick
Published: October 2014

L’article examine les conditions de la naissance de la géographie historique comme discipline autonome. Une mise à distance du passé apparaît au début du xiv e siècle et s’accentue avec la géographie humaniste de Pétrarque et de ses disciples. C’est avec Laurent Valla et surtout Biondo Flavio que la méthode se perfectionne. Dès lors, le premier ouvrage de géographie historique est le lexique césarien de Raimondo Marliano (1469). Une lettre du cardinal Francesco Todeschi Piccolomini (1470), commissionnaire du lexique, à Johannes Tröster, ami d’Enea Sylvio, est éditée en appendice.
Théologie et Pédagogie au XII e siècle : les sentences d'Anselme de Laon et de son école dans le manuscrit Paris, BNF, n.a.l. 181
Authors: Giraud Cédric
Published: October 2014

Le manuscrit Paris, BnF, n.a.l. 181, recueil épistoilaire constitué dans le second quart du xii e siècle, contient également quelque 197 sentences théologiques dont 107 inédites. Le manuscrit renferme une des plus riches documentations laonnoises disponibles et fait connaître six nouvelles sentences d’Anselme de Laon. Instruments d’une réforme de l’Église et de l’individu, ces textes se caractérisent avant tout par leur brièveté et de leur esprit pratique.
Deux questions inédites de Jacques de Viterbe sur les habitus
Authors: Côté Antoine
Published: October 2014

On trouvera ici la présentation et l’édition de deux brèves questions de l’Ermite de saint Augustin, Jacques de Viterbe. Dans la première question, Jacques s’attache à montrer en quel sens il est légitime de dire que les habitus moraux sont innés. Dans la seconde question, il défend la thèse que les habitus des principes moraux appartiennent de façon plus intime à l’âme que les habitus intellectuels. Comme le Viterbien oppose sa position à celle de Thomas d’Aquin, on tente dans la dernière partie de l’article de cerner les raisons philosophiques du désaccord entre les deux auteurs.