bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schlaf und Epilepsie
Authors: Schmitt Bernhard
Published: June 2019

Schlaf und Epilepsie stehen in enger Beziehung zueinander. 20 % der Epilepsiepatienten erleiden Anfälle nur in der Nacht, 40 % nur am Tag und 35 % bei Tag und Nacht. Kinder mit Panayiotopoulos-Syndrom oder Rolando-Epilepsie erleiden ihre Anfälle vorwiegend im Schlaf und zeigen im NREM-Schlaf eine Zunahme der Spike-waves. ESES (elektrischer Status epilepticus im Schlaf) und Landau-Kleffner-Syndrom sind epileptische Enzephalopathien mit ausgeprägten kognitiven Einbrüchen, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und Anfällen. Kennzeichnend ist eine kontinuierliche Spike-wave-Aktivität im NREM-Schlaf. Patienten mit juveniler Myoklonusepilepsie oder Aufwach-Grand-Mal-Epilepsie haben ihre Anfälle nach dem Aufwachen, nicht selten nach vorausgehendem Schlafentzug. Nächtliche Frontallappen-Anfälle werden oft mit Parasomnien verwechselt. Für eine korrekte Zuordnung ist es hilfreich, die klinische Symptomatik und die Häufigkeit pro Nacht und Monat in die Beurteilung mit einzubeziehen. Nächtliche Anfälle und Antikonvulsiva wirken sich auf den Schlaf aus. Schlafstörungen sollten erkannt und behandelt werden, da dies die Anfallskontrolle und Lebensqualität verbessern kann. Bei Verdacht auf Epilepsie und nicht schlüssigem Wach-EEG können Schlaf-EEGs hilfreich sein. Abhängig von der Fragestellung kann das EEG im Mittagsschlaf (natürlicher Schlaf oder medikamentös induziert), während der Nacht oder nach vorausgehendem Schlafentzug stattfinden.
Das Restless-Legs-Syndrom, eine diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Vella Silvano
Published: June 2019

Das Restless-Legs-Syndrom (RLS) ist eine zentralnervöse, genetisch prädisponierte, durch biochemische Faktoren getriggerte chronisch-progrediente sensomotorische Störung, oft mit Beginn im Kindes- oder Jugendalter. Zugrundeliegend wird eine zerebrale Störung des Eisen- und Dopamin-Stoffwechsels postuliert. Diese manifestiert sich durch den unwiderstehlichen Zwang seine Extremitäten bewegen zu müssen, verbunden mit Parästhesien und Dysästhesien. Die Beschwerden nehmen in Ruhe und in der Nacht zu und bessern sich durch Bewegung. RLS sollte eigentlich mit Restless-Limbs-Syndrome übersetzt werden, da langfristig auch Beschwerden in den Armen auftreten können. Kinder ab 18 Monaten können bereits betroffen sein. Die Prävalenz im Kindes- und Jugendalter beträgt 2–4 %, in Assoziation mit ADHS noch höher. Die Diagnose des RLS beruht auf anamnestischen und somit subjektiv geprägten Aussagen, die bei Kindern mit beschränkten sprachlichen Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten schwierig zu werten sind. Bis zu 75 % der RLS-Betroffenen entwickeln im Schlaf periodische Extremitätenbewegungen, welche die Nachtruhe empfindlich stören können (PLMS, periodic limb movements in sleep). Mitbetroffen sind die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit, Stimmung und Lebensqualität am Tag. Eisenmangel, Genussmittel und gewisse Medikamente können die Beschwerden verstärken. Im Gegensatz zum RLS können PLMS mit neurophysiologischen Messungen objektiviert werden. Therapeutisch steht an erster Stelle die Behandlung eines allfälligen Eisenmangels. Entwickelt wurden Algorithmen für intravenöse Therapien. Falls angezeigt, kommen L-Dopa oder Dopamin-Agonisten zur Anwendung. Da auch Kinder eine Zunahme der RLS-Symptome unter dieser Therapie erleben (Augmentationen), wird zunehmend eine primäre Gabe von Alpha-2-Liganden bevorzugt.

Dieser Artikel möchte auf die wichtige Aufgabe von Kinderärzten und Grundversorgern bei der rechtzeitigen Erkennung und Behandlung von RLS/PLMS hinweisen.
Akute Gesichtsschwellung nach Zahnbehandlung: eine allergische Reaktion?
Authors: Vonderlin Nadine , Gießen-Jung Clemens
Published: June 2019

Zu den häufigsten Ursachen einer fazialen Schwellung nach zahnärztlichen Interventionen gehören allergische Reaktionen auf Lokalanästhetika. Das faziale subkutane Emphysem ist eine seltene Differenzialdiagnose mit zusätzlichen Komplikationen wie einem Pneumothorax oder -perikard sowie lokalen Weichteilinfektionen oder einer Mediastinitis. Unser Fallbericht zeigt wichtige diagnostische und therapeutische Schritte für diese Notfallsituation auf.
Risikofaktoren für die Kälbersterblichkeit beeinflussen den
Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen die Erreger der enzootischen
Bronchopneumonie
Authors: Zitzmann Ria , Pfeffer Martin , Söllner-Donat Stefanie , Donat Karsten
Published: June 2019

Gegenstand und Ziel Atemwegs- und Lungenerkrankungen sind eine häufige
Ursache für Kälberverluste. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, das Management der
Kälberhaltung in Milchviehbetrieben zu beschreiben und dabei nach Beziehungen
zwischen dem Auftreten der enzootischen Bronchopneumonie (EBP) und der
Kälbersterblichkeit sowie Beziehungen zu Managementfaktoren zu suchen.

Material und Methoden In 153 Betrieben, die zwischen November 2006 und
Juli 2007 auf freiwilliger Basis an der Studie teilnahmen, wurde das Management
der Kälberhaltung im Rahmen einer Bestandsvisitation und Betriebsleiterbefragung
erfasst und zu der aus der Datenbank HI-Tier ermittelten
Kälbersterblichkeitsrate des Referenzjahres 2006 in Beziehung gesetzt. Pro
Betrieb wurden Serumproben einer Stichprobe von 7 Tieren ab dem 6. Lebensmonat
auf Antikörper gegen das bovine respiratorische Synzytialvirus (BRSV-Ak) und das
Parainfluenzavirus Typ 3 (PIV3-Ak) untersucht und die Betriebe entsprechend dem
Anteil der Kälber mit BRSV-Ak bzw. PIV3-Ak (≤ 20 % oder > 20 %) in 2 Klassen
eingeteilt.

Ergebnisse Eine positive Beziehung zur Kälbersterblichkeit zeigten die
Betriebsleiterangaben zum betriebsüblichen Zeitpunkt der Erstkolostrumgabe und
zur Wichtigkeit von Bronchopneumonien im Krankheitsgeschehen des Betriebs.
BRSV-Ak waren häufiger in Betrieben nachweisbar, deren Betriebsleiter angaben,
dass die erstmalige Kolostrumgabe üblicherweise später als 4 Stunden nach der
Geburt erfolgte, die Geburtsüberwachung nur selten stattfand und die die
Staubbelastung im Kälberstall als hoch einschätzten. PIV3-Ak traten in den
Beständen häufiger auf, in denen die Kalbungen noch in Anbindehaltung
stattfanden.

Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin,
dass sich Abläufe im Kälbermanagement direkt zur und nach der Geburt auf die
Kälbersterblichkeit und die Nachweishäufigkeit von BRSV-Ak bzw. PIV3-Ak
auswirken können. Einflüsse der Geburtsüberwachung und des Zeitpunkts der
Kolostrumgabe sowie der Staubbelastung sollten bei künftigen Studien zur
Häufigkeit der EBP Berücksichtigung finden und in die tierärztliche
Ursachenanalyse von Bestandsproblemen mit EBP einbezogen werden.
Pyridones – Powerful Precursors for the Synthesis of Alkaloids, Their Derivatives, and Alkaloid-Inspired Compounds
Authors: Sośnicki Jacek G. , Idzik Tomasz J.
Published: June 2019

2-Pyridone is characterized by a very wide range of reactivity of a different nature, ranging from electrophilic aromatic substitution, CH–metal-mediated reactions, and NH/OH functionalization of both possible lactam/lactim tautomers, through cycloaddition, to nucleophilic addition and transformation of the tautomeric C=O/C–OH moiety. The high availability of 2-pyridones and the possibility of their far-reaching functionalization additionally increased their values. Therefore, they are very useful building blocks for the synthesis of structurally diverse piperidine and pyridine compounds, including naturally occurring 2-pyridones. This review reports on the use of simple 2-pyridones in the synthesis of alkaloids and alkaloids-inspired compounds based on the piperidine or pyridine framework.

1 Introduction

2 Structure, Availability, and Reactivity of 2-Pyridones

3 Monocyclic Piperidine Alkaloids from 2-Pyridones

4 Polycyclic Alkaloids, Their Derivatives, and Alkaloid-Inspired Compounds from 2-Pyridones

4.1 New Ring Formation Involving C/N Atoms of the 2-Pyridone Ring

4.1.1 Indolizine-Fused 2-Pyridones: Camptothecins and Related Compounds

4.1.2 Other Indolizines from 2-Pyridones

4.1.3 Compounds Bearing the Quinolizine Ring System

4.2 New Ring Formation Involving C/C Atoms of the 2-Pyridone Ring

4.2.1 C-2/C-3 Ring Fusion

4.2.2 C-3/C-4 Ring Fusion

4.2.3 C-4/C-5 Ring Fusion

4.2.4 C-5/C-6 Ring Fusion

4.2.5 C-2/C-4 Ring Bridge

4.2.6 C-2/C-6 Ring Bridge

4.2.7 C-3/C-5 Ring Bridge

4.2.8 C-3/C-6 Ring Bridge

4.2.9 C-4/C-6 Ring Bridge

5 Conclusion
Computed Tomography Enterography: Better Luminal Distension with a Shorter Ingestion Time Protocol in an Indian Population
Authors: R. Ambika , Reddy Vidhya Rani
Published: June 2019

Aim This article prospectively evaluates the adequacy of bowel distension in computed tomography enterography (CTE) with a 45-minute contrast ingestion time and compares it with the most widely used protocol in the literature of 1 hour 20 minutes.

Materials and Methods The CTE was performed in 42 consecutive patients divided into two groups—A and B. Group A patients were instructed to drink 2 L of polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution over 1 hour 20 minutes. Group B patients were instructed to do the same over 45 minutes. At the end of contrast ingestion, plain and contrast CT abdomen was performed and CTE images were reviewed. Manual quantitative analysis of degree of small bowel distension was performed in the following manner: on coronal images, the abdominal cavity was divided into four quadrants: right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants. The maximum small bowel lumen diameter (inner-to-inner wall) was measured in five different loops within each of the four quadrants. If four or more measurements in a quadrant ≥ 1.8 cm (considered “adequate luminal distension”), a score of 1 was assigned to that quadrant. If less than 4 measurements in the quadrant > 1.8 cm, a score of 0 was assigned to that quadrant. The ensuing sum of scores from all four quadrants resulted in the distension grade for that CTE study (Grades 1–4).

Results There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of small bowel distension between the two groups with better distension seen in group B (p < 0.001).

Conclusion Indians have a rapid gut transit time compared with Western populations. Hence, CTE contrast ingestion time protocols optimized in Western populations may not be suitable in Indians. The shorter 45-minute ingestion protocol provided consistently better luminal distension in our population than the longer 1 hour 20-minute protocol described in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies comparing CTE ingestion time protocols in a given population.
Wandering Fibroid: An Unusual Complication Arising from an Unusual Location
Authors: Dhoot Nilu Malpani , Pramanick Gobindo , Saha Manash , Gupta J Kishor , Chetry Milan , Chakraborty Chandrashish , Ghosh Nipanjan , Sutradhar Arpita
Published: June 2019

Wandering fibroids are exceedingly uncommon extrauterine neoplasms. They occur in unusual locations that can confound imaging and diagnosis. We present a case of a woman, with a lump in the abdomen, whose imaging revealed uterine fibroids and an apparently unrelated solid mass adherent to the anterior abdominal wall. Guided biopsy resulted in the unusual complication of an inferior epigastric artery branch injury for which embolization was done. Post embolization, the size of the mass reduced. Iatrogenic inferior epigastric artery injury is rare and can result in a large rectus sheath hematoma. Active bleeding is life threatening and warrants immediate intervention.
Lumps and Bumps of the Abdominal Wall and Lumbar Region—Part 1: Hernias, What the Radiologist Should Know
Authors: Lee Sangoh , Hudson Sarah R. , Ivan Catalin V. , Hussain Tahir , Verma Ratan , Rajesh Arumugam , Stephenson James A.
Published: June 2019

Abdominal hernias represent common conditions and occur when a structure of the abdominal cavity protrudes through a defect in the abdominal wall. Recently, there has been an increase in demand from the clinical teams to confirm the clinical suspicion of an abdominal wall hernia, and to assess preoperatively large or complex hernias through imaging. This pictorial review aims to present the different appearances of abdominal wall and lumbar region hernias on imaging.
Lumps and Bumps of the Abdominal Wall and Lumbar Region—Part 2: Beyond Hernias
Authors: Lee Sangoh , Ivan Catalin V. , Hudson Sarah R. , Hussain Tahir , Gaba Suchi , Verma Ratan , Rajesh Arumugam , Stephenson James A.
Published: June 2019

Abdominal masses can often clinically mimic hernias, especially when they are located close to hernial orifices. Imaging findings can be challenging and nonspecific with numerous differential diagnoses. We present a variety of pathology involving the abdominal wall and lumbar region, which were referred as possible hernias. This demonstrates the wide-ranging pathology that can present as abdominal wall lesions or mimics of hernias that the radiologist should be alert to.
Venous Thromboembolism in Denmark: Seasonality in Occurrence and Mortality
Authors: Skajaa Nils , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Adelborg Kasper , Prandoni Paolo , Rothman Kenneth J. , Sørensen Henrik Toft
Published: June 2019

Background Many cardiovascular conditions exhibit seasonality in occurrence and mortality, but little is known about the seasonality of venous thromboembolism.

Methods Using Danish registries, we identified all patients with deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, splanchnic vein thrombosis, cerebral vein thrombosis, and retinal vein thrombosis during 1977–2016. We tallied monthly deaths occurring within 90 days of the venous thromboembolism diagnosis. We estimated peak-to-trough ratios and timing of the peak of both diagnoses and deaths summed over all years of the study period. The departure from 1.0 of the peak-to-trough ratio measures the intensity of any seasonal pattern.

Results We estimated a peak-to-trough ratio of 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.07–1.11) for deep vein thrombosis and 1.22 (1.19–1.24) for pulmonary embolism occurrence. The peak-to-trough ratios for splanchnic vein thrombosis, cerebral vein thrombosis, and retinal vein thrombosis occurrence were 1.10 (1.01–1.20), 1.19 (1.00–1.40), and 1.12 (1.07–1.17), respectively. The occurrence of all conditions peaked during winter or fall. In time trend analyses, the peak-to-trough ratio increased considerably for splanchnic vein thrombosis, cerebral vein thrombosis, and retinal vein thrombosis occurrence. In associated mortality, the peak-to-trough ratio for deep vein thrombosis was larger (1.15, 1.07–1.23) than that for pulmonary embolism (1.04, 1.01–1.08).

Discussion Excess winter risks were modest, but more marked for pulmonary embolism occurrence than for deep vein thrombosis occurrence. The seasonal pattern intensified throughout the study period for splanchnic vein thrombosis, cerebral vein thrombosis, and retinal vein thrombosis. The winter peak in mortality following pulmonary embolism was smaller than that for deep vein thrombosis.
Veterinarian ‘responsibility’: conflicts of definition and appropriation surrounding the public problem of antimicrobial resistance in France
Authors: Fortané Nicolas
Published: June 2019

Over the past decade, veterinarians have been accused of being largely responsible for the overuse of antibiotics in livestock farming. Building on Gusfield’s theoretical perspective, I analyse how AMR can be conceived as a public problem and show how the French veterinary profession has been able to reframe it in such a way that veterinarians are no longer perceived as a threat but instead as protectors of public health. Based on interviews with political stakeholders and veterinary practitioners, as well as on a survey of the veterinary press, this article interprets the controversies that structure the AMR problem as conflicts of definition and appropriation with regard to the legitimate uses of antibiotics. Veterinarians have had to make significant compromises in order to reframe their responsibility and not lose control over the prescription and sale of antibiotics. This dynamic is the result of a three-stage process: firstly, veterinarian responsibility was conceived as a form of ownership where their authority to define the legitimate use of antibiotics was not contested; secondly, it was deemed to be a form of guilt whereby they were dispossessed of their legitimacy and capacity to act; thirdly, it was framed as a form of accountability where they were able to demonstrate their role as public health guardians. During this most recent stage - which corresponds to the present framework of the AMR problem - veterinarians have had to accept that the control and definition of legitimate uses of antibiotics needs to be distributed among a wider range of actors than was the case in the past.
Spectrally-resolved thermal transport in graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Marepalli Prabhakar , Singh Dhruv , Murthy Jayathi Y.
Published: June 2019

Thermal transport properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are investigated using phonon transport studies. Ribbons of varying widths are considered to investigate the transition of key thermal properties with width. The lattice structure of the ribbons is fully resolved, and phonon transport is modeled by accounting for all three-phonon scattering processes using a solution of the linearized Boltzmann transport equation. A 3× reduction in intrinsic thermal conductivity is observed compared to bulk graphene arising from increased strength of three-phonon scattering due to the additional nondegenerate phonon modes that appear due to the finite edges of confined nanoribbons. Strong dependence of thermal conductivity on ribbon width is also observed. The underlying mechanisms for thermal conductivity reduction and width dependence are presented by analyzing frequency- and polarization-resolved phonon transport. The additional scattering pathways present in 1D GNRs lead to a significant reduction in the thermal conductivity of otherwise highly conducting flexural phonons in bulk graphene. In contrast, confinement-induced changes to the density of states, specific heat or group velocity, and the subsequent impact on lattice thermal conductivity are found to be relatively small.
Breaking down and reconstruction of islands during the film growth of CuPc on HOPG
Authors: Wang Shitan , Lyu Lu , Niu Dongmei , Zhang Lei , Huang Han , Gao Yongli
Published: June 2019

We have observed breaking down and reconstruction of islands in the film growth of a copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) film on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). At the initial deposition of CuPc, the film adopts the Stranski-Krastanov mode and the islands increase normally with the nominate film thickness. At a critical thickness around 6 nm, the islands break down suddenly into small clusters. Further deposition drives the reunion of clusters to form large islands again and makes the film coverage smaller at a nominate thickness of 13 nm. The nonmonotonic PES data and AFM morphology confirmed the re-exposure of the substrate and the first layer CuPc during the island reconstruction process. This nonmonotonic growth behavior may exist widely in many anisotropic molecular film growth processes where the thin film phases are confined or restricted by the symmetry of the substrate and different from their bulk phases.
Pressure dependency on a nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Wojewodka Michael M , White Craig , Ukai Takahiro , Russell Andrew , Kontis Konstantinos
Published: June 2019

The behavior of a nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (ns-DBD) plasma actuator with the ambient pressure from 30 to 100 kPa was characterized with Schlieren images. Shock wave propagation speed and strength were recorded, showing clear trends with decreasing ambient pressure. Higher ambient pressures result in stronger shock waves; this has been observed irrespective of the actuator thickness. This might be explained with fewer air molecules to ionize at lower ambient pressures and hence a lower temperature from the exothermal recombination reactions. The thickness of the dielectric barrier also influences the shock strength. In accordance with previous findings, it was confirmed that a thinner dielectric barrier results in a greater shock strength. NS-DBD shock waves were modeled numerically using OpenFOAM through a source term added to the energy equation, which controls the amount of thermal energy added to the near-wall deposition region. The compressible, unsteady sonicFoam solver was used with second order schemes. A mesh sensitivity study gives confidence that the solution is grid independent. The overall shock wave structure and propagation speed match well with experimental data. The heat addition required to reproduce experimental results varied with ambient pressure. Less heating of the near-wall region was needed with lower ambient pressures.
Demonstration of a graphene-base heterojunction transistor with saturated output current
Authors: Strobel C. , Chavarin C. A. , Leszczynska B. , Leszczynski S. , Winkler F. , Killge S. , Völkel S. , Richter K. , Hiess A. , Knaut M. , Reif J. , Albert M. , Wenger Ch. , Bartha J. W.
Published: June 2019

A novel transistor with a graphene base embedded between two n-type silicon emitter and collector layers (graphene-base heterojunction transistor) is fabricated and characterized electrically. The base voltage controlled current of the device flows vertically from the emitter via graphene to the collector. Due to the extremely short transit time for electrons passing the ultimately thin graphene base, the device has a large potential for high-frequency RF applications. The transistor exhibits saturated output currents and a clear modulation of the collector current by means of the graphene base voltage. The vertical transfer current from the emitter via the graphene base to the collector is much lower than expected from device simulations. A comparison of the graphene-base transistor and a reference silicon n-p-n bipolar transistor is performed with respect to the main DC transistor characteristics. A common-emitter gain of larger than one has been achieved for the reference device while the graphene-base transistor so far exhibits a much lower gain.
Measurement of ion mobility based on a reversible migration process in solids
Authors: Li Tianjun , Zhang Mengfei , Liu Guanghua , Zhao Xiaohui , Nishijima Hiroki , Pan Wei
Published: June 2019

Ion mobility, which facilitates ion migration in lattices, not only is important for selection of solid electrolytes from a large number of candidate materials but also plays an essential role in the study of the fundamentals of ion transport in solids. In the present work, a simple approach is developed for measuring the mobility of oxygen ions in a typical solid electrolyte, lanthanum-doped ceria. Changes in the concentration of oxygen vacancies, which are equivalent to variations in oxygen ions, are recorded using integrated peak intensity ratios of Raman spectra under a reversible electric field. A model of the migration process of oxygen ions in a reversing electric field is proposed based on the experimental results. The mobility of oxygen ions is determined by analyzing the time interval between two steady states based on a simplified model. By altering the electric field, this approach is applicable to the measurement of the mobilities of different ion species.
Topological valley currents in bilayer graphene/hexagonal boron nitride superlattices
Authors: Endo Kosuke , Komatsu Katsuyoshi , Iwasaki Takuya , Watanabe Eiichiro , Tsuya Daiju , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Noguchi Yutaka , Wakayama Yutaka , Morita Yoshifumi , Moriyama Satoshi
Published: June 2019

Graphene superlattices have recently been attracting growing interest as an emergent class of quantum metamaterials. In this paper, we report the observation of nonlocal transport in bilayer graphene (BLG) superlattices encapsulated between two hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layers, which formed hBN/BLG/hBN moiré superlattices. We then employed these superlattices to detect a long-range charge-neutral valley current using an all-electrical method. The moiré superlattice with broken inversion symmetry leads to a “hot spot” at the charge-neutral point (CNP), and it harbors satellites of the CNP. We observed nonlocal resistance on the order of 1 kΩ, which obeys a scaling relation. This nonlocal resistance evolves from an analog of the quantum Hall effect but without magnetic field/time-reversal symmetry breaking, which is associated with a hot-spot-induced topological valley current. This study should pave the way for developing a Berry-phase-sensitive probe to detect hot spots in gapped Dirac materials with inversion-symmetry breaking.
Identification of incident parameters of interference beams using angular power spectral density
Authors: Song Yumeng , Liu Xianping , Tian Yanling
Published: June 2019

Laser interference lithography is attracting increasing interest among researchers because of its high-efficiency and low-cost in fabrication of patterns. However, there are always operational errors in the setup of interference systems, which have a significant effect on the finally produced interference pattern. This paper has systematically investigated the influence of incident parameters including the incident angle, azimuth angle, and polarization angle on interference patterns. An algorithm has been proposed to extract interference fringes from complicated multibeam interference patterns using the angular power spectral density (APSD) function. The incident parameters were calculated based on the data extracted from the APSD images. Simulations were carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. 3-D periodic patterns were fabricated on silicon wafers using three-beam interference lithography. The topographies of the samples were measured using an optical profiler. Based on the established model, incident parameters of the interference system setup were calculated. The computational results are in good agreement with the preset values. The results have demonstrated the validation of the developed algorithm for incident parameter identification of interference beams.
Development of a compact tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy based system for continuous measurements of dissolved carbon dioxide in seawater
Authors: Li Xiang , Fan Xueting , He Yabai , Chen Bin , Yao Lu , Hu Mai , Kan Ruifeng
Published: June 2019

Robust marine carbon sensors with small size, low power consumption, and high sensitivity provide greater insight into the carbon cycle studies and resolve environmental variability. We report here the development of a diminutively integrated tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) system with a specially designed multipass gas cell for small amounts of dissolved gas extractions and measurements. It was used to detect and monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in water and seawater. Systematic experiments have been carried out for system evaluation in the lab. Extracted CO2 was determined via its 4989.9 cm−1 optical absorption line. The achieved TDLAS measurement precision was 4.18 ppm for CO2, measured by averaging up to 88 s. The integrated absorbance was found to be linear to gas concentrations over a wide range. Comparison measurements of the atmospheric CO2 values with a commercial instrument confirmed a good accuracy of our TDLAS-based system. The first test campaign was also accomplished with a hollow fiber membrane contactor, and concentrations of CO2 were quantitatively detected with partial degasification operations. The results clearly show the ability to continuously measure dissolved gases and highlight the potential of the system to help us better understand physical and geochemical processes in a marine environment.
Understanding turbulence in compressing plasma as a quasi-EOS
Authors: Davidovits Seth , Fisch Nathaniel J.
Published: June 2019

Inspired by experimental Z-pinch results, we investigate plasma turbulence undergoing compression. In addition to Z-pinches, plasma turbulence can be compressed in a range of natural and laboratory settings, including inertial fusion experiments and astrophysical molecular clouds. The plasma viscosity, when modeled as described by Braginskii, depends strongly on both temperature and ionization state, giving it the possibility to have a large range of behavior. Here, we highlight the importance of viscous variation in these settings, as well as various insights that can be gained by considering this variation. Included are a “sudden viscous dissipation” effect that leads to a new concept for inertial fusion or X-ray bursts and a bound on turbulent energy behavior under compression. This bound, which was previously applied in inviscid molecular cloud turbulence, is here shown in an application to turbulence that transitions from inviscid to viscous regimes. The task of understanding turbulence under compression can be cast as the process of seeking a “quasi equation of state” for turbulent energy under compression.
Effects of parametric uncertainty on multi-scale model predictions of shock response of a pressed energetic material
Authors: Lee Sangyup , Sen Oishik , Rai Nirmal Kumar , Gaul Nicholas J. , Choi K. K. , Udaykumar H. S.
Published: June 2019

Predictive simulations of shock-to-detonation transitions (SDTs) of energetic materials must contend with uncertainties in the material properties, reactive models, and the microstructures of the material. In this work, we analyze the effects of uncertainties in the run-to-detonation distance h of a pressed energetic (HMX) material due to variabilities in the thermomechanical properties of HMX. The run distances are computed using a recently developed machine-learning based multiscale modeling framework, viz., the Meso-informed Ignition and Growth (MES-IG) model. The input uncertainties are first used in the MES-IG model to quantify the variabilities in the hotspot dynamics at the mesoscale. A Kriging-based Monte Carlo method is used to construct probability density functions (pdfs) for the mesoscale reaction-product formation rates; these are used to propagate the mesoscale uncertainties to the macroscale reaction-progress variables to construct pdfs for the run-to-detonation distance h. We evaluate uncertainties in h due to variabilities in six material properties, viz., specific heat, Grüneisen parameter, bulk modulus, yield strength, thermal expansion coefficient, and the thermal conductivity of the material. Among these six properties, h is found to be most sensitive to the variabilities in the specific heat of the material; the uncertainties in the specific heat amplify exponentially across scales and result in logarithmic pdfs for h. Thus, the paper not only quantifies and propagates uncertainties in material properties across scales in a multiscale model of SDT, but also ranks the properties with respect to the sensitivity of the SDT response of heterogeneous energetic materials on each property.
A “real-time” guitar recording using Rydberg atoms and electromagnetically induced transparency: Quantum physics meets music
Authors: Holloway Christopher L. , Simons Matthew T. , Haddab Abdulaziz H. , Williams Carl J. , Holloway Maxwell W.
Published: June 2019

We demonstrate how Rydberg atoms and the phenomena of electromagnetically induced transparency can be used to aid in the recording of a musical instrument in real time as it is played. Also, by using two different atomic species (cesium and rubidium) in the same vapor cell, we demonstrate the ability to record two guitars simultaneously, where each atomic species detects and allows for the recording of each guitar separately. The approach shows how audio data (the musical composition) can be detected with a quantum system, illustrating that due to the research over the past decade we can now control ensembles of atoms to such an extent that we can use them in this “entertaining” example of recording a musical instrument.
Scavenging wind energy by a dynamic-stable flutter energy harvester with rectangular wing
Authors: Zhou Zhiyong , Qin Weiyang , Zhu Pei , Du Wenfeng , Deng Wangzheng , Pan Jianan
Published: June 2019

This letter proposes an energy harvester with dynamic multistability to harvest the wind energy. In this design, a piezoelectric beam is integrated with a rectangular wing to initiate the flutter; the multistable mechanism is realized by oppositely placing a tip magnet and two fixed magnets. It is found that the proposed energy harvester has the dynamic stability that can execute and sustain the snap-through motion over a wide range of wind speeds. A prototype of the harvester was fabricated, and the validation experiment was carried out. The harvester exhibited the bistable characteristic at low wind speed and the tristable characteristic at high wind speed. The experimental results showed that the presented system could realize snap-through (even coherence resonance) and produce high output power for the wind speed ranging from 1.5 m/s to 7.5 m/s.
Investigation of two-phase change flow in mechanical seal with complex solid surfaces
Authors: Yang Jie , Suo Shuangfu , Wang Zhihao , Wang Aiming , Meng Guoying
Published: June 2019

Phase change flows between seal faces play an important role in the performance of mechanical seals. Cavitation and boiling phenomena are observed to occur between mechanical seal faces. Most studies on phase change flows in mechanical seals focus on only one phenomenon. However, in different mechanical seal structures, for example, sector-groove seals, cavitation and boiling may appear simultaneously when the temperature and speed are changed. This study contributes to ongoing investigations in the field by proposing a phase change flow model considering both cavitation and boiling in mechanical seals. First, the governing equations and main features of the proposed model are discussed based on the mass conservation law, which is particularly useful in cases where both cavitation and boiling occur. Then, numerical schemes were constructed by employing the liquid volume fraction and analyzed by considering two different forms of fluid flux equations. Case studies of two models, namely, the wavy face seal and hydrostatic seal, were conducted and separately analyzed, and the numerical results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed model. Then, numerical simulation and experiment of a sector-groove seal were conducted to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed model. The proposed model is especially effective for analyzing the two-phase flow field bounded by complex solid surfaces.
Electrophoresis of active Janus particles
Authors: Bayati P. , Najafi A.
Published: June 2019

We theoretically consider the dynamics of a self-propelled active Janus motor moving in an external electric field. The external field can manipulate the route of a Janus particle and force it to move toward the desired targets. To investigate the trajectory of this active motor, we use a perturbative scheme. At the leading orders of surface activity of the Janus particle and also the external field, the orientational dynamics of the Janus particles behave like a mathematical pendulum with an angular velocity that is sensitive to both the electric field and surface activity of the motor.
The Enhanced Maternal and Child Health nursing program in Victoria: a cross-sectional study of clinical practice
Authors: Adams Catina , Hooker Leesa , Taft Angela
Published: June 2019

The Maternal and Child Health (MCH) service in Victoria comprises a universal service, an enhanced program providing additional support for vulnerable families (EMCH) and a 24-h MCH telephone line. There is anecdotal evidence of variation in EMCH programs between Local Government Areas, and this study aims to explore the variation in EMCH programs to inform future EMCH policy and practice. An online survey was sent to MCH coordinators in Victoria in December 2016 (n = 79), with a response rate of 70% (55/79). Quantitative data have been analysed using descriptive statistics, with open-ended questions examined using content analysis. The data confirms that EMCH programs vary significantly across the state. Differences include a variation in referral and intake criteria, different models of service and modes of delivery, differences in EMCH nurse working conditions, issues with data collection and a lack of systematic clinical tools. Variation in the EMCH program is greatest between urban and rural services and between advantaged and disadvantaged urban councils. Lack of consistent service delivery and data collection impairs program evaluation, including outcome measurement and evidence of program effectiveness.
A hypothesis linking the energy demand of the brain to obesity risk
Authors: Kuzawa Christopher W. , Blair Clancy
Published: June 2019

Significance

We propose that variation in brain energy expenditure during childhood is an unexplored but important influence on obesity risk. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that the energy required by the developing brain decreases in later childhood as the rate of body weight gain is increasing. The hypothesis is further supported by findings of genetic and brain imaging research indicating a trade-off between the body mass index (BMI) and the volume of cortical and subcortical structures, and inverse associations between BMI and energetically costly executive cognitive functions. Efforts to quantify variability in brain energy use across children could inspire new educational strategies that increase brain energy demands and thereby reduce obesity risk.
Asymmetries between achromatic and chromatic extraction of 3D motion signals
Authors: Kaestner Milena , Maloney Ryan T. , Wailes-Newson Kirstie H. , Bloj Marina , Harris Julie M. , Morland Antony B. , Wade Alex R.
Published: June 2019

Significance

Navigating a 3D world requires sensitivity to motion in depth. The human visual system extracts two stereoscopic cues to motion in depth but little is known about the visual pathways that support their computation. Here, we show that achromatic inputs drive a 3D motion signal computed from slow changes in binocular disparity. However, the other 3D motion signal, based on interocular velocity differences, may draw preferentially on information carried by the evolutionarily ancient koniocellular pathway. Paradoxically, this pathway is thought to be far less sensitive to both motion and stereoscopic depth, yet, we find evidence for its involvement in the extraction of motion through depth. Our findings demonstrate an unanticipated role for the koniocellular pathway in a fundamental perceptual mechanism.
βII-spectrin promotes mouse brain connectivity through stabilizing axonal plasma membranes and enabling axonal organelle transport
Authors: Lorenzo Damaris N. , Badea Alexandra , Zhou Ruobo , Mohler Peter J. , Zhuang Xiaowei , Bennett Vann
Published: June 2019

Significance

Establishment and maintenance of long axonal projections are essential for brain development and function of the nervous system. Plasma membrane-associated structural proteins promote axon stability and efficient organelle transport, which is thought to be critical in supporting axonal elongation, while both activities are essential for long-term survival of neurons. This study demonstrates that βII-spectrin in axons enables organelle bidirectional transport in addition to its previously established role in forming a periodic membrane-associated actin–spectrin skeleton. βII-spectrin thus promotes both axon stability and axon growth through biochemically distinct functions.
Evolution of facial muscle anatomy in dogs
Authors: Kaminski Juliane , Waller Bridget M. , Diogo Rui , Hartstone-Rose Adam , Burrows Anne M.
Published: June 2019

Significance

Dogs were shaped during the course of domestication both in their behavior and in their anatomical features. Here we show that domestication transformed the facial muscle anatomy of dogs specifically for facial communication with humans. A muscle responsible for raising the inner eyebrow intensely is uniformly present in dogs but not in wolves. Behavioral data show that dogs also produce the eyebrow movement significantly more often and with higher intensity than wolves do, with highest-intensity movements produced exclusively by dogs. Interestingly, this movement increases paedomorphism and resembles an expression humans produce when sad, so its production in dogs may trigger a nurturing response. We hypothesize that dogs’ expressive eyebrows are the result of selection based on humans’ preferences.
Drosophila melanogaster foraging
regulates a nociceptive-like escape behavior through a developmentally plastic sensory circuit
Authors: Dason Jeffrey S. , Cheung Amanda , Anreiter Ina , Montemurri Vanessa A. , Allen Aaron M. , Sokolowski Marla B.
Published: June 2019

Significance

Detecting and avoiding noxious stimuli is critical for survival. Nociceptive sensory neurons detect these stimuli and activate neural circuits that elicit stereotyped escape responses. However, individual animals may have genetic predispositions to respond differently to the same stimuli. Furthermore, it is not well understood how experiences during development affect these escape responses. Here, we describe a role for the
foraging
gene in nociception and show that differences in nociceptive sensitivity may arise from genetic variation of this gene. We also demonstrate that altering synaptic activity in a nociceptive circuit during development changes the sensitivity of the escape response elicited. Our findings suggest that both genetic variation and experiences in development can shape escape responses.
Small-molecule allosteric activators of PDE4 long form cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases
Authors: Omar Faisa , Findlay Jane E. , Carfray Gemma , Allcock Robert W. , Jiang Zhong , Moore Caitlin , Muir Amy L. , Lannoy Morgane , Fertig Bracy A. , Mai Deborah , Day Jonathan P. , Bolger Graeme , Baillie George S. , Schwiebert Erik , Klussmann Enno , Pyne Nigel J. , Ong Albert C. M. , Bowers Keith , Adam Julia M. , Adams David R. , Houslay Miles D. , Henderson David J. P.
Published: June 2019

Significance

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a universal second messenger found in cells of all biological systems. In mammalian cells, it controls critical actions as diverse as cardiac function, cell proliferation, learning, and memory, for example. Even within a cell, it can differentially control distinct processes by virtue of compartmentalization, where targeted degradation by cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) forms and shapes gradients that underpin this spatiotemporal organization. Here, we describe a small-molecule allosteric activator of PDE4 long isoforms. This discovery is poised to have considerable impact for both developing therapeutics and as a probe for gaining insight into the impact of PDE4 long isoforms upon the fundamental cellular processes that cAMP controls in health and disease.
Stability of the A15 phase in diblock copolymer melts
Authors: Bates Morgan W. , Lequieu Joshua , Barbon Stephanie M. , Lewis Ronald M. , Delaney Kris T. , Anastasaki Athina , Hawker Craig J. , Fredrickson Glenn H. , Bates Christopher M.
Published: June 2019

Significance

Block copolymers are prevalent throughout industry and academe due to their self-assembly into well-ordered nanostructures, but only a handful of morphologies are known with the simplest materials built from two chemically distinct blocks. In this article, we report that AB diblock copolymers can also self-assemble into a structure known as the A15 phase. Theory and experiments indicate A15 occurs throughout a substantial region of phase space with suitable differences in the space-filling characteristics of each block. The observed temperature-dependent phase transitions can only be explained using fully fluctuating field-theoretic simulations, which provide evidence that composition fluctuations play a key role in the self-assembly of block copolymers into the larger class of tetrahedrally close-packed sphere phases.
SIP/CacyBP promotes autophagy by regulating levels of BRUCE/Apollon, which stimulates LC3-I degradation
Authors: Jiang Tian-Xia , Zou Jiang-Bo , Zhu Qian-Qian , Liu Cui Hua , Wang Guang-Fei , Du Ting-Ting , Luo Zi-Yu , Guo Fang , Zhou Lu-Ming , Liu Juan-Juan , Zhang Wensheng , Shu You-Sheng , Yu Li , Li Peng , Ronai Ze’ev A. , Matsuzawa Shu-ichi , Goldberg Alfred L. , Qiu Xiao-Bo
Published: June 2019

Significance

BRUCE/Apollon is an unusual inhibitor of apoptosis protein containing a ubiquitin-conjugating domain. Here we show that BRUCE is also an inhibitor of autophagy by promoting the proteasomal degradation of LC3-I, the precursor of LC3-II, which is critical in autophagosome biogenesis and substrate recruitment. SIP/CacyBP, which is highly expressed in neurons and various tumors, promotes autophagy by enhancing autophagic degradation of BRUCE and promoting autophagosome formation. DNA damage by the anticancer agents camptathecin and etoposide caused monoubiquitination of SIP by the ubiquitin ligase Nrdp1 and stimulated apoptosis. Deletion of SIP reduced the autophagic degradation of BRUCE and damaged mitochondria. This study identifies unanticipated mechanisms that regulate both autophagy and apoptosis, whose roles in physiology and disease will be important to investigate.
Direct delivery of adenoviral CRISPR/Cas9 vector into the blastoderm for generation of targeted gene knockout in quail
Authors: Lee Joonbum , Ma Jisi , Lee Kichoon
Published: June 2019

Significance

Current methods for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout in avian species require isolation, culture, and genome modification of primordial germ cells in vitro for the subsequent injection into the extraembryonic blood vessel of the egg. These processes require highly skilled techniques and the establishment of optimized conditions. In the present study, the adenoviral CRISPR/Cas9 vector, optimized for expression of gRNA and the Cas9 gene in avian cells, was injected into the quail blastoderm in newly laid eggs. The resulting chimeras generated offspring with targeted mutations in the melanophilin gene, resulting in gray plumage of homozygous mutant quail. Implementation of this simplified avian knockout process can accelerate avian knockout studies involved in diverse areas of research and lead to the advancement of future agricultural applications.
An ATR and CHK1 kinase signaling mechanism that limits origin firing during unperturbed DNA replication
Authors: Moiseeva Tatiana N. , Yin Yandong , Calderon Michael J. , Qian Chenao , Schamus-Haynes Sandra , Sugitani Norie , Osmanbeyoglu Hatice U. , Rothenberg Eli , Watkins Simon C. , Bakkenist Christopher J.
Published: June 2019

DNA damage-induced signaling by ATR and CHK1 inhibits DNA replication, stabilizes stalled and collapsed replication forks, and mediates the repair of multiple classes of DNA lesions. We and others have shown that ATR kinase inhibitors, three of which are currently undergoing clinical trials, induce excessive origin firing during unperturbed DNA replication, indicating that ATR kinase activity limits replication initiation in the absence of damage. However, the origins impacted and the underlying mechanism(s) have not been described. Here, we show that unperturbed DNA replication is associated with a low level of ATR and CHK1 kinase signaling and that inhibition of this signaling induces dormant origin firing at sites of ongoing replication throughout the S phase. We show that ATR and CHK1 kinase inhibitors induce RIF1 Ser2205 phosphorylation in a CDK1-dependent manner, which disrupts an interaction between RIF1 and PP1 phosphatase. Thus, ATR and CHK1 signaling suppresses CDK1 kinase activity throughout the S phase and stabilizes an interaction between RIF1 and PP1 in replicating cells. PP1 dephosphorylates key CDC7 and CDK2 kinase substrates to inhibit the assembly and activation of the replicative helicase. This mechanism limits origin firing during unperturbed DNA replication in human cells.