bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into the complete and partial photooxidation of black carbon in surface waters
Authors: Ward Collin P. , Sleighter Rachel L. , Hatcher Patrick G. , Cory Rose M.
Published: February 2014

Dissolved black carbon is more susceptible to photooxidation than particulate black carbon, and partial photooxidation of dissolved black carbon is a more important degradation pathway than complete photooxidation.
Diversity, abundance and natural products of marine sponge-associated actinomycetes
Authors: Abdelmohsen Usama Ramadan , Bayer Kristina , Hentschel Ute
Published: February 2014

This review discusses the diversity, abundance and natural products repertoire of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was carried out and qPCR data on actinomycete abundances in sponge ecosystems are presented.
A carbon nanodot modified Cu–Mn–Ce/ZSM catalyst for the enhanced microwave-assisted degradation of gaseous toluene
Authors: Sun Jianyu , Bo Longli , Yang Li , Liang Xinxin , Hu Xuejiao
Published: February 2014

Toluene waste gas was treated with a carbon nanodot (CND) modified Cu–Mn–Ce/ZSM catalyst (CND–CMCZ) and a Cu–Mn–Ce/ZSM catalyst (CMCZ) respectively by a fixed bed under microwave irradiation. 75% of the gaseous toluene was degraded by the CND–CMCZ catalyst within 80 min at 150 °C, which was almost 1.9 times that of the CMCZ catalyst.
Hierarchically macro/mesostructured porous copper oxide: facile synthesis, characterization, catalytic performance and electrochemical study of mesoporous copper oxide monoliths
Authors: Naikoo Gowhar Ahmad , Dar Riyaz Ahmad , Khan Farid
Published: February 2014

Hierarchically macro/meso structured porous copper-oxide monoliths with and without additives (dextran, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and silica nanoparticles) were successfully synthesized via a facile sol–gel route.
Nickel-substituted zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for time-resolved alcohol sensing and photocatalysis under visible light
Authors: Li Rui , Ren Xiaoqian , Ma Hongwei , Feng Xiao , Lin Zhengguo , Li Xingguo , Hu Changwen , Wang Bo
Published: February 2014

A facile strategy has been developed to introduce six-coordinated nickel clusters to zinc-based ZIF-8 structure via a one-pot mechanochemical synthesis. This Ni-substituted ZIF-8 can selectively pick different alcohol molecules and undergo a de-coordination to form stable four-coordinated Ni clusters which shows exceptional photo-catalytic activity.
Defect chemistry of Ti and Fe impurities and aggregates in Al2O3
Authors: Bristow Jessica K. , Tiana Davide , Parker Stephen C. , Walsh Aron
Published: February 2014

We report the role of defects and doping on the colour and optical properties of aluminium oxide from computer simulations.
Anti‐triangle centrality‐based community detection in complex networks
Authors: Jia Songwei , Gao Lin , Gao Yong , Wang Haiyang
Published: February 2014

Community detection has been extensively studied in the past decades largely because of the fact that community exists in various networks such as technological, social and biological networks. Most of the available algorithms, however, only focus on the properties of the vertices, ignoring the roles of the edges. To explore the roles of the edges in the networks for community discovery, the authors introduce the novel edge centrality based on its antitriangle property. To investigate how the edge centrality characterises the community structure, they develop an approach based on the edge antitriangle centrality with the isolated vertex handling strategy (EACH) for community detection. EACH first calculates the edge antitriangle centrality scores for all the edges of a given network and removes the edge with the highest score per iteration until the scores of the remaining edges are all zero. Furthermore, EACH is characterised by being free of the parameters and independent of any additional measures to determine the community structure. To demonstrate the effectiveness of EACH, they compare it with the state‐of‐the art algorithms on both the synthetic networks and the real world networks. The experimental results show that EACH is more accurate and has lower complexity in terms of community discovery and especially it can gain quite inherent and consistent communities with a maximal diameter of four jumps.
Dynamic modeling and identification of the Uniovi structure
Authors: Zapico-Valle José Luis , García-Diéguez Marta
Published: February 2014

The nonlinear modeling and identification of a four-storey steel frame is presented in this paper. The bending modes of the frame were experimentally isolated by a single-point mono-harmonic excitation and used for identification purposes. A novel expeditious procedure was developed to infer the kind of nonlinearities present in the structure. This turned out to be the most critical task in the modeling process. The proposed nonlinear model was calibrated in the time domain by fitting the model-predicted responses to the experiments. This was posed as the minimization of an error function by means of a new adaptive stochastic algorithm. Results were excellent. The calibrated nonlinear model yield fitting errors near three orders of magnitude lower than those of a pure linear model.
Structural optimization in ESAC: annals 2011
Authors: Zhu Ji-Hong , Zhang Wei-Hong
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this paper is to give an overall introduction of the structural optimization research works in ESAC group in 2011. Four main topics are involved, i.e. 1) topology optimization with multiphase materials, 2) integrated layout and topology optimization, 3) prediction of effective material properties and 4) composite design. More detailed techniques and some numerical results are also presented and discussed here.
A new and effective method for thermostatting confined fluids
Authors: De Luca Sergio , Todd B. D. , Hansen J. S. , Daivis Peter J.
Published: February 2014

We present a simple thermostatting method suitable for nanoconfined fluid systems. Two conventional strategies involve thermostatting the fluid directly or employing a thermal wall that couples only the wall atoms with the thermostat. When only a thermal wall is implemented, the temperature control of the fluid is true to the actual experiment and the heat is transferred from the fluid to the walls. However, for large or complex systems it can often be computationally prohibitive to employ thermal walls. To overcome this limitation many researchers choose to freeze wall atoms and instead apply a synthetic thermostat to the fluid directly through the equations of motion. This, however, can have serious consequences for the mechanical, thermodynamic, and dynamical properties of the fluid by introducing unphysical behaviour into the system [Bernardi et al., J. Chem. Phys. 132, 244706 (2010)]. In this paper, we propose a simple scheme which enables working with both frozen walls and naturally thermostatted liquids. This is done by superimposing the walls with oscillating particles, which vibrate on the edge of the fluid control volume. These particles exchange energy with the fluid molecules, but do not interact with wall atoms or each other, thus behaving as virtual particles. Their displacements violate the Lindemann criterion for melting, in such a way that the net effect would not amount to an additional confining surface. One advantage over standard techniques is the reduced computational cost, particularly for large walls, since they can be kept rigid. Another advantage over accepted strategies is the opportunity to freeze complex charged walls such as β-cristobalite. The method furthermore overcomes the problem with polar fluids such as water, as thermalized charged surfaces require higher spring constants to preserve structural stability, due to the effects of strong Coulomb interactions, thus inevitably degrading the thermostatting efficiency.
Monte Carlo study of molten salt with charge asymmetry near the electrode surface
Authors: Kłos Jacek , Lamperski Stanisław
Published: February 2014

Results of the Monte Carlo simulation of the electrode | molten salt or ionic liquid interface are reported. The system investigated is approximated by the primitive model of electrolyte being in contact with a charged hard wall. Ions differ in charges, namely anions are divalent and cations are monovalent but they are of the same diameter d = 400 pm. The temperature analysis of heat capacity at a constant volume Cv and the anion radial distribution function, g2−/2−, allowed the choice of temperature of the study, which is T = 2800 K and corresponds to T* = 0.34 (definition of reduced temperature T* in text). The differential capacitance curve of the interface with the molten salt or ionic liquid at c = 5.79 M has a distorted bell shape. It is shown that with increasing electrolyte concentration from c = 0.4 to 5 M the differential capacitance curves undergo transition from U shape to bell shape.
Microstructural refinement and enhanced transport properties in binary doped NdFeAsO superconductor
Authors: Aswathy P. M. , Anooja J. B. , Varghese Neson , Syamaprasad U.
Published: February 2014

We report the synthesis of Nd1−xCaxFeAsO1−2xF2x superconductors using CaF2 as a binary dopant that provides both holes and electrons by simultaneous substitution of Ca2+ ions and F− ions at Nd3+ and O2− sites, respectively. The sample with x = 0.2 exhibits a maximum critical temperature (TC) of 52.3 K and transport critical current density (JC) of 1240 A/cm2 at 12 K. An interesting feature observed for binary doped samples is the preferential alignment of (00l) planes and the refinement of microstructure both in terms of grain size and grain connectivity. NdFeAsO based superconductors are already known for their very high critical fields and field independent JC(H) performance. However, the development of the bulk superconductors with oriented large grains and good grain connectivity has not been reported so far and hence the present work will be definitely a step towards the progress in NdFeAsO based conductor development.
Calculation of metallic and insulating phases of V2O3 by hybrid density functionals
Authors: Guo Yuzheng , Clark Stewart J. , Robertson John
Published: February 2014

The electronic structure of vanadium sesquioxide V2O3 in its different phases has been calculated using the screened exchange hybrid density functional. The hybrid functional accurately reproduces the experimental electronic properties of all three phases, the paramagnetic metal (PM) phase, the anti-ferromagnetic insulating phase, and the Cr-doped paramagnetic insulating (PI) phase. We find that a fully relaxed supercell model of the Cr-doped PI phase based on the corundum structure has a monoclinic-like local strain around the substitutional Cr atoms. This is found to drive the PI-PM transition, consistent with a Peierls-Mott transition. The PI phase has a calculated band gap of 0.15 eV, in good agreement with experiment.
Room temperature ferromagnetism in a phthalocyanine based carbon material
Authors: Honda Z. , Sato K. , Hagiwara M. , Kida T. , Sakai M. , Fukuda T. , Kamata N.
Published: February 2014

We report on a simple method to fabricate a magnetic carbon material that contains nitrogen-coordinated transition metals and has a large magnetic moment. Highly chlorinated iron phthalocyanine was used as building blocks and potassium as a coupling reagent to uniformly disperse nitrogen-coordinated iron atoms on the phthalocyanine based carbon material. The iron phthalocyanine based carbon material exhibits ferromagnetic properties at room temperature and the ferromagnetic phase transition occurs at Tc = 490 ± 10 K. Transmission electron microscopy observation, X-ray diffraction analysis, and the temperature dependence of magnetization suggest that the phthalocyanine molecules form three-dimensional random networks in the iron phthalocyanine based carbon material.
Spontaneous emission of Bloch oscillation radiation under the competing influences of microcavity enhancement and inhomogeneous interface degradation
Authors: Sokolov V. N. , Iafrate G. J.
Published: February 2014

A theory for the spontaneous emission (SE) of terahertz radiation for a Bloch electron traversing a single energy miniband of a superlattice (SL) in a cavity, while undergoing elastic scattering is presented. The Bloch electron is accelerated under the influence of a superimposed external constant electric field and an internal inhomogeneous electric field, while radiating into a microcavity. The analysis of the SE accounts for both the spectral structure of nonharmonic miniband components and the Bloch oscillation degradation effects arising from elastic scattering due to SL interface roughness. The interface roughness effects are decomposed into contributions arising from independent planar and cross-correlated neighboring planar interfaces; parametric numerical estimates show that the cross-correlated contribution to the SE relaxation rate is relatively small, representing less than roughly 10% of the total relaxation rate. It is shown that the degradation effects from SL interface roughness can be more than compensated for by the enhancements derived from microcavity-based tuning of the emission frequency to the cavity density of states peak. The theoretical approach developed herein has general applicability beyond its use for elastic scattering due to interface roughness. As well, the results obtained in this analysis can be useful in the development of SL-based Bloch-oscillator terahertz devices.
Galvanically split superconducting microwave resonators for introducing internal voltage bias
Authors: de Graaf S. E. , Davidovikj D. , Adamyan A. , Kubatkin S. E. , Danilov A. V.
Published: February 2014

We present the design and performance of high-Q superconducting niobium nitride microwave resonators intended for use in hybrid quantum systems, coupling spin degrees of freedom to the cavity mode, both magnetically and electrically. We demonstrate a solution that allows to introduce static electric fields in the resonator without compromising the microwave performance. Quality factors above 105 remain unchanged in strong applied static electric fields above 10 MV/m and magnetic fields up to ∼400 mT. By design, the configuration of the dc field matches that of the microwave field, especially advantageous for experiments on electrostatically controlled spin systems.
Tuning the band structures of a one-dimensional width-modulated magnonic crystal by a transverse magnetic field
Authors: Di K. , Lim H. S. , Zhang V. L. , Ng S. C. , Kuok M. H. , Nguyen H. T. , Cottam M. G.
Published: February 2014

Theoretical studies, based on three independent techniques, of the band structure of a one-dimensional width-modulated magnonic crystal under a transverse magnetic field are reported. The band diagram is found to display distinct behaviors when the transverse field is either larger or smaller than a critical value. The widths and center positions of bandgaps exhibit unusual non-monotonic and large field-tunability through tilting the direction of magnetization. Some bandgaps can be dynamically switched on and off by simply tuning the strength of such a static field. Finally, the impact of the lowered symmetry of the magnetic ground state on the spin-wave excitation efficiency of an oscillating magnetic field is discussed. Our finding reveals that the magnetization direction plays an important role in tailoring magnonic band structures and hence in the design of dynamic spin-wave switches.
Performance improvement of magnetic gear and efficiency comparison with conventional mechanical gear
Authors: Nakamura Kenji , Fukuoka Michinari , Ichinokura Osamu
Published: February 2014

Magnetic gears can transmit torque without any mechanical contact. Hence, they have low vibration, no wear, and fatigue, which ensure maintenance-free operation. There are various types of magnetic gears. Among them, a planetary type magnetic gear, which consists of coaxial inner and outer rotors with surface-mounted permanent magnet and ferromagnetic stationary parts called pole-pieces, has recently attracted interest since it offers higher torque than other type magnetic gears. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the influence of geometry and position of the pole-pieces on torque characteristic based on finite element analysis and experiment. Surveyed parameters of the pole-pieces include lengths in the radial and axial directions and position in the radial direction. Finally, it is demonstrated that the maximum torque of the improved prototype magnetic gear is increased by 45% and the maximum efficiency achieves up to about 99%, which is equal to or more than a conventional planetary type mechanical gear.
The dielectric breakdown limit of silicone dielectric elastomer actuators
Authors: Gatti Davide , Haus Henry , Matysek Marc , Frohnapfel Bettina , Tropea Cameron , Schlaak Helmut F.
Published: February 2014

Soft silicone elastomers are used in a generation of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) with improved actuation speed and durability compared to the commonly used, highly viscoelastic polyacrylate 3M VHB™ films. The maximum voltage-induced stretch of DEAs is ultimately limited by their dielectric breakdown field strength. We measure the dependence of dielectric breakdown field strength on thickness and stretch for a silicone elastomer, when voltage-induced deformation is prevented. The experimental results are combined with an analytic model of equi-biaxial actuation to show that accounting for variable dielectric field strength results in different values of optimal pre-stretch and thickness that maximize the DEA actuation.
Local magnetoresistance in Fe/MgO/Si lateral spin valve at room temperature
Authors: Sasaki Tomoyuki , Suzuki Toshio , Ando Yuichiro , Koike Hayato , Oikawa Tohru , Suzuki Yoshishige , Shiraishi Masashi
Published: February 2014

Room temperature local magnetoresistance in two-terminal scheme is reported. By employing 1.6 nm-thick MgO tunnel barrier, spin injection efficiency is increased, resulting in large non-local magnetoresistance. The magnitude of the non-local magnetoresistance is estimated to be 0.0057 Ω at room temperature. As a result, a clear rectangle signal is observed in local magnetoresistance measurement even at room temperature. We also investigate the origin of local magnetoresistance by measuring the spin accumulation voltage of each contact separately.
Resistive switching behaviors of Au/pentacene/Si-nanowire arrays/heavily doped n-type Si devices for memory applications
Authors: Tsao Hou-Yen , Lin Yow-Jon
Published: February 2014

The fabrication of memory devices based on the Au/pentacene/heavily doped n-type Si (n+-Si), Au/pentacene/Si nanowires (SiNWs)/n+-Si, and Au/pentacene/H2O2-treated SiNWs/n+-Si structures and their resistive switching characteristics were reported. A pentacene memory structure using SiNW arrays as charge storage nodes was demonstrated. The Au/pentacene/SiNWs/n+-Si devices show hysteresis behavior. H2O2 treatment may lead to the hysteresis degradation. However, no hysteresis-type current-voltage characteristics were observed for Au/pentacene/n+-Si devices, indicating that the resistive switching characteristic is sensitive to SiNWs and the charge trapping effect originates from SiNWs. The concept of nanowires within the organic layer opens a promising direction for organic memory devices.
Parametrization of the Stillinger-Weber potential for Si/N/H system and its application to simulations of silicon nitride film deposition with SiH4/NH3
Authors: Deng Xiaodi , Song Yixu , Li JinChun , Pu Yikang
Published: February 2014

We determined the Stillinger-Weber interatomic potential parameters for Si/N/H system based on first principles density functional calculations. This new potential can be used to perform classical molecular dynamics simulation for silicon nitride deposition on Si substrate. During the first principles calculations, cluster models have been carefully and systematically chosen to make sampling of the interatomic potential supersurface more thoroughly. Global optimization method was used to fit the ab initio data into Stillinger-Weber form. We used a recursive method to perform the classical molecular dynamics simulations for silicon nitride (SiN) film growth on Si substrate with SiH4/NH3 gas mixtures. During the simulation, we could clearly observe the silicon nitride film growth progress. In this paper, we present the details of potential derivation and simulation results with different SiH4:NH3 ratios. It is demonstrated that this new potential is suitable to describe the surface reactions of the Si/N/H system and allows us to explore more complex SiN growing process such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
Compensation of orange-peel coupling effect in magnetic tunnel junction free layer via shape engineering for nanomagnet logic applications
Authors: Shah Faisal A. , Sankar Vijay K. , Li Peng , Csaba Gyorgy , Chen Eugene , Bernstein Gary H.
Published: February 2014

We show that by avoiding fringing fields from synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) structures and by engineering the shape of free layers, one can compensate the parasitic bias fields and have an unbiased magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) free layer as an output for nanomagnet logic. Vibrating sample magnetometer measurements are used to investigate the switching behavior of nanoscale free layers of a PtMn/CoFe/Ru/CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB in-plane MTJ structure. The CoFe/Ru/CoFeB SAF structure of the measured MTJ stack is implemented in a shared configuration to eliminate fringing fields. In the absence of fringing fields, we experimentally observe a ferromagnetic “orange-peel” coupling field of 21 Oe between the nanoscale free layers and shared fixed layer. Micromagnetic simulations are performed to optimize the amount of slant on the edge of the free layer that compensates the 21 Oe bias field.
Electrical properties of dispersions of graphene in mineral oil
Authors: Monteiro O. R.
Published: February 2014

Dispersions of graphene in mineral oil have been prepared and electrical conductivity and permittivity have been measured. The direct current (DC) conductivity of the dispersions depends on the surface characteristics of the graphene platelets and followed a percolation model with a percolation threshold ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 wt. %. The difference in DC conductivities can be attributed to different states of aggregation of the graphene platelets and to the inter-particle electron transfer, which is affected by the surface radicals. The frequency-dependent conductivity (σ(ω)) and permittivity (ε(ω)) were also measured. The conductivity of dispersions with particle contents much greater than the percolation threshold remains constant and equal to the DC conductivity at low frequencies ω with and followed a power-law σ(ω)∝ ωs dependence at very high frequencies with s≈0.9. For dispersions with graphene concentration near the percolation threshold, a third regime was displayed at intermediate frequencies indicative of interfacial polarization consistent with Maxwell-Wagner effect typically observed in mixtures of two (or more) phases with very distinct electrical and dielectric properties.
Meyer-Neldel rule for Cu (I) diffusion in In2S3 layers
Authors: Juma Albert , Wafula Henry , Wendler Elke , Dittrich Thomas
Published: February 2014

The nature of barriers for atomic transport in In2S3 layers has been varied by addition of chlorine. Diffusion of Cu(I) from a removable CuSCN source was used to probe the variation of the barriers. The Meyer-Neldel (compensation) rule was observed with a Meyer-Neldel energy (EMN) and a proportionality prefactor (D00) amounting to 40 meV and 5 × 10−14 cm2/s, respectively. D00 shows that the elementary excitation step is independent of the specific mechanism and nature of the barrier including different densities of Cl in In2S3. The value of EMN implies that coupling of the diffusing species to an optical-phonon bath is the source of the multiple excitations supplying the energy to overcome the diffusion barriers.
Combinatorial pulsed laser deposition of doped yttrium iron garnet films on yttrium aluminium garnet
Authors: Sposito A. , Gregory S. A. , de Groot P. A. J. , Eason R. W.
Published: February 2014

We investigate the crystalline growth of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films doped with bismuth (Bi) and cerium (Ce) by combinatorial pulsed laser deposition, co-ablating a YIG target and either a Bi2O3 or a CeO2 target, for applications in microwave and optical communications. Substrate temperature is critical for crystalline growth of YIG with simultaneous inclusion of Bi in the garnet lattice, whereas Ce is not incorporated in the garnet structure, but forms a separate CeO2 phase.
Effect of Ag addition to L1 FePt and L1 FePd films grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Tokuoka Y. , Seto Y. , Kato T. , Iwata S.
Published: February 2014

L10 ordered FePt-Ag (5 nm) and FePd-Ag (5 nm) films were grown on MgO (001) substrate at temperatures of 250–400 °C by using molecular beam epitaxy method, and their crystal and surface structures, perpendicular magnetic anisotropies and Curie temperatures were investigated. In the case of FePt-Ag, Ag addition with the amount of 10–20 at. % was effective to promote L10 ordering and granular growth, resulting in the increase of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and coercivity of the FePt-Ag films. On the other hand, in the case of FePd-Ag, Ag addition changed the surface morphology from island to continuous film associated with the reductions of its coercivity and perpendicular anisotropy. The variations of lattice constants and Curie temperature with Ag addition were significantly different between FePt-Ag and FePd-Ag. For FePd-Ag, the c and a axes lattice spacings and Curie temperature gradually changed with increasing Ag content, while they unchanged for FePt-Ag. These results suggest the possibility of the formation of FePdAg alloy in FePd-Ag, while Ag segregation in FePt-Ag.
Magnetism and transport properties of zigzag graphene nanoribbons/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures
Authors: Ilyasov V. V. , Meshi B. C. , Nguyen V. C. , Ershov I. V. , Nguyen D. C.
Published: February 2014

Results of ab initio study of magnetism and transport properties of charge carriers in zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNR) on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN(0001)) substrate are presented within the density functional theory framework. Peculiarities of the interface band structure and its role in the formation of magnetism and transport properties of the ZGNR/h-BN(0001) heterostructure have been studied using two different density functional approximations. The effect of the substrate and graphene nanoribbons width on the low-energy spectrum of π-electrons, local magnetic moments on atoms of interface, and charge carriers mobility in the ZGNR/h-BN(0001) heterostructures have been established for the first time. The regularity consisting in the charge carrier mobility growth with decrease of dimers number in nanoribbon was also established. It is found that the charge carriers mobility in the N-ZGNR/h-BN(0001) (N—number of carbon (C) dimers) heterostructures is 5% higher than in freestanding ZGNR.
A close-up look at an unusually powerful gamma-ray burst
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: February 2014

Its proximity exposes details that call the standard theory of such celestial outbursts into question.
Bacterial decision making
Authors: Kondev Jané
Published: February 2014

Stochastic fluctuations in the expression of genes allow a cell to exhibit a kind of free will.
A new twist on the Doppler shift
Authors: Padgett Miles
Published: February 2014

Light with orbital angular momentum will undergo a frequency shift when it bounces off a rotating object.
Creativity at the Intersection of art and Religion
Authors: Haynes Deborah J.
Published: February 2014

What does creativity mean in the study of the arts and religious traditions? In discussing this question, the chapter begins with general definitions of creativity and the creative process, then examines in more detail how creativity intersects the arenas of visual art and religion. Using an interpretive model based on categories of creator, object, viewer, and context, examples are drawn from diverse cultures. Issues of diversity and cultural differences in the interpretation of creativity within and outside of religious traditions, as well as the relationship of creative artistic work to contemplative practice, are also addressed.
Architectural Expression and Ways of Being Religious
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: February 2014

This article examines the architectural traditions of the world’s religions, with particular emphasis on synagogues, churches, mosques, and Hindu and Buddhist temples. Using a comparative approach, it first describes common and distinguishing features of religious architecture. It then looks at issues and problems that tend to arise in church design, such as whether to aim for monumentality and splendor or rather for simple and modest design; what sort of symbolism to use in the design and decoration of buildings; in what ways architecture can and should be affected by currents of liturgical reform; whether to allow representational art or restrict ornament to non-representational forms; or how much emphasis to place on principles of harmony and mathematical proportion. Finally, it discusses various approaches used in studying church architecture.
Christianity and Literature
Authors: Wood Ralph C.
Published: February 2014

It is virtually impossible to discern the character of western literature apart from its relation to the various forms of Christian tradition, no matter whether this Christian literary presence is central or tangential, affirmative or hostile. Augustine, Dante, Milton, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Hopkins, Joyce, and Eliot are obvious examples. Roughly considered, two kinds Christian theology have been recently employed in making such theological discernments. The first is represented by Paul Tillich and Karl Rahner. It seeks to discern both smaller and larger intersections between Christianity and secularity, detecting the Sacred even in such non-Christian texts as Faulkner’s Go Down, Moses. The second approach is found in Karl Barth and Hans Urs von Balthasar. Their theologies are often employed in making both a prophetic critique and a sacramental reclamation of the Christian Gospel as it is present or absent in such authors as Flannery O’Connor.
Christianity and Music
Authors: Westermeyer Paul
Published: February 2014

On Sundays around Word and Table and at prayer during the week, Christians in their worship have created music for congregational assemblies and for choirs, spawning artistic “folk” music and “art” music by remarkably able composers, among them anonymous persons, as well as those whose names we know, such as J. S. Bach. Some Christians have objected to music, obliterating it altogether from worship or restricting it, but over the long haul it has blossomed artistically and freely in various styles and forms. This chapter describes positions that have been taken and gives a brief history of the church’s encounter with music, from generative psalms and canticles to the present.
Confucianism and the Arts
Authors: Sommer Deborah
Published: February 2014

In this chapter, the term “Confucian” refers to East Asian beliefs and practices influenced by a corpus of historical, ritual, and philosophical literature compiled by the fourth century BCE in China. “Being religious” includes such phenomena as personal self-cultivation, interpersonal human relations, participation in family rites, governance of the state, and the quest for sagehood. These activities were expressed artistically through the creation of imaged forms, the construction of sacred spaces, and ritual performance.
Indigenous Peoples and Revolutionary Movements in Mesoamerica
Authors: Inclán María , Almeida Paul
Published: February 2014

This chapter analyzes the three largest insurgencies with majority Indigenous participation in Mesoamerica in the twentieth century and the ensuing trajectories of native peoples' movements in these uprisings' aftermath. It reviews the 1932 peasant uprising in El Salvador, the Guatemalan insurgency from the 1970s to the 1990s, and the 1994 Chiapas rebellion in southern Mexico and the subsequent movement it generated. The essay examines why Indigenous peoples engaged at times in radical and revolutionary tactics in collective action efforts to defend their rights, while in the contemporary period we observe less violent and confrontational agendas and strategies. Furthermore, the chapter analyzes political opportunities and various forms of threat (including state repression) so as to understand the divergent framing of Indigenous demands and forms of struggle over time and across cases. The state's actions are a crucial dimension in defining what type of strategies these movements are likely to employ.
Afro-descendants and Indigenous Rights
Authors: Hooker Juliet
Published: February 2014

Indigenous rights are arguably the most successfully institutionalized form of minority rights in international law today. Currently, Indigenous rights provide greater protections (particularly where the control of territory and self-government are concerned) than more general minority rights. This creates clear incentives for historically subordinated minority groups to assert Indigenous status. The proliferation of claims to indigeneity has led to debates about whether the category should be expanded to include some minority groups who now fall outside it or whether a more restricted conception of indigeneity should continue to prevail. Yet what makes Indigenous rights distinct from other kinds of minority rights, from a moral and philosophical perspective? In other words, if Indigenous peoples are entitled to certain protections to which other minority groups are not entitled, how is this disparity justified? The successful institutionalization of Indigenous rights in recent years raises important questions about what constitutes fair treatment for similarly situated minority groups, especially in countries and regions where there have been close historical connections between Indigenous peoples and other historically subordinated groups, as is the case in Latin America. Indigenous rights regimes have been quite successful in the Americas, where the proper way to define indigeneity has generally been viewed as fairly self-evident. Yet the experiences of Afro-descendants in Latin America raise important questions about whether they should be included in conceptions of indigeneity that illustrate the important public policy effects of legal and philosophical definitions of Indigenous rights. For instance, if some Afro-descendants occupy a position similar to the descendants of the region’s original inhabitants (i.e. Amerindians), should they also be included in Latin American conceptions of indigeneity? Is the best solution to devise broad legal categories that encompass both Indigenous people and Afro-descendants with similar characteristics? Or, instead, should narrower conceptions of indigeneity be preserved, while simultaneously finding ways to recognize that some Afro-descendants share similar characteristics with Amerindians and are thus entitled to similar rights? This essay analyzes the vexed relationship between Indigenous rights regimes and other minority rights frameworks through the prism of Latin American state responses to the issue of whether and how to include Afro-descendants in conceptions of indigeneity.
Food Values Beyond Nutrition
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins
Published: February 2014

Cultural anthropologists have devoted considerable attention to multiple non-nutritional meanings and uses of food in diverse cultural worlds. This essay begins with a wide-ranging overview of some ways anthropology has portrayed food’s links to every aspect of human existence. Because this discipline’s prime method, fieldwork, is rooted in proximity and intimacy, sharing food with subjects of study has always been part of ethnographic experience. One major fascination lies in how biological food needs that are shared with all animals become culturally embellished with infinite variations that are evident in diverse aspects of life from cuisine to religious symbolism. The essay shifts focus to one ethnographic location in rural North India to examine three pervasive themes surrounding food in South Asian culture: solidarity, separation, and decline as a pervasive critique of modern tastelessness. Offering initially grounded examples of each theme, the essay moves to broader circles of related meanings in varied practices and narratives. Thus employing a classical interpretive mode in cultural anthropology, this chapter thinks through food values by tacking between far-reaching generalizations and highly localized specificities. In the context of a volume largely and properly focused on food materialities, conflicts, and policies, the chapter aims to evoke less concrete, less quantifiable aspects of comestibles in human cultures that may be nonetheless relevant to understanding interrelated workings of food, politics, and society. In many cultural worlds, moralities of sharing confront circumstances of inequity through acknowledging hunger as bodily knowledge common to all.
Global Movements for Food Justice
Authors: Chappell M. Jahi
Published: February 2014

This article examines La Vía Campesina (LVC), or the International Peasant Farmers' movement. The LVC, founded by farm leaders in 1993, is currently made up of 148 peasant organizations in sixty-nine countries. LVC claims to represent the interests of at least 200 million farmers and has been touted as the largest and one of the most important social movements in the world. The article describes the LVC's fight for normatively defensible values-for a food system reflecting ideals of ethics and justice-and its quest to develop defensible lifespaces for small farmers in terms of socioeconomic, ecological, and political autonomy. It also examines how their aims and tactics align with current scholarship on the issues of sustainability and autonomy.
The Twenty-First Century Agricultural Land Rush
Authors: Thaler Gregory
Published: February 2014

The 2007–2008 global food crisis has been followed by a rapid acceleration in large-scale agricultural land deals, which activists have labeled a “global land grab.” This chapter explores the origins of this twenty-first century agricultural land rush, its geography, and the responses it has engendered. The origins of the land rush are located in interlinked food, financial, and ecological crises that are indicative of fundamental shifts in the global political economy. In response to these crises, land grabbing represents an effort to reconstruct a stable political-economic order, both on the part of investment capital seeking to relaunch accumulation and on the part of political actors and companies seeking to secure stable supplies of food and energy. The geography of the land rush is analyzed through the interrelated variables of land availability, the structural position of a country in the global economy, and a country’s domestic institutional structure. Finally, the main theoretical positions in the debate over land deals are linked to distinct political responses. The real historical significance of the structural changes behind the agricultural land rush suggests that the implications of the land rush will be both durable and systemic.
Cultural Politics of Food Safety
Authors: Sato Kyoko
Published: February 2014

Regulatory approaches and public responses to food made with recombinant DNA technology—genetically modified (GM) food—exhibit striking national differences. The safety concerns regarding GM food have been cautiously addressed and alarmed and repelled many consumers in France and Japan, but they have not garnered the same kind of policy response or public attention in the United States, where GM food has been widely produced and consumed. This chapter examines how such differences developed since the late 1990s, particularly by situating the politicization and institutionalization of food safety in the development of “GM food” as a cultural category in each country. We highlight three important dynamics. First, how food safety became politicized (e.g., the sequences, timing, actors who mobilized the issue) differed widely across cases. Second, other aspects of GM food became intertwined with the politics of food safety. We cannot really understand the latter in isolation from the politicization of such aspects as environmental risks. Third, the meaning of GM food itself in policy and public discourse—its salience and definition—mattered to divergence of national approaches to food safety. A comparison of three cases illustrates how divergent patterns of food safety regulation cannot be reduced to political conflicts, cultural norms, scientific debates, or historical events only. Different configurations of these factors shaped shared understandings of GM food as a category, which, in turn, affected the politics of food safety.
Science, Politics, and the Framing of Modern Agricultural Technologies
Authors: Harriss John , Stewart Drew
Published: February 2014

This article examines the influence of science and politics on the framing of modern agricultural technologies. It discusses the two major developments in agricultural technology in the last halfcentury: the introduction of higher-yielding or “modern” varieties (HYVs/MVs) of major cereals in the 1940s, which gave rise to “Green Revolution”; and the application of genetic engineering in agriculture beginning in the 1980s. It analyzes the arguments for and against the Green Revolution and genetic modification of crops, and highlights the controversies surrounding them. This article suggests that there remains uncertainty about the social and economic impacts of both the Green Revolution and transgenics.
Social Structure, Class, and Gender, 1660–1770
Authors: Rogers Pat
Published: February 2014

This article reviews some of the historic evidence on the evolution of British society, as changes in its structure impacted on the rise of the novel. It considers: (1) Demographic issues, including the size and age composition of the population, factors affecting the mortality rate, the growth in urbanism, and the professions; (2) The economic make-up of society and ways in which the class system operated through the ownership of land and the occupational spread of British people; (3) Issues of gender, as affected by rank, with the limitations and the changing possibilities for women in this era; (4) Writers and readers of the early novel, touching on the growth of literacy, the shifting dynamics of the reading public, the development of the book trade, and the opportunities for professional authors thrown up as patronage declined by new forms of distribution and delivery such as the circulating library.
Travel Literature and the Early Novel
Authors: Wall Cynthia
Published: February 2014

Travel literature emerges in letters, diaries, journals, biographies, travel narratives, country house guides, ship’s logs, poems, plays—and the novel feeds on them all. From London as a source of topographical mystery to be penetrated even by its inhabitants, to the newly tourable country estates; from the recently domesticated wilds of Scotland and Ireland, to the paths of the Grand Tour in Europe; and from the exotic lands across the seas to life on the sea itself, the rhetorics of travel supplied hosts of models for narrative and imagery in the early novel. The novel every bit as much as travel-writing is an exercise in ethnographic observation, sharing an interest in closely observed and analysed detail, in the similarities and differences of other cultures, in the remarkableness of the ordinary and the sometimes surprising familiarity of the unknown, and with journey at the centre of both.
Testing the Market
Authors: Oakleaf David
Published: February 2014

Like their imitators, Eliza Haywood and even Daniel Defoe have been called mercenaries who wrote to formula for low readers with limited intellects. Yet Love in Excess and Robinson Crusoe inaugurated a decade of lively, market-driven narrative experiment aimed at sophisticated gentry readers. When low scandal titillated, it originated in high life. Highly inventive, Jane Barker, Mary Davys, Penelope Aubin, and some authors of the many lives and surprising adventures in the Crusoe manner read their rivals with professional care. They adapted and contested as well as adopted Defoe’s distinctive fictional memoir, Haywood’s equally modern amatory sublime. So did Jonathan Swift when he parodied Robinson Crusoe’s strategies in Gulliver’s Travels, an anonymous narrative that matched its commercial triumph. Swift hastened the vogue’s end, but these novelists’ commercial and literary legacy endures.
The Book Trade, 1770–1832
Authors: Feather John
Published: February 2014

The British book trade evolved into a fully modern industry during this period. Its modernity was signalled by more effective copyright laws, clearer divisions of labour and responsibility, and the emergence of publishing as a distinctive branch of the trade. The period saw a significant increase in the publication of fiction as a purely commercial phenomenon. Publishers, booksellers, the owners of circulating libraries, and authors all benefited from this. New and more standardized formats developed, including the ‘three-decker’ and the one-volume cheap reprint, which were to characterize much of the nineteenth-century fiction industry, and at the same time the old practice of serial publication was revived from the early 1830s onwards in several forms. Fiction publishing was a business—and by the end of the period it was a commercially significant business.
Reviewing the Novel
Authors: Forster Antonia
Published: February 2014

This essay examines the place of fiction in eighteenth-century reviewing and the place of reviewing in eighteenth-century fiction. While reviewers might express scorn for many of the novels they reviewed and for their readers, generally assumed to be female, they also paid substantial attention to fiction. Sales of fiction might be substantially unaffected by reviews, but the reviewers’ comments were still seen as influential. Despite all the insults, complaints, and exaggerations, their judgements helped to solidify the position of fiction in the literary world. They also provide for us now a valuable resource for the history of the novel, including insight into the vagaries of literary reputation.
The Rise and Decline of the Epistolary Novel, 1770–1832
Authors: Ballaster Ros
Published: February 2014

This essay charts the fortunes of a specific genre, the epistolary novel, which delivers plot and character exclusively through letters whether from a single correspondent, a couple, or many. In the shadow of Richardson’s dominance, there are successive attempts to innovate and experiment both of personality (presenting new kinds of voice and main protagonist) and geography (sending letter-writers to parts of the globe ‘new’ to English readers). It opens with the healthy flourishing of letter fiction from 1769 to 1780 and the twin traditions of domestic (Elizabeth Griffith, Frances Burney) and picaresque (Tobias Smollett). The epistolary mode is next experimented with in the 1790s to describe and define both revolutionary turmoil and colonial experience by authors such as Charlotte Smith, Eliza Fenwick, Phoebe Gibbes, and Charlotte Lennox. The early decades of the eighteenth century see the troubled departure from and live burial of epistolary exchange in the novels of Edgeworth, Owenson, and Scott.