bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Home on the range: spatial ecology of loggerhead turtles in Atlantic waters of the USA
Authors: Hawkes Lucy A. , Witt Matthew J. , Broderick Annette C. , Coker John W. , Coyne Michael S. , Dodd Mark , Frick Michael G. , Godfrey Matthew H. , Griffin DuBose B. , Murphy Sally R. , Murphy Thomas M. , Williams Kris L. , Godley Brendan J.
Published: June 2011

Aim  Although satellite tracking has yielded much information regarding the migrations and habitat use of threatened marine species, relatively little has been published about the environmental niche for loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta in north‐west Atlantic waters.

Location  North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, USA.

Methods  We tracked 68 adult female turtles between 1998 and 2008, one of the largest sample sizes to date, for 372.2 ± 210.4 days (mean ± SD).

Results  We identified two strategies: (1) ‘seasonal’ migrations between summer and winter coastal areas (n = 47), although some turtles made oceanic excursions (n = 4) and (2) occupation of more southerly ‘year‐round’ ranges (n = 18). Seasonal turtles occupied summer home ranges of 645.1 km2 (median, n = 42; using α‐hulls) predominantly north of 35 ° latitude and winter home ranges of 339.0 km2 (n = 24) in a relatively small area on the narrow shelf off North Carolina. We tracked some of these turtles through successive summer (n = 8) and winter (n = 3) seasons, showing inter‐annual home range repeatability to within 14.5 km of summer areas and 10.3 km of winter areas. For year‐round turtles, home ranges were 1889.9 km2. Turtles should be tracked for at least 80 days to reliably estimate the home range size in seasonal habitats. The equivalent minimum duration for ‘year‐round’ turtles is more complex to derive. We define an environmental envelope of the distribution of North American loggerhead turtles: warm waters (between 18.2 and 29.2 °C) on the coastal shelf (in depths of 3.0–89.0 m).

Main conclusions  Our findings show that adult female loggerhead turtles show predictable, repeatable home range behaviour and do not generally leave waters of the USA, nor the continental shelf (< 200m depth). These data offer insights for future marine management, particularly if they were combined with those from the other management units in the USA.
Alternative splicing factor or splicing factor‐2 plays a key role in intron retention of the endoglin gene during endothelial senescence
Authors: Blanco Francisco J. , Bernabeu Carmelo
Published: June 2011

Alternative splicing involving intron retention plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression. We previously reported that the alternatively spliced short isoform of endoglin (S‐endoglin) is induced during the aging or senescence of endothelial cells by a mechanism of intron retention. In this work, we demonstrate that the alternative splicing factor or splicing factor‐2 (ASF/SF2) is involved in the synthesis of endoglin. Overexpression of ASF/SF2 in endothelial cells switched the balance between the two endoglin isoforms, favoring the synthesis of S‐endoglin. Using a minigene reporter vector and RNA immunoprecipitation experiments, it was shown that ASF/SF2 interacts with the nucleotide sequence of the endoglin minigene, suggesting the direct involvement of ASF/SF2. Accordingly, the sequence recognized by ASF/SF2 in the endoglin gene was identified inside the retained intron near the consensus branch point. Finally, the ASF/SF2 subcellular localization during endothelial senescence showed a preferential scattered distribution throughout the cytoplasm, where it interferes with the activity of the minor spliceosome, leading to an increased expression of S‐endoglin mRNA. In summary, we report for the first time the molecular mechanisms by which ASF/SF2 regulates the alternative splicing of endoglin in senescent endothelial cells, as well as the involvement of ASF/SF2 in the minor spliceosome.
Programming as Design: The Role of Programming in Interactive Media Curriculum in Art and Design
Authors: Amiri Faramarz
Published: June 2011

The number of university undergraduate courses in the area of interactive media is increasing. Many of these courses are based in the schools of art and design that have traditionally valued and focused on developing the aesthetic and artistic design skills of their students. However, because of the rapid changes in new technology the relation between the technology and design has become complex. This poses new challenges for the educators in this field. The main challenge is defining the role of programming in the curriculum and the relationship between ‘coding’ skills and ‘design’ skills. The article examines different conceptual models of programming and suggests that the concept of programming as artistic and creative practice and ‘programming as design’ would be more suitable for the art and design curriculum.
Curiositas and Studiositas: Investigating Student Curiosity and the Design Studio
Authors: Smith Korydon
Published: June 2011

Curiosity is often considered the foundation of learning. There is, however, little understanding of how (or if) pedagogy in higher education affects student curiosity, especially in the studio setting of architecture, interior design and landscape architecture. This article provides a brief cultural history of curiosity and its role in the design studio. The study also used quantitative and qualitative research methods to investigate curiosity among design students. Findings showed no significant relationship between curiosity and academic achievement, no significant difference in curiosity levels between female and male design students, and no significant difference in curiosity levels across various year levels or age groups. Results also revealed that the studio environment played a minor role in the origin and influence of student interests; student curiosities were affected more by travel, internships, family and non‐studio courses.
Ecological Mural as Community Reconnection
Authors: Kang Song Young Imm , Gammel Jo Ann
Published: June 2011

Murals are particularly visually captivating forms of public art due to their size and accessibility. Mural images also capture public attention and provoke viewers to explore layers of meaning and find hidden stories. They are often in places that people come to visit, study, play, congregate and discuss matters that may relate to the content of the mural. To this end, murals can be effective tools for helping communities think about their environmental issues. This article discusses the Mystic River mural project in Somerville, Massachusetts, USA. It addresses how the local art councils, mural artists, local students, community members and non‐profit organisations collaborated to carry out this ongoing mural project. The purpose of this research is to examine how Mystic River eco‐murals were created, what challenges and benefits the eco‐murals provided, how local social concerns were represented through the eco‐murals, how eco‐murals can continue to promote environmental awareness and inspire youth about their community and the local environment, and how the mural can continue to reflect or affect the meaning of the place. This process can serve as an example for other communities that seek to address their environmental concerns through public art.
Intercultural Identities: Addressing the Global Dimension through Art Education
Authors: Bianchi June
Published: June 2011

Recent educational policy and practice have established an extended role for all subjects in addressing children and young peoples' academic and interpersonal development, with strategies facilitating key skills and wider learning across areas of Citizenship and Personal, Social and Health education providing an integrated approach to education and welfare. The significance of global development education within a holistic curriculum acknowledges the increased awareness of the interconnected nature of our relationship with each other and with the planet we share as world citizens. The arts have a strong track‐record in addressing such key issues – challenging hierarchical paradigms which reinforce prejudice and stereotyping, the arts encourage reflexive processes and critical engagement with diversity and pluralist perspectives. This article investigates curricular approaches to the global dimension within education in relation to theoretical perspectives and policies, presenting an intercultural art case study as a model of practice in engaging diverse participants in reflection on their own and others' experiences across a range of socio‐cultural contexts. Current political shifts reaffirming the centrality of the discrete disciplines over cross‐curricular practice could potentially undermine a more holistic approach to education. The article argues that policy and practice, implemented in response to changing political and philosophical ideology, must nevertheless maintain a commitment to fostering interdisciplinary values of cultural awareness. Such practice must form part of an inclusive internationalist educational vision, impacting on social cohesion.
Transformative Partnerships: Designing School‐Based Visual Arts Outreach Programmes
Authors: Eckhoff Angela
Published: June 2011

Partnerships between informal learning environments and schools have been cited as an innovative, effective way for museums, galleries and schools to work together to enrich classroom curricula, support student success, and facilitate the utilisation of available community museum and cultural resources. This article reports on findings from a multi‐year, exploratory arts outreach programme for 31 elementary and secondary visual art educators from a rural school district in the American South. The outreach programme was conceived in partnership with faculty from the neighbouring university's art department, school of education and university art gallery. Utilising a partnership framework, the travelling exhibit was developed through a collaborative research relationship with the participating visual art educators. Findings from this programme indicate that travelling exhibits can be an effective mode of programme delivery for informal learning environments while also supporting the content needs for classroom arts educators if the programme stresses transformative partnerships across all invested parties.
Depression and Functional Recovery After a Disabling Hospitalization in Older Persons
Authors: Barry Lisa C. , Murphy Terrence E. , Gill Thomas M.
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between depression and functional recovery in community‐living older persons who had a decline in function after an acute hospital admission.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.

SETTING: General community in greater New Haven, Connecticut, from March 1998 to December 2008.

PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred fifty‐four persons aged 70 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: Hospitalization and disability in essential activities of daily living (ADLs) and mobility were assessed each month for up to 129 months, and depressive symptoms were assessed every 18 months using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D). Functional recovery was defined as returning to the community within 6 months at or above the prehospital level of ADL function and mobility.

RESULTS: A decline in ADL function and mobility was observed after 42% and 41% of the hospitalizations, respectively. After controlling for several potential confounders, clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES‐D score ≥20) was associated with a lower likelihood of recovering mobility function (hazard ratio (HR)=0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.63–0.98) but not ADL function (HR=0.91, 95% CI=0.75–1.10) within 6 months of hospitalization.

CONCLUSION: After a disabling hospitalization, community‐living older persons with preexisting depression may be less likely to recover their prehospitalization level of mobility function but not ADL function, although the reasons remain to be elucidated.
Evaluation of Stress Distribution in Overdenture‐Retaining Bar with Different Levels of Vertical Misfit
Authors: Spazzin Aloísio O. , Abreu Ricardo T. , Noritomi Pedro Y. , Consani Rafael Leonardo X. , Mesquita Marcelo F.
Published: June 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of different levels of vertical misfit between implant and bar framework on distribution of static stresses in an overdenture‐retaining bar system using finite element analysis.

Material and Methods: A 3D finite element model (11,718 elements and 21,625 nodes) was created and included two titanium implants and a bar framework placed in the medial region of the anterior part of a severely reabsorbed‐jaw. All materials were presumed to be linear elastic, homogenous, and isotropic. Mechanical simulation software (NEiNastran 9.0) was used, where displacements were applied on the end of the bar framework to simulate the closure of the vertical misfits (5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μm) after tightening of the screws. Data were qualitatively evaluated using Von Mises stress given by the software.

Results: The models showed stress concentration in cortical bone, corresponding to the cervical part of the implant, and in cancellous bone, corresponding to the apical part of the implant; however, in these regions few changes were observed in stress to the misfits studied. While in the bar framework, retaining‐screw neck, and implant platform, a considerable stress increase proportional to the misfit amplification was observed.

Conclusions: The different levels of vertical misfit did not considerably influence the static stress levels in the peri‐implant bone tissue; however, the mechanical components of the overdenture‐retaining bar system are more sensitive to lack of passive fit.
Same‐Sex Marriage: The Social and Psychological Implications of Policy and Debates
Authors: Fingerhut Adam W. , Riggle Ellen D. B. , Rostosky Sharon Scales
Published: June 2011

The political debates and policies related to the civil marriage rights of same‐sex couples have psychological and social impacts on lesbian, gay, bisexual individuals and same‐sex couples and also on their families, friends, and communities. The overarching goal of this issue was to significantly advance the previous sparse literature on these impacts. The result is an international, interdisciplinary, methodologically, and theoretically diverse collection of original empirical research articles that collectively address three broad questions: (1) What are the social and psychological effects of marriage amendment campaigns and policies? (2) How does civil marriage compare to other statuses for same‐sex couples or marriage in other countries? (3) How do anti‐gay initiatives affect heterosexual allies and intergroup relationships? Across the diverse approaches and populations that comprise this volume, findings converge in demonstrating that the denial of civil marriage rights is a significant public health issue with important policy implications.
California's Ban on Same‐Sex Marriage: The Campaign and its Effects on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Individuals
Authors: Maisel Natalya C. , Fingerhut Adam W.
Published: June 2011

When an anti‐gay initiative is on the ballot, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals must contend not only with the tangible consequences if the initiative passes (e.g., a lack of rights) but also with the stress of the campaign itself. The current research examined the consequences of the campaign associated with California's Proposition 8 on LGB individuals’ well‐being and personal relationships. LGB participants (N= 354) completed a survey in the 5 days before the 2008 election. In both quantitative results and open‐ended responses, participants revealed much personal ambivalence. Participants reported experiencing both negative and positive emotions (e.g., anger, pride) and were particularly ambivalent regarding the effect of Proposition 8 on relationships with friends, family, coworkers, and their intimate partner. The campaign created opportunities for support but also opportunities for stigmatization and conflict. These results demonstrate the powerful effects that campaigns themselves, and not just outcomes, have on targeted individuals.
Similarities and Differences in the Pursuit of Intimacy among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Individuals: A Personal Projects Analysis
Authors: Frost David M.
Published: June 2011

Negative attitudes and discriminatory policies pertaining to same‐sex relationships create social and structural inequalities, privileging heterosexuals’ abilities to achieve intimacy while impeding the intimacy‐related pursuits of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. This study examined the pursuit of intimacy in the form of intimacy‐related personal projects among a sample of 431 LGB and heterosexual individuals. LGBs and heterosexuals did not differ in how meaningful they rated their intimacy projects. LGBs perceived more devaluation and barriers to achieving their intimacy projects than heterosexuals. These differences were more pronounced at the macrosocial level (e.g., laws and policies). No significant sexual orientation differences were observed regarding participants’ job‐related projects, highlighting the domain specificity of project devaluation and barriers. Results suggest that the pursuit of intimacy is highly meaningful for both LGBs and heterosexuals. Nonetheless, LGBs experience minority stressors specific to their relational pursuits from both interpersonal and macrosocial sources, including discriminatory laws and policies.
Social Inclusion and the Value of Marriage Equality in Massachusetts and the Netherlands
Authors: Badgett M. V. Lee
Published: June 2011

Much of the debate about marriage rights for same‐sex couples has focused on material and legal benefits. However, some of the primary benefits of marriage equality for same‐sex couples and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people might be psychological. The two studies presented draw on qualitative data from 19 same‐sex couples in the Netherlands and 556 people married to same‐sex partners in Massachusetts (United States). The right to marry and exercising the right to marry were associated with greater feelings of social inclusion among people in same‐sex couples. The Massachusetts data find that White, male, high‐income respondents reported greater feelings of inclusion than other groups. Individuals with more accepting families and people with more wedding guests reported more feelings of social inclusion. On a policy level, the social inclusion effect suggests marriage may have significant psychological benefits for same‐sex couples.
Are Same‐Sex Marriages UnAfrican? Same‐Sex Relationships and Belonging in Post‐Apartheid South Africa
Authors: van Zyl Mikki
Published: June 2011

In 1996 South Africa was the first country in the world to safeguard sexual orientation as a human right in its Constitution. Homonegativity is pervasive in Africa, including South Africa, with claims that, “homosexuality is unAfrican.” In interviews with 20 self‐identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, intersex, and queer people living in South Africa, the participants spoke about how their identities were shaped by history, place, race, gender, and culture. Though they all recognized marriage as a powerful instrument in asserting their rights, it did not take the place of subjective commitment. Four out of 11 couples were married, whereas the rest were in various stages of either contemplating or rejecting marriage. I used the concept of “belonging” to analyze the underlying social values attached to marriage that position couples differently as citizens. A key issue concerned the tensions between values of “Whiteness,” Ubuntu, and the role of kinship in belonging in post‐apartheid South Africa.
Impact of Marriage Restriction Amendments on Family Members of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals: A Mixed‐Method Approach
Authors: Horne Sharon G. , Rostosky Sharon Scales , Riggle Ellen D. B.
Published: June 2011

This study explored the experiences of family members of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals (N= 198) following the 2006 November election in the United States. Family members in states that passed a constitutional amendment to restrict marriage recognition (PASS) reported greater exposure to negative media messages about LGB individuals and greater negative affect related to the amendments than family members living in non‐PASS states. Family members in PASS states reported similar exposure to negative media and affect but less stress than LGB PASS individuals (N= 361). Analysis of responses to an open‐ended question about feelings about marriage amendments revealed 6 themes, including concern for the safety and well‐being of LGB family members and negative impact on family. Overall, findings suggest that family members may experience increased concern for LGB family members during policy initiatives aimed at LGB individuals. Social justice implications for family members are discussed.
Motives of Heterosexual Allies in Collective Action for Equality
Authors: Russell Glenda M.
Published: June 2011

The literature on collective action in support of equality without regard to sexual orientation or gender identity has emphasized the role of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activists. Relatively little attention has been given to the role of members of the advantaged group, heterosexual allies who work for equality. This study presents data from an ongoing study of 127 allies who have been visibly active in these efforts in the United States. The findings suggest two major sets of ally motives: those rooted in fundamental principles (justice, civil rights, patriotism, religious beliefs, moral principles, and using privilege to positive ends) and those based on personal experiences or roles (professional roles, family relationships, valuing marriage, achieving closure on personal experiences, transforming guilt, and anger). The findings suggest that the concept of opinion‐based groups holds promise for conceptualizing and mobilizing LGBT–ally collective action.
Anti‐Equality Marriage Amendments and Sexual Stigma
Authors: Herek Gregory M.
Published: June 2011

This article summarizes a stigma‐based analysis of anti‐equality marriage laws and campaigns. Three major themes are discussed. First, being denied the legal right to marry because of one's sexual orientation is an instance of stigma. Second, being the target of stigma is stressful, and the political campaigns surrounding anti‐equality marriage amendments are a source of heightened stress for lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Third, structural and individual manifestations of sexual stigma are interrelated; the initial enactment and continuing existence of anti‐equality marriage laws depend on the opinions and actions of the voting public. Social psychological knowledge can be useful for understanding heterosexuals’ attitudes toward those laws. Building on findings from studies of prejudice and intergroup contact, suggestions are offered for future research on how individuals influence the opinions of their family and friends about marriage equality.
When Does Negativity Demobilize? Tracing the Conditional Effect of Negative Campaigning on Voter Turnout
Authors: Krupnikov Yanna
Published: June 2011

Do negative campaign advertisements affect voter turnout? Existing literature on this topic has produced conflicting empirical results. Some scholars show that negativity is demobilizing. Others show that negativity is mobilizing. Still others show that negativity has no effect on turnout. Relying on the psychology of decision making, this research argues and shows that this empirical stalemate is due to the fact that existing work ignores a crucial factor: the timing of exposure to negativity. Two independent empirical tests trace the conditional effect of negativity. The first test relies on data from the 2004 presidential campaign. The second test considers the effect of negativity over a broader period of time by considering elections 1976 to 2000. Taken together, both tests reinforce that negativity can only demobilize when two conditions are met: (1) a person is exposed to negativity after selecting a preferred candidate and (2) the negativity is about this selected candidate.
The Influence of Foreign Voices on U.S. Public Opinion
Authors: Hayes Danny , Guardino Matt
Published: June 2011

Public opinion in the lead‐up to the 2003 Iraq War presents a puzzle. Despite the fact that domestic political elites publicly voiced little opposition to the invasion, large numbers of Americans remained opposed to military action throughout the pre‐war period, in contrast to the predictions of existing theory. We argue that some rank‐and‐file Democrats and independents expressed opposition because of the widely reported antiwar positions staked out by foreign, not domestic, elites. Merging a large‐scale content analysis of news coverage with public opinion surveys from August 2002 through March 2003, we show that Democrats and independents—especially those with high levels of political awareness—responded to dissenting arguments articulated in the mass media by foreign officials. Our results, which constitute the first empirical demonstration of foreign elite communication effects on U.S. public opinion, show that scholars must account for the role played by non‐U.S. officials in prominent foreign policy debates.
Management of Symptomatic Inadvertently Placed Endocardial Leads in the Left Ventricle
Authors: RODRIGUEZ YASSER , BALTODANO PABLO , TOWER ALBREE , MARTINEZ CLAUDIA , CARRILLO ROGER
Published: June 2011

Background:

There are limited data regarding the clinical care of inadvertently placed endocardial leads in the left ventricle (LV). We clarified the appropriate management within the context of our experience and published literature.

Methods:

Hospital charts dating from October 2008 to December 2010 were reviewed at a high‐volume cardiovascular tertiary referral center. Six patients were identified with inadvertently placed leads in the LV through an atrial septal defect.

Results:

Six patients (four males, two females) underwent LV lead removal, four through open surgical intervention and two percutaneously. Three (50%) patients presented with severe mitral regurgitation; one (16%) with a thromboembolic transient ischemic attack and two (33%) were asymptomatic. The mean age was 68.5 ± 8.48 years (55–78). Mean ejection fraction was 38.47 ± 11.1% (25%–50%). Four patients (66%) had a pacemaker and two (33%) had implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Comorbidities consisted of diabetes mellitus (50%), chronic renal failure (16%), severe chronic pulmonary hypertension (16%), and congestive heart failure (33%). Hypertension and coronary arterial disease were present in all patients. All patients had complete extraction or repositioning without intraoperative complications or mortality within 30 days. At 6‐month follow‐up, the patient with severe pulmonary hypertension died of pneumonia and the other five were alive and well.

Conclusion:

The avoidance and early recognition of inadvertently placed endocardial leads in the LV is imperative in order to avoid potentially serious sequelae and invasive interventions. Treatment usually consists of surgical extraction, although anticoagulation and percutaneous simple traction techniques are an option in certain scenarios. (PACE 2011; 34:1192–1200)
A 2:1 AV Rhythm: An Adverse Effect of a Long AV Delay during DDI Pacing and Its Prevention by the Ventricular Intrinsic Preference Algorithm in DDD Mode
Authors: MINAMIGUCHI HITOSHI , OGINOSAWA YASUSHI , KOHNO RITSUKO , TAMURA MASAHITO , TAKEUCHI MASAAKI , OTSUJI YUTAKA , ABE HARUHIKO
Published: June 2011

A 91‐year‐old woman received a dual‐chamber pacemaker for sick sinus syndrome and intermittently abnormal atrioventricular (AV) conduction. The pacemaker was set in DDI mode with a 350‐ms AV delay to preserve intrinsic ventricular activity. She complained of palpitation during AV sequential pacing. The electrocardiogram showed a 2:1 AV rhythm from 1:1 ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction during ventricular pacing in DDI mode with a long AV interval. After reprogramming of the pacemaker in DDD mode with a 250‐ms AV interval and additional 100‐ms prolongation of the AV interval by the ventricular intrinsic preference function, VA conduction disappeared and the patient's symptom were alleviated without increasing unnecessary right ventricular pacing. (PACE 2011;1–4)
Failure of the Active‐Fixation Mechanism during Removal of Active‐Fixation Pacing Leads
Authors: CANO OSCAR , OSCA JOAQUÍN , SANCHO‐TELLO MARÍA‐JOSÉ , OLAGÜE JOSÉ , CASTRO JOSÉ E. , SALVADOR ANTONIO
Published: June 2011

Background:
 Active‐fixation pacing leads are being widely employed due to their theoretical advantages when compared with traditional passive‐fixation leads: easy fixation and reposition, possible deployment in alternative pacing sites, lower rates of dislodgment, and chronic removability. However, the behavior of the active‐fixation mechanism during lead removal has not been yet systematically studied and may have important clinical implications.

Objective:
 To evaluate if the active‐fixation mechanism was still working properly in pacing leads that were removed due to different causes.

Methods:
 Thirty‐one consecutive patients undergoing active‐fixation lead removal (40 leads) were studied. Before lead removal, the helix was retracted using the appropriate tool, and fluoroscopy signs were evaluated. After removal, the helix status was examined, and the active‐fixation mechanism was once again retested when possible.

Results:
 In nine of 40 leads (22.5%), the helix remained extended after lead removal in spite of having applied the number of rotations recommended by the manufacturer with the clip‐on tool. There was no linear relationship between lead longevity and the presence of an extended helix after lead removal. However, failure of the active‐fixation mechanism was more frequent among leads implanted <1 year before versus >1 year before (OR 6.8, 95% CI 1.1–42.7, P = 0.043). In 38% of patients with failure of the active‐fixation mechanism, a previous lead reposition had been attempted before lead removal due to significant pacing threshold rise.

Conclusions:
 In our series, the active‐fixation mechanism failed in up to 22.5% of explanted leads. This may have important clinical implications during active‐fixation lead removal and reposition. 2011; 34:1217–1224)
A Bayesian Model for Estimating Population Means Using a Link‐Tracing Sampling Design
Authors: St. Clair Katherine , O'Connell Daniel
Published: June 2011

Summary Link‐tracing sampling designs can be used to study human populations that contain “hidden” groups who tend to be linked together by a common social trait. These links can be used to increase the sampling intensity of a hidden domain by tracing links from individuals selected in an initial wave of sampling to additional domain members. Chow and Thompson (2003, Survey Methodology 29, 197–205) derived a Bayesian model to estimate the size or proportion of individuals in the hidden population for certain link‐tracing designs. We propose an addition to their model that will allow for the modeling of a quantitative response. We assess properties of our model using a constructed population and a real population of at‐risk individuals, both of which contain two domains of hidden and nonhidden individuals. Our results show that our model can produce good point and interval estimates of the population mean and domain means when our population assumptions are satisfied.
Meta‐analysis for Surrogacy: Accelerated Failure Time Models and Semicompeting Risks Modeling
Authors: Ghosh Debashis , Taylor Jeremy M. G. , Sargent Daniel J.
Published: June 2011

Summary There has been great recent interest in the medical and statistical literature in the assessment and validation of surrogate endpoints as proxies for clinical endpoints in medical studies. More recently, authors have focused on using metaanalytical methods for quantification of surrogacy. In this article, we extend existing procedures for analysis based on the accelerated failure time model to this setting. An advantage of this approach relative to proportional hazards model is that it allows for analysis in the semicompeting risks setting, where we model the region where the surrogate endpoint occurs before the true endpoint. Several estimation methods and attendant inferential procedures are presented. In addition, between‐ and within‐trial methods for evaluating surrogacy are developed; a novel principal components procedure is developed for quantifying trial‐level surrogacy. The methods are illustrated by application to data from several studies in colorectal cancer.
Solvo‐Thermal Synthesis and Characterization of Indium Selenide Nanocrystals
Authors: Hsiang Hsing‐I , Lu Li‐Hsin , Chang Yu‐Lun , Ray Dahtong , Yen Fu‐Su
Published: June 2011

Zinc‐blende‐type cubic InSe and β‐In2Se3 crystallites were synthesized using the solvo‐thermal method in this study. The crystalline structure, electronic and optical characterization of indium selenide particles were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), UV–visible absorbance spectra. It was observed that the dominant crystalline structure of samples synthesized at 180°C for 1.5–48 h is zinc‐blende‐type cubic InSe phase with lattice parameter of about 0.573 nm. As the reaction temperature was raised to 200°C, the zinc‐blende‐type cubic InSe phase diminished and the β‐In2Se3 phase was produced. The zinc‐blende‐type cubic InSe phase band gap is about 1.68 eV. These synthesized compounds provide promising candidates for solar cell applications.
In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study on the Phase Transitionsin Lead‐Free (1−x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–xBaTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Ma C. , Tan X.
Published: June 2011

The phase transitions in unpoled lead‐free (1−x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–xBaTiO3 (x = 0.06 and 0.11) ceramics are investigated using hot‐stage transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that large ferroelectric domains in both ceramics start to disappear around Td, the depolarization temperature. After the transition, both compositions exhibit the P4bm tetragonal symmetry in the form of nanodomains. The structural transition observed by the in situ TEM experiments seems to be gradual and occurs within a temperature range of several tens of degrees, in contrast to the sharp anomaly at Td revealed by the dielectric characterization. With further increasing temperature, no structural change was observed for both compositions across TRE, where the dielectric frequency dispersion vanishes, and Tm, where the dielectric permittivity reaches maximum. The tetragonal‐to‐cubic transition is diffuse and takes place in a broad temperature window well above both TRE and Tm. These results of structural phase transitions are summarized in a phase diagram with its composition range covering the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB).
1 Residential Burial in Global Perspective
Authors: Adams Ron L. , King Stacie M.
Published: June 2011

While the study and interpretation of mortuary practices have long been important parts of archaeological analyses, rarely has residential burial – the practice of burying the deceased in and around houses – been a specific focus of investigation. Here, we examine some of the global contexts in which residential burial has occurred and discuss the different ways that archaeologists have interpreted residential burial. Though practices vary in time, place, and context, the presence of burials in residential settings compels archaeologists to carefully consider the relationship between the living and the dead and to explore the importance of social memory, social reproduction, relations of power, mortuary ritual, and social landscapes.
2 The Social Life of Tombs in West Sumba, Indonesia
Authors: Adams Ron L. , Kusumawati Ayu
Published: June 2011

Ethnoarchaeological examination of the contemporary practice of erecting stone tombs within residential compounds in West Sumba, Indonesia provides important insights into active social processes that can be associated with residential burials. Residential tombs in West Sumba reach megalithic proportions and convey not only links to past ancestors but also social dynamics associated with power negotiation, achievement, and the continuity of living groups. This study of residential burial and tomb‐building in West Sumba reveals actively changing and multifaceted social meanings linked to tombs as well as commonalities shared by both residential and monumental burials with intriguing implications for prehistoric mortuary practices.
Clinical and structural features and possible pathogenic mechanisms of dental fluorosis
Authors: FEJERSKOV O. , THYLSTRUP A. , LARSEN M. JOOST
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— The aim of the present review has been to give a survey of our present knowledge concerning dental fluorosis and to discuss possible pathogenic mechanisms of this disease. Based on a discussion of the principles behind the Community Index of dental fluorosis it is stressed that absence of harmful community effects should not be confused with a complete absence of fluoride‐induced biological changes. The index values apply to communities and they do not equivalate individual diagnosis. Structurally, an increase in fluoride intake results in an increase in degree and extent of porosity of the enamel. Further, dentin changes may be observed. It is stressed that the clinical and structural features should be kept in mind when possible pathogenic mechanisms of dental fluorosis are discussed. It is obvious that the enamel changes described may not necessarily be a result of a fluoride damage of secretory ameloblast as commonly assumed. Thus, structural changes similar to those of enamel fluorosis may result from an impairment of the process of enamel maturation. This can either be due to a fluoride‐induced change in composition or rheologic features of enamel matrix, or be a result of a disturbance of the cellular processes during enamel maturation. In addition, it is suggested that fluoride may act directly on the poorly understood processes of mineralization in vivo. Finally, results indicate that fluoride interferes with calcium homeostasis, and it cannot be entirely excluded that dental fluorosis may be a result of a more generalized effect of fluoride. It is concluded that much more basic research on fluoride metabolism and formation of mineralized tissues is needed to better understand the effect of fluoride on dental hard tissues.
Microstructure of inner surfaces on composite restorations related to filling procedure
Authors: QVIST VIBEKE , QVIST JÖRGEN , JOHANNESSEN LAILA
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— The inner surfaces of 40 Concise® restorations placed in vivo on permanent molars have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. Only grinding traces could be seen on fillings from cavities which had not been etched, while the morphologic structure of the enamel and dentin was reflected on fillings from acid‐etched cavities. Application of low‐viscous non‐composite resin in the cavities before filling with the composite resin did not influence the enamel pattern on the fillings, while the amount of processes of resin corresponding to the dentinal tubules in etched cavities was significantly increased. In the discussion the difference in surface structure of the fillings is correlated to marginal leakage along similar restorations.
Pulp reactions to silicate cement in teeth with healing pulpitis
Authors: SKOGEDAL OLE , MJÖR IVAR A.
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— Unlined silicate restorations were placed in intact and experimentally altered monkey teeth. Pulpitis had been induced experimentally by sealing soft carious human dentin in Class V cavities with amalgam for 7 d. These fillings were then removed and healing allowed by inserting zinc oxide/eugenol cement. A protective effect of the secondary dentin in teeth with healing pulpitis could be demonstrated in short‐term experiments. After a 1‐month observation period no difference in response to silicate cement could be found between intact and experimentally altered pulps, both groups exhibiting no or slight pulp reactions and secondary dentin formations.
Agreement between clinical and histologic findings in chronic coronal pulpitis in primary teeth
Authors: SCHRÖDER ULLA
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— Pulpotomy, a common endodontic procedure in primary teeth, is usually performed because of carious exposure of the pulp, which means that at least a part of the pulp is chronically inflamed. A favorable outcome of pulpotomy combined with the use of calcium hydroxide presupposes that the root pulp is healthy. No wound dressing is known to induce healing of chronically inflamed pulp tissue. 37 primary teeth with no clinical or radiographic symptoms of total chronic pulpitis were extracted and the pulp was studied histologically by light microscopy. The histologic diagnosis of a healthy root pulp was based on absence of any infiltration of mononuclear lymphocytes. Agreement between the clinical and histologic diagnosis was found in 30 out of 37 teeth.
Long‐term prognosis of traumatized permanent anterior teeth showing calcifying processes in the pulp cavity
Authors: JACOBSEN INGEBORG , KEREKES KASMER
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— 122 traumatized teeth with radiographic evidence of abnormal hard tissue formation in the pulp cavity were examined 10–23 years (mean 16 years) after the time of injury. Judged radiographically, partial obliteration (pulp chamber not discernible, root canal markedly narrowed but clearly visible) had occurred in 44 teeth (36%). Normal periradicular conditions were found in all teeth with partial obliteration. Seventy‐eight teeth (64%) were recorded as totally obliterated. Pathologic periradicular changes indicating pulp necrosis as a sequel to the total obliteration were observed in 16 teeth (21%). The late development of pulp necrosis was significantly related to teeth classified as severely injured, and to teeth with complete root formation at the time of injury. Furthermore, a comparatively rapid progress of the calcifying process appeared to be correlated with periradicular radiolucency.
Bacteria in experimentally infected cavity preparations
Authors: MJÖR IVAR A.
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— The presence of bacteria on cavity walls was assessed histologically following experimental infection by inserting soft carious human dentin or guttapercha temporary fillings in 40 monkey teeth. Eighty‐five infected cavities which had been restored using zinc oxide‐eugenol cement (34 teeth), Ca(OH)2 (39 teeth) or amalgam (12 teeth) were also evaluated. Bacteria could regularly be demonstrated in cavities where soft carious human dentin had remained in the cavities for 82 d, but not, or only very rarely, in any of the other series. It was concluded that vital dentin has considerable resistance against infection and that cavity sterilization appears to be of questionable value.
Characteristics of patients with orofacial granulomatosis
Authors: McCartan BE , Healy CM , McCreary CE , Flint SR , Rogers S , Toner ME
Published: June 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 696–704

Objectives:  Orofacial granulomatosis has mostly been described in reports of very small numbers of cases. Few large case groups have been described. The aim of this study was to describe the demographics, symptoms, clinical features and laboratory findings in a large cohort of cases.

Subjects and Methods:  Clinical and laboratory data for 119 cases of orofacial granulomatosis who attended oral medicine clinics in Dublin, Ireland, were examined for demographic characteristics at the time of first presentation. The male/female ratio was approximately 1:1, with a median age (and range) of 28 (5–84) years.

Results:  Symptoms had been present for a median duration of 12 weeks. A food association was suspected by 30% of patients. The predominant complaint was lip swelling (77%) with only 15% reporting facial swelling, while 8% complained of both. Almost all patients had clinical evidence of lip or facial swelling (95%). Other common extra‐oral manifestations were lip fissuring (30%), angular cheilitis (28%) and perioral erythema (28%). Common intra‐oral manifestations were cobblestoning of the buccal mucosa (63%), ulcers (36%), granulomatous gingivitis (33%), mucosal tags (29%) and fissured tongue (17%). Over half of the biopsies (56%) performed were reported as typical of orofacial granulomatosis.

Conclusion:  This is one of the largest cohorts of orofacial granulomatosis patients to have been described in detail.
Diagnosis and management planning for root‐filled teeth with persisting or new apical pathosis
Authors: ABBOTT PAUL V.
Published: June 2011

Teeth may require further management following root canal treatment because of persisting or new apical pathosis. Management must be based on the diagnosis of the presenting condition and the history of the previous treatment, particularly in relation to when it was completed. Most root‐filled teeth with periapical pathosis should be re‐treated in the first instance via a conventional orthograde approach since most disease is related to an infected root canal system. However, this approach to treatment should only be followed if the tooth is suitable for further restoration and when the restoration has a good long‐term prognosis. Assessment of whether a tooth is suitable for treatment may not be possible until after restorations, caries, and cracks have been removed so that the remaining tooth structure can be visualized and assessed. Periapical surgery should be reserved for teeth with persistent symptoms and/or apical radiolucency following root canal re‐treatment and where the differential diagnosis suggests an ongoing periapical condition such as a true cyst, extra‐radicular infection, or foreign body reaction which cannot be addressed via an orthograde approach. If a tooth has to be extracted, it can be replaced with one of several forms of prostheses; implant‐supported prostheses are gaining popularity and have a proven track record, especially for single tooth replacements. The use of implants should be restricted to cases where teeth are already missing or where a tooth cannot be retained because it is not suitable for further restoration due to insufficient tooth structure.
Monitoring the outcomes of root canal re‐treatments
Authors: SATHORN CHANKHRIT , PARASHOS PETER
Published: June 2011

This paper provides a review of clinical protocols and emphasizes the importance of follow‐up for re‐treated teeth. A clinically useful strategy is presented for review of non‐surgical and surgical re‐treatments based on best available current evidence.
Removal of root filling materials
Authors: DUNCAN HENRY FERGUS , CHONG BUN SAN
Published: June 2011

Safe, successful and effective removal of root filling materials is an integral component of non‐surgical root canal re‐treatment. Access to the root canal system must be achieved in order to negotiate to the canal terminus so that deficiencies in the original treatment can be rectified. Since a range of materials have been advocated for filling root canals, different techniques are required for their removal. The management of commonly encountered root filling materials during non‐surgical re‐treatment, including the clinical procedures necessary for removal and the associated risks, are reviewed. As gutta‐percha is the most widely used and accepted root filling material, there is a greater emphasis on its removal in this review.
Urban Food Security: Feeding Tomorrow's Cities
Authors: Teng Paul , Escaler Margarita , Caballero-Anthony Mely
Published: June 2011

Urban food riots have already destabilised governments. Can the world's cities be fed? Paul Teng, Margarita Escaler and Mely Caballero-Anthony say that city-dwellers may have to grow more of their own food.
Can New Stadiums Revitalise Urban Neighbourhoods?
Authors: Coates Dennis , Humphreys Brad
Published: June 2011

New sports stadiums and arenas bring renewal and prosperity. So at least Londoners have been promised as construction for the 2012 Olympics transforms their neighbourhoods. Are there grounds for the promises? Dennis Coates and Brad Humphreys look at the evidence from North America and find many unjustified claims.