bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

we know to tell many lies that sound like truth,

but we know to sing reality, when we will.

Hesiod, Theogony 27–28 (trans. M. L. West)

Human cooperation and development are underwritten by a practice of information sharing. Given our limited lifespan and point of view, we are dependent on information acquired from others. Our limitations concern both the world and the minds of others. No one can investigate every corner of the universe, or even of their own neighborhood, and we cannot always tell what someone is thinking just by looking at their face. We depend on others to share information with us both about the world and their thoughts. By far, most of the information we acquire from others we acquire from testimony. Language is our best tool for sharing information. This system of using language to overcome our cognitive limitations relies fundamentally on sincerity. In the most ordinary case ...
Hidden God
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: August 2018

This introductory chapter provides an informal characterization of the phenomena of divine hiddenness, briefly contextualizes the contemporary philosophical discussion of that phenomenon, and lays out in some detail what will happen in subsequent chapters of the book.
God and the Attributes
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: August 2018

This chapter argues that the attribute of divine transcendence ought to figure more centrally in our theorizing about divine hiddenness. After highlighting some of the core ideas underlying the notion of transcendence, the chapter describes a continuum on which characterizations of this puzzling attribute generally fall.
Hiddenness and Transcendence
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: August 2018

Following on from Chapter 3, which described a continuum on which characterizations of divine transcendence generally fall, this chapter makes a case for avoiding both poles, thus locating the correct understanding of transcendence somewhere in between. Rather than advocating for a specific analysis of transcendence, however, the chapter aims to identify several consequences of a theologically adequate understanding of divine transcendence, followed by an explanation of how these consequences undercut the argument from divine hiddenness against the existence of God.
Divine Love and Personality
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 4 offered an answer to the hiddenness problem that depended on acceptance of a modest, but still robust doctrine of divine transcendence. But some will be inclined to resist that doctrine. The present chapter, therefore, sets aside that doctrine and offers an independent answer to the hiddenness problem. The chapter is devoted to explaining why divine love should not be identified with “ideal” human love. The upshot is roughly the same as that of Chapter 4, though by a different route: the hiddenness problem can get no rational purchase on us by way of philosophical reflection on our ordinary understanding of the nature of love. At best, the problem gains a foothold only through the negatively valenced love analogies that are suggested by certain characterizations of how God is behaving toward various kinds of people. The chapter concludes by briefly outlining how this latter issue will be addressed in subsequent chapters.
Beyond Troeltsch and Barth
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, situates Bonhoeffer’s dissertation in relation to broader tensions between liberal and dialectical theology in early twentieth-century Germany, as exemplified by the work of Ernst Troeltsch and Karl Barth. While situating Bonhoeffer in this way is relatively uncontroversial, this chapter indicates some specific ways in which Bonhoeffer is moving beyond Troeltsch and Barth with Sanctorum Communio. In particular, it is argued that he moves beyond them by turning to the church. Against Troeltsch and the early Barth, Bonhoeffer sets forth an explicitly ecclesial approach to theology, an account of how theology is to proceed from and attend to the existing church as simultaneously a fully human community and a reality of God’s revelation.
The Christian Concept of Person
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the role of Bonhoeffer’s Christian concept of person in Sanctorum Communio. Many of Bonhoeffer’s readers identify this concept as the cornerstone and foundation of Sanctorum Communio, and sometimes of Bonhoeffer’s theology more broadly. Against this view, this chapter argues that this concept of the person plays a much more delimited (albeit still crucial) role in Sanctorum Communio’s argument. Rather than providing a foundation, this concept clarifies at the outset how God encounters and judges the individual human being through a concrete other following the fall. With this concept, Bonhoeffer is clarifying the real situation or standing of the human being before God and others.
Christ, Spirit, and Church
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

This chapter, ‘Christ, Spirit, and Church’, examines what is entailed in Bonhoeffer’s claim that the church is a reality of revelation. Bonhoeffer provides a rich and nuanced account of the church as established in Christ and actualized by the Holy Spirit. Nonetheless, he also insists that the church is a reality of revelation only as a human community and social entity. It is thus argued that Bonhoeffer’s engagement with social theory is integral to sustaining this dual nature of the church. This is demonstrated with reference to two of Bonhoeffer’s core theological formulations in his ecclesiology: ‘vicarious representative action’ (Stellvertretung) and ‘Christ existing as church-community’ (Christus als Gemeinde existierend). Drawing on this exposition of these core formulations, the chapter reviews and contests Ernst Feil’s charge that Sanctorum Communio lacks a robust Christology.
Introduction
Authors: Tallberg Jonas , Bäckstrand Karin , Scholte Jan Aart
Published: August 2018

Legitimacy is central for the capacity of global governance institutions to address problems such as climate change, trade protectionism, and human rights abuses. However, despite legitimacy’s importance for global governance, its workings remain poorly understood. That is the core concern of this volume, which engages with the overarching question: whether, why, how, and with what consequences global governance institutions gain, sustain, and lose legitimacy. This introductory chapter explains the rationale of the book, introduces its conceptual framework, reviews existing literature, and presents the key themes of the volume. It emphasizes in particular the volume’s sociological approach to legitimacy in global governance, its comparative scope, and its comprehensive treatment of the topic. Moreover, a specific effort is made to explain how each chapter moves beyond existing research in exploring the book’s three themes: (1) sources of legitimacy, (2) processes of legitimation and delegitimation, and (3) consequences of legitimacy.
Social Structure and Global Governance Legitimacy
Authors: Scholte Jan Aart
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers how—alongside and in combination with individual and institutional sources—social structure can shape legitimacy beliefs vis-à-vis global governance. The discussion has two main parts: the first metatheoretical and the second theoretical. The metatheoretical part examines broad ontological, epistemological, and methodological issues regarding social structure, its power, its changes, and its spaces—all as these matters relate to legitimacy dynamics around global governance. The second part then explores a range of possible specific social-structural sources of legitimacy vis-à-vis global governance institutions. These postulated world-ordering forces include norms, hegemonic states, capitalism, discourses, modernity/postmodernity, and social hierarchies. Throughout, the chapter assesses promises as well as challenges of incorporating social-structural sources into empirical research on legitimacy in global governance.
Civil Society Protest and the (De)Legitimation of Global Governance Institutions
Authors: Gregoratti Catia , Uhlin Anders
Published: August 2018

This chapter turns attention to civil society protest as a specific delegitimation practice vis-à-vis global governance institutions. The authors argue that, while existing research has commonly portrayed protest as a challenge to the legitimacy of global governance institutions, when and how this delegitimation happens is not well theorized. To advance such understanding, the chapter proposes a distinction between protests that target an institution as a whole (diffuse protest) and protest targeting particular processes and policies of the institution (specific protest). The chapter also distinguishes between protest by actors that the global governance institution recognizes to be a significant audience and protests by actors which lack this status.
Challenges in the Empirical Study of Global Governance Legitimacy
Authors: Bernstein Steven
Published: August 2018

This commentary discusses three challenges for the promising and ambitious research agenda outlined in the volume. First, it interrogates the volume’s attempts to differentiate political communities of legitimation, which may vary widely in composition, power, and relevance across institutions and geographies, with important implications not only for who matters, but also for what gets legitimated, and with what consequences. Second, it examines avenues to overcome possible trade-offs from gains in empirical tractability achieved through the volume’s focus on actor beliefs and strategies. One such trade-off is less attention to evolving norms and cultural factors that may underpin actors’ expectations about what legitimacy requires. Third, it addresses the challenge of theory building that can link legitimacy sources, (de)legitimation practices, audiences, and consequences of legitimacy across different types of institutions.
The Biology of Urban Environments
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

Urban environments are characterized by the density of buildings and elements of a number of infrastructures that support urban residents in their daily life. These built elements and the activities that take place within towns and cities create a distinctive climate and increase air, water, and soil pollution. Within this context the elements of the natural environment that either are residual areas representative of the pre-urbanized area or are created by people contain distinctive floral and faunal communities that do not exist in the wild. The diverse prions, viruses, micro-organisms, plants, and animals that live there for all or part of their life cycle and their relationships with each other and with humans are illustrated with examples of diseases, parasites, and pests. Plants and animals are found inside as well as outside buildings. The roles of plants inside buildings and of domestic and companion animals are evaluated. Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of plants and animals living outside buildings are set out and generalizations are drawn, while exceptions are also discussed. The strategies used and adaptions (genotypic, phenotypic, and behavioural) adopted by plants and animals in face of the challenges presented by urban environments are explained. The final two chapters contain discussions of the impacts of urban environments on human biology and how humans might change these environments in order to address the illnesses that are characteristic of urbanites in the early twenty-first century.
The built environment
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

Buildings are the dominant feature of urban environments and they are arranged in diverse patterns. Interwoven within and between buildings are a series of infrastructures which deliver materials and energy and remove the products of industrial processes and waste produced as a result of human activities. Urban form, the physical arrangement of elements within urban environments, is a determinant of the liveability of a city. Individual buildings are constructed to a range of designs. These are discussed along with a consideration of the position of private (domestic gardens) and public greenspace (for example, parks) within the wider urban form. Links between urban form and socio-economic status are discussed. Where there is greater wealth, there is a stronger focus on the quality of life and an association with higher levels of vegetation within the urban form.
The natural environment
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

As urbanization occurs in a particular location, so there are changes to the natural environment. Habitats become fragmented. Disturbance increases. Species diversity is often reduced. While some habitats are lost, other new ones are created. New combinations of plants and animals, occurring as recombinant communities, replace natural communities. Community structure is simplified, as is succession. The result is a series of habitats and communities that are unlike those found outside urban environments. Many of the normal rules of ecology seem not to apply in urban environments as humans modify natural ecosystem cycles and flows. If abandoned, urban environments become colonized by plants and animals from the surrounding area and suspended ecological processes begin to function once more. Discussion of these themes completes Part I of the book and the analysis of the setting of the built, physical, and natural environmental context of urban environments.
Diversity of organisms
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

The focus of this chapter is an examination of the diversity of living organisms found within urban environments, both inside and outside buildings. The discussion commences with prions and viruses before moving on to consider micro-organisms, plants, and animals. Prions and viruses cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. Micro-organisms are ubiquitous and are found in great numbers throughout urban environments. New technologies are providing new insights into their diversity. Plants may be found inside buildings as well as in gardens and other green spaces. The final sections of the chapter offer a discussion of the diversity of animals that live in urban areas for part or all of their life cycle. Examples of the diversity of life in urban environments are presented throughout, including native and non-native species, those that are benign and deadly, and the common and the rare.
Strategies
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the strategies adopted by plants and animals in order to live, at least for part of their life cycle, in urban environments. There is a discussion of the concepts of specialist and generalist species. This is followed by an examination of the strategies adopted by plants, including a consideration of concepts such as the C-S-R model (competitors, stress tolerators, and ruderal species). Then urban avoiders, urban adapters, urban exploiters (also known as human associates), and urban obligates (also known as human obligates) are introduced. These strategies are illustrated by examples of animals living in (or avoiding) urban environments around the globe. In the summary, the five characteristics shared by many plants and animals in urban environments are presented.
Human biology and the urban environment
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

Climate change and the rapid movement of people and goods over great distances are changing global disease patterns. Human health and well-being are also being adversely affected by the absence of biodiverse, vegetation-rich green spaces. The human body adapts poorly to urban life. The result is ill health. A typology of interactions (intentional, incidental, and indirect) between people and nature is set out. Similarly, benefits of contact with nature in terms of physiological, psychological, cognitive, and social factors. The emergent central mechanism linking urban environments to ill health is studied. Urban environments cause chronic, low level stress resulting in the release of cortisone (a stress hormone), decreased physical activity, and increased calorie intake, all of which lead to chronic cellular inflammation and to the life-style diseases of the twenty-first century: depression, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dementia.
A new relationship
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

If the health and well-being benefits attributable to contact with nature are to be realized, there needs to be a change in the framing of nature within urban environments. The way nature is perceived and valued and the way that it is incorporated in policy and practice need to be re-positioned. The discourse around that challenge and the resulting re-framing are set out. There is a discussion of the changing relationship between humans and the natural environment. Ideas around nature apart from, or in spite of, or for, or and people are considered. These paradigm shifts affect conservation policies and associated practices. The ecosystem services and disservices attributable to urban environments are assessed. The importance of cultural services within urban environments is highlighted. Tensions that exist within this changing relationship are causing humans to forget the natural world and its benefits, with knock-on ill effects to human health.
Introduction
Authors: Schadee Hester , Panou Nikos
Published: August 2018

This introduction to the volume outlines the broader questions raised and answered through a cross-chronological study of tyranny and bad rule. It argues that, as an inversion of the norm, ‘badness’ illuminates the corresponding positive social and moral values of a community. Simultaneously, political debate reflects historical power structures, authors, and audiences: thus, shifts in the discourse of bad rule are pertinent to political, cultural, and intellectual history. Furthermore, the introduction proposes that the discussions of tyranny in this volume—for all their often radical variations—are sufficiently coherent across two millennia to speak of a premodern Western tradition, which the authors define as the ‘dynamic exchange of ideas’. The common thread is formed by virtue ethics, in their Greek, Roman, and Christian incarnations. In conclusion, the introduction provides a summary of each chapter.
‘A King Like the Other Nations’
Authors: Grillo Jennie
Published: August 2018

From Greek thought, this chapter moves to another foundational corpus, exploring the—not unrelated—question of what it means to be a bad king in the Hebrew Bible. The answer to this question focuses on a particular type of marginality, to wit foreignness in various forms. Exotic otherness is shown to have served as a basic negative trait already in the central strata of the biblical corpus, while originally Greek conceptions of oriental despotism influenced the depiction of bad kingship in post-exilic texts. By contrast, in textual layers of a still later date, all earthly kingship is dismissed as evil: as the chapter describes, a long history of disappointment with bad Jewish kings led to the biblical proclamation of Yahweh as the only lord fit to rule over Israel.
Tyrannos basileus
Authors: Haldon John , Panou Nikos
Published: August 2018

This chapter shifts the focus to the Eastern empire, examining the evolution of perceptions of tyranny in Byzantium from the late Roman period to the eighth century. The chapter shows that these constitute the inverse of crucial concepts in Byzantine imperial ideology, particularly with regard to issues of religious orthodoxy, moral integrity, military efficiency, and administrative competence. Furthermore, it argues that the nature and scope of these perceptions can be better understood when examined in conjunction with the discourse of tyrannicide and usurpation as deployed in a broad spectrum of historical, hagiographic, and propagandistic works. The discussions commonly surrounding cases of legally precarious coups d’état offer insights into when, how, and why political actors came to be considered as tyrants in the first centuries of the Byzantine millennium.
Evil Lords and the Devil
Authors: Shimahara Sumi
Published: August 2018

Perceptions of tyranny are also the subject of this chapter, which discusses the ways in which terms deriving from the root ‘tyran-’ were employed in biblical commentaries and other sources of the Carolingian era. The chapter shows that eighth- and ninth-century authors developed a distinct discourse on tyranny by blending pagan and patristic views with their own ethical-political principles. Carolingian conceptions of tyranny were grounded in considerations pertaining both to legality and to morality, with vice, eschatological concerns, and the association with the devil playing as important a role as issues of illegitimacy, usurpation, or malfeasance. These conceptions were moreover fairly elastic, as related terms not only had a wide connotative range but were also used to describe a variety of abusive behaviors of a royal, secular, or ecclesiastical origin.
Secret Printing and the Crisis of 1640
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter outlines of the history of a secret press that appeared in London in 1640–1. Growing out of earlier radical propaganda networks, and created to provide an outlet for the dispersal of pro-Covenanter Scottish propaganda in England, the press distributed incendiary politico-religious tracts, which challenged Caroline policy at multiple levels. The chapter analyzes the ideas presented in these works, including contract theory, resistance theory, pleas for the demolition of the existing Church of England, extreme separatist propaganda, tolerationist arguments, and challenges to clerical monopolies. It traces personnel involved in the enterprise (including the future Leveller, Richard Overton) and assesses the impact of the propaganda dispersed by the press. The secret press provides a crucial vehicle for understanding the changing dynamics of print in the 1640s, the emergence of novel arguments against press censorship, and the later spread and development of radical political and religious ideas.
“Extremities, Not Fit to be Named”
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between print, popular political mobilization (crowd action, street politics, and mass petitioning), and the high politics of the Long Parliament. It examines the street demonstrations and crowd actions of winter 1641–2, focusing on the ways that print was used to organize, propagandize, or channel mass crowd activity and the ways those popular political mobilizations were inseparably linked to maneuver in parliament itself. The contested politics of the period—and in particular battles between the two houses of parliament over efforts to protect against a royal reaction—led to significant ideological escalation, as some backers of parliament began to question the function of the peerage, the negative voice of the king, and other constitutional conventions. The printed expression of these radical political impulses, coupled with the threat of violence from the crowds, fed a process of polarization, contributing to a growing royalist countermovement.
Defining the Cause
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

In 1643, shifts in abstract political theory translated into mass political mobilizations. This chapter examines two such campaigns. The first was an attempt to push London’s government and parliament to embrace a “Remonstrance” to define parliament’s struggle and to commit parliamentarians to a program of total parliamentary supremacy. The second was a petition and plan for a “General Rising” of the people, designed to mobilize the nation for total war against the king, who was demonized as an oppressor. Although the campaigns failed, they attested to major changes unfolding within parliament’s camp, as ever larger numbers of supporters, having devoted themselves to the cause, now began to stake claims to define the nature of the civil war. Competing understandings of the war effort now spread, with many prepared to reject parliament’s official justification, and with some eager to implement radical changes to England’s constitutional structure.
Print House, Petitions, and Provinces
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyzes the rise of an “independent coalition,” which emerged out of the growing religious controversy afflicting parliament’s cause by early 1644. New religious ideas—including sharpened arguments for religious toleration and more extreme attacks on the validity of existing church forms—began to spread in press and pulpit, resulting in a clampdown on publishing, which in turn further exacerbated tensions. The chapter charts the spread of religious conflict into parliament’s armies and from London to the provinces, examining a series of petitions, maneuvers, and mobilizations that revealed the creeping advance of religious disputes, and the ways those disputes migrated back and forth between London and the countryside. This, in turn, reveals the ligatures of an emerging “independent” political alliance, with nodes across England. More generally, the analysis suggests that conditions of civil war were creating a national political environment conducive to widespread, integrated, partisan politics.
The House of Stuart, the House of Lords, and the Politics of “Independency”
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter chronicles shifts in political assumption in late 1643 and early 1644, pointing towards the later revolutionary outcome of 1649. The chapter demonstrates a strain of intensifying hostility towards Charles I, often accompanied by casual discussion of the dethronement or deposition of the king. Alongside this, some partisans began to sharpen expansive visions of parliamentary supremacy, yoking them to tendentious claims for expansive religious and discursive liberty. Simultaneously, there emerged rising challenges to the constitutional status of the House of Lords. By 1644, proponents of these militant positions began to rally behind a nascent “independent” leadership, helping to explain the emergence of an “independent” political coalition (which counterintuitively included many people who were not personally committed to congregational or sectarian forms of church government).
Internal Revolutions
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the private, manuscript writings of three parliamentarian laymen. It explores the ways in which the ideas and experiences of the 1640s were internalized by devoted supporters of the cause. The diaries of Nehemiah Wallington (a presbyterian) are read alongside the journal of Thomas Juxon and the letters of Cheney Culpeper (supporters of the “independent” political coalition). The chapter demonstrates that Juxon and Culpeper were united by a series of political opinions—skepticism about monarchy and the House of Lords, belief in transnational, divinely sanctioned political change, and acceptance of a degree of religious toleration—which set them apart from Wallington and help to explain the revolutionary trajectory that parliamentarian politics assumed from 1645. Indeed, some of the more radical ideas eventually expressed by political theorists in print were being canvassed in private by ordinary supporters of parliament’s cause before they were projected into the public sphere.
Citizenship and the Criminal Law
Authors: Duff R A
Published: August 2018

This chapter begins the task of explaining the distinctive practice of civic life, by looking at the identity of those who participate in it; it argues that citizens are the criminal law’s primary addressees. This requires a discussion of the normative basis on which the ambit and jurisdiction of domestic systems of criminal law are determined, and of the Territoriality Principle. It also requires an account of citizenship, as membership of a distinctive political practice, and of the terms in which the criminal law should address the citizens whose law it is supposed to be. This leads into a discussion of the status of those within a polity who are not formally citizens of the polity; of how the criminal law should address those who dissent from the law’s content, or deny its authority; and of Jakobs’ distinction between ‘criminal law for citizens’ (Bürgerstrafrecht) and ‘criminal law for enemies’ (Feindstrafrecht).
A Liberal Republic and its Criminal Law
Authors: Duff R A
Published: August 2018

This chapter puts some flesh on Chapter 4’s formal account of civil order, by sketching the civil order of a liberal republic, drawing on the republican tradition of political thought. We can then see the role that criminal law can play in such a polity: as an appropriate way of marking and responding to public wrongs, it helps to sustain, and constitute, the civil order. Its central role is to provide formal declarations of the central norms of that civil order, defining what kinds of conduct citizens are entitled to expect from each other (and from the polity); and to provide the process through which those accused of violating these norms are called to public account. On this account, criminal punishment is not the primary purpose of criminal law: but given the salience of punishment in our criminal law, something must be said about its role in a liberal republic.
On Achieving Truth
Authors: Rudavsky T. M.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 3 focuses upon the nature of science, and what it is that scholars are looking for when discussing the tension between science and Judaism. The focus is on the epistemological methods introduced by Jewish philosophers in grappling with the tensions between Athens and Jerusalem, between the domains of faith and reason, between Judaism and science broadly conceived. Not surprisingly, these methods, which emphasize the importance of Aristotelian demonstration, are often stated explicitly in the introductions and prefaces to the major works of medieval Jewish philosophers. Reading these introductions carefully will provide scholars with a means of viewing how these philosophers position their works against the backdrop of a wider scientific community. The chapter ends with the issue of heresy with respect to Spinoza, who in the seventeenth century tested the limits of faith.
Divine Science
Authors: Rudavsky T. M.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 4 concentrates upon philosophical attempts to deconstruct corporeal descriptions and predicates of God in a way that avoids attributing to God physical or material features. The chapter focuses as well upon the implications of this conception with respect to divine predication. One of the most important of God’s predicates is of course existence, and so we shall have to consider the classic attempts to prove the existence of God. These arguments follow an established tradition of proving, from certain facts in the created world, the existence of a creator, providing both cosmological and teleological arguments for God that are based on Aristotelian premises.
Creation, Time, and Eternity
Authors: Rudavsky T. M.
Published: August 2018

Of the many philosophical perplexities facing medieval Jewish thinkers, perhaps none has challenged religious belief as much as God’s creation of the world. No Jewish philosopher denied the importance of creation, that the world had a beginning (bereshit). But like their Christian and Muslim counterparts, Jewish thinkers did not always agree upon what qualifies as an acceptable model of creation. Chapter 6 is devoted to attempts of Jewish philosophers to reconcile the biblical view of creation with Greek and Islamic philosophy. By understanding the notion of creation and how an eternal, timeless creator created a temporal universe, we may begin to understand how the notions of eternity, emanation, and the infinite divisibility of time function within the context of Jewish philosophical theories of creation.
Happiness, Virtue, and Political Society
Authors: Rudavsky T. M.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 9 is concerned with social and political behavior. Even in the context of moral philosophy, Jewish philosophers discuss issues within the wider context of a rational scientific perspective. This chapter begins with specific moral codes developed by Jewish thinkers, focusing in particular upon the works of Ibn Gabirol, Baḥya ibn Paquda, Maimonides, and Crescas. Can there be ethical dictates independent of the commandments? The rabbis already worried whether there existed a domain of “right behavior” that pre-dates, or exists independently of, divine commandment. Does Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean apply to divine law? Furthermore, can all humans achieve intellectual perfection? Is the road the same, and open, to all? And is there only one road to ultimate felicity, or are there many routes? The chapter ends with a discussion of whether human felicity can be achieved in this life, and whether the prophet best represents the ideal model for such achievement.
Prologue
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K.
Published: August 2018

The chapter summarizes the story’s conceptualization and contextualization. India was once the largest economy on earth. Contemporaneously, it accounts for a trivial portion of the world’s economy. Achieving higher growth is important, as India, one of the world’s largest countries, cannot remain marginalized. Per-capita growth enhancements lead to poverty declines. Understanding growth requires an understanding of capitalism dynamics. Growth is the outcome of capitalism, which is the process of capital organization and utilization. Efficiency is the pivot around which growth revolves, and I describe the comprehensive assessment of productive efficiency patterns, and its economic growth impact, for India’s industrial sector from 1950–51 to 2013–14. The nature of capitalism practiced leads to different organizational forms. I describe productive efficiency patterns assessment across different organizational forms comprising India’s economy. My analysis privileges the political economy context to be at the heart of forces driving India’s productive efficiency influencing policies.
Capital and Capitalism
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K.
Published: August 2018

The chapter summarizes the nature of capital and capitalism. The chapter also highlights concepts related to the role of the State in economic activity, and the nature of industrial policy. The initial concepts dealt with are that of capital as a fund, capital as structure and capital as capabilities. Capitalism necessitates socially organizing production. Assessing organizational and administrative contingencies is important for understanding capitalism. Institutions are the bedrock of capitalism. The broad roles of Government, in designing laws and regulations, building infrastructure and acting as entrepreneur, are discussed. The implementation of national industrial strategies facilitates growth. The nature of industrial strategies is highlighted. Industrial policy activities, as defined by the three facets of institutions, innovation and involvement, are discussed. With respect to India’s industrial strategy, independent India’s founders’ visions of a modern industrial society, grounded in a need to involve Government in institution building, are introduced.
History and Background
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K.
Published: August 2018

The chapter summarizes details of political and institutional contexts for post-independence growth. India was severely impoverished in the period from 1900 to 1947, and per-capita growth rates were almost zero. Growth was ten times larger after independence, relative to before independence. Growth was conditioned by the institutional climate defining capitalism practiced in India. In the 1940s, the Second World War, the Quit India movement, the Bengal Famine, and the “Bombay Plan” were important growth-related contingencies. The background to policy making had been the Indian Industrial Commission report of 1918. M. Visevesvaraya’s and Ardeshir Dalal’s suggestions for India’s industrial and economic development are discussed. How India’s unique structure of industrial capitalism, consisting of private, State, and molecular sectors came about is highlighted, and how the founding policy makers’ ideas were translated into actual industrial policy, with a national capabilities development process simultaneously engendered, is described.
The Speed of Light
Authors: Wittman David M.
Published: August 2018

You have probably heard that nothing can go faster than the speed of light. In this chapter, we will see that the speed of light is even more remarkable: it is the same in all frames. From this surprising fact, we will deduce that this speed must also serve as a limit and that Galilean velocity addition fails to describe how nature works at high speeds: our first glimpses of the modern understanding of relativity. To make you more comfortable with the fact that velocities must add nonlinearly, this chapter develops an intuitive conceptual analogy for velocity addition.
Potential
Authors: Wittman David M.
Published: August 2018

At any given event gravity accelerates all particles equally—yet gravity is very strong in some places and very weak in others. In this chapter, we learn a powerful thinking tool to help us deal with these variations: the gravitational potential. The potential takes the concept of “acceleration times height” that, we previously found, determines the march of time and generalizes it to cases where the gravitational acceleration varies with position. The potential encodes global relationships, such as the gravitational redshift of light emitted from one point and received by a distant observer, as well as the local acceleration at each point.We also showhow the spacetime metric is affected by the potential. Incorporating the potential into themetric neatly unites gravity with relativity and eliminates any need for a theory of gravity involving forces.
Dirty Love
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

Where does the Greek novel come from? This book argues that whereas much of Greek literature was committed to a form of cultural purism, presenting itself as part of a continuous tradition reaching back to definitively Greek founding fathers, the novel revelled in cultural hybridity. The earliest Greek novelistic literature combined Greek and non-Greek traditions (or at least affected to combine them: it is often hard to tell how ‘authentic’ the non-Greek material is). More than this, however, it also often self-consciously explored its own hybridity by focusing on stories of cultural hybridisation, or what we would now call ‘mixed race’ relations. This book is thus not a conventional account of the origins of the Greek novel: it is not an attempt to pinpoint the moment of invention, and to trace its subsequent development in a straight line. Rather, it makes a virtue of the murkiness, or ‘dirtiness’, of the origins of the novel: there is no single point of creation, no pure tradition, only transgression, transformation and mess. The novel thus emerges as an outlier within the Greek literary corpus: a form of literature written in Greek, but not always committing to Greek cultural identity. Dirty Love focuses particularly on the relationship between Persian, Egyptian, Jewish and Greek literature, and covers such texts as Ctesias’s Persica, Joseph and Aseneth, the Alexander Romance and the tale of Ninus and Semiramis.
An Essay on the Origins of the Novel
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the history of scholarship trying to trace the origins of the novel, and the impossibility of attempting to pin down a single point of origination.
Sourcing Callirhoe
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

Chariton’s Callirhoe is the earliest extant example of the Greek novel. What preceding texts are there that resemble it? Martin Braun demonstrated in the 1930s that many of the motifs that we think of as characteristically novelistic are found in Josephus’s retelling of the story of Joseph and Potiphar’s wife. Does that tell us that Josephus was influenced by now-lost novels? Or that Jewish storytelling influenced the course of the novel? Or that these motifs were shared between Greek and Jewish culture, without firm boundaries of genre?
The Romance of Zarinaea and Stryangaeus
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

Another ‘romance’ that was clearly influential on later Greek novels was the story of Zarinaea and Stryangaeus, first recounted (in Greek) in Ctesias’s Persica (early fourth century BCE). A fragment of a heavily novelistic version by Nicolaus of Damascus survives from the time of Augustus. This shows that erotic romance existed, and pre-existed, in forms different from the Hellenocentric mode adopted by Chariton and his immediate successors.
Media Studies
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

The most famous and influential classical ‘novel’ is Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, focusing on the hybrid (half-Persian, half-Mede) king. The interpretative issues raised by the Cyropaedia (is it praise or critique?) can be better understood if we consider its subject as semiotically hybrid, balancing the manly, regal mode of Persia against the decadent mode of Media.
Whose Paradigm?
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

Alexander the Great was a symbol of Hellenism; but he was also, quite independently, a symbol of imperial autocracy across cultures. This chapter explores the ways in which figures of absolute power like Alexander, and his precedent Cyrus, operate both within and beyond specific cultural traditions.
Dirty Love in Late Antiquity
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses Musaeus’s Hero and Leander, a classic (and highly influential) tale of out-of-place desire composed in the fifth century CE. It is an extraordinary witness, in an era of Christian moralism, to the persistence of the novelistic tendency to see illicit, ‘dirty’ love in a positive light.
Introduction
Authors: Plutynski Anya
Published: August 2018

In this introduction, I discuss how biological explanations of disease are like and unlike the explanations offered by engineers or car mechanics. I also discuss how the study of cancer raises a variety of philosophical puzzles: concerning natural classification, the demarcation of disease and health, disease versus disease risk, evidential inference and causation, the scope and limits of theoretical models in science, and the nature of scientific explanation.
Cancer
Authors: Plutynski Anya
Published: August 2018

Is cancer one or many? If many, how many diseases is cancer, exactly? I argue that this question makes a false assumption; there is no single “natural” classificatory scheme for cancer. Rather, there are many ways to classify cancers, which serve different predictive and explanatory goals. I consider two philosophers’ views concerning whether cancer is a natural kind, that of Khalidi, who argues that cancer is the closest any scientific kind comes to a homeostatic property cluster kind, and that of Lange, whose conclusion is the opposite of Khalidi’s; he argues that cancer is at best a “kludge” and that advances in molecular subtyping of cancer hail the “end of diseases” as natural kinds. I consider several alternative accounts of natural or “scientific” kinds, the “simple causal view,” the “stable property cluster” view, and “scientific kinds,” and argue that the diverse aims of cancer research require us to embrace a much more pluralistic view.
From Disease to Risk
Authors: Plutynski Anya
Published: August 2018

In Chapter 2, I consider several “line-drawing” problems. First, in the diagnosis of early-stage cancer, there is an epistemic risk involved in assessing whether a suspicious lesion is likely to progress to metastasis. Pathologists’ assessment of a disease state is not strictly an empirical judgment, but also an evaluative one. This raises some interesting questions about what role values should play in diagnosis and treatment decisions. Second, in decisions about when, whether, and how often to screen, the evidence underdetermines judgments of “effectiveness.” Finally, early-stage cancer raises interesting questions about the line between health and disease.
Causation, Causal Selection, and Causal Parity
Authors: Plutynski Anya
Published: August 2018

It is typical to refer to cancer as a “genetic” or “genomic” disease. This claim is ambiguous; one of the central goals of this chapter is to disambiguate this claim. I first distinguish different types of causal claims: claims about causal relevance, causal role, and causal specificity. As a backdrop to this discussion, I introduce what I call the “mechanistic research program” in cancer, according to which progression to cancer involves breakdowns in regulatory controls on gene expression in ways that affect cell birth and death. While this research program has been successful, it has downplayed the role of context in cancer progression, and the fact that disorderly cellular growth is affected by many pathways. I conclude by considering several philosophers’ accounts of “causal selection” and argue that ultimately the causal selection problem is not one but several different problems, requiring different, context-specific solutions.
Muddling through the Swedish Police Reform: Observations from a Neo-Classical Standpoint on Bureaucracy
Authors: Björk Micael
Published: August 2018

This article discusses current police reform in Sweden, analysing recent events in light of tensions between rationalistic reform culture and more mundane work practices in policing. The analytical tool-kit consists of practice theory and the neo-classical theory of bureaucracy. The empirical material originates in ethnographic observations and semi-structured interviews from different regions in the new police organization in Sweden. Three themes are outlined: structural sanctification, job crafting, and resilience in work practices. At the end of the article, some reflections on shared leadership are presented, focusing on discretionary powers in police work.
A CASE STUDY ON THE USE OF SEASONAL CORRECTION FACTORS FOR INDOOR RADON MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Algin E , Asici C , Sogukpinar H , Akkurt N
Published: August 2018

Radon concentration measurements were performed in the city Eskişehir, Turkey in order to quantify seasonal variation. Using the assumption that indoor radon concentrations exhibit annual cyclic behavior, Pinel’s methodology was employed to obtain seasonal correction factors (SCFs). A total of 142 dwellings had radon concentration data for each season that enabled to obtain annual average radon concentrations. Estimated SCFs were applied to each of the 142 dwellings to assess the validity of the factors. The results demonstrate that even in a very small region significant variation in radon concentrations of different dwellings can be observed, and that a good care should be taken in applying SCFs to a short-term radon measurement to obtain average annual radon concentration.
Standardising Defence Lines: William Perrin Norris, Eugenics and Australian Border Control
Authors: Kain Jennifer S
Published: August 2018

This article investigates the policy and practice of Australia's so-called ‘eugenic phase’ of border control embedded within the 1912 Immigration Act. It highlights the efforts of the first London-based Commonwealth Medical Officer - Dr William Perrin Norris - who designed a medical bureaucratic system intended to keep ‘defectives’ out of Australia. Norris' vision is revealed to be befitting of his character, experience, and a passion for uniformity which went beyond his legal jurisdiction. In examining the associated political debates, procedural instructions and the practicalities of the legislation, this article advances a more nuanced historical understanding of this period of Australian border control, and traces the evolution of the idiot and insane prohibited immigrant clause in the first quarter of the twentieth century.