bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Telmisartan ameliorates carbon tetrachloride‐induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Atawia Reem T. , Esmat Ahmed , Elsherbiny Doaa A. , El‐Demerdash Ebtehal
Published: March 2016

This study assessed the potential hepatoprotective effect of telmisartan (TLM), a selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced acute hepatotoxity in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of male Wistar rats with CCl4 1 mL kg−1, 1:1 mixture with corn oil for 3 days increased serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities as well as total bilirubin, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. This is in addition to the disrupted histological architecture in the CCl4 group. Rats receiving CCl4 and co‐treated with TLM (3 and 10 mg kg−1, orally) showed ameliorated serum biochemical and histological changes almost to the control level. Nevertheless, rats treated with TLM (1 mg kg−1) didn't show any significant changes compared to CCl4 intoxicated group. In addition, TLM rectified oxidative status disrupted by CCl4 intoxication. Interestingly, TLM protected against CCl4‐induced expressions of nuclear factor‐κB, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐II, in a dose related manner. Moreover, TLM (3 and 10 mg kg−1) significantly modified CCl4‐induced elevation in tumor necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide levels. Furthermore, TLM showed a marked decline in CD68+ cells stained areas and reduced activity of myeloperoxidase enzyme compared to CCl4‐intoxicated group. In conclusion, both doses of TLM (3 and 10 mg kg−1) showed significant hepato‐protective effects. However, TLM at a dose of 10 mg kg−1 didn't show significant efficacy above 3 mg kg−1 which is nearly equivalent to the human anti‐hypertensive dose of 40 mg. Thus, may be effective in guarding against several hepatic complications due to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 359–370, 2017.
Preference‐based zone selection in 802.16 networks
Authors: Kitroser Itzik , Ben‐Shimol Yehuda
Published: March 2016

We examine a new problem called the Zone Selection Problem (ZSP) in wireless Orthogonal Frequency‐Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)‐based systems. We consider the case where the mobile station (MS) informs the base station of its preferences regarding possible working modes supported by the system. In Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) systems, which are used as a practical reference system for constraints and specific modes of operations, each working mode must be assigned at a different time interval called a Zone. Such zone may, in the downlink subframe, define a specific transmission scheme, which can be either single‐input single‐output or one of the multiple‐in multiple‐out (MIMO) modes supported by the system. We define ZSP as a problem where the base station assigns MSs to zones in a way that optimizes the system utilization (in terms of resource usage) while trying to satisfy the preferences of the users as much as possible. This makes ZSP a bi‐objective optimization problem. We derive assignment costs from physical channel models that integrate specific MIMO schemes and channel conditions. We provide an exact solution to ZSP by using a combinatorial optimization abstraction. We propose a simplified and practical mode ranking approach that enables the MS to define its preferences regarding operation in the optional MIMO modes in the system. We prove that ZSP is NP‐hard and describe two heuristic solutions: a greedy approach and a local search approach. Simulation results show the performance of the exact algorithms on a realistic WiMAX system assumptions and present the trade‐off between the user preferences and system preferences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal blade pitch control with realistic preview wind measurements
Authors: Dunne Fiona , Pao Lucy Y.
Published: March 2016

In above‐rated wind speeds, the goal of a wind turbine blade pitch controller is to regulate rotor speed while minimizing structural loads and pitch actuation. This controller is typically feedback only, relying on a generator speed measurement, and sometimes strain gages and accelerometers. A preview measurement of the incoming wind speed (from a turbine‐mounted lidar, for example) allows the addition of feedforward control, which enables improved performance compared with feedback‐only control. The performance improvement depends both on the amount of preview time available in the wind speed measurement and the coherence between the wind measurement and the wind that is actually experienced by the turbine. We show how to design a collective‐pitch optimal controller that takes both of these factors into account. Simulation results show significant improvement compared with baseline controllers and are well correlated with linear model‐based results. Linear model‐based results show the benefit of preview measurements for various preview times and measurement coherences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Minimally Invasive Adrenalectomy: Selection of Optimal Approach and Comparison of Outcomes
Authors: Lairmore Terry C. , Folek Jessica , Govednik Cara M. , Snyder Samuel K.
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Minimally invasive adrenalectomy is commonly performed by either a transperitoneal laparoscopic (TLA) or posterior retroperitoneoscopic (PRA) approach. Our group described the technique for robot‐assisted PRA (RAPRA) in 2010. Few studies are available that directly compare outcomes between the available operative approaches. We reviewed our results for minimally invasive adrenalectomy using the three different approaches over a 10‐year period.

Methods

Between January 2005 and April 2015, 160 minimally invasive adrenalectomies were performed. Clinicopathologic data were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoints evaluated were operative time, blood loss, length of stay (LOS), and morbidity.

Results

The study included 67 TLA, 76 PRA, and 17 RAPRA procedures. Tumor size for PRA/RAPRA was smaller than for patients undergoing TLA (2.38 vs 3.6 cm, p ≤ 0.0001). Procedure time was shorter for PRA versus TLA (133.3 vs 152.8 min, p = 0.0381), as was LOS (1.85 vs 2.82 days, p = 0.0145). Procedure time was longer in RAPRA versus TLA/PRA (177 vs 153/133 min, p = 0.008), but LOS was significantly decreased (1.53 vs 2.82/1.85 days, p = 0.004).

Conclusions

Minimally invasive adrenalectomy is associated with expected excellent outcomes regardless of approach. In our series, the posterior approach is associated with decreased operative time and LOS. Robotic technology provides potential advantages for the surgeon at the expense of more complex setup requirements and costs. Further study is required to demonstrate clear benefit of one surgical approach. Utilization of the entire spectrum of available operative techniques can allow for selection of the optimal approach based on individual patient factors.
Access to Cesarean Section Will Reduce Maternal Mortality in Low‐Income Countries: A Mathematical Model
Authors: Thomas Sarah , Meadows Jonathan , McQueen K. A. Kelly
Published: March 2016

Background

Despite global efforts to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) through the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG5), MMR remains unacceptably high in low‐income countries (LICs). Maternal death and disability from hemorrhage, infection, and obstructed labor may be averted by timely cesarean section (CS). Most LICs have CS rates less than that recommended by the WHO. Without access to timely CS, it is unlikely that MMR in LICs will be further reduced. Our purpose was to measure the MMR gap between the current MMR in LICs and the MMR if LICs were to raise their CS rates to the WHO recommended levels (10–15 %).

Methods

This model makes the assumption that increasing the CS rates to the recommended rates of 10–15 % will similarly decrease the MMR in these LICs. WHO health statistics were used to generate estimated MMRs for countries with CS rates between 10 and 15 % (N = 14). A weighted MMR average was determined for these countries. This MMR was subtracted from the MMR of each LIC to determine the MMR gap. The percent decrease in MMR due to increasing CS rate was calculated and averaged across the LICs.

Results

We found an average 62.75 %, 95 %CI [56.38, 69.11 %] reduction in MMR when LICs increase their CS rates to WHO recommended levels (10–15 %).

Conclusions

Maternal mortality is unacceptably high in LICs. Increasing CS rates to WHO recommended rates will decrease the maternal mortality in these countries, significantly decreasing the mortality ratio toward the projected MDG5.
Biosynthesis of two quercetin O-diglycosides in Escherichia coli
Authors: An Dae Gyun , Yang So Mi , Kim Bong Gyu , Ahn Joong-Hoon
Published: March 2016

Various flavonoid glycosides are found in nature, and their biological activities are as variable as their number. In some cases, the sugar moiety attached to the flavonoid modulates its biological activities. Flavonoid glycones are not easily synthesized chemically. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to synthesize quercetin 3-O-glucosyl (1→2) xyloside and quercetin 3-O-glucosyl (1→6) rhamnoside (also called rutin) using two uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in Escherichia coli. To synthesize quercetin 3-O-glucosyl (1→2) xyloside, sequential glycosylation was carried out by regulating the expression time of the two UGTs. AtUGT78D2 was subcloned into a vector controlled by a Tac promoter without a lacI operator, while AtUGT79B1 was subcloned into a vector controlled by a T7 promoter. UDP-xyloside was supplied by concomitantly expressing UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (ugd) and UDP-xyloside synthase (UXS) in the E. coli. Using these strategies, 65.0 mg/L of quercetin 3-O-glucosyl (1→2) xyloside was produced. For the synthesis of rutin, one UGT (BcGT1) was integrated into the E. coli chromosome and the other UGT (Fg2) was expressed in a plasmid along with RHM2 (rhamnose synthase gene 2). After optimization of the initial cell concentration and incubation temperature, 119.8 mg/L of rutin was produced. The strategies used in this study thus show promise for the synthesis of flavonoid diglucosides in E. coli.
From corpse to skeleton: dealing with the dead in prehistory
Authors: Parker-Pearson M.
Published: March 2016

The shortcomings of the archaeological record raise many challenges for the interpretation of prehistoric funerary practices, particularly because the remains of most people in prehistory have left no trace at all. Throughout prehistory, most human remains were treated in ways that are archaeologically invisible. A brief review of the sequence of funerary practices in British prehistory reveals major gaps and deficiencies in the burial record. It may well be that the normative rites for much of British prehistory were those that left little or no archaeological trace, such as excarnation through exposure of corpses or scattering of cremated ashes.

One form of mortuary practice only recently demonstrated for British prehistory is that of mummification. Scientific analysis of Late Bronze Age skeletons from Cladh Hallan, in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, has revealed that they were not only composites of multiple individuals but were also mummified prior to burial. In particular, histological analysis of bioerosion in the bone microstructure reveals that putrefaction was arrested soon after death. This method of histological analysis has been applied to a large sample of prehistoric and historical human remains, and reveals that patterns of arrested decay are particularly a feature of the British Bronze Age from the Bell Beaker period onwards.
Son Preference, Fertility Decline, and the Nonmissing Girls of Turkey
Authors: Altindag Onur
Published: March 2016

Couples in Turkey exhibit son preference through son-biased differential stopping behavior that does not cause a sex ratio imbalance in the population. Demand for sons leads to lower ratios of boys to girls in larger families but higher ratios in smaller families. Girls are born earlier than their male siblings, and son-biased fertility behavior is persistent in response to decline in fertility over time and across households with parents from different backgrounds. Parents use contraceptive methods to halt fertility following a male birth. The sibling sex composition is associated with gender disparities in health. Among third- or later-born children, female infant mortality is 1.5 percentage points lower if the previous sibling is male. The female survival advantage, however, disappears if the previous sibling is female. Having an older female sibling shifts the gender gap in infant mortality rate by 2 percentage points in favor of males. The improvement in infant mortality is strongest in favor of males who have no older male siblings.
Hormones and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Beyond Estrogens and Androgens—Findings From the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine
Authors: Worsley Roisin , Santoro Nanette , Miller Karen K. , Parish Sharon J. , Davis Susan R.
Published: March 2016

Introduction

In recent years, multiple hormones have been investigated in relation to female sexual function. Because consumers can easily purchase products claiming to contain these hormones, a clear statement regarding the current state of knowledge is required.

Aim

To review the contribution of hormones, other than estrogens and androgens, to female sexual functioning and the evidence that specific endocrinopathies in women are associated with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) and to update the previously published International Society of Sexual Medicine Consensus on this topic.

Methods

The literature was searched using several online databases with an emphasis on studies examining the physiologic role of oxytocin, prolactin, and progesterone in female sexual function and any potential therapeutic effect of these hormones. The association between common endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, pituitary disorders, and obesity, and FSD also was examined.

Main Outcome Measures

Quality of data published in the literature and recommendations were based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Education system.

Results

There is no evidence to support the use of oxytocin or progesterone for FSD. Treating hyperprolactinemia might lessen FSD. Polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, and metabolic syndrome could be associated with FSD, but data are limited. There is a strong association between diabetes mellitus and FSD.

Conclusion

Further research is required; in particular, high-quality, large-scale studies of women with common endocrinopathies are needed to determine the impact of these prevalent disorders on female sexual function.
Vulvodynia: Definition, Prevalence, Impact, and Pathophysiological Factors
Authors: Pukall Caroline F. , Goldstein Andrew T. , Bergeron Sophie , Foster David , Stein Amy , Kellogg-Spadt Susan , Bachmann Gloria
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Vulvodynia constitutes a highly prevalent form of chronic genital pain in women, and current information regarding its definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiologic factors involved is needed.

Aim

To update the scientific evidence published in 2010 from the Third International Consultation of Sexual Medicine pertaining to the definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiologic factors of women's sexual pain.

Methods

An expert committee, as part of the Fourth International Consultation of Sexual Medicine, comprised of researchers and clinicians from biological and social science disciplines, reviewed the scientific evidence on the definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiologic factors related to chronic genital pain.

Main Outcome Measures

A review of the definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiological factors involved in vulvodynia.

Results

Vulvodynia is a prevalent and highly impactful genital pain condition. Numerous factors have been implicated in its development and maintenance.

Conclusion

What is becoming increasingly apparent is that it likely represents the end point of different factors that can differ from patient to patient. Longitudinal research is needed to shed light on risk factors involved in the expression of vulvodynia, as well as in potential subgroups of affected patients, in order to develop an empirically supported treatment algorithm.
Risk Factors for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Trans Youth
Authors: Arcelus Jon , Claes Laurence , Witcomb Gemma L. , Marshall Ellen , Bouman Walter Pierre
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Previous research has reported high levels of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in trans populations and younger age has been identified as a risk factor.

Aims

To explore the prevalence of NSSI in a large group of young trans people and to identify risk factors for this group.

Main Outcome Measures

Sociodemographic variables and measurements of NSSI (Self-Injury Questionnaire), psychopathology (Symptom Checklist-90–Revised), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), victimization (Experiences of Transphobia Scale), interpersonal functioning (Inventory of Interpersonal Problems), and social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support).

Methods

Two hundred sixty-eight young people attending a national gender clinic completed questionnaires assessing presence and frequency of NSSI and levels of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, interpersonal problems, self-esteem, social support, transphobia, and information on hormone treatment.

Results

A lifetime presence of NSSI was identified in 46.3% of patients and 28.73% reported currently engaging in NSSI (within at least the past few months). Analyses showed that those with a lifetime presence of NSSI had significantly greater general psychopathology, lower self-esteem, had suffered more transphobia, and experienced greater interpersonal problems than those without NSSI. Findings were similar when comparing current with non-current NSSI. Overall, natal male patients reported less social support than natal female patients, but current NSSI was more common in natal female patients. Regression analyses confirmed that natal female gender and greater general psychopathology predicted current and lifetime NSSI. Further analyses confirmed that general psychopathology itself could be predicted by transphobic experiences, low self-esteem, and interpersonal problems, but not by the use of cross-sex hormones.

Conclusion

These findings confirm that NSSI is common in trans youth and emphasize the need for interventions that decrease transphobia, increase social support, and help trans youth navigate their relationships with others to decrease psychopathology and NSSI.
Effect of Midurethral Sling Surgery on Vaginal Sensation
Authors: Lowenstein Lior , Mustafa Susana , Gartman Irena , Gruenwald Ilan
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Previous studies have reported changes in the sensory functioning of the vagina in women with pelvic floor disorder.

Aim

To evaluate vaginal and clitoral sensation before and after surgery with trans-obturator tape (TVT-O, Ethicon Johnson & Johnson).

Methods

Quantitative sensory thresholds for warm, cold, and vibratory sensations were measured at the vagina and clitoris 1 day before and 12 ± 4 months after surgery.

Main Outcome Measures

Differences in thresholds to warm, cold, and vibratory sensations at a predetermined anatomic area of the genital region.

Results

Twenty-two women were admitted for midurethral sling surgery, and four were lost to follow-up. For the remaining 18 (mean age = 52 years, range = 37–65), we found a significant sensory decrease at the clitoral region to cold, warm, and vibratory stimuli after surgery. In contrast, in the anterior vaginal wall, there was a significant decrease only to warm stimuli after surgery.

Conclusion

TVT-O can cause sensory loss in the clitoral and anterior vaginal wall region that can be measured and quantified. The effect of such sensory loss on sexual function and quality of sexual life needs further investigation.
Endocrinologic Control of Men’s Sexual Desire and Arousal/Erection
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Isidori Andrea M. , Aversa Antonio , Burnett Arthur L. , Maggi Mario
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Several hormones and neurotransmitters orchestrate men’s sexual response, including the appetitive (sexual desire) and consummative (arousal and penile erection) phases.

Aim

To provide an overview and recommendations regarding endocrinologic control of sexual desire and arousal and erection and their disturbances.

Methods

Medical literature was reviewed by the subcommittee of the International Consultation of Sexual Medicine, followed by extensive internal discussion, and then public presentation and discussion with other experts. The role of pituitary (prolactin, oxytocin, growth hormone, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), thyroid, and testicular hormones was scrutinized and discussed.

Main Outcome Measures

Recommendations were based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, followed by interactive discussion.

Results

Testosterone has a primary role in controlling and synchronizing male sexual desire and arousal, acting at multiple levels. Accordingly, meta-analysis indicates that testosterone therapy for hypogonadal individuals can improve low desire and erectile dysfunction. Hyperprolactinemia is associated with low desire that can be successfully corrected by appropriate treatments. Oxytocin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are important in eliciting sexual arousal; however, use of these peptides, or their analogs, for stimulating sexual arousal is still under investigation. Evaluation and treatment of other endocrine disorders are suggested only in selected cases.

Conclusion

Endocrine abnormalities are common in patients with sexual dysfunction. Their identification and treatment is strongly encouraged in disturbances of sexual desire and arousal.
National Differences in Regional Emergency Department Boarding Times: Are US Emergency Departments Prepared for a Public Health Emergency?
Authors: Love Jennifer S. , Karp David , Delgado M. Kit , Margolis Gregg , Wiebe Douglas J. , Carr Brendan G.
Published: March 2016

Objectives

Boarding admitted patients decreases emergency department (ED) capacity to accommodate daily patient surge. Boarding in regional hospitals may decrease the ability to meet community needs during a public health emergency. This study examined differences in regional patient boarding times across the United States and in regions at risk for public health emergencies.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed by using 2012 ED visit data from the American Hospital Association (AHA) database and 2012 hospital ED boarding data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Compare database. Hospitals were grouped into hospital referral regions (HRRs). The primary outcome was mean ED boarding time per HRR. Spatial hot spot analysis examined boarding time spatial clustering.

Results

A total of 3317 of 4671 (71%) hospitals were included in the study cohort. A total of 45 high-boarding-time HRRs clustered along the East/West coasts and 67 low-boarding-time HRRs clustered in the Midwest/Northern Plains regions. A total of 86% of HRRs at risk for a terrorist event had high boarding times and 36% of HRRs with frequent natural disasters had high boarding times.

Conclusions

Urban, coastal areas have the longest boarding times and are clustered with other high-boarding-time HRRs. Longer boarding times suggest a heightened level of vulnerability and a need to enhance surge capacity because these regions have difficulty meeting daily emergency care demands and are at increased risk for disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:576–582)
OUR RELIABILITY IS IN PRINCIPLE EXPLAINABLE
Authors: Baras Dan
Published: March 2016

Non-skeptical robust realists about normativity, mathematics, or any other domain of non-causal truths are committed to a correlation between their beliefs and non-causal, mind-independent facts. Hartry Field and others have argued that if realists cannot explain this striking correlation, that is a strong reason to reject their theory. Some consider this argument, known as the Benacerraf–Field argument, as the strongest challenge to robust realism about mathematics (Field 1989, 2001), normativity (Enoch 2011), and even logic (Schechter 2010). In this article I offer two closely related accounts for the type of explanation needed in order to address Field's challenge. I then argue that both accounts imply that the striking correlation to which robust realists are committed is explainable, thereby discharging Field's challenge. Finally, I respond to some objections and end with a few unresolved worries.
DNS study of particle-bed–turbulence interactions in an oscillatory wall-bounded flow
Authors: Ghodke Chaitanya D. , Apte Sourabh V.
Published: March 2016

Particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the behaviour of an oscillatory flow field over a rough bed, corresponding to the experimental set-up of Keiller & Sleath (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 73 (04), 1976, pp. 673–691) for transitional and turbulent flows over a range of Reynolds numbers (95–400) based on the Stokes-layer thickness. It is shown that the roughness modulates the near-bed turbulence, produces streamwise horseshoe structures which then undergo distortion and breaking, and therefore reduces the large-scale anisotropy. A fully developed equilibrium turbulence is observed in the central part of the oscillation cycle, with two-component turbulence in the near-bed region and cigar-shaped turbulence in the outer region. A double averaging of the flow field reveals spatial inhomogeneities at the roughness scale and alternate paths of energy transport in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget. Contrary to the unidirectional, steady flow over rough beds, bed-induced production terms are important and comparable to the shear production term. It is shown that the near-bed velocity and pressure fluctuations are non-Gaussian, a result of critical importance for the modelling of incipient motion of sediment grains.
Population structure of Sinelobus cf. stanfordi (Crustacea, Tanaidacea) from Pinheiros River mangrove, Guaratuba Bay, southern Brazil
Authors: Kassuga A. D. , Marafon-Almeida A. , Masunari S.
Published: March 2016

An analysis of the population structure of the tanaid Sinelobus cf. stanfordi was performed at Pinheiros River mangrove, Guaratuba Bay, Paraná State, southern Brazil (25°49′S 48°34′W). Fifteen samples of 12 × 12 cm were obtained bimonthly from the surface of galleries (interconnected burrow complex) constructed by the adult mangrove crab Ucides cordatus from June 2007 to April 2008. The carapace length (CL) of a total of 714 tanaids was measured. Tanaids were divided into four demographic categories: males (M), ovigerous females (OV), preparatory females (PREP) and non-reproductive individuals (NREP) with a mean CL of 0.55, 0.49, 0.48 and 0.43 mm, respectively. In the NREP group, specimens smaller than 0.32 mm were classified as juveniles. NREP predominated in all sampling months, and among sexually mature individuals, a strong predominance of females was observed throughout the study period. Temporal fluctuations in abundance were observed, with a peak in August 2007. The reproductive period of this species is continuous, with a peak in the summer, like most S. cf. stanfordi populations.
Effect ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection on the junctional complex of retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: NOGUEIRA ALANDERSON R. , LEVE FERNANDA , MORGADO-DIAZ JOSÉ , TEDESCO ROBERTO CARLOS , PEREIRA MIRIAN CLAUDIA S.
Published: March 2016

Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most frequent cause of uveitis, leading to partial or total loss of vision, with the retina the main affected structure. The cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play an important role in the physiology of the retina and formation of the blood–retinal barrier. Several pathogens induce barrier dysfunction by altering tight junction (TJ) integrity. Here, we analysed the effect of infection byToxoplasma gondiion TJ integrity in ARPE-19 cells. Loss of TJ integrity was demonstrated inT. gondii-infected ARPE-19 cells, causing increase in paracellular permeability and disturbance of the barrier function of the RPE. Confocal microscopy also revealed alteration in the TJ protein occludin induced byT. gondiiinfection. Disruption of junctional complex was also evidenced by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell–cell contact loss was noticed in the early stages of infection byT. gondiiwith the visualization of small to moderate intercellular spaces. Large gaps were mostly observed with the progression of the infection. Thus, our data suggest that the alterations induced byT. gondiiin the structural organization of the RPE may contribute to retinal injury evidenced by ocular toxoplasmosis.
The Royal Commission on Human Relations
Authors: Chisholm Richard
Published: March 2016

— A comment on the recommendations related to rape and sexual offences against young people.

Richard Chisholm

The Report of the Royal Commission on Human Relationships was not only about sex, and not only about law; but many of its more controversial recommendations concerned the role of the criminal law in connection with sexual behaviour. Though some of the ideas are new, much of the Report brought together in a lucid and available form arguments that serious scholars have been urging for years. The reaction of some members of the community — especially Prime Ministers and bishops — nevertheless shows how far some community leaders are from a thoughtful, or even nonhysterical, appreciation of the issues. Ironically, their reactions demonstrate how much we needed the report.

In this column, I will summarise the Commissioners’ recommendations about rape and sexual offences against young people! Later, probably next time, I will look at the areas of abortion, incest, and perhaps the legal context of family planning.
Adoption Legislation and Practice in Australia
Authors: Fopp Peter
Published: March 2016

Under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, adoption is not a matter on which the Commonwealth has power to legislate. Accordingly, each State and Territory has its own legislation which is administered by its social welfare department.

The States have co-operated to draft “uniform” legislation, and during the period 1964-1970, new legislation was enacted in all States and Territories. A major aim of the uniform Acts was to curtail the practice of private, or independent, adoptions, where the child was placed in the care of a person with a view to his adoption, without any prior approval of the placement by a government department or an approved private adoption agency.
The Parent Education & Assistance Project: A programme for single mothers & their children
Authors: Drake-Brockman Carey , Constable Elizabeth
Published: March 2016

The Parent Education and Assistance Project (PEAP) is a pilot programme aiming to develop and evaluate a range of services for single parent families with pre-school children within Fremantle, Western Australia.

The Project is funded by the Office of Child Care, Department of Social Security under their “Alternatives to Residential Care for Children” programme, and is sponsored by the Western Australian Department for Community Welfare. The overriding goal of the Project is to support and strengthen vulnerable parent-child relationships with the aim of preventing the necessity for substitute care of the children.
The Foster Child's Education: How foster parents can help
Authors: O'Connor Barrie
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this paper is to provide one set of perspectives through which parents may wish to examine the ways in which they can assist their child's education. The remarks may apply equally to natural and foster parents, although special consideration will be given to the latter group where necessary. The paper focuses particularly on academic and social survival skills for children at school and the ways parents can extend and support this skill development at home.

Apart from the questionable connotation of disaster associated with survival at school, several writers (Adelman and Feshback, 1971; Greenwood et al., 1974; Hops et al., 1975) have attempted to define those behaviours which children need to display in order to succeed in the school environment. Though expectations may vary depending on age, class level, educational philosophy and so on, and though such a list may seem unnecessarily prescriptive, the skills mentioned below are generally required of children at school.
Child Abuse: Appearing in Court
Authors: Goddard Christopher R.
Published: March 2016

A broader range of health and welfare workers are now expected to appear in court in child abuse and neglect cases. This article examines some of the reasons for tensions between lawyers and welfare workers. The paper is written to assist workers in preparing for court, and includes guidance on writing reports and dealing with cross-examination.
Community Support: Children and Disability
Authors: Hollingworth Judi
Published: March 2016

Is it support from the community to the family?

This could be construed as voluntary support, possibly emphasising the “charitable model” whereby the more able and financially independent people in the community assist those less able and more disadvantaged.
Groups for Children of Separation/Divorce: A Metaphorical Approach
Authors: Young Jan , Regan Sandra
Published: March 2016

The use of a metaphorical approach in a time limited group for children whose parents are separating/divorcing is explored. Drawing, “naming the group”, and structured exercises are used metaphorically to help the children tell their own “story”, not their parents version. The metaphorical processing of the media is what counts not the media itself. Every way of using media tells a story and moves children from story telling to story experiencing. When children are able to share feelings, they have taken a step forward.
Children as Property: Hindsight and Foresight
Authors: LLM. Frank Bates
Published: March 2016

“Peter had heard there were in London then, -Still have they being? - workhouse - clearing men Who, undisturbed by feelings just or kind, Would parish-boys to needy tradesmen bind: They in their want a trifling sum would take And toiling slaves of piteous orphans make”

(George Crabbe, ‘The Poor of the Borough: Peter Grimes’ Letter 22, The Borough, 1812)

Although these well-known lines from George Crabbe's poem The Borough, refer to the practice of workhouses, in essence, selling children (a similar instance, may of course, be found in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens), it is equally clear that the practice was not confined to the workhouse. Although the workhouse may have been the ultimate Victorian method of dealing with poverty and certain types of dysfunctional family (Henriques, 1979), there can equally be no doubt that the practice was not thereto restricted. It is the purpose of this article to consider, albeit briefly, the more obvious manifestations of children as property in Nineteenth Century social history and to inquire as to how far those attitudes are still pertinent to Anglo-Australian law.
Focus on Prevention
Authors: Boss P.
Published: March 2016

What we are discussing is the notion of prevention as directed toward families. The idea is to prevent the break-up of families in our community which is costly both in economic and social terms … but, as I hope to demonstrate, there is more to it than that.

Let me also say that the notion of prevention, both in theoretical and conceptual terms as well as in applied, practical terms is nothing new, it has been around for a long time. At the turn of the last century it became a popular theme with the advocates for an expanded role for local government in the U.K.; the work of Sydney and Beatrice Webb, in particular, made a substantial and important contribution there.
Developing Preventive Services
Authors: Anderson Philip
Published: March 2016

Before discussing the types of services that are required I would like to look, just briefly, at some of the recent history in the provision of services.

Edith Bennett was the Director of the Family Welfare Division in what is now Community Services Victoria. Those of you who have been around for more than ten years will remember her. She once said that what we need is a range of flexible services. Being rather young and believing I knew it all I thought at the time that this was a load of simplistic rubbish. How could something so simple be true. The field likes to make these things complex. However, looking back I feel she had made a key point that is perfectly obvious now.
Family Work and Families with Children with Disabilities
Authors: Blumel Debra K.
Published: March 2016

As the deinstutionalization process sees more children with disabilities placed at home with their families, families are experiencing burdens and stress in their continuing care lifestyle.

This paper presents a generic model of family assessment derived from the structural approach to family therapy. It also draws upon the accumulated knowledge base concerning effects on family of a child with a disability which has developed over the past twenty years. Skill and knowledge are then combined in the presentation of a case example which demonstrates family assessment in a family with a child with a disability. The technique of family sculpting as it was used during the assessment is presented.

This paper supports the development and assertive provision of family work services to families who can be identified as potential high stress families simply by virtue of having a child with a disability at home.
A Journey of Hope: The development of a voluntary agency's services for intellectually handicapped children
Authors: Kendall Alan
Published: March 2016

Resume

This paper traces the development of services to intellectually handicapped children and their families provided by Dr. Barnardo's North West Division in the U.K.

It has been a journey with and for the families and children. The milestones and lessons of the journey are described. It is a journey with still some way to go. It is a journey of hope - hope for better things for them now and in the future.
Our Children: Part of the Past, Present, and Providing a Vision for the Future: A Murri Perspective
Authors: Watson Lilla
Published: March 2016

“Aboriginal people have not … invented childhood.” This statement goes to the very heart of the difference between Western and Aboriginal societies as far as children are concerned. Aboriginal children have always remained part of the adult world.

Separation or exclusion from adult activities was kept to a minimum. Indeed, most of those activities were planned and organised to ensure the maximum involvement of as many children as possible. This applied to hunting and gathering, to dance, song, and many ceremonies. From the earliest age, they were aware of what was going on in the community, and were exposed to the whole spectrum of human relations. The expression “not in front of the children”, which became the title of a TV sitcom some years ago, would not have been used by Murris.
Sport and Children
Authors: Turner J. Neville
Published: March 2016

Many people believe that top sportsmen earn far greater sums than they deserve. It is certain that there is much envy in this. Why should someone be paid millions of dollars for doing something he enjoys?

The justification, to me, lies not so much in the proper appreciation of genius or talent, but in the recognition that sportsmen have the highest responsibility to young people.
Families, Children and Local Government
Authors: Wills Jenny
Published: March 2016

Planner-coordinator, catalyst, facilitator, service provider and service funder now characterise Local Government's involvement in children's services and the human services generally.

A 1987 report prepared for the Local Government Ministers, Community Development, Human Services and Local Government presents a national overview of the increased role of councils in human services clearly signalling that the debate of the 70s about whether Local Government should be involved has been replaced with questions about the basis of that involvement and implementation issues.
Family Aide Services in Victoria
Authors: Briggs Patricia
Published: March 2016

Data has been gathered by the Family Aide Projects Association from family aide services throughout the State of Victoria to enable policy and program decision making within the family aide program to be better informed. The 52 member agencies were canvassed to generate information which gives a more comprehensive picture of the operation of services than previously available. This paper presents a summary of the survey process and outcome.
Gardens and Personal Growth
Authors: Picton Jane
Published: March 2016

Gardens and gardenng often mean different things to different people. When I was invited to join a committee about nine years ago for a garden centre for people with disabilities, I was, to say he least, tentative. I knew more about disabled people and their needs and more about volunteers than gardening. I enquired about the centre and the committee. The Centre had been established by an idea sown by Kevin Heinze, the well known television gardener and educator, after he had seen a garden for people with disabilities overseas—one to work in, not just to sit in. He interested many people with the idea of developing such a garden in Melbourne. The Doncaster Council then negotiated with the State Electricity Commission about the use of some land believed suitable in Doncaster, approximately 25 km from the city.

This was in 1979. I accepted the invitation to join the Kevin Heinze Garden Centre Committee just a few months after it had started operating. This paper will describe the development of the Centre and its value for people with intellectual and physical disabilities, and the work of the co-ordinator and volunteers.
Not the Last Word: Point and Counter-Point: The Discovery of Affluenza and the Favelas Above: A Rising Tide Brings the End of Dry Economics
Authors: Goddard Chris
Published: March 2016

There is a Yorkshire expression, that many people are fond of quoting, to account for strange behaviour: “There's nowt so queer as folk”. Some folk, always other folk and never oneself, are more queer than others (and many Englishmen would claim that Yorkshire folk are stranger than most, but that's another story).

The expression came to mind when I read a column in Icaro, the magazine of Varig, the Brazilian airline. I am not fond of flying at the st of times and finding a magazine called Icaro in the seat pocket of a fully-laden jet increased my anxiety. Icaro, presumably, is Portuguese for that legendary character Icarus who, in attempting to escape from Crete, flew so high that the sun melted the wax that held his wings on with the consequence that he fell in the sea. A stranger title for an airline magazine would be hard to find.
Marriage — and why would we sooner talk of sex, violence and divorce
Authors: Harvey L.V.
Published: March 2016

Marriage and marriage breakdown are the reasons we have the much discussed Family Law Act, Family Courts and the current boom in divorces. Divorce and the legal machinery which deals with it is more easily discussed in the media than is marriage and the processes by which it breaks down. This helps people to ignore marital problems until they become so painful and difficult that divorce seems the only solution. It is easier to read and write about sex, divorce and violence than about marriage, love and emotional closeness. Unless this is changed the rate of marriage breakdown and divorce in Australia is likely to remain higher than society can afford.
Pressure of Child development in traditional urban Aboriginal Communities _ Anaboriginal Perspective
Authors: Lalara Alan , Lalara Kevin
Published: March 2016

Before Missionaries came to Groote Eylandt in 1921, people used to stay in family groups. They followed the pattern set by our laws set for marriages, but the strong men took most wives, and others were left without a wife. There were many murders for this reason and because of raids from other mainland tribes.

There was plenty of food from the sea and the bush. When the water dried up in smaller creeks there were four rivers where people could get fresh water. They moved around in their own areas on Groote.
Effects of Birth order on age of leaving home
Authors: Thurecht Richard , Nystul Michael S.
Published: March 2016

Alfred Adler (1954) referred to the sibling rivalry between the first and secondborn when he said,

The striving for power in the case of a secondborn child also has its especial nuance. Secondborn children are constantly under steam, striving for superiority under pressure: the race-course attitude which determines their activity in life is very evident in their actions. The fact that there is someone ahead of him who has already gained power is a strong stimulus for the secondborn. If he is enabled to develop his powers and takes up the battle with the firstborn he will usually move forward with a great deal of elan, then while the first born, possessing power, feels himself relatively secure until the second threatens to surpass him (p. 126).
The Interaction of Members, Volunteers and Professionals in the Self Help Group: Parents Anonymous, Australia
Authors: Taylor Diana S.
Published: March 2016

This paper traces the development of Parents Anonymous in Australia. It was found that it was not possible to simply transfer the American system into the Australian context.

The major feature of the Australian PA is the highly successful telephone and home visiting service. In contrast, the groups have been successful for only short periods and in only few cases.

The reasons for these differences are described with reference to

(i) the wider social context of both government and public awareness of child abuse.

(ii) the changing nature of the interaction between professionals and members, and the need to distinguish between “deprofessionalisation” and “laissez-faire”.

(iii) the changing nature of the distinction between volunteers and members and the developing awareness of the symbiotic nature of giving and receiving help.
Helping Parents — A preventive approach
Authors: Mildern E. J.
Published: March 2016

The Parents' Help Centre is a child abuse prevention unit which began operation in Perth on 9.1.1976. The Centre is administered by the Western Australian Department for Community Welfare and is jointly funded by the Office of Child Care and Department for Community Welfare.

The Centre aims at preventing the physical abuse of pre-school children by offering a non-professional family-type support service in a warm accepting atmosphere to parents who are having difficulty in controlling their behaviour towards their (pre-school) children. The Centre is available to parents 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Intercountry Adoption
Authors: Bowers Joan
Published: March 2016

Children adopted from overseas by New South Wales families since 1975 have come from many countries, and the welfare services of these countries differ greatly. Some have adoption laws similar to those in Australia, while others have no adoption legislation at all. The regulations governing what is required of the adoptive parents also differs from country to country. Some countries insist that the adoptive parents travel to the country for assessment or court hearings, while others prefer the adopted child to travel under escort to his new country and request that the parents abide by this rule. Some countries will only accept childless couples or those of a particular age, while others have less rigid application criteria.

Intercountry adoption is expensive. Depending on the country, an adoption can cost the family anywhere between $3,000 to $15,000.