bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exact solution of the incompressible Hall magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Mahajan S. M. , Krishan V.
Published: April 2005

The Alfvén wave is known to be an exact solution of the ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), and this has found use in modelling astrophysical turbulence. In this paper we show that the Hall MHD also submits itself to an exact solution in the incompressible limit. We compare the linear and the non-linear modes of the Hall MHD and comment on their probable role in describing turbulent fluctuations in different astrophysical situations.
The HIPASS catalogue: ΩH i and environmental effects on the H i mass function of galaxies
Authors: Zwaan M. A. , Meyer M. J. , Staveley-Smith L. , Webster R. L.
Published: April 2005

We use the catalogue of 4315 extragalactic H i 21-cm emission-line detections from the H i Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS) to calculate the most accurate measurement of the H i mass function (HIMF) of galaxies to date. The completeness of the HIPASS sample is well characterized, which enables an accurate calculation of space densities. The HIMF is fitted with a Schechter function with parameters α = −1.37 ± 0.03 ± 0.05, log (M*Hi/M⊙) = 9.80 ± 0.03 ± 0.03 h−275, and θ* = (6.0 ± 0.8 ± 0.6) × 10−3h375 Mpc−3 dex−1 (random and systematic uncertainties at 68 per cent confidence limit), in good agreement with calculations based on the HIPASS Bright Galaxy Catalogue, which is a complete, but smaller, sub-sample of galaxies. The cosmological mass density of H i in the local Universe is found to be ΩH i = (3.5 ± 0.4 ± 0.4) × 10−4h75−1. This large homogeneous sample allows us to test whether the shape of the HIMF depends on local galaxy density. We find tentative evidence for environmental effects in the sense that the HIMF becomes steeper toward higher density regions, ranging from α ≈ −1.2 in the lowest density environments to α ≈ −1.5 in the highest density environments probed by this blind H i survey. This effect appears stronger when densities are measured on larger scales.
Population III and the near-infrared background excess
Authors: Madau Piero , Silk Joseph
Published: April 2005

We make a critical assessment of models that attribute the recently detected near-infrared background ‘excess’ (NIRBE) to the redshifted light from Population III objects. To supply the required 25 keV per baryon at redshift 9, Population III massive stars must form with an efficiency exceeding 30 per cent in all ‘minihaloes’ with virial temperatures above a few hundred kelvins; to avoid excessive metal pollution, most of the baryons once in Population III stars must end up in intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). Gas accretion on to such IMBHs must either be inhibited or lead to early miniquasars with steep ultraviolet/X-ray spectra, in order not to overproduce the present-day unresolved soft X-ray background. In the latter case (NIRBE dominated by ‘X-ray-quiet miniquasars’), the total mass density of IMBHs at z ∼ 9 must be ≳50 times higher than the mass density of supermassive black holes observed today in the nuclei of galaxies. A stellar-dominated NIRBE is less economical energetically: ≳5 per cent of all baryons in the Universe must be processed into Population III stars. We survey various aspects of the Population III hypothesis for the NIRBE, and show that the ionizing photon budget required to account for the NIRBE is much larger than that required to explain the high electron scattering optical depth measured by the WMAP satellite.
Polarization signals of the 21-cm background from the era of reionization
Authors: Cooray Asantha , Furlanetto Steven R.
Published: April 2005

While emission and absorption lines of the 21-cm spin-flip transition of neutral hydrogen are intrinsically unpolarized, a magnetic field creates left- and right-handed polarized components through the Zeeman effect. Here we consider the resulting polarization of the redshifted 21-cm background from the intergalactic medium before reionization. The polarization is most readily detectable in regions with a strong gradient in the mean brightness temperature. In principle, this can open a new window on the evolution of intergalactic magnetic fields. One possible approach is an extended integration of an individual target during this era, such as the Mpc-scale H ii regions inferred to surround quasars at z ∼ 6.5. The differential intensity between the two polarization states can be used as a probe of the magnetic field at the edge of the H ii region. We estimate that the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) could (ignoring systematics) detect B ∼ 200 (10) µG coherent over several kpc with an observational bandwidth of 100 (2) kHz. Beyond individual sources, the statistical properties of wide-field 21-cm polarization maps, such as the angular power spectrum, can be used to constrain the large-scale magnetic field. In this case, the SKA can detect B ∼ 100 µG fields coherent over many Mpc. The magnetic field can be measured in any epoch over which the 21-cm background changes rapidly (e.g. because the ionized fraction or spin temperature change). With either of these methods, a secure detection will require high-precision removal of any polarized foregrounds, which is likely to be a substantial challenge. Our estimates show the level to which the foregrounds must be removed to extract useful cosmological information. Even ignoring foregrounds, the resulting constraints are relatively weak compared to theoretical expectations, but they nevertheless offer a unique direct probe of magnetic fields in the high-redshift universe.
Resolving the mystery of the dwarf galaxy HIZSS003
Authors: Begum Ayesha , Chengalur Jayaram N. , Karachentsev I. D. , Sharina M. E.
Published: April 2005

The nearby galaxy HIZSS003 was recently discovered during a blind H i survey of the Zone of Avoidance. Follow-up Very Large Array (VLA) observations as well as optical and nearinfrared imaging and spectroscopy confirm that it is a low-metallicity dwarf irregular galaxy. However, there are two puzzling aspects of these observations: (i) current star formation, as traced by Hα emission, is confined to a small region at the edge of the VLA HI image; and (ii) the metallicity of the older red giant branch stars is higher than that of the gas in the H ii region. We present high spatial and velocity resolution Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observations which resolve these puzzles by showing that HIZSS003 is actually a galaxy pair and that the H ii region lies at the centre of a much smaller companion galaxy (HIZSS003B) to the main galaxy (HIZSS003A). The HI emission from these two galaxies overlaps in projection, but can be separated in velocity space. HIZSS003B has an H i mass of 2.6 × 106M⊙, and a highly disturbed velocity field. Since the velocity field is disturbed, an accurate rotation curve cannot be derived; however, the dynamical mass indicated is ∼5 × 107M⊙. For the bigger galaxy HIZSS003A we derive an HI mass of 1.4 × 107M⊙. The velocity field of this galaxy is quite regular, and from its rotation curve we derive a total dynamical mass of ∼6.5 × 108M⊙.
FRUIT BRANDY PRODUCTION BY BATCH COLUMN DISTILLATION WITH REFLUX
Authors: CLAUS MICHAEL J. , BERGLUND KRIS A.
Published: April 2005

The relationship between the operating parameters of batch fruit spirits column stills with reflux and the congener (trace compounds that provide flavors and aromas) concentrations in resulting fruit spirits has not been widely studied. Congener concentrations were determined in three different collection fractions, or “cuts,” during batch distillation. Acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate were found in higher concentrations in the head cut, first overhead fraction, of the distillation and have lower boiling points relative to ethanol. 1‐Propanol and isoamyl alcohol (isopentanol) were present in higher concentrations in the tail cut, third or final fraction, of the distillation and have boiling points that are higher than ethanol. Methanol has a unique concentration profile as it has higher concentrations in both the head and tail cuts, but a lower concentration in the heart cut, the middle fraction which is the desired product of the distillation. Methanol was of particular interest because the distillate must adhere to governmental regulations that limit its concentration in the product. Operating‐condition parameters that were studied include the number of trays used in the distillation as well as the use of a “catalytic converter,” a high surface, copper‐packing material thought to catalyze formation of cyanide‐containing compounds allowing them to be separated from the distillate. The effect of the number of trays used in a distillation on the concentration of ethanol and the congeners, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 1‐propanol and isoamyl alcohol in the final distilled spirits product is presented. An additional result of acetaldehyde production at the copper surface of the catalytic converter was also discovered in the analysis of the data.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON OF GERMANY, JAPAN, AND THE U.S.
Authors: Kaplan Steven N.
Published: April 2005

Contrary to assertions that there are fundamental differences in the efficiency of “market‐based” and “relationship‐oriented” corporate governance systems, this article presents evidence that the German, Japanese, and American systems appear about equally effective in disciplining poor managerial performance. For example, both the job security and total compensation of German and Japanese managers appear to be tied to stock performance and current cash flows‐ measures that some would refer to as “short‐term”‐to roughly the same extent as those of U.S. managers. Furthermore, the punishments and rewards for German and Japanese managers are not more sensitive to sales growth‐a measure some would refer to as “long‐term”‐than those of their U.S. counterparts.

But, if there is no clear difference between the three governance systems in responding to poor stock and earnings performance, there is one important difference: the U.S. system is more effective than the German and Japanese systems in discouraging successful companies from overinvest‐ing. One reason for this is the fact that U.S. managers hold much larger equity positions than managers in Japan and Germany. Another important factor, however, is the difficulty faced by Japanese companies in returning capital to their shareholders. Dividends are minimal; and, until 1995, it was illegal for a Japanese company to repurchase its stock.
THE 1996 STERN STEWART PERFORMANCE 1000
Authors: Ross Irwin
Published: April 2005

The most striking aspect of the most recent Stern Stewart MVA rankings is the consistency of the top performers. But, if the identity of the top 10 companies shifted only slightly in 1995 (Exxon was the only newcomer to this group), there are a number of new EVA case studies in this year's set of company profiles: Monsanto; R. R. Donnelley, the Chicago‐based printing company; Herman Miller, the well‐known furniture manufacturer; SPX, a large manufacturer of specialty auto tools and parts; Allwater Environmental Services; and Vitro, S.A., the giant Mexican glass manufacturer. Also among the latest converts to EVA are the research staffs of a number of Wall Street investment banking houses such as First Boston and Goldman Sachs.
TRANSFERABLE STOCK OPTIONS (TSOS) AND THE COMING REVOLUTION IN EQUITY‐BASED PAY
Authors: Hall Brian J.
Published: April 2005

The dominant form of equity pay in the U.S. will change dramatically when accounting rules are changed (most likely in 2005) to require companies to charge the cost of their stock option plans on their income statements. Many companies are already switching from stock options to other forms of equity pay, especially restricted stock. The most notable switcher was Microsoft, the world's largest user of stock option pay. In July 2003, partnering with J.P. Morgan, Microsoft created a onetime transferable stock option (TSO) program that allowed holders of underwater Microsoft options to sell their options to J.P. Morgan in return for restricted shares.

But the most important consequence of this transaction may not be a widespread shift by corporate America to restricted shares, but rather the creation of a more costeffective kind of stock option. By clearing the potentially messy hurdles involving taxes, accounting, SEC rules, and “transaction mechanics,” Microsoft has opened the door for TSOs to be considered as an ongoing equitypay instrument, perhaps replacing standard stock options (which are not transferable). TSOs share the key advantages of restricted stock in terms of providing robust retention and ownership incentives and higher valuecost efficiency, while maintaining the key “leverage” advantage of options. In so doing, they create significant upside (and downside) while largely avoiding the “pay for pulse” problem of restricted stock. They also introduce the discipline of competitive pricing by third‐party bidders. The bid prices of investment banks create nearly all of the information required for accurate estimates of option cost, which should foster greater board accountability and improved corporate governance.
CREATING VALUE IN THE OIL INDUSTRY
Authors: Antill Nick , Arnott Robert
Published: April 2005

In contrast with current thinking that conglomerates are inefficient, this article begins by presenting arguments in favor of the size and structure of the large integrated oil companies, also known as “the supermajors.” Among the advantages are tax efficiency, information flow, political and technological know‐how, broad supplier and customer relationships, scale economies, cross‐business economies of scope, brand power, and the ability to coordinate strategic initiatives across businesses. These advantages all translate into a lower cost of capital.

One problem, however, is that this lower cost of capital does not seem to be reflected in the target returns on capital currently set by the supermajors. Observing that the financial goal of a corporation is to maximize not its return on capital but rather the net present value of expected future cash flows and earnings, the authors argue that the majors need to make two major changes to current practice. First, their investment hurdle rates should be reduced from their current level of 14–15% to the weighted average cost of capital, which is estimated to run about 8–9%. Second, the actual returns on capital reported in published accounts are largely meaningless; and when evaluating new investments and existing operations alike, the companies must find an annual performance measure that better reflects the economic realities of the business. This paper recommends use of a performance measurement framework based on economic profit that should serve two critical purposes: it will encourage managers to undertake all value‐increasing projects (not just those that will maintain or increase reported return on capital), and it will help the companies communicate their strategy and results to the investment community.
FUTURE VALUE: THE $7 TRILLION CHALLENGE
Authors: Ballow John J. , Thomas Robert J. , Roos Göran
Published: April 2005

As of May 2003, $7.6 trillion (or 58%) of the aggregate value of the U.S. stock market represented “future value”–that portion of value that does not depend on current operating performance but rather on anticipated growth. This concept of future growth value is especially important in newer industry sectors and among companies whose value is based heavily on intangible assets, such as brand and proprietary knowledge. But traditional accounting remains focused on tangible assets. And because most executives rely on accounting‐ based financial data to run their businesses, they end up focusing on current operating results when they should be investing in strategies that optimize future growth. In short, many of the assets that are most responsible for creating value in today's economy are not managed as well as they could be.

As part of its high‐performance business initiative, Accenture has developed a comprehensive research database and a set of tools for examining the components and drivers of future value, along with a methodology for applying this research on a companyspecific basis. Accenture's futurevalue analytics can determine the portion of a company's market value that is attributable to future growth, and can help identify the drivers of that future growth value. The development of a viable operational framework will enable executives to translate corporate intangibles into manageable market value.
CREATING VALUE AT A CONGLOMERATE: THE CASE OF THE GODREJ GROUP
Authors: Godrej Adi
Published: April 2005

This discussion with the chairman of the Godrej Group, a well‐known India‐based conglomerate, begins by exploring the issue of diversification versus a single‐industry focus, particularly in developing countries. Mr. Godrej observes that the capital and managerial talent provided by a corporate parent can be invaluable resources in a developing economy, where such commodities are likely to be in relatively short supply. On the other hand, he notes, a conglomerate must have some underlying strategic rationale in order to create value, and a diversified company will work only “when each of its businesses is run with clear and focused accountability.”

To that end, the Godrej Group recently instituted the EVA performance management framework in six of its key businesses. In particular, the management teams running those businesses are rewarded according to the terms of an EVA‐based incentive plan. Each business has since seen significant improvements in capital efficiency, market share, and overall performance. The stock price of the Godrej Group's publicly held entity has more than doubled (in a flat market), and the vast majority of the employees believe that the EVA implementation has been the company's most important recent initiative. Management teams are said now to look much more carefully at options for outsourcing, contract manufacturing, eliminating bottlenecks, and even reusing old equipment at new facilities.

Perhaps the most significant change, however, is that the “improved rigor and discipline of our EVA‐based capital allocation system” has permitted Godrej family members to move from operationsoriented, owner‐manager functions to a broader leadership role. The EVA system has allowed them to feel more comfortable in decentralizing day‐to‐day decision‐making because they are confident that managers and employees are all working in the shareholders' interests.
Signal Crosstalk and Induced Resistance: Straddling the Line Between Cost and Benefit
Authors: Bostock Richard M.
Published: April 2005

This review discusses recent progress in our understanding of signaling in induced plant resistance and susceptibility to pathogens and insect herbivores, with a focus on the connections and crosstalk among phytohormone signaling networks that regulate responses to these and other stresses. Multiple stresses, often simultaneous, reduce growth and yield in plants. However, prior challenge by a pathogen or insect herbivore also can induce resistance to subsequent challenge. This resistance, or failure of susceptibility, must be orchestrated within a larger physiological context that is strongly influenced by other biotic agents and by abiotic stresses such as inadequate light, temperature extremes, drought, nutrient limitation, and soil salinity. Continued research in this area is predicated on the notion that effective utilization of induced resistance in crop protection will require a functional understanding of the physiological consequences of the “induced” state of the plant, coupled with the knowledge of the specificity and compatibility of the signaling systems leading to this state. This information may guide related strategies to improve crop performance in suboptimal environments, and define the limits of induced resistance in certain agricultural contexts.
Temporal dynamics of inotropic, chronotropic, and metabolic responses during β1- and β2-AR stimulation in the isolated, perfused rat heart
Authors: McConville P. , Spencer R. G. , Lakatta E. G.
Published: April 2005

During the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR)-mediated stress response in the heart, the relations between functional responses and metabolism are ill defined, with the distinction between β1- and β2-AR subtypes creating further complexity. Specific outstanding questions include the temporal relation between inotropic and chronotropic responses and their metabolic correlates. We sought to elucidate the relative magnitudes and temporal dynamics of the response to β1- and β2-AR stimulation and the energy expenditure and bioenergetic state related to these responses in the isolated perfused rat heart. Inotropic [left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and dP/d t], chronotropic [heart rate (HR)], and metabolic responses were measured during β1- ( n = 9; agonist: norepinephrine) and β2- ( n = 9; agonist: zinterol) AR stimulation. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MV̇o2) was measured using fiber-optic oximetry, and high-energy phosphate levels and intracellular pH were measured using31P NMR spectroscopy. A multiple-dose protocol was used, with near-maximal β-AR stimulation at the highest doses. In both β1and β2groups, there were dose-dependent increases in LVDP, dP/d t, HR, and MV̇o2. The inotropic response showed more rapid onset, washout, and variation during dose than did the chronotropic response and was closely correlated with MV̇o2. This suggests that the myocardial bioenergetic state is more closely related to the inotropic response than to the chronotropic response. In addition, β1-AR stimulation resulted in a greater magnitude and rate of onset of inotropic and MV̇o2responses than did β2-AR stimulation during maximal stimulation. However, a similar decrease in intracellular energy charge was seen in the two groups, consistent with a greater rate of oxidative phosphorylation during β1- than during β2-AR stimulation.
P2Y2 receptor-mediated release of prostaglandin E2by IMCD is altered in hydrated and dehydrated rats: relevance to AVP-independent regulation of IMCD function
Authors: Sun Rujia , Carlson Noel G. , Hemmert Andrew C. , Kishore Bellamkonda K.
Published: April 2005

Circulating vasopressin levels change in hydrated and dehydrated conditions and thus control osmotic water permeability ( Pf) of the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) antagonizes vasopressin-induced Pfof IMCD. Previously, we showed that activation of P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2-R) in IMCD results in production and release of PGE2, and P2Y2-R mRNA and protein are significantly elevated in inner medullas of hydrated rats compared with dehydrated rats. Therefore, we examined whether the altered expression of P2Y2-R in hydrated and dehydrated states is associated with corresponding changes in P2Y2-R-mediated PGE2release by the IMCD. Rats were hydrated by providing sucrose water as the sole drinking fluid or dehydrated by water deprivation for 2 days. This resulted in high output-low osmolality and low output-high osmolality urines in hydrated and dehydrated rats, respectively. In hydrated rats, there was a significant increase in tubular fluid PGE2, measured indirectly by assessing the urinary PGE2metabolite. Stimulation of freshly isolated IMCD preparations in vitro with P2Y2-R agonist (ATPγS) showed a marked increase in the release of PGE2in hydrated rats compared with normal rats. These responses were blunted in the IMCD prepared from dehydrated rats. The P2Y2-R-mediated PGE2release in the IMCD of hydrated rats was mediated largely by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 as COX-1-specific inhibitor valeroyl salicylate completely blocked the release. The COX-2-specific inhibitor N5398 had only a modest and insignificant inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the increased sensitivity of purinergic-prostanoid interaction seen in the IMCD of hydrated rats may represent a novel vasopressin-independent regulatory mechanism of IMCD function.
Identification of the functional domain of p21WAF1/CIP1that protects cells from cisplatin cytotoxicity
Authors: Yu Fang , Megyesi Judit , Safirstein Robert L. , Price Peter M.
Published: April 2005

The p21 cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor protects cells from cisplatin cytotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanism of protection is not known. Separate p21 domains are known to interact with several different proteins having proapoptotic functions. To investigate the mechanism of protection by p21, we have constructed adenoviruses encoding the different domains of p21. We were able to localize the protective activity to a region of 54 amino acids containing the cyclin-cdk interacting moiety. Other protein binding domains of p21, including the NH2-terminal procaspase-3 interactive region and the COOH-terminal region containing the proliferating cell nuclear antigen binding domain and the nuclear localization signal, had little protective effect on cisplatin cytotoxicity. The dependence of cisplatin cytotoxicity on cdk2 activity was also demonstrated because 1) cisplatin caused a marked increase in cdk2 activity, which was prevented by the p21 expression adenovirus, and 2) a cdk2 dominant-negative adenovirus also protected cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Thus the data suggest that the mechanism of p21 protection is by direct inhibition of cdk2 activity and that cisplatin-induced apoptosis is caused by a cdk2-dependent pathway.
Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated, a DNA damage-inducible kinase, contributes to high NaCl-induced nuclear localization of transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Ferraris Joan D. , Irarrazabal Carlos E. , Dmitrieva Natalia I. , Park Jong-Hwan , Burg Maurice B.
Published: April 2005

High NaCl activates the transcription factor tonicity-responsive enhancer/osmotic response element binding protein (TonEBP/OREBP) by increasing its abundance and transactivation, the latter signaled by a variety of protein kinases. In addition, high NaCl causes TonEBP/OREBP to translocate into the nucleus, but little is known about the signals directing this translocation. The result is increased transcription of protective genes, including those involved in accumulation of organic osmolytes. High NaCl also damages DNA, and DNA damage activates ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase through autophosphorylation on serine 1981. We previously found that ATM is involved in the high NaCl-induced increase in TonEBP/OREBP transactivation. The purpose of the present studies was to test whether ATM is also involved in high NaCl-induced TonEBP/OREBP nuclear translocation. We quantified TonEBP/OREBP in nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts from cultured cells by Western blot analysis. In COS-7 cells, wortmannin, an inhibitor of ATM, reduces high NaCl-induced nuclear translocation of TonEBP/OREBP. We used AT cells (in which ATM is inactive) to test the specificity of this effect. Nuclear translocation of native TonEBP/OREBP and of its recombinant NH2-terminal rel homology domain, which contains the nuclear localization signal, is reduced in AT cells and is restored when the cells are reconstituted with functional ATM. In conclusion, activation of ATM contributes to high NaCl-induced nuclear translocation of TonEBP/OREBP.
Expression profiling reveals functionally important genes and coordinately regulated signaling pathway genes during in vitro angiogenesis
Authors: Hahn C. N. , Su Z. J. , Drogemuller C. J. , Tsykin A. , Waterman S. R. , Brautigan P. J. , Yu S. , Kremmidiotis G. , Gardner A. , Solomon P. J. , Goodall G. J. , Vadas M. A. , Gamble J. R.
Published: April 2005

Angiogenesis is a complex multicellular process requiring the orchestration of many events including migration, alignment, proliferation, lumen formation, remodeling, and maturation. Such complexity indicates that not only individual genes but also entire signaling pathways will be crucial in angiogenesis. To define an angiogenic blueprint of regulated genes, we utilized our well-characterized three-dimensional collagen gel model of in vitro angiogenesis, in which the majority of cells synchronously progress through defined morphological stages culminating in the formation of capillary tubes. We developed a comprehensive three-tiered approach using microarray analysis, which allowed us to identify genes known to be involved in angiogenesis and genes hitherto unlinked to angiogenesis as well as novel genes and has proven especially useful for genes where the magnitude of change is small. Of interest is the ability to recognize complete signaling pathways that are regulated and genes clustering into ontological groups implicating the functional importance of particular processes. We have shown that consecutive members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and leukemia inhibitory factor signaling pathways are altered at the mRNA level during in vitro angiogenesis. Thus, at least for the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, mRNA changes as well as the phosphorylation changes of these gene products may be important in the control of blood vessel morphogenesis. Furthermore, in this study, we demonstrated the power of virtual Northern blot analysis, as an alternative to quantitative RT-PCR, for measuring the magnitudes of differential gene expression.
s‐pure submodules
Authors: Crivei Iuliu
Published: April 2005

A submodule A of a right R‐module B is called s‐pure if f⊗R1S is a monomorphism for every simple left R‐module S, where f : A → B is the inclusion homomorphism. We establish some properties of s‐pure submodules and use s‐purity to characterize commutative rings with every maximal ideal idempotent.
A note on surfaces with prescribed oriented Euclidean Gauss map
Authors: Earp Ricardo Sa , Toubiana Eric
Published: April 2005

We present another proof of a theorem due to Hoffman and Osserman
in Euclidean space concerning the determination of a conformal immersion by its Gauss map. Our approach depends on geometric quantities, that is, the hyperbolic Gauss map G and formulae obtained in hyperbolic space. We use the idea that the Euclidean Gauss map and the hyperbolic Gauss map with some compatibility relation determine a conformal immersion, proved in a previous paper.
Unit groups of cube radical zero commutative completely primary finite rings
Authors: Chikunji Chiteng′a John
Published: April 2005

A completely primary finite ring is a ring R with identity 1 ≠ 0 whose subset of all its zero‐divisors forms the unique maximal ideal J. Let R be a commutative completely primary finite ring with the unique maximal ideal J such that J3 = (0) and J2 ≠ (0). Then R/J≅GF(pr) and the characteristic of R is pk, where 1 ≤ k ≤ 3, for some prime p and positive integer r. Let Ro = GR(pkr, pk) be a Galois subring of R and let the annihilator of J be J2 so that R = Ro ⊕ U ⊕ V, where U and V are finitely generated Ro‐modules. Let nonnegative integers s and t be numbers of elements in the generating sets for U and V, respectively. When s = 2, t = 1, and the characteristic of R is p; and when t = s(s + 1)/2, for any fixed s, the structure of the group of units R∗ of the ring R and its generators are determined; these depend on the structural matrices
(aij) and on the parameters p, k, r, and s.
A discrete variational approach for investigation of stationary localized states in a discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation, named IN‐DNLS
Authors: Kundu K.
Published: April 2005

IN‐DNLS considered here is a countable infinite set of coupled one‐dimensional nonlinear ordinary differential difference equations with a tunable nonintegrability parameter. When this parameter vanishes, IN‐DNLS reduces to the famous integrable Ablowitz‐Ladik (AL) equation. The formation of unstaggered and staggered stationary localized states (SLSs) in IN‐DNLS is studied here using a discrete variational method. The functional form of stationary soliton of AL equation is used as the ansatz
for SLSs. Derivation of the appropriate functional and its equivalence to the effective Lagrangian are presented. Formation of on‐site peaked and intersite peaked unstaggered SLSs and their dependence on the nonintegrability parameter are investigated. On‐site peaked states are found to be energetically stable. Results are explained using the effective mass picture. Also, the properties of staggered SLSs of Sievers‐Takeno‐ (ST‐) like
mode and Page‐ (P‐) like mode are investigated and explained using the same effective mass picture. It is further shown here that an unstable SLS which is found in the truncated analysis of the problem does not survive in the exact calculation. For large‐width and small‐amplitude SLSs, the known asymptotic result for the amplitude is obtained. Further scope and possible extensions of this work are discussed.
Haplotype Sharing Analysis Using Mantel Statistics
Authors: Beckmann L. , Thomas D.C. , Fischer C. , Chang-Claude J.
Published: April 2005

Objective: The potential value of haplotypes has attracted widespread interest in the mapping of complex traits. Haplotype sharing methods take the linkage disequilibrium information between multiple markers into account, and may have good power to detect predisposing genes. We present a new approach based on Mantel statistics for spacetime clustering, which is developed in order to improve the power of haplotype sharing analysis for gene mapping in complex disease. Methods: The new statistic correlates genetic similarity and phenotypic similarity across pairs of haplotypes for case-only and case-control studies. The genetic similarity is measured as the shared length between haplotypes around a putative disease locus. The phenotypic similarity is measured as the mean-corrected cross-product based on the respective phenotypes. We analyzed two tests for statistical significance with respect to type I error: (1) assuming asymptotic normality, and (2) using a Monte Carlo permutation procedure. The results were compared to the χ2 test for association based on 3-marker haplotypes. Results: The results of the type I error rates for the Mantel statistics using the permutational procedure yielded pointwise valid tests. The approach based on the assumption of asymptotic normality was seriously liberal. Conclusion:Power comparisons showed that the Mantel statistics were better than or equal to the χ2 test for all simulated disease models.
MCMC Multilocus Lod Scores: Application of a New Approach
Authors: George Andrew W. , Wijsman Ellen M. , Thompson Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2005

On extended pedigrees with extensive missing data, the calculation of multilocus likelihoods for linkage analysis is often beyond the computational bounds of exact methods. Growing interest therefore surrounds the implementation of Monte Carlo estimation methods. In this paper, we demonstrate the speed and accuracy of a new Markov chain Monte Carlo method for the estimation of linkage likelihoods through an analysis of real data from a study of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. For those data sets where comparison with exact analysis is possible, we achieved up to a 100-fold increase in speed. Our approach is implemented in the program lm–bayes within the framework of the freely available MORGAN 2.6 package for Monte Carlo genetic analysis (http://www.stat.washington.edu/thompson/Genepi/MORGAN/Morgan.shtml).
Linkage Disequilibrium: Ancient History Drives the New Genetics
Authors: Abecasis Gonçalo R. , Ghosh Debashis , Nichols Thomas E.
Published: April 2005

This brief review provides a summary of the biological causes of genetic association between tightly linked markers – termed linkage disequilibrium – and unlinked markers – termed population structure. We also review the utility of linkage disequilibrium data in gene mapping in isolated populations, in the estimation of recombination rates and in studying the history of particular alleles, including the detection of natural selection. We discuss current understanding of the extent and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the genome, and its promise for genetic association studies in complex disease. Finally, we highlight the importance of using appropriate statistical procedures, such as the false discovery rate, to maximize the chances of success in large scale association studies.
What is the News? Criticism, Debate and Community in Indonesia's Local Press
Authors: Morrell Elizabeth
Published: April 2005

Community newspapers are recognized as a potentially effective means of improving participation and equity. In this article, I discuss one local newspaper that has been established since the introduction of media reforms in post-Suharto Indonesia. This newspaper is published in the Luwu region of South Sulawesi, which has undergone significant subdivision within Indonesia's radical decentralization programme. Many of the problems occurring in the country's transition to democracy are evident here. New local government bodies are being established at a number of different levels, and issues including armed conflict, unreliable policing, unemployment, and poverty must also be addressed. Yet, whereas grassroots strengthening is imperative for overcoming all those issues, the local press focuses on the bureaucracy, and does not act sufficiently to develop an informed critical awareness, or the widespread confidence that equitable change can be achieved.
Power from Below: Deconstructing the Dominant Paradigm of Power
Authors: Adeney-Risakotta Bernard
Published: April 2005

In 1998, Indonesia was shaken to the bone by a political, economic, social and cultural crisis that has lasted at least six years. As the 32-year-old regime of President Soeharto collapsed under massive protests, the country began a process of democratization that unleashed conflicts and power struggles all over the country. The ending of an authoritarian regime, the de-legitimization of the military and the euphoria of Reformasi (Reformation) did not usher in a golden age of freedom and prosperity but rather, a period of serious conflicts between races, tribes, religions, political groups, regions and naked economic interests that seem impossible to quench. The long drawn-out crisis in Indonesia may be viewed as a period of power struggles that are an inevitable result of the power vacuum that followed the fall of Soeharto. Conflicts that had been repressed for decades under a militaristic regime roared into life under the banner of "democracy".
Beyond Power: Alternative Conceptions of Being and the (Asian) Reconstitution of Social Theory
Authors: Clammer John
Published: April 2005

The preoccupation with power in mainstream Western social theory can be challenged from a number of perspectives. In this paper, I consider some alternative ways of conceptualizing ways-of-being in society that are implicit in a number of Asian traditions of thought and, in particular, in Buddhism and Gandhian ideas. In this paper, I challenge the necessity for a power-based approach to social relations. I suggest both that the models of society emerging from Foucault and other major Western theorists are examples of culturally bound local knowledge that have significant negative influences on the conception of alternative social possibilities, and that the resources for such alternatives lie not only in Western forms of utopian thinking but in existing Asian traditions — the full sociological implications of which have not yet been explored or worked out in detail.
Thinking Inside and Outside of the Circle of Kings: Reflections on the Comparative and Performative Practice of Southeast Asian Studies
Authors: Salman Michael
Published: April 2005

Evaluations of the success, viability, and future of Southeast Asian studies in the United States have long been characterized by pessimism, and also by a set of deeply rooted assumptions about what an area studies programme is supposed to be and what it requires to be successful. These assumptions concern not just institutional issues, but conceptions of what makes a region a proper unit for scholarly analysis, conceptions that invariably hinge on explicit or implicit comparisons to other regions. In this essay, I reverse the gaze of such evaluations by turning some of O.W. Wolter's classic notions about Southeast Asian cultures back upon the practice of Southeast Asianists, and by reversing some of the comparisons that are often used to demarcate Southeast Asia as both as distinctive region and a distinctively weak subject for successful area studies. Rather than accept such abstract and a priori notions about what Southeast Asian studies must be and what must be wrong with it, I propose instead a much more expansive, inclusive, and flexible definition of the field based upon the way it is practised in particular places and times. Such a performative model of Southeast Asian studies can take students, pedagogy, diaspora, and diverse transnational flows into account, while emphasizing all the more the importance of Southeast Asia as a field of scholarly and institutional collaboration.
A new frog of the genus Alsodes (Leptodactylidae) from the Tolhuaca National Park, Andes Range, southern Chile
Authors: Cuevas César , Formas J. Ramón
Published: April 2005

A new species, Alsodes igneus, from the temperate Nothofagus forest, western slopes of the Andes Range, southern Chile, is described. This species is characterized by the combination of the following characters: snout short slightly truncated in dorsal view, a black ribbon extending below the canthus rostralis, unbarred legs and arms, heel not reaching the posterior border of the eye when hind leg is bent forward, toes scarcely fringed, webbing absent, dorsal surface granular. Its karyotype has 26 bi-armed chromosomes and it is characterized by presenting the secondary constriction and nucleolus organizer regions in the short arm of pair seven.
The relationship between size-free body shape and choice of retreat for Western Australian Ctenophorus (Agamidae) dragon lizards
Authors: Thompson Graham , Withers Philip
Published: April 2005

We examined the relationship between body shape and choice of retreat for males of 17 species of Western Australian Ctenophorus dragon lizards, accounting for body size by using Somers' (1986, 1989) size-free principal component analysis. Ctenophorus species group strongly in size-free morphometric space (shape) based on the nature of their natural retreat (i.e. burrows, no burrows and rocks). Those species that dig their own burrow as a retreat have short tails and hind limbs, whereas that those do not generally retreat to a burrow have longer lower hind limbs and hind feet. Three of the four species that retreat to crevices or under rocks have a dorso-ventrally flattened head and body, and relatively long upper fore-limbs. The fourth rock-retreat species (C. caudicinctus) does not have a dorso-ventrally flattened head and body; its body shape is intermediate between those species in the three ecological groups.
Size-free shape differences between male and female Western Australian dragon lizards (Agamidae)
Authors: Withers Philip , Thompson Graham
Published: April 2005

Examination of size-free body shape for males and females of 41 species of Western Australian dragon lizards (Agamidae) indicate that males generally have a proportionally longer head, and females a proportionally longer abdomen. Principal component and cluster analyses show that size-free body shape differences between males and females are neither uniform nor consistent within the Agamidae, or the genus Ctenophorus. This inconsistency is problematic when linking morphological characteristics with performance traits, use of space, or preferred habitat for species. We recommend that male and female dragons are treated separately in morphological analyses, but acknowledge that this increases the complexity of analyse and interpretations.
Probabilistic Forecasting of (Severe) Thunderstorms in the Netherlands Using Model Output Statistics
Authors: Schmeits Maurice J. , Kok Kees J. , Vogelezang Daan H. P.
Published: April 2005

The derivation and verification of logistic regression equations for the (conditional) probability of (severe) thunderstorms in the warm half-year (from mid-April to mid-October) in the Netherlands is described. For 12 regions of about 90 km × 80 km each, and for projections out to 48 h in advance (with 6-h periods), these equations have been derived using model output statistics (MOS). As a source for the predictands, lightning data from the Surveillance et d’Alerte Foudre par Interférométrie Radioélectrique (SAFIR) network have been used. The potential predictor dataset mainly consisted of the combined (postprocessed) output from two numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. It contained 15 traditional thunderstorm indices, computed from the High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM), and (postprocessed) output from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. The most important predictor in the thunderstorm forecast system is the square root of the ECMWF 6-h convective precipitation sum, and the most important predictor in the severe thunderstorm forecast system is the HIRLAM Boyden index. The success of the square root of the ECMWF 6-h convective precipitation sum as a thunderstorm predictor indicates that there is a strong relation between the forecast convective precipitation by the ECMWF model and the occurrence of thunderstorms, at least in the Netherlands up to 3 days in advance. The overall verification results for the 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC runs of the MOS (severe) thunderstorm forecast system are good, and, therefore, the system was made operational at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) in April 2004.
A Unique Satellite Perspective of the 13–14 January 2004 Record Cold Outbreak in the Northeast
Authors: Ackerman S. A. , Bachmeier A. S. , Strabala K. , Gunshor M.
Published: April 2005

A cold, dry arctic air mass occupied southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States on 13–14 January 2004. This air mass was quite dry—total column precipitable water values at Pickle Lake, Ontario, Canada, and The Pas, Manitoba, Canada, were as low as 0.02 in. (0.5 mm)—allowing significant amounts of radiation originating from the surface to be detected using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 6.5-μm “water vapor channel” imagery. On this day the strong thermal gradient between the very cold snow-covered land surface in southern Canada and the warmer, unfrozen, cloud-free water along the northern portion of the Great Lakes was quite evident in GOES-12 imager water vapor channel data. Several hours later, as the cold dry air mass moved eastward, the coast of Maine, Cape Cod, and the Saint Lawrence River were also apparent in the water vapor channel imagery.
Local Adjustment of the Background Error Correlation for Surface Analyses over Complex Terrain
Authors: Myrick David T. , Horel John D. , Lazarus Steven M.
Published: April 2005

The terrain between grid points is used to modify locally the background error correlation matrix in an objective analysis system. This modification helps to reduce the influence across mountain barriers of corrections to the background field that are derived from surface observations. This change to the background error correlation matrix is tested using an analytic case of surface temperature that encapsulates the significant features of nocturnal radiation inversions in mountain basins, which can be difficult to analyze because of locally sharp gradients in temperature. Bratseth successive corrections, optimal interpolation, and three-dimensional variational approaches are shown to yield exactly the same surface temperature analysis. Adding the intervening terrain term to the Bratseth approach led to solutions that match more closely the specified analytic solution. In addition, the convergence of the Bratseth solutions to the best linear unbiased estimation of the analytic solution is faster.

The intervening terrain term was evaluated in objective analyses over the western United States derived from a modified version of the Advanced Regional Prediction System Data Assimilation System. Local adjustment of the background error correlation matrix led to improved surface temperature analyses by limiting the influence of observations in mountain valleys that may differ from the weather conditions present in adjacent valleys.