bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metastatic Breast Cancer, Diagnosis and Cutting-Edge Therapeutics Approaches
Authors: AZMAT RABIA , HIRA HASOOBA , TARIQ ZAINAB , RASHEED AASMA , MANZOOR AQILA , JAVED KHADIJA , KHALIL MEHRAB , NAEEM AQSA
Published: October 2024

Cancer has emerged as a critical global health concern, impacting millions of lives worldwide. It is a lethal disorder that poses severe health consequences as it involves the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells which leads to the formation of tumor (TUM). Its severity escalates as these malignant cells invade nearby tissues and organs, disrupting their normal functions. Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) which is also categorized as stage IV breast cancer (BC), is an advanced and serious form of cancer. In this stage cancer cells from the original TUM in the breast possess the ability to migrate to other parts of the body such as bones, liver, lungs and brain. The spread of cancer cells is facilitated through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. MBC is considered incurable, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms, improving quality of life and prolonging survival. Common symptoms include bone pain, shortness of breath and fatigue. Despite advancements in treatment, the prognosis for MBC remains challenging. Therefore, this chapter provides a detailed overview of the complex processes related to the diagnosis and treatment of MBC. This chapter also investigates associated challenges during early phase of detection, explores evolving diagnostic methods and emphasizes the crucial role of selective medicine in MBC treatments. Furthermore, this chapter also examines the cutting-edge therapeutic approaches involved in the amelioration of MBC.
Investigating the Role of Immunotherapy in the Management of Ovarian Cancer
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, NAZIR NIMRA , SHAMSHAD SHEZA , MUNEER ARSHIA , IJAZ AYESHA , FATIMA MALEEHA , TAHIR RABIA , GULFAM MUHAMMAD , AWAIS MUHAMMAD
Published: October 2024

Cancer is a medical condition defined by the uncontrolled division and growth of abnormal cells in the body. The aberrant cells give rise to masses known as tumors, which can invade the nearby tissues and spread to other distant regions in the body. The impact of cancer is notable, as it halts normal cellular functions and can lead to severe health risks. Ovarian cancer (OC) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder with certain histological subtypes, indicating substantial challenges in the on-time detection and treatment. The asymptomatic nature of early-stage OC frequently results in late diagnosis, thereby contributing to its elevated mortality rate. OC subtypes exhibit variations in identifiable risk factors, cells of origin, molecular compositions, clinical features, and treatment approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for the amelioration of various kinds of cancers, operating the body’s immune system to combat different lethal diseases. Certain immunetherapy approaches such as chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors (CKI) possess the ability to activate as well as enhance the immune response facilitating improved identification and elimination of cancer cells (CCs). In contrast to conventional treatments, immune therapy holds the promise of enhanced effectiveness with potentially reduced side effects. Despite advancements in treatment approaches such as surgery and chemotherapy, managing advanced-stage OC remains a significant clinical challenge. Therefore, in this chapter, we will explore the possible role of immune therapy in the management of OC.
Toxicology Implications of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Reproduction
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan, QURAT-UL-AIN  , BATOOL MOAZAMA , IMRAN SAFA ,   Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have received significant attention because of their detrimental effect on the reproductive system in recent years. In vitro and animal studies have revealed that Endocrine disrupting chemicals interfere with hormonal pathways essential for the development of female and male gonads. This particular disruption can occur via epigenetic/receptor mediated interactions or through non-receptor mediated modes of action. A strong correlation has been shown between EDC exposure and certain reproductive disorders in the epidemiological studies of human populations such as endometriosis, infertility, poor sperm quality and testicular cancer. Thus, in order to assess the toxicity of EDCs on the reproductive system, biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools, but precise differentiation requires advanced techniques. To mitigate these harmful effects various international strategies and therapeutic approaches have been implemented. Despite this, challenges are still persisting while addressing these issues effectively. This book chapter will delve into future directions in order to combat EDC induced reproductive toxicity and suggest innovative approaches for improved management of these toxicants.
Toxicology Consequences of Heavy Metal Exposure on Male Fertility
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan, QURAT-UL-AIN  , BATOOL MOAZAMA , TALIB FATIMA , MAHMOOD MAMOONA , IMRAN SAFA ,   Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

Exposure to environmental toxicants such as heavy metals is significantly known for their contribution to numerous health issues; particularly reproductive health is being affected most. Disturbed male reproductive potential and toxicity have pressing concerns now-a-days. Therefore, it is critical to thoroughly investigate, understand, and assess their influence on reproductive toxicity in males. Thus, disrupted redox equilibrium and oxidative stress are major features through which toxicants induced alterations in sperm parameters leading to the affected male reproductive system can be checked. Additionally, epidemiological studies of human populations have shown a strong correlation between heavy metals exposure and several reproductive disorders. However, biomarkers have appeared as valuable tools for the assessment of heavy metal reproductive toxicity, but advanced techniques are required for precise evaluation. To alleviate the detrimental effect of various heavy metals, international policies and remediation technologies have been employed. Despite this, challenges are still arising while resolving these issues effectively. This book chapter will explore potential avenues for future research to address heavy metal-induced reproductive toxicity, including the development of novel targeted therapeutic approaches, diagnostic tools, and biomarkers for better management of these toxicants.
Human Health and Microplastics: An Emerging Concern
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, SHAFIQUE FARWA , SHAHID HUMNA , JABEEN MARVA , NADEEM AKASH , KHAN HAMMAD AHMAD , IJAZ MUHAMMAD UMAR , HAYAT MUHAMMAD FAISAL , AKBAR ALI
Published: October 2024

Microplastics (MPs) contamination has become a significant global concern owing to its considerable impact on the natural ecosystem as well as human health. These microparticles originate from a wide range of sources incorporating personal care products, the rundown of bigger plastic items, soups, bags, and bottles as well as incineration of all kinds of plastic products or materials. In addition to this, MPs have been found in drinking water sources, food items and even in the air we breathe, making them a ubiquitous threat. The hazardous impacts of MPs on marine as well as other ecosystems are notable. The intake of MPs by wildlife and humans can lead to physical injuries, and bioaccumulation of harmful substances, resulting in severe toxicological responses in the body. Furthermore, MPs have been found to contain hazardous chemicals such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers which possess the capability to penetrate the environment and potentially induce endocrine disruption, reproductive issues as well as cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized MPs as an emerging concern, and it is working to evaluate the considerable health hazards correlated with exposure to MPs particles from the environment. Therefore, in this chapter, we will examine the relationship between microplastics and human health.
Botanical Solution for Arthritis: Harnessing Nature's Remedies
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, ANDLEEB RAHAT , GHAFFAR WARISHA , MUSTAFA GHANVA , PARVEEN SADIA , ZAFAR SAIMA , ASHRAF ASMA
Published: October 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a 0.5% of the population inflammatory illness that is chronic and has an unknown etiology. It can cause joint damage and disability due to inflammation of the synovium in the joints, as well as progressive degradation of the cartilage and bone that leads to eventual immobility. The most significant drawback of the powerful synthetic medications that are now on the market is their toxicity and recurrence of side effects after stopping use. Patients with RA are becoming more interested in herbal medications due to the limitations of current pharmacological compounds. herbs with naturally occurring active components that are used to treat illness or lessen arthritic symptoms are known as medicinal herbs. This chapter also discusses the medicinal plants that are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and interact with the mediators of inflammation.
Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics: Understanding how Toxins Interact with the Body
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, BIBI MARRIUM , MANZOOR AQILA , YASEEN ISHA , GHAFFAR MARIA , BIBI IQRA , NAZ HUMA , HAYAT MUHAMMAD FAISAL , SHAHID HUMNA ,   Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

Humans interact with a wide range of environmental toxicants through different pathways. The concepts of toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic elucidate the penetration of various toxicants in the body through various routes particularly dermal, inhalation, and ingestion and their interaction with living systems. Toxicokinetic(s) elaborates on the dosage, time duration and route of penetration of different xenobiotics as well as environmental toxicants while the term toxicodynamic explain the dynamic interactions of these xenobiotics and toxicants with different body organs. Different toxicants including mercury, lead, arsenic, paraquat and perfluoroalkyl substances activate various signaling pathways which exert different impacts on body organs. This chapter will elucidate how a drug or toxicant enters the body and interacts with various organs.
Biofloc Culture: Pioneering the Blue Revolution in Contemporary Aquaculture Practices
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, ZAHRA ANDLEEB , MATEEN ABDUL , ABBAS AMNA , NAVEED MUHAMMAD , RIAZ RAFIA , DUA AMNA , WADOOD FAZILA , RAZZAQ SALYHA , BINT-E- SHAFQAT UM-E-HABIBA
Published: October 2024

Blue revolution substantially introduces advanced trends in fisheries and aquaculture through the implementation of the latest techniques to combat the rising demand for seafood as well as protect the aquatic ecosystem. The aquaculture sector has been facing numerous challenges for decades owing to environmental degradation. Various modern technologies including biofloc innovate traditional aquaculture practices. Biofloc enhances the heterotrophic potential of bacteria, reduces water utilization as well as promotes the process of nutrient recycling. This technology potentially increased the growth as well as the health status of fish species through improving water quality. This chapter provides valuable insight regarding the most advanced technique called “Biofloc” in aquaculture practices. Furthermore, it highlights the economic as well as ecological benefits of biofloc and the ability to counteract the challenges of aquaculture practices. Biofloc subsidizes the feed conversion ratio which ultimately reduces the cost. These practices provide minerals, nutrients, and fatty acids to the rearing species throughout the day. Moreover, biofloc regulates sustainable ways to ensure high profitability as compared to traditional aquaculture practices. In conclusion, biofloc technology shows promising results through minimum water exchange, enhancing water quality as well as reducing the cost of production which ultimately leads to a high ratio of profitability when compared with local fisheries practices.
Evolving Paradigms and Innovations in Modern Fisheries Practices
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, ASLAM NUDRAT , MATEEN ABDUL , ABBAS AMNA , ZAHRA ANDLEEB , DURESHAHWAR  , ASHRAF KINZA , RAZZAQ SALYHA , KANWAL AYESHA
Published: October 2024

The sustainable development of aquaculture and effective fisheries management are crucial for ensuring nutritional security. This chapter examines the enlightened landscape of fisheries, total yield dynamics, environmental challenges, and accessibility of innovations to enhance the efficiency of the fishing industry. Despite the substantial increase in aquaculture production, environmental issues including climate change overfishing and pollution are causing significant threats to fisheries which highlight the necessity for innovations in fisheries management practices by exploring the ecosystem-based approach and the role of technological advancements. This chapter entails the data-driven pathways and emerging digital technologies, including robotics, drones, sensors, artificial intelligence and the internet of things as pivotal in revolutionizing fisheries practices. Ecosystem monitoring and management are evolving as a result of innovative modeling approaches that draw data from these and other techniques. Molecular technologies such as genomic selection and editing as well as waste management innovative strategies through the use of nanoparticles play a significant role in the improvement of sustainable fisheries management.
Sustainability of Fisheries Under Climate Change Pressures
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, ASAD FARKHANDA , ASHRAF ASMA , JAMAL RAFIA , NADEEM AIMAN , ALI TAYYABA , ALI SHAHBAZ , NASEER SABA , KANWAL IRTISHA
Published: October 2024

Climate change is a growing factor across the world’s marine fisheries, affecting them in varying, but widespread, ways that affect individuals, stocks, populations, communities, food webs, and large ecosystems. As such, observed and projected changes in the yield, distribution, quality, and composition of fish stocks are evident across many measures. In fisheries, the vulnerability is affected by impacts on fishing techniques and changes in fish distribution. Other than ecological impacts, climate change has economic consequences on fisheries, such as increased costs and damage. Research emphasizes the spatial issues regarding the redistribution of benefits and losses in fisheries due to species migration and ecosystem shift. Climate change also causes shifts in marine habitats and oceanographic conditions, which affect marine species’ biogeochemical cycles, trophic flows, life histories, productivity and distributions. Considering the complexity and multidimensionality of the effects of climate change on fisheries, policymakers must have a holistic understanding of ecological and socioeconomic implications to engage in effective policy dialogue and adaptation. Multidisciplinary research into the effects of climate change on fisheries is essential, as is creative policymaking to counter the negative aspects, and stakeholder involvement to ensure that policies are correctly implemented. By combining scientific knowledge with the practice of adaptive management, it is possible to prevent climate change from destroying marine ecosystems and harming livelihoods dependent on fisheries.
Latest Trends in Fisheries
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, ASAD FARKHANDA , BATOOL NAVAIRA , NASEER SABA , SHAHEEN ZUNAIRA , ZULIFQAR RAFIA , JAMAL RAFIA , HASSAN RABEE
Published: October 2024

It has been assessed that the current trends of fisheries are by far causing a significant impact on the fisheries and the marine and wildlife. In this chapter it describes how this industry has matured from the old ways of fishing to the new technologies of fish farming and sustainable fishing. It also discusses the historic roles of fisheries, their technologies and issues associated with fisheries. It addresses the problems of fishing crises, loss of ecological systems, and climate change issues that affect marine lives and the means of sustenance for the fishing populations. Chances can be found by methods of sustainable fishing like MPAs and reducing by-catch besides innovations in artificial intelligence and robotics that create a new effective and sustainable world for fishing. All these technologies and techniques enhanced the fisheries sector from not only an efficient production point of view but also livelihood. Finally, the chapter reiterates the importance of international cooperation and responsible and sustainable management of these issues to help secure the world’s fisheries’ future.
Fish immunology: Understanding the Interaction Between Pollutants and the Immune System
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan, Batool Moazama , Ain Qurat-Ul , Imran Safa ,   Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

The aquatic environment is represented as a reservoir for numerous toxicants, posing a substantial hazard to aquatic organisms. Among various ranges of pollutants, such as endocrine disrupters, pesticides, organic pollutants, and heavy metals have been exposed to have immunotoxic effects. Furthermore, alterations in the functioning of immune system cells, antibody production and cytokine signaling have been observed that elucidate the pathways that show the compromised immune defenses of fish because of their exposure to these contaminants. Further research revealed that the presence of molecular and cellular biomarkers indicates the long-term consequences of toxicity in fish immune system by the activation of respiratory burst activity and phagocytosis. In vitro and in vivo studies have promoted advanced techniques to comprehend the certainty between toxicants and aquatic organisms. Additionally, bioremediation techniques have been implemented to mitigate pollutant exposure and improve fish immune resilience. This chapter delves into a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between environmental contaminants and fish immune system and undergoes sustainable management practices with future directions aimed at safeguarding the aquatic system.
Water Quality and Fish Health: Interaction with Toxic Substances
Authors:   Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan, Ali Tayyaba , Shakeel Tayyaba , Asad Farkhanda , Ashraf Asma ,   Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

Water quality is an important factor for the well-being of aquatic ecosystems, it also influences physiological, behavioral and biochemical activities of water animals including fish. Due to overpopulation, lack of awareness and lack of implementation of environmental laws, there is an increase in the variety of toxic compounds in water bodies whose adverse effects have been widely distributed among aquatic biotas. Fish, being fragile animals, is affected by changes in the physical and chemical constituents of the water. This chapter highlights the hazardous effects imposed by the influx of heavy metals, acid rain, pesticides, herbicides, petrochemicals, radioactive substances, plastics, microplastics and other industrial and domestic effluents and their byproducts on the wellbeing of fish. Toxic substances in aquatic environments result in a wide range of impacts on fish health and its survival. Various hazardous compounds and their metabolites cause stress responses, disrupt endocrine systems and impair growth and reproduction in fish populations. One of the major goals of the United Nations for the coming years is to ensure the safety and suitability of life under water indicating its importance for human health and sustainable development for a prosperous future. There is a need for hours to monitor water quality parameters furthermore, more rigorous monitoring and control of water quality standards to protect aquatic life from the escalating threat of environmental pollution.
Behavioral Ecology: Patterns and Trends in Animal Social Interactions
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, ARA CHAMMAN , GHAFOOR NAILA , YASIN RIFFAT , SHAHID RIMSHA , KHAN MUHAMMAD NADEEM , MALIK INAYAT ULLAH , RAZZAQ WAJEEHA , ASHIQ TAYYABA
Published: October 2024

The emergence of ecology, specifically behavioral ecology represents a crucial shift in the understanding of the complex relationship between organisms and their environments. This scientific discipline gained prominence in the mid-20th century, concentrating on the study of how animal behavior evolves as a response to ecological concerns. Through careful observations and experiments, researchers revealed the adaptive approaches employed by species to survive and reproduce. The integration of evolutionary principles and ecological dynamics gave rise to a significant comprehension of animal interactions, emphasizing the role of behavior in regulating population dynamics. Patterns along with trends in animal social connections reveal substantial insights into the complications of the communication and cooperation in distinct species. From hierarchical structural configuration in primate communities to complex mating rituals between different birds, these patterns highlight the evolutionary significance of social behavior. Observable trends frequently comprise cooperation for resource acquisition and formation of territories. Such patterns help us to understand the adaptive behaviors that structure social life, and thus the contingencies that enter into the fitness of a population. Therefore, this chapter explores the patterns and trends in animal social interactions.
Conservation Biology: Protecting Species and Habitats
Authors:   College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China, ISHTIAQ AYESHA , ZAHID RUKHSHAN
Published: October 2024

Biodiversity comprises all the different life forms on Earth, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and their genetic information. Biodiversity also includes the genetic and species diversity of a specific region, biome, or planet. Biodiversity is therefore important as it encompasses the aesthetic perspective that increases the beauty of nature while contributing to human well-being in the form of resources such as food, fuel, medicines and feed. Despite the advantages of biodiversity, threats to species and ecosystems are growing at an alarming rate today and almost all of which are the result of human mismanagement of biological resources, often caused by climate change, pollution, bad institutions negligence and economic policies. Biodiversity conservation is critical to ensuring equity within and between generations. Reforestation, zoological and botanical gardens, national parks, biosphere reserves, germplasm banks, adoption of breeding and tissue culture techniques, and social forestry to reduce the pressure of overexploitation of forest resources are some of the current approaches to conserving biodiversity.
Climate Change Impacts: Disruptions in Wildlife, Ecosystems and Fisheries
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Jamil Rimsha , Akbar Mariam , Imran Muhammad , Nageen Sadia , Shoukat Hafiz Shah Ali Akbar , Hafeez Muaza , Ghafoor Samra , Jamil Shahzaib ,   Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,   Department of Zoology, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

Climate change refers to long-term patterns of change in global, regional and local climate averages. The characteristics of the Earth’s climate are attributed to the combined effects of natural causes and human-induced forces. Human activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, causing the observed ever-increasing world average temperature, accompanied by unprecedented occurrences of unusual, extreme weather. This will likely change worldwide ecosystems and hence present a risk for whole species of both flora and fauna to be extinct. In addition, climate change has seriously and negatively impacted the majority of the living world through the upsetting of their basic environmental conditions and their alteration of ecological processes. High temperatures trigger shifts in the phenology behavior and distribution of plant and animal species while trying to live and survive under the climatic change facilitated by rising temperatures. A good example is such shifts can stimulate mismatches within species interaction, e.g. predator-prey relationships or plant-pollinator dynamics, with serious effects on respective ecosystems.
Global Scenario of Wild Animal Disease Prevalence and Transmission in One Health Perspective
Authors:   Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Hussain Shujaat , Haq Shahbaz ul , Abdullah Rana Muhammad , Chughtai Sobia Amir , Usmani Muhammad Wasim , Javaid Talha , Yameen Abubakar , Alvi Mughees Aizaz ,   Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China,   Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,   Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Lahore, Pakistan,   Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan,   Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

Zoonotic diseases are accountable for more than 60% of total infections in humans that are associated with long-term interactions among animals and humans. Wild animals are considered as fundamental pathways underlying the pathogenesis of various zoonotic diseases. A plethora of research has revealed that most emerging infectious diseases are linked with various sorts of wild species including the wild bats that are well known for hosting viruses. However, the occurrences and prevalence of these infectious diseases are due to a wide range of anthropogenic activities. Different preventive indications as well as cross-sectoral collaboration can prevent the onset of these diseases. Nevertheless, various sorts of challenges including the lack of data are indispensable to address. Researchers have emphasized “one health approach” to combat these infectious diseases. This chapter has discussed a wide range of infectious diseases, underlying factors and primary challenges to combat these diseases.
Use of Medicinal Plants as Contraceptive
Authors:   Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, David Mehwish , Jahan Sarwat , Ain Qurat-ul ,   Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

According to current statistics, the world's population has risen to 7 billion people. It grows by 80 million people every year and is expected to reach 9-10 billion by 2050. Population expansion as such is a pivotal cause of resource deprivation and human distress from malnutrition and scarcity. To control overpopulation, birth control methods have been used since ancient times however, availability of safe and reliable methods has been ensured only in recent years, which include the use of physical, barrier, hormonal and behavioral methods. Family planning has also been introduced among couples through awareness to several approaches of contraception, such as use of contraceptive drugs, devices (Copper-T), Tubectomy, Condoms, Diaphragm, and coitus interrupts. In some cases, these methods are reliable however, in other cases, they may exert their detrimental effects by causing long term hormonal imbalances and endocrine disruptions in males and menstrual irregularities in females. Hence, medicinal plants have grabbed the minds of researchers as a major source of naturally present fertility regulating agents prior to their safe use and minimum side effects. A large number of medicinal herbs have been assessed for their antifertility ability. Studies have been conducted to identify medicinal plants to develop effective and safe contraceptives for men and women. Various plants containing terpenes, flavonoids, quinines, diterpenoid lactones and tannins have been described to induce male antifertility properties by mechanisms, such as, they exert spermicidal, anti-spermatogenic, and spermatotoxic effects, may lower sperm quality by reducing sperms mobility and viability; disrupt testicular morphology, induce hormonal alteration, and may modify antioxidant defense mechanism. More than 50 plants have been reported in literature to contain anti-fertility causing agents. Similarly, medicinal plants that act as infertility agent in females works either by interfering with hormonal profile or by inhibiting implantation. Based on their mode of action, plants can be categorized to have anti-ovulatory, anti-implantation, abortifacients and antifertility potential. Multiple researchers have reported novel medicinal plants from all over the world that can be used as contraceptives, which serves as cheap, safe and having reversible effects. However, more comprehensive studies on the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from different parts of these plants should be planned, so that the most active compound responsible for their antifertility activity can be discovered, and its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties can be determined for the development of oral formulations.
Stem Cells: The Foundation of Regenerative Medicine
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Azam Fatima , Saba  , Rashid Afnan , Pervaiz Afsah , Afzal Wajeeha , Khan Amir , Farooq Ayesha Bintay , Jamil Rimsha , Gul Sehrish ,   Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,   Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan,   Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University  Islamabad, Pakistan,   Department of Physiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan,   Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Published: October 2024

This chapter reviews the present status in research on stem cell biology and its future prospects. The chapter encompasses topics from the biology of stem cells (SCs) to their application in therapy, ethical issues and future directions. They possess two definitive properties: self-renewal and pluripotency, which define them as unspecialized cells with the potential to differentiate into any cell type of their host. The review encompasses the wide sources of SCs, starting from embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs to statistical sources, adult tissue-derived SCs, explaining in detail their different characteristics and possibilities for application in therapy. These applications of SCs can be made for the treatment of several diseases and injuries, like neurodegenerative disorders, pinpointing Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, among many others and bone and joint injuries. This review is on the promise and problems associated with stem cell-based therapeutics; it, therefore, considers recent advances in the field, including improved knowledge of conditions for cell growth and novel options for cell delivery systems. It also includes discussion on ethical issues in stem cell research, problems in using embryonic SCs and ethical issues arising from the use of new technology CRISPR/Cas9.
Reproductive Biology: From Gametogenesis to Hormonal Regulation
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Eman Rimsha , Tariq Muhammad , Nazir Nimra , Amin Fatima , Khan Hammad Ahmad , Ijaz Muhammad Umar , Akbar Ali , Bibi Marrium
Published: October 2024

Reproductive biology is a complicated field that comprises the gametogenesis, fertilization as well as hormonal regulation. Gametogenesis is the mechanism through which gametes such as sperm as well as egg cells are produced, enabling sexual reproduction and the generation of offspring that are genetically different from each other. This process is indispensable for the survival as well as adaptation of species, as it facilitates the mixing of genetic information and the creation of new combinations of traits. Furthermore, gametogenesis also ensures the continuity of genetic material from one generation to the next, allowing species to evolve. Hormonal regulation serves as a fundamental component for the maintenance of homeostatic mechanisms as well as modulation of different physiological processes such as growth, development and metabolism. Moreover, the mechanism of hormone regulation is correlated with sleep, appetite as well as stress response, safeguarding normal physiological functions in the body. Any imbalance in hormonal regulation can lead to different disorders in the body, underscoring the importance of hormonal homeostasis. Effective hormonal modulation enables the body to respond to changing conditions, promoting resilience and adaptability. Therefore, in this chapter, we will explore the relationship between hormonal regulation and gametogenesis from the perspective of reproductive biology.
Introduction to Paleontology: Uncovering Animal Life Forms
Authors: Ameeen Muhammad , Abbas Sayyed Ghyour , Batool Sidra , Rauf Muneeb
Published: October 2024

Paleontology, derived from the Greek words palaios (ancient), ontos (creature), and logos (study), is the scientific investigation of ancient life through the analysis of fossils, the preserved remains of organisms that lived at least 10,000 years ago. The field has evolved significantly since its inception in the late 18th century, with Georges Cuvier often credited as its founder. Paleontology encompasses various sub-disciplines, including paleozoology, paleobotany, and micropaleontology, each focused on different types of fossils. The formation of fossils is a complex process involving both biostratinomy, which addresses the post-mortem processes affecting remains before burial, and diagenesis, which pertains to the changes occurring after burial. Therefore, in this chapter, we discuss the processes of fossil formation, the significance of the Siwalik Group in paleontology, and the methods used to reconstruct ancient ecosystems and climates, including stable isotope analysis and paleopathological studies.
The Hidden Costs of Healing: Organ Damages in Cancer Treatments
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, KHALIL MEHRAB ,   Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, TAHIR AMNA , JAVED MARYAM , AZAM RIDA , JAMEEL MARIUM , NAZ HUMA , AKBAR ALI , HAYAT MUHAMMAD FAISAL
Published: October 2024

Cancer is a complex and devastating disease, instigated by genetic or epigenetic alterations that lead to the uncontrollable growth of cells. Current diagnostic approaches related to cancer include imaging, laboratory tests and morphological analysis which facilitates the accurate identification and classification of cancer types. Treatment strategies associated with cancer involve a combination of modalities related to the specific cancer type, stage, and patient health. Chemotherapy is a keystone in cancer treatment which targets rapidly dividing cells but also poses a challenge as it affects not only cancer cells but also healthy cells. This chapter focuses on the organ damage associated with commonly employed chemotherapeutic agents. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anthracycline that disrupts DNA replication whereas cisplatin (CP) is a potent DNA alkylating agent that forms DNA cross-links and methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. All these drugs are used to treat cancer with potential side effects including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, myelosuppression, and peripheral neuropathy, respectively. Paclitaxel (PTX) stabilizes the microtubules, and tamoxifen (TAM) blocks the estrogen receptors, both play essential roles in cancer therapy with potential side effects including peripheral neuropathy and menopausal symptoms. Letrozole (LTZ) suppresses the estrogen level in hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibits DNA synthesis in various solid tumors, Bleomycin (BLM) induces DNA damage in lymphomas and germ cell tumors, and Vincristine (VCT) disrupts microtubules in leukemia and lymphomas, all while potentially causing side effects such as nausea, myelosuppression, pulmonary toxicity, and neuropathy, respectively.
Clinical and Antigen Serotype O Confirmation of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Virus Outbreak in Punjab Spillover from Domestic Livestock
Authors:   Animal Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Kumar Ashok , Kaur Jagmeet ,   Animal Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Mahajan V. ,   Animal Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Filia G. ,   Animal Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Bhat Adil Majid ,   Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Bal M.S. ,   Animal Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
Published: October 2024

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is one of the most highly contagious viral diseases affecting cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals. This study described clinical investigations of FMD outbreaks (n=13) with serotype O confirmation in seven districts of Punjab from October 2023 to April 2024. Samples from sick animals and post-mortem examinations were collected from FMD suspected animals for laboratory diagnosis. The investigation included clinical signs and lesions, blood profiles, presence of other infectious pathogens, differential diagnosis, and the cause of death in the area. A total of 13 outbreaks in farm ruminants were confirmed, detecting FMDV serotype O. Outbreaks were reported in Ludhiana, Barnala, Gurdaspur, Bathinda, Faridkot, Mansa, and Amritsar districts. Animals were diagnosed to be positive for FMDV antigen using Sandwich ELISA. A total of 692 animals, including both cattle and buffalo, were affected in these districts, with a mortality rate of 24.42% (169/692) in young animals and heifers. The most severely affected districts were Bathinda, Barnala, and Faridkot, that experienced high mortality rates, leading to significant economic losses in these areas. Histopathologically samples revealed muscle degeneration and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, and lymphocytic myocarditis in the heart, which is characteristic of the cardiac form of FMD. Serotype O FMDV, primarily circulating in the study area, was identified as the cause of the outbreaks in farm ruminants under investigation. The local animal health authorities should take steps to minimize the spread of the disease by being prepared for risk factors, particularly animal movement and human activities linked to an outbreak and the need for improved vaccination coverage and enhanced biosecurity measures to control the spread of FMD in the region.
Advancing Precision Nutrition in Endometriosis Care: The Role of Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics
Authors: Etekochay Maudlyn O , Muraleedharan Devika , Majumdar Subhasree , Nsengiyumva Mugisha
Published: October 2024

Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder that affects 10-15% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized as a chronic, inflammatory, and hormone-dependent disease in which the endometrial tissue is present on the external uterine lining, resulting in infertility and pelvic pain. Some research studies stated that about 97% of human diseases are monogenic diseases associated with genes. Thus, modifying dietary intake (personalized diet) can potentially prevent monogenic diseases.

Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics have garnered substantial interest among researchers as potential avenues for managing chronic conditions like diabetes, cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. Nutrigenomics ascertains the effects of food and ingested nutrients on gene expression and regulation, tailoring nutritional needs to an individual’s genetic makeup, thereby facilitating personalized diets. On the other hand, nutrigenetics investigates how an individual’s genetic composition influences their response to dietary elements. Both fields could be beneficial in modifying various disease conditions. Furthermore, it explores the effects of precision nutrition, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, and the role of artificial intelligence in the nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics approach to managing endometriosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of potential treatment modalities for endometriosis through the lenses of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics. It highlights the interplay between dietary interventions and gene expression, elucidating how personalized approaches could potentially modify the course of endometriosis.
SOSIALISASI KESEHATAN TERNAK DI DESA KONDOANO KECAMATAN MOWILA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN
Authors: Bain Ali , Sani La Ode Arsad , Zulkarnain Deki , Kurniawan Widhi , Has Hamdan , Abadi Musram , Munadi La Ode Muh
Published: October 2024

The Community Service Activity of Halu Oleo University Thematic KKN lecturers in 2024 aims to provide information to livestock farmers in Kondoano Village, Mowila District, South Konawe Regency, regarding livestock health and disease control. The activity lasted for one month, from July to August 2024, and included socialization of livestock health which was carried out in two stages: preparation and implementation. The results of the activity showed high enthusiasm from the participants, with farmers actively participating in the question and answer session about livestock health and potential diseases. This socialization provided new knowledge to farmers regarding livestock health and how to handle it, which contributed to reducing livestock disease and mortality. Livestock health is an important factor in the development of livestock businesses, and by ensuring livestock health, farmers can operate without obstacles.
OPTIMALISASI PENGUATAN NILAI-NILAI MODERASI BERAGAMA MELALUI AKSI GOTONG ROYONG MENYAMBUT HUT RI KE 79 DI DESA TARUSAN DANUM
Authors: Ajahari Ajahari , Sihung Sihung , Yusup Wirastiani Binti , Yalla Elisabeth , Anggara Danda , Nisapingka Diren , Angeli Monica , Yuverdina Yuverdina , Pernando Jhony , Rifa’i Ibnu , Syahrani Septya Dwi , Rahmawati Annisa Awallia , Rozi Ahmat Fahrul , Fitrila Najima
Published: October 2024

KKN Nusantara Religious Moderation is a priority program of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia which was initiated through collaboration with various universities in Indonesia, in order to maximize the value of tolerance in society. KKN Nusantara Religious Moderation in 2024 was implemented in Central Kalimantan, precisely in Katingan Regency, by sending 12 groups to different villages with programs that could foster an attitude of tolerance in society. The purpose of KKN NMB is to build a commitment to community understanding related to the values ​​of religious moderation within the framework of Bhineka Tunggal Ika. The KKN NMB community service method uses the PAR Participatory Action Research type or community participation action research in Tewang Rangkang Village. The results of the NMB KKN activities show that the strengthening of the values ​​of religious moderation in the Tarusan Danum Village community on a scale of change is slightly better than before the arrival of the NMB KKN, especially through mutual cooperation actions to enliven the 79th Anniversary of the Republic of Indonesia. As for community participation towards being pro-active again with a commitment in each respective place of worship (Islam, Christianity and Hinduism) willing to carry out and implement the values ​​of religious moderation. Thus, the realization of the priority program of the Ministry of Religion together with PTK Nusantara is able to have a massive and sustainable impact on society
PENINGKATAN SUMBER PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT DESA SOROPIA KECAMATAN SOROPIA KABUPATEN KONAWE MELALUI PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN BAKSO AYAM
Authors: Badaruddin Rusli , Pagala Muhammad Amrullah , Nafiu La Ode , Malesi Rahman  La , Libriani Restu , Munadi La Ode Muh
Published: October 2024

Community service activities carried out by a team of lecturers from the Faculty of Animal Husbandry integrated with the Thematic KKN program from the Research and Community Service Institute (LPPM) of Halu Oleo University in 2024 were carried out in Soropia village, Soropia sub-district, Konawe district. Introducing post-harvest livestock meat processing techniques into chicken meatballs to the Soropia village community. This is intended to increase community creativity in processing food ingredients and become a source of income. Community service activities in Soropia village were carried out in two stages. The first stage is a village community meeting regarding the delivery of work programs. Furthermore, the second stage is the demonstration stage of making meatballs. Meatball processing in principle consists of four stages, namely, crushing, grinding meat, making dough, molding meatballs and cooking and packaging. The output achieved in this activity is an increase in the insight and knowledge of the Soropia village community regarding post-harvest livestock processing.
BIMBINGAN TEKNIS PEMBUATAN PAKAN SILASE DESA KONDOANO KECAMATAN MOWILA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN
Authors: Bain Ali , Sani La Ode Arsad , Zulkarnain Deki , Kurniawan Widhi , Has Hamdan , Abadi Musram , Munadi La Ode Muh.
Published: October 2024

Pakan ternak silase yang berbahan dasar rumput gajah dan daun gamal banyak tersedia di pekarangan Desa Kondoano, Kecamatan Mowila, Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Program Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat yang terintegrasi dalam KKN Tematik dilaksanakan selama satu bulan, yaitu dari Juli hingga Agustus 2024, di desa tersebut. Proses pembuatan pakan silase ini melibatkan beberapa tahapan, termasuk persiapan program, pelaksanaan bimbingan teknis, dan evaluasi program. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan silase mencakup rumput gajah, daun gamal, molasses (3% dari total bahan silase), dedak halus (5% dari total bahan silase), dan kantong plastik. Program ini berhasil meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman masyarakat tentang cara membuat pakan silase untuk ternak.