bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mors in Victoria
Authors: Haynes D. E. L.
Published: August 2013

The relief shown in Plate IA was among those transferred to the Terme Museum from the Villa Ludovisi, where, about 1460, Cassiano Dal Pozzo saw it immured in the wall of a small building to the right of the entrance. Its original provenience is unknown. In his catalogue of the Villa Ludovisi sculpture Schreiber describes it as representing ‘a knight with two at tendants. … On the left a youth walks forward to the 1. He wears a sleeved tunic girt at the waist, and shoes; and carries on his right shoulder a short stave which has been broken off where the relief border is damaged. He is represented almost en face, and turns his head backwards towards the knight. With his left hand he leads by the bridle a richly harnessed horse saddled with a panther-skin. On the horse rides a young (beardless ?) man in short-sleeved tunic and cloak, the latter falling over his left forearm. He is laureate, and holds the horse's rein in his left hand, while the right is raised to the level of his head. … There follows a bearded man wearing tunic and shoes. In his left hand he holds the end of an object slung over his left shoulder (probably a sack …), and in his right hand he lifts up a hemispherical helmet (the left cheek-piece broken off), in the act of placing it on the knight's head.’
Peopled Scrolls: a Hellenistic Motif in Imperial Art
Authors: Toynbee J. M. C. , Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: August 2013

The peopling of floral scrolls with living creatures is a decorative device which enjoyed unrivalled popularity throughout the whole history of Imperial art and in almost every country of the Empire. Its full cultivation and flowering were achieved in the Roman age; but its roots, like those of nearly every Roman art-motif, are in the late classical Greek and Hellenistic worlds. These roots were varied and complex. The primitive notion of spirits indwelling in trees and plants, and at a later stage personified in visible shape, may have played a part; some of the constituent elements can certainly be traced back to religious symbolism; and more immediate was the influence of the naturalistic trend of fourth-century art, which favoured the idea of rendering birds, insects, and small beasts in their native setting. In Hellenistic and Imperial times, as these elements mingled and the motif became more widespread, fancy came gradually to outweigh fact; and a delight in incongruity for its own sake found ready expression in the peopling of vine- and acanthus-rinceaux with mythological and genre scenes and figures, framed in the foliage or poised on slender stems, or with human figures and such solid quadrupeds as dogs, bulls, horses, bears, panthers, and lions, careering through the leafy whorls or springing from the hearts of flowers.
Two Monumental Inscriptions of Lepcis Magna
Authors: Goodchild R. G.
Published: August 2013

The two Latin inscriptions described below were both re-composed during the years 1946–7 in the course of the work of systematisation carried out in the ruins of Lepcis Magna. In the case of the earlier inscription, of Augustus, a small number of inscribed blocks belonging to it had been uncovered during the Italian excavations of 1930–4; but the greater part of the inscription was covered by soil and only brought to light when the fallen west perimeter wall of the Market was re-erected in 1947. It has the distinction of being the earliest dated Latin inscription hitherto found at Lepcis.

The second inscription, of Vespasian and Titus, has no such structural context. Most of its blocks were built into the upper courses of the towers of the main surviving Byzantine Gate of the city; but others were found scattered at street-level in the vicinity of this gate, and had obviously fallen from it. The blocks are inscribed on both faces with parts of two identical texts, and, as explained below, the nature of the bi-frontal inscription suggests that it formerly belonged to a monumental arch, spanning one of the main streets of the city: but the position of this arch cannot be established with any certainty. Certain fragments of this inscription have been published previously; but a relatively complete text is presented here for the first time.
The Gorgon Plaque at Syracuse
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: August 2013

Dr. Bernabò-brea has kindly given me a new photograph of this monument. It shows the red paint at the outer corner of the gorgon's eye, which makes her eye look bigger and more sinister. It is not, however, a leer such as many early gorgons wear: the pupil is still in the middle of the eye. A lesion in this region of the eye may be due to strain. Our artist is depicting a gorgon under pressure. We must think away two round, dark shadows behind the top of the plaque: the real top is level with the upper end of the gorgon's ears. Dr. Bernabò-Brea was good enough to discuss the plaque with me, and he allowed me to study it outside its glass case. Here are a few observations:

1. What Should Not Be There—the bud-like mark above the nose.

The new photographs show that there is no evidence for it in the original. Payne omits it from his drawing and thereby makes the picture stronger and more archaic. No other full-length gorgon seems to have a ‘bud’. Many Corinthian gorgoneia have ‘buds’, the earliest is on the Timonidas vase in Middle Corinthian times. This difference in treatment may be due to the feeling that a gorgon was a living creature, while a gorgoneion was more like a space to be filled. The ‘bud’ has come to our gorgon from a gorgoneion found in Gela, probably of a later date and from a non-Corinthian colony. The same fate of unsponsored restoration overtook a gorgon on a gravestone in Athens, but, as far as my memory serves, the restoration has since been removed.
The Enfranchisement of Cisalpine Gaul
Authors: Ewins Ursula
Published: August 2013

At the time of the outbreak of the Social War in 91 B.C. there were many types of political organisation in Cisalpine Gaul. First, there were the Roman colonies of Mutina, Parma, and Eporedia. Secondly, there were the large areas of land south of the Po in Liguria and centred on the chief highway in Aemilia which were already occupied by Roman citizens in the Pollia tribe, but where urbanisation was a more or less spontaneous development and where there was certainly not the elaborate political organisation of the colonies. Thirdly, there were the Latin colonies of Ariminum, Placentia, Cremona, Bononia, and Aquileia. We may say that all this territory was occupied by settlers of Roman or Latin origin, with the reservation that in Liguria, where the colonised land was probably not so extensive or so continuous as in Aemilia, there may still have been a considerable number of the former inhabitants living in association with the Romans. Archaeological investigation has not yet told us whether there were two separate inhabited sites in each case, but the doubling of place-names (Industria—Bodincomagus, Potentia—Carreum, Sedulia?—Vardagate) may indicate that the Ligures were allowed some kind of separate political organisation and local centres near to, but distinct from, the centres created by the Romans to serve the needs of their ager. If there were two separate inhabited sites and organisations, however, these did not remain independent of each other for long. Certainly after 89 B.C. Romans and native peoples formed single communities.
The Counties of the Regnum Italiae in the Carolingian Period (774–888): A Topographical Study. I
Authors: Bullough D. A.
Published: August 2013

At the beginning of the Principate, Italy, which had been extended to the Alps by the incorporation of Cisalpine Gaul in 42 b.c., was essentially a land of selfgoverning urban communities that exercised authority over an adjacent country district. By the third century, when earlier differences in the legal status of these communities had been largely abolished, the title most commonly applied to them was civitas, although older terminology did not pass entirely out of use: Cassiodorus, for example, twice uses municipium. For the attached country district the usual name was territorium, defined by the second-century jurist Pomponius as universitas agrorum intra fines cuiusqu civitatis. The Christian church adopted the existing Roman civil circumscriptions as the basis of its territorial organisation, so that in ecclesiastical texts civitas came to have the special sense of ‘diocesan see’: in this sense it is common in the Act a of sixthcentury councils. Despite a steady decline in civic autonomy in the later Imperial period, the city and its territory continued to be the basic unit of secular administration. In the fifth century the title of iudex was not yet accorded to any official connected with the city, and this was still so after the Ostrogothic occupation of Italy and the establishment of comites Gothorum.
Note al Privilegium Libertatis concesso dai Napoletani agli Amalfitani nel 1190
Authors: Filangieri Riccardo
Published: August 2013

Notissimo presso gli storiografi napoletani è il diploma col quale la città di Napoli il 9 maggio 1190 concesse agli Amalfitani dimoranti nella loro città un singolare privilegio di cittadinanza, che fu detto libertatis.

L'originale non fu mai veduto da alcuno, ma fin dal secolo XVI se ne rinvennero copie nei processi della R. Camera della Sommaria.

Lo riprodusse integralmente il Summonte nella sua Historia, e dopo di lui il Capaccio, il Borrelli, il Tutini ed altri, tra gli antichi, e più recentemente il Camera nella sue Memorie di Amalfi.

Le copie conosciute dovettero essere almeno due, perchè nei testi riportati si rinvengono differenze, di cui la più notevole è l'ordine delle ventuno sottoscrizioni, che è diverso tra l'edizione del Summonte e quella del Capaccio e tra le due edizioni del Camera; divario dovuto evidentemente al fatto che le firme dovevano trovarsi in due o più colonne, che i trascrittori riprodussero interpretandone diversamente la precedenza.
The Ancient Road Systems of the Central and Northern Ager Faliscus. (Notes on Southern Etruria, 2)
Authors: Frederiksen M. W. , Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: August 2013

The modern Via Cassia, now as in antiquity the great arterial road up through the heart of south-eastern Etruria, after crossing the Fosso dell'Olgiata less than a kilometre to the west of the north-western gate of Veii, climbs steadily for about 7 km. to cross the Monti Sabatini, the line of extinct volcanic craters that runs eastwards from Lake Bracciano, forming a natural northern boundary to the Roman Campagna. After cutting through the southern crest of the crater of Baccano, with its magnificent views southwards and eastwards over Rome towards Tivoli, Palestrina and the Alban Hills, the road drops into the crater, skirts round the east side of the former lake, and climbs again to the far rim, before dropping once more into the head of the Treia basin, on its way to Monterosi and Sutri.

From this vantage-point a whole new landscape is spread out before one (pl. XLVII). To the west and north-west, the tangle of volcanic hills that forms the northern limit of the Monti Sabatini, rising at its highest point to the conical peak of Monte Rocca Romana (612 m.); beyond and to the right of those, past Monterosi and filling the whole of the north-western horizon, some 10–15 km. distant, the spreading bulk of Monte Cimino (1053 m.), with its characteristically volcanic, twin-peaked profile; to the north and north-east, the gently rolling woods and fields of the Faliscan plain, deceptively smooth, stretching away to the distant Tiber.
The Head-Capitals of Sardis
Authors: Hirschland Nancy L.
Published: August 2013

Sardis, most famous as the capital of Lydia in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., was also a major Roman city under the Roman empire. The wealth of Croesus had dissipated, but the Roman inhabitants of Sardis again had the good fortune to live in a prosperous time. The fertility of the Hermus plain and its strategic inland position on the road to the Roman east stood the city in good stead. Nowhere among the ruins of Sardis is the opulence of the third century better to be seen than in the rich and elaborate Marble Court of the Roman gymnasium.

The Marble Court was first built, along with the gymnasium proper, under Lucius Verus in A.D. 165. At that time it served as an independent unit which was connected with—but did not lead directly into—the gymnasium. It was architecturally a part of the palaestra in front. Then in the early third century (212–213) elaborate additions were made : pavilions adorned three sides of the court, a monumental pedimented gate led into the gymnasium, and on the fourth side a screen colonnade was erected between the Marble Court and the palaestra. From this colonnade have come most of the head-capitals at Sardis (fig. 1).
Veii. A Deposit of Votive Pottery
Authors: Threipland Leslie Murray
Published: August 2013

In October 1963 a deposit of pottery was exposed on the low ground below the Veii escarpment, south of the Cremera (Fig. 1), adjacent to the line of the Ponte San Silvestro (Formello) Etruscan road as it wound up to the gate (Carta d'Italia, 1:25,000, Istituto Geografico Militare, Sheet Formello, Grid Reference 845565).

The deposit superficially appeared to consist almost entirely of sherds of poorly made bucchero and of coarseware cooking pots. In order to verify this and to establish a type series, members of the British School, at the request of the Superintendancy of Antiquities, Southern Etruria, carried out a brief exploration of the site under the direction of Mrs. Anne Kahane and the writer.

The excavation showed (Fig. 2) that the sherds lay closely packed in dark soil, together with occasional tufa lumps, in a shallow pit dug into soft brown earth against a low vertical rock-face. Both this face and another low vertical edge above it give the general appearance of quarry faces and evidence of other quarrying can be seen in the tufa at the river's edge.
The Great Antrum at Baiae
Authors: Hardie C. G.
Published: August 2013

Dr. R. F. Paget discovered the Antrum in 1962, and has now published it, first in hisIn the Footsteps of Orpheus, Robert Hale, London (1967) and inPBSR, xxxv (1967), 102–112: The ‘Great Antrum’ at Baiae: A Preliminary Report; see alsoVergilius, xiii (1967), 42–50: ‘The Great Antrum at Baiae.’ I made my first ’descent’ with him into his Underworld in September 1965, but I had been discussing it with him and working on it before that, and these discussions have continued since with him and various scholars in Oxford, to whom I am much indebted. I am not an archaeologist nor a specialist in the Greek and Roman mystery religions, but I hope that the suggestions of an amateur of literary underworlds, Homeric, Virgilian, Dantesque, may help towards the critical interpretation of this important discovery, and that my preliminary collection of what seems to me possibly relevant evidence may help others to test my hypotheses and improve on them.
Excavations at Botromagno, Gravina di Puglia: Second Interim Report, 1967–68
Authors: Ward-Perkins J. B. , Cotton M. A. , Poel H. B. Vander , Macnamara E. , du Plat Taylor J. , Carter A.
Published: August 2013

In volume xxxiv of the Papers, pp. 131–50 (hereafter cited as ‘PBSR (1966)’), a short account was given of the site of Botromagno, overlooking the town of Gravina, on the western borders of the modern Apulia, and of the trial excavations which the British School conducted there in 1966 on behalf of the Superintendency of Antiquities for Apulia. As will have been evident from that account, the results were sufficiently promising to justify an extension of the work, and the report which follows gives some details of the three further seasons of work which were undertaken in 1967 and 1968 jointly by the British School, the University of Alberta and the Institute of Archaeology, London University. The first of these, covering five weeks in May-June of 1967, was directed by Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton and Mr. Halstead B. Vander Poel. The second and third seasons, both of five weeks, took place in August-September of 1967 and 1968 respectively, and were in both cases directed by Miss Joan du Plat Taylor of the Institute of Archaeology, London University.
A Group of Inscriptions from Stabiae
Authors: Reynolds J. M. , Fabbricotti E.
Published: August 2013

The group of inscriptions described below was found on the former estate of the Marchesi Pellicano, near the road from Stabiae to Nocera. These stones have hitherto remained in their garden along with others published by F. di Capua, but passed in 1969 into the keeping of the Antiquarium Statale di Castellamare di Stabia. Our main concern has been with the unpublished items, nos. 1–3 and 6–8, but we have added notes on four related texts, nos. 4, 5 and 9, 10 which have not been adequately described and discussed in earlier accounts.

Nos. 1–3 are examples of a type of funerary stele characteristic of Pompeii and neighbouring towns for a short period after Luna marble became easily available. The fullest discussion of them is by M. W. Frederiksen who argues that they derived from a kind of small herm made of local stone and characteristic of the same area at an earlier period; with the introduction of marble the earlier type was transformed into the ‘silhouette-herm’—a thin slab of marble terminating in a disc-shaped projection above a narrow neck which preserves in outline only the form of its predecessors, although occasionally features such as hair are briefly indicated (as here on no. 3); the new type, too, vanishes during the Julio-Claudian period when local traditions of the sort were being swamped by more cosmopolitan influences, of which the use of marble is itself one facet. Examples of the type have already been found at Nuceria and indeed at Stabiae itself so that the new items fit satisfactorily into a context. Frederiksen's material showed that its users were usually of the humbler classes and with this conclusion too the new examples accord.
Excavations in the Medieval Centre of Mazzano Romano
Authors: Potter Timothy
Published: August 2013

The hill towns of the Roman Campagna form a distinctive class of nucleated settlement, characterised by strong natural defences, strengthened with ditches, walls and towers. There are two main classes of site: those situated at the end of promontories, and those built on ‘pedestals’. Suitable locations, the product of rapid dissection of the soft volcanic tuff, are common throughout the Campagna. The majority of these medieval sites is now deserted, a trend which reflects the isolated position of these settlements. Few of the medieval villages have been examined archaeologically and little is known of their origins and development. Documentary sources suggest that they grew up in the ninth and tenth centuries, with the decay of the classical estates, which was briefly arrested by the foundation of the Papal domuscultae in the mid to late eighth century.
Corneto-Tarquinia and the Italian Mercantile Republics: The Earliest Evidence
Authors: Abulafia David
Published: August 2013

On balance far more is known of trade in luxury goods during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries than of trade in essential foodstuffs and minerals such as wheat and salt. This is surprising in a way, because the sources that refer to commodity movements, such as commercial treaties, are often far more eloquent on vital topics such as grain than they are on the myriad luxury items that passed through Acre, Messina and other great ports of the late twelfth century. Partly this emphasis on high-class goods has been the responsibility of recent historians, who saw in the spasms of Mediterranean trade the key to European economic development; partly it is the fault of the treaties and privileges that survive, for there is no knowing whether, say, two hundredsalmaeof wheat that a monastery was allowed to export free of tolls represented all its export capacity, part of that capacity, or an amount normally well above that capacity—a purely notional figure.
Looking for Camerius: The Topography of Catullus 55
Authors: Wiseman T. P.
Published: August 2013

Oramus, si forte non molestum est,demonstres ubi sint tuae tenebrae.Te campo quaesivimus minore,te in circo, te in omnibus libellis,te in templo summi Iovis sacrato.    5In Magni simul ambulationefemellas omnes, amice, prendi,quas vultu vidi tamen sereno.†avelte† sic ipse flagitabam,Camerium mihi, pessimae puellae!    10Quaedam inquit, nudum reduc <…..>en hic in roseis latet papillis.Sed te iam ferre Herculei labos est,tanto te in fastu negas, amice.Dic nobis ubi sis futurus, ede    15audacter, committe, crede luci.Nunc te lacteolae tenent puellae?Si linguam clauso tenes in ore,fructus proicies amoris omnes:verbosa gaudet Venus loquella.    20Vel, si vis, licet obseres palatum,dum vestri sim particeps amoris.22 vestri V (al. nostri R2m1G2) sim θ: sis V

Poem 55 poses a variety of metrical, textual and semantic problems: why do 13 of its 22 lines have only ten syllables instead of 11? Should ‘poem 58b’ be incorporated into it, and if so, where? What did the narrator say to the girls in line 9? What exactly did the girl say or do in line 11? Who are the lacteolae puellae of line 17? What is the reading (and the meaning) of the last line? This article, however, is concerned only with the topographical details in lines 3–6. I assume for the sake of argument that the poem is complete in itself (even if ‘poem 58b’ is added, it does not affect the topographical question), and I accept the traditional view that Camerius is a friend and approximate contemporary for whom the narrator is searching like Amphitryo for Naucrates, or Epidicus for Periphanes.
Taxation, Land and Barbarian Settlement in the Western Empire
Authors: Barnish S. J. B.
Published: August 2013

TASSAZIONE, TERRA E INSEDIAMENTO DI BARBARI NELL'IMPERO OCCIDENTALE

In questo articolo viene esaminata la tesi recentemente sostenuta da W. Goffart che i patti di ‘hospitalitas’, per mezzo dei quali molte tribù federate e gruppi di barbari vennero insediati nel territorio Romano, non riguardavano porzioni di reali possedimenti, come in genere viene asserito, ma porzioni di unità fiscali in base alle quali venivano tassati. Viene dimostrato che per le autorità Romane erano possibili tutte e due i tipi di divisione; ma che il primo era del tutto coerente sia con le pratiche Romane tradizionali sia con i problemi politici ed economici dell'Impero occidentale del V secolo. Studiati attentamente, si può constatare che i testi relativi all'insediamento italiano, che Goffart porta a modello, contraddicono la sua interpretazione. Vengono discussi i processi relativi alia suddivisione fisica della proprietà terriera e le sue più ampie implicazioni per l'impero e per gli stati che succedettero, nonchè l'mportante problema della tassazione dei lotti dei barbari.
An Investigation into the Construction of Sardinian Nuraghi
Authors: Cavanagh W. G. , Laxton R. R.
Published: August 2013

UNO STUDIO SULLA COSTRUZIONE DEI NURAGHI DELLA SARDEGNA

Lo studio della struttura dei nuraghi è basato su accurate misurazioni di 24 volte in 15 monumenti. La parte principale analizza attraverso lo studio della loro forma la stabilità strutturale delle volte a modiglioni. La teoria, basata sulle condizioni necessarie alla stabilità, prevede che le volte debbano avere la forma:

y = cxd

I dati ricavati dalle volte concordano strettamente con questa previsione. Quindi le volte sono raggruppate secondo il valore dell'esponente d e la presenza o l'assenza di un ‘punto di variazione’ nella volta. Gruppi geografici sono riconosciuti. L'articolo discute anche dettagli generici della struttura e della forma dei nuraghi. L'appendice presenta reperti da un saggio di scavo al Nuraghe Sant'Antine, con importanti risultati riguardanti la data del monumento e la costruzione delle sue fondamenta.
Stucco Decorations at Baia
Authors: Ling Roger
Published: August 2013

In my earlier paper on the ‘Stanze di Venere’ (written in 1973), I referred to the progressive deterioration of the stucco and other decorations in the Roman remains at Baia. The following pages are an attempt to provide a full record of the Baian stucco-work not covered in the first article. The idea of compiling this record originated with Dottssa. Maria Elena Bertoldi and received the full support of Prof. Alfonso De Franciscis; while the actual drawings were begun in 1973 by Miss Shelagh Rixon and completed, with further visits to the site for checking in 1974 and 1975, by Dr. Lesley A. Ling. To all of these and to our sponsors (the University of Manchester and the Faculty of Classics in the University of Cambridge) I am deeply indebted. Since the drawings were completed, the task of studying stucco decoration in Roman Italy has been greatly simplified by the pioneer-work of Dr. Harald Mielsch of the German Archaeological Institute in Rome, who has compiled a major corpus of surviving material and attempted to establish a detailed chronology. It only remains for me to provide a commentary on the drawings, to discuss the architectural contexts, and to enlarge upon or modify Dr. Mielsch's conclusions regarding the Baian stucco-work. The various decorations will be dealt with one by one, and the positions of all but two of them are shown on Fig. 1, which has been adapted, by kind permission of Dottssa. Bertoldi, from one of the plans executed for her volume in the Forma Italiae series.
A Roman Villa near Anguillara Sabazia
Authors: Lyttelton Margaret , Sear Frank
Published: August 2013

Investigations at the site of the Mura di Santo Stefano near Anguillara began as a study of the standing remains of the Roman period by the two authors of the present paper. Subsequently it became clear that some of the problems involved could only be elucidated by the excavation of selected areas of the site and more extensive researches. As a result a more general publication about the site is envisaged and further work is in progress, including a study of the inscriptions by Miss J. M. Reynolds, and of the classical and medieval settlement of the area by Dr. A. T. Luttrell. Excavations on the site conducted by Dr. D. Whitehouse commenced in September 1977, with financial support from the British Academy, the British Museum, the British School at Rome, and the University of Adelaide.

The present authors wish to thank Professor H. Burns, who generously advised on problems connected with the drawings and text of Ligorio and Palladio, and T. F. C. Blagg who produced the drawing of the south wall, and added a number of useful observations.

The British Academy, the British Museum, and the University of Adelaide generously made contributions to the expenses incurred in carrying out these researches.
Etruschi nell' Agro Falisco
Authors: Cristofani Mauro
Published: August 2013

ETRUSCANS IN THE AGER FALISCUS

The Etruscan inscriptions that have been found in the Ager Faliscus document differing historical trends. At Narce, the continuity of the epigraphic evidence between the seventh and third centuries B.C. demonstrates that a group of Etruscan-speakers lived there permanently; their language retained archaic characteristics and underwent phonological changes from contact with the Faliscan language. In the northern part of the Ager Faliscus, however, the distribution of upper class Etruscan names suggests that groups of Etruscans were integrated rapidly into the Faliscan population. These Etruscans probably came from the territory of Volsinii (Orvieto), forced to emigrate after the destruction of their city in 264 B.C.
The Archaeology of an Etruscan Polis: A Preliminary Report on the Tuscania Project (1986 and 1987 Seasons)
Authors: Barker Graeme , Rasmussen Tom
Published: August 2013

ARCHEOLOGIA DI UNA POLIS ETRUSCA: RAPPORTO PRELIMINARE SUL PROGETTO TUSCANIA (STAGIONI 1986 E 1987)

La comunicazione riguarda i risultati preliminari delle prime due stagioni di intensa ricognizione di superficie nella campagna circostante la città di Tuscania. Questo progetto della British School at Rome in collaborazione con l'università di Manchester, è diacronico in quanto si raccolgono reperti di superficie di tutti i periodi principali dalla preistoria al medioevo, ma con particolare interesse per il periodo etrusco, e si cerca di documentare tramite la sola ricognizione di superficie, la gerarchia di insediamento di un tipico centro etrusco di media grandezza. Nella prima fase di questo progetto sono stati percorsi transetti immediatamente a nord, sud, ovest ed est della città. Risultati preliminari sono pubblicati alle figure 2–5: queste carte sono solo provvisorie—non includono i dati “off site”, e le suddivisioni cronologiche derivano esclusivamente dall'analisi della ceramica fine; il futuro studio della ceramica grezza e delle tegole apporterà certamente qualche correzione a tale cronologia. Ciò nonostante due degli elementi interessanti già emersi sono l'improvvisa proliferazione di insediamenti avvenuta nel periodo etrusco, e l'esistenza di un “territorio agricolo” che si estendeva per un raggio di 4 o 5 km attorno alia città, mentre in epoca romana ville e fattorie erano distribuite più o meno regolarmente in tutta la campagna.
La cronologia della prima eta del ferro laziale attraverso i dati delle sepolture
Authors: Bettelli Marco
Published: August 2013

THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY IRON AGE IN LATIUM AS REVEALED BY BURIAL DATA

In this paper the problem of the chronology of early Iron Age (ninth-eighth century BC) burials in Latium is considered. Since the beginning of the sixties many scholars have considered this problem from different points of view. Müller-Karpe suggested a relative chronology which, in general terms, is still in use. In recent years a considerable increase in the amount of archaeological evidence has made it necessary to revise the chronological sequence. It has been possible to design a table which associates graves with metal and pottery types. In this table Müller-Karpe's phases are divided into two subphases which are related to different stages in the development of the early Iron Age in the Italian peninsula. On the basis of this chronology it seems that use of the necropolis of the Forum ceased at the end of phase IIA1, with an early moving of burials of the Esquiline area.

A short account is also given of the questions which relate to absolute chronology, and an attempt is made to relate the phases of the early Iron Age in Latium, and in the Italian peninsula in general, to recent dates proposed for the late Urnfield culture in central Europe.
Porta Pia: excavation and survey in an area of suburban Rome, Part 2
Authors: Gilkes Oliver J. , Passigli Susanna , Schinke Robyn
Published: August 2013

PORTA PIA: SCAVO E RILEVAMENTO DI UN'AREA DELLA ROMA SUBURBANA. PARTE 2

A seguito del resoconto presentato nei PBSR 61 sugli scavi eseguiti a Porta Pia nel 1969, questo articolo discute i risultati di un altro rilevamento effettuato nel 1969 e degli scavi del 1991 e 1994. Queste sezioni sono seguite da una rassegna della topografia classica e medievale dell'area di Porta Pia.

Ulteriori scavi furono intrapresi nel 1991 ed integrati da un breve sondaggio effettuato nel 1994. Questo lavoro ha permesso la ricostruzione di una sequenza che essenzialmente conferma i risultati ottenuti all'inizio del secolo da Rodolfo Lanciani a Villa Patrizi. Una massiccia opera di livellamento nel periodo alto imperiale fu seguita dall'utilizzo dell'area circostante come cimitero; un tomba costruita nelle mura aureliane fu investigata nel 1969. Dal IV secolo d.C. in poi l'area fu adibita a scarico di rifiuti. L'abbandono dell'area in epoca medievale fu seguita dal suo riuso come vigneto nel XVI secolo. Tale vigneto fu poi integrato in una delle nuove ville della Roma aristocratica nel XVII secolo.
The archaeology of the Vicarello Estate, Lake Bracciano
Authors: Hodges Richard
Published: August 2013

L'ARCHEOLOGIA DELLA TENUTA VICARELLO, LAGO DI BRACCIANO

Questa nota descrive i risultati preliminari di una ricognizione sul campo effettuata in Tenuta Vicarello, sulla sponda nord del lago di Bracciano. Una notevole quantità di siti archeologici è stata scoperta e l'area merita ulteriori indagini. Comunque, alcuni interessanti elementi sono già emersi da questo studio iniziale. Primo, il materiale preistorico è completamente assente. Secondo, il cimitero etrusco occupa un'area più estesa di quella ritenuta originariamente. Terzo, ci sono diffuse tracce di evidenze repubblicane ed imperiali attorno alla villa/vicus ed ai bagni termali, le quali indicano una copertura complessiva di molti ettari. Quarto, la natura monumentale del complesso della villa/vicus contrasta fortemente con l'apparente povertà delle evidenze archeologiche di epoca romana, 2–3 km più a nord. Quinto, le sezioni e le dighe dell'Aqua Traiana meritano una ulteriore e più dettagliata ricognizione. Sesto, il villaggio arroccato di ‘Il Castellaccio’ richiede un'approfondita indagine.
Augustan Gates at Torino and Spello
Authors: Richmond Ian A.
Published: August 2013

The occasion of the following notes is the publication of Goffredo Bendinelli's useful monograph on Roman Turin, which raises once more the question of the date to which the Gates of that colonia belong. Bendinelli does not hesitate to adopt Rivoira's view, and classifies these Gates as Augustan. Yet opinions about this matter have veered considerably, and since no writer discusses in detail the structural points upon which the question turns, it seems worth while to do this and to consider at the same time the great Gate at Spello, known as the Torri di Properzio, which closely resembles the Gates of Torino, and about which Rossini at least raised some discussion.

Torino–Augusta Taurinorum. A start is given here by the town-plan and by the sections of D'Andrade. There is no doubt that the chess-board town-plan, with the Wall which bounds it, belongs to the Augustan colonia of 28 B.C., as comparison with the plans of Aemona (34 B.C.) and Aosta (25 B.C.) suffices to prove. Again, the visible part of the Wall, together with D'Andrade's drawings of much that is not now accessible, show that the Wall now visible was the first on its site, and that its construction in receding tiers connects it with the contemporary Wall of Aosta; while its facing, in brick and opus incertum, exactly resembles that of the Theatre of Torino, which formed part of the Augustan lay-out and is now visible in the Gardens of Palazzo Chiablese.
Late Cypriot Imports to Italy and their Influence on Local Bronzework
Authors: Lo Schiavo Fulvia , Macnamara Ellen , Vagnetti Lucia
Published: August 2013

LE TARDE IMPORTAZIONI CIPRIOTI IN ITALIA E IL LORO INFLUSSO SULL'OPERA LOCALE IN BRONZO

Questo studio esamina le diverse categorie di materiali archeologici rinvenuti in territorio italiano, databili con certezza o presumibilmente nei limiti dell'età del bronzo, che siano da considerare importati da Cipro o imitati da modelli ciprioti. Sono esaminati separatamente ceramiche, pugnali con codolo a uncino, lingotti ox-hide, doppie asce, strumenti da fonditore, specchi, recipienti metallici con i loro attacchi, tripodi e figurine di bronzo.

Tali materiali sono ben attestati in Sicilia, abbondantissimi in Sardegna e solo sporadicamente rappresentati in Italia peninsulare. I più antichi esempi (ceramiche) possono risalire al XIV–XIII secolo a.C.; inizialmente sembrano collegati con i traffici egei verso l'Occidente, ma dal XII secolo in poi sembra di poter ipotizzare una certa indipendenza del flusso cipriota verso la Sicilia meridionale e, soprattutto, verso la Sardegna, dover fiorisce un'industria metallurgica assai prospera che, in qualche caso, imita in modo molto stretto la produzione cipriota, sia nella sfera degli oggetti d'uso che in quella dei materiali di pregio.

Alla sfera utilitaria appartiene il repertorio degli strumenti da fonditore—martelli, pinze, e palette da carbone—che si presenta tipologicamente pressochè identico a Cipro e in Sardegna, mentre non è conosciuto nelle stesse forme in area egea. Alla sfera dei materiali di pregio appartengono i tripodi, una categoria molto specializzata, tipicamente cipriota, che viene sporadicamente importata in Occidente e poi imitata in Sardegna.

Non si può quindi escludere che, sullo scorcio dell II millennio, forse in collegamento con la ricerca di nuove fonti di materie prime, artigiani metallurghi ciprioti fossero presenti e operanti in Sardegna.
The Schola Praeconum II
Authors: Whitehouse David , Costantini Lorenzo , Guidobaldi Federico , Passi Siro , Pensabene Patrizio , Pratt Simon , Reece Richard , Reese David
Published: August 2013

LA SCHOLA PRAECONUM II

In questo secondo rapporto sugli scavi della Schola Praeconum in Palatino, gli AA. presentano materiali da due contesti tardo-antichi:SP I, un riempimento datato al periodo 430–440c. e SP II, un' altero riempimento probabilmente databile ai primi decenni del VII secoto. Dal contestoSP Isi presenta i vetri, i bolli laterizi, i semi e gli insetti; dalSP II, le monete, le ceramiche e le lucerne. Il materiale ceramico dal contestoSP IIstimola alcune ipotesi sui rapporti commerciali di Roma nel VII secolo. Infine, due appendici presentano una discussione delle iscrizioni dipinte sulle anfore di argilla 14 e un' analisi del contenuto delle anfore importate da Bi e Gaza in Palestina.
The social spread of Roman luxury: sampling Pompeii and Herculaneum
Authors: Wallace-Hadrill Andrew
Published: August 2013

LA DIFFUSIONE SOCIALE DEL LUSSO NEL MONDO ROMANO: IL CAMPIONE DI POMPEI ED ERCOLANO

In quest'articolo si cerca di verificare in rapporto all'evidenza archeologica l'assunto, incontrato in Cicerone e in altre fonti, che il lusso proprio di unaélitesi diffuse per imitazione nella societá romana. II metodo adottato è quello di esaminare un campione di più di 200 abitazioni a Pompei ed Ercolano mettendo in relazione la loro estensione, l'uso, gli elementi architettonici e decorativi. L'analisi del campione ha suggerito questi primi risultati:

1) La diversità nella struttura dell'abitato e l'ampio spettro di dimensioni fra edifici è una caratteristica dominante a Pompei ed Ercolano. Ciò potrebbe riflettere una diversità sociale fra gli abitanti.

2) Non esiste alcuna chiara distinzione fra case residenziali e non residenziali. L'impiego di aree a scopo commerciale o per l'orticoltura è largamente diffuso nelle abitazioni che hanno funzioni di ricezione sociale.

3) Atri e peristili sono ampiamente diffusi e indicano la presenza di aree di ricezione.

4) Si riscontra una progressiva diffusione dell'apparato decorativo in case di tutte le dimensioni, con una concentrazione di elementi di maggior pregio in quelle più ampie.

5) Esiste un forte legame fra elementi decorativi e presenza di atri e peristili a confermare il nesso fra decorazione e attività sociale.

6) Si può riscontrare un'evidente diffusione di elementi del decoro in tutte le abitazioni, in particolare in quelle più piccole, senz'atrio, fra la fine della repubblica (I e II stile) e l'inizio dell'età imperiale (III e IV stile).

7) L'analisi degli elementi di IV stile suggerisce una progressiva “banalizzazione” del lusso associato alla sua diffusione sociale.

Sebbene questo campione può evidenziare solamente risultati provvisori, da verificare con più ampie e sofisticate basi di dati e con l'inclusione dell'evidenza materiale, l'analisi indica la potenzialità del materiale campano, capace di fornire una base per l'interpretazione sociale del fenomeno della trasformazione culturale che, partendo dall'Italia romana, si estende a tutto l'impero.
Low voltage, low energy, and repetitive (4 Hz) operation of a conventional vircator for microwave emission in the range of 4–8 GHz
Authors: Shukla Rohit , Shyam Anurag
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we are presenting the microwave emission results of a vircator that emits its radiation lying well-within the microwave range of electromagnetic spectrum viz 4–8 GHz and the energy needed per shot is as low as 25 Joules only. In this reported experiment, the pulse forming line is charged to a voltage of 160 kV and the measured diode voltage is 50 kV in the experiment. The primary energy is nearly 50 Joules only and hence the energy efficiency of the high voltage pulse transformer and pulse forming line combination for the given experiment is nearly 50%. The experiment is the first of its kind in establishing (experimentally) the low voltage operation of a conventional vircator, which has a planar cylindrical cathode and stainless steel mesh anode, for the microwave emission purpose. Moreover, because of the low voltage and low energy operation we could operate the whole system in repetitive mode and we could achieve as high as 4 Hz operation with this device. Interestingly, the current density of the velvet cathode used in the present experiment is nearly 300 A/cm2 in the present reported set of experiments. One interesting observation emerging out from the present experiment is that in the low voltage operation of the vircator the beam acceleration potential is relatively low and hence the axial velocities of reflexing electrons (trapped between cathode and virtual cathode) is also limited and far less than 1.8 × 108 m/s and hence with small anode cathode gaps like that of 3 mm, which is the case of present experiments, it becomes feasible to achieve radiation frequency of 4–8 GHz from the vircator.
Validation of the Walking Impairment Questionnaire for Spanish patients
Authors: Lozano Francisco S. , March José R. , González-Porras José R. , Carrasco Eduardo , Lobos José M. , Areitio-Aurtena Alix
Published: August 2013

Background: The Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) is a short, easy to complete, disease-specific questionnaire to assess intermittent claudication. A Spanish version of the WIQ for Hispanic Americans has recently been validated in Texas, but it needs to be validated for European Spanish people. Patients and methods: After translation and cultural adaptation of the WIQ, 920 patients with intermittent claudication (ankle brachial index < 0.9) completed two questionnaires (Spanish version of the WIQ and European Quality of Life 5 Dimension [EQ-5D]). The validity of the WIQ was determined by correlating WIQ and EQ-5D. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were determined using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbachs alpha, respectively. Results: The three domains of the WIQ were moderately correlated with the EQ-5D health outcome (r = 0.54 to 0.60; p < 0.001). Test-retest reliabilities ranged from ICC = 0.89 to 0.91 and internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha = 0.92) was high. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the WIQ for European Spanish patients was valid and reproducible, suggesting that it could be used in Spanish patients with intermittent claudication.
Zum Zusammenhang exekutiver Funktionen und sozial-emotionaler Auffälligkeiten bei integriert beschulten Kindern mit einer Hörschädigung
Authors: Hintermair Manfred , Korneffel Désirée
Published: August 2013

Fragestellung: Da im Zuge inklusiver Bestrebungen immer mehr hörgeschädigte Kinder eine allgemeine Schule besuchen werden, gilt es, relevante entwicklungspsychologische Voraussetzungen hierfür genauer zu betrachten. In einer Studie wurden deshalb sozial-emotionale Probleme hörgeschädigter Kinder an allgemeinen Schulen im Zusammenhang mit möglichen Problemen in der Entwicklung exekutiver Funktionen und der kommunikativen Kompetenz diskutiert. Methodik: Eine Stichprobe von 69 Schülern wurde mit einer deutschen Version des «Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF)», einer Kurzskala zur Erfassung der kommunikativen Kompetenz sowie dem Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire untersucht. Die Daten wurden mit einer Normierungsstichprobe verglichen, weiter wurden korrelative und regressionsanalytische Zusammenhänge der Variablen berechnet. Ebenso wurden Zusammenhänge der exekutiven Funktionen mit soziodemographischen Variablen analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in fast allen Bereichen exekutiver Funktionen die hörgeschädigten Kinder mehr Probleme aufweisen als die Kinder der hörenden Normierungsstichprobe und die Prävalenzrate durchschnittlich ca. dreimal höher ist. Der Index für verhaltensregulierende exekutive Funktionen erweist sich neben dem Geschlecht am besten zur Vorhersage sozial-emotionaler Probleme. Schlussfolgerungen: Für die pädagogische Praxis ergibt sich, dass hörgeschädigte Schüler an allgemeinen Schulen in Bezug auf ihre psychosoziale Entwicklung von einem pädagogischen Konzept profitieren, das neben der Förderung sprachkommunikativer Kompetenzen auch auf die Stärkung von Selbstkontrolle und Selbstwirksamkeit der Kinder fokussiert.
Asymptotic stability and stabilisation of uncertain delta operator systems with time‐varying delays
Authors: Xie Xiaochen , Yin Shen , Gao Huijun , Kaynak Okyay
Published: August 2013

This study focuses on the asymptotic stability and stabilisation of uncertain linear systems with time‐varying delays via delta operator approach. By employing a new model formulation, the time‐delayed delta operator system is transformed into an interconnected system for which the uncertainties can become easy to deal with. Based on a two‐term approximation of delayed state and scaled small gain theorem, new delay‐dependent sufficient conditions of robust asymptotic stability and state‐feedback stabilisation of an uncertain delta operator time‐delayed system are established by using a novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. The criteria obtained unify some previously suggested relevant methods seen in literature for achieving asymptotic stability and stabilisation of both continuous and discrete systems into the delta operator framework. Numerical examples presented explicitly demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Fault detection for switched linear parameter‐varying systems: an average dwell‐time approach
Authors: Li Jian , Yang Guang‐Hong
Published: August 2013

This study is concerned with the fault detection (FD) problem for a switched linear parameter‐varying system, which is modelled by some different operating points of flight envelope. FD filters are designed such that the estimation errors between the residual signals and the faults are minimised for disturbances, faults and time‐varying parameters. By the aid of the parameter‐dependent multiple Lyapunov functions method, sufficient conditions for the solvability of this problem are formulated by linear matrix inequalities, furthermore, the filter gains are characterised in terms of a convex optimisation problem. A simulation on the longitudinal motion of Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology vehicle is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Investigation on new mitigation method for lightning overvoltages in high‐voltage power substations
Authors: Kuczek Tomasz , Stosur Mariusz , Szewczyk Marcin , Piasecki Wojciech , Steiger Martin
Published: August 2013

In the present study, simulations of the lightning overvoltages propagation phenomenon in a typical 380 kV SF6 gas‐insulated substation are presented. Influence of surge arresters installation on maximum‐generated overvoltage peak values is illustrated. A new overvoltage mitigating passive device in a form of a high‐voltage (HV) L–C filter is proposed. A process of its development and research is explained along with a simulation results. As demonstrated, the proposed device can be used in HV networks as an alternative or additional improvement for lightning overvoltages mitigation purposes. All simulations have been conducted using Matlab Simulink as well as EMTP/ATP software packages
Outer‐approximation method for security constrained unit commitment
Authors: Ruiz Juan P. , Wang Jianhui , Liu Cong , Sun Gengyang
Published: August 2013

In this study, the authors present an outer‐approximation method to solve the mixed‐integer non‐linear security constrained unit commitment problem. The main idea lies in solving sequentially a set of mixed‐integer linear programs (MILP) to obtain lower bounds (LBs) of the global optimum and perform function evaluations on the incumbent solution of the MILP problem to obtain upper bounds (UBs). The algorithm stops when the LB and UB are sufficiently close. The authors also present a heuristic method that builds on the proposed framework to improve the quality of the solution obtained from the piecewise linear method. The authors show through a set of numerical examples the performance of this approach.