bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative efficacy and safety of chimeric and recombinant anti-TNF-α mAbs
Authors: Drozdov V. N. , Shikh E. V. , Astapovskiy A. A. , Serebrova S. Yu. , Starodubtsev A. K.
Published: May 2021

TNF-α has been known since 1985. It is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine, synthesized mainly by monocytes and macrophages. Since its discovery, many studies have been conducted that have proven that it provides homeostatic function and regulates many biological processes in the body. Violation of its regulation in humans is associated with the development of many autoimmune diseases. The intensive studies that led to the understanding of its polyfunctionality and its role in the immunopathogenesis of a number of diseases served as the basis for the development of anti-cytokine therapy with monoclonal antibodies. In 1975, a technique for producing such antibodies was developed. The first antibodies against TNF-α obtained were chimeric, consisting of 30% mouse protein. Because of this feature, drugs based on chimeric antibodies had immunogenicity, which was manifested in the formation of antibodies to the drug, which led to a decrease in their effectiveness. To reduce immunogenicity, scientists in 1990 created the first fully human monoclonal antibody based on a technology called phage display. This is how adalimumab was born, the  first fully human multi-clonal antibody to TNF-α. Humira®  (adalimumab) is currently considered a widely studied drug from the group of TNF-α inhibitors, with a good safety and efficacy profile. The article presents current data that demonstrate that the drug significantly improves the course of diseases such as rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, and will allow for long-term remission in Crohn’s disease.
How to improve effectiveness of treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome?
Authors: Golovanova E. V.
Published: May 2021

This article discusses ways to improve the effectiveness of treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). The significance of this issue is caused by high frequency of pathology detection among the young employable population and the difficulties in choosing an effective treatment that relieves not only the symptom severity, but also the frequency of relapses. Inadequate therapy reduces patients’ compliance with treatment and significantly worsens their quality of life. The choice of a drug that fails to provide a positive effect on all factors that form the pain syndrome is the most common reason for ineffective treatment. In addition, the measures aimed at managing such pathogenic factors as intestinal microbiota dysbiosis are often not taken. Meanwhile, numerous studies have shown that the intestinal microbiota imbalance is accompanied by increased intestinal permeability, which leads to the penetration of aggressive agents through extended intercellular spaces. This is accompanied by the occurrence of subclinical inflammation in the submucosal layer, which results in impaired motor function and increased visceral sensitivity. Thus, the intestinal microflora imbalance is one of the most important factors that form clinical symptoms of IBS. The article substantiates the advantages of using trimebutin, a gastrointestinal tract motility regulator, in functional gastrointestinal diseases from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. The modern scientific knowledge on the  effectiveness of  microbiota  adjustment in  alleviating IBS symptoms is presented. In  particular, the  double-blind, placebo-controlled study has shown the efficacy of a multi-strain probiotic complex in relieving clinical symptom severity of IBS. The optimal treatment regimen for a patient with IBS should include a drug regulating the gastrointestinal motility and reducing visceral hypersensitivity and a probiotic complex containing bacterial strains that have proved their efficacy in this group of patients.
Patient with constipation syndrome at the ambulatory-polyclinic reception: actual aspects of differential diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Trukhan D. I. , Degovtsov E. N. , Drokina O. V.
Published: May 2021

Constipation is a serious medical and social problem due to the widespread prevalence of this condition, a decrease in the quality of life and social activity of patients. For the successful treatment of constipation, it is necessary to establish the causes leading to the violation of the stool in the patient. And this task is a priority for the doctor at the outpatient stage.

The clinical features of constipation largely depend on their cause, duration, severity and characteristics of intestinal damage. Constipation is often accompanied by general somatic and other gastroenterological symptoms.

Within the framework of the review article, the main conditions and diseases are considered, in the clinical picture of which there is constipation syndrome, which must be considered by the doctor at the outpatient stage when conducting differential diagnosis and prescribing appropriate treatment, which also presupposes impact on causal factors. Currently, drugs based on high molecular weight polyethylene glycol 4000 are widely used to treat chronic constipation in adults and children in most countries of the world. Preparations based on polyethylene glycol 4000 are affordable and easy to use, they can be used both on an outpatient basis and in a hospital. Polyethylene glycol 4000 preparations act quickly, are highly effective and well tolerated, have a  high safety profile  (practically does not affect homeostasis) both for  adult patients and in  pediatric practice. International clinical trials have shown the possibility of long-term use of polyethylene glycol 4000 preparations.

Current international clinical guidelines and domestic clinical guidelines for the treatment of constipation recommend the use of  polyethylene glycol 4000  preparations instead of  lactulose and volume-forming laxatives in  the  symptomatic treatment of constipation in children and adults. In the second part of the review, the possibilities of polyethylene glycol 4000 and the first domestic drug polyethylene glycol 4000 in the treatment of chronic constipation are considered.
Diagnostic potential of endoscopic ultrasound for inflammatory bowel diseases and their complications
Authors: Budzinskaya A. A. , Belousova E. A. , Tereshchenko S. G. , Akhmedova E. F.
Published: May 2021

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which is a term for two conditions (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease), are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that are the subject of many studies and much discussion around the world. The global prevalence of IBD is 20.4 per 100 thousand for ulcerative colitis and 3.7 per 100 thousand for Crohn’s disease. Every year the number of patients is increasing, which may indicate improvement in diagnosis of IBD, but at the same time demonstrates certain disadvantages and difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of this group of patients. However, despite the fact that IBD has been exercising the minds of scientists around the world for many decades, many issues of diagnosis and treatment of this pathology appear relevant. Due to the paucisymptomatic condition of patients at early stages and the similarity of its symptoms with other gastroenterological diseases, the diagnosis of IBD involves certain difficulties in many cases. Advanced forms of the disease, as well as complications of IBD, result from late diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS, endo-ultrasound), which includes endoscopic and ultrasound examinations, is a modern imaging technique for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases. The article discusses various international and Russian studies on the use of EUS in various pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite the absence of EUS in the formal guidelines for IBD, the technique appears promising for diagnosis, differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, as well as complications of these diseases, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic and autoimmune pancreatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, pancreatic cancer, etc.
The importance of functional diagnostics in determining the cause of antisecretary therapy inefficiency in a patient with heartburn: clinical observation
Authors: Barkalova E. V. , Andreev D. N. , Ovsepian M. A.
Published: May 2021

One of the main symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease is heartburn, for the relief of which proton pump inhibitors are traditionally prescribed. However, there are frequent cases of heartburn, refractory to antisecretory therapy, when there is no complete relief of the symptom or only a partial clinical effect. The reason for an unsatisfactory response may be the functional genesis of heartburn. The purpose of the presented clinical observation is to demonstrate the heterogeneity of patients with heartburn, the role of functional research methods in the differential diagnosis of various conditions that accompany this symptom. A 42-year-old patient was admitted for an additional clinical examination with complaints of heartburn refractory to antisecretory therapy, which included high-resolution esophageal manometry, 24-hours pH-impedance. The manometric assessment of the structure and function of the lower esophageal sphincter, as well as the contractility of the thoracic esophagus, revealed no violations. The data of 24-hours pH-impedance demonstrated the absence of pathological reflux and the association of active symptoms with refluxes, which determined the functional nature of heartburn and explained the ineffectiveness of treatment with proton pump inhibitors. Heartburn can be functional in  nature and significantly reduce the  quality of  life of  patients. Functional heartburn requires different management tactics from gastroesophageal reflux disease, which is based on an adequate differential diagnosis, including functional research methods such as high-resolution esophageal manometry and 24-hours pH-impedance measurement, which allow to exclude other conditions accompanied by similar symptoms.
Obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, COVID-19: dangerous liaisons
Authors: Tikhonov S. V. , Dekkanova V. D. , Vinnichuk S. A. , Fil T. S. , Bakulina N. V.
Published: May 2021

The pandemic of COVID-19 is changing the usual clinical practice. Most of the drugs used for the etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of COVID-19 do not have a sufficient evidence base, approaches to therapy of liver, gastrointestinal tract and other body systems damage in the structure of COVID-19 and post COVID-19 syndrome are under development. Coronavirus infection is more severe in  obese patients with associated diseases; the  liver plays an important role in  this process. Retrospective analysis of  the  medical histories of  patients with a  new coronavirus infection hospitalized in  the  clinic of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov identified that 34.7% of patients were overweight, 51.3% obese, 77% abdominal obesity (alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) was on average 76.2 ± 58.8 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (ACAT) 60.7 ± 48.6 U/L). At the time of hospitalization, increased transaminases was detected in 71% of patients and correlated with markers of the severe course of COVID-19 (the level of C-reactive protein, ferritin, % of blood oxygen saturation). In patients with severe new coronavirus infection, receiving therapy with JAK-kinase inhibitors and/or biological drugs, often was a  significant increase of  ALAT and ASAT up to 5–10  upper limits of  the  norm. In  the  process of  histological examination of the liver tissue of patients who died of extremely severe course of infection, characteristic fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was revealed. Therapy with a multicomponent drug containing inosine, meglumine, methionine, nicotinamide and succinic acid contributed to a dynamic decrease of transaminases and an improvement in the course of the new coronavirus infection.
Adequate mucociliary clearance as a factor in the prevention and control of purulent-inflammatory pathology of the ENT organs
Authors: Gurov A. V. , Yushkina M. A.
Published: May 2021

Purulent-inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs are an urgent problem of modern clinical medicine. The high prevalence of this pathology is due to the active effect of pathogenic microflora on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, the increasing role of opportunistic and atypical microorganisms in the genesis of infection of the upper respiratory tract, as well as disorders in the mucociliary clearance. Limitations in the mobility of cilia of ciliated cells, as well as their partial or complete absence, a change in the composition of mucous secretions and a slowdown in the speed of mucus movement are the mechanisms that determine the possibility of an acute inflammation focus on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, and also increase the risk of developing chronic inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs. The accumulated data on the peculiarities of the existence of microbial biocenoses in the human body, as well as the steady widespread growth of the problem of antibiotic resistance, dictate the need to search for new solutions in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory pathology of the ENT organs. A well-established principle of therapy for such conditions is the topical use of combined drugs that combine mucolytic and antibacterial components that actively affect the main links in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. These tasks are most effectively solved by the drug, which contains the mucolytic N-acetylcysteine, which potentiates the effect of another component – the antibiotic thiamphenicol. An important aspect in favor of choosing this drug as a monotherapy or combination therapy for purulent-inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract is a convenient form of release for aerosol administration.
The role of Staphylococcus aureus in the course of polyposis sinusitis
Authors: Turovski A. B. , Bondareva G. P. , Musaev K. M.
Published: May 2021

Introduction. Today, there are lot of theories of pathogenesis of polypoid sinusitis. The contribution of Starchylocossus aureus (S. aureus) to the occurrence of this pathogenetic reaction is being actively discussed.

Objective: to improve the effectiveness of treatment of polypoid sinusitis using the results of the study of the effect of persistent staphylococcal infection on the onset and course of the disease.

Materials and methods. The authors examined 105 patients with recurrent polyposis sinusitis aged 20 to 65 years. All patients underwent FESS surgery for recurrent polypous sinusitis at the initial visit. In the postoperative period, all patients received treatment according to one of two schemes. The first scheme included antihistamines and topical steroids, the second additionally included clarithromycin. The patients underwent bacteriological examination of smears for flora and fungi from the cavity; cytological examination of smears-prints from the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity (we counted neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes in the preparation); immunological and allergic examination (skin tests, serum specific IgE levels).

Results and discussion. It has been established that the presence of a carriage and sensitization to S. aureus in a patient, especially in combination with atopy, results in a more severe course of polyposis sinusitis severe nasal obstruction (91% versus 69.5%, respectively) and is characterized by more pronounced eosinophilic inflammation than Polypoid Sinusitis associated with infection with other microorganisms (the number of eosinophils in the blood: 7.5% and 4.3%, respectively; the level of eosinophils in smears from the nasal mucosa is 13 and 4.8%, respectively; the average ECP level is 17.6 and 8.1 ug / ml, respectively).

Conclusions. The use of topical GCS remains one of the leading methods for preventing recurrence of PS. However, in addition to the backbone therapy with topical GCS and antihistamines, it is advisable to complete a course of antibiotics during nasal colonization with S. aureus.
Phage therapy in the treatment of patients with respiratory pathology: history, modern aspects, prospects
Authors: Nikiforova G. N. , Asriyan G. G. , Gurkova M. M. , Artamonova P. S.
Published: May 2021

Bacteriophages - viruses infecting bacteria are the largest known group of viruses, which in their structure mainly have doublestranded genomic DNA, but among them there are also groups with double-stranded RNA and single-stranded DNA and RNA. The total population is about 1031–1032 phages, they play an essential role in the regulation of the world’s number of bacteria. The rather complex and diverse interaction of these representatives of the microcosm continues throughout the history of their existence on our planet. The question of the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of patients with various bacterial infections still remains completely unexplored. The very idea of using these microorganisms for therapeutic purposes dates back to the First World War, when the French biologist and researcher Felix d’Hérelle discovered a special type of «bacteria-eating» viruses, on the basis of which he created drugs for the treatment of patients with dysentery. To date, a fairly large clinical experience has been accumulated in the use of phage preparations in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital tract, as well as in the therapy and prevention of purulent-septic processes and nosocomial infections. The mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract is the first line of defense against various respiratory pathogens. The ability of bacteriophages to attach to the surface layer of mucus - mucin, forming an antibacterial protection of the mucous membrane and thus reducing the level of colonization of mucus by bacterial pathogens, determines their effective use in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Due to certain unique properties of bacteriophages, peculiarities of vital activity and interaction with a bacterial cell, their use seems to be promising for the treatment of patients with infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
A reusable chitosan/TiO2@g-C3N4 nanocomposite membrane for photocatalytic removal of multiple toxic water pollutants under visible light
Authors: Xu Shengnan , Xiao Gang , Wang Zishuai , Wang Yaoqiang , Liu Ziwei , Su Haijia
Published: May 2021

Photocatalysis has been proved to be a promising approach in wastewater purification. However, it is hard to recycle powdery photocatalysts from wastewater in industry, but immobilizing them using larger materials can overcome this drawback. For that reason, TiO2@g-C3N4 was embedded into chitosan to synthesize a highly reusable and visible-light-driven chitosan/TiO2@g-C3N4 nanocomposite membrane (CTGM). CTGM showed enhanced photoactivity and the photocatalytic efficiencies of the toxic water pollutants methyl orange (M.O.), rhodamine B (Rh.B), chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and atrazine (ATZ) were more than 90% under visible light at ambient conditions. Significantly, CTGM was easy to recycle and showed excellent reusability: there was no decrease in the photocatalytic decolorization efficiency of Rh.B throughout 10 cycles. A continuous-flow photocatalysis system was set up and 90% of Rh.B was effectively decolorized. A simple approach was developed to prepare a novel, effective and visible-light-driven membrane that was easy to reuse, and a feasible photocatalysis continuous-flow system was designed to be a reference for wastewater treatment in industry.
A PROTEÇÃO PASSIVA CONTRA INCÊNDIO NA CONCEPÇÃO DE PROJETOS ESCOLARES
Authors: Matos de Oliveira Camila , Maria Pitta Duarte Cavalcante Morgana
Published: May 2021

A proteção passiva contra incêndio é composta por dispositivos construtivos que retardam a propagação do fogo e auxiliam na desocupação segura dos usuários, definidos ainda na etapa projetual. Assim, soluções adotadas no projeto influenciam na segurança das edificações. O presente artigo é fruto de dissertação de mestrado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Alagoas e tem como objetivo traçar critérios voltados à proteção passiva contra incêndio a serem observados ao se projetar um ambiente escolar e aplicá-los nos projetos escolares de baixa altura e médio porte, através da análise do projeto-padrão da FNDE, o PEED-12 Salas, de forma a salientar a participação da segurança contra incêndio na concepção de projetos escolares e inserir o tema mais ativamente no âmbito da arquitetura. Utilizou-se o método de análise dedutiva, através da definição dos elementos básicos de proteção passiva contra incêndio necessários em edificações escolares de médio porte e baixa altura, em que se enquadra o objeto analisado. Notou-se o cumprimento parcial das colocações expostas e a necessidade desse tema ser inserido de forma mais significativa entre os arquitetos para inclusão dos elementos de proteção passiva contra incêndio de maneira mais atuante no processo de projeto arquitetônico.
Condiciones de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo de los Teletrabajadores: Revisión Sistemática
Authors:   Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, Estupiñán García Luz Marina , Villamil Guerrero Henry ,   Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, Jiménez Rodríguez Ericka Alexandra ,   Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Published: May 2021

El avance en las nuevas Tecnología de la Información y de la comunicación permiten que se generen nuevos entornos laborales, favoreciendo de esta forma que el sector empresarial, encuentre espacios de empleabilidad a nuevos trabajadores, los cuales, por sus condiciones competitivas, econo?micas, de tiempo, de cumplimiento, de entornos sociales, entre otros, asuman un rol competitivo desde un lugar distinto al centro de trabajo tradicional. Al verificar el desarrollo de este tema, mediante la revisio?n documental en las bases de datos SCOPUS, REDALYC y SCIELO, se encontró? que el tema de mayor interés y desarrollo, corresponde al tema de análisis de las condiciones laborales, seguido de las ventajas y desventajas en la vida laboral y personal, el concepto, los antecedentes, la evolución del teletrabajo, y la aplicacio?n normativa, cuyos resultados por eje tema?tico analizado, se presentan al interior del documento
Troika's Portuguese Ministry of Justice Experiment: Dissipation of Doubts about Success, Continuation and Confirmation of Positive Results
Authors: Alves Ribeiro Correia Pedro Miguel , Videira Susana Antas , De Oliveira Mendes Ireneu
Published: May 2021

Abstract

This article is the continuation of a series of studies on the impact of the measures implemented by the Portuguese Ministry of Justice. This research addresses the results obtained in the civil enforcement actions arising from objectives included in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between Portugal and the so-called Troika (International Monetary Fund / European Commission / European Central Bank). The empirical study was extended to cover the quantitative analysis of the results achieved not only during the Troika period but also during the post-Troika period. The results show and confirm a continued positive effect on the level of civil enforcement actions in the period analyzed.

Keywords: Troika, Memorandum of Understanding, Portuguese Ministry of Justice, Civil Enforcement Actions, Evaluation of Public Policies.

Resumen

Este arti?culo es la continuidad de una serie de estudios sobre el impacto de las medidas implementadas por el Ministro de la Justicia Portuguesa. Esta investigacio?n se acerca a los resultados obtenidos en las medidas de ejecucio?n que salieron a la luz de los objetivos incluidos en el Memora?ndum de Entendimiento (MoU) firmado entre Portugal y la llamada Troika (Fondo Monetario Internacional/Comisio?n Europea/Banco Central Europeo). El estudio empi?rico fue ampliado para cubrir los ana?lisis cuantitativos de los resultados obtenidos no solamente durante la Troika, pero en el periodo post-Troika. Los resultados confirman la continuacio?n del efecto positivo en el nivel de las acciones de las medidas de ejecucio?n en el periodo analizado.

Palabras Clave: Troika, Memora?ndum de Entendimiento, Ministro de la Justicia Portuguesa, Civil, Medidas de Ejecucio?n, Evaluacio?n de poli?ticas pu?blicas.

Resumo

Este artigo e? a continuac?a?o de uma se?rie de estudos sobre o impacto das medidas implementadas pelo Ministro da Justic?a Portuguesa. Esta pesquisa caminha em direc?a?o aos resultados obtidos nas medidas de execuc?a?o que surgiram dos objetivos inclui?dos no Memorando de Entendimento (Acordo) (MoU) assinado entre Portugal e a chamada Troika (Fundo Moneta?rio Internacional/Comissa?o Europeia/ Banco Central Europeu). O estudo empi?rico foi ampliado para cobrir as ana?lises quantitativas dos resultados obtidos na?o somente durante a Troika, mas tambe?m no peri?odo po?s-Troika. Os resultados confirmam a continuidade do efeito positivo no ni?vel das ac?o?es das medidas de execuc?a?o no peri?odo analisado.

Palavras-chave: Troika, Memorando de Entendimento (Acordo), Ministro da Justic?a Portuguesa, Civil, Medidas de Execuc?a?o, Avaliac?a?o de poli?ticas pu?blicas.
Development and validation of astronomy-centred cross-disciplinary teaching materials for fostering thinking development
Authors: Ohyama Masamitsu
Published: May 2021

Learning methods tend to vary according to the subject or theme at hand, but when it comes to subjects like mathematics or physics there are certain facts that cannot be challenged. There is a significant difference between simply memorising the facts and actually understanding them.
Dr Masamitsu Ohyama, Shiga University, Japan, is passionate about the need for students and teachers to recognise the difference between memorising and understanding. According to a national survey on university students conducted by his team, many students do not understand the basic contents
of physics taught in elementary and junior high schools and are weak in using logical thinking to utilise what they learned. His experience has shown that many students incorrectly believe that memorisation means understanding. Ohyama and his team are seeking to address the fact that there
are people who cannot distinguish between memorisation and understanding. They are working on the development of teaching and education methods that foster scientific understanding and logical thinking. A key focus for Ohyama is astronomy and the spatial cognition that is required for scientific
understanding of astronomy taught in elementary and junior high schools. Many students and schoolteachers are not good at thinking using spatial cognition and simply memorise astronomy without understanding its contents. The team is using cognitive psychology to determine the types of mistakes
astronomy students make. This research involves identifying an educational method that is effective for people who are not especially good at astronomy. Ohyama and his team believe it is important to educate not only children and students but also teachers and university students at the same
time to ensure that concepts can be correctly understood and taught. The researchers hope this work will positively impact science teaching and cognitive psychology.
Development of science education content that visualises the entire history of 4 billion years of life on a timeline
Authors: Kimura Masashi
Published: May 2021

In the four billion years since life on earth emerged, an impressive biodiversity has been established. Indeed, there are around 8.7 million different forms of life on planet earth today. During this time, millions of lifeforms have also become extinct. The story of the history of life
is fascinating and scientists and other people are keen to create new and innovative ways to explain the history and importance of biodiversity that has unfolded over the past four billion years. Professor Masashi Kimura, College of Art, Nihon University, Japan, is combining science and design
to create a timeline of biodiversity that represents the earliest stages of life through to life on earth today. Although there exist visual books that deal with the history of the earth and biological evolutionary lineages, there is no visual representation of biodiversity and continental
migration that can be studied simultaneously on a digital timeline, and this is what Kimura is creating. To do this, he and his team read visual books and websites published by natural history museums in Europe and the US in order to collect relevant scientific information. They also had discussions
with scientists and designers, including Dr George McGavin, Professor Emeritus of Oxford University and current BBC nature programme presenter, on how problems with visualisation could be overcome.
An interdisciplinary study for the development of integral Japanese textbooks for foreign-rooted children using Yasashii-Nihongo (Easy Japanese)
Authors: Iori Isao
Published: May 2021

The different aspects to learning the Japanese language vary in difficulty, with the syllabaries that form part of the Japanese writing system and pronunciation being seen as relatively straightforward elements. Learning Japanese grammar is also considered to be relatively straightforward,
but learning the logographic Chinese characters is considered very difficult. Foreign people living in Japan may struggle with these different aspects of learning the Japanese language and, without at least a basic understanding of the Japanese language, will likely find life challenging.
Professor Isao Iori, Center for Global Education and Exchange, Hitotsubashi University, Japan, is heading up a project to help long-term foreign residents (LFR) learn Japanese and adequately function in Japanese society. The project covers Japanese language education for children of LFRs and
deaf children. A key concept for Iori and the team is Yasashii Nihongo, which refers to easy or plain Japanese and is designed to help LFRs express themselves. The concept involves LFRs learning an easier version of the Japanese language while native speakers of Japanese adjust their Japanese
to a level that can easily be understood by LFRs. The researchers have created a realistic, ideal model for Yasashii Nihongo becoming a common language, that involves gradual implementation as well as making clear the necessity of a common language for native Japanese speakers and LFRs alike.
Towards construction of the richer concept of justice and the effective concept of care
Authors: Shinagawa Tetsuhiko
Published: May 2021

Professor Tetsuhiko Shinagawa is a professor of philosophy and ethics at the Faculty of Letters, Kansai University, Japan, who is interested in the foundations of ethics. He believes that modern orthodox ethical theories such as liberalism and deontology are founded on justice and right.
But he sees flaws in these theories as they presuppose that society consists of equal and self-sufficient members, which is not the case. He is interested in ethical theories that are founded on norms other than justice and can be applied to relation with asymmetry of power, specifically Carol
Gilligan's ethic of care and Hans Jonas' principle of responsibility. The former is a normative ethical theory that stems from the interconnected nature of the human condition and surrounds the need for responsiveness to the vulnerability of human beings, while the latter posits that human
survival is dependent on our ability to care for the planet as the home of future generations, with our actions having a direct impact on the Earth's future. Shinagawa is investigating how the ethical norms of justice and care can be applied to social issues and aid vulnerable members of society.
The two ethical norms are contrasted but mutually supplementing and Shinagawa is interested in how they can lead to overlapping guidelines for aiding the needy as an actual social issue, transforming their respective conceptions. This research is looking to overcome limitations associated
with the two social norms and combine the two norms in order to arrive at a richer concept of justice and an effective concept of care.
UNIVERSIDADE, DESENVOLVIMENTO TERRITORIAL E EDUCAÇÃO DO CAMPO NO VALE DO JAGUARIBE
Authors: Carvalho Sandra Maria , Mendes José Ernandi , Amorim Jamira
Published: May 2021

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar as reverberações, no território do Vale do Jaguaribe, repercutidas desde projetos de educação do campo, desenvolvidos por docentes e estudantes da Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), nas dimensões do ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Tendo-se por base as dissertações, monografias e teses de doutorado sobre a região, a partir de 2008, cujos objetos de investigação abordam tanto a educação do campo, quanto o desenvolvimento territorial, e se constituíram a referência de análise do trabalho, constatou-se que as ações de educação do campo em parceria com o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) nesta região fortaleceram a luta pela terra, a organização política e produtiva. Dessa forma, influenciam no redesenho do território, tanto no que concerne ao fortalecimento da agricultura familiar, quanto ao da transição agroecológica e do acesso à educação, reverberando no projeto de formação docente e na ampliação da própria Universidade.
Оптическая спектроскопия интерметаллических соединений ScFe-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- и ErFe-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-
Authors: Князев Ю.В. , Кузьмин Ю.И.
Published: May 2021

В широком спектральном интервале 0.22-15 μm проведены исследования оптических свойств интерметаллических соединений ScFe2 и ErFe2. С использованием эллипсометрического метода определены частотные зависимости оптических постоянных, рассчитан ряд электронных и спектральных характеристик. На основе сравнительного анализа экспериментальных и теоретических спектров межзонной оптической проводимости обсуждается природа квантового поглощения света в этих материалах. Показано, что дисперсионные зависимости данных спектров могут быть качественно интерпретированы на основе ранее рассчитанных плотностей электронных состояний. Ключевые слова: соединения ScFe2 и ErFe2, оптические свойства, электронная структура.
Температурные зависимости критических параметров неоднородных сверхпроводящих пленок
Authors: Безотосный П.И. , Дмитриева К.А.
Published: May 2021

The results of calculating the temperature dependences of the critical current density and critical magnetic field of thin inhomogeneous superconducting films are presented. Comparison of the results obtained for inhomogeneous films with the results of calculations for homogeneous ones showed that in both cases, the decrease in the critical magnetic field occurs according to the root law, and the critical current density changes according to a power law with a degree of 3/2 when approaching the critical temperature. Quantitatively, the critical current density for inhomogeneous films in the absence of an external magnetic field is lower than for homogeneous ones. In turn, the critical magnetic field of inhomogeneous films is much larger than the critical field of homogeneous films.
Основное состояние двухподрешеточного анизотропного ферромагнетика в магнитном поле
Authors: Мартынов С.Н.
Published: May 2021

The ground state of a classical ferromagnet with the noncollinear single-ion anisotropy axes of the two sublattices and antisymmetric and anisotropic symmetric exchanges between the sublattices has been considered in a magnetic field applied in the hard magnetic directions of the crystal. The threshold conditions on the anisotropic interactions parameters determined the ground state among the three possible magnetic phases have been obtained. Depended on the type of the ground state and field direction the transition between the phases occurs as a phase transition first or second order. The value of the antisymmetric exchange above that the reorientation between two noncollinear phases is terminated by the second order phase transition depends on the angle between the local easy axes and the value of single-ion anisotropy. The field dependences of the magnetization and susceptibility have been calculated for the different ground states. The comparison with the results of the magnetic measurements in the highly anisotropic ferromagnet PbMnBO_4 has been made.
Двумерные кулоновские плазмон-экситоны: релаксация возбуждений
Authors: Кособукин В.А.
Published: May 2021

A theory is developed for the relaxation of two-dimensional non-radiative (Coulomb) plasmon-excitons in thin closely located layers of a metal and a semiconductor. In the framework of classical electrodynamics, the equations of motion are formulated for the polarization waves of non-radiative plasmons and excitons with taking into account the Coulomb coupling and the near-field of external polarization. In the model of coupled harmonic oscillators represented by the polarization fields of excitations, the problem of relaxation is solved for Coulomb plasmons, excitons and plasmon-excitons. It is shown that the two dispersion branches of normal plasmon-exciton modes undergo anticrossing (mutual repulsion) at the resonance between plasmon and exciton. With dissipative damping and power interchange between the excitations taken into account, the process of plasmon-exciton relaxation depending on time is investigated. The theory displays the principal analogies between dynamics of plasmon-excitons and of excitations in other objects of linear vibration theory, such as mechanical oscillators, resonant electric chains, etc.
What is medicine? (Preprint)
Authors: Yucuma Daniela , Puerto Angie K. , Tellez Manuela , Jadad Alejandro
Published: May 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

What is ‘medicine’? To answer this question, published definitions or conceptualizations were sought through adapted search strategies of Google Scholar, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Top-11 English dictionaries; and the websites of top-ranked medical schools, all 113 members of the World Medical Association, the US Institute of Medicine, the World Federation for Medical Education and the World Health Organization up to March 2020. Three articles in scholarly journals, all of the dictionaries and none of the medical schools, associations, or institutions provided a definition or conceptualization. No source described a systematic, replicable process to capture the meaning of ‘medicine’. Bold, systematic, and replicable initiatives are needed to fill this gap, as a means to guide the contributions of the medical profession, governments, academia, and corporations; to separate medicine from other professions, and to clarify its role in the creation and preservation of health beyond the chemical-mechanical view of patients and their diseases as humanity goes through the COVID-19 pandemic and enters ‘the next normal’.
Sociolets, Socioaffective Filters and Social Transference: Contextual Considerations For Urban, Immigrant, Language Learners
Authors: J. Sacks Adam
Published: May 2021

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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STARCH MALONATE: DEVELOPMENT OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF ACECLOFENAC BY 23 FACTORIAL DESIGNS
Authors: KUMARI ANNU , KUMAR R. SANTOSH
Published: May 2021

Objective: The aim of the research work is to develop a new superdisintegrant (starch malonate) which can help in enhancing the solubility and drug dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. Hence, starch malonate (new superdisintegrant) was prepared and has been evaluated for its superdisintegrant property by incorporating it into fast dissolving tablets of Aceclofenac.

Methods: Superdisintegrant was developed by using esterification reaction. Prepared starch malonate was then subjected for different characterization tests (solubility, pH, melting point, swelling index, FTIR, DSC studies. 23 factorial design method was used to formulate fast dissolving tablets of aceclofenac employing starch malonate. Two known superdisintegrants croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone have been used along with starch malonate in combinations to develop fast dissolving tablets. Prepared tablets were then subjected to different tests for tablets like hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution studies. A stability study was performed to determine the stability of the formulation. Design expert study was conducted to know the interaction between different superdisintegrants and to select best optimized formulation in among all formulations.

Results: Starch malonate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder, insoluble in aqueous and organic solvents. Tablets of all formulations were of excellent quality concerning drug content (100±5%), hardness (3.8-4.2 kg/cm2), and friability (less than 0.15%). In all formulations, formulation F2 found to be optimized formulation with least disintegration time 38 S, less wetting time 17±0.08 s and enhanced percent dissolved rate in 5 min i.e., 99.84% as compared to other formulations.

Conclusion: From this it was concluded that starch malonate can be used as a novel superdisintegrant to enhance the drug dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. Optimized formulation F2 showed enhanced drug dissolution at 5% concentration as compared to other formulation and showed least disintegration time and enhanced drug dissolution as compared to other formulations and pure drug.
DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINED RELEASE ALOGLIPTIN TABLETS USING A MULTIPARTICULATES SYSTEM MADE OF BENTONITE
Authors: KAOUD RASHAD M. , KHALAF ALHAMZA HOSHI , ALKRAD JAMAL ALYOUSSEF
Published: May 2021

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the use of bentonite in the formulation of sustained-release tablets containing alogliptin benzoate after granulation.

Methods: Bentonite was used for preparing tablets after granulation. The prepared tablets were tested for their pharmacopeial requirements. Further, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to assess the release pattern of alogliptin from the tablets. Besides, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for evaluating the compatibility the drugs and bentonite. Finally, the release from the tablets was tested using the paddle apparatus.

Results: The FTIR and DSC did not show any interaction between the drug and the excipient in contrast to the powder-XRD pattern, which showed a shift for montmorillonite crystal peak. This shift was interpreted by increasing in the spacing of the crystalline structure of montmorillonite. However, the results of pharmacopeial tests showed that the prepared tablets comply with the compendial requirements, In addition, the release profiles of these tablets with aid of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a binder revealed a sustained release of alogliptin. Furthermore, the fitting of release data showed that the release from these tablets followed Fickian diffusion that alogliptin released by diffusion from bentonite gel matrix.

Conclusion: Bentonite was successfully used for producing sustained-release tablets of alogliptin. However, maintaining the crystal structure of montmorillonite was essential for building the gel structure of bentonite and releasing the drug in a controlled manner.
SOLID DISPERSION OF NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE IMPREGNATED BUCCAL PATCH: FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: JOSE CLINTON , PRIYA SNEH , JYOTHI DIVYA , JOSHI HIMANSHU , LOBO CYNTHIA LIZZIE , S. P. KRITHI
Published: May 2021

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to design and characterize a mucoadhesive buccal patch of Nebivolol hydrochloride in order to administer a small dose of a drug to treat hypertension effectively and thereby avoiding disadvantages such as patient noncompliance and low bioavailability.

Methods: The buccal patches were prepared by solvent casting method. The polymers used to formulate patches were HPMC K 15 M, PVP K 30, and propylene glycol was used as plasticizer and ethanol as the solvent. The drug-polymer compatibility studied was conducted by FTIR.

Results: All the developed Patches had good transparency and stability. All formulated patches showed pH in the range of 6.49 to 7.22, and drug content was more than 90%. The folding endurance value showed that the patches are flexible and non-brittle. The in vitro residence time was found to more than 30 min. Thickness, % moisture absorption, and % moisture loss values were in a normal range. The drug release study was conducted for 8 h, and it was found drug release was decreased with the increase in polymer concentration. The in vitro release profiles of the drug from all the formulations appeared to follow Korsmeyer Peppa's exponential model, and release exponent (n) was found to be more than 0.45 so that the release can be characterized by Non–Fickian (anomalous) diffusion.

Conclusion: From the results, it was concluded that drug released from formulated buccal patches follows sustained release pattern, Hence can be used for the treatment of the hypertensive patient.
A SELECTIVE AND SENSITIVE LC-MS/MS METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF FOUR POTENTIAL GENOTOXIC IMPURITIES IN ATAZANAVIR SULFATE DRUG SUBSTANCE IN TRACE LEVEL
Authors: N. SIVA JYOTHI , MUVVALA VENKATNARAYANA
Published: May 2021

Objective: The main objective of current research work is to develop and validate a rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the trace analysis of four potential genotoxic impurities in Atazanavir Sulfate drug substance.

Methods: LC-MS/MS analysis of four potential genotoxic impurities was done on Acquity UPLC CSH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column. In this method, mobile phase A (10 mM ammonium acetate) mobile phase B (methanol: acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) with gradient run with the flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The method was developed with the short run time of 13 min. Triple quadrupole mass detector coupled with positive electrospray ionization was used for the quantification of genotoxic impurities in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.

Results: The method was linear in the range of 0.3 ppm to 4.5 ppm for BOC Hydrazine Acid impurity, BOC Epoxide and Keto impurity with a correlation coefficient not less than 0.9994. The accuracy of the method was in the range of 99.26% to 105.71% for all four potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). No impurities were identified in the Atazanavir Sulfate active pharmaceutical ingredient sample.

Conclusion: The proposed method is specific, linear, precise, accurate, robust and stable for the quantification of the four genotoxic impurities at very low levels.