bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TEMPO E REPETIÇÃO NA FORMAÇÃO DOS SÍMBOLOS
Authors: Correa Thiago Moreira
Published: December 2024

O artigo examina a definição de símbolo segundo Hjelmslev, destacando uma perspectiva diacrônica em relação à conformidade entre o plano da expressão e o plano do conteúdo, que se realiza pela repetição ao longo do tempo. Utilizando exemplos históricos como a foice e o martelo no comunismo, demonstra que a repetição consolida a identidade e o valor simbólico. A proposta, situada na semiótica hjelmsleviana, busca estabelecer que o tempo e a repetição são fundamentais para a transformação de signos em símbolos poderosos, moldando identidades coletivas, movimentos sociais e criando significados duradouros.
Exploring Influence of Technology Distraction on Students' Academic Performance
Authors: Warsi Lubna Quddus , Rahman Ubaidul , Nawaz Haq
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study explores influence of technology distraction on students' academic performance at intermediate level. The objectives include exploring influence of technology distractions, identifying contributing factors, recognizing common types of technology distractions, and analyzing strategies to minimize negative effects. 
Methodology: This study used descriptive quantitative research design. Students and their teachers in higher secondary schools of Layyah and Bhakkar districts of Punjab comprised the population of the study.  The researcher used total population sampling for selecting 109 teachers and random sampling technique was used to select 350 students. Two self-structured questionnaires for teachers and students were developed, and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. 
Findings: The findings revealed significant insights of teachers and students who strongly agreed that use of technology distracts from academic tasks and adversely affects academic performance. Key strategies suggested establishing clear policies for technology use, implementing technology blocking tools, allocation of technology-free study periods, promoting responsible digital literacy, and involving parents in managing effective technology use.
Conclusion: By establishing a clear connection between technological distractions and academic performance, the researchers revealed that technology distraction harms students' academic performance. This study also highlights critical need for strategic interventions to manage technology distractions effectively.
Changing in Geo-Strategic Dynamics in Middle East: Implications for Pakistan
Authors: Khan Haider Ali , Yousaf Muhammad , Ali Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This research explores how shifting geostrategic dynamics in the Middle East are shaping Pakistan's foreign policy and the security of its national interests.
Methodology: Utilizing both an interceptive and descriptive methodology alongside a qualitative research design, the study gathered non-numerical data and employed social science techniques like interpretation and discourse analysis. The researchers thoroughly examined the data, interpreted various discourses, and drew conclusions.
Findings: The findings underscored the critical role of Pakistan's leadership in effectively responding to these changing circumstances. The study stressed the necessity for a well-informed foreign policy that aligns with national interests, which demands a deep understanding of the evolving dynamics in the Middle East and careful consideration of their implications for Pakistan's stability and regional influence.
Conclusion: The research offers valuable insights and policy recommendations for Pakistan, highlighting the importance of a proactive and informed strategy to navigate the complexities of the Middle East while safeguarding its interests and promoting regional stability.
Framing of Climate Change Issues in Pakistani Media
Authors: Javed Natasha , Sultan Khalid , Siddiqua Ayesha
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: First and foremost, the media directly used scientific, economic, political and human-interest frames to pull the audiences’ attention and change their perception over climate change issues. This study aimed at identifying how climate change issues have been framed in Piraeus for Pakistan’s English print media. The aim of the study was to identify and trace frames on climate change through the selected news stories of Dawn and Express Tribune.
Methodology: Quantitative and qualitative content analysis was performed on the sought-out news stories. The source media stories consisted of written articles and opinion pieces by journalists reporting on and/or expressing opinions on climate change related issues; all the stories were analyzed through systematic coding and thematic content analysis and coding processes that facilitated the categorization of specific themes and framing of climate change related information in media.
Findings: Having analyzed the news stories in Dawn and Express Tribune, four programs/dominant frames emerged regarding the portrayal of climate change. In Dawn, Scientific frames dominated the news driven by the features that dominated content such as data and research. On the other hand, Express Tribune mainly focused on political and human interest which includes government laws, effects on community and individual stories. This difference in the dominant frames shows the difference on the AMRC media outlets have adopted in pursuing the climate change narrative.
Conclusion: This research endeavored to offer knowledge by filling a gap within the scholarly domain through exploring the manner in which climate change was pitched within media outlets. It also rendered in enhancing the knowledge of the participants belonging to the media sector, policymakers and communicating climate change science regarding the use of media for conveying awareness of climate change.
An Exploration of Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in English Language Learning at the Undergraduate Level in Pakistan
Authors: Shahid Aiza , Khan Asma , Rao Rumaisa Rehman
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The purpose of the study was to explore the efficacy of artificial intelligence-powered tools in the learning of English as a second language at undergraduate level in Pakistan.
Methodology: A mixed-method approach was adopted to accomplish the set-out objectives. Davis’s (1989) Technology Acceptance Model was utilized to explore the elements that influenced ESL undergraduate students' decisions to accept or reject AI language learning technology. An online questionnaire was administered to 67 randomly selected ESL undergraduate students in order to gather numerical (quantitative) data. Semi-structured interviews were done with 12 ESL respondents who were purposefully chosen to get qualitative data. In terms of data analysis, SPSS version 27 was used to analyze the numerical data.
Findings: The results of the study showed that AI tools such as Grammarly, Duolingo, ChatGPT, Quillbot, and ELSA were used by the participants and improved their English language skills (speaking, writing, reading, and listening). The study's results also indicate that ESL students had positive opinions about using AI tools to learn English. Finally, the study identified the difficulties that ESL students had to overcome, such as contextualization problems, internet connectivity problems, a lack of human interaction, and technological limitations. Furthermore, the results derived from the open-ended questions in the semi-structured interviews were interpreted using Braun and Clarke's (2006) theme analysis approach. Five themes were generated: AI enhance/improve English language proficiency, immediate feedback and suggestions, customized learning, engaging and effective learning, and accuracy issues.
Conclusion: The study's findings demonstrated that factors like the usefulness of AI tools, their ease of use, and their capacity to function anywhere, at any time, influenced students' acceptance of AI-powered tools.
The study of works for voice and piano dedicated to Special military operation by future conductors of a military orchestra
Authors: Platonova Alina Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2024

The subject of the study are works for voice and piano, which are part of the collection "Voices of the Motherland", published following the results of the All-Russian creative competition of composers and poets for composing a patriotic song. The object of the study is the military-patriotic repertoire of the XX–XXI centuries. Special attention is paid to the issues of professional mastery of the skills of careful piano accompaniment by future military brass band conductors, namely: reading sheet music, feeling the balance between soloist and accompanist, understanding dynamic, articulatory, dramatic tasks, overcoming pianistic difficulties. Addressing the topic of military-patriotic songs by modern authors is becoming particularly relevant in our time, supporting the strength of the spirit of military personnel and civilians, preserving spiritual and moral values and contributing to the musical and aesthetic education of Russian citizens. The novelty of the research lies in the study of a new military-patriotic repertoire in the context of the development of piano accompaniment skills by future conductors of a military brass band. The studied methodological works of the luminaries of the national school of pianism, devoted to the problems of working in the accompaniment class, were used as a theoretical basis used in the analysis of the works of modern composers who compiled the collection "Voices of the Motherland". The updated repertoire created over the past few years, which included military songs by modern composers dedicated to a special military operation, enriched the existing methodological material of the department 46 (piano) Military Institute (military Conductors) The Military University made it possible to expand the thematic and imaginative spectrum, contributing to the introduction of acutely modern and topical topics into the program.
Reflection of Mongolian musical culture in Liang Lei's String quartets
Authors: Wang Zhang
Published: December 2024

The article is devoted to the identification of elements of the Mongolian musical tradition in the quartet work of the outstanding modern Chinese composer Liang Lei. The focus is on two quartets: "Serashi Fragments" (2005) and "Gobi Gloria" (2006), which found their artistic embodiment of the song folklore of the Mongols with its characteristic performance styles - urtyn-duu, bogino-duu, features of playing national instruments, primarily on the morin khura, a special the form of performance for two voices is chaoer. A special place in quartets is occupied by imitation of the sound of traditional instruments, which is manifested both at the level of sound acuity and in terms of the textured arrangement of voices. Two Mongolian songs are used as quotation material in the quartets - "One White Sheep" and "Night Sky", which are reinterpreted by the composer, acquiring an instrumental character. The indicated works are included in the range of works written based on Mongolian themes and folk traditions. It is indicated that the studied quartets of Liang Lei are a vivid example of modern compositional searches aimed at discovering ways to harmoniously combine traditional models and modern techniques. This work combines a large volume of literature and musical scores, as well as relevant theories and existing results of Chinese and Russian scientists. Based on the analysis of musical scores, the string quartet in the Mongolian style by Chinese composer Liang Lei is analyzed from the point of view of its compositional basis, technique and cultural overtones. The conclusion of this work is that Liang Lei, as a composer who lived in both China and the United States, has a deep understanding of Eastern and Western cultures and philosophies and is able to skillfully use Western compositional techniques and instruments to creatively combine traditional Oriental music, embodying his own ideas and preserving traditions. The main contribution and innovation of this work is the acquaintance and analysis of the life, creativity and ideas of famous modern Chinese and Chinese-American composers, which demonstrates to the Russian reader the modern achievements of China in the field of musical innovation, as well as the multicultural subtext of a group of composers who received different education in China and in the West, which is represented by Liang Lei.
Akran Zorbalığını Önlemeye Yönelik Psikoeğitim Programının Zorbalık Düzeyi ve Problem Çözme Becerisi Üzerindeki Etkisi
Authors: Karaman Omer , Sezgin Samet
Published: December 2024

Öğrencilerin okul rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma servisine başvurmalarının en önemli gerekçelerinden birisinin akran zorbalığı olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmanın amacı, akran zorbalığını önlemeye yönelik geliştirilen psikoeğitim programının zorbalık düzeyi ve problem çözme becerisine etkisini incelemektir. Araştırma ilkokul dördüncü sınıfa devam eden 104 öğrenci arasından belirlenen zorbalık düzeyi yüksek 24 öğrenciyle (12 deney, 12 kontrol) yürütülen yarı deneysel bir çalışmadır. Deney grubuna araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen dokuz oturumluk psikoeğitim programı uygulanırken, kontrol grubuna bir işlem yapılmamıştır. Programın içeriğinde zorbalık rolleri, duyguları anlama ve ifade edebilme, empati kurma, öfke kontrolü, problem çözme, çatışma çözme, zorbalıkla baş etme konularına yer verilmiştir. Veriler araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Akran Zorbalığı Ölçeği Çocuk Formu ve Çocuklar İçin Problem Çözme Envanteri ile toplanmıştır. Psikoeğitim oturumları başlamadan iki hafta önce ön test, oturumlar bittikten iki hafta sonra son test, son test uygulandıktan iki ay sonra ise izleme ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda Mann Whitney U Testi, grup içi karşılaştırmalarda Friedman Testi ve Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar Testi kullanılarak değerlendirilmeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular akran zorbalığını önlemeye yönelik psikoeğitim programının ilkokul dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin zorbalık düzeyini olumlu etkileyerek azalttığı, problem çözme becerisinde ise anlamlı düzeyde değişim oluşturmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca akran zorbalığı ölçeği alt boyut puanları da olumlu etkilenerek azalmıştır. Bu sonuçların izleme ölçümünde devam ettiği saptanmıştır. Gruplar arası karşılaştırma yapıldığında psikoeğitim programının deney grubundaki öğrencilerin akran zorbalığı düzeyini azaltmada başarılı olduğu ancak problem çözme becerisinde aynı etkiyi göstermediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Okul rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma hizmetleri çerçevesinde öğrencilerin zorbalık düzeyini azaltan etkili bir müdahale programı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Analysis of Ratio of Length of 2nd Digit to 4th Digit (2D:4D) among Transgender Women (MtF) and Cisgender People in South Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Annamalai Karthikeyan , Shastri Deepti , Subramaniam Sathiya
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Transgender refers to an individual whose gender identity differs from the sex that was assigned at birth. Transgender women (MtF) were assigned male at birth but later recognised themselves as female. The length of the index finger (2D) in males is shorter than the length of the ring finger (4D), resulting in a low finger ratio due to higher androgen levels, whereas in females, the ratio is high due to low androgen levels. The index to ring finger length ratio in males and females is influenced by testosterone hormone levels during early foetal life, exhibiting sexual dimorphism. The 2D:4D ratio serves as one of the determinants for future generations to identify the transgender women population.

Aim: To determine the 2D:4D ratio among transgender women and the cisgender population.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Annapoorana Medical College and Hospitals, Vinayaka Mission’s Medical College Hospitals, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India, from September 2018 to October 2019. A total of 392 adult participants between 19 years and 60 years of age were selected. The samples of transwomen were collected with the help of the President of Salem Thirunangaigal Nala Sangam (STNS) and Koovagam Koothandavar Temple in Tamil Nadu. Cisgender samples were collected from volunteers in Salem, Tamil Nadu. The 2D and 4D digit lengths of both hands were measured using Digimizer software with the help of images obtained by a Canon 220 photo scanner. Another type of classification was done by naked eye analysis without any calculations, based on which the 2D:4D ratio among males, females and transgender women was categorised into types 1, 2 and 3. The paired t-test was used to compare the male, female and transwomen populations.

Results: Out of 392 participants, 122 were cis females, 130 were cis males and 140 were transgender females. The p-value of the mean 2D:4D ratio was found to be significant in the right and left hands when comparing the 2D:4D ratio of males with females and transgender women with females. The p-value of the 2D:4D ratio for males with transgender women in the right and left hands was 0.451 and 0.943, respectively, which was statistically insignificant due to the high levels of androgen in these two groups.

Conclusion: The present study helps scientists in the gender study field to advance their knowledge about transgender individuals, which can fill the gaps in available information and overcome existing lacunae in this field.
Collagenofibrotic Glomerulopathy with Thrombotic Microangiopathy: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Agarwal Khushbu , Kanodia Kamal , Solanki Shreya , Patel Rashmi , Suthar Kamlesh
Published: December 2024

Collagenofibrotic Glomerulopathy (CG) is a very rare glomerular disease characterised by the massive accumulation of atypical type III collagen fibrils within the mesangial matrix and subendothelial space, as well as a marked increase in serum type III procollagen peptide levels. Owing to its rarity, the cause and pathogenesis of CG remain uncertain. While initial reports of CG were primarily in patients of Asian descent, subsequent cases in patients of European descent have also been published. Clinically, patients present with oedema and hypertension, often progressing to end-stage renal disease. Proteinuria is a cardinal manifestation of this disease. A definitive diagnosis is contingent upon recognising this entity, maintaining a high index of suspicion, and confirming it through immunohistochemistry and Electron Microscopy (EM), due to its rarity, non specific presenting signs and symptoms, and various differential diagnoses on histology. Here, a case of a 44-year-old non diabetic, hypertensive female who presented with pedal oedema and nephrotic range proteinuria. The biopsy showed nodular expansion of the mesangium by homogeneous, congo red-negative, eosinophilic material, along with vascular changes indicative of acute thrombotic microangiopathy. Many conditions, such as amyloidosis, fibrillary glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, fibronectin glomerulopathy, light chain deposition disease, and thrombotic microangiopathy, can cause nodular or membranoproliferative glomerular changes. The biopsy was initially reported as nodular glomerulosclerosis, which, upon EM, showed mesangial and subendothelial space expansion by banded fibrillary material. Further immunohistochemistry for type III collagen was performed, which yielded positive results. Thus, the diagnosis of CG was confirmed.
LEGAL AND ETHICAL THOUGHTS ON ASSESSMENT OF CONSENT: A REVIEW
Authors: Sushant Sud , S Bharati Ashwinkumar , CH Babaria
Published: December 2024

In terms of ethics, "consent" gives a patient the freedom to choose which treatments to accept or reject. Such self-determination is protected by the law pertaining to medical consent, which permits treatment decisions to be made for patients who are incapable of making them for themselves. When a competent patient gives his or her consent voluntarily and in accordance with the information that has been given to them, it is considered valid. What needs to be done, why it needs to be done, and what the treatment's expected risks and effects are all need to be made clear. Patients who are competent comprehend the information given to them, retain it in their minds, and apply it to decide whether to accept or reject treatment. In the absence of a legal advance directive, medical care decisions made by third parties (doctors, defined proxies, or the courts) must be made and determined in the patient's best interests. Due to patients' lack of agreement or insufficient consent for various operations, there has been a rise in malpractice litigation in India in recent years. The clinical implications of consent in Indian medicine, as well as its legal and ethical constraints, are not well known to many doctors. In order to provide effective legal protection in a variety of situations, this paper addresses the ethical, legal, and salutary implications of consent in terms of indeed, false, perhaps situations.
A REVIEW ON SHIROBASTI
Authors: UB Spoorthi , Kulkarni Varsha
Published: December 2024

Shiras, (head) one among dashapranayatana, marma traya, (vital points), and indriya adhistana (seat of sense organs) control the activities of the whole body, for that purpose this organ should be carefully protected and nourished regularly Since shiras is also the adhistana of prana vayu which in normalcy responsible for the life. The head comprises all the components and machinery to control the body's mechanics and dynamics. The brain, nerves, and all the elements that keep us glued to and drawn to this material world through our sense organs reside in the skull, which serves as the remote control for the entire body. According to Ayurveda, the human body is like an upside-down tree, with the branches pointing down and the roots at the top. Assume the human body is compared to a tree. The head of the body is regarded as the tree's root. The upper and lower limbs are thought of as the branches of this tree, much as the roots nourish and regulate all of the activities and well-being of the tree. The core region of the body, which is made up of the thorax and abdomen, is believed to be the trunk of this tree. In that scenario, the head serves as the body's operating center. While explaining the importance of Shiras, Vagbhata described the body as Urdhvamoola (Shiras), Adhashaka (lower trunk). If the root is destructed plant is also destructed likewise. If the head is injured the death proceeds. So only it is advised to protect the head from diseases, here Shirobasti plays an important role.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DRAKSHASAVA PREPARED USING TWO DIFFERENT SANDHANA DRAVYA IN TWO DIFFERENT CONTAINERS
Authors: Patil Suresha , Hussain Gazala , Fattepur Veeresh , MR Anirudh , Nechiyil Maitreyi
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Drakshasava is a well-known Ayurvedic formulation used as general health tonic, carminative, and blood purifier, commonly used to treat
digestive disorders, and cardiac issues. In the present study Drakshasava was prepared using two different Sandhana Dravya Dhataki-pushpa and yeast.
Two different containers were used in the fermentation process. Materials and Methods: Drakshasava was prepared pharmaceutically, ingredients being
Draksha, Dhataki, Jati, Lavanga, Kakkola, Lavaliphala, Swetha Chandana, Twak, Ela, Patra and Pippali. Observation and result: Drakshasava with
Dhataki-pushpa is dark brown colour and Drakshasava with yeast is lemon colour. Various parameters were analysed. Discussion: In an experimental
study comparing the fermentation processes of two distinct Sandhan Dravya (fermenting drugs) like Dhataki-pushpa (Woodfordia fruticosa kurz) and
yeast. And also comparing two types of containers like earthen vessels and plastic containers. Were analysed and discussed. Conclusion: This study
aims to investigate the preparation of Drakshasava using two different Sandhan Dravya (fermenting drugs) with two different vessels, specifically yeast
and Dhataki-pushpa (Woodfordia fruticosa kurz), their impact on the physicochemical properties of the final product. Through the physicochemical
analysis, identified the little variances in the final products.
Constraints in Paddy Procurement in Kerala: Farmers’ Perspectives
Authors: Siju Reshma , Baby Smitha
Published: December 2024

Paddy is a staple food crop in Kerala State, and the government's paddy procurement policy aims to support and strengthen farmers by ensuring a Minimum Support Price as well as maintaining market stability. The study aimed to identify and prioritise farmers' challenges in the paddy procurement system. The study was conducted during the agricultural year of 2023-2024 in the Palakkad and Alappuzha districts, the major rice-growing tracts among the districts of this State. A total of eight Panchayats were randomly selected from the two major procurement centres in each district, and ten farmers were randomly chosen from each Panchayat, resulting in a sample size of 160. The application of Garrett's ranking technique assessed the intensity of each constraint and ranked them among the top ten identified constraints. The study found that the absence of immediate payment of procurement price was the most significant issue with a total Garrett score of 12260 and an average score of 76.62. This delay in payment causes financial difficulties for farmers in continuing the cultivation for the next season. The difficulty to meet quality standards of procurement was the next severe challenge for the farmers. The study recommended policy interventions to overcome the challenges in paddy procurement in the State.
Effects of Aqueous Leave Extracts of Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) on the Hippocampal Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
Authors: Olatoye Adeniyi , Adewole Olarinde , Olatoye Adesola , IGE Mokolade
Published: December 2024

This study determined the anti-diabetic effects, assessed the antidepressant properties, and investigated the ameliorative effects of aqueous leaf extract of Launaea taraxacifolia (ALELT) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. It also evaluated its antioxidant effects on oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats. Forty-two male Wistar rats (110-130 g) were divided into seven groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) of six animals each. Group A was the control, while STZ solution (80 mg/kg) was administered IP to diabetic groups B, C, D, E, and F. At the sixth week of induction, group B was the STZ control; groups C, D, and E rats received 300 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg per oral (p-o) of ALELT, respectively, for three weeks. Group F received 5 IU/day of insulin subcutaneously; group G received only 300 mg/kg p-o of ALELT for three weeks. After the study, the animals were sacrificed; the hippocampus was excised and fixed in a 10% neutral buffer solution for morphometric analysis. Homogenized samples were used to determine oxidative stress markers, brain derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) level and insulin concentrations. The results showed varying degrees of hippocampal damage and loss of hilum of Dentate gyrus in the H&E sections, plaque and tangles in the Bielschowsky sections, loss of myelin sheath in the Luxol Fast Blue sections, and dissolution of Nissl bodies in the Cresyl Fast Violet sections, followed by weight loss, abnormal rise in glucose levels, decrease in BDNF, decrease in insulin levels, memory loss in neurobehavioral tests, and decrease in markers of oxidative stress in the negative control rats. These pathologies were reversed in the extract-treated groups and the results were comparable with group A. This study concluded that ALELT demonstrated anti-diabetic effects, mediated by the reduction of fasting blood sugar levels, increased insulin secretion, and elevated BDNF in the hippocampus of diabetic Wistar rat.
Dual modulation of neuron‐specific microRNAs and the REST complex promotes functional maturation of human adult induced neurons
Authors: Birtele Marcella , Sharma Yogita , Kidnapillai Srisaiyini , Lau Shong , Stoker Thomas B. , Barker Roger A. , Rylander Ottosson Daniella , Drouin‐Ouellet Janelle , Parmar Malin
Published: September 2019

Direct neuronal reprogramming can be achieved using different approaches: by expressing neuronal transcription factors or microRNAs; and by knocking down neuronal repressive elements. However, there still exists a high variability in terms of the quality and maturity of the induced neurons obtained, depending on the reprogramming strategy employed. Here, we evaluate different long‐term culture conditions and study the effect of expressing the neuronal‐specific microRNAs, miR124 and miR9/9*, while reprogramming with forced expression of the transcription factors Ascl1, Brn2, and knockdown of the neuronal repressor REST. We show that the addition of microRNAs supports neuronal maturation in terms of gene and protein expression, as well as in terms of electrophysiological properties.
Soluble Klotho regulates bone differentiation by upregulating expression of the transcription factor EGR‐1
Authors: Toan Nguyen Khanh , Tai Nguyen Chi , Kim Soo‐A , Ahn Sang‐Gun
Published: September 2019

Klotho is a transmembrane protein known to regulate aging and lifespan. Soluble Klotho (sKL), a truncated form of Klotho, regulates various cell signaling pathways, including bone development. Here, we investigated the relationship between sKL and the zinc finger transcription factor early growth response protein 1 (EGR‐1) on bone formation. We find that sKL induces the expression of EGR‐1 mRNA and protein. Through mutational analysis, we identify the 130 bp region on the EGR‐1 promoter that is responsive to sKL overexpression. Additionally, sKL induces the expression of markers of bone differentiation (BMP2, RUNX2, ALP, COL1A, and osteocalcin) in osteoblast MC3T3 cells. EGR‐1 siRNA decreases the bone mineralization induced by sKL or ascorbic acid/glycerol 2‐phosphate in MC3T3 cells. Our results suggest that sKL may regulate bone development through EGR‐1 expression.
A Bioinspired Photothermal Pneumatic Device Enabling Optical Manipulation of Microfluid toward Precise Control of Microreactions
Authors: Lv Xuande , Wang Wenzhong , Yu Haifeng
Published: September 2019

Various driving methods are developed in microfluidic technology to manipulate small amounts of liquid. Among them, the photocontrol method is highlighted for its advantages in contactless and accuracy control. However, the illumination method may induce risks of radiation damage, thermal damage, or chemical environment changes. To avoid these risks, a photothermal pneumatic microfluidic device (PPMD) containing a photothermal composite, an air chamber, and a tube is designed, bioinspired by the feeding process of female mosquitos. One way to drive liquid columns at a constant velocity higher than 1.0 cm s−1 in microtubes without interface modification is successfully obtained, and a method to separate out water–oil two‐phase liquid mixtures is proposed. The integration of several single PPMDs enables complex logical operations (AND and OR) toward precise control of microreactions. This work is promising in fields of microfluidic chips, pneumatic devices, liquid transfer, microreactions, and water–oil phase separation.
Contact Resistance in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors: Conquering the Barrier
Authors: Waldrip Matthew , Jurchescu Oana D. , Gundlach David J. , Bittle Emily G.
Published: September 2019

Organic semiconductors have sparked interest as flexible, solution processable, and chemically tunable electronic materials. Improvements in charge carrier mobility put organic semiconductors in a competitive position for incorporation in a variety of (opto‐)electronic applications. One example is the organic field‐effect transistor (OFET), which is the fundamental building block of many applications based on organic semiconductors. While the semiconductor performance improvements opened up the possibilities for applying organic materials as active components in fast switching electrical devices, the ability to make good electrical contact hinders further development of deployable electronics. Additionally, inefficient contacts represent serious bottlenecks in identifying new electronic materials by inhibiting access to their intrinsic properties or providing misleading information. Recent work focused on the relationships of contact resistance with device architecture, applied voltage, metal and dielectric interfaces, has led to a steady reduction in contact resistance in OFETs. While impressive progress was made, contact resistance is still above the limits necessary to drive devices at the speed required for many active electronic components. Here, the origins of contact resistance and recent improvement in organic transistors are presented, with emphasis on the electric field and geometric considerations of charge injection in OFETs.
Negative Thermal Expansion Design Strategies in a Diverse Series of Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Burtch Nicholas C. , Baxter Samuel J. , Heinen Jurn , Bird Ashley , Schneemann Andreas , Dubbeldam David , Wilkinson Angus P.
Published: September 2019

Negative thermal expansion materials are of interest for an array of composite material applications whereby they can compensate for the behavior of a positive thermal expansion matrix. In this work, various design strategies for systematically tuning the coefficient of thermal expansion in a diverse series of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are demonstrated. By independently varying the metal, ligand, topology, and guest environment of representative MOFs, a range of negative and positive thermal expansion behaviors are experimentally achieved. Insights into the origin of these behaviors are obtained through an analysis of synchrotron‐radiation total scattering and diffraction experiments, as well as complementary molecular simulations. The implications of these findings on the prospects for MOFs as an emergent negative thermal expansion material class are also discussed.
Characterization of Dynamic and Nanoscale Materials and Metamaterials with Continuously Referenced Interferometry
Authors: Ollanik Adam J. , Hartfield George Z. , Ji Yaping , Robertson John T. , Islam Kazi , Escarra Matthew D.
Published: September 2019

The development of new optical materials and metamaterials has seen a natural progression toward both nanoscale geometries and dynamic performance. The development of these materials, such as optical metasurfaces which impart discrete, spatially dependent phase shifts on incident light, often benefits from the measurement of transmitted or reflected phase. Careful measurement of phase typically proves difficult to implement, due to high measurement sensitivity to practically unavoidable environmental sources of noise and drift. To date, no characterization technique has yet emerged as a frontrunner for these applications. This challenge is addressed using a custom‐designed three‐beam Mach–Zehnder interferometer capable of continuously referenced measurement of both phase and transmittance, resulting in a 10× reduction of noise and drift and phase measurement standard deviation over 10 min of 0.56° and over 16 h of 2.8°. High measurement stability provided by this method enables samples to be easily characterized under dynamic conditions. Temperature‐dependent measurements are demonstrated with phase‐change material vanadium dioxide (VO2), and with wavelength‐dependent measurements of a dielectric Huygens metasurface supporting a characteristic resonant reflection peak. A Fourier‐based signal filtering technique is applied, reducing measurement uncertainty to 0.13° and enabling discernment of monolayer thickness variations in 2D material MoS2.
Trap‐Related Nonvolatile Negative Photoconductivity in a Single Ag@Al2O3 Hybrid Nanorod for a Photomemory with Light‐Writing and Bias‐Erasing
Authors: Ji Wenwen , Zhou Huiying , Ye Yalong , Zhao Jie , Xiao Yanhe , Lei Shuijin , Cheng Baochang
Published: September 2019

For zero band‐gap metal Ag and ultrawide band‐gap Al2O3, it is difficult to produce impressive photoresponse to visible light due to the limitation of energy gaps. Herein, it is demonstrated that individual Ag@Al2O3 hybrid nanorods, synthesized by a two‐stage hydrothermal method and followed by thermal reduction annealing, can show excellent negative photoconduction of about 400 nm violet and 800 nm near‐infrared lights at room temperature. Moreover, the light‐induced high resistance state (HRS) is well maintained at relatively low operation bias after the removal of illumination, indicative of a nonvolatile memory effect. More importantly, the device is back to its initial low resistance state (LRS) after subsequently being applied a relatively large bias, suggestive of an erasable effect with large bias. In the hybrid nanorods, Ag nanoparticles serve as trap centers and can capture and store charges. Under the illumination of sub‐band‐gap light, trapped charges are excited, resulting in an HRS due to emptying the traps. On the contrary, a large external electric field triggers charges to be injected into traps in dark, resulting in an LRS. Regarding a superior negative photoswitching with light‐writing and bias‐erasing memory, Ag@Al2O3 nanohybrids have a tremendous potential in optical sensors and nonvolatile photomemory applications.
Visible Light‐Driven, Photocatalyst‐Free Arbuzov‐Like Reaction via Arylazo Sulfones
Authors: Qiu Di , Lian Chang , Mao Jinshan , Ding Yi , Liu Zerong , Wei Liyan , Fagnoni Maurizio , Protti Stefano
Published: September 2019

A visible light‐induced formation of Aryl‐Phosphorous bonds starting from arylazo sulfones and triaryl (or trialkyl)phosphites in the absence of any photoredox catalyst and any additives was developed. This reaction showed a broad substrate scope and afforded (hetero)aryl phosphonates in good yields and in up to the gram scale.

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Tissue‐Engineered Neural Network Graft Relays Excitatory Signal in the Completely Transected Canine Spinal Cord
Authors: Lai Bi‐Qin , Che Ming‐Tian , Feng Bo , Bai Yu‐Rong , Li Ge , Ma Yuan‐Huan , Wang Lai‐Jian , Huang Meng‐Yao , Wang Ya‐Qiong , Jiang Bin , Ding Ying , Zeng Xiang , Zeng Yuan‐Shan
Published: September 2019

Tissue engineering produces constructs with defined functions for the targeted treatment of damaged tissue. A complete spinal cord injury (SCI) model is generated in canines to test whether in vitro constructed neural network (NN) tissues can relay the excitatory signal across the lesion gap to the caudal spinal cord. Established protocols are used to construct neural stem cell (NSC)‐derived NN tissue characterized by a predominantly neuronal population with robust trans‐synaptic activities and myelination. The NN tissue is implanted into the gap immediately following complete transection SCI of canines at the T10 spinal cord segment. The data show significant motor recovery of paralyzed pelvic limbs, as evaluated by Olby scoring and cortical motor evoked potential (CMEP) detection. The NN tissue survives in the lesion area with neuronal phenotype maintenance, improves descending and ascending nerve fiber regeneration, and synaptic integration with host neural circuits that allow it to serve as a neuronal relay to transmit excitatory electrical signal across the injured area to the caudal spinal cord. These results suggest that tissue‐engineered NN grafts can relay the excitatory signal in the completely transected canine spinal cord, providing a promising strategy for SCI treatment in large animals, including humans.
Natural Microbial Communities Can Be Manipulated by Artificially Constructed Biofilms
Authors: Rijavec Tomaž , Zrimec Jan , van Spanning Rob , Lapanje Aleš
Published: September 2019

Biofouling proceeds in successive steps where the primary colonizers affect the phylogenetic and functional structure of a future microbial consortium. Using microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) as a study case, a novel approach for material surface protection is described, which does not prevent biofouling, but rather shapes the process of natural biofilm development to exclude MIC‐related microorganisms. This approach interferes with the early steps of natural biofilm formation affecting how the community is finally developed. It is based on a multilayer artificial biofilm, composed of electrostatically modified bacterial cells, producing antimicrobial compounds, extracellular antimicrobial polyelectrolyte matrix, and a water‐proof rubber elastomer barrier. The artificial biofilm is constructed layer‐by‐layer (LBL) by manipulating the electrostatic interactions between microbial cells and material surfaces. Field testing on standard steel coupons exposed in the sea for more than 30 days followed by laboratory analyses using molecular‐biology tools demonstrate that the preapplied artificial biofilm affects the phylogenetic structure of the developing natural biofilm, reducing phylogenetic diversity and excluding MIC‐related bacteria. This sustainable solution for material protection showcases the usefulness of artificially guiding microbial evolutionary processes via the electrostatic modification and controlled delivery of bacterial cells and extracellular matrix to the exposed material surfaces.
A Fully Printed Flexible MoS2 Memristive Artificial Synapse with Femtojoule Switching Energy
Authors: Feng Xuewei , Li Yida , Wang Lin , Chen Shuai , Yu Zhi Gen , Tan Wee Chong , Macadam Nasiruddin , Hu Guohua , Huang Li , Chen Li , Gong Xiao , Chi Dongzhi , Hasan Tawfique , Thean Aaron Voon‐Yew , Zhang Yong‐Wei , Ang Kah‐Wee
Published: September 2019

Realization of memristors capable of storing and processing data on flexible substrates is a key enabling technology toward “system‐on‐plastics”. Recent advancements in printing techniques show enormous potential to overcome the major challenges of the current manufacturing processes that require high temperature and planar topography, which may radically change the system integration approach on flexible substrates. However, fully printed memristors are yet to be successfully demonstrated due to the lack of a robust printable switching medium and a reliable printing process. An aerosol‐jet‐printed Ag/MoS2/Ag memristor is realized in a cross‐bar structure by developing a scalable and low temperature printing technique utilizing a functional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) ink platform. The fully printed devices exhibit an ultra‐low switching voltage (0.18 V), a high switching ratio (107), a wide range of tuneable resistance states (10–1010 Ω) for multi‐bit data storage, and a low standby power consumption of 1 fW and a switching energy of 4.5 fJ per transition set. Moreover, the MoS2 memristor exhibits both volatile and non‐volatile resistive switching behavior by controlling the current compliance levels, which efficiently mimic the short‐term and long‐term plasticity of biological synapses, demonstrating its potential to enable energy‐efficient artificial neuromorphic computing.
Oxygen Reduction Reactions on Single‐ or Few‐Atom Discrete Active Sites for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Sharifi Tiva , Gracia‐Espino Eduardo , Chen Anran , Hu Guangzhi , Wågberg Thomas
Published: September 2019

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of great importance in energy‐converting processes such as fuel cells and in metal–air batteries and is vital to facilitate the transition toward a nonfossil dependent society. The ORR has been associated with expensive noble metal catalysts that facilitate the O2 adsorption, dissociation, and subsequent electron transfer. Single‐ or few‐atom motifs based on earth‐abundant transition metals, such as Fe, Co, and Mo, combined with nonmetallic elements, such as P, S, and N, embedded in a carbon‐based matrix represent one of the most promising alternatives. Often these are referred to as single atom catalysts; however, the coordination number of the metal atom as well as the type and nearest neighbor configuration has a strong influence on the function of the active sites, and a more adequate term to describe them is metal‐coordinated motifs. Despite intense research, their function and catalytic mechanism still puzzle researchers. They are not molecular systems with discrete energy states; neither can they fully be described by theories that are adapted for heterogeneous bulk catalysts. Here, recent results on single‐ and few‐atom electrocatalyst motifs are reviewed with an emphasis on reports discussing the function and the mechanism of the active sites.
Rail‐Assisted Dynamic Assembly of Metallic Nanowires
Authors: Xu Tailin , Li Tianlong , Liu Conghui , Zhang Xueji
Published: September 2019

Motion modulation of functional micro‐/nanoparticles is a key challenge for biomedical science and development of optics and electronics. Herein, microrail‐assisted reversible assemblies of nanowires remotely powered by acoustic waves are demonstrated. The microrails embedded into the ultrasound field can make the surrounding acoustic potential nonuniform distribution and cause nanowires to trap into and assemble along the microrails. The width of the microrail can determine the dynamic assembly of nanowires in parallel to or in perpendicular to the direction of the microrail, which is validated by numerical simulations. In addition, trapping and transportation of nanowires on microrails are also achieved by adjusting the microfluidic direction from the microrail. Such microrail‐assisted capabilities of assembling and transporting nanowires provide great potentials in photonic crystals, cell collection, and nanoelectronic fabrication.
Lung cancer screening in patients with Libby amphibole disease: High yield despite predominantly environmental and household exposure
Authors: Loewen Gregory , Black Brad , McNew Tracy , Miller Albert
Published: September 2019

Background

Lung cancer screening with low‐dose computed tomography (CT) scanning (LDCT) is accepted as a screening tool, but its application to populations exposed to recognized occupational or environmental carcinogens is limited. We apply LDCT to a population with a predominantly nonoccupational exposure to a recognized human lung carcinogen, Libby amphibole asbestos (LA).

Methods

Patients in an asbestos disease clinic in Libby, Montana who were aged 50 to 84 years, greater than or equal to 20 pack‐year history of tobacco use (irrespective of quit date), and asbestos‐related pleuropulmonary disease on high‐resolution CT scan were offered free annual lung cancer screening over a 39‐month period.

Results

Of 2897 clinic patients, 1149 (39.7%) met eligibility criteria, and 567 (49%) were screened with 1014 low‐dose CT scans. Most screened patients had principally environmental (333 or 59%) or household exposure (145 or 25%) to LA. Seventeen primary lung cancers were identified, mostly in early stages: 10 at stage 1, two at stage 2, three at stages 3 to 4, and two at limited small‐cell cancers. The screening yield was 1.9 at baseline scan and 1.5% on the first annual scan.

Conclusions

Consistent with the guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and American Association of Thoracic Surgery, LDCT for early lung cancer detection should be offered to people with significant exposure to occupational or environmental human lung carcinogens.
Synthesis of Dihydrobenzoxazine‐Fused Spirooxazoline‐4‐ones via [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azaoxyallyl Cations with Vinyl Benzoxazinanones
Authors: Kim Eunjin , Mun Dasom , Kim Sung‐Gon
Published: September 2019

An example of a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between azaoxyallyl cations generated in situ and a variety of vinyl benzoxazinanones has been developed. This reaction provides an attractive method for the synthesis of spirooxazoline‐4‐ones based on dihydrobenzoxazines, which were obtained in good yield (up to 98% yield) with high diastereoselectivity (up to >20 : 1). The synthesized spiro‐bis‐N,O‐heterocycles can be used as building blocks toward the synthesis of other useful compounds.