bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpreting complex fluvial channel and barform architecture: Carboniferous Central Pennine Province, northern England
Authors: Soltan Roman , Mountney Nigel P.
Published: August 2015

The Bashkirian Lower Brimham Grit of North Yorkshire, England, is a fluvio‐deltaic sandstone succession that crops out as a complex series of pinnacles, the three‐dimensional arrangement of which allows high‐resolution architectural analysis of genetically‐related lithofacies assemblages. Combined analysis of sedimentary graphic log profiles, architectural panels and palaeocurrent data have enabled three‐dimensional geometrical relationships to be established for a suite of architectural elements so as to develop a comprehensive depositional model. Small‐scale observations of facies have been related to larger‐scale architectural elements to facilitate interpretation of the palaeoenvironment of deposition to a level of detail that has rarely been attempted previously, thereby allowing interpretation of formative processes. Detailed architectural panels form the basis of a semi‐quantitative technique for recording the variety and complexity of the sedimentary lithofacies present, their association within recognizable architectural elements and, thus, the inferred spatio‐temporal relationship of neighbouring elements. Fluvial channel‐fill elements bounded by erosional surfaces are characterized internally by a hierarchy of sets and cosets with subtly varying compositions, textures and structures. Simple, cross‐bedded sets represent in‐channel migration of isolated mesoforms (dunes); cosets of both trough and planar‐tabular cross‐bedded facies represent lateral‐accreting and downstream‐accreting macroforms (bars) characterized by highly variable, yet predictable, patterns of palaeocurrent indicators. Relationships between sandstone‐dominated strata bounded by third‐order and fifth‐order surfaces, which represent in‐channel bar deposits and incised channel bases, respectively, chronicle the origin of the preserved succession in response to autocyclic barform development and abandonment, major episodes of incision probably influenced by episodic tectonic subsidence, differential tilting and fluvial incision associated with slip on the nearby North Craven Fault system. Overall, the succession represents the preserved product of an upper‐delta plain system that was traversed by a migratory fluvial braid‐belt system comprising a poorly‐confined network of fluvial channels developed between major sandy barforms that evolved via combined lateral‐accretion and downstream‐accretion.
Genomic full‐length sequence of two HLA‐A alleles, A*02:07:01 and A*02:10, identified by cloning and sequencing
Authors: Tao H. , Chen L. X. , Xu Y. P. , Li Z.
Published: August 2015

We report the sequences of 5′ promoter and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of A*02:07:01 and A*02:10 for the first time.
English in a Nigerian linguistic landscape
Authors: ADETUNJI AKIN
Published: August 2015

Studies on Nigerian contexts have not been greatly documented in the linguistic landscape (LL) literature, despite the country's sociolinguistic significance in Africa. This qualitative study, examines how sign‐producers putlayering, an aspect of linguistic landscaping, to meaning‐making uses in Ìbàdàn, a major Nigerian city. By analyzing and illustrating with purposively sampled photographic data, answers were sought to two main questions: (1) how meaningful is layering to the Ìbàdàn linguistic landscape; (2) how does this situation of layered signs align with the literature on layering in linguistic landscape research?
English in advertising in Colombia
Authors: MARTINEZ FRANCIA
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study is to show and analyze the presence of English on commercial signs in Colombia, a predominantly Spanish‐speaking country from the Expanding Circle (Kachru 1985). It also explores the use of pop culture and social media images and references, as well as the proliferation of copycats or quasi clones in commercial ads (Kasanga 2010; Bolton 2012). The analysis and two small surveys reveal that the presence of English seems to have mainly a decorative and symbolic function, accompanied on occasion with whimsical humor. This paper aims to contribute to the documentation of English in advertising in the Colombian and South American context.
What limits performance during whole‐body incremental exercise to exhaustion in humans?
Authors: Morales‐Alamo David , Losa‐Reyna José , Torres‐Peralta Rafael , Martin‐Rincon Marcos , Perez‐Valera Mario , Curtelin David , Ponce‐González Jesús Gustavo , Santana Alfredo , Calbet José A. L.
Published: August 2015

Key points

At the end of an incremental exercise to exhaustion a large functional reserve remains in the muscles to generate power, even at levels far above the power output at which task failure occurs, regardless of the inspiratory O2 pressure during the incremental exercise.

Exhaustion (task failure) is not due to lactate accumulation and the associated muscle acidification; neither the aerobic energy pathways nor the glycolysis are blocked at exhaustion.

Muscle lactate accumulation may actually facilitate early recovery after exhaustive exercise even under ischaemic conditions.

Although the maximal rate of ATP provision is markedly reduced at task failure, the resynthesis capacity remaining exceeds the rate of ATP consumption, indicating that task failure during an incremental exercise to exhaustion depends more on central than peripheral mechanisms.

To determine the mechanisms causing task failure during incremental exercise to exhaustion (IE), sprint performance (10 s all‐out isokinetic) and muscle metabolites were measured before (control) and immediately after IE in normoxia (: 143 mmHg) and hypoxia (: 73 mmHg) in 22 men (22 ± 3 years). After IE, subjects recovered for either 10 or 60 s, with open circulation or bilateral leg occlusion (300 mmHg) in random order. This was followed by a 10 s sprint with open circulation. Post‐IE peak power output (Wpeak) was higher than the power output reached at exhaustion during IE (P < 0.05). After 10 and 60 s recovery in normoxia, Wpeak was reduced by 38 ± 9 and 22 ± 10% without occlusion, and 61 ± 8 and 47 ± 10% with occlusion (P < 0.05). Following 10 s occlusion, Wpeak was 20% higher in hypoxia than normoxia (P < 0.05), despite similar muscle lactate accumulation ([La]) and phosphocreatine and ATP reduction. Sprint performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis were greater after 60 s compared with 10 s occlusions, despite the higher [La] and [H+] after 60 s compared with 10 s occlusion recovery (P < 0.05). The mean rate of ATP turnover during the 60 s occlusion was 0.180 ± 0.133 mmol (kg wet wt)−1 s−1, i.e. equivalent to 32% of leg peak O2 uptake (the energy expended by the ion pumps). A greater degree of recovery is achieved, however, without occlusion. In conclusion, during incremental exercise task failure is not due to metabolite accumulation or lack of energy resources. Anaerobic metabolism, despite the accumulation of lactate and H+, facilitates early recovery even in anoxia. This points to central mechanisms as the principal determinants of task failure both in normoxia and hypoxia, with lower peripheral contribution in hypoxia.
Dynamic binaural sound localization based on variations of interaural time delays and system rotations
Authors: Baumann Claude , Rogers Chris , Massen Francis
Published: August 2015

This work develops the mathematical model for a steerable binaural system that determines the instantaneous direction of a sound source in space. The model combines system angular speed and interaural time delays (ITDs) in a differential equation, which allows monitoring the change of source position in the binaural reference frame and therefore resolves the confusion about azimuth and elevation. The work includes the analysis of error propagation and presents results from a real-time application that was performed on a digital signal processing device. Theory and experiments demonstrate that the azimuthal angle to the sound source is accurately yielded in the case of horizontal rotations, whereas the elevation angle is estimated with large uncertainty. This paper also proves the equivalence of the ITD derivative and the Doppler shift appearing between the binaurally captured audio signals. The equation of this Doppler shift is applicable for any kind of motion. It shows that weak binaural pitch differences may represent an additional cue in localization of sound. Finally, the paper develops practical applications from this relationship, such as the synthesizing of binaural images of pure and complex tones emitted by a moving source, and the generation of multiple frequency images for binaural beat experiments.
Relative sound localisation abilities in human listeners
Authors: Wood Katherine C. , Bizley Jennifer K.
Published: August 2015

Spatial acuity varies with sound-source azimuth, signal-to-noise ratio, and the spectral characteristics of the sound source. Here, the spatial localisation abilities of listeners were assessed using a relative localisation task. This task tested localisation ability at fixed angular separations throughout space using a two-alternative forced-choice design across a variety of listening conditions. Subjects were required to determine whether a target sound originated to the left or right of a preceding reference in the presence of a multi-source noise background. Experiment 1 demonstrated that subjects' ability to determine the relative location of two sources declined with less favourable signal-to-noise ratios and at peripheral locations. Experiment 2 assessed performance with both broadband and spectrally restricted stimuli designed to limit localisation cues to predominantly interaural level differences or interaural timing differences (ITDs). Predictions generated from topographic, modified topographic, and two-channel models of sound localisation suggest that for low-pass stimuli, where ITD cues were dominant, the two-channel model provides an adequate description of the experimental data, whereas for broadband and high frequency bandpass stimuli none of the models was able to fully account for performance. Experiment 3 demonstrated that relative localisation performance was uninfluenced by shifts in gaze direction.
The effects of spectral and temporal parameters on perceived confirmation of an auditory non-speech signal
Authors: Bodendörfer Xaver , Kortekaas Reinier , Weingarten Markus , Schlittmeier Sabine
Published: August 2015

In human-machine interactions, the confirmation of an action or input is a very important information for users. A paired comparison experiment explored the effects of four acoustic parameters on the perceived confirmation of auditory non-speech signals. Reducing the frequency-ratio and the pulse-to-pulse time between two successive pulses increased perceived confirmation. The effects of the parameters frequency and number of pulses were not clear-cut. The results provide information for designing auditory confirmation signals. It is shown that findings about the effects of certain parameters on the perceived urgency of warning signals cannot be easily inverted to perceived confirmation.
Global diversity, population stratification, and selection of human copy-number variation
Authors: Sudmant Peter H. , Mallick Swapan , Nelson Bradley J. , Hormozdiari Fereydoun , Krumm Niklas , Huddleston John , Coe Bradley P. , Baker Carl , Nordenfelt Susanne , Bamshad Michael , Jorde Lynn B. , Posukh Olga L. , Sahakyan Hovhannes , Watkins W. Scott , Yepiskoposyan Levon , Abdullah M. Syafiq , Bravi Claudio M. , Capelli Cristian , Hervig Tor , Wee Joseph T. S. , Tyler-Smith Chris , van Driem George , Romero Irene Gallego , Jha Aashish R. , Karachanak-Yankova Sena , Toncheva Draga , Comas David , Henn Brenna , Kivisild Toomas , Ruiz-Linares Andres , Sajantila Antti , Metspalu Ene , Parik Jüri , Villems Richard , Starikovskaya Elena B. , Ayodo George , Beall Cynthia M. , Di Rienzo Anna , Hammer Michael F. , Khusainova Rita , Khusnutdinova Elza , Klitz William , Winkler Cheryl , Labuda Damian , Metspalu Mait , Tishkoff Sarah A. , Dryomov Stanislav , Sukernik Rem , Patterson Nick , Reich David , Eichler Evan E.
Published: August 2015

Duplications and deletions in the human genome

Duplications and deletions can lead to variation in copy number for genes and genomic loci among humans. Such variants can reveal evolutionary patterns and have implications for human health. Sudmant
et al.
examined copy-number variation across 236 individual genomes from 125 human populations. Deletions were under more selection, whereas duplications showed more population-specific structure. Interestingly, Oceanic populations retain large duplications postulated to have originated in an ancient Denisovan lineage.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.aab3761
Insights into the Hydrocarbon Tolerance of Two
Devosia
Isolates,
D. chinhatensis
Strain IPL18
T
and
D. geojensis
Strain BD-c194
T
, via Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis
Authors: Hassan Yousef I. , Lepp Dion , Li Xiu-Zhen , Zhou Ting
Published: August 2015

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was among the most commonly used pesticides after the Second World War. The extensive use of this hydrocarbon for almost six decades has created a contamination problem on a global scale, and bioremediation methods are being extensively explored. The reported ability of some
Devosia
species to grow in the presence of appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons (2,000 mg/kg of contaminated soil) is attracting closer attention. Here, we report the
de novo
genome assembly of two hydrocarbon-tolerating
Devosia
isolates,
D. chinhatensis
strain IPL18
T
and
D. geojensis
strain BD-c194
T
, as a first step toward understanding the metabolic pathways involved in their environmental adaptation and tolerance toward hydrocarbons.
Parental perceptions of avoidability of their child's emergency department visit
Authors: Singhal Astha , Caplan Daniel J , Jones Michael P , Kuthy Raymond A , Momany Elizabeth T , Buresh Christopher T , Damiano Peter C
Published: August 2015

Objectives

To identify the factors associated with paediatric emergency department (ED) visits and parental perceptions of the avoidability of their child's ED visit.

Design

Cross-sectional study by performing secondary analysis of 2010–2011 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey data.

Setting

State-wide representative population-based sample of families with at least one child in the state of Iowa in the USA.

Patients/participants

Among the eligible households, 2386 families completed the survey, yielding a cooperation rate of 80%.

Exposure/intervention

Presence of a medical home.

Main outcome measures

Child visiting an ED in the past year; parents believing that ED care could have been provided in a primary-care setting.

Results

Among children who needed medical care in the past year, 26% visited an ED. Younger children, non-Hispanic black children, non-Hispanic others, children whose parents were not married, children who were from food-insecure households and had poorer health status were more likely to visit an ED. Having a medical home was not associated with ED visits (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.04), even after stratifying by the child's health status. About 69% of parents who took their child to an ED agreed that ED care could have been provided in a primary-care setting. Parents of children with public insurance, those who were not referred to the ED and those who could not get routine care appointments were more likely to report a primary-care preventable ED visit.

Conclusions

The majority of parents believed that paediatric ED visits could be avoided if adequate primary-care alternatives were available. Expanding access to primary care could lead to a reduction in avoidable ED visits by children.
Contribution of modifiable risk factors for hypertension and type-2 diabetes in Peruvian resource-limited settings
Authors: Bernabé-Ortiz Antonio , Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M , Gilman Robert H , Checkley William , Smeeth Liam , Miranda J Jaime ,   CRONICAS Cohort Study Group
Published: August 2015

Background

It is important to understand the local burden of non-communicable diseases including within-country heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to characterise hypertension and type-2 diabetes profiles across different Peruvian geographical settings emphasising the assessment of modifiable risk factors.

Methods

Analysis of the CRONICAS Cohort Study baseline assessment was conducted. Cardiometabolic outcomes were blood pressure categories (hypertension, prehypertension, normal) and glucose metabolism disorder status (diabetes, prediabetes, normal). Exposures were study setting and six modifiable factors (smoking, alcohol drinking, leisure time and transport-related physical activity levels, TV watching, fruit/vegetables intake and obesity). Poisson regression models were used to report prevalence ratios (PR). Population attributable risks (PAR) were also estimated.

Results

Data from 3238 participants, 48.3% male, mean age 45.3 years, were analysed. Age-standardised (WHO population) prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was 24% and 16%, whereas for prediabetes and type-2 diabetes it was 18% and 6%, respectively. Outcomes varied according to study setting (p<0.001). In multivariable model, hypertension was higher among daily smokers (PR 1.76), heavy alcohol drinkers (PR 1.61) and the obese (PR 2.06); whereas only obesity (PR 2.26) increased the prevalence of diabetes. PAR showed that obesity was an important determinant for hypertension (15.7%) and type-2 diabetes (23.9%).

Conclusions

There is an evident heterogeneity in the prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension and diabetes within Peru. Prehypertension and prediabetes are highly prevalent across settings. Our results emphasise the need of understanding the epidemiology of cardiometabolic conditions to appropriately implement interventions to tackle the burden of non-communicable diseases.
Influence of cardiovascular risk factors on infarct size and interaction with mechanical ischaemic postconditioning in ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Pichot Sophie , Mewton Nathan , Bejan-Angoulvant Theodora , Roubille Francois , Rioufol Gilles , Giraud Céline , Boussaha Inesse , Lairez Olivier , Elbaz Meyer , Piot Christophe , Angoulvant Denis , Ovize Michel
Published: August 2015

Objective

Previous studies have shown that mechanical postconditioning (PostC) significantly reduces infarct size (IS) in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Our objective was to assess the influence of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors on IS and their interaction with ischaemic PostC in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods

The study population was constituted from the clinical database pooling of four previously published PostC prospective, multicentre, randomised, open-label controlled trials with identical inclusion criteria. Patients with STEMI, presenting within 12 h of symptoms onset referred for percutaneous coronary intervention, were included. Mechanical ischaemic PostC was performed by four repeated cycles of inflation–deflation of the angioplasty balloon within 1 min of reflow, while the control group underwent no intervention. IS was assessed by measuring total creatine kinase release over 72 h.

Results

173 patients, aged 58±12 years, 76% males, 48% anterior infarct were included (82 in the PostC group, 91 in the control group). IS was significantly reduced in the PostC compared to the control group (71.7±41.6 vs 88.2±54.5×103arbitrary units; p=0.027). After adjustment for abnormally contracting segments, older patients had smaller IS and smokers had larger IS. Gender, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity did not have any significant effect on IS. Multivariate regression analysis showed that none of the traditional risk factors had a significant impact on the cardioprotective effect of mechanical ischaemic PostC.

Conclusions

The present analysis suggests that the cardioprotective effect of mechanical PostC is not influenced by traditional CV risk factors that are prevalent in patients with STEMI.
Chylothorax in a dog with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein
Authors: Konstantinidis Alexandros O , Pardali Dimitra , Batra Maria M , Day Michael J , Rallis Timoleon
Published: August 2015

A two‐year‐old male poodle, diagnosed initially with primary portal vein hypoplasia was presented four months later with anorexia and dyspnoea. Clinical examination revealed shortness of breath, orthopnoea, muffled heart sounds and absence of normal lung sounds. Thoracic radiographs showed bilateral pleural effusion. Fluid analysis led to a diagnosis of chylothorax. After initial stabilisation, all possible causes of chylothorax were ruled out except for an idiopathic aetiology. This is the first case of chylothorax associated with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein.
Making numerical program analysis fast
Authors: Singh Gagandeep , Püschel Markus , Vechev Martin
Published: August 2015

Numerical abstract domains are a fundamental component in modern static program analysis and are used in a wide range of scenarios (e.g. computing array bounds, disjointness, etc). However, analysis with these domains can be very expensive, deeply affecting the scalability and practical applicability of the static analysis. Hence, it is critical to ensure that these domains are made highly efficient. In this work, we present a complete approach for optimizing the performance of the Octagon numerical abstract domain, a domain shown to be particularly effective in practice. Our optimization approach is based on two key insights: i) the ability to perform online decomposition of the octagons leading to a massive reduction in operation counts, and ii) leveraging classic performance optimizations from linear algebra such as vectorization, locality of reference, scalar replacement and others, for improving the key bottlenecks of the domain. Applying these ideas, we designed new algorithms for the core Octagon operators with better asymptotic runtime than prior work and combined them with the optimization techniques to achieve high actual performance. We implemented our approach in the Octagon operators exported by the popular APRON C library, thus enabling existing static analyzers using APRON to immediately benefit from our work. To demonstrate the performance benefits of our approach, we evaluated our framework on three published static analyzers showing massive speed-ups for the time spent in Octagon analysis (e.g., up to 146x) as well as significant end-to-end program analysis speed-ups (up to 18.7x). Based on these results, we believe that our framework can serve as a new basis for static analysis with the Octagon numerical domain.
HIGH LIFE: High altitude fatalities led to pulse oximetry
Authors: Severinghaus John W.
Published: August 2015

In 1875, Paul Bert linked high altitude danger to the low partial pressure of oxygen when 2 of 3 French balloonists died euphorically at about 8,600 m altitude. World War I fatal crashes of high altitude fighter pilots led to a century of efforts to use oximetry to warn pilots. The carotid body, discovered in 1932 to be the hypoxia detector, led to most current physiologic understanding of the body's respiratory responses to hypoxia and CO2. The author describes some of his UCSF group's work: In 1963, we reported both the brain's ventral medullary near-surface CO2 (and pH) chemosensors and the role of cerebrospinal fluid in acclimatization to altitude. In 1966, we reported the effect of altitude on cerebral blood flow and later the changes of carotid body sensitivity at altitude and the differences in natives of high altitude. In 1973, pulse oximetry was invented when Japanese biophysicist Takuo Aoyagi read and applied to pulses a largely forgotten 35-year-old discovery by English medical student J. R. Squire of a method of computing oxygen saturation from red and infrared light passing through both perfused and blanched tissue.
Recommendations for Benchmarking Preclinical Studies of Nanomedicines
Authors: Dawidczyk Charlene M. , Russell Luisa M. , Searson Peter C.
Published: August 2015

Nanoparticle-based delivery systems provide new opportunities to overcome the limitations associated with traditional small-molecule drug therapy for cancer and to achieve both therapeutic and diagnostic functions in the same platform. Preclinical trials are generally designed to assess therapeutic potential and not to optimize the design of the delivery platform. Consequently, progress in developing design rules for cancer nanomedicines has been slow, hindering progress in the field. Despite the large number of preclinical trials, several factors restrict comparison and benchmarking of different platforms, including variability in experimental design, reporting of results, and the lack of quantitative data. To solve this problem, we review the variables involved in the design of preclinical trials and propose a protocol for benchmarking that we recommend be included in in vivo preclinical studies of drug-delivery platforms for cancer therapy. This strategy will contribute to building the scientific knowledge base that enables development of design rules and accelerates the translation of new technologies. Cancer Res; 75(19); 4016–20. ©2015 AACR.
Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome in Cases with Suspected Close Proximity of Umbilical Cord Insertions
Authors: Sato Yuka , Ishii Keisuke , Yonetani Naoto , Yamamoto Ryo , Mitsuda Nobuaki
Published: August 2015

We encountered 3 cases of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), in which preoperative ultrasonography revealed that the cord insertion sites of the twins were close. Two cases were successfully treated with fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP); however, the third case could not be treated surgically because fetoscopy revealed that the cord insertions formed a V-shaped joint above the placenta and that all chorionic vessels of the placental surface were shared by the twins. No residual anastomoses were detected on placental examination in the 2 cases treated with FLP. Our experiences indicate that the feasibility of FLP could be evaluated using fetoscopy, not just ultrasonography, in cases of TTTS accompanied by proximate umbilical cord insertion.
"A selva escura da história do Brasil” e o seu “torrão paulista”: Paulo Prado através da lupa de Capistrano de Abreu
Authors: Waldman Thaís Chang
Published: August 2015

Ao estrear como escritor, Paulo Prado (1869-1943) afirma claramente sua filiação ao grande historiador Capistrano de Abreu (1853-1927), um marco da moderna historiografia brasileira. É justamente pela “mão segura e amiga” de Capistrano que Prado declara ter “penetr[ado] a selva escura da história do Brasil, de que é parte tão importante a história do nosso torrão paulista”. Prado descreve-o como o grande responsável pelo seu interesse pelas coisas brasileiras na diversidade de suas expressões. Mas a despeito dessa forte interlocução entre os dois, cabe indagar: é possível enxergar em Prado um historiador à la Capistrano? No presente artigo, procuro responder a essa questão por meio de uma breve análise das proximidades e distâncias da produção de Prado em relação à obra de Capistrano.
Qual o sentido da Geografia Cultural?
Authors: Lévy Jacques
Published: August 2015

Inovador na aparência, em seu enunciado a geografia cultural apresenta um duplo problema epistemológico. Trata-se de um novo ramo da geografia ou de uma escola de pensamento que pretende reorganizar o conjunto dos saberes da disciplina? O projeto de uma geografia cultural retoma e subscreve as ambiguidades do termo “cultura” nas ciências sociais contemporâneas. Além disso, o termo “cultura” corresponde frequentemente a uma versão frágil da noção de sociedade, em particular nos trabalhos anglófonos. Essa geografia, que aborda as sociedades sem dizer isso claramente, foi forjada com novas ferramentas para explorar a dimensão espacial dessas sociedades? Se a “virada cultural” certamente contribuiu para fazer avançar nosso olhar sobre o mundo social em certos domínios, a resposta a essa questão não é sempre consistente. No final das contas, duas características, que podem parecer periféricas, se revelam essenciais para esclarecer a lógica dessas hesitações. Uma, teórica, diz respeito à possibilidade de um eventual paradigma para as ciências sociais travestir-se de conceito de sociedade. A outra, efeito prático da primeira, concerne ao uso de discursos acadêmicos que pretendem fundar o “multiculturalismo” como o respeito às “culturas” para legitimar o comunitarismo contra a “sociedade de indivíduos”.
A unidade (hispano-)americana e o olhar sobre o Brasil
Authors: Rossi Fernanda Da Silva Rodrigues
Published: August 2015

Dilemas pertinentes à unidade territorial e política estiveram presentes de maneira marcante nos debates relativos à emancipação das nações iberoamericanas, seja na porção portuguesa, seja na porção espanhola do continente. Entretanto, cada uma delas seguiu seu próprio caminho, em direções bastante divergentes, do que resulta uma relação de desconfiança e, consequentemente, um significativo distanciamento entre ambas. O texto Ensayo sobre la necesidad de una federación general entre los Estados Hispano-americanos y plan de su organización, escrito em 1824 por Bernardo Monteagudo, exemplifica a visão que os hispano-americanos tinham sobre o governo brasileiro e suas relações com os europeus, razão pela qual trechos pertinentes a esta questão são transcritos aqui.
Younger Stroke Patients With Large Pretreatment Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesions May Benefit From Endovascular Treatment
Authors: Gilgen Marc D. , Klimek Dariusz , Liesirova Kai T. , Meisterernst Julia , Klinger-Gratz Pascal P. , Schroth Gerhard , Mordasini Pasquale , Hsieh Kety , Slotboom Johannes , Heldner Mirjam R. , Broeg-Morvay Anne , Mono Marie-Luise , Fischer Urs , Mattle Heinrich P. , Arnold Marcel , Gralla Jan , El-Koussy Marwan , Jung Simon
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose—

Lesion volume on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) before acute stroke therapy is a predictor of outcome. Therefore, patients with large volumes are often excluded from therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of endovascular treatment in patients with large DWI lesion volumes (>70 mL).

Methods—

Three hundred seventy-two patients with middle cerebral or internal carotid artery occlusions examined with magnetic resonance imaging before treatment since 2004 were included. Baseline data and 3 months outcome were recorded prospectively. DWI lesion volumes were measured semiautomatically.

Results—

One hundred five patients had lesions >70 mL. Overall, the volume of DWI lesions was an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome, survival, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (
P
<0.001 each). In patients with DWI lesions >70 mL, 11 of 31 (35.5%) reached favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale score, 0–2) after thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b-3 reperfusion in contrast to 3 of 35 (8.6%) after thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 0-2a reperfusion (
P
=0.014). Reperfusion success, patient age, and DWI lesion volume were independent predictors of outcome in patients with DWI lesions >70 mL. Thirteen of 66 (19.7%) patients with lesions >70 mL had symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage with a trend for reduced risk with avoidance of thrombolytic agents.

Conclusions—

There was a growing risk for poor outcome and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage with increasing pretreatment DWI lesion volumes. Nevertheless, favorable outcome was achieved in every third patient with DWI lesions >70 mL after successful endovascular reperfusion, whereas after poor or failed reperfusion, outcome was favorable in only every 12th patient. Therefore, endovascular treatment might be considered in patients with large DWI lesions, especially in younger patients.
Phylogenetic relationships of Petunia patagonica (Solanaceae) revealed by molecular and biogeographical evidence
Authors: Reck-Kortmann Maikel , Silva-Arias Gustavo A , Stehmann João R , Greppi Julián A , Freitas Loreta B
Published: August 2015

Petunia patagonica is restricted to the Patagonian region of Argentina and its identity is controversial. The species was described in the genus Nierembergia, and subsequently transferred to the genus Petunia. However, several morphological characteristics of P. patagonica as well as its geographical distribution differ from other Petunia species, and it has been repeatedly considered an exception in the genus. Using one nuclear and two cpDNA markers for 22 species representing seven genera of the tribe Petunieae, we analyzed phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence to clarify the phylogenetic position of P. patagonica. Our results suggest that P. patagonica is not a member of the genus Petunia and is closer to Fabiana imbricata. In addition, Calibrachoa appears basal within the Petunia, Calibrachoa, and Fabiana clades, and Fabiana and Petunia are sister genera. This result led us to reconstruct an ancestral region for this clade within the subtropical grasslands of South America. Subsequent dispersion to the Patagonian and Andean regions was inferred in the divergence of Fabiana and P. patagonica. Our work suggests a need for more studies towards a new generic placement. Ancestral area reconstruction suggests that the origin of the Calibrachoa, Fabiana and Petunia lineages was located in the subtropical grasslands of South America, and the colonization of the Andes and Patagonia seems to be divergent and was achieved only for species belonging to the Fabiana and P. patagonica clades.
A new species of Camaridium (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae) from the cloud forests of Colombia
Authors: Rodríguez Martínez Lizeth , Blanco Mario Alberto
Published: August 2015

Camaridium perezianum is described from the remnant cloud forests of Valle del Cauca Department (western range of the Andes, southwestern Colombia). This new species is most similar to C. nutantiflorum, from which it differs by its subrhombic, apically rounded labellum and by its ligulate, minutely trifid, basally papillose callus. The seemingly bifid callus reported for C. nutantiflorum is shown to be an artifact caused by longitudinal splitting when flattening the labellum; the callus in living and liquid-preserved flowers is thick and widely obtuse. A key to the six species of the C. carinulatum alliance is provided.
On some sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from off the south and west coasts of South Africa collected by the South African Environmental and Observation Network (SAEON)
Authors: THANDAR AHMED S. , RAMBARAN RYAN
Published: August 2015

Twenty four specimens of holothuroids recently received from the South African Environmental and Observation Network (SAEON), collected from off the south and west coasts of South Africa, are herein recorded and/or described. The specimens comprise eight nominal and one indeterminate species and represent both shallow-water and deep-sea forms, distributed from Plettenberg Bay to just north of Lambert’s Bay in the Western Cape Province. There are no new species but two new records for the South African region and extensions of horizontal and bathymetric distributions of the other species. Additions to the South African fauna are Zygothuria lactea (Théel, 1886) and Synallactes cf. challengeri (Théel, 1886). The paper also contains the first definite record of Thyone venusta Selenka, 1868, originally described from the Red Sea. Distribution ranges of the following species have been altered Synallactes viridilimus Cherbonnier, 1952; S. mollis Cherbonnier, 1952 and Psuedostichopus langeae Thandar, 2009.
CREATE-ing capacity to take developmental crime prevention to scale: A community-based approach within a national framework
Authors: Homel Ross , Freiberg Kate , Branch Sara
Published: August 2015

Developmental crime prevention is founded on the long-term outcomes and economic efficiency of about 50 promising or model programs for fostering healthy child and youth development and for preventing crime. However, few if any of these programs have been successfully implemented on a large scale, a problem that is the focus of Type 2 (T2) Translation Research within prevention science. This paper describes one approach to building capacity for population-level community-based developmental prevention using the CREATE model that we developed as an outcome of the Pathways to Prevention Project that operated in a disadvantaged region of Brisbane between 2002 and 2011. CREATE is an acronym: Collaborative; Relationships-driven; Early in the pathway; Accountable; Training-focused; Evidence-driven. CREATE is being used to develop, in T2 Translation terms, a prevention support system (PSS) for the Communities for Children (CfC) program, a prevention delivery system that is operated by the Department of Social Services in 52 communities across Australia. The aim is to build the capacity for schools and community agencies to transcend system silos; foster ethical practices and respectful relationships; and deliver goal-directed, quantitatively evaluated, evidence-based resources that address the needs of families with complex needs, promote child wellbeing and prevent antisocial and criminal behaviours. The PSS combines web-based interactive electronic resources for schools and community agencies serving children in CfC communities with systems and processes established by project personnel called Collective Impact Facilitators who build the skills and knowledge of community coalitions to use the electronic resources and implement CREATE effectively. This capacity building exercise is being evaluated through a comprehensive array of pre- and post-measures of coalition functioning. The PSS integrates with national prevention infrastructure developed by DSS, including a Data Exchange System, an Expert Panel, and an Information Exchange.
Square-eyed Farmers and Gloomy Ethnographers: The Advent of Television in the West German Village
Authors: von Hodenberg Christina
Published: August 2015

During the 1950s and 1960s, television arrived in the West German countryside. All across Westphalia, elderly villagers recorded how their lives changed because of it. Their reports, solicited by ethnographers at a Münster folklore archive, allow unprecedented insight into TV’s impact on daily schedules, family routines, living rooms, neighbourly networks, local associations and church activities. This rare body of sources allows us to test the claims of media researchers about television’s early phase. It confirms that television accelerated the ongoing modernization, nationalization and politicization of rural society, rapidly reshaping village life. Only the patriarchal family – the decline of which contemporary ethnographers were most worried about – emerged unscathed.
Unlocking meaning: The act of reading in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Stenson Matthew Scott
Published: August 2015

In this article, I argue that Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice is fundamentally a 16th-century dramatization of religious reading strategies in conflict—allegorism and literalism. In Act 1, Shylock attempts to justify his profession by reading Genesis allegorically. Antonio objects to Shylock’s unwarranted use of the scriptures. Later, Bassanio wins Portia’s hand by refusing to read closely the caskets because he’s racked with love. The readings converge and culminate in Act 4 when Portia discards her appeal to mercy and reads the bond in absurd terms. Through an act of reading, she delivers Antonio’s life and becomes the play’s heroine.
Feasibility Testing of a Protocol to Stop Ineffective Drug and Nondrug Treatments
Authors: Kovach Christine R. , Hekel Barb , Rababa Mohammad
Published: August 2015

Ineffective treatments continue to be given to nursing home residents with dementia, and many more treatments are started than stopped. The Track and Trigger Treatment (T3) Protocol assists nurses to track responses to new treatments and get ineffective treatments stopped or altered. This preliminary study determined feasibility for end users and examined differences between two randomized groups in assessments, treatment changes, nurse time, and drug costs over 8 weeks. Controlling for number of medical diagnoses, 41 residents in the T3 group had significantly more treatments stopped than 37 residents in the usual care group. Treatments were most commonly stopped because of ineffectiveness (33%), followed by the problem being resolved (29%), side effects (18%), and a change in goals of care (20%). Assessment quality was a statistically significant mediator, and drug costs were significantly less for the T3 group. The T3 processes were rated as useful and easy, with one caveat.
Clarivein® mechano-chemical ablation an interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial dose-finding study
Authors: Lam YL , Toonder Irwin M , Wittens Cees HA
Published: August 2015

Objectives

The ClariVein® system is an endovenous technique that uses mechano-chemical ablation to treat incompetent truncal veins. This study was conducted to identify the ideal Polidocanol dosage and form for mechano-chemical ablation in order to occlude the great saphenous vein. When adhering to safe dosage levels, sclerosants with higher concentrations potentially limit the extent of treatment. It has been demonstrated that this problem may be overcome by using Polidocanol as a microfoam. This paper was established on findings of a preliminary analysis.

Material and methods

The initial study was a single-blinded multicenter randomized controlled trial where patients are allocated to three treatment arms. Group 1 consisted of mechano-chemical ablation +2% Polidocanol liquid, group 2: mechano-chemical ablation +3% Polidocanol liquid and group 3: mechano-chemical ablation +1% Polidocanol foam

Results

Eighty-seven, 34 males and 53 females (60.9%), mean age 55 years s.d. 16.0 (range 24–84), were enrolled in the study. Treatment length was 30 cm (range 10–30) for 95.2% of the patients. Mean operating time was 16 minutes (range 5–70). The mean saphenofemoral junction diameter (7.7 mm) was similar in all three groups. At 6 weeks post-treatment duplex ultrasound showed that 25 out of 25 = 100%, 27 out of 28 = 96.4% and 13 out of 23 = 56.5% were occluded in the mechano-chemical ablation + 2% Polidocanol liquid, mechano-chemical ablation + 3% Polidocanol liquid and mechano-chemical ablation + 1% Polidocanol microfoam respectively ( p < 0.001). However, stricter scrutiny showed that the anatomical success rate defined as occlusion of at least 85% of the treated length to be 88.0%, 85.7% and 30.4% respectively ( p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Mechano-chemical ablation using ClariVein® combined with 1% Polidocanol microfoam is significantly less effective and should not be considered as a treatment option of incompetent truncal veins. Further investigation to determine the ideal Polidocanol liquid dosage with mechano-chemical ablation is advocated and is being conducted accordingly.
Is the “Heart Age” Concept Helpful or Harmful Compared to Absolute Cardiovascular Disease Risk? An Experimental Study
Authors: Bonner Carissa , Jansen Jesse , Newell Ben R. , Irwig Les , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Glasziou Paul , Doust Jenny , McKinn Shannon , McCaffery Kirsten
Published: August 2015

Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention guidelines are generally based on the absolute risk of a CVD event, but there is increasing interest in using ‘heart age’ to motivate lifestyle change when absolute risk is low. Previous studies have not compared heart age to 5-year absolute risk, or investigated the impact of younger heart age, graphical format, and numeracy. Objective. Compare heart age versus 5-year absolute risk on psychological and behavioral outcomes. Design. 2 (heart age, absolute risk) × 3 (text only, bar graph, line graph) experiment. Setting. Online. Participants. 570 Australians aged 45–64 years, not taking CVD-related medication. Intervention. CVD risk assessment. Measurements. Intention to change lifestyle, recall, risk perception, emotional response, perceived credibility, and lifestyle behaviors after 2 weeks. Results. Most participants had lifestyle risk factors (95%) but low 5-year absolute risk (94%). Heart age did not improve lifestyle intentions and behaviors compared to absolute risk, was more often interpreted as a higher-risk category by low-risk participants (47% vs 23%), and decreased perceived credibility and positive emotional response. Overall, correct recall dropped from 65% to 24% after 2 weeks, with heart age recalled better than absolute risk at 2 weeks (32% vs 16%). These results were found across younger and older heart age results, graphical format, and numeracy. Limitations. Communicating CVD risk in a consultation rather than online may produce different results. Conclusions. There is no evidence that heart age motivates lifestyle change more than 5-year absolute risk in individuals with low CVD risk. Five-year absolute risk may be a better way to explain CVD risk, because it is more credible, does not inflate risk perception, and is consistent with clinical guidelines that base lifestyle and medication recommendations on absolute risk.
Involvement and Detachment
Authors: Sinclair Gary
Published: August 2015

The macro-micro dichotomy prevalent in consumer research has led to methodological issues this article explores. Drawing from figurational theory and using a three-year participant-observation of heavy metal fans as a case study, this article puts forward a potential route for synthesis between dominant micro and macro perspectives. Merging contemporary consumer research methods with broader figurational theories of historical change and figurational methods allows for a more holistic understanding of consumer communities. The methodological approach used elucidates the problematic aspects of studying contexts seen as controversial and, hence, emotionally charged and value-laden. Despite the shared importance that figurationalists and macromarketers hold for developing accounts that recognize the relationship between broader structural processes, the emphasis figurationalists place on attaining a balance between involvement and detachment conflicts with the prominence that macromarketing scholars give to using their research to “serve” society. The implications of this difference are discussed.
Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and its application in the flame retardant polypropylene composites
Authors: Chen Man , Tang Mengqi , Qi Fei , Chen Xiaolang , He Weidi
Published: August 2015

In this article, a novel intumescent alumina–silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant is prepared and filled into polypropylene as a flame retardant. The structure and properties of alumina–silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate are characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the Al and Si groups are attached to the surface of ammonium polyphosphate. The flame retardancy, morphology of char layers, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the polypropylene/alumina–silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate composites are evaluated by limiting oxygen index, UL-94 test, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and mechanical properties test. The results show that alumina–silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate can improve the thermal stability and charred residues at high temperature. In addition, the combination of alumina–silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and polyamide 6 shows more compact, firm, and continuous charred layers, resulting in better flame retardant performances. The limiting oxygen index value for polypropylene/alumina–silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide 6 composites can reach 25.6 and obtain a UL-94 V-0 rating. Also, polypropylene/alumina–silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide 6 composites present better mechanical properties than polypropylene/ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide 6 composites at the same content of flame retardant and polyamide 6.