bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Über den Gestaltwandel der Rattenlunge nach intrapulmonaler Applikation von «Dondren»®
Authors: Schiefer B. , Sudarić F.
Published: June 2017

The intrapulmonary injection of the sclerosing agent “Dondren”® in a dose of 0.1-0.4 ml in 150 rats results in progressive pulmonary fibrosis. In the early months following the injection there is proliferation of epithelium in the terminal bronchi and foam-cell pneumonia. Nine to twelve months postinjection, there is nodular pulmonary fibrosis, transformation of the alveolar epithelium, pulmonary emphysema and sclerosis of pulmonary blood vessels. The transformation of the alveolar epithelium has no tendency to become malignant. The designation of similar changes as adenomatosis is therefore not justified. The question whether proliferation of the epithelium in the terminal bronchioles can give rise to bronchiolar carcinoma is discussed.
Generalized Myositis Ossificans (Familial) in Pigs
Authors: Seibold H. R. , Davis Charles L.
Published: June 2017

When 2 to 6 months of age, 34 pigs of a total of 115 sired by one boar developed lesions of generalized myositis ossificans that were similar to this pathologic condition in humans. Their sire had developed, at the age of 9 months, clinical signs compatible with this disease. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the lesions in these pigs are described.
Mesothelioma in the Calf
Authors: Baskerville A.
Published: June 2017

Three cases of mesothelioma in calves are described. Two were full-term foetuses, the other was 3 months old. There was ascites in all three. The tumours formed multiple, discrete nodules on the parietal and visceral peritoneum, and in the older calf also on the pleura. Lymph nodes were unaffected. The tumours appear to arise from the superficial layers of the serosa, and are considered to be of multicentric origin.
Ultrastructural Evaluation of the Parathyroid Glands of Pigs with Naturally Occurring Atrophic Rhinitis
Authors: Fetter A. W. , Capen C. C.
Published: June 2017

The secretory activity of the parathyroid glands of 4-month-old pigs with naturally occurring atrophic rhinitis was evaluated ultrastructurally and compared to control pigs of the same age. The principal difference between the 2 groups was a transformation of the predominately inactive chief cell population in control pigs into chief cells of a more active stage of their secretory cycle in diseased pigs. The active chief cells in pigs with atrophic rhinitis had an electron-dense cytoplasm, large Golgi apparatuses, aggregated ribosomes, and abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Secretory granules occurred in increased numbers in the active chief cells of diseased pigs compared to control pigs. The degree of parathyroid stimulation appeared to be mild in pigs with atrophic rhinitis and the stimulative effects seemed to be greater on hormonal synthesis than on hormonal secretion. There was no evidence of severe or prolonged parathyroid stimulation.
Studies on Mechanical Behaviour of Knitted Glass-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Naveen V. Padaki , Vani A. , Prakasha V. , Divakar C. J. , Ananthkrishnan T. , Rao R. M. V. G. K.
Published: June 2017

Resin Transfer Molded (RTM) laminates from weft rib knit glass preforms with added reinforcements were developed using closed mould vacuum resin suction technique. In all, six types of preforms (with additional reinforcements in the course direction) were obtained using a flat bed hand-knitting machine. The laminate fibre weight fractions ranged from 0.37 to 0.67 and their tensile and flexural properties were evaluated. Test results indicated that strengths higher than those of the woven fabric composites could be achieved in the course direction with unique failure modes occurring differently from those of the latter.
Combinatorial Optimization for Angles of Wrap in Filament Wound Cylinders
Authors: Amiouny Samir V. , Hoa Suong V.
Published: June 2017

A general approximation procedure is proposed for the problem of determining optimal angles of wrap for filament wound cylinders that are under pressure, axial, or torsional loads, or under any combination of these loads. For the special cases of open-ended and close-ended cylinders under a pure pressure load, optimal solutions are presented.
Fluid Impregnation of Deformed Preforms
Authors: Slade J. , Sozer E. M. , Advani S. G.
Published: June 2017

The Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) manufacturing process is frequently used to fabricate parts consisting of doubly curved shells. Woven and stitched bi-directional fabrics deform when draped over tooling surfaces with double curvatures. This deformation results in a corresponding change in the preform's permeability tensor, which will change the fluid impregnation pattern during mold filling stage. This paper presents the results of a study in which flow through deformed preforms was investigated. Experiments were conducted in which two different preforms were radially injected after being sheared to a specified angle. The resulting elliptical flowfronts were used to determine the change in the orientation and degree of anisotropy of the permeability tensor caused by the preform's deformation. The experimental results were then compared with a numerical model developed to describe flow through typical RTM preforms using a deformable unit cell. The anisotropy ratio of the principal permeability tensor was found to increase with the shearing angle as observed experimentally and was verified by the numerical model. The success of the RTM mold design and the accuracy of mold filling simulations are dependent on the use of the correct spatial permeability tensor inside the mold. A predictive model that can provide the permeability changes as a function of local shearing deformation within the draped and compacted preforms should move us closer to a realistic simulation of mold filling in net-shaped composite structures.
Mechanical Behaviour of Woven and Multiaxial Fabric Composites
Authors: Sugun B. S. , Rao R. M. V. G. K.
Published: June 2017

Compression molded glass epoxy laminates (0.65 Wf) were prepared out of BID woven (reference material), multiaxial and tailored multiaxial/uni-directional hybrid fabrics. Results showed that the properties of the hybrid fabric laminates compared very well with those of the BID laminates both in longitudinal and transverse loading directions, with the former exhibiting superior impact resistance. Hybridisation with UD fabrics has helped in enhancing the multiaxial laminate properties in the transverse direction without affecting its properties in the longitudinal direction. The compression strength of the hybridised laminate has been found to be comparable with that of the BID laminate but higher in the longitudinal and transverse directions as compared to the multiaxial laminate.
Effect of Tow Sheet Composite Wrap Architecture on Strengthening of Concrete Due to Confinement: I—Experimental Studies
Authors: Howie Ian , Karbhari Vistasp M.
Published: June 2017

Worldwide there is a need for the renewal of infrastructure because of age, deterioration, misuse, lack of timely repair and maintenance, use of improper materials and/or techniques in the original construction, and even changing needs. Notwithstanding the need for retrofit and repair methods for column-type structural elements, there is also a need for new techniques that would increase the confining action of concrete, as well as enhance the load-carrying capacity and ductility of such structures from a strengthening, rather than a seismic, viewpoint. This study investigates the use of carbon-fiber-reinforced jackets applied to concrete stub columns through the use of tow-sheet-type fabric forms. The primary emphasis is on the investigation of orientation and thickness effects of the composite wraps on the load-carrying efficiency and enhanced ductility of the new structural elements. It was seen that the predominant use of hoop reinforcement provides significant enhancement in concrete strength through confining action and also offers the potential for fabrication of concrete shell-type elements that would enable reinforcing action without the use of steel and the attending problems of corrosion.
Environmental and Mechanical Fatigue of Wind Turbine Blades Made of Composites Materials
Authors: Caprile Carlo , Sala Giuseppe , Buzzi Alberto
Published: June 2017

The problem relevant to fatigue design and analysis of wind turbine blades made of composite materials is faced; mid-size single-blade wind turbine is taken into consideration.

Static and fatigue load conditions are defined; hygrothermal conditions are identified as well, in terms of yearly statistical distribution of wind speed and air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and atmospheric pressure daily variations, the occurrence of low-energy impacts due to hailstones is also considered. A FEM structural analysis is carried out to compute stress and strain distributions all along the blade: hot spots are identified; the stress critical values, along with fatigue spectra, are used to design fatigue tests. Some preliminary tests are performed on composite specimens previously dry and wet conditioned, as well as on low-energy impacted coupons, considering both mechanical and hygrothermal effects; finally some preliminary fatigue tests on both adhesive and riveted composite joints are carried out.
The Mexican American Family: An Adlerian Perspective
Authors: Zapata Jesse T. , Jaramillo Pat T.
Published: June 2017

This study was designed to determine whether Adlerian-style interviews of Mexican American family members would support the general stereotypes commonly presented in the research literature. Interviews were conducted with members of 32 intact Mexican American families (64 parents, 123 children) from two church parishes. The interviews focused on perceptions of sibling roles, alliances among family members, and family management. A chi-square analysis of the data revealed that siblings perceived females as socially more cooperative and also tended to perceive sex-based alliances among family members. Parents did not seem to make choices on the basis of the sex of the family member. The results raise several questions about the prevalent literature on Mexican Americans but appear consistent with research on the American family in general.
Efficacy of a Multifunctional Plant Complex in the Treatment of Localized Fat-Lobular Hypertrophy
Authors: Vassallo Camilla , Distante Fernanda , Rona Claudia , Berardesca Enzo , Borroni Giovanni
Published: June 2017

Introduction:

Cellulite (from Italian “cellulite”) is a widely used term to indicate a common condition afflicting women (ie, fat-lobular hypertrophy, which is localized mainly on thighs and buttocks). Despite the fact that several physiopathologic factors have been proposed for localized fat-lobular hypertrophy, the arena seems to be limited to vascular damage and lobular hypertrophy. These 2 components are known as the possible target of many different plant extracts, which may play an important role in influencing and reducing vascular damage and lobular hypertrophy.

Materials and Methods:

This study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a multifunctional plant complex in the treatment of localized fat-lobular hypertrophy. The study was carried out on a group of 25 subjects with clinical evidence of cellulite and on a control group of 15 subjects that received a placebo (2 capsules per day for a period of 2 months). The instrumental investigation measured baseline, intermediate, and final values of the following biophysical parameters: weight; arterial blood pressure; circumference of hips, thighs, and ankles; cutaneous fold thickness of hips; and measurement of the superficial microcirculation. Moreover, there was also a baseline and final assessment of circulating thyroid hormones and clotting analysis. Evaluation of the antioxidant efficacy of the product was tested and proved.

Results:

Volunteers' weight remained relatively constant during the study. Significant variations were recorded in the measurements of other biophysical cutaneous parameters (the circumference of hips, thighs, ankles; cutaneous fold thickness; skin microcirculation; and ultrasonography) in the group that had used the nonplacebo product, whereas the group who used the placebo did not present any significant variations. The thermographic data recorded a significant increase at the end of treatment. Significant variations in arterial blood pressure measurements, already 1 month after treatment in the first group, were observed. Thyroid function remained within normal range both before and after treatment; the variation in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides were of no significance. No significant alterations were noted in the prothrombin concentration, whereas activated partial thromboplastine time (aPTT) and fibrinogen values were significantly increased in the treated volunteers. There was a significant reduction of the lipid peroxidase count and increase in the plasma total antioxidant capacity in the subjects who were nonsmokers and smokers.

Conclusions:

The data collected indicate that this multifunctional plant complex can reduce the dimensions of thighs and hips; decrease the thickness of underlying fat tissue while maintaining relatively constant body weight; and in particular improve blood circulation, which leads to the improvement of heat perfusion.
Effects of Clonidine on Propofol-Based Anesthesia
Authors: Lack Edward B. , Rachel John D. , Patrascu Oana
Published: June 2017

Introduction:

Propofol-based anesthesia is a safe and effective method to provide intravenous sedation in office-based elective surgery. Clonidine is a drug that can provide anxiolytic sedation and hemodynamic stability, thus reducing the propofol consumption rate. This study reports the effect of 0.1 mg of clonidine administered orally and preoperatively on the dosage rate of propofol. The authors also describe the hemodynamic effects on patients undergoing elective liposculpture surgery.

Materials and Methods:

In a retrospective review, 20 American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I and grade II patients undergoing elective liposculpture surgery under monitored anesthesia care were studied. Ten patients received premedication (0.1 mg clonidine) 30–45 minutes before the induction of anesthesia. A control group receiving no premedication underwent the same procedures conducted by the same surgeon. Propofol dosage rate, heart rate, and blood pressure of both groups were monitored preoperatively, intraoperatively, and in the recovery room.

Results:

The average propofol dosage rate was 3.21 mg/ kg/h for the treatment group and 2.78 mg/kg/h for the control group. Hemodynamic stability was obtained for both groups during and after the treatment periods. Neither group had episodes of hypotension or changes in expectable recovery time.

Discussion:

Clonidine premedication of 0.1 mg orally did not reduce the requirements for propofol dosage rates. In contrast to previous studies using higher doses, this clonidine dose did not provide the beneficial effects of lowering the anesthetic requirement for propofol. However, hemodynamic stability was achieved, and no adverse effects were observed.
Venous Ligation for Treatment of Cosmetically Unwanted Periorbital Facial Veins
Authors: Daly Deborah J. , Levit Eyal , Bisaccia Emil , Scarborough Dwight
Published: June 2017

Introduction:

Treatment of unwanted periorbital facial veins is a challenge. Common modalities used to treat facial veins include electrocautery, radioelectrosurgery, laser, and microsclerotherapy. Periorbital veins resistant to electrocautery, difficult to safely target with laser, or at risk for sclerosant flow to ophthalmo-cranial anastomotic circulation may be treated with a vein ligation technique in properly selected patients.

Methods:

Patient selection, preoperative evaluation, exclusion criteria, and anatomic considerations are described in detail. The surgical technique is described in conjunction with intraoperative photos.

Discussion:

Patient selection and characteristics of ideal target vessels are reviewed to optimize results. Less than ideal patient and target vessel characteristics are reviewed in relation to inclusion and exclusion criteria for periorbital vein ligation technique.

Results:

This ligation technique provides a useful approach for treatment of cosmetically unwanted 1.5- to 3.0-mm facial veins in properly selected patients. Partial to full resolution may be expected for individual veins. Postoperative photographic documentation shows the typical improvement obtained.

Conclusion:

Periorbital facial vein ligation is a useful technique for addressing the problem of cosmetically unwanted periorbital facial veins in properly selected patients.
Been Reading
Authors: Bridenstine James B.
Published: June 2017

Two California cosmetic surgeons are in the news. The first is Tony Ryan, a general plastic surgeon from Santa Barbara. We meet Tony and his wife, Montana, at the Little Nell Hotel in Aspen, Colo, where they are on a working ski vacation. Tony is the fictional creation of Mark Berman, Santa Monica cosmetic surgeon and chairman of the Academy's credentials committee. Mark's book, titled Substance of Abuse, is about Tony assuming the job of leading the country's first experimental legal drug program in Santa Barbara. It involves a murder, political corruption, a smart wife, and international travel and intrigue. It is reminiscent of John Grisham's novel The Firm. The underlying theme of the work is libertarian and points out the failure of the war on drugs. Illegal drugs cost us tens of billions of dollars a year because users commit crimes in order to keep buying, causing police and prosecutors to expend their time and resources chasing drug users instead of real criminals. Moreover, our overflowing prisons are full of criminals convicted of so-called victimless crimes, and those incarcerated drug criminals are taken out of the economy, often leaving their families wards of the state. Perhaps someday drug usage will be decriminalized and an effective system of rehabilitation will be in its place.
Influence of Polyethylene Glycol Graftings on the in Vitro Degradation and Calcification of Bovine Pericardium
Authors: Vasudev Sindhu C. , Chandy Thomas , Sharma Chandra P.
Published: June 2017

Calcification is a frequent cause of the clinical failure of bio-prosthetic heart valves fabricated from glutaraldehyde pretreated bovine pericardium (GATBP). This article reports on various chemical techniques for grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG) on bovine pericardium, their biostability, and calcification. The process of calcification profile was studied by in vi- tro experiments via the incubation of pericardial samples in a metastable solution of calcium phosphate. The calcification profile of PEG-modified bovine pericardium through glutaraldehyde linkages was significantly reduced compared to other methods of grafting. The mechanical property of these PEG-modified tissues after enzyme (collagenase) digestion and calcification were also investigated. PEG grafting of BP via glutaraldehyde or hexamethylene diisocyanate had shown better mechanical stability compared to other grafting methods used.

In conclusion, it seems that the surface modification of bovine pericardium through high molecular weight PEGs via glutaraldehyde linkages may provide new ways of controlling tissue biodegradation and calcification.
In Vitro Assessment of the Biological Activity of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Released from Various Polymers and Biomatrices
Authors: Davies Marilyn J. , Mitchell Christopher A. , Maley Moira A. L. , Grounds Miranda D. , Harvey Alan R. , Plant Giles W. , Wood David J. , Hong Ye , Chirila Traian V.
Published: June 2017

The kinetics of controlled release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from polymers (sutures, polycarbonate, Hydron, and Elvax), biopolymers (alginate), and biomatrices (lens capsules), and conditions for storage of bFGF (temperature, plastic type, heparin) were evaluated in vitro. Tissue culture proliferation bioassays with 3T3 fibroblasts, showed that only lens capsules with bFGF had a sustained release of bFGF for up to three weeks. The other materials released all of the `bound' bFGF with two hours or produced an inflammatory response in vivo. Therefore, the lens tissue had the most potential for controlled long-term delivery of bFGF in vivo. These studies emphasise the importance of in vitro analysis of release kinetics of growth factors from a range of materials as a basis for potential in vivo applications.
Platelet Adhesion and Spreading on Protein Coated Surfaces: Variations in Behavior in Washed Cells, PRP, and Whole Blood
Authors: Chandy Thomas , Mooradian Daniel L. , Rao Gundu H. R.
Published: June 2017

Platelet attachment and spreading were monitored on glass and various protein coated glass, under shear with washed platelets, platelet rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood, using fluorescence Optimas imaging system and software. Results showed that the platelet adhesion and spreading were sensitive to the nature of precoated proteins and the type of medium used for introducing platelet suspension for the study. In general, the cell adhesion and spreading were higher with fibrinogen (Fg), fibronectin (Fn), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and collagen precoated surfaces. In the presence of albumin on the surface, however, platelets could not attach and spread fully when using washed cells. But, the surface attachment and spreading of the cells were higher on albumin substrates on exposure to PRP or whole blood. This may be due to the replacement of precoated albumin by other plasma proteins, like Fg to facilitate the platelet-surface attachment. The composition of this layer determines the extent of platelet activation and the adhesive strength between platelets and polymer surface. These results indicate that multiple adhesion receptors can mediate platelet adhesion and spread to matrix proteins immobilized on surfaces. Further, these studies combined with some of our earlier observations and suggestions propose the need for developing in vitro tests that resemble in vivo conditions.
Haematospermia
Authors: Shervington J , Radcliffe K W
Published: June 2017

Haematospermia, blood in the ejaculate, is a symptom which provokes great anxiety in patients due to fears of malignant or sexually transmitted disease. However, there is no evidence from the published literature to associate it with any serious pathology. The large series of cases indicate that investigation is unproductive and that patients do not develop serious disease even after prolonged follow-up. Patients presenting with haematospermia warrant a full physical examination, including rectal examination, but in the absence of physical signs they should then be strongly reassured. Further investigation is unneccessary. Coexistent urological symptoms should be investigated appropriately.
Christian Theology in the Post-Modern Era
Authors: Knitter Paul F.
Published: June 2017

Responding to postmodernity as one of the “signs of the times”, Christians will have to carry out a balancing act between commitment to their own convictions and openness to those of others. This has implication for five areas of Christian theology and praxis. In theological method, we must recognise that all our beliefs are symbols that tell us something but never everything about God, self, world. In christology, we understand and follow Christ as the Way that is open to other Ways. The Church will be seen as a community that seeks a Reign of God that will always be more than what we now know of it. Ethics will be based on the principles and practice of non-violence: full commitment to moral convictions joined with genuine respect and compassion toward the convictions of others. Such a theology will need to be rooted in a spirituality in which we are “absolutely” committed to truths that we recognise are always “relative” - a truly eschatological spirituality that is always “on the way”.
Reducing Perceived Risk and Fear of Victimization on Campus: A Panel Study of Faculty Members, Staff, and Students
Authors: Sloan John J. , Fisher Bonnie S. , Wilkins Deborah L.
Published: June 2017

Recent media attention to crime and violence on college campuses may create the perception that crime is a major problem on many college campuses. However, little empirical analysis has been done to examine whether members of the campus community perceive this to be the case and what factors affect fear of crime in a campus setting. Using data collected from a two-year panel study of crime and related issues at a large, urban, research university, this study examines the extent changes in police patrol tactics and upgrading of campus lighting affected faculty, staff, and students' perceived risk and fear of victimization. Multivariate logit analyses revealed that the best predictor of fear and risk at Time 2 were levels of fear and risk at Time 1 and that changes in police patrol and campus lighting generally had little affect on fear and perceived risk. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of this study for reducing perceived risk and fear of victimization among members of the campus community.
Multicomponent, School-Based Strategies to Prevent HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Adolescents: Theory and Research Into Practice
Authors: Schinke Steven P. , Orlandi Mario A. , Forgey Mary Ann , Rugg Deborah L. , Douglas Kathy A.
Published: June 2017

American adolescents are at high risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—the virus that causes AIDS—and for the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Given the seriousness of these health problems, interventions for preventing HIV and other STD infections among adolescents are needed. Although behavioral science theories offer promise, effective interventions for preventing HIV and other STD infections have not been developed. To fill gaps in scientific knowledge and foster the development of preventive interventions, new strategies are needed to reach, attract, and intervene with adolescents. Such strategies must be sensitive to the differences between adult and adolescent populations, target adolescents in school settings, and involve youths' families and communities. We address the need for such multicomponent, school-based interventions to prevent HIV and other STD infections. Drawing from our own and others' work, we review theory and empirical knowledge to support preventive interventions for youth at risk for HIV and other STD infections. We then detail a school-based intervention that is being empirically tested to determine its effectiveness in preventing HIV and other STD infections among students.
Patient-Pharmacist Communication Techniques
Authors: Covington Tim R. , Whitney Harvey A. K.
Published: June 2017

If the pharmacist is to become an effective practitioner in the clinical area, he must develop his communicative skills. Techniques the pharmacist can utilize in interviewing institutionalized patients, with emphasis on many of the psychological aspects of illness, are discussed. A study is presented which was designed to test the ability of the pharmacist as an effective interviewer. In one phase of the study the pharmacist's medication history is compared to the physician's. Another phase of the study reveals the pharmacist's ability to detect overt adverse drug reactions.
The Pharmacist's Role in Preventing Medication Errors: Made by Cardiac and Hyperlipoproteinemic Outpatients
Authors: Chubb James M. , Winship Henry W.
Published: June 2017

A study involving cardiac and hyperlipoproteinemic outpatients was carried out to determine whether medication compliance was affected by additional medication instruction provided by a pharmacist.

Two samples of 14 cardiac and 20 hyperlipoproteinemic outpatients were each randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental groups received instruction concerning the prescribed use of their medication by the investigator/pharmacist. The control groups did not receive instruction. A home interview, including pill count, was utilized in determining compliance.

Those groups which received instruction made fewer medication errors than the control groups which did not receive instruction. This difference in medication errors was significant for both cardiac and hyperlipoproteinemic outpatients.
Implications of Camphor Poisoning
Authors: Aronow Regine , Spigiel Robert W.
Published: June 2017

Camphor poisoning remains a significant threat to public health. Illustrative cases are presented with a suggested therapeutic approach utilizing diazepam for seizure control. National and local statistics document the substantial amount of camphor distributed yearly to the general public in a number of over-the-counter preparations. Widespread availability coupled with human error account for camphor poisonings and suggests that administrative action is essential to remove these archaic and unnecessary products from the market place.
Physical Assessment and the Clinical Pharmacist
Authors: Longe R. Leon , Calvert Jon C.
Published: June 2017

This article introduces a series of articles on physical assessment and the clinical pharmacist. The primary objective of the articles is to present basic knowledge and methods of physical assessment used to monitor drug effect. A post-test based on the competency objectives will be included in a future issue.
Stability of Antibiotic Admixtures Frozen in Minibags
Authors: Dinel B. A. , Ayotte D. L. , Behme R. J. , Black B. L. , Whitby J. L.
Published: June 2017

This study investigated the stability of frozen antibiotic admixtures prepared in minibags containing 50 ml of 0.9 percent normal saline and 5 percent dextrose in water. The minibag antibiotic admixtures studied were ampicillin sodium 1 g, carbenicillin disodium 2 g, cephalothin sodium 1 g, cloxacillin sodium 1 g, cefazolin sodium 1 g, gentamicin sulfate 50 mg, penicillin G potassium 2 million units, erythromycin gluceptate 500 mg and rolitetracycline base 275 mg. The stability of each antibiotic was determined by a quantitative microbiological agar gel diffusion assay. The minibags were frozen within an hour of the admixtures being prepared. During storage in a freezer at −20 °C (–4 °F), the minibags were placed in a storage module to reduce unnecessary handling. Assays were conducted on minibags which had been frozen for 24 hours, 7 days and 30 days. All thawed samples were re-assayed after storage at 5–6 °C (21–23 °F) for 21 hours. The results of the study indicated that minibag admixtures of carbenicillin disodium, cephalothin sodium, cloxacillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, penicillin G potassium, erythromycin gluceptate, cefazolin sodium and rolitetracycline base in the concentrations tested can be frozen for 30 days without a significant loss in activity. These antibiotics were also stable when thawed and stored at 5–6 °C (21–23 °F) for 21 hours. Ampicillin sodium admixtures were not stable when frozen. A handling procedure for the frozen minibags is described. Specific recommendations are also included for freezing and thawing the minibags and in the use of a specially designed storage module.
Aspirin Intolerance Syndrome
Authors: Tse C. S. Ted
Published: June 2017

Approximately 10–20 percent of patients with asthma are intolerant to aspirin. In such patients, symptoms of bronchospasm or urticaria/angio-edema may occur within a few minutes to several hours after the ingestion of aspirin-containing compounds. The severity of aspirin-induced asthma ranges from mild attacks of bronchospasm to severe status asthmaticus, which can prove fatal. Aspirin intolerance (A.I.) syndrome occurs most frequently in middle aged women. In many patients the onset of aspirin-induced asthma is preceded by the appearance of nasal polyps.

Several analgesics which are structurally unrelated to aspirin, such as indomethacin, ibuprofen and fenoprofen, may also induce symptoms similar to those of A.I. syndrome in aspirin-sensitive patients. Aspirin and many of these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are known to be inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase. There is also a similar cross-reactivity between aspirin and tartrazine dye (FDC yellow #5), although the two chemicals are structurally unrelated. It is essential that patients with known intolerance to aspirin should avoid those drugs known to produce similar effects, and foods and beverages containing tartrazine dye.
Predictive Techniques Applied to Imipramine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: de Gatta M. Mar Fernandez , Tamayo Milagros , Garcia Maria José , Montojo Cristobal , Gutierrez J. Ramón , Rey Francisco , Dominguez-Gil Alfonso
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was to establish the performance of pharmacokinetic methods employing little data on serum drug concentrations obtained in routine therapeutic drug monitoring of imipramine. Forty-three and 123 serum levels were obtained in 8 adult depressive patients (aged 57–80 y) and 34 enuretic children (aged 5–13 y), respectively. Forecasting of the serum concentrations was performed based on mean population pharmacokinetic parameters (method A), with knowledge of one steady-state serum concentration (method B), and from two or more steady-state serum concentrations (method C). The accuracy and precision of each method were evaluated from the mean prediction error (ME) and from the root mean squared prediction error (RMSE), respectively. The values of ME and RMSE of methods B and C proved to be significantly lower than those found using method A. Method C was the most precise and accurate in both populations. Method A underestimates the serum concentrations observed in adults (ME >0) but overestimates them in children (ME <0), although to a lesser extent. The study shows that it is possible to obtain a good estimation of individual dosage needs from one or more serum concentrations obtained at steady state. Clinical application of these methods (B and C) yields an increase in the efficiency and safety of the treatment, particularly in special populations such as geriatric and pediatric patients.
Communication of Verbal Information by Community Pharmacists
Authors: Laurier Claudine , Archambault Andre , Contandriopoulos Andre-Pierre
Published: June 2017

Communication of verbal information on prescribed drugs is recognized as an important function of the pharmacist. This article describes and analyzes the communication behavior adopted by community pharmacists in the province of Quebec. Data were collected by means of two questionnaires mailed to a random sample of 634 community pharmacists. Percentage of prescriptions for new medications on which the pharmacists indicated they provide verbal information averaged 68.9 (SD 24.2). A majority of respondents indicated that they include information on the indication and mode of administration in more than 75 percent of their counseling episodes. However, on average, rare but serious adverse effects were less frequently discussed. The frequency of verbal communication was analyzed according to the pharmacist's gender, number of years since licensure, employment status, work setting, and perceptions of both professional and commercial dimensions of the pharmacist's role. Regression showed that perception of the professional dimension of the role, gender, workload, and floor surface of the pharmacy were related to provision of verbal information on new prescribed medications.
Propylthiouracil-Induced Hepatic Failure and Encephalopathy in a Child
Authors: Kirkland John L.
Published: June 2017

Propylthiouracil (PTU) is the most common antithyroid medication utilized in children for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. An adverse effect of PTU reported infrequently is hepatic injury. The child described here is the fifth reported case of severe hepatic injury in the pediatric age group and documents that clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatic injury requires immediate discontinuation of PTU.
Cefixime
Authors: Leggett Nancy J. , Caravaggio Ciro , Rybak Michael J.
Published: June 2017

Cefixime is a new orally active third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against a variety of both gram-positive and -negative bacteria including many beta-lactamase-producing strains of streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and the majority of the Enterobacteriaceae. Activity of cefixime against Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas spp. is poor. The relatively long elimination half-life of cefixime (∼3.0 h) has made possible once- to twice-daily administration with the potential added benefit of improved patient compliance. Clinical trials indicate that cefixime is at least as effective as standard agents in the treatment of genitourinary and upper respiratory tract infections. The incidence of resistant organisms reported during clinical trials with cefixime was low. Adverse reactions observed during clinical trials were relatively uncommon and generally mild and transient in nature. The most significant adverse reactions reported were diarrhea and stool changes occurring in up to 20 percent of patients.
Oral Anticoagulation in Patients with Short-Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Owens Julie Ponting , Mirtallo Jay M. , Murphy Christine C.
Published: June 2017

A 55-year-old woman was transferred to our institution from another hospital. The history of her present illness began 17 days earlier with a right-sided cerebral vascular accident (CVA). Three days later she had a superior mesenteric artery (SMA) embolus with infarcted bowel. Her small bowel was resected leaving about 20–25 centimeters of small bowel. A cardiac echo on hospital day 6 documented the presence of a left ventricular embolus, which was considered to be the cause of her CVA and SMA embolus. The cardiologists recommended lifelong anticoagulation, preferably with warfarin when technically feasible. After one month of warfarin therapy, with doses as high as 25 mg/d, the patient's prothrombin times (PTs) were not changed from baseline; however, this was probably due to concomitant therapy with vitamin K. Heparin was incorporated into her total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in preparation for her discharge. Because the TPN was cycled, she required subcutaneous heparin twice daily while off TPN. This patient's clinical course while she was maintained on heparin therapy was complicated by bleeding episodes and extensive thigh and abdominal hematomas, which led to erratic heparin absorption and widely fluctuating partial thromboplastin times. Ten months after the initiation of anticoagulation the patient was again tried on an oral warfarin regimen. She was successfully titrated to achieve the desired PT ratio. This case led to a review of the literature of patients with short-bowel syndrome requiring anticoagulation.
Specialization and Pharmacy's Future
Authors: Maddox Ray R.
Published: June 2017

This paper briefly reviews the development of the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties (BPS) and the specialty certification process. The importance of performing a role delineation in the preparation of a certification examination is discussed. Additionally, the relevance of role delineation of current clinical specialties to the future structure of recognition and certification procedures is outlined. Broad-based discussion of issues important to specialization such as manpower, academic preparation, postgraduate training, interprofessional relationships, and reimbursement is encouraged. The purpose and intent of the BPS self-study is described and participation by the profession in this examination is requested.
Correlation of Free Phentyoin to Serum Albumin in Cancer Patients
Authors: Umstead Greg S. , Neumann Kurt H.
Published: June 2017

The objectives of this study were to compare the total and free phenytoin serum concentrations of cancer patients with hypoalbuminemia with those of cancer patients with normal serum albumin and to correlate the percentage of free phenytoin with the albumin concentration. A total of 22 patients were studied, 13 with normal albumin concentration and 9 with low albumin. The mean free phenytoin in the normal albumin group was 9.9 (±1.3) percent and 17.6 (±4.6) percent in the low albumin group. With the groups combined, the mean free phenytoin was 13.1 percent (range 8.3–22.2) with the albumin range of 20–45 g/L. There was a significant negative correlation (r=–0.9, p<0.001) between the percentage of free phenytoin and the measured serum albumin. In cancer patients, the serum albumin concentration appears to be the key factor that determines the percentage of free phenytoin. In cancer patients with low serum albumin concentration, the total and free phenytoin concentration should be measured for adequate assessment of phenytoin therapy.
Pentamidine-Associated Nephrotoxicity and Hyperkalemia in Patients with Aids
Authors: Briceland Laurie L. , Bailie George R.
Published: June 2017

The incidences of pentamidine-associated nephrotoxicity and hyperkalemia were determined from a retrospective review of records in AIDS patients using standard definitions for both toxicities. There were 37 patients, mean age 35.6 ± 7.7 years and mean initial creatinine clearance (Clcr) 96 mL/min (1.6 mL/s). The mean pentamidine dose was 255 ± 60 mg/d (3.87 + 0.33 mg/kg/d). The mean total dose was 2900± 1600 mg given over 11.6± 5.9 days (range 3–21 d). In 28 patients who were nephrotoxic (8 mild, 6 moderate, 14 severe), 27 episodes were possibly or probably pentamidine-associated. Total dose and days to nephrotoxicity onset were 1570 ± 710 mg and 6.4 ± 2.8 days (range 2–15 d), respectively. Nine patients became hyperkalemic (one required countermeasures) and all cases were pentamidine-associated. Total dose and days to hyperkalemia onset were 2510 ± 1460 mg and 9.2 ± 4.9 days (range 3–16 d), respectively. Mean baseline potassium increased and Clcr decreased significantly during therapy (from 4.2 to 4.9 mEq/L and from 96 to 70 mL/min, respectively). No correlation between nephrotoxicity or hyperkalemia and initial renal function was found, but significant correlations were found between the total pentamidine dose or duration and the percent of renal function remaining. AIDS patients have a high incidence of pentamidine-associated nephrotoxicity (up to 73 percent) and hyperkalemia (24 percent) with a trend to earlier onset of the former.
Warfarin and the International Normalized Ratio: Reducing Interlaboratory Effects
Authors: Thompson Dennis F. , Raebel Marsha A. , Vanscoy Gordon J. , Krause John R.
Published: June 2017

In North America, the dose of warfarin has been unintentionally increased during the past two decades because of failure to recognize the effect on the anticoagulation test of less sensitive tissue thromboplastins. Although there still is some controversy, the suggested dose of warfarin has now been adjusted downward to reduce the risk of bleeding. These revised dosing recommendations incorporate the international normalized ratio (INR), which takes into account the source of thromboplastin. However, there is considerable variability in the sensitivities of thromboplastin from manufacturer to manufacturer and lot to lot. Therefore, prothrombin times (PTs) are not comparable from laboratory to laboratory without knowing the sensitivity of the thromboplastin. Unless laboratories adopt a standardized tissue thromboplastin, the PT should be reported as an INR.
Quinolone-Cation Interactions: A Review
Authors: Hartshorn Edward A. , Lomaestro Ben M. , Bailie George R.
Published: June 2017

The quinolone class of antibiotics is enjoying a recent resurgence in interest and use due to the development of improved compounds. Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and, most recently, ofloxacin have been marketed. Enoxacin and other agents are in various stages of investigation. These newer compounds are often used for indications not successfully treated by the original quinolones, or in some cases, not optimally treated with any previously available oral antibiotic. A potential problem with the increasing use of quinolone-type antibiotics for systemic illness is the chelation and inactivation of these compounds by several cations. One outcome of these potential interactions is a possible reduction in bioavailability and effectiveness of quinolone compounds. A review of the literature on quinolone-cation interactions, in vivo and in vitro significance, and recommendations to avoid potential problems are provided.
Cultural Correlates of Ceramic Styles
Authors: Peregrine Peter N.
Published: June 2017

In 1961, John L. Fischer employed a cross-cultural analysis to demonstrate that art styles correlated with social hierarchy and postmarital residence patterns. He suggested that with further work, these correlations might be developed into useful predictors of variation in social hierarchy and postmarital residence in archaeologically known societies. This article is a step in that direction. It replicates Fischer's original study using ceramic data, and proposes several ways archaeological ceramics might be used to predict social characteristics of extinct societies.
Book Review: The Handbook of Equity Market Anomalies: Translating Market Inefficiencies into Effective Investment Strategies
Authors: Pandey Asheesh
Published: June 2017

Leonard Zacks (Ed.), The Handbook of Equity Market Anomalies: Translating Market Inefficiencies into Effective Investment Strategies, 2011, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 334, $75 (Hardcover).
Do Foreign Institutional Investors Really Drive the Indian Stock Market?
Authors: Murthy K.V. Bhanu , Singh Amit Kumar
Published: June 2017

It is, generally, argued that we can attribute the rise and fall of stock market to the flow of funds and investment by Foreign Institutional Investors (FII). The Indian stock market is visited by three major players—FIIs, Mutual Funds (MF) and Domestic Institutional Investors (DIIs). This article lays down the analytical framework for comparing the nature and role of the three players. It uses a framework for empirically testing the impact of each player on the stock market. Through a set of Granger causality tests, it verifies the popular hypothesis that FIIs dominate the Indian stock market. The results are quite startling. Our results show that FIIs are not the only active players who have an influence in Indian stock market even DIIs have an influence, whereas Mutual funds are the passive players. FIIs are essentially opportunistic agents who do not cause any fundamental change in the market but themselves opportunistically gain from the market.
Intellectual Capital, Financial Performance and Market Valuation: An Empirical Investigation of Information Technology Industry in India
Authors: Shaban Majid , Kavida V.
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of intellectual capital (IC) and its components on the financial performance and market valuation of Information Technology industry in India over the period of 2003–2011. The Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) method is used for evaluation of intellectual capital of 22 Information Technology (IT) companies listed in BSE 500. The required data are obtained from the Prowess, a Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) database, empirical analysis is conducted using correlation and regression models are constructed to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the relationships between the performance of a company IC’s and conventional performance indicators are varied and indicate that profitability and intellectual capital are positively associated, whereas no significant relationship is observed between intellectual capital with productivity and market valuation but capital employed efficiency (CEE) which is one of the component of VAIC found significant positive association with productivity and market valuation. The study may serve as a useful input for academician and managers, so that they make proper utilisation of the IC resources in enhancing the value creation capabilities of the companies.