bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ways to Improve Information and Consulting Services in the Field of Tourism
Authors: Kamol Sharifovich Yuldashev
Published: April 2021

This article analyzes the scientific basis for the development of information and consulting services, explores the role of consulting services in tourism, as well as offers to open a unitary enterprise, the introduction of Internet consulting services and improve training to implement it in the tourism business of Uzbekistan. In the hotel business, as in any other, the main thing is profitability. The purpose of consulting is to provide comprehensive information to the customer (hotelier) for making a decision, to suggest options and describe the risks that are lacking in the hotel business in Uzbekistan. A consultant is primarily a partner, an independent expert (Arsenev Aleksey.2015). Consulting solves the issues of management, economic, financial, investment activities of organizations, strategic planning, optimization of the general functioning of the company, business management, and research and forecasting of sales markets, price movements, etc. Our problem in tourism is that hotel business owners have no idea how to properly set up a hotel management system, which in most cases will lead to hotel bankruptcy.
Association of COVID-19 with obesity
Authors: Khalid Sidra
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 is a disease that cause respiratory illness due to novel corona virus. It was reported to WHO on December 31,2019 for the first time. The outbreak of this disease started from Wuhan city, China. Now COVID-19 pandemic is spreading worldwide mostly in Europe and North America, these regions have high prevalence of obesity.

In the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease, obesity assumes a significant job. The insusceptible framework, which is official in the pathogenesis of COVID19, assumes a significant job in weight instigated fat tissue aggravation. In the fat tissue the irritation brings about metabolic brokenness conceivably prompting dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin obstruction, hypertension and cardiovascular sickness. Obesity has been expanded the vulnerability to contaminations.

In this pandemic, a large number of obese individual with Covid-19 are reported. Infection rate in obese is greater due to poor immunity, comorbidity and inadequate nutritional needs. Statistical analysis showed that about 41.7% patients reported in New York city were obese. Whereas 40% obese have been reported in United State of America with Covid-19. A report from UK indicated that 38% obese were admitted in ICU with Covid-19. According to Chinese researchers, obese individuals are 3-times more prone toward the development of Covid-19. So recent analysis indicated that obesity is the major risk factor of Covid-19.

In COVID-19, overweight and obese patients have high danger of metabolic difficulties and eternal infections that stoutness works. More nutrition care is required for such patients. As nutrition is a key factor for keeping up human wellbeing, for example, dense impervious framework and satisfactory admission of supplements and dietary enhancements. Tolerant with COVID-19 create contamination from slight to serious indications bound to the dietary status. Consequently, assessing wholesome status of individuals with contamination turns out to be increasingly significant. Through dietary help, we can bring down the danger of oxidative pressure, infection contamination and expands invulnerability framework among obese people especially.
Observational Histopathological Analysis of Renal Lesions in Nephrectomy Specimens
Authors: Kumari Anita , Subhadarsini Sarmistha , Pandey U S
Published: April 2021

Aim: This observational retrospective study was initiated to perform histopathological spectrum analysis of renal lesions from resected nephrectomy specimens.
Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. Over a span of 4 years a total of 62 nephrectomy cases who underwent nephrectomy in a tertiary health care center and specimens were received from the surgical Department of the Hospital were analysed. Microscopic and gross features of the specimen were studied.
Result: 12(19%) nephrectomy specimens out of 62 were malignant and 50 (81%) were benign. The mean age of patients from whom specimen were collected was 44.16 ± 29.8 years. 34 (54.9%) were Chronic Pyelonephritis cases, some associated with hydronephrosis and others with calculi. Out of 12 total malignant lesions 8 cases (12.9%) constituted as renal cell carcinoma. Among children commonest malignant tumour was Wilm’s tumour. Among the clinical presentation most common was flank pain in 17 (53.1%) cases followed by fever and burning micturition.
Conclusion: In current study as compared to the benign tumours, malignant renal tumours far outnumbered. In paediatric age group most common malignancy was the Wilms tumour. Most common histomorphological diagnosis was Chronic Pyelonephritis and among the malignant lesions commonest were Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Keywords: Nephrectomy, Histopathology, Chronic Pyelonephritis, Wilm’s tumour, Renal Cell Carcinoma.
The Detrimental Effect of Depression, Anxiety & Stress on Under-Graduates, Post-Graduates, and Freshly Graduates Students and Their Psychological Distress Triggered by COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Parmar Nijal , Kasundra Vicky , Vaghasiya Anand
Published: April 2021

Background: Heightened psychological rate for college students suffering and negative aca-demic implications downstream are common under normal circumstances. One published re-search has looked at the effects to date COVID-19 on schooling and health for the students (Cao 2020 et al.). About 25 percent of the sample recorded getting signs of anxiety which were optimistic correlated with greater academic issues delays, economic implications, and impacts of the pandemic everyday life. The study's goal, therefore, is to find out the impact of the pandemic on mental health & psychological distress on students going to college.
Results: Of the 948 participants, most students and recent graduates did not have psychologi-cal symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and discomfort, but half had psychological distress (Female=195 & male=97). Although the majority of 20-23-year-old students reported moderate psychological distress and 189 undergraduates had a serious psychological distress experience. The gender ratio was not equal in our sample so 300 participants were chosen at random and assessed afterward. Results show that post-graduate females and freshly graduates male participants have more psychological distress among 300 participants.
Conclusion: The COVID 19 outbreak was associated with mild to moderate depression, anxiety, and stress among college students, but most students experienced no mental health symptoms, although half of the students were seriously impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak and had a significant negative effect on their student psychological status.

Keywords: COVID-19, DASS-21, IES-Revised scale.
Review on Assessment of Self-Medication and Factors Influencing Self-Medication Practice among Pediatric Population
Authors: Shabaraya AR , Ullas Akhila
Published: April 2021

Self-medication refers to patients who use non-prescription medicines, usually over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, to treat certain ‘minor’ ailments themselves without consulting a medical practitioner and without any medical supervision. In pediatric context, self-medication implies administration of medication by the care giver without medical consultation. Parents sometimes exhibit the habit of self-medication for the diseases of their children. Today, children take responsibility for their medications at different ages; children often take responsibility for taking medications at a young age especially when they are suffering from chronic conditions. Children aged 16-18 years are observed to self-medicate for minor ailments like cold, fever, headache and pain. Hence this population is at a greater risk of medication errors and there is a need to improve the pediatric medication safety. Various factors influencing self-medication are patient and care giver educational level, awareness about health, accessibility to medicine and health care facilities, time constraint, ineffective prescription, thinking disease is not serious, ease and convenience, cost of physician’s service development of new technologies (e.g. internet and related communication) is promoting self-medication worldwide. Economic and cultural factors have contributed to the growth and spread of self-medication worldwide. The remaining of the previous prescription drugs which are present at home is used, previous experience on efficacy of the drug. This systematic review of self-medication in pediatric population studies showed that more than half of the populations were self-medicated.

Keywords: self-medication, pediatric population.
The Affecting Factors of Jajar Legowo Planting Systems Adoption in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency
Authors: Anida Rini Eli , Ayu Sri Fajar , Wibowo Rulianda Purnomo
Published: April 2021

Many things affect the increase in rice production, starting from the use of superior seeds, fertilizing the right target, proper irrigation, controlling pests and diseases, and so on. One way that farmers can choose is by planting lowland rice with the Jajar Legowo system. The main objective of the Jajar Legowo system is to increase the plant population by adjusting the spacing and manipulating the location of the plants, as if the rice plants were on the edge (edge crops). This study analyzes the effect of age, formal education, length of farming, land area, number of family dependents, land ownership, irrigation and income on the adoption of the Jajar Legowo planting system in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency. In this study, samples were taken as many as 120 lowland rice farmers who applied the Jajar Legowo planting system and those who did not apply the Jajar Legowo planting system. The data obtained through the distribution of questionnaires were processed using logistic methods and logit methods with SPSS tools. The results of this study indicate that the variables age, formal education, length of farming, land area, number of family dependents and land ownership status do not partially significantly increase the adoption of lowland rice farmers using the jajar legowo planting system technology innovation in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency. Irrigation and income variables have a significant effect on partially increasing the adoption of lowland rice farmers using the Jajar Legowo planting system technology innovation in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency.

Keywords: Rice Production, Jajar Legowo, Farmers, Planting Systems, Adoption.
STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI KOMUNITAS TRASH HERO KENDARI DALAM MENGKAMPANYEKAN GERAKAN PEDULI LINGKUNGAN DI KOTA KENDARI
Authors: Arwan Arwan , La Tarifu La Tarifu , Saidin Saidin
Published: April 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalahuntuk mengetahui strategi komunikasi yang digunakan oleh komunitas Trash Hero Kendari dalam mengkampanyekan gerakan peduli lingkungan di Kota Kendari. Penelitian ini berlokasi Kota Kendari. Informan penelitian sebanyak 5 orang ditentukan dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yakni memilih pihak-pihak yang dianggap mengetahui secara akurat topik-topik terkait permasalahan penelitian ini. Jenis data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari data kuantitatif dan data kualitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data mencakup proses reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Starategi komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh komuitas Trash Hero Kendari menerapkan kombinasi dari elemen-elemen komunikasi Harold D Laswell. Penyampaian pesan memalui media sosial merupakan strategi utama yang digunakan oleh Trash Hero Kendari. Kata-kata Kunci: Strategi komunikasi; Komunitas; Trash Hero; Kampanye; Lingkungan.
ANALISIS ELEMEN BUDAYA KOLEKTIVIS PADA IKLAN COVID-19 KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Authors: RANDY DAVID
Published: April 2021

Tinggat keterinfeksian dan angka kematian akibat Covid-19 yang tinggi di Tiongkok sepanjang Januari hingga Februari 2020 menyebabkan negara-negara di dunia mulai mensosialisasikan pedoman pencegahan penyebaran. Iklan tentang Covid-19 dikemas dengan berbeda di setiap negara, berdasarkan latar belakang budaya tiap-tiap negara. Sebagai negara ketimuran, iklan Covid-19 di Indonesia diduga mengandung unsur-unsur budaya kolektivis. Berdasarkan laporan indeks budaya tahunan Prof. Hofstede, Indonesia dan Pakistan menempati posisi keenam sebagai negara paling kolektif dari 66 negara yang diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji relevansi dari hasil penilaian tersebut dengan menganalisis unsur-unsur budaya kolektivis pada iklan resmi Covid-19 versi Kementerian Kesehatan (KEMKES) Republik Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis semiotik model Ferdinand De Saussure. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iklan KEMKES disusun secara sederhana, menggunakan kalimat langsung, namun sejumlah diksi bermakna luas dan perlu interpretasi lebih lanjut. Pesan pada iklan berorientasi pada kepentingan publik, mengindikasikan unsur-unsur budaya kolektivis yang dominan. Penelitian multidisiplin diperlukan untuk dapat merumuskan model iklan yang lebih universal sehingga dapat menjangkau khalayak yang lebih luas.
Pertamina’s CSR Program “Seriekandi Patra” in Empowering Communities with Disabilities during Pandemic
Authors: Oktaviana Diva
Published: April 2021

Development is often oriented only to economic activities, thus creating social disparities and creating other more complex social problems, one of which is poverty. The impact of development based on the fulfillment of the economic sector has made minority groups increasingly depressed, including the diffable groups. Persons with disabilities often do not have a place in the community. This group was excluded and unable to contribute at all due to inability and lack of access. The research approach used a descriptive analytical approach, while the data collection method was carried out by literature study. The research is more focused on the analysis of the disabled empowerment program by the CSR of PT. Pertamina Fuel Terminal (TBBM) Boyolali in the new normal period. Therefore, development steps based on inclusive empowerment can be an effective step in solving development problems. As a result, equality and social justice can be achieved if inclusive development is successfully implemented. The diffable group as a minority group has access to help increase the bargaining price in society so that it can have an impact on economic, social and political development. When the position of the diffable group is strong in society, the community will respect and respect its existence. This is evidenced by the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic which has affected many businesses and community groups. Sriekandi Patra is proof that inclusive development has succeeded in helping minority groups to survive in such a difficult situation. In the New normal era, Sriekandi Patra was actually able to show his real contribution to society.
Domination of The Political Strength of Darussalam House in The Village of Gontor Ponorogo
Authors: Putri Rizca Yunike
Published: April 2021

The reality of modern political life today affects the whole structure of people’s lives. One of the variables in interesting political dynamics is the existence of political actors as the driving force that makes political events more exciting and also interesting to discuss. This is what we know better as the dynamics of the elite and mass relations. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to look at the dynamics of political movements that show the reality of the interaction of elites and masses in villages that have their uniqueness, where usually the elite as the central power, both formal and informal, usually have an influence that is not rational but more traditional affection. By using the field observation method, it was found that cottage Darussalam had a strong dominance. In gontor village, the elite and the masses have a very strong influence. In terms of the elite, in gontor, which is 2/3 of the territory controlled by the modern Darussalam Islamic boarding school, formally and informally - the elite - are still connected and influencing one another.
Exploration of the concept of Vikara Vighata Bhava Abhava w.s.r. to Prameha
Authors: Dr. ANANTHA LEKSHMI RAGHU
Published: April 2021

The concept of Vikaravighata bhava abhava is related to the formation of the disease, Prameha. It has been explained in the Charaka Nidanasthana 4th chapter. The Aim of this study is to assess the role of Vikaravighata bhava abhava in the formation of the disease, Prameha.
It gives knowledge to all the individuals about the causative factors of Diet and Lifestyle for the formation of the disease, Prameha. If the individuals avoid the causative factors of the disease, then there can be avoidance in the formation of the disease or delay in the occurrence of the disease. Even if there is Beeja dosha (Hereditary factor) of Prameha disease, there can be delay in the occurrence of the disease, if a person follows proper dietary and lifestyle regime.
Thus, the literary concept of Vikaravighata bhava abhava has a major impact on the formation and prevention of the disease, Prameha.
“Rutucharya: A lifestyle must follow to increase immunity."
Authors: G. Savadatti Shrilaxmi
Published: April 2021

Ayurved is Anadi and Anant shastra which deals with restoration of health of Healthy person and also of the diseased person. For maintenance of healthy life as we all know Ayurved Acharyas has given first preference and described treatment for diseases. For restoration of health i.e. Swasthya rakshan Acharya Charak has given 1st Chatushka name as Swasthya Chatushka in Sutrasthana. It includes Dinacharya, Sadavritta and Rutucharya. Rutucharya includes description of seasonal changes of rutu, effect on doshas, ahar- vihara to be taken and ahar-vihara to be avoided. It is the lifestyle changes to be adopted as per the seasonal changes. This description if followed prevents dosha vitiation and preventing diseases.
PRESENCE OF SNP OF INTERLEUKIN17F IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS IN A BULGARIAN POPULATION
Authors:   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria., Mlachkova Antoaneta , Pashova-Tasseva Zdravka ,   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria., Popova Christina ,   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria., Kicheva Maya ,   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria.
Published: April 2021

Introduction: It`s well known that the periodontitis is а complex disease initiated by bacteria, but modified by environmental factors and the host response. As any other chronic disease, the periodontal disease is influenced by the individual predisposition of the patient to develop the specific symptoms. The increasing number of studies in the area of the genetic factors and mechanisms of the patient to develop the specific condition is leading to the need for certain polymоrphism’s to be studied in details for the Bulgarian population. Aim: The recent study aims to identify the presence of SNP of IL-17F in the Bulgarian population. Materials and methods: In the study, 40 patients with periodontitis stage II, III and IV and 10 healthy control subjects were taking part. The age of the subjects varied between 23 and 75 with an average value of 46 years. Clinical and radiographic methods to establish the basic periodontal parameters were used. Laboratory methods were performed by means of Real-Time PCR for determination of SNP of Interleukin 17F (IL-17F) (-7488C/T rs_763780). The statistic data was processed with PCA – IBM SPSS Statistics Version 21. From all of the patients, informed consent was taken. Results: The recent study collected information about the dominating genotype when studying SNP of IL-17 F for patients with periodontitis. The presence of two genotypes was established – genotype TT (92%) and genotype CT (8%). We have established specific tendencies about the distribution of major parameter for diagnosis of periodontitis such as BoP and BL/Age in both groups. The individual host susceptibility can be used as a diagnostic parameter leading to the development of screening methods in order suspectable individuals to be found. Conclusion: The study has contributed to clarifying the genetic characteristic of the tested subject. The results confirmed the data from different studies that aim to research the genetic polymorphism of IL-17F in relation to periodontitis.
The Water-energy Nexus in the Island of Crete, Greece
Authors: Vourdoubas John
Published: April 2021

Water and energy are valuable resources in our contemporary societies. Their demand worldwide is increasing while they are interconnected and interlinked. Aim of the current work is to investigate the nexus between water and energy in the island of Crete, Greece. The use of water in electricity generation and in fuels production is investigated as well as the electricity utilization in water pumping, transportation, processing and distribution. Our results indicated that the annual electricity consumption in Crete is at 4,793 KWh/capita while the annual water consumption is at around 763.9 M3/capita to 962.2 M3/capita. The main fuels used in electricity generation in Crete are fuel oil and diesel oil that are imported. Among renewable energies solar-PV and wind energy are mainly used for power generation. Generation of solar-PV and wind electricity requires limited water resources while in water-cooled thermal power stations brackish and desalinated water is mainly used. Crete has sufficient water resources which though are unevenly distributed along the island. Groundwater is the main water source used while agriculture is the main sector of water consumption. Electricity is necessary in all stages of water utilization in Crete. The results indicated that the nexus between water and energy in Crete is asymmetrical and uneven. Electricity generation is not significantly depended on freshwater resources while water utilization is depended on electricity. These findings could be useful in designing the optimum management policies regarding the long term sustainability of these valuable resources in Crete.
Proactive strategies during a COVID-19 pandemic on regional center for blood transfusion in Oujda city and its impact on blood supply management
Authors: Mharchi Saliha , Cherfi Mounir , Karim Ahmed , Bouazza Abdelhamid , Sidqi Zaina , Benajiba Mohammed
Published: April 2021

At the end of March 2020, the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was declared a global pandemic. By mid-May, the number of confirmed cases had risen to more than 5 million and more than 300,000 deaths were reported worldwide. Morocco confirmed its first imported case of COVID-19 on March 2, 2020. As of May 31, 2020, there were 7550 confirmed cases of infection with this virus. Like many countries, this epidemic prompted the Moroccan government, as of 20 March 2020, to apply travel restrictions and suspend travel within and between cities to prevent the spread of the disease. These distancing measures have resulted in effective control of the virus. However, they also have a profound effect on the health system, relatively speaking, on blood donation and supply and the management of transfusion at the national level. In this context, on March 20, 2020, WHO provided guidance on the management of the blood supply. In addition, the National Centre for Blood Transfusion and Haematology (NCBTH) has accompanied the Regional Centers for Blood Transfusion (RCBT) of the kingdom through the implementation of a new strategy to deal with a possible shortage of blood supply. In response to such a situation, the Oujda Regional Center for Blood Transfusion (ORCBT) anticipated the development of a proactive regional strategy in collaboration with the Blood Donor Association of the Eastern Region (BDAER), and set up accompanying measures during the pandemic. The objective of this study is to describe the strategies undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on all transfusion activities from blood collection, delivery, and transfusion of Labile Blood Products (LBPs). To achieve our objective, we performed a comparative prospective analytical study from January 1 to May 31 of 2019 and 2020 years at the ORCBT, located in the prefecture of Oujda Angad. The results of this study showed a positive impact, to some extent, of the strategies implemented, first on blood collection and then on the center′s safety stock, which remained at the same level despite the containment circumstances. Thus, the ORCBT carried out its mission by responding to the majority of requests for LBPs that were addressed to it with a satisfaction rate of over 90% for all health facilities in the eastern region during the study period.
Comunidades arbóreas asociadas a la elevación en la microcuenca El Zapote, Matagalpa, Nicaragua
Authors: Garmendia-Zapata Miguel , Agustín-López Andrés , Garmendia-Alfaro Gerald , Herrera-Espinoza José
Published: April 2021

Entender la relación entre la flora arborescente con su ambiente es crucial como base para cualquier programa de restauración y conservación. Este trabajo plantea determinar las comunidades arbóreas asociadas a un gradiente de elevación, seleccionar las especies indicadoras de cada comunidad y relacionar la composición de especie con el estado de conservación del bosque. Para lograr los objetivos se establecieron 32 parcelas rectangulares de 20 m x 50 m de forma aleatoria en el área de estudio, el cual está representado por un bosque transicional relativamente conservado en la microcuenca El Zapote, Matagalpa. Dentro de la parcela se registró la abundancia y tipo de especie de todos los árboles ≥10 cm de diámetro normal (1.30 m del suelo) y se registró la elevación (m) en la que se ubicaba cada parcela. Mediante estadística multivariada se dilucidaron dos comunidades arbóreas asociadas a un gradiente de elevación; las especies Guazuma ulmifolia y Cordia alliodora son indicadoras de la comunidad ubicada a elevación de 717.2±30.0 m y las especies Daphnopsis americana, Stemmadenia donnell-smithii, Guettarda macrosperma, Trichilia trifolia, Pouteria sapota, Brosimum alicastrum, Brunellia mexicana, Inga vera, Stemmadenia pubescens y Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus son indicadoras de la comunidad ubicada a elevación de 856.3±41.1 metros. Es probable que en la parte alta de la microcuenca aún se conserven remanentes del bosque autóctono del área de estudio.
Evidências empíricas das relações entre expectativas dos agentes econômicos e desemprego no Brasil
Authors: Lima Fabiano Roberto Santos de , Nicolay Rodolfo Tomás da Fonseca
Published: April 2021

A decisão de investimento por parte dos agentes econômicos passa pela confiança e expectativas de um ambiente de negócios mais propício. Esse otimismo pode funcionar como um mecanismo que impulsiona a criação de vagas no mercado de trabalho. Neste contexto, este artigo analisa a existência de relações de curto e longo prazos entre o desemprego e expectativas e confiança de empresários da indústria e comércio. A análise econométrica empregada foi a de estimação pelos métodos ARDL, OLS e GMM. Os resultados revelam que expectativas mais otimistas dos empresários, no longo prazo, se traduzem em queda dos níveis de desemprego com impactos de redução de 0,28% a 0,30% para cada 1 ponto de melhora nas expectativas. Para o curto prazo, não foram encontradas evidências estatisticamente significativas que o mesmo ocorra.
A Moral Examination of the Therapeutic Use Exemption in Anti-Doping
Authors: Gleaves John
Published: April 2021

Events surrounding the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro brought increased scrutiny on the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA) Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) policy. Some critics even called for abolishing the TUE policy as a potential reform to improve anti-doping. This article describes the TUE policy outlined in the 2015 International Standards for Therapeutic Use Exemptions and then provides a moral argument for having TUEs based on medical rights. Next, the article discusses two types of criticisms of the TUE policy. The first, labeled “in practice” criticisms, proves to have no merit. The second, categorized as “in principle” criticisms, mostly fails to undermine the TUE policy. However, one branch of the “in principle” criticism, asserted by Dimeo and Møller, does raise doubts about the TUE policy’s use of the treatment-enhancement distinction. Ultimately, the article argues that the criteria for approving a TUE should drop objections to enhancement when faced with legitimate medical conditions that offer no alternative accepted therapies. The article suggests that the medical community’s ability to determine medical necessity and best practice guidelines provides sufficient criteria to prevent fraudulent TUE applications and thus should not rely on the treatment-enhancement distinction to deny TUE requests that conform to accepted medical practices. With such reforms, the article concludes that not only are critics wrong to call for an end to WADA’s TUE policy, but that such a TUE policy helps sports in the Olympic Movement achieve their highest ideals.
Acerola seed meal (Malpighia emarginata) as a source of dietary fibre in starter piglet diets
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Leal Isabela Ferreira , Rocha Vanja de Souza ,   Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Santana Ana Lúcia Almeida ,   Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Castro Davi Elias de Sá e ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Genova Jansller Luiz ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Santos Liliana Bury de Azevedo dos ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Grando Maiara Ananda ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Carvalho Silvana Teixeira ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Oliveira Newton Tavares Escocard de ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Carvalho Paulo Levi Oliveira ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná
Published: April 2021

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value and the effect of acerola seed meal (ASM) for starter piglet diets on feed digestibility, nitrogen balance (NB), growth performance and blood metabolites. Twenty-four crossbred entire male piglets (21.07 ± 3.07 kg) were assigned to a digestibility assay (Exp. I) and distributed in a randomised block design (RBD) with two treatments composed of reference diet (RD) or test diet (20% replacement with ASM), 12 replications and with one pig per experimental unit (EU). An NB study (Exp. II) was conducted with four levels of ASM (0, 4, 8 and 12%) and 24 crossbred entire male piglets (20.78 ± 1.84 kg) allocated in an RBD of six replications and one pig per EU. The growth performance study (Exp. III) involved 120 crossbred piglets: 60 entire males and 60 females (13.85 ± 1.49 kg). Treatments consisted of a gender combination and five levels of ASM (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%), distributed in an RBD with six replications and four animals per EU. The physicochemical composition results indicated 86.12% of dry matter (DM), 8.03% of crude protein (CP) and 4,553 kcal kg-1 of gross energy (GE) as well as apparent digestibility coefficients of 39.04 and 28.21% for CP and GE, respectively. The levels of ASM that provided the maximum estimate for final body weight, daily body weight gain and average daily feed intake were 2.93% (p = 0.037), 3.05% (p = 0.040) and 4.27% (p = 0.043), respectively. ASM can be indicated as a dietary fibre source for starter piglet diets because it contains relevant nutritional and energy values, without affecting the nitrogen balance and blood urea concentration.
Carnauba wax coating preserves the internal quality of commercial eggs during storage
Authors:   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Eyng Cinthia , Nunes Kelly Cristina ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Matumoto-Pintro Paula Toshimi ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Vital Ana Carolina Pelaes ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Garcia Rodrigo Garófallo ,   Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Sanches Lorena Mari ,   Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rohloff Junior Nilton ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Tenório Karine Isabela ,   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná
Published: April 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal quality and lipid oxidation of eggs coated with a carnauba wax-based product at different concentrations and stored for up to 28 days under two temperatures. For analysis of internal quality, the eggs were assigned to a completely randomized 3 x 4 factorial design (uncoated eggs (control); eggs coated with carnauba wax at 12% concentration (Aruá®); eggs coated with carnauba wax at 15% concentration (Aruá®); four storage periods - 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Fifteen eggs from each treatment were evaluated in each storage period, with each egg representing one replicate, i.e., 300 eggs per storage temperature (10 and 25°C). Egg weight loss, yolk percent (%), albumen percent (%), Haugh unit, yolk index, and specific gravity were calculated. Lipid oxidation of the egg yolk was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), using 10 eggs at time 0 (fresh) and 30 eggs in each storage period (7, 14, 21, and 28 days), in triplicate, under only one storage temperature (25°C). A total of five pools, consisting of two eggs each, were used for each treatment. Each pool was considered a replicate, and each treatment consisted of five replicates. The weight loss of the eggs stored at 10°C and 25°C during the storage period was, on average, 46.1% and 37.3% lower for the eggs coated with carnauba wax than in uncoated eggs, respectively. Overall, coated eggs, regardless the concentration of the wax (12 or 15%) had higher Haugh units, specific gravity, and yolk index than uncoated eggs, in both temperatures (10 and 25°C). Uncoated and coated eggs showed similar lipid oxidation values regardless of the storage period. On the other hand, eggs coated with solutions containing 15% wax showed less oxidation than eggs coated with 12% wax. The coating of commercial eggs with carnauba wax, both at concentrations of 12 and 15%, was effective in maintaining their internal quality during storage at both storage temperatures (10 and 25°C). Eggs stored at 25°C had lower quality traits during storage compared with eggs kept under refrigeration. Coating eggs with wax did not minimize the oxidative processes in the egg yolk.
Metabolic status of crossbred Charolais × Nellore cows throughout the final third of gestation and lactation
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Klein John Lenon , Adams Sander Martinho ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Alves Filho Dari Celestino ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Maidana Fabiana Moro ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brondani Ivan Luiz ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Cocco Joziane Michelon ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Volpatto Rodrigo Soares ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Robalo Silvino Sasso ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Published: April 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic status of beef cows during the final third of gestation and thereafter until the end of the subsequent breeding season. The study was conducted using 30 beef cows, aged between 4 and 11 years, derived from crosses between Charolais and Nellore cattle. To assess the metabolic status of cows, we obtained measurements of body weight and condition (BW and BCS), and complemented these by analyzing the following blood metabolites: total proteins, globulins, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Assessments were performed at 95 days pre-calving, and again at 7, 21, 63, and 110 days post-calving. The experimental design was completely randomized with five collection periods and 30 repetitions (cows). The BW of cows was found to be highest at 110 days postpartum (489.1 kg), and loss of BW was observed between 21 and 63 days postpartum (-3.72 kg). The lowest BCS value was recorded after 63 days of lactation (2.85 points). With respect to blood metabolites, concentrations of total proteins were higher at 7 and 110 days postpartum relative to the levels recorded during gestation (8.3 and 8.3 vs. 7.7 g dL-1, respectively), whereas serum globulin levels were higher at 7, 21, and 110 days postpartum relative to those at gestation (5.2, 5.2, and 5.1 vs. 4.8 g dL -1, respectively). Compared with samples obtained during gestation, the highest levels of albumin (P < 0.05) were observed at 7, 63, and 110 days postpartum (3.1, 3.1, and 3.2 vs. 2.9 g dL-1, respectively). Serum glucose was higher during pregnancy and in the first week of lactation relative to the values recorded after 21 and 63 days of lactation (80.9 and 76.7 vs 71.5 and 72.3 mg dL-1, respectively). Moreover, cholesterol concentrations increased with the progression of lactation, with the highest value being recorded at 110 days postpartum (222.1 mg dL-1). Collectively, the findings of this study, indicate that Charolais × Nellore cows raised exclusively on native pasture mobilize body reserves, lose weight, and show a negative energy balance during the first weeks of lactation, with detrimental consequences for subsequent reproductive activity.
Comparison of random regression models, traditional animal model and with the inclusion of molecular markers in the estimation of genetic parameters in Colombian Holstein cattle
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia at Medellín, Cardona-Cifuentes Daniel , López-Herrera Albeiro ,   Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Medellín, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, González-Herrera Luis Gabriel ,   Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Medellín, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Cerón-Muñoz Mario Fernando ,   Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Medellín, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Echeverri-Zuluaga José Julián ,   Universidad de Antioquia, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
Published: April 2021

The use of molecular markers to identify desirable genes in animal production is known as marker-assisted selection. The traditional genetic evaluation model uses the BLUP methodology; when genetic markers are included in the evaluation model, the methodology is known as M-BLUP. In contrast, random regression models (RRM), unlike the models based on production at 305 days, consider factors that change for each animal from one test to another. The objective of this study was to compare variance components, genetic parameters and breeding values for milk production, protein percentage and somatic cell score in Colombian Holstein cattle using BLUP, M-BLUP and RRM. For the estimation of genetic parameters and values, 2003 lactations corresponding to 1417 cows in 55 herds were used, and effects of the order of delivery, herd, and contemporary group were included. The three traits presented greater heritability under the MBLUP model: 0.44 for protein percentage, 0.27 for milk production and 0.28 for somatic cell score. This was because the genetic variance was greater when M-BLUP was used, which allowed a greater accuracy of the breeding value estimation in the three traits. Therefore, the model that includes information on molecular markers is more suitable for genetic evaluation in Colombian Holstein cattle.
Toxoplasmosis outbreak in sheep in northern-central Paraná, Brazil
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Bernardes Juliana Correa , Pinto-Ferreira Fernanda ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Barros Luiz Daniel de ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Ladeia Winni Alves ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Mareze Marcelle ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Sasse João Pedro ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Minutti Ana Flávia ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Martins Felippe Danyel Cardoso ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Garcia João Luis ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Navarro Italmar Teodorico ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina
Published: April 2021

In this study, we aimed to investigate an outbreak of abortion in a herd of beef sheep on a property in Ivaiporã, north central Paraná, Brazil. A total of 64 blood samples were collected from the sheep, 33 of which were mothers with reports of abortion or stillbirth, and 7 with weak lamb birth. For epidemiological investigation of the parasite, fourteen samples were collected from different sources on the property, six from water, three from soil, one from trough, and four from feed. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) analysis and polymerase chain reaction were performed for detecting anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the sheep and molecular identification of the protozoan in the environment, respectively. The IFI results showed that 95.3% of the sheep were seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibodies; however, the environmental samples tested negative. During the visit to the property and interview with the owner, free-roaming cats were observed on the property for biological control of rodents that had access to the food deposits. This type of management may have triggered the outbreak, which reinforces the importance of preventive management and veterinary medical monitoring on sheep farms.
Biomass productivity of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in fish and dairy cattle wastewaters
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Nicolau Julia Teodoro de Souza , Souza João Henrique Alves ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Arroyo Pedro Augusto ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Trevisan Elias ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Vasconcellos Ricardo Souza ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Ribeiro Leonir Bueno ,   Universidade Estadual de Maringá
Published: April 2021

The biomass productivity and nutrient composition of microalgae, such as Chlorella vulgaris, depend on the cultivation process and the nutrient content of growth media. Thus, in this study aimed to investigate the biomass productivity of C. vulgaris cultivated in fish and dairy cattle wastewaters. Thirty wastewater samples (2.5 L) were collected from system of production. Microalgae were cultivated in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 10 mL of microalgae and 1,790 mL of wastewater under constant light of 5,000 lux for 16 days at 25 ± 2.0 °C. Wastewater samples differed in composition. Biomass productivity was 47 % higher (P<0.0001) in dairy cattle than in fish wastewater, reaching 67.61 g m?3 day?1 (dry matter basis, DM) when compared by Student’s t-test (P<0.05). Cultivation media also had an effect on biomass chemical composition. The C. vulgaris grown in dairy cattle wastewater was higher in crude protein and ash contents (359.6 g kg?1 DM and 230.4 g kg?1 DM, respectively), whereas microalgae grown in fish wastewater had higher nitrogen-free extract content (347.8 g kg?1 DM). Crude fat content did not vary greatly (mean of 313.15 g kg?1 DM). The pH (8.0 – 8.7) and ammonia concentration (0.07 to 0.4 mg L?1) in fish wastewater was stable throughout the 16-day experimental period. In dairy wastewater, pH increased up (6.3 to 8.9) to the fourth day and remained constant thereafter, and ammonia concentration increased up (24.3 to 28.7 mg L?1) to the eighth day and then it declined (2.1 mg L?1). The C. vulgaris was successfully grown in both wastewaters, but productivity was higher in dairy cattle wastewater.
Acute Versus Delayed Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for the Primary Treatment of Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Seidel Henry D. , Bhattacharjee Sarah , Koh Jason L. , Strelzow Jason A. , Shi Lewis L.
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) is gaining popularity as a treatment option for proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients. The impact of surgical timing on outcomes of primary rTSA is unclear. This study compared the rates of revision and complication, and surgery day cost of treatment between acute and delayed primary rTSA patients.

Methods:

Elderly patients with proximal humeral fracture who underwent primary rTSA within a year of fracture were identified in a national insurance database from 2005 to 2014. Patients were separated into acute (<4 weeks) or delayed (>4 weeks) cohorts based on the timing of rTSA. The univariate 1-year rates of revision and complication and surgery day cost of treatment were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted, accounting for the factors of age, sex, obesity, diabetes comorbidity, and tobacco use.

Results:

Four thousand two hundred forty-five (82.6%) acute and 892 (17.4%) delayed primary rTSA patients were identified. Acute rTSA was associated with a higher surgery day cost (acute $15,770 ± $8,383, delayed $14,586 ± $7,271; P < 0.001). Delayed rTSA resulted in a higher 1-year revision rate (acute 1.7%, delayed 4.5%; P < 0.001) and surgical complication rates of dislocation (acute 2.8%, delayed 6.1%; P < 0.001) and mechanical complications (acute 1.9%, delayed 3.4%; P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis identified delayed primary treatment as independently associated with increased risk of revision (odds ratio: 2.29, 95% confidence interval 1.53 to 3.40; P < 0.001) and dislocation (OR: 2.05, 95% confidence interval 1.45 to 2.86; P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Delayed primary rTSA was associated with higher short-term rates of revision and dislocation compared with acute primary rTSA. Our results suggest that delaying rTSA, whether because of attempted nonsurgical treatment or patients' lack of access, may result in increased complication and additional surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Level III
Design of Community-Based Transdisciplinary Learning for Social Studies Teachers in the Diverse School Contexts, Northern of Thailand
Authors: Mangkhang Charin
Published: April 2021

The objectives of this study are: 1) to study problems and the needs in community-based transdisciplinary learning for social studies teachers in the diverse school contexts, Northern of Thailand 2) to develop and find the efficiency of handbook of community-based transdisciplinary learning for social studies teachers in the diverse school contexts, Northern of Thailand and 3) to examine the implementation results of the handbook. This research is based on the research foundation of a mixed method in education research. The population involved in this study included 1) educational connoisseurship of area-based who are selected by means of purposive sampling, from not less than 5 persons and 2) social studies teachers in the Northern-region provinces of Thailand who are selected by means of accidental sampling, from not less than 334 persons. The research instruments are: 1) a questionnaire on problems and the needs in community-based transdisciplinary learning 2) an appropriateness assessment form on the handbook and 3) an evaluation form of teacher professional competence in community-based transdisciplinary learning. The qualitative data are analyzed and shown on content analysis and descriptive analysis. The quantitative statistics employed for data analysis are mean and standard deviation through statistical program. The research findings revealed as follows;

1) Problems and the needs: teacher professional competence needs to be improved in community-based transdisciplinary learning through 7 skills, namely; Integrated learning Management, Technology Integrated Learning, Integrating Ethics Learning, Community Resource Management, Transdisciplinary Innovation Integrated Learning, Creative Educational Measurement Design, and Competency of Networking skill.

2) The result of handbook development: “SOCIAL Action Learning Model”, includes 6 steps, should be implemented in community-based transdisciplinary learning for social studies teachers. Due to the evaluation of the handbook, the result is at the highest level of appropriation (x = 4.58, S.D. = 0.57)

3) The result of handbook using: the handbook of community-based transdisciplinary learning for social studies teachers found the evaluation result at a high level (x = 3.96, S.D. = 0.89)