bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autopsy Education in Canadian Pathology Programs
Authors: Multan Michael , Alakija Pauline , Orde Matthew , White Steven
Published: January 2021

Introduction

This survey of Canadian pathology residents was designed to quantify the number of autopsies Canadian residents aim to complete during residency training, to better understand the perception of residents about access and quality of autopsy skills education. In addition, the interest of current pathology residents in autopsy and forensic pathology as a future career was also assessed.

Methods

A web-based survey was sent to all Canadian pathology residents. This survey consisted of 19 questions on institution, level of training, intention to complete the American Board of Pathology examination, number of autopsies completed, perception of quality/access to autopsy skills education, interest, and factors contributing to autopsy and forensic pathology.

Results

Eighty two (26%) of a possible 310 residents (12/47 general pathology, 70/263 anatomical pathology) across all Canadian institutions offering anatomical or general pathology programs (16/16 institutions) participated in the survey. Eighty-three percent of the respondents rated autopsy education as either very important or important. Fifty-five percent of the respondents intended to either challenge the American Board of Pathology examination or wanted the option to do so in the future, whereas only 47% of the participants agreed that all residents who wish to challenge the examination will easily be able to complete 50 autopsies during residency. Only 18% of the respondents were interested in performing autopsies as a major part of their career, and a combined 52% were only interested in performing autopsies to secure a desired position or felt that having to do autopsies would be a job deterrent. The quality of autopsy teaching received and the number of autopsies performed was identified as the most significant factors affecting interest in performing autopsies as part of a future career. A combined 68% of the respondents felt that the job market in forensic pathology in Canada was either good (better than most subspecialties) or very good (more jobs than graduating fellows). Seventy-one percent (12/17) of postgraduate year 5 respondents reported having completed 50 or more autopsies at the time of survey completion. Eleven percent of the respondents did not agree that all residents who document having completed an autopsy at their institution will have participated in all 8 essential autopsy tasks. Twenty four (29%) of the 82 respondents provided detailed narrative comments.

Discussion

Most Canadian pathology residents believe that autopsy education is an important component of residency training. Limited access to quality autopsy teaching seems to be an important factor in resident interest in forensic pathology as a future career, despite a perceived good job market in comparison with most other subspecialties.
Effect of Case Management on HIV Outcomes for Community Corrections Population: Results of an 18-Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Crable Erika L. , Blue Thomas R. , McKenzie Michelle , Rich Josiah D. , Gordon Michael S.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Evidence-based interventions that engage community-dwelling, justice-involved, people living with HIV (PLWH) in care are urgently needed. Project Bridge, an intensive case management intervention, has demonstrated efficacy for linking PLWH to care transitioning from prison to the community. We assessed whether a modified Project Bridge model was effective for increasing rates of HIV treatment engagement, antiretroviral therapy receipt, and adherence for community-dwelling individuals supervised on probation and parole.

Setting:

Baltimore, Maryland

Methods:

In this study, the 18-month outcomes of a randomized controlled trial in which PLWH were also on probation or parole received either Project Bridge (n = 50) or treatment as usual (n = 50) were assessed. HIV treatment engagement (primary outcome), antiretroviral therapy prescription, and adherence (secondary outcomes) are evaluated using the intent-to-treat approach.

Results:

There were no statistically significant differences in rates of HIV treatment engagement, antiretroviral therapy prescription receipt, or adherence between groups over the 18-month study period. Across groups, participants were 5.6 times more likely to receive HIV care, 5.8 times more likely to receive an antiretroviral therapy prescription, and 4 times more likely to report antiretroviral therapy adherence at each follow-up period.

Conclusions:

Future research is needed to identify potentially less-intensive interventions that target the unique needs of PLWH under community supervision.
124I-PET/CT–Guided Diagnosis and Personalized Treatment of Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Cancer to the Pancreas
Authors: Wong Bernadette Z. Y. , Dickie Graeme , Garcia Peter , Scott Dominique , Pattison David A.
Published: January 2021

Metastasis to the pancreas from differentiated thyroid carcinoma is rare. A new pancreatic lesion was identified on surveillance imaging of a man with metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma 7 years after initial diagnosis. Imaging with 124I-PET/CT was performed to noninvasively confirm metastatic thyroid cancer and provide prospective dosimetry to guide selection of a safe and effective administered activity of 131I. This case demonstrates the emerging role of 124I-PET/CT as a useful diagnostic scan, pretherapy scan, and dosimetric tool to deliver personalized therapy for patients with metastatic thyroid cancer.
Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy in Pulmonary Vein Occlusion After Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Jobanputra Kamlesh , Oz Orhan K.
Published: January 2021

We describe functional and anatomical imaging findings in an 86-year-old woman who was treated for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation 5 years ago with radiofrequency ablation. She had been symptom-free for 4 years. Five years after the ablation, she presented with exertional dyspnea of several months’ duration. She had left bundle branch block and aortic insufficiency with normal ejection fraction on 2-dimensional echocardiogram, none of which explained her symptoms. A CT coronary angiogram showed no obstructive coronary artery disease: Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System category 1. Complete occlusion of the left superior pulmonary vein was, however, noted at its origin. Lung perfusion scintigraphy was obtained to evaluate differential perfusion.
Porta Hepatic Schwannoma on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Filizoglu Nuh , Oksuzoglu Kevser , Ozguven Salih , Ones Tunc , Erdil Tanju Yusuf
Published: January 2021

Schwannomas are benign tumors that arise from Schwann cells of neural sheath. They can occur in any part of the body. However, the most common locations are the head, neck, spinal cord, and extremities. Schwannoma in the porta hepatis is extremely rare. Herein, we describe a case of porta hepatic schwannoma in a 36-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain for a month.
Cortisol-Producing Adrenal Adenomas With Intense Activity on 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT
Authors: Ding Jie , Tong Anli , Zhang YuShi , Zhang Hui , Huo Li
Published: January 2021

CXC chemokine receptor type 4 as a G-protein–coupled receptor has been confirmed to be highly expressed in functional adrenocortical adenomas. 68Ga-pentixafor, a CXC chemokine receptor type 4–specific ligand, has been reported as a promising tracer to evaluate functional nature of adrenal adenomas. We report intense 68Ga-pentixafor activity of cortisol-producing adrenal adenomas in 2 patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone–independent Cushing syndrome.
18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging of Prostate Stromal Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Authors: Fabio Minutoli , Alfredo Blandino , Antonella Cinquegrani , Stefano Pergolizzi , Sergio Baldari
Published: January 2021

A 79-year-old man presented with dysuria and increased serum prostate-specific antigen level (21 ng/mL). MRI revealed bulky prostate enlargement but was inconclusive in revealing neoplastic lesions. Nevertheless, because of high clinical suspicion for neoplasm, transrectal biopsy revealed stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential mixed with foci of low-grade primitive prostate stromal sarcoma. 18F-FDG PET/CT showed high FDG uptake consistent with neoplasm in the lower part of the hypertrophic prostate gland and focal areas of elevated FDG uptake, consistent with metastases in the spine, ribs, and femur.
Effects of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on flowering and Fruiting ofGlycyrrhiza uralensis
Authors: Yan Binbin , Zhang Yan , Zhang Xiaobo , Wang Sheng , Cui Jie , Sun Kai , Wang Tielin , Kang Chuanzhi , Sun Jiahui , Ge Yang , Guo Lanping , Wang Wenquan
Published: January 2021

Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) play an important role in flower bud differentiation and seed-filling; however, the effects of these elements on the flowering and fruiting ofGlycyrrhiza uralensisFisch. are not known. In this study, we evaluated the differences in the C, N, P, and K levels between the fruiting and nonfruiting plants ofG. uralensisat different growth stages. The correlations between the elements C, N, P, and K and the flower and fruit falling rates, rate of empty seeds, rate of shrunken grains, and thousand kernel weight (TKW) were also determined. The results show that the P and K levels and C:N, P:N, and K:N ratios of flowering plants are significantly higher than those of nonflowering plants; N level of flowering plants is significantly lower than that of nonflowering plants at the flower bud differentiation stage. The number of inflorescences was positively correlated with C and K levels and C:N and K:N ratios. A low level of C, P, and K and high level of N in flowering and pod setting stage may lead to the flower and fruit drop ofG. uralensis. The K level is significantly negatively correlated with the rates of empty and shrunken seeds. The N level is significantly positively correlated with TKW. Thus, high levels of C, P, and K might be beneficial to flower bud differentiation, while higher levels of N is not beneficial to the flower bud formation ofG. uralensis. Higher levels of N and K at the filling stage were beneficial to the seed setting and seed-filling ofG. uralensis.

Highlight

High levels of C, P, and K might be beneficial to flower bud differentiation, while higher levels of N is not beneficial to the flower bud formation ofG. uralensis. Higher levels of N and K at the filling stage were beneficial to the seed setting and seed-filling ofG. uralensis.
On mobility trends analysis of COVID-19 dissemination in Mexico City
Authors: Prieto Kernel , Chávez-Hernández M. Victoria , RomeroLeiton Jhoana P.
Published: January 2021

This work presents a forecast of the spread of the new coronavirus in Mexico City based on a mathematical model with metapopulation structure by using Bayesian Statistics inspired in a data-driven approach. The mobility of humans on a daily basis in Mexico City is mathematically represented by a origin-destination matrix using the open mobility data from Google and a Transportation Mexican Survey. This matrix, is incorporated in a compartmental model. We calibrate the model against borough-level incidence data collected between February 27, 2020 and October 27, 2020 using Bayesian inference to estimate critical epidemiological characteristics associated with the coronavirus spread. Since working with metapopulation models lead to rather high computational time consume, we do a clustering analysis based on mobility trends in order to work on these clusters of borough separately instead of taken all the boroughs together at once. This clustering analysis could be implemented in smaller or lager scale in different part of the world. In addition, this clustering analysis is divided in the phases that the government of Mexico City has set up to restrict the individuals movement in the city. Also, we calculate the reproductive number in Mexico City using the next generation operator method and the inferred model parameters. The analysis of mobility trends can be helpful in public health decisions.
Genome evolution of a non-parasitic secondary heterotroph, the diatomNitzschia putrida
Authors: Kamikawa Ryoma , Mochizuki Takako , Sakamoto Mika , Tanizawa Yasuhiro , Nakayama Takuro , Onuma Ryo , Cenci Ugo , Moog Daniel , Speak Samuel , Sarkozi Krisztina , Toseland Andrew , van Oosterhout Cock , Oyama Kaori , Kato Misako , Kume Keitaro , Kayama Motoki , Azuma Tomonori , Ishii Ken-ichiro , Miyashita Hideaki , Henrissat Bernard , Lombard Vincent , Win Joe , Kamoun Sophien , Kashiyama Yuichiro , Mayama Shigeki , Miyagishima Shin-ya , Tanifuji Goro , Mock Thomas , Nakamura Yasukazu
Published: January 2021

Secondary loss of photosynthesis is observed across almost all plastid-bearing branches of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, genome-based insights into the transition from a phototroph into a secondary heterotroph have so far only been revealed for parasitic species. Free-living organisms can yield unique insights into the evolutionary consequence of the loss of photosynthesis, as the parasitic lifestyle requires specific adaptations to host environments. Here we report on the diploid genome of the free-living diatomNitzschia putrida(35 Mbp), a non-photosynthetic osmotroph whose photosynthetic relatives contribute ca. 40% of net oceanic primary production. Comparative analyses with photosynthetic diatoms revealed that a combination of genes loss, the horizontal acquisition of genes involved in organic carbon degradation, a unique secretome and the rapid divergence of conserved gene families involved in cell wall and extracellular metabolism appear to have facilitated the lifestyle of a non-parasitic, free-living secondary heterotroph.
A multiscale model suggests that a moderately weak inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication by type I IFN could accelerate the clearance of the virus
Authors: Bouchnita Anass , Tokarev Alexey , Volpert Vitaly
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible RNA virus that emerged in China at the end of 2019 and caused a large global outbreak. The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune response is complex because it is regulated by various processes taking part at the intracellular, tissue, and host levels. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of COVID-19, we formulate a multiscale model that integrate the main mechanisms which regulate the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 across multiple scales. The model describes the effect of type I interferon on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 inside cells. At the tissue level, we simulate the interactions between infected cells and immune cells using a hybrid agent-based representation. At the same time, we model the dynamics of virus spread and adaptive immune response in the host organism. After model validation, we demonstrate that a moderately weak inhibition of virus replication by type I IFN could elicit a strong adaptive immune response which accelerates the clearance of the virus. Furthermore, numerical simulations suggest that the deficiency of lymphocytes and not dendritic cells could lead to unfavourable outcomes in the elderly population.
Functional roles of GRP78 in hepatitis B virus infectivity and antigen secretion
Authors: Suwanmanee Yadarat , Wada Masami , Ueda Keiji
Published: January 2021

Viruses utilize cellular proteins to mediate their life cycle. However, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle is still mysterious and remains to be elucidated. Here, GRP78/BiP/HSPA5, a 78 kDa glucose‐regulated protein, was identified as a preS2 interacting protein. Pulldown assay showed the interaction of glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78) with both the preS2 domain‐containing large S and middle S proteins expressed in a human hepatocellular cell line. The immunofluorescence studies revealed that the preS2 colocalized with GRP78. Interestingly, it was found that preS2 specifically bound to the ATPase domain of GRP78. To understand how GRP78 plays a role in HBV infection, stably GRP78‐expressing cells were established, which promoted HBV infectivity and replication. In contrast, knockdown of GRP78 changed the HBV antigen secretion but not the viral DNA amplification. Taken together, these results suggest that GRP78 should interact with preS2 via the ATPase domain and modulate both the HBV infectivity and HBV antigen secretion.
Prestack seismic data interpolation and enhancement with common‐reflection‐surface–based migration and demigration
Authors: Garabito German
Published: January 2021

The standard common‐reflection‐surface stacking method simulates high‐quality zero‐offset stacked data from multi‐coverage prestack data and, as by‐products, provides three kinematic wavefield attributes in two dimensions that can be applied to solve reflection seismic problems. One of the most significant applications of those attributes is for interpolation and enhancement of prestack data through the partial common‐reflection‐surface stack approach. Because this interpolation method is based on the stacking process, it usually introduces spurious noises that can create artefacts in the migration results. In order to overcome these limitations, a new prestack data interpolation and enhancement method is presented by applying the attributes and the common‐reflection‐surface operator based on two fundamental seismic imaging operations: the Kirchhoff‐type time migration and demigration. The diffraction curves required to apply these two fundamental operations are particular cases of the common‐reflection‐surface stack operator, which better fits the diffraction events and, consequently, is the best approximation for the Kirchhoff migration operator. From synthetic and real data, impulse responses of the migration and demigration operations are shown to demonstrate how this new approach regularizes and interpolates prestack data. A simple synthetic example shows good accuracy for reconstructed reflection events and well‐resolved conflicting dip events. The application example in real data reveals that the proposed approach provides cleaner regularized sections with better reconstructed events than the results of the well‐known partial common‐reflection‐surface stack approach. It has been successfully shown that the proposed approach is a well‐founded alternative for interpolation and denoising of seismic data and produces better preconditioned data for prestack migration.
Holding onto the ‘mystery’ within online family and systemic therapy
Authors: Cronin Irene , Judson Andrew , Ekdawi Isabelle , Verma Gauri , Baum Sandra , Grant Paula , Harrison‐Rowe Hannah , Parker Joel , Ramsey Bethan , Nicholson Jacqueline , Waterman Colin , Simpson Elaine , Nash Helen , Weetman Hannah , Adams John
Published: January 2021

Covid‐19 has led to a shift towards online therapy. This paper focuses on therapists’ experiences of translating systemic practice online with families. A range of UK services are represented, including community, inpatient, adult and children services. A social construction theory, coordinated management of meaning, is used to understand online family and systemic therapy. The new context of online therapy influenced all other levels of the therapeutic encounter including content and structure of sessions, therapeutic relationship, therapists’ identity and culture of therapy. The relationship between ‘doing’ online therapy and reflecting on practice has been central in co‐constructing new ways of interacting. There were many similarities across services, where there were differences these were client and context specific. As better ways of engaging emerged, therapists became more confident, creativity in therapy increased and attitudes about online therapy became more positive.

Practitioner points

Online systemic therapy is possible across adult and children services at different tiers within community and inpatient settings.

CMM provides a framework to understand communication in online therapy.

Online therapy requires reconsiderations at all levels of the therapeutic encounter.

Increased confidence and competence correlates with positive attitudes about online therapy.

Online therapy is impacting on the overall evolving culture of therapy.
Hong Kong's New Keynesian Phillips Curve: Sticky information or sticky price?
Authors: Hung Tsz H. , Kwan Yum K.
Published: January 2021

This paper studies the validity of Hong Kongʼs New Keynesian Phillips Curve, focusing on the sticky price and the sticky information model. Drawing on Hong Kongʼs quarterly data 1982Q1–2017Q2, we find that (a) both models can account for the cyclical movements of the observed inflation dynamics, but the sticky information model appears to be better in predictive performance; (b) the Hong Kong economy is characterized by substantial price rigidity but very low information rigidity; and (c) the sticky‐information model highlights the importance of past expectations in explaining the inflation dynamics in Hong Kong.
Infectious lung masses misdiagnosed as metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma: Two case reports
Authors: Jian Binglin , Xu Na , Duan Chao , Zhao Wen , Su Yan , Yu Tong , Fu Libing , Chen Chenghao , Zeng Qi , Ma Xiaoli
Published: January 2021

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with regional lymph node involvement has a high rate of distant metastases. Lung is the most common site, accounting for 70% of all metastases. The differential diagnosis of lung lesions due to an infectious aetiology versus metastases is usually evaluated by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. However, it is rare for patients of RMS to present with infectious nodules or masses in the lung during follow‐up. More importantly, infections can mimic the imaging characteristics of metastatic RMS in CT. We report two such cases where children diagnosed with head and neck embryonal RMS with lymph node metastasis, presented with pulmonary masses 0.5 and 4 years after end of treatment, without the typical signs and symptoms suggestive of an infection. Chest CT suggested a provisional diagnosis of metastases and biopsies confirmed infectious aetiology (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus).
The Everyday and the Evental Public Space: Rethinking the Spatiotemporal Modalities of Radical Political Events
Authors: Kallianos Yannis , Fumanti Mattia
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we put forward an examination of the interconnections between public space, the everyday, and the event in order to rethink the spatiotemporal modalities of political action. Recent mass mobilisations and civil unrest events around the globe have brought to the fore the complex relationship between political practices and public space. These indicate a critique of representative democracy, authoritarian governance, and precarious living conditions, as well as entailing new ways of doing and conceptualising politics. Our paper approaches the production and (re)configuration of public space through a spatiotemporal analysis of collective action based on the events that took place in Athens, in December 2008, and in Tottenham, London, in August 2011. By considering the everyday socio‐political dynamics of public space as formative of radical political practices, we also pay attention to its evental (re)production. Such a process, we argue, entails the potentiality for rupture, contestation and radical imagination.
When efficiency attenuates imitation in preschool children
Authors: Fong Frankie T. K. , Imuta Kana , Redshaw Jonathan , Nielsen Mark
Published: January 2021

Children recognise the social value of imitation but do not opt for tools that are ‘normative’ if they are also dysfunctional. We investigated whether children would replicate a normative method in a tool‐learning task if it was instrumentally functional but less efficient than an alternative. Four‐ to six‐year‐old children were presented with a sticker‐retrieving task and two equally functional tool options that differed in efficiency. The inefficient tool was highlighted as the normative option. Verbal descriptors that established the normative value of the inefficient tool (e.g., ‘everybody’ uses this) did not motivate children to use it. The majority of children opted for instrumental efficiency over conformity.
Superior Detection of Faces in Male Infants at 2 Months
Authors: Maylott Sarah E. , Sansone Jilian R. , Jakobsen Krisztina V. , Simpson Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2021

Females generally attend more to social information than males; however, little is known about the early development of these sex differences. With eye tracking, 2‐month olds’ (N = 101; 44 females) social orienting to faces was measured within four‐item image arrays. Infants were more likely to detect human faces compared to objects, suggesting a functional face detection system. Unexpectedly, males looked longer at human faces than females, and only males looked faster and longer at human faces compared to objects. Females, in contrast, looked less at human faces relative to animal faces and objects, appearing socially disinterested. Notably, this is the first report of a male face detection advantage at any age. These findings suggest a unique stage in early infant social development.
Why Has China's Current Account Balance Converged after the Global Financial Crisis?
Authors: Xu Jianwei , Yang Panpan , Ma Guangrong
Published: January 2021

China's current account surplus declined significantly from its peak of nearly 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to less than 1 percent in 2018. The new pattern offered fresh evidence for our understanding of China's current account dynamics. In this paper, we used flow of funds data to gauge its underlying driving forces. Specifically, by employing index decomposition analysis, we decomposed the current account from the perspective of savings and investment into three sectors: the household, corporate, and government sectors. We found that the decline in China's current account ratio was first driven by cyclical factors, i.e. weak corporate saving growth induced by the economic slump in 2009 as well as the following massive corporate investment bolstered by the government stimulus plan. However, such cyclical factors quickly subsided, and the subsequent current account balance reduction was later supported by structural factors, i.e. household savings declined enduringly and the Chinese government switched to a more expansionary fiscal policy. There are three possible explanations for the structural movement: reduced precautionary saving due to higher social security coverage ratio, lower corporate profits as a result of economic slowdown, and a twin deficit due to the government's more relaxed fiscal stance. The new facts, however, were not consistent with other current account theories focusing on long‐term aspects of the saving–investment account puzzle, especially those relating to China's special demographic characteristics.
Sensibilisierungsraten für häufige Inhalationsallergene in Deutschland – Anstieg und Veränderung der Muster über die vergangenen 20 Jahre
Authors: Beutner Caroline , Werchan Barbora , Forkel Susann , Gupta Sidhi , Fuchs Thomas , Schön Michael P. , Geier Johannes , Buhl Timo
Published: January 2021

Hintergrund:

Die Sensibilisierungsraten für Aeroallergene steigen weltweit. Die Prävalenz nimmt insbesondere in den westlichen Ländern zu. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, (1) Sensibilisierungsraten und (2) Kreuzsensibilisierungsmuster in Haut‐Prick‐Tests (HPTs) für die wichtigsten Inhalationsallergene in Mitteldeutschland, angepasst an den regionalen Pollenflug, über 20 Jahre hinweg zu untersuchen.

Patienten und Methodik:

In dieser monozentrischen Studie wurden HPTs für Baumpollen, Gräserpollen und Hausstaubmilben (HDM) bei 4315 Patienten, darunter auch Kinder, mit Verdacht auf Atemwegsallergien von 1998–2017 ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse:

Die Sensibilisierungsraten für fast alle Aeroallergene zeigten einen signifikanten Anstieg über die Jahre, ohne relevante Veränderungen der regionalen Pollenzahlen. Die aktuellen Sensibilisierungsraten bei allen symptomatischen Patienten waren am höchsten für Gräser‐ (55,3 %) und Roggenpollen (59,6 %), wobei die HDM‐Sensibilisierung im Laufe der Zeit am stärksten zunahm (von 37,8 % auf aktuell 50,1 %). Ein geringer, aber konsistenter Anteil der Baumpollen‐sensibilisierten Patienten (3,6–7,8 %) zeigte jedoch isolierte positive HPTs auf Erlen‐ und/oder Haselpollen ohne Sensibilisierung auf Birkenpollen.

Schlussfolgerungen:

Wir zeigen einen signifikanten Anstieg der Gesamtzahl der sensibilisierten Patienten sowie eine Zunahme der Kreuzsensibilisierung gegen eng verwandte Allergene. Patienten mit ungewöhnlichen Monosensibilisierungsprofilen gegenüber häufigen Inhalationsallergenen müssen genauer untersucht werden, da diese Patienten derzeit von klinischen Studien zur Allergen‐Immuntherapie ausgeschlossen sind.
Update “Systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis” of the S2k‐guideline on atopic dermatitis
Authors: Werfel Thomas , Heratizadeh Annice , Aberer Werner , Ahrens Frank , Augustin Matthias , Biedermann Tilo , Diepgen Thomas , Fölster‐Holst Regina , Kahle Julia , Kapp Alexander , Nemat Katja , Peters Eva , Schlaeger Martin , Schmid‐Grendelmeier Peter , Schmitt Jochen , Schwennesen Thomas , Staab Doris , Traidl‐Hoffmann Claudia , Werner Ricardo , Wollenberg Andreas , Worm Margitta , Ott Hagen
Published: January 2021

This guideline is an update from August 2020 the S2k‐guideline “Atopic dermatitis” published in 2015. The reason for updating this chapter of the guideline were the current developments in the field of systemic therapy of atopic dermatitis. The agreed recommendations for systemic treatment in atopic dermatitis of the present guideline are based on current scientific data. Due to the approval of dupilumab for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, which cannot be treated sufficiently with topical drugs alone, this part of the guideline has now been adapted and newly consented. The indication for systemic therapy and the therapeutic response to topical and systemic treatment should be recorded and documented in a suitable form in clinic and practice. A standardized documentation of the indication for system therapy in atopic dermatitis can be recommended and is also part of the updated chapter of this guideline.
Why disease ecology needs life‐history theory: a host perspective
Authors: Valenzuela‐Sánchez Andrés , Wilber Mark Q. , Canessa Stefano , Bacigalupe Leonardo D. , Muths Erin , Schmidt Benedikt R. , Cunningham Andrew A. , Ozgul Arpat , Johnson Pieter T.J. , Cayuela Hugo
Published: January 2021

When facing an emerging infectious disease of conservation concern, we often have little information on the nature of the host‐parasite interaction to inform management decisions. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the life‐history strategies of host species can be predictive of individual‐ and population‐level responses to infectious disease, even without detailed knowledge on the specifics of the host‐parasite interaction. Here, we argue that a deeper integration of life‐history theory into disease ecology is timely and necessary to improve our capacity to understand, predict and mitigate the impact of endemic and emerging infectious diseases in wild populations. Using wild vertebrates as an example, we show that host life‐history characteristics influence host responses to parasitism at different levels of organisation, from individuals to communities. We also highlight knowledge gaps and future directions for the study of life‐history and host responses to parasitism. We conclude by illustrating how this theoretical insight can inform the monitoring and control of infectious diseases in wildlife.
Transfusion with 2 litres of hyperimmune plasma is superior to transfusion of 1 litre for protecting foals against pneumonia attributed toRhodococcus equi
Authors: Flores‐Ahlschwede P. , Kahn S. K. , Ahlschwede S. , Bordin A. I. , Cohen N. D.
Published: January 2021

Background

Transfusion of plasma hyperimmune againstRhodococcus equi(REHIP) is used to reduce the incidence of foal pneumonia caused byR.equion endemic farms, but the optimal volume to transfuse is unknown.

Objectives

To determine whether transfusion of 2 L of REHIP to foals was superior to transfusion of 1 L for reducing the incidence of pneumonia attributed toR. equiin foals.

Study design

Retrospective cohort design.

Methods

Medical records of 158 foals from two breeding farms in Saratoga Springs, New York, were reviewed. Information collected from mares and foals included the date of birth, volume of REHIP transfused to foals, and whether the foal developed pneumonia attributed toR. equi. Data were analysed using random‐effects logistic regression with pneumonia as the outcome variable and farm modelled as a random effect to account for clustering of foals within farm.

Results

There were 77 foals with evidence of clinical (n = 75) or subclinical (n = 2) pneumonia. The odds of pneumonia were 2.5‐fold greater (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–5.8; P = 0.0319) for foals transfused with 1 L than for foals transfused with 2 L. The odds of pneumonia were 2.7‐fold (95% CI, 1.4–5.5; P = 0.0046) greater for foals born in April or May than for foals born before April. Accounting for the effects of birth month, the odds of pneumonia were 2.4‐fold (95% CI, 1.1–5.6; P = 0.0457) higher for foals transfused with 1 L of REHIP than for foals transfused with 2 L.

Main limitations

The major limitations of this study are the observational study design and that diagnosis ofR. equipneumonia was presumptive.

Conclusions

Transfusing foals with 2 L of REHIP is probably superior to transfusing 1 L for reducing the incidence ofR. equipneumonia and appeared safe.
GENDER BIAS IN OPINION AGGREGATION
Authors: Mengel Friederike
Published: January 2021

Gender biases have been documented in many areas including hiring, promotion, or performance evaluations. Many of these decisions are made by committees. We experimentally investigate whether committee deliberation contributes to gender biases. In our experiments, participants perform a real effort task and then rate the task performance of other participants. Across treatments we vary the extent of deliberation possible. We find that deliberation increases gender biases. We explore several mechanisms and test two interventions. Randomizing the order of speaking does not reduce gender bias, but an information intervention where raters are informed of gender bias in prior sessions does.
How U.S. audit committees oversee internal control over financial reporting
Authors: Weickgenannt Andrea B. , Hermanson Dana R. , Sharma Vineeta D.
Published: January 2021

On the basis of a survey of U.S. public company audit committee members, we provide detailed insights into theprocessunderlying audit committee oversight of internal control over financial reporting (ICFR), and we explore cross‐sectional variations in audit committee ICFR oversight. We find that audit committees spend the most time in the monitoring activities and control environment areas and the least time in the information and communication and control activities (related to revenue) areas. Further, our exploratory regression analysis reveals that audit committee member age and internal audit experience, company size and regulated industry are positively associated with the extent of overall audit committee ICFR oversight, whereas audit committee member certified public accountant (CPA) certification is negatively related to ICFR oversight. Finally, we provide many specific examples of ICFR oversight process elements that appear to be more substantive, extensive and proactive versus more ceremonial, limited and reactive.
In vitro starch digestion and technological properties of spaghetti fortified with lupin protein isolate
Authors: Cutillo Silvia , Farahnaky Asgar , Marcotuli Ilaria , Gadaleta Agata , Sissons Mike
Published: January 2021

Spaghetti commonly made with durum wheat, typically lacks essential amino acids and with low fibre. Legumes offer potential to improve these properties and lupin is a good choice because it is cheaper with fewer antinutritional compounds than other legumes. Spaghetti was prepared with 0%, 5%, 17% and 30% lupin protein isolate (LPI) using both single‐screw (SSEP) and twin‐screw extrusion (TSEP). LPI increased protein up to 129%, reduced cooking time, water absorption and cooked firmness while stickiness and cooking loss were increased, especially using TSEP. LPI made the dried pasta more red and yellow and decreased brightness. The percentage of starch digested under in vitro conditions was reduced using 17%LPI with TSEP and 30%LPI with SSEP compared vs. control. Microscopy revealed changes in structure by LPI which may explain impacts on technological properties and digestion. Inclusion of LPI in pasta represents a potential approach for a low‐cost improvement of nutritional value of spaghetti and potentially reducing its starch digestibility.
Analysis of the difference in pulse oxygen saturation between the ventral and dorsal fingers
Authors: Zhen Yanjie , Zhu Junyu , Liu Lan , Wang Boli , Wang Lihong , Cui Wei , Liu Demin
Published: January 2021

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different probe placements on the ventral and dorsal sides of the same finger using pulse oxygen saturation monitoring.

Methods

This clinical trial used a convenience sampling method in patients admitted to the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. We enrolled 1330 patients from March to July 2018, including patients who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (n = 258) and in the general ward (n = 1072). Pulse oxygen saturation measurements obtained from the ventral and dorsal sides of the same finger were compared. This work adhered to the STROBE checklist requirements.

Results

We found that pulse oxygen saturation measurements between the dorsal and ventral sides of a finger were not affected by different fingers, disease types, the application of a ventilator, vasoactive drugs, the conscious state of the patient or the instrument model.

Conclusion

Our findings suggested no significant difference in saturation measurements with variation in the placement of the pulse oxygen saturation measurement instrument between the dorsal and ventral sides of a finger, regardless of illness severity. We believe that these results could simplify the monitoring procedures performed by nurses and eliminate worries concerning the inaccuracy of data because of varied probe positions.
The repercussions of perceived threat from COVID‐19 on the mental health of actively employed nurses
Authors: Gázquez Linares José Jesús , Molero Jurado María del Mar , Martos Martínez África , Jiménez‐Rodríguez Diana , Pérez‐Fuentes María del Carmen
Published: January 2021

In the confrontation with the COVID‐19 pandemic, threat perceived by the nursing population, and its association with sociodemographic and contextual characteristics, must be measured and evaluated as well as their repercussions on their mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the repercussion of perceived threat from COVID‐19 on the mental health of actively employed nurses, considering a COVID‐19 diagnosis, whether their own or of someone close to them. The sample was comprised of 351 nurses. Sociodemographic data were collected, and the Questionnaire on Perception of Threat from COVID‐19 and the General Health Questionnaire were administered. The three demographic and contextual variables mentioned were related to mental health, mediated in some symptoms by perceived threat. These results provide important information for implementing measures or psychoeducational programs for nurses, essential in the present pandemic for improving psychological adaptation and reducing the effects on their mental health.
Material constraint‐based laser performance estimation of Yb3+‐doped phosphate fibers
Authors: Yan Sasa , Chen Liang , Du Ying , Tao Yiting , Zhang Lei , Feng Suya , Zhou Qinling , Chen Danping , Zhang Liyan
Published: January 2021

Based on the material properties of 47 Yb3+‐doped phosphate fibers with different sizes and lengths, a laser performance estimation model was established to estimate the laser wavelength just above the threshold (λth), the laser threshold (Pth), and the laser slope efficiency (η). This model was solved via a numerical computing method with an accuracy of 0.01. Under the material constraints of this model, λth, Pth, and η were investigated by sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo numerical simulation. The results show that short fibers with a small core diameter may more easily produce a shorter λth. Additionally, for constant material properties, fibers with a longer λth may have a lower Pth and higher η than other fibers. Verifying the above conjecture, an output power of 8.7 W with 35% enhancement in slope efficiency was obtained from an optimized phosphate fiber for an optical path in which the output of the short‐wave laser was inhibited. This model can be extended to simulate the lasing wavelength of multi‐composition fibers, providing a theoretical basis for special laser bands, laser material preparation, and fiber structure design.
Predictive and prognostic significance of tumour subtype, SSTR1‐5 and e‐cadherin expression in a well‐defined cohort of patients with acromegaly
Authors: Soukup Jiri , Hornychova Helena , Manethova Monika , Michalova Kvetoslava , Michnova Ludmila , Popovska Lenka , Skarkova Veronika , Cesak Tomas , Netuka David , Ryska Ales , Cap Jan , Hána Václav , Hána Václav , Kršek Michal , Dvořáková Eva , Krčma Michal , Lazurova Ivica , Olšovská Věra , Starý Karel , Vaňuga Peter , Gabalec Filip
Published: January 2021

In somatotroph pituitary tumours, somatostatin analogue (SSA) therapy outcomes vary throughout the studies. We performed an analysis of cohort of patients with acromegaly from the Czech registry to identify new prognostic and predictive factors. Clinical data of patients were collected, and complex immunohistochemical assessment of tumour samples was performed (SSTR1‐5, dopamine D2 receptor, E‐cadherin, AIP). The study included 110 patients. In 31, SSA treatment outcome was evaluated. Sparsely granulated tumours (SGST) differed from the other subtypes in expression of SSTR2A, SSTR3, SSTR5 and E‐cadherin and occurred more often in young. No other clinical differences were observed. Trouillas grading system showed association with age, tumour size and SSTR2A expression. Factors significantly associated with SSA treatment outcome included age, IGF1 levels, tumour size and expression of E‐cadherin and SSTR2A. In the group of SGST, poor SSA response was observed in younger patients with larger tumours, lower levels of SSTR2A and higher Ki67. We observed no relationship with expression of other proteins including AIP. No predictive value of E‐cadherin was observed when tumour subtype was considered. Multiple additional factors apart from SSTR2A expression can predict treatment outcome in patients with acromegaly.
The influence of emotional contexts on mental flexibility in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Chevalère J. , Camblats A.‐M. , Laurier V. , Mourre F. , Estival S. , Postal V.
Published: January 2021

Background

The present study investigated the influence of emotional contexts on mental flexibility in adults with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) using a voluntary task‐switching paradigm that was implemented with emotionally valenced pictures. The study aims were to assess whether adults with PWS have impaired switching abilities, whether the deficit is specific to PWS or linked to intellectual disabilities, and the influence of emotional contexts on performance.

Method

The task‐switching performance of 30 adults with PWS was compared with that of 30 healthy adults matched on chronological age, and to that of 30 adults with intellectual disabilities but without PWS, matched on intellectual quotient level and chronological age. Indicators of switching performance were switching cost and repetition bias. Emotional contexts were operationalised with positive, neutral and negative task‐irrelevant pictures.

Results

Adults with PWS showed a large increase in switching costs compared with the two control groups, and this effect did not vary across emotional contexts. More fine‐tuned examination revealed subtle performance modulations: negative contexts tended to increase the repetition bias in all three groups while positive contexts slowed down global performance in PWS.

Conclusions

The results confirmed previous studies, showing impaired switching abilities in PWS over and beyond the influence of intellectual level, but revealed no robust variations in switching deficits across emotional contexts.
Returning a Research Participant's Genomic Results to Relatives: Analysis and Recommendations
Authors: Wolf Susan M. , Branum Rebecca , Koenig Barbara A. , Petersen Gloria M. , Berry Susan A. , Beskow Laura M. , Daly Mary B. , Fernandez Conrad V. , Green Robert C. , LeRoy Bonnie S. , Lindor Noralane M. , O'Rourke P. Pearl , Breitkopf Carmen Radecki , Rothstein Mark A. , Van Ness Brian , Wilfond Benjamin S.
Published: January 2021

The debate about how to manage individual research results and incidental findings in genetic and genomic research has focused primarily on what information, if any, to offer back to research participants. However, increasing controversy surrounds the question of whether researchers have any responsibility to offer a participant’s results (defined here to include both individual research results and incidental findings) to the participant’s relatives, including after the participant’s death. This question arises in multiple contexts, including when researchers discover a result with potentially important health implications for genetic relatives, when a participant’s relatives ask a researcher whether any research results about the participant have implications for their own health or reproductive planning, when a participant’s relative asks whether any of the participant’s results have implications for a child’s health, and when the participant is deceased and the participant’s relatives seek information about the participant’s genetic results in order to address their own health or reproductive concerns.
Patients' Choices for Return of Exome Sequencing Results to Relatives in the Event of Their Death
Authors: Amendola Laura M. , Horike-Pyne Martha , Trinidad Susan B. , Fullerton Stephanie M. , Evans Barbara J. , Burke Wylie , Jarvik Gail P.
Published: January 2021

The incorporation of exome and genome sequencing into research and clinical practice raises the possibility of providing a range of genomic results to relatives in the event of the death of the research participant or patient. Genomic data can be of direct relevance to the medical care of relatives. However, some test subjects (e.g., cancer patients) are at higher risk of dying before they receive their test results and thus may not be able to share useful information with family members. We created an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved document with talking points on the possibility of disclosure of results to family members after an individual’s death to discuss during the informed consent process for genomic testing with participants in a study of exome sequencing in the context of familial colorectal cancer/polyposis.