bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Concepts
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

We hear all kinds of claims today about nationalism, populism, fascism, and nativism, but it is unclear what all of this means or how these things are interrelated. The political movements that have engulfed Europe and the United States clearly share attributes of nationalism, populism, fascism, and nativism. But none of these concepts fully encompasses what we are experiencing. Therefore, to understand how these concepts relate and differ from one another, the chapter offers a basic introduction to each of these concepts, highlighting how they align and where they diverge. The chapter is divided into four sections, each of which introduces something of the history of each concept, as well as the approaches that scholars have taken to define each.
Joseph Schumpeter
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 4 explains how Joseph Schumpeter’s theory can be used to overcome the weaknesses in Polanyi’s. Schumpeter characterizes the mid-nineteenth century not as marked by “high finance,” but by “the railroadization of the world.” He explains that railroads were the central economic stimulus of the mid-nineteenth century because they “set off a great building boom.” So dramatic was the change, that new forms of finance were required. Schumpeter’s schema is valuable for understanding the rise of global finance and liberalism. Bringing the strengths of these theories together, I argue that both turn-of-the-century movements were periods of the “double movement” because remarkable technological innovations in transportation and communications created “economies of speed” in addition to “economies of scale.” So dramatic was the change that everything was in flux. Self-seeking politicians were able to galvanize growing fear and anxiety to launch anti-globalization populist movements, producing an era of defensive nationalism.
The Concert of Europe
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows how four critical outcomes from the Concert of Europe peace accords explain the rise of global trade, finance capitalism, and with that hyper-liberalism. First, border disputes were settled and large-scale wars ended on European soil allowing for trade and industry to ramp up; second, Britain emerged as the new center of finance and economic power that could impose a liberal agenda on the world; third, mounting pressures from trade forced the adoption of a new gold standard as the first international monetary system; and fourth, these combined processes provoked a global economic crisis in 1848, which provided the political impetus to dismantle what remained of the mercantile economic order. The combined effect of these outcomes was that capital became mobile, laissez-faire trade globalized, and the “liberal creed” internationally disseminated. All of this set the stage for the double movement in the latter part of the century.
The Bretton Woods Era
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

This chapter catalogs the same processes one hundred years later. It shows how the Bretton Woods agreements created a new international system that would preclude devastating conflicts on European and American soil. This allowed war-torn countries to ramp up their economies. Again, a new world economic power, the United States, emerged from the wars, which was able to push its liberal agenda. As trade increased, the stability of the Bretton Woods monetary system was undermined. A new monetary system, the fiat system, was developed, which allowed capital to move freely again. Finally, the scales tipped away from the social and economic protections baked into the Bretton Woods system after the 1970s oil crises. The crises discredited Keynesian economics and set off a slow but steady ideological turn away from the welfare state and toward neo-liberalism. Once again, global economic interconnectivity and neoliberal policies produced the “double movement.”
Conclusion
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

The conclusion considers the viability of the comparison between these two epochs and how much the earlier century can tell us about today. It looks at both differences and similarities between the two periods and ends with a quote from two sociologists writing right before World War I. One, Sir Ralph Norman Angell, argued in 1910 that industrialized countries had become so economically intertwined that a European war had become highly unlikely. The other, S. H. Swinny, wrote that “Unenlightened sentiment may easily be turned to evil” and warned that aggression could easily be manipulated. The chapter closes saying that it is not clear which of these predictions fit our own times, but we should be ever vigilant.
Strategic Taxation
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S.
Published: April 2023

Across the developing world, governments still lack the fiscal capacity to fund critical public goods, alleviate poverty, and invest in economic development. Yet, we know little about how to effectively build strong states in these settings. This book develops and tests a new theory to explain why fiscal capacity in African states is low. Drawing on work in psychology and behavioral economics, this book argues that taxation leads citizens to demand more from leaders as they seek to recover lost income from taxation. It then argues that governments’ willingness to tax will depend on the extent to which they can satisfy citizens’ demands while maintaining rent extraction. Rent-seeking leaders of low-capacity states will strategically underinvest in fiscal capacity in order to avoid the higher demands they face under taxation. Contrary to many existing theories, I show that this can actually lead to lower taxation in democracies compared to autocracies, as citizen accountability demands pose a bigger threat to rulers. The book uses multiple empirical approaches to test the theory. Laboratory experiments in Uganda and Ghana, combined with Afrobarometer data, demonstrate that taxation increases citizens’ demands on leaders. Global cross-national panel data show that democracy can actually lead to lower taxation in low-capacity states. When taxation is sustainable, however, it is associated with better governance. Case studies in Uganda, based on the author’s own fieldwork and original survey data, provide additional support for the theory. These findings provide new framework for understanding the challenges to building state capacity, especially fiscal capacity, in modern developing countries.
Ruling Emancipated Slaves and Indigenous Subjects
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P.
Published: April 2023

This book examines why forced settlement colonies, where European colonists established large-scale agricultural plantations with enslaved African labor, show favorable developmental outcomes relative to colonies of occupation, whose indigenous nonwhite populations predate the onset of European colonial expansion. Both patterns of imperial control were extractive and labor-repressive, yet forced settlement colonies emerged from European domination with higher levels of education attainment, greater postcolonial democratization, and favorable human development outcomes relative to Global South countries that emerged from colonial occupation after 1945. This book explains this paradox by examining the distinctive legal-administrative institutions used to control emancipated Afro-descendants and indigenous colonial subjects in the Global South. It highlights the importance of liberal reforms that expanded the legal rights and political agency of emancipated Afro-descendants and undermined the political dominance of local white planters following the abolition of slavery in the New World. By contrast, the late nineteenth-century territorial expansion of colonial occupation generated extractive legal-administrative institutions that restricted the legal rights and political agency of indigenous colonial subjects following the abolition of slavery. These distinctive patterns of state-building and administrative control ultimately favored the long-term development and postcolonial democratization of forced settlement colonies like Jamaica, Cape Verde, and the French Antilles colonies relative to continental African states that experienced colonial occupation. The book’s core arguments are supported by statistical evidence from more than 90 developing countries that gained independence after World War II, and comparative-historical evidence from the British, French, and Portuguese colonial empires.
A Historical Overview of Forced Settlement and Colonial Occupation in the Global South
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 2 presents a historical overview of forced settlement and colonial occupation in the Global South. This chapter highlights the extractive and repressive nature of plantation slavery in forced settlement colonies, and the liberal institutional reforms that expanded the legal rights and political agency of emancipated Afro-descendants in forced settlement colonies. The chapter also outlines the geostrategic and economic factors that contributed to the territorial expansion of colonial occupation following the abolition of slavery in the New World. The historical overview of forced settlement and colonial occupation also highlights the distinctive legal-administrative frameworks that governed emancipated Afro-descendants and indigenous colonial subjects under British, French, and Portuguese rule.
Comparing British Forced Settlement and Colonial Occupation
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 5 uses secondary historical sources and Colonial Office records to examine the distinctive developmental legacies of British forced settlement in Jamaica and British colonial occupation in Sierra Leone. Despite Jamaica’s long and brutal history of forced settlement, the island nation outperforms Sierra Leone on key indicators of human well-being and postcolonial democratization. To explain this paradox, this chapter emphasizes the liberal reforms that reduced the political dominance of Jamaica’s colonial planters and expanded the legal rights and political agency of emancipated Afro-descendants following the British abolition of slavery. Sierra Leone followed a very different pattern of state-building and institutional development following the territorial expansion of British colonial occupation. Indirect British rule enabled Sierra Leone’s “protectorate chiefs” to limit the political agency and economic well-being of indigenous Africans in the colony’s rural hinterlands. In this way, Sierra Leone’s extractive legal-administrative institutions hindered the country’s long-term development relative to postabolition Jamaica.
(New) EU Standards in Preferential Services Trade Liberalization
Authors: Sieber-Gasser Charlotte
Published: April 2023

While the European Union (EU) is exporting more services to non-EU countries (€1.072 trillion in 2019) than it imports, services appear to not particularly enjoy priority in EU preferential trade agreements (PTAs). This chapter assesses the scope of services trade liberalization in EU PTAs by means of legal empirical analysis. Standardization can be found specifically in new EU rules in a number of internet-related services, in delivery services, in temporary movement of natural persons, and in procedures for mutual recognition. A comparison shows that EU PTAs are incorporating elements of the proposed Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) and of the recently concluded Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation, while already moving ahead in depth and specificity of obligations in selected services sectors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of potential reasons for the relatively unambitious scope of services trade liberalization in EU PTAs vis-à-vis the quite substantive regulatory ambition in selected services sectors.
EU Investment Policy
Authors: Polanco Rodrigo
Published: April 2023

Investment treaties were born in Europe, and a “European imprint” is easily recognizable in the investment policy world. European countries have concluded the largest number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) compared to other regions. At the same time, the majority of claimants and arbitrators in investor-state dispute settlement come from Europe. Yet, the regulation of foreign investments at the European level has been characterized by fragmentation. Although similar, European BITs have several differences, and a complex division of investment competences exists between the member states and the European Union (EU). After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, the transfer of exclusive competence for foreign direct investment to the EU changed the investment treaty practice of the Union and its member states. This chapter traces the evolution of the most relevant investment provisions included in the trade and investment agreements concluded by the EU. It examines whether this new investment policy has created convergence for the EU and its member states and whether EU international investment agreements have influenced investment treaty-making in other regions of the world.
Grievances against Ethnic Rivals
Authors: Javeline Debra
Published: April 2023

Chapter 1 explains the grievances of the Ossetian victims against their historical ethnic rivals, the Ingush and Chechens, and why retaliatory ethnic violence was widely predicted. The chapter situates the hostage taking in the context of longstanding Ingush-Ossetian ethnic violence, including the 1992 violent conflict in the Prigorodny region, and Chechen-Ossetian ethnic violence, and it describes the ethnicities of the hostage takers, the cruelty of the terrorists, and Ossetians’ suspicions about the role of ordinary Ingush and Chechens in the coming terror. Victims often portrayed the terrorists’ barbarism as characteristic of the Ingush and Chechen ethnic groups, and grievances were often framed in ethnic terms.
The Surprisingly Nonviolent Aftermath
Authors: Javeline Debra
Published: April 2023

Chapter 3 describes retaliatory violence in the aftermath of the Beslan school hostage taking. It reviews evidence from news reports, focus group discussions, and survey data that retaliatory violence was widely anticipated by victims, other North Ossetians, and observers in the North Caucasus, Russia, and the world. It then examines the actual retaliatory violence that did occur and the variation in individual support for retaliatory violence among Beslan victims. Many victims supported low levels of retaliatory violence, such as keeping unwelcome ethnic rivals out of North Ossetia or bringing other harm to Ingush and Chechens, short of deliberate killing. However, most victims drew the line at approving of outright murder: approximately 6 percent of Beslan victims fully approved of a tit-for-tat retaliatory killing in order to resolve problems in North Ossetia, and another 8 percent somewhat approved. This minority was the likely pool from which truly violent retaliators or their supporters would have been drawn, had the post-violence context in Beslan been more encouraging of retaliation.
Anger and Other Emotions
Authors: Javeline Debra
Published: April 2023

Chapter 5 shows that, contrary to expectations, emotional variation has little to do with support for retaliatory violence. After violence, victims may be angry, hate-filled, resentful, anxious, fearful, worried, or even hopeful or proud, and those emotions played little if any role in their decisions to support retaliatory violence. Also contrary to popular expectations—but consistent with recent research on emotions—emotional variation is indeed meaningful for political participation. In particular, angrier victims were more likely than less angry victims to engage in peaceful political action to redress grievances. While anger and hatred have been demonized and worry-provoking, it seems they may be worthy of acceptance and even welcome, to the extent that they mobilize aggrieved individuals to attempt to redress their grievances through the political system and are not the prime culprits in instigating retaliatory violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Javeline Debra
Published: April 2023

The book concludes with a reminder that the Beslan school hostage taking realistically could have triggered a seemingly endless cycle of ethnically motivate bloodbaths. Defying expectations, victims of the hostage taking largely chose peaceful political activism over retaliatory ethnic violence. The chapter offers thoughts on the implications of the findings for stopping cycles of ethnic violence, increasing interest representation, and advancing research methods. To reduce violence, it is imperative to reduce prejudice, curb concern about anger, raise concern about pride in country, exercise caution about self-efficacy, and foster regular political engagement. To improve interest representation, it is imperative to stoke rather than quench anger, value justifiable political alienation, and nurture political efficacy and habits of political activism.
A Goal Systems Approach to Risk Behavior
Authors: Kopetz Catalina , Starnes Wesley
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, the authors demonstrate that the goals systems theory provides a general framework to integrate previous theorizing and findings about risk behavior and to address outstanding questions. The authors propose that risk behavior represents means to salient and important goals rather than irrational choice or self-regulatory failure and demonstrate that risk behavior follows the general principles of goal pursuit. Specifically, (1) risk behavior is enacted when perceived as instrumental to an individual’s goals, (2) engagement in risk behavior requires goal conflict resolution and may result in the inhibition of alternative considerations for health or safety, and (3) these processes are resource-dependent such that risk behavior might be enhanced rather than diminished in the presence of cognitive resources for control. The authors provide empirical evidence that risk-taking in general, and in particular substance use, risky sexual behavior, overeating, and self-harm, follow these principles.
Paying for Goals and Means
Authors: Shaddy Franklin
Published: April 2023

This chapter applies goal systems theory to consumer behavior research, thus connecting two distinct and prominent literatures. Specifically, the author explains how the architecture of goal systems influences consumer judgment and decision-making. This is a broadly important question, given that consumers frequently incur costs associated with goals and costs associated with means. For example, when online shoppers purchase a product (the goal), they also often pay for shipping (the means). The author highlights recent research finding that people systematically prefer shifting resources (e.g., time, money, effort) from means to goals—even holding total resource allocation and goal attainment constant. Thus, consumers are more willing to pay for goals than for means, all else equal. The author discusses implications for pricing, reviews variables that affect willingness to pay for goals and means, and suggests directions for future research.
Problem Solving from a Goal-Systems Perspective
Authors: Converse Benjamin A.
Published: April 2023

This chapter explores connections between Goal Systems Theory and the cognitive science of problem solving. It argues for an integrative view of the problem-solving cycle in which motivation and cognition are bound. A goal system is a mental representation of interconnected goals and means; here I suggest that we may view problems as incomplete goal systems. Building from this premise, the chapter highlights some ways that allocational, structural, and motivational properties of goal systems influence people’s attempts to identify problems, represent problems, and generate solutions. The chapter aims to illustrate how a goal-systems view offers new perspective on classic problem-solving phenomena, raises novel questions at the intersection of problem-solving and goal-pursuit research, and suggests new paths for promoting advantageous problem solving in the world.
Political Behavior from the Perspective of the Goal Systems Theory
Authors: Jaśko Katarzyna
Published: April 2023

Political behaviors vary from relatively low-cost behaviors such as signing petitions and sharing information on social media to extreme behaviors such as joining a terrorist organization. People engage in such actions because by doing so they hope to achieve some valuable political goals. In general, psychological research shows that people commit to goals that they consider important and desirable and that they perceive as attainable through their own actions. To achieve these goals, they then engage in behaviors believed to be instrumental means. While these motivational assumptions have been extensively tested in other social domains, their applicability to the political domain remains understudied. The goal of this chapter is to apply these general principles of goal-directed behavior to the political domain, summarize available empirical evidence, and identify gaps in the existing literature.
Introduction
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces the most important notions in the study of negation and negative dependencies. It starts by discussing key areas in the syntax and semantics of negative elements, such as the distinction between sentential and constituent negation, the syntactic status of negative markers (NMs), and the locus of negation in the clausal spine. Next, it introduces the notion of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) and briefly discusses in what terms they have been studied over the past 20 years. What is their exact distribution? What makes them have these distributional restrictions? And what is the exact syntactic, semantic, and/or pragmatic relation between an NPI and its licenser? The chapter concludes by introducing two more types of negative dependencies: Negative Concord (NC) and so-called Positive Polarity Items (PPIs).
Outline
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces the central research question of this study: how can the variety of negative dependencies that have currently been attested be explained, andx what are the repercussions of this explanation for the syntax and semantics of negative elements, negative dependencies, and related phenomena? It focuses on the variation among different types of NPIs and other negative dependencies, and argues that the attested variation is not in any way ancillary, rather reflecting the fact that the landscape of negative dependencies is much richer than generally assumed. This leads on to the positing of the central hypothesis—that, to the extent applicable to negation, all possible ways to encode grammatical dependencies (at lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels) should also be attestable in the domain of negative dependencies. The remainder of the chapter contains an outline of the argumentation of this book.
Diachronic developments in the domain of negation and Negative Concord
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

Even though the entire variety of attested NC systems is fully learnable, formally, NC systems are more marked than DN systems. That gives rise to the question of why languages would exhibit NC in the first place, let alone display the rich variety of NC systems they do. A likely explanation is that NC patterns result from grammaticalization of negative markers. If new NMs arose in a language, or existing ones changed their nature, the conditions under which negative features could be acquired would have altered. This chapter shows how the variation among NC systems has emerged diachronically along the lines of Jespersen’s Cycle. It also discusses how the emergence of negative indefinites (NIs) / neg-words, as well as the exclusion of their universal counterparts, can be accounted for. This also provides a solution for the nall problem: the fact that no language in the world lexicalizes negated universal quantifiers.
Negative indefinites and split-scope readings
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

Negative indefinites (NIs) in languages such as Dutch and German may give rise to so-called split-scope readings. Sentences like German Du musst keine Krawatte anziehen (‘you must wear no tie’) have a reading where the modal takes scope in between the negation and the indefinite. That suggests that NIs are not negative quantifiers (NQs) in a straightforward sense, as appeared from the discussion thus far. This chapter argues that West Germanic NIs are not NQs in the Montegovian sense, but complex syntactic structures that spell out a negation and an indefinite as a single word. Split-scope effects result from application of the Copy Theory of Movement; the chapter further argues that, in split-scope constructions, after QR, the negation is interpreted in a higher copy and the indefinite in a lower copy of the NI.
Not a light negation
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

This chapter argues that certain elements that are taken to be NPIs of the same strength can still be NPIs for a different reason, arguing that a special construction that has been analysed as a weak NPI, involving so-called light negation, is not a weak NPI for the reasons spelled out in Chapter 10. Concretely, in languages like Dutch and German, negated indefinites are ruled out in out-of-the-blue contexts with a reading where negation outscopes the indefinite. It can only have a reading where the indefinite is either focused or takes wide scope with respect to the negation. Similar effects apply to certain kinds of definites preceded by a negation. However, these surface readings are allowed again when the engative construction is embedded in an NPI-licensing context. I argue that such constructions are NPI-like for purely pragmatic reasons, in the sense that it gives rise to a blocking implicature that is suppressed in DE contexts.
The landscape of PPIs
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, we further explore the landscape of PPIs. First, the account for the strong–weak NPI distinction, developed in Chapter 10, straightforwardly extends to the distinction between strong and weak PPIs, and even accounts for some hitherto unattested facts concerning their distribution. Second, elements of which the monotonicity of their domain of quantification is not lexically fixed but depends on the grammatical contexts it appears in can indeed be both NPI- and PPI-like. This explains, for instance, the behaviour of adverbials headed by until. Finally, superweak NPIs find their counterparts in weak existential PPIs. This account has some strong consequences for the distribution of existential modal PPIs. For one, it explains why existential modal PPIs can be attested among epistemic but not deontic (or other circumstantial) modals.
Unemployment Discrimination and Untouchables
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P.
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, the characteristics of unemployed persons, particularly the youth among the scheduled castes and higher castes is discussed. The variation in the incidence of unemployment, the duration of unemployment, unemployment rate by education level, and age across social group is analysed. The factors associated with unemployment among individuals with various educational qualifications are examined for scheduled castes and higher castes. Extent of youth unemployment and youth Not in Labour Force, Education and Training (NLET) across social groups is also addressed. The chapter also contributes to understanding the relative contribution of endowment factors and discrimination in the unemployment rate between the scheduled castes and higher castes during 2004–05 and 2017–18.
Becoming Military Leaders
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows the deepening of the Borromeos’ involvement with the Count-Duke of Olivares in the 1630s and 1640s, focusing on their role as military entrepreneurs during the Franco-Spanish War in Lombardy. The chapter offers a discussion of the historiography of the Union of Arms, Olivares’s project for a common defense of the Spanish empire, challenging the view that the project foundered on the resistance of the nobility. Instead, it argues that the lesser nobility embraced the Union of Arms as a way to offer its services to the crown. Focusing on Giulio Cesare Borromeo and his son Giovanni, the chapter retraces their phenomenal rise in the Spanish army but also indicates the contradictions this spawned: while they presented their military service as part of their feudal duty to protect their subjects, the quest for social ascent made them push to continue a war that had devastating consequences for the population they claimed to shelter.
The Fear of the Lord
Authors: Torrance Andrew B.
Published: April 2023

This chapter offers an analysis of the fear of the Lord as a disposition that closely relates to the virtue of accountability. In conversation with Aquinas, the chapter begins with an analysis of the fear of the Lord as a disposition that accompanies the virtue of accountability (to God). The chapter then turns to engage with Augustine to say something about the limits of this fear. Specifically, it is argued that while the fear of the Lord can play an important role in a person’s journey with God, it should not be understood as anything more than a secondary expression of how a person participates in this story. It must never inspire a story of its own in such a way that a person defines themselves according to their fear of God. Instead, it should merely dispose them towards God so that God might draw them into God’s story.
Baptism into Accountability in Christ
Authors: Torrance Andrew B.
Published: April 2023

To analyse the notion of accountability in Christ within the church, this chapter turns to the sacrament of baptism. It proposes that baptism can be interpreted as a ceremony that formally initiates a person into a new relationship of accountability to God within the church community. Upon being baptized in the name of Christ, a person takes on the title ‘in Christ’, which marks them out as a member of the church, the body of Christ. Consequently, the baptizand is officially welcomed into the church family, wherein they are held to an account of who they are as a child of God in Christ.
Conclusion
Authors: Torrance Andrew B.
Published: April 2023

Over the course of the book, there is a transition from a more general discussion about the nature of accountability to a more theological one. This shift is not characterized by discontinuity but involves a move to give an account of the theological influences behind the book’s more general view of accountability. That is, it involves a shift from a narrow focus on the shared projects that characterize human life in this world to a wider focus on the ultimate shared project for which God creates this world. This concluding chapter offers an overview of these two foci and try to encapsulate the relationship between them.
India’s Free Trade Arrangements
Authors: Seshadri V. S.
Published: April 2023

This chapter traces the evolution of FTAs in which India is a party. It all began with an initial phase offering limited preferential trading arrangements to neighbouring countries or other developing countries before moving on to an active phase from the year 2000 until about 2012 or so. The scope and depth of the different FTAs that were concluded are profiled including where WTO plus type commitments were entered into. Comparisons are drawn of market access commitments in goods, services and investment and the rules across the different FTAs. Fresh moves by India from 2021 onwards towards conclusion of further FTAs have however been covered in Chapter 7.
Making Up Minds
Authors: Toon Adam
Published: April 2023

This chapter begins by considering the nature of our ordinary talk about the mind (or folk psychology). It also considers the most common interpretation of folk psychology, namely that it should be understood as a theory of the mind as an inner realm (a view the author calls Cartesianism). This suggests two alternatives: either our folk theory is true or it is false. The first option is taken by the representational theory of mind (or representationalism) and the second by eliminativism. After briefly considering each of these positions, this chapter introduces mental fictionalism and show how it offers a new way of understanding folk psychology in terms of metaphor and pretence.
Interpreting Sacrificial Ritual in Roman Poetry
Authors: Feeney Denis
Published: April 2023

This chapter explores sacrificial rituals depicted in Roman poetry, highlighting the significance of Roman poetry and Roman rituals. Models of either ritual or literature can help in understanding the boundaries between disciplines. Moreover, the language of text and context can help safeguard against formalisms and aestheticism and prevent the text from being parasitic. Thus, the Georgics and the Fasti gave Roman readers tools for patterns of action. The chapter then looks into Thomas Habinek’s theory that used the standard Greek sacrificial model to dictate an ameliorative interpretation of the resurrection of the bee community. It also expounds on the definition and patterns of sacrifice found in the Georgics.
The Lucus Pisaurensis and the Romanization of the Ager Gallicus
Authors: Coarelli Filippo
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses palaeographic and linguistic considerations on sacred dedications, including the group of inscribed stones found by Annibale degli Abati Olivieri Giordani and preserved in the Museo Oliveriano. Peruzzi disregarded some vital palaeographic characteristics such as the absence of quadrature and apicatura, and the bending of certain letters. The chapter also recognizes the frequently ignored information from the stips votiva. It examines the inscribed stones alongside the natures of the divinities involved within the text, some of which included Apollo, Fides, Iuno, Mater Matuta, and Diva Marica. The sanctuary’s documentation seemed to dry up by the time of the colony’s foundation as it involved transferring the same cults into the new entity. The chapter then expounds on the structure of lucus and the conquest of ager Gallicus.
What is the Psychology of Competition?
Authors: Garcia Stephen M. , Tor Avishalom , Elliot Andrew J.
Published: April 2023

Common definitions of competition tend to emphasize its objective features, which produce a zero-sum interaction whereby the outcome establishes winners and losers based on more than mere chance. The psychological study of competition, however, is primarily concerned with individuals’ behavior and their subjective feelings, perceptions, motivations, and intentions. As such, this chapter defines competition more broadly to include all manifestations of individual competitive behavior or competitive psychological state, even when they occur outside of overtly competitive institutional arrangements or explicitly competitive interactions. The authors then outline the chapters in this volume to showcase the study of competition across the broad spectrum of psychology.
Hide a Dagger Behind a Smile: A Review of How Collectivistic Cultures Compete More Than Individualistic Cultures
Authors: Wu Kaidi , Talhelm Thomas
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, we review cultural differences in people’s attitudes about competition, why cultures differ in competition, and how they compete in different ways. Researchers have long associated collectivistic culture with harmony and cooperation. However, the bulk of the evidence suggests that collectivistic cultures compete more, and more intensely, than individualistic cultures. Collectivists are more likely to see competition as zero-sum, engage in social comparison, and base their self-worth on common standards rather than self-defined goals. This raises a paradox: where does the popular conception of harmony in collectivism come from? In reviewing prior studies, we find that people in collectivistic cultures tend to use indirect, hidden methods to compete against others. This allows for an outward harmony, without negating competition. We ask whether competition in collectivistic cultures is only stronger when competing with outsiders. Studies reject this speculation. Rather, people in collectivistic cultures compete more with in-group members and are more vigilant toward classmates and co-workers. Next, we explore how people from different cultures decide to enter into competition. We find that collectivists’ tendency to enter into prestigious competitive environments might end up harming them. Finally, we discuss whether there can be versions of collectivistic groups without competition or whether this is a utopian dream.
The Postindustrial Limits of Professionalization
Authors: Starr Paul
Published: April 2023

Mid-twentieth-century theories of the professions and postindustrial society expected that the two would grow together. Instead, developments blocking professionalization in some areas and extending it in others have occurred together, raising the question: Why have some institutional fields, such as high-tech, seen little professionalization even though they demand levels of expertise comparable to such fields as healthcare, where professional institutions became entrenched and have continued to expand? This chapter reviews a series of hypotheses (historical patterns of entrenchment, counter-entrenchment, organizational flexibility, neoliberal policy, and entrepreneurial ideology) that might explain the differences. The contrast between high-tech and healthcare suggests a key causal role for historically entrenched institutional forms, as well as organizational and ideological change. Older theories of the professions failed to anticipate how technology could erode professional autonomy and authority, but the sociology of the professions still has a jurisdiction that is distinct from the sociology of expertise.
EMDR Therapy with Military Veterans
Authors: Whybrow Dean , Kitchiner Neil , Williams Victoria , Graham Julie , Hurley Elisha Columbus , Kiernan Matthew D.
Published: April 2023

Military veterans are a unique clinical population who share a common experience of once serving in the armed forces. There is growing recognition of the need to account for this group within mental health service provision. This chapter aims to provide the reader with additional resources to inform clinical practice when working with veterans. The term veteran has changed with time; at its most inclusive, it means a person who has served a minimum of one day in the armed forces. Veterans will have internalized military norms and values, and may experience culture shock when reintegrating into civilian communities. This chapter describes treatment considerations; for example, combat trauma is remembered by the chaos and distress that accompanies it. Formulating a therapeutic plan to treat combat- or military-related trauma is a crucial step to mitigate this sense of chaos and confusion.
Becoming Phoenix Song
Authors: Myerscough Francis
Published: April 2023

Phoenix Song Project (PSP) is a community-led music therapy organization that focuses on voicework for and by members of trans and non-binary communities. The grounded theory methodology research described in this chapter is developed from the minutes of a development meeting that considered the organization’s work and the potential of these results to affect its future direction. The key category that emerged from the results was that of liminality. Reflecting further on subsequent engagement gave rise to a proposed theory of liminal experience and the therapeutic paradox this poses. This chapter suggests that while the experiences of liminality are common to trans lives and could have direct implications for queer and trans music therapy, these experiences can also function as a barrier to therapeutic engagement.
Somānanda’s Śivadṛṣṭi as an Argument against Dharmakīrti
Authors: Nemec John
Published: April 2023

It is well known that the philosophy of the Buddhist epistemologist Dharmakīrti pervasively influenced the Kashmirian Pratyabhijñā philosopher Utpaladeva (fl. ca. 925–975 CE) and, through him, his grand-disciple Abhinavagupta (fl. ca. 975–1025 CE). This chapter will demonstrate the centrality of the same in the thinking of Utpaladeva’s teacher, Somānanda (fl. ca. 900–950 CE), the founding author of the Pratyabhijñā. Somānanda’s magnum opus, the Śivadṛṣṭi, though it is an eclectic and ranging work that engages a great variety of esoteric religious traditions and orthodox Hindu and Buddhist philosophical schools, takes as a central task the parrying of Dharmakīrti’s antipersonalist philosophy, this by engaging many of its elements in order to articulate a hyperpersonalist and realist, if simultaneously monist, Śaiva ontology. This chapter traces these Buddhist influences in Somānanda’s text and establishes thereby a basis for weighing its legacies in the writings of those who follow him in the guru-śiṣya lineage of the Kashmiri Pratyabhijñā.
The Neuroscience of Tantric Practice
Authors: Samuel Geoffrey , Kozhevnikov Maria
Published: April 2023

This chapter is primarily concerned with tantric practice as spiritual training or self-cultivation within Buddhist and Hindu traditions. This process involves cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of an integrated body-mind, and it appears to enable the achievement of exceptional levels of human ability. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a key part of this process. A series of neuroscientific studies has clarified the role of the neural system in tantric meditation, showing how tantric practice differs in fundamental ways from previously studied non-tantric forms of Buddhist and Hindu practice. This research opens the way to a new and more solidly grounded approach to the analysis and understanding of both tantric and non-tantric meditation techniques.
Schutz
Authors: Barber Michael D.
Published: April 2023

Alfred Schutz in “Making Music Together” limits himself to studying social interactions in the musical process, but he also attends to the phenomenology of musical experience elsewhere. After a clarification of some of the genetic presuppositions of musical experience (the animate body, movement, temporality, passive syntheses), the essay considers the tuning-in moment as the context for musical communication before turning to the intersubjective dimensions of listening to music and making music together. The modes of intersubjectivity in music illuminate key structures of social relationships and communication in general. To understand the experience of music, one can understand it in terms of its finite province of meaning, characterized by a distinctive epoché, form of spontaneity, and tension of consciousness, all of which produce a more receptive intersubjectivity than that of everyday life. Finally, musical experience can reveal unnoticed asymmetrical dimensions of “tuning-in” and communication in general.
Positive Valence Systems and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Claes Laurence , Luyckx Koen , Kiekens Glenn
Published: April 2023

The present chapter focuses on reward sensitivity and positive emotionality in the development and maintenance of NSSI. The chapter discusses several theoretical models that explain specific mechanisms that may contribute to the positive reinforcement qualities of NSSI. Additionally, it considers whether the association between NSSI and other harmful emotion regulating behaviors—that is, eating disorder behaviors (EDs) and substance use behaviors (SUDs)—can be partially explained by different characteristics of the positive valence systems. The chapter concludes that NSSI, ED, and SUD have both shared and distinct correlations with measures of reward sensitivity. All three behaviors seem to be triggered by specific cues, and patients show attentional bias toward these cues. NSSI, ED, and SUD can be automatically/socially positively reinforced, which explains their continuation for some people. Furthermore, on the neurobiological level, all three behaviors seem—at the starting phase—to be related to a hyperreactivity of the reward-related systems in the brain that is driven by dopamine release. However, over time, dysregulation of the dopaminergic system leads to a hyporeactivity of the reward-related systems, which may increase susceptibility for the use of NSSI, ED, and SUD behaviors to increase positive emotional experiences. On the level of temperamental features, the findings are more mixed. It seems that NSSI and ED behaviors have more common temperamental features than SUD. Additionally, the chapter discusses transdiagnostic interventions. Finally, it provides suggestions for future research and summarizes the main findings here. To conclude, research on the reward system is challenging, and requires further research.
A Comparison of the Theoretical Models of NSSI
Authors: Hird Kirsty , Hasking Penelope , Boyes Mark
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the leading models of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and synthesizes what is known from relevant research. These include the four-function model, the experiential avoidance model, the emotional cascade model, the integrated model, the cognitive-emotional model, and the barriers and benefits model. While each model differs in the suggested processes by which the behavior is developed and maintained, there are commonalities between the theories. Each theorist agrees that self-injury serves an affect regulation function, a finding that has been central to most of the NSSI literature to date. They also share the concept of behavioral reinforcement, in which the outcomes of self-injury reinforce the behavior as an effective strategy for achieving a desired function. Ultimately, the balance of barriers and benefits that a person experiences will determine whether or not they might self-injure.
Epidemiology of Opioid Use and Smoking, Alcohol, and Polysubstance Use Among Persons Using Opioids
Authors: Parker Maria A. , Cordoba-Grueso Whitney S.
Published: April 2023

Over the past several decades, opioid overdose deaths have become an increasing issue in the United States, contributing to the opioid epidemic and challenging the health system and the economy nationwide. This chapter explores the epidemiology of prescribed and nonprescribed opioid use, including initiation, opioid use disorder, and trends over time. The authors begin by introducing opioids, their classification, therapeutic uses, consequences of use, and routes of administration. The authors discuss empirical findings for prescription opioids, heroin, nationwide opioid prescription guidelines, and morbidity/mortality at the individual and societal levels. Lastly, the authors present common comorbidities for persons with opioid use (e.g., other substance use, polysubstance use).
Inter-American Feminism’s Influence on International Law
Authors: Marino Katherine M.
Published: April 2023

This chapter explores inter-American feminism’s influence on international law from the 1920s to the 1940s, when the Inter-American Commission of Women (Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres (CIM)), the first intergovernmental organization for women’s rights in the world, propelled innovative women’s rights treaties into the Pan American Union and League of Nations. This activism promoted married women’s nationality rights around the world and spurred Latin American and Caribbean feminisms. In the 1930s and 1940s, anti-fascism influenced inter-American goals for women’s economic and social rights and for international human rights. In 1945, a group of Latin American and Caribbean feminists who had cut their teeth on decades of inter-American activism was responsible for pushing women’s rights into the United Nations (UN) founding charter and for creating the UN’s Commission on the Status of Women. They also shaped international human rights in the Charter and in the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.