bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
F Response Abnormality in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Naito Yutaka , Komatsu Yoshinari , Kanazawa Ichiro , Nakanishi Takao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The F response was recorded from the 1st dorsal interosseous muscle (1st DI) two antagonistic muscles, the flexor digitorurn brevis (FDB) the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB), in 16 patients with Parkinson's disease 22 age‐matched normal controls. In Parkinson's disease, the F responses from the 1st DI the FDB occurred more frequently with a longer duration a greater number of phases in comparison with the normal controls. In addition, the coefficient of variation of onset latency was significantly smaller in Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, the F response recorded from the EDB showed the same tendency as that from the FDB, but not to a significant extent. These findings suggest that the excitability of the spinal motor neurons is enhanced in rigid parkinsoninn patients. It thus seems reasonable to assume that the main underlying cause of rigidity is an excessive supraspinal drive to the spinal motor neurons, including an increase in motoneuron excitability.
Morphological Changes of Microvessels in the Brain with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Miyakawa Taihei , Uehara Yasuo , Desaki Junzo , Kimura Takemi , Kuramoto Ryoko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The pathological changes of microvessels in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease were examined at the ultrastructural level.

With transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the endothelial cells of many capillaries their pericytes exhibited atrophy swelling with a narrowed lumen. The capillary basal laminas were thickened tortuous. After isolation of the microvessels by ultrasonic treatment collagenase digestion, the vascular wall structure was viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most of the terminal arterioles had smooth muscle cells with an irregular shape arrangement often showed a series of focal constrictions. In some areas, the capillaries were arrayed in a bundle terminated with tapered ends. Associated with the microvessels were fine filaments which may represent amyloid fibrils.

The findings indicate that diffuse atrophy the deletion of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex might be caused, at least partly, by a circulatory disturbance through the patho‐morphologically changed microvessels.
The Early Treatment and Prognosis of Epilepsy
Authors: Reynolds E.H.
Published: March 2008

In the last decade community and hospital‐based studies of epilepsy from the onset of the disorder have revealed a much more favorable prognosis for seizure control than previously reported. Approximately three‐quarters of newly diagnosed patients can enter a prolonged remission on currently available medication. The natural history of untreated epilepsy is unknown but there is some evidence of an escalating process in the early stages in patients with tonic‐clonic seizures. The first two years of treatment seem to be important in determining the subsequent course of epilepsy. The longer seizures continue, the less likely they are to b: controlled. Early effective treatment may be important in preventing the evolution of chronic epilepsy. These observations have implications for the management of patients with single seizures.
Rational Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy in Childhood
Authors: Ohtsuka Yoko , Ogino Tatsuya , Amano Rumi , Yamatogi Yasuko , Oka Eiji , Ohtahara Shunsuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A multifaceted study on childhood refractory epilepsy disclosed an insufficient classification of epilepsies and epileptic seizures, and inappropriate polypharmacy as the most important factors preventing appropriate therapy. By means of an adjustment of AEDs based on the accurate classification of epilepsies and epileptic seizures, the number of AEDs could be reduced in 37.5% and monotherapy was successful in 13.8% of refractory cases. Most of the latter were those of partial epilepsy and generalized epilepsy with the monoseizure type. The exacerbation of seizures due to AEDs was also mentioned as one of the important side effects of AEDs.
Simplification of Antiepileptic Pharmacotherapy: From the Viewpoint of Rational Management for Epilepsy
Authors: Kugoh Toshiaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Rational management for epilepsy was investigated mainly from the viewpoint of antiepileptic pharmacotherapy. At first, diagnoses were reviewed by the ILAE classification for epilepsies and epileptic syndromes in 603 patients who visited a newly‐established outpatient clinic for epilepsy and problems concerning the diagnosis of epilepsy were pointed out. Then, habitual pharmacotherapy in the past was assessed critically in cases where details of treatment before hospital attendance could be known. Further, the results of prospectively conducted simplification of pharmacotherapy where the appropriate choice of drugs and dosage were taken into account were reported. Furthermore, questions about the conventional criteria for drug effect evaluation were described and new criteria through which the influence on the daily life was also evaluated were presented. Finally, from the standpoint of comprehensive treatment, the system of rational management was discussed,
A Rational Antiepileptic Drug Therapy of Epileptic Women in Child Bearing Age
Authors: Kaneko Sunao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Some special considerations are necessary for epileptic women, since risks and difficulties during pregnancy, delivery and child care remain greater for epileptics than for nonepileptics.

The complete control of seizures in the pregestational period and regular drug taking are very important. Periodical monitoring of the serum level of AED is necessary even if the epileptic seizure is controlled. If the serum level decreases, one must confirm the patient's compliance.

Prevention of malformation can take place before the onset of pregnancy by decreasing the dose of the drug and/or changing from a combination of AEDs to a single drug. Thus, the preconceptional counseling is indispensable, and it should ensure that an epileptic embark upon a pregnancy with her epilepsy well controlled by a minimal dose of AEDs, and adequate answers to the questions raised by the patient should be given to prevent a poor compliance.

Every epileptic pregnant woman should be seen at a wellequipped hospital or maternity center with adequate facilities and manpower. The antepartum and intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring at each visit, and a prenatal diagnosis via maternal serum AFP and ultrasound are also suggested.

A delay in the physical development of the offspring may be transient. The psycho‐motor development of the offspring is much more dependent on the child‐care environment suggesting the necessity of help from the other family members if the mother cannot nurse properly.
Mono‐ or Polytherapy and the Severity of Epilepsies
Authors: Fukushima Katsuyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: 1. Out of 295 outpatients who were followed up by our staff for longer than 4 years, a total of 196 patients was subjected to this retrospective study. The inclusion criterion was that they had inevitably been placed on polytherapy of two or more anti‐epileptic drugs (AEDs). In other words, they had failed to reach monotherapy for some reasons.

2. One of the determinant factors for the success or failure of monotherapy was the type of epilepsies. Namely, primary generalized epilepsy (PGE) was relatively easy to attain by monotherapy regardless of the seizure type, whereas secondary generalized epilepsy (SGE) with combined seizures and secondary partial epilepsy (SPE) with mixed seizures were not infrequently difficult to be placed on a monotherapy regimen. In the latter case, however, an abrupt withdrawal of AEDs was apt to cause an exacerbation of seizures.

3. There were some patients who could reach a complete freedom from seizures as a result of bi‐ or polytherapy and became socially adaptable and acceptable. They themselves are, if not all, afraid of a possible relapse of seizures produced by a reduc tion in the number of AEDs hitherto prescribed. In some cases, a family member may refuse monotherapy, or even physicians are reluctant to switch to monotherapy because the patients have experienced status epilepticus in the past.

In other words, there are two reasons why polytherapy should not, by all means, be avoided; one is the type or severity of epilepsies from which a given patient has been suffering, and the other is the patient's social factor or “quality of life” in which he or she hesitates to accept a monotherapy regimen. In conclusion, monotherapy WBS not necessarily regarded as the only rational way of having antiepileptic drug (AED) treat ment.
A Twin Study of Febrile Convulsions in the General Population
Authors: Sunami Ken , Hayashi Naoyuki , Endo Shun'ichi
Published: March 2008

Seven monozygotic (MZ) and six dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs with febrile convulsions (FC) in the general population were studied. The pairwise concordance rate for FC in MZ 85.7% (6/7) was higher than that in DZ 16.7% (1/6). In a discordant MZ pair, the unaffected co‐twin was attacked by epi leptic seizures later. Between the concordant DZ twins, the clinical symptoms and EEGs differed in quality. According to the ratio of concordance rate in MZ to that in DZ 5.1, a multifactorial mode of inheritance for FC was suspected.
Relationship between Sleep‐Wakefulness Cycle and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Kainic Acid‐Induced Epileptic Focus in Hippocampus
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuya , Kunimoto Masayuki , Tanaka Shigeya , Kondo Shinji , Yonemasu Yukichi
Published: March 2008

Concurrent monitorings of polygraph and continuous measurements of rCBF of the epileptic focus were made in the nonanes‐thetized chronic cats. The influences of the sleep‐wakefulness cycle on IIDs and rCBF of the epileptic focus of the hippocampus were analyzed.

IIDs increased remarkably during LSW and DSW but not as much as during DSW‐P.

The rCBF decreased gradually during LSW and DSW. But the rCBF during DSW‐P increased slightly as compared to that of DSW.

The frequencies of IIDs increased in association with hypoperfusion of the epileptic focus.

The spiking rate of the hippocampal focus decreased with the appearance of PGO during the deep slow wave sleep stages.
Family Violence in Japan—A Compilation of Data from the Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Hospital—
Authors: Honjo Shuji , Wakabayashi Shinichiro
Published: March 2008

Summary: In the United States and in most other countries, “family violence” refers to all forms of violence that occur in the family. But in Japan, this term is used to indicate only the violent behavior which a child exhibits toward other family members such as his parents. This form of violence is said to be increasing in Japan, and has recently attracted public attention. But it seems to us that there is no country that pays as much attention to this kind of violent behavior as Japan. We studied the problem of this type of family violence using the data of patients at the psychiatric clinic of Nagoya University Hospital.
Nonpsychopathological Features of K. Schneider's Mania
Authors: Marneros Andreas , Deister Arno , Rohde Anke , Sakamoto Kaoru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The non psychopathological features of 107 patients diagnosed as having mania were compared to those of 1,208 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Both diagnoses were made according to K, Schneider's criteria. Significant differences were found between the two groups in regard to the age of onset, marital status and educational and occupational levels. Manic patients tended to become ill more as age advances than schizophrenics, and exhibited better educational and occupational levels. The premorbid adjustment level of manic patients was found to be higher than that of schizophrenics.
The Dexamethasone Suppression Test for Japanese with Eating Disorders
Authors: Fukata Shuji , Tamai Hajime , Takaichi Yukihiko , Mori Kenji , Matsubayashi Sunao , Nakagawa Tetsuya
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A one‐mg oral overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was conducted on 22 inpatients with eating disorders. To confirm that the dexamethasone tablets had been ingested, we measumd the plasma concentrations of dexamethasone the next morning (at 0900 hr after DST). The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia was made according to the criteria for DSM‐III, respectively. Of the 22 patients with eating disorders, 16 satisfied the criteria for anorexia nervosa and 6 for bulimia. The DST was carried out within 2 weeks of hospitalization on each patient. The subjects were given 1 mg of dexamethasone in the evening (at 2300 hr) and blood samples were collected the following day (at 0900, 1600 and 2100 hr, respectively). The plasma cortisol and dexamethasone levels were concurrently determined by RIA. The criterion for non‐suppression was a failure to suppress the plasma cortisol levels below 5.0 μg/dl in any one of the three samples. All but one patient with bulimia had ingested the dexamethasone. Thirteen (62%) of 21 patients with eating disorders were nonsuppressors. We found a significant positive correlation between the plasma cortisol levels at 1600 hr or 2100 hr and a decrease in ideal body weight (n = 16, r = 0.613, p < 0.05; r = 0.75, p < 0.01, respectively) and a significant inverse relationship between the plasma dexamethasone levels at 0900 hr and the plasma cortisol levels at 1600 hr was recognized (n = 21, r ‐ 0.631, p < 0.01). These results suggest that the blood dexamethasone levels as well as body weight might contribute to the abnormalities of DST seen in patients with eating disorders.
Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Vitamin B12 Levels in Demented Patients with CH3—B12 Treatment—Preliminary Study—
Authors: Mitsuyama Yoshio , Kogoh Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The vitamin B12 (VB12) parameter was studied in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 14 demented patients. Eleven of these patients were in a state of dementia of the degenerative type such as Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia and Pick's disease. The serum VB12 concentration in all the patients was within normal limits, I.e. 500–1,300 pg/ml. There was no significant difference between the CSF‐VBl2 levels and the severity of dementia. The serum and CSF‐VB12 levels of the demented patients did not show any significant elevation after the oral administration of CH3–Bl2, 2 mg per day. On the other hand, there was a marked elevation of both the serum and CSF‐VB12 after an oral medication (2 mg per day) plus intramuscular administrations (500 μg per day). These results confirm that the intramuscular administration of CH3–B12 is an effective way to get a higher value of the serum and CSF‐VB12 levels.
Spike EEG Abnormalities in Patients without Epileptic Seizures: A Clinical and Long‐Term Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Sunami Ken , Endo Shun'ichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A study was conducted on a total of 850 patients who had not previously manifested any epileptic seizures but exhibited at least one spike EEG abnormality. They accounted for 7.2% of the total number of patients without epileptic seizures (850/11,773). Among the 850 patients, 564 were followed up for 1–24 years. Nine boys and one girl, 1.e. 1.8% of the 564 patients, had manifested epileptic seizures during the observation period. They expressed the following six characteristics: males, first EEG examination at 0–4 years of age, onset of initial chief complaints at 04 yeurs of age, mental retardation, spike and wave EEG abnormalities and past history of perinatal birth injuries. These factors are considered to be efficient in detecting patients liable to manifest epileptic seizures later.
Three Cases of Delivery under Sodium Valproate—Placental Transfer, Milk Transfer and Probable Teratogenicity of Sodium Valproate—
Authors: Tsuru Noriko , Maeda Tomohide , Tsuruoka Michio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Here is a report of three cases of dellvery from women who have taken sodium valproate (VPA). One neonate was born with polydactylism, and we reviewed the congenital malformations in children of mothers who have taken VPA. In the other two cases, we also examined the levels of VPA in the cord serum and breast milk. The levels of VPA in the cord serum were 50 μg/ml at 12 hours after the last maternal dose and 75 μg/ml at 14 hours after the last maternal dose. The blood levels of VPA in the two mothers were 48–59 μg/ml and 55–85 μg/ml in their late pregnancy, respectively. The levels of VPA in the breast milk were 2.0–3.5 μg/ml and the ratio of VPA in the breast milk to blood was 2–3%. These results suggest the high rate of placental transfer and the low rate of milk transfer of VPA.
On Recovery from the Postpsychotic Collapse in Schizophrenia
Authors: Ushijima Sadanobu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: First the author pointed out that the postpsychotic state, the state of decreased activity which emerges shortly after the disappearance of acute symptoms, had been regarded as an independent stage in the treatment process of schizophrenic breakdown. Then he presented the case of family therapy in which the patient was a lkyear‐old university student with the postpsychotic collapse. The author observed interesting phenomena during the treatment in which the patient gave rise to the homosexual physical touch with his father when going to bed in the evening and making up nursery dories with his mother when getting up in the morning, consequently leading to the recovery of dreams with wishful fulfillment. This process was discussed from the point of view of the concept of transitional object (Winnicott) and the formation of symbol functioning (Bion). Finally the postpsychotic collapse was considered 88 a regression to primary narcissism.

The postpsychotic collapse or exhausted state which had been apt to be regarded as a deficit symptom was discussed through the case examination as a regression to the primary narcissism, that is, not the disintegrated but the unintegrated state (Winnicott). The process of treatment was a recovery process not merely from the decreased activity but of the symbol functionings which had been lost in the psychotic formation of “mind.” Though the approach to encourage patients to do social activities had been advocated so far, this study showed that this state needed the environments which would facilitate recovery and promotion of symbol functioning.
Continuous Observations of Daytime EEG Patterns in Normal Subjects under Restrained Conditions while Sitting in Armchair or on Stool Part 2 Awake State
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: While stabilizing (though not completely) both behavioral and environmental factors as far as possible, observations of continuous awake EEG patterns and corresponding behavioral states were made in order to investigate the level of vigilance for extended periods of time in the daytime. The subjects were requested to maintain a constant posture while sitting in an armchair or on a stool, and continuous polygraphic recordings and simultaneous TV monitoring of the subjects' behavior were carried out. Inspections of the EEG records, the rating of simultaneous behavior shown by the subjects and subsequent data analysis produced the following results:

1) From evaluations of EEGs, EOGs and EMG and ratings of the corresponding behavioral states carried out for every 30–second epoch, six types of awake EEG patterns and four types of behavioral states could be defined. There was a strong correlation between the awake EEG pattern and the behavioral state.

2) Regular 6.0–7.0 c/s theta wave trains predominantly in the frontal area were observed in 16 out of 24 normal subjects (67%) in an awake state. In the theta‐appearance group, the relative abundance and mode of appearance of theta wave trains varied greatly both intra‐ and interindividually. The appearance of the theta wave trains was not related to drowsiness and was presumed to reflect the emotional activity under higher levels of vigilance in the subjects.
Familial Ataxia with Abnormal CSF: with Special Reference to an Autopsy Case from Three Affected Siblings
Authors: Nakamura Ichiro , Kurachi Masayoshi , Fukutani Yuken , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Torii Hosaku
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We report here the clinical features of 3 affected siblings and neuropatho‐logical findings of the CNS from an autopsied case among them. Their common clinical features consisted of cerebellar ataxia and tremors through movements and postures. Two of the 3 siblings showed autonomic abnormalities, hardsf‐hearing, pyramidal sign and areflexia. Then they always had xanthochromia and an elevated protein without pleocytosis in their CSFs. Neuropathologically, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies were found in the neurons of some restricted nuclei or nerve cell groups of the brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord. Similar bodies appeared also in glial, ependymal and choroid plexus epithelial cells. Such eosinophilic bodies are thought to consist of protein‐rich substances from histochemlcal properties, and result from an unknown inherited metabolic error.
Visual Cortical Kindling in Rabbit—Consideration of Difference between Species
Authors: Jibiki Itsuki , Kubota Takashi , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Visual cortical kindling was studied in chronically prepared rabbits with regard to the electrographic progress of epileptiform discharge trains following the daily stimulation and corresponding ictal behaviors. The spread of epileptiform discharges from the stimulated visual cortex to the parietal and frontal cortices of the stimulated side was observed early with the development of independent discharges In these parietal and frontal regions, accompanied by ictal motor symptoms of the contralateral side. In view of the past studies on rats, cats and monkeys, it was considered that such a spread in the neocortex and corresponding ictal behaviors might be specific to the rabbit.
Structure of Self‐other Reversal in Schizophrenic Disturbances in Sense of Self
Authors: Komiyama Minoru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Disturbances in the sense of self are a fundamental state found in schizophrenia. In these phenomena, it is thought that the self and others become interchanged within the mind of patient. The structure of such reversal of self and others (self‐other reversal) has its origin in a duplex state in which the body can perceive with the senses, and at the same time can be perceived. These disturbances can therefore be understood as disturbances of corporeity (Merleau‐Ponty, M.) or disturbances in the duplex state of the body, and in this sense, they are contrasted with delusions expressed in words.
The Current Situation in Regard to the Delusion of Possession in Japan
Authors: Iida Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A study of possession was made on 1,029 inpatients (male 562, female 467) in Japanese mental hospitals. The results were: (1) The incidence of delusion of possession in the sample was 20.7% for the sample as a whole. (2) As to the contents of delusion of possession, possession by a god was most common. In regard to the difference between the sexes, females were significantly more likely to be possessed by a god than were males. (3) As to the difference between the possession group and the non‐possession group, religion, fortuueteller contact, age and diagnosis were significant. (4) As to the characteristics by district in regard to the incidence of delusion of possession, cases of possession were very few in Tokyo and many in Okinawa.
Features of Schizophrenic Patients and Patients with Depression as Observed by Family Members—Symptoms, Social Activities and Social Performance†
Authors: Ohta Yasuyuki , Nakane Yoshibumi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We carried out a comparative study of a group of schizophrenic patients and a group of patients with depression, looking at 1) symptoms and social behaviors, 2) the performance level of socially expected activities and free‐time activities, and 3) the level of expectations of family members with respect to patients' activities according to the results of a KAS evaluation by the family members of the two groups. The evaluation of symptoms and social behaviors by the family members clearly reflected the clinical features of schizophrenia and depression. In respect to the performance level of socially expected activities, depressive patients were evaluated significantly higher than schizophrenic patients. As for free‐time activities, there were no differences between the two groups in the evaluation of levels of performance, but the family members of the depressive group expected a significantly higher level of free‐time activities than was achieved, while such a significant discrepancy between expectation and performance was not observed for the schizophrenic group.
Parkinsonism Manifesting Depression as the First Sign
Authors: Kuniyoshi Masahiro , Arikawa Katsuyoshi , Miura Chishin , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have had experience in treating two patients with parkinsonism of which the first manifestation was depression. Case 1 was a 61‐year‐old woman. A diagnosis of depression had been made and repeated medication consisting mainly of antidepressants was given. However, the depressive state persisted and the signs of parkinsonism gradually became evident. The initial treatment with antidepressant drugs was replaced with one based on L‐DOPA (400 mg a day).

Subsequently, the symptoms of parkinsonism and depression diminished relatively rapidly.

Case 2 was a 66‐year‐old man. His parkinsonism was suspected shortly after the onset, although the symptoms of depression were predominant. Similarly, the treatment based on L‐DOPA (400 mg a day) relieved the symptoms of depression and parkinsonism rapidly.

The present study described above indicates that parkinsonism should be suspected in cases of persistent depression and in patients who have depressive symptoms resistant to antidepressants, since parkinsonism may first manifest itself as depression.
A Female Case with the Kleine‐Levin Syndrome and Its Physiopathologic Aspects
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Hosokawa Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A female case with the Kleine‐Levin syndrome (KLS), which first occurred at the age of 19, was discussed in relation to the following four characteristics: 1) a female case, 2) a loss of memory and the appearance of slow waves in the pathosis, 3) the abnormal pattern of growth hormone (GH) secretion during sleep in the pathosis, and 4) a prolonged latency between the peaks of III and V in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in both the pathosis and nonpathosis. These characteristics may suggest that there is a slight disturbance of consciousness in the pathosis, and that there is a functional disturbance in the hypothalamus.
Morning and Evening Adrenocortical Responses to ACTH Stimulation in Endogenously Depressed Patients: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Shimoda Kazutaka , Yamada Naoto , Hanada Koichi , Tsujimoto Tetsushi , Takahashi Saburo , Takahashi Kiyohisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Adrenocortical stimulation with ACTH both in the morning (M‐test) and in the evening (Etest) and the dexamethasone suppression test were carried out in patients suffering from endogenous depression (DEP) and normal controls (NOR). A greater cortisol release in DEP was recognized than in NOR in the M‐test, an earlier peak response of DEP was shown in the M‐test than in the Etest, and a lack of association between hypersecretion of cortisol during depression and cortisol output after ACTH administration was noted. These findings, together with the results of DST, suggest that excessive activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis in depression may result, partly, from adrenocortical hyperresponsiveness.
Apolipoprotein Abnormalities in Dementia
Authors: Urakami Katsuya , Takahashi Kazuro , Adachi Yoshiki , Awaki Etsuko , Mura Tetsuo , Ikawa Shiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The serum levels of apolipoprotein B, C‐II and the ratio of apolipoprotein B/A‐I were found to be significantly higher in multiinfarct dementia than in dementia of the Alzheimer type. The high serum levels of apolipoprotein B, C‐II and the high ratio of apolipoprotein B/A‐I may cause multiinfarct dementia. The large difference between the groups suggests that the serum levels of apolipoprotein B, C‐II and the ratio of apolipoprotein B/A‐I may be useful in differential diagnosis of these two kinds of dementia.
Hyperkinetischer Mutismus innerhalb des Rahmens der Bewußtseinsstörung bei einem Fall von Systematischem Lupus erythematodes
Authors: Kurokawa Yasuo , Ueno Takeji , Obara Toshiyuki , Gotohda Toshihiko , Fukatsu Ryo , Yamashita Itaru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A thirty‐year‐old housewife, who had been diagnosed as SLE, had been hyperkinetic and mute for 13 months after reiteration of manic‐depressive episodes. In this condition she waked around without aim, ate and drank only with nursing help, and could not understand the circumstances around her; she was incontinent of urine and feces. Serological examination did not show any abnormal results during psychic ex acerbation. She recovered dramatically by electroconvulsive therapy, and was completely amnestic about the past 15 months. Because her mental state was considered to be limited consciousness, it might be possible that her hyperkinetic and mute state is situated between twilight state and akinetic mutism.
Projections of the Nucleus Accumbens in the Cat
Authors: Nieto Adela , Mexicano Graciela , Cappello Silvia , Contreras Carlos M. , Nieto Dr. Sci. y Dionisio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Due to the recent advances in knowledge on the function of the limbic sys tem it would be wise to consider this system as being widely distributed throughout the diencephalic and mesencephalic levels as well as the forebrain. Numerous regions have been discovered that are related to the limbic structures in anatomical and functional respects. According to Koikegami et al. (1967), it would be adequate to divide this system into two main categories–the major limbic rim or the structure proper and the paralimbic structures. The former defined phylogenetically and ontogenetically as those structures around the third ventricle such as: the hippocampus, septum, dentate gyrus, fimbria hippocampi, anterior and posterior cingulate gyri, area paraolfactoria, amygdala and Diagonal Band of Broca.

The paralimbic structures may represent those brain regions, which have direct connections or functional correlations with the limbic formation proper. These areas include the posterior orbital gyrus, insula, nucleus accumbens, head of the caudate, nucleus habenula, nucleus interpendencularis, nucleus pulvinaris thalami, intralaminar and anterior thalamic nucleus, preoptic area, hypothalamic nuclei, mammillary body, snbthalamus, limbic midbrain area of Nauta, temporal lobe pole, superior temporal gyrus, praecuneus, nucleus dorsalis et profundis tegmenti of Gudden and claustrum.

In the present paper we will deal with the projections of the nucleus accumbens. This nucleus was described by Meynert (1872) as the anterior polar region of the caudate nucleus. Kappers describes the nucleus accumbens in 1908 as the nucleus accumbens septi and considers it as a part of the striatum. Later on, the histological studies of Brochaus (1942) relate a part of the nucleus with olfactory functions, and he describes another part, which is very well developed in microsmatic mammals and in anosmic mammals like the dolphin. Szteyn (1960) describes two main areas, the accumbens septi and the accumbens caudate. Nevertheless, the accumbens constitutes a very important region of the paralimbic system and seems to play an important role in some behavioral patterns.
Schizophrenic Neologism versus Aphasic Neologism: Characteristics in Writings of Japanese Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Moriyama Nariakira , Nakao Hiroyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Three cases of schizophrenia with ideographic neologisms in Japanese are presented and compared with aphasic neologisms reported in Japanese literature. Schizophrenic neologisms are different from aphasic neologisms in nature. The contrast becomes obvious when both are compared in Japanese writing based on the dual writing system of kanji (Chinese characters, ideogram) and kana (phonetic characters, syllabogram).
Manners of Arginine Vasopressin Secretion in Schizophrenic Patients:—With Reference to the Mechanism of Water Intoxication—
Authors: Kishimoto Toshifumi , Hirai Motoharu , Ohsawa Hiroyoshi , Terada Makoto , Matsuoka Izuru , Ikawa Genro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Water intoxication occurs almost exclusively in many patients with chronic psychiatric disorder. To elucidate the mechanism of this syndrome, we undertook the following animal experiments and clinical study.

Twelve rabbits were given neuroleptics for eight weeks. From measurement of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion response to osmotic stimuli (fluid deprivation, partaking ad lib. and water loading), we found that chronic neuroleptic administration might raise the sensitivity of AVP escretion response.

Then we investigated the manners of AVP secretion during ad lib. drinking in seventeen schizophrenic patients with hyponatremia and sixteen schizophrenic patients without hyponatremia. Normal range of plasma AVP was obtained from healthy volunteers by water loading. Only in both schizophrenic groups was plasma AVP detected below 270 mosm/kg osmolality. We observed that sensitivity of AVP secretion response to osmolality was decreased in schizophrenic patients, regardless of the presence of hyponatremia.

We hypothesize that the primary low sensitivity of AVP secretion response to osmo‐receptor and the secondary renal hypersensitivity of AVP receptor may play the major role in the occurrence of water intoxication, Linked to SIADH, in schizophrenic patients.
Electroclinical Correlation Examined by Simultaneous VTR‐EEG Monitoring in a Patient with Complex Partial Status Epilepticus
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Kugoh Toshiaki , Hosokawa Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We discussed the electroclinical correlation of complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE) followed up by simultaneous VTR‐EEG monitoring. An eight‐year‐old boy had repetitive seizures lasting for 30 to 90 minutes in addition to ordinary seizures with typical oral automatism of a few minutes duration. This case fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of CPSE by Treiman el al. (1983), and was classified as the discontinuous type of CPSE described by Gastaut et al. (1975). The clinical symptoms were characterized by a repeated occurrence of psychomotor arrest and automatic phases. The EEG showed an alternate appearance of two phases. One was characterized by 7 to 8 Hz theta or slow alpha waves and the other by 4 to 6 Hz theta waves, respectively.
Bilateral Waveform Dissimilarity of Auditory Evoked Potentials may Reveal a Lateralized Motor Response Process: A Correlation Method
Authors: Ninomiya Hideaki , Ikeda Teruchika
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A modified correlation method was applied to AEPs under a choice reaction task to distinguish hemispheric influences on motor versus stimulus processing. The subjects were 16 right‐handed males (age: 19–30). The task was to press the micro‐switch with the right index finger as quickly as possible to 2,000 Hz tone pips (GO) but not to press to 1,500 Hz (NO GO). Active electrodes were placed bilaterally on C3 and C4, according to the 10–20 system and linked‐ear electrodes were used as a reference. EEGs triggered by the auditory stimuli were summated 100 times and the obtained AEPs were mainly analyzed by a modified correlation method. The results were as follows; 1. the mlean choice reaction time was 332 ± 83 msec, 2. examined by a modified correlation method, there were significant differences between GO and NO GO at the latencies of 200–300 msec. There is a possibility that these intervals when significant differences were seen by a modified correlation method may relate to a motor response process.
Brainstem Auditory and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Neuro‐Behqet's Syndrome
Authors: Nakamura Yusaku , Takahashi Mitsuo , Kitaguchi Masataka , Imaoka Hiroyuki , Tarui Seiichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and somatosensory evoked potentials after median nerve stimulation (MN‐SEPs) and after posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTN‐SEPs) were studied in 17 patients with neurolehget's syndrome (NB). Eleven patients (64.7%) showed an absence of wave I, III or V or a prolongation of the interpeak latency 1–111, or 111‐V in BAEPs. Six patients (37.4%) showed a prolongation in the latency of cortical P37 of PTN‐SEPs and/, or the interpeak latency EP‐N13 or N13–N18 of MN‐SEPs. The BAEP and SEP abnormalities indicated a conduction failure of the acoustic lateral lemniscus pathway and the medial lemniscus pathway in the brainstem of the patients with NB. Abnormal EPs can provide sensitive information which shows the presence of subclinical lesions in the central nervous system.
Histopathological Study on a Case of Idiocy: —Morphological Mechanism of Idiocy Appearance—
Authors: Kuramoto Ryoko , Miyakawa Taihei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A male, aged 42, had idiocy without any somatic or neurological signs. In laboratory examination, no abnormal finding could be observed.

Brain weight was 1,330 g. and no abnormal finding was observed macroscopically.

Histopathologically, gross changes were not observed, however, many nerve cells contained a lot of lipofuscin granules in the cytoplasms for the patient's age. Some astrocytes in the cerebral cortex contained homogenous amorphous inclusion bodies in their cytoplasms. From these findings, it was speculated that the change of astrocyte may play an important role in causing mental deficiency.
Cerebral Infarction due to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation with Thromboexclusion for Dissecting Aortic Aneurysma
Authors: Urakami Katsuya , Adachi Yoshiki , Takahashi Kazuro , Asano Takao , Iijima Kenji , Nakamura Katsumi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Cserebral infarction due to chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) after thromboexclusion for thoracic dissecting aortic aneurysma is described.

Chronic DIC may be caused by the delay of thrombus formation at the site of thromboexclusion, and local DIC occurred at that site. It is difficult to find chronic DIC. This case shows that DIC after thromboexclusion for dissecting aortic aneurysma may be one of the causes of recurrent cerebral infarction.
Kindling of the Visual Cortex in Cats: Comparison with Amygdaloid Kindling
Authors: Wada Yuji , Hasegawa Hidehiro , Okuda Hiroshi , Yoshida Kazunori , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Kindling of the primary visual cortex (VC) was compared with that of the amygdala in cats. VC kindling was basically similar to kindling of the amygdala in that daily electrical stimulation can lead to the development of a generalized convulsion in most subjects, a growth of afterdischarges in their configuration and duration, and a reduction of the afterdischarge threshold. The kindling response of the VC differed from that of the amygdala in a number of respects, i.e., a high afterdischarge threshold, a different pattern of behavioral seizure development, an abrupt growth of electroclinical seizures coincident with the onset of a generalized convulsion, an intersubject variability in seizure susceptibility, and a marked seizure instability. In VC kindling the afterdischarge propagation into the amygdala was not observed until the generalized convulsion developed, and the early involvement of afterdischarge was seen in the pulvinar, lateral geniculate body, and superior colliculus. These data suggest that a neural mechanism different from amygdaloid kindling may participate in VC kindling, and that the sub‐cortical structures of the visual system are involved in the preferential pathway for a seizure generalization from the VC.
Positron Emission Tomography in Epilepsy: Correlative Study
Authors: Hosokawa Shinichi , Kato Motohiro , Otsuka Makoto , Kuwabara Yasuo , Ichiya Yuichi , Goto Ikuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Positron emission tomography (PET) was performed with the 18F‐fluoro‐deoxy‐glucose method on 29 patients with epilepsy (generalized epilepsy, 4; partial epilepsy, 24; undetermined type, 1). The subjects were restricted to patients with epilepsy without focal abnormality on X‐CT. All the patients with generalized epilepsy showed a normal pattern on PET. Fourteen out of the 24 patients with partial epilepsy and the 1 with epilepsy of undetermined type showed focal hypometabolism on PET. The hypomeiabolic zone was localized in areas including the temporal cortex in 11 patients, frontal in 2 and thalamus in 1. The location of hypometabolic zone and that of interictal paroxysmal activity on EEG were well correlated in most patients. The patients with poorly controlled seizure showed a higher incidence of PET abnormality (12 out of 13) than those with well‐controlled seizures (2 out of 11). The incidence of abnormality on PET and MRI and the location of both abnormalities were not necessarily coincident. These results indicated that the PET examination in epilepsy provides valuable information about the location of epileptic focus, and that the findings on PET in patients with partial epilepsy may be one of the good indicators about the intractability of partial epilepsy, and that PET and MRI provide complementary information in the diagnosis of epilepsy.
Focal CT Abnormality and Epileptogenic Focus
Authors: Yagi Kazuichi , Mihara Tadahiro , Tottori Takayasu , Matsuda Kazumi , Watanabe Yutaka , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In 31 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the precise site of epileptogenic focus was determined by means of a depth EEG recording as one of the presurgical evaluations. In 13 patients, a CT scan revealed focal lesions; 7 in the left temporal lobe and 6 in the right temporal lobe. In 5 of the 7 patients and in 5 of the 6 patients the epileptogenic foci were determined in the temporal lobe on the side of a CT lesion. However, in 2 of the patients with a CT lesion in the left temporal lobe, independent epileptogenic foci were found in both the temporal lobes, and in the other patient with a CT lesion in the right temporal lobe, they were found in the right frontal and left temporal lobes. Thus, the CT lesions agreed in lateralikeation and focality with the epileptogenic foci in 10 of the 13 patients (77%), but they disagreed in 3 (23%). A CT lesion disclosed in the temporal lobe does not necessarily indicate the side and/or site where the epileptogenic focus may be localized. Although exceptions may be made, spatial disagreement was exemplified between the CT lesion and epileptogenic focus. Therefore, extreme caution has to be taken on the side and/or site of the epileptogenic focus when functional surgical indication is to be made.
Psychosis of Epilepsy—An Approach to a Biological Basis for Postictal and Interictal Psychoses
Authors: Sato Mitsumoto
Published: March 2008

Postictal and interictal changes in behavior and the corresponded neurochemical data in the kindling model of epilepsy are reviewed briefly to explore a biological base for epileptic psychosis. Kindling can be a potent animal model to study this problem. A possible participation of both TRH and opioid system in prolonged postictal behavior disorder and of TRH, mesolimbic system and/ or PI response to excitatory amino acid in interictal behavior disorder are discussed. A further experimental study is required to disclose the basic mechanism of epileptic psychosis.
Clinical Studies of Schizophrenia‐Like State in Epileptic Patients
Authors: Kido Hideki , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Six subjects who suffered from epileptic seizures followed by a schizophrenia‐like state were examined. The mean duration between the onset of seizures and the psychotic state was 13.5 ± 6.6 years (mean ± S.D.). Five female subjects had episodic psychotic states and one man had a persistent one. Four subjects had localized temporal EEG abnormalities and the EEGs during psychotic states were different in each subject. During the psychotic state, no seizure was seen in the four subjects, a dierent seiznre frequency in the episodic case and an unchanged frequency in the persistent case. The psychotic features were characterized by K. Schneider's first‐rank symptoms. In order to understand the mechanisms of psychotic states, it will be useful to take into consideration the excitatory and inhibitory effects of neurotransmitters on limbic discharges.
Neurosis from the Viewpoint of DIS (Diagnostic Interview Schedule)
Authors: Nonaka Yukiyasu , Nishizono Masahisa , Yamamoto Joe
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We examined the relationship between clinical and DIS‐Lifetime diagnoses given independently on 106 psychiatric patients clinically diagnosed as suffering from neurosis. They had many coexisting DIS diagnoses, and some of them had no DIS diagnosis. The key to the coexistence relationships in DIS diagnosis was a major depressive episode, and the subjects were classified into four types by the DIS coexistence relationships; Type I: 28 cases (26.4%) had coexisting diagnoses belonging to anxiety disorders or somatoform disorders, in addition to a major depressive episode. They were suffering from clinically severe neurosis accompanied by borderline personality disorder. Type II: 30 cases (28.3%) belonged to anxiety disorders or somatoform disorders without a major depressive episode, and had clinically symptomatic neurosis. Type III: 18 cases (17.0%) had a major depressive episode without anxiety disorders or somatoform disorders, and had clinically depressive neurosis or depressive episode with less distortion of the personality. Type IV: 30 cases (28.3%) were other than Type I‐III, and were clinically similar to symptomatic neurosis.
Psychological Intervention Can Partly Alter P300‐Amplitude Abnormalities in Schizophrenics
Authors: Fukuda Masato , Niwa Shin‐Ichi , Hiramatsu Ken‐Ichi , Hayashida Seiki , Saitoh Osamu , Kameyama Tomomichi , Nakagome Kazuyuki , Iwanami Akira , Sasaki Tsukasa , Itoh Kenji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In the present study, we investigated whether psychological interventions can alter P300‐abnormalities, specifically enhancing reduced P300‐amplitudes, in schizophrenics. A three‐tone discrimination task was employed for recording P300s, in which psychological intervention to facilitate target detection was performed through delivering a buzzer sound one second after each designated target tone that informed its occurrence. This procedure was done exclusively during the third and fourth sessions among the six sessions in total. When the data for all the patients were analyzed as a whole, no significant change was observed. However, when the patients were broken down into two groups based on the P300‐amplitudes in the first and second sessions, significant effects of the intervention emerged. The group with smaller P300‐amplitudes showed a significant increase in P300‐amplitudes as well as improved performance levels during and after the intervention sessions. On the contrary, the group with larger P300‐amplitudes displayed a significant decrease in P300‐amplitudes in these sessions. Interestingly, the above results were consistent with the subjective difficulty changes experienced by the patients through the sessions. Overall, the above results indicate that psychological interventions can partly enhance reduced P300‐amplitudes in schizophrenics.
Jerk‐Locked Averaging and Somatosensory Evoked Potential in Tricyclic‐Induced Myoclonus: A Case Report
Authors: Fukuzako Hiroshi , Hokazono Yoshiro , Tominaga Hidefumi , Hirakawa Kyuroku , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The authors describe a case of tricyclic‐induced myoclonus in a 41‐year‐old depressed woman showing spike activity on electroencephalogram. The results of jerk‐locked averaging and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) are presented. No jerk‐related cortical spikes and enlarged evoked potentials were observed. These findings suggest that tricyclic‐induced myoclonus may not be associated with excitability in the transcortical pathways detectable by SEP.