bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FDI, Regional Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth: Some Evidence from Southeast Asia
Authors: Bende‐Nabende Anthony , Ford Jim , Slater Jim
Published: March 2003

This empirical study investigates whether FDI caused spillover effects which led to the economic growth of the ASEAN‐5 economies (1970–96), and, if that is so, whether the ASEAN Preferential Trade Agreement (APTA) had a significant effect in attracting FDI to the region. Its findings are that FDI has stimulated economic growth most effectively through human factors, and knowledge/technological learning‐by‐doing effects; and that the formation of the APTA had a lagged influence on FDI inflows to the advantage of the more‐developed member countries, and disadvantage of the less‐developed member countries.
Moral Overridingness and Moral Theory
Authors: Stroud Sarah
Published: March 2003

I begin by proposing and explicating a plausible articulation of the view that morality is overriding. I then argue that it would be desirable for this thesis to be sustained. However, the prospects for its vindication will depend crucially on which moral theory we adopt. I examine some schematic moral theories in order to bring out which are friendly and which unfriendly to moral overridingness. In light of the reasons to hope that the overridingness thesis can be sustained, theories apparently incompatible with it – I argue that consequentialism is one – have a count against them.
Communitarianism ‘Social Constitution,’ and Autonomy
Authors: Cohen Andrew Jason
Published: March 2003

Communitarians defend what we may call the ‘social constitution thesis,’ that participation in society makes us what we are. This claim, however, is ambiguous. In an attempt to shed some light on it and to better understand the impact its truth would have on our beliefs regarding autonomy, I offer four possible ways it could be understood and four corresponding senses of individual independence and autonomy. I also indicate what senses liberals can accept that we are socially constituted and in what sense I take communitarians to argue we are socially constituted.
Can Deflationism Allow For Hidden Indeterminacy?
Authors: Akiba Ken
Published: March 2003

Field (2000) claims that both inflationists and deflationists can and should accept the existence of linguistic indeterminacy in their own language. This paper shows that inflationists and deflationists consider the nature of indeterminacy quite differently; in particular, deflationists’ notion of indeterminacy lacks the kind of objectivity inflationists’ notion has; as a result, whileboth inflationists and deflationists can and should accept the existence of manifest indeterminacy such as vagueness, only inflationists can accept the existence of hidden indeterminacy such as the yet–to–be–discovered indeterminacy thought to be involved in terms of our current scientific theories. The paper also considers the question how well deflationists can do without hidden indeterminacy.
Privileged Self–Knowledge and Externalism: A Contextualist Approach
Authors: Hohwy Jakob
Published: March 2003

Many people argue that privileged self–knowledge is incompatible with semantic externalism. I develop a contextualist approach to self–knowledge, and examine what this approach should lead us to say about the apparent incompatibility. Though such contextualism compels us to re–think the notion of privilege associated with self–knowledge, it can contain the damage wreaked by the externalist doctrine.
Parent–Teacher Conferences in a Secondary School: A Case Study
Authors: Leung Paul
Published: March 2003

The authors report on the findings of a case study of parent–teacher conferences in a secondary school in Hong Kong. They explored through interviews parents’ and teachers’ perspectives of parent–teacher conferences. They noted that parent–teacher conferences were sources of stress for teachers and embarrassment for parents. Parent–teacher conferences were useful for problem‐clarification. The building of mutual trust was the most important conferencing skill. They drew out some practical guidelines which were useful to teachers of the case study school but are also valuable to all teachers who wish to work effectively and positively with parents.
Promoting Empathy Through the Dynamics of Staff Development: What Schools Can Offer Their Teachers as Learners
Authors: Hanko Gerda
Published: March 2003

This is a revised version of a paper presented at the International Conference on Empathy, Experience and Spirituality, June 2001, Roehampton University of Surrey. Based on the presenter’s substantial experience of collaborative support work with teachers in Britain and overseas, the paper was stimulated by Ron Best’s argument in Pastoral Care in Education 18 (2000), on the nurturing of empathy through ‘the experience schools provide for children’, and highlights the opportunities for such provision for teachers’ own experiences in the educational setting.
Legitimate Authority and “Just War” in the Modern World
Authors: Calhoun Laurie
Published: March 2003

Legitimate authority is a widely touted yet rarely analyzed concept in discourse about war. In this essay, I articulate and analyze the schema of just war theory that has dominated philosophical discourse regarding war since the early medieval period. Although the requirements for a “just war” appear to exceed the simple proclamation by a legitimate authority, in fact, all of the other requirements are subject to the interpretation of the legitimate authority. In other words, just war theory reduces, in actual practice, to the requirement of legitimate authority. A consideration of the nature of contemporary warfare further suggests that just war theory is the vestigial idiom of a world that no longer exists. What remains today of just war theory is a dangerous rhetorical weapon, deployed by the leaders of both sides in every belligerent conflict.
Missing Reliance
Authors: Jaffey Peter
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Andrew Burrows, Understanding the Law of Obligations: Essays on Contract,Tort and Restitution
Risk and Remoteness of Damage in Negligence
Authors: Stauch Marc
Published: March 2003

The remoteness enquiry in negligence, which serves to exclude the liability of defendants for harmful consequences that their careless conduct caused, but for which it seems unfair to penalise them, has long been beset by uncertainty. Indeed, a common view is that this area of the law can be explained only by reference to diffuse considerations of ‘legal policy’. This paper, however, argues that the remoteness enquiry represents a principled response to a problem that can arise, at a deep level, in ascribing a harmful outcome to the negligent exercise of individual agency. The relevant problem concerns the possible mismatch between the hypothetical ‘risk‐claim’ in virtue of which conduct was faulty and the causal set that subsequently materialised for harm. The ‘revised risk theory’ that emerges from this analysis accounts for the majority of remoteness determinations. However, a few exceptions are also considered where ‘policy‘, in a restricted sense, operates to extend or curtail a negligent agent’s legal responsibility.
Ian Markham's Critical Realism
Authors: Insole Christopher
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Ian Markham's, Critical Realism
Secret Service under Pitt's Administrations, 1792–1806
Authors: Sparrow Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

The article has a double theme: first, that Louis XVI's ex‐ministers and police officers exercised an important influence on Pitt and his ministers, an influence that encouraged the introduction of both a French‐style secret police within Britain, and a foreign secret service principally directed against republican governments in France; second, that a study of the resulting espionage is of crucial importance for an understanding of the history of the period. In addition this article elaborates and corrects my previous assessment of the alien office.
Protestant Conceptions of the Devil in Early Stuart England
Authors: Olderidge Darren
Published: March 2003

The central thesis of this article is that a distinctively Protestant idea of the Devil had emerged in England by the early seventeenth century. This emphasized the role of Satan as a spiritual force, with great power over human affairs. This image was not universally accepted, however. An older tradition, which depicted the Devil in crudely physical form, persisted throughout the seventeenth century in folklore and cheap literature. This article argues that godly Protestants were willing to utilize folk images of the Devil in order to promote their own religious agenda, and explores this process in several different contexts, including exorcisms and anti‐Catholic propaganda. The result of this process was an interesting compromise between Protestant ideals and traditional beliefs, which illustrates the wider achievements and limitations of the English Reformation.
Hannah More on Literature and Propaganda, 1788–1799
Authors: Hole Robert
Published: March 2003

Hannah More (1745‐1833) made an important contribution to the developing art of propaganda in the period 1788‐99. She first learned the techniques of the propaganda of agitation from her involvement in the movement for the abolition of the slave trade, though she devoted most of the 1790s to the propaganda of integration. In a large number of popular tracts she used fictional narratives to urge the poor to deference and the rising middle class to contentment. As an independent woman writer, much of her work was directed to the female sex, but her desire to see women play a more constructive role in society came to conflict with her fear of revolutionary ideas. Consciously aware of the techniques of propaganda, she saw these being used in radical literature, especially in German Romantic drama and in the works of Mary Wollstonecraft. One of the major purposes of her Strictures on Female Education (1799) was to alert British women to the serious social and political dangers inherent in those forms of radical propaganda.
Radical Opinion in an Age of Reform: Thomas Perronet Thompson and the Westminster Review
Authors: Turner Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Historians have long been interested in the growth of the nineteenth‐century political press, and many commentators recognize the instrumentality of newspapers, pamphlets, prints and publications of all kinds in the development of radical opinion and popular participation in politics. This article is offered as a contribution to continuing debates about the links between radicalism and the press. Its purpose is to examine the establishment and early history of the Westminster Review, the leading radical periodical of the early nineteenth century. Special attention will be paid to the role of Thomas Perronet Thompson (1783‐1869), who was associated with the review for several years as owner, editor and contributor. This article will demonstrate the importance of Thompson's involvement with the Westminster Review with reference to its politics, reputation, influence, management and status. Personal relationships which had a bearing on the review's early history ‐ particularly those between Thompson, Jeremy Bentham, John Bowring and the Mills ‐ will be examined, and there will also be discussion of editorial processes, journalistic standards, business rivalry, the nature of the Westminster Review's content, and its conflict with the Whig Edinburgh Review.
‘A Joy Unknown for Years Past’: The American War, Britishness and the Celebration of Rodney’s Victory at the Saints
Authors: Conway Stephen
Published: March 2003

In April 1782 Admiral Rodney won a notable victory over the French fleet at the battle of the Saints in the West Indies. The ensuing enthusiastic public celebrations can be understood only when proper account is taken not just of the war situation and the politics of the moment, but also of the ways in which the American conflict stimulated and redefined a popular sense of Britishness.
Comparison and Beyond
Authors: Kocka Jürgen
Published: March 2003

The merits of the comparative approach to history are undeniable. Comparison helps to identify questions, and to clarify profiles of single cases. It is indispensable for causal explanations and their criticism. Comparison helps to make the “climate” of historical research less provincial. Still, comparative historians remain in a minority. Many cherished principles of the historical discipline — proximity to the sources, context, and continuity — are sometimes in tension with the comparative approach. More recently, new transnational approaches — entangled histories,histoire croisée–challenge comparative historians in a new and interesting way. But histoire comparée and histoire croisée can be compatible and need each other.
Partnership in Practice: The Experience of Two Probation Services
Authors: Cross Beverly
Published: March 2003

This article attempts to provide some comments and responses to the issues raised in previous articles concerning probation service partnerships with the ‘independent sector’. It draws on PhD research undertaken between 1991 and 1994 during which the author studied two probation services’ collaborative activities with the voluntary sector in their areas. From these a clearer understanding was gained of what the concept of partnership meant for those services and the voluntary bodies involved, and of the factors most likely to contribute to success or failure and the conditions constituting good practice.
Attitudes, Social Problems and Reconvictions in the ‘STOP’ Probation Experiment
Authors: Raynor Peter
Published: March 2003

Recent studies of probation’s effectiveness have relied largely on reconvictions, but there is widespread interest in other possible measures of impact (for example, on attitudes or on social problems) which might provide more immediate and relevant evaluative information for practitioners. This paper reviews information generated by the CRIME‐PICS instrument in the Mid Glamorgan ‘STOP’ experiment and compares it with reconviction data. Some relationships are identified between components of CRIME‐PICS scores and subsequent reconvictions. The paper comments on the potential and feasibility of this kind of instrument in evaluation and makes suggestions about future research.
The Crown Court Witness Service: Little Help in the Witness Box
Authors: Riding Allison
Published: March 2003

Although some witnesses benefit from the services provided by the Crown Court Witness Service, namely, the supply of information, the provision of moral support, access to physical facilities such as witness rooms, and liaison with others in the criminal justice system, the Witness Service does little to assist witnesses in giving evidence from the witness box. Despite its good intentions, it does not ameliorate the unpleasantness for witnesses inherent in confrontation between the witness and defendant, the principle of orality, the centrality of witness statements and cross‐examination.
The Macpherson Report and the Question of Institutional Racism
Authors: Lea John
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the concept of institutional racism as deployed in the Macpherson Report into police handling of the murder of Steven Lawrence. After some remarks on the methodological difficulty of grounding the concept in an investigation of a single incident of failed murder inquiry, the focus shifts to Macpherson's general understanding of the relations between police and black communities. Macpherson deploys a cultural explanation of institutional racism which is seen as grounded in the lack of contract between white police officers and black communities outside of the law enforcement relationship. This deflects from an understanding of the reproduction of institutional racism through the normal practices of operational policing, in particular ‘top and search’.
‘Healthy Prisons’: A Contradiction in Terms?
Authors: Smith Catrin
Published: March 2003

Recent developments in prison health care promise enhanced health benefits for prisoners and the promotion of health has become a central feature of prison health care policy. This article presents the background to these changes and considers what they are likely to mean in practice. It provides a description of the emergence of health promotion within the prison setting, locating prison‐based initiatives within the context of the wider political drive towards health promotion in society at large. Finally, it raises questions about the fundamental philosophies underpinning current models of prison health care where the benevolent aims of health promotion may become extremely punitive.
Defining Effective Probation: Frontline Perspectives
Authors: McNeill Fergus
Published: March 2003

In probation and, in Scotland, in criminal justice social work, the evaluation of effectiveness is fraught with difficulty. Engaging workers in the process of defining effective probation and in developing effectiveness measures is essential if workers are to have any investment in evaluation. The research study reported here attempted to explore workers' definitions of effective probation and found evidence of considerable diversity of opinion on this vital issue. In general though, workers preferred to measure effectiveness in terms of ‘outputs’ or ‘outcomes’– reducing reoffending, changing attitudes, increasing victim empathy and alleviating needs. The study concluded that there are some grounds for cautious optimism about the capacity, opportunity and motivation of criminal justice social workers to rise to the challenge that the effectiveness agenda represents. However, effectiveness evaluation needs to be enacted in a pluralistic manner, recognising the ethical and practical complexity of the issue, as well as the diversity of workers' perspectives.
The Course and Nature of Stalking: A Victim Perspective
Authors: Sheridan Lorraine , Davies Graham , Boon Julian
Published: March 2003

This article presents results from the first survey of stalking victims to be conducted in the United Kingdom. In‐depth questionnaire data are drawn on to investigate the course and nature of prolonged stalking in 95 self‐defined victims. Findings indicate a pattern of repeated intrusions, a high violence risk for both victims and their loved ones, a dearth of sources of support, and varied police response. Stalkers had higher socio‐economic status than most other criminals, were ex‐partners of the victim in under half of cases, and did not necessarily operate alone.
Inside Methodologies: For Counting Blood‐Borne Viruses and Injector‐Inmates' Behavioural Risks – Results From European Prisons
Authors: Bird Sheila M. , Rotily Michel
Published: March 2003

A resume, with key European results, is given of Willing Anonymous Salivary HIV/Hepatitis C (WASH‐C) surveillance studies for estimating HIV and Hepatitis C prevalence among prisoners, and associated risk behaviours. The WASH methodology was acceptable to prisoners, with participation rates of 75% to 88% in EC Network, UK and Irish prison studies; one‐third of nearly 9,000 male participant adult prisoners had a history of injection drug use, half of whom reported having injected inside prison. Half of the injector‐inmates were Hepatitis C antibody positive in saliva (1,157/2,246). We then set out four other methodologies for future international application inside prisons. All four have been designed to safeguard prisoner and medical confidentiality and to avoid deductive disclosure about participant prisoners. They are: database linkage, for example to enable follow‐up of drugs‐related deaths soon after release from prison; randomised controlled trials in criminal justice, for example to determine whether drug treatment and testing orders are preferable (in terms of recidivism, morbidity and mortality) to incarceration for drug‐dependent offenders; a new WASH methodology for quantifying Hepatitis C and injector incidence among young offenders; and audit, for example to monitor prisoners' uptake of short‐course Hepatitis B immunisation.
How HMP Grendon ‘Works’ in the Words of Those Undergoing Therapy
Authors: Wilson David , McCabe Steven
Published: March 2003

Prisoner autobiographies are used to construct an understanding of how therapy at HMP Grendon ‘works’, grounded in Genders and Player's ‘therapeutic career model’. The use of these sources – or ‘voices’– provides the listener not only with a deeper understanding of how the therapeutic process operates, but also raises issues which have not previously been described in the academic literature about the prison, or within the ‘what works’ debate. In particular the idea of a therapeutic ‘champion’ is introduced.
News Media, Popular Culture and the Electronic Monitoring of Offenders in England and Wales
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: March 2003

On 10 January 2002, I was asked to provide a little expert comment on electronic monitoring (EM) on BBC Radio Birmingham's ‘Late Show’, the pretext being a newspaper report earlier that day indicating that Scotland was soon to roll out a national EM programme. It was clear when I met her that the show's host had no idea that electronic monitoring had already been underway in England and Wales for several years. Her immediate reaction to the idea of it was hostile: being sentenced to serve time in one's own living room hardly seemed like punishment. Several callers to the show were invited to comment on it in these terms, and most were adamant that it was obviously no substitute for imprisonment. The experience was, for me, indicative (in microcosm) of the generally poor quality of media debate about EM in England and Wales, and suggested that EM has simply not registered with the public as the tough punishment that its supporters hoped and its opponents feared it would be. This article is a preliminary attempt to map the nature and level of awareness that has been shown about EM in various manifestations of popular culture – the press, TV, cinema and literature – and to tentatively suggest why it has taken the forms that it has. The article understands popular culture primarily as a resource for interpreting and bestowing meaning upon EM but also, more cursorily, considers it as an aspect of the milieu in which creative technological developments are conceived.
Employment of People with Disabilities Following the ADA
Authors: Kruse Douglas , Schur Lisa
Published: March 2003

Studies finding a negative effect of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on the employment of people with disabilities have used the work disability measure, which has several potential problems in measuring employment trends. Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data that permit alternative measures of disability, this study finds decreased employment among those reporting work disabilities in the first few years after the ADA was passed but increased employment when using a more probably appropriate measure of ADA coverage (functional and activity limitations that do not prevent work). State‐by‐state variation in labor market tightness is used to find that people with disabilities may have especially procyclical employment, but the contrary results in overall employment trends remain after accounting for labor market tightness. Given the problems in measuring who is covered by the ADA, there is reason to be cautious of both positive and negative findings.
The Impact of Research Productivity on Early Retirement of University Professors
Authors: Kim Seongsu
Published: March 2003

Using samples of several hundred faculty at the University of California, this study examines whether declining research productivity is related to the acceptance of an early retirement program. Research productivity is measured by the number of papers published per year for 3 years and 15 years before the announcement of the early‐retirement program. The ratio of the 3‐year publication measure to the 15‐year publication measure was used to measure the extent of decline in research output. Results suggest that professors who published less than peers during the 3 years before the retirement programs and those whose research output had declined more than that of peers were more likely to retire early.
Induced Preferences, Nonadditive Beliefs, and Multiple Priors
Authors: Kelsey David , Milne Frank
Published: March 2003

We study a decision maker who follows the Savage axioms. We show that if he or she is able to take unobservable actions that influence the probabilities of outcomes, then it can appear to an outsider as if his or her subjective probabilities are nonadditive. Implications for multiperiod decision are explored. We extend the model to include a second individual who is also able to take a hidden action. We show that this may induce uncertainty‐averse preferences over some class of acts, even if the second individual acts to help the decision maker with high probability.
Costly Search, Capacity Constraints, and Bertrand Equilibrium Price Dispersion
Authors: Arnold Michael A.
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes the impact of transaction (search) costs and capacity constraints in an almost competitive market with homogeneous firms that compete on price. We characterize conditions under which Nash equilibria with price dispersion exist; in equilibrium, firms play pure strategies in prices and consumers adopt a symmetric mixed search strategy. Price dispersion is possible even though consumers all have the same search cost and valuation for the item and prices charged by all firms are common knowledge.
Identifying a Liquidity Effect in the Japanese Interbank Market
Authors: Hayashi Fumio
Published: March 2003

This article examines whether there was a liquidity effect in the Japanese interbank market for reserves during the period from January 4, 1996, to February 12, 1999. According to the standard martingale model, the only determinant of the overnight rate during the reserve maintenance period is the rate that is expected to prevail on the settlement day (the last day of the period), but this model ignores the fact that reserves are used for interbank payments. If overdraft costs are introduced into banks' reserve management problem, the overnight rate will also depend on what this paper calls the reserve surplus, which captures the liquidity effect of reserves. We identify the liquidity effect by exploiting two institutional features. First, the overnight rates observed in the morning are forward rates for a contract to be settled later in the day. Second, changes in reserves that are due to factors other than open market operations are rendered temporary through defensive operations by the Open Market Desk. We show that the liquidity effect can be identified from the regression of the spot‐forward differential on these temporary liquidity shocks. Our estimates indicate that there was a liquidity effect, at least before the Yamaichi debacle of November 1997.
Whither Monetary Economics?
Authors: Wallace Neil
Published: March 2003

I argue that monetary economics should be pursued by applying implementation theory to models which contain explicit frictions that make money essential. The argument has two parts. First, I argue that models in which real balances are assumed to be productive—models with money in utility or production functions or with cash‐in‐advance constraints—contain hidden inconsistencies. Second, I argue that the approach advocated is capable of providing new insights about some of the main issues in monetary economics: the effects of monetary shocks, the welfare cost of inflation, and the roles of inside and outside money.
Nonlinear Mean‐Reversion in Real Exchange Rates: Toward a Solution To the Purchasing Power Parity Puzzles
Authors: Taylor Mark P. , Peel David A. , Sarno Lucio
Published: March 2003

We fit nonlinearly mean‐reverting models to real dollar exchange rates over the post‐Bretton Woods period, consistent with a theoretical literature on transactions costs in international arbitrage. The half lives of real exchange rate shocks, calculated through Monte Carlo integration, imply faster adjustment speeds than hitherto recorded. Monte Carlo simulations reconcile our results with the large empirical literature on unit roots in real exchange rates by showing that when the real exchange rate is nonlinearly mean reverting, standard univariate unit root tests have low power, while multivariate tests have much higher power to reject a false null hypothesis.
Unemployment and Growth in the Long Run: an Efficiency‐Wage Model With Optimal Savings*
Authors: Brecher Richard A. , Chen Zhiqi , Choudhri Ehsan U.
Published: March 2003

An efficiency‐wage model of steady‐state equilibrium with labor‐augmenting technical progress is developed to explore the long‐run relationship between unemployment and growth. The rate of productivity growth is either specified exogenously or determined endogenously. In both cases, we preserve key results of the Shapiro–Stiglitz efficiency‐wage analysis without growth. Our model, however, also yields some striking new results. For instance, an exogenous increase in the growth rate may raise the rate of efficiency‐wage unemployment, and a once‐for‐all rise in the labor force may reduce the unemployment rate in the endogenous‐growth case.
Centralization, Fiscal Federalism, and Private School Attendance*
Authors: Nechyba Thomas J.
Published: March 2003

A CGE model is used to analyze the impact of public school financing on private school attendance. The common perception that public school finance centralization will necessarily lead to greater private school attendance is not correct in such a model—even when that centralization involves an extreme equalization as in California. Furthermore, if centralization is less dramatic (as in most states), declines in private school attendance are even more pronounced. This weakens the speculation that low exit rates to private schools in centralizing states imply that general public school quality does not drop as a result of such centralization.
The Dangers of Exchange‐Rate Pegging in Emerging‐Market Countries
Authors: Mishkin Frederic S.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the question of whether pegging exchange rates is a good strategy for emerging‐market countries. Although pegging the exchange rate provides a nominal anchor for emerging‐market countries that can help them to control inflation, the analysis in this paper does not provide support for this strategy for the conduct of monetary policy. First there are the usual criticisms of exchange‐rate pegging, that it entails the loss of an independent monetary policy, exposes the country to the transmission of shocks from the anchor country, increases the likelihood of speculative attacks and potentially weakens the accountability of policymakers to pursue anti‐inflationary policies. However, most damaging to the case for exchange‐rate pegging in emerging‐market countries is that it can increase financial fragility and heighten the potential for financial crises. Because of the devastating effects on the economy that financial crises can bring, an exchange‐rate peg is a very dangerous strategy for controlling inflation in emerging‐market countries. Instead, this paper suggests that a strategy with a greater likelihood of success involves the granting of independence to the central bank and the adoption of inflation targeting.
Alliance formation issues for knowledge‐based enterprises
Authors: Reid Douglas , Bussiere David , Greenaway Kathleen
Published: March 2003

Inter‐firm collaboration among knowledge‐intensive firms is increasing as a result of accelerating competition, falling regulatory barriers and rising customer expectations. Resource dependency theory is used to position knowledge as the key resource for the knowledge‐based enterprise and to examine the suitability of alliances as a mode of knowledge acquisition and exchange, contrasted particularly with merger and acquisition. The alliance and knowledge literatures are reviewed, and particular attention is paid to the critical alliance formation stage. This stage is reviewed against a research model that posits firm performance in knowledge creation arises from a number of factors, including the motivation for an alliance, partner firm characteristics (the ability to develop and sustain valuable resources; absorptive capacity; combinative capability; experience with alliances; and appropriate design for knowledge exchange), the development of operating structures and norms, and the choice of alliance structure. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research..
The retromarketing revolution: l'imagination au pouvoir
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: March 2003

Marketing is in the throes of a retromarketing revolution. This review examines the nature and implications of marketing's post‐nostalgic leanings. It draws upon the work of leading cultural theorists Walter Benjamin and Fredric Jameson to contend that retro is an invitation to reconceptualize the field. The future of the marketing concept involves abandoning customer focus and reverting to re‐production orientation.
ABCs of the Interview: The Role of Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Responses by Applicants in the Employment Interview
Authors: Young Angela M. , Kacmar K. Michele
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of a job applicant's verbal statements on interviewer ratings of an applicant's interpersonal characteristics. Applicant verbal statements were coded as containing affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. Verbal statements were analyzed using regression analysis and findings indicated that behavioral and cognitive speech components significantly impacted interviewer ratings of an applicant's self‐confidence. In turn, interpersonal characteristics of enthusiasm, self‐confidence and effectiveness had a significant influence on an interviewer's rating of an applicant's overall quality and the ultimate hiring decision.
Effects of Nonlinearity and Heteroscedasticity on the Validity of Conscientiousness in Predicting Overall Job Performance
Authors: Robie Chet , Ryan Ann Marie
Published: March 2003

Most research on the relationship between personality and overall job performance assumes linearity and homoscedasticity. This study investigated the prevalence and nature of nonlinearities and heteroscedasticies in relationships between conscientiousness and supervisory ratings of overall job performance across five independent samples using both concurrent (k = 4) and predictive (k = 1) designs. Hierarchical polynomial regression analyses found evidence of robust linear effects but no evidence of statistically significant quadratic or cubic effects. A statistically and practically significant heteroscedastic effect was found in only one sample such that lower errors of prediction were evidenced in the ends in comparison to the middle of the bivariate distribution. Implications for the use of conscientiousness in personnel selection are suggested. Limitations of the current study and directions for future research are noted.
Dynamic Testing in Selection for an Educational Programme: Assessing South African Performance on the Raven Progressive Matrices
Authors: Zaaiman Hermien , Van Der Flier Henk , Thijs Gerard D.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the research results of an investigation into the use of dynamic testing for the selection of candidates for an educational programme. The selection of students from educationally disadvantaged backgrounds for mathematics‐, science‐, and technology‐based programmes is a problem for which most South African higher education institutions still have to find adequate solutions. Dynamic testing procedures are often seen as more fair to use for selection than single‐session tests in situations of unequal educational opportunity. The possibility that a selection instrument using a dynamic testing process could add significantly to the selection effectiveness already achieved in a South African mathematics and science foundation year using single‐session tests was investigated. The performance of a group of educationally disadvantaged black South African students on the Raven Progressive Matrices is compared to that of other groups reported in research literature. Considering the disadvantaged nature of the South African group, the group performed well on the Raven test when compared with data from other countries.
The Influence of Videoconference Technology and Interview Structure on the Recruiting Function of the Employment Interview: A Field Experiment
Authors: Chapman Derek S. , Rowe Patricia M.
Published: March 2003

This field experiment examined whether interview medium and interview structure affects the attractiveness of organizations, interviewer friendliness and performance. Attractiveness ratings of 25 organizations were provided by 92 real job applicants, assigned to either a face–to–face (FTF) or a videoconference (VC) interview. An interview medium X structure interaction showed FTF applicants were attracted most to organizations who conducted their interviews with less structure, while VC applicants were more attracted to organizations using structured interviews. Interview structure had no effect on applicants’ perception of the interviewer’s performance; however, interviewers’ performance was rated higher for FTF than VC interviews. Applicants were more satisfied with their FTF performance in less structured interviews and more satisfied with their VC performance in highly structured interviews.
Modeling the Practical Effects of Applicant Reactions: Subgroup Differences in Test‐Taking Motivation, Test Performance, and Selection Rates
Authors: Ployhart Robert E. , Ehrhart Mark G.
Published: March 2003

Research suggests that Black–White differences in test‐taking motivation may be related to subgroup test score differences, but this research has not shown the extent to which minimizing subgroup motivation differences will reduce subgroup differences in selection rates and adverse impact. This Monte Carlo study examined how enhancing Blacks' test‐taking motivation for cognitive ability tests might reduce adverse impact across a range of (a) subgroup test differences, (b) selection ratios, (c) subgroup differences in test‐taking motivation, and (d) relationships between motivation and test scores. The results suggest that although enhancing test‐taking motivation will consistently reduce subgroup differences in test performance and adverse impact, the effect is often small and will not eliminate adverse impact for any condition we examine. However, under some conditions the reduction may be important, and the discussion considers conditions where even these minimal reductions may be practically helpful.
Do cutbacks pay off? Perceived changes in the standard of municipal services and attitudes towards services among citizens and municipal decision makers in Finland
Authors: Blomberg H.
Published: March 2003

One common aim in the Nordic countries during the last decade has been to lessen state control over municipal affairs and to increase the local community’s influence over the development of (welfare) services. These reforms happened to coincide with the economic depression of the 1990s, which especially hit Finland and Sweden, and enforced extensive cutbacks that negatively influenced the standard of services in a number of ways. However, according to some indicators the cutbacks also made public services more efficient. This article – utilizing Finnish data from 1995 – focuses on a comparison between how the general public on the one hand and leading municipal politicians and administrators on the other hand perceived the development of services and, further, whether these perceptions influence the groups’ attitudes towards future changes in the system. Results show that decision makers, in contrast to a significant proportion of citizens, have a quite positive view on the development of services as well as on the continuation of cutbacks and a reduction of the municipalities’ responsibilities for service provision. The study also indicates that citizens’ views on the decline of various services are related to negative attitudes towards further decrease or changes in the municipalities’ responsibilities. Among the decision makers, those politicians who think that (particularly efficiency aspects of) services have developed favourably also exhibit the weakest support for the prevailing system. The results raise questions concerning the role of citizens’ attitudes in the development of services in the municipalities.
Children in Residential and Foster Care – a Swedish Example
Authors: Andersson G.
Published: March 2003

The article reports on a longitudinal study of children placed in a children’s home in Malmö, Sweden, at the beginning of the 1980s. The 26 children, placed when younger than four years of age and staying more than four weeks in the children’s home, were followed up three and nine months after leaving the children’s home as well as five, ten and fifteen years later. Interviewing the parties concerned was the predominant research method. Twenty of the 26 children in the research group also had later experiences of out‐of‐home care, including foster care, in addition to the stay at the children’s home. This article is about them, 15–20 years old when interviewed in the latest follow‐up study. Three aspects of “outcome” are focused on: the degree of stability in the children’s living conditions; relationships to parents and foster parents; well‐being and emotional and behavior problems. Bearing in mind that the concept of well‐being is relative, a cautious conclusion is that a third of the children in the study experienced well‐being, a third felt “o.k.,” and a third had serious problems, including criminal activities and drugs. The somewhat unclear connection between well‐being, stability in living conditions, and sense of family belonging is discussed.
Introduction: social policy, economic growth and developmental welfare
Authors: Midgley James , Tang Kwong‐leung
Published: March 2003

Although the notion of developmental welfare is not new, it is only in recent times that its central premises have again attracted attention in social policy circles. Since developmental welfare offers an opportunity to challenge the neo‐liberal claim that social expenditures harm the economy, and that economic development requires retrenchments in state welfare, more information about this approach is needed. This article discusses the developmental welfare approach with reference to neo‐liberalism's current hegemonic influence on social policy. It traces the historical evolution of developmental welfare, discusses its theoretical implications and outlines its practical proposals.
Singapore: social development, housing and the Central Provident Fund
Authors: Vasoo S. , Lee James
Published: March 2003

The high rates of economic growth and significant improvements in standards of living recorded in East‐Asian nations such as Singapore in recent decades has attracted increasing attention from social policy scholars in the industrial countries. Many believe that the experiences of these countries offer useful lessons for the Western welfare states. This article examines social security and housing policies in Singapore and shows how both were an integral part of a wider commitment to promote economic development. The article suggests that Singapore provides a good example of a developmentalist approach to social welfare that successfully harmonises economic and social objectives.
The paradox of inter‐country adoption: analysing Romania’s experience as a sending country
Authors: Dickens Jonathan
Published: March 2003

This article explores the effects of inter‐country adoption on the development of in‐country services to protect children and support families in Romania. The country’s child care legislation gives formal priority to domestic alternatives to institutional care – preventive services, family reunification, foster care and in‐country adoption. Despite this, inter‐country adoption continues to play a central role in Romania’s child welfare system. The article analyses the multiple and complex factors at policy and practice levels that lie behind this situation. It is concluded that whilst inter‐country adoption may be used to secure some resources for the development of in‐country services, it paradoxically undermines the effectiveness of those services for the children who are left behind.
Widowhood practices in West Africa: the silent victims
Authors: Sossou Marie–Antoinette
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the plight and suffering of widows in terms of their social, economic, psychological and human rights violations in three West African societies. The article describes the situation of the widows as silent victims who suffer cruel and dehumanising cultural and ritual practices as a mourning process for their dead spouses. The article also examines the gender inequalities suffered by the widows and makes some recommendations as to how these practices could be minimised or eliminated from those societies.
Chile: has social security privatisation fostered economic development?
Authors: Borzutzky Silvia
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the impact of the privatisation of social security on Chile's economy and society. The paper also includes a brief discussion of Chile's current economic problems, and suggestions for integrating the social security system into the future development of the country. Its central argument is that social security should be able to provide adequate benefits not only to a privileged group of people, but to the entire society. In the case of Chile, the privatised system has created new sources of inequities, reduced the population coverage, and it has had a limited impact on economic development.
Supporting the Career Development of Older Employees: an HRD Study in a Dutch Company
Authors: Rhebergen Bertien , Wognum Ida
Published: March 2003

Many organisations are confronted with an ageing workforce. Older employees are often seen as less flexible and open to HRD activities than their younger colleagues, yet rapid developments taking place within society and organisations require a flexible and responsive workforce. The necessary knowledge and skills demanded here can be taught through HRD activities. In 1995 a quantitative exploratory survey into the conditions considered important for the career development or mobility of older workers was carried out within a Dutch multinational chemical company. From a training and development viewpoint, these conditions are defined as demands made on corporate HRD policy, HRD activities and employees’ willingness to learn, as well as stimulating factors that promote the career development of older workers. Results show that while the company operated an age‐awareness personnel policy, this still focused on younger employees so that participants in the career development process were insufficiently stimulated in their roles and traditional formal HRD activities had little effect on older workers’ careers. This article describes the survey, highlighting its major results, and offers recommendations.
Strategic management training and commitment to planning: critical partners in stimulating firm performance
Authors: Newkirk‐Moore Susan , Bracker Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2003

Few studies to date have been able to establish a clear link between training activities and firm performance. This study shows a relationship between a firm’s level of commitment to planning, management development and training activities and firm performance. The relationship is demonstrated by a higher return on equity for investors. Data from 157 small financial firms in the US were collected and analysed to find out if there was a relationship between the frequency and type of strategic management training, commitment to a strategic planning process, and firm performance. Findings from this study show that there is a significant relationship, resulting in greater return on tockholders’ equity, between the frequency that senior managers attend strategic management training and a firm’s level of commitment to the planning process.