bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De la utopía a la realidad. Casamicciola tras el terremoto de 1883
Authors: Fernández Martínez Carla
Published: September 2019

Italia ha sido y es el país de Europa que sufrió más terremotos a lo largo de la historia. Muchos de estos movimientos telúricos implicaron la destrucción de numerosos núcleos urbanos que tuvieron que reconstruirse ex novo. Uno de los que más eco tuvo internacionalmente fue el acaecido en Ischia en 1883, que afectó, especialmente, a Casamicciola. A través del análisis de la historiografía y de la documentación de archivo, este artículo propone una reflexión sobre el proceso de reconstrucción emprendido en dicha población.
Contribución para o estudo da rede de igrexiarios como base dunha organización territorial sustentable
Authors: Mingote Rodríguez Fernando , Lizancos Mora Plácido
Published: September 2019

En amplas zonas de poboamento espallado no noroeste da Península Ibérica, as parroquias non son tanto unha división eclesiástica como unha entidade social e xeográfica. Dentro dos seus límites, os igrexarios (isto é; o conxunto formado pola igrexa, cemiterio, carballeira, cruceiros e casa reitoral; polo común na veciñanza dunha pequena aldea) constitúen o seu cerne. Nesta zona, os igrexarios forman unha malla sobre a paisaxe cultural e representan os fitos de súa identidade. A maior parte aséntanse nos seus lugares desde a Idade Media e evidencian conexións cun pasado máis remoto. Con frecuencia inclúen importantes mostras de arquitectura histórica así como de espazos de gran calidade ambiental.Nesta investigación analizamos 750 parroquias rurais e os seus igrexarios que constitúen unha área de máis de 6200 quilómetros cadrados, do noroeste galego, diagnosticando o seu estado mediante o sistema DAFO, e propoñendo estratexias para a súa conservación e a renovación das súas funcións.
Violencia, Prostitución y Reconstrucción de Identidades
Authors: Pallarés Ameneiro Laura
Published: September 2019

Este artículo que lleva por título “Violencia, Prostitución y Reconstrucción de identidades” tiene como objetivo principal poder demostrar como la prostitución como fenómeno y realidad social desde la antigüedad, ha estado marcado en la vida de cada una de las mujeres desde la infancia, por episodios temporales o continuos de violencia principalmente física, provocando una ruptura de identidad natural en las mismas. Metodología en base a los conocimientos teóricos de Doreen Massey, entre otros, y prácticos, con trabajo de campo minucioso, a través de 9 entrevistas personales y 50 encuestas a sexoservidoras de la ciudad de México. Los resultados obtenidos en función a la metodología utilizada confirman la reconstrucción de la identidad o neoidentidad de las prostitutas, sin filtros, sin doble personalidad y sin violencia.
A institucionalización da violencia sexual na transición á democracia
Authors: Alvite Enya Antelo
Published: September 2019

No presente artigo faise unha aproximación á institucionalización da violencia sexual e sexuada durante a etapa da Transición á democracia, centrándonos principalmente na década dos 80 por ser o momento en que se institucionaliza o Feminismo a través das novas leis e políticas públicas. A análise das mudanzas no plano lexislativo quere ser contrastada co que acontece a nivel práctico, mediante a presentación dunha serie de casos e sentencias que poñen sobre a mesa a fractura existente entre a realidade formal e material dun tempo que se alonga ata a actualidade.
Contra el agandalle de la tira. El surgimiento del Movimiento de Liberación Homosexual y la resistencia a la razias policiacas en la ciudad de México, 1978-1984.
Authors: González Romero Martín H.
Published: September 2019

Este artículo estudia la resistencia a la represión policiaca durante los primeros años del Movimiento de Liberación Homosexual (MLH) en la ciudad de México. Tomando como fuente principal la prensa del período, se analiza la forma en que el MLH se organizó para responder a las redadas recurrentes, así como las estrategias cotidianas de resistencia que los sujetos implementaron para enfrentarse a la autoridad. En el texto se busca poner a prueba el marco conceptual de la resistencia y de las herramientas de los débiles aportado por James C. Scott. Los resultados de este ejercicio invitan a pensar un el MLH como una respuesta a la agudización de la violencia y la represión policiaca, resultado del crecimiento urbano y la aparición de mercados y espacios nocturnos de socialización específicamente homosexual.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound for the Pediatric Hospitalist’s Practice
Authors: Hopkins Akshata , Doniger Stephanie J.
Published: September 2019

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has the potential to provide real-time valuable information that could alter diagnosis, treatment, and management practices in pediatric hospital medicine. We review the existing pediatric POCUS literature to identify potential clinical applications within the scope of pediatric hospital medicine. Diagnostic point-of-care applications most relevant to the pediatric hospitalist include lung ultrasound for pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis; cardiac ultrasound for global cardiac function and hydration status; renal or bladder ultrasound for nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis, and bladder volumes; soft tissue ultrasound for differentiating cellulitis from abscess; and procedural-guidance applications, including line placement, lumbar puncture, and abscess incision and drainage. We discuss POCUS applications with reviews of major pathologic findings, research gaps, the integration of POCUS into practice, and barriers to implementation.
Exploring Medical Foster Care as a Placement Option for Children With Medical Complexity
Authors: Seltzer Rebecca R. , Raisanen Jessica C. , Williams Erin P. , Da Silva Trisha , Donohue Pamela K. , Boss Renee D.
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND:

Medical foster care (MFC) offers a family-home setting for children with medical complexity (CMC) who cannot be cared for by their parents. We explored MFC as a placement option for CMC via in-depth interviews with the individuals providing and monitoring care.

METHODS:

In collaboration with an MFC agency, we recruited care team members for 15 CMC. Semistructured interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Descriptive analyses were performed on care team composition and roles, the placement process, and child medical, placement, and quality of life (QoL) characteristics. Foster parents completed child QoL questionnaires. Conventional content analysis was applied to participant suggestions for MFC improvements.

RESULTS:

Fifty-eight interviews were conducted; a median of 4 care team members interviewed per child. An extensive network of individuals and systems are involved in providing care. Each child received care from multiple subspecialists (median = 5). Most children were technology dependent (87%), developmentally delayed (87%), and entered MFC from the hospital (73%) because of medical neglect (86%). Nearly half were in care for >2 years. Changes in placement and/or care team were common. QoL scoring showed impairments in multiple domains, whereas respondent interviews described positive aspects of QoL. Participants provided suggestions to improve care within MFC.

CONCLUSIONS:

MFC is a promising placement option for CMC. Because many CMC are entering MFC directly from the hospital and require ongoing care from pediatric subspecialists, pediatricians should be familiar with MFC, the placement process, and the various systems and individuals involved. Pediatricians can play important roles in ensuring that children in MFC receive coordinated and high-quality care.
Documentation of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Screening in Hospitalized Adolescents
Authors: Riese Alison , Tarr Elizabeth , Baird Janette , Alverson Brian
Published: September 2019

OBJECTIVES:

To examine the frequency of documented screening for tobacco, alcohol, and drug use in hospitalized adolescents on the pediatric hospitalist service.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

This was a retrospective chart review of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years hospitalized at a large urban academic children’s hospital in the Northeast from 2013 to 2015. Only patients admitted directly to the hospitalist service and only the first admission (if multiple occurred) were included. Patients presenting for psychiatric illness, ingestions, or impaired neurologic functioning were excluded. Admission history and physical (H&P) notes were reviewed to identify documented screening for tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. χ2 tests and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare screenings for each substance and assess for associations of patient and encounter characteristics.

RESULTS:

A total of 443 charts met criteria for inclusion. The majority of adolescents were girls (n = 286; 64.6%), and mean age was 15.6 years (SD: 1.1). The H&P notes included notation of screening for tobacco use in 75.4% (95% CI: 71.1%–79.3%), alcohol use in 56.4% (95% CI: 51.7%–61.1%), and drug use in 37.9% (95% CI: 33.4%–42.6%) of charts. Girls were 1.4 times more likely to have of documented screening for alcohol use than boys. The admission diagnosis category was significantly associated with documentation of alcohol screening. Tobacco and drug screening frequency did not differ on the basis of sex, age, or diagnosis category.

CONCLUSIONS:

Documentation of substance use screening was not universal in admission H&P notes. These discrepancies suggest a need for improvements in screening protocols and documentation methods.
Partially Wireless Pulse Oximetry Reduces Loss of Signal Integrity due to Motion in Children
Authors: Petersen Pamela C. , Hanson Sheila , Yan Ke , Clarke William
Published: September 2019

OBJECTIVES:

Continuous pulse oximetry monitoring is routine in many pediatric inpatient units, generating hundreds of alarms per patient per day, up to 90% of which are false (nonactionable). We hypothesized that continuously monitoring pulse oximetry with a partially wireless monitor without physical connection to a wall unit (wireless pox) will decrease episodes of loss of signal integrity (LOSI) generated by motion artifact in healthy pediatric subjects completing age-appropriate activities compared with a traditional wall-connected pulse oximeter (control pox), thereby reducing false alarms.

METHODS:

Thirty-six healthy children, aged 1 to 17 years, were continuously monitored simultaneously with a wireless pox and a control pox while performing increasing levels of activity for 20 minutes. Continuous pulse oximetry data were recorded in 2 second intervals. Data were analyzed for LOSI. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was then used to compare the control pox to the wireless pox.

RESULTS:

The wireless pox had fewer mean number of alarms due to LOSI (control 7.86, wireless 4.17, P = .0031) and fewer mean episodes of LOSI not leading to alarms (control 9.94, wireless 6.92, P = .0006). The control pox had a longer percent time in alarm state related to LOSI in all age groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

This prospective observational study found that the wireless pox has decreased number and duration of events of LOSI compared with the control pox in healthy children. Implementation of partially wireless pulse oximetry in pediatric inpatient units may decrease episodes of LOSI and false alarms from motion artifact.
Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2019–2020
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Maldonado Yvonne A. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Banerjee Ritu , Barnett Elizabeth D. , Campbell James D. , Caserta Mary T. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Kourtis Athena P. , Lynfield Ruth , Nolt Dawn , Nyquist Ann-Christine , O’Leary Sean T. , Steinbach William J. , Zangwill Ken
Published: September 2019

This statement updates the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics for the routine use of influenza vaccines and antiviral medications in the prevention and treatment of influenza in children during the 2019–2020 season. The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to recommend routine influenza immunization of all children without medical contraindications, starting at 6 months of age. Any licensed, recommended, age-appropriate vaccine available can be administered, without preference of one product or formulation over another. Antiviral treatment of influenza with any licensed, recommended, age-appropriate influenza antiviral medication continues to be recommended for children with suspected or confirmed influenza, particularly those who are hospitalized, have severe or progressive disease, or have underlying conditions that increase their risk of complications of influenza.
O Manejo das Caiçaras Indígenas: Uma prática agropecuária no Lavrado de Roraima, Amazônia brasileira.
Authors: Gonçalves Ludmilla Verona Carvalho , Alfaia Sonia Sena , Dias Jr Carlos Machado
Published: September 2019

Esse artigo tem o objetivo relatar aspectos da introdução da pecuária entre os povos indígenas que habitam a região do Lavrado no Estado de Roraima, Amazônia brasileira. Mais especificamente, a partir dos povos Macuxi e Wapixana da Comunidade Aningal, entre os quais situa o relato etnográfico analítico sobre suas atuais formas do manejo do gado, associadas à prática da Caiçara. A pecuária foi introduzida na região no século XVIII, levando muitos grupos indígenas a transformações estruturais em suas formas de organização social, estimulando jovens e adultos a trabalharem na pecuária, manejando o gado e “domesticando” à ocupação extensiva do Lavrado. As comunidades indígenas absorveram a pecuária e adaptaram à sua realidade, revelando um interessante processo de adaptação e controle das relações que os envolviam em contexto interétnico. Na comunidade Aningal, onde o presente estudo foi realizado, houve a criação de Retiros (fazendas) indígenas, construídas em ajuri (trabalhos coletivos), onde o gado é manejado por um “vaqueiro” designado em Assembleias. Os animais são mantidos livres ao longo do dia e confinados à noite em caiçaras, o esterco produzido e acumulado escoa para as partes mais baixas do terreno adubando o solo e possibilitando a utilização das áreas adjacentes às caiçaras onde são cultivadas diversas espécies, com destaque para banana. O manejo das caiçaras evidencia o conhecimento dos indígenas sobre os efeitos do esterco como fertilizante e a prática das caiçaras caracteriza um sistema agropastoril do tipo temporal.
Um acontecimento cosmopolítico: O manifesto de Kopenawa e a proposta de Stengers
Authors: Sztutman Renato
Published: September 2019

Bruce Albert define A queda do céu, escrito em parceria com Davi Kopenawa, como um “manifesto cosmopolítico”. Proponho ler este livro a partir da “proposta cosmopolítica”, de Isabelle Stengers, segundo a qual a definição da política como garantida pela existência de uma natureza imutável e inerte deve ser posta em xeque. Em A queda do céu, acompanhamos Kopenawa construir um discurso cosmopolítico, no qual os xapiri (“imagens” dos seres da “terra-floresta”) são agentes fundamentais e no qual a palavra detém um estatuto particular, revelando-se por diferentes modalidades discursivas, associadas a afecções e efeitos específicos. Kopenawa contrapõe a política dos xapiri e das “belas falas” à política dos brancos, com seu mundo desencantado e com suas palavras emaranhadas. Seu discurso – fala de chefe transposta à escrita – é um manifesto de resistência do povo yanomami e ao mesmo tempo uma lição de moral dirigida aos leitores não-indígenas.
Mudanças imperceptíveis da amazônia – ilustrações e relatos do Livro In Amazonia: a natural history do autor Hugh Raffles
Authors: Cunha João Paulo Lopes da
Published: September 2019

Em sinopse, as entrelinhas do livro possibilitam organizar a real atividade humana e não humana durante a mudança da história e o curso do desenvolvimento amazônico. De modo geral, a obra literária descreve como ao longo de séculos a vida e a interação com os rios e florestas foram capazes de remodelar o local de forma integrada e muitas vezes imperceptível. Em suas entrevistas e histórias narradas por nativos da região, o autor aborda os períodos de riqueza, declínio, conflitos e emigração, dando ênfase ao processo criativo e como todo esse processo concede vida ao ambiente de forma única e não reproduzida ou reprodutível. Raffles repetidamente aproxima as interações entre exploradores e ecologia amazônica, que necessariamente implica em proximidade física, é claro, mas também a emocional.
Historias escolares y relatos de estudiantes del Profesorado de Inglés: Amor por la docencia
Authors: Branda Silvia Adriana , Porta Luis Gabriel
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo se gesta en el marco de una investigación mayor en el Grupo de Investigación en Educación y Estudios Culturales de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina, finalizada en el año 2017. El objetivo principal fue interpretar, a partir de las biografías escolares de estudiantes del Profesorado de Inglés, las enseñanzas que dejaron su huella y se manifiestan presentes en las prácticas iniciales, más precisamente en el momento de realizar sus Residencias Docentes II. Con el fin de explorar las huellas docentes en toda su variedad y complejidad, nos inclinamos por un enfoque cualitativo y adoptamos una perspectiva interpretativa y narrativa. Utilizamos variados instrumentos de recolección de datos que nos permitieron abordar las biografías del grupo de participantes desde diferentes perspectivas: entrevistas biográficas y focales, registros etnográficos, entrevistas rápidas y observación documental. De esta manera, la investigación realizada nos permitió identificar experiencias que dejaron su huella y se hicieron presentes en las prácticas pre-profesionales desde el intelecto y el afecto y nos posibilitó generar dos grandes categorías: amor por la docencia y gusto por el idioma inglés. En esta ocasión, nos concentraremos en la primera. Las líneas de profundización situadas de esta investigación nos hablan de los sentidos de la experiencia en términos de las actitudes afectivas e intelectuales recuperadas a partir de las trazas que dan cuenta de recuerdos, deseos y emociones que constituyen las huellas de lo que hoy son como docentes. Los resultados que de aquí se desprendieron podrían ser transferidos a distintos contextos de formación del profesorado y tener un alcance glocal que permita colaborar en la construcción del perfil profesional de futuras personas docentes.
Educação, Estado e ideologia no Brasil: da colônia (1549) à República (1889) / Educación, Estado e ideología en Brasil: de la colonia (1549) a la República (1889)
Authors: De Souza Mériti , Carvalho de Carvalho Diana
Published: September 2019

Resumo: O ensaio trata da relação entre o contexto social, econômico e político e a organização escolar no Brasil de 1549 a 1889. Destacamos mecanismos ideológicos que operaram no período analisado e suas relações com a construção da escolarização brasileira, buscando apontar o caminho histórico percorrido pelas diretrizes governamentais e as transformações no cenário educacional. Nos primórdios da implantação do sistema escolar circulavam ideologias vinculadas às elites, o que não exigia interferência do Estado para sua legitimação. A partir de meados do século XIX, momento em que essas ideologias não convergiam com seus interesses, observou-se a mudança de postura do Estado, no sentido de aumentar o controle sobre a circulação de ideologias no interior das escolas.

 

Resumen: El ensayo trata acerca de la relación entre el contexto social, económico y político, y la organización escolar en Brasil durante los años comprendidos entre 1549 y 1889. Destacamos mecanismos ideológicos que operaron en el período analizado y sus relaciones con la construcción de la escolarización brasileira. Se busca señalar el camino histórico recorrido por las directrices gubernamentales y las transfromaciones en el escenario educacional. En los inicios de la implantación del sistema escolar circulaban ideologías vinculadas a las élites, lo que no exigía interferencia del Estado para su legitimación. A partir de mediados del siglo XIX, momento que esas ideologías no convergían con sus intereses, se observó el cambio de postura del Estado, en el sentido de aumentar el control sobre la circulación de ideologías en el interior de las escuelas.
Etnografía del pensamiento del profesorado de matemática de Santiago de Cuba
Authors: Justis Katt Osmany , Galán Segura Camelia Virgen
Published: September 2019

Este artículo señaló como problema las insuficiencias en la calidad del aprendizaje del alumnado en matemática manifestadas en los bajos resultados de los exámenes de ingreso a la Educación Superior en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba. La indagación no encontró antecedentes de estudios etnográficos en el contexto educativo santiaguero, en consecuencia, se plantea como objetivo realizar un acercamiento etnográfico a la forma en que el profesorado de matemática concibe el diseño de su gestión pedagógica para generar conocimientos duraderos en el alumnado. Se utilizó metodología de tipo cualitativa y el método fundamental para la obtención de información fue el trabajo de campo en una población de 229 personas docentes, de las que fueron muestra 83. Esta investigación se desarrolló desde septiembre 2016 hasta octubre 2017. El empleo de técnicas etnográficas complementó la metodología para lograr como resultado principal una matriz cultural-pedagógica-operatoria para la acción educativa en la enseñanza de la matemática. Asimismo reveló limitaciones teóricas en la comprensión del alcance de la gestión pedagógica del profesorado en el modelo actuante en Santiago de Cuba. La matriz cultural-pedagógica-operatoria es un resultado que creó condiciones metodológicas para la transferencia de buenas prácticas en el aprendizaje de la matemática y abre un espacio de reflexión en la manera de gestionar el aprendizaje.
Penyuluhan Hukum Bagi Calon Kader Motekar Dalam Penanganan Dan Pendampingan Korban KDRT Di Desa Balokang Kecamatan Banjar Kota Banjar
Authors: Huda Uu Nurul , Setiawan Iwan , Gumelar Dian Rachmat
Published: September 2019

Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) belum dipandang sebagai kejahatan, padahal kerap terjadi di banyak tempat dalam bentuk seperti perkosaan, penyiksaan terhadap isteri, anak, incest, pemasungan, pembunuhan dan bentuk kekerasan lainnya. UU No. 30 tahun 2004 tentang Penghapusan KDRT pun belum terlalu dipahami oleh masyarakat. Penyuluhan hukum mengenai KDRT perlu dilakukan, khususnya bagi calon Kader Motekar (Motivator Ketahanan Keluarga) yang menjadi ujung tombak di masyarakat dalam membangun ketahanan keluarga. Metode penyuluhan hukum ini dilakukan dengan metode komunikasi langsung dan komunikasi tidak langsung. Kegiatan penyuluhan hukum ini dilakukan dengan tahapan kegiatan pre test, penyuluhan hukum, post test dan rencana tindak lanjut pasca penyuluhan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa peserta penyuluhan hukum (calon kader motekar) mengalami peningkatan kesadaran, pengetahuan, pemahaman dan motivasi untuk dapat melakukan upaya preventif dalam mencegah terjadinya KDRT di lingkungannya.
The Utility of Sparse Representations for Control in Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Liu Vincent , Kumaraswamy Raksha , Le Lei , White Martha
Published: September 2019

We investigate sparse representations for control in reinforcement learning. While these representations are widely used in computer vision, their prevalence in reinforcement learning is limited to sparse coding where extracting representations for new data can be computationally intensive. Here, we begin by demonstrating that learning a control policy incrementally with a representation from a standard neural network fails in classic control domains, whereas learning with a representation obtained from a neural network that has sparsity properties enforced is effective. We provide evidence that the reason for this is that the sparse representation provides locality, and so avoids catastrophic interference, and particularly keeps consistent, stable values for bootstrapping. We then discuss how to learn such sparse representations. We explore the idea of Distributional Regularizers, where the activation of hidden nodes is encouraged to match a particular distribution that results in sparse activation across time. We identify a simple but effective way to obtain sparse representations, not afforded by previously proposed strategies, making it more practical for further investigation into sparse representations for reinforcement learning.
Guiding the One-to-One Mapping in CycleGAN via Optimal Transport
Authors: Lu Guansong , Zhou Zhiming , Song Yuxuan , Ren Kan , Yu Yong
Published: September 2019

CycleGAN is capable of learning a one-to-one mapping between two data distributions without paired examples, achieving the task of unsupervised data translation. However, there is no theoretical guarantee on the property of the learned one-to-one mapping in CycleGAN. In this paper, we experimentally find that, under some circumstances, the one-to-one mapping learned by CycleGAN is just a random one within the large feasible solution space. Based on this observation, we explore to add extra constraints such that the one-to-one mapping is controllable and satisfies more properties related to specific tasks. We propose to solve an optimal transport mapping restrained by a task-specific cost function that reflects the desired properties, and use the barycenters of optimal transport mapping to serve as references for CycleGAN. Our experiments indicate that the proposed algorithm is capable of learning a one-to-one mapping with the desired properties.
Block Belief Propagation for Parameter Learning in Markov Random Fields
Authors: Lu You , Liu Zhiyuan , Huang Bert
Published: September 2019

Traditional learning methods for training Markov random fields require doing inference over all variables to compute the likelihood gradient. The iteration complexity for those methods therefore scales with the size of the graphical models. In this paper, we propose block belief propagation learning (BBPL), which uses block-coordinate updates of approximate marginals to compute approximate gradients, removing the need to compute inference on the entire graphical model. Thus, the iteration complexity of BBPL does not scale with the size of the graphs. We prove that the method converges to the same solution as that obtained by using full inference per iteration, despite these approximations, and we empirically demonstrate its scalability improvements over standard training methods.
Scaling-Up Split-Merge MCMC with Locality Sensitive Sampling (LSS)
Authors: Luo Chen , Shrivastava Anshumali
Published: September 2019

Split-Merge MCMC (Monte Carlo Markov Chain) is one of the essential and popular variants of MCMC for problems when an MCMC state consists of an unknown number of components. It is well known that state-of-the-art methods for split-merge MCMC do not scale well. Strategies for rapid mixing requires smart and informative proposals to reduce the rejection rate. However, all known smart proposals involve expensive operations to suggest informative transitions. As a result, the cost of each iteration is prohibitive for massive scale datasets. It is further known that uninformative but computationally efficient proposals, such as random split-merge, leads to extremely slow convergence. This tradeoff between mixing time and per update cost seems hard to get around.We leverage some unique properties of weighted MinHash, which is a popular LSH, to design a novel class of split-merge proposals which are significantly more informative than random sampling but at the same time efficient to compute. Overall, we obtain a superior tradeoff between convergence and per update cost. As a direct consequence, our proposals are around 6X faster than the state-of-the-art sampling methods on two large real datasets KDDCUP and PubMed with several millions of entities and thousands of clusters.
Bias-Variance Trade-Off in Hierarchical Probabilistic Models Using Higher-Order Feature Interactions
Authors: Luo Simon , Sugiyama Mahito
Published: September 2019

Hierarchical probabilistic models are able to use a large number of parameters to create a model with a high representation power. However, it is well known that increasing the number of parameters also increases the complexity of the model which leads to a bias-variance trade-off. Although it is a classical problem, the bias-variance trade-off between hiddenlayers and higher-order interactions have not been well studied. In our study, we propose an efficient inference algorithm for the log-linear formulation of the higher-order Boltzmann machine using a combination of Gibbs sampling and annealed importance sampling. We then perform a bias-variance decomposition to study the differences in hidden layers and higher-order interactions. Our results have shown that using hidden layers and higher-order interactions have a comparable error with a similar order of magnitude and using higherorder interactions produce less variance for smaller sample size.
A Comparative Analysis of Expected and Distributional Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Lyle Clare , Bellemare Marc G. , Castro Pablo Samuel
Published: September 2019

Since their introduction a year ago, distributional approaches to reinforcement learning (distributional RL) have produced strong results relative to the standard approach which models expected values (expected RL). However, aside from convergence guarantees, there have been few theoretical results investigating the reasons behind the improvements distributional RL provides. In this paper we begin the investigation into this fundamental question by analyzing the differences in the tabular, linear approximation, and non-linear approximation settings. We prove that in many realizations of the tabular and linear approximation settings, distributional RL behaves exactly the same as expected RL. In cases where the two methods behave differently, distributional RL can in fact hurt performance when it does not induce identical behaviour. We then continue with an empirical analysis comparing distributional and expected RL methods in control settings with non-linear approximators to tease apart where the improvements from distributional RL methods are coming from.
The Curse of Concentration in Robust Learning: Evasion and Poisoning Attacks from Concentration of Measure
Authors: Mahloujifar Saeed , Diochnos Dimitrios I. , Mahmoody Mohammad
Published: September 2019

Many modern machine learning classifiers are shown to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations of the instances. Despite a massive amount of work focusing on making classifiers robust, the task seems quite challenging. In this work, through a theoretical study, we investigate the adversarial risk and robustness of classifiers and draw a connection to the well-known phenomenon of “concentration of measure” in metric measure spaces. We show that if the metric probability space of the test instance is concentrated, any classifier with some initial constant error is inherently vulnerable to adversarial perturbations.One class of concentrated metric probability spaces are the so-called Lévy families that include many natural distributions. In this special case, our attacks only need to perturb the test instance by at most O(√n) to make it misclassified, where n is the data dimension. Using our general result about Lévy instance spaces, we first recover as special case some of the previously proved results about the existence of adversarial examples. However, many more Lévy families are known (e.g., product distribution under the Hamming distance) for which we immediately obtain new attacks that find adversarial examples of distance O(√n).Finally, we show that concentration of measure for product spaces implies the existence of forms of “poisoning” attacks in which the adversary tampers with the training data with the goal of degrading the classifier. In particular, we show that for any learning algorithm that uses m training examples, there is an adversary who can increase the probability of any “bad property” (e.g., failing on a particular test instance) that initially happens with non-negligible probability to ≈ 1 by substituting only Õe(√m) of the examples with other (still correctly labeled) examples.
Efficient Counterfactual Learning from Bandit Feedback
Authors: Narita Yusuke , Yasui Shota , Yata Kohei
Published: September 2019

What is the most statistically efficient way to do off-policy optimization with batch data from bandit feedback? For log data generated by contextual bandit algorithms, we consider offline estimators for the expected reward from a counterfactual policy. Our estimators are shown to have lowest variance in a wide class of estimators, achieving variance reduction relative to standard estimators. We then apply our estimators to improve advertisement design by a major advertisement company. Consistent with the theoretical result, our estimators allow us to improve on the existing bandit algorithm with more statistical confidence compared to a state-of-theart benchmark.
Compressing Recurrent Neural Networks with Tensor Ring for Action Recognition
Authors: Pan Yu , Xu Jing , Wang Maolin , Ye Jinmian , Wang Fei , Bai Kun , Xu Zenglin
Published: September 2019

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and their variants, such as Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) networks, have achieved promising performance in sequential data modeling. The hidden layers in RNNs can be regarded as the memory units, which are helpful in storing information in sequential contexts. However, when dealing with high dimensional input data, such as video and text, the input-to-hidden linear transformation in RNNs brings high memory usage and huge computational cost. This makes the training of RNNs very difficult. To address this challenge, we propose a novel compact LSTM model, named as TR-LSTM, by utilizing the low-rank tensor ring decomposition (TRD) to reformulate the input-to-hidden transformation. Compared with other tensor decomposition methods, TR-LSTM is more stable. In addition, TR-LSTM can complete an end-to-end training and also provide a fundamental building block for RNNs in handling large input data. Experiments on real-world action recognition datasets have demonstrated the promising performance of the proposed TR-LSTM compared with the tensor-train LSTM and other state-of-the-art competitors.
Possible protective effect of quercetin against oxidative stress in liver from metabolic syndrome rats
Authors: BİLGİNOĞLU Ayça
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground/Aims:Metabolic
syndrome (MS) is linked to type of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with
high glucose level and insulin resistance. Thioredoxin-1 (TRX-1) is localized
in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria and controls cellular reactive oxygen
species. The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between MS and
oxidative stress, and effect of quercetin on oxidative stress via TRX-1 in
liver of MS rats. Methods: Male wistar rats (200-250g in weight) were used. They were divided three
groups. Control group, MS group receiving (935 mM sucrose in drinking water)
and quercetin treated (15 mg/kg/day, administered by gavage) MS group. Protein
level of TRX-1 was determined by Western blot.Results:Aspartate
transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),
levels increased in MS group as compared with the Con group. Total-antioxidant-status
(TAS), superoxide-dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels
decreased in MS group when compared to Con group. Total-oxidant-status (TOS)
levels increased in MS group as compared with the Con group. Triglycerides, total-cholesterol
and LDL-cholesterol increased in MS group when compared with the Con group. TRX-1
level decreased in MS group and TRX-1 activity was lower in MS group than Con
group. Conclusions: Treatment
of quercetin decreased AST, ALT, LDH, and TOS levels while it increased GSH-Px,
SOD, and TAS levels. Also, lipid profile changed with quercetin. In conclusion,
treatment of quercetin significantly increased TRX-1 level and activity of
TRX-1 in MS group. These data suggest that elevated oxidative stress in liver
of MS may be reduced by quercetin.
Skin prick test results in patients with chronic allergic rhinitis: Housewives are risky occupational group for the development of allergic rhinitis due to house dust mites
Authors: OZDEMİR Tarkan , KASAPOGLU Benan , TURKKANİ Mustafa , OZDİLEKCAN Cigdem , EREL Fuat
Published: September 2019

Background/Aims: Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is a common disorder that negatively effects the quality of life with symptoms due to the inflammation of nasal epithelium. Objective of this study is to determine the general demographical and clinical features of patients with AR, who had positive skin prick test (SPT) results.  Methods: Patients diagnosed as AR with positive SPT results were analyzed. The allergens tested were: grasses, cereals+grasses , trees 1 (early flowering), trees 2 (late flowering), house-dust mites ( Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP), Dermatophagoides farinae (DF), tyrophagus putrescentiae (TP), lepidoglyphus destructor (LD) and acarus siro (AS). Results: Of the total 202 patients, 145  female (with a mean age of 32.42 ±12.81 years) and 57  male (with a mean age of 28.44 ± 11.5 years) were included in the study. The most common allergens determined were; DF, DP, cereals+grasses and grasses. Tyrophagus significantly was more common in females (p:0.04). Nasal discharge, dyspnea, itching and weakness-tiredness were reported to be more common in females compared with males. DF, DP, TP and LD were statistically significantly more common in housewives (p<0.05). Dyspnea, wheezing and itching were statistically significantly more common in housewives (p<0.05).Conclusions: Housewives
are risky occupational group for the development of allergic rhinitis due to
house dust mites
Desde abajo: experiencia laboral de jóvenes en hogares de bajos ingresos
Authors: Estrada Margarita , Sierra Julieta , Salazar Lourdes
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo analiza las experiencias laborales de un grupo de jóvenes y adolescentes que vive en hogares de bajos ingresos en México. Para ello, se parte de una definición amplia de trabajo que integra tanto las actividades orientadas a generar ingresos como las condiciones de reproducción del grupo doméstico. Desde esta perspectiva, con base en 74 estudios de caso realizados en 27 localidades urbanas y rurales del país en 2017, el artículo estudia la diversidad de situaciones laborales que han vivido estos jóvenes y adolescentes, además de las condiciones en que realizan los quehaceres del hogar, las actividades agropecuarias, la participación en el comercio y el servicio doméstico, entre los más frecuentes. Uno de los hallazgos es que el inicio de las actividades que los condujeron al mercado de trabajo comenzaron en la infancia, al lado de los integrantes del hogar, y se consolidaron en la adolescencia. El artículo revela las distintas formas de socialización en el trabajo desde la niñez, las diferencias en las experiencias de mujeres y hombres, y las maneras cómo se articulan las dimensiones materiales, simbólicas e imaginarias del trabajo en la vivencia cotidiana.
Tejedoras, bordadoras y armadoras en Yucatán: nuevas y antiguas clases trabajo en casa
Authors: Méndez-Navarro Jimena , Ávila-Sánchez María de Jesús
Published: September 2019

El trabajo domiciliario es una de las formas tradicionales de producción textil que ha permanecido en diversas regiones del mundo. Las nuevas expresiones locales vinculadas con el turismo han logrado posicionar a escala global algunos de sus productos. Además, en países con diversidad cultural hay mercados regionales en los que la población usa tradicionalmente vestidos típicos de manera cotidiana. Este artículo ofrece un acercamiento conceptual sobre protoindustria novohispana y la actividad laboral de trabajo en casa. Se presenta el caso de un territorio al sur de México, las clases de trabajo que se han gestado en la actividad textil, así como su especialización geográfica. Se examina el punto de vista de bordadoras, tejedoras y armadoras en 13 municipios de Yucatán mediante entrevistas se obtuvo el detalle de la actividad, las conexiones comerciales, los medios y formas en que este trabajo se desarrolla. Se complementa el estudio examinando los datos longitudinales de las encuestas de empleo en su lugar de trabajo, acotadas al sector económico textil. Los resultados del estudio revelan un conjunto de factores vinculados con la teoría de la protoindustria específicamente la relación urbano rural, el mercado extraterritorial que fortalece la relación laboral de las trabajadoras y el capital comercial en la expansión económica del estado de Yucatán, México.
Presentación del dossier. Controles democráticos y cambio institucional en América Latina
Authors: Fontaine Guillaume , Gurza-Lavalle Adrián
Published: September 2019

Resumen Tras revisar los principales enfoques de estudio de los controles democráticos en América Latina, se entabla un diálogo con los autores que contribuyeron a este dossier y se reflexiona sobre los temas pendientes en la agenda de investigación sobre los controles democráticos en la región. Se destaca la importancia de lecturas articuladas que conlleven a pensar en términos de regímenes de controles democráticos, más allá de las experiencias específicas de control político, social o administrativo. Se examina la interdependencia entre controles políticos sociales y administrativos utilizando una tipología basada en la coerción y la participación en las interacciones entre el Estado y los actores no-estatales. Luego se revisan los principales retos que plantean los cambios institucionales ocurridos en la región desde las transiciones democráticas. Se observa que el escenario y los diversos mecanismos institucionales de controles democráticos son más diversos y complejos que lo que sugería la teoría de la democracia delegativa propuesta por Guillermo O’Donnell en la década de 1990. Por un lado, las funciones de control horizontal fueron fortalecidas en algunos países, incrementando la autonomía funcional de las agencias (políticas) de balanza, mientras que las agencias (administrativas) especializadas adquirían mayor capacidad e incidencia. Por otro lado, la innovación democrática amplió el alcance de los controles sociales mediante la institucionalización de instancias de participación y representación no electoral. Por último, la difusión de políticas de transparencia ha generado sinergias con las oportunidades abiertas por otros cambios (redes sociales, entre otros).
Theoretical Study of Mechanical, Elastic and Phonon Frequency Spectrum Properties for GaAs at High Pressure
Authors: AL-Saqa Raed H. , AL-Taie Siham J.
Published: September 2019

The calculations for variations of bulk modulus (B), compression volume (Vp Vo ); lattice constant and phonon frequency spectrum (pfs) under high pressure up to 17 GPa at room temperature has been carried out. Three equations of state (EOSs) including (Birch- Murnaghan, Vinet and modified Lennard-Jouns) are used in the calculations. The variations of these properties under such high pressure for GaAs are obtained and we got suitable EOS for it.
PATRIMÔNIO PARA QUEM? POR UMA ARQUEOLOGIA SENSÍVEL
Authors: Lima Helena Pinto
Published: September 2019

Este texto discute a arqueologia praticada na Amazônia e seus temas correlatos, que incluem as pessoas e as comunidades; suas coisas e paisagens; a gestão dos acervos e a atuação das instituições. Diferencia as ideias de colecionismo e colecionamento dentro do contexto amazônico. Ao apresentar um projeto de pesquisa acadêmica vinculada ao Museu Goeldi, defende a gestão engajada e a guarda compartilhada dos acervos arqueológicos gerados. Propõe o conceito de arqueologia sensível, como uma arqueologia humilde, desalienada e, por conseguinte, comprometida e poderosa.
AS EXPEDIÇÕES E OS MUSEUS: RECIPROCIDADES E PROMISCUIDADES
Authors: Bruno Maria Cristina Oliveira
Published: September 2019

O presente artigo reapresenta e problematiza as reciprocidades e promiscuidades entre a constituição de coleções e acervos, a historicidade dos museus e a realização de expedições como prática consolidada ao longo do tempo, comprometida com razões de administração dos processos coloniais, de estratégias políticas, de estímulos à elaboração estética e de produção científica. Trata-se de reflexão que busca indicar alguns sinais que têm consolidado a lógica das instituições museológicas até a contemporaneidade, considerando que a Arqueologia e a Etnologia musealizadas representam um papel importante neste contexto.
Caracterización, procesabilidad y viabilidad técnica de fondos de taza de caucho natural
Authors: Cardona Vásquez Natalia , Giraldo Vásquez Diego Hernán , Velásquez Restrepo Sandra Milena
Published: September 2019

En este artículo, se compararon propiedades fsicoquímicas, espectroscópicas, de resistencia a la termooxidación y de procesabilidad de fondos de taza de caucho natural de los clonesIAN 873 y FX 3864 respecto del caucho natural técnicamente especifcado grado 10 proveniente deGuatemala, uno de los más importados en Colombia y en América Latina. Se determinaron tambiénsus características de procesamiento en reómetro de torque asociadas al consumo de energía. Seelaboraron compuestos con un sistema de vulcanización semiefciente y se evaluaron propiedadesreométricas y los parámetros de vulcanización a 160ºC mediante reometría de disco móvil, con losque se efectuó la vulcanización de probetas estandarizadas para la evaluación de propiedades entensión y dureza Shore A. Se encontró que los fondos de taza presentaron un mayor contenido degel, lo que tuvo un efecto en la reacción de vulcanización de los compuestos; no obstante, no seencontraron diferencias signifcativas en las características de procesamiento en mezclador internoni en las propiedades tecnológicas de los compuestos vulcanizados. Estos resultados muestran quelos fondos de taza representan una alternativa técnicamente viable para la fabricación de productosen caucho natural.
The Effect of Follicular Fluid on the Proliferation and Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Soltani Atefeh , Abroun Saeid , Rezazadeh Valojerdi Mojtaba , Vahidianfar Bahareh , Hosseini Elahe Sadat
Published: September 2019

Background and Aims: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are a well-known source of multipotent adult stem cells. Despite using different methodologies of MSCs preparing for clinical applications, the top safest procedure to manipulate these cells, has not yet been determined. Recently, ex-vivo expansion of MSCs for their subsequent implantation, using some biological product, is suggested instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Previous studies have shown the effect of follicular fluid (FF) (a dynamic fluid in ovarian follicle) as an additive component in cell culture. Hence, this study aimed to decipher its role on the human BM-MSC proliferation.Materials and Methods: In this study, BM-MSCs at 3rd passage were cultivated in the presence of 20% FF (group I), 10% FF+ FBS 10% (group II) and FBS 20% as control group. The capacity of proliferation as calculating population doubling times and gene expression levels of stem cell factor, stromal cell-derived factor 1, and transforming growth factor beta were analyzed in osteogeneic media to examine the impacts of FF on osteogenesis of MSCs.Results: Our results corroborated an up-regulatory effect of FF on the proliferation of BM-MSCs by shorter population doubling times in the group II of treated cells and an increase in gene expression level of osteocalcin and transforming growth factor beta in the presence of higher concentrations of FF in cell culture  FF 20% and 10%, respectively.Conclusions: FF is a potent mitogen for cell proliferation. FF may be an efficient substitution of FBS in ex-vivo cell culture, eliminating zoonotic infections and immunological reactions.