bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tibet
Authors: Barnett Robert
Published: July 2024

This chapter looks at Tibet-China relations over the last century or more. primarily in terms of the perceptions and expectations of modern Chinese leaders. Noting first the unexpectedly large significance and sensitivity of the Tibet issue in Chinese politics, the chapter discusses how China’s post-1949 leaders have framed their Tibet policies as gifts to the Tibetan people, not wholly unlike their imperial predecessors. Official explanations for those gifts shifted abruptly from liberation from class oppression, to freedom from traditional culture, and, more recently, to freedom from poverty. The post-1949 gifts have lacked the features of bidirectional exchange and mutuality that marked gifts in the imperial era, and have often culminated in episodes of state violence or destruction. The chapter ends by noting the increasing shift in Beijing’s ethnic policies since 2014 toward cultural “integration” and enhanced surveillance, primarily through mass urbanization, ideological education, and increased grassroots governance.
The Operations Triad System and Connections to the History of Science
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 11 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research introduces the concept of the operations triad system—a holistic approach to constructing studies designed to understand and interpret discrepant results in mental health research. In introducing the operations triad system, the chapter draws connections between this system and scholarly work in evolutionary biology, behavior modification, and clinical assessment. The chapter also illustrates the operations triad system and its principles by providing an overview of Project CONTEXT. Project CONTEXT was designed to test strategies for assessing mental health that produce discrepant results containing valid data. The chapter provides a rationale for several features of Project CONTEXT, including the mental health domain evaluated (social anxiety), the developmental period examined (adolescence), and the “best practices” of assessments examined in the study (use of parents and adolescents as data sources).
Prescribing a Way of Reading
Authors: DiGiulio Scott J.
Published: July 2024

This chapter continues the discussion of the Noctes Atticae’s paratexts by looking at the Preface, in which Gellius calls attention to the necessity of approaching his work with a critical reading practice. His preferred methodology draws heavily on Plutarch (e.g. Mor. 48b, Mor. 520a–b) and reflects a natural outgrowth of developments in contemporary thought on ancient reading practice. Further, while he dissuades those lacking a critical eye from reading his work, Gellius frames his miscellany as a prose answer to Horace’s Odes by alluding to his famous dictum scorning the popular throng (Carm. 3.1) alongside a comparable passage from Aristophanes’ Frogs. Gellius’ Preface thus depicts the NA as a sophisticated development of the miscellany, suggesting that it embraces the aesthetics of poetry collections. In this respect, Gellius introduces both intra- and intertextual ways of reading as essential components of understanding the whole.
Evaluation
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

Evaluations reduce uncertainty, and they can analytically be divided in two stages. The first step is that whatever is evaluated is deemed to be either an instance of the category evaluated or not. The second step is that evaluations lead to the ordering of different instances of the category according to the rule, scale, or standard used for the evaluation. It is possible to evaluate the quality of schools, screws, scientific work, higher education, or emissions, to take a few examples. Knowing the quality of different universities, represented in rankings, may be of great importance for families making decisions about colleges for their children. The result of evaluations, in short, can reduce uncertainty about whatever the object of evaluation is, because we know more about what is evaluated. Evaluation is a means to establish a firm of knowledge of the world before a decision is made.
Contest
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

This chapter addresses value uncertainty, and the main difference between it and the two preceding chapters is that the analysis here is about outcome of a contest between actors with different interests. The form is about direct interaction between parties. Match racing between sailing boats is an example of a contest, as is the final of the world chess championship. The outcome of contests, as states of the world, follow from a direct interaction or even confrontation by contestants. There is thus no specific empirical domain or ‘content’ of the form called a ‘contest’. A contest must not be peaceful. The classic duel—as a direct and physical, often organized, conflict between two parties—was a way of settling states of the world that has its roots in the contestation of claims. The outcomes settle uncertainties and enable actions with more certain outcomes.
Making and Reducing Uncertainty
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

This final chapter summarizes the findings from the preceding chapters, and then addresses some more general questions. After briefly mentioning the variety of uncertainties people may face, it turns to uncertainty as an opportunity, and a discussion of how it is organized. Uncertainty represents, for example, opportunities for profit by entrepreneurs or speculators, who do not know the outcome of their actions and who exploit uncertainty, or use it as an asset for creative collaboration. The final issue, to be further studied in the future, is how human being is connected to uncertainty and uncertainty reduction. Central for human being is how to manage the public and handle both its large supply of knowledge and the visibility of the shortcomings that it produces. This condition both enables people to act and demand of them to act responsible.
Introduction
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: July 2024

The vibrant Protestant tradition of commentary on Aristotle’s Ethics and Politics has largely flown under the radar. This introductory chapter examines the place it should have—but ostensibly lacks—in philosophical histories of the Aristotelian tradition, intellectual histories of the Renaissance, general histories of early Protestant thought, and institutional histories of the early modern university. As this introduction shows, there are good reasons for exploring this Aristotelian tradition with special focus on commentaries: commentaries normally reveal profound admiration for the work in question, they are often the mature work of a scholar who has worked for a lifetime with the Aristotelian material, and they are part of a centuries-old tradition of engagement with the text they discuss.
State Development Interests in Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

The chapter provides detailed review of state development interests in the forest and energy sectors of Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova. State development interests are defined as policy ends targeting the supply of public goods and addressing market failures the state leadership is motivated to see realized. The analysis extends to the recent history of each of the case-study countries to understand how state development interests have evolved since the independence of each, though the focus is on the period from 2008 to 2018. While forest cover is an important element of state development interests in the forest sector, governments might also be interested in forests in terms of their contribution to industrialization as well as an energy source, especially for the poor. To understand state development interests in renewable energy across the three case-study countries, the chapter first reviews broad patterns in energy supply among them before proceeding to a detailed analysis of renewables and broader trends in electricity sectors, oil and gas resources, as well as energy security.
Explaining REDD+ Effectiveness
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

The chapter undertakes an analysis of the implementation of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) of the UN climate change regime in Tanzania and Uganda. This includes a review of patterns of donor support for REDD+ before passing to an analysis of the evaluation framework for REDD+ being pursued in each country and, finally, concluding with analysis of the strategic coordination of REDD+ across the state apparatus. While Tanzania was a recipient of considerable donor support, Tanzania’s development policy paradigm predisposed the central government to not treat REDD+ as a genuine development opportunity. In contrast, a convergence in Uganda of state development interests in the forest sector and a development policy paradigm of liberal neodevelopmentalism has seen the Ugandan central government slowly build an innovative REDD+ program that is integrated in its national development planning process.
Explaining NAMA Effectiveness
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

The chapter considers how Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) have been undertaken in the three-case study countries of Uganda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Relative to other climate finance instruments considered in this book, NAMA implementation has been the most problematic as it has not attracted funding necessary to get mitigation actions off the ground. Consequently, the chapter focuses on programming elements, including NAMA proposals submitted to the UNFCCC by Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova as well as the amount of domestic co-financing committed to them as well as anticipated evaluation frameworks for NAMAs and state strategic coordination approaches. The chapter finds Uganda and, especially, Moldova to have sought to program NAMAs to a surprising degree in spite of almost no climate finance being offered for implementation. In contrast, Tanzania has been almost completely unengaged with the NAMA process.
Introduction
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: July 2024

This chapter reenacts one of the Caribbean’s longest standing cultural clashes, between the visualism of the colonizers and their successors, and the more sound-centered existence of the African and Creole people, a way of being and knowing that is partly the legacy of African heritage and partly the result of the plantation and its aftermaths, the myriad ways in which sounds were and are used and adapted as markers of identity and resistance. The chapter begins by analyzing Kei Miller’s 2014 poem The Cartographer Tries to Map a Way to Zion as a prime example of the clash between a visually oriented European and a Caribbean person steeped in sound culture who critiques the practice and methods of mapmaking, and as such challenges the power of the white, European eye, to the point that this power is eventually undercut and gradually superseded by the voice, and by the sounds of the Jamaican and his island.
Time Out in Trinidad
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: July 2024

Chapters 2 and 3 shift from principally written materials produced by Caribbean authors to visual forms—amateur movies made by white “expatriates” and tourists—to explore further the node of sound and vision, and demonstrate how silent, visual media may be read in ways that consider the auditory elements that are key parts of the representations of people and places and yet remain unheard due to the technical limitations of the media. Chapter 2 engages with a series of amateur movies made in the late 1950s by a white British family. The films detail their experiences in south Trinidad, working in the country’s burgeoning oil and gas industries. The silence of the films is read and heard as a means of reflecting on the family’s individual and collective experiences, as the close analyses reveal the privileges of this particular group of travelers at a crucial time in Trinidadian history.
Sound Touristics
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: July 2024

Chapter 3, “Sound Touristics,” draws on the extensive, previously neglected resource of home movies (mostly available online) made about Haiti, which are analyzed here as key pieces of evidence in the early, “golden age” of Caribbean tourism in the 1940s and 1950s. In this period, music became an important part of how Caribbean tourism was marketed, and a means of intra-Caribbean exchange and encounter. The experiences represented in the films are interpreted as what Michael Largey calls “sonic tourism” in the Caribbean, according to which the sounds of the place are as important as the visual experience. The chapter carries out readings that rely less on a binary notion of sound and vision, and move toward the kind of blended, visual-auditory understanding that Glissant gestures toward in Poetic Intention. Can we begin to see through the ears and hear through the eyes?
Landskrona
Authors: Dribe Martin , Svensson Patrick
Published: July 2024

This chapter describes the long-term social, economic, demographic, and political development of Landskrona, a mid-sized industrial city in southern Sweden. Around 1910, the population was about 15,000 and the demographic structure of the city was in line with other emerging industrial cities in Sweden. Industrial activity expanded, with some shorter periods of crisis, until the late 1960s. In most respects, the socioeconomic and demographic developments of Landskrona were similar to other Swedish industrial cities, with improved population health and education and expansion of the welfare state occurring in parallel with industrial growth. When the industrial crisis hit in the 1970s, this also affected population development and living standards. In-migration was replaced by considerable out-migration, and the population declined. This crisis had long-term effects on the city’s development and, although the population is now growing again and new firms have been established during the 1990s and 2000s, social and economic problems remain.
Climate Obstruction in the United Kingdom
Authors: Daley Freddie , Newell Peter , McKie Ruth , Painter James
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides an account of climate obstruction in the UK by exploring its sources in the material, institutional, and discursive power wielded by incumbent interests, particularly business and media actors. It traces the emergence of the climate change issue in UK political and popular discourse from the late 1980s to the present. The chapter describes responses from the business community (including the Confederation of British Industry and leading fossil fuel companies), trade unions, think tanks, and government institutions such as the Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy department (now Department for Energy Security and Net Zero), as well as leading right-wing news media. It then explores the role of climate sceptic organizations such as the Global Warming Policy Foundation in discursive obstruction. The analysis ends with a discussion of competing framings of the predominant ‘net zero’ emissions reduction strategy before suggesting ways to counter climate obstructionism in the future.
Climate Obstruction in Russia
Authors: Poberezhskaya Marianna , Martus Ellie
Published: July 2024

Russia is one of the world’s largest fossil fuel producer-exporters and the fourth-largest global emitter of greenhouse gases. A laggard in climate policy commitments, it has been a reluctant participant in global climate negotiations. Despite Russia’s long tradition of climate research, policy action on climate change has faced opposition from a range of actors—including its own authoritarian regime—who have sought to obstruct or delay change on economic, political, and ideological grounds. The country’s current isolation since its invasion of Ukraine appears to offer new opportunities for climate obstruction. This chapter addresses the knowledge gap in the history of climate obstruction in Russia and offers a comprehensive analysis of the current key actors and institutions involved, including the fossil fuel corporations Rosneft and Gazprom; the powerful Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs; the Ministry for Energy and other bureaucrats; and government elites, starting with President Vladimir Putin.
Capturing public service media around the world
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this chapter is to build the analytical framework used in this book. It introduces theory about government capture and its relationship to de-democratization. Following this, it explores what we already know about the government capture of national and international Public Service Media (PSM) in the UK, Hungary, Poland, Japan, and Turkey. It also discusses journalists’ resistance to the politicization of public media in Slovakia and South Africa. In so doing, the chapter introduces key ideas, including governance capture, resource capture, discursive capture, regulatory capture, and disciplinary capture. Finally, by combining government capture theory with a critical realist approach to complex causality, this chapter offers a new way of analyzing why government capture occurs, how it occurs, and its harmful effects on democratic practice.
Resistance strategies and ongoing harm
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores why and how some VOA staff tried to resist government capture. This included externally focused strategies, such as taking legal action, filing whistle-blower complaints, and leaking to US Congress and the US media, whilst internally focused approaches included diplomatic negotiation and adherence to internal governance procedures. Some VOA staff also undertook secretive internal strategies such as using encrypted group chats, trickery and “slow walking” responses to instructions. The chapter examines the relative effectiveness of these different approaches and the varied motivations of VOA staff who adopted them. It then demonstrates that VOA is still experiencing the damaging effects of government capture, even after Pack’s departure. These effects include costly lawsuits, diminished collegial trust, difficulties in recruiting and retaining staff, and a deep sense of insecurity amongst journalists, who believe that they are still not safe from government capture.
Small Subversions
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko
Published: July 2024

So far, the story that Fixing Gender has laid out has focused on the ways in which peacekeeper training renders gender a knowable object through epistemic lenses that privilege martial and colonial logics. At the same time, this is a complex story, and one that is punctuated throughout with an attentiveness to moments of instability for the hegemonic discourses of martial institutions. Against this backdrop, Chapter 5 shifts modes of analysis to pay more systematic attention to such destabilizing moments in gender training. This chapter offers examples of training that engages in feminist pedagogical practice, demonstrating how some trainers wield subversive strategies to recover (some) of the radical potential of gender knowledge. These practices do not amount to feminist transformation; they do not necessarily provide an alternative future for martial institutions. Rather, these are ‘small subversions’: moments of delinking, disruption, and instability against hegemonic discourses.
Conclusion
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko
Published: July 2024

This chapter takes stock of the ambivalent politics of gender training that Fixing Gender identifies. Such training works to depoliticize the concept of gender, rendering it safe and ready to serve the interests of martial institutions; but at the same time, the training has the potential to subvert the hegemonic logics of these institutions. Setting up this contradiction as paradox, this chapter asks: What does this mean for feminist politics? Are we to abandon gender training for peacekeepers as a lost political project? Perhaps not. A transformed future is not the only standard that renders feminist political projects viable and desirable. Instead, this book argues for a disinvestment from liberal progress narratives, and a concomitant embrace of a politics of subversion and ambivalence. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the implications of this argument for feminist political strategizing and engagement with powerful institutions.
Setting a Foundation for Change
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

Chapter 2 traces the political development of HBCUs from Reconstruction through the early 1960s, shining a light on how the politics surrounding the establishment of Black colleges contributed to the development of unique institutional cultures strongly informed by a clear sense of political purpose. Given that many HBCUs were founded with the expressed purpose of empowering Black citizens, their development as institutions that took politics and leadership seriously is not surprising. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, HBCUs offered a space where Black intellectuals were empowered to think critically about race and citizenship and to grapple with the hypocrisies of a national creed that proclaimed values like equality, freedom, and meritocracy while society was rife with segregation, discrimination, and White supremacy.
Higher Education as a Movement
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

Chapter 3 examines the role that HBCU alumni, faculty, and students played in driving the US civil rights movement of the 1940s and 1950s, revealing the explosive impact that HBCUs with their valuable network of students and faculty and distinctive commitment to racial uplift would have on American democracy in the twentieth century. Not only did HBCUs produce many of the leaders who crafted the political and legal strategy that helped to bring about the creation of landmark legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, their students and faculty members engaged in frontline activism that was essential to achieving a seismic shift in civil rights for Black Americans and a redistribution of political power.
“A Different World”
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

Chapter 4 offers an in-depth look at how HBCUs offer their students distinctive postsecondary experiences that are conductive to both learning and personal development. Through unique campus cultures and traditions, HBCUs provide what attendees frequently described as “an oasis” where Black students can bring their complete, authentic selves to the task of learning, free of most of the macro- and microaggressions that many Black students face in predominantly White learning environments. This chapter, drawing on more than 150 in-depth interviews with Black Americans who attended HBCUs and PWIs (Predominantly White Institutions), also considers the forces that bring students to HBCUs—from family legacies, to finding refuge after negative K–12 experiences, and more—showing that students gravitate toward HBCUs because they recognize them as uniquely invested in Black excellence, a tradition that extends back to the beginning of HBCUs in the nineteenth century and continues to drive broader political change today.
Building Citizens, Shaping Democracy
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

Chapter 6 describes how HBCU programming and student activities foster political and civic engagement. The data suggest that HBCUs offer programs and experiences that may be uniquely empowering for the development of politically and civically engaged citizens. Many HBCUs, for example, have substantial community service requirements for graduation. They are also frequently priority destinations for state, national, and international political leaders, and students often enjoy unique opportunities to learn directly from them. HBCUs take an intentional approach to developing strong citizens and leaders, with HBCU graduates reporting high levels of political efficacy, involvement in mass-level political activities (e.g., contacting elected officials, volunteering for a political campaign, contributing to a candidate or political cause, or participating in a protest), and even elite-level political engagement.
The Power of Black Excellence and the Future of Democracy
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

The book’s concluding chapter considers the lessons that HBCUs offer for higher educational institutions, many of which are struggling to find purpose in the contemporary political and historical moment characterized by social unrest, declining political engagement, and increasingly acrimonious and polarized politics. After discussing contemporaneous challenges that endanger HBCUs’ capacity to continue the work of developing engaged citizens, the chapter offers policy recommendations that would address these challenges. At a time when the cultivation of actively engaged citizens is crucial for the health of American democracy, political leaders and the broad landscape of higher educational institutions can learn a great deal from how HBCUs have empowered generations of people.
Introduction
Authors: McGarry Aidan
Published: July 2024

This chapter defines the key concept of political voice. It explores the relationship between voice, protest, and democracy. The introduction sets out the main arguments of the book and details its original contributions. It argues that political voice is a rupture of the existing political order, is vital for marginalised groups, has a transformative impact, helps to reimagine the relationship between representation and democracy, and is public and collective. The relationship between representation, protest, and social movements is analysed in the context of civil disobedience and mobilisation. The introduction sets out the chapter outline and content of the book.
What Is Political Voice?
Authors: McGarry Aidan
Published: July 2024

This chapter elaborates and refines an understanding of political voice and explores its meaning for marginalised groups. This chapter deals with a number of dilemmas that are set out, including the similarities and differences between visibility and voice. This is necessary because the book discusses visibility and voice in protest actions and sometimes these terms are collapsed by activists and academics. The chapter outlines the importance of withholding voice or silence as well as invisibility as a strategy in order to fully comprehend the nuanced relationship between voice and visibility. The chapter then explores the relationship between voice and protest and establishes the consequence of speaking up and speaking out, building on the work of Audre Lorde, though it warns of the risks inherent in such actions. Finally, it sets out the tension in the materiality of voice and explores the issue of authenticity in the expression of political voice.
Autonomy, Representation, and Constitution
Authors: McGarry Aidan
Published: July 2024

This chapter establishes the theoretical framework for the book by defining the central conceptual elements of the book, namely, autonomy, representation, and constitution (what is described as the ‘ARC triangle’) and explains the relationship between these elements. The ARC elements are fundamental to, and generative of, political voice. Through interrogating these concepts, in turn, the book will show how political voice functions, its significance for marginalised people around the world, and its impact on democracy. The analysis brings intersubjective agency to the foreground. The ARC elements are central to protest movements in terms of how and why they mobilise, how they raise consciousness, speak up and speak out, deploy tactics and strategies, create momentum for change, and rupture the legal, political, and socio-cultural status quo.
Queen Consort and Royal Children
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

Anna acted out the traditional role as queen consort. Although she demonstrated two high-profile acts of self-assertion and disobedience in 1603, she acted as James’s ‘helpmate’ in England and there was little sign of discord between the royal couple before 1612. Anna and Prince Henry had similar cultural tastes, but they differed radically in their religion and European sympathies. The presence of a royal family brought many benefits to the crown, but it resulted in a rise in royal expenditure that led to criticisms of the king.
Conclusion
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

This chapter compares James to Elizabeth, examines if the accession of a Stuart king instigated a regime change, and questions whether 1603 was a watershed moment in Englandâ€™s political history. It argues that there were significant differences between Elizabeth and James, not least in the time he spent hunting and in his reputation as a published author. Additionally his writings, speeches, and the extended use of the royal prerogative raised more intense concerns than they had in the 1590. However, the chapter also points to continuities in court life, religious practices, and royal policies.
The emergence of prepositional genitives in Greek and its diachronic implications
Authors: Michelioudakis Dimitris , Chatzikyriakidis Stergios , Spathas Giorgos
Published: July 2024

This chapter addresses the issue of change in the realization of case, especially the loss of case inflection and the rise of adpositional substitutes. In this context, the ongoing loss of genitive inflection in a number of Northern Greek varieties is investigated as a case study and its preconditions and implications are explored. It is first shown that the PPs replacing inflectional genitives have a markedly distinct syntax, constituting a wholly new syntactic mechanism rather than suppletive forms of the obsolete genitive. Then, it is argued that the retention of inflectional non-core cases in fusional languages is only possible if the rest of the declensional paradigm retains cues for case-number fusion and becomes impossible if such cues are no longer available, as in the case of Northern Greek and other languages that have undergone the same kind of change.
Arguments from case for a derivational theory of finiteness
Authors: Pesetsky David
Published: July 2024

This chapter argues for a derivational view of nonfinite clause formation, defusing what have been taken as strong arguments against an otherwise attractive link between nominative case and agreement with finite T. In particular, it is argued that nonfinite clauses are not distinguished from their finite counterparts as a matter of lexical choice. Instead, all clauses are built as full finite CPs, and are infinitivized in the course of the derivation. Where the current consensus views the special behaviour of subjects in a nonfinite clause as a consequence of building an infinitival clause, this chapter argues that the causal arrow points in the opposite direction. A clause becomes infinitival as a consequence of a higher probe targeting its subject in a particular configuration, triggering a rule of Exfoliation. The proposal unifies this discussion with an account of the complementizer-trace effect in finite clauses—a unique advantage of the Exfoliation approach.
Austria
Authors: Storr Stefan
Published: July 2024

Austrian administrative law and its dominating legal theory is strongly following Hans Kelsens school of legal positivism (‘Reine Rechtslehre’). Nevertheless, there are a number of principles influencing administrative law, some of which are on a constitutional level like the rule of law principle, the principle of legality, the right to ones’s lawful judge, the principle of equality, the principle of objectivity, and the principle of exclusivity of legal sources. Several other provisions of inferior rank impose duties of due process, fairness, and transparency on public authorities. General procedural principles derived from the rule of law apply in fields where the General Administrative Procedure Act (‘AVG’) or other procedural laws do not apply. Though there is no principle of transparency, specific possibilities for the public to participate in procedures may apply.
Introduction
Authors: Edmonds David
Published: July 2024

An introduction to the book, describing its themes, which include autonomy, bias, responsibility, privacy, transparency, and meaning. We all care about these aspects of our lives. The rise of AI will force us to reflect on them more deeply and to revise our attitudes and our understanding of their significance. This book, I hope, shows how it can be stimulating and rewarding to think about the moral challenges of the AI revolution.
Autonomous Weapons Systems and Human Rights
Authors: Eggert Linda
Published: July 2024

Is the use of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) consistent with human rights? Suppose that AWS could reduce the number of innocent lives lost. Might AWS nonetheless be inherently bad? Is depersonalising killing an affront to human dignity? Why does it matter whether it is possible to hold anyone meaningfully to account for harms caused by AWS?
Work and Meaning
Authors: Susskind Daniel
Published: July 2024

In economics, the impact of technology and AI on the labour market is traditionally treated in a narrow way, as a purely technical question: for instance, what is the impact on job numbers and wage levels. But the impact of AI on work also raises significant normative questions: for instance, the moral limits to the use of AI in the labour market, the nature of the relationship between work and meaning, and the broader trade-offs between efficiency and other outcomes in the working world that we might value. This chapter explores this normative dimension, and argues that it ought to matter much more to economists.
Introduction
Authors: Townend Matthew
Published: July 2024

This short chapter introduces the themes and preoccupations of the book as a whole: the Victorian explosion in the study of dialect, and the role of nineteenth-century philology as the fundamental intellectual context for this development. After an introductory section on the 1877 Holderness Glossary (published by the English Dialect Society and a representative dialect glossary of the period), the chapter provides a summary account of the main characteristics and assumptions of Victorian philology—including its role in the making of the Oxford English Dictionary, and in the establishment of English studies as a university discipline. Above all, nineteenth-century philology was historicist and comparative, and prioritized spoken language over written.
The English Dialect Society
Authors: Townend Matthew
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines in detail the main organization in Victorian England for the study of regional dialect, namely the English Dialect Society, which existed from 1873 to 1896. The chapter foregrounds the figure of W. W. Skeat (1835–1912), who founded and coordinated the Society in the early years of its existence, and then introduces the Manchester writers who took over the leadership from Skeat (J. H. Nodal and George Milner). It provides an account of the Society’s activities as a publications club, and supplies an analysis of the Society’s membership, both in terms of general patterns and a host of individual members. It concludes with a close examination of the lexicographical practices to be found in three major glossaries published by the Society (by Fred Elworthy, Robert Holland, and Edward Peacock).
Epilogue
Authors: Townend Matthew
Published: July 2024

This brief chapter follows the fortunes of English dialect study and English philology into the First World War and beyond. In the inter-war period, philology lost its position as the dominant mode of language study, being both stigmatized as a German discipline (for example in the 1921 Newbolt Report on The Teaching of English in England) and then overtaken by the rise of synchronic, Saussurean linguistics. Nonetheless, various forms of dialect engagement can be found in this period, in fiction as well as scholarship—as explored in the extended example of Mary Webb’s Precious Bane (1924). The chapter (and the book) ends with some reflections on the enduring appeal of dialect and of philology, which can continue to be observed in contemporary culture.
Data Privacy and Competition Law in the Age of Big Data
Authors: Esayas Samson Y.
Published: July 2024

The monetization of personal data has become an increasingly common business practice, igniting global debate on the interface between data privacy law and competition law. Data Privacy and Competition Law in the Age of Big Data provides a comprehensive, novel, and interdisciplinary analysis of this nexus. Drawing insights from emergent properties and complexity science, it exposes the commonalities and conflicts between how data privacy law and competition law address challenges resulting from the commercialization of personal data. The book begins by identifying key shifts in big data: the growing trend of processing personal data for diverse purposes, the aggregation of data across various operations, and the shift from offering stand-alone products and services to ecosystems of several, with personal data central in connecting the different markets. These shifts engender a complex economic landscape, marked by multiple actors, a web of interactions, and non-linear, emergent outcomes. Despite this complexity, the prevailing approach to data privacy law and competition law emphasizes isolated units of analysis—whether a relevant market or a distinct processing operation. This approach overlooks system-wide (emergent) risks borne of cumulative processing operations and cross-market practices. Additionally, a mindset focused on either data privacy law or competition law overlooks the increasing intersection between the two regimes, missing opportunities for synergy. In light of these challenges, the book calls for recalibrating data privacy law and competition law for a complex economy, emphasizing a holistic, systems-level perspective that addresses emergent harms and a polycentric strategy that leverages the strengths of each legal regime.
Theorizing State Ownership in Natural Resource Governance
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T.
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents historical institutionalism (HI) as a theoretical framework to analyse continuity and change in the governance of natural resources. The HI framework focuses on institutional stability and incremental change to explain the continuing role of SOEs in Latin American industrial development over the 20th century. Specifically, it seeks to explore the role of agency in institutional change by developing the concept of state–state (SOE) relations as a conceptual lens to explain state transformation. Within this framework, corporate governance reforms within SOEs constitute different forms of state ownership. By unpacking the diversity of state–state (SOE) relations, the chapter claims that hybrid development strategies emerged as the dominant strategy to mitigate neoliberal economic globalization. The chapter places agency within the context of political legacies and path dependency to trace the evolution of development strategies in Latin American natural resource sectors.
The Politics of Managing Codelco and Its Labour Force
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the dynamics and consequences of state–state (SOE) relations and capital–labour conflicts in Chile’s mining sector, through an analysis of Codelco’s role as an indirect mediator of the conflicts inherent in the neoliberal regime, serving as a buffer between the public and private. It examines the role of Codelco as the country pushed for a globalization strategy based on subjecting the state company to private sector standards of productivity and efficiency. It likewise evaluates Codelco’s performance and its competitiveness strategy. Finally, the chapter opens up the world of labour relations and conflicts in both public and private mining, demonstrating periodic episodes of political interventions as a function of the contradictions within Chile’s mineral resource governance model. The dynamics of Chile’s hybrid development strategy in the mining sector are most pronounced in the copper industry but are equally prevalent in the renewable energy sector surrounding lithium mining, as explored in the final section.
Petrobras and Brazil’s Political Crisis
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T.
Published: July 2024

This chapter offers a panoramic view of the political crisis in Brazil that arguably began within its most prized NOC, Petrobras. Examining the connections between Petrobras and the Lava Jato scandal, it traces the erosion of Petrobras’s corporate autonomy and the contradictions emerging from the Workers’ Party (PT) industrial strategy. Government policy—specifically Rousseff and the PT’s response to Brazil’s economic stagnation between 2010 and 2014—was largely responsible for Petrobras’s rapid accumulation of debts. To complicate matters further, Petrobras’s business strategy would fall apart as oil prices collapsed in 2014. Its hard-won autonomy was further compromised as the company became subject to systematic corruption exposed by the Lava Jato investigation. This constant tension between corporate autonomy and state control is an example of the difficulty in insulating SOEs from rent-seeking and political intervention. To a large degree, the Lava Jato scandal is rooted in the underlying political dynamics connected to the PT’s industrial policy. Therefore, its impact is less about driving Petrobras towards privatization; instead, the scandal shook the coalitional foundations of state-based developmental interventions that have guided Brazilian industrial policy since the 1930s.
Postlude
Authors: Abad Del Vecchio Julene
Published: July 2024

In the Postlude, I summarize the main findings of the ‘darker’ reading of the Achilleid, showing how a transformative interpretation of this densely packed poem is indeed possible. The Postlude, in ring composition with the Introduction (Chapter 1), argues that Statius reifies Achilles, and the poet is persistently in dialogue with his epic and tragic literary predecessors, and he is prepared to engage—however embryonically—with more serious genres. I also propose some concluding speculations on what the poem can be seen to represent in light of the tradition that precedes it. The Achilleid thus emerges as a text with much darker overtones—a poem that displays the constant struggle between remembrance and suppression, and that can indeed walk the fine line between epic and tragedy.
Introduction
Authors: Dimova Gergana , Flinders Matthew , Hinterleitner Markus , Weaver R. Kent , Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: July 2024

In a context of anti-political sentiment, apparent perma-crisis, increasingly aggressive populism and where evidence of global democratic backsliding is growing the analysis of blame—or, more precisely, an understanding of the politics and governance of blame—has never been more important. And yet achieving that understanding is beyond the capacity of any single discipline, perspective, theory, or method which is why this collection ranges across traditional disciplinary and intellectual boundaries in order to connect seams of scholarship that have hitherto existed in isolation. A focus on ‘gaps’, ‘traps’, ‘challenges’ and ‘opportunities’—combined with a willingness to challenge dominant foundational assumptions and beliefs—provides a framework that delivers a rich, original and integrated account of the politics and governance of blame. This introduction outlines the structure of this book in terms of parts and chapters. The main argument being that each and every chapter makes an original research contribution in its own right. This is not a handbook of review chapters but a collection of contributions that offer new insights, present original data and chart new intellectual terrain.
Who Is Talking?
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg , König Pascal D.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines how the effects of blaming on policy approval are conditioned by the source of the statements and its credibility. The authors conduct two experiments on two different policy areas, on restrictive migration policy, where right-wing parties are more credible sources, and on taxing the rich, where left-wing parties are more credible. The results indicate that source credibility matters but that its effect depends on the context. The chapter finds that a deservingness frame blaming migrants for claiming child benefits for children living in their home countries leads to a strong counter-reaction by participants and lower policy approval if the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) is the source of the communication. In contrast, policy approval was higher in the ‘taxing the rich’ experiment if left-wing parties were the source of the statement. Apparently, right-wing parties are not credible with strong calls for redistribution, which leads to lower acceptance of corresponding policies.
Blame Games and Claiming Credit
Authors: Rabinovych Maryna , Reptova Zuzana
Published: July 2024

The chapter offers an insight into the blame games and credit-claiming strategies of Russia and Ukraine in the context of the Minsk Peace Process in Donbas (2015–2022) and Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine. It focuses on the role of proxies in the blame games and credit-claiming strategies of the parties to peace negotiations. Relying on media discourse analysis, the study shows how the so-called ‘People’s Republics’ in Donbas had been playing a central role in Russia’s blame game against Ukraine and the West in the context of the Minsk Peace Process and creating casus belli for launching a major war against Ukraine. Ukraine, in contrast, had been using blame games and claimed credit to prove Russia’s being a party to the conflict since its outbreak in 2014. Overall, the case under study is illustrative of the challenge of proxies in conflicts, occupation, and peace negotiations.
The Blame Threshold
Authors: Grube Denis
Published: July 2024

In Westminster theory, civil servants are an indivisible part of the executive government. They are expected to adopt norms of political impartiality and anonymity in return for security of tenure and the protective shield of ministerial responsibility. Their task is to support ministers in the creation and implementation of government policy. But what happens if ministers do not keep to their side of that bargain, choosing to break with the tenets of ministerial responsibility by blaming—rather than shielding—officials when things go wrong? In the age of social media, 24/7 news, and a resurgent populism, there are signs that senior officials are developing a blame threshold, a point beyond which they will refuse to simply absorb criticism from their own government. This chapter conceptualizes the blame threshold as the point at which blame attributions towards officials become specific, personal, and public. The chapter argues that the emergence of a blame threshold undermines the traditional partnership between ministers and civil servants in ways that challenge the conventional functioning of the Westminster system.
When Experts and Public Officeholders Break the Rules
Authors: Resodihardjo Sandra L. , Copeland Paul
Published: July 2024

During the outbreak of COVID-19, stringent measures were enforced to limit the spread of the virus. However, it was not only citizens who sometimes failed to abide by the rules; sometimes, experts and public officeholders failed to either follow or enforce them, which often resulted in a public outcry, ensuing blame games, and the occasional resignation. This chapter studies four cases where experts and public officeholders faced criticism and blame by failing to follow or enforce COVID-19 rules. The situational circumstances of these four cases (same crisis, similar type of COVID-19 rules that were not always well received, with incidents happening during (the end of) the first wave) allow comparison to a larger extent than is usually the case in blame game research. Comparing the cases reveals four factors that further help to explain how blame games evolve: type of function/position, arena accessibility, support, and administrative rules and regulations.