bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directionally dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (DLER) of the Earth's surface measured by the GOME-2 satellite instruments
Authors: Tilstra Lieuwe G. , Tuinder Olaf N. E. , Wang Ping , Stammes Piet
Published: June 2021

Abstract. In this paper we introduce the new concept of directionally dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (DLER) of the Earth's surface retrieved from satellite observations. This surface DLER describes Lambertian (isotropic) surface reflection which is extended with a dependence on the satellite viewing geometry. We apply this concept to data of the GOME-2 satellite instruments to create a global database of the reflectivity of the Earth's surface, providing surface DLER for 26 wavelength bands between 328 and 772 nm as a function of the satellite viewing angle via a second-degree polynomial parameterisation. The resolution of the database grid is 0.25∘ by 0.25∘, but the real, intrinsic spatial resolution varies over the grid from 1.0∘ by 1.0∘ to 0.5∘ by 0.5∘ down to 0.25∘ by 0.25∘ by applying dynamic gridding techniques. The database is based on more than 10 years (2007–2018) of GOME-2 data from the MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellites. The relation between DLER and bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) surface reflectance is studied using radiative transfer simulations. For the shorter wavelengths (λ<500 nm), there are significant differences between the two. For instance, at 463 nm the difference can go up to 6 % at 30∘ solar zenith angle. The study also shows that, although DLER and BRDF surface reflectances have different properties, they are comparable for the longer wavelengths (λ>500 nm). Based on this outcome, the GOME-2 surface DLER is compared with MODIS surface BRDF data from MODIS band 1 (centred around 645 nm) using both case studies and global comparisons. The conclusion of this validation is that the GOME-2 DLER compares well to MODIS BRDF data and that it does so much better than the non-directional LER database. The DLER approach for describing surface reflectivity is therefore an important improvement over the standard isotropic (non-directional) LER approaches used in the past. The GOME-2 surface DLER database can be used for the retrieval of atmospheric properties from GOME-2 and from previous satellite instruments like GOME and SCIAMACHY. It will also be used to support retrievals from the future Sentinel-5 UVNS (ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared) satellite instrument.
Groundwater fauna in an urban area – natural or affected?
Authors: Koch Fabien , Menberg Kathrin , Schweikert Svenja , Spengler Cornelia , Hahn Hans Jürgen , Blum Philipp
Published: June 2021

Abstract. In Germany, 70 % of the drinking water demand is met by
groundwater, for which the quality is the product of multiple physical–chemical and biological processes. As healthy groundwater ecosystems help to provide clean drinking water, it is necessary to assess their ecological conditions. This is particularly true for densely populated urban areas, where faunistic groundwater investigations are still scarce. The aim of this study is, therefore, to provide a first assessment of the groundwater fauna in an urban area. Thus, we examine the ecological status of an anthropogenically influenced aquifer by analysing fauna in 39 groundwater monitoring wells in the city of Karlsruhe (Germany). For classification, we apply the groundwater ecosystem status index (GESI), in which a threshold of more than 70 % of crustaceans and less than 20 % of oligochaetes serves as an indication for very good and good ecological conditions. Our study reveals that only 35 % of the wells in the residential, commercial and industrial areas and 50 % of wells in the forested area fulfil these criteria. However, the study did not find clear spatial patterns with respect to land use and other anthropogenic impacts, in particular with respect to groundwater temperature. Nevertheless, there are noticeable differences in the spatial distribution of species in combination with abiotic groundwater characteristics in groundwater of the different areas of the city, which indicate that a more comprehensive assessment is required to evaluate the groundwater ecological status in more detail. In particular, more indicators, such as groundwater temperature, indicator species, delineation of site-specific characteristics and natural reference conditions should be considered.
River runoff in Switzerland in a changing climate – runoff regime changes and their time of emergence
Authors: Muelchi Regula , Rössler Ole , Schwanbeck Jan , Weingartner Rolf , Martius Olivia
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Assessments of climate change impacts on runoff regimes are essential to climate change adaptation and mitigation planning. Changing runoff regimes and thus changing seasonal patterns of water availability strongly influence various economic sectors such as agriculture, energy production, and fishery and also affect river ecology. In this study, we use new transient hydrological scenarios driven by the most up-to-date local climate projections for Switzerland, the Swiss Climate Change Scenarios. These provide detailed information on changes in runoff regimes and their time of emergence for 93 rivers in Switzerland under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. These transient
scenarios also allow changes to be framed as a function of global mean
temperature. The new projections for seasonal runoff changes largely confirm the sign of
changes in runoff from previous hydrological scenarios with increasing winter runoff and decreasing summer and autumn runoff. Spring runoff is
projected to increase in high-elevation catchments and to decrease in
lower-lying catchments. Despite the increases in winter and some increases
in spring, the annual mean runoff is projected to decrease in most catchments. Compared to lower-lying catchments, runoff changes in high-elevation catchments (above 1500 m a.s.l.) are larger in winter,
spring, and summer due to the large influence of reduced snow accumulation
and earlier snowmelt and glacier melt. The changes in runoff and the
agreement between climate models on the sign of change both increase with
increasing global mean temperatures and higher-emission scenarios. This
amplification highlights the importance of climate change mitigation. The time of emergence is the time when the climate signal emerges
significantly from natural variability. Under RCP8.5, times of emergence
were found early, before the period 2036–2065, in winter and summer for
catchments with mean altitudes above 1500 m a.s.l. Significant changes in
catchments below 1500 m a.s.l. emerge later in the century. Not all
catchments show significant changes in the distribution of seasonal means; thus, no time of emergence could be determined in these catchments.
Furthermore, the significant changes of seasonal mean runoff are not
persistent over time in some catchments due to nonlinear changes in runoff.
Adopting the ICT Innovation to Administrative and Activity Procedures in a University
Authors: Oreku George S.
Published: June 2021

Information Communication Technology (ICT) has made performing administrative tasks more convenient for organisations. This paper discusses the contribution of ICT innovations to administrative effectiveness with respect to the Open University of Tanzania (OUT) and, specifically, their examination process. An analytical study guided by one hypothesis has been applied in this paper to understand the utilisation of ICT at OUT and framed within the timeframe of the COVID-19 pandemic. The hypothesis states that there is no significant difference in the mean response of students, lecturers, and administrators on the effectiveness of ICT in the Online Oral Examination System (OREX) and administrative process of the OUT. The use of both primary data collected through administered questionnaires to the university population and secondary data sourced from existing literature aided in determining the findings. The results revealed that ICT innovations could be effective if well used in university activities and more suitable if adapted in an innovative way for online admission and a perfect fit for online examination system such as OREX, which was developed as a response to the pandemic. The study also inveterate that the students, lecturers and senior administrative Staff (Registry) had very similar responses on the effectiveness of ICT innovation on the administrative process and academics of the OUT. It was recommended, among others, that the university should mobilise resources towards the provision of facilities and training of its ICT personnel for more relevant innovations, particular for online examination processes such as OREX.
De secessione. Los escondites de la vía catalana
Authors: Moreso Josep Joan
Published: June 2021

En la mejor literatura sobre la legitimidad de la secesión unilateral, por ejemplo, Buchanan (2017), se distingue entre teorías de la reparación, que exigen una justa causa para conceder un derecho a la secesión a los habitantes de un territorio que es parte de un estado, y teorías primarias, las teorías plebiscitarias y las teorías adscriptivistas o nacionalistas. Según esta literatura, solo las primeras están en condiciones de justificar un derecho unilateral para la secesión. En este artículo, se argumenta que la estrategia de la reparación no es aplicable a Cataluña, y que las teorías primarias, que sí son aplicables —la plebiscitaria ha dado lugar a lo que en Cataluña se conoce como el derecho a decidir—, no son aptas para justificar un derecho unilateral a la secesión.
“No hay medio más eficaz para gobernar a la masa que la superstición”: La política de la superstición en Spinoza.
Authors: Cápona Daniela Paz
Published: June 2021

La sentencia que titula el presente artículo es determinante para comprender cómo Spinoza entiende lo político; utilizando la referencia a Quinto Curcio Rufo, el holandés nos la transmite no como un consejo de gobierno, sino de manera crítica, demostrando que la superstición es un dispositivo afectivo político que determina una forma de ejercer el poder a través de la manipulación afectiva y la perpetuación de las formas pasivas que implica. A pesar de no existir un tratamiento sistemático del término, se propone una lectura que comienza con la etimología e historia de la superstitio, para pasar al análisis que hace Spinoza, junto con la tesis que propone comprender esta como una determinada configuración afectiva parasitaria, en cuanto no podría existir sino en vinculación con otros afectos, adosada a formas de poder, situándose de un modo meta-afectivo. De este modo se propone explicar la eficacia política de la superstición en un renovado panorama, el de la contemporaneidad del capitalismo como ars affectandi que, al igual que la teología, fundamenta su poder en la superstición, junto con sus consecuencias éticas, políticas, epistémicas y estéticas.
Griffiths, Ryan D., and Muro, Diego (eds.) (2020). Strategies of Secession and Counter-Secession. ECPR Press. 244 pages.
Authors: Sanjaume-Calvet Marc
Published: June 2021

The book Strategies of Secession and Counter-Secession edited by professors Ryan D. Grifiths and Diego Muro is a major and necessary contribution to the study of secessionism. The book should be read not only by scholars and students of territorial politics but by practitioners and political actors too. The chapters gathered in this volume offer useful reflections to understand this global phenomenon.
Approach To A Difficult Intubation Case Caused by Tracheal Occlusive Secretions in ICU
Authors: Özcanoğlu Hatice Dilek , Bay Başol
Published: June 2021

Difficult airway, in other means having problems during tracheal intubation, is quite comman in daily practice. When a unknown or unexpected difficult airway is faced, rapid intervention and appropriate management of the situation is life-saving. In this case report a patient who needed re-intubation due to respiratory distress caused by dry secretions in trachea during ICU follow-up after cardiac valve surgery. The process of unexpected difficulty in re-intubation was managed effectively by rapid and appropriate approach.
Comparison of the Intraoperative Hemodynamic Effects of Remifentanil and Fentanyl in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Anesthesia
Authors: Uzundere Osman , Salik Fikret , Kaçar Cem Kıvılcım , Erkul Aylin , Bıçak Mustafa , Doyurgan Onur , Özdemir Fatih
Published: June 2021

Objective: The aim of this prospective observational study was to compare the hemodynamic effects of remifentanil and fentanyl, which are used as intraoperative analgesics in pediatric cardiac surgery. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups as those who received continuous intravenous remifentanil infusion (Group R) or intermittent intravenous fentanyl for intraoperative analgesia (Group F). These groups were compared in terms of hemodynamic characteristics and intraoperative complications. Results: The most common congenital cardiac pathology observed in the patients included in the study was ventricular septal defects (32%). Intraoperative complications occurred in 21 (40%) patients, and ventricular fibrillation was the most common complication (n=6; 11.5%). When the patients in both groups were compared in terms of intraoperative hemodynamic indicators, the mean arterial pressure values of the patients in Group R after sternotomy were significantly lower than those of the patients in Group F (p=0.034). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of other hemodynamic indicators. When the two groups were compared in terms of intraoperative complications, the difference was not statistically significant although the number of patients with complications was higher in Group F (p=0.1). Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was found that remifentanil was as effective as fentanyl in maintaining intraoperative hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery.
Management of Anesthesia and Complications in Pulmonary Endarterectomy Operations
Authors: Erkılınç Atakan , Karaca Baysal Pınar
Published: June 2021

Objective: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is a chronic progressive disease developing obstruction ocurring in pulmonary vascular bed. Pulmonary endarterectomy is the surgical procedure described in the management of chronic pulmonary hypertension which excises, and removes the obstructing thromboembolic material from the affected vascular structures. Our aim is to share our approaches to the management of anesthesia and complications in pulomanry endarterectomy operations performed in our center. Methods: The data of 200 PEA cases conducted in June 2017-2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The demographic data of the patients, preoperative pulmonary function tests, cardiac catheterization findings, peroperative cardiac output measurement values, aortic cross clamp, extubation, intensive care unit, and hospital stay times and complications were recorded. Results: Average age of the patients’ ages was 50.8 years, and female/male ratio was 108/92. In the thermodilution measurements of the patients after induction, mean values of CO, PVR and mPAP were determined as 4.4 l/min, 594 dyn/s/cm-5, 40 mmHg, respectively. The corresponding measurements made after the sternal closure were stated as 6 l/min, 241 dyn/s/cm-5 and 28 mmHg, respectively. The patients were hospitalized in the intensive care unit for 4 days. In our patient group residual pulmonary hypertension occurred in 21%, reperfusion pulmonary edema in 10% and pulmonary bleeding in 4% of the cases. Conclusion: Only a very few centers in the world are experienced in PEA surgery. Anesthesia management and treatment of the complications of PEA surgery are quite difficult. Therefore, PEA surgery shl be performed in experienced centers.
Karotis Arter Stenozunda Cerrahi Endarterektomi ile Endovasküler Stent İmplantasyonunun Orta ve Geç Dönemde Morbidite ve Mortalite Sonuçlarının Karşılaştırılması
Authors: Bermede Onur , Baytaş Volkan
Published: June 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of preemptive intravenous ibuprofen and paracetamol on acute pain scores, opioid consumption and patient satisfaction in patients who will undergo endovascular laser ablation under general anesthesia. Methods: After induction, 1 g Paracetamol for Group P or 800 mg Ibuprofen for Group I was administered as a slow infusion by a separate intravenous route. Both drugs were followed by a repeat dose every 6 h until discharge. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for pain intensity at PACU and after the first, second, sixth hour after surgery. In case of acute pain (VAS ≥ 40) 1 mg intravenous morphine was used as a rescue drug. VAS scores, length of stay, total opioid consumption and patient satisfaction status was evaluated before discharge. Results: A total of 82 patients (42 in Group P and 40 in Group I) were included. There was no difference between the VAS scores. Total morphine consumption was 0.33 ± 0.47 in Group P, and 0.30 ± 0.43 in Group I (p = 0.42). Hospital length of stay was 6.4 ± 1.7 hours in Group P and 6.2 ± 1.4 hours in Group I (p = 0.51). Patient satisfaction status evaluated at discharge was found to be similar. Conclusion: There is no difference between preemptive intravenous paracetamol and ibuprofen in patients undergoing EVLA under general anesthesia in terms of postoperative acute pain scores and opioid consumption. Both drugs can be safely applied in this type of surgery.
TRANSPARENCY OF INFORMATION – IMPORTANT MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENT IN ENSURING PERFORMANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Authors:   Aademy of Economic Studies, Republic of Moldova, Birca Aliona , Lazari Liliana ,   Aademy of Economic Studies, Republic of Moldova
Published: June 2021

The degree of transparency of an entity is assessed according to the entity’s policies, control environment and access conditions of the various categories of stakeholders. Modern corporate governance determines the entity to adapt to the new market conditions, promoting a sustainable evolution in conditions of maximum transparency. In ensuring sustainable development, management must model its resources in such a way that the cost does not exceed the price and, at the same time, give credibility to stakeholders that the entity will reap long-term benefits. Performance means the most appropriate tools for translating financial and non-financial information into the entity’s successful language in a sustainable way. Promoting transparency in the decision-making process involves placing on the entity’s website information on the structure of corporate governance, risk management, internal audit and internal control, the company’s remuneration policy, the performance appraisal system and the budgetary system.
Anticancer agents from Solanum Surattense
Authors: Mukhtar Mahreen , Khan Saima , Riaz Naheed , Tousif Muhammad Imran , Nazir Mamona , Jabbar Abdul , Saleem Muhammad
Published: June 2021

Two steroids glycosides solamargine (1) and dioscine (2) were isolated from methanolic extract of Solanum surattense and evaluated for their anticancer activity. The structure of the isolated compounds was identified through 1D and 2D NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and in comparison, with the literature values of their spectroscopic data. Both compounds showed the excellent anticancer activity against NIH-3T3 fibroblast cancer cell line with IC50 value of 7.55±1.5 and 3.3±1.9µg/ml respectively which were comparable with control Cyclohexamide which showed the IC50 value of 0.8± 0.2 µg/ml.
Physicochemical Analysis of Different Brands of Chocolates and Their Comparative Studies
Authors: Jabeen Mussarat , Imran Marryam , Nawab Ayesha , Ihsan Ayesha , Ajmal Amna , Mubeen Sadia , Parveen Sajida , Adan Wania , Zafar Ansa Madeeha , Aslam Noreen
Published: June 2021

There is no metaphysics on earth like chocolate.” Chocolate is a blessing which contain almost all nutrients necessary for the growth of human health. In this study, composition of different branded chocolates available in Pakistan including Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Toblerone (sweet), Nutella, Smarties, Now, Sonnet, Novella and Snickers were qualitatively analyzed in triplicate. We successfully study proteins, fats, carbohydrates, sugar, alcohol, caffeine, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and nickel in different branded chocolates. From the results it is confirmed that pH of all chocolates are 6-9 depend on the concentration of cocoa which is same as reported in literature. All the chocolates contain high amount of fats, sugar and carbohydrates. Protein is present in excess amount in Chocolate chips and Snickers while Smarties, Sonnet and Novella contain small amount of protein but absent in rest of chocolate samples. None of the chocolate sample contain traces of alcohol. All chocolates contain calcium except Nutella, Now and Toblerone (black) while magnesium is only present in Smarties. All chocolates contain nickel except Sonnet and Now, zinc is absent in Sonnet, Now, Smarties and Nutella whileiron is only present in Dairy milk and chocolate chips. Some samples like Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Snickers and Toblerone (sweet) contain traces of caffeine which act as stimulant and reduced liver damage. From the given results it is also confirmed that chocolates contain important ingredients which are helpful for proper body functioning.
A Review of Technologies Used in Handling The Acid Mine Drainage Challenge: Perspectives on Using Green Liquor Dregs As a Sustainable Option For Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Sebogodi Keolebogile R. , Johakimu Jonas K. , Sithole B. Bruce
Published: June 2021

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the repercussions that result from earth-moving activities around the sulfide-bearing mineral hosts. The detrimental effects associated with this AMD are driven by its characteristics, which include low pH and high concentrations of sulfate and toxic
dissolved metals. Traditionally, the prevention and treatment of AMD are achieved by using technologies that use, amongst other, naturally occurring soils and carbonates. However, the continual use of these materials may eventually lead to their depletion. On the other hand, industrial by-products
have been proven to occupying land that could have otherwise been used for profitable businesses. Additionally, the handling and maintenance of landfills are costly. In this current trend of a circular economy that is driven by industrial symbiosis, scientists are concerned with valorizing
industrial by-products. One such by-product is the green liquor dregs (GLD) from Kraft mills. The neutralizing and geotechnical properties of these wastes have prompted the research pioneers to seek their potential use in handling the challenges associated with AMD. In this review, the formation
AMD, trends in technologies for treatment and prevention of AMD are critically analyzed. This includes the feasibility of using GLD as an alternative, promising sustainable material.
An Experimental Study on Compaction Behavior Of Lateritic Soils Treated with Quarry Dust Based Geopolymer Cement
Authors: Onyelowe Kennedy Chibuzor , Van Duc Bui , Idrees Mohammed Oludare , Onyia Michael E. , Dao-Phuc Lam , Onyelowe Favour Deborah A. , Amhadi Talal , Sosa Felix , Eberemu Adrian , Salahudeen A. Bunyamin , Osinubi Kolawole , Orji Francis , Igboayaka Clifford , Ikpa Chidozie , Van Manh Nguyen , Ugorji Benjamin , Ibe Kizito , Xuan Manh Nguyen
Published: June 2021

Due to the scarcity of well-graded gravel materials, lateritic soils are widely used for road construction in tropic areas. However, lateritic soils often do not meet the strict requirement for subgrade and need to be improved to be used as construction material. Among several approaches
used to enhance the engineering properties of lateritic soils, the use of industrial waste materials, such as fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, is of particular interest to the construction industry as a potential replacement material for Portland cement in soil stabilization. Meanwhile,
some effort has been made to study the use of quarry dust in stabilizing lateritic soils. The present work aims at assessing the compaction characteristics of three different types of lateritic soils, treated with quarry dust based geopolymer cement. A systematic study by varying the proportion
of geopolymer cement was carried out. Test results show that the soil dry density substantially increased while the corresponding optimal moisture content decreased with the amount of geopolymer cement under varying compactive effort.
The Physicochemical Properties of Soils in Tea Gardens Affected by Vermicompost and Lime Applications During Different Time Periods
Authors: Shabanpour Mahmoud , Sedaghat Azadeh , Rousta Parvin , Ebrahimi Reza , Shirinfekr Ahmad
Published: June 2021

The organic matter content has significantly decreased in some of the tea gardens in north of Iran, thereforeresulting in degradation of their physical and chemical properties. An experiment was conducted in two tea gardens in order to investigate the effect of lime and vermicompost
on soil's physical and chemical properties. The studied tea soils were located in Gilan province (Bazkiyagorab and Azbaram) in Iran (with clay loam and sandy loam texture). Vermicompost was applied in 3 levels of 0, 2.5% and 5% and lime was applied in two levels of 0 and 0.5%. The measurements
were carried out three times (after 0, 90 and 180 days). The results showed that lime and vermicompost application has significantly affected the calcium carbonate content, pH, the electrical conductivity (EC) and the soil organic matter (SOM) content in the studied soils. Lime application
significantly increased the infiltration rate (P<0.01). Comparison of the average interaction of lime with vermicompost in the Azbaram station soil showed that 5% vermicompost and 0.5% lime with an average of 5.49 (mm h-1) had the highest infiltration rate (IR) and had a significant
difference with the other treatments. Comparison of the average interaction of lime with vermicompost in Basquegorob garden showed that the treatment of 5% vermicompost with 0.5% lime, the time stage of 180 days with an average density of 1.11 (g cm-3) had the lowest bulk density
(BD) and was significantly different from other levels. It seems that the simultaneous presence of lime and vermicompost and their effect on improving the soil structure and increasing porosity, leads to reduction of the soil's bulk density. The results obtained in this study have clearly
indicated that the simultaneous applications of vermicompost and lime is an effective way to improve soil physical and chemical properties. However, the real potential of the amendments used in this experiment should be further assessed under field conditions using a test crop.
Evaluation of Gender, Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure Percentiles in Primary School Students
Authors: ÖZ Fatma Betül , AKTAŞ Demet , POLAT KÜLCÜ Didem
Published: June 2021

Özet

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı Mersin’in merkezinde bulunan bir ilköğretim okulu öğrencilerinin cinsiyete göre vücut kitle indeksi ve kan basıncı persentillerini obezite ve hipertansiyon riski açısından değerlendirmektir.

Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı-ilişki arayıcı bir çalışmadır. Çalışma ailesinden yazılı izin formu alınan 755 öğrenciyle yürütülmüştür. Öğrencilere ait ölçümler araştırmacılar tarafından yapılmıştır. Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Kan basıncı persentilleri açısından öğrenciler değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan 755 öğrencinin %49,9’u erkektir. Çalışmaya katılan erkek öğrencilerin ise %21’i obezdir. Sistolik ve diyastolik kan basıncı persentili 95 üstü olan kız öğrencilerin oranı sırasıyla %8 ve %10’dur. Erkek öğrencilerde ise sistolik ve diyastolik kan basıncı persentili 95 üstü olan oranı sırasıyla %8 ve %7’dir. Çalışmamızda Vücut Kitle İndeksi persentilleri ile kan basıncı persentilleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p
BAŞ AĞRILI BİREYLERDE SERVİKAL KAS İSKELET SİSTEMİ BOZUKLUKLARI
Authors: ALTMIŞ Hülya , GÜÇLÜ GÜNDÜZ Arzu
Published: June 2021

Baş ağrısı, bireysel ve sosyo-ekonomik etkileri oldukça fazla, birçok etkene bağlı, sık karşılaşılan genel bir sağlık problemidir. Sık görülen baş ağrısı tipleri gerilim tipi baş ağrısı (GBA), migren ve servikojenik baş ağrısıdır (SBA). Son yıllarda, boyun ağrısının baş ağrılarındaki rolüne yönelik ilgi ve araştırmaların arttığı görülmektedir. Bu derleme GBA, migren ve SBA’ da servikal kas iskelet sistemi bozukluklarını incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.

GBA, servikal kas iskelet sistemi fonksiyonları ile en ilişkili baş ağrısı gibi görünmektedir. Bu baş ağrısı tipinde görülen en sık servikal kas iskelet sistemi bozuklukları; aşırılaşmış baş anterior tilti, azalmış servikal mobilite, artmış tetik nokta sayısı ve kas hassasiyeti ile düşük basınç ağrı eşiğidir. GBA’ da kas fonksiyon yetersizliği çalışma sonuçları ise çelişkilidir.

Migren, patofizyolojik açıdan servikal kas iskelet sistemi bozukluklarıyla daha uzak bir ilişki göstermektedir. Migrende görülen servikal kas iskelet sistemi bozukluklarında; azalmış servikal mobilite, artmış tetik nokta sayısı ve basınç ağrı eşiği sonuçları daha belirgin iken, aşırılaşmış baş anterior tilti ve kas fonksiyon yetersizliği sonuçları çelişkilidir.

SBA ise servikal omurga ile en ilişkili baş ağrısı alt grubu olmasına karşın, servikal kas iskelet sistemi bozuklukları sonuçları çelişkili ve konuyla ilgili güncel veriler yetersizdir. SBA’ lı hastalarda azalmış servikal mobilite ve yetersiz kas fonksiyonu sonuçları daha belirginken, aşırılaşmış baş anterior tilti sonuçlarının çelişkili olduğu görülmektedir.

Sonuç olarak; GBA, migren ve SBA servikal kas iskelet sistemi bozuklukları ile ilişkili görünmektedir. Baş ağrısı tedavisinde, servikal bölgeyi incelemek ve bu bölgede fiziksel performansı geliştirecek egzersiz yaklaşımlarını önermenin önemli olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.
The Effect of a Character Education Program on Moral Development and Self-Esteem of At-Risk Youth
Authors: Scott David
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the results of a psychological and educational
intervention with at-risk youth that could benefit from a character education program. All
sessions and material used focused on improving moral development and possibly self-esteem in each child. In summary, the findings did not support the use of the present character education intervention with the targeted population sample. The study did provide encouragement to continue to design and investigate programs that could possibly benefit at-risk youth. Ancillary data was also discussed concerning the issue of a false sense of high self-esteem in at-risk youth. Implications for counselors are also discussed. Keywords: Character education, at-risk youth, moral development, self-esteem
Developing a Geographic Information System (GIS) for North of Khartoum State
Authors: M. Mohammed Saied Fathi
Published: June 2021

This paper describes the techniques used to develop a GIS model for the north rural region of Khartoum State. The developed model was based on remote sensing and GIS integration. A wide range of procedures was applied to make use of the GIS activities to model both land-use and land Cover in the study area, to find solutions and a room for developing the study area towards a future situations where most of the problems arising from the current situation are solved. The developed GIS model represents different digital topographic and thematic maps. Land-use activities associated with their attributes database have been highlighted where answers for frequently asked questions can be obtained. The answers can be represented in hard copy (maps), reports, charts, tabular data, or in digital formats.
Proper Selection of Blasting Charges Location in Quarries and Open Cast Mines
Authors: Ahmed Ismail Mostafa
Published: June 2021

The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of the-zone of weakness on blasting efficiency and to determine the correct position of the explosive charge in relation to the suggested soft layers intercalated inclusions of soft materials avoid the escaping of blasting product (heat, pressure) in the contact layer between soft rock and hard rock (ore). Physical models having dimensions (25x25x33cm) were made of cement and sand (1:3) to represent the strong rock deposits which are intercalated by inclusions or layer of soft material which represented by a mixture of cement and clay. The artificial rock models were tested with 5 gm, 10 gm, 15 gm, 20 gm, of gelatine dynamite with detonator No. 6.The charge of 10 gm was more suitable with respect to the distance of throw which is more important for open cast mining with respect to the dimension of working area on a bench. It has found that, the plane of weakness has less effect when the charge is concentrated on the position after the inclusion of soft layer which gave pressure on soft layer and close the possibility of escaping products.
Vibration Measurment And Analysis of Two Reciprocating Machines
Authors: Mouath  AL Khayat Mohammed , Rashid AL Shorbajy Mohammed , AL Najjar Basim
Published: June 2021

Vibration analysis is used as a predictive maintenance tool in a wide variety of industrial areas, especially for rotating and reciprocating machines. In this paper fault diagnosis of the reciprocating air compressor in factory for furniture and the radiator of the diesel engines for generating electricity is presented. The reciprocating air compressor had failures in the outlet pipe of stage one. The radiator of diesel engines was subjected to leakage caused by vibrating forces. In order to detect the faults, some vibration measurements were taken and vibration analysis was accomplished. Finally, according to measurements and vibration analysis results some remedial actions were recommended.
Use of Spot Imagery for Estimating Surface Runoff in Sudan
Authors: S. Alsalman Abdullah
Published: June 2021

Digital classification of remotely sensed data can be very effective in determining volume of runoff. Mean discrepancy value of ± 6 mm between observed and estimated runoff volume was obtained in this experiment with a standard deviation of ±7.2 mm.
Cultural impact on traditional Sudanese human settlement patterns
Authors: Abdelaziz Ali Elwaleed
Published: June 2021

Sudan is a unique country which is located in the continent of Africa and inhabited by many diversified ethnic and cultural groups. This diversity of its population was an outcome of a process of migrations that took place since a long time ago in history, from different parts of Africa, Asia and other continents. The indigenous settlements of the different Sudanese population groups manifest different and distinct spatial as well as socio – cultural patterns. The colonial period in Sudan represents a new era in the transformation of different aspects of life in the country. The impact of the colonial policies in the indigenous Sudanese towns was remarkable. Human shelter and settlement are natural outcomes of the efforts of man in controlling nature and seeking refuge and safety for himself and his family against aggressions of other living creatures. They vary in size and form from one group of people to another and from time to time. Space which is a major element of the built environment is handled differently by different groups of people.
This paper attempts to focus on the interaction between the socio – cultural aspects and the spatial ones of the designed space and their impact on each other; a theme which has always been neglected in the official housing and planning policies of this country.
The Effect of Turbine Blade Cooling on its Performance
Authors: Kaddah Assem
Published: June 2021

The turbine works within conditions whose very high temperature, especially nozzle guide vanes NGVs which located at the turbine entrance and burner exit, so the turbine rotating blades and stator vanes are cooled with relatively cold air taken form the compressor end . The turbine cooling affects negatively its performance, but the cooling is considered as necessary to maintain health of the vanes and blades as long possible . If the focus on the economic efficiency, we will prefer the cooling.
Early Highway Failures
Authors: Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed
Published: June 2021

This paper is an effort to share experience with the readers to help in controlling the construction of the on going and future projects. It is seen that most of the newly constructed highways practiced early deterioration of pavements in some of completed sections of these highways, which is a matter of concern. This paper tried to find the reasons of deterioration and come out with some solutions for the problems.
Deployment of Agent-Based Intrusion Detection for Wireless LAN
Authors: Viju G.K. , Ibrahim Khalid Ahmed
Published: June 2021

One of the difficult duties in chemical industrial units is the determination of the level of liquid for real – time monitoring. Determination of this parameter is useful in process control loop. Hence present study is devoted for this purpose by employing microbend based optical fiber sensor.
In this work, in order to continuously monitor liquid level in petroleum and chemical industries, an optical fiber sensor based on microbend effect was designed and implemented. The system is consist of a sensor that is composed of a microbend modulator, sensing fiber, emitting / detecting devices, in addition to liquid container unit, and an electronic circuit that was used to control the liquid level. The results showed that the laser technique is both accurate and immediate.
The Investigation of General Solution in Free Datum Networks
Authors: Ahmed Mudathir Omer
Published: June 2021

The datum of survey control networks sometimes cannot be defined because there is no position of fixed points is provided. In these types of networks the solution can be obtained by what is known as general solution of free datum networks. Actually, the datum in free networks is defined by additional datum constraints to solve the problem of singularity of the normal equations matrix. To solve the problem of datum defect, the unknown parameters of the datum are required to be fixed. These constraints can be established for a part or all points of the network to define the reference frame of the control network in several ways. The adjustment obtained using full datum constraints is called free or relative datum adjustment. In this research, the various forms of datum constraints are established and investigated in order to distinguish between them. More than one solution models applied individually as different cases to be compared with others. Conclusions drawn that the optimum solution with minimum norm and minimum trace is that the general solution using full constraints matrix, it gives the same coordinate differences obtained by others. Then it can be widely used in solution of survey control networks used in many types of networks such as these applied in deformation monitoring field.  Another conclusion is that the suitability of the general solution form for all other chosen datums. Any fixed datum solution can be obtained from the general solution by adding a scalar calculated from height(s) of the reference fixed point(s).
Effect of Using EVA as Partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregates on Concrete Properties
Authors: Attaelmanan Alnour Mustafa Moatasim , Izzeldeen Mansour Ibrahim Mohammed , Tawfeeg Mohammed Alradey Mohammed , Altayeb Berier Alsheikh Mohammed
Published: June 2021

Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), is the copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate. The weight percent of vinyl acetate usually varies from 10 to 40%, with the residuum being ethylene, also EVA is an elastomeric polymer that makes materials which are (rubber-like) in fineness and flexibility. In this study, EVA waste was used in the concrete mix instead of different percentages of coarse aggregates (5%, 8%, 10%, 12%) by volume. The concrete slump test was performed to measure the workability of freshly made concrete. The compression test was performed on all samples at 7 and 28 days. The results were compared with the standard mixture. It was concluded that EVA was a suitable material to replace coarse aggregates. Accordingly, the results of these experiments indicate that not only EVA can be noticed as aggregate in concrete, but also it will have more advantages in lightweight concrete than normal concrete. Using of EVA concrete shows decrease in slump for further replacement without compromising on strength. The best replacing ratio was 5% of aggregate.
Price Adjustments in the Sudanese Construction Industry for Public-funded projects
Authors: Hummida Ahmed Yousif , Khalil Sharafeldin Nasrddin , Norallah Mohamed Taber Eman
Published: June 2021

In recent years Sudan suffers from deterioration in the economy. There are three financial legislations issued from the Government of Sudan between Nov 2016 and Oct 2018. These legislations have led to increase in prices of all goods and materials especially construction materials that lead many contracting companies to submit claims demanding for adjustment of prices. This paper documents effort by the Government of Sudan (GoS) to address price adjustments for public-funded projects affected by the mentioned legislations. It also validates some data submitted by the contractors to examine the adjustment through a technical committee established for that purpose. Furthermore, the GoS has introduced a program to build the capacity of all involved parties in the construction industry to calculate price adjustments. This paper compares some data submitted by some contractors for three projects in east Sudan (Qadarif), West Sudan (Zalingei) and central Sudan (Khartoum) that have been approved by consultants with prices of materials obtained from an independent third party the in Khartoum. The results of the comparison are found that some increase in material follows the prices of the (USD) dollar as reinforcement and some local material increase in price due to other reasons like fees of transportation. Also, when comparing prices in different states in Sudan, there are differences in some material depending on the distance from Khartoum and the availability of the materials in the states like local materials as aggregates and red bricks.
Assessing Causes and Impacts of Traffic Congestion in Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: M. E. Zumrawi Magdi
Published: June 2021

This paper discusses a serious problem of traffic congestion in Khartoum in order to identify its causes and impacts on society and economy. The literature relating to the problem of traffic congestion were intensively reviewed. The research methodology have been adopted includes questionnaire, interviews and site visits. The data collected were statistically analyzed. The results indicated that the traffic congestion contributing to insufficient road capacity, lack of public transport and parking problems. It was found that traffic congestion has adverse effects such as time consuming, decrease in productivity and fuel consumption. Finally, some major measures were provided to reduce traffic congestion in Khartoum by expansion of roads, managing parking and adopting Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system.
Tree species consistent co-occurrence in seasonal tropical forests: an approach through association rules analysis
Authors: Souza Cléber Rodrigo , Maia Vinícius Andrade , Aguiar-Campos Natália , Farrapo Camila Laís , Santos Rubens Manoel
Published: June 2021

Aim of study: Aassessing the existence of consistent co-occurrence between tree species that characterize seasonal tropical forests, using the association rules analysis (ARA), that is a novel data mining methodology; and evaluate evaluating the taxonomic and functional similarities between associated species.Area of study: forty-four seasonal forest sites with permanent plots (40.2 ha of total sample) located in Southeast Brazil, from which we obtained species occurrences.Material and methods: we applied association rules analysis (ARA) to the dataset of species occurrence in sites considering the criteria of support equal to or greater than 0.63 and confidence equal to or greater than 0.8 to obtain the first set of associations rules between pairs of species. This set was then submitted to Fisher’s criteria exact p-value less than 0.05, lift equal to or greater than 1.1 and coverage equal to or greater than 0.63. We considered these criteria to be able to select non-random and consistent occurring associations.Main results: We obtained a final result of 238 rules for semideciduous forest and 11 rules for deciduous forests, composed of species characteristic of vegetation types. Co-occurrences are formed mainly by non-confamilial species, which have similar functional characteristics (potential size and wood density). There is a difference in the importance of co-occurrence between forest types, which tends to be less in deciduous forests.Research highlights: The results point to out the feasibility of applying ARA to ecological datasets as a tool for detecting ecological patterns of coexistence between species and the ecosystems functioning.Keywords: data mining; coexistence; semideciduous forests; deciduous forests; biotic interaction.
Translation Technology in English Studies Within the System of Higher Education in Poland
Authors: Organ Michał
Published: June 2021

The study is focused on translation technology within the system of higher education in Poland, specifically English Studies offering translation specialization at BA and MA level, as well as postgraduate studies aimed at translators of English. The conducted analysis of translation curricula of Polish universities investigates the presence of courses devoted to the use of translation technology and seeks to determine whether such courses are offered at a given level of higher education, where in the system most of the courses are placed, and when they are mostly organized. First, however, a brief overview of different aspects determining the inclusion of translation technology in curricula are discussed. Here, the main stress is placed on its importance for the translation markets, the skills and knowledge obtained by students entering the market which are desired by translation agencies, elements affecting the selection of given translation software, the necessary infrastructure to run such courses, the costs of the programmes, ‘human resources’, the policies of universities, etc. The short discussion is followed by an analysis of the available courses, with each section devoted to one of the levels of the Polish higher education system, namely BA, MA and postgraduate studies. The courses within each level are briefly compared to provide some general tendencies for each type of studies. The final, concluding part of the study summarizes the results and stresses the need for further introduction of translation technology into translation curricula.
EFL Learners’ Affect, Engagement, Misbehaviours, and Achievement: A Classroom Observation Perspective
Authors: Yang Bo , Moskovsky Christo
Published: June 2021

Most previous research examining the correlation between affect and achievement of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) has relied on questionnaire and/or interview data. The current study, conducted in a Chinese EFL context, chose to explore this relationship on the basis of quantitative and qualitative classroom observation data, with a special focus on learners’ classroom engagement and misbehaviours. The participant sample involved the EFL learners and teachers in six classes at a key and a non-key university in Northwest China. Data in relation to participants’ affect, engagement, and misbehaviours were collected via classroom observations, including some video-recording. The participating students’ College English Test-Band 4 (CET-4) scores were used as a measurement of EFL achievement. Participants’ affect, engagement, and achievement formed a reciprocal relationship; the latter was negatively connected with misbehavious. Rather than gender, type of school (key vs. non-key university) had significant effects on the variables being examined. Data revealed that teachers, peers, and classroom environment were also influential factors in explaining the differences in the relationship between the identified variables.