bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building a culture of innovation: How do agency leadership and management systems promote innovative activities within the government?
Authors: Park Nara , Cho Munseok , Lee Jung Wook
Published: April 2021

Public organisations have strived to initiate and consolidate innovation by reforming their structures, processes, and outcomes. Despite their numerous attempts, successful innovation has not been achieved in every organisation in the public sector. Analysing survey data acquired from the Korean government, we find that a leader's support for innovative action, and the development of a self‐learning organisation that discarded old‐fashioned customs, was key to change in government organisations. Leadership is required to promote strategic planning and performance tools for innovation, with both forms of management system likely to depend on a leader's decision. The concerns, emphasis, and support of a leader are embodied by the strategic plan and implemented using performance tools to motivate organisational members. Thus, we argue that, without supportive leadership, it is extremely difficult to establish a culture of innovation that can lead to product innovation; management and evaluation efforts may not be essential to an increase in government innovation. Ultimately, we address the innovation dilemmas that many public organisations encounter in the course of organisational development. We suggest that a performance evaluation programme that requires immediate success can eventually limit sustainable innovation in the long term, even if innovation performance improves in the short term.
Who cares about the public sphere?
Authors: GOENAGA AGUSTÍN
Published: April 2021

This article offers the first empirical and cross‐national analysis of citizens’ views about the democratic importance of the public sphere. We first identify three normative functions that public spheres are expected to perform in representative democracies: they provide voice to alternative perspectives, they empower citizens to criticise political authorities and they disseminate information on matters of public interest. We then argue that citizens develop differentiated views about the importance of these democratic functions, depending on (1) their ability to influence political decisions through public debate, and (2) the extent to which voice, critique and information address democratic problems they particularly care about. Drawing on Wave 6 of the European Social Survey, the statistical analysis indicates that citizens in most European countries consider the public sphere very important for democracy, especially its role as a supplier of reliable information. However, certain groups tend to care more about different aspects of the public sphere. More educated citizens are more likely to assign greater importance to all three functions. Members of cultural and sexual minorities are more likely to emphasise the importance of giving voice to alternative perspectives, while citizens dissatisfied with the government are more likely to prioritise public criticism and access to reliable information. Finally, in countries with more democratic public spheres, differences based on education and minority status are wider, while differences based on government satisfaction disappear. These findings support the claim that citizens care more about the public sphere when they can effectively influence political decision making through public debate or when the public sphere addresses democratic problems that are especially important to them. Moreover, our results indicate that citizens see some of the functions that public spheres perform as core aspects of democracy, comparable in importance to free and fair elections and the rule of law. The article thus advances an empirically grounded defence of the centrality of public debate for democracy.
Bile reflux is an independent risk factor for precancerous gastric lesions and gastric cancer: An observational cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zhang Lu Yao , Zhang Jian , Li Dan , Liu Yuan , Zhang Dong Ling , Liu Cai Fang , Wang Na , Wu Si Ran , Lu Wen Quan , Guo Jing Zhi , Shi Yong Quan
Published: April 2021

Objective

To identify whether bile reflux on endoscopy and other related variables are risk factors for precancerous gastric lesions and gastric cancer (GC).

Methods

A multicenter, cross‐sectional and observational study was conducted in five centers in China from June to October 2019, 1162 patients were recruited and divided into the chronic gastritis (CG), the precancerous lesion (low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia and intestinal metaplasia), and GC groups (including high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia). All participants underwent detailed interviews, endoscopy and biopsy, and completed questionnaires. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated with multivariate logistic regression models with or without adjustment for Helicobacter pylori infection.

Results

We recruited 668 patients with CG, 411 with precancerous lesions and 83 with GC. By comparing the CG and precancerous lesion groups, independent risk factors for cancerous gastric lesions were the grade of bile reflux, patient's age, dietary habits and family history of GC. Similar results were obtained when comparing the CG and GC groups. In addition, bile reflux was confirmed as an independent risk factor for progression from precancerous lesions to cancer.

Conclusions

Bile reflux on endoscopy as well as age, dietary habits and a family history of GC were independent risk factors for the development of precancerous gastric lesions and GC.
miR‐493 by regulating of c‐Jun targets Wnt5a/PD‐L1‐inducing esophageal cancer cell development
Authors: Bian Wei , Li Yishuai , Zhu Haiyong , Gao Shaolin , Niu Ren , Wang Chuan , Zhang Hao , Qin Xuebo , Li Shujun
Published: April 2021

Background

Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancers across the globe; the 5‐year survival of esophageal cancer patients is still low. MicroRNA (miRNA) dysregulation has been implicated in cancer development, and the miRNAs play a pivotal role in esophageal cancer pathogenesis. It is urgently needed to find out how miRNA dysregulation was involved in esophageal cancer (EC) development.

Methods

Through experiments in vivo and in vitro, we explored potential signaling pathways, miR‐493/Wnt5A/c‐JUN loop, in EC. Their mechanistic roles in EC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were investigated through multiple validation steps in EC9706 and TE13 cell lines and EC specimens.

Results

Overexpression of miR‐493 attenuates esophageal cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, miR‐493 downregulation is an unfavorable factor in EC and negatively correlated with Wnt5A. The existence of miR‐493 is also an important attribute of metabolism. Based on mechanism analyses, we show that miR‐493 inhibits the activity of c‐JUN and p‐PI3K/p‐AKT with enhanced p21 and directly regulates Wnt5A expression and function, whereas c‐JUN binds the promoter region of miR‐493 and suppressed the expression of miR‐493, forming a negative feedback loop.

Conclusions

The miR‐493/Wnt5A/c‐JUN loop is a molecular feedback loop that refers to the development of esophageal cancer cells and a potential target for the treatment of esophageal cancer.
Making every birth count: Outcomes of a perinatal mortality audit program
Authors: Flenady Vicki , Kettle Imogen , Laporte Johanna , Birthisel Deborah , Hardiman Leah , Matsika Admire , Whelan Nikki , Lehner Christoph , Payton Diane , Utz Miles , Wojcieszek Aleena M. , Lawford Harriet , Walsh Teresa , Ellwood David
Published: April 2021

Background

Stillbirth rates have shown little improvement for two decades in Australia. Perinatal mortality audit is key to prevention, but the literature suggests that implementation is suboptimal.

Aim

To determine the proportion of perinatal deaths which are associated with contributing factors relating to care in Queensland, Australia.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective audit of perinatal deaths ≥ 34 weeks gestation by the Health Department in Queensland was undertaken. Cases and demographic information were obtained from the Queensland Perinatal Data Collection. A multidisciplinary panel used the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand (PSANZ) perinatal mortality audit guidelines to classify the cause of death and to identify contributing factors. Contributing factors were classified as ‘insignificant’, ‘possible’, or ‘significant’.

Results

From 1 January to 31 December 2018, 65 deaths (56 stillbirths and nine neonatal deaths) were eligible and audited. Most deaths were classified as unexplained (51.8% of stillbirths). Contributing factors were identified in 46 (71%) deaths: six insignificant (all stillbirths), 20 possibly related to outcome (17 stillbirths), and 20 significantly (16 stillbirths). Areas for practice improvements mainly related to the care for women with risk factors for stillbirth, especially antenatal care. The PSANZ guidelines were applied and enabled a systematic approach.

Conclusions

A high proportion of late gestation perinatal deaths are associated with contributing factors relating to care. Improving antenatal care for women with risk factors for stillbirth is a priority. Perinatal mortality audit is a valuable step in stillbirth prevention and the PSANZ guidelines allow a systematic approach to aid implementation and reporting.
‘Re‐placing’ professional practice
Authors: Roberts Philip , Cosgrave Catherine , Gillespie Judy , Malatzky Christina , Hyde Sarah , Hu Wendy CY , Bailey Jannine , Yassine Tagrid , Downes Natalie
Published: April 2021

While preparation for professional practice is conceived as placeless, it is enacted in place. Consequently, many professionals find themselves working in conditions significantly different than those they were educated in and for. This is especially relevant for new professionals arriving in rural settings after preparation in urban programs, where metrocentric models of orientation to practice are implicitly privileged. The consequent dis‐join between practice and place often results in new professionals feeling ‘out of place’ and questioning their professional competence. It also results in settings outside the metrocentric norm being viewed as less desirable practice contexts. Negative desirability hinders professional recruitment, while feeling out of place and incompetent hinders professional retention; both are longstanding issues in rural communities. Recent developments in professional education and practice standards emphasise adaptability to practise in specific contexts. However, ‘context,’ a primary focus to date for rural preparation is presented as a largely static backdrop that needs to be accommodated to engage in the ‘real practice’ one was trained for. Drawing on the spatial turn in social theory, we argue that place both shapes and is shaped by professionals and their practices and as such, must be engaged with deeply and dynamically. This conceptualisation of the relationship between place and practice has critical implications for professional preparation. As interdisciplinary practitioners and researchers working in diverse contexts, we examine ‘place’ from a social constructivist perspective as a focal point for professional preparation.
China and Mekong regionalism: A reappraisal of the formation of Lancang‐Mekong Cooperation
Authors: Busbarat Pongphisoot , Bunyavejchewin Poowin , Suporn Thapiporn
Published: April 2021

The Mekong region is witnessing a regional order reconfiguration triggered by the China‐led Lancang‐Mekong Cooperation (LMC). Little research is available regarding the history of this sub‐regional grouping, particularly about its formation. Using sources from a recently opened archive in Bangkok, this article reappraises the origins and evolution of the initiative within the lens of regional group formation theory. Findings show that LMC is a revised version of Thailand's proposal for the formation of a dialogue on the management of the Mekong River that was initially dismissed by China. As China under Xi Jinping‐era claimed great power status with a droit de regard over the near abroad, it has used the LMC to exercise exclusive leadership over the Mekong region. This can be seen in the preparation of institutional infrastructure for the construction of a China‐Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor (CICPEC) as part of China's wider Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) strategy.
Spout hollow nest boxes provide a drier and less stable microclimate than natural hollows
Authors: Strain Clare , Jones Christopher S. , Griffiths Stephen R. , Clarke Rohan H.
Published: April 2021

Artificial tree hollows (e.g., nest‐boxes) are commonly deployed to mitigate the loss of mature trees within human‐disturbed landscapes. Their effectiveness as a habitat resource, and thus conservation management tool, is strongly influenced by the suitability of internal microclimate conditions. In south‐eastern Australia, spout hollows are a nesting resource used by a diverse community of vertebrate species. We tested the suitability of a novel nest box design (spout boxes) that mimicked the physical characteristics of spout hollows. We monitored the occupancy (n = 193) and internal microclimate (n = 131) of natural hollows and spout boxes within a woodland where natural tree hollows were once abundant. Both natural hollows and spout boxes were occupied and used for breeding by birds and mammals. Natural hollows had consistently higher humidity, and thermal maxima and minima were buffered, when compared with spout boxes. These differences were largely explained by wall thickness. Spout boxes displayed even more extreme temperature variation and lower humidity when not shaded. While more extreme microclimate conditions did not prevent usage, tolerable thresholds for hollow‐dependent species may soon be exceeded under current climate change projections. Managers need to carefully consider nest box design and positioning to ensure the suitability of these supplementary resources for conservation purposes.
Outcomes for gastrostomy‐fed children and their parents: qualitative findings from the ‘Your Tube’ study
Authors: Maddison Jane , Taylor Johanna , O’Neill Mark , Cade Janet , Hewitt Catherine , Horridge Karen , McCarter Alison , Fraser Lorna K , Beresford Bryony
Published: April 2021

Aim

To identify child and parent outcomes relevant to having a gastrostomy, and to specify outcomes believed to be particularly salient to type of diet (formula vs blended food).

Method

Twenty parents, two children (both 12y), and 41 professionals (dietitians [n=10]; nurses [n=12]; paediatricians [n=12]; speech and language therapists [n=7)]) were recruited. Parents and children were interviewed; professionals participated in focus groups. Children (2–18y) represented included those on formula (n=11), blended‐food (n=7), and mixed (n=2) diets. All had been tube‐fed for at least 6 months. Neurological, genetic, and metabolic conditions were represented.

Results

Participants identified a range of children’s outcomes relevant to a gastrostomy, including physical health, gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep, and time spent feeding. The children described experiences of exclusion caused by being tube‐fed. Time, sleep, and emotional health were regarded as most salient to understanding parents’ gastrostomy outcomes. Participants believed type of diet would most likely effect gastrointestinal symptoms, time spent feeding, sleep, and physical health.

Interpretation

Findings indicate a number of refinements to, and allow further specification of, the current ‘initial’ core outcome set for tube‐fed children. Findings also have implications for choice of outcomes measures. Further qualitative research with children and young people is needed.

What this paper adds

Sleep is a key outcome for children and parents.

Gastrointestinal symptoms and physical health were regarded as outcomes most likely to be affected by type of diet.

Well‐being and participation were identified as key distal outcomes.

Gastrostomies are complex interventions.

Further specification of the core outcome set is possible.
Prevalence of orofacial injuries in wheeled non‐motor sports athletes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: de Oliveira Júlia Meller Dias , Pauletto Patrícia , Werlich Mariana Oliveira , Massignan Carla , Lehmkuhl Karyn Munyk , Porfírio Gustavo José Martiniano , Curi Hallal Ana Luiza , De Luca Canto Graziela
Published: April 2021

Background/Aims

As the popularity of sports activities grows, so do the number of sport‐related injuries. Furthermore, sports that use equipment or vehicles that modify the speed of the player can present more serious injuries. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the overall prevalence of orofacial trauma in wheeled non‐motor sports athletes.

Methods

The search strategy was applied in eight electronic databases (Embase, LILACS, Livivo, PEDro, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science). Additionally, a complementary search of the gray literature (Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global), reference lists of included articles, and studies indicated by experts on the subject was done. The included articles were observational studies with sufficient data of orofacial trauma (type and anatomical site) in wheeled non‐motor sport athletes, regardless of the competition level. Risk of bias was assessed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. The meta‐analysis was performed using R Statistics software, and the strength of cumulative evidence was assessed by The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.

Results

From 4042 identified studies, after the removal of duplicates and phase one of selection (title and abstracts screening), 251 studies remained for phase two (full‐text screening). Five articles were finally included. One study was considered to have a low risk of bias and four had a moderate risk of bias. The cumulative prevalence of orofacial injuries in wheeled non‐motor sport athletes was 21.7% (CI: 8.7–34.7; I2:97.6%) and the prevalence of dental injuries in these sports was 7.5% (CI:4.3–10.7; I2:61.9%). The certainty in cumulative evidence was considered to be very low.

Conclusion

About 22% of the wheeled non‐motor sport athletes have suffered orofacial injuries. The most prevalent type of injury was classified as dental trauma.
Cingulate networks associated with gray matter loss in Parkinson's disease show high expression of cholinergic genes in the healthy brain
Authors: Keo Arlin , Dzyubachyk Oleh , van der Grond Jeroen , Hafkemeijer Anne , van de Berg Wilma D.J. , van Hilten Jacobus J. , Reinders Marcel J.T. , Mahfouz Ahmed
Published: April 2021

Structural covariance networks are able to identify functionally organized brain regions by gray matter volume covariance across a population. We examined the transcriptomic signature of such anatomical networks in the healthy brain using postmortem microarray data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. A previous study revealed that a posterior cingulate network and anterior cingulate network showed decreased gray matter in brains of Parkinson's disease patients. Therefore, we examined these two anatomical networks to understand the underlying molecular processes that may be involved in Parkinson's disease. Whole brain transcriptomics from the healthy brain revealed upregulation of genes associated with serotonin, GPCR, GABA, glutamate, and RAS‐signaling pathways. Our results also suggest involvement of the cholinergic circuit, in which genes NPPA, SOSTDC1, and TYRP1 may play a functional role. Finally, both networks were enriched for genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders that overlap with Parkinson's disease symptoms. The identified genes and pathways contribute to healthy functions of the posterior and anterior cingulate networks and disruptions to these functions may in turn contribute to the pathological and clinical events observed in Parkinson's disease.
Prevalence and healthcare utilization of rare neurological diseases in Hong Kong: 2014–2018
Authors: Chiu Annie Ting Gee , Li Jingjing , Chang Richard Shek Kwan , Chung Claudia Ching Yan , Wong Wilfred Hing Sang , Ip Patrick , Chan Sophelia Hoi Shan
Published: April 2021

Background

There has been increasing attention focused on the epidemiology of rare diseases (RDs) in recent years. Rare neurological diseases (RNDs) constitute a significant proportion of RDs; however, relevant research is still lacking.

Methods

A list of ICD‐10 codes corresponding to RNDs was compiled using adaptations from the Orphanet Classification of Rare Diseases, and classified into rare epilepsy, movement‐related, neurocutaneous, neuroimmune, neurometabolic and neurodegenerative, neuromuscular and other RNDs. Using the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System, which holds public hospital healthcare records of Hong Kong anonymously, we calculated the prevalence and healthcare utilization of RND patients between 2014 and 2018. The list of RNDs was also used to review relevant pharmacological trials within the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform between 2009 and 2018.

Results

The prevalence of RNDs in Hong Kong is 3.6 in 1,000 individuals. Patients with RNDs had frequent emergency department, outpatient and inpatient healthcare utilization. The average annual cost per patient is estimated at HKD 182,075 (€ 19,688). Different categories of RNDs showed different patterns of healthcare utilization. Moreover, there were only 677 RND‐related pharmacological trials during the study period, and no trial was found for 78% of RNDs.

Conclusions

This is one of the first population studies on the prevalence and healthcare utilization patterns of RNDs, with comprehensive reviews of RND‐related pharmacological research. It shows high healthcare utilization rates among patients with RNDs, as well as a wide research gap in many RNDs. We call for better attention and tailored healthcare for these patients.
A machine learning approach to integrating genetic and ecological data in tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes) for spatially explicit vector control planning
Authors: Bishop Anusha P. , Amatulli Giuseppe , Hyseni Chaz , Pless Evlyn , Bateta Rosemary , Okeyo Winnie A. , Mireji Paul O. , Okoth Sylvance , Malele Imna , Murilla Grace , Aksoy Serap , Caccone Adalgisa , Saarman Norah P.
Published: April 2021

Vector control is an effective strategy for reducing vector‐borne disease transmission, but requires knowledge of vector habitat use and dispersal patterns. Our goal was to improve this knowledge for the tsetse species Glossina pallidipes, a vector of human and animal African trypanosomiasis, which are diseases that pose serious health and socioeconomic burdens across sub‐Saharan Africa. We used random forest regression to (i) build and integrate models of G. pallidipes habitat suitability and genetic connectivity across Kenya and northern Tanzania and (ii) provide novel vector control recommendations. Inputs for the models included field survey records from 349 trap locations, genetic data from 11 microsatellite loci from 659 flies and 29 sampling sites, and remotely sensed environmental data. The suitability and connectivity models explained approximately 80% and 67% of the variance in the occurrence and genetic data and exhibited high accuracy based on cross‐validation. The bivariate map showed that suitability and connectivity vary independently across the landscape and was used to inform our vector control recommendations. Post hoc analyses show spatial variation in the correlations between the most important environmental predictors from our models and each response variable (e.g., suitability and connectivity) as well as heterogeneity in expected future climatic change of these predictors. The bivariate map suggests that vector control is most likely to be successful in the Lake Victoria Basin and supports the previous recommendation that G. pallidipes from most of eastern Kenya should be managed as a single unit. We further recommend that future monitoring efforts should focus on tracking potential changes in vector presence and dispersal around the Serengeti and the Lake Victoria Basin based on projected local climatic shifts. The strong performance of the spatial models suggests potential for our integrative methodology to be used to understand future impacts of climate change in this and other vector systems.
Dietary ecology of Alaskan polar bears (Ursus maritimus) through time and in response to Arctic climate change
Authors: Petherick Ansley S. , Reuther Joshua D. , Shirar Scott J. , Anderson Shelby L. , DeSantis Larisa R. G.
Published: April 2021

Arctic climate change poses serious threats to polar bears (Ursus maritimus) as reduced sea ice makes seal prey inaccessible and marine ecosystems undergo bottom‐up reorganization. Polar bears’ elongated skulls and reduced molar dentition, as compared to their sister species the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), are adaptations associated with hunting seals on sea ice and a soft, lipid‐rich diet of blubber and meat. With significant declines in sea ice, it is unclear if and how polar bears may be altering their diets. Clarifying polar bear dietary responses to changing climates, both today and in the past, is critical to proper conservation and management of this apex predator. This is particularly important when a dietary strategy may be maladaptive. Here, we test the hypothesis that hard‐food consumption (i.e., less preferred foods including bone), inferred from dental microwear texture analysis, increased with Arctic warming. We find that polar bears demonstrate a conserved absence of hard‐object feeding in Alaska through time (including approximately 1000 years ago), until the 21st century, consistent with a highly conserved and specialized diet of soft blubber and flesh. Notably, our results also suggest that some 21st‐century polar bears may be consuming harder foods (e.g., increased carcass utilization, terrestrial foods including garbage), despite having skulls and metabolisms poorly suited for such a diet. Prior to the 21st century, only polar bears with larger mandibles demonstrated increased hard‐object feeding, though to a much lower degree than closely related grizzly bears which regularly consume mechanically challenging foods. Polar bears, being morphologically specialized, have biomechanical constraints which may limit their ability to consume mechanically challenging diets, with dietary shifts occurring only under the most extreme scenarios. Collectively, the highly specialized diets and cranial morphology of polar bears may severely limit their ability to adapt to a warming Arctic.
A link between gastrointestinal disorders and migraine: Insights into the gut–brain connection
Authors: Aurora Sheena K. , Shrewsbury Stephen B. , Ray Sutapa , Hindiyeh Nada , Nguyen Linda
Published: April 2021

Background

Migraine is a complex, multifaceted, and disabling headache disease that is often complicated by gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, such as gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, and cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS). Functional dyspepsia and CVS are part of a spectrum of disorders newly classified as disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI). Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia are both associated with delayed gastric emptying, while nausea and vomiting are prominent in CVS, which are also symptoms that commonly occur with migraine attacks. Furthermore, these gastric disorders are comorbidities frequently reported by patients with migraine. While very few studies assessing GI disorders in patients with migraine have been performed, they do demonstrate a physiological link between these conditions.

Objective

To summarize the available studies supporting a link between GI comorbidities and migraine, including historical and current scientific evidence, as well as provide evidence that symptoms of GI disorders are also observed outside of migraine attacks during the interictal period. Additionally, the importance of route of administration and formulation of migraine therapies for patients with GI symptoms will be discussed.

Methods

A literature search of PubMed for articles relating to the relationship between the gut and the brain with no restriction on the publication year was performed. Studies providing scientific support for associations of gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, and CVS with migraine and the impact these associations may have on migraine treatment were the primary focus. This is a narrative review of identified studies.

Results

Although the association between migraine and GI disorders has received very little attention in the literature, the existing evidence suggests that they may share a common etiology. In particular, the relationship between migraine, gastric motility, and vomiting has important clinical implications in the treatment of migraine, as delayed gastric emptying and vomiting may affect oral dosing compliance, and thus, the absorption and efficacy of oral migraine treatments.

Conclusions

There is evidence of a link between migraine and GI comorbidities, including those under the DGBI classification. Many patients do not find adequate relief with oral migraine therapies, which further necessitates increased recognition of GI disorders in patients with migraine by the headache community.
Multi‐approach characterization of shallow‐water carbonates off Minamitorishima and their depositional settings/history
Authors: Aftabuzzaman Md. , Yomogida Kazuki , Suzuki Shota , Takayanagi Hideko , Ishigaki Akimasa , Machida Shiki , Asahara Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Koshi , Hirano Naoto , Sano Shin‐Ichi , Chiyonobu Shun , Bassi Davide , Iryu Yasufumi
Published: April 2021

Sedimentological, geochemical, and chronological analyses were carried out on 18 carbonate rock samples collected at depths of 938, 1085, and 3354 m on the western slope of Minamitorishima (Marcus Island), which is located near the western margin of the Pacific Plate. Four groups of carbonate rocks were distinguished: a mollusk‐rich limestone, a coral‐rich dolomite, a foraminiferal‐nannofossil packstone, and a phosphatized mudstone/wackestone. The mollusk‐rich limestone is characterized by the dominance of bivalves (including rudists) and gastropod shells. Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and Mesorbitolina ex gr. texana (a large benthic foraminifer) indicate that the shallow‐water carbonates were deposited during the late Aptian–early Albian (ca. 123–111 Ma). The coral‐rich dolomite is characterized by abundant scleractinian corals and nongeniculate coralline algae associated with encrusting acervulinid foraminifers. The biotic composition is similar to that of the Oligocene–Pleistocene carbonates reported from other seamounts in the northwestern Pacific. Geochemical data show that the coral‐rich carbonates were dolomitized at 9.5–6.8 Ma (Tortonian–Messinian) and that normal seawater was the most likely parent fluid. The foraminiferal‐nannofossil packstone is a semi‐consolidated foraminiferal‐nannofossil ooze and was deposited during the Pleistocene (0.99–0.45 Ma). The phosphatized mudstone/wackestone is marked by the absence of macrofossils and the presence of traces of planktic foraminifers. Although its depositional age is not constrained, the Sr isotope ratios indicate that the phosphatization occurred at 33.2–28.9 Ma. After the deposition of the Cretaceous shallow‐water carbonates, including the mollusk‐rich limestone, Minamitorishima was drowned and its top was covered with a pelagic cap, represented by the mudstone/wackestone. The late Eocene–early Oligocene volcanism (40.2–33.2 Ma) caused episodic uplift and returned the top of Minamitorishima to a shallow‐water environment. After the early Oligocene phosphatization of the pelagic cap, coral reefs flourished on the top of this island. The reef limestone was dolomitized during the Tortonian–Messinian.
CXCL2 benefits acute myeloid leukemia cells in hypoxia
Authors: Li Lijun , Zhao Li , Man Jiancheng , Liu Bei
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Drug resistance and relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still an important problem in the treatment of leukemia. Leukemia outbreak causes severe hypoxia in bone marrow (BM), remolding BM microenvironment (niche), and transforming hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche into leukemia stem cell (LSC) niche. AML cells and the microenvironment usually conduct “cross‐talk” through cytokines to anchor resistant AML cells into LSC niche, thus supporting their survival. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the role of CXCL2 in the hypoxic AML niche.

Methods

AML hypoxic niche was simulated by hypoxic culture of THP‐1 and HL‐60 cells in vitro, thus to study the effects of CXCL2 on the proliferation and migration of AML cells. The expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and the activation of survival‐related kinases such as PIM2 and mTOR under CoCl2‐simulated hypoxic conditions were detected. The correlation between CXCL2 and the prognosis of AML with big data was verified.

Results

(a) CXCL2 promoted the proliferation and migration of AML cells. (b) CXCL2 up‐regulated the expression of PIM2 by enhancing the transcriptional activity of HIF‐1α. (c) CXCL2 activated mTOR in AML cells. (d) CXCL2 was associated with poor prognosis in AML.

Conclusion

CXCL2 promotes survival, migration, and drug resistance pathway of AML cells in hypoxia and is associated with poor prognosis in AML. Therefore, CXCL2 can be considered as an important factor in promoting the development of AML cells in hypoxia.
(W1‐x,Mx)C carbides with desired combinations of compatible density and properties – A first‐principles study
Authors: Liu Ruiliang , Zhang Dong , Tang Yunqing , Tang Xinhu , Humphries Edward , Li Dongyang
Published: April 2021

Tungsten monocarbide (WC) is one of the highly valuable hard materials for industry, widely used as reinforcement in hardfacing overlays, thermal spray coatings, composites, and various alloys. However, its large density leads to the inhomogeneous distribution of WC particles in the metal‐matrix hardfacing overlays. It is highly wished to have appropriate reinforcing phases with an optimal combination of high strength, compatible density, and physical properties. In this study, we tailored WC by partially substituting W with 3d and 4d transition metals through first‐principles calculations. It is demonstrated that WC can be tailored by element‐substitution with desired properties. Identified stable carbides possess lowered density and mechanical properties that are comparable to those of WC. Physical properties, for example, the Debye temperature, Grüneisen parameter, and thermal conductivity, of the tailored carbides are also studied for widened applications. Efforts are made to generate comprehensive information on metal‐substituted with elucidated underlying mechanisms through analyzing the corresponding electronic characteristics.
The influence of carbon on the microstructure and wear resistance of alumina
Authors: Marder Rachel , Ghosh Priyadarshini , Reimanis Ivar , Kaplan Wayne D.
Published: April 2021

The influence of carbon as a dopant on grain growth and wear resistance of polycrystalline alumina was evaluated. Carbon was introduced into alumina by sintering in a carbon‐rich environment (graphite furnace under flowing He), and/or by residual carbon from organic binders used during the green body consolidation process. Samples were sintered at 1600°C for 2 h. Doping alumina with carbon resulted in a reduced grain size after sintering, correlated to solute‐drag, and graphite particle‐drag for high concentrations of carbon (~3 wt.%). The material response to abrasive wear was quantified by measuring the sample area cut for a defined time using a diamond wafering saw, as a function of grain size and carbon content. Sintering alumina with carbon resulted in a significant increase in wear resistance, as a result of the reduced grain size.
Electrophysiologic and electroanatomic characterization of ventricular arrhythmias in non‐compaction cardiomyopathy: A systematic review
Authors: Bhaskaran Ashwin , Campbell Timothy , Virk Sohaib , Bennett Richard G. , Kizana Eddy , Kumar Saurabh
Published: April 2021

Background

Non‐compaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is a form of structural heart disease prone to ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death. Non‐compacted myocardium may harbor VA substrate, though some reports suggest otherwise.

Objective

This study aimed to characterize the electrophysiologic (EP) features of VA in NCCM.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of case reports, case series, and observational studies.

Results

One hundred and thirty‐five cases of NCCM from studies between 2000 and 2020 were included. Mean age was 34 ± 20 years, mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was 42 ± 15% with two cases having late gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging. The LV apex was the most common non‐compacted segment (86%); 10% involved the right ventricle (RV). Antiarrhythmic failure was documented in 16 cases, of which 50% failed more than one agent. Only 23% of monomorphic VAs localized to regions of non‐compaction on electrocardiogram. Most frequently, VAs localized to the RV outflow tract (n = 21), posterior fascicle (n = 19), and anterolateral LV apex (n = 9). All cases with apical exits arose from the non‐compacted myocardium. On EPS, 83% of sustained VTs were due to re‐entry, 17% due to focal mechanism. Catheter ablation was performed in 39 cases, with 7 requiring more than 1 procedure. Acute VA non‐inducibility was achieved in 82% and VA‐free survival was reported in 85% over a mean follow‐up of 24 months.

Conclusion

The majority of VAs in NCCM arise remotely from non‐compacted myocardium, and non‐re‐entrant mechanism seen in ~1/5th of sustained VTs. Catheter ablation outcomes appear favorable. Further study is needed to understand the pathophysiology of VA in NCCM.
Reduction of protein‐bound uraemic toxins in plasma of chronic renal failure patients: A systematic review
Authors: Saar‐Kovrov V. , Zidek W. , Orth‐Alampour S. , Fliser D. , Jankowski V. , Biessen E. A. L. , Jankowski J.
Published: April 2021

Background

Protein‐bound uraemic toxins (PBUTs) accumulate in patients with chronic kidney disease and impose detrimental effects on the vascular system. However, a unanimous consensus on the most optimum approach for the reduction of plasma PBUTs is still lacking.

Methods

In this systematic review, we aimed to identify the most efficient clinically available plasma PBUT reduction method reported in the literature between 1980 and 2020. The literature was screened for clinical studies describing approaches to reduce the plasma concentration of known uraemic toxins. There were no limits on the number of patients studied or on the duration or design of the studies.

Results

Out of 1274 identified publications, 101 studies describing therapeutic options aiming at the reduction of PBUTs in CKD patients were included in this review. We stratified the studies by the PBUTs and the duration of the analysis into acute (data from a single procedure) and longitudinal (several treatment interventions) trials. Reduction ratio (RR) was used as the measure of plasma PBUTs lowering efficiency. For indoxyl sulphate and p‐cresyl sulphate, the highest RR in the acute studies was demonstrated for fractionated plasma separation, adsorption and dialysis system. In the longitudinal trials, supplementation of haemodialysis patients with AST‐120 (Kremezin®) adsorbent showed the highest RR. However, no superior method for the reduction of all types of PBUTs was identified based on the published studies.

Conclusions

Our study shows that there is presently no technique universally suitable for optimum reduction of all PBUTs. There is a clear need for further research in this field.
Use of a Pediatric Obesity Fall‐risk Scale (POFS) in 301 hospitalized obese children and adolescents
Authors: Tamini Sofia , Cicolini Sabrina , Porcu Anna , Seddone Angela , Ryan‐Wenger Nancy , Sartorio Alessandro
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Falls are a significant safety risk in hospitalized patients, but little evidence regarding their significance in obese children are available to date. Aim of the study was to determine whether the Pediatric Obesity Fall‐risk Scale (POFS) is able to discriminate between hospitalized obese pediatric patients at high or low risk of falling, to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity and to analyze if the risk factors considered were actually related to the falling event.

Design and Methods

The sample consisted of 301 children and adolescents hospitalized for a body weight reduction program. In this 12‐month study, 14.6% of patients experienced a fall during hospitalization, the fall rate per 1000 patient days being 5.33 for the first and 4.36 for the second 6‐month of the year. The components of the POFS included chronological age, history of falls, body mass index standard deviation score (BMI‐SDS), and the ability to maintain equilibrium.

Results

No differences were observed between fallers and nonfallers as far as BMI and BMI‐SDS are concerned. Compared with patients who did not fall, those who fell were significantly younger and shorter and their weights were lower. The POFS identified 85 patients with high and 216 with low falling risk, the two subgroups being comparable for BMI and BMI‐SDS. Compared with patients with low fall‐risk, those with high fall‐risk were significantly younger and shorter and their weights were lower. The sensitivity of the POFS was 61.4%, while the specificity was 77.4%. The positive predictive value of the POFS was 31.8%, while the negative predictive value was 92.1%. The analyses of each POFS component did not show significant differences between fallers and non‐fallers in terms of BMI‐SDS and equilibrium test. Compared with patients who did not fall, those who fell were significantly younger, experienced a fall during the 3 months prior the admission in hospital and their total POFS score was higher.

Practice Implications

Preventing falls in hospitalized obese pediatric patients is challenging due to the markedly increased risk of this population and specific fall‐risk assessment tools are required to early identify patients who needs more care, attention, and specific nursing/medical interventions.
Prolonged QT predicts prognosis in COVID‐19
Authors: Akhtar Zaki , Gallagher Mark M. , Yap Yee Guan , Leung Lisa W. M. , Elbatran Ahmed I. , Madden Brendan , Ewasiuk Victoria , Gregory Louise , Breathnach Aodhan , Chen Zhong , Fluck David S. , Sharma Sumeet
Published: April 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) causes severe illness and multi‐organ dysfunction. An abnormal electrocardiogram is associated with poor outcome, and QT prolongation during the illness has been linked to pharmacological effects. This study sought to investigate the effects of the COVID‐19 illness on the corrected QT interval (QTc).

Method

For 293 consecutive patients admitted to our hospital via the emergency department for COVID‐19 between 01/03/20 ‐18/05/20, demographic data, laboratory findings, admission electrocardiograph and clinical observations were compared in those who survived and those who died within 6 weeks. Hospital records were reviewed for prior electrocardiograms for comparison with those recorded on presentation with COVID‐19.

Results

Patients who died were older than survivors (82 vs 69.8 years, p < 0.001), more likely to have cancer (22.3% vs 13.1%, p = 0.034), dementia (25.6% vs 10.7%, p = 0.034) and ischemic heart disease (27.8% vs 10.7%, p < 0.001). Deceased patients exhibited higher levels of C‐reactive protein (244.6 mg/L vs 146.5 mg/L, p < 0.01), troponin (1982.4 ng/L vs 413.4 ng/L, p = 0.017), with a significantly longer QTc interval (461.1 ms vs 449.3 ms, p = 0.007). Pre‐COVID electrocardiograms were located for 172 patients; the QTc recorded on presentation with COVID‐19 was longer than the prior measurement in both groups, but was more prolonged in the deceased group (448.4 ms vs 472.9 ms, pre‐COVID vs COVID, p < 0.01). Multivariate Cox‐regression analysis revealed age, C‐reactive protein and prolonged QTc of >455 ms (males) and >465 ms (females) (p = 0.028, HR 1.49 [1.04‐2.13]), as predictors of mortality. QTc prolongation beyond these dichotomy limits was associated with increased mortality risk (p = 0.0027, HR 1.78 [1.2‐2.6]).

Conclusion

QTc prolongation occurs in COVID‐19 illness and is associated with poor outcome.
Attitudes towards Indian English among young urban professionals in Hyderabad, India
Authors: Maxwell Olga , Diskin‐Holdaway Chloé , Loakes Debbie
Published: April 2021

Despite extensive work on the description of Indian English(es), only limited attention has been paid to attitudes towards the variety among its speakers. This paper reports on semi‐structured interviews eliciting language attitudes with 32 educated young students and professionals in Hyderabad, India. Results reveal that Indian English is occupying an increasingly legitimate position within the popular consciousness, and that there is an increasing sense of ownership of a supra‐local or pan‐dialectal ‘Indian English’. There is an expressed desire for Indian English to continue to expand, and to be accepted as one of the authentic languages of India. The participants exhibited relatively high levels of linguistic security, and while a certain ‘nostalgia’ for British English was retained by some, Indian English appears to be emerging as an authentic carrier of Indian identity.
To compare the effect of sea buckthorn and silver sulfadiazine dressing on period of wound healing in patients with second‐degree burns: A randomized triple‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Abdullahzadeh Mehrdad , Shafiee Saeed
Published: April 2021

Burn injuries can be associated with the incidence of disability and death, yet their management remains a costly difficult problem. We conducted this clinical trial to evaluate the period of wound healing with sea buckthorn dressings for the second‐degree burns and compare the results with 1% silver sulfadiazine (SSD) dressings. This randomized triple‐blind clinical trial was conducted in a hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Fifty‐five patients suffering second‐degree burns were recruited through convenient sampling and randomly divided into two groups and treated with either sea buckthorn cream or 1% SSD. Wound dressings were done until complete wound healing was attained. The process of healing burns was monitored using the Bates‐Jensen Wound Assessment Tool; complete healing was determined by using the standard burn healing checklist. It was deduced that the period of healing second‐degree burns in the group treated with sea buckthorn cream was shorter than the group treated with 1% SSD (p < 0.001). The results demonstrated the greater clinical efficacy of sea buckthorn cream over 1% SSD for healing second‐degree burns. It was concluded that using sea buckthorn dressing by reducing the period of wound healing can shorten the course of treatment of second‐degree burns as well as reduce the burden of care in health care services.