bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychic distance and outward foreign direct investment: the moderating effect of firm heterogeneity
Authors: Chen Chusheng , Zhan Yun , Yi Changjun , Li Xue , Wu Yenchun Jim
Published: April 2020

Purpose

This study investigates the effect of psychic distance (PD) on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by multinational firms originating in emerging economies and the moderating effect of firm heterogeneity on this relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

An empirical analysis based on a negative binomial regression model is conducted using OFDI data from 2008 to 2017 on companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges in China, an emerging economy.

Findings

The results suggest aU-shaped relationship between PD and OFDI by firms in emerging economies. Both executive foreign experience and state ownership negatively moderate theU-shaped relationship between PD and OFDI.

Practical implications

Emerging economies should encourage and guide multinational firms in engaging in OFDI and emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of PD for multinational firms. Additionally, non-sate-owned firms should recruit those who have a foreign education to provide support for OFDI by firms in emerging economies. Multinational firms should determine investment locations by consulting with executives with foreign experience to improve their ability to engage in OFDI.

Originality/value

This study combines macro and micro perspectives and integrates PD and firm heterogeneity into the same model with a sample of multinational firms originating in China. The findings support the existence of a PD paradox, which helps to enriching the theory on foreign direct investment.
Anthropology in the Anthropocene
Authors: Hornborg Alf
Published: April 2020

In the Anthropocene – an age troubled by global processes of material degradation – anthropology is constrained by its emphasis on local experience. Rather than confine itself, like mainstream economics, to the study of signs and subjectivities, it needs to develop its capacity to deal with the interaction of the symbolic and the material. This should include unravelling how economic ideas and the semiotics of consumption are entwined with the materiality of the biosphere and the physical metabolism of world society.
Shamanism, sanity and remoteness in Russia
Authors: JONUTYTĖ KRISTINA
Published: April 2020

This article looks at the attempted trek of a ‘warrior shaman’ Alexandr Gabyshev from Yakutsk to Moscow, where his aim was to try to drive ‘the demon’ Putin out of the Kremlin. In particular, it explores Russian online responses to Gabyshev's campaign, as well as local reactions in the region where he was arrested, Buryatia. It is argued that the discourses of support are a sort of ‘removal’ (Saxer & Andersson 2019) within a nation state, establishing a deep rift between the local and distant observers. While it may take new forms, this disjunction is rooted in a long history of Russia's complicated relationship with its own orient.
Hunger in the land of plenty: The complex humanitarian crisis in Venezuela
Authors: VAN ROEKEL EVA , DE THEIJE MARJO
Published: April 2020

Oil‐rich Venezuela is being hit by the largest crisis in living memory. Now, more than 4.8 million Venezuelans have fled the country in search of food and safety. News about migration and humanitarian aid dominate. Yet, many Venezuelans stay and seek alternative strategies to cope with scarcity and insecurity. Ad hoc solutions mainly depend on alternative economies in the borderlands that do not always fit within frameworks of human rights and rule of law, but do provide relief and produce opportunities along with new inequalities that (un)willingly sustain the crisis. Amid collapsing state infrastructures, these transborder economies tie into the global trade of basic supplies, narcotics, drugs, natural resources and human trafficking that operate in the interface of the legal and the illegal. The complex humanitarian crisis in Venezuela is as much about poverty and scarcity as it is about wealth and abundance benefiting only a very few. An ‘anthropology of abundance’ allows us to grasp these underlying socio‐economic dynamics that turn crisis management into crisis maintenance.
Comparative appraisal of HPLC, Chloramine‐T and Lane–Eynon methods for quantification of carbohydrates in concentrated dairy products
Authors: da Silva Luana Cristina A , Lafetá Junior José A Q , Leite Maurício O , Fontes Edimar A F , Coimbra Jane S R
Published: April 2020

Lactose and sucrose were quantified in sweetened condensed milk and ‘Dulce de leche’ using a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) approach as compared with the classical methods (Chloramine‐T and Lane–Eynon). Lane–Eynon method estimated the lowest values of carbohydrates for both products. The chromatographic method quantified the carbohydrate contents at the same range as Chloramine‐T method. The values of the estimated standard error (ESE) for HPLC versus Chloramine‐T (0.55–0.77 mass %) were lower than the ESE for HPLC versus Lane–Eynon (1.01–1.63 mass %). Calcium concentration in the products may explain underestimated carbohydrate contents by the Lane–Eynon method.
The influence of companion foods on sensory attribute perception and liking of regular and sodium‐reduced foods
Authors: Nguyen Ha , Wismer Wendy V.
Published: April 2020

Among major contributors of dietary sodium intake, many foods are consumed together with companion foods, specifically condiments and carriers. This study compared sensory profiles and overall liking between commercially available regular and sodium‐reduced foods consumed with or without companion foods; and examined changes in sensory profiles and overall liking when foods are consumed in condiment–carrier pairs. Three distinct consumer panels evaluated one of the three condiment–carrier pairs, salsa–corn chips (n = 98, 63% female), ketchup–tater tots (n = 100, 69% female), and soy sauce–cooked rice (n = 98, 70% female). For each panel, consumers evaluated five samples; including the regular and sodium‐reduced carriers/condiments alone, the companion food alone, and the regular and sodium‐reduced foods each with its companion food. Samples were rated for overall liking (9‐point hedonic scale) and the intensity of defining sensory attributes (3‐point Rate‐All‐That‐Apply scale). Consumers perceived sensory attribute differences between regular and sodium‐reduced corn chips (salty) and soy sauce (salty, sweet), but not ketchup. The presence of the companion food reduced consumer ability to discriminate sensory attributes between regular and sodium‐reduced products and changed sensory profiles and liking of the foods. Additionally, consumer heterogeneity in hedonic response identified three consumer segments in each consumer panel. Consumer segments differed in their sensory attribute perception.

Practical Application

It is possible for the food industry to reduce sodium in a range of companion foods without changing consumer preference. The selection of companion foods is important to consumer evaluation of foods under the context of food pairing; corn chips–salsa and ketchup–tater tots are appropriate food pairs. Future sensory studies on food reformulation toward sodium reduction should target specific consumer segments of product liking and sensory attribute perception, which may in turn be influenced by food consumption frequency.
Changing patterns in the epidemiology and outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in the United Kingdom: 2000‐2018
Authors: King Dominic , Reulen Raoul C. , Thomas Tom , Chandan Joht Singh , Thayakaran Rasiah , Subramanian Anuradhaa , Gokhale Krishna , Bhala Neeraj , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Adderley Nicola J. , Trudgill Nigel
Published: April 2020

Background

Data regarding incidence, prevalence and long‐term outcomes of inflammatory bowel diseases in the UK are limited or outdated.

Aims

To investigate incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and risk of colorectal cancer and all‐cause mortality in these diseases.

Methods

Inflammatory bowel disease cases between 2000 and 2018 were identified from a national primary care database. Inflammatory bowel disease prevalence was forecast until 2025. The association between inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer and all‐cause mortality was investigated using age/sex‐matched retrospective cohort studies. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, deprivation, comorbidity, smoking status and body mass index.

Results

Ulcerative colitis prevalence increased from 390 to 570 per 100 000 population from 2000 to 2017. Prevalence of Crohn's disease increased from 220 to 400 per 100 000. In 2017 male Crohn's disease prevalence was 0.35% (95% confidence interval 0.34‐0.36); female prevalence was 0.44% (0.43‐0.45). Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease is predicted to be 1.1% by 2025. Incidence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease was 23.2 (22.8‐23.6) and 14.3 (14.0‐14.7) per 100 000 person‐years respectively. Subjects with ulcerative colitis were more likely to develop colorectal cancer than controls (adjusted Hazard Ratio 1.40 [1.23‐1.59]). Colorectal cancer rates remained stable in inflammatory bowel diseases over time. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease were associated with increased risk of all‐cause mortality (1.17 [1.14‐1.21] and 1.42 [1.36‐1.48] respectively).

Conclusions

The UK prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease is greater than previous reports suggest and we predict an 11% increase in prevalence by the year 2025. Mortality risk in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer risk in ulcerative colitis are increased compared to matched controls.
Functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis using the Functioning Assessment Short Test
Authors: Léda‐Rêgo Gabriela , Bezerra‐Filho Severino , Miranda‐Scippa Ângela
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Systematically review the prevalence of functional impairment (FI) in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD), as assessed only with the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST), explore the prevalence of this impairment among all the domains, identify the most compromised of them and the clinical variables associated with low functioning in this population.

Methods

Meta‐analyses were performed, searching for relevant papers published from 2007 to 2019 in Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PsycINFO databases and via hand‐searching, without language restrictions. 1128 studies were initially identified, 13 of which were ultimately chosen based on the eligibility criteria. A two‐step meta‐analysis was performed using the mean difference with a 95% confidence interval for continuous variables and proportion estimation with a fixed‐effects model for categorical variables.

Results

In the first step, all FAST domains showed worse FI in patients than in healthy controls, with significant differences between groups. In the second step, the prevalence of FI domains were as follows: global, 58.6%; occupational, 65.6%; cognitive, 49.2%; autonomy, 42.6%; interpersonal relationships, 42.1%; leisure, 29.2%; and financial issues, 28.8%. Residual depressive symptoms were the most frequently cited variable associated with FI.

Conclusions

This study reinforces the relevant functional impact of BD in this population and suggests that the occupational domain may be the most impaired. Greater efforts should be directed toward targeting functioning in patient care, as it constitutes the most meaningful endpoint of response to treatment, especially with occupational and cognitive rehabilitation, thus allowing patients to overcome the course of illness and carry fulfilling lives.
Spleen participation in partial MHC class II construct neuroprotection in stroke
Authors: Brown John , Kingsbury Chase , Lee Jea‐Young , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Meza‐Romero Roberto , Offner Halina , Borlongan Cesar V.
Published: April 2020

Pathological progression of stroke in the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS) is characterized by multiple converging signalling pathways that exacerbate neuroinflammation‐mediated secondary cell death. This creates a need for a novel type of immunotherapy capable of simultaneously lowering the synergistic inflammatory responses in the PNS and CNS, specifically the spleen and brain. Previously, we demonstrated that partial major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II constructs can be administered subcutaneously to promote histological and behavioural effects that alleviate common symptoms found in a murine model of transient stroke. This MHC class II manipulates T cell cytokine expression in both PNS and CNS, resulting in dampened inflammation. In our long‐standing efforts towards translational research, we recently demonstrated that a potent next generation mouse‐based partial MHC class II construct named DRmQ (DRa1L50Q‐mMOG‐35‐55) similarly induces neuroprotection in stroke rats, replicating the therapeutic effects of the human homolog as DRhQ (DRa1L50Q‐human (h)MOG‐35‐55) in stroke mice. Our preclinical studies showed that DRmQ reduces motor deficits, infarct volume and peri‐infarct cell loss by targeting inflammation in this second species. Moreover, we provided mechanistic support in both animal studies that partial MHC class II constructs effectively modulate the spleen, an organ which plays a critical role in modulating secondary cell death. Together, these preclinical studies satisfy testing the constructs in two stroke models, which is a major criterion of the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) criteria and a key step in effectively translating this drug to the clinic. Additional translational studies, including dose‐response and larger animal models may be warranted to bring MHC class II constructs closer to the clinic.
Differential glycaemic control with basal insulin glargine 300 U/mL versus degludec 100 U/mL according to kidney function in type 2 diabetes: A subanalysis from the BRIGHT trial
Authors: Haluzík Martin , Cheng Alice , Müller‐Wieland Dirk , Westerbacka Jukka , Bosnyak Zsolt , Lauand Felipe , Melas‐Melt Lydie , Karalliedde Janaka , Rosenstock Julio , Bolli Geremia B.
Published: April 2020

Aims

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) challenges diabetes management and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We examined whether clinical outcomes with insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla‐300) and insulin degludec 100 U/mL (IDeg‐100) are affected by renal function in a prespecified subgroup analysis from the BRIGHT trial.

Materials and methods

BRIGHT (NCT02738151) was a multicentre, open‐label, randomized, active‐controlled, two‐arm, parallel‐group, 24‐week study in insulin‐naïve uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants were randomized 1:1 to evening Gla‐300 (n = 466) or IDeg‐100 (n = 463) and stratified based on baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for this analysis.

Results

Heterogeneity of treatment effect across renal function subgroups was observed (P = .02), reflecting a greater mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction from baseline to week 24 with Gla‐300 versus IDeg‐100 in the eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 subgroup (least squares mean difference: −0.43% [95% confidence interval: −0.74% to −0.12%]), while there were no differences in hypoglycaemia incidence or rates over 24 weeks in that subgroup. HbA1c reductions were similar between treatments in the other eGFR subgroups. However, heterogeneity was observed for annualized rates of anytime (24 hours) or nocturnal (00:00‐05:59 hours) confirmed hypoglycaemia (≤70 mg/dL [≤3.9 mmol/L]) over 24 weeks showing less hypoglycaemia with Gla‐300 versus IDeg‐100 in the ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Conclusions

Kidney function seems to affect the glucose‐lowering effects of Gla‐300 versus IDeg‐100 in insulin‐naïve T2D. Greater HbA1c reductions with Gla‐300 without increase in hypoglycaemia risk, were observed in patients with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Exercise influences episodic memory via changes in hippocampal neurocircuitry and long‐term potentiation
Authors: Moore Damien , Loprinzi Paul D.
Published: April 2020

The ability to learn, store and recapture information about unique personal experiences is referred to as episodic memory and is sustained by a network of brain areas that are nestled within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and associated networks. Human and animal data demonstrate that these structural components are influential in the organization and processing of incoming information. Strengthening the cellular and neural communication within the aforementioned components of the brain, called long‐term potentiation (LTP), is considered a driving force underscoring the ability to recapture information about unique personal experiences. This process can be enhanced by exercise, thus facilitating improvements in episodic memory. This narrative review discusses the interrelationships (and underlying mechanisms) between exercise, LTP and episodic memory.
The effect of systemic rifampicin treatment on inferior alveolar nerve regeneration in rats following crush injury
Authors: Diker Nurettin , Caglayan Berrak , Helvacioglu Fatma , Kilic Ertugrul
Published: April 2020

Axonal regeneration of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is a therapeutic target for functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Rifampicin exerts anti‐apoptotic, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐oxidant effects on nerve tissues that may enhance functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of systemic rifampicin following IAN crush injury. Following the nerve crush injuries of the IAN, 24 Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups to receive daily intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle, 5 mg kg−1 rifampicin, or 20 mg kg−1 rifampicin. Twenty‐four days after induction of nerve injuries, Fluorogold (FG) was injected over the mental foramen for the evaluation of neuronal survival. At the end of the four‐week period, histologic and histomorphometric examination of IAN samples were performed and FG positive cells were counted in the trigeminal ganglion sections. FG positive cells were significantly more frequent in the 20 and 5 mg kg−1 rifampicin groups than in the vehicle‐treated group. Electron microscopic analyses revealed that the percentage of axons with optimum g‐ratio was significantly lower in the vehicle group than in both treatment groups. In conclusion, systemic rifampicin treatment can enhance peripheral nerve regeneration.
Population expansion and genomic adaptation to agricultural environments of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens
Authors: Silva Cleane S. , Cordeiro Erick M.G. , de Paiva Julia B. , Dourado Patrick M. , Carvalho Renato A. , Head Graham , Martinelli Samuel , Correa Alberto S.
Published: April 2020

Evolutionary studies of insect pests improve our ability to anticipate problems in agricultural ecosystems, such as pest outbreaks, control failures, or expansions of the host range. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the evolutionary processes behind the recent census size expansion and local adaptation of Chrysodeixis includens. First, we sequenced mitochondrial markers to conduct a phylogeographic investigation of C. includens historical processes. Then, we combined a de novo genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach with a study of agricultural landscapes to uncover recent processes of adaptation. Primarily, we found low genetic diversity across all markers and clear indications of a recent demographic expansion. We also found a lack of significant isolation by distance (IBD), and weak or absent genetic structure considering geographic locations. However, we did find initial signs of population differentiation that were associated with host plant types (i.e., soybean and cotton). Agricultural landscape attributes, including soybean crops, were significantly associated with putative markers under positive selection. Moreover, positive selection associated with host differentiation was putatively linked to digestive enzymes. This study showed how landscape composition and host plants can affect the evolutionary process of agricultural pest insects such as C. includens.
Infaunal augurs of the Cambrian explosion: An Ediacaran trace fossil assemblage from Nevada, USA
Authors: Tarhan Lidya G. , Myrow Paul M. , Smith Emily F. , Nelson Lyle L. , Sadler Peter M.
Published: April 2020

Morphologically complex trace fossils, recording the infaunal activities of bilaterian animals, are common in Phanerozoic successions but rare in the Ediacaran fossil record. Here, we describe a trace fossil assemblage from the lower Dunfee Member of the Deep Spring Formation at Mount Dunfee (Nevada, USA), over 500 m below the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary. Although millimetric in scale and largely not fabric‐disruptive, the Dunfee assemblage includes complex and sediment‐penetrative trace fossil morphologies that are characteristic of Cambrian deposits. The Dunfee assemblage records one of the oldest documented instances of sediment‐penetrative infaunalization, corroborating previous molecular, ichnologic, and paleoecological data suggesting that crown‐group bilaterians and bilaterian‐style ecologies were present in late Ediacaran shallow marine ecosystems. Moreover, Dunfee trace fossils co‐occur with classic upper Ediacaran tubular body fossils in multiple horizons, indicating that Ediacaran infauna and epifauna coexisted and likely formed stable ecosystems.
Growth patterns from birth to overweight at age 5‐6 years of children with various backgrounds in socioeconomic status and country of origin: the ABCD study
Authors: Vrijkotte Tanja G. M. , Oostvogels Adriëtte J. J. M. , Stronks Karien , Roseboom Tessa J. , Hof Michel H. P.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Children from minority groups are at increased risk of overweight. This study compared BMI growth patterns from birth onwards of boys and girls with overweight at 5‐6 years, according to socioeconomic status (SES) and country of origin, in order to gain more insight into the critical periods of growth to overweight.

Methods

A total of 3714 singletons of the multi‐ethnic ABCD study were included. Within children with overweight at age 5‐6 years (N = 487, prevalence boys: 11.6%, girls: 14.6%), BMI growth patterns from birth onwards (12.8 serial measurements; SD = 3.1) were compared between children from European (69.4%) and non‐European mothers (30.6%), and between children from low (20.8%), mid (37.0%) or high SES (42.2%), based on maternal educational level.

Results

BMI growth to overweight did not differ between children of European or non‐European mothers, but it did differ according to maternal SES. Children with overweight in the low and mid SES group had a lower BMI in the first 2 years of life, an earlier adiposity rebound and increased in BMI more rapidly after age 2, resulting in a higher BMI at age 7 years compared to children with overweight in the high SES group [∆BMI (kg/m2) between high and low SES: boys 1.43(95%CI:0.16;3.01) and girls 1.91(0.55;3.27)].

Conclusion

Children with overweight from low SES have an early adiposity rebound and accelerated growth to a higher BMI at age 5‐6 years compared to children with overweight from the high SES group. These results imply that timing of critical periods for overweight development is earlier in children with a low socioeconomic background as compared to other children.
Adipose tissue macrophages: Unique polarization and bioenergetics in obesity
Authors: Caslin Heather L. , Bhanot Monica , Bolus W. Reid , Hasty Alyssa H.
Published: April 2020

Macrophages comprise a majority of the resident immune cells in adipose tissue (AT) and regulate both tissue homeostasis in the lean state and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. Since the AT environment rapidly changes based upon systemic energy status, AT macrophages (ATMs) must adapt phenotypically and metabolically. There is a distinct dichotomy in the polarization and bioenergetics of in vitro models, with M2 macrophages utilizing oxidative phosphorylation (OX PHOS) and M1 macrophages utilizing glycolysis. Early studies suggested differential polarization of ATMs, with M2‐like macrophages predominant in lean AT and M1‐like macrophages in obese AT. However, recent studies show that the phenotypic plasticity of ATMs is far more complicated, which is also reflected in their bioenergetics. Multiple ATM populations exist along the M2 to M1 continuum and appear to utilize both glycolysis and OX PHOS in obesity. The significance of the dual fuel bioenergetics is unclear and may be related to an intermediate polarization, their buffering capacity, or the result of a mixed population of distinct polarized ATMs. Recent evidence also suggests that ATMs of lean mice serve as a substrate buffer or reservoir to modulate lipid, catecholamine, and iron availability. Furthermore, recent models of weight loss and weight cycling reveal additional roles for ATMs in systemic metabolism. Evaluating ATM phenotype and intracellular metabolism together may more accurately illuminate the consequences of ATM accumulation in obese AT, lending further insight into obesity‐related comorbidities in humans.
The mediating influence of smartwatch identity on deep use and innovative individual performance
Authors: Ogbanufe Obi , Gerhart Natalie
Published: April 2020

Given its personal and ubiquitous nature, the smartwatch can easily become infused into individuals’ daily lives, social roles, and relationships. This type of intertwinement of an information technology (IT) in the daily lives of individuals creates an IT identity. To understand this phenomenon in the personal IT context, this research draws from the IT identity and valence frameworks to examine how benefits and risks of smartwatch use affect deep use and innovative individual performance through smartwatch identity. Specifically, we examine how social interactions and belongingness (i.e., benefits) and privacy risk (i.e., risk) influence the building of the smartwatch identity, and in turn both deep use and innovative individual performance. Further, we explore the mediating influence of smartwatch identity. Using a survey, we collected data from 216 smartwatch users. The analysis provides evidence for the IT identity to deep use link and IT identity to innovative individual performance link. This work contributes to the IT identity literature by examining and showing how both positive and negative aspects of the smartwatch influence identity construction. This work also demonstrates the relationships between IT identity and performance, and deep use and performance. For practice, we offer insights for enhancing identity and performance.
Skeletal deformities in wild and farmed cleaner fish species used in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar aquaculture
Authors: Fjelldal Per Gunnar , Madaro Angelico , Hvas Malthe , Stien Lars Helge , Oppedal Frode , Fraser Thomas WK
Published: April 2020

As a first attempt to assess bone health in cleaner fish production, wild and cultured ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta and lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus were examined by radiology. In C. lumpus, wild fish (57%) had more vertebra deformities (≥1 deformed vertebrae) than cultured fish (2–16%). One wild C. lumpus had lordosis and another was missing the tail fin. In L. bergylta, wild fish (11%) had fewer vertebra deformities than cultured individuals (78–91%). Among the cultured L. bergylta, 17–53% of the fish had severe vertebra deformities (≥6 deformed vertebrae) with two predominate sites of location, one between vertebra 4 and 10 (S1) in the trunk, and one between 19 and 26 (S2) in the tail. Fusions dominated S1, while compressions dominated S2. Although wild L. bergylta had a low vertebra deformity level, 83% had calluses and 14% had fractures in haemal/neural spines and/or ribs. The site‐specific appearance and pathology of fracture and callus in wild L. bergylta suggests these are induced by chronic mechanical stress, and a possible pathogenesis for fish hyperostosis is presented based on this notion. In conclusion, good bone health was documented in cultured C. lumpus, but cultured L. bergylta suffered poor bone health. How this affects survival, growth, swimming abilities and welfare in cultured wrasse should be further investigated.

Significance Statement

Skeletal deformities were studied in ballan wrasse and lumpfish of both wild and cultured origin for the first time to identify potential welfare issues when deploying them as cleaner fish in salmon sea cages. While cultured lumpfish showed good bone health, cultured wrasse had a high occurrence of vertebra deformities, which is expected to impact lice eating efficiency and animal welfare negatively. These deformities are most likely induced early in development.
Triploid Atlantic salmon Salmo salar have a higher dietary phosphorus requirement for bone mineralization during early development
Authors: Sambraus Florian , Hansen Tom , Daae Britt S. , Thorsen Anders , Sandvik Roar , Stien Lars H. , Fraser Thomas W. K. , Fjelldal Per Gunnar
Published: April 2020

The effect of a dietary phosphorus regime in freshwater on vertebra bone mineralization was assessed in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Fish were fed either a low phosphorus (LP) diet containing 10.5 g kg−1 total phosphorus or a normal phosphorus (NP) diet containing 17.4 g kg−1 total phosphorus from ∼3 to ∼65 g (day 126) in body weight. Two further groups were fed the NP diet from ∼3 g in body weight, but were then switched to the LP diet after 38 (∼10 g in body weight) or 77 (∼30 g in body weight) days. Growth, vertebral ash content (% ash) and radiologically detectable vertebra pathologies were assessed. Triploids were initially smaller than diploids, and again on day 77, but there was no ploidy effect on days 38 or 126. Vertebral ash content increased with increasing body size and those fish fed the NP diet had higher vertebral ash content than those groups fed the LP diet during the intervening time period, but this diet effect became less apparent as fish grew, with all groups having relatively equal vertebral ash content at termination. In general, triploids had lower vertebral ash content than diploids on day 38 and this was most evident in the group fed the LP diet. On day 77, those triploids fed the LP diet during the intervening time period had lower vertebral ash content than diploids. At termination on day 126, the triploids had the same vertebral ash content as diploids, irrespective of diet. There was a ploidy × diet interaction on vertebral deformities, with triploids having higher prevalences of fish with ≥1 deformed vertebra in all dietary groups except continuous NP. In conclusion, between days 0 and 77 (3–30 g body size), triploids required more dietary phosphorus than diploids in order to maintain similar vertebral ash content. A possible link between phosphorus feeding history and phosphorus demand is also discussed.
B‐box proteins: Pivotal players in light‐mediated development in plants
Authors: Song Zhaoqing , Bian Yeting , Liu Jiujie , Sun Yuting , Xu Dongqing
Published: April 2020

Light signals mediate a number of physiological and developmental processes in plants, such as flowering, photomorphogenesis, and pigment accumulation. Emerging evidence has revealed that a group of B‐box proteins (BBXs) function as central players in these light‐mediated developmental processes. B‐box proteins are a class of zinc‐coordinated transcription factors or regulators that not only directly mediate the transcription of target genes but also interact with various other factors to create a complex regulatory network involved in the precise control of plant growth and development. This review summarizes and highlights the recent findings concerning the critical regulatory functions of BBXs in photoperiodic flowering, light signal transduction and light‐induced pigment accumulation and their molecular modes of action at the transcriptional and post‐translational levels in plants
Specialist nurse initiated interventions in breast cancer care: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Hussain Rawther Shejila Chillakunnel , Pai Mamatha Shivananda , Fernandes Donald J , Mathew Stanley , Chakrabarty Jyothi , Devi Elsa Sanatombi
Published: April 2020

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of specialist nurse interventions in the care of women with breast cancer.

Background

Nurses perform a crucial role in physical and psychosocial support of women with breast cancer. However, only few reviews have explored and discussed the roles and interventions carried out by specialised nurses in breast cancer care.

Design

Systematic review based on PRISMA guidelines.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, IndMed and Shodhganga databases for articles published in English language from 1980 to 2018. Only RCTs were included. Quality assessment, data extraction and analysis were completed on all included studies.

Results

Sixteen papers were assessed for methodological quality. Due to methodological heterogeneity of the papers, a meta‐analysis was not performed. The reviewers categorised the main outcomes under different domains like physical problems, psychological problems, patient satisfaction, patient needs, quality of life and cost data.

Discussion

This review provides evidence on specialist nurses’ role in breast cancer care. The methodological aspects of studies in this review vary in different aspects. More studies with rigorous scientific methods are needed to provide robust evidence on effectiveness of specialist nurses’ role.

Conclusion

Even though specialist nursing interventions can contribute to health outcomes of women with breast cancer, there is limited number of studies reported from developing countries. This warrants the need for specialist nurse interventions in breast cancer care from developing countries.

Relevance to clinical practice

Offering a specialist nurse service helps the patients to meet their informational and educational needs, supportive care and coordination of care. Specialist breast nurse services can be integrated into hospital setting to improve patient care and treatment adherence.
Nursing students’ socialisation to emotion management during early clinical placement experiences: A qualitative study
Authors: McCloughen Andrea , Levy David , Johnson Anya , Nguyen Helena , McKenzie Heather
Published: April 2020

Aims and objectives

To explore nursing students’ subjective experience of emotions during first‐year clinical placements, strategies used to manage their emotions and socialisation to emotion management.

Background

Emotion regulation is a key source of stress for early career and student nurses. Clinical placement experiences can elicit strong emotions in nursing students; however, they may be unprepared for the challenge of regulating their emotions in real‐world practice. How nursing students learn to manage their emotions in the clinical setting, whether they receive support for this, and how they are socialised to manage their emotions during placements are not well known.

Design

An exploratory qualitative study.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews (n = 19) were conducted with first‐year nursing students, exploring their experiences of emotion management during clinical placement. Interview transcripts were analysed using conventional qualitative content analysis. Reporting adheres to the COREQ Checklist.

Results

Interactions with patients and staff often elicited negative feelings. Structured guidance for emotion management by supervising staff was scarce. Students used informal self‐reflection and interpretation to guide emotion management.

Conclusions

In the absence of strategic socialisation and formal support for effective emotion management, students used emotional labour strategies that can negatively impact on well‐being. A focus on adequately preparing nursing students for emotion work is a necessary component of classroom and clinical learning environments. Structured debriefing during clinical placements may provide a relevant context to discuss emotions arising during clinical work and to learn emotion management strategies.

Relevance to clinical practice

Emotional competence, a fundamental ability for registered nurses and students, supports personal health maintenance and strengthens professional practice. Students are exposed to clinical environments and interpersonal encounters that evoke strong emotions. They need situated learning strategies and formal support to develop knowledge and strengthen capability for emotion management, as this is essential for promoting professional development and patient care.
Characteristics of regulatory T‐cell function in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C coinfection
Authors: Tseng Chih‐Wei , Wu Shu‐Fen , Chen Chi‐Yi , Ho Yun‐Che , He Yi‐Ting , Tseng Kuo‐Chih
Published: April 2020

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) affect the pathogenesis and disease progression of chronic viral hepatitis. This study evaluated the frequency and function of Tregs in patients with chronic HBV/HCV coinfection. Seventy‐four untreated HBV/HCV co‐infected patients were enrolled in this study. These subjects were divided into four subgroups: HBV‐active/HCV‐active (BACA), HBV‐inactive/HCV‐active (BICA), HBV‐active/HCV‐inactive (BACI) and HBV‐inactive/HCV‐inactive (BICI). Treg frequency was calculated as the fraction of CD4+Foxp3+T cells among CD4+T cells. Treg‐mediated inhibition was measured as percent of inhibition of T‐cell proliferation. The expression of interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐10 with/without Treg inhibition was also studied. Among the patients, there were 8 cases of BACA (10.8%), 38 of BICA (51.4%), 14 of BACI (18.9%) and 14 of BICI (18.9%). The frequency of CD4+Foxp3+T cells was comparable between the four groups. The inhibitory function of Tregs among the patients in the BACA and BICA was higher than that in the BICI (BACA vs BICI, P = .0210; BICA vs BICI, P = .0301). Patients in the BACA and BICA had higher fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) scores and serum ALT levels and lower serum albumin levels than those of the other groups. ALT abnormality was significantly and independently associated with a higher Treg immunosuppressive ability. The IFN‐γ expression of the effector T cells in the BACA was higher than that of the other groups. In conclusion, the inhibitory function of Tregs is higher among the HBV/HCV co‐infected patients with active HCV infection. ALT abnormality plays a dominant role in Treg function.
Press–pulse interactions and long‐term community dynamics in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland
Authors: Collins Scott L. , Chung Y. Anny , Baur Lauren E. , Hallmark Alesia , Ohlert Timothy J. , Rudgers Jennifer A.
Published: April 2020

Questions

Reordering of dominant species is an important mechanism of community response to global environmental change. We asked how wildfire (a pulse event) interacts with directional changes in climate (environmental presses) to affect plant community dynamics in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland.

Location

Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro County, New Mexico, USA.

Methods

Vegetation cover by species was measured twice each year from 1989 to 2019 along two permanently located 400‐m long line intercept transects, one in Chihuahuan Desert grassland, and the second in the ecotone between Chihuahuan Desert and Great Plains grasslands. Trends in community structure were plotted over time, and climate sensitivity functions were used to predict how changes in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affected vegetation dynamics.

Results

Community composition was undergoing gradual change in the absence of disturbance in the ecotone and desert grassland. These changes were related to the reordering of abundances between two foundation grasses, Bouteloua eriopoda and B. gracilis, that together account for >80% of above‐ground primary production. However, reordering varied over time in response to wildfire (a pulse) and changes in the PDO (a press). Community dynamics were initially related to the warm and cool phases of the PDO, but in the ecotone these relationships changed following wildfire, which reset the system.

Conclusion

Species reordering is an important component of community dynamics in response to ecological presses. However, reordering is a complex, non‐linear process in response to ecological presses that may change over time and interact with pulse disturbances.
Genetic richness affects trait variation but not community productivity in a tree diversity experiment
Authors: Bongers Franca J. , Schmid Bernhard , Durka Walter , Li Shan , Bruelheide Helge , Hahn Christoph Z. , Yan Haoru , Ma Keping , Liu Xiaojuan
Published: April 2020

Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments found that productivity generally increases with species richness, but less is known about effects of within‐species genetic richness and potential interactions between the two. While functional differences between species can explain species richness effects, empirical evidence regarding functional differences between genotypes within species and potential consequences for productivity is largely lacking.

We therefore measured within‐ and among‐species variation in functional traits and growth and determined stand‐level tree biomass in a large forest experiment factorially manipulating species and genetic richness in subtropical China.

Within‐species variation across genetic seed families, in addition to variation across species, explained a substantial amount of trait variation. Furthermore, trait responses to species and genetic richness varied significantly within and between species. Multivariate trait variation was larger among individuals from species mixtures than those from species monocultures, but similar among individuals from genetically diverse vs genetically uniform monocultures. Correspondingly, species but not genetic richness had a positive effect on stand‐level tree biomass.

We argue that identifying functional diversity within and among species in forest communities is necessary to separate effects of species and genetic diversity on tree growth and community productivity.
Predictors of close faculty−student relationships and mentorship in higher education: findings from the Gallup−Purdue Index
Authors: Raposa Elizabeth B. , Hagler Matthew , Liu Diana , Rhodes Jean E.
Published: April 2020

College students’ supportive relationships with mentors—professors, advisors, and other caring adults to whom students turn as they develop their interests and career paths—are critical to their development and academic success. The current study sought to explore factors that promote or impede the formation of positive mentor–student relationships during college using a large, nationally representative sample of 5,684 college graduates from the Gallup–Purdue Index. Linear regression models revealed that first‐generation college students, as well as students attending larger institutions, rated faculty and other college staff as less caring and supportive, and were less able to identify a supportive mentoring relationship during college. Greater engagement at college, including participation in faculty research, academic internships, long‐term projects, and extracurricular clubs or activities, was associated with stronger perceptions of faculty support and mentorship while in college. Interestingly, demographic characteristics moderated the effects of some extracurricular activities on students’ experiences. For example, participants with more student loans showed a stronger positive association between participation in long‐term academic projects and perceptions of faculty support, relative to students with few loans. These findings have important implications for policies designed to foster sustained and meaningful faculty–student relationships for all students, including those traditionally marginalized on college campuses.
HIERARCHY, GEOGRAPHY AND EPIGRAPHY: ADMINISTRATION IN THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH
Authors: Garfinkel Yosef , Mendel‐Geberovich Anat
Published: April 2020

Hundreds of epigraphic finds have been uncovered in excavations conducted in the ancient Kingdom of Judah, located in the south Levant and dated to the Iron Age (c.1000–586 BCE). These finds are usually studied from the linguistic and historical points of view, in a basic, descriptive manner. Here we present a new approach, analysing aspects relating to spatial distribution of epigraphic finds, spatial hierarchy of sites, bureaucratic hierarchy of officials, core and periphery, and ecological diversity of various regions of the kingdom.
Stop‐Flow Pelvic Chemoperfusion for the Treatment of Malignant Pelvic Bone Tumors: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Wang Han , Tang Xiaodong , Xie Lu , Dong Sen , Chen Chen , Guo Wei
Published: April 2020

Objective

To preliminarily study the efficacy and safety of stop‐flow pelvic chemoperfusion, a novel therapeutic strategy for treating pelvic malignancies.

Methods

Stop‐flow chemoperfusion was performed six times in 5 patients with primary pelvic malignancies. Aortic and vena cave balloons and tourniquets were used to isolate pelvic blood flow from systemic circulation. Cisplatin was then perfused through a transarterial catheter to achieve exposure to a higher drug concentration. Pelvic and peripheral blood samples were collected to determine drug concentration during perfusion. The efficacy of stop‐flow pelvic perfusion was assessed by measuring the change in tumor size, the visual analogue scale, and the tumor necrosis rate after perfusion. Safety was assessed by classifying adverse events according to CTCAE v4.03.

Results

The mean area under the curve (AUC) and maximum drug concentration in the pelvis during perfusion were 246.23 min μg/mL and 17.29 μg/mL, respectively. These measures were significantly higher than the peripheral mean AUC and maximum drug concentration of 52.08 min μg/mL and 5.14 μg/mL, respectively. All 5 patients showed stable disease in response, with changes in tumor size of −4.7%, −5.4%, +4.7%, −8.4%, and 0.0%. Among the 5 patients, 3 (60%) experienced significant pain relief after perfusion. Three patients underwent surgery, with tumor necrosis of 63%, <60%, and 93%. No severe complications were observed in this study.

Conclusions

Stop‐flow pelvic chemoperfusion resulted in exposure to drug higher concentration with fewer serious complications. These preliminary results suggest that further studies are required to comprehensively assess the therapeutic potential of stop‐flow pelvic chemoperfusion in pelvic malignancies.
Ratiometric Fluorescent Paper‐Based Sensor Based on CdTe Quantum Dots and Graphite Carbon Nitride Hybrid for Visual and Rapid Determination of Cu2+ in Drinks
Authors: He Kaili , Zhan Xin , Liu Lian , Ruan Xiaohong , Wu Yiwei
Published: April 2020

A simple and effective ratiometric fluorescence sensor of CdTe QDs/GCNNs for on‐site and rapid analysis of Cu2+ has been established by mixing physically CdTe QDs and graphite carbon nitride (GCNNs). Two emissions peaks of CdTe QDs at 572 nm and GCNNs at 436 nm are both excitated at 340 nm. Under a UV lamp, fluorescent of traffic yellow CdTe QDs is linearly quenched by Cu2+ (as the detection signal), while blue GCNNs remains unchanged (as the reference), resulting in a distinguishable color change gradually from pink yellow to blue. The limit of detection (LOD) of this new sensor for Cu2+ is as low as 0.47 ng mL−1 with 1.4 % RSD. The established method has been successfully applied to detection of Cu2+ in various drinks with satisfactory results. Moreover, a paper‐based sensor, which has been prepared by soaking cellulose acetate membrane in CdTe QDs/GCNNs sensor solution, has a wide semiquantitative detection range for Cu2+ (0.01 ~ 5.0 μg mL−1). It has realized successfully on‐site and rapid determination of Cu2+ in red wine without any pretreatment procedure and is of great promotion and application value in determination of Cu2+ in liquid samples.