bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of organic contaminants in the CLOUD chamber at CERN
Authors: Schnitzhofer R. , Metzger A. , Breitenlechner M. , Jud W. , Heinritzi M. , De Menezes L.-P. , Duplissy J. , Guida R. , Haider S. , Kirkby J. , Mathot S. , Minginette P. , Onnela A. , Walther H. , Wasem A. , Hansel A. ,   the CLOUD Team
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The CLOUD experiment (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) investigates the nucleation of new particles and how this process is influenced by galactic cosmic rays in an electro-polished, stainless-steel environmental chamber at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). Since volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can act as precursor gases for nucleation and growth of particles, great efforts have been made to keep their unwanted background levels as low as possible and to quantify them. In order to be able to measure a great set of VOCs simultaneously in the low parts per trillion (pptv) range, proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used. Initially the total VOC background concentration strongly correlated with ozone in the chamber and ranged from 0.1 to 7 parts per billion (ppbv). Plastic used as sealing material in the ozone generator was found to be a major VOC source. Especially oxygen-containing VOCs were generated together with ozone. These parts were replaced by stainless steel from CLOUD4 (June 2011) on, which strongly reduced the total VOC background. An additional ozone induced VOC source is surface assisted reactions at the electropolished stainless steel walls. The change in relative humidity (RH) from very dry to humid conditions increases background VOCs released from the chamber walls. This effect is especially pronounced when the RH is increased for the first time in a campaign. Also the dead volume of inlet tubes for trace gases that were not continuously flushed were found to be a short but strong VOC contamination source. For the later CLOUD campaigns lower ozone levels (below 100 ppbv) were used. During these conditions the total VOC contamination was usually below 1 ppbv and therewith considerably cleaner than a comparable Teflon chamber. On average more than 80% of the total VOCs are coming from only 5 exact masses (tentatively assigned as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, formic acid, and acetic acid), which have a rather high vapour pressure and are therefore not important for nucleation and growth of particles.
Holocene sub centennial evolution of Atlantic water inflow and sea ice distribution in the western Barents Sea
Authors: Berben S. M. P. , Husum K. , Cabedo-Sanz P. , Belt S. T.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In order to elucidate a continuous Holocene high resolution record of past variability of Atlantic water inflow and sea ice distribution, we investigate in this study a marine sediment core (JM09-KA11-GC) from the Kveithola Trough, western Barents Sea margin which is influenced by the north flowing North Atlantic Current (NAC). The depth-age model for JM09-KA11-GC was constructed from 9 14C AMS dates and shows sediment accumulation rates from 0.04 to 0.67 mm yr−1, enabling a sub centennial resolution for most of the core. Planktic foraminifera, stable isotopes and biomarkers from sea ice diatoms and phytoplankton were analysed in order to reconstruct subsurface temperatures and sea ice distribution. Throughout the early part of the Holocene (11 900–6900 cal yr BP), the foraminiferal fauna is dominated by the polar Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) and the biomarkers show an influence of seasonal sea ice. Between 11 300 and 11 100 cal yr BP, a clear cooling is shown both by fauna and stable isotope data corresponding to the so-called Preboreal Oscillation. After 6900 cal yr BP the subpolar Turborotalita quinqueloba becomes the most frequent species, reflecting a stable Atlantic water inflow. Subsurface temperatures reach 6 °C and biomarker content indicates open water with mainly ice-free conditions. During the last 1100 cal yr BP, biomarker abundances and distributions show the re-appearance of low frequency seasonal sea ice and the planktic fauna show a reduced salinity in the subsurface water. No apparent temperature decrease is observed during this interval, but the rapidly fluctuating fauna and biomarker distributions indicate more unstable conditions.
Automated tracking of shallow cumulus clouds in large domain, long duration large eddy simulations
Authors: Heus T. , Seifert A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This paper presents a method for feature tracking of fields of shallow cumulus convection in large eddy simulations (LES) by connecting the projected cloud cover in space and time, and by accounting for splitting and merging of cloud objects. Existing methods tend to be either imprecise or, when using the full three-dimensional (3-D) spatial field, prohibitively expensive for large data sets. Compared to those 3-D methods, the current method reduces the memory footprint by up to a factor 100, while retaining most of the precision by correcting for splitting and merging events between different clouds. The precision of the algorithm is further enhanced by taking the vertical extent of the cloud into account. Furthermore, rain and subcloud thermals are also tracked, and links between clouds, their rain, and their subcloud thermals are made. The method compares well with results from the literature. Resolution and domain dependencies are also discussed. For the current simulations, the cloud size distribution converges for clouds larger than an effective resolution of 6 times the horizontal grid spacing, and smaller than about 20% of the horizontal domain size.
A cloud chemistry module for the 3-D cloud-resolving mesoscale model Meso-NH with application to idealized cases
Authors: Leriche M. , Pinty J.-P. , Mari C. , Gazen D.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. A complete chemical module has been developed for use in the Meso-NH three-dimensional cloud resolving mesoscale model. This module includes gaseous- and aqueous-phase chemical reactions that are analysed by a pre-processor generating the Fortran90 code automatically. The kinetic solver is based on a Rosenbrock algorithm, which is robust and accurate for integrating stiff systems and especially multiphase chemistry. The exchange of chemical species between the gas phase and cloud droplets and raindrops is computed kinetically by mass transfers considering non-equilibrium between the gas- and the condensed phases. Microphysical transfers of chemical species are considered for the various cloud microphysics schemes available, which are based on one-moment or two-moment schemes. The pH of the droplets and of the raindrops is diagnosed separately as the root of a high order polynomial equation. The chemical concentrations in the ice phase are modelled in a single phase encompassing the two categories of precipitating ice particles (snow and graupel) of the microphysical scheme. The only process transferring chemical species in ice is retention during freezing or riming of liquid hydrometeors. Three idealized simulations are reported, which highlight the sensitivity of scavenging efficiency to the choice of the microphysical scheme and the retention coefficient in the ice phase. A two-dimensional warm, shallow convection case is used to compare the impact of the microphysical schemes on the temporal evolution and rates of acid precipitation. Acid wet deposition rates are shown to be overestimated when a one-moment microphysics scheme is used compared to a two-moment scheme. The difference is induced by a better prediction of raindrop radius and raindrop number concentration in the latter scheme. A two-dimensional mixed-phase squall line and a three-dimensional mixed-phase supercell were simulated to test the sensitivity of cloud vertical transport to the retention efficiency of gases in the ice phase. The 2-D and 3-D simulations illustrate that the retention in ice of a moderately soluble gas such as formaldehyde substantially decreases its concentration in the upper troposphere. In these simulations, retention of highly soluble species in the ice phase significantly increased the wet deposition rates.
Tourism Return Frequency Demand in Madagascar
Authors: Randriamboarison R. , Rasoamanajara F. , Solonandrasana B.
Published: August 2013

This paper analyses the demand for tourism in Madagascar, Africa, using counting data models to identify the covariates that explain the return frequency of tourists. The analysis employs a questionnaire to ascertain the characteristics that influence the tourism return frequency. Several count models are estimated for comparative purposes. Robustness tests are implemented, and policy implications are drawn out to improve the understanding and management of frequent, heterogeneous tourist frequency demand.
Horticultores e agrotóxicos: estudo de caso no município de Arapiraca (AL)
Authors: Silva Rosineide Nascimento da , Silva Janimara Marques da , Silva Walkiria Caetano
Published: August 2013

Este artigo expõe os resultados e análises de uma investigação efetuada em 25 propriedades produtoras de hortaliças no município de Arapiraca (Alagoas), sobre o perfil socioeconômico dos horticultores e os principais agrotóxicos utilizados; as práticas de uso desses produtos e as percepções das políticas públicas sob a óptica dos horticultores; bem como a concepção destes quanto aos agrotóxicos. Foram realizadas pesquisas de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas a 25 horticultores. Constatou-se, por exemplo, que 56% dos entrevistados possuem somente o ensino fundamental incompleto; os agrotóxicos fungicidas mais utilizados são das classes III e IV e os inseticidas, das classes II e III. Quanto às práticas de uso, 52% dos horticultores nunca utilizam equipamento de proteção individual; 76% jogam as embalagens dos agrotóxicos no lixo doméstico, enterram próximas as suas residências ou as queimam; 64% aplicam os agrotóxicos de uma a duas vezes por semana. Sobre as políticas públicas, 72% relatam nunca ter participado de treinamento/instrução sobre o manejo e os cuidados com os agrotóxicos. Conclui-se que, a baixa escolaridade e a pouca informação podem justificar o uso indiscriminado dos agrotóxicos, resultando no aumento dos riscos à saúde pública e ao ambiente.
L’administration publique dans la gouvernance multiniveau infranationale : état de la question et perspectives
Authors: Divay Gérard , Paquin Stéphane
Published: August 2013

Cet article esquisse un portrait général de la place de l’administration publique dans la gouvernance multiniveau infranationale impliquant le palier local, surtout à partir de la littérature et avec un accent particulier sur la situation canadienne. Il propose d’abord un cadre général qui permet de situer les travaux selon les acteurs, les périmètres, les relations et les sites étudiés. Il examine ensuite la pratique administrative dans les relations multiniveaux en soulignant les lacunes dans les connaissances à la fois sur les dispositifs, les rôles et la façon dont sont relevés quelques défis administratifs classiques. Il évoque en terminant quelques chantiers de recherche qui permettraient de mieux comprendre l’apport de divers acteurs dans la restructuration de l’État et de l’action publique.
Les programmes d’infrastructures municipales du gouvernement fédéral : une analyse de la gouvernance multiniveau au Canada
Authors: Champagne Eric
Published: August 2013

Les programmes d’infrastructures municipales du gouvernement fédéral illustrent l’évolution de la gouvernance multiniveau dans le contexte canadien car ils sollicitent un partage de responsabilités entre les trois ordres de gouvernement : fédéral, provincial et municipal. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous nous intéressons à la portée de ces programmes sur la dynamique intergouvernementale dans une perspective tripartite. Notre analyse se veut un bilan historique des instruments de politiques publiques et des arrangements institutionnels en matière de dépenses en infrastructures. La première question de recherche porte sur la résilience de la gouvernance multiniveau : ces programmes ont-ils un caractère permanent ou pourraient-ils facilement être abolis selon la conjoncture politique ? La seconde a trait aux instruments de politiques publiques : quels sont les arrangements institutionnels et la forme des pactes intergouvernementaux mis en place pour permettre au gouvernement fédéral d’intervenir dans le secteur des infrastructures municipales ? Pour analyser les instruments, une typologie comprenant trois modèles de financement est développée.
Trois modèles de gouvernance multiniveau au-delà du clivage État-société
Authors: Sellers Jefferey M.
Published: August 2013

Par l’étude des interactions entre les institutions étatiques multiniveaux et l’organisation de la société civile, nous posons les jalons d’une plus grande compréhension de la gouvernance multiniveau. Les autorités locales et celles des échelons supérieurs créent des modèles de participation locale dans la vie politique et civique. Ces institutions évoluent à leur tour en fonction des modèles de pouvoir et d’influence au niveau local. À l’intérieur d’une démocratie bien établie, ces configurations institutionnelles et ces associations s’inscrivent dans une infrastructure interreliée qui dicte les conditions en matière de résolution collective de problèmes, de relations de pouvoir et de participation. Les complémentarités institutionnelles entre les formes d’autorités locales et les types d’organisations civiques viennent renforcer ces systèmes. Ces différences expliquent une grande partie des contrastes transnationaux dans l’élaboration des politiques et les démocraties locales.
La gestion de la qualité de l’air en Belgique : une gouvernance multiniveau entre incertitudes politiques et techniques
Authors: Vanhaeren Stéphanie , Feron Pauline , Hendrickx Kim , Fallon Catherine
Published: August 2013

La gouvernance de l’État belge est caractérisée par un double processus de reconfiguration : vers le haut, par les dynamiques d’européanisation, et vers le bas, par un processus de régionalisation approfondi. Par exemple, le domaine de l’environnement est aujourd’hui régionalisé, mais de nombreuses décisions sont prises au niveau de l’Union européenne, dont les instances décisionnelles n’intègrent pas pleinement le fait régional. Cet article s’appuie sur une étude menée auprès des instances fédérales et régionales chargées de la gestion de la qualité de l’air en Belgique. La traduction du cadre européen demanderait le déploiement d’une approche transversale environnement-santé associant tous les niveaux de pouvoir, mais les répondants dénoncent l’absence d’intégration de ces politiques aux niveaux régional et fédéral. Chaque niveau de pouvoir développe une dynamique propre pour réinterpréter la politique et les instruments définis au niveau européen.
Sûreté, sécurité civile et mesures d’urgence au sein du système canadien de gouvernance multiniveau
Authors: Leuprecht Christian , Hataley Todd
Published: August 2013

Dans la panoplie de mécanismes de l’appareil gouvernemental moderne, aucune relation n’est plus semée d’embûches que celle qui existe entre le gouvernement et la société qu’il faut protéger à la fois des menaces extérieures et des troubles internes. La différenciation horizontale et verticale de diverses valeurs collectives, préférences et intérêts a donné lieu à une décentralisation asymétrique qui est le propre de la gouvernance multiniveau des mesures de sécurité, de protection civile et d’urgence au Canada. Cet article trace l’évolution constitutionnelle du système à travers les trois ordres de gouvernement et illustre son fonctionnement à l’aide de deux études de cas. L’effet de décentralisation et d’asymétrie et le désalignement constitutionnel entre les premiers intervenants aux niveaux municipal et provincial par rapport à la capacité d’intervention du fédéral rendent indispensable la collaboration entre les divers paliers.
La fête du Travail à Montréal le premier lundi de septembre, symbole de l’affirmation
de la classe ouvrière dans l’espace public (1886-1952)1
Authors: Rouillard Jacques
Published: August 2013

Au Canada et au Québec, la fête légale du Travail est célébrée le premier lundi de
septembre. Pourquoi cette fête a-t-elle lieu à cette date  ? Rien ne vient marquer ce jour
consacré au travail et aucune organisation ne la commémore ou n’en explique le sens. Sa
signification originelle est tombée dans l’oubli. Cette journée a pourtant déjà donné lieu à
un imposant défilé des travailleurs à Montréal pendant plus de cinquante ans (1886-1952).
Organisée par les syndicats internationaux, la marche a réuni, dans un ordre presque
militaire, des milliers de travailleurs syndiqués dans les rues avec bannières, drapeaux,
plusieurs fanfares et chars allégoriques. En occupant collectivement un espace publique, les
syndiqués voulaient manifester de manière symbolique la dignité de leur travail, la force du
syndicalisme et leur identité comme classe sociale. C’est dans ce sens également que la
manifestation était comprise par les éditorialistes, les hommes politiques et les autorités
religieuses. Ce défilé annuel très bien structuré est le plus imposant de l’histoire du
Québec en termes de participation au cortège, à tout le moins jusqu’à la Deuxième Guerre
mondiale. Après avoir connu une grande popularité, la participation des syndiqués s’effrite
après la guerre, la célébration étant victime de changements dans la composition du
membership syndical et touchée aussi par l’avènement de la société de
consommation.
Marketing e gestão estratégica de hotelaria: Um estudo bibliométrico
Authors: Tomazzoni Edegar Luis , Bock Isabel Angélica
Published: August 2013

Apesar das dúvidas e dos questionamentos quanto à sua consistência teórica, a tendência é que os estudos em turismo se consolidem como campo científico. A produção de estudos sobre hotelaria, como atividade essencial do turismo ainda é recente, mas se destaca nos espaços epistemológicos organizacionais. Este artigo analisa a produção do conhecimento e as contribuições para o avanço científico dos estudos de marketing e de gestão estratégica de hotelaria dos artigos publicados pelos principais periódicos acadêmicos de turismo do Brasil. O método foi a investigação bibliométrica. Entre os 552 artigos publicados no período de abril de 2008 a agosto de 2012, identificaram-se 64 sobre hotelaria, dezesseis dos quais se fundamentam na disciplina de marketing e nove na disciplina de estratégia. Os estudos mostram a complexidade da gestão estratégica e mercadológica das organizações hoteleiras e proporcionam, aos pesquisadores acadêmicos, aos gestores e aos profissionais da hotelaria, reflexões sobre a importância do conhecimento na área.
Decodificando websites: Como criar uma imagem mental distintiva para os serviços de hotelaria?
Authors: Barbosa Maria de Lourdes , Souza Anderson , Farias Salomão , Kovacs Michelle
Published: August 2013

Os dados constantes em websites oferecem símbolos e pistas que ajudam os consumidores a formar imagens das empresas por meio da interpretação dos atributos e benefícios dos produtos e serviços ofertados, provendo uma oportunidade de comunicação direta com os consumidores. Para compreender o funcionamento desse sistema utilizou-se, para a análise dos dados, a semiótica, com o objetivo de levantar proposições sobre a eficácia da veiculação dessas mensagens que, via sinais, produzem sentidos que podem guiar o entendimento de como gerenciar a imagem dessas empresas para tentar ultrapassar o problema da intangibilidade, característica própria do serviço, estabelecendo uma identidade de marca. A pesquisa caracterizada como qualitativa, teve como objeto de análise o website da Rede de Hotéis Accor no Brasil, com seus variados tipos de hotéis. Como resultado, verificou-se que criar uma imagem mental distintiva de um serviço que possui aspectos tangíveis e intangíveis é bastante complexo e necessita de estratégias diversificadas e bem definidas.
Estratégias de orientação para o mercado no setor turístico de Balneário Camboriú e Bombinhas (SC, Brasil)
Authors: Ardigó Carlos Marcelo , Zucco Fabrícia Durieux , Cardoso Olga Regina
Published: August 2013

A crescente competitividade do setor turístico exige das organizações maior capacidade de responder às demandas mercadológicas. Nesse contexto a orientação para o mercado (OPM) assume um papel relevante no que se refere à intensificação e manutenção dos negócios. A OPM vem sendo foco de inúmeros estudos, cujos principais achados correlacionam o desempenho superior das organizações em diferentes aspectos da peformance empresarial. Considerando a relevância do tema, este estudo, caracterizado como pesquisa de levantamento do tipo survey, de caráter descritivo, teve o objetivo de analisar as determinantes da escala para avaliação do nível de OPM proposta por Hooley, Saunders e Piercy (2005) no contexto de empresas do setor de alimentação e alojamento em dois municípios do litoral centro-norte do estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil): Balneário Camboriú e Bombinhas, nos quais o turismo representa a principal fonte econômica. Buscou-se avaliar a relação entre a OPM e os resultados financeiros subjetivos, segundo a percepção dos gestores, e comparar o desempenho do nível de OPM entre as duas cidades. Os achados não apresentaram evidências claras de que um maior nível de OPM possa influenciar positivamente ou negativamente nos resultados financeiros das organizações pesquisadas. A associação entre desempenho financeiro, OPM e suas determinantes foram pouco significativas na avaliação dos dois municípios. A pesquisa também indicou que o construto global da OPM é positivo e significante com todas as suas determinantes.
Highly Conductive CdS Inverse Opals for Photochemical Solar Cells
Authors: Ling Tao , Kulinich Sergei A. , Zhu Zi‐Ling , Qiao Shi‐Zhang , Du Xi‐Wen
Published: August 2013

Semiconductor materials with an inverse opal structure have previously demonstrated promise for photovoltaic applications. However, their use in solar cells is still restricted by their poor electron transfer properties. Here, highly conductive CdS inverse opal structures are prepared via a multistep process, where CdS inverse opal backbones are first built up on conductive glass substrates via co‐deposition of CdS quantum dots and polystyrene microspheres, followed by calcination, after which subsequent electrodepositon and annealing treatments are applied to transform the fine constituent nanocrystals into larger ones, thus considerably enhancing the electrical conductivity. The obtained CdS networks are tested as anodes in photochemical solar cells and demonstrate conversion efficiency values up to 2.00% under the illumination of one sun. After depositing an additional CdSe layer, the conversion efficiency of the structures is further increased to 2.47%.
Transparent, Flexible Films Based on Layered Double Hydroxide/Cellulose Acetate with Excellent Oxygen Barrier Property
Authors: Dou Yibo , Xu Simin , Liu Xiaoxi , Han Jingbin , Yan Hong , Wei Min , Evans David G. , Duan Xue
Published: August 2013

Transparent and flexible multilayer films are fabricated based on the alternating assembly of cellulose acetate (CA) and layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoplatelets followed by thermal annealing treatment. The films exhibit tremendously enhanced oxygen barrier properties. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the resulting (CA/LDH)n multilayer films can be tuned by changing the aspect ratio of high‐crystalline LDH nanoplatelets from 20 to 560. The (CA/LDH)20 film displays excellent oxygen‐barrier behavior with an OTR equal to or below the detection limit of commercial instrumentation (<0.005 cm3 m−2 day−1), much superior to the previously reported inorganic flake‐filled barrier film. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that a hydrogen bonding network occurs at the interface of highly oriented LDH nanoplatelets and CA molecules, accounting for the suppression of oxygen transportation and the resulting largely improved barrier behavior. In addition, the durability of (CA/LDH)n films against humidity, temperature, and light irradiation is successfully demonstrated, which would guarantee their practical application. Therefore, this work provides a facile and cost‐effective strategy for the fabrication of an LDH‐based oxygen barrier material, which could potentially be used in flexible displays and drug and food packaging.
Supramolecular Helices: Chirality Transfer from Conjugated Molecules to Structures
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhang Yajie , Wei Zhixiang
Published: August 2013

Different scales of chirality endow a material with many excellent properties and potential applications. In this review, using π‐conjugated molecules as functional building blocks, recent progress on supramolecular helices inspired by biological helicity is summarized. First, induced chirality on conjugated polymers and small molecules is introduced. Molecular chirality can be amplified to nanostructures, superstructures, and even macroscopic structures by a self‐assembly process. Then, the principles for tuning the helicity of supramolecular chirality, as well as formation of helical heterojunctions, are summarized. Finally, the potential applications of chiral structures in chiral sensing and organic electronic devices are critically reviewed. Due to recent progress in chiral structures, an interdisciplinary area called “chiral electronics” is expected to gain wide popularity in the near future.
Understanding the Degradation Mechanisms of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode Material in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Jung Sung‐Kyun , Gwon Hyeokjo , Hong Jihyun , Park Kyu‐Young , Seo Dong‐Hwa , Kim Haegyeom , Hyun Jangsuk , Yang Wooyoung , Kang Kisuk
Published: August 2013

LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM, 0 ≤ x,y,z < 1) has become one of the most important cathode materials for next‐generation lithium (Li) ion batteries due to its high capacity and cost effectiveness compared with LiCoO2. However, the high‐voltage operation of NCM (>4.3 V) required for high capacity is inevitably accompanied by a more rapid capacity fade over numerous cycles. Here, the degradation mechanisms of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 are investigated during cycling under various cutoff voltage conditions. The surface lattice structures of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 are observed to suffer from an irreversible transformation; the type of transformation depends on the cutoff voltage conditions. The surface of the pristine rhombohedral phase tends to transform into a mixture of spinel and rock salt phases. Moreover, the formation of the rock salt phase is more dominant under a higher voltage operation (≈4.8 V), which is attributable to the highly oxidative environment that triggers the oxygen loss from the surface of the material. The presence of the ionically insulating rock salt phase may result in sluggish kinetics, thus deteriorating the capacity retention. This implies that the prevention of surface structural degradation can provide the means to produce and retain high capacity, as well as stabilize the cycle life of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 during high‐voltage operations.
Distribution and environmental relationships of three species of wolffish (Anarhichas spp.) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Dutil J.‐D. , Proulx S. , Chouinard P.‐M. , Borcard D. , Larocque R.
Published: August 2013

This study examines the spatial distribution of three species of wolffish in the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the basis of trawl surveys.

A standardized method is proposed to assess species–habitat associations for the purpose of management and recovery of endangered marine species.

Catch data (presence/absence in trawl sets) and landscape and environmental characteristics of the sea floor were aggregated using a common grid (100 km2 cells), and species–habitat relationships were explored using geospatial tools.

Relative occurrence was lower and area of occupancy and concentration were much smaller for the northern wolffish (Anarhichas denticulatus) than for the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor), with the striped wolffish (Anarhichas lupus) being most widespread. Significant relationships were observed between values of the local spatial autocorrelation Gi* statistic and habitat descriptors for each of the three species.

Hot spots for spotted and striped wolffish occurred in areas where a greater diversity of relief and habitats was found. They were associated with intermediate depths, coarse sediments and rock outcrops, and lower salinities and temperatures than for northern wolffish.

Northern wolffish appeared to be associated mainly with the deep water sloped habitat bordering deep channels, whereas spotted and striped wolffish both concentrated most intensively into neighbouring deep water shelf habitats and relatively cold shallow to mid‐depth shelf habitats of the northern Gulf.

The RDA analysis indicated a significant relationship between Gi* scores of the three species and environmental variables. The model explained 52% of the variability in the data; northern wolffish showed a distinct relationship compared with the two other species.

The conservation of marine species and protection of their habitats pose a major challenge given the limited amount of information typically available on rare species and the scale and complexity of marine processes that affect those species. The broad‐scale approach presented here allows the provision of advice on important habitats on the basis of the best available knowledge.

Copyright © 2013 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
Tracing the origins of the semantic web
Authors: Guns Raf
Published: August 2013

The Semantic Web has been criticized for not being semantic. This article examines the questions of why and how the Web of Data, expressed in the Resource Description Framework (RDF), has come to be known as the Semantic Web. Contrary to previous papers, we deliberately take a descriptive stance and do not start from preconceived ideas about the nature of semantics. Instead, we mainly base our analysis on early design documents of the (Semantic) Web. The main determining factor is shown to be link typing, coupled with the influence of online metadata. Both factors already were present in early web standards and drafts. Our findings indicate that the Semantic Web is directly linked to older artificial intelligence work, despite occasional claims to the contrary. Because of link typing, the Semantic Web can be considered an example of a semantic network. Originally network representations of the meaning of natural language utterances, semantic networks have eventually come to refer to any networks with typed (usually directed) links. We discuss possible causes for this shift and suggest that it may be due to confounding paradigmatic and syntagmatic semantic relations.
Initialism disambiguation: Man versus machine
Authors: HaCohen‐Kerner Yaakov , Kass Ariel , Peretz Ariel
Published: August 2013

Disambiguation of ambiguous initialisms and acronyms is critical to the proper understanding of various types of texts. A model that attempts to solve this has previously been presented. This model contained various baseline features, including contextual relationship features, statistical features, and language‐specific features. The domain of Jewish law documents written in Hebrew and Aramaic is known to be rich in ambiguous abbreviations and therefore this model was implemented and applied over 2 separate corpuses within this domain. Several common machine‐learning (ML) methods were tested with the intent of finding a successful integration of the baseline feature variants. When the features were evaluated individually, the best averaged results were achieved by a library for support vector machines (LIBSVM); 98.07% of the ambiguous abbreviations, which were researched in the domain, were disambiguated correctly. When all the features were evaluated together, the J48 ML method achieved the best result, with 96.95% accuracy. In this paper, we examine the system's degree of success and the degree of its professionalism by conducting a comparison between this system's results and the results achieved by 39 participants, highly fluent in the research domain. Despite the fact that all the participants had backgrounds in religious scriptures and continue to study these texts, the system's accuracy rate, 98.07%, was significantly higher than the average accuracy result of the participants, 91.65%. Further analysis of the results for each corpus implies that participants overcomplicate the required task, as well as exclude vital information needed to properly examine the context of a given initialism.
Aggregation and Cooperative Effects in the Aldol Reactions of Lithium Enolates
Authors: Larrañaga Olatz , de Cózar Abel , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Zangi Ronen , Cossío Fernando P.
Published: August 2013

Density functional theory and Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for model aldol reactions involving aggregates of lithium enolates derived from acetaldehyde and acetone. Formaldehyde and acetone have been used as electrophiles. It is found that the geometries of the enolate aggregates are in general determined by the most favorable arrangements of the point charges within the respective LinOnclusters. The reactivity of the enolates follows the sequence monomer≫dimer>tetramer. In lithium aggregates, the initially formed aldol adducts must rearrange to form more stable structures in which the enolate and alkoxide oxygen atoms are within the respective LinOnclusters. Positive cooperative effects, similar to allosteric effects found in several proteins, are found for the successive aldol reactions in aggregates. The corresponding transition structures show in general sofa geometries.
Chemiluminescent Logic Gates Based on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites
Authors: He Yi , Cui Hua
Published: August 2013

Label‐free logic gates (AND, OR, and INHIBIT) based on chemiluminescence (CL) as new optical readout signal have been developed by taking advantage of the unique CL activity of luminol‐ and lucigenin‐functionalized gold nanoparticles/graphene oxide (luminol‐lucigenin/AuNPs/GO) nanocomposites. It was found that Fe2+ ions could induce the CL emission of luminol‐lucigenin/AuNPs/GO nanocomposites in alkaline solution. On this basis, by using Fe2+ ions and NaOH as the inputs and the CL signal as the output, an AND logic gate was fabricated. When the initial reaction system contained luminol‐lucigenin/AuNPs/GO nanocomposites and NaOH, either Fe2+ ions or Ag+ ions could react with the luminol‐lucigenin/AuNPs/GO nanocomposites to produce a strong CL emission. This result was used to design an OR logic gate using Fe2+ ions and Ag+ ions as the inputs and CL signal as the output. Moreover, two INHIBIT logic gates for Fe2+ and Ag+ were also developed using by NaClO and L‐cysteine as their CL inhibitors, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed logic gates were successfully used to detect Fe2+, Ag+, and L‐cysteine, respectively. The developed logic gates may find future applications in sensing, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
Region‐specific epithelial cell dynamics during branching morphogenesis
Authors: Hsu Jeff C. , Koo Hyun , Harunaga Jill S. , Matsumoto Kazue , Doyle Andrew D. , Yamada Kenneth M.
Published: August 2013

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Embryonic mouse salivary gland undergoing branching morphogenesis stained for E‐cadherin (blue) and collagen IV (red). From Region‐Specific Epithelial Cell Dynamics During Branching Morphogenesis, Jeff C. Hsu, Hyun Koo, Jill S. Harunaga, Kazue Matsumoto, Andrew D. Doyle, and Kenneth M. Yamada, Developmental Dynamics 242:1066–1077.
Dendritic cell subsets in the intestinal lamina propria: Ontogeny and function
Authors: Persson Emma K. , Scott Charlotte L. , Mowat Allan McI. , Agace William W.
Published: August 2013

The intestinal mucosa is exposed to large amounts of foreign antigen (Ag) derived from commensal bacteria, dietary Ags, and intestinal pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be involved in the induction of tolerance to harmless Ags and in mounting protective immune responses to pathogens and, as such, to play key roles in regulating intestinal immune homeostasis. The characterization of classical DCs (cDCs) in the intestinal lamina propria has been under intense investigation in recent years but the use of markers (including CD11c, CD11b, MHC class II), which are also expressed by intestinal MΦs, has led to some controversy regarding their definition. Here we review recent studies that help to distinguish cDCs subsets from monocyte‐derived cells in the intestinal mucosa. We address the phenotype and ontogeny of these cDC subsets and highlight recent findings indicating that these subsets play distinct roles in the regulation of mucosal immune responses in vivo.
Status and Development in Hydrogen Transport and Storage for Energy Applications
Authors: Müller Karsten , Arlt Wolfgang
Published: August 2013

Hydrogen has been discussed as an option for energy storage for decades, but research and development efforts have accelerated within the last few years. The main drawback of energy storage using hydrogen is the low volumetric storage density. A broad spectrum of technologies has been developed to make storage and transport of energy using hydrogen feasible. Many of these approaches shift the challenge from volumetric to gravimetric storage density. Furthermore the electricity‐to‐electricity efficiency is a demanding topic in the field of hydrogen energy. This review gives an overview of the different approaches suggested so far, from the storage of elemental hydrogen to the reversible and irreversible conversion of hydrogen.
What's causing toxicity in sediments? Results of 20 years of toxicity identification and evaluations
Authors: Ho Kay T. , Burgess Robert M.
Published: August 2013

Sediment toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) methods have been used for 20 yr to identify the causes of toxicity in sediments around the world. In the present study, the authors summarize and categorize results of 36 peer-reviewed TIE studies (67 sediments) into nonionic organic, cationic, ammonia, and “other” toxicant groups. Results are then further categorized according to whether the study was performed in freshwater or marine sediments and whether the study was performed using whole-sediment or interstitial-water TIE methods. When all studies were grouped, nonionic organic toxicants, either singly or in combination with other toxicants, were implicated in 70% of all studies. When studies were divided into interstitial-water TIE methodology compared with whole-sediment TIE methodology, results indicated that studies performed using interstitial-water TIE methods reported nonionic organic toxicity slightly more often than toxicity from cationic metals (67% compared with 49%). In contrast, studies using whole-sediment TIE methods report nonionic organic chemical toxicity, either singly or in combination with another toxicant, in 90% of all sediments tested. Cationic metals play a much smaller role in whole-sediment TIE studies—fewer than 20% of all sediments had a metals signal. The discrepancy between the 2 methods can be attributed to exposure differences. Contrary to earlier findings, ammonia generally plays only a minor role in sediment toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2424–2432. © 2013 SETAC. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Scandinavia: A former Tibet?
Authors: Kind R. , Sodoudi F. , Yuan X. , Shomali H. , Roberts R. , Gee D. , Eken T. , Bianchi M. , Tilmann F. , Balling N. , Jacobsen B. H. , Kumar P. , Geissler W. H.
Published: August 2013

The Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau are uplifted by the ongoing northward underthrusting of the Indian continental lithosphere below Tibet resulting in lithospheric stacking. The layered structure of the Tibetan upper mantle is imaged by seismic methods, most detailed with the receiver function method. Tibet is considered as a place where the development of a future craton is currently under way. Here we study the upper mantle from Germany to northern Sweden with seismic S receiver functions and compare the structure below Scandinavia with that below Tibet. Below Proterozoic Scandinavia, we found two low‐velocity zones on top of each other, separated by a high‐velocity zone. The top of the upper low‐velocity zone at about 100 km depth extends from Germany to Archaean northern Sweden. It agrees with the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) below Germany and Denmark. Below Sweden it is known as the 8°discontinuity, or as a mid‐lithospheric discontinuity (MLD), similar to observations in North America. Seismic tomography places the LAB near 200 km in Scandinavia, which is close to the top of our deeper low‐velocity zone. We also observed the bottom of the asthenosphere (the Lehmann discontinuity) deepening from 180 km in Germany to 260 km below Sweden. Remnants of old subduction in the upper about 100 km below Scandinavia and Finland are known from controlled source seismic experiments and local earthquake studies. Recent tomographic studies indicate delamination of the lithosphere below southern Scandinavia and northern Germany. We are suggesting that the large‐scale layered structure in the Scandinavian upper mantle may be caused by processes similar to the ongoing lithospheric stacking in Tibet.
Sensitive multiplex detection of serological liver cancer biomarkers using SERS‐active photonic crystal fiber probe
Authors: Dinish U. S. , Balasundaram Ghayathri , Chang Young Tae , Olivo Malini
Published: August 2013

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy possesses the most promising advantage of multiplex detection for biosensing applications, which is achieved due to the narrow ‘fingerprint’ Raman spectra from the analyte molecules. We developed an ultrasensitive platform for the multiplex detection of cancer biomarkers by combining the SERS technique with a hollow‐core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF). Axially aligned air channels inside the HCPCF provide an excellent platform for optical sensing using SERS. In addition to the flexibility of optical fibers, HCPCF provides better light confinement and a larger interaction length for the guided light and the analyte, resulting in an improvement in sensitivity to detect low concentrations of bioanalytes in extremely low sample volumes. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate the sensitive multiplex detection of biomarkers immobilized inside the HCPCF using antibody‐conjugated SERS‐active nanoparticles (SERS nanotags). As a proof‐of‐concept for targeted multiplex detection, initially we carried out the sensing of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) biomarker in oral squamous carcinoma cell lysate using three different SERS nanotags. Subsequently, we also achieved simultaneous detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biomarkers‐alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (A1AT) secreted in the supernatant from Hep3b cancer cell line. Using a SERS‐HCPCF sensing platform, we could successfully demonstrate the multiplex detection in an extremely low sample volume of ∼20 nL. In future, this study may lead to sensitive biosensing platform for the low concentration detection of biomarkers in an extremely low sample volume of body fluids to achieve early diagnosis of multiple diseases. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chondrocyte redifferentiation and construct mechanical property development in single‐component photocrosslinkable hydrogels
Authors: Levett Peter A. , Melchels Ferry P. W. , Schrobback Karsten , Hutmacher Dietmar W. , Malda Jos , Klein Travis J.
Published: August 2013

Hydrogels are promising materials for cartilage repair, but the properties required for optimal functional outcomes are not yet known. In this study, we functionalized four materials that are commonly used in cartilage tissue engineering and evaluated them using in vitro cultures. Gelatin, hyaluronic acid, polyethylene glycol, and alginate were functionalized with methacrylic anhydride to make them photocrosslinkable. We found that the responses of encapsulated human chondrocytes were highly dependent on hydrogel type. Gelatin hydrogels supported cell proliferation and the deposition of a glycosaminoglycan rich matrix with significant mechanical functionality. However, cells had a dedifferentiated phenotype, with high expression of collagen type I. Chondrocytes showed the best redifferentiation in hyaluronic acid hydrogels, but the newly formed matrix was highly localized to the pericellular regions, and these gels degraded rapidly. Polyethylene glycol hydrogels, as a bioinert control, did not promote any strong responses. Alginate hydrogels did not support the deposition of new matrix, and the stiffness decreased during culture. The markedly different response of chondrocytes to these four photocrosslinkable hydrogels demonstrates the importance of material properties for chondrogenesis and extracellular matrix production, which are critical for effective cartilage repair. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2544–2553, 2014.
Transmenopausal Changes in Trabecular Bone Quality
Authors: Gamsjaeger Sonja , Brozek Wolfgang , Recker Robert , Klaushofer Klaus , Paschalis Eleftherios P
Published: August 2013

Bone strength depends on its amount and quality. Bone quality includes its structural and material properties. Bone material properties are dependent on bone turnover rates. Remodeling rates are significantly increased immediately after menopause. In the present study, we used Raman microspectroscopic analysis of double iliac crest biopsies with a spatial resolution of 1 µm obtained before and immediately after menopause (1 year after cessation of menses) in healthy females to investigate changes in material properties attributable to menopause. In particular, the mineral/matrix ratio, the relative proteoglycan and lipid content, the mineral maturity/crystallinity, and the relative pyridinoline collagen cross-link content were determined in trabecular bone as a function of surface metabolic activity and tissue age. The results indicate that significant changes (specifically in mineral/matrix ratio) were evident at active bone forming surfaces, whereas the relative proteoglycan content was altered at resorbing surfaces. These changes were not accompanied by altered mineral content or quality as monitored by Raman microspectroscopic analysis. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The 51 kDa FADS3 is Secreted in the ECM of Hepatocytes and Blood in Rat
Authors: Blanchard Hélène , Boulier‐Monthéan Nathalie , Legrand Philippe , Pédrono Frédérique
Published: August 2013

The fatty acid desaturase (Fads) cluster is composed of three genes encoding for the Δ5‐ and Δ6‐desaturases and FADS3. The two former proteins are involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis; the latter one shares a high sequence identity but has still no attributed function. In a previous work performed in rat, we described three isoforms of FADS3 expressed in a tissue‐dependent manner. In the present study, we demonstrated a specific subcellular targeting depending on the isoform. In cultured hepatocytes, which mainly expressed the 51 kDa protein, FADS3 was unexpectedly present in the cytosolic fraction, but was also secreted in the extracellular matrix on fibronectin‐containing fibers. The secretion pathway was investigated and we determined the presence of exosome‐like vesicles on the FADS3‐stained fibers. In parallel, FADS3 was detected in blood of hepatic vessel, and particularly in serum. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a very specific intra‐ and extracellular location of FADS3 in comparison with the Δ5‐ and Δ6‐desaturases, suggesting a unique function for this putative desaturase, even if no activity has been yet identified neither in the extracellular matrix of hepatocytes nor in serum. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 199–207, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.