bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El bioderecho ante el reto de la gestación subrogada
Authors: Marabel Jacinto J.
Published: August 2019

El Bioderecho es una disciplina que ha venido desarrollándose en las últimas décadas a remolque de los avances tecnológicos en materia médica. La normativa, aprobada en base a la jurisprudencia generada por la casuística, ha llegado a reconocer derechos de tercera generación, como la autonomía del paciente o la objeción de conciencia del médico, impensables hasta hace bien poco tiempo. Por esta razón, en la actualidad uno de los retos del legislador en esta materia está el saber conjugar los derechos derivados de las prácticas de gestación subrogada, entre los que se encuentran los de la mujer en general, así como los de la gestante y los hijos nacidos de las mismas, en los que la jurisprudencia comienza a abrir una vía de reconocimiento.The Biolaw is a discipline that has been developed in the last decades to trailer of the technological advances in medical matter. The regulation, approved on the basis of the jurisprudence generated by the casuistry, has come to recognize third generation rights, such as the autonomy of the patient or the medical conscientious objection, unthinkable until very recently. For this reason, at present one of the challenges of the legislator in this matter is to know how to conjugate the rights derived from the practices of su rrogacy, among which are those of the woman in general, as well as those of the pregnant woman and the children born of the same, in which the jurisprudence begins to open a way of recognition.
Claves de la mediación para el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora.Un estudio cualitativo en aulas de 4º de educación primaria//Mediation in the development of reading comprehension. A qualitative study in primary education
Authors: Blasco-Serrano Ana Cristina , Arraiz Pérez Ana , Garrido Laparte Mª Ángeles
Published: August 2019

RESUMENDesde una perspectiva socioconstructivista y de acuerdo al modelo PASS, la mediación es una estrategia fundamental para el desarrollo de la lectura. Esta investigación indaga sus claves para favorecer la comprensión lectora en aulas de 4º de educación primaria. Se utiliza un estudio de caso múltiple, de tipo evaluativo, en tres contextos escolares diferenciados. Los datos se recogen a través de la observación participante, las entrevistas a las maestras, los grupos de discusión y microrrelatos a los niños. El análisis cualitativo se lleva a cabo desde el momento inicial de registro con el método comparativo constante. Los resultados vertebran la mediación para favorecer la comprensión lectora desde tres macrocategorías: la sensibilidad de los miembros de la comunidad educativa, las dinámicas organizativas marcadas por la colaboración y participación regulada, así como la argumentación basada en el debate y el diálogo para la metacognición explícita. Las relaciones entre las distintas categorías y los diferentes contextos marcan matices de interés en el desarrollo de los procesos de mediación, que resaltan el rol modulador de la cultura docente en el potencial de las claves obtenidas. Los resúmenes de trabajos empíricos deben seguir esta estructura.ABSTRACT From a socioconstructivist perspective and according to the PASS model, mediation is a key strategy for reading development. This research explores how to promote reading comprehension in 4th grade primary education students. A multiple case study design, in an evaluative way, is used in three different school contexts. The data presented were obtained through participant observation, interviews with teachers, groups of discussion, and children’s micro-stories.  The qualitative analysis is carried out with the constant comparative method. The results show that mediation improves reading comprehension from three macro-categories: the sensitivity of the educational community, the organizational dynamics indicated by the collaboration and regulated participation, and the argumentation based on the debate and the dialogue for the explicit metacognition. The relationship between the different categories and contexts show nuances of interest in the development of the mediation processes, which highlight the modulating role of the teaching culture in the potential of the key issues obtained. The relation between different categories and contexts indicate the interest in the mediation process development, as well as highlighting the role of teaching culture in the potential of the obtained keys points.
Uso de conchas de marisco na fabricação de blocos vazados de concreto simples para alvenaria
Authors: Caldas Apurina Amazonas
Published: August 2019

Uma das atividades de relevância desenvolvidas no município de Igarassu-PE, corresponde à pesca de marisco Anomalocardia brasiliana, com a qual a comunidade pesqueira local mantém uma expressiva relação de dependência social, cultural e econômica. O processo de beneficiamento do marisco Anomalocardia brasiliana, após a extração do molusco, gera resíduo de conchas, cujo descarte, em volume considerável em ambiente de mangue, provoca assoreamento de grandes áreas e, consequente, desequilíbrio ambiental, refletido, principalmente, pela redução da cadeia alimentar, além de provocar o desencadeamento da proliferação de vetores e condições de riscos de acidentes. A pesquisa objetivou a verificação  da viabilidade de uso do mencionado resíduo, localizado na comunidade Beira Mar II, município de Igarassu-PE, na produção de blocos vazados de concreto simples para alvenaria, a partir da formulação de distintas composições de traços, visando à determinação da composição ótima. Foi realizada, portanto, a substituição de percentuais de massa da brita usada do traço convencional do concreto, por equivalente massa de conchas de marisco Anomalocardia brasiliana moídas em moinho de discos com espaçamento entre discos correspondente a 9,5 mm. Esses blocos produzidos com as conchas de marisco Anomalocardia brasiliana, nas condições granulométricas impostas pela moagem e formulações de traços pré-estabelecidos, foram utilizados como corpos-de-prova para submissão a testes de verificação de qualidade. A produção dos blocos foi realizada de acordo com as recomendações das normas ABNT- NBR 6136:2016 - Blocos vazados de concreto simples para alvenaria - requisitos; e os ensaios absorção de água, determinação da área líquida, resistência à compressão e retração por secagem, realizados de  acordo com a norma ABNT- NBR 12118:2013 - Blocos vazados de concreto simples para alvenaria – métodos de ensaio. Os resultados dos ensaios indicaram que os blocos produzidos com conchas de marisco Anomalocardia brasiliana, em todas as condições de traço, podem ser usados em alvenaria com função estrutural, sendo categorizados na classe B. A melhor condição de substituição, representada por 100% de permuta brita/concha, atendeu os requisitos normativos de resistência. O uso das conchas incorrerá na agregação de vantagens econômicas e sociais, pela contribuição na ampliação de postos de trabalho e renda e da redução dos impactos ambientais causados pelo descarte inadequado do resíduo resultante do beneficiamento da pesca artesanal de mariscos Anomalocardia brasiliana.
Introduktion
Authors: Kann-Rasmussen Nanna
Published: August 2019

Velkommen til det nye nummer af Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling. I dettenummer bringer vi 3 fagfællebedømte forskningsartikler og 1 anmeldelse.
Autokommunikation. Hvad er det?
Authors: Mikkelsen Jan Foght
Published: August 2019

Auto-communication is communication directed to the sender himself or herself, but communicated via theoutside world in an external media with a self-corroborating function. Auto-communication is an overlookedphenomenon in media and communication research. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine thephenomenon of auto-communication as a special type of communication by stating its specific textual traits andits function for the sender: to stimulate the self-esteem and to confirm the identity. The article distinguishesbetween an unreflected auto-communication and a planned and strategic use of auto-communication. Autocommunicationexists on an organizatorial level, for example, in self-referential and inside advertisings which areirrelevant to the consumer. Auto-communication also exists on an individual level, for example in personalupdatings on Facebook, which are only relevant to the sender because of the egocentric, superficial and trivialcharacter of the content.
Effect of Multiple Sclerosis on Daily Activities, Emotional Well-being, and Relationships
Authors: Bass Ann D. , Van Wijmeersch Bart , Mayer Lori , Mäurer Mathias , Boster Aaron , Mandel Matt , Mitchell Colin , Sharrock Kersten , Singer Barry
Published: August 2019

Background:

The vsMS survey was conducted to better understand the negative effects of fatigue, cognitive impairment, emotional burden, and decreased physical functioning on the personal, professional, and social lives of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods:

The vsMS survey was an online survey conducted in Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States that assessed the impact of MS on individuals’ daily activities, emotional well-being, relationships, and employment.

Results:

The survey included 1075 participants with relapsing-remitting MS. Almost 42% of participants reported that their ability to perform and manage daily activities had worsened during the previous 2 years. More than 50% reported limitations in daily activities due to fatigue, physical weakness, problems with balance/coordination, heat/cold sensitivity, memory problems, numbness/tingling, trouble concentrating, impaired movement/muscle stiffness, and impaired sleeping. Participants also reported a negative effect on emotional and social factors, including self-esteem, general outlook, well-being, maintaining/starting relationships, ability to progress in their career/keep their job, and ability to cope with life roles.

Conclusions:

These data highlight the importance of addressing the impact of MS and the social and emotional disease burdens on daily activities when planning the care of patients with MS.
Play Matters
Authors: Sicart Miguel
Published: August 2019

Why play is a productive, expressive way of being, a form of understanding, and a fundamental part of our well-being.

What do we think about when we think about play? A pastime? Games? Childish activities? The opposite of work? Think again: If we are happy and well rested, we may approach even our daily tasks in a playful way, taking the attitude of play without the activity of play. So what, then, is play? In Play Matters, Miguel Sicart argues that to play is to be in the world; playing is a form of understanding what surrounds us and a way of engaging with others. Play goes beyond games; it is a mode of being human.

We play games, but we also play with toys, on playgrounds, with technologies and design. Sicart proposes a theory of play that doesn't derive from a particular object or activity but is a portable tool for being—not tied to objects but brought by people to the complex interactions that form their daily lives. It is not separated from reality; it is part of it. It is pleasurable, but not necessarily fun. Play can be dangerous, addictive, and destructive.

Along the way, Sicart considers playfulness, the capacity to use play outside the context of play; toys, the materialization of play—instruments but also play pals; playgrounds, play spaces that enable all kinds of play; beauty, the aesthetics of play through action; political play—from Maradona's goal against England in the 1986 World Cup to the hactivist activities of Anonymous; the political, aesthetic, and moral activity of game design; and why play and computers get along so well.
Waste Is Information
Authors: Offenhuber Dietmar
Published: August 2019

The relationship between infrastructure governance and the ways we read and represent waste systems, examined through three waste tracking and participatory sensing projects.

Waste is material information. Landfills are detailed records of everyday consumption and behavior; much of what we know about the distant past we know from discarded objects unearthed by archaeologists and interpreted by historians. And yet the systems and infrastructures that process our waste often remain opaque. In this book, Dietmar Offenhuber examines waste from the perspective of information, considering emerging practices and technologies for making waste systems legible and how the resulting datasets and visualizations shape infrastructure governance. He does so by looking at three waste tracking and participatory sensing projects in Seattle, São Paulo, and Boston.

Offenhuber expands the notion of urban legibility—the idea that the city can be read like a text—to introduce the concept of infrastructure legibility. He argues that infrastructure governance is enacted through representations of the infrastructural system, and that these representations stem from the different stakeholders' interests, which drive their efforts to make the system legible. The Trash Track project in Seattle used sensor technology to map discarded items through the waste and recycling systems; the Forager project looked at the informal organization processes of waste pickers working for Brazilian recycling cooperatives; and mobile systems designed by the city of Boston allowed residents to report such infrastructure failures as potholes and garbage spills. Through these case studies, Offenhuber outlines an emerging paradigm of infrastructure governance based on a

complex negotiation among users, technology, and the city.
Brain Signals
Authors: Ilmoniemi Risto J. , Sarvas Jukka
Published: August 2019

A unified treatment of the generation and analysis of brain-generated electromagnetic fields.

In Brain Signals, Risto Ilmoniemi and Jukka Sarvas present the basic physical and mathematical principles of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG), describing what kind of information is available in the neuroelectromagnetic field and how the measured MEG and EEG signals can be analyzed. Unlike most previous works on these topics, which have been collections of writings by different authors using different conventions, this book presents the material in a unified manner, providing the reader with a thorough understanding of basic principles and a firm basis for analyzing data generated by MEG and EEG.

The book first provides a brief introduction to brain states and the early history of EEG and MEG, describes the generation of electromagnetic fields by neuronal activity, and discusses the electromagnetic forward problem. The authors then turn to EEG and MEG analysis, offering a review of linear and matrix algebra and basic statistics needed for analysis of the data, and presenting several analysis methods: dipole fitting; the minimum norm estimate (MNE); beamforming; the multiple signal classification algorithm (MUSIC), including RAP-MUSIC with the RAP dilemma and TRAP-MUSIC, which removes the RAP dilemma; independent component analysis (ICA); and blind source separation (BSS) with joint diagonalization.
The Art of Naming
Authors: Ohl Michael
Published: August 2019

From Tyrannosaurus rex to Heteropoda davidbowie: scientific naming as a joyful and creative act.

Tyrannosaurus rex. Homo sapiens. Heteropoda davidbowie. Behind each act of scientific naming is a story. In this entertaining and illuminating book, Michael Ohl considers scientific naming as a joyful and creative act. There are about 1.8 million discovered and named plant and animal species, and millions more still to be discovered. Naming is the necessary next step after discovery; it is through the naming of species that we perceive and understand nature. Ohl explains the process, with examples, anecdotes, and a wildly varied cast of characters. He describes the rules for scientific naming; the vernacular isn't adequate. These rules—in standard binomial nomenclature, the generic name followed by specific name—go back to Linnaeus; but they are open to idiosyncrasy and individual expression. A lizard is designated Barbaturex morrisoni (in honor of the Doors' Jim Morrison, the Lizard King); a member of the horsefly family Scaptia beyonceae. Ohl, a specialist in “winged things that sting,” confesses that among the many wasp species he has named is Ampulex dementor, after the dementors in the Harry Potter novels. Scientific names have also been deployed by scientists to insult other scientists, to make political statements, and as expressions of romantic love: “I shall name this beetle after my beloved wife.”

The Art of Naming takes us on a surprising and fascinating journey, in the footsteps of the discoverers of species and the authors of names, into the nooks and crannies and drawers and cabinets of museums, and through the natural world of named and not-yet-named species.
Pretense Design
Authors: Mollerup Per
Published: August 2019

How some design appears to be something that it is not—by beautifying, amusing, substituting, or deceiving.

Pretense design pretends to be something that it is not. Pretense design includes all kinds of designed objects: a pair of glasses that looks like a fashion accessory rather than a medical necessity, a hotel in Las Vegas that simulates a Venetian ambience complete with canals and gondolas, boiler plates that look like steel but are vinyl. In this book, Danish designer Per Mollerup defines and describes a ubiquitous design category that until now has not had a name: designed objects with an intentional discrepancy between surface and substance, between appearance and reality. Pretense design, he shows us, is a type of material rhetoric; it is a way for physical objects to speak persuasively, most often to benefit users but sometimes to deceive them.

After explaining the means and the meanings of pretense design, Mollerup describes four pretense design applications, providing a range of examples for each: beautification, amusement, substitution, and deception. Beautification, he explains, includes sunless tanning, high heels, and even sporty accessories for a family car. Amusement includes forms of irrational otherness—columns that don't hold anything up, an old building's façade that hides a new building, a new Chinese town that mimics an old European town. Substitution pretends to be a natural thing: plastic laminate is a substitute for wood, Corian a substitute for marble, and prosthetics substitute for human organs. Deception doesn't just bend the truth; it suspends it. Soldiers wear camouflage to hide; hunters use decoys to attract their prey; malware hides in a harmless program only to wreak havoc on a user's computer. With Pretense Design, Per Mollerup adds a new concept to design thinking.
Hacking Life
Authors: Reagle Joseph
Published: August 2019

In an effort to keep up with a world of too much, life hackers sometimes risk going too far.

Life hackers track and analyze the food they eat, the hours they sleep, the money they spend, and how they're feeling on any given day. They share tips on the most efficient ways to tie shoelaces and load the dishwasher; they employ a tomato-shaped kitchen timer as a time-management tool.They see everything as a system composed of parts that can be decomposed and recomposed, with algorithmic rules that can be understood, optimized, and subverted. In Hacking Life, Joseph Reagle examines these attempts to systematize living and finds that they are the latest in a long series of self-improvement methods. Life hacking, he writes, is self-help for the digital age's creative class.

Reagle chronicles the history of life hacking, from Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack through Stephen Covey's 7 Habits of Highly Effective People and Timothy Ferriss's The 4-Hour Workweek. He describes personal outsourcing, polyphasic sleep, the quantified self movement, and hacks for pickup artists. Life hacks can be useful, useless, and sometimes harmful (for example, if you treat others as cogs in your machine). Life hacks have strengths and weaknesses, which are sometimes like two sides of a coin: being efficient is not the same thing as being effective; being precious about minimalism does not mean you are living life unfettered; and compulsively checking your vital signs is its own sort of illness. With Hacking Life, Reagle sheds light on a question even non-hackers ponder: what does it mean to live a good life in the new millennium?

The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from the MIT Libraries.
Finding Our Place in the Universe
Authors: Courtois Hélène
Published: August 2019

How a team of researchers, led by the author, discovered our home galaxy's location in the universe.

You are here: on Earth, which is part of the solar system, which is in the Milky Way galaxy, which itself is within the extragalactic supercluster Laniakea. And how can we pinpoint our location so precisely? For twenty years, astrophysicist Hélène Courtois surfed the cosmos with international teams of researchers, working to map our local universe. In this book, Courtois describes this quest and the discovery of our home supercluster.

Courtois explains that Laniakea (which means “immense heaven” in Hawaiian) is the largest galaxy structure known to which we belong; it is huge, almost too large to comprehend—about five hundred million light-years in diameter. It contains about 100,000 large galaxies like our own, and a million smaller ones. Writing accessibly for nonspecialists, Courtois describes the visualization and analysis that allowed her team to map such large structures of the universe. She highlights the work of individual researchers, including portraits of several exceptional women astrophysicists—presenting another side of astronomy. Key ideas are highlighted in text insets; illustrations accompany the main text.

The French edition of this book was named the Best Astronomy Book of 2017 by the astronomy magazine Ciel et espace. For this MIT Press English-language edition, Courtois has added descriptions of discoveries made after Laniakea: the cosmic velocity web and the Dipole and Cold Spot repellers. An engaging account of one of the most important discoveries in astrophysics in recent years, her story is a tribute to teamwork and international collaboration.
Quantum Strangeness
Authors: Greenstein George S.
Published: August 2019

A physicist's efforts to understand the enigma that is quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics is one of the glories of our age. The theory lies at the heart of modern society. Quantum mechanics is one of our most valuable forecasters—a “great predictor.” It has immeasurably altered our conception of the natural world. Its philosophical implications are earthshaking. But quantum mechanics steadfastly refuses to speak of many things; it deals in probabilities rather than giving explicit descriptions. It never explains. Einstein, one of its creators, considered the theory incomplete. Even now, many years after the creation of quantum mechanics, physicists continue to argue about it. Astrophysicist George Greenstein has been both fascinated and confused by quantum mechanics for his entire career. In this book, he describes, engagingly and accessibly, his efforts to understand the enigma that is quantum mechanics.

The fastest route to the insight into the ultimate nature of reality revealed by quantum mechanics, Greenstein writes, is through Bell's Theorem, which concerns reality at the quantum level; and Bell's 1964 discovery drives Greenstein's quest. Greenstein recounts a scientific odyssey that begins with Einstein, continues with Bell, and culminates with today's push to develop an industry of quantum machines. Along the way, he discusses spin, entanglement, experimental metaphysics, and quantum teleportation, often with easy-to-grasp analogies. We have known for decades that the world of the quantum was strange, but, Greenstein says, not until John Bell came along did we know just how strange.
Always Already New
Authors: Gitelman Lisa
Published: August 2019

In Always Already New, Lisa Gitelman explores the newness of new media while she asks what it means to do media history. Using the examples of early recorded sound and digital networks, Gitelman challenges readers to think about the ways that media work as the simultaneous subjects and instruments of historical inquiry. Presenting original case studies of Edison's first phonographs and the Pentagon's first distributed digital network, the ARPANET, Gitelman points suggestively toward similarities that underlie the cultural definition of records (phonographic and not) at the end of the nineteenth century and the definition of documents (digital and not) at the end of the twentieth. As a result, Always Already New speaks to present concerns about the humanities as much as to the emergent field of new media studies. Records and documents are kernels of humanistic thought, after all—part of and party to the cultural impulse to preserve and interpret. Gitelman's argument suggests inventive contexts for "humanities computing" while also offering a new perspective on such traditional humanities disciplines as literary history. Making extensive use of archival sources, Gitelman describes the ways in which recorded sound and digitally networked text each emerged as local anomalies that were yet deeply embedded within the reigning logic of public life and public memory. In the end Gitelman turns to the World Wide Web and asks how the history of the Web is already being told, how the Web might also resist history, and how using the Web might be producing the conditions of its own historicity.
The Craft of Dying
Authors: Lofland Lyn H.
Published: August 2019

The fortieth-anniversary edition of a classic and prescient work on death and dying.

Much of today's literature on end-of-life issues overlooks the importance of 1970s social movements in shaping our understanding of death, dying, and the dead body. This anniversary edition of Lyn Lofland's The Craft of Dying begins to repair this omission. Lofland identifies, critiques, and theorizes 1970s death movements, including the Death Acceptance Movement, the Death with Dignity Movement, and the Natural Death movement. All these groups attempted to transform death into a “positive experience,” anticipating much of today's death and dying activism.

Lofland turns a sociologist's eye on the era's increased interest in death, considering, among other things, the components of the modern “face of death” and the “craft of dying,” the construction of a dying role or identity by those who are dying, and the constraints on their freedom to do this. Lofland wrote just before the AIDS epidemic transformed the landscape of death and dying in the West; many of the trends she identified became the building blocks of AIDS activism in the 1980s and 1990s. The Craft of Dying will help readers understand contemporary death social movements' historical relationships to questions of race, class, gender, and sexuality and is a book that everyone interested in end-of-life politics should read.
Circuits, Signals, and Systems
Authors: Siebert William M.
Published: August 2019

These twenty lectures have been developed and refined by Professor Siebert during the more than two decades he has been teaching introductory Signals and Systems courses at MIT. The lectures are designed to pursue a variety of goals in parallel: to familiarize students with the properties of a fundamental set of analytical tools; to show how these tools can be applied to help understand many important concepts and devices in modern communication and control engineering practice; to explore some of the mathematical issues behind the powers and limitations of these tools; and to begin the development of the vocabulary and grammar, common images and metaphors, of a general language of signal and system theory. Although broadly organized as a series of lectures, many more topics and examples (as well as a large set of unusual problems and laboratory exercises) are included in the book than would be presented orally. Extensive use is made throughout of knowledge acquired in early courses in elementary electrical and electronic circuits and differential equations.

Contents Review of the "classical" formulation and solution of dynamic equations for simple electrical circuits • The unilateral Laplace transform and its applications • System functions • Poles and zeros • Interconnected systems and feedback • The dynamics of feedback systems • Discrete-time signals and linear difference equations • The unilateral Z-transform and its applications • The unit-sample response and discrete-time convolution • Convolutional representations of continuous-time systems • Impulses and the superposition integral • Frequency-domain methods for general LTI systems • Fourier series • Fourier transforms and Fourier's theorem • Sampling in time and frequency • Filters, real and ideal • Duration, rise-time and bandwidth relationships: The uncertainty principle • Bandpass operations and analog communication systems • Fourier transforms in discrete-time systems • Random Signals • Modern communication systems

Circuits, Signals, and Systems is included in The MIT Press Series in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, copublished with McGraw-Hill.
The Color of Credit
Authors: Ross Stephen L. , Yinger John
Published: August 2019

An analysis of current findings on mortgage-lending discrimination and suggestions for new procedures to improve its detection.

In 2000, homeownership in the United States stood at an all-time high of 67.4 percent, but the homeownership rate was more than 50 percent higher for non-Hispanic whites than for blacks or Hispanics. Homeownership is the most common method for wealth accumulation and is viewed as critical for access to the most desirable communities and most comprehensive public services. Homeownership and mortgage lending are linked, of course, as the vast majority of home purchases are made with the help of a mortgage loan. Barriers to obtaining a mortgage represent obstacles to attaining the American dream of owning one's own home. These barriers take on added urgency when they are related to race or ethnicity.

In this book Stephen Ross and John Yinger discuss what has been learned about mortgage-lending discrimination in recent years. They re-analyze existing loan-approval and loan-performance data and devise new tests for detecting discrimination in contemporary mortgage markets. They provide an in-depth review of the 1996 Boston Fed Study and its critics, along with new evidence that the minority-white loan-approval disparities in the Boston data represent discrimination, not variation in underwriting standards that can be justified on business grounds. Their analysis also reveals several major weaknesses in the current fair-lending enforcement system, namely, that it entirely overlooks one of the two main types of discrimination (disparate impact), misses many cases of the other main type (disparate treatment), and insulates some discriminating lenders from investigation. Ross and Yinger devise new procedures to overcome these weaknesses and show how the procedures can also be applied to discrimination in loan-pricing and credit-scoring.
Electron-Stream Interaction with Plasmas
Authors: Briggs Richard J.
Published: August 2019

This study considers the instabilities that result when an electron beam is injected into a plasma. A number of different models of the system are considered, and all instabilities are classified according to whether they are convective instabilities (amplifying waves) or nonconvective (absolute) instabilities. The study also analyzes the instabilities in unbounded beam-plasma systems and in systems of finite extent transverse to the electron stream and gives a detailed consideration of the possibility of a strong interaction with the ions in a hot-electron plasma. In addition, the author presents mathematical criteria for identifying absolute instabilities and amplifying waves. These criteria are based only on an analysis of the dispersion equation of the system and are not restricted to beam-plasma systems.

wo things need to be said about this book: the chapter on absolute and convective instabilities makes an important contribution to the field. Second, it should be pointed out that the theoretical results are reduced to a form which make them readily available to an experimentalist. Plasma physicists and electronic engineers will be interested in this work.
Estimation and Control with Quantized Measurements
Authors: Curry Renwick E.
Published: August 2019

In Estimation and Control with Quantized Measurements, Dr. Curry examines the two distinct but related problems of state variable estimation and control when the measurements are quantized. Consideration is limited to discrete-time problems, and emphasis is placed on coarsely quantized measurements and linear, possibly time-varying systems
Induction
Authors: Holland John H. , Holyoak Keith J. , Nisbett Richard E. , Thagard Paul
Published: August 2019

Two psychologists, a computer scientist, and a philosopher have collaborated to present a framework for understanding processes of inductive reasoning and learning in organisms and machines. Theirs is the first major effort to bring the ideas of several disciplines to bear on a subject that has been a topic of investigation since the time of Socrates. The result is an integrated account that treats problem solving and induction in terms of rule­based mental models.

Bradford Books imprint
The Linguistic Turn in Hermeneutic Philosophy
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: August 2019

Cristina Lafont draws upon Hilary Putnam's work in particular to criticize the linguistic idealism and relativism of the German tradition, which she traces back to the assumption that meaning determines reference.

The linguistic turn in German philosophy was initiated in the eighteenth century in the work of Johann Georg Hamann, Johann Gottfried von Herder, and Wilhelm von Humboldt. It was further developed in this century by Martin Heidegger, and Hans-Georg Gadamer extended its influence to contemporary philosophers such as Karl-Otto Apel and Jürgen Habermas. This tradition focuses on the world-disclosing dimension of language, emphasizing its communicative over its cognitive function.

Although this study is concerned primarily with the German tradition of linguistic philosophy, it is very much informed by the parallel linguistic turn in Anglo-American philosophy, especially the development of theories of direct reference. Cristina Lafont draws upon Hilary Putnam's work in particular to criticize the linguistic idealism and relativism of the German tradition, which she traces back to the assumption that meaning determines reference. Part I is a reconstruction of the linguistic turn in German philosophy from Hamann to Gadamer. Part II offers the deepest account to date of Habermas's approach to language. Part III shows how the shortcomings of German linguistic philosophy can be avoided by developing a consistent and more defensible version of Habermas' theory of communicative rationality.
A Logical Journey
Authors: Wang Hao
Published: August 2019

Hao Wang (1921-1995) was one of the few confidants of the great mathematician and logician Kurt Gödel. A Logical Journey is a continuation of Wang's Reflections on Gödel and also elaborates on discussions contained in From Mathematics to Philosophy. A decade in preparation, it contains important and unfamiliar insights into Gödel's views on a wide range of issues, from Platonism and the nature of logic, to minds and machines, the existence of God, and positivism and phenomenology.

The impact of Gödel's theorem on twentieth-century thought is on par with that of Einstein's theory of relativity, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, or Keynesian economics. These previously unpublished intimate and informal conversations, however, bring to light and amplify Gödel's other major contributions to logic and philosophy. They reveal that there is much more in Gödel's philosophy of mathematics than is commonly believed, and more in his philosophy than his philosophy of mathematics.

Wang writes that "it is even possible that his quite informal and loosely structured conversations with me, which I am freely using in this book, will turn out to be the fullest existing expression of the diverse components of his inadequately articulated general philosophy."

The first two chapters are devoted to Gödel's life and mental development. In the chapters that follow, Wang illustrates the quest for overarching solutions and grand unifications of knowledge and action in Gödel's written speculations on God and an afterlife. He gives the background and a chronological summary of the conversations, considers Gödel's comments on philosophies and philosophers (his support of Husserl's phenomenology and his digressions on Kant and Wittgenstein), and his attempt to demonstrate the superiority of the mind's power over brains and machines. Three chapters are tied together by what Wang perceives to be Gödel's governing ideal of philosophy: an exact theory in which mathematics and Newtonian physics serve as a model for philosophy or metaphysics. Finally, in an epilog Wang sketches his own approach to philosophy in contrast to his interpretation of Gödel's outlook.

Bradford Books imprint
Systems That Learn
Authors: Osherson Daniel N. , Stob Michael , Weinstein Scott
Published: August 2019

A mathematical framework for the study of learning in a variety of domains.

Systems That Learn presents a mathematical framework for the study of learning in a variety of domains. It provides the basic concepts and techniques of learning theory as well as a comprehensive account of what is currently known about a variety of learning paradigms.

Bradford Books imprint
Value Sensitive Design
Authors: Friedman Batya , Hendry David G.
Published: August 2019

Using our moral and technical imaginations to create responsible innovations: theory, method, and applications for value sensitive design.

Implantable medical devices and human dignity. Private and secure access to information. Engineering projects that transform the Earth. Multigenerational information systems for international justice. How should designers, engineers, architects, policy makers, and others design such technology? Who should be involved and what values are implicated? In Value Sensitive Design, Batya Friedman and David Hendry describe how both moral and technical imagination can be brought to bear on the design of technology. With value sensitive design, under development for more than two decades, Friedman and Hendry bring together theory, methods, and applications for a design process that engages human values at every stage.

After presenting the theoretical foundations of value sensitive design, which lead to a deep rethinking of technical design, Friedman and Hendry explain seventeen methods, including stakeholder analysis, value scenarios, and multilifespan timelines. Following this, experts from ten application domains report on value sensitive design practice. Finally, Friedman and Hendry explore such open questions as the need for deeper investigation of indirect stakeholders and further method development.

This definitive account of the state of the art in value sensitive design is an essential resource for designers and researchers working in academia and industry, students in design and computer science, and anyone working at the intersection of technology and society.
Without Criteria
Authors: Shaviro Steven
Published: August 2019

A Deleuzian reading of Whitehead and a Whiteheadian reading of Deleuze open the possibility of a critical aesthetics of contemporary culture.

In Without Criteria, Steven Shaviro proposes and explores a philosophical fantasy: imagine a world in which Alfred North Whitehead takes the place of Martin Heidegger. What if Whitehead, instead of Heidegger, had set the agenda for postmodern thought? Heidegger asks, “Why is there something, rather than nothing?” Whitehead asks, “How is it that there is always something new?” In a world where everything from popular music to DNA is being sampled and recombined, argues Shaviro, Whitehead's question is the truly urgent one. Without Criteria is Shaviro's experiment in rethinking postmodern theory, especially the theory of aesthetics, from a point of view that hearkens back to Whitehead rather than Heidegger. In working through the ideas of Whitehead and Deleuze, Shaviro also appeals to Kant, arguing that certain aspects of Kant's thought pave the way for the philosophical “constructivism” embraced by both Whitehead and Deleuze.

Kant, Whitehead, and Deleuze are not commonly grouped together, but the juxtaposition of them in Without Criteria helps to shed light on a variety of issues that are of concern to contemporary art and media practices.
An Aesthesia of Networks
Authors: Munster Anna
Published: August 2019

The experience of networks as the immediate sensing of relations between humans and nonhuman technical elements in assemblages such as viral media and databases.

Today almost every aspect of life for which data exists can be rendered as a network. Financial data, social networks, biological ecologies: all are visualized in links and nodes, lines connecting dots. A network visualization of a corporate infrastructure could look remarkably similar to that of a terrorist organization. In An Aesthesia of Networks, Anna Munster argues that this uniformity has flattened our experience of networks as active and relational processes and assemblages. She counters the “network anaesthesia” that results from this pervasive mimesis by reinserting the question of experience, or aesthesia, into networked culture and aesthetics.

Rather than asking how humans experience computers and networks, Munster asks how networks experience—what operations they perform and undergo to change and produce new forms of experience. Drawing on William James's radical empiricism, she asserts that networked experience is assembled first and foremost through relations, which make up its most immediately sensed and perceived aspect. Munster critically considers a range of contemporary artistic and cultural practices that engage with network technologies and techniques, including databases and data mining, the domination of search in online activity, and the proliferation of viral media through YouTube. These practices—from artists who “undermine” data to musicians and VJs who use intranetworked audio and video software environments—are concerned with the relationality at the core of today's network experience.
The Digital Youth Network
Authors: Barron Brigid , Gomez Kimberley , Pinkard Nichole , Martin Caitlin K.
Published: August 2019

An ambitious project to help economically disadvantaged students develop technical, creative, and analytical skills across a learning ecology that spans school, community, home, and online.

The popular image of the “digital native”—usually depicted as a technically savvy and digitally empowered teen—is based on the assumption that all young people are equally equipped to become innovators and entrepreneurs. Yet young people in low-income communities often lack access to the learning opportunities, tools, and collaborators (at school and elsewhere) that help digital natives develop the necessary expertise. This book describes one approach to address this disparity: the Digital Youth Network (DYN), an ambitious project to help economically disadvantaged middle-school students in Chicago develop technical, creative, and analytical skills across a learning ecology that spans school, community, home, and online.

The book reports findings from a pioneering mixed-method three-year study of DYN and how it nurtured imaginative production, expertise with digital media tools, and the propensity to share these creative capacities with others. Through DYN, students, despite differing interests and identities—the gamer, the poet, the activist—were able to find some aspect of DYN that engaged them individually and connected them to one another. Finally, the authors offer generative suggestions for designers of similar informal learning spaces.
The role of structural pleiotropy and regulatory evolution in the retention of heteromers of paralogs
Authors: Marchant Axelle , Cisneros Angel F , Dubé Alexandre K , Gagnon-Arsenault Isabelle , Ascencio Diana , Jain Honey , Aubé Simon , Eberlein Chris , Evans-Yamamoto Daniel , Yachie Nozomu , Landry Christian R
Published: August 2019

Gene duplication is a driver of the evolution of new functions. The duplication of genes encoding homomeric proteins leads to the formation of homomers and heteromers of paralogs, creating new complexes after a single duplication event. The loss of these heteromers may be required for the two paralogs to evolve independent functions. Using yeast as a model, we find that heteromerization is frequent among duplicated homomers and correlates with functional similarity between paralogs. Using in silico evolution, we show that for homomers and heteromers sharing binding interfaces, mutations in one paralog can have structural pleiotropic effects on both interactions, resulting in highly correlated responses of the complexes to selection. Therefore, heteromerization could be preserved indirectly due to selection for the maintenance of homomers, thus slowing down functional divergence between paralogs. We suggest that paralogs can overcome the obstacle of structural pleiotropy by regulatory evolution at the transcriptional and post-translational levels.
Early Agenian rhinocerotids from Wischberg (Canton Bern, Switzerland) and clarification of the systematics of the genusDiaceratherium
Authors: Jame Claire , Tissier Jérémy , Maridet Olivier , Becker Damien
Published: August 2019

Background

Wischberg is a Swiss locality in Bern Canton which has yielded numerous vertebrates remains from the earliest Miocene (= MN1). It has a very rich faunal diversity, one of the richest in Switzerland for this age. Among all the mammals reported in the original faunal list 70 years ago, three rhinocerotid species were identified. The material consists of two fragmentary skulls, cranial fragments, several mandibles, teeth and postcranial bones, in a rather good state of preservation.

Results

After reexamination of the material from this locality (curated in three different Swiss museums) and comparison with holotype specimens, we show that all rhinocerotid specimens from Wischberg can be referred to two species only. Most of the material can be attributed to the large-sized teleoceratineDiaceratherium lemanense, while only a few specimens, including a skull and mandible, belong to the much smaller sizedPleuroceros pleuroceros. We describe and illustrate for the first time most of these fossil remains. However, the systematics of the genusDiaceratheriumis currently controversial, and based on our new observations we consider seven species as valid, though a large-scale phylogenetic study should be done in the future to resolve it. The rhinocerotid association found in Wischberg is nonetheless typical of the MN1 biozone, which results from a faunal renewal occurring just before the end of the Oligocene.