bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed Biopriming with Microbial Inoculant Triggers Local and Systemic Defense Responses against Rhizoctonia solani Causing Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Singh Shailendra , Singh Udai B. , Malviya Deepti , Paul Surinder , Sahu Pramod Kumar , Trivedi Mala , Paul Diby , Saxena Anil Kumar
Published: February 2020

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MF-30 isolated from maize rhizosphere was characterized for several plant growth stimulating attributes. The strain MF-30 was also evaluated for antifungal properties against Rhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize (Zea mays L.) under in vitro conditions and was found to have higher mycelial growth suppression in the culture suspension (67.41%) followed by volatile organic compounds (62.66%) and crude extract (51.20%) in a dual plate assay. The endophytic and epiphytic colonization ability was tested using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-tagging. Visualization through confocal scanning laser microscope clearly indicated that strain MF-30 colonizes the root and foliar parts of the plants. Further, the effects of seed bio-priming with P. aeruginosa MF-30 was evaluated in the induction and bioaccumulation of defense-related biomolecules, enzymes, natural antioxidants, and other changes in maize under pot trial. This not only provided protection from R. solani but also ensured growth promotion under pathogenic stress conditions in maize. The maximum concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was reported in the root and shoot of the plants treated with R. solani alone (8.47 and 17.50 mmol mg−1 protein, respectively) compared to bioagent, P. aeruginosa MF-30 bio-primed plants (3.49 and 7.50 mmol mg−1 protein, respectively). Effects on total soluble sugar content, total protein, and total proline were also found to enhanced significantly due to inoculation of P. aeruginosa MF-30. The activities of anti-oxidative defense enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase increased significantly in the plants bio-primed with P. aeruginosa MF-30 and subsequent foliar spray of culture suspension of MF-30 compared to pathogen alone inoculated plants. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that seed bio-priming and foliar application of P. aeruginosa MF-30 significantly increased the expression of PR-1 and PR-10 genes with the simultaneous decrease in the disease severity and lesion length in the maize plants under pathogenic stress conditions. A significant enhancement of shoot and root biomass was recorded in MF-30 bio-primed plants as compared to untreated control (p < 0.05). Significant increase in plant growth and antioxidant content, as well as decreased disease severity in the P. aeruginosa MF-30 bio-primed plants, suggested the possibility of an eco-friendly and economical means of achieving antioxidants-rich, healthier maize plants.
Passive Smoking Exposure in Living Environments Reduces Cognitive Function: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults
Authors: He Fan , Li Tian , Lin Junfen , Li Fudong , Zhai Yujia , Zhang Tao , Gu Xue , Zhao Genming
Published: February 2020

There is currently no consensus regarding the effects of passive smoking exposure on cognitive function in older adults. We evaluated 7000 permanent residents from six regions within Zhejiang Province, China, aged ≥60 years, without cognitive impairment at baseline and during follow-up examinations for two years. The Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess the participants’ cognitive function. Multivariate regression analyses were carried out to calculate the adjusted relative risks (RRs) as measures of the association between passive smoking exposure and cognitive impairment after adjusting for potential confounders. The results showed an association between passive smoking exposure in the living environment and increased risk of cognitive impairment (RR: 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.35). No dose–response relationship between the cumulative dose of passive smoking exposure (days) and cognitive impairment was observed. The results of stratified analyses suggested a harmful effect of passive smoking exposure on cognitive function in non-smokers (RR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.06–1.46), but not in smokers (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.71–1.92). Therefore, passive smoking exposure increased the risk of cognitive impairment in older adults, especially non-smokers. More effective measures to restrict smoking in the living environment should be developed and implemented.
Homocysteine: Its Possible Emerging Role in At-Risk Population Groups
Authors: Azzini Elena , Ruggeri Stefania , Polito Angela
Published: February 2020

Increased plasma homocysteine is a risk factor for several pathological disorders. The present review focused on the role of homocysteine (Hcy) in different population groups, especially in risk conditions (pregnancy, infancy, old age), and on its relevance as a marker or etiological factor of the diseases in these age groups, focusing on the nutritional treatment of elevated Hcy levels. In pregnancy, Hcy levels were investigated in relation to the increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as small size for gestational age at birth, preeclampsia, recurrent abortions, low birth weight, or intrauterine growth restriction. In pediatric populations, Hcy levels are important not only for cardiovascular disease, obesity, and renal disease, but the most interesting evidence concerns study of elevated levels of Hcy in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Finally, a focus on the principal pathologies of the elderly (cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, osteoporosis and physical function) is presented. The metabolism of Hcy is influenced by B vitamins, and Hcy-lowering vitamin treatments have been proposed. However, clinical trials have not reached a consensus about the effectiveness of vitamin supplementation on the reduction of Hcy levels and improvement of pathological condition, especially in elderly patients with overt pathologies, suggesting that other dietary and non-dietary factors are involved in high Hcy levels. The importance of novel experimental designs focusing on intra-individual variability as a complement to the typical case–control experimental designs and the study of interactions between different factors it should be emphasized.
The Role of Calix[n]arenes and Pillar[n]arenes in the Design of Silver Nanoparticles: Self-Assembly and Application
Authors: Padnya Pavel , Gorbachuk Vladimir , Stoikov Ivan
Published: February 2020

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an attractive alternative to plasmonic gold nanoparticles. The relative cheapness and redox stability determine the growing interest of researchers in obtaining selective plasmonic and electrochemical (bio)sensors based on silver nanoparticles. The controlled synthesis of metal nanoparticles of a defined morphology is a nontrivial task, important for such fields as biochemistry, catalysis, biosensors and microelectronics. Cyclophanes are well known for their great receptor properties and are of particular interest in the creation of metal nanoparticles due to a variety of cyclophane 3D structures and unique redox abilities. Silver ion-based supramolecular assemblies are attractive due to the possibility of reduction by “soft” reducing agents as well as being accessible precursors for silver nanoparticles of predefined morphology, which are promising for implementation in plasmonic sensors. For this purpose, the chemistry of cyclophanes offers a whole arsenal of approaches: exocyclic ion coordination, association, stabilization of the growth centers of metal nanoparticles, as well as in reduction of silver ions. Thus, this review presents the recent advances in the synthesis and stabilization of Ag (0) nanoparticles based on self-assembly of associates with Ag (I) ions with the participation of bulk platforms of cyclophanes (resorcin[4]arenes, (thia)calix[n]arenes, pillar[n]arenes).
Steroidogenic Factor 1 (NR5A1) Activates ATF3 Transcriptional Activity
Authors: Emura Natsuko , Wang Chiung-Min , Yang William Harry , Yang Wei-Hsiung
Published: February 2020

Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1/NR5A1), an orphan nuclear receptor, is important for sexual differentiation and the development of multiple endocrine organs, as well as cell proliferation in cancer cells. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a transcriptional repressor, and its expression is rapidly induced by DNA damage and oncogenic stimuli. Since both NR5A1 and ATF3 can regulate and cooperate with several transcription factors, we hypothesized that NR5A1 may interact with ATF3 and plays a functional role in cancer development. First, we found that NR5A1 physically interacts with ATF3. We further demonstrated that ATF3 expression is up-regulated by NR5A1. Moreover, the promoter activity of the ATF3 is activated by NR5A1 in a dose-dependent manner in several cell lines. By mapping the ATF3 promoter as well as the site-directed mutagenesis analysis, we provide evidence that NR5A1 response elements (−695 bp and −665 bp) are required for ATF3 expression by NR5A1. It is well known that the transcriptional activities of NR5A1 are modulated by post-translational modifications, such as small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification and phosphorylation. Notably, we found that both SUMOylation and phosphorylation of NR5A1 play roles, at least in part, for NR5A1-mediated ATF3 expression. Overall, our results provide the first evidence of a novel relationship between NR5A1 and ATF3.
BAK1 Mediates Light Intensity to Phosphorylate and Activate Catalases to Regulate Plant Growth and Development
Authors: Zhang Shan , Li Cheng , Ren Haihua , Zhao Tong , Li Qi , Wang Shufen , Zhang Yanfeng , Xiao Fangming , Wang Xiaofeng
Published: February 2020

BAK1 (brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1) associated receptor kinase 1) plays major roles in multiple signaling pathways as a coreceptor to regulate plant growth and development and stress response. However, the role of BAK1 in high light signaling is still poorly understood. Here we observed that overexpression of BAK1 in Arabidopsis interferes with the function of high light in promoting plant growth and development, which is independent of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. Further investigation shows that high light enhances the phosphorylation of BAK1 and catalase activity, thereby reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Catalase3 (CAT3) is identified as a BAK1-interacting protein by affinity purification and LC-MS/MS analysis. Biochemical analysis confirms that BAK1 interacts with and phosphorylates all three catalases (CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3) of the Arabidopsis genome, and the trans-phosphorylation sites of three catalases with BAK1-CD are identified by LC-MS/MS in vitro. Genetic analyses reveal that the BAK1 overexpression plants knocked out all the three CAT genes completely abolishing the effect of BAK1 on suppression of high light-promoted growth. This study first unravels the role of BAK1 in mediating high light-triggered activation of CATs, thereby degrading H2O2 and regulating plant growth and development in Arabidopsis.
Development of Physiologically Responsive Human iPSC-Derived Intestinal Epithelium to Study Barrier Dysfunction in IBD
Authors: Gleeson John P. , Estrada Hannah Q. , Yamashita Michifumi , Svendsen Clive N. , Targan Stephan R. , Barrett Robert J.
Published: February 2020

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the intestinal epithelium is characterized by increased permeability both in active disease and remission states. The genetic underpinnings of this increased intestinal permeability are largely unstudied, in part due to a lack of appropriate modelling systems. Our aim is to develop an in vitro model of intestinal permeability using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human intestinal organoids (HIOs) and human colonic organoids (HCOs) to study barrier dysfunction. iPSCs were generated from healthy controls, adult onset IBD, and very early onset IBD (VEO-IBD) patients and differentiated into HIOs and HCOs. EpCAM+ selected cells were seeded onto Transwell inserts and barrier integrity studies were carried out in the presence or absence of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunofluorescence were used to determine altered tight and adherens junction protein expression or localization. Differentiation to HCO indicated an increased gene expression of CDX2, CD147, and CA2, and increased basal transepithelial electrical resistance compared to HIO. Permeability studies were carried out in HIO- and HCO-derived epithelium, and permeability of FD4 was significantly increased when exposed to TNFα and IFNγ. TEM and immunofluorescence imaging indicated a mislocalization of E-cadherin and ZO-1 in TNFα and IFNγ challenged organoids with a corresponding decrease in mRNA expression. Comparisons between HIO- and HCO-epithelium show a difference in gene expression, electrophysiology, and morphology: both are responsive to TNFα and IFNγ stimulation resulting in enhanced permeability, and changes in tight and adherens junction architecture. This data indicate that iPSC-derived HIOs and HCOs constitute an appropriate physiologically responsive model to study barrier dysfunction and the role of the epithelium in IBD and VEO-IBD.
Attenuation of Hypertrophy in Human MSCs via Treatment with a Retinoic Acid Receptor Inverse Agonist
Authors: Riedl Moritz , Witzmann Christina , Koch Matthias , Lang Siegmund , Kerschbaum Maximilian , Baumann Florian , Krutsch Werner , Docheva Denitsa , Alt Volker , Pfeifer Christian
Published: February 2020

In vitro chondrogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a tendency to undergo hypertrophy, mirroring the fate of transient “chondrocytes” in the growth plate. As hypertrophy would result in ossification, this fact limits their use in cartilage tissue engineering applications. During limb development, retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling exerts an important influence on cell fate of mesenchymal progenitors. While retinoids foster hypertrophy, suppression of RAR signaling seems to be required for chondrogenic differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that treatment of chondrogenically differentiating hMSCs with the RAR inverse agonist, BMS204,493 (further named BMS), would attenuate hypertrophy. We induced hypertrophy in chondrogenic precultured MSC pellets by the addition of bone morphogenetic protein 4. Direct activation of the RAR pathway by application of the physiological RAR agonist retinoic acid (RA) further enhanced the hypertrophic phenotype. However, BMS treatment reduced hypertrophic conversion in hMSCs, shown by decreased cell size, number of hypertrophic cells, and collagen type X deposition in histological analyses. BMS effects were dependent on the time point of application and strongest after early treatment during chondrogenic precultivation. The possibility of modifing hypertrophic cartilage via attenuation of RAR signaling by BMS could be helpful in producing stable engineered tissue for cartilage regeneration.
Cross-Species Root Transcriptional Network Analysis Highlights Conserved Modules in Response to Nitrate between Maize and Sorghum
Authors: Du Hongyang , Ning Lihua , He Bing , Wang Yuancong , Ge Min , Xu Jinyan , Zhao Han
Published: February 2020

Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to respond to the fluctuation of available nitrogen (N) in soil, but the genetic mechanisms underlying the N response in crops are not well-documented. In this study, we generated a time series of NO3−-mediated transcriptional profiles in roots of maize and sorghum, respectively. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified modules of co-expressed genes that related to NO3− treatments. A cross-species comparison revealed 22 conserved modules, of which four were related to hormone signaling, suggesting that hormones participate in the early nitrate response. Three other modules are composed of genes that are mainly upregulated by NO3− and involved in nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, including NRT, NIR, NIA, FNR, and G6PD2. Two G2-like transcription factors (ZmNIGT1 and SbNIGT1), induced by NO3− stimulation, were identified as hub transcription factors (TFs) in the modules. Transient assays demonstrated that ZmNIGT1 and SbNIGT1 are transcriptional repressors. We identified the target genes of ZmNIGT1 by DNA affinity-purification sequencing (DAP-Seq) and found that they were significantly enriched in catalytic activity, including carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrient metabolism. A set of ZmNIGT1 targets encode transcription factors (ERF, ARF, and AGL) that are involved in hormone signaling and root development. We propose that ZmNIGT1 and SbNIGT1 are negative regulators of nitrate responses that play an important role in optimizing nutrition metabolism and root morphogenesis. Together with conserved N responsive modules, our study indicated that, to encounter N variation in soil, maize and sorghum have evolved an NO3−-regulatory network containing a set of conserved modules and transcription factors.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Improves the Osteogenic and Vasculogenic Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Presence of Inflammation In Vitro
Authors: Gardin Chiara , Bosco Gerardo , Ferroni Letizia , Quartesan Silvia , Rizzato Alex , Tatullo Marco , Zavan Barbara
Published: February 2020

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been reported to be beneficial for treating many conditions of inflammation-associated bone loss. The aim of this work was to in vitro investigate the effect of HBO in the course of osteogenesis of human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) grown in a simulated pro-inflammatory environment. Cells were cultured with osteogenic differentiation factors in the presence or not of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and simultaneously exposed daily for 60 min, and up to 21 days, at 2,4 atmosphere absolute (ATA) and 100% O2. To elucidate osteogenic differentiation-dependent effects, cells were additionally pre-committed prior to treatments. Cell metabolic activity was evaluated by means of the MTT assay and DNA content quantification, whereas osteogenic and vasculogenic differentiation was assessed by quantification of extracellular calcium deposition and gene expression analysis. Metabolic activity and osteogenic properties of cells did not differ between HBO, high pressure (HB) alone, or high oxygen (HO) alone and control if cells were pre-differentiated to the osteogenic lineage. In contrast, when treatments started contextually to the osteogenic differentiation of the cells, a significant reduction in cell metabolic activity first, and in mineral deposition at later time points, were observed in the HBO-treated group. Interestingly, TNF-α supplementation determined a significant improvement in the osteogenic capacity of cells subjected to HBO, which was not observed in TNF-α-treated cells exposed to HB or HO alone. This study suggests that exposure of osteogenic-differentiating MSCs to HBO under in vitro simulated inflammatory conditions enhances differentiation towards the osteogenic phenotype, providing evidence of the potential application of HBO in all those processes requiring bone regeneration.
Evaluation of Transcriptomic Regulations behind Metabolic Syndrome in Obese and Lean Subjects
Authors: Paczkowska-Abdulsalam Magdalena , Niemira Magdalena , Bielska Agnieszka , Szałkowska Anna , Raczkowska Beata Anna , Junttila Sini , Gyenesei Attila , Adamska-Patruno Edyta , Maliszewska Katarzyna , Citko Anna , Szczerbiński Łukasz , Krętowski Adam
Published: February 2020

Multiple mechanisms have been suggested to confer to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS), however despite great interest from the scientific community, the exact contribution of each of MetS risk factors still remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate molecular signatures in peripheral blood of individuals affected by MetS and different degrees of obesity. Metabolic health of 1204 individuals from 1000PLUS cohort was assessed, and 32 subjects were recruited to four study groups: MetS lean, MetS obese, “healthy obese”, and healthy lean. Whole-blood transcriptome next generation sequencing with functional data analysis were carried out. MetS obese and MetS lean study participants showed the upregulation of genes involved in inflammation and coagulation processes: granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0063), prothrombin activation pathway (p = 0.0032, p = 0.0091), coagulation system (p = 0.0010, p = 0.0155). The results for “healthy obese” indicate enrichment in molecules associated with protein synthesis (p < 0.0001), mitochondrial dysfunction (p < 0.0001), and oxidative phosphorylation (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that MetS is related to the state of inflammation and vascular system changes independent of excess body weight. Furthermore, “healthy obese”, despite not fulfilling the criteria for MetS diagnosis, seems to display an intermediate state with a lower degree of metabolic abnormalities, before they proceed to a full blown MetS.
Biapenem as a Novel Insight into Drug Repositioning against Particulate Matter-Induced Lung Injury
Authors: Lee Wonhwa , Baek Moon-Chang , Kim Kyung-Min , Bae Jong-Sup
Published: February 2020

The screening of biologically active chemical compound libraries can be an efficient way to reposition Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA)-approved drugs or to discover new therapies for human diseases. Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a form of air pollutant that causes significant lung damage when inhaled. This study illustrates drug repositioning with biapenem (BIPM) for the modulation of PM-induced lung injury. Biapenem was used for the treatment of severe infections. Mice were treated with BIPM via tail-vein injection after the intratracheal instillation of PM2.5. Alterations in the lung wet/dry weight, total protein/total cell count and lymphocyte count, inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), vascular permeability, and histology were monitored in the PM2.5-treated mice. BIPM effectively reduced the pathological lung injury, lung wet/dry weight ratio, and hyperpermeability caused by PM2.5. Enhanced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity by PM2.5 in the pulmonary tissue was inhibited by BIPM. Moreover, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and total protein by PM2.5 in the BALF were also decreased by BIPM treatment. In addition, BIPM markedly suppressed PM2.5-induced increases in the number of lymphocytes in the BALF. Additionally, the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was increased by BIPM. Administration of PM2.5 increased the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MyD88, and the autophagy-related proteins LC3 II and Beclin 1, which were suppressed by BIPM. In conclusion, these findings indicate that BIPM has a critical anti-inflammatory effect due to its ability to regulate both the TLR4-MyD88 and mTOR-autophagy pathways, and may thus be a potential therapeutic agent against diesel PM2.5-induced pulmonary injury.
A High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Study Reveals the Potential of Disulfide Formation in Human Mitochondrial Voltage-Dependent Anion Selective Channel Isoforms (hVDACs)
Authors: Pittalà Maria G. G. , Saletti Rosaria , Reina Simona , Cunsolo Vincenzo , De Pinto Vito , Foti Salvatore
Published: February 2020

The voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDACs), which are also known as eukaryotic porins, are pore-forming proteins, which allow for the passage of ions and small molecules across the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). They are involved in complex interactions that regulate organelle and cellular metabolism. We have recently reported the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the three VDAC isoforms purified from rat liver mitochondria (rVDACs), showing, for the first time, the over-oxidation of the cysteine residues as an exclusive feature of VDACs. Noteworthy, this peculiar PTM is not detectable in other integral membrane mitochondrial proteins, as defined by their elution at low salt concentration by a hydroxyapatite column. In this study, the association of tryptic and chymotryptic proteolysis with UHPLC/High Resolution nESI-MS/MS, allowed for us to extend the investigation to the human VDACs. The over-oxidation of the cysteine residues, essentially irreversible in cell conditions, was as also certained in VDAC isoforms from human cells. In human VDAC2 and 3 isoforms the permanently reduced state of a cluster of close cysteines indicates the possibility that disulfide bridges are formed in the proteins. Importantly, the detailed oxidative PTMs that are found in human VDACs confirm and sustain our previous findings in rat tissues, claiming for a predictable characterization that has to be conveyed in the functional role of VDAC proteins within the cell. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017482.
Endothelial Semaphorin 3F Maintains Endothelial Barrier Function and Inhibits Monocyte Migration
Authors: Zhang Huayu , Vreeken Dianne , Junaid Abidemi , Wang Gangqi , Sol Wendy M. P. J. , de Bruin Ruben G. , van Zonneveld Anton Jan , van Gils Janine M.
Published: February 2020

In normal physiology, endothelial cells (ECs) form a vital barrier between the blood and underlying tissue controlling leukocyte diapedesis and vascular inflammation. Emerging data suggest that neuronal guidance cues, typically expressed during development, have roles outside the nervous system in vascular biology and immune responses. In particular, Class III semaphorins have been reported to affect EC migration and angiogenesis. While ECs express high levels of semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F), little is known about its function in mature ECs. Here we show that SEMA3F expression is reduced by inflammatory stimuli and increased by laminar flow. Endothelial cells exposed to laminar flow secrete SEMA3F, which subsequently binds to heparan sulfates on the surface of ECs. However, under pro-inflammatory conditions, reduced levels of SEMA3F make ECs more prone to monocyte diapedesis and display impaired barrier function as measured with an electric cell–substrate impedance sensing system and a microfluidic system. In addition, we demonstrate that SEMA3F can directly inhibit the migration of activated monocytes. Taken together, our data suggest an important homeostatic function for EC-expressed SEMA3F, serving as a mediator of endothelial quiescence.
The Roles and Mechanisms of lncRNAs in Liver Fibrosis
Authors: He Zhi , Yang Deying , Fan Xiaolan , Zhang Mingwang , Li Yan , Gu Xiaobin , Yang Mingyao
Published: February 2020

Many studies have revealed that circulating long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene and protein expression in the process of hepatic fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound healing response followed by excessive extracellular matrix accumulation. In the development of liver fibrosis, some lncRNAs regulate diverse cellular processes by acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and binding proteins. Previous investigations demonstrated that overexpression of lncRNAs such as H19, maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5), Gm5091, NR_002155.1, and HIF 1alpha-antisense RNA 1 (HIF1A-AS1) can inhibit the progression of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the upregulation of several lncRNAs [e.g., nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), hox transcript antisense RNA (Hotair), and liver-enriched fibrosis-associated lncRNA1 (lnc-LFAR1)] has been reported to promote liver fibrosis. This review will focus on the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs, the lncRNA transcriptome profile of liver fibrosis, and the main lncRNAs involved in the signalling pathways that regulate hepatic fibrosis. This review provides insight into the screening of therapeutic and diagnostic markers of liver fibrosis.
A Proposed Scan Strategy Used on SLM Inner Structure Part
Authors: Han Jitai , Wu Meiping , Duan Weipeng
Published: February 2020

A model with an inner structure was designed to study the relationship between the surface quality of the inner structure and the scan strategy in this study. The test results showed that the precision of the inner structure was highly affected by the scan strategy, and the specimens printed using different strategies showed different performances on the surface quality of the inner structure. The specimen printed using the square-framed scan strategy had a lower flatness value on the positive face of the inner structure compared to that of the other two specimens printed using Z-shape scan strategies, while the specimen printed using the Z-shape scan strategy (along the inner structure) had a relative optimal surface roughness on the side surface of the inner structure in all three specimens. The bending deformation caused by the scan strategies was considered to be the main factor affecting the flatness on the positive surface, while laser energy fluctuation showed a significant impact on side surface roughness. Combined with the experimental data, a new scan strategy was proposed; we found that the specimen printed using this new strategy improved positive surface flatness and side surface roughness.
Memristors for Neuromorphic Circuits and Artificial Intelligence Applications
Authors: Miranda Enrique , Suñé Jordi
Published: February 2020

Artificial Intelligence has found many applications in the last decade due to increased computing power. Artificial Neural Networks are inspired in the brain structure and consist in the interconnection of artificial neurons through artificial synapses in the so-called Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Training these systems requires huge amounts of data and, after the network is trained, it can recognize unforeseen data and provide useful information. As far as the training is concerned, we can distinguish between supervised and unsupervised learning. The former requires labelled data and is based on the iterative minimization of the output error using the stochastic gradient descent method followed by the recalculation of the strength of the synaptic connections (weights) with the backpropagation algorithm. On the other hand, unsupervised learning does not require data labeling and it is not based on explicit output error minimization. Conventional ANNs can function with supervised learning algorithms (perceptrons, multi-layer perceptrons, convolutional networks, etc.) but also with unsupervised learning rules (Kohonen networks, self-organizing maps, etc.). Besides, another type of neural networks are the so-called Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) in which learning takes place through the superposition of voltage spikes launched by the neurons. Their behavior is much closer to the brain functioning mechanisms they can be used with supervised and unsupervised learning rules. Since learning and inference is based on short voltage spikes, energy efficiency improves substantially. Up to this moment, all these ANNs (spiking and conventional) have been implemented as software tools running on conventional computing units based on the von Neumann architecture. However, this approach reaches important limits due to the required computing power, physical size and energy consumption. This is particularly true for applications at the edge of the internet. Thus, there is an increasing interest in developing AI tools directly implemented in hardware for this type of applications. The first hardware demonstrations have been based on Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) circuits and specific communication protocols. However, to further increase training speed andenergy efficiency while reducing the system size, the combination of CMOS neuron circuits with memristor synapses is now being explored. It has also been pointed out that the short time non-volatility of some memristors may even allow fabricating purely memristive ANNs. The memristor is a new device (first demonstrated in solid-state in 2008) which behaves as a resistor with memory and which has been shown to have potentiation and depression properties similar to those of biological synapses. In this Special Issue, we explore the state of the art of neuromorphic circuits implementing neural networks with memristors for AI applications.
Rapid Prototyping of Personalized Articular Orthoses by Lamination of Composite Fibers upon 3D-Printed Molds
Authors: Munoz-Guijosa Juan Manuel , Zapata Martínez Rodrigo , Martínez Cendrero Adrián , Díaz Lantada Andrés
Published: February 2020

Advances in additive manufacturing technologies and composite materials are starting to be combined into synergic procedures that may impact the biomedical field by helping to achieve personalized and high-performance solutions for low-resource settings. In this article, we illustrate the benefits of 3D-printed rapid molds, upon which composite fibers can be laminated in a direct and resource-efficient way, for the personalized development of articular splints. The rapid mold concept presented in this work allows for a flexible lamination and curing process, even compatible with autoclaves. We demonstrate the procedure by completely developing an autoclave-cured carbon fiber–epoxy composite ankle immobilizing, supporting, or protecting splint. These medical devices may support patients in their recovery of articular injuries and for promoting a more personalized medical care employing high-performance materials, whose mechanical response is analyzed and compared to that of commercial devices. In fact, this personalization is fundamental for enhanced ergonomics, comfort during rehabilitation, and overall aesthetics. The proposed design and manufacturing strategies may support the low-cost and user-centered development of a wide set of biomedical devices and help to delocalize the supply chain for involving local populations in the development of medical technology.
Compressive Strength, Chloride Ion Penetrability, and Carbonation Characteristic of Concrete with Mixed Slag Aggregate
Authors: Choi Se-Jin , Kim Young-Uk , Oh Tae-Gue , Cho Bong-Suk
Published: February 2020

The shortage of natural aggregates has recently emerged as a serious problem owing to the tremendous growth of the concrete industry. Consequently, the social interest in identifying aggregate materials as alternatives to natural aggregates has increased. In South Korea’s growing steel industry, a large amount of steel slag is generated and discarded every year, thereby causing environmental pollution. In previous studies, steel slag, such as blast furnace slag (BFS), has been used as substitutes for concrete aggregates; however, few studies have been conducted on concrete containing both BFS and Ferronickel slag (FNS) as the fine aggregate. In this study, the compressive strength, chloride ion penetrability, and carbonation characteristic of concrete with both FNS and BFS were investigated. The mixed slag fine aggregate (MSFA) was used to replace 0, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the natural fine aggregate volume. From the test results, the highest compressive strength after 56 days was observed for the B/F100 sample. The 56 days chloride ion penetrability of the B/F75, and B/F100 samples with the MSFA contents of 75% and 100% were low level, approximately 34%, and 54% lower than that of the plain sample, respectively. In addition, the carbonation depth of the samples decreased with the increase in replacement ratio of MSFA.
Development of Poly(2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine)-Functionalized Hydrogels for Reducing Protein and Bacterial Adsorption
Authors: Vales Temmy Pegarro , Jee Jun-Pil , Lee Won Young , Cho Sung , Lee Gye Myung , Kim Ho-Joong , Kim Jung Suk
Published: February 2020

A series of hydrogels with intrinsic antifouling properties was prepared via surface-functionalization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [p(HEMA)]-based hydrogels with the biomembrane-mimicking zwitterionic polymer, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) [p(MPC)]. The p(MPC)-modified hydrogels have enhanced surface wettability, high water content retention (61.0%–68.3%), and good transmittance (>90%). Notably, the presence of zwitterionic MPC moieties at the hydrogel surfaces lowered the adsorption of proteins such as lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by 73%–74% and 59%–66%, respectively, and reduced bacterial adsorption by approximately 10%–73% relative to the unmodified control. The anti-biofouling properties of the p(MPC)-functionalized hydrogels are largely attributed to the dense hydration layer formed at the hydrogel surfaces by the zwitterionic moieties. Overall, the results demonstrate that biocompatible and antifouling hydrogels based on p(HEMA)-p(MPC) structures have promising potential for application in biomedical materials.
Structure Evolution of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) in the Melt State by Time-Resolved Mechanical Spectroscopy
Authors: Arrigo Rossella , Mascia Leno , Clarke Jane , Malucelli Giulio
Published: February 2020

In this work, time-resolved mechanical spectroscopy (TRMS) was used to accurately characterize the rheological behavior of an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) containing 25 mol% of epoxy groups. Conventional rheological tests are not suitable to characterize with accuracy the frequency-dependent linear viscoelastic behavior of materials, such as ENR, in a transient configurational state. For this reason, TRMS was used to determine the true rheological behavior of ENR, as well as to gain some insights into the changes of its macromolecular architecture under the dynamic conditions experienced during the measurements. The constructed master curves for the moduli revealed a gradual transition of the ENR rheological state from liquid-like to solid-like through the formation of an “elastic gel” throughout the bulk of the polymer. Furthermore, the evolution of the stress relaxation modulus revealed a slow relaxation mechanism, resulting from thermally activated reactions in the molten state attributed to the formation of crosslinks. Finally, the crosslink density evolution was estimated from the TRMS data and compared with results derived from equilibrium solvent-swelling measurements. These demonstrated the accuracy of the TRMS data in the prediction of the structural changes that can take place in polymers during processing.
Metal Oxide Oxidation Catalysts as Scaffolds for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Holliman Peter J. , Connell Arthur , Jones Eurig W. , Kershaw Christopher P.
Published: February 2020

Whilst the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices that have reported to date have been fabricated by high temperature sintering (>500 °C) of mesoporous metal oxide scaffolds, lower temperature processing is desirable for increasing the range of substrates available and also decrease the energy requirements during device manufacture. In this work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) mesoporous scaffolds have been compared with metal oxide oxidation catalysts: cerium dioxide (CeO2) and manganese dioxide (MnO2). For MnO2, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a low energy band gap metal oxide has been used as a scaffold in the PSC devices. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that organic binder removal is completed at temperatures of 350 °C and 275 °C for CeO2 and MnO2, respectively. By comparison, the binder removal from TiO2 pastes requires temperatures >500 °C. CH3NH3PbBr3 PSC devices that were fabricated while using MnO2 pastes sintered at 550 °C show slightly improved PCE (η = 3.9%) versus mesoporous TiO2 devices (η = 3.8%) as a result of increased open circuit voltage (Voc). However, the resultant PSC devices showed no efficiency despite apparently complete binder removal during lower temperature (325 °C) sintering using CeO2 or MnO2 pastes.
Novel Smart Textiles
Authors: Stylios George K.
Published: February 2020

The sensing/adapting/responding, multifunctionality, low energy, small size and weight, ease of forming, and low-cost attributes of SMART textiles and their multidisciplinary scope offer numerous end uses in medical, sports and fitness, military, fashion, automotive, aerospace, built environment, and energy industries. The research and development for these new and high-value materials crosses scientific boundaries, redefines material science design and engineering, and enhances quality of life and our environment. “Novel SMART Textiles” is a focused special issue that reports the latest research of this field and facilitates dissemination, networking, discussion, and debate.
Optical Properties of Titanium in the Regime of the Limited Light Penetration
Authors: Skowronski Lukasz
Published: February 2020

In this study, the titanium layers from 12 to 1470 nm thick were fabricated by using the method involving dynamically changed working gas pressure (gas injection magnetron sputtering). The influence of the deposition time on the optical and electrical properties of Ti films, as well as on their microstructure, are considered. The samples are investigated by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and confocal optical microscopy. Additionally, for the Ti layers, the sheet resistance was determined. The produced coatings exhibit privileged direction of growth (002). The obtained results show a gradual increase in the mean relaxation time of free-carriers with the increase in the thickness of titanium film. However, the plasma energy exhibits maximum for the coating with the thickness of 93 nm. For such thickness, the lowest value of optical resistivity (about 200 μ Ω cm) was observed. It was found that the dc- and optical resistivity exhibit similar values for titanium films with thickness up to 93 nm. For thicker Ti layers, significant differences in resistivities (dc- and optical) were noticed. The behavior of the Drude parameter (the plasma energy), calculated optical resistivity, and discrepancies between values of optical and dc-resistivities for thicker Ti coatings can be explained as a result of the limited light penetration.
Developing Nanostructured Ti Alloys for Innovative Implantable Medical Devices
Authors: Valiev Ruslan Z. , Prokofiev Egor A. , Kazarinov Nikita A. , Raab Georgy I. , Minasov Timur B. , Stráský Josef
Published: February 2020

Recent years have witnessed much progress in medical device manufacturing and the needs of the medical industry urges modern nanomaterials science to develop novel approaches for improving the properties of existing biomaterials. One of the ways to enhance the material properties is their nanostructuring by using severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques. For medical devices, such properties include increased strength and fatigue life, and this determines nanostructured Ti and Ti alloys to be an excellent choice for the engineering of implants with improved design for orthopedics and dentistry. Various reported studies conducted in this field enable the fabrication of medical devices with enhanced functionality. This paper reviews recent development in the field of nanostructured Ti-based materials and provides examples of the use of ultra-fine grained Ti alloys in medicine.
Effect of Laser Pulse Overlap and Scanning Line Overlap on Femtosecond Laser-Structured Ti6Al4V Surfaces
Authors: Schnell Georg , Duenow Ulrike , Seitz Hermann
Published: February 2020

Surface structuring is a key factor for the tailoring of proper cell attachment and the improvement of the bone-implant interface anchorage. Femtosecond laser machining is especially suited to the structuring of implants due to the possibility of creating surfaces with a wide variety of nano- and microstructures. To achieve a desired surface topography, different laser structuring parameters can be adjusted. The scanning strategy, or rather the laser pulse overlap and scanning line overlap, affect the surface topography in an essential way, which is demonstrated in this study. Ti6Al4V samples were structured using a 300 fs laser source with a wavelength of 1030 nm. Laser pulse overlap and scanning line overlap were varied between 40% and 90% over a wide range of fluences (F from 0.49 to 12.28 J/cm²), respectively. Four different main types of surface structures were obtained depending on the applied laser parameters: femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures (FLIPSS), micrometric ripples (MR), micro-craters, and pillared microstructures. It could also be demonstrated that the exceedance of the strong ablation threshold of Ti6Al4V strongly depends on the scanning strategy. The formation of microstructures can be achieved at lower levels of laser pulse overlap compared to the corresponding value of scanning line overlap due to higher heat accumulation in the irradiated area during laser machining.
Viability and Stimulation of Human Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla (hSCAPs) Induced by Silicate-Based Materials for Their Potential Use in Regenerative Endodontics: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sanz José Luis , Forner Leopoldo , Almudéver Alicia , Guerrero-Gironés Julia , Llena Carmen
Published: February 2020

Blood clot formation in the apical third of the root canal system has been shown to promote further root development and reinforcement of dentinal walls by the deposition of mineralized tissue, resulting in an advancement from traditional apexification procedures to a regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) for non-vital immature permanent teeth. Silicate-based hydraulic biomaterials, categorized as bioactive endodontic cements, emerged as bright candidates for their use in RET as coronal barriers, sealing the previously induced blood clot scaffold. Human stem cells from the apical papilla (hSCAPs) surviving the infection may induce or at least be partially responsible for the regeneration or repair shown in RET. The aim of this study is to present a qualitative synthesis of available literature consisting of in vitro assays which analyzed the viability and stimulation of hSCAPs induced by silicate-based hydraulic biomaterials. A systematic electronic search was carried out in Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and SciELO databases, followed by a study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment following the PRISMA protocol. In vitro studies assessing the viability, proliferation, and/or differentiation of hSCAPs as well as their mineralization potential and/or osteogenic, odontogenic, cementogenic and/or angiogenic marker expression in contact with commercially available silicate-based materials were included in the present review. The search identified 73 preliminary references, of which 10 resulted to be eligible for qualitative synthesis. The modal materials studied were ProRoot MTA and Biodentine. Both bioceramic materials showed significant positive results when compared to a control for hSCAP cell viability, migration, and proliferation assays; a significant up-regulation of hSCAP odontogenic/osteogenic marker (ALP, DSPP, BSP, Runx2, OCN, OSX), angiogenic growth factor (VEGFA, FIGF) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) expression; and a significant increase in hSCAP mineralized nodule formation assessed by Alizarin Red staining. Commercially available silicate-based materials considered in the present review can potentially induce mineralization and odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation of hSCAPs, thus prompting their use in regenerative endodontic procedures.