bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saúde mental de agentes penitenciários de um presídio catarinense
Authors: Bonez Aline , Dal Moro Elisamara , Sehnem Scheila Beatriz
Published: November 2013

A segurança é um dos temas de grande relevância para a sociedade, sendo, o sistema prisional, um dos órgãos públicos que devem empreender esforço para mantê-la. O agente prisional é o profissional responsável pela segurança interna de um presídio e pela ordem entre os presos, desempenhando uma função de alto risco, uma vez que estão em contato direto com detentos e expostos a diversas situações geradoras de estresse. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa objetiva descrever as variáveis que interferem na saúde mental dos agentes penitenciários, envolvendo o perfil sociodemográfico, as condições de saúde mental e os níveis de estresse desses profissionais; tais dados foram obtidos mediante Escalas Beck, ISSL e um questionário semiestruturado elaborado pelas pesquisadoras. Participaram da pesquisa 19 sujeitos entre 22 e 69 anos de idade, com prevalência do sexo masculino e escolaridade considerada alta, uma vez que 21,05% dos sujeitos concluíram o ensino médio, 21,05% apresentavam ensino superior incompleto e 21,05% ensino superior completo. Os dados revelam que 100% dos sujeitos não possuem desesperança e depressão, não havendo ideação suicida, 5,26% apresentam grau mínimo de ansiedade e 31,57% se encontram na fase de resistência do estresse. Segundo os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, percebe-se que esses agentes penitenciários possuem condições de saúde mental relativamente boas; isso talvez possa ser explicado pelo fato de os rofissionais entrevistados possuírem tempo de serviço considerado baixo — 21,05% dos sujeitos possuem tempo de serviço inferior a um ano e 42,10% entre um e cinco anos.
Contribuições das ciências cognitivas para o estudo da construção do conceito de justiça
Authors: Neiva de Carvalho Maria Cristina , Bez Birolo Candiotto Kleber
Published: November 2013

O presente trabalho objetiva apresentar inicialmente a questão-problema referente ao aumento da judicialização da vida social, que contrasta com um sistema jurídico com sinais importantes de ineficácia e ineficiência. As causas repetitivas se caracterizam como uma das variáveis colaboradoras para esse quadro. Especificamente nas demandas dos serviços jurídicos relacionados aos conflitos entre pessoas que mantêm relação pessoal e/ou social, observa-se que, embora o sistema de justiça seja procurado, o que ele pode ofertar não vai ao encontro do que o jurisdicionado espera. Evidencia-se, existir uma concepção pessoal de justiça diversa do que a prestação jurisdicional pode oferecer. Assim, o estudo do desenvolvimento da formação de conceitos parece ser uma via para compreensão de como se dá o processo de conhecer, mais especificamente, como se “conhece” o que é justiça. Recorre-se a alguns pressupostos das ciências cognitivas, em especial às vertentes que se utilizam do conceito de enação para explicação do conhecimento humano. Conclui-se que a percepção que o sujeito tem de justiça é resultante da articulação de uma rede de estruturas, na qual se inclui o substrato biológico que, a partir das relações como o meio social, constrói representações dos fatos da realidade. Essa relação se estabelece de maneira circular, segundo a análise de Francisco Varela, e retrata a visão do paradigma da complexidade defendido por Edgar Morin, o que pode ser um subsídio para as ciências jurídicas e para sujeitos que buscam o sistema de justiça encontrarem novas estratégias para enfrentamento da judicialização da vida.
Intimidade na relação terapêutica: Uma caracterização da palavra por terapeutas analítico-comportamentais
Authors: Martins da Silveira Jocelaine , De Cássia Guenzen Luciane
Published: November 2013

Este estudo teve o objetivo de levantar os usos que uma comunidade de terapeutas analítico-comportamental faz da palavra intimidade na relação terapêutica. Participaram do estudo 74 terapeutas (N = 74). Utilizou-se o programa QuestionPro para condução da pesquisa. Buscou-se operacionalizar o termo intimidade e investigar seu impacto emocional no terapeuta. Os resultados indicaram que os terapeutas evitaram o tema e que havia singularidade quanto à compreensão do termo. Todos os participantes consideraram que a intimidade influencia o tratamento e que é um processo essencialmente bidirecional, além de a considerarem diferente das demais relações afetivas. Os resultados foram discutidos considerando que, embora a maioria tenha indicado a bidirecionalidade da intimidade, poucos listaram suas próprias ações ou de ambos relacionadas com a intimidade. Além disso, embora a intimidade tenha sido considerada importante para o tratamento, poucos dos participantes ofereceram definições operacionais desse termo, sugerindo a necessidade de mais estudos e esclarecimentos sobre o tema.
ABANDONO TERAPÊUTICO NA TERAPIA COGNITIVO-COMPORTAMENTAL
Authors: Da Rosa Pureza Juliana , Da Silva Oliveira Margareth , Andretta Ilana
Published: November 2013

O abandono terapêutico é um importante problema da na prática clínica, porém as conclusões que encontramos na literatura sobre o tema ainda são controversas, principalmente no que diz respeito ao abandono terapêutico na TCC. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar que fatores estão relacionados com o abandono de pacientes na TCC em uma clínica-escola. Foram analisados os dados arquivados de 63 pacientes atendidos na TCC. As análises compararam os pacientes que abandonaram o tratamento e os que permaneceram no tratamento. A taxa de abandono observada foi similar ao reportado na literatura. Os pacientes que abandonaram o tratamento não diferiram dos que permaneceram em tratamento no que se refere à variáveis sócio-demográficas e ao diagnóstico. Os resultados indicaram que os pacientes que abandonaram o tratamento compareceram a um número menor de sessões, sugerindo que a maioria dos pacientes abandona a TCC nas sessões inicias. A literatura aponta que uma falha na boa relação terapêutica ou o uso de hipóteses terapêuticas equivocadas podem levar ao abandono nas sessões iniciais.
Abordagem da violência familiar na Estratégia Saúde da Família: Revisão da literatura
Authors: Schmidt Beatriz , Berger Coelho Elza Salema
Published: November 2013

Em virtude dos impactos que a violência familiar acarreta no processo de desenvolvimento daquelesque a vivenciam, afetando aspectos psicológicos, físicos e sociais, ela é considerada, atualmente,um importante problema de saúde no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisara produção científica brasileira a respeito da abordagem da violência familiar na AtençãoPrimária à Saúde (APS) e Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Realizou-se levantamento dasproduções a partir de buscas nas seguintes bases de dados: Scientific Electronic Library Online(SciELO) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram utilizados descritores preestabelecidos eindexados no processo de busca pelas publicações. Os resultados indicaram que o tipo de violênciamais abordado foi a praticada contra a mulher. Constatou-se predomínio de trabalhosde corte transversal, enfoque empírico-pesquisa, sendo entrevistas e questionários as técnicasmais utilizadas. A categoria temática mais prevalente referiu-se à análise das práticas dos profissionais.Pontua-se a necessidade de melhor descrição dos métodos utilizados nos trabalhos,uma vez que alguns estudos avaliados não informaram detalhes relevantes sobre o procedimentometodológico adotado. Indica-se a importância de desenvolvimento de pesquisas queabordem a avaliação, por parte de profissionais e usuários dos serviços de saúde, do trabalhoque vem sendo desenvolvido na APS e ESF com relação à violência familiar.
Coping em profissionais que atuam com vítimas de violência sexual
Authors: Ax Wilhelm Fernanda , Antunes dos Santos Sandra
Published: November 2013

Profissionais que atuam com vítimas de violência sexual muitas vezes lidam com diferentes sentimentos, tais como: angústia, impotência, receio, paralisação, revolta, desconfiança, raiva, indignação, tristeza, sensação de não resolutividade, reavaliação de preconceitos, dentre outros. Ocorrências de violência são complexas e sensibilizam os profissionais que lidam cotidianamente com esse fenômeno. As condições estressantes vivenciadas diariamente na atuação profissional possibilitam a utilização de diferentes estratégias que visem a minimizar a redução do impacto do estresse. O coping pode ser definido como constantes esforços cognitivos e comportamentais no manejo de demandas especificas, externas e/ou internas, ao exigir ou exceder os recursos pessoais. Os objetivos do estudo foram: identificar situações estressantes no cotidiano profissional e investigar estratégias de coping utilizadas por esses profissionais. Participaram do estudo oito profissionais que atuavam em dois conselhos tutelares e três profissionais que atuavam no Programa Sentinela. Utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevista com perguntas semiestruturadas. O estudo indicou situações estressantes (omissão de parentes das vítimas, não resolução da situação de imediato, alta demanda de trabalho, casos em que pais/padrastos são acusados, envolvimento emocional, entre outros). As estratégias de coping utilizadas foram: buscar meios e alternativas na resolução da situação, encarar a situação com calma, encarar como um desafio, conversar com colegas conselheiros para obter auxílio, realizar leituras, sair com a família, viajar, escutar música, dançar, praticar esportes, rezar, acessar a internet, tomar água ou café para aliviar o estresse, dentre outros. É importante que os profissionais recebam uma rede de apoio social e políticas públicas mais efetivas para sua atuação.
Violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes: Formação e conhecimento dos médicos
Authors: Margarido Ayrton , Navas Sanches Próspero Elisete , Peter Grillo Luciane
Published: November 2013

A violência contra crianças e adolescentes sempre esteve presente na história da humanidade e é atualmente considerada um grave problema de saúde pública no Brasil, constituindo a principal causa de morte a partir dos 5 anos de idade. Trabalhar com casos de violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes (VDCA) não é uma tarefa fácil, uma vez que o médico pode se defrontar com situações complicadas, notadamente no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), que mantém estreito vínculo com comunidades inseridas em cenários propícios a esse fenômeno e expostas a risco social. Esta pesquisa exploratória, com análise qualitativa, foi esenvolvida com o objetivo de identificar a percepção de médicos atuantes no PSF sobre o processo de atendimento às vítimas de VDCA no município de São Paulo (SP). O estudo confirmou a falta ou do pouco conhecimento sobre as imbricações e impactos da VDCA ― consequência da não abordagem do tema nos cursos de graduação e da carência de educação continuada. Além disso, revelou que os médicos dedicados a programas de atenção básica se confrontam com dilemas éticos e sentimentos que desembocam na percepção de impotência diante das vítimas de maus-tratos, associada ao medo de represálias por parte dos agressores e ao descrédito nas instituições que têm atribuição legal de dar encaminhamento aos casos. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa indicam que esses fatores associados resultam em deficiências no sistema de notificação que acabam por ampliar as lacunas das estatísticas das ocorrências de violência doméstica no Brasil.
ANSIEDADE E DEPRESSÃO EM MULHERES VÍTIMAS DE VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA
Authors: Bittar Danielle , Kohlsdorf Marina
Published: November 2013

O objetivo desta pesquisa quantitativa foi avaliar o nível de depressão e ansiedade em mulheres vítimas da violência doméstica, além de caracterizar o tipo de violência sofrida. Foram avaliadas 15 mulheres com idade entre 25 e 62 anos que deram entrada em uma delegacia de polícia com queixa de violência doméstica e estavam em acompanhamento psicossocial no Núcleo de Atendimento à Família e dos Autores de Violência Doméstica (NAFAVD- Brazlândia) da Secretaria de Estado da Mulher (SEM). Foram aplicados três questionários: o primeiro visa obter dados sobre o perfil da violência e dados demográficos das participantes; o segundo é Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI), instrumento que avalia os sintomas depressivos; e o terceiro, o Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (BAI), instrumento que avalia os sintomas de ansiedade. Foi observada correlação positiva, moderada e estaticamente significativa entre as medidas de ansiedade e depressão, além de múltiplas formas de violência simultânea. A violência doméstica está associada a uma percepção negativa da saúde física e mental da mulher, requerendo políticas de atuação integrada que possam possibilitar maneiras eficientes de manejar este problema social.
The origin of muddy sand sediments associated with mud volcanism in the Horonobe area of northern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Miyakawa Kazuya , Tokiwa Tetsuya , Murakami Hiroaki
Published: November 2013

The origin of muddy sand and gas in muddy sand sediments in the Horonobe area of northern Hokkaido, Japan, was investigated by analyzing the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the sediments and the chemical/isotopic compositions of the gas. X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction analyses indicate that chemically, the muddy sand is derived from a mixing of components from the Hakobuchi and overlying formations, and that the characteristic mineral of the muddy sand is heulandite, which, in the study area, has been detected only in the Hakobuchi Formation. These results suggest that the sediments ascended from depths of at least 2200–2400 m. The δ13CCH4 values and the methane/(ethane + propane) ratios of the gas indicate that the primary origin of the methane is by thermogenic decomposition of coal‐bearing beds in the Haboro or Hakobuchi formations, or further deep sources. This study provides new data on processes of onshore mud volcanism in Japan, and contributes to an understanding of processes of subsurface mass transport in regions of mud‐volcanic activity.
Directionality and variability of energetic neutral hydrogen fluxes observed by Mars Express
Authors: Wang X.‐D. , Barabash S. , Futaana Y. , Grigoriev A. , Wurz P.
Published: November 2013

Using data collected by the neutral particle detector of the analyzer of space plasmas and energetic atoms on board Mars Express, we establish the global morphology of hydrogen energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes. The observations were conducted in March–July 2004 and reveal that low flux ENAs (<5×105cm−2s−1sr−1) are emitted roughly isotropically from the dayside of the planet. These ENA emissions originate from the backscattering of the hydrogen ENAs produced by the charge exchange of the upstream solar wind in the extended Martian exosphere. ENAs of higher fluxes are emitted preferentially in the directions perpendicular to the undisturbed solar wind velocity. This population is due to the charge exchange of the magnetosheath plasma. At a great distance, these ENA emissions resemble a thick layer or a wall. The emissions are enhanced in the direction opposite to the convective electric field (Ec). This enhancement reflects the asymmetric shape of the induced magnetic boundary that is close to the planet hemisphere where the Ec points toward the Sun‐Mars line (−Ec hemisphere). The ENA flux shows a positive correlation with the solar wind dynamic pressure. The asymmetry in the ENA emissions is modest during quiet solar wind conditions but becomes more pronounced when the solar wind dynamic pressure increases.
An MHD simulation model of time‐dependent global solar corona with temporally varying solar‐surface magnetic field maps
Authors: Hayashi K.
Published: November 2013

We present a model of a time‐dependent three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulation of the sub‐Alfvenic solar corona and super‐Alfvenic solar wind with temporally varying solar‐surface boundary magnetic field data. To (i) accommodate observational data with a somewhat arbitrarily evolving solar photospheric magnetic field as the boundary value and (ii) keep the divergence‐free condition, we developed a boundary model, here named Confined Differential Potential Field model, that calculates the horizontal components of the magnetic field, from changes in the vertical component, as a potential field confined in a thin shell. The projected normal characteristic method robustly simulates the solar corona and solar wind, in response to the temporal variation of the boundary Br. We conduct test MHD simulations for two periods, from Carrington Rotation number 2009 to 2010 and from Carrington Rotation 2074 to 2075 at solar maximum and minimum of Cycle 23, respectively. We obtained several coronal features that a fixed boundary condition cannot yield, such as twisted magnetic field lines at the lower corona and the transition from an open‐field coronal hole to a closed‐field streamer. We also obtained slight improvements of the interplanetary magnetic field, including the latitudinal component, at Earth.
Solar wind‐driven plasma fluxes from the Venus ionosphere
Authors: Pérez‐de‐Tejada H. , Lundin R. , Durand‐Manterola H. , Barabash S. , Zhang T. L. , Sauvaud J. A. , Reyes‐Ruiz M.
Published: November 2013

Measurements conducted with the ASPERA‐4 instrument and the magnetometer of the Venus Express spacecraft show that the kinetic pressure of planetary O+ ion fluxes measured in the Venus wake can be significantly larger than the local magnetic pressure, and as a result, those ions are not solely being driven by magnetic forces but also by the kinetic energy of the solar wind. Beams of planetary O+ ions with those properties have been detected in several orbits of the Venus Express through the Venus wake as the spacecraft traverses by the noon‐midnight plane along its near‐polar trajectory. The momentum flux of the O+ ions leads to superalfvenic flow conditions. It is suggested that such O+ ion beams are produced in the vicinity of the magnetic polar regions of the Venus ionosphere where the solar wind erodes the local plasma leading to plasma channels that extend downstream from those regions. The distribution of the number of cases where superalfvenic and subalfvenic conditions are measured along the Venus Express trajectory leads to dominant values when the total kinetic plasma pressure (including that of the solar wind protons) and the magnetic pressure are comparable, thus suggesting a possible equipartition of energy between the plasma and the magnetic field.
First storm‐time plasma velocity estimates from high‐resolution ionospheric data assimilation
Authors: Datta‐Barua Seebany , Bust Gary S. , Crowley Geoff
Published: November 2013

This paper uses data assimilation to estimate ionospheric state during storm time at subdegree resolution. We use Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D) to resolve the three‐dimensional time‐varying electron density gradients of the storm‐enhanced density poleward plume. By Estimating Model Parameters from Ionospheric Reverse Engineering (EMPIRE), we infer the three‐dimensional plasma velocity from the densities. EMPIRE estimates of ExB drift are made by correcting the Weimer 2000 electric potential model. This is the first time electron densities derived from GPS total electron content (TEC) data are being used to estimate field‐aligned and field‐perpendicular drifts at such high resolution, without reference to direct drift measurements. The time‐varying estimated electron densities are used to construct the ionospheric spatial decorrelation in vertical total electron content (TEC) on horizontal scales of less than 100 km. We compare slant TEC (STEC) estimates to actual STEC GPS observations, including independent unassimilated data. The IDA4D density model of the extreme ionospheric storm on 20 November 2003 shows STEC delays of up to 210 TEC units, comparable to the STEC of the GPS ground stations. Horizontal drifts from EMPIRE are predicted to be northwestward within the storm‐enhanced density plume and its boundary, turning northeast at high latitudes. These estimates compare favorably to independent Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics‐assimilated high‐latitude ExB drift estimates. Estimated and measured Defense Meteorological Satellite Program in situ drifts differ by a factor of 2–3 and in some cases have incorrect direction. This indicates that significant density rates of change and more accurate accounting for production and loss may be needed when other processes are not dominant.
Assessing Pronunciation
Authors: Isaacs Talia
Published: November 2013

This chapter brings to the fore key issues and challenges in second language (L2) pronunciation assessment, drawing on both psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. After providing reasons for the exclusion of pronunciation from L2 classrooms and its marginalization from mainstream L2 assessment research over the past several decades, the role of pronunciation in theoretical models of communicative competence and in L2 oral proficiency scales is examined. The theme of defining and operationalizing an appropriate assessment criterion for L2 pronunciation permeates the chapter and existing empirical evidence on the pronunciation features that should be taught and, by implication, tested is considered. The chapter concludes with future directions in L2 pronunciation assessment research, with particular emphasis on influences on rater judgments of L2 speech and technological innovations.
Assessing
Russian
Authors: Madyarov Irshat
Published: November 2013

In the last two decades Russia has undergone dramatic transformations following the political and economic hardships of the 1990s. In this context, the chapter starts with an overview of geopolitical changes in the former USSR region and their impact on the Russian language and its assessment. It then offers a short linguistic description of the Russian language, along with some recent linguistic changes. The bulk of the chapter discusses issues of assessing Russian both as a first language and as a language spoken by speakers of other languages, primarily those who reside within the former USSR region. In particular, two tests receive the greatest attention in this paper: the Unified State Examination—Ediny Gosudarstvenny Ekzamen—for speakers of Russian as a first language; and the Test of Russian as Foreign Language. Much of the discussion draws on the existing literature on the two tests; some independent analysis is offered by the author.
Assessing
Thai
Authors: Kullavanijaya Pranee , Vongpumivitch Viphavee , Jaratjarungkiat Debi
Published: November 2013

This chapter gives an account of the assessment of the Thai language both as first (L1) and foreign language (L2). The Thai language referred to in this chapter is Standard Thai, the national language of approximately 65 million people in Thailand. A brief linguistic description of the Thai language is given, followed by a presentation of the formal teaching of Thai in schools and universities. Two types of Thai assessment are discussed. The first is achievement testing of Thai as a native language (L1) conducted by individual schools nationwide, with the most important test being the university entrance examination administered annually by the Ministry of Education (MOE) to high school graduates wishing to pursue tertiary education. The second type of Thai assessment is the proficiency testing of Thai both as L1 and as L2. An L1 proficiency test of Thai has been developed by the Sirindhorn Thai Language Institute at Chulalongkorn University for college students and adult native speakers who wish to evaluate their proficiency in Thai. An L2 proficiency assessment in Thai is represented by the MOE test and the Sirindhorn Thai Language Institute Test. A description of the Sirindhorn Thai Language Institute proficiency test is given to illustrate the systematic process of standardizing Thai proficiency tests in Thailand.
Englishas a Lingua Franca
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer , Leung Constant
Published: November 2013

Speakers of English as a lingua franca (ELF) represent the largest contemporary group of English users around the world. Much empirical research into the phenomenon of ELF over the past 10 years or so has focused on identifying the linguistic regularities of their English in diverse contexts of use. More recently, research has demonstrated the extent to which ELF is characterized by extensive online variability, with speakers accommodating their English to an extent not found in other language use, so as to make it appropriate to the interaction in hand and the diverse interlocutors involved.

The acknowledged variability of ELF has resulted in a dilemma for English language teaching and assessment. That is, grammatical and pragmatic norms conventionally associated with an idealized “standard” version of the native language no longer seem appropriate as benchmarks, because the majority of ELF use takes place among non‐native English speakers. English language assessment thus needs to develop new benchmarks that are able to evaluate the degree to which ELF users’ English is fit for purpose.

This chapter begins by discussing ELF from the perspective of teaching and learning, and, in doing so, dispels the myth that ELF eschews any kind of standards. It goes on to explore the notion of “standard” English and the extent to which it is grounded in language ideology rather than appropriate use of language in context, as well as the ways in which this ideology is being reinforced by the powerful transnational English language testing enterprises and, in turn, diverting attention from the changes needed in English language teaching. Finally, taking note of work in the field of critical language assessment and paying attention to empirical findings regarding ELF‐mediated communication, the factors that need to be taken into account in order to enrich the agenda for future developments are considered.
Developmental Considerations and Curricular Contexts in the Assessment of Young Language Learners
Authors: Bailey Alison L. , Heritage Margaret , Butler Frances A.
Published: November 2013

The content that language assessments should include and the manner in which language assessments should be designed and administered are of special interest to the test developers, language researchers, and classroom teachers who work with young language learners. This chapter focuses on adjustments to language assessment that are based on the developmental and educational needs of children. The chapter opens with a discussion of the definition of young language learner. Later sections are divided into the specific considerations and concerns of language assessment with young children (3–7 years) and with children in middle childhood (8–12 years). Furthermore, the chapter distinguishes between language assessments that operate at the
macro‐
and at the
micro‐level
of decision making and concludes with recommendations for much needed improvements in the areas of assessment development and assessment practices with young language learners.
Computer‐Assisted Language Testing
Authors: Suvorov Ruslan , Hegelheimer Volker
Published: November 2013

Technological advancements that occurred since the late 1980s have revolutionized many aspects of human life including second language (L2) education. Language learners and teachers are now presented with a plethora of technology‐enhanced instructional materials and resources varying from simple electronic dictionaries to full‐fledged online language programs. The ubiquity of technology has also affected language assessment and engendered the field of computer‐assisted language testing (CALT), dedicated to exploring how computers and technology can be utilized for evaluating different language skills of non‐native speakers.

Computers have had a significant impact on language testing. First, Web‐based L2 tests have created new opportunities for measuring the L2 proficiency of multiple students anywhere in the world without a need for them to be physically present at a language test center. In addition, progress in natural language processing (NLP) techniques have made it possible for test takers to receive immediate assessment of their L2 abilities. Technological advances have also resulted in the development of more secure and reliable language tests. Nowadays one can either choose from a variety of computer‐based language tests designed for different groups of users and different purposes or develop customized language assessment using available tools and applications. However, even though technology appears to have promising potential for language testing, its use is not without challenges and problems.

This chapter begins with a brief introduction of the field and presents a framework for the description of computer‐assisted language tests. Next, it includes a description of major existing language tests and platforms for test development and delivery. The following discussion focuses on the principal recent developments in CALT and reports on the main trends in research. The last section of the chapter concludes by outlining the key challenges and future directions for CALT.
Assessing
North American
Indigenous Languages
Authors: Mellow J. Dean , Begg Kaitlyn
Published: November 2013

This chapter is an introduction to current practices in assessing North American indigenous languages. The languages of the indigenous people of North America are remarkably diverse. As a result of European colonization and subsequent political and educational policies, only about 200 mutually unintelligible languages remain, with the number of speakers of each ranging from less than 30 to more than 100,000. The chapter provides an introduction to some of the properties of these languages, and to their current patterns of use, as well as to their teaching and learning contexts. The chapter provides a brief overview of assessment practices for the following languages: Anihshininiimowin (northern Ontario), Inuttitut (northern Quebec), Seneca (New York state), and Cree (focusing on materials used in Alberta). Local decision making is very important for assessment of the language abilities that are valued and viable to achieve. Local decision making is also necessitated by the limitations of published information about these languages, by the dynamic and variable patterns of language use, and by the diverse types of teaching and learning contexts. Local educators, test developers, fluent speakers, and elders work collaboratively to assess the desired types of language use, especially because language is so closely intertwined with identity and culture.
AssessingHebrew
Authors: Inbar‐Lourie Ofra
Published: November 2013

The majority of Hebrew first language speakers presently reside in Israel where Hebrew has enjoyed a special ideological status as the national unifying language since its revival. The assessment of Hebrew in the Israeli educational framework is targeted at different populations: mother tongue Hebrew speakers, Arabic speaking children who learn Hebrew as a third language (following spoken and standard Arabic), the language of instruction in academic settings, and speakers of other languages who immigrate to Israel for permanent or temporary residence. In addition, Hebrew is studied and assessed outside Israel as a foreign language in K‐12 Hebrew day schools, bilingual programs, and academic frameworks, as well as for vocational purposes.

This chapter presents the current assessment practices of Hebrew prevalent in the above settings and their ramifications. It will first describe the heavily assessment laden Israeli educational environment, where national and international tests dominate the scene used mostly for monitoring summative purposes, but also with a formative orientation. At the academic level it looks at the university entrance exams with their academic Hebrew component, and the bias created when using some of the translated versions. Special emphasis is placed on the Hebrew assessment of immigrant children, and the testing requirements of students who completed their high school studies in languages other than Hebrew. The international mother tongue PISA and PIRLS tests which have become major players in the Israeli educational system are critically surveyed. The assessment of Hebrew as a foreign language outside Israel focuses on assessment projects in Jewish schools, academic studies and teachers in bilingual education, as well as tests of Hebrew proficiency and Hebrew placement tests for US‐based universities.
Writing Research Reports
Authors: McIntosh Kyle , Ginther April
Published: November 2013

As publication provides the primary basis for an evaluation for promotion and tenure, the ability to write and produce research reports is a fundamental skill for the academic professional. Whether one writes final papers, theses, dissertations, or professional publications, the essential characteristics of the research report remain the same. Research reports are written to present an argument, and all the components of the report should be written to serve the argument. This chapter summarizes and discusses components and characteristics of the research report from several different points of view, but each with an eye toward effective argumentation. First, an overview of the American Psychological Association'sPublication Manualis provided. TheManualpresents more than the most commonly followed citation style; it embodies received wisdom with respect to writing style in the social sciences. However, when considering how to write an effective research report, a wealth of additional resources exists. These resources include the vast literature on writing theses and dissertations (the “how to finish” genre) and articles on academic style and argumentation written from editors' and researchers' points of view (the “how to publish” genre). Thesehow togenres are augmented by a large body of literature in which the process and the products of research writing are objects of investigation. Considered together, these resources demystify both process and genre, providing a foundation that allows writers to present their research with confidence.
Using Standards and Guidelines
Authors: Saville Nick
Published: November 2013

This chapter discusses the notion of standards in the context of educational assessment and focuses in particular on applications to language testing. Starting with a definition of what is meant by a “standard,” it covers notions such as accountability and social responsibility. Assessment systems need to be based on ethical principles; and organizations, in their responsibility for developing and validating language assessment, must be able to implement effective procedures to meet their obligations in practice. Appropriate standards and guidelines address these concerns by guiding professional practices and improving the management of assessment cycles. Examples of standards for both educational assessment and language testing are discussed. The application of quality management systems (QMS) is also discussed, and a case is made for adopting this approach in setting professional standards. Quality management principles and guidelines based on quality control and quality assurance procedures contribute to the efficiency of assessment processes and provide evidence needed in developing a validity argument.
Assessing Literacy
Authors: Weigle Sara Cushing
Published: November 2013

This chapter begins with a discussion of the purposes of literacy assessment for different populations; such purposes can go from evaluating an individual's readiness for school for to describing literacy rates in a community or nation. Next, a historical review of the concept of literacy is presented. Traditionally, literacy has been defined and therefore assessed primarily as an ability to read; however, current conceptions of literacy are far broader. They encompass reading and writing in one or more languages and recognize the increasing importance of digital media and the ability to evaluate information critically. The chapter discusses literacy assessment for school‐aged populations and adults; this covers assessing functional literacy, the use of literacy assessments for setting policies, and specific purpose literacy assessment (e.g., health literacy). Examples of assessment tasks for different populations are provided. Finally, challenges and opportunities in literacy assessment are discussed.
Fifty Years of Language Assessment
Authors: Davies Alan
Published: November 2013

The chapter provides a critical review of institutional language testing over the 50‐year period following the publication of Robert Lado'sLanguage Testing(1961). It is argued that, over the period, language testing has professionalized itself, as shown by research, university degree courses, international journals and publications, national and international language‐testing associations and codes of ethics. A compromise was found early in the period between competence (structure) and performance (communication) following the brief venture into communicative language testing. The period represents a move away from a primary concern with test reliability to a wider interest in validity, from an emphasis on language testing content (especially language for specific purpose) and method (notably statistical procedures and technological resources) to a mature concern for the use of language tests and the extent of the profession's responsibility for that use.
Ongoing Challenges in Language Assessment
Authors: Bachman Lyle F.
Published: November 2013

Many challenges that language testers have faced over the years continue to engage us. New challenges engendered by changes in the economic, social, and educational contexts of the 21st century assure that the field will be vibrant and exciting. Continuing issues include the validity of interpretations, ethics and professionalism, the use of language assessments in accountability decisions, and washback. New challenges include classroom language assessment, training classroom teachers in language assessment, and language assessment for citizenship and naturalization.

The needs for language assessments have increased and there is greater demand for language testers to be accountable to stakeholders.Assessment justificationis the process of providing a rationale and evidence to justify the use of a particular assessment. An assessment use argument (AUA) provides a conceptual framework for linking assessment performance to assessment use. Assessment justification is applicable to the wide range of situations and uses that characterize language testing practice in the 21st century, and provides a basis for addressing the challenges these raise.
Assessing
Nepali
Authors: Pokharel Madhav P.
Published: November 2013

Nepali is an Indo‐Aryan language primarily spoken in Nepal. It has also been spoken for a few centuries in southern Bhutan and several states of northeast India. It is the official language of Nepal, the Indian state of Sikkim, and the Darjeeling Hill Council of West Bengal, and is one of the 22 constitutional languages of India. It is often called the language of the Khasa, the original inhabitants of Central Asia during the Bronze Age, who finally moved to the sub‐Himalayan region as far as Nepal. Nepali is typologically closer to the northern (Kashmiri) and western (Rajasthani, Gujarati, and Sindhi) than the neighboring Indo‐Aryan languages.

The Nepali language is older than the formation of Nepal. It is written in the Devanagari script. The earliest inscription in Nepali is dated to the 11th century. It is likely that Nepali may have taken shape around the 10th century, comparable to its New Indo‐Aryan sister languages. Nepali has three historical, 12 geographical dialects, and many social dialects because of multilingualism. The eastern dialect of Nepali is standardized. Nepali follows the subject–object–verb order. Passivization and causativization are represented both morphologically and syntactically. Both transitive and intransitive sentences can be passivized. Evidential mood distinguishes Nepali from other Indo‐Aryan languages. There are 11 patterns of nominative verb agreement triggered by countability, animacy, human–nonhuman distinction, honorificity, gender, size, number, person, and passivization. There are at least four grades of morphological honorific. Nepali is a classifier language using about 500 classifiers. Case distinction is controlled by post‐positions, morphology, and agreement. Onomatopoeia is a productive area of the vocabulary. Nepali has linked and influenced other languages in the country and is grammatically influenced. It borrows words less from neighboring languages than from Persian Arabic, English, and Sanskrit.
Program Evaluation and Language Assessment
Authors: Green Brent A.
Published: November 2013

The fields of language assessment and program evaluation focus primarily on the practices of obtaining information that is used to make decisions in a variety of contexts. The purpose of this chapter is to examine program evaluation theories and practice that might help inform language assessment theory and practice. Specifically, a focus on the use branch of program evaluation theory seems to hold promise for helping language assessment researchers to broaden the scope of inquiry and deepen theoretical premises and philosophies of language assessment. In addition to examining historic perspectives and the concepts of evaluation misuse, this chapter explores use‐focused program evaluation principles and their applications to the field of language assessment.
Improving Discrimination and Face Matching with Caricature
Authors: McIntyre Alex H. , Hancock Peter J. B. , Kittler Josef , Langton Stephen R. H.
Published: November 2013

Identification of faces from photographs is a common security measure, but matching unfamiliar faces produces high rates of error. Caricatures of familiar people are highly identifiable because they exaggerate distinctive features. We investigated whether exaggerating unfamiliar faces through caricaturing could also improve face‐matching accuracy. In Experiment 1, face‐matching arrays were caricatured relative to an average by 30%, 50% and 70%. Correct rejection of the target‐absent arrays was improved at all levels. Accurate matches increased at 30%, but at 70%, the transformation was too extreme, and all of the arrays were more likely to be rejected. In Experiment 2, photographic identification (ID) images were caricatured by 30% and 50% and matched to life‐size photographs. Rejection of foils improved, but the ID of matching images was impaired. Modest levels of caricature may improve discrimination in unfamiliar face matching, but at stronger levels, a conservative response bias may inhibit accurate ID. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crowd Effects in Unfamiliar Face Matching
Authors: White David , Burton A. Mike , Kemp Richard I. , Jenkins Rob
Published: November 2013

Psychological research shows that humans can not reliably match unfamiliar faces. This presents a practical problem, because identity verification processes in a variety of occupational settings depend on people to perform these tasks reliably. In this context, it is surprising that very few studies have attempted to improve human performance. Here, we investigate whether distributing face matching tasks across groups of individuals might help to solve this problem. Across four studies, we measure the accuracy of the ‘crowd’ on a standard test of face matching ability and find that aggregating individual responses produces substantial gains in matching accuracy. We discuss the practical implications of this result and also suggest ways in which this approach might be used to improve our understanding of face perception more generally. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive Effects of Imagery on Police Officers' Shooting Performance under Threat
Authors: Colin Laura , Nieuwenhuys Arne , Visser Aad , Oudejans Raôul R. D.
Published: November 2013

We investigated the effects of imagery on police officers' shooting performance under threat. To this end, 66 officers executed a realistic shooting exercise against an opponent that initially did not shoot back with painful coloured‐soap cartridges (low‐threat condition) followed by a condition in which he did [high‐threat (HT) condition]. In between conditions, participants performed an imagery intervention: one group imagined ‘successful shot execution’ and one imagined ‘successful shot execution under threat, including the accompanying emotions’; a control group received no imagery intervention. Although for the control group shot accuracy was significantly lower in the HT condition than under low‐threat conditions, both imagery groups were able to maintain their shot accuracy in the HT condition, despite increased levels of anxiety. It is concluded that focusing on successful shot execution is pivotal, whereas adding emotional statements does not seem to have an additional positive effect. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Wetting to the Agglomeration of Dispersed Particles in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Fritzsche Jörg , Teichmann Jakob , Heuzeroth Fabian , van den Boogaart Karl Gerald , Peuker Urs Alexander
Published: November 2013

To produce high quality casted steel or aluminum products the step of filtration is essential. To improve this filtration process an experimental study to estimate the influence of the wettability is carried out using a model system. With this model system an atomic force microscope (AFM) study to measure the adhesive force is done. The results of this study are used to simulate the agglomeration behavior of a dynamic particle system. To confirm the results of the AFM study and the computer simulation, filtration experiments are realized.

These experiments as well as the simulations show a significant effect of the wetting behavior on the filtration efficiency. A high contact angle between the solid and liquid leads to an agglomeration of the impurities and with it to larger particle sizes. This finally results in a significant higher retention rate within the ceramic filter.
Geometry Dependent Effective Elastic Properties of Open‐Cell Foams Based on Kelvin Cell Models**
Authors: Storm Johannes , Abendroth Martin , Zhang Dongshuang , Kuna Meinhard
Published: November 2013

Dealing with foam structures, some kinds of computer simulations require accurate volumetric models for high quality results. Those simulations require a large computational effort. For simplification often less complex models like beam models are used. The present work analyses the differences of effective elastic properties between accurate volumetric models and corresponding beam models of a Kelvin cell. Furthermore, the influence of certain foam geometry details on the elastic properties beside the relative density is shown.
A Universal Method of Producing Transparent Electrodes Using Wide‐Bandgap Materials
Authors: Kim Hee‐Dong , An Ho‐Myoung , Kim Kyoung Heon , Kim Su Jin , Kim Chi Sun , Cho Jaehee , Schubert E. Fred , Kim Tae Geun
Published: November 2013

A UV light‐emitting diode (LED) is an eco‐friendly optical source with diverse applications. However, currently, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of AlGaN‐based UV LEDs, particularly in the UV‐C band (<280 nm), is very low (<11%) mainly due to a large optical absorption via p‐GaN contact layers. A direct Ohmic contact to p‐AlGaN layers should be obtained using UV‐transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) to solve this problem. A universal method is presented here to make such contact using electrical breakdown, with wide‐bandgap materials, to form conductive filaments (CFs), providing a current path between the TCEs and the p‐(Al)GaN layers. The contact resistance between the TCEs and the p‐GaN layers (or p‐AlGaN) is found to be on the order of 10−5 Ω cm2 (or 10−3 Ω cm2), while optical transmittance is maintained up to 95% for AlN‐based TCEs at 250 nm. These findings could be a critical turning point delivering a breakthrough in UV LED technologies.