bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les sciences de l’information en soutien à la veille technologique : l’exemple de V-TeDDS, veille pour la clientèle avec une double déficience sensorielle
Authors: Houtekier Catherine , Cantin Sylvie
Published: April 2020

La prise de décision dans une perspective de meilleures pratiques en réadaptation en déficience physique et en contexte de besoins évolutifs de la clientèle, d’obsolescence rapide des technologies et de budgets limités, requiert le soutien de la veille. Cet article présente la naissance et la mise en place du projet V-TeDDS, veille technologique pour la clientèle avec une double déficience sensorielle. Pour ce faire, les auteures campent les définitions et la raison d’être du projet, décrivent le cycle de veille et ses acteurs, traitent du mode de gestion de projet, exposent la méthodologie, s’intéressent aux rôles et défis des professionnels de l’information, puis abordent les étapes à venir.
Concienciación a través de la pantalla: La violencia de género en la publicidad de bien público argentina. Análisis de la campaña Cambiá el trato
Authors: Tomba Carolina , Allisiardi Andrés Adriano , Muñoz Cecilia , Lira Victoria
Published: April 2020

Este artículo analiza la campaña de bien público Cambiá el trato producida por la Fundación AVÓN Argentina, que gira en torno a las diversas manifestaciones de la violencia de género en un intento de comprometer a la audiencia masculina. El principal objetivo de este trabajo está centrado en observar la construcción discursiva de esta problemática, para establecer si la campaña propone una nueva vía o si reproduce los estereotipos hegemónicos en la representación de este tipo de violencia. Para realizarlo, las piezas publicitarias serán analizadas desde una perspectiva cualitativa que explore sus niveles técnicos, sociales y comunicativos. Además, su propuesta creativa será medida con una perspectiva cuantitativa. Los resultados revelan que Cambiá el trato consigue ampliar el debate de la violencia de género en Argentina, abriendo un nuevo camino que interpela a los hombres sobre su conducta. A partir de este caso, considerado una buena práctica, se puede señalar que la publicidad de bien público cuenta con un nuevo enfoque para el tratamiento responsable de esta causa social.
Télévision et politique spectacle: l'exemple chilien
Authors: Balutet Nicolas
Published: April 2020

Si le plébiscite chilien de 1988 constitue un moment capital dans le domaine politique, il l’est aussi dans celui de la communication. En effet, c’est la première fois à cette échelle que la télévision est appelée à jouer un rôle aussi important dans une campagne politique. Or, la télévision est un média qui ne fait pas consensus et suscite de très nombreux commentaires et réflexions sur son rôle et son influence. Pour les uns, il s’agit d’un instrument de culture et de démocratisation, tandis que, pour les autres (les plus nombreux), ce n’est qu’un dispositif de manipulation des masses, de maintien de l’ordre symbolique et d’abrutissement, ce qui, a fortiori dans un contexte dictatorial comme celui du général Pinochet, suscite de fortes inquiétudes. Si l’on ne peut que se réjouir de la victoire des outsiders politiques, il est légitime de se demander, cependant, si l’importance accordée à l’image télévisuelle lors de la campagne plébiscitaire de septembre 1988 a permis d’instaurer un processus sérieux de redémocratisation du pays ou, au contraire, si elle n’a fait que substituer une forme de propagande par une autre. Les clips télévisés ont-ils induit des changements quant à la manière d’appréhender la politique ? Si tel est le cas, peut-on dire que la mutation va dans le bon sens ou bien qu’elle pose plutôt une série de problèmes ?
Cosas confusas
Authors: Melero Lázaro Mónica
Published: April 2020

Los estudios de comunicación digital se han preocupado especialmente de la técnica y la práctica en el ámbito periodístico. Sin embargo, apenas se ha prestado atención a la escritura como tecnología desde una perspectiva social. Este libro coordinado por el profesor Daniel H. Cabrera ofrece una profunda investigación desde el punto de vista filosófico, moral y social sobre comunicación y tecnología a partir de múltiples enfoques y estudios procedentes de Alemania, Argentina, Brasil, Cabo Verde, España y México.
Impact of Switching to Fingolimod Versus Injectable Disease-Modifying Therapy Cycling on Risk of Multiple Sclerosis–Related Relapses
Authors: Vieira Maria Cecilia , Li Yunfeng , Meng Xiangyi , Zhou Huanxue , Piao Olivia Wenxian , Kutz Christen , Conway Devon
Published: April 2020

Background:

Clinical and real-world studies have shown significant reductions in multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses with fingolimod versus injectable disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Multiple sclerosis relapse rate and incidence were compared in patients switching from an injectable DMT to fingolimod and those cycling from one injectable DMT to another or remaining on their original injectable DMT.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis was performed using Commercial and Medicare Supplemental claims data (July 1, 2010, to June 30, 2016) of adults with MS receiving ≥1 injectable DMT. Relapses were identified from MS-related hospitalization, outpatient emergency department or office visit, and corticosteroid administration. Annualized relapse rate ratio was estimated.

Results:

Of 16,352 patients, 1110 were switchers to fingolimod, 908 were injectable DMT cyclers, and 14,334 were nonswitchers. At baseline, rate and incidence of MS relapses were higher in switchers and injectable DMT cyclers versus nonswitchers (P < .001); mean ± SD relapse rates declined from 0.4 ± 0.7, 0.4 ± 0.7, and 0.2 ± 0.5 at baseline to 0.2 ± 0.5, 0.3 ± 0.6, and 0.1 ± 0.4 after follow-up in switchers, injectable DMT cyclers, and nonswitchers, respectively. Relapse incidence declined in each cohort. The highest reductions in relapse rate and incidence were in switchers to fingolimod, where relapse risk was significantly reduced versus injectable DMT cyclers (22%, P = .0433) and nonswitchers (47%, P < .001).

Conclusions:

This study provides evidence that patients switching from an injectable DMT to fingolimod have the highest reductions in annualized rate and incidence of MS relapses and significantly reduced risk of relapse versus injectable DMT cyclers and nonswitchers.
Desordem coordenativa desenvolvimental em crianças de Escolas Públicas de tempo parcial e integral
Authors: Bim Ricardo Henrique , Vieira José Luiz Lopes
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are characterized by low motor proficiency unrelated to neurological disorders or severe intellectual impairment, which results in difficulties to perform tasks of daily living.
Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of potential DCD in children with a mean age of 8.1 ± 0.35 years in part-time and full-time public schools.
Methods: The sample consisted of 159 children, both sexes, being 48.4% of partial time and 51.6% from full time school. Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (MABC-2) was used to assess aiming and catching skills, manual dexterity, and static and dynamic balance. Children were classified into: typical motor development, risk for DCD or potential DCD. For data analysis we used the Kolgomorov- Smirnov test. For comparisons of variables, the Mann Whitney U Test and analysis of variance were used to identify which skills evidenced the best levels of motor proficiency among the children.
Results: The results indicated that 2.5% of full-time school children were diagnosed with potential DCD and no occurrence among part-time school children, but with no statistically significant differences comparing skills according to daily school hours.
Conclusion: The sum of the prevalence of children at risk and potential DCD (18.3%) reports a concern, indicating a need for early motor development assessments to establish interventions to reverse or minimize motor deficit.
Integrated actions and strengthening of Public Health System in Brazil in a time of pandemic
Authors: Abreu Luiz Carlos de
Published: April 2020

The National Health System, being named unique in the Constitution because it refers to a set of elements, such as universalization, equity, integrality, decentralization and  popular participation  and which is in convergence with the  Constitution of 1988  of the Federative Republic of Brazil,  which  states that health is a right of all and a duty of the State.Thus, with the creation of SUS, the entire Brazilian population now has the right to universal and free health care , financed with resources from the budgets of the Union, the States, the Federal District and the Municipalities, as regulated by article 195 of the Brazilian Constitution. It is noteworthy that SUS is one of the most powerful and important in the world and  it serves about 220 million people. It   is characterized by a foundation of three pillars: universality, integrality and equity.
Long-term continuously monocropped peanut significantly changed the abundance and composition of soil bacterial communities
Authors: Chen Mingna , Liu Hu , Yu Shanlin , Wang Mian , Pan Lijuan , Chen Na , Wang Tong , Chi Xiaoyuan , Du Binghai
Published: April 2020

Soil sickness is the progressive loss of soil quality due to continuous monocropping. The bacterial populations are critical to sustaining agroecosystems, but their responses to long-term peanut monocropping have not been determined. In this study, based on a previously constructed gradient of continuous monocropped plots, we tracked the detailed feedback responses of soil bacteria to short- and long-term continuous monocropping of four different peanut varieties using high-throughput sequencing techniques. The analyses showed that soil samples from 1- and 2-year monocropped plots were grouped into one class, and samples from the 11- and 12-year plots were grouped into another. Long-term consecutive monocropping could lead to a general loss in bacterial diversity and remarkable changes in bacterial abundance and composition. At the genera level, the dominant genus Bacillus changed in average abundance from 1.49% in short-term monocropping libraries to 2.96% in the long-term libraries. The dominant species Bacillus aryabhattai and Bacillus funiculus and the relatively abundant species Bacillus luciferensis and Bacillus decolorationis all showed increased abundance with long-term monocropping. Additionally, several other taxa at the genus and species level also presented increased abundance with long-term peanut monocropping; however, several taxa showed decreased abundance. Comparing analyses of predicted bacterial community functions showed significant changes at different KEGG pathway levels with long-term peanut monocropping. Combined with our previous study, this study indicated that bacterial communities were obviously influenced by the monocropping period, but less influenced by peanut variety and growth stage. Some bacterial taxa with increased abundance have functions of promoting plant growth or degrading potential soil allelochemicals, and should be closely related with soil remediation and may have potential application to relieve peanut soil sickness. A decrease in diversity and abundance of bacterial communities, especially beneficial communities, and simplification of bacterial community function with long-term peanut monocropping could be the main cause of peanut soil sickness.
Two species of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda: Enoplida) from Jeju Island, South Korea
Authors: Jeong Raehyuk , Tchesunov Alexei V. , Lee Wonchoel
Published: April 2020

During a survey of intertidal zones at beaches on Jeju Island, two species belonging to the family Thoracostomopsidae were discovered. One new species,Enoploides koreanussp. nov. and one known species,Epacanthion hirsutumShi & Xu, 2016 are reported. Along with morphological analysis, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (mtCOI) sequences and 18S rRNA sequences of the species were also obtained and used to check relative p-distance and phylogenetic positions. While most species ofEnoploideshave long spicules, the new species belongs to a group ofEnoploideswith short spicules < 150 µm). Of the seven species with short spicules, the new species is most closely related toE. disparilisSergeeva, 1974. They both have similar body length, fairly similar sized and shaped spicules with small gubernaculum running parallel to distal end of spicule, and an index value of b. The new species can be distinguished fromE. disparilisby having pre-anal supplementary organ with short conical tail, whileE. disparilislacks pre-anal supplementary organ and has a long conico-cylindrical tail. Along with the description of the new species, the genusEnoploidesSsaweljev, 1912 is bibliographically reviewed and revised. Of 45 species described to date, 27 are now considered valid, 16 species inquirendae due to inadequate descriptions and ambiguity of the material examined, along with two cases of nomen nudum. With this review, we provide an updated diagnosis and list of valid species, a tabular key comparing diagnostic characters of all valid species, and a new complete key to species. One known species,Epacanthion hirsutumShi & Xu, 2016, is reported in Korea for the first time. The morphology agrees well with the original description provided by Shi & Xu, 2016. As they had already reviewed the genus at the time of reporting fourEpacanthionspecies, we provide only a description, depiction, and measurements for comparison purposes.
Nexus of Economic Growth on Happiness and Inequality: Reexamine the Paradox
Authors: Roka Debraj
Published: April 2020

Economic Growth is the essence of capitalism and it has the paradoxical relation on happiness and an inverse relationship with inequality. Capitalism is fueling the inequality in terms of access, opportunities, production, and distribution. The paper entitled “Nexus of Economic Growth on Happiness and Inequality” is reexamined the paradox which estimated the effect of economic growth and income on happiness and inequality by analyzing 1080 observations from 2008 to 2016 period covered 120 countries. The main explained variable of this paper is happiness and major interested explanatory variables are GDP per capita, GDP growth and inequality. The paper applied fixed and random effect and Linear Dynamic Panel Data (LDPD)/generalized method of moment estimation method as its estimation strategy. This paper investigated the positive association between GDP growth and income with happiness and found that the increase of economic growth and income lead to increase inequality which has a negative association with happiness.
Methodological Relationalism
Authors: Schmitz Andreas
Published: April 2020

Methodological relationalism denotes a scientific approach to the social that places relations, rather than entities, individual or collective, at the beginning of its conceptions and analyses. Relational reasoning is arguably one of the most dynamic and productive approaches in modern social sciences. This contribution puts particular emphasis on linking relational theory to corresponding ways of conducting research, that is, getting from relational methodology to relational methods.
Exchange Relationship
Authors: McFadyen M. Ann , Lavelle James J. , Lamarre Esther
Published: April 2020

An exchange relation is the relationship formed between two or more actors when they interdependently interact to exchange resources. Exchange relations may be economic (short‐term, quid pro quo exchange of resources) or social (longer‐term interactions involving mutual trust). Initially limited to the behavior of individual actors' reciprocal interactions with others and the resulting obligations between partners, the construct has been extended to include groups, organizations, and networks.
Zdravomyslov, Andrey (1928–2009)
Authors: Titarenko Larissa
Published: April 2020

Andrey Zdravomyslov (1928–2009) was a Soviet and Russian sociologist and social philosopher. He was among the founders of Soviet sociology in the early 1960s and contributed to the theory and methodology of sociological research. He started his sociological career at the Sociological Laboratory, Leningrad State University, under the leadership of Vladimir Yadov. Their joint book,
Man and His Work
(1967), was recognized as one of the best publications of Soviet sociology. His contribution to Soviet sociology also included a study guide on research methodology and works on the theory and history of sociology. In the post‐Soviet period he published on the sociology of conflict, sociology of crisis, and on national sociological schools. He was an active member of the International Sociological Association and headed a Community of Professional Sociologists in Russia in the 1990s.
Kovalevsky, Maksim (1851–1916)
Authors: Sorokin Pavel
Published: April 2020

Maksim Maksimovich Kovalevsky was one of the most respected and influential figures in sociology and the humanitarian and social sciences in Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Kovalevsky was president of the International Institute of Sociology in 1905. He developed a comparative historical approach to the study of social institutions' evolution, critically elaborating on the ideas of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and others. Kovalevsky examined the interdependence between various factors in concrete historical contexts – with many parallel influences and with possible contradictions. For instance, he considered the demographic factor in connection with economic growth. He also analyzed links between economics, political institutions, and political doctrines coevolving in society.
Sociology of Walking
Authors: Szakolczai Arpad , Horvath Agnes
Published: April 2020

Walking on two feet is both the most simple and basic of activities and is what has made us human. While for long ignored, walking as a practice and a theme is increasingly receiving attention, highlighted by the popularity of the Camino de Santiago. An embodied, multisensory, lived experience, involving participation and presence, walking brings out and alleviates the increasing unreality of the contemporary world. Central themes and methods in the sociology of walking include prehistorical sociology, the shift from walking culture to settlement, pilgrimage as a religious practice, autoethnography, and walking interview as a biographical method. Walking is homologous to thinking and drawing, each being lineal, and is compatible with a return to the thinking of Plato.
Authoritarian Personality
Authors: Martin John Levi
Published: April 2020

The Authoritarian Personality
was a generative, though methodologically flawed, approach in political psychology to explain political attitudes by pathologizing political opponents. Current work that connects partisanship or ideology to psychological or biological considerations is more promising but may suffer from similar blind spots.
Capital: Economic, Cultural, and Social
Authors: Julien Chris
Published: April 2020

The trifold distinction of capital as economic, cultural, and social was popularized by Pierre Bourdieu. While these concepts have enjoyed widespread utilization by sociological scholars, there is often intra‐conceptual confusion such that scholars employ widely varying operationalizations rooted in disparate theoretical traditions. This variety invites a discerning eye and is evidence of the fecundity of this trifold distinction of capital as economic, cultural, and social.
Civil Religion
Authors: Bortolini Matteo
Published: April 2020

“Civil religion” is an expression used to point to a diverse set of phenomena, interpretations, and normative theories regarding the relationship between religion, politics, and civic morals. The birth of the idea can be traced to the French philosopher Jean‐Jacques Rousseau's
The Social Contract
(1762), but modern usage began in 1967 with Robert N. Bellah's essay “Civil Religion in America.” Since then, the fitness and the depth of the idea for representing and understanding modern societies has been repeatedly discussed in sociology, political theory, and political science.
Coleman, James S. (1926–1995)
Authors: Marsden Peter V.
Published: April 2020

James S. Coleman, among the most eminent and influential twentieth‐century sociologists, sought to understand and improve the performance of social systems. A prolific contributor to both basic and applied empirical research, social science methodology, and social theory, his
Introduction to Mathematical Sociology
(1964) established an intellectual agenda for mathematical sociology. His 1966 study of inequality in educational opportunity had a major impact on US educational policy and much subsequent social science policy research. His
Foundations of Social Theory
(1990) outlined an approach to understanding social phenomena based on interdependent purposive actions. He viewed large organizations (“corporate actors”) as contemporary society's most distinctive feature, arguing that social science should help to develop new forms of social organization that are more attentive to the interests and welfare of natural persons.
Corruption
Authors: Graeff Peter
Published: April 2020

In a broad sense, corruption can be understood as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. As a general term, corruption subsumes various deviant practices such as bribery, nepotism, clientelism, embezzlement, fraud, and graft. Early theorists consider corruption as a breach of public interest, in other words, a deviation from the formal duties of a public role. In political science, corruption has been advanced as a breach of the norm of impartiality. In sociology, corrupt exchanges are frequently considered as a form of deviance linked to discrepancies between private and universalistic norms.
Crime, Corporate
Authors: Bittle Steven
Published: April 2020

This entry explores why corporations and corporate executives produce so much harm and devastation and why states routinely fail to discipline corporations accordingly. It examines the structural conditions that make corporate crime both possible and plausible – the factors that render the corporation inherently criminogenic. Several issues are considered in this regard: defining corporate crime as a structural problematic; the legal architecture of the modern corporation; the difficulties of applying traditional legal reasoning to corporate offending; and the role of neoliberalism in shaping the nature and scope of corporate crime and its control.
The Death Penalty as a Social Problem
Authors: Meranze Michael
Published: April 2020

Considering the death penalty as a social problem is a recent historical development. Capital punishment was an important tool of early modern states; it was only in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that it came to be seen as a problematic institution. The result is a practice that is both widely established and systematically under attack.
Deindustrialization
Authors: Kollmeyer Christopher
Published: April 2020

Deindustrialization generally refers to the slow and steady decline of manufacturing employment, which has occurred in nearly all highly developed societies over recent decades. Attempts to explain deindustrialization vary significantly between the disciplines of economics and sociology. In economics, deindustrialization is viewed as a normal stage of economic development brought about by strong productivity growth in manufacturing (which reduces the demand for workers) and rising consumer affluence (which disproportionately increases the demand for services). Conversely, sociological accounts of deindustrialization emphasize globalization and the offshoring of routine‐production jobs to less developed countries. Sociologists also implicate deindustrialization in a host of vexing social problems, such as rising earnings inequality, persistently high unemployment, and severe community decline. Recent comparative research documents “premature deindustrialization,” a phenomenon in which less developed countries deindustrialize well before they become fully modernized.
Dual‐Earner Couples
Authors: Aronson Pamela , Aronson‐Paxton Hannah
Published: April 2020

Dual‐earner couples are those in which both partners contribute to the financial support of their household through their work outside the home. They are diverse and their experiences vary based on factors such as marital and parenthood status and sexual orientation. Women in dual‐earner families, especially mothers, continue to face many inequalities in the labor market and household.
Environmental Criminology
Authors: Schneider Jacqueline L.
Published: April 2020

“Environmental criminology” is a generic expression that has been used by two schools of inquiry both of which are called environmental criminology, but whose work is markedly different in terms of content. Students and scholars of environmental criminology are seeking clarification and as such have begun using more field‐/content‐specific titles, such as “crime science,” “green criminology,” and now “conservation criminology.” This entry describes and discusses these terms so that scholarly investigation can be more focused and better understood.
Generalized Other
Authors: Redshaw Sarah
Published: April 2020

Seyla Benhabib argues that contemporary theories of justice are dependent on a generalized perspective that does not adequately encompass the concrete interests and needs of individuals. The phrase “generalized other” has been considered in the sense that George Mead used it, to refer to the views and beliefs of groups or communities that individuals are connected within. For Benhabib, the generalized perspective has been abstracted from some groups and applied to all, and does not recognize the particular differences within or between groups. In particular, it does not recognize the perspective of women, race, and class, except in a negative sense, as it is based primarily on that of white, middle‐class men.
Human Rights
Authors: Stoeckl Kristina
Published: April 2020

The political sociology of human rights is a recent, steadily growing field of sociology. Prevalent approaches today are informed by social constructivist theories and take an interdisciplinary approach to the topic, drawing on philosophy, history, political science, and law, as well as subdisciplines and specialties such as cultural sociology and the sociology of law. Sociologists who study human rights analyze conditions in which rights claims are raised, the actors who raise them, the institutions that implement rights claims and the modes of their legal codification, and outcomes of rights struggles and the social effects rights have.
Intelligence Tests
Authors: Ramis‐Salas Mimar
Published: April 2020

Intelligence tests are an important tool for measuring skills and abilities associated with human intelligence, and are used for selection, diagnosis, and evaluation in different fields, particularly in psychology and education. Both the use that is made of them and their complexity have evolved significantly since their origin, shifting from identifying ability differences among individuals to better defining educational interventions for particular social groups.
Nation and Gender
Authors: Silva Belén Rojas
Published: April 2020

The interaction between nation and gender studies allows us to understand the extent to which nations are gendered and gendering projects; the active role of women, men, masculinities, and femininities on its reproduction; and the significance of both public and domestic spheres to accomplish it.
Postmodern Consumption
Authors: Maclaran Pauline
Published: April 2020

The term “postmodern consumption” encapsulates the notion of individuals communicating symbolic meanings through their possessions and experiences, meanings often concerned with identity, status, or relationships. Capitalism drives postmodern consumption, offering consumers a myriad of ways to manipulate signs and symbols encoded into goods and services through its advertising and marketing systems. Thus, the imagination plays a central role in postmodern consumption, perpetuating desire rather than satisfaction together with the endless quest for self‐transformation in the marketplace.
Power, Theories of
Authors: Harrell Ashley
Published: April 2020

Sociologists have long theorized about the causes and effects of power in social relations. Early work distinguished between various types of power and the consequences of each type's use. More recently, theories of power have centered on power as the structural capacity for an individual to impose their will on others via their control over valuable resources. Because these theories view power as a capacity, to have power is not necessarily to use power. Nevertheless, these theories assert that structural power gives rise to actual levels of power use observable in individuals' behavior. Sociologists' and social psychologists' consideration of power as a structural social phenomenon has given rise to various theories that predict the development of power and its effects.
Queer Theory
Authors: Cannon Clare E.B.
Published: April 2020

Queer theory is a diverse set of theories, frameworks, and perspectives that conceive of identity as fluid, performative, and multiple and typically uses a Foucauldian model of power to understand dynamics of power, with a particular focus on discursive forms of power. Foucault understands power as it operates in a field of relations: people, based on their social location, use tactics and strategies available to them to negotiate dynamics of power. Queer theory uses this framework to identify and analyze binaries to reveal the norms that such binaries generate and perpetuate. It deconstructs binaries to reveal the ways discursive power constructs identities and to interrogate the restrictive, regulatory, and disciplinary nature of identity categories to reveal identity as fluid, performative, and multiple. It focuses its analysis on normativity rather than identity categories, with an emphasis on sexuality as a primary object of analysis. Queer theory is trans‐ and interdisciplinary.
Rhizome
Authors: Genosko Gary
Published: April 2020

“Rhizome” is a conceptual figure used in contrast to centered and rooted trees by French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari as well as semiotician Umberto Eco. It is principally a concept that connects horizontally by means of unlimited lines rather than nodal points – that is, without a center, anti‐genealogical, and whose breaks reconnect elsewhere. Literary source materials are noted.
Status Passages
Authors: Burton M. Diane
Published: April 2020

Status passage is the transition period when a person moves from membership in a well‐defined social category to a different well‐defined social category. A person attaining a new status in society must go through a status passage process where he or she is initiated into the new group, socialized in new ways of interacting, and ultimately accepted by both members and observers. Status passage is the theoretical construct developed by Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss in their 1971 book,
Status Passage: A Formal Theory
, to describe and analyze role transitions.
Technological Determinism
Authors: Volti Rudi
Published: April 2020

According to proponents of technological determinism, technology is the major driver of the ways in which societies, cultures, economies, and governments are structured, as well as being the most powerful force that causes them to change. In this entry, examples of technological determinism are given, but the shortcomings of this paradigm are also noted, as is the prospect of technology being a force beyond human control. Perspectives on technology and its significance, collectively known as the social construction of technology, are offered as alternative approaches. Note is also taken of the importance of a technology's historical trajectory for the appropriateness of technological determinism or social constructivism for understanding the development and consequences of individual technologies.
Metabolic Fingerprinting on Synthetic Alloys for Medulloblastoma Diagnosis and Radiotherapy Evaluation
Authors: Cao Jing , Shi Xuejiao , Gurav Deepanjali D. , Huang Lin , Su Haiyang , Li Keke , Niu Jingyang , Zhang Mengji , Wang Qian , Jiang Mawei , Qian Kun
Published: April 2020

Diagnostics is the key in screening and treatment of cancer. As an emerging tool in precision medicine, metabolic analysis detects end products of pathways, and thus is more distal than proteomic/genetic analysis. However, metabolic analysis is far from ideal in clinical diagnosis due to the sample complexity and metabolite abundance in patient specimens. A further challenge is real‐time and accurate tracking of treatment effect, e.g., radiotherapy. Here, Pd–Au synthetic alloys are reported for mass‐spectrometry‐based metabolic fingerprinting and analysis, toward medulloblastoma diagnosis and radiotherapy evaluation. A core–shell structure is designed using magnetic core particles to support Pd–Au alloys on the surface. Optimized synthetic alloys enhance the laser desorption/ionization efficacy and achieve direct detection of 100 nL of biofluids in seconds. Medulloblastoma patients are differentiated from healthy controls with average diagnostic sensitivity of 94.0%, specificity of 85.7%, and accuracy of 89.9%, by machine learning of metabolic fingerprinting. Furthermore, the radiotherapy process of patients is monitored and a preliminary panel of serum metabolite biomarkers is identified with gradual changes. This work will lead to the application‐driven development of novel materials with tailored structural design and establishment of new protocols for precision medicine in near future.
A Comprehensive Review on the Development of Solid‐State Metal–Air Batteries Operated on Oxide‐Ion Chemistry
Authors: Zhang Cuijuan , Huang Kevin
Published: April 2020

The recently developed solid oxide metal–air redox battery (SOMARB) operating on oxide‐ion chemistry represents an emerging and promising energy storage technology, which is well suited for managing grid stability and efficiently harvesting renewable energy. Compared to widely reported metal–air batteries operating on liquid‐phase alkali‐ion or alkaline chemistries, the SOMARB uniquely features a direct reduction of the high concentration of O2 molecules in the gas phase without invoking the detrimental formation of a diffusion‐blocking oxide phase on the surface of the oxygen electrode. A typical SOMARB is composed of a reversible solid oxide cell (RSOC) and an energy storage unit (ESU), which is capable of storing a high capacity of energy at high power without safety concerns. In this article, the SOMARB concept birth and development are reviewed and discussed with the fundamental differences separating it from other types of metal–air batteries, along with the challenges and opportunities around commercialization. Particular focus is placed on the functional materials tailored for ESU and RSOC applications, including recent experimental and computational efforts to boost the redox activity of Fe‐based ESU materials and the performance of intermediate temperature RSOCs. Finally, candid opinions are offered on the challenges and opportunities facing the future development of SOMARBs toward large‐scale energy storage applications.
Recent progress of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles as anticonvulsants: Future horizons
Authors: Nazar Shagufi , Siddiqui Nadeem , Alam Ozair
Published: April 2020

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder, which affects more than 50 million people worldwide. Despite the development and use of several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), attempted seizure control fails in almost 30% of the individuals treated. Other patients benefit from seizure control by drug therapy at the expense of dose‐related toxicity and side effects. These drawbacks with conventional AEDs demand the need for developing more effective and safer antiseizure agents. As a result, extensive efforts are devoted to design and develop new effective molecules as antiepileptics. This area of research to find more effective and safer AEDs is important and challenging. This review describes the future perspective of various 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives as anticonvulsant agents and focuses on the design and development of the new effective molecule.
Biologics May Prevent Cardiovascular Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Inhibiting Coronary Plaque Formation and Stabilizing High‐Risk Lesions
Authors: Karpouzas George A. , Ormseth Sarah R. , Hernandez Elizabeth , Budoff Matthew J.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To evaluate whether biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and whether biologic DMARDs might have a beneficial effect on coronary plaque formation or progression.

Methods

In this single‐center observational cohort study, 150 patients underwent computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary atherosclerosis (total, noncalcified, mixed/calcified, and low‐attenuation plaque); 101 had repeat assessments within a mean ± SD of 6.9 ± 0.3 years to evaluate plaque progression. All CVD events were prospectively recorded, including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, revascularization, stroke, claudication, and hospitalization for heart failure. The Framingham‐D'Agostino score was used to assess cardiovascular risk. The segment stenosis score was used to measure plaque burden. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.

Results

After adjustment for the segment stenosis score, the Framingham‐D'Agostino score, and time‐varying Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the C‐reactive protein level using marginal structural models, current biologic DMARD use was associated with lower long‐term CVD risk (OR 0.15 [95% CI 0.04–0.60]). Noncalcified and low‐attenuation plaque presence moderated the effect of biologic DMARDs on CVD risk; specifically, biologic DMARD use was associated with lower CVD risk in patients with noncalcified or low‐attenuation plaque at baseline (OR 0.21 [95% CI 0.04–0.99] and OR 0.08 [95% CI 0.01–0.70], respectively), but not in those without noncalcified or low‐attenuation plaque. Per‐segment plaque progression analyses showed that biologic DMARD exposure was associated with transition of noncalcified to mixed/calcified plaque (OR 4.00 [95% CI 1.05–15.32]). Biologic DMARD exposure predicted a lower likelihood of new plaque forming in segments without plaque among patients without mixed/calcified plaque in other coronary segments (OR 0.40 [95% CI 0.17–0.93]), but not among those with calcification. Biologic DMARD treatment also predicted low‐attenuation plaque loss (P = 0.042).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that in RA, biologic DMARD use is associated with reduced CVD risk, protective calcification of noncalcified lesions, and lower likelihood of new plaque formation in patients with early atherosclerosis.
The median sacral artery in rectal blood supply: A cadaveric study
Authors: Dimov Ivan , Sobczak Stéphane , Grabs Detlev , Nayouf Anna
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Insufficient blood supply to the posterior rectal remnant after proctectomy is a possible mechanism for anastomotic leakage. The median sacral artery (MSA) is not generally considered to participate in the rectal blood supply, although some case studies have reported the rectum being supplied by it. The aim of this study is to elucidate the anatomy of the MSA in relation to the posterior rectal wall.

Methods

Nineteen embalmed cadavers (12 males, seven females; mean age: 76 ± 9 years) were injected with a colored radio‐opaque mixture in the aortic bifurcation, radiographed and subsequently dissected along the sacrum. The relationship between the MSA and the rectum was observed and the diameter of the MSA was measured 2 cm below the aortic bifurcation.

Results

MSAs were identified in 16 (84.2%) of the 19 cadavers. Nine MSAs (47.4%) reached the rectal wall and penetrated it. MSAs that reached the posterior rectum took two different routes in the presacral space. Dissection and radiography showed four penetrating MSAs (21.1%) ending in a branching pattern and five (26.3%) as a tapering vessel. Seven MSAs (36.8%) did not reach the rectal wall. The mean MSA diameter was 1.98 ± 0.12 mm.

Conclusions

Almost half the MSAs reached and penetrated the posterior rectal wall, suggesting possible participation in the rectal blood supply. A large portion of the MSAs that penetrate the rectal wall run outside surgical margins and could continue to provide blood supply to the rectal remnant, potentially preventing anastomotic leakage.
Multicenter experience with the antegrade fenestration and reentry technique for chronic total occlusion recanalization
Authors: Azzalini Lorenzo , Alaswad Khaldoon , Uretsky Barry F. , Agostoni Pierfrancesco , Galassi Alfredo R. , Harada Ribeiro Marcelo , Filho Evandro Martins , Morales‐Victorino Neisser , Attallah Antonious , Gupta Ankur , Zivelonghi Carlo , Montorfano Matteo , Bellini Barbara , Carlino Mauro
Published: April 2020

Objectives

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antegrade fenestration and reentry (AFR) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization in a multicenter registry.

Background

Adoption of antegrade dissection/reentry (ADR) for CTO recanalization has been limited, and novel ADR techniques are needed.

Methods

AFR involves the balloon‐induced creation of multiple fenestrations between the false and true lumen. A targeted true lumen reentry is subsequently achieved with a low tip‐load polymer‐jacketed guidewire. Following the initial description and dissemination of AFR, patients undergoing AFR‐based CTO recanalization at nine centers were included in the present registry. Study endpoints were AFR success, procedural success, and target‐lesion failure (TLF) on follow‐up.

Results

We included 41 patients. Mean J‐CTO score was 2.5 ± 1.4. In 80.5% of cases, AFR was performed after failed antegrade wire escalation. Another ADR technique was used before AFR in one‐third of cases. AFR achieved distal true lumen reentry in n = 27/41 (65.9%) cases. In n = 14/41 (34.1%) cases with AFR failure, use of alternative techniques led to successful CTO recanalization in eight additional patients. The overall technical and procedural success rates were 85.4% and 82.9%, respectively. No AFR‐related complications were observed. One‐year TLF rate was 8.3% overall, with no differences between successful and failed AFR.

Conclusions

We report on AFR feasibility in a multicenter registry of patients undergoing CTO recanalization. We observed a moderate success rate, coupled with the absence of complications. Moreover, even a failed AFR attempt did not preclude the use of alternative techniques to achieve recanalization. Further studies should confirm and extend our findings.
Research Progress in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photoluminescent Materials
Authors: Zeng Jin‐Yue , Wang Xiao‐Shuang , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: April 2020

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging kind of crystalline porous polymers that present the precise integration of organic building blocks into extensible structures with regular pores and periodic skeletons. The diversity of organic units and covalent linkages makes COFs a rising materials platform for the design of structure and functionality. Herein, recent research progress in developing COFs for photoluminescent materials is summarised. Structural and functional design strategies are highlighted and fundamental problems that need to be solved are identified, in conjunction with potential applications from perspectives of photoluminescent materials.
Development of an Unsymmetrical Cyclopropenimine‐Guanidine Platform for Accessing Strongly Basic Proton Sponges and Boron‐Difluoride Diaminonaphthalene Fluorophores
Authors: Guest Matt , Le Sueur Richard , Pilkington Melanie , Dudding Travis
Published: April 2020

An unsymmetrical guanidine‐cyclopropenimine proton sponge DAGUN and the related BF2‐chelate DAGBO are reported. Insight into the structural, electronic, bonding and photophysical properties of these two molecules are presented. Joint experimental and theoretical studies reveal the protonated form of DAGUN possesses an intramolecular N⋅⋅⋅H−N hydrogen bond which affords a high experimental pKBH+ of 26.6 (computed=26.3). Photophysical studies show that in solution DAGUN displays a green emission at 534 nm, with a large Stokes shift of 235 nm (14,718 cm−1). In contrast, the conjugate acid DAGUN‐H+ is only weakly emissive due to attenuated intramolecular charge transfer. X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that DAGBO contains a stable tetracoordinate boronium cation, reminiscent of the well‐established BODIPY family of dyes. In solution, DAGBO exhibits a strong blue emission at 450 nm coupled with a large Stokes shift (Δλ=158 nm, Δν=11,957 cm−1) and quantum yield of 62 %, upon excitation at 293 nm. DAGBO sets the stage as the first entry into a new class of boron‐difluoride diaminonaphthalenes (BOFDANs) that represent highly fluorescent and tunable next‐generation dyes with future promise for biosensing and bioimaging applications.
Plasmonic nanoparticles assemblies templated by helical bacteria and resulting optical activity
Authors: Feng Wenchun , Kadiyala Usha , Yan Jiao , Wang Yichun , DiRita Victor J. , VanEpps J. Scott , Kotov Nicholas A.
Published: April 2020

Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) adsorbing onto helical bacteria can lead to formation of NP helicoids with micron scale pitch. Associated chiroptical effects can be utilized as bioanalytical tool for bacterial detection and better understanding of the spectral behavior of helical self‐assembled structures with different scales. Here, we report that enantiomerically pure helices with micron scale of chirality can be assembled on Campylobacter jejuni, a helical bacterium known for severe stomach infections. These organisms have right‐handed helical shapes with a pitch of 1–2 microns and can serve as versatile templates for a variety of NPs. The bacteria itself shows no observable rotatory activity in the visible, red, and near‐IR ranges of electromagnetic spectrum. The bacterial dispersion acquires chiroptical activity at 500–750 nm upon plasmonic functionalization with Au NPs. Finite‐difference time‐domain simulations confirmed the attribution of the chiroptical activity to the helical assembly of gold nanoparticles. The position of the circular dichroism peaks observed for these chiral structures overlaps with those obtained before for Au NPs and their constructs with molecular and nanoscale chirality. This work provides an experimental and computational pathway to utilize chiroplasmonic particles assembled on bacteria for bioanalytical purposes.