bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the insecticide endosulfan on nitrification in low pH agricultural soils
Authors: Stratton Glenn W.
Published: October 2006

Two methods of measuring nitrification in soil bioassays were compared for their sensitivity in estimating toxic effects of endosulfan, a cyclodiene insecticide. Both technical grade endosulfan (95% pure) and endosulfan formulated as a commercial preparation (Thiodan 4EC) were tested in a sandy loam (pH 5.7), a silt loam (pH 5.0), and a clay loam (pH 4.9) soil. Nitrification was assayed using both soil perfusion and batch incubation techniques. There was a significant difference in the nitrification pattern evidenced by the three soils. In the sandy loam soil up to 90% of the added ammonium ion was converted into nitrate within 30 days, while the silt loam required 40 days to achieve similar nitrate levels. Activity in the clay loam was very slow and only 5% of the added ammonium ion was converted into nitrate within 70 days. The nitrification pattern for any given soil was similar when measured by both test methods. At insecticide levels of 10, 50, and 100 ppm of active ingredient, there was no significant difference in toxicity between the commercial preparation and technical endosulfan in 50% of the systems tested. In the remainder, the commercial formulation was usually more toxic. For concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm of active ingredient, endosulfan supplied as the commercial preparation was consistently more toxic than the technical material when tested toward nitrification. There was also a significant difference between the two incubation methods in their sensitivity to endosulfan. The exact level of toxicity was dependent upon both the soil type and the incubation method used. Generally, endosulfan was more toxic with the batch incubation system and in the silt loam soil. The importance of these results in nitrification bioassays are discussed.
Specific short hairpin RNA‐mediated inhibition of viral DNA packaging of human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Dittmer Alexandra , Bogner Elke
Published: October 2006

To clearly demonstrate the role of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) portal protein pUL104 RNA interference was applied. Expressing cell lines were constructed by transduction of shRNAs via the infection with retroviral vectors. After infection of these cells with HCMV AD169 the expression of pUL104 was reduced up to 80% for shRNA S1 and 54% for shRNA S2 at late times of infection compared to controls. In addition, the inhibitory effect was corresponding with a decrease in viral mRNA and plaque formations. Electron microscopic analysis demonstrated that infection of cells expressing pUL104‐specific shRNAs resulted in the inhibition of formation of replicative particles.
Modulation of HIV‐1 Rev protein abundance and activity by polyubiquitination with unconventional Lys‐33 branching
Authors: Vitte Anne-Laure , Buchsbaum Samuel , Jalinot Pierre
Published: October 2006

The HIV‐1 Rev protein plays a key role in virus replication by allowing export to the cytoplasm of unspliced or singly‐spliced RNAs. In this report, we investigated whether Rev is modified by ubiquitination or sumoylation. Whereas no evidence of sumoylation was obtained, transient expression experiments showed that ubiquitin conjugates to Rev as high molecular weight polyubiquitin chains. Mutation of the three lysine residues of Rev showed that the site of ubiquitin conjugation is Lys‐115. Experiments with ubiquitin mutants including a single lysine at every seven possible position indicated that branching of the polyubiquitin chains mainly involves Lys‐33. Mutation of Rev Lys‐115 to arginine reduces markedly the steady state amount of the protein, but does not impair its ability to export RNA via the Rev response element. These observations support the notion that polyubiquitination of Rev stabilizes the viral protein but hinders its activity.
Who Comes from the East and the West? Luke 13.28–29/Matt 8.11–12 and the Historical Jesus
Authors: BIRD MICHAEL F.
Published: October 2006

Since Joachim Jeremias' Jesu Verheissung für die Völker (1956) it has often been assumed that in Matt 8.11–12 Jesus looked forward to the inclusion of gentiles into the kingdom at the eschaton. However, several recent studies, most notably by Dale C. Allison, have called this view into question and have instead advocated that the logion refers to the regathering of the Diaspora. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Allison's arguments and to propose that a gentile reference is implicit in the logion based on: (1) the broader context of the inter-textual echoes of passages concerning the regathering of Jewish exiles; and (2) a wider ethnic membership for those who participate in the patriarchal banquet based on the reference to ‘Abraham’. Furthermore, the logion is interpreted in the historical Jesus' ministry through the lens of a partially realized eschatology. As such the saying represents Jesus' contention that Israel's restoration was already becoming a reality and that gentiles were already entering the kingdom as an embryonic foretaste of their inclusion at the eschaton.
Pagan Philosophers and 1 Thessalonians
Authors: COOK JOHN GRANGER
Published: October 2006

Certain ancient philosophers (Celsus, Porphyry, Hierocles, Julian, and Macarius Magnes' critic) responded antagonistically to the New Testament. Their responses to several New Testament themes that appear in Paul's first letter to the Thessalonians and one specific text (1 Thess 4.15–17) show how difficult it was to persuade some individuals to give up paganism. Their criticisms of the New Testament probably indicate how the antagonists would have read 1 Thessalonians. The essay is a contribution to the history of the reception of the New Testament.
‘… That is the question': complementizer omission in extraposed that-clauses
Authors: KALTENBÖCK GUNTHER
Published: October 2006

This article investigates the omission of the that-complementizer in extraposed subject clauses (e.g. It is obvious (that) she did it), which has so far received very little attention in the literature. Using corpus data from the British component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB) various potential conditioning factors are analysed. Of these the following are found to have a major impact on the choice of zero that: informality of the text category, type of matrix predicate, and information value of the complement clause. On the basis of these corpus results the article then proposes a unified explanation for the use of that or zero by positing an underlying abstract feature of ‘distance’; for the that-complementizer, a semantic residue of its original demonstrative use, which gives rise to different pragmatic interpretations, depending on the actual use of that in context.
Radiative transfer modeling of dust‐coated Pancam calibration target materials: Laboratory visible/near‐infrared spectrogoniometry
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey R. , Sohl‐Dickstein Jascha , Grundy William M. , Arvidson Raymond E. , Bell James , Christensen Phil , Graff Trevor , Guinness Edward A. , Kinch Kjartan , Morris Richard , Shepard Michael K.
Published: October 2006

Laboratory visible/near‐infrared multispectral observations of Mars Exploration Rover Pancam calibration target materials coated with different thicknesses of Mars spectral analog dust were acquired under variable illumination geometries using the Bloomsburg University Goniometer. The data were fit with a two‐layer radiative transfer model that combines a Hapke formulation for the dust with measured values of the substrate interpolated using a He‐Torrance approach. We first determined the single‐scattering albedo, phase function, opposition effect width, and amplitude for the dust using the entire data set (six coating thicknesses, three substrates, four wavelengths, and phase angles 3°–117°). The dust exhibited single‐scattering albedo values similar to other Mars analog soils and to Mars Pathfinder dust and a dominantly forward scattering behavior whose scattering lobe became narrower at longer wavelengths. Opacity values for each dust thickness corresponded well to those predicted from the particles sizes of the Mars analog dust. We then restricted the number of substrates, dust thicknesses, and incidence angles input to the model. The results suggest that the dust properties are best characterized when using substrates whose reflectances are brighter and darker than those of the deposited dust and data that span a wide range of dust thicknesses. The model also determined the dust photometric properties relatively well despite limitations placed on the range of incidence angles. The model presented here will help determine the photometric properties of dust deposited on the MER rovers and to track the multiple episodes of dust deposition and erosion that have occurred at both landing sites.
Improved helium exchange gas cryostat and sample tube designs for automated gas sampling and cryopumping
Authors: Buerki P. R. , Jackson Brian C. , Schilling Tim , Rufer Terry , Severinghaus Jeffrey P.
Published: October 2006

In order to eliminate the use of liquid helium for the extraction of atmospheric gases from polar ice cores, two units of a redesigned top load helium exchange gas cryostat were built and tested. The cryostats feature the shortest and largest diameter sample wells built to date, a base temperature below 7 Kelvin, and a sample well without baffles. The cryostats allowed shortening the length and thus increasing the gas pressure inside our sample tubes by 58% and increasing the amount of sample ending up in the mass spectrometer by 4.4%. The cryostats can either be used as mobile stand‐alone units for manual gas processing lines or integrated into a fully automated vacuum extraction and gas analysis line. For the latter application the cryostat was equipped with a custom‐designed automated changeover system.
Deep Labrador Current and its variability in 1996–2005
Authors: Dengler Marcus , Fischer Jürgen , Schott Friedrich A. , Zantopp Rainer
Published: October 2006

Long term mooring observations show a substantial warming of the Deep Labrador Current (DLC) during the last decade. In this paper we address the question of whether these water mass changes are accompanied by comparable changes in the deep western boundary current. Individual estimates of alongshore current from moored instruments and transports from Lowered ADCP sections indicate a systematic increase of the boundary current strength on the order of 15% of the mean from the period prior to 1999 to the period thereafter. A combination of these measurements allows the indexing of DLC intensity over the last decade.
Whistler mode illumination of the plasmaspheric resonant cavity via in situ injection of ELF/VLF waves
Authors: Kulkarni P. , Inan U. S. , Bell T. F.
Published: October 2006

Numerical ray tracing indicates that the in situ injection of whistler mode waves of 1 kHz to 4 kHz can be used to illuminate the inner radiation belts and slot region. These results were derived by using the Stanford VLF Ray Tracing Program to simulate sources placed at a total of six points in the inner magnetosphere: L = 1.5, L = 2.0, and L = 2.5 at two geomagnetic latitudes, the equator and a latitude of 20° along each field line. The results demonstrate that an in situ source, by varying the frequency of the injected waves, can illuminate L shells both higher and lower than the source site, with wave frequencies below (above) the local lower hybrid resonance, fLHR, moving to higher (lower) L shells. Accounting for the limitations that would be imposed by a practical antenna immersed in the magnetospheric medium restricts the radiating wave frequency, f, to 0.9 fLHR ≤ F < (fLHR + 1 kHz), and the wave normal angle at injection to no farther than 3° from the resonance cone. Even after accounting for these restrictions, it requires only three in situ sources placed at the above locations to illuminate 1.4 ≃ L ≃ 2.7, which comprises the bulk of the inner radiation belt.
Evolution of remotely measured inner magnetospheric ion temperatures during a geomagnetic storm
Authors: Zaniewski A. M. , Sun X. , Gripper A. , Scime E. E. , Jahn J.‐M. , Pollock C. J.
Published: October 2006

Previous studies have demonstrated that with the Medium Energy Neutral Atom instrument aboard the IMAGE spacecraft it is possible to remotely measure the ion temperature of the terrestrial magnetosphere during periods of strong geomagnetic activity. However, neutral atom imaging of the magnetosphere during quiet intervals is more difficult. In this work we show that by mapping neutral atom fluxes obtained over many days of observation to an equatorial plane fixed in geocentric solar magnetospheric coordinates, it is possible to construct neutral atom images of the quiet time magnetosphere. Enhanced neutral fluxes in the energy range of 1–70 keV/nucleon are observed in the quiet time premidnight region. A superposed‐epoch analysis of multiple storm intervals also permits imaging of the ion temperature structure as a function of time through a geomagnetic storm. Using nearly 40 geomagnetic storms to produce average ion temperature maps as a function of storm phase, we find that there are significant differences between the spatial distribution of neutral fluxes and ion heating during the main phase of storms. Pronounced ion heating (up to 12 keV) is observed on the dayside during storm main phase from 5 to 8 Earth radii. During the early recovery phase, the ion temperature on the dayside drops to approximately 9 keV, and a colder region of approximately 6.5 keV persists near predawn. In the late recovery phase of the storm the ion temperature throughout the inner magnetosphere appears to relax to a nearly uniform 8 keV.
More law and more rights: will children benefit?
Authors: Cooper D.M.
Published: October 2006

This paper questions the view that children are just another disadvantaged group and that they need substantially more, or more varied, rights than they enjoy at present in the UK. It suggests there is a lack of appreciation of the consequences of current ‘rights’ advocacy, especially that which draws on the United Nations Convention on The Rights of The Child, and doubts whether a simple piling up of more rights will prove wise, workable or effective; rather it could become counter‐productive and even generate a backlash from individuals and wider society. More fundamentally, It argues that the pursuit of greater benefits for children, as children, is ultimately divisive and segregating at a time when our society needs an integrating philosophy that emphasises the mutual and reciprocal nature of relationships between citizens. It proposes, instead, an approach to rights which emphasises shared interests and participation as key factors in improving the welfare of children as developing citizens.
Optical lightpipe as a high-bandwidth fusion diagnostic
Authors: Moran M. J. , Lerche R. A. , Mant G. , Glebov V. Yu. , Sangster T. C. , Mack J. M.
Published: October 2006

A recent series of experiments at the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics OMEGA facility studied the feasibility of using radiation-to-light converters and high-bandwidth optical signal transmission to remote recording devices as an alternate nuclear diagnostic method. A prototype system included a radiation-to-light converter, a multiple-section lightpipe consisting of stainless steel tubes with polished interiors and turning mirrors, and a streak camera or photomultiplier/digitizer combination for signal recording. Several different radiation-to-light converters (scintillators, glasses, plastics, and pressurized CO2) performed well and produced predictable optical emissions. The lightpipe transmitted high-bandwidth optical signals to the recording stations. Data were recorded with the streak camera, the photomultiplier/digitizer, and with both recorders simultaneously.
The linear Darrieus-Landau and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in inertial confinement fusion revisited
Authors: Sanz J. , Masse L. , Clavin P.
Published: October 2006

Within the framework of the quasi-isobaric approximation (low Mach number), a self-consistent stability analysis of ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion is performed for all the modes with a wavelength larger than the conduction length in the cold material. The validity domain is ranging from short to long wavelength modes, shorter and larger than the total thickness of the thermal wave, respectively. The analysis leads to a single analytical expression for the dispersion relation valid in the whole range of modes, including the transition regime (wavelength of the same order of magnitude as the total thickness). The hydrodynamic instabilities of ablation fronts are thus described by a unified theory in a large domain of conditions, ranging from weak acceleration in the early stage of irradiation to strong acceleration during the main implosion phase. In the weak acceleration regime, the transition between Darrieus-Landau unstable modes and damped oscillatory modes is described. Comparison with numerical results shows a good agreement. Comparison with the previous analyses sheds new light on the stabilization mechanism. The result of the sharp boundary model is recovered in the limit of large power index for thermal conduction.
Exploration of two-dimensional hydrophobic-polar lattice model by combining local search with elastic net algorithm
Authors: Guo Yu-Zhen , Feng En-Min , Wang Yong
Published: October 2006

Determining the functional conformation of a protein from its amino acid sequence remains a central problem in computational biology. In this paper, we establish the mathematical optimal model of protein folding problem (PFP) on two-dimensional space based on the minimal energy principle. A novel hybrid of elastic net algorithm and local search method (ENLS) is applied successfully to simulations of protein folding on two-dimensional hydrophobic-polar (HP) lattice model. Eight HP benchmark instances with up to 64 amino acids are tested to verify the effectiveness of proposed approach and model. In several cases, the ENLS method finds new lower energy states. The numerical results show that it is drastically superior to other methods in finding the ground state of a protein.
Correction to the Alfvén-Lawson criterion for relativistic electron beams
Authors: Dodin I. Y. , Fisch N. J.
Published: October 2006

The Alfvén-Lawson criterion for relativistic electron beams is revised. The parameter range is found, in which a stationary beam can carry arbitrarily large current, regardless of its transverse structure.
High resolution electron momentum spectroscopy of dichlorodifluoromethane: Unambiguous assignments of outer valence molecular orbitals
Authors: Shan Xu , Chen Xiang Jun , Zhou Li Xia , Li Zhong Jun , Liu Tao , Xue Xin Xia , Xu Ke Zun
Published: October 2006

On account of controversial orbital assignment that appeared in previous works, [J. Chem. Phys. 120, 7933 (2004), and references therein] high resolution electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) measurements on dichlorodifluoromethane has been carried out using a newly developed high resolution energy-momentum dispersive multichannel spectrometer employing asymmetric noncoplanar geometry at an impact energy of 2500eV plus binding energy. Four resolved structures and two shoulders were obviously observed in high resolution binding energy spectrum in energy range covering eight outermost valence orbitals, whereas only two broad lobes were resolved in previous EMS studies [J. Chem. Phys. 120, 7933 (2004); Chin. Phys. 14, 2467 (2005)]. The ordering of these orbitals was reassigned unambiguously by simple comparison of experimental momentum distributions with theoretical ones.
Vibrational sum frequency generation studies of the (2×2)→(√19×√19) phase transition of CO on Pt(111) electrodes
Authors: Lagutchev A. , Lu G. Q. , Takeshita T. , Dlott Dana D. , Wieckowski A.
Published: October 2006

The potential-dependent (2×2)-3CO→(√19×√19)R23.4°-13CO adlayer phase transition on Pt(111) with 0.1M H2SO4 electrolyte was studied using femtosecond broadband multiplex sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy combined with linear scan voltammetry. Across the phase boundary the SFG atop intensity jumps, and at the same time the SFG spectrum of threefold CO sites is transformed into a bridge site spectrum with a small decrease in integrated SFG intensity. The SFG atop intensity jump and three fold-to-bridge intensity drop are noticeably different from what would be expected for these structures on the basis of coverage alone. This occurs because the SFG signal is sensitive to both the coverage and changes in the local field that result from a changing adlayer structure. We derive an equation that allows us to correct the SFG intensities for these effects using information derived from infrared absorption-reflection spectroscopy (IRAS) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. With this correction, the SFG results agree well with what would be expected for a transition between perfect adlattices. A small (∼20%) discrepancy in the SFG determination of atop coverage is attributed to either a small amount of surface disorder or uncertainties in the SFG, SHG, and IRAS measurements. SFG is also used to examine the reversibility hysteresis and kinetics of the phase transition and its dependence on electrolyte composition. The phase transition is reversible with an ∼150mV anodic overpotential and the forward (2×2)→(√19×√19) transition is slower than the reverse. Repeated cycles of phase transition indicate that the 25μm electrolyte layer used here does not appreciably distort the potential-coverage relationships.
Phonon transport through a three-dimensional abrupt junction
Authors: Li Wen-Xia , Liu Tianyu , Liu Changlong
Published: October 2006

By using the scattering matrix method, the authors investigate the transmission coefficient and thermal conductance of acoustic phonon through a three-dimensional abrupt junction at low temperatures. It is found that the transmission coefficient of long-wavelength phonon strongly depends on the geometrical parameters of the structure as the incident frequency ω→0, and there exist some dips in the transmission spectrum with an increase of incident frequency ω. In the meantime, as the temperature T→0, the thermal conductance is strongly influenced by the abrupt junction structure. These results are not in agreement with previous theoretical studies for the case of two-dimensional structure and can be used as a guideline for the thermal management of the various nanostructures.
Microfluidic circuits with tunable flow resistances
Authors: Lam Eric W. , Cooksey Gregory A. , Finlayson Bruce A. , Folch Albert
Published: October 2006

Microfluidic devices, due to their conveniently small size and the unique physicochemical behavior of fluids in microscale volumes, have become essential tools in many areas of science and technology. Fluid flow in microchannels, microvalves, and micropumps have many parallels with electrical current through wires, switches, and current sources of microelectronic circuits. The equivalent of a variable resistor, however, is still unavailable. Here the authors present addressable microarrays of deformable elements producing sixteen levels of flow resistance. Using a purely resistive electrical circuit analog, they predict the steady-state output of a three-inlet mixer.
Microdroplet deposition of copper film by femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer
Authors: Yang Li , Wang Ching-yue , Ni Xiao-chang , Wang Zhi-jun , Jia Wei , Chai Lu
Published: October 2006

Copper microdroplets were deposited onto a quartz substrate by the laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) using laser pulses of 148fs at a center wavelength of 775nm. The droplets with 2–3μm diameters were transferred at a laser pulse energy slightly above the threshold at which the copper film could be removed completely. The droplet formation was a result of the blow-off of a molten film from the quartz substrate by a compressive stress of plasma when the free surface was melted and was different from the microdroplet formation by the LIFT technique using nanosecond laser pulse.
Concerning simultaneous high-resolution energy and momentum transfer measurements in inelastic neutron reflectometry
Authors: Ioffe Alexander
Published: October 2006

A possibility to simultaneously achieve a high momentum transfer, Q, and energy, E, resolution, in a single inelastic neutron reflectometry experiment is discussed. Limitations on the excitation parameters, which can be unambiguously determined by the combination of the setup for spin-echo resolved grazing incidence scattering and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy are obtained. A method for high Q and E resolution measurements by a generic neutron spin-echo spectrometer is suggested.
Neural Organization of the Median Ocellus of the Dragonfly
Authors: Chappell Richard L. , Dowling John E.
Published: October 2006

Intracellular responses from receptors and postsynaptic units have been recorded in the median ocellus of the dragonfly. The receptors respond to light with a graded, depolarizing potential and a single, tetrodotoxin-sensitive impulse at "on." The postsynaptic units (ocellar nerve dendrites) hyperpolarize during illumination and show a transient, depolarizing response at "off." The light-evoked slow potential responses of the postsynaptic units are not altered by the application of tetrodotoxin to the ocellus. It appears, therefore, that the graded receptor potential, which survives the application of tetrodotoxin, is responsible for mediating synaptic transmission in the ocellus. Comparison of pre- and postsynaptic slow potential activity shows (a) longer latencies in postsynaptic units by 5–20 msec, (b) enhanced photosensitivity in postsynaptic units by 1–2 log units, and (c) more transient responses in postsynaptic units. It is suggested that enhanced photosensitivity of postsynaptic activity is a result of summation of many receptors onto the postsynaptic elements, and that transients in the postsynaptic responses are related to the complex synaptic arrangements in the ocellar plexus to be described in the following paper.
The Effect of Shortening on the Time-Course of Active State Decay
Authors: Briden Kay L. , Alpert Norman R.
Published: October 2006

The active state describes the force developed in a muscle when the contractile elements are neither lengthening nor shortening. Recently it was suggested that perturbations used to measure the active state also alter the time-course of the active state. The present research was undertaken to assess quantitatively the effect of two such perturbations, isotonic shortening and quick release, on the active state in frog sartorius muscle. Methods were developed which allowed the determination of active state points following periods of controlled isotonic shortening or quick release early in the contraction cycle. All experiments were carried out within the plateau region of the length-tension curve. Both isotonic shortening and quick release altered the active state decay. The active state force decreased as the extent of shortening or release was increased. For each 0.1 mm of isotonic shortening there was a 2% decrease in active state force. Quick release produced a larger decrement. From this data we conclude that the time-course of active state can be measured only in relative terms because it is altered by the motion which takes place in the contractile machine while the active state is being measured. This finding helps to resolve paradoxes in the literature relating to the time-course of the active state, calculated and experimentally determined isometric tetanic myograms, and the heat of shortening.
WHO/EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas 2005: histological and molecular aspects
Authors: Burg Günter , Kempf Werner , Cozzio Antonio , Feit Josef , Willemze Rein , S. Jaffe Elaine , Dummer Reinhard , Berti Emilio , Cerroni Lorenzo , Chimenti Sergio , Diaz‐Perez José L. , Grange Florent , Harris Nancy L. , Kazakov Dmitry V. , Kerl Helmut , Kurrer Michael , Knobler Robert , Meijer Chris J.L.M. , Pimpinelli Nicola , Ralfkiaer Elisabeth , Russell‐Jones Robin , Sander Christian , Santucci Marco , Sterry Wolfram , Swerdlow Steven H. , Vermeer Maarten H. , Wechsler Janine , Whittaker Sean
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  The new WHO/EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas comprises mature T‐cell and natural killer (NK)‐cell neoplasms, mature B‐cell neoplasms, and immature hematopoietic malignancies. It reflects the unique features of lymphoproliferative diseases of the skin, and at the same time it is as compatible as possible with the concepts underlying the WHO classification for nodal lymphomas and the EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas. This article reviews the histological, phenotypical, and molecular genetic features of the various nosological entities included in this new classification. These findings always have to be interpreted in the context of the clinical features and biologic behavior.

Aim:  To review the histological, phenotypical and molecular genetic features of the various nosological entities of the new WHO/EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas.

Methods:  Extensive review of the literature cited in Medline and own data of the authors.

Results:  The WHO/EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas comprises mature T‐cell and NK‐cell neoplasms, mature B‐cell neoplasms and immature hematopoietic malignancies. It reflects the unique features of primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases.

Conclusion:  This classification is as much as possible compatible with the concept of the WHO classification for nodal lymphomas and the EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas. The histological, phenotypical and molecular genetic features always have to be interpreted in the context of the clinical features and biologic behavior.
Bidens pilosa suppresses interleukin‐1β‐induced cyclooxygenase‐2 expression through the inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinases phosphorylation in normal human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: YOSHIDA Nobuyo , KANEKURA Takuro , HIGASHI Yuko , KANZAKI Tamotsu
Published: October 2006

Bidens pilosa (BP) Linn. var. radiata is a plant used in traditional folk medicine. It is clinically effective in various diseases; the pathogenesis of most of these involves cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2. To investigate the mechanism on which the clinical effectiveness of BP is based, we examined its effects on COX‐2 expression and its major product, prostaglandin (PG)E2, under conditions of inflammation. We induced inflammation in normal human dermal fibroblasts with interleukin (IL)‐1β and examined the effects of BP on COX‐2 expression and PGE2 production using Western blotting and competitive enzyme immunoassay, respectively. The functional involvements of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) ERK1/2, p38, and JNK in COX‐2 expression were also examined by Western blotting. IL‐1β‐induced COX‐2 expression was regulated by MAPK pathways, especially by p38. BP inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs, COX‐2 expression, and subsequent PGE2 production. The physiological activities and clinical effectiveness of BP observed under diverse conditions may be partly attributable to its ability to inhibit MAPK, mainly p38, activity, COX‐2 expression, and subsequent PGE2 production.
Novel mutation (Asp158Val) in H1 domain of keratin 5 gene in a Japanese patient with Köbner‐type epidermolysis bullosa simplex
Authors: SAEKI Hidehisa , NAKAMURA Kensuke , TSUNEMI Yuichiro , KOMINE Mayumi , TAMAKI Kunihiko
Published: October 2006

We describe a 19‐year‐old Japanese male with Köbner‐type epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS‐KB) with a novel keratin gene mutation. The patient developed blisters on the feet, palms, elbows and knees soon after birth. His father is similarly affected with blistering, but his mother and younger brother are not affected. Histological examination revealed that the primary separation in the blister occurred within the basal cell layer. Sequence analysis demonstrated an A‐to‐T transition at the second position of codon 158 in the keratin 5 (K5) gene. The amino acid at codon 158 was deduced to have changed from asparagine to valine. We identified a novel mutation (Asp158Val) in the H1 domain of the K5 gene in this Japanese patient with EBS‐KB. This is the first gene mutation report of EBS‐KB in the H1 domain of the K5 gene.
DNA methylation of the RIZ1 gene is associated with nuclear accumulation of p53 in prostate cancer
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuhisa , Matsubara Akio , Teishima Jun , Seki Mitsuhiro , Mita Koji , Usui Tsuguru , Oue Naohide , Yasui Wataru
Published: October 2006

The retinoblastoma protein‐interacting zinc finger gene, RIZ1, is thought to be a tumor suppressor gene. RIZ1 is inactivated by mutation, deletion and DNA methylation in several human cancers. In the present study, the relationship between DNA methylation of RIZ1 and mutation of p53 was investigated in prostate cancer (PCa). In total, 47 cases of node‐negative PCa (stages I–III) were analyzed. DNA methylation of the RIZ1 gene was detected in 20 (42.6%) of the 47 PCa tissues by methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction. DNA methylation of the RIZ1 gene was not associated with clinicopathological features. DNA methylation of RIZ1 tended to be present more frequently in PCa specimens with a high Gleason score (16/30, 53.3%) than in those with a low Gleason score (4/17, 23.5%); however, this tendency was not statistically significant (P = 0.0675). Nuclear accumulation of p53 was observed in four (8.5%) of 47 PCa specimens by immunostaining. All four PCa specimens with nuclear accumulation of p53 were stage III disease and showed DNA methylation of RIZ1. However, of the remaining 43 cancers without nuclear accumulation of p53, DNA methylation of RIZ1 was observed in only 16 (37.2%) specimens (P = 0.0272). Of the three PCa cell lines, only the PC3 cell line showed loss of RIZ1 mRNA due to DNA methylation, and this loss was rectified by treatment with a demethylating agent, 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. These results suggest that transcriptional inactivation of RIZ1 by aberrant DNA methylation may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis. Genetic alterations are likely associated with epigenetic alterations in PCa. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 32–36)
The effect of bolus viscosity on swallowing function in neurogenic dysphagia
Authors: CLAVÉ P. , DE KRAA M. , ARREOLA V. , GIRVENT M. , FARRÉ R. , PALOMERA E. , SERRA‐PRAT M.
Published: October 2006

Aim

To assess the pathophysiology and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia.

Methods

46 patients with brain damage, 46 with neurodegenerative diseases and eight healthy volunteers were studied by videofluoroscopy while swallowing 3–20 mL liquid (20.4 mPa s), nectar (274.4 mPa s) and pudding (3931.2 mPa s) boluses.

Results

Volunteers presented a safe and efficacious swallow, short swallow response (≤740 ms), fast laryngeal closure (≤160 ms) and strong bolus propulsion (≥0.33 mJ). Brain damage patients presented: (i) 21.6% aspiration of liquids, reduced by nectar (10.5%) and pudding (5.3%) viscosity (P < 0.05) and (ii) 39.5% oropharyngeal residue. Neurodegenerative patients presented: (i) 16.2% aspiration of liquids, reduced by nectar (8.3%) and pudding (2.9%) viscosity (P < 0.05) and (ii) 44.4% oropharyngeal residue. Both group of patients presented prolonged swallow response (≥806 ms) with a delay in laryngeal closure (≥245 ms), and weak bolus propulsion forces (≤0.20 mJ). Increasing viscosity did not affect timing of swallow response or bolus kinetic energy.

Conclusions

Patients with neurogenic dysphagia presented high prevalence of videofluoroscopic signs of impaired safety and efficacy of swallow, and were at high risk of respiratory and nutritional complications. Impaired safety is associated with slow oropharyngeal reconfiguration and impaired efficacy with low bolus propulsion. Increasing bolus viscosity greatly improves swallowing function in neurological patients.
Application of current knowledge to the management of bleeding events during immune tolerance induction
Authors: DI PAOLA J. , ALEDORT L. , BRITTON H. , CARCAO M. , GRABOWSKI E. , HUTTER J. , JOURNEYCAKE J. , KEMPTON C. , LEISSINGER C.
Published: October 2006

Summary. The development of inhibitors to factor VIII is the most serious adverse event associated with the treatment of haemophilia A, predisposing patients to uncontrollable haemorrhage, disability and premature death. Eradication of inhibitors via immune tolerance induction (ITI) is effective in the majority of patients, but may require months to years to achieve success. In the interim, the treatment and prevention of acute bleeding episodes are primary foci of care. Regrettably, there is a paucity of information regarding management of bleeding episodes in inhibitor patients undergoing tolerization. Until specific data from ongoing clinical trials are available to provide more guidance in this patient group, it is reasonable and useful to rely on the broader base of medical literature pertaining to patients not being tolerized to deduce strategies for controlling acute and perioperative bleeding episodes in inhibitor patients during ITI.
Normalization of factor VIII levels in a patient with mild haemophilia A during a 35‐year period
Authors: MAINWARING C. J. , EVANS J. , CHANA J. , LEWIS H.
Published: October 2006

Summary.  We report the case of a 45‐year‐old man who was diagnosed in June 1969 9 years old as having mild haemophilia A following a traumatic left shoulder bleed when his factor VIII (FVIII) activity was 11 IU dL−1 based on a two‐stage assay. The bleed resolved following treatment with intravenous cryoprecipitate. There was no family history of haemophilia. Cryoprecipitate infusions were required to treat further traumatic bleeds between 1971 and 1981. During this time, his FVIII activity was confirmed at 14 IU dL−1. He defaulted many hospital appointments until 1991 when his FVIII activity had risen to 42 IU dL−1. There was no evidence of infection, inflammatory or liver disease to account for this change. By 2005 he had a normal FVIII activity of 62 IU dL−1 based on a one‐stage assay. FVIII gene analysis confirmed a codon 531 mutation. It appeared that the discrepant FVIII results related to whether a two‐stage or one‐stage assay was used that has been previously reported for other patients with these mutations. We felt it important to raise awareness that this phenomenon may lead to apparent correction of haemophilia A.
The suppression of delayed‐type hypersensitivity by CD8+ regulatory T cells requires interferon‐γ
Authors: Cone Robert E. , Li Xingya , Sharafieh Roshanak , O'Rourke James , Vella Anthony T.
Published: October 2006

CD8+ regulatory (suppressor) T cells are induced by complex cellular pathways in the spleens of mice that have received an injection of antigen into the anterior chamber (AC) of an eye, an immune‐privileged site. Although these CD8+ regulatory T cells perform an antigen‐specific regulatory function for an immune response to self and non‐self antigens, the mechanisms of the activation or function of these regulatory cells are not clear. Here, we describe a novel mechanism for the activation of splenic CD8+ regulatory T cells induced by injection of antigen into the AC. Immunization of mice with trinitrophenyl and bovine serum albumin (TNP‐BSA) amplified AC‐induced splenic CD8+ regulatory T cells that suppressed the initiation of contact sensitivity when transferred to immunized, challenged mice. These CD8+ regulatory T cells were produced independently of perforin, indicating that they are not canonical cytotoxic T cells. Fas ligand (FasL)‐deficient CD8+ regulatory T‐cell function was rescued by inclusion of exogenous interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), demonstrating that the expression of FasL by CD8+ regulatory T cells was dispensable, but IFN‐γ was not. Ultimately, we demonstrated that the generation of these CD8+ regulatory T cells occurred independently of IFN‐γ, but their suppressor function required IFN‐γ receptor stimulation.
Fluorescence polarisation immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody for the detection of sulphamethazine in chicken muscle
Authors: Zhang Suxia , Wang Zhanhui , Nesterenko Irina S. , Eremin Sergei A. , Shen Jianzhong
Published: October 2006

A fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA) for the screening of sulphamethazine (SMZ) in chicken muscle was developed. Fluorescein‐labelled tracers for several sulphonamides were synthesised and monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and polyclonal antibody (Pab) were produced. The Mabs and Pabs were raised against sulphonamides conjugated to bovine serum albumin by a diazo method. The most sensitive FPIA method for SMZ detection was based on a combination of the Mab against SMZ–bovine serum albumin and tracer SMZ labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The limit of detection and IC50 for SMZ were 1 and 16 ng mL−1. Recoveries of SMZ from fortified chicken muscle samples averaged between 78% and 89%. The proposed FPIA method was applied for determining SMZ in an actual residue study.
Variations in the social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in supported living schemes and residential settings
Authors: McConkey R.
Published: October 2006

Background The social inclusion of tenants living in two forms of supported living schemes – those clustered on one site and those dispersed in neighbourhoods – is contrasted with more traditional provision found on the island of Ireland, namely, small group homes, residential homes and campus‐style settings.

Methods A standard pro forma based on measures used in past research was completed by the key‐worker for each tenant or resident. In all, data were obtained on 620 persons, representing nearly all tenants in clustered schemes in Northern Ireland and over 40% of those in dispersed schemes.

Results People in either form of supported living tended to have greater levels of social inclusion as measured by their use of community amenities and social contacts than did those in small group homes or residential homes, with participants from campus‐style settings having the lowest levels of social inclusion. Moreover, multivariate analyses confirmed that the accommodation variable was a significant influence in addition to the social competence of the person.

Conclusions Although there were few differences between the two models of supported living, further research could usefully focus on decisions to place persons in either form of accommodation and their impact on wider indicators of social inclusion.
Population structure between environmentally transmitted vibrios and bobtail squids using nested clade analysis
Authors: JONES B. W. , LOPEZ J. E. , HUTTENBURG J. , NISHIGUCHI M. K.
Published: October 2006

Squids from the genus Euprymna (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) and their symbiotic bacteria Vibrio fischeri form a mutualism in which vibrios inhabit a complex light organ within the squid host. A host‐mediated daily expulsion event seeds surrounding seawater with symbiotically capable V. fischeri that environmentally colonize newly hatched axenic Euprymna juveniles. Competition experiments using native and non‐native Vibrio have shown that this expulsion/re‐colonization phenomenon has led to cospeciation in this system in the Pacific Ocean; however, the genetic architecture of these symbiotic populations has not been determined. Using genetic diversity and nested clade analyses we have examined the variation and history of three allopatric Euprymna squid species (E. scolopes of Hawaii, E. hyllebergi of Thailand, and E. tasmanica from Australia) and their respective Vibrio symbionts. Euprymna populations appear to be very genetically distinct from each other, exhibiting little or no migration over large geographical distances. In contrast, Vibrio symbiont populations contain more diverse haplotypes, suggesting both host presence and unidentified factors facilitating long‐distance migration structure in Pacific Vibrio populations. Findings from this study highlight the importance of how interactions between symbiotic organisms can unexpectedly shape population structure in phylogeographical studies.
Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico
Authors: MILLER C. R. , WAITS L. P. , JOYCE P.
Published: October 2006

The fossil record indicates that the brown bear (Ursus arctos) colonized North America from Asia over 50 000 years ago. The species historically occupied the western United States and northern Mexico but has been extirpated from over 99% of this range in the last two centuries. To evaluate colonization hypotheses, subspecific classifications, and historical patterns and levels of genetic diversity in this region, we sequenced 229 nucleotides of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 108 museum specimens. The work was set in a global context by synthesizing all previous brown bear control region sequences from around the world. In mid‐latitude North America a single moderately diverse clade is observed, represented by 23 haplotypes with up to 3.5% divergence. Only eight of 23 haplotypes (35%) are observed in the extensively sampled extant populations suggesting a substantial loss of genetic variability. The restriction of all haplotypes from mid‐latitude North America to a single clade suggests that this region was founded by bears with a similar maternal ancestry. However, the levels and distributions of diversity also suggest that the colonizing population was not a small founder event, and that expansion occurred long enough ago for local mutations to accrue. Our data are consistent with recent genetic evidence that brown bears were south of the ice prior to the last glacial maximum. There is no support for previous subspecies designations, although bears of the southwestern United States may have had a distinctive, but recent, pattern of ancestry.
Binding Characteristics of SLE Anti‐DNA Autoantibodies to Catecholestrogen‐modified DNA
Authors: Khan W. A. , Moinuddin
Published: October 2006

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease in which anti‐double‐stranded DNA antibody is a classic autoantibody that characterizes SLE. A role for oestrogens in the pathogenesis of SLE has been suspected for many years but the exact patho‐aetiology remains elusive. In this study, the binding of SLE autoantibodies with native and 4‐OHE2‐NO‐modified plasmid DNA were assessed. Binding specificity of antibodies was analysed by direct binding and inhibition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative precipitin titration and gel retardation assay. Anti‐DNA IgG from SLE sera, purified on Protein A‐Agarose matrix, exhibited increased recognition of 4‐OHE2‐NO‐DNA than native DNA (P < 0.001). Gel retardation assay further substantiated the enhanced recognition of modified DNA by anti‐DNA autoantibodies. The affinity of anti‐DNA antibodies for modified polymer was found to be high as calculated by using Langmuir plot. DNA modified by 4‐OHE2‐NO presents unique neo‐epitopes that might be one of the factor in antigen‐driven induction of SLE autoantibodies.