bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small is beautiful
Authors: Barnes Peter
Published: February 2008

Developments in minicomputer power have introduced into education and training what amounts to a new computer era. Whereas once the large‐scale data processing mainframe computer was typical of the bigger educational institutions such as universities and polytechnics, today more and more smaller establishments such as comprehensive schools, public schools, and training colleges are in the market for their own in‐house installation as more and more mini‐based computer systems fall within educational budgets.
Staff development in colleges
Authors: Revd.
Published: February 2008

The title of this Conference Staff motivation and morale in a static situation is all wrong. We are not in a static situation. Even if numbers and resources remain static — which is unlikely; they could go up or down, and will almost certainly go up — we shall be in a rapidly‐changing situation. For change is, and ought to be, of the essence of education. Part of the trouble is that teachers in HE and FE are not prepared to change fast enough or radically enough. Part of the trouble also is that expectations built up on the back of years of rapid growth and improvement cannot be met, simply because all normal growth has to be exponential anyway.
So you want to be invited back …
Authors: Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Practising managers are frequently asked to make a guest appearance on a training course. This can sometimes be an uncomfortable experience for all concerned, so here are a few questions and answers to help you make the best possible impression when your turn comes.
All this, and payment too
Authors: Gellerman Saul
Published: February 2008

Complaints about taxes are no doubt as old as taxes themselves. But recently, in countries where marginal tax rates are high (and transfer payments to the less‐well‐paid are also high), something more troublesome than complaints has begun to surface: the pipeline that draws managerial talent upward toward the top of organizations has begun to dry up. At least that is what managers have begun to complain of in such countries. They point out that there may be virtually no financial incentive to accept a more responsible, and therefore a more stressful and time‐consuming, job. Indeed, the economics of promotion can actually be negative. For example if promotion requires relocation to an area of higher housing costs, the manager who accepts a higher‐level job may literally have to pay for his promotion out of his own pocket. The proof of it is that hitherto unheard‐of refusals to accept promotions are now becoming known.
The art of delegation
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Delegation extends what one can do to what one can control, and the gains from effective delegation are multiple. Amongst the reasons for managers not delegating are:
Everyone his own data processing manager
Authors: Flook David
Published: February 2008

Despite all the “miracle chip” press and TV publicity, half the firms in The Times 1000 were unaware of the potential of microprocessors, according to a Department of Industry report earlier this year. To correct matters, DoI consultants PA Management set out in May on a three‐month crusade to convert 3,000 hand‐picked industrial and trade union leaders to the new technological faith. Education and training officers should consider the other side of the coin. Even before this campaign, 47 per cent of The Times 1000 were aware of the new microelectronics. About 80 leading companies — mainly in high technology like defence and communications — were already producing microprocessor‐based products. Some 22 per cent were actively re‐training, and a further 17 per cent were deciding what action to take. This level of awareness, in a technology so new, is truly remarkable. But whether awareness can be translated into effective new product development — ahead of foreign competitors — now depends on industry's capacity to re‐train on an unprecedented scale.
Come in guidance — begone careers
Authors: Hollis Roy
Published: February 2008

Have we not reached a watershed in education that requires a rethink in our attitude to careers work in secondary schools? It is significant that back in 1974 the teachers' professional association concerned enlarged its title to National Association of Careers and Guidance Teachers. In this respect I would argue that Careers and Guidance are not the same, although the former is embraced by the latter. The days of the Careers Teacher are, in my judgement, well past — in too many schools in England and Wales (Scotland has its own system) this title is still given to a teacher largely to meet the headmaster's need for a “careers set‐up” in the school which will satisfy the latter's conscience, the Governing Body, and the majority of articulate parents.
World of work
Authors: Avent OBE Catherine
Published: February 2008

Gone are the days when secondary school teachers could affect to ignore the existence of colleges of further education, or training schemes within the industry, to which many of their pupils would be proceeding as soon as they were allowed to leave school. Link schemes between schools and colleges are now commonplace and vary from the provision within a college of courses for individual subjects not available in schools to programmes in preparation for the transition from school to work, for pupils with limited educational achievements and no clear vocational aspirations. Bridging and foundation courses are laid on to help the less successful pupils to gain confidence by the acquisition of some skill which may not itself lead to a job, but which can at least be used to persuade an employer that the young person is likely to be trainable for some job he can offer. All this flexibility of provision has taken place in parallel with a marked extension of careers education and guidance, both within the schools and from the Careers Service.
Action learning down under comes out on top
Authors: Gilbert R.V.
Published: February 2008

Academics have an ability to make the simple sound complicated, but Professor Reg Revans is different. His Action Learning is a simple expression for some fundamental educational principles. In a sense it is a group version of the Socratic dialogue: nobody teaches, everybody learns. The technique employed is one of questioning. The topic of discussion is a real problem faced by the individual manager. These fundamental principles of Action Learning have been described by Revans in articles in this journal. This paper describes how the principle has been used to develop managers and solve problems in a Civil Service environment.
The price of common sense
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

The Report of the House of Commons Select Committee on the funding and organisation of courses in higher education is eminently sensible. One may contest some of the detail, but few sane men will reject the main thrust of the argument. It is significant that although the chairman, Christopher Price MP, is Labour, most of the members of the committee are Conservatives; and some, such as Patrick Cormack, are far removed from the left wing of the Tory Party. Unsurprisingly therefore the Report is not revolutionary and in no way wild or impractical; it could be said to represent the present Parliamentary consensus about the development of higher education.
Ealing provides the meat in the sandwich
Authors: Kenney John
Published: February 2008

For many years it has been customary for UK firms to recruit graduates; and as most readers will be aware, large companies devote many expensive man hours to the university ‘milk round’ selecting young men to be trained for scientific, technological, or managerial jobs in industry. On the administrative, commercial, and general management side companies interview undergraduates and graduates, and attempt to select those with a flair for business.
Cost‐effective communication
Authors: Roter Ronnie
Published: February 2008

Historians are well aware that adversity concentrates the mind most wonderfully. In the current business climate the best managers are finding that recession is having the same effect. When business cycles dip, everyone suddenly realises how important business efficiency is; and in the past training especially has been allocated a high priority during hard times. Unlike other forms of business efficiency improvement training is about people, not expensive equipment. And despite the increasing emphasis on the use of audio‐visual techniques to help improve training and educational communications, the hardware cost involved is usually relatively low.
The job impact of information technology in the office
Authors: Allen OBE Bill
Published: February 2008

The project was designed to examine the impact which new microprocessor‐based office technologies would have on staff. Despite the rapid growth in office employment to approximately 20 per cent of the working population, growth in office productivity has been almost stagnant. There has been little investment in the office, and the vast majority of office information systems are paper‐based. It has been estimated that the value of fixed assets per shop‐floor worker in the UK is about £5,000; for each office worker the figure is only £500. The falling cost of office equipment such as word processors means that investment in capital equipment is now an option for office employers as an alternative to continuing investment in increasingly costly labour.
Quality of work life model
Authors: Carlson Howard C.
Published: February 2008

In most industralized countries, people who are employed spend nearly 100,000 hours of their lives in the work place. Nearly half of their adult waking time is spent in the world of work. Work is obviously at the very core of life. Our lives are inextricably and substantially organized around our work. Few things can contribute more to the quality of life than work itself.
Vocational objectives compared
Authors: Parkes David
Published: February 2008

Professor Don Morgan's account of the social, economic and, above all, moral context in which American education has developed — together with the history and structure of the education system — makes depressing reading for Western European educationists. Where we are going, they have been. Where they are, we wish to be. The dilemmas we hope to resolve by arriving remain — for the Americans — starkly unrelieved.
Education and the new technologies
Authors: Hubbard Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

We have all had some experience of education, but are considerably less certain of the new technologies. There is a limited awareness of the nature of microelectronics technology and the microcircuits on which it is based, and to a lesser extend of the developments in communications technology and information handling. These three form the first group of the new technologies. The next group will centre on biotechnology, involving the manipulation of genetic material; and others as yet unknown may follow.
Defending educational independence
Authors: Andrews Stuart
Published: February 2008

A little over a century ago Edward Thring, Headmaster of Uppingham, decided to organise the defence of independent schools against the threatened intervention of Mr. Gladstone's Government. The threat was prompted by the Taunton Commission, whose report had been published in 1868, which recommended the setting up of a permanent national body to reform the so‐called endowed schools. This body would have power to alter existing educational trusts and schemes of school government, to set up new trusts, and to reform governing bodies.
Looking to the Independent future
Authors: Capon Jane
Published: February 2008

One of the issues that divides the major political parties is that of independent schools. Britain is the only Western State, with the exception of Malta, where the independent system of schooling is threatened with abolition.
Test, train, test again
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

A lot of so‐called training has about as much relevance to the organisation's needs as does the game of Monopoly to the property business. In part, this is due to the fact that a great deal of training stems from managerial initiative not based on a diagnosis of trainee needs. Employees may be sent to training courses for inappropriate reasons — to solve morale problems; to pay lip service to requirements laid down by top management; as a reward; to build the manager's ego; to get someone “out of their hair”; or sheer tradition/inertia (Buggins' turn). In many cases a manager's decision to send a person on a course is made on the basis of one or two comments they receive, and not always from people who have themselves attended recently.
Safeguarding standards of postal tuition
Authors: Brosgall Jack
Published: February 2008

Before the Council for the Accreditation of Correspondence Colleges in the U.K. was established, appreciable numbers of men and women had made use of correspondence courses in preparing for professional qualifications. Many of these students subsequently occupied responsible positions, and a fair proportion of them were resident overseas.
Measuring for effective time management
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Once goals have been established, the next step for effective time management is to analyse how you spend your time. Few people really know how their time is spent. Asking how it is spent results in some wildly inaccurate analysis. We have preconceived ideas: Yesterday I spent two‐thirds of my time with customers. On examination, it may transpire that one‐third was spent with customers and two‐thirds travelling, attending meetings, handling paperwork and the like.
Performance improvement — is seeing believing?
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Page Denys
Published: February 2008

More than logic Substantial sums of money are invested in training designed to improve communications, morale, motivation, interpersonal relations, and the like. But the results are often disappointing. The trainees may be reasonably logical beings who, given the facts, should be able to make rational decisions and take appropriate action. But often this does not appear to occur. There is growing interest in the possibility that failure may be traced back to differences of perception. The quality of decisions may depend more upon the nature of perception than on logic. Or in the words of Rensis Likert:
Will they never learn at school?
Authors: Sharp Kevin
Published: February 2008

The suggestion that one of the primary aims of education is to prepare pupils for the situations and problems which will confront them in adult life is so obvious as to be almost platitudinous; yet I would venture to suggest that these aims are never properly attained. Schoolwork is of great value as a means of increasing a pupil's knowledge and academic skills. However once removed from the classroom environment, the majority of pupils will have a far greater need of other knowledge and, more importantly, other skills. While it is of course neither practicable to introduce a wide range of specific vocational training programmes into the curriculum, nor desirable to force a child into choosing and training for a career so early in life, it is nevertheless possible and perhaps highly desirable to provide some sort of coaching to prepare pupils in a general way for their future working life.
The Supervisory problem — some causes and cures
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Many managers do not believe that their supervisors accomplish as much as can be expected. In America, Western Europe, South‐East Asia — to instance a few areas — the supervisory problem surfaces.
Quality management
Authors: Brown Paul L.
Published: February 2008

Quality is a word frequently on the lips of top executives, managers, employees and consumers. However, it may be one of the most used and least understood words of the 1980s. Philip Crosby, in his book Quality is Free (McGraw‐Hill, 1979), demonstrates the confusion over the term. He shows how some talk of quality as goodness, or use the word to indicate relative worth such as in the terms good quality or bad quality. The word quality is even now being used to refer to entire value systems such as in the term quality of life, and to new relationships between labour and management as in quality of work life (QWL). Crosby points out that if quality is to be managed in the business setting it must be defined precisely, and suggests the definition conformance to requirements.
Star quality
Authors: Wainwright Gordon
Published: February 2008

The perpetual popularity of talent shows, beauty contests and all forms of competitive sport testifies to a deep desire in many of us not only for achievement, but also for public recognition of our achievement. We want to excel, and we want others to accept our excellence. We want to be stars.
Workplace organisation for effective time management
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

More effective time management may ensue from an analysis and improvement of your working space. Organising workspace is often a personal matter that depends upon tastes and working habits, in addition to the task requirement. While your work place is a “home away from home”, there are a number of basic factors to bear in mind including:
Training Aids and Handouts — their value and proper use
Authors: Page Denys , Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Numerous forms of training aids are available, from the flip chart via the tape or video recorder to the working model. Used effectively an aid facilitates learning — the manner in which people learn is shown in Figure 1 — because it permits appeal to more than one sense at the same time. However a training aid should not be used just for its own sake; it must serve a purpose. It must be relevant and used to reinforce learning.
How to study
Authors: Baker Edgar
Published: February 2008

In the first article we looked at some of the basic conditions required for efficient study. We saw that self‐motivation, good organisation, persistence and self‐confidence are all ingredients for success. Intelligence, which I am inclined to define as speed of thought, is a useful, but not perhaps the most fundamental, ingredient. The hare overtakes the tortoise to begin with; but the tortoise wins in the end.
Current video technology in education and training — 1
Authors: Elliott Geoff
Published: February 2008

The use of video as a teaching and learning aid in education and training is a relatively recent development. Yet already its effectiveness can be demonstrated in many areas. For many, the first contact with video is in the home. Here it is typically used as a means of time‐shifting television programmes: that is, recording them at the time of transmission in order to view them at a more convenient time. A further popular use of the home video recorder is to view tapes purchased or rented from shops and video clubs. These cover a variety of topics, some educational in content.
Current video technology in education and training — 2
Authors: Associates Warner
Published: February 2008

REW Video have been designing and installing industrial video systems for some twenty years and during that time have been involved with numerous education authorities and establishments throughout the UK. Initially contact between REW and local authorities, for example, was simply in the supply of various items of equipment; more recent contracts have however called for REW's assistance and expertise throughout complete projects, from system concept to commissioning of hardware.
Industry and commerce in a foreign language
Authors: Lee E.V.
Published: February 2008

FLIC tests In the early 1960s, the London Chamber of Commerce & Industry was invited to devise a scheme of oral foreign language examinations for the Joseph Lucas organisation. The resultant tests, which were called Foreign Languages for Industry and Commerce (FLIC) were quickly taken up by other sectors of industry and commerce, and they are still popular today.
Keeping individual performance on track — with proper feedback
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Page Denys
Published: February 2008

If individuals are to maintain effective performance in an organisation, or more particularly if they are actually to improve their performance, it is essential that they receive adequate and unbiased feedback on how well they are doing. In some instances this can be provided quantitatively and objectively by means of measured performance controls — eg, budget variances, sales revenue or profit contributions; but in many service type jobs these cannot easily be assessed, and reliance has to be placed on more subjective word‐of‐mouth feedback.
Interpersonal skills training
Authors: Sharples Steve
Published: February 2008

People begin to recognise and develop interpersonal skills from the day they are born — some claim it starts even before that — and they go on learning, or failing to learn, how to use them until the day they die — some say it goes on long after that. When trainees come into training situations at work, as more or less mature adults, they already have a considerable range of interpersonal skills that they have acquired throughout their lives in a variety of contexts.
Work experience in courses
Authors: Hollinshead Betty
Published: February 2008

The Staff Development Unit at Manchester Polytechnic has, for a numer of years, been concerned with study at the interface of education and the world of work, as one strand of its functions at local, regional and national level. Within the context of this work, the Unit began some years ago to look at work experience in courses and programmes, and questions such as
Personality and academic achievement
Authors: Brooks J.
Published: February 2008

One's personality arises mainly from two influences: heredity and environment. However, even identical twins raised by the same parents in the same home will have differences in outlook and temperament.
Lies, damned lies, and CVs
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Recently the American magazine Fortune asked: Why do David Begelman, Janet Cooke and Barry Saffaie have something in common? It continued:
Interaction Management — a case study
Authors: Roberts D.G.
Published: February 2008

Programme implementation Let us turn now to how the training was organised (see Figure 1). Travel to the training site was not a problem, so we established a well‐equipped training room at the Technical Training School. We have now moved to our own Management Development Centre and have a fully dedicated training room for Interaction Management, with permanently‐mounted attractive wall charts and all the necessary video and film equipment to present the course in its best light. The Technical Training School where we started was well regarded, and the IM programme was under its control. This was quite helpful in getting IM off the ground. Participants came to IM in a familiar location, where they had received other training they had found useful in performing their jobs. We did decide to limit to one the number of units conducted in any one week. This was due to language issues, learning new concepts for the first time, and because of the nature of the organisation management style.
Contracts of employment
Authors: Grewal Bob
Published: February 2008

The Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act defines a contract of employment as: a contract of service or apprenticeship, whether express or implied, and (if it is express) whether it is oral or in writing. The question whether a person is an employee or an independent contractor may seem both simple and unnecessary, but it is in fact fundamental to an understanding of British labour law. An employee is said to be working under a contract of service, and an independent contractor under a contract for services. This distinction between a contract of service and a contract for services is difficult to draw, but it is a crucial one. Many rights and duties, both at common law and by statute, hinge upon this distinction. At common law an employer is under a general vicarious liability for the torts of his employees committed in the course of their employment. His liability in respect of independent contractors is much more limited.
Studies in the corrosion of aluminium bronze in salt water
Authors: Shibad P.R. , Balachandra J.
Published: February 2008

The influence of such variables as temperature, agitation, oxygenation, etc., on the corrosion of aluminium bronze specimens with and without heat‐treatment in 3 and 24% NaCI solution has been studied by electrochemical methods and weight loss measurements. It has been observed that the corrosion process is under cathodic control under most of the experimental conditions. Properly heat‐treated specimens with beta‐phase present in preference to gamma2‐phase exhibit better corrosion‐resistance. Thus, with the improved corrosion‐resistance shown by suitably heat‐treated alloys the aluminium bronzes merit consideration as a substitute for other ferrous alloys for use in salt water.
The corrosion of ocean communications cable
Authors: Morgan P.G.
Published: February 2008

THE FIRST structurally practicable submarine telegraph cable was manufactured in about 1850, and for the following 100 years the basic submarine cable design remained unchanged. In the 1950's, the development of new submarine cable of armourless design and using modern materials was begun, and this is now in widespread use in new cables. The lack of information on cable performance led to the initiation of a submarine cable recovery programme by the Bell Telephone Laboratories, with the object of investigating the effect of submarine exposure on existing ocean cable materials. Specimens are obtained from cables in service, taken whenever repairs or replacement require that a cable is raised. Since submarine telegraph cables have been in use for over 100 years, the systematic examination of such specimens gives an invaluable source of information on the performance of materials and the effect of environment.
Progress with zinc‐coated steel
Authors: Porter F.C.
Published: February 2008

The author describes some of the developments in the increasing use of zinc‐coated steel, which in one form or another is used in most industries. Emphasis is given to galvanizing, which is by far the most important coating process.
Current distribution in cathodic protection systems
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

Although cathodic protection is now accepted as a standard engineering technique it is still very much an empirical exercise to design an installation. This is, surprisingly enough, due to an apparent lack of knowledge of performances of electrolytic cells in general. Admittedly the typical cathodic protection installation is complicated by a large number of variables but, even so, design work can generally only be achieved within an accuracy of about 20%. One of the great problems in electrolytic cells is a knowledge of the distribution pattern of the cell currents. The following study is part of a wider research investigation into such problems, and it is believed that the tendency of the conclusions will be of interest to all designers involved in electrolytic cell applications.
Corrosive elements in Czechoslovak fuel oils
Authors: Masek V.
Published: February 2008

In connection with the wider use of fuel oils in Czechoslovakia, accurate knowledge of the compositions of the various types of oils acquires importance, mainly in respect of the contents of various elements causing corrosion and sediments. This relates fundamentally to sulphur, vanadium, sodium, potassium and calcium. In the form of tables the author gives the compositions of 19 different types of fuel oils of the petroleum group, and of four types of fuel oils of the lignite tar group.
Protecting marine structures from corrosion
Authors: Kennedy J.G.
Published: February 2008

The protection of metal marine structures against corrosion in a sense presents greater problems than that of protecting ships themselves, since they cannot be hauled out of the water for inspection and overhaul. Buoys, jetties, piers, bridges in tidal waters and, more recently, oil rigs, are all exposed to the most severe corrosion conditions. There are three types of condition to be considered in any one structure—the parts which are always above the water line, those which are covered by water only at high tide, and those which are permanently underwater.
The examination of corrosion products and processes
Authors: Von Fraunhofer J.A. , Pickup G.A.
Published: February 2008

In the study of a corrosion phenomenon, corrosion product analysis can only be regarded as a part, albeit essential, of the whole investigation. The content to which any corrosion process, and its manifestations, is studied is governed by several factors, which include the information required, the motive behind the investigation (research or industrial), the relevance of laboratory tests with respect to service conditions and the cost of the work. The ad hoc solutions of a plant engineer are often satisfactory over an indefinite period but they can only rarely be regarded as the complete answer to a particular corrosion problem although they will permit the plant to carry on in operation. The corrosion engineer must be able to justify his proposed research or fundamental investigations into a corrosion process from a cost and time standpoint.
Studies in the corrosion of some non‐ferrous alloys in 3% sodium chloride solution
Authors: Shibad P.R. , Balachandra J.
Published: February 2008

The influence of variables such as temperature, agitation, oxygenation on the corrosion of aluminium, copper, nickel base alloys in 3% NaCI solution has been studied by electrochemical and weight loss measurements. It has been observed that the corrosion process is under cathodic control for all the alloys studied. Some nickel and aluminium base alloys merit consideration as a substitute for ferrous alloys in salt water under conditions similar to those reported in this paper.
The cathodic protection of oil well casings
Authors: Watts F.S.
Published: February 2008

The cathodic protection of oil well casings is a most absorbing branch of the technology and combines in its solution the application of basic electrochemical fundamentals, mathematical analyses and a deductive theory of approach.
Cathodic protection of pipelines : a deep hole groundbed
Authors: Hatley H.M.
Published: February 2008

There are three reasons for installing a deep hole groundbed by which it is meant inserting power impressed anodes at a depth greater than 50 ft. The three reasons are:— 1. To minimise interference problems. 2. To circumvent the problem of high surface soil resistivities. 3. To overcome wayleave difficulties. This account is concerned with 1 above.
Temporary protection of metal products against atmospheric corrosion during storage and transport
Authors: Němcová J. , Trešl V.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this article, published in the May issue of Anti‐Corrosion, the authors described two new products of the Czechoslovak chemical industry and their properties, namely KRNB conservation wax and paper with SVIK vaporising inhibitor. In this concluding part details are given on a number of tests showing the efficiency of the products.
Possible mechanisms for the transport of sulphur through oxide scales
Authors: Tuck C.W.
Published: February 2008

Certain previously unobserved features of scale formed in an oil‐fired billet reheating furnace are described. It is shown that sulphur‐rich melts formed at the scale/metal interface penetrate the grain boundaries of the overlying scale: subsequently the sulphur is removed by an oxidation reaction in which the surrounding manganese‐containing oxide takes part, to form a complex manganese silicate. The thermodynamics of possible reactions are discussed briefly and hypotheses put forward for the transport mechanisms of sulphur from the furnace atmosphere to the scale/metal interface.
The corrosion resistance of welds in 18–10 Mo steel to boiling nitric acid
Authors: Leymonie C.
Published: February 2008

A lecture held in Paris the 22 April 1966 during an ESAB symposium on the subject of the development of methods for electrical welding, and originally published in Esab Svetsaren, no. 1, 1968 (Box 8850, S‐402 71 Göteborg 8, Sweden.)
Titanium carbides as the cause of knife‐line corrosion
Authors: Čihal Vladimír , Kašová Irena , Masařik Vladimír , Lehká Nadežda
Published: February 2008

ALLOYING with titanium transfers the steel into the passive state, lowering the critical passivation current density and, above all, increases the resistance to inter‐granular corrosion of welded joints in the critical temperature range, but a higher Ti content lowers the stability of the passive state and increases sensitivity to pitting corrosion by comparison with unstabilised steels. Adequate stabilisation ensures resistance to inter‐granular corrosion under the influence of critical temperatures, but stabilised steels are sensitive to inter‐granular corrosion in the overheated zone adjacent to the deposited metal of a welded joint, frequently to knife‐line corrosion even without the dual heating action of overheating to the solidus temperature and heating to critical temperatures during the application of a second weld layer or bead. Knife‐line attack is the result of heating the vicinity of a weld bead to temperatures close to the melting point, causing extensive dissolution of the Ti carbides, grain growth and an increase in ferrite content. During the subsequent action of critical temperatures (500–950°C) precipitation of Cr carbides, breakdown of ferrite, sigma‐phase formation, etc. occur which, jointly with the action of stress peaks in this zone, promote the tendency to knife‐line attack.
Lead as an anode—Part 2
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A.
Published: February 2008

Although the first part of this article (published in the November issue) is highly relevant to grid corrosion, certain other considerations are also very important, namely, stresses within the grid and grid growth.
Corrosion of stainless steel fibres
Authors: Lew Sandy
Published: February 2008

Generally, of all the properties, corrosion resistance can be a prime consideration in determining whether a given alloy or metal is adequate for a proposed use. With the increasing ability to fabricate many alloys and metals into fibre material of extremely small diameter, a better knowledge of their chemical properties as related to their unique size becomes more essential since many of the potential applications involve exposure to corrosive environments. This article reviews the corrosion resistance of Brunsmet MF‐A1 stainless steel fibres produced by the Brunswick Corp., Chicago, Illinois.
Paint failures due to inadequate specifications
Authors: Chandler K.A.
Published: February 2008

A SPECIFICATION is essentially a method of ensuring that a purchaser obtains a product made and finished to his requirements. Any individual or group can prepare a specification but it must be technically feasible if it is to be accepted by the contractor. The preparation of a good specification is a skilled undertaking. It must cover all points that may give rise to disputes but it should not insist on a standard well above that actually required, as this will result in an unnecessarily expensive product. A specification may contain both aims and methods to be employed in achieving the aims, e.g. ‘ … remove all rust and scale by blast cleaning’. Clearly, the method specified must be capable of achieving the aim or disputes will inevitably arise. In the above phrase the substitution of ‘wire brushing’ for ‘blast cleaning’ would almost certainly lead to problems because generally all rust and scale cannot be removed by wire‐brushing. If the phrase were altered to ‘ … remove rust and scale by wire brushing’ this would be acceptable in that some rust and scale can be removed by wire brushing, but it is too vague for a specification.
The effect of scale microstructure on the pickling of hot‐rolled steel strip
Authors: Tuck C.W.
Published: February 2008

One of the problems in the production of narrow hot‐rolled mild steel strip is the formation, at the edges of the strip, of scale that can be extremely resistant to pickling; This extreme resistance to pickling of ‘hard edge scale’ sometimes requires repickling of a considerable percentage of coils with consequent loss of production and deterioration of surface finish. The paper considers in detail the correlation between the microstructure of scale on the strip and its pickling behaviour. It is shown that certain characteristics of the microstructure, peculiar to ‘hard edge scale’, i.e. increased thickness, the presence of a primary magnetite layer, greater degree of wüstite transformation and the nature and presence of haematite, can be suppressed to a greater or lesser degree by variations in the cooling cycle. It is considered that no single one of these structural differences between hard edge scale and that which is removed readily from the centre of the strip would, by itself, interfere with pickling, but when these characteristics occur together repickling is made necessary. The above observations and conclusions are supported by results obtained from pickling tests carried out in the laboratory on samples taken from a wide range of coils.
Pipeline corrosion prevention—cased crossings
Authors: Hatley H.M.
Published: February 2008

A SOURCE of concern to the pipeline corrosion engineer is the sleeved crossing. Should this become partially or totally shorted to the carrier pipeline a depression in the attenuation curve of cathodic protection will arise and protection on the carrier pipe will be reduced or be non‐existent for a short length. The fault is not difficult to find, the remedy can be costly. As in all corrosion matters the prevention of a particular problem commences at the design stage on the drawing board.
Zinc‐rich paints for structural steelwork
Authors: Moree Ir. J.C.
Published: February 2008

METALLIC ZINC has been used for many years as a pigment in paints. If the zinc content of the paints is higher than 90%, the paints are generally called zinc rich paints; this paper deals with this type.
materials fall‐out from THE AMERICAN SPACE PROGRAMME
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

From the outset of the American Space Programme the industries working to meet new and stringent specifications have promised a range of equally new materials and techniques. This ‘fall‐out’ of the programme has now started to make its impact, particularly in materials. During 1965 there was a continuous string of announcements in the American technical press of discoveries and it is anticipated that most of the materials should be available in this country in 1966. It is no easy task to cover all the new developments, particularly as some of them have been anticipated and foreseen for such a long time that they have not been particularly startling when announced as industrial realities.
structural materials in the MOTOR INDUSTRY
Authors: Dewar McLintock J.
Published: February 2008

Because it is cheap, plentiful, strong, and reasonably easy to work, sheet steel continues to be the favourite material for the production of basic structures—usually integral body‐chassis fabrications—in the motor industry. Moreover, because conventional rust‐inhibition, paint‐preparation and paint‐coating systems and materials are now cheap and reliable, once the relatively costly equipment is installed, these are still the accepted processes for protection against corrosion, as well as for enhancing the appearance of the product.
THE ECONOMICS OF CORROSION PREVENTION
Authors: Garside J.E.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Corrosion has been described as one of the scourges of civilisation. It would appear to be almost a universal phenomenon occurring in the home, on the roads—particularly in road vehicles—in the factory, on the farm, in vessels at sea, in aircraft in the sky, and in pipelines underground. Corrosion is not confined to metallic materials—although they are the major victims—in that stone, brickwork and concrete are also subject to corrosive attack. In Britain alone the annual cost of corrosion has been calculated to be over £600 million in materials replacement, maintenance costs and lost production; the annual world cost has been estimated as at least £10,000 million.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOME HEAT PROPERTIES IN PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

Choosing a protective coating for varying temperature conditions can be a difficult matter, since it has been found that all types of coatings tend to peel off under such conditions. For this reason, maximum coating thicknesses are often specified for particular temperature ranges.
Cast Iron Failures in Sulphuric Acid Plant
Authors: Banfield R.H. , Gaskell D.R.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this article (February issue) dealt with a failure in a boiler raising steam by using heat from a 7% SO2‐in‐air mixture; the protective corrugated cast iron shell round the boiler tubes opened, exposing them to oxidation. The present case concerns cracking of a 22‐in. connecting main between two SO3 absorbers; this was found to be caused by SO3 passing into the cast iron through the graphite flakes and attacking the adjoining ferrite.
Impressed current cathodic protection of ships
Authors: Anderson E.P.
Published: February 2008

ENGELHARD INDUSTRIES have, for the past 15 years, been particularly interested in the subject of impressed current cathodic protection of ships' hulls. A study we made convinced us of the advantages of platinum as an anode material, since even under high current density (500 A/sq.ft.) the dissolution rate of this metal was only 6 mg./A‐yr. in sea‐water. The noble metals are manufactured by the industry, and so it followed that the cathodic protection of ships became an active project.
Pretreatment and priming of steel
Authors: de Vlieger Ir. J.H.
Published: February 2008

The author discusses several examples of paint systems that failed, not because of the quality of the paint, but from defects or complications during application. Metal pretreatment, air pollution, and method of application are all factors to be considered. Effects of marine and industrial environments are discussed.
Mould deterioration of materials and equipment
Authors: Elphick J.J.
Published: February 2008

Micro‐organisms have an important part to play in the natural cycle of breakdown and re‐use of materials. They form a well‐organised body of specialists that can break down many materials under a wide range of conditions. Unfortunately they go to work on the materials of their choice in things made and used by man. The author mentions some practical corrosion and deterioration problems, and stresses the need for adequate testing of industrial products for mould‐resistance.
Whither corrosion?
Authors: Howard Rogers T.
Published: February 2008

IS IT NOT surprising that, although it is now over 100 years since Bessemer patented his process for the production of cheap steel, there is still no commercially available low‐alloy steel whose corrosion resistance (except for minor improvements in resistance to some atmospheres) is significantly better than that of the steels available in the mid‐nineteenth century? In fact it would not be impossible to find constructional engineers who consider modern steels not to have as much resistance as those of years ago.
The steel tube as a structural element for corrosion‐resistant structures
Authors: van Oeferen K.A.
Published: February 2008

Some more recent examples of the correct design of steel structures to protect them against corrosion are given, using steel tubes as the structural element. They show how, by the use of appropriate design measures, a reduction in the corrosion load will result from the use of steel tubes. The behaviour of steel structures with corrosion protection is shown, and also cases of corrosion on steel tube structures are discussed. In addition, examples of damage to anti‐corrosive coatings of steel tube structures are given. The points which must be watched during the painting of steel tubes, and their application as scaffolding for corrosion protection operations are set out.
The economics of corrosion and corrosion control
Authors: Holme A.
Published: February 2008

This article is divided into three main sections as follows: 1. A description of the economic effects of corrosion and corrosion control in Britain and the United States. 2. A description of various methods of accounting by which the time costs of corrosion and corrosion control can be measured by the firm. 3. Some economic analyses to show the effects of improved methods of corrosion control of the economy.
Galvanic action of new liquid metal primer gives lasting protection
Authors: Herford R.H.
Published: February 2008

IT HAS been authoritatively stated that the corrosion of steel in an aqueous solution is a matter of electrical action between steel and water, since both are conductors of electricity.
Limitations of reinforced plastics in chemical plant
Authors: Oliver P.C.
Published: February 2008

Because of the physical size of the structural components of much chemical plant and the relative absence of standard construction modules, the choice of materials is generally limited by the requirement to reproduce the flexibility of design features which the plant engineer has come to expect from ‘conventional’ materials of construction. In order to comply with such requirements, the fabricator in re‐inforced plastics must, therefore, employ raw materials which offer him the greatest possible design freedom and this in turn demands: (a) Reinforcements which can be draped readily. (b) Resins which will completely bind the re‐inforcement together into a uniform, reproducible mass, and which will convert from the low viscosity (liquid) phase to the solid phase at temperatures which are readily attainable, and with little or no applied pressure.
Diffusion coatings for the protection of iron and steel
Authors: Drewett R.
Published: February 2008

This article is primarily concerned with those metallic diffusion coatings that are applied for the protection of iron and steel. It will be presented in three parts: 1. Aluminium coatings. 2. Chromium coatings. 3. Zinc coatings. Special reference is made in each part to the available methods of application, the coatings' composition and structure, their physical properties, and their corrosion and oxidation resistance.
Problems in ship painting
Authors: Gay P.J.
Published: February 2008

Modern methods of cleaning do not always remove variations in the surface condition of steel, and the old corrosion patterns sometimes reappear after careful impact cleaning. Possibly this is caused by hammering rust into the surface, but more probably residual contaminants such as sulphates are responsible. Since it is unlikely that any cleaning method will remove all effects of previous corrosion, the choice of primer is important. Clearly, it is a dangerous practice to use a low‐quality ‘temporary primer’ which allows rusting during construction, unless the ship is to be re‐blasted and coated with a high‐quality primer.
The oxidation behaviour of low alloy steels—Part 2
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A. , Pickup G.A.
Published: February 2008

THE variation in weight gains of the binary (and ternary) iron alloys with change in the atmosphere composition clearly demonstrates the sensitivity of oxidation behaviour to conditions. In particular it can be seen from Figs. 3 and 4 that the presence of atmospheric pollutants (sulphur and nitrogen oxides, water vapour) markedly increases the oxidation rate in air. This is supported by the further marked increase in oxidation in flue gases produced by the presence of sulphur oxides. Oxidation in flue gases at 700°C is far greater than in air, Figs. 7 and 10 and Table 3. This is due to the formation of wustite which was not present in air‐formed oxide scales.