bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 3.—The Chronology of Palaikastro and Zakro
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

We may divide the life of the town into three principal periods.

I. The Kamáres Period.

II. The Early Mycenaean Period, ending with the fall of Zakro.

III. The Late Mycenaean Period.

Of these the first is well defined, thanks to the labours of Dr Mackenzie and of Mr Dawkins, who has treated the sequence of the Kamáres pottery at Palaikastro and the circumstances under which it has been found at some length in his paper on the Pottery. But the line between the second and third periods has not yet been drawn.

The settlement at Palaikastro came into being earlier and survived later than its neighbour at Zakro, the life of which began, as I believe, midway in Period I. and ceased abruptly at the end of Period II. Both Mr Hogarth and Mr Dawkins have spoken of the pottery found in the houses there as late Mycenaean; the former describes it as ‘almost exclusively characterised by the inferior glaze and debased ornament which we associate with the late efforts of Mycenaean art in the Aegean’ (B.S.A. vii. 145), and Mr Dawkins does not contest this judgment in his valuable study of the Zakro Pottery (J.H.S. xxiii. p. 254). I am disposed to place it much earlier and to regard the poorer painted vases as of local make and more or less contemporary with the splendid filler from House A, which is unquestionably a product of the Palace Period.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 7.—Block ε and ο
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

In Block ε at least five houses can be clearly made out. It is triangular and covers about 760 sq. m. It is separated from γ by a narrow lane that runs up the hill from the main street, from ο by a narrow, crooked, lane and from the unexcavated Block ζ by a straight, well-paved street. This street, as running level, has no gutter like the lanes that lead down to the main street on both sides of ε.

Rooms1–18.—This house occupies the northern part of the block, where the ground slopes downwards to the main street, from which it is entered by two steps, leading into a vestibule (2) with a stone bench on the left and a door on the right. The earth in this region was very thin and the exact position of the doors was lost. The left-hand suite of rooms (4–7) could only be entered from room 3; otherwise they are entirely shut off from the rest of the house. Owing to the slope of the ground the two lower rooms of this suite are reached by steps. Room 4 goes deeper than the others, the subsoil having been cut away. It contained an immense mass of pottery. Besides sixteen bowls, some of them painted with Mycenaean running patterns, and cups of various shape, there were no less than 980 of the small handleless unpainted cups so common in Mycenaean houses—by far the largest hoard of them found in any room.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 10.—Hagios Nikolaos
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: October 2013

On March 31st, 1903, and the three following days I conducted a trial excavation at a site situated at about an hour's distance from Roussolakkos, and known as Hagios Nikolaos from a small church of that name. During the first three days I employed ten men, on the fourth only two.

The most prominent feature of the landscape is the height called Módhi (1776 ft.). From the foot of this there runs almost due east a deep valley with a river-bed, which, although quite dry at the time when I saw it, must sometimes carry off a considerable volume of water from the surrounding hills. The valley is at first narrow and its sides very steep, but a little way above the chapel it broadens out considerably: although the left bank is steep and in places almost precipitous, the right side rises in a gentle slope, forming a series of terraces which are under cultivation and afford a good harvest in spite of the stony character of the soil. It is on this southern slope that the chapel stands, situated on a small outcrop of rock and surrounded by cornfields.
Excavations at Palaikastro. V
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

Although it had been intended to close the excavation in 1905, a few days were spent in 1906 in clearing up doubtful points. Work was carried on for only eight days with about ten men, but in spite of this small scale of operations a good deal of fresh light was thrown on the nature of Late Minoan II. burials. I was assisted throughout by Mr. J. P. Droop, of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Our first object was to test the field in which were found some years ago two stone moulds for making castings of female figures, double axes, and other objects. The field lies on the left of the road from Siteia to Palaikastro, just before the first houses of the hamlet of Haghia Triadha are reached. The results were disappointing: a day and a half's trenching exposed the scanty remains of a Minoan (probably Late Minoan III.) house, but as no signs of wealth were found, the work was discontinued.

The next site tried was Pláko, a mountain dairy a little south of Palaikastro, high up between the hill of Petsofá and Cape Pláka. Two years before the owner had cleared out a hollow underneath a projecting ledge of limestone, in order to make a cistern, and in the small deep cave so opened had found two ‘blossom’ bowls, a fine lentoid gem, a bronze ring and human remains. The objects, except the ring, which had been destroyed, were secured for the Candia Museum.
Two Watch Towers in the Megarid
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The mountain-road from Megara to Thebes has always been a highway of some importance. Rising from the Megarian plain, it wound upwards among the hills until it topped the pass leading to the harbour of Aegosthena, passing on the right the site of the modern Vilia; near this pass it joined another road running up from Pagae, the other Megarian harbour. From the nature of the ground the old road and the modern mule-track must have followed much the same lines. The rocky range of hills, over which the pass already mentioned leads, is Mount Carydi. The need of guarding such a strategic point, whence the Megarian plain and the land round Pagae could easily be overlooked, is clear at first sight; and in fact there are still standing two fine Greek towers on the southern side of the pass. These were first described by Buchon: they are also marked in the map accompanying a dissertation by Lebègue, and mentioned in his text.
Cretan Palaces and the Aegean Civilization. II
Authors: Mackenzie Duncan
Published: October 2013

In my previous paper on Cretan Palaces and the Aegean Civilization I sought to give a general account of the architectural evidence resulting from excavation, in its bearing on the disputed question as to the continuity of Aegean culture throughout the course of its development.

It will now be advisable to consider the problems involved on a wider basis, in the light of the objects other than architectural, found in Crete and elsewhere in the Aegean world.

The Carian Hypothesis as to the Origins of the Aegean Civilization.

That the implications of the question are of an ethnological character will at this stage in the inquiry be generally admitted. And here it will be convenient to take as our point of departure a standpoint that may now perhaps be regarded as pretty general, though negative in its bearings, and which is to the effect that the originators of the Aegean civilization, at any rate in its pre-Mycenaean phases, were not ‘Achaeans’ in the vague general sense of being a people from the mainland of Greece. But the attempt to give a positive form to this conclusion has led to the revival of an old hypothesis which is perhaps not so entirely out of date as has lately been supposed. According to this hypothesis, the originators and representatives of the Aegean civilization were Carians from southwest Anatolia, and it was they, according to Doerpfeld, who built the earlier palaces of Crete. The later Cretan palaces, on the other hand, according to the same authority, were built by people of Achaean, and so of Hellenic race.
II.—Excavations at Sparta. 1906: § 10.—The Theatre
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

The narratives of the travellers, who have visited the theatre at: Sparta, are for the most part too short and too vague to prove of much real service to the excavator. Leroy, who visited Sparta in 1770, mentions the seats of greyish-white marble and the retaining-walls of fine rusticated stone, and shows in his illustration the Byzantine fortress-wall, which runs southwards from the theatre, with two columns standing outside it. The plans and drawings of the French Expedition sixty years later show the same wall and columns without any trace of the stage-buildings mentioned by Leake (1805) and Dodwell (1819) among previous visitors, and by Curtius in 1852. Neither Clark, nor Wyse, nor Bursian saw remains of a proscenium, so that it appears likely that Curtius at any rate, if not his predecessors, mistook the Byzantine remains in front of the theatre for Roman stage-buildings. It was principally on the evidence of these remains that Leake, Dodwell, and Bory de St. Vincent based their supposition that the theatre was of Roman date.
The Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, 1911: § 4.—Melos and Crete
Authors: Dawkins R. M. , Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

The trade connexion between Melos and Crete, which is proved as early as the Neolithic period by the presence of Melian obsidian in Crete, is not indicated by the presence of Cretan vases at Phylakopi before the beginning of the Middle Minoan age. The suggestion that the lustrous glaze Geometric ware was imported and not native, has not been supported by later evidence, and of the Cretan pottery with light-on-dark geometric patterns of the Early Minoan III period, which was first observed at Vasiliki near Gournià, only one sherd was found, and even this is not entirely certain. The finds of polychrome Kamares ware on the other hand though small in comparison with the mass of local pottery, were frequent and well distributed over the site. About seventy per cent, of the total amount found came from levels in which pottery of the native Geometric style predominated; of the rest, the greater part was found with the pre-Mycenaean Melian ware, as we prefer to call the Early Mycenaean with curvilinear designs in matt black of Mr. Edgar's classification, whilst a certain amount was found amongst later fabrics in strata which had probably been disturbed.
The Literary Evidence for the Topography of Thebes
Authors: Gomme A. W.
Published: October 2013

Fabricius' view, based on archaeological evidence, that the lower town of Thebes extended over the high hills East and West of the Kadmeia (Pl. XIX. A) has in general been accepted by subsequent scholars: it has only been modified by the theory of Kalopais and Soteriádes, which makes the town extend yet further eastwards.

How weak this archaeological evidence is, was shown by the criticisms of Wilamowitz and Frazer; and the literary evidence suggests quite a different view. It is to this that I wish to draw attention. Any theory based on such evidence is of course liable to be upset at any moment by fresh archaeological discoveries. But in the present uncertainty it may be useful to see to what theory this evidence seems to lead us.

Thebes is situate towards the East end of the long range of low, cultivated hills, running eastwards from Helikon as far as Mount Sorós, and dividing the Aonian plain on the North from that of Leuktra and Plataia on the South. Here is a small group of hills, none of them rising much above the general height of the range, divided by the three streams flowing from. South to North, the Plakiótissa (identified with Dirke), a small and nameless brook, and the H. Joánnes (the ancient Ismenos)
Some Notes on the Monument of Porphyrios at Constantinople
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

The monument of the charioteer Porphyrios which stands in the Atrium of the church of St. Irene at Constantinople will no doubt be an object of interest now that the church has been thrown open to the public as a Military Museum. The description of it by Mordtmann which appeared in 1880 is still the best available, and except for some further remarks by the same writer nothing seems to have been published subsequently concerning it until the appearance last year of a short paper by M. J. Ebersolt who treats the sculptured reliefs from the artistic standpoint, and discusses the place which they occupy in the history of Byzantine Art.

The notes which I publish here consist of a few comments on the texts of the inscriptions as printed by Mordtmann, and small corrections in them, together with a suggested interpretation, which seems new, of one of the scenes sculptured on the stele, and a short account, kindly supplied by Professor J. B. Bury, of the language and metre of the inscriptions in popular Greek which appear on two of the four sides of the stele.
Heraldry of the Rhodian Knights, formerly in Smyrna Castle
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The two white marble slabs shewn below (Figs. 2, 3), originally in the castle of S. Peter at Smyrna, are now built into the circular court of the prison, high up, facing the entrance from the street. I was first apprised of their whereabouts by the late Dr. Weber, who himself published them in the somewhat inaccessible ῾H μερολόγιον τῆς ᾿Αμαλθεἰας. For access to the prison I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. E. Harris, Consul-General of the United States.

The history of the castle need not long occupy us here. It is sufficient to say that it dated from the capture of Smyrna in 1344 by a combined Christian fleet under Jean de Biandra, Prior of Lombardy, and was held by the Papacy till 1374, when it was transferred to the Knights of S. John (Grand Master de Julliac) by Gregory XI. In 1392 it was repaired for the Order by Domenico d'Allemagna, Admiral of Rhodes, at the charges of G. M. de Heredia, again by G. M. de Naillac in 1398, and finally stormed by Timur in 1399. It was never recovered by the Knights, who are said to have built the new castle of S. Peter (Budrum) to replace it as a mainland stronghold.
Cenotaphs and Sacred Localities
Authors: Halliday W. R.
Published: October 2013

A noticeable feature with regard to sacred localities (sacred springs, trees, wells and the like) not only in Ancient Greece, but also in other lands, is the frequent association of the sacred spot with the supposed grave of a saint, prophet or holy man. For example, a long list of sacred localities in the Punjab was published by Miss Burne and Mr. Rose in Folklore, xxi2 and it will be seen that the feature to which I have alluded, is as prominent here as in the traditions of Ancient Greece. It has, of course, attracted the attention of the authors, who offer two slightly different explanations of the phenomenon, (1) ‘The power of the original healer has passed into his tomb instead of into his descendants, or has been communicated by him to a well instead of to a disciple.’ This explanation, it will be observed, admits the existence of the buried prophet and his holiness as the ultimate source of the power of the locality. (2) It may be doubted whether those legendary Fakîrs, who are said to have given power to the wells, are not in reality early devotees of the wells in question, whose memory lingers at the places they themselves worshipped, and beside which they were frequently buried.
Inscriptions from Western Pisidia
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

The inscriptions contained in this article were found in the neighbourhood of the Tauros valley in Western Pisidia during the autumn of 1910 by Mr. Nikolas Michael of Adalia, who has kindly forwarded me his copies for publication. They form a substantial addition to the texts found by Mr. Ormerod and myself in that region a few months earlier, though it is disappointing that none of them furnish any topographical information. The discovery of No. 5 at Yerten-Keui tends to confirm the view that this village represents an ancient site. As, on the whole, they present no serious textual problems, it seems sufficient to publish them in minuscules only, noting ligatures where they occur. A classification by subjects has been adopted.
Notes and Inscriptions from Pamphylia
Authors: Ormerod H. A. , Robinson E. S. G.
Published: October 2013

The following notes were made by us on a short journey in Pamphylia during March 1911.It had been our intention on reaching Adalia about the middle of the month to go at once into Lycia, but the lateness of the season made the higher ground impossible, and it seemed better to spend a short time in examining the country in the immediate neighbourhood of Adalia, much of which was still imperfectly known (Fig. 1).

The best description of the Pamphylian plain is that given by Lanckoronski. From the Kestros to the Melas stretches a low-lying, swampy plain, traversed by three great rivers which come down from the Pisidian highlands, feverish in summer, and during the winter months impossible for wheeled traffic. To the west of the Kestros rises a rocky plateau of travertine some hundred feet above sea-level, on which stands the town of Adalia (Attaleia) on cliffs above the sea, which diminish towards the west. To the north of Adalia rises a third level, which viewed from the south, resembles a high raised beach, running roughly parallel with the present coast as far as the village of Barsak. To the east of that point the hills turn in a north-easterly direction and sink gradually down towards the Kestros. The western part of the plateau is crossed by two main roads, leading respectively to Istanoz and Buldur.
Early Egyptian Influence in the Mediterranean
Authors: Peet T. Eric
Published: October 2013

The question of the influence of the Eastern Mediterranean on the Central and Western is not a new one, and an apology is perhaps needed for re-opening it. If so it must be taken to lie in the fact that the last five years have thrown a new light on the Eastern Mediterranean. It was easy to say that what seemed strange or new in Crete or Italy must be due to ‘Oriental influence’ so long as this alluring phrase remained without content. Now, however, when we are beginning to catch glimpses of what was really happening in nearer Asia in remote days, we are almost daily finding that something of that which was so readily labelled ‘oriental’ is not oriental at all.

It is, then, a time for reconsidering this question, and no doubt it will be discussed in all its bearings at the coming Archaeological Congress in Rome, where the following problem is to be dealt with: ‘In what consists the evidence of the influence of the pre-Hellenic East on the countries of the Western Mediterranean?’ Here I shall confine myself mainly to a single aspect of the question. It is an aspect which has lately been brought into prominence by Professor Elliot Smith's book on the Ancient Egyptians. This book is of course mainly concerned with Egypt and the Egyptians, but its last chapter is an attempt to reconcile the craniological evidence available for Egypt and the Mediterranean with the archaeological.
The Topography of the Scamander Valley.—I
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: October 2013

The course of the Scamander is divided into three well marked sections—valley basins divided by defiles. Beginning from the mouth we have first the Plain of Troy, of which nothing need be said here; enough has been written about it already. It is bounded on the south by the Bally Dagh and south of this again by the Kara Dagh. Into the bay between these two runs on the east a spur of the Kayaly Dagh. These hills descend in steep slopes to the river banks, and form a gorge of limestone cliffs some four miles long, nearly as far as Sarimsak Köprü (Garlic Bridge). The path from the north mounts the slopes of the Bally Dagh to a height of over 500 feet, then descends to the river where in the middle of the gorge there lies a small secluded plain—a spot of idyllic charm—and again rises to a height of over 600 feet in order to cross the southern barrier of the Kara Dagh and reach the high road from the Dardanelles to Ezine close to Sarimsak Köprü.
Epidemiological features of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Shenzhen, China from 2008 to 2010
Authors: ZHENG S. , CAO C. X. , CHENG J. Q. , WU Y. S. , XIE X. , XU M.
Published: October 2013

This study analysed the spatio-temporal distribution and propagation of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in Shenzhen from 2008 to 2010. Specifically, we examined the epidemiological data, temporal distribution and spatial distribution, and then the relationship between meteorological, social factors and the number of reported HFMD cases was analysed using Spearman's rank correlation. Finally, a geographically weighted regression model was constructed for the number of reported HFMD cases in 2009. It was found that three independent variables, i.e. the number of reported HFMD cases in 2008 and, annual average temperature and precipitation, had different spatial impacts on the number of reported HFMD cases in 2009. In addition, these variables accounted for the propagation mechanism of HFMD in the centre and east of Shenzhen, where the high incidence rate areas are located. These results will be of great help in understanding the spatio-temporal distribution of HFMD and developing approaches to prevent this disease.
The role of prosodic structure in the formation of English blends
Authors: ARNDT-LAPPE SABINE , PLAG INGO
Published: October 2013

This article investigates a variety of ways in which prosodic factors influence blend structure in English. Recent approaches no longer consider blends unpredictable, but the role of stress in blend formation has not been investigated in detail yet. This article addresses this problem, focusing on the role of stress in determining the switchpoint of the two bases in the blend, and on the question of what determines the stress pattern of the blend. We investigate these questions using experimentally derived forms, coined by native speakers on the basis of carefully controlled word pairs as stimuli. The results demonstrate that the length of the blend, the location of the switchpoint, and the stress of the blend are crucially determined by stress properties of the two base words of the blend, above all by those of the second word. At a theoretical level, the most important single finding is that preservation of the stress of the second word may happen independently of preservation of segmental material of the stressed syllable (e.g.préstitantfromprestígious+dóminant). In contrast to stress, and contrary to earlier claims, syllabic constituency is shown to be of minor importance for switchpoint location. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. On a methodological level, our results show that experimentally elicited blends constitute a valid and highly useful resource for research on blend structure.
Muster, Entwicklungstypen und Persönlichkeit
Authors: Müller Mario , Schmidt Mirko , Zibung Marc , Conzelmann Achim
Published: October 2013

Studien zu Sozialisationswirkungen sportlicher Aktivitäten auf Facetten der Persönlichkeit (z. B. Selbstkonzept) haben sich bislang in der Regel auf die Analyse isolierter Effekte des Sports konzentriert, ohne weitere Entwicklungskontexte (wie z. B. die Familie) angemessen zu berücksichtigen. Da hierin eine wesentliche Ursache für die unbefriedigende Befundlage gesehen wird, bemüht sich der Beitrag darum, die Rolle des Sports für das Selbstkonzept im komplexen Wirkungsgeflecht verschiedener Entwicklungskontexte herauszuarbeiten. 121 Heranwachsende wurden in einer personorientierten Längsschnittsstudie untersucht und die Daten mit der LICUR-Methode (z. B. Bergman, Magnusson & El-Khouri, 2003 ) ausgewertet. Die dabei identifizierten Subgruppen unterscheiden sich in allen untersuchten Facetten des Selbstkonzepts bedeutsam, zeigen sowohl zeitstabile als auch dynamische Werteprofile ihrer Entwicklungsfaktoren und folgen überzufällig häufig einzelnen Entwicklungswegen. Aus diesen Befunden werden Konsequenzen für eine ganzheitliche und funktionale Selbstkonzeptförderung durch Sport abgeleitet.
Dietary practices in isolated First Nations communities of northern Canada: combined isotopic and lipid markers provide a good qualitative assessment of store-bought vs locally harvested foods consumption
Authors: Seabert T , Pal S , Krümmel E M , Blais J M , Imbeault P , Robidoux M A , Haman F
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE:

In First Nations communities of northwestern Ontario, where rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus are some of the highest in the world, ascertaining wild food dietary practices is extremely challenging owing to seasonal availability, environmental factors, life circumstances and language/cultural barriers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether analysis of isotopic and fatty acid (FA) profiles could provide more comprehensive information to discriminate between three categories of wild food consumption (that is, plants and animals) in two isolated First Nations communities of northwestern Ontario. In addition, this analysis also highlights whether wild food consumption as practiced in these two communities can increase circulating levels of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), which provide a number of important metabolic benefits that could impact the prevention/treatment of T2DM.

RESULTS:

13C enrichment (in expired CO2, plasma and hair),15N enrichment (in hair) and FA profiles in plasma phospholipids (phospholipid fatty acid (PL-FA)) were quantified in men and in women consuming various amounts of wild food.13C/12C ratios were lower and15N/14N ratios were higher in participants consuming wild food at least once a week. In addition, FA results indicated that the relative contributions of 20:4 Ω-6 and 22:6 Ω-3 to total PL-FAs were higher and 18:2 Ω-6 lower in wild food consumers.

CONCLUSION:

Together, these findings confirm that isotopic and lipid markers discriminate between the different wild food categories in these two First Nations communities. Knowing the close relationship between dietary intake and the potential role of PUFA in the prevention/treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases, it is critical to accurately measure the composition of diet for individuals in their specific environments.
ER stress in rodent islets of Langerhans is concomitant with obesity and β-cell compensation but not with β-cell dysfunction and diabetes
Authors: Omikorede O , Qi C , Gorman T , Chapman P , Yu A , Smith D M , Herbert T P
Published: October 2013

Objective:

The objective of this study was to determine whether ER stress correlates with β-cell dysfunction in obesity-associated diabetes.

Methods:

Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to investigate changes in the expression of markers of ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR) and β-cell function in islets isolated from (1) non-diabetic Zucker obese (ZO) and obese female Zucker diabetic fatty (fZDF) rats compared with their lean littermates and from (2) high-fat-diet-fed fZDF rats (HF-fZDF), to induce diabetes, compared with age-matched non-diabetic obese fZDF rats.

Results:

Markers of an adaptive ER stress/UPR and β-cell function are elevated in islets isolated from ZO and fZDF rats compared with their lean littermates. In islets isolated from HF-fZDF rats, there was no significant change in the expression of markers of ER stress compared with age matched, obese, non-diabetic fZDF rats.

Conclusions:

These results provide evidence that obesity-induced activation of the UPR is an adaptive response for increasing the ER folding capacity to meet the increased demand for insulin. As ER stress is not exacerbated in high-fat-diet-induced diabetes, we suggest that failure of the islet to mount an effective adaptive UPR in response to an additional increase in insulin demand, rather than chronic ER stress, may ultimately lead to β-cell failure and hence diabetes.
The role of membrane rafts in Lck transport, regulation and signalling in T-cells
Authors: Ventimiglia Leandro N. , Alonso Miguel A.
Published: October 2013

Tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the key covalent modifications that occur in multicellular organisms. Since its discovery more than 30 years ago, tyrosine phosphorylation has come to be understood as a fundamentally important mechanism of signal transduction and regulation in all eukaryotic cells. The tyrosine kinase Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase) plays a crucial role in the T-cell response by transducing early activation signals triggered by TCR (T-cell receptor) engagement. These signals result in the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs present within the cytosolic tails of the TCR-associated CD3 subunits that, once phosphorylated, serve as scaffolds for the assembly of a large supramolecular signalling complex responsible for T-cell activation. The existence of membrane nano- or micro-domains or rafts as specialized platforms for protein transport and cell signalling has been proposed. The present review discusses the signals that target Lck to membrane rafts and the importance of these specialized membranes in the transport of Lck to the plasma membrane, the regulation of Lck activity and the phosphorylation of the TCR.
Autophagosome maturation and lysosomal fusion
Authors: Ganley Ian G.
Published: October 2013

Compartmentalization is essential in the eukaryotic cell and this is most often achieved by sequestering specific components that perform a related function in a membrane-bound organelle. To function normally these organelles must transiently fuse with other compartments in order to transfer protein and lipid that is needed for them to function. These events must be highly coordinated otherwise non-specific fusion could occur leading to loss of compartment identity and function. The autophagosome is a specialized membrane compartment that delivers cytosolic components to the lysosome for degradation. Likewise, this delivery is coordinated so that only when the autophagosome is fully formed is it imparted with the information to allow it to specifically fuse with the endocytic system and deliver its contents to the lysosome. In the present chapter, I discuss our current understanding of how this happens.
Mitophagy
Authors: MacVicar Thomas
Published: October 2013

Mitophagy describes the selective targeting and degradation of mitochondria by the autophagy pathway. In this process, defective mitochondria are first purged from the mitochondrial network then delivered to the lysosome by the autophagy machinery. Mitophagy has emerged as a key facet of mitochondrial quality control and has been implicated in a variety of human diseases. Disturbances in the cellular control of mitophagy can result in a dysfunctional mitochondrial network with grave implications for high energy demanding tissue. The present chapter reviews the recent advancements in the study of mitophagy mechanisms and regulation.
Theoretical investigation of carrier capture and escape processes in cylindrical quantum dots
Authors: Miloszewski Jacek M. , Wartak Marek S. , Wallace Steven G. , Fafard Simon
Published: October 2013

In order to optimize the design of various optoelectronic devices utilizing quantum dots (QD), we must better understand the properties of carrier capture and escape times in these systems. Some of the properties of cylindrical quantum dots were studied. The wavefunctions and eigenenergies of a cylindrical quantum dot were approximated by a product of solutions of an infinite cylinder and a quantum well. It was assumed that the majority of transitions are caused by absorption/emission of polar optical phonons, and Fermi's golden rule was applied to calculate the transition rates to and from the QD. We have restricted our calculations to one-phonon (first order) processes only. We determined the carrier capture and escape times as a function of the size of the QD and carrier density. We have shown that the smallest capture times are achieved if the QD has only one quantum level. A short capture time is also achieved for a low carrier density. Similarly, the capture time has the smallest value when the QD has only one quantum level. The dependence of the carrier escape time for a fixed dot dimension shows a minimum as a function of carrier density. For small QDs, the capture and escape times are approximately independent of carrier density.
Equipment to detect luminescence induced by cluster ion collision
Authors: Ryuto H. , Musumeci F. , Sakata A. , Takeuchi M. , Takaoka G. H.
Published: October 2013

The possibility to analyze on-line the surface region of solid materials using the cluster ion beam luminescence spectroscopy has been examined. At this aim, the cluster ion beam apparatus for the processing of solid materials was modified. The neutral clusters were ionized by the electron impact ionization to obtain an intense cluster ion beam. The tungsten filament used in this ionization method was replaced with an oxide one to reduce the emission of the background light by decreasing the operating temperature of the filament. To further suppress this light, antireflection materials were used to cover the parts inside the vacuum chamber, such as walls and inner surfaces of the einzel lens. The signal to noise ratio was improved more than one order of magnitude. The emission of photons induced by the irradiation of cluster ion beams was detected.
Note: A passively cooled heat pipe for spectroscopy
Authors: Gillot J. , Lemarchand C. , Braud I. , Decamps B. , Gauguet A. , Vigué J. , Büchner M.
Published: October 2013

We have developed and characterized a heat pipe for lithium spectroscopy, which is cooled only by air-convection, although its operating temperature is 330 °C: its construction is simple, of moderate cost and it is very reliable. A thermal model proves that heat-pipes without water cooling can be used up to considerably higher temperatures.
Pressure enhanced ferromagnetism and suppressed exchange bias in La0.9Ba0.1CoO3 cobaltite
Authors: Fita I. , Puzniak R. , Wisniewski A. , Markovich V. , Troyanchuk I. O. , Pashkevich Yu. G.
Published: October 2013

Pressure effect on magnetic properties of La0.9Ba0.1CoO3 cobaltite, exhibiting the ferromagnetic (FM) cluster-glass behavior and exchange bias (EB) effect at low temperatures, was investigated up to 10 kbar. It was found that an applied pressure increases the temperature TCcl ≈ 190 K, below which the FM clusters appear, and enlarges the FM phase volume in the sample. Positive value of dTCcl/dP coefficient suggests a wide eg-electron bandwidth for Co ions sited inside the Ba-rich regions (FM clusters). The EB field HE increases sharply with decreasing temperature below the spin-glass (SG) like transition temperature Tf ≈ 38 K, in a consequence of the exchange coupling at the FM/SG interfaces. Applied pressure was found to suppress strongly the EB, in particular, HE reduces by a factor of ∼3 under pressure of 10 kbar at 30 K. It appears that under pressure, HE varies oppositely to the changes in FM phase volume that is very similar to the behavior observed for phase-separated FM/antiferromagnetic manganites. Overall, the pressure-induced diminution in HE is explained by considering an increase of the FM cluster size and by concomitant decrease of distance between clusters. The results show that for phase-separated FM/SG cobaltites, the EB effect may be controlled by external pressure.
Monte Carlo simulation of phonon transport in silicon including a realistic dispersion relation
Authors: Kukita K. , Kamakura Y.
Published: October 2013

Thermal conductivities in bulk Si and Si films are analyzed using a Monte Carlo method to solve the phonon Boltzmann transport equation. By taking into account the realistic phonon dispersion relation calculated from the adiabatic bond charge model along with pure diffuse boundary scattering based on Lambert's law, simulated results that were in good agreement with the experimental ones were obtained. In addition, it was found that the approximated dispersion curves fitted along the [100] direction underestimate the density of states for mobile phonons, which results in a smaller specific heat and a longer phonon mean free path. The resulting impact on the simulation of heat transfer in nanostructures is discussed.
Wetting dynamics of multiscaled structures
Authors: Chen Hsiu-Hung , Shi Junxiang , Chen Chung-Lung
Published: October 2013

Priming dynamics is one of the critical parameters in designing a capillary-driven thermal management system. We report both an experimental and simulation study of hierarchical structures with silicon pillars and silicon nanowires on the pillar surface. Liquid front velocity covered and uncovered was characterized using capillary wetting experiments and validated by numerical simulation and theoretical prediction. The water under cover moves one order of magnitude faster than the water in the uncovered case. The experimental results and the prediction are in good agreement for flow regimes in both the covered and the uncovered regions.
Transition of electron kinetics in weakly magnetized inductively coupled plasmas
Authors: Kim Jin-Yong , Lee Hyo-Chang , Kim Young-Do , Kim Young-Cheol , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: October 2013

Transition of the electron kinetics from nonlocal to local regime was studied in weakly magnetized solenoidal inductively coupled plasma from the measurement of the electron energy probability function (EEPF). Without DC magnetic field, the discharge property was governed by nonlocal electron kinetics at low gas pressure. The electron temperatures were almost same in radial position, and the EEPFs in total electron energy scale were radially coincided. However, when the DC magnetic field was applied, radial non-coincidence of the EEPFs in total electron energy scale was observed. The electrons were cooled at the discharge center where the electron heating is absent, while the electron temperature was rarely changed at the discharge boundary with the magnetic field. These changes show the transition from nonlocal to local electron kinetics and the transition is occurred when the electron gyration diameter was smaller than the skin depth. The nonlocal to local transition point almost coincided with the calculation results by using nonlocal parameter and collision parameter.
Progressing smallholder large-ruminant productivity to reduce rural poverty and address food security in upland northern Lao PDR
Authors: Nampanya S. , Khounsy S. , Rast L. , Young J. R. , Bush R. D. , Windsor P. A.
Published: October 2013

Applied participatory research on large-ruminant health and production was conducted in six villages in northern Lao PDR. Three villages were classified as ‘high intervention’ (HI) and the remaining three as ‘low intervention’ (LI) sites, with a suite of health and productivity interventions implemented in the HI sites enabling comparison of outcomes with the LI sites, where only a vaccination program was introduced. A 3-year longitudinal study to establish baseline production variables, including liveweight, average daily weight gain (ADG) and reproductive performance, was conducted. The study involved 1500 head of cattle and buffalo that were ear-tagged and weighed every 3–4 months between 2008 and 2011, producing 10 data-collection points. Significant differences in ADG of the cattle between the provinces (P < 0.001), but not between HI and LI villages (P = 0.39), was observed. Low calving rates (51–75% and 41–52%) and inter-calving intervals (13.6–15.7 and 18.6–20.6 months) for cattle and buffalo, respectively, were observed. An on-farm large ruminant-fattening trial (n = 44) was conducted over a 4-month period to examine differences in productivity between cut-and-carry stall fattening (n = 26) and free-grazing (n = 18) systems. Cattle and buffalo in fattening stalls (320 and 217 g/day) had significantly greater ADG than those free-grazing (40 and 85 g/day) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001). The increase in sale value for fattened cattle and buffalo was US$78 and US$123, respectively. The longitudinal study indicated that if risks of important diseases such as foot and mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicaemia are controlled by vaccination and biosecurity, improved productivity outcomes in northern Lao PDR can be achieved by establishing forage plantations to better manage variations in seasonal availability of feed and enabling fattening. We conclude that improved large-ruminant productivity, by improving health and nutrition practices, offers opportunities for smallholder farmers to increase livestock income, alleviate rural poverty and improve regional food security in South-east Asia.
Secondary organic aerosol tracers and malic acid in Hong Kong: seasonal trends and origins
Authors: Hu Di , Yu Jian Zhen
Published: October 2013

Environmental context Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), a major organic component of ambient fine particles, contribute to adverse health effects and visibility degradation. Quantification of SOA tracers allows estimation of contributions from specific precursors, which helps the formulation of effective control strategies. We found that malic acid was present in SOA at high abundance in both winter and summer; its seasonally distinct inter-species relationships offer insights into distinct SOA formation pathways. Abstract Fine particle samples collected at an urban location in Hong Kong during winter were analysed by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry with prior chemical derivatisation. In total, 15 secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers from isoprene, monoterpenes, β-caryophyllene and toluene, and 24 other polar oxygenated compounds, were identified and quantified. Monoterpenes and isoprene SOA tracers showed lower levels on winter long-range transport (LRT) days than summer regional days, the latter being reported in our previous study. Opposite seasonal trends were observed for SOA tracers of β-caryophyllene and toluene. The averaged total secondary organic carbon (SOC) apportioned to these four volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was estimated to be 4.73μgCm–3 on winter LRT days, lower than that on summer regional days (5.21μgCm–3). β-caryophyllene and monoterpenes were found to be the most significant SOC contributors to PM2.5 in Hong Kong in both winter and summer, and their averaged SOC contributions on winter LRT days were 2.24 and 1.59μgCm–3. Toluene and isoprene had relatively minor contributions to SOC in Hong Kong in both seasons, with averaged SOC contributions of 0.81 and 0.08μgCm–3 on winter LRT days. Malic acid was well correlated with biogenic SOA tracers and oxalate in both seasons, whereas correlation between malic and succinic acid was only found in winter. Based on the seasonal characteristic inter-species correlations in the region, we hypothesise that malic acid could be formed mainly by the aqueous-phase photodegradation of SOA products of biogenic VOCs during summer. In winter, emissions of biogenic VOCs are greatly reduced and succinic acid then becomes the predominant contributor to malic acid.
Forecasting rainfall based on the Southern Oscillation Index phases at longer lead-times in Australia
Authors: Cobon David H. , Toombs Nathan R.
Published: October 2013

Under the extensive grazing conditions experienced in Australia, pastoralists would benefit from a long lead-time seasonal forecast issued for the austral warm season (November–March). Currently operational forecasts are issued publicly for rolling 3-month periods at lead-times of 0 or 1 month, usually without an indication of forecast quality. The short lag between the predictor and predictand limits use of forecasts because pastoralists operating large properties have insufficient time to implement key management decisions. The ability to forecast rainfall based on the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) phase system was examined at 0–5-month lead-times for Australian rainfall. The SOI phase system provided a shift of adequate magnitude in the rainfall probabilities (–40 to +30%) and forecast quality for the 5-month austral warm season at lead-times >0 months. When data used to build the forecast system were used in verification, >20% of locations had a significant linear error in probability space (LEPS) and Kruskal–Wallis (KW) test for lead-times of 0–2 months. The majority of locations showing forecast quality were in northern Australia (north of 25°S), predominately in north-eastern Australia (north of 25°S, east of 140°E). Pastoralists in these areas can now apply key management decisions with more confidence up to 2 months before the November–March period. Useful lead-times of ≥3 months were not found.
The ages and fecundity of some arid-zone plants in Western Australia
Authors: Davies S. J. J. F. , Kenny S. A.
Published: October 2013

Since 1960, 22 species of individually marked, arid-zone perennial plants in the Murchison District and Gibson Desert of Western Australia have been monitored for flowering, fecundity, and survival. The age to which individual species survive was determined in terms of half-life, i.e. the time elapsed for half of the marked sample to die. The estimates ranged from 6.5 to 535 years. Phenology was recorded by observing whether the plants carried buds, flowers, fruits, or any combination of these, or were sterile. Fecundity of each species was measured by recording each year the percentage of the sample trees that carried fruit, by collecting seeds in trays placed beneath the plants and by counting the pods produced by some species. Fecundity was related to seasonal rainfall, most species responding positively to summer rainfall. The concept of mast years, as utilised in the northern hemisphere, was applied to recorded fecundities and some evidence was found that, after a year of high fecundity, the plants responded less vigorously to conditions of high rainfall than they did in the previous year of high rainfall. This suggests that, in years when fecundity is high, it diminishes the resources available within the plants to respond to heavy rainfall the following year or reduces the soil nutrients available to them.
A quorum-sensing inhibitor blocks
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
virulence and biofilm formation
Authors: O’Loughlin Colleen T. , Miller Laura C. , Siryaporn Albert , Drescher Knut , Semmelhack Martin F. , Bassler Bonnie L.
Published: October 2013

Significance

In this study, we prepare synthetic molecules and analyze them for inhibition of the
Pseudomonas
quorum-sensing receptors LasR and RhlR. Our most effective compound, meta-bromo-thiolactone, not only prevents virulence factor expression and biofilm formation but also protects
Caenorhabditis elegans
and human A549 lung epithelial cells from quorum-sensing–mediated killing by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. This anti–quorum-sensing molecule is capable of influencing
P. aeruginosa
virulence in tissue culture and animal models. Our findings demonstrate the potential for small-molecule modulators of quorum sensing as therapeutics.
Gender politics in the European Union
Authors: Liebert Ulrike
Published: October 2013

This article starts with the observation that in the context of extremely heterogeneous gender regimes within and among EU member states, the European Union is progressively institutionalizing equality policy at the supranational level. The argument advanced to explain the puzzle as to why gender policy development in the EU apparently escapes the ‘joint decision trap’ (Scharpf 1988) highlights gender differences in public EU support. It is claimed that explanations of policy changes in the EU after Maastricht have to take into account mass public ‘Euroskepticism’ and, in particular, ‘gender gaps’ in EU support, and to identify their sources and impacts in the processes of EU governance. By using Eurobarometer data this study explores whether cross-national variation in gendered EU support can be explained primarily by sociodemographic characteristics of individual respondents or by variables situated at the level of member states or whether factors related to the EU’s democratic performance are the decisive ones. In the conclusion propositions are formulated regarding the mechanisms why gender differences in EU support can be expected to impact European governance.