bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Siirt’te Satılan Tavuk Kanatlarda Bazı Biyokimyasal Özelliklerin ve Patojen Özellikteki Yersinia Türlerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: HALLAÇ Bülent , KILINÇÇEKER Osman
Published: April 2022

Bu çalışmada Siirtʼte satılan tavuk kanatlarda bazı biyokimyasal özellikler ve bazı Yersinia türlerinin varlığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İncelenen yirmi adet tavuk kanat örneğine ait aw, pH ve O/R potansiyeli değerleri sırasıyla 0.96-0.98, 5.56-7.09, 22.45-54.90 aralığında belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, tavuk kanatlarının dördünde (% 20) Yersinia spp. bulunmuş, bu örneklerin üçünde Yersinia enterocolitica, birinde ise Yersinia intermedia tanımlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak fizikokimyasal değerleri Yersinia türlerinin gelişimine uygun olan tavuk kanatlarda bu mikroorganizmanın bazı türlerinin bulunduğu ve bunun halk sağlığı açısından risk oluşturabileceği kanaatine varılmış, benzer özelliklere sahip diğer patojenlerin de problem yaratmaması için işletmelerde hijyen kurallarına daha fazla dikkat edilmesi gerekliliği göz önüne serilmiştir.
DETERMINATION OF QUALITY PROPERTIES OF TRADITIONAL ADIYAMAN CHEESE PRODUCED FROM SHEEP MILK
Authors: KARAHAN Leyla , ÇELİKEL Aslı , AKIN Musa , AKIN Mutlu , CEYLAN Huriye Gözde
Published: April 2022

In this study, 60 fresh Adıyaman cheeses produced from sheep's milk by traditional method in Adıyaman were collected in April, May, June and July. Physicochemical, textural and microbiological properties of cheese samples were examined. Physicochemical and textural properties of Adıyaman cheeses showed a wide distribution in generally. Dry matter, fat, fat in dry matter, protein, protein in dry matter, hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness and L* values were 47.49±2.35%, 22.05±2.20%, 19.81±2.85%, 41.75±5.82%, 6047.83±5968.86 g, 5018.91±5151.70, 0.83±0.04, 88.37±2.35 respectively and the difference between these values of the samples belonging to different months were found significant (p
Complications of Dengue Infection in Admitted Patients at Rehman Medical Institute: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Achakzai Humaira , Kundi Rizwan Ameen , Bibi Huzaima , . Zala , Huma Zilli , Farooq Layma , Wali Haseena , Shah Danish , Ahmed Naseer
Published: April 2022

Dengue infection is an arthropod-borne Flavivirus infection that spread through female mosquitoes (Genus Aedes). Dengue infection is a major health challenge in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at Rehman Medical Institute (RMI).  Data were retrieved from the Clinical test reports of confirmed dengue infection during the timeline; June to October (monsoon season) of the year 2021. Clinical as well as biochemical parameters were considered during the data assembling and assessment process. Results: Out of 156 suspected cases of dengue infection, 94 were confirmed through laboratory testing. 83 patients tested positive with Dengue NS1 antigen while after re-screening 94 cases (54 male patients and 40 female patients) were confirmed by Dengue serology (IgM antibodies) test. According to our study results, among a set of varied symptoms, malaise (99%) was the most common clinical presentation, along with 94% fever. Some patients with severe dengue infection developed serious illnesses including encephalopathy (8.5%), hypokalemic paralysis (6.3%). Moreover, 8.5% of patients were presented with Cholecystitis seen as Edematous Gallbladder wall on ultrasound scans, and 1% of the patient developed acute Pancreatitis. Fortunately, no casualty was reported due to dengue at RMI-General hospital. Conclusion: In our setup, Fortunately, no death was reported but a substantial number of patients suffered from serious complications such as neurological and hemorrhagic conditions along with communal clinical manifestations. Despite much reported data still, further investigation and monitoring are needed to comprehend the contemporary condition of the prevalence of dengue infection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Need of ICU in Obstetrical Complications
Authors: Mumtaz Uzma , Kousar Naseem , Siddique Atia , Choudhary Sadia , Jawaid Hina , Nazim Uzma
Published: April 2022

To elaborate on the role of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Obstetric patients, their clinical properties, interventions, and the research results. Study Design: A Case-control study is performed to get the medical history of obstetric patients admitted to Hospital from 2018 to 2021. Location of Study: Aziz Bhatti Shaheed hospital, Gujrat, Pakistan. Results: From the patients admitted to Hospital, 87% out of 195 were kept on Ventilator. At the postnatal stage, there were no significant death rates were observed. Most of the admitted patients were 34-year-old, maximally survive for 53 days and minimally for one day only. Out of the total population admitted to hospital, 61% are with organ failure. The significant death rate of those patients is ~26%. Patients with gastrointestinal complications have the highest death rate. Haematological affected patients have a large number ~29%.  Conclusion: In case of haemorrhage, hypertensive, sepsis, and infectious disorders, primary screening of patients is required before there is a need for ICU. The outcome of high-risk pregnant women is improved by increasing their alertness and stabilizing their condition before intervention is offered. Maternal morbidity could be reduced by improving the quality of care provided before and after being admitted to the ICU.
CD4 count and Gender based hematological profile of HIV patients, in Punjab Pakistan
Authors: Zaheer Muhammad , Shabbir Malik Sana , Javed Hasnain , Waheed Fadia , Ahsan Muhammad , Irfan Muhammad , Fatima Warda , . Afifa , Khalid Maham
Published: April 2022

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) belong to family of human retroviruses of lentivirus subfamily. This virus hits the patient’s immune system by destroying important cells that fight against disease and infection. Different parameters like Total Leucocytes count TLC, Hb level, platelets count and among male and female were observed.Study of different parameters in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) patientsfrom different areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Complete blood count (CBC), Hb Level, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), Platelets count, Total Leucocytes count TLC was done using kits and screening methods.RNA extraction and PCR was done for future analysis.HIV positive males develop anemia and about 9.3% (11) patients are suffering from leukocytosis. 12% of HIV positive males develop thrombocytopenia while 8% have thrombocytosis.
CORRELATION OF SCAPULAR POSITION AND NECK PAIN AMONG AUTO DRIVERS
Authors: Khalid Shanza , Sharif Faiza , Ahmad Ashfaq , Gilani Syed Amir
Published: April 2022

Mechanicalneckpainisalsoreferredasnon-specificneckpain.Itmaydefineaspainwhich is aggravated by movement, relived by rest and that is not associated with serious underlying pathology.Among drivers, complaintsconcerningthemusculoskeletalsystemaremostfrequentlyreportedfromtheneck,shoulderand lower back. The driving sitting position is featured by non-neutral spinal postures, generally a reduction in neutrallumbarlordosisandanincreasedordecreasedneckflexion. Objective: To find out the association of neck pain and scapular position among auto drivers.Methods:  It was a cross sectional study. Data was collected by 160 auto drivers on basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. VAS was used for pain intensity and distance between scapula and spinous process was measured by Vernier caliper. Data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21.0. Descriptive statistics was given in form of mean and standard deviation.Result:  The results of current study showed that the mean value of scapular protraction of right side when hands at rest was 6.96, when hands on hip was 7.56 and when 90 degree glenohumeral abduction with internal rotation was 7.19. For visual analog scale scoring for right side when hands at rest the mean score was 5.84 and when hands on hip it was 6.84, and when 90o degree abduction the score was 6.44. When we discuss about the scapular protraction for the left side when hands were at rest the mean value was 6.87 and when hands on hip it was 7.53 and 90o glenohumeral abduction with internal rotation was 7.5. Similarly, VAS scoring for left side hands at rest is 5.61, for hands on hip was 6.65 and 90pglenohumeral abduction.Conclusions:This study explains that there is significant difference on hand in different of three positions in drivers who worked for long hours in abnormal posture. Scapular protraction is high when hand placed at hip, also a VAS for neck pain is high in both right and left side
Frequency of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of Lower Extremity Among Construction Workers
Authors: Bashir Fatima , Afzal Muhammad Waqar , Ahmed Ashfaq , Gilani Syed Amir
Published: April 2022

Musculoskeletal lower extremity pain constitutes one of the main professional hazards among construction workers. Because laborers require heavy lifting, repetitive bending, twisting, prolong standing and sitting in awkward position.Objective: To find out the prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders of lower extremity among construction workers. Method: A self administered questionnaire was undertaken to detect the occurrence of work related musculoskeletal disorders of lower extremity among 151 construction workers. Data was analyzed statistically by SPSS version 21.0.  Results:  Mean age of respondents was 31.13 years with only males. Hip pain prevalence was found to be 20 (13.2%), knee pain 25(16.6%) and ankle/foot pain 29(19.9%).There was significant association of lower extremity pain with age, type of occupation and p-value was less than (0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that lower extremity musculoskeletal pain is very common among construction workers due to their nature of work.
Assessment of Health Related Quality of Life in Post Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Anam Afshan , Sharif Faiza , Chugtai Arsalan Saleem
Published: April 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs as a result of an outside force, e.g. a blow to the head in a fall or traffic accident, and is a major cause of death and disability all over the world, especially in children and young adults.Objective: To determine the Assessment of health related quality of life in post traumatic brain injury. Methods:It was the cross-sectional observational study. Data was collected by 40 TBI patients on basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of life after traumatic brain injury questionnaire was used in this study to see the QoL in post TBI patients.Results: In general males were more affected then females and main reason of TBI was motor bike. The quality of life much affected in feeling, physical work and social relationship. The QoL didn’t depend upon time since injury but depend on severity of injury. Conclusion: Physical work issue was the fundamental predictive factor of  hundered personal satisfaction of TBI individuals perhaps, there was no relationship among impairment and QoL. This change of QOL has clinical implications and features the need of more endeavors to improve the rehabilitation interventions.
The Impact of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome on the Sporting Performance of Female Players
Authors: Ahmad Bilal , Zahra Syeda Maryam
Published: April 2022

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is perhaps the most widely recognized endocrine issues in females of reproductive age, influencing up to 20% of individuals of this populace. Many recent studies indicate that testosterone, which can increase muscle mass and strength, stimulates erythropoiesis, promotes competitive behavior, and enhances sporting performance of female athletes. Methods: The comparative study was designed and conducted in which a sample of female athletes (n=40) who had been diagnosed with PCOS by a qualified gynecologist based on clinical features and lab tests. At the same time, a healthy group of female athletes (n=40) was selected from participants of the same population and having regular menses and showing no clinical features of PCOS. The main objectives of the study included: 1) to compare both the groups of female athletes on clinical features of PCOS, and 2) to compare both the groups on self-perceived sports performance. Data was collected from The University of Central Punjab, The University of Lahore, and The University of Lahore College for Women. Data collection was done using two different instruments involving “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Questionnaire (PCOSQ)” and “Athlete’s Subjective Performance Scale (ASPS)”. Data analyses involved descriptive analysis followed by “Independent Sample t test’ to compare the physical and psychological impact of PCOS and ANOVA was applied to analyze the impact of PCOS on sports performance. Results: There were significant differences between female athletes with PCOS and those with Non-PCOS on physical and psychological conditions. Weight issues t (78) =15.104, (p= .000), Body Hair t (78) =25.108, (p= .000), Menstrual Problems t (78) =20.976, (p= .000), Helplessness t (78) =17.775, (p= .000), and Low mood t (78) =8.449, (p= .000). Significance value (p = .000), which is below 0.05 and, therefore, there is a statistically significant difference in the mean sporting performance. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that female athletes with PCOS were more concerned about their physical and psychological conditions. Moreover, their sporting performance was statistically significantly higher than Non-PCOS athletes, which is attributed to higher energy level caused by PCOS itself. Future research must focus on measuring energy level of female athletes with PCOS and Non-PCOS.
Assessment of Postural Changes Among School-Going Children Due to Heavy Backpacks in Lahore
Authors: Jameel Waleed , Batool Sana , Ashraf Hafiza Sana , Sohail Maria , Manglani Neha , Safdar Zainab
Published: April 2022

Posture is a matter a big concern. Because of increased workload the weight of school bags is also increasing day by day. The weight of bags with heavy books can develop many spinal deformities in young children. Objective: To assess the postural changes happening in school going kids because of heavy backpacks. Method: It is a cross sectional study and was conducted on different schools in Lahore, within the time period of three months from 1st November 2019 to 1st February 2020. The sample size was 145 and the survey followed convenient sampling technique. Children per inclusion criteria were selected from different government schools to collect data and informed consent was taken before data collection. REEDCO scale was used to examine the postural disturbance. Results: Results showed head posture as 3.4% poor & 13.1% fair, neck posture as 6.2% poor & 16.6% fair, shoulder posture as 5.5% poor & 15.2% fair, upper back posture as 3.4% poor & 38.6% fair, trunk posture as 10.3% poor & 46.2% fair, abdominal posture as 5.5% poor & 14.5% fair, hip posture as 0.7% poor & 5.5% fair and the ankle posture as 1.4% poor & 26.9% fair. Conclusion: This study concluded a significantly frequent postural problems in trunk region because of carrying heavy loaded school backpacks which is neither good in present time nor in future, as with the passage of time, postural changes become irreversible. Along with that, hip region prominently perceived least postural changes according to current study.
Informação e território: a Agence France-Presse no Brasil
Authors: Nabarro Wagner , Silva Adriana Maria Bernardes da
Published: April 2022

A informação apresenta-se como elemento fundamental para a compreensão do período atual. Dentre suas diversas formas estão as informações noticiosas, que participam ativamente do processo de globalização e são dinamizadas em grande parte pelas grandes agências transnacionais, que coletam e difundem notícias a nível mundial. O artigo explora a atuação de uma dessas agências, a France-Presse, investigando sua atuação no território brasileiro, onde movimenta um considerável circuito. Por meio de uma abordagem geográfica, buscamos compreender como se dão seus fluxos informacionais e qual a posição do Brasil frente a eles, contribuindo para o debate sobre a concentração e o controle das informações.
A região agrícola competitiva do Oeste Baiano
Authors: Ilario Clayton Gomes
Published: April 2022

Atualmente, o Oeste Baiano ocupa uma posição de destaque no cenário nacional como um dos principais expoentes do agronegócio globalizado, além de apresentar um elevado crescimento demográfico e econômico. Esse dinamismo, diretamente associado à agricultura moderna e especializada, pode ser comprovado pelos dados da produção de commodities agrícolas, particularmente nas culturas de soja, milho e algodão herbáceo. O recorte espacial analisado abrange os municípios de Barreiras, Luís Eduardo Magalhães e São Desidério, localizados no Oeste Baiano, por apresentarem maiores atributos de competitividade em relação aos outros municípios da região. Desta forma, este artigo propõe um estudo sobre a produção agrícola, além de outras características fundamentais que caracterizam a competitividade regional do Oeste Baiano: (1) a presença de tradingsagroindustriais; (2) a atuação das associações setoriais e (3) comércio, serviços e força de trabalho especializado para o agronegócio.
Código Florestal brasileiro: análise do conceito de Área de Preservação Permanente e sua aplicação na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego São Pedro - Anhumas, São Paulo
Authors: Guimarães Bruno Bianchi , Guimarães Raul Borges , Leal Antonio Cezar
Published: April 2022

Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar o estudo sobre as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), com uma análise comparativa entre o atual Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei 12.651/2012) e o antigo Código (Lei Lei 4771/1965) em relação a esse tema, abordando as principais mudanças no período entre as duas leis e destacando os benefícios ou desvantagens presentes na nova lei. O artigo aborda ainda resultados de uma análise aplicada da bacia do Córrego São Pedro, no município de Anhumas, São Paulo, UGHRI 22 – Pontal do Paranapanema, tendo como foco principal a identificação e análise da situação ambiental das APP dessa bacia de acordo com o atual Código. O estudo teve como metodologia a análise de imagens de satélite para identificação das APP, coleta de dados e informações em órgãos públicos; elaboração de mapas temáticos, na escala 1:50.000; análise de áreas degradadas no meio ambiente, do uso e ocupação do solo na bacia hidrográfica e dos impactos decorrentes. A pesquisa mostra um cenário de dificuldades de aplicação do Código Florestal Brasileiro em bacias hidrográficas em geral.
Notas sobre subsistemas espaciais e circuitos de acumulação regional
Authors: Rofman Alejandro
Published: April 2022

Texto originalmente intitulado “Notas sobre sub-sistemas espaciales y circuitos de acumulacion regional”. Traduzido da versão publicada no MORVEN: Metodología para el Diagnóstico Regional, do Centro de Estudios Del Desarrollo (CENDES) da Universidad Central de Venezuela, em janeiro de 1980.Tradução: Luciano Duarte (Unicamp) e Wagner Nabarro (USP).
Ocupação Vila Soma (Sumaré/SP): resistência à cidade corporativa e luta pela cidadania territorial
Authors: Da Silva Antonio Douglas Campos , Garcia Isadora , Pasti André
Published: April 2022

A urbanização brasileira contemporânea é marcada pelo projeto dominante da cidade corporativa — acompanhada por um agravamento das desigualdades socioespaciais, pela ausência de cidadania e pela pobreza planejada. A Ocupação Vila Soma, em Sumaré (SP), é, ao mesmo tempo, fruto desse processo e uma resposta a ele. A Vila Soma se estabeleceu como um importante centro de resistência a esse modelo de cidade, atuando na luta pelo direito à moradia e à cidade e produzindo lógicas internas de organização democráticas, que promovem a formação de sujeitos políticos. Este artigo analisa a atuação da Ocupação Vila Soma na resistência à lógica da cidade corporativa e na luta pela cidadania territorial.
What Works Network Implementation Project
Authors: Sharples Jonathan , Bristow Dan , Taylor-Collins Emma , McKillop Eleanor
Published: April 2022

Building on our work to increase the impact of the What Works network across the UK, the Wales Centre for Public Policy won funding from the ESRC to work with Professor Jonathan Sharples at EEF and other What Works Centres to apply the latest thinking and evidence on implementation – how evidence is used in decision making – to the What Works network. What Works Centres face similar challenges on implementation, and the principles, evidence and strategies that underpin effective implementation are often transferrable across different fields. The project looked at developing a common infrastructure for implementation across the network, including shared language, models, guidance, tools and capacity.
How Do We Go About Singing a New Song About Migration?
Authors: Caruso Fulvia
Published: April 2022

This article provides an overview of the questions that emerged from an action research project in the centre of the Padana Plain - Cremona Province and some surrounding provinces – in which the author, together with some students and former students, has been engaged since 2014. The aim of the still ongoing project is to understand the various levels of inclusion of migrants and asylum seekers in analysing their musical behaviours. The project is threefold: to document and analyse if and how the different migrant groups can  perform their rites; to organise musical workshops in middle schools in order, at the same time, to collect data about the musical listening and practices of children and to introduce them to transculturality through world and folk music; to organise musical workshops in Reception Centres for asylum seekers to understand if and how music has a role in their suspended lives and to try to use it for resilience. Considering that it is a right for migrants to be able to express their own culture and with the conviction that music is a strong tool in processes of dialogue and diversity acceptation, the project also envisages cultural events to create occasions of dialogue between the cultures that animate the area.
An Andean Musical Structure That Defies Borders
Authors: Camara de Landa Enrique
Published: April 2022

In many existing repertoires of traditional music in the South American Andean area a type of melodic structure that seems to refer to a common antecedent can be detected, even though its adaptation to the various genres is manifested through musical variants. The comparative analysis of these expressions (some belonging to the heptatonic modal and tonal systems of European origin and other that are typical of the anhemitonic pentatonic Andean system) allows a possible influence of the latter on the former to be hypothesized.
This proposal aims to advance in this direction and will try to highlight one of the characteristics that give cohesion to musical expressions from a cultural area affected by processes of transculturation and identity affirmation. To achieve new knowledge about this phenomenon one has to analyze both the musical structures and the implications of its use in repertoires emerging at different times and in different circumstances, linked to the search and affirmation of an Andean cultural identity through organized sound.
The Interrelations of Genre in Traditional Cambodian Music and Theatre
Authors: Billeri Francesca
Published: April 2022

This article examines the interrelation and adaptation of musical and extramusical song features among the Cambodian genres of phleng kar (wedding music), phleng arak (music for arak spirits), lkhaon yiikee and lkhaon bassac (sung-danced theatre genres). It aims to discuss the concept of genre classification from the emic perspective of the Cambodian practitioners showing how they talk and think about their music; and to explore the kinds of culture-specific markers employed by Khmer musicians to distinguish their genres. Through selected case studies I show the interrelation of songs sharing the same title with different tunes; songs with same title and similar tunes; and songs with a different title but similar tunes. To these case studies I then applied music transcriptions and analysed musical and extramusical parameters to consider the exchange of musical features and performance analysis to consider the ritual context. This study shows how classification and categorization of genres, even when genres overlap, reflect sociocultural aspects and are attached to a set of musical and extramusical components.
“I go. I return. I am confused”: Reflections on Armenian Music Ideas in Multi-sited Research
Authors: Giovannini Ortensia
Published: April 2022

Doing ethnomusicological research about diaspora and music means travelling. Travelling back and forth to Armenian groups in Italy and France and being in the Republic of Armenia to understand and interpret, using the dialogical approach, the musical knowledge of particular individuals of communities and their self-identification as Armenians through music.
By sharing and pondering opinions and experiences in different situations, the article discusses ‘Armenianness’ in the music of the protagonists of Milan’s musical practices comparing their discourses with those of other Armenians in Paris and Yerevan. It analyses how perceptions formed in Milan were a conditioning factor at the beginning of the research. It discusses also how the researcher had to adjust her understanding after discovering other musical identities in Armenian groups in France and Armenia and how coming back to Milan with a renewed awareness was pivotal in reflecting the diverse and divergent ways of being Armenian in music.
Music can accommodate and direct shifting senses of self. Discovering several Armenian musical identities has revealed a reality where music expresses a will to remember history and at the same time an increasingly multiethnic, globalised Armenian culture, rather than a monolithic musical culture.
Coronavirus infection sars-cov-2(covid-19) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the effect of glucose-lowering therapy on disease outcomes
Authors:   NcJSC “Astana Medical University”, Abdrakhmanova Zhanar , Bazarova Anna ,   NcJSC “Astana Medical University”
Published: April 2022

Underlying diabetes mellitus type 2 are considered risk factor for increased coronavirus disease (COVID-19) disease severity and worse outcomes, including higher mortality, respiratory failure, thromboembolic complications.In this regard, it is relevant to study the factors influencing the unfavorable outcomes of the course of Covid-19 in diabetes mellitus type 2. The most important task is to organize the management of diabetes mellitus during the period of coronavirus infection and the choice of safe and effective glucose-lowering therapy. This article analyzes the impact of previous and current glucose-lowering therapy on the outcomes of coronavirus infection in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 based on published research results
SUNLIGHT AND SARS-COV-2: CAN SUNLIGHT AND UV EXPOSURE MITIGATE THE PROPAGATION OF COVID-19?
Authors: Leclézio Alexandra , Robinson Jared , Banerjee Indrajit
Published: April 2022

Background: This review aims to assess the contributing role of sunlight on mitigating the propaga­tion of COVID-19, and to assess how sunlight as well as artificial UV light may be a natural, more cost effective and eco-friendly method of disinfection which can be implemented in order to help to combat this rampant pandemic.
Methods: An extensive literature survey of English literature was conducted using Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Medline, Google Scholar and WHO Nepal Situation Updates on COVID-19. A combination of keywords was entered: “Sunlight” OR “Disinfection”; OR “Ultraviolet Rays”; OR “SARS-CoV-2”; OR “Coronavirus Disease 2019”; OR “COVID 19”; AND ‘Nepal’.
Results: Sunlight is composed of UVA (95%) and UVB (5%) radiation, UVB is most effective to inac­tivate SARS-CoV-2 and does so by damaging the RNA genome of the virus, and increasing levels of reactive oxygen species in the air. SARS-CoV-2 is nullified by a UVB flux of 28 J/m2, and needs to be exposed for a sufficient duration depending on the time of day, season, geographic location or the specific locality, in order to be inactivated.
Conclusion: Developing countries could benefit from taking advantage of using sunlight as a cost-free and environmentally friendly method of disinfection. It is imperative that all countries capital­ize on this method of disinfection, it is cost-free, easy and therefore can be implemented on a large scale with relative ease.
PERINATAL OUTCOMES OF SINGLETON BREECH DELIVERIES IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN NEPAL
Authors: Tamrakar Renuka , Sitaula Deekshanta , Sharma Basant , Pokharel Bandana , Khatri Dhan , Pokharel Sandip
Published: April 2022

Background: Breech presentation has been associated with higher rates of perinatal morbidity irrespective of mode of delivery. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and perinatal outcomes of singleton breech deliveries at Chitwan Medical College, a tertiary level hospital in Nepal.
Methods: A retrospective review of records of all women who delivered at Chitwan Medical College with breech presentation from September 2018 to October 2020 was conducted. Information on demographic variables, obstetric characteristics and perinatal outcomes were obtained, recorded and analyzed.
Results: Out of 6712 cases of deliveries during the study period, 226 had breech presentation with prevalence of 3.37%. One hundred ninety-one (84.5%) of them had undergone Caesarean delivery with 125 (65.4%) emergency and 66 (34.6%) elective Caesarean delivery. More than two third (70.4%) of breech deliveries were term deliveries while 28.8% were preterm. There were 2 cases of still births and 1 neonatal death with Perinatal Mortality Rate of 13.27 per 1000 breech deliveries. Vaginal breech delivery was associated with higher perinatal mortality, low Apgar score and low birth weight. Caesarean breech delivery was associated with increased rates of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission.
Conclusions: The neonatal mortality and morbidity were higher with the vaginal breech deliveries. However further studies with larger sample size and greater statistical power is necessary to draw definitive conclusion.
RELATIONSHIP OF BODY MASS INDEX AND WAIST-HIP RATIO AMONG DENTAL INTERNS, RESIDENTS AND DENTAL PRACTITIONERS
Authors: Poudyel Pragati , Sharma Samjhana
Published: April 2022

Background: Obesity is common global problem associated with co-morbid condition such as diabetes and hypertension. There is change in fat distribution pattern in both male and female during the process of aging. Body mass index along with waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and waist to height ratio are major anthropometric measures used to define the adiposity. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity in individuals of different age-group’s as dental interns, residents, and dental practitioners.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 90 male and female subjects. Census method of sampling was used as all the interns, residents and dental practitioners were involved. Unstrectable measuring tape was used to measure waist circumference, digital weighing machine was used to measure weight and Standiometer was used to measure height as per world health organization guidelines. Body mass index was calculated from the weight of participants in kilo­grams divided by square of height in meters (kg/m2). Waist-hip ratio and waist to height ratio were calculated from measured data. Data was analyzed by Stastical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.
Results: Body mass index was found to be higher in male i.e 62.5% for overweight category com­pared to female where it was 24.2% and obesity was also higher among males while comparing with females. Waist circumference has significant correlation in male and female P<0.05. Waist hip ratio and different age groups also has positive correlation.
Conclusions: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was seen among different age-groups and co­herently the associated disease risk was explored.
ULTRASOUND EVALUATION OF ACUTE PELVIC PAIN IN NON-PREGNANT REPRODUCTIVE AGE FEMALES
Authors: Basnet Prabhat , Chhetri Pramod Kumar
Published: April 2022

Background: Ultrasound is one of the best tools for the scanning of the female pelvis. It is easy to operate and very helpful in acute condition to rule out different lower abdominal pathology. Ultimately fast and accurate diagnosis of the pathology by ultrasound is key to further management and treatment. The aim of preset study was to find the common causes of the acute pelvic pain in the non-pregnant reproductive age females.
Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Radiology and Imaging of college of medical sciences. Patients with acute pelvic pain of reproductive age non-pregnant female are included in our study. All ultrasound examinations were performed using Toshiba Aplio 500. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 48 patients in college of medical science, Bharatpur, over the period of one year (November 2018 to October 2019). Data obtained were compiled and ana­lyzed using standard statistical analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel were used for the data analysis and presentation
Results: Present study showed the most common cause of acute pelvic pain to be ovarian cysts in which 20.8% were hemorrhagic cysts, followed by corpus luteal cyst (14.58%) and endometrioma (12.50%). Non-gynecological case like cystitis, acute appendicitis and ureteric calculus were seen in equal number which is 10.41% each. Similar way ovarian torsion and pelvic inflammatory disease were seen in 8.33 and 4.10% respectively. In 8.33% cases no diagnosis was made.
Conclusions: Ultrasound plays a crucial role in diagnosis of the acute pelvic pain in female. It helps in rapid assessment and immediate decision making for operative planning.
STUDY OF CEPHALIC INDEX IN NEWBORNS OF KAVRE REGION
Authors: Maskey Sunima , Mansur Dil Islam , Joshi Anish , Shrestha Pragya , Shrestha Sheprala , Bhandari Mukta singh
Published: April 2022

Background: The cephalometry of newborn within first few days is important for assessment of health status, neonatal death, growth and development. The objective of the study is to provide a baseline data for cephalic index and to observe sexual dimorphism.
Methods: The present study was cross sectional type. It consisted of 138(72 males, 66 females) healthy neonates born in Dhulikhel hospital via vaginal delivery. It was conducted from June 2019 to March 2020 after receiving ethical approval. The cephalic index was derived after measuring length and breadth of head. The collected data was entered in excel and analyzed with SPSS (16.0).
Results: The conducted study revealed the overall cephalic index as 86.51±4.95 and head circumference to be 336.05±13.87 mm. The values of head circumference and head length of males were higher than that of females. The head breadth of males was found to be significantly higher than that of females. The most common type of head type was hyperbrachycephalic with prevalence of 37.7% (40.3% males and 34.8% females).
Conclusions: This study concluded that the majority type of head was hyperbrachycephalic.
KNOWLEDGE AND BARRIERS OF INCIDENT REPORT AMONG NURSES IN TEACHING HOSPITAL, BHARATPUR
Authors: Lama Sajina , Khanal Dina
Published: April 2022

Background: An incident report is a formal recording of the facts related to a workplace accident, injury or near miss. So, incident should be reported properly and immediately in effective way which would lead appropriate management and prevention of incident. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and barriers of incident reports among nurses.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used among nurses working in teaching hospitals. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 208 nurses and data was collected by using self-administered questionnaire from June 18, 2019 to July 18, 2019. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 20 using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
Results: This study revealed that 73.1% of respondents had poor knowledge on incident report. Whereas common barrier identified by respondents were work complexity (40.4%), fear of blamed (59.1%), lack of protocol (50.0%) and inadequate reporting system (42.3%). Nurses level of knowledge was statistically significant with level of education (p=0.001), professional designation (p=0.001), available guideline (p=0.004) and available reporting format (p=0.014)
Conclusions: This finding concluded that nurse’s knowledge is limited on incident reports and number of barrier of incident reporting had been identified. With this information nurses knowledge should be upgraded by providing in service education on incident report and availability of protocol along this hospital administrator should support, ensure anonymity and create a strong safety culture within hospital which will reinforce staff to report incident immediately thus to reduce the reoccurrence of errors and enhance patient’s safety.
FUNCTIONAL AND RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOME OF TIBIAL PLATEAU SCHATZKER TYPE V AND TYPE VI TREATED WITH DUAL PLATING
Authors: Rijal Sanjeeb , Sitaula Jyoti , Basel Suman , Sharma Bishnu Dev , Dawadi Tej Prakash , Lohani Suman
Published: April 2022

Background: The bicondylar fractures are common fractures. These high Energy fractures are associated with the various complications like malalignment, Varus collapse, Postoperative Stiffness, Wound complication. This Study aims to Study the Functional Outcome and stability of Dual Plating for these fractures.

Methods: Total 25 cases of tibial plateau fractures V and VI treated with Dual Plating from 1st January 2016until 30th December 2019 in Chitwan Medical College Nepal were included in the Study. These fractures were operated with Anterolateral approach and Medial approach and Dual Plating was done. Clinical and Radiological Outcome was evaluated.

Results: The functional outcome of our patients was assessed with Rasumssens functional score which showed excellent (60%), good (36%) and fair in (4%) of the patient. 4 cases had superficial infection. There was no secondary loss of reduction, malalignment in the study. The Medial Proximal Tibial plateau angle (MPTA) of the Last visit and uninjured Limb had no significant statistical differences, However Proximal Posterior Tibial Plateau angle (PPTA) showed Significant difference p=0.025.

 Conclusion: The open reduction and Internal fixation with Dual plating for Bicondylar Proximal Tibia fracture is Biomechanically efficient in Preventing collapse and malalignment, however an accurate intraoperative reduction is the most. The Stable fixation allows Early ROM and Rehabilitation and thus provide Excellent to Good Functional outcome with minimal Complication.
DENTAL HEALTHCARE WORKER’S KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON HEPATITIS B INFECTION AND THEIR UPTAKE OF HEPATITIS B VACCINATION AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN NEPAL
Authors: Gurung Deepa , Chaudhary Bikash , Joshi Ujjwal , Shrestha Manash
Published: April 2022

Background: Hepatitis B is a serious public health problem and dental healthcare workers (HCW) are at a greater risk of acquiring the infection. The main aim of this study was to as­sess the knowledge, attitude, and hepatitis B vaccination status of dental HCW at a tertiary dental hospital.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among all dental HCW and their knowledge lev­el, attitude, and vaccine uptake were measured. Factors associated with the receipt of full hepatitis B vaccination was assessed using Pearson’s chi-square test. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.
Results: Out of the total 254 dental HCW, 207 responded to the survey signifying a response rate of 81.5%. The mean age of the participants was 25.6±5.4 years. A majority of the participants were female (156; 75.4%), unmarried (169; 81.6%), and dental students (117; 56.5%). Most participants had a fair knowledge (117; 56.5%) and a positive attitude regarding Hepatitis B virus (189; 91.3%). However, the uptake of full dose of hepatitis B vaccine was only 41.5%. Dental HCW’s age, marital status, educational attainment, and type of dental HCW were associated with receipt of full vac­cination (all p-value <0.05).
Conclusions: Despite fair knowledge and positive attitude, the uptake of full vaccination was low among the dental HCW. Further strategies are needed to improve the hepatitis B vaccine uptake. Specifically, increasing the access
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME: A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO ETHNIC GROUPS PRESENTING TO TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN NEPAL
Authors: Shrestha Inku , Dhakal Subodh , Acharya Sudeep , Bista Meera
Published: April 2022

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common problem with many health-related con­sequences. Factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, obesity, upper airway anatomy are risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea. This study was aimed to compare the pattern of obstructive sleep apnea between two ethnic groups of Nepal in a tertiary care center.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients with obstructive sleep apnea at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Seventy patients between the age of 18 to 65 years diagnosed as obstructive sleep apnea were included in the study by using convenience sampling method. The patients were divided into Aryan and Mongol group. Data was presented in the form of mean, standard deviation, median and interquartile range. Chi-square, student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.
Results: Out of 70 patients, 35 patients were Aryan group and 35 in the Mongol group. Male pa­tients were predominantly present in both the groups. Patients were more in the age group of 41- 60 years. Enlarged tonsils were present in 15 (42.9%) of Aryans and 14 (40.0%) of Mongols. Among that, grade 2 tonsil, 8 (22.9%) was present in majority of both Aryans and Mongols. There was statistically significant association observed between Aryan group and Modified Mallampati score.
Conclusions: Obstructive sleep apnea has variation among the ethnicity. However, in this study only significant difference between Modified Mallampati Score and ethnicity as observed.
MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIZED ANTERIOR TEETH AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTER OF NEPAL
Authors: Chaudhary Sanjeeb , Singh Harender , Gharti Archana , Adhikari Bhawana
Published: April 2022

Background: Immediate treatment of an injured tooth is the most significant factor for preserving pulp vitality. Treatment provided immediately after traumatic dental injury significantly improves the prognosis of a traumatized tooth by reducing the risk of complications. Similarly, proper treat­ment can lead to satisfactory outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the type of treatments provided to the patients with dental trauma and the time elapsed between dental injury and arrival for treatment.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including 170 patients (128 males and 42 females) who received treatment for traumatic dental injury during a period between January 2016 and December 2019. The time elapsed between dental trauma and treatment, and the clinical treatments provided were recorded form a review of past records. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistical methods.
Results: The time elapsed between trauma and treatment was found to range from 1 to 75 hours. (Aver­age time 14.7 hours). An early arrival for treatment of dental trauma within 24 hours was observed among most of the patients (76.46%) in this study. The most commonly provided treatment was composite resin restoration (38.78%). Likewise, the second most frequently provided treatment was root canal treatment (29.08%). Overall splinting was provided in 44 teeth (12.18%), while repositioning along with splinting was performed in 43 teeth (11.91%).
Conclusions: On the basis of the results of this study it can be concluded that, most of the patients with traumatic dental injuries arrived for treatment early and restoration was the most common treatment provided followed by root canal treatment.
ORTHODONTIC EXTRUSION: AN AID TO SALVAGE SUBGINGIVALLY FRACTURED INCISOR
Authors: Adhikari Bhawana , Khanal Bibek , Arora Chetna
Published: April 2022

Traumatic injuries to permanent incisors not only cause esthetic but functional as well as psychological problems to patients. This case report describes treatment approach of a subgingivally fractured permanent maxillary central incisor. Conventional root canal treatment followed by orthodontic extrusion was performed for the fractured tooth to bring the fracture margins to supragingival level. The tooth was then restored with fiber post and core.
PROFILE OF WOMEN WITH RUPTURED ECTOPIC PREGNANCY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN CHITWAN, NEPAL
Authors: Tamrakar Renuka , Shrestha Madhu , Paudel Binod , Sitaula Deekshanta
Published: April 2022

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality during early pregnancy.  Ruptured ectopic pregnancy can be a life-threatening emergency. The aim of the present study was to know the admission rate, clinico-demographic profile and outcomes of ruptured ectopic pregnancy in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, a tertiary level hospital in Nepal.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal. All the patients diagnosed with ruptured ectopic pregnancy were included in the study. The relevant information of patients was obtained in pre-designed pro forma. The retrospective data were entered and simple statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.
Results: The rate of ruptured ectopic pregnancy was 1.69%. Mean age was 28.33 ± 5.78 years. Most of the patients presented with abdominal pain (99.0%), amenorrhea (98.0%) and bleeding per vagina (51.9%). The most common site of rupture was ampulla (50%) followed by infundibula (16.3%). The commonest associated risk factor was pelvic inflammatory disease (24%) followed by medical termination of pregnancy (19.23%), All the patients were managed surgically and there was no mortality.
Conclusions: Pelvic inflammatory disease was the leading associated risk factor. Surgical management was the modality of treatment in all the cases.
PATTERN OF OCULAR TRAUMA AND VISUAL OUTCOME IN PATIENTS ATTENDING NATIONAL REFERRAL EYE HOSPITAL OF ERITREA
Authors: Bastola Pradeep , Ibrahim Amir , Michael Danait , Misghna Hermela , Russom Rut , Polina Dahal  , Ibrahim Femi
Published: April 2022

Background: Ocular trauma has been a significant disabling health problem and a leading cause of visual loss in lower-middle-income countries. These injuries have many diverse costs including human suffering, long-term disabilities, loss of productivity, and economic hardship. This study was aimed to describe the pattern of ocular trauma, its visual outcome, and the overall epidemiology of ocular trauma in all patients presenting to Berhan Eye Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea.
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on ocular trauma patients who presented to Berhan Eye Hospital for the open globe, closed globe, and peri-orbital trauma from September – November 2018 after ethical approval from the Ministry of Health, Eritrea. Data on demography, initial and final visual acuity, type of injury as well as its outcome were collected using U.S Eye Injury Registry checklist. The types of injuries were classified according to Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS), SPSS Version 22 was used.
Results: Ocular trauma accounted for 1.94% of the total patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) and emergency during the studied period. Of the studied 280 participants, 218 (77.9%) patients were below 40 years of age. The male to female ratio was 2.4:1. Closed globe injuries accounted the highest 205 (73.21%) followed by the open globe injuries 75 (26.79%). Home and industrial premises were the main places where ocular injuries occurred in the participants.
Conclusions: Ocular trauma affects mainly the younger age group. Blunt objects trauma in the eye are more common in low resource settings. Ocular trauma is an important cause of monocular blindness which can be prevented with early intervention and health promotion.