bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Asia–Pacific region: Consensus statements
Authors:   Asia–Pacific Working Party on Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published: October 2009

Among approximately 650 000 people who die from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) each year, at least two‐thirds live in Asia. Efforts to improve early diagnosis and treatment have not yet impacted mortality. An Asia–Pacific Working Party convened in Hong Kong in June 2008 to consider ways to prevent HCC in this region. Separate reviews have summarized epidemiology of HCC, preventive approaches related to hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and non‐viral liver diseases, and the role of surveillance to detect HCC at a curative stage. We now present Consensus Statements from these deliberations and reviews. As chronic hepatitis B is the most common cause of HCC in Asia, effective hepatitis B vaccination programs are the most important strategy to reduce HCC incidence. Prevention of HCV by screening blood donors, universal precautions against blood contamination in health‐care settings and reducing HCV transmission from injection drug use are also vital. There is strong evidence that effective antiviral therapy to control HBV infection or eradicate HCV substantially reduces (but does not abolish) HCC risk. With hemochromatosis, family screening, early diagnosis and correcting iron overload to prevent liver fibrosis prevents HCC. There is currently insufficient evidence to give firm recommendations on alcohol, obesity/metabolic risk factors and other liver diseases. HCC surveillance for high‐risk groups is recommended in individual cases but cost‐effectiveness is not as high as infant hepatitis B vaccination and screening blood for HCV. Widespread application of HCC surveillance in Asia–Pacific countries depends on economic factors and health‐care priorities.
Unique vascular tumor primary arising in the liver and exhibiting histopathological features consistent with so‐called polymorphous hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Cobianchi Lorenzo , Lucioni Marco , Rosso Renato , Zonta Sandro , Fiandrino Giacomo , Alessiani Mario , Doni Marco , Ferrari Alberta , Magrini Umberto , Paulli Marco , Dionigi Paolo
Published: October 2009

Reported herein is an unusual vascular tumor primary arising in the liver and exhibiting unique histopathological features. A 47‐year‐old woman underwent left hepatectomy because of a large hepatic mass. On histology the tumor had a composite pattern, consisting of angiomatous, retiform and solid areas, formed by oval to cuboidal to spindle cells, that expressed only endothelial markers (CD31 and factor VIII‐related antigen). These findings led to the diagnosis of a low‐grade vascular neoplasm with morphological features consistent with so‐called polymorphous hemangioendothelioma. The tumor was completely resected. At 24 month follow up the patient was alive, without evidence of disease. Polymorphous hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular neoplasm, with borderline malignant potential, which usually occurs in lymph nodes and, rarely, at extranodal sites. Its classification as an entity has been questioned recently. The unusual morphological features of the present case, which do not fit neatly with any other recognized hemangioendothelioma subtype, indicate that the family of vascular tumors is broader than currently accepted. In addition the present case widens the spectrum of primary vascular tumors arising in the liver.
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes in Emotion Generation
Authors: Ochsner Kevin N. , Ray Rebecca R. , Hughes Brent , McRae Kateri , Cooper Jeffrey C. , Weber Jochen , Gabrieli John D.E. , Gross James J.
Published: October 2009

Emotions are generally thought to arise through the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes. However, prior work has not delineated their relative contributions. In a sample of 20 females, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of negative emotions generated by the bottom-up perception of aversive images and by the top-down interpretation of neutral images as aversive. We found that (a) both types of responses activated the amygdala, although bottom-up responses did so more strongly; (b) bottom-up responses activated systems for attending to and encoding perceptual and affective stimulus properties, whereas top-down responses activated prefrontal regions that represent high-level cognitive interpretations; and (c) self-reported affect correlated with activity in the amygdala during bottom-up responding and with activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during top-down responding. These findings provide a neural foundation for emotion theories that posit multiple kinds of appraisal processes and help to clarify mechanisms underlying clinically relevant forms of emotion dysregulation.
Death, Life, Scarcity, and Value: An Alternative Perspective on the Meaning of Death
Authors: King Laura A. , Hicks Joshua A. , Abdelkhalik Justin
Published: October 2009

That the scarcity of objects enhances their value is a widely known principle in the behavioral sciences. In addition, research has demonstrated that attaching high value to an object produces biased perceptions of its scarcity. Three studies applied this bidirectional link between scarcity and value to the meaning of death, testing the prediction that death represents the scarcity of life. In Study 1, reminders of death led to enhanced evaluations of life. In Studies 2 and 3, the monetary (Study 2) and psychological (Study 3) value of life were manipulated. In both studies, when human life was highly valuable, the concept of death was more accessible, as predicted from the association between value and scarcity. Previous theoretical treatments of the meaning of death have shared the notion that death is essentially a threat requiring psychological defenses. The present results suggest that, from an informational perspective, death represents the scarcity of life.
A Longitudinal Study of Conflict and Inner State Talk in Children's Conversations with Mothers and Younger Siblings
Authors: Hughes Claire , Marks Alex , Ensor Rosie , Lecce Serena
Published: October 2009

This study examined developmental change and variation across social context in the quality of children's conversations, with a dual focus on (1) conflict and (2) inner state talk (IST). Each measure was coded as a proportion of total talk, using transcripts from 57 three‐ to six‐year‐olds, filmed at home at two time points (12 months apart) in two distinct contexts (dyadic play with younger siblings and unstructured routine interactions with mothers). Frequencies of conflict and IST did not change between time points. However, IST changed in function, such that the proportion of IST within explanations increased over time. At each time point: (1) children talked about inner states (especially others' inner states) more often with younger siblings than with mothers; and (2) conflict was more strongly associated with talk about children's own inner states within conversations with mothers (meanr =.46) than with younger siblings (meanr =.02). Together, these findings highlight the need to consider both conflict and IST as relationship‐specific constructs.
Points of View, Social Positioning and Intercultural Relations
Authors: SAMMUT GORDON , GASKELL GEORGE
Published: October 2009

The challenge of intercultural relations has become an important issue in many societies. In spite of the claimed value of intercultural diversity, successful outcomes as predicted by the contact hypothesis are but one possibility; on occasions intercultural contact leads to intolerance and hostility. Research has documented that one key mediator of contact is perspective taking. Differences in perspective are significant in shaping perceptions of contact and reactions to it. The ability to take the perspective of the other and to understand it in its own terms is a necessary condition for successful intergroup outcomes. This paper sheds light on the processes involved in intercultural perspective taking by elaborating the notion of the point of view based on social representations theory. The point of view provides a theory of social positioning that can analyse cultural encounters between social actors, and identify the conditions for positive relations. Insights are drawn from a study of public views on the relative merits of science and religion, following a documentary by Richard Dawkins in which it was suggested that religion is a source of evil. The findings demonstrate that the point of view may be categorised according to a three‐way taxonomy according to the extent to which it is open to another perspective. A point of view may be monological—closed to another's perspective entirely, dialogical—open to the possibility of another perspective while maintaining some percepts as unchallengeable, or metalogical—open to another's perspective based on the other's frame of reference.
ECOLOGY AND BEAVIOUR OF THE VERVET MONKEY, CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS, LOLUI ISLAND, LAKE VICTORIA
Authors: Hall K. R. L. , Gartlan J. S.
Published: October 2009

A 1‐month survey of the vervet monkeys of Lolui, an uninhabited island of 11 square miles in Lake Victoria, indicated a population size of about 1,500. Reliable counts of 46 groups were made, giving a mean of 12. Age and sex analyses of 18 groups showed a ratio of 1: 1.4 adult males to adult females, 1: 1 for adults and immatures combined.
CAMELID MATERLAL OF THE GENUS PALAEOLAMA GERVAIS FROM THE TALARA TAR‐SEEPS, PERU, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBGENUS, ASTYLOLAMA
Authors: CHURCHER C. S.
Published: October 2009

The remains of a large camelid from the Upper Pleistocene (Carolinian) tar‐seep deposits near Talara, Peru, aro deseribed with measurements. Comparison with other described South American Pleistocene Camelidae indicates its conspecific identity with Pulaeolama aepuatorialis Hoffstetter, 1952. The absence of interlophar styles on both upper and lower molars is considered the main basis for tho recognition of a now subgenus, Astylolama subgen. nov. Palaenlamua is considered, therefore, to possess three subgenera, Palaeolama. (Palaeolama), P. (Protauchenia) and P. (Astylolama.) A single large left phalanx II from the same deposit is assigned to Palaeolama sp., but may belong within Palaeolama crassa Hoffstetter, 1952 which is known only from a single metatarsal recovered from the Rio Chiche. An isolated right lower caniniform tooth resembling C1 of P. weddellii and P1 of Tanupolama stevensi is reported.
STUDIES ON HOLOCHILUS SCIUREUS BERBICENSIS, A CRICETINE RODENT FROM THE COASTAL REGION OF BRITISH GUIANA
Authors: TWIGG G. I.
Published: October 2009

This study is based on 2,194 specimens of Holochilus sciureus berbicensis from the coastal region of British Guiana. The rodents live in the grassy savannahs where population density in circumscribed areas is often high and they easily colonize the cultivated areas where their normal reproductive pattern, assisted by migration in wet weather, results in them periodically attaining plague proportions. Both males and females become sexually mature at a relatively early age and continue to breed throughout their lifetime, in addition producing young at all times of the year. There is some evidence to indicate that there may be precocious sexual maturity at times of heavy rainfall. It would seem that predation of one sort or another is high in this region and this may be compensated to some extent by a fairly high reproduction rate.
THE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE PSEUDOSCORPION NEO BISIUM MUSCORUM
Authors: GABBUTT PETER D. , VACHON MAX
Published: October 2009

The external morphology of all stages of Neobisium muscorum (Leach) is described, particular attention being paid to the chaetotaxy. The morphogenesis of those, and other characters of taxonomic importance, has been followed through all the nymphal stages to the adults. On this basis we have endeavoured to estimate the possible value of certain features for future systematic work; these include the chaetotaxy of the cephalothorax and tergites, the trichobothria, the blades of the flagellae and the chaetae of the chelicerae, the teeth of the chela and the measurements and ratios of various structures. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a precise study of all stages, not only to distinguish each of them, but also to discover those specific and generic characters of real taxonomic value.

The life history, based on a quantitative sampling technique, is described from data from four sites. The seasonal variations in the densities of nymphs and adults suggest that one or two generations may be produced each year. A comparison is made with continental work and the ecological and geographical implications are discussed.

La morphologie externe des quatre stades (nymphes et adulte) est décrite avec un soin particulier. La comparaison des nymphes et des adultes permet au taxonomiste de suivre la morphogenèse des caractères qu'il utilise; dans une certaine mesure, il est plus facile d' apprécier la valeur taxonomique d'un caractère si la genèse en a été suivie stade par stade et si l'on connaît les limites de sa variabilité ou de sa stabilité. C'est dans ce sens que sont formulées des remarques sur la chaetotaxie du céphalothorax et des tergites, sur les trichobothries des pinces, les soies du flagelle des chélicères, les soies des chélicères, les rapports morphométriques des articles appendiculaires, la denture des pinces des pattes‐mâchoires. Ces remarques soulignent la grande importance d'une étude précise de tous les stades du développement, non seulement afin de les reconnaître entre eux, mais encore afin de découvrir la valeur taxonomique de certains caractères spécifiques, mais aussi génériques.

Les variations de la densité des populations des nymphes et des adultes, leur succession au cours de l'année, l'existence d'une ou deux geanérations par an, sont exposées et commentées à l'aide de graphiques et de tableaux. Les différences écologiques relevées dans les quatre stations, permettent d'expliquer les variations de densité, les chevauchements de générations de nymphes et la disparition possible d'une des générations annuelles.
ON THE ROLE OF ALLOPREENING INVITATION BEHAVIOUR IN REDUCING AGGRESSION AMONG RED AVADAVATS, WITH COMMENTS ON ITS EVOLUTION IN THE SPERMESTIDAE
Authors: SPARKS JOHN H.
Published: October 2009

This paper discusses the occurence of allopreening and allopreening invitation behaviour in red avadavats, and analyses tho factors which cause these birds to groom partners. It was found that allopreening tended to be temporally linked with aggression and autopreening beaviour in the actor, but that on many occasions, no signs of aggression preceded the act of allopreening. Allopreening invitation behaviour with the head feathers fully raised occurred in situations when the inviting individual was attacked and in response to being pecked or allopreened.

Alloprcening bouts which are tomporally correlated with autopreening behaviour may be a response by the groomer to the feathers of the clumping partner whon the preening tendency of the former bird is alroady activated.

From tho evidence submitted, it seems as though the allopreening invitation posture elicits non‐aggressive preening in a bird which is likely to attack. It thus appears to act as an appeasement gesture; head ruffling changes the motivation of a bird tending to be aggressive. It was also found, however, that allopreening invitation behaviour may occur independently of appeasement.

The evolution of the Spermestid allopreening invitation posture from a “fluffed” body posture is also discussed.
SOME NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SOLIFUGAE FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA
Authors: LAWRENCE R. F.
Published: October 2009

Two species and one subspecies of the family Solpugidae are described as new, viz. Zeriassa luxeni and Solpuga strepsiceros nocturnus from the Kruger National Park, E. Transvaal, Solpugema broadleyi from Southern Rhodesia.

Three new species of the family Daesiidae are also described, two, Broomiella browni and Hemiblossia termitophila, from South West Africa, one, Blossiola singularis, from the Kruger National Park.

A supplementary description is given of the two sexes of Solpuga celeripes Hirst, described in 1911 from Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia.
ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM NORTHERN SAUDI ARABIA*
Authors: LEWIS ROBERT E. , LEWIS JOANNE H. , HARRISON DAVID L.
Published: October 2009

One hundred and thirty‐seven mammals of eleven different species, collected during late December and early January of 1961‐62 and 1962‐63 in northern Saudi Arabia, are reported. Collections were made during an ectoparasite survey conducted for the Trans‐Arabian Pipeline Company. Behavioural and bionomic information is included when available. The species of fleas taken from each host species are also listed.
THE EYE OF LITTORINA LITTOREA
Authors: NEWELL G. E.
Published: October 2009

The eyes of prosobranch molluscs lack adequate description but it is usually supposed that they are incapable of forming sharp retinal images. The eye of Littorina littorea (L.) is re‐described and consideration of its structure and optical properties suggest that it is adequate for form vision and that there is a method of accommodation.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIOUR IN ELEUTHERODACTYLUS MARTINICENSIS (AMPHIBIA, ANURA)
Authors: HUGHES ARTHUR
Published: October 2009

In the genus Eleutherodactylus, development is wholly embryonic. Among other features of ontogeny which are thereby modified is the development of behaviour. Within the egg envelope, the embryo is largely still, but wriggles from time to time. These movements represent all that remains of the axial swimming behaviour of larval Amphibia. The embryo develops normally when removed from the envelopes, and its reactions to light touch can then be studied from day to day. In E. martinicensis, which develops from first cleavage to hatching in 13‐14 days, the first movement of the legs is seen during trunk wriggles at 7 1/2 days, but a day later they can move independently. The first reaction of the leg is a slow withdrawal; at 9 1/2 days flexion is followed by a vigorous extension. By then, reflexes affecting all four limbs can be elicited.

Towards the end of embryonic life, limb movements can be maintained in continuous cycles, and the animal can then swim. When it is allowed normally to emerge from the envolopes, the juvenile toad, smaller than a house fly, can jump a distance of over a foot. These observations are discussed in relation to the ontogeny of behaviour in other vertebrates, particularly in regard to the views of G. E. Coghill.
THE IMMATURE STAGES AND AFFINITIES OF THE TACHINID FLY GLAUROCARA FLAVA, A PARASITE OF THE AFRICAN BUSH‐CRICKET HOMOROCORYPHUS NITIDULUS VICINUS
Authors: CROSSKEY R. W.
Published: October 2009

Observations are given on the parasitism of Homorocoryphus nitidulus vicinus (Walker) by the African tachinid fly Glaurocara flava Thomson, and the hitherto unknown immature stages of G. flava are described and illustrated. The female of G. flava is shown to be larviparous, producing abundant highly specialised planidium larvae very closely resembling those of the little‐known tribe Ormiini. The systematic affinities of Glaurocara are briefly discussed and it is suggested, in view of the reproductive habits and the structure of the first instar larvae, that this genus must be very close phylogenetically to the Ormiine Tachinidae.
THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERS OF THE CRESTED PORCUPINES, SUBGENUS HYSTRIX
Authors: CORBET G. B. , JONES L. A.
Published: October 2009

The characters used for specific diagnosis in the subgenus Hystrix have been studied to determine their constancy as specific characters and their geographical variation within the species. As a result three species are recognized, namely H. indica, H. cristata and H. africaeaustralis. H. galeata is considered a synonym of H. cristata, and H. stegmanni a synonym of H. africaeaustralis. The morphological differences between cristata and africaeaustralis in East Africa are not continued clinally within these species. Between cristata and indica some of the diagnostic characters vary clinally, others change abruptly.
A REVISION OF THE GENERA STYLODRILUS AND BYTHONOMUS (OLIGOCHAETA, LUMBRICULIDAE).
Authors: BRINKHURST R. O.
Published: October 2009

An oxamination of the genera Bythonomus and Stylodrilus (Lumbriculidae Oligochaeta) shows that there is no longer any distinction between the two, and so Bythonomus is merged in Stylodrilus. The genus is defined, a type species erected, and brief descriptions of all the species are given. Material of the British species, Stylodrilus heringianus has been deposited at the British Museum (Natural History).
THE MALAYAN WHISKERED FLYING SQUIRREL PETINOMYS GENIBARBIS MALACCANUS
Authors: LIAT LIM BOO
Published: October 2009

A specimen of the Malayan whiskered flying squirrel Petinomys genibarbis malaccanus (Thomas) is described, with notes on its habits and behaviour in captivity.
Caffeine and an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist prevent memory impairment and synaptotoxicity in adult rats triggered by a convulsive episode in early life
Authors: Cognato Giana P. , Agostinho Paula M. , Hockemeyer Jörg , Müller Christa E. , Souza Diogo O. , Cunha Rodrigo A.
Published: October 2009

Seizures early in life cause long‐term behavioral modifications, namely long‐term memory deficits in experimental animals. Since caffeine and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonists prevent memory deficits in adult animals, we now investigated if they also prevented the long‐term memory deficits caused by a convulsive period early in life. Administration of kainate (KA, 2 mg/kg) to 7‐days‐old (P7) rats caused a single period of self‐extinguishable convulsions which lead to a poorer memory performance in the Y‐maze only when rats were older than 90 days, without modification of locomotion or anxiety‐like behavior in the elevated‐plus maze. In accordance with the relationship between synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction, the hippocampus of these adult rats treated with kainate at P7 displayed a lower density of synaptic proteins such as SNAP‐25 and syntaxin (but not synaptophysin), as well as vesicular glutamate transporters type 1 (but not vesicular GABA transporters), with no changes in PSD‐95, NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B) or α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate receptor subunits (GluR1, GluR2) compared with controls. Caffeine (1 g/L) or the A2AR antagonist, KW6002 (3 mg/kg) applied in the drinking water from P21 onwards, prevented these memory deficits in P90 rats treated with KA at P7, as well as the accompanying synaptotoxicity. These results show that a single convulsive episode in early life causes a delayed memory deficit in adulthood accompanied by a glutamatergic synaptotoxicity that was prevented by caffeine or adenosine A2AR antagonists.
Bayesian Network for Risk of Diarrhea Associated with the Use of Recycled Water
Authors: Donald Margaret , Cook Angus , Mengersen Kerrie
Published: October 2009

Estimating potential health risks associated with recycled (reused) water is highly complex given the multiple factors affecting water quality. We take a conceptual model, which represents the factors and pathways by which recycled water may pose a risk of contracting gastroenteritis, convert the conceptual model to a Bayesian net, and quantify the model using one expert's opinion. This allows us to make various predictions as to the risks posed under various scenarios. Bayesian nets provide an additional way of modeling the determinants of recycled water quality and elucidating their relative influence on a given disease outcome. The important contribution to Bayesian net methodology is that all model predictions, whether risk or relative risk estimates, are expressed as credible intervals.
A register study of the impact of stopping third trimester selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure on neonatal health
Authors: Warburton W. , Hertzman C. , Oberlander T. F.
Published: October 2009

Warburton W, Hertzman C, Oberlander TF. A register study of the impact of stopping third trimester selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure on neonatal health.

Objective:  To determine whether risk for adverse neonatal outcomes are reduced by stopping SSRI use before the end of pregnancy.

Method:  Using population health data, maternal health and prenatal SSRI prescriptions were linked to neonatal birth records (N = 119 547) (1998–2001). Neonates SSRI‐exposed in the last 14 days (L14) of gestation were compared with infants who had gestational exposure, but not during the last 14 days (NL14). Propensity score matching was used to control for potential confounders (total exposure, maternal health characteristics).

Results:  Increased risk for neonatal respiratory distress was present where L14 exposure occurred compared with risk where exposure stopped before L14. However, controlling for potential maternal and neonatal confounders, differences disappeared.

Conclusion:  Controlling for maternal illness severity, reducing exposure to SSRI’s at the end of pregnancy had no significant clinical effect on improving neonatal health. These findings raise the possibility that some adverse neonatal outcomes may not be an acute pharmacological condition such as toxicity or withdrawal.
Childhood life events and childhood trauma in adult patients with depressive, anxiety and comorbid disorders vs. controls
Authors: Hovens J. G. F. M. , Wiersma J. E. , Giltay E. J. , Van Oppen P. , Spinhoven P. , Penninx B. W. J. H. , Zitman F. G.
Published: October 2009

Hovens JGFM, Wiersma JE, Giltay EJ, van Oppen P, Spinhoven P, Penninx BWJH, Zitman FG. Childhood life events and childhood trauma in adult patients with depressive, anxiety and comorbid disorders vs. controls.

Objective:  To investigate the association between childhood life events, childhood trauma and the presence of anxiety, depressive or comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders in adulthood.

Method:  Data are from 1931 adult participants in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Childhood life events included divorce of parents, early parental loss and ‘placed in care’, whereas childhood trauma was assessed as experienced emotional neglect, psychological, physical and sexual abuse prior to age 16.

Results:  Childhood life events were not associated with psychopathology, except for ‘placed in care’ in the comorbid group. All types of childhood trauma were increasingly prevalent in the following order: controls, anxiety, depression, and comorbid group (P < 0.001). The higher the score was on the childhood trauma index, the stronger the association with psychopathology (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Childhood trauma rather than childhood life events are related to anxiety and depressive disorders. The strong associations with the comorbid group suggest that childhood trauma contributes to the severity of psychopathology. Our study underscores the importance of heightened awareness of the possible presence of childhood trauma, especially in adult patients with comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders.
Environmental enrichment for captive stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Márquez‐Arias A. , Santillán‐Doherty A.M. , Arenas‐Rosas R.V. , Gasca‐Matías M.P. , Muñoz‐Delgado J.
Published: October 2009

Background  The behavior of animals is modified by captivity. Environmental enrichment (EE) is a program designed to enhance the welfare of confined animals by providing them with a more stimulating background. This is carried out by the implementation of a series of activities that encourages them to present behaviors typical of their species, as well as keeps them active. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the influence of the EE in the behavioral variables in a colony of 24 stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). Our hypothesis is that the application of this program will reduce aggression, stereotypes and coprophilia behaviors and, at the same time, will increase exploration and solitary play.

Methods  The behavioral frequency previous to EE was compared with that during EE implementation.

Results  Our results showed that aggression, coprophilia stereotypic behaviors and social play were significantly reduced during EE, whereas exploration was significantly enhanced. The response of the individuals according to gender was similar for both sexes.

Conclusions  Environmental enrichment programs are indispensable for captive animals’ wellbeing as they reduce aggression and stress while providing animals both physical and cognitive entertainment.
Extending the Resource-based View to the Mega-event: Entrepreneurial Rents and Innovation
Authors: Dollinger Marc J. , Li Xueling , Mooney Christine H.
Published: October 2009

The resource-based view of the firm has previously been expanded by including relational rents and rent from network and alliance participation. This paper extends the Dyer-Singh-Lavie synthesis by considering the special circumstances arising from the relationships, alliances, and networks of a mega-event, using the Beijing Olympics as a case for our analyses. The mega-event that is organized as a cartel increases the pricing power of the participants, produces relational rent, and is an ideal venue to introduce innovations. We discuss six factors that can influence the rent creation and capture from a mega-event and offer related propositions: periodicity (Proposition 1), event location (Proposition 2), governance structure (Proposition 3), media coverage (Proposition 4), network connectivity (Proposition 5), and membership rules (Proposition 6). We identify four innovation types associated with such mega-events and contend that the same factors can affect the entrepreneurial rent creation and capture within these innovation types (Proposition 7).
Looking for the ancestry of the heavy‐chain subunits of heteromeric amino acid transporters rBAT and 4F2hc within the GH13 α‐amylase family
Authors: Gabriško Marek , Janeček Štefan
Published: October 2009

In an effort to shed more light on the early evolutionary history of the heavy‐chain subunits of heteromeric amino acid transporters (hcHATs) rBAT and 4F2hc within the α‐amylase family GH13, a bioinformatics study was undertaken. The focus of the study was on a detailed sequence comparison of rBAT and 4F2hc proteins from as wide as possible taxonomic spectrum and enzyme specificities from the α‐amylase family. The GH13 enzymes were selected from the so‐called GH13 oligo‐1,6‐glucosidase and neopullulanase subfamilies that represent the α‐amylase family enzyme groups most closely related to hcHATs. Within this study, more than 30 hcHAT‐like proteins, designated here as hcHAT1 and hcHAT2 groups, were identified in basal Metazoa. Of the GH13 catalytic triad, only the catalytic nucleophile (aspartic acid 199 of the oligo‐1,6‐glucosidase) could have its counterpart in some 4F2hc proteins, whereas most rBATs contain the correspondences for the entire GH13 catalytic triad. Moreover, the 4F2hc proteins lack not only domain B typical for GH13 enzymes, but also a stretch of ∼ 40 amino acid residues succeeding the β4‐strand of the catalytic TIM barrel. rBATs have the entire domain B as well as longer loop 4. The higher sequence–structural similarity between rBATs and GH13 enzymes was reflected in the evolutionary tree. At present it is necessary to consider two different scenarios on how the chordate rBAT and 4F2hc proteins might have evolved. The GH13‐like protein from the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis might nowadays represent a protein close to the eventual ancestor of the hcHAT proteins within the GH13 family.
Does Concomitant Administration of Sevelamer and Calcium Carbonate Modify the Control of Phosphatemia?
Authors: Ouellet Georges , Cardinal Héloïse , Mailhot Marjolaine , Ste‐Marie Louis‐Georges , Roy Louise
Published: October 2009

There is no guideline regarding the concomitant or distant administration of sevelamer and calcium carbonate. Our aim was to determine whether serum phosphate varied when sevelamer and calcium carbonate were administered concomitantly in comparison to administration at separate meals. Fourteen chronic hemodialysis patients were enrolled in this cross‐over, randomized trial. Each subject underwent two four‐week study periods. During the “concomitant” period, subjects were instructed to take both sevelamer and calcium carbonate together at each meal, whereas in the “separate” period, they were required to take them at separate meals. The order of the “concomitant” and “separate” periods was randomized. Phosphate‐binding agents were stopped for a one‐week washout period before each study period. The total dose of sevelamer and calcium carbonate for each subject remained the same for the whole duration of the study and had been determined according to their usual dose of phosphate binders. Patients were instructed to keep their usual eating habits constant and a nutritionist evaluated the daily phosphate intake three times per week. Dialysis parameters were kept constant. Pre‐dialysis serum phosphate, calcium, bicarbonate, and albumin were measured at the end of each week. The average daily dietary phosphate intake remained unchanged throughout the study. At the end of the two study periods there was no significant difference in serum phosphate (1.50 ± 0.46 mmol/L in the “concomitant” period vs. 1.51 ± 0.31 mmol/L in the “separate” period, P = 0.97), calcium (2.26 ± 0.19 mmol/L in the “concomitant” period vs. 2.27 ± 0.15 mmol/L in the “separate” period, P = 0.64), calcium × phosphate product (3.36 ± 0.94 mmol2/L2 in the “concomitant” period vs. 3.41 ± 0.71 mmol2/L2 in the “separate” period, P = 0.84) and bicarbonate levels (21.5 ± 3.3 mmol/L for the “concomitant” period vs. 21.6 ± 3.1 mmol/L for the “separate” period, P = 0.81). Our results show that simultaneous administration of calcium carbonate and sevelamer does not decrease phosphate‐binding capacity. Hence, patients can choose to take their phosphate binders concomitantly or at separate meals, according to their preference.
Comparing the Autoantibody Levels and Clinical Efficacy of Double Filtration Plasmapheresis, Immunoadsorption, and Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Late‐onset Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Liu Jun‐Feng , Wang Wei‐Xin , Xue Jun , Zhao Chong‐Bo , You Huai‐Zhou , Lu Jia‐Hong , Gu Yong
Published: October 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of double‐filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), immunoadsorption (IA) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in the treatment of late‐onset myasthenia gravis (MG). A total of 40 late‐onset MG patients were randomly divided into three groups: 15 patients were treated with DFPP; 10 patients were treated with IA; and 15 patients received IVIg. The titers of titin antibodies (Titin‐ab), acetylcholine receptor antibodies (AChR‐ab), presynaptic membrane antibody (Prsm‐ab) were detected before and after the treatment, and the quantitative MG score (QMG score) was assessed by blinded examiners before and immediately after the entire course of treatment. The clinical efficacy, duration of respiratory support, hospital stay, and the correlation between the three antibodies and the QMG score were also analyzed. Compared to pre‐treatment, the values of Titin‐ab, AChR‐ab, and PrsmR‐ab were all dramatically decreased (P < 0.05); meanwhile the value of Titin‐ab in the DFPP and IA groups decreased much more than in the IVIg group (P < 0.01); however, no statistical difference was found between the DFPP and IA groups (P > 0.05). Although the QMG score significantly improved in all three groups, it decreased much more in both the DFPP and IA groups than that in the IVIg group (P < 0.01). Symptoms were also effectively ameliorated by all treatments, but the clinical efficacy of the DFPP and IA groups was higher than the IVIg group (P < 0.05), as was the remission time (P < 0.01), the duration of hospital stay (P < 0.05), and the number of respiratory supports required (P < 0.05). Using Pearson's correlation, the decrease of Titin‐ab showed a longitudinal correlation with the decrease of QMG score (r = 0.6107, P < 0.01). Both DFPP and IA showed better short‐term clinical effectiveness than immunoglobulin transfusion, rapidly and effectively clearing the pathogenic antibodies in late‐onset MG patients, especially for Titin‐ab.
Simultaneous measurement of intraocular pressure in the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity
Authors: Hernández‐Verdejo José Luis , Teus Miguel A. , Bolivar Gema
Published: October 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: e265–e268

Purpose:  To simultaneously measure, using manometry, the changes of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the anterior chamber and in the vitreous cavity of a single porcine eye, induced by an external column of water.

Methods:  We prospectively measured IOP simultaneously in seven freshly enucleated porcine eyes in both the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity. Measurements were obtained through blood‐pressure transducers connected to 21‐gauge catheters. A third cannula was inserted into the anterior chamber to increase the IOP; when the cannula was connected to the water column, the pressure increased rapidly from 0 to 180 mmHg. Changes were registered every 5 seconds during the first minute. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:  Before the IOP was increased, the median basal IOP value was 18 mmHg in the anterior chamber and 23 mmHg in the vitreous cavity (P > 0.05). Sixty seconds after the end of the experiment, the median IOP value was 135 mmHg (range 122–145) in the anterior chamber and 55 mmHg (range 16–68) in the vitreous cavity (P < 0.01).

Conclusion:  Cannulation of the anterior chamber measures the actual IOP; however, the IOP measured by cannulation in the vitreous cavity using the same catheter diameter was different, possibly because of the viscosity of the vitreous. The viscosity of the vitreous probably makes the cannulation method of IOP evaluation in the vitreous cavity inaccurate.
Analysis of Starved Journal Bearings Including Temperature and Cavitation Effects
Authors: Artiles A. , Heshmat H.
Published: October 2009

A method of analysis is described treating starvation in finite journal bearing pads. A variable-size finite difference mesh is used to represent the two-dimensional temperature and pressure fields. A combination of Newton-Raphson iteration, direct iteration, and column matrix methods are used to solve for the start-of-film and journal positions as well as the coupled two-dimensional energy and Reynolds equations. Neglecting the pressure gradients in the energy equation has negligible effect on the location of the shaft, although it may increase some of the bearing coefficients between 14 and 16 percent at highly starved conditions. The variation of the temperature and start-of-the-film position during the differentiation for the stiffness and damping coefficients is important, particularly at highly starved conditions. A parametric study, describes the performance of the bearing (journal position, flowrates and temperature rises, stiffness and damping coefficients, and torque) for different degrees of starvation. An optimum L/D ratio (between 0.6 and 1) is found such that the minimum film thickness is maximized. For highly starved conditions, the component of eccentricity ratio along the load direction is found to be a strong function of supplied lubricant flowrate and rather insensitive to load and L/D ratio. When the differentiation is done properly, this produces a relatively high value of Kxy.
Performance of Starved Journal Bearings With Oil Ring Lubrication
Authors: Heshmat H. , Pinkus O.
Published: October 2009

An experimental program documenting the performance of journal bearings for conditions ranging from full hydrodynamic lubrication to states of extreme lubricant starvation is described. The effects of an incomplete fluid film on the eccentricity locus, extent of film, average and maximum temperatures, flow, and power losses are given as a function of amount of lubricant available to the bearing. In particular, the performance of starved bearings with oil ring lubrication is experimentally correlated to enable the designer to predict not only oil delivery by the ring, but also the resultant performance of the bearing.
Effects of Fluid Inertia Forces on the Performance of a Plane Inclined Sector Pad for an Annular Thrust Bearing Under Laminar Condition
Authors: Mori Atsunobu , Tanaka Katsuyuki , Mori Haruo
Published: October 2009

The hydrodynamic wedge of a plane inclined sector pad is analyzed in relation to the lubricant inertia forces under incompressible laminar conditions. Based on the usual assumptions of thin film lubrication theory without the thermal effects, modified Reynolds equations are derived by averaging out all the inertia terms of the Navier-Stokes equations across the film thickness. The equations are linearized with respect to the inertia parameter, and solved numerically for a plane inclined, sectorial configuration. The boundary value of the film pressure at the leading edge is set at the ambient pressure, under the assumption of a negligibly small rampressure thereat. The inertial effects on the static and dynamic performance such as the load carrying capacity, flow rate, frictional torque, position of pressure center, film stiffness, and damping coefficient are discussed, in which the effects of the centrifugal force and those of the other convective inertia forces are compared with each other.
A Finite Element Investigation of a Bearing/Cartridge Interface for a Fretting Corrosion Study
Authors: Stover R. J. , Mabie H. H. , Furey M. J.
Published: October 2009

The bearing/cartridge interfaces of a Ship Service Motor Generator Set (SSMG) were modeled by using finite element technology. The purpose of this analytical study was to verify the results of earlier experimental tests made on an actual SSMG unit. This research is part of a larger research project to examine the important parameters influencing the fretting of rolling element bearings. Models for the bearings at both ends of the unit were developed, and loads simulating the ball pass loads were applied to these models; the contact pressures, radial deformations, and relative displacements at the interface were calculated. The resulting data showed the interface conditions to be extremely complex with the contact pressures varying from zero to a maximum of 55.4 MPa (8030 psi) as the balls passed by. The maximum relative displacements occurred in the tangential direction (2.44 μm) and were independent of the axial boundary conditions.
Effect of Tool-Workpiece Contact Length on Lubrication in Metal Forming
Authors: Shima Susumu , Watanabe Yoshimasa , Oyane Moriya
Published: October 2009

Tests results on lubrication for metal forming in laboratories are sometimes not applicable to actual processes; this may be attributed to heat generation, which is influenced by the length of contact between the tool and workpiece. An attempt is made to investigate the effect of contact length, the so-called size effect, on lubrication in a simulation test for steady-state metal-forming processes. Lubrication appears to change with contact length, with other conditions being unchanged; the bite angle at which lubrication becomes less effective is found to be smaller for larger contact length.
Elastic Behavior of Multiple Contacts: Asperity Interaction
Authors: Vergne Ph. , Villechaise B. , Berthe D.
Published: October 2009

A simple model of static elastic contact of asperities is proposed. An integral formulation of the Plane Theory of Elasticity is used to include asperity interaction. Significant modifications of the original profiles are observed and are accompanied by nonsymmetrical pressure fields. On the other hand, the asperity interaction does not greatly modify the stress fields in the bulk. A generalization of the model to a real contact is proposed.
Parched Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Authors: Kingsbury E.
Published: October 2009

A parched subregime of elastohydrodynamic lubrication is proposed, lying between starved and mixed. Parched EHL is necessary to describe instrument ball bearing behavior, for example: long term transients in film thickness. A parched bearing has the least driving torque demand and best spin axis definition possible from any lubrication regime. Some measurements made in a 40 mm bore bearing show that parched operation is not limited to small bearings.
New Results of Traction Force Calculations in Elastohydrodynamic Contacts
Authors: Houpert L.
Published: October 2009

The lubricant shear modulus G and Ree-Eyring shear stress τ0 are determined in this work by using Roelands’, rather than Barus’, relationship for calculating the lubricant viscosity. When using Roelands’ viscosity, elastic effects in the lubricant tend to be negligible, especially when inlet shear heating and displacement of the center of pressure are considered. These results are illustrated by examples in which inlet shear heating has been calculated, or when the lateral traction force obtained by spinning was known. In some cases, elastic effects are indeed present, though much reduced, and this leads to greater values of the lubricant shear modulus. The Ree-Eyring shear stress found when using the Roelands’ viscosity is also greater.
An Adiabatic Solution of Misaligned Journal Bearings
Authors: Mokhtar M. O. A. , Safar Z. S. , Abd-El-Rahman M. A. M.
Published: October 2009

The paper presents an adiabatic analysis of misaligned journal bearings. The misalignment is allowed to vary in magnitude as well as in direction with respect to the bearing boundaries. Results are obtained for the case of a fixed journal axis with a bearing length to diameter ratio of unity. It is concluded that thermal effects are more pronounced for misaligned journal bearings
Dual Clearance Squeeze Film Damper for High Load Conditions
Authors: Fleming David P.
Published: October 2009

Squeeze film dampers are widely used to control vibrations in aircraft turbine engines and other rotating machinery. However, if shaft unbalance rises appreciably above the design value (e.g., due to a turbine blade loss), a conventional squeeze film will be overloaded, and will no longer be effective in controlling vibration amplitudes and bearing forces. This paper describes a new damper concept characterized by two oil films. Under normal conditions, only one low-clearance film is active, allowing precise location of the shaft centerline. Under high unbalance conditions, both films are active, controlling shaft vibration in a near-optimum manner, and allowing continued operation until a safe shutdown can be made.
Convergent-Tapered Annular Seals: Analysis and Testing for Rotordynamic Coefficients
Authors: Childs D. W. , Dressman J. B.
Published: October 2009

A combined analytical-computational method is developed to calculate the pressure field and dynamic coefficients for tapered high-pressure annular seals typical of neck-ring and interstage seals employed in multistage centrifugal pumps. Completely developed turbulent flow is assumed in both the circumferential and axial directions and is modeled by Hirs’ bulk-flow turbulent-lubrication equations. Linear zeroth- and first-order perturbation equations are developed for the momentum equations and continuity equations. The development of the circumferential velocity field is defined from the zeroth-order circumferential-momentum equation, and a leakage relationship is defined from the zeroth-order axial-momentum equation. A short-bearing approximation is used to derive an analytical expression for the first-order (dynamic) pressure gradient. This expression is integrated numerically to define dynamic coefficients for the seal. Numerical results are presented and compared to previous results for straight and tapered seals. The direct stiffness and leakage increase with increasing taper angle, while the remaining dynamic coefficients decrease. An optimal taper angle is shown to exist with respect to (a) the direct stiffness, and (b) the ratio of direct stiffness to leakage. Stiffness increases on the order of 40-50 percent are predicted. Experimental results are presented for seals with three taper angles which show generally good agreement between theory and prediction.