bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation and Evolution of the Large‐Scale Magnetic Fields in Venus' Ionosphere: Results From a Three Dimensional Global Multispecies MHD Model
Authors: Ma Yingjuan , Toth Gabor , Nagy Andrew , Luhmann Janet , Russell Christopher
Published: May 2020

Large‐scale magnetic fields have been observed in Venus' ionosphere by both the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and Venus Express spacecraft. In this study, we examine the formation and evolution of the large‐scale magnetic field in the Venus ionosphere using a sophisticated global multispecies Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model that has been developed for Venus (Ma et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018265). A time‐dependent model run is performed under varying solar wind dynamic pressure. Based on model results, we find that (1) the initial response of the induced magnetosphere is fast (~min), (2) a large‐scale magnetic field gradually forms in the ionosphere when the solar wind dynamic pressure suddenly exceeds the ionospheric thermal pressure, (3) both the penetration and decay of the large‐scale magnetic field in the ionosphere are slow (~hr), and (4) the ion escape rate has a nonlinear response to the change of solar wind dynamic pressure.
Assessing the Roughness Properties of Circumpolar Lunar Craters: Implications for the Timing of Water‐Ice Delivery to the Moon
Authors: Deutsch Ariel N. , Head James W. , Neumann Gregory A. , Kreslavsky Mikhail A. , Barker Michael K.
Published: May 2020

The roughness properties of impact craters are valuable indicators of crater degradation and can provide insight into crater ages. We evaluate the roughness of lunar craters from different geologic eras, confirming that young, Copernican craters are distinctly rougher than older craters. We evaluate the potential age of small (less than ~15 km) craters that are thought to host surface ice by quantifying the roughness inside these craters, as well as outside. Interior roughness may be subdued by slope processes or the presence of volatiles. The distribution of ice‐bearing craters is skewed toward roughness values higher than those of pre‐Imbrian craters, although no ice‐bearing craters are within the Copernican‐only domain in roughness space. All of the 15 rough, permanently shadowed craters that are found within the Copernican‐only domain lack water‐ice detections, suggesting that either ice has not been delivered to these young craters or that it has since been destroyed.
Robust Future Changes in Meteorological Drought in CMIP6 Projections Despite Uncertainty in Precipitation
Authors: Ukkola Anna M. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Roderick Michael L. , Abramowitz Gab , Pitman Andrew J.
Published: May 2020

Quantifying how climate change drives drought is a priority to inform policy and adaptation planning. We show that the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulations project coherent regional patterns in meteorological drought for two emissions scenarios to 2100. We find robust projected changes in seasonal drought duration and frequency (robust over >45% of the global land area), despite a lack of agreement across models in projected changes in mean precipitation (24% of the land area). Future drought changes are larger and more consistent in CMIP6 compared to CMIP5. We find regionalized increases and decreases in drought duration and frequency that are driven by changes in both precipitation mean and variability. Conversely, drought intensity increases over most regions but is not simulated well historically by the climate models. The more robust projections of meteorological drought compared to mean precipitation in CMIP6 provides significant new opportunities for water resource planning.
Fingerprints of Anthropogenic Influences on Vegetation Change Over the Tibetan Plateau From an Ecohydrological Diagnosis
Authors: Jin Zheng , You Qinglong , Mu Mu , Sun Guodong , Pepin Nick
Published: May 2020

Vegetation cover exerts a strong control on land‐atmosphere interactions. To quantify the relative effects of external forcing (climate change) versus internal forcing (anthropogenic activity) on recent vegetation change over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), we apply an ecohydrological diagnostic framework, developed from earlier work. We compare vegetation change during 1986–2015 based on NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data with changes in environmental conditions (European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5th generation, ERA5). Results show that external forcing is the dominant factor behind significant vegetation change over the southeastern TP during 1986–2015. In the area with significant vegetation changing, 60.5%/41.5% of pixels have experienced a respective wetting/drying of climate, which in turn has supported greening/browning during 1986–2005/1996–2015. However, during the greening/browning transition in the latter period, the proportion of internal forcing on browning increased from 5.62% to 19.4%, indicating that anthropogenic factors are playing an increasingly role on impacting vegetation change in recent decades.
A Control of ENSO Transition Complexity by Tropical Pacific Mean SSTs Through Tropical‐Subtropical Interaction
Authors: Fang Shih‐Wei , Yu Jin‐Yi
Published: May 2020

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) transitions from one event to another in complex ways. Using observational analyses and forced atmospheric model experiments, we show that a preceding ENSO event can activate a subtropical Pacific forcing mechanism to trigger another ENSO event during the following year. These tropical‐subtropical Pacific interactions result in a cyclic ENSO transition if the two ENSO events are of opposite signs or a multiyear ENSO transition if they are of the same sign. The preceding ENSO event should excite deep convections in the tropical Pacific in order to activate the subtropical Pacific mechanism. This requirement enables mean temperatures in the cold tongue and warm pool to respectively control how easily the cyclic and multiyear transitions can occur. A future warmer tropical Pacific is projected to decrease the frequency of occurrence of multiyear ENSO transitions but increase the occurrence of cyclic ENSO transitions.
Sea Ice Retreat Contributes to Projected Increases in Extreme Arctic Ocean Surface Waves
Authors: Casas‐Prat Mercè , Wang Xiaolan L.
Published: May 2020

The projected changes and trends in the regional annual and monthly maxima of the significant wave height (Hs) in the Arctic Ocean are studied using wave simulations derived from the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) climate simulations for 1979–2005 and 2081–2100 periods. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the regional annual maximal Hs increases on average up to ∼3 cm/year, or >0.5%/year, relative to the 1986–2005 climatological value, in many Arctic areas (and up to 0.8%/year in the east side of the Arctic Ocean). While strong winds need to occur for large waves to develop, the changes in wind speed alone cannot explain the increases in the regional maximal Hs. Sea ice retreat also plays an important role by increasing fetch to promote wave growth, thereby contributing notably to the projected increase in wave height. It also contributes to increasing the probability of strong winds over the widening ice‐free waters.
Nonstationary Quasiperpendicular Shock and Ion Reflection at Mars
Authors: Madanian Hadi , Schwartz Steven J. , Halekas Jasper S. , Wilson Lynn B.
Published: May 2020

Collisionless shocks in space plasma are regions of heating and acceleration of charged particles and dissipation of kinetic energy. These accelerated particles are the source of electromagnetic emissions from supernova remnants and other astrophysical structures. At high Mach numbers, shocks can be inherently nonstationary and exhibit modulated energy transfer and recurring plasma compression areas in the form of reformation. We use data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft to study reformation of the Martian bow shock, which has a relatively high curvature compared to that at Earth, and the upstream solar wind is often mass loaded with a population of pickup ions. We show evidence of ion reflection effects in reformation of a supercritical quasiperpendicular shock.
Contribution of Wave Setup to Projected Coastal Sea Level Changes
Authors: Melet A. , Almar R. , Hemer M. , Le Cozannet G. , Meyssignac B. , Ruggiero P.
Published: May 2020

Along open coasts, wind waves are a key driver of coastal changes and can be major contributors to coastal hazards. Wind wave characteristics are projected to change in response to climate change, notably due to changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and the associated surface winds. Here, a first‐order estimate of projected 20‐yr mean wave setup changes, excluding extreme events and subannual variability, is provided for sandy beaches along most of the world's coastline over the middle and end of the 21st century. Calculations are based on an ensemble of wave model projections under the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 8.5 and on empirical formulations for wave setup. Projected wave setup changes are compared to other contributors currently accounted for in regional sea level projections to extend existing projections of 21st century coastal sea level changes. Projected wave setup changes exhibit a clear spatial heterogeneity and mostly average out at global scale. However, at regional or local scale, wave setup changes are a small yet nonnegligible contributor to total coastal sea level 20‐yr mean changes (which include global mean sea level rise, GMSLR) over the middle and end of the 21st century. Wave setup can be a substantial contributor to local departures of coastal sea level changes from GMSLR. Wave setup changes should therefore be included in projections of regional patterns of coastal sea level changes. The reported long‐term changes in wave setup also advocate for the inclusion of nonstationary wave contributions to projected regional patterns of coastal sea level changes, including for studies on extreme events.
Serotonin differentially modulates the temporal dynamics of the limbic response to facial emotions in male adults with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a randomised placebo-controlled single-dose crossover trial
Authors: Wong Nichol M. L. , Findon James L. , Wichers Robert H. , Giampietro Vincent , Stoencheva Vladimira , Murphy Clodagh M. , Blainey Sarah , Ecker Christine , Murphy Declan G. , McAlonan Grainne M. , Daly Eileen
Published: May 2020

Emotion processing—including signals from facial expressions—is often altered in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The biological basis of this is poorly understood but may include neurochemically mediated differences in the responsivity of key ‘limbic’ regions (including amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)). Emerging evidence also suggests that ASD may be a disorder of brain temporal dynamics. Moreover, serotonin (5-HT) has been shown to be a key regulator of both facial-emotion processing and brain dynamics, and 5-HT abnormalities have been consistently implicated in ASD. To date, however, no one has examined how 5-HT influences the dynamics of facial-emotion processing in ASD. Therefore, we compared the influence of 5-HT on the responsivity of brain dynamics during facial-emotion processing in individuals with and without ASD. Participants completed a facial-emotion processing fMRI task at least 8 days apart using a randomised double-blind crossover design. At each visit they received either a single 20-mg oral dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram or placebo. We found that citalopram (which increases levels of 5-HT) caused sustained activation in key limbic regions during processing of negative facial emotions in adults with ASD—but not in neurotypical adults. The neurotypical adults’ limbic response reverted more rapidly to baseline following a 5-HT-challenge. Our results suggest that serotonergic homoeostatic control of the temporal dynamics in limbic regions is altered in adults with ASD, and provide a fresh perspective on the biology of ASD.
Tumour-derived CSF2/granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor controls myeloid cell accumulation and progression of gliomas
Authors: Sielska Malgorzata , Przanowski Piotr , Pasierbińska Maria , Wojnicki Kamil , Poleszak Katarzyna , Wojtas Bartosz , Grzeganek Dominika , Ellert-Miklaszewska Aleksandra , Ku Min-Chi , Kettenmann Helmut , Kaminska Bozena
Published: May 2020

Background

Malignant tumours release factors, which attract myeloid cells and induce their polarisation to pro-invasive, immunosuppressive phenotypes. Brain-resident microglia and peripheral macrophages accumulate in the tumour microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM) and induce immunosuppression fostering tumour progression. Macrophage colony stimulating factors (CSFs) control the recruitment of myeloid cells during peripheral cancer progression, but it is disputable, which CSFs drive their accumulation in gliomas.

Methods

The expression of CSF2 (encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor) was determined in TCGA datasets and five human glioma cell lines. Effects of stable CSF2 knockdown in glioma cells or neutralising CSF2 or receptor CSF2Rα antibodies on glioma invasion were tested in vitro and in vivo.

Results

CSF2 knockdown or blockade of its signalling reduced microglia-dependent glioma invasion in microglia-glioma co-cultures. CSF2-deficient human glioma cells encapsulated in cell-impermeable hollow fibres and transplanted to mouse brains, failed to attract microglia, but stimulated astrocyte recruitment. CSF2-depleted gliomas were smaller, attracted less microglia and macrophages, and provided survival benefit in tumour-bearing mice. Apoptotic microglia/macrophages were detected in CSF2-depleted tumours.

Conclusions

CSF2 is overexpressed in a subset of mesenchymal GBMs in association with high immune gene expression. Tumour-derived CSF2 attracts, supports survival and induces pro-tumorigenic polarisation of microglia and macrophages.
Ascites-derived ALDH+CD44+ tumour cell subsets endow stemness, metastasis and metabolic switch via PDK4-mediated STAT3/AKT/NF-κB/IL-8 signalling in ovarian cancer
Authors: Jiang Yu-Xin , Siu Michelle Kwan-Yee , Wang Jing-Jing , Mo Xue-Tang , Leung Thomas Ho-Yin , Chan David Wai , Cheung Annie Nga-Yin , Ngan Hextan Yuen-Sheung , Chan Karen Kar-Loen
Published: May 2020

Background

Ovarian cancer is characterised by frequent recurrence due to persistent presence of residual cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we identify and characterise tumour subsets from ascites-derived tumour cells with stemness, metastasis and metabolic switch properties and to delineate the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) in such process.

Methods

Ovarian cancer cells/cell lines derived from ascites were used for tumourspheres/ALDH+CD44+ subset isolation. The functional roles and downstream signalling of PDK4 were explored. Its association with clinical outcome of ovarian cancer was analysed.

Results

We demonstrated enhanced CSC characteristics of tumour cells derived from ovarian cancer ascites, concomitant with ALDH and CD44 subset enrichment and high PDK4 expression, compared to primary tumours. We further showed tumourspheres/ALDH+CD44+ subsets from ascites-derived tumour cells/cell lines with CSC properties and enhanced glycolysis. Clinically, PDK4 expression was correlated with aggressive features. Notably, blockade of PDK4 in tumourspheres/ALDH+CD44+ subsets led to inhibition of CSC characteristics, glycolysis and activation of STAT3/AKT/NF-κB/IL-8 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/protein kinases B/nuclear factor-κB/interleukin-8) signalling. Conversely, overexpression of PDK4 in ALDH−CD44– subsets exerted the opposite effects.

Conclusion

Ascites-derived ALDH+CD44+ tumour cell subsets endow stemness, metastatic and metabolic switch properties via PDK4-mediated STAT3/AKT/NF-κB/IL-8 signalling, suggesting PDK4 as a viable therapeutic molecular target for ovarian cancer management.
Impact on survival of modelling increased surgical resection rates in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cardiovascular comorbidities: a VICORI study
Authors: Welch Catherine A. , Sweeting Michael J. , Lambert Paul C. , Rutherford Mark J. , Jack Ruth H. , West Douglas , Adlam David , Peake Michael
Published: May 2020

Background

The impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) comorbidity on resection rates and survival for patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. We explored if CVD comorbidity explained surgical resection rate variation and the impact on survival if resection rates increased.

Methods

Cancer registry data consisted of English patients diagnosed with NSCLC from 2012 to 2016. Linked hospital records identified CVD comorbidities. We investigated resection rate variation by geographical region using funnel plots; resection and death rates using time-to-event analysis. We modelled an increased propensity for resection in regions with the lowest resection rates and estimated survival change.

Results

Among 57,373 patients with Stage 1−3A NSCLC, resection rates varied considerably between regions. Patients with CVD comorbidity had lower resection rates and higher mortality rates. CVD comorbidity explained only 1.9% of the variation in resection rates. For every 100 CVD comorbid patients, increasing resection in regions with the lowest rates from 24 to 44% would result in 16 more patients resected and alive after 1 year and two fewer deaths overall.

Conclusions

Variation in regional resection rate is not explained by CVD comorbidities. Increasing resection in patients with CVD comorbidity to the levels of the highest resecting region would increase 1-year survival.
Delayed breast cancer diagnosis after repeated recall at biennial screening mammography: an observational follow-up study from the Netherlands
Authors: Lameijer Joost R. C. , Voogd Adri C. , Pijnappel Ruud M. , Setz-Pels Wikke , Broeders Mireille J. , Tjan-Heijnen Vivianne C. G. , Duijm Lucien E. M.
Published: May 2020

Background

Delay in detection of breast cancer may worsen tumour characteristics, with progression of tumour size and a higher risk of metastatic lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to investigate delayed breast cancer diagnosis after repeated recall for the same mammographic abnormality at screening.

Methods

This was a retrospective study performed in two cohorts of women enrolled in a mammography screening programme in the Netherlands. All women aged 50−75 who underwent biennial screening mammography either between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2006 (cohort 1) or between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2016 (cohort 2) were included.

Results

The cohorts showed no difference in proportions of women with delayed breast cancer diagnosis of at least 2 years (2.2% versus 2.8%, P = 0.29). Most delays were caused by incorrect BI-RADS classifications after recall (74.2%). An increase in mean tumour size was seen when comparing sizes at initial false-negative recall and at diagnosis of breast cancer (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The proportion of women with a long delay in breast cancer confirmation following repeated recall at screening mammography has not decreased during 20 years of screening. These delays lead to larger tumour size at detection and may negatively influence prognosis.
Dysregulation at multiple points of the kynurenine pathway is a ubiquitous feature of renal cancer: implications for tumour immune evasion
Authors: Hornigold Nick , Dunn Karen R. , Craven Rachel A. , Zougman Alexandre , Trainor Sebastian , Shreeve Rebecca , Brown Joanne , Sewell Helen , Shires Michael , Knowles Margaret , Fukuwatari Tsutomu , Maher Eamonn R. , Burns Julie , Bhattarai Selina , Menon Mini , Brazma Alvis , Scelo Ghislaine , Feulner Lara , Riazalhosseini Yasser , Lathrop Mark , Harris Adrian , Selby Peter J. , Banks Rosamonde E. , Vasudev Naveen S.
Published: May 2020

Background

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the first step in the kynurenine pathway (KP), is upregulated in some cancers and represents an attractive therapeutic target given its role in tumour immune evasion. However, the recent failure of an IDO inhibitor in a late phase trial raises questions about this strategy.

Methods

Matched renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and normal kidney tissues were subject to proteomic profiling. Tissue immunohistochemistry and gene expression data were used to validate findings. Phenotypic effects of loss/gain of expression were examined in vitro.

Results

Quinolate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT), the final and rate-limiting enzyme in the KP, was identified as being downregulated in RCC. Loss of QPRT expression led to increased potential for anchorage-independent growth. Gene expression, mass spectrometry (clear cell and chromophobe RCC) and tissue immunohistochemistry (clear cell, papillary and chromophobe), confirmed loss or decreased expression of QPRT and showed downregulation of other KP enzymes, including kynurenine 3-monoxygenase (KMO) and 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase (HAAO), with a concomitant maintenance or upregulation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the key enzyme in the NAD+ salvage pathway.

Conclusions

Widespread dysregulation of the KP is common in RCC and is likely to contribute to tumour immune evasion, carrying implications for effective therapeutic targeting of this critical pathway
Compensatory combination of romidepsin with gemcitabine and cisplatin to effectively and safely control urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Pattarawat Pawat , Hong Tian , Wallace Shelby , Hu Yanchun , Donnell Robert , Wang Tzu-Hao , Tsai Chia-Lung , Wang Jinquan , Wang Hwa-Chain Robert
Published: May 2020

Background

Human urothelial carcinoma (UC) has a high tendency to recur and progress to life-threatening advanced diseases. Advanced therapeutic regimens are needed to control UC development and recurrence.

Methods

We pursued in vitro and in vivo studies to understand the ability of a triple combination of gemcitabine, romidepsin, and cisplatin (Gem+Rom+Cis) to modulate signalling pathways, cell death, drug resistance, and tumour development.

Results

Our studies verified the ability of Gem+Rom+Cis to synergistically induce apoptotic cell death and reduce drug resistance in various UC cells. The ERK pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) played essential roles in mediating Gem+Rom+Cis-induced caspase activation, DNA oxidation and damage, glutathione reduction, and unfolded protein response. Gem+Rom+Cis preferentially induced death and reduced drug resistance in oncogenic H-Ras-expressing UC vs. counterpart cells that was associated with transcriptomic profiles related to ROS, cell death, and drug resistance. Our studies also verified the efficacy and safety of the Gem plus Rom+Cis regimen in controlling UC cell-derived xenograft tumour development and resistance.

Conclusions

More than 80% of UCs are associated with aberrant Ras-ERK pathway. Thus the compensatory combination of Rom with Gem and Cis should be seriously considered as an advanced regimen for treating advanced UCs, especially Ras-ERK-activated UCs.
Bimodal magnetic resonance and optical imaging of extracellular matrix remodelling by orthotopic ovarian tumours
Authors: Bochner Filip , Fellus-Alyagor Liat , Ketter Dafna , Golani Ofra , Biton Inbal , Neeman Michal
Published: May 2020

Background

The extracellular matrix modulates the development of ovarian tumours. Currently, evaluation of the extracellular matrix in the ovary is limited to histological methods. Both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and two-photon microscopy (2PM) enable dynamic visualisation and quantification of fibrosis by endogenous contrast mechanisms: magnetisation transfer (MT) MRI and second-harmonic generation (SHG) 2PM, respectively.

Methods

Here, we applied the MT-MRI protocol for longitudinal imaging of the stroma in orthotopic human ovarian cancer ES-2 xenograft model in CD1 athymic nude mice, and for orthotopically implanted ovarian PDX using a MR-compatible imaging window chamber implanted into NSG mice.

Results

We observed differences between ECM deposition in ovarian and skin lesions, and heterogeneous collagen distribution in ES-2 lesions. An MR-compatible imaging window chamber enabled visual matching between T2 MRI maps of orthotopically implanted PDX grafts and anatomical images of their microenvironment acquired with a stereomicroscope and SHG–2PM intravital microscopy of the collagen. Bimodal MRI/2PM imaging allowed us to quantify the fibrosis within the same compartments, and demonstrated the consistent results across the modalities.

Conclusions

This work demonstrates a novel approach for measuring the stromal biomarkers in orthotopic ovarian tumours in mice, on both macroscopic and microscopic levels.
Evidences of inner Se ordering in topological insulator PbBi2Te4-PbBi2Se4-PbSb2Se4 solid solutions
Authors: Hattori Yuya , Tokumoto Yuki , Kimoto Koji , Edagawa Keiichi
Published: May 2020

In topological insulators (TIs), carriers originating from non-stoichiometric defects hamper bulk insulation. In (Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3 TIs (BSTS TIs), however, Se atoms strongly prefer specific atomic sites in the crystal structure (Se ordering), and this ordering structure suppresses the formation of point defects and contributes to bulk insulation. It has accelerated the understanding of TIs’ surface electron properties and device application. In this study, we select Pb(Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)4 (Pb-BSTS) TIs, which are reported to have larger bandgap compared to counterpart compound BSTS TIs. The Se ordering geometry was investigated by combining state-of-the-art scanning transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffractometry. We demonstrated the existence of inner Se ordering in PbBi2(Te,Se)4 and also in Pb-BSTS TIs. Quantitative analysis of Se ordering and a qualitative view of atomic non-stoichiometry such as point defects are also presented. Pb-BSTS TIs’ Se ordering structure and their large gap nature has the great potential to achieve more bulk insulation than conventional BSTS TIs.
Exosomal miRNA-486-5p derived from rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes induces osteoblast differentiation through the Tob1/BMP/Smad pathway
Authors: Chen Jie , Liu Mao , Luo Xiao , Peng Lihui , Zhao Zixia , He Chengsong , He Yue
Published: May 2020

The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is related to the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation.
Electrocatalytic proton-reduction behaviour of telluride-capped triiron clusters: tuning of overpotentials and stabilization of redox states relative to lighter chalcogenide analogues
Authors: Rahaman Ahibur , Lisensky George C. , Browder-Long Jess , Hrovat David A. , Richmond Michael G. , Nordlander Ebbe , Hogarth Graeme
Published: May 2020

Electrocatalytic proton reduction catalyzed by [Fe3(CO)9(μ3-Te)2], and a number of its phosphine and diphosphine derivatives, has been studied.
Improving chromatographic separation of polyolefins on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases: effects of adsorption promoting solvent and column length
Authors: Ndiripo Anthony , Albrecht Andreas , Pasch Harald
Published: May 2020

The chromatographic separation of complex polyolefins on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases is strongly influenced by the composition of the mobile phase.
Impact of azole drugs on energetics, kinetics, and ligand migration pathways of CO photo-dissociation in bacterial flavohemoglobins
Authors: Butcher David , Moussaoui Myriam , Baciou Laura , Miksovska Jaroslava
Published: May 2020

Impact of ketoconalzole and miconazole on structural dynamics of flavohemoglobin.
Frühe und schwer verlaufende hämolytische Erkrankung des Fetus und Neugeborenen
Authors: Mayer Beate , Weichert Alexander
Published: May 2020

Eine schwere Alloimmunisierung der Schwangeren gegen erythrozytäre Blutgruppenmerkmale kann insbesondere bei Antikörpern der Spezifität Anti-K bereits vor der 20. Schwangerschaftswoche zu einer fetalen Anämie führen. Wir berichten über eine 37-jährige Schwangere (Gravida 6, Para 5) mit bekanntem Anti-K. In der Vorgeschichte kam es aufgrund einer K-Inkompatibilität in der 4. Schwangerschaft in der 34. Schwangerschaftswoche (SSW) zu einem Hydrops fetalis und in der 5. Schwangerschaft in der 22. SSW zu einem intrauterinen Fruchttod. Mittels eines nicht invasiven Pränataltests (NIPT) wurde in der aktuellen Schwangerschaft erneut ein K-positiver Fetus bestätigt. Aufgrund der Vorgeschichte erfolgte eine prophylaktische hochdosierte i. v. Immunglobulingabe (IVIG) (1 g/kgKG/Woche) ab der 14. SSW. In der 29 + 1 SSW war bei beginnender fetaler Anämie eine intrauterine Transfusion (IUT) erforderlich. Der weitere Schwangerschaftsverlauf gestaltete sich unter Fortführung der wöchentlichen IVIG-Therapie unauffällig. Das Kind kam in der 40 + 2 SSW durch Spontangeburt zur Welt. Bei positivem direktem Coombs-Test ließ sich im Eluat das mütterliche Anti-K nachweisen. Postpartal kam es bei dem Neugeborenen nur zu einem leichten Abfall der Hämoglobinkonzentration von 11,7 auf 9,5 g/dl. Eine Therapie war nicht erforderlich.
Remote video auditing in the endoscopy unit for evaluation of duodenoscope reprocessing in a tertiary care center
Authors: Raphael Kara L. , McNoble Ellen , Goldbeck Jessica , Stiles Megan , Miller Larry S. , Trindade Arvind J.
Published: May 2020

Background A significant proportion of duodenoscope-transmitted infections have resulted from errors related to reprocessing. Remote video auditing (RVA) is a tool that can monitor reprocessing compliance but it has not been previously evaluated in a tertiary care setting. The aims of this study were to evaluate: 1) RVA feasibility in a tertiary care setting (defined as the ability to audit every step of duodenoscope reprocessing without delaying the next procedure due to unavailability of duodenoscopes); and 2) the use of RVA as a compliance monitoring tool.

Methods This was a prospective study at a tertiary care center. A video camera with offsite monitoring was installed in March 2018. Auditors delivered a compliance score after each procedure. The duodenoscope was not used until it passed the audit. Feasibility and compliance data were collected from April 2018 to August 2019 after a 1-month run-in phase. Both per-step compliance and overall 100 % compliance rates were measured.

Results Of 743 duodenoscope reprocessing procedures, 32 666 individual steps were audited and 99.9 % of the steps were fully viewable. The mean time per audit was 38.3 minutes, the mean duodenoscope turnover time was 76.1 minutes, and there were no delays to the next procedure due to unavailability of duodenoscopes. The per-step compliance rate was 99.5 % but the overall 100 % compliance rate was 90.3 %.

Conclusions The use of RVA in duodenoscope reprocessing was feasible and promoted sustained high-level compliance in a tertiary care center.
Mucormycosis at pectoralis major myocutaneous flap donor site
Authors: Hemant A Saraiya , Rajen A Tankshali
Published: May 2020

Background: Advanced carcinomas involving the head and neck present a major therapeutic challenge because of their poor prognosis particularly in old age irrespective of the treatment modality used. Materials and Methods: A 71-year-old patient presented with right-sided buccal mucosal carcinoma involving the mandible. Composite resection with removal of mandible and radical neck dissection was done. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMC) with deltopectoral flap was done to cover the defect. On the 14th day mucormycosis was noted on pectoralis major myocutaneous flap donor site. Radical debridement and appropriate antibiotic and antifungal treatment was started. The patient was put on life support system. Results:Despite aggressive treatment the patient died. Conclusion:This case reaffirms the views that radical surgical procedure should be carried out with caution in old patients with preexisting diseases as the chances of life-threatening complications are very high in these patients. Mucormycosis at pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMC) donor site is probably being reported for the first time
A modular tension-adjusting splint for tendon transfer in reconstructive surgeries of extremities
Authors: Jagannath B Kamath , Praveen Bhardwaj
Published: May 2020

Optimal tension during tendon transfer is the most important surgeon-controlled factor, which determines the final outcome of surgery. To attain optimal tension, the joints have to be maintained in proper position during the final attachment of the transferred tendon. Maintaining this desired position requires one extra assistant and is difficult. We herein describe a modular splint designed by us, which can be used for most of the commonly done tendon transfers in practice. It is very versatile as it can be used for all the age groups and for both right and left sides. A single splint, which is autoclavable and can be used for most commonly done tendon transfers, makes it user-friendly
Modern concept of Benign Breast Disorders and its Endocrinological Background
Authors: Kumar Sandeep
Published: May 2020

Mastalgia and generalised breast nodularity where a discrete lump cannot be felt called Aberration of Normal Development and Involution (ANDI) is the most common condition leading to breast related consultations. The author's work on this clinical syndrome over the last 3 decades has led to documentation of its natural history, epidemiological study of ANDI, development of objective scales for clinical assessment of breast pain and nodularity, its endocrinological aetiopathogenesis, response prediction of treatment in cyclical mastalgia, a randomized controlled trial of an indigenous selective estrogen response modulator - ormeloxifene and finally a meta-analysis of treatment for this condition. This turned a full wheel bridging gaps in the knowledge of this disorder and led us to evolve an effective, inexpensive treatment of mastalgia with least side effect. The work is dedicated to Professors LE Hughes, Robert E Mansel and Anurag Srivastava.
Visual metaphor in extended conceptual metaphor theory
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: May 2020

My goal in the paper is to examine a variety of visual experiences that appear to evoke visual metaphors. This is a range of experience types that extends from “sign-like” visual experiences to “non-sign-like” visual experiences. I propose that visual metaphors are evoked by paintings through winner’s podiums all the way to cityscapes and scenes in nature. The latter two (non-sign-like) cases, cityscapes and natural scenes, are not commonly subjected to serious examination from a CMT perspective. However, they provide us with new challenges in the study of visual metaphors, since they greatly extend the range of visual experience that might give rise to visual metaphors. I suggest, further, that the comprehension or interpretation of all of these visual experiences, including sign-like and non-sign-like alike, makes use of the same metaphorical processing mechanisms. The visual metaphors that are evoked by visual experiences can be based either on correlations or resemblance.
Uncanny resemblance
Authors: Cavazzana Alessandro , Bolognesi Marianna
Published: May 2020

What is the relation between the three following elements: words, pictures, and conceptual representations? And
how do these three elements work, in defining and explaining metaphors? These are the questions that we tackle in
our interdisciplinary contribution, which moves across cognitive linguistics, cognitive sciences, philosophy and semiotics. Within
the cognitive linguistic tradition, scholars have assumed that there are equivalent and comparable structures characterizing the
way in which metaphor works in language and in pictures. In this paper we analyze contextual visual metaphors, which are
considered to be the most complex ones, and we compare them to those that in language are called indirect metaphors. Our proposal
is that a syllogistic mechanism of comprehension permeates both metaphors expressed in the verbal modality as well as metaphors
expressed in the pictorial modality. While in the verbal modality the metaphoric syllogism is solved by inference, we argue that
in the pictorial modality the role of inference is performed through mental imagery.
The visuality of metaphors
Authors: Gal Michalle
Published: May 2020

This paper proposes to define metaphor as a visual-material structure, the sphere of which isontologicalrather than cognitive or conceptual. It argues that the essence of metaphor, as either an aesthetic or a communicative unit or both, resides in the qualitative dimension and appearance, or even materiality, of the metaphorical medium and its form. The paper thus offers a new theory of metaphor, focusing on themediumof metaphor, which composes and transfigures or reconstructs its target anew: a composition that is prior to understanding or conceptualizing the target. In doing so, the paper presents a formalist ontology of metaphors, established via anexternalistaccount of metaphors, as opposed to the prevailing cognitivist-conceptualist account which I characterize asinternalist. The various kinds of metaphor – linguistic, poetic, visual or material – are based on their external structure, rather than an internal-conceptual mechanism of understanding, as assumed by a significant segment of the literature. Visual metaphor, therefore, is the paradigmatic kind of metaphor, the analysis of which can be generalized to other kinds of metaphor.

Furthermore, the paper tries to overcome the current discrepancy between the formalist character of the metaphorical medium and the dominance of cognitivist and conceptualist theories of metaphor. Challenging these, I claim that if the identity of metaphor is indeed based on its composition, then it is actually based on its aesthetic qualities. That is to say, not only are there autonomous visual or material metaphors, that are not based on linguistic or conceptual ones, but linguistic and conceptual metaphors are based on visuality: they are enabled by the structural possibilities offered by visual media.
Visual and multimodal interaction of metaphor and metonymy
Authors: Kashanizadeh Zahra , Forceville Charles
Published: May 2020

Conceptual Metaphor Theory’s central idea that metaphor is a figure of thought rather than a figure of language has led to the examination of non-verbal and multimodal manifestations of metaphor. Over the past twenty years, the verbal trope of metonymy has similarly been theorized from a conceptual point of view, but the implications of this work for visual studies have only begun to be examined. Investigating visual manifestations of metonymy will moreover also improve our understanding of visual metaphor, as often these latter depend on, and interact with, metonymies. In this paper we propose to explore the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in the visual/multimodal realm of print advertising, using FranciscoRuiz de Mendoza and Olga Díez’ (2002)typology, and building on Paula Peréz-Sobrino’s (2017) applications of this typology. Our twofold aim is (1) to see if, and if so, how, all patterns of this typology appear in ads; and (2) to investigate a number of Iranian and Dutch print advertisements in which metaphor and metonymy interact. Analyzing ads from two cultures will enable us to demonstrate how cultural background knowledge is essential for understanding metaphor-metonymy interactions.
Poetic and visual metaphors in Hungarian folklore
Authors: Szelid Veronika
Published: May 2020

In this paper I have a twofold aim: (1) to reveal the complexity of the concept oflovein Hungarian folklore by analyzing a number of its linguistic (oral-verbal) and visual representations side by side; and (2) to decipher these two modes of expression in light of each other, with the help of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The reason for doing so is that folkloric artefacts and folk poetry are two different self-expressional modes of a community; therefore, if their symbolism represents certain aspects of the same concept, it enables us to get a more complex view on the concept itself, as well as to explore and compare the different modes the messages are conveyed by.

Texts of folk songs and the patterns, structure and functions of the hope chest, an artefact that played an essential role in a woman’s life in Hungarian folklore, are analyzed in line with each other. I propose that the model ofloverevealed by folk poetry and folk art is thoroughly intertwined with the concepts ofmorality, marriageandlife, reflecting an optimistic view of the world that extends the bounderies of this earthly life. Furthermore, I argue that both the linguistic and visual representations under scrutiny are manifestations of a coordinating view of the world, which is present in the form of bothcoordinated sourceandcoordinated target representations. The conceptual disparity between the two modes lies mainly in the static nature of folk art and the dynamicity of language, but the creativity of the studied community seems to surmount this issue by imparting ornaments with a functional value.
Visual metaphor and its narrative function
Authors: Hetmański Marek
Published: May 2020

The paper aims at analyzing visual metaphors and allegories in the fine arts – particularly in the symbolic
paintings by J. Malczewski – as creative tools of both artistic expression and discourse storytelling in which they play a vital
role. Visual metaphors are suggestive and effective in artistic performance and, therefore, in communicating abstract ideas to the
individual viewer and the public. Such paintings (symbolic and surrealistic), whilst encompassing concrete (source) and universal
(target) domains in their depicted metaphoric structures, can be powerful enough to create possible and alternative courses of
events. Based on the analysis of R. Arnheim’s concept of openness of fine art works, J. Bruner’s theory of narrative mind,
storytelling and possible worlds, and Ch. Forceville’s analyses of visual metaphors, the paper will attempt to answer the
following two philosophical and epistemological questions: (1) how universal themes are depicted, perceived, conveyed, and
comprehended in metaphorical paintings; and (2) what is the difference between the structures of the visual metaphors
characteristic for these paintings and merely literary parabolic means. Both conceptual metaphors and blending theories are used
in the analyses of selected symbolic and metaphoric paintings by Malczewski to explain in what scope his painting methods and
their narrative structures are entangled in Polish national-cultural history, and how important they are in cognitive studies as
well as in the history and theory of fine arts.
Image metaphors of Trianon
Authors: Putz Orsolya
Published: May 2020

This paper studies the visual representation of the Treaty of Trianon by identifying the most common image metaphors related to it.1Three hypotheses are articulated. (1) Visual metaphors about Trianon are based on the same underlying conceptual metaphors as the corresponding metaphorical linguistic expressions. However, it is proposed that figures tend to be construed of mixed metaphors in order to convey a more condensed and complex message. In case of mixed metaphors, more source domains are applied to conceptualize the same target domain. (2) There exists a cultural cognition (Sharifian 2011) about Trianon, which is shared by the contemporary Hungarian community and which is represented in different modes of communication, namely in language and in images. The members of the community are able to understand and (re-)produce the linguistic and image metaphors about Trianon, because their conceptual system about Trianon is structured by similar conceptual metaphors. (3) Furthermore, based on linguistic dataPutz (2019), it is assumed that the figures represent the perspective of the post-1920 Hungarian nation exclusively.2

The data is based on a Google search conducted on January 15, 2019, which referenced figures of Trianon with a.huinternet domain. Among the hundreds of thousands of search results, the first 150 figures were selected and ordered into six categories. Among this set of figures, the analysis focused on illustrations based on maps of pre- and post-1920 Hungary. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of eight figures, based on a three-step procedure, which is motivated bySteen et al.’s (2017)protocol.
Rendering, generalization and variation
Authors: Knotková Magdaléna , Lu Wei-lun
Published: May 2020

The article presents a case study of how the use of multiple parallel texts may be employed as a useful research method in cognitive poetics, using the English version ofAlice’s Adventures in WonderlandandThrough the Looking-Glassand its four published Czech versions as the samples. In the analysis, we examine the language of space in alternative verbalizations of the same literary scene across languages (English and Czech) and within the target language (Czech), and the different mental images invoked by the different ways of verbalizing the same scene. Our analysis shows that the use of multiple parallel texts can be a helpful research method in cognitive poetics, in the sense that the method is capable of providing naturalistic and representative linguistic evidence of how languages systematically differ, even for a domain as basic asspace.
Multimodal conceptual patterns of Hungary in political cartoons
Authors: Virág Ágnes
Published: May 2020

Conventionalized positive images of Hungary have been overemphasized in political caricatures ever since the nineteenth century (Tamás 2012,2014). The present article explores the multimodal representations ofhungaryin cartoons in the period between 1989 and 1990, during which negative images of Hungary became prominent due to the weak financial situation of the country and the political system change. The corpus involves seventy-five cartoons from the satirical magazineLudas Matyi. Two major claims are justified by adopting PaulaPérez-Sobrino’s (2017)multimodal identification procedure: (1) the interpretation of verbal elements (e.g., labels, verbal texts, and verbal symbols) in political cartoons influences the identification of multimodal conceptual patterns; (2) the dominant patterns that structure the representation ofhungaryin political cartoons are metonymy-based visual and multimodal metaphors, and both of them occur in metaphorical scenarios. The corpus analysis indicates that the two main target frames,financial crisisandpolitical changes, appear through the sources ofhuman bodyandobjectin metaphorical scenarios, such asordinary scenes, motion, hospital, sport, tale, love, feast, stunt, begging,andchurch scenes.Apart from identifying the representations of Hungary, visual metonymies as well as textual cues need to be revealed in order to understand what metaphtonymy scenarios are intended in the cartoons.
Viewpoint and metaphor in culture
Authors: Lu Wei-lun
Published: May 2020

The paper presents an in-depth analysis of the language of death in Chinese and discusses the relation between language and occupation as a social factor in analyzing the language of death. In this paper, I address in what specific ways Cognitive Linguistics may serve as a useful analytical framework in studying Chinese idioms used in funerals, in an attempt to uncover cultural elements and viewpoint structure in communicating death. The study introduces basic constructs in Cognitive Linguistics which could be used for such an analysis, and applies this CL machinery to analyzing three selected groups of four-character eulogistic idioms used at funerals in Taiwan. The analysis shows that, in addition to Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which has been considered the classic CL tool for studying abstract concepts like death, the subjectivity/objectivity distinction in Cognitive Grammar may also be employed as a complementary and useful theoretical construct in studying the language of death, as it helps identify the special characteristics of the eulogistic idioms for teachers as a special profession in the Chinese culture.