bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Koloskopie bei querschnittsgelähmten Patienten
Authors: Mangold Martin , Mangold Hermann
Published: February 2019

Schicksalsschläge wie plötzliche Unfälle mit folgenschweren Verletzungen zerstören Lebenspläne und Träume. Nicht alle gehen damit so mutig und willensstark um wie die Sportlerin Kristina Vogel. Querschnittsgelähmte Patienten in Spezialkliniken zu versorgen bedeutet für Ärzte und Pflegende auch, sich intensiv mit der Behandlungs- und Pflegesituation auseinanderzusetzen. Oftmals verbringen die Patienten viele Monate ihres Lebens im Krankenhaus und anschließend in der Rehabilitationseinrichtung. Das erfordert eine besondere Beziehungsgestaltung.

Auch Mitarbeiter in der Endoskopie müssen sich einstellen auf die besondere Situation, rückenmarksverletzte Patienten zu behandeln. Dazu gehören ein größeres Untersuchungszeitfenster sowie geeignete Hilfsmittel zur unterstützenden Lagerung gelähmter Arme und/oder Beine.

Oft wissen die Patienten selbst sehr gut, was ihnen hilft und was nicht. Sie einzubeziehen in die unmittelbare Untersuchungsvorbereitung muss ein pflegerisches Selbstverständnis sein im Bemühen um einen würdevollen Umgang mit rückenmarksverletzten Menschen.
EFSUMB Recommendations for Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Part 3: Endorectal, Endoanal and Perineal Ultrasound
Authors: Nuernberg Dieter , Saftoiu Adrian , Barreiros Ana , Burmester Eike , Ivan Elena , Clevert Dirk-André , Dietrich Christoph , Gilja Odd , Lorentzen Torben , Maconi Giovanni , Mihmanli Ismail , Nolsoe Christian , Pfeffer Frank , Rafaelsen Søren , Sparchez Zeno , Vilmann Peter , Waage Jo
Published: February 2019

This article represents part 3 of the EFSUMB Recommendations and Guidelines for Gastrointestinal Ultrasound (GIUS). It provides an overview of the examination techniques recommended by experts in the field of endorectal/endoanal ultrasound (ERUS/EAUS), as well as perineal ultrasound (PNUS). The most important indications are rectal tumors and inflammatory diseases like fistula and abscesses in patients with or without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PNUS sometimes is more flexible and convenient compared to ERUS. However, the technique of ERUS is quite well established, especially for the staging of rectal cancer. EAUS also gained ground in the evaluation of perianal diseases like fistulas, abscesses and incontinence. For the staging of perirectal tumors, the use of PNUS in addition to conventional ERUS could be recommended. For the staging of anal carcinomas, PNUS can be a good option because of the higher resolution. Both ERUS and PNUS are considered excellent guidance methods for invasive interventions, such as the drainage of fluids or targeted biopsy of tissue lesions. For abscess detection and evaluation, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) also helps in therapy planning.
Pyrroles as Dienes in (4+3) Cycloadditions
Authors: Hu Fan , Ng Jerome , Chiu Pauline
Published: February 2019

This short review summarizes the examples to date of successful (4+3) cycloadditions, including formal (4+3) cycloadditions, where pyrrole derivatives reacted as the diene component, to provide aza-bridged bicyclic and polycyclic adducts.

1 Introduction

2 Unsubstituted Pyrroles as Dienes in (4+3) Cycloadditions

3 C-Substituted Pyrroles as Dienes in (4+3) Cycloadditions

4 Intramolecular Pyrrole (4+3) Cycloadditions

5 Conclusions
Sharpening Up Your Spectra: Broadband Homonuclear Decoupling in HSQC by Real-Time Pure Shift Acquisition
Authors: Kiraly Peter , Morris Gareth , Quanxiu Liu , Nilsson Mathias
Published: February 2019

Structure elucidation using NMR spectroscopy has become a vital part of the toolkit of modern synthetic chemistry. Characterisation of final products, quality control of production, analysis of complex mixtures in synthetic method development, and structure elucidation of isolated natural products are examples where NMR spectroscopy is a part of daily routine. The two factors that usually limit the applicability of NMR are resolution and sensitivity. The experimental method described in this Account, real-time pure shift acquisition, yields heteronuclear correlation spectra such as HSQC that offer significant improvements in both resolution and sensitivity, at negligible cost to the analyst. The advantages that real-time pure shift acquisition enjoys over conventional experiments are discussed and illustrated with selected examples including carbohydrate and alkaloid mixtures. Advanced data acquisition and processing techniques that reduce experiment time and are easily combined with pure shift NMR methods are also described.

1 Introduction

2 Simultaneous Sensitivity and Resolution Enhancement Using Real-Time Acquisition in HSQC

3 Processing Pure Shift Data

4 Pulse Sequences for Real-Time Pure Shift HSQC

5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Does Postmenstrual Age Affect Medical Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treatment Success in Preterm Infants?
Authors: Kaur Sharandeep , Stritzke Amelie , Soraisham Amuchou Singh
Published: February 2019

Objective Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common cardiovascular problem of prematurity. Our objective was to examine the effect of postmenstrual age (PMA) on response to medical PDA treatment.

Study Design This retrospective cohort study included infants ≤ 32 weeks' gestational age (GA) who received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for PDA treatment. Response was positive if echocardiogram showed closed or small PDA or no further treatment was required. Baseline characteristics between responders and nonresponders were compared. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations was used to analyze the association between PMA and response.

Results A total of 183 infants with a mean GA of 26.4 ± 2.2 weeks and birth weight of 870 ± 313 g received 257 courses of NSAIDs. Positive response rate to the first course was 65.6%. Two and three courses were given in 62 and 12 infants, with response rates of 48.4 and 50%, respectively. Surgical ligation of PDA occurred in 30 (16.4%) infants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations revealed that PMA was not associated with a positive response (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71–1.10). GA at birth remained the most influential factor (aOR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.02–1.73).

Conclusion GA rather than PMA is the strongest predictor for a positive response in medical PDA treatment.
18.15.8 Tetraheterosubstituted Methanes with a Carbon—Halogen Bond (Update 2018)
Authors: Kleoff M. , Omoregbee K. , Zimmer R.
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, recent methods for the preparation and elaboration of various substituted halomethanes are summarized. In addition to updates on classical methods, recently developed procedures employing new fluorinating agents, such as Togni’s reagents, are also presented. These methods are also put in the context of the synthesis of biologically active compounds.
Dyadic Green functions for planar uniaxial multilayers with multiple anisotropic conductive sheets at the interfaces
Authors: Michalski Krzysztof A. , Mustafa Mazin M.
Published: February 2019

Electromagnetic Dyadic Green functions are developed for planar uniaxial multilayer media comprising multiple transversely anisotropic conductive sheets, such as graphene under magnetic bias, at the interfaces. The formulation is based on a transmission-line network analog of the stratified medium, and it employs a numerically stable reflection-transmission algorithm. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the application of the theory.
Converse flexoelectricity with relative permittivity gradient
Authors: Zhang Shuwen , Liu Kaiyuan , Wen Xin , Wu Tonghui , Xu Minglong , Shen Shengping
Published: February 2019

Flexoelectricity represents the linear relationship between the strain/electric gradient field and the induced electric polarization/mechanical stress in dielectric materials. This electro-mechanical behavior is important for prospective applications due to its size effect and other advantages. In this work, a converse flexoelectric effect is generated by the designed permittivity gradient with Ba0.67Sr0.33TiO3 ceramic powder and the substrate. The equivalent piezoelectric effect of the gradient composite is obviously increased by converse flexoelectricity. This study opens up an avenue for prospective sensing and actuating approaches for both piezoelectric and non-piezoelectric dielectric materials with relative permittivity gradients and uniform geometric structures.
Cluster singularity: The unfolding of clustering behavior in globally coupled Stuart-Landau oscillators
Authors: Kemeth Felix P. , Haugland Sindre W. , Krischer Katharina
Published: February 2019

The ubiquitous occurrence of cluster patterns in nature still lacks a comprehensive understanding. It is known that the dynamics of many such natural systems is captured by ensembles of Stuart-Landau oscillators. Here, we investigate clustering dynamics in a mean-coupled ensemble of such limit-cycle oscillators. In particular, we show how clustering occurs in minimal networks and elaborate how the observed 2-cluster states crowd when increasing the number of oscillators. Using persistence, we discuss how this crowding leads to a continuous transition from balanced cluster states to synchronized solutions via the intermediate unbalanced 2-cluster states. These cascade-like transitions emerge from what we call a cluster singularity. At this codimension-2 point, the bifurcations of all 2-cluster states collapse and the stable balanced cluster state bifurcates into the synchronized solution supercritically. We confirm our results using numerical simulations and discuss how our conclusions apply to spatially extended systems.
Conformal Lie algebras via deformation theory
Authors: Figueroa-O’Farrill José M.
Published: February 2019

We discuss possible notions of conformal Lie algebras, paying particular attention to graded conformal Lie algebras with d-dimensional space isotropy: namely, those with a co(d) subalgebra acting in a prescribed way on the additional generators. We classify those Lie algebras up to isomorphism for all d ⩾ 2 following the same methodology used recently to classify kinematical Lie algebras, as deformations of the “most abelian” graded conformal algebra. We find 17 isomorphism classes of Lie algebras for d ≠ 3 and 23 classes for d = 3. Lie algebra contractions define a partial order in the set of isomorphism classes, and this is illustrated via the corresponding Hasse diagram. The only metric graded conformal Lie algebras are the simple Lie algebras, isomorphic to either so(d+1,2) or so(d+2,1). We also work out the central extensions of the graded conformal algebras and study their invariant inner products. We find that central extensions of a Lie algebra in d = 3 and two Lie algebras in d = 2 are metric. We then discuss several other notions of conformal Lie algebras (generalised conformal, Schrödinger, and Lifshitz Lie algebras), and we present some partial results on their classification. We end with some open problems suggested by our results.
3D bioprinting for high-throughput screening: Drug screening, disease modeling, and precision medicine applications
Authors: Mazzocchi Andrea , Soker Shay , Skardal Aleksander
Published: February 2019

High-throughput technologies have become essential in many fields of pharmaceutical and biological development and production. Such technologies were initially developed with compatibility with liquid handling-based cell culture techniques to produce large-scale 2D cell culture experiments for the compound analysis of candidate drug compounds. Over the past two decades, tools for creating 3D cell cultures, organoids, and other 3D in vitro models, such as cell supportive biomaterials and 3D bioprinting, have rapidly advanced. Concurrently, a significant body of evidence has accumulated which speaks to the many benefits that 3D model systems have over traditional 2D cell cultures. Specifically, 3D cellular models better mimic aspects such as diffusion kinetics, cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, inclusion of stroma, and other features native to in vivo tissue and as such have become an integral part of academic research. However, most high throughput assays were not developed to specifically support 3D systems. Here, we describe the need for improved compatibility and relevant advances toward deployment and adoption of high throughput 3D models to improve disease modeling, drug efficacy testing, and precision medicine applications.
Unsteady hydrodynamic forces of solid objects vertically entering the water surface
Authors: Wang J. , Faltinsen O. M. , Lugni C.
Published: February 2019

We investigate the unsteady hydrodynamic force of solid objects vertically entering water with an air cavity behind the falling body. Physical models are proposed to represent the force components corresponding to the body acceleration, the gravity, and the velocity of the body and the fluid particles. The theoretical or numerical solutions of the physical models are presented to understand the evolution of the force components. The body-acceleration force component is expressed as the high-frequency added mass times the body acceleration. Near the undisturbed free surface, the added mass grows strongly with increasing the submerged depth. It tends to be steady after the submerged depth is greater than a few characteristic lengths. The gravity force component consists of an upward hydrostatic term and a downward dynamic term. Generally, the hydrostatic term, which is obtained by integrating the gravity term in Bernoulli’s equation over the wetted body surface, is much larger than the gravity force component. For the three-dimensional bodies, the gravity force component is found to vary as a power of the submerged depth, where the exponent is about 0.83. The velocity force component is represented as the drag coefficient defined by the V-squared law, which is characterized by the body geometry. The drag coefficient may experience three successive stages with increasing the submerged depth.
From flexible electronics technology in the era of IoT and artificial intelligence toward future implanted body sensor networks
Authors: Lee Sanghoon , Shi Qiongfeng , Lee Chengkuo
Published: February 2019

Flexible electronics technology dramatically changes the capability of sensors, which allows us to detect human biological signals not only on the skin but also inside the human body. Wearable sensors that stick to the skin surface can detect various biomechanical movements, biological signals, and byproducts such as useful elements from sweat and body temperature. On the other hand, implantable sensors directly or indirectly contact with biological components inside the body, such as tissue, organs, or muscles, to support or treat bodily functions or problems. With the development of these advanced sensors, we can live together with a huge number of sensors in the future. Toward body sensor networks that can be fully implanted in the future, sustainable energy sources that support the operation of sensors as well as the development of materials that enable long-term use inside the body remain challenges. In this review, we first summarize various state-of-the-art sensors in terms of flexible and wearable platforms. Additionally, we review the recent research trends of energy harvesters in mechanical and thermal energy conversion into useful electricity for the operation of the sensors. Furthermore, we cover recent studies in the aspect of materials for implantable sensors. Finally, we discuss future direction of the sensors that may enable implanted body sensor networks in the body.
Stability of nanoparticles in solution: A statistical description of crystallization as a finite particle size effect in a lattice-gas model
Authors: Schmid Ralf , Nielaba Peter
Published: February 2019

We employ the well-tempered parallel-bias metadynamics algorithm to study the stability of nanoparticles in a lattice gas for crystallization from solution. The model allows us to give a description for the transition from amorphous to crystalline nanoparticles by introducing parameters directly related to the surface tensions of the two phases and also the differences of the entropy per particle in each phase. By examining the parameter space, we find a critical cluster size of crystalline stability, whose temperature and size dependencies follow the Gibbs-Thomson equation. An additional melting point depression due to cluster surface fluctuations is observed, leading to a non-classical nucleation barrier of cluster growth.
Chiral γ-graphyne nanotubes with almost equivalent bandgaps
Authors: Wu Si , Yuan Yuan , Cho Daeheum , Lee Jin Yong , Kang Baotao
Published: February 2019

Analogous to conventional carbon nanotubes, single-walled, chiral, γ-graphyne nanotubes (C-γGyNTs) are modeled based on the synthesized 2D γ-graphyne motif, and their electronic properties are investigated via density-functional tight-binding calculations for the first time. The resulting γGyNTs are predicted to be excellent semiconductors with moderate bandgaps ranging from 1.291 eV to 1.928 eV. In addition, the bandgaps of zigzag γGyNTs and armchair γGyNTs show damped oscillatory behaviour, while those of C-γGyNTs do not show any chirality- or diameter-dependent oscillatory behaviour. Interestingly, it is revealed that the (2a, m)-γGyNTs, where a is a positive integer, have nearly identical bandgap values, which provides a fresh method of bandgap manipulation for semiconductor devices that has not yet been reported.
Self-similar wave breaking in dispersive Korteweg-de Vries hydrodynamics
Authors: Kamchatnov A. M.
Published: February 2019

We discuss the problem of breaking of a nonlinear wave in the process of its propagation into a medium at rest. It is supposed that the profile of the wave is described at the breaking moment by the function (−x)1/n (x<0, positive pulse) or −x1/n (x>0, negative pulse) of the coordinate x. Evolution of the wave is governed by the Korteweg-de Vries equation resulting in the formation of a dispersive shock wave. In the positive pulse case, the dispersive shock wave forms at the leading edge of the wave structure and in the negative pulse case, at its rear edge. The dynamics of dispersive shock waves is described by the Whitham modulation equations. For power law initial profiles, this dynamics is self-similar and the solution of the Whitham equations is obtained in a closed form for arbitrary n>1.
Acoustic levitation and manipulation by a high-frequency focused ring ultrasonic transducer
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Lam Kwok Ho , Chen Ruimin , Chen Zeyu , Qian Xuejun , Zhang Jun , Yu Ping , Zhou Qifa
Published: February 2019

Recently, acoustic levitation for non-contact micro-particle manipulation has been attracting great interest in physical, biological, and medical applications. Among the state-of-the-art manipulation technologies, single beam acoustic tweezing exhibits advantages of providing stronger trapping force and deeper penetration depth in tissues, inducing less tissue damage, and a simple configuration involving only one device. However, particle trapping by the single beam acoustic tweezer could only be operated on a smooth two-dimensional substrate, which limits the potential for real applications. Here, we report an initial attempt to acoustically levitate an individual micro-particle stably in water and manipulate the levitated micro-particle arbitrarily two-dimensionally by simply employing a 60-MHz focused ring ultrasonic transducer. The proposed working mechanism agrees well with the phenomenon. This approach could not only acoustically levitate and manipulate a micro-particle on a culture dish and on a mylar film, but could also work properly in levitating and manipulating a micro-particle placed inside the polyimide tube. This simple and low-cost approach is extremely useful for effective non-contact micro-particle manipulation without having critical concerns on the substrate properties.
Micro light plates for low-power photoactivated (gas) sensors
Authors: Markiewicz Nicolai , Casals Olga , Fabrega Cristian , Gràcia Isabel , Cané Carles , Wasisto Hutomo Suryo , Waag Andreas , Prades Joan Daniel
Published: February 2019

We report a miniaturized device integrating a photoactive material with a highly efficient Light Emitting Diode light source. This so-called micro light plate configuration allows for maximizing the irradiance impinging on the photoactive material, with a minimum power consumption, excellent uniformity, and accurate control of the illumination. We demonstrate these advantages with an example application: photoactivated gas sensors with a power consumption as low as 30 μW (this is 1000 times lower than the best figures reported to date). The letter also presents a quantitative model and a set of design rules to implement it in further integrated applications.
Mid-IR spectroscopy of supercritical water: From dilute gas to dense fluid
Authors: Hestand Nicholas J. , Strong Steven E. , Shi Liang , Skinner J. L.
Published: February 2019

Mixed quantum-classical methods are commonly used to calculate infrared spectra for condensed-phase systems. These methods have been applied to study water in a range of conditions from liquid to solid to supercooled. Here, we show that these methods also predict infrared line shapes in excellent agreement with experiments in supercritical water. Specifically, we study the OD stretching mode of dilute HOD in H2O. We find no qualitative change in the spectrum upon passing through the near-critical region (Widom line) or the hydrogen-bond percolation line. At very low densities, the spectrum does change qualitatively, becoming rovibrational in character. We describe this rovibrational spectrum from the perspective of classical mechanics and provide a classical interpretation of the rovibrational line shape for both HOD and H2O. This treatment is perhaps more accessible than the conventional quantum-mechanical treatment.
Finding a junction partner for candidate solar cell absorbers enargite and bournonite from electronic band and lattice matching
Authors: Wallace Suzanne K. , Butler Keith T. , Hinuma Yoyo , Walsh Aron
Published: February 2019

An essential step in the development of a new photovoltaic (PV) technology is choosing appropriate electron and hole extraction layers to make an efficient device. We recently proposed the minerals enargite (Cu3AsS4) and bournonite (CuPbSbS3) as materials that are chemically stable with desirable optoelectronic properties for use as the absorber layer in a thin-film PV device. For these compounds, spontaneous lattice polarization with internal electric fields—and potential ferroelectricity—may allow for enhanced carrier separation and novel photophysical effects. In this work, we calculate the ionization potentials for non-polar surface terminations and propose suitable partners for forming solar cell heterojunctions by matching the electronic band edges to a set of candidate electrical materials. We then further screen these candidates by matching the lattice constants and identify those that are likely to minimise strain and achieve epitaxy. This two-step screening procedure identified a range of unconventional candidate junction partners including SnS2, ZnTe, WO3, and Bi2O3.
Effect of hydrogen-bond on ultrafast spectral diffusion dynamics of water at charged monolayer interfaces
Authors: Inoue Ken-ichi , Ahmed Mohammed , Nihonyanagi Satoshi , Tahara Tahei
Published: February 2019

Ultrafast hydrogen-bond fluctuation dynamics of water at charged monolayer interfaces were studied by the use of steady-state and 2D heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation (HD-VSFG) spectroscopy. Specifically, the effect of hydrogen-bond ability of the interface on the dynamics was investigated by comparing two monolayer interfaces that provide different hydrogen bond abilities: hydrogen bonding octadecylammonium (ODA) monolayer (pH = 2) and non-hydrogen bonding 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethyl-ammonium propane (DPTAP) monolayer. The steady-state HD-VSFG spectra and their ionic strength dependence revealed that water molecules at both of ODA and DPTAP interfaces are H-down oriented, pointing their H away from the interface, and that the contributions of the electrical double layer in the interfacial spectra of these interfaces are comparable to each other. However, 2D HD-VSFG data clearly indicated that the ultrafast hydrogen-bond fluctuation of water at the ODA interface is significantly suppressed, compared to that at the DPTAP interfaces. The obtained results suggest that the hydrogen-bond fluctuation of the topmost interfacial water at a positively charged interface is significantly affected by the hydrogen-bonding ability of the interface even in the case that the interfacial water molecules act as a hydrogen-bond acceptor to the head group of the monolayer.
Inducing discharges in a micrometer catalyst channel by a helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Ning Wenjun , Dai Dong , Zhang Yuhui
Published: February 2019

Discharges in small size pores are important for understanding the interaction effect between discharge and porous materials such as catalysts. In this letter, the discharge behavior in a micrometer channel of a structured catalyst induced by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is studied using a 2D fluid model. The results show that the APPJ cannot penetrate into a single channel with a radius of 120 μm due to the rapid diffusion loss of electrons to the walls. On the contrary, when the channel is connected to a millimeter cavity in the catalyst, discharges are formed in both the cavity and the channel. Analyses reveal that the strong electric field in the streamer head of the APPJ will propagate across the dielectric layer into the cavity and ignite an electron avalanche therein. Three discharge stages inside the channel can be identified as the negative streamer, the counter-propagating discharges, and the glow-like discharge. The dynamics and mechanisms of discharges are discussed. Our work provides physical insights into generating discharges in mesoscale catalyst pores and may further help develop a promising means for catalyst preparations.
TiNx/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiNx ferroelectric memory with tunable transparency and suppressed wake-up effect
Authors: Li Yuxing , Liang Renrong , Xiong Benkuan , Liu Houfang , Zhao Ruiting , Li Jingzhou , Liu Ting , Pang Yu , Tian He , Yang Yi , Ren Tian-Ling
Published: February 2019

The discovery of HfO2-based ferroelectric (FE) films gives FE memory devices great potential for the next-generation memory technology. In this letter, TiNx with varying nitrogen atomic contents was demonstrated as electrodes of FE Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 memory devices on quartz substrates for transparent memory applications. The transmittance and reflectance from 350 nm to 2500 nm of the TiNx/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiNx structures generally increased and decreased, respectively. Selectivity between the visible and infrared light altered as the N content is increased. When the N2 ratio increases from 0% to 30%, the transmittance selectivity between 1064 nm (infrared) and 532 nm (green) lights increases from 79.6% to 105.3%, while the reflectance selectivity decreases from 107.9% to 48.9%. The polarization cycling performance of FE TiNx/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiNx was explored up to 107 times. The devices with N-rich TiNx electrodes showed suppression of the wake-up effect during cycling. The transient current loops and atomic-fraction depth profiles of capacitors were inspected as well. The results indicated that there were fewer oxygen-vacancy defects in the as-grown N-rich devices and no influential redistribution of oxygen-vacancy defects during the cycling.
A physical model for solving the dredging thermal protection system of hypersonic vehicle leading edge
Authors: Sun Junjun , Zhu Qingyong.
Published: February 2019

The dredging thermal protection system is considered as a thermal protection method to prevent hypersonic vehicles whose leading edges work in the serious aerodynamic heating that seriously affects the performance and safety of the aircraft. This paper uses a special matrix splitting scheme and a high order accurate upwind compact difference scheme with group velocity control to solve the three-dimensional unsteady governing equations of the leading edge of the hypersonic vehicle. Fractal theory is introduced into the heat pipe wick model. The governing equation of the porosity of liquid components in the wick is derived. On the gas-liquid interface in the heat pipe, the temperature and pressure of the interface are determined by the Clapeyron equation that characterizing the relationship between saturation temperature and saturation pressure, assuming the temperature is the local saturation temperature. The distributions of temperature and density under the condition of different wedge half angles and heat pipes are studied by the coupled numerical simulation of the outer flow region of the aircraft and the internal region of heat pipes. The numerical results show that the high order accurate coupled computational method is reasonable and feasible.
A tunable elastic metamaterial beam with flat-curved shape memory alloy resonators
Authors: Chuang Kuo-Chih , Lv Xu-Feng , Wang Dan-Feng
Published: February 2019

When realizing an elastic metamaterial beam, beam-like resonators are regarded as the simplest forms of distributed resonators and their influences on the 1st flexural wave bandgap have been well studied. In this letter, to study the relation between the curvature of the beam-like resonators and the high-order bandgaps (specifically, the 2nd and 3rd bandgaps) and make the bandgaps tunable, we propose a metamaterial beam with a periodic array of two-way shape memory alloys (SMAs). The considered aging-treated Ni-rich Ti-Ni SMAs remember a curved shape with a central angle of 180° at high temperature (austenite phase, A phase) and a flat shape at low temperature (rhombohedral phase, R phase) without the bias springs required for conventional one-way SMAs. Our analyses show that, while reducing the performance of the 1st bandgap, the central frequency of the 2nd (3rd) bandgap of the metamaterial beam with flat-curved SMAs can be decreased by 30.1% (18.3%) with an increase in the bandgap width by 35.9% (19.7%) compared to that with the flat-flat SMAs. In addition, the first torsional mode-induced flexural bandgap is widened and lowered when using the 180° curved beam resonators. The proposed SMA-based metamaterial utilizing the two-way shape memory effect thus offers a flexible and diverse route for tuning the bandgaps.
Microstructure and wear properties of multi ceramics reinforced metal-matrix composite coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy fabricated by laser surface alloying
Authors: Zhou Fengmin , Zhang Hongxia , Sun Caixia , Dai Jingjie
Published: February 2019

To improve the wear resistance of titanium alloy, self-lubricating metal-matrix composite coatings reinforced by multi ceramic phases were designed and fabricated by laser surface alloying with the mixed powders of Ni, B4C, graphite and Si3N4 on Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Microstructure and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The coatings were mainly composed of TiB2, SiC, TiC0.7N0.3 and the phases containing Ni. There was residual graphite in the coatings. The average hardness of the coatings was 1385–1687 HV, equivalent to 3.7–4.5 times of the substrate. The coatings displayed superior wear resistance under dry sliding wear test condition at room temperature, compared to the substrate (over 13 times better than the substrate). The coating fabricated with the mixed powders of Ni:B4C:C(graphite):Si3N4 = 1:1:1.5:0.2 (mole ratio) exhibited the best wear resistance due to the good matching relationship of the high hardness, good lubrication and certain toughness. The wear mechanism of the coatings was discussed.
Uncovering the McGill Library Lyman Collection: The Lasting Legacy of an Amateur Entomologist
Authors: Waters Natalie , MacKenzie Emily
Published: February 2019

This article describes the efforts made by two librarians to retrace and reveal the lost story of a poorly documented special collection bequeathed to McGill University in 1914 by Henry Herbert Lyman, a local amateur entomologist. Lyman’s legacy lives on at the university through the Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory and the entomological literature collection, known as the Lyman Collection, housed at the Macdonald Campus Library. University archival materials, library records, and historical accounts of the museum and its literature collection helped trace the history and various moves of the collection and allowed us to identify those materials likely to have belonged to Lyman originally. The collection was analysed to determine its uniqueness within Canada as compared with a selection of comparator academic libraries.
Evolution of Systematic Bibliographies in India, 1849–1993
Authors: Rath Prabhash Narayana
Published: February 2019

Prior to the nineteenth century, in India there was no attempt to provide bibliographical control over published literature, apart from occasional traces of bibliographical work. This was because the publication of printed books became a regular occurrence only in the first part of the nineteenth century. The country’s first bibliography, Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Mohammedan India by Henry Miers Elliot, was published in 1849. Though a few good bibliographies appeared during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was the publication of Indian National Bibliography ( INB) in 1958 which heralded the appearance of bibliographies as a regular phenomenon. With regard to style and contents, most have followed some kind of classified arrangement under broad subject headings, entries under which are arranged alphabetically by authors’ surnames, though there a number of bibliographies following other patterns. An index at the end of a bibliography first appeared in 1861 in Fitz Edward Hall’s A Contribution Towards an Index for the Bibliography of Indian Philosophical System.
PLK1 plays dual roles in centralspindlin regulation during cytokinesis
Authors: Adriaans Ingrid E. , Basant Angika , Ponsioen Bas , Glotzer Michael , Lens Susanne M.A.
Published: February 2019

Cytokinesis begins upon anaphase onset. An early step involves local activation of the small GTPase RhoA, which triggers assembly of an actomyosin-based contractile ring at the equatorial cortex. Here, we delineated the contributions of PLK1 and Aurora B to RhoA activation and cytokinesis initiation in human cells. Knock-down of PRC1, which disrupts the spindle midzone, revealed the existence of two pathways that can initiate cleavage furrow ingression. One pathway depends on a well-organized spindle midzone and PLK1, while the other depends on Aurora B activity and centralspindlin at the equatorial cortex and can operate independently of PLK1. We further show that PLK1 inhibition sequesters centralspindlin onto the spindle midzone, making it unavailable for Aurora B at the equatorial cortex. We propose that PLK1 activity promotes the release of centralspindlin from the spindle midzone through inhibition of PRC1, allowing centralspindlin to function as a regulator of spindle midzone formation and as an activator of RhoA at the equatorial cortex.
A multiscale model of mechanotransduction by the ankyrin chains of the NOMPC channel
Authors: Argudo David , Capponi Sara , Bethel Neville P. , Grabe Michael
Published: February 2019

Our senses of touch and hearing are dependent on the conversion of external mechanical forces into electrical impulses by the opening of mechanosensitive channels in sensory cells. This remarkable feat involves the conversion of a macroscopic mechanical displacement into a subnanoscopic conformational change within the ion channel. The mechanosensitive channel NOMPC, responsible for hearing and touch in flies, is a homotetramer composed of four pore-forming transmembrane domains and four helical chains of 29 ankyrin repeats that extend 150 Å into the cytoplasm. Previous work has shown that the ankyrin chains behave as biological springs under extension and that tethering them to microtubules could be involved in the transmission of external forces to the NOMPC gate. Here we combine normal mode analysis (NMA), full-atom molecular dynamics simulations, and continuum mechanics to characterize the material properties of the chains under extreme compression and extension. NMA reveals that the lowest-frequency modes of motion correspond to fourfold symmetric compression/extension along the channel, and the lowest-frequency symmetric mode for the isolated channel domain involves rotations of the TRP domain, a putative gating element. Finite element modeling reveals that the ankyrin chains behave as a soft spring with a linear, effective spring constantof 22 pN/nm for deflections ≤15 Å. Force–balance analysis shows that the entire channel undergoes rigid body rotation during compression, and more importantly, each chain exerts a positive twisting moment on its respective linker helices and TRP domain. This torque is a model-independent consequence of the bundle geometry and would cause a clockwise rotation of the TRP domain when viewed from the cytoplasm. Force transmission to the channel for compressions >15 Å depends on the nature of helix–helix contact. Our work reveals that compression of the ankyrin chains imparts a rotational torque on the TRP domain, which potentially results in channel opening.
Sylow subgroups, exponents, and character values
Authors: Navarro Gabriel , Tiep Pham
Published: February 2019

IfGGis a finite group,ppis a prime, andPPis a Sylowpp-subgroup ofGG, we study how the exponent of the abelian groupP/P′P/P’is affected and how it affects the values of the complex characters ofGG. This is related to Brauer’s Problem1212. Exactly how this is done is one of the last unsolved consequences of the McKay–Galois conjecture.
Action of Arl1 GTPase and golgin Imh1 in Ypt6-independent retrograde transport from endosomes to thetrans-Golgi network
Authors: Chen Yan-Ting , Wang I-Hao , Wang Yi-Hsun , Chiu Wan-Yun , Hu Jen-Hao , Chen Wen-Hui , Lee Fang-Jen S.
Published: February 2019

The Arf and Rab/Ypt GTPases coordinately regulate membrane traffic and organelle structure by regulating vesicle formation and fusion. Ample evidence has indicated that proteins in these two families may function in parallel or complementarily; however, the manner in which Arf and Rab/Ypt proteins perform interchangeable functions remains unclear. In this study, we report that a Golgi-localized Arf, Arl1, could suppress Ypt6 dysfunction via its effector golgin, Imh1, but not via the lipid flippase Drs2. Ypt6 is critical for the retrograde transport of vesicles from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and its mutation leads to severe protein mislocalization and growth defects. We first overexpress the components of the Arl3-Syt1-Arl1-Imh1 cascade and show that only Arl1 and Imh1 can restore endosome-to-TGN trafficking in ypt6-deleted cells. Interestingly, increased abundance of Arl1 or Imh1 restores localization of the tethering factor Golgi associated retrograde–protein (GARP) complex to the TGN in the absence of Ypt6. We further show that the N-terminal domain of Imh1 is critical for restoring GARP localization and endosome-to-TGN transport in ypt6-deleted cells. Together, our results reveal the mechanism by which Arl1-Imh1 facilitates the recruitment of GARP to the TGN and compensates for the endosome-to-TGN trafficking defects in dysfunctional Ypt6 conditions.
Plasma Renin Activity Is a Predictive Biomarker of Blood Pressure Response in European but not in African Americans With Uncomplicated Hypertension
Authors: Mehanna Mai , Wang Zhiying , Gong Yan , McDonough Caitrin W , Beitelshees Amber L , Gums John G , Chapman Arlene B , Schwartz Gary L , Bailey Kent R , Johnson Julie A , Turner Stephen T , Cooper-DeHoff Rhonda M
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Interindividual variability in blood pressure (BP) response to antihypertensives has been reported. Although plasma renin activity (PRA) is a potential biomarker for personalizing antihypertensive therapy in European American (EA) and African American (AA) hypertensives, clinical utility of PRA-guided prescribing is incompletely understood.

METHODS

Using systematic-phased approach, PRA’s clinical utility was assessed. After categorizing by baseline PRA, clinic systolic BP (SBP) responses to metoprolol and chlorthalidone were compared in 134 EAs and 102 AAs enrolled in the Pharmacogenomics Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses-2 (PEAR-2) trial. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted in EAs. Data from PEAR-2 AAs were used to estimate an optimal PRA cut point using multivariable linear regression models. The derived cut point in AAs was tested in a meta-analysis of 2 independent AA cohorts, and its sensitivity and specificity were assessed.

RESULTS

EAs with PRA < 0.65 ng/ml/hour had a greater decrease in SBP to chlorthalidone than metoprolol (by –15.9 mm Hg, adjusted P < 0.0001), whereas those with PRA ≥ 0.65 ng/ml/hour had a greater decrease in SBP to metoprolol than chlorthalidone (by 3.3 mm Hg, adjusted P = 0.04). Area under ROC curve (0.69, P = 0.0001) showed that PRA can predict SBP response among EAs. However, we observed no association between PRA and SBP response in PEAR-2 AAs. Among independent AA cohorts, those with PRA ≥ 1.3 ng/ml/hour (PEAR-2-derived cut point) responded better to atenolol/candesartan than hydrochlorothiazide (meta-analysis P = 0.01). However, sensitivity of the derived cut point was 10%.

CONCLUSIONS

PRA at the previously established 0.60–0.65 ng/ml/hour cut point is an effective predictive biomarker of BP response in EAs. However, we were unable to identify PRA cut point that could be used to guide antihypertensive selection in AAs.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT01203852, NCT00246519, NCT00005520.
Biological sequence modeling with convolutional kernel networks
Authors: Chen Dexiong , Jacob Laurent , Mairal Julien
Published: February 2019

Motivation

The growing number of annotated biological sequences available makes it possible to learn genotype-phenotype relationships from data with increasingly high accuracy. When large quantities of labeled samples are available for training a model, convolutional neural networks can be used to predict the phenotype of unannotated sequences with good accuracy. Unfortunately, their performance with medium- or small-scale datasets is mitigated, which requires inventing new data-efficient approaches.

Results

We introduce a hybrid approach between convolutional neural networks and kernel methods to model biological sequences. Our method enjoys the ability of convolutional neural networks to learn data representations that are adapted to a specific task, while the kernel point of view yields algorithms that perform significantly better when the amount of training data is small. We illustrate these advantages for transcription factor binding prediction and protein homology detection, and we demonstrate that our model is also simple to interpret, which is crucial for discovering predictive motifs in sequences.

Availability and implementation

Source code is freely available at https://gitlab.inria.fr/dchen/CKN-seq.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Five-year clinical outcomes and intracoronary imaging findings of the COMFORTABLE AMI trial: randomized comparison of biodegradable polymer-based biolimus-eluting stents with bare-metal stents in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Räber Lorenz , Yamaji Kyohei , Kelbæk Henning , Engstrøm Thomas , Baumbach Andreas , Roffi Marco , von Birgelen Clemens , Taniwaki Masanori , Moschovitis Aris , Zaugg Serge , Ostojic Miodrag , Pedrazzini Giovanni , Karagiannis-Voules Dimitrios-Alexios , Lüscher Thomas F , Kornowski Ran , Tüller David , Vukcevic Vladan , Heg Dik , Windecker Stephan
Published: February 2019

Aims

The long-term outcomes of biolimus-eluting stents (BESs) with biodegradable polymer as compared with bare-metal stent (BMS) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remain unknown.

Methods and results

We performed a 5-year clinical follow-up of 1157 patients (BES: N = 575 and BMS: N = 582) included in the randomized COMFORTABLE AMI trial. Serial intracoronary imaging of stented segments using both intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography performed at baseline and 13 months follow-up were analysed in 103 patients. At 5 years, BES reduced the risk of major adverse cardiac events [MACE; hazard ratio (HR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39–0.79, P = 0.001], driven by lower risks for target vessel-related reinfarction (HR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22–0.87, P = 0.02) and ischaemia-driven target lesion revascularization (HR 0.41, 95% CI: 0.25–0.66, P < 0.001). Definite stent thrombosis (ST) was recorded in 2.2% and 3.9% (HR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.28–1.16, P = 0.12) with no differences in rates of very late definite ST (1.3% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.77). Optical coherence tomography showed no difference in the frequency of malapposed stent struts at follow-up (BES 0.08% vs. BMS 0.02%, P = 0.10). Uncovered stent struts were rarely observed but more frequent in BES (2.1% vs. 0.15%, P < 0.001). In the IVUS analysis, there was no positive remodelling in either group (external elastic membrane area change BES: −0.63 mm2, 95% CI: −1.44 to 0.39 vs. BMS −1.11 mm2, 95% CI: −2.27 to 0.04, P = 0.07).

Conclusion

Compared with BMS, the implantation of biodegradable polymer-coated BES resulted in a lower 5-year rate of MACE in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. At 13 months, vascular healing in treated culprit lesions was almost complete irrespective of stent type.

Clinical Trial Registration

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00962416.
Who Wins, Who Loses, Who Negotiates Peace in Civil Wars: Does Regime Type Matter?
Authors: Phayal Anup , Mason T David , Gurses Mehmet
Published: February 2019

Previous research has shown that the outcome of a civil war is related to conflict duration: military victory by either the government or the rebels occurs early if it occurs at all, and the longer a civil war lasts, the more likely it is to end in a negotiated settlement. The models of civil war duration and outcome that have produced these findings are built on characteristics of the civil war and less on attributes of the state itself, other than where the state lies on the Polity autocracy-democracy scale. We propose that how civil wars end varies not only between democracies and authoritarian regimes but among the different authoritarian regime types identified by Geddes, Wright, and Franz. The distinguishing attributes of these regime types—democracy, one-party, personalist, military, monarchical—should lead to different likelihood in defeating a rebel movement, being defeated by a rebel movement, and negotiating a peace agreement with a rebel movement. Results from a series of competing-risk models using the Uppsala–Peace Research Institute Oslo Armed Conflict Dataset demonstrate support for our claim that how civil wars end is partly a function of the characteristics of the regime.