bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of poppy cultivars in relation to seed, oil and latex yields under different environments
Authors: Sethi Kishan L , Sapra Ramesh L , Gupta Rajendra , Dhindsa Kuldip S , Sangwan Naresh K
Published: October 2006

The performance of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum Linn) cultivars grown at four locations spread over the entire opium poppy growing belt of India was evaluated in terms of three main economic characteristics, namely seed, oil and latex yields. Distinct environmental and varietal effects on these traits were observed. The cultivars were also evaluated in terms of their adaptability and stability under different agroclimatic conditions. The seed yield showed positive and significant correlation with oil and latex yields, indicating that seed yield alone may be taken as a reliable index in breeding high oil‐and latex‐yielding varieties.
Effect of postharvest application of acetaldehyde vapour on strawberry decay, taste and certain volatiles
Authors: Pesis Edna , Avissar Liana
Published: October 2006

Application of acetaldehyde (AA) vapour (1500–6000 μl litre−1) for 4 h, or at a constant concentration of 5000 μl litre−1 for durations of 1 to 4 h, caused changes in the appearance and sensory quality of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch). Some of these treatments induced rapid production of the volatiles ethanol, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butyrate as found in the strawberry juice. Application of 5000 μl litre−1 AA for only 1 h or of 1500 μl litre−1 AA for 4 h induced volatiles in modest amounts, which increased fruit aroma and improved taste as determined by a taste panel. A longer duration (3–4 h) of AA application of 3000–6000 μl litre−1 caused off‐flavours in the berries. Acetaldehyde treatments for 4 h reduced decay development during storage for 4 days at 5°C following 1 day at 20°C.
Effect of low‐temperature storage, gamma irradiation and iso‐propyl‐N‐(3‐chlorophenyl carbamate) treatment on the processing quality of potatoes
Authors: Liu Ming‐Sai , Chen Ru‐Yin , Tsai Meei‐Ju
Published: October 2006

In Taiwan commercial storage of potatoes (CV Kennebec, Wu‐Foon, Cardinal) at 2°C. 85% RH, can supply the fresh market all year round. However, reducing sugar and total sugar which accumulate in the tubers will reduce the processing quality of potatoes. Reconditioning of tubers from cold stores was undertaken at ambient temperature (20°C) for up to 6 weeks. The optimum temperature for Kennebec and Cardinal reconditioning ranged from 20 to 25°C. However, after storage at 2°C for a long period, the sugar content of potato tubers cannot be reduced to a satisfactory level. When newly harvested potatoes were pretreated with CIPC (300–500 μg litre−1) and stored at 10°C, 80 % RH, sprouting was inhibited effectively. The quality of potatoes was retained well and reducing sugar remained at a low level for up to 8 months. MENA was found to be ineffective. Gamma irradiation of potatoes at 0.175‐0 20·0‐10–0.125 and 0.125 kGy for Cardinal, Kennebec and Wu‐Foon respectively was found to be effective in controlling the sprouting of tubers stored at 10°C, 80 % RH, for 9 months. A rapid increase in sugar content was found in irradiated Cardinal and Wu‐Foon after storage for 7 months, while the reducing sugar in irradiated Kennebec was still below 0°2 % after 8 month's storage. Gamma irradiation had no adverse effect on the ascorbic acid content, and higher firmness retention was obtained in irradiated tubers throughout storage at 10°C.
Kinetics of the thermal destruction of thiamine in the white flesh of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Suparno  , Rosenthal A J , Hanson S W
Published: October 2006

Thin slices of white flesh from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were given different time—temperature treatments and the D and z values for total thiamine were determined. The z value (26°C) was in good agreement with previously reported data but the D values were considerably lower than published results. Thiamine appears to be less thermally stable in the fish muscle than was previously thought. This has serious repercussions when optimising thermal processing with respect to nutrient retention.
Relationship between the chemical and sensory properties of exotic salad crops—coloured lettuce (lactuca sativa) and chicory (cichorium intybus)
Authors: Price Keith R , Dupont M Susan , Shepherd Richard , Chan Henry W‐S , Fenwick G Roger
Published: October 2006

Samples of red‐coloured lettuce and chicory were assessed for bitterness by sensory analysis and compared with conventional green‐coloured varieties. The amounts of the sesquiterpene lactones lactucin, 8‐deoxylactucin and lactucopicrin and their glycosides were determined using enzyme hydrolysis and high performance liquid chromatography. The level of each of these compounds was compared with the bitterness score found for each sample, and the resulting correlation data suggested that the increasing level of one of these compounds, lactucin glycoside, was closely related to the increase in bitterness.
Thermal inactivation of lectins and trypsin inhibitor activity during steam processing of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and effects on protein quality
Authors: Van Der Poel Thomas F B , Blonk Jan , Van Zuilichem Dick J , Van Oort Maarten G
Published: October 2006

The effect of steam treatment on the protein quality and antinutritional factors in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) have been evaluated. The thermal inactivation of total and functional lectins and trypsin inhibitor activity as well as total and available lysine during steam treatment at 102, 119 and 136°C can be described by first order reaction kinetics. Inactivation of trypsin inhibitor factors occurred in two stages with different reaction rates, the initial stage having a higher rate of inactivation. The effect of steaming temperature on the rate constants can be predicted by an Arrhenius‐type relation.

Part of the total lysine was lost on heating but the amount of available lysine was reduced to a greater extent. The results of the present investigation indicate that steam treatment at 119°C for 5 or 10 min seems to be a good compromise in terms of antinutritional factor inactivation and protein damage as measured by total and available lysine.
Effect of different methods of soaking soya beans on the growth of Bacillus cereus, klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in tempeh
Authors: Tunçel Günnur , Göktan Deniz
Published: October 2006

Tempeh is usually made by fungal solid state fermentation of soaked and cooked soya beans. In this research the effect of different soaking conditions of soya beans on the growth of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae either alone or with a mixed inoculum of Rhizopus oligosporus and lactic acid bacteria was investigated. Natural acidification did not prevent the growth of undesirable bacteria. The acidification of soya beans soaked in water at 25°C for 24 h prevented the growth of S aureus. To prevent growth of S aureus in tempeh by chemical acidification it was necessary to add 0.6 % lactic and 0.06 % acetic acids and to adjust the pH to about 4.0.
Response of cut grass to potassium and to the mineral sylvinite
Authors: Webb John , Whinham Neville , Unwin Roger J
Published: October 2006

An experiment was carried out at five sites in England and Wales to investigate the effect of applying potassium (K) at 0, 31 and 62 kg ha−1 in all combinations with sodium (Na) at 0, 20 and 40 kg ha−1. The nutrients in the form of chlorides were applied to perennial ryegrass swards for each of several cuts per year for up to four years. Additional plots received Sylvinite, a naturally occurring mixture of potassium and sodium chloride, at 120 and 240 kg ha−1.

At three sites significant (P<0.05) yield increases due to K and Sylvinite applications were measured when ‘available’ soil K fell below 100 mg litre−1 and the K content of herbage from the control plot was 1.2% of dry matter. At two sites in the absence of applied K there were significant (P<0.05) yield responses to Na. In all aspects Sylvinite behaved similarly to mixtures of the two salts at the appropriate levels of application.
Changes during heating in chemical composition and in‐vitro digestion of four commodities
Authors: Fadel James G
Published: October 2006

The effects of duration of heating on the composition and digestibility of whole cotton seed, almond hulls, whole pressed safflower seed and alfalfa were studied. The four commodities were heated at 125°C from 0 to 120 h. Nitrogen and ash values were relatively stable across commodities and heating times. However, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, in‐vitro neutral detergent fibre remaining after 48 h fermentation and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen increased hyperbolically, approaching a relatively constant value at long heating times for all commodities. The sensitivity of each commodity to heat damage was different, and the rate that each analysis value approached a relatively constant value differed across commodities. In general, alfalfa was the most sensitive and whole cotton seed the least sensitive for a given nutrient change with heating time. Also the amount of neutral detergent fibre digested approached a relatively constant value at longer heating times for whole cotton seed, whole pressed safflower seed and alfalfa while approaching zero for almond hulls. Prior analysis of an unheated commodity is necessary to utilise compositional analyses to determine heat damage.
Influence of growing season, location and planting time on some quality parameters of kabuli chickpea
Authors: Singh K B , Williams P C , Nakkoul H
Published: October 2006

Variability in hundred seed weight (HSW), protein content (PC) and cooking time (CT) was determined in the world collection of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) maintained at ICARDA. HSW varied from 8 to 67 g, PC from 143 to 270 g kg−1 (14.3 to 27%) and CT from 50 to 296 min. Over all observations a coefficient of correlation of 0.87 (P = 0.01) was found between HSW and CT. This was not maintained for genotypes of intermediate HSW (25–42 g per 100 seeds). Standard unit heritability was 0.96, 0.37 and 0.68 respectively for HSW, PC and CT, while broad sense heritability was 0.79 for HSW and 0.55 for PC indicating a surprisingly high degree of heritability of PC in the kabuli chickpea.

Growing season had a marked effect on HSW and a lesser effect on PC than did growing location, and genotype/season and genotype/location interactions were apparent in both HSW and PC. Since CT and HSW were highly correlated, CT was affected to the same extent as HSW by growing season and location, PC appeared to be the most stable of the three quality parameters, and several lines were identified which maintained a PC significantly higher than the population mean when grown on two locations over two seasons, with low within‐genotype coefficients of variability. Compared with spring planting, winter planting decreased PC by 8 g kg−1 whereas HSW increased by 1.2 g per 100 seeds.
Some effects of straw residues and cultivation system on tillering in winter wheat
Authors: Bacon Edward T G , Christian Dudley G
Published: October 2006

Straw residues can reduce the yield of a following cereal crop, perhaps through an effect on tillering. Over two years we measured tillering of winter wheat on a clay soil where straw was either burnt or chopped and returned. Seed was direct drilled in the first year and direct drilling was compared with conventional sowing after ploughing in the second year. Straw had no marked effect on the production per plant of the first three main tillers. Direct drilling resulted in earlier tillering and more tillers per plant than conventional sowing after ploughing, but this was not reflected in grain yields calculated from components of yield. Part of the tillering effect may have been caused by differences in sowing depth.
Storage stability of a high protein food beverage powder prepared from the Nigerian ‘red skin’ groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) protein concentrates
Authors: Ihekoronye A I
Published: October 2006

A high protein, groundnut‐based powder reconstitutable into a milk‐like beverage was packed in polyethylene bags and in lacquered tin cans, and stored at both room temperature (25 ± 2°C) and in a domestic refrigerator (5 ± 2°C) for 60 days. Storage stability was evaluated by analysing periodically for changes in physical characteristics, proximate composition, and development of browning and rancidity, and assessing moisture sorption characteristics. Protein, lipid, total soluble sugars, peroxide value, total carbonyls and extinction values of the ethanolic extract remained practically constant during storage. The isotherm curves exhibited the characteristic sigmoidal shape typical of high protein foods. There was a greater increase in density, hygroscopicity and wettability in polyethylene‐packed samples at both temperatures suggesting that the lacquered tin can leads to better keeping quality for this product.
Flour quality tests for selected wheat cultivars and their relationship to Arabic bread quality
Authors: Quail Ken J , McMaster Graham J , Wootton Michael
Published: October 2006

Analytical and rheological parameters were established for flours from nine selected wheat cultivars, each covering a range of protein contents. Arabic and pan breads were baked from these flours and baking quality was determined.

Wheat cultivars were found to differ in their suitability for Arabic bread production. Within cultivars the relationship between protein content and Arabic bread score was best described by a quadratic equation.

Traditional flour quality tests do not adequately describe the flour quality requirements for Arabic bread as clearly as for pan bread. Ranges and optimum values for a number of parameters can be set to describe flours most likely to be suited to the production of Arabic bread. However, for reliable evaluation of baking quality for Arabic bread, flours fitting the prescribed range must be test baked.
Liquid/liquid phase equilibrium in the globulin/salt/water systems. Vicilin
Authors: Popello Irina A , Suchkov Vladimir V , Grinberg Valeriy Ya , Tolstoguzov Vladimir B
Published: October 2006

The effect of temperature, salt concentration and dielectric constant of the medium on the liquid/liquid equilibrium in broad bean vicilin/sodium chloride/water and pea vicilin/sodium chloride/water systems was investigated, and the upper critical points were obtained. The critical protein concentration and critical exponents for vicilin‐containing systems are compared with those for legumin‐containing systems. Phase separation in the vicilin solutions was observed at a lower salt concentration than phase separation in the legumin solutions.
Poured feed blocks using distillery by‐products as supplements for ruminants
Authors: Zhu Xinsheng , Deyoe Charles W , Behnke Keith C , Seib Paul A
Published: October 2006

A technique was developed in this study for preparing solid poured feed blocks as supplements for ruminants. Blocks containing liquid condensed solubles and dried distillers grain with solubles as the base material and protein source were prepared with different cementing agents. A method for testing the hardness of blocks, an index of the physical durability, was also developed. The hardness of blocks was positively related to the concentration of magnesium oxide and to the length of storage time. Ferrous sulphate, on the other hand, had a synergistic effect with magnesium oxide which accelerated the setting of blocks after 24 h. A feeding trial revealed a negative relationship between daily intake by cattle and hardness of blocks. Blocks prepared with about 4% magnesium oxide and 3% ferrous sulphate provide a dry, weather‐resistant supplement with a degree of hardness that allows an optimum rate of intake.
Influence of different mulch materials on soil temperature, soil water content and yield of three cassava cultivars
Authors: Mbagwu J S C
Published: October 2006

In a study with three cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars (Local, TMS4(2)1425 and TMS30572) grown under straw, black polythene and white polythene mulches the fresh tuber yield and yield components were greater than for those grown on bare (control) plots, although the magnitude of increase was cultivar dependent. The order of response was white polythene > straw > black polythene > bare (control). The yield differences were caused by the effects of the mulches on the temperature and water content of the soil surface. Maximum daily soil temperature was lowest on the straw plots (32·5°C), about equal on the bare and white polythene treatments (38·6°C vs 39·8°C) and highest on the black polythene plots (45·0°C). In 1986 the soil moisture reserve was depleted by 84%, 46%, 29% and 24% on the bare, straw, black polythene and white polythene plots within a 60‐day period following the last rain, suggesting that it was soil temperature rather than soil moisture which accounted for the large yield differences under black and white polythene.
Effect of relative humidity and incubation time on the O‐methylation of chlorophenols in fibreboard by Paecilomyces variotii
Authors: Hitfield Frank B , Nguyen T H Ly , Tindale C Ross
Published: October 2006

The effect of relative humidity and incubation time on the extent of O‐methylation of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol by Paecilomyces variotii as studied ith fibreboard as the groth medium. Over a 10‐eek incubation period the yields of 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole and 2,3,4,6‐tetrachloroanisole ere greater the higher the relative humidity; hoever, the degree of methylation of pentachlorophenol as almost negligible. At 30°C and 98% relative humidity, the methylation of the tri‐ and tetrachlorophenols ceased after the fourth eek; maximum chloroanisole concentrations ere observed at this time. The results indicated that methylation as the principal mechanism by hich P variotii detoxified 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol and 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol in fibreboard.
Biochemical basis of insect resistance in inged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds
Authors: Gatehouse Angharad M R , Hoe David S , Flemming Joyce E , Hilder Vaughan A , Gatehouse John A
Published: October 2006

Mature seeds of the inged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) are toxic to developing larvae of a range of cosmopolitan storage Bruchidae of economic importance, including the copea seed eevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Insect feeding trials ere carried out in hich protein fractions from seeds of inged bean ere incorporated at a range of concentrations into artificial seeds, and their effects upon development of C maculatus determined. Both albumin and globulin fractions ere toxic to the developing larvae and their toxicity correlated ith their haemagglutinating activity. Assay of Psophocarpin A, B and C fractions demonstrated Psophocarpin B to be the most insecticidal and to contain the highest haemagglutinating activity. Purified basic seed lectin as highly insecticidal to C maculatus larvae, ith an LC50 value of c. 3·5 g kg−1. The physiological level of this protein in inged bean seeds is sufficient to account for their resistance to attack by C maculatus. inged bean trypsin inhibitor as also purified and tested in artificial seeds against C maculatus. Hoever, even at concentrations in excess of tice the physiological concentration it had no deleterious effects upon development.
Breadmaking quality of ten greek breadheats. II. Relationships of protein, lipid and starch components to baking quality
Authors: Matsoukas Nikitas P , Morrison Illiam R
Published: October 2006

Protein, lipid and starch components of ten Greek inter bread heats (four poor quality soft milling varieties, and to soft and four hard milling varieties of good quality) ere examined for possible relationships ith bread loaf volume and volumes in sedimentation tests for flour quality. High molecular eight glutenin subunit quality scores ere loer (4, 4, 6, 6) in the poor quality heats than in the good quality heats (6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 10) and ere only roughly correlated ith the other quality parameters. Gliadin electrophoregram patterns ere distinctive for most heats and might be useful for variety identification, but consistent occurrence of γ‐gliadin 40, associated ith eakness, and γ‐gliadin 43.5, associated ith strength, as not observed. The ratio non‐polar/polar free lipids as highly correlated (P < 0.001) ith loaf volumes using both long fermentation and activated (chemical) dough development processes. Starch granule composition, selling and gelatinisation properties, hich ere very similar to those of other heat starches, did not relate to baking quality. A 15‐kDa protein on the surface of starch granules associated ith endosperm softness as found in the soft heats.
Effect of natural fermentation on phytate and polyphenolic content and in‐vitro digestibility of starch and protein of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum)
Authors: Kheterpaul Neelam , Chauhan Bhag Mal
Published: October 2006

Natural fermentation at 20, 25 and 30°C for 72 h brought about a significant reduction in phytic acid content of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum Rich) flour. The phytate content was almost eliminted in the flour fermented at 30°C. An increase in polyphenol content of fermented flour was noticed, the higher the temperature of fermentation the greater was the increase in polyphenol content of pearl millet. An improvement in starch as well as protein digestibility (in vitro) was noticed at all the temperatures of natural fermentation, the highest being at 30°C.
Effects of long‐term herbicide use, irrigation and nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility in an apple orchard
Authors: Hipps Neil A , Samuelson Timothy J
Published: October 2006

In 1972 an experiment was set up to investigate the long‐term effects of herbicide, irrigation and two rates of nitrochalk fertiliser application on soil fertility in a Cox's Orange Pippin apple orchard. Samples taken in 1986 showed that uncultivated soil which had been maintained bare by herbicide had much lower organic C, total N and extractable K and Mg concentrations than soil which had been maintained under grass. Extractable P concentrations were lower in soil under grass than in soil under herbicide. In the absence of grass, soil pH was slightly lower than in its presence. All these effects were much greater at depths above 7·5 cm than below.

Irrigation of the grass slightly increased organic C and total N levels at 0–7·5 cm compared with unirrigated grass but had no effect on extractable P, K and Mg.

Increasing the fertiliser rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha−1 had no effect on organic C, total N, extractable P and K. Yet, throughout the soil profile, extractable Mg concentrations were greater at the low than at the high N fertiliser rate.

In a seedling growth test on soil taken from the orchard in 1988 (and confirmed to be free from residual herbicide), apple seedlings grown in soil which had previously been under grass grew significantly better than those in soil which had been bare. These differences were ascribed to a greater rate of N mineralisation in the soil formerly under grass.

The results of this trial indicate that to safeguard soil fertility it is necessary to maintain a grass cover in the orchard. In addition, fertiliser application on newly planted trees should be adjusted to take account of the presence or absence of grass in the previous soil management treatment.
Chemical and physico‐chemical characterisation of fibres from Laminaria digitata (kombu breton): A physiological approach
Authors: Fleury N , Lahaye M
Published: October 2006

The content and chemical composition of soluble and insoluble dietary fibres from the brown marine alga Laminaria digitata (kombu breton) were determined. Two enzymic‐gravimetric methods were used to determine (1) the content of soluble and insoluble fibres according to a modification of the AOAC procedure, and (2) the distribution of the soluble fibres in saline buffer at 37°C and at pH 2·0 and 7·5 used to simulate the gastric and intestinal phases of digestion, respectively. The total dietary fibre contents obtained by the two methods were similar (37·3 and 40·0%) and of these 84·8–87·4% was soluble. A partitioning of soluble fibres may occur during digestion since 49·3% was recovered in saline buffer at pH 2·0 whereas 50·7% was recovered in saline buffer at pH 7·5. Solubility of dietary fibres was related to the chemistry of brown algal polysaccharides. Fucans and laminarans were essentially soluble at pH 2·0 and alginate at pH 7·5, and insoluble fibres consisted primarily of cellulose.

Oil adsorption and hydration properties (uptake, retention and swelling) in water, 154 mM NaCl, and 38 mM CaCl2 at 20 and 37°C of three particle sizes of L digitata were measured. Oil adsorption was low (0·16–0·41 g g−1) and was related to the particle size of the fibres. Hydration properties were more important with small particles except in CaCl2 solution and followed the order water > NaCl > CaCl2. Water uptake and swelling were greater at 37°C than at 20°C. The overall decrease in hydration properties observed with solutions of ionic strength ∼0·15 was interpreted as reflecting the decrease in the electrostatic repulsion between charged polysaccharides. The lowest water uptake, water retention and swelling were obtained with solutions of CaCl2, and were related to the known selective afinity of alginate for calcium. Thus, L digitata is especially rich in soluble dietaryfibres, and these have physico‐chemical properties characteristic of the polysaccharides present. Water absorption and uptake and swelling can be modulated according lovarious physical and chemical parameters.
Analytical recovery of chromium from diet and faeces determined by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Saha Dhanonjoy C , Gilbreath Rex L
Published: October 2006

The present study examined whether differences in mineral content of the diet or faecal samples contribute to variation in analytical recovery of marker chromium from these samples. Three corn/soya bean diets containing various levels of Ca, P and Mg, and the corresponding faeces of swine fed these diets were used. Diet and faecal samples were analysed by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry with increments of Cr added to samples either preceding or following the acid digestion procedure. Results indicated significant differences (P <0·05) in analytical recovery of Cr between diets and corresponding faeces, between individual diets and faeces, and between methods of determination. The acid digestion step leads to the lower recovery of Cr (diets, P <0·05; faeces, P <0·01) whereas no significant differences were found in post‐digestion procedure by either method of determination, indicating that marker‐chromium loss due to the acid digestion procedure was not higher than the apparent loss due to the acid analytical method. Results suggest that the analytical recovery factors should be considered when estimating faecal recovery of marker chromium or digestibility of nutrients.
Protein solubility and emulsifying capacity in frozen stored fish mince
Authors: Srikar L N , Reddy G Vidya Sagar
Published: October 2006

Effect of initial freshness on the relationship between emulsifying capacity and protein solubility of frozen stored fish mince was investigated. The emulsifying capacity of proteins was significantly (P <0.05) affected by the initial freshness. A positive correlation (P <0.05) between protein solubility and the ability of the soluble proteins to emulsify and stabilise an emulsion was observed. Correlation between salt‐soluble proteins and emulsifying capacity revealed that myofibrillar proteins (P <0.05) are the main proteins that decide the emulsion properties.
Biochemical changes and in‐vitro protein digestibility of the endosperm of germinating dolichos lablab
Authors: Shastry Manjula , John Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

A gradual decrease was noted in total protein, soluble protein and protein fractions such as albumin, globulin, prolamine andglutelin in the endosperm of Dolichos lablab L germinated for 8 days. Prolamine showed a maximum decrease of 85% whereas only a 25% decrease was noted in the globulin fraction. Both acid and alkaline protease activities increased during germination, and the acid protease activity was consistently higher than the alkaline protease activity throughout. Electrophoretic studies showed that high molecular weight polypeptide bands disappeared with the appearance of new low molecular weight polypeptide bands in the endosperm proteins of the germinating seeds. Total phenolics and tannin contents and trypsin inhibitory activity also increased during the progressive germination. Germination increased the in‐vitro protein digestibility of the endosperm of Dolichos lablab in the presence of proteolytic enzymes like pepsin, trypsin and pancreatin. It showed a negative but non‐significant correlation with trypsin inhibitory activity, phenolics and tannin contents. Amylase activity also increased gradually up to the sixth day of germination which coincided with the increase in the reducing sugars.
Non‐structural carbohydrate partitioning in Phaseolus vulgaris after vegetative growth
Authors: Peña‐Valdivia Cecilia B , Ortega‐Delgado María Luisa
Published: October 2006

This study provides information on the concentration and quantity of starch, reducing sugars, total sugars, and non‐reducing oligosaccharides in the organs of the common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgarisL cv Jamapa) during growth. The following observations were made: (1) the root, stems and branches were temporary carbohydrate storage organs; (2) until 80 days after sowing (DAS), the leaves were the major contributors to the non‐structural carbohydrates of the whole plant; (3) during the developmental period studied, non‐structural carbohydrate content in the rachis and pulvinus changed frequently; (4) the pod walls contained between 5 and 8% of total sugars at 72 DAS and by maturity soluble sugars diminished to less than 1%; (5) during seed growth (until 80 DAS), the pod walls contained between 11 and 18% starch (dry weight basis) and by maturity this carbohydrate had decreased to 2% of dry weight; and (6) starch represented the major non‐structural storage carbohydrate in mature seeds (29%), as opposed to soluble sugars, which amounted to 2·3% of the dry weight.
In‐vitro iron dialysability from legumes: Influence of phytate and extrusion cooking
Authors: Lombardi‐Boccia Ginevra , Lullo Giuseppe Di , Carnovale Emilia
Published: October 2006

In‐vitro iron dialysability from five Italian legumes (mottled bean, white bean, faba bean, chickpea, lentil) and the influence of phytate and extrusion cooking on it were evaluated. Iron dialysability was 2·3 and 2·4% in mottled and white bean respectively, 1·2% infaba bean, 2·7% in chickpea and 1·1% in lentil. After extrusion cooking the flours showed a marked iron contamination and a decrease in iron dialysability, but these changes were significant only for mottled bean. Enzymic phytate removal induced an increase in iron dialysability > 100% in all the raw legumes except mottled bean which showed an increase of only 57%. This finding indicates that, although phytate consistently modifies iron dialysability, it is difficult to identify a quantitative relationship between phytate content and iron dialysability.
Growth potential of Salmonella infantis and Escherichia coli in fermenting tempeh made from horsebean, pea and chickpea and their inhibition by Lactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Ashenafi Mogessi , Busse Martin
Published: October 2006

Salmonella infantis and Escherichia coli multiplied to varying degrees during the fermentation of unacidified horsebean, pea and chickpea tempeh. Active mycelial growth on the beans resulted in a sharp increase in pH. This was always accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of the test organisms. Acidification of the beans during soaking decreased the growth rate of the test organisms only until active mycelial growth started. Inoculation of cooked beans with Lactobacillus plantarum resulted in a complete inhibition of E coli in unacidified and acidified chickpea tempeh and acidified pea tempeh. Marked inhibition of E coli was also noted in unacidified pea tempeh and acidified horsebean tempeh. S infantis was also completely inhibited by L plantarum in unacidified and acidified chickpea tempeh. In pea and horsebean tempeh, counts of S infantis were always lower in Lactobacillus‐inoculated fermenting beans than in the control. Beside the pH, undissociated acids and other substances produced by L plantarum may be inhibitory to the test organisms. The use of L plantarum may be considered for the control of pathogens during commercial‐scale tempeh production.
Determination of fat and water content in vitro and in vivo by proton nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Mitchell Alva D , Elsasser Theodore H , Wang Paul C
Published: October 2006

Proton NMR spectroscopy was performed on a series of pork samples containing varying proportions of fat and muscle and on a series of control and obese mice. Initial measurements were made using a 0.5 T (21 MHz) whole body imaging system and the results were expressed as the ratio of water and lipid hydrogen peak areas. With pork samples the NMR results correlated well with per cent water or lipid in the tissue (r = 0.99 for 20‐ and 50‐g samples). For the mice the correlation between per cent water or lipid in the body and the NMR measurement was 0.92. Subsequent measurements were made using a 4.7 T (200 MHz) imaging/spectrometer from which separate integral values were obtained for the water and lipid hydrogen peaks. The separation of the water and lipid peaks was 3.5 ppm. For pork samples measured with the 4.7 T system the correlation between the peak area and the amount of water or lipid in the sample was 0.997 with the standard error of the estimate being ±0.72 g for water and ±1.00g for lipid. NMR imaging was used to determine the relative amount of fat and muscle in a cross‐section of a control and an obese rat.
Seasonal variations in lipid composition of spanish wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) meat
Authors: Cambero María I , de la Hoz Lorenzo , Sanz Bernabé , Ordöñkez Juan A
Published: October 2006

Four batches of wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus: winter, spring, summer and autumn) were caught at the end of the respective season of the year. A study of the meat chemical composition of these animals was carried out. The classes and amounts of total, apolar and polar lipid fractions, and their fatty acids, have been extensively studied. The total, apolar and polar lipid contents from the muscle of the four batches ranged from 37 to 14, 30‐1 to 8–4 and 9–0 to 4–8 g kg−1 FW respectively. Triglycerides accounted for more than 59% of the apolar lipids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine were the major phospholipids (>44% and >35% of total phospholipids, respectively). Almost always, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 were the more abundant fatty acids of the total lipid fraction. Many seasonal differences may be observed in the fatty acid composition of total and apolar lipid fractions which are obviously related to the kinds of feed available in each season. One of the most significant differences is in 18:1 concentration. This fatty acid accounted for more than 50% in the apolar lipids from rabbits caught in autumn whereas the same fatty acid never reached 30% in other seasons. On the contrary, 18:2 and 20:0 showed a lower concentration in the autumn batch by comparison with those of the other seasons.
Glucose content of nut water in four varieties of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)
Authors: Ogundiya M O
Published: October 2006

The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L, is grown in almost all the tropical regions of the world. The Nigerian Tall (NT), the Nigerian Dwarf Green (NDG), the hybrid between the Nigerian Tall and the Nigerian Dwarf Green (NT × NDG), and the Malayan Dwarf Yellow (MDY) were the four varieties used for this study. They were grown in the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research main station, Benin City, Nigeria. There was a significant variation in the glucose content of water contained in the nuts of the four varieties, and a positive and significant association between the nut weight and glucose level of both NT × NDG and MDY.
Geographical classification of sicilian olive oils in terms of sterols and fatty acids content
Authors: Alberghina Gaetano , Caruso Loredana , Fisichella Salvatore , Musumarra Giuseppe
Published: October 2006

The sterols and fatty acids contents of 22 extravirgin olive oil samples produced in the Etna area and in other areas of Sicily were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) of these data provided a ‘scores’ plot where samples produced in the Etna area were clearly grouped and unknown samples could be classified according to their geographical origin. This classification was confirmed by the residual standard deviation values of all samples fitted into a disjoint principal components model derived from Etna oils only. The above results suggest that the DOC (denominazlone di origine controllata) origin mark for Etna extravirgin olive oils can be attributed on the basis of their sterols and fatty acids contents by means of PCA.
Agronomic value of urban waste and the growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in a calciorthid soil amended with this waste
Authors: Garcáia Carlos , Hernández Teresa , Costa Francisco
Published: October 2006

The influence of the composting process on the agronomic value of urban waste (UW) from Murcia (south‐eastern Spain) was studied. UW compost had a higher percentage of P, K and nitrate N than fresh UW, as well as a higher cation exchange capacity and a more stable organic matter. By contrast, total N content and values of extractable P/ total P × 100 ratio were lower.

The addition of fresh UW to a calciorthid soil had an initially depressive effect on rxegrass (Lolium perenne) yield, which disappeared with time as this waste matured in the soil. No depressive effect was observed when composted UW was applied. When soil was amended with high doses of UW compost, yields were always significantly greater than the control.

The uncomposted waste induced a large concentration of macroelements (except N) in the plants of the first harvest. Plants grown in amended soil had a higher concentration of Fe, Mn and Zn than the control.
A time‐course study of the effect of sulphur on glucosinolates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) from the vegetative stage to maturity
Authors: Booth Elaine J , Walker Kerr C , Griffiths D Wynne
Published: October 2006

Samples consisting of the whole above‐ground part of the oilseed rape plant (Brassica napus L), were taken every 2 weeks from before stem extension to maturity. The plants were separated into vegetative tissue, floral tissue, pods and seeds (when these components appeared), and the individual glucosinolates present were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. A high glucosinolate variety (Rafal) and a low glucosinolate variety (Cobra) were compared. The effect of sulphur (32 kg ha−1 elemental sulphur applied at the beginning of stem extension) on the various parts of the plant was investigated. Total glucosinolate concentration in all plant parts was higher in Rafal than in Cobra. Glucosinolate concentration in the vegetation declined over time, most noticeably when the flowers and seeds were produced, and glucosinolate concentration of the pods also fell as that of the seeds rose. It is suggested that there may have been some redistribution of glucosinolates or glucosinolate precursors within the plant as maturity approached. Changes occurred in the proportions that individual glucosinolates contributed to the total glucosinolate content, and this may be relevant to plant/pathogen relationships. Sulphur application increased the glucosinolate concentration of the vegetative tissue by mid April and also increased the glucosinolate concentration of the flowers. It is suggested that this could affect the plant's resistance to disease.
Nitrogen uptake and redistribution during maturation of maize hybrids
Authors: Tsai C Y , Huber D M , Warren H L , Lyznik A
Published: October 2006

Nutrient efficiency, as a component of crop production efficiency, is a major key to agricultural competitiveness and sustainability. This study was initiated to evaluate the efficiency of N uptake and redistribution of eight maize (Zea mays L) hybrids differing in yield potential and grown with different levels of N fertiliser. Plants were sampled during the growing season to determine N uptake kinetics and effects of N supply on protein degradation and N mobilisation from vegetative tissues. These studies indicate that, under adequate N fertiliser conditions, hybrids took up about 2.5 to 3.0 g N per plant by the mid‐silk stage; however, the amount of N taken up during the period of grain fill varied greatly among the hybrids. High N‐responsive hybrids took up as much as 3 g N per plant after mid‐silk while low N‐responsive hybrids required only about 1.2 g N per plant. Although proteolysis in leaves is generally related to the availability of N, hybrids differ in the time and extent of protein hydrolysis and nutrient mobilisation. N sufficiency throughout the crop season is critical to preserve RuBP carboxylase and other proteins in leaves to maximise grain fill for the high N‐responsive hydbids.
Relationships between sensory properties and chemical composition of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
Authors: Paterson Vivienne J , Macrae Elspeth A , Young Harry
Published: October 2006

The relative roles of volatile and non‐volatile compounds and fruit firmness in the sensory attributes of ripe kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A Chev) Liang et Ferguson var deliciosa cv Hayward) were investigated. Kiwifruit harvested at different maturities and ripened either immediately after harvest or after storage were assessed individually using various objective and sensory parameters.

As fruit firmness decreased within the eating ripe range, the levels of several volatile esters, pentam‐3‐one and ethylene production increased. The levels of C6 aldehydes, C6 alcohols and ethanol showed little or no change within this fruit firmness range.

Ethyl esters were the major contributors to total volatiles in ripe, freshly harvested fruit, but ethanol was the most abundant volatile in mature fruit that had been stored at 0° prior to ripening. Ethyl butanoate was the most abundant ester in unstored fruit whereas ethyl acetate was generally the most abundant ester in stored fruit. Stored fruit from the later harvests had higher levels of α‐ and β‐pinene than fresh fruit or immature stored fruit.

A high tangy/acid score correlated with firm fruit, low levels of major volatile esters, high levels of citrate and high soluble solids concentrations (SSC). A high score for sweetness correlated with soft fruit and high volatile ester levels. Tangy/acid was the sensory attribute best able to be predicted by objective measurements.
Application of multivariate statistical methods to the differentiation of gin brands
Authors: Martin‐Alvarez Pedro Jesus , Herranz Alberto
Published: October 2006

Several multivariate statistical methods (principal component, discriminant (linear, quadratic and nearest neighbour), cluster analysis and outliers detection) have been applied to chemical data for terpenic compounds collected from various gin samples, in order to differentiate three gins from each other; the results have been used to explore other samples.
Properties of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in natural complexes from walnuts (Juglans regia) and in active DL‐DOPA copolymers
Authors: Piffaut Bernadette , Metche Maurice
Published: October 2006

Black polymers were extracted from walnut husk homogenates (Juglans regia L) in a phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) after air‐bubbling for 24 h. After several purification stages, ultrafiltration and gel chromatography (Sephadex and Ultrogel), three extracts (two soluble and one insoluble) were isolated. At the same time, a synthetic DL DOPA/POD/PPO copolymer was prepared. Two walnut extracts exhibited POD and PPO activity. Both DL DOPA/POD/PPO copolymers (soluble and insoluble) only presented a POD activity. The insoluble and more complex extracts (either natural or synthetic) presented the lowest oxidase activities. The soluble walnut extract exhibited low though not negligible PPO and POD activities. It was observed using electrophoresis and gel chromatography that both enzymes were present in phenolic complexes. The high level of adsorption observed on polyacrylamide gel, as well as the elementary composition of these complexes enabled a comparison with phytomelanins. PPO and POD in the soluble copolymers (from both natural and synthetic sources) were governed by Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. Apparent constants were calculated using the Lineweaver‐Burk method. The use of limited proteolysis and an inhibitor showed good resistance of POD activity in walnut and synthetic copolymers and exceptional resistance of PPO activity in walnut extracts (particularly insoluble extract).
Cadmium and lead content in fresh and canned peas
Authors: Zurera‐Cosano G. , Moreno‐Rojas R , Rincon‐Leon F , Amaro‐Lopez M
Published: October 2006

Cadium and lead in raw, blanched and canned peas were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The daily intake of cadmium and lead from peas in Spain was evaluated. The cadmium content of the peas ranged from less than 0.004 to 0.015 μg−1, whereas the lead content varied from 0.49 to 0.223 μg−1. The concentraiton of both elements was compared at different stages of the process. Statistically significant differences were found in the lead levels as a function of size and the different stages of the canning process. The mena level of cadmium and lead (0.041 μgg−1 and 0.092 μgg−1 respectively) could account for a daily intake of 0.1 μg day−1 for cadmium and 1.1 μg day−1 for lead.
Effect of dietary sorghum germ meal on performance and meat quality of broiler chicks
Authors: Jubarah Salah K , Elzubeir Elfadil A
Published: October 2006

Two hundred Lohmann broiler chicks were equally allocated into 20 pens after being adapted on a control diet for 7 days. The four dietary treatments containing graded levels of sorghum germ meal (SGM, 0, 75, 150, 225 g kg−1) were randomly assigned to the pens (five pens per dietary treatment). L‐Lysine and DL‐methionine were added to the diets to raise their contents to the recommended levels for starter broiler chicks. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 6‐week experimental period.

The dietary treatment had negative linear effects (P < 0.01) on body weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio and dressing percentage, and a positive linear effect (P < 0.01) on liver and viscera relative weights. It had insignificant effects (P > 0.05) on pancreas, bursa relative weights, incidence of leg abnormalities and mortality rate. Abdominal fat relative weight had shown a significant negative linear effect (P < 0.05). Dietary SGM had no detectably different effect on colour, juiciness, tenderness and flavour of the meat when evaluated by semi‐trained panellists.