bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Impact of Globalization Process in the Context of a Rural Village in Sri Lanka
Authors: Pannilage Upali
Published: March 2019

While globalization has been credited with expansion of world economies, improved communication among peoples of the world with a promise of a better future with greater access to new technologies and services; globalization has also been referred to negatively for the growing inequalities both within and between countries and has been viewed by some as the pursuit of material interests by dominant states and multinational companies. The present research was conducted to examine the research problem of ways and means of globalization process has influenced rural society in Sri Lanka and the factors that have contribute to this process and in which manner the rural communities respond to this process? The study has followed mixed research methodology which uses both qualitative and quantitative data. Primary data were collected from a sample of villagers in Kudagama village in Rathnapura district of Sri Lanka using both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The theories, concepts and recent studies that are relevant to the research problem were reviewed to place the study in a broader theoretical framework. The study found that the globalization process has made considerable impact on the society especially socially, politically and culturally. The study concluded with that the traditional rural Sri Lankan society has been considerably influenced by the globalization process.
Significance of the Service to Buddhist Scholarship rendered by the British Scholar Professor Rhys Davids during the British Colonial Period
Authors: Dhammajoti Beligalle
Published: March 2019

Buddhism and Buddhist Culture in Sri Lanka suffered a ruthless set back by the mid-nineteenth century due to the withdrawal of state patronage and foreign missionary activities. Buddhism lost its pristine and perfect strength, self-respect and its real philosophical background. Then there was an urgent need of Buddhist revivalist movement with proper Buddhist education. At this juncture, three British Civil servants who were appointed to Sri Lanka, George Turnour, T.W. Rhys Davids and R.D. Childers took an unshakable interest in the study of Pali language and Buddhist Culture of Sri Lanka. Rhys Davids by his untiring effort introduced the significance of Pali language and Buddhist Doctrine to English speaking world. His indefatigable efforts contributed to the opening up of the eyes of scholars to the significance of studying Pali language and Buddhist Doctrine. This paper examines the intensive study, humane qualities and intellectual strength of Prof. Rhys Davids and points out that it was the remarkable advantage that Sri Lankans and the Buddhist academic world had during the British Colonial period.
From Deficiency to Affluence: Dynamics of Kandyan Peasantries and the Rise Of Rural Caste Elite In Sri Lanka
Authors: Udayanga K.A. Semitha
Published: March 2019

During the past few decades, enormous changes in Kandyan peasantries have caused its restructuration, though some significant older structures still remain intact swaying people’s behaviour. For example, attitudes toward the caste have been changed tremendously, but again it plays a significant role in contemporary rural Sri Lanka. Therefore, this paper focuses on how people in Kandyan peasantries have been involved in the market-oriented development process, and in particular, why the low-caste people in Kandyan highland peasantries benefitted from education, once they have secured their economic gains while the high caste people have not. The research conducted using ethnomethodology reveals that the rural sector in Sri Lanka has undergone a convincing transition, while some traditional institutions were preserved. Within this transition, as the authoritative identity of the high caste people disturbed their education, in turn, prevented their upward mobility that of the low caste communities. Moreover, the market economy stimulated the upward mobility of low caste people in the contemporary Kandyan peasantries. As the market economy prevails in the country, some specific tasks performed by the low castes became market-oriented that and hastened the rise of rural elite from the low castes in Kandyan peasantries. The life of low caste elite then became stable and inspired them to drive toward a prestigious social status, during which education provided necessary means.
Diversity of Dragonfly Species in the Hakkinda Islands of Mahaweli River in the Gatabe Area
Authors: Kumara H.I.G.C. , Samarawilkrama V.A.M.P.K.
Published: March 2019

Hakkinda Islands surrounded by the Mahaweli River, close to the Kandy-Gatambe area is a bio-geographical hotspot in Sri Lanka. However, biogeographical importance of these islands has been overlooked during the last few decades as a result of development projects and wide-ranging human activities. Considering this fact, the President of Sri Lanka declared the Waratenna-Hakkinda geographical region as a conserved/ protected environmental area. According to the rudimentary survey, this protected area can be identified a special habitat to dragonfly species, which biologically comes under the ‘insect’ category (order- Odonata & infraorder- Anisoptera). Since the existing literature written on diversity of dragonfly species shows an inadequacy, the main objective of this research is to explore and examine the variation of this particular species inhabited to the research area. This research is guided by Quantitative-Deductive research methodology. Under this methodology, line transects, and quadrate sampling methods have been used for primary data collection. According to the research findings, a total number of 16 dragonfly species belonged to 08 families were identified and both riverine forest and river islands have rich diversity compared with home gardens in the area. Among the available species, 37.5% are identified to be endemic to the country. Three species, namely, Oriental Green Wing (Neurobasis chinensis), Black-tipped damsel (Vestalis apicalis) and Sri Lanka Ultima gem (Libellago finalis) are identified to be endangered/ vulnerable species. This research concludes that theough there are a high diversity of dragonfly species in the river islands and riverine forest areas, human activities and their irresponsible behaviour have directly and indirectly influenced negatively on dragonfly habitats and their breeding colonies. The research, thus, identified an immediate requirement for a regulatory mechanism to protect this biologically important breeding colony of dragonfly species and their habitats to protect their diversity.
Contribution of Home Gardens to Household Food Security in Sri Lanka: A Comparative Study on Wet Zone and Intermediate Zone
Authors: Yapa L.G.D.S.
Published: March 2019

In Sri Lanka, home gardens ensure to some extent the stability of household food security at the village level. Home gardening, which is an age-old practice in various parts of the country, varies on the basis of plant growth influenced by the seasonal weather changes, the composition of the soil and the structure of the locality. This paper attempts to identify the contribution of home gardens to food security with a focus on species richness and the availability of annual food supplement for family nutrition, as identified in a study carried out in four Agro Ecological Zones: the Kariyamadiththa and the Dambethalawa GN in the Intermediate Low Country (ILC); the Kumbalgama and the Silogama GN in the Intermediate Mid Country (IMC); the Vidulipura North and the Vidulipura South GN in the Wet Zone Up Country (WZUP); and the Dammala and the Pannimula GN in the Wet Zone Low Country (WZLC). The sample consists of 200 village level home gardens. While the sampling was random, the data analysis was carried out by means of SPSS 17.0 and the Shannon Diversity Index. According to the sample, the highest number of fruit varieties was found in the WZLC while the highest number of vegetable types was found in the WZUC. Most of the home gardens were maintained for both family consumption and marketing in the ILC. Animal husbandry was practiced sparsely but mostly in the ILC. Shannon diversity index shows that there are large variation in diversity and evenness among home gardens. The survey revealed that most of the householders did not have a reasonable knowledge about the seasons in which crops were available in their home gardens. The study highlights the importance of giving continuous incentives and identification of the potentials of the home gardens for increasing production to minimize the household food insecurity.
Urban-Rural Interactions and Role of Planned Small Townships in North Central Province, Sri Lanka: An Empirical Investigation of Urban Functions for Rural Development Approach
Authors: Withanage W.K.N.C.
Published: March 2019

Whether a settlement may urban or rural it performs different roles as commercial, administrative centre for surrounding regions. Settlements act as central places representing a particular tier of the settlement hierarchy. The roles of planned small townships on regional development and the interactions between those settlements and the periphery have been studied by many geographers in Asia, Africa and Latin America. These centers are at the lower order of urban hierarchy, and they have been planned purposefully in many countries based on Urban Functions for Rural Development Approach (UFRD) to accelerate the development of backward areas. Since these centers trickle down innovation & modernization to rural neighborhoods the roles of these centers are diverse. In order to achieve fruitful results of settlement planning most effective and rational spatial and location planning strategy is essential to promote these small centers within well-articulated, integrated and balanced urban hierarchy. Based on this perspective main objective of the study was evaluating the multiple roles of planned small townships in North Central Province (NCP) for the development of their neighborhoods. Thus, Thambuttegama was selected as the study area. Demarcating the sphere of influence of selected functions and assess the existing functional structure of the township were among other specific objectives. The primary data on commercial and non-governmental functions of the township was collected through a structured questionnaire, field survey and through informal interviews. Secondary data and other related information were gathered from official statistics, other published materials, unpublished reports and internal records. Variations of the linkages and urban functions in spatial and temporal dimensions have been shown as maps, spider graphs using GIS based tools such as overlay, buffering through the study.
Message from the Editor
Authors: Ranasinghe Chathuranga
Published: March 2019

It is with great pleasure that I send this message to the inaugural journal of the Sri Lanka Sports Medicine Association (SLSMA), the Sri Lankan Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine (SLJSEM).There was a need for a scientific journal for Sri Lanka in the area of Sports and Exercise Medicine for a long time where SLSMA was able meet the need. SLJSEM will be able to deliver up-to-date scientific knowledge to the Sri Lankan Sports Medicine community in the years to come. It will most importantly build a forum to the local scientists, undergraduate and post graduate students to showcase and disseminate the new knowledge which is a necessity to propagate advancement of the science in sport.SLJSEM will be launched at the inauguration ceremony of the 4th Scientific Sessions of the Sri Lanka Sports Medicine Association (SLSMA) on 24th of November 2018 at Waters Edge Baththaramulla.On behalf of SLJSEM, I wish to extend my warm thanks to the local and international experts in the editorial board and the reviewers, for making this daunting task achievable. My thanks to the authors for providing articles to this landmark publication.I take this opportunity to thank all our teachers, academics, scientists and clinicians who have worked to uplift the science of Sports and Exercise Medicine in Sri Lanka, which has led us to this date. My respect to our advisors Dr. Upali Banagala, Prof. Rohan Jayasekara and Dr. C Thurairaja for their continuous motivation and guidance and Dr. Prasanna Gamage for always being a part and parcel of this work. My special gratitude to the president, Dr. Eshan Jayaweera and the council of SLSMA for providing all needed support. Our printer Ananda Press, Colombo, Mr. Devendra for a timely and professional work and our sponsors are remembered with much appreciation at this moment.Hope knowledge will be created and disseminated through SLJSEM in the future, for the advancement of science and medicine in sport.Dr. Chathuranga Ranasinghe MBBS (Col), D.Sp.Med. (Col), PhD (QUT-Aus) Specialist in Sports and Exercise Medicine Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo Editor SLSMA and SLJSEM
High altitude training - developing an international centre for Sri Lanka: evaluating for the best outcome
Authors: Ranasinghe Chathuranga , Gamage Prasanna , Girard Olivier , Perera Romain , Ranasinghe Lakshitha , Seneviratne Ruwanika , De Silva Lalith
Published: March 2019

This article is based on the detailed inception report on technical evaluation, which was presented on request to the Ministry of Sports, Sri Lanka in June 2017, proposing the establishment of a Sports Medicine Human Performance and Research Centre at the planned High Altitude Training Centre (HATC), Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. The report was compiled by the Sports Medicine and Research Evaluation Team at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo and the Project Consultancy Unit, University of Moratuwa in collaboration with international content experts. The objective of this report was to inform the Sports Medicine requirements that should be considered during development of the high altitude training centre in Sri Lanka. This article discusses the scientific basis of altitude training, the global context listing several international centres for altitude training and the Sri Lankan context with the assessment of the environmental suitability and recommendations based on available evidence.
Loss of Antigen Presentation in Adipose Tissue Macrophages or in Adipocytes, but Not Both, Improves Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Blaszczak Alecia M. , Wright Valerie P. , Anandani Kajol , Liu Joey , Jalilvand Anahita , Bergin Stephen , Nicoloro Sarah M. , Czech Michael P. , Lafuse William , Deng Tuo , Bradley David , Hsueh Willa A.
Published: March 2019

Macrophages, B cells, and adipocytes are among the adipose tissue (AT) APCs that differentiate and activate naive CD4+ T cells. Mice with adipocyte loss of MHC class II (MHC II) are more insulin sensitive. Because macrophages are professional APCs, mice with genetic myeloid MHC II depletion (myeloid MHC II knockout [mMHCII−/−]) were created and metabolically characterized. FITC+ glucan-coated particles (glucan-encapsulated small interfering RNA [siRNA] particles [GeRPs]) were also used to target MHC II knockout specifically in AT macrophages (ATMs). Mice with total body mMHCII−/− were generated by crossing LyzMCre with H2Ab1 floxed mice. For specific ATM depletion of H2Ab1, GeRPs containing H2Ab1 siRNA were administered to high-fat diet–fed C57BL/6 mice. Unexpectedly, mMHCII−/− mice had loss of both macrophage and adipocyte H2Ab1, one of only two Ag-presenting arms; thus, neither cell could present Ag and activate CD4+ T cells. This inability led to a reduction in AT immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, increased AT CD8+ T cells, and no improvement in systemic metabolism. Thus, with combined systemic myeloid and adipocyte MHC II loss, the impact of ATM-specific alterations in APC activity could not be delineated. Therefore, GeRPs containing H2Ab1 siRNA were administered to specifically reduce ATM H2Ab1 which, in contrast, revealed improved glucose tolerance. In conclusion, loss of either ATM or adipocyte APC function, but not both, improves systemic glucose metabolism because of maintenance of AT regulatory T cells.
The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Lacrosse (2008–2009 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Lacrosse (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)
Authors: Pierpoint Lauren A. , Caswell Shane V. , Walker Nina , Lincoln Andrew E. , Currie Dustin W. , Knowles Sarah B. , Wasserman Erin B. , Dompier Thomas P. , Comstock R. Dawn , Marshall Stephen W. , Kerr Zachary Y.
Published: March 2019

Context

The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online (HS RIO) system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's lacrosse injury data.

Objective

To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' lacrosse in the 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate women's lacrosse in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014-academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

Online injury surveillance from high school girls' (annual average = 55) and collegiate women's (annual average = 19) lacrosse teams.

Patients or Other Participants

Female lacrosse players who participated in practices or competitions during the 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 academic years for high school or the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years for college.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury (≥24 hours) and exposure data. We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis.

Results

High school RIO documented 700 time-loss injuries during 481 687 AEs; the NCAA-ISP documented 1027 time-loss injuries during 287 856 AEs. The total injury rate during 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 was higher in college than in high school (2.55 versus 1.45/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.54, 1.99). Most injuries occurred during competitions in high school (51.1%) and practices in college (63.8%). Rates were higher during competitions compared with practices in high school (IRR = 2.32; 95% CI = 2.00, 2.69) and college (IRR = 2.38; 95% CI = 2.09, 2.70). Concussion was the most common diagnosis among all high school and most collegiate player positions, and the main mechanism of contact was with a playing apparatus (eg, stick, ball). Ligament sprains were also common (HS RIO practices = 22.2%, competitions = 30.3%; NCAA-ISP practices = 25.5%, competitions = 30.9%).

Conclusions

Rates of injury were higher in college versus high school female lacrosse players and in competitions versus practices. Injury-prevention strategies are essential to decrease the incidence and severity of concussions and ligament sprains.
The energy of a deterministic Loewner chain: Reversibility and interpretation via SLE$_{0+}$
Authors: Wang Yilin
Published: March 2019

We study some features of the energy of a deterministic chordal Loewner chain, which is defined as the Dirichlet energy of its driving function. In particular, using an interpretation of this energy as a large deviation rate function for SLE

_{\kappa}

as

\kappa \to 0

and the known reversibility of the SLE

_{\kappa}

curves for small

\kappa

, we show that the energy of a deterministic curve from one boundary point

a

of a simply connected domain

D

to another boundary point

b

is equal to the energy of its time-reversal, ie. of the same curve but viewed as going from

b

to

a

in

D

.
Micropropagation of Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso through Nodal Segment, Apical Bud and Cotyledon
Authors: Gurav Arun M , Mhase Archana G , Sinha Ritu , Kumar Suresh , Rao Gajendra , Prasad Goli P , Mangal Anupam K , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: March 2019

Aim:

To develop in vitro propagation protocol of a rare, vulnerable and endangered important medicinal plant Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso (Trivrit) through organogenesis.

Materials and methods:

Seeds collected from Institute's garden were pretreated and inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Cotyledon, axillary bud and nodal segments of in vitro grown plants were used as explants. Explants were cultured on half MS, MS, whites plain medium and MS supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators viz., BAP, AS, Kn, NAA, IAA, IBA. Cultures were incubated at 22° C ± 2°C and 8 hours photoperiod with light intensity of 3000 lux. Observations were recorded at an interval of 15 to 25 days.

Result:

The average maximum number of shoots 19.72 ± 0.240 achieved on MS supplemented with BAP (3 mg/L). 100% root induction was obtained on half MS, MS, Whites medium alone and the combination of MS with 1 to 4 mg/L concentrations of NAA, IBA, IAA. In vitro developed plantlets were transferred in the pots; which were easily acclimatized and established in the soil.

Conclusion:

The developed micropropagation protocol is beneficial for the rapid proliferation of shoots and root. The protocol would be helpful for mass multiplication as well as to conserve the rare and endangered plant of Trivrit.
Comparative Evaluation of Thin-layer Chromatography/ High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography Fingerprint Profiles of Successive Extracts in Development of Standardization Protocol for Ayurvedic, Siddha or Unani Formulations
Authors: Cheemalapati Venkata N , Balasundaram Maheshwari , Meena Ajay K , Singh Ravindra , Ilavarasan Raju , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: March 2019

Aim:

Trikatu churna is an important and unique polyherbal formulation used for various therapeutic indications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the need to ensure the quality of medicinal plant products and herbal formulations by using any modern controlled techniques. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a frequently used technique to develop the chromatographic fingerprints. Therefore, the present study was carried out for quality evaluation of Trikatu churna through the development of standardization protocol with comparative HPTLC fingerprint profiles of successive extracts besides routine analysis.

Materials and methods:

Successive extracts of various solvents of polarity in increasing order through soxhlet apparatus for Trikatu churna and its authenticated raw materials were prepared; comparative chromatographic fingerprint profiles developed along with the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative tests parameters have been carried out by using the Ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectrophotometer, flame photometer, and atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Results:

The following test parameters physicochemical parameters, evaluation of qualitative, quantitative phytochemicals such as total tannins, sugars and phenols, micronutrients such as sodium (Na), potassium (K); safety parameters such as microbial load, heavy metals and aflatoxins; comparative TLC and HPTLC fingerprint profiles of successive extracts of ingredients in increasing the polarity order of the solvents (n–hexane to alcohol) with respect to that of consecutive extracts of the final polyherbal formulation have been carried out for the quality evaluation.

Conclusion:

Trikatu churna was evaluated for its identity and purity by the systematic analysis of the above parameters for raw botanical ingredients and formulation in the course of development of standardization protocol for quality control.
Exploration of Polyherbal Formulations Used by Folk Healers of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: Mane Santosh S , Peethambaram Sinimol T , Masram Pravin R , Rath Chinmay , Bonthu Susmitha , Gaur Sugriv K , Narayanam Srikanth , Rattna Joseph GV
Published: March 2019

Introduction:

Various communities settled in Andaman and Nicobar Islands along with native tribes still possess a rich treasure of traditional medicinal knowledge. It is very necessary to document their indigenous knowledge of health and healthcare practices before they become used to the modern medicine and forgot to use native plants in their day-to-day practice. In the traditional system of medicine, plant-based medications are mostly used since time immemorial. This knowledge of the drug, drug preparations either from single or combination of numerous plants, i.e., poly herbalism orally descended from generations to generations uninterruptedly.

Objectives:

Documentation of the polyherbal (compound) formulations practiced by the native of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

Materials and methods:

The team of Regional Research Centre of Ayurveda, Port Blair conducted 23 periodical surveys visiting 75 different forest beats of Andaman and Nicobar Islands during 2013 to 2016, and local traditional folk healers were also interviewed as per the structured questionnaire based on ethno-medicinal survey protocol.

Observations:

Sixty-nine folklore claims related to compound formulation was registered during surveys; out of which maximum, i.e., 12 claims were for treatment of fever (Jwara) and 7 for pain in the abdomen (Udarashoola). The plantsAnnona squamosaL. andSenna occidentalis(L.) Link. Syn.Cassia occidentalisLink. were used as an ingredient in 12 formulations to cure a maximum number of ailments. Fresh leaves were mostly used in preparing the compound formulation (92.42%), and medicines were mostly used in the form ofSwarasa(39.13%) and followed byKalka(30.43%).

Conclusion:

Native folk healers of Andaman and Nicobar Islands are using a wide variety of Ayurvedic compound formulation so further well planned pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies required to confirm the efficacy of these folklore claims to develop new formulations.
Ethnomedicinal and Dietary Uses of Cissus quadrangularis L. (Asthishrinkhala) from the Tribes, Rural People and Traditional Healers of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Prasad Goli P , Pratap Goli P , Meenakshi Vaddi , Pal Prince K , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: March 2019

Aims:

To document and explore the ethnomedico botanical claims, folklore claims and dietary recipes of Cissus quadrangularis L. of Vitaceae family.

Materials and methods:

The study has aimed to review the 161 tribal individuals like traditional healers, tribal doctors and elder people in the field trips on their daily utilization of C. quadrangularis L. plant. The data were collected through conversation during the field trips. During the interviews, local names, useful plant parts, the method of preparation and dosage were recorded. The plants employed along C. quadrangularis L. were systematically identified by comparing with the assistance of related flora like "The Flora of Presidency of Madras" by Gamble (1936) and other related works.

Results:

The present study reveals 19 ethnomedical claims on C. quadrangularis L. collected from various tribal pockets of Andhra Pradesh and three dietary recipes from rural people residing in different habitats of Andhra Pradesh.

Conclusion:

With this investigation, it can be concluded that C. quadrangularis L. is an abundantly accessible restorative plant with an assortment of symptoms. It is utilized as a part of the bone recuperating agent in bone fractures by the tribes, conventional healers and additionally bolstered by traditional Ayurvedic literature by the name Asthishrinkhala. It is likewise a great dietary hotspot for bio calcium and bone wellbeing. Advance pharmacological, clinical and dietary investigations may divulge numerous esteems that are more helpful and exhibit as capable nourishing help in numerous more maladies including bone well being.

Clinical significance:

In Ayurvedic literature, it is mainly used in bone fractures, diseases of the eye, worm infestation, hemorrhoids, etc., diseases, some of the tribal claims support these indications some are unique and new like in constipation, dysmenorrhoea, etc. Along with stem some of the tribes are using its leaves, roots, etc. in different diseases. Pharmacological investigations on these claims can explore strategies for rendering new drugs to eradicate diseases clinically. Dishes prepared from C. quadrangularis L. may support as dietary supplements in clinical conditions like osteoporosis, osteopenia, etc. which needs further validation.
Folklore Plants from Kamakhya Hills Reserve Forest of Assam, India with their Ayurvedic Indications and Corroborated Pharmacological Activities
Authors: Bora Devanjal , Bora Manajit , Dubey Neha
Published: March 2019

Aim:

The present communication deals with the report of Medico-ethnobotanical claims and folklore medicinal plants documented during the survey made to Kamakhya Hills Reserve Forest of Nagaon Forest Division situated in Central Assam region in South bank of the mighty river Brahmaputra.

Materials and methods:

Field surveys were conducted in the study area where four folk healers were interviewed for documentation of Medico-ethnobotanical information. The reported folklore plant specimens are collected, identified and preserved.

Results:

The reported folk claims involve 18 medicinal plants under 18 genera represented by 15 families. Corroborative Ayurvedic indications and reported pharmacological activities have been reviewed against documented folklore medicinal plants for further validation of folk claims. From the review, it is evident that there are total four plant species reported as the folk medicine of the region are not mentioned in any classical Ayurvedic texts as well as in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Among these, one plant species have come up with novel disease indications without having corroborative disease indications in Ayurvedic system of medicine as well as in reported pharmacological activities.

Conclusion:

Novel folklore plants are suggested for further validation and screening.

Significance:

Corroboration with Ayurvedic indication and reported pharmacological activities will validate the use of the folklore plant.
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of an Ayurvedic Liniment Formulation
Authors: Biswas Rajarshi , Kanjilal Satyajyoti , Dey Amitabha , Mana Supriya , Bhatt Bibhuti N , Pandit Subrata , Chakraborty Pallabi , Gandhi Deepa , Maurya Ravi P , Narwaria Avinash , Maity Subhasis , Katiyar Chandra K
Published: March 2019

Aim:

The objective of these studies was to assess the antiinflammatory and analgesic activity claim of an Ayurvedic liniment (ZRL) formulation prepared basis the wisdom of classical formulations.

Materials and methods:

Carrageenan-induced paw edema was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity was examined using hot plate method and tail flick method. The efficacy of the topically applied ZRL formulation was evaluated vis-à-vis control.

Results:

The percentage of reduction of paw volume after ZRL treatment and standard diclofenac Gel were 49.18 ± 2.12 and 81.79 ± 1.24 respectively. In Eddy's hot plate model, after a latency period of 2 hours following topical application of the ZRL formulation, there was a significant reduction (66%) to painful sensation compare to control. In tail flick method, 89% reduction to painful sensation was observed with respect to pretreatment.

Conclusion:

The present study provided a scientific justification for pain relief and management of inflammation, by showing its peripheral and central acting anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties

Clinical significance:

The present in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of ZRL formulation showed its potential in the management of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal disorders. The taila formulation is in clinical use for management of pain associated with musculoskeletal and neurological disorders.
Drug Development for Select Diseases
Authors: Khanduri Shruti , Sharma Bhagwan S , Goel Sumeet , Rao BCS , Maheshwar Thugutla , Singh Arjun , Rath Chinmay , Gaidhani Sudesh N , Srikanth Narayanam
Published: March 2019

Background:

Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) is actively involved in the scientific process of drug development adopting prevalent guidelines such as good clinical practices guidelines for Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani (ASU) drugs (GCP-ASU), Ministry of AYUSH and National ethical guidelines for Bio-medical Research (ICMR), WHO guidelines for traditional medicines, etc.

Drug developed:

Till date, 11 technologies have been developed and commercialized by transferring to the Industry through National Research Development Corporation (NRDC), Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, for wider public utility including drugs for disease like AYUSH 82 for diabetes, AYUSH-64 for malaria, AYUSH SG for rheumatoid arthritis etc, also 17 drugs for RCH have been developed.

Drug development under progress:

Various new formulations like AYUSH manas for mental retardation/cognitive deficit, AYUSH QOL 2C for improving quality of life in cancer patients, AYUSH Rasayana (A and B) for Geriatric health, AYUSH C1 oil for wound healing, AYUSH PJ-7 for dengue, AYUSH M-3 for migraine, AYUSH SL for filariasis, AYUSH A for bronchial asthma, AYUSH D for Type II diabetes mellitus, carctol S for ovarian cancer, AYUSH K1 for chronic kidney diseases, AYUSH GMH for non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and AYUSH PTK for hepato-protection as adjuvant to anti tubercular treatment (ATT) have been taken up which are at different phases of drug development.

Conclusion:

Council is working towards drug development following scientific lines taking leads from LHTs and from classical Ayurveda texts to bring out scientifically validated medicine for use among masses in disease conditions of National importance and is committed to develop and provide treatment and prevention of emerging important lifestyle-related disease and other health requirements.
Empreendedorismo e as características dos micro e pequenos empresarios da região da Enseada do Suá
Authors: Facini Junior Romildo , Moreto Fernandes João Vitor , Alves de Oliveira Telles Tânia Eliete
Published: March 2019

The present study sought to analyze the characteristics of micro and small entrepreneurs in the region of Enseada do Suá, in the city of Vitória/ES. The objective of the research was to identify and describe, in addition to the challenges, the perception that micro and small entrepreneurs have when undertaking. To prove this, the work made use of field research and existing studies on micro and small entrepreneurs, in order to understand the profile of the entrepreneurs of the region researched and what they consider of greater importance to undertake. For the data collection, questions were elaborated divided into nine blocks, which deal with personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, characteristics of the company, dedication and innovative character, creativity and perseverance, planning and operational, customer satisfaction, competition and long term vision, With the purpose of collecting information about the micro and small companies located in the region of the Enseada do Suá. Results indicate that small entrepreneurs were seeking personal fulfillment, that of having their own business, and even with this desire, research indicates that almost 73% of respondents did not have help in opening their own business and almost 87% used capital To open the company. This shows that, even with the risks of not being supported to advise them and use their own capital, they were not afraid to undertake
Marketing sensorial: o estímulo olfativo como ferramenta de marketing no ponto de venda
Authors: Hamerski Henrique , Schulz Zouain Monika
Published: March 2019

This survey is about Markting Olfactory Sensory that validates the use of aroma spray as a tool that contributes to the loyalty of the consumer market and the promotion of the fragrance used as the olfactory mark, i.e., the identity of the company. The methodology chosen for this study have qualitative character, performed by the exploratory method for bibliographic data. Based on these informations was observed consumer behavior within the point of sale, with subsequent application of a structured questionnaire for collecting primary data. The sample population was 100 people chosen randomly as visiting the establishment. Based on the analysis of the questionnaire responses, the study proposes that targeting the fragrances in the point-of-sale environment, influencing the behavior of people
Concentrations, composition, and sources of ice-nucleating particles in the Canadian High Arctic during spring 2016
Authors: Si Meng , Evoy Erin , Yun Jingwei , Xi Yu , Hanna Sarah J. , Chivulescu Alina , Rawlings Kevin , Veber Daniel , Platt Andrew , Kunkel Daniel , Hoor Peter , Sharma Sangeeta , Leaitch W. Richard , Bertram Allan K.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Modelling studies suggest that the climate and the
hydrological cycle are sensitive to the concentrations of ice-nucleating
particles (INPs). However, the concentrations, composition, and sources of
INPs in the atmosphere remain uncertain. Here, we report daily concentrations
of INPs in the immersion freezing mode and tracers of mineral dust (Al, Fe,
Ti, and Mn), sea spray aerosol (Na+ and Cl−), and anthropogenic
aerosol (Zn, Pb, NO3-, NH4+, and non-sea-salt
SO42-) at Alert, Canada, during a 3-week campaign in March 2016.
In total, 16 daily measurements of INPs are reported. The average INP
concentrations measured in the immersion freezing mode were
0.005±0.002, 0.020±0.004, and 0.186±0.040 L−1 at −15,
−20, and −25 ∘C, respectively. These concentrations are within
the range of concentrations measured previously in the Arctic at ground
level or sea level. Mineral dust tracers all correlated with INPs at
−25 ∘C (correlation coefficient, R, ranged from 0.70 to 0.76),
suggesting that mineral dust was a major contributor to the INP population
at −25 ∘C. Particle dispersion modelling suggests that the
source of the mineral dust may have been long-range transport from the Gobi
Desert. Sea spray tracers were anti-correlated with INPs at −25 ∘C
(R=-0.56). In addition, INP concentrations at −25 ∘C divided by
mass concentrations of aluminum were anti-correlated with sea spray
tracers (R=-0.51 and −0.55 for Na+
and Cl−, respectively), suggesting that the components of sea spray
aerosol suppressed the ice-nucleating ability of mineral dust in the
immersion freezing mode. Correlations between INPs and anthropogenic aerosol
tracers were not statistically significant. These results will improve our
understanding of INPs in the Arctic during spring.
Historical (1700–2012) Global Multi-model Estimates of the Fire Emissions from the Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP)
Authors: Li Fang , Val Martin Maria , Hantson Stijn , Andreae Meinrat O. , Arneth Almut , Lasslop Gitta , Yue Chao , Bachelet Dominique , Forrest Matthew , Kaiser Johannes W. , Kluzek Erik , Liu Xiaohong , Melton Joe R. , Ward Daniel S. , Darmenov Anton , Hickler Thomas , Ichoku Charles , Magi Brian I. , Sitch Stephen , van der Werf Guido R. , Wiedinmyer Christine
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Fire emissions are critical for carbon and nutrient cycles, climate, and air quality. Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) with interactive fire modeling provide important estimates for long-term and large-scale changes of fire emissions. Here we present the first multi-model estimates of global gridded historical fire emissions for 1700–2012, including carbon and 33 species of trace gases and aerosols. The dataset is based on simulations of nine DGVMs with different state-of-the-art global fire models that participated in the Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), using the same and standardized protocols and forcing data, and the most up-to-date fire emission factor table from field and laboratory studies over various land cover types. We evaluate the simulations of present-day fire emissions by comparing them with satellite-based products. Evaluation results show that most DGVMs simulate present-day global fire emission totals within the range of satellite-based products, and can capture the high emissions over the tropical savannas, low emissions over the arid and sparsely vegetated regions, and the main features of seasonality. However, most of the models fail to simulate the interannual variability, partly due to a lack of modeling peat fires and tropical deforestation fires. Historically, all models show only a weak trend in global fire emissions before ~ 1850s, consistent with multi-source merged historical reconstructions. The long-term trends among DGVMs are quite different for the 20th century, with some models showing an increase and others a decrease in fire emissions, mainly as a result of the discrepancy in their simulated responses to human population density change and land-use and land-cover change (LULCC). Our study provides a basic dataset for developing regional and global multi-source merged historical reconstructions and merging methods, and analyzing historical changes of fire emissions and their uncertainties as well as their role in the Earth system. It also highlights the importance of accurately modeling the responses of fire emissions to LULCC and population density change in reducing uncertainties in historical reconstructions of fire emissions and providing more reliable future projections.
Aerosol direct radiative effect over clouds from synergy of OMI and MODIS reflectance
Authors: de Graaf Martin , Tilstra L. Gijsbert , Stammes Piet
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The retrieval of geophysical parameters is increasingly dependent on synergistic use of satellite instruments. More sophisticated parameters can be retrieved and the accuracy of retrievals can be increased when more information is combined. In this paper, a synergistic application of OMI/Aura and MODIS/Aqua Level 1B reflectances is described, enabling the retrieval of the aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE) over clouds using the differential aerosol absorption (DAA) technique. This technique was first developed for reflectances from SCIAMACHY/Envisat, which had the unique capability of measuring contiguous radiances from the ultraviolet (UV) at 240 nm to 1750 nm in the shortwave-infrared (SWIR), at a moderate spectral resolution of 0.2–1.5 nm. However, the spatial resolution and global coverage of SCIAMACHY was limited, and Envisat stopped delivering data in 2012. In order to continue the DRE data retrieval, reflectances from OMI and MODIS, flying in formation, were combined from the UV to the SWIR. This resulted in reflectances at a limited but sufficient spectral resolution, available at the OMI pixel grid, which have a much higher spatial resolution and coverage than SCIAMACHY. The combined reflectance spectra allow the retrieval of cloud microphysical parameters in the SWIR, and the subsequent retrieval of aerosol DRE over cloud scenes using the DAA technique. The new aerosol DRE over clouds dataset from OMI/MODIS is compared to the SCIAMACHY dataset for the period 2006–2009, showing a very high correlation. The average aerosol DRE over clouds in August 2006 was 31.5 Wm−2 with a standard deviation of 16 Wm−2. The maximum daily averaged DRE from OMI/MODIS in August 2006 was 75.6 ± 13 Wm−2. Over the Atlantic Ocean, the OMI/MODIS DRE dataset is related to AOT measurements over Ascension Island in 2016, showing the transport of smoke all the way from its source region in Africa over the Atlantic to Ascension and beyond.
Physical constraints for respiration in microbial hotspots in soil and their importance for denitrification
Authors: Schlüter Steffen , Zawallich Jan , Vogel Hans-Jörg , Dörsch Peter
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Soil denitrification is the most important terrestrial process returning reactive nitrogen to the atmosphere, but remains poorly understood. In upland soils, denitrification occurs in hotspots of enhanced microbial activity, even under well-aerated conditions, and causes harmful emissions of nitric (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Timing and magnitude of such emissions are difficult to predict due to the delicate balance of oxygen (O2) consumption and diffusion in soil. To study how spatial distribution of hotspots affects O2 exchange and denitrification, we embedded porous glass beads inoculated with either Agrobacterium tumefaciens (a denitrifier lacking N2O reductase) or Paracoccus denitrificans (a complete denitrifier) in different architectures (random vs. layered) in sterile sand adjusted to different water saturations (30 %, 60 %, 90 %) and measured gas kinetics (O2, CO2, NO, N2O and N2) at high temporal resolution. Air connectivity, air distance and air tortuosity were determined by X-ray tomography after the experiment. The hotspot architecture exerted strong control on microbial growth and timing of denitrification at low and intermediate saturations, because the separation distance between the microbial hotspots governed local oxygen supply. Electron flow diverted to denitrification in anoxic hotspot centers was low (2–7 %) but increased markedly (17–27 %) at high water saturation. X-ray analysis revealed that the air phase around most of the hotspots remained connected to the headspace even at 90 % saturation, suggesting that the threshold response of denitrification to soil moisture could be ascribed solely to increasing tortuosity of air-filled pores. Our findings suggest that denitrification and its gaseous product stoichiometry do not only depend on the amount of microbial hotspots in aerated soil, but also on their spatial distribution. We demonstrate that combining measurements of microbial activity with quantitative analysis of diffusion lengths using X-ray tomography provides unprecedented insights into physical constraints regulating soil microbial respiration in general and denitrification in particular. This opens new avenues to use observable soil structural attributes to predict denitrification and to parameterize models. Further experiments with natural soil structure, carbon substrates and microbial communities are required to demonstrate this under realistic conditions.