bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of viability of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain for poultry during freeze‐drying and storage using the response surface methodology
Authors: KHORAMNIA Anahita , ABDULLAH Norhani , LIEW Siew Ling , SIEO Chin Chin , RAMASAMY Kalavathy , HO Yin Wan
Published: October 2010

A rotatable central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of cryoprotectants (skim milk, sucrose and lactose) on the survival rate of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain, L. reuteri C10, for poultry, during freeze‐drying and storage. Using response surface methodology, a quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for response value by multiple regression analyses: Y = 8.59546 − 0.01038 X1 − 0.09382 X2 − 0.07771 X3 − 0.054861 X12 − 0.04603X32 − 0.10938 X1X2. Based on the model predicted, sucrose exerted the strongest effect on the survival rate. At various combinations of cryoprotectants, the viability loss of the cells after freeze‐drying was reduced from 1.65 log colony forming units (CFU)/mL to 0.26–0.66 log CFU/mL. The estimated optimum combination for enhancing the survival rate of L. reuteri C10 was 19.5% skim milk, 1% sucrose and 9% lactose. Verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The storage life of freeze‐dried L. reuteri C10 was markedly improved when cryoprotectants were used. At optimum combination of the cryoprotectants, the survival rates of freeze‐dried L. reuteri C10 stored at 4°C and 30°C for 6 months were 96.4% and 73.8%, respectively. Total viability loss of cells which were not protected by cryoprotectants occurred after 12 and 8 weeks of storage at 4°C and 30°C, respectively.
Comparative genomic analysis of growth hormone gene in geese
Authors: ZHAO Wen‐ming , QIAO Na , WANG Xue‐bin , CHEN Qing , CHENG Jin‐hua , XU Qi , CHEN Guo‐hong
Published: October 2010

To explore the mutation characteristic of growth hormone (GH) gene in geese, all the exons and introns of the gene were amplified by 20 pairs of primers, and then single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and subsequently confirmed by sequencing. There were six SNPs per 1000 nucleotides in exons compared to two SNPs per 1000 nucleotides in intron regions. The variant in exons contained only one non‐synonymous mutation and three synonymous mutations. The results show that its sequence identity with chicken and duck were 77.54% and 92.38%, respectively, which may be concluded that the GH gene was highly conservative in phylogenesis, although there were differences between waterfowls and chicken in their evolution process.
Molecular phylogeny and diversity of Myanmar and Bhutan mithun based on mtDNA sequences
Authors: TANAKA Kazuaki , TAKIZAWA Tatsuya , MURAKOSHI Hayato , DORJI Tashi , NYUNT Maung Maung , MAEDA Yoshizane , YAMAMOTO Yoshio , NAMIKAWA Takao
Published: October 2010

The mithun (Bos frontalis), synonymous with mithan and gayal, is considered to be a domesticated form of gaur (B. gaurus). However, there has been a controversy concerning its origin. In an effort to address this issue, the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) genes of 20 mithun from Myanmar and 13 from Bhutan were sequenced to trace its maternal origin. Seven cytb haplotypes were found in the 33 mithun, and the phylogenetic tree for these haplotypes clearly showed three embranchments involving five gaur types, a B. indicus type, and a B. taurus type. Sixteen Myanmar and 12 Bhutan mithun had gaur haplotypes, while a B. indicus haplotype was found in three Myanmar and one Bhutan mithun. The B. taurus haplotype was detected in a single Myanmar animal. These results demonstrated that the principal maternal origin of mithun was gaur and suggested that it was directly domesticated from gaur. However, some introgression of domestic cattle existed in current mithun populations. The presence of cattle mtDNA raised the question of how many cattle nuclear genes might have been integrated into the gene pool of mithun.
Tropical Biodiversity in Human‐Modified Landscapes: What is our Trump Card?
Authors: Tabarelli Marcelo
Published: October 2010

Many conservationists are now convinced that the expansion of the world system of protected areas combined with appropriate levels of biodiversity persistence within human‐modified landscapes would drastically mitigate the announced impoverishment of tropical biotas. In this context, an inherent/intrinsic biodiversity ability to persist and recover within human‐modified landscapes has emerged as a ‘trump card’ in the conservation battle, renewing our hope in a more sustainable development of the tropical region. However, this optimistic perspective on the conservation value of human‐modified landscapes sounds, a priori, a little unrealistic in face of the current knowledge on the nature of human environments and the spectrum of native species that is likely to persist there. Rather than relying on illusory levels of biodiversity resilience and consequent flexible land‐use regulations, our real trump card reposes on a radical and ambitious shift from freely exploited landscapes to strictly managed ones, despite the misleading noise produced by those voices advocating for immediate and almost unlimited access to natural resources. Otherwise, we are condemning future human populations to live in biologically impoverished and fragile environments with limited opportunities for life support.
Conservation in Low‐Governance Environments
Authors: Yu Douglas W. , Levi Taal , Shepard Glenn H.
Published: October 2010

How do we preserve biodiversity in low‐governance environments, where relevant legislation is either absent or not enforced and where commercial interests are arrayed against conservation? Part of the answer lies in discovering multiple sources of governance and adapting the tools of conservation biology to exploit them. We focus on indigenous and forest‐dwelling colonist populations and on rain forest tourism.
Declines in Leaf Litter Nitrogen Linked to Rising Temperatures in a Wet Tropical Forest
Authors: Tully Katherine , Lawrence Deborah
Published: October 2010

In the tropics rainfall can vary by hundreds of millimeters from month to month, while mean temperatures fluctuate by only a few degrees. Nevertheless, during this 7‐year study, we observed 35–52 percent declines in litter nitrogen concentrations in response to small increases in minimum temperature, with no response to the larger oscillations in rainfall.
Diamonds or Dragonflies? A Question of Reshaping Societal Values
Authors: Ghazoul Jaboury
Published: October 2010

I contend that our values are muddled and misplaced. As a society, Nature is grossly undervalued relative to other commodities and priorities despite its integral and central role in our psyche and culture. The increasing dissociation of humans from nature, physically, intellectually and culturally, threatens the conservation ethic and all our efforts at conserving Nature in the long term, for human benefit or for its own sake. We need to reverse the increasing human isolation from the natural environment by encouraging our children and the wider public to engage with Nature. The formative experiences thus gained might, with time, change societal priorities in favor of a renewed conservation ethic.
2‐(pyrazin‐2‐yloxy)acetohydrazide Analogs QSAR Study: An Insight into the Structural Basis of Antimycobacterial Activity
Authors: Gupta Revathi A. , Gupta Arun K. , Soni Love K. , Kaskhedikar Satish Gopalrao
Published: October 2010

Quantitative structure activity relationship analysis based on classical Hansch approach was adopted on reported novel series of 2‐(pyrazin‐2‐yloxy)acetohydrazide analogs. Various types of descriptors like topological, spatial, thermodynamic, and electronic were used to derive a quantitative relationship between the antitubercular activity and structural properties. The consensus scoring function showed a significant statistics of training and test set. Coefficient of determination (r2) of consensus model and predictive squared correlation coefficient () were found to be 0.889 and 0.782, respectively. The model is not only able to predict the activity of test compounds but also explained the important structural features of the molecules in a quantitative manner. The study revealed that antimycobacterium activity is predominantly explained by the molecular connectivity indices of length 6, hydrogen donor feature of the analogs, and shape factors of the substituent. The comparative investigation of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi provided structural insights on how modulation of the molecular connectivity indices, energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, accessible surface area, and moment of inertia of the analogs could be usefully made to optimize the antibacterial activity.
Transparency and Representationalist Theories of Consciousness
Authors: Kind Amy
Published: October 2010

Over the past few decades, as philosophers of mind have begun to rethink the sharp divide that was traditionally drawn between the phenomenal character of an experience (what it’s like to have that experience) and its intentional content (what it represents), representationalist theories of consciousness have become increasingly popular. On this view, phenomenal character is reduced to intentional content. This article explores a key motivation for this theory, namely, considerations of experiential transparency. Experience is said to be transparent in that we ‘look right through it’ to the objects of that experience, and this is supposed to support the representationalist claim that there are no intrinsic aspects of our experience.
Epistemic Internalism
Authors: Madison BJC
Published: October 2010

The internalism/externalism debate is of interest in epistemology since it addresses one of the most fundamental questions in the discipline: what is the basic nature of knowledge and epistemic justification? It is generally held that if a positive epistemic status obtains, this is not a brute fact. Rather if a belief is, for example, justified, it is justified in virtue of some further condition(s) obtaining. What has been called epistemic internalism holds, as the label suggests, is that all the relevant factors that determine justification must be ‘internal’ (in a sense that needs to be specified). Epistemic externalism is the denial of internalism. Epistemic internalism about justification is the subject of this article. After introducing the central intuitive considerations that have tended to motivate internalism, this paper will explore different ways of construing the internalist position (or family of positions). In addition to classical formulations, more recent formulations will be discussed, concluding with a discussion of an emerging position known as ‘Epistemological Disjunctivism’, which its advocates claim preserves the most important features of more traditional forms of internalism, while avoiding their difficulties. Epistemological Disjunctivism is particularly worthy of attention since if true, it promises to bridge internalist and externalist epistemologies, bringing a rapprochement to two sides of what may otherwise appear a deep and intractable debate about the fundamental nature of epistemology.
Virtues of Art
Authors: Goldie Peter
Published: October 2010

The idea that there is an important place in philosophical aesthetics for virtues of art is not new, but it is now undergoing a serious re‐examination. Why might this be? What are the principles behind virtue aesthetics? Are there any good arguments for the theory? (I will take virtue aesthetics to be the theory that there is a central place for virtues of art.) What problems does virtue aesthetics face? And what might the implications be of virtue aesthetics both in philosophy and in related disciplines?
Matter, Structure, and Change: Aspects of the Philosophy of Chemistry
Authors: Weisberg Michael , Needham Paul
Published: October 2010

This article is an overview of some of the contemporary debates in philosophy of chemistry. We discuss the nature of chemical substances, the individuation of chemical kinds, the relationship between chemistry and physics, and the nature of the chemical bond.
Spectral Discrimination of Benign and Malignant Prostate Tissues––A Preliminary Report
Authors: Masilamani Vadivel , Rabah Danny , AlSalhi Mohamad , Trinka Vijmasi , VijayaRaghavan Parthasarathy
Published: October 2010

In this preliminary report, benign (n = 8) and malignant (n = 5) prostate tissues, in vitro, have been taken through autofluorescence spectroscopy. Employing Stokes’ shift spectra and fluorescence emission spectra as tools of analysis, we were able to discriminate the two sets of tissues with sensitivity and specificity in excess of 85%. When the excised prostate chips were scanned with a spatial resolution of 1 mm, the epicenter of malignancy also could be delineated.
Model for end‐stage liver disease combined with serum prealbumin to predict the prognosis of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis
Authors: LIU Fei , CAI Ling Yan , ZHONG Lan , CHEN Chi , XU Fei , ZHAO Zhong Xin , CHEN Xi Mei
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE:  To evaluate the prognostic value of model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) combined with serum prealbumin (PA) in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.

METHODS:  A total of 252 patients were enrolled in the study and followed 1 year. PA was measured and MELD score was calculated on the first day of admission. Analysis of variance (anova) was used to assess correlation between PA level and MELD score. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to screen the prognosis related factors. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were drawn.

RESULTS:  Of the 252 patients, 28 died within 3 months, 58 within 6 months and 91 within 1 year. Serum PA level in dead patients was significantly lower than that in survival patients (P < 0.005) and decreasing with increasing of MELD score. Cox analysis showed that MELD score > 18 (RR = 2.749) and PA < 70 mg/L (RR = 2.412) were independent prognosis risk factors. The risk ratio of MELD score combined with PA level (1.854, P < 0.01) was higher than that of MELD score alone (1.054, P < 0.05). Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis showed that MELD score ≤ 18 combined with PA ≥ 70 mg/L could clearly discriminate patients who would survive or die within 6 month and 1 year follow up.

CONCLUSION:  MELD score ≤ 18 combined with PA ≥ 70 mg/L could predict the 6‐month and 1‐year prognosis of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, and was superior to that of MELD score alone.
Lack of Circadian Variation of Pulse Wave Velocity Measurements in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Drager Luciano F. , Diegues‐Silva Luzia , Diniz Patrícia M. , Lorenzi‐Filho Geraldo , Krieger Eduardo M. , Bortolotto Luiz A.
Published: October 2010

Arterial stiffness is an independent marker of cardiovascular events. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a validated method to detect arterial stiffness that can be influenced by several factors including age and blood pressure. However, it is not clear whether PWV could be influenced by circadian variations. In the present study, the authors measured blood pressure and carotid‐femoral PWV measurements in 15 young healthy volunteers in 4 distinct periods: 8 am, noon, 4 pm, and 8 pm. No significant variations of systolic (P=.92), mean (P=.77), and diastolic (P=.66) blood pressure among 8 am (113±15, 84±8, 69±6 mm Hg), noon (114±13, 83±8, 68±6 mm Hg), 4 pm (114±13, 85±8, 70±7 mm Hg), and 8 pm (113±7, 83±10, 68±7 mm Hg), respectively, were observed. Similarly, carotid‐femoral PWV did not change among the periods (8 am: 7.6±1.4 m/s, noon: 7.4±1.1 m/s, 4 pm: 7.6±1.0 m/s, 8 pm, 7.6±1.3 m/s; P=.85). Considering all measurements, mean blood pressure significantly correlated with PWV (r=.31; P=.016). In young healthy volunteers, there is no significant circadian variation of carotid‐femoral PWV. These findings support the concept that it does not appear mandatory to perform PWV measurements at exactly the same period of the day. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:19–22. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Artificial skin in perspective: concepts and applications
Authors: Brohem Carla A. , da Silva Cardeal Laura B. , Tiago Manoela , Soengas María S. , de Moraes Barros Silvia B. , Maria‐Engler Silvya S.
Published: October 2010

Skin, the largest organ of the human body, is organized into an elaborate layered structure consisting mainly of the outermost epidermis and the underlying dermis. A subcutaneous adipose‐storing hypodermis layer and various appendages such as hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels are also present in the skin. These multiple components of the skin ensure survival by carrying out critical functions such as protection, thermoregulation, excretion, absorption, metabolic functions, sensation, evaporation management, and aesthetics. The study of how these biological functions are performed is critical to our understanding of basic skin biology such as regulation of pigmentation and wound repair. Impairment of any of these functions may lead to pathogenic alterations, including skin cancers. Therefore, the development of genetically controlled and well characterized skin models can have important implications, not only for scientists and physicians, but also for manufacturers, consumers, governing regulatory boards and animal welfare organizations. As cells making up human skin tissue grow within an organized three‐dimensional (3D) matrix surrounded by neighboring cells, standard monolayer (2D) cell cultures do not recapitulate the physiological architecture of the skin. Several types of human skin recombinants, also called artificial skin, that provide this critical 3D structure have now been reconstructed in vitro. This review contemplates the use of these organotypic skin models in different applications, including substitutes to animal testing.
Classification of Complex Reservoirs in Superimposed Basins of Western China
Authors: Xiongqi PANG , Xinyuan ZHOU , Changsong LIN , Zhipeng HUO , Xiaorong LUO , Hong PANG
Published: October 2010

Many of the sedimentary basins in western China were formed through the superposition and compounding of at least two previously developed sedimentary basins and in general they can be termed as complex superimposed basins. The distinct differences between these basins and monotype basins are their discontinuous stratigraphic sedimentation, stratigraphic structure and stratigraphic stress‐strain action over geological history. Based on the correlation of chronological age on structural sections, superimposed basins can be divided into five types in this study: (1) continuous sedimentation type superimposed basins, (2) middle and late stratigraphic superimposed basins, (3) early and late stratigraphic superimposed basins, (4) early and middle stratigraphic superimposed basins, and (5) long‐term exposed superimposed basins. Multiple source‐reservoir‐caprock assemblages have developed in such basins. In addition, multi‐stage hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, multiple sources, polycyclic hydrocarbon accumulation and multiple‐type hydrocarbon reservoirs adjustment, reformation and destruction have occurred in these basins. The complex reservoirs that have been discovered widely in the superimposed basins to date have remarkably different geologic features from primary reservoirs, and the root causes of this are folding, denudation and the fracture effect caused by multiphase tectonic events in the superimposed basins as well as associated seepage, diffusion, spilling, oxidation, degradation and cracking. Based on their genesis characteristics, complex reservoirs are divided into five categories: (1) primary reservoirs, (2) trap adjustment type reservoirs, (3) component variant reservoirs, (4) phase conversion type reservoirs and (5) scale‐reformed reservoirs.
Comparison of the Surface and Underground Natural Gas Occurrences in the Tazhong Uplift of the Tarim Basin
Authors: Jun TIAN , Junqing CHEN , Jiao JIAO , Xiongqi PANG
Published: October 2010

The oil, gas and water volumes revealed by the productivity of exploratory wells do not reflect the actual underground situations. Under the geologic conditions, a certain amount of dissolved natural gas is stored in oil or water. Based on the production test data of exploratory wells in the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin, this paper discusses in detail the differences in occurrence and distribution featrues between the surface and underground natural gases; presents a restoration of the surface gas occurrence to actual underground geologic conditions according to the dissolubility of natural gas under different temperature, pressure and medium conditions; and classifies the natural gas into three states, i.e. the oversaturated, saturated and undersaturated, according to its relative content underground. Through a comparative analysis of the differences in surface and underground occurrences of natural gas, it discusses the hydrocarbon reservoir formation mechanism and distribution rules, thereby providing guidances as new methods and technologies for the prediction of potential natural gas reservoir distribution in the study area.
Late Carboniferous‐Early Permian Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Evolution in the Northeast Ordos Basin, North China
Authors: Minghui YANG , Chiyang LIU , Chaoli LAN , Le LIU , Xin LI , Kunshan ZHANG
Published: October 2010

Sequence stratigraphical analysis was applied to the Upper Carboniferous‐Lower Permian sedimentary succession of the northeastern Ordos Basin, north China based on data acquired from ten entire logging curves and eight outcrops. The facies framework of the lithostratigraphical unit, the Taiyuan Formation comprises seven facies in two facies associations, varying from fluvio‐delta to shelf‐barrier islands. The facies are presented within a chronostratigraphical framework, linked by systems tract, which in turn are limited by flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries. Six third‐order depositional sequences are recognised, bounded by six type 2 unconformities. An upwards‐shallowing epicontinental sea sedimentary model is created, which consists of a sandstone, coal seam and carbonate succession.
An Overview of Factors Relevant to Undertaking Research and Reviews on the Effectiveness of Treatment for Frozen Shoulder
Authors: Dawson Jill , Shepperd Sasha , Carr Andrew
Published: October 2010

This review summarizes recent research relevant to assessing the effectiveness of treatment for frozen shoulder, including the natural history, the prevalence of frozen shoulder, and other conditions sometimes associated with it. We searched Medline, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Embase databases for systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials published in English from 1999 to 2009. Frozen shoulder is of unknown aetiology and has three distinct phases: (1) the painful phase; (2) the stiff (‘frozen’) phase; and (3) recovery (‘thawing’). Frozen shoulder is more common in women and within the age-range 40 years to 60 years. The prevalence of frozen shoulder is between 2% and 5%, but between 10% and 31% in people with diabetes. Diagnosis can prove difficult, particularly within primary care. The many treatment options involve little consensus on usage and in relation to different phases of frozen shoulder. There is limited evidence of the effectiveness of different forms of treatment used for frozen shoulder. Many studies evaluating treatment effects carry a moderate to high risk of bias and omit details of the duration of symptoms or the phase of the condition. The outcome measures used may all lack sufficient specificity. Data on economic outcomes concerning patterns of care, treatment and treatment effects for frozen shoulder are limited.
Managing Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder: A Survey of Health Professionals' Current Practice and Research Priorities
Authors: Dennis Laura , Brealey Stephen , Rangan Amar , Rookmoneea Maya , Watson Jude
Published: October 2010

Background

We aimed to identify the treatments used by health care professionals in current practice for the management of patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder and the need for further research in this area, specifically a randomized trial.

Methods

Three hundred and three health care professionals (i.e. general practitioners, physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons) completed an online survey about idiopathic frozen shoulder management and research priorities. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square statistics and thematic analysis of qualitative data.

Results

Conservative treatment and physical therapy were identified as the most common interventions for treating patients presenting with frozen shoulder in the early ‘painful’ phase. Approximately half of the respondents would recommend surgery for patients with ‘resolution’ phase frozen shoulder, although there was some disagreement about the role of pain as an indicator for surgery. Most respondents (221/251) considered that more research was needed using a randomized trial design, in particular aiming to investigate the effectiveness of physical therapy and surgery.

Conclusion

Health professionals manage frozen shoulders differently for different phases of the condition. More research is needed to compare different interventions for the management of patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder.
Non-Union of Radial Neck Fracture: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Pace Alistair , Chou Daud , Kurian Jomy
Published: October 2010

Radial neck fractures usually have high union rates. We describe the case of a young fit male who suffered a minimally displaced traumatic radial neck fracture which resulted in non-union. In spite of this, 16 months following injury the patient had no elbow pain or functional disability. Investigative procedures revealed no structural collapse of the radial head. A review of literature complements the case report.
The Reliability of the Constant–Murley Shoulder Scoring System
Authors: Yasin Mohammed N. , Naqui Syed Z. , Muir Lindsay T. S. W.
Published: October 2010

Background

The Constant–Murley score (CMS) is a widely used scoring system. However, its objective component is open to inter-rater variability. The present study aimed to assess the inter-rater reliability of the objective component of the CMS.

Methods

Fifteen clinicians of varying experience were given 18 standardized photographs of 10 normal subjects of varying age and build, equating to 24 fixed shoulder positions. Each rater visually estimated the angle of each shoulder and repeated the process at 1 week using a goniometer. These angles were converted to their appropriate CMS. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to assess inter-rater reliability.

Results

The mean postgraduate experience of our raters was 7.13 years. There were a total of 360 CMS estimated visually. The inter-rater ICC was 0.909 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.854 to 0.952]. The goniometer-based CMS were similar: ICC 0.950 (95% CI 0.907 to 0.976) (Cronbach's alpha = 0.993). Comparing CM scores between visual estimation and goniometry demonstrated an inter-rater ICC of 0.409 (95% CI–0.0301 to 0.827).

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to define the reliability of the objective component of the CMS using large numbers of observers and patients. We have shown that the CMS is highly reliable between raters providing that the same method is used. In the present study, visual estimation was found to be as reliable between raters as the goniometer. However, the reliability of the score is dramatically affected if the two methods are interchanged between raters.
Exclusion of cytoplasmic fragments in flow cytometric analysis of lymph node samples from dogs with lymphoma using membrane‐permeable violet laser‐excitable DNA‐binding fluorescent dye (DyeCycle Violet)
Authors: Ito Daisuke , O'Brien Timothy D. , Modiano Jaime F.
Published: October 2010

Background: Cytoplasmic fragments derived from fragile neoplastic lymphocytes are common in samples of lymph nodes collected from dogs with lymphoma. These cytoplasmic fragments interfere with accurate gating of target cells and quantification protocols used for flow cytometry because of their variable size and expression of lymphoid cell surface antigens on their membranes.

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a method to efficiently exclude cytoplasmic fragments from flow cytometric analysis of canine lymph nodes in which lymphoma was present.

Methods: Single‐cell suspensions of neoplastic cells were prepared from biopsy samples and fine‐needle aspirates of lymph nodes from 23 dogs with lymphoma. Suspensions were stained using a violet laser‐excitable (405 nm) membrane‐permeable DNA‐binding fluorescent dye (DyeCycle Violet [DCV]), incubated with antibodies against CD3, CD5, CD21, CD22, and CD45, and then stained with 7‐amino‐actinomycin D (7‐AAD), an argon‐excitable (488 nm) membrane‐impermeable DNA‐binding fluorescent dye. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used for analysis based on selective uptake and laser‐activated fluorescence of these dyes.

Results: Cytoplasmic fragments, which were DCV‐negative and CD45‐positive, and dead cells, which were positive for 7‐AAD, were efficiently separated from neoplastic cells.

Conclusion: Staining with DCV is a useful method to improve flow cytometric gating methods and quantitative analyses of lymph node samples from dogs with lymphoma.
Correlated firing among major ganglion cell types in primate retina
Authors: Greschner Martin , Shlens Jonathon , Bakolitsa Constantina , Field Greg D. , Gauthier Jeffrey L. , Jepson Lauren H. , Sher Alexander , Litke Alan M. , Chichilnisky E. J.
Published: October 2010

Non‐technical summary

This paper examines the correlated firing among multiple ganglion cell types in the retina. For many years it has been known that ganglion cells exhibit a tendency to fire simultaneously more or less frequently than would be predicted by chance. However, the particular patterns of correlated activity in the primate retina have been unclear. Here we reveal systematic, distance‐dependent correlations between different ganglion cell types. For the most part, the patterns of activity are consistent with a model in which noise in cone photoreceptors propagates through common retinal circuitry, creating correlations among ganglion cell signals.
Multisensory space: from eye‐movements to self‐motion
Authors: Bremmer Frank
Published: October 2010

We perceive the world around us as stable. This is remarkable given that our body parts as well as we ourselves are constantly in motion. Humans and other primates move their eyes more often than their hearts beat. Such eye movements lead to coherent motion of the images of the outside world across the retina. Furthermore, during everyday life, we constantly approach targets, avoid obstacles or otherwise move in space. These movements induce motion across different sensory receptor epithels: optical flow across the retina, tactile flow across the body surface and even auditory flow as detected from the two ears. It is generally assumed that motion signals as induced by one's own movement have to be identified and differentiated from the real motion in the outside world. In a number of experimental studies we and others have functionally characterized the primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and its role in multisensory encoding of spatial and motion information. Extracellular recordings in the macaque monkey showed that during steady fixation the visual, auditory and tactile spatial representations in the ventral intraparietal area (VIP) are congruent. This finding was of major importance given that a functional MRI (fMRI) study determined the functional equivalent of macaque area VIP in humans. Further recordings in other areas of the dorsal stream of the visual cortical system of the macaque pointed towards the neural basis of perceptual phenomena (heading detection during eye movements, saccadic suppression, mislocalization of visual stimuli during eye movements) as determined in psychophysical studies in humans.
The neglected role of insulin‐like growth factors in the maternal circulation regulating fetal growth
Authors: Sferruzzi‐Perri A. N. , Owens J. A. , Pringle K. G. , Roberts C. T.
Published: October 2010

Maternal insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) play a pivotal role in modulating fetal growth via their actions on both the mother and the placenta. Circulating IGFs influence maternal tissue growth and metabolism, thereby regulating nutrient availability for the growth of the conceptus. Maternal IGFs also regulate placental morphogenesis, substrate transport and hormone secretion, all of which influence fetal growth either via indirect effects on maternal substrate availability, or through direct effects on the placenta and its capacity to supply nutrients to the fetus. The extent to which IGFs influence the mother and/or placenta are dependent on the species and maternal factors, including age and nutrition. As altered fetal growth is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality and a greater risk of developing degenerative diseases in adult life, understanding the role of maternal IGFs during pregnancy is essential in order to identify mechanisms underlying altered fetal growth and offspring programming.
FE Simulation-Based Folding Defect Prediction and Avoidance in Forging of Axially Symmetrical Flanged Components
Authors: Chan W. L. , Fu M. W. , Lu J.
Published: October 2010

In the traditional metal forming product development paradigm, product design is generally based on heuristic know-how and experience, which are basically acquired through many years of practice. This kind of product design paradigm is of more trial-and-error than in-depth scientific calculation and analysis. Product defect prediction and quality assurance is, thus, a nontrivial issue in this product development paradigm. With the aid of finite element (FE) simulation, deformation-related defects can be predicted and analyzed. In this paper, flow-induced folding defect in forging of axially symmetrical flanged components is systematically investigated. A FE model to study the root-cause of the defect based on the material flow behavior is developed and a defect formation mechanism is revealed. The variation of material flow behavior with the changes of part geometry parameters is investigated extensively. Based on the simulation results, the parameter variation characteristics and the sensitivity of each parameter to folding defect avoidance are identified. Using industrial components as case studies, the efficiency of the proposed defect avoidance approach is verified. The approach is further proven to be able to provide practical guidelines for the design of defect-free axially symmetrical flanged components.
Modeling of the Plane Needle Cutting Edge Rake and Inclination Angles for Biopsy
Authors: Moore Jason Z. , Zhang Qinhe , McGill Carl S. , Zheng Haojun , McLaughlin Patrick W. , Shih Albert J.
Published: October 2010

Hollow needles are one of the most common medical devices, yet little study has focused on the needle tip cutting geometry for biopsy, which is a tissue cutting process. This research develops mathematical models to calculate the inclination and rake angles along cutting edges on needle tips generated by planes. Three types of plane needle tips, the one-plane bias bevel, multi-plane symmetrical, and two-plane nonsymmetric needles, are investigated. The models show that the leading tip of a bias bevel needle has an inclination angle of 0 deg, the worst configuration for cutting. Symmetric multiplane needles on the other hand have very high inclination angles, 60, 56.3, and 50.8 deg, given a needle formed by two-, three-, and four-plane, respectively, for a bevel angle of 30 deg and can assist more effective needle biopsy. The rake angle is at its greatest value (the best configuration for cutting), which equals the 90 deg minus the bevel angle, at the initial cutting point for the bias bevel needle. Experiments are performed using three 11 gauge two-plane symmetric needles with 20, 25, and 30 deg bevel angles on bovine liver and demonstrate that the needle tip geometry affects biopsy performance, where longer biopsy samples are collected with needles of higher rake and inclination angle.
Basis of Novel Technique for Spatial Objects Shaping With High-Pressure Abrasive Water Jet
Authors: Borkowski P. J. , Borkowski J. A.
Published: October 2010

Novel method for the 3D shaping of different materials using a high-pressure abrasive water jet is presented in the paper. For the steering movement process of the jet, a principle similar to the raster image way of record and readout was used. However, respective colors of pixels of such a bitmap are connected with adequate jet feed rate that causes erosion of material with adequate depth. Thanks to that innovation, one can observe spatial imaging of the object. Theoretical basis as well as spatial model of material shaping including steering program is presented in. There are also presented experimental erosion results as well as practical examples of the object’s bas-relief made of metal.
Development, Modeling, and Experimental Investigation of Low Frequency Workpiece Vibration-Assisted Micro-EDM of Tungsten Carbide
Authors: Jahan M. P. , Saleh T. , Rahman M. , Wong Y. S.
Published: October 2010

This present study intends to investigate the feasibility of drilling deep microholes in difficult-to-cut tungsten carbide by means of low frequency workpiece vibration-assisted micro–electro-discharge machining (micro-EDM). A vibration device has been designed and developed in which the workpiece is subjected to vibration of up to a frequency of 1 kHz and an amplitude of 2.5 μm. An analytical approach is presented to explain the mechanism of workpiece vibration-assisted micro-EDM and how workpiece vibration improves the performance of micro-EDM drilling. The reasons for improving the overall flushing conditions are explained in terms of the behavior of debris in a vibrating workpiece, change in gap distance, and dielectric fluid pressure in the gap during vibration-assisted micro-EDM. In addition, the effects of vibration frequency, amplitude, and electrical parameters on the machining performance, as well as surface quality and accuracy of the microholes have been investigated. It has been found that the overall machining performance improves considerably with significant reduction of machining time, increase in MRR, and decrease in EWR. The improved flushing conditions, increased discharge ratio, and reduced percentage of ineffective pulses are found to be the contributing factors for improved performance of the vibration-assisted micro-EDM of tungsten carbide.
An Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Patterns and Air Entrapment Phenomena During the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity
Authors: Hernández-Ortega J. J. , Zamora R. , Palacios J. , López J. , Faura F.
Published: October 2010

One of the most important problems encountered in die-casting processes is porosity due to air entrapment in the molten metal during the injection process. The aim of this work is to study experimentally and numerically the different air entrapment phenomena that may take place in the early stages of the filling of a vertical die cavity with a rectangular shape for operating conditions typically used in low and medium-pressure die-casting processes. Special attention is given to determining the influence of the gravitational forces on the flow pattern. Numerical simulation of the flow in the die cavity is carried out for the liquid phase using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (FLOW-3D) based on the solution algorithm-volume of fluid (SOLA-VOF) approach to solve the coupling between the momentum and mass conservation equations and to treat the free-surface, while the amount of air evacuated through vents is calculated by using an unsteady one-dimensional adiabatic model that retains friction effects. The main characteristics of the flow at the early instants of the die cavity filling are analyzed for different operating conditions, and the different flow patterns are summarized in a map as a function of the Reynolds and Froude numbers. Also, filling visualization experiments are carried out on a test bench using water as working fluid in a transparent die model and a high-speed camera. The numerical and experimental results obtained for the free-surface profile evolution are compared for different inlet velocities of the fluid and the viability of the numerical tools used to predict the final amount of trapped air in the die cavity is discussed.
The Importance of Proper Scheduling of Energy Equipment in Combined Heat and Power Plants for Buildings: A Case Study
Authors: Reddy T. Agami , Maor Itzhak
Published: October 2010

There is increasing interest in using Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems to supply the energy needs in commercial/institutional buildings. However, due to the large diurnal and seasonal variability in building thermal and electric loads, such systems in buildings (BCHP) require more careful and sophisticated operation as compared to those in industrial CHP. Operating such systems consists of two separate issues: (i) equipment scheduling which involves determining which of the numerous equipment combinations to operate, i.e., is concerned with starting or stopping prime movers, boilers and chillers; and (ii) the second and lower level type of control, called supervisory control, which involves determining the optimal values of the control parameters (such as loading of primemovers, boilers and chillers) under a specific combination of equipment schedule. This paper is concerned with both these aspects, and presents case study results of a school under real-time electrical pricing (RTP) located in New York City, NY. A school has been selected for study because of its high diurnal and seasonal load variability. The approach first involved simulating the buildings using a detailed building energy simulation program to obtain hourly electrical and thermal loads which were then used to size the BCHP system components. Subsequently, a certain number of days in the year were identified, and simulation runs were performed for optimal scheduling control as well as for all the feasible (but non-optimal) equipment combinations. The energy and cost implications of operating the BCHP system in a non-optimal manner under various scheduling combinations are presented and discussed.
Shear Induced Removal of Calcium Carbonate Scale From Polypropylene and Copper Tubes
Authors: Royer Matt , Davidson Jane H. , Francis Lorraine F. , Mantell Susan C.
Published: October 2010

This paper presents an analytical model and experimental study of adhesion and fluid shear removal of calcium carbonate scale on polypropylene and copper tubes in laminar and turbulent water flows, with a view toward understanding how scale can be controlled in solar absorbers and heat exchangers. The tubes are first coated with scale and then inserted in a flow through apparatus. Removal is measured gravimetrically for Reynolds numbers from 525 to 5550, corresponding to wall shear stresses from 0.16 to 6.0 Pa. The evolutionary structure of the scale is visualized with scanning electron microscopy. Consistent with the predictive model, calcium carbonate is more easily removed from polypropylene than copper. In a laminar flow with a wall shear stress of 0.16 Pa, 65% of the scale is removed from polypropylene while only 10% is removed from copper. Appreciable removal of scale from copper requires higher shear stresses. At Reynolds number of 5500, corresponding to a wall shear stress of 6.0 Pa, 30% of the scale is removed from the copper tubes. The results indicate scale will be more easily removed from polypropylene, and by inference other polymeric materials, than copper by flushing with water.
Characteristics of Flow Around Cone-Vane Configurations for a Novel Crypto-Steady Pressure Exchange Ejector System
Authors: Bulusu Kartik V. , Garris Charles A.
Published: October 2010

A novel ejector based on the concept of supersonic crypto-steady pressure exchange rather than the more energy dissipative turbulent entrainment phenomenon is being developed. Crypto-steady flow is one in which, the flow is steady in a certain moving frame of reference, but is non-steady relative to the laboratory. The process of pressure exchange occurs where flows exchange mechanical energy through work of mutually exerted pressure forces at their interfaces. Such an ejector would have higher efficiency and environmental benefits. It has been envisioned that crypto-steady pressure-exchange can be obtained by the use of a free spinning rotor (cone-vane configuration) having canted jets of primary fluid. The resolution of the flow structure with emphasis on shock and expansion waves and mixing between primary and secondary fluids is being considered under certain rotor configurations. A single component Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) system has been employed in studying the interaction between the supersonic primary jet, and the entrained subsonic secondary jet under nonrotating rotor conditions. The data reduction of measurements is being performed using a simple signal conditioning and data analysis algorithm executed in real time with a digital oscilloscope and in parallel, with a more advanced frequency tracking flow processor. Crypto-steady pressure-exchange has the potential of providing society with a highly efficient means of compressing a low energy fluid through direct contact with a relatively high energy fluid. An experimental framework for investigating the process of pressure exchange is reported and a hypothesis for pseudoblade formation is also established.
Analysis of Regional Suitability of the Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Based on the Shallow Ground Thermal Balance
Authors: Gao Yuefen , Wang Songling , Zhang Guoqiang
Published: October 2010

Ground-coupled heat pump systems use the ground as a heat source and sink either with vertical or horizontal ground heat exchangers (GHXs) to supply heating in winter and cooling in summer. The ground heat source and sink has a near constant temperature, which is well suited to ground-coupled heat pumps, giving them consistent performance, regardless of the outdoor temperature. However, when the heat extracted from and rejected to the ground has great imbalance, the ground temperature will deviate from the original temperature with a long term operation. The deviation can reduce GHX performance greatly. As China has vast territory with variety climate, the annual cooling loads and heating loads are different at different places. And the imbalance between the extracted heat and the rejected heat also varies at different places. Therefore, it is necessary to analysis the regional suitability of the ground-coupled heat pump systems. The imbalance between the extracted heat and the rejected heat is analyzed by taking several typical cities in different climates. The new concepts of the Imbalance Ratio and the Extracted Heat to Rejected Heat Ratio are introduced as the weight factors to measure the imbalance in the ground. The values of the Imbalance Ratio and those of the Extracted Heat to the Rejected Heat Ratio are calculated. The optimum range of the Imbalance Ratio is recommended based on the vast investigation of the ground-coupled heat pumps. Some supplemental systems are put forward to supply heat in winter or to reject heat in summer at the places existing serious heat imbalance. The study is very meaningful to the scientific application of the ground-coupled heat pump systems in China.