bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
57 Carnosine prevents oxidative damage in myoblast cells derived from porcine skeletal muscle
Authors: Palin Marie-France , Lapointe Jérôme , Gariépy Claude , Beaudry Danièle , Kalbe Claudia
Published: December 2019

Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a molecule naturally and exclusively present in muscle food with the highest concentrations found in skeletal muscles and brain of the animal. Among its numerous biochemical properties, carnosine has antioxidant activity which include metal ion chelation and free radical scavenging. We have recently reported that high muscle carnosine content in pig is associated with better meat quality. Moreover, supplementing pigs with β-alanine reduced oxidative damage to Longissimus muscle (LM) lipids and proteins. Among previously reported antioxidant activities, carnosine was found to limit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase antioxidant enzyme activities. However, these studies were mainly conducted in rodents and cell lines and mechanisms in play remain to be characterized. To determine the effect of carnosine in preventing oxidative damage and characterize the mechanisms in play, we have undertaken experiments using the progeny (myoblasts) of satellite cells isolated from the LM of newborn piglets. Cells were treated with carnosine (0, 10, 25 and 50 mM) for 48 h and were then either collected immediately or treated with H2O2 (0.3 mM, 1 h) to induce an oxidative stress. Our results showed that carnosine prevents oxidative stress through the reduction of total intracellular ROS and by modulating the antioxidant system in myoblasts.Carnosine increased the mRNA abundance of NEF2L2, a transcription factor activated by oxidative stress, and several of its downstream regulated antioxidant genes. Western blot analyses further suggest that the protective effect of carnosine on H2O2-induced oxidative stress is mediated through the p38 MAPK intracellular pathway. Finally, the addition of carnosine to H2O2-treated myoblasts increased the basal cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR), the ATP-linked OCR and proton leaks, thus suggesting an effect of carnosine on mitochondrial functions. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the important role of carnosine in preventing oxidative damage in porcine muscle cells.
253 Glutamate and glutamine are the major metabolic fuels in enterocytes of suckling piglets
Authors: He Wenliang , Hou Yongqing , Wu Guoyao
Published: December 2019

Glutamate and glutamine are known to be important energy substrates in pig enterocytes, and aspartate has also been reported to be extensively catabolized by the rat small intestine. However, little is known about the relative role of amino acids, glucose and fatty acids in ATP production by enterocytes. In the present study, enterocytes isolated from 0-, 7-, 14- and 21-day-old piglets were used to determine the rates of oxidation of amino acids, fatty acids and glucose. Enterocytes were incubated at 37oC for 30 min in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 5 mM D-glucose and one of the following: 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]glutamate, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]glutamine, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]aspartate, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]alanine, 0.5–2 mM L-[U-14C]palmitate, D-[U-14C]glucose, 0.5–5 mM [U-14C]propionate, or 0.5–5 mM [1-14C]butyrate. At the end of the incubation, 14CO2 produced from each 14C-labeled substrate was collected. Rates of oxidation of each substrate in enterocytes from all age groups of piglets increased (P < 0.01) progressively with increasing its extracellular concentrations. The rates of oxidation of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, glucose by enterocytes from 0- to 21-day-old pigs were much greater (P < 0.01) than those for the same concentrations of alanine, palmitate, propionate, and butyrate. In cells from all age groups of piglets, rates of oxidation of, and ATP production from 5 mM glutamate or 5 mM glutamine were greater (P < 0.01) than those from 5 mM glucose and aspartate. Oxidation of alanine, propionate, butyrate and palmitate by enterocytes was limited. At each postnatal age, the oxidation of glutamate and glutamine produced more ATP than any other substrates. Our results indicated that glutamate and glutamine are the major metabolic fuels in enterocytes of 0- to 21-day-old pigs. Because of limited uptake of arterial glutamate by enterocytes, dietary glutamate is essential to the integrity and function of the pig small intestine.
105 Integrated approach for controlling diseases and parasites in small ruminants: extension education and adoption
Authors: Karki Uma , Karki Lila , Gurung Nar
Published: December 2019

Small-ruminant production is important farm enterprise in Alabama and other states of the Southeast, especially for small and limited-resource farmers. Poor health of animals caused by various diseases and parasites, resulting in a low performance is a major problem faced by most farmers. There are various strategies that can be adopted to minimize the prevalence of diseases and parasites and improve animal health. However, the majority of farmers are lacking the needed knowledge to adopt such strategies. The objective of this program was to educate farmers and extension educators on the integrated approach for controlling diseases and parasites in small ruminants. The program was initiated in 2010 and has been continued with training sessions (n = 7) conducted at the state level. County-level based programming (n = 22) has also been delivered in the form of hands-on training sessions and field days. Moreover, educational materials in the form of workshop proceedings (n = 1) and handouts, flyers, and fact sheets (n = 11) were developed and disseminated to the target audience and public through different outlets (county extension offices, training sessions, field days, farm visits, emails, blog, social media, web pages). Because of this program, numerous small-ruminant farmers and extension professionals are being trained every year (n = 40–51/yr.), and many more have access to educational materials (n = 1,100–1,700/yr.). Short-term impact evaluation of the program shows that knowledge and skills of the trainees have increased significantly (21–62%; P < 0.05). Trainees rated the presented topics useful (94%), they were very likely to implement what they learned (96%), and mentioned that such implementation would improve their farm situation (88%). Several trained farmers were found adopting the integrated approach and educators training their clientele on using the integrated approach to minimize health problems in small ruminants.
254 Digestibility of sheep offered tall fescue, meadow fescue and orchardgrass grasses ensiled with slurry or commercial urea fertilization
Authors: Diaz Jose M , Coffey K P , Coblentz W K , Philipp D , Niyigena Valens , Pruden M C , Myers Douglas D
Published: December 2019

Silage intake by ruminants can be affected by both fertilization and forage type. The objective of this study was to evaluate digestion by sheep offered three different grasses fertilized with either urea (C) or dairy slurry (S). Plots of meadow fescue (MF), tall fescue (TF) or orchardgrass (OG) were planted on 25 July 2017, and first harvested on 29 June 2018. Plots were then fertilized with urea (52 kg N/ha) or slurry (71,150 L/ha). A second harvest was baled 6 August at approximately 57% moisture and wrapped in plastic. Eighteen lambs (59 ± 1.5 kg) were allocated randomly to one of the 6 treatment combinations to provide 3 lambs per treatment within each of 3 periods consisting of a 10-d adaptation and 7-d total fecal and urine collection. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using PROC MIXED of SAS. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intakes (g/kg BW) were greater (P < 0.05) from MF fertilized with C than from the other forage-fertility combinations. Digestibility of DM and OM were greater (P < 0.05) from MF vs. OG, and OG vs. TF. Digestibility of OM also was greater (P < 0.05) from C vs. S. Digestible DM and OM intakes (g/kg BW) were greatest (P < 0.05) from MF fertilized with C. In addition, digestible DM intake (g/kg BW) was greater (P < 0.05) for MF fertilized with S compared to TF fertilized with C, and digestible OM intake was greater (P < 0.05) for MF fertilized with S compared to OG fertilized with S. Therefore, urea-fertilized meadow fescue may improve energy intake compared with that from orchardgrass or tall fescue, but fertilization of meadow fescue with slurry may reduce this advantage. The study was supported in part by USDA-ARS specific cooperative agreement 58-3655-4-052.
300 Efficacy of the measurements of the vaginal electrical resistance to determine the phase of the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Maquivar Martin G , Swain John , Chiapetta Hannah , Stumvoll Tynnetta , Baker Katelin , Marchesseault Grace , Miller Andrew , Friend Michael , Connett Marie , Patil Parvati
Published: December 2019

Estrus detection in dairy cattle is an important factor that contributes to the reproductive efficiency. Lack and inaccuracy of heat detection are associated with increased days open, calving interval, economic loss and culling due to infertility. Efforts have been made to identify methods to assist in estrus detection. The objective of this study was to examine if vaginal electrical resistance (VER) measured by a commercial probe throughout the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows aids to determine the onset of estrus. A total of 9 lactating Holstein cows were monitored for 2 – 3 estrous cycles, ultrasonography of the ovary, blood sample for progesterone and VER was assessed every other day during the luteal phase (LUT) and every day during the follicular phase (FOL). A total of 339 VER measurements were collected, 66 during the FOL phase and 273 corresponded to the LUT phase. Mean VER differed (P < 0.001) between FOL (294.5 ± 51.3) and LUT (316.4 ± 46.2), similarly the progesterone concentration was different between the LUT and FOL phases (0.38 ± 0.24 ng/mL vs. 3.41 ± 2.08 ng/mL, respectively) (P < 0.001). No differences were observed between the vaginal temperature of cows in LUT (38.2 ± 0.4 C°) or FOL phase (38.3 ± 0.3 C°). Cervix diameter differed (P < 0.01) between FOL (35.9 ± 3.8 mm) and LUT (34.5 ± 3.4mm), VER has a significant relation (P < 0.001) with the diameter of the Corpus luteum (279.8 + 1.54 x Cervix diameter). Similarly, VER had a significant relationship (P = 0.03) with diameter of the dominant follicle at estrus (355.2 + -3.9 x follicle diameter). These findings suggest that VER changes according to the phase of the estrous cycle, VER decreased during sexual receptivity and increased during the luteal phase. VER may improve the accuracy to diagnose heat in dairy cows.
399 The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation improves animal performance of Nellore cattle grazed in tropical grass
Authors: Gouvêa Vinicius N , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Acedo Tiago S , Tamassia Luis Fernando
Published: December 2019

The objective was to evaluate the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (HyD®) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of grazing Nellore beef cattle. Eighty finishing Nellore bulls were equally distributed according initial BW (437 ± 4.93 kg) in ten Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés paddocks (8 bulls per paddock) using a randomized complete block design with five replicates (paddocks) per treatment. Experiment was conducted in two phases during dry season, from August to November 2017. Phase 1 consisted in all animals receiving the same basal concentrate for 33 days. In phase 2, animals received the treatments for the following 63 days: 1) Control (basal concentrate, no HyD®) or 2) HyD (basal concentrate + 1mg of HyD®/bull/day). The basal concentrate (18% CP and 80% TDN) was formulated to have 82.0% ground corn, 12.0% soybean meal and 6.0% mineral-vitamin supplement (as % DM), being daily offered to bulls at 7.0 kg/animal/day in collective feeders located at each paddock. Final BW (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated for phase 1, 2 and total period, while supplement intake, hot carcass weight (HCW) and dressing percentage was evaluated for total period only. Mineral-vitamin supplement and HyD® were provided by DSM Nutritional Products. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS® 9.3, with each paddock considered one experimental unit and values declared significant when P < 0.10. There was no treatment effect on phase 1 in FBW and ADG, as expected. In phase 2, treatment effects were observed for HyD in FBW (562.75 vs. 568.70; P = 0.094) and ADG (1.350 vs. 1.437 kg/day; P = 0.029) over the control group, respectively. Moreover, the total period ADG was greater for HyD treatment (1.311 vs. 1.375; P = 0.095). No effects were observed in carcass characteristics and concentrate intake. In conclusion, HyD® improves animal performance of Nellore beef cattle grazed in tropical conditions.
407 Effects of calcium-ammonium nitrate on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a wheat forage based substrate
Authors: Doblado Andrea O , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Espinoza-Rock Nadira J , Dias Evandro , Sandes Michael , Araujo Rafael C , Ciriaco Francine M , Sarturi Jhones O , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Henry Darren D
Published: December 2019

A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate in vitro ruminal total gas and methane production, N-NH3 concentration, and digestibility of wheat forage when incubated with calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN). The in vitro fermentation consisted of 50 mL of a 4:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum and 0.7 g of substrate [DM; wheat (Triticum aestivum; 100%) or wheat:corn (88:12)] incubated for 48 h. Batches were incubated on 4 separate days. Treatments included: 1) wheat (W); 2) wheat + corn (WC); 3) WC + 2% CAN in the substrate DM (WCN); and 4) WC + 0.67% UREA in the substrate DM (WCU). Treatments WCN and WCU were isonitrogenous. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was determined after incubation for 48 h with inoculum, followed by a 48 h incubation with HCl and pepsin solutions. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of day (block). Batch was considered the experimental unit. Total gas production was reduced by WCN compared with WCU (P = 0.049) and WC (P = 0.001). The addition of corn without NPN increased (P = 0.004) total gas production compared to wheat. An increased (P = 0.009) IVOMD was observed for WC compared to W, while no differences (P = 0.416) were observed between WCN and WCU. Ammonia-N concentration was not different (P = 0.463) between WCN and WCU; and the inclusion of NPN increased (P ≤ 0.026) NH3-N concentration compared to W. Methane production (mmol/g OM fermented) was lesser (P < 0.001) for WCN compared to WCU. Total VFA concentration and acetate:propionate were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). Therefore, CAN can potentially be used as a NPN source with the additional benefit of in vitro methane mitigation without negatively affecting IVOMD or total VFA concentration.
PSVI-34 Evaluating the impact of two Bacillus probiotic strains in commercial sows and their litters
Authors: García Mireia Saladrigas , Oriol David Solà , Vergé Sergi López , Sorrento Agustina Rodríguez , Nielsen Bea , Hernández José Francisco Pérez , Orúe Susana María Martín
Published: December 2019

The effect of long-term administration of two different Bacillus strains was tested on 90 breeding sows (Landrace x Yorkshire) that were randomly allotted into three treatments: a control group (CON), supplemented with 5x108 cfu/kg B. subtilis 25841 (PR1), or 5x108 cfu/kg B. amyloliquefaciens 25840 (PR2). Reproductive parameters were registered along three reproductive full cycles. Fecal samples were taken along the third cycle from the sows (on days 8 and 21 of lactation) and from the piglets (on days 21 and 33 (12 post-weaning)). Fecal microbiota was analyzed by sequencing the 16S RNA gene (Illumina MiSeq®) and jejunum samples, obtained from piglets on day 21, analyzed for gene expression (52 genes by OpenArray® plate). Supplemented sows showed higher number of born piglets per litter (P = 0.01) and PR2 sows a higher number of born alive (P = 0.01). Regarding sows’ fecal microbiota, changes were found in community structure (ANOSIM test, P = 0.08) with changes at phylum level (Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes: 3.7, 5.3 and 4.6 for CON, PR1 & PR2, P = 0.10) and at family level (Prevotellaceae: 9.4, 7.3, 7.3% (P = 0.03) and Ruminococcaceae: 16.1, 13.1, 13.7% (P = 0.04)). Several genera were also modified including Prevotella, Ruminococcus and Megasphaera. Regarding the microbiota of piglets, the administration of probiotics to their mothers was associated to structural changes in piglets’ fecal community during lactation (PEnvfit=0.05) but not after weaning, although relevant changes were observed between both periods (PEnvfit< 0.001). The expression of different genes was clearly modified by weaning but we were not able to detect changes related to the probiotic in any of the genes analyzed. In conclusion, the addition of B. subtilis 25841 and B. amyloliquefaciens 25840 were shown to enhance the sow reproductive performance in terms of prolificacy, with a clear impact on the gut microbial ecosystem of the sows and shifts in the microbiota structure of suckling piglets.
PSI-23 In vitro fermentation characteristics for Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and Medusahead (Taeniatherum caputmedusae L.) harvested on Idaho rangeland in different seasons
Authors: Jensen Scott , Myers Cheyanne A , Chibisa Gwinyai
Published: December 2019

Grazing could be used to control invasive grass species on rangeland. However, the characterization of the seasonal changes in the nutritive value of the invasive grass species will enable the development of targeted grazing strategies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the in vitro fermentation characteristics of Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and Medusahead (Taeniatherum caputmedusae L.) harvested on Idaho rangeland. Forage samples were collected from the Reynold Creek watershed (Owyhee county, ID) in summer (June 2018), fall (September 2018) and winter (January 2019). A batch culture system was then used to evaluate volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (6 h), and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and NDF digestibility (IVNDFD; 24 h and 48 h). All data was analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no season or grass species effect (P ≥ 0.24) on total VFA concentration and the molar proportion of acetate. However, there was a season × grass species interaction (P = 0.04) for the molar proportion of propionate; it was higher for cheatgrass than medusahead in summer, but not in winter and fall. Both season and grass species had no effect (P ≥ 0.11) on the molar proportions of butyrate, valerate, and total branch chain VFA. There was a season × grass species interaction for 24 and 48 h IVDMD and 24 h IVNDFD (Table 1). In addition, 48 h IVNDFD was greater (P < 0.01) when grasses were harvested during the summer compared to the fall and winter seasons. In summary, although there were no differences across invasive grass species when harvested during the fall and winter seasons, the molar proportion of propionate, 24 and 48 h IVDMD and 24 h IVNDFD were greater for cheatgrass compared to medusahead when harvested in summer.
PSIII-22 Chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of ancient grains using canine fecal inoculum
Authors: Traughber Zac , He Fei , Hoke Jolene , Davenport Gary , Godoy Maria R C de
Published: December 2019

In recent years, ancient grains have become popular sources of novel carbohydrates and fiber in pet foods. End-products of microbial fermentation (e.g. short-chain fatty acids) have been shown to be beneficial to the canine microbiome and overall host health. However, limited research exists on the fermentation characteristics of these increasingly popular grains. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the fermentative characteristics of select ancient grains in vitro using canine fecal inoculum. Five ancient grains, amaranth (AM), millet white proso (MWP), oat groats (OG), quinoa (QU), red millet (RM), were evaluated and compared to cellulose (CEL) and beet pulp (BP). Triplicate samples of each substrate were initially subjected to partial digestion of starch and protein to mimic in vivo conditions. They were then fermented for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours. All test substrates had acetate concentrations similar to that of BP after 6, 9, and 12 hrs. Amaranth, OG, and QU had significantly greater butyrate concentrations than BP and CEL after 6 hours, with all test ingredients having significantly higher butyrate concentrations after 9 and 12 hours. pH decreased significantly after 6 hours with further decreases seen after 9 and 12 hours for all substrates, except CEL. Amaranth, MWP, OG, and RM showed significantly greater pH reductions than CEL and BP, with QU performing similarly to BP. Overall, ancient grains show a moderate and beneficial fermentative profile with greater concentrations of butyrate compared with BP; a traditional and moderate fermentable fiber source used in pet foods. Future research should evaluate these substrates and their blends on gastrointestinal health and fecal quality in vivo.
PSV-37 Relationships among carcass and sensory traits, auction price, and computer image analysis traits of marbling characteristics in Korean beef cattle
Authors: Seok-Hyeon Beak , Park Seung Ju , Fassah Dilla , Kim Hyun Jin , Lee Hyun Jung , Jo Cheorun , Baik Myunggi
Published: December 2019

This study examined relationships among carcass and sensory traits, auction price, and computer image analysis (CIA) traits of marbling characteristics in Korean cattle beef. In experiment 1, 43 Korean cattle steers reared in similar feeding conditions were slaughtered at 34 months of age, and carcass traits were evaluated by official meat graders. Carcass auction prices were determined by wholesalers. Cross-sectional photographs of the beef were taken at the 13th thoracic vertebra using beef carcass photography equipment. Image files were analyzed for marbling characteristics using Beef Analyzer II software. Longissimus thoracis (LT) samples obtained after carcass grading were analyzed for sensory traits. Correlations among several variables were analyzed using either Pearson’s correlation or Spearman’s correlation analysis. Marbling score and quality grade (QG) had strong positive correlations (0.63 ≤ r ≤ 0.88, P < 0.01) with several CIA traits, including number of coarse marbling particles (MPs), number of fine MPs, and fineness index. Auction price had strong positive correlations (0.69 ≤ r ≤ 0.76, P < 0.01) with these CIA traits. Most sensory traits were not correlated with CIA traits. In experiment 2, 267 additional LT images photographed at the slaughter house were used for correlation analysis between auction price and CIA traits within an individual QG class [QGs 1 (middle), 1+, and 1++ (best)]. Carcass auction price was positively correlated (0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.51, P < 0.01) with number of coarse MPs, number of fine MPs, and fineness index in both QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. Overall, marbling score and QG had positive correlations with several CIA traits of marbling characteristics. Carcass auction price had positive correlations with CIA traits in QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. In conclusion, a CIA method after modification could be incorporated into current beef quality grading systems.
PSIX-22 Effects of betaine supplementation on growth performance, muscle amino acid contents, meat quality and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs
Authors: Chen Rui , Wen Chao , Chen Yueping , Zhuang Su , Zhou Yanmin
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of betaine supplementation on growth performance, muscle amino acid contents, meat quality and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs. A total of 144 crossbred barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) weighing about 69 kg were divided into three groups with six replicates of eight pigs each for a 60-day feeding trial. Pigs were fed a maize-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1 or 1.5 g/kg betaine, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS software, and the differences among treatments were examined by Tukey’s test, which were considered to be significant at P < 0.05. The results showed that the feed conversion ratio tended to be improved (P = 0.081) by betaine supplementation. Compared with the control, 1.5 g/kg betaine supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) the contents of methionine, glutamate and total non-essential amino acid in thigh muscle, but the amino acid contents in loin muscle were not affected by betaine supplementation. The 24-h and 48-h drip loss of thigh muscle and the content of malondialdehyde in loin muscle were decreased (P < 0.05) by 1 g/kg betaine inclusion, and the 24-h redness values of loin and thigh muscles were increased (P < 0.05) by 1.5 g/kg betaine inclusion. Moreover, both levels of betaine significantly increased (P < 0.05) 24-h pH value and the activity of total superoxide dismutase of loin and thigh muscles. Overall, this study indicated that 1.5 g/kg betaine supplementation could increase the contents of methionine, glutamate and total non-essential amino acid in thigh muscle rather than loin muscle, and betaine supplementation was beneficial to improve meat quality and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs.

1SEM, total standard error of means (n = 6)
PSVII-34 Digestibility and growth performance of growing pigs, fed corn or wheat diets supplemented with xylanase
Authors: Wightman Dakota L , Beaulieu Denise A
Published: December 2019

Corn and wheat contribute variable amounts of arabinoxylans (AX) to swine rations. Xylanase hydrolyzes AX into smaller oligosaccharides, potentially improving nutrient digestibility or fermentation. This experiment was designed to determine the response of growing pigs to exogenous xylanase supplementation in either a corn or wheat based diet. Two hundred pigs (7.99±2.8kg), 5 pigs/pen, 40 pens in 2 blocks (n = 10) were assigned to one of four treatments for 140±7d. Treatments, arranged in a 2x2 factorial, included grain (corn/wheat based) and xylanase (±0.01%,16 000 BXU/kg) as main effects. Pigs were on a five-phase feeding program; diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic within each phase. Growth and feed intake were determined weekly. Fecal samples were collected in phases two, four, and five. Growth, feed intake and feed efficiency were unaffected by xylanase (P > 0.10). Except for phase one, pigs receiving corn had improved (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI relative to wheat; while G:F was improved only in the second phase (P < 0.05). Gross energy digestibility was higher in corn (88.2%) than wheat (87.2%) diets in the nursery phase (P < 0.05). In the finisher phase, xylanase improved energy digestibility of wheat diets (grain*xylanase, P < 0.05). During the nursery phase, percent fecal acetic acid was decreased with xylanase in corn; but increased in wheat diets (grain*xylanase, P < 0.05). Conversely, fecal isobutyric, butyric and isovaleric acid were decreased with xylanase in wheat diets only (grain*xylanase, P < 0.05). In the grower phase, fecal acetic acid was higher (P < 0.05) in wheat than corn diets, while isovaleric, valeric and caproic acid were reduced (P < 0.05). In the finisher phase, fecal propionic acid was lower in wheat diets (P < 0.05). During the finisher phase of growth, xylanase improved energy digestibility of pigs receiving wheat based diets, however this effect was not observed when pigs received corn based diets.
PSIX-27 Moo-vie Snacks: Storage stability and nutritive value of waste popcorn as a feedstock
Authors: Bielamowicz Lauren P , Muir James P , Smith William B
Published: December 2019

The use of by- or co-products in livestock production is not a novel concept. However, as adoption of a novel feed ingredient increases, the cost efficiency of its use generally decreases. Therefore, discovery of novel feed ingredients is a worthwhile academic pursuit. Our objective was to determine the storage stability of popcorn (Zea mays L.) in terms of gain or loss in nutritive value. Popcorn was collected on consecutive weekdays in two wk from a local cinema. Samples (n = 10) were subdivided into 9 aliquots and subjected to storage, uncovered, for 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 35, 70, 105, and 140 d. Following the assigned storage time, samples were dried at 55°C to determine weight loss. Samples were dried at 55°C, ground to pass through a 2-mm screen, and subjected to a batch-culture in vitro assay for digestibility estimates [in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD)]. Subsamples were ground to 1 mm assayed for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) in weight following open storage which was attributed to absorption of ambient moisture. There was a linear decrease (P = 0.03) in NDF, with values decreasing from 20.2% at d 0 to 16.6% at d 140. However, there was no effect of storage on ADF (P = 0.29), IVTD (P = 0.38), or IVNDFD (P = 0.37). Results are interpreted to mean that waste popcorn is relatively shelf stable and may be a viable candidate as a feedstock for diet formulation.
PSIX-12 Screening of peptides for their impact of protease, protease dose and peptide dose on in vitro rumen dry matter digestibility
Authors: Yang Wenzhu , Shen YiZhao , Abeynayakea Ranithri , Ran Tao , Chen Lingyun
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to screening peptides for the effects on in vitro rumen dry matter (DM) digestibility (DMD) of feeds in batch culture. Three brewers spent grain (BSG) samples from different batches were obtained from a local brewery. Peptides were developed with BSG protein varying protease (alcalase, everlase, flavourzyme) and protease dosages (protease:BSG protein; 1:100, 5:100, 10:100, 15:100) under optimum pH and temperature conditions. In total, 36 peptides were produced and screened. A series of batch cultures were conducted and substrates were barley silage and barley grain. The experiment was a complete randomized design with a factorial arrangement; 3 proteases × 4 protease doses + 4 doses of each peptide (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% of substrate DM) with 3 replications of each treatment combination. Rumen inoculum was from three rumen fistulated beef heifers fed a diet consisting of 10% silage and 90% concentrate (DM basis). The incubation was conducted at 39°C for 24 h. Interactions among protease, protease dose and peptide dose were not significant. For barley grain, DMD differed (P < 0.01) among proteases (85.2, 72.3, 65.2%, respectively, for alcalase, flavourzise, everlase). Increasing peptide doses from 0, 0.5, 1.0 to 1.5% linearly (P < 0.01) decreased the DMD from 88 to 78% (alcalase), 69 to 59% (everlase) and 78 to 67% (flavourzyme); whereas protease dose did not affect the DMD. With barley silage, the DMD was higher (P < 0.05) with flavourzyme (65.3%) than alcalase (59.2%) or everlase (61.2%); in contrast, the DMD was affected neither by protease dose nor by the peptide dose, except that increasing supplementation of peptide derived from everlase linearly (P < 0.05) decreased the DMD (65.1 to 58.9%). These results indicated that the peptides derived from BSG decreased in vitro rumen feed digestibility, which varied with proteases, peptide dose or feeds.
PSXI-35 Effects of cultivation stage and supplementation level of sprouted barley on nutrient content and fermentation quality of fermented diet
Authors: lee Hyuk jun , Joo Young Ho , Lee Seong Shin , Park Jong Ho , Kim Tae Il , Kim Sam Churl
Published: December 2019

This study was aimed to estimate the effect of cultivation stage and supplementation level of sprouted barley (SB) on nutrient content and fermentation quality of fermented total mixed ration (TMR). The SB were collected at day 6 (SB6) and day 8 (SB8) of cultivation stages and substituted at 5% (TMR5) and 10% (TMR10) of TMR on dry matter (DM) basis. These TMR were ensiled into 10 L mini silo (3 kg) for 14 days in triplicate. After silo open, sample (1 kg) was collected for laboratory analysis. Before ensiling, crude protein (CP) was lower (P = 0.012) in SB6 than in SB8. Additionally, DM in TMR10 was slightly lower (P = 0.015) than in TMR5 while CP and acid detergent fiber were higher (P < 0.05). After fermentation, crude ash (P = 0.002), in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) (P = 0.001; 73.5 vs. 72.0%) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD) (P = 0.001; 50.6 vs. 47.7%) were higher in SB6 than in SB8. Additionally, DM (P = 0.002; 64.0 vs. 64.5) in TMR10 was lower than in TMR5, while CP (P = 0.005; 19.7 vs. 18.9%), IVDMD (P = 0.001; 74.5 vs. 71.0%), and IVNDFD (P = 0.001; 52.0 vs. 46.3%) were higher. Fermentation indices and microbial counts were not affected by cultivation stage of SB, except on propionate that higher (P = 0.014) in SB8 than SB6. Silage pH (P = 0.001) was lower in TMR10 than in TMR5, which followed by higher lactate (P = 0.003; 3.27 vs. 2.85%), acetate (P = 0.004; 0.52 vs. 0.42%), propionate (P < 0.001), and LAB count (P = 0.020; 7.49 vs. 7.19%). The interaction effects between cultivation stage and supplementation level only found on propionate production (P = 0.001). Yeast and mold were not affected by cultivation stage and supplementation level of SB. This study concluded SB6 was recommended to improve fermentation quality of fermented diet, and its application on TMR10 could increase not only rumen digestibility but also fermentation indices.
PSXII-32 Effects flavomycin, narasin and salinomycin on ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers fed high forage diet
Authors: Limede Arnaldo C , Polizel Daniel M , Miszura Alexandre A , Martins André S , Barroso José P R , Sardinha Lairana A , Baggio Marcelo , Oliveira Gabriela B , Marques Rodrigo S , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate three feed additives for rumen manipulation. Thirty-two rumen-fistulated animals were assigned to a completed randomized block design, according to their initial BW. Steers were fed with 99% of coastcross haylage and 1% of concentrate, used as vehicle for the additives. The forage and concentrate were offered separately, whereas the forage was offered after the entire consumption of the concentrate. The experimental diets consisted in: CON = Control (no feed additive); NAR = 13ppm of Narasin; SAL = 20ppm of Salinomycin; and FLA = 3ppm of Flavomycin. The experimental period lasted 140 d, divided on 5 periods of 28 d each. Rumen fluid was collected on d 0, 28, 56, 84, 112 and 140, at 0, 6 and 12 hours after feeding and combined as a pool for SCFA analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Data obtained on d 0 were used as covariate. Tukey test 5% was used for comparisons. There was treatment effect on acetate (CON: 73.5ab; NAR: 73.0a; SAL: 73.9b and FLA: 73.6b mM/100mM, P = 0.01; SEM = 0.16), propionate (CON: 13.7b; NAR: 14.6a; SAL: 13.5b and FLA: 13.4b, P = 0.01; SEM = 0.11), butyrate (CON: 9.06a; NAR: 8.64b; SAL: 8.72ab and FLA: 8.96ab, P = 0.02; SEM = 0.10), isovalerate (CON: 1.51b; NAR: 1.61ab; SAL: 1.55ab and FLA: 1.67b, P = 0.03; SEM = 0.04) and ac:prop ratio (CON: 5.39a; NAR: 4.99b; SAL: 5.49a and FLA: 5.4a, P = 0.01; SEM = 0.05). Therefore, narasin improves energetic efficiency of ruminal fermentation compared to other additives.
PSXIV-39 Use of flamocycin, narasin and salinomycin on performance of Nellore yearling bulls fed with high forage diets
Authors: Limede Arnaldo C , Polizel Daniel M , Miszura Alexandre A , Martins André S , Barroso José P R , Oliveira Gabriela B , Sardinha Lairana A , Baggio Marcelo , Marques Rodrigo S , Vaz Pires Alexandre
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was evaluating the effects of different feed additives on performance of yearling bulls fed a high forage diet. One hundred and sixty-four Nellore (Bos indicus) yearling bulls were assigned to a complete randomized block design, according to of their initial body weight (BW) (298.95 ± 2.49; 10 pen/treatment; 4 animal/pen). Yearling bulls were fed daily and diets were composed of 96% of coastcross haylage and 4% of ground corn, used as the delivery vehicle for the additives. Once a day, the concentrate and forage were offered separately. The forage was offered after the entire consumption of the concentrate. The experimental diets consisted in: CON = Control (no feed additive); FLA = 3ppm of Flavomycin; NAR = 13ppm of Narasin; SAL = 20ppm of Salinomycin. The experimental period lasted 140 d and the yearling bulls were weighted at 0, 28, 56, 84, 112 and 140 d, after a 14h feed and water restriction. The orts were recorded to determine the dry matter intake (DMI). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and the LSMEANS option was used to generate individual means. Tukey test 5% was used for comparisons. There was a treatment effect on DMI (CON: 6.59b; FLA: 6.53b; NAR: 7.1a; SAL: 6.42b kg/d; SEM = 0.19; P < 0.01), ADG (CON: 0.792b; FLA: 0.842b; NAR: 0.907a; SAL: 0.813b kg; SEM = 0.02; P < 0.01) and final BW (CON: 408.27b; FLA: 411.36b; NAR: 424.69a; SAL: 407.91b kg; SEM = 2.56; P < 0.01). There was no effect on feed efficiency (P = 0.41). In summary, the narasin inclusion increased DMI, ADG, and final BW in comparison with the other additives.
PSXIV-13 Effect of phytochemicals on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production
Authors: Molho-Ortiz Aaron A , Romero-Pérez Atmir , Ramírez-Bribiesca Efren , Marquez-Mota Claudia , Ramírez-Orejel Juan Carlos , Corona Luis
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight phytochemicals from four plant species, in two presentations, essential oils (EO) and aqueous extracts (AE) of garlic (GEO, GAE), cinnamon (CEO, CAE), eucalyptus (EEO, EAE) and rosemary (REO, RAE) on rumen fermentation, using the in vitro gas production technique. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. All treatments were incubated with 0.5 g of a basal diet (BD; 50% concentrate, 20% alfalfa and 30% corn silage, dry matter basis). Additionally, BD and BD with 30 ppm of sodium monensin (MON) were used as controls. Phytochemicals were evaluated at a single dose of 900 mg/L of inoculum. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), maximum volume of gas (Vmax), gas production rate (S) and lag phase (L) were evaluated. Methane (CH4) was determined indirectly, by fixation of CO2present in gas samples with 1M KOH solution, Non-fixed gas was assumed to be CH4. Methane production was correlated with organic matter fermented in the rumen (mL CH4/g OMFR). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS ©. The effects of treatments were tested for the following contrasts: EO Vs AE, W Vs EO, W Vs AE. Some essential oils (GEO, CEO, REO) decreased CH4 production (mL CH4/g OMFR) and IVDMD by 20.4% and 17.8% compared to control treatments (BD and MON) (P < 0.05). Aqueous extracts showed a similar response (P < 0.05) to control treatments. In conclusion the use of essential oils negatively affected rumen fermentation and the production of CH4 in P cinnamon essential oil.
PSX-19 Factors affecting growth and carcass trait performance of Canadian heavy lambs
Authors: Massender Erin , Brito Luiz , Cánovas Angela , Kennedy Delma , Schenkel Flavio
Published: December 2019

The profitability of meat lamb production is strongly dependent on growth and carcass trait performance of market lambs. The objective of this research was to test the significance of non-genetic factors on growth, ultrasound, and carcass traits of Canadian heavy lambs. Hot carcass weight (HCW, kg), fat depth at the GR site (FATGR, mm), average carcass conformation score (CONF, points), and total carcass value (PRICE, $CAD) were measured for 8,865 purebred lambs marketed through Quebec’s Heavy Lamb Sales Agency. Corresponding management information and growth trait records for over 19,000 animals with carcass records and their relatives were extracted from the Canadian Sheep Genetic Evaluation System. Single-trait mixed linear models in SAS were used to test the significance (P < 0.05) of various non-genetic effects, after a Scheffe adjustment for multiple comparisons. All models included categorical fixed effects of sex (male or female), breed (Hampshire, HA; Suffolk, SU; Canadian Arcott, CD; Polled Dorset, DP; Rideau Arcott, RI; Polypay, PO), dam age at parity (1 to 7+ years), and birth and rearing type (born as single, twin, or triplet and more, and reared as single or multiple), and a random effect of contemporary group. Linear covariates of slaughter age or carcass weight were included in the carcass trait models, while a scanning weight covariate was used for ultrasound trait models. Male lambs were found to be significantly heavier during growth, had greater HCW and PRICE, and lower FATGR and CONF than female lambs. As expected, terminal breeds (HA, SU, CD) tended to have greater growth, greater HCW and PRICE, and lower FATGR than maternal (DP, RI, RV, PO) breeds. This information could be utilized by Canadian sheep producers to manage their flocks to maximize the revenue of lambs marketed through price grid classification systems.
PSX-10 Feeding behavior and physiologic parameters of goat kids fed by diets with increasing levels of babassu mesocarp flour
Authors: Santos Aylpy , Freitas Leonardo M , Parente Henrique , MAchado Nitalo , Filho Miguel A Moreira , Sousa Maykon , Souza Edegleicia A , da Silva Thiago de Cássio F , Ferreira Daniele , Portela Ygor , Sousa Francisca , Araújo Jocélio , Júnior Valdi Lima , Parente Michelle
Published: December 2019

Twenty eight crossbred Boer goat kids (21.6 ± 3 kg BW) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of increasing levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%, DM basis) of babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) on feeding behavior and physiologic parameters. Goat kids were individually confined and fed an isonitrogenous diet (12.6 ± 0.1 CP) containing 70% concentrate and 30% Tifton hay (DM basis) for 58 d, with 12 d for diet adaptation and 46 d for experimental period. Animals were monitored every 5 min during 24 h, on the 23th and 44th days of the experiment, according to the activities: eating, rumination, idle and other activities. The feed and rumination efficiencies, expressed as g DM/hour were obtained by dividing the average daily intake of DM by the total time spent eating and/or ruminating in 24 h, respectively. The animals’ physiological responses were evaluated at 06:00; 10:00; 14:00 and 18:00 h, over 10 consecutive experimental days, in which the following parameters were measured: rectal temperature (RT), body temperature (BT) and respiratory rate (RR). Orthogonal polynomials for diet responses were determined by linear and quadratic effects. Effects were declared significant at P ≤ 0.05. The levels of BMF did not affect (P ≥ 0.05) the time spent in eating, idle, rumination (averaging 217±27.4, 363±17.2 and 859±30.6 min/d, respectively), feed efficiency of DM (averaging 245±32.3 g DM/h), rumination efficiency of DM and NDF (averaging 138±28.1 and 155±26.6 g/h respectively) and RR (averaging 54±3.9 mov/min). However, the efficiency of feeding NDF, RT and BT increased linearly with BMF (P < 0.05). It is concluded that BMF can be added up to 30% in the diet of goat kids and despite the increase in some of physiological variables, there was no thermal stress, confirmed by the absence of differences in feeding behavior.
Jaundice Occurrence After a Large Area Burn Is a Possible Indication to Delay Surgery
Authors: Wang Xiqiao , Yuan Bo
Published: December 2019

The mortality of burn patients with sepsis is higher than that of trauma patients. Sepsis causes liver dysfunction, which is an independent risk factor for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and sepsis-induced death. We present the case of a 57-year-old female with burns covering 59% of her total body surface area and the presence of full-thickness burns. She was transferred to our burn center due to the appearance of fever and skin jaundice during the previous treatment. Based on the clinical manifestation, two main strategies were performed: debridement to remove necrotic wound tissue and treatment with a combination of drugs for liver protection. The patient’s condition appeared stable for a period thereafter. Skin grafting to cover the wound was unexpectedly followed by a rapid deterioration in clinical manifestation. We can learn from this failed case that jaundice might be a sign of a systemic crisis. In such cases, surgery could aggravate the severity of the condition and cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Therefore, jaundice may be a sign that skin surgery is not the best option. The optimal treatment should enhance liver protection or provide artificial liver support systems to facilitate the recovery of the liver from severe sepsis. This case suggests that skin graft surgery should not be conducted until jaundice is resolved in burn patients.
Thin and Ultra-Thin Split-Thickness Skin Grafts Are Safe and Efficacious in the Burn Population
Authors: Chacon Miranda A , Haas Jacqueline , Hansen Trevor C , Mushin Oren P , Bell Derek E
Published: December 2019

Split-thickness skin-grafts are a mainstay of burn management. Studies suggest no benefit to using thick (0.025 inch) over standard (0.012–0.020 inch) grafts, and some support the use of thin (0.008 inch) over standard thickness. Data on the use of even thinner grafts is scarce. This study reviewed outcomes of burn patients treated with thin (0.008–0.011 inch) and ultra-thin (≤0.007 inch) grafts. Retrospective review of records from July 2012 to June 2016 included patients who sustained operative burns treated by a single surgeon. Patients were excluded for nonoperative injuries, inhalational injuries, or prolonged hospitalizations. Outcome measures were compared between thin and ultra-thin groups. One-hundred twenty-eight patients met inclusion criteria; 35 received thin split-thickness skin-grafts while 93 received ultra-thin. Cohort analysis demonstrated equivalent graft-take, time to reepithelialization, and functional outcomes. Time to donor-site healing was significantly faster in the ultra-thin cohort (P = .04). Of those with functional outcomes recorded, 88.1% had good-excellent function and 11.9% retained a limitation in function as designated in physical therapy notes. There were fewer complications overall (P = .004) and a lower incidence of hypertrophic scarring (P = .025) in the ultra-thin cohort. This study presents a single-surgeon experience with thin and ultra-thin split-thickness skin-grafts. These grafts are exhibit excellent graft-take and few complications. There was no correlation between thickness and functional outcome at the time of physical therapy discharge. Donor-site reepithelialization was faster with ultra-thin grafts, which may be important in patients with large burns and limited donor sites.