bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AGENT-BASED MODELING OF UP DILIMAN INTRACAMPUS PEDESTRIAN MOBILITY USING NETLOGO AND GIS
Authors: Fortu Z. J. T. F. , Guevarra L. M. L. , Ang M. R. C. O. , Vergara K. A. P.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. In the Philippines, campus mobility studies remain underexplored. Since small-scale models help in policy making that may also be applied in a large spatiotemporal context, intracampus mobility modeling and simulation offer support for future mobility research. In this study, we designed a NetLogo model to apply ABM and GIS in understanding intracampus student pedestrian mobility. We created a deterministic model using discrete student schedule and a probabilistic model using the multinomial logistic (MNL) regression model derived from the student demographics data to analyze student movement. To provide a realistic representation of student pedestrians and campus environment, GIS spatiotemporal data was proven crucial to the pedestrian mobility models. The generated pedestrian count heatmaps show a significant increase in student count from online learning switching to face–to–face instruction. The overall campus building occupancy served as the key factor influencing the changes in agent behaviors such as walking speed and student tardiness. Moreover, the probabilistic model showed erratic movements of students. The model evaluation depends on the heavily imbalanced datasets and its multiclass nature with relatively higher model performance (F1 score > 0.8) is observed during morning, noon, and end schedule times, whereas suboptimal performance (F1 score < 0.6) where the dataset has a higher number of classes. The simulations demonstrate that ABM is a useful tool for examining pedestrian and transport patterns and can be enhanced further to allow multimodal and multiagent systems.
WEB VISUALIZATION AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF TREE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AT UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN ACADEMIC OVAL
Authors: Atara D. M. , Carpio H. A. , Macapinlac O. T. , Ang M. R. C. O.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Understanding the distribution of tree species is crucial for ecological comprehension and effective conservation strategies. This research presents a web-based platform aimed at visually representing the trees found at the University of the Philippines Diliman campus. Open-source geospatial tools such as OpenStreetMap, KoboToolbox, Pl@ntNet, JOSM, uMap, and QGIS were employed for data visualization, collection, analysis, validation, and spatial pattern assessment. Through these tools, a total of 11 tree species were identified, with acacia emerging as the dominant species, especially concentrated along the academic oval. The application of Kernel Density Estimation (HeatMap) in QGIS revealed these spatial distribution patterns. The findings contribute to the effective management, conservation, and restoration of the campus' green spaces, shedding light on the significance of trees in urban ecosystems. The online interactive map developed serves as a valuable tool for improving management and conservation strategies. Importantly, the study assesses the effectiveness of open-source tools, showcasing their versatility and comparable capabilities to proprietary alternatives in geospatial applications.
ASSESSMENT OF FOREST DISTURBANCES USING REMOTE SENSING: CASE OF KALIWA RIVER FOREST RESERVE (KRFR), PHILIPPINES
Authors: Garcia M. A. R. , Principe J. A.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. The Kaliwa River Forest Reserve (KRFR) is located in the southwestern part of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range, Philippines. KRFR is one of the most important forest reserves in the country that is adjacent to urban areas and is very much affected by various forest disturbances. Forest disturbances can be caused by either anthropogenic or natural phenomena (e.g., typhoons, drought, and pathogen outbreaks) and may have negative effects on the forest structure and function. The study used the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) in detecting forest disturbances for the period of 2010, 2015, and 2020. Results showed that the deforestation rate has significantly decreased from 6.22% in 2010 to 3.40% in 2020. The National Greening Program (NGP) and intensified forest protection activities of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) may have contributed to the observed decreasing trend in deforestation rate. However, forest disturbance in the closed and open forest areas of KRFR gradually increased from 0.11% to 0.40%. Based on the accuracy assessment, the NDMI performed well in determining forest disturbances with mean values of 0.91 and 0.93 for completeness and correctness, respectively. The main contributor to forest disturbances in KRFR was mainly anthropogenic factors such as kaingin, illegal logging, urban sprawl, and upland farming. Outputs of this study can aid in the formulation of policies for better forest resource management, rehabilitation, and protection in the protected area.
SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF VIOLENT CONFLICT AND LAND COVER CHANGE IN LANAO DEL SUR FROM 2011 TO 2020
Authors: Geñoso G. M. C. , Soriano F. A. , Ramos R. V. , Carcellar III B. G.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. With Lanao del Sur historically being a setting for numerous violent conflict events, its land use and land cover (LULC) manifest the direct and indirect effects of conflict such as destruction and forced displacement that influences land cover change (LCC). Tracking LULC changes can determine the extent of damage induced by conflicts and support the crafting of policies toward sustainable development. To see how conflict has affected the land systems, Landsat-7, and -8 imagery from 2011 to 2020 were used to examine Lanao del Sur's periodic land covers and their trajectories. Barangay-level conflict incidence was also used to identify areas with both high conflict incidence and high rates of LCC. Trajectory analysis revealed patterns in land processes: afforestation coinciding with abandonment, and cultivation being bordered by deforestation as the connecting grassland cover decreases. Decreases in grassland cover were simultaneous with an increase in agricultural lands. Generally coinciding with conflict hotspots, areas with high conflict incidence and land cover change were typically found in urban centers, near water bodies, and provincial boundaries where there was a high volume of human activities. Meanwhile, areas with low conflict incidence and LCC were found in forested areas. Overall, there is a significant positive correlation between conflict occurrences and LCC (r = 0.388), with abandonment (r = 0.533) and cultivation (r = 0.546) having moderate strengths of association.
INVESTIGATING LOSS FUNCTIONS FOR SEGMENTING AND DETECTING SHIPS ON SAR IMAGERY
Authors: Lagahit M. L. R. , Matsuoka M.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. In accordance with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, this study explores ship monitoring through the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for its potential applications to economic and security purposes. One method to extract ships through SAR-derived imagery is to employ the use of convolutional neural networks (CNN). However, the extraction of small features continues to be a challenging task for CNNs. To improve the performance in such cases, one way is to employ the use of an appropriate loss function, which helps guide the CNN model during training. In this paper, Focal Combo (FC) loss, a recent loss function designed for extreme class imbalance, will be investigated to analyze its effects when applied to ship extraction. In doing so, this paper also presents a thorough comparison of existing loss functions in their capability to segment and detect ships on SAR imagery. Making use of the U-Net model, our results demonstrate that by using FC loss we can observe an increase in segmentation of about 9% in terms of f3-score and a decrease in missed detections by about 17 ships (after post-processing) when compared to cross-entropy loss. Unfortunately, it has also shown a significant drop in precision of about 35% resulting in an additional 270 ships being incorrectly detected in the background. In future work, varying CNN models shall be tested to see if the pattern persists and several trials shall be conducted to assess consistency.
GROUND DEFORMATION MONITORING OF RECLAIMED LANDS ALONG MANILA BAY FREEPORT ZONE USING PS-INSAR TECHNIQUE
Authors: Lomibao A. L. , Leal G. A. , Mabaquiao L. C. , Reyes R. B.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. In response to escalating land demands, land reclamation plays a vital role, but this comes with the challenge of ground deformations that threaten livelihoods and safety. To address the growing concern, Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) is utilized. This remote sensing method is known for its cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and high-resolution capabilities, to monitor vertical ground deformations in Manila Bay Freeport Zone's reclaimed areas. Through adaptation and implementation of PS-InSAR via SARPROZ, measurements along the satellite’s line-of-sight (LOS) is integrated both for ascending and descending geometries using the Nearest Neighbor Vector (NNV) approach to decompose and derive precise vertical displacement values. Correlation analysis with annual leveling data from six benchmarks reveals a strong relationship with correlation coefficient > 0.80. The results indicate relative stability with localized subsidence due to differential settlement and nearby construction. The results from the PS-InSAR technique show that ground deformation on reclaimed lands is expected to continue. Hence, monitoring should be implemented to observe sustained settlements after reclamation, identify areas with significant deformations, detect building and structural deformations, and initiate solutions to reduce the risk of environmental hazards.
ANALYSIS OF NOVASAR-1 S-BAND DATA IN DEVELOPING AN ALTERNATIVE LAND COVER MAPPING
Authors: Mariano K. L. S. , Dumalag J. B. L. C. , Cadiz N. R. R.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. The Advanced Science and Technology Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-ASTI), through its Synthetic Aperture Radar and Automatic Identification System (SARwAIS) Project, has gained access to S-Band SAR images acquired by the NovaSAR-1 satellite of UK’s Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL) To help maximize the utility of these images especially in the aspect of terrain-related applications, their viability as potential alternatives to datasets like optical satellite images and other SAR images in characterizing land cover types was evaluated. Statistical analyses on the backscatter values from the tri-polarization ScanSAR datasets using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and its corresponding post-hoc tests showed that there is a significant difference on the mean backscatter values at 0.05 level of significance. Moreover, Tukey’s honestly significant difference (Tukey’s HSD) test determined which pairs contribute to the significant difference. Using the Random Forest algorithm resulted in an accuracy of 66.93% without further optimization and/or reduction in the number of land covers being classified. Despite the relatively unremarkable accuracy score, it still showed potential for data augmentation with optical satellites for land cover mapping and other terrain-related applications.
THE APPLICABILITY OF LOW-COST MULTI-FREQUENCY MULTI-GNSS RECEIVERS FOR GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEYING
Authors: Mercurio M. , Reyes R.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. In geodetic surveys, survey-grade receivers are conventionally used due to their accuracy. However, expensive survey-grade receivers deter users from performing geodetic surveys utilizing the technology. Considerably, multi-system and multi-frequency low-cost GNSS receivers are available today, which can already provide good positioning accuracy output. This paper evaluates the performance of low-cost GNSS receivers in single-point positioning, relative positioning, and network solutions compared to survey-grade GNSS receivers. The study used a survey-grade antenna to test the u-blox C099-F9P evaluation kit equipped with the ZED-F9P module, a low-cost GNSS receiver. Simultaneously, the survey-grade GNSS receiver utilizes the same antenna using a GPS splitter to ensure simultaneous observation. Based on the results, the low-cost GNSS receiver is comparable to the survey-grade GNSS receiver for single and relative positioning. For single-point positioning, the low-cost GNSS receiver achieved 1- and 1.5-meter accuracy in horizontal and vertical components at a 95% confidence level, respectively. In relative positioning, it achieved an accuracy of 1 millimeter on average at a 95% confidence level. The network solution utilizes four (4) Active Geodetic Stations of the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority within the National Capital Region, used as reference stations. The low-cost GNSS receiver achieved an average accuracy of 8 millimeters. In summary, the ublox C099-F9P low-cost GNSS receiver achieved better than 1:100,000 or first-order survey accuracy stipulated in DAO 2007-29 surveying standards. Results show that the u-blox C099-F9P is possible for geodetic and other land surveying applications, even for high-accuracy requirements surveys.
ESCAPE: EVACUATION SIMULATION USING COGNITIVE AGENT-BASED MODELING ON POSSIBLE EARTHQUAKE IN GAMA PLATFORM FOR THE CASE OF KALAYAAN RESIDENCE HALL
Authors: Barbosa P. C. , Macatulad E. G. , Ramos R. V.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a valuable tool for assessing the life-safety capacity of buildings during evacuations. This study focuses on the Kalayaan Residence Hall (KRH), a university dormitory, using Evacuation Simulation using Cognitive Agent-based modeling on Possible Earthquake (ESCAPE). ESCAPE integrates cognitive behavior, addressing the oversight in traditional ABM by considering human aspects. The 3D GIS-based model of KRH includes floors, rooms, exits, and path networks. Occupants involved in the model comprise residents, maintenance, office staff, and guards. The simulations, featuring eight scenarios, vary in agent numbers, locations, and time-based behaviors derived from survey responses. In 800 simulation runs, 79 exceeded the recommended evacuation time of 150 seconds. Analysis reveals evacuation time is influenced by the evacuee count, with over 500 occupants causing inefficiencies. The study suggests increasing occupants' knowledge about evacuation protocols and conducting regular drills to reduce panic. Recommendations include enhancing unused exits' serviceability to improve the evacuation scheme. This comprehensive approach aims to optimize KRH's evacuation efficiency by addressing cognitive aspects and refining protocols.
MAPPING 3D STRUCTURE OF URBAN TREES USING AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA FOR TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
Authors: Oshio H. , Asawa T.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. The designing of urban spaces utilizing trees is a promising approach to alleviate the severe thermal environment. Three-dimensional (3D) information on individual trees is important for their maintenance and for evaluating their microclimatic effects. Methods have been developed for estimating the 3D distribution of leaf area density (LAD) using high-density airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud. However, the coverage of high-density data is limited. This study sought to develop a method for estimating LAD distribution using existing low-density LiDAR data that was obtained for the nationwide topographic survey. A point cloud with the same density as the existing data was generated from the high-density data. LAD was estimated using the generated point cloud and was compared with LAD derived from the high-density data and terrestrial LiDAR to clarify the spatial scale of information obtained from the existing data. A method to improve the spatial scale was also examined. These methods were applied to the actual existing LiDAR data to generate a 3D information map at an urban scale.
DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB PLATFORM FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Authors: Sta. Ana R. , Panlilio K. A. , Ramos R. V. , Torres R. A. B. , Recto B. A. B.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Access to information on the quality of the air we breathe is important as it has a huge impact on our health. Also, with the recent Covid pandemic, maintaining our respiratory health has been more important than ever. With knowledge on the air quality in our surroundings, we can make better-informed decisions concerning our health. While geospatial datasets are available, they are often not in an easily digestible format. The tools commonly used in the analysis of these datasets usually require technical knowledge, which limits their accessibility. The study hopes to address these issues by scoping currently available technologies to develop a framework for consolidating the datasets into a single data hub, and presenting the data in way that’s easily understandable without requiring a technical background. Easy-to-use processing and automation tools are also being developed to make performing analysis on the datasets simpler and more accessible. The work done in this project is also intended to serve as a template for future studies in similar fields.
DEVELOPMENT OF LAND-USE REGRESSION MODELS FOR PARTICULATE MATTER ESTIMATION IN NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Torres R. A. B. , Ramos R. V. , Recto B. A. B. , Tamondong A. M.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Regression models are commonly used to estimate unknown variables, such as environmental parameters. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) is one of the techniques used to model air quality and measure air pollutant concentrations. Specifically, a technique called Land-Use Regression (LUR) enables the user to generate air pollutant models using geographical layers as input parameters. The study aims to generate models for fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively) using LUR for the National Capital Region in 2019. Independent variables considered in this study are road network, traffic count, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), population density, and elevation. The final model results showed significant estimates based on the model parameters. For PM2.5, the model resulted in high values of R2 and adjusted R2 and an RMSE of 0.77 μg/m3. For PM10, model parameters showed that the generated final model for PM10 was significant with a 55% R2 value. Maps were then generated using the final LUR models of PM2.5 and PM10. The models can be improved by adding more types of input variables and longer observation periods.
COMPARISON OF THE USE OF SENTINEL-1 SAR AND ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 IN MANGROVE ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ESTIMATION IN SAN JUAN, BATANGAS, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Bilolo J. J. , Dida J. V. , Araza A.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. This study compares the potential of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 in estimating mangrove aboveground biomass (AGB) in San Juan, Batangas, Philippines. Mangrove forests are essential coastal ecosystems that are facing growing threats. One way of conserving them is by creating policies that can protect them. To do this effectively, information like AGB can be used as a guide. However, conventional AGB estimations are labor-intensive and ecologically disruptive. Conversely, remote sensing technologies, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), offer a more efficient alternative. Sentinel-1, operating in C-band, and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2, operating in L-band, are two prominent SAR platforms with global coverage, offering data for land cover classification, forest monitoring, and forest biomass estimation. This research used the backscatter values of Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 as predictor variables in estimating mangrove AGB by correlating them to the observed AGB from a mangrove survey. The models developed using these platforms yielded limited accuracy, with low coefficient of determination (R2) (Sentinel-1 = 0.13; ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 = 0.12) and RMSE (Sentinel-1 = 8.72 Mg ha-1; ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 = 8.78 Mg ha-1). Potential sources of errors were identified, including small sample size and data noise. On the results, Sentinel-1 demonstrates a slightly better performance in terms of the R2 and RMSE in the modeling while ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 performed better in the validation, however, both still yielded suboptimal AGB estimates compared to other studies. Refining the models by incorporating additional parameters, exploring machine learning, and considering other data sources are recommended to enhance AGB estimation.
3D RECONSTRUCTION OF THE FORT SANTIAGO DUNGEONS USING HANDHELD LASER SCANNING METHOD
Authors: Borrega P. L. , Felisilda Y. A. , Sarmiento C. J. , Tamondong A.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. The preservation of Cultural Heritage sites is an inherent responsibility of the citizens of a country. To this end, developments in digitization serve as a permanent way of preserving a site at its optimum state, and the creation of accurate 3D models becomes a repository of measurements for future reconstruction. Thus, in this study, the Fort Santiago Dungeons, a popular Cultural Heritage site in the Philippines, was 3D-reconstructed using the GeoSLAM ZEB Revo RT, a handheld Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanner that uses a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Algorithm. With it, dense point clouds were produced with acceptable results in terms of colorization using the ZEB-CAM accessory, completeness, and measurement noise. This trend extended to quantitative evaluations of the dense point clouds of different formats (LAS and PLY) and colorization settings, as the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) against corresponding ground measurements were 0.734cm and 0.739cm for the Non-colorized, and 1.308cm and 1.312cm for Colorized, respectively. Likewise, the derived mesh files gave similar RMSEs with the Non-colorized at 1.044cm (LAS) and 0.999cm (PLY); and with the Colorized at 1.339cm (LAS) and 1.326cm (PLY). Overall, results showed that the mesh file derived from PLY dense point cloud exceeded the other format - as the dungeon's interior was better represented. Nonetheless, even though there were differences in the RMSEs of the measurements, due to factors such as the number of points and the processing itself, all are within the 5cm threshold to be considered useful in the event of reconstruction.
TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF SATELLITE-BASED TRACE GASES CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES USING SENTINEL-5P
Authors: Aporto L. A. , Latunio M. , Ramos R. V. , Tamondong A. M.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. This study examined the temporal variations of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) concentrations retrieved from Sentinel-5P TROPOMI in six port areas in the Philippines, representing different climate types. The results demonstrate that the COVID-19 lockdowns led to a significant decrease in NO2 levels, while SO2 concentrations varied due to factors such as volcanic activity. Seasonal analysis of NO2 and SO2 retrievals, considering the four climate types in the Philippines, revealed that the wet season values for both pollutants were higher than the dry season values for most ports. This disparity contradicted the general trend of higher air pollutant levels during the dry season and lower levels during the wet season. The authors attributed this to the nature of port activities during inclement weather, where ships are more likely to be docked with continuously operating engines, leading to continuous emissions within the port buffer zones. Temporal analysis and time series decomposition analysis revealed patterns and trends, identifying the months of minimum and maximum pollutant concentrations and the overall trend throughout the study period.
Investors’ Psych and Stock Return in Nigeria during the Covid-19 Pandemic Era
Authors: Fakunmoju Segun Kamouru , Abdullahi Bello Ibrahim , Gbadebo Oketoyin Abraham
Published: April 2024

Investors’ attitudes were severely altered by the Covid-19 crisis, which had an intolerable effect on volatile returns in Nigerian stock market and other stock markets worldwide. Psychological trauma was experienced by stock investors due to the inability to foresee returns following the worldwide shock of Covid-19 and the subsequent drop in stock investments brought on by the unpredictability of macroeconomic behavior. This study analyzed the link effect of investor psyche on stock returns in Nigeria between March 2019 and December 2022. For this research, Sentiment Index (SMI) model was employed for the connection between investors psyche and returns on the Nigerian stock market. It was found that, investors psyche during Covid-19 pandemic negatively affected stock returns, resulting from negative concerns about their survival and financial security than the stock market, thus triggered sharp decline in stock investment. Thus, study concluded that Covid-19 outbreak impacted stock returns negatively. The research recommends that the Nigerian stock exchange commission should increase disclosure of market information, which is related to the magnitude and potentials of stock returns and degree of volatility at all times. The concerned volatility and potentials during the Covid-19 era were also influential to enhance investors’ confidence.
Process Innovation as a Strategic Tool in Enhancing the Performance of Organizations: A Study of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria
Authors: Iherobiem Augustine Chibueze , Sanusi Aminat Odunola
Published: April 2024

This study investigated how process innovation might be used as a strategic tool to improve organizational performance in the context of Nigerian manufacturing companies. The study employed a descriptive survey methodology and population of the study consisted 7.533 employees from specifically 3 chosen manufacturing companies in Nigeria: Lafarge Africa Plc, Flour Mill Nigeria PLC and PZ Cussons. The sample size for the study was estimated using Andrew Fisher's Formula to be 366 and the distributed questionnaire was designed on a five-point Likert scale. Out of the 366 questionnaires that were distributed, 340 were returned, giving the study a response rate of 93%. SPSS was used to examine the data that were obtained. The study found a substantial correlation between the two variables and it was determined that process innovation is important for improving organizational performance. As a result, it was therefore recommended that manufacturing companies should constantly innovate their processes to increase competitive advantage in the market.
Effect of Maternal Literacy on Immunization Completeness in Children Under 2 Years of Age – Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Saeed Usman , Saeed Asra , Matani Sandia , Shahzadi Iram , Saeed Hooriya , Shahid Fareeha
Published: April 2024

Objective: To assess the association of different levels of education with complete immunization in children under 2 years of age.
 
Study Design and Setting: The study was cross sectional analytical and was carried by online survey of mothers living in Karachi. The study was conducted through a period of 4 months from May 2021 to August 2021.
 
Methodology: The sample size of 270 mothers was calculated using a 95% Confidence Level and using the Epi Info Application. The data was collected using a closed-ended online questionnaire via Google Forms. Due to the COVID – 19 pandemic, the questionnaires had to be distributed online. The data was analyzed using SPSS V23. The statistical test used was Fisher Exact Test to determine whether or not the relationship between maternal education and immunization rate was significant. .
 
Results: A total of 270 responses were recorded from mothers of various socio-economic statuses. It was observed that as the level of education increased from no formal education to a higher level of education, the percentage of children completely vaccinated increased from 76.9% to 92.7%. Upon statistical testing using Fisher Exact Test, the p-value was found to be 0.017 which is less than the alpha value of 0.05 showing that the relationship between the 2 variables is significant.
 
Conclusion: The study had shown that the children of mothers with a higher level of education were associated with a higher likelihood of being fully vaccinated than children of mothers with a lower level of education.
Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment and Risk Factors among Elderly in Rawalpindi, Pakistan: A cross-Sectional study
Authors: Khattak Hafsah Gul , Arshad Hafsah , Anwar Kinza , Ali Muhammad Qasim
Published: April 2024

Objective: The study aimed to find out the prevalence of cognitive impairment and risk factors among elderly. Study Design and setting: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in elderly population of Rawalpindi. Methodology: The study was conducted from October 2020 to February 2021. After getting approval from the ethical committee, data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire. The sample of 446 participants, raised through nonprobability convenient sampling technique. Participants aged above 60 years, both genders were included however individuals who had severe head injury, depression, severe hearing and visual impairment, delirium and not willing to participate were excluded from study. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Data was analyzed by using SPSS v24.
 
Results: Overall mean age of sample was 69±4.6 years. Overall prevalence of cognitive impairment was 35.4 %. Among them 134 (30%) had mild cognitive impairment and 24 (5.4%) had dementia. The prevalence of cognitive impairment increases with age being higher (64.2%) at 70 years and above than at 60-69 years of age. Females 82 (61%) had high prevalence of MCI than males 52 (39%). Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, and physical activity were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics were applied. Pearson chi square of independence was used to find the association of various factors. The p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
 
Conclusion: Cognitive impairment increases with the increasing age and was more prevalent among females. Hypertension, Diabetes, physical activity were modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment
Trachea-o-esophageal Fistula following Button Battery Ingestion, Presenting One Month after the Event- A Rare Presentation
Authors: Tariq Rutaba , Choudhary Iftikhar Ahmed , Zaheer Shanza , Naveed Qaiser
Published: April 2024

Trachea-o-oesophageal fistula (TEF) formation after battery ingestion is a fatal complication with severe consequences. Urgent removal of battery is necessary within few hours. Persistent oral intolerance, respiratory difficulty or clinical deterioration after removal of battery should raise a suspicion of oesophageal rupture/leak or TEF. We present case of a 3-year-old who ingested button battery, which was diagnosed immediately but due to delay in referral to the concerned specialty the battery was removed on the 2nd day followed by large oesophageal rupture. However initially the child improved after the repair, the development of TEF was presented much later which was a rare presentation. A large fistula which was not closed by conservative approach was successfully closed surgically. The child was recovered after the repair, and the confirmation of adequate repair by esophagoscopy was done. Button battery ingestion (BBI) should be considered a surgical emergency, requiring urgent removal and vigilant monitoring.
Comparison of SOFA and qSOFA Scores in Predicting Infection and Mortality in HDU and ICU Patients at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Khan Sarah , Khan Jawad , Khan Shaista
Published: April 2024

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) and qSOFA (Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) in predicting infection and mortality in ICU (intensive care unit) and HDU (high dependency unit) patients admitted at a tertiary care center of excellence.
 
Study Design and Setting: Prospective observational non-interventional study. Anesthesia Department of Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from Jan 2023-Jun 2023.
 
Methodology: Patients in both ICU (n=220) and HDU (n=220) setups admitted with a suspicion of sepsis were evaluated for onset of sepsis and mortality. Primary variables studied were the sensitivity and specificity for both scores for predicting infection and mortality in the ICU and HDU. Positive predictive value for both scores were calculated as secondary variable. Results: While assessing the primary variables, the sensitivity of SOFA for predicting infection in the ICU was 25.6% with a specificity of 85.3% versus a sensitivity of 76.8% and specificity of 59.0% for qSOFA. In the HDU, It showed sensitivity and specificity with PPV for SOFA being 64.7%, 95.1% and 64.7% versus 79.3%, 85.3% and 46.9% for qSOFA respectively.
 
While assessing for mortality, SOFA values in the ICU for sensitivity, specificity and PPV were 81.8%, 93.5% and 69.2% versus 88.8%, 58.3% and 90.9% for qSOFA respectively.
 
Conclusion: We conclude that qSOFA to be good predictor of mortality in the HDU and SOFA with good specificity for infection and mortality in the ICU
The Relationship between Aesthetics and Self-Esteem
Authors: Iqbal Sannia Perwaiz
Published: April 2024

The aesthetic industry encompasses many products and services dedicated to beauty, cosmetics, and personal appearance. As the demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures, such as Botox, fillers, peels, and lasers, rapidly increases, Aesthetic Medicine is gaining recognition as a separate specialty within Pakistan and globally.1 The prevalence of skin disorders worldwide has increased, leading to many patients seeking skin therapy that utilizes light, ultrasound, and laser-based solutions
Abdominal Pregnancy at Term a Rare Case Report from Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Farah Hassan , Fahim Tanzila , Shah Nighat Ali , Ali Fahad
Published: April 2024

Abdominal pregnancy is an extreme rare situation and the quoted incidence is 1.4% of all ectopic pregnancies. The diagnosis and management is challenging and requires multidisciplinary input, if not managed in good hands can lead to serious consequences leading to maternal and neonatal mortality. We present a case of 32 years old abdominal pregnancy which presented to us at 31 weeks pregnancy with severe vomiting and mild abdominal pain. The site of pregnancy went unrecognized till 35 weeks pregnancy until she was operated in suspection of placenta Previa. The patient recovered smoothly after surgery and went home in stable condition. Abdominal pregnancy is challenging to diagnose and manage. It requires not only clinical expertise but also strong radiological guidance to advice management. A rare presentation of persistent nausea and vomiting due to compression of underlying intestines may lead to consider the diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy in later gestation
Red Cell Parameters in Beta Thalassemia Trait; Comparison between Iron Deficient and Non-Deficient Carriers
Authors: Tahir Nazish , Khattak Saeed Akhtar Khan , Shaikh Ghulam Murtaza , Sajjad Zunera , Hanif Tamoor Bin , Jamal Nighat
Published: April 2024

Objective: To compare hematological parameters in iron-deficient and non-deficient carriers of beta thalassemia trait. Study Design And Setting: Comparative cross-sectional study. This study was conducted at the Department of Hematology at PNS SHIFA Hospital, Karachi for six months (February 2023 to July 2023).
 
Methodology: This comparative cross-sectional study included a total of 304 cases with beta thalassemia trait and was divided into two groups; the Iron-deficient (ID+) and iron-deficient (ID-) group. The study focused on red cell parameters i.e, Hemoglobin (Hb), TRBC, MCV, MCH and RDW. Haemoglobin Electrophoresis results of both groups were also compared. Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean ± SD and the Chi-square test was assigned. A p-value = 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
 
Results: Out of the total 304 subjects, 76 (25.0%) had iron deficiency, and 228 (75.0) had sufficient iron stores. Mean age of patients was 18 (Range: 3 – 35) years. HbA levels were similar in both the groups with p-value > 0.05. While all other parameters compared showed marked differences among the two groups and were found to be statistically significant. Hb, TRBC, MCV MCH showed lower values in the ID+ group while RDW was lower in the ID- group.
 
Conclusion: Red Cell parameters and HBA2 levels in beta thalassemia trait vary significantly among the iron deficient vs non-deficient group. Hence due consideration is needed in screening of beta thalassemia trait in patients with iron deficiency anemia.
Current Status of Neurorehabilitation Services in the OIC Countries: Results of an International Online Survey
Authors: Hassan Zuhaib , Rathore Farooq Azam , Mangat Sermad
Published: April 2024

Objectives: Neurorehabilitation services are not widely available to most persons with disability (PWD) in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries. This study aimed to document status of neurorehabilitation services in OIC countries. Study Design and Setting: Cross-sectional online survey.
 
Methods: Self-administered online survey conducted using Google Forms. Key resource persons for each OIC country working in field of neurorehabilitation were identified from various databases. The questionnaire was emailed to 20 identified resource persons. The response rate was 60% (12/20).
 
Results: Neurorehabilitation services were available in 9 out of 12 surveyed countries. Only 2 countries reported providing access to neurorehabilitation services to 76-100% of their population. Five countries reported less than 25% of population had access to these services. Most commonly available neurorehabilitation services included services for stroke, spinal cord injury, pediatric neurorehabilitation, brain injury, and neuromuscular rehabilitation. Three countries had none of these specialized services. Five countries had neurorehabilitation training programs for physicians and other rehabilitation professionals. Patients had to pay out of pocket for these services in most of surveyed countries, followed by public funding and private insurance. Tele-neurorehabilitation and local disease-specific neurorehabilitation guidelines were not available in most of surveyed countries.
 
Conclusion: Neurorehabilitation services in OIC region are not widely available, with significant variability in availability and quality. There is a need to develop and improve these services. Sharing knowledge and expertise through various forms, such as exchange visits and online sessions, can help improve neurorehabilitation services in these countries
Clinical Characteristics, Prognostic Factors and Outcomes of Paediatric Patients with Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Aslam Sehar , Sadiq Nadeem , Nadeem Tariq , Arshed Awais , Atta Imrana , Minhas Kiran
Published: April 2024

Objective: Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a multi-system autoimmune disorder. The objective of this study was to find out the clinical characteristics and prognosis of paediatric patients with Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Study Design and setting: Cross sectional study conducted at Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from July 2021 to June 2023.
 
Methodology: Children with diagnosis of HLH were assessed by including patients who were aged = 13 years during hospitalization. All the patients who had not been diagnosed by using the HLH-2004 criteria were disqualified. Relevant findings were noted by evaluating records pertinent to physical examination, radiology and laboratory markers. Prognosis was assessed by determining the underlying clinical aetiology and whether patient-related factors modulated the overall life expectancy.
 
Results: A total of 32 patient records were evaluated. Mean age at diagnosis was 44.3 ± 39.1 months (Range: 1-132 months) with majority being males [n=23 (71.9%)]. The common clinical characteristics included fever [n=29 (90.6%)], lymphadenopathy [n=27 (84.4%)], splenomegaly [n=23 (71.9%)] and hepatomegaly [n=23 (71.9%)]. Serum ferritin, bilirubin, ALT, AST, and LDH were also raised. All patients were followed for a mean period of 12 months and 18 (56.3%) children failed to survive. Negative prognostic indicators included severe anaemia (p=0.001), neutropenia (p=0.007), thrombocytopenia (p=0.033), and hyperferritinemia (p<0.001). Elevation of liver enzymes (ALT: p<0.001; AST: p=0.031), serum bilirubin (p=0.037), and LDH (p<0.001) also indicated worse disease prognosis.
 
Conclusion: HLH in childhood is a potentially life-threatening disease and carries a significant association with deranged liver function
Hak Waris dan Keadilan: Menggagas Reformasi Hukum Keluarga dengan Prinsip Maqasid Syariah
Authors: Wahyu Wahyu , Sya'bani Moh.Adib , Permana Syahrul Permana
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini menyoroti urgensi pembaruan hukum keluarga, khususnya dalam konteks hak waris dan keadilan. Terdapat tantangan kontemporer dan dinamika baru dalam kehidupan keluarga yang memerlukan perhatian serius. Identifikasi hambatan dan ketidakadilan dalam sistem hukum waris saat ini menjadi landasan penting untuk merumuskan solusi yang sesuai dengan nilai-nilai universal. Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah memberikan pandangan holistik terhadap isu hak waris dan keadilan dalam hukum keluarga. Artikel ini bertujuan merinci prinsip-prinsip Maqasid Syariah dan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) sebagai dasar untuk menciptakan kerangka hukum yang inklusif dan adil. Selain itu, artikel ini juga bermaksud memberikan panduan konkret kepada pembuat kebijakan, praktisi hukum, dan peneliti dalam mempertimbangkan pembaruan hukum keluarga. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan studi pustaka untuk menyelidiki isu-isu hak waris dalam hukum keluarga, terutama di konteks Indonesia. Melalui analisis pemikiran ulama dan cendekiawan Islam, penelitian ini mencoba merangkum perbedaan persepsi di kalangan masyarakat Muslim dan menganalisis dampak ketidaksetaraan ekonomi terhadap pembagian warisan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan. (1). Pemahaman mendalam terhadap perbedaan persepsi dan kendala budaya dalam implementasi ketentuan waris sesuai syariah di Indonesia, (2). Ditemukan bahwa ketidaksetaraan ekonomi memainkan peran penting dalam pembagian warisan. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini membahas (3) rekomendasi kongkrit untuk meningkatkan keadilan dalam hukum keluarga, termasuk integrasi prinsip-prinsip Maqasid Syariah dalam kerangka hukum waris. Hal ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi positif terhadap pembaruan hukum keluarga yang lebih inklusif dan responsif terhadap perubahan sosial.
MECHANISM FOR THE REALIZATION OF BASIC CULTURAL RIGHTS
Authors: Birmanova Axunkar Islanbekovna , Rustembekova Dinara Kenzhebekovna , Nukusheva Aigul Ashimovna
Published: April 2024

Cultural rights occupy an important position in the system of fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms. The relevance of the presented article is due to the need to increase attention to the issues of cultural development of the state as a whole, cultural rights and freedoms of the individual, in particular, on the part of both the public and the relevant state structures. The culture of any nation is distinguished by its specifics, by certain features in form and content. The problem of theoretical understanding of cultural rights becomes the subject of research in the science of constitutional law, theory and history of the state and law. All the necessary conditions for the exercise of cultural rights should be created in our state and society, including through the improvement of legislative regulation of relations in culture and related spheres. The category of "mechanism for ensuring human rights" does not yet have an unambiguous interpretation. In the article, the analyzed category is considered from various positions, and the mechanism is distinguished as a set of certain elements of legal regulation, law-making, the formation of lawful behavior, the realization of citizens' rights and freedoms, ensuring human rights, protecting fundamental human and civil rights, ensuring rehabilitation. It should be noted that a large number of international acts, both universal and regional, are in force at the international level. Unfortunately, an independent Declaration of Cultural Rights has not yet been adopted. The authors propose the approval of such a document, which would be of enormous importance for the harmonization of legal regulation of relations in the field of culture, in particular the cultural rights of the individual, increasing the prestige of the spiritual and cultural component.
INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIVE EXPERIENCE IN THE SPHERE OF REGULATION OF AIRSPACE AND OUTER SPACE LEGAL REGIME
Authors: Baitukayeva Baitukayeva Dana Umirbekovna , Achilleas Philippe
Published: April 2024

The article considers the experience of regulating the established legal regime for the use of airspace and outer space from the point of view international law norms and legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other countries. During the research of this issue, legal norms were analyzed, as well as the features of the legislations development in these fields. The boundary of space is given increasing importance because air law and space law have differences in their rules. These branches of international law are based on different principles and have different legal regimes. And these differences must be taken into account, in connection with new developments in space operations, including space tourism (flights), and the increasingly ambitious and far-reaching programs of some space powers. The relevance of the subject matter is determined by the risen interest of the majority of states in the world to the use of these areas for commercial purposes and more recently for military purposes. These processes have created new legal challenges to space law. This study reveals the need to adopt specific legal provisions in the field of exploration and use of outer space. As a result of the rapid pace of technological development, as well as taking into consideration the trends in developing commercial space activities, it became necessary to adopt international documents, specific legal provisions regarding the control of the activities of states in this sphere. The study also concludes, that the current airspace concept, needs to be updated in terms of its flexibility and adaptability to current changes.