bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jewish identification and critical theory: The political significance of conceptual categories
Authors: Glauz-Todrank Annalise E , Boyarin Jonathan , Silverblatt Irene , Geller Jay , Gross Aaron , Imhoff Sarah , Sippy Shana
Published: July 2014

This symposium examines how various discursive frameworks inform Jewish and non-Jewish interpretations of Jewishness. Although the specific characteristics of these frameworks are context-dependent, the underlying themes remain the same: Jewish identification entails identifying “difference,” and this process of drawing distinctions between Jews and non-Jews gets developed in discursive frameworks of temporality, “race thinking,” nationalism, and genetics, among others. In the broader contexts within which Jewish identification is formulated, these frameworks serve to: (i) delineate categories of people on the basis of socially salient qualities associated with human and other bodies; (ii) evaluate these categorical “types” in regard to their determined “desirable” and “undesirable” qualities; (iii) implement institutionally sanctioned measures that facilitate the privileging of the people who apparently embody desired qualities; and (iv) enforce structural constraints within which people may choose to contest, re-inscribe, re-appropriate, and/or attempt to transform components of the other three networks mentioned above. It also emphasizes the significance of who mobilizes these discourses, with what objectives in mind, and how both factors instantiate discursive and discursively informed concretized outcomes.
A call of duty in hard times: Duty to vote and the Spanish Economic Crisis
Authors: Galais Carol , Blais André
Published: July 2014

Although scarce, the literature addressing the effects of the economy on voter turnout and political attitudes has yielded mixed results. By using individual, longitudinal data from Spain—a country devastated by the Great Recession—our study illuminates how the latest economic crisis has impacted citizens’ perceptions of voting. We analyze how economic conditions and perceptions of the economy have transformed the belief that voting is a civic duty, which is one of the strongest attitudinal predictors of turnout. Our results suggest that hard times slightly weaken citizens’ sense of civic duty, particularly among the youngest. However, the adverse effects of the economic crisis are compensated by the positive effects of the electoral context, and as a consequence there is no aggregate decline in civic duty during the period examined (2010–2012).
NiTiHf-based shape memory alloys
Authors: Karaca H. E. , Acar E. , Tobe H. , Saghaian S. M.
Published: July 2014

NiTiHf-based shape memory alloys have been receiving considerable attention for high temperature, high strength and two-way shape memory applications since they could have transformation temperatures above 100°C, shape memory effect under high stress (above 500 MPa) and superelasticity above 100°C. Moreover, their shape memory properties can be tailored by microstructural engineering. However, NiTiHf-based alloys have some drawbacks such as low ductility and high slope in stress induced martensite transformation region. In order to overcome these limitations, studies have been focused on microstructural engineering by aging, alloying and processing. It has been revealed that microstructural control is crucial to govern the shape memory properties (e.g. transformation temperatures, matrix strength, shape recovery strain, twinning type, etc.) of NiTiHf-based alloys. A summary of the most recent improvements on selected NiTiHf-based systems is presented to point out their significant shape memory properties, effects of alloying, aging and microstructure of transforming phases and precipitates.
PIM inhibitors target CD25-positive AML cells through concomitant suppression of STAT5 activation and degradation of MYC oncogene
Authors: Guo Zhuyan , Wang Anlai , Zhang Weidong , Levit Mikhail , Gao Qiang , Barberis Claude , Tabart Michel , Zhang Jingxin , Hoffmann Dietmar , Wiederschain Dmitri , Rocnik Jennifer , Sun Fangxian , Murtie Josh , Lengauer Christoph , Gross Stefan , Zhang Bailin , Cheng Hong , Patel Vinod , Schio Laurent , Adrian Francisco , Dorsch Marion , Garcia-Echeverria Carlos , Huang Shih-Min A.
Published: July 2014

Key Points

CD25 is a predictive biomarker for sensitivity to PIM inhibitors in AML cells. PIM inhibitors may prolong overall/relapse-free survival through attenuating STAT5 activation and destabilizing MYC in CD25+ AML cells.
Autonomous growth and increased cytotoxicity of natural killer cells expressing membrane-bound interleukin-15
Authors: Imamura Masaru , Shook David , Kamiya Takahiro , Shimasaki Noriko , Chai Sally M. H. , Coustan-Smith Elaine , Imai Chihaya , Campana Dario
Published: July 2014

Key Points

Expression of IL-15 in a membrane-bound form sustains NK cell survival and expansion in vitro and in vivo without exogenous cytokines. These NK cells have superior cytotoxicity against leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumor cells, supporting their clinical testing.
Genetic polymorphisms of vein wall remodeling in chronic venous disease: a narrative and systematic review
Authors: Bharath Vighnesh , Kahn Susan R. , Lazo-Langner Alejandro
Published: July 2014

Chronic venous disease encompasses a spectrum of disorders caused by an abnormal venous system. They include chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, lipodermatosclerosis, postthrombotic syndrome, and venous ulceration. Some evidence suggests a genetic predisposition to chronic venous disease from gene polymorphisms associated mainly with vein wall remodeling. The literature exploring these polymorphisms has not been reviewed and compiled thus far. In this narrative and systematic review, we present the current evidence available on the role of polymorphisms in genes involved in vein wall remodeling and other pathways as contributors to chronic venous disease. We searched the EMBASE, Medline, and PubMed databases from inception to 2013 for basic science or clinical studies relating to genetic associations in chronic venous disease and obtained 38 relevant studies for this review. Important candidate genes/proteins include the matrix metalloproteinases (extracellular matrix degradation), vascular endothelial growth factors (angiogenesis and vessel wall integrity), FOXC2 (vascular development), hemochromatosis (involved in venous ulceration and iron absorption), and various types of collagen (contributors to vein wall strength). The data on associations between these genes/proteins and the postthrombotic syndrome are limited and additional studies are required. These associations might have future prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Randomized, phase 2 trial of low-dose cytarabine with or without volasertib in AML patients not suitable for induction therapy
Authors: Döhner Hartmut , Lübbert Michael , Fiedler Walter , Fouillard Loic , Haaland Alf , Brandwein Joseph M. , Lepretre Stephane , Reman Oumedaly , Turlure Pascal , Ottmann Oliver G. , Müller-Tidow Carsten , Krämer Alwin , Raffoux Emmanuel , Döhner Konstanze , Schlenk Richard F. , Voss Florian , Taube Tillmann , Fritsch Holger , Maertens Johan
Published: July 2014

Key Points

Volasertib plus low-dose cytarabine increased the response rate and improved survival in AML patients ineligible for intensive treatment. Volasertib plus low-dose cytarabine resulted in responses across all AML genetic subgroups and had a clinically manageable safety profile.
Resolution of acute inflammation bridges the gap between innate and adaptive immunity
Authors: Newson Justine , Stables Melanie , Karra Efthimia , Arce-Vargas Frederick , Quezada Sergio , Motwani Madhur , Mack Matthias , Yona Simon , Audzevich Tatsiana , Gilroy Derek W.
Published: July 2014

Key Points

Resolving, but not hyperinflammatory stimuli create a microenvironment conducive for the optimal development of adaptive immunity. After onset and resolution, we introduce a third phase to acute inflammatory responses dominated by macrophages and lymphocytes.
Plasma metabonomics study on Chinese medicine syndrome evolution of heart failure rats caused by LAD ligation
Authors: Qiu Qi , Li Chun , Wang Yong , Xiao Cheng , Li Yu , Lin Yang , Wang Wei
Published: July 2014

Background

Chinese medicine syndromes (Zheng) in many disease models are not clearly characterized or validated, and the concepts of Chinese medicine syndromes are confounding and controversial. Metabonomics has been applied to the evaluation and classification of the Chinese medicine syndromes both in clinical and nonclinical studies. In this study, we aim to investigate the evolution of the Chinese medicine syndrome in myocardial infarction induced heart failure and to confirm the feasibility of the Zheng classification by plasma metabonomics in a syndrome and disease combination animal model.

Methods

The heart failure (HF) model was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in Sprague–Dawley rats. The rats were divided into the following two groups: the HF model group (LAD ligation) and the sham operated group. GC-MS was used with pattern recognition technology and principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze the plasma samples at 4, 21 and 45 day after operation.

Results

It was determined that the period from 7 to 28 days was the stable time window of ischemic heart failure with qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome (QDBS), and the qi deficiency syndrome occurred at 1 to 4 days and 45 to 60 days after operation. The results exhibited 5 plasma metabolite changes in the same trend at 4 and 21 day after the LAD operation, 7 at 21 and 45 day, and 2 at 4 and 45 day. No metabolite showed the same change at all of the 3 time points. At day 21 (the QDBS syndrome time point) after operation, 4 plasma metabolites showed the same trends with the results of our previous study on patients with the blood stasis syndrome.

Conclusions

The syndrome diagnosis is reliable in the HF rat model in this study. Plasma metabolites can provide a basis for the evaluation of Chinese medicine syndrome animal models.
Survival, healthcare resource use and costs among stage IV ER + breast cancer patients not receiving HER2 targeted therapy: a retrospective analysis of linked SEER-Medicare data
Authors: Lang Kathleen , Huang Huan , Sasane Medha , Federico Paly Victoria , Hao Yanni , Menzin Joseph
Published: July 2014

Background

Few studies have evaluated survival, treatment, resource use, and costs among women with stage IV ER + breast cancer (BC) who did not receive HER2 targeted therapy.

Methods

Using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and Medicare data from 2006-2009, women aged 66+ years with an incident diagnosis of stage IV ER + BC (index date) in 2007 and no HER2 targeted therapy were identified. A comparison cohort without cancer was created from the SEER 5% Medicare sample and matched 1:1 to the study cohort based on age, sex, and race. All patients had continuous enrollment for a 12-month baseline period prior to index and were followed until the end of the study window, disenrollment, or death, whichever came first. Resource utilization and costs (by place of service, reported per patient per month, PPPM) were compared across cohorts. Treatment patterns including receipt of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, aromatase inhibitors (AI), and non-AI hormonal therapy were evaluated for study cohort patients with at least 2 months of follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was also conducted.

Results

325 women with stage IV ER + BC without HER2 targeted therapy were identified and matched to 325 women without cancer. Mean age was 77 years for both cohorts, with average follow-up of 18 months for study patients and 26 months for comparison patients. Compared to the comparison cohort, study patients had significantly higher mortality (60.3% versus 31.1%, P < 0.001), shorter survival (survival at 36 months 28% vs. 62%) and higher resource utilization across all settings except for oral prescription drugs. Total PPPM healthcare costs were also significantly higher among study patients ($7,271 vs. $1,778, P < 0.001). Approximately 57% of study patients with 2+ months of follow-up received chemotherapy and over 62% received an AI during follow-up. Within 4 months of cancer diagnosis, surgery and radiation were received by 39% and 32% of study patients, respectively.

Conclusions

We found significant excess clinical and economic burden among women with stage IV ER + breast cancer who did not receive HER2 targeted therapy. Future studies with more precise and recent data are warranted to confirm and extend these results.
Magnetic field dependence of singlet oxygen generation by nanoporous silicon
Authors: Amonkosolpan Jamaree , Aliev Gazi N , Wolverson Daniel , Snow Paul A , Davies James John
Published: July 2014

Energy transfer from photoexcited excitons localized in silicon nanoparticles to adsorbed oxygen molecules excites them to the reactive singlet spin state. This process has been studied experimentally as a function of nanoparticle size and applied external magnetic field as a test of the accepted understanding of this process in terms of the exchange coupling between the nano-Si exciton and the adsorbed O2 molecules.
Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Tunisian garlic (Allium sativum) essential oil and ethanol extract
Authors: Chekki Raja Zouari , Snoussi Ahmed , Hamrouni Imen , Bouzouita Nabiha
Published: July 2014

Â The aim of the study is to establish some nutritional properties of garlic cultivated in Tunisia and to evaluate the antioxidant and the antimicrobial activites of its essential oil and ethanol extract. Tunisian garlic (Allium sativum) was characterized for moisture, ash and protein contents which were determined as 66%, 1.4% and 5.2% respectively. In addition, Fe (5.90 mg/kg), Cu (1.61 mg/kg), Mg (15 mg/kg) and P (140 mg/kg) were reported such as the major minerals in garlic. The fat profile of tunisian garlic was conducted, the main fatty acids identified were lauric acid (49.3%) and linoleic acid (20.4%). Essential oil obtained from A. sativum was analysed by capillary GCMS. Diallyl disulfide (49.1%) and diallyl trisulfide (30.38%) were the main components of the five identified components. The phenolic content of the ethanol extract are analysed for its phenolic profiles, colorimetric analysis revealed that the total phenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins contents were respectively 43.63 mg GA/g, 13.18 mg quercetin/g and 24.24 mg of catechin/g. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, essential oil presented the highest antioxidant activity compared to its ethanol extract. IC50 values observed for the essential oil and ethanol extract were 300 Î¼g/ml and 600 Î¼g/ml respectively. The essential oil and ethanol extract from raw garlic were tested for antimicrobial activity against seven microorganisms. The results showed that ethanol extract was active against all tested strains: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and Bacillus cereus.
How Organizations Can Enhance the Quality of Life of Their Clients and Assess Their Results: The Concept of QOL Enhancement
Authors: Reinders Hans S. , Schalock Robert L.
Published: July 2014

This article presents the framework of a dynamic approach to quality of life (QOL) enhancement based on the conceptualization and measurement of individual-referenced quality of life. Sections of the article summarize the premises of QOL enhancement, provide the rationale for a dynamic approach to QOL enhancement, discuss six components of QOL enhancement, and discuss the parameters of an emerging theory of quality of life and the contributions such a theory would make to service delivery, policy development, and QOL-related research.
The Emotional Experience of People With Intellectual Disability: An Analysis Using the International Affective Pictures System
Authors: Bermejo Belén G. , Mateos Pedro M. , Sánchez-Mateos Juan Delgado
Published: July 2014

The present study provides information on the emotional experience of people with intellectual disability. To evaluate this emotional experience, we have used the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS). The most important result from this study is that the emotional reaction of people with intellectual disability to affective stimuli is very similar to that of the control groups. The way in which people with intellectual disability express basic affect to emotional stimuli in terms of happy-sad and calm-nervous is very similar to that of the general population. However, there are also some differences in how basic affect is expressed in the affective dimensions that might be relevant to our understanding of the emotional life of people with intellectual disability.
Universal points of convex bodies and bisectors in Minkowski spaces
Authors: Bárány I. , Schneider R.
Published: July 2014

We deal with different properties of a smooth and strictly convex body that depend on the behavior of the planar sections of the body parallel to and close to a given tangent plane. The first topic is boundary points where any given convex domain in the tangent plane can be approximated by a sequence of suitably rescaled planar sections (so-called p-universal points). In the second topic, the given convex body is the unit ball of a Minkowski space, and oscillation properties of bisectors and trisectors in that space are considered. In either case it turns out that geometrically irregular behavior is typical, when considered from the viewpoint of Baire category.
Some theorems of harmonic maps for Finsler manifolds
Authors: Li J. T.
Published: July 2014

We study some properties of harmonic maps for Finsler manifolds and present two theorems: (1) every non-degenerate harmonic map ϕ from a compact Riemannian manifold with nonnegative Ricci curvature to a Berwald manifold with non-positive flag curvature is totally geodesic; this improves a result of He and Shen [3]. (2) Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold with non-negative Ricci curvature and let M‾ be a complete Finsler manifold with non-positive flag curvature. Then every non-degenerate smooth map ϕ : M → M with trb▽̃dϕ = 0 is totally geodesic; this generalizes a result of Eells and Sampson [2] from the Riemannian case to the Finsler case.
The total Betti number of the intersection of three real quadrics
Authors: Lerario A.
Published: July 2014

The classical Barvinok bound for the sum of the Betti numbers of the intersection X of three quadrics in ℝPn says that there exists a natural number a such that b(X) ≤ n3a. We improve this bound proving the inequality b(X) ≤ n(n+1). Moreover we show that this bound is asymptotically sharp as n goes to infinity.
Universal operations in Hochschild homology
Authors: Wahl Nathalie
Published: July 2014

We provide a general method for finding all natural operations on the Hochschild complex ofℰ${\mathcal{E}}$-algebras, whereℰ${\mathcal{E}}$is any algebraic structure encoded in a prop with multiplication, as for example the prop of Frobenius, commutative orA∞${A_{\infty}}$-algebras. We show that the chain complex of all such natural operations is approximated by a certain chain complex offormal operations, for which we provide an explicit model that we can calculate in a number of cases. Whenℰ${\mathcal{E}}$encodes the structure of open topological conformal field theories, we identify this last chain complex, up quasi-isomorphism, with the moduli space of Riemann surfaces with boundaries, thus establishing that the operations constructed by Costello and Kontsevich–Soibelman via different methods identify with all formal operations. Whenℰ${\mathcal{E}}$encodes open topological quantum field theories (or symmetric Frobenius algebras) our chain complex identifies with Sullivan diagrams, thus showing that operations constructed by Tradler–Zeinalian, again by different methods, account for all formal operations. As an illustration of the last result we exhibit two infinite families of non-trivial operations and use these to produce non-trivial higher string topology operations, which had so far been elusive.
Thermal and mechanical properties of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin combined with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as nanofiller and fiberboards prepared by UF-MWCNT
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Gupta Arun , Sharma Korada Viswanathan
Published: July 2014

The effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as reinforcement on the properties of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and medium-density fiberboards was investigated. MWCNT was added to UF in two concentrations, and the effects were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis in terms of the curing and viscoelastic properties of the resins. In the presence of MWCNT, the activation energy of the resins was lowered, and their storage modulus and thermal conductivity were enhanced. The formaldehyde emission decreased and mechanical properties increased after addition of MWCNT to UF resin.
Optimization study on acid hydrolysis of hardwood-derived hemicellulosic extract for alcohol fermentation using response surface methodology
Authors: Park Seong Jik , Um Byung Hwan
Published: July 2014

In this study, the extraction conditions of hemicelluloses from mixed hardwoods have been tested. In particular, 3% total titrated alkaline (TTA) green liquor (GL) was used to dissolve certain hemicelluloses and lignin in a manner similar to black liquor extraction, but the pH was maintained at near-neutral conditions, so that oligosaccharides were not completely degraded into isosaccharinic acids. The effects of temperature, time, and acid concentration on the fermentable sugar yields for the extract during secondary hydrolysis were investigated. Chips of mixed northern hardwoods were cooked in a rocking digester at 160°C for 110 min in the GL at a concentration of 3% Na2 O-equivalent salts on dry wood. The mass of wood extracted into the GL extract was approximately 11.4% of the debarked wood mass, which resulted in a dilute solution of oligomeric hemicellulosic sugars. Dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis was performed under the following conditions: 100°C–130°C, 2%–4% H2 SO4, and 20–120 min residence time. The maximum fermentable sugar concentration of xylose, mannose, and galactose (XyMaGa) obtained from the hydrolyzed extract was 5.5 g l-1, representing 91.7% of the maximum possible yield. A factorial design was used to study the effects of temperature and acid concentration on the maximum quantity of XyMaGa oligomers obtained in the extract during secondary hydrolysis. The maximum potential yield of XyMaGa reached 5.34 g l-1 at 130°C, 3.27% H2 SO4, and 50.2 min residence time.
Untersuchung der Papiereigenschaften mit Hilfe von MIR-Spektroskopie und Hg-Porosimetrie
Authors: Dovgal Vladimir , Schabel Samuel , Elsäßer Wolfgang
Published: July 2014

Die interne Strukturbeschaffenheit von Papier spielt in den meisten Anwendungen eine wichtige Rolle. Um die Struktureigenschaften von Papier zu untersuchen messen wir die totale Reflexion sowie die totale Transmission im MIR mit Hilfe einer Ulbrichtkugel. Die modellbasierte Auswertung der Messdaten liefert die optischen Strukturparameter μ

s
und μ

a
. Diese zeigen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Proben, was durch die Quecksilberporosimetriemessdaten bestätigt wird. Die Kombination der beiden Messtechniken ermöglicht die Einsicht in die Strukturveränderungen von Papier während der Trocknung.
Searching for Aromatic Chelate Rings. Oxygen versus Thio and Seleno Ligands
Authors: Zborowski Krzysztof Kazimierz , Koch Andreas , Kleinpeter Erich , Proniewicz Leonard Marian
Published: July 2014

As a part of searching for fully aromatic chelate compounds, copper
complexes of malondialdehyde as well as its sulfur and selenium
derivatives were investigated using the DFT quantum chemical
methods. Chelate complexes of both Cu(I) and Cu(II) ions
wereconsidered. Aromaticity of the metal complexes studied were
analyzed using NICS(0), NICS(1), PDI, Iring, MCI, KMCI and
IB aromaticity indices, and by TSNMRS visualizations of
the spatial magnetic properties. It seems that partial aromaticityof
studied chelates increases when oxygen atoms in malondialdehyde are
replaced by sulfur and selenium.
Pore Size Estimation of Mesoporous Materials through Surfactant Self-Assembly Prediction
Authors: Xu Chengzhi , Chen Xiaohui , Wei Kemei
Published: July 2014

A theoretical model for pore size estimation of mesoporous materials
was presented in this paper. It is based on the statistical
thermodynamic model of micelle formation proposed by R. Nagarajan. The
proposed model was applied to predict the pore size of MSU-X molecular
sieve prepared in different synthetic systems. The estimation results
were compared with reliable experimental measurements. The level of
deviation is acceptable with the substantial simplifications included
in the model. Hansen solubility parameter and Dimroth-Reichardt
parameter were introduced to explain the discrepancies. The proposed
model may help to screen suitable synthesis conditions and guide the
controllable synthesis of molecular sieve to some extent.
Advanced Characterization of Clear Chip Seals
Authors: Pasquini Emiliano , Bonati Alice , Giuliani Felice , Canestrari Francesco
Published: July 2014

Chip seals are widely used throughout the world for the construction and preventive maintenance of asphalt pavements because they are recognized as cost-effective solutions able to improve skid resistance while creating a waterproof surface. On the other hand, chip seals are often affected by early stone loss because of several, not always easily manageable, material-related and traffic-related factors. It is, therefore, in the interest of researchers to develop scientific methods able to predict the aggregate retention performance of chip seals. Given this background, in the present paper, a performance-based evaluation of chip seals with regard to aggregate retention properties is carried out through a laboratory test based on the Ancona shear testing research and analysis equipment. In this study, a chip seal prepared with a clear emulsion derived by emulsifying a synthetic clear binder was analyzed and compared with two traditional chip seals manufactured with a plain cationic bituminous emulsion and a styrene butadiene styrene polymer-modified asphalt emulsion, respectively. Specifically, six chip seals obtained by combining the three selected emulsions with two types of aggregates (crushed limestone and basalt) were tested at three different temperatures. Moreover, a rheological characterization of emulsion residues was also carried out through the dynamic shear rheometer and the binder bond strength adhesion tester. Results mainly showed that the investigated clear synthetic emulsion can be successfully used for the construction of clear chip seals in combination with aggregates of different mineralogy.
Performance of Certified Climbing Helmets During Simulated Climbing Falls
Authors: Yamaguchi Gary T. , Dainty David , Lam Tack , Watson Heather
Published: July 2014

Climbing is a popular form of recreation [Gerdes, E. M., Hafner, J. W. and Aldag, J. C., “Injury Patterns and Safety Practices of Rock Climbers,” J. Trauma Inj., Infect., Crit. Care, Vol. 61, No. 6, 2006, pp. 1517–1525.]. Head injuries account for the majority of climbing fatalities; while they cannot always be prevented, wearing a certified climbing helmet can reduce head trauma. Current helmet certification procedures require impact testing only to the upper two-thirds, emphasizing protection from falling objects and resulting in helmet models that have little to no energy mitigating capabilities around their lower rim. This study presents the case for developing new helmet testing protocols emphasizing energy mitigation during climbing falls that produce head injuries 12 times more frequently than falling objects. Suspension helmets, foam helmets, and hybrid foam/suspension helmets were tested in drop and pendulum tests producing impacts to the frontal, occipital, upper parietal, and apex regions using two different headforms and a whole-body, instrumented Hybrid-III dummy. Pendulum drop tests from 1.6 m were used to create frontal and parietal impacts against a vertical steel barrier. The foam helmet delivered average values that were near the injury thresholds established for the Hybrid-III [Mertz, H. J., Irwin, A. L. and Prasad, P., “Biomechanical and Scaling Bases for Frontal and Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values,” Stapp Car Crash J., Vol. 47, 2003, pp. 155–188.]. All other helmet and headform combinations produced average values significantly greater than the injury thresholds. Free drops at 2.0 m from an initially upright, backward leaning orientation created occipital impacts. The dummy first struck the feet, and then rotated backward striking the back of the head, producing an impact velocity 15 % higher than that computed for a non-rotating free fall. Only the foam and magnesium headform combination delivered sub-threshold values. Average Head Injury Criterion and peak accelerations from other combinations exceeded 5000 and 500 g, respectively. Pendulum impacts to the apex following 1.0 m drops produced neck compressions, tensions, and extensions that were well beyond neck injury thresholds. These results indicate that the three certified helmets tested do not adequately protect the head during moderate height falls producing impacts to the frontal and occipital rim.
Testing a Model for Evaluating Influence of PM Practices on ETO Manufacturing Performance
Authors: Yang Li-Ren , Chen Jieh-Haur , Hsu Wei-Wen
Published: July 2014

Engineer-to-order (ETO) manufacturing is an operation designed to provide unique but similar products. Unique customer orders are handled as a project. The purpose of this research is three-fold. The first objective of this study was to validate a model for assessing the relationships among project management (PM) practices, ETO manufacturing performance, and firm benefit. The second objective was to determine whether ETO manufacturing performance plays a mediating role in the relationship between PM practices and firm benefit. The third objective was to determine whether the impact of PM practices on ETO manufacturing performance is moderated by project characteristics. The results suggest that PM practices may enhance ETO manufacturing performance, which leads to firm benefit. The findings also indicate that industry sector, number of groups, complexity, and project duration have a moderating effect on the relationship between PM practices and ETO manufacturing performance.
Classification of methods for measuring current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices
Authors: Iermolenko Ia. O.
Published: July 2014

It is shown that computer systems for measuring current-voltage characteristics are very important for semiconductor devices production. The main criteria of efficiency of such systems are defined. It is shown that efficiency of such systems significantly depends on the methods for measuring current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices. The aim of this work is to analyze existing methods for measuring current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices and to create the classification of these methods in order to specify the most effective solutions in terms of defined criteria.
To achieve this aim, the most common classifications of methods for measuring current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices and their main disadvantages are considered. Automated and manual, continuous, pulse, mixed, isothermal and isodynamic methods for measuring current-voltage characteristics are analyzed. As a result of the analysis and generalization of existing methods the next classification criteria are defined: the level of automation, the form of measurement signals, the condition of semiconductor device during the measurements, and the use of mathematical processing of the measurement results. With the use of these criteria the classification scheme of methods for measuring current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor devices is composed and the most effective methods are specified.
Two-channel microwave power switch construction on the basis of electrically active semiconductor structures
Authors: Lavrich Yu. N. , Plaksin S. V. , Kris V. Ya. , Pogorelaya L. M. , Sokolovskiy I. I.
Published: July 2014

When constructing the fast-acting two-channel microwave switch, it is difficult to use p–i–n-diodes due to inertia of processes in such structures at change of control voltage polarity for providing of deep modulation. Under the practical realization of the microwave switches on p—i—n-diodes, the requirements to the operating speed of the output signal and to the frequency range are in conflict with each other.
The optimum decision may be to use the bulk (without p—n-junctions) two-electrode semiconductor structures based on the effect of intervalley transfer of electrons (TEDs) and chalcogenide-glass-semiconductors (CGS-diodes) with high operating speed and stability at considerable power levels in the wide frequency band.
The paper presents the construction of the two-channel microwave switch in the three-centimeter range of wave lengths based on bulk semiconductor structures having negative differential conductivity (NDC) of N- and S-type, and realizing the functions of peak power modulator on a TED-diode and the switch on a CGS-diode respectively.
Rethinking the Scientific and Legal Implications of Developmental Differences Research in Juvenile Justice
Authors: Fondacaro Mark R.
Published: July 2014

A recent string of Supreme Court cases now ensures that fewer juveniles will be subjected to our most extreme punitive sanctions, a sign of forward movement toward evolving standards of decency in our culture and jurisprudence. However, this article will argue that there are potential long-term costs associated with the interpretation of developmental differences research relied upon by the Court, not only to juveniles and adults accused and convicted of serious crimes, but to the credibility of science and the legitimacy of the criminal law. The article draws on cutting-edge scientific research to argue that juveniles should indeed be treated differently than we currently treat adults for criminal offenses. However, the primary reason we should treat them differently is not because they are developmentally immature (which many of them may indeed be), but because our retributive justifications for adult punishment do not and will not stand up to scientific scrutiny and the ongoing, inevitable advances in the behavioral and biological sciences. Adolescent immaturity is just one example of the growing number of diminished capacities taking aim at the legitimacy of retributive justifications for punishment. As philosophical and commonsense explanations for criminal behavior give way to scientific and empirical analyses across biological, psychological, and social levels, the justification for and responses to criminal responsibility will need to shift from retribution and just desert toward more forward-looking, consequentialist approaches with both juveniles and adults.
The Neurobiology of Decision Making in High-Risk Youth and the Law of Consent to Sex
Authors: Drobac Jennifer Ann , Hulvershorn Leslie A.
Published: July 2014

Under certain circumstances, the law treats juvenile consent the same as it treats adult decisions, even though a growing body of scientific research demonstrates that children make decisions using less developed cognitive processes. This Article highlights the gaps and deficiencies of legal treatment of juvenile decisions in the context of sex with an adult, as well as integrates new scientific information regarding the decision making of minors in risky situations. Part I examines recent pediatric brain imaging findings during a risky decision-making task. Specifically, a new study demonstrates that brain scan results differed between juveniles at high risk for potentially harmful or criminal conduct and healthy children. These differences within juvenile populations support the notion that particular biological and environmental traits in children may further distinguish juvenile decision making from adult decision making. Part II explores the potential impact of these novel neurobiological findings on the legal treatment of juvenile “consent” to sexual activity. A discussion and summary of the juvenile sex crime statutes of all fifty states demonstrates how the law attributes legal capacity and ability to make legally binding decisions to even very young teenagers. Part II also highlights where state civil and criminal law treat juvenile “consent” inconsistently. Criminal and civil laws’ treatment of juvenile capacity, in the context of sexual activity with an adult, is not congruent with recent neurobiological discoveries regarding juvenile risk taking and decision making. Therefore, society should reconsider designations regarding legal capacity in light of novel neurobiological findings regarding decision making in juveniles.
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Beyond the fixed setpoint of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis
Authors: Fliers Eric , Kalsbeek Andries , Boelen Anita
Published: July 2014

The hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis represents a classical example of an endocrine feedback loop. This review discusses dynamic changes in HPT axis setpoint regulation, identifying their molecular and cellular determinants, and speculates about their functional role. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons were identified as key components of thyroid hormone (TH) setpoint regulation already in the 1980s, and this was followed by the demonstration of a pivotal role for the thyroid hormone receptor beta in negative feedback of TH on the hypothalamic and pituitary level. Gradually, the concept emerged of the HPT axis setpoint as a fixed entity, aiming at a particular TH serum concentration. However, TH serum concentrations appear to be variable and highly responsive to physiological and pathophysiological environmental factors, including the availability or absence of food, inflammation and clock time. During food deprivation and inflammation, TH serum concentrations decrease without a concomitant rise in serum TSH, reflecting a deviation from negative feedback regulation in the HPT axis. Surprisingly, TH action in peripheral organs in these conditions cannot be simply predicted by decreased serum TH concentrations. Instead, diverse environmental stimuli have differential effects on local TH metabolism, e.g. in liver and muscle, occurring quite independently from decreased TH serum concentrations. The net effect of these differential local changes is probably a major determinant of TH action at the tissue level. In sum, hypothalamic HPT axis setpoint regulation as well as TH metabolism at the peripheral organ level is flexible and dynamic, and may adapt the organism in an optimal way to a range of environmental challenges.
Reestruturação produtiva, trabalho informal e a invisibilidade social do trabalho de crianças e adolescentes
Authors: Lourenço Edvânia Ângela de Souza
Published: July 2014

Este texto problematiza alguns elementos que podem auxiliar na compreensão do trabalho precoce, nos dias atuais. A partir da realidade local, município de Franca, SP, faz apontamentos acerca da reestruturação produtiva, da expansão do trabalho informal, autônomo e doméstico e a inserção de meninos e meninas precocemente no mercado de trabalho, mantendo a distância entre o paradigma de proteção integral das crianças e adolescentes e a realidade cotidiana em que eles estão inseridos.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Pharyngeal Airway in Complete Unilateral Cleft Individuals and Normally Growing Individuals Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Diwakar Rohan , Sidhu Maninder Singh , Jain Saurabh , Grover Seema , Prabhakar Mona
Published: July 2014

Aims

The aim of the present study was to evaluate pharyngeal airway in cleft individuals and normally growing individuals using cone beam computed tomography.

Materials and Methods

Cone beam computed tomography scans of 22 individuals were obtained from the Department of Orthodontics and divided in two groups. Group 1 includes 11 cases with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (mean age, 12 years) and group 2 includes 11 noncleft cases (mean age, 14 years). The oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, and oronasal pharyngeal airway was evaluated between the two groups.

Results

In the cleft group, the volume of the nasopharyngeal airway was found to be 3.66 cm3; of the oropharyngeal airway, 9.28 cm3; and of the oronasal pharyngeal airway, 12.67 cm3. The volume of the nasopharyngeal airway was found to be significantly reduced in the cleft palate group when compared with the noncleft group.

Conclusion

The nasopharyngeal airway was found to be significantly smaller among the children with cleft palate than among those in the control group.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Hemolymph-Free Amino Acids of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Altuntaş H , Uçkan F , Kiliç A Y , Ergin E
Published: July 2014

The impacts of the plant growth regulator, gibberellic acid (GA3) were investigated on hemolymph free amino acids (FAAs) of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae and its endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reared on host treated with different doses (50–5,000 ppm) of GA3 in diet. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the hemolymph revealed that out of the 20 amino acids detected, 18 FAAs were found in the hemolymph of treated and untreated host larvae, whereas 19 were present in that of parasitoid. The total pool of FAAs in host larvae after treatment by GA3 fluctuated among doses and the ratio of essential amino acids in the pool increased to reach 9.54% at 1,000 ppm. Parasitoid larval total FAA concentration exhibited an increase at all treatments. However, the ratio of essential amino acids in the pool decreased >50% at all doses except for 50 ppm. Dose-dependent variations in individual FAAs in larval hemolymph of both species were also detected. Tyrosine, methionine, isoleucine, lysine, and tryptophan generally occurred in lowest amount both in control and treated G. mellonella larvae. The amount of serine, asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine displayed differences only among GA3 doses in treatments. Great variations in the amount of all amino acids occurred at most of the treatment doses in wasp larvae hemolymph. Our study indicated that application of GA3 resulted in different effects on the quantity of FAAs associated with energy metabolisms of the pest species and its natural enemy.
A new boreopterid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China, with a reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of the Boreopteridae
Authors: Jiang Shun-Xing , Wang Xiao-Lin , Meng Xi , Cheng Xin
Published: July 2014

A new species of boreopterid pterosaur from the new fossil locality, Heichengzi, Beipiao, western Liaoning, China allows a reassessment of the Boreopteridae. In this new analysis, three species,Boreopterus cuiae,Boreopterus giganticusn. sp., andZhenyuanopterus longirostris, are included within the Boreopteridae united by the autopomorphic occurrence of two main tooth morphologies, an equal length of the tibia and femur, and weak feet. Other taxa previously placed within the Boreopteridae are not in a monophyletic group with the former three species.Boreopterushas fewer teeth and a shorter tooth row than that inZhenyuanopterus. This newBoreopterusspecies has a large size, a piriform orbit, an extensively fenestrated lacrimal, and a posteriorly directed lacrimal process, that differs fromBoreopterus cuiae.
Beyond the print—virtual paleontology in science publishing, outreach, and education
Authors: Lautenschlager Stephan , Rücklin Martin
Published: July 2014

Virtual paleontology unites a variety of computational techniques and methods for the visualization and analysis of fossils. Due to their great potential and increasing availability, these methods have become immensely popular in the last decade. However, communicating the wealth of digital information and results produced by the various techniques is still exacerbated by traditional methods of publication. Transferring and processing three-dimensional information, such as interactive models or animations, into scientific publications still poses a challenge. Here, we present different methods and applications to communicate digital data in academia, outreach and education. Three-dimensional PDFs, QR codes, anaglyph stereo imaging, and rapid prototyping—methods routinely used in the engineering, entertainment, or medical industries—are outlined and evaluated for their potential in science publishing and public engagement. Although limitations remain, these are simple, mostly cost-effective, and powerful tools to create novel and innovative resources for education, public engagement, or outreach.
Three-dimensional visualization of fossil flowers, fruits, seeds, and other plant remains using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM): new insights into Cretaceous plant diversity
Authors: Friis Else Marie , Marone Federica , Pedersen Kaj Raunsgaard , Crane Peter R. , Stampanoni Marco
Published: July 2014

The application of synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) to the study of mesofossils of Cretaceous age has created new possibilities for the three-dimensional visualization and analysis of the external and internal structure of critical plant fossil material. SRXTM provides cellular and subcellular resolution of comparable or higher quality to that obtained from permineralized material using thin sections or the peel technique. SRXTM also has the advantage of being non-destructive and results in the rapid acquisition of large quantities of data in digital form. SRXTM thus refocuses the effort of the investigator from physical preparation to the digital post-processing of X-ray tomographic data, which allows great flexibility in the reconstruction, visualization, and analysis of the internal and external structure of fossil material in multiple planes and in two or three dimensions. A review of recent applications in paleobotany demonstrates that SRXTM will dramatically expand the level of information available for diverse fossil plants. Future refinement of SRXTM approaches that further increases resolution and eases digital post-processing, will transform the study of mesofossils and create new possibilities for advancing paleobotanical knowledge. We illustrate these points using a variety of Cretaceous mesofossils, highlighting in particular those cases where SRXTM has been essential for resolving critical structural details that have enhanced systematic understanding and improved phylogenetic interpretations.
Quaternary deep-sea ostracode taxonomy of Ocean Drilling Program Site 980, eastern North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Yasuhara Moriaki , Okahashi Hisayo
Published: July 2014

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Holes 980 B and C, Feni Drift at the eastern slope of the Rockall Plateau, eastern North Atlantic, were examined for late Quaternary deep-sea ostracode taxonomy. Nineteen genera and 32 species were examined and (re-)illustrated with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images. One new speciesCytheropteron paramassonin. sp. is described and one new nameEucytherura zehaliis proposed forEucytherura hazeliYasuhara et al., 2009. This study provides updated taxonomic information for deep-sea ostracode genera and species from the eastern North Atlantic, which is an important baseline for application of deep-sea ostracodes to paleoceanographical reconstructions and paleoecological studies in this region.