bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conjunctive Measurement of Aquatic Exercise in an Office Setting
Authors: Sexton-Radek Kathy , Osinski Natalie , Ator Rita , Keenum Michael , Connelly Dan
Published: August 2011

The Hydrotrack, a treadmill immersed in a water bath, is designed to provide an in-office approach to aquatic therapy. 24 clinical clients in an outpatient sports medicine practice were invited to use the Hydrotrack as part of their rehabilitation treatment. Our purpose was to describe the way(s) in which the Hydrotrack is useful in rehabilitation treatment. Exercise protocols designed by a physical therapist were used for each subject. We monitored an external criterion, heart rate, to measure the subjects' exertion during the exercise process. Self-reported ratings of exercise efficacy and exertion were also used to quantify the subjects' performance on the Hydrotrack. Heart-rate values and self-report ratings supported the usefulness of this device in physical therapy.
Vicarious Stress: Patterns of Disturbance and Use of Mental Health Services by Those Indirectly Affected by the Oklahoma City Bombing
Authors: Sprang Ginny
Published: August 2011

This study explored the intermediate psychological effects of terrorism on adults not directly affected by the Oklahoma City bombing by examining the course of PTSD and subthreshold PTSD symptoms over time and whether treatment affected this course. The respondents were interviewed at 3-mo. intervals for 18 mo. following an initial 6-mo. survey. Analysis suggested avoidance, re-experiencing, and increased arousal symptoms in this population were limited over time, declining with or without treatment between 6 and 9 mo. Conversely, victimization symptoms remained high without mental health intervention for the first year after the disaster. The study also examined the nature and occurrence of comorbidity in groups seeking and not seeking treatment.
Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in Iran
Authors: Jamshid Ahmadi , Khalili Hosein , Jooybar Reza , Namazi Nooreddin , Mohammadagaei Pedram
Published: August 2011

The current research assessed the prevalence of cigarette smoking in Shiraz, Iran by randomly selecting 1,335 subjects (782 men and 553 women) from the city for a face-to-face interview and completion of a questionnaire. Of the participants, 205 (26%) of the men and 20 (3.6%) of the women reported being current smokers. The mean ages of smokers and nonsmokers were 41.8 and 37.0 yr., respectively (range between 16 and 90 years for smokers and nonsmokers). The mean age of starting to smoke cigarettes was 21.3 yr. (range of 10 to 60). The most common reasons for current cigarette smoking were Need to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Release of tension, and Pleasurable purposes. Foreign filter-tipped cigarettes were the most common type consumed. The mean number of cigarettes per day was 13.4 ( SD = 10.3). Reports for onset of cigarette smoking included Modeling. Release of tension, and Pleasurable purposes. Cigarette smoking was reported by more males than females. The most common reason for onset of cigarette smoking was different from that for current smoking. Frequencies of smokers within age groups were varied.
A Longitudinal Study of Active Treatment of Adaptive Skills of Individuals with Profound Mental Retardation
Authors: Bat-Haee Mohammad A.
Published: August 2011

A longitudinal study indicated that a single group of adults living in a large state institution (O'Berry Center in Goldsboro, North Carolina) benefited from receiving active treatment, although no control group was permitted. After five years, 59 individuals with profound mental retardation improved their skills in six general areas of dressing, grooming, eating, toileting, communication, and social interaction. After five more years of active treatment, 51 persons who had remained in the program maintained their skills in dressing, grooming, eating, and communication. Significant improvement in the use of toilet and a loss in social interaction were observed. Although the participants were 10 years older at the end of this study, their adaptive behaviors, in comparison to the date of entry, either improved or were maintained. Therefore, aging was not associated with decline in skills.
Controlling Decremental and Inflationary Effects in Reliability Estimation Resulting from Violations of Assumptions
Authors: Becker Gilbert
Published: August 2011

Two assumptions in classical test theory, essential tau-equivalence and independence of measurement errors, when violated may produce attenuated or inflated estimates of reliability, respectively. Inflation stemming from correlated errors can be controlled by a procedure in which systematically created equivalent halves of a given measuring instrument are administered across two occasions. When poor approximations to equivalent halves are constructed for this purpose, however, distortion in the opposite direction may result, being sometimes quite large when measuring instruments are not essentially tau-equivalent (or, at the practical level, unidimensional). The nature of these decrements are discussed and illustrated, and a number of procedures for eliminating them introduced.
Prevalence of Child Psychological, Physical, Emotional, and Ritualistic Abuse among High School Students in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Madu S. N.
Published: August 2011

Based on self-reports the prevalence during childhood of psychological, physical, emotional, and ritualistic abuse among 559 high school students in Standards 7, 8, 9, and 10 of three high schools in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa was examined. The questionnaire asked for the demographic information and experiences of psychological, physical, and emotional abuse by their parents or adult caretakers as well as ritualistic abusive experiences before they were 17 years of age plus an estimate of self-perceived abuse during childhood and an overall rating of their own childhood. Analysis showed the self-reported prevalence rates to be as follows: 70.7% psychologically abused (but 14.4% for extreme cases), 27.0% physically abused, 35.3% emotionally abused, and 10.0% ritualistically abused. 13.4% of those who reported themselves as psychologically abused, 20.7% of the physically abused, 19.3% of the emotionally abused, and 35.8% of the ritualistically abused perceive themselves as not abused in any form during childhood. Yet, of the psychologically abused 23.4%, of the physically abused 18.2%, of the emotionally abused 22.0%, and of the ritualistically abused 28.3% rated their childhood as ‘very unhappy’. It appears these various forms of abuse are experienced by the participants as widespread, suggesting that a much more serious problem may exist than has been recognised. More research into those forms of child abuse in this Province and elsewhere is needed for a clear appreciation of the problems and the effects of such abuse in children's behavior.
Interrelations among Gender-Role Conflict, Typicality of Occupations, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Rustemeyer Ruth
Published: August 2011

The present study was conducted with 549 women and men who were employed in gender-typical occupations or who were in vocational training, further qualification, or retraining for one of these job. We examined whether a gender-typical occupation is related to gender-role conflicts of women and men in work settings and whether self-esteem moderates the experiences of conflict. Generally, we cannot confirm influence of gender-typical jobs on experience of conflict. The results, however, supply evidence for the fact that women experience higher gender-role conflicts than men in all occupations. Women and men of low self-esteem engaged in typically female occupations experience especially high gender-role conflict.
Episodes of Pragmatic Behaviors in Parent–Child Interactions
Authors: Graham James A. , Sell Marie A.
Published: August 2011

Pragmatic behavior, or the socially appropriate use of language, is important to parents of preschool children. In 1994 Becker noted several questions that still remain to be answered, including issues such as developmental changes in the pragmatic teaching of preschoolers and whether there are differences in the parents' goals for pragmatic teaching in private versus public interactions. The present study addressed these issues. 29 parent–child dyads were videotaped for 30 min. Transcripts were coded for episodes of pragmatic behavior that occurred in the dyadic interaction. Analysis indicated that pragmatic behaviors across the age groups largely focused on issues of what to say and how to say it. The teaching and use of pragmatic behaviors in public interactions is relatively important to parents of children between 2 1/2 and 4 years. The spontaneous use of pragmatic behaviors was the most common form of input (78% overall). Pragmatic behaviors were more often prompted with direct, as opposed to indirect, comments. Discussion focuses on a content analysis of the direct versus indirect prompts in the different age groups.
Evidence for the Construct Validities of the Beck Youth Inventories with Child Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Kumar Geetha , Beck Judith S. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: August 2011

To provide further information about the construct validities of the Beck Youth Inventories of Emotional and Social Impairment, these inventories were administered to 35 female and 65 male outpatients whose ages ranged from 7 to 12 years and who were diagnosed with various psychiatric disorders. The Children's Depression Inventory was also administered, and the children were rated by a parent with the Conners' Parent Rating Scale–Revised: Short Form. The scores on the former inventory were more positively correlated with the scores on the Beck Youth Depression Inventory ( r = .81, p < .001) than with scores on the four other Beck Youth Inventories, and those on the Conners Oppositional scale were comparably correlated with the scores on the Beck Youth Disruptive Behavior ( r = .49, p < .001) and Anger ( r = .41, p < .001) Inventories. These latter correlations were higher than those for scores on the Oppositional scale with the scores on the three other Beck scales.
Reliability of the Social Skills Rating System in a Group of Iranian Children
Authors: Shahim Sima
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate reliability of the Social Skills Rating Systems of Gresham and Elliott for use in Iran. The sample consisted of 304 students aged 6 to 12 years, selected from the elementary schools in Shiraz, Iran. Parents' and teachers' ratings of social skills and behavioural problems and self-rating of social skills were applied in this study. Pearson correlations between parents' and teachers' ratings were low to moderate. Correlations between social skills subdomains and behavioural problems subdomains were low to high. Cronbach coefficients alpha were satisfactory for the two subdomains.
Psychosocial and Health-Related Characteristics of Religious Well-Being
Authors: Hammermeister Jon , Flint Matt , Havens Julia , Peterson Margaret
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the relationship between religious well-being and eight psychosocial and health-related characteristics. This study assessed the hypothesis that religious well-being is related to overall health. Participants were 462 college students at two separate colleges in the Pacific Northwest. Analysis showed those subjects scoring higher on the measure of religious well-being scored lower on indices like loneliness and hopelessness and higher on self-esteem. Alcohol and drug use also differed significantly between the high and the low religious well-being groups.
Physical Symptoms, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Healthcare Utilization of Women with and without Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse
Authors: Farley Melissa , Patsalides Beatrice M.
Published: August 2011

For four groups of women: no abuse, physical abuse alone, combined sexual and physical abuse, and unclear about memories of abuse, we examined the associations between childhood sexual and physical abuse, chronic physical symptoms in adulthood, PTSD, and health care utilization. Of a randomly selected sample of 600 adult female members of a health maintenance organization, 86 (14%) chose to participate. Women with a history of physical and sexual abuse in childhood reported significantly more cardiovascular, immune, musculoskeletal, neurologic, and reproductive symptoms than those without this history. While the Sexual/Physical Abuse group had the most chronic physical symptoms, medical visits, emergency room visits, prescriptions, and severe PTSD, the Unclear Memory group consistently ranked second on these same measures—higher than either Controls or the Physical Abuse group. Findings underscore the importance of screening for trauma history among patients seen in medical clinics, and the importance for psychotherapists of attending to patients' physical as well as psychological symptoms of childhood trauma.
An Interpersonal Analysis of Rorschach Aggression Variables in a Normal Sample
Authors: Mihura Joni L. , Nathan-Montano Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between Rorschach aggression variables and a self-report measure of interpersonal control and aggression (Structural Analysis of Social Behavior), rated for best and worst states, with 50 college students using forward stepwise regression analyses Aggressive Movement (AG) was related to the report of self-attack for the best state ratings The following findings were significant for the worst state ratings. AG was related to viewing the other as reacting as if attacked but the self as acting more affiliatively to the other. Aggressive Past (AgPast) was related to reacting to the other more submissively. A combined Aggressive Potential (AgPot)/Aggressive Content (AgC) variable was related to viewing the other as reacting less submissively and acting more dominantly. AgC was related to viewing the other as reacting less submissively. Methodological limitations are discussed, including potential problems regarding social desirability for the self-report aggression measure.
Predicting the Number of Credit Cards Held by College Students
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 186 undergraduate students, the number of credit cards they held was associated with sex, their affective attitude toward credit cards, and an attitude of being careful with money.
Overt Honesty Measures Predicting Admissions: An Index of Validity or Reliability
Authors: Nicol Adelheid A. M. , Paunonen Sampo V.
Published: August 2011

Honesty questionnaires are often validated against a paper-and-pencil criterion in which respondents are asked to admit to past incidents of dishonesty. However, substantial overlap in the methods of assessment and in item content between predictor and criterion suggest that it is not validity that is being assessed, but rather a form of reliability. In this study, the relations between two overt measures of honesty (the Phase II Profile and the Workplace Productivity Questionnaire) and an admissions criterion were evaluated. The results suggest that the strong correlations between the Phase II Profile and the admissions criterion ( r = −.67) and between scores on the Workplace Productivity Questionnaire and the admissions criterion ( r = −.62) may be largely due to overlapping item content.
Note on Reliability of the Carlson Psychological Survey
Authors: DeFrancesco John J.
Published: August 2011

The Carlson Psychological Survey is designed to assess and classify criminal offenders but its reliability has not been estimated for use with female adolescents. The survey was administered to 36 female adjudicated delinquents between the ages of 14 and 16 years and readministered after a 2-wk. interval to estimate test-retest reliability. Support for its stability over 2 wk. with this specific adolescent population was obtained.
A Quantitative Method for Studying the Testing Supervision Process
Authors: DeCato Clifford M.
Published: August 2011

A quantitative method by Holloway for studying the supervision process in counseling training was adapted for use in psychological testing supervision. Ratings of 80 sessions indicated that most of the 25 potential interactions between the supervisor and trainee occurred in most of the sessions. The rate of occurrence was the lowest for the Emotional Awareness task (21%–24%). The author offers a speculation about how this result may be understood as involving the structured nature of testing. Results suggested that this model could be used as a tool for both practical and theoretical empirical evaluation of the supervision process during training in psychological testing.
Influence of Prior Involvement on Employees' Ratings
Authors: Brody Richard G. , Frank Kimberly E.
Published: August 2011

Surveys show that the majority of firms provide merit pay to outstanding employees. Despite the widespread use of merit pay programs, there is no consensus as to their effectiveness. While some plans have been successful in motivating employees to achieve higher performance, others have caused employees' dissatisfaction and discouragement. One previously unexplored area in the implementation of merit pay systems is the effect of the decision-maker's prior involvement with the employee on the decision to grant merit. The purpose of this paper was to examine whether hiring an employee leads to larger merit allocations despite evidence that the standards for merit were not met. 101 accounting students participated to assess the influence of hiring on subsequent merit allocations. Analysis indicated that prior involvement does bias ensuing merit decisions.
Do Homosexual Teachers Account for about Half of News Stories of Molestations of Pupils? A Boston Globe Replication
Authors: Cameron Paul
Published: August 2011

Homosexual interaction was involved in 11 (48%) of 23 and 10 (45%) of 22, that is, about half of two nationwide databases of newspaper stories about teachers' sexual involvement with pupils reported by Cameron and Cameron in 1998. Whether this relationship holds at a local level was examined by searching all indexed ‘sex crimes’ in the Boston Globe from 1991 through 1998 for local stories about sex between pupil and teacher. Of the 21 teachers in 20 stories, 11 (52%) interacted homosexually with pupils. Thus it appears that nationally and locally, as reported in newspapers, about half of the molestations by teachers are homosexual.
Customer Service as a Function of Shopper's Attire
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Llamas Veronica
Published: August 2011

A field experiment explored whether a female shopper's appearance would influence the customer service she received. Specifically, a female confederate dressed in formal work clothes (skirt and blouse) or informal gym clothes (tights and t-shirt) entered a series of randomly selected women's clothing stores in a large mall and proceeded to “shop.” The amount of time that passed before an employee approached and acknowledged the confederate served as the dependent variable. As hypothesized, she was acknowledged significantly sooner when formally attired than when informally dressed. Thus, clothing, like other aspects of appearance, influences how people are evaluated and treated by others.
Perception in Consequences of Free Riding
Authors: Miles Jeffrey A. , Klein Howard J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationships between perceptions of group members' free riding and group outcomes using Mulvey and Klein's 1998 perceived free riding scale. In a laboratory study, three free riding conditions were created (no free riding, free riding, free riding with justification) in which 97 college students performed two short number-finding tasks as members of temporary ad hoc three-person groups. 55% of the students were male and the average age was 22.9 yr. ( SD = 3.0). Participants' perceptions of free riding were negatively related to commitment to the assigned group goal, task performance, and goals for group performance and individual performance. In the condition wherein free riding was justified by low ability, participants set lower goals for their future task performance than did those in the other two conditions.
Presidential Debates and Change in Students' Attitude
Authors: McIntosh Everton G.
Published: August 2011

The effects of debates on influencing potential voters' attitudes were assessed in a group of 45 undergraduates who watched the third presidential debate of election year 2000 between candidates Bush and Gore. A repeated measures t test indicated a significant change in immediate ratings of attitude from pretest to posttest, with Gore being rated higher at posttest.
Acoustic Determinants Eliciting Japanese Infants' Vocal Response to Maternal Speech
Authors: Niwano Katsuko , Sugai Kuniaki
Published: August 2011

Generally, infants prefer infant-directed speech to adult-directed speech. This study investigated which acoustic features of maternal infant-directed speech elicit effectively 3-mo.-old infants' vocal response. The participants were 40 Japanese mother and infant dyads. Vocal f0 from the mother's speech and the infant's vocalization was extracted using Computerized Speech Laboratory (CSL4300) and custom software. The acoustical features measured were mean fundamental frequency (f0), and f0 contour. The rate of the infant's vocal response was significantly higher when the maternal infant-directed speech was terminated with a falling contour rather than a rising or flat contour. There was no significant difference between the mean f0 of the maternal infant-directed speech followed or not followed by the infant's vocal response. This suggests that the falling contour of terminal maternal infant-directed speech serves to elicit the 3-mo.-old infant's vocal response.
Cooperative Learning and Algebra Performance of Eighth Grade Students in United Arab Emirates
Authors: Alkhateeb Haitham M. , Jumaa Mustafa
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effect of cooperative learning on eighth grade students' performance in algebra. 54 boys and 57 girls in four middle-school mathematics classes of Grade 8 in the UAE participated. Over a 3-wk. period, two classes (57 students) were taught using a cooperative learning method, and the other two classes (54 students) were taught using the traditional lecture method. Analysis of covariance using pretest scores as a covariant showed no statistically significant increase in the algebra performance for students in the cooperative learning groups compared with the traditional groups. However, boys in the cooperative setting improved significantly on the performance test compared with boys in the traditional setting.
Concurrent Validity of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test among Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Reas Deborah L. , Shaw J. Bryant
Published: August 2011

This study examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test for 85 psychiatric inpatients. The correlation between the WASI Full Scale and K-BIT Composite IQ scores was significant ( r = .89, p <.001). Multitrait-multimethod analysis of the subtest scores showed that the K-BIT had higher internal consistency for its two subtests but, therefore, less differentiation of cognitive functioning than the brief Wechsler scale, as would be expected due to the larger number and diversity of the latter subtests. Correlations among the Wechsler scale subtests were lower than among those for the K-BIT, so the former may tap different cognitive functions and yield more clinically useful information than the latter. This brief Wechsler scale appears to be a valid screening measure of verbal, performance, and general intellectual ability for use with an inpatient psychiatric population when considerations of the setting or patient preclude administration of a longer measure of intellectual ability.
Reservations concerning Attitudes toward Animal Research among Psychology Students in Spain
Authors: Bowd Alan D.
Published: August 2011

Methodological limitations of several items in the 2001 scale used by Navarro, et al. are noted and implications discussed.
Emotional Intelligence and Prosocial Behaviors in Adolescents
Authors: Charbonneau Danielle , Nicol Adelheid A. M.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between emotional intelligence and prosocial behaviors and sex differences in 134 adolescents involved in a 6-wk. training camp run by the military was investigated. They were asked to evaluate themselves on emotional intelligence and randomly chosen peers evaluated them on prosocial behaviors, indicated by organizational citizenship behaviors, a measure used in work organizations. Ratings of emotional intelligence significantly correlated with scores on two of the five organizational citizenship behavior factors: Altruism ( r = .25, p<.01) and Civic virtue ( r = .24, p < .01). The girls scored somewhat, but not significantly, higher than the boys on Emotional Intelligence, Altruism, Conscientiousness, and Civic virtue, an observation which might be explored further.
PTSD Symptoms of Mothers following Occurrence of a Disaster Affecting Their Children
Authors: Mirzamani Mahmoud , Bolton Derek
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the PTSD symptoms of 37 mothers whose adolescent children had been directly involved in a disaster, the Jupiter sinking in 1988. This group included mothers whose children were (a) not diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and (b) were diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The measure used was the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale. Women whose children were involved in the disaster presented PTSD symptoms. 35% ( n = 13) were diagnosed with PTSD 3 mo. after the disaster, and 8% ( n = 3) of them were diagnosed with PTSD 6 yr. afterward. This effect was greater in the subgroup whose children had developed traumatic stress disorder following the disaster.
Murder Rates in the Regions of Germany
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Murder rates in the 16 German Bundeslander were associated with marriage, infant mortality, unemployment, and suicide rates and with population density.
Relations of Machiavellian Behavior with Sales Performance of Stockbrokers
Authors: Aziz Abdul , May Kim , Crotts John C.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis of a relationship between Machiavellian behavior and sales performance of Christie and Geis was tested with a sample of 110 stockbrokers. Scores on a measure called the Machiavellian Behavior scale were positively and significantly correlated with two self-reported measures of sales performance of the stockbrokers. Present results together with those of two earlier studies supported the hypothesis that salespeople with a Machiavellian orientation are likely to be more successful. Analysis of the data also indicated predictive validity and acceptable internal consistency of the Machiavellian Behavior scale. Limitations of the present study and a need for further research are discussed.
Should Subjects Be Forewarned of the Possible Psychological Consequences of Filling Out a PTSD Questionnaire?
Authors: Berghout Caspar , van Ginkel Joost , Groeneweg Nikolaj , Israels Han , Kas Arnoud , Lesniewski Ulrike , van Stempvoort Jeannette
Published: August 2011

In 1993 Albach investigated the long-term consequences of sexual abuse on psychological health. A group of abused women and a control group of non-abused women were asked to fill in a questionnaire assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For ethical reasons, the abused women were warned that filling in the questionnaire might be emotionally stressful. The control group did not receive this warning. The abused women scored higher on the questionnaire than the non-abused women. The warning they received may have influenced their reports. Our experiment investigated this 101 psychology students were divided into two groups, one who received a warning and a control group who did not. The hypothesis was that people who had been previously warned would score higher on a PTSD questionnaire than people who had not. There were, however, no significant differences in mean PTSD scores and no known initial differences between groups.
Tattoos and Ratings of Personal Characteristics
Authors: Degelman Douglas , Price Nicole Deann
Published: August 2011

High school and university students viewed a photograph of one woman either with or without a visible tattoo on her upper arm. They rated the woman on 13 personal characteristics (fashionable, athletic, attractive, caring, creative, determined, motivated, honest, generous, mysterious, religious, intelligent, artistic). Analyses showed ratings of the model with the tattoo were statistically significantly lower (more negative) on 9 of the 13 personal characteristics. Ratings were not associated with whether the participants had or did not have tattoos themselves. Implications for research are discussed, including the need to explore the conditions under which negative attitudes may be translated into negative behaviors.
Defining Popular Iconic Metaphor
Authors: Columbus Peter J. , Boerger Michael A.
Published: August 2011

Popular Iconic Metaphor is added to the cognitive linguistic lexicon of figurative language. Popular Iconic Metaphors employ real or fictional celebrities of popular culture as source domains in figurative discourse. Some borders of Popular Iconic Metaphor are identified, and Elvis Presley is offered as a prototype example of a popular iconic source domain, due to his ubiquity in American popular culture, which affords his figurative usage in ways consistent with decision heuristics in everyday life. Further study of Popular Iconic Metaphors may serve to illuminate how figurative expressions emerge in their localized contexts, structure conduct and experience, and affect mediation of cultural and personal meanings.
A Preliminary Scale for Assessing Attitudes toward Homosexuals in the Military
Authors: Estrada Armando X.
Published: August 2011

This paper reports a factor analytical study of responses to statements of attitudes concerning lesbians and gay men in the military by 72 23.4-yr.-old members of the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. Using exploratory factor analysis with an oblique rotation four factors were found which accounted for 64.9% of the total common variance. A factor labeled Trust accounted for 40.6% of the common variance, Comfort accounted for 8.7%, Acceptance accounted for 8.2%, and the fourth factor, Threat, accounted for 7.5%. Cronbach α ranged from .63 to .78. Validity was .75 when scores were correlated with those on the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men scale, supporting the 4-factor interpretation. It is recommended that additional factor analyses be performed to further investigate the validity of the four factors and that of the entire scale.
Role Models in Self-Esteem of College Women
Authors: Mack Mick G. , Schultz Allison M. , Araki Kaori
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between self-esteem and the existence of role models among a sample of 36 female college students. Participants completed a questionnaire which included demographic questions, the Self-esteem Inventory, and questions concerning use of childhood and contemporary role models. Independent t-test results indicated that participants who reported having current role models had higher self-esteem scores than participants who did not, suggesting that role models may contribute to higher self-esteem in college-age women No significant differences in self-esteem were by sex of the role model.
Furnham's Money Attitude Scale
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

An item-analysis of responses from 186 undergraduates to the Money Attitude Scale developed by Furnham did not replicate the factor pattern which he derived.
Sex Differences in Perceived Outcomes of Electronic Mail Interactions
Authors: Harper Vernon B.
Published: August 2011

Researchers have found that sex plays a crucial role in perceptions of usability, graphical accents, and general satisfaction within computer-mediated interactions. 192 students (71 men and 121 women) responded to 12 items taken from the Electronic Mail Outcome Scale related to their perceived Appropriateness, Effectiveness, and Satisfaction obtained through electronic mail interactions. Analysis indicated no significant differences between men and women in reference to either Effectiveness or Satisfaction; however, women were more sensitive to social expectations within electronic mail interactions than men.
Development of a Law Enforcement Stress and Coping Questionnaire
Authors: Patterson George T.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the construction of a self-report checklist designed to examine experiences of stressful routine occupational events and life events, coping responses, and psychological distress among law enforcement officers. The checklist items were derived from existing scales and are designed to examine a cognitive phenomenological model of stress and coping and testing the goodness of fit hypothesis.
A Prospect Theory Explanation of the Disposition to Trade Losing Investments for Less Than Market Price
Authors: Johnstone D. J.
Published: August 2011

Investors have a proven general reluctance to realize losses. The theory of “mental accounting” suggests that losses are easier to accept when mentally integrated with either preceding losses or with compensatory gains. Mental integration is made easier when a failed asset is exchanged against a new, apparently profitable, acquisition. The alternative is to sell the existing asset on the open market before re-investing the proceeds as desired. This is emotionally less appealing than “rolling over” a losing investment into a new venture by way of an asset trade. The psychological benefits of exchanging rather than selling a failed asset come at a cost. It is typical of trade-in arrangements, e.g., where one trades an old car against a new one, that the effective sale price of the existing asset is less than current market value. Acceptance of this low price adds to the investor's total monetary loss on the existing asset but is essential to an overall package deal apart from which that asset would often remain belatedly unsold.
Sleep, Dreams, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Kroth Jerry , Daline Angelina , Longstreet Debra , Nelson Megan , O'Neal Lee Ann
Published: August 2011

Intercorrelations between the KJP Dream Inventory, Stanford Sleepiness Scale, and the Brayfield-Rothe Job Satisfaction Questionnaire from a database of 56 graduate students gave small significant correlations between job satisfaction and age (.32), repetitive traumatic dreaming, (–.30), being chased in one's dreams (–.35), and sleepiness (–.30). Associations of employment status with sleepiness, dream discontent, and dreams of being famous were also evident. Results were discussed in terms of the hypothesized relationship between contentedness or discontentedness and their association with sleep, dreaming, and job satisfaction.
Assessment of Attitudes about New Learners' Roles: Factor Analysis of the Beliefs about Working in Groups Questionnaire
Authors: Boekaerts Monique
Published: August 2011

This article presents an analysis of the factor structure of the Beliefs about Working in Groups Questionnaire, which is based on a model of teaching focused on the complementary roles of teachers as models and coaches and students who have to regulate their own learning and learn together with and from peers. This self-report questionnaire presents statements describing salient aspects of group work to elicit beliefs students hold about two main aspects of the quality of working in groups, firstly, the belief that working in small groups has important advantages over working individually for developing deep learning; secondly, beliefs that working with peers in close interaction does or does not facilitate learning-focused dialogue. The questionnaire was administered to university sophomores. The hypothesized two-factor structure emerged. It was tested whether the two factors were related to the students' familiarity with working in small groups in high school, to the frequency with which they worked in groups, and to their perception of the value high school teachers attached to working in small groups.
An Inquiry-Based Approach to Teaching Research Design: Asking the Right Questions
Authors: Yonts Nikki , Abramson Charles I. , McKenna Jessica , DeBoer Stacy , McMillin Ann , Rice Justin , Potts Richard , Scott Bill
Published: August 2011

To describe an inquiry-based learning activity and discuss the advantages of using such activities to demonstrate research design to undergraduate psychology students the authors presented students with the research problem of eyewitness memory recall and asked students to solve the problem, using the information provided by the course. Working in small groups, students reviewed eyewitness studies and designed their own research materials, including a videotaped theft and a CD-ROM version of the eyewitness survey and potential suspect line-up. Poststudy interviews showed that the students enjoyed the activity and felt that they had a better understanding of experimental research design than they had before the exercise. It is proposed that this activity may be a useful hands-on tool for instructors who have difficulty teaching students fundamental topics such as literature reviews, hypothesis testing, reliability and validity of research measures, and experimental design.
Apocalyptic Thinking, Autonomy, and Sociotropy
Authors: Morris Neil , Johnson Martin P.
Published: August 2011

As the millennium approached there was a unique opportunity to examine beliefs about impending apocalyptic events. In March, 1998 60 English participants, 20 to 35 years of age, including 20 Jehovah's Witnesses, 20 Roman Catholics, and 20 Methodists, completed a four-dimension scale of Positive and Negative Autonomy and Positive and Negative Sociotropy and a questionnaire, Apocalyptic Thinking, on the millennium containing questions on apocalyptic beliefs. The aim of the study was to investigate the apocalyptic beliefs of a number of Christian denominations and examine the relationship between scores on apocalyptic thinking about the millennium and group cohesion. Jehovah's Witnesses scored highest on all scales except Positive Autonomy, and the Catholics had higher Negative Sociotropy and Apocalyptic Thinking scores than the Methodists. Negative Sociotropy scores correlated positively with Apocalyptic Thinking scores for all groups. These data suggest significant positive relationship between these Christian endorsements of the likelihood of apocalyptic events at the millennium and the extent to which they perceive nonmembers of their denomination as ‘outsiders’.
Silencing the Self and Feminist Identity Development
Authors: Witte Tricia H. , Sherman Martin F
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the relation between Jack's 1991 concept of “silencing the self” and Downing and Roush's 1985 stage model of feminist identity development among college women. Analysis indicated that passively accepting women's oppression and adhering to traditional gender roles in interpersonal relationships (Passive Acceptance) was related to silencing the self. These results have important implications for silencing the self and women's development. Specifically, these findings may encourage many young women to acknowledge women's oppression and question the traditional gender roles that promote submission and thereby decrease the potential risk for self-silencing.
On the Incremental Validity of MMPI–2 Psychopathology–5 Scales over the Revised Neo Personality Inventory Scales for Predicting Personality Disorders
Authors: Byravan Anupama , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that the MMPI–2 Psychopathology–5 scales are better predictors of personality disorders than the Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales was tested using Personality Adjective Checklist personality disorder scales with a 9-point response format. The three inventories were completed by 258 introductory psychology students (113 men and 145 women) for partial course credit. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed for predicting each Personality Adjective Checklist scale by entering the Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales as a set in the first step and the Psychopathology–5 scales as a set in the second step. Incremental validity of the Psychopathology–5 scales over the Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales for predicting each Personality Adjective Checklist scale was measured by the R2 change at the end of the second step in the hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Incremental validity values ranged from .01 to .09, with a median of .03, and were significant for only five Personality Adjective Checklist scales. Such results provided very little support for the hypothesis of relative superiority of the Psychopathology–5 scales over the Revised NEO Personality Inventory domain scales for predicting personality disorders.
Judgments about Length, Weight, and Width Covariation as a Function of Intelligence and Depth of Processing in Elementary School Children: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Baker Geri , Wilkerson Keith , McGahan Joseph , McCown Bill , Williamson David
Published: August 2011

28 elementary school students were assessed for intelligence, then blindfolded and asked to explore objects manually before rendering judgments about how weight and width were related to length. Exploration time for each object was hypothesized to reflect the level of processing engaged in by the participants. It was also predicted that more intelligent children would produce the most accurate judgments. Inconsistent with the predictions, analysis indicated that children of higher intelligence did not produce the most accurate judgments. However, longer exploration times reflected a tendency to refrain from endorsing a negative correlation between length and width. Depth of processing is, therefore, presumed to aid in reasoning about covariation.
Trends in Mass Murder
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1976 to 1996, the proportion of murder incidents with 5 or more victims showed no linear trend or association with selected social indicators, e.g., birth rate, unemployment rate, and homicide rate.
A Pilot Study of Perceived Needs of Persons with New Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Cushman Laura A. , Scherer Marcia J.
Published: August 2011

Persons with new spinal cord injury have varying perceptions of their own needs in multiple life domains such as readiness and need to use assistive technologies, but these are often not directly addressed. These areas were the focus of the present study. This descriptive study looked at subjective need in a variety of areas with a new measure and also assessed perceptions related to assistive technology and quality of life. Perceptions of various needs were compared at baseline and at 1- and 6-mo. follow-up. The Perceived Needs Inventory, the Assistive Technology Device Predisposition Assessment, and the Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale were the main outcome measures given 22 patients with new injuries in an inpatient service for acute spinal cord injury with community follow-up. As the Perceived Needs Inventory provided distinct information and showed good test-reliability and some evidence of construct validity, it may be a useful adjunctive tool with such patients.
Role of Hope in the Survival of Vietnam Combat Veterans
Authors: Huff Marlene Belew
Published: August 2011

75 Vietnam combat veterans participated in extensive interviews about their combat experience. Regardless of the nature of the combat, Vietnam veterans reported that “hope” was a determining factor in their survival. An analysis of the interview narratives suggests a typology of different processes for hoping.
Completion of Introductory English as a Predictor of Introductory Psychology Achievement
Authors: Guarino Anthony J. , Schick Jo-Anne E. , Parker Marian
Published: August 2011

The high rate of attrition in introductory psychology courses at community colleges has led some institutions to require an introductory English course, focusing on reading and writing, as a prerequisite. The primary objective of this research was to assess whether successfully completing the introductory English course had any relation to successful completion of the introductory psychology course. Participants were 11,139 students enrolled over a 3-yr. period in introductory psychology courses at a large urban community college in the southwest. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis indicated a significant but not a practical increase in the variance of final grades.
Access to the Latent Benefits of Employment for Unemployed and Underemployed Individuals
Authors: Creed Peter A. , Machin Michael A.
Published: August 2011

A sample of job seekers ( N = 161) were assessed on measures of well-being and the latent benefits of employment. The unemployed reported less access to the latent benefits than the underemployed. In a finer grained analysis, there was a monotonic increase from least to most access to the latent benefits from those with no paid work in the past three months, some paid work in the past three months, some current paid work, to those with considerable current paid work. Despite this, no differences in well-being were found.
Predictive Validity of Variables Used to Select Students for Postgraduate Management Courses
Authors: Lane John , Lane Andrew M.
Published: August 2011

The present study set in the United Kingdom examined the predictive validity of variables used to select graduate students into postgraduate management programs at a UK business school. 303 postgraduate students completed a cognitive ability test (MD5, Mental Ability Test), a questionnaire to assess perceptions of self-efficacy to succeed on the program, and reported their performance on their first (undergraduate) degree. Students completed these measures at the start of the programs. Each program comprised 12 modules, which all students were required to complete successfully. Students' performance was measured by the average grade obtained over the 12 modules. Multiple regression indicated that only 22% of the variance (Adjusted R2 = .22, p < .001) in students' performance was predicted significantly by cognitive ability scores. Results show that neither performance on first degree nor scores for self-efficacy showed a significant relationship to the criterion measure. Findings from the present study suggest that in the UK, the use of cognitive ability tests may play a significant role in the selection of students into postgraduate programs. Nonsignificant self-efficacy and performance relationships are ascribed to unclear knowledge of the demands of the program. We suggest that there is need for further research to examine factors related to performance.
Comparisons of Two Groups of Sex-Change Applicants Based on the MMPI
Authors: Michel A. , Legros J. J. , Cornet J. P. , Ansseau M. , Pitchot W , Mormont C.
Published: August 2011

Out of 29 men asking for a sex-change, 16 reported clinical anamnesis criteria for transsexualism according to the DSM-III–R, a more restrictive diagnosis than the DSM-IV gender dysphoria diagnosis. In addition, all the subjects had taken an MMPI which, of course, did not contribute to the transsexualism diagnosis but which served to describe their personalities. The 16 subjects diagnosed as transsexual and the 13 who did not qualify for this diagnosis were compared on the basis of personality variables measured by the MMPI. Certain differences became evident. The transsexuals systematically complied to cultural stereotypes of femininity without any uneasiness, whereas the nontranssexuals could be subdivided into two groups, those with a vague sense of ill-being linked to a pronounced feminine identity or those with only a slight feminine identity and who showed no particular difficulties.