bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditional knockdown of target gene expression by tetracycline regulated transcription of double strand RNA
Authors: Hou Xubin , Omi Minoru , Harada Hidekiyo , Ishii Shunsuke , Takahashi Yoshiko , Nakamura Harukazu
Published: January 2011

In vivo electroporation has served as an effective tool for the study of developmental biology. Here we report tetracycline inducible gene knockdown by electroporation. Our system consists of genome integration of a cassette encoding long double strand RNA (dsRNA) of a gene of interest by electroporation, transcription of which is assured by RNA polymerase II, and induction of transcription of dsRNA by tetracyclin. Long dsRNA decapped by ribozyme in the cassette and without poly A tail is processed into siRNA within nuclei. We could successfully induce knockdown of En2 and Coactosin by Dox administration.
Homing of the Bone Marrow‐Derived Interstitial Cells of Cajal is Decreased in Diabetic Mouse Intestine
Authors: Li Yimin , Kojima Hideto , Fujino Kazunori , Matsumura Kazuhiro , Katagi Miwako , Urabe Hiroshi , Chan Lawrence , Eguchi Yutaka , Zhao Linghui , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: January 2011

Background:  Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which express c‐Kit receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT), play an important role in gastrointestinal motility. Loss of ICCs likely contributes to diabetic gastrointestinal motility disorder, however, the mechanism of attrition remains unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that the bone marrow‐derived progenitors are an important source of intestinal ICCs and that decreased homing of these progenitors in diabetes contributes to ICC diminution.

Methods:  Wild type mice were X‐ray irradiated, transplanted with bone marrow (BMT) from green fluorescence protein (GFP)‐transgenic (TG)‐mice and subsequently made diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Intestinal homing of GFP‐positive bone marrow‐derived cells was examined 2 or 5 months after STZ treatment.

Results:  In the BMT‐mice, we found many GFP‐positive bone marrow‐derived cells (BMDCs) in most parts of the intestinal area, the number of BMDCs was significantly decreased in diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic controls. As a representative area, we further examined the myenteric plexus of the proximal small intestine, and found that the cell numbers of ICCs marked by c‐Kit‐positive immunoreactivity were decreased by more than 40% in diabetic versus nondiabetic mice. Furthermore, numbers of c‐Kit+/GFP+ and c‐Kit+/GFP‐ cells were similar in nondiabetic mice, and decreased by 45.8% and 42.0%, respectively, in diabetic mice.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that the decreased homing from the bone marrow is a major cause of ICC loss in the intestine in diabetes mellitus.
Sputum zinc concentration and clinical outcome in older asthmatics
Authors: JAYARAM LATA , CHUNILAL SANJEEV , PICKERING SANDY , RUFFIN RICHARD E. , ZALEWSKI PETER D.
Published: January 2011

Background and objective:  Mouse models of asthma show that zinc deficiency is associated with airway inflammation (AI), which is attenuated by zinc supplements. Whether zinc has a similar role in the human airway remains controversial, with studies demonstrating both high and low plasma zinc concentrations [Zn] in asthmatic patients compared with control subjects. This variability may reflect the inability of plasma measurements to accurately assess airway zinc levels. Examination of induced sputum is an established technique for measuring AI and mediators of inflammation. Recent advances allow measurement of the rapidly exchangeable (labile) and total zinc pools in sputum. The aims of this study were to measure labile and total [Zn] in sputum and plasma of subjects with or without asthma, and second to correlate [Zn] with symptoms, asthma severity, lung function (FEV1) and airway hyper‐responsiveness.

Methods:  A total of 163 subjects (114 with asthma) completed a single visit for sputum induction and a blood test. Labile and total [Zn] were measured by Zinquin fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Results:  The mean (SD) age of subjects with and without asthma was 55 (14) and 57 (14) years, respectively. Baseline FEV1 was significantly lower in subjects with asthma (94.2 (16)%) than in those without asthma (103 (16.6)%). Sputum total and labile [Zn] were lower in subjects with asthma compared with control subjects, with median (interquartile range) values of 31.8 (117) versus 50 (188.5), P = 0.02 and 0 (48) versus 26 (84.5) µg/L, P = 0.05, respectively. Increased frequency of wheeze, as well as asthma severity and reduced FEV1, was associated with significantly lower labile sputum [Zn].

Conclusions:  These findings suggest that sputum [Zn] reflect clinical outcomes and underlying AI, suggesting a potential role for zinc as a biomarker in asthma.
Probiotic, zinc and lactose‐free formula in children with rotavirus diarrhea: Are they effective?
Authors: Dalgic Nazan , Sancar Mesut , Bayraktar Banu , Pullu Mine , Hasim Ozlem
Published: January 2011

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc, probiotic bacteria, and lactose‐free formula and their different combinations in the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in young children.

Methods: Eight different treatment groups were formed: group 1, 60 patients receivingSaccharomyces boulardii; group 2, 60 patients receiving zinc; group 3, 60 patients receiving lactose‐free formula; group 4, 60 patients receivingS. boulardiiplus zinc; group 5, 60 patients receivingS. boulardiiplus lactose‐free formula; group 6, 60 patients receiving zinc plus lactose‐free formula; group 7, 60 patients receivingS. boulardiiplus zinc plus lactose‐free formula; group 8, 60 patients receiving only oral and/or parenteral rehydration solutions.

Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the time to resolution of fever after intervention between the treatment groups and the control group. The time to resolution of vomiting was significantly lower in group 4 compared with groups 1 and 5. The duration of diarrhea was significantly reduced in groups 2 and 4 compared to control. A statistically significant difference in the duration of hospitalization was observed for the groups 2 and 4 in comparison to the control group.

Conclusions: A different combination of adjunct therapies did not seem to bring additional value to rehydration therapy in children with rotavirus diarrhea except for in those receiving only zinc and zinc plusS. boulardii. Further studies are required to determine the optimal protocol of adjunct therapy use in children with rotavirus diarrhea.
Vascular, renal and placental effects on pregnant offspring of protein‐restricted rat dams
Authors: Musha Yuka , Itoh Shigeru , Miyakawa Miho , Ohtsuji Mareki , Hanson Mark A. , Kinoshita Katsuyuki , Takeda Satoru
Published: January 2011

Aim:  Our previous study showed that a maternal low‐protein diet induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction in rat offspring after day 175. In the present study, we hypothesized that these female offspring would develop hypertension in their own pregnancies even at ages less than 175 days because potential vascular dysfunction is exacerbated by the circulatory demands of pregnancy.

Material and Methods:  Wistar rats were fed an isocaloric diet containing either 18% (control group) or 9% (low‐protein group) casein throughout pregnancy. The female offspring were fed standard chow and mated between days 70 and 125. At the end of pregnancy, blood pressure was measured, and the uterine arteries were dissected and investigated with a wire myograph.

Results:  Placental weights were significantly lower in offspring of the low‐protein group versus control. There were no significant differences in blood pressure. Renal expression of AT1 receptor mRNA was greater, and of AT2 receptor was less, in the low‐protein group versus control. Vasoconstriction of uterine arteries to phenylephrine and U46619 was increased in the low‐protein group, and vasodilatation to sodium nitroprusside was also increased.

Conclusion:  Low‐protein diet induces vascular effects on female offspring in their pregnancy, in terms of increased uterine artery vasoconstriction. This may be compensated for by increased sensitivity to nitric oxide (NO), maintaining blood pressure normal in the face of the demands of pregnancy. Such renal and vascular effects, combined with placental size, may transmit risk of vascular dysfunction to subsequent generations.
Case of atypical polypoid adenomyoma that possibly underwent a serial progression from endometrial hyperplasia to carcinoma
Authors: Fukuda Mami , Sakurai Nobuyuki , Yamamoto Yasuhiro , Taoka Hideki , Asakawa Yasuyuki , Kurasaki Akiko , Oharaseki Toshiaki , Takahashi Kei , Kubushiro Kaneyuki
Published: January 2011

Atypical polypoid adenomyoma is a rare uterine tumor composed of atypical endometrial glands, which often exhibit squamous metaplasia, and a cellular smooth muscle stroma. Although atypical polypoid adenomyoma is categorized as a benign lesion, it is reportedly associated with endometrial cancer, and it shows persistence and recurrence even after conservative medical treatment. We present a rare case of atypical polypoid adenomyoma that possibly underwent a serial pathological change from endometrial hyperplasia to carcinoma in a 40‐year‐old woman with no history of pregnancy. She was diagnosed with atypical polypoid adenomyoma during polypectomy surgery. After resecting the atypical polypoid adenomyoma, endometrial hyperplasia complex was detected. This condition eventually progressed from atypical hyperplasia complex to endometrial adenocarcinoma, and total abdominal hysterectomy was performed. A patient with atypical polypoid adenomyoma who wishes to preserve her fertility should be carefully monitored for endometrial carcinoma. If endometrial hyperplasia is detected in such a patient, a meticulous follow‐up examination by performing endometrial biopsy is mandatory.
Long‐term cumulative pregnancy rate in women with unexplained infertility after laparoscopic surgery followed by in vitro fertilization or in vitro fertilization alone
Authors: Shimizu Yoshihiko , Yamaguchi Wakasa , Takashima Akiko , Kaku Shoji , Kita Nobuyuki , Murakami Takashi
Published: January 2011

Aims:  Laparoscopy has been performed in women with unexplained infertility, but the recent trend is to commence in vitro fertilization (IVF) without prior laparoscopy. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not laparoscopic surgery is necessary for these patients.

Material & Methods:  With a diagnosis of unexplained infertility, 51 women underwent laparoscopic surgery followed by IVF (laparoscopy group) and 41 women underwent IVF without prior laparoscopy (IVF group). We reviewed these two groups retrospectively and evaluated the cumulative pregnancy rate.

Results:  In the laparoscopy group, 16 of the 51 women became pregnant spontaneously soon after surgery. Twenty‐three patients became pregnant with IVF. In the IVF group, 32 patients became pregnant with IVF. Two of the 41 women became pregnant spontaneously while waiting to commence IVF.

Conclusion:  Laparoscopy should be offered as an option for younger patients who desire spontaneous pregnancy because there was no significant difference of the cumulative pregnancy rate between the groups.
Microbial communities in bulk fluids and biofilms of an oil facility have similar composition but different structure
Authors: Stevenson Bradley S. , Drilling Heather S. , Lawson Paul A. , Duncan Kathleen E. , Parisi Victoria A. , Suflita Joseph M.
Published: January 2011

The oil–water–gas environments of oil production facilities harbour abundant and diverse microbial communities that can participate in deleterious processes such as biocorrosion. Several molecular methods, including pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA libraries, were used to characterize the microbial communities from an oil production facility on the Alaskan North Slope. The communities in produced water and a sample from a ‘pig envelope’ were compared in order to identify specific populations or communities associated with biocorrosion. The ‘pigs’ are used for physical mitigation of pipeline corrosion and fouling and the samples are enriched in surface‐associated solids (i.e. paraffins, minerals and biofilm) and coincidentally, microorganisms (over 105‐fold). Throughout the oil production facility, bacteria were more abundant (10‐ to 150‐fold) than archaea, with thermophilic members of the phyla Firmicutes (Thermoanaerobacter and Thermacetogenium) and Synergistes (Thermovirga) dominating the community. However, the structure (relative abundances of taxa) of the microbial community in the pig envelope was distinct due to the increased relative abundances of the genera Thermacetogenium and Thermovirga. The data presented here suggest that bulk fluid is representative of the biofilm communities associated with biocorrosion but that certain populations are more abundant in biofilms, which should be the focus of monitoring and mitigation strategies.
The first 3 years of national bowel cancer screening at a single UK tertiary centre
Authors: Gupta S. , Saunders B. P. , Fraser C. , Kennedy R. H. , Ignjatovic A. , Sala S. , Marshall S. , Suzuki N. , Vance M. , Thomas‐Gibson S.
Published: January 2011

Aim  St Mark’s Bowel Cancer Screening Centre commenced screening in October 2006 as a contributor to the national programme. The first 35 months’ experience is reported.

Method  Individuals with a positive faecal occult blood test (FOBT) were offered colonoscopy or alternatives if they had significant comorbidity. All screening data were collected prospectively.

Results  Of the 98 815 FOBT kits issued, 42 523 were returned (43% uptake; 20.79% men). In total, 1339/1488 (90%) FOBT‐positive participants attended the nurse clinic (57% men). Of these, 1057 had an index colonoscopy, 115 had a computed tomography colonoscopy (CTC) and eight had a flexible sigmoidoscopy. Five hundred and seventeen (44%) procedures were ‘normal’ (no polyps/cancers). Eighty (6%) individuals had colorectal cancer. The polyp detection rate in index procedures, including colonoscopy, CTC and flexible sigmoidoscopy, was 50%. The adenoma detection rate of all colonoscopies was 62.8%. The median polyp size was 5 (1–80) mm. In total, 1200 colonoscopies were performed by five accredited colonoscopists (96% completion rate). There were 13 (1%) adverse events with < 1 in 500 patients undergoing polypectomy requiring a transfusion. There was one 30‐day postsurgical mortality, one perforation and no colonoscopy‐related mortality. Almost all 39/40 (97%) patients in the BCS programme felt that the findings were adequately explained compared with 21/32 (64%) elective patients (P < 0.001) within the same unit.

Conclusions  At this bowel cancer screening single centre, colonoscopy completion rates were high (unadjusted caecal intubation rate of 96%) and complication rates were low. In contrast to other published data, the uptake and cancer‐detection rates were lower.
Sacral nerve stimulation in the elderly
Authors: George A. T. , Kalmar K. , Goncalves J. , Nicholls R. J. , Vaizey C. J.
Published: January 2011

Aim  Increasing life expectancy will increase the number of elderly patients with faecal incontinence. The study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) in patients over the age of 65 years.

Method  Patients aged over 65 years, who underwent temporary SNS from 1996 for faecal incontinence unresponsive to conservative treatment, were followed prospectively.

Results  Between January 1996 and December 2009, 30 patients [mean age 69.3 years (SD, 3.4)] underwent temporary SNS. Twenty‐three (77%) had a >50% improvement in the St Mark’s Continence Score and progressed to permanent SNS implantation. Their mean (±SD) score increased from 19 (3.2) at baseline to 8 (3.4) during temporary SNS and to 9 (3.4) 3 months after permanent SNS and 10 (3.7) at the latest median follow up (IQR) of 44 (20–150) months. The corresponding values at the same intervals for urgency [mean (±SD) min] were 1 (1.4), 8 (5.2), 8 (5) and 8 (5.4) and for incontinence episodes per 2 weeks [median (±IQR)] were 10 (7–14), 1 (0–5), 2 (0–5) and 0 (0–6).

Conclusion  SNS is an effective treatment for faecal incontinence in patients over 65 years.
On the head morphology ofPhylliumand the phylogenetic relationships of Phasmatodea (Insecta)
Authors: Friedemann Katrin , Wipfler Benjamin , Bradler Sven , Beutel Rolf Georg
Published: January 2011

Friedemann K.,Wipfler B., Bradler S. and Beutel R.G. 2011. On the head morphology ofPhylliumand the phylogenetic relationships of Phasmatodea (Insecta). —Acta Zoologica(Stockholm)00: 1–16.

External and internal head structures ofPhyllium siccifoliumare described in detail. The findings are compared with conditions found in other phasmatodeans and members of other neopteran lineages. The compiled 125 characters were analysed cladistically. A clade Eukinolabia (Phasmatodea + Embioptera) was confirmed. Synapomorphies of these two taxa are the shift of the origin of M. tentorioparaglossalis to the hind margin of the prementum, the presence of M. tentorioscapalis medialis, and antennal muscles that originate exclusively on the anterior tentorial arms. Within Eukinolabia, the position ofTimemaremains somewhat ambiguous because of missing anatomical data. However, it was confirmed as sister group of Euphasmatodea in a monophyletic Phasmatodea. Apomorphic groundplan features of Euphasmatodea are salivary ducts with separate external openings, apically rounded glossae, the presence of the galealobulus, and the reduction of the antennifer. The monophyly of Neophasmatidae was confirmed. Autapomorphies are the loss of M. frontobuccalis posterior, the anteriorly or dorsally directed maxillary palps, and the reduction of the mandibular incisivi. The analysis of characters of the head yielded three new autapomorphies of Phylliinae, the presence of a protuberance on the attachment site of the dorsal tentorial arms, dorsoventrally flattened maxillary‐ and labial palps, and possibly the narrow and U‐shaped field of trichomes on the apical part of the galea.
Impact of adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy after radical prostatectomy on the survival of patients with pathological T3b prostate cancer
Authors: Siddiqui Sameer A. , Boorjian Stephen A. , Blute Michael L. , Rangel Laureano J. , Bergstralh Eric J. , Karnes Robert Jeffrey , Frank Igor
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Adjuvant hormonal therapy is known to improve cancer specific survival in prostate cancer patients with lymph node positive disease.

This study suggests that surgically treated prostate cancer patients with seminal vesical invasion (pT3b) may have improved cancer specific survival if treated with adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy, similar to lymph node positive patients.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the impact of adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on survival in patients with seminal vesicle invasion (pT3b) at radical prostatectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We reviewed 12 115 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1987 and 2002 to identify patients with pT3bN0 prostate cancer who received adjuvant ADT (n= 191). These patients were matched by clinical and pathological variables to a group of patients with pT3b prostate cancer who did not receive adjuvant ADT. Median postoperative follow‐up was 10 years. Clinical endpoints included biochemical progression‐free survival (BPFS), local recurrence‐free survival (LRFS), systemic progression‐free survival (SPFS), cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival.

RESULTS

Patients who underwent adjuvant ADT experienced improved 10‐year BPFS (60% vs 16%, P < 0.001), LRFS (87% vs 76%, P= 0.002), SPFS (91% vs 78%, P= 0.004) and CSS (94% vs 87%, P= 0.037). Overall survival was not significantly different between groups (75% vs 69%, P= 0.12). Both luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonists (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.15–0.46; P < 0.001) and bilateral orchiectomy (hazard ratio, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06–0.31; P < 0.001) improved BPFS. When stratified by type of ADT (hormonal therapy vs orchiectomy), there was no difference in survival outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjuvant ADT improves local, and systemic control after radical prostatectomy for pT3b prostate cancer. There is no difference in survival between patients receiving medical hormonal therapy vs patients undergoing orchiectomy. Given the lack of improvement in overall survival, continued investigation is needed to identify the cohort of pT3b patients at highest risk for cancer progression and therefore most likely to benefit from a multimodal treatment approach.
Could increased time spent in a thermal comfort zone contribute to population increases in obesity?
Authors: Johnson F. , Mavrogianni A. , Ucci M. , Vidal‐Puig A. , Wardle J.
Published: January 2011

Domestic winter indoor temperatures in the USA, UK and other developed countries appear to be following an upwards trend. This review examines evidence of a causal link between thermal exposures and increases in obesity prevalence, focusing on acute and longer‐term biological effects of time spent in thermal comfort compared with mild cold. Reduced exposure to seasonal cold may have a dual effect on energy expenditure, both minimizing the need for physiological thermogenesis and reducing thermogenic capacity. Experimental studies show a graded association between acute mild cold and human energy expenditure over the range of temperatures relevant to indoor heating trends. Meanwhile, recent studies of the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human thermogenesis suggest that increased time spent in conditions of thermal comfort can lead to a loss of BAT and reduced thermogenic capacity. Pathways linking cold exposure and adiposity have not been directly tested in humans. Research in naturalistic and experimental settings is needed to establish effects of changes in thermal exposures on weight, which may raise possibilities for novel public health strategies to address obesity.
Dyeing behaviours of amino heterocyclic compounds as blue oxidative hair dye precursors applied to keratin fibres
Authors: Li D. , Huang Y. , Su J.
Published: January 2011

Synopsis

Several novel heterocyclic compounds based on 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline and 2,3‐dihydroindole have been investigated for their application of colour keratin fibres as blue oxidative dye precursors, especially to human hair. The colourants we studied contained anyone of these dyes (concentration range from 0.005% to 6%), and some common oxidative hair dyes, such as p‐phenylenediamine, toluene‐2,5‐diamine sulphate. Experiments were carried out on the method of mixing hair colourants with H2O2 gel at the ratio of 1 : 1, accompanied by pH = 8∼11. It is demonstrated that 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline derivatives could be considered as an excellent candidate for blue dyes, and N‐methyl‐7‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline is the most outstanding one among this kind of compounds. They own significant advantages of colour purity, stability and fastness. On the other hand, 2,3‐dihydroindoles show the similar colours but not stable and brilliant enough.

Plusieurs nouveaux composés hétérocycliques basés sur la 1,2,3,4‐tétra hydro quinoline et le 2,3‐dihydro indole ont été examinés pour leur utilisation comme colorants des fibres de kératine en tant que précurseurs oxydatifs de colorant bleu et particulièrement pour les cheveux humains. Les colorants que nous avons étudié, contenait chacun de ces ingrédients (concentration de 0.005%à 6%) et certains colorants capillaires classiques, comme la p‐phénylène diamine, ou le toluène‐2,5‐diamine sulfate. Les expériences ont été effectuées selon une méthode de mélange des colorants capillaires avec un gel d’H2O2 en proportion 1 : 1, associéà un pH = 8–11. Il a été démontré que des dérivées de la 1,2,3,4‐tétra hydro quinoline pourraient être considérés comme d’excellents candidats pour les teintures bleues, et la N‐methyl‐7‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐tétra hydro quinoline est le dérivé le plus remarquable parmi ces composés. Les avantages les plus significatifs sont la pureté de la couleur, sa stabilité et sa fiabilité. D’autre part, les 2,3‐dihydro indole montrent des couleurs semblables mais instable et avec une moindre brillance.
The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin‐lightening agents – existing and new approaches
Authors: Gillbro J. M. , Olsson M. J.
Published: January 2011

Synopsis

Skin‐lightening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes to obtain lighter skin complexion. Clinically, they are also used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders such as melasma, café au lait spot and solar lentigo. All of these target naturally melanin production, and many of the commonly used agents are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, one of the key enzymes in melanogenesis. In this review, we present an overview of commonly used skin‐whitening ingredients that are commercialized, but we also hypothesize on other mechanisms that could be important targets to control skin pigmentation such as for example regulation of the adrenergic and glutaminergic signalling and also control of tetrahydrobiopterins in the human skin.
The state of nano‐sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) may affect sunscreen performance
Authors: Tyner K. M. , Wokovich A. M. , Godar D. E. , Doub W. H. , Sadrieh N.
Published: January 2011

Synopsis

In the past several years, there has been a trend in the sunscreen/cosmetics industry to replace micron‐sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles with nanoscale materials. The increased use of nanoscale TiO2 has resulted in questions about these and other nanoproducts. This study examines the effects of using nanoscale TiO2 on ultraviolet (UV) attenuation in simple to complex sunscreen formulations. UV light attenuation, product stability, and potential damage to the skin barrier were examined with both nanoscale and microscale TiO2 particles. Results indicate that none of the formulations decreased the barrier function of the skin and the best UV attenuation occurs when the TiO2 particles are stabilized with a coating and evenly distributed such as with non‐agglomerated coated nanoscale materials. This indicates that nanoscale TiO2 may have better efficacy while lacking toxicity.
Innate immunity: a crucial target for zinc in the treatment of inflammatory dermatosis
Authors: Brocard A. , Dréno B.
Published: January 2011

Background  Zinc is a cofactor of many metalloenzymes explaining that it plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and also in the regulation of immune system. It has been shown by different data that it could play a crucial role not only in the regulation of adaptative immunity but also in innate immunity which plays a crucial role in skin.

Objectives  In this article, we proposed an overview of published information in the literature, on zinc and cutaneous innate immunity.

Methods  At the basic level, we gave a synthesis of data related to zinc’s cutaneous targets in innate immunity, and then at clinical level selected studies on cutaneous disorders where zinc could be a therapeutic approach and discussed the targets of zinc in these pathologies.

Results/Conclusion  The specific activity of zinc salts on the innate immunity of the skin with different targets can explain why zinc is more specifically involved in cutaneous affection in which inflammation plays a particular important role, such as inflammatory acne, acrodermatitis enteropathica, hidradenitis suppurativa, folliculitis decalvans.
Disseminated Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis in Immunocompetent Child
Authors: Mudholkar Vishal G. , Acharya Abhijit S. , Ramteke Ravindra V.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  We present a 6‐year‐old immunocompetent child with disseminated cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, affecting his face, arms, thighs, and chest. He was treated with oral itraconazole 100 mg once a day for 5 months and surgical excision of the residual lesions. Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis is very infrequent in immunocompetent children.
Hepatic Infantile Hemangiomas Treated with Oral Propranolol—A Case Series
Authors: Mhanna Amal , Franklin Wayne H. , Mancini Anthony J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Hepatic infantile hemangiomas may be associated with morbidity and mortality, and traditional therapies may be associated with significant side effects. Since propranolol has been recently used successfully to treat cutaneous infantile hemangiomas, we decided to use it in three patients who presented with hepatic and skin hemangiomatosis. Three patients with skin and hepatic infantile hemangiomas, two of whom had evidence of cardiovascular compromise and one of whom had extensive liver involvement and hypothyroidism, were treated with oral propranolol. Regression of both skin and hepatic hemangiomas was noted in all patients, as was resolution of the cardiac symptoms and decreased thyroid requirement in two patients each. Propranolol was well tolerated without any adverse effects. Propranolol should be considered as a potential first‐line therapy in patients with symptomatic hepatic hemangiomatosis.
The Clinical Spectrum and Therapeutic Challenge of Eczema Herpeticum
Authors: Frisch Stephanie , Siegfried Elaine C.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  We present 5 cases of eczema herpeticum in patients with severe recalcitrant atopic dermatitis to illustrate the range of possible clinical findings and supporting laboratory data that can obscure the diagnosis and complicate treatment. Major issues include: the need for aggressive laboratory evaluation (molecular diagnostics, viral cultures, skin biopsy, serology); the possibility of recurrent or chronic infection; the value of empiric antiviral therapy; the possibility of infection with thymidine‐kinase resistant strains; and the importance of achieving control over the dermatitis with nonmyelosuppressive immunomodulating agents such as intravenous immunoglobulin or interferon gamma for dermatitis that requires systemic treatment.
Familial Progressive Hypermelanosis in Indian Monozygotic Twins
Authors: GUPTA NEERJA , SHARMA MEHAR CHAND , RAMAM M. , KABRA MADHULIKA
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Familial hyperpigmentation, or melanosis universalis hereditaria, is a rare hyperpigmentary disorder with onset in infancy. Here, we describe monozygotic twins with similar pattern of progressive hyperpigmentation with onset in early neonatal period without any family history. Histopathological examination showed increased melanin throughout the epidermis. Although hereditary defects may influence melanogenesis resulting in a pigmentary anomaly, the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation in this case remains unclear.
Diffuse Normolipemic Plane Xanthoma in a Child with Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Authors: CAMBIAGHI STEFANO , BONESCHI VINICIO , MAFFEIS LAURA , GELMETTI CARLO
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Diffuse plane xanthoma is extremely rare in children. Although it may be associated with systemic disorders, its etiology remains obscure in a number of patients. The case of a boy with common variable immunodeficiency and normal serum lipid levels, who developed diffuse plane xanthoma during treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins, is reported.
Re: Management of Nevus Sebaceous and the Risk of Basal Cell Carcinoma: An 18‐Year Review. By Rosen et al: Pediatric Dermatology v26, n6, 676–681, Nov/Dec 2009
Authors: SHWAYDER TOR
Published: January 2011

Letters to the Editor are welcomed for publication (subject to editing). Letters must be signed by all authors, and must not exceed two pages of text including references. Letters should not duplicate material submitted or published in other journals. Prepublication proofs will not be provided.
Differentiation of Unevaporated Gasoline Samples According to Their Brands, by SPME–GC–MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Authors: Monfreda Maria , Gregori Adolfo
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  One of the aims of fire investigations is to identify associations among accelerants according to their source. In this study, 50 gasoline samples—representing five brands—were analyzed using solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Chemometric procedures, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA), were applied to a data matrix obtained by the target compound chromatogram method, to discriminate samples according to their brand. PCA was successful in finding a natural grouping of samples according to their brand, suggesting that aromatic compounds were more useful than aliphatics for the purpose of this study. DA, if applied to aromatic compounds, gave both a classification ability and a prediction ability of 100%. The outstanding results obtained by this work provide the basis of a data matrix that could be used in real cases of arson to link a sample of unevaporated gasoline to its brand or refinery.
Evaluation of Two Instrumental Methods of Comparing Writing Paper
Authors: Kumar Rajesh
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  An organization had approved the sample of writing paper, and accordingly the supplier had to execute the supply. The supply received was suspected to be of different quality from approved one. The organization sent the samples for comparison to the Forensic Science Laboratory. Both the approved and supplied samples were compared using Tensile Testing Method with the Material Testing Machine and Fluorescence and spectral analysis using the Video Spectral Comparator (VSC2000). The difference between the mean loads at peak before rupture in the tensile testing mode for the two samples was about 33%. The two samples differed significantly in terms of UV fluorescence, and there was about 5% average difference in the percentage of maximum reflected intensity in the wavelength region of 400–900 nm. It has been observed in this study that these two methods can adequately distinguish paper samples of different origin.
Evaluation of the Adjudicated Incest Cases in Turkey: Difficulties in Notification of Incestuous Relationships
Authors: Gunduz Tarık , Karbeyaz Kenan , Ayranci Unal
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and evaluation of the adjudicated incest cases in the heavy penal court in a province of western Turkey. The court files of 65 incest cases during a 10‐year period between 1999 and 2008 were explored. When compared to those who lived in cities, the cases who lived in rural areas, such as villages or towns, had been exposed to penetration more frequently (94.3% and 70.0%, respectively, p < 0.01). For the cases where the victim and perpetrator lived in the same house, the accused were generally members of the nuclear family (p < 0.001). When compared to those who had not been exposed to penetration, most of those who had been exposed to it were determined to apply later (after 10 days) to judicial institutions (77.8%, p < 0.01). The education and awareness of persons, such as teachers and physicians, who may confront incestuous relationships rather frequently are very important in the protection of children and in their adaptation to society.
Prevalence of Delusional Jealousy in Psychiatric Disorders*
Authors: Soyka Michael , Schmidt Peggy
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Delusional jealousy is a known risk factor for violence and homicide, but little is known about its prevalence in psychiatric disorders. We therefore reviewed retrospectively the psychopathological symptoms at admission and discharge, assessed with the AMDP system, of all patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Germany, from January 2000 through December 2008 (n = 14,309). We identified 72 cases of delusional jealousy (0.5% of the whole sample). The prevalence was highest in schizophrenia and other psychoses (1.3%), and more of the patients with delusional jealousy were men (43 of 72, 59.7%). One‐fifth (15 of 72, 20.8%) of the patients with delusional jealousy were aggressive at admission (vs. 6.2% of the total sample). We conclude that delusional jealousy is a comparatively rare phenomenon that is most frequent in schizophrenia and related psychoses. Quite a number of affected patients are aggressive, which may indicate a risk of future violence.
Assessment of Approximate Likelihood Ratios from Continuous Distributions: A Case Study of Digital Camera Identification*
Authors: Nordgaard Anders , Höglund Tobias
Published: January 2011

Abstract: A reported likelihood ratio for the value of evidence is very often a point estimate based on various types of reference data. When presented in court, such frequentist likelihood ratio gets a higher scientific value if it is accompanied by an error bound. This becomes particularly important when the magnitude of the likelihood ratio is modest and thus is giving less support for the forwarded proposition. Here, we investigate methods for error bound estimation for the specific case of digital camera identification. The underlying probability distributions are continuous and previously proposed models for those are used, but the derived methodology is otherwise general. Both asymptotic and resampling distributions are applied in combination with different types of point estimators. The results show that resampling is preferable for assessment based on asymptotic distributions. Further, assessment of parametric estimators is superior to evaluation of kernel estimators when background data are limited.
A Fast Preparation of Skeletal Materials Using Enzyme Maceration*
Authors: Simonsen Kim P. , Rasmussen Arne R. , Mathisen Pernille , Petersen Henriette , Borup Flemming
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The current study investigates the removal of soft tissues from mice and rats by the use of three different proteases and one lipase from Novozymes A/S. The results demonstrate the enzyme maceration to be remarkably fast (1–3 h) compared to the traditional warm‐water procedure, which requires up to several days. In addition, the enzyme maceration eliminates the odor problem associated with the traditional procedure. It is shown that stirring of the enzyme maceration bath is the main factor which determines the speed of the maceration. For mice, the time required for enzyme maceration can vary from 1 to 8 h depending on the stirring speed. The method investigated here allows preparation of skeletal material in an essentially odorless way within a matter of hours, making the method useful in particular for forensic science, private conservation workshops, and educational purposes.
Significant Association of TH01 Allele 9.3 and SIDS
Authors: Courts Cornelius , Madea Burkhard
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) constitutes a considerable percentage of infant death of unknown etiology. Individual catecholamine response variation is suspected to play a role in SIDS. TH01 is a tetrameric short tandem repeat marker in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, which regulates gene expression and catecholamine production with allele 9.3 exerting a particularly strong effect on noradrenalin production. We investigated in an age‐controlled study the TH01 allele frequencies in 127 cases of SIDS and 406 control cases to assess whether in SIDS cases a distinct TH01 allele distribution could be determined as has been reported by a previous study. We found that genotypes containing one or two 9.3 alleles were significantly more frequent in SIDS patients (58.2%) than in control subjects (48.4%, p = 0.038), whereas all other alleles were more frequent in the control subjects. Our findings support the notion that there exists a significant association between TH01 gene configuration and SIDS.
Clamping compared to cauterization for subcutaneous hemostasis in Pfannenstiel incision
Authors: OZKAYA ENIS , KORKMAZ VAKKAS , KUCUKOZKAN TUNCAY
Published: January 2011

We compared subcutaneous clamping and cauterization for hemostasis at laparotomy with Pfannenstiel incision with reference to surgical site infection, postoperative fever and time taken for incision. A total of 214 patients with consecutive hysterectomies were alternately assigned to incisional hemostasis by clamping (n= 107) or cauterization (n= 107). The groups were similar in terms of age, gravidity, parity, body mass index, uterine size and mean hemoglobin drop. Rates of surgical site infection, postoperative fever and time from skin incision to peritoneal cavity entry were significantly higher in the group with cauterization (p < 0.05).
Measuring and improving quality in obstetrics – the implementation of national indicators in Denmark
Authors: KESMODEL ULRIK SCHIØLER , JØLVING LINE RIIS
Published: January 2011

From September 2010, all births in Denmark will be monitored from a quality perspective with the Danish National Indicator Project in order to document and develop the quality of the care provided during delivery. We describe the process of selecting the indicators based on relevance, scientific evidence, usefulness and applicability, acceptability and patient safety. Eight indicators were selected covering different aspects of delivery: anesthesia/pain relief; continuous support for women in the delivery room; lacerations, 3rd or 4th degree; acute cesarean section; post‐partum hemorrhage; establishment of skin‐to‐skin contact between mother and newborn infant; severe fetal hypoxia; delivery of a healthy child after uncomplicated delivery. Registration will be mandatory for all delivery units in Denmark. Subsequently, the clinical units will receive feedback in the form of real‐time monthly and quarterly standard reports including unadjusted results that may be used for the unit's own internal monitoring and development of quality.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure during early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects
Authors: Gentile S.
Published: January 2011

Gentile S. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure during early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects.

Objective:  To assess the methodological value of studies that signaled one or more selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as teratogenic agents.

Method:  Medical literature, published in English (1980–November 2010), was searched using MEDLINE/PubMed, TOXNET, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library to identify all articles, reporting primary data that suggested any increased rate of congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to SSRIs as a group or single SSRI agents.

Results:  Reviewed studies showed some severe methodological limitations, such as data coming from retrospective studies and incomplete information available with reference to timing of exposure and dosages. Further, data continue to be extrapolated from automated databases that do not declare whether the women reported actually used the prescribed medication. Further, it should be noted the distinct lack of research analysis available with reference to the potential impact of non‐iatrogenic confounders on pregnancy.

Conclusion:  In light of such considerations, the hypothesized teratogenicity of SSRIs remains undemonstrated. Hence, further, well‐designed research is needed to differentiate definitively the detrimental impact of depression on pregnancy outcomes from potential iatrogenic events.
Acyclovir skin depot characterization following in vivo iontophoretic delivery
Authors: Siddoju Srujana , Sachdeva Vishal , Friden Phillip M. , Yu Yi‐Ying , Banga Ajay K.
Published: January 2011

Background/purpose: Current Herpes labialis infection treatment by oral, parenteral or topical routes is inefficient. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of iontophoresis for improved topical delivery of acyclovir (ACV) in vivo in hairless rat.

Methods: Iontophoresis was performed for 10 min using a 5% ACV gel formulation. Tape stripping and skin extractions were performed at different time points following treatment for drug quantification in stratum corneum (SC) and underlying skin, respectively.

Results: Fourfold more ACV was detected in the SC immediately following 10‐min iontophoresis as compared with passive delivery. Similarly, high ACV levels (29.27±3.52 μg/cm2) were achieved in the underlying skin following a single 10‐min iontophoretic treatment while no drug detected following passive delivery (P<0.05). At 24‐h post‐iontophoresis, ACV levels in the SC decreased with a corresponding increase in the underlying skin due to drug migration. After 24‐h post‐iontophoresis, drug levels gradually decreased in both skin compartments until no ACV was detected at 72‐h post‐iontophoresis.

Conclusion: Iontophoretic delivery of ACV resulted in high drug levels in skin layers to form a drug depot, which persisted over 2–3 days.
Bioeconomic Modeling of Wetlands and Waterfowl in Western Canada: Accounting for Amenity Values
Authors: van Kooten G. Cornelis , Withey Patrick , Wong Linda
Published: January 2011

This study reexamines and updates an original bioeconomic model of optimal duck harvest and wetland retention by Hammack and Brown (1974, Waterfowl and Wetlands: Toward Bioeconomic Analysis. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future). It then extends the model to include the nonmarket (in situ) value of waterfowl and the ecosystem service and other amenity values of wetlands in addition to the value of ducks to hunters. The focus is the prairie pothole region of Western Canada. Results indicate that wetlands and duck harvests need to be increased relative to historical levels, confirming Hammack and Brown's original conclusions. Including amenity values leads to a significant increase in the quantity of wetlands and hunters’ harvests of ducks relative to models that focus only on hunting values.

Dans le présent article, nous avons revu et actualisé le modèle bioéconomique original de Hammack et Brown (1974) sur le prélèvement optimal de canards et la conservation des zones humides. Nous avons ensuite étendu le modèle afin d'inclure la valeur non marchande (in situ) de la sauvagine et des services écosystémiques, la valeur d'agrément des zones humides et la valeur des canards pour les chasseurs. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur la Région des cuvettes des Prairies dans l'Ouest canadien. Nos résultats autorisent à penser qu'il est nécessaire d'augmenter les zones humides et les prélèvements de canards par rapport aux niveaux historiques, ce qui confirme les conclusions formulées dans l'étude de Hammack et Brown. Le fait d'inclure la valeur d'agrément entraîne une augmentation significative du nombre de zones humides et de prélèvements de canards par les chasseurs comparativement aux modèles qui se concentrent uniquement sur la valeur pour la chasse.
Role of Indoxyl Sulfate in the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Experimental and Clinical Effects of Oral Sorbent AST‐120
Authors: Niwa Toshimitsu
Published: January 2011

Indoxyl sulfate, a nephrovascular uremic toxin, is markedly accumulated in the serum of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Because of its protein binding ability, its removal by hemodialysis is not as efficient as that of non‐protein bound uremic toxins. AST‐120 delays the progression of CKD by adsorbing indole, a precursor of indoxyl sulfate, in the intestines, and consequently reduces the serum levels of indoxyl sulfate. Indoxyl sulfate exhibits cellular toxicity in renal tubular cells, glomerular mesangial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, and osteoblasts by inducing oxidative stress. Indoxyl sulfate stimulates the progression of CKD by increasing the expression of fibrogenic genes such as transforming growth factor‐β1 in CKD rats. Indoxyl sulfate stimulates aortic calcification in hypertensive rats; thus, indoxyl sulfate is involved in the progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease. Experimental and clinical data demonstrate that AST‐120 delays the progression not only of chronic kidney disease, but also of cardiovascular disease.