bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parliamentary Government and Political Parties in West Germany
Authors: Heberle Rudolf
Published: June 2006

In a previous article in this Journal, I discussed the prospects for the stabilization of democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany. I considered the factors which I thought to be favourable, and then noted certain problematic features inherent in both the constitutional structure of the Federal Republic and in the political praxis—the “unwritten constitution”—as it has developed under the chancellorship of Konrad Adenauer. Some of these danger points will be the subject of the present paper. Our concern will be with certain structural weaknesses which are, so to speak, built into the system of government, structural features which are independent of issues and ideologies.

A brief commentary on certain recent events will serve as background for our discussion. In the election campaign of 1961 one observed a rather desperate attempt by the Social Democrats (SPD) to broaden their support among the intellectuals and the petite bourgeoisie, and also the farmers, by modifying their economic programme to such an extent that very little was left of specifically socialistic propositions. Marx was relegated to history; the party made it very clear that it is no longer a Marxist party. No longer does the party demand socialization of the “means of production” except in cases where private enterprise cannot meet the needs of the community. On the contrary, as a major “plank” in its election platform, it advocates a wider distribution of property by a new scheme of profit-sharing. In its foreign policy the party has abandoned its former proposals for gradually intensified contacts with the East German regime, and in striving for a “joint foreign policy” has come very close to the course of the Adenauer government.
The Information Effect of Economic Planning
Authors: Martin Fernand
Published: June 2006

In the Western world economic planning refers to various forms of programming the economic activity of a country under government initiative and supervision. Economic planning is thus more than government intervention; it requires the participation, on a voluntary basis, of private economic agents and governments at various levels. It works more or less through market mechanisms and essentially implies an interaction in the formulation of plans between individual economic agents on the one hand, and governments on the other.

Economic planning has two major economic effects:

1. It reduces uncertainty by making forecasts about economic conditions and by providing market information (market conditions, prospects, expected behaviour of economic agents, etc.). These forecasts are more or less detailed and are made public. This aspect of planning we call the information effect.

2. It modifies the content of economic decisions both in private and public sectors either because new goals of economic policy are formulated and accepted, or because government intervention acquires a new dimension. The result is a change in the economic structure of the country. This aspect of planning, the intervention effect, is not discussed in the present paper.
Trends in the Location of Industry in Ontario 1945–1959
Authors: Hay Keith A. J.
Published: June 2006

The analysis of trends in industrial location is one tool with which regional economic development may be examined. Changes in the pattern of location are indicative of the continuing alteration of cost relationships within the profit-maximizing firm. From the broader standpoint, changes in the locational pattern of manufacturing activity may have a considerable impact on the distribution of population. Finally, industrial dispersion poses problems of resource management and allocation among agriculture, housing, industry, and conservation.

This study deals exclusively with the location of manufacturing industry. Its main purpose is to identify various trends towards dispersion or concentration of manufacturing among the cities and counties of the province of Ontario. In Section II input and output measures within the context of the production function are briefly discussed. Following the earlier work of Slater, manufacturing employment is adopted as an input measure. Value added is selected as an output measure with which to assign appropriate weights to individual manufacturing units so that they may be summed to an aggregate measure of activity. Descriptive analyses of changes in the locational pattern as revealed by percentage shares and Lorenz curves are reported in Section III. In preference to either of these, however, the coefficient of variation is stressed as a method to describe the distribution of manufacturing industry. Yearly estimates of the coefficient of variation for value added and employment distributions are developed in Section IV. Time trends are fitted to these annual estimates, and the meaning of the trends discussed. The results of the study are summarized in Section V.
Protection and Imperial Preference in Britain: The Case of Wheat 1925–1960
Authors: Egerer Gerald
Published: June 2006

In spite of the relatively small share of agriculture in the economies of the industrialized nations, national agricultural policies continue to provide a major source of domestic and international friction. A special interest attaches to Britain's policies towards agriculture because of her great dependence upon imported food. Since the diversity of British farm output makes generalization hazardous, attention will here be focused upon one major commodity only, wheat.

This paper enquires as to the effectiveness of protection for the domestic wheat grower and of tariff preference for the Commonwealth exporter, as indicated by the shares of the home and overseas suppliers in the domestic market from 1925 to 1960. An estimate of the level of protection is introduced into the discussion largely with the idea of throwing some light upon the achievements, as distinct from the intentions, of the policy-makers for the years subsequent to the return of the wheat trade to private hands, i.e., after 1953.

Before commenting upon the efficacy of protection, some explanation ought to be offered as to why it was introduced when it was. It might be more illuminating, however, to ask the question in another way: viz., why was protection not maintained after the First World War?
The Stability of the Canadian Fexible Exchange Rate, 1950–1962
Authors: Poole William
Published: June 2006

Canada had a flexible exchange rate from October 2, 1950, to May 2, 1962. Many observers have commented on the stability of the Canadian exchange rate during this period and have discussed the significance of the Canadian experience for the general debate on fixed v. flexible exchange rates. The purpose of this article is not to enter this debate directly, but rather to document the facts on stability and to examine two possible reasons for it.

Using daily data on the US/Canadian exchange rate, measures of the stability of the rate are presented in section I. In section II tests of the hypothesis that speculators were a stabilizing force are conducted, and an affirmative conclusion reached. Finally, in section III the argument is made that much of the stability may have been a result of the generally parallel courses of the Canadian and United States economies in the years from 1950 to 1962.
Cyprus and the United Nations: An Appreciation of Parliamentary Diplomacy
Authors: Rosenbaum Naomi
Published: June 2006

1965 was one of the worst years for the United Nations. Its prestige was low; its critics were vocal. Yet, perhaps surprisingly, few world leaders were ready to say that the organization was useless or even in real danger of dissolution. President Johnson's appointment of Mr. Justice Goldberg as UN ambassador- and Mr. Goldberg's acceptance of the position-were among many indications of agreement that the United Nations has something more than ceremonial significance. Of course, the mere continuing existence of any international organization, even the most rudimentary and technically oriented kind, may do good and is unlikely to do harm. The more optimistic will see a developing world community, and, if such a thing is emerging, the United Nations surely has some share in the process. This paper would like to suggest that, apart from any hopes for the future, the United Nations performs a unique and important function for the world to today. Such a tough-minded national leader as Lyndon Johnson, concerned before all else with national self-interest, has indicated his awareness that the organization has a real contribution to make for his nation.
Representation by Population: A Comparative Study
Authors: Qualter Terence H.
Published: June 2006

On March 9, 1964, the Hon. J. W. Pickersgill moved in the House of Commons the second reading of the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Bill, a step of major constitutional importance which not only made provision for the first redistribution of Canadian federal constituencies since 1952, but provided that, for the first time, this task of redistribution would be taken out of the hands of parliamentary committees and entrusted to independent representation commissions. All this was long overdue and there was broad, if not unanimous, agreement that the creation of impartial representation commissions was a desirable reform. As Mr. Pickersgill said in the House next day:

The first and by far the most important of these [principles] was that we should not follow the pattern that had been followed in the first ninety years since Confederation, of having the readjustment of representation in this place done in this place by its members directly, but that it should be done by some body which would be as impartial as we in our collective ingenuity could provide and who would be as competent as we could find means to provide through legislation and subsequent appointment.
The Benefits of Foreign Investment in Canada, 1950 TO 1956
Authors: Penner Rudolph G.
Published: June 2006

During the 1950's and 1960's the high level of foreign investment in Canada has provoked a continuing public debate, but for the most part the controversy has raged unrestrained by any quantitative information on the potential benefit of foreign capital. The lack of data is understandable, for in attempting an estimate one encounters a multitude of conceptual and empirical problems that militate against any sort of precision.

Although it is impossible to be exact, I believe that the importance of the problem warrants making some rough guesses, and that is the task of this paper. My tools will be crude and there will be many compromises with reality, but by choosing my assumptions so that they impart an upward bias to my estimates, I can at least attempt to establish an upper bound to the true benefit of foreign investment. Even if the numerical estimates are not too reliable, making them forces us to separate the many issues related to the problem and to speculate on their relative importance.

It must be noted initially that the models of this paper consider only the benefits conferred by the inflow of real resources financed by foreign capitalists, and they do not take account of the technical knowledge and skilled personnel often accompanying direct foreign investment. My first model assumes that some new knowledge is implemented by foreign investment, but no more than would be implemented by the same amount of domestic investment. I consider neither the possibility that the technical change associated with foreign investment proceeds at a faster pace than that associated with domestic investment, nor the possibility that techniques introduced by foreigners have external effects. I take this narrow approach not only because it would be virtually impossible to isolate the impact of technical change introduced by foreigners but also because I do not think that foreign investment is necessary to the international transmission of technical information.
Post-War Consumption in Canada: A First Look at the Aggregates
Authors: Powell Alan
Published: June 2006

This paper is a preliminary report of a study of post-war patterns of aggregate consumption in Canada. The data consist of the eight gross categories of personal consumption recorded in the official statistics, and the corresponding price indicators. A fifteen-yeai time-series spanning the years 1949 to 1963 has been used to fit a complete system of consumer demand equations for the eight categories using a method more fully reported elsewhere. Basically, this method makes the simplest plausible assumption about the form of the utility function, namely, that of “directly additive preferences,” and utilizes the consequent dependence between substitution and income effects to sharpen the specification of the model. In the absence of such specifying restrictions, analysis of short time series is not likely to prove very fruitful.

It is not claimed that “directly additive preferences” provides the optimum set of restrictions (though it certainly provides the simplest). More sophisticated utility schemes, such as Mr. Barten's “almost-additive” preference concept, are likely to yield more reliable results. In this sense, the present report is preliminary. There are also other areas even within the framework of additive preferences in which further improvements could be sought; some of these are indicated later. Finally, the available arbitrary classification of consumption expenditure is in no sense ideal.
Meetings of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, 1867–1882
Authors: Forsey Eugene
Published: June 2006

In Britain, a meeting of the Privy Council means a meeting of the Queen and three or more Privy Counsellors (at least four must be summoned, but only three need be present). Such meetings are, of course, summoned for purely formal purposes, but they are not infrequent. It used to be blandly assumed that similar meetings of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada had taken place only very rarely indeed. Successive articles by Professor Mallory showed that at least in the early years after Confederation this was not so.

Professor MacNutt, on the other hand, has suggested that, until Lord Lome's assumption of the Governor-Generalship, meetings of the Council with the Governor present were the rule rather than the exception, and that they were much more than merely formal. He says: “Shortly after his arrival in Ottawa, Lorne was astonished by an invitation to sit in Council with [his ministers] as public business was discussed. He was shown the high-backed, decorated gubernatorial chair in the cabinet room in the east block where Dufferin had sat like a Stuart monarch and sometimes summarily influenced debate. Lorne refused; most informed men were confused and mystified.”
The Competition for Personal Savings Deposits in Canada
Authors: Salyzyn Vladimir
Published: June 2006

The primary purpose of this article is to perform a statistical test of the popular contention that interest rate differentials have been important determinants of the relative decline of the Canadian chartered banks in the competition for personal savings deposits. The Report of the Royal Commission on Banking and Finance, in listing the various factors that influence the distribution of savings deposits among depository institutions, stated that, “the rate paid on deposits is also a very important factor in attracting funds. …” The Commission also commented that the fact that the banks have not paid as high rates as their competitors on personal savings deposits “has without question contributed to their relatively slow rate of growth.” In support of these assertions the Commission stated that, “there is evidence suggesting the force of interest rate competition. As an example, market rates and rates paid on such claims as trust and loan company liabilities rose quite sharply in 1959 while the banks' rate held steady as 2¾%. In that year the share of personal savings deposits in the ‘market’ … declined more sharply than in previous years.”

The Commission's evidence, it may be suggested, falls into the post hoc ergo propter hoc category. For example, the fact that the number of trust company outlets increased 5.3 per cent during 1958–59, compared to only 0.2 per cent on the average during the previous six-year period, can just as easily be presented as the reason for the relative increase of trust company savings in 1959.
Early Twentieth Century Business Cycles in Canada
Authors: Hay Keith A. J.
Published: June 2006

Canada's economic development during the first two decades of the twentieth century has been examined intensively by such writers as Viner, Meier, and Ingram. Viner claimed that Canadian experience from 1900–1913 clearly demonstrated the working of the classic specie flow mechanism and the international operation of the quantity theory of money. Meier re-examined the period, and in the light of additional evidence concluded that dynamic forces of economic development (expansion of the wheat economy, and later capital inflows) dominated the Canadian record during the period. Ingram also argued that rapid expansion of the economy after 1900 created investment opportunities and attracted an inflow of foreign funds that was closely linked to the development boom. More recently, Borts has suggested an important role for export prices in inaugurating the era of expansion.

This emphasis on long-run economic performance has detracted attention from short-run variations in the Canadian economy during the pre-war period. Some work in this area was attempted by Taylor and Michell, who built a composite annual index of prosperity to define cyclical swings in a rough way, and by Mitchell and Thorp who provided an annual sketch of conditions in several countries including Canada.

The precise dating of business cycle turning points in Canada owes much to the pioneering work of Chambers. He has produced tentative reference cycle turning points for the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and for the period from 1919 to 1955. The only portion of the post-Confederation century yet to be analysed in this manner is therefore the period from 1900 to 1919.
The Recruitment and Migration of Canadian Social Scientists
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: June 2006

This paper presents some information about the two disciplines which have hitherto composed our association. It is largely a by-product of a series of studies in which I have been collaborating on the international migration of scientists and engineers. My paper arises from our research because, as I hope to suggest, many of the particular characteristics of the collectivity of political scientists and economists in Canada arise from its uncertainty about its geographical reference. This in turn is a consequence of the dependence of Canadian academic departments, and of other employers, on sources outside Canada for the training of new recruits.

The subject is by no means new. At least part of my theme was put before this association almost twenty years ago by Professor H. F. Angus in his 1949 presidential address “Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences,” in which much consideration was given to advanced study abroad. In 1952 Professor J. E. Hodgetts reviewed three contemporary reports (by Professors Dawson, Watkins and Keirstead, and Macpherson) on the teaching of political science in Canada; they make gloomy reading today. We have also had the advantage of a series of papers on research in the social sciences, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council of Canada, by Messrs. Ostry, Dawson, Clark, and others.
Privy Council, Cabinet, and Ministry in Britain and Canada: A Story of Confusion
Authors: Banks Margaret A.
Published: June 2006

When the British North America Act was passed in 1867, the distinction between Privy Council, cabinet, and ministry was already well established in Britain. The Privy Council was the body recognized by law, but its original function of advising the Crown had been taken over by the cabinet, which remained in principle a committee of the larger body. The ministry was composed of those privy counsellors who formed the cabinet, plus certain other ministers who were outside the cabinet and were not normally sworn of the Privy Council.

Before the federation of the British North American provinces, colonial “cabinets” had been styled “executive councils” and resignation from office had carried with it no continuing title of precedence; that is, contrary to British practice, a minister who resigned his portfolio ceased to be a member of the the executive council and hence lost his title of “Honourable.” Undoubtedly it was felt, as Alpheus Todd has stated, that an organization resembling the British Privy Council, liable to be convened on special occasions or for ceremonial purposes, was unnecessary in a colony, where government should be kept as simple as possible. Similarly, since the powers of colonial governments were relatively limited, there was no need for a large ministry; thus, the British distinction between ministers in the cabinet and those outside had not developed in the colonies.
The Impact of Foreign Trade on Canadian Industries, 1956
Authors: Matuszewski T. I. , Pitts P. R. , Sawyer John A.
Published: June 2006

This paper presents some computations of the impact of exports to various areas of the world in 1956 upon output, employment, and income originating in Canadian industries. It also examines what might have happened if both exports and imports in 1956 had increased by, say, one hundred million dollars; that is, if a balanced increase in foreign trade had occurred. A major purpose of the analysis is to illustrate a method by which the effects of such an increase on the industrial distribution of output, employment, and income might be estimated. The analysis includes, in addition to the direct effects, the indirect effects on industries which produce materials or other inputs used by the industries directly affected by foreign trade. Inter-industry input-output analysis has been used to estimate these indirect effects. Secondary effects resulting from the changes in income induced by the changes in foreign trade are, however, not included in the analysis.

The year 1956 was chosen largely as a result of statistical convenience. As a result of previous work by the present authors, a large body of inter-industry statistics for 1956 exists. This made it possible to “update” the 1949 input-output matrices to 1956 by a technique which will be explained below so that it could be used in conjunction with the export figures specially prepared for this study.
A second binding site for hydroxytamoxifen within the coactivator-binding groove of estrogen receptor β
Authors: Wang Yong , Chirgadze Nickolay Y. , Briggs Stephen L. , Khan Sohaib , Jensen Elwood V. , Burris Thomas P.
Published: June 2006

Evidence is presented that the estrogen antagonist 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HT) can occupy not only the core binding pocket within the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptor (ER) β but also a second site on its surface. The crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) associated with HT was determined to 2.2 Å and revealed two molecules of HT bound to the protein. One was located in the consensus ligand-binding pocket, whereas the other bound to a site that overlaps with the hydrophobic groove of the coactivator recognition surface. Relative to the ERα-tamoxifen structure, helix 12 has been displaced from the coactivator recognition surface and occupies a unique position. Although it has been demonstrated that association of the antagonist with the core ligand-binding pocket is sufficient to induce an antagonist ligand-binding domain conformation, this structure suggests that small molecules may directly antagonize receptor–coactivator interactions. These results provide a direct demonstration of two binding sites for HT in ERβ, as has been previously suggested for ERα by using biochemical methods, and represent a crystal structure of a small nonpeptide molecule occupying the coactivator recognition site.
Structural and functional analysis of PucM, a hydrolase in the ureide pathway and a member of the transthyretin-related protein family
Authors: Jung Du-Kyo , Lee Youra , Park Sung Goo , Park Byoung Chul , Kim Ghyung-Hwa , Rhee Sangkee
Published: June 2006

The ureide pathway, which produces ureides from uric acid, is an essential purine catabolic process for storing and transporting the nitrogen fixed in leguminous plants and some bacteria. PucM from
Bacillus subtilis
was recently characterized and found to catalyze the second reaction of the pathway, hydrolyzing 5-hydroxyisourate (HIU), a product of uricase in the first step. PucM has 121 amino acid residues and shows high sequence similarity to the functionally unrelated protein transthyretin (TTR), a thyroid hormone-binding protein. Therefore, PucM belongs to the TTR-related proteins (TRP) family. The crystal structures of PucM at 2.0 Å and its complexes with the substrate analogs 8-azaxanthine and 5,6-diaminouracil reveal that even with their overall structure similarity, homotetrameric PucM and TTR are completely different, both in their electrostatic potential and in the size of the active sites located at the dimeric interface. Nevertheless, the absolutely conserved residues across the TRP family, including His-14, Arg-49, His-105, and the C-terminal Tyr-118–Arg-119–Gly-120–Ser-121, indeed form the active site of PucM. Based on the results of site-directed mutagenesis of these residues, we propose a possible mechanism for HIU hydrolysis. The PucM structure determined for the TRP family leads to the conclusion that diverse members of the TRP family would function similarly to PucM as HIU hydrolase.
Rat liver endothelial cells isolated by anti-CD31 immunomagnetic separation lack fenestrae and sieve plates
Authors: DeLeve Laurie D. , Wang Xiangdong , McCuskey Margaret K. , McCuskey Robert S.
Published: June 2006

The gold standard for the identification of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) is the presence of fenestrae organized in sieve plates, which is characteristic of SEC in vivo. One of the methods currently in use to isolate SEC is immunomagnetic sorting for CD31. However, there is evidence to suggest that CD31 is not present on the surface of differentiated SEC. The present study used scanning electron microscopy to image rat hepatic endothelial cells isolated by anti-CD31 and immunomagnetic sorting and cells isolated by gradient centrifugation and centrifugal elutriation. Cells isolated by elutriation had well-developed fenestrae and sieve plates, whereas cells isolated by anti-CD31 and immunomagnetic sorting had significantly fewer fenestrae organized in sieve plates. In conclusion, cells isolated by anti-CD31 and immunomagnetic sorting lacked the hallmark features of SEC.
What is left of Adam Smith?
Authors: Leacock Stephen
Published: June 2006

Here are two sciences—Philosophy and Political Economy—both bankrupt. The one went through the courts at least a hundred years ago and is now a cheery old bankrupt, bright and garrulous in old age. It talks most interestingly about its case, citing a long list of opinions and judgments that go back to the Greeks. The other bankrupt has just been thrown into the receiver's hands, still protesting angrily, still claiming that it has wonderful assets, that everything will be all right. It cites a wilderness, not of opinion, but of statistics and facts, all apparently bearing on nothing, gets confused, breaks down and cries—a very picture of senile collapse.

There are those who dislike metaphor; let us say the same thing in a plain way. Philosophy means the attempt to discover the ultimate nature of existence, of consciousness, of time and space. Has it found it? No. Is it going to? Not a chance of it. Where is it? Nowhere. Some people do not understand this. They read of the work of the Mayos and the Carrels and the Rutherfords and think that they are getting somewhere. In the philosophical sense it is not so. No ultimate dissection of the human body will ever find the human soul. The substitution of Rutherford's atom for Huxley's—replacing a solid particle infinitely small by a huge cavern empty except for centres of force—does not carry us one inch further in our quest of the final relations of mind and matter. Our greatest medical men know no more of the ultimate nature of consciousness than did a horse doctor in Asia Minor B.C. 500. Einstein, as far as the ultimate truth of space, time, and number goes, is no further on than Rodin's “Penseur”—his statue of the primitive man, buried in stubborn thought and trying, let us say, to think out whether two and two is four, or is five.
Economic Aspects of Federalism: A Prairie View
Authors: McQueen R.
Published: June 2006

As one reads the report of the Nova Scotia Royal Commission of Economic Inquiry, he becomes aware that he is in a new area lying between the field of economics proper and the field of political science. In this area the economist gropes uneasily, finding the familiar concepts of economics strained in an attempt to answer unfamiliar questions. There is an important difference, however, between the case for Nova Scotia, as it was presented to the Royal Commission and the case for the Prairie Provinces. A great part of the brief for Nova Scotia is concerned with negotiations preliminary to the passing of the British North America Act and many of the grievances rightly go back to that period. The Prairie Provinces entered a Confederation already in existence with a lively sense of benefits to be obtained. The alternative was not, as for Nova Scotia, of coming into Confederation or of remaining a separate colony, but of coming in or of remaining a territory of the Dominion. We were not beguiled into Confederation with the connivance of the secretary of state for the colonies. Nor have we since coming into Confederation seen our formerly prospering industries languish and die. We are not obsessed with the memory of a glory that has departed. On the contrary, our growth was steadily upward, interrupted only by disturbances that were common to the whole country. Our protest is hot concerning what we once were and now are but rather about what we are now and what we might be,—but this does not mean that the protest is any the less real. The protest of to-day is not new in anything except its vigour and yet it manifests a difference in degree that is equivalent to a change in quality.
Reply to Professor Knight
Authors: Parsons Talcott
Published: June 2006

It is, perhaps, at least partly an unfortunate consequence of the pressure for brevity in the formulation of titles that Professor Knight begins his critical discussion of my article with the statement that though it “in terms of bulk consists of sound and valuable insights” it is “utterly misleading with respect to the main question at issue.” It may be permissible to suggest that for Professor Knight and myself the main questions at issue are not identical, as so often happens in intellectual discussion. To help clarify the question I shall attempt to state more explicitly than was done in the article itself what it was designed to accomplish.

The aim of this tentative outline was overwhelmingly positive rather than critical. It contained, in the introductory paragraphs, only sufficient statement of the historical and interdisciplinary aspects of the problem of “self-interest” to give a very broad orientation to the setting of the problem. The bulk of the article, which it may be hoped includes at least partly the “sound and valuable insights” of which Professor Kjiight speaks, was devoted to the outlining of what seems to the author, in the light of the present state of development both of economic and of sociological theory, to be the closest attainable approach, in such broad outline, to a satisfactorily usable account of the subject.
Canadian War-Time Price Controls, 1941-6
Authors: Taylor K. W.
Published: June 2006

In a number of important aspects Canadian war-time price controls were a pioneering venture and for this reason have aroused considerable interest both at home and abroad. It is too soon to present a considered appraisal of these policies and procedures—indeed the operation has not yet been concluded—but it is perhaps not too soon to record in a broad way what was done and why.

When war broke out in September, 1939 Canada, in common with most other countries, was emerging uncertainly from a decade of economic depression. Prices were low, unemployment was high, and the costs of relief were still a heavy charge on federal, provincial, and municipal budgets. The general index of wholesale prices was 28 per cent below 1926 and only 9 points above the low point of the depression in 1933. The iron and steel industry was operating at 20 per cent below 1928-9, and probably not in excess of 50 per cent of capacity. Recorded unemployed formed 12 per cent of the normal working force, and under-employment affected a further large percentage. Nearly a million persons were on direct relief and the fully employable persons on direct urban relief numbered nearly 200,000. In brief we entered the war with a high proportion of idle and underemployed resources.

We also entered the war with a sound and reasonably well thought out conception of overall war-time economic policy, but, excepting foreign exchange control which had been carefully prepared in detail well in advance, with very little organization for carrying it out and no very clear notion of what kind of a war it would be and along what lines our major contributions would, lie. The Defence Purchasing Board, predecessor of the Department of Munitions and Supply, began operations in July, 1939, but the organization of price and supply controls received detailed consideration only a few weeks before hostilities broke out. The Wartime Prices and Trade Board was created on September 3, 1939, and within a few weeks was actively involved in half a dozen commodity fields.
The Basis of Representation in the House of Commons
Authors: Ward Norman
Published: June 2006

The Canadian House of Commons, superficially at least, is so obviously a representative assembly that an examination of the basis of representation therein may perhaps seem a waste of time. Yet one cannot proceed far in a study of the House of Commons without becoming aware that some aspects of representation rest on bases whose existence receives little explicit recognition, and that the theories of representation which are explicitly accepted in Parliament are often contradicted by the facts.

A major obstacle to the understanding on parliamentary representation is the broad disagreement among authorities as to what representative government is, and what it ought to be. This problem will not be settled here, but it must be recorded that the best-known works on representative government, which range from the reasoned pronouncements of John Stuart Mill to the impatient murmurs of proportional representation societies, are uniformly reticent in defining the institution which they are discussing. Concise descriptions of particular kinds of representative government are common, but genuine definitions are not. A British Royal Commission on Electoral Systems worked for several months in 1909 and neither the commissioners nor the witnesses who appeared before them attempted to assess accurately what the fundamental purpose of an electoral system was. Again, John Stuart Mill believed that a single legislature could represent a nation, and being happily ignorant of twentieth-century psychology, he was able to argue further that representative institutions could be improved by taking thought. G. D. H. Cole, on the other hand, has stated that the representation of a whole population by one body is impossible; Parliament, he says, represents everybody for everything, and therefore nobody for anything—and his way out of this impasse is to urge the creation of an apparently indefinite number of representative assemblies, each of which would discharge one specific function.
Economic Development and the Transfer Mechanism: Canada, 1895–1913
Authors: Meier G. M.
Published: June 2006

Among the several inductive studies of the international transfer mechanism, Professor Viner's investigation of Canada's foreign borrowings in the period 1900–13 has provided the most convincing substantiation of the classical price-specie-flow mechanism. Yet, on the theoretical level, the neo-Keynesian theory of international trade now makes it difficult to accept the classical view of the transfer process as a complete explanation. And, on the empirical level, the availability of more comprehensive statistics and further research in Canada's economic history now allow us to understand in greater detail the forces of economic growth which were particularly strong in Canada during the years of foreign borrowing. Should we not therefore attempt to supplement Professor Viner's study by recognizing the relevance of income analysis and the historical context of economic development?

To place Professor Viner's study in this wider frame of analysis is the objective of this paper. Section one briefly recalls the conclusions of Professor Viner's investigation. The second section establishes some significant features of Canada's economic development, while the final section relates these features to the operation of the transfer mechanism and revises Professor Viner's interpretation.
Inter-Generation Occupational Mobility in the Province of Quebec
Authors: de Jocas Yves , Rocher Guy
Published: June 2006

This study deals with what P. Sorokin calls “inter-generation occupational mobility.” It endeavours to ascertain the extent to which occupation is transmitted from father to son, and the occupational transfers that occur when sons do not follow their fathers' occupations. Similarity of occupation between father and son is called occupational stability; change of occupation from father to son is referred to as occupational mobility. Our study is concerned with both occupational stability and occupational mobility.

We started with the conviction that research of this kind can contribute to the knowledge of social stratification and social mobility in the province of Quebec. In fact, it is not easy to study social stratification as such. In almost any contemporary society what we call social stratification is a generalized concept which may refer to one or the other of several scales of stratification depending on the point of view adopted. Sorokin, for example, distinguishes three scales of social stratification. “Concrete forms of social stratification are numerous. The majority of them may, however, be reduced to three principal classes: the economic, the political, and the occupational stratification. As a general rule, these forms are closely intercorrelated with each other.”
The Interlocking of Social and Economic Factors in Asian Development
Authors: Keyfitz Nathan
Published: June 2006

Any planned growth is embedded in a set of institutions and attitudes which come from the past; in Asia a rich past obtrudes into the present in every aspect of life. One can see the layers of history lying one on the other in both material and mental life, in every field from archaeology to arithmetic, from ethics to economics. There is no hope of doing justice to this past in any summary that can be included here, but it may be useful to frame remarks about the future in terms of a simplified account of the three Asias which this century inherits.

The three Asias of the past. The periods of Asian history are most easily described in agricultural terms: Stone Age shifting cultivation; advanced irrigated rice culture which had spread to most of the more heavily settled portions of the continent hundreds of years ago; plantations established under imperial rule. In recent years all of these forms of agriculture and associated industry have merged into nation-states created since the Second World War.
The Formulation of Liberal and Conservative Programmes in the 1957 Canadian General Election
Authors: Meisel John
Published: June 2006

In discussing the formulation of the programmes presented to Canada by the Liberal and Progressive Conservative parties in the general election of 1957 I shall pay little attention to the substance of what was offered. My concern will be almost exclusively to seek out the ways in which the platforms were formulated, and to draw some conclusions in the form of a hypothesis concerning the role of Canadian parties in reconciling the sometimes opposing pulls of our cabinet and federal systems.

For more than twenty years one party had been in, the other out, of power: this circumstance necessarily made for profound differences in the way in which each shaped its programme before and during the campaign. The Liberals did little more than point to their record. The central theme of their campaign was that the party had done well in the past and, if returned, would continue doing equally well in the future. The Liberal programme, such as it was, was that of the Government. Not fashioned to suit the exigencies of the 1957 election, it had, in the main, evolved gradually as the consequence of the continuous interaction of the cabinet and the leading experts in the civil service.

The cabinet contains representatives of the various provinces and major regions of the country, yet departmental responsibilities make it difficult for the leading ministers to be fully sensitive to the varied shifts of opinion within the party. It is perhaps possible to make too much of the distinction between the cabinet and the party in the cabinet system: the cabinet is composed of the party leaders. But there seems to have been a tendency for the Liberal party, so long in power, to leave much of the formulating of policy to the leaders who could utilize the skill and knowledge of the civil service. Much of what had, in the years immediately before the election, been called Liberal policies or the Liberal programme was actually the product of the intimate co-operation of leading civil servants and their ministers.
Changes in Canadian Sensitivity to United States Business Fluctuations
Authors: Rosenbluth G.
Published: June 2006

In the perennial discussion of American influences in Canadian economic life, Canadian sensitivity to United States business fluctuations is a prominent topic. Through three-quarters of a century of “National Policy,” Canadian business cycle indicators have behaved like those of a “forty-ninth state,” and many Canadians feel concerned about the dependence of Canadian prosperity on conditions in the United States.

Canadian economists have discussed the channels through which external influences reach Canadian business, and the probable trends in the strength of these influences. There have, however, been only very rough comparisons of the timing and amplitude of fluctuations in the two countries. This paper1 reports on a study of fluctuations in Canadian and United States time series, designed to determine whether there have been any significant shifts over the last half-century in Canadian sensitivity to United States fluctuations. An introductory section summarizes some Canadian discussions on the influence of external fluctuations, since these discussions suggest hypotheses relevant to the statistical investigation.
Puzzles of the “Wealth of Nations”
Authors: Cole Arthur H.
Published: June 2006

Every well-bred economist knows that a man named Adam Smith was born at Kirkcaldy in 1723, published a somewhat notable book in 1759 entitled The Theory of Moral Sentiments, and in 1776, when he was fifty-three years old, produced an extraordinary pair of volumes called An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Most young economists nowadays, I fear, do not read either work of the great Scotsman as we all once did—in the days when one could still take time to enjoy also the leisurely pace of Thackeray and Dickens, even Scott. Students who just skim the Wealth of Nations, or parts of it, would surely miss what has attracted my attention; and even scholars interested in Smith's economic principles would hardly perceive what I have in mind, namely, that he was noteworthy for his “unbounded benevolence,” as one near-contemporary described him, and that he was “slow to think evil” as a recent biographer alleges.

Apparently it was out of this abounding good nature that Smith alluded to “the avarice and injustice of princes and sovereign states, abusing the confidence of their subjects”; that he took opportunity to mention “the conveyances of a verbose attorney”; and that, with a more sweeping serenity, he recorded an observation of “the over-weening conceit which the greater part of men have of their own abilities.”

Biographers of Smith have been led to state that perhaps he was not as obviously religious as some of his contemporaries. He was perhaps a deist, even if he was a philosopher and a friend of Hume. John Rae reported that Smiths “opening prayers” at Glasgow were thought to “savour strongly of natural religion,” and occasioned no little shaking of heads. Perhaps, then, one might expect Smith to have been somewhat less charitable toward wearers of the cloth than he was toward other groups.
The Post-Stalin “Thaw” and Soviet Political Science
Authors: Bociurkiw Bohdan R.
Published: June 2006

“Political science,” as the term is understood in Canada and the United States, is still not recognized in the USSR as a distinct academic discipline. Although the phrase “Soviet political sciences(s)” has been occasionally used in Soviet literature of recent years, and though in 1960 a “Soviet Association of Political (State) Sciences” was formed, the Academy of Sciences and the institutions of higher learning in the USSR continue to view “political science” as a somewhat alien concept, ideologically ambiguous and academically suspect.
Gaps in Available Statistics on Crime and Delinquency in Canada
Authors: Zay Nicolas
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the most significant gaps in the Canadian criminal statistics. It seems fairly obvious that in order to achieve this end, an answer has first to be given to the question, “What are the objectives of criminal statistics?” This sets the stage for working out, in far more specific terms, why the collection of statistics is undertaken, what information is sought, and what use is to be made of the findings, and by whom.

The term “criminal statistics” is used very broadly to refer to all material collected regularly which gives information on any of the various phases of the law-enforcement process. Criminal statistics are an essential tool of administration and social planning for crime reduction. The basic postulate of this paper can be summarized as follows: Quantitative data obtained from the normal flow of activities of law-enforcement agencies at the various phases of the law-enforcement process become more meaningful when related to each other.