bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomism
Authors: Garland Christian
Published: September 2017

The term “autonomism” or “autonomist” may broadly refer to a number of different theories and movements that, while in some ways disparate, can be said to share several underlying aims and principles. Autonomism assumes a perspective of critical and reflexive Marxism, emphasizing both its essentially negative and open‐ended nature – as with any critical theory – and identifying its own theory and practice as
anti‐hierarchical, anti‐capitalist
, and
anti‐authoritarian
. Similarly, while retaining the centrality of class struggle, autonomist currents maintain the need for revolt and
self‐emancipation
by the exploited and oppressed themselves, as a self‐valorizing agency, and not by a “vanguard party” or other self‐declared liberator. The theory of autonomy can thus be defined as one of self‐determination over the form and substance of life, both collectively and individually. Unlike orthodox Marxism, autonomous movements can also be defined as “anti‐political” and indeed “anti‐state,” in that they reject the traditional means of political action and the traditional goal of assuming “political power” embodied in the state‐form.
Lotta Continua
Authors: Manicastri Steven
Published: September 2017

Lotta Continua (Continuous Struggle) was an autonomous Marxist organization in the same vein of Potere Operaio. The organization was based in Turin and founded in 1969, and is described by Paul Ginsborg as “irreverent and chaotic, the most innovative of the [autonomous workers’] groups” (Ginsborg 2003: 312). The organization took its name from a milieu of worker and student collectives that were formed in 1969. Its powerbase was found at the heart of Italy's most embattled factory, the FIAT Mirafiori plant in Turin (McGrogan 2010: 313). Lotta Continua, in fact, managed to build and sustain a “sizeable ‘autonomous’ workers’ current from the storm of strikes and stoppages in Italian industry, and indeed to grow to an organization numbering in the thousands” (McGrogan 2010: 319). Due to its extensive support within the plant, Lotta Continua was one of the main propagators of the FIAT Mirafiori strike in 1969 which is famously remembered as the highpoint of the Hot Autumn strikes. Despite being a workerist organization, Lotta Continua also engaged itself in other social issues, bringing to light the horrible conditions in Italian prisons in its editorial
I dannati della terra
(Wretched of the Earth) (Ginsborg 2003: 323). The political organization, always in tune with the “broader movement,” would finally be dissolved in 1976 with “a disgruntled and divided membership” (Wright 2002: 197).
Potere Operaio
Authors: Manicastri Steven
Published: September 2017

Potere Operaio was an extra‐parliamentary workerist organization in Italy. The organization was produced after a split between various members of the workerist journal
Quaderni Rossi
, most notably Antonio Negri and Mario Tronti. Mario Tronti would remain supportive of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) despite his disillusionment with it as becoming too reformist. Antonio Negri on the other hand would remain committed to the workerist goal of autonomy and become one of the founders of Potere Operaio. Potere Operaio was officially founded in 1969 and would eventually split in 1973 during a moment of crisis for the major workerist organizations of the Hot Autumn, such as Lotta Continua (Zanini 2010: 41). Potere Operaio would distinguish itself primarily because of the intellectual talent associated with it, and become infamous because of some of its ex‐members’ association (though unfounded) with the Red Brigades. Antonio Negri especially would come under heavy scrutiny from Italian law enforcement after the kidnapping and assassination of the Christian Democrat Aldo Moro (Ginsborg 2003: 386).
University of California Protests, 2009
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

The question of the public university and its devaluation has long been the subject of debate and protest. The University of California is one of the northern lights of the “public university” because of its sheer size and rich activist legacy; in 2009 it was a site of a new protest movement that grew from dissatisfaction with privatization measures and increased student debt. The neoliberal economic policies in effect from the Nixon administration onward did much to strip the programs and advances that the student protest movement had won. In November 2009 the University of California Regents met and voted on a proposed 32 percent tuition hike for undergraduates and a continued 10 percent salary cut for faculty that would take effect in January 2010.
Learning from the West Coast: Long‐Termism and Change – An Interview with Stewart Brand
Authors: Murray Peter
Published: September 2017

Stewart Brand has been a key figure in the alternative culture of the US West Coast since the 1960s. The key message in his various publications has been that communities should be enabled to constantly reshape their own environments. In conversation with former Technical Editor of AD Peter Murray, he describes his lifestyle and influences – from the hippy movement, to time working for California Governor Jerry Brown in the 1970s, to writers such as Gregory Bateson, Frank Duffy and Christopher Alexander – and advocates a loose‐fit ‘architecture of systems’, rather than a fixed and limiting ‘architecture of moulds’.
Conducting Polymer Based Visual‐Aided Smart Thermosensors on Arbitrary Substrates
Authors: Zang Xiaoling , Wang Xiaowei , Jiang Yuqian , Wang Xusheng , Yang Zhanhai , Cong Jianwen , Chen Jitao , Ji Junhui , Lu Conghua , Xue Mianqi
Published: September 2017

Conducting polymers have shown appealing performances as sensing materials in various smart sensors such as gas, chemical and biological sensors, owing to their unique physical and electrical properties. This study reports a novel development for the fabrication of visual‐aided smart thermal (VAST) sensors. The sensors are based on conducting polymers, temperature‐sensitive resin, and liquid crystal molecules via direct scrawling and in situ solventless polymerization. In the VAST sensor, the thermochromism resins and liquid crystals form a visual‐aided system with the real‐time early warning function and the conducting polymers provide an ultrahigh resolution by the measure of the change of resistivity. Additionally, these VAST sensors also hold the advantages of low cost, using simple tools, high stability, excellent adaptability to arbitrary substrates, wide application fields, and facile large‐scale fabrication. These properties are in favor of fabricating smart thermal sensors to satisfy the practical demands, such as the demonstrated temperature detecting system (especially flexible devices with nonplanar surface), thermodefect diagnostic system, smart battery monitoring system, and other environment monitoring.
Diet and feeding behavior of a group of 42 Phayre's langurs in a seasonal habitat in Mt. Gaoligong, Yunnan, China
Authors: Ma Chi , Fan Peng‐Fei , Zhang Zhong‐Yuan , Li Jia‐Hong , Shi Xiao‐Chun , Xiao Wen
Published: September 2017

In habitats such as temperate evergreen forests, fruit, and seed productivity is reported to exhibit marked changes in seasonal availability, such that fruit is most available in summer and seeds are most available in autumn. Primates living in these habitats, therefore, are expected to adjust their diets in response to the spatial and temporal variation in these food resources. We studied the diet and feeding behavior of a group of 42 Phayre's langurs (Trachypithecus phayrei) living in a northern (24°48′N) montane habitat (1,700–2,350 m) in Mt. Gaoligong, Yunnan, China from August 2012 to July 2013. The langurs were found to forage on 50 plant species, of which 28 species each accounted for more than 1% of their annual feeding time. Castanopsis echidnocarpa, the most abundant species in their habitat, accounted for 17.5% of the total forest trees, and contributed to the largest proportion of the annual langur diet. The primary component of the langur diet was composed of fruits (22.2%), seeds (18.7%), and buds and young leaves (41.5%). Mature leaves accounted for only 4.1% of their diet. Based on DBH and the percent of the crown containing edible food items, we found that the langurs changed their monthly diet according to the availability of fruits and seeds (Spearman rank correlation: r = 0.609, p = 0.035), and buds and young leaves (Spearman rank correlation: r = 0.837, p = 0.001). The seeds of C. echidnocarpa accounted for 12.5% of langur feeding time. A single tree produced a large seed and fruit crop, which likely reduced opportunities for within‐group feeding competition. We argue that the resource productivity of this northern montane enables Phayre's langurs to live in stable groups that are 3.6 times larger than reported for Phayre's langurs living in other habitats.
Transition to agriculture in South‐Eastern Arabia: Insights from oral conditions
Authors: Munoz Olivia
Published: September 2017

Objectives

In Southeast (SE) Arabia, agriculture is supposed to expand around 3000 BC, but its tempo and its actual role in populations' subsistence is still debated by archaeologists. Here, we compare dental health conditions of 11 skeletal samples from coastal and inland sites, dated from the Late Neolithic (ca. 4500–3100 BC) to the Early Bronze Age (EBA), conventionally divided into Hafit (ca. 3100–2700 BC) and Umm an‐Nar period (ca. 2700–2000 BC). The goal is to assess long‐term trends in subsistence patterns and regional variability during the local transition to agriculture.

Methods

Seven indicators of oral health and childhood stress were analyzed, including dental wear, calculus, caries, alveolar resorption, periapical lesions, ante‐mortem tooth loss (AMTL), and linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH).

Results

Neolithic coastal populations are globally characterized by high dental wear, high calculus frequency, high LEH frequency, and frequent periodontal disease, whereas they exhibit low abscesses and AMTL frequencies and a total absence of carious lesions. Samples from the Hafit period present high dental wear, low rates of calculus and LEH, frequent periodontal disease, combined with low abscess and AMTL frequencies and absence of caries. By contrast, samples from the Umm an‐Nar period exhibit much lower dental wear, calculus and LEH rates, whereas caries, periapical lesions and AMTL frequencies increase significantly. Marked differences were observed between coastal and inland Umm an‐Nar groups, the latter presenting significantly higher frequencies of caries, periapical lesions, alveolar resorption and AMTL.

Discussion/Conclusion

Oral conditions from the Neolithic coastal populations denote a diet mainly composed of unprocessed and abrasive food, with high protein and low carbohydrate intakes, and frequent stress episodes. Although Hafit populations display some changes in oral pathologies, which indicate modifications in their lifestyle and a diversification of the diet, no markers of high carbohydrate intakes were observed in our samples. The impact of agriculture on oral health appears clearly only from the Umm an‐Nar period, and is more intense inland than on the coast, where marine resources are still a main component of the diet.
Integration of Bromine and Cyanogen Bromide Generators for the Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines
Authors: Glotz Gabriel , Lebl René , Dallinger Doris , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: September 2017

A continuous‐flow process for the in situ on‐demand generation of cyanogen bromide (BrCN) from bromine and potassium cyanide that makes use of membrane‐separation technology is described. In order to circumvent the handling, storage, and transportation of elemental bromine, a continuous bromine generator using bromate–bromide synproportionation can optionally be attached upstream. Monitoring and quantification of BrCN generation was enabled through the implementation of in‐line FTIR technology. With the Br2 and BrCN generators connected in series, 0.2 mmol BrCN per minute was produced, which corresponds to a 0.8 m solution of BrCN in dichloromethane. The modular Br2/BrCN generator was employed for the synthesis of a diverse set of biologically relevant five‐ and six‐membered cyclic amidines and guanidines. The set‐up can either be operated in a fully integrated continuous format or, where reactive crystallization is beneficial, in semi‐batch mode.
Spectral Identification in the Attogram Regime through Laser‐Induced Emission of Single Optically Trapped Nanoparticles in Air
Authors: Purohit Pablo , Fortes Francisco J. , Laserna J. Javier
Published: September 2017

Current trends in nanoengineering are bringing along new structures of diverse chemical compositions that need to be meticulously defined in order to ensure their correct operation. Few methods can provide the sensitivity required to carry out measurements on individual nano‐objects without tedious sample pre‐treatment or data analysis. In the present study, we introduce a pathway for the elemental identification of single nanoparticles (NPs) that avoids suspension in liquid media by means of optical trapping and laser‐induced plasma spectroscopy. We demonstrate spectroscopic detection and identification of individual 25(±3.7) to 70(±10.5) nm in diameter Cu NPs stably trapped in air featuring masses down to 73±35 attograms. We found an increase in the absolute number of photons produced as size of the particles decreased; pointing towards a more efficient excitation of ensembles of only ca. 7×105 Cu atoms in the onset plasma.
Sonophotocatalytic treatment of diazinon using visible light‐driven Ce:Cu‐1,4‐BDOAH2 photocatalyst in a batch‐mode process: Response surface methodology and optimization
Authors: Taghipour T. , Karimipour G.R. , Ghaedi M. , Rahimi M.R. , Mosleh S.
Published: September 2017

Cu–1,4‐benzenedioxyacetic acid (Cu‐1,4‐BDOAH2) with a narrow band gap (2.52 eV) was synthesized and doped with Ce to afford Ce:Cu‐1,4‐BDOAH2 as an efficient photocatalyst with narrower band gap (2.39 eV). The prepared Cu‐1,4‐BDOAH2 and Ce:Cu‐1,4‐BDOAH2 were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, diffuse reflectance spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The sonophotocatalytic degradation of diazinon was carried out in a batch‐mode reactor using visible light‐driven Ce:Cu‐1,4‐BDOAH2 photocatalyst as well as ultrasonic irradiation. The narrow band gap of the photocatalyst means that it can be activated under visible light illumination. The effects of operational parameters such as initial diazinon concentration (5–25 mg l−1), pH (2–10), photocatalyst dosage (10–30 mg) and irradiation time (10–30 min) on the sonophotocatalytic degradation efficiency were investigated using central composite design under response surface methodology. The optimization process was studied using desirability function and the results indicated 99.8% degradation, which was obtained at optimum values of 25 mg l−1, 6, 20 mg and 20 min for the initial concentration of diazinon, pH, photocatalyst dosage and irradiation time, respectively. Reusability experiments of Ce:Cu‐1,4‐BDOAH2 photocatalyst showed that it is quite stable with excellent catalytic activity even after five cycles.
Accessing Stable Magnesium Acyl Compounds: Reductive Cleavage of Esters by Magnesium(I) Dimers
Authors: Boutland Aaron J. , Lamsfus Carlos A. , Maitland Brant , Maron Laurent , Stasch Andreas , Jones Cameron
Published: September 2017

The first examples of magnesium acyls, [(Nacnac)Mg{μ‐C(Ph)O}(μ‐OR)Mg(Nacnac)] (R=Me, tBu or Ph; Nacnac=[HC(MeCNAr)2]−; Ar=C6H2Me3‐2,4,6 (MesNacnac), C6H3Et2‐2,6 (DepNacnac), C6H3iPr2‐2,6 (DipNacnac)), have been prepared by reductive cleavage of a series of esters using dimeric magnesium(I) reducing agents, [{(Nacnac)Mg}2]. Crystallographic studies reveal the complexes to be dimeric, being bridged by both phenyl‐acyl and alkoxide/aryloxide fragments. The crystal structures, combined with results of spectroscopic and computational studies suggest that the nature of the acyl ligands within these complexes should be viewed as lying somewhere between anionic umpolung acyl and oxo‐carbene. However, reactions of the acyl complexes with a variety of organic electrophiles did not provide evidence of umpolung acyl reactivity. A number of attempts to prepare alkoxide free magnesium acyls were carried out, and while these were unsuccessful, they did lead to unusual products, the crystallographic and spectroscopic details of which are discussed.
Is the R3Si Moiety in Metal–Silyl Complexes a Z ligand? An Answer from the Interaction Energy
Authors: Binh Dang Ho , Milovanović Milan , Puertes‐Mico Julia , Hamdaoui Mustapha , Zarić Snežana D. , Djukic Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2017

The computation of metal–silyl interaction energies indicates the existence of situations in which the silyl group behaves as a Z‐type ligand according to the Green method of covalent‐bond classification. There is a scale of relative intrinsic silylicityΠ, defined as the ratio of the intrinsic silyl‐to‐triflate interaction energy of a silyltriflate as a reference compound relative to the silyl‐to‐metal interaction of given complex, that can reveal in a straightforward manner the propensity of SiR3groups to behave chemically as metal‐bound “silylium” ions, namely, [SiR3]+. Emblematic cases, either taken from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) or constructed for the purpose of this study, were also investigated from the viewpoints of extended transition‐state natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS‐NOCV) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses. It is shown in the case of POBMUP—which is the iridium 1,3‐bis[(di‐tert‐butylphosphino)oxy]benzene (POCOP) complex isolated by Brookhart et al.—how slight variations of molecular charge and structure can drastically affect the relative intrinsic silylicity of the SiEt3group that is weakly bonded to the hydrido–iridium motif.
Total Synthesis and Biological Assessment of Novel Albicidins Discovered by Mass Spectrometric Networking
Authors: von Eckardstein Leonard , Petras Daniel , Dang Tam , Cociancich Stéphane , Sabri Souhir , Grätz Stefan , Kerwat Dennis , Seidel Maria , Pesic Alexander , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Royer Monique , Weston John B. , Süssmuth Roderich D.
Published: September 2017

Natural products represent an important source of potential novel antimicrobial drug leads. Low production by microorganisms in cell culture often delays the structural elucidation or even prevents a timely discovery. Starting from the anti‐Gram‐negative antibacterial compound albicidin produced by Xanthomonas albilineans, we describe a bioactivity‐guided approach combined with non‐targeted tandem mass spectrometry and spectral (molecular) networking for the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds. We report eight new natural albicidin derivatives, four of which bear a β‐methoxy cyanoalanine or β‐methoxy asparagine as the central α‐amino acid. We present the total synthesis of these albicidins, which facilitated the unambiguous determination of the (2 S,3 R)‐stereoconfiguration which is complemented by the assessment of the stereochemistry on antibacterial activity.
3D‐Druck: Chancen, Möglichkeiten, Risiken
Authors: Raddatz Lukas , Austerjost Jonas , Beutel Sascha
Published: September 2017

Der 3D‐Druck wird als disruptive Technologie eingeschätzt, der die Art, wie Produkte hergestellt werden, stark verändern wird. Die neue Technologie unterscheidet sich fundamental von subtraktiven Verfahren, wie Fräsen, Schleifen oder formenden Verfahren wie Gießen, Pressen oder Biegen. Das herzustellende Objekt wird durch Hinzufügen oder Auftragen neuen Materials, also additiv, aufgebaut. Durch dieses generative Verfahren ergeben sich einige Vorteile gegenüber klassischen Methoden. Eine Reihe von Methoden und Materialien wurden entwickelt, andere stehen kurz vor der Marktreife.
Deuteration of Hyperpolarized 13C‐Labeled Zymonic Acid Enables Sensitivity‐Enhanced Dynamic MRI of pH
Authors: Hundshammer Christian , Düwel Stephan , Köcher Simone S. , Gersch Malte , Feuerecker Benedikt , Scheurer Christoph , Haase Axel , Glaser Steffen J. , Schwaiger Markus , Schilling Franz
Published: September 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by the groups of Dr. Christoph Scheurer, Prof. Axel Haase, Prof. Steffen J. Glaser, Prof. Markus Schwaiger and Dr. Franz Schilling from Technical University of Munich. The image shows deuterated zymonic acid, its pH‐sensitive 13C NMR resonances and examples of how this sensor can be used to non‐invasively image pH both in vitro and in vivo. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201700779.
Socioecological disparities in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Lewis Joshua A. , Zipperer Wayne C. , Ernstson Henrik , Bernik Brittany , Hazen Rebecca , Elmqvist Thomas , Blum Michael J.
Published: September 2017

Despite growing interest in urban resilience, remarkably little is known about vegetation dynamics in the aftermath of disasters. In this study, we examined the composition and structure of plant communities across New Orleans (Louisiana, USA) following catastrophic flooding triggered by levee failures during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Focusing on eight neighborhoods that span a range of demographic and topographical conditions, we assessed whether plant communities in post‐Katrina New Orleans reflect flooding disturbance and post‐disaster landscape management policies. We then contextualized vegetation patterns and associated ecosystem services and disservices with census‐based demographic trends and in‐depth interviews to draw inferences about the drivers and outcomes of urban land abandonment in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. We found that areas subject to the greatest flooding disturbance exhibit the highest rates of vegetation response. Disturbance intensity and elevation, however, are relatively weak drivers of vegetation differences among the studied neighborhoods. Rather, we found that household income, racial demographics, and land abandonment are important drivers of vegetation community composition and structure across the city. Our findings indicate that resettlement and landscape management policies can mediate post‐flooding ecological outcomes and demonstrate that unmanaged, emergent vegetation on abandoned lands can be an environmental justice concern in underserved and historically marginalized communities.
A Bis(µ‐chlorido)‐Bridged Cobalt(II) Complex with Silyl‐Containing Schiff Base as a Catalyst Precursor in the Solvent‐Free Oxidation of Cyclohexane
Authors: Zaltariov Mirela‐Fernanda , Vieru Veacheslav , Zalibera Michal , Cazacu Maria , Martins Nuno M. R. , Martins Luísa M. D. R. S. , Rapta Peter , Novitchi Ghenadie , Shova Sergiu , Pombeiro Armando J. L. , Arion Vladimir B.
Published: September 2017

A new bis(µ‐chlorido)‐bridged cobalt(II) complex [Co2(µ‐Cl)2(HL2)4][CoCl4] (1), where HL2 is a silyl‐containing Schiff base, was synthesised. The structure of this compound was established by X‐ray crystallography revealing a zwitterionic form adopted by the organic ligand. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility and the field dependence of the magnetisation indicate the presence of ferromagnetic interactions between paramagnetic d7 cobalt(II) centres (SCo = 3/2). The exchange coupling parameter J(Co1–Co2) = +7.0 cm–1 extracted from broken‐symmetry (BS) DFT calculations agrees well with the value of +8.8 cm–1 determined from the experimental data by fitting them with the Hamiltonian . Electrochemical studies indicate that complex 1 is inefficient as a catalyst in electrochemical reduction of protons. One of the reasons is the low stability of the complex in solution. In contrast, 1 acts as an effective homogeneous (pre)catalyst in the microwave‐assisted neat oxidation of cyclohexane with aqueous tBuOOH (TBHP). The possible mechanism of catalytic oxidation and other advantages of using 1 in the oxidation of cycloalkanes are discussed.
Experimental study of aeolian sand ripples in a wind tunnel
Authors: Cheng Hong , Liu Chenchen , Li Jifeng , Liu Bo , Zheng Zhongquan , Zou Xueyong , Kang Liqiang , Fang Yi
Published: September 2017

The topographic parameters and propagation velocity of aeolian sand ripples reflect complex erosion, transport, and deposition processes of sand on the land surface. In this study, three Nikon cameras located in the windward (0–1 m), middle (4.5–5.5 m), and downwind (9–10 m) zones of a 10 m long sand bed are used to continuously record changes in sand ripples. Based on the data extracted from these images, this study reaches the following conclusions. (1) The initial formation and full development times of sand ripples over a flatbed decrease with wind velocity. (2) The wavelengths of full development sand ripples are approximately twice the wavelengths of initially formed sand ripples. Both wavelengths increase linearly with friction velocity. During the developing stage of sand ripples, the wavelength increases linearly with time. (3) The propagation velocity of full development sand ripples is approximately 0.6 times that of the initially formed sand ripples. The propagation velocity of both initial and full development of sand ripples increase as power functions with respect to friction velocity. During the developing stage of sand ripples, the propagation velocity decreases with time following a power law. These results provide new information for understanding the formation and evolution of aeolian sand ripples and help improve numerical simulations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Security architecture and scheme of user‐centric ultra‐dense network (UUDN)
Authors: Chen Zhonglin , Chen Shanzhi , Xu Hui , Hu Bo
Published: September 2017

User‐centric ultra‐dense network (UUDN) is an inspiring approach of 5G, characterized by serving each user with dynamic access point group and designed to be independent of user's involvement. Contrast with traditional network‐centric cellular network, the UUDN architecture is based on the philosophy of network serving user. However, there is little systematic analysis of the security of UUDN, especially, the UUDN security architecture and key technologies challenges. After analysis of the main security challenges and requirements for the UUDN network architecture, we propose a new security architecture, details of its design, and the key security technologies for the UUDN security solutions and give performance evaluation for simulation. Finally, we discuss the future works in the fields of UUDN security.
Au Nanoparticles Modified Co/Titania Nanotubes as Electrocatalysts for Borohydride Oxidation
Authors: Balčiūnaitė A. , Tamašauskaitė‐Tamašiūnaitė L. , Santos D. M. F. , Zabielaitė A. , Jagminienė A. , Stankevičienė I. , Norkus E.
Published: September 2017

Gold‐cobalt catalysts were deposited on the surface of titania nanotubes (TiO2‐NTs) via galvanic displacement technique. The catalysts were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of the Au(Co)/TiO2‐NTs catalysts was examined in respect to the oxidation of BH4− ions in an alkaline media by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. It was found that the Au(Co)/TiO2‐NTs catalysts with Au loadings in the range of 10 up to 59 µgAu cm−2 had a higher activity compared to that of Co/TiO2‐NTs and bare Au. A direct NaBH4‐H2O2 single fuel cell was constructed with the Au(Co)/TiO2‐NTs catalysts as anode and Pt as the cathode. The fuel cell exhibited an open circuit voltage of ca. 1.9 V and peak power densities up to 217 mW cm−2 at 25 °C. The highest specific peak power density of 16.3 kW g−1Au was obtained when employing Au(Co)/TiO2‐NTs with the Au loading of 10 µgAu cm−2 as the anode catalyst.
σ‐holes and π‐holes: Similarities and differences
Authors: Politzer Peter , Murray Jane S.
Published: September 2017

σ‐Holes and π‐holes are regions of molecules with electronic densities lower than their surroundings. There are often positive electrostatic potentials associated with them. Through these potentials, the molecule can interact attractively with negative sites, such as lone pairs, π electrons, and anions. Such noncovalent interactions, “σ‐hole bonding” and “π‐hole bonding,” are increasingly recognized as being important in a number of different areas. In this article, we discuss and compare the natures and characteristics of σ‐holes and π‐holes, and factors that influence the strengths and locations of the resulting electrostatic potentials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cops and docs: The challenges for ED physicians balancing the police, state laws, and EMTALA
Authors: Malcolm Kristin E. , Malcolm James G. , Wu Daniel T. , Spainhour Kevin A. , Race Kevin P.
Published: September 2017

State laws are awash with discord concerning whether a police officer's request or court order necessarily obligates physicians to perform a body fluid analysis of an arrested, conscious, nonconsenting suspect. Police typically bring arrestees directly to the emergency department (ED), and federal courts have begun to wrestle with the implications of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), which requires that anyone presenting to the ED be screened for treatment. Some state laws require health care providers to comply with any police request for lab analysis, while other states offer more leeway to physicians. Recent trends in federal case law interpreting EMTALA suggest that a medical screening exam is not required for patients brought by police specifically for a blood or urine sample unless either the arrestee requests medical care or a prudent observer would believe medical care was indicated. This article answers two questions: What happens when a police officer presents to the ED requesting service on behalf of an arrestee? What does EMTLA require of physicians in response? We survey current state statutes, review recent state and federal case law, describe example policies from various hospitals, and conclude with recommendations for hospital risk managers.
Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 and its impact on the hemoglobin level in patients of end stage of renal diseases
Authors: Fang Qiwen , Wang Xiaoyi , Liu Zhenqiu , Zhu Ming , Ding Min , Minhas Veenu , Wood Charles , Zhang Tiejun
Published: September 2017

The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is increasing among renal transplant recipients. Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) are immunocompromised and are candidates for renal transplantation, but HHV8 seroprevalence in ESRD patients has not been well documented. A cross‐sectional study of 286 ESRD patients and 281 matched subjects without kidney disease was conducted at the First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Zhejiang province to explore the epidemiologic features of HHV8 among ESRD patients in China. Blood samples were collected and HHV8 antibodies and serologic indices were measured. The seroprevalence of HHV8 was 15.3% for ESRD patients and 8.9% for the comparison group. A significant difference in the geometric mean titer (GMT) of the HHV8 antibodies was detected between ESRD patients and the comparison group (617.1 vs 291.7; P = 0.042). The average level of hemoglobin was 11.56 ± 1.78 g/dL for the ESRD group and 13.73 ± 1.42 g/dL for the comparison group, (P > 0.05). Multiple linear regression revealed a negative association between HHV8 infection and plasma hemoglobin concentration (β = −0.682, P = 0.036). We found a higher HHV8 prevalence and a higher level of HHV8 antibody GMT in ESRD patients than the comparison group, which indicate a high risk of posttransplantation KS.
HTLV‐1 intrafamilial transmission among Japanese immigrants in Brazil
Authors: Bandeira Larissa M. , Uehara Silvia N. O. , Puga Marco A. M. , Rezende Grazielli R. , Vicente Ana C. P. , Domingos João A. , do Lago Bárbara V. , Niel Christian , Motta‐Castro Ana R. C.
Published: September 2017

Human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) is the etiological agent of adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The aim of this study was to investigate the intrafamilial transmission of HTLV‐1 among Japanese immigrants and their descendants living in a non‐endemic area of central Brazil. Six families were investigated. Thirty‐seven relatives of the six index cases were tested by ELISA for the presence of anti‐HTLV antibodies, and the positive cases were confirmed by Western blot. HTLV‐1 isolates were genotyped by partial nucleotide sequencing (5′ LTR) of the proviral DNA. All individuals, including index cases and relatives, were asymptomatic. In five families, at least one relative was infected with HTLV‐1. In all, eight (22%) relatives (one mother, four wives, one brother, and two brothers‐in‐law) were infected. However, none of the 22 individuals under 55 years of age was infected. In each family, the HTLV‐1 sequences from the relatives were identical or almost identical to that of the index case, except in one case. Pedigrees of the families, together with socio‐demographic data of the HTLV‐1 infected individuals, strongly suggested the occurrence of both vertical and sexual transmission, with breastfeeding as an important risk factor. Whether and why the virus transmission is less effective among younger generations deserves to be further investigated.
Patient‐specific in silico models can quantify primary implant stability in elderly human bone
Authors: Steiner Juri A. , Hofmann Urs A.T. , Christen Patrik , Favre Jean M. , Ferguson Stephen J. , van Lenthe G. Harry
Published: September 2017

Secure implant fixation is challenging in osteoporotic bone. Due to the high variability in inter‐ and intra‐patient bone quality, ex vivo mechanical testing of implants in bone is very material‐ and time‐consuming. Alternatively, in silico models could substantially reduce costs and speed up the design of novel implants if they had the capability to capture the intricate bone microstructure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate a micro‐finite element model of a multi‐screw fracture fixation system. Eight human cadaveric humerii were scanned using micro‐CT and mechanically tested to quantify bone stiffness. Osteotomy and fracture fixation were performed, followed by mechanical testing to quantify displacements at 12 different locations on the instrumented bone. For each experimental case, a micro‐finite element model was created. From the micro‐finite element analyses of the intact model, the patient‐specific bone tissue modulus was determined such that the simulated apparent stiffness matched the measured stiffness of the intact bone. Similarly, the tissue modulus of a small damage region around each screw was determined for the instrumented bone. For validation, all in silico models were rerun using averaged material properties, resulting in an average coefficient of determination of 0.89 ± 0.04 with a slope of 0.93 ± 0.19 and a mean absolute error of 43 ± 10 μm when correlating in silico marker displacements with the ex vivo test. In conclusion, we validated a patient‐specific computer model of an entire organ bone‐implant system at the tissue‐level at high resolution with excellent overall accuracy. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:954–962, 2018.
Recommendations for Low‐Grade Carotid Stenosis Follow‐up Based on a Single‐Institution Database
Authors: Bennett Garrett M. , Bluth Edward I. , Larson Michael L. , Luo Qingyang
Published: September 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidences and rates of progression of varying degrees of carotid stenosis that do not require intervention according to the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study, the European Carotid Surgery Trial, and the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial, and from this information, to provide evidence‐based recommendations for follow‐up imaging.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all carotid ultrasound examinations performed at a single institution from January 1995 through April 2015. Examinations following endarterectomy or stenting were excluded. Stenoses were classified by a modification of the criteria of Bluth et al (Radiographics 1988; 8:487–506). A Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis was performed for stenosis progression and to provide information for follow‐up recommendations.

Results

Most of the carotid arteries (91.6%) reviewed for this study showed 1% to 39% stenosis. However, only 6.8% of carotid arteries with 1% to 39% stenosis progressed compared to 38.9% of carotid arteries with 40% to 59% stenosis. A table of evidence‐based follow‐up recommendations is provided for patients with varying levels of stenosis.

Conclusions

We provide evidence‐based follow‐up recommendations for patients who have low degrees of carotid stenosis. Different degrees of carotid stenosis progress at different rates and therefore should be followed at different intervals. Additionally, the most patients in our database showed 1% to 39% stenosis and did not have any follow‐up imaging, suggesting that carotid ultrasound may not be overused for low degrees of stenosis.
Establishing an Ultrasound Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Education: How Much Time Does It Take?
Authors: Siegel‐Richman Yonaton , Kendall John
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Over the years, the use of ultrasound in the medical profession has become a common occurrence. As a result, many medical schools are considering an ultrasound curriculum for first‐ and second‐year medical students. The question posed by many of these programs is how much time and effort are required to establish such a curriculum. We at the University of Colorado School of Medicine sought to quantify the resources and time required.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study that analyzed the time spent teaching, as well as the types of instructors (eg, faculty, resident, and peer student) that contributed to our ultrasound curriculum. The study population consisted of instructors who participated in the curriculum during the 2014–2015 academic year. We analyzed the amount of time that facilitators spent teaching and tabulated these data using their specialty.

Results

Our data revealed that within an academic year, a combined total of 484 hours were spent teaching ultrasound to first‐ and second‐year medical students combined. A total of 6 days were required to teach ultrasound to first‐year medical students, and a total of 5 days were required for second‐year medical students. It required 1 instructor for every 8 students, and most the faculty who volunteered time were from the field of emergency medicine, followed by family medicine and radiology.

Conclusions

We describe the number of hours and instructors required to implement an ultrasound curriculum for undergraduate medical education.
Utility of Transfacial Dental Ultrasonography in Evaluation of Cystic Jaw Lesions
Authors: Gad Khaled , Ellabban Mohamed , Sciubba James
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Plain radiography has been widely used in dentistry. Because of the variability of the quality of equipment, radiographic technique, accuracy of interpretation, and radiation risk to the patients, the field is ripe for the introduction of other newer diagnostic modalities. In this report, we demonstrate the utility of ultrasonography in the diagnostic workup of cystic or cystlike lesions of the jaw.

Methods

We used a transfacial ultrasonographic scanning approach to examine 32 patients with clinical or radiographic presentation of a jaw cyst. Computed tomography and histopathologic analysis were used as the reference standards to confirm the findings.

Results

Ultrasonography could establish the presence or absence of a lesion, erosion of the buccal cortical plate, and identification of associated soft tissue involvement in all cases (sensitivity and specificity, 100% and 100%, respectively; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 1.0; P < .001).

Conclusions

Our observations revealed the usefulness of ultrasonography and demonstrated its potential value when introduced as a routine office‐based imaging method for dentistry.
Lung Ultrasonography in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evaluation of a Simplified Protocol With High‐Resolution Computed Tomographic Correlation
Authors: Vassalou Evangelia E. , Raissaki Maria , Magkanas Eleftherios , Antoniou Katerina M. , Karantanas Apostolos H.
Published: September 2017

Objectives

To compare a simplified ultrasonographic (US) protocol in 2 patient positions with the same‐positioned comprehensive US assessments and high‐resolution computed tomographic (CT) findings in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Methods

Twenty‐five consecutive patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were prospectively enrolled and examined in 2 sessions. During session 1, patients were examined with a US protocol including 56 lung intercostal spaces in supine/sitting (supine/sitting comprehensive protocol) and lateral decubitus (decubitus comprehensive protocol) positions. During session 2, patients were evaluated with a 16–intercostal space US protocol in sitting (sitting simplified protocol) and left/right decubitus (decubitus simplified protocol) positions. The 16 intercostal spaces were chosen according to the prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis–related changes on high‐resolution CT. The sum of B‐lines counted in each intercostal space formed the US scores for all 4 US protocols: supine/sitting and decubitus comprehensive US scores and sitting and decubitus simplified US scores. High‐resolution CT–related Warrick scores (J Rheumatol 1991; 18:1520–1528) were compared to US scores. The duration of each protocol was recorded.

Results

A significant correlation was found between all US scores and Warrick scores and between simplified and corresponding comprehensive scores (P < .0001). Decubitus simplified US scores showed a slightly higher correlation with Warrick scores compared to sitting simplified US scores. Mean durations of decubitus and sitting simplified protocols were 4.76 and 6.20 minutes, respectively (P < .005).

Conclusions

Simplified 16–intercostal space protocols correlated with comprehensive protocols and high‐resolution CT findings in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The 16–intercostal space simplified protocol in the lateral decubitus position correlated better with high‐resolution CT findings and was less time‐consuming compared to the sitting position.
Quasiparity‐Time Symmetric Microdisk Laser
Authors: Zhang Nan , Gu Zhiyuan , Wang Kaiyang , Li Meng , Ge Li , Xiao Shumin , Song Qinghai
Published: September 2017

Recent developments in parity‐time (PT) symmetric systems have ushered in unique photonic devices with enhanced functionalities. While single‐mode laser emission has been demonstrated in such systems, the current designs face severe challenges in applications, either due to their stringent requirement on fabrication precision or nonscalability to larger devices. Here, we demonstrate a general mechanism to achieve single‐mode lasing in coupled cavities, which relies on external mode coupling and overcomes these drawbacks. We find significant gain enhancement for selected modes by external coupling, and our experiments have confirmed the resulting single‐mode laser emission in size‐mismatched photonic molecules (PMs), when only one constituent cavity is pumped. This behavior persists for a wide range of pump power, from transparent threshold to gain saturation, and it is highly tolerant of fabrication imprecisions. In addition, the output intensity of such single‐mode lasers also displays enhancement when compared with the same PMs under uniformly pumping. We believe our results will both advance the understanding of different coupling scenarios in coupled cavities and improve the characteristics of onchip laser sources for practical applications.
The TRANSFoRm project: Experience and lessons learned regarding functional and interoperability requirements to support primary care
Authors: Ethier Jean‐François , McGilchrist Mark , Barton Adrien , Cloutier Anne‐Marie , Curcin Vasa , Delaney Brendan C. , Burgun Anita
Published: September 2017

Introduction

The current model of medical knowledge production, transfer, and application suffers from serious shortcomings. Learning health systems (LHS) have recently emerged as a potential solution—systems in which health information generated from patients is continuously analyzed to improve knowledge that will be transferred to patient care.

Method

Various approaches of data integration already exist and could be considered for the implementation of a LHS. We discuss what are the possible informatics approaches to address the functional requirements of LHS, in the specific context of primary care, and present the experience and lessons learned from the TRANSFoRm project.

Result

Implemented in 4 countries around 5 systems, TRANSFoRm is based on a local‐as‐view data mediation approach integrating the structural and terminological models in the same framework. It clearly demonstrated that it has the potential to address the requirements for a LHS in primary care, by dealing with data fragmented across multiple points of service. Also, it has the potential to support the generation of hypotheses from the context of clinical care, retrospective and prospective research, and decision support systems that improve the relevance of medical decisions.

Conclusion

The LHS approach embodies a shift from an institution‐centered to a patient‐centered perspective in knowledge production and transfer and can address important challenges in the primary care setting.
Essential and continuous spectrum of symmetric difference equations
Authors: Nyamwala Fredrick Oluoch
Published: September 2017

Essential and continuous spectrum of symmetric difference equations have been investigated. It has been shown that the deficiency indices and the existence of these components of the spectrum are determined by the growth conditions of the coefficients. In particular, the deficiency indices are superimposition of those clusters determined by the coefficient growth. Finally, we have proved the neccessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of essential spectrum of selfadjoint subspace extensions using subspace theory and asymtotic summation.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of blow‐up solutions for elliptic problems in Orlicz–Sobolev spaces
Authors: Santos Carlos Alberto , Zhou Jiazheng , Abrantes Santos Jefferson
Published: September 2017

This paper is principally devoted to revisit the remarkable works of Keller and Osserman and generalize some previous results related to the those for the class of quasilinear elliptic problem
urn:x-wiley:0025584X:media:mana201600231:mana201600231-math-0001where either with is a smooth bounded domain or . The function ϕ includes special cases appearing in mathematical models in nonlinear elasticity, plasticity, generalized Newtonian fluids, and in quantum physics. The proofs are based on comparison principle, variational methods and topological arguments on the Orlicz–Sobolev spaces.