bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the Indian an American?
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes how the Indian functioned as a figure of American national identity within Britain. By the time of the 1851 Great Exhibition, America was presenting herself as a thoroughly modern country, yet the empty floor spaces within the U.S. section of the exhibition provided plenty of opportunity to assess this claim, as well as to consider the implications of unpopulated—or apparently unpopulated—space. The sculptural figure of the Wounded Indian, which formed part of the American exhibit, was readily seized upon for its ironic potential. In the light of national self-presentation, the chapter asks whether or not the Indian was, in Britain, identified with, or against, American identity in the midcentury, a question that is highly pertinent to the reception of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem Hiawatha (1855). The figure of Hiawatha provides an example, moreover—albeit highly fictionalized and idealized—of the ideals of noble masculinity, something that continues the emphasis on the strongly gendered way in which Native Americans were understood.
Savagery and Nationalism: Native Americans and Popular Fiction
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores British popular writing. It considers some of the means by which stereotypes of Indians that emanated from the United States circulated within Britain and were modified and filtered through domestic concerns. The chapter first assesses the influence that James Fenimore Cooper had on transatlantic adventure and historical fiction, and then pass to Charles Dickens's often contradictory treatments of native peoples, before looking at the more complicated case of Mayne Reid. This British writer of popular Westerns employed contemporary American-generated stereotypes of Indians and at times reinforced that country's message of manifest destiny, yet he also managed to question certain political and racial aspects of American life in a way that offered up a warning to his home readership. These stereotypes are read through a consideration of the shifting nuances of the idea of the “savage” in mid-Victorian Britain.
Unhealthy Politics
Authors: Patashnik Eric M. , Gerber Alan S. , Dowling Conor M.
Published: January 2021

The U.S. medical system is touted as the most advanced in the world, yet many common treatments are not based on sound science. This book sheds new light on why the government's response to this troubling situation has been so inadequate, and why efforts to improve the evidence base of U.S. medicine continue to cause so much political controversy. The book paints a portrait of a medical industry with vast influence over which procedures and treatments get adopted, and a public burdened by the rising costs of health care yet fearful of going against “doctor's orders.” It offers vital insights into the limits of science, expertise, and professionalism in American politics. The book explains why evidence-based medicine is important. First, the delivery of unproven care can expose patients to serious risks. Second, the slow integration of evidence can lead to suboptimal outcomes for patients who receive treatments that work less well for their conditions than alternatives. Third, the failure to implement evidence-based practices encourages wasteful spending, causing the health care system to underperform relative to its level of investment. This book assesses whether the delivery of medical care in the United States is evidence based. It argues that by systematically ignoring scientific evidence (or the lack thereof), the United States is substantially out of balance.
Introduction
Authors: Patashnik Eric M. , Gerber Alan S. , Dowling Conor M.
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter explains why evidence-based medicine is important. The sluggish incorporation of medical evidence into clinical practice is a concern for three key reasons: safety, quality, and the efficiency of resource allocation. First, the delivery of unproven care can expose patients to serious risks. Second, the slow integration of evidence can lead to suboptimal outcomes for patients who receive treatments that work less well for their conditions than alternatives. Third, the failure to implement evidence-based practices encourages wasteful spending, causing the health care system to underperform relative to its level of investment. This book assesses whether the delivery of medical care in the United States is evidence based. It argues that by systematically ignoring scientific evidence (or the lack thereof), the United States is substantially out of balance.
Doctor Knows Best
Authors: Patashnik Eric M. , Gerber Alan S. , Dowling Conor M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the results of national public opinion surveys that illuminate how ordinary citizens think about the medical evidence problem. The surveys demonstrate that doctors possess the influence, prestige, and standing to play a leadership role in educating the public about the inefficiencies and waste of the U.S. health care system. Because most Americans believe “doctor knows best,” they tend to have confidence in the advice of doctors, not only about individual medical problems, but also about broader health care reform issues. The surveys also reveal that Americans are naturally wary of health care reform proposals they fear could constrain physician discretion, such as requiring doctors to follow evidence-based clinical guidelines. The public's anxieties about proposals to make medicine more evidence based, however, can be overcome. Physician endorsements of such reforms significantly alleviate public fears. The survey results suggest that if doctors were to become forceful advocates for reform, their reputations as trusted, well-motivated experts position them to shape the views of ordinary citizens.
Zero-Credit Politics
Authors: Patashnik Eric M. , Gerber Alan S. , Dowling Conor M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how the politics surrounding efforts to address the medical evidence problem have been “unhealthy.” It shows that while the pragmatic case for bringing standardized evidence more systematically to bear on decisions in health care is compelling, federal politicians took only modest actions to support steps to identify and eliminate wasteful, unnecessary services between the 1970s and late 2000s. Moreover, politicians (responding to their electoral incentives) were quick to abandon even these incremental reforms when they sparked opposition from providers and the medical products industry. In sum, the government's performance as a problem-solving institution with respect to health care quality and efficiency was doubly disappointing. First, the medical guesswork problem was a low-priority concern, barely registering on the policy agenda; it was an “inside initiative” in which the conversation excluded both politicians and the general public. Later, when the medical evidence problem began to generate the broad attention it deserved, proposed solutions became the object of partisan manipulation and political distortion.
Conclusion
Authors: Patashnik Eric M. , Gerber Alan S. , Dowling Conor M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the evidence-based medicine (EBM) reform project. Ultimately, if the EBM project is to realize its aspirational goal to improve the quality and efficiency of U.S. medical care, it is necessary but insufficient for research agencies like Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) to endure. In the long run, patterns of medical governance must change. PCORI (or whatever entity succeeds it) must develop a reputation among key stakeholders for competence, relevance, and impact that causes policy makers to conclude that supporting EBM is in their own political interest. The chapter then draws on lessons from the literature on U.S. state building to develop strategies to increase the durability of medical governance reform in contemporary American politics. It also briefly reviews the challenges of political sustainability that face any new agency or policy.
What is Urban About Urban China and India?
Authors: Ren Xuefei
Published: January 2021

This chapter scrutinizes the meanings and consequences of urban versus rural classifications for residents and localities in the China and India. It discusses how China currently adopts a rather broad definition of urban localities that is based entirely on administrative status. The chapter also explains why India has been using a rather strict urban definition based on administrative status, population size, density, and non-agricultural employment. It talks about the benefits of gaining urban status in China that are substantial for both residents and localities. It also assesses the benefits of urban classification in India that are uncertain and residents that either demand or resist being classified as urban depending on what they will gain or lose. The chapter analyzes the differences that manifest the presence of strong territorial institutions in Chinese cities and their lack in Indian cities.
Urban Redevelopment in Guangzhou and Mumbai
Authors: Ren Xuefei
Published: January 2021

This chapter compares urban village and slum redevelopment in Guangzhou and Mumbai. It talks about the redevelopment of urban villages in Guangzhou that has displaced migrant tenants who lack local hukou and has enriched villager-landlords who have hukou and are also members of the incorporated village companies. It also explains the eligibility of slum residents in Mumbai for compensation that is decided according to when the residents settled in the slum and which can be negotiated through mobilization efforts by residents and housing non-government organizations (NGOs). The chapter explores how the two cities deploy different forms of exclusion that exemplifies territorial and associational forms of governance at work. It also reviews the use of hukou and membership in village companies in Guangzhou and a negotiable cut-off date in Mumbai.
Conclusion
Authors: Ren Xuefei
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the consequences of the territorial and associational forms of the governing cities in China and India. It analyzes why China's and India's approach have not been able to deliver a just and equitable urban growth. It looks into the territorial forms of governance in China that have created not only a deep cleavage between urban and rural areas, but also unprecedented levels of disparity across cities and towns throughout the country. The chapter also looks into the associational politics of India that has produced inequalities and caused the exclusion of citizens from particular alliances and partnerships. It emphasizes how China and India should move forward by adopting a model that can empower municipal-level urban authorities in order to preserve space for democratic deliberation.
The Poet’s Mistake
Authors: McAlpine Erica
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter describes how the temptation to justify errors in poetry has grown stronger during the last hundred years, perhaps owing to Sigmund Freud's groundbreaking and systematic account of mistakes at the beginning of the century and perhaps also because of the academy's adoption of modernist-inspired ways of thinking about and encountering texts. Today, one nearly always begin reading poetry by assuming that what is questionable or irreconcilable in its language, history, or grammar must be integral to its fabric of meaning, not a snag or a loose end. However, while attitudes toward mistake have tended to shift according to readers' own notions of propriety and its value, the broader question of how to distinguish error from poetic license is nearly as old as poetry itself. Aristotle poses it at length in the Poetics. The nub for Aristotle seems to lie in whether or not the mistake could have been avoided without laying waste to the work itself. Ultimately, error had become a natural and expected element of both a poet's encounter with his process and a reader's encounter with the text. The object was nearly always to slay it—by confessing, or correcting, or both—but there was little shame in the confrontation.
Wordsworth’s Imperfect Perfect
Authors: McAlpine Erica
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses William Wordsworth's misuse of the present-perfect tense in his famous lines about a boy of Winander—a mistake that implies that the boy is still living when one knows from the poem that he is gone, that the episode was in the past. It investigates several possibilities—the poet's ambiguous treatment of death in other poems about children, the prevalence of the present perfect elsewhere in Wordsworth's verse, and his own sense of grammatical propriety—before calling a mistake a mistake. The present perfect is a common Wordsworthian grammatical construction, especially in poems about memory, and one that he uses correctly and with assurance throughout his poetry. More likely than not, the poet would have corrected his present perfect had it been brought to his attention—just as he corrected his personal pronouns in revising that original draft. This particular error suggests a difference between accident and mistake that will be central to the chapters that follow.
Hart Crane’s Wrapture
Authors: McAlpine Erica
Published: January 2021

This chapter reads Hart Crane's extreme license with words against stricter conceptions of error. For instance, in the second section of his poem “Voyages,” he describes the sea as “Laughing the wrapt inflections of our love”—his odd spelling of “wrapt” here conjuring the sense of both “wrapped” and “rapt” simultaneously, giving “inflections” an appealing physicality. Reading mistake along these lines is particularly Cranian: his letters make it clear that language's ability to elide, change, and intimate (rather than simply mean) excites and propels him into writing poetry. Accordingly, Crane's admirers tend to focus their praise on the very moments of inexplicability that his critics find most inhospitable. By placing “wrapt” and other neologisms in the context of this long-standing debate about Crane's work, the chapter suggests the benefit of reading his creativity as a form of mistake rather than the other way around.
Introduction
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of electoral violence. Electoral violence includes political violence that takes place during the electoral cycle and is linked causally to electoral processes, or, more formally, coercive force, directed toward electoral actors and/or objects, that occurs in connection with electoral competition, where “coercive force” includes threats, unlawful detention, forcible curtailment of movement or displacement, and attacks that cause actual bodily harm. Why are elections in some places generally peaceful, whereas other societies regularly experience conflictual polls? Why is one election in a country peaceful and the next violent? This book aims to provide a comprehensive account of the use of force to manipulate competitive electoral processes, with a particular emphasis on national-level elections held during peacetime in the post-Second World War period. The focus of analysis is on the strategic behavior of incumbent and opposition actors—also referred to as state and nonstate actors—with particular (but not exclusive) emphasis on electoral authoritarian and hybrid states.
Strategies of Electoral-Violence Prevention
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides quantitative data analysis and case studies of electoral-violence prevention techniques. Implicit in the academic study of electoral violence is the assumption that it is a problem to be addressed by programs specifically designed to reduce conflict. It is thus necessary in any comprehensive account of this phenomenon to devote careful consideration to the strategies that have been employed to mitigate electoral violence. In quantitative analysis, the chapter finds that electoral governance matters more than formal institutional design in efforts to contain electoral violence. Macedonia and Haiti are the focus of case studies that serve to deepen the understanding of these patterns, demonstrating the importance of electoral-authority capacity and political will in enabling effective violence control strategies.
Hamlet Within Hamlet
Authors: Lewis Rhodri
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter argues that William Shakespeare's Hamlet can be read as a profound meditation on the nature of human individuality without relying on conceptual frameworks drawn from the eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. Just as historical discourses beyond those of Hamlet itself provide a fuller and more nuanced understanding of the political and dynastic forces shaping life in Shakespeare's Denmark, so what might be called Hamlet's “character” appears in unfamiliar and revealing relief when read against the textual contours of the psychological, rhetorical, and moral-political theorizing that lay at the heart of sixteenth-century humanism. This approach not only better locates Hamlet within Hamlet, but that it offers to rehabilitate a coherent and intensely challenging work of tragedy—albeit one in which Shakespeare steadfastly disregards the rules of Aristotelian and humanist poetics. What sets Hamlet apart from the remainder of the dramatis personae is the degree to which Shakespeare explores through him the insight that the insufficiency of received ethical and political wisdom does not just have public consequences. Transposed onto the person of Hamlet, it calls into question the fundamentals of who and what a human individual might be said to be.
Hamlet as Poet
Authors: Lewis Rhodri
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Hamlet's imagination and his accomplishments as a poet. It begins with the love poetry that Hamlet writes for Ophelia. The chapter then turns to consider the before, during, and after of Hamlet's attempt to adapt The Murder of Gonzago with a view to catching Claudius's conscience and unkennelling his guilt. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which Hamlet responds to the lead player's speech in the person of Aeneas; to the advice offered by Hamlet to the players; to the central role of the imagination both in seeing ghosts and in creating works of poetic fiction; to the action of the play-within-the-play and the dumb show that precedes it; and to the language and assumptions through which Hamlet convinces himself that The Mousetrap has been a forensic success. As will become clear, William Shakespeare allows Hamlet to delineate his beliefs about the nature of poetic endeavour at unusual length. Crucially, one is also allowed to judge the ways in which Hamlet applies these beliefs in practice; in so doing, a series of disjunctions emerge between the theoretical and practical discourses of humanist poetics.
Cultures of Objectivity
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of objectivity, the presence of which is evidently required for basic justice, honest government, and true knowledge. It differentiates disciplinary objectivity from mechanical objectivity. Mechanical objectivity has been a favorite of positivist philosophers, and it has a powerful appeal to the wider public. A faith in objectivity tends to be associated with political democracy, or at least with systems in which bureaucratic actors are highly vulnerable to outsiders. The appeal of numbers is especially compelling to bureaucratic officials who lack the mandate of a popular election, or divine right. Arbitrariness and bias are the most usual grounds upon which such officials are criticized. A decision made by the numbers (or by explicit rules of some other sort) has at least the appearance of being fair and impersonal. Scientific objectivity thus provides an answer to a moral demand for impartiality and fairness. Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming to decide. Objectivity lends authority to officials who have very little of their own.
French State Engineers and the Ambiguities of Technocracy
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates technocracy in France. The Ecole Polytechnique, a product of the French Revolution, is often taken to epitomize technocratic culture in France. Polytechnique, with its emphasis on mathematics and science, was central to the invention of the modern engineer. Quite unlike its imitators, it educated the highest stratum of elites. Where else has administrative power been so closely allied to technical knowledge? This alliance helps to explain the French tradition of what would now be called applied economics. The chapter then focuses on economic calculation in action. Accounting means, among other things, placing monetary values on goods and services that contribute to production or sales but cannot themselves be readily exchanged in the marketplace. Nineteenth-century French engineers went one step further, attempting an analysis of the (often unpriced) benefits of public goods to balance against their monetary cost. In this context, values had to be placed on objects, services, and relationships for which there was no proper market, or whose prices could give no adequate measure of their value to users. This “cost–benefit analysis,” to introduce the anachronistic term, remains an elaborate form of accounting.
Objectivity and the Politics of Disciplines
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the bearing of bureaucratic cultures on science, then shows how inferential statistics became standard in medicine and psychology as a response to internal disciplinary weakness and external regulatory pressures. The massive effort to introduce quantitative criteria for public decisions in the 1960s and 1970s was not simply an unmediated response to a new political climate. It reflected also the overwhelming success of quantification in the social, behavioral, and medical sciences during the postwar period. This was not a chance confluence of independent lines of cultural and intellectual development, but in some way a single phenomenon. It is no accident that the move toward the almost universal quantification of social and applied disciplines was led by the United States, and succeeded most fully there. The push for rigor in the disciplines derived in part from the same distrust of unarticulated expert knowledge and the same suspicion of arbitrariness and discretion that shaped political culture so profoundly in the same period. Some of this suspicion came from within the disciplines it affected, but in every case it was at least reinforced by vulnerability to the suspicions of outsiders, often expressed in an explicitly political arena.
Introduction
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of statistics. Statistics has become known in the twentieth century as the mathematical tool for analyzing experimental and observational data. Enshrined by public policy as the only reliable basis for judgments as to the efficacy of medical procedures or the safety of chemicals, and adopted by business for such uses as industrial quality control, it is evidently among the products of science whose influence on public and private life has been most pervasive. Statistical analysis has also come to be seen in many scientific disciplines as indispensable for drawing reliable conclusions from empirical results. The statistical tools used in the modern sciences have virtually all been worked out during the last century. However, the development of statistics was necessarily preceded by its invention. This was the contribution of the nineteenth century, the culmination of a tradition of statistical thinking that embraced writers from a variety of backgrounds working in areas which were otherwise unconnected.
Statistics as Social Science
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses statistics as social science. The systematic study of social numbers in the spirit of natural philosophy was pioneered during the 1660s, and was known for about a century and a half as political arithmetic. Its purpose, when not confined to the calculation of insurance or annuity rates, was the promotion of sound, well-informed state policy. Political arithmetic was, according to William Petty, the application of Baconian principles to the art of government. Implicit in the use by political arithmeticians of social numbers was the belief that the wealth and strength of the state depended strongly on the number and character of its subjects. Political arithmetic was supplanted by statistics in France and Great Britain around the beginning of the nineteenth century. The shift in terminology was accompanied by a subtle mutation of concepts that can be seen as one of the most important in the history of statistical thinking.
The Laws that Govern Chaos
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Adolphe Quetelet, who was among the few nineteenth-century statisticians who pursued a numerical social science of laws, not just of facts. Quetelet's contribution to statistical thought and to the mathematics of statistical analysis was a characteristic if not unsurprising product of his syncretic approach. Social physics was an elaborate metaphor that integrated his genuine concern for the advancement of scientific knowledge with his desire to turn science to the promotion of sound government and social improvement. Quetelet's fascination with the possibility of subjecting ostensibly uncontrolled social phenomena to scientific order was at the heart of his dedication to the concept of statistical laws. Characteristically, he gave this idea its fullest development in reference to such events as crime and suicide, the immoral materials for that “moral statistics” which was central to the early statistical movements in Britain and France as well as the Low Countries. The notion of statistical law achieved its fullest expression in Great Britain during the 1850s, the decade when laissez-faire liberalism reached its intellectual apogee.
Time’s Arrow and Statistical Uncertainty in Physics and Philosophy
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how German economists and statisticians of the historical school viewed the idea of social or statistical law as the product of confusion between spirit and matter or, equivalently, between history and nature. That the laws of Newtonian mechanics are fully time-symmetric and hence can be equally run backwards or forwards could not easily be reconciled with the commonplace observation that heat always flows from warmer to cooler bodies. James Clerk Maxwell, responding to the apparent threat to the doctrine of free will posed by thermodynamics and statistics, pointed out that the second law of thermodynamics was only probable, and that heat could be made to flow from a cold body to a warm one by a being sufficiently quick and perceptive. Ludwig Boltzmann resisted this incursion of probabilism into physics but in the end he was obliged, largely as a result of difficulties presented by the issue of mechanical reversibility, to admit at least the theoretical possibility of chance effects in thermodynamics. Meanwhile, the American philosopher and physicist C. S. Pierce determined that progress—the production of heterogeneity and homogeneity—could never flow from rigid mechanical laws, but demanded the existence of objective chance throughout the universe.
The Mathematics of Statistics
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at how the application of error theory and of probability models to social statistics was pursued with growing success in Germany during the last third of the nineteenth century. The most successful and influential of those mathematical writers on statistics was the economist and statistician Wilhelm Lexis. The chapter then studies the index of dispersion that Lexis introduced in 1879. Lexis's writings on dispersion and the distribution of human physical attributes were influential within German anthropometry, which began to make interesting use of the analytical techniques associated with the error law during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Meanwhile, Francis Edgeworth, the poet of statisticians, was led to probability in the context of his campaign to introduce advanced mathematics into the moral and social sciences. He hoped through analogies to bring the same rigor and elegance to economics and ethics.
The Roots of Biometrical Statistics
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces the roots of biometrical statistics. That the modern field of mathematical statistics developed out of biometry is not wholly fortuitous. The quantitative study of biological inheritance and evolution provided an outstanding context for statistical thinking, and quantitative genetics remains the best example for an area of science whose very theory is built out of concepts of statistics—variance-covariance matrices, regression coefficients, and so on. Beyond that, the biometrician-eugenicists were possessed with an intense ecumenical urge and, especially in the case of Karl Pearson, endowed with very respectable talents for academic entrepreneurship. The great stimulus for modern statistics came from Francis Galton's invention of the method of correlation, which, significantly, he first conceived not as an abstract technique of numerical analysis, but as a statistical law of heredity. Here, as throughout the nineteenth century, the special problems of particular fields were of central importance for the development of statistical mathematics.
LEARNING AMID CRISIS: EFL STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON ONLINE LEARNING DURING COVID-19 OUTBREAK
Authors: Rahman Kasyfur
Published: January 2021

This paper investigated tertiary EFL students’ overall perception of the use of fully online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. By administering a survey to 125 students of the English Language Education Program in a State Islamic University in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, using 26 items of a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale, this study unravelled students’ responses in terms of three constructs including Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Instructor Characteristics (PIC). The findings suggested that in terms of PU, even though the data mostly demonstrated neutral responses for most of the questionnaire items, the students tended to perceive online learning as to provide flexible time for their learning and foster their autonomy/independence and confidence. However, the students tended to perceive online learning as less facilitating for their understanding of subjects. In terms of PEOU, the responses reflected the students’ readiness to employ online learning as the data suggested that they possessed both the technology and the knowledge to use it. However, they tended to encounter problems when operating the technology, especially concerning the internet connection. On the other hand, these students perceived instructor characteristics as mostly positive. Therefore, online learning seemed to have not been designed to engage all students, yet seemed to be an inevitable option during the outbreak as the report from the interviews demonstrated that F2F classes were still preferred over online learning. Finally, these findings imply the need for redesigning online learning to better engage students in virtual classes.
ONLINE DIGITAL PLATFORMS DURING COVID-19 IN EFL CLASSES: VISUAL IMPAIRMENT STUDENT’ PERCEPTION
Authors: Hamid Sitti Maryam
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT. Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, the government decided to implement work and learning from home. Teachers are expected to teach online. It also applied to teaching and learning English. Thus, Google Classroom, WhatsApp, and Zoom are commonly used as online learning platforms by EFL teachers and students during pandemic. The online digital platforms are also used as the main tool to provide teaching materials not only for the sighted student but also for Visual Impairment student (VIs). The present study is aimed at investigating how Visual Impairment student (VIs) perceive utilizing Digital Platforms in online learning, the barriers VIs faced in utilizing Digital Platforms, and the kinds of Digital Platforms that appropriate for Visual Impairment student (VIs). The study involved one Visual Impairment student (low vision) in one of the private universities of Makassar, South Sulawesi. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. It analyzed using descriptive qualitative research.  The results of the study showed that Visual impairment has a positive response towards Google Classroom, WhatsApp, and Zoom in understanding the content, improving the ability to use various digital platforms in learning, presenting more interesting teaching materials, selecting of Digital Platforms by English Language skill, and hindering of utilizing Digital Platform. Even though slow-speed internet connectivity, take longer, and vague learning instruction was considered to be barriers in using Digital Platforms. Besides, Zoom is a digital platform that appropriates for VIs; Zoom is a video conferencing learning platform that offers VIs an opportunity to respond in real-time and there is a recording system that records the learning process from start to finish.
ANALYZING LEARNERS’ IDENTITY AND DIFFERENCE THROUGH ENGLISH MEETING CLUB
Authors: Sirajuddin Suharti , Yahrif Muhammad
Published: January 2021

The article aims at finding out students’ learner identity and difference through English Club Meeting at Megarezky Universitas. This research investigated twenty members of English Club Meeting of Megarezky University (E-Comers) who come regularly and five respondents for interview. The method of this research is used observation, field note, and interview. The data collecting were analyzed by presented, analyzed, discussed and interpreted. The result of this research categorized four factors in order to understand learner identity, motivation, learning strategies, learner autonomy, and cross linguistic influence. In motivation, students are motivated due to the value of group community, students’ personal goal, and senior members’ role. While in learning strategies; coping and communication strategies are appeared on this research. Talking about learner autonomy, it is revealed that students’ control is the most effective strategies. So, it can be concluded that cross-linguistic influences students in English learning process. In conclusion, these four factors help teachers to understand students’ identity and difference. Every student has different motivation, learning strategies, students’ autonomy and cross-linguistic influence factors which English Meeting Club tends to accommodate students’ identity in one group activity.
INDONESIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ VISUAL LEARNING STYLE: LEARNERS’ AND TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Masela Maximeliana , Subekti Adaninggar Septi
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to investigate Indonesian undergraduate non-English department students' visual learning style and their and teachers' perspectives on the uses of visual aids to promote learning. It was conducted to fill the gap in the literature on the scarcity of empirical studies in the field of learning style in the Indonesian context despite the potentials of instruction accommodating learners' learning styles. 127 students participated in the study through a survey and descriptive analysis, this study found that the participants, in general, had a high level of visual learning style, suggesting that class instruction should provide visual media and activities reported to be effective by the participants. Four participants with the highest visual learning style levels along with three teachers of General English classes were interviewed. Through Thematic Analysis of the interview results, the study found that both the students and teachers reported that teachers used certain visual media for certain purposes, for example, pictures for brainstorming activities, videos for providing input for further discussions, and writing on the boards to explain grammar. Based on the findings, possible implications and contributions are mentioned along with limitations and possible future studies.
INVESTIGATING THE STUDENT-TEACHER TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCY FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING: DOES IT MATTER?
Authors: Anas Ismail , Akhmad Akhmad
Published: January 2021

The availability of technological tools, the Student and Teacher Technology Competency (STTC) are the essential considerations for the effective use of technology integration in ELT. However, these three aspects are closely interrelated as the key indicators of successful teaching English with technology.  This paper reports on the result of an investigation on STTC involving 6 English lecturers and 80 students across the multidisciplinary courses at a vocational higher education setting. The survey is concerned with four domains of technology competencies, they are 1) basic technology operation, 2) personal/ professional use of technology tools, 3) social, ethical, and human issues, and 4) application of technology in instruction (classroom and web-based technology in instruction). This study’s implications call for an inclusion of technological literacy skills in pre-service and in-service EFL teacher professional development programs and education.
PENERAPAN METODE CREATIVE LEARNING CYCLE PADA PEMBELAJARAN PEMROGRMAN BAGI SISWA SMP
Authors: ANGGRAINI DIAN , SEPTIANA ASYIFA IMANDA , SYAWANODYA INDIRA
Published: January 2021

Pelajaran pemrograman semestinya sudah diajarkan sejak dini. Untuk dapat mengajarkan pemrograman kepada siswa dibutuhkan usaha yang besar agar dapat diterima dan membuat siswa tertarik untuk mempelajari pemrograman. Pada penelitian ini, kami menyajikan model pembelajaran creative learning cycle untuk mendukung siswa dalam pembelajaran pemrograman. Model Creative Learning Cycle memiliki lima tahapan yang meliputi imagine, create, play, share, dan reflect, masing masing tahapan dapat membantu siswa dalam mengembangkan ide pemikiran yang kreatif dalam pemecahan masalah dan mampu memberikan solusi dari permasalahan tersebut sehingga dapat meningkatkan minat siswa dalam pembelajaran pemrograman. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa 76% siswa menyukai pembelajaran pemrograman, 71% siswa berpikir pemrograman mudah dimengerti dan 74% siswa bahkan ingin belajar pemrograman lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Creative Learning Cycle, Metode Pembelajaran, Pemrograman
PENGENALAN SISTEM ISYARAT BAHASA INDONESIA (SIBI) MENGGUNAKAN GRADIENT-CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: DARMATASIA DARMATASIA
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengenalan alfabet pada Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia (SIBI). Penelitian ini memiliki dua kontribusi utama,  Pertama dilakukan pengumpulan dataset alfabet SIBI. Kedua, pengenalan alfabet SIBI menggunakan algoritma Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Pada penelitian ini, citra masukan berupa alfabet bahasa isyarat pada lapisan input diberikan filter gradient agar bentuk objek menjadi lebih jelas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian filter pada lapisan input dapat meningkatkan akurasi pengenalan yaitu sekitar 85%. Citra masukan yang tidak difilter hanya memperoleh akurasi sebesar 25%. Akurasi terbaik yang diperoleh yaitu 98% dengan meningkatkan jumlah iterasi. Metode yang diusulkan juga diuji menggunakan tiga benchmark dataset. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan  bahwa metode yang diusulkan dapat meningkatkan akurasi pengenalan pada benchmark dataset yang memiliki background yang kompleks.Kata Kunci: Convolutional Neural Network; Gradient; Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia
IMPLEMENTASI METODE AHP DAN MOORA UNTUK PEMERINGKATAN EMARKETPLACE INDONESIA TAHUN 2020 KUARTAL KEDUA
Authors: YUNIANTO ERA , WIBOWO ARI PUTRA
Published: January 2021

Banyak pelaku usaha telah memanfaatkan emarketplace. Pemilihan emarketplace yang tepat sangat berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas bisnis. Dalam penelitian ini akan melakukan pemeringkatan emarketplace di Indonesia tahun 2020 kuartal kedua menggunakan metode AHP dan MOORA. Metode AHP digunakan untuk pembobotan kriteria, sedangkan metode MOORA digunakan untuk pemeringkatan alternatif. Dari hasil analisis data diperoleh bobot kriteria kualitas pelayanan (38,6%), bobot kualitas sistem (21%), bobot kualitas informasi (31,4%) dan bobot kualitas vendor (9,1%). Dari hasil pemeringkatan diperoleh nilai kinerja Shopee adalah 0,618, nilai kinerja Tokopedia adalah 0,568, dan nilai kinerja bukalapak adalah 0,542. dari nilai kinerja dapat disimpulkan bahwa Shopee merupakan alternatif terbaik dalam pemeringkatan emarketplace di Indonesia tahun 2020 kuartal kedua menggunakan metode AHP dan MOORA. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan rekomendasi bagi para pelaku usaha dalam memilih emarketplace sehingga berdampak terhadap profitabilitas bisnis. Kata Kunci: AHP, emarketplace, MOORA.
The Success of The Teaching Methods of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Engineering Education
Authors: Dadach Zin Eddine
Published: January 2021

Literature has shown that effective teachers have succeeded in making students feel good about school and learning, thus increasing student achievement. Moreover, students in an actively taught class do a better job of learning (memorizing) the material they are exposed to, compared to those in a passively taught section. The main goal of this paper is to show that the teaching methods of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) are successful tools for engineering education.  First, to fully deliver his message, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) addressed the hearts of followers to become the beloved one in order to inspire them to listen to his message. Secondly, in order to maximize the effects of his message, he used a type of speech that made his followers think during his educational methods. He utilized analogies and active learning strategies to enhance the imagination and curiosity of the listeners. As utilized by The Prophet (PBUH), the literature review highlights the use of analogies and active learning have a positive impact on both performance and the motivation of students to learn. Moreover, these teaching strategies engage students in higher thinking to be deeply involved in learning. From this perspective, the success of the utilization of the teaching methodology of our Beloved Teacher (PBUH) is demonstrated by the fact that the performance of thirty-eight (69%) students was higher in a process control course than the average performance in the department. Additionally, the results also show that the combined methodology, including analogies and active learning, increased the intrinsic motivation of twenty-two (40%) students.
Link and Match Program with Business and Industry (DU/DI) As An Effort for Placement of Graduates at SMK Muhammadiyah Delanggu
Authors: Khasanah Uswatun
Published: January 2021

This research is qualitative research with a case study approach. The data sources used were words and actions as well as written sources. The techniques of research subject collection were purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The data collection techniques chosen were observation, interview, documentation, and triangulations. Data validity testing techniques included triangulation of technical resources. The data were analyzed using interactive analysis techniques in the form of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing/ verification. Based on the research findings, the implementation of the link and match program starts from the preparation/ planning stage, the implementation of the teaching and learning process in schools and the cooperation with the industry, and the evaluation stage. The supporting factor for the link and match is the cooperation between the school and DU/DI. In addition, there are a positive responses from students, parents, DU/DI, and the government. There are wo inhibiting factors of the link and match, namely internal and external factors. The solutions used to overcome the problems that occurred are (a) the school always provides supplies and maximizes the practice unit; (b) the school tries to maximize the existing curriculum with work processes in industry so as not to deviate from the core competencies or basic competencies (KI/KD) determined by the Education Office.
Moderating Role of Job Satisfaction on The Relation between Participative Leadership Styles and Performance in a Petrochemical Company
Authors: Kahpi Heri Sapari , Khairusy Mirza Abdi , Abidin Zaenal , Salam Anis Fuad
Published: January 2021

The implementation of the participative leadership style has been positive on the increase in employee performance. However, how it works in an extraction and refining petrochemical-firm context is still elusive. This study investigates how a participatory leadership style may support employee performance as moderated by Job Satisfaction. Primary data from all 85 HRD employees in Cilegon Petrochemical Company is selected as a database. This study computes the relationships using the PLS-SEM procedure. This study proves that participative leadership style variables significantly influence employee performance. Job satisfaction has a significant positive effect on employee performance, and job satisfaction moderates the effect of participative leadership style on employee performance.
DEFINING THE CONCEPTS & APPROACHES IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE STUDIES
Authors: Asadpour Ali
Published: January 2021

Abstrak_ Makalah ini membahas arsitektur vernakular dalam hal konsep dan pendekatan dalam studi. Keragaman definisi, sikap, dan preferensi telah menghasilkan berbagai pendekatan dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Mengenali perbedaan ini dapat membantu untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang kondisi saat ini dan cakrawala masa depan dalam penelitian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini termasuk mengidentifikasi dan mengkategorikan pendekatan dominan terhadap arsitektur vernakular. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi lima kecenderungan yang dianggap arsitektur vernakular sebagai objek estetika, fenomena biologis (jenis dan evolusi), substansi material-fisik (penjelasan fisik), realitas budaya-sosiologis, dan akhirnya sebagai fenomena antropologis. Pendekatan-pendekatan ini merepresentasikan perpindahan dari dokumentasi ke interpretasi, objektivitas ke subjektivitas, dan primitif ke biasa dalam studi. Fenomenologi, hermeneutika, semiotik, studi gender, dan feminisme menetapkan cakrawala baru bagi penelitian arsitektur vernakular. Evolusi sikap dapat dijelaskan di bawah perubahan paradigma penelitian dari positivisme ke post-positivisme dan fenomenologi.Kata kunci: Arsitektur Vernakular; Desain Iklim; Budaya; Sosiologi; Tipologi. Abstract_ This paper addresses vernacular architecture in terms of concepts and approaches in studies. The diversity of definitions, attitudes, and preferences has led to a variety of approaches in recent decades. Recognizing these differences can help to obtain a deeper understanding of today's conditions and future horizons in research. The objectives of this study included identifying and categorizing the dominant approaches toward vernacular architecture. The research used a qualitative and descriptive method. The results identified five tendencies considered vernacular architecture as an object of aesthetics, a biological phenomenon (types and evolution), a material-physical substance (physical explanations), a cultural-sociological reality, and finally as an anthropological phenomenon. These approaches represented the movement from documentation to interpretation, objectivity to subjectivity, and primitive to ordinary in the studies. Phenomenology, hermeneutics, semiotics, gender studies, and feminism set new horizons for vernacular architectural research. The evolution of attitudes can be explained under the change in research paradigms from positivism to post-positivism and phenomenology.Keywords:  Vernacular Architecture; Climatic Design; Culture Sociology; Typology.