bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Active Compensation Technique for Large Reflector Antennas Based on Quadratic Curve Fitting
Authors: Zheng Tian-Xiang , Xiang Bin-Bin , Cui Han-Wei , Wang Wei , Lian Pei-Yuan , Lin Shang-Ming , Zhang Yang , Zhou Jian-Ping , Li Kai
Published: June 2024

Active reflectors are often used to compensate the surface distortion caused by environmental factors that degrade the electromagnetic performance of large high-frequency reflector antennas. This is crucial for maintaining high gain operation in antennas. A distortion compensation method for the active reflector of a large dual-reflector antenna is proposed. A relationship is established between the surface deformation and the optical path difference for the primary reflector by geometric optics. Subsequently, employing finite element analysis, a polynomial fitting approach is used to describe the impact of adjusting points on the reflector surface based on the coordinates of each node. By standardizing the positions of various panels on the reflector, the fitting ns can be applied to the reflector panels of similar shapes. Then, based on the distribution characteristics of the primary reflector panels, the adjustment equation for the actuators is derived by the influence matrix method. It can be used to determine the adjustment amount of actuators to reduce the rms of the optical path difference. And, the least squares method is employed to resolve the matrix equation. The example of a 110 m aperture dual-reflector antenna is carried out by finite element analysis and the proposed method. The results show that the optical path difference is reduced significantly at various elevation cases, which indicates that the proposed method is effective.
Advances in biodistribution of gold nanoparticles: the influence of size, surface charge, and route of administration
Authors: Sodipo Bashiru K , Kasim Mohammed Zainab
Published: June 2024

To improve the translational and clinical applications of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in medicine there is a need for better understanding of physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles in relation to the systemic parameters and in-vivo performance. This review presents the influence of physicochemical properties (surface charges and size) and route of administration on the biodistribution of GNPs. The role of protein corona (PC) (a unique biological identifier) as a barrier to biodistribution of GNPs, and the advances in engineered GNPs towards improving biodistribution are presented. Proteins can easily adsorb on charged (anionic and cationic) functionalized GNPs in circulation and shape the dynamics of their biodistribution. Non-ionic coatings such as PEG experience accelerated blood clearance (ABC) due to immunogenic response. While zwitterionic coatings provide stealth effects to formation of PC on the GNPs. GNPs with sizes less than 50 nm were found to circulate to several organs while the route of administration of the GNPs determines the serum protein that adsorbs on the nanoparticles.
Improving the seasonal forecast by utilizing the observed relationship between the Arctic Oscillation and Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature
Authors: Sim Ji-Han , Kwon MinHo , Jang Yeon-Soo , Kim Ha-Rim , Kim Ju Heon , Yang Gun-Hwan , Jeong Jee-Hoon , Kim Baek-Min
Published: June 2024

Although the seasonal prediction skill of climate models has improved significantly in recent decades, the prediction skill of the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the dominant climate mode over the Northern Hemisphere, remains poor. Additionally, the local representation of AO impacts has diverged from observations, which limits seasonal prediction skill of climate models. In this study, we attempted to improve prediction skill of surface air temperature (SAT) with two post-processing on dynamical model’s seasonal forecast: (1) correction of the AO impact on SAT pattern, and (2) correction of AO index (AOI). The first correction involved replacing the inaccurately simulated impact of AO on SAT with that observed. For the second correction, we employed a empirical prediction model of AOI based on multiple linear regression model based on three precursors: summer sea surface temperature, autumn sea-ice concentration, and autumn snow cover extent. The application of the first correction led to a decrease in prediction skills. However, a significant improvement in SAT prediction skills is achieved when both corrections are applied. The average correlation coefficients for the North America and Eurasian regions increased from 0.23 and 0.06 to 0.28 and 0.30, respectively.
Microplastics analysis in the gills and gastrointestinal tract of fishermen’s catch at Belawan River North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Nasution N , Tanjung M , Jumilawaty E
Published: June 2024

Microplastics produce from macro sized plastics which are degraded into particles size 0.1 – 5 mm. Fish ingest microplastics because their mistake for food, with microplastics sizes as the size of category plankton species which are the food supply for fish microplastics ingest to the digestive organ and the gills. The research was catching a total of 93 specimens of the fish Oreochromis mossambicus, Channa striata, Plotosus canius, Scatophagus argus and Lutjanus indicus in February 2023 at Belawan River. Microplastics isolation analysed in animals’ laboratory, faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara Indonesia. According to the results, there was three shapes of microplastics, fiber, fragments, and films. A total of 134 microplastics particles were 5 species of sample, O. mossambicus were 9.7 abundance of microplastics, C. striata were 3.6 abundance of microplastics, P. canius were 12 abundance of microplastics, S. argus were 6.0 abundance of microplastics and L. indicus were 4.3 abundance of microplastics . The colour of microplastics was found in 46 black, 32 green, 24 blue, 23 orange, 7 brown and 2 red.
The effect of chemically modified wood particles on the termite durability of sandwich particleboard from Cotylelobium melanoxylon and Gigantochloa pruriens
Authors: Iswanto A H , Tarmadi D , Subekti N , Yanti H , Cahyono T D , Syahidah  , Darwis A
Published: June 2024

The tropical region of Indonesia is a preferred habitat for termites. High humidity is very supportive of the growth of these organisms. The impact resulting from these conditions is the vulnerability to the durability of products made from lignocellulosic because this material is the main feed source for termites. Chemical modification treatment is needed in the manufacturing process to increase product durability. This study aims to analyze the resistance of sandwich particleboard to attack by subterranean termites due to chemical modification of the particles. The sample used in this study was chemically modified particleboard made of raru wood (Cotylelobium melanoxylon) particles and belangke bamboo (Gigantochloa pruriens) strand. Then the samples were fed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus) regarding SNI 01.7202-2006. Parameters observed included the percentage of termite weight loss and mortality. The results showed that sandwich particleboard, which was dominated by 80% bamboo and 20% raru wood with acid and alkaline treatment, was not resistant to subterranean termite attack. The weight loss value produced in this study ranged from 11.97 - 15.83%, included in the durable class IV classification. The higher concentration of acetic acid in particle immersion resulted in a decrease in the value of the board’s weight loss, and the opposite condition was experienced by panels with particle immersion treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
CO2 absorption using aqueous potassium carbonate (K2CO3) promoted by piperazine (PZ) in packed column reactor
Authors: Rambe H S , Irvan I , Trisakti B , bin Nur T , Cahyono M S , Aridito M N
Published: June 2024

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main contributor in gases that can reduce the heating value and the greenhouse effect on the atmosphere. Several CO2 absorption technologies can be used to reduce CO2 content. Chemical absorption have selectivity and a high absorption rate. This research will study the effect of the addition piperazine (PZ) into 30wt % potassium carbonate (K2CO3) at 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C, PZ (1, 3 and 5) % and absorbent flow rate (1, 1.5 and 2) L min−1. The research was conducted in packed column made of stainless steel with height 150 cm and a diameter 9.6 cm filled with packing-type raschig rings made of ceramic arranged randomly to expand the contact between gas and absorbent during CO2 absorption. The process is carried in counter-current, gas streamed at constant flow rate 50 L min−1 from the bottom and absorbent with composition K2CO3, PZ and distilled water streamed from top of column. CO2 loading and CO2 removal in the sample were determined by acid-base titration. The results showed 5% PZ CO2 loading 0.0664 mole CO2/mole K2CO3 and CO2 removal 92.7575% at operating conditions 50 °C and absorbent flow rate 2 L min−1. The addition 5% PZ can increase CO2 removal 16.9525%.
Fatty alcohols as sustainable compatibilizer agents for the compound of natural rubber/silica: The curing, rubberiness and tensile strength behaviours
Authors: Surya I , Siregar B , Khatami M , Sudibyo  , Abdul Khalil H. P. S.
Published: June 2024

Fatty alcohols are derived from palm oil production and, stearyl and lauryl alcohols are examples of them. The stearyl and lauryl alcohols have the potential to be used as rubber additives for the compounding and vulcanizing processes. These materials are relatively new as rubber additives and, they were added into silica-filled natural rubber (NR) compound. The aim of using them is to increase the grade of silica dispersion inside the NR matrix. Initially, the NR was filled by (precipitate) silica at 30 parts per hundred of NR, whilst the fatty alcohols were added into the silica-filled NR with variable concentrations from 1 to 4 phr, separately. The compounds of NR/silica/stearyl alcohol and NR/silica/lauryl alcohol have been vulcanised at 150 °C by implementing a semi-efficient rubber composition. From the vulcanization behaviour, it was observed that both fatty alcohols have the role of compatibilizer and plasticising agents for the compound of NR/silica. Those fatty alcohols decreased the viscousness but increased the curing rate index (CRI). The more concentration of fatty alcohols was supplied, the less viscousness and the higher the CRI. Those fatty alcohols also shifted the crosslinking level and tensile strength. It also observed that the break elongation or rubberiness has been shifted up. Tensile strength has been shifted to a maximal value with a 2 phr of stearyl alcohol or 3 phr of lauryl alcohol addition.
Physical, chemical, and thermal properties of branches mangrove wood of Bruguiera gymnorhiza during conversion into charcoal and charcoal briquette
Authors: Simatupang J , Nuryawan A , Risnasari I , Nur T B , Fatriasari W
Published: June 2024

This study investigated physical, chemical, and thermal properties of the branch’s mangrove wood of Bruguiera gymnorhiza during conversion into charcoal and charcoal briquette. Two types of the branches were wood only (WO) and wood with bark (WB). Physical property of moisture content (MC) dropped from 34.76% to 3.02% for WO and 33.71% to 6.46% for WB when the wood was converted into charcoal briquette. In chemical property, carbon dioxide increased up to more than 90% for both WO and WB samples when the branches wood experienced carbonization into charcoal. Thermal properties comprised of calorific value showed positive characteristics of the branches wood when they were converted into bioenergy such as charcoal and briquette charcoal. The calorific value (MJ/kg) increased from 16.33 to 29.57 and 28.08, respectively for WO and from 15.98 to 26.72 and 26.07, respectively for WB. All these values indicated that branches of mangrove wood originated from B. gymnorhiza were prospective to be developed as source of bioenergy, particularly in the form of charcoal and briquette charcoal.
Analysis of the role of local government in the prevention of environmental damage in Kuala Tanjung Industrial Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Arifin A , Fauzan I , Rosmery  , Rahmadani S
Published: June 2024

The development of active industrial areas in the production process of course produces waste that can damage the surrounding environment. Kuala Tanjung Village is a Priority Industrial Area based on Presidential Regulation Number 56 of 2018. A review of environmental impacts needs to be carried out. Active local government participation is needed, of course through regulation. This research aims to examine the efforts made by the Government of Batu Bara Regency to prevent environmental damage to the industrial area in Kuala Tanjung village. The research method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive type of research. While the data used are primary data and secondary data. The result showed that the Regional Government of Batubara Regency has Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2022 concerning the implementation of environmental protection and management. However, it is a pity that the regulation has just been issued, even though several companies have been operating for a long time. Furthermore, there are also programs and activities carried out, namely monitoring river water, routine monitoring of companies, and planting mangrove forests. The entire program is still limited to liquid waste, while air quality is far from being a concern. Coupled with the lack of budget allocations, the programs that are run are still very limited.
The low diversity of vegetation seedling and sapling threatening the tree existence at the university green space of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Authors: Ulfa M , Sulistiyono N , Fadhilla S , Tumangger N , Gultom A N , Saragih R H
Published: June 2024

University of Sumatera Utara (USU) located in the densely populated urban area and committed to maintain the vegetations of green space which are fundamental to the key indicator in green campus ranking. Green open spaces are a vital element in urban areas providing the comfortable-healthy spaces for urban communities and numerous of environmental services. Specifically, the quality of environmental services depends on the extensive of green spaces, climate characteristic, and existing vegetation as the natural element at the area. Vegetation analysis is the method to study the composition, structure, and form of plant communities that is a prerequisite for describing diverse ecological processes and dynamics of species community in a forest. This study aims to analyze the important value, diversity, evenness, and richness index of USU green space vegetation based on the growth levels from seedlings to trees. The sampling plot was quantified using 2% sampling intensity and positioned with a simple random method. Species name, individual and species number, diameter at breast height (DBH), and stand height were recorded in the designated plots and subplots for each life stage. This research documented 21 species belonging to 12 families at USU green space. Swietenia mahagoni was the dominant species at all growth level with the IVI of 141.07 % (trees), 144.21 % (poles), 133.33 % (saplings), and 135.37 % (seedlings). The species diversity of trees and poles was moderate (H’= 1.6 – 1.7), whereas of saplings and seedlings was low (H’= 0.6 – 0.7). Vegetation evenness at all growth levels was high (E= 0.6 – 1.0). The species richness of trees was identified as moderate (R= 3.5) and of seedlings, saplings, and poles was low (R= 0.2 – 2.5). The seedlings and saplings were inadequate indicating the poor regeneration threatening the tree existence at USU green space.
Ectoparasite infestation on cattle husbandry in oil palm plantation afdeling II, North Sumatra
Authors: Tanjung M , Purba F O
Published: June 2024

The occurrence of ectoparasite infestation in cattle contributes significantly to the success of cattle farming. A study on ectoparasite infestation in cattle (Bos sp.) was conducted in the oil palm plantation Afdeling II, Gunung Kataran Village, Tebing Tinggi Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra. The research aimed to determine the types, prevalence, and intensity of infestation in three cattle breeds (Madrasin, Limousin, and Simmental), with each breed consisting of 10 individuals. Ectoparasite samples were collected using two methods: sweeping with a net and manual inspection of the entire cattle body. The identified ectoparasite species included Boophilus microplus, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Culex sp., and Haemadipsa sp. The prevalence of ectoparasite infestation across the three breeds (Madrasin, Limousin, and Simmental) ranged from 80% to 100%, falling into the ‘usually-always’ category. The intensity of ectoparasite infestation across the three breeds ranged from 4.22 to 97.4, categorized as ‘light-heavy’. Musca domestica emerged as the most dominant ectoparasite species affecting the cattle in this study. The presence of ectoparasites was found to be significantly influenced by the cleanliness of the rearing environment.”
The distribution of Syzygium sp. and its potential use in green space of Universitas Sumatera Utara
Authors: Harahap M M , Ahmad A G , Ulfa M , Ginting I M , Wirabuana P Y A P
Published: June 2024

Syzygium sp. is one of the tree species that can be found in the green space at USU. This type is better known by the local name jambu-jambuan and belongs to the family Myrtaceae. Syzygium sp. is known for its various uses, such as medicine, fruit plants, building green spaces, etc. Research on the distribution and opportunities for the utilization of this species has never been carried out in the green space of the USU campus. This type has many benefits as well as the potential to be developed and studied further. Preliminary surveys show species are easy to find and scattered in several locations. The results of this study will be useful as initial data in managing campus green space, information on the use of this type, and a source of data for further research. Therefore, research on the potential species at USU needs to be done and studied further. This study used field observation techniques by visiting various locations. Field findings are described descriptively and cumulatively. The number of Syzygium sp. in the USU green space is estimated to be 451 individuals. It consists of 5 species, such as Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium myrtifolium, Syzygium polyanthum, and Syzygium cumini. They have many potential uses, such as food security, traditional medicine, biomass and carbon stock, green belts, and revegetation species.
Reproduction biology of mullet fish (Mugil dussumieri) found in Bandar Khalipah Waters Serdang Berdagai Regency, North Sumatera Province
Authors: Manurung V R , Yudhiwinata M A , Susetya I E , Khairunnisa
Published: June 2024

The Mullet fish (Mugil dussumieri) is one of the types of marine fish that is caught in waters Bandar Khalifah. This limited information reproductive aspects of Mugil dussumieri, such as sex ratio, gonad maturity level, gonad maturity index, fecundity, egg diameter, and gonad histology, that can be used as a guideline for the management of mullet resources to ensure sustainable utilization. This study was conducted from January to March 2023, and method used in this research was random purposive sampling. Fish samples were taken in 3 station is estuary, Pandang River and the coastal waters of Bandar Khalifah District, Serdang Berdagai Regency, North Sumatera Province, which was divided into 3 stations using a census sampling method. The total catch was sampled once a month for 3 months. The fishing gear used was a Gillnet with a mesh size of 1.5 cm. The data analysis included measurements of the samples, gonad maturity level, fecundity, and gonad histology. The reproductive results showed an unbalanced sex ratio of 1:3. The gonad maturity level of the mullet fish ranged from gonad maturity level I to gonad maturity level IV. The egg fecundity ranged from 963 to 129,311 eggs, and based on the egg diameter, the Mullet fish is classified as a partial spawner. These studies are crucial for obtaining information that can be used as a guideline for the management of Mugil dussumieri resources to ensure sustainable utilization.
Association Of Shorea Platyclados With Dominant Trees In Martelu Purba Nature Reserve
Authors: Rangkuti AB , Hartini KS , Peniwidiyanti  , Rangkuti RR , Ashari R , Ritonga FN , Pebriandi
Published: June 2024

Shorea platyclados, known to the public as Meranti Bukit, is one of the species whose existence S. platyclados Slooten ex Foxw. or what is known by the local name Meranti Bukit is a type of meranti tree that has fast growth and is recommended as a plant for forest and land rehabilitation activities. S. platyclados is threatened in nature and is included in the Near Threatened (NT) its category based on the IUCN Redlist. Conservation efforts are needed to better understand natural habitat conditions and increase the population of S. platyclados in nature with an ecological approach. An association is a common kind of community that is present in many places and occurs under similar circumstances.. Associations are characterized by having a similar floristic composition, having a uniform physiognomy, and their distribution having a unique habitat. Studies on plant associations around S. platyclados have yet to be revealed so a more in-depth ecological analysis is needed to determine the relationship between S. platyclados and other plants around it. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between S. platyclados and the dominant trees in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve area. Using the 2x2 Contingency Table, association analysis was performed on the primary constituent species with an IVI of ≥10%.. The results of the analysis of the type of association between S.platyclados and the dominant tree showed positive for Charcoal and Akhirsap species, while for Modang, Beringin, and Kemenyan species negative association.
Investigation of physical properties, antioxidant activity, and sensory attributes of cocoa drink with the addition of torch ginger flower (Etlingera elatior) and xanthan gum
Authors: Pamungkaningtyas F H , Leonardi R
Published: June 2024

Indonesia is one of top cacao beans producer globally. Other than chocolate, cocoa drink is one of the popular cocoa derivates. The cocoa beverage is usually produced by mixing ingredients such as cocoa powder, sugar, creamer, and stabilizer. Cocoa powder is a great source of antioxidant as it contains polyphenolic compounds. However, the bioactive compounds like polyphenols might decrease during the processing of cocoa drinks. This study aimed to investigate the effect of torch ginger or kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) and xanthan gum addition on the physical properties, antioxidant activity, and sensory attributes of cocoa drink. The addition of torch ginger flower powder increased the antioxidant activity of the cocoa drink, but decrease the pH of the cocoa drink and consumers’ acceptance of aroma and taste of the cocoa drink. The addition of xanthan gum at 0.09 g resulted in the increased total solubility and reduced the sedimentation of cocoa drink.
Potential of red edible oil as alternative energy: A study in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia
Authors: Thamrin M H , Nasution F A , Indainanto Y I , Safira C , Kholil S , al-Mujtahid N M
Published: June 2024

Innovation Development Red cooking oil as an alternative to ordinary cooking oil is considered to be a solution to overcome the problem of unstable cooking oil. The implementation policy carried out by the government in the plan to build a cooperative-based red cooking oil factory was found to have various challenges. The purpose of this research is to analyze the development policy of red cooking oil production in North Sumatra. The research method focuses on descriptive and in-depth data collection through literature analysis. The results show that red cooking oil is claimed to be healthier than palm cooking oil. The potential for red cooking oil production is very possible by looking at alternative energy to replace cooking oil. However, development priorities are highly dependent on policies that affect the contribution of cooking oil as an alternative energy. The Indonesian government’s efforts to place the province of North Sumatra as a pilot in developing policies to promote the production and use of red cooking oil involving cooperatives are expected as a form of local empowerment in improving community welfare.
Distribution of mercury contamination on paddy fields in various levels of soil depth in gold mine area at Sub-District Hutabargot, Mandailing Natal Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Syahril M , Rosmayati  , Rahmawati N
Published: June 2024

Unauthorised Gold Mining in Mandailing Natal Regency could serious problems for the environment and human health. It is because waste from the amalgamation process contains mercury released into the waterways that are irrigation sources. The main damage impact from the mercury waste released into irrigation canals would be seen on the paddy field. For this reason, it is necerssary to tests and studies to see the contaminated level of mercury on paddy fields. This research was conducted from June to July 2023 in Sub-District Hutabargot, Mandailing Natal Regency by took soil sampling in the 0-10 cm, 11-20 cm, 21-20 cm, 31-40 cm, 41-50 cm, 51-60 cm, 61-70 cm, 71-80 cm, 81-90 cm, and 91-100 cm on soil depth in 7 sampling points. The resulting study obtained at least 170 amalgamation points that the waste released into the waters. The mercury content on the paddy soil in Sub-District Hutabargot which is irrigation irrigated by amalgamation process exceeding the threshold. There is an increase of mercury content in the 30 cm soil depth and then decreases with increasing soil depth. For a depth of more than 60 cm, the mercury content on the paddy soil is under the threshold.
Distribution and source of contamination of heavy metal mercury at paddy field in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Triyanti V R , Rosmayati  , Basyuni M , Damanik R I M
Published: June 2024

Mandailing Natal Regency is administratively located in North Sumatera Province with 662,070 hectares width and a paddy field area of 40,051 hectares. Batang Gadis River stream is 180 KM long and became the source of livelihood for people in Mandailing Natal Regency as the source of drinking water, irrigation, and protein food source such as fish. Unlicensed Gold mining (PETI) occurred massively in Mandailing Natal Regency precisely at Sub-District Muara Sipongi, Sub-District Ulu Pungkut, Sub-District Huta Bargot, and Sub-District Naga Juang. The use of mercury for the amalgamation process in gold mining produces mercury waste which the run-off stream to the irrigation canals and at the end stream to Batang Gadis River Flow. This research conducted the distribution and source of contamination of heavy metal mercury at paddy fields in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The research was conducted to take soil sample analysis from paddy fields as much as 100 points from 20 paddy field locations near the amalgamation place or the water source for irrigation from Batang Gadis River that spread in five sub-districts. The soil sample analysis took for 25 cm depth. The results showed that the mercury concentration in all rice fields studied exceeded the quality standard threshold with the highest concentration found in Sub-District Naga Juang as much as 11.47 ppm followed by Sub-District Hutabargot with 10,77 ppm concentration. The factor that determines the paddy soil contamination by the mercury was the amalgamation waste which directly streams to irrigation canals compared with the paddy field with irrigation canals direct from the Batang Gadis River.
Analysis of local heritage tourism development strategy in Indonesia: Case study in Purbayan Village
Authors: Indainanto Y I , Saraan M I K , Julianto E N , Safira C , Saptiyono A , Thamrin M H
Published: June 2024

One of the tourist villages affected by the pandemic is Purbayan Village. As a historical and cultural heritage site with many historic buildings, Purbayan Village has become a tourist attraction in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study analyses the strategy for developing local heritage tourism through digital marketing to increase post-pandemic tourist visits to Purbayan Village. This study uses a qualitative descriptive methodology. Documentation and in-depth interviews with tourism managers in Kampung Purbayan, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia, were used as data collection techniques. Based on the study findings, tourism managers need to develop marketing tactics that use digital technology through digital marketing strategies. Tourists can easily access information about Purbayan Village by developing a Destination Management System integrated with the official website and social media, from preparing tourists for tours to booking tourist facilities and services. In addition, local heritage tourism can directly influence word-of-mouth marketing, with the quality and local authenticity of tourism substantially influencing promotion, quality, satisfaction, and loyalty. Overall, future research is important, considering practical insights and recommendations for policymakers and tourism practitioners and involving local communities in developing local heritage tourism, especially in rural areas.
Antifungal activity of yellow Chrysanthemum leaves (Chrysanthemum segetum) ethanol extract against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale
Authors: Keliat J M , Lestari D , Anggraini N , Azzahra N
Published: June 2024

Yellow chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum segetum) contain secondary metabolites that have potential as antifungals. This study aims to determine the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of yellow chrysanthemum leaves against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale. This research included sample collection, preparation of dry samples, characterization of dry samples, extraction by maceration method using 96% ethanol, phytochemical screening, and antifungal tests using the agar diffusion method, as well as a positive control of 2% ketoconazole against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale. The result is that ethanol extracts of yellow chrysanthemum leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract of yellow chrysanthemum leaves was 50 mg/ml with an inhibition diameter of 10.20 mm for Candida albicans and 9.86 mm for Pityrosporum ovale. Ethanol extracts of yellow chrysanthemum leaves have antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum ovale.
Impact of Industrial Estate Development on Infrastructure Sustainability in the Wijayakusuma Industrial Area, Semarang
Authors: Sunarti S , Tyas W P , Helmi M , Dewi L A , Medina N C
Published: June 2024

The trend of urbanization forms a sustainable urban urgency through the planning of land use and infrastructure. In fulfilling urban productivity, these plans are often fragmented. This phenomenon occurs surrounding the Wijayakusuma Industrial Area, Semarang City. As a generator/vibrant of the economy and surrounding area, industry coexists with uncontrolled and non-standard infrastructure. The research aims to analyze the impact of industrial development on the infrastructure sustainability within and surrounding the Wijayakusuma Industrial Area. The study used a qualitative approach with mapping techniques, document review, and in-depth interviews that were analyzed descriptively and spatially. The results show that the attractiveness and economic potential of the industry have a strong impact on increasing infrastructure needs. However, the authority for independent infrastructure planning has resulted in the industry only focusing on internal but has not considered the impact/system unity of the surrounding infrastructure, like slums, not-interconnected, and non-standard infrastructure so it is not sustainable. The novelty is an infrastructure impact solution considering vibrant concepts in industrial strategic areas, through the concept of handling existing infrastructure, alternative infrastructure provision, especially livable and sustainable housing for workers, increasing access through TOD/neighborhood units, also physical planning and control policies.
Willingness to Pay for Lusi Island Ecotourism Development and Mangrove Conservation
Authors: Santoso Eko Budi , Umilia Ema , Siswanto Vely Kukinul
Published: June 2024

Lusi Island is a small island formed from sedimentation at the estuary of the Porong River and has an area of 94 hectares on the border between Sidoarjo Regency and Pasuruan Regency. The mudflow dumped into the Porong River due to a mud volcano 15 years ago became the cause of the formation of the new island. The mangrove forest is one of the attractions of ecotourism on the island that could attract tourists. However, the determination of Lusi Island as a conservation area, and the increasing number of tourists do not damage the environmental sustainability of the island. Economic valuation could identify the interest and willingness of tourists to participate in preserving the mangrove forest on Lusi Island. The Contingent valuation approach is used to measure people’s preferences through direct interviews about how much respondents are willing to pay (WTP) to get an amenity and comfortable environment. The economic valuation method uses WTP (willingness to pay) as a technique for assessing the ability of tourists to contribute to the development of ecotourism. The results of this study become input in the development of ecotourism and mangrove conservation by considering the involvement of tourists in preserving Lusi Island.
Disaster Risk Reduction with Smart Flood Management in Kendal Watershed, Kendal Regency, Central Java Province
Authors: Pambudi R S , Sunarharum T M
Published: June 2024

Indonesia is prone to natural, non-natural, and social disasters due to its geographical, demographic, and sociological conditions. Based on the Indonesian Disaster Data (DIBI) dashboard of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), from 1815 to 2019, floods occurred more frequently than other disaster events, accounting for 30%, with the majority recorded in Central Java. Despite the government’s various efforts to mitigate floods, the trend indicates an increasing frequency and degree of severity every year. Moreover, disaster risk reduction remains unintegrated and relies on conventional methods, resulting in suboptimal flood risk reduction. To deal with this issue, the smart city concept that also comprises smart flood management (SFM) is being developed as a risk reduction measure. A smart city Smart city is an urban management system that integrates existing resources, including big data and ICT advances, to generate new ideas in addressing urban problems. In this study, a qualitative descriptive method was employed to evaluate the implementation of DRR strategies by comparing the contributing factors of flooding and existing flood risk reduction policies in the Kendal Watershed and then recommending appropriate solutions through smart flood management approach to lower the flood risk. With SFM, a smart city design was conceptually built by combining three components: infrastructure, technology, and collaboration. Local governments can incorporate this new design into flood disaster management in areas with similar characteristics.
Analysis of the Potential of Commercial Corridor Based on Consumer Movement Interactions in Central Jakarta
Authors: Syafitri R A W D , Trikurniawan G S , Rahma D A , Dhania A S , Nugraha K A
Published: June 2024

In the evolving landscape of modern commercial development, the potential of Jakarta’s shopping center corridors has emerged as a key area of interest. Consumer lifestyle behavior shifts, technological advancements, and design innovations have shaped new trends in the retail industry. The development of modern shopping centers has brought significant changes in consumer movement patterns in various metropolitan cities, including Central Jakarta. Utilizing empirical data from bustling shopping centers, the research employs the Huff and Gravity models to analyze consumer movement patterns. These models offer a nuanced understanding of how factors like accessibility, population density, and urban design influence consumer choices. The results show that ITC Roxy has the highest probability of consumer visits, while H. M. Saleh Ishak Street, Sutan Syahrir Street, Dr GSSJ Ratulangi Street, Menteng Raya Street, Kramat Kwitang Street, and Pasar Senen Street have the highest interaction volumes due to their proximity to arterial roads and collectors. The results reveal a significant shift in consumer movement behavior, driven by urban development and demographic changes, underscoring the urgency for adaptive commercial planning.
Education Deserts Mapping of Public Middle Schools in Bogor City: A Step Towards Educational Equity
Authors: Asnawi S , Dimyati M , Yusuf R
Published: June 2024

Limited access to educational resources, stemming from geographical remoteness and transportation challenges, creates education deserts that impede equitable access to quality education. Recognizing these education deserts is crucial for pinpointing areas where students may face academic setbacks and for crafting specific strategies to enhance educational accessibility. This research employs bivariate choropleth maps to delineate education deserts in public middle schools in Bogor City, Indonesia, integrating data on school accessibility and student demographics. The maps highlight education desert areas in the darkest shade, revealing the top five areas characterized by low school accessibility and high student demographics. The insights derived from mapping education deserts in Bogor City contribute to the development of targeted strategies, ensuring that all students, irrespective of their location or socioeconomic background, enjoy unimpeded access to high-quality education, thereby advancing educational equity.
The Effect of Land Cover Change on Urban Heat Island Phenomenon Based on Remote Sensing in Probolinggo City
Authors: Listyawati R N , Prasetiyo P , Alfiah R , Koesoemawati D J
Published: June 2024

Probolinggo City is located in East Java Province, Indonesia. Based on BPS data for the City of Probolinggo in 2023, it shows an increase in population growth rate of 1.7% annually. The development of the number and increase in the activity of the population of Probolinggo City certainly affects the increase in the number of built-up areas to meet human needs. An increase in the number of built-up land has led to changes in the environment and urban land use, characterized by declining air quality and global warming due to the increasing phenomenon of Urban Heat Island (UHI). This research was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of surface temperature and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon and the effect of land cover on the UHI phenomenon. The research was conducted using UHI analysis using the Landsat 8 OLI remote sensing approach to obtain surface temperature values and high-resolution aerial photographs through data extraction. Based on the data processing results carried out over five years in 2013, 2017, and 2022, it is known that high and very high temperatures dominate the surface temperature of Probolinggo City. In addition, there is an effect of land cover on surface temperature based on the results of a simple linear regression analysis.
How Carrying Capacity and Water Storage Capacity Are Doing Right Now in Mojokerto City ?
Authors: Idajati Hertiari , Umilia Ema , Firmansyah Fendy
Published: June 2024

Water provision, a fundamental need of civilization, is necessary to balance population expansion in cities. Clean water supply is impacted by the deterioration of the environment brought on by the effects of civilization. As a result, it’s critical to understand how a region’s water availability and water demand combine to form its carrying capacity and capacity. This study aims to assess the capacity for carrying as well as the availability of clean water in Mojokerto City, Indonesia, which is situated in East Java. This study employs a technique whereby the connections between natural cycles are strengthened into mathematical modelling, which is then distributed utilising a grid system approach using ArcGis. The information used is secondary data, which contains both spatial (land cover and ecoregion) and non-spatial (population, index of environmental services for water suppliers, and average per capita water demand) information. With a total supply of 61,997,308.31 m3/year and a population of 133,303 according to the grid system, the study’ findings indicate that the City of Mojokerto generally has a status that has been exceeded or has a water deficit. The required amount of water is therefore 21,939,093 m3/year. The amount of clean water needed by the city of Mojokerto has therefore been exceeded by 40,058,215 m3/year.
Analysis of the Influence of Peatlands on the Development of the Palangka Raya Urban Area
Authors: Budianto Vallery , Permana Indrawan , Susi Theresia
Published: June 2024

Palangka Raya City has been designated the National Activity Center for the Central Kalimantan Province, resulting in a 2.24% increase in the city’s population growth rate. As a consequence, the demand for housing has surged, leading to a reduction in peat land. Peatlands are vital for carbon storage, water system support, and biodiversity preservation. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the impact of projected urban development on peatlands. The Cellular Automata method, a spatially discrete dynamic system of regular cells with processing time at each different stage, was used to calculate this impact. According to the two CA approaches, bushland might be converted into residential land, while the driving factor approach suggests that the rate of residential development is at 74.48%. Unfortunately, peatland in Jekan Raya, Sabangau, and Pahandut sub-districts has significantly reduced. Therefore, implementing a peatland protection scheme is necessary to prevent urban area development from diminishing the environmental value of Palangka Raya City.
Improving the wear performance of TC6 Titanium alloy by ion nitriding treatment
Authors: Liu Haitao , Li Tao , He Ruijun , Gao Guangrui , Zhang Qingrong , Si Chaorun
Published: June 2024

TC6 titanium alloy, also known as Ti-6Al-1.5Cr-2.5Mo, is one of the most widely used titanium alloys in the aerospace industry due to its high specific strength, corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties. However, its poor wear resistance limits its application in some situations, such as aircraft actuators. To improve its wear resistance, this paper performs ion nitriding treatment on TC6 titanium alloy for aircraft cylinder and studies its wear performance. The ion nitriding test is conducted for 16 h at 820 °C using a bell-type titanium alloy ion nitriding furnace. The nitrided specimen is divided into three parts: nitrided layer, diffusion layer, and substrate layer. The nitrided layer was 4.11 μm thick and consisted of TiN and Ti2N phases. The diffusion layer was 13.69 μm thick and mainly composed of a gap solid solution formed by N element solid dissolved in α-Ti. After nitriding, the surface hardness of the specimen increased to 1105.2 HV, which is 2.37 times higher than that of the matrix. The hardness-affected layer is about 200 μm thick. The wear rate is reduced by 99.78% compared with that of the matrix, indicating that ionic nitriding greatly improves the wear resistance of TC6 titanium alloy. The wear mechanism of the nitriding specimen differs from that of the matrix, mainly due to abrasive wear, while the wear mechanism of the matrix is a combination of adhesive wear and abrasive wear.
Proof of some Littlewood identities conjectured by Lee, Rains and Warnaar
Authors: Albion Seamus
Published: June 2024

We prove a novel pair of Littlewood identities for Schur functions, recently conjectured by Lee, Rains and Warnaar in the Macdonald case, in which the sum is over partitions with empty 2-core. As a byproduct we obtain a new Littlewood identity in the spirit of Littlewood’s original formulae.
Dogwhistles as a semantic/pragmatic phenomenon
Authors: Henderson Robert , McCready Elin
Published: June 2024

This chapter situates dogwhistles within the prior literature in semantics, and especially pragmatics. We interrogate the naive, folk-definition of dogwhistles—expressions that send one message to an in-group, while sending a second, often taboo message to an out-group—in order to understand what kinds of messages these are, how a speaker comes to send them, and how they can be received. In doing so, we also consider previous approaches to dogwhistles, which vary quite substantially in how the meaning of dogwhistles is distributed across semantic and pragmatic components, how and what aspects of dogwhistles are conventionalized, and in the inventory and typology of various kinds of dogwhistles they assume. In working our way through this previous literature, we stake out our own position on the issues raised in the previously literature. The overarching picture we come to is that at its heart, dogwhistles involve social meaning, a unique, non-propositional category of meaning over which pragmatic inferences can still be made.
Dogwhistles and trust
Authors: Henderson Robert , McCready Elin
Published: June 2024

Why should listeners ever trust a speaker whose utterances are not truth-tracking? It may seem to be irrational, yet there are many examples, especially in the political sphere. This chapter uses the tools presented in this book so far, augmented with existing work on reliability and trust, to address this puzzle in three parts. First we spell out and contextualize the starting puzzle in a theory of source evaluation based on interactional histories and heuristics for judgments of reliability (McCready 2015). We then build a theory of how ideological considerations are valued alongside truth-conditional content. This is then used together with temperature parameters on truth-conditional content and social meaning to model the degree to which each is valued in particular contexts.
Roman Tolerance?
Authors: Atkins Jed W
Published: June 2024

Chapter 1 explores whether tolerance existed in pre-Christian Rome and considers the shortcomings of arguments that Rome was an inherently tolerant regime because of its imperial extent or its polytheistic religion. Drawing on recent scholarship criticizing the necessary connection between religion and violence in the ancient Roman world, I argue that polytheism no more inclined Rome to tolerance than its decentralized imperial administration. The deepest threat to religious tolerance comes not from religion per se but from a dualism that divides the world into darkness and light—“us” vs. “them.” This dualism may be encouraged or resisted by both religious and non-religious traditions. Analyses of Roman treatments of Christians and Jews show that values other than tolerance promoted peaceful coexistence. We also see how elite Romans viewed patience, a highly ambiguous and limited value whose instability the rival traditions of Stoicism and Christianity sought to address.
Tolerance in Augustine’s City of God
Authors: Atkins Jed W
Published: June 2024

Chapter 7 considers Augustine’s major work City of God, which relates his account of tolerance as a species of patient endurance to his commitment to political pluralism. For Augustine, tolerance is a secular virtue characteristic of “this age” in which people of different comprehensive beliefs, goals, and destinies intermingle. As in the thought of his North African predecessors, tolerance is mutually supported by the virtues of humility, love, hope, and compassion. It is made possible by a limited and restrained political judgment, and in turn, it makes possible openness to others. The chapter illuminates the virtue of tolerance by paying special attention to Augustine’s handling of Stoicism.