bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual and group‐level job resources and their relationships with individual work engagement
Authors: Füllemann Désirée , Brauchli Rebecca , Jenny Gregor J. , Bauer Georg F.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

This study adds a multilevel perspective to the well‐researched individual‐level relationship between job resources and work engagement. In addition, we explored whether individual job resources cluster within work groups because of a shared psychosocial environment and investigated whether a resource‐rich psychosocial work group environment is beneficial for employee engagement over and above the beneficial effect of individual job resources and independent of their variability within groups.

Methods

Data of 1,219 employees nested in 103 work groups were obtained from a baseline employee survey of a large stress management intervention project implemented in six medium and large‐sized organizations in diverse sectors. A variety of important job resources were assessed and grouped to an overall job resource factor with three subfactors (manager behavior, peer behavior, and task‐related resources). Data were analyzed using multilevel random coefficient modeling.

Results

The results indicated that job resources cluster within work groups and can be aggregated to a group‐level job resources construct. However, a resource‐rich environment, indicated by high group‐level job resources, did not additionally benefit employee work engagement but on the contrary, was negatively related to it.

Conclusions

On the basis of this unexpected result, replication studies are encouraged and suggestions for future studies on possible underlying within‐group processes are discussed. The study supports the presumed value of integrating work group as a relevant psychosocial environment into the motivational process and indicates a need to further investigate emergent processes involved in aggregation procedures across levels.
Data-oriented parsing with discontinuous constituents and function tags
Authors: Van Cranenburgh Andreas , Scha Remko , Bod Rens
Published: April 2016

Statistical parsers are e ective but are typically limited to producing projective dependencies or constituents. On the other hand, linguisti- cally rich parsers recognize non-local relations and analyze both form and function phenomena but rely on extensive manual grammar development. We combine advantages of the two by building a statistical parser that produces richer analyses. We investigate new techniques to implement treebank-based parsers that allow for discontinuous constituents. We present two systems. One system is based on a string-rewriting Linear Context-Free Rewriting System (LCFRS), while using a Probabilistic Discontinuous Tree Substitution Grammar (PDTSG) to improve disambiguation performance. Another system encodes the discontinuities in the labels of phrase structure trees, allowing for efficient context-free grammar parsing.The two systems demonstrate that tree fragments as used in tree-substitution grammar improve disambiguation performance while capturing non-local relations on an as-needed basis. Additionally, we present results of models that produce function tags, resulting in a more linguistically adequate model of the data. We report substantial accuracy improvements in discontinuous parsing for German, English, and Dutch, including results on spoken Dutch.
ZeuScansion: A tool for scansion of English poetry
Authors: Agirrezabal Manex , Astigarraga Aitzol , Arrieta Bertol , Hulden Mans
Published: April 2016

We present a finite state technology based system capable of performing metrical scansion of verse written in English. Scansion is the traditional task of analyzing the lines of a poem, marking the stressed and non-stressed elements, and dividing the line into metrical feet. The system's workflow is composed of several subtasks designed around finite state machines that analyze verse by performing tokenization, part of speech tagging, stress placement, and unknown word stress pattern guessing. The scanner also classifies its input according to the predominant type of metrical foot found. We also present a brief evaluation of the system using a gold standard corpus of human-scanned verse, on which a per-syllable accuracy of 86.78% is reached. The program uses open-source components and is released under the GNU GPL license.
Estudios sobre la Primera Guerra Mundial en América Latina. Una mirada comparada
Authors: Ramírez Bacca Renzo
Published: April 2016

El autor ofrece un estudio comparado sobre los vacíos y tendencias historiográficas latinoamericanas en torno a la Primera Guerra Mundial —PGM— a partir de las siguientes preguntas: ¿cómo entender dichas tendencias? y ¿cuáles líneas de investigación son las más representativas? El texto tiene en cuenta los casos de los países andinos —Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Bolivia—, el Cono Sur —Argentina, Chile y Uruguay—, y México. Adicionalmente, incluye las tendencias latinoamericanistas y comparadas de los estudios sobre la guerra realizada por historiadores europeos y norteamericanos.
FREI MONTALVA: SU VISIÓN DEL GOLPE DE ESTADO DEL 73
Authors: Schmal Simón Rodolfo , Ruiz Valdés Reinaldo
Published: April 2016

En noviembre de 1973 Eduardo Frei Montalva, ex-Presidente de Chile entre los años 1964 y 1970, envió una carta a Mariano Rumor, ex–Primer Ministro de Italia, en que describe su pensamiento frente al Golpe de Estado acontecido en el país dos meses antes. Este artículo analiza la carta y los fundamentos de su alegato que buscó justificar un régimen que desde sus inicios se instaló como el más brutal en la historia de Chile. Finalmente se extraen conclusiones que explican el nacimiento de una coalición conformada por quienes menos de 20 años antes sostenían posiciones políticas irreconciliables.
Adopting Ecodesign Management Systems in the construction sector. Analysis from the perspective of stakeholders
Authors: Landeta-Manzano Beñat , Arana-Landín Germán , Ruiz de Arbulo Patxi , Diaz de Basurto Pablo
Published: April 2016

In order to analyze the main reasons, the adoption process, outcomes and satisfaction obtained by the architecture firms and other actors involved in the process of adopting the ISO 14006 eco-design standard, we developed a qualitative research using a Delphi type methodology, based on the results of a previous multiple case study research conducted with nine architecture firms. Among the main results, it should be highlighted the difficulties faced by architecture firms to obtain environmental information of raw materials, the poor recognition given by the client to environmental aspects compared with costs and the limited role of government supporting eco-design adoption, increasing the level of requirements of environmental legislation, and taking into account environmental issues in public tenders. It is also noteworthy the main stakeholders involved in the adoption and certification process of the ISO 14006 have demonstrated a medium or medium-high level of satisfaction.
Electromagnetic Measurements for Monitoring Molybdenum Contamination in Near-Surface Survey
Authors: Kanli Ali Ismet , Neducza Boriszlav
Published: April 2016

We carried out electromagnetic measurements in the vicinity of the near surface molybdenum contamination observed in the “Blue Lagoon” plum located in the north-east of Hungary. The aim of the investigation was to find the origin of the molybdenum pollution, situated in the area, which could be a container or other infrastructure leading to the source of contamination. The field study was conducted in two stages. In the first phase, we gathered electromagnetic data by using GEM-2 type equipment. We derived conductivity and susceptibility maps for each acquired frequency from the electromagnetic data. In the second stage of the field study, GPR data were obtained from 50 MHZ and 450 MHz antennas. In the GPR measurements, we gathered detailed information from GPR depth slices from very shallow depth ranges to deeper parts of the investigated area (from 50cm to 8 m depths). In all results from the measurements executed by the GEM-2 and (50 MHZ and 450 MHz) GPR equipment, there are several clear anomalies are observed in the data for the distribution of molybdenum contamination. Although there are several contaminated zones observed, no clear evidence of the source of contamination was found in the vicinity of the molybdenum pollution peak. 

 

 

Mediciones Electromagnéticas para Rastrear la Contaminación de Molibdeno en un Estudio de Superficies

Resumen
En este estudio se llevaron a cabo mediciones electromagnéticas en las inmediaciones de un foco de contaminación de molibdeno hallado en el "Blue Lagoon", al noreste de Hungría. El propósito de la investigación fue encontrar el origen de la contaminación de molibdeno, detectada en el área, y que podría ser el contenedor u otra infraestructura que lleve a la fuente de polución. El trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo en dos partes. En la primera fase se reunió la información electromagnética a través del equipo GEM-2. De esta forma se obtuvieron mapas de conductividad y susceptibilidad para cada frecuencia adquirida de la información electromagnética. En la segunda fase del estudio de campo se obtuvieron datos del radar de penetración terrestre (GPR, en inglés) con antenas de 50 y de 450 megahercios (MHZ). En las mediciones GPR se recopiló información detallada de las muestras de penetración en un rango desde la superficie a la profundidad en el área de estudio (desde 50 cm a 8 m de profundidad). En todos los resultados de las medidas hechas con los equipos GEM-2 y GPR se encontraron varias anomalías en la distribución de datos de la contaminación por molibdeno. A pesar de que se observaron varias zonas contaminadas, no hay evidencia clara de la fuente de polución encontrada alrededor del pico de contaminación por molibdeno.
La Comisión Corográfica colombiana y la Mission Héliographique francesa: dos empresas nacionales a luz del positivismo del siglo XIX
Authors: Uribe Hanabergh Verónica
Published: April 2016

Este artículo hace una comparación entre la Comisión Corográfica colombiana y la Mission Héliographique francesa, entendidas como dos empresas estatales que se apoyaron en componentes visuales y estéticos imprescindibles para entender sus objetivos. Estos dos proyectos, vistos a la luz del positivismo del siglo XIX, pretendían hacer un inventario de su país con base en la geografía y la arquitectura, respectivamente, como elementos principales del paisaje que permitirían la construcción de la nación moderna. Las imágenes, elementos de registro y de poder, son asumidas aquí como el eslabón fundamental para entender la coincidencia del nacimiento de ambas empresas en un mismo momento, con propósitos similares y con resultados diferentes.
Expansions of completely simple semigroups
Authors: Billhardt B.
Published: April 2016

For any completely simple semigroup C a regular expansion S(C) is constructed which is the Birget-Rhodes prefix expansion CPr if C is a group [6]. We show that our construction generalizes two important features of CPr. Moreover we embed S (C) into a restricted semidirect product of a semilattice by C and investigate the relationship to the expansion P(C), introduced by Meakin [14].
A factorization of dual prehomomorphisms and expansions of inverse semigroups
Authors: Billhardt B.
Published: April 2016

For any inverse semigroup S we construct an inverse semigroup S(S), which has the following universal property with respect to dual prehomomorphisms from S: there is an injective dual prehomomorphism ιS: S → S(S) such that for each dual prehomomorphism θ from S into an inverse semigroup T there exists a unique homomorphism θ* : S(S) → T with ιSθ* = θ. If we restrict the class of dual prehomomorphisms under consideration to order preserving ones, S(S) may be replaced by a certain homomorphic image Ŝ(S) which can be viewed as a natural generalization of the Birget-Rhodes prefix expansion for groups [4] to inverse semigroups. Recently, Lawson, Margolis and Steinberg [8] have given an alternative description of Ŝ(S) which is based on O’Carroll’s theory of idempotent pure congruences [11]. It should be noted that our ideas can be used to simplify some of their arguments.
A concrete upper bound in the uniform law of the iterated logarithm
Authors: Fukuyama K.
Published: April 2016

Kaufman and Philipp [6] and Dhompongsa [3] proved a uniform law of the iterated logarithm for ∑f(nkt). In this paper, we give a concrete upper bound for these results. Our bound is best possible in some cases.
Dependence rate of equiconvergence on the module of continuity of potential of the Sturm-Liouville operator
Authors: Kurbanov V. M.
Published: April 2016

In this paper we consider the problem of local uniform equiconvergence with trigonometric series of orthogonal expansions in a system of eigenfunctions of the Sturm-Liouville operator with real potential q(x) ∈ L1(0, 1), for the function f(x) from the classes W11 (0, 1) and W1r (0, 1) (r ≧ 1), f(0) = f(1) = 0. Rate of equiconvergence on every compact subset of (0, 1) is established. Rate of equiconvergence depends on the module of continuity of potential.
Non-Target Screening Method for the Identification of Persistent and Emerging Organic Contaminants in Seafood and Sediment from Jakarta Bay
Authors: Dwiyitno Dwiyitno , Dsikowitzky Larissa , Andarwulan Nuri , Irianto Hari Eko , Lioe Hanifah Nuryani , Ariyani Farida , Schwarzbauer Jan
Published: April 2016

Identification of persistent and emerging organic contaminants in green mussels (Perna viridis), various fishes, banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) and sediment samples from Jakarta Bay has been employed. A non-target GC-MS screening approach has identified more than 60 individual organic compounds from the whole fractions either non-polar, semi-polar or acidic-polar compounds. The substances comprised as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane) and its metabolites as well as high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs). Noteworthy, a number of emerging contaminants detected in the present study have never been reported previously either from the same location or from Asian waters. They include some priority contaminants of non-persistence halogens and emission of technical products, such as di-iso-propylnaphthalenes (DIPNs) dichlorobenzene (DCB), dichlorodiphenyl chloroethene (DDMU) and phenylmethoxynaphthalene (PMN). In general, the concentration order of the priority organic contaminants was sediment > green mussel > fishes > shrimp. Further analysis based on the spatial distribution, individual concentrations and bioavailability suggested that some contaminants are applicable as molecular marker for the assessment of anthropogenic emission in Jakarta Bay, i.e. DIPNs, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), phenylmethoxynaphthalene (PMN), PAHs, dichlorobenzene, DDT and its metabolites.
Lost in Limbo: An Exploratory Study of Homeless Mothers' Experiences and Needs at Emergency Assistance Hotels
Authors: Thomas Kristie A. , So Marvin
Published: April 2016

Increases in family homelessness have led several states to use hotels and motels as shelters. Except for investigations into “welfare hotels” of the 1980s, research on this practice is largely nonexistent. This study explored the experience of living in an emergency assistance hotel through in-depth interviews with 10 homeless mothers, triangulated with proximity analyses of the walking distance and public transit time between emergency assistance hotels in Massachusetts (n = 49) and 6 basic need types. Four themes emerged from interviews: living in limbo, profound isolation, role conflict, and immense difficulty meeting basic needs—which proximity analyses further illustrated. Findings suggest the need for systems to consider homeless families' mobility barriers and assess the built environment around hotels used to shelter families.
Practicalities of risk assessment for supervising engineers
Authors: Peters Anthea , Brown Alan
Published: April 2016

This paper aims to demystify risk assessment, and shows how panel engineers can use risk-assessment techniques in the process of assessing the safety of a dam; in fact, how we all use risk-assessment techniques in our everyday lives. It focuses on the value of risk assessment to a supervising engineer, as well as the value a supervising engineer should add to the risk-assessment process.
Synthesis of novel vinyl ester from biobased phloroglucinol
Authors: Jaillet Fanny , Nouailhas Hélène , Boutevin Bernard , Caillol Sylvain
Published: April 2016

For the first time a vinyl ester network was synthesized from biobased phloroglucinol. Phloroglucinol is a biobased phenol extracted from phlorotannins found in brown algae such as kelps and rockweeds or sargassacean species. Phloroglucinol has an interesting chemical structure with an aromatic ring and three phenol functions. In this study, phloroglucinol was epoxidized with epichlorohydrin in a first step and then methacrylated with methacrylic acid in a second step. Finally, methacrylated phloroglucinol was copolymerized with styrene by free radical copolymerization. The copolymerization with styrene led to a vinyl ester material. This material was characterized and presents high thermal stability and thermomechanical properties. The glass transition temperature value of the obtained material (165°C) is higher than that of bisphenol A (BPA)-derived vinyl esters (135°C). Most vinyl ester materials are synthesized from BPA, which is a very toxic substance. Therefore, phloroglucinol could interestingly be a possible substitute for BPA in such thermoset networks for composites.
SAJSM 1983 No.2
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

SAJSM 1983 No.2
SAJSM 1992 No.1
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

SAJSM 1992 No.1
SAJSM 1999 No.1
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

SAJSM 1999 No.1
Pre-to-post race changes in self-reported depression scores in ultra-distance triathletes - a pilot study
Authors: Harrison AM , Yaldoo DT , Fiesler CM , Connor JT
Published: April 2016

SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 11-16
Causes of extreme fatigue in underperforming athletes - a synthesis of recent hypotheses and reviews
Authors: Robson-Ansley PJ , Lakier Smith L
Published: April 2016

The underperformance syndrome (UPS), previously known as the overtraining syndrome (OTS), has been defined as a persistent decrement in athletic performance capacity despite 2 weeks of relative rest. Clinical research has suggested that cytokines play a key role in fatigue in disease and chronic fatigue syndrome. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that exogenous administration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases the sensation of fatigue during exercise. In light of current cytokine and chronic fatigue syndrome research, this article reviews and updates the cytokine theories that attempt to explain the aetiology of the debilitating fatigue experienced in OTS/UPS. Initially, it was proposed that UPS may be caused by excessive cytokine release during and following exercise, causing a chronic inflammatory state and ‘cytokine sickness'. More recently, the hypothesis was extended and it was proposed that time-dependent sensitisation could provide a model through which the aetiology of UPS may be explained. According to this model, the principal abnormal factor in UPS is an intolerance/heightened sensitivity to IL-6 during exercise. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 108-114
The misuse of science
Authors: Lambert M
Published: April 2016

The misuse of science
Physical profiles of elite male field hockey and soccer players - application to sport-specific tests
Authors: Durandt JJ , Evans JP , Revington P , Temple-Jones A , Lamberts RP
Published: April 2016

Background. The physical demands of field hockey and soccer, based on match analysis, are comparable. As a consequence many exercise scientists and coaches have started to use the same type of field tests for hockey and soccer for the purposes of talent identification and training prescription. The validity of this practice is unknown and the data supporting the similarity of the physical attributes of soccer and hockey players are lacking. Objectives. To compare the physical attributes of elite South African hockey and soccer players. Methods. Elite hockey players (N=39: 22±3 years; mean ± standard deviation) and soccer players (N=37; 24±4 years) completed a set of physical tests including a 10 m and 40 m sprint test, a repeated sprint test (sprint fatigue resistance), a 1RM bench press and a push-up test. Results. There were no differences in the 10 m (1.8±0.1 s both groups) and 40 m (5.4±0.2 s v. 5.3±0.2 s; hockey v. soccer) sprint times and distance run in the repeated sprint test (754±14 m v. 734±51 m). The hockey players were stronger (82±16 v. 65±13 kg) and did more push-ups (49±12 v. 38±10 push-ups) than the soccer players. Conclusions. It is acceptable to use the same type of sport-specific tests to measure sprint capacity and sprint fatigue resistance for hockey and soccer players. However, it is questionable whether the normative data derived for upper body strength for soccer players are relevant for hockey players, and vice versa. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (3) 2007: pp. 74-78
Psychological preparation of the 2004 South African Olympic team
Authors: Gahwiler C
Published: April 2016

Background. The 2004 Athens Olympics represented the greatest opportunity for psychological preparation yet afforded a multicode South African team. A coordinating psychologist was appointed a year before the event, with access to financial and other resources. Aim. The purposes of this paper are fourfold: (i) to describe a 5-stage model used for the psychological preparation of the 2004 South African Olympic team; (ii) to report on the athletes and their management teams’ perceptions of its efficacy; (iii) to describe the perceived positive and negative determinants of these same subjects’ state of mind at the Olympics; and (iv) to make recommendations for the existing model’s further improvement. Results. The psychological preparation was well received, with almost all athletes and coaches requesting an expansion thereof in the future. Recommendations are made for the model’s improvement, particularly for its ongoing implementation throughout the 4-year Olympic cycle
Sources of variance and reliability of objectively monitored physical activity in rural and urban Northern Sotho-speaking blacks
Authors: Cook I , Lambert EV
Published: April 2016

Objectives. We investigated the sources of variance and reliability in an objective measure of physical activity for a 14- hour and 4-day monitoring period. Design. A convenience sample of rural (N=31) and urban (N=30) adult, Northern Sotho-speaking blacks was recruited. Physical activity was assessed for 8 consecutive days using a uni-axial accelerometer. Physical activity indices were total counts, average counts, inactivity (
Profile of medical and injury consultations of Team South Africa during the XXVIIIth Olympiad, Athens 2004
Authors: Derman WE
Published: April 2016

Objective. This descriptive study was undertaken to document the nature of medical and injury consultations of the athletes and officials of the South African Team at the 2004 Olympic Games, and to provide data for planning future events. Setting. South African medical facility, 2004 Olympic Games, Athens, Greece. Methods. Total number of consultations and diagnoses were ascertained from medical logs and patient files which were completed daily by the members of the medical team. A retrospective clinical audit of medical records was then undertaken and the data were then compared with similar data collected during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Acute and chronic-soft tissue (muscle strain, ligament sprain, tendon injury, contusion or laceration) and bony injury were analysed in terms of nature of injury, grading of severity and anatomical region injured. Main outcome measures. Number of consultations due to medical complaints or injuries among athletes and officials. Results. A total of 180 medical consultations were logged during the time in Athens while 348 consultations were logged in Sydney. The daily consultation rate was 6 per day in Athens compared with 13 per day in Sydney. In Athens, 84% of consultations were with athletes and the remainder (16%) with officials – this was similar to Sydney. The most common medical complaints in Athens were dermatological (16%), ENT (13%), and respiratory (8%) in nature, which contrasts with the profile of consultations in Sydney (ENT 18%; neurological system 16% and respiratory 16%). Acute injury and chronic injury accounted for 26% and 14% of consultations respectively. In Athens, the most common acute and chronic injuries were soft-tissue injuries. The most common acute injury regions were the foot and ankle (25%), upper leg (17%) and knee (17%). A total 77% of acute injuries were grade I, 17% grade II and 6% grade III in severity. The most common chronic injury regions were foot and ankle (32%), lumbar spine (32%), and shoulder (11%). These injury profiles were similar to those documented in Sydney 2000. Conclusions. Injury and illness complaints of the South African team were fewer in Athens 2004 compared with those documented during Sydney 2000. This can be attributed to local environmental conditions and travel across time zones. These data should be useful for planning medical services for future multicoded events. The analysis of the nature of consultations suggests that it should be a prerequisite for physicians travelling with a multi-coded events team to have broad knowledge of both medical and injury management of athletes. Specifically, a sound knowledge of the management of soft-tissue injury is an important prerequisite for the personnel of the medical team. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (3) 2008: pp. 72-76
BokSmart: Preventive rehabilitation for rugby injuries to the lower back and core
Authors: Hopkins N
Published: April 2016

Background. The low back is an integral part of the entire movement chain as it functions as part of a complex network of the skeletal, muscular and nervous system. Eighty to 90% of acute low back pain episodes dissipate within 8 - 12 weeks regardless of any intervention, but 5 - 10% regress into chronic low back pain. As a result of its undistinguished aetiology, the treatment for low back pain remains controversial. Treatment options for low back pain include the following: analgesics, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, epidural steroid injections, manipulation, back schools, electromyographic biofeedback, traction, orthoses, behaviour therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, and exercise therapy. Results. Therapeutic exercises for low back pain have been shown in 6 different randomised controlled trials to be beneficial in reducing pain by up to 60% and improving functional ability by up to 47%. Furthermore, a Cochrane review on low back pain found strong evidence that exercise therapy is an effective intervention in the treatment of low back pain. When prescribing exercises for an individual with low back pain the following goals need to be considered: (i) improve performance in endurance activities; (ii) improve muscular strength around the spine; (iii) eliminate any impairments in spinal flexibility; (iv) reduce the intensity of the pain being experienced by the individual; and (v) reduce back pain-related disability. A rugby player will have increased core stability/strength and a reduced risk of injury if the internal support mechanisms of the spine have been conditioned to resist distortion or injury from external forces. Not only will improved core  stability benefit players on the field during matches or practices, it will also assist in preventing unnecessary injuries during weight training and pre-season conditioning. Conclusion. Exercise programmes which combine core stability with general strength training should be prescribed for rugby players to prepare them for the level of impact involved in the game, as well as for sport-related weight training and non-sport-related daily activities.
The introduction of an international model to reduce injuries in Rugby Union in South Africa
Authors: Brown J
Published: April 2016

Regular participation in physical exercise or sport is popular due to the numerous health benefits it offers to the individual.1 However, these potential benefits need to be offset against the magnitude of risk of injury that participating in the activity may present to the individual. The risk/benefit ratio varies depending on the type of activity.1 In terms of major male-dominated sports, Rugby Union presents a high risk of overall injury to the player – greater than that of cricket, soccer or even ice hockey.2 The high incidence of injury in rugby is related to the nature of the game – a field-based team sport that involves multiple contact situations over the 80 minutes of play.3 Considering the popularity of the sport, with an estimated 92 countries participating worldwide, this injury risk presents a significant global issue.3 From the inception of the game of Rugby Union, which is speculated to have been between the start of the 1600s and the mid 1800s, the game has been regarded as a violent sport and the formation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871 was necessitated, in part, by the need for laws to reduce this violence.
Translation of research
Authors: Lambert M
Published: April 2016

Translation of research
Lifetime injury prevention: The sport profile model*
Authors: Webborn N
Published: April 2016

Participation in sporting activities carries an injury risk. Conversely, the increased awareness that physical inactivity is a major risk factor for disease has led government agencies and the medical community to encourage increased levels of physical activity. Many people will achieve this through participation in sport. Injury inevitably leads to a reduction in participation on a temporary or permanent basis, but the injury experience may also influence the lifelong physical activity behaviour. Few studies adequately examine the possible long-term consequences of sport participation after the competitive period has been completed, but by understanding the patterns of injuries in different sports one test can develop strategies to prevent and better manage the conditions that occur and promote lifelong physical activity. There is a need to develop models of understanding of injury risk at different life phases and levels of participation in a specific sport. The risk assessment of sport participation has to be relevant to a particular sport, the level of participation, skill, age and potential future health consequences. This article describes a sport-specific model which will improve guidance for coaches and healthcare professionals. It poses questions for sports physicians, healthcare providers, educators and for governing bodies of sports to address in a systematic fashion. Additionally the governing body, as an employer, will need to meet the requirements for risk assessment for professional sport and its ethical responsibility to the athlete.
Effect of a therapeutic dose of pseudoephedrine on swimmers’ performance
Authors: Gradidge PJ-L , Constantinou D , Heard S-M , King C , Morris-Eyton H
Published: April 2016

Background. The potential performance-enhancement effect of pseudoephedrine (PSE) use has led to its prohibition in competition sports (urine concentrations >150 μg/ml). Data are, however, scarce regarding whether therapeutic PSE use enhances swimming performance.Objective. To investigate the effect of therapeutic PSE use on performance in aerobic and explosive sprint swimming events.Method. A double-blinded cross-over study design was used. Participants in the control group initially received a placebo and those in the experimental group received a divided PSE dose of 90 mg/d. Anaerobic  power (50 m sprint) and aerobic (2 000 m) swimming testing was conducted at (i) baseline; (ii) after ingestion of a placebo or PSE; and (iii)  after the groups were crossed over, following a wash-out period of 4 days, to determine changes in performance between trials.Results. The participants (mean age 44 years; N=7) were competitive  masters swimmers with normal resting heart rates (68 beats per minute (bpm); standard deviation (SD) ±14) and blood pressures (BPs) (171 (SD ±27)/83 (SD ±16) mmHg). The use of PSE during the anaerobic swim test showed only a trivial chance (68%) of improvement, with a likely enhancement in systolic BP (86%). The aerobic swim test did not affirm performance enhancement as measured by time to completion (52%  chance of a positive effect; 41% chance of a negative effect), nor did any other physiological variable of interest (peak heart rate and exercising BP)  differ significantly from baseline results.Conclusion. The use of a therapeutic amount of PSE in short and endurance swimming trials did not appear to have any major ergogenic effect on performance.
Intrinsic factors associated with medial tibial stress syndrome in athletes: A large case-control study
Authors: Winters M , Veldt H , Bakker EW , Moen MH
Published: April 2016

Background. Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is the most common lower-leg injury in athletes, and is thought to be caused by bony overload. To prevent MTSS, both pathophysiological and aetiological factors specific to MTSS need to be identified. The intrinsic risk factors that contribute to the development of MTSS are still uncertain.Objective. To determine the intrinsic risk factors of MTSS by sampling a large population of athletic MTSS patients and controls.Methods. Athletes with MTSS and control subjects were medically examined in terms of range of motion of the leg joints (hip abduction, adduction, internal and external range of motion; ankle plantar and dorsal flexion; hallux extension and flexion; subtalar inversion and eversion), measures of over-pronation and maximal calf girth.Results. Ninety-seven subjects agreed to participate in the study: 48 MTSS patients and 49 active controls. The following variables were considered: gender, age, body mass index (BMI), hip abduction, hip adduction, internal and external hip range of rotation, ankle plantar and dorsal flexion, hallux flexion and extension, subtalar inversion and eversion, maximal calf girth, standing foot angle and navicular drop test. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, hip abduction (odds ratio (OR) 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 - 0.94), ankle plantar flexion (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.61 - 0.87) and subtalar inversion (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.10 - 1.41) were significantly associated with MTSS. The Nagelkerke R2 for this model was 0.76, indicating that 76% of the variance in the presence of MTSS could be explained by these variables.Conclusion. Decreased hip abduction, decreased ankle plantar flexion and an increased subtalar inversion could be considered risk factors for MTSS.
Micro-oscillations in positive and negative affect during competitive laboratory cycle time trials – a preliminary study
Authors: Rhoden Clare Louise , West Julia , Renfree Andrew , Corbett Mark , St Clair Gibson Alan
Published: April 2016

Background. By incorporating pre-performance or retrospective recall measurement methods, research has shown positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) to operate as both a precursor to, and as a consequence of performance in line with goal achievement. The extent of this affective change within sport is unclear, as measurement of affect within acute settings has yet to be adopted fully.Objective. To conduct exploratory research examining affect and goal achievement during self-paced cycling to understand further their role during performance.Methods. The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS), Worcester affect scale (WAS) and ratings of goal achievement were completed by seven trained cyclists prior to two separate 20 km laboratory time trials. The WAS and ratings of goal achievement were also rated during each trial.Results. Micro-oscillations in affect occurred throughout time trials and to a greater degree where participants were unsuccessful in reaching their goals. Successful trials were characterised by higher PA (p=0.000) and lower NA (p=0.000), with higher goal expectations from the start (p=0.008).Conclusion. In unsuccessful trials, an overly aggressive start, perhaps due to inaccurate goal setting, led to an inability to maintain performance, with reductions in power output. Further clarification of the catalyst to the performance demise requires a parallel analysis of psychological and physiological parameters. In so doing, a greater understanding of the combined role of affect and goal expectation in pacing and performance will ensue; a benefit to both cyclist and coach alike.
Richard Stretch – a cricket icon (1952 - 2014)
Authors: Lambert M
Published: April 2016

Richard Stretch – a cricket icon (1952 - 2014)
Injuries at Johannesburg high school rugby festivals
Authors: Constantinou D
Published: April 2016

Background. Injuries occurring at the popular schoolboy rugby festivals in South Africa have not previously been evaluated. A rugby festivalis a unique event with multiple matches occurring over a 5-day period and a potentially increased risk of injury compared with adult games.Objectives. To analyse the prevalence and type of injuries over 2 years of a Johannesburg High School rugby festival, to compare the injuriesbetween the 2 years and to compare the injuries between the 3 days of the festivals.Methods. The study design was a retrospective, descriptive and observational study. The study population were participating rugby playersat the two rugby festivals in 2010 and 2011 who came to the medical tent provided. A standardised medical form was used to capture data.Results. A total of 626 players participated with 100 injury data sets analysed over the 2 years. The injury rate per player was 17% in year 1and 15% in year 2. There was no statistical difference (p=0.65) in the injury numbers between the 2 years. The injury profiles between therespective days and between the 2 years were not statistically different. Most injuries were to the head/face (30%), with the majority beingconcussion related (6%). Tackles were the most common mechanism of injury. Overall 24% of injuries were deemed severe enough to stopthe players from continuing play. Few injuries required referral for investigations or specialist physician care (19% and 2%, respectively)and most were managed with simple first aid at the primary care level.Conclusion. The number, nature and mechanisms of rugby injuries at this rugby festival were similar to numerous local and internationalstudies of schoolboy rugby players. Adequate standardised record keeping is recommended to increase knowledge and monitor trends.
PARENTERAL NUTRITION IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS. WHEN TO START?
Authors: Alves de Sousa Maria Amenaide Carvalho , Vieira Ana Suely , Ribeiro Suely , Oliveira Moreira Lícia Maria
Published: April 2016

Objective: To assess the effects of parenteral nutrition (PN) initiation time in very low birth weight neonates on: the birth weight recovery time, enteral nutrition (EN) initiation time, duration of hospitalization, and incidence of death. Methods: This retrospective case-control study was performed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary center: Santo Amaro Hospital, Salvador, Brazil. All infants with birth weights ≤ 1500 g who were treated in the NICU during the study period (n= 114) were included. The sample was divided in two groups: early (≤ 48 h after birth) and late (> 48 h after birth) onset of PN. We also analyzed a subgroup of neonates with birth weights ≤ 750g, as well as a group for whom PN was initiated very early (≤ 24 h after birth). Results: A total of 114 neonates (n=48 / 39.8% in early PN group),were included in the study.  Birth weight recovery time (9.9 ± 4.0 vs 12.8 ± 6.1, p = 0.007), lenght of hospitalization (43.2 ± 4.0 vs 71.8 ± 41.7, p = 0.007), and time of EN onset (2.2 ± 1.2 vs 7.9 ± 5.8, p <0.001) , were significantly lower in the early PN onset group than in the late onset group. Lenght of hospitalization was positively correlated with the timing of EN onset (r= 0,37, p = 0,001). No significant difference in adverse outcomes: death (18.6% vs 13.6%, p = 0.6), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) (8.3% vs 12.1%, p = 0.9 ) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (8.3% vs 31.8%, p = 0.1) was obbserved between groups. Conclusion: In this study, the early initiation of nutritional support in very low birth weight neonates can reduce the length of hospitalization thereby reducing costs, without increasing the incidence of adverse effects.
DOES GRACE SCORE INCREMENT PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT AFTER ANGIOGRAPHY IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES?
Authors: Garcia Guilherme , Freitas Rafael , Kalil Felipe , Ferreira Felipe , Silva André , Vasconcelos Isis , Oliveira Ruan , Carvalhal Manuela , Henri Caio , Ivo Maira , Noya-Rabelo Márcia , Correia Luis
Published: April 2016

Rational: The GRACE Score assessed at admission predicts mortality in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, once coronary anatomy is assessed, it is not known whether this score increments prognostic assessment.  Objective: To test the hypothesis that the GRACE Score adds prognostic value to coronary anatomy in patients with ACS. Methods: Prospective cohort, including patients with ACS who underwent coronary angiography while admitted to the hospital. Anatomical extension of coronary disease was characterized by the Duke Jeopardy score (DJS) and the number diseased artery (NDA). The primary end-point was the composite of death, non-fatal MI or refractory unstable angina.  Results: 112 patients enrolled, aged 70 ± 12, 14% incidence of cardiovascular events. C-statistics for GRACE was 0.68 (95%CI=0.53-0.84), for DJS was 0.78 (95%CI=0.67-0.9) and for NAD was 0.74 (95%CI=0.61-0.88). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated independent predictive value of GRACE in relation to anatomical information. However, when this Score was added to DJS or NDA, no improving in c-statistic was observed: DJS-GRACE had a c-statistics of 0.78 (95%CI=0.64–0.92) and NAD-GRACE of 0.76 (95%CI=0.60–0.92).  Conclusion: The GRACE score does not add prognostic value to angiographic data in patients with ACS.
NO EVIDENCE OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN YOUNG HTLV-1-INFECTED CARRIERS
Authors: Silva Santos Antonio Carlos , Boa Sorte Ney , Carneiro de Campos Carolina , Rocha Gadelha Sandra , Rios Grassi Maria Fernanda , Almeida Matos Marcos , Galvão Castro Bernardo
Published: April 2016

Osteoporosis has been reported among Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infected aged patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) diagnosis. However, the association between osteoporosis and HTLV-1 infection remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of bone disorders in young HTLV-1 asymptomatic individuals. A cross sectional study was carried out at the HTLV Reference Center in Salvador, Brazil. Forty-seven HTLV-1 infected asymptomatic and 108 healthy subjects aged between 20 to 45 years were included. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism were measured and bone mineral density (BMD) was determined at the femoral neck and at the lumbar spine (L1 -L4). Significant low BMD (Z-score <-1 ) was found in HTLV-1 infected individuals (1.177 ± 0.103) compared to control subjects (1.225 ± 0.146). In logistics regression analysis HTLV-1 infected subjects were more likely to have low BMD (OR = 3.48; 95%CI 1.29- 9.43) adjusted for low education and body mass index (BMI). Osteoporosis (Z-score <-2) was not found among HTLV-1-infected group. In conclusion, our results found a low BMD in patients infected with HTLV-1 compared to uninfected controls. However, osteoporosis was not observed. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the relationship between HTLV-1-infection and low BMD.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CRYOGLOBULINEMIA AND THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN HEPATITIS C CARRIERS
Authors: De Oliveira Andrade Luis Jesuino , Mercês Atta Ajax , Atta Maria Luiza Brito de Sousa , Paraná Raymundo
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Cryoglobulinemia is a biomarker of autoimmunity correlated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Objective: Report the association between the presence of mixed-cryoglobulinemia and thyroid dysfunction (TD) in hepatitis C virus carriers before and during treatment with pegylatedinterferon-alpha (Peg-IFN-α). Methods: Prospective cohort study. Results: Sixty-five untreated HCV patients, 38 women and 27 men were included in this study. Mean age of patients was 49.61 ± 11.83 years. Cryoglobulinemia was demonstrated in 24 (36.92%) patients. The TD was demonstrated in 2 patients (3.10%) before treatment with IFN-α, in 4 patients (6.20%) at 12th week, and 8 patients (12.30%) at 24th week; whereas autoimmune thyroid (TPO-Ab) positive was demonstrated in 3 patients (4.60%) before treatment, in 7 patients (10.80%) at 12th week, and 12 patients (18.50%) at 24th week. In the sample analyzed, the risk of a patient with cryoglobulinemia develop TD was 2.74 (95% CI: 1.95–12.95) times that of a patient without cryoglobulinemia in the 12th week of treatment and 1.83 (95% CI: 1.03–7.08) times in the 24th week of antiviral treatment, and risk of a patient with cryoglobulinemia for develop TPO Ab positive was 2.44 (95% CI: 1.46–5.98) times that of a patient without cryoglobulinemia in the 12th week of treatment, and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.05–2.89) times in the 24th weeks of antiviral treatment. Conclusion: We concluded that thyroid function evaluation should be recommended for HCV carriers that are seropositive for cryoglobulinemia.
Evaluation of the efficiency and safety of therapy with calcium for pregnant women with symphysiopathia
Authors: Dedul Anna Gennadyevna , Mozgovaya Yelena Vitalyevna , Oparina Tatyana Ivanovna , Tolibova Gulrukhsor Khaybulloyevna , Petrosyan Mariya Anatolyevna , Polyakova Viktoriya Olegovna
Published: April 2016

According to the modern concepts, symphysiopathia usually occurs in the second half of pregnancy as a result of mineral metabolism violations. This complication of pregnancy mainly manifested as a pubic bone diastasis, pain in the bone of the pelvis and of the lower limbs, and cramps in the calf muscles. There are clinical manifestations of the symphysiopathia; indicators of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the blood and daily excretion of these minerals in the urine compared with those which have healthy pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. There is histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of placentas of patients on background treatment. The vast majority of pregnant women with symphysiopathia found increase in urinary calcium and magnesium in the urine remaining in the normal performance of mineral metabolism. According to the studies, the preparation of magnesium, calcium, and the local ultraviolet irradiation of symphysis pubis may reduce the clinical symptoms of symphysiopathia. The use of calcium supplements together with magnesium does not lead to excessive deposition of calcium salts in the placental tissue and improve metabolic function of placenta.
Using of three-dimensional power Dopplerultrasonography of women in late reproductive age with the suspicion of endometrial hyperplasia
Authors: Lysenko Olga Viktorovna
Published: April 2016

We examined a total of 53 cases in late reproductive age with suspicion of endometrial hyperplasia according to 2D ultrasonography data. Three-dimensional power Doppler sonography was made for all women. We have offered the endometrial-uterine vascularization coefficient, endometrial-uterine flow coefficient, endometrial-uterine vascularization-flow coefficient for the improvement of ultrasonic diagnostics of intrauterine pathology.
Maternal mortality owing to eclampsia: what may do teach?
Authors: Aylamazyan Edvard Karpovich , Repina Margarita Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2016

The present study reported about maternal mortality from eclampsia in the two periods: 1966–1984 and 1996–2012 in Saint-Petersburg. Discussion questions: 1) underlying diseases as induction pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, 2) detection correct time for delivery, 3) detection correct method of delivery.