bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gametocyte prevalence and risk factors of P. falciparum malaria patients admitted at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Thailand: a 20-year retrospective study
Authors: Looareesuwan Panita , Krudsood Srivicha , Lawpoolsri Saranath , Tangpukdee Noppadon , Matsee Wasin , Nguitragool Wang , Wilairatana Polrat
Published: October 2023

Background

The incidence of malaria in Thailand has dramatically declined over the past two decades, and the goal is to eliminate malaria by 2025. Despite significant progress, one of the key challenges to malaria elimination are undetected gametocyte carriers. Human migration adds complexity to the malaria situation, as it not only sustains local transmission but also poses the risk of spreading drug-resistant parasites. Currently, no study has assessed the prevalence of gametocytes across multiple years in Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients in Thailand, and the risk factors for gametocyte carriage have not been fully explored.

Methods

Medical records of all P. falciparum malaria patients admitted from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020 at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Thailand, were retrospectively examined and a total of 1962 records were included for analysis. Both P. falciparum parasites and gametocytes were diagnosed by microscopy. A regression model was used to evaluate predictors of gametocyte carriage.

Results

The study demonstrated gametocyte prevalence in low malaria transmission areas. Nine risk factors for gametocyte carriage were identified: age between 15 and 24 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18−3.26], Karen ethnicity (aOR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.56−4.29), preadmission duration of fever > 7 days (aOR = 5.40, 95% CI 3.92−7.41), fever on admission (> 37.5 °C) (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.48−0.77), haemoglobin ≤ 8 g/dL (aOR = 3.32, 95% CI 2.06−5.33), asexual parasite density > 5000−25,000/µL (aOR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.52−0.98), asexual parasite density > 25,000−100,000/µL (aOR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.53−1.03), asexual parasite density > 100,000/µL (aOR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.36−0.72), platelet count ≤ 100,000/µL (aOR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50−0.85, clinical features of severe malaria (aOR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.76−3.10) and dry season (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.10−1.80). An increasing incidence of imported transnational malaria cases was observed over the past two decades.

Conclusions

This is the first study to determine the prevalence of gametocytes among patients with symptomatic P. falciparum malaria, identify the risk factors for gametocyte carriage, and potential gametocyte carriers in Thailand. Blocking transmission is one of the key strategies for eliminating malaria in these areas. The results might provide important information for targeting gametocyte carriers and improving the allocation of resources for malaria control in Thailand. This study supports the already nationally recommended use of a single dose of primaquine in symptomatic P. falciparum malaria patients to clear gametocytes.

Graphical Abstract
Benefits and side effects of protein supplementation and exercise in sarcopenic obesity: A scoping review
Authors: Cheah Khang Jin , Cheah Lin Jia
Published: October 2023

Background

Protein supplements have been widely used among those who are struggling with sarcopenic obesity among older adults. However, despite their popularity, there is still a lack of concrete evidence on both the potential benefits and side effects of protein supplementation and exercise on sarcopenic obesity (SO).

Objective

Thus, we aimed to determine the impacts of protein supplementation and exercise in older adults with sarcopenic obesity.

Method

A systematic database search was conducted for randomised controlled trials, quasi experimental study and pre-post study design addressing the effects of protein supplementation in improving sarcopenic obesity among older adults. This scoping review was conducted based on PRISMA-Scr guidelines across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. To assess record eligibility, two independent reviewers performed a rigorous systematic screening process.

Results

Of the 1,811 citations identified, 7 papers met the inclusion criteria. Six studies were randomised controlled trials and one study was a pre-post test study design. The majority of studies discussed the use of both protein supplements and exercise training. The included studies prescribed protein intake ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 g/kg/BW/day for the intervention group, while the duration of exercise performed ranged from 2 to 3 times per week, with each session lasting for 1 hour. Whey protein supplementation has been shown to be effective in improving sarcopenic conditions and weight status in SO individuals. The combination of exercise training especially resistance training and the used of protein supplement provided additional benefits in terms of lean muscle mass as well as biomarkers. The study also revealed a lack of consistency in exercise design among interventions for sarcopenic obesity.

Conclusion

Overall, it appears to be a promising option for SO individuals to improve their sarcopenic condition and weight status through the combination of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation. However, it also highlights the need for caution when it comes to high amounts of protein intake prescription. Future research is warranted to investigate the optimal exercise design for this population, given the limited research conducted in this specific area.
Association between light rare earth elements in maternal plasma and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth: a nested case-control study from the Beijing birth cohort study
Authors: Chen Junxi , Wang Aili , An Hang , Han Weiling , Huang Junhua , Zheng Wei , Yan Lailai , Li Zhiwen , Li Guanghui
Published: October 2023

Background

Parental exposure to rare earth elements (REEs) could increase the risk of premature rupture of membranes, a major cause of spontaneous preterm birth (SPB). In addition, different subtypes of SPB, such as spontaneous preterm labor (SPL) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), may have different susceptibility to environmental exposure. Therefore, we investigated the potential associations between REE exposure in different trimesters and SPB and its subtypes.

Methods

A nested case-control study was performed. We included 244 women with SPB as cases and 244 women with full-term delivery as controls. The plasma concentrations of light REEs were measured in the first and third trimesters. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between single REE levels and SPB, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was used to analyze the mixed-exposure effect.

Results

Exposure to light REEs was associated with SPB and its subtypes only in the third trimester. Specifically, the intermediate- and highest-tertile concentration groups of La and the highest-tertile concentration group of Sm were associated with an increased risk of SPL, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of 2.00 (95% CIs: 1.07–3.75), 1.87 (95% CIs: 1.01–3.44), and 1.82 (95% CIs: 1.00–3.30), respectively. The highest-tertile concentration group of Pr was associated with an increased risk of PPROM, with an AOR of 1.69 (95% CIs: 1.00–2.85). Similar results were also found in BKMR models.

Conclusions

La and Sm levels in plasma may be associated with the risk of SPL, and Pr levels in plasma may be associated with the risk of PPROM.
Impact of the workforce allocation on the technical performance of mental health services: the collective case of Helsinki-Uusimaa (Finland)
Authors: Diaz-Milanes Diego , Almeda Nerea , Gutierrez-Colosia Mencia R. , Garcia-Alonso Carlos R. , Sadeniemi Minna , Salvador-Carulla Luis
Published: October 2023

Background

Long-term mental health (MH) policies in Finland aimed at investing in community care and promoting reforms have led to a reduction in the number of psychiatric hospital beds. However, most resources are still allocated to hospital and community residential services due to various social, economic and political factors. Despite previous research focussing on the number and cost of these services, no study has evaluated the emerging patterns of use, their technical performance and the relationship with the workforce structure.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to observe the patterns of use and their technical performance (efficiency) of the main types of care of MH services in the Helsinki-Uusimaa region (Finland), and to analyse the potential relationship between technical performance and the corresponding workforce structure.

Methods

The sample included acute hospital residential care, non-hospital residential care and outpatient care services. The analysis was conducted using regression analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, fuzzy inference and data envelopment analysis.

Results

The analysis showed a statistically significant linear relationship between the number of service users and the length of stay, number of beds in non-hospital residential care and number of contacts in outpatient care services. The three service types displayed a similar pattern of technical performance, with high relative technical efficiency on average and a low probability of being efficient. The most efficient acute hospital and outpatient care services integrated multidisciplinary teams, while psychiatrists and nurses characterized non-hospital residential care.

Conclusions

The results indicated that the number of resources and utilization variables were linearly related to the number of users and that the relative technical efficiency of the services was similar across all types. This suggests homogenous MH management with small variations based on workforce allocation. Therefore, the distribution of workforce capacity should be considered in the development of effective policies and interventions in the southern Finnish MH system.
Circulating miR-133a-3p defines a low-risk subphenotype in patients with heart failure and central sleep apnea: a decision tree machine learning approach
Authors: de Gonzalo-Calvo David , Martinez-Camblor Pablo , Belmonte Thalia , Barbé Ferran , Duarte Kevin , Cowie Martin R. , Angermann Christiane E. , Korte Andrea , Riedel Isabelle , Labus Josephine , Koenig Wolfgang , Zannad Faiez , Thum Thomas , Bär Christian
Published: October 2023

Background

Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and central sleep apnea (CSA) are at a very high risk of fatal outcomes.

Objective

To test whether the circulating miRNome provides additional information for risk stratification on top of clinical predictors in patients with HFrEF and CSA.

Methods

The study included patients with HFrEF and CSA from the SERVE-HF trial. A three-step protocol was applied: microRNA (miRNA) screening (n = 20), technical validation (n = 60), and biological validation (n = 587). The primary outcome was either death from any cause, lifesaving cardiovascular intervention, or unplanned hospitalization for worsening of heart failure, whatever occurred first. MiRNA quantification was performed in plasma samples using miRNA sequencing and RT-qPCR.

Results

Circulating miR-133a-3p levels were inversely associated with the primary study outcome. Nonetheless, miR-133a-3p did not improve a previously established clinical prognostic model in terms of discrimination or reclassification. A customized regression tree model constructed using the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm identified eight patient subphenotypes with specific risk patterns based on clinical and molecular characteristics. MiR-133a-3p entered the regression tree defining the group at the lowest risk; patients with log(NT-proBNP) ≤ 6 pg/mL (miR-133a-3p levels above 1.5 arbitrary units). The overall predictive capacity of suffering the event was highly stable over the follow-up (from 0.735 to 0.767).

Conclusions

The combination of clinical information, circulating miRNAs, and decision tree learning allows the identification of specific risk subphenotypes in patients with HFrEF and CSA.
Potential regulatory role of the Nrf2/HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in lupus nephritis
Authors: Li Shi-jie , Ruan Dan-dan , Wu Wei-zhen , Wu Min , Wu Qiu-yan , Wang Han-lu , Ji Yuan-yuan , Zhang Yan-ping , Lin Xin-fu , Fang Zhu-ting , Liao Li-sheng , Luo Jie-wei , Gao Mei-zhu , Wu Jia-bin
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that involves multiple organ systems. One of its major complications, lupus nephritis (LN), is associated with a high mortality rate, and children-onset LN have a more severe course and worse prognosis than adults. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are involved in LN development and pathogenesis. Thus, this study aimed to explore the role of signaling regulation of the Nrf2/HMGB1/TLR/NF-κB pathway in LN pathogenesis and unravel the expression of TLR4+CXCR4+plasma cells subset (PCs) in LN.

Methods

C57BL/6 and MRL/lpr mice were divided into four groups: control, model, vector control, and Nrf2 overexpression groups. The vector control and Nrf2 overexpression groups were injected with adenoviral vectors into the kidney in situ. Pathological changes in kidney tissues were observed by hematoxylin–eosin staining. The expression of Nrf2, HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, and downstream inflammatory factors in kidney samples was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ratios of TLR4+CXCR4+PC subsets in the blood and kidneys of mice were determined by flow cytometry.

Results

In MRL/lpr mice, Nrf2 was downregulated while HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway proteins were upregulated. Nrf2 overexpression decreased the expression of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, and its downstream inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα). These cytokines were negatively correlated with an increase in Nrf2 content. PC and TLR4 + CXCR4 + PCs in the blood and kidney samples were significantly increased in MRL/lpr mice; however, they were decreased upon Nrf2 overexpression.

Conclusion

This study showed severe kidney injury in an LN mouse model and an increased ratio of TLR4 + CXCR4 + PCs. Furthermore, we observed that Nrf2 regulates LN immune response through the Nrf2/HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, which can be considered an important target for LN treatment. The clinical value of the findings of our study requires further investigation.
Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus paracasei alleviate sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in aged mice by regulating gut microbiota-mediated AKT, NF-κB, and FOXO3a signaling pathways
Authors: Baek Ji-Su , Shin Yoon-Jung , Ma Xiaoyang , Park Hee-Seo , Hwang Yun-Ha , Kim Dong-Hyun
Published: October 2023

Sarcopenia is closely associated with gut dysbiosis. Probiotics alleviate gut dysbiosis. Therefore, we selected probiotics Lactobacillus paracasei P62 (Lp) and Bifidobacterium bifidum P61 (Bb), which suppressed muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) expression and NF-κB activation in C2C12 cells, and examined their effects on muscle mass loss and dysfunction in aged mice. Oral administration of Lp, Bb, or their mix (LB) increased grip strength and treadmill running distance and time. They significantly increased muscle weight in aged mice. They also increased AKT activation, PGC1α, SIRT1, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression, MyHC-positive cell population, and cell size in the gastrocnemius (GA) muscle, while FOXO3a and NF-κB activation, MuRF1, muscle atrophy F-box, and p16 expression, and NF-κB+CD11c+ cell population decreased. Furthermore, they reduced cognitive impairment-like behavior, IL-6 expression, FOXO3a activation, and NF-κB-positive cell population in the hippocampus, GA, and colon, while hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor expression increased. They shifted gut microbiota composition in aged mice: they increased Akkermansiaceae and Bacteroidaceae populations, which were positively correlated with total muscle weight and MyHC expression, and decreased Odoribacteraceae and Deferribacteriaceae populations, which were positively correlated with MuRF1 and IL-6 expression. LB alleviated sarcopenia- and cognitive impairment-like symptoms more potently than Lp or Bb alone. Based on these findings, probiotics, particularly Lp, Bb, and LB, can alleviate aging-dependent sarcopenia and cognitive impairment by regulating gut microbiota-mediated AKT, NF-κB, and/or FOXO3a signaling pathways.
Eight characteristics of rigorous multilevel implementation research: a step-by-step guide
Authors: Lengnick-Hall Rebecca , Williams Nathaniel J. , Ehrhart Mark G. , Willging Cathleen E. , Bunger Alicia C. , Beidas Rinad S. , Aarons Gregory A.
Published: October 2023

Background

Although healthcare is delivered in inherently multilevel contexts, implementation science has no widely endorsed methodological standards defining the characteristics of rigorous, multilevel implementation research. We identify and describe eight characteristics of high-quality, multilevel implementation research to encourage discussion, spur debate, and guide decision-making around study design and methodological issues.

Recommendations

Implementation researchers who conduct rigorous multilevel implementation research demonstrate the following eight characteristics. First, they map and operationalize the specific multilevel context for defined populations and settings. Second, they define and state the level of each construct under study. Third, they describe how constructs relate to each other within and across levels. Fourth, they specify the temporal scope of each phenomenon at each relevant level. Fifth, they align measurement choices and construction of analytic variables with the levels of theories selected (and hypotheses generated, if applicable). Sixth, they use a sampling strategy consistent with the selected theories or research objectives and sufficiently large and variable to examine relationships at requisite levels. Seventh, they align analytic approaches with the chosen theories (and hypotheses, if applicable), ensuring that they account for measurement dependencies and nested data structures. Eighth, they ensure inferences are made at the appropriate level. To guide implementation researchers and encourage debate, we present the rationale for each characteristic, actionable recommendations for operationalizing the characteristics in implementation research, a range of examples, and references to make the characteristics more usable. Our recommendations apply to all types of multilevel implementation study designs and approaches, including randomized trials, quantitative and qualitative observational studies, and mixed methods.

Conclusion

These eight characteristics provide benchmarks for evaluating the quality and replicability of multilevel implementation research and promote a common language and reference points. This, in turn, facilitates knowledge generation across diverse multilevel settings and ensures that implementation research is consistent with (and appropriately leverages) what has already been learned in allied multilevel sciences. When a shared and integrated description of what constitutes rigor is defined and broadly communicated, implementation science is better positioned to innovate both methodologically and theoretically.
Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in ovarian follicular fluid of women with diminished ovarian reserve during in vitro fertilization
Authors: Huang Yan , Cheng Yi , Zhang Min , Xia Yan , Chen Xiaoyan , Xian Yexing , Lin Dewei , Xie Suyan , Guo Xinyu
Published: October 2023

Background

Follicular microenvironment has been proposed as an important factor for oocyte grown and maturation. We sought to evaluate the oxidative stress and inflammatory levels in follicular fluid (FF) and association with embryo quality in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR).

Methods

The current research included 46 DOR cases and 56 normal ovarian reserve (NOR) cases. Twelve representative oxidative stress markers and eight representative inflammatory factors were measured in the FF.

Results

Oxidative stress markers total GSH (T-GSH) was decreased in the FF from women with DOR compared with that in NOR group (P = 0.041). More modest differences were observed for reduced GSH (rGSH) and rGSH/GSSG. Women with DOR compared to controls had higher level of TNF-α (P = 0.000) and lower level of IL-18 (P = 0.013). Correlation analysis revealed that GSSG was negatively correlated with normal fertilization rate in NOR group (r = -0.358, P = 0.008), and reduced GSH was negatively correlated with normal fertilization rate in DOR group (r = -0.299, P = 0.049). Moreover, as the regression analysis data showed, the GSSG level was significantly associated with embryo quality indicator.

Conclusions

The FF in DOR patients was accompanied by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory levels. Follicular development of women with DOR might be influenced by unusual IL-18 and TNF-α levels in FF. And oxidative stress marker GSSG in NOR group was a negative predictor for embryo quality.
aMeta: an accurate and memory-efficient ancient metagenomic profiling workflow
Authors: Pochon Zoé , Bergfeldt Nora , Kırdök Emrah , Vicente Mário , Naidoo Thijessen , van der Valk Tom , Altınışık N. Ezgi , Krzewińska Maja , Dalén Love , Götherström Anders , Mirabello Claudio , Unneberg Per , Oskolkov Nikolay
Published: October 2023

Analysis of microbial data from archaeological samples is a growing field with great potential for understanding ancient environments, lifestyles, and diseases. However, high error rates have been a challenge in ancient metagenomics, and the availability of computational frameworks that meet the demands of the field is limited. Here, we propose aMeta, an accurate metagenomic profiling workflow for ancient DNA designed to minimize the amount of false discoveries and computer memory requirements. Using simulated data, we benchmark aMeta against a current state-of-the-art workflow and demonstrate its superiority in microbial detection and authentication, as well as substantially lower usage of computer memory.
Utilizing AAV-mediated LEAPER 2.0 for programmable RNA editing in non-human primates and nonsense mutation correction in humanized Hurler syndrome mice
Authors: Yi Zongyi , Zhao Yanxia , Yi Zexuan , Zhang Yongjian , Tang Gangbin , Zhang Xiaoxue , Tang Huixian , Zhang Wei , Zhao Ying , Xu Huayuan , Nie Yuyang , Sun Xueqing , Xing Lijun , Dai Lian , Yuan Pengfei , Wei Wensheng
Published: October 2023

Background

The endogenous adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) have been harnessed to facilitate precise adenosine-to-inosine editing on RNAs. However, the practicability of this approach for therapeutic purposes is still ambiguous due to the variable expression of intrinsic ADAR across various tissues and species, as well as the absence of all-encompassing confirmation for delivery methods.

Results

In this study, we demonstrate that AAV-mediated delivery of circular ADAR-recruiting RNAs (arRNAs) achieves effective RNA editing in non-human primates at dosages suitable for therapy. Within a time frame of 4 to 13 weeks following infection, the editing efficiency in AAV-infected cells can reach approximately 80%, with no discernible toxicity, even at elevated dosages. In addition, when AAV-delivered circular arRNAs are systematically administered to a humanized mouse model of Hurler syndrome, it rectifies the premature stop codon precisely and restores the functionality of IDUA enzyme encoded by the Hurler causative gene in multiple organs.

Conclusions

These discoveries considerably bolster the prospects of employing AAV-borne circular arRNAs for therapeutic applications and exploratory translational research.
Beyond gene-disease validity: capturing structured data on inheritance, allelic requirement, disease-relevant variant classes, and disease mechanism for inherited cardiac conditions
Authors: Josephs Katherine S. , Roberts Angharad M. , Theotokis Pantazis , Walsh Roddy , Ostrowski Philip J. , Edwards Matthew , Fleming Andrew , Thaxton Courtney , Roberts Jason D. , Care Melanie , Zareba Wojciech , Adler Arnon , Sturm Amy C. , Tadros Rafik , Novelli Valeria , Owens Emma , Bronicki Lucas , Jarinova Olga , Callewaert Bert , Peters Stacey , Lumbers Tom , Jordan Elizabeth , Asatryan Babken , Krishnan Neesha , Hershberger Ray E. , Chahal C. Anwar A. , Landstrom Andrew P. , James Cynthia , McNally Elizabeth M. , Judge Daniel P. , van Tintelen Peter , Wilde Arthur , Gollob Michael , Ingles Jodie , Ware James S.
Published: October 2023

Background

As the availability of genomic testing grows, variant interpretation will increasingly be performed by genomic generalists, rather than domain-specific experts. Demand is rising for laboratories to accurately classify variants in inherited cardiac condition (ICC) genes, including secondary findings.

Methods

We analyse evidence for inheritance patterns, allelic requirement, disease mechanism and disease-relevant variant classes for 65 ClinGen-curated ICC gene-disease pairs. We present this information for the first time in a structured dataset, CardiacG2P, and assess application in genomic variant filtering.

Results

For 36/65 gene-disease pairs, loss of function is not an established disease mechanism, and protein truncating variants are not known to be pathogenic. Using the CardiacG2P dataset as an initial variant filter allows for efficient variant prioritisation whilst maintaining a high sensitivity for retaining pathogenic variants compared with two other variant filtering approaches.

Conclusions

Access to evidence-based structured data representing disease mechanism and allelic requirement aids variant filtering and analysis and is a pre-requisite for scalable genomic testing.
Systemic sclerosis and risk of bronchiectasis: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Yang Bumhee , Kim Bo-Guen , Han Kyungdo , Jung Jin-Hyung , Kim Ji Hyoun , Park Dong Won , Kim Sang-Heon , Kim Eung-Gook , Sohn Jang Won , Yoon Ho Joo , Choi Hayoung , Lee Hyun
Published: October 2023

Background

The association between systemic sclerosis and the development of bronchiectasis is unclear. This study aimed to compare the risk of bronchiectasis between individuals with systemic sclerosis and those without using a nationwide longitudinal dataset.

Methods

Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service dataset between 2010 and 2017, we identified 4845 individuals aged ≥ 20 years with systemic sclerosis and 24,225 without systemic sclerosis who were matched 1:5 by age and sex. They were followed up until the date of a bronchiectasis diagnosis, death, or December 31, 2019, whichever came first.

Results

During a median follow-up period of 6.0 (interquartile range, 3.2–8.7) years, 5.3% of the systemic sclerosis cohort and 1.9% of the matched cohort developed bronchiectasis, with incidence rates of 9.99 and 3.23 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Even after adjusting for potential confounders, the risk of incident bronchiectasis was significantly higher in the systemic sclerosis cohort than in the matched cohort (adjusted hazard ratio 2.63, 95% confidence interval 2.22–3.12). A subgroup analysis of individuals with systemic sclerosis revealed that the risk of incident bronchiectasis was notably higher in younger individuals aged 20–39 years (P for interaction = 0.048) and in those without other coexisting connective tissue diseases (P for interaction = 0.006) than in their counterparts.

Conclusions

The risk of incident bronchiectasis is higher in individuals with systemic sclerosis than those without. Bronchiectasis should be considered one of the pulmonary manifestations related to systemic sclerosis.
Potential alternatives for Norway spruce wood: a selection based on defect-free wood properties
Authors: Huber Christian , Langmaier Magdalena , Stadlmann Alexander , Hochbichler Eduard , Grabner Maximilian , Teischinger Alfred , Konnerth Johannes , Grabner Michael , Müller Ulrich , Pramreiter Maximilian
Published: October 2023

Key message

The application of material selection principles uncovered eight possible alternative tree species (two deciduous and six coniferous species) to substitute Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and potentially prevent economic loss in European forest.

Context

Climate change is a major challenge for the Central European forest and timber industry. Increasing biotic (e.g. beetle damage) and abiotic (e.g. drought) calamities have led to major losses in forest value, especially on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) stands. Therefore, a transition to climate change adapted forest management is necessary. Concurrently, neophytes (e.g. tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.) and Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.)) are increasing their dominance in forest communities and causing additional adaption of the forest ecosystem. Both factors will lead to significant changes in wood species distributions in Central European forests, mainly at the expanse of Norway spruce, over the next decades.

Aims

Choosing the “right” tree species for afforestation will become ever more complex and will require a holistic approach that combines forestry and technological aspects alike. Therefore, this review presents a selection approach based on available wood material data from literature and the material selection principles proposed by M. Ashby with the aim to identify suitable alternatives for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and further concisely assess their silvicultural relevance.

Methods

For this wood species comparison and selection process, dry and raw density, bending strength and modulus of elasticity were chosen as key properties. Beam- and plate-like components subjected to a bending load were chosen as representative use cases.

Results

European birch (Betula spp.), grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) were identified as suitable alternatives for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) from a technological as well as silvicultural point of view. In addition, Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), yellow pine (Pinus strobus L.), western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in Lambert) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) offer a technological advantage but currently lack relevance in the forest sector.

Conclusion

The proposed selection process offers an evaluation of technical performance, and in combination with an assessment of the silvicultural relevance, it will be possible to optimize the wood-supply chain and prevent future economic loss of Central European forests.
Genetic variation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Eurasia: impact of postglacial recolonization and human-mediated gene transfer
Authors: Żukowska Weronika Barbara , Wójkiewicz Błażej , Lewandowski Andrzej , László Richárd , Wachowiak Witold
Published: October 2023

Key message

The range-wide level of genetic variation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) is geographically structured. High admixture and low genetic structure of populations in Central Europe and Fennoscandia suggest past recolonization from multiple sources and the influence of human-mediated gene transfer. Gene pools of marginal and isolated stands require active conservation. Some areas of Scots pine distribution need further genetic studies.

Context

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) seems to be a species of low conservation priority because it has a very wide Eurasian distribution and plays a leading role in many forest tree breeding programs. Nevertheless, considering its economic value, long breeding history, range fragmentation, and increased mortality, which is also projected in the future, it requires a more detailed description of its genetic resources.

Aims

Our goal was to compare patterns of genetic variation found in biparentally inherited nuclear DNA with previous research carried out with mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA due to their different modes of transmission.

Methods

We analyzed the genetic variation and relationships of 60 populations across the distribution of Scots pine in Eurasia (1262 individuals) using a set of nuclear DNA markers.

Results

We confirmed the high genetic variation and low genetic differentiation of Scots pine spanning large geographical areas. Nevertheless, there was a clear division between European and Asian gene pools. The genetic variation of Asian populations was lower than in Europe. Spain, Turkey, and the Apennines constituted separate gene pools, the latter showing the lowest values of all genetic variation parameters. The analyses showed that most populations experienced genetic bottlenecks in the distant past. Ongoing admixture was found in Fennoscandia.

Conclusions

Our results suggest a much simpler recolonization history of the Asian than European part of the Scots pine distribution, with migration from limited sources and possible founder effects. Eastern European stands seem to have descended from the Urals refugium. It appears that Central Europe and Fennoscandia share at least one glacial refugium in the Balkans and migrants from higher latitudes, as well as from south-eastern regions. The low genetic structure between Central Europe and Fennoscandia, along with their high genetic admixture, may result at least partially from past human activities related to the transfer of germplasm in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In light of ongoing climate changes and projected range shifts of Scots pine, conservation strategies are especially needed for marginal and isolated stands of this species. Genetic research should also be complemented in parts of the species distribution that have thus far been poorly studied.
A study on how efficient measures for secondary district heating system performance can be encouraged by motivational tariffs
Authors: Lygnerud Kristina , Nyberg Theo , Nilsson Anna , Fabre Antoine , Stabat Pascal , Duchayne Chloé , Gavan Valentin
Published: October 2023

Background

District Heating (DH) is a technology that provides heating and domestic hot water to buildings and is an important technology for supporting the European energy transition. As such the heating systems increasingly resort to renewable heat sources and waste heat, it is even more important that they operate in the most efficient way possible. DH companies have access to the primary network of which they can impact system performance. To maximize the efficiency of the system, however, it is important that the system at the building level, known as the secondary system, is also efficient; otherwise, overall system efficiency is reduced. To increase system efficiency, return temperatures from the secondary system into the primary system have been targeted through motivational tariffs. There is limited information on how to establish a motivational tariff that motivates the customer to improve both the primary and secondary systems, which is a gap that this paper aims to fill.

Results

In this paper, the impacts of retrofit actions in secondary systems are assessed through simulations. The identified relevant refurbishment measures to lower the return temperature to the primary system are variable flow pumps, low-temperature radiators, parallel heat exchangers, and a pass-through DHW system. Apart from simulated refurbishments, we also identify that the secondary system sometimes generates excess heat, which is valuable to recover, especially during peak load periods for the primary system. Hence, motivational tariffs targeting secondary system efficiency should also encompass an incentive for the customer to make use of waste heat in the secondary circuit to lower peak demand for the DH system.

Conclusions

To date, the most commonly used parameters introduced to customers are linked to the flow of water through the customer’s asset and the bonus malus principle. The results from simulations show that DH companies can introduce additional parameters to support customers in guiding their secondary system to perform more efficiently. Increased overall system efficiency has a positive impact on both costs and emissions.
Effects of students’ self-reflection on improving essay writing achievement among Ethiopian undergraduate students: a counterbalanced design
Authors: Gebremariam Hailay Tesfay , Asgede Dagnew Mache
Published: October 2023

Reflection in education has seen an upsurge in research interest since as reported by Dewey (How we think, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, 1991) ground-breaking work, which plays an integral role in fostering students’ self-reflection and demonstrable learning skills. However there have not been enough studies to determine whether writing instruction from the perspective of self-reflection before action improves undergraduate students' essay writing achievement. This article investigates the effects of Ethiopian university-undergraduate students’ self-reflection before action on their essay writing achievement through the mediation of teaching writing instruction. The study's methodology involved two phases of intervention in a counterbalanced design. The participants were 47 male and female students aged 19–22, from Arba Minch University. They were assigned to a control group and an experimental group using the matched sampling technique. During the first phase, the experimental group (Group A) was instructed to engage in self-reflection-based course activities over a period of two months while the control group was not. In the second phase Group B was engaged in self-reflection-based course activities over a period of two months while Group A was kept under control. To collect data, preliminary students’ self-reflection was provided using an open-ended questionnaire, and pre- and post-tests of writing were given to both groups. Mean and standard deviation statistics were applied after the thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Additionally, a univariate analysis of variance was performed to answer the query regarding the impact of self-reflection on students' essay writing performance. The findings demonstrated that, despite the students encountering numerous difficulties during their essay-writing exercises; the self-reflection-based instruction had a significant positive impact on the participants' essay-writing achievement. In conclusion, the findings have some implications for teaching essay writing instructions.
Infection prevention measures for patients on hemodialysis during COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: a nationwide questionnaire follow-up survey in 2022
Authors: Hashiba Toyohiro , Suagawara Yuka , Iwagami Masao , Yamakawa Tomoyuki , Ryuzaki Munekazu , Kikuchi Kan , Kadowaki Takashi , Nangaku Masaomi
Published: October 2023

Background

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to be prevalent in 2023, and infection control measures against it remain important in medical practice. In 2020, we conducted a questionnaire survey mainly on the implementation of infection prevention measures for patients on hemodialysis under COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Since then, vaccination for COVID-19 has been initiated and the outbreak of new variants had occurred. Infection prevention measures at dialysis facilities have possibly changed; therefore, we conducted a follow-up survey.

Methods

Between October 11 and November 14, 2022, we distributed a questionnaire survey to 4,198 dialysis facilities in Japan. The survey investigated (i) the characteristics of the facilities, (ii) infection prevention measures in routine dialysis practice, (iii) experience in treating COVID-19-positive/suspected dialysis patients, (iv) feasibility of various isolation measures, (v) nosocomial transmission, (vi) COVID-19 vaccination status, and (vii) impact on medical practice and economic aspects. We then compared the answers from the previous survey conducted in 2020 with those of the current survey.

Results

Responses were obtained from 1956 facilities (response rate: 46.6%). Overall, 83.5% of the facilities have examined and treated patients with COVID-19. While the compliance rate improved since the previous survey, it remained low for some factors such as linen exchange. More than 60% of the facilities reported that they were coping with a lack of manpower and space for isolation. Most patients at the surveyed facilities were vaccinated for COVID-19; only 2.8% were unvaccinated. Compared with unvaccinated patients, vaccinated patients had a lower infection rate (vaccinated 9.2% vs. unvaccinated 41.2%; crude risk ratio [RR] 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22–0.23; p < 0.001) and mortality rates (vaccinated 0.3% vs. unvaccinated 6.6%; crude RR 0.05; 95% CI 0.04–0.06; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The implementation rates of most of the infection prevention measures improved compared to those in the previous survey. However, labor shortages, lack of space, and problems coordinating with other medical facilities remain a challenge. COVID-19 vaccination was significantly associated with reduced infection and mortality in Japanese patients on hemodialysis, which should be confirmed by further studies with confounding adjustment.
A novel pyrazole–pyridine derivative (PPD) targets specific biological pathways in the larval stages of the northern house mosquito Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Mohamed Doaa Shehata , Al-Fuhaid Nawal A. , Abeed Ahmed Abdou O. , Ibrahim Ahmed M. A.
Published: October 2023

Background

Mosquitoes cause a variety of health problems in humans and pets. So, the control of mosquito larvae is one of the best ways to avoid health problems arising from diseases transmitted by these insects. There are various control mechanisms including mechanical, biological and chemical control. The latter, despite the presence of some obstacles associated with its use, is preferred because of its ability to supply rapid management results.

Result

A novel laboratory-synthesized chemical compound containing pyrazole and pyridine moieties (pyrazole–pyridine derivatives, PPD) was used to control and address the biological effects on Culex pipiens mosquito second larval instar. A sublethal concentration (LC30) of PPD inhibited larval growth by about 50%. Furthermore, the developmental time of larvae into pupae and the emergence of adults from the pupal stages were increased by about 20% and 17%, respectively. The ultrastructural studies on the midgut cells revealed that treated larvae suffered dramatic degeneration in the gastric caeca and the posterior midgut cells, while the anterior midgut epithelium appeared with an abundance of lysosomal activities. Additionally, treated larvae showed fluctuated activities in the levels of the detoxifying enzymes and increased levels in total antioxidants.

Conclusions

These results clearly show that pyrazole and pyridine moieties containing compounds can be used against larval stages of C. pipiens.
Rapid and validated UHPLC method for simultaneous determination of sofosbuvir, ledipasvir and paracetamol as commonly repurposed drugs for COVID-19 treatment: application in spiked human plasma
Authors: Gamal Sherif , Mohamed Gehad G. , Salih Said A. , Ezzeldin Menna I. , Mandour Asmaa A.
Published: October 2023

Background

Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (SOF/LDV), a combination of antiviral drugs, has been recently repurposed for COVID-19 management, according to Food and Drug Administration approval. Paracetamol (PAR) identified as a first-line antipyretic for COVID-19 symptoms' management. The use of these three drugs together has significantly influenced the management of COVID-19 by providing symptomatic relief via inhibiting viral activity. A validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) method has been introduced for the quantification of these repurposed drugs in COVID-19 treatment. This novel chromatographic method allows the simultaneous detection of SOF, LDV, and PAR in bulk. Additionally, the method has been applied to determine the levels of SOF and LDV in human plasma samples with PAR used as an internal standard.

Results

A new UHPLC method was developed, using a mobile phase with a combination of acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in a proportion of 42:58 (v/v).Flow rate was set at 0.4 ml/min, and UV detection was adjusted at 254 nm. The concentration of SOF, LDV, and PAR were measured by their corresponding peak areas, and showed linear relationships between concentration and peak area within the ranges of (5–60) µg/ml for SOF, (2–22) µg/ml for LDV, and (1–22) µg/ml for PAR. The presented UHPLC method was used to quantify the amounts of SOF, LDV, and PAR in both bulk samples and human plasma samples being spiked with the mentioned analytes. The elution process was completed within 4 min, with retention times of 3.28 min for SOF, 2.28 min for LDV, and 1.70 min for PAR. The method showed high separation selectivity, with an injection volume of 1µl. The precision, accuracy and repeatability of the method were found to be within acceptable limits.

Conclusion

The recently developed method has been successfully validated in accordance with the guidelines set by the International Council for Harmonization (ICH). This validation process ensures that the method is suitable for routine quality control analysis, making it convenient for regular use.
Evaluation of functional aerobic exercise capacity among chronic e-cigarette users compared to combustible cigarette smokers and non-smokers: a comparative study
Authors: Ammar Heba , Hashish Rania , Mohamed Ali Shrouk , Salem Ahmed , Hagras Abeer
Published: October 2023

Background

Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes have gained significant popularity as an alternative to traditional combustible tobacco smoking particularly among the youth. Although there is a growing prevalence of e-cigarette usage, the effects on cardiovascular function and physical capacity have not been adequately studied. The toxic products in combustible tobacco cigarettes negatively impact functional exercise capacity. However, the available data regarding the effect of e-cigarette use on functional exercise capacity are scarce. Thus, in the current study, we aimed to evaluate the functional aerobic exercise capacity among chronic e-cigarette users compared to combustible cigarette smokers and non-smokers.

Results

This comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted on 105 healthy volunteers. Participants were assigned into three study groups each consisting of 35 participants: chronic e-cigarette users, combustible cigarette smokers, and a non-smoker control group. Basal demographic and clinical data were similar in all groups. Mean heart rates and respiratory rates were significantly higher among e-cigarette smokers and combustible cigarette smokers compared to non-smoker controls (p < 0.001). Chronic e-cigarette users and combustible cigarette smokers had shorter 6-MWT distances compared to non-smokers (508.3, 488, and 616.6 m, respectively, p < 0.001). Borg scale scores after performing the six-minute walking test were significantly higher in chronic e-cigarette users and combustible cigarette smokers groups compared to non-smokers, where perceived exertion (4.9, 5.5, 2.1, respectively, p < 0.001), dyspnea (5.7, 6.5, 0.1, respectively, p < 0.001) and leg fatigue (4.2, 5.4, 1.4, respectively, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In this cross-sectional study, significant evidence demonstrates that e-cigarette use is not harmless. This was particularly presented in apparently healthy e-cigarette users in comparison to the healthy non-smoker control group. Chronic e-cigarette use is associated with reduced functional capacity compared to non-smoker controls. This was signified by decreased 6MWT walking distances, higher Borg scale scores, and lower oxygen saturation percentages among the chronic electronic cigarette users as compared to non-smoker controls after performing the six-minute walking test. All the evaluated parameters in the current study were similarly reduced among both the e-cigarette users group and the combustible cigarette smokers group compared to non-smokers with no statistically significant differences between both smoker groups.