bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFORTS TO IMPROVE SCIENCE LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF THE DISCOVERY LEARNING MODEL
Authors: S Nurmalia
Published: September 2024

<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">This research is PTK (Classroom Action Assessment) which aims to find out the results of learning science class students through the application of Discovery Learning models. (1) In the implementation of the first cycle, the number of students who achieved mastery learning individually was 12 people or 54.54%, while 10 other people or 45.46% had not achieved learning completeness. Based on the KKM that has been set at school, each student is said to have completed learning if the proportion of student answers and learning abilities is ≥ 75 (individual completeness), and a class is said to have been completed if ≥ 80% of students have completed (classical completeness). So it can be concluded that the classical mastery of student learning for cycle I has not been achieved. The results of student learning in cycle I obtained a result of 54.54% which was included in the less category. (2) in the application of the Discovery Learning learning model cycle II there is an increase in student activity in learning science in class VI MIN 49 Bireuen<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">The application of the Discovery Learning learning model can improve student learning outcomes in science learning in class VI MIN 49 Bireuen. It can be seen in the data of cycle II that there was an increase of 19 people or 86.36% while 3 people or 13.64% had not yet achieved learning mastery.
THE APPLICATION OF THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD IN INCREASING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES IN PAI COURSES IN MATERIALS OF PROCEDURE OF PURIFICATION
Authors: Harahap Juliana
Published: September 2024

<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">Teaching and learning activities focus on achieving learning objectives. Anything that includes teaching program tools is absolutely required to support the achievement of learning objectives. The type of research used is a qualitative method with a class action research model (CAR) with the aim of improving student learning outcomes in the learning process. Meanwhile, the subject of this study was addressed to fourth grade students at SD Negeri 112281 Aek kanopan<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">.<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Palatino Linotype'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> Data collection tools using techniques and instruments: (1) Observation, to collect data on student results that are seen directly in the activity using the demonstration method with the help of the class teacher. Based on the results of Classroom Action Research conducted by researchers on fourth grade students at SD Negeri 112281 Aek kanopan which have been presented for two cycles, the results of all discussions and analyzes that have been carried out can be concluded as follows: (1) Before applying the demonstration method (pracycle), namely using the Practice Rehearsal Pair method (Practice in pairs) learning outcomes from 14 students only 3 students or 21.42% who completed KKM 70 with an average score of 62.85, while 11 students did not complete or as much as 78.58% , to improve student learning outcomes, the first cycle was carried out by applying the demonstration method. (2) By using the demonstration method on the material for ablution procedures, it can successfully improve student learning outcomes. (3) The results of student completeness increased to 10 students or 71.42% with an average value of 71.42, in the first cycle this was not 100% reaching KKM 70 then continued in the second cycle, in the second cycle mastery became 100% of 14 students with an average value of 95.71. Based on these data the target of achieving 100% completeness has been achieved.
IMROVING STUDENTS ABILITY IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT USING THINK TALK WRITE METHOD
Authors: Diyana Sitepu Eli
Published: September 2024

The aim of this research is to improve students' ability in writing descriptive text using think talk write method at SMPN 2 Mardingding school. This research was conducted using classroom action research, which was carried out by applying 4 stages, namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. The implementation is carried out in two cycles. Where the pre-cycle results were 31%, then applied to cycle II and obtained results of 76%. Because it was not yet significant, the researchers applied cycle II and obtained very significant results with a total score of 93%.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS CAUSING MISCONCEPTIONS IN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
Authors: Lesmana Gusman , Annisa Rafida , Natiyu Tirana Tashya
Published: September 2024

Misconceptions are incorrect explanations of ideas that are not in accordance with the scientific understanding accepted by experts. Misconceptions often occur because the concepts studied and accepted are different. The aim of this research is to find out what misconceptions there are regarding guidance and counseling services. The technique used in writing this article is a bibliographic display method that uses literature such as journals, books, documents and other sources without conducting field research. This article contains an abstract, introduction, discussion and conclusion.
IMPLEMENTATION OF INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING SERVICES TO BUILD STUDENTS' CONFIDENCE CLASS XI AT MAN 3 LANGKAT
Authors: Rahmah Mukhliza
Published: September 2024

This study aims to find out how the condition of student self-confidence, the implementation of individual counseling is given in building student self-confidence and how the planning is carried out by individual counseling teachers in building student self-confidence at MAN 3 Langkat.This study uses a type of qualitative research, with a case study design. The participants in this study were guidance and counseling teachers and 11 students. Data collection was carried out using observation, documentation and interview techniques. The data analysis technique uses data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study revealed that the condition of the students' self-confidence at MAN 3 Langkat was quite good, but even so there were still some students who were not confident in their abilities, felt pessimistic that the goals they wanted would not be achieved, and lacked motivation. people around.The implementation of individual counseling in schools in building students' self-confidence at school is considered successful, the counseling teacher uses several stages including, which allows students to be more flexible in conveying the feelings they want to convey. Obstacles faced in the implementation of individual counseling services include obstacles in terms of determining the schedule for the implementation of services, then in terms of places that make the implementation of services carried out quite well but are still less effective because there is no special place provided.
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-MIXING USED BY ENGLISH TEACHER IN CLASSROOM INTERACTION AT NINETH GRADE MTS ANAK BANGSA
Authors: Nasution Nabilla Fauza
Published: September 2024

The research entitled "Analysis of the Use of Code Mix by English Teachers in Classroom Interaction" aims to identify the types of code mixing used by English teacher as well as the reasons behind their use in the teaching process. This research uses descriptive qualitative method, with the research subject being an English teacher at Mts Anak Bangsa. Data were gathered through observation, documentation, and interviews, and then analyzed using techniques for data reduction, data display, and drawing and verifying conclusions, as outlined by Sugiyono. The research findings show that there are three types of code mix used by teachers in classroom interactions, namely intra-sentential code mixing (77.16%), intra-lexical code mixing (12.34%), and involving change of pronunciation (10.50%). Among the three types, intra-sentential code-mixing is the most frequently used. English teachers use code-mixing due to situational factors, intrinsic messages and language attitudes which include dominance and security. The study concludes that teachers' use of code-mixing helps bridge language gaps between teachers and students, thereby enhancing students' comprehension of the subject matter.
What Makes Students' Reluctance in Speaking English at Mawaridussalam Islamic Boarding School?
Authors: Husaini M Fahri
Published: September 2024

The research conducted was entitled " WHAT MAKES STUDENTS’ RELUCTANCE IN SPEAKING ENGLISH AT MAWARIDUSSALAM ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL?" which was motivated by students' reluctance in speaking English. This research uses qualitative methods. The data of this research is the result of observation, interview. Researchers collected data sources obtained from students. The data of this research are participants and sources. The main data came from in-depth interviews with students. After analyzing the data about what makes students reluctant in speaking English, there are several findings in this study, namely: shyness in speaking English, fear of being mocked by friends, and lack of understanding of English.
Durability of Slag Based Geopolymer Stabilized Clay with High Moisture Condition
Authors:   Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Ahmad M.M. , Zaki M.F.M. ,   Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Ghazaly Z. M. ,   Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Bawadi N. F. ,   Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Nujid M. M. ,   Universiti Teknologi MARA, Muhamad K. ,   Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Hong T. H. H. ,   Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Published: September 2024

Clay soils, characterized by their cohesiveness and water retention capacity, exhibit low aeration and tend to swell when water is absorbed, leading to subsequent contraction. The moisture content significantly affects the properties of marine clay, resulting in low strength and high compressibility. Traditional stabilizers such as lime and cement have been extensively studied for their ability to enhance the compressive strength, reduce swelling potential, and improve the overall durability of the soil. These stabilizers offer numerous benefits in terms of soil properties and have been extensively researched. However,due to environmental concerned, geopolymer has been explored as an alternative replacement to the traditional stabilizer. In this research, stabilized clay soil using ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS) based geopolymer were prepared and tested for the compressive strength and durability characteristic. Different percentages of GGBS (10%, 20% and 30%) were used to stabilize the clay soil with different activator/binder ratio (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) and initial moisture content (0.75wL, 1.0wL, and 1.25wL). Cement stabilized specimen were also prepared for comparison. Unconfined compression test and wet-dry cycle were performed to evaluate the compressive strength and durability of treated soil. It was found that the strength of treated sample decreased with increment of initial moisture content. Increasing the binder dose was necessary to achieve the strength requirements for high water content soils. Thus, it shows that the use of a GGBS based geopolymer binder for the purpose of stabilizing soft soil is an alternative that is both effective and environmentally friendly.
A FastSurfer Database for Age-Specific Brain Volumes in Healthy Children: A Tool for Quantifying Localized and Global Brain Volume Alterations in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Zughayyar Ibrahim , Bauer Martin , Güttler Christopher , Marcelino Ana Luísa , Kühne Fabienne , Buss Claudia , Heim Christine , Aigner Annette , Tietze Anna , Dell'Orco Andrea
Published: September 2024

MRI-based whole-brain manual segmentation methods are considered the gold standard for brain volumetric analysis but are time-consuming and prone to human error. Automated segmentation tools like FreeSurfer can identify differences in brain volumes between healthy and non-healthy individuals. Deep-learning-based segmentation tools, such as FastSurfer, offer faster processing times, but further validation is needed, particularly in pediatric cases. This study aims to validate FastSurfer against FreeSurfer in a pediatric cohort and compare the volume estimates with previously published reference values. A multicenter cohort of 454 subjects aged 4-18 years from three centers was used to validate FastSurfer against FreeSurfer. Validation metrics, including the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), relative volume differences (RVD), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), were computed. Hemispheric asymmetries were assessed by calculating a hemispheric asymmetry index. The segmentation methods demonstrated high agreement, with a mean DSC across subjects and regions of interest of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.70; 1.0]), RVD of 0.8% (95% CI: -13.8%; 14.4%), and ICC of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.56; 0.99]). However, lower values were observed in small regions of interest. After a visual inspection, which led to the exclusion of 13 subjects with segmentation errors, growth charts for relative volume estimates of 16 anatomical brain regions were generated, revealing varying growth patterns across age. A potential clinical application is illustrated by plotting a patient’s data on these growth charts, showing a specific atrophy pattern.To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the use of FastSurfer in volumetric analysis of a pediatric population. Our findings suggest that FastSurfer is a reliable segmentation tool for pediatric data and is particularly promising for clinical practice due to its high accuracy despite rapid processing times. The morphometric data, growth charts, and code are publicly accessible.
Genotype to phenotype analysis on the scale of millions of human genomes
Authors: Heydari Hamed , Xu Changjiang , Boone Charles , Bader Gary D
Published: September 2024

Linear mixed models (LMMs) are the most-established model of the genotype to phenotype relationship in populations of individuals, but they do not scale to the level of hundreds of thousands of genotyped individuals in large human biobanks. We developed a scalable framework for fitting likelihood-based multi-component LMMs with full-rank covariance that scales to several million samples with high statistical accuracy, rivaling exact computation, without the high computational and memory demands of previous state-of-the-art methods. Our scalable LMM (SLMM) implementation can be distributed from one to many computers aiding fast and accurate large-scale analysis. We applied SLMM to examine ~300,000 individuals and estimate heritability, infer selection-related parameters, and incorporate prior knowledge of specific genome components, such as codons, gene promoters and terminators, as well as biological pathway gene sets to perform functional enrichment on several phenotypes from individual data in the UK Biobank.
Media Education in Residential Child and Youth Welfare A Quantitative Cross-Sectional Survey in Germany
Authors: Fendt Marvin
Published: September 2024

The importance of media education and its protective effect on problematic internet use has been extensively researched in the family context. However, research has seldom targeted a presumably biographically highly burdened target group: Clients in residential child and youth welfare. This raises questions to what extent Internet Gaming Disorder is problematic in these institutions and how it can be addressed through media education. Therefore, a quantitative cross-sectional survey of media education, perceived Internet Gaming Disorder, and organi-zational factors of professionals in these facilities (N = 319) was conducted and analyzed descriptively as well as through multiple linear regression analyses. About one third of the facilities have media education representatives or media education concepts, while approxi-mately one-fifth classify the internet use of young people as problematic. Higher age of the professionals is associated with more intense application of all media education strategies, while no gender effects were identifiable. Stronger Internet Gaming Disorder is significantly associated with less restrictive mediation and less intensive co-viewing. A more intensive integration of media pedagogical content into the institutional culture is significantly associat-ed with more intensive monitoring. The results suggest that professionals are aware of prob-lematic internet use, but neither the structural nor individual conditions for successful media education are consistently implemented. Future research could explore conditions to support media education, a plan for their implementation, and the interaction between professionals and youths in their individual decision-making process.
Altered patterns of dynamic functional connectivity underpin reduced expressions of social-emotional reciprocity in autistic adults.
Authors: Shaw Daniel , Czekoova Kristina , Mareček Radek , Staněk Rostislav , Hartley Calum , Kessler Klaus , Brázdil Milan , Ošlejšková Hana , Hlavatá Pavla
Published: September 2024

To identify the neurocognitive mechanisms underpinning the social difficulties that characterise autism, it is necessary to emulate the conditions of real-world social interactions under which they manifest. To achieve this, the present study performed functional magnetic resonance imaging on pairs of autistic and non-autistic adults simultaneously (dual-fMRI) whilst they interacted with one another on the iterated Ultimatum Game (iUG) – an economic game that emulates the reciprocal characteristic of naturalistic interpersonal exchanges. Two age-matched sets of male-male dyads were investigated: 16 comprised pairs of an autistic adult Responder and a non-autistic Proposer, and 19 comprised non-autistic pairs of Responder and Proposer that served as a comparison group. Players’ round-by-round behaviour was modelled as reciprocal choices, and dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) among seven intrinsic functional brain networks was measured to identify the neural mechanisms underpinning altered expressions of reciprocity during these interpersonal exchanges. Behavioural expressions of reciprocity were significantly reduced in autistic compared with non-autistic Responders, yet no such differences were observed between the non-autistic Proposers in either set of dyads. Furthermore, we identified four states of dFC with temporal properties (less dynamism) associated with these altered expressions of reciprocity. This was true especially for states characterised by co-ordinated patterns of integration and segregation among the Default Mode Network and cognitive control networks. Autistic interactants spend less time in brain states characterised by dynamic inter-network integration and segregation, suggesting that their characteristic difficulties in social-emotional reciprocity reflect less efficient reconfigurations among brain networks supporting flexible cognition and behaviour. These findings advance our mechanistic understanding of the social difficulties characterising autism.
Tokenization of Production & Supply chain systems: Transformation from XaaS toward a web 3 paradigm
Authors: Fatahi Valilai Omid
Published: September 2024

Everything as a Service paradigm has created the opportunity for production and manufacturing industries to move from a product or process-oriented model to a service-oriented model. The Service oriented paradigm called Cloud production and manufacturing systems is one the enablers of Industry 4.0 paradigm. For the realization of the distributed manufacturing and logistics serviced in the form of global service perspective, an evolution roadmap is proposed which considers three perspectives. The first perspective has contributed to platforms and architectures for globalized service-oriented production and manufacturing systems. The research conducted on this theme contributed to the integration and interoperability of stakeholders and processes to enable the fulfillment of services. The second perspective has elaborated the idea of Cloud production and manufacturing systems by encompassing transportation and logistics as service paradigm. The main contributions of the research studies in this theme can be interpreted as mutual and synergic production and transportation service alignment. Moreover, the research studies have contributed to the development of operations research (OR) models for Cloud service network management and planning. The third perspective has extended and contributed to the application of Blockchain and emerging Web 3 technologies in Cloud manufacturing networks. These research studies have accomplished the early steps for improving the effectiveness of the second perspective and have also provided an insight to the perspective of share economy and tokenization models in service-oriented networks. The studies emphasize the potential and capabilities of Web 3 for establishment of new business models in this network. The convergence of the research perspectives concentrates on more realization of service-oriented production and supply networks. The globalized interaction frameworks which operate with autonomous structures capable of resembling the preferences of Cloud stakeholders. From the point of view of sustainability pillars high research potential can be of investigated. Moreover, the thesis proposes the future studies with motivation of more globalized, sustainable, and autonomous Cloud networks in form of tokenization paradigm.
Establishing Discriminative Repertoires in the Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics: Preliminary Outcomes and Future Directions
Authors: Lanovaz Marc J , Falligant John Michael
Published: September 2024

The Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics (ETBD) has garnered significant empirical support in producing artificial organisms that engage in behavior patterns that have striking similarities to those of living organisms. However, the algorithm is not currently designed to generate stimulus control. Thus, the purpose of the present paper was to use a theory-driven approach in proposing some modifications to the ETBD to extend its application to discriminative repertoires in pursuit of stimulus control. The algorithm was first modified to initialize separate populations of behavior corresponding to the SD and SΔ conditions. Then, we allowed for learning carryover between the two schedules. Finally, the algorithm mutated previously emitted behavior out of the SΔ population to simulate extinction. The patterns produced by the modified algorithm appear conceptually consistent with how organisms learn, but future research needs to compare our results with those of living organisms to validate our propositions.
Microfinance in Nepal: An Overview
Authors: Yadav Mukti
Published: September 2024

This paper aims to explore the current challenges and opportunities of the microfinance sector in Nepal. The secondary data and descriptive research with a critical approach are adopted to explain the study. The data were mainly collected from Nepal Rastra Bank's (NRB) annual Reports, and other available literature. The result shows that the center numbers (numbers of microfinance user group) change ratio was reduced from 17.11% to 1.30%, the total group numbers were 13% to 2.88%, the borrower 7.51% to (-9.66%), staff progress 9.75% to (-3.48%), loan outstanding 41.18% to (-5.06), profit 150.53% to (-7238), active loan 40.26 to (-7.94), and saving  22.87 to 3.91 between 2020/2021 to 2022/2023. Similarly, the Overdue member change ratio increased upto 53.66%, the passive loan from 79.47% to 104.3%, and the NPL increased continuously from 2.56% to 5.52%. So, all microfinance institutions are in a critical situation in Nepal. However, microfinance is an important concept to reduce poverty and unemployment. Further, it enhances easy access to financial institutions in rural where large banking institutions are merely available. However, microfinance in Nepal is facing critical challenges as many fraud cases are emerging. The policy implication is crucial as policymakers should formulate both long-term and short-term policies and implement those policies immediately in microfinance to revive the critical current situation.
Appraising Agriculture Development Strategy of Nepal from Agricultural Extension Perspective
Authors: Pasa Rajan Binayek , Joshi Hem Raj , Acharya Mahendra , Adhikari Jeevan
Published: September 2024

Nepalese economy is primarily dependent on agriculture which provides employment to the vast majority (>60.02%) of the people. The goal of the Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) is to make agriculture sector more productive, equitable, and sustainable driver for upgrading Nepalese economy. This library based paper thus aims to appraise ADS from extension perspective which is essential for educating farmers about new ideas and information related to agriculture development. The study thoroughly appraises ADS programs, policy documents, scholarly articles and secondary data fact supplemented to the research issue educating and supporting farmers. The result of the appraisal show that implementation of a voucher system and the decentralized strategy of establishing Service Centers for Community Agriculture Extension in each Village Development Committee, use of ICT and GESI based approaches are praiseworthy. However, there are still major obstacles to overcome resource constraints, implementation hurdles, and unclear roles due to the federal governance transition. The paper concludes that to enhance betterment of the ADS, there is a need for increased funding, capacity building, and improved infrastructure. Additionally, stronger monitoring and evaluation systems, along with promoting public-private partnerships and ensuring active farmer participation are essential. Addressing these issues is crucial for achieving goals and objectives of the ADS.
Penanganan Overfitting pada Klasifikasi Berita Hoax berbasis Neural Networks dengan Dropout dan Regularization
Authors: Ilyas Ridwan , Kasyidi Fatan , Eriyadi Maulidina Norick
Published: September 2024

Penelitian ini mengevaluasi efektivitas berbagai teknik deteksi hoaks di Indonesia menggunakan model klasifikasi teks dengan dua ukuran dataset berbeda, yaitu 250 dan 650 sampel. Hoaks di media sosial memiliki dampak signifikan pada masyarakat, sehingga deteksi yang akurat sangat penting. Penelitian ini menguji tiga algoritma machine learning—ID CNN, Bi-LSTM, dan LSTM—dengan teknik regulasi seperti original, regularization, dan dropout. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik regularisasi pada ID CNN memberikan akurasi tertinggi pada dataset 250 sampel, sementara Bi-LSTM dengan teknik original mencapai akurasi tertinggi pada dataset yang sama. Dataset yang lebih besar (600 sampel) menunjukkan bahwa teknik regularisasi pada ID CNN tetap stabil, sedangkan teknik dropout memberikan hasil yang bervariasi. Analisis menggunakan confusion matrix dan grafik learning menunjukkan adanya overfitting pada model, terutama pada dataset yang lebih kecil. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya penerapan teknik regulasi untuk mengurangi overfitting dan meningkatkan generalisasi model dalam deteksi hoaks. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan sistem deteksi hoaks yang lebih efektif di Indonesia.
CURRENT ISSUES OF CYBER SECURITY DEVELOPMENT IN MODERN RUSSIA
Authors:   Kuban State University, ALEXANDROVA E.N.
Published: September 2024

The article examines the issues of cyber security and its growing importance both in the world and in Russia. Based on cross-country ratings and indices, Russia’s international position is determined and the country’s limitations in the field of cyber security are specified. The key indicators are analyzed to identify the prospects and weaknesses in the development of the Russian cyber security market. Special attention is paid to the dual role of digital technologies in ensuring cyber security.
ANALYSIS OF SANCTIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF METHODS TO COMBAT THEM
Authors:   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, GOLOVKINA S.I. , VALEBNIKOVA N.V. ,   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, KONOPLEV M.N. ,   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Published: September 2024

The article examines the sanctions imposed against Russia, Iran, Cuba and Syria. In the process of research, countries with similar restrictions are identified, the main sanction focuses and the consequences of the applied sanctions regimes are revealed. Sanctions have a significant impact on the Russian economy. Identifying and understanding measures to combat their influence that are effectively applied in other countries can help assess the effectiveness of Russia’s antisanctions policy.
The principle of legality in the legal process (historical and legal aspect)
Authors: Isaev Eduard Evgen'evich
Published: September 2024

The article examines the peculiarities of understanding and implementing the principle of legality in the Soviet period. Using the example of studying the legal process in the sphere of application of law in relation to persons who do not fulfill constitutional obligations to engage in socially useful work, strict observance of the principle of legality in the period under consideration is substantiated. The dynamic development of law in modern reality should take into account the historical and legal experience of domestic law enforcement, which is what the theory of law and state focuses on.
Features of financial and economic activity of natural monopolies in modern conditions
Authors: Mollaev Soslanbek Srafilevich
Published: September 2024

The article examines the essence and features of natural monopolies, conducts a dynamic analysis of their financial and economic activities, and identifies factors affecting the profits of natural monopolies.
PYTHON PROGRAM FOR STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR FORMULA OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: AN ALTERNATIVE THEORETICAL APPROACH
Authors: Verma Hemant , Singh Jyoti , Passey Sarita
Published: September 2024

A chemist always desires the automation of a chemistry laboratory as it reduces their workload by minimizing the time, energy, and effort. Automation when coupled with artificial intelligence is the need in today’s era as it gives more flexibility and power to the chemist. Using computer programs for a large number of such operations would further ease out these tasks as the desired objectives may be achieved with the click of a mouse. In this research article, the Python program has been used to arrive at the empirical and molecular formulas of some compounds. Python code has also been written for some compounds and their 2D and 3D structures drawn henceforth. With the introduction of Python language at the undergraduate level, this paper would allow chemistry students to make use of Python in organic chemistry as well. As a result, the chemistry students will be able to use the Python program for verification and classroom-based structure determination of various organic compounds. The students thus gain access and become equipped with computational skills that will be helpful in the modern world and can utilize the Python code as an alternative theoretical approach for these operations. While Python provides valuable computational tools, integrating thematic chemistry and new methodologies is crucial for advancing structural analysis. This approach enhances the depth and applicability of theoretical models beyond basic calculations. This paper is a perfect amalgamation of computer programming with organic chemistry and is an attempt to equip the chemists to do the above-mentioned operations theoretically from their desks.
Synthesis of Itˆo Equations for a Shaping Filter with a Given Spectrum
Authors:   Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Khrustalev M. M. , Rumyantsev D. S. ,   Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Published: September 2024

The analytical method for the synthesis of a generator of a random process with a given spectrum in the form of a linear system of Ito’s equations is proposed. The stationarity of a random process is assumed, the spectral and corresponding transfer functions of which are defined in the form of rational fractions. The coefficients of the system of Ito’s equations of the generator are found from recurrent algebraic relations. The method is focused on working with mathematical models of nature random processes, such as the Dryden’s wind model. The transformation of the spectra of the wind gust model in three directions is presented in detail and the corresponding stochastic equations are given.
About the Future of the Formation of the Chinese Yuan as a World Currency
Authors: Stepanov N. S
Published: September 2024

The article presents an analysis of the possibilities and prospects of the Chinese yuan on the way to becoming a world currency. Research arguments in favor of the broad and growing internationalization of the yuan are presented, including regional initiatives seen as a promising stage of internationalization, as well as encouraging forward-looking analysis. It describes the constant obstacles preventing the yuan from becoming a full-fledged payment mechanism in the field of cross-border transactions. It is shown that the Chinese currency is now becoming an important settlement currency in bilateral cross-border transactions, in addition to cross-border settlements and payments, the yuan also demonstrates its strength in cross-border investments and financing, and the growth of the yuan's share in global payments has allowed China to be in fifth position among all countries in the world in terms of currency activity for global payments. The elements that show that at this stage the yuan should rather be considered in its regional dimension, especially on the basis of the existence of a de facto regional currency bloc, are listed. Possible directions for the reorganization of the global financial system are formulated, taking into account the role of the Chinese yuan and the possibilities of the digital yuan in this. The possibility of the yuan's growth in a reserve function and a means of payment is highlighted, taking into account the fact that the value reserve function is an important criterion for the degree of internationalization of the currency. It is concluded that there are obstacles to the Chinese yuan's ability to become a full-fledged payment mechanism in the field of cross-border transactions, in particular, capital account liberalization and institutional development, if these obstacles were eliminated, the potential of the Chinese currency could be realized.
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership is the Largest Integration Association in Asia and the World
Authors: Akimov A. V
Published: September 2024

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a free trade area with prospects for deepening economic integration. It includes China, Japan, the Republic of Korea (ROK), all ASEAN countries, Australia and New Zealand. Negotiations on the creation of the RCEP began in 2012, the agreement on the creation of the RCEP was signed in 2020, the operation of the organization began on January 1, 2022. The RCEP is the world's largest free trade zone in terms of GDP with a population of 2.2 billion. The RCEP is based on the following key principles of regional integration: rules-based trade and investment, access to the markets of the participating countries, economic cooperation, the central position of ASEAN and the changing conditions and responsiveness provided by its status as a flexible agreement. In the RCEP, import tariffs remain in place for 20 years, although their reduction is planned. Commodity items in the tariffs are prescribed for detailed classification groups for the selective regulation of customs policy The member countries are open to trade in high-tech products (electronics and aviation equipment), and do not impose duties on imports of those types of raw materials, fuel and food that are not available in the country. The most protected import items are goods that ensure food security, as well as selectively those manufacturing industries that ensure the internal security of the population and ensure international competitiveness (automotive equipment). Of the 15 member countries, five account for more than 90 % of the total GDP of the RCEP: China — 61 %, Japan — 14 %, ROK — 6 %, Australia — 6 %, Indonesia — 5 %. The RCEP is the first experience of economic integration of countries so different in terms of economy and technology. The prospects in the RCEP are associated with the large size of its economy and population and the catching-up development of lagging member countries. The sources of risks are the inequality of countries and competitive integration projects organized by the United States.
Chinese Workers on the Construction of the CER 1898–1899
Authors: Datsyshen V. G
Published: September 2024

In the Russian historiography of the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, there is a tradition of studying the contribution of Russians to the construction of the road and the city of Harbin. However, along with the Russians, from the first days of the construction of the CER, the Chinese worked alongside the Russians. From the first days of construction work, most of the construction workers of the CER were Chinese. Based on the evidence of the Russian builders of the CER and the first researchers of the road, the historical picture of Chinese participation in the construction of the road and the city of Harbin is restored, a set of issues and problems related to the involvement of Chinese in the construction site, the organization of work, the relationship between representatives of two peoples and states is revealed. Both published materials and documents stored in archival collections of Russia and the USA, documents of Russian and Chinese origin are involved in the work. The chronological scope of the study is limited to the first stage of the construction of the CER (1898 — early 1900). The first Chinese workers arrived at the construction site with Russian engineers or were recruited locally. Then several tens of thousands of Chinese were recruited and sent to construction work, the vast majority through large contracts concluded in the provinces of Shandong and Zhili (Hebei). The first and most important Chinese contractor who organized the supply of workers and the organization of their work was entrepreneur Cai Lianbi, who collaborated with the head of construction, engineer A.I. Yugovich. Russian Russian-Chinese cooperation's first experience in the construction of the CER was complex and contradictory, but on the whole it was successful, which determined the future fruitful RussianChinese cooperation on the CER for several decades.
His Majesty’s Eyes and Ears: on the Establishment of the Institution of Control of Provincial Authorities in Korea during the Joseon Period
Authors: Pirozhenko O. S
Published: September 2024

The article characterizes the evolution of the royal emissaries of the Joseon period Korea (1392–1897). The institution was a significant element in the Korean court and state apparatus balance of power, functioning as an instrument of control over regional authorities, and, at times, as a lever of direct provincial administration. The study, based on original Korean sources, allows a better understanding of development of the state management system that influenced shaping of the historical specifics of Korea's development in the reviewed period. The basis for the development of the institution during the formation of Joseon statehood was provided by the local governance practice established during the previous Goryeo dynasty (935–1392), which utilized two key features: assigning emissaries with supervisory functions to overcome local autonomy and introducing temporary positions for implementation of large-scale projects. The administrative reorganization aimed at bureaucratic centralization of power, which accompanied the accession of the new dynasty at the end of the 14th century, had the establishment of a regular gubernatorial system as one of its key elements in provincial dimension. Nevertheless, the rulers of the Joseon state continued to actively utilize the practice of dispatching authorized envoys who performed control, supervisory and management functions in parallel with the governors permanently stationed in provinces. In most cases, the emissary positions were filled with Korean monarchs’ confidants whose assignments were intended to balance the influence of local authorities and ensure balance of provincial governance. Through the first decades of the Lee dynasty’s rule this institution proved its relevance in new conditions, when, among the priorities of state policy, the effort to check local autonomy gave way to strivings for controllability and effectively solving socio-economic and infrastructural development tasks.
Zheng He — Sinbad’s Prototype? (A Critique of a Popular Viewpoint)
Authors: Kolnin I. S
Published: September 2024

In modern popular literature, blogs on the Internet and other media aimed at the mass reader one is more and more likely to find an assumption that the famous Chinese admiral of the Ming dynasty, Zheng He (1371—?), could be the prototype of the legendary Arab merchant and traveler Sinbad, whose seven fantastic voyages were subsequently included in the collection of folktales “One Thousand and One Nights”. This article analyzes the historical, textual and linguistic arguments for and against such a presumption from both the Chinese and Arab-Persian sides. The first part presents a general criticism of this hypothesis, after which the three main arguments of its supporters are examined separately. The author comes to the following conclusions: it is most likely that the cycle about Sinbad was formed much earlier than the expeditions of Zheng He on the basis of various myths and a self-sufficient Arab-Persian geographical and nautical tradition; the generally accepted statement that both personalities made seven voyages is in fact very controversial; Sanbao was the name given not only to Zheng He, but also to other officials at the Ming court, including those who were in no way connected with the expeditions to the Western Ocean, and the history of the appearance and use of this expression is very vague. Thus, the desire to see Zheng He as a source of inspiration for the creation of the character of Sinbad the Sailor seems groundless, and the arguments in its favor do not stand up to scientific criticism.
Activities of the USSR Society of Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries on the Visit of the Chinese Education Mission in 1933
Authors: Verchenko A. L
Published: September 2024

The article for the first time in Russian sinology analyses the activities of the USSR Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Сountries (VOCS) on the visit to Moscow in 1933 of the delegation of Chinese educators. The study was done on the basis of unknown in the scientific sphere documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, as well as the publications of foreign and Chinese researchers. China under Chiang Kai-shek planned a fundamental reform of the education system and intended to use suitable foreign experience, including the Soviet. On behalf of the Government, the VOCS dealt with the organizational and substantive aspects of the reception of the delegation that arrived in the Soviet Union after visiting Italy, Poland, Germany, Great Britain, France, Denmark, Austria, and spent 13 days in Moscow. The visit of a delegation, which was composed of key figures of the Chinese educational system, was important for the USSR from two points of view: from the political point of view (implementation of inter-state contacts after the restoration of diplomatic relations between China and the USSR in December 1932) and from the humanitarian point of view (development of interaction in a specific field of culture). It was an opportunity for our country to demonstrate to the international community the progress made in the reforming of the educational system and its advantages under socialism. The VOCS’s leading figures Vice-President E.O. Lerner and Secretary-General and Chairman of the VOCS Education Section M.J. Apletin met with the delegation. The delegation was received by the Chairman of the People’s Сommittee of Enlightenment A.S. Bubnov. The analysis of the documents shows that the delegation studied the Soviet experience and planned to use it to some extend in China. The VOCS has fulfilled the objectives set by the authorities of the country to organize the visit and to provide professional assistance to Chinese educators, made every effort to create conditions for maintaining and further developing Soviet-Chinese cultural ties.
Dialectics in fundamental jurisprudence: ancient approaches and modern trends
Authors: Likhter Pavel L.
Published: September 2024

The exact methodology of research is crucial for a unified terminological, formal and semantic understanding of the basic phenomena of law. Dialectics retains importance in the formation of explanatory strategies of complex systems that combine contradictory legal values, principles, and goals. The main purpose of the work is to find relevant points of application of the dialectical method in fundamental jurisprudence. For this purpose, the essential features and the concept of dialectics are consistently considered; the history of its origin and development; possible use in modern legal science of approaches formed in Antiquity. The work uses systematic, normative-value, historical-legal, comparative-legal, theoretical-prognostic structural-functional and dialectical methods. The author explores the heuristic potential of dialectical laws, categories and principles to clarify the ontological status of elements of legal reality. The transformation of approaches to the categorical pair “cause – effect” is noted in the light of the achievements of analytical philosophy, including through the establishment of the property of supervenience. Particular attention is paid to the intersection of holistic ancient methodology and modern approaches in dialectics. Methodological holism corresponds to the principle of the material unity of the world, which is realized in the objective existence (not necessarily in the sense of “existere”, but in the sense of “est”) of a set of elements of legal reality. Holism and dialectics exclude the reduction of the complexity of legal problems to the level of analysis of a particular case without taking into account its relationship with other elements of the whole. Accordingly, both methodologies assume cognitive strategies with a holistic approach to the problem, rejecting its narrowly sectoral solution.