bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Egg Hatching, Stocking, Larval Feeding, and Handling Mortality of Guinean Fingerfish Monodactylus sebae
Authors: Elefante Daniel J. , Ohs Cortney L. , Grabe Scott W.
Published: February 2022

Experiments were conducted on Guinean Fingerfish Monodactylus sebae to evaluate egg and larval stocking densities, stocking methods, water quality effects on egg hatching success, and the effects of different live food organisms on larval growth and survival. Egg hatching percentage was determined for four egg stocking densities (10, 20, 30, and 40 eggs/L). The lowest stocking density, 10 eggs/L, had a significantly higher mean hatching percentage (65.0 ± 18.54%) than the 30- and 40-eggs/L treatments but did not vary significantly from the 20-eggs/L treatment. Eggs were incubated in salinities of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 45, and 50 g/L to evaluate the effect on hatching success. The hatching success was over 70% for salinities of 0–30 g/L. The highest hatching success (98%) occurred in the 5-g/L treatment, and the 40- and 50-g/L treatments had significantly lower hatching success than all other treatments. Three live food organisms were fed to larvae to determine effects on growth and survival over a 9-d period. Diets were enriched rotifers Brachionus plicatilis, nauplii of the copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris, and nauplii of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus fed at equal densities of 10 organisms/mL once daily. Larvae were stocked at 20 fish/L. At 9 d posthatch (dph), survival was not significantly different among treatments and larvae fed P. pelagicus had a significantly longer SL (mean ± SD = 4.28 ± 0.42 mm). Larvae were netted and exposed to air as a stressor at 6, 14, 22, 30, 38, and 46 dph for durations of 30, 60, 120, and 240 s. The 30-dph treatment had the lowest survival among all treatments regardless of experimental duration, followed by the 38-dph treatment. Results suggest that to avoid high handling mortality, Guinean Fingerfish should not be handled during metamorphosis (30–38 dph).
Trendbericht Anorganik 2022 Teil 1: Hauptgruppen
Authors: Fischer Malte , Heift Dominikus
Published: February 2022

Molekülchemie: Calcium bändigt Distickstoff, niedervalente Verbindungen in ungewöhnlichen Oxidationsstufen bestimmen das Geschehen, Koordinationsgeometrien kratzen an bisher für unmöglich Gehaltenem. Nebengruppen‐ und Koordinationschemie: aktivierter Distickstoff und die erste Reihe der Übergangsmetalle als Photosensibilisatoren.
γ‐aminobutyric acid measurement in the human brain at 7 T: Short echo‐time or Mescher–Garwood editing
Authors: Lim Song‐I , Xin Lijing
Published: February 2022

The purposes of the current study were to introduce a Mescher–Garwood (MEGA) semi‐adiabatic spin‐echo full‐intensity localization (MEGA‐sSPECIAL) sequence with macromolecule (MM) subtraction and to compare the test–retest reproducibility of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) measurements at 7 T using the sSPECIAL and MEGA‐sSPECIAL sequences. The MEGA‐sSPECIAL editing scheme using asymmetric adiabatic and highly selective Gaussian pulses was used to compare its GABA measurement reproducibility with that of short echo‐time (TE) sSPECIAL. Proton magnetic resonance spectra were acquired in the motor cortex (M1) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using the sSPECIAL (TR/TE = 4000/16 ms) and MEGA‐sSPECIAL sequences (TR/TE = 4000/80 ms). The metabolites were quantified using LCModel with unsuppressed water spectra. The concentrations are reported in institutional units. The test–retest reproducibility was evaluated by scanning each subject twice. Between‐session reproducibility was assessed using coefficients of variation (CVs), Pearson's r correlation coefficients, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Intersequence agreement was evaluated using Pearson's r correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots. Regarding GABA measurements by sSPECIAL, the GABA concentrations were 0.92 ± 0.31 (IU) in the M1 and 1.56 ± 0.49 (IU) in the mPFC. This demonstrated strong between‐session correlation across both regions (r = 0.81, p < 0.01; ICC = 0.82). The CVs between the two scans were 21.8% in the M1 and 10.2% in the mPFC. On the other hand, the GABA measurements by MEGA‐sSPECIAL were 0.52 ± 0.04 (IU) in the M1 and 1.04 ± 0.24 (IU) in the mPFC. MEGA‐sSPECIAL demonstrated strong between‐session correlation across the two regions (r = 0.98, p < 0.001; ICC = 0.98) and lower CVs than sSPECIAL, providing 4.1% in the M1 and 5.8% in the mPFC. The MEGA‐editing method showed better reproducibility of GABA measurements in both brain regions compared with the short‐TE sSPECIAL method. Thus it is a more sensitive method with which to detect small changes in areas with low GABA concentrations. In GABA‐rich brain regions, GABA measurements can be achieved reproducibly using both methods.
Arbitrarily high‐order accurate and energy‐stable schemes for solving the conservative Allen–Cahn equation
Authors: Guo Feng , Dai Weizhong
Published: February 2022

In this paper, three high‐order accurate and unconditionally energy‐stable methods are proposed for solving the conservative Allen–Cahn equation with a space–time dependent Lagrange multiplier. One is developed based on an energy linearization Runge–Kutta (EL–RK) method which combines an energy linearization technique with a specific class of RK schemes, the other two are based on the Hamiltonian boundary value method (HBVM) including a Gauss collocation method, which is the particular instance of HBVM, and a general class of cases. The system is first discretized in time by these methods in which the property of unconditional energy stability is proved. Then the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method is employed in space along with the proofs of mass conservation. To show the stability and validity of the obtained schemes, a number of 2D and 3D numerical simulations are presented for accurately calculating geometric features of the system. In addition, our numerical results are compared with other known structure‐preserving methods in terms of numerical accuracy and conservation properties.
Social media analytics for nonprofit marketing: #Downsyndrome on Twitter and Instagram
Authors: Bernardi Chiara L. , Alhamdan Nouf
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Social media listening and monitoring of user‐generated content (UGC) in commercial marketing is central to measuring social media users' perceptions of a brand or company. Applications of social media analytics (SMA) have become common practice in marketing and are employed to predict consumer behavior. However, critical reflections on SMA applications to nonprofit marketing are lacking, despite the increased usage of SMA by nonprofit organizations.

Objective

The article proposes to apply SMA to analyze UGC and identify how computational methodologies can help bolster strategic communication for nonprofit organizations and drive marketing strategy.

Methodology

The article presents results from a 2‐year (October 2017–January 2020) social media monitoring of the hashtag #DownSyndrome on Twitter and Instagram. SMA tools will be used. Specifically, sentiment analysis and topic modeling are employed to analyze tweets and Instagram posts, while image classification is used to analyze Instagram images.

Findings

The results highlight a strong stereotypical characterization of people with Down syndrome in content that is generated by social media users and identify possibilities and challenges ahead of nonprofit organizations pushing specific agendas.

Originality and Contribution

This study is the first to offer a review of SMA, apply them to a nonprofit context and reflect on aspects of representation and stereotypization through them. It ultimately proposes to support nonprofit and voluntary marketing research and practice by integrating UGC research and computational techniques into the broader discussion of ethical content strategy in social media nonprofit marketing.
Application of Guar Gum and its Derivatives as Green Binder/Separator for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kaur Simran , Santra Soumava
Published: February 2022

Since their first commercialization in the 1990s,lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have become an indispensible part of our everyday life in particular for portable electronic devices. LIBs have been considered as the most promising sustainable high energy density storage device. In recent years, there is a strong demand of LIBs for hybrid electric and electric vehicles to lower carbon footprint and mitigate climate change. However, LIBs have several issues, for example, high cost and safety issues such as over discharge, intolerance to overcharge, high temperature operation etc. To address these issues several new types of electrodes are being studied. Traditional binder PVDF is costly, difficult to recyle, undergoes side reactions at high temperature and cannot stabilize high energy density electrodes. To overcome these challenges, diiferent binders have been introduced with these electrodes. This minireview is focused on the application of guar gum as a binder for different electrodes and separator. The electrochemical performance of electrodes with guar gum has been compared with other binders.
B‐DNA Structure and Stability: The Role of Nucleotide Composition and Order
Authors: Nieuwland Celine , Hamlin Trevor A. , Fonseca Guerra Célia , Barone Giampaolo , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: February 2022

Invited for this month's cover are the groups of Célia Fonseca Guerra at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Leiden University, Giampaolo Barone from the Università degli Studi di Palermo, and F. Matthias Bickelhaupt at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Radboud University Nijmegen. The cover picture shows the four primary interaction components (hydrogen bonding, cross‐terms, base stacking, and solvation) that determine the stability of B‐DNA duplexes. Quantum chemical analyses identify an interplay between the stabilizing hydrogen bonds between nucleotides that drive the formation of the DNA double‐strand, and the destabilizing loss of stacking interactions within individual strands combined with partial desolvation. The sequence‐dependence in the duplex stability originates mainly from the cross‐terms, which can be attractive or repulsive. Read the full text of their Research Article at 10.1002/open.202100231.
Anti‐attractant activity of (+)‐trans‐4‐thujanol for Eurasian spruce bark beetleIpstypographus: Novel potency for females
Authors: Jirošová Anna , Kalinová Blanka , Modlinger Roman , Jakuš Rastislav , Unelius C. Rikard , Blaženec Miroslav , Schlyter Fredrik
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

Eurasian spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus) use both attractant and anti‐attractant semiochemicals to find suitable mature host trees.Trans‐4‐thujanol is abundant in young, unsuitable spruce trees. Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated its high activity levels, but field data are lacking.

RESULTS

Enantioselective GC–MS analysis showed that only (1R,4S)‐(+)‐trans‐4‐thujanol was present in Norway spruce bark volatiles. In a factorial design field‐trapping experiment,trans‐4‐thujanol alone was not attractive toIps typographus. Traps baited withI. typographus'aggregation pheromone andtrans‐4‐thujanol or the known anti‐attractant 1,8‐cineole caught fewer beetles than those baited with the aggregation pheromone alone. Catches fortrans‐4‐thujanol and 1,8‐cineole were dose‐dependent. Intermediate doses oftrans‐4‐thujanol and 1,8‐cineole had a similar effect. Surprisingly, in contrast to 1,8‐cineole and other knownIpsanti‐attractants, which all inhibit males more strongly than females, the addition oftrans‐4‐thujanol to the aggregation pheromone reduced the attraction of females more.

CONCLUSION

The Norway spruce volatile (+)‐trans‐4‐thujanol is a novelI. typographusanti‐attractant with potency comparable to the known anti‐attractants 1,8‐cineole and verbenone, and is more effective for females than for males. Incorporating (+)‐trans‐4‐thujanol into anti‐attractant lures could improve protection of trees from mass attack byI. typographus.
Wogonin and its analogs for the prevention and treatment of cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Banik Kishore , Khatoon Elina , Harsha Choudhary , Rana Varsha , Parama Dey , Thakur Krishan Kumar , Bishayee Anupam , Kunnumakkara Ajaikumar B.
Published: February 2022

The medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis, commonly known as Chinese skullcap or Huang‐Qin, has been used as a traditional medicine for several thousand years. The roots of this plant contain bioactive compounds, such as wogonin (WOG), wogonoside, baicalein, and baicalin. The aim of this article is to evaluate the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of WOG against different cancers. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that WOG exerts immense therapeutic potential against bladder cancer, breast cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, hepatic cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and renal cancer by regulating various cell signaling pathways. WOG, in combination with established chemotherapeutic drugs, improves the efficacy of treatment and lowers toxicity. Nevertheless, human trials are warranted to validate these findings. Numerous preclinical studies, combined with an extensive margin of safety and no severe side effects, underscore WOG's therapeutic potential as an anticancer drug. These studies propound the use of WOG as a potential anticancer candidate; however, further high‐quality studies are required to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of WOG for the prevention and treatment of human malignancies.
Developing a sustainability competences paradigm in Higher Education or a White Elephant?
Authors: Lozano Rodrigo , Bautista‐Puig Núria , Barreiro‐Gen Maria
Published: February 2022

Higher education institutions (HEIs) have been at the forefront in creating and breaking paradigms, and educating the future decision‐makers, entrepreneurs, and leaders. In the last decade, there have been many efforts to develop sustainability competences in HEIs to ensure that students are prepared for challenges in making societies more sustainable. Recent discourses have focussed on how educators use pedagogical approaches to develop such competences, which has begun to create a sustainability competences paradigm. This research focuses on the benefits and challenges of teaching sustainability, the use of pedagogical approaches, and the development of competences. A survey was sent to 4099 European HEI educators, with 319 full responses obtained for the open‐ended questions. The data was analysed using quantitative content analysis and network analysis. The results provide insights into the rankings of the benefits, and challenges in teaching, competences, and pedagogical approaches. The co‐occurrence maps show a high students' awareness and engagement when educators use pedagogical approaches other than lecturing, and they focus on providing a practice‐oriented perspective. The research discusses that in order to develop a sustainability competences paradigm the benefits of teaching sustainability, using pedagogical approaches, and development of competences need to be fostered, whereas the challenges need to be addressed to avoid creating a White Elephant. The development of sustainability competences in HEI can lead to more sustainability literate decision‐makers, leaders, scientists, and professionals, and thus, better address the pressing challenges that ail our societies and Earth.
Association between magnesium intake and cognition in US older adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011 to 2014
Authors: Tao Meng‐Hua , Liu Jialiang , Cervantes Diana
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Identifying nutrition‐ and modifiable lifestyle‐based risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia may contribute future primary prevention strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between magnesium intake and cognition in older adults in the United States.

Methods

Based on the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2014, the study included 2508 participants aged 60 years and older. Linear regression models were used to examine the association of total magnesium intake with cognition.

Results

After adjusted demographic and other confounding factors, intakes of energy and total calcium, and serum vitamin D level, higher intake of total magnesium was independently associated with 0.15 higher global cognitive z‐score (95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.28 for highest vs. lowest quartile, P trend = .037). The positive association of total magnesium intake with global cognition was primarily presented among women, non‐Hispanic Whites, and those with sufficient serum vitamin D levels (≥50 nmol/L), although interactions were not significant. There were no clear linear associations for global cognition with serum vitamin D level.

Discussions

Our findings suggest that high magnesium intake alone may improve cognition in older adults, particularly among non‐Hispanic Whites and subjects with sufficient levels of serum vitamin D. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings.
Care home residents with dementia: Prevalence, incidence, and associations with sleep disturbance in an English cohort study
Authors: Webster Lucy A. , Costafreda Sergi G. , Barber Julie A. , Kyle Simon D. , Livingston Gill
Published: February 2022

Introduction

People living with dementia in care homes often have sleep disturbances, but little is known about incidence and importance.

Methods

We interviewed 1483 participants in 97 care homes and report prevalence, 1‐year incidence, and baseline associations of clinically significant sleep disturbance in people with dementia.

Results

Baseline prevalence of clinically significant sleep disturbance was 13.7% (200/1460); 31.3% (457/1462) had them at least once over 16 months. One‐year incidence was 25.2%. At baseline, residents with sleep disturbance had lower quality of life (mean difference –4.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] –6.53 to –3.16) and were more frequently prescribed sleep medications (odds ratio 1.75; CI 1.17 to 2.61) than other residents.

Discussion

Approximately one‐third of care home residents with dementia have or develop sleep disturbances over 1 year. These are associated with lower quality of life and prescription of sedatives, which may have negative outcomes; therefore, it is important to develop effective treatments.
The Cesium Oxide Mercuride Cs18Hg8O6
Authors: Nusser Lukas , Hohl Timotheus , Tambornino Frank , Hoch Constantin
Published: February 2022

By reacting Cs with Cs2O and elemental mercury the new double salt Cs18Hg8O6 could be obtained. Its crystal structure (cubic, space group I23 with a=13.3920(10) Å, Z=2, R1=0.026/0.032 for I≥2σ(I)/all I, respectively) comprises isolated oxide anions in octahedral coordination by cesium cations next to the mercuride anion [Hg8]6−. This first isolated anion of mercury has cubic shape and is coordinated by cesium atoms capping the faces and the edges of the [Hg8]6− cube. The ionic character of the double salt is shown in DFT calculations of the electronic structure. Raman spectra show distinct features in the low energy region arising from the vibrations of the mercuride anion. Cs18Hg8O6 has very close structural analogies to the thallide oxide Cs18Tl8O6.
Forecasting the IBEX-35 Stock Index Using Deep Learning and News Emotions
Authors: Consoli Sergio , Negri Matteo , Tebbifakhr Amirhossein , Tosetti Elisa , Turchi Marco
Published: February 2022

Measuring the informational content of text in economic and financial news is useful for market participants to adjust their perception and expectations on the dynamics of financial markets. In this work, we adopt a neural machine translation and deep learning approach to extract the emotional content of economic and financial news from Spanish journals. To this end, we exploit a dataset of over 14 million articles published in Spanish newspapers over the period from 1st of July 1996 until 31st of December 2019. We then examine the role of these news-based emotions indicators in forecasting the Spanish IBEX-35 stock market index by using DeepAR, an advanced neural forecasting method based on auto-regressive Recurrent Neural Networks operating in a probabilistic setting. The aim is to evaluate if the combination of a richer information set including the emotional content of economic and financial news with state-of-the-art machine learning can help in such a challenging prediction task. The DeepAR model is trained by adopting a rolling-window approach and employed to produce point and density forecasts. Results look promising, showing an improvement in the IBEX-35 index fitting when the emotional variables are included in the model.
Two-loop amplitudes for di-Higgs and di-pseudo-Higgs productions through quark annihilation in QCD
Authors: Ahmed Taushif , Ravindran V. , Sankar Aparna , Tiwari Surabhi
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Through this article, we present the two-loop massless QCD corrections to the production of di-Higgs and di-pseudo-Higgs boson through quark annihilation in the large top quark mass limit. Within dimensional regularisation, we employ the non-anticommuting γ5 and treat it under the Larin prescription. We discover the absence of any additional renormalisation, so-called contact renormalisation, that could arise from the short distance behaviour of two local operators. This finding is in corroboration with the operator product expansion. By examining the results, we discover the lack of similarity in the highest transcendentality weight terms between these finite remainders and that of a pair of half-BPS primary operators in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We need these newly computed finite remainders to calculate observables involving di-Higgs or di-pseudo- Higgs at the next-to-next-to-leading order. We implement the results to a numerical code for further phenomenological studies.
The three-loop polarized singlet anomalous dimensions from off-shell operator matrix elements
Authors: Blümlein J. , Marquard P. , Schneider C. , Schönwald K.
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Future high luminosity polarized deep-inelastic scattering experiments will improve both the knowledge of the spin sub-structure of the nucleons and contribute further to the precision determination of the strong coupling constant, as well as, reveal currently yet unknown higher twist contributions in the polarized sector. For all these tasks to be performed, it is necessary to know the QCD leading twist scaling violations of the measured structure functions. Here an important ingredient consists in the polarized singlet anomalous dimensions and splitting functions in QCD. We recalculate these quantities to three-loop order in the M-scheme by using the traditional method of space-like off-shell massless operator matrix elements, being a gauge-dependent framework. Here one obtains the anomalous dimensions without referring to gravitational currents, needed when calculating them using the forward Compton amplitude. We also calculate the non-singlet splitting function$$ \Delta {P}_{\mathrm{qq}}^{(2),\mathrm{s},\mathrm{NS}} $$∆Pqq2,s,NSand compare the final results to the literature, also including predictions for the region of small values of Bjorkenx.
Adressieren Handlungsempfehlungen der Versorgungspraxis die Stabilität von häuslichen Versorgungsarrangements von Menschen mit Demenz? – Eine Dokumentenanalyse
Authors: Hochgraeber Iris , Dreyer Jan , Köhler Kerstin , Pinkert Christiane , Holle Bernhard
Published: February 2022

Hintergrund

Die Begleitung von Menschen mit Demenz (MmD) in der Häuslichkeit übernehmen überwiegend Angehörige mit der Intention, die Versorgung so lange wie möglich zu Hause aufrechtzuerhalten. Im DZNE-SoCA-Projekt wurde eine Theorie mittlerer Reichweite zur Stabilität von häuslichen Versorgungsarrangements für MmD (SoCA-Dem-Theorie) entwickelt, um das komplexe Phänomen der Stabilität besser zu verstehen, einen theoretischen Bezugsrahmen für weitere Forschung anzubieten und Orientierung für die (Weiter‑)Entwicklung von Versorgungsstrukturen zu schaffen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Das Ziel dieser Teilstudie des SoCA-Projektes ist es zu prüfen, ob die SoCA-Dem-Theorie in der deutschen Versorgungspraxis handlungsleitend für die Beratung und Begleitung mit versorgenden Angehörigen (vA) von MmD sein kann.

Material und Methode

Es wurden 2 Handlungsempfehlungen für professionelle Akteure im Gesundheitswesen – der „Qualitätsrahmen für Beratung in der Pflege“ des Zentrums für Qualität in der Pflege (ZQP) und die S3-Leitlinie „Pflegende Angehörige von Erwachsenen“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin e. V. (DEGAM) – inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet, um Bezugspunkte zur SoCA-Dem-Theorie herauszuarbeiten.

Ergebnisse

Die meisten Konzepte, die die Stabilität der häuslichen Versorgung beeinflussen, werden in beiden Handlungsempfehlungen aufgegriffen. Die SoCA-Dem-Theorie verdeutlicht die Bedeutung des Zusammenspiels der verschiedenen Konzepte; in den Handlungsempfehlungen bleiben diese dynamischen Verbindungen unklar.

Schlussfolgerung

Die SoCA-Dem-Theorie ist anschlussfähig an den deutschen Versorgungskontext und kann zukünftig dahingehend unterstützen, den Blick von einer eher belastungsorientierten Sicht auf Versorgung hin zu einer umfassenden Betrachtung der Situation zu wenden.
Variable levels of spike and ORF1ab RNA in post-mortem lung samples of SARS-CoV-2-positive subjects: comparison between ISH and RT-PCR
Authors: Zito Marino Federica , De Cristofaro Tiziana , Varriale Massimo , Zannini Giuseppa , Ronchi Andrea , La Mantia Elvira , Campobasso Carlo Pietro , De Micco Francesco , Mascolo Pasquale , Municinò Maurizio , Municinò Emilia , Vestini Francesco , Pinto Omero , Moccia Marta , De Stefano Noè , Nappi Oscar , Sementa Carmen , Zotti Giovanni , Pianese Lamberto , Giordano Carmela , Franco Renato
Published: February 2022

Post-mortem examination plays a pivotal role in understanding the pathobiology of the SARS-CoV-2; thus, the optimization of virus detection on the post-mortem formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is needed. Different techniques are available for the identification of the SARS-CoV-2, including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and electron microscopy. The main goal of this study is to compare ISH versus RT-PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2 on post-mortem lung samples of positive deceased subjects. A total of 27 samples were analyzed by RT-PCR targeting different viral RNA sequences of SARS-CoV-2, including envelope (E), nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), and open reading frame (ORF1ab) genes and ISH targeting S and Orf1ab. All 27 cases showed the N gene amplification, 22 out of 27 the E gene amplification, 26 out of 27 the S gene amplification, and only 6 the ORF1ab gene amplification. The S ISH was positive only in 12 out of 26 cases positive by RT-PCR. The S ISH positive cases with strong and diffuse staining showed a correlation with low values of the number of the amplification cycles by S RT-PCR suggesting that ISH is a sensitive assay mainly in cases carrying high levels of S RNA. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that ISH assay has lower sensitivity to detect SARS-CoV-2 in FFPE compared to RT-PCR; however, it is able to localize the virus in the cellular context since it preserves the morphology.
Comprehensive review of the impact of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC or TDBP-TAZTO) on living organisms and the environment
Authors: Bar Monika , Szychowski Konrad A.
Published: February 2022

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC or TDBP-TAZTO) belongs to the group of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The production of this compound is increasing due to the growing demand and wide application in electrical, electronic, musical instrument, and automotive component industries. The properties of TBC, e.g., the high octanol–air partition coefficient (Koa), high octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow), and high bioconcentration factor (BCF), indicate a possibility of its spread in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and bioaccumulation in living organisms. The presence of TBC has been confirmed in soil, sediments, river water, and such materials as microplastic, curtains, and e-waste devices. The compound has potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain of living organisms. TBC has been demonstrated to exert a harmful effect mainly on the nervous and endocrine systems, lungs, and liver. The possible mechanism of toxicity of the compound in the nervous system is based on the generation of oxidative stress by TBC leading to apoptosis of neuronal cells, while mitochondrial damage is considered to be responsible for changes in the respiratory organ. Moreover, the potential of mussels and earthworms to be bioindicators of TBC has been proven. Therefore, the literature review is focused on TBC properties and analysis of the identification and impact of the compound on the environment, living organisms, and human cell lines. Given the many toxic effects of TBC highlighted in the literature, there is a need for more profound research on the safety of TBC and methods for identification and degradation of this compound.
Structure, Materials and Processes in the Earth’s Core and Mantle
Authors: Dehant Véronique , Campuzano Saioa A. , De Santis Angelo , van Westrenen Wim
Published: February 2022

This paper reviews current knowledge about the Earth’s core and the overlying deep mantle in terms of structure, chemical and mineralogical compositions, physical properties, and dynamics, using information from seismology, geophysics, and geochemistry. High-pressure experimental techniques that can help to interpret and understand observations of these properties and compositions in the deep interior are summarized. The paper also examines the consequences of core flows on global observations such as variations in Earth’s rotation and orientation or variations in the Earth’s magnetic field. Processes currently active at the core-mantle boundary and the various coupling mechanisms between the core and the mantle are discussed, together with some evidence from magnetic field observations.
Live birth, cumulative live birth and perinatal outcome following assisted reproductive treatments using donor sperm in single women vs. women in lesbian couples: a prospective controlled cohort study
Authors: Wrande Tove , Kristjansdottir Berglind Harper , Tsiartas Panagiotis , Hadziosmanovic Nermin , Rodriguez-Wallberg Kenny A.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments with donor sperm have been allowed for women in lesbian relationships (WLR) since 2005 in Sweden, but for single women (SW), these became approved only recently in 2016. This study was conducted to compare the outcomes of ART treatments in SW vs. WLR.

Methods

This is a prospective controlled cohort study of 251 women undergoing intrauterine insemination (D-IUI) or in vitro fertilization (D-IVF) using donor sperm between 2017 and 2019 at the department of Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital. The cohort comprised 139 SW and 112 WLR. The main outcomes included differences in live birth rate (LBR) and cumulative live birth rate (cLBR) between the groups. The SW underwent 66 D-IUI and 193 D-IVF treatments and WLR underwent 255 D-IUI and 69 D-IVF treatments. Data on clinical characteristics, treatment protocols and clinical outcomes were extracted from the clinic’s electronic database. The outcomes of D-IUI and D-IVF were separately assessed.

Results

The cohort of SW was significantly older than WLR (37.6 vs. 32.4 years, P < 0.001), and more commonly underwent IVF at first treatment (83% vs. 29%, P < 0.000). Conversely, WLR underwent more frequently D-IUI as a first treatment (71% vs. 17% of SW, P < 0.001) and more often in the natural cycle (89.9% vs. 70.8%, P = 0.019), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the main outcome LBR between the two groups, or between the two different types of treatment, when adjusted for age. Perinatal outcomes and cLBR were also similar among the groups.

Conclusions

SW were, on average, older than WLR undergoing treatment with donor sperm. No significant differences were seen in the LBR and cLBR when adjusted for age between the two groups and between the two types of treatment (D-IVF vs. D-IUI).

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NTC04602962.
A Review of the EUSO-Balloon Pathfinder for the JEM-EUSO Program
Authors: Adams J. H. , Ahmad S. , Allard D. , Anzalone A. , Bacholle S. , Barrillon P. , Bayer J. , Bertaina M. , Bisconti F. , Blaksley C. , Blin-Bondil S. , Bobík P. , Cafagna F. , Campana D. , Capel F. , Casolino M. , Cassardo C. , Catalano C. , Cremonini R. , Dagoret-Campagne S. , Danto P. , del Peral L. , de la Taille C. , Díaz Damian A. , Dupieux M. , Ebersoldt A. , Ebisuzaki T. , Eser J. , Evrard J. , Fenu F. , Ferrarese S. , Fornaro C. , Fouka M. , Gorodetzky P. , Guarino F. , Guzman A. , Hachisu Y. , Haungs A. , Judd E. , Jung A. , Karczmarczyk J. , Kawasaki Y. , Klimov P. A. , Kuznetsov E. , Mackovjak S. , Manfrin M. , Marcelli L. , Medina-Tanco G. , Mercier K. , Merino A. , Mernik T. , Miyamoto H. , Morales de los Ríos J. A. , Moretto C. , Mot B. , Neronov A. , Ohmori H. , Olinto A. V. , Osteria G. , Panico B. , Parizot E. , Paul T. , Picozza P. , Piotrowski L. W. , Plebaniak Z. , Pliego S. , Prat P. , Prévôt G. , Prieto H. , Putis M. , Rabanal J. , Ricci M. , Rojas J. , Rodríguez Frías M. D. , Roudil G. , Sáez Cano G. , Sahnoun Z. , Sakaki N. , Sanchez J. C. , Santangelo A. , Sarazin F. , Scotti V. , Shinozaki K. , Silva H. , Soriano J. F. , Suino G. , Szabelski J. , Toscano S. , Tabone I. , Takizawa Y. , von Ballmoos P. , Wiencke L. , Wille M. , Zotov M.
Published: February 2022

EUSO-Balloon is a pathfinder for JEM-EUSO, the mission concept of a spaceborne observatory which is designed to observe Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray (UHECR)-induced Extensive Air Showers (EAS) by detecting their UltraViolet (UV) light tracks “from above.” On August 25, 2014, EUSO-Balloon was launched from Timmins Stratospheric Balloon Base (Ontario, Canada) by the balloon division of the French Space Agency CNES. After reaching a floating altitude of 38 km, EUSO-Balloon imaged the UV light in the wavelength range ∼290–500 nm for more than 5 hours using the key technologies of JEM-EUSO. The flight allowed a good understanding of the performance of the detector to be developed, giving insights into possible improvements to be applied to future missions. A detailed measurement of the photoelectron counts in different atmospheric and ground conditions was achieved. By means of the simulation of the instrument response and by assuming atmospheric models, the absolute intensity of diffuse light was estimated. The instrument detected hundreds of laser tracks with similar characteristics to EASs shot by a helicopter flying underneath. These are the first recorded laser tracks measured from a fluorescence detector looking down on the atmosphere. The reconstruction of the direction of the laser tracks was performed. In this work, a review of the main results obtained by EUSO-Balloon is presented as well as implications for future space-based observations of UHECRs.
Practicing virology: making and knowing a mid-twentieth century experiment with Tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Scholthof Karen-Beth G. , Washington Lorenzo J. , DeMell April , Mendoza Maria R. , Cody Will B.
Published: February 2022

Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) has served as a model organism for pathbreaking work in plant pathology, virology, biochemistry and applied genetics for more than a century. We were intrigued by a photograph published inPhytopathologyin 1934 showing that Tabasco pepper plants responded to TMV infection with localized necrotic lesions, followed by abscission of the inoculated leaves. This dramatic outcome of a biological response to infection observed by Francis O. Holmes, a virologist at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, was used to score plants for resistance to TMV infection. Our objective was to gain a better understanding of early to mid-twentieth century ideas of genetic resistance to viruses in crop plants. We investigated Holmes’ observation as a practical exercise in reworking an experiment, having been inspired by Pamela Smith’s innovative Making and Knowing Project. We had a great deal of difficulty replicating Holmes’ experiment, finding that biological materials and experimental customs change over time, in ways that ideas do not. Using complementary tools plus careful study and interpretation of the original text and figures, we were able to rework, yet only partially replicate, this experiment. Reading peer-reviewed manuscripts that cited Holmes’ 1934 report provided an additional level of insight into the interpretation and replication of this work in the decades that followed. From this, we touch on how experimental reworking can inform our strategies to address the reproducibility “crisis” in twenty-first century science.
Depression: why drugs and electricity are not the answer
Authors: Read John , Moncrieff Joanna
Published: February 2022

The dominant view within mental health services and research suggests that feeling depressed is a kind of medical illness, partially caused by various biological deficits which are somehow corrected by physical interventions. This article critically appraises evidence for the effectiveness and value of antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the two principle physical treatments recommended for depression. It also describes the negative effects of these interventions and raises concerns about how they impact the brain. We propose an alternative understanding that recognises depression as an emotional and meaningful response to unwanted life events and circumstances. This perspective demands that we address the social conditions that make depression likely and suggests that a combination of politics and common sense needs to guide us in providing help for one another when we are suffering in this way. This alternative view is increasingly endorsed around the world, including by the United Nations, the World Health Organization and service users who have suffered negative consequences of physical treatments that modify brain functions in ways that are not well-understood.
Es muss auch anders gehen
Authors: Zwicknagl Andrea
Published: February 2022

Lernen aus der eigenen Erfahrung ist auf immer neuen Ebenen der Mitarbeit von Peers im psychiatrischen System möglich und sinnvoll. Nach über zehn Jahren Einbeziehung von Erfahrungsexpert_innen eröffnen sich weiterführende Perspektiven, die über die persönliche Genesungserfahrung hinausgehen. Veränderung tut Not. In der immer neuen Erkundung von Betroffenheit – sei sie individuell, kollektiv, gesellschaftlich, wertschätzend, widerständig oder wechselwirkend – schlummert eine reiche Quelle für Change-Prozesse.
Socio-Emotional Problems and Learning Skills of Roma and Recently	Arrived Refugee Children in German Elementary Schools
Authors: Chwastek Sandy , Leyendecker Birgit , Busch Julian
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Background: In Germany, many recently arrived and minority families live in multi-ethnic, high-poverty districts. Multiple risk factors threaten their children’s development. Aims: We examined the socio-emotional problems of these children in relation to their academic learning skills and executive functioning. Method: We compared teacher-rated socio-emotional problems of n = 112 Roma children (90% foreign-born), n = 101 refugee children (all foreign-born), and n = 56 German-born immigrant children (age in months: M = 99.66, SD = 13.61) between groups and to norm data. We related socio-emotional problems to receptive vocabulary, cognitive reasoning, motor skills, and executive functioning in n = 83 refugee and Roma children. Results: Roma children showed higher rates above cut-off than norm data in all subscales, more problems in all subscales but emotional symptoms than immigrant children, and more hyperactivity/inattention and peer problems than refugee children. Refugee children showed higher rates above cut-off than norm data in all subscales and more peer problems than immigrant children. Academic learning skills were overall below average among recently arrived children. Prosocial behavior was positively linked to fine motor skills. Other socio-emotional problems were not linked to academic learning skills and executive functioning. Gross and visuo-motor skills correlated positively with other academic learning skills. Limitations: We analyzed cross-sectional data. We did not include risk factors or non-immigrant German children. Conclusion: The heightened socio-emotional problems and low academic learning skills of refugee and particularly Roma children in high-poverty districts could jeopardize their educational trajectories. Additional support measures could increase their chances for educational participation.
Social Support From Friends Among Unaccompanied Young	Refugees
Authors: Keles Serap , Oppedal Brit
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Background: Social support is an important resource and source of self-esteem and belongingness for all children and youths. Yet, for unaccompanied asylum-seeking and refugee minors, who leave their home countries without a caretaking adult, extra-familial social, supportive networks in exile may be crucial for their well-being. We propose that their origin in collectivist cultures involves resources for re-establishing social networks in countries of resettlement. Aim: The overall aim of this study is to examine if cultural factors such as values and self-construals are associated with variations in perceived social support from friends among unaccompanied young refugees. We propose a model in which related self-construals mediate the association between collectivist values and perceived friend support. Method: We collected cross-sectional self-report questionnaire data from 611 unaccompanied young refugees (84.5% male; Mage = 18.49 years,  SD = 2.57 years) who had been granted residence in Norway. Results: Structural equation analyses revealed that higher levels of collectivist values were associated with stronger related self-construals, which, in turn, were positively associated with stronger perceived support from friends. However, related self-construals only acted as a partial mediator. Limitations: The generalizability of our findings to other groups of immigrant children and youth and/or to unaccompanied refugees in other countries is unknown and should be examined in future studies. Conclusion: Our results contribute new theoretical knowledge about how the development of social supportive relationships in the diaspora is embedded in cross-cultural contexts. Maintaining aspects of one’s heritage culture can promote resilient outcomes among unaccompanied young refugees.
Identifying Controls on Nitrate Sources and Flowpaths in a Forested Catchment Using a Hydropedological Framework
Authors: Pardo L. H. , Green M. B. , Bailey S. W. , McGuire K. J. , McDowell W. H.
Published: February 2022

Catchment‐scale assessments of nitrogen retention and loss rarely account for soil and landscape heterogeneity and are, thus, unable to account for the suite of nitrogen cycling processes that ultimately affect the export of nitrate via stream water. Long‐term study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH has generated a unique data set that facilitates spatially explicit examination of interactions among hydrology, soil development, and nitrogen cycling processes. Using high‐frequency streamwater chemistry data with intensive subsurface hydrology and solute monitoring, we tracked areas of the catchment that are hydrologically active under different flow conditions to identify the source area of streamwater nitrate. We hypothesize that as the drainage network expands, increasing hydrologic connection to bedrock outcrop‐associated soils, streamwater nitrate concentration, and flux at the catchment outlet increase. Most nitrate export (>80%) occurred during high flows when high nitrate, bedrock‐controlled areas of the catchment were most connected hydrologically to the drainage network (∼15% of the time). End‐member mixing analysis demonstrated that the bedrock‐controlled upper part of the catchment influences nitrate concentration at the outlet and contributes most to catchment nitrate export compared to the near‐stream soil units and seeps. Most of the time, nitrate at the catchment outlet comes from seeps and the near‐stream zone; under high flow conditions, bedrock‐controlled hotspots for nitrate production contribute more to export of nitrate. This analysis demonstrates how the source area of streamwater nitrate varies under different flow conditions, suggesting that long‐term nitrate dynamics may be driven primarily by a relatively small part of the catchment.
Generating Hourly Continuous Evapotranspiration Using Fengyun‐2F Geostationary Satellite Data
Authors: Geng Xiaozhuang , Li Boyang , Pan Xiaoduo , Wei Zhihao , Yang Xuebin , Liao Kuo , Cui Yaokui
Published: February 2022

Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in water and energy exchange between the atmosphere and the land surface. ET at regional scale is of great importance in hydrology, meteorology, and agriculture. The remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST)‐based two‐source energy balance (TSEB) model is widely used to monitor ET. However, due to the influence of clouds, the quality of remotely sensed LST products is declined and there are also many gaps in the LST products, which make it very difficult to estimate spatio‐temporally continuous ET based on remote sensing data. In this study, we proposed a method to generate hourly continuous ET using Fengyun‐2F geostationary images. First, the hourly continuous real LST are obtained using a clear‐sky LST reconstruction algorithm and radiometric correction algorithm, and then the reconstructed real LST is used to the estimation of latent heat flux using the TSEB model. The results in the Heihe River Basin show that the proposed method can successfully generate hourly continuous ET compared with three eddy covariance sites with different underlying surface. The estimated ET achieves acceptable performance with RMSE = 81.88 W/m2 and R2 = 0.67 at hourly scale and with RMSE = 1.48 mm/d and R2 = 0.65 at daily scale. We believe this can help the community to better understand the water and energy exchange between the atmosphere and the land surface at fine spatio‐temporal scale, especially on the hourly scale.
Effects of Depth of Fault Slip and Continental Shelf Geometry on the Generation of Anomalously Long‐Period Tsunami by the July 2020 Mw 7.8 Shumagin (Alaska) Earthquake
Authors: Mulia Iyan E. , Heidarzadeh Mohammad , Satake Kenji
Published: February 2022

The July 2020 Mw 7.8 Shumagin earthquake occurred in the seismic gap region along the Aleutian subduction zone. This interplate earthquake generated a small tsunami, but with unusual long‐period waves ranging between 40 and 90 min. We examined the cause of such an anomalous ocean wave through a source modeling inverted from tsunami and geodetic data. Our model indicates that the plate‐boundary rupture area was confined at depths of 20–40 km, although the slip resolvability decreases with depth. The coseismic seafloor displacement predominantly took place on the shallow continental shelf. Therefore, the initial water surface displacement at a mean water depth of ∼200 m is responsible for the long‐period waves, because tsunami period is inversely proportional to the square root of water depth. Furthermore, tsunami modeling implies that slip shallower than 20 km depth in the Aleutians would displace the seafloor beyond the continental shelf and generate shorter tsunami periods.