bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual Screening-Based Drug Development for the Treatment of Nervous
System Diseases
Authors: Li Qian , Ma Zhaobin , Qin Shuhua , Zhao Wei-Jiang
Published: August 2022

The incidence rate of nervous system diseases has increased in recent years. Nerve injury or
neurodegenerative diseases usually cause neuronal loss and neuronal circuit damage, which seriously
affect motor nerve and autonomic nervous function. Therefore, safe and effective treatment is needed.
As traditional drug research becomes slower and more expensive, it is vital to enlist the help of cutting-
edge technology. Virtual screening (VS) is an attractive option for the identification and development
of promising new compounds with high efficiency and low cost. With the assistance of computer-
aided drug design (CADD), VS is becoming more and more popular in new drug development
and research. In recent years, it has become a reality to transform non-neuronal cells into functional
neurons through small molecular compounds, which provides a broader application prospect than transcription
factor-mediated neuronal reprogramming. This review mainly summarizes related theory and
technology of VS and the drug research and development using VS technology in nervous system diseases
in recent years, and focuses more on the potential application of VS technology in neuronal reprogramming,
thus facilitating new drug design for both prevention and treatment of nervous system
diseases.
Secondary White Matter Injury Mediated by Neuroinflammation after
Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Promising Therapeutic Strategies of
Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Authors: Xiao Linglong , Wang Mengqi , Shi Yifeng , Xu Yangyang , Gao Yuan , Zhang Wei , Wu Yang , Deng Hao , Pan Wei , Wang Wei , Sun Haitao
Published: August 2022

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a neurological disease with high mortality and disability. Recent studies showed that white matter injury (WMI) plays an important role in motor dysfunction after ICH. WMI includes WMI proximal to the lesion and WMI distal to the lesion, such as corticospinal tract injury located at the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord after ICH. Previous studies have tended to focus only on gray matter (GM) injury after ICH, and fewer studies have paid attention to WMI, which may be one of the reasons for the poor outcome of previous drug treatments. Microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation are significant mechanisms responsible for secondary WMI following ICH. The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, has been shown to exacerbate neuroinflammation and brain injury after ICH. Moreover, NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in microglia and astrocytes and exerts a vital role in microglia and astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation. We speculate that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is closely related to the polarization of microglia and astrocytes and that NLRP3 inflammasome activation may exacerbate WMI by polarizing microglia and astrocytes to the pro-inflammatory phenotype after ICH, while NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition may attenuate WMI by polarizing microglia and astrocytes to the anti-inflammatory phenotype following ICH. Therefore, NLRP3 inflammasome may act as leveraged regulatory fulcrums for microglia and astrocytes polarization to modulate WMI and WM repair after ICH. This review summarized the possible mechanisms by which neuroinflammation mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome exacerbates secondary WMI after ICH and discussed the potential therapeutic targets.
A Case of Spontaneous Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema in a
Patient with HIV-Infected Pneumonia
Authors: Nie Gang , Dai Hai-Feng , Li Jun-Chen
Published: August 2022

Background:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a chronic infectious disease with
high mortality and is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pneumonia caused by
HIV is common, but it rarely causes spontaneous mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema.

Case Presentation:

A 21-year-old man with severe pneumonia was hospitalized owing to dyspnea
that had been persisting for 1 day; blood test results confirmed HIV infection. Initial chest computed
tomography (CT) did not reveal mediastinal or subcutaneous emphysema. However, after 21 days
of treatment, the patient experienced discomfort in the neck region and experienced the feeling of
snowflakes on applying pressure. Chest CT showed mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, located
in the bilateral cervical roots, anterior upper chest wall, left axillary chest wall, mediastinum,
and other parts. Metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) of the sputum and blood samples
suggested multiple pathogenic infections. Antiinfection treatment was initiated, and changes in
the patient’s condition were monitored. The patient’s subcutaneous emphysema improved during
the follow-up.

Conclusion:

In HIV-infected patients with sudden mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema,
mNGS can be used to determine the etiological agent during symptomatic treatment. Targeted antipathogen
therapy is helpful in improving the condition of patients with subcutaneous emphysema.
In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory
Activity of Theobromine Derivatives Containing an Arylpiperazine Fragment
Authors: Andonova Lily , Georgieva Maya , Atanasova Mariyana , Valkova Iva , Doytchinova Irini , Simeonova Rumyana , Zheleva-Dimitrova Dimitrina , Zlatkov Alexander
Published: August 2022

Background:

In the current Alzheimer’s disease therapy as the preferred treatment are applied acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Aiming to identify the active pharmacophores necessary for increased acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, some docking studies have been applied.

Methods:

In silico docking evaluation of the binding modes, identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in vitro through Ellman’s test and ITC protocol, and the in vivo effect. PAMPA evaluation of the GIT and BBB permeability.

Results:

In the present study, two series previously synthesized in our laboratory, arylpiperazine derivatives of theobromine were docked into the rhAChE active sites. Ellman’s test outlined molecules LA1 and LA7 as the most active, with IC50 of 0.708 and 0.299 μM, respectively. In the acute toxicity test, LA7 given intraperitoneally in mice showed moderate toxicity with LD50 of 87.5 mg/kg. The new compound, administered i.p. for 12 days at doses 2 mg/kg/day and 4 mg/kg/day, respectively, showed a pronounced acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in vivo.

Conclusion:

The corresponding binding modes were identified, where the docking pose for the studied molecules depends on the protonated state of the nitrogen atom of the piperazine moiety. In the best scored pose for LA7, the xanthine moiety is bound into the catalytic active site (CAS) of acetylcholinesterase, while the arylpiperazine fragment is placed into the peripheral binding site (PAS). For the evaluated selected structures, good permeability through the GIT and BBB assessed by PAMPA was also determined.
Some New 1,2,4-triazole Derivatives Bearing the Pyrimidine Moiety as
Potential Antimycobacterial Agents: Synthesis and Docking Analysis
Authors: Reddy Ganji Sreekanth , Rao Anna Venkateswara , Prasad Mukkanti Siva Naga Anjaneya , Viswanath Ivaturi Venkata Kasi , Laxminarayana Eppakayala
Published: August 2022

Background:

Pyrimidine and 1,2,4-triazole heterocycles have been linked to a variety of biological
and pharmacological properties such as effective bactericides, fungicides, vermicides, insecticides,
anticancer and antiviral agents. Accordingly, the synthetic derivatives and analogs of these molecules
have attracted attention as potential pharmacological agents.

Objective:

A novel set of heterocyclic derivatives comprising 1,2,4-triazole, pyrimidine moieties was
developed, synthesized, and assessed for their antimicrobial activity.

Methods:

In this study, we performed ligand-based pharmacophore modeling as a promising design strategy
for the design of substituted triazolyl-pyrimidine derivatives as antitubercular agents. The designed
compounds were synthesized and characterized by proton, carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
infrared, and mass spectroscopy. Synthesized compounds were screened for anti-TB activity using
the agar micro dilution method against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain.

Results:

Our results revealed that the target 1,2,4-triazoles 7d, 7e, 7c have potent potency against Gram-
(+ve) bacteria S. epidermidis (MICs: 1.7, 3.7, 16.4 μg/mL), whereas final pyrimidines 7c, 7e, 7f, have the
strongest antibacterial activity against Gram-(-ve) strain P. aeruginosa (MICs: 3.5, 6.4, 8.4 μg/mL).
Among all tested compounds, 7a, 7e, and 7h revealed an outstanding antitubercular activity against M.
tuberculosis H37RV strain with MICs of 3.24, 8.93, and 4.70 μg/mL, respectively. The most active ligand
7b reveals highest hydrophobic binding modes with ThrA:127 [2.194 A°], LysA:103 [3.103, 2.164 A°],
GlyA:102 [1.713 A°], ArgA:238 [1.713 A°], ValA:101 [2.113 A°] (hydrogen bondings), AspA:129,
GluA:201 [Pi-anion], AlaA:246, LeuA:180 [Pi-alkyl] and HisA:179 [3.104 A°] [Pi-Pi], respectively.

Conclusion:

In this communication, our aim has been verified by the synthesis of 3-methoxy-10,12-
dimethyl-8-phenyl-6,7,8,12-tetrahydrobenzo[2,3]oxepino[4,5-d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a] pyrimidine derivatives
7 in which 1,2,4-triazole and pyrimidine moieties with benzoxepine in a single molecular framework
were found. After all the above findings, it can be concluded that these molecules become lead molecules
for further synthetic and biological evaluation.
Comprehensive Review on Metal Nanoparticles Catalyzed Synthesis of
Aza- and Oxa-Heterocycles Reported in 2021
Authors: Dhameliya Tejas M. , Patel Rutvi J. , Amin Rajvi H. , Sureja Dipen K. , Bodiwala Kunjan B.
Published: August 2022

Among the several heterocyclic compounds containing aza- and oxa-heterocycles are predominant
due to their abundant biological importance. The nanoparticles have demonstrated excellent
catalytic activity under optimum conditions with higher reusability or recyclability and higher yields
of synthetic heterocyclic targets. Previously we reviewed the synthesis of aza- and oxa-heterocycles
catalyzed by metal nanoparticles (MNPs) during 2009-2019 and published an update of such reports
of 2020 on the same subject. With anticipations to the next, the present comprehensive work highlights
the synthesis of aza- and oxa-heterocycles catalyzed by MNPs reported during the year 2021 to
update the reader of the present work with the most recent trends in selection of MNPs in the synthesis
of desired heterocyclic scaffolds.
Interventions for Enuresis in Children and Adolescents: An Overview of
Systematic Reviews
Authors: Correia Moretti Eduarda , da Silva Ivson Bezerra , Boaviagem Alessandra , de Lima Anna Myrna Jaguaribe , Lemos Andrea
Published: August 2022

Background:

enuresis is an involuntary and intermittent loss of urine during sleep and its treatment can be done by pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies.

Objective:

to conduct an overview to carry out a survey of the systematic reviews about treatment options for children/adolescents with enuresis.

Methods:

Databases used were Cochrane Library, PROSPERO, MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS/BVS, PEDro, SciELO and Google Scholar. Any type of intervention for the treatment of enuresis in children/adolescents were selected by two independent researchers. Data extraction was done by two independent researchers. The risk of bias was assessed using Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews (ROBIS) and A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR-2).

Results:

seven systematic reviews were included. According to ROBIS, three reviews had a low risk of bias, while the others had a high risk of bias. Based on AMSTAR-2, four systematic reviews were of moderate quality, two were low quality and one was critically low quality.

Conclusion:

there is moderate confidence that the use of desmopressin plus an anticholinergic agent increases the chance of complete response compared to desmopressin alone. Neurostimulation may increase the risk of responses ≥50% and ≥90% compared to the control group. Likewise, it appears that electrical stimulation is superior to placebo about the chance of response ≥50%. In addition, there is the clinical relevance in reducing enuresis episodes per week when neurostimulation is used compared to control groups.
Structural Scaffolds as Anti- Alzheimer Agents
Authors: Alka Tyagi , Sati Bhawana , Chaudhary Anurag
Published: August 2022

Background:

Understanding the cognitive and behavioral aspects of Alzheimer's disease-
related dementia is surely a sturdy task to deal with. In recent years, a broad search for novel
anti-Alzheimer agents has been continuously conducted. The malfunctioning of various neurotransmitter
systems and the accumulation of abnormal proteins in the brain are the two key characteristics
of this disorder. This is supported by a growing amount of evidence. Some Pharmacophoric
groups/combinations exhibit potential neuroprotective activity.

Methods:

This study aims to compile the most recent and interesting target/target combinations/
pharmacophoric combinations to cure Alzheimer's disease. We concentrated our efforts to find the
ability of certain pharmacophoric elements to interfere with various enzymatic and/or receptor systems
or to work as neuroprotective agents. These pharmacophoric elements may be proved to be
promising leads for future multi-target anti-Alzheimer drug discovery programs.

Result:

Anticholinesterase drugs were mentioned as the best treatment thus far. Additionally, impairments
in the serotonergic, GABAergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and glutaminergic and a
few other pathways have all been linked to memory, speech, behavioral and other alterations in
Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusion:

This includes the study of workable pharmacophoric groups/combinations, receptors/
enzymatic systems and related hypotheses to find the promising therapeutic lead compounds
which could work as future anti-Alzheimer drugs. We discuss future work that would improve our
understanding of this Disease.
An Insight into COVID-19 and Traditional Herbs: Bangladesh Perspective
Authors: Rahman Md. Mominur , Shohag Sheikh , Islam Md. Rezaul , Akhter Shomaya , Mim Sadia Afsana , Sharma Rohit , Rauf Abdur
Published: August 2022

SARS-CoV-2 was first discovered in Wuhan in late 2019 and has since spread over the
world, resulting in the present epidemic. Because targeted therapeutics are unavailable, scientists have
the opportunity to discover new drugs or vaccines to counter COVID-19, and therefore a number of
synthetic bioactive compounds are now being tested in clinical studies. Due to its broad therapeutic
spectrum and low adverse effects, medicinal herbs have been used as traditional healing medication in
those countries for ages. Due to a lack of synthetic bioactive antiviral medications, pharmaceutical and
alternative therapies have been developed using a variety of herbal compositions. Due to the widespread
availability of herbal and dietary products worldwide, people frequently use them. Notably, the
majority of Bangladeshi people continue to use a variety of natural plants and herbs to treat various
types of diseases. This review discusses how previous research has shown that some herbs in Bangladesh
have immunomodulatory and antiviral effects and how their active ingredients have been gathered.
Even though FDA-approved medications and vaccines are available for the treatment of Covid-
19, the purpose is to encourage the use of herbal medicine as immunomodulators and vaccine adjuvants
for the treatment of COVID-19 prevention.
MDO: A Computational Protocol for Prediction of Flexible Enzyme-ligand
Binding Mode
Authors: Lin Zijing , Al-Ansi Amar Y.
Published: August 2022

Aim:

Developing a method for use in computer aided drug design

Background:

Predicting the structure of enzyme-ligand binding mode is essential for understanding the properties, functions, and mechanisms of the bio-complex, but is rather difficult due to the enormous sampling space involved.

Objective:

Accurate prediction of enzyme-ligand binding mode conformation.

Method:

A new computational protocol, MDO, is proposed for finding the structure of ligand binding pose. MDO consists of sampling enzyme sidechain conformations via molecular dynamics simulation of enzyme-ligand system and clustering of the enzyme configurations, sampling ligand binding poses via molecular docking and clustering of the ligand conformations, and the optimal ligand binding pose prediction via geometry optimization and ranking by the ONIOM method. MDO is tested on 15 enzyme-ligand complexes with known accurate structures.

Results:

The success rate of MDO predictions, with RMSD < 2 Å, is 67%, substantially higher than the 40% success rate of conventional methods. The MDO success rate can be increased to 83% if the ONIOM calculations are applied only for the starting poses with ligands inside the binding cavities.

Conclusion:

The MDO protocol provides high quality enzyme-ligand binding mode prediction with reasonable computational cost. The MDO protocol is recommended for use in the structure-based drug design.
Simultaneous Determination of Nicotine and Phenolic Compounds in Tobacco by Capillary Electrophoresis with Pipette Tip Electrodes
Authors: Liu Chunbo , Li Farui , Zhang Xinle , Li Zhenjie , Chen Gang
Published: August 2022

Aim:

The aim of this work is to fabricate pipette tip electrodes for the capillary electrophoretic
determination of nicotine and phenolic compounds in tobacco.

Background:

The content of nicotine affects not only the quality of tobacco products but also the health
of smokers. Phenolic compounds are important flavor precursors in tobacco. The quantity of phenolic
compounds is one of the most important evaluation indicators of tobacco quality. It is of high importance
to determine nicotine and phenolic compounds in tobacco for quality control and the health of smokers.

Objective:

A method based on capillary electrophoresis and amperometric detection was developed for
the simultaneous determination of nicotine, rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and
protocatechuic acid in tobacco leaves. Pipette electrodes were designed and fabricated for their amperometric
detection.

Method:

Nicotine, rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid
were determined by capillary electrophoresis in combination with the detection electrodes that were fabricated
by packing the composite of carbon nanotube and epoxy in pipette tips.

Results:

Detection potentials, the acidity and concentrations of background electrolyte, separation voltages,
and injection times were optimized. At a high voltage of 12 kV, separation of the seven analytes could
be achieved in less than 11 min in a piece of 40 cm long fused silica capillary with a background electrolyte
of 50 mM borate buffer (9.2). Linearity was observed between the peak currents and the concentrations,
with the limits of detection ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 μM for the seven analytes at the pipette electrodes.
The method was applied in the simultaneous determination of nicotine and phenolic compounds
with satisfactory assay results.

Conclusions:

The pipette tip electrodes were successfully coupled with capillary electrophoresis for tobacco
analysis. The CE-AD method provides not only a simple approach for the quality control of tobacco
and its preparations but also an alternative technique for the constituent and fingerprint investigation of
other plants.
Methods for Measurements of Oxidized LDL, Homocysteine and Nitric
Oxide as Clinical Parameters of Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Macvanin Mirjana T. , Stanimirovic Julijana , Isenovic Esma R.
Published: August 2022

Timely and accurate evaluation of clinical parameters associated with endothelial dysfunction is critical in diagnosing and treating atherosclerosis, which represents a severe health problem, accounting for at least 30% of deaths globally. A critical early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein [LDL]. Oxidized LDL [OxLDL] represents numerous changes in lipid and apolipoprotein B [apo B] fractions of LDLs generated by lipid peroxidation. Another critical indicator of perturbed vascular homeostasis is homocysteine [Hcy], an amino acid containing sulfhydryl-group, an intermediate methionine and cysteine biosynthesis product. The total level of Hcy in plasma correlates better than cholesterol with the risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, nitric oxide [NO] plays an essential role in regulating vascular physiological homeostasis due to its involvement in intravascular free radical and oxidant reactions. Reduced NO decreases oxidative stress in the vascular wall, which reduces the rate of LDL oxidation and the expression of redox-sensitive genes involved in atherogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction is typically associated with increased levels of OxLDL, decreased nitric oxide [NO], and hyperhomocysteinemia. Thus, OxLDL, Hcy, and NO are representative parameters of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Considering the important role of oxLDL, Hcy and NO in oxidative stress, atherogenesis and accompanying endothelial dysfunction, the challenge of the present work was to systematically present available methods for reliable measurement of these parameters and assess their potential for the use in the clinical setting. Here we present a comprehensive overview of analytical methods for measuring OxLDL, HCy, and NO in biological samples and discuss their advantages and potential problems regarding their application in clinical settings.
In Silico Identification of Human miR-26a-1 from Hypertension Genome
Sequence
Authors: Preethi K. Auxzilia , Selvakumar Sushmaa Chandralekha , Sekar Durairaj
Published: August 2022

Background:

Hypertension is a global public health issue that is becoming more prevalent.
It is a non-communicable disease and a great public health problem affecting almost half of
the world’s adult population. Being multifactorial, hypertension is a key risk factor for stroke, coronary
artery disease, heart failure, and chronic renal failure. However, the cellular and molecular
mechanisms that regulate it remain mostly unknown. According to numerous studies, microRNAs
(miRNAs) have been implicated in a range of cellular processes in the development of illnesses.
The current study aims to identify miRNAs in hypertension from genome sequences found in public
genomic databases.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, we have used bioinformatic approaches to identify miR-26a-
1 for hypertension using the NCBI database, miRBase and target scan. Finally, the RNA fold was
used to create the secondary structure of miR-26a-1.

Results and Discussion:

Careful evaluation of secondary structure result showed that hsa-miR-
26a-1 has a minimum free energy of - 37.30 kcal. The correlation between miR-26a-1 and hypertension
genome sequence was identified.

Conclusion:

These computational approaches have concluded that miR-26a-1 can be used as a diagnosis,
prognosis and effective therapeutic target for treating hypertension. Thus, further research
could enlighten the role of miR-26a-1 in hypertension.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Case Report of an Adjuvant Ambulatory Therapy
for a COVID-19 High-Risk and Steroid-hypersensitive Patients
Authors: Cardoso-Hernández Grecia A. , Camacho-Torres Ana L. , Camacho-Pérez Beni , González Sánchez Fabio A. , Navarro-Partida José , García-Varela Rebeca , Aguilar-Aguilar Jesús , Aguilar Alemán Juan P.
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

Due to the rapid progression of COVID-19 to severe and critical stages, thousands
of patients have required the use of intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, placing an excessive strain
on health systems. Immunomodulatory effects of Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs)
have shown promising results in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. However, the effect of
promptly applied cell therapy on ambulatory patient prognosis has not been described. This case report
presents the clinical outcome of a multimorbid, steroid-hypersensitive, COVID-19 patient treated with
WJ-MSCs transplantation.

Case Presentation:

A 67-year-old woman with Type 2 diabetes, overweight (82 kg, 168 cm, BMI =
29.053), hypertension (190/60 mmHg) and steroid-hypersensitivity, tested positive for COVID-19 after
presenting typical symptoms such as fatigue, chest pain, myalgia, nasal congestion, dysgeusia, anosmia
and oxygen saturation (SpO2) 94% - 96%, with normal body temperature (36°C). The patient received
pharmacologic treatment but, when symptoms worsened, WJ-MSCs were transplanted to modulate the
suspected onset of the cytokine release syndrome. Significant improvement of symptoms and clinical
parameters (inflammatory markers and CT score) was observed, and the patient fully recovered within a
short period of time.

Conclusion:

The present case report exhibits the favorable outcome of using Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal
Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs) as an ambulatory and adjuvant therapy for COVID-19. Prompt WJ-MSCs
infusion can be a safe ambulatory adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 infection care, preventing disease progression
to critical stages and avoiding hospital overcrowding.
Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease;
Can Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Come to the Rescue?
Authors: Onaolapo Olakunle J. , Olofinnade Anthony T. , Ojo Folusho O. , Onaolapo Adejoke Y.
Published: August 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of age-related dementia, is typified
by progressive memory loss and spatial awareness with personality changes. The increasing socioeconomic burden associated with AD has made it a focus of extensive research. Ample scientific
evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in AD pathophysiology, and
there is increasing research into the possible role of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents as
disease modifying therapies. While, the result of numerous preclinical studies has demonstrated
the benefits of anti-inflammatory agents, these benefits however have not been replicated in clinical trials, necessitating a further search for more promising anti-inflammatory agents. Current understanding highlights the role of diet in the development of neuroinflammation and oxidative
stress, as well as the importance of dietary interventions and lifestyle modifications in mitigating
them. The current narrative review examines scientific literature for evidence of the roles (if any)
of dietary components, nutraceuticals and functional foods in the prevention or management of
AD. It also examines how diet/dietary components could modulate oxidative stress/inflammatory
mediators and pathways that are crucial to the pathogenesis and/or progression of AD.
Possible Mechanisms and Molecular Signaling of Incretins against the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Asemi Zatollah , Salami Raziyeh , Salami Marziyeh , Mafi Alireza , Aarabi Mohammad-Hossein , Vakili Omid
Published: August 2022

The increasing number of cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) and related diseases has become a global health concern. In this context, controlling blood glucose levels is critical to prevent and/or slow down the development of diabetes-related complications. Incretins, as gutderived hormones that trigger the post-meal secretion of insulin, are a well-known family of blood glucose modulators. Currently, incretin medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are extensively used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Several experimental and clinical studies illustrate that these metabolic hormones exert their antidiabetic effects through multiple molecular mechanisms. Accordingly, the current review aims to investigate key mechanisms and signaling pathways, such as the cAMP/PKA, Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, and AMPK pathways, associated with the antidiabetic effects of incretins. It also summarizes the outcomes of a group of clinical trials evaluating the incretins’ antidiabetic potential in diabetic patients.
Two Years Study of Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of
Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Northern
Iran
Authors: Goli Hamid Reza , Bazgir Zahra Norouzi , Gholami Mehrdad
Published: August 2022

Background:

According to the reports from the World Health Organization, increased
use of antibiotics and bacterial resistance has become a worldwide issue. Resistance to
antimicrobial agents in Escherichia coli clinical strains is increasing.

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and
frequency of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in E. coli isolated from patients in two
major hospitals in Sari, north Iran.

Methods:

In this descriptive-analytical study, a total of 13322 clinical specimens were collected
from patients. All the specimens were evaluated to determine the presence of E. coli strains
using conventional biochemical tests and API kit. Susceptibility testing against twelve antibiotics
was determined using the disk-diffusion method. Results were interpreted in accordance
with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) protocol.

Results:

Out of 13322 studied samples, 964 (7.23%) E. coli strains were identified. In two
hospitals, high resistance to ampicillin and cefalexin was presented in 621 (64.4%) and 402
(41.7%) isolates, respectively. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed in the burn unit,
the burn intensive care unit (ICU) and the burn restoration section, while all the strains (eight)
that were isolated from the neonatal-ICU, were sensitive to all the tested antibiotics except cefalexin,
nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, and ampicillin. Also, strains isolated from urine, wound,
stool, and blood samples were resistant to all tested antibiotics.

Conclusion:

Increased resistance to different antibiotics in burn hospitals has created increasing
concern. Very high resistance to some antibiotics indicates that these drugs are misused in
therapeutic centers and highlights that infection control measures should be arranged in the
ICUs of our hospitals.
Computational Study Reveals the Inhibitory Effects of Chemical Constituents
from Azadirachta indica (Indian Neem) Against Delta and Omicron
Variants of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Khan Mohammad Faheem , Ansari Waseem Ahmad , Rizvi Fahmina , Khan Mohsin Ali , Khan Zaw Ali
Published: August 2022

Background:

The newly emerged delta and omicron variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have affected millions of individuals globally with increased transmissible
and infectivity rates. Although, numerous vaccines are available or under clinical trials to combat
the SARS-CoV-2 and its variant, still, a therapeutic agent is awaited.

Objective:

The present work is focused on rigorous screening of chemical constituents of Azadirachta
indica (A. indica) against delta and omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 via inhibition of S-glycoprotein.

Methods:

Total, 10 compounds of A. indica were subjected to molecular docking and pharmacophore
modeling studies against the S-glycoprotein of delta and omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore,
homology modeling was performed for omicron S-glycoprotein with the help of SWISS-MODEL and
aligned by PyMOL software. Later on, the residues of protein were verified in the allowed region via
Ramachandran plot. In addition, our docking results have also been validated by MMGBSA binding free
energy calculations.

Results:

Our computed study demonstrated that nimbolinin B12-methyl ether and nimbidinin showed
promising docking scores (> -6.0) as compared to docking scores (< 6.0) of reference drug ‘camostat’
against S-glycoproteins of both delta and omicron variants. Redocking by using MMGBSA calculation
also reveals that both these compounds can effectively bind within the pockets of said protein receptors

Conclusion:

Nimbolinin B12-methyl ether and nimbidinin have potent anti-SARS-CoV activity against
delta and omicron variants and thus, A. indica might be a useful source for developing novel anti-SARSCoV-
2 therapeutic agents.
Advanced Batteries and Charge Storage Devices based on Nanowires
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Prakash Ravi , Maiti Pralay
Published: August 2022

Compositional designed electrodes exhibiting high specific capacities are of
great interest towards align="center"high performance charge storage devices.
Electrode surface can store charge or guest ions due to structural confinement effect.
Ion storage capacity depends on the structural integrity of electrode (anode) materials
of batteries. Electrolyte selection also decides the storage capacity of batteries and
other charge storage devices. Volume expansion or variation can be minimized through
structural variation of the electrode. align="center"The charging phenomenon proceeds
through the continuous ion destruction process of adsorbed ions into semipermeable
align="center"pores. Dimension controlled electrode materials possess superior ion
storage capacity. The contemporary design is an effective way to improve the charge
storage capacity of electrodes. Low dimension materials exhibit better charge storage
capacity due to high surface density (surface to volume ratio) and efficient charge
confinement. The confined dimensions (quantum confinement) play important roles in
orienting the desired kinetic properties of nanomaterials, such as charge transport and
diffusion. This chapter emphasizes critical overviews of the state-of-the-art nanowires based align="center"electrodes for energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion
batteries, lithium-ion capacitors, sodium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. Ions or
charges can be percolated easily through nanowire networks due to fast adsorption and
diffusion. High-rate capability is intensified align="center"over large electroactive
surface in align="center"an ordered nanowire electrode.
Nanomaterials’ Synthesis Approaches for Energy Storage and Electronics Applications
Authors: Verma Ravi , Jha Shanky , Harimurugan D. , Kasthurirengan Srinivasan , Shivaprakash N. C. , Behera Upendra
Published: August 2022

Nanomaterials are materials with cross-sectional dimensions varying from
one to hundreds of nanometers and lengths ranging from hundreds of nanometers to
millimeters. Nanomaterials either occur naturally or can be produced purposefully by
performing a specialized function. Until recently, most nanomaterials have been made
from carbon (carbon nanotubes), transition metals, and metal oxides such as titanium
dioxide and zinc oxide. In a few cases, nanoparticles may exist in the form of
nanocrystals comprising a number of compounds, including but not limited to silicon
and metals. The discovery of nanomaterials has played a vital role in the emerging field
of research and technology. Recently, a large amount of research efforts has been
dedicated to developing nanomaterials and their applications, ranging from space to
electronics applications. In this chapter, we describe the role of nanoparticles in
electronics and energy storage applications, with examples including chips, displays,
enhanced batteries, and thermoelectric, gas sensing, lead-free soldering, humidity
sensing, and super capacitor devices. The chapter also attempts to provide an
exhaustive description of the developed advanced nanomaterials and different
conventional and advanced techniques adopted by researchers to synthesize the
nanoparticles via bottom-up techniques (pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel,
and biosynthesis) and top-bottom approaches (mechanical milling, nanolithography,
laser ablation, and thermal decomposition).
Branching technique for a bi-objective two-stage assignment problem
Authors: Jain Ekta , Dahiya Kalpana , Verma Vanita
Published: August 2022

We discuss a bi-objective two-stage assignment problem (BiTSAP) that aims at minimizing two objective functions: one comprising a nonlinear cost function defined explicitly in terms of assignment variables and the other a total completion time. A two-stage assignment problem deals with the optimal allocation of \(n\) jobs to \(n\) agents in two stages, where \(n_{1}\) out of \(n\) jobs are primary jobs which constitute Stage-1 and the rest of the jobs are secondary jobs constituting Stage-2. The paper proposes an algorithm that seeks an optimal solution for a BiTSAP in terms of various efficient time-cost pairs. An algorithm for ranking all feasible assignments of a two-stage assignment problem in order of increasing total completion time is also presented. Theoretical justification and numerical illustrations are included to support the proposed algorithms.
doi:10.1017/S1446181122000116
Non Recognition in contemporary sociology theories
Authors: محمد عزيز ايناس
Published: August 2022

" When studying the social issues associated with the relations of mutual recognition between oneself and the other, in which our disregard for any position or perception of the nature of this relationship leads to the denial of its existence in social life, the human self is not complete without the other as a complementary partner of its existence and its continuation in a social medium chosen by man as an object that can not live isolated alone from the children of his race, nor was he able to establish a positive lasting relationship with his other partner but subjected the human being to his brother man, and the result of this relationship The negativity of images of violence, conflict, domination and domination, which made the search for the sources behind the lack of self-recognition of the other individual or group, especially in societies of pluralism and cultural diversity as a feature that can be considered universal, to form the focus of theories and studies carried out by philosophers, sociologists, economists and psychologists through which they identified the main sources leading to denial or non-recognition of the other. "
جدلية الخلط بين الإرهاب والعنف والجهاد
Authors: Abdalrahman Ibrahim Nuri , Hassan Hamza Ramzya
Published: August 2022

هذه األلفاظ الثالثة أثارت نقاشا وخالطها التدليس المتعمد إلثارة الفتنة ً وجدالًبين أطياف المجتمعات كافة، وتشويه الحقائق، ُّد من أخطر الظواهر التي تهدد األمن العالمي بشكل عام ، َ ع ُ فهذا الخلط ي و الدول اإلسالمية بشكل خاص من جهة، إلى الصورة الحقيقية لألديان عامة واإلسالم بصورٍة ُ ُسيئ ومن الجهة األخرى فهي ت خاصة. َ ت َّيس َ َس لهذه األلفاظ،وعلى وجه الخصوص بعد أن ت ٍف جامعٍ تعري وقد تشعبت اآل ارء واإلتجاهات حول صياغةِ ً على مص ارعيه لتصفية الحسابات بين ً مفتوحا ً واسعا لفظةُ على اإلرهاب،وجعلوها بابا ٌ األط ارف المتصارعة سواء الصعيد الداخلي أو الخارجي. على ماسبق ضمن سياق فق ارت البحث مع بيان األسباب و األهداف التي تنطوي عليها الستغالل َ لقي الضوء ُ سن تلك آلستغالل تلك األلفاظ وإلصاقها باآلخر.
" The International Legal Background for the Protection of Children in Armed Conflict ((Yezidies Case)) "
Authors: Nabee Mohammed Aram , Othman Mohammed Nishtiman , Kabir Ahmad Atifa
Published: August 2022

"Abstract: This research focus on the protection right of children in armed conflict. Some time, children recruited and used in hostilities as a fighter by armed forces or armed groups. For instance, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has recruited thousands of children to commit international crimes like genocide, war crime and crime against humanity. In addition, the research explains the abusing and trafficking children for sexual purposes. For example, in Iraq ISIS forces raped Yezidy girls and then used in armed conflict. Furthermore, during armed conflict children face refugee and internal displacement. Moreover, the research analyse the effects of armed conflict on children especially when armed forces attack hospitals and schools and kill them. The research tries to answer the questions, why the children are the purpose? What is the responsibility of children when they participate in hostilities? What is the minimum age of children to participate in hostilities? Is it legal to involve children in armed conflict?"
Psychlogical Counseling Styles and Their Techniques in Coping with Genocide Victims.
Authors: محمد عيدي جاسم .
Published: August 2022

"Abstract Genocide has affected human societies since ancient times, and in the modern era the genocide is a global phenomenon: from the massacres in colonial America, Africa and Australia.. to the Holocaust of European Jews and mass death in Maoist China, Cambodia, Palestine and Burma, and in our Iraqi reality there are what is known as the Anfal, Halabja and the genocide of the people of Marshes, Speicher and Sinjar are examples for the genocide in our country, and in recent years the system of genocide studies has developed to provide analysis and understanding of the phenomenon and an understanding of the psychology of violence as well as the development of counseling and psychological assistance for survivors within the psychology of genocide survivors, and since psychological counseling as an applied branch of psychology it contributes to helping individuals survivors of the horror of the genocide.. to see and realize their psychological strength and resilience and to invest the best options, resources and opportunities available to them (Gladding, 1996). Therefore, the current research comes to review a number of counseling styles and their techniques with the victims of genocide, and their role in overcoming the painful experiences of extermination to which these individuals were exposed. The research concludes with a number of conclusions and suggestions in making the support and assistance necessity and higher value imposed by human, ethical and religious considerations. The research also recommends to adopt a national strategy that the state has to adopt in most of its institutions in establishing support and assistance centers for victims of genocide. "
"Requirements for promoting a culture of peaceful coexistence and inclusion In the city of Mosul An analytical study from a social perspective "
Authors: Ramdhan Mhammed Hamdan
Published: August 2022

" The current research aims to identify the nature and reality of peaceful coexistence in the city of Mosul, by determining its levels and assessing its social dimensions among its various components in the city, for the purpose of reaching the possibility of developing the feelings of its members and activating their role in achieving harmony and harmony, accepting the other, living in luxury, etc. Positive in providing stability and social and political security and identifying the resulting problems. As the importance of this research is revealed in revealing the basic dimensions of peaceful coexistence between the various social components in the city of Mosul and identifying the manifestations of these dimensions and their factors depending on measuring the extent of the cohesion of individuals and accepting or rejecting coexistence among them. This is because identifying this reality and the dimensions, manifestations and factors that support and affect it and are related to it would facilitate the consolidation of its activities and social relations between these social components in the social reality of the city. Not to mention that, the contemporary Iraqi street, specifically the city of Mosul after the American occupation of Iraq, witnessed problems and disturbances that humanity has not witnessed throughout the history of its civilized development, which affected social construction, and these problems crystallized and were born due to several reasons and accumulated reasons and silence their shape and content in the Iraqi scene, so the individuals in the city. They are more influential because they are more interacting with each other in social reality, and it is from these bases that the importance of the subject we are studying comes from. "
" Stages of Genocide Against the Kurds in Iraq 1975 – 1988 Historical study"
Authors: علوان عبدالله .نزار
Published: August 2022

Following the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in 1975 in the wake of Algiers Agreement1975 between Iraq and Iran, the governing Baath regime in Baghdad found itself free against the National Kurdish Movement, carrying out a series of genocide and ethnic cleansing operations against Kurds in Iraq. The government lunched wide arrest campaign against members of Kurdish opposition and destroyed many border villages in order to create a 20-kilometer security belt alongside the borders with Turkey and Iran with mines planted there. That area was declared to be a military zone accessed only by the Iraqi army. That required evacuating 500 villages which caused thousands of Kurds to seek refuge in Iran in fear of apprehension or murder. These developments were accompanied by a displacement process carried out by the Iraqi government on March 31st 1975 against member of Al-Barzani clan in Barzan area, who were displaced to the desert in Al-Qadisiya province and were only allowed to return to Kurdistan in the 1980 in the condition that they do not go back to their original areas. This was followed by the Anfal campaign which destroyed more than four thousand villages and displaced more than half a million Kurds to the Iraqi southern deserts while other thousands fled to Iran. It was in the Anfal campaign that the tragedy of Halabja occurred where chemical weapons were used on March 16th 1988 causing the death of more than five thousand Kurds and horrible unprecedented scene.
The role of dialogue and tolerance in promoting peaceful coexistence in society
Authors: أمين عبدالله الستوني مهدي
Published: August 2022

" Nowadays, Dialogue, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence are considered the main topics. Rather, they have become one of the most pressing intellectual topics for discussion and deliberation in the world because of what societies mean in terms of conflicts and struggles, most of which arose from sectarian extremism and ethnic, sectarian, linguistic and religious discrimination. So that these conflicts have become the main reason for the genocides that societies in the Middle East are subjected to, and there are many examples that confirm this theory. however, if we can activate dialogue and tolerance in our societies, we can overcome the aforementioned conflicts in our societies, achieve peaceful coexistence and live in harmony. This study sheds light on the phenomenon of dialogue and tolerance and the role that these phenomena play in promoting peaceful coexistence in our societies. It studies the mechanisms and factors that help in promoting and spreading a culture of peaceful coexistence to reach a society away from conflicts and build a society based on citizenship and a culture of acceptance of the other."