bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing intra- and inter-molecular interactions through rotational spectroscopy: The case of the odorant 2′-aminoacetophenone and its 1:1 water and neon complexes
Authors: Salvitti G. , Blanco S. , Lòpez J. C. , Melandri S. , Evangelisti L. , Maris A.
Published: September 2022

The chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrum of 2′-aminoacetophenone, an aromatic chemical species with odorant properties, has been recorded in the 2–8 GHz frequency range and analyzed, obtaining precise information on the structure of the monomer and its neon and water complexes. The conformation of the monomer is determined by the formation of a resonance-assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB) between the carbonyl and amino groups, which leads to the formation of a bicyclic-like aromatic structure. Accordingly, the cycle formed by the non-covalent bond is preferred to the phenyl ring as the interaction site for neon. In the 1:1 complex, water lies in the molecular plane and forms a strong hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group coupled to an ancillary interaction with the methyl group, leaving the intramolecular RAHB unchanged. The experimental findings are supported by atoms in molecules and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, which allowed for determining the hydrogen bond and intermolecular interaction energies, respectively.
Uptake of Team Care Arrangements for adults newly diagnosed with cancer
Authors: Perez-Concha Oscar , Goldstein David , Harris Mark F. , Laaksonen Maarit A. , Hanly Mark , Suchy Sue , Vajdic Claire M.
Published: September 2022

Background Medicare-subsidised Team Care Arrangements (TCAs) support Australian general practitioners to implement shared care between collaborating health professionals for patients with chronic medical conditions and complex needs. We assessed the prevalence of TCAs, factors associated with TCA uptake and visits to TCA-subsidised allied health practitioners, for adults newly diagnosed with cancer in New South Wales, Australia. Methods We carried out a retrospective individual patient data linkage study with 13 951 45 and Up Study participants diagnosed with incident cancer during 2006–16. We used a proportional hazards model to estimate the factors associated with receipt of a TCA after cancer diagnosis. Results In total, 6630 patients had a TCA plan initiated (47.5%). A TCA was more likely for patients aged ≥65 years, those with higher service utilisation 4–15 months prior to cancer diagnosis, a higher number of comorbidities, lower self-rated overall health status, living in areas of greater socio-economic disadvantage, lower educational attainment and those with no private health insurance. A total of 4084 (61.6%) patients with a TCA had at least one TCA-subsidised allied health visit within 24 months of the TCA. Conclusions TCAs appear to be well targeted at cancer patients with chronic health conditions and lower socioeconomic status. Nevertheless, not all patients with a TCA subsequently attended a TCA-subsidised allied healthcare professional. This suggests either a misunderstanding of the plan, the receipt of allied health via other public schemes, a low prioritisation of the plan compared to other health care, or suboptimal availability of these services.
Determinants of attitudes towards wildlife in rural Taiwan and its implications for leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) conservation performance payment
Authors: Chen Wen-Li , van der Meer Esther , Pei Kurtis Jai-Chyi
Published: September 2022

Context Conservation performance payment (CPP) is increasingly used to promote human–carnivore co-existence. The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is a small felid, which suffers from high levels of anthropogenic mortality. In Taiwan, CPP has recently been introduced to stimulate leopard cat conservation in rural townships. A CPP scheme for leopard cats was pilot-tested in 2019, with the aim to enroll it to other rural townships in future. Aims We determined whether CPP has a positive impact on attitudes towards leopard cat. To assess whether attitudes are species-specific, we compare attitudes towards leopard cat to attitudes towards other small carnivores, namely gem-faced civet (Paguma larvata) and ferret badger (Melogale moschata), and to pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), a species with a similar conservation status. On the basis of our results, we discuss whether leopard cat CPP is likely to benefit biodiversity preservation as a whole. Methods We used a structured (pilot-tested) questionnaire to interview 164 respondents in three rural townships in which leopard cats occur in relatively high numbers compared to other townships. Key results People felt more positive about leopard cat and pangolin, species that were seen as appealing and rare, than about gem-faced civet and ferret badger. Whether species were perceived as causing poultry depredation or agricultural losses was a main reason behind attitudes. Attitudes varied among townships. With CPP, attitudes towards all species became more positive. However, more than a quarter of the respondents were skeptical about the effectiveness of CPP. Conclusions and implications On the basis of the species popularity and area requirements, leopard cats are a suitable flagship umbrella species. As such, leopard cat CPP is likely to promote biodiversity conservation in Taiwan, especially if other (unpopular) species are taken into account in the objectives of such a scheme. For CPP to be effective, it is important that such a program is participatory, has clear objectives, accurate systems to monitor program outcomes and provides sufficient long-term local benefits. With attitudes towards wildlife varying at a small geographical scale, there is a need for research prior to implementation of CPP, so it can be adapted to local requirements.
A pantropical assessment of deforestation caused by industrial mining
Authors: Giljum Stefan , Maus Victor , Kuschnig Nikolas , Luckeneder Sebastian , Tost Michael , Sonter Laura J. , Bebbington Anthony J.
Published: September 2022

Growing demand for minerals continues to drive deforestation worldwide. Tropical forests are particularly vulnerable to the environmental impacts of mining and mineral processing. Many local- to regional-scale studies document extensive, long-lasting impacts of mining on biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, the full scope of deforestation induced by industrial mining across the tropics is yet unknown. Here, we present a biome-wide assessment to show where industrial mine expansion has caused the most deforestation from 2000 to 2019. We find that 3,264 km2 of forest was directly lost due to industrial mining, with 80% occurring in only four countries: Indonesia, Brazil, Ghana, and Suriname. Additionally, controlling for other nonmining determinants of deforestation, we find that mining caused indirect forest loss in two-thirds of the investigated countries. Our results illustrate significant yet unevenly distributed and often unmanaged impacts on these biodiverse ecosystems. Impact assessments and mitigation plans of industrial mining activities must address direct and indirect impacts to support conservation of the world’s tropical forests.
Real-time imaging of
Arc/Arg3.1
transcription ex vivo reveals input-specific immediate early gene dynamics
Authors: Lituma Pablo J. , Singer Robert H. , Das Sulagna , Castillo Pablo E.
Published: September 2022

The ability of neurons to process and store salient environmental features underlies information processing in the brain. Long-term information storage requires synaptic plasticity and regulation of gene expression. While distinct patterns of activity have been linked to synaptic plasticity, their impact on immediate early gene (IEG) expression remains poorly understood. The activity regulated cytoskeleton associated (
Arc
) gene has received wide attention as an IEG critical for long-term synaptic plasticity and memory. Yet, to date, the transcriptional dynamics of
Arc
in response to compartment and input-specific activity is unclear. By developing a knock-in mouse to fluorescently tag
Arc
alleles, we studied real-time transcription dynamics after stimulation of dentate granule cells (GCs) in acute hippocampal slices. To our surprise, we found that
Arc
transcription displayed distinct temporal kinetics depending on the activation of excitatory inputs that convey functionally distinct information, i.e., medial and lateral perforant paths (MPP and LPP, respectively). Moreover, the transcriptional dynamics of
Arc
after synaptic stimulation was similar to direct activation of GCs, although the contribution of ionotropic glutamate receptors, L-type voltage-gated calcium channel, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differed. Specifically, we observed an ER-mediated synapse-to-nucleus signal that supported elevations in nuclear calcium and, thereby, rapid induction of
Arc
transcription following MPP stimulation. By delving into the complex excitation–transcription coupling for
Arc
, our findings highlight how different synaptic inputs may encode information by modulating transcription dynamics of an IEG linked to learning and memory.
Extracellular vesicles secreted by human uterine stromal cells regulate decidualization, angiogenesis, and trophoblast differentiation
Authors: Ma Qiuyan , Beal Jacob R. , Bhurke Arpita , Kannan Athilakshmi , Yu Jie , Taylor Robert N. , Bagchi Indrani C. , Bagchi Milan K.
Published: September 2022

In humans, the uterus undergoes a dramatic transformation to form an endometrial stroma-derived secretory tissue, termed decidua, during early pregnancy. The decidua secretes various factors that act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to promote stromal differentiation, facilitate maternal angiogenesis, and influence trophoblast differentiation and development, which are critical for the formation of a functional placenta. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which decidual cells communicate with each other and with other cell types within the uterine milieu. We discovered that primary human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) during decidualization and that this process is controlled by a conserved HIF2α-RAB27B pathway. Mass spectrometry revealed that the decidual EVs harbor a variety of protein cargo, including cell signaling molecules, growth modulators, metabolic regulators, and factors controlling endothelial cell expansion and remodeling. We tested the hypothesis that EVs secreted by the decidual cells mediate functional communications between various cell types within the uterus. We demonstrated that the internalization of EVs, specifically those carrying the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), promotes glucose uptake in recipient HESCs, supporting and advancing the decidualization program. Additionally, delivery of HESC-derived EVs into human endothelial cells stimulated their proliferation and led to enhanced vascular network formation. Strikingly, stromal EVs also promoted the differentiation of trophoblast stem cells into the extravillous trophoblast lineage. Collectively, these findings provide a deeper understanding of the pleiotropic roles played by EVs secreted by the decidual cells to ensure coordination of endometrial differentiation and angiogenesis with trophoblast function during the progressive phases of decidualization and placentation.
Reliably assessing the electronic structure of cytochrome P450 on today’s classical computers and tomorrow’s quantum computers
Authors: Goings Joshua J. , White Alec , Lee Joonho , Tautermann Christofer S. , Degroote Matthias , Gidney Craig , Shiozaki Toru , Babbush Ryan , Rubin Nicholas C.
Published: September 2022

An accurate assessment of how quantum computers can be used for chemical simulation, especially their potential computational advantages, provides important context on how to deploy these future devices. To perform this assessment reliably, quantum resource estimates must be coupled with classical computations attempting to answer relevant chemical questions and to define the classical algorithms simulation frontier. Herein, we explore the quantum computation and classical computation resources required to assess the electronic structure of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and thus define a classical–quantum advantage boundary. This is accomplished by analyzing the convergence of density matrix renormalization group plusn-electron valence state perturbation theory (DMRG+NEVPT2) and coupled-cluster singles doubles with noniterative triples [CCSD(T)] calculations for spin gaps in models of the CYP catalytic cycle that indicate multireference character. The quantum resources required to perform phase estimation using qubitized quantum walks are calculated for the same systems. Compilation into the surface code provides runtime estimates to compare directly to DMRG runtimes and to evaluate potential quantum advantage. Both classical and quantum resource estimates suggest that simulation of CYP models at scales large enough to balance dynamic and multiconfigurational electron correlation has the potential to be a quantum advantage problem and emphasizes the important interplay between classical computations and quantum algorithms development for chemical simulation.
Recurrent emergence of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenem resistance mediated by an inhibitory
ompK36
mRNA secondary structure
Authors: Wong Joshua L. C. , David Sophia , Sanchez-Garrido Julia , Woo Jia Z. , Low Wen Wen , Morecchiato Fabio , Giani Tommaso , Rossolini Gian Maria , Beis Konstantinos , Brett Stephen J. , Clements Abigail , Aanensen David M. , Rouskin Silvi , Frankel Gad
Published: September 2022

Outer membrane porins in Gram-negative bacteria facilitate antibiotic influx. In
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, modifications in the porin OmpK36 are implicated in increasing resistance to carbapenems. An analysis of large
K. pneumoniae
genome collections, encompassing major healthcare-associated clones, revealed the recurrent emergence of a synonymous cytosine-to-thymine transition at position 25 (25c > t) in
ompK36.
We show that the 25c > t transition increases carbapenem resistance through depletion of OmpK36 from the outer membrane. The mutation attenuates
K. pneumoniae
in a murine pneumonia model, which accounts for its limited clonal expansion observed by phylogenetic analysis. However, in the context of carbapenem treatment, the 25c > t transition tips the balance toward treatment failure, thus accounting for its recurrent emergence. Mechanistically, the 25c > t transition mediates an intramolecular messenger RNA (mRNA) interaction between a uracil encoded by 25t and the first adenine within the Shine–Dalgarno sequence. This specific interaction leads to the formation of an RNA stem structure, which obscures the ribosomal binding site thus disrupting translation. While mutations reducing OmpK36 expression via transcriptional silencing are known, we uniquely demonstrate the repeated selection of a synonymous
ompK36
mutation mediating translational suppression in response to antibiotic pressure.
Spatiotemporal kinetics of the SRP pathway in live
E. coli
cells
Authors: Volkov Ivan L. , Lundin Erik , Kipper Kalle , Metelev Mikhail , Zikrin Spartak , Johansson Magnus
Published: September 2022

Mechanistic details of the signal recognition particle (SRP)-mediated insertion of membrane proteins have been described from decades of in vitro biochemical studies. However, the dynamics of the pathway inside the living cell remain obscure. By combining in vivo single-molecule tracking with numerical modeling and simulated microscopy, we have constructed a quantitative reaction–diffusion model of the SRP cycle. Our results suggest that the SRP–ribosome complex finds its target, the membrane-bound translocon, through a combination of three-dimensional (3D) and 2D diffusional search, together taking on average 750 ms. During this time, the nascent peptide is expected to be elongated only 12 or 13 amino acids, which explains why, in
Escherichia coli
, no translation arrest is needed to prevent incorrect folding of the polypeptide in the cytosol. We also found that a remarkably high proportion (75%) of SRP bindings to ribosomes occur in the cytosol, suggesting that the majority of target ribosomes bind SRP before reaching the membrane. In combination with the average SRP cycling time, 2.2 s, this result further shows that the SRP pathway is capable of targeting all substrate ribosomes to translocons.
Layer 5 of cortex innervates the thalamic reticular nucleus in mice
Authors: Carroll Briana J. , Sampathkumar Vandana , Kasthuri Narayanan , Sherman S. Murray
Published: September 2022

Neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) are a primary source of inhibition to the dorsal thalamus and, as they are innervated in part by the cortex, are a means of corticothalamic regulation. Previously, cortical inputs to the TRN were thought to originate solely from layer 6 (L6), but we recently reported the presence of putative synaptic terminals from layer 5 (L5) neurons in multiple cortical areas in the TRN [J. A. Prasad, B. J. Carroll, S. M. Sherman,J. Neurosci.40, 5785–5796 (2020)]. Here, we demonstrate with electron microscopy that L5 terminals from multiple cortical regions make bona fide synapses in the TRN. We further use light microscopy to localize these synapses relative to recently described TRN subdivisions and show that L5 terminals target the edges of the somatosensory TRN, where neurons reciprocally connect to higher-order thalamus, and that L5 terminals are scarce in the core of the TRN, where neurons reciprocally connect to first-order thalamus. In contrast, L6 terminals densely innervate both edge and core subregions and are smaller than those from L5. These data suggest that a sparse but potent input from L5 neurons of multiple cortical regions to the TRN may yield transreticular inhibition targeted to higher-order thalamus.
Daytime eating prevents mood vulnerability in night work
Authors: Qian Jingyi , Vujovic Nina , Nguyen Hoa , Rahman Nishath , Heng Su Wei , Amira Stephen , Scheer Frank A. J. L. , Chellappa Sarah L.
Published: September 2022

Shift workers have a 25 to 40% higher risk of depression and anxiety partly due to a misalignment between the central circadian clock and daily environmental/behavioral cycles that may negatively affect mood and emotional well-being. Hence, evidence-based circadian interventions are required to prevent mood vulnerability in shift work settings. We used a stringently controlled 14-d circadian paradigm to assess mood vulnerability during simulated night work with either daytime and nighttime or daytime-only eating as compared with simulated day work (baseline). Simulated night work with daytime and nighttime eating increased depression-like mood levels by 26.2% (
p
-value adjusted using False Discovery Rates,
p
FDR = 0.001; effect-size
r
= 0.78) and anxiety-like mood levels by 16.1% (
p
FDR = 0.001; effect-size
r
= 0.47) compared to baseline, whereas this did not occur with simulated night work in the daytime-only eating group. Importantly, a larger degree of internal circadian misalignment was robustly associated with more depression-like (
r
= 0.77;
P
= 0.001) and anxiety-like (
r
= 0.67;
P
= 0.002) mood levels during simulated night work. These findings offer a proof-of-concept demonstration of an evidence-based meal timing intervention that may prevent mood vulnerability in shift work settings. Future studies are required to establish if changes in meal timing can prevent mood vulnerability in night workers.
Bioinspired zero-energy thermal-management device based on visible and infrared thermochromism for all-season energy saving
Authors: Zhang Quan , Wang Yufeng , Lv Yiwen , Yu Shixiong , Ma Rujun
Published: September 2022

Radiative thermal management provides a zero-energy strategy to reduce the demands of fossil energy for active thermal management. However, whether solar heating or radiative cooling, one-way temperature control will exacerbate all-season energy consumption during hot summers or cold winters. Inspired by the Himalayan rabbit’s hair and
Mimosa pudica
’s leaves, we proposed a dual-mode thermal-management device with two differently selective electromagnetic spectrums. The combination of visible and infrared “thermochromism” enables this device to freely switch between solar heating and radiative cooling modes by spontaneously perceiving the temperature without any external energy consumption. Numerical prediction shows that a dual-mode device exhibits an outstanding potential for all-season energy saving in terms of thermal management beyond most static or single-wavelength, range-regulable, temperature-responsive designs. Such a scalable and cost-efficient device represents a more efficient radiative thermal-management strategy toward applying in a practical scenario with dynamic daily and seasonal variations.
COVID-19 cases and deaths in the United States follow Taylor’s law for heavy-tailed distributions with infinite variance
Authors: Cohen Joel E. , Davis Richard A. , Samorodnitsky Gennady
Published: September 2022

The spatial and temporal patterns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases and COVID-19 deaths in the United States are poorly understood. We show that variations in the cumulative reported cases and deaths by county, state, and date exemplify Taylor’s law of fluctuation scaling. Specifically, on day 1 of each month from April 2020 through June 2021, each state’s variance (across its counties) of cases is nearly proportional to its squared mean of cases. COVID-19 deaths behave similarly. The lower 99% of counts of cases and deaths across all counties are approximately lognormally distributed. Unexpectedly, the largest 1% of counts are approximately Pareto distributed, with a tail index that implies a finite mean and an infinite variance. We explain why the counts across the entire distribution conform to Taylor’s law with exponent two using models and mathematics. The finding of infinite variance has practical consequences. Local jurisdictions (counties, states, and countries) that are planning for prevention and care of largely unvaccinated populations should anticipate the rare but extremely high counts of cases and deaths that occur in distributions with infinite variance. Jurisdictions should prepare collaborative responses across boundaries, because extremely high local counts of cases and deaths may vary beyond the resources of any local jurisdiction.
The ambiguity withpa-nominalization in Lhasa Tibetan
Authors: Cheng Jie
Published: September 2022

A tensed clause that undergoes nominalization marked withpa(pa-phrase) in Lhasa Tibetan can give either an event reading or a participant reading. A syntactic analysis of thepa-phrase is conducted by proposing the Differential Nominalizer Hypothesis (DNH). Specifically,paselects an AspP as its complement and projects an NP;paenters the derivation either as a grammatical item that shifts an AspP to an NP or as a lexical item that binds an empty category in thethemeposition within the AspP. This categorial difference ofpaand the consequent derivational difference of thepa-phrase provide a plausible account of the semantic ambiguity ofpa-nominalization. The idea that the nominalizerpahas a double category is supported with an assumption of grammaticalization, as is evidenced by the functional multiplicity ofpain Lhasa Tibetan: it is a productive grammatical marker but still bears lexical content of a lexical formative. The assumption of grammaticalization lends support to the DNH.
Political socialization and legitimation of radical actions in adolescents: evidence from Chile (Socialización política y legitimación de acciones radicales en adolescentes: evidencia desde Chile)
Authors: Sánchez-Barría Felipe , Miranda Daniel
Published: September 2022

Can exposure to mass events with the presence of radical actions influence the legitimation of this type of protest in adolescents? How are changes in legitimation levels conditioned by socioeconomic status or by political socialization at home and school? To answer these questions, we used a sample of 1,203 students in their second year of secondary school in Chile who were surveyed as part of the School Citizenship Panel (Panel de Ciudadanía Escolar, PACES). In the middle of fieldwork in this study, the event known as the estallido social (‘social outburst’) stood out for its mass and presence of violence. We compare the students surveyed before and after this event. Contrary to our expectations, the students had similar levels of legitimation of radical actions before and after the estallido. We also found a trend towards moderation in students with a higher socioeconomic status, who had more frequent political conversations with their parents, and in students from schools that conduct civic education activities. In short, experiences of family and school political socialization can help lower an adolescent’s support of radical actions in radicalized contexts.
Exploring interindividual differences in fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity adaptations in response to sprint interval exercise training
Authors: Metcalfe Richard S. , Gurd Brendon J. , Vollaard Niels B. J.
Published: September 2022

Previous studies have concluded that wide variance in changes in insulin sensitivity markers following exercise training demonstrates heterogeneity in individual trainability. However, these studies frequently don't account for technical, biological, and random within‐subject measurement error. We used the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) to determine whether interindividual variability in trainability exists for fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity outcomes following low‐volume sprint interval training (SIT). We pooled data from 63 untrained participants who completed 6 weeks of SIT (n = 49; VO2max: 35 (7) mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1) or acted as no‐intervention controls (n = 14; VO2max: 34 (6) mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1). Fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)‐derived measures of insulin sensitivity were measured pre‐ and post‐intervention. SDIR values were positive and exceeded a small effect size threshold for changes in fasting glucose (SDIR = 0.27 [95%CI 0.07,0.38] mmol⋅L−1), 2‐h OGTT glucose (SDIR = 0.89 [0.22,1.23] mmol⋅L−1), glucose area‐under‐the‐curve (SDIR = 66.4 [−81.5,124.3] mmol⋅L−1⋅120min−1) and The Cederholm Index (SDIR = 7.2 [−16.0,19.0] mg⋅l2⋅mmol−1⋅mU−1⋅min−1), suggesting meaningful individual responses to SIT, whilst SDIR values were negative for fasting insulin, fasting insulin resistance and insulin AUC. For all variables, the 95% CIs were wide and/or crossed zero, highlighting uncertainty about the existence of true interindividual differences in exercise trainability. Only 2–22% of participants could be classified as responders or non‐responders with more than 95% certainty. Our findings demonstrate it cannot be assumed that variation in changes in insulin sensitivity following SIT is attributable to inherent differences in trainability, and reiterate the importance of accounting for technical, biological, and random error when examining heterogeneity in health‐related training adaptations.
Impaired IL-23–dependent induction of IFN-γ underlies mycobacterial disease in patients with inherited TYK2 deficiency
Authors: Ogishi Masato , Arias Andrés Augusto , Yang Rui , Han Ji Eun , Zhang Peng , Rinchai Darawan , Halpern Joshua , Mulwa Jeanette , Keating Narelle , Chrabieh Maya , Lainé Candice , Seeleuthner Yoann , Ramírez-Alejo Noé , Nekooie-Marnany Nioosha , Guennoun Andrea , Muller-Fleckenstein Ingrid , Fleckenstein Bernhard , Kilic Sara S. , Minegishi Yoshiyuki , Ehl Stephan , Kaiser-Labusch Petra , Kendir-Demirkol Yasemin , Rozenberg Flore , Errami Abderrahmane , Zhang Shen-Ying , Zhang Qian , Bohlen Jonathan , Philippot Quentin , Puel Anne , Jouanguy Emmanuelle , Pourmoghaddas Zahra , Bakhtiar Shahrzad , Willasch Andre M. , Horneff Gerd , Llanora Genevieve , Shek Lynette P. , Chai Louis Y.A. , Tay Sen Hee , Rahimi Hamid H. , Mahdaviani Seyed Alireza , Nepesov Serdar , Bousfiha Aziz A. , Erdeniz Emine Hafize , Karbuz Adem , Marr Nico , Navarrete Carmen , Adeli Mehdi , Hammarstrom Lennart , Abolhassani Hassan , Parvaneh Nima , Al Muhsen Saleh , Alosaimi Mohammed F. , Alsohime Fahad , Nourizadeh Maryam , Moin Mostafa , Arnaout Rand , Alshareef Saad , El-Baghdadi Jamila , Genel Ferah , Sherkat Roya , Kiykim Ayça , Yücel Esra , Keles Sevgi , Bustamante Jacinta , Abel Laurent , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Boisson-Dupuis Stéphanie
Published: September 2022

Human cells homozygous for rare loss-of-expression (LOE) TYK2 alleles have impaired, but not abolished, cellular responses to IFN-α/β (underlying viral diseases in the patients) and to IL-12 and IL-23 (underlying mycobacterial diseases). Cells homozygous for the common P1104A TYK2 allele have selectively impaired responses to IL-23 (underlying isolated mycobacterial disease). We report three new forms of TYK2 deficiency in six patients from five families homozygous for rare TYK2 alleles (R864C, G996R, G634E, or G1010D) or compound heterozygous for P1104A and a rare allele (A928V). All these missense alleles encode detectable proteins. The R864C and G1010D alleles are hypomorphic and loss-of-function (LOF), respectively, across signaling pathways. By contrast, hypomorphic G996R, G634E, and A928V mutations selectively impair responses to IL-23, like P1104A. Impairment of the IL-23–dependent induction of IFN-γ is the only mechanism of mycobacterial disease common to patients with complete TYK2 deficiency with or without TYK2 expression, partial TYK2 deficiency across signaling pathways, or rare or common partial TYK2 deficiency specific for IL-23 signaling.
Current transport dynamics and stability characteristics of the NiO
x
based gate structure for normally-off GaN HEMTs
Authors: Du Yonghao , Xu Weizong , Gong Hehe , Ye Jiandong , Zhou Feng , Ren Fangfang , Zhou Dong , Chen Dunjun , Zhang Rong , Zheng Youdou , Lu Hai
Published: September 2022

The application of p-type oxide typified with NiO
x
as cap layer in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor for normally-off operation has specific benefits, including etching free fabrication process, high hole density and elimination of Mg dopants diffusion effects. This work presents a device configuration exploration combining the p-NiO
x
gate cap layer and a thin AlGaN barrier layer. Calculation method for the threshold voltage has been discussed, which obtains good consistence with the experimental measurements. In addition, a nitrogen based post-annealing process was developed to improve the film stoichiometry for elevated gate controllability, realizing normally-off operation with enhanced channel conduction capability. The current transport dynamics in the gate stack as coupled with the NiO
x
/AlGaN interface states have also been studied, where a deep level trap was recognized in dominating the gate current characteristics and the gate stability performance under different forward gate bias conditions.
Chiral anomaly induced magnetoconductances in an irradiated type-I Weyl semimetal
Authors: Sen Rounak , Kar Satyaki
Published: September 2022

Magneto conductivities in Weyl semimetals (WSMs) in presence of small fields are studied using quasi-classical Boltzmann transport equations. Following such formalism here we consider irradiation via circularly polarized light on a two-node time reversal breaking WSM already under a dc/static electric field and study the magneto-transport properties due to the presence of chiral anomaly. Chiral anomaly affects both longitudinal magnetoconductivity as well as planar Hall conductivity. As our field set-up causes continuous time variation in the relative orientation between the fields, one naturally expects interesting magneto-transport behavior for different field strengths and tilting. The type-I tilting that we study here displays both positive and negative magnetoconductances depending on the field strengths and time. Furthermore, we find that a direct temporal tuning of the irradiated field strengths can lead to fluctuating magneto-transport behavior which can be easily improvised and checked in the laboratories.
Adaptive single-mode variational mode decomposition and its applications in wheelset bearing fault diagnosis
Authors: Li Cuixing , Liu Yongqiang , Liao Yingying , Liu Wenpeng
Published: September 2022

In recent years, many studies on variational mode decomposition (VMD) have mainly focused on choosing the number of modes and balancing parameter, while less research focuses on the internal properties of VMD. This paper proposes an adaptive single-mode VMD (ASMVMD) method based on the convergence characteristics of VMD and the adaptivity of particle swarm optimization (PSO). Firstly, we study the convergence characteristics of single-mode VMD and find that the U-shaped convergence region related to fault impact is very wide in the whole frequency domain. Secondly, based on the characteristics of the U-shaped convergence region, a new population position initialization strategy is proposed. Finally, the improved PSO is used to optimize the initial center frequency and balancing parameter of single-mode VMD. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by analyzing the simulated signal and wheelset bearing fault signals. Compared with the fast kurtogram and Autogram, it is shown that ASMVMD has a stronger capability of fault feature extraction.
Towards label-efficient automatic diagnosis and analysis: a comprehensive survey of advanced deep learning-based weakly-supervised, semi-supervised and self-supervised techniques in histopathological image analysis
Authors: Qu Linhao , Liu Siyu , Liu Xiaoyu , Wang Manning , Song Zhijian
Published: September 2022

Histopathological images contain abundant phenotypic information and pathological patterns, which are the gold standards for disease diagnosis and essential for the prediction of patient prognosis and treatment outcome. In recent years, computer-automated analysis techniques for histopathological images have been urgently required in clinical practice, and deep learning methods represented by convolutional neural networks have gradually become the mainstream in the field of digital pathology. However, obtaining large numbers of fine-grained annotated data in this field is a very expensive and difficult task, which hinders the further development of traditional supervised algorithms based on large numbers of annotated data. More recent studies have started to liberate from the traditional supervised paradigm, and the most representative ones are the studies on weakly supervised learning paradigm based on weak annotation, semi-supervised learning paradigm based on limited annotation, and self-supervised learning paradigm based on pathological image representation learning. These new methods have led a new wave of automatic pathological image diagnosis and analysis targeted at annotation efficiency. With a survey of over 130 papers, we present a comprehensive and systematic review of the latest studies on weakly supervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and self-supervised learning in the field of computational pathology from both technical and methodological perspectives. Finally, we present the key challenges and future trends for these techniques.
Current best estimates of beam quality correction factors for reference dosimetry of clinical proton beams
Authors: Palmans Hugo , Lourenço Ana , Medin Joakim , Vatnitsky Stanislav , Andreo Pedro
Published: September 2022

Objective. To review the currently available data on beam quality correction factors,

k

Q

,

for ionization chambers in clinical proton beams and derive their current best estimates for the updated recommendations of the IAEA TRS-398 Code of Practice. Approach. The reviewed data come from 20 publications from which

k

Q

values can be derived either directly from calorimeter measurements, indirectly from comparison with other chambers or from Monte Carlo calculated overall chamber factors,

f

Q

.

For cylindrical ionization chambers, a distinction is made between data obtained in the centre of a spread-out Bragg peak and those obtained in the plateau region of single-energy fields. For the latter, the effect of depth dose gradients has to be considered. To this end an empirical model for previously published displacement correction factors for single-layer scanned beams was established, while for unmodulated scattered beams experimental data were used. From all the data, chamber factors,

f

Q

,

and chamber perturbation correction factors,

p

Q

,

were then derived and analysed. Main results. The analysis showed that except for the beam quality dependence of the water-to-air mass stopping power ratio and, for cylindrical ionization chambers in unmodulated beams, of the displacement correction factor, there is no remaining beam quality dependence of the chamber perturbation correction factors

p

Q

.

Based on this approach, average values of the beam quality independent part of the perturbation factors were derived to calculate

k

Q

values consistent with the data in the literature. Significance. The resulting data from this analysis are current best estimates of

k

Q

values for modulated scattered beams and single-layer scanned beams used in proton therapy. Based on this, a single set of harmonized values is derived to be recommended in the update of IAEA TRS-398.
Small animal photon counting cone-beam CT on a preclinical radiation research platform to improve radiation dose calculation accuracy
Authors: Hu Xiaoyu , Zhong Yuncheng , Lai Youfang , Shen Chenyang , Yang Kai , Jia Xun
Published: September 2022

Objective. Cone beam CT (CBCT) in preclinical small animal irradiation platforms provides essential information for image guidance and radiation dose calculation for experiment planning. This project developed a photon-counting detector (PCD)-based multi(3)-energy (ME-)CBCT on a small animal irradiator to improve the accuracy of material differentiation and hence dose calculation, and compared to conventional flat panel detector (FPD)-based CBCT. Approach. We constructed a mechanical structure to mount a PCD to an existing preclinical irradiator platform and built a data acquisition pipeline to acquire x-ray projection data with a 100 kVp x-ray beam using three different energy thresholds in a single gantry rotation. We implemented an energy threshold optimization scheme to determine optimal thresholds to balance signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) among energy channels. Pixel-based detector response calibration was performed to remove ring artifacts in reconstructed CBCT images. Feldkamp–Davis–Kress method was employed to reconstruct CBCT images and a total-variance regularization-based optimization model was used to decompose CBCT images into bone and water material images. We compared dose calculation results using PCD-based ME-CBCT with that of FPD-based CBCT. Main results. The optimal nominal energy thresholds were determined as 26, 56, and 90 keV, under which SNRs in a selected region-of-interest in the water region were 6.11, 5.91 and 5.93 in the three energy channels, respectively. Compared with dose calculation results using FPD-based CBCT, using PCD-based ME-CBCT reduced the mean relative error from 49.5% to 16.4% in bone regions and from 7.5% to 6.9% in soft tissue regions. Significance. PCD-based ME-CBCT is beneficial in improving radiation dose calculation accuracy in experiment planning of preclinical small animal irradiation researches.
Kinetic investigation of the planar multipole resonance probe under arbitrary pressure
Authors: Wang Chunjie , Friedrichs Michael , Oberrath Jens , Brinkmann Ralf Peter
Published: September 2022

A new plasma diagnostic tool called planar multipole resonance probe (pMRP) has been proposed in the past decade. It has a minimally invasive structure and allows simultaneous measurement of electron density, temperature, and collision frequency. Previous work has investigated the behavior of the pRMP by the Drude model, which misses kinetic effects, and the collisionless kinetic model, which misses collisional damping. To further study the pMRP at arbitrary pressure, a collisional kinetic model is proposed in this paper. The electron dynamics is described by the kinetic equation, which considers the electron-neutral elastic collision. Under the electrostatic approximation, the kinetic equation is coupled to the Poisson equation. The real part of the general complex admittance is calculated to describe the spectral response of the probe–plasma system. The calculated spectra of the idealized pMRP demonstrate that this collisional kinetic model can capture both collisionless kinetic damping and collisional damping. This model overcomes the limitations of the Drude model and the collisionless kinetic model and allows discussion of the validity of simpler models.
Maximum DC operating current degradation and magnetization loss of no-insulation (RE)Ba2Cu3O
x
coil under AC axial background magnetic fields
Authors: Xue Wenbo , Fu Yutong , Lu Zhen , Yang Qingqing , Li Ke , Zhao Yue , Wang Yawei
Published: September 2022

No-insulation (NI) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) coils show a great advantage on enhanced thermal stability during quenches. It is inevitably exposed to ripple AC magnetic fields in some applications, such as synchronous machines, tokamak magnets and maglev trains. The AC applied fields can induce an eddy current in NI coils due to the absence of turn-to-turn insulation. This eddy current may cause considerable maximum DC operating current degradation and additional magnetization loss in NI coils, which are still unclear. In this paper we study this issue using both experiments and simulations. An experimental platform is built to measure the maximum operating current of HTS coils exposed to AC axial applied fields, and the results show that the axial AC applied fields can lead to a significant maximum operating current degradation (22.9% in this study) on the NI HTS coil due to the eddy current induced even though the field is parallel to tape’s ab-plane and has a very low amplitude and frequency (26.88 mT/50 Hz). Meanwhile, this low applied field has little effect on the critical current of insulated HTS coils. A numerical model is applied to elucidate the underlying physical mechanism of this phenomenon, and the magnetization loss induced by an additional transport current is analyzed using this model. The influence of graded turn-to-turn resistivity technique is also investigated, and the results show that this technique can effectively prevent the maximum operating current degradation and reduce the magnetization loss of NI HTS coils exposed to AC axial applied fields.
CRPropa 3.2 — an advanced framework for high-energy particle propagation in extragalactic and galactic spaces
Authors: Alves Batista Rafael , Becker Tjus Julia , Dörner Julien , Dundovic Andrej , Eichmann Björn , Frie Antonius , Heiter Christopher , Hoerbe Mario R. , Kampert Karl-Heinz , Merten Lukas , Müller Gero , Reichherzer Patrick , Saveliev Andrey , Schlegel Leander , Sigl Günter , van Vliet Arjen , Winchen Tobias
Published: September 2022

The landscape of high- and ultra-high-energy astrophysics has changed in the last decade, largely due to the inflow of data collected by large-scale cosmic-ray, gamma-ray, and neutrino observatories. At the dawn of the multimessenger era, the interpretation of these observations within a consistent framework is important to elucidate the open questions in this field. CRPropa 3.2 is a Monte Carlo code for simulating the propagation of high-energy particles in the Universe.
This version represents a major leap forward, significantly expanding the simulation framework and opening up the possibility for many more astrophysical applications. This includes, among others: efficient simulation of high-energy particles in diffusion-dominated domains, self-consistent and fast modelling of electromagnetic cascades with an extended set of channels for photon production, and studies of cosmic-ray diffusion tensors based on updated coherent and turbulent magnetic-field models. Furthermore, several technical updates and improvements are introduced with the new version, such as: enhanced interpolation, targeted emission of sources, and a new propagation algorithm (Boris push). The detailed description of all novel features is accompanied by a discussion and a selected number of example applications.
DC cable cross-section selection for PV plants
Authors: Akšamović A , Odžak S , Tihak A , Grebović S , Konjicija S
Published: September 2022

This paper analyzes the problem of DC cable selection in photovoltaic (PV) plants. PV plants can have tens of kilometres of one-way cables that are important parts of the system. The currents flowing through these cables can reach values of several hundred amps. Losses incurred on DC cables are up to 1%, which can be significant when measuring power loss during the operating period. Reduction of these losses can be achieved by increasing the cross-section of the cable. The paper describes the requirements set by the standards for selecting cable cross-sections. An analytical criterion function that connects electricity losses and cable crosssection were deduced. This function depends on several parameters such as electricity price, cable price, the average number of sunny hours per year, average amount of electricity through cable, interest rate, loan repayment period, and plant operation period. Several cases with the analysis of the obtained results are presented.
Comparative analysis of energy indicators based on engineering model-oriented design of traction motors
Authors: Koeva D Y , Stoyanov G S , Ratchev S R , Slavov D S
Published: September 2022

Paper deals with a comparative analysis of energy and mass-size indicators of virtual prototypes of two traction electric motors, with a view to their application to electric transportation vehicles. For this purpose, specialized software is used, allowing electromagnetic, structural and thermal optimization according to certain criteria. In conclusion, the results of the comparative analysis are summarized.
Investigation of the influence of climatic conditions on the accuracy of acousto-optic trace route localization methods for all-dielectric optic cables
Authors: Gureev V O , Dashkov M V , Gubareva O Y
Published: September 2022

In the conditions of long-term operation of cable communication lines, the problem of timely maintenance of cable communication lines becomes relevant. Maintenance at minimum cost and maximum efficiency requires precise cable tracing methods. The paper considers the results of evaluating the effectiveness of acousto-optical methods for searching for the route of laying an all-dielectric optical cable laid in a package of microtubes underground. Amplitude and phase algorithms for localizing the route of laying an all-dielectric cable are considered. The results of measurements of the parameters of a distributed acoustic sensor on a test site in various climatic conditions are investigated.
Generations of human-computer interactions: evolution, tendencies and perspectives
Authors: Hristov H , Stavrev S
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we present the usability evolution of human-computer interactions. In addition, we group the various user interfaces of human-computer interaction into two generations with three classes each. The most user interfaces for human-computer interaction are assigned into a class depending on objective criteria scores, such as technical literacy level, level of natural interactions, user learning curve and UI’s ability to adapt. In addition, current tendencies for HCI are presented and future perspectives are discussed. Finally, we summarize the achieved results and draw conclusions.