bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Five-Gene and Corresponding Protein Signature for Stage-I Lung Adenocarcinoma Prognosis
Authors: Kadara Humam , Behrens Carmen , Yuan Ping , Solis Luisa , Liu Diane , Gu Xuemin , Minna John D. , Lee J. Jack , Kim Edward , Hong Waun-Ki , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Lotan Reuben
Published: December 2010

Purpose: Identification of effective markers for outcome is expected to improve the clinical management of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we assessed in NSCLC the prognostic efficacy of genes, which we had previously found to be differentially expressed in an in vitro model of human lung carcinogenesis.

Experimental Design: Prediction algorithms and risk-score models were applied to the expression of the genes in publicly available NSCLC expression data sets. The prognostic capacity of the immunohistochemical expression of proteins encoded by these genes was also tested using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens from 156 lung adenocarcinomas and 79 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs).

Results: The survival of all-stages (P < 0.001, HR = 2.0) or stage-I (P < 0.001, HR = 2.84) adenocarcinoma patients that expressed the five-gene in vitro lung carcinogenesis model (FILM) signature was significantly poorer than that of patients who did not. No survival differences were observed between SCCs predicted to express or lack FILM signature. Moreover, all stages (P < 0.001, HR = 1.95) or stage-I (P = 0.001, HR = 2.6) adenocarcinoma patients predicted to be at high risk by FILM transcript exhibited significantly worse survival than patients at low risk. Furthermore, the corresponding protein signature was associated with poor survival (all stages, P < 0.001, HR = 3.6; stage-I, P < 0.001, HR = 3.5; stage-IB, P < 0.001, HR = 4.6) and mortality risk (all stages, P = 0.001, HR = 4.0; stage-I, P = 0.01, HR = 3.4; stage-IB, P < 0.001, HR = 7.2) in lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Conclusions: Our findings highlight a gene and corresponding protein signature with effective capacity for identification of stage-I lung adenocarcinoma patients with poor prognosis that are likely to benefit from adjuvant therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1490–501. ©2010 AACR.
One Allele's Loss Is Another's Gain: Alterations of NKX2–8 in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Neal Joel W. , Shaw Alice T.
Published: December 2010

Large-scale genetic changes such as loss or gain of chromosomes are important drivers of solid tumor carcinogenesis. Recent technological advances in genomic profiling have allowed quantitative detection of gene copy numbers, leading to identification of the 14q13.3 gene locus as functionally important in non–small cell lung cancers.
Intravenous Iron Therapy and Risk for Progressive Loss of Kidney Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Mansour Wissam , Bissram Melisha , Rosner Mitchell H.
Published: December 2010

Background: Intravenous (IV) iron is used in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several lines of evidence have brought up potential concerns regarding the effect of IV iron on the kidney, specifically the possibility of IV iron leading to renal injury and hastening the progression of CKD. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 77 patients to assess the rate of change in kidney function prior to and after IV iron infusion. Results: Patients were followed for an average of 21.3 months (range 2–35) prior and 32.8 months (range 2–58) after the single iron infusion. Sixty-one percent of patients had CKD stage 3 and 30% were at CKD stage IV at the time of iron infusion. Of the 77 patients, 74.1% received iron dextran and 25.9% received ferric gluconate (1 g total). The average slope before and after iron infusion for 1/serum creatinine versus time (months) were –0.0066 and –0.0053, respectively (p = 0.12). The average slope before and after iron infusion for glomerular filtration rate versus time (months) were –0.5439 and –0.2998, respectively (p = 0.14). There was no difference in subgroup analysis in the rate of change in renal function in those with more advanced renal function as opposed to those with more preserved renal function. Conclusion: In this limited retrospective study, IV iron dextran or ferric gluconate was not associated with a change in the rate of progression of CKD.
Impact of Hypovitaminosis D and Alfacalcidol Therapy on Survival of Hemodialysis Patients: Results from the French ARNOS Study
Authors: Jean G. , Lataillade D. , Genet L. , Legrand E. , Kuentz F. , Moreau-Gaudry X. , Fouque D. ,   on behalf of the ARNOS Study Investigators
Published: December 2010

Background: In chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients, vitamin D deficiency is associated with mortality. In some observational studies, calcitriol analogue therapy was associated with a better survival rate in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels and alfacalcidol therapy with HD patients’ outcomes. Methods: We measured baseline 25-OHD levels using a cross-sectional analysis in 648 HD prevalent patients from the regional ARNOS French cohort. A 42-month survival analysis was applied according to serum 25-OHD level and calcitriol analogue therapy. Results: The prevalence of 25-OHD insufficiency <30 ng/ml was high (73%), with only 22% taking native vitamin D supplementation. A baseline 25-OHD level above the median value (18 ng/ml) was associated with lower all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR), 0.73 (0.5–0.96); p = 0.02] after adjustment for age, gender, dialysis vintage, calcemia, phosphatemia, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Only in monovariate analysis was low-dose oral alfacalcidol therapy associated with a better survival rate in patients with and without 25-OHD deficiency [HR, 0.7 (0.5–0.92); p = 0.05]. Conclusions: Our study shows that, among prevalent HD patients, low 25-OHD levels affect mortality. Alfacalcidol therapy, especially in small doses, may provide compensation, but this needs to be further confirmed using prospective controlled studies comparing native and active vitamin D compounds.
Left Ventricular Systolic Strain in Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Liu Yen-Wen , Su Chi-Ting , Huang Yao-Yi , Yang Chun-Shin , Huang Jenq-Wen , Yang Mao-Ting , Chen Jyh-Hong , Tsai Wei-Chuan
Published: December 2010

Background: The impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis on heart function is not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the influence of different stages of CKD and maintenance hemodialysis on heart function. Methods: One hundred fifty-three patients were categorized into 3 subgroups [56 without CKD as controls; 37 with moderate-advanced CKD, stages 3, 4 or 5, and 60 with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis]. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed by conventional echocardiography and 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography with strain analysis (2D strain analysis). Results: There was no significant difference of gender, age and LV ejection fraction among groups. Compared with controls, global peak systolic longitudinal strain (GSl), circumferential strain and strain rate were decreased in the CKD group. Along with the decline of renal function, GSl deteriorated. Moreover, compared with moderate-advanced CKD patients, GSl, circumferential strain and strain rate were better in ESRD group receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Conclusions: Worsening renal function was associated with a reduction of systolic function, and could be quantified by 2D strain analysis. The hemodialysis patients have better LV systolic function than the moderate-advanced CKD patients.
Prolactin and Venous Thrombosis
Authors: van Zaane Bregje , Squizzato Alessandro , Reuwer Anne Q. , van Zanten Anton P. , Twickler Marcel T.B. , Dekkers Olaf M. , Cannegieter Suzanne C. , Büller Harry R. , Gerdes Victor E.A. , Brandjes Dees P.M.
Published: December 2010

Objective—

Several acquired risk factors for venous thrombosis (VT) are associated with high prolactin levels. Our goal was to investigate VT risk for different levels of prolactin.

Methods and Results—

We used data of a case-control study on leg vein thrombosis conducted between September 1999 and August 2006 at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Prolactin was assessed in 187 cases (mean age, 57 years; range, 19 to 90) and 374 gender-matched controls (mean age, 57 years; range, 18 to 93). Odds ratios and 95% CI for VT risk were estimated based on several cutoff levels derived from prolactin levels in controls. Odds ratios for VT risk clearly increased with higher prolactin levels. For prolactin levels above the 75th percentile (8 μg/L), we found an odds ratio of 1.7 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.7) as compared with levels below the 50th percentile (6 μg/L). This further increased up to an odds ratio of 4.7 (95% CI 1.8 to 11.8) for prolactin levels above the 97.5th percentile (16 μg/L). The risk was most pronounced in premenopausal women.

Conclusion—

Our data suggest that prolactin levels are associated with VT in a dose-dependent fashion. Future studies are needed to evaluate the causality of this relationship.
H
2
O
2
Regulation of Vascular Function Through sGC mRNA Stabilization by HuR
Authors: Martín-Garrido Abel , González-Ramos Marta , Griera Mercedes , Guijarro Brenda , Cannata-Andia Jorge , Rodriguez-Puyol Diego , Rodriguez-Puyol Manuel , Saura Marta
Published: December 2010

Objective—

Hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) is an important mediator in the vasculature, but its role in the regulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activity and expression is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to test the effect of H
2
O
2
on sGC expression and function and to explore the molecular mechanism involved.

Methods and Results—

H
2
O
2
increased sGCβ1 protein steady-state levels in rat aorta and aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and this effect was blocked by catalase. sGCα2 expression increased along with β1 subunit, whereas α1 subunit remained unchanged. Vascular relaxation to an NO donor (sodium nitroprusside) was enhanced by H
2
O
2
, and it was prevented by ODQ (sGC inhibitor). cGMP production in both freshly isolated vessels and RASMCs exposed to H
2
O
2
was greatly increased after sodium nitroprusside treatment. The H
2
O
2
-dependent sGCβ1 upregulation was attributable to sGCβ1 mRNA stabilization, conditioned by the translocation of the mRNA-binding protein HuR from the nucleus to the cytosol, and the increased mRNA binding of HuR to the sGCβ1 3′ untranslated region. HuR silencing reversed the effects of H
2
O
2
on sGCβ1 levels and cGMP synthesis.

Conclusion—

Our results identify H
2
O
2
as an endogenous mediator contributing to the regulation of vascular tone and point to a key role of HuR in sGCβ1 mRNA stabilization.
De Novo Aneurysm Formation and Growth of Untreated Aneurysms
Authors: Ferns Sandra P. , Sprengers Marieke E.S. , van Rooij Willem Jan J. , van den Berg René , Velthuis Birgitta K. , de Kort Gérard A.P. , Sluzewski Menno , van Zwam Wim H. , Rinkel Gabriël J.E. , Majoie Charles B.L.M.
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Rates of development of de novo intracranial aneurysms and of growth of untreated additional aneurysms are largely unknown. We performed MRA in a large patient cohort with coiled aneurysms at 5-year follow-up.

Methods—

In 276 patients with coiled intracranial aneurysms and 5±0.5 years of follow-up MRA (totaling 1332 follow-up patient-years), additional aneurysms were classified as unchanged, grown, de novo, or incomparable with previous imaging. We calculated 5-year cumulative incidence of de novo aneurysm formation and growth of untreated aneurysms. We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies assessing aneurysm development, and growth.

Results—

In 50 of 276 patients (18%), 75 additional aneurysms were present at follow-up MRA. Of these 75, 2 were de novo (both 3 mm), 58 were unchanged, 5 had grown from 1 to 3 mm (7.9% of 63 known additional aneurysms; 95% CI, 1.3%–14.6%), and 10 were incomparable. Five-year cumulative incidence for a de novo aneurysm developing was 0.75%. Four additional aneurysms in 3 patients were treated. Ten previous studies reported annual incidences of growth of additional aneurysms ranging from 1.51% to 22.7%, and 5 studies reported annual incidences of de novo aneurysm formation ranging from 0.3 to 1.8%.

Conclusions—

MRA screening of patients with coiled aneurysms within the first 5 years after treatment has a low rate of de novo aneurysm development and growth of additional aneurysms, and an even lower treatment rate.
Previous Statin Use Is Not Associated With an Increased Prevalence or Degree of Gradient-Echo Lesions in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Day Jason S. , Policeni Bruno A. , Smoker Wendy R.K. , Dobre Mircea C. , Zhang Ying , Leira Enrique C. , Davis Patricia H. , Chen Sherman , Olalde Heena , Adams Harold P.
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Microhemorrhages on gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI sequences are often found in patients with cerebrovascular disease and are related to intracerebral hemorrhage. Because statin therapy is associated with increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, we investigated whether statin use was also associated with microhemorrhages in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Methods—

We performed a retrospective analysis on prospectively collected data from a stroke registry containing patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. The primary and secondary outcome variables were the prevalence and degree of microhemorrhages as detected on gradient-echo MRI sequences and categorized as mild (1–2), moderate (3–10), or severe (>10). The location of the microhemorrhages was noted and rated by 2 neuroradiologists. Previous use of statins and other covariates were assessed as potential predictors.

Results—

Three hundred forty-nine patients were admitted from June 2008 to July 2009, and 300 of which were analyzed. Microhemorrhages were detected in 70 subjects (23%); 35 had only lobar lesions, 16 had only deep lesions, and 19 had both lobar and deep lesions. On univariate and multivariate analysis, statin therapy was not associated with the prevalence (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.36–1.51;
P
=0.40) or degree of microhemorrhages modeled for lesser severity (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 0.61–8.75;
P
=0.22).

Conclusions—

Previous statin therapy was not associated with the prevalence or degree of microhemorrhages in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. The association between statins and intracerebral hemorrhage does not appear to be mediated through microhemorrhages.
The Albumin in Acute Stroke (ALIAS) Multicenter Clinical Trial
Authors: Ginsberg Myron D. , Palesch Yuko Y. , Martin Renee H. , Hill Michael D. , Moy Claudia S. , Waldman Bonnie D. , Yeatts Sharon D. , Tamariz Diego , Ryckborst Karla ,   for the ALIAS Investigators
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Enrollment in the Albumin in Acute Stroke (ALIAS) Trial was suspended in late 2007 due to a safety concern. We present the safety data of that Trial (“Part 1”) and the rationale for the design of Part 2.

Methods—

ALIAS Part 1 was designed to assess whether 25% albumin (ALB) started within 5 hours of stroke onset would confer neuroprotection in subjects with acute ischemic stroke and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale of ≥6. Exclusion criteria included recent or current congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or cardiac surgery. The study comprised 2 cohorts: subjects who received thrombolysis and those who did not, each with 1:1 randomization to ALB or placebo. The primary outcome was the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scales at 90 days. The intended sample size was 1800.

Results—

Four hundred thirty-four subjects were enrolled, and 424 were used in the safety analysis (ALB 207, saline 217). There were 36 deaths within the first 30 days in the ALB group and 21 in the saline group. In contrast, death rates after 30 days were similar by treatment. Large strokes were the predominant cause of early death in both groups. In subjects >83 years of age, 90-day death rates were 2.3-fold higher with ALB than with saline (95% CI, 1.04 to 5.12). Similarly, 90-day deaths in subjects receiving excessive fluids were 2.10-fold greater with ALB than with saline (CI, 1.10 to 3.98).

Conclusions—

The ALIAS Part 2 Trial, which started in early 2009, was modified as follows to enhance safety: upper age limit of 83 years; requirement for normal baseline serum troponin level; restriction of total intravenous fluids in the first 48 hours to ≤4200 mL; mandatory diuretic at 12 to 24 hours; and detailed site retraining. Because of insufficient nonthrombolysed subjects (22%) in Part 1, the 2-cohort design was eliminated. The Data Safety Monitoring Board has reviewed the safety data of Part 2 3 times and has approved continuation of the trial.
Uric Acid Levels Are Relevant in Patients With Stroke Treated With Thrombolysis
Authors: Amaro Sergio , Urra Xabier , Gómez-Choco Manuel , Obach Víctor , Cervera Álvaro , Vargas Martha , Torres Ferran , Rios Jose , Planas Anna M. , Chamorro Ángel
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Uric acid (UA) is a neuroprotective antioxidant that improves the benefits of alteplase in experimental ischemia. However, it is unknown whether endogenous UA also influences the response to thrombolysis in patients with stroke.

Methods—

A total of 317 consecutive patients treated with thrombolysis were included in a prospective stroke registry. Demographics, laboratory data, neurological course, and infarction volume were prospectively collected. Excellent outcome was defined as achieving a modified Rankin Scale score <2 at 90 days. Binary and ordinal logistic regression models were used to analyze modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days.

Results—

UA levels were significantly higher in patients with an excellent outcome than in patients with a poor outcome (5.82 [1.39] versus 5.42 [1.81],
P
=0.029). In multivariate models, increased UA levels (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.49;
P
=0.025) were associated with an excellent outcome and with an increased risk of shifting to a better category across the modified Rankin Scale (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.38;
P
=0.014) independently of the effect of confounders. The levels of UA and the volume of final infarction were inversely correlated (
r
=−0.216,
P
<0.001) and the inverse correlation remained after adjustment for age, sex, and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (t value=−2.54,
P
=0.01). Significantly lower UA levels were found in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction and parenchymal hemorrhage postthrombolysis.

Conclusions—

Increased UA serum levels are associated with better outcome in patients with stroke treated with reperfusion therapies. These results support the assessment of the potential neuroprotective role of the exogenous administration of UA in patients with stroke treated with thrombolysis.
Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Aphasic Stroke
Authors: Weiduschat Nora , Thiel Alexander , Rubi-Fessen Ilona , Hartmann Alexander , Kessler Josef , Merl Patrick , Kracht Lutz , Rommel Thomas , Heiss Wolf Dieter
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Although functional imaging studies suggest that recruitment of contralesional areas hinders optimal functional reorganization in patients with aphasic stroke, only limited evidence is available on the efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation aimed at suppression of contralateral overactivation.

Methods—

In this randomized, controlled, blinded pilot study, the effect of 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over right-hemispheric Broca homolog in subjects with poststroke aphasia in the subacute stage was examined. According to their group allocation, patients received, in addition to conventional speech and language therapy, multiple sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation either over the right-hemispheric inferior frontal gyrus (intervention group) or over the vertex (control group). The primary outcome parameter was the change in laterality indices as quantified by activation positron emission tomography before and after the 2-week intervention period. The clinical efficacy was evaluated with the Aachen Aphasia Test.

Results—

At baseline, no group differences were discovered for age, laterality indices, or mean Aachen Aphasia Test scores. Four patients were lost to follow-up, but none due to side effects of the transcranial magnetic stimulation. Positron emission tomography revealed an activation shift toward the right hemisphere in the control group (
P
=0.0165), which was absent in the intervention group. Furthermore, the latter improved significantly clinically by a mean of 19.8 points in the Aachen Aphasia Test total score (
P
=0.002), whereas the control group did not. There was however no clear linear relationship between the extent of laterality shift and clinical improvement (
r
=0.193,
P
=nonsignificant).

Conclusions—

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation might be an effective, safe, and feasible complementary therapy for poststroke aphasia.
Stroke Survivor Depressive Symptoms Are Associated With Family Caregiver Depression During the First 2 Years Poststroke
Authors: Cameron Jill I. , Cheung Angela M. , Streiner David L. , Coyte Peter C. , Stewart Donna E.
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with stroke are gaining increasing attention in a field in which recovery of physical function has dominated. A small body of research has begun to suggest that stroke survivors' (SSs') behavioral and psychological symptoms contribute to family caregivers' experiences of emotional distress. The objective of this research was to determine the unique contribution of SS behavioral and psychological symptoms on caregiver emotional distress during the first 2 years poststroke.

Method—

A longitudinal cohort study was conducted of individuals who have survived their first stroke and their caregivers. Participants completed standardized measures by telephone interviews at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months poststroke. A subsample completed additional assessments 18 and 24 months poststroke. These longitudinal data were analyzed using mixed effects modeling.

Results—

Three hundred ninety-nine SS/caregiver dyads participated. Overall, caregivers reported more emotional distress when caring for SSs exhibiting more depressive symptoms and more cognitive impairment and when caregivers were younger, female, in poorer physical health, experienced more lifestyle interference, and reported less mastery. SSs' physical disability, stroke severity, and comorbidity were not significant. The set of significant predictors remained consistent when examined in the subsample followed for 2 years (except SS cognitive impairment).

Conclusions—

Interventions aimed at improving caregiver well-being should focus on enhancing clinical management of SSs' depression and better preparing caregivers to manage behavioral and psychological symptoms. In addition, respite programs that encourage caregivers to maintain participation in valued activities may be beneficial.
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Muscle Myostatin Reduction After Resistive Training in Stroke Survivors
Authors: Ryan Alice S. , Ivey Frederick M. , Prior Steven , Li Guoyan , Hafer-Macko Charlene
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—

Stroke survivors experience disproportionate muscle atrophy and other detrimental tissue composition changes on the paretic side. The purpose was to determine whether myostatin levels are higher in paretic vs nonparetic muscle and the effects of resistive training (RT) on paretic and nonparetic mid-thigh muscle composition and myostatin mRNA expression in stroke survivors.

Methods—

Fifteen stroke survivors (50–76 years) underwent bilateral multi-slice thigh CT scanning from the knee to the hip, bilateral vastus lateralis skeletal muscle tissue biopsies, a total body scan by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and 1-repetition maximum strength test before and after a 12-week, (3 times/week) RT intervention.

Results—

Total body fat mass and fat-free mass did not change. Bilateral leg press and leg extension 1-repetition maximum strength increased 31% to 56% with RT (
P
<0.001). Paretic and nonparetic muscle area of the mid-thigh increased 13% (
P
<0.01) and 9% (
P
<0.05), respectively, after RT. Muscle attenuation of the mid-thigh increased 15% and 8% (both
P
<0.01) in the paretic and nonparetic thigh, respectively, representing reduced intramuscular fat. Muscle volume increased 14% (
P
<0.001) in the paretic thigh and 16% (
P
<0.05) in the nonparetic thigh after RT. Myostatin mRNA expression levels were 40% higher in the paretic than nonparetic muscle (
P
=0.001) at baseline and decreased 49% in the paretic muscle (
P
<0.005) and 27% in the nonparetic muscle (
P
=0.06) after RT.

Conclusions—

Progressive RT stimulates significant muscle hypertrophy and intramuscular fat reductions in disabled stroke survivors. The increased myostatin mRNA in the paretic thigh and reduction with RT imply an important regulatory role for myostatin after stroke.
Waqf Endowments in Daghestani Village Communities: From the 1917 Revolution to the Collectivization
Authors: Bobrovnikov Vladimir
Published: December 2010

Given the lack of reliable first-hand sources, nobody has yet traced the modern history of Islamic charitable endowments in the North Caucasus under early Soviet rule. This article is one of the first attempts to conduct such research in Daghestan. In this republic waqf foundations were legally acknowledged until 23 January 1927, when a decree turned them into national state property that would be divided among their previous holders in cooperatives and kolkhozes. Is it possible to recover the early Soviet history of waqf in the period 1920-1927, when it functioned under the protection of state law, while remaining almost completely exempt from state control and registration? What can be said on competing visions of waqf and its place in the Soviet discourse of mountaineers' survival and modernity? What role did it play in the countryside on the eve of collectivization? To answer these questions the author focuses on village communities which, as he argues, constituted crucial level of post-Revolutionary Islamic endowments. This research introduces a unique waqf register of the 1920s from the village of Dibgashi. It relies on a broad range of Muslim and Soviet sources in the Arabic, Caucasian and Russian languages, including oral histories gathered by the author among contemporary villagers in Mountain Daghestan.
The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic in the Light of Muslim Sources
Authors: Khalid Adeeb
Published: December 2010

The short-lived People's Soviet Republic of Bukhara is usually dismissed as a Soviet puppet state that served merely as a prelude to the Sovietization of the former protectorate. Recourse to the thick documentation in the Arabic script (mostly in Uzbek, some in Persian/Tajik) left behind by the republic and now available in the central state archives of Uzbekistan allows a much more complex picture of the republic to emerge. This article presents a preliminary assessment of these Muslim sources to reveal the way the Bukharan government saw its mission and how its members imagined the world. Seen through these documents, the Bukharan republic appears as neither a puppet state, nor as transitional, but as an attempt at creating a modern national state for the Muslim population of Bukhara. Against the odds, it struggled to establish national sovereignty in the political and economic realms, with an independent foreign policy and a national memory. The intellectual moorings (and bureaucratic practices) of the republic owed more to Muslim modernist discourses of the late Ottoman Empire than to the Russian revolution.
What Went Wrong? The Failure of Soviet Policy on sharī'a Courts in Turkestan, 1917-1923
Authors: Sartori Paolo
Published: December 2010

The state's attitude towards sharī'a in Soviet Turkestan may seem to have been contradictory. There was a first phase, in the years 1919-1923, when attempts were made to harmonize Islamic law with Soviet legislation in order to better integrate sharī'a courts into the system of the Unified People's Courts. The second phase, starting in 1924, was marked by progressive erosion of the powers of the Islamic judiciary, until it was finally disbanded in 1928. These policy changes are usually explained in the light of a transitional period when the Soviet state in Central Asia accepted compromises as a way to consolidate its hold in the region while it waited for a suitable moment to do away with Islamic institutions. Conversely, the thesis of this paper is that the policy of integration of sharī'a courts into the Soviet legal system was abandoned in 1923 when it was perceived that it would ultimately be unsuccessful. The failure of this venture can be explained by looking at the approach the Soviet government adopted: it attempted to oversee the local judicial orders but the regulations issued were so loose in content as to prove practically ineffective. Soviet legislative bodies sought to define the scope of the shar'ī judiciary within the overall framework of state law, without realizing that qādīs had a range of legal instruments that enabled them to avoid applying Soviet legislation. Accordingly, the main goal of this study is to address the failure of the Soviet policy on sharī'a courts from two points of view: a) by reconstructing the administrative history behind the state decrees which made qādī courts official and regulated their scope; b) by showing how one qādī evaded the prohibition against hearing lawsuits on landholding by resolving disputes on the basis of amicable settlements (sulh).
Reading the Church: William Durandus and a New Approach to the History of Ecclesiology
Authors: Holmes Stephen Mark
Published: December 2010

In the study of ecclesiology it is often said that the first treatises on the Church were written during the controversies around the bull Unam sanctam (1302) of Pope Boniface VIII. These works and their successors provide a political and institutional ecclesiology determined by the author's attitude to the papal claims. Before the bull, however, a friend of Boniface, William Durandus of Mende, wrote a commentary on the liturgy that summarised a very different ecclesiology which has its roots in the New Testament and the Fathers. The first book of his Rationale divinorum officiorum draws on previous tradition and uses the methods of spiritual exegesis of the Bible to provide a balanced ecclesiology from a 'reading' of the church-building. The wide circulation of the Rationale in late medieval and early modern Western Europe ensured that this traditional ecclesiology was quietly handed on, but modern writers have ignored it. A study of Durandus's interpretation of a church enables us to retrieve this tradition and suggests a new narrative for the history of ecclesiology.
Hobbes's Struggle with Contractual Obligation. On the Status of the Laws of Nature in Hobbes's Work
Authors: Kiesselbach Matthias
Published: December 2010

This paper argues that throughout his intellectual career, Hobbes remains unsatisfied with his own attempts at proving the invariant advisability of contract-keeping. Not only does he see himself forced to abandon his early idea that contractual obligation is a matter of physical laws. He also develops and retains doubts concerning its theoretical successor, the doctrine that the obligatoriness characteristic of contracts is the interest in self-preservation in alliance with instrumental reason – i.e. prudence. In fact, it is during his work on Leviathan that Hobbes notes the doctrine's main shortcoming, namely the limitation of its dialectical potential to cases in which contract-breakers are publicly identifiable. This essay shows Hobbes's doubts about his Leviathan's treatment of contractual obligation by way of a close reading of its central 15 th chapter and an analysis of some revealing shifts between the English Leviathan and the (later) Latin edition. The paper ends by suggesting that Hobbes's awareness of the flaws at the heart of his political philosophy helps account for some striking changes in his latest writings.
The Wolf Motif in the Hobbesian Text
Authors: Voisset-Veysseyre Cécile
Published: December 2010

Hobbesian anthropology makes use of the wolf motif, a Roman and Republican one, by which Hobbes defines a state of nature as a state of war where men live in diffidence each other and where fear is law; the wolf is there a timid or unsociable animal, not a sanguinary or savage creature. But against ancient philosophers and moral writers – Aristotle, Cicero – who regard man as a rational being and who believe in a right reason, the modern philosopher reuses this motif to set before men eyes that monarchy is the only way to protect citizens from gatherings of wolves in the city; reflections on civil wars conduct him to side with the sovereign power of one. Against upholders of regicide who compare the king to a tyrant, Hobbes inscribes the political motif of the wolf in his text by which beast – 'arrant wolf ' – is distinguishable from animal; he mainly rewrites it on Seneca's text, the Stoic who expounded a desperate vision of humankind. By focusing on a Graeco-Roman heritage, this study shows in three parts that the philosopher of De Cive and Leviathan is not really – not only – the man of a pessimistic view on mankind; it is a portrait of a Renaissance philosopher who never, exactly, wrote that 'man is a wolf to man'.
АНТИЧНАЯ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЛЕГЕНДА О СПАРТАНСКОМ ЦАРЕ ФЕОПОМПЕ (VIII В. ДО Н. Э.), И РУССКАЯ ОБЩЕСТВЕННАЯ МЫСЛЬ XVIII-XIX ВВ. Н. Э
Authors: Гусман Леонид Юрьевич
Published: December 2010

В статье анализируется рецепция в российских антисамодержавных кругах XVIII – XIX вв. античной политической легенды о спартанском царе Феопомпе, отказавшимся во имя политической стабильности от своей неограниченной власти. Автор показывает устойчивую распространенность этого исторического анекдота в русской оппозиционной литературе – от А. Н. Радищева до П. А. Вяземского и Б. Н. Чичерина. В статье обращается особое внимание на необходимость тщательного изучения античных истоков идеологии российского либерализма и радикализма.
Occluded Fronts and the Occlusion Process: A Fresh Look at Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Schultz David M. , Vaughan Geraint
Published: December 2010

Traditionally, the formation of an occluded front during the occlusion process in extratropical cyclones has been viewed as the catch-up of a faster-moving cold front to a slower-moving warm front separating the warm-sector air from the low center, as first described in the Norwegian cyclone model over 90 yr ago. In this article, the conventional wisdom, or the commonly held beliefs originating from the Norwegian cyclone model, about occluded fronts and the occlusion process are critically examined. The following four tenets of this conventional wisdom are addressed. First, the occlusion process is better described not by catch-up, but by the wrapping up and lengthening of the warm-air tongue as a result of deformation and rotation around the low center. Second, the merger of the cold front and warm front does not result in the frontal zone with the warmer air ascending over the other frontal zone. Instead, the occluded frontal zone tilts over the more statically stable frontal zone. Because a warmfrontal zone tends to be more stable than a cold-frontal zone, this process usually produces a warm-type occlusion, confirming that cold-type occlusions are less common than warm-type occlusions. Third, occlusion does not mean that the cyclone has stopped deepening, because many cyclones continue to deepen 10–30 mb for 12–36 h after the formation of the occluded front. Fourth, clouds and precipitation associated with occluded fronts differ from their widespread stratiform depiction in textbooks. Embedded precipitation bands may be parallel to the front, and little relationship may exist between the fronts and the cloud mass. These four tenets help to explain anomalies in the Norwegian cyclone model, such as how occluded fronts that spiral around the low center do not require catch-up to form, how Shapiro–Keyser cyclones undergo occlusion, why some cyclones do not form occluded fronts, how some cyclones deepen after occlusion, why few cold-type occlusions have been observed, and why occluded cyclones are often associated with heavy precipitation. This reexamination of conventional wisdom leads to a new paradigm for occluded fronts and occluded cyclones.

A supplement to this article is available online:

DOI: 10.1175/2010BAMS3057.2
Impacts of Climate Change and the End of Deforestation on Land Use in the Brazilian Legal Amazon
Authors: Lapola David Montenegro , Schaldach Ruediger , Alcamo Joseph , Bondeau Alberte , Msangi Siwa , Priess Joerg A. , Silvestrini Rafaella , Soares-Filho Britaldo Silveira
Published: December 2010

Climate change scenarios vary considerably over the Amazon region, with an extreme scenario projecting a dangerous (from the human perspective) increase of 3.8°C in temperature and 30% reduction in precipitation by 2050. The impacts of such climate change on Amazonian land-use dynamics, agricultural production, and deforestation rates are still to be determined. In this study, the authors make a first attempt to assess these impacts through a systemic approach, using a spatially explicit modeling framework to project crop yield and land-use/land-cover changes in the Brazilian Amazon by 2050. The results show that, without any adaptation, climate change may exert a critical impact on the yields of crops commonly cultivated in the Amazon (e.g., soybean yields are reduced by 44% in the worst-case scenario). Therefore, following baseline projections on crop and livestock production, a scenario of severe regional climate change would cause additional deforestation of 181 000 km2 (+20%) in the Amazon and 240 000 km2 (+273%) in the Cerrado compared to a scenario of moderate climate change. Putting an end to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon forest by 2020 (and of the Cerrado by 2025) would require either a reduction of 26%–40% in livestock production until 2050 or a doubling of average livestock density from 0.74 to 1.46 head per hectare. These results suggest that (i) climate change can affect land use in ways not previously explored, such as the reduction of yields entailing further deforestation, and (ii) there is a need for an integrated/multidisciplinary plan for adaptation to climate change in the Amazon.
Statistical Comparisons of Watershed-Scale Response to Climate Change in Selected Basins across the United States
Authors: Risley John , Moradkhani Hamid , Hay Lauren , Markstrom Steve
Published: December 2010

In an earlier global climate-change study, air temperature and precipitation data for the entire twenty-first century simulated from five general circulation models were used as input to precalibrated watershed models for 14 selected basins across the United States. Simulated daily streamflow and energy output from the watershed models were used to compute a range of statistics. With a side-by-side comparison of the statistical analyses for the 14 basins, regional climatic and hydrologic trends over the twenty-first century could be qualitatively identified. Low-flow statistics (95% exceedance, 7-day mean annual minimum, and summer mean monthly streamflow) decreased for almost all basins. Annual maximum daily streamflow also decreased in all the basins, except for all four basins in California and the Pacific Northwest. An analysis of the supply of available energy and water for the basins indicated that ratios of evaporation to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration to precipitation for most of the basins will increase. Probability density functions (PDFs) were developed to assess the uncertainty and multimodality in the impact of climate change on mean annual streamflow variability. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests showed significant differences between the beginning and ending twenty-first-century PDFs for most of the basins, with the exception of four basins that are located in the western United States. Almost none of the basin PDFs were normally distributed, and two basins in the upper Midwest had PDFs that were extremely dispersed and skewed.
Degradation model based on Tsai-Hill factors to model the progressive failure of fiber metal laminates
Authors: Rao Pavuluri M.V. , Subba Rao V.V.
Published: December 2010

An analytical formulation is developed to estimate the strength of the fiber metal laminates (FML) consisting of cross-ply glass fiber reinforced plastic layers and aluminum sheets. Classical lamination theory is taken as basis for the formulation. A new degradation model based on Tsai-Hill terms is developed and used with analytical formulation to assess the progressive failure. Appropriate features are incorporated in the model to distinguish the matrix failure, the fiber matrix debonding, the fiber failure, and the failure of the isotropic layer. The formulation is used to predict the failure behavior of a FML under in-plane off-axis loading. Different strengths associated with the failure of the laminate like stress at first ply failure and yielding of isotropic layer are investigated. The results show that the new degradation model facilitated the detailed estimation of failure progression. These values of predicted strength are more accurate and closer to the actual experimental results than that of the values predicted by any other model.
Combined experimental and simulation study of the cure kinetics of DCPD
Authors: Aldridge Michael , Shankar Chandreshekar , Changgua Zhen  , Lang Sui  , Kieffer John , Caruso Mary , Moore Jeff
Published: December 2010

The cure kinetics of dicyclopentadiene was investigated using a combination of inelastic light scattering measurements and molecular-scale simulations. Concurrent Brillouin and Raman scattering served to monitor the structural evolution of the curing network as a function of time, both in terms of network connectivity and the concentration of chemical species present. Density functional theory calculations were used to interpret the measured Raman spectra. Comparison of the measured elastic moduli as a function of the degree of cure with those of structures generated using reactive molecular dynamics simulations provide insight into the reaction mechanism. An unexpected dependence of the reaction rate on the catalyst concentration was found.
Mechanical behaviors of glass/polyester composites after UV radiation
Authors: Qiu Hongwang  , Gu Huang
Published: December 2010

Composites were fabricated by using glass fabric as the reinforcement and polyester as the matrix with the vacuum assisted resin infusion technique. Specimens were radiated by a Model SJD-1 ultraviolet lamp with various durations. The bending behavior, tensile strength, and the elongation at break of the UV radiated and unradiated composite panels were tested. The deteriorated mechanical properties of treated specimens were noticed. Usually, the bending strength would gradually decrease with prolonged UV radiation. The same trend was also seen for the tensile intensity of the samples. The corrosion process of the polymer caused by the oxygen in the atom state would be accelerated by the presentation of the UV ray, resulting in a serious damage on the material.
Confined compression of dental composites for Class I restorations
Authors: Patki Amol S. , Vural Murat , Gosz Mike
Published: December 2010

This study focuses on the mechanical response of a particle-reinforced restorative dental composite (RenewTM) under proportional transverse confinement to understand the effects of stress multiaxiality on its mechanical and failure behaviors. We describe the confining ring technique as an experimental tool to introduce multiaxial compressive stress states in dental composites that realistically mimic three-dimensional stress states commonly experienced by dental restorations in the oral cavity. Effect of initial radial misfit between confining ring and specimen is analyzed through computational finite element simulations, and an analytical treatment of problem is also provided to compute the confining stress during elasto-plastic expansion of confining ring. Experimental results suggest that inelastic response of Renew composite is significantly influenced by hydrostatic stress component, and pressure-dependent yield functions are required to analyze plastic deformations and internal damage accumulation process.
Interfiber Competition in the United States: An Analysis
Authors: Lee Haekyung , Dardis Rachel
Published: December 2010

The main purpose of this study was to examine variables influencing changes in the market shares of textile fibers in the United States. Three major fibers (cotton, wool, and man‐made) and three end‐use markets (apparel, home furnishings, and industrial) were identified for the study. The market shares of the major fibers were based on domestic consumption in each end‐use market using annual data from 1960 to 1983. The generalized choice model used in this study consisted of two parts. The first part was concerned with total fiber demand in each end‐use market and variables influencing total demand. The second part focused on interfiber competition. The results of the study suggested that (a) demand for man‐made fibers was inelastic with respect to fiber price, (b) man‐made fibers were substitutes for cotton and wool, and (c) non‐price factors such as quality were important in interfiber competition, particularly in home furnishings and industrial uses. The importance of general economic conditions to fiber demand was also reported.
Regional Variations in Bird Skin Preparation Techniques and Parka Designs
Authors: Oakes Jill
Published: December 2010

The objectives of this study were: (a) to identify historical bird skin preparation techniques and parka styles, (b) to identify bird skin clothing‐production techniques used by Inuit in the circumpolar region, and (c) to determine factors influencing regional variations in skin preparation and parka designs. Participant observation was used to document skin preparation techniques and garment construction procedures. Attribute analysis of bird skin garments found in museums, archives, and in the field was used to identify regional variations in garment designs. Findings indicated that basic design principles used in caribou skin parkas also were used in bird skin parkas. Regional differences in hem length, hood construction, and sleeve length were identified. Skin preparation techniques were basically the same from one area to the next. Some groups, however, soaked skins in urine, and others decorated the skins with local dyes.
Using Resistance Resources to Control Later Life Stress
Authors: Haldeman Virginia A. , Tripple Patricia A.
Published: December 2010

The number of stressful events experienced and the personal and environmental resistance resources associated with the control of stress were examined for 186 rural Nevada residents aged 60 and over. Ten variables having significant statistical associations with stress scores (including number of stressful events experienced) were used in a regression analysis. All 10 variables were included in the full regression model and explained nearly 44% of the variance in stress scores. In the regression model, the two variables significantly associated with perceived stress scores were scores for the avoidance coping sty/e and satisfaction with family life.