bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comments on “Ochratoxin A: In utero Exposure in Mice Induces Adducts in Testicular DNA. Toxins 2010, 2, 1428–1444”—Mis-Citation of Rat Literature to Justify a Hypothetical Role for Ochratoxin A in Testicular Cancer
Authors: Mantle Peter G.
Published: September 2010

A manuscript in the journal recently cited experimental rat data from two manuscripts to support plausibility of a thesis that ochratoxin A might be a cause of human testicular cancer. I believe that there is no experimental evidence that ochratoxin A produces testicular cancer in rats or mice.
Response to Comments of Peter G. Mantle
Authors: Schwartz Gary G. , Manderville Richard A. , Pfohl-Leszkowicz Annie
Published: September 2010

The apparently high yield of testis tumors (25%) in rats exposed long-term to Ochratoxin A (OTA) is uninterpretable without data on tumor yield in unexposed rats. Conversely, our demonstration that prenatal exposure to OTA induces DNA adducts in the testes of newborn mice and the absence of these adducts in the testes of mice not exposed prenatally to OTA, is evidence for the presumptive carcinogenicity of OTA in the testis. Together with recent data showing that prenatal exposure to OTA depresses expression of DMRT1, a tumor suppressor gene in the testis, our findings suggest that OTA may be a cause of testicular cancer.
Preparation and NMR spectra of four isomeric diformyl[2.2]paracyclophanes (cyclophanes 66)
Authors: Dix Ina , Hopf Henning , Satyanarayana Thota B N , Ernst Ludger
Published: September 2010

Four isomeric dialdehydes 4, readily available from cycloaddition of propiolic aldehyde (2) to 1,2,4,5-hexatetraene (1), were separated by chromatography and recrystallization, and were characterized by their spectroscopic data. The individual isomers can now be easily identified from their 1H NMR spectra even if only one of them is present.
LEGIBILITY OF URBAN HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SIGNS USING NEW RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIALS
Authors: Bullough John D. , Skinner Nicholas P. , O’Rourke Conan P.
Published: September 2010

Unlighted highway signs, which use newly developed retroreflective materials, were installed along the major expressway in an urban area by the local department of transportation. Photometric measurements of the signs were used to assess their legibility applying the relative visual performance model, in comparison to lighted signs, con‐ forming to recommended illumination practices. The calculated visibility of the measured unlighted signs was similar to that of the signs equipped with exterior sign illumination. The practical significance and limitations of the relative visual performance approach are discussed.
MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE FREQUENCY OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND DRIVING EXPERIENCE
Authors: Miškinis Paulius , Valuntaitė Vaida
Published: September 2010

Based on statistical analysis indicating the dependence of the number of road traffic accidents on driving experience, a mathematical model of such correlation is offered. The mathematical model has been tested generating a new approximation using the eigenfunctions of the introduced model applied to draw long‐term forecasts for the dependence of the number of potential road accidents on driving experience. Since we have more road traffic accidents per one hundred thousand inhabitants than other EU countries, comprehensive data analysis might also be useful for the EU community.
THE CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENT OF THE NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF THE BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR SCHRS 1320/4X30
Authors: Gottvald Jakub
Published: September 2010

Natural frequencies and shapes are the basic dynamic properties of each structure. On the basis of their knowledge, the sensitivity of the structure to a dynamic load could be estimated. While designing, natural frequencies are based on calculations and numerical simulations. However, computational numerical models do not exactly correspond with real structures and there are many details which have to be simplified. It means that the real natural frequencies of structures may differ from the calculated ones. It is advantageous to verify the calculated results by suitable experimental measurements in case of structures where a dynamic load dominates. The paper deals with the experimental measuring of the natural frequencies of the bucket wheel excavator SchRs 1320/4x30 and a comparison of results obtained from experimental measurements and detailed numerical simulation applying ANSYS.
VEHICLE GEARBOX DYNAMICS: CENTRE DISTANCE INFLUENCE ON MESH STIFFNESS AND SPUR GEAR DYNAMICS
Authors: Skrickij Viktor , Bogdevičius Marijonas
Published: September 2010

Vehicle gearbox dynamics is characterized by time varying mesh stiffness. The paper presents a survey of methods used for determining mesh stiffness and the analysis of the centre distance influence on it. The refined mathematical transmission model presenting the centre distance as a variable is presented. The centre distance error as well as backlash and bearing flexibility is defined and the influence of these factors on mesh stiffness and spur gear dynamics is investigated. The results obtained from this paper may be used in gear‐box diagnostics.
EVALUATING THE URBAN PUBLIC TRANSIT NETWORK BASED ON THE ATTRIBUTE RECOGNITION MODEL
Authors: Hu Qi-Zhou , Lu Hua-Pu , Deng Wei
Published: September 2010

The aim of this paper is to propose an attribute recognition model, so that it can be used to simultaneously estimate the public transit network system. Based on the analysis of a variety of factors influencing the public transit network, quantitative research has been conducted with reference to the attribute recognition theory in order to make scientific decision‐making. On the basis of defining attribute measure, this paper presents the attribute recognition model suggesting the attribute recognition theory that can be used to evaluate the public transit network. The reliability of the new method can be explained using real data of the survey on the public transit network in China. The applied results offer scientific reference for instructing and controlling urban traffic by the Government. The main advantages of the new model are in contexts where internal linkage and shared inputs between activities can be considered. The structure of this mode is more realistic than that of the conventional one.
A THEORY OF MULTIPLE VEHICLE TYPE DYNAMIC MARGINAL COST CONSIDERING DEPARTURE TIME CHOICES
Authors: Li Shu-Guang , Zhou Qing-Hua
Published: September 2010

The analysis of single vehicle type dynamic marginal cost is extended to multiple vehicle type dynamic one based on time‐dependent multiple vehicle type queue analysis at a bottleneck. First, a dynamic link model to rep‐ resent the interactions between cars and trucks is provided. Then, the analytic expression of a multiple vehicle type dynamic marginal cost function considering departure time choices is deduced under congested and un‐congested conditions and consequently, a dynamic toll function is given. A heuristic algorithm is introduced to solve multiple vehicle type dynamic queues and toll under system optimum and user equilibrium conditions taking into account traveler's departure time. A numerical example shows that a dynamic congestion toll can diminish queues and improve system conditions when traffic demand is not changed.
La preuve par la fiction
Authors: Nassif Jacques
Published: September 2010

Résumé À partir du moment où le cogito informatique met à portée de quiconque le déchiffrement de la “ signatura rerum ”, la seule objection qui peut encore être faite à la confusion généralisée entre le réel et le virtuel est celle d’une fiction qui fait sortir le sujet de l’énonciation collective du mythe ou de l’énoncé sans énonciation d’un fantasme , pour le contraindre à mettre en jeu une croyance le soustrayant à l’indubitable du savoir universel . La fiction à laquelle cet écrit prête une voix , dans un essai de “psychanalyse impliquée ”, est celle du reality show qu’invente avant la lettre Marivaux, dans «  La Dispute  », pour trancher la question de “l’inconstance et l’infidélité en amour”, s’il faut l’attribuer à un sexe plutôt qu’à l’autre. Et sa démonstration ne fait que rappeler à quel point la personne , surtout si elle est logée à l’enseigne du féminin , objet souverain du désir, en tant que commun aux deux sexes, est tributaire de l’image spéculaire , fondatrice de la personnalité , mais génératrice de toutes les illusions . Réinscrire ce désir dans le temps , pour que sa constance devienne une fidélité doit donc faire l’objet d’une décision qui permette de distinguer entre les liens du sang qui sont en vigueur dans l’amour , toujours enté sur – et hanté par – la famille , et les liens de l’affinité , qui attrape le désir pour mieux le flouer à travers les suppléments du portrait et du miroir , ces artefacts que la civilisation technologique répand aujourd’hui à l’infini.
Mondes virtuels et capacité d'illusion : les avatars du lien
Authors: Janssen Christophe , Tortolano Sophie
Published: September 2010

Résumé Interpellés par un fait divers étonnant, les auteurs tentent de comprendre les processus mis en œuvre dans l’investissement des mondes dits « virtuels » par des individus. Ils désirent montrer en quoi l’espace virtuel échoue en tant qu’espace transitionnel. En effet, la tentative de créer un espace d’illusion n’atteint pas son but dans la mesure où ces mondes virtuels ne laissent pas suffisamment la place à la réalité tangible de l’expérience et donc, au processus de désillusion nécessairement articulé à la capacité d’illusion. L’ avatar comme figuration du moi-idéal est une autre façon d’envisager le (presque) tout imaginaire du virtuel. Cependant, à travers le cas d’un adolescent « dépendant » aux jeux massivement multi-joueurs, les auteurs invitent le lecteur à entendre en quoi le recours au virtuel peut, certes, générer une souffrance particulière, mais aussi constituer une tentative de résoudre créativement d’autres difficultés. C’est donc comme symptôme, à la fois subjectif et propre à notre société contemporaine, que les auteurs envisagent l’usage de ces plates-formes virtuelles.
Le virtuel, pouvoir d'une négativité ?
Authors: Willo Geoffroy
Published: September 2010

Résumé Le virtuel, une promesse pour « repousser nos limites », comme on l’entend couramment ? Pas seulement. Le présent article tentera de montrer de quelle manière le virtuel se soutient également de convoquer l’incomplétude du sujet humain pour crédibiliser son attrait. Conséquence immédiate de cette action en négatif, un « appel d’air » pour le désir connecte le virtuel à l’inconscient, dans une renégociation fantasmatique des termes de la relation entre le moi et l’objet, sur un mode idéalisant. Il s’agira d’envisager comment ce mécanisme, mû par le sexuel, pourrait trouver quelque légitimité à s’inscrire dans un cadre psychothérapeutique.
Les malheurs de la vertu
Authors: de Foy Tanguy
Published: September 2010

Résumé À partir des brillances du mot « virtuel », la société d’aujourd’hui se voit confrontée à sa propre réalité. La fragmentation de la signification originale du mot lui permet en quelque sorte de fétichiser une dimension du virtuel qui protège de ce qui reste à penser. Ce reste est laissé, entre autres, dans les mains de la psychologie clinique. Prise elle-même par la fragmentation, cette psychologie clinique n’arrive plus à garder sa vertu propre, laquelle consiste à tenir ensemble le réel et le virtuel. À partir d’un espace d’échanges avec des adolescents sur Internet, l’auteur se rappelle cette coexistence dans la clinique à partir des manières dont les adolescents traitent le réel par le virtuel.
Le réel au cinéma ou la rencontre virtuelle… sur le rôle du guichet chez Kieslowski
Authors: Beuvelet Olivier
Published: September 2010

Résumé L’apparition d’un trou au cœur de la vitre d’un guichet, dans le premier plan du Décalogue 6 de Krzysztof Kieslowski, servira de point de départ à une réflexion esthétique sur la relation que l’image cinématographique établit avec le réel qu’elle porte en elle à l’état de rencontre virtuelle, rencontre promise et sans cesse ajournée. Dans un second temps, le dispositif du guichet, récurrent dans les films de Kieslowski, sera étudié dans quatre de ses occurrences en tant que mise en abyme de l’échec de la rencontre du réel ( tuchè ) dans l’image filmique.
Recherche, militantisme et politique sociale : réflexions sur les femmes et le droit aux États-Unis
Authors: Fuchs Epstein Cynthia
Published: September 2010

Résumé Les États-Unis ont connu ces trente-cinq dernières années des changements extraordinaires concernant l’accès des femmes à l’égalité dans l’éducation, l’emploi et la participation à la vie politique. Ces changements sont à rapporter à l’introduction de lois antidiscriminatoires et aux activités par lesquelles des organisations professionnelles féminines (ou intégrées dans certains cas) ont stimulé la mise en œuvre des textes législatifs et poussé à leur donner une interprétation très large. Cette évolution aurait été inconcevable sans les travaux de chercheurs en sciences sociales prouvant les disparités d’accès des femmes à l’éducation et à l’emploi, qui ont ensuite servi à formuler des programmes de changement social. L’étude qui suit retrace les débuts (de la deuxième vague) du mouvement des femmes aux États-Unis, vers la fin des années 1960, auquel j’ai participé ; je m’intéresse en particulier à l’utilisation que le mouvement a faite de la recherche et des recherches qui ont suivi et donné leur substance aux programmes politiques. J’étudie d’abord le contexte dans lequel le mouvement des femmes s’est constitué, ainsi que l’établissement des droits aux États-Unis. Je m’attache à l’accès des femmes à l’emploi, en particulier (mais pas exclusivement) aux professions libérales et spécialisées.
Foucault et l'anthropologie politique
Authors: Abélès Marc
Published: September 2010

Résumé L’œuvre de Michel Foucault a connu un accueil très différent dans l’anthropologie française et dans l’anthropologie nord-américaine. Si la première s’est montrée peu réceptive, la seconde a fait de Foucault une référence incontournable. Ce contraste mérite d’être analysé, car il est symptomatique des différences de perspective entre l’anthropologie américaine et l’anthropologie française. Plus profondément, il pose le problème des rapports entre philosophie et anthropologie. Dans le cas de l’anthropologie nord-américaine, la réflexion de Foucault sur les rapports entre pouvoir et savoir a influencé le courant critique qui s’est développé à la fin du xx e siècle. Cet article montre aussi quel impact les travaux de Foucault sur le pouvoir ont eu sur les développements récents de l’anthropologie politique : les concepts de gouvernementalité et de biopolitique connaissent aujourd’hui un remarquable écho et on les trouve appliqués dans de nombreux travaux empiriques.
Foucault et les Autres : rencontres critiques dans le domaine des relations internationales
Authors: Der Derian James
Published: September 2010

Résumé Cet article cherche à dresser le tableau des influences les plus significatives de Foucault dans l’étude des relations internationales à travers l’analyse de sa « boîte à outils » intellectuelle, y compris les concepts de discours, hétérotopie et généalogie. Dans un deuxième temps, cet article s’interroge sur la contribution de Foucault à la compréhension des questions les plus urgentes dans le domaine de la politique internationale. Enfin, il offre une critique des limites historiques et culturelles des idées de Foucault et questionne la pertinence de ce dernier pour une politique de plus en plus mondiale et virtuelle.
Foucault en Afrique. La microphysique d'une monarchie contemporaine
Authors: Warnier Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

Résumé Le royaume Mankon se trouve dans les montagnes de l’Ouest-Cameroun (ou Grassfields). Comme tant d’autres royaumes africains, il est en pleine revitalisation depuis les années 1980. Pourtant, le roi ne néglige rien des pratiques qui ont structuré la vie du royaume pendant au moins les trois derniers siècles. Il retient et contient dans son corps des substances transformées en substances ancestrales de vie lors des offrandes faites aux anciens défunts. Il les dispense à l’ensemble du royaume. Il fait figure de « roi-pot », réceptacle des substances de vie du royaume. Lui-même et tous ses sujets sont identifiés en « peaux » ou en récipients par des techniques de soi qui leur sont proposées, voire prescrites, et qui font partie de la culture matérielle et motrice du royaume. Les conduites sensorimotrices et la culture matérielle mises en œuvre par le monarque et ses sujets se prêtent à une analyse foucaldienne en termes de gouvernementalité subjectivante. L’œuvre de M. Foucault, élaborée en Occident, se montre pleinement pertinente pour mettre au jour la microphysique du pouvoir dans ce royaume. Elle suggère ainsi la possibilité d’études comparatives inédites sur les pratiques peu verbalisées qui constituent l’essentiel des dispositifs d’assujettissement et de subjectivation.
De la défense de la nation à la consolidation de la modernité
Authors: Guglielmone Sebastián Urioste
Published: September 2010

Résumé Les instruments et la démarche puisés dans la « boîte à outils » proposée par Michel Foucault, permettent de réaliser une première étude politique et historique de la constitution de savoirs relatifs à la corruption en Bolivie entre 1982 et 1999. Qui plus est, en s’interrogeant sur les liens entre la discontinuité des connaissances à propos de ce phénomène ainsi que sur les différentes stratégies déployées pour le combattre, une généalogie de la corruption dévoile les profondes transformations de la politique et du politique que ce pays a connues en à peine deux décennies.
Le voisinage ? Quelle importance ?
Authors: Forrest Ray
Published: September 2010

Résumé Le présent article est une réflexion sur le regain d’intérêt que connaissent aujourd’hui en Occident la « communauté » et le « voisinage » dans une grande partie de la production universitaire et de la recherche dans le domaine des politiques, et une analyse des différentes résonances que continue d’avoir l’idée de voisinage dans le monde contemporain. À cette fin, il examine différentes conceptions et dimensions du voisinage, conçu comme communautés, comme contexte, comme marchandise et comme niche de consommation. Il s’interroge également sur l’avenir du voisinage à l’ère de l’information et soutient l’idée que certains aspects des évolutions technologiques et démographiques peuvent renforcer et transformer son rôle dans notre vie quotidienne.
Encounters in a World of Pain: An Autoethnography
Authors: Neville-Jan Ann
Published: September 2010

Pain, a major health problem in the United States, is a highly complex and subjective experience that is poorly understood by many medical, psychological, and rehabilitation practitioners. In this paper I use a qualitative research methodology, autoethnography, to present a personal narrative about my experience of chronic pain. In this research I am both the research participant and the researcher. I begin with my personal narrative. I then problematize conceptions about chronic pain and discuss them from the point of view of my own narrative and from stories and ethnographies in the literature. Finally I reflect on how occupational therapists can more effectively work with persons with chronic pain.
Reflections on Self in Qualitative Research: Stories of Family
Authors: Primeau Loree A.
Published: September 2010

Reflexivity is a qualitative research strategy that addresses our subjectivity as researchers related to people and events that we encounter in the field. Reflexivity also addresses the subjective nature of the research account as a narrative constructed by us as researchers. Reflexivity enhances the quality of research through its ability to extend our understanding of how our positions and interests as researchers affect all stages of the research process. The reflexive account presented here frames the analysis and interpretation of previously published findings on work and play in families by highlighting aspects of the researcher’s reflexivity across the entire research process, including situating the study, gaining access, managing self, living in the field, and telling the story. Its purpose is to demonstrate use of reflexivity in qualitative research as a strategy to consider our subjectivity as researchers and serve as signposts for readers about what is happening throughout the research process.
Home Is Where Their Wheels Are: Experiences of Women Wheelchair Users
Authors: Reid Denise , Angus Jan , McKeever Pat , Miller Karen-Lee
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the experiences of mothers who are wheelchair users in their roles of homemaking and parenting. A qualitative study using in-depth, focused interviews was conducted with a purposeful sample of 11 women with various physical disabilities. Three major themes were uncovered in the data: (a) lived space restricting personal autonomy, (b) advocacy strategies to secure appropriate housing, and (c) my wheelchair, my liberator, my sense of comfort. Findings from this study showed that women did not have the freedom or economic resources to seek out new living arrangements or make modifications to existing environments. Lack of space, stairs, difficult-to-reach spaces, poor transportation, and limited community access were barriers that women experienced. The study also points to the importance of recognizing that the women used many strategies to regain control over aspects of their environment to enable greater autonomy and participation for themselves. Sensitivity to the meaning of home and the relationship between the body and the environmental features that surround it may be a significant contribution of the clinician as he or she seeks to assist women wheelchair users.
Comparison of Motor Self-Regulatory and Stress Behaviors of Preterm Infants Across Body Positions
Authors: Grenier Isabelle Roy , Bigsby Rosemarie , Vergara Elsie R. , Lester Barry M.
Published: September 2010

Occupational therapists working with infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) make positioning recommendations to optimize self-regulation, with little published data supporting this practice. In this retrospective descriptive study, 15 hospitalized preterm infants (Mgestational age = 32 weeks) were videotaped during noncaregiving periods in order to record the frequency of specific behaviors in relation to six infant positions (prone nested, prone un-nested, side-lying nested, side-lying un-nested, supine nested, and supine un-nested). Behaviors coded were those that suggest infant stress or motor efforts at self-regulation, as defined for the original study. Mixed effects regressions and post-hoc Tukey Honestly Significant Difference tests were used to analyze the data, after the calculation of a ratio of the number of behaviors in each position. Higher ratio values reflect a greater occurrence of behaviors.

The number of motor self-regulatory and stress behaviors were related to infant position, with the highest ratios of behaviors observed in side-lying un-nested and the lowest in prone nested. Behavior ratios did not differ between prone un-nested and prone nested, nor between supine un-nested and supine nested. More self-regulatory and stress behaviors were related to longer periods of fussing and crying. Longer periods of light sleep were related to fewer stress behaviors.

Infants performed the fewest stress behaviors in prone nested, prone un-nested, or side-lying nested. These positions may benefit infants in the NICU by reducing the need for motor-based self-regulatory behaviors and potentially conserving energy for growth.
After Rehabilitation: An 18-Month Follow-Up of Elderly Inner-City Women
Authors: Lysack Catherine L. , Neufeld Stewart , Mast Benjamin T. , MacNeill Susan E. , Lichtenberg Peter A.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. Elderly inner-city women (n = 125) greater than the age of 60 and living alone and who were consecutively admitted to a large, urban, university-based rehabilitation hospital were followed to (a) examine the power of standardized clinical measures to predict who was living alone 18 months after discharge, (b) determine whether live-alone women at 18 months’ follow-up were more independent in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) than women who were not living alone, and (c) investigate whether women who return home to live alone and have low or declining physical function are at risk for subsequent relocation or death.

METHOD. Data from four standardized assessments (physical function, cognition, comorbidity, and depression) and demographic information were gathered during in-patient rehabilitation. Self-report IADL data were collected via telephone interviews at 3, 6, and 18 months’ follow-up.

RESULTS. Statistical analysis of results showed that physical function, cognition, and comorbidity were significant and independent predictors of living alone at 18 months’ follow-up. Women living alone at 18 months reported significantly greater IADL independence than women who were not living alone. Path analysis confirmed that the relationship between the clinical measures and living situation at 18 months was mediated by self-reported IADL functioning.

CONCLUSION. Standard clinical data obtained at discharge are useful to identify who can return home to live alone after rehabilitation, but in-home assessment of IADL remains key to understanding the complex skills required to live alone.
Validation of a Driving Simulator by Measuring the Visual Attention Skill of Older Adult Drivers
Authors: Lee Hoe C. , Lee Andy H. , Cameron Don
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to validate a laboratory-based driving simulator as an off-road screening tool for older adult drivers by measuring their visual attention skill, and to determine how the visual attention skill changes across time in a 45-minute simulated driving test.

METHOD. One hundred and twenty-nine community-dwelling older drivers volunteered to take part in the study. A range of driving scenarios was devised and implemented in a simulator setting to assess the driving skills of the participants. Visual attention skill, an important contributing factor to motor vehicle crashes, was assessed by the participant's reaction times to a sequence of 14 visual stimuli during the primary task of sustained driving. Repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) were undertaken to determine the effects of age and gender on the visual attention skill. Trend analysis was performed to investigate how repeated exposures to the visual stimulus affected the reaction time.

RESULTS. The visual attention skill of older drivers was found to decline with age (F(1,126) = 42.52, p value = 0.002), whereas the effect of gender was not significant. Participants increased their speed of reaction times for the first half of the testing then slowed down during the second half.

CONCLUSION. That visual attention skill declined with age was consistent with the literature, and validated the driving simulator as an effective screening tool for older adult drivers. With rapid advancements in computer technology, the driving simulator will likely play an important role in assisting occupational therapists with off-road assessment of older drivers.
Measurements and receptor modeling of volatile organic compounds in Southeastern Mexico City, 2000–2007
Authors: Wöhrnschimmel H. , Magaña M. , Stahel W. A. , Blanco S. , Acuña S. , Pérez J. M. , González S. , Gutiérrez V. , Wakamatsu S. , Cárdenas B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Ambient samples of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured between 2000 and 2007 in Southeastern Mexico City, quantifying 13 species (ethane, propane, propylene, butane, acetylene, pentane, hexane, heptane, benzene, octane, toluene, nonane, o-xylene). These time series were analyzed for long-term trends, using linear regression models. A main finding was that the concentrations for several VOC species were decreasing during this period. A receptor model was applied to identify possible VOC sources, as well as temporal patterns in their respective contributions. Domestic use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and vehicle exhaust are suggested to be the principal emission sources, contributing together between 70% and 80% to the total of quantified species. Both diurnal and seasonal patterns, as well as a weekend effect were recognized in the modelled source contributions. Furthermore, decreasing trends over time were found for LPG and hot soak (−7.8% and −12.7% per year, respectively, p < 0.01), whereas for vehicle exhaust no significant trend was found.
Succession of the sea-surface microlayer in the coastal Baltic Sea under natural and experimentally induced low-wind conditions
Authors: Stolle C. , Nagel K. , Labrenz M. , Jürgens K.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is located within the boundary between the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The high spatial and temporal variability of the SML's properties, however, have hindered a clear understanding of interactions between biotic and abiotic parameters at or across the air-water interface. Among the factors changing the physical and chemical environment of the SML, wind speed is an important one. In order to examine the temporal effects of minimized wind influence, SML samples were obtained from the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea and from mesocosm experiments in a marina to study naturally and artificially calmed sea surfaces. Organic matter concentrations as well as abundance, 3H-thymidine incorporation, and the community composition of bacteria in the SML (bacterioneuston) compared to the underlying bulk water (ULW) were analyzed. In all SML samples, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen were only slightly enriched and showed low temporal variability, whereas particulate organic carbon and nitrogen were generally greatly enriched and highly variable. This was especially pronounced in a dense surface film (slick) that developed during calm weather conditions as well as in the artificially calmed mesocosms. Overall, bacterioneuston abundance and productivity correlated with changing concentrations of particulate organic matter. Moreover, changes in the community composition in the field study were stronger in the particle-attached than in the non-attached bacterioneuston. This implies that decreasing wind enhances the importance of particle-attached assemblages and finally induces a succession of the bacterial community in the SML. Eventually, under very calm meteorological conditions, there is an uncoupling of the bacterioneuston from the ULW.
Automated continuous verification and validation for numerical simulation
Authors: Farrell P. E. , Piggott M. D. , Gorman G. J. , Ham D. A. , Wilson C. R.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Verification and validation are crucially important for the final users of a computational model: code is useless if its results cannot be relied upon. Typically, undergoing these processes is seen as a discrete event, performed once and for all after development is complete. However, this does not reflect the reality that many geoscientific codes undergo continuous development of the mathematical model, discretisation and software implementation. Therefore, we advocate that in such cases verification and validation must be continuous and happen in parallel with development. The desirability of their automation follows immediately. This paper discusses a framework for automated continuous verification and validation of wide applicability to any kind of numerical simulation. It also documents a range of rigorous test cases for use in computational and geophysical fluid dynamics.
Potential of high-resolution detection and retrieval of precipitation fields from X-band spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar over land
Authors: Marzano F. S. , Mori S. , Chini M. , Pulvirenti L. , Pierdicca N. , Montopoli M. , Weinman J. A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. X-band Synthetic Aperture Radars (X-SARs), able to image the Earth's surface at metric resolution, may provide a unique opportunity to measure rainfall over land with spatial resolution of about few hundred meters, due to the atmospheric moving-target degradation effects. This capability has become very appealing due to the recent launch of several X-SAR satellites, even though several remote sensing issues are still open. This work is devoted to: (i) explore the potential of X-band high-resolution detection and retrieval of rainfall fields from space using X-SAR signal backscattering amplitude and interferometric phase; (ii) evaluate the effects of spatial resolution degradation by precipitation and inhomogeneous beam filling when comparing to other satellite-based sensors. Our X-SAR analysis of precipitation effects has been carried out using both a TerraSAR-X (TSX) case study of Hurricane "Gustav" in 2008 over Mississippi (USA) and a COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) X-SAR case study of orographic rainfall over Central Italy in 2009. For the TSX case study the near-surface rain rate has been retrieved from the normalized radar cross section by means of a modified regression empirical algorithm (MREA). A relatively simple method to account for the geometric effect of X-SAR observation on estimated rainfall rate and first-order volumetric effects has been developed and applied. The TSX-retrieved rain fields have been compared to those estimated from the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) in Mobile (AL, USA). The rainfall detection capability of X-SAR has been tested on the CSK case study using the repeat-pass coherence response and qualitatively comparing its signature with ground-based Mt. Midia C-band radar in central Italy. A numerical simulator to represent the effect of the spatial resolution and the antenna pattern of TRMM satellite Precipitation Radar (PR) and Microwave Imager (TMI), using high-resolution TSX-retrieved rain images, has been also set up in order to evaluate the rainfall beam filling phenomenon. As expected, the spatial average can modify the statistics of the high-resolution precipitation fields, strongly reducing its dynamics in a way non-linearly dependent on the rainrate local average value.
Probabilistic projections for 21st century European climate
Authors: Harris G. R. , Collins M. , Sexton D. M. H. , Murphy J. M. , Booth B. B. B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. We present joint probability distribution functions of future seasonal-mean changes in surface air temperature and precipitation for the European region for the SRES A1B emissions scenario. The probabilistic projections quantify uncertainties in the leading physical, chemical and biological feedbacks and combine information from perturbed physics ensembles, multi-model ensembles and observations.
Investigating the sensitivity of numerical model simulations of the modern state of the Greenland ice-sheet and its future response to climate change
Authors: Stone E. J. , Lunt D. J. , Rutt I. C. , Hanna E.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Ice thickness and bedrock topography are essential boundary conditions for numerical modelling of the evolution of the Greenland ice-sheet (GrIS). The datasets currently in use by the majority of GrIS modelling studies are over two decades old and based on data collected from the 1970s and 80s. We use a newer, high-resolution Digital Elevation Model of the GrIS and new temperature and precipitation forcings to drive the Glimmer ice-sheet model offline under steady state, present day climatic conditions. Comparisons are made of ice-sheet geometry between these new datasets and older ones used in the EISMINT-3 exercise. We find that changing to the newer bedrock and ice thickness makes the greatest difference to Greenland ice volume and ice surface extent. When all boundary conditions and forcings are simultaneously changed to the newer datasets the ice-sheet is 33% larger in volume compared with observation and 17% larger than that modelled by EISMINT-3. We performed a tuning exercise to improve the modelled present day ice-sheet. Several solutions were chosen in order to represent improvement in different aspects of the GrIS geometry: ice thickness, ice volume and ice surface extent. We applied these new parameter sets for Glimmer to several future climate scenarios where atmospheric CO2 concentration was elevated to 400, 560 and 1120 ppmv (compared with 280 ppmv in the control) using a fully coupled General Circulation Model. Collapse of the ice-sheet was found to occur between 400 and 560 ppmv, a threshold substantially lower than previously modelled using the standard EISMINT-3 setup. This work highlights the need to assess carefully boundary conditions and forcings required by ice-sheet models, particularly in terms of the abstractions required for large-scale ice-sheet models, and the implications that these can have on predictions of ice-sheet geometry under past and future climate scenarios.
A glacier inventory for the western Nyainqentanglha Range and the Nam Co Basin, Tibet, and glacier changes 1976–2009
Authors: Bolch T. , Yao T. , Kang S. , Buchroithner M. F. , Scherer D. , Maussion F. , Huintjes E. , Schneider C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The western Nyainqentanglha Range is located in the south-eastern centre of the Tibetan Plateau. Its north-western slopes drain into Lake Nam Co. The region is of special interest for glacio-climatological research as it is influenced by both the continental climate of Central Asia and the Indian Monsoon system, and situated at the transition zone between temperate and subcontinental glaciers. A glacier inventory for the whole mountain range was generated for the year around 2001 using automated remote sensing and GIS techniques based on Landsat ETM+ and SRTM3 DEM data. Glacier change analysis was based on data from Hexagon KH-9 and Landsat MSS (both 1976), Metric Camera (1984), and Landsat TM/ETM+ (1991, 2001, 2005, 2009). Manual adjustment was especially necessary for delineating the debris-covered glaciers and the glaciers on the panchromatic Hexagon data. In the years around 2001 the whole mountain range contained about 960 glaciers covering an area of 795.6 ± 22.3 km2 while the ice in the drainage basin of Nam Co covered 198.1 ± 5.6 km2. The median elevation of the glaciers was about 5800 m with the majority terminating around 5600 m. Five glaciers with debris-covered tongues terminated lower than 5200 m. The glacier area decreased by −6.1 ± 3% between 1976 and 2001. This is less than reported in previous studies based on the 1970s topographic maps and Landsat data from 2000. Glaciers continued to shrink during the period 2001–2009. No advancing glaciers were detected. Detailed length measurements for five glaciers indicated a retreat of around 10 m per year (1976–2009). Ice cover is higher south-east of the mountain ridge which reflects the windward direction to the monsoon. The temperature increase during the ablation period was probably the main driver of glacier wastage, but the complex glacier-climate interactions need further investigation.
Disaster Metrics: Quantitative Benchmarking of Hospital Surge Capacity in Trauma-Related Multiple Casualty Events
Authors: Bayram Jamil D. , Zuabi Shawki , Subbarao Italo
Published: September 2010

Objectives: Hospital surge capacity in multiple casualty events (MCE) is the core of hospital medical response, and an integral part of the total medical capacity of the community affected. To date, however, there has been no consensus regarding the definition or quantification of hospital surge capacity. The first objective of this study was to quantitatively benchmark the various components of hospital surge capacity pertaining to the care of critically and moderately injured patients in trauma-related MCE. The second objective was to illustrate the applications of those quantitative parameters in local, regional, national, and international disaster planning; in the distribution of patients to various hospitals by prehospital medical services; and in the decision-making process for ambulance diversion.

Methods: A 2-step approach was adopted in the methodology of this study. First, an extensive literature search was performed, followed by mathematical modeling. Quantitative studies on hospital surge capacity for trauma injuries were used as the framework for our model. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization triage categories (T1-T4) were used in the modeling process for simplicity purposes.

Results: Hospital Acute Care Surge Capacity (HACSC) was defined as the maximum number of critical (T1) and moderate (T2) casualties a hospital can adequately care for per hour, after recruiting all possible additional medical assets. HACSC was modeled to be equal to the number of emergency department beds (#EDB), divided by the emergency department time (EDT); HACSC = #EDB/EDT. In trauma-related MCE, the EDT was quantitatively benchmarked to be 2.5 (hours). Because most of the critical and moderate casualties arrive at hospitals within a 6-hour period requiring admission (by definition), the hospital bed surge capacity must match the HACSC at 6 hours to ensure coordinated care, and it was mathematically benchmarked to be 18% of the staffed hospital bed capacity.

Conclusions: Defining and quantitatively benchmarking the different components of hospital surge capacity is vital to hospital preparedness in MCE. Prospective studies of our mathematical model are needed to verify its applicability, generalizability, and validity.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:117–124)
Elutriation
Authors: Körber Rolf
Published: September 2010

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Principles

2.1.

Motion of an Individual Particle

2.2.

Motion of an Individual Particle in the Particle Ensemble

3.

Practical Applications
Energy Management in Chemical Industry
Authors: Asprion Norbert , Mollner Stephanie , Poth Nikolaus , Rumpf Bernd
Published: September 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Management of Energy Resources2.1.Power Generation and Raw Materials2.2.Regulatory Aspects2.3.Process Design Economics3.Energy Management in Chemical Process Operations3.1.Process Development3.1.1.Development of New Processes3.1.2.Reevaluation of Existing Processes3.2.Plant Design3.2.1.Exergy Analysis3.2.2.Process Operation Parameters3.2.3.Pinch Technology3.3.Equipment Design3.3.1.Design of Distillation Columns3.3.2.Heat Exchanger Design3.4.Plant Operation3.4.1.Control Design and Strategy3.4.2.Plant Information Systems3.4.3.Electrical Energy3.5.Production Site Management4.Conclusion
Transport Phenomena, 2. Transport in Compositionally Uniform Systems
Authors: Flumerfelt Raymond W.
Published: September 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Heat Conduction in Solids2.1.Heat Conduction Equations2.2.Initial and Boundary Conditions2.3.Steady, One‐Dimensional Conduction2.3.1.Conduction With Convective Boundary Conditions2.3.2.Composite Systems2.4.Steady Conduction with Heat Generation and in Multidimensions2.5.Transient Heat Conduction — Lumped Capacity Systems2.5.1.Transient Heat Conduction — More General Solutions3.Steady, One‐Dimensional Momentum Transfer3.1.Generalized Couette Flow3.2.One‐Dimensional Poiseuille Flows3.2.1.Flow in Channels of Arbitrary Cross Section3.3.Poiseuille Flow of Non‐Newtonian Fluids3.4.Two‐Phase Concentric Flow in a Tube — Segregated Flow4.Multidimensional Momentum Transfer–Two‐Dimensional Flows4.1.Creeping Flow Around a Sphere and Other Bodies of Revolution5.Flow in Channels with Varying Cross Sections — Lubrication Analysis5.1.Lubrication Analysis of Slider Block5.2.Lubrication Analysis of Tube Fed Sheet Die Flow6.Coupled Momentum and Energy Transfer6.1.Heat Transfer in Laminar Tube Flow6.2.Momentum and Heat Transfer in Laminar Boundary Layers6.2.1.Momentum Transfer in a Laminar Boundary Layer6.2.2.Heat Transfer in a Laminar Boundary Layer6.2.3.Free Convection on a Vertical Plate6.3.Turbulent Momentum and Energy Transfer6.3.1.Physical Characteristics6.3.2.Time‐Smoothed Momentum and Energy Balances for Turbulent Flow6.3.3.Mixing Length Theories6.3.4.Turbulent Heat Transfer in Tubes — Reynolds, Prandtl, and von Karman Analogies6.3.5.Turbulent Momentum and Heat Transfer on a Flat Plate6.4.Summary of Heat‐Transfer Relations
Changes of State: Slow‐Motion Trauma in the Gangetic Plains of India
Authors: Acciavatti Anthony
Published: September 2010

In recent years, the vicissitudes wrought by harsh weather patterns and natural disasters have resulted in hurricanes and earthquakes and had a catastrophic impact on people's lives. The Ganges River Corridor in northern India is a region that perennially undergoes extreme changes in weather and climate with the onslaught of the monsoon season. Anthony Acciavatti, in his Dynamic Atlas series of drawings, has measured the effects of rainfall and agrarian processes in relation to the fast‐paced modes of urbanisation in the area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forensic Architecture
Authors: Weizman Eyal , Tavares Paulo , Schuppli Susan , Studio Situ
Published: September 2010

The urban destruction captured by black and white photos of London after the Blitz or bomb‐damaged Berlin are emblematic of the desolation brought by modern warfare. Eyal Weizman, Paulo Tavares, Susan Schuppli and Situ Studio describe, though, how the built environment now represents more than a means of violation in conflict, as it has become an important source of evidence bearing witness to the event when international justice is sought. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Infrastructure of Stability
Authors: Finney Tarsha
Published: September 2010

Afghanistan's key strategical position, lying between Asia and the Middle East, has made it prey to foreign invasion throughout its history. Tarsha Finney explains how an existing military infrastructure of airports, roads, accommodation and unskilled concentrations of labour have given the US and its allies an important leg‐up in the current conflict, providing what could be perceived to be an underlying structure of stability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Project for a Mediterranean Union
Authors: Lahoud Adrian
Published: September 2010

President Sarkozy's proposal in 2008 for a Mediterranean Union connected by a high‐speed rail link prompted a series of speculative projects by Masters students at the University of Technology, Sydney. Adrian Lahoud asks how the cultural, economic and political world would shift if we could catch a train from Beirut to Tel Aviv. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Borderline Syndrome
Authors: Bouman Ole
Published: September 2010

Ole Bouman ruminates on the architecture of borders that punctuate everyday activities in the city like entering or leaving work in an office block or travelling on public transport. But what is the impact of spatial apartheid for those who fall on the wrong side of national boundaries and barriers?