bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcium leaching from dentin and shear bond strength after etching with phosphoric acid of different concentrations
Authors: Jacobsen Thomas , Söderholm Karl‐Johan M. , Garcea Ileana , Mondragon Eduardo
Published: March 2003

Based on the H2O–P2O5–CaO phase diagram, we hypothesize that a phosphoric acid concentration around 27 wt% leaches most calcium from dentin. We also hypothesize that bond strength is affected by resin infiltration, and that resin infiltration becomes incomplete when calcium leakage exceeds a certain value. Dentin disks were cut from human molars. Eight phosphoric acid concentrations were prepared (15.7–51.2 wt%). For each acid group, there were four etch time subgroups (15, 30, 60 and 120 s). The dentin disks were etched in acid and rinsed in water for times corresponding to 15 s, 30 s, 60 s and 120 s. The calcium concentrations were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Composite cylinders were bonded to the remaining parts of the teeth using the same etching protocol, and shear bond strength was determined. The 29.2 wt% group demonstrated the highest and the 15.7 wt% group the lowest calcium leaching value. Even though there were trends towards lower bond strength for longer etch times, a statistically significant difference was only found between 30 and 120 s. There was no significant correlation between calcium leaching and bond strength. The results support the tested hypothesis that the highest leaching value would be around 27 wt% phosphoric acid.
Decreasing prevalence of salivary lactobacilli in Swedish schoolchildren 1987–1998
Authors: Nylander Anders , Kumlin Ingbritt , Martinsson Margareta , Twentman Svante
Published: March 2003

The prevalence and number of salivary lactobacilli was determined in all schoolchildren starting the 7th grade (12–13 yr; n=1,578) in comprehensive school located in Kumla, Sweden between 1987 and 1998. Whole saliva samples were collected and transferred to dip‐slides (Dentocult‐LB) and incubated in room temperature for 7 d. Caries data were collected from the dental records and from bitewing radiographs. Both the number of lactobacilli and the prevalence of manifest caries and restorations exhibited a decreasing tendency and were significantly lower in 1998 than in 1987. The mean caries prevalence (DFS) declined from 5.2 to 1.8. In 1987, 45% of the children harboured high or very high lactobacilli counts (≥105 CFU/ml) in their saliva compared to approximately 10–15% at the later examinations. The proportion of children with no detectable counts varied between 4–29% during the study period, while children with low counts (103–104 CFU/ml saliva) constituted a clear majority at the recent samplings. With such low levels in the population, the use of lactobacilli counts as a didactic tool in dietary counselling must be called into question.
Preproinsulin I and II mRNA expression in adult rat submandibular glands
Authors: Égéa Jean‐Christophe , Hirtz Christophe , Gross René , Lajoix Anne‐Dominique , Traskawka Estelle , Ribes Gérard , de Périère Dominique Deville
Published: March 2003

Mammalian salivary glands are known to produce a number of biologically active peptides. The aim of this study was to extend our previous results showing the presence of a biologically active insulin‐like immunoreactive peptide in rat salivary glands. In rodents, where two nonallelic and functional insulin genes are expressed, the co‐expression of both genes seems to be limited to β‐cells of pancreatic islets or to embryologic developmental processes. We have investigated the expression of insulin genes in rat submandibular glands and in a murine immortalized submandibular cell line, SCA‐9. For this purpose, total RNAs were isolated and submitted to reverse transcription. The cDNAs obtained were amplified by a nested polymerase chain reaction using rat preproinsulin I and II primers. Our data show that both preproinsulin I and II mRNAs are expressed in adult rat submandibular glands as well as in the SCA‐9 cell line. The identification of salivary gland rat preproinsulin I and II was confirmed by direct sequencing. These results provide, for the first time, evidence for the expression of both preproinsulin I and II mRNA in an extra‐pancreatic tissue from adult rodents.
Resin bonding to Er : YAG laser‐irradiated dentin: combined effects of pre‐treatments with citric acid and glutaraldehyde
Authors: Kameyama Atsushi , Oda Yutaka , Hirai Yoshito , Kawada Eiji , Takizawa Masakazu
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of citric acid and glutaraldehyde (GA) on the resin bonding to Er : YAG laser‐irradiated dentin. Bovine dentin was prepared with 180‐ to 600‐grit SiC paper and then uniformly irradiated with an Er : YAG laser (laser‐irradiated group) or immersed in water at 60°C for 15 min (heated group). The samples were then acid‐conditioned with 10% citric acid (10‐0) or 10% citric acid/3% ferric chloride (10‐3) for 15 s and treated with GA for 10 min before bonding to an acrylic rod with 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin. These samples were trimmed to prepare miniaturized dumbbell‐shaped specimens. After storage in water at 37°C for 1 d, the tensile bond strength was measured, and the fractured surface was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the laser‐irradiated and heated groups, the 10‐3+GA‐treated specimen had higher bond strength than that of 10‐0+GA. On the other hand, the tensile bond strength of 10‐3+GA in the non‐irradiated group was lower that that of 10‐0+GA. In conclusion, the combination of 10‐3 and GA for bonding with 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin was the most effective for Er : YAG laser‐irradiated dentin and heated dentin, but it was not effective for the non‐irradiated dentin.
A novel rat dentin mRNA coding only for dentin sialoprotein
Authors: Ritchie Helena H. , Li Xiurong
Published: March 2003

Dentin sialoprotein (DSP) is a major glycoprotein present in the mineralized dentin matrix that is expressed mainly by young and mature odontoblasts. Mutations in the DSP coding regions are linked to Dentinogenesis imperfecta I and II, indicating the importance of DSP in tooth formation. Previous studies have identified multiple mRNA transcripts in dentin that code for both DSP and phosphophoryns (PPs). Using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to characterize these mRNA transcripts, we have identified a cDNA that codes for DSP, but not PP. This cDNA codes for a protein with 324 amino acids, 303 amino acids being identical to the published rat DSP sequence. However, the subsequent 21 amino acids are unique to this cDNA. Based on the coding sequence, the core protein is predicted to have a pI=4.24, a net charge of −34, and to contain four potential N‐glycosylation sites and six potential sites for phosphorylation by casein kinase. That the corresponding mRNA was present in day 5 molar tooth germs was confirmed using RNA protection assays. These data, therefore, identify a novel transcript in rat tooth germs that codes only for DSP (designated as DSPII).
A comparison of enamelin and amelogenin expression in developing mouse molars
Authors: Hu Jan C‐C. , Sun Xiaoling , Zhang Chuhua , Simmer James P.
Published: March 2003

Amelogenin and enamelin are structural proteins in the enamel matrix of developing teeth. The temporal and spatial patterns of enamelin expression in developing mouse molars have not been characterized, while controversy remains with respect to amelogenin expression by odontoblasts and cementoblasts. Here we report the results of in situ hybridization analyses of amelogenin and enamelin expression in mouse molars from postnatal days 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, and 21. Amelogenin and enamelin mRNA in maxillary first molars was first observed in pre‐ameloblasts on the cusp slopes at day 2. The onsets of amelogenin and enamelin expression were approximately synchronous with the initial accumulation of predentin matrix. Both proteins were expressed by ameloblasts throughout the secretory, transition, and early maturation stages. Enamelin expression terminated in maturation stage ameloblasts on day 9, while amelogenin expression is still detected in maturation stage ameloblasts on day 14. No amelogenin expression was observed in day 21 mouse molars. Amelogenin and enamelin RNA messages were restricted to ameloblasts. No expression was observed in pulp, bone, or along the developing root. We conclude that amelogenin and enamelin are enamel‐specific and do not directly participate in the formation of dentin or cementum in developing mouse molars.
Delayed type (Type IV) hypersensitivity and reproduction problems: A foregoing multicenter study
Authors: Daniilidis M. , Kontopoulou V. , Apostolou I. , Yannoulis C. , Tsekoura C. , Tsilipakou M. , Stergioudas I. , Varla‐Leftherioti M.
Published: March 2003

There is no bibliographical data concerning the role of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) (a Th1 type immune response) in reproduction.

The aim of the study was to estimate DTH responses in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) or with repeated unsuccessful in vitro fertilizations (IVFs).

One hundred and seventy women with two or more RSA (group A), 38 infertile women having three or more unsuccessful IVFs (group B) and 30 women who had two or more successful gestations and no abortions (group C, controls) were studied. All women were questioned whether they have expressed DTH response (typical question posed was whether they had a skin reaction to fake jewelry).

In group C, 10/30 women (33%) replied positively. Respective ratios in group A and B were higher, but the difference was not statistically significant: in group A, 77/170 (45.3%) were DTH+ (group A1) and 93 (54.7%) DTH‐ (group A2), whereas in group B, 14/38 (36.8%) were DTH+ and 24 (63.2%) DTH‐ (groups B1 and B2, respectively). The average rate of miscarriages or unsuccessful IVFs was 2.9, 2.2, 3.3 and 2.7 in groups A1, A2, B1 and B2, respectively. Higher frequency of autoantibodies – mainly antithyroid – were observed in group A2 (NS). Women of group A2 delivered successfully more than twice as compared to A1 group women (22% over 9%, P < 0.02).

The above findings give a primary indication that DTH, having the status of a Th1 type response, possibly constitutes a negatively influencing factor for reproduction.
The effect of progesterone and estrogen on proinflammatory cytokine costimulatory proliferative activity
Authors: Grekova S.P. , Vodyanik M.A. , Chernyshov V.P.
Published: March 2003

The lymphocyte proliferation is multicomponent mechanism of immune system reactivity. Proinflammatory cytokines enhance proliferation of activated lymphocytes. Progesterone (P) and 17β‐estradiol (E2) inhibit proliferation of mitogen and alloantigen‐ activated lymphocytes. This work is to study the effect of P and E2 on costimulatory proliferative activity (CPA) of TNF, IL‐1α/βin vitro.

Separated mononuclear cells from peripheral male blood were incubated in the presence of antiCD3 Ab, TNF or IL‐1α/β, P (2 mcg/mL), E2 (0.2 mcg/mL). Proliferation was determined by standard 3H‐thymidine incorporation assay. P and E2 inhibited lymphocyte response to antiCD3 antibody. P had a stronger effect than E2 (64 and 13% of inhibition). TNF increased antiCD3‐induced proliferation of lymphocytes by 24%, IL‐1α by 16%, IL‐1β by 19%. E2 enhanced the TNF–CPA, P neutralized this TNF‐induced effect and reverted it (inhibition of lymphocytes proliferation was enhanced in the presence 0.1‐2.5 ng/mL TNF). We found dominant inhibitory effect of P on the TNF‐CPA when P and E2 were added simultaneously. CPA of IL‐1α/β was down‐regulated by P and E2.

Thus P and E2 had opposite effects on TNF–CPA (E2 enhanced it while P neutralized it) and down‐regulated CPA of IL‐1α/β. P alone or in combination with E2 showed dominant inhibitory effect on CPA of TNF, IL‐1α/β. Our results suggest possible roles for P and E2 as regulators of activity of proinflammatory cytokines and their functions in lymphocyte proliferation.
Suppressor macrophages in early pregnancy human decidua
Authors: Lidström Charlotte M. , Matthiesen Leif S. , Berg Göran , Sharma Surendra , Ernerudh Jan H. , Ekerfelt Christia B.
Published: March 2003

INTRODUCTION:  Local immune modulation has been shown to be of considerable importance for successful pregnancy. We have previously detected the secretion of IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and IL‐10 in human decidua from early normal pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the cell types in decidua, as well as in peripheral blood, responsible for cytokine secretion.

METHODS:  Decidual tissue and peripheral blood was collected from 20 healthy women undergoing surgical abortion during first trimester pregnancy. Monocytes/macrophages and NK cells were obtained by magnetic cell separation and the cytokine secretion was detected by a sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent spot‐forming cell (ELISPOT) assay.

RESULTS:  Decidual and peripheral monocytes/ macrophages and NK cells spontaneously secrete IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and IL‐10. The number of IL‐10 secreting cells was significantly higher among decidual macrophages compared with decidual non‐monocytic cells and blood monocytes/macrophages. These differences were not seen for IFN‐γ or IL‐4. Our results indicate that macrophages subserve important suppressive functions in the pregnant uterus.
Regulation of leukocyte recruitment to the murine maternal/fetal interface by specialized patterns of vascular adhesion receptors
Authors: Fernekorn Uta , Butcher Eugene C. , Kruse Andrea
Published: March 2003

Our findings reveal a remarkable regulation of leukocyte recruitment to specialized microdomains at the maternal/fetal interface during initial placenta development. Each of these microdomains is associated with unique patterns of vascular differentiation, including distinctive populations of leukocytes. A striking observation is the coexpression of the a4b7 ligand MAdCAM‐1 and P‐selectin on vessels of the vascular zone within the decidua basalis. This combination may restrict interactions to leukocytes combining the unusual ability to bind P‐selectin and MAdCAM‐1 (e.g. a4b7+ monocytes observed in these vessels). The maternal vessels of the central decidua basalis surrounded by a4b1+ uNK cells express the a4b1 ligand VCAM‐1. To assess directly the importance of identified vascular adhesion receptors TRITC‐labeled a4b7hi TK1 or a4b1+ L1/2 cells were injected i.v. and allowed to circulate for 1 hr. Then the uterus was sectioned to identify vascular sites of accumulation. TK1 cells were localized in the MAdCAM‐1 + P‐selectin+ vessels of the vascular zone whereas L1/2 cells interacted selectively with vessels in the central decidua basalis. Prior injection of blocking mABs against MAdCAM‐1 or VCAM‐1 inhibited accumulation of TK1 cells or L1/2 cells, respectively. Long‐term inhibition studies using blocking mABs against MAdCAM‐1, P‐selectin or a4b7 integrin as well as experiments with b7ko mice suggest a critical role of a4b7+ monocytes for the differentiation of uNK cells and placentation.
Placental macrophage contact induces complete replicative cycle of human immunodeficiency virus in latently infected syncytiotrophoblast cells: role of interleukine‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐β
Authors: Tóth Ferenc D. , Bácsi Attila , Csoma Eszter , Beck Zoltán , Andirkó István , Ebbesen Peter
Published: March 2003

The phenotypic mixing between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been exploited to assay the susceptibility of human term syncytiotrophoblast cells to penetration by various strains of HIV‐1. VSV (HIV‐1IIIB) and VSV (HIV‐1Ba‐L) pseudotypes were found to enter syncytiotrophoblasts. Infection of syncytiotrophoblasts was mediated by envelope glycoproteins of IIIB and Ba‐L strains of HIV‐1. Although certain strains of HIV‐1 could enter syncytiotrophoblasts, the cells did not exhibit permissiveness for HIV‐1. The next studies tested the possibility that placental macrophages might induce replication of HIV‐1 carried in syncytiotrophoblast cells and that infected syncytiotrophoblasts would be capable of transmitting virus into neighbouring macrophages. For this purpose, the macrophage‐tropic Ba‐L strain of HIV‐1 was used. Interactions between syncytiotrophoblasts and macrophages activated HIV‐1 from latency in syncytiotrophoblast cells, which delivered HIV‐1 to cocultured macrophages. The stimulatory effect of coculture on HIV‐1 gene expression was mediated by marked tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 release from macrophages, an effect caused by contact between the different placental cells. Results suggest an interactive role for the syncytiotrophoblast layer and placental macrophages in the dissemination of HIV‐1 among placental tissue.
Immune privilege and inflammation of the testis – lessons from the infertile male
Authors: Schuppe. H.‐C.
Published: March 2003

Immune cells are regular components of the testis and likely to participate in the complex local regulation of testicular function. Studies in experimental animals indicate that the testis is an immunologically privileged site where germ cell antigens are protected from autoimmune attack and foreign tissue grafts may survive for extended periods. However, the testicular environment does not preclude immune activation resulting in inflammatory reactions. Active immunization with testicular tissue or adoptive transfer of specific T lymphocytes causes autoimmune orchitis. Whereas symptomatic orchitis due to viral or bacterial infections is considered to be rare in man, recent studies among infertile males revealed a high prevalence of asymptomatic testicular inflammatory reactions associated with impaired spermatogenesis. Notably, the infiltration of T lymphocytes into the testis reflects disturbance of the delicate local immunoregulation. Both predominant peritubular localization of lymphocytes and characteristic morphological changes of the seminiferous tubules support the concept that activation of autoreactive T cells inducible by various etiological factors including noninfectious agents is involved. With regard to localization and functional polarization of T lymphocytes, adhesion molecules as well as chemokines and their receptors have to be considered as crucial components. In conclusion, immunopathological reactions in the testis should not be neglected as underlying reason or cofactor of male infertility. Further investigation of the mechanisms that regulate testicular immune functions in health and disease may encourage the search for appropriate therapeutic strategies such as specific immunomodulation.
Thinking Outside the Box: Mechanisms of Environmental Selective Pressures on the Outcome of the Materno‐fetal Relationship*
Authors: CLARK DAVID A. , CHAOUAT GERARD , GORCZYNSKI REGINALD M.
Published: March 2003

PROBLEM: Study of mechanisms causing spontaneous abortion of the vascularized placenta have focused primarily on the feto‐maternal immunological relationship within the pregnant mother. The Th1 cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α + interferon (IFN)‐γ derived in part from natural killer (NK) and NKγδT cells have been implicated in causing abortion via up‐regulation of the novel prothrombinase fgl2 at the feto‐maternal interface; Th2/3 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐10, progesterone‐induced blocking factor (PIBF), and TGF‐β2 derived from γδT cells stimulated by embryo antigens in the context of the OX‐2 (CD200) tolerance signal have been viewed as counteracting the Th1 effect. These mechanisms are distinct from those causing and preventing occult pregnancy loss during the periimplantation phase of pregnancy prior to development of a vascularized placenta. Spontaneous abortions in the CBA/J × DBA/2 can be boosted by injecting TNF‐α + IFN‐γ, but the boosted abortion rates can range from ≤ 30 to >80%, depending on the loss rate in uninjected mice, and this is not explainable by the endogenous level of these cytokines. Furthermore, there is a poor correlation between Th1/Th2,3 cytokine ratios and abortion rates. Could there be a third factor involved, and if so, what might this mean?

METHODS: Known precipitants of recurrent abortion in mice were reviewed with particular attention to stress and endotoxin absorption. The effect of antagonizing the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (endotoxin) was tested. Data on environmental selective pressures were considered (i.e. thinking outside the `box', which typifies the conventional approach to thinking about materno‐fetal interactions).

RESULTS: Th1 cytokine‐triggered abortions appear to depend on availability/presence of LPS.

CONCLUSIONS: Environmental selective pressures are implicated in eliminating `genetically weaker' embryos in early pregnancy.
Antibody‐Binding Proteins in Human Seminal Plasma
Authors: CHIU W.W.C. , CHAMLEY L.W.
Published: March 2003

Chiu WWC, Chamley LW. Antibody‐binding proteins in human seminal plasma. AJRI 2002; 48:269–274 © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002

PROBLEM: The significance of antibody‐mediated infertility is unclear and complicated by the finding of that antisperm antibodies are found both in fertile and infertile couples. Seminal plasma contains immunosuppressive factors, one such factor may be antibody‐binding proteins (ABP's).

METHOD OF STUDY: Antibody‐binding‐proteins were purified using human IgG or IgG‐Fc affinity chromatography columns. The purified antibody‐binding proteins were characterized by their molecular weights, partial amino acid sequences, and immunoreactivities.

RESULTS: Three proteins of molecular weight 74, 70 and 55 kDa and other low molecular weight proteins specifically bound to the IgG or IgG‐Fc affinity columns demonstrating Fc‐binding specificities. These proteins were not FcγRIII, IgG, or fragments of these proteins by their behaviors under reducing conditions, Western blot, and partial amino acid sequence analyses. Amino acid sequence data demonstrated some of these proteins to be novel.

CONCLUSIONS: We have isolated and partially characterized several ABP's from seminal plasma. The IgG‐binding proteins we have identified may protect spermatozoa against antibody‐mediated damage by conferring protection to antibody‐coated spermatozoa. If this hypothesis holds true, differences in the level or function of these ABP's may alter the status of fertility.
Relationship between Ovarian Stimulation Regimen and Interleukin level in Pre‐ovulatory Follicular Fluid and Their Effect on ICSI Outcome
Authors: HAMMADEH M.E. , ERTAN A.K. , GEORG M.T. , ROSENBAUM P. , SCHMIDT W.
Published: March 2003

Hammadeh ME, Ertan AK, Georg MT, Rosenbaum P, Schmidt W. Relationship between ovarian stimulation regimen and interleukin level in pre‐ovulatory follicular fluid and their effect on ICSI outcome. AJRI 2002; 48:255–261 © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002

PROBLEM: The aims of this study were (i) to identify the presence and concentration of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐8 and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) in pre‐ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation regimen for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) (G.1), hMG (G.2) or rFSH/hMG (G.3) treatment and (ii) to determine whether controlled ovarian hyperstimulation stimulation regimen could affect the concentration of these investigated interleukins and as a consequences the ICSI outcome. (iii) Moreover, it was intended to clarify the association between these investigated parameters and the peripheral blood level of estradiol 17‐β, progesterone, leuteinizing hormone (LH) at the day of oocyte retrieval and (iv) finally to find out whether these interleukin concentrations in FF could be considered as an additional parameter for predicting fertilization and pregnancy outcome in ICSI patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Interleukin‐6, IL‐8 and GM‐CSF concentrations were determined in the FF of 85 patients. The levels of these interleukins were measured by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, using commercially available kits.

RESULTS: Interleukin‐6 (6.5 ± 4.6 pg/mL), IL‐8 (222.9 ± 163.4 pg/mL) and GM‐CSF (1.6 ± 2.7 pg/mL) were present in pre‐ovulatory FF in ICSI patients. No significant difference in the mean concentration of IL‐6, IL‐8 and GM‐CSF was found between the groups. Moreover, there was no correlation between these interleukin levels in FF and steroid hormone concentration in the peripheral blood.

CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin‐6, IL‐8 and GM‐CSF were found in FF of patients undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation for ICSI treatment. The stimulation protocols showed no influence on these interleukin levels in FF. Moreover, no correlation was found between these investigated interleukins and steroid hormone concentrations in peripheral blood or ICSI outcome. Therefore, the determination of interleukin level in FF of patients undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation for ICSI therapy could not be recommended as a prognostic factor for ICSI outcome.
Nasal Immunization with Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugated‐CD52 Core Peptide Induced Specific Antibody Production in Genital Tract of Female Mice
Authors: Hasegawa Akiko , Fu Yao , Koyama Koji
Published: March 2003

Hasegawa A, Fu Y, Koyama K. Nasal immunization with diphtheria toxoid conjugated‐CD52 core peptide induced specific antibody production in genital tract of female mice. AJRI 2002; 48:305–311 © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002

PROBLEM: The common mucosal immune system (CMIS) has developed as a barrier for the numerous encounters between the host and various pathogens. It is possible to exploit this system to induce secretion of IgA antibody which inhibits sperm penetration in the female genital tract. In this study, the immunogenicity of a human sperm surface antigen (CD52) introduced by intranasal immunization was investigated with a view to developing a contraceptive vaccine.

METHOD OF STUDY: A synthetic peptide corresponding to CD52 core peptide (GQNDTSQTSSPS) was prepared and conjugated with diphtheria toxoid (DT) as a carrier protein. The immunogen was given to mice with DOTAP:cholesterol liposome adjuvant intranasally, followed by determination of Ig and IgA class antibody levels in the sera and vaginal washes.

RESULTS: The CD52 core peptide elicited IgA class as well as Ig antibodies both in the sera and vaginal secretions after intranasal immunization. An additional nasal inoculation after decrease of the antibody titer raised the antibody level to its highest level during the experiment.

CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the CMIS could induce Ig and IgA class antibodies reactive to CD52 core peptide in the female genital tract. Intranasal immunization of a sperm‐specific antigen would be a promising regimen for a safe and easy contraceptive vaccine.
The Age‐Related Changes in the Incidence of `Natural' Anti‐Sperm Antibodies Suggest they are not Auto‐/Isoantibodies
Authors: KALAYDJIEV SVETOSLAV K. , DIMITROVA DIMITRINA K. , TRIFONOVA NEDKA L. , FICHOROVA RAINA N. , MASHAROVA NATALIA G. , RAICHEVA YVETTE N. , SIMEONOVA MARIA N. , TODOROVA EVGENIA I. , TODOROV VELISLAV I. , NAKOV LYUDMIL S.
Published: March 2003

PROBLEM: Establishing the age‐dependent patterns of sperm antibody levels among normal humans.

METHODS OF STUDY: Sera samples from 498 healthy subjects aged 0–97 years – 246 males and 252 females – were tested by the gelatin agglutination test of Kibrick, tray agglutination test of Friberg, sperm immobilization test of Isojima and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS: We found a significant increase in the level of sperm agglutinins after 40 years, which decreased after 88 years. The antibodies detected by ELISA were the highest among prepubertal subjects and also declined with aging. No age‐dependent changes were established for the sperm immobilizins. With few exceptions, there were no significant differences between male and female sera, as well as between sera of newborn and their mothers.

CONCLUSIONS: These data are similar to those established for the age‐dependent changes of antibodies towards exogenous antigens, suggesting that the `naturally occurring' antibodies against human spermatozoa are not auto‐/isoantibodies.
Potentiation of the Maternal Immune System may Modify the Apoptotic Process in Embryos Exposed to Developmental Toxicants
Authors: Savion Shoshana , Kamshitsky‐Feldman Anna , Ivnitsky Irena , Orenstein Hasida , Shepshelovich Jeanne , Carp Howard , Fein Amos , Torchinsky Arkady , Toder Vladimir
Published: March 2003

PROBLEM: We have previously shown that teratogen‐induced embryonic maldevelopment may result from excessive apoptosis in affected organs, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood. Here we investigate the ability of maternal immunopotentiation to affect the apoptotic process and its regulatory genes p53 and bcl‐2 in embryos exposed to a teratogenic insult.

METHOD OF STUDY: Potentiation of the immune system in pregnant females was performed with xenogeneic rat splenocytes or with granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). The animals were exposed to cyclophosphamide (CP) and the reproductive performance in the various experimental groups was recorded. The level of apoptosis was assessed in the embryonic head and liver by TdT‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling and fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, while p53 and bcl‐2 expression was evaluated by FACS and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS: In CP‐treated females, a decrease in embryonic weight and an increase in the resorption rate and the percentage of embryos exhibiting head malformations were noted. These effects of CP were accompanied by the appearance of apoptotic cells in the head but not in the liver and an increased expression of p53 in embryonic organs, while bcl‐2 expression was found to be decreased in the head and increased in the liver. Immunopotentiation with rat splenocytes or GM‐CSF was shown to partially normalize the teratogenic effect of CP. It was also found to partially decrease the CP‐induced apoptotic process and exhibited a tendency to normalize the expression of p53 and bcl‐2 in the embryonic head and liver.

CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a possible role for maternal immunopotentiation in protecting the embryo from teratogenic insults, possibly through regulation of the CP‐induced apoptotic process and the expression of p53 and bcl‐2.
Hypothermic insult to the periodontium: a model for the study of aseptic tooth resorption
Authors: Dreyer C. W. , Pierce A. M. , Lindskog S.
Published: March 2003

Abstract – The aim of the current investigation was to define an animal model for the study of hard tissue resorption by examining the responses of the periodontal ligament (PDL) to both single and multiple episodes of hypothermic injury to the crowns of rat teeth. A group of 12 male rats weighing 200–250 g were anesthetized, and pellets of dry ice (CO2) were applied once to the crowns of the right first maxillary molars for continuous periods of 10 or 20 min. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 7, 14 and 28 days and tissues were processed for routine histological examination. A second group of eight animals and a third group of 12 animals were subjected to three applications of dry ice over a period of 1 week and sacrificed at 2 and 14 days respectively after the final application. In addition to thermal insult, the periodontium of teeth from a fourth group of six rats was subjected to mechanical trauma. Examination of the sections from the group undergoing a single freezing episode revealed that, by 1 week, shallow resorption lacunae had appeared on the root surface. These became more extensive after 14 days. At the same time hyaline degeneration was evident in the PDL. Within this group, teeth subjected to the longer 20‐min application times generally showed more extensive injuries. By 28 days, evidence of repair was observed with reparative cementum beginning to line the resorption lacunae in the root dentin. Sections from animals subjected to multiple episodes of thermal trauma and those subjected to additional mechanical insult showed more extensive external root resorption than those from single‐injury animals. It was concluded that low temperature stimuli applied to the crowns of rat molars were capable of eliciting a sterile degenerative response in the PDL which, in turn, resulted in external root resorption. Furthermore, the degree of this tissue injury was commensurate with the duration and number of exposures to the trauma. The results also indicated that progression of the resorptive process required periodic exposure to the injury, in the absence of which repair to the damaged root occurred.
The aetiology of dento‐alveolar injuries and factors influencing attendance for emergency care of adolescents in the North West of England
Authors: Blinkhorn F. A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract – The aims of the study were to determine the main aetiological factors involved in injuries to anterior teeth and to identify factors influencing the attendance for emergency care. This information is essential, first, for planning dental health education programmes aimed at reducing the incidence of dental trauma and, second, to devise strategies for its effective treatment. Of 2022 schoolchildren examined for evidence of dental trauma, 696 (34%) had experienced injury and were interviewed regarding this injury. Of these, 403 knew about their damaged front tooth, but only 330 recollected the incident causing the injury. Over one third of accidents occurred at home and a further 25% at school. The most common cause of injury was falling onto a hard surface or object (34%) with accidents involving bicycles or other sporting activities accounting for a further 30%. Factors found to be significantly related to attendance for emergency care were experience of pain, unattractive appearance of the injured tooth and social classification, with children from higher income, more affluent areas being more likely to seek treatment. The majority of dental injuries were the result of genuine accidents which were almost impossible to prevent. This study highlighted the need for attention to be brought to parents, children, lay people and health care professionals that all dental injuries should be examined by a dentist, not just those injuries resulting in pain or poor aesthetics.
Assessment of periradicular microbiota by DNA‐DNA hybridization
Authors: Sunde P. T. , Tronstad L. , Eribe E. R. , Lind P. O. , Olsen I.
Published: March 2003

Abstract – In the present study the “checkerboard” DNA‐DNA hybridization technique was used to identify bacteria in periapical endodontic lesions of asymptomatic teeth. Thirty‐four patients with root‐filled teeth and apical periodontitis were divided into two groups, each containing 17 patients. In Group 1, a marginal incision was performed during surgery to expose the lesion, and in Group 2, a submarginal incision was applied. The gingiva and mucosa were swabbed with an 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution prior to surgery. Bacterial DNA was identified in all samples from the two groups using 40 different whole genomic probes. The mean number (±SD) of species detected was 33.7±3.3 in Group 1 and 21.3±6.3 in Group 2 (P<0.001). The majority of the probe‐detected bacteria were present in more lesions from Group1 than from Group 2. The differences were most notable for Campylobacter gracilis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Propionibacterium acnes, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. nucleatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. polymorphum, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus constellatus and Actinomyces naeslundii I. Bacterial species such as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides forsythus were detected in more than 60% of the lesions from both groups. Also, P. endodontalis was abundant in periapical tissue. The data supported the idea that following a marginal incision, bacteria from the periodontal pocket might reach the underlying tissues by surgeon‐released bacteremia. The study provided solid evidence that bacteria invade the periapical tissue of asymptomatic teeth with apical periodontitis. The detection of much more bacteria with the “checkerboard” DNA‐DNA hybridization method than has previously been recovered by anaerobic culture indicated that the endodontic (and periodontal) microfloras should be redefined using molecular methods.
Increased lifetime prevalence of dental trauma is associated with previous non‐dental injuries, mental distress and high alcohol consumption
Authors: Perheentupa U. , Laukkanen P. , Veijola J. , Joukamaa M. , Järvelin M.‐R. , Laitinen J. , Oikarinen K.
Published: March 2003

Abstract – The purpose of the study was to assess the lifetime prevalence of dental injuries and risk factors involved in a general population‐based birth cohort. The study population consisted of 5737 subjects who had participated in a health survey at the age of 31 years. Altogether 52% of the participants were women. This partly computer‐based health survey included two questionnaires on previous dental and non‐dental injuries, general health, occupational status and lifestyle. The current study was based on these questionnaires. The lifetime prevalence of dental fractures was 43% and the lifetime prevalence of dental luxations and exarticulations 14%. Men more commonly had dental injuries than women. Particularly mental distress and a history of previous injuries were shown to increase the risk for dental injuries. Furthermore, overweight and high alcohol consumption were positively associated with a high lifetime prevalence of tooth trauma. Regular physical activity decreased trauma occurrence. Socioeconomic status further affected the lifetime prevalence of dental injuries. The conclusion of the study was that personal, social and physical factors played a role in the occurrence of dental trauma.
Risk factors for major injuries to the face and teeth
Authors: Lalloo Ratilal
Published: March 2003

Abstract  – Hyperactivity in children was significantly associated with the occurrence of major injuries affecting the face and/or teeth. Other important risk factors included being male, from lower social class and single‐parent households, and scoring high for conduct disorder. The behavioural risk factors were significantly more common in children living in families receiving benefits, lower social classes and non‐nuclear families.
The CD19+ B‐cell counts at peripheral blood stem cell mobilization determine different levels of tumour contamination and autograft purgability in low‐grade lymphoma
Authors: Straka Christian , Oduncu Fuat , Drexler Eva , Mitterer Manfred , Schnabel Brigitte , König August , Brack Norbert , Nerl Christoph , Emmerich Bertold
Published: March 2003

Summary. The tumour load of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvests and the outcome of ex vivo immunomagnetic B‐cell purging was investigated in 19 patients with low‐grade lymphoma. To quantify the tumour load, we combined fluorescence‐activated cell sorting measurement of CD19+ B‐cells and determination of the B‐cell light chain ratio (LCR) with consensus complementarity‐determining region III‐polymerase chain reaction (CDRIII‐PCR) and gene scan analysis. The number of tumour cells was calculated using B‐cell extracts from the PBSCs. Two different patterns were distinguished. In eight patients (42%) with CD19+ B cells > 1% in the apheresis product, a high tumour load was found, characterized by a monoclonal LCR, positive PCR in seven out of eight cases, > 5 × 107 extracted lymphoma cells in six out of seven PCR‐assessable cases, and the presence of residual lymphoma after purging in six of seven cases. In 11 patients (58%) with < 1% CD19+ B‐cells in the product, a low tumour load was indicated by a polyclonal LCR, positive PCR in only 4 out of 11 cases, > 5 × 107 extracted lymphoma cells in zero out of four PCR‐assessable cases, and the presence of residual lymphoma after purging in zero out of four of these cases. The level of residual lymphoma following purging largely depended on the level of tumour contamination. CD19+ B‐cells > 50/µl in the peripheral blood at mobilization predicted a high tumour load in the apheresis product.
Excessive apoptosis, increased phagocytosis, nuclear inclusion bodies and cylindrical confronting cisternae in bone marrow biopsies of myelodysplastic syndrome patients
Authors: Shetty Vilasini , Hussaini Seema , Alvi Sairah , Joshi Leena , Shaher Ahmed , Dangerfield Bruce , Nascimben Fabiana , Mundle Suneel , Allampallam Krishnan , Reddy Poluru , Galili Naomi , Raza Azra
Published: March 2003

Summary. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies have not been reported in bone marrow (BM) biopsies of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) owing to failure to overcome the technical impediment of maintaining ultrastructural detail in decalcified tissue. Using a modified technique to physically separate pieces of bone from marrow tissue under a dissecting microscope, and embedding the material directly for TEM, ultrastructural studies were performed in 15 MDS patients and four normal BM biopsies. Biopsy tissue was also used to initiate long‐term in vitro cultures and 12‐week plates were sacrificed for TEM analysis. Features noted in freshly obtained decorticated tissue included an excessive apoptosis in both haematopoietic and stromal cells, ringed sideroblasts with iron‐laden mitochondria and highly active, enormously increased phagocytosis. In addition, type IV nuclear inclusion body variants (NIB‐v) and confronting cylindrical cisternae (CCC) were readily identified in up to 40% of stromal cells in vivo, providing an important footprint of a possible infectious agent in the pathology of MDS. Cultured stromal cells did not show excessive apoptosis and only 2–4% fibroblasts showed the presence of NIB‐v or CCC, underscoring the artificial nature of ex vivo systems. We conclude that ultrastructure studies using decorticated tissue can be a powerful tool to investigate the biology and aetiology of a variety of haematopoietic disorders as it enables the direct examination of BM biopsies with their intimate stromal parenchymal cell associations preserved intact.
Time course of peritoneal tissue plasminogen activator after experimental colonic surgery: effect of hyaluronan-based antiadhesive agents and bacterial peritonitis
Authors: Reijnen M M P J , Holmdahl L , Kooistra T , Falk P , Hendriks T , van Goor H
Published: March 2003

Background

This study assessed the peritoneal fibrinolytic response during the first week after colonic surgery in rats with and without bacterial peritonitis, and possible modulation of the response by two hyaluronan-based antiadhesive agents.

Methods

A colonic anastomosis was constructed in 90 male Wistar rats. Peritonitis was induced in another 108 rats and a colonic anastomosis was constructed after 24 h. Rats in both groups were randomized into an untreated group or one of two groups treated with hyaluronan-based agents. One-third of each group was killed at each of days 1, 3 and 7 after operation, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen and activity were measured in peritoneal biopsies.

Results

One day after colonic surgery in normal rats, tPA antigen concentration was significantly (P < 0·005) increased, whereas tPA activity levels were normal. By day 3 after operation tPA antigen had returned to baseline values while tPA activity was significantly increased (P < 0·05). One day after inducing peritonitis tPA antigen was significantly increased (P < 0·001), while tPA activity was significantly reduced (P < 0·05). Three and seven days after colonic surgery in rats with peritonitis tPA activity was increased (P < 0·001) while tPA antigen had returned to baseline values. Neither of the hyaluronan-based agents affected peritoneal tPA antigen levels or activity after colonic surgery.

Conclusion

Both abdominal surgery and infection caused an early increase in peritoneal tPA antigen levels, followed by an increase in tPA activity. Peritonitis severely depressed early tPA activity. Application of hyaluronan-based agents did not affect the peritoneal fibrinolytic response to surgery and/or infection.
Randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of emergency day surgery against standard inpatient treatment
Authors: Conaghan P J , Figueira E , Griffin M A S , Ingham Clark C L
Published: March 2003

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of treating patients with minor and intermediate general surgical emergency conditions as day cases.

Methods

Emergency referrals for minor and intermediate general surgical conditions were assessed by a surgeon. Those fitting day-case criteria and requiring operation under general anaesthesia were randomized to receive standard inpatient care or day surgery. Patients in the latter group were booked on to day-case lists or gaps on inpatient elective lists for surgery within 48 h. The process was coordinated by an experienced theatre sister.

Results

One hundred patients were randomized. There was a reduction in the number of nights spent in hospital in the day-case group (median 0 versus 2 nights; P < 0·001). The median time from diagnosis to treatment was 1 day in both groups, although there was a small but significant delay in the day-case group (P = 0·018). There was no significant difference in postoperative outcome or patient and general practitioner satisfaction. The day-case option had no increased impact on primary care services but was associated with a significant saving of about £150 per patient (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Certain general surgical emergencies may be managed as day cases with cost saving but without detriment to patient care.
Immunohistochemical localization of guinea‐pig leukotriene B4 12‐hydroxydehydrogenase/15‐ketoprostaglandin 13‐reductase
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiko , Yokomizo Takehiko , Nakao Akihide , Izumi Takashi , Shimizu Takao
Published: March 2003

We have cloned cDNA for leukotriene B4 12‐hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB4 12‐HD)/15‐ketoprostaglandin 13‐reductase (PGR) from guinea‐pig liver. LTB4 12‐HD catalyzes the conversion of LTB4 into 12‐keto‐LTB4 in the presence of NADP+, and plays an important role in inactivating LTB4. The cDNA contained an ORF of 987 bp that encodes a protein of 329 amino‐acid residues with a 78% identity with porcine LTB4 12‐HD. The amino acids in the putative NAD+/NADP+ binding domain are well conserved among the pig, guinea‐pig, human, rat, and rabbit enzymes. The guinea‐pig LTB4 12‐HD (gpLTB4 12‐HD) was expressed as a glutathione S‐transferase (GST) fusion protein in Escherichia coli, which exhibited similar enzyme activities to porcine LTB4 12‐HD. We examined the 15‐ketoprostaglandin 13‐reductase (PGR) activity of recombinant gpLTB4 12‐HD, and confirmed that the Kcat of the PGR activity is higher than that of LTB4 12‐HD activity by 200‐fold. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed that gpLTB4 12‐HD/PGR is widely expressed in guinea‐pig tissues such as liver, kidney, small intestine, spleen, and stomach. We carried out immunohistochemical analyses of this enzyme in various guinea‐pig tissues. Epithelial cells of calyx and collecting tubules in kidney, epithelial cells of airway, alveoli, epithelial cells in small intestine and stomach, and hepatocytes were found to express the enzyme. These findings will lead to the identification of the unrevealed roles of PGs and LTs in these tissues.