bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Id Al-Aḍḥā Atmosphere in Wilāyat Gharb Ifriqiyā
Authors: Cook David
Published: February 2019

(28 SEPTEMBER 2015)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: http://jihadology.net/2015/09/28/new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-id-al-a%E1%B8%8D%E1%B8%A5a-atmosphere-in-wilayat-gharb-ifriqiyyah/

With the lowered profile of Shekau following the swearing of allegiance to ISIS, there was a heightened profile for Boko Haram’s spirituality. This video is part of that pattern.1

Allah is great, by the multitude of pilgrims who embarked on the pilgrimage in Mecca. Allah is great, by the multitude of pilgrims who circumnavigated around “the Ancient House” (...
Message to the World
Authors: Shekau Abubakar
Published: February 2019

(3 AUGUST 2016)

[Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim]

Available at: http://jihadology.net/2016/08/03/new-audio-message-from-abu-bakr-al-shekau-message-to-the-world/

In al-Naba newsletter no. 41 (of ISIS), Abu Mus’ab al-Barnawi, who had previously appeared in text 53 as the spokesman for JASDJ, was interviewed as the new governor of ISWAP.1
In the interview, al-Barnawi discussed...
Introduction
Authors: Chajes Julie
Published: February 2019

The Introduction begins with a short discussion of reincarnation belief in the contemporary world among those who have no particular affiliation with religions that traditionally teach the doctrine. Highlighting some of the typical characteristics of such belief, such as the notion of ‘spiritual evolution’, it poses the question of why reincarnation has become popular in this particular form. The influence of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky is an important part of the answer. After outlining the main points of Blavatsky’s reincarnation doctrine, the Introduction discusses Blavatsky’s colourful personality and the writing of her enormous literary oeuvre. Her interpretations of Kabbalah and Egyptology found their way into her discussions of rebirth, but as these will not be discussed in detail in the book, they are mentioned here briefly. A chapter outline concludes the Introduction.
Isis Unveiled and Metempsychosis
Authors: Chajes Julie
Published: February 2019

Chapter 2 argues that despite scholarly protestations to the contrary, it is possible to elucidate Blavatsky’s position on rebirth in Isis Unveiled. On the basis of a systematic examination of her first major work alongside contemporaneous letters, the chapter shows that during this early period, she taught a doctrine she termed ‘metempsychosis’ that she coupled with the teaching that ‘reincarnation’ (understood in a very specific and limited sense) was occasionally possible, but only in exceptional circumstances. The chapter explains Blavatsky’s early doctrines of metempsychosis and occasional reincarnation in detail. It concludes with a consideration of other occasional forms of rebirth Blavatsky described, such as the creation of ‘terrestrial larvae’ and the ‘transfer of a spiritual entity’.
Spiritualism
Authors: Chajes Julie
Published: February 2019

Through reference to books and Spiritualist periodicals, chapter 4 situates Blavatsky’s early theory of metempsychosis in relation to anti-reincarnationist currents in Anglo-American Spiritualism. It also explores Blavatsky’s debt to and tension with the French Spiritism of Allan Kardec (1804–1869), arguing that her rebirth theories must be understood in light of her simultaneous reception and rejection of certain specific elements present in Anglo-American Spiritualism as well as French Spiritism. It considers the similarities and differences between Blavatsky’s ideas on rebirth and those of Kardec, the American medium Cora Scott Tappan (1840–1923), the British medium Emma Hardinge Britten (1823–1899), the American magician Paschal Beverly Randolph (1825–1875), and the occult society the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor.
Science
Authors: Chajes Julie
Published: February 2019

Chapter 6 considers how Blavatsky constructed science as a category and situates this construal within a world in which the boundaries of ‘legitimate’ science were more contested than they are today. The chapter demonstrates that Blavatsky’s conceptualisations of rebirth owe a considerable debt to the scientific theories under discussion at her time of writing. It explores her debt to the controversial physicists Balfour Stewart (1828–1887) and Peter Guthrie Tait (1831–1909), her hostility towards the popular materialist monism of Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), her hatred of Darwinism, and her preference for theories of evolution influenced by German Romanticism, such as the theories of orthogenesis proposed by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891), Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), and Darwin’s nemesis, Richard Owen (1804–1892).
Hindu and Buddhist Thought
Authors: Chajes Julie
Published: February 2019

Chapter 7 describes Blavatsky’s activities in India and Ceylon. The chapter argues that it is reasonable to assume Indian influences contributed, at least in part, to Blavatsky’s eventual acceptance of reincarnation. It shows that Blavatsky framed her later ideas in Vedantic terms provided by notable early Indian Theosophists such as Mohini M. Chatterji (1858–1936) and Tallapragada Subba Row (1856–1890). These came together with other influences in a modernising depiction of Theosophy as the esoteric essence of Hinduism and Buddhism that was offered as an alternative to Ernst Haeckel’s materialist monism. The chapter reveals Blavatsky’s reincarnationism as involving an entanglement of Western philosophies with the interpretations of Vedanta of Western-educated Hindu elites alongside academic Orientalism.
Fielding: A Lifeworld of Books
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: February 2019

This chapter investigates how Sarah Fielding develops the kind of writing that leads readers to engage with the novel in a mode of reading that is both immersed and reflective. It traces this project through Fielding’s comments on novel reading in her critical writings, her translation of Xenophon’s Memoirs of Socrates, and her own experimental metafiction in the 1750s (also in collaboration with Jane Collier). Fielding, it is shown, brings novel reading and its immersive qualities into conversation with the debates between the ancients and the moderns and the transhistorical perspectives arising from the mock-heroic mode. Also the theatre, and in particular Fielding’s engagement with Shakespeare, is shown to contribute to her bid to create the kind of novel that can both immerse readers and make them think.
Conclusion
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: February 2019

The conclusion shows that several of the embodied aspects of writing fiction discussed for the eighteenth-century novel can be traced into the nineteenth century through an example from Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. It is shown that, like the earlier authors in the case studies in this book, Dickens features shifting embodied stances and involves elements of the media ecology of his day rather than deploying the concrete particulars that “formal realism” considers central to the novel. Links to larger arguments about the role of the novel in literary history are then drawn in contrast with accounts, based on Adorno/Habermas and Benjamin, that argue that eighteenth-century fiction becomes rationalised and disembodied with the novel and its culture industry. Rather than impoverishing experience, it is argued that the novel as a lifeworld technology depends profoundly on readers’ embodied engagements and that 4E cognition is a critical perspective that affords such an alternative take.
Megaregions and Coevolution in World Politics
Authors: Bianchi Robert R.
Published: February 2019

The rise of the New Silk Road is generating fierce debates over the emergence of new megaregions and their role in reshaping world politics. Chinese writers are avid consumers of and contributors to these discussions both at home and internationally. China’s growing interest in megaregional integration accompanied a sharp turn in foreign policy—from a defensive posture that feared provoking war with the United States toward a bold campaign to assert global leadership, economically and diplomatically. Gradually, Chinese leaders are beginning to realize that all of the emerging megaregions are developing lives of their own that cannot be directed by a hierarchical network centered in Beijing. This realization is forcing China’s policymakers to reconsider their traditional assumption that sovereignty belongs only to formal governments and the elites that control them rather than to the all of the citizens who comprise the national communities.
Turkey
Authors: Bianchi Robert R.
Published: February 2019

In building the New Silk Road, China is looking for partners, not rivals. But, in the case of Turkey, it has found both. After the fall of the Soviet Union, China and Turkey sparred for influence in Central Asia before Ankara decided to focus on Caspian Sea countries closer to home. During the reign of Recep Tayyip Erdoǧan, Turkey and China have traded accusations over recurrent violence in Xinjiang. In spite of these clashes, Turkey has moved closer to China’s overtures because both countries are eager to counterbalance what they view as mounting hostility from the United States and the European Union. Erdoǧan claims to welcome membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, hoping to dampen Western criticism of his antidemocratic behavior at home. But Chinese leaders are skeptical of allying with Erdoǧan because his domestic support is shrinking precisely when he is trying to grab dictatorial powers.
The Bitter and the Sweet
Authors: Bianchi Robert R.
Published: February 2019

The New Silk Road is filled with contradictions that diminish its idealistic allure because they undercut the core values its proponents claim to represent, particularly universalism, justice, and knowledge. If leaders around the world—and not merely in China—hope to rescue that allure, they will have to join in fashioning more humane political relations with the same energy they devote to pursuing breakthroughs in technology, commerce, and warfare. Proponents of globalization must confront feelings of exclusion among communities that the New Silk Road bypasses. They need to reduce the inherent inequalities that pervade exchanges between Western and non-Western civilizations. In addition, they have to counter the nationalistic and parochial tendencies that dominate the study of international politics. China and the United States can share a leading role in reforming global governance, but this will require both superpowers to cooperate more closely with a growing number of rising Muslim nations.
Contentious Rituals
Authors: Blake Jonathan S.
Published: February 2019

Why do people participate in controversial symbolic events that drive wedges between groups and occasionally spark violence? This book examines this question through an in-depth case study of Northern Ireland. Protestant organizations perform over 2,500 parades across Northern Ireland each year. Protestants tend to see the parades as festive occasions that celebrate Protestant history and culture. Catholics, however, tend to see them as hateful, intimidating, and triumphalist. As a result, parades have been a major source of conflict in the years since the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement. This book examines why, given the often negative consequences, people choose to participate in these parades. Drawing on theories from the study of contentious politics and the study of ritual, the book argues that paraders are more interested in the benefits intrinsic to participation in a communal ritual than the external consequences of their action. The book presents analysis of original quantitative and qualitative data to support this argument and to test it against prominent alternative explanations. Interview, survey, and ethnographic data are also used to explore issues central to parade participation, including identity expression, commemoration, tradition, the pleasures of participation, and communicating a message to outside audiences. The book additionally examines a paradox at the center of parading: while most observers see parades as political events, the participants do not. Altogether, the book offers a new perspective on politics and culture in the aftermath of ethnic violence.
Identity on Parade in Northern Ireland
Authors: Blake Jonathan S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter introduces the history and political context of loyalist parades in Northern Ireland. It traces how parades have changed over the past two centuries in response to shifting political conditions. The chapter then shows how parades influence and are influenced by politics in the post–Good Friday/Belfast Agreement era. In the discussion of contemporary parading, the chapter presents data on the number of parades, paraders, and spectators, which demonstrate the prominence of the movement in Protestant society. It also describes the major parading organizations, including the Orange Order, the other loyal orders, and marching bands, and explains the main sources of disputes between Protestants and Catholics over parades.
Parading Mainly for Fun and Process
Authors: Blake Jonathan S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the main reasons people participate in loyalist parades in Northern Ireland: identity expression, tradition, the pleasures of participation, and communication. It argues that the first three of these reasons are process-oriented and intrinsic to participation itself, while the fourth reason is outcome-oriented and instrumental. The chapter demonstrates that the intrinsic and instrumental reasons coexist and can sometimes seem to overlap, but that participants discuss intrinsic reasons more often and with more passion. Using evidence from interviews, a survey, and ethnographic observation, this chapter explores how participants use parades to express their collective identities; connect with the past via tradition; receive emotional rewards, especially pride; and send messages of unity to the Protestant in-group and opposition to the Catholic out-group. While the three process-oriented reasons are nearly ubiquitous, the instrumental reason (sending a message) is less commonly articulated.
Culture, Politics, and the Paradox of Anti-Politics
Authors: Blake Jonathan S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores a paradox at the heart of Protestant discourse about loyalist parades in Northern Ireland: the claim that parades are anti-political. Most outside observers understand parades to be highly political because they make political claims and have significant political consequences. But the people who participate in the parades say they have nothing to do with politics. Using interview data, this chapter first describes the paradox. It shows that for participants, parades are cultural events, not political—categories they see as mutually exclusive. Next, it argues that the paradox of anti-politics does two things for paraders: it helps preserve their positive self-image and it provides a rhetorical tool for dismissing criticism of parades. It then explains how the ritual characteristics of parades help maintain the paradox and discusses other mechanisms for creating a politics of anti-politics.
Introduction
Authors: Blake Jonathan S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter establishes the main questions to be addressed in the book and situates Northern Ireland’s parades in debates about contentious politics and ethnic conflict. It argues that prevailing theories do not fully explain participation in loyalist parades because they miss a crucial element of the parades themselves: they are rituals. The chapter presents the analytic advantages of viewing parades as rituals and introduces a central concept in the book: contentious rituals. Contentious rituals are repeated, symbolic actions that make contested claims and that are actively challenged by others in society. It then reviews the book’s data and methods and foreshadows the results of the analysis. Finally, the chapter summarizes the remaining chapters.
The Rise and Decline of Arab Statehood, 1919 to 2011
Authors: Ahram Ariel I.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 1 details how Arab states came of age in the midst of a global transformation in notions of sovereignty, self-determination, and statehood following World War I. The coupling of Wilsonian liberal norms with changes in the global balance of power afforded some local actors pronounced advantages in attaining and building statehood. New states, including Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Iraq, owe their independence to this change. For others, though, the new rules of the international system obstructed the pursuit of sovereignty. Kurds in Syria and Iraq, Christian communities, and others tried and failed to gain statehood. Struggles in the Arab world, accordingly, became more about vertical or centripetal tendencies and less about separatism.
Conclusion
Authors: Ahram Ariel I.
Published: February 2019

The conclusion takes a step back to examine the ultimate ends of separatist conflicts and efforts to break international borders. They struggle to realize the revolutionary potential of the Wilsonian moment in the Arab world remains unfulfilled. Separatists have tried, in various ways, to earn sovereignty. But it is up to the international community to form a new consensus about sovereignty, statehood, and the rights of peoples to self-determination. Without such a consensus, the states in the Arab world are likely to crumble, leaving an even more chaotic outcome than the prospects of allowing separatists to adjust borders and build new states. New political forms centered on tribes, clans, religious communities, and business networks, though, may emerge that offer a different kind of stability.
Catholic Bishops in the United States
Authors: Fichter Stephen J. , Gaunt Thomas P. , Hoegeman Catherine , Perl Paul M.
Published: February 2019

During the past 30 years the Catholic bishops of the United States have captured the national headlines with their statements on nuclear disarmament and economic justice, their struggles to address sexual abuse by clergy, their concerns about abortion and religious freedom, and their defense of refugees and immigrants. The nearly 200 bishops leading local dioceses, though, are a varied mix of Church leaders. In 2016 all of the bishops were surveyed with an eye to better understanding who are the bishops as individuals (their background, education, and experiences), what are their day-to-day activities, their challenges and satisfactions as Church leaders, how they manage their dioceses, and how they speak out on public issues. The data are enriched by frequent quotes and anecdotes from the interviewed bishops. During the past 25 years the Church has gone from Pope John Paul II to Benedict XVI to Pope Francis, and the Catholic Church in the United States, along with its bishops, are dramatically different. The bishops of the United States have had their leadership tested by the sex abuse scandals, the movement of Catholics from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West, and the arrival of more Catholic immigrants than they have seen in a century along with the ongoing decline in the number of priests and sisters serving the Catholic community. This book provides a unique and comprehensive view of who the bishops are, where they are from, and how they are leading the Church in the United States in the era of Pope Francis.
The Nonviolent Struggle for Indian Freedom, 1905-19
Authors: Hardiman David
Published: February 2019

Much of the recent surge in writing about the practice of nonviolent forms of resistance has focused on movements that occurred after the end of the Second World War, many of which have been extremely successful. Although the fact that such a method of civil resistance was developed in its modern form by Indians is acknowledged in this writing, there has not until now been an authoritative history of the role of Indians in the evolution of the phenomenon.The book argues that while nonviolence is associated above all with the towering figure of Mahatma Gandhi, 'passive resistance' was already being practiced as a form of civil protest by nationalists in British-ruled India, though there was no principled commitment to nonviolence as such. The emphasis was on efficacy, rather than the ethics of such protest. It was Gandhi, first in South Africa and then in India, who evolved a technique that he called 'satyagraha'. He envisaged this as primarily a moral stance, though it had a highly practical impact. From 1915 onwards, he sought to root his practice in terms of the concept of ahimsa, a Sanskrit term that he translated as ‘nonviolence’. His endeavors saw 'nonviolence' forged as both a new word in the English language, and as a new political concept. This book conveys in vivid detail exactly what such nonviolence entailed, and the formidable difficulties that the pioneers of such resistance encountered in the years 1905-19.
Cuba
Authors: Rudel Thomas K.
Published: February 2019

Cuba became the pre-eminent producer of sugarcane during the early twentieth century through the development of input-intensive, industrial sugarcane plantations. Pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary plantations became extraordinarily reliant on imported inputs like chemical fertilizers to support high levels of production. Favorable trade deals with Soviet bloc countries assured Cubans of a market for their high-priced sugarcane. With the collapse of the Soviet bloc in the early 1990s, this market disappeared, and Cuba no longer had the foreign exchange it needed to purchase foodstuffs for Cuban citizens and chemical fertilizers for sugarcane plantations. Cuban citizens responded to the dearth of food through repeasantization. People began cultivating gardens in cities, and the state began to encourage the creation of small farms. Agro-ecological farming became the favored method of agricultural production because it did not require expensive, imported chemical inputs.
Radical Environmental Reforms in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Rudel Thomas K.
Published: February 2019

Comparative historical analyses of the four instances of national-scale reform and the incipient global-scale reform underline several patterns. Both focusing and leveling events played important roles in mobilizing reform-minded encompassing coalitions that pushed through the radical reforms. These events seemed especially effective if they underlined the caged nature of people harmed by the events. Caged people seem easier for states and activists to mobilize, and the reforms themselves further cage people. Two important caveats temper these conclusions. First, the reforms did not occur as part of a wave of environmental reforms, as occurred in the early 1970s. Second, the private sector, corporations in particular, did not play significant roles in these processes of reform.
China’s ‘War on Terrorism’
Authors: Clarke Michael
Published: February 2019

China’s dilemmas with respect to Uyghur terrorism are increasingly transnational in nature, defined by the interpenetration of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ security issues and threats. The chapter argues that this ‘internal-external’ security nexus has conditioned government responses to the threat of Uyghur terrorism in important ways in the context of its domestic governance of Xinjiang and its foreign policy. Domestically, the growing trans-nationalization of Uyghur militancy since the end of the Cold War has contributed to the effective securitization of Uyghur ethnic identity and been a spur to the development of new legislative and institutional measures to counter Uyghur terrorism. Internationally, Beijing has since the mid-1990s deployed the issue of Uyghur separatism and terrorism to, first, structure its relationship with independent Central Asia, and second, to legitimate the implementation of repression of Uyghur opposition in Xinjiang. The chapter concludes by noting that China’s responses to the threat of terrorism, while bearing individual and context-specific characteristics nonetheless displays some parallels with global trends with respect to counter-terrorism in the post-9/11 era.
‘Fighting the Enemy with Fists and Daggers’
Authors: Famularo Julia
Published: February 2019

China’s counterterrorism policy in Xinjiang represents an evolving, complex, and controversial approach to managing ethno-religious tensions. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) General Secretary Xi Jinping is using a spectrum of tactics to combat the ‘three evil forces’ of ethnic separatism, religious extremism, and violent terrorism, ranging from heavy police actions against violent elements to inducements for minorities to enjoy the purported fruits of CCP rule and assimilate into Chinese society. This chapter examines three core aspects of the Xi administration’s counterterrorism policy in Xinjiang: the influence of ideological imperatives in shaping counter-terrorism policy; the “management” of religious affairs; and the use of militarized policing and surveillance.
Religion and Culture in Uganda
Authors: Hoekema David A.
Published: February 2019

In the past two centuries, relations among Protestant, Catholic, and Muslim communities in Uganda have been marked by competition and mistrust more than cooperation. The interfaith initiative of northern religious leadersv is a noteworthy exception. In this chapter the history of these communities is briefly reviewed, setting the background for the group’s formation. An important historical event that helped bring Catholics and Protestants together was the execution of 45 Christian pages to the Buganda king in 1886. Mention is also made of the far more prominent role that religion plays in public life in East Africa than in Europe and North America, and of the persistence of traditional beliefs and practices.
Migration for Mission
Authors: Johnson Mary , Wittberg Patricia , Gautier Mary , Do Thu
Published: February 2019

This book presents quantitative and qualitative data from the first-ever national study of international Catholic sisters in the United States, the Trinity Washington University/CARA Study. International sisters are defined as those born outside the United States and currently ministering, studying, or in residence in this country. The book begins with a chapter that locates current international sisters in the long line of sisters who have come to this country since the eighteenth century. The book identifies the sisters of today, describes the pathways they used to come here, their levels of satisfaction, their concerns and contributions, the issue of immigration status, the challenges of sister students, and the role and mission of Catholic organizations assisting immigrants in general, and international sisters in particular. The book ends with implications of the research and recommendations regarding resources, ministries, and structures of support for international sisters.
Introduction
Authors: Goedde Petra
Published: February 2019

The introduction lays out the main theme, argument, and structure of the book. It states that this study explores the emerging politics of peace, both as an ideal and as a pragmatic aspect of international relations during the early Cold War. By tracing the myriad ways in which a broad spectrum of people involved in and affected by the Cold War used, altered, and fought over this seemingly universal concept, it deconstructs the assumed binary between realist and idealist foreign policy approaches generally accepted among contemporary policymakers. It argues that a politics of peace emerged in the 1950s and ’60s as a result of the gradual convergence between idealism and realism. A transnational politics of peace succeeded only when idealist objectives met the needs of realist political ambition. It maps three dynamic arenas that together shaped the global discourse on peace: Cold War states, nongovernmental peace advocacy groups, and anticolonial liberationists. The gradual development of a politics of peace at the grassroots level paved the way for a more pragmatic politics of peace among political leaders. The politicization of peace thus both obstructed and advanced the cause of peace.
“If You Want Peace, Prepare for War”
Authors: Goedde Petra
Published: February 2019

The first chapter of The Politics of Peace provides an analysis of peace within the context of the diplomatic relationship between East and West. Between the late 1940s and early 1960s, both sides in the Cold War battle used the rhetoric of peace to advance their own domestic and international political agendas. By repeating the narrative of their failure to prevent World War II, US and Western European governments promoted a strategy of peace through strength and military preparedness. The United States in particular regarded peace advocates as a threat to national security and often accused them of being either communist agents or naïve idealists who had been duped into becoming puppets of international communism. While the Soviet Union and its allies followed a similar strategy of military preparedness, they linked the rhetoric of peace to internationalism, often institutionalizing peace activism within the bureaucratic machinery of the Communist Party.
Old and New Left Internationalism and the Search for World Peace
Authors: Goedde Petra
Published: February 2019

This chapter traces the trajectory of the political Left’s international peace agenda. It argues that differences over how to implement a politics of peace caused a rift between Old and New Leftists. Committed communists saw capitalism and imperialism as the root cause of war. Only the elimination of these twin evils and the triumph of international communism, they reasoned, could guarantee peace. Noncommunist leftists, and eventually the New Left, saw peace as a precondition for achieving all other political objectives of the Left, including ending poverty, promoting development in the Third World, equalizing economic opportunity, and ultimately producing a social-democratic world order that permitted the free and open exchange of ideas.
War on Peace
Authors: Goedde Petra
Published: February 2019

The emergence of decolonization and national liberation movements in the Global South in the 1950s and 1960s exposed the limits of pacifism and nonviolent movement strategies. In a strange twist that escaped most cold warriors, it was the Third World liberationists’ language of freedom and liberation that made some peace advocates question their adherence to nonviolence. Sympathetic to the demands for independence in Asia and Africa, they condemned the violence with which colonial regimes and ruling elites backed by former colonial powers maintained control over indigenous populations. The level of violence from above called into question the precept of nonviolence as the best and only acceptable strategy. Nonviolence and pacifism became increasingly marginalized in the antiwar discourse as the 1960s drew to a close, contributing to the radicalization and ultimate fragmentation of the protest movements.
The Politics of Peace
Authors: Goedde Petra
Published: February 2019

The last chapter examines the migration of a politics of peace from the margins to the centers of political power. As leading antinuclear and peace advocates became increasingly marginalized by the student and antiwar movements, their efforts were beginning to bear fruit in the arena of international politics. They were helped by a popular groundswell of sentiment that saw the arms race and the political ideology of nuclear deterrence as increasingly absurd. Absurdist writers, filmmakers, and philosophers of the 1950s and 1960s creatively underscored the absurdist nature of Cold War politics through works such as Joseph Heller’s Catch-22, Stanley Kubrick’s science fiction film Dr. Strangelove, and the fictional secret government Report from Iron Mountain. Together, they helped pave the way for political leaders, including Nixon in the United States, and Willy Brandt in West Germany, to develop a more pragmatic politics of peace.
General Relations between Fields and Sources
Authors: Freeman Richard , King James , Lafyatis Gregory
Published: February 2019

The general relationship of changes in source current, charge and/or position and the fields that they produce are examined in the context of the development of equations that are known as “Jefimenko’s Equations.” These expressions give the fields at a point removed from the source in terms of the charge and current distributions evaluated at the “retarded time.” In this development, the finite speed of light is shown to connect the time rate of change in source conditions to the spatial variations of the potential at the field point. Using a graphical argument, the transverse nature of radiation fields is demonstrated based on electric field lines as envisioned by Faraday.
Fields in Terms of the Multipole Moments of the Source
Authors: Freeman Richard , King James , Lafyatis Gregory
Published: February 2019

Many if not most evaluations of electric and magnetic fields arising from source configurations are performed using multipole moments of the source distribution. As an example, Jefimenko’s equations are evaluated in the radiation zone by expansion of the charge and current distributions in their lowest order moments. The important moments, electric and magnetic dipole, and the electric quadrupole are examined in detail. The electric and magnetic fields for all regions of space relative to the source location (near, intermediate, and radiation) are evaluated using the multipole expansion of the vector potential in terms of these moments. Finally, the power radiated by the multipole moments of the source is presented.
Introduction to Special Relativity
Authors: Freeman Richard , King James , Lafyatis Gregory
Published: February 2019

The history of experiments and the development of the concepts of special relativity is presented with an emphasis on Einstein’s postulates of relativity and the relativity of simultaneity. The development of the Lorentz transformations follows Einstein’s work in enunciating the principles of covariance among inertial frames. The mathematics of the geometry of space-time is presented using Miniowski’s space-time diagrams. In developing Einstein’s argument for the reality of special relativity consequences, two examples of apparent paradoxes with their resolution are given: the twin and connected rocket problems. The mathematics of 4-vectors is developed with explicit presentation of the 4-vector gradient, 4-vector velocity, 4-vector momentum, 4-vector force, 4-wavevector, 4-current density, and 4-potential. This section sums up with the manifest covariance of Maxwell’s equations, and the presentation of the electromagnetic field and Einstein stress-energy tensor. Finally, simple examples of electromagnetic field transformation are given: static electric and magnetic fields parallel and transverse to the velocity relating two inertial frames; and the transformation of fields from a charge moving at relativistic velocities.
Models of Electromagnetic Response of Materials
Authors: Freeman Richard , King James , Lafyatis Gregory
Published: February 2019

Physical models that relate the generalized complex permittivity and complex conductivity to the electronic structure of matter are introduced. The classical models of Drude and Lorentz give expressions for the complex index of refraction in a dielectric, while Drude models a metal as a plasma. Reflection and transmission properties of interfaces are expressed in terms of the complex index of refraction. Special consideration is given to the behavior of light propagation in the frequency vicinity of an atomic resonance of the material. Finally, measurement techniques are presented that are applicable to the determination of the parameters of a Lorentz/Drude representation of electromagnetic transmission in matter.
Conclusion
Authors: Aveyard Stuart , Corthorn Paul , O’Connell Sean
Published: February 2019

The long-term perspective taken by The Politics of Consumer Credit in the UK affords fresh evidence on a number of significant historical debates. It indicates that Britain’s departure from pathways followed in other European consumer credit markets was not simply a by-product of neo-liberalism’s influence on late-twentieth-century governments. It has also allowed us to offer important contributions on questions such as the impact of political ideologies over policymaking, the validity of a right–left framework for analysing politics, the extent to which a post-war consensus existed (and was broken after 1979), and the question of how adept British political parties were in exploiting the emergence of a more affluent electorate....
Introduction
Authors: Hosey Geoff , Melfi Vicky
Published: February 2019

Many animals’ lives, both in the wild and in captivity, are now greatly influenced by human activities. As a result there are many opportunities for human–animal interactions (HAIs), leading to the establishment of human–animal relationships (HARs). In some cases these can result in strong emotional attachments, human–animal bonds (HABs). The study of these constitutes the subject of Anthrozoology. In this chapter we attempt to define these terms in a way that is applicable across all of the different contexts in which humans and animals come into contact. These relationships can have far-reaching consequences, not only for the individual animals and people involved in the interactions, but also for animal populations and human society more generally, so there are many reasons why we should care and be concerned with them. This chapter introduces some of these areas of concern and their relevance to the different contexts, which are explored in subsequent chapters.
Agricultural animals
Authors: Waiblinger Susanne
Published: February 2019

Farm animals have had a crucial role in human development and have been of high importance until now in many diverse farming systems. For the future, animal production poses substantial opportunities as well as risks, regarding both food security of the growing human population, as well as climate effects, depending largely on the farming system. Human–animal interactions inevitably occur throughout the lives of farm animals. However, the frequency and types of interactions are extremely variable, both between and within husbandry systems. This chapter reviews the variation in interactions and relationships, the causes for these differences and the implications for animal and human welfare. It shows evidence not only for the direct effects of the stockpersons’ relationship towards the animals in interactions and thus animal welfare, but also for the indirect effects via decision making. Lastly, societal implications and future research areas are discussed.
Human–animal interactions in the research environment
Authors: Coleman Kristine , Heagerty Allison
Published: February 2019

Animal care in biomedical facilities has undergone major changes in the past few decades, including having dedicated and highly trained caretakers to oversee the physiological and psychological well-being of the animals in their charge. An important outcome of this high quality animal care is the close relationship that can develop between the caretaker and the animal. Once discouraged and considered a potential threat to scientific objectivity, such positive interactions are now encouraged by many facilities. This chapter summarises the current use of animals in scientific research, and the types of human–animal interactions that are typically found in the research environment. It then examines effects of such interactions and relationships on both the animal and the caretaker. Lastly, suggestions for facilitating positive interactions while reducing the potential costs, as well as directions for future research are provided.
Zoo animals
Authors: Ward Samantha , Sherwen Sally
Published: February 2019

With the number of zoos increasing worldwide, there are now growing opportunities for human–animal interactions (HAIs) in zoos. HAIs occur throughout the day, every day, with variations in their duration, quality and dyadic components (familiar or unfamiliar humans). Research has shown that HAIs can affect the development of positive, negative and neutral human–animal relationships (HARs), which in turn can have short- and long-term implications on the animals’ behaviour, physiology and welfare. For example, positive HAIs can lead to positive HARs between specific keeper–animal dyads, and in some cases can lead to positive association of visitors. This area of research is still in its infancy yet deemed to be one of the most influential aspects of zoo animal welfare science. This chapter highlights current trends in HAR research and areas for future developments for both familiar and unfamiliar humans and the animals that they encounter in various contexts.
Aquatic Macroinvertebrates
Authors: Marchant Richard , Yule Catherine M.
Published: February 2019

Sampling of aquatic macroinvertebrates requires techniques that are efficient and representative. Stratification of sampling units is a practical way of ensuring representative coverage of the habitat. However, efficiency of sampling devices used in the field and techniques for extraction of specimens from samples has rarely been assessed. Commonly used qualitative and quantitative samplers are described as well as the situations in which a particular device is most likely to be useful. The efficiency of these devices can be estimated using a technique known as removal sampling, whose underlying statistical theory is well understood. The laboratory examination of samples is straightforward but tedious. Flotation of specimens from inorganic material and subsampling are two methods of speeding up laboratory processing. Small cryptic species or small instars are easily obscured by detritus when picking specimens from samples under low magnification. By scanning samples twice the efficiency of extraction of specimens can be estimated.
Prolegomena
Authors: Briggman Anthony
Published: February 2019

Irenaeus has been characterized as incapable of sound reasoning, not a good thinker, naïve, and unable to construct a sophisticated theology. He was said to have little to no interest in philosophical reasoning and to strictly oppose theological speculation. Each of these narratives opposes the study of Irenaeus’ understanding of God and its bearing on the divine economy. This chapter consists of three essays that challenge these narratives, thereby establishing an understanding of Irenaeus and his theological method that sustains the chapters that follow. The first essay challenges the narrative that Irenaeus was unintelligent or incompetent by demonstrating his knowledge of literary and rhetorical theory and, thus, arguing he enjoyed a thorough rhetorical education. The second argues that he is not strictly opposed to theological speculation. The third shows that he recognizes a natural knowledge of God which, in turn, establishes a basis for the theological appropriation of philosophical insights.
God
Authors: Briggman Anthony
Published: February 2019

Chapter 2 examines Irenaeus’ understanding of the divine being, his theology proper. Since the propositions fundamental to Irenaeus’ doctrine of God bear upon his understanding of the Word-Son and the work of Christ, this chapter also prepares for the chapters to come. To be specific, this chapter examines the two propositions upon which Irenaeus founds his conception of the divine being: God is infinite and God is simple. Both propositions have philosophical roots. Moreover, they sustain several corollaries that further define the divine being: transcendence, incomprehensibility, immanence, immateriality, and atemporality. Once these propositions and their corollaries are addressed, this chapter discusses Irenaeus’ identification of God as Spirit, an identification which has a biblical basis as well as a philosophical one. It concludes by considering the implications of Irenaeus’ theology proper for understanding his thought more generally, as well as particular implications for the remaining chapters of this study.
Christological Union
Authors: Briggman Anthony
Published: February 2019

The aim of Chapter 4 is to explain how Irenaeus conceives of the union between the divine Word-Son and humanity in the person of Jesus Christ, thereby preparing the way for a study of the work of Christ in Chapter 5. To that end, this chapter contends that Irenaeus uses Stoic mixture theory to conceptualize the Christological union, including the relationship between the human and divine in the experiences and activities of Christ. This chapter demonstrates that Irenaeus used Stoic mixture theory to explain the interaction of the soul and body in human beings, the salvific joining of human beings to the Word of God, and the union of and interaction between the divine and human in Jesus. It concludes by highlighting the connection Irenaeus draws between the person of Christ and the mixed cup of the Eucharist.
IP/IPR and Economic Agency
Authors: Townley Barbara , Roscoe Philip , Searle Nicola
Published: February 2019

The chapter considers the construction of economic agency among creative producers in the creative industries. It argues that a form of economic agency, homo oeconomicus, is facilitated by engagement with IP/IPR. This involves understanding work as a means of securing money, as opposed to an obligation ‘to one’s art’; a specific attitude to time, in terms of a relationship to the present and also a control over the future; and action underpinned with knowledge of economic and technical issues, rather than being guided solely by the social milieu and group of one’s fellow creatives and collective cultural habits. IP/IPR introduces a temporal dimension central to economic calculation, and helps agents to distinguish tradable assets while disentangling themselves from them. Chapter 3 also picks up the ambivalences of business and creativity among ‘cultural entrepreneurs’, discussing self-employment and precarity in the creative economy.
Nobody Knows
Authors: Townley Barbara , Roscoe Philip , Searle Nicola
Published: February 2019

Creative industries are beset by a problem: nobody knows how work will be received. The chapter examines how creative producers manage the pervasive uncertainty of creative work. In classical theories of enterprise, uncertainty is the source of opportunity and therefore profits, with the entrepreneur the market agent willing to organize that uncertainty in pursuit of return. We show that risk and uncertainty in the creative economy are managed through the same processes of symbolic production as give rise to creative goods and creative agency, mediated by the IP/IPR nexus; as creative products solidify into market goods so the uncertainties are transformed—at least in part—into risks, and the management of uncertainty through the social relations of the field develops into the legalistic protection of IP rights and contracts.
Realizing Value
Authors: Townley Barbara , Roscoe Philip , Searle Nicola
Published: February 2019

The chapter turns to the realization of revenues in the creative economy, illustrating how the economic value of intellectual property becomes identified and registered. Strategies include work for hire, direct sale, and licensing, often relying on market intermediaries and collecting societies. We illustrate how arriving at prices for singular products in an exchange can be difficult, either because of a lack of ‘equivalence’ or because creative producers must learn what needs to be taken into consideration. We also examine practices of valuation as producers try to maintain control of IPR through licensing agreements. We draw links between the structural forces identified earlier in the book, especially debates over creative labour and entrepreneurship in the creative industries—casualization, precarious labour, the oligopoly of corporations—and the quotidian activities of creative producers as they seek to realize substantial enough returns to allow them to continue in the business of creative work.