bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose and Carbomer In Diltiazem Hydrochloride Mucoadhesive Buccal Film
Authors: Winarti Lina , Laksono Bagus Tri , Sari Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumala
Published: February 2021

Diltiazem hydrochloride (HCl) is a category of calcium channel blocker used as an antihypertensive agent. Diltiazem HCl is a low bioavailable drug due to high first-pass metabolism and a short half-life (3-5 hours); hence mucoadhesive buccal film was made to overcome this weakness. Bioavailability of Diltiazem HCl increase if the buccal preparations can contact the mucosa for a sufficient time. Therefore, in this study, two polymers are combined to obtain good film characteristics, especially residence time and mucoadhesive strength. This study was aimed to optimize Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and Carbomer's amount in Diltiazem HCl mucoadhesive buccal film. The formulas were prepared by the solvent casting method and optimized with design expert software. The release kinetics and mechanism were evaluated using DDSolver program. The optimum amount of polymer obtained from optimization was 40 mg of HPMC and 10 mg of Carbomer. The optimum formula's swelling index was 4.18. The mucoadhesive strength was 53.07 gF, and the mucoadhesive residence time was 529.33 min. The FTIR spectra showed there was no interaction between Diltiazem HCl and other excipients. Thus it did not disturb the therapeutic effect. Based on the DDSolver statistical parameters and curve-fitting, the dissolution model of Diltiazem HCl from buccal mucoadhesive film follows Korsmeyer-Peppas. The release exponent (n) is 0.55, which shows a non-fickian/anomalous diffusion release mechanism. These mechanisms represent drug release controlled by a combination of diffusion and erosion.
Refocusing Urban Planning to the Realities of Informal Trade in Sub-Saharan African Cities: The Case of Kisumu City, Kenya
Authors: Alando Walter , Wagah George G. , Nystrom Maria
Published: February 2021

Recent policy pronouncements in many sub-Saharan African cities strive to accommodate informal trade within city planning realms. Growing appreciation of the potentials of the sector to ease unemployment situation partly informs this effort. However, given inadequate institutional framework, it remains unclear how planning can reconcile this new initiative to resolve “disorderly” spatial patterns that result from informal trade. The paper explores the possibility of utilizing the concept of multifunctional space design in the context of Kisumu City, Kenya to bridge this knowledge gap. Data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews was analysed to characterise the sector, account for its location problem, and understand its potentials for collaborative space production. The study found out that informal trade is more diverse than presently understood. Its location problem is mainly attributable to diminishing space for location. Inadequate planning regime, which sometimes restricts potentials for vertical expansion aggravates this problem. Lastly, the sector has well-organised leadership that steers its innovative use of available spaces to accommodate its diversity. The paper concludes that informal trade does not necessarily present a lack of order. Proactively embracing the sector can thus inspire the production of functional spaces that accommodate its interests and the city’s. We recommend that all forms of informal trade be documented to understand their contribution to the city’s development. Further, the city authority should provide spaces for informal trade to realise its potential in development. Accordingly, planning should build on the structures and innovation of informal traders to co-produce spaces that accommodate multiple users.
THERAPEUTIC DOSAGE RANGES AND CHRONIC ADVERSE EFFECTS OF TACROLIMUS IN THAI KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
Authors: BOONSOM SUTHIDA , VANNAPRASAHT SUDA , PREECHAGOON YUPAPORN
Published: February 2021

Objective: This study proposed to study the therapeutic dosage ranges and to determine the prevalence of and the risk factors for the adverse effectsof Thai tacrolimus-based therapy kidney transplant patients.Methods: The fifty-nine kidney transplant patients who had kidney transplantation between January 2016 and May 2018 and were non-diabetic,non-hypertension, and normal kidney parameters before kidney transplantation were enrolled and followed up for 6 months. Data on graft rejectionepisodes and three significant adverse effects of tacrolimus, nephrotoxicity, hypertension (HTN), and post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) ateach time point were recorded and analyzed.Results: The range and mean (±standard deviation) of tacrolimus troughs level for the 204 points were 3.9–10.2 ng/ml and 6.4±1.8 ng/ml, respectively.About 73% of patients had HTN, 61% were on antihypertensive drugs, and 32% had PTDM. Seven patients (12%) proved to have allograft rejectionby kidney biopsy. Only four patients did not have any three adverse effects. Similarly, laboratory parameters (SCr, BUN, and blood pressure) wereidentical during each period. All patients received prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil as part of the comedication immunosuppressive regimen.Conclusion: There was no significant difference between tacrolimus chronic adverse effects and therapeutic tacrolimus trough concentrations in Thaikidney transplant patients. Further investigations concerning pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics will be needed to improve the efficacy andsafety of tacrolimus.
DEVELOPMENT OF SUNSCREEN PRODUCTS CONTAINING GREEN TEA LEAF EXTRACT
Authors: NURWAINI SETYO , ALIANTI LITA , SARI DHIAH AYU PERMATA , UTAMI WAHYU
Published: February 2021

Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine antioxidant activity of green tea leaf extract, the value of sun protection factor (SPF),physical properties, and stability of green tea cream.Methods: Green tea leaf extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol. Cream was prepared in three formulas with various concentrationof the green tea leaves extract. The physical evaluations included organoleptic, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spreadability, and stability tests weredone. The determination of the SPF value is calculated using the Mansur equation. Extract of green tea leaf has strong antioxidant activity(IC50 2.19 μg/ml).Results: The green tea leaf extract showed high antioxidant activity (2.19 μg/m). All formulas are organoleptically creamy brownish-green to brown,with a distinctive green tea odor and homogeneous. All formulas met the requirements of physical properties of cream. The creams showed significantchange while they were stored at 4°C and at 40±2°C, but showed no difference when they were stored ad 26°C. SPF values of cream are 0.54; 2.03,and 2.41, respectively.Conclusions: It is clearly indicated that the sunscreen cream of green tea leaf extract is potential to be further developed as cosmetic preparations.
DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITY INDICATORS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL CARE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN NIGERIAN COMMUNITY PHARMACIES: A DELPHI PANEL
Authors: NNEOMA OKPALANMA , OBINNA EKWUNIFE
Published: February 2021

Objective: This study aimed to develop quality indicators for assessing pharmaceutical care performance in the Nigerian community pharmacies.

Methods: We searched for existing quality indicators through an extensive literature review. The identified quality indicators consisted of thirty-four items in 10 core components. The Delphi method was used to arrive at a consensus on quality indicators for assessing pharmaceutical care performance in the Nigerian community pharmacies by surveying a panel of experts. There were 3 rounds of the Delphi panel conducted by consulting a panel of 10 experts in pharmaceutical care practice. A mean score>3.5, median>3.5, an absolute value between the median and mode<1.00 was used to establish consensus on the quality indicators for assessing pharmaceutical care performance in the Nigerian community pharmacies.

Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. A list of 33 quality indicators comprising of 10 core components emerged from the extensive literature review. They included quality management, documentation of care, communication with the patient, management of clinical risk in pharmacy, compounding, dispensing and patient care, follow-up of pharmacotherapy counselling, drug inventory and stocking, training of pharmaceutical staff. At the end of the round three votings, 24 statements of the quality indicator reached consensus in nine core components: quality management (5), continuity of care (1), communication with patients (3), clinical risk management (5), dispensing (1), follow-up of pharmacotherapy (3), counselling (1), logistics (3), training of pharmacy staff (2).

Conclusion: This study developed a set of 24 quality indicators for assessing pharmaceutical care performance in community pharmacies in Nigeria.
THE EFFECT OF HEALTH EDUCATION AS NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY ON PHYSICAL FITNESS, BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND BRAIN FUNCTION AMONG SENIOR CITIZEN IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF BALI, INDONESIA
Authors: ADIATMIKA I PUTU GEDE , TERASAWA KOJI , MARUO SUCHINDA JARUPAT , NAKADE KEISUKE , WATANABE TOSHIAKI , TERASAWA SAIKI , KOBAYASHI TOSHIE , ZHANG YONG , NAKAJIMA KOKI , SASAMORI FUMIHITO
Published: February 2021

Objective: The population of senior citizens has increased and needs more care for the quality of life. Health education is a non-pharmacological therapy to improve physical fitness, blood chemistry and brain function. This research was performed to evaluate the effect of health education on the physical fitness, blood chemistry and brain function of senior citizens in rural and urban Bali.

Methods: A total of 60 people aged 67.9±1.2 y were recruited from Tabanan, Indonesia, and 72 people aged 67.3±0.6 y were recruited from Denpasar, Indonesia. The health education program lasted 8 mo, used Japanese-style healthcare modified for the Balinese culture, and measured physical fitness, blood chemistry, and brain function before and after the educational period.

Results: The average number of steps in Tabanan was 4247.2±98.9, and those in Denpasar were 4336.1±102.4. The weight and waist circumference were not significantly different between the Tabanan and Denpasar samples. The physical fitness of senior citizens in Tabanan and Denpasar improved significantly. Blood chemistry in the Tabanan sample was not significantly different after the program. In Denpasar, High-Density Lipoprotein and Low-Density Lipoprotein significantly improved. Brain function was significantly improved after the program.

Conclusion: Health education using Japanese-style healthcare programs based on Balinese culture as non-pharmacological therapy has beneficial effects on physical fitness, blood chemistry and brain function in senior citizens in both urban and rural areas in Bali, Indonesia. It is suggested that senior citizens should continue our health education program to maintain their health.
ANALYSIS OF BIO-ACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE LEAVES AND STEM OF TRICHOSANTHES ROXB. USING GC-MS TECHNIQUE WITH RESPECT TO ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION
Authors: ARAVINDAKSHAN AGHIL SOORYA , THANGAVEL SEKAR
Published: February 2021

Objective: Structural elucidation studies on Trichosanthes lobata ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaf and stem parts through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique with respect to anti-inflammatory potential.

Methods: Extracts obtained with shade dried and powdered samples in successive solvent extraction using ethyl acetate and methanol by Soxhlet apparatus and subjected to GC-MS analysis and interpreted for its anti-inflammatory compounds.

Results: The study revealed that the extraction solvent used was able to recover compound of classes such as organic acid esters and conjugated alkaloids in larger quantities than other classes of compounds and they varied with leaf and stem and also with the polarity of solvents used. In total compounds identified, GC-MS profile of the Ethyl Acetate leaf extract of T. lobata contained 41 compounds, stem extract contained 45 compounds which have reported bioassays in PubChem. Whereas GC-MS profile of methanol leaf extract of T. lobata contained 66 compounds and stem extract contained 46 compounds having bioassay reports in PubChem. A large number of phytochemical peaks with good area percentage were found in methanolic extract. We were also able to find out potent anti-inflammatory compounds including Octanoic acid, Dodecanoic acid, Octadecane, Enoic acid, Hexanoic acid, Quinazolin-8-one, Ilicic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Oxaspiro, Benzeneacetic acid, etc. from the extracts.

Conclusion: T. lobata contains phytocompounds against inflammation which may serve as a new drug lead of natural products origin in future and make it employable in modern pharmacological practices.
OPTIMIZATION OF ALBENDAZOLE 400 MG TABLET COMPRESSION PROCESS USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DOE) APPROACH
Authors: SILVA LUCAS PEDROSA D. A. , BOLDO EMERSON MARIO
Published: February 2021

Objective: The present study aims to model and optimize the compression process of the Albendazole 400 mg tablets of a pharmaceutical industry production line to increase the production speed (tablets/h) while maintaining quality requirements.

Methods: The study was conducted using the Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology to identify and correlate the critical parameters during the process that affect the maintenance of the compression speed. In order to support the experiments, was tested disintegration time, average hardness, hardness variation, average weight, and friability.

Results: Was obtained that quality attributes of disintegration and friability did not generate a significant model but it has been established correlations between Fill-O-Matic speed and main compression force in the responses of weight variation, hardness, and mean hardness. It was found that the main compression force between 6 to 9 kN, the pre-compression force of 1,965 to 5,615 kN, and the speed of 55 RPM for Fill-O-Matic speed are responsible for ensuring that all quality attributes analyzed remain within the expected specification.

Conclusion: It was possible to apply the Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology in the compression process of the drug Albendazole 400 mg and to evaluate the impact of the parameters of this step on the formation of the tablet to significantly increasing the productivity of this product. The Fill-O-Matic speed parameter was the main control factor discovered in this study to maintain quality attributes.
КУРГАН ЯМНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ НА ЮЖНОМ БЕРЕГУ Р. ЕГОРЛЫК
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Kekeev Erdni A. , Ochir-Goryaeva Maria A. , Burataev Evgeny G.
Published: February 2021

The article presents materials from the excavation work of the mound 1 from the Egorlyk group. The mound was formed over two burials of the Yamnaya culture of the early Bronze Age era. The only inlet burial was placed in the center of the mound during the transition period from the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age. The discovery of this monument is significant because it is the first monument of the Bronze Age explored on the north-eastern slope of the Stavropol height, in-between the rivers Egorlyk and Kalaus and bounded from the east by the lake Manych.
МНОГОУКЛАДНОСТЬ В СЕЛЬСКИХ СООБЩЕСТВАХ КАЛМЫКИИ (ПО ИТОГАМ АНКЕТНОГО ОПРОСА 2019 Г.)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Namrueva Ludmila V.
Published: February 2021

Introduction.The article deals with the main problems of rural diversity in Kalmykia based on a sociological study conducted in may-August 2019 in nine districts of the republic. One of the research tasks is aimed at determining the main economic structures in the modern villages of the region. The purpose of the article is to introduce the results of a mass questionnaire survey into scientific circulation. Results. The mass questionnaire survey allowed us to clarify the factors that influence various agricultural practices, the specific features of rural space, when the usual forms of management disappear and new outlines of the village appear. Personal subsidiary farm is an important source of income for the family. Half of the respondents will not change the intensity of work in their farmstead and are ready to expand it with an increase in wages and other social benefits. The author of the article using the self-esteem of villagers determined the marketability/non-marketability of family farms, entrepreneurial activity of smallholders, the presence/lack of motivation of the rural population to the maintenance of peasant farms (KFH). Diversity, types of employment in various fields, and income levels of the rural population determine the main changes in rural life. The results of the study revealed the most important problems of rural residents: lack of jobs, financial opportunities for farm development, availability of state support for farmers.
Анализ распределения антропологических материалов (костей посткраниального скелета) по курганным группам
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Bembeeva Lyubov’ A.
Published: February 2021

The article deals with the results of the distribution of the anthropological materials, namely bones of postcranial skeleton. Due to the great amount of material, the cranial part of the collection will be analyzed separately. In the process of cataloging of the bone material kept at the depository of the Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS, there is the need for paying a special attention to the distribution of the existing anthropological materials into different mound groups, which were located in different landscape-geographical zones of the Republic of Kalmykia. The special attention was given to the representation of the anthropological unit (which exactly skeleton bones) and also the integrity of the bone tissue. This criterion is important for the evaluation of the influence of soil characteristics on the integrity of the mineral and organic parts of the bones. The cultural-chronological belonging of the anthropological material in question is given in a general way on the basis of field studies reports.
Об ойратской рукописи «Coqtu zandan» из фонда Российской национальной библиотеки
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Mirzaeva Saglara V. , Doleyeva Aisa O.
Published: February 2021

The article introduces the Oirat handwritten text “Coqtu Zandan” (‘Shining Sandalwood’) from the collections of the Russian National Library. The text “Coqtu Zandan” is a translation of the prayer of repentance common in the Tibetan-Mongolian buddhist tradition, which is read out during the ritual of restoring the sojong vows. This prayer is mentioned under no. 23 (as “bodhi sadv-yin unal namančilaxui kemekü sudur”) in the list of translations of Zaya Pandita Namkhaijamts. The Tibetan original of this work, researchers call the text “Ltung Bshags” or one of the versions of the “Sutra of the Three Piles” (tib. phung po gsum pa’i mdo), included in the collection of the terma-works “Rinchen Terdzo”. The Sanskrit text of the Sutra “Aryatriskandha sūtram” has also reached our time, a digital copy of which is available on the website of the Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon Input Project. The publication of parallel Sanskrit and Tibetan Sutra texts within the framework of this article is also very relevant.
EXPLORING THE DIVERSITY WITHIN THE WORKPLACE OF SMALL FIRMS IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Nafiu Akeem Tunde , Alogwuja Unekwu Cynthia , Enimola Dare Joseph
Published: February 2021

This study aimed at exploring diversity within the workplace of Small Firms in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study used survey research design. Descriptive statistics, mean score from Likert scale, ANOVA and multiple Regressions were used for data analysis. The study found that age has significant effect on job satisfaction of employees; and that religion, educational background and job experience have strong significant effect on small firms’ organizational outcomes in Kogi State. The finding further indicated that gender difference affects organizational performance, job satisfaction, productivity, competitive advantage and customers’ satisfaction. The study concluded that age has significant positive effect on job satisfaction; and other factors such as religion, educational background and job experience of employees only affect the performance of small firms in Kogi State positively. This study therefore recommended that owner-managers of small firms should take cognizance of age as it affects job satisfaction of employees; and should strategically manage factors such as religion, educational background and job experience of employees as they affect performance
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENTAL CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EUROPE AND THE USA
Authors: Talić Miljana , Ivanović Đukić Maja
Published: February 2021

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the dominant theoretical concepts and models of social entrepreneurship development in continental Europe and the United States. The initial assumption of the paper was the differences in the model of capitalism that are present in these parts of the world, and the dominant theoretical concepts determine the differences in the form of manifestation of social entrepreneurial activity and the degree of population involvement in its implementation. Empirical research, with the aim of testing this assumption, was conducted on a sample of 50,000 social entrepreneurs from 25 countries. The results showed that there are no significant differences in the degree of involvement of the population in social entrepreneurial activity between Europe and the USA in the initial phase. In the operational phase, there are differences in the degree of involvement of the population in social entrepreneurship between Europe and the USA, but they are also present between Eastern and Western Europe, which means that they are not predominantly conditioned by theoretical concepts and models of social entrepreneurship, but by other factors.
MEASURING SUPPLY CONCENTRATION ON THE SERBIAN OIL AND OIL DERIVATES MARKET BY HERFINDAHL-HIRSCHMAN INDEX
Authors: Veselinović Milan , Radukić Snezana
Published: February 2021

One aspect of the intensity of competition analysis of the national oil market is the measurement of the concentration of supply, to which this paper is dedicated. That is why it is not surprising that there are different interpretations of these economic categories. The analysis of these phenomena dates back to the emergence of production relations and production forces. The relaxation of regulatory measures on the national oil market has opened the space for building quality competitive relationships between the participants. Market opportunities, conditions and competition in practice are determined by concentration in the certain observed market. Competitive relations between market participants change over time. Those changes impact on concentration level of certain and well defined market, in this case the oil market of the Republic of Serbia. As the competition changes, the concentration level changes as well. This is the reason why this paper is focused on concentration level measurement and analysis. In  measuring and expressing the concentration level of the certain market, many concentration indicators could be applied. Our choice was Herfindahl-Hirschman Index.
La teoría de la declaración de voluntad en el negocio jurídico:
Authors: Pinochet Olave Ruperto , Delgado Castro Jordi
Published: February 2021

The expression of consent on the answer to a complaint has erroneously been understood as a presumed or tacit declaration of intention by the doctrine and jurisprudence. This paper discusses the main elements for a proper conceptualization of the use of the theory of the legal act to the legal process. Moreover, the paper discusses the challenging application of these concepts to Civil Procedure Reform.
Impacto de la crisis del COVID-19 en la distribución del ingreso en la Ciudad de México
Authors: Sánchez Vargas Armando
Published: February 2021

La propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2 desencadena una súbita reducción en la oferta y la demanda de trabajo. Los ingresos de los trabajadores se reducen en los sectores más empleadores en la Ciudad de México. Esto generará cambios negativos en la distribución del ingreso. Para aproximar el efecto de la crisis del COVID-19 en la distribución del ingreso, proponemos una simulación usando una ecuación de ingresos estimada con un pseudo-panel y datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE). Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el sector más afectado, en términos de la distribución del ingreso por la emergencia sanitaria, sería el sector de los servicios; mientras que el menos afectado sería el sector de la construcción. Sin embargo, en todos los sectores, las cohortes más sensibles al shock económico y que descenderían un decil en la distribución del ingreso, serían aquellas que concentran a los individuos de las generaciones nacidas entre 1951 y 1985.
¿Había espacio fiscal para enfrentar la pandemia en México? Una revisita a la sostenibilidad fiscal
Authors: Hernández Trillo Fausto
Published: February 2021

En este artículo se evalúa el espacio fiscal para enfrentar los efectos económicos adversos que provocaría la pandemia en México utilizando un ejercicio de sostenibilidad fiscal desarrollado por Talvi y Vegh (2000). Los resultados arrojan que en la actualidad no hay sostenibilidad fiscal, y que para obtenerla es necesario duplicar el superávit primario promedio de 0.71% del PIB que México ha tenido desde 2001. Sin embargo, en caso de haber introducido el plan económico propuesto por distintos organismos y analistas que ascendía a un nuevo endeudamiento de 3% del PIB, se hubiera tenido, a partir del 2021, que haber incrementado el superávit promedio en 0.74%, es decir, un monto de superávit primario de 0.03% anual adicional al faltante actualmente, cantidad asequible sobre todo para paliar los efectos de la crisis del COVID sobre la actividad económica.

 
La COVID-19 y su impacto en la pobreza de Ecuador: método de escenarios
Authors: Correa-Quezada Ronny , García-Vélez Diego Fernando , Álvarez-García José , Tituaña-Castillo María del Cisne
Published: February 2021

Las medidas gubernamentales adoptadas para combatir la pandemia paralizan las actividades económicas y afectan los  ingresos de la población. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es estimar y analizar los impactos de la COVID-19 en la pobreza de Ecuador utilizando el método de escenarios. Para lo cual, a partir de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU) de 2019, se construyó siete escenarios que consideran alternativas en cuanto a la reducción de ingresos de los hogares y se calculó las tasas de pobreza, considerando el enfoque monetario y bajo la metodología utilizada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC). Los principales resultados muestran que la pobreza en Ecuador podría incrementarse hasta el 27.2%, 29.2% o 34.7% si los ingresos de los hogares disminuyen en un 5%, 10% o 20% respectivamente.

 
Impacto de la crisis económica por COVID-19 en el sistema de pensiones mexicano y perspectivas ante el proyecto de su reforma
Authors: Martínez Preece Marissa Del Rosario , Zubieta Badillo Carlos
Published: February 2021

Considerando el actual entorno económico y financiero, el objetivo de este trabajo es determinar los efectos de la crisis económica, provocada por la pandemia de COVID-19, en el riesgo del sistema de pensiones mexicano y su impacto ante la propuesta de reforma del sistema. Para alcanzar este objetivo se analizó el comportamiento del riesgo del sistema a través de su volatilidad condicional, la cual se estimó utilizando modelos de la familia GARCH. Por otra parte, se evalúo la pertinencia de los cambios en las aportaciones y el tiempo de cotización propuestos por el proyecto de reforma del sistema de pensiones, ante el impacto de la crisis en los ingresos de los trabajadores. Lo anterior se realizó simulando con el método de Monte Carlo el ahorro total acumulado al final de la vida activa de un trabajador tipo suponiendo diversos niveles de ingreso. Se concluyó que se presentó persistencia de la volatilidad y efectos de asimetría, y que los trabajadores estarán en una mejor posición si la reforma incluye medidas que incrementen sus aportaciones pero sin disminuir el tiempo de cotización.
Basra: the influence of territories, rich for crude oil, on the development of Iraqi governorates
Authors: Slepnev Mihail A. , Al-qatrany Anwar Sabeeh
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The article presents the results of the analysis of changes in the planning structure of an urbanized area, addresses land use for crude oil recovery purposes in the Basra governorate, and explores the influence, produced by this activity on urban development and the environment using the city of Basra as an example. Crude oil recovery reduces the size of natural areas. The practical aspect of the scientific research entails the development of an information system designated for land management and the maintenance of databases focused on the study of urban planning tasks to ensure well-balanced development of areas, rich for crude oil in the Basra governorate with regard for a structured regional planning pattern as one of the most important objectives of Iraq. Growing residential areas, on the one hand, and expanding areas occupied by oil recovery and industrial enterprises, on the other hand, have been a relevant post-war problem since 2003. The environmental disorder, caused by substantial changes in land use, involves various disruptions, which translate into grave problems of the urban environment experienced by the governorate of Basra.

Materials and methods. Official data, submitted by the Basra administration, tables, documents and cartographic materials were used to perform this research, let alone the open source information, including maps that contain statistical calculations made using the ArcGIS10.x software package and Microsoft Excel. The co-authors also performed a retrospective analysis of the Basra territory using remote sensing, which allowed them to determine the boundaries of the city and to track its spatial transformation.

Results. The retrospective analysis has identified changes in the city borders. High economic growth, boosted by oil production and developing industrial territories, drives the need for well-balanced territories focused on sustainable development, especially in the historical part of Basra which is suffering from degradation.

Conclusions. The problem of unbalanced use of urbanized territories and environmental sustainability of cities, affected by wars and military operations, requires the development of regulations governing the delimitation of borders within the framework of a land-use plan to be developed.
The impact effect of underground trains in motion analyzed together with other factors contributing to the stress-strain state arising along the tunnel lining boundary
Authors: Mitroshin Vasiliy A. , Mondrus Vladimir L.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. Urban expansion and compaction of urban environments trigger the need for delay-free transport communications between urban districts. An underground railway is a modern means of transport, whose construction and operation are feasible below the ground surface. However, it is a source of vibrations that negatively affect human comfort and high-tech production processes. Train speed, weight, wheel and rail defects, the geological structure of the site, subway route construction conditions, the remoteness of measuring equipment installation points are the main factors that influence the intensity of vibrations of the ground surface or building structures. The effect, produced by moving subway trains on the tunnel lining, as well as the wheel-rail junction interface are analyzed in this work.

Materials and methods. The problem of stresses, triggered by underground trains along the boundary of the tunnel lining, can be reduced to the well-known problem of a beam on an elastic foundation. MathCAD software package was used to obtain the analytical solution and diagrams.

Results. The co-authors identified the values of stresses arising along the boundary of the tunnel lining as a result of the interface between underground trains and rail junctions. Diagrams that illustrate deflections of a bending curve of an infinite beam, bending moments, and stresses arising along the boundary of the tunnel lining have been made. Values of regular stresses arising along the tunnel boundary are obtained by transforming external loads into Fourier series.

Conclusions. The data obtained as a result of the analysis are further used to solve problems of identifying the wave field in a continuous elastic medium using methods of successive wave approximations and compensating loads.
The branch and bound method applied to the construction of residential quarters
Authors: Velichkin Victor Z. , Petrochenko Marina V. , Strelets Ksenia I. , Zavodnova Evgeniya B. , Gorodishenina Anna Yu.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. When construction works are scheduled within the framework of a project that encompasses the construction of civil or industrial facilities representing a residential quarter, the focus is placed on the continuous operation of particular specialized construction departments, subject to the adherence to applicable technologies and compliance with standard deadlines that apply to the construction of buildings. The relevance of this problem stems from the complexity of coordination of works to be performed by contractors and subcontractors, involved in the development of a quarter and responsible to the general contractor. The purpose of this research is to analyze and apply the branch and bound method to the problems arising in the course of scheduling the construction of a quarter using special methods of the scheduling theory.

Materials and methods. The article addresses the problem of continuous operation of special-focus construction departments subject to the adherence to applicable technologies and compliance with standard deadlines set for the construction of individual structures when scheduling the construction of residential quarters.

Results. The solution, based on the branch and bound method, is proposed. The construction of eight buildings, that comprise a residential quarter, is taken as an example. Matrices, representing continuous workflows for different methods of work organization, were obtained; principal parameters of integrated workflows, encompassing the construction of the quarter structures, were calculated with regard for the commencement and completion time for each specialized workflow at each individual structure. A displacement matrix was used to consolidate all eight structures. Two principal methods of reorganizing the integrated quarterly workflow are considered.

Conclusions. The branch and bound method is used to compare original and optimized matrices; calculation results are presented. The strengths and weaknesses of the critical path/continuous resource employment method are illustrated by the project that encompasses the construction of eight facilities in a residential quarter.
Capitalismo creativo. Cambios en los factores productivos, las agencias, los discursos y las políticas
Authors: Bergua Amores José Angel
Published: February 2021

La importancia de la creatividad en la economía contemporánea está relacionada con un incremento de la desigualdad. Se puede explicar esta relación utilizando el concepto de explotación marxista, pero entendiendo que admite tres variantes. El capitalismo industrial explota la fuerza de trabajo aportada por el proletariado en tanto que agencia y genera discursos basados en metáforas sólidas y la lógica de la jerarquía. El capitalismo postindustrial explota la vida ordinaria o bios depositada en la multitud y sus discursos se basan en metáforas líquidas y el papel de la anarquía. El capitalismo creativo explota lo indeterminado que contiene lo imaginario, esgrime discursos gaseosos y da importancia a lo transfinito
Democracia y creatividad. El nuevo horizonte de la política en el siglo XXI
Authors: Sánchez Prieto Juan María
Published: February 2021

Desde 2008 se registra un cambio de clima político. ¿Es posible reinventar la democracia o estamos abocados a la post-democracia? El nacional populismo revela una crisis de confianza ante el futuro, la fuerza de un presentismo dramático: el aquí y ahora, el nosotros primero, donde se abre paso la posverdad, capaz hoy de fabricar no ya un mito, una mentira, una ficción, sino una nueva voluntad general al margen del contrato social. La consolidación de hiperlíderes con enorme dificultad en la práctica para entender un poder condicionado, y que reducen la política al simple juego performativo y cortoplacista, puede acabar consagrando paradójicamente la soberanía del algoritmo como nueva fuente de autoridad y las dictaduras digitales. El desarrollo de la conciencia humana es fundamental para el renacimiento democrático, como ha hecho ver la crisis del COVID-19 apuntando la necesidad de democracias más conscientes y resilientes. La libertad es autolimitación consciente. También apertura compasiva al sufrimiento humano y social. El momento actual requiere líderes y gobiernos más reflexivos y virtuosos, capaces de conjugar la libertad de uno con la del otro próximo y lejano, donde entran también los derechos de las generaciones futuras. La juventud como tal deberá implicarse en la defensa de la democracia como lo está en la causa del planeta.
Utilización conjunta de encuestas administradas y autoadministradas. ¿Proporcionan resultados similares?
Authors: Díaz de Rada Vidal
Published: February 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer hasta qué punto la utilización secuencial de modos autoadministrados y administrados (encuesta telefónica y presencial) producen cambios en las preguntas (de contenido) de un cuestionario. Se utiliza una encuesta sobre hábitos lingüísticos realizada en una región bilingüe española. Una encuesta autoadministrada online aplicada a toda la muestra consigue una colaboración del 44,3% de la muestra. Las personas que no han respondido son contactadas con encuestas administradas (telefónica y presencial). El modo autoadministrado online, como se esperaba, presenta una mayor utilización de la lengua de la comunidad. Ahora bien, cuando se considera los factores que más influyen en esta respuesta se aprecia que las variables sociodemográficas y el lugar de nacimiento presentan más influencia que el modo de administración utilizado.
La Calidad Intrínseca del Trabajo y su vinculación con las lógicas laborales
Authors: Mira Maria Cascales , Marqués  Perales Ildefonso
Published: February 2021

Los estudios sobre calidad del trabajo han minimizado la importancia de los componentes no pecuniarios de la actividad laboral y han centrado su atención en el análisis de la estratificación social, mostrando una jerarquía vertical de la calidad laboral por clases sociales, obviando la importancia de las relaciones horizontales que subyacen a las lógicas de empleo industrial y post-industrial. El objetivo de este artículo es doble: presentar un índice compuesto que mida la calidad intrínseca del trabajo y vincularlo con las lógicas laborales. Primero se expone en qué consisten las lógicas laborales, y justificamos la necesidad de contar con un Índice de Calidad Intrínseca del Trabajo. Segundo, presentamos la metodología, la construcción empírica del índice y la validación mediante análisis de clases latentes del modelo de lógicas laborales que vamos a emplear. Por último, presentamos la vinculación entre las lógicas de empleo resultantes y la calidad intrínseca del trabajo.
Ecofeminismos y variedades de ambientalismos: Estado de la cuestión
Authors: Mediavilla Maria Eugenia , Echavarren José Manuel
Published: February 2021

Dentro del contexto actual de surgimiento de nuevas formas de activismo ambiental, en el marco de un preocupante escenario de incertidumbre global, este artículo expone las principales teorías desde las que se puede abordar el estudio del ecologismo, sus discursos y sus prácticas, en relación con las diversas manifestaciones de ambientalismos y ecofeminismos. Se encuentra que los ecofeminismos tienen un especial afán narrativo para incorporar la necesidad de los cuidados en las reivindicaciones de los movimientos ambientalistas. Esta propuesta nace en las praxis sociales y territoriales y se va posicionando de manera cada vez más legitimada en investigaciones académicas en el ámbito político y en el debate público internacional.  Indagar en las diferentes articulaciones entre ecologismos y feminismos nos permite acercarnos a los usos y apropiaciones de los ecofeminismos, activando nuestra capacidad crítica y de abstracción para imaginar y construir horizontes diferentes, posibles y deseables.
Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (S-ICD) Electrode Fracture: Follow-up, Troubleshooting and Evaluation
Authors: Kella Danesh , Stambler Bruce
Published: February 2021

Introduction: The subcutaneous-ICD (S-ICD) and its electrode were
developed to avoid long-term complications of transvenous leads in the
vasculature. Methods: We report a case of unexpected, inappropriate
S-ICD shocks due to oversensing of high amplitude, non-physiologic,
electrical noise artifacts that were not preceded by high impedance
alerts or sensing electrogram noise detections. Results: Following
explant, high-magnification, X-ray imaging of the S-ICD electrode
demonstrated partial fracture of the distal sensing conductor located
near a short radius bend in the electrode at the electrode-header
interface. Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware of a potential for
fatigue failure fracture of the S-ICD electrode. Recommendations for
systematic S-ICD follow-up and troubleshooting are discussed.
The growth factor/ cytokine midkine may participate to cytokine storm and contribute to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients
Authors: Ketenci Sema , Aynacıoğlu Şükrü
Published: February 2021

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged
in Wuhan, China and has rapidly become global challenges, creating major
challenges to health systems in almost every country in the world it has
turned into a pandemic. COVID-19 poses a risky clinical situation that
can range from mild illness to severe respiratory failure requiring
admission to intensive care. It is known to cause cytokine storm in some
critically ill patients. However, more and more evidence showed that
there is a dramatic increase in cytokine levels in patients diagnosed
with COVID-19. Midkine (MK) is involved in various physiological and
pathological processes, which some of them are desired and beneficial
such as controlling tissue repair and antimicrobial effects, but some
others are harmful such as promoting inflammation, carcinogenesis and
chemo-resistance. Also, MK is expressed in inflammatory cells and
released by endothelial cells under hypoxic conditions. Considering all
this information, there are strong data that MK, an important cytokine
known to increase in inflammatory diseases, may overexpressed in
patients who are positive for COVID-19. The overexpression of MK reveals
a picture leading to fibrosis in the lung damage. Therefore, questions
arise about how the concentration of MK changes in CoVID-19 patients and
can we use it as an inflammation biomarker or in the treatment protocol
in the future.
Maximal matchings in polyspiro and benzenoid chains
Authors: Doslic Tomislav , Short Taylor
Published: February 2021

A matching M of a graph G is maximal if it is not a proper subset of any other matching in G. Maximal matchings are much less known and researched than their maximum and perfect counterparts. In this paper we present the recurrences and generating functions for the sequences enumerating maximal matchings in two classes of chemically interesting linear polymers: polyspiro chains and benzenoid chains. We also analyze the asymptotic behavior of those sequences and determine the extremal cases.
Another two families of integer-valued polynomials associated with finite trigonometric sums
Authors: Cvijovic Djurdje
Published: February 2021

As a sequel to our recent paper, its general approach was here extended to finite alternating trigonometric sums giving rise to polynomials which were systematically examined in full detail as well as in a unified manner using simple arguments. Two new general families of integer-valued polynomials (along with four other families derived from them, also integer-valued, including two already known) were deduced. Also, these polynomials enable closed-form summation of a great deal of general families of finite sums.
Meromorphic solutions of difference equations originated from Schwarzian differential equation
Authors: Lan Shuang-Ting , Huang Zhi-Bo , Chen Chuang-Xin
Published: February 2021

Let f (z) be a meromorphic functions with finite order , R(z) be a
nonconstant rational function and k be a positive integer. In this paper, we
consider the difference equation originated from Schwarzian differential
equation, which is of form [?3f(z)?f(z)- 3/2(?2|(z))2]k = R(z)(?f
(z))2k. We investigate the uniqueness of meromorphic solution f of difference
Schwarzian equation if f shares three values with any meromrphic function.
The exact forms of meromorphic solutions f of difference Schwarzian equation
are also presented.
Crossed modules, double group-groupoids and crossed squares
Authors: Temel Sedat , Şahan Tunşar , Mucuk Osman
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this paper is to obtain the notion of crossed module over
group-groupoids considering split extensions and prove a categorical
equivalence between these types of crossed modules and double
group-groupoids. This equivalence enables us to produce various examples of
double groupoids. We also prove that crossed modules over group-groupoids
are equivalent to crossed squares.
Sum of K-frames in Hilbert C*-modules
Authors: Mahmoudieh Mohammad , Tabadkan Gholamreza , Arefijamaal Aliakbar
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we investigate some conditions under which the action of an
operator on a K-frame, remain again a K-frame for Hilbert module E. We also
give a generalization of Douglas theorem to prove that the sum of two
K-frames under certain condition is again a K-frame. Finally, we
characterize the K-frame generators in terms of operators.