bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF THE SPINAL CORD BY NISSL'S METHOD IN TYPHOID FEVER AND IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH THE TYPHOID BACILLUS
Authors: Nichols Joseph Longworth
Published: June 2004

(1) The application of the Nissl method to the study of the motor cells of the spinal cord, and the nerve cells of the dorsal root ganglia in typhoid fever, shows that these cells regularly suffer pathological changes in the course of the infection.

(2) The alterations in the motor cells are more constant and of a severer grade than are those in the cells of the sensory ganglia. The more characteristic changes consist of disintegration, solution and destruction of the chromatic substance of the cell starting from the axone hillock and proceeding toward the nucleus. Coincidently the nuclei of the affected cells seek the periphery. Alterations are also suffered by the nucleus and nucleolus.

(3) While this central form of ehromatolysis is the prevailing type of pathological change, disintegration, etc., of the Nissl bodies situated in the periphery of the cell and in the dendrites is also observed (peripheral chromatolysis).

(4) In experimental infection with typhoid bacilli in rabbits a similar series of lesions in the corresponding nerve cells in the spinal cord and ganglia is encountered.

(5) The main or central type of lesions discovered is identical with that found in man and animals after section, destruction, or even slight injury of the peripheral nerves.

(6) The examination of the peripheral nerves arising from the lumbar segment of the cord (the site in man and rabbit of the most profound changes) in rabbits inoculated with typhoid bacilli showed well-marked evidences of parenchymatous degeneration.

(7> It is probable that lesions of the peripheral nerves in typhoid fever in human beings are common and that the post-typhoid hyper sthesias and paralyses are due to this cause.

(8) Restitution of the chromatic granules may take place in the affected nerve cells, the new formation beginning about the nucleus and extending through the protoplasm.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

An attempt was made to apply the assumption that a monolayer of serum exists at a certain dilution, in order to calculate the thickness of this layer or, that is to say, the mean value of one of the dimensions of the molecules of the serum proteins. The criterion taken for the existence of such a monolayer was the existence at a given concentration (1/11,000 for rabbit serum) of a maximum drop in the surface tension of serum solutions kept in watch-glasses.

A series of preliminary experiments showed:

1. That the maximum drop in 2 hours took place, for the material used, at a concentration of 1/11,000, and that it always corresponded to an absolute minimum value of the surface tension of the solution, this minimum being quite sharp and well defined.

2. That adsorption took place on the glass as well as on the free surface of the liquid, and that apparently the same part of the molecule, in both cases, was drawn toward the water.

3. That the specific gravity of the anhydrous proteins of the rabbit serum studied was 1.275, whence it followed, on the basis of 6.51 per cent protein content, that the mean thickness of the protein molecules was 35.4 x 10–8 cm. The same method applied to crystalline egg albumin, pH 6.8, in water, gave 52.8 x 10–8 cm. for the probable molecular length.
FLAGELLAR AGGLUTININS
Authors: Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

1. Certain bacilli within one strain may lose their flagella and become non-motile.

2. The change in serological behavior associated with the change in motility indicates that the flagella possess an individual antigenic property.

3. Flagella can be separated from the bodies of the bacilli.

4. A strictly flagellar antiserum can be produced by the injection of a flagellar suspension.

5. This direct production of a strictly flagellar antiserum is proof of the existence in flagella of a separate specific antigen.
THE COEXISTENCE OF PROTOZOAN-LIKE PARASITES AND MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN MICE
Authors: Cowdry E. V. , Nicholson F. M.
Published: June 2004

A small proportion of laboratory mice, which appear to be normal, are in reality suffering from an obscure disease characterized by the presence of marked meningoencephalitic lesions which are often accompanied by protozoan-like parasites.

Both the lesions and the parasites closely resemble others previously reported in rabbits, which likewise fail to reveal themselves by pronounced clinical symptoms.

In the absence of direct experimental evidence it is suggested either that one species of parasite is capable of producing the lesions in both animals, or else that we have to do with two kinds of parasites which are closely related and, in the stages thus far observed, are indistinguishable one from the other.
THE EFFECTS OF THE INTRATRACHEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN SERUM
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

It has been possible to sensitize guinea pigs by the intratracheal administration of small amounts of horse or cow serum. The degree of sensitiveness is comparable to that obtained when the same doses of serum are injected into the peritoneal cavity. Nevertheless, relatively small amounts of foreign protein are slowly absorbed through the lining membranes of the lower respiratory tract. In sensitive animals it has not been possible to produce shock by intratracheal injection of amounts of serum which injected into the peritoneal cavity of other animals of the same series sensitized in the same manner always produced shock. Considerably larger doses administered intratracheally may give rise to anaphylactic symptoms. It is possible that the force necessary to inject the larger amounts of serum may have led to injury and more rapid absorption.
LEAD STUDIES
Authors: Aub Joseph C. , Reznikoff Paul , Smith Dorothea E.
Published: June 2004

The physiological changes following the reaction of lead upon red blood cells are numerous and show the marked effects of a change in the cell surface. In experiments here reported 0.01 to 0.05 mg. of lead acting upon 5 billion red cells caused such marked variations from normal as:

1. Partial loss of the normal stickiness of red corpuscles, which is demonstrated by their falling from a clean glass surface.

2. Loss of the agglutination reaction which normally follows mixture with serum of a different isoagglutinating group.

3. Decrease in volume even in isotonic solutions.

4. Loss of normal elasticity and, therefore, reduced changes in volume upon exposure to marked variations in osmotic tension.

5. Increase in resistance to large changes in external osmotic pressure because of this inelasticity, and therefore decreased hemolysis in hypotonic salt solution (Part 1).

6. Increase in the speed of disintegration in spite of this increased resistance to external osmotic pressure. "Leaded" cells break up more readily upon standing than do normal cells, and are easily fractured by rotation or shaking (Part 1).

All these phenomena seem to be associated largely with surface changes in the corpuscles. Evidence is cited that there is no chemical reaction between lead and hemoglobin. The gas exchange is identical in normal and "leaded" cells. The function of the interior of the red cells, therefore, appears to be unaffected by lead.

The effects of lead upon red blood cells are thus manifested by shrinkage, inability to expand, increased brittleness, and loss of the normal consistency which makes their surface sticky. After exposure to lead, red blood corpuscles are more like hard inelastic brittle rubber balls, than like the soft, elastic, resilient cells characteristic of normal blood.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Dochez A. R.
Published: June 2004

1. Strains of hemolytic streptococci from cases of scarlet fever occurring in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, Baltimore, and Copenhagen, Denmark, all interagglutinate with immune sera prepared with these strains.

2. Sera prepared with these strains do not agglutinate pyogenic streptococci or strains isolated from cases of septic sore throat.

3. The strains obtained from the throats of patients from an epidemic of scarlet fever and the strain from the milk responsible for this epidemic fall into the scarlatinal group according to these agglutination tests.

4. Absorption tests can be carried out with these strains and sera under proper conditions.

5. A group of hemolytic streptococci biologically distinct from streptococci from other sources than scarlet fever is constantly associated with scarlatina. They constitute a group of closely related streptococci which may be identified by agglutination tests.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ACRIDINE ON THE SPOROGONY OF A COCCIDIUM (EIMERIA STIEDÆ)
Authors: Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

The development or ripening of the oocyst of the coccidium of the rabbit is prevented by acridine hydrochloride provided that the cysts are exposed to the action of the chemical before development has started. After sporoblasts are formed acridine does not prevent further development. Many other substances, some of them known to be active against certain protozoan parasites, have no influence on the ripening of the oocysts of the coccidium.
METHEMOGLOBIN FORMATION BY STERILE CULTURE FILTRATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Morgan Hugh J. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

1. Sterile filtrates of aerobic cultures of pneumococcus which contain hydrogen peroxide are capable of converting catalase-free solutions of crystalline oxyhemoglobin into methemoglobin. This action is dependent upon the hydrogen peroxide in the filtrates and occurs only in the absence of blood catalase.

2. In catalase-containing solutions of hemoglobin from laked corpuscles, the actual methemoglobin-forming system of Pneumococcus involves a labile constituent of the bacterial cell. This intracellular substance is itself susceptible to oxidizing agents and may be rendered inactive, if exposed to peroxide or similar substances previous to its introduction into oxyhemoglobin solutions. The activity of this function in the case of sterile filtrates of pneumococcus cultures depends, therefore, upon the liberation of cell constituents into the medium and upon the protection of these cellular substances from the oxidizing agents which are formed when pneumococcus cultures are freely exposed to air. When these cultural conditions are fulfilled sterile culture filtrates of Pneumococcus convert oxyhemoglobin into methemoglobin independent of the presence of blood catalase.
STUDIES ON THE TWORT-D'HERELLE PHENOMENON
Authors: Ionesco-Mihaiesti C.
Published: June 2004

1. The experiments here reported were carried out with a lytic principle isolated from the feces of normal rabbits.

2. It seems that bacteriophage is constantly present in the feces of caged laboratory rabbits.

3. A lytic filtrate active for Strain Shiga 73 (in a dilution of 1:1,000,000) and for the typhoid bacillus (in a dilution of 1:1,000), after twenty successive passages with Shiga bacillus was active, for its homologous strain, in a dilution of about 1:10,000,000,000 but no longer possessed any lytic activity for the typhoid strain. The same filtrate, after twenty successive passages with typhoid bacillus, was similarly active in a dilution of 1:10,000,000,000 for the typhoid strain but was only feebly active for the Shiga strain.

4. The passage of the lytic principle through collodion membranes was never observed.

5. No appreciable diminution in the activity of the filtrates was observed after exposure to cholesterol or lecithin. Killed bacterial suspensions, however, were found to exert a considerable neutralizing effect on the active principle.

6. Formol titrations of lysed cultures lead to the conclusion that the bacteriolysis caused by the bacteriophage is not a true proteolysis but rather a simple plasmolysis of the bacterial cell and not a splitting effect of the protein molecule.

7. We have never obtained active filtrates with the leucocytes of immune animals by the method of Lisbonne, Boulet, and Carrère (14).

8. It would appear, from the experiments, that the immunization of rabbits with the lytic principle results in the disappearance of the bacteriophage from their intestines.

9. All the sera from rabbits immunized with antityphoid or antiShiga filtrates agglutinated respectively the typhoid or Shiga bacilli.

10. Similarly, these sera fixed complement strongly in the presence of the homologous antigen. Five or six times the amount of serum was required to fix complement in the presence of heterologous antigen.

11. All of the immune sera were found to be more or less antilytic. In no case was a strictly specific antilysin obtained.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF RESIDUE ANTIGEN PREPARED FROM YEAST
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Tomcsik Joseph
Published: June 2004

Residue antigen recognizable by the precipitin test can be prepared from yeast as from bacteria.

The active material appears to be identical with a complex carbohydrate, the "yeast gum" of Salkowski.

In the purest form of it obtained small amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus are still present, either as impurities or as part of the molecule.

The yeast gum is not antigenic in the sense of producing antibodies.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Pritchett Ida W.
Published: June 2004

White mice from the Rockefeller Institute breeding room fed on a McCollum complete diet, consisting of whole wheat (67.5 per cent), casein (15 per cent), milk powder (10 per cent), NaCl (1 per cent), CaCO3(1.5 per cent), and butter fat (5 per cent) are more resistant to mouse typhoid infection, mercury bichloride intoxication, and botulinus toxin than are similar mice fed on bread and pasteurized milk supplemented by an oatmeal and buckwheat mixture and dog biscuit.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROIDECTOMY, GONADECTOMY, SUPRARENALECTOMY, AND SPLENECTOMY ON THE THYMUS GLAND OF RABBITS
Authors: Marine David , Manley O. T. , Baumann Emil J.
Published: June 2004

Thyroidectomy hastens, while gonadectomy delays, but does not permanently prevent, involution of the thymus.

Suprarenalectomy alone not only delays involution of the thymus and lymphoid tissue but may cause their regeneration. Thyroidectomy prevents this reaction even after combined suprarenalectomy and gonadectomy.

Suprarenalectomy plus gonadectomy is a more powerful stimulus for thymus and lymphoid regeneration than either of these influences alone.

The combined effect of these two factors results in certain lymphoid and thymus hyperplasia in rabbits which persists until regeneration of accessory interrenal tissue corrects the physiological defect. The syndrome thus experimentally produced resembles status lymphaticus and is believed to depend mainly on a partial loss of certain functions of the interrenal and sex glands rather than of the chromaffin tissue.

The normal and abnormal lymphoid and thymic hyperplasias of infancy and childhood are believed to be manifestations of a functional underdevelopment of the interrenal and sex glands of varying intensity.

The so called lymphatic constitution which underlies or accompanies exophthalmic goiter, Addison's disease, and acromegaly also appears to be dependent on a partial suppression of certain functions of the interrenal and sex glands.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Sia Richard H. P.
Published: June 2004

Using the method described in an earlier publication for testing the growth-inhibitory and bactericidal activity of serum-leucocyte mixtures for the pneumococcus, a study has been made of the action of antipneumococcus serum added to the serum and leucocytes of the rabbit, which alone lack the power to inhibit pneumococcus growth. It was found that the additiori of relatively small quantities of immune serum to a mixture of rabbit serum and washed rabbit leucocytes conferred on this mixture marked growth-inhibitory and pneumococcidal powers. The effect of the immune serum was found to be quantitative in nature. Beyond a certain point progressive dilution of the serum resulted in a corresponding decrease in the degree of growth inhibition, but this property of the immune serum did not disappear until a high dilution was reached. The leucocytes were also found to exert their effect quantitatively. Within certain limits the number of pneurnococci killed was dependent on the quantity of them present. Tests comparing the action of immune serum in the rabbit serum-leucocyte tubes with their protective action in mice showed a close parallelism between these two effects; that is to say, an immune serum showing marked protective properties for mice was likewise effective in high dilution in the in vitro test, and vice versa.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Dochez A. R.
Published: June 2004

1. A group of streptococci which agglutinate with scarlatinal immune sera has been isolated from the throats of 65 per cent of cases of scarlet fever during the 1st week of the disease.

2. Strains of hemolytic streptococci belonging to this group have been isolated from the throats of patients at the termination of quarantine (30 days).

3. Hemolytic streptococci are found most frequently in the throat in convalescent patients in whom the tonsillar inflammation has not entirely subsided.

4. The complications occurring in scarlet fever may be due to the original scarlatinal strain or may be the result of a secondary infection with pyogenic strains of streptococci.
ALLERGIC IRRITABILITY
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Loomis Dorothy
Published: June 2004

The guinea pig infected with virulent tubercle bacilli develops much more anti-sheep amboceptor than do controls when given like amounts of sheep red blood corpuscles.

The curve of antibody production in the guinea pig when treated with sheep red blood corpuscles shows a departure from curves previously determined in other animals.

These facts were ascertained as part of an effort to learn mbre of the functional nature of the inheritable factors controlling natural resistance to disease. The nature of some of the problems involved is outlined, and the limited bearing of the experiments on these is discussed.
PRECIPITATION AND COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTIONS WITH RESIDUE ANTIGENS IN THE NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP
Authors: Hitchcock Charles H.
Published: June 2004

The applicability to the non-hemolytic streptococci of the technique used for the extraction of a soluble precipitating substance from the hemolytic streptococci is demonstrated.

With this substance as antigen, it is demonstrated by means of precipitation and complement fixation that the non-hemolytic streptococci form an antigenically distinct, but entirely heterogeneous group.

Such cross-reactions as do occur within this group are not useful in the systematic classification of these organisms.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON FLAGELLAR AND SOMATIC AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

1. Heat at 70°C. destroys the form of the flagella and their ability to combine with flagellar agglutinins but it does not destroy their antigenic nature since they can still generate flagellar agglutinins in the animal body.

2. Heat at 70°C. and even at 120°C. in the autoclave does not destroy the forms of the bacilli themselves nor their ability to become agglutinated and to absorb agglutinins.

3. Somatic agglutinins are destroyed to a considerable extent by heat at 70°C. and completely destroyed by heat at 75°C.

4. Heat at 70°C. causes little or no destruction of flagellar agglutinins but a temperature of 75°C. changes the agglutinins so that they react more slowly and produce a slightly lower reaction with a zone of inhibition in the stronger dilutions.
THE PENETRATION OF BACTERIA THROUGH CAPILLARY SPACES
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H.
Published: June 2004

The dark-field microscope may be used to observe directly the characteristics of composite films. The liquid phases, one or both of them containing suspended solid particles as test objects (in these experiments bacteria were used), are spread between slide and cover-glass and examined with any desired lenses. The liquid-liquid interfaces appear as bright lines and the solid particles as shining motes.

An interfacial kinetic mechanism has been observed in films of all composition studied. The bacteria are transported along the phase boundary lines in a striking and characteristic manner and quite independently of movements in the adjoining organic or aqueous phases. These movements in the interface are interpreted as essentially due, according to the composition of the films, to local inequalities in interfacial surface tension, or to minute currents from mixing of the two phases across and along their boundary line, or to both forces acting together.

The bacteria (non-motile in these experiments) reached the interface by brownian movement or currents or shifts in the position of the boundary line. Once in the interface they tended to remain, and accumulated there, in instances where the liquid-liquid interfacial tension was high at least, in higher concentration than in the contiguous phases. Bacteria could, however, escape from the interface in a variety of ways detailed above.

With liquids which differ markedly in interfacial tension and miscibility with water, these properties may be correlated with the characteristics of the preparation. With cyclohexane-water films, for instance, (immiscible, interfacial tension high), the boundary was less readily drawn out into projections, the interfacial trapping mechanism was more efficient, and brownian movement of bacteria in the interface was less free than with cyclohexanol-water films (miscible, interfacial tension low).

Analysis of the mechanism of the phenomena herein described will be given in the paper following.
CERTAIN INTERFACIAL TENSION RELATIONS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIA IN FILMS
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H.
Published: June 2004

To account for the behavior of a solid particle in the interface between two fluids it is necessary to consider, as indicated by Clark Maxwell, three surface tensions: Tso, the tension in the interface between the solid particle and the organic phase; Tsw, the tension in the interface between solid particle and aqueous phase; and Tow, the organic phase-water interfacial tension.

If Tso > Tsw + Tow, (2), the stronger solid-organic phase tension should pull the line of intersection of the three phases around the periphery of the solid particle until the particle is completely enveloped in the water phase.

If Tsw > Tow + Tow (3), the solid-water tension should pull the line of meeting of the phases about the particle until it is enveloped in the organic phase.

If

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the particle should be stable in the interface, only leaving it when mechanical work overcomes the equilibrium due to the balance of interfacial tensions.

The ordinary bacteria used have been stable in the interfaces between water or aqueous solutions and all organic liquids tested; i.e., condition (4) obtains. In preparations in which Tow is large, stability has been found by experiment to be greater than when Tow is small, as follows from condition (4).

The force, dependent upon condition (4), which holds bacteria in the liquid-liquid interface, and the force, dependent upon unequal distribution of tension in the liquid-liquid interface, which causes bacteria to glide along the interface, prove to be of the same order of magnitude as the force due to bacterial flagella. Interfacial tensions or its own motility may dominate the movement of the bacterium, according to circumstances. When bacteria thresh their way out of the interface, escape is into the aqueous phase.

Acid-fast bacteria possess very low or, in some cases, no stability in the interface, passing easily or even spontaneously into the organic phase.

Good evidence has been advanced by other workers to indicate that the surfaces of ordinary bacteria contain many polar radicals; on the other hand, the acid-fast microorganisms are coated with predominantly non-polar substances. It follows from known principles, therefore, that Tsw should be greater than Tsw with ordinary bacteria, and Tsw should be greater than Tso with acid-fast bacteria. Consideration of relations (2) and (3) above will show that these conditions should result in the differences in behavior of acid-fast and ordinary bacteria actually found by experiment.

The theoretical and experimental data here developed contradict the theoretical formulations of the surface tension factor in phagocytosis advanced by Rhumbler and by Tait and substantiate those of Fenn.
PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MICE
Authors: Branch Arnold , Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. The administration of alcohol produces no evident histological changes in the lungs of mice.

2. Following inhalations of pneumococci the organisms are not visible histologically in the lungs of mice either in the bronchi or alveoli.

3. In partially immunized mice which have been exposed to a pneumococcus spray while alcoholized, true lobar pneumonia not infrequently develops.

4. The primary lesion of such lobar pneumonia in mice is an interstitial inflammation of the alveolar wall and the infection spreads in the interstitial tissue like a cellulitis.

5. A tentative explanation of the "lobar" distribution of pneumococcus pneumonia is offered.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRARENAL GLAND ON THE THYMUS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L.
Published: June 2004

1. Double suprarenalectomy in growing rats is an additional stimulus for thymic growth and brings about marked prepubertal hyperplasia of this gland.

2. Our results on young rats suggest that the suprarenal cortex may be a factor in the excessive thymic hyperplasias seen in infants and children.
A FILTERABLE VIRUS INFECTION OF RABBITS
Authors: Miller C. Philip , Andrewes C. H. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. Blood and joint fluid of patients suffering from rheumatic fever were inoculated into the testicles of rabbits, and transfers were made from testicle to testicle at varying intervals. In three series, in none of which were the periods between the transfers longer than 4 days, a virus was recovered which produced acute orchitis in rabbits. The virus could be indefinitely propagated from rabbit to rabbit.

2. Intradermal inoculation of the virus led to the appearance of raised erythematous lesions in 3 to 6 days.

3. Intrathoracic inoculations near the heart led to a fibrinous pericarditis in three out of five rabbits, and to a myocarditis in one.

4. Nuclear inclusion bodies staining pink with eosin were found in the lesions in the testis, skin, pericardium, and heart muscle.

5. Rabbits inoculated into skin or testes were refractory, 2 weeks later, to further intradermal inoculations; after this interval their serum had developed the power to neutralize the virus in vitro.

6. The virus can be preserved in 50 per cent glycerol for at least 18 days. It can be preserved after freezing and drying for at least 8 days and probably for 10 weeks.

7. Cross-immunity tests point to the identity of the virus with that described by Rivers and Tillett in their studies on chicken-pox as Virus III.

8. These facts together with the failure of rheumatic fever sera to neutralize the virus indicate that it bears no etiologic relationship to rheumatic fever.
FACTORS CONCERNED IN THE POLYCYTHEMIA PRODUCED BY THE SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF EPINEPHRINE
Authors: Edmunds Charles W. , Nelson Erwin E.
Published: June 2004

The subcutaneous injection of epinephrine in doses of 1 mg. per kilo brings about a polycythemia, an increase in reticulocytes, and an increase in young forms of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The polycythemia is no doubt in part a concentration phenomenon, but the presence of these young cells in increasing numbers is believed to be evidence that there is at the same time a discharge of cells from the blood-forming organs, due to the effect of the drug upon them. A similar effect is obtained by continued stimulation of the peripheral ends of the cut sciatic nerves in the curarized animal.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIDES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER EXPERIMENTAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

The results of simultaneous chloride determinations in whole blood, in plasma, and in cells of the dog after experimental intestinal obstruction are presented, and the chloride content of whole blood and of plasma is compared by two methods of estimation: the iodometric titration on protein-free filtrate, and the digestion technique of Van Slyke.

The chloride as determined on protein-free filtrate checks closely with that as determined by the digestion procedure. The iodometric determination shows accurately the level of chlorides in the blood. The total change in the chloride store of the body is best reflected in determinations on whole blood.

In intestinal obstruction the retained chloride is not present in the blood in some undetermined form.
SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AND BETWEEN THE STREPTOCOCCI AND PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Hitchcock Charles H.
Published: June 2004

Using the complement fixation reaction with whole bacterial solutions as antigens, it has been possible to confirm the existence, within the non-hemolytic streptococcus family, of two great groups.

One of these groups, that which may be designated as of the left side, is related in an orderly way to the hemolytic streptococci; the other of the right side, is similarly related to the entire pneumococcus family.

In addition, the hemolytic streptococcus family shows a reactive range which relates it, though less closely, to the non-hemolytic streptococci of the right side, and to the pneumococci.

The existence of these cross-relationships is not associated with the precipitable substance of either family, but may tentatively be presumed to be dependent upon the properties of the protein or lipoid-protein fraction of the bacterial cell.
ENCEPHALITOZOON CUNICULI AS A KIDNEY PARASITE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Smith Theobald , Florence Laura
Published: June 2004

A spontaneous epidemic of nephritis among young rabbits associated with a protozoan parasite has been observed in a certain breeding stock since 1918. It is regarded as a nest infection. The parasite is tentatively classed among the microsporidia and the stages encountered are regarded as vegetative which may perhaps pass through several generations in the same host. It is a parasite of the epithelial cell, provoking no immediate host reactions. These are supposed to follow injury such as destruction of the epithelium and denudation and plugging of the tubules. The localizations in the brain are also without cell reaction, except under special conditions, and the many cell foci present are attributed to coccidia and perhaps bacteria and other intestinal parasites. The kidneys are looked upon as the normal habitat and the brain parasites as aberrant and outside the normal cycle unless it can be shown that the spores discharged into the circulation may again multiply in some organ like the kidneys in direct communication with the exterior.

It is highly probable that many reported cases of nephritis among older rabbits used in experiments had their origin in an early invasion of the parasite described.
THE PRODUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CUTANEOUS ALLERGY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS PROTEIN
Authors: Mackenzie George M. , Woo Shutai T.
Published: June 2004

1. Intracutaneous injection of guinea pigs with an alkaline extract of pneumococcus produces in about two-thirds of the animals an allergy with a skin reaction similar to the allergic skin response of tuberculosis.

2. Continuance of the intracutaneous injections after the appearance of allergy results in its disappearance. The skin ceases to react.

3. Neither the animals manifesting skin allergy nor those which fail to develop it show any significant alteration in susceptibility to pneumococcus infection by intraperitoneal inoculation. Similarly, animals desensitized by continuing the intracutaneous injections after the appearance of allergy show an unaltered susceptibility.
THE BACTERIOLOGY OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF YOUNG CALVES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EARLY DIARRHEA ("SCOURS")
Authors: Smith Theobald , Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

New-born calves receiving no colostrum, or else receiving it after some delay, may die of Bacillus coli septicemia, of which scours is a local manifestation.

Calves receiving an insufficiently protective dose of colostrum may become victims of various bacterial diseases such as arthritis, nephritis, omphalitis, and possibly pneumonia.

Calves receiving a sufficient dose of colostrum may still develop scours of various degrees of severity due to the local multiplication of various types of Bacillus coli in the small intestine.

There exists in the young calf a delicate balance between certain strains of Bacillus coli and the mucous membrane and digestive ferments, which, upset in favor of Bacillus coli, produces scours. The necessary conditions for such attacks are in part inherited defects of the digestive tract, both morphological and functional, and special types of Bacillus coli, resident in the herd and environment.

The immediate indications are a great increase in the number of Bacillus coli in the lowest third of the small intestine with a spreading of the invasion towards the duodenum as the disease gains headway. Under these conditions a general intoxication results. The bacilli form layers or films attached to the top plates of the epithelial cells. At this time morphological changes in the cells are not yet recognizable. The vacuolar or hydropic condition frequently found antedates the bacterial invasion and may be present in the absence of bacteria. In mild or recovered cases, during the 1st week a fatty infiltration of the epithelium is not infrequently present.

In a large number of clinically normal calves, from 1 day to 3 months of age, Gram-negative bacilli were not present in sufficient numbers to be detected in sections, although enriched cultures, when attempted, revealed them.
LOCAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY IN THE SKIN OF RABBITS TO INFECTION WITH (1) A FILTERABLE VIRUS, AND (2) HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

Small areas of skin infiltrated with immune serum proved refractory to the injurious action of a filterable rabbit virus inoculated 24 to 48 hours later. Infiltrations of normal serum did not appreciably protect the skin against the virus. The local protection afforded by the infiltrations of immune serum appears to constitute an example of local passive immunity.

Small areas of skin infiltrated with either normal serum or meat infusion broth proved more refractory than normal skin to infection with hemolytic streptococci inoculated 24 hours later. The refractory state induced in the tissues was non-specific in character. A greater amount of local protection against hemolytic streptococci was afforded by infiltrations with a homologous immune serum than by infiltrations with normal serum. The difference in the amount of protection afforded by immune serum over that induced by normal serum may be thought of as representative of the degree of local passive immunity conferred.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE
Authors: Pritchett Ida W.
Published: June 2004

Five separate strains of mice have been tested for their relative susceptibility to per os infection with the Type II bacillus of mouse typhoid (Bacillus pestis caviæ), more than 500 individuals of each strain having been employed in the course of 12 months. Clear-cut differences in the susceptibility of these strains to the infection have been shown to exist.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Smith David T. , Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

A common form of otitis media occurring in rabbits is described. The condition in the great majority of instances is associated with the inflammation of the upper respiratory tract known as snuffles and with the presence of Bacterium lepisepticum. This organism, when introduced into the external nares of rabbits hitherto protected from infection with it, is capable of inducing a purulent otitis media indistinguishable from the natural one.

In the rabbit the connection between the nasal passages and the middle ear is such that a pathogenic agent introduced into the nose may readily invade the entire group of cavities connected with the upper respiratory tract.
RESISTANCE TO SPONTANEOUS MOUSE CANCER INDUCED BY INJECTIONS OF OLEIC ACID
Authors: Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported here show that the resistance of mice to spontaneous neoplastic diseases can be increased by means of oleic acid injections. This is demonstrated (1) by the greatly reduced incidence of local recurrences at the site of operation, and the lessened incidence (2) of primary tumors developing at other locations, (3) of metastases as encountered at autopsy, and (4) of takes of autoplastic tumor grafts, while finally, (5) there is an appreciable increase of the average postoperative longevity.

Supplementary to the above results is the finding that in the treated mice the reaction about the implanted cancer graft differs from that encountered in untreated animals.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Kemp Jarold E.
Published: June 2004

1. The size of the dose of the infecting material exerts an appreciable effect upon the duration of the incubation period in experimental syphilis of the rabbit. Other things being equal, the larger the dose the shorter is the incubation period.

2. The size of the inoculum was not found to exercise any marked effect upon the course of the disease as a whole.

3. In individual rabbits inoculated with minimal amounts of virus the disease may run a malignant course.
VARIATIONS IN SPECIFICITY AND VIRULENCE OF PNEUMOCOCCI DURING GROWTH IN VITRO
Authors: Reimann Hobart A.
Published: June 2004

When pneumococci are grown repeatedly in broth containing immune serum or bile, they become less virulent and less type-specific. These changes are apparently due to the fact that under the conditions mentioned a number of organisms appear which have lost certain properties. These variant organisms form colonies differing in appearance from the colonies of the typical organisms, and cultures made from the atypical colonies are avirulent and are not type-specific, The degree of modification of the original culture is directly related to the relative number of organisms that have undergone variation. After prolonged growth in bile or homologous immune serum variation may have become manifest in all the bacteria of the cultures and the change is then irreversible. The significance of these findings as regards the epidemiology of pneumococcus infections is noted.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

A technique is described for the study of the adsorption in function of the time of molecules of colloidal substances in the surface layer of water. This technique eliminates previous causes of error, in particular the individual coefficient.

The curves obtained by plotting the data for serum at various dilutions give a clear picture of the phenomenon, and show that the low values of the initial surface tension of pure serum and serum at low dilutions are due to the extreme rapidity of adsorption of the molecules in the surface layer, owing to their high concentration.

Evidence is given that colloidal substances in solution substantially lower the surface tension of the solvent, even when they are in too small a number to form an homogeneous monolayer.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert
Published: June 2004

Direct proof of the absorption of bile pigments from the intestinal tract is presented.

Feedings of pure bilirubin by mouth to dogs, like those of whole bile, increase greatly the amount of this pigment in the hepatic bile. Control feedings of bile salts, while greatly increasing the bile quantity, cause no change in the pigment output. Instillations of pure bilirubin directly into the duodenum of dogs, appropriately intubated, are followed by pronounced increases in the bilirubin output in the bile.

Feedings of pure urobilin to dogs, yielding urobilin-free bile, as result of diversion of the secretion from the intestine, are followed by the appearance of this pigment in the bile.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

In continuation of the observations on vital staining by means of phthalein indicators, reported in a previous paper, some members of the group with acid ranges have been employed. The results accord closely with those already obtained, in pointing to the existence of characteristic differences in the reaction within the organs. Roughly speaking, these latter fall into two groups. Within the members of the one a noteworthy acidity would appear to prevail, whereas in those of the other acidity seems slight at most, and in a few instances signs of a faint alkalinity are to be met. In general the "acid" organs are such as have a great metabolic activity whereas the "neutral" group manifest but an inconsiderable one. All of the tissues examined seem to be relatively acid compared with the blood plasma.

The findings with the phthaleins as a group are discussed.
THE OCCURRENCE OF STIGMATA OF CONGENITAL SYPHILIS IN RABBITS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FACTOR OF INHERITANCE
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

The report is concerned with the occurrence of stigmata of syphilis in the progeny of syphilitic rabbits and the probable cause for such conditions in cases where no infection can be demonstrated.

The history of a group of animals presenting these conditions is given and possible causes are discussed in the light of evidence derived from a study of these animals.

In this instance, it appeared that the lesions suggesting syphilis were of functional rather than of infectious origin and that heredity was an important factor in determining their occurrence.
THE RELATION OF HYPERGLYCEMIA TO THE RELATIVE BLOOD VOLUME, CHLORINE CONCENTRATION, AND CHLORINE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BLOOD OF DOGS
Authors: Foshay Lee
Published: June 2004

1. In normal dogs experimental hyperglycemia causes a prompt dilution of the circulating blood. This is evidenced by the increase in the relative volume of serum and the reduction of the erythrocyte counts. If the hyperglycemia is large, the viscosity of the blood is visibly diminished.

2. As the hyperglycemia increases there occurs a reduction of the serum chlorine concentration and an increase in the concentration of corpuscular chlorine.

3. Reduction of an artificial hyperglycemia restores the relative blood volumes to their normal status. The erythrocyte count rises to the normal and the corpuscular chlorine concentration is diminished. If the reduction is a large one, the viscosity of the blood is visibly increased.

4. The same types of conductivity-chloride discrepancy that occur in human blood are found in the blood of dogs. In addition, a third type is described.

5. Hyperglycemia does not cause the same changes in the volume of the average erythrocyte of the dog as it does in the case of human erythrocytes.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte , Baker Lillian E.
Published: June 2004

The nature of the relation between the time-drop and antibody formation cannot be stated as yet. It is certain that the physicochemical change in the serum, detected by means of surface tension measurements, is not due directly to the antibody itself. Neither is it due to the direct action of the antigen on the serum, or to a change in the albumin-globulin ratio in this latter. Rather does it appear like antibody formation itself to be due to a tissue activity. Further experiments are being carried out on this subject.
THE RELATION OF THE VITAMINS TO THE REACTION INDUCED BY COAL TAR IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS
Authors: Jorstad Louis H.
Published: June 2004

Drops of coal tar introduced into the subcutaneous tissue attract the fibroblasts, endothelial and other cells to them. These cells suffer degenerative changes through this action of the tar and the animal suffers cachectic-like changes and death from large doses of it introduced into the subcutaneous tissue. This action of the coal tar is limited to a short period of time, after which it becomes inert. The cells which have been drawn to it and which have not completely degenerated then slowly recover. Where large numbers of these cells are drawn to the tar they grow and divide after recovering from the initial effects of the tar. Cancer may develop. Where only a few cells are drawn to the tar they lay down intercellular fibrils and a scar eventually develops. Vitamin A fed in more than ample quantities to these animals protects the animals and the cells against the toxic action of the tar and stimulates and prolongs their secondary growth. Vitamin B stimulates the secondary growth of these cells. This action is limited in extent and time. It is followed by an early degeneration and hyalinization of the tissue.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF JAGZIEKTE
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

The epithelial proliferations, which are so typical of jagziekte, are chiefly of alveolar origin. They appear in areas of infiltration and exudation identical histologically with those occurring in sheep which are to all appearances normal but which are derived from flocks in which the disease is endemic. They become very extensive and quite atypical in structure, but they never give rise to metastases, even to the adjacent lymph glands. The primary infiltration of the interalveolar tissue continues and may lead to fibrosis and extensive consolidation, or leucocytes may accumulate in large numbers, penetrate into the alveoli, and form areas of acute pneumonia. In fairly advanced cases of jagziekte it is common to find many stages of the reaction in one and the same lung. While it is possible that the disease may be due to a single and specific virus, and the epithelial lesions are certainly of a very special character, the pathological complex as a whole is such as might be caused by a variety of predisposing and exciting factors operating over a considerable period of time.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE ISOLATED CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Morgan Hugh J.
Published: June 2004

The data presented in this paper clearly indicate that the isolated carbohydrate and nucleoprotein constituents of Pneumococcus differ both serologically and antigenically one from the other. Moreover, each of these fractions of the cell separately exhibits immunological properties distinct from those manifested by the whole organism of which they form a part.

The carbohydrate is a protein-free polysaccharide and as such is devoid of the property of stimulating antibodies. Although in the free state, dissociated from other cellular substances, it is non-antigenic, in this form it still retains the property of reacting specifically in anti-pneumococcus serum of the homologous type. Further, this nonprotein constituent is not reactive with antiprotein serum. In other words, neither pneumococcus carbohydrate nor protein as separate antigen gives rise to antibodies with specific affinities for the carbohydrate or so called soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus.

The nucleoprotein of Pneumococcus, on the other hand, is antigenic. Immunization with this cell constituent gives rise to immune serum which precipitates solutions of pneumococcus protein without regard to the type from which it is derived.

The interrelations of the carbohydrate and protein of Pneumococcus as they exist in the intact cell to form the complete antigen, and the interpretation of the differences in the antigenic properties of the whole bacterium as contrasted with those of its component parts are reserved for discussion in a subsequent paper.