bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dilema Dalam Transformasi Desa Ke Nagari : Studi Kasus di Kenagarian IV Koto Palembayan, Provinsi Sumatera Barat
Authors: Budi Astuti Nuraini , M. Kolopaking Lala
Published: January 2017

The implementation of local autonomy regime gives an interesting socio-political explanation of how is the local genuine governance system, the so-called nagari, to operate in West Sumatera. Based on Law No. 22/1999 as amended by Law No. 32/2004, the Regional Government of West Sumatera introduced Regional Law No. 9/2000 as legal foundation to regulate the implementation of nagari in the region. The study, was conducted in Nagari IV Koto Palembayan, District of Agam, Province of West Sumatera. It was intended to 1) describe and analyze the implication of structural change from nagari to desa and its return to nagari system, 2) analyze potential conflicts that occur in the transformation from desa to nagari. The study used qualitative approach, in which data and information were mostly collected by in-depth interviews supported by observation, study of literature and documents. It was found that 1) such intervention brought about widely social change at local level, 2) the transformation from desa to nagari stimulated some potential conflicts at local level. It is realized that it is uneasy for the government to synergize modern and traditional institution of governance in a single system. In case, the control of such a complicated system is very poor, then the implementation of nagari system is substantially hindered.
Pendekatan Komunitas dan Komunikasi Sosial pada Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (SPAM) (Community and Social Communication Approaches on Development of Water Supply System)
Authors: Purnaningsih Ninuk
Published: January 2017

The government of Indonesia is obliged to provide continuous supply of drinking water in good quality to the people so that they can live well and productive. Under the framework of local autonomy regime, all physical development efforts, including sufficing drinking water, done at local level must be the responsibility of the local government together with civil society. Therefore, local community is expected to actively involve in the formulation of drinking water development program. Community-based and social communication approaches oriented toward local empowerment are chosen as primary strategy to achieve the development of water supply system. Social communication approach occurs in the form of social advocacy in the policy-making processes so that the policy becomes more sensitive to the needs of the local people. It is expected that by doing so the policy will be supportive to the need of local people. This article is to analyze the development of drinking water supply systems managed by government and NGOs as well as with local people. Some of them are not sustainable in terms of its policy processes continuity. The study reveals that such situation occurs due to less participation or support of local citizens and inappropriate local government policy supporting toward the program. This paper intends to elaborate more on the topics of community and social communication approaches relating to the development of water supply system.
ANALISIS AKTOR DALAM PEMBENTUKAN KEBIJAKAN PENGAKUAN MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT PASCA PUTUSAN MK 35 (Studi atas Peran AMAN dan Jaringannya dalam Mendorong Pengakuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Melalui UU Desa dan RUU PPMHA)
Authors: Arsyad Idham , Sunito Satyawan , Kartodiharjo Haryadi
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
The judicial review allegation conducted by the Nusantara Indigenous Peoples Alliance (AMAN) against Act No. 41/1999 on Forestry has resulted Constitutional Court Rulling No.35 (Putusan MK 35) which sucessfully excluded indigenous forests from the state forest. This ruling has implications for the process of new policy formulation related to the recognition and protection of indigenous people and their customary land. Therefore this study aims to look at the influence of the Putusan MK 35 on the formulation of the Village Law and Recognition and Protection of Indegenous People Bill (RUU PPMHA)through the role of actors and discourses. This study found that; The Putusan MK 35 affect the substance of the Village Law with the inclusion of the indegenous village nomenclature within the law. A common discourse and political interests among actors made the Village Law formed quickly. However the rulling did not succeed in promoting PPMHA Law given the conflict of the actors was very high and the discourse about social unit of indegenous people was unclear at that time
Keywords: indigenous peoples, indigenous forest, indigenous village, recognition and protection, costumary land

ABSTRAK
Gugatan judicial review yang dilakukan oleh Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) terhadap UU No.41 tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan yang menghasilkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No.35 (Putusan MK 35) yang mengeluarkan hutan adat dari hutan negara. Kebijakan ini berimplikasi pada proses pembentukan kebijakan baru terkait dengan pengakuan dan perlindungan masyarakat adat dan wilayah adatnya. Karenanya, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh Putusan MK 35 terhadap Undang-Undang tentang Desa dan Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Pengakuan dan Perlindungan Masyarakat Hukum Adat (RUU PPMHA) melalui analisis aktor dan diskursus yang berkembang. Penelitian menemukan bahwa Putusan MK 35 mempengaruhi subtansi Undang- Undang Desa dengan masuknya nomenklatur desa adat dalam undang-undang. Diskursus dan kepentingan yang saya sama dari aktor membuat undang-undang ini terbentuk secara cepat. Namun tidak berhasil dalam RUU PPMHA karena konflik para aktor sangat tinggi dan diskursus mengenai unit sosial masyarakat hukum adat tidak jelas.
Kata kunci: masyarakat adat, hutan adat, desa adat, pengakuan dan perlindungan, wilayah adat.
SIKAP DAN INTENSI PEMANFAATAN INTERNET DALAM KEGIATAN BISNIS
Authors: Anggita Nurul Adha Irena , Virianita Ratri
Published: January 2017

As developed time, needs of information and communication media become significant. Internet utilization functions for business were transformed from information exchange into an instrument for business strategy application such as marketing, selling and customer service. In general, internet has three functions in business such as communication, promotion and research. Small and middle scale entrepreneur which exposed with the growth of information technology have the options whether to utilize internet for business or not. The objective of this study is to describe attitude and intention of internet utilization for business, and to analyze the effect of attitude and subjective norm to intention of internet utilization for business on small and middle scale entrepreneur. This research used quantitative approach. The results of this study is, mostly small and middle scale entrepreneur have positive attitude and intention to internet utilization for business. Attitude and subjective norm are effected to intention to internet utilization for business.
PERSEPSI MAHASISWA TERHADAP LAYANAN NOKIA LIFE TOOL SEBAGAI INOVASI MEDIA INFORMASI PERTANIAN
Authors: Yuanita Suzyant , H Hadiyanto
Published: January 2017

Nokia Life Tools is an innovation in agricultural sector which provide relevant information needed by farmers. One of the consequences of innovation is justification as action by the stakeholders. Agronomy and Horticultural Department students in this case are acting as one of the stackholders for the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to find out what the perception of students in the Agronomy and Horticultural Department class of 2006 about Nokia Life Tools watched by its characteristic as an innovation to agricultural sector. Beside that this study also have the purpose to understand the relation between internal and external factors from the Agronomy and Horticultural Department class of 2006 students with the perception about Nokia Life Tools.The result of this study shows that students in the Agronomy and Horticultural Department class of 2006 think that Nokia Life Tools giving an average advantage level, quite fit for agricultural sector, quite complicated, quite easy to be tried, and also quite easy for the result to be observed. Other result is the internal factor that related to the students in the Agronomy and Horticultural Department class of 2006 perception is the origin of the students and the students awareness level about Nokia Life Tools., and the external factor is the students exposure level of the Nokia Life Tools advertisement.
STRATEGI PENCITRAAN PERUSAHAAN AGRIBISNIS MELALUI MEDIA VIRTUAL
Authors: Yusuf Rinaldy , Purnaningsih Ninuk
Published: January 2017

This study is about the effectiveness of agribusiness corporate brand image strategy which doing by PT. Plantera on virtual media and related factors. This study use quantitative approach with survey method and supported by qualitative data. Respondent is people who already visited Plantera Fruit Paradise Ngebruk’s fan page on Facebook and then decided to came to the Plantera. This study focused on relation between respondent’s social economic characteristics (gender, age, level education, and level income), public perception about the corporate, and corporate brand image strategy on Facebook Fan Page with the effectiveness itself. Based on result, from four social economic characteristics on respondent (gender, age, level education, level income) only level education, level income, and age of respondent that have relation with the effectiveness of corporate brand image strategy on Facebook Fan Page.. The conclusion of this study is the corporate brand image strategy which doing by PT. Plantera is well done and had an effective result on it’s implementation.
The Shoreline Fringe Forest and Adjacent Peatlands of the Southern Central British Columbia Coast
Authors: Lamb Eric G. , Megill William
Published: January 2017

Four distinct vegetation types are found in close proximity along an exposed section of the southern central coast of British Columbia. A coastal fringe of coniferous forest a few hundred metres wide is separated by a steep ecotone from an inland peatland-forest complex. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the plant communities along the transition from forest to peatland, and (2) to identify some of the major environmental factors associated with those communities using indicator plant analysis. The coastal forest is dominated by Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis, and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis. Characteristic understory species include Gaultheria shallon and Blechnum spicant. Inland from the coastal forest are transitional forest stands with a species-rich understory including Cornus canadensis, Hylocomium splendens, and Vaccinium parvifolium. The peatlands are poor fens characterized by thickets of Pinus contorta and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis among open areas dominated by species such as Sphagnum sp., Empetrum nigrum, Juniperus communis, and bogs characterized by Myrica gale, Eriophorum angustifolium, and Sanguisorba officinalis. Indicator plant analysis identified differences in the ground surface materials, soil moisture and nutrient regime between the vegetation types. The general trend is for an increase in soil moisture from the forest vegetation to the peatlands and a concurrent change from the Mor humus forms that dominate the coastal forest floor to the surface groundwater table of the peatlands. These environmental differences between forest and peatland are likely related to the steeper slopes typically found in the fringe forest vegetation.
Phenotypic Variation in Skull Size and Shape Between Newfoundland and Mainland Populations of North American Black Bears, Ursus americanus
Authors: Virgl John A. , Mahoney Shane P. , Mawhinney Kim
Published: January 2017

It is well recognized that differences in environmental selection pressures among populations can generate phenotypic divergence in a suite of morphological characteristics and associated life history traits. Previous analysis of mitochondrial DNA and body size have suggested that Black Bears (Ursus americanus) inhabiting the island of Newfoundland represent a different subspecies or ecotype from mainland populations. Assuming that body size covaries positively with skull size, we predicted that skull size would be greater for bears on the island than the mainland, and the distribution of size-related shape components in multivariate space should show a distinct separation between Newfoundland and mainland populations. Measurements of 1080 specimens from Newfoundland, Alberta, New York, and Quebec did not provide unequivocal support for our prediction that skull size in Newfoundland bears would be larger than bears from the mainland populations. After removing ontogenetic effects of skull size, between-population variation in skull shape was greater in females than males, and the analysis significantly separated Newfoundland bears from mainland populations. Explanations for this pattern are numerous, but currently remain hypothetical. Limited covariation between skull size and body size suggests that genetic traits regulating the size of Black Bear skulls are more heritable (i.e., less influenced by environmental selection pressures) than characteristics affecting body size. We hypothesize that if gape size does not limit prey size in solitary terrestrial carnivores, large degrees of among-population variation in body size should be coupled with little covariation in skull size. In general, sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape was marginal for the phenotypic characters measured in our study. We believe that sexual dimorphism in skull size in Black Bears is primarily driven by intrasexual selection in males for increased gape size display, while similarity in skull shape between sexes is associated with the constraints of a temporally-selective, but similar diet.
Distribution and Conservation of the Harlequin Duck, Histrionicus histrionicus, in Greenland
Authors: Boertmann David
Published: January 2017

The breeding range of the Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) in Greenland includes West Greenland to as far north as 72º 30’ N and a few sites in East Greenland. The breeding population is guessed at a few thousand pairs. During winter Harlequin Ducks occur along the West Greenland coast between Maniitsoq and Nanortalik. The size of the winter population is unknown. As Canadian males, which have moulted in Southwest Greenland, also winter there, perhaps accompanied by females and juveniles, the numbers may be considerable. The peak period for clutch initiation seems to be mid- to late June. There is no immediate conservation concern for the small breeding population of Harlequin Ducks in Greenland. However, there is a risk from marine oil spills along coasts where congregations of non-breeding Harlequin Ducks from both Greenland and eastern Canada occur.
Density and Richness of Benthic Invertebrate Populations in the North Sydenham River of Southwestern Ontario (1996-2000) Compared with Those of the St. Clair River (1990-1995)
Authors: Harris I. W. E. , Drury C. F. , Simard R. R. , Zhang T. Q.
Published: January 2017

Richness (the number of invertebrate families/sample site) and density (the number of invertebrates/sq m) of benthic populations in the North Sydenham River were measured and compared with similar estimates for the St. Clair River. Seventeen sample sites were examined from May to October over five consecutive years. At each sample site, particle size distribution of the sediment, sediment temperature, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, total carbon, and water flow rate were measured. Physical and chemical characteristics of the North Sydenham system over the 100 km run examined were less variable than those of the St. Clair. Statistically significant but weak multiple linear correlations were found for richness and density with several of the measured variables. Invertebrate populations in the North Sydenham River were less rich and less dense than those in the downstream reach of the St. Clair and exhibited a different distribution of abundance among the orders of organisms. As in the St. Clair River, some evidence of long term cycling of abundance in several families of invertebrates was found in the North Sydenham.
Direct Identification of Northern Sage-grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, Nest Predators Using Remote Sensing Cameras
Authors: Holloran Matthew J. , Anderson Stanley H.
Published: January 2017

The status and apparent decline of Sage-grouse (Centrocercus spp.) has been of increasing concern and lower nesting success could be contributing to population declines. Our objective was to directly identify Sage-grouse nest predators. Following visual confirmation of radio-marked Sage-grouse nest establishment in 1997-1999, we installed automatic 35 mm cameras controlled by an active infrared monitor. Of 26 nests monitored by cameras, 22 successfully hatched and four were unsuccessful. American Elk (Cervus canadensis), Badger (Taxidea taxus), and Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia) destroyed three of the four unsuccessful nests, and domestic cattle caused abandonment of the fourth. Richardson’s (Spermophilus richardsonii) and Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels (S. tridecemlineatus) were recorded at nests, but were not detected in predation.
Observations of Long-tailed Weasel, Mustela frenata, Hunting Behavior in Central West Virginia
Authors: Smith Brian W. , Dobony Chris A. , Edwards John W. , Ford W. Mark
Published: January 2017

Using infrared video-surveillance systems during 1999–2000, we observed attempts by two individual Long-tailed Weasels (Mustela frenata) to depredate female Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and their clutch of eggs. Neither female was captured despite Long-tailed Weasel attacks on multiple nights, but all eggs from one nest were either consumed or cached over a two-night period. Although Long-tailed Weasels have been shown to return quickly to areas of abundant prey, return visit behavior to locations where weasels were unsuccessful or only partially successful are poorly described.
Aggressive Interactions of Rocky Mountain Elk, Cervus elaphus nelsoni, During the Calving Season Toward Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, in Central Colorado
Authors: Stephens Robert M. , Alldredge A. William , Phillips Gregory E.
Published: January 2017

We documented four aggressive interactions between Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus elaphus) and Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) during the Elk calving season of June and July 1995. In one case, we believe a fawn Mule Deer was killed by two cow Elk. In the other three cases, Elk chased Mule Deer away from an area where they were grazing. These incidents are of interest because documentation of such interactions between Elk and Mule Deer is sparse in the scientific literature and because of the concern about declining Mule Deer populations throughout the western United States.
Limits to Plasticity in Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, Pack Structure: Conservation Implications for Recovering Populations
Authors: Gehring Thomas M. , Kohn Bruce E. , Gehring Joelle L. , Anderson Eric M.
Published: January 2017

We documented the dynamics of the Five Corners Pack (FCP) in east-central Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin through the loss and replacement of four alpha-females over a four-year period. This pack remained intact and produced offspring during the period despite the annual loss of the alpha female. However, we observed a disintegration of the pack after four consecutive alpha females died, at least two of which were due to illegal killing by humans. Our observations generally support the hypothesis that “single-parent” wolf packs may be more prevalent in areas with low densities of wolves and high densities of ungulate prey. Our observations also highlight the need to assess the potential negative impacts of wolf removal on pack structure and persistence at local and regional scales.
Additions and Range Extensions to the Vascular Plant Flora of the Continental Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada, II
Authors: Cody William J. , Reading Kenneth L. , Line Jennifer M.
Published: January 2017

Based on field reconnaissance since the publication of Flora of the Continental Northwest Territories in 1980, particularly in the District of Keewatin and northeastern District of Mackenzie (Nunavut) and Nahanni National Park, information is provided on geographically significant plant occurrences. One new taxon, Polemonium boreale forma albiflorum, is described, fourteen native taxa are reported as new to the region: Carex hoodii, C. microptera, C. petasata, Corispermum hookeri, C. ochotense, Danthonia spicata, Draba stenoloba, Erysisnum coarctatum, Halenia deflexa, Polygonum fowleri, P. ramosissimum, Salix rotundifolia ssp. rotundifolia, Silene uralensis ssp. ogilviensis, and Vaccinium ovalifolium. Five introduced taxa, Crepis tectorum, Corispermum villosum, Deschampsia elongata, D. incisa var. incisa, and Medicago sativa ssp. falcata are new to the flora of the region. Two native taxa, Danthonia intermedia and Potentilla porsildiorum are deleted from the flora and Ranunculus aquatilis var hispidulus is placed in synonymy. Significant range extensions for 125 native and one introduced taxon are included.
Capture Locations of Coyotes, Canis latrans, Bobcats, Lynx rufus, and Raccoons, Procyon lotor, Relative to Home Range Boundaries
Authors: Gipson Philip S. , Kamler Jan F.
Published: January 2017

Previous research showed that Coyotes (Canis latrans) and other canids might be more vulnerable to capture near the boundary or outside of their home ranges, making the capture of specific individuals within their territories difficult. Information concerning capture vulnerability relative to home range boundaries for other carnivores is lacking. During a four-year study of carnivore ecology in Kansas, we compared capture locations of Coyotes, Bobcats (Lynx rufus), and Raccoons (Procyon lotor) to their home range boundaries to determine if they were more likely to be captured inside, or near the periphery of, their home ranges. Resident Coyotes were captured disproportionately more often (P < 0.01) near the periphery of their home ranges, whereas Bobcats, Raccoons, and transient Coyotes were captured equally (P > 0.05) in both areas of their home ranges. Differences in capture vulnerability within and between species might be related to differences in social organization and behavior.
Supposed Periodicity of Redpoll, Carduelis sp., Winter Visitations in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Erskine Anthony J. , McManus Reid
Published: January 2017

Redpoll (primarily Carduelis flammea) data from the New Brunswick–Nova Scotia border region were reviewed in the context of alleged biennial periodicity of irruptions south of their breeding range. Long-term records by the authors suggested a number of departures from visitation in alternate years. Three local Christmas Bird Counts (CBCs) spanning the last 41 winters supported the less-than-regular pattern shown by individual observations. CBC redpoll data from across the Atlantic Provinces revealed annual redpoll visitations across southern New Brunswick, where the largest regional counts (adjusted for observer effort) usually occurred. Visitation to Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland was less frequent, and patterns there were often obscured by scarcity of CBCs with both long-run coverage and redpolls. Examination of those data in relation to varying food availability suggested that irregular abundance but near-annual occurrence of redpoll visitation explains observed observations better than attempts to find periodicity in their irruptions.
Habitat Segregation Among Songbirds in Old-Growth Boreal Mixedwood Forest
Authors: Cumming Enid E.
Published: January 2017

The foraging behaviour of ten species of insectivorous songbirds — Boreal Chickadee (Poecille hudsonicus), Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa), Ruby-crowned Kinglet (R. calendula), Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius), Tennessee (Vermivora peregrina), Blackburnian (Dendroica fusca), Magnolia (D. magnolia), Yellow-rumped [Myrtle] (D. coronata), Black-throated Green (D. virens), and Bay-breasted (D. castanea) warblers — was observed in the boreal mixedwood forest of Prince Albert National Park in central Saskatchewan. Birds segregated their habitat use by preferentially foraging in different tree species, and through preferential use of different foraging locations (height and position) within trees.White Spruce (Picea glauca) was used more than expected by Yellow-rumped Warblers, and Golden-crowned and Ruby-crowned kinglets. Tennessee and Magnolia warblers used White Birch (Betula papyrifera), more than expected and Boreal Chickadees and Blue-headed Vireos used Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) more than expected. Boreal Chickadees, Ruby-crowned Kinglets, and Tennessee, Blackburnian and Yellow-rumped warblers all used the bottom part of trees less than expected, while Blueheaded Vireos foraged near the top of trees less than expected. Large inner branches were avoided by Tennessee, Blackburnian and Yellow-rumped warblers, while Bay-breasted Warblers and Blue-headed Vireos avoided small outer twigs. In conifers, Blackburnian Warblers foraged significantly higher in the trees than all other species except Black-throated Green and Baybreasted warblers. Blackburnian Warblers also foraged significantly higher than Blue-headed Vireos and Magnolia Warblers in deciduous trees.
Effects of Mid-winter Snow Depth on Stand Selection by Wolverines, Gulo gulo luscus, in the Boreal Forest
Authors: Wright Jonathan D. , Ernst Jessica
Published: January 2017

Wolverines (Gulo gulo luscus) in a study area in the boreal upland forests of northwestern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia (approximately 57°N) were noted to be limited to upland landscapes, despite abundant food in adjacent lowland landscapes. Snow-tracking suggested that the species was selecting for the densest climax conifer stands for travel in search of food. It was hypothesized that snow depth was a limiting factor for Wolverines in the boreal forest during midwinter, and that they selected for this stand-type because of the buffering effect of this type of canopy on ground snow-depths. A series of snow-depth measurements were collected. Snow depths collected along Wolverine trails were very significantly lower than random snow depths collected under upland canopy (F = 32.84, df = 1, P << 0.010). There was a significant buffering effect on snow depth indicated for upland canopy (F = 11.1, df = 1, P < 0.010), while adjacent lowland canopy had no significant buffering effect on snow depth (F = 3.45, df = 1, P > 0.05). Wolverines were hypothesized to be limited to upland landscapes in the study area because of the buffering effect on snow-depth of the stand types found there, and not for reasons of food availability. Climax conifer stands were interpreted as being of high importance to Wolverine survival during winter. Conservation implications include the detrimental effect on Wolverine populations likely to result from current timber harvesting practices in the boreal forest.
Wolverine, Gulo gulo luscus, Resting Sites and Caching Behavior in the Boreal Forest
Authors: Wright Jonathan D. , Ernst Jessica
Published: January 2017

Wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) caches and resting sites were examined in a study area in the boreal upland forests of northwestern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia (approximately 57°N). Cache sites were in climax, or “overmature” stands of Black Spruce (Picea mariana) or mixed-wood of high complexity, dominated by conifers, and in which the Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) and Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera) component consisted of mostly dead or dying trees characteristic of such old growth in the boreal uplands. Sites offered relatively good visibility of the surrounding stand. Sites were never located in the dense to extremely dense homogenous spruce stands documented as being favored for travel by Wolverines in the study area. The better used cache complexes were accessed by numerous well-used trails made by the Wolverines themselves. Caches consisted of the bones, hide and hair of Moose (Alces alces) believed to have been killed by Grey Wolves (Canis lupus). Caches were classified as “simple caches” composed of a single feeding site and/or excavation and “cache complexes” involving one or more feeding “stations”, latrines, resting sites, and climbing trees that may have been used as avenues of escape from competitors/predators. Resting sites were located atop the snow in relatively open locations that offered good visibility of the surroundings. Climax stands were implicated as being of importance to Wolverine caching behavior. Conservation implications include the detrimental effect on Wolverine populations likely to result from current timber harvesting practices in the boreal forest.
Morphology of Female Woodland Caribou, Rangifer tarandus caribou, in Saskatchewan
Authors: Rettie W. James
Published: January 2017

I obtained morphological measurements from captured female Woodland Caribou in central Saskatchewan. I found that only girth was a good predictor of body mass in adult animals. I also determined that Woodland Caribou from Saskatchewan, though similar in size and mass to alpine Woodland Caribou in Yukon, are larger than migratory Woodland Caribou and smaller than forest dwelling Woodland Caribou from western Alberta and Yukon.
Erratum: Introduced Marine Species in the Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) Region, British Columbia. (2004) 118(1): 77-84.
Authors: Sloan N. A. , Bartier P. M.
Published: January 2017

FIGURE 1. Map of Haida Gwaii showing locations mentioned in the text and collection sites of introduced marine plant and invertebrate species, based on data from Sloan and Bartier (2000) and Sloan et al. (2001).
Changes in Loon (Gavia spp.) and Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) Populations in the Lower Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Alaska
Authors: Mills Tamara K. , Andres Brad A.
Published: January 2017

More than two-thirds of the human population of Alaska resides in the south-central portion of the state, where its continued growth is likely to affect some wildlife populations negatively. To assess changes in waterbird populations in this region, we compared counts of Common Loons (Gavia immer), Pacific Loons (G. pacifica), and Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) made on Matanuska-Susitina Valley lakes. In general, the number of lakes occupied by loon or grebe pairs decreased between 1987 and 1999. Decreases in the number of lakes occupied by Common Loons were less drastic in the northwest region of the study area than in the southeast region; human development is greater in the southeastern portion of our study area. Contrary to lake occupancy, the percentage of lakes that fledged Common Loon chicks remained stable between years. Because the human population is expected to continue to grow, proactive management of lake use and lakeshore development, coupled with monitoring of loon and grebe occupancy and productivity, is needed to ensure the persistence of these waterbird populations in the lower Matanuska-Susitna Valley.
Use of Eelgrass, Zostera marina, Wrack by Three Species of Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Prince Edward Island
Authors: Garbary David J. , Fraser Sarah , Ferguson Carrie , Lauff Randolph F.
Published: January 2017

Large numbers of the introduced ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., were present at Wood Islands and Green Point, Prince Edward Island, in wrack consisting primarily of Zostera marina L. (Eelgrass). The wrack occurred in a 0.5 to 1.0 m band parallel to the shore, and was from five to 25 cm thick. The other ladybirds, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.), an introduced coccinellid also found in high numbers, and an individual of the native Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Say) were found only at Wood Islands. At both sites the ladybird beetles occurred in the mid-intertidal zone along at least 100 m of shoreline, and were absent to rare on the terrestrial vegetation above the high tide mark. At four of the other eight sites surveyed, occasional individuals were present in the wrack, but they were no more abundant than could be observed on landward vegetation. Mean densities of C. septempunctata at the two primary sites were 52 m-2 (Green Point) and 410 m-2 (Wood Islands).
Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo silvestris, Behavior in Central Ontario During Winter
Authors: Nguyen Linh P. , Hamr Josef , Parker Glenn H.
Published: January 2017

Home range size, food habits, and roost site selection are described for the Eastern Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) introduced on the Precambrian Shield in central Ontario during the winters 1999 and 2000. Monthly home range size was correlated primarily to snow depth, although it was also likely associated to other factors, including food availability and/or roost site availability. Ferns and allies were used more than available, whereas monocots were used less than expected. Roost site-selection was primarily influenced by tree height. If the Eastern Wild Turkey is to expand its northern range in Ontario, winter food and roost site availability may be the primary determinants for successful introductions.
Observations of Habitat Use by Polar Bears, Ursus maritimus, in the Alaskan Beaufort, Chukchi, and Northern Bering Seas
Authors: Hansen Donald J.
Published: January 2017

A total of 1112 Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) at 482 sightings were recorded during aerial surveys in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and northern Bering Seas conducted primarily during September and October from 1979-1999. Of these bears, 784 were observed offshore at 400 sightings. The surveys were conducted by the Naval Ocean Systems Center and Minerals Management Service; they were designed to monitor the fall Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) migration. Over the 20-year period, 1,096,620 kilometers of surveys were flown. The majority of the offshore Polar Bears, 595 bears at 290 sightings, and most of the kill sites and polar bear tracks were recorded in 80-100% ice cover. The number of bears per kilometer increased substantially in >24% ice cover, with the highest number observed in 80-100% ice cover. This habitat use probably is related to the availability of seals, their primary prey. There were 328 bears (83 sightings) recorded on land, and most of them were associated with whale carcasses and bowhead whale subsistence harvest sites along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast.
Erratum: Morphology and population characteristics of Vancouver Island Cougars, Puma concolor vancouverensis. (2004) 118(2): 159-163.
Authors: Wilson Steven F. , Hahn Apryl , Gladders Aaron , Goh Karen M. L. , Shackleton David M.
Published: January 2017

Replacement for figure 2 (body size vs. age), on page 161 of the indicated article.
The Influence of Prey Availability and Vegetation Characteristics on Scent Station Visitation Rates of Coyotes, Canis latrans, in a Heterogeneous Environment
Authors: Randa Lynda A. , Yunger John A.
Published: January 2017

We investigated the effects of local prey fluctuations and habitat variables on the scent station visitation rates of the Coyote (Canis latrans) in northern Illinois within a heterogeneous environment. Availability of small mammalian prey was assessed by monthly mark-recapture sampling and visual counts conducted along three, 192-m transects in each of seven habitats that ranged from grassland to wooded sites. Habitat metrics, which included foliage density, ground cover, and canopy cover, were also collected for the same seven habitats. Visitation rates of Coyotes were determined from scent station lines parallel to the small mammal trapping transects. A multiple regression analysis indicated that Coyote visitation rates across the study site were influenced positively by vole (Microtus spp.) abundance and negatively by canopy cover. When Coyote visitation rates were regressed on vole abundance for only the habitats in which voles occurred, the relationship was not significant. This may be attributed to the general avoidance of wooded areas by Coyotes. Coyotes did, however, respond to experimentallyinduced abundant patches of Peromyscus. These findings suggest Coyotes selectively use grassland habitats within a heterogeneous environment and may modify their use according to prey availability.
A Mapping of the Present and Past Forest-types of Prince Edward Island
Authors: Sobey D. G. , Glen W. M.
Published: January 2017

Our aim was to produce maps showing the distribution on Prince Edward Island of five forest-types previously identified from a TWINSPAN analysis of ground flora data collected at 1200 sampling points in a field survey. For this purpose we had available two databases: one on the composition of the tree canopy of 82,957 forest stands, as determined by photointerpretation of a 1990 aerial photographic survey of the island; the other on the drainage properties of the same stands from a published soil survey. The tree canopy and drainage criteria for sorting these stands into five stand-types were chosen in the light of the equivalent properties of the TWINSPAN forest-types as evident from the field survey. These criteria were perfected in four trial computer-sortings, followed by the computer-printing of maps showing the distribution of the standtypes. These maps, which were then evaluated by comparing them with the properties of the TWINSPAN forest-types, are the first fine-scale maps of the main forest-types of the island. They reveal that, of the three “primary” forest-types, the upland hardwood forest occurs especially in the central and south-eastern hill-lands, as well as in scattered parcels elsewhere, whereas the Black Spruce forest and the wet species-rich woodland occur primarily in areas of lower elevation in the east and west of the island. The two forest-types resulting from human disturbance, the White Spruce woods and the “disturbed forest”, have a more scattered distribution, with the White Spruce woods being found especially in the central and eastern parts of the island and the disturbed forest in the west and east of the island. A secondary aim was to map the conjectured distribution before European settlement of the three primary forest-types: two maps have been produced, one showing the distribution of upland hardwood forest, the other of the wet forest-types.
Pilose Braya, Braya pilosa Hooker (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae), an Enigmatic Endemic of Arctic Canada
Authors: Harris James G.
Published: January 2017

Braya pilosa Hooker, Pilose Braya, has been poorly understood among North American botanists due to a paucity of fruiting specimens for study. This has resulted in confusion about the taxonomic position of the taxon within Braya, and has led to speculation about its generic status. An examination of fruiting specimens from the Royal Botanic Garden Herbarium at Kew, England reveals that B. pilosa is correctly placed in the genus Braya, and that it is a distinctive member of the genus deserving recognition at the specific level. I discuss the historical evidence that B. pilosa may not have been collected since 1850 due to its extremely restricted distribution on the Cape Bathurst Peninsula of the Northwest Territories of Canada. I also present evidence suggesting that B. pilosa is diploid and may be a parent species to some of the more widespread members of the genus, all of which are polyploid. Its closest living relative is probably B. thorild-wulffii.
A Snow-tracking Protocol Used to Delineate Local Lynx, Lynx canadensis, Distributions
Authors: Squires John R. , McKelvey Kevin S. , Ruggiero Leonard F.
Published: January 2017

Determining Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) distribution is an important management need, especially at the southern extent of the species range where it is listed as threatened under the U. S. Endangered Species Act. We describe a systematic snowtrack based sampling framework that provides reliable distribution data for Canada Lynx. We used computer simulations to evaluate protocol efficacy. Based on these simulations, the probability of detecting lynx tracks during a single visit (8 km transect) to a survey unit ranged from approximately 0.23 for surveys conducted only one day after snowfall, to 0.78 for surveys conducted 7 days after a snowfall. If the survey effort was increased to three visits, then detection probabilities increased substantially from 0.58 for one day after snowfall to about 0.95 for surveys conducted 7 days after a snowfall. We tested the protocol in the Garnet Range, Montana, where most lynx were radio-collared. We documented a total of 189 lynx tracks during two winters (2001-2003). Lynx distribution based on snow-track surveys was coincident with the area defined through radio telemetry. Additionally, we conducted snow-track surveys in areas of western Wyoming where lynx were believed present but scarce. We detected a total of six lynx tracks during three winters (1999-2002). In Wyoming , where lynx presence was inferred from a few tracks, we verified species identification by securing genetic samples (hairs from daybeds) along track-lines.
Excavation of an Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus, den by a Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus
Authors: Richardson Evan S. , Brook Ryan K.
Published: January 2017

We observed a Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) excavating an Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus) den on 24 June 1998, 3 km inland from the Hudson Bay coast (58°40'N, 93°12'W), near Cape Churchill in Wapusk National Park, Manitoba. To our knowledge this is the first observed excavation of an Arctic Fox den by a Polar Bear.
First Confirmed Occurrence of a Wolf, Canis lupus, South of the St. Lawrence River in Over 100 Years
Authors: Villemure Mario , Jolicoeur Hélène
Published: January 2017

A large canid was snared near Sainte-Marguerite-de-Lingwick, Québec, in January 2002. DNA analysis confirmed the animal to be a Wolf (Canis lupus). Wolves were extirpated from this region around 1850-1900 and this is the first confirmed observation since then.
Nesting Behavior, Ecology, Seasonal and Geographic Distribution of the Sand Wasp, Stictiella emarginata (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: Kurczewski Frank E. , Boyle Hugh F.
Published: January 2017

The nesting behavior and ecology of Stictiella emarginata are documented for the first time based on field studies made mainly at Canadian Forces Base Borden, Simcoe County, Ontario. Type of soil, natural community, temporary closure, mound leveling, orientation flight, prey transport, nest structure and dimensions, and kind and number of prey per cell are defined. Museum and field collection records support a geographic bridge from northern Michigan to the Atlantic Coast and dispel the previously held notion of a disjunct distribution for this species. A late June-July-early August flight season is inferred from observations and collections made in Ontario, New York and Michigan. The nesting behavior and ecology of S. emarginata and several other Stictiella species from the western United States, Mexico and Florida are compared.
Pollination and Breeding System of Lowbush Blueberries, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. and V. myrtilloides Michx. (Ericacaeae), in the Boreal Forest
Authors: Usui Masayuki , Kevan Peter G. , Obbard Martyn
Published: January 2017

Breeding systems and pollination requirements of two wild lowbush blueberries, Vaccinium angustifolium and V. myrtilloides, in the Canadian boreal forest in the Chapleau Crown Game Preserve, Ontario, were tested. Fruit production, size and seediness were significantly higher in samples exposed to natural pollination than in those cross- or self-pollinated by hand. There were no significant differences among artificial treatments (variously hand-pollinated and bagged) except when cross-pollination (xenogamy) was done by insect pins. In V. angustifolium, the density of flowering varied with forest age (canopy closure). It was most in open areas and least in the sites with the most mature forest. Although fruit-set and seediness varied among forest habitats of different ages, there were no significant differences between sites in forests of different ages. Thus, pollination seems to be similarly effective no matter the age of the forest. In both species, fruit-set in 1992, which had severe June frosts, was markedly poorer than that in 1993 when the flowers suffered little frost damage. The combined number of complete and incomplete seeds from the fruit among the breeding and pollination systems tested were similar; however, the ratio of complete seeds to total seeds was greater from cross-pollinated than from self-pollinated flowers. Our observations indicate that there is little natural fruit-set without insect-mediated cross-pollination and that cross-pollination provides much better fruit and seed-set than does self-pollination.
First Records of Long-beaked Common Dolphins, Delphinus capensis, in Canadian Waters
Authors: Ford John K. B.
Published: January 2017

The genus Delphinus has recently been determined to be comprised of two species, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin, D. delphis, and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin, D. capensis. D. delphis is regularly observed in eastern Canadian waters, but is known only from a single stranding in British Columbia. Two specimen records and a series of sightings of D. capensis in British Columbian waters during 1993-2003, detailed here, are the first for this species in Canada. D. capensis normally ranges only as far north as central California, and its abundance in those waters increases in association with warm-water oceanographic events. Although the species appears to be rare in British Columbia, future sightings during warm-water periods might be anticipated.
Papillate Watermeal, Wolffia brasiliensis, in Eastern Ontario: An Addition to the Flora of Canada
Authors: Thomson E. R.
Published: January 2017

Wolffia brasiliensis is reported from eastern Ontario, at several sites within Frontenac and Lanark Counties. This is the first published record of W. brasiliensis in Canada.
The Influence of Thermal Protection on Winter Den Selection by Porcupines, Erethizon dorsatum, in Second-Growth Conifer Forests
Authors: Zimmerling Todd N.
Published: January 2017

I investigated den type selection by Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum), in relation to the thermal cover provided by the den type, over a period of four winters. Porcupines used log dens, stump dens and rock dens in proportion to the thermal cover provided by each den type. Based on behavioural observations of Porcupines, I assumed that the lower critical temperature for porcupines in my study area was -4°C. Both stump and rock dens provided adequate thermal protection, under most ambient conditions, to allow Porcupines to maintain their body temperature, without increasing basal metabolic rate. In most cases rock and stump dens maintained den temperatures above -4°C until ambient temperatures reached -12°C or lower. In contrast log dens provided poor thermal protection, even in years of thick snowcover. When ambient temperatures dropped below -4°C, den temperatures within log dens were also recorded below -4°C. Log dens were used least often by Porcupines, whereas stump and rock dens were used most often. Despite the large number of potential dens available to Porcupines within the study area, den use was generally limited to three dens per porcupine per winter. The limited use of dens by an individual porcupine during winter may be related to the energetic cost of finding a new den or it may be related to specific selection criteria used by Porcupines.