bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segmentation of Stochastic Images using Stochastic Extensions of the Ambrosio‐Tortorelli and the Random Walker Model
Authors: Pätz Torben , Kirby Robert M. , Preusser Tobias
Published: December 2011

We discuss methods based on stochastic PDEs for the segmentation of images with uncertain gray values resulting from measurement errors and noise. Our approach yields a reliable precision estimate for the segmentation result, and it allows us to quantify the robustness of edges in noisy images and under gray value uncertainty. The ansatz space for such images identifies gray values with random variables. For their discretization we utilize generalized polynomial chaos expansions and the generalized spectral decomposition method. This leads to the stochastic generalization of the Ambrosio‐Tortorelli approximation of the Mumford‐Shah functional. Moreover, we present the extension of the random walker segmentation for our stochastic images, which is based on an identification of the graph weights with random variables. We demonstrate the performance of the methods on a data set obtained from a digital camera as well as real medical ultrasound data. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Boundary triples and quasi boundary triples for elliptic operators
Authors: Behrndt Jussi , Micheler Till
Published: December 2011

The abstract concepts of boundary triples and their recent generalizations are useful tools to parametrize the self‐adjoint and maximal dissipative/maximal accumulative extensions of formally symmetric elliptic differential expressions with the help of explicit boundary conditions. In the present note the parametrizations induced by the “natural” quasi boundary triple with the Dirichlet and Neumann trace as boundary maps are compared with the parametrizations induced by a “classical” ordinary boundary triple, where a regularized Neumann trace is used for one of the boundary maps. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heun und Hamel – Repräsentanten der Mechanik um 1900
Authors: Bremer Hartmut
Published: December 2011

Zu Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts, zu einer Zeit, in der die klassische Mechanik längst als abgeschlossen propagiert wurde, treten KARL HEUN und GEORG HAMEL auf den Plan. Ihnen ist wesentlich der weitere Ausbau der analytischen Mechanik mit zu verdanken, insbesondere im Neuland der nichtholonomen Systeme (HAMELsche Gleichungen, heute meist HAMEL‐BOLTZMANN‐Gleichungen genannt). Es wird gezeigt, welche Auswirkungen ihre Forschertätigkeit auf das zwanzigste Jahrhundert, ja, bis heute hat. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Das Millennium‐Problem der Strömungsmechanik ‐ Lösung der Navier‐Stokes‐Gleichungen
Authors: Krause Egon
Published: December 2011

Einleitend werden die Anfänge der im Titel angedeuteten Problematik erörtert. Ausgehend von der Aufnahme in die sieben ungelösten Probleme der Mathematik durch das Clay Mathematics Institute in USA im Jahre 2000 werden frühere enttäuschende Ergebnisse wie das d'Alembertsche Paradoxon und die damals noch nicht lösbaren Euler‐Gleichungen skizziert. Nach der Vorstellung der Navier‐Stokes‐Gleichungen wird die Ableitung der Helmholtzschen Wirbelsätze und der Reynoldsschen Spannungen zur Beschreibung turbulenter Strömungen erörtert. Danach wird die revolutionäre Bedeutung der Prandtlschen Grenzschichttheorie und seiner Traglinientheorie erklärt. Schließlich werden die Einführung numerischer Methoden in die Strömungsmechanik und deren Entwicklung kurz beschrieben. Mit Hilfe von zwei Beispielen wird der heutige Stand der Forschung skizziert. Die Zusammenfassung gibt einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Probleme. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wesentliche Beiträge Österreichs zur Strömungsmechanik bis 1958
Authors: Sockel Helmut
Published: December 2011

Das erste Privileg (Patent) für eine Schraube zum Vortrieb eines Schiffes erhielt der als Förster in der Österreichisch‐Ungarischen Monarchie tätige J. Ressel im Jahre 1827. Die Fahrt mit einem Versuchsschiff im Hafen von Triest wurde wegen eines Schadens der Dampfmaschine abgebrochen und konnte nicht wiederholt werden. Der weltweit als Erfinder der nach ihm benannten Wasserturbine bekannte V. Kaplan wirkte an der Technischen Hochschule Brünn 1903‐1934. R. Knoller wurde 1909 an die neu gegründete Lehrkanzel für „Luftschiffahrt und Automobilwesen“ berufen. Seine wesentlichen Beiträge sind der Bau eines aeromechanischen Laboratoriums an der Technischen Hochschule Wien, eines Luftschraubenprüfstandes in Fischamend und zahlreiche Flugzeugkonstruktionen. R. Katzmayr war Leiter dieses Laboratoriums und nach dem Tode Knollers leitete er auch die Lehrkanzel. Er veröffentlichte die „Berichte der Aeromechanischen Versuchsanstalt in Wien“. Nach 1945 kam das aeromechanische Laboratorium zur Lehrkanzel für Strömungslehre, die mit F. Magyar besetzt wurde. Seine wesentlichen Beiträge sind Untersuchungen von Fliehkraftreinigern und Dralldüsen. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Computational homogenization and parameter‐identification for heterogeneous inelastic materials
Authors: Schmidt Ulrike , Mergheim Julia , Steinmann Paul
Published: December 2011

The aim of this paper is to describe a method for identifying micro material parameters using only macroscopic experimental data. The FE2 method is used to model the behavior of the complex materials with heterogeneous micro‐structure. The resulting least squares problem is minimized using gradient‐based optimization algorithms, where the gradient information is derived analytically within the discretized scheme. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Self‐heating of polymeric laminated composite plates under the resonant vibrations: Theoretical and experimental study
Authors: Katunin A. , Fidali M.
Published: December 2011

The self‐heating effect caused by the energy dissipation during vibration of viscoelastic materials is an important criterion in the evaluation of the structural degradation. In this study the theoretical model of the self‐heating of the polymeric layered FRP plate subjected to the resonant vibration was proposed. The model is based on the complex parameters, which could be obtained in DMA tests. The theoretical model is validated in several experiments. The experiment contains two stages: first, the modal analysis was performed for the evaluation of natural frequencies of vibration and further the specimens were excited to harmonic vibration with their resonant frequencies in the constant strain rate mode. During the second stage the force response and evolution of the temperature distributions on the surface of the specimens were registered. Obtained results allow identifying the self‐heating temperature evolution of the composite and determining the relation of the excitation frequency and self‐heating temperature. Several phenomena observed during the experiments were interpreted following their physical nature. Investigated problem could be applied for predicting the structural life of such composites and in diagnostics and structural health monitoring of the parts and constructions made of polymeric composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
History, Practices, and Future of Earned Value Management in Government: Perspectives from NASA
Authors: Kwak Young Hoon , Anbari Frank T.
Published: December 2011

The goal of this research is to explore the history, practices, and future of the earned value management (EVM) method in government, and seek opportunities and suggestions for wider implementation of EVM for managing, measuring, and controlling project performance and progress. First, this study reviews the historical background and evolution of EVM implementation in government. Then, current practices for implementing EVM are discussed through examination of EVM adoption and implementation at NASA. The research shows that NASA receives substantial project management value from its implementation of EVM, promotes consistent practices across the agency, and provides effective training on leadership, scheduling, EVM, and data analysis. This study also provides recommendations to improve and broaden the applications of current EVM and project management practices to other government programs and projects. Findings of this research contribute to the management of performance of future projects and programs and encourage the project management community to review and advance the application of EVM.
Successful Programs Wanted: Exploring the Impact of Alignment
Authors: Ritson Graeme , Johansen Eric , Osborne Allan
Published: December 2011

Alignment between formulation and implementation of business strategy can be important for achieving successful programs. The authors have explored the development of a program management alignment theory. Statistical testing showed that interaction between the study model variables was found to be multidimensional, complex, and subtle in influence. Thus, the authors conclude that programs have both deliberate and emergent strategies requiring design and management to be organized as complex adaptive systems. Program life-cycle phases of design and transition were often formed from an unclear and confusing strategic picture at the outset, which can make those phases difficult to control. Learning was established as an underlying challenge. The study model demonstrated continuous alignment as an essential attribute contributing toward successful delivery. This requires program design and structure to adopt an adaptive posture.
The future of catastrophic event prevention: Seven questions leaders need to ask
Authors: Stricoff Scott
Published: December 2011

Despite a high level of development, process safety systems are ultimately limited by the organizational cultures that use them. Advancing the effectiveness of catastrophic event prevention will necessarily require changes at the organizational level. Specifically, process safety systems, like personal safety systems before them, must become an integrated part of a whole organizational safety picture, rather than an isolated function of a specialized few. This article poses seven questions that challenge leaders to rethink common assumptions and begin the work of aligning process safety practices with a culture that supports them. © 2011 American Institute of
Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Design, synthesis, insecticidal activity and structure–activity relationship of 3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyloxy‐containing phthalic acid diamide structures
Authors: Feng Mei‐Li , Li Yu‐Feng , Zhu Hong‐Jun , Ni Jue‐Ping , Xi Bin‐Bin , Zhao Liang
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND: Phthalic acid diamide derivatives are among the most important classes of synthetic insecticides. In this study, a 3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyloxy group, the essential active group of pyridalyl derivatives, was incorporated into phthalic acid diamide derivatives with the aim of combining the active groups to generate more potent insecticides.

RESULTS: Thirty‐one new phthalic acid diamides were obtained, and these were characterised by 1H and 13C NMR. The structure of N2‐[1,1‐dimethyl‐2‐(methoxy)ethyl]‐3‐iodo‐N1‐[4‐(3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyloxy)‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐1,2‐benzenedicarboxamide was determined by X‐ray diffraction crystallography. The insecticidal activities of the compounds against Plutella xylostella were evaluated. The title compounds exhibited excellent larvicidal activities against P. xylostella. Structure‐activity relationships revealed that varying the combination of aliphatic amide and aromatic amide moieties, or the nature and position of substituent Y on the aniline ring, could aid the design of structures with superior performance.

CONCLUSION: A series of novel phthalic acid diamides containing a 3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyloxy group at the 4‐position of the aniline ring were designed and synthesised. Structure‐activity relationships with the parent structure provided information that could direct further investigation on structure modification. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of a rapid resistance monitoring bioassay for codling moth larvae
Authors: Magalhaes Leonardo C , Van Kretschmar Jaap B , Barlow Vonny M , Roe R Michael , Walgenbach James F
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is one of the most important pests of apple worldwide. Use of insecticides for management of this insect has been extensive and has resulted in resistance development. There are a number of different bioassay methods to monitor for codling moth resistance; however, many are not applicable to new insecticides and most are time consuming. A novel 16‐well plasticware bioassay plate containing lyophilized diet was developed for rapid resistance monitoring of codling moth.

RESULTS: The contact insecticides acetamiprid and azinphosmethyl were significantly more toxic to neonates than to fourth instars. However, there was no significant difference in LC50 values between neonates and fourth instars to the ingestion insecticides chlorantraniliprole, methoxyfenozide, novaluron and spinetoram. Field colonies of codling moth were significantly more resistant to methoxyfenozide than susceptible populations. A diagnostic dose of 20 µg mL−1 (LC99) was established to monitor for codling moth resistance to methoxyfenozide.

CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here demonstrate that a novel and rapid bioassay can be used to monitor for codling moth resistance to methoxyfenozide. The bioassay method is relevant to both ingestion and contact insecticides, but a single diagnostic dose, regardless of larval age, is only relevant to ingestion insecticides. Age‐dependent diagnostic doses are likely necessary for contact insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrothermal synthesis and optical properties of hexagonal tungsten oxide nanocrystals assisted by ammonium tartrate
Authors: Pang Hua‐Feng , Xiang Xia , Li Zhi‐Jie , Fu Yong‐Qing , Zu Xiao‐Tao
Published: December 2011

Crystals of hexagonal tungsten oxides (hex‐WO3) have been synthesized using hydrothermal method at 150 °C, assisted by the capping reagent of ammonium tartrate (AT). The XRD and EDX results reveal that the lattice distortion exists in all the samples, possibly due to the defects and the intercalation of the residual sodium ions. Different crystal shapes including plate‐like, urchin‐like, and particle structures were obtained by varying concentration of AT and pH values in the precursor solution. Beside the absorption action of the ${\rm NH}_{4}^{ + } $ and Na+ ions, the capping effect can be reinforced by the hydrogen bonding from the tartrate groups in the crystallization process. The bandgap energies were modulated by the size of the nanostructured hex‐WO3 crystals due to quantum confinement effect, which increases from 2.74 to 3.04 eV. Based on the analysis of the photoluminescence and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the enhancement of the blue emission of the nanocrystals is assigned as a result of a complex of the local intercalation of the residual sodium ions and the oxygen vacancies or defects.
Local piezoelectric response of ZnO nanoparticles embedded in a photosensitive polymer
Authors: Prashanthi K. , Zhang H. , Ramgopal Rao V. , Thundat T.
Published: December 2011

Local piezoelectric properties of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a photo‐epoxy polymer are investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Integrating ZnO NPs into a photosensitive SU‐8 polymer matrix not only retains the highly desired piezoelectric properties of the ZnO, but also preserves photosensitivity and optical transparency of the SU‐8 polymer. These results have strong implications for simple photolithography based low‐cost fabrication of piezoelectric microelectromechanicalsystems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanicalsystems (NEMS) in both sensing and energy harvesting applications. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Viewpoint: observations on scaled average bioequivalence
Authors: Patterson Scott D. , Jones Byron
Published: December 2011

The two one‐sided test procedure (TOST) has been used for average bioequivalence testing since 1992 and is required when marketing new formulations of an approved drug. TOST is known to require comparatively large numbers of subjects to demonstrate bioequivalence for highly variable drugs, defined as those drugs having intra‐subject coefficients of variation greater than 30%. However, TOST has been shown to protect public health when multiple generic formulations enter the marketplace following patent expiration. Recently, scaled average bioequivalence (SABE) has been proposed as an alternative statistical analysis procedure for such products by multiple regulatory agencies. SABE testing requires that a three‐period partial replicate cross‐over or full replicate cross‐over design be used. Following a brief summary of SABE analysis methods applied to existing data, we will consider three statistical ramifications of the proposed additional decision rules and the potential impact of implementation of scaled average bioequivalence in the marketplace using simulation. It is found that a constraint being applied is biased, that bias may also result from the common problem of missing data and that the SABE methods allow for much greater changes in exposure when generic–generic switching occurs in the marketplace. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural from Black Garlic Extract Prevents TNFα‐induced Monocytic Cell Adhesion to HUVECs by Suppression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule‐1 Expression, Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and NF‐κB Activation
Authors: Kim Hye Kyung , Choi Young‐Whan , Lee Eun Na , Park Jin Kyeong , Kim Sun‐Gun , Park Da‐Jung , Kim Bong‐Seon , Lim Young‐Tak , Yoon Sik
Published: December 2011

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) is a common Maillard reaction product; the reaction occurs during heat‐processing and the preparation of many types of foods and beverages. Although 5‐HMF has been proposed to have harmful effects, recently, its beneficial effects, including antioxidant, cytoprotective and antitumor effects have become increasingly apparent. It was found recently that a chloroform extract of aged black garlic shows antiinflammatory properties when administered to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This study investigated the antiinflammatory potential of 5‐HMF purified from the chloroform extract of aged black garlic in tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐stimulated HUVECs. Treatment of HUVECs with 5‐HMF strongly suppressed TNF‐α‐induced cell surface and total protein expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) as well as their mRNA expression. In addition, 5‐HMF significantly inhibited TNF‐α‐induced reactive oxygen species formation, and markedly reduced THP‐1 monocyte adhesion to TNF‐α‐stimulated HUVECs. Furthermore, 5‐HMF significantly inhibited NF‐κB transcription factor activation in TNF‐α‐stimulated HUVECs. The data provide new evidence of the antiinflammatory properties of 5‐HMF in support of its potential therapeutic use for the prevention and management of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis through mechanisms involving the inhibition of VCAM‐1 expression and NF‐κB activation in vascular endothelial cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
β‐Elemene Radiosensitizes Lung Cancer A549 Cells by Enhancing DNA Damage and Inhibiting DNA Repair
Authors: Li Long‐Jie , Zhong Lai‐Fu , Jiang Li‐Ping , Geng Cheng‐Yan , Zou Li‐Juan
Published: December 2011

β‐Elemene is a broad‐spectrum antitumor agent. In China, several studies have indicated that β‐elemene enhances the cytotoxic effect of radiation in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the alkaline comet assay and neutral comet assay were used to measure both DNA strand breaks and DNA repair activity in A549 cells exposed to β‐elemene, irradiation or combination treatment. The overall object of the study was to test whether β‐elemene radiosensitization is associated with an enhancement in radiation‐induced DNA damage or with a decrease in the repair of radiation‐induced damage. The results revealed high levels of DNA single strand breaks (SSB) and double strand breaks (DSB) in A549 cells after exposure to the combination of β‐elemene and irradiation. To assess SSB and DSB repair, alkaline comet assay and neutral comet assay were performed at 24 h postirradiation. The damage induced by the combination of β‐elemene and irradiation was repaired at a slower rate. These findings suggest that β‐elemene can enhance A549 cell radiosensitivity through the enhancement of DNA damage and the suppression of DNA repair. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Traditional Medicine Spilanthes acmella, and the Alkylamides Spilanthol and Undeca‐2E‐ene‐8,10‐diynoic Acid Isobutylamide, Demonstrate In Vitro and In Vivo Antimalarial Activity
Authors: Spelman Kevin , Depoix Delphine , McCray Megan , Mouray Elisabeth , Grellier Philippe
Published: December 2011

Spilanthes spp. are used as traditional herbal medicines in Africa and India to treat malaria. Yet, to date, there are no data on the active constituents or the most effective extraction methods for this indication. The isolated alkylamides, spilanthol and undeca‐2E‐ene‐8,10‐diynoic acid isobutylamide, found in S. acmella Murr., were shown to have IC50s of 16.5 μg/mL and 41.4 μg/mL on Plasmodium falciparum strain PFB and IC50s of 5.8 μg/mL and 16.3 μg/mL for the chloroquine resistant P. falciparum K1 strain, respectively. Further investigations revealed that at relatively low concentrations, spilanthol and the water extract of S. acmella reduced the parasitemia 59% and 53% in mice infected with P. yoelii yoelii 17XNL at 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Unexpectedly, the 95% ethanol extract of S. acmella was less effective (36% reduction in parasitemia) at 50 mg/kg. These results provide the first evidence supporting S. acmella against malaria and demonstrating active constituents in S. acmella against P. falciparum. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Displacement of Bilirubin from Albumin in Plasma from Jaundiced Newborns. An In Vitro Study of Purified Chinese Herbal Constituents and Sulfisoxazole
Authors: Soligard Hanne Tegnander , Bratlid Dag , Cao Chunyu , Liang Aihua , Nilsen Odd Georg
Published: December 2011

The aim of the present study was to clarify the in vitro potential of the purified Chinese herbal constituents LZX‐A (neferine), QTJ (sinomenine), YHS (tetrahydropalmitine) and SQZG (notoginsenoside R1) to displace the highly bound bilirubin from albumin binding sites in plasma from jaundiced newborn infants. Sulfisoxazole (1.32 mm) was used as a positive control for bilirubin displacement. The displacing potential of the herbal constituents was investigated at assumed therapeutic concentrations and up to 100 times higher. Total (TB) and unbound (UB) bilirubin in plasma were measured by the peroxidase method. Sulfisoxazole increased the UB concentration in plasma by more than 60%. An increased % displacement of bilirubin was found at higher TB levels confirming the presence also of lower affinity binding sites for bilirubin in plasma. None of the purified herbal constituents showed any bilirubin displacing properties and were unaffected by the level of TB in plasma. The combination of sulfisoxazole and the herbal constituents showed no synergistic effect. It is concluded that none of the investigated purified herbal constituents possess any significant potential in vitro to increase the UB concentration in plasma from jaundiced newborn infants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Ortho‐dihydroxyisoflavone Derivatives from Korean Fermented Soybean Paste on Melanogenesis in B16 Melanoma Cells and Human Skin Equivalents
Authors: Goh Myeong‐Jin , Park Jun‐Seong , Bae Ji‐Hyun , Kim Duck‐Hee , Kim Han‐Kon , Na Yong‐Joo
Published: December 2011

In this study we investigated the inhibitory effects and possible mechanisms of action of 8'‐hydroxydaidzein and 3'‐hydroxydaidzein, two ortho‐dihydroxyisoflavone derivatives from Korean fermented soybean paste, on melanogenesis in B16 murine melanoma cells. The two hydroxydaidzeins reduced melanin synthesis comparably to treatment with kojic acid, a proven whitening agent, in B16 melanoma cells. Furthermore, when in vitro human skin equivalents were treated with the hydroxydaidzeins, the levels of melanogenesis were significantly reduced relative to a kojic acid control. The RT‐PCR results demonstrated that depigmentation was due to transcriptional repression of several melanogenesis genes, including microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF), by the hydroxydaidzeins. The immunoblotting results confirmed that diminution of MITF expression subsequently decreased expression of tyrosinase, and tyrosinase‐related proteins 1 and 2. Cumulatively, these results suggest that hydroxydaidzeins would be potent attenuators of melanin synthesis as well as effective inhibitors of hyperpigmentation in human skin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed containment control of multi‐agent systems with general linear dynamics in the presence of multiple leaders
Authors: Li Zhongkui , Ren Wei , Liu Xiangdong , Fu Mengyin
Published: December 2011

This paper considers the containment control problems for both continuous‐time and discrete‐time multi‐agent systems with general linear dynamics under directed communication topologies. Distributed dynamic containment controllers based on the relative outputs of neighboring agents are constructed for both continuous‐time and discrete‐time cases, under which the states of the followers will asymptotically converge to the convex hull formed by those of the leaders if, for each follower, there exists at least one leader that has a directed path to that follower. Sufficient conditions on the existence of these dynamic controllers are given. Static containment controllers relying on the relative states of neighboring agents are also discussed as special cases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to protect security and privacy in the IoT: a policy‐based RFID tag management protocol
Authors: Rekleitis Evangelos , Rizomiliotis Panagiotis , Gritzalis Stefanos
Published: December 2011

Radio‐frequency identification (RFID) technology constitutes an important part of what has become known as the Internet of Things (IoT) that is accessible and interconnected machines and everyday objects that form a dynamic and complex environment. To secure the IoT in a cost‐efficient manner, we need to build security and privacy into the design of its components. Moreover, mechanisms should be constructed that will allow both individuals and organizations to actively manage their “things” and information in a highly flux environment. The contributions of this paper are twofold: We first discuss the use of security and privacy policies that can offer fine granularity and context‐aware information control in RFID systems. Second, we propose a novel secure and privacy‐preserving tag management protocol that can support such policies. Our protocol has a modular design that allows it to support a set of desirable management operations (viz. tag authentication, delegation, and ownership transfer) while imposing minimal hardware and computational requirements on the tag side. Furthermore, inspired by the European Network and Information Security Agency's Flying 2.0 study, we describe a near‐future air travel scenario to further explain and demonstrate the inner workings of our proposal. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison study of metal nanoparticles grown on polarity‐patterned ferroelectrics by scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Park Young‐Sik , Kim Jung‐Hoon , Yang Woochul
Published: December 2011

We report the surface distribution of metal (Ag, Au) nanoparticles (NPs) grown on polarity‐patterned ferroelectrics by photochemical reaction. Single crystalline periodically polarity‐patterned LiNbO3 (PPLN) was used as a ferroelectric substrate. The NPs were grown by the ultraviolet light exposure of the PPLN in the aqueous solutions including metals. Dimension and surface distribution of the NPs were measured, and the polarity of the patterned regions was identified by scanning probe microscopy. For both of Ag and Au, the NPs formed on +z polarity regions are larger and denser than those on –z polarity regions. In particular, the largest Ag‐NPs were grown along the polarity boundary regions of the PPLN, whereas Au‐NPs were not specifically grown on the boundary regions. Also, the size and density of the NPs increased with longer ultraviolet exposure time. We will discuss the difference of the surface distribution of the NPs depending on the polarity of ferroelectrics in terms of variation of the surface band structures and the electric field distribution induced by polarity bound charges, surface dipole formation, and defects. This study suggests the possibility of controlling the size and position of metal NPs on the surfaces by polarity patterning of the ferroelectrics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sample size calculations with multiplicity adjustment for longitudinal clinical trials with missing data
Authors: Lu Kaifeng
Published: December 2011

Missing data are ubiquitous in longitudinal clinical trials, and the impact on power has been extensively assessed in the literature. Multiple doses of the investigational product and multiple efficacy endpoints are often studied in randomized clinical trials and multiplicity adjustment needs to be considered in the sample size calculations. In this paper, I show how to perform sample size calculations with multiplicity adjustment for longitudinal clinical trials with missing data by converting longitudinal data with missing data to cross‐sectional data without missing data. The proposed approach can drastically simplify the simulation work and facilitate the evaluation of power for various scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sufficient dimension reduction for longitudinally measured predictors
Authors: Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Forzani Liliana , Bura Efstathia
Published: December 2011

We propose a method to combine several predictors (markers) that are measured repeatedly over time into a composite marker score without assuming a model and only requiring a mild condition on the predictor distribution. Assuming that the first and second moments of the predictors can be decomposed into a time and a marker component via a Kronecker product structure that accommodates the longitudinal nature of the predictors, we develop first‐moment sufficient dimension reduction techniques to replace the original markers with linear transformations that contain sufficient information for the regression of the predictors on the outcome. These linear combinations can then be combined into a score that has better predictive performance than a score built under a general model that ignores the longitudinal structure of the data. Our methods can be applied to either continuous or categorical outcome measures. In simulations, we focus on binary outcomes and show that our method outperforms existing alternatives by using the AUC, the area under the receiver–operator characteristics (ROC) curve, as a summary measure of the discriminatory ability of a single continuous diagnostic marker for binary disease outcomes. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Lidar profilers in the context of wind energy–a verification procedure for traceable measurements
Authors: Gottschall J. , Courtney M. S. , Wagner R. , Jørgensen H. E. , Antoniou I.
Published: December 2011

The need for measuring wind speed and direction at greater heights and at several levels simultaneously gains importance as wind turbines become larger and higher. For this purpose, remote‐sensing profilers become very attractive for resource assessment and power performance testing. However, the existing standards only permit the use of cup anemometers as standard instruments. The main issue preventing the use of remote sensors in such standards is the need to maintain the traceability of the measurements in the international standard system.

In this paper, we describe a verification procedure for lidar profilers that enables us to achieve the required traceability. The procedure is based on a direct comparison of the measurements from the lidar and reference sensors mounted on a mast at various height levels. First, the data are corrected and filtered to obtain a representative data set ensuring a repeatable test. Second, a linear regression is applied to the data for each height. The third step is a bin‐average analysis of the lidar error, i.e. the difference between the lidar and reference measurements, forming the basis for the ensuing uncertainty estimation.

The results of the verification test are both used to correct the lidar measurements and to derive a corresponding uncertainty budget. A significant limitation of the procedure is the considerable uncertainty introduced by the reference sensors themselves. The decision as to whether to apply the derived correction as a lidar calibration or not therefore mainly depends on the interpretation of this reference uncertainty and the assumed and observed biases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced controller research for multi‐MW wind turbines in the UPWIND project
Authors: Bossanyi E. , Savini B. , Iribas M. , Hau M. , Fischer B. , Schlipf D. , van Engelen T. , Rossetti M. , Carcangiu C. E.
Published: December 2011

Further improvements in the cost‐effectiveness of wind turbines drives designers towards larger, lighter, more flexiblestructures in which more ‘intelligent’ control systems play an important part in actively reducing the applied structural loads, avoiding the need for wind turbines to simply withstand the full force of the applied loads through the use of stronger, heavier and therefore more expensive structures. Controller research within the UPWIND project has been aimed at further developing such control strategies and ensuring that new, often larger and innovative turbines can be designed to use these techniques from the start. For this to be possible, it is important to build up full confidence in the effectiveness and the reliability of these strategies in all situations.

To this end, the work reported in this paper covers several different aspects:

full‐scale field testing to build confidence in the effectiveness of advanced control strategies;

further development of advanced control strategies to prevent unwelcome side effects in any of the load cases that have to be considered during the design;

the possibility of blades employing dual‐pitch control;

development of load estimation techniques that can reduce reliance on additional sensors that would otherwise be required;

investigating the potential of light detection and ranging assisted feed‐forward pitch control to mitigate extreme and fatigue loads;

using system identification methods to improve controller tuning.

The detailed results of the work presented in this paper are available in the published reports of the Control Systems work package of the UPWIND project. These reports also cover other results of the work package, which are not reported here, such as control during network faults such as voltage dips, voltage control at the point of connection to the network and gradual cut‐out of wind turbines to improve output predictability in high winds. A summary report is also available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results of the 2nd Scientific Workshop of the ECCO (III): Basic mechanisms of intestinal healing
Authors: Rieder Florian , Karrasch Thomas , Ben-Horin Shomron , Schirbel Anja , Ehehalt Robert , Wehkamp Jan , de Haar Colin , Velin Dominique , Latella Giovanni , Scaldaferri Franco , Rogler Gerhard , Higgins Peter , Sans Miquel
Published: December 2011

The second scientific workshop of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) focused on the relevance of intestinal healing for the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective was to better understand basic mechanisms, markers for disease prediction, detection and monitoring of intestinal healing, impact of intestinal healing on the disease course of IBD as well as therapeutic strategies. The results of this workshop are presented in four separate manuscripts. This section describes basic mechanisms of intestinal healing, identifies open questions in the field and provides a framework for future studies.
d‐Lactate dehydrogenase as a marker gene allows positive selection of transgenic plants
Authors: Wienstroer Judith , Engqvist Martin K.M. , Kunz Hans-Henning , Flügge Ulf-Ingo , Maurino Veronica G.
Published: December 2011

d‐Lactate negatively affects Arabidopsis thaliana seedling development in a concentration‐dependent manner. At media d‐lactate concentrations greater than 5–10 mM the development of wild‐type plants is arrested shortly after germination whereas plants overexpressing the endogenous d‐lactate dehydrogenase (d‐LDH) detoxify d‐lactate to pyruvate and survive. When the transgenic plants are further transferred to normal growth conditions they develop indistinguishably from the wild type. Thus, d‐LDH was successfully established as a new marker in A. thaliana allowing selecting transgenic plants shortly after germination. The selection on d‐lactate containing media adds a new optional marker system, which is especially useful if the simultaneous selection of multiple constructs is desired.
An experimental mesocosm for long-term studies of reef corals
Authors: D'angelo Cecilia , Wiedenmann Jörg
Published: December 2011

Molecular biological methods including genomic and proteomic approaches hold a specific promise to provide new insights into the stress physiology of corals. However, to fully exploit the power of these techniques, aquarium setups are required that allow biological assays under tightly controlled laboratory conditions. Here, details are provided about the successful development of a closed coral mesocosm at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. The system can be operated without access to natural seawater and allows long-term observations and experimental studies of reef corals. The individual experimental tanks allow the corals to be exposed, for example, to different light and/or temperature conditions without the need to disconnect them from the system.
An Ugly Story?
Authors: Boyarin Jonathan
Published: December 2011

Among the many themes to which Joel and Ethan Coen's A Serious Man speaks so richly and suggestively, I will focus here on three that seem especially pertinent to our understandings of American Jewish identity, as well as to the academic practice of Jewish studies, and that exhibit the film's blend of complexity, clarity, and opacity. All three are closely related aspects of a larger question about the possibility of communication and, hence, of relation, but it should be useful to articulate them separately here. Each may be said to present, through the characters' interactions and the things they read and hear, its own question for judgment, but in no case does A Serious Man indicate how the viewer is to rule on that question.
Volume of the Human Septal Forebrain Region Is a Predictor of Source Memory Accuracy
Authors: Butler Tracy , Blackmon Karen , Zaborszky Laszlo , Wang Xiuyuan , DuBois Jonathan , Carlson Chad , Barr William B. , French Jacqueline , Devinsky Orrin , Kuzniecky Ruben , Halgren Eric , Thesen Thomas
Published: December 2011

Septal nuclei, components of basal forebrain, are strongly and reciprocally connected with hippocampus, and have been shown in animals to play a critical role in memory. In humans, the septal forebrain has received little attention. To examine the role of human septal forebrain in memory, we acquired high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans from 25 healthy subjects and calculated septal forebrain volume using recently developed probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps. We indexed memory with the California Verbal Learning Test-II. Linear regression showed that bilateral septal forebrain volume was a significant positive predictor of recognition memory accuracy. More specifically, larger septal forebrain volume was associated with the ability to recall item source/context accuracy. Results indicate specific involvement of septal forebrain in human source memory, and recall the need for additional research into the role of septal nuclei in memory and other impairments associated with human diseases. (JINS, 2012, 18, 157–161)
Desmoplakin is Important for Proper Cardiac Cell-Cell Interactions
Authors: Bowers Stephanie L.K. , McFadden William A. , Borg Thomas K. , Baudino Troy A.
Published: December 2011

Normal cardiac function is maintained through dynamic interactions of cardiac cells with each other and with the extracellular matrix. These interactions are important for remodeling during cardiac growth and pathophysiological conditions. However, the precise mechanisms of these interactions remain unclear. In this study we examined the importance of desmoplakin (DSP) in cardiac cell-cell interactions. Cell-cell communication in the heart requires the formation and preservation of cell contacts by cell adhesion junctions called desmosome-like structures. A major protein component of this complex is DSP, which plays a role in linking the cytoskeletal network to the plasma membrane. Our laboratory previously generated a polyclonal antibody (1611) against the detergent soluble fraction of cardiac fibroblast plasma membrane. In attempting to define which proteins 1611 recognizes, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis and identified DSP as one of the major proteins recognized by 1611. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that 1611 was able to directly pulldown DSP. We also demonstrate that 1611 and anti-DSP antibodies co-localize in whole heart sections. Finally, using a three-dimensionalin vitrocell-cell interaction assay, we demonstrate that 1611 can inhibit cell-cell interactions. These data indicate that DSP is an important protein for cell-cell interactions and affects a variety of cellular functions, including cytokine secretion.
Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs
Authors: Opriessnig T. , Giménez-Lirola L. G. , Halbur P. G.
Published: December 2011

Respiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious factors are important in the initiation and outcome of cases of PRDC, the focus of this review is on infectious factors only. There are a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens commonly associated with PRDC including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2),Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae(MHYO) andPasteurella multocida(PMULT). The pathogenesis of viral respiratory disease is typically associated with destruction of the mucocilliary apparatus and with interference and decrease of the function of pulmonary alveolar and intravascular macrophages. Bacterial pathogens often contribute to PRDC by activation of inflammation via enhanced cytokine responses. With recent advancements in pathogen detection methods, the importance of polymicrobial disease has become more evident, and identification of interactions of pathogens and their mechanisms of disease potentiation has become a topic of great interest. For example, combined infection of pigs with typically low pathogenic organisms like PCV2 and MHYO results in severe respiratory disease. Although the body of knowledge has advanced substantially in the last 15 years, much more needs to be learned about the pathogenesis and best practices for control of swine respiratory disease outbreaks caused by concurrent infection of two or more pathogens. This review discusses the latest findings on polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs.
Overview of the Issue
Authors: BROWN JEFFREY , HABERMAN STEVEN , MILEVSKY MOSHE , ORSZAG MIKE
Published: December 2011

The last issue of the fifth volume of the JPEF features 4 research articles, an issues & policy paper and a book review section. The first paper in the issue looks at how unemployment affects retirement savings for those with DC plans. Jason Seligman and Jeffrey Wenger of the University of Georgia find that unemployment magnifies pension losses because unemployment occurs at the same time as equity markets decline so that workers systematically lose not just from unemployment but also from declines in the stock market. Because unemployed workers do not have funds to invest when the stock market is relatively low, they stand to lose from subsequent increases in equity markets. The authors look at who is affected most and find that nearly ten percent workers will lose between 8 and 13% of their retirement savings due to unemployment. The results overall indicate the importance of incorporating human capital factors such as unemployment spells and changes in the wage distribution into retirement planning models.
The construction of the claims reserve distribution by means of a semi-Markov backward simulation model
Authors: Gismondi Fulvio , Janssen Jacques , Manca Raimondo
Published: December 2011

The claims reserving problem is currently one of the most debated in actuarial literature. The high level of interest in this topic is due to the fact that Solvency II rules will come into operation in 2014. Indeed, it is expected that quantile computations will be compulsory in the evaluation of company risk and for this reason we think that the construction of the claims reserve random variable distribution assumes a fundamental relevance.

The aim of this paper is to present a method for constructing the claims reserve distribution which can take into account IBNyR (Issued But Not yet Reported) claims in a natural way. The construction of the distribution function for each time of the observed interval is done by means of a Monte Carlo simulation model applied on a backward time semi-Markov process. It should be pointed out that this is the first time that a simulation model based on semi-Markov with backward recurrence time has been presented. The method is totally different from the models given in the current literature.

The most important features given in the paper are:

1) for the first time the Monte Carlo simulation method is applied to a backward semi-Markov environment;

2) the Monte Carlo simulation permits the construction of the random variable of the claims reserve for each year of the studied horizon in a natural way;

3) as already pointed out, the backward process attached to the semi-Markov process permits taking into account the evaluation of the IBNyR claims in a natural way.

In the last part of the paper an applicative example constructed from tables that summarise 4 years of claims from an important Italian insurance company will be given.
NON-WELLFOUNDED MEREOLOGY
Authors: COTNOIR AARON J. , BACON ANDREW
Published: December 2011

This paper is a systematic exploration of non-wellfounded mereology. Motivations and applications suggested in the literature are considered. Some are exotic like Borges’Aleph, and thetrinity; other examples are less so, liketime traveling bricks, and even Geach’sTibbles the Cat. The authors point out that the transitivity of non-wellfounded parthood is inconsistent with extensionality. A non-wellfounded mereology is developed with careful consideration paid to rival notions of supplementation and fusion. Two equivalent axiomatizations are given, and are compared to classical mereology. We provide a class of models with respect to which the non-wellfounded mereology is sound and complete.