bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scope and limitations of a DMF bio-alternative within Sonogashira cross-coupling and Cacchi-type annulation
Authors: Wilson Kirsty L , Kennedy Alan R , Murray Jane , Greatrex Ben , Jamieson Craig , Watson Allan J B
Published: September 2016

Pd-catalysed C–C bond formation is an essential tool within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Many of these reactions rely heavily on polar aprotic solvents; however, despite their utility, these solvents are incompatible with the drive towards more sustainable chemical synthesis. Herein, we describe the scope and limitations of an alternative to DMF derived from renewable sources (CyreneTM) in Sonogashira cross-coupling and Cacchi-type annulations.
RESOLVING THE PLANET-HOSTING INNER REGIONS OF THE LkCa 15 DISK*
Authors: Thalmann C. , Janson M. , Garufi A. , Boccaletti A. , Quanz S. P. , Sissa E. , Gratton R. , Salter G. , Benisty M. , Bonnefoy M. , Chauvin G. , Daemgen S. , Desidera S. , Dominik C. , Engler N. , Feldt M. , Henning T. , Lagrange A.-M. , Langlois M. , Lannier J. , Coroller H. Le , Ligi R. , Ménard F. , Mesa D. , Meyer M. R. , Mulders G. D. , Olofsson J. , Pinte C. , Schmid H. M. , Vigan A. , Zurlo A.
Published: September 2016

LkCa 15 hosts a pre-transitional disk as well as at least one accreting protoplanet orbiting in its gap. Previous disk observations have focused mainly on the outer disk, which is cleared inward of ∼50 au. The planet candidates, on the other hand, reside at orbital radii around 15 au, where disk observations have been unreliable until recently. Here, we present new J-band imaging polarimetry of LkCa 15 with SPHERE IRDIS, yielding the most accurate and detailed scattered-light images of the disk to date down to the planet-hosting inner regions. We find what appear to be persistent asymmetric structures in the scattering material at the location of the planet candidates, which could be responsible at least for parts of the signals measured with sparse-aperture masking. These images further allow us to trace the gap edge in scattered light at all position angles and search the inner and outer disks for morphological substructure. The outer disk appears smooth with slight azimuthal variations in polarized surface brightness, which may be due to shadowing from the inner disk or a two-peaked polarized phase function. We find that the near-side gap edge revealed by polarimetry matches the sharp crescent seen in previous ADI imaging very well. Finally, the ratio of polarized disk to stellar flux is more than six times larger in the J-band than in the RI bands.
SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA SN 2015bn IN THE NEBULAR PHASE: EVIDENCE FOR THE ENGINE-POWERED EXPLOSION OF A STRIPPED MASSIVE STAR
Authors: Nicholl M. , Berger E. , Margutti R. , Chornock R. , Blanchard P. K. , Jerkstrand A. , Smartt S. J. , Arcavi I. , Challis P. , Chambers K. C. , Chen T.-W. , Cowperthwaite P. S. , Gal-Yam A. , Hosseinzadeh G. , Howell D. A. , Inserra C. , Kankare E. , Magnier E. A. , Maguire K. , Mazzali P. A. , McCully C. , Milisavljevic D. , Smith K. W. , Taubenberger S. , Valenti S. , Wainscoat R. J. , Yaron O. , Young D. R.
Published: September 2016

We present nebular-phase imaging and spectroscopy for the hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN) SN 2015bn, at redshift z = 0.1136, spanning +250–400 days after maximum light. The light curve exhibits a steepening in the decline rate from 1.4 mag (100 days)−1 to 1.7 mag (100 days)−1, suggestive of a significant decrease in the opacity. This change is accompanied by a transition from a blue continuum superposed with photospheric absorption lines to a nebular spectrum dominated by emission lines of oxygen, calcium, and magnesium. There are no obvious signatures of circumstellar interaction or large 56Ni mass. We show that the spectrum at +400 days is virtually identical to a number of energetic SNe Ic such as SN 1997dq, SN 2012au, and SN 1998bw, indicating similar core conditions and strengthening the link between “hypernovae”/long gamma-ray bursts and SLSNe. A single explosion mechanism may unify these events that span absolute magnitudes of −22 < M

B
 < −17. Both the light curve and spectrum of SN 2015bn are consistent with an engine-driven explosion ejecting 7–30 M
⊙ of oxygen-dominated ejecta (for reasonable choices in temperature and opacity). A strong and relatively narrow O i
λ7774 line, seen in a number of these energetic events but not in normal supernovae, may point to an inner shell that is the signature of a central engine.
THE FIRST DISTANCE CONSTRAINT ON THE RENEGADE HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUD COMPLEX WD
Authors: Peek J. E. G. , Bordoloi Rongmon , Sana Hugues , Roman-Duval Julia , Tumlinson Jason , Zheng Yong
Published: September 2016

We present medium-resolution, near-ultraviolet Very Large Telescope/FLAMES observations of the star USNO-A0600-15865535. We adapt a standard method of stellar typing to our measurement of the shape of the Balmer ϵ absorption line to demonstrate that USNO-A0600-15865535 is a blue horizontal branch star, residing in the lower stellar halo at a distance of 4.4 kpc from the Sun. We measure the H & K lines of singly ionized calcium and find two isolated velocity components, one originating in the disk, and one associated with the high-velocity cloud complex WD. This detection demonstrated that complex WD is closer than ∼4.4 kpc and is the first distance constraint on the +100 km s−1 Galactic complex of clouds. We find that complex WD is not in corotation with the Galactic disk, which has been assumed for decades. We examine a number of scenarios and find that the most likely scenario is that complex WD was ejected from the solar neighborhood and is only a few kiloparsecs from the Sun.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Disease and Accelerated Cellular Aging
Authors: Wolf Erika J. , Schnurr Paula P.
Published: September 2016

We reviewed the literature from 2010 to 2016 on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cardiometabolic health conditions, including metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, stroke, and myocardial infarction, among others. Collectively, PTSD was associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic health problems, with preclinical and clinical studies offering evidence of behavioral (eg, poor sleep, cigarette use, poor diet, and insufficient exercise) and biological (eg, autonomic reactivity, inflammation) mediators of these associations. We discuss the possibility that these behavioral and biological mechanisms lead to accelerated cellular aging, as regulated in the epigenome, which contributes to premature cardiometabolic health decline. This has implications for the assessment, prevention, and treatment of cardiometabolic conditions among those with PTSD. It also highlights the need to better understand the mechanisms linking PTSD to accelerated aging and to develop interventions to attenuate or reverse this phenomenon.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2016;46(9):527–532.]
Ernestina
Authors: Páez Alfredo
Published: September 2016

Ernestina no es alta. Decir que es baja sería cometer una falta de galantería. Sus proporciones son armoniosas y su línea muy esbelta. A la gracia de su encanto juvenil une su elegancia sobria, un tanto cimbreña.
Casa de plástico, en Estados Unidos
Authors: Hamilton RIchard W.
Published: September 2016

La decisión de construir una casa enteramente de plásticos se basó en varios años de intensos estudios llevados a cabo por la Monsanto Chemical Companv y por el Departamento de Arquitectura del Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Casa de estructura laminar
Authors: Mac L. Johansen John , Salvadori Mario
Published: September 2016

Llevando hasta sus últimos extremos la utilización de las bóvedas laminares de hormigón se ha proyectado esta casa. No se trata de una realización práctica, sino de un estudio teórico y experimental sobre las posibilidades de este tipo de estructuras.
Centrales automáticas de hormigón asfáltico
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

No disponible
Americana. Hotel, en Miami
Authors: Lapidus Morris
Published: September 2016

El "Americana Hotel", inaugurado a principios del invierno de 1957, no es un hotel más entre los muchos de las playas de Miami. Se proyectó de modo que, además de las funciones propias de un hotel, fuese idóneo para celebrar congresos y reuniones de carácter político, científico o económico de los veintiún países de las Américas y, por tanto, fuese símbolo del espíritu de las mismas: audaz, sencillo y entusiasta. A su decoración interior, por deseo de los propietarios —la familia Tisch—, se incorporó el arte moderno, sin ostentaciones, como parte constituyente de la misma y del ambiente cosmopolita que habría de informar todo el hotel.
Hospital y casa del médico
Authors: Zevaco J. F.
Published: September 2016

En la villa de Ben-Slimane, conocida hasta hace poco tiempo por Boulhaut, se ha construido un nuevo hospital cuya arquitectura acusa el carácter íntimo de su reducido programa. A pocos metros del edificio hospitalario se eleva la vivienda del médico-jefe, resuelta en armonía con él.
Crawley hospital
Authors: Yorke – Rosenserg - Mardall - Mellor Ar
Published: September 2016

El nuevo hospital Crawley cubrirá las necesidades de este creciente municipio industrial y de sus distritos circundantes. Está proyectado construirlo en tres etapas y en un solar de emplazamiento excepcional, por su amplitud, facilidad de accesos y existencia de arbolado circundante. La suave inclinación del terreno de norte a sur, ha permitido situar las entradas a distinto nivel.
Nuevo hospital Ulster, Belfast
Authors: Gibberd Frederick , Samuely Felix
Published: September 2016

En los alrededores de Belfast, en Dundonals (Inglaterra), se construirá en breve el nuevo hospital Ulster. El nuevo edificio, de cuya maqueta mostramos unas fotos, está formado por diversos cuerpos de distinta función enlazados por pasillos cubiertos que determinan la creación de patios íntimos y zonas ajardinadas.
Aeroclub. Casablanca
Authors: Zevaco J. F. , Messina P. , Basciako D.
Published: September 2016

Piedra, hormigón, cristal y acero forman una composición armónica de líneas bellas y limpias, que revelan, con toda sinceridad, el carácter del edificio y su emplazamiento: aeroclub, en Casablanca.
Presa celular
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

La factoría de la American Viscose Corporation de Parkersburg, situada en Parkersburg, West Virginia (EE. UU.), venía disfrutando del agua embalsada por una presa rudimentaria cuya estructura estaba constituida por un entramado de madera.
Diego García Conde, un militar español en la transición al México Independiente
Authors: Moncada Maya José Omar , Escamilla Herrera Irma
Published: September 2016

Diego García Conde perteneció a una importante saga familiar de militares españoles del siglo XVIII que alcanzaron posiciones relevantes en la estructura del Ejército. Los cuatro hermanos García Conde alcanzaron el rango de Mariscal de Campo, dos de ellos desarrollaron su actividad en España, mientras que los otros dos fueron destinados a la Nueva España. Diego García Conde destacó en forma particular, toda vez que sirvió tanto al gobierno colonial español como al nuevo Estado independiente mexicano, en funciones de Comandante militar y Gobernador Intendente. Fue el primer Director de Ingenieros de la nueva nación, así como Director de la Academia de Cadetes. Pero, además, como ingeniero voluntario, desarrolló una importante labor técnico-científica. Destaca el mapa que elaboró de la ciudad de México.
La clausura del Mercurio Peruano. Una perspectiva a contracorriente
Authors: Gil Aguado Iago
Published: September 2016

Este artículo tiene por objetivo revisar la visión tradicional de la clausura del Mercurio Peruano, que se venía atribuyendo a una Administración colonial deseosa de evitar el surgimiento de un protonacionalismo peruano. Contrastando la historiografía existente con las fuentes primarias disponibles, se evidencian las múltiples inconsistencias de dicha visión y se demuestra fehacientemente que el cierre del Mercurio Peruano no pudo ser el resultado de una decisión de las autoridades metropolitanas, que se enteraron de su cierre a posteriori.
Los bandidos y la identidad california en la segunda mitad del XIX: Tiburcio Vasquez
Authors: Lamar Prieto Covadonga
Published: September 2016

El bandido Tiburcio Vasquez desarrolla su carrera en un momento de dificultad política y social para los californios, que desde 1848 pasan a formar parte de EEUU. Se examinan la entrevista bilingüe que Vasquez concede en la víspera de su ajusticiamiento, así como fuentes contemporáneas en inglés y en español sobre él. Desde el marco teórico de la liminalidad, se muestran las herramientas por las que se folcloriza el pasado californio, además de la conceptualización de Vasquez como bandido y quiénes originan esos juicios. Se concluye que los bandidos californios, y especialmente Vasquez, representan la disolución parcial de la identidad california, empujada por el marco social y político de EEUU.
El krausismo en la formación del movimiento reformista y liberal en Cuba (siglo XIX)
Authors: Sappez Delphine
Published: September 2016

El presente texto propone una revisión de las interpretaciones tendentes a minimizar la influencia del krausismo en Cuba, ampliando el campo habitual de la historia de las ideas cubana al análisis de las ideas jurídicas y políticas de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Este enfoque permite detectar un fuerte impacto del krausismo tanto en los reformistas de los años 1860 como en los autonomistas de los años 1880, y por ende en la cultura política regeneradora que más tarde se proyecta en la República.
New Domestic Rituals
Authors: Meloni Pietro
Published: September 2016

The paper focuses on the relationship between design and anthropology and investigates the way in which social actors shape their domestic life and spaces through objectivation and resignification, using designed objects to convey a meaning to their everyday experience. Firstly, the paper discusses the role of domestic rituals and artifacts, providing specific examples and materials directly concerned with ethnographic research in domesticity (Miller, Appadurai, Gunn, etc.) so as to highlight the anthropological contribution in design studies. Following the first survey, the text presents some results of a field research in Italy (Siena, Venice), conducted with the aim of analyzing the effects of beliefs and practices on design and the function and value of contemporary objects in domestic rituals.
Workplace Design Revolution
Authors: Gou Zhonghua
Published: September 2016

This chapter articulates how the way of working changed the interiority of office buildings and how it is shaping the space between office buildings. The modern office building was originated from bringing workers together in one location, which resulted in gigantic corporate architecture. However, the gigantism did not produce urban rhythm or urbanism due to the Taylorist management. With the human relation movement that emphasised natural groups and social relations to ameliorate hierarchical tensions and to sustain high productivity, workplace was designed to encourage spontaneous, serendipitous social encounter via blurring boundaries of circulation, working and services. The intensive social activities within an office building, representing urban rhythm, significantly changed the building's interiority. The advancement of communication technologies brought forth portable worksphere and nomadic working-style, which engendered a new relationship between office workers and public realm in cities.
Searching for Flexible Interior Design Solutions
Authors: Onay Nilüfer Saglar , Garip Banu , Teixeira Müge Belek Fialho
Published: September 2016

In Turkey starting from 80s, especially in metropolises like Istanbul the increase of urban density, the decrease of urban inland and the change of social and cultural structure brought with it the need for housing design and production with different priorities. In this context, crowded families had to be replaced from self-built houses to presented mass housing units. Interior spaces of such mass housing that are designed and produced with the intention of standardization, failed to meet the needs of crowded family types. The aim of this work is to discuss the role of interior design in creating design solutions that can increase the flexibility of interiors according to the changing needs of different families with different cultural backgrounds.
Climate Change Mitigation
Authors: Srivastava Nishi
Published: September 2016

Climate change caused due to our careless activities towards our nature, ecosystem, and whole earth system. We are paying and will be paying in future for our irresponsible activities in past and present. Increased concentration of Green House Gases (GHG) has caused severe global warming which will cause melting of glacier and results in sea level rise. To avoid and reduce the intensity and severity of global warming and climate change, its mitigation is essential. In this chapter we have focused on various issues related with climate change and mitigation strategies.
Engineering Ethics, Global Climate Change, and the Precautionary Principle
Authors: Attfield Robin
Published: September 2016

Besides respecting relevant codes of professional ethics, engineers should heed the principles of common morality and international law, including the Precautionary Principle, which requires action to prevent serious or irreversible harm in advance of scientific consensus, when reasons exist to credit such harm. In this chapter, this principle is shown to be applicable to many kinds of technology. An objection that seeks to assimilate it to policies of Maximin is shown to miscarry. The principle is further interpreted as concerning avoidable reductions of future quality of life. The phenomenon of anthropogenic climate change is then shown to involve challenges for engineers. In addition to principles of justice and of benevolence, the Precautionary Principle is found to be relevant once again to such decision making. Finally, considerations of humanity's limited carbon budget are adduced to indicate, in the light of these principles, the inappropriateness of extreme forms of energy extraction.
Conferences as Learning Spaces on Climate Change and Sustainability
Authors: El Zoghbi Mona Betour
Published: September 2016

The international community is increasingly recognizing the importance of youth's meaningful engagement and empowerment for managing long-term climate change challenges, and of their consultation on policies and decisions that affect their well-being and sustainable development. Yet the extent to which new learning is generated in current spaces for youth participation in local, national and global negotiations and decision-making on environmental issues remains less understood. This Chapter discusses the importance and effectiveness of youth-targeted and youth-led environmental conferences, forums, workshops and similar events in advancing the learning experiences of youth participants in these events. Testimonials from young people, generated through in-depth interviews of youth participants at environmental conferences and forums in the Netherlands and South Africa provide key insights into their engagement. The findings highlight the need for more empowering and critically engaging platforms for youth participation and for adequate mentoring of young participants.
Harmonising CSR and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Build Community Adaptive Capacity in Bali's Tourism Sector
Authors: Rahmawati Putu Indah , DeLacy Terry , Jiang Min
Published: September 2016

Building community adaptive capacity to tackle climate change risks in the tourism sector is challenging. It is limited by poverty, poor communication and knowledge, low levels of institutional capacity and a lack of support from government or tourism authorities. Using Bali as a case study, this chapter aims to demonstrate how tourism businesses could implement mitigation and adaptation strategies through their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, as well as help host communities to enhance their capacity to tackle climate change risks. In-depth interviews, focus group discussion (FGD), and observations were used to collect data. The findings of this study indicate that the CSR of tourism industries could enhance community adaptive capacity to climate change through environmental, economic and social responsibility. It is also concluded that the tourism industry's CSR initiatives can play an importance role in empowering communities to tackle environmental challenges.
Lack of Land Tenure Security as Challenges to Sustainable Development
Authors: Samanta Debabrata
Published: September 2016

Tenural security towards land has far-reaching and long lasting socio-economic implications. Secured tenural right over land found as influencing factor in utilising the land in more efficient way, do investment as well as precondition for environmentally sustainable natural resource use. Though there are numerous laws have been initiated in Bihar to ensure land right and equity in distribution, but their implementation to ensure land tenure security is a far cry. The lack of tenural right, theoretically, paves way for two problems towards sustainable development; in one hand it restrict the sharecropper to undertake a long term investment in the land to increase productivity, on the other hand this might have created the problem termed as ‘tragedy of commons'. The study made an assessment of the legal framework and argues for proper legal initiative and effective implementation to protect land tenure security for sustainable development.
Safety and Efficiency Enhancement in LNG Terminals
Authors: Singh Ravinder , Lou Helen Huiru
Published: September 2016

Liquefaction of natural gas helps in transporting it over long distances by sea vessels. It is then regasified and transported through pipelines to the consumer. Due to large energy density of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), and associated flammability issues, the LNG terminal involves high risk. Consequently, safety is an important factor in the operation of LNG terminals. Although a substantial amount of time money and effort has been put in this area, there is always some possibility of improving the process so that less risk is involved. Rapid advancement in process simulation software like Aspen Plus and Aspen HYSYS, has led to the convenience of experimenting the various control methodologies on the computer offline from the actual plant operation, before they are implemented in real time. In this chapter, main hazards associated with LNG terminal operation will be highlighted. Further, recent advancements in research for safety enhancement and efficiency enhancement in the liquefaction and regasification processes will also be included.
Improving the Understanding of Climate Change Factors with Images
Authors: Russell Geoff
Published: September 2016

In Australia, the public got its first mass marketing about climate change and the measures that would be required to avoid it, by TV images of black balloons and Professor Tim Flannery turning off light switches. Journalistic coverage has been similarly dominated by household electricity. More technical literature is generally dominated by the concept of “carbon dioxide equivalence” (CO2eq) as spelled out in the Kyoto protocol. This concept isn't used in climate models because it makes no physical sense. The use of CO2eq and the focus on household electricity has lead to a profound mismatch between the causal factors as understood by climate scientists and causal factors as perceived by the public. “The public” here isn't just the general public, but people of many backgrounds with a strong interest in climate change but without the deep knowledge of professional climate scientists. We need images consistent with climate models, which accurately rank the causes of climate change and guide proposed actions. Such images point to meat as a key focal issue.
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome
Authors: Dholke Harshal , Campos Ann , Reddy C. , Panigrahi Manas
Published: September 2016

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is on the rise, especially in today’s fast-paced world. TBI requires not only neurosurgical expertise but also neurointensivist involvement for a better outcome. Disturbances of sodium balance are common in patients with brain injury, as the central nervous system plays a major role in sodium regulation. Hyponatraemia, defined as serum sodium <135 meq/L is commonly seen and is especially deleterious as it can contribute to cerebral oedema in these patients. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), is the most well-known cause of hyponatraemia in this subset of patients. Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome (CSWS), leading to renal sodium loss is an important cause of hyponatraemia in patients with TBI. Although incompletely studied, decreased renal sympathetic responses and cerebral natriuretic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of CSWS. Maintaining a positive sodium balance and adequate hydration can help in the treatment. It is important to differentiate between SIADH and CSWS when trying to ascertain a case for patients with acute brain injury, as the treatment of the two are diametrically opposite.
Comparison of the effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine and lignocaine spray instilled into the endotracheal tube on extubation response in patients undergoing spine surgery
Authors: Dutta Debojyoti , Godara Mukesh , Purohit Shobha , Kalra Poonam , Sharma Satya , Gill Nitesh
Published: September 2016

Background: In spine surgery rapid emergence and extubation with haemodynamic stability is crucial for early neurological examination. Here, we have studied the effect of α2 agonist – dexmedetomidine intravenous (IV) and lignocaine spray instilled into the endotracheal tube at the end of the procedure to attenuate the extubation responses. Methods: A total of 45 patients undergoing spine surgery were randomly allocated in three groups. After the return of spontaneous respiration, Group-D: Dexmedetomidine 0.3 mcg/kg IV, Group-L: 10% lignocaine spray 1.5 mg/kg through endotracheal route and Group-P: Normal saline IV given over 60 s. Haemodynamic responses (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate [HR] and SpO2) were recorded before and after administration of drugs and also duration of emergence, extubation, quality of extubation and post-operative sedation level were evaluated. Results: The increase in MAP and HR during extubation was significantly less in Group-D than Group-L and Group-P, 2 min after administration of the respective drugs (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the grade of a cough after extubation and post-operative sedation level. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine (0.3 mcg/kg) attenuates haemodynamic response better than lignocaine spray (1.5 mg/kg) during emergence and extubation. It also provides smooth extubation and easy recovery without any post-operative sedative effect.
Insights into aerosol chemistry during the 2015 China victory day parade: results from simultaneous measurements at ground level and 260 m in Beijing
Authors: Zhao Jian , Du Wei , Zhang Yingjie , Wang Qingqing , Chen Chen , Xu Weiqi , Han Tingting , Wang Yuying , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa , Li Zhanqing , Sun Yele
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Strict emission controls were implemented in Beijing and adjacent provinces to ensure good air quality during the 2015 China victory day parade. Here we conducted synchronous measurements of submicron aerosols (PM1) at ground level and 260 m on a meteorological tower by using a High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer and an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, respectively, in Beijing from 22 August to 30 September. Our results showed that the average PM1 concentrations are 19.3 and 14.8 µg m−3 at ground level and 260 m, respectively, during the control period (20 August–3 September), which are 57 % and 50 % lower than those after the control period (4–30 September). Organic aerosols (OA) dominated PM1 during the control period at both ground level and 260 m (55 % and 53 %, respectively), while its contribution showed substantial decreases (~ 40 %) associated with an increase in secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) after the parade indicating a larger impact of emission controls on SIA than OA. Positive matrix factorization of OA further illustrated that primary OA (POA) showed similar decreases as secondary OA (SOA) at both ground level (40 % vs. 42 %) and 260 m (35 % vs. 36 %). However, we also observed significant changes in SOA composition. While the more oxidized SOA showed a large decrease by 75 %, the less oxidized SOA was comparable during (5.6 µg m−3) and after the control periods (6.5 µg m−3). Our results demonstrated that the changes in meteorological conditions and PM loadings have affected SOA formation mechanisms, and the photochemical production of fresh SOA was more important during the control period. By isolating the influences of meteorological conditions and footprint regions in polluted episodes, we found that regional emission controls on average reduced PM levels by 44–45 %, and the reductions were close among SIA, SOA and POA at 260 m, whereas primary species showed relatively more reductions (55–67 %) than secondary aerosol species (33 %–44 %) at ground level.
Hydrometeor classification through statistical clustering of polarimetric radar measurements: a semi-supervised approach
Authors: Besic Nikola , Figueras i Ventura Jordi , Grazioli Jacopo , Gabella Marco , Germann Urs , Berne Alexis
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Polarimetric radar-based hydrometeor classification is the procedure of identifying different types of hydrometeors by exploiting polarimetric radar observations. The main drawback of the existing supervised classification methods, mostly based on fuzzy logic, is a significant dependency on a presumed electromagnetic behaviour of different hydrometeor types. Namely, the results of the classification largely rely upon the quality of scattering simulations. When it comes to the unsupervised approach, it lacks the constraints related to the hydrometeor microphysics. The idea of the proposed method is to compensate for these drawbacks by combining the two approaches in a way that microphysical hypotheses can, to a degree, adjust the content of the classes obtained statistically from the observations. This is done by means of an iterative approach, performed offline, which, in a statistical framework, examines clustered representative polarimetric observations by comparing them to the presumed polarimetric properties of each hydrometeor class. Aside from comparing, a routine alters the content of clusters by encouraging further statistical clustering in case of non-identification. By merging all identified clusters, the multi-dimensional polarimetric signatures of various hydrometeor types are obtained for each of the studied representative datasets, i.e. for each radar system of interest. These are depicted by sets of centroids which are then employed in operational labelling of different hydrometeors. The method has been applied on three C-band datasets, each acquired by different operational radar from the MeteoSwiss Rad4Alp network, as well as on two X-band datasets acquired by two research mobile radars. The results are discussed through a comparative analysis which includes a corresponding supervised and unsupervised approach, emphasising the operational potential of the proposed method.
Recent divergences in stratospheric water vapor measurements by frost point
hygrometers and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
Authors: Hurst Dale F. , Read William G. , Vömel Holger , Selkirk Henry B. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Davis Sean M. , Hall Emrys G. , Jordan Allen F. , Oltmans Samuel J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers (FPs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) provide high-quality vertical profile measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). A previous comparison of stratospheric water vapor measurements by FPs and MLS over three sites – Boulder, Colorado (40.0° N); Hilo, Hawaii (19.7° N); and Lauder, New Zealand (45.0° S) – from August 2004 through December 2012 not only demonstrated agreement better than 1 % between 68 and 26 hPa but also exposed statistically significant biases of 2 to 10 % at 83 and 100 hPa (Hurst et al., 2014). A simple linear regression analysis of the FP–MLS differences revealed no significant long-term drifts between the two instruments. Here we extend the drift comparison to mid-2015 and add two FP sites – Lindenberg, Germany (52.2° N), and San José, Costa Rica (10.0° N) – that employ FPs of different manufacture and calibration for their water vapor soundings. The extended comparison period reveals that stratospheric FP and MLS measurements over four of the five sites have diverged at rates of 0.03 to 0.07 ppmv year−1 (0.6 to 1.5 % year−1) from  ∼  2010 to mid-2015. These rates are similar in magnitude to the 30-year (1980–2010) average growth rate of stratospheric water vapor ( ∼  1 % year−1) measured by FPs over Boulder (Hurst et al., 2011). By mid-2015, the FP–MLS differences at some sites were large enough to exceed the combined accuracy estimates of the FP and MLS measurements.
An Investigation of Attention Control Ability in Monolinguals, Bilinguals and Trilinguals
Authors: Moradi Nashmineh , Gholami Hamid
Published: September 2016

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cognitive characteristics of people are not in the same level, and facing with some situations and experiences may cause change to these features, although they may not be changed because of some factors. Here an attempt has been made to investigate one of these cognitive charactristics_ attention control ability, variations, if any, in the scope of native, second and foreign language. This study was a quantitative correlational study. A sample of 90 Iranian people (monolinguals, bilinguals, and trilinguals) was drawn from different universities and foreign language institutes . Quantitative data were collected through a valid questionnaire (attention control scale). The finding revealed that there is no significant difference between these three groups of people in terms of attention control ability.
E2, an Aquatic Hazard Worldwide
Authors: Elnwishy Nagwa , Sedky Nada
Published: September 2016

Endocrine disruptors are defined as exogenous agents that alter the function of endocrine system, which in turn, causes adverse health effects in an intact organism or its progeny. Of these compounds, 17Beta-estradiol is of primary importance, since it is physiologically present in both men and women, as well as, being produced synthetically as a component in some pharmaceutical products. Once it reaches the aquatic environment through domestic sewage, ground water and streams, it makes a serious threat to the aquatic life. The review tackles the biological significance of these compounds as well as the danger that they present to the surrounding environment, areas at which these compounds have been detected worldwide, the methods used in detection and fundamentally significant solutions to get rid of this hazard using different methods such as; the bioremediation process.
An Overview of the Role of Non-State Actors in Preventing and Combatting Corruption in Botswana: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Omotoye Abiodun Marumo Tito
Published: September 2016

Botswana has been lauded, regionally and internationally, for its commitment towards building a capable, democratic and developmental state. However, the country’s national anti-corruption agency, the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) has reported an increase in the number and complexity of cases of corruption. The objective of this paper is to assess the role of the non-state actors (NSAs) in fighting corruption in Botswana. This assessment is made by way of providing a description and analysis of the underlying challenges and opportunities confronting NSAs, specifically the private (business) sector, the private media and nongovernmental organisations in preventing and addressing corruption in Botswana. NSAs play a pivotal role in the development of any country by providing goods and services, creating awareness and sensitizing communities on political and socio-economic issues affecting them. Whereas NSAs have a key role to play in fighting corruption by monitoring the use of public resources, educating the public, condemning perpetrators, and contributing towards the implementation of anti-corruption instruments, they are confronted by political, legislative and institutional challenges that hinder their effectiveness in this regard. 
Nieuw systeem, nieuwe kansen?
Authors: Paulle Bowen , Mijs Jonathan , Vink Anja
Published: September 2016

New system, new chances? Parents in Amsterdam-West about (de)segregation in primary education.

In 2015 Amsterdam introduced a new primary school admissions system. This system is rooted in various desegregation pilots, including two based on the ‘controlled choice’ approach. In conjunction with one of these pilots located in West Amsterdam, we researched the criteria parents used while thinking about (de-)segregation in primary schools and parents’ attitudes regarding the controlled choice approach. Due to political developments between 2008 and 2011, we considered our data useless for policy discussions. The introduction of a new admissions system, however, gives our data a newfound relevance. This article therefore describes how parents in socio-economically diverse neighbourhoods think about segregation and school choice. The 249 parents we interviewed or surveyed supported schools with a ‘good mix’, but they had diverging opinions about the meaning of such terms. The parents were optimistic with regard to controlled choice, even if this could in some ways limit their own options. We conclude that the political resistance to desegregation at the primary school level cannot be justified by empirically unfounded claims about the perceptions and preferences of parents. We hope that our findings may lead to empirically grounded policy evaluation and policy making.
Omgevingswet, participatie en democratische vermoeidheid
Authors: van Oenen Gijs
Published: September 2016

Dossier

In this feature authors discuss recent research findings that are of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.
Het leven van scherpzinnige strijdster Rosa Luxemburg inspireert op vele fronten
Authors: Roosma Femke
Published: September 2016

Boekbespreking

In this feature authors review recently published books on subjects of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.
Een kerk spreekt zich uit over de democratische rechtsstaat
Authors: Koffeman Leo
Published: September 2016

A church addressing the issue of the democratic constitutional state

This article presents a summary of a report of the (mainline) Protestant Church in the Netherlands on democracy and the rule of law (see: www.protestantsekerk.nl/Lists/PKN-Bibliotheek/The-church-and-the-democratic-constitutional-state.pdf), including an evaluation. It starts from the presumption that modern plural society rightly expects religious communities to present their views in this regard explicitly and clearly. The report presents an interpretation of what ‘the separation of church and state’ entails, as well as an analysis of recent developments in the public domain. The church expresses its critical solidarity with the modern state. It points to the risk of democracy turning into a market rather than a forum.
Políticas de formação e gestão pedagógica: o desafio da simetria invertida
Authors: Silva Marciele Taschetto da , Rocha Adriana Moreira da
Published: September 2016

Este estudo encontra-se inserido no contexto investigativo sobre formação de formadores e a gestão pedagógica da área de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Ressaltamos que a gestão pedagógica se constitui a medida que o professor se compromete com seu projeto de ensino, organizando e articulando saberes necessários para a formação de seus alunos e, consequentemente, para a sua própria formação. Desse modo, este trabalho trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico, tendo como objetivo analisar definições teóricas e conceituais relevantes para repensar a gestão pedagógica na formação docente inicial e o reflexo desta na educação básica, em busca da qualidade do ensino  na área de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Em relação a esta temática sabemos que os docentes universitários possuem a responsabilidade e compromisso social com a ampla formação de futuros profissionais para além da mera transmissão de conhecimentos. Assim preocupa-nos refletir sobre a relação existente entre a gestão da aula dos docentes atuantes nos cursos de licenciatura e a formação ofertada aos futuros professores da educação básica. Esta relação apresenta certa dubiedade, pois ao mesmo tempo em que os professores realizam a gestão de suas aulas a fim de oferecerem uma boa formação para seus alunos, não são formados nem preparados para tal exercício. Desse modo, a gestão de sua aula é regida por saberes constituídos no seu cotidiano, decorrentes de esforços individuais, sob o prisma da pedagogia universitária.Palavras-chave: gestão pedagógica, formação de formadores, formação inicial.
Apresentação
Authors: Quadros Claudemir de
Published: September 2016

Apresentação
Prevalence of oral and maxillofacial diseases diagnosed in an Oral Medicine service during a 7-year period
Authors: Amaral Simone de Macedo , Miranda Aguida Maria Menezes Aguiar , Santos Netto Juliana de Noronha , Pires Fábio Ramôa
Published: September 2016

Prevalence of oral and maxillofacial diseases is highly variable depending on the region, country and source of the data. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral and maxillofacial diseases diagnosed in an Oral Medicine service during a 7-year period. All clinical charts from patients attending the service in the period were reviewed to retrieve demographic and clinical data; diagnosis were classified in groups, distributed in absolute and relative values and analyzed with respect to their frequency. A total of 1075 clinical charts were reviewed and females represented 60% of the sample. Mean age of the patients was 41 years (ranging from 1 month to 94 years old) and most patients were in their fourties to fifties. A total of 1444 oral diseases were diagnosed and the most prevalent groups were soft-tissue tumors (184 cases, 12.7%), developmental defects (161, 11.2%) and epithelial diseases (127, 8.8%). Individually, the most frequent diseases included fibrous hyperplasias (120 cases, 8.3%), candidosis (77, 5.3%), periradicular inflammatory lesions (72, 5.0%) and potentially malignant disorders (52, 3.6%). Oral carcinomas represented 2.5% of the sample (36 cases).The present results reflect the frequency of oral diseases diagnosed in a specialized service in southeastern Brazil and will allow the establishment of preventive strategies and the adequacy of the clinical services offered to the target population.
Treatment modalities of oral lichen planus
Authors: Patil Santosh , Khandelwal Suneet , Sinha Nidhi , Kaswan Sumita , Rahman Farzan , Tipu Shoaib
Published: September 2016

Oral lichen planus is an immunologically based, chronic, inflammatory, mucocutaneous disorder of undetermined etiology. It is a relatively common disorder affecting stratified squamous epithelia. It is of special importance due to its malignant potential and can be a source of morbidity. The management of oral lichen planus should therefore address both the transformation rate as well as the patient symptoms. Care and management of such patients challenges even the most experienced clinician. There is currently no cure for OLP. Treatment is aimed primarily at reducing the length and severity of symptomatic outbreaks.The review critically analyses the various options in the literature and discusses the practical management from the Indian perspective.
Expression of EGF and its receptor and histomorphometric analysis of epithelial tissue in gingival fibromatosis
Authors: Santos Carolina de Oliveira , Silva Thiago Fonseca , Bonan Paulo Rogério , Guimaraes André Luiz Sena , Coletta Ricardo Della , Martelli-Júnior Hercílio
Published: September 2016

Gingival fibromatosis, a relatively rare condition, develops as a slowly progressing, benign, and localized or generalized enlargement of keratinized gingiva. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of epidermal growth factor and the epidermal growth factor receptor and perform histomorphometric analysis of epithelial tissue in gingival fibromatosis. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against the aforementioned antigens was performed in gingival tissues from a family with hereditary gingival fibromatosis and a family with syndromic dental anomaly-associated gingival fibromatosis ; normal gingiva was used for comparison. The height of epithelial papillae and area and perimeter of epithelial layers were measured for histomorphometric analysis. Immunoreactivity to epidermal growth factor was found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, and immunopositivity for epidermal growth factor receptor was detected in the cytoplasm and membrane of epithelial cells. No differences in the expression of these proteins were observed among the groups. The gingival fibromatosis groups had higher epithelial papillae and larger epithelial areas that the normal gingiva group. Our findings suggest that enlargement of epithelial layers is associated with both forms of gingival fibromatosis.
Preventing Pluripotent Cell Teratoma in Regenerative Medicine Applied to Hematology Disorders
Authors: Bedel Aurelie , Beliveau François , Lamrissi-Garcia Isabelle , Rousseau Benoit , Moranvillier Isabelle , Rucheton Benoit , Guyonnet-Dupérat Veronique , Cardinaud Bruno , de Verneuil Hubert , Moreau-Gaudry François , Dabernat Sandrine
Published: September 2016

Iatrogenic tumorigenesis is a major limitation for the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in hematology. The teratoma risk comes from the persistence of hiPSCs in differentiated cell populations. Our goal was to evaluate the best system to purge residual hiPSCs before graft without compromising hematopoietic repopulation capability. Teratoma risk after systemic injection of hiPSCs expressing the reporter gene luciferase was assessed for the first time. Teratoma formation in immune-deficient mice was tracked by in vivo bioimaging. We observed that systemic injection of hiPSCs produced multisite teratoma as soon as 5 weeks after injection. To eliminate hiPSCs before grafting, we tested the embryonic-specific expression of suicide genes under the control of the pmiR-302/367 promoter. This promoter was highly active in hiPSCs but not in differentiated cells. The gene/prodrug inducible Caspase-9 (iCaspase-9)/AP20187 was more efficient and rapid than thymidine kinase/ganciclovir, fully specific, and without bystander effect. We observed that iCaspase-9-expressing hiPSCs died in a dose-dependent manner with AP20187, without reaching full eradication in vitro. Unexpectedly, nonspecific toxicity of AP20187 on iCaspase-9-negative hiPSCs and on CD34+ cells was evidenced in vitro. This toxic effect strongly impaired CD34+-derived human hematopoiesis in adoptive transfers. Survivin inhibition is an alternative to the suicide gene approach because hiPSCs fully rely on survivin for survival. Survivin inhibitor YM155 was more efficient than AP20187/iCaspase-9 for killing hiPSCs, without toxicity on CD34+ cells, in vitro and in adoptive transfers. hiPSC purge by survivin inhibitor fully eradicated teratoma formation in immune-deficient mice. This will be useful to improve the safety management for hiPSC-based medicine.