bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗМІН ЦИТОКІНОВОГО ПРОФІЛЮ ПРИ ПОШКОДЖЕННІ СІМ’ЯНИКІВ РУБОМІЦИНОМ ГІДРОХЛОРИДОМ
Authors: Hnatyuk M. S. , Konovalenko S. O. , Tatarchuk L. V.
Published: March 2020

Рубоміцин – протипухлинний антибіотик антрациклінового ряду з вираженою цитостатичною дією, який при введенні в організм чоловіків може призводити до структурно-функціональних змін сім’яників.

Мета дослідження – вивчити особливості змін цитокінового профілю при пошкодженні сім’яників рубоміцином гідрохлоридом.

Методи дослідження. Морфометричними методами досліджували структури сім’яників 30-ти лабораторних статевозрілих білих щурів-самців. Імуноферментним методом у сироватці їх крові визначали концентрацію фактора некрозу пухлини α (TNFα), інтерлейкінів (IL2, IL6, IL10). Гістостереометрично на мікропрепаратах сім’яників визначали ядерно-цитоплазматичні відношення в ендотеліоцитах судин, сперматогенних епітеліоцитах, відносний об’єм пошкоджених ендотеліоцитів, сперматогенних епітеліо­цитів та стромально-паренхіматозні відношення в органі. Проводили кореляційний аналіз між концентрацією цитокінів та досліджуваними гістостереометричними показниками з визначенням коефіцієнта (r) кореляції. Кількісні показники обробляли статистично.

Результати й обговорення. При дії рубоміцину гідрохлориду на організм концентрація IL2 у сироват­ці крові підвищилась на 22,0 %, IL6 – на 45,2 %, IL10 – на 34,5 %, TNFα – на 12,5 % (р˂0,001). Нерівномірне, диспропорційне збільшення вмісту цитокінів у сироватці крові при змодельованій патології вказувало на дисбаланс цитокінового профілю. Ядерно-цитоплазматичні відношення в ендотеліоцитах судин збільшилися на 5,3 %, у сперматогенних епітеліоцитах – на 7,4 % (р˂0,01), що свідчило про порушення структурного клітинного гомеостазу. Відносний об’єм пошкоджених ендотеліоцитів при цьому зріс у 13,5 раза, а сперматогенних епітеліоцитів – у 19,4 раза (р˂0,001), що вказувало на суттєві структурно-функціональні зміни цього органа. Виявлено наявність сильних позитивних кореляційних взаємозв’язків між відносним об’ємом пошкоджених ендотеліоцитів, сперматогенних епітеліоцитів та концентрацією IL2, IL6, IL10 (r=+0,82±0,03). Меншої сили позитивні кореляційні взаємозв’язки встановлено між вказаними гістостереометричними параметрами сім’яників та концентрацією TNFα в сироватці крові (r=+0,65±0,02). Між стромально-паренхіматозними відношеннями в сім’яниках щурів 2-ї групи спостережень та вмістом цитокінів у сироватці крові коефіцієнт кореляції коливався в межах від 0,52 до 0,64.

Висновки. Введення в організм рубоміцину гідрохлориду призводить до виражених пошкоджень сім’яників та суттєвого дисбалансу цитокінів – IL2, IL6, IL10, TNFα в сироватці крові. Ступінь порушень цитокінового профілю при змодельованій патології корелює з вираженням змін структурного гомеостазу, відносним об’ємом пошкоджених ендотеліоцитів, сперматогенних епітеліоцитів, стромально-паренхіматозними відношеннями в досліджуваному органі.
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МЕДІАТОРНИХ МЕХАНІЗМІВ АНТИНОЦИЦЕПТИВНОЇ ДІЇ 4-[4-ОКСО-(4Н)-ХІНАЗОЛІН-3-ІЛ] БЕНЗОЙНОЇ КИСЛОТИ (СПОЛУКИ ПК-66)
Authors: Kramar H. I. , Stepaniuk H. I. , Voloshchuk N. I. , Alchuk O. I.
Published: March 2020

Вступ. У попередніх дослідженнях встановлено, що серед похідних 4-оксо (аміно-) хіназоліну речовиною-лідером із вираженою знеболювальною дією на різних моделях больової перцепції є 4-[4-оксо-(4Н)-хіназолін-3-іл] бензойної кислоти (сполука ПК-66).

Мета дослідження – ґрунтовно вивчити основні механізми аналгетичної дії нового оригінального похідного хіназолінів – сполуки ПК-66.

Методи дослідження. Антиноцицептивну дію сполуки ПК-66 (1 мг/кг внутрішньочеревно) вивчали в щурів на моделі гіпералгезії, викликаної субплантарним введенням у ліву задню кінцівку тварини 0,1 мл 1 % розчину карагеніну, 2 % суспензії зимозану та 0,01 % розчину брадикініну. Ступінь ноцицепції визначали за допомогою долориметра шляхом оцінювання порога больової чутливості. Як референс-препарати використовували диклофенак натрію (4 мг/кг) та корвітин (5 мг/кг). Аналгетичну активність досліджуваних сполук оцінювали за їх здатністю збільшувати поріг больової чутливості в дослідних групах порівняно з групою контролю і виражали у відсотках. Антиексудативну активність сполуки та референс-препаратів визначали шляхом вимірювання об’єму набряку лапки за допомогою плетизмометра за ступенем зменшення набряку в піддослідних тварин порівняно зі щурами групи контролю і виражали у відсотках.

Результати й обговорення. Сполука ПК-66 здатна усувати гіпералгезію, яку викликали різні альгогени. Найбільш виражено її знеболювальна дія проявлялась на тлі введення брадикініну (53,4 %), менш виражену антиноцицепцію спостерігали при карагеніновому набряку (38,5 %), найменш вираженою ця дія була на моделі зимозанової гіпералгезії (26,9 %). Дослідження антиексудативної дії продемонструвало, що антифлогогенна дія сполуки ПК-66 більшою мірою проявлялась на моделі карагенінового набряку (16,1 %), ніж зимозанового (12,8 %). Однак цей ефект не сягав статистично вірогідних значень ні при карагеніновому, ні при зимозановому набряку і в обох випадках значно поступався препаратам порівняння – диклофенаку натрію (58,3 %) та корвітину (52,3 %).

Висновок. Антимедіаторна дія сполуки ПК-66 більшою мірою зумовлена антагонізмом до брадикініну, меншою – до простагландинів та лейкотрієнів.
АКТУАЛЬНІСТЬ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ СТУДЕНТІВ ПРИ ВИВЧЕННІ ФАРМАКОЛОГІЇ
Authors: Chechotina S. Yu. , Lutsenko R. V. , Deviatkina T. O. , Kolot E. H. , Sydorenko A. H.
Published: March 2020

У статті проаналізовано динаміку розподілу навчального навантаження з дисципліни «Фармакологія» в період підготовки студентів 2–3 курсів стоматологічного та 3 курсу медичного факультетів. Розкрито актуальність раціональної організ­ації самостійної роботи студентів при вивченні дисципліни у зв’язку зі зменшенням кількості аудиторних годин. Представлено порівняльну характеристику кількості аудиторних та позааудиторних годин з фармакології за фахом «Стоматологія» та «Лікувальна справа» згідно з робочими програмами. Встановлено, що за останні 3–4 навчальні роки кількість годин для практичних занять у студентів, які навчалися за освітньо-кваліфікаційним рівнем «Спеціаліст», скоротилася в 1,6 раза у студентів стоматологічного факультету та в 1,8 раза у студентів медичного факультету зі збереженням загальної кількості годин із дисципліни. З переходом підготовки спеціалістів другого (магістерського) рівня вищої освіти ситуація дещо покращилась. Однак у студентів медичного факультету згідно з новою типовою програмою перелік лікарських препаратів збільшено майже наполовину та обсяг позааудиторних годин більше на 15 % порівняно зі студентами-стоматологами. Для оптимізації вивчення «Фармакології» та раціональної організації самостійної роботи студентів викладачами кафедри підготовлено достатнє методичне забезпечення, видано навчальні підручники та посібники, залучаються інноваційні технології та інтерактивні форми навчання.
ДИНАМІКА ЧИННИКІВ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО ВИБОРУ ФАРМАЦЕВТІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ БАГАТОСТУПЕНЕВОГО НАВЧАННЯ
Authors: Perepelytsya O. O. , Chornous V. O. , Yaremiy V. O. , Kupchanko K. P.
Published: March 2020

У статті висвітлено динаміку чинників професійного самовизначення студентів фармацевтичного напряму у процесі багатоступеневого навчання від молодшого спеціаліста до магістра. Рейтинговими чинниками вибору професії фармацевтичного спрямування для студентів упродовж багатоступеневого навчання є престижність професії та бажання стати фахівцем. Високий рівень авторитету сім’ї щодо питання вибору професії на фоні несистемної профорієнтаційної роботи школи призводить до низької активності суб’єкта самовизначення. У процесі навчання динаміка пріоритетних чинників не змінюється. Посилюється потреба у високооплачуваній роботі, відбувається глибше «занурення» у спеціальність, з’являється бачення своєї ролі у майбутній діяльності за рахунок зниження захоплення зовнішньою стороною професії, особливо 15-16-літніх підлітків. Вибір професії здійснено респондентами не стільки від їх пізнавальних інтересів та здібностей, скільки від бажання соціальної реалізації в суспільстві. У профорієнтаційній роботі значну увагу слід приділяти поінформованості батьків щодо якості надання освітніх послуг навчальним закладом для фахового зростання здобувачів освіти та здобуття престижної в соціумі високооплачуваної професії провізора, затребуваної на ринку праці.

Більшість здобувачів освіти орієнтується на престижність професії та фахове визнання, не надаючи належної уваги суб’єктивним чинникам. Характерними особливостями професійного самовизначення студентів медичного коледжу є несистемна профорієнтаційна робота шкільних психологів, вплив авторитету родини, низька активність суб’єкта самовизначення, що свідчить про несформоване відношення до вибору професій. У процесі навчання посилюється потреба у високооплачуваній роботі та приходить усвідомлення свого місця в структурі майбутньої професійної діяльності. Дослідження покликане покращити стратегію профорієнтаційної роботи щодо вступу абітурієнтів до  вищих медичних (фармацевтичних) закладів освіти.
Abstract 08: Heterogeneity in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Prevalence Among Whites, African Americans, African Immigrants and Afro-Caribbeans: Insights From the 2010-2018 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Baptiste Diana , Turkson-Ocran Ruth-Alma N , Ogungbe Oluwabunmi , Koirala Binu , Francis Lucine , Spaulding Erin , Dennison Himmlefarb Cheryl , Commodore-Mensah Yvonne
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. Blacks are disproportionately affected by CVD risk factors, compared to whites. However, Blacks are not monolithic and include the following ethnic groups; African Americans (AAs), African Immigrants (AIs), and Afro-Caribbeans (ACs). It is unclear how AIs and ACs compare to their AA counterparts and Whites with respect to CVD risk factors.

Objective:
To examine trends in CVD risk factors among three Black ethnic groups in comparison to whites between 2010-2018.

Methods:
A comparative analysis of the National Health Interview Survey was conducted among N=452,997 participants, examining sociodemographic data and trends in self-reported CVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, overweight/obesity, and smoking). Generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution were used to obtain the respective predictive probabilities of CVD risk factors.

Results:
The sample included 82,835 Blacks (89% AAs, 5% AIs and 6% ACs) and 370,362 whites. AIs were the youngest with mean age of 40.8 years and were less likely to be insured (76%) compared to whites (91%) and AAs (83%) (
p
=<0.001). ACs (23%) were more likely be college-educated than AAs (17%) but not AIs (36%) or whites (32%), (p=<0.001). AIs had the lowest age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of all four CVD risk factors. There were disparities (among AAs) and advantages (among AIs and ACs) in CVD risk factors. (
Figure)
. Overweight/obesity and diabetes prevalence was increasing in AAs and whites (
p
-values for trend<0.001). Smoking prevalence was highest in whites and AAs compared to AIs and ACs but the prevalence decreased significantly between 2010-2018 (
p
-values for trend<0.001).

Conclusion:
Our results have shown significant heterogeneity in CVD risk factors among three Black ethnic groups compared to whites. These findings suggest that race alone does not account for health disparities in CVD risk factors. Environmental, psychological, and social factors may play a larger role in CVD risk.
Abstract 16: Association of Baseline & Longitudinal Changes in Fitness & Body Mass Index With Risk of Heart Failure in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Analysis From the Look Ahead Trial
Authors: Pandey Ambarish , Patel Kershaw , Bahnson Judy , McGuire Darren K , Berry Jarett D , Gaussoin Sarah , Martin Corby , Balasubramanyam Ashok , Johnson Karen , Bertoni Alain G , KITZMAN Dalane W
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is associated with higher risk for HF. The contributions of baseline measures of and changes in fitness (CRF) toward HF risk in T2DM is not well-established.

Methods:
Participants of the Look AHEAD trial without prevalent HF randomized to the intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) vs. usual care arms were included. Incident HF hospitalization and its subtypes [HF with preserved ejection fraction (EF>= 50%, HFpEF) & HF with preserved ejection fraction (EF < 50%, HFrEF)] were adjudicated through the end of 2014 using a validated approach. The associations of baseline CRF estimated from a maximal treadmill test and changes in CRF (from baseline to year 4) with risk of HF and its subtypes were evaluated using adjusted Cox models.

Results:
Among the 5,109 study participants, there was no significant difference in the risk of HF (n = 257 events) between the ILI vs. usual care groups [HR (95% CI) = 0.96 (0.75 - 1.23)] over 12.4 years follow up. In adjusted analysis, the risk of HF was 39% and 62% lower among moderate fit [Tertile 2] and high fit [Tertile 3] groups, respectively [vs. low fit (Tertile 1), Table]. Among HF subtypes, the risk of HFpEF was 40% lower in moderate fit and 77% lower in the high fit groups (vs. low fit). In contrast, baseline CRF was not associated with risk of HFrEF after adjustment for potential confounders (Table). BMI was also not associated with risk of HF after adjustment for CV risk factors. Among participants with repeat CRF testing (n = 3,902), improvements in CRF and weight loss over 4-year follow-up was significantly associated with lower risk of HF [HR (95% CI) per 10% increase in CRF = 0.90 (0.82 to 0.99), per 10% decrease in BMI = 0.80 (0.69 to 0.94)].

Conclusion:
Higher baseline CRF is independently associated with lower risk of HF, particularly HFpEF, among individuals with T2DM. Improvements in CRF and weight loss can significantly lower risk of HF in this high-risk population. However, the ILI implemented in the LookAHEAD trial did not modify the risk of HF among the study participants.
Abstract 20: Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Cvd Risk Factors in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults
Authors: Caceres Billy A , McClain Amanda , Makarem Nour , Zollweg Sarah , Mujahid Mahasin S
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Greater perceived neighborhood social cohesion (degree of connectedness among neighbors) has been associated with lower rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and incident CVD. Although sexual minorities (e.g., gay, lesbian, and bisexual) report lower neighborhood social cohesion and higher CVD risk than their heterosexual peers, there is limited population-based evidence regarding the association of neighborhood factors with CVD risk in sexual minorities.

Hypothesis:
Better neighborhood social cohesion would be associated with lower odds of CVD risk factors in sexual minorities.

Methods:
We used data from the National Health Interview Survey (2013-2018), a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. To assess neighborhood social cohesion participants rated the degree to which they agreed with 4 statements (on a 4-point Likert scale). Responses were summed and reverse-coded so that higher scores indicated greater neighborhood social cohesion (range = 4-16). We assessed six self-reported CVD risk factors: current tobacco use, physical inactivity, short sleep duration (≤ 6 h), obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2), and diagnosis of hypertension and/or diabetes. Sex- and sexual identity-stratified logistic regression models were used to examine the association of neighborhood social cohesion and CVD risk factors. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics and length of time living in neighborhood.

Results:
The sample consisted of 166,588 participants (97% heterosexual, 2% gay/lesbian, 1% bisexual). Gay (M = 11.9, p <0.001) and bisexual men (M = 11.5, p <0.001) had lower mean social cohesion scores than heterosexual men (M = 12.5). Similarly, lesbian (M = 11.9, p <0.01) and bisexual women (M = 11.1, p <0.001) had lower mean social cohesion scores than heterosexual women (M = 12.4). Among heterosexual participants higher neighborhood social cohesion scores were associated with lower odds of reporting all CVD risk factors. Greater neighborhood social cohesion was associated with lower odds of physical inactivity in lesbian women (AOR 0.95, 95% CI [0.90-0.99]) and lower odds of short sleep duration in lesbian (AOR 0.88, 95% CI [0.84-0.93]) and bisexual women (AOR 0.93, 95% [0.89-0.98]). Greater neighborhood social cohesion was associated with lower odds of obesity in bisexual men (AOR 0.90, 95% CI [0.82-0.99]).

Conclusions:
Findings suggest that neighborhood social cohesion may be a determinant of CV health in sexual minorities, particularly those that identify as female. Longitudinal studies to examine how neighborhood social cohesion and other neighborhood factors (e.g., violence, safety, and walking environment) influence CVD risk over time in this population are needed.
Abstract 24: Amyloidogenic V122I Transthyretin Variant is Associated With Progression of Adverse Cardiac Mechanics in Middle-aged African American Adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Authors: Sinha Arjun , Zheng Yinan , Qu Yishu , Nannini Drew , Hou Lifang , Shah Sanjiv J , Yancy Clyde W , Lloyd-Jones Donald M , Rasmuseen-Torvik Laura , Khan Sadiya S
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Direct-to-consumer testing (e.g. 23andme) reports now include common pathogenic variants in the transthyretin (TTR) gene, such as V122I. TTR cardiac amyloidosis due to V122I is an autosomal dominant disease known to be of variable penetrance in elderly African Americans. However, the association of carrier status for V122I with echocardiographic measures of cardiac mechanics in middle-age African Americans is not known.

Hypothesis:
Presence of V122I TTR mutation is associated with adverse cardiac mechanics in middle-aged African Americans.

Methods:
All African Americans from the CARDIA study with imputed genetic data (R
2
= 0.98) and echocardiography at year 25 (Y25) were included. Echo parameters at Y25 and change from Y25 to Y30 were compared between V122I heterozygote carriers and controls using linear regression models. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, and top 3 principal components of ancestry. Analysis for change from Y25 to Y30 was adjusted for baseline Y25 echo parameters.

Results:
Of 874 included participants, mean age was 50.2 (3.6) years at Y25. There were 843 controls and 31 carriers for the V122I genotype (3.5% prevalence). There was no difference in age, sex, or clinical characteristics. Carriers of the V122I variant had worse diastolic function as measured by early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity (e’) at Y25 (9.2 [2.1] vs. 10.2 [2.4], p=0.048). From Y25 to Y30, V122I carriers had greater progression of left ventricular (LV) volume and mass as well as greater decline in subclinical LV systolic function as measured by circumferential strain (Table).

Conclusions:
Prevalence of the carrier status of the V122I genotype in CARDIA is relatively high and consistent with prior studies. Our findings suggest that the V122I mutation may be a unique risk enhancer for heart failure in middle-aged African Americans. Further data are needed for clarity on risk associated with carrier status of V122I and implications for cascade screening given emerging therapies for TTR cardiac amyloidosis.
Abstract 26: Polygenic Risk Score for Obesity Modifies Associations of Proinflammatory Diets With Obesity, Long-term Weight Gain, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The Utilization of Polygenic Prediction in 3 US Prospective Cohorts
Authors: Li Jun , Hu Jie , Lee Dong Hoon , Chung Wonil , Ma Baoshan , Tabung Fred , Guasch Marta , Giovannucci Edward , Manson Joann E , Willett Walter , Hu Frank B , Liang Liming
Published: March 2020

Background:
Individuals predisposed to higher genetic risk of obesity may need early dietary interventions to prevent obesity and its comorbidities.

Hypothesis:
Proinflammatory diets may interact with genetic background to modify risks of obesity, long-term weight gain, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods:
We prospectively followed 16 281 and 11 832 women in the Nurses’ Health Study I and II, and 10 172 men in Health Professionals Follow-up Study, with available genetic data, for up to 28 years. Diet and weight were assessed every 4 years. Dietary inflammatory potential was assessed by an empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) score pre-defined based on associations of foods with inflammatory markers. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) of body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, and body fat mass, developed based on genome-wide association data of 9 million variants in 389 972 UK Biobank participants using LDpred, were applied to characterize genetic predispositions to obesity, central obesity, and adiposity.

Results:
All 3 PRS were highly predictive for BMI (
Fig. A
). In pooled multivariable analyses, higher EDIP scores were associated with a higher BMI, with the association 2-3 folds stronger comparing participants in the highest 10% to the lowest 10% of genetic risk of obesity/adiposity (
P
interaction
≤0.001;
Fig. B
). The positive association between EDIP and CVD incidence was 1.6-fold stronger in participants at a higher genetic risk of central obesity (
P
interaction
=0.04;
Fig. C
). In addition, an increase in EDIP scores was associated with a greater long-term weight gain, while a reduction in EDIP was associated with a greater weight loss, comparing participants in the highest 10% of genetic risk to those at lower risks, among participants aged <65 years but not above (
P
interaction
<0.005;
Fig. D
).

Conclusions:
Polygenic background modifies associations of proinflammatory diets with obesity, long-term weight change, and CVD risk. PRS may be useful tools to identify individuals in need for early dietary interventions.
Abstract 30: Steps-per-day And Cardiovascular Disease Mortality In Older Women: The OPACH Study
Authors: LaCroix Andrea Z , Bellettiere John , Di Chongzhi , Lamonte Michael J
Published: March 2020

Background:
For decades, common knowledge was that 10,000 steps/day is good for health. That estimate was not empirically-based or developed with older adults in mind. The 2018 Physical Activity Guideline Advisory Committee called the lack of dose-response analyses between steps/day and clinical outcomes a major gap in the literature in need of further study.

Methods:
During 2012-2014, 6,379 women average age 79±7 measured steps using accelerometers worn on their waist for 7 days then were followed to March 31, 2017. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality were estimated across quartiles of steps/day using Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for demographic, behavioral, and health-related covariates. Analyses were run with and without additional adjustment for BMI, CVD-risk biomarkers including systolic blood pressure, lipid and glucose levels, and accelerometer-measured stepping cadence (a measure step intensity). Dose-response analyses were conducted with nonlinear Cox models using restricted cubic splines with 3, 4, and 5 knots.

Results:
Covariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) across increasing quartiles of steps/day were
1.00
(ref.);
0.48
(0.32, 0.73);
0.56
(0.35, 0.90);
0.25
(0.11, 0.54); p-trend <0.001. HRs (95% CIs) comparing quartile 2 to quartile 1 after additional adjustment were: for BMI [
0.21
(0.09, 0.49); overall p-trend <0.001]; CVD-risk biomarkers [
0.22
(0.09, 0.53); overall p-trend <0.001]; and step cadence [
0.34
(0.14, 0.80); overall p-trend =0.004]. The dose-response association is in Figure 1.

Conclusions:
Steps are easily understood by the general population and can be reliably measured using wearable devices and smart phones. The observed independent inverse associations between steps/day and CVD mortality showed protective associations at steps/day far below the commonly used 10,000. This shows promise that older-adult-specific steps/day recommendations might help promote cardiovascular health in an aging population.
Abstract 34: Association of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Other Carotid Ultrasound Features With Incident Dementia in The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS)
Authors: Wang Wendy , Norby Faye L , George Kristen M , Alonso Alvaro , Mosley Thomas , Gottesman Rebecca F , Meyer Michelle L , Lutsey Pamela L
Published: March 2020

Background:
Increased carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), a measure of carotid artery thickness, and carotid plaque are predictors of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Likewise, increased interadventitial diameter (IAD), which references arterial remodeling, and lower carotid distensibility coefficient (DC), which indicates carotid stiffness, are also predictors. These indices likely relate to cerebrovascular disease, and thus may constitute a form of vascular contributions to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Therefore, we assessed the relationship of carotid measures and distensibility with incident dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Methods:
12,459 ARIC participants who had carotid ultrasound measurements in 1990-92 were followed through 2017 for incident dementia. Dementia cases were identified using in-person and phone cognitive status and informant assessments, hospitalization discharge codes, and death certificate codes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazards ratios for incident dementia per 1-SD and per quintile increment in arterial index (cIMT, IAD, and DC) and for presence of carotid plaque.

Results:
Participants were aged 57±6 at baseline, 57% were female, and 23% were black. Over a median follow-up of 24 years, 2,224 dementia events were ascertained. After multivariable adjustments, the highest quintile of both cIMT and IAD in midlife were associated with increased risk of incident dementia (Table; HRs [95% CIs]: 1.33 [1.15, 1.54]; 1.24 [1.06, 1.46]), while presence of carotid plaque was not (HR [95% CI]: 1.06 [0.97, 1.15]). Additionally, higher distensibility was associated with lower risk of dementia (HR [95% CI] highest vs. lowest quintile: 0.73 [0.61, 0.88]).

Conclusion:
Increased cIMT, IAD, and lower carotid distensibility are associated with an increased risk of incident dementia. These findings suggest that both atherosclerosis and carotid stiffness may be implicated in dementia risk.
Abstract 37: Healthy Eating Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Results From Three Large Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Shan Zhilei , Li Yanping , Bhupathiraju Shilpa N , Wang Dong , Rexrode Kathryn M , Rimm Eric , Qi Lu , Willett Walter , Manson Joann E , Qi Qibin , Hu Frank B
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) recommend three major healthy dietary patterns: the Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern, the Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern, and the Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern, for all Americans with diverse cultural and personal food traditions. However, few studies have systematically examined the potential differences in associations of adherence to these recommended dietary patterns with long-term risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Hypothesis:
We hypothesized that all three DGA-recommended dietary patterns were associated with lower risk of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke.

Method:
We evaluated data on 74 661 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), 90 864 women in NHS II, and 41 837 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), who had repeated dietary data and had no history of type 2 diabetes, CVD, or cancer at baseline. Using the food and nutrient components, we calculated the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (AMED), Healthful Plant-based Diet Index (HPDI), to measure adherence to the Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern, Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern, and Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern, respectively. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to assess the associations of healthy eating index with CVD risk.

Results:
We documented 9 262 incident CVD cases (6 628 CHD and 2 701 stroke) during 1 976 026 person years of follow-up in the NHS, 1 916 CVD cases (1 267 CHD and 660 stroke) during 2 173 162 person years of follow-up in NHS II, and 10 203 CVD cases (8 750 CHD and 1 775 stroke) during 873 053 person years of follow-up in HPFS. When comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles, the pooled HRs (95% CIs) of CVD were 0.80 (0.77 to 0.84) for HEI-2015, 0.83 (0.79 to 0.87) for AMED, and 0.85 (0.81 to 0.89) for HPDI (all P for trend <0.001). In addition, a 25-percentile increase in healthy eating scores was associated with 10% to 22% lower risk of CVD (pooled HR: HEI-2015, 0.78 [0.75 to 0.82]; AMED, 0.90 [0.88 to 0.92]; HPDI, 0.84 [0.81 to 0.88]). For CHD, the pooled HRs (95% CIs) per 20-percentile increase were 0.76 (0.73 to 0.80) for HEI-2015, 0.90 (0.87 to 0.92) for AMED, and 0.83 (0.79 to 0.87) for HPDI. For stroke, the pooled HRs (95% CIs) per 20-percentile increase were 0.86 (0.78 to 0.94) for HEI-2015, 0.90 (0.85 to 0.95) for AMED, and 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98) for HPDI. The inverse associations between healthy eating index and CVD risk persisted in analyses stratified by potential risk factors.

Conclusions:
In three large prospective cohorts with up to 32 years of follow-up, higher adherence to various healthy eating patterns was associated with lower risk of CVD, CHD, and stroke. Our findings support the DGA recommendations for multiple healthy eating patterns.
Abstract 43: Circulating Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Total and Cause-specific Mortality: Prospective Evidence From 14 Cohorts in the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium
Authors: Tintle Nathan , Bassett Julie , Chien Kuo-Liong , Forouhi Nita , Kupers Leanne , Lankinen Maria , Lemaitre Rozenn , Lindsay Joan , Marklund Matti , Murphy Rachel , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Robinson Jennifer G , Samieri Cecilia , Siscovick David , Virtanen Jyrki K , Wood Alexis , Mozaffarian Dariush , Harris William S
Published: March 2020

Background:
Several recent studies have linked higher blood levels of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with lower risk of certain disease outcomes, in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD). Limited studies have evaluated associations between n-3 PUFA levels and total and cause-specific mortality.

Methods:
We meta-analyzed the association of circulating omega-3 PUFAs with total and cause-specific mortality from 15 distinct cohorts in 10 countries following a total of 36,840 individuals (baseline average age 66 yrs; 47% female; median follow-up 13.7 yrs), with 11,635 deaths. Total mortality, and 3 cause-specific mortalities (CVD, cancer or other), were separately predicted by levels of the long chain omega-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the Omega-3 index (EPA+DHA), as well as levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, an intermediate chain n-3 PUFA). Using cohort-specific fatty acid levels (range from 10
th
to 90
th
percentiles), each cohort fit a Cox regression model adjusting for demographics, health related covariates, and n-6 PUFA levels. Cohort-specific estimates were pooled with inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis.

Results:
Higher levels of EPA, DPA, DHA and the Omega-3 index were all associated with lower all-cause mortality [EPA meta-analysis Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.90 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.95), DPA HR=0.84 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.91), DHA HR=0.84 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.93), Omega-3 index HR = 0.84 (95% CI 0.77, 0.92) (Figure)], as well as for each cause-specific mortality (CVD, cancer and other; HRs from 0.85 to 0.92). ALA showed no association with total-mortality or cause-specific mortality [HRs from 0.97 to 1.00)].

Conclusions:
We have found strong evidence of inverse associations between long-chain omega-3 PUFA levels and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Further controlled studies are needed in order to determine the extent to which these observations represent a causal or coincidental relationships.
Abstract 49: Consumption of Ultra-processed Foods and Beverages is Associated With Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality in the Moli-sani Study Cohort
Authors: Bonaccio Marialaura , Di Castelnuovo Augusto Filippo , Costanzo Simona , De Curtis Amalia , Persichillo Mariarosaria , Cerletti Chiara , Donati Maria Benedetta , de Gaetano Giovanni , Iacoviello Licia ,   Moli-sani Study Investigators
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Consumption of ultra-processed food and beverages (UPFB) is gaining growing attention due to its possible relation with increased risk of disease/mortality. To date, the possibility of such an association was only addressed in two European and one US population-based cohorts.

Hypothesis:
We assessed the hypothesis of a positive association between UPFB consumption and mortality risk in a large sample of the Italian population and tested whether some known cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and nutrients could be on the pathway of this relation. We also separately analyzed UPFB presumed to be healthy (
e.g.
, breakfast cereals, fruit juices) from nutrient-poor foods (
e.g.,
cakes, snacks).

Methods:
Longitudinal analysis on 22,810 men and women (mean age 55±12 y) recruited in the Moli-sani Study cohort between 2005-2010. Food intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative 188-item food frequency questionnaire. UPFB intake was defined by the NOVA classification according to degree of food processing and then categorized as number of servings/d. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using multivariable Cox-proportional hazard models.

Results:
Over a median follow up of 8.3 y, 1,235 deaths were ascertained. As opposed to lower intake (<2 servings/d), individuals reporting high intake of UPFB (>4 servings/d) experienced an increased risk of CVD mortality (HR=1.50; 95%CI 1.18-1.92) and of death for ischemic heart (IHD)/cerebrovascular disease (1.56; 1.13-2.14). An upward trend was found for all-cause mortality too (1.15; 1.00-1.34). Biomarkers of renal function (cystatin C and creatinine) or of lipid metabolisms were likely to be on the pathway between UPFB and CVD mortality. Among selected macronutrients, high content of sugar and saturated fats possibly drove the relation of UPFB with CVD mortality. High intake of ‘healthy’ UPFB was associated with an increased trend of risk comparable to that associated with ‘unhealthy’ UPFB.

Conclusions:
In a large Mediterranean cohort of Italian adults, high consumption of UPFB was associated with increased risk of CVD death and IHD/cerebrovascular mortality. This association was partly explained by established CVD risk factors and a high dietary content of sugar and saturated fats. UPFB presumed to be healthy appeared similarly linked to higher death risk. National dietary guidelines might consider discourage excessive consumption of ultra-processed food while recommending natural or minimally processed foods.
Abstract 52: Plasma Metabolomic Signatures of the American Heart Association Diet Score: Findings From the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study
Authors: Haslam Danielle E , Li Jun , Liang Liming , Clish Clary , Lichtenstein Alice H , Lai Chao-Qiang , ORDOVAS Jose M , Manson Joann E , Wittenbecher Clemens , Hu Frank B , Qi Qibin , Tucker Katherine L , Bhupathiraju Shilpa N
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Puerto Rican adults living on the US mainland tend to have poor quality diets and adverse cardiometabolic risk. Plasma metabolomic signatures reflect dietary intakes and variability in metabolic response to diet.

Hypothesis:
A plasma metabolomic signature reflecting adherence to the American Heart Association (AHA) dietary guidelines will be associated with cardiometabolic risk.

Methods:
We used LC/MS to measure plasma metabolites (>700) among Boston Puerto Rican Health Study participants, aged 45-75 years, without (n=252) and with (n=254) type 2 diabetes (T2D). We calculated a modified version of a previously validated AHA diet score (AHA-DS), which included variety and amounts of fruits/vegetables, whole grains, fish, saturated fat,
trans
fat, sodium, and added sugars. We used elastic net regression to identify a metabolomic signature that associated with higher adherence to the AHA-DS among those without T2D (training set) and replicated the associations among those with T2D (testing set). A metabolomic score was calculated as the weighted sum of the diet associated metabolites. We used general linear models to determine the cross-sectional associations between the AHA-DS, metabolomic score, and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Results:
A diet-associated metabolomic signature with 58 metabolites, primarily lipids and amino acids, was identified. This metabolomic score correlated moderately with the AHA-DS among those with and without T2D (r=0.42-0.46,
P
<5.7x10
-12
). In all participants (n=506), the metabolomic score, but not the AHA-DS, was significantly associated with higher HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations, and lower waist circumference (
P
<0.004; Table 1). No associations were observed for triglyceride concentrations, glycemia measures, or blood pressure.

Conclusions:
In individuals of Puerto Rican descent, we identified a metabolomic signature that reflected adherence and metabolic response to the AHA dietary guidelines and that associated with cardiometabolic risk factors.
Abstract MP02: Association Between Acculturation and Ideal Cardiovascular Health Among Adults From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Osibogun Olatokunbo , Ogunmoroti Oluseye , Mathews Lena , Okunrintemi Victor , Tibuakuu Martin , Blumenthal Roger S , Michos Erin D
Published: March 2020

Background:
Greater acculturation is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, little is known about the association between acculturation and ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) as measured by the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) metric. We investigated the association between acculturation and ideal CVH among a multi-ethnic cohort of United States (US) adults free of clinical CVD at baseline.

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional analysis of 6,506 adults aged 45-84 years from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The independent variables were measures of acculturation [birthplace, language spoken at home and years lived in the US (foreign-born participants)]. The primary dependent variable was the CVH score derived from the LS7 metrics and the total CVH score ranged from 0-14 points. Scores of 0-8 indicate inadequate, 9-10 average and 11-14 optimal CVH. We used multivariable logistic and multiple linear regression models to examine the association between acculturation and CVH, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income and health insurance.

Results:
The mean age (SD) was 62 (10) years and 53% were women. US-born participants had lower odds of having optimal CVH scores [prevalence odds ratio (POR) 0.63 (0.50-0.79),
Table
] compared to foreign-born participants. Participants who spoke Chinese and other foreign languages at home had higher odds of having optimal CVH compared to those who spoke English [POR 1.91 (1.08-3.36) & 1.65 (1.04-2.63), respectively]. Among foreign-born participants, years lived in the US was associated with a decrease in CVH score [β coefficient -0.01 (-0.02, -0.01)].

Conclusion:
Greater US acculturation was associated with poorer CVH. This finding suggests that promotion of ideal CVH should be encouraged among immigrant populations since more years lived in the US is associated with a decline in CVH score.
Abstract MP16: Reallocating Sedentary Behavior With Sleep or Physical Activity is Associated With Favorable Cardiovascular Health in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: MESA
Authors: German Charles , Makarem Nour , Fanning Jason , Redline Susan , Elfassy Tali , McClain Amanda , Abdalla Marwah , Aggarwal Brooke A , Allen Norrina B , Carnethon Mercedes R
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Sleep, sedentary behavior, and physical activity are each independently associated with cardiovascular health (CVH). However, many studies have investigated these relationships in isolation even though a change in any one given behavior will affect the time spent in the others. It is unknown how reallocating time in sedentary behavior with sleep or physical activity effects overall CVH in a diverse cohort of men and women at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Hypothesis:
Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time with sleep, light (LIPA), or moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with more favorable overall CVH due to improvements in risk factors for CVD.

Methods:
Data for this analysis were taken from the Multi-Ethnic Study on Atherosclerosis (MESA) Sleep Ancillary Study. Eligible participants (n= 1718) wore Actiwatch accelerometers for 24 hours a day, and had at least 3 days of valid accelerometry. Time spent in sleep, sedentary behavior, LIPA, and MVPA was determined based on an established algorithm. The American Heart Association’s life simple 7 was used to represent the CVH score after excluding the physical activity component, with higher scores indicating more favorable CVH. All components were ascertained from MESA exam 5. Isotemporal substitution modeling was conducted to examine the effect of substituting 30 minutes of sedentary time for an equivalent amount of sleep, LIPA, or MVPA.

Results:
The mean age of participants was 68.3, 54.0% were female and 38.6% were white. The mean CVH score was 5.9 (95%CI: 5.8-6.0). On average, participants spent 499.3 minutes/day in sedentary time, 415.3 minutes/day in LIPA, 26.0 minutes/day in MVPA, and 388.2 minutes/day sleeping. Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time to sleep, LIPA, and MVPA was associated with a significantly higher CVH score [β(SE): 0.077(0.023), 0.039(0.017), and 0.485(0.065) respectively]. Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time to sleep was associated with lower BMI. Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time to LIPA was associated with higher diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol, and lower BMI. Reallocating 30 minutes of sedentary time to MVPA was associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lower BMI.

Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates that sleep, LIPA, and MVPA are all positively associated with more favorable overall CVH and several key CVD risk factors. These findings underscore the importance of lifestyle modifications in improving CVH.
Abstract MP21: Better Sleep Health is Associated With Greater Weight Loss During a 12-month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention
Authors: Kline Christopher E , Bizhanova Zhadyra H , Sereika Susan M , Buysse Daniel , Imes Christopher C , Kariuki Jacob , Mendez Dara , Chasens Eileen , Burke Lora E
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Sleep is consistently associated with obesity risk, but minimal research has examined its relationship with attempted weight loss. Most of the available evidence has focused on sleep duration, which fails to recognize the multidimensional nature of sleep.

Purpose:
To examine the relationship between a composite measure of sleep health and weight change in a sample of adults who participated in a 12-month behavioral weight loss intervention.

Methods:
125 adults with overweight or obesity enrolled in the EMPOWER study (50.3±10.6 years, 91% female, 81% white) were included in analyses. All individuals participated in a 12-month behavioral weight loss intervention, with assessments at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Six dimensions of sleep were included in our operationalization of sleep health: regularity, satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, and duration. Sleep dimensions were assessed using validated questionnaires and actigraphy, with values dichotomized into ‘good’ and ‘poor’ sleep. A composite sleep health score was calculated based upon the sum of the ‘good’ individual dimensions (range: 0-6), with higher scores indicating better sleep health. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was assessed in a subset of participants (n=117) with a portable home sleep testing device, using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) as a marker of OSA severity. Linear mixed modeling was used to examine the relationship between sleep health and weight change during the subsequent 6-month interval with adjustment for age, gender, bed partner, and race. An additional model adjusted for AHI along with the previously noted covariates.

Results:
Mean sleep health was 4.5±1.1 at baseline and 4.5±1.2 at 6 months, and mean % weight change from 0 to 6 months and 6 to 12 months was -9.3±6.1% and 0.4±4.8%, respectively. In the adjusted model, greater sleep health was associated with greater weight loss (b=-0.77, SE=0.32; P=.02). Following additional adjustment for AHI, the relation between sleep health and weight loss was no longer significant (b=-0.53, SE=0.34; P=.12). Among individual sleep dimensions, only regularity and satisfaction showed trends to be associated with weight change (b=-1.28, SE=0.72 [P=.08] and b=-1.67, SE=0.86 [P=.06], respectively); however, these marginal associations were not retained after AHI adjustment (each P=.15).

Conclusions:
Better sleep health was associated with greater weight loss, but this association did not persist after accounting for OSA severity. Because OSA negatively impacts sleep health, future research should address whether improving sleep health, OSA, and/or the combination leads to better weight loss.
Abstract MP25: Diet Quality And Resilience: Examining Age Differences In A Cross-sectional Analysis Of The Well For Life Study
Authors: Springfield Sparkle , Cunanan Kristen , Peng Katy , Gardner Christopher D
Published: March 2020

Background:
Psychological resilience (resilience), defined as the self-reported ability to bounce back from stress, has been associated with diet quality. Despite the importance of resilience to successful aging, few studies have examined the relationship between resilience and diet quality across different age groups.

Objective:
To examine the relationship between diet quality and resilience while adjusting for perceived stress, sociodemographic information, and other diet-related health factors within the youngest, middle-aged, and oldest age groups in the Well for Life (WELL) study.

Design:
Cross-sectional analysis of survey data from the WELL study. A total of 4,309 adults predominantly drawn from the San Francisco Bay Area, completed the WELL survey, which included lifestyle, stress, and resilience domains. The WELL Diet Score, calculated from 12 diet-related items, ranged from 0-120. A higher score indicates better diet quality. Perceived stress was assessed by an adapted version of A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Resilience was assessed by an adapted version of the Brief Resilience Scale for assessing the Ability to Bounce Back and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Perceived stress and resilience both ranged from 0-10. Higher scores indicate more perceived stress and resilience. All of the above measures were modeled as continuous. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the WELL Diet Score and resilience within the following age tertiles: youngest [18-29], middle-aged [30-49], and oldest [50-64+].

Results:
Across all age groups, WELL participants were predominately white females, college-educated, maintained healthy lifestyle practices, and had moderately high levels of perceived stress and resilience. Mean WELL Diet Scores were highest in the oldest group [79.4 out of 120 ± sd:81.6], followed by the middle-aged [72.2 out of 120 ± sd:18.1], and the youngest [63.6 out of 120 ± sd:18.0]. In the fully adjusted model, WELL Diet Scores demonstrated a positive and significant association with resilience within the youngest age group only [β=0.14 ± sd:0.34, p=0.02; (middle-aged) β=0.02 ± sd:0.34, p=0.63; (oldest) β=-0.001 ± sd:0.34, p=0.98]. In the model adjusted for perceived stress and sociodemographics only, diet quality demonstrated a positive and significant association with resilience within all age groups [(youngest) β=0.15 ± sd:0.32, p=0.001; (middle-aged) β=0.12 ± sd:0.35, p=0.001; (oldest) β=0.9 ± sd:0.34, p=0.01].

Conclusions:
Diet quality may be positively associated with resilience in young adults. Our findings might warrant further investigation into whether assessing and potentially intervening to improve resilience could help to increase the effectiveness of dietary interventions targeting younger populations.