bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Duale identiteit in een multiculturele samenleving: een longitudinale kwalitatieve effectmeting van de weerbaarheidstraining Diamant
Authors: Feddes Allard R. , Mann Liesbeth , de Zwart Nathalie , Doosje Bertjan
Published: October 2014

Dual identity in a multicultural society. A longitudinal qualitative effect study of resilience training Diamant

In this article a longitudinal effect study is described of resilience training Diamant. The training focuses in particular on adolescents with a dual identity who do not have work, are not enrolled in an education, feel unfairly treated (relatively deprived), have low self-esteem, and are at risk of social isolation. The training can be considered as a method to prevent development of criminal behaviour and possibly radicalisation. Certified trainers work with small groups of 10 to 15 adolescents to increase their resilience and help them finding their place in society. The present research focused on the following questions: (1) Does this training have a positive effect on self-esteem among the participants? (2) Does social isolation decrease as a consequence of the training? (3) Does the training reduce feelings of relative deprivation and help participants better deal with conflicts? Participants were interviewed before and halfway the training and directly after completing the training. A follow-up measurement three months after the end of the training examined effects on the longer term. In total 44 semi-structured interviews were held. Interviews were written out and coded using a two-step procedure: In the first step two researchers independently coded each interview. Second, when necessary, changes in the coding scheme were made. Then each interview was coded separately by the two researchers and disagreements were discussed until full agreement was reached. The results show that Diamant has a positive effect on self-esteem of participants. Also, participants overall showed an increase in connectedness to society. Third, Diamant reduced feelings of relative deprivation and participants indicated they could better deal with conflicts. Based on these results it is concluded that Diamant is effective in regard to its goals which were evaluated in this study. Limitations of the research and possibilities for future studies are discussed.
Incorporating spatial dependence in regional frequency analysis
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Yan Jun , Zhang Xuebin
Published: October 2014

The efficiency of regional frequency analysis (RFA) is undermined by intersite dependence, which is usually ignored in parameter estimation. We propose a spatial index flood model where marginal generalized extreme value distributions are joined by an extreme‐value copula characterized by a max‐stable process for the spatial dependence. The parameters are estimated with a pairwise likelihood constructed from bivariate marginal generalized extreme value distributions. The estimators of model parameters and return levels can be more efficient than those from the traditional index flood model when the max‐stable process fits the intersite dependence well. Through simulation, we compared the pairwise likelihood method with an L‐moment method and an independence likelihood method under various spatial dependence models and dependence levels. The pairwise likelihood method was found to be the most efficient in mean squared error if the dependence model was correctly specified. When the dependence model was misspecified within the max‐stable models, the pairwise likelihood method was still competitive relative to the other two methods. When the dependence model was not a max‐stable model, the pairwise likelihood method led to serious bias in estimating the shape parameter and return levels, especially when the dependence was strong. In an illustration with annual maximum precipitation data from Switzerland, the pairwise likelihood method yielded remarkable reduction in the standard errors of return level estimates in comparison to the L‐moment method.
Sulfates hydrating bulk soil in the Martian low and middle latitudes
Authors: Karunatillake S. , Wray J. J. , Gasnault O. , McLennan S. M. , Rogers A. D. , Squyres S. W. , Boynton W. V. , Skok J. R. , Ojha L. , Olsen N.
Published: October 2014

The evidence for sulfate‐bearing strata, across Late‐Noachian to Amazonian eons, suggests a central role for sulfates in acidity and salinity of Martian paleofluids and the planet's habitability. However, details remain unclear owing to shallow sampling and the limited ability of visible/near‐infrared spectroscopy to distinguish among some sulfates. Using chemical data from the Mars Odyssey gamma ray spectrometer, including the sulfur map of Mars, we confirm the possibility of hydrous sulfates acting as key hydrates throughout the southern midlatitudinal soil at decimeter depths. An H2O:S molar ratio between 2.4 and 4.0 for 80% of the midlatitudes is also consistent with hydrous sulfate phases, including the many Fe sulfates hydrated in this range or mixtures of Ca and Mg sulfates. Nevertheless, hydrous Fe sulfates could explain our observations in a simpler manner relative to Ca/Mg mixtures. Furthermore, phyllosilicates, zeolites, amorphous phases, and H2O(s) do not seem to be strong candidates to explain the H‐S variations. Consequently, we speculate that sulfates, as the primary contributor of H2O in bulk soil, may influence modern aqueous processes including warm‐season slope lineae in the southern hemisphere.
Stability of hydrous phase H MgSiO4H2 under lower mantle conditions
Authors: Ohtani Eiji , Amaike Yohei , Kamada Seiji , Sakamaki Tatsuya , Hirao Naohisa
Published: October 2014

We report the stability field of a new high‐pressure hydrous phase, phase H MgSiO4H2, and its implications for water transport into the deep lower mantle. We observed the existence of hydrous phase H at pressures around 50 GPa, and this phase was stable up to 60 GPa. Our results, together with those of previous works, indicate that pure phase H MgSiO4H2 has a very narrow stability field in the pressure range 35 < P < 60 GPa, equivalent to the uppermost part of the lower mantle. The stability field expands significantly toward higher pressures and temperatures on dissolution of the hydrous AlOOH component. The hydrous phase H‐phase δ solid solution (aluminous phase H), (MgSi,Al2)O4H2, is potentially the most important hydrous phase present under the deep lower mantle conditions.
Revisiting the latitude fluctuations of the eastern Pacific ITCZ during the central Pacific El Niño
Authors: Xie Ruihuang , Yang Yuxing
Published: October 2014

Some previous studies have reported that the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the eastern Pacific (EP) shifted northward during the peak phase of the central Pacific (CP‐type) El Niño. However, this study presents a new result that the EP ITCZ shifts slightly southward in the peak season and rarely has an anomalous meridional shift during other seasons of the CP‐type El Niño. Unlike the extensive southward shift of the anomalous convergence in the conventional EP‐type El Niño, the convergence anomalies during the CP‐type El Niño develop locally without extending beyond the EP ITCZ region. Therefore, it is risky to infer the latitude fluctuation of the EP ITCZ from the cross‐equator southerly and precipitation/convergence anomalies in the EP during the CP‐type El Niño. A suggestion of doing so is to examine both the anomalous and total patterns of sea surface temperature and low‐level wind convergence.
Can inertia‐gravity waves persistently alter the tropopause inversion layer?
Authors: Kunkel Daniel , Hoor Peter , Wirth Volkmar
Published: October 2014

Previous simulations of baroclinic life cycles have shown, among many other features, the evolution of a tropopause inversion layer (TIL) as well as the spontaneous emission of inertia‐gravity waves (IGWs). This study suggests that the latter two are related to each other, i.e., that IGWs may affect the TIL in a persistent manner. The IGWs are emitted along the jet and grow to large amplitudes, leading to the appearance of low‐gradient Richardson numbers that indicate Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. Ensuing energy dissipation, local heating, and turbulence may persistently alter the thermodynamical structure of the tropopause region and, therefore, contribute to TIL formation or alter an existing TIL. Moreover, the flow in the region of the IGW favors the occurrence of wave capture, which may enhance the effect of wave breaking.
Ionospheric flow structures associated with auroral beading at substorm auroral onset
Authors: Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Nishimura Y. , Lyons L. R. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Donovan E. , Angelopoulos V. , McWilliams K. A. , Nishitani N.
Published: October 2014

Auroral observations have shown that brightening at substorm auroral onset often consists of azimuthally propagating beads forming along a preexisting arc. However, the ionospheric flow structure related to this wavy auroral structure has been poorly understood. We investigated ionospheric flow patterns associated with auroral onset beads using line‐of‐sight flow observations from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) and auroral images from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) ground‐based all‐sky‐imager (ASI) array. We selected events when SuperDARN radars operated in a high temporal resolution THEMIS mode (6 s) along northward looking beams, a time resolution comparable to that of the imagers, providing a unique tool to detect properties of flows associated with the substorm onset instability. We have found very fast oscillating flows (~1000 m/s) that are correlated with the onset beads propagating across the THEMIS‐mode beam meridian. Two‐dimensional radar measurements also show a wavy pattern in the azimuthal direction with a wavelength of ~78 km, which is close to the azimuthal separation of individual beads. We also used an imager and SuperDARN in Iceland and identified weak but significant azimuthal flow modulations associated with beads. These strong correlations (in time and space) between auroral beading and the fast ionospheric flows suggest that substorm onset occurs via an instability in the inner plasma sheet and is associated with intense flow shears. The flow shear is clockwise around auroral beads, consistent with converging electric fields associated with upward field‐aligned currents in the shear center.
DEMETER observations of bursty MF emissions and their relation to ground‐level auroral MF burst
Authors: Broughton M. C. , LaBelle J. , Parrot M.
Published: October 2014

A survey of medium frequency (MF) electric field data from selected orbits of the Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquakes (DEMETER) spacecraft reveals 68 examples of a new type of bursty MF emissions occurring at high latitudes associated with auroral phenomena. These resemble auroral MF burst, a natural radio emission observed at ground level near local substorm onsets. Similar to MF burst, the bursty MF waves observed by DEMETER have broadband, impulsive frequency structure covering 1.5–3.0 MHz, amplitudes of 50–100 μV/m, an overall occurrence rate of ∼0.76% with higher occurrence during active times, and strong correlation with auroral hiss. The magnetic local time distribution of the MF waves observed by DEMETER shows peak occurrence rate near 18 MLT, somewhat earlier than the equivalent peak in the occurrence rate of ground level MF burst, though propagation effects and differences in the latitudes sampled by the two techniques may explain this discrepancy. Analysis of solar wind and SuperMAG data suggests that while the bursty MF waves observed by DEMETER are associated with enhanced auroral activity, their coincidence with substorm onset may not be as exact as that of ground level MF burst. One conjunction occurs in which MF burst is observed at Churchill, Manitoba, within 8 min of MF emissions detected by DEMETER on field lines approximately 1000 km southeast of Churchill. These observations may plausibly be associated with the same auroral event detected by ground level magnetometers at several Canadian observatories. Although it is uncertain, the balance of the evidence suggests that the bursty MF waves observed with DEMETER are the same phenomenon as the ground level MF burst. Hence, theories of MF burst generation in the ionosphere, such as beam‐generated Langmuir waves excited over a range of altitudes or strong Langmuir turbulence generating a range of frequencies within a narrow altitude range, need to be revisited to see whether they predict in situ detection of MF burst.
Frictional heterogeneities on carbonate‐bearing normal faults: Insights from the Monte Maggio Fault, Italy
Authors: Carpenter B. M. , Scuderi M. M. , Collettini C. , Marone C.
Published: October 2014

Observations of heterogeneous and complex fault slip are often attributed to the complexity of fault structure and/or spatial heterogeneity of fault frictional behavior. Such complex slip patterns have been observed for earthquakes on normal faults throughout central Italy, where many of the Mw 6 to 7 earthquakes in the Apennines nucleate at depths where the lithology is dominated by carbonate rocks. To explore the relationship between fault structure and heterogeneous frictional properties, we studied the exhumed Monte Maggio Fault, located in the northern Apennines. We collected intact specimens of the fault zone, including the principal slip surface and hanging wall cataclasite, and performed experiments at a normal stress of 10 MPa under saturated conditions. Experiments designed to reactivate slip between the cemented principal slip surface and cataclasite show a 3 MPa stress drop as the fault surface fails, then velocity‐neutral frictional behavior and significant frictional healing. Overall, our results suggest that (1) earthquakes may readily nucleate in areas of the fault where the slip surface separates massive limestone and are likely to propagate in areas where fault gouge is in contact with the slip surface; (2) postseismic slip is more likely to occur in areas of the fault where gouge is present; and (3) high rates of frictional healing and low creep relaxation observed between solid fault surfaces could lead to significant aftershocks in areas of low stress drop.
Current plate boundary deformation of the Afar rift from a 3‐D velocity field inversion of InSAR and GPS
Authors: Pagli Carolina , Wang Hua , Wright Tim J. , Calais Eric , Lewi Elias
Published: October 2014

Extension, faulting, and magmatism are the main controls on the magnitude and localization of strain at mid‐ocean ridges. However, the temporal and spatial patterns of such processes are not clear since the strain distribution has not been resolved in the past at sufficient spatial resolution and over extended areas. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS data with unprecedented resolution are now available to us from the Afar rift of Ethiopia. Here we use a velocity field method to combine InSAR and GPS to form the first high‐resolution continuous three‐dimensional velocity field of Afar. We study an area that is 500 km wide and 700 km long, covering three branches of the Afar continental rift and their triple junctions. Our velocity field shows that plate spreading is currently achieved in Afar in contrasting modes. A transient postdiking deformation is focused at the Dabbahu rift segment, while in central Afar, spreading is distributed over several overlapping segments and southern Afar exhibits an interdiking deformation pattern focused at the Asal–Ghoubbet segment. We find that current spreading rates at Dabbahu, following the 2005–2010 intrusions, are up to 110 mm/yr, 6 times larger than the long‐term plate divergence. A segment‐centered uplift of up to 80 mm/yr also occurs, indicating that magma flow is still a primary mechanism of deformation during postdiking. On the other hand, no vertical displacements are currently observed in central and southern Afar, suggesting lack of significant magmatic activity at shallow levels.
Behavior of multitemporal and multisensor passive microwave indices in Southern Hemisphere ecosystems
Authors: Barraza Veronica , Grings Francisco , Ferrazzoli Paolo , Huete Alfredo , Restrepo‐Coupe Natalia , Beringer Jason , Van Gorsel Eva , Karszenbaum Haydee
Published: October 2014

This study focused on the time series analysis of passive microwave and optical satellite data collected from six Southern Hemisphere ecosystems in Australia and Argentina. The selected ecosystems represent a wide range of land cover types, including deciduous open forest, temperate forest, tropical and semiarid savannas, and grasslands. We used two microwave indices, the frequency index (FI) and polarization index (PI), to assess the relative contributions of soil and vegetation properties (moisture and structure) to the observations. Optical‐based satellite vegetation products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer were also included to aid in the analysis. We studied the X and Ka bands of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐EOS and Wind Satellite, resulting in up to four observations per day (1:30, 6:00, 13:30, and 18:00 h). Both the seasonal and hourly variations of each of the indices were examined. Environmental drivers (precipitation and temperature) and eddy covariance measurements (gross ecosystem productivity and latent energy) were also analyzed. It was found that in moderately dense forests, FI was dependent on canopy properties (leaf area index and vegetation moisture). In tropical woody savannas, a significant regression (R2) was found between FI and PI with precipitation (R2 > 0.5) and soil moisture (R2 > 0.6). In the areas of semiarid savanna and grassland ecosystems, FI variations found to be significantly related to soil moisture (R2 > 0.7) and evapotranspiration (R2 > 0.5), while PI varied with vegetation phenology. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were found among FI values calculated at the four local times.
Calibration of stable isotope composition of Thoracosphaera heimii (dinoflagellate) calcite for reconstructing paleotemperatures in the intermediate photic zone
Authors: Minoletti Fabrice , Hermoso Michaël , Candelier Yaël , Probert Ian
Published: October 2014

In this study we investigate the temperature dependence of oxygen isotope ratios preserved in calcite formed by the dinoflagellate Thoracosphaera heimii, focusing primarily on the development of a geological proxy. Geochemical analysis of the calcite shells produced by this species represents a valuable proxy for reconstructing environmental conditions in the intermediate photic zone. Calibration is based on isotopic analysis from culture experiments performed in very dilute batch conditions, as well as from near‐monospecific T. heimii assemblages separated from core top sediments. Results are similar for both approaches and indicate that T. heimii shells have oxygen isotope compositions close to equilibrium values predicted for inorganic calcite precipitation. This calibration of the isotopic composition of dinoflagellate calcite indicates that monospecific assemblages of T. heimii can be used to unravel paleotemperatures in the intermediate photic zone by applying isotopic transfer functions for equilibrium calcite. In culture, however, a δ18O offset of −1‰ is observed at temperatures <17°C, which falls below the natural temperature range of this species. Culture analyses also reveal a relationship between temperature and carbon isotope composition of calcite. The mechanisms behind this relationship remain to be explored, but their identification may provide a better understanding of carbon isotope systematics from both biogeochemical and geological perspectives. Comparison of the oxygen isotope composition of T. heimii shells with that of shallower dwelling organisms, such as the coccolithophores, represents a valuable proxy for determining temperature gradients within the photic zone and may enable reconstruction of the evolution of the depth of the thermocline.
Flexible and Stretchable Lithium‐Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors Based on Electrically Conducting Carbon Nanotube Fiber Springs
Authors: Zhang Ye , Bai Wenyu , Cheng Xunliang , Ren Jing , Weng Wei , Chen Peining , Fang Xin , Zhang Zhitao , Peng Huisheng
Published: October 2014

The construction of lightweight, flexible and stretchable power systems for modern electronic devices without using elastic polymer substrates is critical but remains challenging. We have developed a new and general strategy to produce both freestanding, stretchable, and flexible supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries with remarkable electrochemical properties by designing novel carbon nanotube fiber springs as electrodes. These springlike electrodes can be stretched by over 300 %. In addition, the supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries have a flexible fiber shape that enables promising applications in electronic textiles.
The chlorination and chlorine resistance modification of composite polyamide membrane
Authors: Li Hao , Yu Ping , Li Haigang , Luo Yunbai
Published: October 2014

Membrane‐based separation technology is one of the most active separation technologies being employed in water treatment. Polyamides (PA) are widely used membrane materials because they exhibit excellent performance, such as high flux with high salt rejection, and enhanced stability against wide range of pH and temperature. Unfortunately, PA membranes exhibit extremely poor resistance to chlorine leading to increased operation costs and decreased membrane lifetime. In this study, we find new ways for prolonging membrane lifetime and reducing the operating costs by investigating the chlorination and modification of PA membranes. Varying concentrations of hypochlorite were used to chlorinate a commercial reverse osmosis membrane (BW‐30, DOW). The results showed that short‐time exposure to high concentrations of hypochlorite could cause more serious problems to membranes than long‐time exposure to low concentrations under the similar total exposure. The performance of the chlorinated membranes was recovered to some extent after treatment with NaOH solution (pH 10), indicating that the alkali treatment could initiate the reversible regeneration of chlorinated membranes. Furthermore, an industrial grade epoxy resin was used to modify the membranes to enhance the chlorine resistance via the reaction between the amide nitrogen and epoxy bond. The successful modifications were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the chlorination tests showed that the modifications performed in these experiments enhanced the chlorine resistance of the membranes, especially for the membranes exposed to low concentration of chlorine. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41584.
Synthesis of two D‐π‐A polymers π‐bridged by different blocks and investigation of their photovoltaic property
Authors: Qin Ruiping , Jiang Yurong , Zhang Kaixuan , Zhang Haoxing , Zhang Qunying , Li Meng , Ma Heng
Published: October 2014

The synthesis, characterization, photophysical and photovoltaic properties of two 5,6‐bis(octyloxy)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole‐containing wide‐band‐gap donor and acceptor D‐π‐A alternating conjugated polymers (HSD‐a and HSD‐b) have been reported. These two polymers absorb in the range of 300–700 nm with a band gap of about 1.88 and 1.97 eV. The HOMO energy levels were −5.44 eV for HSD‐a and −5.63 eV for HSD‐b. Polymer solar cells with HSD‐b :PC71BM as the active layer demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.59% with a high Voc of 0.93 V, a Jsc of 7.3 mA/cm2, and a comparable fill factor (FF) of 0.38 under simulated solar illumination of AM 1.5G (100 mW/cm2) without annealing. In addition, HSD‐a :PC71BM blend‐based solar cells exhibit a PCE of 2.15% with a comparable Voc of 0.64 V, Jsc of 8.75 mA/cm−2, and FF of 0.40. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41587.
Facet‐Dependent Photocatalytic Activity and Facet‐Selective Etching of Silver(I) Oxide Crystals with Controlled Morphology
Authors: Harn Yeu‐Wei , Yang Tung‐Han , Tang Tsung‐Yeh , Chen Miao‐Chun , Wu Jenn‐Ming
Published: October 2014

The shape of Ag2O crystals that evolve from edge and corner‐truncated cubes into rhombicuboctahedrons, then to hexapods can be conducted precisely by simply controlling the amount of AgNO3, NH4NO3 and NaOH precursors. The edge and corner‐truncated cube crystals possess the highest photocatalytic activity, followed by the rhombicuboctahedrons, then the hexapods. The photocatalytic activity of the Ag2O crystals depends greatly on the type of the exposed facets. The {1 0 0} facets exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity in methyl orange solution under full‐spectrum light irradiation, followed by the {1 1 0} facets, then the {1 1 1} facets. The {1 0 0} facets are also demonstrated to show intense susceptibility toward etching by NH3.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Reactions of 1‐Bromo‐2‐fluorobenzenes with Various Nucleophiles: Effective Combination of Carbonylation and Nucleophilic Substitution
Authors: Chen Jianbin , Natte Kishore , Neumann Helfried , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: October 2014

A systematic study on the carbonylative transformation of 1‐bromo‐2‐fluorobenzenes with various nucleophiles has been performed. Different types of double nucleophiles, such as NN, NC, OC, and NS, can be effectively applied as coupling partners. The corresponding six‐membered heterocycles were isolated in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Perovskites for Solar Thermoelectric Applications: A First Principle Study of CH3NH3AI3 (A: Pb and Sn).
Authors: He Yuping , Galli Giulia
Published: October 2014

MeNH3MI3 (M: Pb, Sn) perovskites are recognized as promising photovoltaic materials.
ChemInform Abstract: On Sr1‐xNaxSiO3—0.5x New Superior Fast Ion Conductors.
Authors: Evans Ivana Radosavljevic , Evans John S. O. , Davies Heather G. , Haworth Abby R. , Tate Matthew L.
Published: October 2014

Sr1‐xNaxSiO3‐0.5x (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of SrCO3, Na2CO3, and silica powder (air, 1050 °C, 24‐96 h).
ChemInform Abstract: pH‐Controlled and Sulfite Anion‐Directed Assembly of a Family of Cerium(III)‐Containing Polyoxotungstates Clusters.
Authors: Chen Wei‐Chao , Wang Xin‐Long , Jiao Yan‐Qing , Huang Peng , Zhou En‐Long , Su Zhong‐Min , Shao Kui‐Zhan
Published: October 2014

The cerium(III)‐containing polyoxotungstates (III)—(VII) are characterized by single crystal XRD, IR spectroscopy, XPS, ESI‐MS, and electrochemical measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Beyond Benzoin Condensation: Trimerization of Aldehydes via Metal‐Free Aerobic Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes with Benzoin Products in the Presence of Cyanide.
Authors: Kim Yoo‐Jin , Kim Na Yeun , Cheon Cheol‐Hong
Published: October 2014

Benzaldehydes trimerize in the presence of excess sodium cyanide.
ChemInform Abstract: Solar Photo‐Thermochemical Syntheses of 4‐Bromo‐2,5‐substituted Oxazoles from N‐Arylethylamides.
Authors: Dinda Milan , Samanta Supravat , Eringathodi Suresh , Ghosh Pushpito K.
Published: October 2014

The direct synthesis of 4‐bromo‐2,5‐substituted oxazoles and thiazoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Chemoselective Reduction of the Carbon—Carbon Double Bond in Conjugated Alkenes with Hantzsch Esters in Water.
Authors: He Qi , Xu Zhihong , Jiang Dehong , Ai Wensi , Shi Ronghua , Qian Shan , Wang Zhouyu
Published: October 2014

A simple catalyst‐free protocol for the reduction of activated C=C double bonds to single bonds using Hantzsch esters as hydrogen source is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Catalyzed C—H Bond Borylation.
Authors: Fernandez‐Salas Jose A. , Manzini Simone , Piola Lorenzo , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: October 2014

The Ru‐catalyzed regioselective ortho‐borylation of 2‐arylpyridines (I) leads to desired borylated adducts (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition Reaction of Grignard Reagent to Enones Using Microflow System.
Authors: Katayama Haruo , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: October 2014

The yield of (III) can be increased to <99% by addition of TmsCl to the reaction mixture.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxazoline Derivatives Tagged with Tosylated Amino Acids as Recyclable Organocatalysts for Enantioselective Allylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Ghosh Debashis , Sadhukhan Arghya , Maity Nabin Ch. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: October 2014

Several chiral oxazoline‐based organocatalysts are prepared and applied in the asymmetric allylation reaction of aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilane whereas, best results are achieved using OXA as catalyst shown here.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of p‐Amino‐N,N′‐dihydroxybenzamidine Using a TBDMS Protecting Group Protocol.
Authors: Schwarz Laura , Girreser Ulrich , Clement Bernd
Published: October 2014

A simple protocol is presented for the reaction of hydroxamic acid chlorides (I) with hydroxylamine (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Peroxidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Nitroalkenes by a Bifunctional Organic Catalyst.
Authors: Lu Xiaojie , Deng Li
Published: October 2014

The first catalytic highly enantioselective peroxidation of nitroalkenes using a bifunctional cinchona sulfonamide as the catalyst is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Light‐Induced Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Reactions: A Photochemical Approach Towards N‐Acyl Sulfimides and Sulfoximines.
Authors: Bizet Vincent , Buglioni Laura , Bolm Carsten
Published: October 2014

Dioxazoles (I) decarboxylate under photochemical conditions to form N‐acyl nitrenes, which react with sulfides and sulfoxides to the corresponding sulfimides and sulfoximines under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Domino Reactions: Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Cyclohexene Derivatives.
Authors: Bi Bo , Ding Yuyang , Lou Qinxin , Hu Wenhui , Chan Albert S. C. , Song Hongrui , Zhao Junling
Published: October 2014

The domino reaction of hexanal derivative (I) with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes proceeds in the presence of a chiral diphenylsilylprolinol catalyst under mild conditions to give cyclohexene derivatives in good yields and with high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Intramolecular Double α‐C—H Arylation of 1,5‐Diketone: A Strategy for Synthesis of Troeger′s Base Analogues.
Authors: Ju Jia , Zhang Lei , Hua Ruimao
Published: October 2014

The one‐pot synthesis of the title species (III) involves Michael addition of ketones (I) and (II) followed by intramolecular double α‐C‐H arylation of the 1,5‐diketone intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Induced Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition for Pyrrole Synthesis under Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Xuan Jun , Xia Xu‐Dong , Zeng Ting‐Ting , Feng Zhu‐Jia , Chen Jia‐Rong , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: October 2014

The title synthesis provides an efficient access to highly functionalized pyrroles in good yields in the presence of organic dye photocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: An Environmentally Benign, Mild, and Catalyst‐Free Reaction of Quinones with Heterocyclic Ketene Aminals in Ethanol: Site‐Selective Synthesis of Rarely Fused [1,2‐a]Indolone Derivatives via an Unexpected anti‐Nenitzescu Strategy.
Authors: Zhou Bei , Liu Zhi‐Cheng , Qu Wen‐Wen , Yang Rui , Lin Xin‐Rong , Yan Sheng‐Jiao , Lin Jun
Published: October 2014

An environmentally benign method for the selective preparation of fused indolone derivatives via anti‐Nenitzescu strategy is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxoazidation and Alkoxyazidation of Indoles.
Authors: Yin Hang , Wang Teng , Jiao Ning
Published: October 2014

A novel Cu‐catalyzed reaction of 3‐alkylated indoles with azidoiodinane and reactive alcoholic solvent is developed to produce indolenines (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellulose—Sulfonic Acid: An Efficient, Recyclable, and Biodegradable Solid Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of 3‐Aminoalkylindoles
Authors: Satyanarayana S. , Kumar K. Praveen , Reddy P. Lakshmi , Narender R. , Narasimhulu G. , Reddy B. V. Subba
Published: October 2014

via three‐component coupling of indoles, aromatic aldehydes and N‐alkylanilines (14 examples)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzo[a]carbazoles and Indolo[2,3‐a]carbazoles via Photoinduced Carbene‐Mediated C—H Insertion Reaction.
Authors: Yang Jidong , Zhang Qingzhao , Zhang Wei , Yu Wei
Published: October 2014

A simple and efficient photochemical method is developed for the intramolecular cyclization of α‐diazoesters and nitriles to form benzocarbazoles and indolocarbazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolidine and Iodine Catalyzed Domino Aldol‐Michael‐Dehydrogenative Synthesis of Flavones.
Authors: Naik Mayuri M. , Tilve Santosh G. , Kamat Vijayendra P.
Published: October 2014

Hydroxyacetophenones react with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of pyrrolidine as base and iodine as an oxidant in DMSO to form various substituted flavones.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Iodide Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative C—N and C—S Bond Formations Through C—H Activation: Synthesis of Functionalized Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Mohan Darapaneni Chandra , Rao Sadu Nageswara , Ravi Chitrakar , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: October 2014

The reaction conditions are unsuitable for the transformation of aminothiazoles, pyrimidines and pyrazines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diverse Aromatic Oxophosphorus Compounds by the Michaelis—Arbuzov‐Type Reaction of Arynes.
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Hosoya Takamitsu
Published: October 2014

The reaction can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Iridoids from the Root and Rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi Jones
Authors: Wang Su‐Juan , Qiu Xiao‐Qian , Zhu Jian‐Yong , Ma Xue‐Qing , Lin Bing , Zheng Cheng‐Jian , Qin Lu‐Ping
Published: October 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of new iridoids, jatamanvaltrate P (Ia) and Q (Ib)
ChemInform Abstract: Topotactic Transformations of Metal—Organic Frameworks to Highly Porous and Stable Inorganic Sorbents for Efficient Radionuclide Sequestration.
Authors: Abney Carter W. , Taylor‐Pashow Kathryn M. L. , Russell Shane R. , Chen Yuan , Samantaray Raghabendra , Lockard Jenny V. , Lin Wenbin
Published: October 2014

Ti and Zr nanoscale metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are prepared from a mixture of Ti(O‐iPr)4, terephthalic acid, DMF, and EtOH (autoclave, 150 °C, 20 h) and from a mixture of terephthalic acid, benzoic acid, DMF, and ZrCl4 (autoclave, 120 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Control of Solid Catalysts Down to the Atomic Scale: Where is the Limit?
Authors: Schueth Ferdi
Published: October 2014

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Thiolates on Metals: A Review Article on Sulfur‐Metal Chemistry and Surface Structures
Authors: Vericat C. , Vela M. E. , Corthey G. , Pensa E. , Cortes E. , Fonticelli M. H. , Ibanez F. , Benitez G. E. , Carro P. , Salvarezza R. C.
Published: October 2014

Review: 212 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Trifluoromethylthiolation Reactions: The “Renaissance” of an Old Concept.
Authors: Toulgoat Fabien , Alazet Sebastien , Billard Thierry
Published: October 2014

Review: [96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Lewis Base Functionalization of Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Anhydrides via C1‐Ammonium or Azolium Enolates
Authors: Morrill Louis C. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: October 2014

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoporous Silica‐Supported Organocatalyst: A Heterogeneous and Green Hybrid Catalyst for Organic Transformations
Authors: Rostamnia Sadegh , Doustkhah Esmail
Published: October 2014

Review: [64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Iodolactonization: An Evolutionary Account
Authors: Nolsoee Jens M. J. , Hansen Trond V.
Published: October 2014

Review: [49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Carbon‐Sulfur Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: Chauhan Pankaj , Mahajan Suruchi , Enders Dieter
Published: October 2014

Review: 300 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In vivo Incorporation of Non‐Canonical Amino Acids by Using the Chemical Aminoacylation Strategy: A Broadly Applicable Mechanistic Tool
Authors: Dougherty Dennis A. , Van Arnam Ethan B.
Published: October 2014

Review: [70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Yellow/Orange Emissive Heavy‐Metal Complexes as Phosphors in Monochromatic and White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Fan Cong , Yang Chuluo
Published: October 2014

Review: 215 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐based Compounds and Composites as Electrode Materials for High‐performance Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Lee Kian Keat , Chin Wee Shong , Sow Chorng Haur
Published: October 2014

Review: 391 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Catalysis — Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Thiel Walter
Published: October 2014

Review: 149 refs.
Photogeneration of Hydrogen from Water by Hybrid Molybdenum Sulfide Clusters Immobilized on Titania
Authors: Recatalá David , Llusar Rosa , Gushchin Artem L. , Kozlova Ekaterina A. , Laricheva Yuliya A. , Abramov Pavel A. , Sokolov Maxim N. , Gómez Roberto , Lana‐Villarreal Teresa
Published: October 2014

Two new hybrid molybdenum(IV) Mo3S7 cluster complexes derivatized with diimino ligands have been prepared by replacement of the two bromine atoms of [Mo3S7Br6]2− by a substituted bipyridine ligand to afford heteroleptic molybdenum(IV) Mo3S7Br4(diimino) complexes. Adsorption of the Mo3S7 cores from sample solutions on TiO2 was only achieved from the diimino functionalized clusters. The adsorbed Mo3S7 units were reduced on the TiO2 surface to generate an electrocatalyst that reduces the overpotential for the H2 evolution reaction by approximately 0.3 V (for 1 mA cm−2) with a turnover frequency as high as 1.4 s−1. The nature of the actual active molybdenum sulfide species has been investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In agreement with the electrochemical results, the modified TiO2 nanoparticles show a high photocatalytic activity for H2 production in the presence of Na2S/Na2SO3 as a sacrificial electron donor system.
Quantitative UV/Vis Spectroscopic Investigations of the In Situ Synthesis of Neutral μ2‐Chloro‐Bridged Dinuclear (Diphosphine)rhodium Complexes
Authors: Fischer Christian , König Anja , Meißner Antje , Thede Richard , Selle Carmen , Pribbenow Cornelia , Heller Detlef
Published: October 2014

The stepwise in situ formation of neutral μ2‐chloro‐bridged dinuclear (diphosphine)rhodium complexes of the type [{Rh(PP)(μ2‐Cl)}2] (PP = chelating diphosphine) following the reaction of [{Rh(COD)(μ2‐Cl)}2] (COD = cyclooctadiene) with the ligands BINAP, SegPhos, DM‐SegPhos and DiFluorPhos was investigated quantitatively by stopped‐flow UV/Vis spectroscopy at 25.0 °C. The second‐order rate constants of each step of the consecutive reactions were determined. The investigations were hindered by an unexpected equilibrium reaction between starting and target complex on one side and an intermediate species formed during the ligand‐exchange process on the other. The rate constants of this equilibrium were also determined. The results reveal that the in situ formation of neutral μ2‐chloro‐bridged dinuclear (diphosphine)rhodium complexes, which are commonly applied in homogeneous catalysis as catalyst precursors, requires longer reaction times than is generally expected.
Xavier's Take on Authentic Writing
Authors: Behizadeh Nadia
Published: October 2014

Because authenticity in education is a subjective judgment regarding the meaningfulness of an activity, a need exists to co‐investigate with students classroom factors increasing authenticity of writing. In this case study, one 8th grade student's needs for authentic writing are explored in detail. Xavier's take on authentic writing illustrates how the factors of impact, choice, expression, and sharing connect in a unique way for this particular individual on specific writing tasks. Also, by examining in depth Xavier's individual perspective, one can see how Xavier's views align with and differ from previous research on authentic writing. Additionally, this article offers a conversation between the author and Xavier, depicting a method for structuring students’ choices to increase authenticity. Additionally, the current study contributes to the extant literature by illustrating how authenticity depends on the values and life experiences students bring to the writing task, not the inherent value of the task itself.
Double complexes and local cochain projections
Authors: Falk Richard S. , Winther Ragnar
Published: October 2014

The construction of projection operators, which commute with the exterior derivative and at the same time are bounded in the proper Sobolev spaces, represents a key tool in the recent stability analysis of finite element exterior calculus. These so‐called bounded cochain projections have been constructed by combining a smoothing operator and the unbounded canonical projections defined by the degrees of freedom. However, an undesired property of these bounded projections is that, in contrast to the canonical projections, they are nonlocal. The purpose of this article is to discuss a recent alternative construction of bounded cochain projections, which also are local. A key tool for the new construction is the structure of a double complex, resembling the Čech‐de Rham double complex of algebraic topology. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 541–551, 2015
Cellular response to empty and palladium‐conjugated amino‐polystyrene nanospheres uptake: A proteomic study
Authors: Pietrovito Laura , Cano‐Cortés Victoria , Gamberi Tania , Magherini Francesca , Bianchi Laura , Bini Luca , Sánchez‐Martín Rosario M. , Fasano Mauro , Modesti Alessandra
Published: October 2014

Amino polystyrene nanospheres are shown to be efficient and controllable delivery devices, capable of transporting several bioactive cargoes. Recently, the design of a new device for prodrug activation, using these nanospheres with palladium encapsulated onto them, has been developed successfully. To study the influence of the cellular uptake of these nanodevices, we investigated the cellular response of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK‐293T) and murine fibroblasts (L929) treated with empty or palladium‐conjugated amino polystyrene nanospheres. To identify differentially expressed proteins, we performed an exhaustive proteomic analysis. In accordance with genomic data previously obtained, the uptake of the empty nanospheres did not induce significant variation in protein expression levels. Following the treatment with palladium‐conjugated nanospheres, some changes in protein profiles in both cell lines were observed; these alterations affect proteins involved in cell metabolism and intracellular transport. No key regulator of the cell cycle result was differentially expressed after the treatment, confirming that these innovative drug delivery systems are harmless and well tolerated by the cells.
High‐throughput parallel proteogenomics: A bacterial case study
Authors: Chapman Brett , Bellgard Matthew
Published: October 2014

In recent years, a new paradigm for genome annotation has emerged, termed "proteogenomics," that leverages peptide MS to annotate a genome. This is achieved by mapping peptides to a six‐frame translation of a genome, including available splice databases, which may suggest refinements to gene models. Using this approach, it is possible to refine gene regions such as exon boundaries, novel genes, gene boundaries, frame shifts, reverse strands, translated UTRs, and novel splice junctions. One of the challenges of proteogenomics is how best to (1) tackle assigning confidence to any resulting annotation and (2) apply these gene model refinements, either through manual annotation or through an automated process via training gene prediction tools. This is not a straightforward process, as many gene prediction tools have their defined suitability for niche genomes (either eukaryotic or prokaryotic) trained on and refined with model organisms such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Escherichia coli, and varying degrees of features that can leverage the use of external evidence. In this study, we outline a suitable approach toward preprocessing mass spectra and optimizing the MS/MS search for a given dataset. We also discuss future challenges, which continue to pose a problem in the field of proteogenomics, and better strategies to successfully tackle them with, using existing tools. We use Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (Nitrogen‐fixing bacteria), with a 9.1 Mb genome as a case study, utilizing the latest in second‐generation proteogenomics tools with multiple gene models for cross‐validation of proteogenomics annotations.
The near‐symmetry of proteins
Authors: Bonjack‐Shterengartz Maayan , Avnir David
Published: October 2014

The majority of protein oligomers form clusters which are nearly symmetric. Understanding of that imperfection, its origins, and perhaps also its advantages requires the conversion of the currently used vague qualitative descriptive language of the near‐symmetry into an accurate quantitative measure that will allow to answer questions such as: “What is the degree of symmetry deviation of the protein?,” “how do these deviations compare within a family of proteins?,” and so on. We developed quantitative methods to answer this type of questions, which are capable of analyzing the whole protein, its backbone or selected portions of it, down to comparison of symmetry‐related specific amino‐acids, and which are capable of visualizing the various levels of symmetry deviations in the form of symmetry maps. We have applied these methods on an extensive list of homomers and heteromers and found that apparently all proteins never reach perfect symmetry. Strikingly, even homomeric protein clusters are never ideally symmetric. We also found that the main burden of symmetry distortion is on the amino‐acids near the symmetry axis; that it is mainly the more hydrophilic amino‐acids that take place in symmetry‐distortive interactions; and more. The remarkable ability of heteromers to preserve near‐symmetry, despite the different sequences, was also shown and analyzed. The comprehensive literature on the suggested advantages symmetric oligomerizations raises a yet‐unsolved key question: If symmetry is so advantageous, why do proteins stop shy of perfect symmetry? Some tentative answers to be tested in further studies are suggested in a concluding outlook. Proteins 2014; 83:722–734. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐temperature rapid thermal CVD of nanocrystalline graphene on Cu thin films
Authors: Croin Luca , Vittone Ettore , Amato Giampiero
Published: October 2014

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene onto Cu substrates is a very promising approach for large‐scale production. When dealing with Cu thin films instead of foils, there are additional problems related to the stability of the film at high temperatures. We show that the film rupture and agglomeration can be prevented by monitoring in‐situ dewetting dynamics of the catalytist. We investigated the possibility to perform CVD of graphene onto Cu films, 200 nm thick, at low‐pressure conditions, with ethanol or methane as C precursors. Same recipes applied on Cu foils lead to worse results highlighting the important role played by the substrate thickness to achieve a high catalytic activity. The influence on the deposition quality of parameters such as time, temperature and hydrogen flow is then discussed.