bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Receives Outpatient Monitoring During High‐Risk Depression Treatment Periods?
Authors: Kales Helen C. , Kim H. Myra , Austin Karen L. , Valenstein Marcia
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine the intensity of monitoring received by important patient subgroups during high‐risk periods (the 12 weeks after psychiatric hospitalization and after new antidepressant starts).

DESIGN: Retrospective secondary analysis of data from the Veterans Affairs (VA) National Registry for Depression using patients aged 65 and older receiving depression treatment from 1999 to 2004.

SETTING: VA healthcare system.

PARTICIPANTS: VA patients in depression treatment between April 1, 1999, and September 30, 2004, who had psychiatric inpatient stays (n=73,137) or new antidepressant starts (n=421,536).

MEASUREMENTS: The relationship between the number of outpatient visits for each group and patient characteristics in the 12‐week period after psychiatric hospitalizations and antidepressant starts.

RESULTS: The characteristic associated with significantly lower rates of monitoring for both high‐risk treatment periods was aged 65 and older. White race and living in the south or northeast were also associated with significantly lower rates of monitoring after new antidepressant starts and inpatient stays, respectively. Substance abuse disorders were associated with greater monitoring after both types of depression events but did not seem to interact with other patient characteristics in determining levels of monitoring.

CONCLUSION: VA patients who are older, white, and living in the south or northeast receive less‐intensive monitoring during high‐risk treatment periods for suicide. This is of concern, given that older patients appear to be at higher risk for suicide, particularly after inpatient stays, and may need particular attention during this time frame. Adapted interventions and proactive outreach may be needed that target this patient group.
Generation of HLA‐deficient platelets from hematopoietic progenitor cells
Authors: Figueiredo Constança , Goudeva Lilia , Horn Peter A. , Eiz‐Vesper Britta , Blasczyk Rainer , Seltsam Axel
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND: Exposure to allogeneic blood products often leads to the development of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. Refractoriness to platelet (PLT) transfusion caused by alloimmunization against HLA Class I antigens constitutes a significant clinical problem.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We developed an RNA interference (RNAi)‐based approach to silence the expression of HLA Class I molecules on PLTs derived from CD34+ progenitor cells. A lentiviral‐based system was used to express short‐hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting β2‐microglobulin (β2m) transcripts in CD34+ progenitor cells. Differentiation to PLTs was performed by incubating progenitor cells in the presence of thrombopoietin and interleukin‐3.

RESULTS: The transduction of RNAi cassettes containing the sequences for shRNAs targeting β2m caused up to 85% reduction of progenitor cells HLA Class I antigen expression, which was maintained in the culture‐derived PLTs. The HLA‐deficient PLTs derived from HLA‐silenced CD34+ cells proved to be fully functional in in vitro tests when compared to peripheral blood–derived PLTs.

CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that in vitro generating HLA Class I–deficient PLTs from hematopoietic progenitor cells prove to be feasible. As malignancy risks associated with insertional mutagenesis are not to be expected in anucleated PLTs, provision of HLA‐deficient PLTs from large‐scale production units may become reality in the management of patients suffering from PLT transfusion refractoriness.
Stability of coagulation factors in plasma prepared after a 24‐hour room temperature hold
Authors: Alhumaidan Hiba , Cheves Tracey , Holme Stein , Sweeney Joseph
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND: The manufacture of fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) requires that plasma be frozen within 8 hours of collection and 24‐hour frozen plasma requires 1 to 6°C refrigeration before freezing. Manufacture of plasma after a room temperature hold for 24 hours, while convenient, could compromise clotting factor levels.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Pairs of FFP and 24‐hour room temperature–frozen plasma (PLT‐rich plasma [PRP]‐24HRTFP) were manufactured from PRP after a room temperature hold for 8 and 24 hours, respectively. Additional whole blood (WB) donations were kept at room temperature for 24 hours before plasma manufacture (WB‐24HRTFP). The frozen plasma products were stored at −18°C, thawed, and then stored at 1 to 6°C, with coagulation factor assays performed for up to 7 days.

RESULTS: On the day of thaw, Factor (F)VIII was lower in PRP‐24HRTFP by 13% (p = 0.002) but not in WB‐24HRTFP (p = 0.3) compared to FFP. All other clotting factors were within normal range. During the postthaw period FVIII and FV declined 25 and 6%, respectively, in WB‐24HRTFP and 23 to 50% in the paired products; however, the difference between both types of 24HRTFP and FFP is insignificant by Day 7 (p > 0.05). Other clotting factors either were unchanged or showed minimal reduction (<15%).

CONCLUSION: Plasma manufactured after a 24‐hour room temperature hold contains coagulation factors comparable to FFP except for a possible reduction of up to 20% in FVIII. This plasma appears suitable as a transfusable product and extension of liquid storage to 7 days merits consideration.
Majority Involvement in Minority Movements: Civil Rights, Abolition, Untouchability1
Authors: Marx Gary T. , Useem Michael
Published: April 2010

Social movements seeking to change the subordinate status of ethnic minorities have drawn activists from both the minority and dominant groups. Conflict has at times developed between movement members of these two groups. In a comparative analysis of three movements—the civil rights movement, the anti‐slavery cause in the U.S., and the movement to abolish Untouchability in India—the sources of tension appear quite similar. Ideologically, minority group activists viewed themselves as more radical and committed to that particular cause than did their dominant group co‐workers and were more for a strategy of minority group self‐help. Organizational conflict arose as majority members disproportionately assumed decision‐making positions in the movement. A third source of tension developed because some movement members were carriers of prejudices and hostilities of the larger social milieu. Outsiders frequently played essential roles in the early phases of these movements, but pressures developed on majority members to reduce involvement or withdraw altogether.
On Being Strangled by the Stars and Stripes
Authors: Mauss Armand L.
Published: April 2010

Radical movements such as those of the New and Old Lefts are a particular type of social movement whose genesis, composition, and morphology can be explained by extant theory and research. The fate (or career) of radical movements in this kind of society, however, is a special process resulting from the twin forces of co‐optation and repression which, in varying combinations, define the relationship between the radical movement and its host society. As a result of the interplay of these forces, any radical movement can be expected to pass through five stages: incipiency, coalescence, institutionalization, fragmentation, and demise. Such a career model is here applied to the histories of the Old and New Lefts, with explicit reference to the papers in this issue to indicate where they support the model.
The Legal Threat as an Instrument of Social Change
Authors: Zimring Franklin , Hawkins Gordon
Published: April 2010

Noting that it is important to distinguish threats aimed at shoring up existing norms from those that seek to change customary patterns of behavior, the article discusses a number of conditions influencing the outcome of threats that attempt to produce social change. Among the factors considered are variations in the type of custom, the rationale for change, the social characteristics of the threatened audience, and the extent of law enforcement. The implications of these factors for socializing change are presented.
The “Basic Law” or “Constitution” of a Small Group
Authors: Weyrauch Walter O.
Published: April 2010

Law can be viewed as a network of small group interaction. Basic characteristics of legal systems govern the interaction and permeate each individual small group. The rule structure within a small group forms a kind of behavioral constitution containing provisions on fundamental policies, internal and external relations, sanctions to be imposed for breach of rules, and so on. The use of a legal frame of reference in small group analysis expands the scope of inquiry and may furnish insights into current social problems. The constitution of a particular experimental group, confined for about three months in a penthouse on the Berkeley campus, is presented as illustration.
Drugs that Turn On the Law1
Authors: Bazelon David L.
Published: April 2010

In order to deal effectively with the problem of narcotics addiction, it is necessary to determine precisely what harms we wish to control. To protect the public from the violent crime that seems to be associated with drug addiction, it may be appropriate to resort to the model of “civil commitment,” to provide compulsory treatment to those drug users who are thought likely to inflict harm on others as a result of their addiction. On the other hand, to protect the user from drugs which are harmful only to him, it may be appropriate to resort to the regulatory model by which we control the distribution of other hazardous consumer goods. Neither interest is well served by the criminal model on which we now rely.
To Wear a Nostradamus Hat: Drugs and America
Authors: Blum Richard H.
Published: April 2010

A review of historical patterns in drug use suggests common forms of use, likely social responses to innovation, the conditions under which drug use patterns change and the notion of “abuse” is most probable, and the conditions under which most unpredictable drug use and outcomes will occur. Examination of contemporary patterns of use yields evidence of a number of trends, one of which is the growth of use of quieting rather than stimulating substances in America. Although the major function of drugs is and will be to enhance sociability, the prediction is that our society will produce more redundant people who will be at risk of disabling use and effects. Several possible sociopolitical outcomes of these trends are considered, some optimistic and some pessimistic. The importance, for anticipating the future, of the existence of a sense of destiny is suggested.
Conflict and Social Order: A Research Strategy for Complex Propositions1
Authors: Williams Robin M.
Published: April 2010

Contrary to some impressions, the serious study of social conflict is not a recent innovation. Further, the legacy of past studies has been cumulative, resulting in a valuable array of hypotheses, empirical generalizations, conceptual schemes, and proto‐theories. The state of the field, accordingly, indicates the timely usefulness of consideration of strategy and tactics for building valid empirically‐based theories. Singular propositions concerning social conflict are severely limited in empirical applicability by the necessity of invoking the rule of ceteris paribus. But full specification of relevant contexts is impracticable. A strategy proposed here is the use of theoretically specified multivariate models. This approach is illustrated by specific empirical generalizations, drawn from laboratory research, field experiments, large‐scale field studies, and comparative macro‐analyses. Additional possibilities for further development are suggested by stating a hypothetical “law” of collective conflict, on the basis of which additional predictive hypotheses are suggested.
The Calculus of Civil Conflict1
Authors: Gurr Ted Robert
Published: April 2010

Quantitative, comparative studies of violent conflict within societies constitute a growing subfield of political science. Some common assumptions of these studies are the premises that conflict events have similar properties and causes across all types of contemporary nations, and that these properties and causes are susceptible to reliable and valid measurement. Convergence is apparent in some results: violent conflict‐intensifies in periods of rapid socioeconomic change; the transition to socioeconomic “modernity” helps lessen revolutionary activity but not turmoil; increased coerciveness by regimes tends under some specifiable circumstances to exacerbate civil conflict; and there is little relationship between the incidence of domestic and foreign conflict as cause, effect, or alternatives. Prospects and problems for such studies are briefly evaluated.
1830 and the Unnatural History of Revolution1
Authors: Rule James , Tilly Charles
Published: April 2010

When natural histories of revolution do not consist simply of explicated definitions, they generally fail as explanatory theories, largely because they fail to deal with negative cases or to eliminate alternative explanations, and because they assume that a continuous and integrated social system experiences revolution. A more adequate treatment requires that governments, contenders for power, and relations among them be distinguished. Revolution consists of the fragmentation of a single polity. Starting from that view, we develop a political process model of revolutionary change, illustrated and supported by detailed evidence — both quantitative and qualitative—from the French revolution of 1830.
Frustrations, Comparisons, and Other Sources of Emotion Arousal as Contributors to Social Unrest
Authors: Berkowitz Leonard
Published: April 2010

Many different factors enter into riots and other forms of social violence. On many occasions, particularly in the early stages, the aggression is impulsive rather than instrumental. Generally speaking, these “expressive” acts are responses to aversive conditions, but they are also affected by prior learning, strength of inhibitions against aggression in the specific situation, the presence of appropriate situational cues, and also the feeling of being able to cope with the aversive conditions. Social comparisons contribute to the unpleasant situations, creating a predisposition to aggression. In analyzing the role of these comparisons, it is important to specify just what groups serve as reference groups. It is suggested that unfavorable comparisons with one's own kind are particularly important.
Methods for Resolving Differences of Interest: A Theoretical Analysis1
Authors: Pruitt Dean G.
Published: April 2010

Four methods are described for pursuing and resolving differences of interest in a dyad: bargaining, reliance on content‐specific norms, reliance on equity norms, and reliance on the norm of mutual responsiveness. Bargaining entails a number of dilemmas and other problems that are largely avoided when dyads rely on norms. Reliance on content‐specific and equity norms poses other problems that are avoided by mutual responsiveness. A theory of changing patterns in the use of these methods is advanced. The theory holds that (a) content‐specific norms give way to the norm of mutual responsiveness in crises produced by changing needs, and (b) reliance on mutual responsiveness is replaced by bargaining in crises resulting from changes in the relative bargaining strength or capacity to be generous of the two members of the dyad, as perceived by one or both members. A revised norm of mutual responsiveness can be constructed in the latter kind of crisis provided the members of the dyad develop a consensus about their relative bargaining strength, feel dependent on one another, and have a minimal level of trust in one another.
The Changing Image of the Career Woman
Authors: Helson Ravenna
Published: April 2010

During the 1950s there was an effort to assimilate the idea that a married woman could work if her family came first. Women with genuine career interest were described as both rare and maladjusted; research data were interpreted as supporting this negative view. Today there is a decrease in the emphasis on motherhood and a new look at career women. Even women who matured in an earlier day have been favorably described in research findings. Current research gives a more differentiated view of the personality of career women, analyzes the institutional arrangements and prejudiced attitudes which handicap women, and reappraises the concepts of masculine and feminine characteristics and their roles in the personality.
Maternal Role Incompatibility and Fertility in Urban Latin America1
Authors: Hass Paula H.
Published: April 2010

Based on fertility surveys conducted in seven Latin American cities, this study examines the proposition that the crucial variable determining the relationship between maternal employment and fertility may be the extent of incompatibility between joint occupancy of the roles of mother and worker. Where these two roles are incompatible, female employees should have fewer children than the nonemployed. Two structural aspects of role incompatibility (employment outside the home and white collar employment) are related to fertility in most cities. The number of hours employed outside the home is usually unrelated to fertility. Many of the relationships are simply due to more education and greater approval of nondomestic activities among employed wives. The wife's motivation for employment, her education, and her preferred role seem to exert greater influence on her fertility than her actual role of employee or homemaker. A significant finding of the research is the role of individual city and the ecological conditions operative within each.
Women as Politicians: The Social Background, Personality, and Political Careers of Female Party Leaders1
Authors: Costantini Edmond , Craik Kenneth H.
Published: April 2010

Women attaining high levels of political party leadership in California are the focus of this interdisciplinary study of personality and politics. The energies of female politicians tend to be directed toward a career within the political party. Compared to male leaders, they less often fashion a political career around the goal of public office and a political career serves less frequently as an integral part of a broad social career. Female leaders tend to express the forceful, effective, and socially ascendant style in an earnest, sobersided, and ambivalent manner; male leaders express the same personal style in a more easy‐going, direct, and uncomplicated way. The interplay among personality, sex‐role typing, and political career is discussed.
Psychoanalysis and Education for The Facilitation of Positive Human Qualities
Authors: Ekstein Rudolf
Published: April 2010

This paper discusses psychoanalytic contributions concerning the development and the facilitation of qualities such as empathy, love for neighbor, social‐mindedness, identification, sympathy, and altruism. An early notion of Freud's concerning the original tie between mother and child is seen as the precursor of modern object‐relations theory, of the development of language and empathy, the capacity to love, and the capacity to develop altruistic feelings, attitudes, and behavior. The paper also deals with neurotic manifestations of altruism and of other positive qualities. The notion is expressed that perhaps the most valuable contribution that psychoanalysts can make lies in the field of education, the application of psychoanalytic concepts and understanding to the upbringing of the child, to the education and training of the youth.

Kindness, thou dear great name that containest nothing in thee demanding loveless esteem, but prayest to be followed; thou dost not menace and needst not establish any law, but of thyself findest entrance into feeling, and willingly art revered; whose smile disarms all sister inclinations; thou art so glorious that we need not ask after thy descent, for whatever be thy origin it is ennobled through thee [Moritz Schlick, 1930, pp. 208–209]!
Why Children Help: A Review1
Authors: Bryan James H.
Published: April 2010

This article reviews current hypotheses and investigations concerning helping behavior. Two areas of helping behavior are focussed upon: donation and rescue responses. Studies concerning the impact of the social responsibility norm, experimenter demand characteristics, and proprieties are reviewed. Additionally, studies concerned with the subject variables associated with aiding activity are discussed.
Learning Theory and Prosocial Behavior1
Authors: Rosenhan D. L.
Published: April 2010

Altruism constitutes a paradox for learning theory. By definition altruism is a form of behavior which is engaged at some cost to the actor and without tangible rewards for him. Learning theory, however, implicates reinforcement both in the learning and the maintenance of all behavior. How then is altruistic behavior learned and maintained? The roles of affect, cognition, and possibly self‐reinforcement are examined for their influence in establishing and maintaining altruistic behavior. The implications of these variables for theories of learning are considered.
Equity and the Innocent Bystander1
Authors: Walster Elaine , Piliavin Jane Allyn
Published: April 2010

This paper attempts to integrate equity theory and specialized theories and data concerning the reactions of bystanders and victims caught up in emergencies. The authors first examine three factors which determine the bystander's response to emergency situations: whether or not bystanders attend to an emergency; how aroused bystanders become by the emergency; how the bystander responds to the emergency — i.e., by helping, by denigrating the victim, or by running away. Finally, they examine factors which affect how the victim will respond to the bystander who either provides or denies him assistance.
Promotive Tension: The Basis of Prosocial Behavior from a Lewinian Perspective1
Authors: Hornstein Harvey A.
Published: April 2010

Three categories of tension are identified as potential correspondents of psychological forces: tension arising from own needs, from induced needs, from the need to satisfy impersonal demands. To these, a fourth is added in which tensions are coordinated to someone else's desire to locomote toward or away from a region in his life space. From this Lewinian perspective, altruism and other less dramatic forms of prosocial behavior are part of a general theoretical question: What conditions determine whether individuals develop tension systems coordinated to another's goal attainment? The process by which tension is coordinated to another person's goal attainment is here called promotive tension arousal. Conditions that determine whether promotive tension arousal produces behavior that facilitates or hinders another's goal attainment are discussed.
Dimensions of Internal‐External Locus of Control and the Women's Liberation Movement
Authors: Sanger Susan Phipps , Alker Henry A.
Published: April 2010

Fifty feminist (WL) and 50 control subjects were administered Rotter's Internal‐External scale and a series of questions concerning their backgrounds and their attitudes about and involvement in the women's movement. Three dimensions emerged from a factor analysis of the I‐E items: personal control, protestant ethic ideology, and feminist ideology. The WL subjects were more internal than the control subjects in their sense of personal control and more external in protestant ethic ideology (PEI) and feminist ideology. Externality on these two dimensions was shown to be related to involvement in the feminist movement. Rejection of PEI was accompanied by an increased sense of personal internality for the feminists.
Socioeconomic Mobility among Three Generations of Japanese Americans1
Authors: Levine Gene N. , Montero Darrel M.
Published: April 2010

Data from a three generational survey of Japanese Americans indicate that the occupational and educational attainments of the first generation (Issei) are reflected in the achievements of the second and third generations. Findings suggest that two different currents flow in the Japanese American community, one relatively traditional, the other more assimilationist. It is expected that only assimilationists will survive—but in a modified fashion. The majority of the Sansei queried indicate an interest in Japanese ways while still embracing the primary goals of American society and its emphasis on socioeconomic success in particular. Although the ban on outmarriage is breaking down, a majority of Sansei have married or intend to marry within the fold. While the Japanese Americans have successfully accommodated to the American situation—especially by correctly gauging the great importance of education, there is little evidence that the subculture will soon wither away.
Political Activation of Japanese American Youth1
Authors: Maykovich Minako K.
Published: April 2010

Japanese Americans have been cited as a model minority who have attained middle class status through hard work and conformity to social order. Recently, however, the validity of the quiet, conforming Japanese American image is challenged by politically active third‐generation Japanese American youth (Sansei). A total of 508 Sansei college students in California were interviewed to identify sociological correlates of Sansei activism. Political activists are not homogeneous; hence the Sansei were divided into four types based on the dimensions of acceptance versus rejection of traditionalism and involvement versus detachment from social issues. In line with the symbolic interactionism hypothesis, subjective status of father as perceived by Sansei is more closely related to the Sansei politicalization than is his objective status.

Sh, h, h … ! A Quiet American is speaking … As the Black and Brown communities push for changes in our present system, the Oriental is set forth as an example to be followed—a minority group that has achieved success through adaptation rather than confrontation … the Yellow Uncle Tom … [Gidra, 1969, p. 6].
The World of the Elderly Asian American
Authors: Kalish Richard A. , Moriwaki Sharon
Published: April 2010

Older Asian Americans share a great deal with their fellow Asian Americans and with their fellow elderly, but the juxtaposition of all elements produces a personal history and present milieu that is shared neither with younger persons of similar national origins nor with age cohorts of various national origins. Understanding these individuals requires knowledge of their cultural origins and effects of early socialization, their life history in the United States, those age‐related changes that occur regardless of early learning or ethnicity, and their expectations as to what it means to be old. Many values to which first‐generation Asian Americans were effectively socialized are highly counterproductive for maintaining adequate life satisfaction during the later years.
Law Enforcement Officers' Perceptions of Pornography as a Social Issue
Authors: Wilson W. Cody
Published: April 2010

Data are presented from a questionnaire mailed to a random sample of District Attorneys stratified by state and by population of county, achieving a 69% response. Prosecuting attorneys, as a group, vary greatly among themselves in their perceptions of the degree to which obscenity and pornography constitute a problem in their communities. Concern about pornography is very highly correlated with size of community and with changes in the availability of pornography: concern is found in large urban situations and when the availability of pornography seems to be increasing (but not when it is stable). Behavioral indices of concern, such as effort expended in law enforcement and numbers of prosecutions, do not indicate as serious concern as do verbal indices. Those aspects of the distribution of pornography that are verbally reported to be the source of concern are not the aspects of distribution that are prosecuted. The citizenry in general is perceived as somewhat apathetic about pornography. A post hoc analysis attempts to make conceptual sense of these empirical data.
Evaluating Social Consequences of Erotic Films: An Experimental Approach1
Authors: Mann Jay , Sidman Jack , Starr Sheldon
Published: April 2010

A study is described that provides a methodological model for testing theoretical constructs and investigating pragmatic social problems simultaneously. Behavioral and attitudinal consequences of viewing erotic films are assessed in terms of cathartic, instigational, and social learning formulations. Comparative attitudinal and behavioral changes over a twelve‐week period are reported for 51 married couples who viewed erotic films, 17 couples who viewed nonerotic films, and 15 couples who viewed no films. All couples who viewed films completed 84 consecutive daily checklists of sexual and marital behavior. Couples viewing erotic films reported significantly more sexual activity on film viewing nights, and became more tolerant of legal exhibition of erotic films. No group exhibited significant stable changes in sexual behavior, and completing daily checklists appeared to facilitate sexual activity more than viewing erotic films. Results appear most concordant with social learning theory and fail to support the position that viewing erotic films produces harmful social consequences.
Is Pornography a Problem?1
Authors: Howard James L. , Liptzin Myron B. , Reifler Clifford B.
Published: April 2010

Twenty‐three experimental subjects were exposed to pornographic materials for 90 minutes per day for 15 days. Extensive pre and post testing of attitudes and behavior showed no detrimental effect of this exposure either in terms of change on any measure or with regard to a control group (N = 9). Behavioral and physiological measures demonstrated that this massive exposure to pornography resulted in much lowered interest in it and much less response to it. It is concluded that pornography is an innocuous stimulus which leads quickly to satiation and that public concern over it is misplaced.
The Effect of Easy Availability of Pornography on the Incidence of Sex Crimes: The Danish Experience
Authors: Kutchinsky Berl
Published: April 2010

The Danish liberalization of legal prosecution and of laws concerning pornography and the ensuing high availability of such materials present a unique opportunity of testing hypotheses concerning the relationship between pornography and sex offenses. It is shown that concurrently with the increasing availability of pornography there was a significant decrease in the number of sex offenses registered by the police in Copenhagen. On the basis of various investigations, including a survey of public attitudes and studies of the police, it was established that at least in one type of offense (child molestation) the decrease represents a real reduction in the number of offenses committed. Various factors suggest that the availability of pornography was the direct cause of this decrease.
Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers
Authors: Kelman Herbert G.
Published: April 2010

The paper identifies a class of violent acts that can best be described as sanctioned massacres. The special features of sanctioned massacres are that they occur in the context of a genocidal policy, and that they are directed at groups that have not themselves threatened or engaged in hostile actions against the perpetrators of the violence. The psychological environment in which such massacres occur lacks the conditions normally perceived as providing some degree of moral justification for violence. In searching for a psychological explanation of mass violence under these conditions, it is instructive to focus on factors reducing the strength of restraining forces against violence. Three interrelated processes are discussed in detail: (a) processes of authorization, which define the situation as one in which standard moral principles do not apply and the individual is absolved of responsibility to make personal moral choices; (b) processes of routinization, which so organize the action that there is no opportunity for raising moral questions and making moral decisions; and (c) processes of dehumanization which deprive both victim and victimizer of identity and community. The paper concludes with suggestions for corrective efforts that might help to prevent sanctioned massacres by counteracting the systemic and attitudinal supports for the processes described.
Changes in Sociometric Choices Following Forced Integration of an Elementary School
Authors: Shaw Marvin E.
Published: April 2010

Sociometric questionnaires were administered to all pupils in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades in an elementary school in February 1970 (soon after forced integration had occurred), again in June 1970, and again to fifth and sixth grade pupils in February 1971. Both blacks and whites at all three grade levels chose significantly more members of their own race than members of the other race; blacks rejected whites significantly less than would be expected by chance, an effect which increased over time for older pupils; and, initially, whites rejected blacks less frequently than expected by chance, but shifted to approximately chance rejection of blacks. In January and February 1971, two observers counted interactions among pupils in each grade for ten minutes once per week for a period of five weeks. As expected, interactions increased significantly with grade level; however, subsequent analysis revealed that the primary variable determining interracial interactions is the proportion of blacks to whites in the classroom. A relatively low proportion of minority members (black or white) appears to be most effective in improving interracial relations.
Who Likes Women's Liberation—and Why: The Case of the Unliberated Liberals
Authors: Tavris Carol
Published: April 2010

This survey explored a variety of background factors that are related to a person's support of or opposition to the women's liberation movement (WLM), including religion and political preference, perception of sex differences in personality (usually called “stereotyping”) and belief as to whether these are due to biology or culture, and style of marriage (traditional or egalitarian). Also for men, a dimension of sexual threat was related to hostility toward the WLM; for women, experiences with discrimination and to a lesser extent “sexism” contributed to their support of the WLM. The survey found that only a small proportion of men are truly threatened by the movement, but only a small proportion are truly in favor of it; most are caught in the easy middle ground, where attitudes are liberal and behavior is traditional.
Isla Vista Community Service Center Medical Clinic
Authors: Bearman David
Published: April 2010

This article contains an intensive and extensive summary of reasons why, how, and for what purpose free clinics came into existence. The initial discussion centers around what the unmet needs of the community are that helped to promote the coming into existence of free clinics. The discussion then goes into the problems and the planning necessary for setting up the administrative machinery for the clinic, and issues of the lay board vs. the steering committee. There is a presentation of volunteerism, how to keep these men and women in an alternative institution, and the role of the steering committee. The procedure for how to admit a patient, the appropriate record keeping, and the maintenance of quality care is essential in this article. The concept of service for service as a method of fee payment is raised. In this unique way a patient can “repay” a clinic, through his labor and skills, without it being necessarily an economic fee payment structure for services rendered.
Establishing and Maintaining a Laboratory
Authors: Pollock Flo
Published: April 2010

Pollock helped to set up a laboratory in the Washington Free Clinic. She gives us the tests that the lab offers, the supplies needed to conduct them, the setting up of the lab facility. The on‐the‐job training that is required for lab technicians became more and more apparent as the lab grew in responsibilities; its importance is indicated. There are also suggestions as to how to keep a good filing system, the use of a nightly logbook and a culture logbook. Many hints are given to other labs to enable them to avoid some of the pitfalls that the WFC encountered.
Development of Drug Patterns and Treatment Techniques in a Free Clinic
Authors: Gay George R. , Smith David E.
Published: April 2010

Two physicians give an overview of the evolving drug pattern in Haight‐Ashbury, discussing phases of youthful drug use and what the present youthful abusers are like. Emergency medical care is presented in regard to marijuana freak‐outs, LSD over abuse, how to cope with speed freaks and barbiturate users, among others. A very detailed do's and don'ts section on pure heroin overdose (as well as mixed addictions overdose) is presented.
Aquarian Age Medicine
Authors: Turgeson Andrea , Busta Debbie , Nebelkopf Ethan
Published: April 2010

This article deals with what do you do when you get the calls, and what can a clinic offer its patients—medically. What can the women's clinic, the rape clinic, the venereal disease clinic, the dental clinic accomplish.
For the Street Scene: Mobile Medical Care?
Authors: Guthrie Andrew D.
Published: April 2010

This is a report of a mobile medical care unit housed in a Winnebago camper model that goes out into the community, fully staffed and equipped for action. The 12 to 15 mile trip that the van makes each evening permits the staff an opportunity to get to where the young people are; they get close to the young people, offer rides, and find out “what's happening.” The use of the street worker, the nurse, the volunteer, and the philosophy of a patient advocacy system are thoroughly detailed. The description of practical aspects of the outreach components of such a clinic facility offers much to all who are in crisis intervention as well as community‐reach project endeavors.
Time, Aging, and the Continuity of Social Structure: Themes and Issues in Generational Analysis1
Authors: Bengtson Vern L. , Furlong Michael J. , Laufer Robert S.
Published: April 2010

Generational analysis has developed rapidly in recent years. Three progressive stages of theory and research can be traced: (a) a “classic” period during which competing perspectives were developed regarding the impact of youth groups on social structure (Mannheim, Parsons and Eisenstadt, Davis and others); (b) a phase focused on interpretations of the youth protest movement or on processes in old age, and characterized by the development of new conceptual and methodological tools to examine change over time; (c) a period of consolidation and reformulation, with more precise specification of competing theoretical frameworks and the analysis of a growing body of empirical data. From this effort five issues emerge which summarize the perspective of generational analysis: (a) definition and dimensions of “generation” as a construct; (b) assessment of continuity or discontinuity between age groups; (c) exploration of the persistence of generation units over time; (d) analysis of within‐generation solidarity; (e) articulation between generations and other dimensions of social structure. A feedback model appears useful in assessing the relationship between generations and social stability or change.
Generational Discontinuity in Beliefs: An Exploration of the Generation Gap1
Authors: Thomas L. Eugene
Published: April 2010

Empirical studies indicated little evidence for generational differences on the level of beliefs traditionally referred to as attitudes (see Rokeach's typology). At the intermediate level of beliefs, those concerning authority, there appeared more possibility of generational discontinuity, especially in relation to the legitimacy of national institutions. Although very little research has been done on value orientations, studies of political attitudes have indicated higher parent‐child agreement on partisan attitudes than on political value orientations. Data from a sample of college students and their parents indicate striking generational differences on another value orientation, a measure of time perspective. It appears that writers who have argued that a counterculture is emerging among the younger generation are concentrating on the value orientation level, while the debunkers of the notion of a generation gap have focused almost entirely upon the level of attitudes.
Generational Consciousness and Youth Movement Participation: Contrasts in Blue Collar and White Collar Youth1
Authors: Kasschau Patricia L. , Ransford H. Edward , Bengtson Vern L.
Published: April 2010

The spread of youth‐group consciousness and counterculture behavior during the 1960s is accounted for by two competing theoretical rationales: the “movement sweep” and the “blend” theses. This study explores the development of youth stratum consciousness in four groups of youth: white collar and blue collar students and nonstudents. The research employs a social movement paradigm suggesting an explicit developmental sequence from initial awareness through crystallized ideology and behavior expression. The attempt to operationalize generational consciousness based on Mannheim's definition was partially successful. The data clearly provide little support for the “sweep” thesis of youth movement phenomena, but do suggest some confirmation for the “blend” perspective.
Political Generations and the Acceptance or Rejection of Nuclear Warfare1
Authors: Jeffries Vincent
Published: April 2010

The paper examines differential attitudes toward the use in war of nuclear weapons among age strata, analyzed from the perspective of political generations. Data for the study came from a probability sample of 477 adults living in a metropolitan area. On the basis of historical events and the differing climates of public opinion pertaining to war, three political generations are discriminated: Dissent (those born 1943–1949), Cold War (those born 1927–1942), and World War II (those born before 1927). Results suggest the viability of political generations thus defined. The generation of Dissent is most likely to reject nuclear war, while those of the generation of World War II are most likely to accept nuclear warfare. The basic relationship between age and attitudes toward nuclear war is examined within the context of occupation, sex, fear of communism, and patriotism.
Fertility and the Fear of Death
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert
Published: April 2010

The birth‐death theme has fascinated humankind for centuries. It can be discovered in many cultural practices, ranging from childnaming and memorialization rituals to the transmission of political power, and birth‐death dynamics have been probed by Hegel, Jung, Freud, and other influential thinkers. Surprisingly little has been done, however, to formulate and test specific hypotheses. This article begins with the simplistic proposition: “We fear death—and that is why we reproduce after our kind.” Exploratory data and some methodological and theoretical considerations are presented, including the concept of a spectrum of death‐transcending strategies, fertility being but one. An understanding of our complex orientations toward both propagation and mortality appears necessary in view of emerging pressures to manipulate population structure and divide one generation from another.
Rationality, the Prisoner's Dilemma, and Population1
Authors: Kahan James P.
Published: April 2010

The growth of human populations as a function of the desire on the part of parents to have a greater number of children (on the average) than the number needed for a steady state (zero population growth) is analyzed within the framework of the prisoner's dilemma game, a model that has enjoyed considerable popularity among social scientists in recent years. Proposed resolutions of the prisoner's dilemma are translated into analogous situations in the population growth problem. A proposed solution is the adoption of an interactive rationality, where families consider their own decisions in light of their existence in common with other families. In this way, family size becomes another part of life governed by social contract as well as individual desire.
Incentives and Reinforcement: A Behavioral Approach to Fertility
Authors: Wiest William M. , Squier Leslie H.
Published: April 2010

A reinforcement analysis of fertility, emphasizing the principles of applied behavior analysis, shifts attention from response‐inferred constructs (beliefs, attitudes, wishes, and preferences) to manipulable environmental variables demonstrated to be functionally related to fertility behavior. The analysis suggests a variety of relevant target behaviors to be strengthened by setting up appropriate reinforcement contingencies (incentive systems). Attention is paid to the practical difficulties that are met in any effort to manipulate important reinforcers for large masses of people. It is concluded that a functional analysis offers both practically useful techniques and a powerful research paradigm; the analysis should facilitate efforts by governments and other social agencies to lower fertility.
The Nixon Group1
Authors: Raven Bertram H.
Published: April 2010

A sociometric analysis and an examination in terms of group process offer some clues toward the understanding of the actions and decisions by former President Nixon's advisory group, the young team. Review of the transcripts of the White House tapes and the hearings of the Senate Select Committee and the House Judiciary Committee suggests that, in contrast to the Kennedy group, the Nixon group was not a closely knit team with high esprit de corps and mutual respect. Rather, there were two strongly competing factions: Haldeman/Ehrlichman/Colson and Mitchell/Dean. The group was held together by a common dependence upon the president who set the basic tone and ideal for the group—to succeed one had to be driving, hard‐hitting against all “enemies,” willing to be pragmatic in accomplishing team goals. The existence of competing factions contributed to acceleration of riskiness and extreme measures and to a reduction of moral restraints. In that sense, the groupthink phenomenon described by Janis was evident in the Nixon group.
Role Playing and Group Experience to Facilitate Attitude and Value Changes among Black and White Police Officers
Authors: Teahan John E.
Published: April 2010

White and black police officers were seen in weekly sessions involving role playing and interpersonal feedback during academy training, the purpose being to improve communication and relationships between black and white officers. Contrary to expectation, white officers became both more sensitized to the presence of black‐white problems and more prejudiced toward blacks, whereas black officers who attended became more positive toward whites. It was felt that results were due in part to a perception by white officers that the program was initiated for the benefit of blacks rather than for all.
Civil Liberties: An Overview of Some Contributions from the Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Zalkind Sheldon S.
Published: April 2010

Ways in which behavioral scientists can combine their professional interests with work concerning civil liberties are explored along with a brief statement about each article included in the issue. The overview highlights certain themes that recur in the separate articles: (a) the absence of a solid consensus in the United States to support specific applications of the Bill of Rights despite increased willingness to support the liberties of some dissenters, (b) the relation of education to civil liberties attitudes, (c) the interrelationships of personality and political attitudes, (d) child and adult (work) socialization influences, and (e) the influence of face‐to‐face social interactions.