bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insomnia symptoms, objective sleep duration and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal activity in children
Authors: Fernandez‐Mendoza Julio , Vgontzas Alexandros N. , Calhoun Susan L. , Vgontzas Angeliki , Tsaoussoglou Marina , Gaines Jordan , Liao Duanping , Chrousos George P. , Bixler Edward O.
Published: March 2014

Background

Insomnia symptoms are the most common parent‐reported sleep complaints in children; however, little is known about the pathophysiology of childhood insomnia symptoms, including their association with hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activation. The objective of this study is to examine the association between parent‐reported insomnia symptoms, objective short sleep duration and cortisol levels in a population‐based sample of school‐aged children.

Design

A sample of 327 children from the Penn State Child Cohort (5–12 years old) underwent 9‐h overnight polysomnography and provided evening and morning saliva samples to assay for cortisol. Objective short sleep duration was defined based on the median total sleep time (i.e., < 7·7 h). Parent‐reported insomnia symptoms of difficulty initiating and/or maintaining sleep were ascertained with the Pediatric Behavior Scale.

Results

Children with parent‐reported insomnia symptoms and objective short sleep duration showed significantly increased evening (0·33 ± 0·03 μg/dL) and morning (1·38 ± 0·08 μg/dL) cortisol levels. In contrast, children with parent‐reported insomnia symptoms and ‘normal’ sleep duration showed similar evening and morning cortisol levels (0·23 ± 0·03 μg/dL and 1·13 ± 0·08 μg/dL) compared with controls with ‘normal’ (0·28 ± 0·02 μg/dL and 1·10 ± 0·04 μg/dL) or short (0·28 ± 0·02 μg/dL and 1·13 ± 0·04 μg/dL) sleep duration.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that insomnia symptoms with short sleep duration in children may be related to 24‐h basal or responsive physiological hyperarousal. Future studies should explore the association of insomnia symptoms with short sleep duration with physical and mental health morbidity.
Decreased prevalence of dementia associated with statins: a national population‐based study
Authors: Chuang C.‐S. , Lin C.‐L. , Lin M.‐C. , Sung F.‐C. , Kao C.‐H.
Published: March 2014

Background and purpose

Dementia is a neurodegenerative disorder that presents a progressive decline in cognitive function and loss of short‐term memory with age. Several studies have shown that statin, an oral lipid‐lowering drug, may reduce the risk of developing dementia. The objective of this study is to explore the association between statin and the development of dementia.

Methods

The data analyzed in this study were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The sample consisted of 123 300 patients ≥ 20 years of age, including 61 650 dementia patients with statin use and 61 650 patients without statin use who were eligible for inclusion in this study. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to measure the effects of statin use on the risk of dementia.

Results

The beneficial effect of statin on dementia was significant after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio of 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.86–0.98). The sex‐ and age‐specific analysis of adjusted hazard ratios showed a higher beneficial effect from statin treatment in women than in men, and the effect became more significant with age.

Conclusion

Statin therapy may help prevent the development of dementia, and both hydrophilic and lipophilic statins produce similar effects. However, the preventive characters and associated mechanisms must be further explored and identified.
Clinical and genetic analysis of Taiwanese patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5
Authors: Lan M.‐Y. , Yeh T.‐H. , Chang Y.‐Y. , Kuo H.‐C. , Sun H. S. , Lai S.‐C. , Lu C.‐S.
Published: March 2014

Background and purpose

Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is an autosomal recessive (AR) hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) associated with pure or complicated phenotypes. This study aimed to screen SPG5 in Taiwanese HSP patients.

Methods

Sequencing of the SPG5 gene, CYP7B1, was performed in a cohort of 25 ethnic Han Taiwanese patients with AR or sporadic HSP. Clinical information and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were analyzed in confirmed SPG5 patients.

Results

One (33%) AR kindred and four (18%) sporadic cases had CYP7B1 mutations. All of the SPG5 cases carried the mutation c.334 C>T (R112X). Haplotype analysis suggested a ‘founder effect’ in ethnic Hans for this mutation. The phenotype was either pure or complicated by cerebellar ataxia. For the primary HSP phenotype, there were profound dorsal column sensory deficits in all patients. Spine MRI showed thoraco‐lumbar cord atrophy in some patients.

Conclusions

Spastic paraplegia type 5 is a common cause of AR and sporadic HSPs that has a higher frequency in Taiwanese than in other ethnic groups. It is associated with a CYP7B1 founder mutation and its phenotype is characterized by pronounced dorsal column sensory loss, with cerebellar ataxia in some patients.
Real‐time spatial management approaches to reduce bycatch and discards: experiences from Europe and the United States
Authors: Little Alyson S , Needle Coby L , Hilborn Ray , Holland Daniel S , Marshall C Tara
Published: March 2014

Spatial management measures are currently being used to manage bycatch and discards, given the spatial heterogeneity of fish distributions. However, permanent fishing closures are often poorly implemented, unresponsive to stock dynamics and do not achieve their management objectives. Recently, real‐time spatial management tools for managing bycatch and discards implemented under either a comanagement or self‐governance approach have been introduced in Europe and theUS. Real‐time catch and discard information is shared among fishers to incentivise and encourage vessels to leave areas of high bycatch. Here, the similarities and differences, in governance, implementation and management of ten real‐time spatial management systems from across Europe and theUSare reviewed. A framework is developed to characterize the attributes associated with voluntary, private and regulatory real‐time spatial management tools. Challenges and management practices in the different case studies are reviewed providing insights for designing these spatial management tools. The results illustrate that real‐time spatial management approaches can create incentives for fishers to develop, use and share information and technology to avoid undesired catch. Compared with Europe, theUShas developed spatial management tools with more truly real‐time mechanisms and with greater involvement of the fishing industry in designing and operating the tools.
Climate‐driven spatial mismatches between British orchards and their pollinators: increased risks of pollination deficits
Authors: Polce Chiara , Garratt Michael P , Termansen Mette , Ramirez‐Villegas Julian , Challinor Andrew J , Lappage Martin G , Boatman Nigel D , Crowe Andrew , Endalew Ayenew Melese , Potts Simon G , Somerwill Kate E , Biesmeijer Jacobus C
Published: March 2014

Understanding how climate change can affect crop‐pollinator systems helps predict potential geographical mismatches between a crop and its pollinators, and therefore identify areas vulnerable to loss of pollination services. We examined the distribution of orchard species (apples, pears, plums and other top fruits) and their pollinators in Great Britain, for present and future climatic conditions projected for 2050 under the SRES A1B Emissions Scenario. We used a relative index of pollinator availability as a proxy for pollination service. At present, there is a large spatial overlap between orchards and their pollinators, but predictions for 2050 revealed that the most suitable areas for orchards corresponded to low pollinator availability. However, we found that pollinator availability may persist in areas currently used for fruit production, which are predicted to provide suboptimal environmental suitability for orchard species in the future. Our results may be used to identify mitigation options to safeguard orchard production against the risk of pollination failure in Great Britain over the next 50 years; for instance, choosing fruit tree varieties that are adapted to future climatic conditions, or boosting wild pollinators through improving landscape resources. Our approach can be readily applied to other regions and crop systems, and expanded to include different climatic scenarios.
Sustainability of forest bioenergy in Europe: land‐use‐related carbon dioxide emissions of forest harvest residues
Authors: Repo Anna , Böttcher Hannes , Kindermann Georg , Liski Jari
Published: March 2014

Increasing bioenergy production from forest harvest residues decreases litter input to the soil and can thus reduce the carbon stock and sink of forests. This effect may negate greenhouse gas savings obtained by using bioenergy. We used a spatially explicit modelling framework to assess the reduction in the forest litter and soil carbon stocks across Europe, assuming that a sustainable potential of bioenergy from forest harvest residues is taken into use. The forest harvest residue removal reduced the carbon stocks of litter and soil on average by 3% over the period from 2016 to 2100. The reduction was small compared to the size of the carbon stocks but significant in comparison to the amount of energy produced from the residues. As a result of these land‐use‐related emissions, bioenergy production from forest harvest residues would need to be continued for 60–80 years to achieve a 60% carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction in heat and power generation compared to the fossil fuels it replaces in most European countries. The emission reductions achieved and their timings varied among countries because of differences in the litter and soil carbon loss. Our results show that extending the current sustainability requirements for bioliquids and biofuels to solid bioenergy does not guarantee efficient reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the short‐term. In the longer‐term, bioenergy from forest harvest residues may pave the way to low‐emission energy systems.
FAST‐id system for enrichment of cells with TALEN‐induced mutations and large deletions
Authors: Tokumasu Daisuke , Sakuma Tetsushi , Hayashi Yoko , Hosoi Sayaka , Hiyama Eiso , Yamamoto Takashi
Published: March 2014

Transcription activator‐like effector nuclease (TALEN)‐mediated genome editing is a powerful technique for analyzing gene functions in various cells and organisms. At target loci, TALENs can not only introduce short insertions and deletions, but also yield large deletions through the use of two TALEN pairs. Here, we report easy and efficient methods for enrichment of cells with TALEN‐induced mutations and large deletions. First, we established the fluorescence‐activated sorting of TALEN‐induced deletions (FAST‐id) system that enabled fluorescence‐activated cell sorting‐mediated enrichment of cells with TALEN‐induced mutations. In the FAST‐id system, either EGFP or mCherry and TALENs were co‐expressed. Using dual fluorescence selection, both left and right TALEN‐expressing cells were easily concentrated, resulting in enrichment of TALEN‐mediated mutated cells. Next, to apply the FAST‐id system to enrichment of cells with large deletions, we developed the fast unification of separate endonucleases (FUSE) method for assembly of two TALENs into a single expression vector. Using the FUSE method, we easily obtained a TALEN pair‐expressing plasmid driven by a single promoter. By combining the FAST‐id system and FUSE method, cells with large deletions were efficiently enriched. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of enrichment of cells with TALEN‐induced large deletions.
Iceland's best kept secret
Authors: Berg Sylvia E. , Troll Valentin R. , Burchardt Steffi , Riishuus Morten S. , Krumbholz Michael , Gústafsson Ludvik E.
Published: March 2014

The ‘forgotten fjords’ and ‘deserted inlets’ of NE‐Iceland, in the region between Borgarfjörður Eystri and Loðmundarfjörður, are not only prominent because of their pristine landscape, their alleged elfin settlements, and the puffins that breed in the harbour, but also for their magnificent geology. From a geological point of view, the area may hold Iceland's best kept geological secret. The greater Borgarfjörður Eystri area hosts mountain chains that consist of voluminous and colourful silicic rocks that are concentrated within a surprisingly small area (Fig. ), and that represent the second‐most voluminous occurrence of silicic rocks in the whole of Iceland. In particular, the presence of unusually large volumes of ignimbrite sheets documents extremely violent eruptions during the Neogene, which is atypical for this geotectonic setting. As a group of geoscientists from Uppsala University (Sweden) and the Nordic Volcanological Center (NordVulk, Iceland) we set out to explore this remote place, with the aim of collecting material that may allow us to unravel the petrogenesis of these large volumes of silicic rocks. This effort could provide an answer to a long‐standing petrological dilemma; the question of how silicic continental crust is initially created. Here we document on our geological journey, our field strategy, and describe our field work in the remote valleys of NE‐Iceland.
Inactivation of Human Tumor Cell Pro‐urokinase by Granulocyte Elastase
Authors: Kanayama Naohiro , Terao Toshihiko
Published: March 2014

Supernatant obtained from granulocytes stimulated in the presence of cytochalasin B by the chemotactic peptide N‐formyl‐norleucyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanyl‐norleucyl‐tyrosyl‐lysine displayed an inhibitory effect on the plasmin‐dependent conversion of tumor urokinase‐type plasminogen activator proenzyme (pro‐uPA) to the active form of uPA. Moreover, the supernatant was also found to inhibit the fibrinolytic activity of human vulva (A431) and breast (MCF7) carcinoma cell lines, which contain large amounts of pro‐uPA, by 87% and 96%, respectively. By using eglin C (elastase inhibitor) and a monoclonal antibody to elastase (proteolytic activity blocker of the enzyme), elastase was identified as the key enzyme of the supernatant in these phenomena. Purified elastase converted pro‐uPA to an enzymatically inactive molecule composed of two polypeptide chains of Mr = 33,000 and 22,000 linked to each other by a disulfide bond. Elastase‐containing granulocytes were identified by immunohisto‐chemistry techniques in the tissues of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of uterus. The cells were found close to the tumor cells and in the stroma surrounding the tumor nests. By immunohistochemical staining, uPA was also found in the tumor cells. Evidently, elastase released by chemotactically activated granulocytes, which are attracted into tumor tissues, may inhibit the conversion of pro‐uPA to enzymatically active uPA in the tumor cells.
Inhibition of Lung Metastasis by Synthetic and Recombinant Fragments of Human Fibronectin with Functional Domains
Authors: Saiki Ikuo , Murata Jun , Makabe Takashi , Matsumoto Yoshihiro , Ohdate Yoichi , Kawase Yasutoshi , Taguchi Yuki , Shimojo Tomoko , Kimizuka Fusao , Kato Ikunoshin , Azuma Ichiro
Published: March 2014

We have investigated the antimetastatic effect of synthetic or recombinant peptides containing the functional domains of fibronectin on experimental and spontaneous lung metastases of murine tumor cells. CS1 peptide which is present within type III homology connecting segment (IIICS) as well as C‐274 (cell‐binding domain) were able to inhibit experimental lung metastasis when co‐injected intravenously (iv) with B16‐BL6 melanoma cells, while H‐271 (heparin‐binding domain) could not. In the spontaneous metastasis model, multiple iv administrations of CS1 or C‐274 after surgical excision of primary tumors caused a significant reduction of metastatic colonies in the lung. Both CS1 and C‐274 significantly inhibited cell adhesion and migration to fibronectin‐coated substrates when added freely in solution. CS1 peptide also inhibited the cell adhesion and migration to laminin‐coated substrates, but C‐274 did not. H‐271 did not have any inhibitory effect on cell adhesion or migration to either of the substrates. Similarly, CS1 inhibited tumor invasion to both Matrigel/fibronectin‐ and Matrigel/laminin‐coated filters, whereas C‐274 inhibited the invasion to only Matrigel/fibronectin‐coated filter. These results indicate that CS1 peptide of fibronectin, lacking the Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐containing domain, actively inhibits tumor metastases in spontaneous and experimental metastasis models. The use of such a peptide might offer a promising therapeutic approach for combatting or preventing cancer metastasis.
Susceptibility of NB‐I Neuroblastoma Cells to Tumoricidal Activity of Monocytes Activated by γ‐Interferon
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyuki , Fujimoto Takeo
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the susceptibility of NB‐I human neuroblastoma cells to direct cellular cytotoxicity mediated by peripheral blood monocytes from pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Nonactivated monocytes from patients showed spontaneous cytotoxicity to NB‐I neuroblastoma cells (37 ± 18%) but only marginal cytotoxicity to A375 melanoma cells (21 ± 14%) at the effector:target cell ratio of 20:1. This spontaneous cytotoxicity to NB‐I cells was observed only after >24 h of cocultivation and was proportional to the effector:target cell ratio. Activation of monocytes by recombinant human interferon γ (rIFN) (1×104 U/ml) consistently and strongly enhanced their tumoricidal activity to NB‐I cells (87 ± 6%) and this tumoricidal activity was even superior to that observed against A375 cells, which are known to be extremely sensitive to lysis by activated monocytes. In contrast, activation of monocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/ml) had no effect on monocyte‐mediated lysis of NB‐I cells, while A375 cells were equally lysed by rIFN‐ and LPS‐activated monocytes, thus suggesting that different mechanisms are involved in the monocyte‐mediated lysis of A375 melanoma and NB‐I neuroblastoma cells. Susceptibility of the neuroblastoma cell line to monocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity has not been reported so far and our results may have some clinical implication if this observation can be extended to other neuroblastoma cell lines as well.
Antitumor Effect of Recombinant Human Interleukin‐1β Alone and in Combination with Natural Human Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α
Authors: Ohkura Mitsuhiro , Fuchimoto Sadanori , Orita Kunzo
Published: March 2014

In order to investigate the antitumor effect of recombinant human interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) alone and in combination with natural human tumor necrosis factor‐α (nHuTNF‐α), we used female BDF1 mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL). IL‐1β showed an antiproliferative effect against pulmonary metastatic tumors of 3LL in a dose‐dependent manner. We observed 19.6 ± 6.6, 18.6 ± 5.3, 14.1 ± 4.4 and 13.0 ± 6.0 metastatic tumors at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 μg IL‐1β/mouse/day by daily intravenous administration (the number of metastatic tumors of the control group was 26.3 ± 8.2). Similar results were obtained by intraperitoneal administration, but in this case, mice showed a marked decrease of body weight. When IL‐1β was administered in combination with nHuTNF‐α, pulmonary metastatic tumors decreased much more than when IL‐1β was administered alone. When the control group had 18.6 ± 12.7 metastatic tumors, the nHuTNF‐α group had 12.3 ± 3.9 and the IL‐1β group had 12.8 ± 8.0, the group which was administered both cytokines had a significantly decreased number of 5.6 ± 3.3 metastatic tumors. This antiproliferative effect of IL‐1β in combination with nHuTNF‐α was reduced by the intravenous administration of anti‐asialo GM1 antibody and carrageenan. The number of metastatic tumors was increased from 8.9 ± 8.0 to 18.8 ± 11.4 by anti‐asialo GM1 antibody and from 9.5 ± 6.8 to 28.0 ± 12.3 by carrageenan. It was suggested that asialo GM1‐positive cells and macrophage were two of the most important effectors of the antiproliferative effect of IL‐1β and TNF‐α.
Bleeding peptic ulcer: An evolving role for surgical intervention
Authors: BRANICKI FRANK J , TING ALBERT CW , GERTSCH PHILIP , TUEN HENRY H , CHU KENT‐MAN , CHOW LOUIS WC , WONG JOHN
Published: March 2014

Abstract Early surgical intervention was previously advocated in patients > 60 years with bleeding peptic ulcer presenting with haemodynamic instability or ongoing transfusion requirements. It is, however, well recognized that emergency surgical intervention with its inherent risks must be reserved for highly selected patients in whom endoscopy initially fails to control exsanquinating haemorrhage or in whom life‐threatening bleeding recurs. Therapeutic endoscopy for bleeding ulcer has led to a remarkable decline in rebleeding rates, the need for emergency surgery and mortality. Octogenarians are at risk, particularly when ulcer size exceeds 2 cm. Poor surgical candidates make up two‐thirds of patients with major ulcer bleeding and operation is to be avoided if at all possible. Medical therapy with proton pump inhibitor and subsequent eradication of Helicobacter pylori following endoscopic treatment has been shown to be beneficial to outcomes. Should surgery be deemed necessary, it is likely that laparoscopic techniques to control bleeding, with or without the addition of an acid‐reducing procedure, will find a role in haemodynamically stable patients undergoing operation on an early elective basis.
Incidentally Discovered Solid Renal Masses: What Are They?
Authors: ÖZEN H. , COLOWICK A. , FREIHA F. S.
Published: March 2014

Summary— In 36 of 99 consecutive patients operated on for the presumptive diagnosis of renal carcinoma the tumour was discovered accidentally during investigations for a variety of complaints. CT and ultrasound scans were responsible for discovery of the tumour in 24 of the 36 patients. Renal carcinoma accounted for 92% of incidentally discovered solid renal masses. Of 33 incidentally diagnosed renal carcinomas 27 were stage 1. An incidentally discovered solid renal mass should be regarded as a low stage renal carcinoma until proven otherwise.
Who Needs a Prostatectomy? Review of a Waiting List
Authors: BARHAM C. P. , POCOCK R. D. , JAMES E. D.
Published: March 2014

Summary— A total of 118 patients on a waiting list for a transurethral prostatectomy, who had been selected primarily on the basis of their symptoms and the finding of an enlarged prostate, were reassessed by objective tests. Of the 107 finally studied, 44% were retained on the waiting list and a further 8% kept under review; 48% were discharged from any further follow‐up. The study reinforces the importance of objectively assessing patients presenting with urinary symptoms.
The Effect of Two‐stage Orchiopexy on Testicular Growth
Authors: CORBALLY M. T. , QUINN F. J. , GUINEY E. J.
Published: March 2014

Summary— Testicular growth was measured in 33 males who had undergone 2 orchiopexies on the developing testis. Multiple surgery on the abdominal or canalicular testis was associated with a high rate of testicular atrophy (40%) and a 46% decrease in testicular volume. A similar decrease (43%) in testicular volume was noted in those patients with an infracanalicular testis but no testis atrophied in this group. The results suggest that primary orchiectomy be considered in the high testis provided the contralateral testis is normal, or alternatively a Fowler‐Stephens or microvascular transplant if it is not. Patients with an infracanalicular testis may undergo a careful second‐stage orchiopexy. All patients with retarded testicular growth should perform routine self‐examination.
Contemporary divergence of island bird plumage
Authors: Avery Julian D. , Cassey Phillip , Lockwood Julie L.
Published: March 2014

Although the diversity in avian plumage coloration is striking, there is little known about the rate with which colour diverges. Eastern bluebirds Sialia sialis bermudensis on the island of Bermuda are considered endemic based upon differences in coloration from the mainland, but recent molecular evidence suggests they established on the island only 400 yr ago. We explored sexual dichromatism and colour divergence in this isolated population, thus providing one of the few quantitative accounts of contemporary plumage change. Contrary to expectations that sexual dichromatism would decrease in this sedentary island population, we found that males and females have increased plumage ornamentation in a coordinated fashion that acts to preserve sexual dichromatism, while plumage colour is also altered to become brighter and bluer. These differences were in place at least 100 yr ago based upon a separate analysis of museum specimens. Our results provide insight into the divergence of plumage colour in an incipient species, and we show the remarkable extent to which plumage colour can change over contemporary time frames.
Feasibility and Efficacy of Simultaneous Pulmonary Vein Isolation and Cavotricuspid Isthmus Ablation Using Cryotherapy
Authors: DHILLON PARAMDEEP S. , DOMENICHINI GIULIA , GONNA HANNEY , BASTIAENEN RACHEL , NORMAN MARK , GALLAGHER MARK M.
Published: March 2014

Cryotherapy for Simultaneous CTI Ablation and PVI

Introduction

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation are often performed as part of the same procedure. In many cases, PVI is performed by cryotherapy and then CTI ablation by radiofrequency (RF) energy. We sought to determine whether it is more efficient to perform CTI ablation simultaneously with PVI using separate cryogenerators.

Methods and Results

We performed cryoablation of the CTI during PVI with the Arctic Front cryoballoon in 25 consecutive patients with clinical indications for both (PVI/CTI‐cryo group). Procedural data were compared to those of 25 matched patients who underwent PVI only by the same operator (PVI‐only group), and 25 patients who underwent PVI by cryotherapy and CTI ablation using RF energy sequentially during the same procedure (PVI/CTI‐mixed group). No complication occurred. All veins were isolated; bidirectional CTI block was demonstrated in all cases where it was attempted, except for 1 patient in the PVI/CTI‐mixed group. Procedure and fluoroscopy duration were significantly shorter in the PVI/CTI‐cryo group (162 ± 34 and 24 ± 5 minutes) than in the PVI/CTI‐mixed group (209 ± 46 minutes, P < 0.001 and 59 ± 28 minutes, P < 0.001). Procedure and fluoroscopy duration in the PVI‐only group (155 ± 32 and 22 ± 8 minutes) were similar to those in the PVI/CTI‐cryo group (P = NS) but significantly shorter than in the PVI/CTI‐mixed group (P < 0.001 for both). Clinical outcomes were similar in all groups.

Conclusion

When CTI ablation is performed with RF energy after PVI by cryoballoon, it adds significantly to the procedure and fluoroscopy durations; when performed contemporaneously using cryotherapy at both sites, the procedure and fluoroscopy durations are not prolonged.
Improved repair of dermal wounds in mice lacking microRNA‐155
Authors: van Solingen Coen , Araldi Elisa , Chamorro‐Jorganes Aranzazu , Fernández‐Hernando Carlos , Suárez Yajaira
Published: March 2014

Wound healing is a well‐regulated but complex process that involves haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and maturation. Recent reports suggest that microRNAs (miRs) play important roles in dermal wound healing. In fact, miR deregulation has been linked with impaired wound repair. miR‐155 has been shown to be induced by inflammatory mediators and plays a central regulatory role in immune responses. We have investigated the potential role of miR‐155 in wound healing. By creating punch wounds in the skin of mice, we found an increased expression of miR‐155 in wound tissue when compared with healthy skin. Interestingly, analysis of wounds of mice lacking the expression of miR‐155 (miR‐155−/−) revealed an increased wound closure when compared with wild‐type animals. Also, the accelerated wound closing correlated with elevated numbers of macrophages in wounded tissue. Gene expression analysis of wounds tissue and macrophages isolated from miR‐155−/− mice that were treated with interleukin‐4 demonstrated an increased expression of miR‐155 targets (BCL6, RhoA and SHIP1) as well as, the finding in inflammatory zone‐1 (FIZZ1) gene, when compared with WT mice. Moreover, the up‐regulated levels of FIZZ1 in the wound tissue of miR‐155−/− mice correlated with an increased deposition of type‐1 collagens, a phenomenon known to be beneficial in wound closure. Our data indicate that the absence of miR‐155 has beneficial effects in the wound healing process.
XBP1S, a BMP2‐inducible transcription factor, accelerates endochondral bone growth by activating GEP growth factor
Authors: Guo Feng‐Jin , Xiong Zhangyuan , Han Xiaofeng , Liu Chuanju , Liu Yanna , Jiang Rong , Zhang Peng
Published: March 2014

We previously reported that transcription factor XBP1S binds to RUNX2 and enhances chondrocyte hypertrophy through acting as a cofactor of RUNX2. Herein, we report that XBP1S is a key downstream molecule of BMP2 and is required for BMP2‐mediated chondrocyte differentiation. XBP1S is up‐regulated during chondrocyte differentiation and demonstrates the temporal and spatial expression pattern during skeletal development. XBP1S stimulates chondrocyte differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and endochondral ossification ex vivo. In addition, XBP1S activates granulin‐epithelin precursor (GEP), a growth factor known to stimulate chondrogenesis, and endogenous GEP is required, at least in part, for XBP1S‐stimulated chondrocyte hypertrophy, mineralization and endochondral bone formation. Furthermore, XBP1S enhances GEP‐stimulated chondrogenesis and endochondral bone formation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that XBP1S, a BMP2‐inducible transcription factor, positively regulates endochondral bone formation by activating GEP chondrogenic growth factor.
Quantitative diet analysis of four mesopredators from a coral reef
Authors: Ashworth E. C. , Depczynski M. , Holmes T. H. , Wilson S. K.
Published: March 2014

The diets of four common mesopredator fishes were examined in the back‐reef habitat of a subtropical fringing reef system during the summer months. Quantitative gut content analyses revealed that crustaceans, represented >60% of ingested prey (% mass) by the latticed sand‐perch Parapercis clathrata, brown dottyback Pseudochromis fuscus and half‐moon grouper Epinephelus rivulatus. Dietary analyses also provided insights into ontogenetic shifts. Juvenile P. fuscus ingested large numbers of crustaceans (amphipods and isopods); these small prey were rarely found in larger individuals (<1% of ingested mass). Fishes also made an important contribution to the diets of all three species representing 10–30% of ingested mass. Conversely, the sand lizardfish Synodus dermatogenys fed exclusively on fishes including clupeids, gobies and labrids. Differences in the gut contents of the four species recorded were not apparent using stable isotope analysis of muscle tissues. The similarity of δ13C values in muscle tissues suggested that carbon within prey was derived from primary producers, with comparable carbon isotope signatures to corals and macroalgae, whilst similarities in δ15N values indicated that all four species belonged to the same trophic level. Thus, interspecific differences between mesopredator diets were undetectable when using stable isotope analysis which suggests that detailed elucidation of trophic pathways requires gut content analyses.
Diagnostic and prognostic role of SCCA‐IgM serum levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Authors: Pozzan Caterina , Cardin Romilda , Piciocchi Marika , Cazzagon Nora , Maddalo Gemma , Vanin Veronica , Giacomin Anna , Pontisso Patrizia , Cillo Umberto , Farinati Fabio
Published: March 2014

Background and Aim

The serpin squamous cell carcinoma antigen complexed with IgM (SCCA‐IgM) has been reported as a promising serological marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to further evaluate SCCA‐IgM diagnostic accuracy and to determine its prognostic role.

Methods

SCCA‐IgM levels were determined in 327 sera obtained from 81 HCC patients, 206 cirrhotics and 40 healthy blood donors (controls). Sensitivity, specificity, correlation with clinical and tumor parameters and with survival were evaluated.

Results

HCC patients had SCCA‐IgM levels significantly higher than controls and cirrhotics (P < 0.0001). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for HCC were 89%, 50%, 41% and 92%, respectively. In comparison, sensitivity and specificity for alphafetoprotein were 48% and 85%. SCCA‐IgM levels were not significantly correlated with clinical or biological variables. With a cut‐off of 130 AU/mL (receiver operating characteristic curves), SCCA‐IgM proved efficient in the prediction of prognosis, identifying the patients with long overall survival (efficiency validated in the homogenous subgroup of patients with intermediate‐stage HCC undergoing transarterial chemoembolization) and predicting progression‐free survival. A Cox multivariate analysis confirmed SCCA‐IgM predictive value, identifying tumor size and SCCA‐IgM levels as independent predictors of survival. A reduction in SCCA‐IgM levels correlated with response to treatment.

Conclusions

SCCA‐IgM is a sensitive marker of HCC in patients with cirrhosis even though lacking in specificity. The determination of the levels of the marker in HCC patients is highly efficient in predicting the patients' prognosis, identifying those with long overall and progression‐free survival and the responders and should be introduced in the clinical practice.
Assessment of efficacy of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) on infraorbital dark circles and crow's feet wrinkles
Authors: Mehryan Pedram , Zartab Hamed , Rajabi Ali , Pazhoohi Neda , Firooz Alireza
Published: March 2014

Background

Infraorbital skin hyperpigmentation, commonly called dark circles, and crow's feet wrinkles are common cosmetic concerns. Various methods of treatment have been evaluated with variable outcomes.

Objective

This study was performed to assess the efficacy of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injection for treating periorbital dark circles and crow's feet.

Methods

Ten participants with a mean age of 41.2 years were treated in a single session with intradermal injections of 1.5 mL PRP into tear trough area and crow's feet wrinkles on each side. The effects on melanin content, color homogeneity of the treated area, epidermal stratum corneum hydration, and wrinkle volume and visibility index were compared 3 months after treatment with baseline. Physician's global assessment and participants' satisfaction and any potential side effects were also assessed.

Results

The improvement in infraorbital color homogeneity was statistically significant (P = 0.010), but no statistically significant changes were observed in melanin content, stratum corneum hydration, wrinkle volume, and visibility index. Participant's satisfaction score and physician's global assessment score were 2.2 and 1.7, respectively, on a 0–3 scale.

Conclusion

Platelet‐rich plasma may have the potential to improve infraorbital dark circle in terms of color homogeneity of the region, though this remains to be proven using larger, controlled studies using multiple injections.
Contact sensitization to cosmetic series of allergens in a general population in Beijing
Authors: Zhao Jian , Li Lin‐feng
Published: March 2014

Cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis (CACD) due to common cosmetic allergens in standard series has been extensively studied; however, the prevalence of contact allergy to other cosmetic allergens other than those in standard series is largely unknown. In this study, the frequency of contact sensitization to a European cosmetic series of allergens (Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Vellinge, Sweden) in healthy university student volunteers were detected in Beijing. Of 201 students studied, fifty‐eight exhibited positive results, and 9 of them reported had cosmetics related dermatitis previously. The total positivity rate was not correlated to gender. The leading allergens were thimerosal (19.4%), shellac (3.0%), cocamidopropyl betaine (2.0%), hexamethylenetetramine (1.5%), dodecyl gallate (1.5%), hexahydro‐1,3,5‐tris‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)triazine (1.0%) and methyldibromo glutaronitrile (1.0%). The positivity rate of thimerosal patch test in men (9.8%) was lower than that of women (23.6%, P < 0.05, Chi square test), but no difference could be found between the prevalence of other cosmetic allergens in men and women (P > 0.05, Chi square test). These results suggested that some cosmetic‐related contact allergies may be missed by just testing patients with the European standard series or T.R.U.E. test system only, we recommend shellac, cocamidopropyl betaine, hexamethylenetetramine and dodecyl gallate as the additionally candidates for patch testing in patients with suspected CACD.
Fish oil supplementation induces expression of genes related to cell cycle, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a transcriptomic approach
Authors: Myhrstad M. C. W. , Ulven S. M. , Günther C.‐C. , Ottestad I. , Holden M. , Ryeng E. , Borge G. I. , Kohler A. , Brønner K. W. , Thoresen M. , Holven K. B.
Published: March 2014

Background

Fish oil supplementation has been shown to alter gene expression of mononuclear cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, little is known about the total transcriptome profile in healthy subjects after intake of fish oil. We therefore investigated the gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after intake of fish oil for 7 weeks using transcriptome analyses.

Design

In a 7‐week, double‐blinded, randomized, controlled, parallel‐group study, healthy subjects received 8 g day−1 fish oil (1.6 g day−1 eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) (n = 17) or 8 g day−1 high oleic sunflower oil (n = 19). Microarray analyses of RNA isolated from PBMCs were performed at baseline and after 7 weeks of intervention.

Results

Cell cycle, DNA packaging and chromosome organization are biological processes found to be upregulated after intake of fish oil compared to high oleic sunflower oil using a moderated t‐test. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis identified several enriched gene sets after intake of fish oil. The genes contributing to the significantly different gene sets in the subjects given fish oil compared with the control group are involved in cell cycle, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. Gene transcripts with common motifs for 35 known transcription factors including E2F, TP53 and ATF4 were upregulated after intake of fish oil.

Conclusion

We have shown that intake of fish oil for 7 weeks modulates gene expression in PBMCs of healthy subjects. The increased expression of genes related to cell cycle, ER stress and apoptosis suggests that intake of fish oil may modulate basic cellular processes involved in normal cellular function.
That straight talk: Sarah Palin and the sociolinguistics of demonstratives
Authors: Acton Eric K. , Potts Christopher
Published: March 2014

Drawing on previous analyses of the social meaning of demonstratives and other function words, we argue that the semantics of demonstratives facilitates affective uses that can be characterized as attempts by the speaker to foster a sense of shared perspective and common ground with other discourse participants. We present large‐scale quantitative evidence that this strategy is widely used and communicatively effective. We then conduct a focused case study of the demonstrative use of U.S. politician and public figure Sarah Palin, situated in the wider context of Palin's persona, style, and place in the social landscape. An analysis of television interview data shows that Palin is a distinctive and prolific user of affective demonstratives. Palin's usage highlights the context‐dependence of demonstratives’ social meaning and leads to a deeper understanding of her rhetorical strategies and the polarized reactions they have received.
Occurrence of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Biovar 1 Associated with Moko Disease of Banana (Musa paradisiaca cv. Nipah) in Malaysia
Authors: Zulperi Dzarifah , Sijam Kamaruzaman , Mior Ahmad Zainal A , Awang Yahya , Sulaiman Rashid Tavga
Published: March 2014

During June 2011 to March 2012, Moko disease symptoms were observed in banana cv. Nipah in two Malaysian states. The primer pairs ISRso19F/ISRso19R were used for defined identification of Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 strain. PCR amplification of all isolates produced a 1900 amplicon and exhibited 93% phylogenetic similarity with reference strain (AF450275). Based on symptoms, biochemical tests, pathogenicity assay, molecular and phylogenetic studies, we concluded that the isolated bacterium was R. solanacearum race 2 biovar 1.
Successful management of hepatic mucormycosis in an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patient: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tuysuz Gulen , Ozdemir Nihal , Senyuz Osman Faruk , Emre Senol , Kantarcioglu Serda , Adaletli İbrahim , Kepil Nuray , Tutuncu Çigdem , Celkan Tiraje
Published: March 2014

We present a case of hepatic mucormycosis in a 9‐year‐old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Despite long‐term use of combined liposomal amphotericin B and posaconazole therapy, the lesion persisted and could only be treated by surgical excision. After surgery, antifungal treatment was continued with posaconazole. On follow‐up, the patient had two episodes of ascending cholangitis which were responsive to intravenous antibiotics. He is doing well at the moment in remission for 2.5 years. Mucormycosis was long regarded as a fatal infection with poor prognosis. With early medical and surgical management, survival rates increase. Isolated hepatic mucormycosis is rare and only seven cases were reported in the literature up to now. We wanted to emphasise the role of early surgery in patients with hepatic mucormycosis in view of the literature.
Cost effectiveness of caspofungin vs. voriconazole for empiric therapy in Turkey
Authors: Turner S. J. , Senol E. , Kara A. , Al‐Badriyeh D. , Dinleyici E. C. , Kong D. C. M.
Published: March 2014

Invasive fungal infections from febrile neutropenia are associated with significant cost and mortality. The mainstay of treatment has been liposomal amphotericin B, however, echinocandins and azoles have shown promise as alternative treatments. Data on clinical efficacy exist, however, data incorporating pharmacoeconomic considerations are required in Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the cost effectiveness of caspofungin vs. voriconazole in empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia in Turkey. A decision analytic model was utilised, built upon two randomised‐controlled trials and supplemented with expert panel input from clinicians in Turkey. A five‐point composite outcome measure was utilised and sensitivity analyses were performed to demonstrate the robustness of the model. The base case scenario resulted in caspofungin being preferred by TL2,533, TL29,256 and TL2,536 per patient treated, successfully treated patient and patient survival, respectively (approx. USD1414, 16 328 and 1415); sensitivity analyses did not change the outcome. Monte Carlo simulation highlighted a 78.8% chance of favouring caspofungin. The result was moderately sensitive to treatment duration and acquisition cost of the antifungal agents compared. This is the first pharmacoeconomic study comparing caspofungin to voriconazole within Turkey, resulting in an advantage towards caspofungin. The study will aid in formulary decision‐making based on the clinical and economic consequences of each agent in the Turkish health care setting.
Psychometric properties of theChinese‐versionQuality ofNursingWorkLifeScale
Authors: Lee Ya‐Wen , Dai Yu‐Tzu , McCreary Linda L. , Yao Grace , Brooks Beth A.
Published: March 2014

In this study, we developed and tested the psychometric properties of theChinese‐versionQuality ofNursingWorkLifeScale along seven subscales: supportive milieu with security and professional recognition, work arrangement and workload, work/home life balance, head nurse's/supervisor's management style, teamwork and communication, nursing staffing and patient care, and milieu of respect and autonomy. An instrument‐development procedure with three phases was conducted in seven hospitals in 2010–2011. Phase I comprised translation and the cultural‐adaptation process, phase II comprised a pilot study, and phase III comprised a field‐testing process. Purposive sampling was used in the pilot study (n = 150) and the large field study (n = 1254). Five new items were added, and 85.7% of the original items were retained in the 41 item Chinese version. Principal component analysis revealed that a model accounted for 56.6% of the variance with acceptable internal consistency, concurrent validity, and discriminant validity. This study gave evidence of reliability and validity of the 41 itemChinese‐versionQuality ofNursingWorkLifeScale.
Metabolic syndrome and its related factors among Asian immigrant women in Korea
Authors: Yang Sook Ja , Chee Yeon Kyung , Kim Jung A , An Jisook
Published: March 2014

In this study, we examined the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among Asian immigrant women in Korea based on sociodemographics and health behavior‐related characteristics. The sample included 271 women from the Philippines, China, Vietnam, and other Asian countries through marriage. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and health examination. Among 67 immigrants who had complete data for determination of metabolic syndrome, 1.5% reported having metabolic syndrome, and 44.4% of the entire sample had reduced high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, which is four times higher than their Korean‐born counterparts. After controlling for age, there were significant differences in body mass index, depending on the country of origin, and weight change since immigration. Immigrants who had gained weight since immigration also had higher systolic blood pressure and triglycerides. As well as weight change, immigrants who always consumed high‐fat diets were at risk of higher triglycerides. Immigrants living in urban areas had lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. In order to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome, interventions should be directed toward the prevention of weight gain and lower fat intake after immigrating to Korea.
Effects of elevated CO2 on the extractable amino acids of leaf litter and fine roots
Authors: Top Sara M. , Filley Timothy R.
Published: March 2014

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations can change chemistry and input rate of plant tissue to soil, potentially influencing above‐ and below‐ground biogeochemical cycles. Given the important role played by leaf and root litter chemistry in controlling ecosystem function and vulnerability to environmental stresses, we investigated the hydrolyzable amino acid distribution and concentration in leaf and fine root litter among control and elevated CO2 treatments at the Rhinelander free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment (WI, USA).

We extracted hydrolyzable amino acids from leaf litter and fine (< 2 mm) roots at three depths for both control and elevated CO2 plots.

We found that elevated CO2 decreased the proportion of total leaf amino acid carbon (C), but had no effect on total leaf amino acid nitrogen (N). There was no treatment effect for total root amino acid N or amino acid C for any depth.

The decrease in leaf amino acids is probably a result of the shift of protein compounds to more structural compounds. Despite the decrease in leaf amino acid C concentrations, the overall increase in annual plant production under elevated CO2 would result in an increase in plant amino acids to the soil.