bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward collaborative open data science in metabolomics using Jupyter Notebooks and cloud computing
Authors: Mendez Kevin M. , Pritchard Leighton , Reinke Stacey N. , Broadhurst David I.
Published: September 2019

Background

A lack of transparency and reporting standards in the scientific community has led to increasing and widespread concerns relating to reproduction and integrity of results. As an omics science, which generates vast amounts of data and relies heavily on data science for deriving biological meaning, metabolomics is highly vulnerable to irreproducibility. The metabolomics community has made substantial efforts to align with FAIR data standards by promoting open data formats, data repositories, online spectral libraries, and metabolite databases. Open data analysis platforms also exist; however, they tend to be inflexible and rely on the user to adequately report their methods and results. To enable FAIR data science in metabolomics, methods and results need to be transparently disseminated in a manner that is rapid, reusable, and fully integrated with the published work. To ensure broad use within the community such a framework also needs to be inclusive and intuitive for both computational novices and experts alike.

Aim of Review

To encourage metabolomics researchers from all backgrounds to take control of their own data science, mould it to their personal requirements, and enthusiastically share resources through open science.

Key Scientific Concepts of Review

This tutorial introduces the concept of interactive web-based computational laboratory notebooks. The reader is guided through a set of experiential tutorials specifically targeted at metabolomics researchers, based around the Jupyter Notebook web application, GitHub data repository, and Binder cloud computing platform.
Seasonal influence of physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton diversity and assemblage pattern in Kailash Khal, a tropical wetland, Sundarbans, India
Authors: Gogoi Pranab , Sinha Archana , Das Sarkar Soma , Chanu Thangjam Nirupada , Yadav Anil Kumar , Koushlesh Satish Kumar , Borah Simanku , Das Sanjoy Kumar , Das Basanta Kumar
Published: September 2019

Studies were carried out from April 2016 to March 2017 for effective understanding of diversity combined with environment-influenced spatiotemporal dynamics of microfloral structure inKailash Khalwetland of Indian Sundarbans. A total of 36 phytoplankton genera were recorded from the study area. Eight major algal groups were in order of: Bacillariophyceae > Cyanophyceae > Chlorophyceae > Coscinodiscophyceae > Xanthophyceae > Euglenophyceae > Conjugatophyceae > Mediophyceae with respect to their quantitative abundance. Mean seasonal abundance was found highest in pre-monsoon (4.32 × 103 cells l−1) followed by post-monsoon (3.88 × 103 cells l−1) and monsoon (1.96 × 103 cells l−1). One-way ANOVA showed that seasonal difference in physicochemical parameters was statistically significant for temperature, DO, specific conductivity, TA, TS, Ca++, nitrate, transparency, salinity, TH, turbidity, Mg++and phosphate (p < 0.05). pH, temperature, total hardness, TDS nitrate, phosphate and silicate showed a close affinity with the distribution of phytoplankton community as evident from canonical correspondence analysis. Margalef richness index (3.121–3.774) and Shannon–Wiener diversity index (2.730–2.939) indicated moderately rich phytoplankton diversity in the wetland ecosystem.
Assessment of Coxiella burnetii presence after tick bite in north-eastern Poland
Authors: Borawski Karol , Dunaj Justyna , Czupryna Piotr , Pancewicz Sławomir , Świerzbińska Renata , Żebrowska Agnieszka , Moniuszko-Malinowska Anna
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The aim of the study is to assess anti-Coxiella burnetii antibodies presence in inhabitants of north-eastern Poland, to assess the risk of Q fever after tick bite and to assess the percentage of co-infection with other pathogens.

Methods

The serological study included 164 foresters and farmers with a history of tick bite. The molecular study included 540 patients, hospitalized because of various symptoms after tick bite. The control group consisted of 20 honorary blood donors. Anti-Coxiella burnetii antibodies titers were determined by Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Phase 1 IgG ELISA (DRG International Inc. USA). PCR was performed to detect DNA of C. burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

Results

Anti-C. burnetii IgG was detected in six foresters (7.3%). All foresters with the anti-C. burnetii IgG presence were positive toward anti-B. burgdorferi IgG and anti-TBE (tick-borne encephalitis). Anti-C. burnetii IgG was detected in five farmers (6%). Four farmers with anti-C. burnetii IgG presence were positive toward anti-B. burgdorferi IgG and two with anti-TBE. Among them one was co-infected with B. burgdorferi and TBEV. Correlations between anti-C. burnetii IgG and anti-B. burgdorferi IgG presence and between anti-C. burnetii IgG presence and symptoms of Lyme disease were observed. C. burnetii DNA was not detected in any of the 540 (0%) patients.

Conclusions

C. burnetii is rarely transmitted by ticks, but we proved that it is present in the environment, so it may be a danger to humans. The most common co-occurrence after tick bite concerns C. burnetii and B. burgdorferi.
Recycling agro-industrial waste to produce amylase and characterizing amylase–gold nanoparticle composite
Authors: Mojumdar Aditya , Deka Jashmini
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Amylase being one of the most important industrial enzymes requires large-scale production. When producing an enzyme, high productivity, high purity and low production costs need to be considered. This study focuses on comparing various agro-industrial waste substrates, for production of alpha-amylase using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Moreover, it studies the stability and activity of amylase–gold nanoparticles composite.

Methods

This study is divided into two parts, in the first part various agro-industrial waste substrates, such as wheat bran, rice bran and potato peel were used to produce alpha-amylase using solid-state fermentation (SSF). The production of the enzyme was quantified and compared in specific enzyme activity units. In the second part, change in the stability and activity of amylase in enzyme–gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) composite has been discussed.

Results

Highest enzyme production was observed in wheat bran and potato peel substrate with specific enzyme activity of almost 1.2 U/ug and 1.1 U/ug. Among combination substrates, wheat bran with potato peel showed a high enzyme production of 1.3 U/ug. On the other hand, the optimum temperature for amylase activity shifted to 55 °C in the composite compared to 37 °C for free enzyme.

Conclusions

Comparison of specific enzyme activity of extracts from various substrates showed that wheat bran alone, and in combination with potato peel, produces active and pure amylases. To stress on various catalytic activities of alpha-amylase, the capability of the enzyme to synthesize gold nanoparticles and the effect of conjugation of the nanoparticle on its optimum catalytic activity are also discussed in this paper.
Increased Risk of Cancer in Men With Peyronie’s Disease: A Cohort Study Using a Large United States Insurance Claims Database
Authors: Pastuszak Alexander W. , Thirumavalavan Nannan , Kohn Taylor P. , Lipshultz Larry I. , Eisenberg Michael L.
Published: September 2019

Background

Men with Peyronie’s disease (PD) may have an increased prevalence of certain comorbidities, including malignancy. We sought to examine the clinical relationship between PD and subsequent diagnosis of malignancy.

Methods

Using data from the IBM Health MarketScan claims database from 2007 to 2013, we compared men with PD to a control group of men without PD or erectile dysfunction matched for age and duration of follow-up. We compared incidence of 18 categories of malignancy between both groups using a Cox regression model.

Results

In total, 48,423 men with PD and 484,230 controls were identified. The mean age within both cohorts was 50 ± 9.4 years old, and mean follow-up time was approximately 4.4 ± 2.1 years. After being controlled for age, year of evaluation, obesity, smoking, number of outpatient visits, number of urologist visits, and duration of follow-up, men with PD had an increased risk of all cancers (hazard ratio = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.06–1.14), stomach cancer (1.43, 1.06–1.14), testis cancer (1.39, 1.05–1.84), and melanoma (1.19, 1.02–1.38) when compared with controls. The strengths in using the MarketScan database are the anonymous nature of the data, accessibility, and the power provided by the large number of patient visits recorded. Limitations include a lack of detail in certain facets of patient clinical data, and the lack of long-term follow-up to assess the impact of time on other potentially associated conditions.

Conclusions

This manuscript is the first to our knowledge to describe a relationship between PD and cancer. Men with PD may be at increased risk for certain malignancies compared with age-matched controls. Further investigation is needed to explore the clinical implications of these findings.
Perceived discrimination and psychotic experiences in the English general
population
Authors: Stickley Andrew , Oh Hans , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Narita Zui , DeVylder Jordan E. , Jacob Louis , Waldman Kyle , Koyanagi Ai
Published: September 2019

Background:

Perceived discrimination has been linked to psychotic experiences
(PEs). However, as yet, information is lacking on the relationship
between different forms of discrimination and PEs. This study examined
this association in the English general population.

Methods:

Nationally representative, cross-sectional data were analyzed from
7363 adults aged 16 and above that came from the Adult Psychiatric
Morbidity Survey, 2007. Self-reported information was obtained on six
forms of discrimination (ethnicity, sex, religious beliefs, age,
physical health problems/disability, sexual orientation), while PEs were
assessed with the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ). Multivariable
logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations.

Results:

In a fully adjusted logistic regression analysis, any discrimination
was significantly associated with PEs (odds ratio [OR]: 2.47, 95%
confidence interval [CI]: 1.75–3.48). All individual forms of
discrimination were significantly associated with PEs except sexual
orientation. Multiple forms of discrimination were associated with
higher odds for PEs in a monotonic fashion with those experiencing ≥ 3
forms of discrimination having over 5 times higher odds for any PE. In
addition, experiencing any discrimination was associated with
significantly increased odds for all individual forms of PE with ORs
ranging from 2.16 (95%CI: 1.40–3.35) for strange experience to 3.36
(95%CI: 1.47–7.76) for auditory hallucination.

Conclusion:

Different forms of discrimination are associated with PEs in the
general population. As discrimination is common at the societal level,
this highlights the importance of public policy and evidence-based
interventions to reduce discrimination and improve population mental
health.
Clinico-epidemiologic criteria and predictors of survival of rectal cancer among Egyptians in Delta region
Authors: Metwally Islam H. , Abdelkhalek Mohamed , Elbalka Saleh S. , Zuhdy Mohamed , Fareed Ahmed M. , Eldamshity Osama
Published: September 2019

Background Colorectal cancer represents a global health problem. Rectal cancer in particular is increasing and is believed to carry a unique epidemiologic and prognostic criteria.

Method We herein study retrospectively the data of 245 patients from a tertiary center in Egypt. Clinico-epidemiologic criteria and predictors of survival are analyzed.

Results The disease affects younger population without sex predilection. Prognosis is affected by age, nodal status, metastasis, and bowel obstruction.

Conclusion Rectal cancer has unique criteria in the Egyptian population. A national population based registry is recommended to delineate the nature of the disease in Egypt.
Narrative review comparing the epidemiology, characteristics, and survival in sporadic colorectal carcinoma/Lynch syndrome
Authors: de Matos Maria Beatriz , Barbosa Laura Elisabete , Teixeira João Paulo
Published: September 2019

Introduction Colorectal carcinoma is the third most prevalent neoplasm in the world, and the second cause of death by cancer. The most part of these neoplasms are sporadic by somatic mutations, but around 15% are hereditary, such as Lynch syndrome or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Despite being the same tumor, it has differences between these two contexts as well as different prognosis. In Lynch syndrome cases, the survival of these individuals was greater than that observed in sporadic cases.

Methods This review focuses on the different characteristics and development of colorectal carcinoma in sporadic and Lynch syndrome cases, in order to conclude what may motivate the greater survival in the tumors associated with this syndrome.

Results Although the histopathological features drive into a worse prognosis, the colorectal carcinoma in the Lynch Syndrome presents a greater survival comparing to sporadic colorectal carcinoma.

Discussion The greater survival in the colorectal carcinoma in the HNPCC compared to the sporadic carcinomas has been linked to factors such as high microsatellite instability, diploid predominance, earlier screening for colo-rectal carcinoma, deficient DNA repair mechanism, low p53 mutation rate, and presence of lymphoid aggregates involving the neoplasm.

Conclusion Further studies should be conducted to provide new insights about survival of colorectal carcinoma in Lynch syndrome, as well as the therapeutic alternatives for this neoplasia.
Prevalence of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Duhok city
Authors: Mohammad Baheej Y. , Al-Dohouky Lawin , Mohammed Ayad Ahmad
Published: September 2019

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder; celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy that can mimic any functional gastrointestinal disorder. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of celiac disease antibodies (anti Tissue Transglutaminase—tTG) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Patients and methods This cross sectional study was conducted on 70 patients with irritable bowel syndrome fulfilling Rome III criteria who visited Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok city—Iraq. Patients were classified according to irritable bowel syndrome subtypes into: Diarrhoea Predominant (D-IBS), Constipation Predominant (C-IBS) and Mixed (M-IBS). IgA and IgG anti tTG were used to screen patients for celiac disease.

Results A total number of 70 patients (44 females and 26 males) were included; their mean age was 33 years (SD ± 7.64). Five patients (7.1%) were found to have positive both IgA and IgG anti tTG. Three of them have had D-IBS and the other two had C-IBS. No one of the M-IBS patients tested positive.

Conclusion The prevalence of anti tTG antibodies in irritable bowel syndrome is high. Patients with D-IBS should be screened for celiac disease.
Microphysical Structure and Lightning Initiation in Hokuriku Winter Clouds
Authors: Takahashi T. , Sugimoto S. , Kawano T. , Suzuki K.
Published: September 2019

Hokuriku winter clouds produce frequent, positive lightning from relatively shallow clouds. To understand this phenomenon, data from Videosondes and Videosonde‐HYVIS conjoined sondes, launched from Kashiwazaki, Japan, were analyzed with radar and Lightning Location System network data. The main charge carriers were graupel particles and ice crystals, and space charge increased with their number concentrations consistent with riming electrification. Cloud structure evolved greatly over the course of cloud life. In the mature stage, space charge was positive in the cloud upper level (carried by positive ice crystals), negative in the middle level (carried by negative graupel and negative ice crystals), and positive in the lower level (carried by positive graupel). Lightning was only seen in clouds that had all of the following characteristics: cloud top temperature < −14°C, −10°C isotherm >1.2 km, space charge >2–3 pC/L, ice crystal number concentration >500 m−3, and graupel particle number concentration >20 m−3. Predominance of positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) lightning was associated with graupel number concentration <200 m−3 and graupel peak diameter ≤4 mm. The +CG strike zone tended to be downshear from the −CG strike zone. The data suggest that −CG is initiated mainly by middle‐level negative graupel in the convective cell, while +CG is initiated by positive ice crystals in the upper domain, displaced by wind shear and descending. A major contributor to ice crystal number density is a novel ice multiplication process in which graupel‐surface ice branches are broken‐off in large numbers and subsequently grow into ice crystals.
How Volcanic Mountains Cool the Climate
Authors: Poppick Laura
Published: September 2019

Though coastal plutons spew greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as they form, they also pull some of those gases back out of the atmosphere as they break down over time.
So You Want to Write an Abstract
Authors: Ambrogio Olivia
Published: September 2019

Abstracts are the gateway to conference talks, posters, and papers. You too can have it all, with a few tips to get that submission out the door.
Comparison of Electron Loss Models in the Inner Magnetosphere During the 2013 St. Patrick's Day Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Ferradas C. P. , Jordanova V. K. , Reeves G. D. , Larsen B. A.
Published: September 2019

Electrons with energies in the keV range play an important role in the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere. Therefore, accurately modeling electron fluxes in this region is of great interest. However, these calculations constitute a challenging task since the lifetimes of electrons that are available have limitations. In this study, we simulate electron fluxes in the energy range of 20 eV to 100 keV to assess how well different electron loss models can account for the observed electron fluxes during the Geospace Environment Modelling Challenge Event of the 2013 St. Patrick's Day storm. Three models (Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3) of electron lifetimes due to wave‐induced pitch angle scattering are used to compute the fluxes, which are compared with measurements from the Van Allen Probes. The three models consider electron losses due to interactions with whistler mode hiss waves inside the plasmasphere and with whistler mode chorus waves outside the plasmasphere. The Case 1 (historical) model produces excessive loss at low L shells before and after the storm, suggesting that it overestimates losses due to hiss during quiet times. During the storm main phase and early recovery all three models show good agreement with the observations, indicating that losses due to chorus during disturbed times are, in general, well accounted for by the models. Furthermore, the more recent Case 2 and Case 3 models show overall better agreement with the observed fluxes.
The Relationship Between Photoelectron Boundary and Steep Electron Density Gradient on Mars: MAVEN Observations
Authors: Han Qianqian , Fan Kai , Cui Jun , Wei Yong , Fraenz Markus , Dubinin Eduard , Chai Lihui , Rong Zhaojin , Wan Weixing , Andersson Laila , Mitchell David L. , Connerney J.E.P.
Published: September 2019

The Martian ionopause is generally identified as a steep electron density gradient and the peak of photoelectrons near 27 eV. However, it is not clear whether these two criteria identify the same position in the Martian ionopause region. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) provides a good chance to compare both criteria for the first time with electron density data taken from the Langmuir probe and electron energy spectra from the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer. We identified 1,121 steep electron density gradients and 4,275 photoelectron boundary crossings within the first 2.7 years of MAVEN data. Observations show that two boundaries are nearly collocated when being observed simultaneously (about 15% of the available dataset). But when averaged over all observations, the photoelectron boundary locates higher than the steep electron density gradient. This may suggest a strong dependency of the Martian ionopause on magnetic field configuration in the Martian ionosphere. Results are generally consistent with previous observations made by Mars Express (MEX) and improve our understanding of the Martian ionosphere.
A Career in Thin Air
Authors: Nagy Andrew F.
Published: September 2019

This is a description of my 60‐year career in space science. I was lucky that my career started pretty much with the beginning of the space science era, when most measurements presented something new, exciting, and unexpected. It was also a time when there were plenty of opportunities and finding support was relatively easy.
Middle Atmosphere Temperature Trends in the Twentieth and Twenty‐First Centuries Simulated With the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM)
Authors: Garcia Rolando R. , Yue Jia , Russell James M.
Published: September 2019

We use Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model simulations made under various climate change scenarios to study the evolution of the global‐mean temperature trend in the late twentieth century and the twenty‐first century. Results are compared with available satellite observations, including new trend estimates derived from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument on NASA's TIMED spacecraft. Modeled and observed trends are shown to be consistent throughout the entire middle atmosphere, from near the tropopause (~16 km) to the lower thermosphere (~95 km) in the period covered by the satellite data. Simulations are extended into the twenty‐first century to document the evolution of the global‐mean temperature trend profile. We find, consistent with previous studies, a marked change in the trend profile at the turn of the twenty‐first century, which is driven by the recovery of stratospheric ozone following the adoption of the Montreal Protocol. In the twenty‐first century, the trend profile becomes more uniform with altitude, but its overall shape and magnitude are conditioned by the scenario adopted for future emissions of greenhouse gases. Our results suggest that the vertical profile of temperature trends in the middle atmosphere will remain an important signature of global climate change, and they underscore the importance of global, continuous monitoring of this region of the atmosphere.
A Statistical Study on the Climatology of the Equatorial Plasma Depletions Occurrence at Topside Ionosphere During Geomagnetic Disturbed Periods
Authors: Wan Xin , Xiong Chao , Wang Hui , Zhang Kedeng , Zheng Zhichao , He Yangfan , Yu Lei
Published: September 2019

Using the in situ measurements of ROCSAT‐1 satellite during 181 geomagnetic storms happened from July 1999 to June 2004, a superposed epoch analysis of the equatorial plasma depletions (EPDs) occurrence is conducted. At postsunset hours (1800–2200 LT), the EPDs occurrence is enhanced shortly at the storm onset, but afterward, a long‐last suppression dominates. The EPDs occurrence at Midnight (2200–0200 LT) generally shares a similar pattern to that at postsunset hours. The occurrence at predawn (0200–0400) gradual increases near storm onset and reach its maximum at 6–9 hr and decays until 18 hr. For a given longitude at postsunset/midnight, the EPDs occurrence tends to be suppressed or promoted when the EPDs do or do not prevail. The disturbed vertical plasma drift generally determines the inhibition/promotion of the EPDs occurrence at postsunset/predawn. However, for predawn EPDs occurrence, the plasma vertical drift cannot well explain the longitudinal variation. The continuous observations from consecutive orbits of ROCSAT‐1 are carefully compared and the result suggests that the geomagnetic storm‐induced additional predawn EPDs are preferred to be the longer‐lived developed EPDs rather than fresh EPDs. In addition, a possible mechanism concerning the background plasma density enhancement which might be related with the energetic electrons induced nighttime ionization is proposed.
Nonmonsoon Precipitation Dominates Groundwater Recharge Beneath a Monsoon‐Affected Glacier in Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Kong Yanlong , Wang Ke , Pu Tao , Shi Xiaoyi
Published: September 2019

Groundwater recharge is poorly understood beneath the glacier due to the complex sampling conditions, although it is sensitive to the global change. Here we carried out the sampling and isotopic analysis on groundwater, ice‐melt water, river, and precipitation through a hydrological year at the lowest glacier of Mingyong in Hengduan Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The precipitation during the monsoon seasons (Pm) are more depleted in heavy isotopes than precipitation during the nonmonsoon seasons (Pnm) due to the influence of monsoon. The ice‐melt water and groundwater points are both found located left above the local meteoric water line (δ2H = 8.0δ18O + 8.0) and form lines of δ2H = 6.3δ18O – 10.0 and δ2H = 4.2δ18O – 37.6, respectively. However, their mean isotopic values are both larger than the weighted annual mean of precipitation isotopes. All of the phenomena above points to the occurring of refreezing process after excluding the evaporation process. A theoretical model is built to confirm the refreezing process that causes the lower slope of ice‐melt water line. The groundwater line is explained as a mixing line with ice‐melt water and precipitation with contributions of 46 ± 22% and 54 ± 22%, respectively. For the precipitation contribution, we propose a plausible conceptual model that groundwater comes primarily from Pnm (41 ± 17%), and minor from Pm (13 ± 17%). In this context, it is equivalent to 87 ± 28% groundwater recharged by Pnm because the glacier is mainly accumulated from Pnm. The findings highlight the importance of the Pnm recharging groundwater even in the monsoon‐affected glacial regions.
Mass Balance Variation and Associative Climate Drivers for the Dongkemadi Glacier in the Central Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liang Liqiao , Cuo Lan , Liu Qiang
Published: September 2019

Glacier mass balance is a critical parameter in assessing glacial changes and meltwater runoff associated with climate change. This study used a modified distributed surface energy balance model at 3 hr temporal and 100‐ × 100‐m spatial resolutions to reconstruct a 1960–2009 mass balance time series of the alpine Dongkemadi Glacier in the central region of the Tibetan Plateau. The modified distributed surface energy balance model was able to reasonably simulate glacier mass balance estimations. The average annual mass balance of the reconstructed long‐term time series was −0.125 m w.e. (meter water equivalent), and the cumulative mass balance was −6.245 m w.e. throughout 1960–2009. Simulation results revealed that the glacier mass balance was more readily influenced by changes in air temperature (−362 mm w.e. [millimeter water equivalent]) than changes in precipitation (+138 mm w.e.). Therefore, a decreasing trend in the annual mass balance mainly derived from increasing air temperature throughout the simulated study period, although increasing precipitation inhibited the glacier ablation trend to some extent. Throughout 1960–2009, the glacial ablation zone expanded as shown by an increase in the equilibrium line altitude. This study offers comprehensive information on an important glacier monitored under harsh environmental conditions while aiding in our understanding of glacial response to climate change, using a method that can be applied to other glaciers to which mass balance observations are limited.
Validating the Water Vapor Variance Similarity Relationship in the Interfacial Layer Using Observations and Large‐Eddy Simulations
Authors: Osman M. K. , Turner D. D. , Heus T. , Wulfmeyer V.
Published: September 2019

In previous work, the similarity relationship for the water vapor variance in the interfacial layer (IL) at the top of the convective boundary layer (CBL) was proposed to be proportional to the convective velocity scale and the gradients of the water vapor mixing ratio and the Brunt‐Vaisala frequency in the entrainment zone. In the presence of wind shear in the IL, the similarity relationship was hypothesized to also include a dependence on the gradient Richardson number. Simultaneous measurements of the surface buoyancy flux, wind‐shear profiles from a radar wind profiler, water vapor mixing ratio and temperature measurements and their gradients from a Raman lidar provide a unique opportunity to thoroughly examine the function used in defining the variance and validate it. These observations were made over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site. We identified 19 cases from 2016 during which the CBL was quasi‐stationary and well mixed for at least 2 hr in the afternoon. Furthermore, we simulated the CBL using a large‐eddy simulation (LES) model for these cases and derived the water vapor variance and other profiles to test the similarity function. Utilizing this unique combination of observations and LES, we demonstrate that the water vapor variance in the IL has little‐to‐no dependence on wind shear. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the predicted variance using the original similarity function matches the observed and LES‐modeled variance very well, with linear correlations between the two variances of 0.82 and 0.95, respectively.
Modulation of the MJO‐Related Teleconnections by the QBO
Authors: Feng Pei‐Ning , Lin Hai
Published: September 2019

Previous studies have provided observational evidence for a correlation between certain phases of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), at a lag of about 10 days. Such a relation implies that the tropical convection of the MJO may provide sources of skill for subseasonal predictions in the extratropical regions. In this study, we show that the MJO‐NAO connection is influenced by the phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO). During the westerly phase of QBO (WQBO), a stronger and longer lasting MJO‐NAO teleconnection is observed. About 10 days after the MJO phase 3 (7), which corresponds to enhanced (suppressed) diabatic heating anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean and reduced (enhanced) convection in the western Pacific, a positive (negative) NAO tends to occur. On the other hand, under the easterly phase of QBO (EQBO), the MJO‐NAO teleconnection is also observed, but weaker and with less statistical significance. The QBO possibly influences the MJO‐related teleconnection by modulating the extratropical basic state. During WQBO years, there is subtropical anomalous westerly wind in the North Pacific, and as a result, the enhanced subtropical westerly jet provides a favorable environment for the MJO‐induced extratropical Rossby wave to propagate. The anomalous high‐latitude North Atlantic westerly is also favorable for troposphere‐stratosphere coupling and for the NAO to develop.
Geostationary Lightning Mapper and Earth Networks Lightning Detection Over the Contiguous United States and Dependence on Flash Characteristics
Authors: Marchand Max , Hilburn Kyle , Miller Steven D.
Published: September 2019

This study compared the detection capabilities of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) and ground‐based Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENL) over the contiguous United States (CONUS) from 25 April 2017 to 5 May 2018. GLM detection efficiency (DE) relative to ENL varied spatially with greater DE in the southeastern United States and lower DE in the Northern Plains. Regions with greater DE were often regions where most intracloud flashes had normal positive polarity, while lower DE regions frequently had inverted negative intracloud. According to the tripolar noninductive charging model, inverted intracloud flashes are lower altitude than normal intracloud flashes. This lower altitude flash may result in greater cloud scattering of the optical lightning signal, which at cloud top is less than the GLM detection limits. DE was generally also greater for greater absolute peak current flashes, which serves as a proxy for optical energy. Additionally, GLM observed flashes to be generally greater in area and duration in the eastern relative to the western CONUS, which may result in the greater DE. GLM DE was also varied with the solar zenith angle as greatest DE occurred at night. ENL DE relative to GLM was varied spatially over CONUS with greater DE over eastern CONUS. ENL DE was greater for flashes of greater GLM flash radiant energy, area, and duration.
Mie Scattering Captures Observed Optical Properties of Ambient Biomass Burning Plumes Assuming Uniform Black, Brown, and Organic Carbon Mixtures
Authors: Chylek Petr , Lee James E. , Romonosky Dian E. , Gallo Francesca , Lou Sijia , Shrivastava Manish , Carrico Christian M. , Aiken Allison C. , Dubey Manvendra K.
Published: September 2019

We use a simple model of a spherical biomass burning aerosol particle containing an internal mixture of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) with an effective refractive index calculated as a volume fraction‐weighted mean of refractive indices. Brown carbon (BrC) is considered to be an OC with an imaginary part of refractive index at the blue end of the solar spectrum higher (in absolute value) than at the red end. Mie‐scattering formalism is employed to calculate absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) as a function of single‐scattering albedo (SSA) for a set of BC refractive indices, BC volume fraction, and a set of effective refractive indices of BC and BrC mixtures. Ambient plumes are characterized by their mean SSA at 405 nm wavelength and two‐wavelength (405 and 781 nm) AAE values. Comparing observed and model‐calculated AAE and SSA values identifies the BC refractive index and its volume fraction and an effective refractive index of the BC and BrC mixture. From these values, the imaginary part of BrC refractive index is calculated. For observed southwestern ambient fires, the imaginary part of BrC refractive index is ≤0.016. In contrast, fires in the Amazon and from Africa are dominated by BC. We also use the Mie scattering model to establish the upper limit on AAE of BC (AAE ≤ 1.4) and the upper limit of the BC and OC mixture (AAE ≤ 1.7). Any AAE(405/781) > 1.7 requires the presence of BrC. We derive several relationships between AAE, SSA, BC fractions, and an imaginary part of BrC refractive index of ambient fires.
Physics‐Based Simulation for Studying the Impact of Contact Resistance on DC and RF Characteristics of AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMT
Authors: Rastogi Gunjan , Kaneriya R. K. , Sinha Santanu , Upadhyay R. B. , Bhattacharya A. N.
Published: September 2019

Formation of a two‐dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructures plays a vital role in high power and high frequency device technology. Such kinds of heterostructures are used for the fabrication of high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Ohmic contacts to AlGaN/AlN/GaN‐based heterostructures with low contact resistance and smooth surface are crucial in the development of high power, high frequency transistors in the GaN system. In the present study, physics‐based simulation of impact of ohmic contact resistance on DC and RF characteristics of AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMT on 6H‐SiC substrate has been addressed for the first time. Samples A, B, and C of contact resistance 0.25, 0.27, and 0.59 Ω * mm, respectively, were fabricated with different process variations. By using measured contact resistance values, physics‐based simulation of 100‐nm gate length GaN HEMT was done, and corresponding device behavior was studied using TCAD. It has also been shown that simulated results for AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure are closely matching with reported measured data.
Ecohydrology of Interannual Changes in Watershed Storage
Authors: Rice Joshua S. , Emanuel Ryan E.
Published: September 2019

Watershed studies often rely on the assumption that interannual storage changes are negligible in the hydrologic balance of a watershed. The assumption can be useful and is sometimes necessary, but it is widely acknowledged as unrealistic. Identifying and understanding systematic deviations from hydrologic steady state has important implications for both hydrologic research and water management. To that end, we evaluated the magnitude of interannual changes in storage for nearly 1000 watersheds in the conterminous United States for the 10‐year period 2002 to 2011 using ground‐based and remotely sensed data. We evaluated relationships between changes in storage (i.e., deviations from hydrologic steady state), vegetation cover, and hydroclimatic variables. Analysis of results using a Budyko framework revealed that, in general, greater evaporative partitioning led to smaller deviations from hydrologic steady state. Additional analysis using gradient boosted regression tree modeling identified an inverse relationship between forest cover and the magnitude of deviations from hydrologic steady state. In fact, modeling showed forest cover to be a stronger driver of variability in deviations from steady state than any hydroclimatic variable. We discuss ecohydrological feedbacks capable of contributing to steady‐state conditions in forested watersheds, and we discuss implications of these results for the coevolution of watersheds, vegetation, and climate.
Analysis of the Effects of Dam Release Properties and Ambient Groundwater Flow on Surface Water‐Groundwater Exchange Over a 100‐km‐Long Reach
Authors: Ferencz Stephen B. , Cardenas M. Bayani , Neilson Bethany T.
Published: September 2019

Hydroelectric dams often create highly dynamic downstream flows that promote surface water‐groundwater (SW‐GW) interactions including bank storage, the temporary storage of river water in the riverbank. Previous research on SW‐GW exchanges in dammed rivers has primarily been at single study sites, which has limited the understanding of how these exchanges evolve as dam releases travel downstream. This study evaluates how dam releases affect SW‐GW exchange continuously over a 100‐km distance. This is accomplished by longitudinally routing water releases through a synthetic river and modeling bed and bank fluid and solute exchange across transverse transects spaced along the reach. Peak and square dam release hydrograph shapes with three magnitudes (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m) were considered. The effect of four ambient groundwater flow conditions (very slightly losing, neutral, and two gaining from the perspective of the river) was evaluated for each dam release scenario. Both types of dam release shapes cause SW‐GW interaction over the entire 100‐km distance, and our results show that square type releases cause bank storage exchange well beyond this distance. Strongly gaining conditions reduce the amount of exchange and allow flushing of river‐sourced solute out of the bank after the dam pulse has passed. Both neutral and losing conditions have larger fluid and solute flux into the bank and limit the amount of solute that returns to the river. Our results support that river corridors downstream of dams have increased river‐aquifer connectivity and that this enhanced connectivity can extend at least 100 km downstream.
A controllable local drug delivery system based on porous fibers for synergistic treatment of melanoma and promoting wound healing
Authors: Yuan Zhipeng , Zhang Kexin , Jiao Xiangyu , Cheng Yaru , Zhang Yiyi , Zhang Peixun , Zhang Xueji , Wen Yongqiang
Published: September 2019

A controllable local drug delivery system can effectively inhibit melanoma growth with chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy and accelerate wound healing.
A novel crystalline azine-linked three-dimensional covalent organic framework for CO2 capture and conversion
Authors: Guan Pengxin , Qiu Jikuan , Zhao Yuling , Wang Huiyong , Li Zhiyong , Shi Yunlei , Wang Jianji
Published: September 2019

A novel crystalline azine-linked three-dimensional covalent organic framework was rationally synthesized and exhibited excellent performance in CO2 adsorption and conversion.
Phosphine-mediated sequential annulations of allenyl ketone and isocyanide: a bicyclization strategy to access a furan-fused eight-membered ring and a spirocycle
Authors: Xue Bingxiang , Su Shikuan , Cui Yongmei , Fei Youwen , Jia Xueshun , Li Jian , Fang Jianhui
Published: September 2019

Phosphine-mediated cascade annulations of allenyl ketone and isocyanide have been disclosed. This strategy enables the efficient synthesis of a furan-fused eight-membered ring and a spirocycle.
Ruthenium-catalyzed synthesis of N-substituted lactams by acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of diols with primary amines
Authors: Zheng Yanling , Nie Xufeng , Long Yang , Ji Li , Fu Haiyan , Zheng Xueli , Chen Hua , Li Ruixiang
Published: September 2019

The first synthesis of N-substituted lactams via an acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of diols with primary amines in one step was enabled by combining Ru3(CO)12 with a hybrid N-heterocyclic carbene–phosphine–phosphine ligand as the catalyst.
Energetic transition metal salts of 5,5′-dinitramino-3,3′-methylene-1H-1,2,4-bistriazole: syntheses, structures and properties
Authors: Wang Yanna , Yang Xiaoming , Zhang Weijing , Li Haibo , Li Zhimin , Wang Lin , Zhang Tonglai
Published: September 2019

Five energetic transition metal salts based on H2DNAMT were synthesized. Meanwhile, H2DNAMT was oxidized to H2BNATO due to Fe3+ in [Fe(BNATO)(H2O)4]·2H2O. All of the metal salts exhibit comparable thermal stability and insensitivity.
Hydrate nucleation and growth on water droplets acoustically-levitated in high-pressure natural gas
Authors: Jeong Kwanghee , Metaxas Peter J. , Chan Joel , Kuteyi Temiloluwa O. , Aman Zachary M. , Stanwix Paul L. , Johns Michael L. , May Eric F.
Published: September 2019

We present the first quantitative measurements of hydrate formation probability, nucleation rate and growth on a water droplet suspended within a high pressure natural gas by acoustic levitation.
Chemical characterization of the main bioactive polyphenols from the roots ofMorus australis(mulberry)
Authors: Guo Sen , Liu Li , Zhang Shanshan , Yang Chuang , Yue Wenping , Zhao Haoan , Ho Chi-Tang , Du Junfeng , Zhang Hai , Bai Naisheng
Published: September 2019

Polyphenols from mulberry roots possess antitumor activity and α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities.
Photochemical HER activity of layered metal phospho-sulfides and -selenides
Authors: Barua Manaswee , Ayyub Mohd Monis , Vishnoi Pratap , Pramoda K. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: September 2019

Various mono and bimetallic phosphochalcogenides are synthesized from their constituent elements and exfoliated down to few-layers by sonication in aqueous media and their photochemical HER activity is investigated.
Immobilizing an organic electrode material through π–π interaction for high-performance Li-organic batteries
Authors: Fang Chun , Ye Zhao , Wang Yanjie , Zhao Xiaolin , Huang Ying , Zhao Ruirui , Liu Jianjun , Han Jiantao , Huang Yunhui
Published: September 2019

A CuTCNQ electrode is immobilized with a graphene oxide modified separator through π–π interaction between sp2-C and soluble aromatic active molecules.
Negative electron affinity driven broadband absorption of Cs3+nPbnSb2I9+3n/GaN van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Yang Xiao-dong , Shu Hai-bo , Wang Xin-xin , Shen Yang , Shen Nai-feng , Wang Bao-lin , Wan Jian-guo , Wang Guang-hou
Published: September 2019

Negative electron affinity endows Cs3+nPbnSb2I9+3n/GaN heterostructures with broadband optical response from infrared to ultraviolet light with 28.5% PCE.
Multi-scale analysis of the Monoceros OB 1 star-forming region
Authors: Montillaud Julien , Juvela Mika , Vastel Charlotte , He Jinhua , Liu Tie , Ristorcelli Isabelle , Eden David J. , Kang Sung-ju , Kim Kee-Tae , Koch Patrick M. , Lee Chang Won , Rawlings Mark G. , Saajasto Mika , Sanhueza Patricio , Soam Archana , Zahorecz Sarolta , Alina Dana , Bögner Rebeka , Cornu David , Doi Yasuo , Malinen Johanna , Marshall Douglas J. , Micelotta Elisabetta R. , Pelkonen Veli-Matti , Tóth L. Viktor , Traficante Alessio , Wang Ke
Published: September 2019

Context. Current theories and models attempt to explain star formation globally, from core scales to giant molecular cloud scales. A multi-scale observational characterisation of an entire molecular complex is necessary to constrain them. We investigate star formation in G202.3+2.5, a ∼10 × 3 pc sub-region of the Monoceros OB1 cloud with a complex morphology that harbours interconnected filamentary structures.

Aims. We aim to connect the evolution of cores and filaments in G202.3+2.5 with the global evolution of the cloud and to identify the engines of the cloud dynamics.

Methods. In this first paper, the star formation activity is evaluated by surveying the distributions of dense cores and protostars and their evolutionary state, as characterised using both infrared observations from the Herschel and WISE telescopes and molecular line observations with the IRAM 30 m telescope.

Results. We find ongoing star formation in the whole cloud, with a local peak in star formation activity around the centre of G202.3+2.5, where a chain of massive cores (10 − 50 M⊙) forms a massive ridge (≳150 M⊙). All evolutionary stages from starless cores to Class II protostars are found in G202.3+2.5, including a possibly starless and massive (52 M⊙) core, which presents a high column density (8 × 1022 cm−2).

Conclusions. All the core-scale observables we examined point to an enhanced star formation activity that is centred on the junction between the three main branches of the ramified structure of G202.3+2.5. This suggests that the increased star formation activity results from the convergence of these branches. To further investigate the origin of this enhancement, it is now necessary to extend the analysis to larger scales in order to examine the relationship between cores, filaments, and their environment. We address these points through the analysis of the dynamics of G202.3+2.5 in a joint paper.
From Mondini to the latest inner ear malformations’ classifications
Authors: Brotto Davide , Uberti Andrea , Manara Renzo
Published: September 2019

More than two hundred years ago, the Italian Carlo Mondini described the first inner ear malformation (IEM). From that moment, a lot of authors from all over the world put their effort on the discovery, description and classification of IEMs. Anatomists, radiologists and surgeons were involved in this amazing field. But the desire for more information on these anomalies should not be considered ephemeral; a deeper understanding of these pathologies has led over the years to the development of new surgical techniques and approaches for auditory rehabilitation of patients affected by congenital hearing loss. The development of new technologies, in particular in radiology and otolaryngology, had a tremendous impact on the evolution of the classification systems proposed over the decades. The evolution of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cochlear implants is still having a great effect in current clinical management of this kind of patients. Even though so much was obtained over the centuries, we cannot really say that the quest is over. The present review aims to sum up the main historical steps that led to the development of the modern classification systems of IEMs.
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors Across the Spectrum of Hypertension
Authors: Sanidas Elias A , Papadopoulos Dimitrios P , Hatziagelaki Erifili , Grassos Charalampos , Velliou Maria , Barbetseas John
Published: September 2019

Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors represent a novel class of oral antihyperglycemic drugs that have been approved over the last decade for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Except the glucose-lowering effects, robust evidence also suggests that SGLT2 inhibitors confer benefits in cardiovascular system. The purpose of this review was to investigate the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors across the spectrum of arterial hypertension.