bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthographic and Phonological Preview Benefits: Parafoveal Processing in Skilled and Less-Skilled Deaf Readers
Authors: Bélanger Nathalie N. , Mayberry Rachel I. , Rayner Keith
Published: February 2013

Many deaf individuals do not develop the high-level reading skills that will allow them to fully take part into society. To attempt to explain this widespread difficulty in the deaf population, much research has honed in on the use of phonological codes during reading. The hypothesis that the use of phonological codes is associated with good reading skills in deaf readers, though not well supported, still lingers in the literature. We investigated skilled and less-skilled adult deaf readers' processing of orthographic and phonological codes in parafoveal vision during reading by monitoring their eye movements and using the boundary paradigm. Orthographic preview benefits were found in early measures of reading for skilled hearing, skilled deaf, and less-skilled deaf readers, but only skilled hearing readers processed phonological codes in parafoveal vision. Crucially, skilled and less-skilled deaf readers showed a very similar pattern of preview benefits during reading. These results support the notion that reading difficulties in deaf adults are not linked to their failure to activate phonological codes during reading.
Loss-of-function mutations in the IL-21 receptor gene cause a primary immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Kotlarz Daniel , Ziętara Natalia , Uzel Gulbu , Weidemann Thomas , Braun Christian J. , Diestelhorst Jana , Krawitz Peter M. , Robinson Peter N. , Hecht Jochen , Puchałka Jacek , Gertz E. Michael , Schäffer Alejandro A. , Lawrence Monica G. , Kardava Lela , Pfeifer Dietmar , Baumann Ulrich , Pfister Eva-Doreen , Hanson Eric P. , Schambach Axel , Jacobs Roland , Kreipe Hans , Moir Susan , Milner Joshua D. , Schwille Petra , Mundlos Stefan , Klein Christoph
Published: February 2013

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) represent exquisite models for studying mechanisms of human host defense. In this study, we report on two unrelated kindreds, with two patients each, who had cryptosporidial infections associated with chronic cholangitis and liver disease. Using exome and candidate gene sequencing, we identified two distinct homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the interleukin-21 receptor gene (IL21R; c.G602T, p.Arg201Leu and c.240_245delCTGCCA, p.C81_H82del). The IL-21RArg201Leu mutation causes aberrant trafficking of the IL-21R to the plasma membrane, abrogates IL-21 ligand binding, and leads to defective phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, and STAT5. We observed impaired IL-21–induced proliferation and immunoglobulin class-switching in B cells, cytokine production in T cells, and NK cell cytotoxicity. Our study indicates that human IL-21R deficiency causes an immunodeficiency and highlights the need for early diagnosis and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in affected children.
On Cartan subalgebras and Cartan subspaces of nonsymmetric pairs of Lie algebras
Authors: Širola Boris
Published: February 2013

Let

(

g

,

g

1

)

(\mathfrak g,\mathfrak g_1)

be a pair of Lie algebras, defined over a field of characteristic zero, where

g

\mathfrak g

is semisimple and

g

1

\mathfrak g_1

is a subalgebra reductive in

g

\mathfrak g

. We prove a result giving a necessary and sufficient technical condition so that the following holds: (

Q

1

\boldsymbol {\mathsf {Q}1}

) For any Cartan subalgebra

h

1

⊆

g

1

\mathfrak h_1\subseteq \mathfrak g_1

there exists a unique Cartan subalgebra

h

⊆

g

\mathfrak h\subseteq \mathfrak g

containing

h

1

\mathfrak h_1

. Next we study a class of pairs

(

g

,

g

1

)

(\mathfrak g,\mathfrak g_1)

, satisfying (

Q

1

\boldsymbol {\mathsf {Q}1}

), which we call Cartan pairs. For such pairs and the corresponding Cartan subspaces, we prove some useful results that are classical for symmetric pairs. Thus we extend a part of the previous research on Cartan subspaces done by Dixmier, Lepowsky and McCollum.
Mapping and analysis of phosphorylation sites: a quick guide for cell biologists
Authors: Dephoure Noah , Gould Kathleen L. , Gygi Steven P. , Kellogg Douglas R.
Published: February 2013

A mechanistic understanding of signaling networks requires identification and analysis of phosphorylation sites. Mass spectrometry offers a rapid and highly sensitive approach to mapping phosphorylation sites. However, mass spectrometry has significant limitations that must be considered when planning to carry out phosphorylation-site mapping. Here we provide an overview of key information that should be taken into consideration before beginning phosphorylation-site analysis, as well as a step-by-step guide for carrying out successful experiments.
Signatures of Recombination in Clonal Lineages of the Citrus Brown Spot Pathogen, Alternaria alternata sensu lato
Authors: Stewart Jane E. , Thomas Kalyn A. , Lawrence Christopher B. , Dang Ha , Pryor Barry M. , Timmer L. M. (Pete) , Peever Tobin L.
Published: February 2013

Most Alternaria spp. are considered asexual but recent molecular evolution analyses of Alternaria mating-type genes show that the mating locus is under strong purifying selection, indicating a possible role in sexual reproduction. The objective of this study was to determine the mode of reproduction of an Alternaria alternata sensu lato population causing citrus brown spot in central Florida. Mating type of each isolate was determined, and isolates were sequenced at six putatively unlinked loci. Three genetically distinct subpopulations (SH1, SH4A, and SH4B) were identified using network and Bayesian population structure analyses. Results demonstrate that most subpopulations of A. alternata associated with citrus are clonal but some have the ability to extensively recombine through a cryptic sexual cycle or parasexual cycle. Although isolates were sampled in close physical proximity (≈2,500-m2 area), we were able to reject a random mating model using multilocus gametic disequilibrium tests for two subpopulations, SH1 and SH4B, suggesting that these subpopulations were predominantly asexual. However, three recombination events were identified in SH1 and SH4B and localized to individuals of opposite mating type, possibly indicating meiotic recombination. In contrast, in the third subpopulation (SH4A), where only one mating type was present, extensive reticulation was evident in network analyses, and multilocus gametic disequilibrium tests were consistent with recombination. Recombination among isolates of the same mating type suggests that a nonmeiotic mechanism of recombination such as the parasexual cycle may be operating in this subpopulation. The level of gene flow detected among subpopulations does not appear to be sufficient to prevent differentiation, and perhaps future speciation, of these A. alternata subpopulations.
PURTSCHER-LIKE RETINOPATHY IN ASSOCIATION WITH METASTATIC PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA AND CAPECITABINE THERAPY
Authors: Shah Rohan J. , Choudhry Netan , Leiderman Yannek I.
Published: February 2013

Purpose:

To report a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy in association with capecitabine chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Methods:

Case report.

Results:

Bilateral retinal hemorrhages and cotton-wool spots in a predominantly juxtapapillary distribution were observed coincident with decreased vision. There was gradual improvement of the retinopathy and patient's vision over several months until the time of death.

Conclusion:

Metastatic pancreatic cancer and capecitabine, a fluoropyrimidine chemotherapeutic agent, are a rare cause of Purtscher-like retinopathy.
Size-dependent physiological responses of shore crabs to single and repeated playback of ship noise
Authors: Wale Matthew A. , Simpson Stephen D. , Radford Andrew N.
Published: February 2013

Anthropogenic noise has fundamentally changed the acoustics of terrestrial and aquatic environments, and there is growing empirical evidence that even a single noise exposure can affect behaviour in a variety of vertebrate organisms. Here, we use controlled experiments to investigate how the physiology of a marine invertebrate, the shore crab (
Carcinus maenas
), is affected by both single and repeated exposure to ship-noise playback. Crabs experiencing ship-noise playback consumed more oxygen, indicating a higher metabolic rate and potentially greater stress, than those exposed to ambient-noise playback. The response to single ship-noise playback was size-dependent, with heavier crabs showing a stronger response than lighter individuals. Repeated exposure to ambient-noise playback led to increased oxygen consumption (probably due to handling stress), whereas repeated exposure to ship-noise playback produced no change in physiological response; explanations include the possibility that crabs exhibited a maximal response on first exposure to ship-noise playback, or that they habituated or become tolerant to it. These results highlight that invertebrates, like vertebrates, may also be susceptible to the detrimental impacts of anthropogenic noise and demonstrate the tractability for more detailed investigations into the effects of this pervasive global pollutant.
Learning and signal copying facilitate communication among bird species
Authors: Wheatcroft David , Price Trevor D.
Published: February 2013

Signals relevant to different sets of receivers in different contexts create a conflict for signal design. A classic example is vocal alarm signals, often used both during intraspecific and interspecific interactions. How can signals alert individuals from a variety of other species in some contexts, while also maintaining efficient communication among conspecifics? We studied heterospecific responses to avian alarm signals that drive the formation of anti-predator groups but are also used during intraspecific interactions. In three species-rich communities in the western Himalayas, alarm signals vary drastically across species. We show that, independently of differences in their calls, birds respond strongly to the alarm signals of other species with which they co-occur and much more weakly to those of species with which they do not co-occur. These results suggest that previous exposure and learning maintain heterospecific responses in the face of widespread signal divergence. At an area where only two species regularly interact, one species' calls incorporate the call of the other. We demonstrate experimentally that signal copying allows strong responses even without previous exposure and suggest that such hybrid calls may be especially favoured when pairwise interactions between species are strong.
Embryos, polyps and medusae of the Early Cambrian scyphozoan
Olivooides
Authors: Dong Xi-Ping , Cunningham John A. , Bengtson Stefan , Thomas Ceri-Wyn , Liu Jianbo , Stampanoni Marco , Donoghue Philip C. J.
Published: February 2013

The Early Cambrian organism
Olivooides
is known from both embryonic and post-embryonic stages and, consequently, it has the potential to yield vital insights into developmental evolution at the time that animal body plans were established. However, this potential can only be realized if the phylogenetic relationships of
Olivooides
can be constrained. The affinities of
Olivooides
have proved controversial because of the lack of knowledge of the internal anatomy and the limited range of developmental stages known. Here, we describe rare embryonic specimens in which internal anatomical features are preserved. We also present a fuller sequence of fossilized developmental stages of
Olivooides
, including associated specimens that we interpret as budding ephyrae (juvenile medusae), all of which display a clear pentaradial symmetry. Within the framework of a cnidarian interpretation, the new data serve to pinpoint the phylogenetic position of
Olivooides
to the scyphozoan stem group. Hypotheses about scalidophoran or echinoderm affinities of
Olivooides
can be rejected.
Genetics of impulsive behaviour
Authors: Bevilacqua Laura , Goldman David
Published: February 2013

Impulsivity, defined as the tendency to act without foresight, comprises a multitude of constructs and is associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Dissecting different aspects of impulsive behaviour and relating these to specific neurobiological circuits would improve our understanding of the etiology of complex behaviours for which impulsivity is key, and advance genetic studies in this behavioural domain. In this review, we will discuss the heritability of some impulsivity constructs and their possible use as endophenotypes (heritable, disease-associated intermediate phenotypes). Several functional genetic variants associated with impulsive behaviour have been identified by the candidate gene approach and re-sequencing, and whole genome strategies can be implemented for discovery of novel rare and common alleles influencing impulsivity. Via deep sequencing an uncommonHTR2Bstop codon, common in one population, was discovered, with implications for understanding impulsive behaviour in both humans and rodents and for future gene discovery.
The serotonergic system in mood disorders and suicidal behaviour
Authors: Mann J. John
Published: February 2013

A stress-diathesis explanatory model of suicidal behaviour has proved to be of heuristic value, and both clinical and neurobiological components can be integrated into such a model. A trait deficiency in serotonin input to the anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex is found in association with suicide, and more recently non-fatal suicidal behaviour, and is linked to decision-making and suicide intent by imaging and related studiesin vivo. The same neural circuitry and serotonin deficiency may contribute to impulsive aggressive traits that are part of the diathesis for suicidal behaviour and are associated with early onset mood disorders and greater risk for suicidal behaviour. Other brain areas manifest deficient serotonin input, that is, a trait related to recurrent major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Thus the serotonin system is involved in both the diathesis for suicidal behaviour in terms of decision-making, and to a major stressor, namely episodes of major depression.
Metabolic Fluxes in an Illuminated Arabidopsis Rosette
Authors: Szecowka Marek , Heise Robert , Tohge Takayuki , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Vosloh Daniel , Huege Jan , Feil Regina , Lunn John , Nikoloski Zoran , Stitt Mark , Fernie Alisdair R. , Arrivault Stéphanie
Published: February 2013

Photosynthesis is the basis for life, and its optimization is a key biotechnological aim given the problems of population explosion and environmental deterioration. We describe a method to resolve intracellular fluxes in intact Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes based on time-dependent labeling patterns in the metabolome. Plants photosynthesizing under limiting irradiance and ambient CO2 in a custom-built chamber were transferred into a 13CO2-enriched environment. The isotope labeling patterns of 40 metabolites were obtained using liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Labeling kinetics revealed striking differences between metabolites. At a qualitative level, they matched expectations in terms of pathway topology and stoichiometry, but some unexpected features point to the complexity of subcellular and cellular compartmentation. To achieve quantitative insights, the data set was used for estimating fluxes in the framework of kinetic flux profiling. We benchmarked flux estimates to four classically determined flux signatures of photosynthesis and assessed the robustness of the estimates with respect to different features of the underlying metabolic model and the time-resolved data set.
Location determinants for emerging market firms
Authors: Jain Naveen K. , Hausknecht Douglas R. , Mukherjee Debmalya
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The paper aims to understand which location determinants are relevant in a subsidiary location decision under the interaction influence of an emerging‐market firm's (EMF) resource and internationalization motives.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper prepares a typology of an EMF's resources which are different from those of a developed‐country firm. It proceeds to argue which internationalization motives are likely to work for an EMF endowed with a specific resource. Finally, the paper posits the impact of resource and internationalization motives on the relevance of some location determinants over others in an EMF's location decision matrix.

Findings

The conceptual framework proposes a relationship between EMF resources, internationalization motives and location determinants and prioritizes some location determinant(s) over others for various combinations of EMF resource and internationalization motives.

Research limitations/implications

The paper contributes to the literature by proposing a unique typology of EMF resources. The overall framework informs the scholars about the importance of idiosyncratic resources as the basis of differential location decisions.

Practical implications

This article presents a guiding framework for multinational managers to assess optimum location decisions on the basis of idiosyncratic firm resources and internationalization motives.

Originality/value

The paper fills a scholarly gap by proposing a framework that relates firm resources and internationalization motives to location determinants. In the process, the paper also proposes a resource typology for resources unique to EMFs.
Product market advertising effects on the method of payment in M&A
Authors: Devos Erik , Elliott William B. , Karim Mohammad A.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

Prior literature suggests that managers have an incentive to increase stock prices prior to stock‐based acquisitions. This article aims to examine if there is any relationship between product market advertising and method of payments in mergers.

Design/methodology/approach

To examine the hypotheses the paper uses ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions and regressions based on a propensity score matching approach, which controls for the possibility that differences in firm characteristics are driving the results.

Findings

The paper finds that managers of firms that use stock to finance bids increase advertising intensity in the pre‐merger period and find that advertising is high prior to stock‐based mergers, relative to that of cash‐based acquirers. It also finds that managerial ownership in stock based acquiring firms is positively related to pre‐merger advertising intensity.

Research limitations/implications

Although this paper examines whether stock‐based acquirers increase their advertising intensity in the pre‐merger period to gain economic benefit it does not discuss in detail through which mechanism advertising affects stock price.

Practical implications

The paper provides a new perspective on the relationship between product market advertising of the acquirer and the method of payment in mergers. The results shown in this paper may motivate investors of the target firms to re‐evaluate the acquirers offer if the medium of payment is acquirers own stock.

Originality/value

To the authors' knowledge this paper is the first to document the link between advertising prior to a merger and the method of payment used in that merger.
Effects of perceived employee emotional competence on customer satisfaction and loyalty
Authors: Delcourt Cécile , Gremler Dwayne D. , van Riel Allard C.R. , van Birgelen Marcel
Published: February 2013

Purpose

During service encounters, it has been suggested that emotionally competent employees are likely to succeed in building rapport with their customers, which in turn often leads to customer satisfaction and loyalty. However, these relationships have not been empirically examined. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of customer perceived employee emotional competence (EEC) on satisfaction and loyalty. The paper also examines how and to what extent rapport mediates these effects.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on the theory of affect‐as‐information, suggesting that emotions inform human behavior, the paper develops a structural model and tests it on a sample of 247 customers in a personal service setting.

Findings

Customer perceptions of EEC positively influence customer satisfaction and loyalty. Rapport partially mediates both effects.

Practical implications

The extent to which customers perceive employees as emotionally competent is related to the development of rapport, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. Managers of high‐contact services should therefore pay attention to emotional competence when hiring new employees, and/or encourage and train existing employees to develop this type of competence.

Originality/value

Previous studies have used employee self‐reports or supervisor reports of EEC, both of which have significant limitations when used in service encounters to predict customer outcomes. Furthermore, they essentially capture an employee's potential to behave in an emotionally competent way while service managers are interested in the actual display of emotionally competent behaviors as perceived by customers. Accordingly, to overcome these issues, this study adopts a customer perspective of EEC and uses customer perceptions of EEC to predict customer outcome.
Enterprise in the American West
Authors: MacLaren Andrew C. , Young Mark E. , Lochrie Sean
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore commercial hospitality enterprise and its impact on settlement development in the American West during the 1800s, focussing on the story of the Fanthorp Inn in Texas, USA.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper outlines the theory relating to entrepreneurial opportunity and applies it to the historical case of the Fanthorp Inn, Texas, USA. The methodological approach of the paper is based on an in‐depth study into the development of one tavern using multiple sources of evidence.

Findings

First, opportunity on the frontier was controlled to the extent that it became objective in the Kirznerian sense. Second, commercial hospitality enterprise was used as a vehicle for settlement development in frontier America.

Research limitations/implications

The paper is limited by its use of one case study and the scarcity of sources of historical evidence. Further studies could engage with different examples of frontier hospitality businesses and develop the method further.

Practical implications

The paper provides deeper understanding of settlement development in the American West during the 1800s and supplies a methodological framework with which further organisational research can engage with historical sources of data. The findings also suggest that opportunity exists relative to its context.

Originality/value

The paper explores hospitality as a context for entrepreneurial activity in the American West and uses a historical case study method.
Customers' attitude towards technology based services provided by select Indian banks
Authors: Singh Jaspal , Kaur Parminderjit
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to determine the factors that lead to satisfaction of the customers as regards to e‐banking services provided by selected banks in India.

Design/methodology/approach

Survey method was used to conduct the study. Data were collected through a well structured questionnaire from a sample of 350 respondents.

Findings

As a major finding of the study, six factors namely ease of use, reliability, convenient accessibility, security, low transaction cost and the time consumption emerged as factors that lead to customer satisfaction as regards e‐banking services. Further, the results of multiple regression showed that out of the above mentioned six factors, three factors, namely, ease of use (i.e. user friendly web sites leading to easy technology‐customer interaction), low transaction cost (i.e. saving of time, speed of service delivery, convenience and reduced paper work in monetary terms) and security (i.e. dependable safety mechanism in terms of illegal access of accounts, hacking and password protection) are found to be statistically significant at 5 percent significance level.

Research limitations/implications

The study has a regional bias since the respondents belong to a single state of northern India. To have better generalisation of the results, a sample size could be made appropriately large and a wider geographical area be covered.

Practical implications

Taking findings of the study into consideration, strategies could be drawn by the bankers to spread their businesses as a large chunk of the population in India is still not using banking services. Through internet, however, access could be provided to customers residing in remote areas of the country.

Originality/value

The study is quite helpful for the policy makers in comprehending the attitude of banking customers towards e‐banking services provided by the banks and for developing appropriate strategies for placing themselves at competitively advantageous positions.
EU regulation and the development of mobile and broadband services
Authors: Cawley Richard A.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the recent performance of European Union (EU) telecommunications policy in the context of the policy aims set out in the original green paper of 1987. It also aims to consider some problems encountered in applying the regulatory rules to interconnection, mobile roaming and broadband.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on economic and institutional analysis undertaken in 2007, complemented with monitoring of the EU policy response and empirical evidence until 2012.

Findings

The paper finds that, despite the success of the regulatory reform of 2003, the EU has encountered problems in dealing with a few “big ticket” policy items via its market reviews. The difficulties stem from a mix of factors, including poor methodological design and an erroneous assumption that effective competition is feasible in all market segments. Three main avenues for improvement are suggested, whilst retaining the basic structure of the cycle of market reviews.

Originality/value

The paper draws on theory, as well as empirical and institutional evidence over two decades, to highlight some flaws in dealing with some key telecommunications policy issues in the EU. It is of value to policy makers, industry analysts and academics.
Foreign market selection by Russian MNEs – beyond a binary approach?
Authors: Annushkina Olga E. , Trinca Colonel Renata
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address the internationalization of Russian multinationals by critically challenging existing assumptions about “springboard” foreign market selection by emerging market firms.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors studied foreign market selection decisions for 497 international merger and acquisition (M&A) and joint venture (JV) deals completed by Russian multinational enterprises (MNEs) between 1997 and 2009. The statistical model tests the impact of the geographic, political and economic distances of the host country from Russia on Russian MNEs' foreign market selection decisions.

Findings

Contrary to existing assumptions, the host country's geographic closeness to Russia, and its being an ex‐USSR republic or a tax haven, positively affected the country's probability of attracting an M&A or JV deal by a Russian MNE, while the similar level of economic development did not significantly influence the MNEs' foreign market selection decisions. The patterns of significance among the explanatory variables vary for Russian MNEs operating in the natural resources industries.

Research limitations/implications

Further studies may extend the observation period, enlarge the database with Greenfield and export deals by Russian MNEs, and add cross‐country cultural distances to the explanatory variables.

Practical implications

Russian managers should consider the “distances” that might influence firms' foreign investment decisions. This paper also allows host country governments willing to formulate policies aimed at the attraction of Russian outward foreign direct investments to obtain a better understanding of Russian MNEs' international strategies.

Originality/value

One of the few quantitative studies on the topic, this research suggests that Russian MNEs choose their own means of foreign market selection, combining gradual and leapfrog approaches to internationalization.
My city – my brand: the different roles of residents in place branding
Authors: Braun Erik , Kavaratzis Mihalis , Zenker Sebastian
Published: February 2013

Purpose

This paper deals with the importance of residents within place branding. The aim of this paper is to examine the different roles that residents play in the formation and communication of place brands and explores the implications for place brand management.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on theoretical insights drawn from the combination of the distinct literatures on place branding, general marketing, tourism, human geography, and collaborative governance. To support its arguments, the paper discusses the participation of citizens in governance processes as highlighted in the urban governance literature as well as the debate among marketing scholars over participatory marketing and branding.

Findings

The paper arrive at three different roles played by the residents: as an integral part of the place brand through their characteristics and behavior; as ambassadors for their place brand who grant credibility to any communicated message; and as citizens and voters who are vital for the political legitimization of place branding. These three roles make the residents a very significant target group of place branding.

Originality/value

Residents are largely neglected by place branding practice and their priorities are often misunderstood, even though they are not passive beneficiaries but are active partners and co‐producers of public goods, services and policies. This paper highlights that only meaningful participation and consultation can produce a more effective and sustainable place branding strengthening the brand communication and avoiding the pitfall of developing “artificial” place brands.
Early‐career outcomes and gender: can educational interventions make a difference?
Authors: Langowitz Nan S. , Elaine Allen I. , Godwyn Mary
Published: February 2013

Purpose

Extant research studies document gender differences in career outcomes for middle and advanced career stages. The purpose of this study is to examine potential gender differences in early‐career success with a particular focus on whether educational intervention might mediate any potential differences.

Design/methodology/approach

Survey data for recent business college alumni were analyzed using descriptive techniques, linear regression and logistic modeling; the response rate was 25 percent and all data were self‐reported. Both objective and subjective measures were used to assess outcomes. A priori, given similar educational training and expectations for managerial careers, we should expect to find similar early‐career progress regardless of gender.

Findings

Differences are apparent out of the starting gate for women in early‐career stages compared with their male counterparts, by both objective and subjective measures. Results also suggest an opportunity to improve outcomes through educational interventions. Limitations of the findings include the use of self‐reported data and a modest response rate.

Practical implications

The findings of this study highlight the importance that integrated leadership development programs may play in supporting women's early‐career success and the need to advise young women to negotiate more assertively for salary and leadership opportunity at the immediate start of their careers. For educational institutions, the findings suggest that concerted focus on support for women students' development may enhance their early‐career outcomes.

Originality/value

By focusing on early‐career outcomes, the paper seeks to contribute to the gender and careers literature by highlighting results that may set up the patterns seen among women in mid‐career and senior level managerial careers. In addition, the paper demonstrates the educational interventions may be of value in reducing the impact of stereotype threat on women's career outcomes.
The effective factors in organizational entrepreneurship climate
Authors: Marzban Shirmorad , Mohammad Moghimi Seyed , Ramezan Majid
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the effective factors in organizational entrepreneurship in the University of Tehran.

Design/methodology/approach

The research population was the middle managers of the University of Tehran (n=131) and 97 of these managers were selected as a sample. The research tool was the standard questionnaire designed by Hornsby, Zahra and Kouratko. In addition, to determine the reliability of different sections of questionnaire, Cronbach's coefficientαwas used (0/701 to 0/917). The data were analyzed by using the LISREL software.

Findings

The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the management support, freedom of operation and work discretion/autonomy, reward and reinforcement, organizational boundaries and time availability have positive and meaningful impacts on the entrepreneurship climate of the University of Tehran.

Originality/value

As limited studies have been carried out on identifying the effective factors in organizational entrepreneurship in the academic culture, the findings of this study will be useful in identifying and assessing the main components of entrepreneurship in the research and training centers.
Applicability of 1D and 2.5D marine controlled source electromagnetic modelling
Authors: Tehrani Ali Moradi , Slob Evert
Published: February 2013

We present two‐and‐a‐half dimensional (2.5D) and three‐dimensional (3D) integral equation modelling of the marine controlled source electromagnetic method. We implement 2.5D modelling using a point source and a two‐dimensional reservoir and compare the results with point source responses from one‐dimensional and three‐dimensional reservoir models. These methods are based on an electric field domain integral equation formulation. We show how the 2.5D method performs in terms of both accuracy and computing speed with different configurations. We compare the results from 1D, 2.5D and 3D modelling, for a symmetrically placed reservoir and the in‐line acquisition configuration, as a function of different reservoir sizes in the cross‐line direction, thickness and for different frequencies and depths. Depending on the model’s parameters 2.5D modelling can be considered as an accurate and fast method for marine controlled source electromagnetic acquisition optimization and interpretation. If the thickness of the reservoir is less than one fifth of the skin depth of the embedding and if the depth of the reservoir is two or more times the skin depth of the embedding, the largest amplitude difference between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional reservoirs is less than 10% when the source is above the centre of the reservoir. In this paper we discuss supporting examples with different configurations, where the 2.5D results lead to an optimistic detection estimate. Phase differences between 2.5D and 3D modelling are even smaller and the 2.5D solution can be used to assess the ability to detect the reservoir with a given acquisition configuration.
Sustaining recreational quality of European lakes: minimizing the health risks from algal blooms through phosphorus control
Authors: Carvalho Laurence , McDonald Claire , de Hoyos Caridad , Mischke Ute , Phillips Geoff , Borics Gábor , Poikane Sandra , Skjelbred Birger , Solheim Anne Lyche , Van Wichelen Jeroen , Cardoso Ana Cristina
Published: February 2013

A safe, clean water supply is critical for sustaining many important ecosystem services provided by freshwaters. The development of cyanobacterial blooms in lakes and reservoirs has a major impact on the provision of these services, particularly limiting their use for recreation and water supply for drinking and spray irrigation. Nutrient enrichment is thought to be the most important pressure responsible for the widespread increase in cyanobacterial blooms in recent decades. Quantifying how nutrients limit cyanobacterial abundance in lakes is, therefore, a key need for setting robust targets for the management of freshwaters.

Using a data set from over 800 European lakes, we highlight the use of quantile regression modelling for understanding the maximum potential capacity of cyanobacteria in relation to total phosphorus (TP) and the use of a range of quantile responses, alongside World Health Organisation (WHO) health alert thresholds for recreational waters, for setting robust phosphorus targets for lake management in relation to water use.

The analysis shows that cyanobacteria exhibit a nonlinear response to phosphorus with the sharpest increase in cyanobacterial abundance occurring in the TP range from about 20 μg L−1 up to about 100 μg L−1.

The likelihood of exceeding the World Health Organisation (WHO) ‘low health alert’ threshold increases from about 5% exceedance at 16 μg L−1 to 40% exceedance at 54 μg L−1. About 50% of the studied lakes remain below this WHO health alert threshold, irrespective of high summer TP concentrations, highlighting the importance of other factors affecting cyanobacteria population growth and loss processes, such as high flushing rate.

Synthesis and applications. Developing a more quantitative understanding of the effect of nutrients on cyanobacterial abundance in freshwater lakes provides important knowledge for restoring and sustaining a safe, clean water supply for multiple uses. Our models can be used to set nutrient targets to sustain recreational services and provide different levels of precaution that can be chosen dependent on the importance of the service provision.
The Effects of Human Interest and Conflict News Frames on the Dynamics of Political Knowledge Gains: Evidence from a Cross‐national Study
Authors: Jebril Nael , de Vreese Claes H. , van Dalen Arjen , Albæk Erik
Published: February 2013

A well‐functioning democracy needs the news media to provide information to its citizens. It is therefore essential to understand what kinds of news contents contribute to gains in citizens' political knowledge and for whom this takes place. Extant research is divergent on this matter, especially with respect to ‘softer’ news coverage. This cross‐national study investigates the effects of exposure to human interest and conflict frames in the news on political knowledge. Drawing on panel surveys and media content analyses in three countries, the study shows how these two frames contribute positively to political knowledge gain. This relationship is moderated by political interest so that those who are least interested learn the most from this type of easily accessible news coverage. The results are discussed in the light of research on news media and knowledge acquisition.
Economic Embeddedness and Materiality in a Financial Market Setting
Authors: Roscoe Philip
Published: February 2013

The notion of embeddedness ( Granovetter, 1985 ) neglects of the material dimension of economic relations. This paper contributes to the literature of market devices (Callon et al., 2007) with an exploration of the material dimensions of economic embeddedness in the case of the everyday market activities of a group of non-professional investors in the UK. It examines the attributes of a materially embedded market through the categories of socio-economic embeddedness specified by Uzzi (1997) and draws attention to the superficial and rhetorical nature of the face-to-face social relations encountered in this market. The paper seeks to invigorate the notion of embeddedness by expanding the mechanisms through which socio-economic relations are understood to arise. The paper offers support to the literature of market devices' assertion that a concept of materially embedded economic relations can accommodate politics, culture, and regulation, and that it offers a nuanced perspective on agency and identity in the marketplace.
Considerations on English as a Global Lingua Franca
Authors: Lacey Joseph
Published: February 2013

Central to Philippe Van Parijs’ recent text, Linguistic Justice for Europe and for the World, are claims that the emergence of English as a global lingua franca is (1) inevitable, (2) necessary for transnational justice and (3) to be accelerated. After first outlining the reasoning behind these claims, this article then goes on to argue that there are good reasons to doubt that English will inevitably become a global lingua franca; the absence of a lingua franca is not an insurmountable obstacle to the achievement of transnational justice; and there is little justification for artificially accelerating the universalisation of English.
From Hubris to Nemesis: Tackling US Decline
Authors: Keaney Michael
Published: February 2013

US decline is a subject currently much in vogue, given the military debacles in Iraq and Afghanistan, combined with the financial crisis that has unfolded since 2007 and a clearly dysfunctional political system. The titles under review here place the current disarray in wider historical context while addressing particular features of US policy that have resulted in commonly acknowledged failure and which, cumulatively, have led to the present crisis of US global primacy. While implicit in the other titles, John McDermott's Restoring Democracy to America begins the hard work of explicitly formulating proposals for radical reform. However, given the depth of the plight and the scale of the tasks required to effect a sustainable solution, there is little warrant for optimism.
Genome-wide investigation of cellular targets and mode of action of the antifungal bacterial metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Troppens Danielle M. , Dmitriev Ruslan I. , Papkovsky Dmitri B. , O'Gara Fergal , Morrissey John P.
Published: February 2013

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a proven model to investigate the effects of small molecules and drugs on fungal and eukaryotic cells. In this study, the mode of action of an antifungal metabolite, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), was determined. Applying a combination of genetic and physiological approaches, it was established that this bacterial metabolite acts as a proton ionophore and dissipates the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. The uncoupling of respiration and ATP synthesis ultimately leads to growth inhibition and is the primary toxic effect of DAPG. A genome-wide screen identified 154 DAPG-tolerant mutants and showed that there are many alterations in cellular metabolism that can confer at least some degree of tolerance to this uncoupler. One mutant, ydc1, was studied in some more detail as it displayed increased tolerance to both DAPG and the uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and appears to be unconnected to other tolerant mutant strains. Deleting YDC1 alters sphingolipid homoeostasis in the cell, and we suggest here that this may be linked to reduced drug sensitivity. Sphingolipids and their derivatives are important eukaryotic signal molecules, and the observation that altering homoeostasis may affect yeast response to metabolic uncoupling agents raises some intriguing questions for future studies.
Implementation of an image guided intensity‐modulated protocol for post‐prostatectomy radiotherapy: Planning data and acute toxicity outcomes
Authors: Chua Benjamin , Min Myo , Wood Maree , Edwards Sarah , Hoffmann Matthew , Greenham Stuart , Kovendy Andrew , McKay Michael J. , Shakespeare Thomas P.
Published: February 2013

Introduction

There is substantial interest in implementation of image‐guided intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IG‐IMRT) in the post‐prostatectomy setting. We describe our implementation of IG‐IMRT, and examine how often published organ‐at‐risk (OAR) constraints were met. Furthermore, we evaluate the incidence of acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicities when patients were treated according to our protocol.

Methods

Patients were eligible if they received post‐prostatectomy radiotherapy (PPRT). Planning data were collected prospectively, and toxicity assessments were collected before, during and after treatment.

Results

Seventy‐five eligible patients received either 64 Gy (19%) or 66 Gy (81%) in a single phase to the prostate bed. Suggested rectal dose‐constraints of V40Gy < 60% and V60Gy < 40% were met in 64 (85%) and 75 (100%) patients, respectively. IMRT‐specific rectal dose‐constraints of V40Gy < 35% and V65Gy < 17% were achieved in 5 (7%) and 57 (76%) of patients. Bladder dose‐constraint (V50Gy < 50%) was met in 58 (77%) patients. Two patients (3%) experienced new grade 3 genitourinary toxicity and one patient (1%) experienced new grade 3 gastroinestinal toxicity. All grade 3 toxicities had improved by 3‐month review. Overall deterioration in urinary and gastrointestinal symptoms occurred in 33 (44%) and 35 (47%) of patients respectively.

Conclusions

We report on our implementation of PPRT which takes into account nationally adopted guidelines, with a margin reduction supported by use of daily image guidance. Non‐IMRT OAR constraints were met in most cases. IMRT‐specific constraints were less often achieved despite margin reductions, suggesting the need for review of guidelines. Severe toxicity was rare, and most patients did not experience deterioration in urinary or bowel function attributable to radiotherapy.
Identification of Culex complex species using SNP markers based on high‐resolution melting analysis
Authors: Kang David , Sim Cheolho
Published: February 2013

Mosquitoes belonging to the Culex pipiens complex are primary vectors for diseases such as West Nile encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, many arboviruses, as well as lymphatic filariases. Despite sharing physiological characteristics, each mosquito species within the Culex complex has unique behavioural and reproductive traits that necessitate a proper method of identification. Unfortunately, morphometric methods of distinguishing members of this complex have failed to yield consistent results, giving rise to the need for molecular methods of identification. In this study, we propose a novel identification method using high‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis by examining single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the acetylcholinesterase‐2 (ace‐2) locus. Our method provides a high confidence for species determination among the three Culex complex mosquitoes.