bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New data on the mineralogy of the gold-sulfide ore type
of the Karalveem deposit, Chukotka
Authors: Maksarov Ruslan , Prokopiev Ilya , Doroshkevich Anna , Redin Yuri , Malyutina Alexandra
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we present the results of a mineralogical

study of the ores of the Karalveem deposit in

the northeast of Russia (Central and Ruslovy areas).

Gold mineralization is characterized by two types of

ores: gold-quartz-arsenopyrite (quartz veins with native

gold and sulfide mineralization) and gold-sulfide (metasomatites)

in gabbrodolerite. In most samples, both types

of ores are combined, making these complex ores

are of particular interest. The main ore mineral is arsenopyrite;

secondary and accessory minerals include

pyrite, rutile, ilmenite, galena, chalcopyrite, monazite,

sphalerite, and native gold. Native gold in quartz-sulfide

and gold-sulfide ore types is present in a free form as

microveinlets, micron-size segregations in the host rock,

or as microinclusions in sulfides. Both ore types are

characterized by the similar chemical composition of ore

minerals: the fineness of gold in the gold-sulfide type

is 870–900 ‰, in veins – 840–910 ‰. The trace element

composition of pyrite and arsenopyrite from metasomatites

and quartz veins is also alike. Based on this,

it was concluded that the productivity of gold-sulfide and

gold-quartz-arsenopyrite ores was formed by a single

impulse.
Traffic Flow Prediction using Machine Learning Techniques - A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Sathyan Sigma , S. N. Jagadeesha
Published: April 2022

Purpose: Traffic control in large cities is extremely tough. To alleviate costs associated with traffic congestion, some nations of the world have implemented Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This paper reviews the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and machine learning (ML) techniques and also their implementation issues in TFP. Techniques other than ML and ANN have also been discussed.
Methodology: The survey of literature on TFP (TFP) and ITS was conducted using several secondary sources of information such as conference proceedings Journals, Books, and Research Reports published in various publications, and then the kinds of literature that are reported as promising have been included. The collected information is then reviewed to discover possible key areas of concern in the TFP and ITS.
Findings/Results: Traffic management in cities is important for smooth traffic flow. TFP and ITS are drawing much attention from researchers these days. Application of ML, ANN, and other techniques are being tried to alleviate the traffic flow problem in cities. TFP using ITS employing ML techniques to overcome the problem of traffic congestion looks promising.
Originality: This review of literature is conducted using secondary data gathered from various sources. The information acquired will be useful to expand on existing theories and frameworks or to develop a new technique or modify to improve the accuracy of TFP. Tables containing categories of prediction, ML Pipelining, open-source ML tools available, standard datasets available have been included.
Paper Type: Literature Review.
An Overview of Facebook’s Journey to Meta - A Case Study
Authors: Thomas Laiby , Bhat Subramanya
Published: April 2022

Purpose: Facebook has far more than 2.91 billion users worldwide, as of October 2021 by following its commitment to “Give people the power to build community and bring the world closer together”. Machine learning as well as applied Machine learning helps people to get new contents and related stories. Machine learning (ML) is a technique for recognizing and drawing conclusions from data connections. Speech recognition systems can caption videos on Facebook using machine learning, making them more accessible. The Facebook research team is working with Machine learning technology to give its users the best services. Here an analysis has been done on the history of Facebook, major acquisition of Facebook, applications of AI in Facebook and Financial plans and challenges. The entire Facebook company will now be known as Meta. The Facebook app, on the other hand, will keep its name, and other apps will not be affected. Facebook is now known as 'Meta' because of its new focus which means 'after' or 'beyond' in Greek. However, Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, and Messenger are now all part of the 'Meta' company, much like Google's products are all part of the Alphabet company. Artificial intelligence, AI is really essential to Facebook. Approach: For this analysis, a sophisticated survey strategy based on secondary data was applied. Findings: Based on the findings, it is clear that to provide high-quality service, Facebook uses leading edge artificial intelligence/machine learning technologies. Originality: To identify the methodologies employed in the organization's services, a study is conducted based on the existing resources. Paper Type: Descriptive Case Study Research
Potencial de eficientização dos sistemas de iluminação pública
Authors: Souza Alessandra da Costa Barbosa Pires , Fortes Marcio Zamboti , Santos Maressa Tuponi , Medina Vinicius Peixoto
Published: April 2022

RESUMO ESTRUTURADO
O avanço das tecnologias, o conceito de internet das coisas, os requisitos de eficiência energética e a expectativa dos usuários por construções inteligentes, fez criar a necessidade de equipamentos de iluminação capazes de responderem a estímulos enviados por um sistema que os controla. A capacidade de controlar a luz e os sistemas de controle de iluminação são peças fundamentais para essa evolução. Este trabalho visa apresentar o potencial de redução do consumo através da eficientização dos sistemas de iluminação pública aliada a iluminação adaptativa com a automatização dos sistemas como ferramenta para aumentar a eficiência no monitoramento e na manutenção, através da instalação de luminárias preparadas para acesso remoto e de uma central de controle para acompanhamento do status de funcionamento de cada luminária e outros parâmetros que são possíveis de monitorar através de sensores, além de apresentar as motivações para cada agente envolvido na gestão da iluminação pública.
Palavras-chave: Eficiência Energética, iluminação pública, LED, iluminação adaptativa.
Análise dos reguladores de tensão em redes com alta penetração de geração distribuída fotovoltaica: uma perspectiva do consumidor industrial
Authors: Gama Leandro Pereira , Monteiro Paulo Roberto Duailibe , Borges Thiago Trezza , Fortes Marcio Zamboti , Colombini Angelo Cesar
Published: April 2022

RESUMO ESTRUTURADO
Este trabalho aborda os conceitos e as implicações da utilização da geração distribuída (GD) fotovoltaica nas redes elétricas de média e baixa tensão. São avaliados os possíveis impactos causados aos reguladores de tensão ao longo destas redes. A análise considerou a variação do nível de geração das GDs em 8 cenários. Nestes cenários serão avaliadas a operação de comutação de TAP em um regulador de linha de distribuição, uma indústria e por último a análise da Fase A de três reguladores. Para isso foram utilizadas simulações através do programa computacional OpenDSS. O primeiro cenário é realizado sem a penetração de GDs e os demais com a penetração das GDs de 50 % e 90 %. Tais análises foram realizadas utilizando o caso teste 8.500 barras do IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), disponível na biblioteca do OpenDSS e os resultados são comentados para caracterizar os impactos na tensão da barra.
Palavras-chave: Geração distribuída; Regulador de tensão; Estudo de casos; Intermitência fotovoltaica; Qualidade de energia; OpenDSS.
A judicialização da saúde no Brasil: análise do entendimento do supremo tribunal federal sobre a obrigatoriedade do fornecimento de medicamentos
Authors: Avelino Jaíza dos Santos , Magalhães Rosana Celia Noleto , Leitão Macell Cunha
Published: April 2022

O artigo investigou a judicialização das políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil, especialmente no que diz respeito ao fornecimento de medicamentos no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Como percurso metodológico, optou-se pela análise do RE nº 657.718/MG sobre fornecimento de medicamentos experimentais ou sem registro na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, bem como do RE nº 566.471/RN sobre o fornecimento de medicamentos de alto custo pelo Estado. Verificou-se que nos casos de remédios de alto custo não disponíveis no sistema, o Estado pode ser obrigado a fornecê-los, desde que comprovadas a extrema necessidade do medicamento e a incapacidade financeira do paciente e de sua família para sua aquisição. O entendimento da Suprema Corte considera também que o Estado não pode ser obrigado a fornecer fármacos não registrados na vigilância sanitária. A conclusão do trabalho apontou a tentativa do Judiciário de fornecer critérios para o fornecimento estatal de medicamentos, de modo que a judicialização da saúde não venha a prejudicar o direito fundamental social que se pretende afirmar.
Desenvolvimento e validação de conteúdo de uma escala de mensuração da alfabetização financeira
Authors: Trento Tiago Rafael , Braum Loreni Maria dos Santos
Published: April 2022

A alfabetização financeira vem sendo estudada na literatura vigente como a capacidade dos indivíduos de obterem, compreenderem e avaliarem as informações necessárias para tomarem decisões que garantirão o seu futuro em termos financeiros. O objetivo do estudo consiste em descrever as etapas do desenvolvimento e validação de conteúdo de uma escala multidimensional para mensurar a alfabetização financeira individual. Na fundamentação teórica são abordados aspectos sobre a alfabetização financeira no Brasil e no mundo, bem como as dimensões da alfabetização financeira que compõem a escala desenvolvida no presente estudo. Nos procedimentos metodológicos empregou-se o método misto, qualitativo (desenvolvimento de itens para compor a escala desenvolvida) e quantitativo (análise do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo - IVC). Quanto aos resultados da validação de conteúdo constatou-se que os três construtos da escala apresentaram IVC superior a 80%, após os ajustes sugeridos pelos especialistas e eliminação de itens que não atenderam aos requisitos. Finalizada a validação de conteúdo por especialistas a EMAFI ficou composta por 56 itens, sendo 18 na dimensão Atitude Financeira, 20 na Comportamento Financeiro e 18 na Significado do Dinheiro. A principal contribuição deste estudo é no campo teórico ao desenvolver uma escala para mensurar a alfabetização financeira individual, incorporando o construto significado do dinheiro, pois acredita-se que a forma como o indivíduo atribui “valor ao dinheiro” pode influenciar as decisões financeiras individuais.
Conventional Versus Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Burkholderia cepacia from Different Clinical Samples of Iraqi Patients
Authors: AL-Aammar Mahdi Hussain , Abdali Safaa Abdzaid , Alnasrawy Waleed Dakhil
Published: April 2022

The study aims at isolating and identification of Burkholderia cepacia bacteria from clinical samples from various pathological conditions such as diabetic foot ulcers, burn, wound, sputum and urine. The present study includes 280 samples collected from patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcer, cystic fibrosis, burns, sputum, and wounds who attend Alsader Medical City and Al-Hakim General Hospital during the period extended from September 2020 to February 2021 ( men and women ) with age groups between (1 -75) years. The identification of bacterial isolates were detected by classical and molecular technique (PCR), where the frequency among males 213 (79.2%) was more than that in female 67 (20.8%). The samples distribution is made according to age group; it appears high for the following high 26.8% with group (31-45) years male and female; 22% with group (31-45) years in male and 7.6% with the group (1-15) years in female. The results revealed that 42/80 specimens of the total number of samples are Burkholderia cepacia by using 16SrRNA gene to differentiate the B. cepacia from other (G-) bacteria, and 30/80 recA gene to differentiated B. cepacia from B. cepacia complex.
Finger Print Based ATM System
Authors: Shaikh Mohd Faiz  , Shaikh Nadeem  , Motiwala Qusai  , Dr. Shabina Sayed
Published: April 2022

Our Project is to develop the technique for fingerprint authentication in ATMs. This target can be mainly decomposed into image preprocessing, feature extraction and feature match. For each sub-task, some classical and up-to-date methods in literature are analyzed. Based on the analysis, an integrated solution for fingerprint recognition and authentication is developed for demonstration. Our demonstration program is coded in ASP.NET & MATLAB. For the program, some optimization at coding level and algorithm level are proposed to improve the performance of my fingerprint authentication system. These performance enhancements are shown by experiments conducted upon a variety of fingerprint images. Also, the experiments illustrate the key issues of fingerprint recognition that are consistent with what the available literatures say.
Secure Online Auction System using Web Development
Authors: S. L. Wakchaure  , Dongare Sakshi  , Wakchaure Sakshi  , Wagh Pratiksha
Published: April 2022

Online auction however is a different business model where the items are sold through price bidding. Usually bidding have start price and ending time. Potential buyers in auction and the winner is the one who bids the item for highest price. We treat the fraud detection with a binary classification. For buying product online user have to provide his personal details like email address, license number, PAN number etc. Only the valid user will have authority to bid. This prevents various frauds according in online shopping. Online Auction management system is a web based application which will helps users to buy or sell items or goods; they can trade anything they want by posting the ad of the particular product. This application will allow users to post their products for auction; The bidder or customer can register and can bid for any available product. There are some many existing applications which does not contain some local products and they are not available for bidding. With the use of this online auction system user can bid for any product and buy the particular product at higher and best prices.
Evaluation of double lung point sign as a marker for transient tachypnoea of the newborn in preterm
Authors: Basha Mohammed Imran , Kaur Ravinder , Chawla Deepak , Kaur Narinder
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The study was conducted to diagnose transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN) in the early stage using ultrasonography and to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of double lung point (DLP) sign in diagnosing TTN.

Material and methods

The study population included premature neonates with respiratory distress, admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit from December 2017 to June 2019, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 100 patients were included in the study, and they underwent lung ultrasonography within 6 hours of birth. Inclusion criteria were as follows: preterm babies born < 37 weeks of gestation presenting with respiratory distress within 6 hours, clinically diagnosed with TTN and other causes like respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. Term neonates and neonates with congenital malformations and trauma were excluded from the study. Preterms with respiratory distress were enrolled in the study. Based on the clinical findings and laboratory investigations, clinical diagnosis was made by the paediatrician. After obtaining informed consent, ultrasonography of bilateral chest was performed using a Philips HD7 XE and a Sonoscape S2 portable ultrasound machine with a linear transducer (6-12 MHz) within 6 hours of birth.

Results

The mean gestational age was 33.0 ± 1.9 weeks. Double lung point sign was present in 55 preterm neonates in our study. It was most common in bilateral posterior lung fields. The sensitivity and specificity of DLP in diagnosing TTN was 85% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions

It was found in our study that double lung point sign is the primary ultrasonographic characteristic of TTN, and ultrasonography can almost accurately diagnose TTN in early stages.
ĐẶC ĐIỂM LƯU HUYẾT NÃO VÀ MỘT SỐ YẾU TỐ LIÊN QUAN BẤT THƯỜNG LƯU HUYẾT NÃO Ở BỆNH NHÂN TĂNG HUYẾT ÁP TẠI BỆNH VIỆN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC Y DƯỢC CẦN THƠ
Authors: Hồng Hà Nguyễn , Ngọc Mẫn Kiều Nguyễn , Ngọc Thanh Tâm Hứa , Đỗ Hùng Trần
Published: April 2022

Mục tiêu: Nghiên cứu được tiến hành để khảo sát đặc điểm lưu huyết não và các yếu tố liên quan đến tình trạng bất thường lưu huyết não ở bệnh nhân tăng huyết áp. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang có phân tích được tiến hành trên 50 bệnh nhân tăng huyết áp và 50 người khỏe mạnh. Kết quả: Đỉnh tù chiếm tỷ lệ cao nhất (72%) và sóng phụ xuất hiện trong 84% trường hợp. Giá trị trung bình của thông số đánh giá cường độ dòng máu não ở bệnh nhân tăng huyết áp thấp hơn và thông số đánh giá trương lực mạch máu não cao hơn người bình thường (p<0,05). Tỷ lệ giảm cường độ ở hệ động mạch cảnh trong, đốt sống – thân nền và não lần lượt là 50%, 48%, 38%, tỷ lệ tăng trương lực mạch máu não ở 3 hệ động mạch này lần lượt là 54%, 58% và 58%. Có tình trạng giảm cường độ dòng máu não ở nhóm tuổi ≥ 60 cao hơn so với nhóm <60 tuổi, nhóm có rối loạn lipid máu cao hơn so với nhóm không rối loạn lipid máu. Bệnh nhân tăng huyết áp độ III có tình trạng giảm cường độ dòng máu não và tăng trương lực mạch máu não cao hơn so với tăng huyết áp độ I. Kết luận: Bệnh nhân tăng huyết áp có tình trạng giảm cường độ dòng máu não và tăng trương lực mạch máu não so với người bình thường.
BIẾN ĐỔI NHỊP TIM VÀ ĐẶC ĐIỂM RỐI LOẠN NHỊP TRÊN HOLTER ĐIỆN TÂM ĐỒ 24 GIỜ Ở BỆNH NHÂN VIỆT NAM CÓ BỆNH LÝ TIM MẠCH
Authors: Minh Kha Nguyễn , Nguyễn Phương Hải Trần , Đại Cường Trần , Hữu Chinh Trần , Phương Quỳnh Trà My Võ , Thị Kim Xuân Trần , Văn Sỹ Hoàng
Published: April 2022

Đặt vấn đề: Holter điện tâm đồ là một công cụ hiệu quả theo dõi rối loạn nhịp tim ở dân số nói chung và bệnh nhân mắc các bệnh tim mạch nói riêng. Các báo cáo về đặc điểm biến đổi nhịp tim cũng như các dạng rối loạn nhịp ở bệnh nhân mắc các bệnh tim mạch còn hạn chế tại Việt Nam. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Mô tả đặc điểm biến đổi điện tim và các bất thường rối loạn nhịp tim nặng trên Holter điện tâm đồ 24 giờ ở bệnh nhân mắc bệnh tim mạch. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Đây là nghiên cứu cắt ngang mô tả. Nghiên cứu gồm 178 bệnh nhân mắc bệnh tim mạch được chỉ định gắn Holter điện tâm đồ. Dùng hệ thống Holter DigiTrak XT 5 điện cực của hãng Philips để ghi và phân tích điện tâm đồ. Kết quả: Trong 178 bệnh nhân, độ tuổi trung bình là 54,6 ± 16,2 tuổi, nữ giới chiếm 49,4% (170/142). Triệu chứng than phiền thường gặp nhất là hồi hộp (35,4%) và có 9,6% bệnh nhân không có triệu chứng ban đầu. Bệnh lý nền rối loạn nhịp tim, tăng huyết áp và bệnh mạch vành với tỷ lệ lần lượt là 46,1%, 30,2% và 27,5%. Hầu hết bệnh nhân trong nghiên cứu có nhịp cơ bản trên Holter là nhịp xoang. Có 68/178 (38,2%) bệnh nhân có rối loạn nhịp tim nặng trên Holter điện tâm đồ 24 giờ. Nhịp nhanh trên thất, nhịp nhanh thất, nhịp chậm và ngoại tâm thu thất dầy chiếm tỷ lệ lần lượt là 15,7%; 6,2%; 10,7% và 12,4%. Kết luận: Nghiên cứu cho thấy trên bệnh nhân có bệnh tim mạch có chỉ định gắn Holter điện tâm đồ 24 giờ, triệu chứng hồi hộp là triệu chứng phổ biến. Khoảng một phần ba số bệnh nhân trong nghiên cứu phát hiện có rối loạn nhịp nghiêm trọng trên Holter điện tâm đồ, theo đó rối loạn nhịp trên thất và ngoại tâm thu thất dầy là 2 loại rối loạn nhịp chiếm tỷ lệ cao nhất được ghi nhận.
VIÊM RỄ DÂY THẦN KINH HOẶC HỘI CHỨNG THẦN KINH THOÁNG QUA SAU TÊ TỦY SỐNG: NHÂN MỘT TRƯỜNG HỢP
Authors: Quang Minh Phạm , Thị Hoài Dương
Published: April 2022

Bệnh nhân nam 73 tuổi, tiền sử đái tháo đường mới phát hiện, bệnh nhân bị u phì đại tiền liệt tuyến, được phẫu thuật cắt u nội soi, phương pháp vô cảm tê tủy sống. Sau mổ bệnh nhân xuất hiện các triệu chứng tê bì, yếu, đau kiểu điện giật đùi 2 bên. Bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán viêm rễ dây thần kinh, chưa loại trừ hội chứng thần kinh thoáng qua sau tê tủy sống. Sau khi loại trừ các nguyên nhân cần can thiệp thở máy hoặc can thiệp ngoại khoa, bệnh nhân được điều trị bằng thuốc chống viêm steroid, lyrica và thuốc giảm đau. Các triệu chứng giảm và hồi phục gần như hoàn toàn sau 1 tháng. Bác sỹ gây mê cần nắm chắc các hội chứng, các rối loạn sau tê tủy sống nhất là các tổn thương thần kinh cấp tính để phối hợp điều trị kịp thời. Các trường hợp còn lại cần chẩn đoán phân biệt để đưa ra chiến lược điều trị phù hợp và giải thích cho bệnh nhân.
The application of intestinal organoids and their co-culture systems in the study of gastrointestinal diseases
Authors: Sittipo Panida , Lee Yun Kyung
Published: April 2022

The 3-dimensional culture of intestinal organoids provides insights into the phenotype and physiology of the intestine. Intestinal organoids comprise intestinal stem cells and differentiated intestinal epithelial cells; they can be stably cultured over the long term and can be genetically manipulated. Current strategies for intestinal organoid co-culture with other cells existing in the intestinal tract and gut microbiota have been established to mimic the intestinal microenvironment and study host-microbial interactions. Therefore, intestinal organoids are promising tools for basic and translational research in gastroenterology. Gastrointestinal diseases are disorders of the intestinal tract that result in a reduced quality of life, and a deep understanding of these diseases would be effective for their treatment. In this review, we discuss how intestinal organoids and intestinal organoids integrated with cellular and microbiota niche components are biologically and physiologically relevant tools for the investigation of gastrointestinal diseases.
The Endowment Devoted To The Kiswah Of The Kaaba: A Historical Study
Authors: Alashari Duaa Mohammed
Published: April 2022

The kiswa of the Kaaba has a long history throughout the Islamic ages. All the caliphs and princes of the Islamic countries competed to clothe the Holy Kaaba with the best and most delicate fabrics and master in making it and spending on it. Therefore, according to a historical, methodological perspective, this paper aims to study the endowment allocated to the manufacture of the covering of the Holy Kaaba during the Islamic eras to reveal the first who approved the endowment system designated for cladding during the Islamic periods. In this study, the researcher will follow the historical approach because it aims to collect data, analyze it, and verify its validity. The research reached several results, among the most important of which were the following: It became clear through the research that the first person to approve the waqf system, which was allocated from its proceeds to spend on the cost of manufacturing the covering of the Holy Kaaba was by order of the good king bin Nasser bin Qalawun, king of Egypt, and through this work The extent of the care that the Sultans of the Mamluk state gave to the Holy Kaaba and its cladding becomes clear .
Good Governance And Economic Growth In Africa
Authors: Aminu Abubakar Wambai , Mohammed Badamasi Sani , Hayew Suleya’u , Shuaibu Hussaini
Published: April 2022

African countries face with the problem of good governance and steady economic growth for over period of time. Therefore, the paper aims to examine the good governance and economic growth for the 50 African countries for the period of 2002 to 2020 using the System GMM approach. The data were sourced from the World Development Indicators and World Governance Indicators (2020). The Empirical findings indicated that all the good governance indicators are positive and statistically significant in influencing the level of economic growth in the region, except the government effectiveness which is positive but statistically insignificant. Based on the findings, African countries should provide extensive policies that promote good governance in the region as the region is the backward in terms of good governance compare with other regions in the world. More so, governments in the region should strengthen their political will through transparency and accountability in all aspect of government activities which will reduce the level of political unrest and promote regulatory quality in the region and propel growth.
Derecho y diversidad, una mirada desde la antropología jurídica y la sociología rural
Authors: Durand Alcántara Carlos Humberto
Published: April 2022

Son escasos los estudios que analizan en el contexto de lo rural, los aspectos inherentes a lo que solemos comprender como Derecho, vinculándolo al contexto específico de la etnología y la sociología rural de esta manera, la metodología desde la cual se sustenta este artículo entreverá una visión transdisciplinaria, que corresponde al estudio de la antropología jurídica, explicado a través del pensamiento crítico y complejo el que, en la actual coyuntura de crisis, resulta primigenio, y en cuyo contexto subyace un análisis cualitativo del fenómeno en cuestión, así como un estudio teórico, doctrinal y conceptual que precisó recurrir a diversas fuentes de investigación socio-jurídica y antropológica.
Advertir al Derecho desde los ámbitos espaciales de la sociología rural y particularmente de relaciones sociales que le son inmanentes, plantea necesariamente el estudio de aquellas clases sociales y núcleos humanos que Gramsci identificó como los sujetos subalternos, y cuyo tratamiento en este trabajo corresponde a los pueblos originarios.
Sociología rural en el siglo XX. Claves históricas para su comprensión
Authors: Lutz Bruno
Published: April 2022

En este artículo se indagan los diferentes procesos históricos que participaron en la constitución de la sociología rural, entendida como subdisciplina de la sociología. Nuestra atención se enfoca en el siglo XX porque es en este período cuando se constituye como tal esta reflexión enfocada al mundo social rural ya sea para implementar políticas gubernamentales, para denunciar la opresión del campesinado desde una perspectiva ideológica, o bien para hacer emerger un nuevo sujeto colectivo entre la clase social y el grupo étnico. Mostramos también que la coexistencia de diferentes corrientes de pensamiento según las épocas y las áreas geográficas ha alentado la constitución de la sociología rural como disciplina por completo. Concluimos que la renovación permanente de los tópicos de interés constituye un reto para la edificación de una epistemología con características disciplinarias, única y capaz de mantener articulado un rompecabezas de acercamientos diferentes al sujeto social rural.
Representaciones sociales de la milpa en tres regiones de Puebla: Significados y diferencias
Authors: Sosa Cabrera Edwin , González Amaro Rosa María
Published: April 2022

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las representaciones sociales del agroecosistema milpa que se practica en diversos contextos socioambientales del estado de Puebla, México. 62 entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación participante permitieron el análisis desde la teoría de las representaciones sociales, de las diversas interpretaciones del agroecosistema en tres municipios poblanos de la Sierra Norte, Sierra Nororiental y Valle de Serdán. Como resultado, se sistematizaron de manera cuantitativa los datos productivos de la milpa en las tres regiones (tamaño y tenencia de las parcelas; datos de siembra, asociación de cultivos; herramientas e inclusión de tecnología; plagas y enfermedades; cosecha, tratamiento y destino de la producción). Se concluye que, el núcleo central del agroecosistema milpa en Puebla está configurado por: a) el cultivo de maíz en asociación o rotación con otros cultivos; b) la dominancia del maíz; c) el acomodo de los cultivos asociados o arvenses respetando dicha dominancia y; d) presencia de variedades nativas de maíz. En el sistema periférico se reconoció: a) el destino final de la producción, b) el uso de insumos, maquinaria y mano de obra, y c) adecuaciones del proceso productivo.
Estudios campesinos en Cuba. Contribuciones de la sociología rural y la economía política
Authors: Leyva Remón Arisbel , Donéstevez Sánchez Grizel
Published: April 2022

El presente artículo ofrece una aproximación crítica a la trayectoria histórica de los estudios campesinos en Cuba durante las últimas seis décadas. Se trata de un nuevo acercamiento que coloca en perspectiva y evalúa los desarrollos teórico-metodológicos y epistémicos alcanzados en este campo de estudio a partir de los vínculos interdisciplinares forjados entre la Sociología Rural y la Economía Política marxista. A partir de la selección y análisis de los textos más representativos correspondientes al periodo estudiado, los autores examinan viejas y nuevas temáticas, destacan las influencias más notables recibidas de corrientes del pensamiento social contemporáneo y exploran algunos de los principales aportes conceptuales construidos sobre la base de los hallazgos empíricos registrados en el periodo. El alcance de la propuesta reside en el aporte de una sistematización de corte reflexivo en torno a las indagaciones socioestructurales y socioeconómicas sobre el sujeto campesino. Responde, por tanto, al imperativo de lograr elaboraciones teóricas transdisciplinares de mayor calado en este ámbito de las investigaciones rurales.
Las trayectorias de la sociología rural en América Latina
Authors: Mascheroni Paola , Riella Alberto
Published: April 2022

El artículo presenta la trayectoria de la sociología rural en América Latina, sus principales ejes de debate, discusiones conceptuales y desplazamientos desde mediados del siglo XX a la fecha. Para ordenar este recorrido se proponen cuatro momentos. El primero se ubica en los orígenes de la disciplina en el continente, donde al influjo de las reflexiones clásicas y bajo la influencia de sociólogos europeos y norteamericanos su esfuerzo principal giró en torno a tratar de aplicar los marcos conceptuales orientados por la modernización para explicar la situación de las sociedades rurales nacionales. El segundo momento se caracteriza como una reacción crítica a las miradas modernizadoras, donde el eje central del debate fueron las transformaciones agrarias, las clases sociales, sus relaciones de poder y el papel que debería cumplir el Estado en esas transformaciones. En el tercero el foco de las discusiones se desplaza hacia la capacidad del mercado para ordenar la sociedad y la emergencia de nuevas miradas sobre la ruralidad. El cuarto está signado por la crisis ambiental y alimentaria, el poder de las cadenas globales en el ordenamiento del sistema agroalimentario y el avance de las resistencias locales y de los sujetos subalternos.
Sociología rural en México y la agenda de investigación en el siglo XXI. Confrontaciones y transversalidad entre paradigmas
Authors: Sánchez Albarrán Armando
Published: April 2022

En el siglo XXI, la agenda de investigación de la sociología rural experimentó profundas transformaciones en su objeto de estudio, ya de por sí cambiante, de tal forma que las teorías, conceptos y metodologías para el estudio de los problemas rurales se pueden diferenciar radicalmente de lo que se estudiaba en el siglo XX. El objetivo es ubicar las aportaciones teóricas y metodológicas elaboradas por los académicos involucrados en la sociología rural a fines de los años ochenta y hasta la fecha, a través de la producción teórica de los mecanismos de comunicación de los resultados Se argumenta, que la agenda de investigación de la sociología rural se caracteriza por la complejidad y por el dinámico movimiento en todas sus dimensiones económicas, sociales, culturales y políticas teniendo entre las principales características la inter y transdisciplinariedad; la confrontación de dos o más paradigmas principales y la tendencia hacia la transversalidad u horizontalidad de los estudios rurales.
Current State and Future Directions for Learning in Biological Recurrent Neural Networks: A Perspective Piece
Authors: Henha Eyono Roy , Boven Ellen , Ghosh Arna , Pemberton Joseph , Scherr Franz , Clopath Claudia , Ponte Costa Rui , Maass Wolfgang , Richards Blake A. , Savin Cristina , Wilmes Katharina , Prince Luke Y.
Published: April 2022

This perspective piece came about through the Generative Adversarial Collaboration (GAC) series of workshops organized by the Computational Cognitive Neuroscience (CCN) conference in 2020. We brought together a number of experts from the field of theoretical neuroscience to debate emerging issues in our understanding of how learning is implemented in biological recurrent neural networks. Here, we will give a brief review of the common assumptions about biological learning and the corresponding findings from experimental neuroscience and contrast them with the efficiency of gradient-based learning in recurrent neural networks commonly used in artificial intelligence. We will then outline the key issues discussed in the workshop: synaptic plasticity, neural circuits, theory-experiment divide, and objective functions. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for both theoretical and experimental neuroscientists when designing new studies that could help to bring clarity to these issues.
The impact of temperature inversions on black carbon and particle mass concentrations in a mountainous area
Authors: Glojek Kristina , Močnik Griša , Alas Honey Dawn C. , Cuesta-Mosquera Andrea , Drinovec Luka , Gregorič Asta , Ogrin Matej , Weinhold Kay , Ježek Irena , Müller Thomas , Rigler Martin , Remškar Maja , van Pinxteren Dominik , Herrmann Hartmut , Ristorini Martina , Merkel Maik , Markelj Miha , Wiedensohler Alfred
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Residential wood combustion is a widespread practice in
Europe with a serious impact on air quality, especially in mountainous
areas. While there is a significant number of studies conducted in deep
urbanized valleys and basins, little is known about the air pollution
processes in rural shallow hollows, where around 30 % of the people in mountainous areas across Europe live. We aim to determine the influence of
ground temperature inversions on wood combustion aerosol pollution in hilly,
rural areas. The study uses Retje karst hollow (Loški Potok, Slovenia)
as a representative site for mountainous and hilly rural areas in central and south-eastern Europe with residential wood combustion. Sampling with a mobile
monitoring platform along the hollow was performed in December 2017 and
January 2018. The backpack mobile monitoring platform was used for the
determination of equivalent black carbon (eBC) and particulate matter
(PM) mass concentrations along the hollow. To ensure high quality of mobile measurement data, intercomparisons of mobile instruments with
reference instruments were performed at two air quality stations during
every run. Our study showed that aerosol pollution events in the relief
depression were associated with high local emission intensities originating
almost entirely from residential wood burning and shallow temperature
inversions (58 m on average). The eBC and PM mass concentrations showed
stronger associations with the potential temperature gradient (R2=0.8) than with any other meteorological parameters taken into account
(ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation). The strong association between the potential temperature
gradient and pollutant concentrations suggests that even a small number of
emission sources (total 243 households in the studied hollow) in similar
hilly and mountainous rural areas with frequent temperature inversions can
significantly increase the levels of eBC and PM and deteriorate local air quality. During temperature inversions the measured mean eBC and
PM2.5 mass concentrations in the whole hollow were as high as 4.5±2.6 and 48.0 ± 27.7 µg m−3,
respectively, which is comparable to larger European urban centres.
Pre-industrial Temperature Variability on the Swiss Plateau Derived from the Instrumental Daily Series of Bern and Zurich
Authors: Brugnara Yuri , Hari Chantal , Pfister Lucas , Valler Veronika , Brönnimann Stefan
Published: April 2022

Abstract. We describe the compilation of two early instrumental daily temperature series from Bern and Zurich, Switzerland, starting from 1760 and 1756, respectively. The series are a combination of numerous small segments from different observers at different locations, within and outside the two cities, converted to modern units and homogenized. In addition, we introduce a methodology to estimate the errors affecting daily and monthly mean values derived from early instrumental observations. Given the frequent small data gaps, we merge the two daily series into a more complete series representing the central Swiss Plateau. We finally compare the homogenized monthly series with other temperature reconstructions for Switzerland. We find significant differences before 1860 pointing to biases affecting some of the most widely used instrumental data sets. In general, the homogenization of temperature measurements at the transition between the early instrumental and the national weather services eras remains a problematic issue in historical climatology and has significant implications for other fields of climate research.
Dynamic root growth in response to depth-varying soil moisture availability: a rhizobox study
Authors: Maan Debora Cynthia , ten Veldhuis Marie-Claire , van de Wiel Bas Johannes Henricus
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Plant roots are highly adaptable, but their adaptability is not included in crop and land surface models. They rely on a simplified representation of root growth, independent of soil moisture availability. Data of subsurface processes and interactions, needed for model set-up and validation, are scarce. Here we investigated soil moisture driven root growth. To this end we installed subsurface drip lines and small soil moisture sensors (0.2 L measurement volume) inside rhizoboxes (45 x 45 x 10 cm). The development of the vertical soil moisture and root growth profiles are tracked with a high spatial and temporal resolution. The results confirm that root growth is predominantly driven by vertical soil moisture distribution, while influencing soil moisture at the same time. Besides support for the functional relationship between the soil moisture and the root density growth rate, the experiments suggest that vertical root extension only takes place if the soil moisture exceeds a threshold value at the root tip. We show that even a parsimonious one-dimensional water balance model, driven by the measured water input and output fluxes, can be convincingly improved by implementing root growth driven by soil moisture availability.
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Authors: Ceccato Alberto , Tartaglia Giulia , Antonellini Marco , Viola Giulio
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The multiscale analysis of fracture patterns helps defining the geometric scaling laws and the relationships between outcrop- and regional-scale structures in a fracture network. Here, we present a novel analytical and statistical workflow to analyze the geometrical and spatial organization properties of the Rolvsnes granodiorite lineament (fracture) network in the crystalline basement of southwestern Norway (Bømlo Island). The network shows a scale-invariant spatial distribution described by a fractal dimension D ≈ 1.51, with lineament lengths distributed following a general scaling power-law (exponent   = 1.88). However, orientation-dependent analyses show that the identified sets vary their relative abundance and spatial organization with scale, defining a hierarchical network. Lineament length, density, and intensity distributions of each set follow power-law scaling laws characterized by their own exponents. Thus, our multiscale, orientation-dependent statistical approach can aid in the identification of the hierarchical structure of the fracture network, quantifying the spatial heterogeneity of lineament sets and their related regional- vs. local-scale relevance. These results, integrated with field petrophysical analyses of fracture lineaments, can effectively improve the detail and accuracy of permeability prediction of heterogeneously fractured media. Our results show also how the geological and geometrical properties of the fracture network and analytical biases affect the results of multiscale analyses and how they must be critically assessed before extrapolating the conclusions to any other similar case study of fractured crystalline basement blocks.
A strontium isoscape of inland southeastern Australia
Authors: de Caritat Patrice , Dosseto Anthony , Dux Florian
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The values and distribution patterns of the strontium (Sr) isotope ratio 87Sr / 86Sr in Earth surface materials is of use in the geological, environmental and social sciences. Ultimately, the 87Sr / 86Sr ratio of soil and everything that lives in and on it is inherited from the rock that is its parent material. In Australia, there are few large-scale surveys of 87Sr / 86Sr available, and here we report on a new, low-density dataset using 112 catchment outlet (floodplain) sediment samples covering 529,000 km2 of inland southeastern Australia (South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria). The coarse (< 2 mm) fraction of bottom sediment samples (depth ~0.6–0.8 m) from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia were milled and fully digested before Sr separation by chromatography and 87Sr / 86Sr determination by multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The results show a wide range of 87Sr / 86Sr values from a minimum of 0.7089 to a maximum of 0.7511 (range 0.0422). The median 87Sr / 86Sr (± robust standard deviation) is 0.7199 (± 0.0112), and the mean (± standard deviation) is 0.7220 (± 0.0106). The spatial patterns of the Sr isoscape observed are described and attributed to various geological sources and processes. Of note are the elevated (radiogenic) values (≥~0.7270; top quartile) contributed by (1) the Palaeozoic sedimentary country rock and (mostly felsic) igneous intrusions of the Lachlan geological region to the east of the study area; (2) the Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic rocks of the central Broken Hill region; both these sources contribute radiogenic material mainly by fluvial processes; and (3) the Proterozoic to Palaeozoic rocks of the Kanmantoo, Adelaide, Gawler and Painter geological regions to the west of the area; these sources contribute radiogenic material mainly by aeolian processes. Regions of low 87Sr / 86Sr (≤~0.7130; bottom quartile) belong mainly to (1) a few central Murray Basin catchments; (2) some Darling Basin catchments in the northeast; and (3) a few Eromanga geological region-influenced catchments in the northwest of the study area; these sources contribute radiogenic material mainly by fluvial processes.
River flooding mechanisms and their changes in Europe revealed by explainable machine learning
Authors: Jiang Shijie , Bevacqua Emanuele , Zscheischler Jakob
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Climate change may systematically impact hydro-meteorological processes and their interactions, resulting in changes in flooding mechanisms. Identifying such changes is important for flood forecasting and projection. Currently, there is a lack of observational evidence regarding trends in flooding mechanisms in Europe, which requires reliable methods to disentangle emerging patterns from the complex interactions between flood drivers. By using a novel explainable machine learning framework, combined with cluster analysis, we identify three primary patterns that drive 55,828 annual maximum discharge events in over a thousand European catchments. The patterns can be associated with three catchment-wide river flooding mechanisms: recent precipitation, antecedent precipitation (i.e., excessive soil moisture), and snowmelt. The results indicate that over half of the studied catchments are controlled by a combination of the above mechanisms, especially recent precipitation in combination with excessive soil moisture, which is the dominant mechanism in one-third of the catchments. Over the past 70 years, significant changes in the dominant flooding mechanisms have been detected within a number of European catchments. Generally, the number of snowmelt-induced floods has decreased significantly whereas floods driven by recent precipitation have increased. The detected changes in flooding mechanisms are consistent with the expected climate change responses, and we highlight the risks associated with the resulting impact on flooding seasonality and magnitude. Overall, the study demonstrates the important role of explainable machine learning in uncovering complex and possibly non-linear changes in weather and climate extremes events and their drivers under climate change.
A robust Upwind Mixed Hybrid Finite Element method for transport in variably saturated porous media
Authors: Younes Anis , Hoteit Hussein , Helmig Rainer , Fahs Marwan
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Mixed Finite Element (MFE) method is well adapted for the simulation of fluid flow in heterogeneous porous media. However, when employed for the transport equation, it can generate solutions with strong unphysical oscillations because of the hyperbolic nature of advection. In this work, a robust upwind MFE scheme is proposed to avoid such unphysical oscillations. The new scheme is a combination of the upwind edge/face centred Finite Volume (FV) method with the hybrid formulation of the MFE method. The scheme ensures continuity of both advective and dispersive fluxes between adjacent elements and allows to maintain the time derivative continuous, which permits employment of high order time integration methods via the Method of Lines (MOL). Numerical simulations are performed in both saturated and unsaturated porous media to investigate the robustness of the new upwind-MFE scheme. Results show that, contrarily to the standard scheme, the upwind-MFE method generates stable solutions without under and overshoots. The simulation of contaminant transport into a variably saturated porous medium highlights the robustness of the proposed upwind scheme when combined with the MOL for solving nonlinear problems.
Characteristics of consecutive tsunamis and resulting tsunami behaviors in southern Taiwan induced by the doublet earthquakes on 26 December 2006
Authors: Cheng An-Chi , Suppasri Anawat , Pakoksung Kwanchai , Imamura Fumihiko
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Consecutive Mw 7.0 and Mw 6.9 submarine earthquakes occurred offshore Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan on 26 December 2006. A small tsunami was generated, and recorded at tide gauge stations for the first time. This important event attracted public interest as it was generated by doublet sources and demonstrated tsunami risk in Taiwan. This study analyzed tide gauge tsunami waveforms and numerical simulations to understand the source characteristics and resulting tsunami behaviors. The maximum wave heights at three stations were 0.08 m (Kaohsiung), 0.12 m (Dongkung), and 0.3 m (Houbihu), and only Houbihu recorded the first wave crest as the largest. The tsunami durations were 3.9 h at Dongkung, and more than 6 h at Kaohsiung and Houbihu. Spectral analyses detected dominant periodic components of spectral peaks on tsunami waveforms. The period band from 15.5–26.6 min was identified as the tsunami source spectrum, and the approximate source area for the consecutive tsunamis was constrained to be 800 km2. Comparing the simulated tsunami waveforms to observed tsunami waveforms showed that the GCMT focal mechanisms explained the observations at all three stations better than the USGS solutions. Numerical simulations based on real and hypothetical bathymetry examined its influence on the transmission of tsunami waves. The results revealed that wave trapping was connected to wave refraction caused by bathymetry. Trapped waves interfered with incident waves at shelf edges amplified tsunami waves and prolonged oscillations, which explained unusual observations recorded by the tide gauges. These elucidate the generation of the consecutive 2006 tsunamis, and consequent tsunami behaviors in southern Taiwan, contributing essential knowledge for tsunami warning and coastal emergency response in Taiwan to reduce disaster risk.