bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytische Herleitung von Anforderungen an den Luftschallschutz zwischen Räumen
Authors: Moll Wolfgang
Published: August 2009

Vor dem Hintergrund der Auseinandersetzungen um die Höhe des Schallschutzes der zurzeit überarbeiteten DIN 4109 “Schallschutz im Hochbau” befasst sich der Autor kritisch mit der bisherigen Art der Festlegung bauakustischer Anforderungen. In Anbetracht der fehlenden physikalischen Legitimation dieser Anforderungen – früher an die Schalldämmwerte, jetzt an die Schallschutzwerte – schlägt der Verfasser die gezielte Berechnung der nachhallzeitbezogenen Schallschutzanforderungen vor, und zwar auf der Basis allgemein bekannter Ausgangsdaten, wie z. B. der Schallleistung der einzelnen Quellen, der Verdeckung durch den Grundpegel etc. Das Verfahren wird ausführlich erläutert und beispielhaft erklärt. Für die Abstufungen Mindestschallschutz, erhöhter Schallschutz, hoher Schallschutz werden Basiswerte vorgeschlagen, die dann in die gezielte Bestimmung der Anforderungsgrößen einfließen.

Analytical derivation of requirements for airborne sound insulation between rooms.

Against the background of the debate about sound protection levels in the current revision of DIN 4109 “Sound insulation in buildings” the author critically examines the existing methodology for determining acoustic requirements. In view of the lack of physical legitimation of these requirements – previously sound insulation values, now sound protection values – the author proposes targeted calculation of reverberation‐related sound protection requirements based on generally known basic data, including the sound power levels of individual sources, masking through background noise, etc. The technique is explained in detail and illustrated by means of examples. Basic values are proposed for minimum sound protection, increased sound protection and high sound protection, which are then used for determining the requirements for individual parameters.
Development of a Quadruple Imaging Modality by Using Nanoparticles
Authors: Hwang Do Won , Ko Hae Young , Kim Suk‐Ki , Kim Daehong , Lee Dong Soo , Kim Soonhag
Published: August 2009

The combination of nanotechnology with molecular imaging has great potential for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics, and multimodal imaging enables versatile applications from cell tracking in animals to clinical applications. Herein, we report a multimodal nanoparticle imaging system that is capable of concurrent fluorescence, bioluminescence, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in vivo. A cobalt–ferrite nanoparticle surrounded by rhodamine (MF) was conjugated with luciferase (MFB) and p‐SCNbnNOTA (2‐(4‐isothiocyanatobenzyl)‐1,4,7‐triazacyclonane‐1,4,7‐triacetic acid) followed by 68GaCl3 (magnetic‐fluorescent‐bioluminescent‐radioisotopic particle, MFBR). Confocal microscopy revealed good transfection efficiency of MFB into cells and BRET was also observed in MFB. A good correlation among rhodamine, luciferase, and 68GaCl3 was found in MFBR, and the activities of each imaging modality increased dose‐dependently with the amount of MFBR in the C6 cells. In vivo optical images were acquired from the thighs of mice after intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of MFBR‐laden cells. MicroPET and MR images showed intense radioactivity and ferromagnetic intensities with MFBR‐laden cells. The multimodal imaging strategy could be used as potential imaging tools to track cells.
Folding and Aggregation of Cationic Oligo(aryl‐triazole)s in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Fei , Han Yumiao , Wang Fuyi , Jiang Hua
Published: August 2009

Cationic aryl triazole oligomers have been synthesized through “click chemistry”. The results show that cationic aryl triazole oligomers adopt a helical conformation in water or in a mixture of water and methanol, but prevail as a random‐coiled conformation in methanol. Importantly, circular dichroism spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering experiments revealed that cationic oligomers aggregated intermolecularly to form higher order architectures with a helical sense opposite to that of the individual helix, which eventually led to the formation of aggregates with sizes in the range 100–500 nm. The aggregation of cationic oligomers was governed by the concentration and polarity of the environment. More interestingly, cationic foldamers were able to recognize chloride and fluoride anions in aqueous solution. The recognition consequently destabilized intermolecular aggregation.
Remarkable Tuning of the Coordination and Photophysical Properties of Lanthanide Ions in a Series of Tetrazole‐Based Complexes
Authors: Andreiadis Eugen S. , Demadrille Renaud , Imbert Daniel , Pécaut Jacques , Mazzanti Marinella
Published: August 2009

A series of seven new tetrazole‐based ligands (L1, L3–L8) containing terpyridine or bipyridine chromophores suited to the formation of luminescent complexes of lanthanides have been synthesized. All ligands were prepared from the respective carbonitriles by thermal cycloaddition of sodium azide. The crystal structures of the homoleptic terpyridine–tetrazolate complexes [Ln(Li)2]NHEt3 (Ln=Nd, Eu, Tb for i=1, 2; Ln=Eu for i=3, 4) and of the monoaquo bypyridine–tetrazolate complex [Eu(H2O)(L7)2]NHEt3 were determined. The tetradentate bipyridine–tetrazolate ligand forms nonhelical complexes that can contain a water molecule coordinated to the metal. Conversely, the pentadentate terpyridine–tetrazolate ligands wrap around the metal, thereby preventing solvent coordination and forming chiral double‐helical complexes similarly to the analogue terpyridine–carboxylate. Proton NMR spectroscopy studies show that the solid‐state structures of these complexes are retained in solution and indicate the kinetic stability of the hydrophobic complexes of terpyridine–tetrazolates. UV spectroscopy results suggest that terpyridine–tetrazolate complexes have a similar stability to their carboxylate analogues, which is sufficient for their isolation in aerobic conditions. The replacement of the carboxylate group with tetrazolate extends the absorption window of the corresponding terpyridine‐ (≈20 nm) and bipyridine‐based (25 nm) complexes towards the visible region (up to 440 nm). Moreover, the substitution of the terpyridine–tetrazolate system with different groups in the ligand series L3–L6 has a very important effect on both absorption spectra and luminescence efficiency of their lanthanide complexes. The tetrazole‐based ligands L1 and L3–L8 sensitize efficiently the luminescent emission of lanthanide ions in the visible and near‐IR regions with quantum yields ranging from 5 to 53 % for EuIII complexes, 6 to 35 % for TbIII complexes, and 0.1 to 0.3 % for NdIII complexes, which is among the highest reported for a neodymium complex. The luminescence efficiency could be related to the energy of the ligand triplet states, which are strongly correlated to the ligand structures.
Goldmacherei in Deutschland und Europa. Fürsten, Bürger und Betrüger
Authors: Priesner Claus
Published: August 2009

Der Artikel beschreibt das Wirken betrügerischer Goldmacher vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert. Anhand einiger Biographien wird dargestellt, wie diese ihre Opfer täuschten und welche Tricks bei den angebliche Metallveredelungen benutzt wurden. Es wird aber auch erzählt, wieso sich immer wieder Menschen fanden bzw. finden, die dem Versprechen goldener Berge bereitwillig Glauben schenken.
Biosorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution Using a Bioenergy Forest Waste: Xanthoceras sorbifolia Seed Coat
Authors: Yao Zengyu , Wang Lihua , Qi Jianhua
Published: August 2009

Xanthoceras sorbifolia seed coat (XSSC), a bioenergy forest waste, was used for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, adsorbate concentration and contact time on MB biosorption were studied. The equilibrium adsorption data was analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results indicated that the Langmuir model provided the best correlation with the experimental data. The adsorption capacity of XSSC for MB was determined with the Langmuir model and was found to be 178.6 mg/g at 298 K. The adsorption kinetic data was modeled using the pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic equations. It was seen that the pseudo‐second order equation could describe the adsorption kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was not the sole rate controlling factor. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. Standard Gibbs free energy was spontaneous for all interactions, and the biosorption process exhibited exothermic standard enthalpy values. The results indicated that XSSC is an attractive alternative for removing cationic dyes from wastewater.
Invasion associated up‐regulation of nuclear factor κB target genes in colorectal cancer
Authors: Horst David , Budczies Jan , Brabletz Thomas , Kirchner Thomas , Hlubek Falk
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) displays intratumoral heterogeneity with less differentiated tumor cells at the invasive front (IF) than in the tumor center (TC). The authors previously observed that several genes were overexpressed at the IF of CRC with relations to inflammatory processes. Because nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB), a dimeric transcription factor, is a major regulator of such processes, and because its target genes are involved in immune response, cell growth control, and cell survival, the expression of NF‐κB target genes was investigated comparatively in CRC.

METHODS:

By using gene array profiling, NF‐κB target gene expression was assessed in CRCs that expressed human mutL homolog 1 (hMLH1), hMSH2, and nuclear β‐catenin by comparing expression at the IF, in the TC, and in normal mucosa. In addition, 5 NF‐κB target genes with high differential expression were validated by using immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS:

The expression of NF‐κB target genes in the TC, at the IF, and in normal mucosa was distinct; whereas, specifically at the IF, most differentially expressed NF‐κB targets were up‐regulated. Moreover, the results indicated that the expression diverged between epithelial tumor cells and inflammatory stromal cells.

CONCLUSIONS:

Because the results demonstrated that inflammation and the activation of NF‐κB signaling promoted CRC invasiveness, the current study provided further evidence that downstream targets of NF‐κB signaling may be specifically relevant in invasion and progression of CRC. Finally, as has been suggested for colitis‐associated cancer, the authors of this report concluded that the inhibition of NF‐κB signaling also may be an additional option for the treatment of sporadic CRC. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The impact of primary tumor size, lymph node status, and other prognostic factors on the risk of cancer death
Authors: Chen L. Leon , Nolan Matthew E. , Silverstein Melvin J. , Mihm Martin C. , Sober Arthur J. , Tanabe Kenneth K. , Smith Barbara L. , Younger Jerry , Michaelson James S.
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND:

Although many prognostic factors are associated with differences in cancer lethality, it may not be obvious whether a factor truly makes an independent contribution to lethality or simply is correlated with tumor size. There is currently no method for integrating tumor size, lymph node status, and other prognostic information from a patient into a single risk of death estimate.

METHODS:

The SizeOnly equation, which captures the relation between tumor size and risk of death, makes it possible to determine whether a prognostic factor truly makes an independent contribution to cancer lethally or merely is associated with tumor size (SizeAssessment method). The magnitude of each factor's lethal contribution can be quantified by a parameter, g, inserted into the SizeOnly equation (PrognosticMeasurement method). A series of linked equations (the Size+Nodes+PrognosticFactors [SNAP] method) combines information on tumor size, lymph node status, and other prognostic factors from a patient into a single estimate of the risk of death.

RESULTS:

Nine prognostic factors were identified that made marked, independent contributions to breast carcinoma lethality: grade; mucinous, medullary, tubular, and scirrhous adenocarcinoma; male sex; inflammatory disease; Paget disease; and lymph node status. In addition, it was determined that lymph node status made an independent contribution to melanoma lethality. The SNAP method was able to accurately estimate the risk of death and to finely stratify patients by risk.

CONCLUSIONS:

The methods described provide a new framework for identifying and quantifying those factors that contribute to cancer lethality and provide a basis for web‐based calculators (available at: http://www.CancerMath.net accessed July 29, 2009) that accurately estimate the risk of death for each patient. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Size effect of color patches for their color appearance with foggy goggles simulating cloudy crystalline lens of elderly people
Authors: Ikeda Mitsuo , Pungrassamee Pontawee , Obama Tomoko
Published: August 2009

The cataract eyes can be characterized by three elements; luminance, spectral distribution, and scatter, which are perceived as brightness, color, and fogginess, respectively. Change of any of the three elements may affect visual performance. The foggy element, which refers to the perception associated with a change in the optical scatter of the crystalline lens, causes deterioration of the visual acuity, pattern perception, and an uncomfortable foggy appearance over the visual field. Moreover, it also affects the ability to discriminate and perceive colors. The environmental light coming to the eyes from all directions overlay the retinal image of a color patch and causes to reduce the color purity of the image. Color desaturation of the patch takes place. In this article, it is suggested that if the patch is enlarged in size the environmental light coming from the immediate surroundings of the patch is replaced by the color of the patch itself reducing the desaturation of the patch and leading to a greater perception of the original patch color. Three foggy filters were made to fit goggles and subjects, while wearing the goggles, were allowed to observe red, yellow, green, and blue color patches of six different sizes under four different illuminance levels to control the strength of the environmental light. When the color patch size was small as 0.7° of visual angle the chromaticness perceived on each of the color patches was extremely small under an environmental light of 300 lx, but increased rapidly as the color patch size increased to 5.9° of visual angle. When the environmental light was reduced to 10 lx, the degree of apparent color desaturation was markedly reduced to only a slight amount. The haze value of the foggy filters was also found to be significant with the larger the haze value the stronger the desaturation of the test color patches. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 351–358, 2009
Minimizing observer metamerism in display systems
Authors: Ramanath Rajeev
Published: August 2009

Observer metamerism has long been known to be an issue of concern for color engineers. With the advent and mass proliferation of narrow‐band display devices, this article addresses the issue of observer metamerism and puts it in the context of first understanding the implication of interobserver variations in the color matching functions (CMFs) and additionally designing the ideal set of primary illuminant spectral power distributions (SPDs) such that observer metamerism is minimized. The article also suggests the use of the Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) and the number of modes (peaks) in the primary SPDs as a means of assessing the susceptibility to observer‐to‐observer variations between various modern display technologies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 391–398, 2009
Computational representations of architectural design for tall buildings
Authors: Aksamija Ajla
Published: August 2009

Building design process is a significantly complex procedure taking into account many different factors and variables, such as the site context, environment, material availability, cost, and function. One of the most complex forms in the built environment is tall building because of the scale, design considerations, and multidisciplinary nature. This article discusses development of ontological model for understanding, presenting, relating, and managing knowledge influencing architectural design of tall buildings. Ontology is a knowledge‐based model that represents certain domain by abstraction of concepts, and a network of relationships and properties describing these concepts. By creating an architectural ontology, the factors, relations, and characteristics in the design process can be clearly defined and presented. The model incorporates physical systems such as structure, building elements, and geometry, as well as environmental effects, social aspects and other complex attributes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Sensitivity to change of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire
Authors: Anholt Gideon A. , van Oppen Patricia , Cath Danielle C. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , Smit Johannes H. , van Balkom Anton J. L. M.
Published: August 2009

The Obsessive–Compulsive Beliefs Questionnaire‐87 (OBQ‐87) has been constructed by leading obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) experts to assess dysfunctional beliefs typical for OCD patients. The OBQ‐87 has recently been revised (Obsessive–Compulsive Beliefs Questionnaire‐44 [OBQ‐44]) to improve its psychometric properties. The current investigation entailed two goals: (1) to assess the sensitivity of both Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ) versions to treatment change and other OCD measures; and (2) to assess relations between symptom subtypes, OBQ beliefs and changes in beliefs as a consequence of treatment. One hundred and four patients have completed the OBQ before and after 12 sessions of behaviour therapy. Results suggest that (1) both OBQ versions exhibit an identical medium effect size; (2) overlap between clinical and non‐clinical populations limit the use of the OBQ as a primary measure of treatment change; and (3) the symptom dimension obsessions + checking was related to initial OBQ scores, but no symptom dimensions were related to OBQ pre‐treatment to post‐treatment changes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

Both versions of the OBQ demonstrate similar sensitivity to treatment change; however the clinical utility of this measure is doubtful.
DNA damage response induced by tobacco smoke in normal human bronchial epithelial and A549 pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells assessed by laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Zhao Hong , Albino Anthony P. , Jorgensen Ellen , Traganos Frank , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: August 2009

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major cause of lung cancer and a contributor to the development of a wide range of other malignancies. There is an acute need to develop a methodology that can rapidly assess the potential carcinogenic properties of the genotoxic agents present in CS. We recently reported that exposure of normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) or A549 pulmonary carcinoma cells to CS induces the activation of ATM through its phosphorylation on Ser1981 and phosphorylation of histone H2AX on Ser139 (γH2AX) most likely in response to the formation of potentially carcinogenic DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs). To obtain a more complete view of the DNA damage response (DDR) we explored the correlation between ATM activation, H2AX phosphorylation, activation of Chk2 through its phosphorylation on Thr68, and phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15 in NHBE and A549 cell exposed to CS. Multiparameter analysis by laser scanning cytometry made it possible to relate these DDR events, detected immunocytochemically, with cell cycle phase. The CS‐dose‐dependent induction and increase in the extent of phosphorylation of ATM, Chk2, H2AX, and p53 were seen in both cell types. ATM and Chk2 were phosphorylated ∼1 h prior to phosphorylation of H2AX and p53. The dephosphorylation of ATM, Chk2, and H2AX was seen after 2 h following CS exposure. The dose‐dependency and kinetics of DDR were essentially similar in both cell types, which provide justification for the use of A549 cells in the assessment of genotoxicity of CS in lieu of normal bronchial epithelial cells. The observation that DDR was more pronounced in S‐phase cells is consistent with the mechanism of induction of DSBs occurring as a result of collision of replication forks with primary lesions such as DNA adducts that can be caused by CS‐generated oxidants. The cytometric assessment of CS‐induced DDR provides a means to estimate the genotoxicity of CS and to explore the mechanisms of the response as a function of cell cycle phase and cell type. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A simple and optimized length estimator for digitized DNA contours
Authors: Rivetti Claudio
Published: August 2009

The determination of the contour length of DNA imaged by either electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy is frequently required for investigating the physical properties of nucleic acids. Nevertheless, these measurements are often carried out with methods that are not optimized for the curvilinear shape of DNA or are too complex to be of practical use. The aim of this study is to provide a method for the contour length measurements of DNA that is accurate, practical, and computationally simple. Computer simulated DNA fragments were used as experimental benchmarks in order to compute the coefficients a and b of the (ne, no)‐characterization [L(ne,no) = ane + bno] so as to minimize the error of the measurements. The data show that, at variance with straight lines, a DNA length estimator depends on both the DNA flexibility and the image resolution, but it is independent of the DNA contour length. A table with DNA estimators to be used for length measurements of digitized contours obtained under commonly used imaging conditions is provided. Although the method has been developed using DNA as a benchmark, its applicability can be extended to other polymers as well as to other imaging techniques. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Neuroprotective effect of testosterone treatment on motoneuron recruitment following the death of nearby motoneurons
Authors: Fargo Keith N. , Foster Allison M. , Sengelaub Dale R.
Published: August 2009

Motoneuron loss is a significant medical problem, capable of causing severe movement disorders or even death. We have previously shown that motoneuron death induces marked dendritic atrophy in surviving nearby motoneurons. Additionally, in quadriceps motoneurons, this atrophy is accompanied by decreases in motor nerve activity. However, treatment with testosterone partially attenuates changes in both the morphology and activation of quadriceps motoneurons. Testosterone has an even larger neuroprotective effect on the morphology of motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), in which testosterone treatment can completely prevent dendritic atrophy. The present experiment was performed to determine whether the greater neuroprotective effect of testosterone on SNB motoneuron morphology was accompanied by a greater neuroprotective effect on motor activation. Right side SNB motoneurons were killed by intramuscular injection of cholera toxin‐conjugated saporin in adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Animals were either given Silastic testosterone implants or left untreated. Four weeks later, left side SNB motor activation was assessed with peripheral nerve recording. The death of right side SNB motoneurons resulted in several changes in the electrophysiological response properties of surviving left side SNB motoneurons, including decreased background activity, increased response latency, increased activity duration, and decreased motoneuron recruitment. Treatment with exogenous testosterone attenuated the increase in activity duration and completely prevented the decrease in motoneuron recruitment. These data provide a functional correlate to the known protective effects of testosterone treatment on the morphology of these motoneurons, and further support a role for testosterone as a therapeutic agent in the injured nervous system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2009
Dual effects of the alloresponse by Th1 and Th2 cells on acute and chronic rejection of allotransplants
Authors: Illigens Ben M. , Yamada Akira , Anosova Natalie , Dong Victor M. , Sayegh Mohamed H. , Benichou Gilles
Published: August 2009

The contribution of direct and indirect alloresponses by CD4+ Th1 and Th2 cells in acute and chronic rejection of allogeneic transplants remains unclear. In the present study, we addressed this question using a transplant model in a single MHC class I‐disparate donor–recipient mouse combination. BALB/c‐dm2 (dm2) mutant mice do not express MHC class I Ld molecules and reject acutely Ld+ skin grafts from BALB/c mice. In contrast, BALB/c hearts placed in dm2 mice are permanently accepted in the absence of chronic allograft vasculopathy. In this model, CD4+ T cells are activated following recognition of a donor MHC class I determinant, Ld 61–80, presented by MHC Class II Ad molecules on donor and recipient APC. Pre‐transplantation of recipients with Ld 61–80 peptide emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant induced a Th1 response, which accelerated the rejection of skin allografts, but it had no effect on cardiac transplants. In contrast, induction of a Th2 response to the same peptide abrogated the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells response and markedly delayed the rejection of skin allografts while it induced de novo chronic rejection of heart transplants. This shows that Th2 cells activated via indirect allorecognition can exert dual effects on acute and chronic rejection of allogeneic transplants.
Homeostatic proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells depends on CD62L/L‐selectin‐mediated homing to peripheral LN
Authors: Schuster Kerstin , Gadiot Jules , Andreesen Reinhard , Mackensen Andreas , Gajewski Thomas F. , Blank Christian
Published: August 2009

Adoptive transfer of naïve CD8+ T cells into lymphopenic recipients results both in spontaneous proliferation and in partial activation of T cells, a phenomenon termed homeostatic proliferation (HP). HP of CD8+ T cells is dependent on host IL‐7, IL‐15, and MHC‐class I and has been shown to prevent T‐cell tolerance, reverse T‐cell anergy and support T‐cell‐mediated tumor control in vivo. However, the initial anatomic site of HP is still under debate. Since we observed that the earliest detectable HP occurs within LN and that T cells undergoing HP retain a CD62Lbright phenotype, we investigated the functional role of CD62L for this process. We found that CD62L‐expression on T cells is required for optimal HP and HP was impaired in lymphotoxin‐αβ−/− mice, indicating the necessity for intact host secondary lymphoid organ structures. Use of the LN egression inhibitor FTY720 indicated that LN structures were pivotal to yield homeostatically proliferated T cells detected in other compartments. Consistent with these results, HP‐supported control of MC57‐SIY tumors depended on CD62L. Our data indicate a critical role for CD62L and LN homing for the process of HP, which has implications for adoptive immunotherapy approaches of cancer.
Multiple functions of human T cells generated by experimental malaria challenge
Authors: Todryk Stephen M. , Walther Michael , Bejon Philip , Hutchings Claire , Thompson Fiona M. , Urban Britta C. , Porter David W. , Hill Adrian V. S.
Published: August 2009

Protective immunity generated following malaria infection may be comprised of Ab or T cells against malaria Ag of different stages; however, the short‐lived immunity that is observed suggests deficiency in immune memory or regulatory activity. In this study, cellular immune responses were investigated in individuals receiving Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge by the natural (mosquito bite) route as part of a malaria vaccine efficacy trial. Parasitemia, monitored by blood film microscopy and PCR, was subsequently cleared with drugs. All individuals demonstrated stable IFN‐γ, IL‐2 and IL‐4 ex vivo ELISPOT effector responses against P. falciparum‐infected RBC (iRBC) Ag, 28 and 90 days after challenge. However, infected RBC‐specific central memory responses, as measured by IFN‐γ cultured ELISPOT, were low and unstable over time, despite CD4+ T cells being highly proliferative by CFSE dilution, and showed an inverse relationship to parasite density. In support of the observation of poor memory, co‐culture experiments showed reduced responses to common recall Ag, indicating malaria‐specific regulatory activity. This activity could not be accounted for by the expression of IL‐10, TGF‐β, FOXP3 or CTLA‐4, but proliferating T cells expressed high levels of CD95, indicating a pro‐apoptotic phenotype. Lastly, there was an inverse relationship between FOXP3 expression, when measured 10 days after challenge, and ex vivo IFN‐γ measured more than 100 days later. This study shows that malaria infection elicits specific Th1 and Th2 effector cells, but concomitant weak central memory and regulatory activity, which may help to explain the short‐lived immunity observed.
A Simple Fluorescent Ion‐Pair Binding Host that Acts as an “If‐Then” Logic Gate
Authors: Dickson Sara Jane , Swinburne Adam N. , Paterson Martin J. , Lloyd Gareth O. , Beeby Andrew , Steed Jonathan W.
Published: August 2009

A donor‐acceptor‐type carbazole pyridine derivative behaves as an “if‐then” fluorescent molecular logic gate using chemical inputs in the form of copper(II) cations and nitrate anions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Protonic–Hydridic Bifunctionality: The Protonic (2‐Aminoethyl)dimethylphosphane Ligand in Nitrosyl Tungsten Hydride Complexes
Authors: Chen Zilu , Timokhin Ivan , Schmalle Helmut W. , Fox Thomas , Blacque Olivier , Berke Heinz
Published: August 2009

The chemistry of nitrosyl tungsten hydrides bearing the (2‐aminoethyl)dimethylphosphane ligand (edmp) with an acidic NH functionality was studied. Such complexes were targeted by applying the reaction of WCl3(NO)(CH3CN)2 with edmp, which gave [WCl2(NO)(η2‐edmp)2][Cl] (1a) and [WCl2(NO)(η2‐edmp)2][BPh4] (1b). Complex 1b was treated with Zn to produce [W(H)(Cl)(NO)(η2‐edmp)2][BPh4] (2b). Subsequent attempts with the use of WCl(NO)[P(OMe)3]4 and edmp as starting materials produced {W(NO)(η2‐edmp)2[P(OMe)3]}[Cl] (3a) at 85 °C and [W(H)(Cl)(NO)(η2‐edmp)2][Cl] (2a) at 120 °C. Substitution of the P(OMe)3 ligand in {W(η2‐edmp)2(NO)[P(OMe)3]}[BPh4] (3b) with CO afforded [W(CO)(η2‐edmp)2(NO)][BPh4] (4b). Complex 4b was treated withNaHBEt3, resulting in a dihydride product [W(CO)trans‐(η1‐edmp)2(H)2(NO)]Na (4c). The chlorido complexes containing one η2‐edmp ligand WCl(NO)(η2‐edmp)(PMe3)2 (5a), WCl(NO)(η2‐edmp)(CO)(PMe3) (6a), WCl(NO)(η2‐edmp)[P(OMe)3]2 (5b), and WCl(NO)(CO)(η2‐edmp)[P(OMe)3] (6b) were prepared and treated with NaHBEt3 to obtain the corresponding hydride species WH(NO)(η2‐edmp)[P(OMe)3]2 (8b), WH(NO)(CO)(η2‐edmp)(PMe3) (7a), and WH(NO)(CO)(η2‐edmp)[P(OMe)3] (7b). The initially formed WH(NO)(η2‐edmp)(PMe3)2 (8a) was spontaneously transformed into the amide complex W(NO)(CO)(NHCH2CH2PMe2)(PMe3) (11a) with loss of H2. The anionic dihydride products [W(H)2(η1‐edmp)(NO)L2]Na [L = PMe3 (9a) and L = PMe3 (9b)] were produced from 7a and 7b by the reaction with NaHBEt3. Hydride 8b turned out to be the most stable hydride complex in the given series. NMR spectroscopic experiments and deuterium labeling showed that 8b coexists in equilibrium with corresponding dihydrogen amide complex 10b. The structures of compounds 1a, 2b, 3a, 4b, 5b, 6a, and 6b were studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Thermally Pretreated 46% Pt/Vulcan XC72: Characterisation by TGA/DSC/TEM and Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Pinchuk O. A. , Aubuchon S. R. , Marks C. , Dominey R. , Dundar F. , Deniz O. F. , Ata A. , Wynne K. J.
Published: August 2009

We report a study of thermal stability and impact of thermal pretreatment procedures for 46% Pt/Vulcan XC72 (Tanaka) fuel cell catalyst. Stability in air and in inert gas (nitrogen, argon, helium) has been investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), TGA‐mass spectrometry (TGA‐MS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two distinct low temperature mass loss processes (100–200 and 285–300 °C) were observed, each exhibiting unique pretreatment temperature dependencies. TGA‐MS data in helium show fragment ions that suggest the thermal degradation processes are associated with decomposition of materials such as processing aids. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals a modest increase in average Pt nanoparticle size upon thermal pretreatment. After a pretreatment protocol based on TEM and thermal characterisation (300 °C/15 min, N2), the electrochemically active surface area did not increase. At the kinetically controlled potential region (E >0.8 V) there was a small drop in current density for treated 46% Pt/C in comparison with as‐received catalyst. The slowing in ORR kinetics is significant. Apparently, the removal of organic components, which would improve mass transport, is negated by increased nanoparticle size.
Design approach for the hybrid underground station at Union Suare/Market Street in San Francisco
Authors: Marcher Thomas , Aydogmus Taner , John Max , Fowler Matthew E.
Published: August 2009

The new Central Subway extension through downtown San Francisco consists of three underground stations and 2.7 km TBMdriven twin tunnel. This paper provides a description of the preliminary analyses and design of the ground support and final lining for the Union Square\Market Street Station (UMS) along Stockton Street. This station will serve the Union Square Shopping District and connect to the BART Powell Street Station. Due to shortage of space above ground and to minimize surface disruption, the UMS station design requires a complex hybrid method consisting of a 20 m deep braced cut‐and‐cover box with a mined enlargement bulb below it with a height of 9.3 m and a width of 17.8 m.

The majority of the UMS station will be excavated in saturated alluvial deposits. Undifferentiated old bay deposits will be encountered in the invert, underlain by dense marine sands. The groundwater varies from 5 to 10 m below ground level, so uplift of the combined bulb/box structure has to be taken into account.

The Finite Element (FE) analysis of the UMS station cavern reflects the separate construction phases of the station platform box and the bulb to account for soil‐structure interaction and load‐sharing effects. FE analyses are used to estimate support requirements including ground improvement and to predict surface settlements.

Die Erweiterung der Central Subway durch die Innenstadt von San Francisco beinhaltet drei Stationsbauwerke und 2,7 km maschinell vorgetriebene Doppelröhrentunnel. In diesem Artikel erfolgt eine Beschreibung der Voruntersuchungen und Vorbemessung der Stützmaßnahmen sowie der Innenschale der Union Square\Market Street Station (UMS) im Verlauf der Stockton Street. Diese Station soll dem Union Square Shopping Distrikt dienen und zur BART Powell Street Station verbinden.

Aufgrund der beengten Platzverhältnisse und zur Minimierung der Beeinträchtigung der Oberfläche ist ein “hybrides” Konzept der UMS‐Station erforderlich. Dieses besteht aus einer 20 m tiefen ausgesteiften Baugrube (Box) und einer darunterliegenden bergmännisch hergestellten Kaverne (Bulb) mit 9,3 m Höhe und 17,8 m Breite.

Der Großteil der UMS‐Station befindet sich in gesättigten alluvialen Ablagerungen. Undifferenziert werden alte Bucht‐Ablagerungen und dichte marine Sande in der Sohle vorgefunden. Der Grundwasserspiegel variiert in einer Teufe zwischen 5 bis 10 m unter der Oberfläche, aus diesem Grund ist der Auftrieb des kombinierten Bauwerks bestehend aus Bulb und Box zu berücksichtigen.

In Finite Element (FE) Berechnungen der UMS‐Station werden die einzelnen Bauphasen des Stationsbauwerks, sowohl von Box als auch Bulb, modelliert, um die Wechselwirkungen von Baugrund‐Bauwerk und die jeweiligen Lastumlagerungen zu berücksichtigen. Mittels FE‐Berechnungen werden schließlich die notwendigen Stützmaßnahmen – diese beinhalten auch Bodenverbesserungsmaßnahmen – und die Oberflächensetzungen festgelegt.
Structural design of tunnels – how reliable are the results of numerical calculations? Investigation using a 3D model for a mined underground railway station
Authors: Walter Herbert
Published: August 2009

State‐of‐the‐art material laws in numerical models make it possible to integrate the structural design and the ultimate limit state analysis into the numerical model (“Implicit design”). The material laws limit the stresses to values, which the material can bear. Partial factors of safety on the load and resistance sides can also be taken into account. Using the example of a time‐independent, 3D mathematical model for an underground railway station with tunnel junctions, which is being constructed by mining in soft soil, this paper investigates to what extent the material laws and the mathematical model fulfill the requirements laid down in the Eurocode for ultimate limit state analysis and how near these results are to the real situation.

Some simplifications and weaknesses of the mathematical model are explained, their effect on the results investigated and evaluated in relation to the uncertainties in the characteristics available for materials. Suggestions are made as to how the effects of defects in the model in an unsafe direction can be avoided. Further aspects, which can affect the reliability of calculations, are also pointed out.

Hochwertige Stoffgesetze in Berechnungsmodellen erlauben es, die Bemessung und den Tragsicherheitsnachweis in das numerische Modell zu integrieren (“Implizite Bemessung”): Die Stoffgesetze begrenzen die Spannungen auf Werte, die das Material ertragen kann. Auch Teilsicherheitsbeiwerte auf Last‐ und Widerstandsseite können erfasst werden. Am Beispiel des zeitabhängigen, räumlichen Rechenmodells für eine U‐Bahnstation mit Tunnelverschneidungen, die in bergmännischer Bauweise im Lockergestein hergestellt wird, wird untersucht, wie weit die Stoffgesetze und das Rechenmodell die in den Eurocodes festgelegten Anforderungen zum Nachweis der Tragsicherheit erfüllen und wie realitätsnah die Berechnungsergebnisse sind.

Es werden einige Vereinfachungen und Schwächen des Rechenmodells beleuchtet, ihre Auswirkungen auf das Ergebnis untersucht und in Relation zu den Unsicherheiten bei den zur Verfügung stehenden Materialkennwerten bewertet. Vorschläge werden unterbreitet, wie Auswirkungen von Modellfehlern auf der unsicheren Seite vermieden werden können. Auf weitere Aspekte, die die Zuverlässigkeit von Berechnungen beeinträchtigen können, wird ebenfalls hingewiesen.
Combining microwave and ultrasound irradiation for rapid synthesis of nanowires: a case study on Pb(OH)Br
Authors: Shen Xiao‐Fang
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: One‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures such as wires, tubes and belts have attracted much attention in recent years because of their fascinating properties and promising applications, and various methods have been developed to prepare 1D nanostructures. Microwave and ultrasound, two methodologies for rapid synthesis, have both been applied to fabricate nanostructures. This paper reports on combining microwave and ultrasound irradiation as a new strategy for rapid synthesis of nanowires. Using Pb(OH)Br as a study case, nanowires were rapidly synthesized under the combined irradiation. The use of the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide as a structure‐directing agent and microwave absorbent significantly simplified the preparation procedure.

RESULTS: Combined microwave–ultrasound irradiation at (50 W–50 W) greatly reduced the reaction time (10 min) and significantly increased the product yield (45.0%) in comparison with conventional heating (24 h reaction time, 23.0% yield). Combined microwave–ultrasound irradiation at (50 W–50 W) also changed the resultant wires from 20–30 µm diameter and 2–3 mm long to 80–800 nm and 50–100 µm, respectively. Further increase in power of the combined irradiation (250 W–50 W) led to a dramatic reduction in the reaction time (80 s) with a slightly increased yield of 48.2%.

CONCLUSIONS: The obvious advantages of combined microwave–ultrasound irradiation are marked improvement of the product yield, significant enhancement of reaction rate and increased aspect ratio of the 1D structure. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of MMP9 on invadopodia formation in cells from adenoid cystic carcinoma. Study by laser scanning confocal microscopy
Authors: Nascimento Camila F. , Gama‐De‐Souza Letícia N. , Freitas Vanessa M. , Jaeger Ruy G.
Published: August 2009

Migration, invasion and protease activity are essential for tumor progression and metastasis. Metastatic cells rely on invadopodia to degrade and invade extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadopodia are membrane protrusions with enzymes required for ECM degradation. These protrusions contain cortactin and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) superimposed to areas of digested matrix. Here we characterized invadopodia in a cell line (CAC2) derived from human adenoid cystic carcinoma. We carried out fluorescent‐substrate degradation assay to assess in situ protease activity of CAC2 cells. Digestion spots in fluorescent substrate appear as black areas in green background. Cells were cultured on Matrigel‐gelatin‐FITC and fixed after 1 h and 3 h. CAC2 cells were double labeled to actin and cortactin. Cells were also double stained to actin and MT1‐MMP. Samples were studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy. In all time points CAC2 cells showed actin, cortactin, and MT1‐MMP colocalized with digestion spots in fluorescent substrate. We searched for other proteases involved in invadopodia activity. We have previously demonstrated that MMP9 influences adenoid cystic carcinoma behavior. This prompted us to investigate role played by MMP9 on invadopodia formation. CAC2 cells had MMP9 silenced by siRNA. After 1 h in fluorescent substrate, cells with silenced MMP9 showed clear decrease in matrix digestion compared with controls. No differences were found in cells with silenced MMP9 grown for 3 h on fluorescent substrate. Our results showed that CAC2 cells exhibit functional invadopodia containing cortactin and MT1‐MMP. Furthermore, MMP9 would be required in the initial steps of invadopodia formation. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the reproductive system of the black swamp snake (Seminatrix pygaea). VI. Anterior testicular ducts and their nomenclature
Authors: Sever David M.
Published: August 2009

In this study, the anterior testicular ducts of the North American natricine snake Seminatrix pygaea are described using light and electron microscopy. From the seminiferous tubules, the rete testis passes into the epididymal sheath, a structure along the medial border of the testis heavily invested with collagen fibers. The rete testis consists of simple, nonciliated cuboidal epithelium (principal cells). The intratesticular ducts of the rete testis are narrow (50–70 μm) at their junction with the seminiferous tubules, widen (80–100 μm) as they extend extratesticularly, and divide into smaller branches as they anastomose with the next tubules, the ductuli efferentes. The ductuli efferentes are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium but possess nonciliated principal cells as well as ciliated cells. These are the only ducts in the male reproductive system with ciliated cells. The ductuli efferentes are narrow (25–45 μm), divide into numerous branches, and are highly convoluted. The ductus epididymis is the largest duct in diameter (240–330 μm), and the diameter widens and the epithelium thins posteriorly. The ductus epididymis is lined by nonciliated, columnar principal cells and basal cells. No regional differences in the ductus epididymis are apparent. Ultrastructural evidence suggests that all of the nonciliated principal cells in each of the anterior testicular ducts function in both absorption and secretion. Absorption occurs via small endocytic vesicles, some of which appear coated. Secretion is by a constitutive pathway in which small vesicles and a flocculent material are released via a merocrine process or through the formation of apocrine blebs. The secretory product is a glycoprotein. Overall, the characteristics of the anterior testicular ducts of this snake are concordant with those of other amniotes, and the traditional names used for snakes are changed to conform with those used for other sauropsids and mammals. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
4D‐analysis of early pelvic girdle development in the mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Pomikal Christine , Streicher Johannes
Published: August 2009

The formation of limb girdles is a key‐novelty in vertebrate evolution. Although the knowledge of pattern formation, genetic, and molecular analysis of limb development has prodigiously grown over the past four decades, the morphogenesis of the pelvic element, joining the appendicular with the axial skeleton has poorly been investigated. Because of their heterochrony in development and evolution, axial and appendicular skeletal elements have seldom been seen as a cojoined morphological complex. The present study examines the pelvis morphogenesis in the mouse (Mus musculus), with special focuses on the axio‐appendicular linkage, the formation and number of elements, and the joint formation. Serial histological sections of specimens from Theiler stages (TH) 18–25 (Theiler, 1972) were examined using bright field microscopy. 3D‐models of the growing pelvis were reconstructed from these serial sections. The generated 3D‐models were subsequently integrated into a computer‐animated 4D‐visualization illustrating the complex developmental dynamics of the mammalian pelvis morphogenesis. The findings demonstrate that the pelvic element forms from a single mesenchymal condensation in close vicinity to the appendicular skeleton. From the early start of development the pelvic element is limb‐associated, and quite lately connects to the axial skeleton. Additionally, the 4D‐visualization of the entire developmental process reveals a yet unnoticed reorientation of the mouse pelvic element from an initial posteriorly oblique developmental position to a ventrally oblique definitive position. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.