bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Temperatures in Grinding
Authors: Outwater J. O. , Shaw M. C.
Published: July 2022

Heat-transfer theory involving a moving heat source is applied to the grinding process to obtain an equation for the mean surface temperature in grinding. This equation predicts surface temperatures as high as 3000 F for a representative fine grinding operation. The analysis shows that in finish-grinding the surface temperature is reduced by decreasing the chip depth of cut but in snagging operations the surface temperature may be reduced by increasing the chip depth of cut. Representative values of the mean temperature between the chip and the grinding wheel obtained by the toolwork thermocouple technique are presented and discussed. The role of the grinding atmosphere in the production of sparks and in determining the energy involved in grinding is illustrated by experimental data. When the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere is very low, the specific grinding energy is found to be unusually high. The existence of high surface temperatures in fine grinding operations is demonstrated by the presence of a transformed surface layer that is largely retained austenite.
Centrifugal Jet-Pump Combinations
Authors: McConaghy J. W.
Published: July 2022

The widespread use of the water jet combined with a centrifugal pump to create what is commonly called a “jet pump” for domestic water systems, directs attention to the determination of its operating characteristics in terms of its components. The relative importance of this type of pumping equipment is illustrated by Department of Commerce data which show that in 1948 fifty-six companies shipped 649,143 units having a factory value of $50,704,294. Of these, 325,220 were of the jet type valued at $27,298,250. While the units are usually small and can be tested readily to obtain data on the operating characteristics, an engineering analysis would serve to emphasize the essential design constants.
Catalytic Effect of Several Metals on the Oxidation of Lubricating Oils
Authors: Sawyer D. W.
Published: July 2022

Considerable evidence has accumulated to show that aluminum is especially well adapted for the construction of many types of equipment for handling lubricating oils such as sumps, coolers, pistons, pumps, crankcases, and tubing. Therefore, to gain more quantitative data, a study has been carried out at the Aluminum Research Laboratories to compare the effects of various metals and alloys on the properties of lubricating oils at several temperatures. On the basis of this investigation, it appears that aluminum alloys and stainless steel have only a very slight or no catalytic effect on the oxidation of mineral oils and are more resistant than many of the other metals evaluated. Copper and low-carbon steel were found definitely to have an adverse effect upon the properties of the oils.
The Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing of Steam-Boiler Materials
Authors: Romer J. B. , Newell H. D.
Published: July 2022

This paper points out the necessity of having adequate data on the high-temperature properties of metals used in steam-boiler construction. The significance of the time factor in testing in relationship to long-life high-performance steam-generating equipment is discussed as are the general effects of metal oxidation from steam and combustion atmospheres. Metallurgical stability of steels is important in maintaining creep strength and is necessary to prevent severe modification of mechanical properties through effects such as spheroidization of carbide phase, graphitization or formation of sigma phase in highly alloyed steels. The relative merits of long-time creep tests and stress-rupture tests are considered, and typical test data are cited for each form of test. These data are necessary for design of superheater tubes and headers, alloy baffles, hangers and fittings, and are an aid to the Code Committee in assigning suitable stress allowances for materials. The paper gives suggestions for temperature limits for superheater-tube materials and a résumé of field experience on carbon and alloy steels. Conclusions are drawn that high-temperature creep and rupture testing have been very useful in evaluating the relative strength of steels for high-temperature use, in aiding in the development of superior materials, and in permitting the increases in steam temperature and pressure which have led to much greater economy in power production. Further advances are forecast for the future through a well-co-ordinated program of metal testing now in progress.
Methods of Reducing Dust Emission From a Spreader-Stoker-Fired Boiler Furnace
Authors: Holton W. C. , Engdahl R. B.
Published: July 2022

Forty-seven tests were made on a continuous-ash-discharge spreader-stoker-fired boiler to determine means of reducing dust emission. In addition to burning rate, variables investigated were the amount of overfire air, the use of air, steam, and steam-air jets, the location of steam jets, the degree of reinjection used, and coal size. These tests showed that the use of overfire-jet turbulence decreased smoke density, carbon loss, and dust emission from the furnace. It was found that steam jets located low in the rear wall gave the lowest dust emission. Reinjection of all collected cinder decreased carbon loss to one fourth of its value without reinjection, but doubled the dust-loading of the stack gases. The use of double-screened coal was found to reduce dust emission appreciably.

This project was organized by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., which obtained the participation of the American Engineering Company, Combustion Engineering-Superheater, Inc., Detroit Stoker Company, Hoffman Combustion Engineering Company, Iron Fireman Manufacturing Company, Riley Stoker Corporation, and Westinghouse Electric Corporation. The project was also supported by the General Motors Corporation which furnished the test site, special test facilities, and the coals used.
Characteristics of Dished-Plate (Belleville) Springs as Measured in Portable Recording Tensiometers
Authors: Ryan J. J.
Published: July 2022

The development of portable recording tensiometers (force versus time) for maximum tension loads between 5000 and 16,000 lb presented an opportunity for determining the load-deflection characteristics of a series of dished-plate (Belleville) springs of the same size and shape, except for a variation in thickness. Without such an instrument, capable of microscopic measurement, the deflections of these initially coned annular-disk springs of uniform cross section are exceedingly difficult to obtain. This paper describes the tensiometer and compares the theoretical methods of calculation of the spring deflections with the results of the load-deflection tests. Dished-plate (Belleville) springs of the kind discussed here are capable of carrying heavy loads in a small space with near-linear deflections, and an analysis of the design characteristics may encourage their application in other machine elements.
Reheat Experiences at Port Washington
Authors: Drewry M. K.
Published: July 2022

The following are treated: (a) Starting schedules after shutdowns of various durations, (b) reheat economics based on experiences, (c) conversion to centralized control of auxiliaries, (d) reheat steam-temperature control, (e) turbine overspeed control as affected by reheat, and (f) reliability data. That reheat has been desirable in all respects is indicated.
Twenty-Five Years of Reheat Operating Experience on the American Gas and Electric System
Authors: Fiala S. N.
Published: July 2022

Interest in the reheat regenerative cycle, as manifested in boiler and turbine sales data, has been intensified greatly in the postwar years. The intent in submitting this paper is to contribute to the general historical record of reheat development by citing some of the experiences of the American Gas and Electric Company during the past 25 years. Operating features of some of the older units on the system are described but the emphasis has been placed on the characteristics of the modern units. Starting and stopping procedures, emergency shutdowns, temperature control, and performance are some of the topics discussed.
Operating Experience With Reheat at Edgar Station
Authors: Stickle H. E.
Published: July 2022

Operating experience with the new 81,250-kw 1450-psi 1000 F/1000 F reheat unit at Edgar Station is compared with operation of earlier reheat units. No operating difficulties have been experienced with reheat at this station during a 25-year period. Availability of earlier units was lower than that of the new unit. Increased reliability is a large contributing factor toward renewed interest in reheat.
An Investigation of Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Authors: Elrod H. G. , Fouse R. R.
Published: July 2022

The measurement of the flow of molten corrosive metals in small sizes of conduit presents a number of difficulties. Of the devices and methods for accomplishing such a measurement, electromagnetic (EM) flowmeters appear to possess the greatest number of advantages. Accordingly, the work described in this paper was undertaken to acquire further knowledge of the characteristics of these instruments and some experience in their operation.
Design Features of a 5000-Hp Gas Turbine
Authors: Buckland B. O. , Berkey D. C.
Published: July 2022

A 5000-hp, one-compressor, two-turbine gas-turbine power plant is described, its features are discussed, and its expected capability and economy are given. The plant which is designed to have a maximum of flexibility in its application is intermediate in efficiency and complication between a simple one-compressor, one-turbine non-regenerative power plant and a two-compressor, two-turbine intercooled and regenerative power plant designed by the authors’ company. The axial-flow compressor has 14 stages and operates at a pressure ratio of 5.5. The turbine has two stages. The second stage produces the useful load and has a nozzle arranged so that its effective flow area can be varied during operation. The six combustion chambers are expected to operate at 800 F preheat and at 650 F rise. The cylindrically shaped regenerator when used is mounted on end and outdoors. The lube-oil system is similar to that used for steam turbines. The plant can be supplied either with a motor-driven or a turbine-driven cranking assembly. The control means for starting and stopping the plant and for controlling the turbine speeds and temperatures during operation is described. The installation requirements such as weights, outline dimensions, and water requirements are given.
Review of Optimum Design of Gas-Turbine Regenerators
Authors: Aronson D.
Published: July 2022

This paper summarizes design relationships to simplify the design and selection of the most suitable regenerator for a particular gas-turbine application. There are presented the criteria to be applied for the case of shape, volume, weight of surface area being the principal limitation on design. The distinctive features of bare-tube design and of extended-surface design are outlined.
The Life of High-Speed Ball Bearings
Authors: Jones A. B.
Published: July 2022

At high rotational speeds the centrifugal force on the balls increases the probability of failure of the outer race in the case of a radial-type ball bearing under radial load and hence reduces bearing life. In an angular contact bearing operating under thrust load, centrifugal loading of the balls produces a higher operating contact angle for the inner race than the outer, thus affecting the relative probabilities of failure of inner and outer races and hence must be considered in calculating bearing life.
Behavior of Superheater Tubing Materials in Contact With Combustion Atmospheres at 1350 F
Authors: Blank H. A. , Hall A. M. , Jackson J. H.
Published: July 2022

With steam temperature of central-station boiler plants advancing to 1050 F in new installations today, and with indications that steam temperatures of 1200 F are not too far in the future, selection of suitable materials for superheater and reheater tubing requires special consideration. Alloys having good service characteristics in the range of 1100 F to 1350 F are required to meet the foregoing steam conditions. While mechanical properties of such alloys are not too serious a problem, the matter of corrosion resistance is a critical one. The ASME Special Research Committee on High-Temperature Steam Generation, recognizing the importance and the complexity of the corrosion problems, undertook sponsorship of a comprehensive program to evaluate commercially available alloys for suitability as superheater and reheater tubing at metal temperatures up to 1350 F. (The program is divided into two broad parts.) One is concerned with the reaction of high-pressure high-temperature steam on such materials. The other deals with corrosion by flue gases and slag-forming ash on the external surface of the tubing, and is divided in turn into two phases. The specific objective of one phase is the evaluation of the alloys with respect to resistance toward corrosion by the combustion products of the various fuels used for boilers, under actual field conditions. The objective of the other phase, carried out in the laboratory, is the investigation of the effect of certain components of a combustion atmosphere on the rate of corrosion of the same alloys. This paper is concerned with the field-test phase of the program which was carried out at Battelle. The laboratory work done at Battelle will be the subject of a future paper.
Linear-Resistance Meters for Liquid Flow
Authors: Souers R. C. , Binder R. C.
Published: July 2022

A linear or linear-resistance type of flowmeter can consist of a straight piece of pipe with a porous plug, or a resistance element and a differential gage across the porous plug. In a certain flow range the volume rate of flow through the meter is directly proportional to the pressure drop across the plug. An investigation was made of linear flowmeters with copper-wool and brass-screen disk elements; the fluid was water. The tests cover a range of plug lengths and plug specific weights. A set of dimensionless ratios is proposed for a correlation of all the data for general application.
Effect of Variations in Viscosity of Lubricants Upon Timken OK and Psi Values
Authors: Kolarik I. S. , Zeiler C. A. , Kipp E. M.
Published: July 2022

The Timken lubricant tester is often used in the laboratory in establishing Timken OK loads and psi values at OK loads for lubricants of the extreme-pressure type, particularly for those used as gear lubricants. The present investigation was conducted to determine the magnitude of hydrodynamic-lubrication effects associated with viscosity in determining OK loads. The effect of rubbing speeds was also studied.
Nozzle Characteristics in High-Vacuum Flows—Rarefied Gas Dynamics
Authors: Folsom R. G.
Published: July 2022

The growing importance of processes carried out under high-vacuum conditions increases the interest in the performance characteristics of flow-measuring devices for gases under low-Reynolds-number conditions. Published information on flow coefficients for liquids in throttling devices such as orifices, nozzles, and Venturi meters indicates that these coefficients change rapidly in the lower Reynolds-number regions. Similarly, coefficients in this region for compressible fluids, such as gases at subsonic velocities and normal pressures, are available in a limited number. A review of the literature fails to uncover any data on viscous compressible flow in nozzles. This paper presents a limited number of results of experiments on small ASME shaped nozzles at very low Reynolds numbers, achieved by operating at extremely low pressures over a wide range of pressure ratios.
Measuring the Cooling Properties of Cutting Fluids
Authors: Hain G. M.
Published: July 2022

The ability of a cutting fluid to reduce the temperature at the chip-tool interface in the machining of metals is of utmost importance to long tool life. This ability depends, in part, on the heat-transfer properties of the fluid. This paper describes a simple technique for evaluating the heat-transfer properties of fluids. An alternating current of about 50 amp heats the walls of a length of stainless-steel hypodermic tubing while fluid is forced through it at a constant rate. Thermocouples brazed at intervals to the outside of the tube wall measure the wall temperature from which heat-transfer data are derived.
The Stresses in a Pressure Vessel With a Flat Head Closure
Authors: Watts G. W. , Lang H. A.
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the results of computations for determining the stresses in a cylindrical pressure vessel with a flat head closure. The accurate bending theory of shells is used to evaluate the local bending stresses in the neighborhood of the junction of the flat head and the cylindrical body. Tables show the magnitudes of the shear stress, the circumferential stress, and the axial stress as multiples of pd/2t. For the axial and circumferential stresses, the tables show the magnitude and sense of the stress on the internal and external surfaces of the vessel. The locations where these stresses are critical are also determined. Curves are given showing the maximum stresses as functions of the diameter-thickness ratio of the shell and of the thickness ratio of head to shell body. The range of calculation includes most vessel sizes encountered in practice.

Tables of influence numbers for the cylinder and the flat head are presented. These tables can be utilized in problems in which other elastic structures are attached to either member. The paper includes a discussion of the mathematical procedure.
Low-Temperature Separation for High-Pressure Gas-Distillate Wells
Authors: Glasgow C. O.
Published: July 2022

The process for extracting hydrocarbons from high-pressure gas at low temperatures is not new. As early as 1936 experimental work was done in cycling plants to increase hydrocarbon recovery by low-temperature separation at elevated pressures which resulted in increased revenue from the sale of liquid fractions and reduced the horsepower requirement for injecting the gas back to formation. Low-temperature separation is now finding wide application in small compact-type low-temperature units for individual gas-distillate wells in order to increase stock-tank liquid for a rapid payout investment, and at the same time reduce the water content of the gas to meet pipe-line specifications. Performance tests, calculated studies, and a description of this last-mentioned low-temperature unit are presented to show the advantages of more efficient equipment for high-pressure gas-distillate production.
Recent Experience in Examination of High-Temperature Catalytic-Cracking Pressure Equipment
Authors: Rossheim D. B. , Murphy J. J. , Caughey R. H. , Hoyt W. B.
Published: July 2022

The welded seams of three integral-clad catalytic-cracking unit reactors have been found to contain cracks after about 7 years of service. Examination has detected graphite in the carbon-steel base metal and heat-affected zones. This paper reports the findings of investigations made on these three and other reactors, both clad, lined and unlined, in similar service. The results of mechanical tests and microscopic examinations made on specimens removed from reactors and other high-temperature equipment in the same service are presented. Possible causes of the cracks are discussed with particular emphasis on the role of thermal stresses in bimetallic construction and the effect of graphite on mechanical properties. Recommendations are included relative to existing equipment and new construction for service at elevated temperatures.
Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Characteristics of Some Compact Heat-Exchanger Surfaces: Part 3—Design Data for Five Surfaces
Authors: London A. L. , Kays W. M. , Johnson D. W.
Published: July 2022

New developments in prime-mover and process equipment have created a more urgent need for compact heat-transfer surfaces. This paper presents basic heat-transfer and flow-friction design data for five such surfaces. Three of these are variations of the finned-circular-tube type. The other two are flow inside small rectangular (6:1 aspect ratio) and circular tubes. In addition to the use of conventional nondimensional heat-transfer and flow-friction correlations, the various surfaces are compared on a heat-transfer coefficient versus flow-friction-horsepower basis. The results represent a continuation of a program started in 1945 and bring to a total of 39 the number of compact surfaces for which design data have been reported.
Performance of Finned Tubes in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Authors: Williams R. B. , Katz D. L.
Published: July 2022

Heat-transfer measurements have been made on three pairs of tube bundles. The bundles of a pair are identical except that plain tubes are used in one bundle and finned tubes in the other. The finned tubes have from 2.07 to 2.76 times as much outside surface as the plain tubes. Heat-transfer measurements were made for water, lubricating oil, and glycerine on the shell side. Several temperature levels and temperature differences were used to give a variety of viscosities and other fluid properties. Shell-side coefficients were determined by extrapolating to infinite water velocity the over-all coefficients for a series of water velocities inside the tubes. These shell-side coefficients are correlated by the following equation h0Dk=C(DGmμ)0.65(Cpμk)0.375(μμw)0.14 The values of C depend upon the bundle and vary from 0.225 to 0.143. The pressure-drop data are correlated by the methods presented by Donohue. The heat transferred per degree of temperature difference for the clean finned-tube bundles varied from 110 per cent of that for the corresponding plain-tube bundles for water to 200 per cent for the lubricating oil. For the same mass velocity, the shell-side coefficients for the finned tubes based on the outside area are approximately 80 ± 20 per cent of the plain-tube coefficients. In all cases, at the same mass velocities the pressure drop is less for the finned-tube bundles.
The Dynamics of Pulsative Flow Through Sharp-Edged Restrictions: With Special Reference to Orifice-Metering
Authors: Baird R. C. , Bechtold I. C.
Published: July 2022

A brief review is given of the nature of the propagation of pressure pulsations as they are transmitted through pipe lines such as those associated with compressor installations. With this review as a basis, discussion of the phenomena occurring in the vicinity of sharp-edged orifices is presented. The manner in which the wave form is changed by passage through the orifice is explained. Consideration also is given to the phase shift as it is produced by the restriction. A discussion of these wave-form transformations and phase distortion is applied to the effects which occur across an orifice plate in a metering system. These effects are reflected ultimately in the recording instrument as a potential source of error. Field and laboratory experimental data concerning commercial pipe lines and their associated meter runs are presented to illustrate the dynamic effects of pulsative flow in orifice metering.
Comparative Efficiencies of Central-Station Reheat and Nonreheat Steam-Turbine-Generator Units
Authors: Elston C. W. , Knowlton P. H.
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this paper is to provide information concerning the performance of large steam-turbine-generator units of modern design, for modern steam conditions and ratings, and to show something of the background of experience from which the information is derived. A similar exposition was made in 1940, along somewhat different lines, and with no particular information on the reheat machines, which have become very much more popular in the last few years. The present paper shows the amount of test information obtained on complete turbine-generator units since the Warren-Knowlton paper was written, and also by comparing test results with guaranteed figures, shows the efficacy of the general performance-calculation method herein given.
Experience With Machinability Repeat-Ability
Authors: Hudec E. J. R.
Published: July 2022

This paper describes experiences with certain phases of the machinability problem, and suggests a means by which repeat test runs can be made to give more consistent results.
The Effect of the Cutting Fluid Upon Chip-Tool Interface Temperature
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Pigott J. D. , Richardson L. P.
Published: July 2022

An analysis is presented of the short-circuiting effect of a cutting fluid in conjunction with chip-tool interface temperature measurements by the tool-work thermocouple technique. An experimental arrangement based upon the results of this analysis and capable of giving reliable cutting temperatures in the presence of fluids is described. The temperature-reducing characteristics of a representative group of water-base cutting fluids are studied, and these experiments reveal that the fluids become less effective in reducing the cutting temperature as the volume of metal removed per unit time is increased. The water-base fluids considered are found to reduce the tool-tip temperature by a cooling action to a greater extent than by a reduction of the friction force on the face of the tool.
Safety Margins and Stress Levels in High-Temperature Equipment
Authors: Robinson Ernest L.
Published: July 2022

In this paper the author reviews the factors of safety and working stress levels currently in use in high-temperature equipment and discusses their relationship to physical properties at high temperature, as determined by the various kinds of tests currently in use. Differences between various industrial applications are pointed out in comparison with the general rules at present used by the author’s company. Any conclusions as regards advisable changes of practice are left to the judgment of the reader whose critical comments are invited.
Chemical Removal of Copper From Boilers
Authors: Call R. G. , Webb W. L.
Published: July 2022

When acid-cleaning a 1,000,000-lb per hr boiler for removal of deposits which were predominantly iron oxide, the boiler metal was heavily plated with copper. During subsequent operation this copper became detached in large sheets such as to affect circulation adversely, making copper removal mandatory. Because laboratory tests on previously used copper solvents gave poor performance, a solvent was developed containing ammonium persulphate, ammonium hydroxide, and caustic soda which, when used on this boiler, removed about 300 lb of copper. Laboratory conclusions and field-cleaning procedures, results, and costs are indicated.
The Design of Nonlinear Leaf Springs
Authors: Clurman S. P.
Published: July 2022

It is occasionally desirable to incorporate into a mechanism a spring having a particular nonlinear force-deflection relationship. This need may arise in the design of computers, certain control mechanisms, and special shock-absorbing systems. A technique is developed whereby leaf springs may be designed to follow arbitrary functions having increasing first derivatives. Some experimental results are discussed. A device is described which will produce a spring characteristic having a decreasing first derivative.
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection in Pipes by Means of Shear Waves
Authors: Moriarty C. D.
Published: July 2022

This paper describes a procedure by which ultrasonic methods can be applied to the inspection of high-pressure piping. A description of the equipment used is included, together with some basic information by which the applicability to general pipe inspection can be evaluated. In the interest of accenting the application phases, a theoretical discussion of ultrasonic waves and their transformations has been omitted. Although this testing procedure is relatively new, the successful experience with it to date indicates its possibilities for providing additional insurance against hidden defects.
Heat Transfer Through Gases at Low Pressures
Authors: Peck R. E. , Fagan W. S. , Werlein P. P.
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study is to determine experimentally the heat transfer between two parallel vertical plates. The space between the plates is filled with a gas at low pressure, and the boundaries of this gas layer are enclosed by a solid heat insulator. The variation of this heat transfer with pressure, temperature difference, type of gas, and thickness of the gas layer is determined. The experimental result is compared with both theoretical and empirical equations.

This result is

Helium:

Nu = 8.0 Gr0.04 (L/H)0.75 10−2 < Gr < 5 × 103

h = 9.2 kP0.080    1 < P < 760 mm Hg

Air:

Nu = 14.1 Gr0.022 (L/H)0.75 10−1 < Gr < 5 × 103

h = 17.1 kP0.083    1 < P < 100 mm Hg

Note: P in mm Hg, h/k in ft−1
An Improved Pneumatic Control System
Authors: Clarridge R. E.
Published: July 2022

A pneumatic control system is being proposed which has one major advantage over conventional control systems. This advantage is that the control system can be used to start up a process automatically without overpeaking and, at the same time, maintain its control point when subsequent load changes occur. The control system is responsive to the rate of change of the control variable during the start-up period, and therefore good performance can be expected when the performance starts up under varying load conditions. It is suggested that on many applications a new criterion be used for adjusting the controller, namely, that the control point be reached on start-up with a minimum delay and without overpeaking.
Analysis of the Exhaust Process in Four-Stroke Reciprocating Engines
Authors: Stanitz J. D.
Published: July 2022

This analysis determines the influence of engine design and operating variables upon the effectiveness of the exhaust process. This effectiveness is measured by the calculated pressure ratio (cylinder pressure, divided by exhaust-manifold pressure) near the end of the exhaust stroke. The variables that have an imporant effect upon this pressure ratio are the gas-velocity parameter (which is a ratio including the engine speed, piston displacement, exhaust-valve area, exhaust-valve flow coefficient at maximum valve lift, etc.) and the effective exhaust-valve closing angle. The variables that have an unimportant effect are the pressure ratio at the effective exhaust-valve opening angle (which, however, does become important for highly supercharged engines), the effective exhaust-valve opening angle, the engine compression ratio, the ratio of crank throw to connecting-rod length, and the ratio of specific heats. The maximum value recommended for the gas-velocity parameter is 0.325. From this value the minimum exhaust-valve area can be calculated directly for any given engine speed, displacement volume, etc. For large values of the gas-velocity parameter the exhaust valve should be closed as late as possible. For most current engine-operating conditions the correct exhaust-valve area does not depend upon the intake-valve area or upon the ratio of intake- to exhaust-manifold pressure (except for highly supercharged engines).
Design of Lanchester Damper for Elimination of Metal-Cutting Chatter
Authors: Hahn R. S.
Published: July 2022

A Lanchester damper for eliminating chatter of boring quills is shown. The rate of decay of free vibrations of the quill is found to be of importance in chatter. The free vibrations of a single-degree-of-freedom system with a viscously coupled Lanchester damper attached are analyzed, yielding a chart from which the optimum coupling can be determined. The damping characteristics of thin air films are discussed.
High-Speed Aerodynamic Problems of Turbojet Installations
Authors: Luskin H. , Klein H.
Published: July 2022

The possibility of supersonic flight in turbojet-powered aircraft is shown, and the resulting thrust requirements for the engine are estimated. The performance requirements of a turbojet installation are considered from the point of view of an aerodynamicist. Afterburning, inlet-pressure recovery and drag, matching of inlet size and engine, and the effect of exit and cooling losses are considered. Speed stability and jet problems are discussed briefly.
Heat Transfer in Rocket Motors and the Application of Film and Sweat Cooling
Authors: Boden R. H.
Published: July 2022

Heat transfer in rocket motors, as in all internal-combustion engines, is a major factor in determining the limiting performance of the power plant, and therefore establishes the limiting performance of the vehicle in which the motor is installed. This paper discusses the distribution of heat transfer in rocket motors, a number of factors which influence it, and finally, the experimental investigation of film cooling.
A Study of Head Loss in Venturi-Meter Diffuser Sections
Authors: Warren Joel
Published: July 2022

There has been considerable experimental and analytical work done, pertaining to diffuser action, both in this country and abroad. The research discussed in this paper was undertaken to furnish additional information with reference to the relative performance of various shapes of diffuser sections in Venturi tubes.
Furnace Heat Absorption in Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Willow Island Station: Part I—Furnace Heat-Absorption Efficiency as Shown by Temperature and Composition of Gases Leaving the Furnace
Authors: Myers J. W. , Corey R. C.
Published: July 2022

As part of the comprehensive investigation of heat transfer in steam-boiler furnaces by the Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors of the Society, the furnace heat-absorption efficiency and the distribution of heat absorption on the furnace walls were determined on boiler No. 1 at the Willow Island Station of the Monongahela Power Company, Willow Island, West Va. The unit is a single-drum boiler rated at 500,000 lb of steam per hr at 1350 psig and 950 F at the superheater outlet, with a water-cooled dry-bottom furnace that is fired through the roof with six multitip intertube burners. This paper presents the results of determination of furnace heat-absorption efficiency made by the Combustion Research Section of the Bureau of Mines, as part of the co-operative research program with the ASME Committee to study factors affecting furnace performance. The distribution of heat absorption in the furnace walls, investigated concurrently, is the subject of another paper, and together they comprise the third of a series of reports of investigations sponsored by the committee.
The Influence of Reynolds Number on the Performance of Turbomachinery
Authors: Davis Hunt , Kottas Harry , Moody A. M. G.
Published: July 2022

The over-all duty of a turbomachine with respect to fluid-friction effects is measured by the machine Reynolds number, UD/ν. Experimental data are presented for several types of turbomachines which show the variation in over-all efficiency with UD/ν when all other dimensionless parameters are held constant. The results are conclusive for the ranges of data reported, and should be useful to design, application, and operating engineers confronted with unfamiliar UD/ν values.
Formula for Pipe Thickness
Authors: Buxton W. J. , Burrows W. R.
Published: July 2022

The so-called Lamé formula, either in its true form, or in an equivalent but less complex modified form, is advanced as the most suitable formula for the design of pipe that is stressed in the elastic range by internal pressure. In the creep range, the use of the Bailey-Nadai formula is proposed, and it is shown that the so-called Lamé formula in either form is a good approximation of the Bailey-Nadai formula. In the selection of these two formulas, the so-called Lamé formula and the Bailey-Nadai formula, an examination has been made of the common, average (membrane), Barlow, Clavarino, Guest, Beltrami, and von Mises formulas. The origin and meaning of all of these expressions are discussed. Their significance for design purposes is explained, and their relationship to the so-called Lamé formula is demonstrated. The need for additional pure shear experimental data on creep and on stress rupture is emphasized.
A Study of the Mechanism of Boiling Heat Transfer
Authors: Rohsenow W. M. , Clark J. A.
Published: July 2022

An analysis of the heat quantity required to form a vapor bubble in a liquid is presented. High-speed motion pictures of boiling heat transfer in forced convection showing bubbles departing from a heated surface are analyzed and the net heat transferred to the bubbles is compared with the total heat transferred from the heated surface. It is found that the heat transferred to the moving liquid by the condensation of the bubbles is a negligible part of the total convective heat transfer. Therefore it is proposed that the high rate of heat transfer associated with surface boiling in a subcooled liquid is due primarily to the violent agitation of the quiescent layers of liquid adjacent to the heated surface resulting from the motion of vapor bubbles being generated there. From the literature two examples of similar processes are cited as evidence supporting the proposed agitation mechanism.
Design Features of the Nordberg Radial Engine
Authors: Bohn D. I. , Grieshaber Emil
Published: July 2022

The paper describes design features and inherent characteristics of the Nordberg radial engine, a new impulse-type ignition system and different applications.
Basic Study for a Generating Station
Authors: Milne G. R.
Published: July 2022

This paper gives the results of cost studies made to determine the most economical size and type of boiler and turbogenerator unit to be used in a new generating station for the Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Incorporated. Some of the factors considered include the economical capacity of the unit; single boiler versus two boilers per turbine; unit-type design versus a common steam-header system and reheat versus nonreheat units. Related factors were the number and type of feedwater heaters and alternate arrangements of boiler feed pumps.
Pressures Developed by Viscous Materials in the Screw Extrusion Machine
Authors: Pigott W. T.
Published: July 2022

Previously developed equations describing the pressure and discharge rates of Newtonian liquids in the screw-type pump are discussed briefly and are experimentally verified. These equations are then applied to rubberlike materials for the two extreme conditions of extruder operation: Open discharge (with the removed from discharge end of extruder); and zero discharge (with solid plate sealing the discharge end of the extruder). For the condition of closed discharge, calculated pressures agreed with observed pressures. The apparent viscosities of a number of stocks were determined by forcing them through circular orifices at different flow rates and calculating the viscosity from Poiseuille’s equation. The effective shear rate was calculated by using an expression for the average volume weighted rate of shear in circular orifices. The effective shear rate occurring in the extruder was calculated for screws with wide thread troughs from the velocity distribution in the troughs and an expression for the average volume weighted rate of shear in rectangular orifices. An experiment was devised to determine the effective shear rate in the extruder at zero discharge. The result agreed with the calculated value. It is concluded that at zero discharge the mechanism for rubberlike materials is one of viscous shearing and that rubberlike materials behave as viscous but highly thixotropic liquids.
Pressure-Temperature Relations in Gas-Filled (Class III) Thermometers
Authors: Modes E. E.
Published: July 2022

Fundamental relations are presented for the pressure within the system of a thermometer or thermal system charged with a perfect gas. An expression is developed which gives the approximate pressure in terms of bulb temperature, ambient temperature, and ratio of bulb volume to ambient volume, this being sufficiently accurate if the volume change of the pressure-responsive element is small. An exact equation for the pressure in the system is developed in terms of the temperatures and volumes of bulb, capillary, and pressure-responsive element, and the volume change of the pressure-responsive element, assuming the volume change to be linear with pressure change. From this relation, means are developed for determining the necessary charging pressure to give a specified pressure change when the bulb is varied through a specified temperature span. An example is included in the Appendix in which charging pressure, pressure-temperature curve, and the effect of ambient-temperature changes are computed by means of the exact expressions developed.
The Pitot-Venturi Flow Element
Authors: Stoll H. W.
Published: July 2022

The Pitot-Venturi flow element is a velocity-measuring device having found wide use as an air-speed indicator, particularly during World War I. A considerable number of design changes have been made since, and this paper treats a specific form of the element and discusses the effect which the various components used in its assembly have on its calibration. Flow equations are developed and the method of determining the element’s coefficient and exponent is described. The paper concludes with suggested methods of installation and an analysis of its position in the flow-measurement field.
The Integration of Organization and Management
Authors: Livingston R. T. , Hertz D. B.
Published: July 2022

Management is a most important element contributing to our survival as a culture. Management, as an art, has provided no quantitative tools for study and use. Such tools must be provided by an adequate and testable theory of association and its operation, which deals with human behavior. The theory will be based upon the premise that human beings are the core of all associational activity. The mutual interactions and interdependencies of materials, machines, and men must be studied and measured, within the framework of the dynamic process of the social order, to provide the needed theory. The characteristics of groups, and the determinants of their activities are established, with brief details of organization structure. The practical aspects of an integrated theory of organization and management indicate that powerful tools can be made available in this field if sound premises are used for inquiry, experiment, and research.
Analytical Studies in the Suppression of Wood Fires
Authors: Tauxe G. J. , Stoker R. L.
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the results of two analytical studies associated with fire suppression of an idealized forest-type fuel; certain aspects of the studies, however, are applicable to wood fires in general. A qualitative discussion of the burning and the suppression of wood fires is presented in the introduction. The first study concerns the instantaneous interfacial temperatures that occur when a drop of water impinges upon the hot surface of a burning piece of wood and shows for typical cases that the drop will not vaporize instantaneously or bounce off, and that initially the relative wetting abilities of the suppressing agents may be of importance. The second study utilizes an electrical analog computer to investigate the simulated thermal behavior of wood as it burns and is extinguished by surface cooling, by penetration cooling, and by oxygen dilution. One important result indicates that the minimum theoretical ratio of the quantity of water for suppressing a typical fire to the volume of the burning wood is in the order of 1/150. Laboratory and field-test fires have given ratios in the order of 1/7, showing the large room for improvement in suppression techniques.
The Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Sector-Shaped Pads
Authors: Brand R. S.
Published: July 2022

Solutions of Reynolds equation are obtained by means of relaxation methods for a sector-shaped pad. Results are given for a 45-deg “square” sector in the form of curves of operating factors plotted against a parameter of the film shape. A comparison with results based on the solutions for rectangular sliders shows that such solutions can be applied safely to sector-shaped pads in most cases.
Comparative Surface-Hardening Characteristics of Commercial Pearlitic Malleable Irons
Authors: Bush S. H. , Wood W. P. , Rote F. B.
Published: July 2022

Nine pearlitic malleable irons, produced by commercial foundries and exhibiting wide differences in chemical composition, production practices, and microstructures have been investigated to determine the hardness and effective case depth with different surface-hardening heat-treatments. Flame- and induction- (3000, 9600, and 300,000 to 347,000 cycle) heating, followed by oil, water, or spray quenches have been used for the surface-hardening treatments. Case hardness and depth were determined by superficial Rockwell or Rockwell C measurements and metallographic examination of etched specimens. Of the structures investigated, one, a dense pattern of extremely small spheroids of cementite, was most responsive to all types of treatment. However, it was found in surface-hardening that at all frequencies an optimum power input existed which minimized the influence of microstructure to a pronounced degree.
Further Remarks on Intermittent Heating for Aircraft Ice Protection
Authors: Weiner Frederick
Published: July 2022

An electrical analog technique is used to solve the equations for intermittent heat transfer during icing conditions. The results of the analog investigation applied to an internally heated propeller show good agreement with measured time-temperature data previously reported in the literature. The greater effectiveness obtained by using larger amounts of power for shorter time intervals is demonstrated. The power-density requirements over the heated area are shown to be different for the case of intermittent heating as compared to steadily heated ice-prevention systems. A more effective heater design, utilizing a conductive coating on the blade surface, would diminish the energy requirements considerably.
Heat-Conduction Errors in Temperature Measurements
Authors: Smith L. E.
Published: July 2022

In practical applications of temperature measurements where the temperature-sensitive bulb assembly is fastened rigidly to a containing vessel, heat-conduction errors must be considered in order to determine the accuracy of the indicated or recorded temperature. This paper presents for various thermometer-bulb assemblies, the experimental magnitude of the heat-conduction error possible in a medium with a low heat-transfer coefficient (air), and in a medium with a high heat-transfer coefficient (water). The effect of heat-conduction error on the overall response in simulated practical installations is discussed. It is shown that comparative information on response action of any type of temperature-sensitive element necessitates careful considerations of the condition of attaching the element to a wall or vessel, where heat-conduction effects are present.
Thermal Control of Marine Fouling at Redondo Steam Station of the Southern California Edison Company
Authors: Chadwick W. L. , Clark F. S. , Fox D. L.
Published: July 2022

The idea of controlling marine fouling by elevating the temperature of the sea water is not new, but it is felt that the application of this means of control in the cooling-water tunnels at the recently constructed Redondo Steam Station of the Southern California Edison Company at Redondo Beach, Calif., contains some features of interest. It is the object of this paper to describe the system employed and to present the results obtained during the first year of operation.
Two Slants on Postwar Wood Finishing: Part I—Current Practice
Authors: Kennedy P. S.
Published: July 2022

The postwar period has witnessed much activity and growing interest in the finishing of wood. This has been due to the following factors: (1) The ever-present objectives of greater speed and reduced cost. (2) The desire for better and more resistant finishes. (3) Increasing recognition that ultimate cost, rather than package cost, should be the yardstick of value for finishing products. (4) The vital need for a quick and consistent method for anticipating the check resistance of lacquer films, in particular. This trend has been accentuated by unusual circumstances. These aspects of current conditions in the wood industries are treated in this paper.