bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Transnasal Humidified Rapid‐Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange and Facemasks in Preoxygenation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Li Yongkai , Yang Jianzhong
Published: July 2022

Background. Transnasal Humidified Rapid‐Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) has received increasing attention and application as an effective noninvasive mode of ventilation in the treatment of clinical anesthesia and critically ill patients. The conclusions reached in clinical studies of THRIVE and facemask oxygenation are still controversial, and the main objective of this systematic review is to determine the advantages of THRIVE over facemask oxygenation in intensive care units, respiratory medicine, and perioperative preoxygenation. Methods. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library have search restrictions. The search library was full of English language articles from the first publication to 15 July 2021. Eligible randomized controlled study designs were included. 245 records were screened, and 5 studies met the inclusion criteria, enrolling a total of 235 patients. Results. Studying the THRIVE group compared to the facemask group, three studies analyzing intubation time showed that there is no difference in the effect of THRIVE and facemasks (MD ‐1.22, 95% CI ‐7.23 to 4.78, and P = 0.69 > 0.05). Three studies analyzing apnea showed that there was no difference between the two groups (SMD 1, 95% CI ‐0.76 to 2.76, and P = 0.27 > 0.05). Three studies analyzing PaO2 after preoxygenation showed that THRIVE is more effective than facemasks (MD 72.58, 95% CI 31.25 to 113.90, Z = 3.44, and P < 0.001). Two studies analyzing oxygen saturation SpO2 after successful intubation showed that there was no difference in the effectiveness (MD 0.09, 95% CI ‐1.03 to 1.22, and P = 0.87 > 0.05). Two studies analyzing PCO2 after complete paralysis or intubation preoxygenation showed that there was no difference between the two groups (MD 2.76, 95% CI ‐1.74 to 7.26, and P = 0.23 > 0.05). Conclusions. THRIVE does not have a greater advantage over a facemask in improving apnea time, oxygenation time, PCO2, and SpO2, but it has an advantage in improving arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) after preoxygenation, which can improve PaO2 well. This trial is registered with the protocol registration number CRD42021268143.
Construction of Ecological Network of Yangtze Huaihe River Diversion Project (Anhui) Based on Landscape Connectivity Index
Authors: Jin Jing , Ding Wenqing , Zhu Zhengyu , Zhou Jiaqi , Shi Guangzhi , Ma Youhua , Chen Zhenhua
Published: July 2022

The interbasin water transfer project has realized the optimal allocation of water resources, improved economic benefits, improved people’s life and welfare, and had an impact on the ecology. Taking Anhui Jianghuai water transfer project as an example, this study uses morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) to identify the core area, selects the patches in the core area, identifies the source according to the patch importance index, constructs the basic resistance surface according to the resistance factor, modifies the basic resistance surface by using the landscape connectivity index, and constructs the ecological corridor by combining the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model and the loop model (curve) to build the ecological network of the completed Huaihe River Water Transfer Project (Anhui). The results show that there are 83 sources, 197 potential ecological corridors, and 80 ecological nodes in the ecological network of Anhui Jianghuai project. Ecological network optimization strategies and protection suggestions are put forward for ecological sources, ecological corridors, and ecological nodes, respectively, so as to provide scientific reference and basis for the ecological environment protection and high-quality development of Anhui Jianghuai water transfer project.
Professional Training and Tutorial Mode of Social Media SPOCS under the Background of “1+x” Certificate System
Authors: Zheng Fang
Published: July 2022

SPOCS is a brand-new teaching concept, which focuses on reflecting the dominant position of students. The application of SPOCS guidance mode in international trade practice teaching will help stimulate students' interest in knowledge, improve classroom-teaching effect, and improve classroom teaching quality. In order to fully mobilize students' subjective initiative and creativity, we should cultivate students into new talents with strong comprehensive quality. Let students study actively and autonomously under the correct guidance of teachers. From the perspective of “1 + x” certificate system, this paper introduces the necessity of developing application-oriented undergraduate education. This paper expounds the requirements of the “1 + x” certificate system for the classroom teaching of applied economics and analyzes the problems existing in the classroom teaching. This paper puts forward the reconstruction of efficient classroom teaching mode, makes great efforts to deepen the cooperation between industry and education in classroom teaching, and realizes the goal of “1 + x” certificate system to cultivate talents. A three-stage tutoring mode of “knowledge transfer before class,” “knowledge internalization in class,” and “evaluation and reflection after class” is designed. Practice has proved that the combination of microclassroom and flipped classroom is an effective strategy to improve the effect of learning knowledge. It provides some references and suggestions for front-line teachers to implement flipped classroom teaching in the future.
K-Means Algorithm to Identify the Elderly Psychological Stress Analysis Algorithm
Authors: Gao Yan
Published: July 2022

In order to study the psychological anxiety of the elderly, a psychological stress recognition algorithm based on ECG signal acquisition and heart rate variability was proposed based on the K-means algorithm. By collecting ECG signals of the elderly, HRV information can be accurately obtained, and RFC can be used to identify the psychological changes of the elderly under different degrees of stress. The research results show that the LR and RFC models have a better recognition effect on psychological stress when comparing with the KNN model. When the psychological stress is high, the test accuracy of the KNN model is 84.51%. The accuracy of stress recognition was 93.45%, and the accuracy of RFC’s recognition of psychological stress was 93.88%.
Mapping the Immune Landscape in Metastatic Melanoma Reveals Localized Cell–Cell Interactions That Predict Immunotherapy Response
Authors: Antoranz Asier , Van Herck Yannick , Bolognesi Maddalena M. , Lynch Seodhna M. , Rahman Arman , Gallagher William M. , Boecxstaens Veerle , Marine Jean-Christophe , Cattoretti Giorgio , van den Oord Joost J. , De Smet Frederik , Bechter Oliver , Bosisio Francesca M.
Published: July 2022

While immune checkpoint–based immunotherapy (ICI) shows promising clinical results in patients with cancer, only a subset of patients responds favorably. Response to ICI is dictated by complex networks of cellular interactions between malignant and nonmalignant cells. Although insights into the mechanisms that modulate the pivotal antitumoral activity of cytotoxic T cells (Tcy) have recently been gained, much of what has been learned is based on single-cell analyses of dissociated tumor samples, resulting in a lack of critical information about the spatial distribution of relevant cell types. Here, we used multiplexed IHC to spatially characterize the immune landscape of metastatic melanoma from responders and nonresponders to ICI. Such high-dimensional pathology maps showed that Tcy gradually evolve toward an exhausted phenotype as they approach and infiltrate the tumor. Moreover, a key cellular interaction network functionally linked Tcy and PD-L1+ macrophages. Mapping the respective spatial distributions of these two cell populations predicted response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with high confidence. These results suggest that baseline measurements of the spatial context should be integrated in the design of predictive biomarkers to identify patients likely to benefit from ICI.

Significance:

This study shows that spatial characterization can address the challenge of finding efficient biomarkers, revealing that localization of macrophages and T cells in melanoma predicts patient response to ICI.

See related commentary by Smalley and Smalley, p. 3198
Intrastromal Antibiotic Injection in Polymicrobial Keratitis: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Pak Clara M. , Savage Daniel E. , Plotnik Ronald , Wozniak Rachel A.F.
Published: July 2022

Bacterial keratitis (corneal infection) caused by more than one organism is rare and exceedingly difficult to treat due to variable antibiotic susceptibilities. Intrastromal injections of antibiotics may be necessary to achieve higher drug concentrations at the site of infection, particularly in the case of deep stromal disease refractory to topical therapy. However, while this approach is increasingly used for fungal keratitis, there is a paucity of the literature regarding the use of intrastromal antibiotics bacterial keratitis. In the current case, an 86-year-old patient presented with a left corneal ulcer with corresponding microbiologic cultures positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Achromobacter species. The ulcer continued to progress despite maximal topical antibiotic treatment yet demonstrated marked improvement after two intrastromal injections of moxifloxacin administered 2 weeks apart. Polymicrobial keratitis can be particularly challenging to eradicate despite maximal topical antibiotic therapeutics. Intrastromal corneal injections provide a mechanism for drug delivery directly to the site of infection and thus may represent an important alternative in refractory cases.
Acute Changes in Serum Creatinine Are Not a Meaningful Metric in Randomized Controlled Trials and Clinical Care
Authors: Coca Steven G.
Published: July 2022

Background: Acute changes in serum creatinine are labeled clinically as acute kidney injury (AKI). However, not all acute changes in serum creatinine are deleterious and need to be acted upon. Summary: Intravenous fluids in response to AKI should be judiciously administered, and volume overload should be avoided. Since congestion is the driver of poor outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and must be managed, AKI that occurs at the expense of decongestion does not confer increased risk. We still do not have evidence of therapies that reduce AKI which will translate into any meaningful improvements in clinical outcomes. Finally, particularly in the setting of application of therapies designed to reduce cardiorenal risk, acute changes in serum creatinine are often in the opposite direction of the ultimate clinical outcomes, both renal and nonrenal. Key Messages: Given the complexities and the nuance of acute changes in serum creatinine, it has ruled itself as an unreliable surrogate for randomized controlled trials and often hinders appropriate care in the clinical setting.
Audiogram of Chinese Phonemes: Construction and Evaluation
Authors: Hung Yu-Chen , Lin Chun-Yi
Published: July 2022

Introduction: In aural rehabilitation, speech bananas are often used as a counseling tool to visually indicate one’s auditory access to speech sounds. We constructed a Chinese-based speech banana to provide Chinese-speaking users with a more appropriate distribution of Chinese speech sounds on an audiogram. Method: The location of each phoneme was defined by its frequency and intensity. To evaluate the clinical validity of the proposed speech banana, 15 Chinese-speaking hearing aid users were recruited; the predictability of the present speech banana was examined in terms of sensitivity and specificity based on their aided sound-field narrow-band noise thresholds and speech recognition thresholds. Results: The data revealed high specificity rates of 94.2% below 8,000 Hz and high sensitivity of 96.8% above 8,000 Hz. Specificity measures the percentage of perceptible sounds correctly identified as such by the Chinese speech banana (CSB); sensitivity measures the percentage of imperceptible sounds that are correctly identified as such by the CSB. Discussion/Conclusion: The CSB represents a potentially valid counseling tool to identify phonemes that have poor perceptual quality and indicate auditory access gaps.
“Efficiency Is Paramount in This Regard”: The Managerial Role of the ICC Presidency from Kirsch to Fernández
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: July 2022

Since the International Criminal Court commenced its work, much has been made of the institution-building role of successive ICC Prosecutors as central to the Court’s legal framework and as ambassadors for the “fight against impunity”. Much less has been said about the role of the ICC Presidency, as the Court’s smallest organ, and its successive Presidents. Yet the Presidency operates at the apex of the Court as an international organisation, manages relations with states, coordinates internal governance issues, and acts as the “public face” of the Court globally, not to mention its judicial functions. The ICC Presidency and its first three Presidents have been particularly influential in shaping the ICC into an institution prioritising the values of efficiency and effectiveness, with deeply political and distributive implications. This article traces those influences, from the Presidency of Philipp Kirsch, until the end of the third Presidency under the leadership of Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi in March 2018.
Parliamentary Inquiries: an Underestimated Anticorruption Tool
Authors: Hoppe Tilman , Ticona Juan
Published: July 2022

In countries with high levels of corruption, ruling elites rarely have an interest in meaningful anticorruption reforms. Thus, within state structures, the opposition is often key in controlling the government. At the same time, no state body has wider jurisdiction than parliament. Therefore, empowering the opposition to inquire into corruption (and other) scandals is a key factor in an integrity system. The German system of strong opposition rights in collecting evidence through parliamentary inquiry committees has been a unique selling point by global comparison until 2014, when it was emulated by Austria. An analysis of the 63 inquiry committees of the Bundestag since 1949 shows that a significant share concerned corruption cases. Had it not been for parliamentary inquiries, most of these cases would have remained without any follow-up by a state institution. In stark contrast to this finding, international anticorruption guidance more or less entirely ignores inquiry committees.
Thalictrum cuonaense (Ranunculaceae) is merged with the Himalayan T. reniforme, with notes on its morphologically similar species
Authors: ZENG YOU-PAI , YUAN QIONG , YANG QIN-ER
Published: July 2022

Based on critical observations on both herbarium specimens (including type material) and living plants in the wild, we demonstrate that Thalictrum cuonaense (Ranunculaceae), described from Cona county in southern Xizang (Tibet), China, is conspecific with T. reniforme, an elegant Himalayan species widely distributed in Bhutan, China (southern Xizang), northeastern India (Sikkim), and Nepal. We therefore reduce T. cuonaense to the synonymy of T. reniforme herein. Lectotypification is proposed for T. reniforme. Taxonomic notes are provided for another two distinctive Himalayan species, T. chelidonii and T. neurocarpum, to clarify their identification confusion with T. reniforme. The identity of T. tamurae, described from central-western Myanmar, is also discussed.
Observed Covariations in Boundary Layer and Cumulus Cloud-Layer Processes
Authors: Daub Brandon J. , Lareau Neil P.
Published: July 2022

In this study, we examine variations in boundary layer processes spanning the shallow-to-deep cumulus transition. This is accomplished by differentiating boundary layer properties on the basis of convective outcomes, ranging from shallow to deep, as observed at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Oklahoma. Doppler lidar, radar, and radiosonde data are combined to determine statistical differences in boundary layer and cloud-layer properties using a large sample (236) of days with a range of convective outcomes: shallow, congestus, and deep convection. In these analyses, the radar characterizes diurnal cloud depth, the lidar quantifies updraft and downdraft properties in the subcloud layer, and daily radiosonde data provide the convective inhibition (CIN). Combined, these data are used to test the hypothesis that deep convection occurs when the strength of the boundary layer turbulence (i.e., TKE) exceeds the strength of the energy barrier (i.e., CIN) at the top of the CBL. Results show that days with deep convective clouds have significantly lower vertical velocity variance and weaker updrafts within the subcloud layer. However, CIN values are also found to be significantly lower on deep convective days, allowing for these weaker updrafts to penetrate the energy barrier and reach the level of free convection. In contrast, shallow convective outcomes occur when the updrafts are strong in an absolute sense but are weak when compared with the strength of the energy barrier. These findings support the use of the CIN/TKE framework in parameterizing convection in coarse resolution models.
A Physical Model of Tropical Cyclone Central Pressure Filling at Landfall
Authors: Sparks Nathan , Toumi Ralf
Published: July 2022

We derive a simple physically based analytic model that describes the pressure filling of a tropical cyclone (TC) over land. Starting from the axisymmetric mass continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates, we derive that the half-life of the decay of the pressure deficit between the environment and TC center is proportional to the initial radius of maximum surface wind speed. The initial pressure deficit and column-mean radial inflow speed into the core are the other key variables. The assumptions made in deriving the model are validated against idealized numerical simulations of TC decay over land. Decay half-lives predicted from a range of initial TC states are tested against the idealized simulations and are in good agreement. Dry idealized TC decay simulations show that without latent convective heating, the boundary layer decouples from the vortex above leading to a fast decay of surface winds while a midlevel vortex persists.
Dynamic Pressure Drag on Rising Buoyant Thermals in a Neutrally Stable Environment
Authors: Morrison Hugh , Jeevanjee Nadir , Yano Jun-Ichi
Published: July 2022

This study examines dynamic pressure drag on rising dry buoyant thermals. A theoretical expression for drag coefficient Cd as a function of several other nondimensional parameters governing thermal dynamics is derived based on combining the thermal momentum budget with the similarity theory of Scorer. Using values for these nondimensional parameters from previous studies, the theory suggests drag on thermals is small relative to that on solid spheres in laminar or turbulent flow. Two sets of numerical simulations of thermals in an unstratified, neutrally stable environment using an LES configuration of the Cloud Model 1 (CM1) are analyzed. One set has a relatively low effective Reynolds number Re and the other has an order-of-magnitude-higher Re; these produce laminar and turbulent resolved-scale flows, respectively. Consistent with the theoretical Cd, the magnitude of drag is small in all simulations. However, whereas the laminar thermals have Cd ≈ 0.01, the turbulent thermals have weakly negative drag (Cd ≈ −0.1). This difference is explained by the laminar thermals having near vertical symmetry but the turbulent thermals exhibiting considerable vertical asymmetry of their azimuthally averaged flows. In the laminar thermals, buoyancy rapidly becomes concentrated around the main centers of rotation located along the horizontal central axis, leading to expansion of thermals via baroclinic vorticity generation but doing little to break vertical symmetry of the flow. Vertical asymmetry of the azimuthally averaged flow of turbulent thermals is attributed mainly to small-scale resolved eddies that are concentrated in the upper part of the thermals.
Fire Aerosols Slow Down the Global Water Cycle
Authors: Li Fang , Lawrence David M. , Jiang Yiquan , Liu Xiaohong , Lin Zhongda
Published: July 2022

Fire is an important Earth system process and the largest source of global primary carbonaceous aerosols. Earlier studies have focused on the influence of fire aerosols on radiation, surface climate, air quality, and biogeochemical cycle. The impact of fire aerosols on the global water cycle has not been quantified and related mechanisms remain largely unclear. This study provides the first quantitative assessment and understanding of the influence of fire aerosols on the global water cycle. This is done by quantifying the difference between simulations with and without fire aerosols using the coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM). Results show that present-day fire aerosols weaken the global water cycle significantly. They decrease the continental precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff by 4.1 ± 1.8, 2.5 ± 0.5, and 1.5 ± 1.4 ×103 km3 yr−1 as well as ocean evaporation, precipitation, and water vapor transport from ocean to land by 8.1 ± 1.9, 6.6 ± 2.3, and 1.5 ± 1.4 ×103 km3 yr−1. The impacts of fire aerosols are most clearly seen in the tropics and the Arctic-boreal zone. Fire aerosols affect the global water cycle mainly by cooling the surface, which reduces ocean evaporation, land soil evaporation, and plant transpiration. The decreased water vapor load in the atmosphere leads to a decrease in precipitation, which contributes to reduced surface runoff and subsurface drainage.
Causality-Structured Deep Learning for Soil Moisture Predictions
Authors: Li Lu , Dai Yongjiu , Shangguan Wei , Wei Zhongwang , Wei Nan , Li Qingliang
Published: July 2022

The accurate prediction of surface soil moisture (SM) is crucial for understanding hydrological processes. Deep learning (DL) models such as the long short-term memory model (LSTM) provide a powerful method and have been widely used in SM prediction. However, few studies have notably high success rates due to lacking prior knowledge in forms such as causality. Here we present a new causality-structure-based LSTM model (CLSTM), which could learn time interdependency and causality information for hydrometeorological applications. We applied and compared LSTM and CLSTM methods for forecasting SM across 64 FLUXNET sites globally. The results showed that CLSTM dramatically increased the predictive performance compared with LSTM. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) suggested that more than 67% of sites witnessed an improvement of SM simulation larger than 10%. It is highlighted that CLSTM had a much better generalization ability that can adapt to extreme soil conditions, such as SM response to drought and precipitation events. By incorporating causal relations, CLSTM increased predictive ability across different lead times compared to LSTM. We also highlighted the critical role of physical information in the form of causality structure to improve drought prediction. At the same time, CLSTM has the potential to improve predictions of other hydrometeorological variables.
Instability of a Surface Jet over Rough Topography
Authors: Palóczy André , LaCasce J. H.
Published: July 2022

The instability of a surface-trapped jet over rough bottom topography is examined using a linearized quasigeostrophic model. The jet is laterally sheared and thus susceptible to both barotropic and baroclinic instability. The relative magnitude of the two depends on the jet width and on the spectral characteristics and amplitude of the bathymetry. The most unstable eddies in the upper layer are typically smaller over bathymetry than with a flat bottom. Topography also alters momentum flux convergence in the upper layer and causes the perturbations to resemble eddies in a 1.5-layer flow. But as long as the jet is wider than the deformation radius, baroclinic instability is present, yielding deep eddies that are phase-locked to those at the surface. In addition, topography facilitates scattering of energy at depth to other scales. So, instability over rough topography could be an efficient, and largely overlooked, means of transferring mesoscale energy to the dissipative scales.

Significance Statement

This study investigates the effects of bottom roughness on large-scale ocean currents and their associated eddies. Roughness affects the eddy size and speed and how they exchange energy with the mean flow. Roughness also facilitates energy transfer to smaller scales where it can be dissipated. Thus, instability over rough topography could be an important part of the oceanic energy balance.
Individual SNOT-22 Items Aid in Differentiating Between Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea and Chronic Rhinosinusitis Without Nasal Polyps
Authors: Liu Matthew Y. , Gardner James Reed , Woodworth Bradford A. , Jang David W. , Kanaan Alissa , Radabaugh Jeffrey Paul , Yao William C. , Goros Martin , Challa Megana , Grayson Jessica W. , Wang Zhu , Chen Philip G.
Published: July 2022

Objectives:

Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a diagnostic challenge due to its overlapping symptomatology with other sinonasal diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether items on the sinonasal outcome test (SNOT)−22 could suggest a diagnosis of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea versus chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP).

Methods:

A multi-institutional retrospective chart review of patients with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea and a control group of CRSsNP patients was performed. Individual SNOT-22 scores and domain scores were compared.

Results:

One hundred fifteen patients were included in both cohorts. Of the patients in the CSF rhinorrhea group, 48% were misdiagnosed as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) prior to the correct identification of a CSF leak. On bivariate analysis, the CSF rhinorrhea group scored significantly higher on the SNOT-22 for runny nose ( P < .001) and was more likely to designate this symptom as most important ( P < .001). The CRSsNP group scored significantly higher in nasal blockage ( P < .001), thick nasal discharge ( P < .001), facial pain/pressure ( P < .001), and in the ear/facial ( P < .001) and rhinologic ( P = .003) domains. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that runny nose ( P < .001) was most predictive of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea while nasal blockage ( P < .001), thick nasal discharge ( P < .001), and facial pain/pressure ( P = .001) were predictive of CRSsNP after adjusting for relevant confounders. No significant difference was observed in total SNOT-22 scores between groups ( P = .676).

Conclusions:

Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea is commonly misdiagnosed as other sinonasal pathologies. However, individual SNOT-22 items can help aid in suggesting a CSF leak. Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea should be suspected in patients who have high SNOT-22 scores for runny nose and report this symptom as most important, but have lower scores related to the other cardinal symptoms of CRS.
Normative Values for the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Reynolds Jane E. , Jetté Marie E. , Wright Miranda L. , Sundar Krishna M. , Gillespie Amanda I. , Slovarp Laurie J.
Published: July 2022

Introduction:

The primary self-assessment questionnaire used for patients with chronic cough is the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). The LCQ is a validated questionnaire that ranges in total score from 3 to 21. While it is known that a higher score on the LCQ reflects a better quality of life, normative data have not been reported for this questionnaire.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to determine normative LCQ scores on a healthy population without cough.

Methods:

The LCQ was distributed via electronic survey to the authors’ universities, professional affiliation email lists, and personal contacts. Participants were included if they were at least 18, nonsmokers, and without abnormal cough, without pulmonary disease, and without neurological disease. Participants answered questions regarding age, gender, and race/ethnicity, and completed the 19 LCQ questions.

Results:

One hundred forty-three (118 women) LCQ responses were analyzed. Average participant age was 47 years (SD = 13) and 133 (93%) were Caucasian. The mean LCQ Total score was 20.23 (SD = 0.85) with scores ranging from 17.05 to 21.

Conclusions:

This study determined the following LCQ scores should be considered normal threshold scores: Total score – 17.68, Physical domain – 5.36, Psychological domain – 5.81, and Social domain – 6.06. The findings of this study will assist clinicians in determining severity of cough impact on quality of life using the LCQ. Further research is needed to ensure more complete participant demographic representation.
Simulation Evaluating Disproportionality-Based Indicators of Inequitable Selection Practices Into Advanced Academic Programming
Authors: Boedeker Peter , Lamb Kristen N. , Kettler Todd
Published: July 2022

Gifted education programs identify students with exceptional ability or potential and provide specialized educational interventions to develop general academic and domain-specific talent. Research and legal actions have found access to gifted education riddled with inequity. Indicators of inequity in selection practices based on disproportionality have been developed in the context of employment and gifted education; however, these indicators have not been compared side by side. We evaluate combinations of disproportionality-based metrics and thresholds on their ability to flag for inequity those selection practices that are indeed inequitable while not flagging for inequity those that are not. Specifically, the risk ratio and a generalized form of the Inequity Allowance Formula/Inequity Index, called here the inequity allowance ratio, are evaluated with thresholds between 0.1 and 0.9. We evaluate false-positive rates and true-positive rates when equity or inequity in selection practices exists. Furthermore, we explore the effect of program selectivity on the performance of these indicators. Ultimately, we find that recommendations regarding which disproportionality-based metric and threshold to use depends on factors that we cannot know, including the distribution of qualification of students and the quantifiable selectivity of a program. Therefore, the use of a disproportionality-based indicator when evaluating programs for potential inequity is not recommended.
Global out-of-home childcare and world culture
Authors: Ulybina Olga
Published: July 2022

The focus of this article is the link between the modern world culture and national public policy commitments. Drawing on world society theory and using data for 193 countries between 1990 and 2020—1411 documents in total—we analyze the global pattern of policy commitments to out-of-home childcare deinstitutionalization. Deinstitutionalization refers to the policy of moving children from institutional residential care (e.g. orphanages) to family-based and family-like care in the community. Using the reports by state parties of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, we find that 85 percent of countries make at least some commitment to deinstitutionalization. At the same time, the data reveal significant variation in the interpretation of deinstitutionalization. We also find that similar policy commitments are underpinned by diverse motives that reflect different normative frames within the dominant world culture—human rights, scientization, and cost efficiency. This diversity does not fit the standard world society concepts of convergence, resistance, or decoupling. We argue that countries can selectively adopt specific aspects of world culture, with important policy implications.
Differences in the desizability of starches and the mechanism of inhibiting desizing
Authors: Zhang Xun , Baek Na-won , Xu Jin , Yuan Jiugang , Fan Xuerong
Published: July 2022

The desizing efficiencies of starches are different. However, the reasons and mechanism for this appearance are still unclear. Therefore, desizing efficiencies of starches were measured, and the reasons for their difference were analyzed. Swelling ability and degree of crystallinity of starch films were tested to conform to the relation with desizing. The size residue on the desized yarns was collected to detect the difference in the proportion of nonstarch components and the structure of hydrolyzed starch. In addition, correlation analyses were conducted between the factors affecting hydrolysis and desizing efficiency. It was found that corn starch has the lowest desizing efficiency, and the efficiency of cassava starch was the highest. The largest proportion of protein was the main reason for inhibiting the desizing. Furthermore, a higher proportion of lipid and the lower swelling ability of starch film could also be an obstacle to desizing. Removing the nonstarch components and improving the swelling ability of film may be effective methods to improve the desizing efficiency of starch.
Improvement in drying performance through sample movement change in tumble dryers
Authors: Kim Hyewon , Kim Sungmin , Park Chung Hee
Published: July 2022

To improve the drying performance of a tumble dryer, the movement of sample clothes as a function of the mechanical action of the dryer was analyzed. The movement of cotton shirts inside a tumble dryer, represented by sample movement patterns, occupancy, and velocity distribution, were quantitatively analyzed using sample movement indices. The differences in the sample movement and the subsequent drying performance were evaluated by varying the drum rotational speed and direction. A drum rotational speed of 50 rpm produced the best sample properties and a short drying period, as the samples actively moved primarily in the center of the drum. Changes in the direction of the drum rotation reduced the drying period and minimized wrinkles in the samples when the frequency of changes to the rotational direction was minimized; however, the change aggravated shrinkage and damaged the samples. The best drying performance was observed when the direction of the drum rotation was changed every 2 seconds. The correlation and regression analysis demonstrated that the sample movements occurred at the center of the drum and that the drying period decreased while the drying performance improved, as the samples were subjected to complex movements and the mixing between them increased.
Continuing Care App for Probationers and Parolees with Substance use Disorders
Authors: Carswell Steven B. , Gordon Michael S. , Gryczynski Jan , Taxman Faye S. , Schadegg Mary , Ferguson Kaitlin N. , Maher Kelly
Published: July 2022

This pilot proof-of-concept study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a Continuing Care mobile application (app) designed to meet the recovery and personal support needs of individuals under justice supervision who were receiving outpatient substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. The study included adults on probation or parole who were enrolled in an outpatient SUD treatment program ( N = 15; 86.7% males). Participants were instructed to utilize the Continuing Care app daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, they completed a satisfaction questionnaire. Of the 15 participants enrolled in the study, 12 (80%) completed the Continuing Care app modules and the satisfaction questionnaire, and all of these participants indicated high levels of satisfaction with the app (on a scale of 1–10, Mean = 1.8, SD = 1.2). The Continuing Care app was well-utilized and perceived as valuable by this group of low-income, underserved, and hard-to-reach individuals. Further research is needed to refine app content and evaluate its ability to meaningfully enhance and extend the benefits of SUD treatment.
Pathways of aging in migration and their association with the quality of life
Authors: Jung Yong Moon
Published: July 2022

This study adopted a life course approach in exploring the quality of life of old migrants based on the experiences of Korean Australians aged 60 years and over. Pathways of aging were considered as related to the aging progress in migration, and three different groups were identified: aged with a migrant background (those who migrated when they were younger and had grown old in the destination country), family migrants (those who accompanied/were invited by their children), and retirement migrants (those who chose to migrate in later life independent of their children). The study identified elements of quality of life particularly meaningful to specific groups. The findings of this study may help in broadening the knowledge base of the diverse aging experiences of migrants and to inform policy and the development of programs to support elderly migrants.
Autonomous deck landing of a vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle based on the tau theory
Authors: Wang Biao , Lin Haiwei , Tang Chaoying , Xu Guili
Published: July 2022

The research on autonomous landing of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is well established. However, the research on autonomous deck landing using visual methods is relatively not so mature and many of them require the support of ground infrastructures. In order to reduce such dependencies, a ship landing guidance strategy based on on-board vision is studied. Considering the characteristics of the ship landing issue, we propose a three-phase landing scheme and a decision-making method to ensure landing safety is also studied. For improving the traditional two-dimensional (2D) optical-flow method, a three-dimensional (3D) velocity vector estimation method using image spherical optical flow is studied. Furthermore, a guidance law based on the tau theory is employed by only using the visual information of the line of sight to the target. In this phase, a trajectory-tracking controller is applied to generate the velocity commands of the UAV. Finally, the whole algorithm is validated by simulation in different wave conditions developed with Unity3D. Compared with traditional trajectory planning methods, our method does not require complex optimization iterations and can meet both the real-time and accuracy requirements of deck landing. The average tracking error of our method maintains in 0.2 m. Moreover, the whole algorithm runs efficiently at around 30 fps on a Raspberry-Pi 3B+ microcomputer which meets the real-time requirements.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of CBT+: A Clinician-Controlled, Just-In-Time, Adjunctive Intervention for Bulimia-Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Juarascio Adrienne S. , Presseller Emily K. , Srivastava Paakhi , Manasse Stephanie M. , Forman Evan M.
Published: July 2022

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for bulimia nervosa (BN) requires patient skill utilization (use of treatment skills) and skill acquisition (successful skill use) for symptom improvement. Treatment outcomes are unsatisfactory, possibly due to poor skill acquisition and utilization by post-treatment. Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs), momentary interventions delivered at opportunities for skill practice, may improve skill acquisition and utilization. Participants ( N = 56 individuals with bulimia-spectrum eating disorders) completed electronic self-monitoring in CBT+ and received JITAIs or no JITAIs alongside 16 sessions of CBT. Feasibility, acceptability, target engagement, and treatment outcomes were evaluated. JITAIs demonstrated feasibility and acceptability. Treatment outcomes and target engagement did not differ between conditions. The lack of group differences in target engagement and treatment outcomes may be explained by skill use self-monitoring promoting skill utilization and acquisition or low statistical power. Our findings suggest that JITAIs are feasible and acceptable during CBT for BN and warrant additional study.
Breakthrough potential of emerging research topics based on citation diffusion features
Authors: Xu Haiyun , Winnink Jos , Pang Hongshen , Wen Shuhao , Chen Liang
Published: July 2022

This article uses the characteristics of citation curves in emerging research topics (ERTs) and combines them with the ERTs’ knowledge bases to draw conclusions by comparing their development patterns. The goal of this study is to enrich the toolset for predicting breakthroughs in scientific research. A set of multidimensional and practical bibliometric indicators is used to identify ERTs, to further identify the knowledge bases of ERTs and construct citation curves for both ERTs and their knowledge bases. The development trends of the citation curves of ERTs and their knowledge bases in different time periods are compared and analysed from two dimensions: knowledge transition and continuous growth. We use the field of stem cell research to test our method. Based on the outcome of the analysis, we can assess the breakthrough potential of ERTs. The stratification, transition and recent changes of the citation curve can be used as a basis for analysing and assessing the ERTs’ breakthrough potential. The combination of different citation diffusion patterns of ERTs and their knowledge bases can improve the effectiveness of identifying ERTs that can become breakthrough innovations.
Media policymaking and multistakeholder involvement: Matching audience, stakeholder and government expectations for public service media in Flanders
Authors: Van den Bulck Hilde , Raats Tim
Published: July 2022

This contribution analyzes government, opposition, public service media, media stakeholders and audience views regarding the role and remit of public service media in the run-up to and their impact on the renewal of the 2021–2025 management contract between public broadcaster VRT and the Flemish Government. Results show that, despite a shifting media ecosystem and academics and government pushing for fundamental reform, audiences and most stakeholders’ views stick to a centralised, broad and multiplatform public media institution. Moreover, they expect public service media to solve ever more media and societal issues (e.g. fake news) within a shrinking budget. The case illustrates how mature, evidence-based multistakeholderism pushes public service media to meet an increasingly challenging set of expectations, hampers both public service media and government to build a well-balanced, long-term vision of public service media's role and, instead, pushes them to pursue their own agenda. Lastly, an evidence-based process also suffers from issues of validity of the data.
Apartheid drone: Infrastructures of militarism and the hidden genealogies of the South African Seeker
Authors: Chandler Katherine
Published: July 2022

In the 1980s and 1990s, South Africa was considered a global leader in the development of unmanned aircraft largely because of the Seeker, a drone created by the state-controlled armaments industry during apartheid. This article examines how military power, state-enforced racial hierarchies, and global exchange are made visible and obscured through the drone’s unmanned system. It advances the concept of drone infrastructure, which updates theories of the drone that focus on optics and verticality. Drone infrastructure studies the web of relations organized by aircraft systems and articulates how the interplay of visibility and invisibility affectively and materially structures drone systems. The study starts with the ‘invisible’ transfer of drone technology that led to the Seeker, pointing to a shared genealogy of warfare linking South Africa, Israel, and the United States, as well as the ‘secret’ use of the Seeker in the South African Border Wars. It then turns to how, in the post-apartheid era, the Seeker was refashioned as a technology of national protection and democratic advance, a ‘visible’ symbol of the new state. Contemporary efforts to use drone aircraft in South Africa for wildlife conservation in the 2010s aim to overwrite these earlier uses, describing the air platform as international aid. Yet, the Seeker’s militarized infrastructure continues to shape drone use and the logics of white supremacy persist in the networks of relations organized by contemporary drone use in South Africa.
Micro-macro: Why focus on levels of data collection and analysis? Introduction to the BMS Micro-macro section
Authors: Hamidi Camille , Dupuy Claire
Published: July 2022

Individuals, organisations, populations: at what level(s) should we collect, analyse and interpret data? How can we envision the articulation between these different levels if we choose more than one? These questions arise in all research, but sometimes in an almost unconscious or mechanical way. This introduction outlines a number of milestones that will enable to place these questions in their historical context, to specify what we are talking about when we refer to these micro-meso-macro levels, and to put forward some of the main issues at stake in the articulation between these levels.
Influence of the coupler and buffer device on the train collision safety
Authors: Zhou Hechao , Wang Yuwei , Wang Xupeng , Zhan Jun , Zhang Jimin
Published: July 2022

Based on the multi-body dynamics the three-dimensional train collision model including a more detailed coupler-buffer substructure is established in this paper. During the train collision, the dynamic responses of the coupler-buffer substructure are comprehensively analysed. Some key parameters, such as the coupler initial deflection angle, max-angle, plunger spring stiffness and buffer impedance force, are investigated and their effects on the train derailment are also evaluated. According to the simulation results it is indicated that at present the coupler-buffer device is designed mainly from the point of view of the normal operation condition. Compared with the normal operation, in the train collision condition the longitudinal impact force is so large that the coupler-buffer device reveals a very weak ability to anti-jackknifing. As a result, in most cases the coupler rotation angle is very large and equal to its designed max-angle. Under the effect of this large coupler rotation angle, the collided trains have a high risk to derail. The importance of the anti-jackknifing of the coupler and buffer device is illustrated in this paper, which has a great influence on the train collision safety and should not be neglected. In order to improve the safety against derailment, it is suggested to decrease the coupler’s max-angle and increase its plunger spring stiffness. Alternatively, a friction arc coupler yoke connection design is suggested to replace the current coupler yoke design.