bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biosynthetic engineering of nonribosomal peptide synthetases
Authors: Kries Hajo
Published: July 2016

From the evolutionary melting pot of natural product synthetase genes, microorganisms elicit antibiotics, communication tools, and iron scavengers. Chemical biologists manipulate these genes to recreate similarly diverse and potent biological activities not on evolutionary time scales but within months. Enzyme engineering has progressed considerably in recent years and offers new screening, modelling, and design tools for natural product designers. Here, recent advances in enzyme engineering and their application to nonribosomal peptide synthetases are reviewed. Among the nonribosomal peptides that have been subjected to biosynthetic engineering are the antibiotics daptomycin, calcium‐dependent antibiotic, and gramicidin S. With these peptides, incorporation of unnatural building blocks and modulation of bioactivities via various structural modifications have been successfully demonstrated. Natural product engineering on the biosynthetic level is not a reliable method yet. However, progress in the understanding and manipulation of biosynthetic pathways may enable the routine production of optimized peptide drugs in the near future. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spike timing in auditory‐nerve fibers during spontaneous activity and phase locking
Authors: Heil Peter , Peterson Adam J.
Published: July 2016

In vertebrates, all acoustic information transmitted from the inner ear to the central auditory system is relayed by primary auditory afferents (auditory‐nerve fibers; ANFs). These neurons are also the most peripheral elements to use action potentials (spikes) to encode the acoustic information. Here, we review what is known about the spiking of ANFs during spontaneous activity, when spike timing might be regarded as largely random, and during stimulation by low‐frequency sounds, when spikes are phase locked to the stimulus waveform, a phenomenon generally considered a hallmark of temporal precision and speed in the auditory system. We focus on mammals, in which each ANF is driven by a single ribbon synapse in a single receptor cell, but also cover relevant research on ANFs of vertebrates from other classes. For spontaneous activity, we highlight several spike‐history effects in interspike interval distributions, hazard‐rate functions, serial interval correlations, and spike‐count statistics. We also review models that have attempted to account for these properties. For phase locking, we focus on the responses to low‐frequency tones, rather than to low‐frequency components of broadband signals such as noise or clicks. We critically review the measures commonly used to quantify phase locking and urge caution when interpreting such measures with respect to spike‐timing precision. We also review the dependence of phase locking on stimulus amplitude and frequency. Finally, we identify some open questions.
Differential modulation for asynchronous two‐way relay systems over frequency‐selective fading channels
Authors: Salim Ahmad , Duman Tolga M.
Published: July 2016

We propose two schemes for asynchronous multi‐relay two‐way relay (MR‐TWR) systems in which neither the users nor the relays know the channel state information. In an MR‐TWR system, two users exchange their messages with the help of NR relays. Most of the existing works on MR‐TWR systems based on differential modulation assume perfect symbol‐level synchronization between all communicating nodes. However, this assumption is not valid in many practical systems, which makes the design of differentially modulated schemes more challenging. Therefore, we design differential modulation schemes that can tolerate timing misalignment under frequency‐selective fading. We investigate the performance of the proposed schemes in terms of either probability of bit error or pairwise error probability. Through numerical examples, we show that the proposed schemes outperform existing competing solutions in the literature, especially for high signal‐to‐noise ratio values. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The nuts and bolts of the endogenous spliceosome
Authors: Sperling Ruth
Published: July 2016

The complex life of pre‐mRNA from transcription to the production of mRNA that can be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to encode for proteins entails intricate coordination and regulation of a network of processing events. Coordination is required between transcription and splicing and between several processing events including 5′ and 3′ end processing, splicing, alternative splicing and editing that are major contributors to the diversity of the human proteome, and occur within a huge and dynamic macromolecular machine—the endogenous spliceosome. Detailed mechanistic insight of the splicing reaction was gained from studies of the in vitro spliceosome assembled on a single intron. Because most pre‐mRNAs are multiintronic that undergo alternative splicing, the in vivo splicing machine requires additional elements to those of the in vitro machine, to account for all these diverse functions. Information about the endogenous spliceosome is emerging from imaging studies in intact and live cells that support the cotranscriptional commitment to splicing model and provide information about splicing kinetics in vivo. Another source comes from studies of the in vivo assembled spliceosome, isolated from cell nuclei under native conditions—the supraspliceosome—that individually package pre‐mRNA transcripts of different sizes and number of introns into complexes of a unique structure, indicating their universal nature. Recent years have portrayed new players affecting alternative splicing and novel connections between splicing, transcription and chromatin. The challenge ahead is to elucidate the structure and function of the endogenous spliceosome and decipher the regulation and coordination of its network of processing activities. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1377. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1377

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
Gallium‐Indium Ordering in the Complex [Ni2Ga3In] Network of GdNi2Ga3In
Authors: Galadzhun Yaroslav V. , Horiacha Myroslava M. , Nychyporuk Galyna P. , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Pöttgen Rainer , Zaremba Vasyl I.
Published: July 2016

Polycrystalline samples of the isotypic quaternary compounds RENi2Ga3In (RE = Y, Gd – Tm) were obtained by arc‐melting of the elements. Crystals of the gadolinium compound were found by slow cooling of an arc‐melted button of the initial composition “GdNiGa3In”. All samples were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction. The structure of GdNi2Ga2.89In1.11 was refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer data: new type, Pnma, a = 2426.38(7), b = 418.17(2), c = 927.27(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0430, 1610 F2 values and 88 variables. Two of the six crystallographically independent gallium sites show a small degree of Ga/In mixing. The nickel atoms show tricapped trigonal prismatic coordination by gadolinium, gallium, and indium. Together, the nickel, gallium, and indium atoms build up a complex three‐dimensional [Ni2Ga3In]δ– network, which leaves cages for the gadolinium atoms. The indium atoms form zigzag chains with In–In distances of 337 pm. The crystal chemical similarities of the polyhedral packing in the GdNi2Ga3In and La4Pd10In21 structures are discussed.
Simple Approach to Predict Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of Imidazole and Benzimidazole Derivatives as well as Linear Organic Compounds Containing Several Polar Functional Groups
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Esmaeilpour Karim , Golikand Ahmad Nozad , Shirazi Zeinab
Published: July 2016

A simple approach was introduced to predict the corrosion inhibition efficiency of some imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives as well as linear organic compounds containing several polar functional groups. In contrast to available predictive methods including quantitative structure‐activity relationship models (QSAR models) and quantum methods, there is no need to use complex computer codes and unusual complicated molecular descriptors as well expert users. For 34 nitrogen containing corrosion inhibitors, where the results of two complex models were available, the root mean squared (RMS) deviations of the new method is 4.58, which is much lower than the computed outputs of two available models. The RMS value of the new method is 6.15 for further eleven compounds, which confirm high reliability of the new correlation.
An Online Tool for Global Benchmarking of Risk‐Adjusted Surgical Outcomes
Authors: Spence Richard T. , Chang David C. , Chu Kathryn , Panieri Eugenio , Mueller Jessica L. , Hutter Matthew M.
Published: July 2016

Background

Increasing evidence demonstrates significant variation in adverse outcomes following surgery between countries. In order to better quantify these variations, we hypothesize that freely available online risk calculators can be used as a tool to generate global benchmarking of risk‐adjusted surgical outcomes.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study conducted at an academic teaching hospital in South Africa (GSH). Consecutive adult patients undergoing major general or vascular surgery who met the ACS‐NSQIP inclusion criteria for a 3‐month period were included. Data variables required by the ACS risk calculator were prospectively collected, and patients were followed for 30 days post‐surgery for the occurrence of endpoints. Calculating observed‐to‐expected ratios for ten outcome measures of interest generated risk‐adjusted outcomes benchmarked against the ACS‐NSQIP consortium.

Results

A total of 373 major general and vascular surgery procedures met the inclusion criteria. The GSH operative cohort varied significantly compared to the 2012 ACS‐NSQIP database. The risk‐adjusted O/E ratios were significant for any complication O/E 1.91 (95 % CI 1.57–2.31), surgical site infections O/E 4.76 (95 % CI 3.71–6.01), renal failure O/E 3.29 (95 % CI 1.50–6.24), death O/E 3.43 (95 % CI 2.19–5.11), and total length of stay (LOS) O/E 3.43 (95 % CI 2.19–5.11).

Conclusion

Freely available online risk calculators can be utilized as tools for global benchmarking of risk‐adjusted surgical outcomes.
Clinical Significance of the Pre‐therapeutic Nodal Size in Patients Undergoing Neo‐Adjuvant Treatment Followed by Esophagectomy for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Mine Shinji , Watanabe Masayuki , Imamura Yu , Okamura Akihiko , Kurogochi Takanori , Sano Takeshi
Published: July 2016

Background

The clinical significance of pre‐therapeutic nodal size in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is not clear. We investigated whether nodal size was correlated with survival in patients undergoing neo‐adjuvant treatment followed by esophagectomy for ESCC.

Methods

In 2009–2013, 222 patients who underwent neo‐adjuvant treatment followed by esophagectomy for ESCC were enrolled in this retrospective study. Nodal size was measured along the short axis of the largest node using pre‐therapeutic CT images. Patients were then stratified based on this short axis, and nodal size was correlated with clinicopathological factors and survival.

Results

Patients with larger nodes were likely to have deeper cT, higher cN status, and poorer survival. Among the clinical factors cT, cN, cM, and nodal size, only cT and nodal size were independent prognostic factors in multivariate analysis [hazard ratio (HR) 2.0, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1–3.5, p = 0.025 and HR 1.5, 95 % CI 1–2.3, p = 0.036, respectively]. In addition, nodal size was significantly associated with hematological recurrence (p = 0.007), but not lymphatic relapse (p = 0.272).

Conclusions

The short axis of the largest node before neo‐adjuvant treatment in patients with ESCC is a prognostic factor.
The divorce of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma: solution to a problematic relationship
Authors: de Beer Z.W. , Duong T.A. , Wingfield M.J.
Published: July 2016

One of the causal agents of human sporotrichosis, Sporothrix schenckii, is the type species of the genus Sporothrix. During the course of the last century the asexual morphs of many Ophiostoma spp. have also been treated in Sporothrix. More recently several
DNA-based studies have suggested that species of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma converge in what has become known as Ophiostoma s. lat. Were the one fungus one name principles adopted in the Melbourne Code to be applied to Ophiostoma s. lat., Sporothrix would
have priority over Ophiostoma, resulting in more than 100 new combinations. The consequence would be name changes for several economically important tree pathogens including O. novo-ulmi. Alternatively, Ophiostoma could be conserved against Sporothrix, but
this would necessitate changing the names of the important human pathogens in the group. In this study, we sought to resolve the phylogenetic relationship between Ophiostoma and Sporothrix. DNA sequences were determined for the ribosomal large subunit and internal transcribed
spacer regions, as well as the beta-tubulin and calmodulin genes in 65 isolates. The results revealed Sporothrix as a well-supported monophyletic lineage including 51 taxa, distinct from Ophiostoma s. str. To facilitate future studies exploring species level resolution within
Sporothrix, we defined six species complexes in the genus. These include the Pathogenic Clade containing the four human pathogens, together with the S. pallida-, S. candida-, S. inflata-, S. gossypina- and S. stenoceras complexes, which include environmental
species mostly from soil, hardwoods and Protea infructescences. The description of Sporothrix is emended to include sexual morphs, and 26 new combinations. Two new names are also provided for species previously treated as Ophiostoma.
Symposium on Methodology: An Introductory Note
Authors: Henderson John P.
Published: July 2016

Speculations as to what methodological approaches should be taken in academic endeavors such as African studies are bound to be controversial. Given the wide spectrum of the disciplines involved, ranging from art forms such as the dance and music to the “dismal science” of economics, obviously there are numerous differences of opinion as to the nature of research, not to mention its purposes. Internecine warfare is almost inevitable, and the claims of contending factions, even within a single discipline, are boundless. In some disciplines questions of methodology are paramount, as appears to be the case for political scientists and sociologists, while for others such as economists, the issue of method is less significant than are the policy implications of economic theory for the African scene. This difference may well reflect the greater abundance of economic data, for in some areas of inquiry the development of adequate data is the foremost problem. For some the productivity and pragmatism of results are the test of good research; for others, if research stands the test of criticism, it matters not the method. But for some, method itself provides the only criteria for judging the feasibility or value of research efforts.

In this Symposium on Methodology, the Editors of the Review are pleased to publish the reflections of six social scientists as to the issues of research methodology in African studies, two each in the areas of anthropology, political science, and psychology.
“Village Life Is Better Than Town Life”: Identity, Migration, and Development in the Lives of Ugandan Child Citizens
Authors: Cheney Kristen E.
Published: July 2016

This article contextualizes Ugandan urban–rural relations through urban children's knowledge, imaginations, and experiences, which are affected by the present sociohistoric moment in Uganda. Influenced by urban–rural migration, changing notions of family and kinship, and the national government's prolific “development-through-education” campaign, urban schoolchildren imagine “the village” both as an integral imaginary space of ethnic identity origination and a location for fulfillment of national citizenship through development.
Zenzele: African Women's Self-Help Organizations in South Africa, 1927–1998
Authors: Higgs Catherine
Published: July 2016

The Zenzele clubs of the Eastern Cape of South Africa, which date from the late 1920s, were founded by mission-educated African women who sought to improve the lives of rural African women by enhancing their subsistence farming and cooking skills and educating them about household cleanliness, basic child care, and health care. Unlike associations for African women in British colonial Africa, Zenzele clubs did not evolve into political organizations. In the white-run segregated and apartheid states that persisted through 1994, Zenzele women did not engage in direct political action; rather, they sought to unite African women across class and ethnic lines and focused their efforts on community development.
The Civility of Incivility: Grassroots Political Activism, Female Farmers, and the Cameroon State
Authors: Diduk Susan
Published: July 2016

This essay examines the cultural symbolism underpinning “Takembeng,” a contemporary, rural-based social movement of female farmers in the Northwest Province of Cameroon. It argues that the power and success of women's activism, in the context of national opposition party politics and the “new struggles” for democracy, are embedded in an institutional history and culturally legitimate etiquette of moral censure. It also suggests that the highly disruptive but mystically charged nature of these mobilizations makes them effective because they open spaces for popular dissent on the national stage. Understanding the “civility” associated with the apparent incivility of activists is indispensable to understanding the dynamism of grassroots political activism.
Algeria: The Cycle of Reciprocal Fear
Authors: Lewis William H.
Published: July 2016

In March 1962, France and Algeria, parties to seven years of conflict, agreed upon the need to destroy an illusion. For more than a century Algeria had been regarded as an integral part of metropolitan France, despite the patently non-Gallic character of its indigenous population. Bloody insurrection and the realization in France that the Mother Country could not undo the wrongs of previous generations brought the illusion into disrepute; it was interred in July 1962 with the acquisition of full independent status by Algeria. This separation restored France to a reasonable semblance of well-being; Algeria, on the other hand, suffered a far less happy fate.

At independence Algeria found itself on the threshold of renewed conflict. The principals in this second act of violence were not the European settlers (colons) who had dominated Algeria's political life for generations as baronial overlords. The vast majority of settlers, approximately 850,000 out of a total of one million, had scuttled and run out of fear of vengeful retribution by Algeria's nine million Muslims. Nor were the half-million French soldiers remaining on Algerian soil participants in the new drama; the overwhelming majority were anxious to depart this melancholy land without molestation. The principals were the founders and leaders of the Algerian revolution, men who, at the hour of triumph, fell into disagreement over the distribution of power and ignored a more compelling imperative - - the rehabilitation of a wartorn society.
Ten Years of African Studies
Authors: Cowan L. Gray
Published: July 2016

In the process of looking at the record of the Association's accomplishments over the past ten years, I came across some of the early records of the negotiations which brought the Association into existence, and I thought it might be of interest if I were to compare what has been done to what was envisaged as the task of the Association when the idea was first suggested. The origins of the Association go back to a seminar on Africa which met privately and informally in New York in 1954. Out of this group a plan was put forth for the formation of an African Institute, and an organizing committee, consisting of William A. Hance, Jean Comhaire, Alan Pifer, and Nicolaas Pansegrouer, was constituted to take care of the practical steps toward organizing such an institute. The proposed activities of the Institute included the assembly of documents and periodicals referring to Africa, the provision of scholarly and technical information and consultative services to educational, religious, governmental, and business groups, and the facilitation of visits to Africa for study and observation. Names suggested for the new body were the North American Institute of African Studies and the American Institute of African Studies. Not unsurprisingly, much of the discussion at this time, as now, centered about financing the new Institute.
A Bibliography of Liberian Government Documents
Authors: Holsoe Svend E.
Published: July 2016

This bibliography is the first attempt to establish a comprehensive listing of the various types of documents which the Liberian government has published. That it is not complete, goes without saying. Only time and further discoveries will make it so. In addition, certain of the gaps which occur are due to the nature of some of the material. Some parts of the series were never duplicated for mass distribution; rather, they remain in manuscript form in the Liberian government archives.

In this bibliography I have limited listings to printed and duplicated materials. I have attempted to follow the Library of Congress form of cataloging where applicable. Where government agencies, although maintaining the same functions, have changed names, the cross references are given. Finally, a notation is given when a specific document is available at a public library.
African-Related Materials in European Missionary Archives
Authors: Leopard Donald D.
Published: July 2016

During the summer of 1966 this writer had the opportunity to investigate the archival holdings of four European Protestant missionary societies. The purpose of this investigation was to gather information on Protestant missionary influence on the development of the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar. During the course of this research I found that these archival holdings were not only a necessary source for my limited study. The information contained in these depositories was also a valuable source of intelligence on almost every aspect of life and labor in Africa from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. Unfortunately, these sources have not been used as extensively as they might be. In part, this is due to the limited scope of much of the missionary correspondence, and the awesome task of extracting what the secular historian would consider relevant from the writings of individuals whose dominant concerns were theological and often polemic.

Another, partial, explanation for the neglect of these sources --if one can use such a strong term -- stems from the general lack of information concerning these holdings and their availability to scholars. Although the most frequent users of the mission archives are missionaries themselves and church historians, the secular scholar is generally welcomed and eagerly aided by the professional staffs of the various institutions noted below. It is the intention of this brief article to indicate the location, facilities, and holdings of those four missionary archives which were used by this writer, and to furnish general information regarding other missionary organizations and depositories useful for the researcher.
African History in the United States
Authors: Thompson Leonard M.
Published: July 2016

The growth of the study of the history of Africa south of the Sahara is an interesting example of contemporary intellectual developments. Until the mid-1950's African history was ignored by the historical profession in the United States even more completely than in Europe; and if an American historian had paused to consider why this was so, he would probably have anticipated Trevor-Roper's well-known verdict that the history of sub-Saharan Africa is undiscoverable (on the ground that it is not documented) and that, even if it were discoverable, it would be devoid of intellectual significance (on the ground that traditional African societies were barbarous and static). No professor with tenure at an American university was designated as a historian of sub-Saharan Africa; American publishers had produced very few books or articles dealing with African history, and Americans generally knew scarcely anything about it.

There were, however, several pioneer activities which were on the periphery of African history. At Howard University there were long-established courses on Negro history, inspired by W. E. B. DuBois and Carter Woodson, which included some West African material, but the American historical establishment paid little attention to this work. William L. Hansberry, who lectured on precolonial African history for some years, was never given tenure by the Howard authorities and was eventually excluded from the faculty. At Northwestern University, Melville Herskovits founded a program of African Studies in 1947. He invited historians to attend the seminars conducted under the program, and he himself published a book on the kingdom of Dahomey and was interested in questions of change as well as structure in African societies. Nevertheless, Herskovits was by training and status an anthropologist, and the history department at Northwestern did not provide lecture courses or seminars on African history before 1958.
Mali: A Bibliographical Introduction
Authors: Cutter Charles H.
Published: July 2016

Bibliographical research on Mali must begin with the monumental Bibliographie générale du Mali, prepared by Paule Brasseur (Dakar, IFAN, 1964). The present essay is in no way a substitute for such a basic volume. It is an attempt to introduce the reader to some of the best and most important works concerning Mali, at the same time stressing materials that have appeared in English or since the publication of the Brasseur work.

Neither the Brasseur bibliography nor this essay takes adequate account of the manuscript sources in Peul and Arabic concerning the western Sudan. Still in private hands or in the archives of Paris, Dakar, Zaria, Kano, Ibadan, or Timbuktu, these manuscripts are largely unclassified and unstudied. Once analyzed, they will provide an important source for the study of Malian history. Vincent Monteil, “Les manuscrits historiques arabo-africains,” Bulletin de l'IFAN, série B, XXVII, No. 3-4 (July-October 1965), 531-542, surveys efforts being made to collect and classify such manuscripts in West Africa. H. F. C. Smith, “The Archives of Segu,” Bulletin of News of the Historical Society of Nigeria, Supplement to Vol. IV, No. 2 (September 1959), presents a brief analysis of some of the great collection of manuscripts captured by Archinard in 1890 and now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. In addition, in “Source Material for the History of the Western Sudan,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, I, No. 3 (December 1958), 238-248, Smith surveys significant materials from the Gironcourt Collection, in the Institut de France, Paris. This is updated by him in “Nineteenth-Century Arabic Archives of West Africa,” Journal of African History, III, No. 2 (1962), 333-336, a brief listing of literary works, diplomatic correspondence between West African emirates, etc.
American Library, Art, and Ethnographic Collections on Africa
Authors: Duignan Peter
Published: July 2016

The American Geographical Society, Broadway at 156th Street, New York, N. Y. 10032, has an African collection of approximately 5,000 volumes, with emphasis on exploration, travel, description, history, and geography, and an estimated 137 linear feet of shelf space of government documents and 100 feet of shelf space for periodicals. The Society holds sets of maps for most African countries as well as numerous single maps for individual countries. The maps date from 1500 to the present time. Subjects covered include geology, soils, population, ethnography, economics, history, and transportation. The approximate number of single maps is 7,000. In addition, the Society has approximately 70 atlases, and a unique catalogue of maps published in periodicals and books is maintained.

Area studies at Yale University, New Haven, Conn., embrace Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, the Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe. There is also interest in Near Eastern, Indie, and Commonwealth studies. Each area has a curator or adviser to the Library who ensures that all important publications issued in or about his area are secured.

Although the Council on African Studies at Yale goes back only to 1957, interest in Africa extends much further into the past. Individual members of the faculty have pursued Africanist researches from the beginnings of such studies. African history and the African collections in the Yale Library owe much to Professor Harry Rudin. Professor G. P. Murdock and associates founded the Cross Cultural Survey at Yale, out of which grew the Human Relations Area Files. (The complete files of both are housed in the Sterling Memorial Library.)
Bibliography of the Masai
Authors: Jacobs Alan H.
Published: July 2016

This bibliography is a revision of a mimeographed copy which I compiled several years ago and which has been circulated privately on request. Continued interest has now prompted me to revise and publish it here. It deals mainly with the Pastoral or “Rift Valley” Masai of both Kenya and Tanzania. But it also includes many important references to other Maa-speaking peoples--such as the Samburu and Njemps (Tiamus) of Kenya and the Arusha and Baraguyu of Tanzania--who are referred to variously in the early literature as the Wakwavi, Wahumba, or Iloikop or simply as the Agricultural Masai.

Although by no means exhaustive, the bibliography is designed to include all the major works dealing with the history, language, and traditional social, political, and economic life of the Pastoral Masai. Other important items, not included here, may be found in the following:

(1) Colonial Office Files, Public Record Office, London; (2) Secretariat Archives, Nairobi, Mombasa, and Dar es Salaam; and (3) Regional and Area Administrative Office Files, Kenya and Tanzania.
Quantification
Authors: Cohen Ronald
Published: July 2016

Given the fact that we are able to agree on a set of categories for the collection of material on early nationalist movements in Africa, it is necessary also to ask whether or not the form in which the material is gathered is important. Our answer would be: it is essential to the secondary analysis of the oral history material that it be put in such a form that “more than” and “less than” questions be answered by its use when material from one or more countries is compared with that from other areas. If in comparing data on early nationalism from one area with those of others we are not interested in saying area A has more of this or that than area B, then quantification serves no useful purpose. However, we would contend that such statements are crucial in several ways. First, they allow us to compare areas more precisely, and, secondly, such data allow us and others the privilege of utilizing them to test theoretical formulations already present in the literature. Thus, if African socialism, as many theorize, denies the usual Marxist statements that socialism originates from the alienation felt by political thinkers and the masses as a result of the industrialization of the society, then early nationalists, many of whom were socialists in orientation, should be compared so as to see whether they were in fact alienated from their society--who were more so, and where were the early natiionalist movements more and where were they less socialistic, and where were they more and less alienated. If the informants who can remember the early nationalist movements are available, then such questions can be answered when researchers are made aware that these data may have, eventually, to be coded into more than, and less than, categories.
The State of Private Research on Africa
Authors: Lystad Robert A.
Published: July 2016

It is the purpose of this paper to summarize briefly the nature of current and prospective social science research on Africa conducted by the nongovernment research community. Part I is devoted to a brief description of the attitudes and aims of the private researcher and to some general considerations about his past accomplishments and present concerns in the field of African Studies. Part II discusses African research in each of five disciplines: political science, anthropology, economics, psychology, and education.

Chief sources for the paper are the relevant chapters of the forthcoming book The African World: A Survey of Social Research, edited by Robert A. Lystad for the African Studies Association (New York, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., April 20, 1965). This paper is reproduced by the kind permission of Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. The authors of the chapters used as references in this paper are: Political Science, Harvey Glickman, Haverford College; Anthropology, Philip Gulliver, School of Oriental and African Studies; Economics, Andrew M. Kamarck, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; Psychology, Leonard Doob, Yale University; Education, David Scanlon, Columbia Teachers College. The present writer is solely responsible for the presentation and interpretation of their materials as they appear in this paper.
An Analysis and Bibliography of Recent African Atlases: Supplement One
Authors: Dahlberg Richard E. , Thomas Benjamin E.
Published: July 2016

This listing of recent African atlases is supplementary to that published in this Bulletin, October 1962. As in that article, atlases have been grouped according to major areas covered, and contents classified. Subject headings are: historical (hist.), physical and terrain (phys.), geology (geol.), climate (dim.), vegetation (veg.), soils, hydrography and irrigation (hydro.), political and administrative (pol.), agriculture and land use (agric.), forestry (for.), minerals and mining (min.), transportation (trans.), communications (commo.), miscellaneous economic (misc. econ.), population (pop.), tribes and races (trib.), languages (lang.), religious (relig.), health and diseases (health), African regions (regional), city and vicinity (city), other African subjects (other sub.), and non-African or extra-regional areas (other areas).

This analysis is based mainly upon atlases examined at the Map Division in the Library of Congress, the American Geographical Society in New York, and the University of California, Los Angeles. This article is part of a research project supported by the African Studies Center at UCLA. The authors welcome comments on errors or omissions.
Africa in World Affairs
Authors: Karefa-Smart John
Published: July 2016

As Professor Carter has already told you, it was only a few weeks ago, actually a few days ago, really, that I finally agreed to come to talk to you, so that I'm sure you will not expect an academic discourse from me. I have already tried to tell Professor McKay that I'm not an academician like he is. He asked me if I was going to read a paper before you, and I said, “No, far from it, I will not read a paper; I will read from a paper, but those will be only very cursory notes.” I recognize that I'm speaking to a group of experts on African affairs, and I myself am far from being an expert on African affairs. I'm only an African. I also recognize that as experts you come from various strongholds of learning in this country, and you may be quite prepared to weigh me in the balance. If you do so, I only want to remind you that we're meeting in Washington and that I have some very powerful supporters here because Washington is Harvard territory, and I come from Harvard!

Africa for the last few years has gradually come closer and closer to the center of attraction for people who are interested in the world as a whole. It is because of this process of looking in on Africa that we have increasingly the kind of academic interest in the continent which has led to the rapid development of departments of African affairs and special projects of African studies in your universities and colleges, which has led to the excellent programs such as Dr. Jim Robinson's Operations Crossroads (most useful to us in Africa), which has led to President Kennedy's Peace Corps taking such deep roots so quickly on the African continent, which has led to an increasing amount of space in the journals and news media, of not only this country but of other western countries which deal with Africa. And this looking in on Africa is something which we as Africans of course are delighted about, because for a long time we have felt that we have been the forgotten continent.
A Tribute to Governor Williams
Authors: McKay Vernon
Published: July 2016

When Carl Rosberg, the chairman of our program committee, asked me to
deliver a presidential address at tonight's banquet, I agreed to do so
only if I could
not find a better speaker for the
occasion. Happily for you, I found him. Moreover, if you'll forgive a
commercial, you can read all my potential presidential addresses anyway — in
my book Africa in World Politics which
Harper's is publishing next month. So you can have the best of both
worlds.

Governor Williams has shown in many ways that he is a good friend of our
association. In introducing him to you, therefore, I want to take a few
minutes to pay him a special tribute by giving you my assessment of his
achievements during the nearly two years he has been in charge of African
affairs.

When President-elect Kennedy began to select his advisers late in 1960,
many of us were surprised to find him putting the cart before the horse.
That is to say, he appointed the Governor to be Assistant Secretary of State
for African Affairs, even before he designated Dean Rusk as Secretary of
State. The Williams appointment suggested to me, however, that the President
considered African problems second to none in importance. He chose a man of
stature, already baptized in the fire of Michigan politics on political,
racial and social issues — a man with direct access to the President and a
seasoned politician and administrator who is more than a match for the
Assistant Secretaries for Europe and other areas in the State Department. At
this point, I hasten to add that my remarks have not been cleared either by
the State Department, or by the Fellows of the African Studies
Association!
Proposal for Compilation of a Guide to Unpublished Documentation Relating to Africa in the United States
Authors: Rieger Morris
Published: July 2016

The variety and volume of Africa-related record, archival and manuscript materials in the United States today are only partially known. However, in view of the extensive American commercial, missionary, philanthropic, scientific, governmental and other contacts with the African continent over the past three centuries or more, as well as the activities of manuscript collectors, the total is probably quite considerable.

Illustrative of what is already known to exist are the following descriptive entries adapted from a recently published general guide to the archival and manuscript holdings of American depositories: (1) papers of Zachary Macaulay--philanthropist, abolitionist, editor, and early Governor of Sierra Leone -- and his family, 1793-1888, 1014 pieces (in the Huntingdon Library, San Marino, California); (2) archives of the American Colonization Society, including materials on Liberia, 1816-19 08, 626 vols., 32 boxes, and 4 bundles (in the Library of Congress); (3) papers of Edmund Roberts, merchant, diplomatic agent in the Far East and Africa, and negotiator of the 1833 commercial treaty between the United States and Zanzibar, 1805-36, 10 vols, and 5 boxes (in the Library of Congress); (4) papers of Richard Palmer Waters during his ante-bellum term as U. S. Consul in Zanzibar (in the Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts); (5) papers of Henry S. Sanford, Minister to Belgium, associate of Leopold II in connection with his Congo operations, and member of the American delegation to the 1884-85 Berlin African Congress, 1838-91, c. 10,000 pieces (in the Sanford Memorial Library, Sanford, Florida); (6) papers of John A. Kasson, politician, diplomat, and head of the American delegation to the Berlin Congress, 1877-1910, c. 1 200 items (at the Iowa State Department of History and Archives, Des Moines, Iowa); and (7) records of the foreign missionary activities of the Congregational churches (chiefly) in Angola, 1880-date, French Equatorial Africa, 1842-70, Liberia, 1834-42, South Africa, 1835-date, and Southern Rhodesia, 1893-date (among the materials deposited by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions at the Houghton Library, Harvard University).
AΘhnaiΩn Πo∧iteia, XXX. 3-4
Authors: Munro J. A. R.
Published: July 2016

A simple transposition in the text would, I venture to suggest, remove one or two of the many difficulties of this obscure chapter.
The Text of the Cynthia
Authors: Richmond O. L.
Published: July 2016

A. I begin with some emendations founded on familiar evidence.

(a) ii. 9. aspice quos summittat humus formosa colores.

In each of the following verses of the stanza from u. 9 to u. 14 natural and spontaneous beauty is the subject (sponte sua, solis, indociles, natiuis, nulla arte). Verse 9 has seemed unsatisfactory because it lacks the very point which it should introduce. All the emendations have attacked formosa because it is repeated in u. 11: morosa, Housman (which would rather mean ‘wayward’ or ‘crabbed’), dumosa, nemorosa, muscosa, and other even less probable adjectives have been suggested.
L’usage sartrien du stoïcisme dans lesCarnets de la drôle de guerreet lesCahiers pour une morale
Authors: D’JERANIAN OLIVIER
Published: July 2016

À partir du témoignage desCarnets de la drôle de guerreet desCahiers pour une morale, le présent article montre comment Sartre fait usage du stoïcisme dans la perspective de ses propres préoccupations philosophiques, ontologiques et morales que sont l’engagement et la responsabilité. Les nombreuses références aux stoïciens et l’attitude «stoïque» qu’il dit adopter au moment de la mobilisation attestent d’une influence du stoïcisme. À partir des passages clés de ces deux écrits inachevés qui encadrent chronologiquementL’être et le néant, étrangement muet sur cette question, cette étude montre comment Sartre emprunte au stoïcisme ses catégories morales, en tentant la synthèse de la pensée antique et de l’authenticité, dont lesCarnetsavaient formulé l’ambition.
Effects of rain shelter or simulated rain during grain filling and maturation on subsequent wheat grain quality in the UK
Authors: YADAV G. , ELLIS R. H.
Published: July 2016

The effects of simulated additional rain (ear wetting, 25 mm) or of rain shelter imposed at different periods after anthesis on grain quality at maturity and the dynamics of grain filling and desiccation were investigated in UK field-grown crops of wheat (Triticum aestivumL., cvar Tybalt) in 2011 and in 2012 when June–August rainfall was 255·0 and 214·6 mm, respectively, and above the decadal mean (157·4 mm). Grain filling and desiccation were quantified well by broken-stick regressions and Gompertz curves, respectively. Rain shelter for 56 (2011) or 70 days (2012) after anthesis, and to a lesser extent during late maturation only, resulted in more rapid desiccation and hence progress to harvest maturity whereas ear wetting had negligible effects, even when applied four times. Grain-filling duration was also affected as above in 2011, but with no significant effect in 2012. In both years, there were strong positive associations between final grain dry weight and duration of filling. The treatments affected all grain quality traits in 2011: nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) concentrations, N : S ratio, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume, Hagberg Falling Number (HFN), and the incidence of blackpoint. Only N concentration and blackpoint were affected significantly by treatments in 2012. Rain shelter throughout grain filling reduced N concentration, whereas rain shelter reduced the incidence of blackpoint and ear wetting increased it. In 2011, rain shelter throughout reduced S concentration, increased N : S ratio and reduced SDS. Treatment effects on HFN were not consistent within or between years. Nevertheless, a comparison between the extreme treatment means in 2012 indicated damage from late rain combined with ear wetting resulted in a reduction ofc. 0·7 s in HFN/mm August rainfall, while that between samples taken immediately after ear wetting at harvest maturity or 7 days later suggested recovery from damage to HFN upon re-dryingin planta. Hence, the incidence of blackpoint was the only grain quality trait affected consistently by the diverse treatments. The remaining aspects of grain quality were comparatively resilient to rain incident upon developing and maturing ears of cvar Tybalt. No consistent temporal patterns of sensitivity to shelter or ear wetting were detected for any aspect of grain quality.
Peace from below: Governance and peacebuilding in Kerio Valley, Kenya
Authors: Elfversson Emma
Published: July 2016

Under what circumstances can non-state actors become successful local peacemakers? A growing body of research documents the involvement of non-state actors in local conflict resolution in Africa. However, there is large variation in such actors' power, legitimacy, and ultimately their ability to contribute to conflict resolution. The ways in which contextual and dynamic factors at local and national levels, and in particular the relationship between non-state and state actors and institutions, affect local conflict resolution are not sufficiently understood. To address this gap, this paper analyses the peace process addressing a long-standing conflict in Kerio Valley, Kenya. The analysis illustrates how the failure of the state to provide security and basic services led non-state actors to fill important roles in governance. Through this process, they were endowed with legitimacy and power which enabled them to play key roles in a peace process that led to a mutually acceptable peace agreement.
‘Truth Before Peace’: Manning and Infallibility
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: July 2016

On his arrival at Lavington in January 1833 H. E. Manning’s theological baggage fitted neatly into a few short sentences. He summed it up in a letter written to Samuel Wilberforce (October 20, 1850): ‘When I came to Lavington in 1833 I believed, as I always did, in Baptismal Regeneration: I had no view on the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ: and no idea of the Church’. In the recollections of his later ‘Journal’ (1878–82) he described his position at that time in greater detail: ‘The state of my religious belief in 1833 was profound faith in the Holy Trinity and the Incarnation, in the Redemption by the Passion of our Lord, and in the work of the Holy Spirit, and the conversion of the soul. I believed in baptismal regeneration, and in a spiritual, but real, receiving of our Lord in Holy Communion. As to the Church, I had no definite conception’. His evangelical background and piety seems still to have filled most of his religious horizon.
The Yates Of Harvington 1631–1696
Authors: Hodgetts Michael
Published: July 2016

This paper is a sequel to ‘The Pakingtons of Harvington’ by Lionel and Veronica Anderton Webster, which was published in Recusant History in April 1974. There they only had room to discuss in detail the century between the purchase of Chaddesley Corbett and Harvington by Sir John Pakington in 1529 and the death in 1631 of his great-nephew Humphrey III, who had built the Elizabethan Hall with its remarkable priest-holes and wall-paintings. In continuing the story I have had invaluable help from the Websters’ genealogical and legal notes, which Veronica passed on to me in the summer of 1991, the year before her death; but their references have been checked, a great deal has been added, and the structure, the inferences and any errors are mine. The paper therefore appears under my name with these acknowledgements, rather than as a joint publication. I hope that in due course the trilogy can be completed by another paper on The Throckmortons of Harvington, 1696–1923’.