bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vortex particle-mesh simulations of vertical axis wind turbine flows: from the airfoil performance to the very far wake
Authors: Chatelain Philippe , Duponcheel Matthieu , Caprace Denis-Gabriel , Marichal Yves , Winckelmans Grégoire
Published: June 2017

Abstract. A vortex particle-mesh (VPM) method with immersed lifting lines has been developed and validated. Based on the vorticity–velocity formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, it combines the advantages of a particle method and of a mesh-based approach. The immersed lifting lines handle the creation of vorticity from the blade elements and its early development. Large-eddy simulation (LES) of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) flows is performed. The complex wake development is captured in detail and over up to 15 diameters downstream: from the blades to the near-wake coherent vortices and then through the transitional ones to the fully developed turbulent far wake (beyond 10 rotor diameters). The statistics and topology of the mean flow are studied. The computational sizes also allow insights into the detailed unsteady vortex dynamics and topological flow features, such as a recirculation region influenced by the tip speed ratio and the rotor geometry.
Reflections on the Development of International Collaborative Writing Groups (ICWGs) about Teaching and Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Healey Mick
Published: June 2017

This paper explores the development of a model for international collaborative writing groups (ICWGs) about teaching and learning in higher education, which began in geography in 1999 and was then transferred to the scholarship of teaching and learning community in 2012. It summarises some of the evidence which has emerged from research into the experience of participants in ICWGs. The paper ends with a few comments on the future development of the model.
Dans cet article, l’auteur explore le développement d’un modèle de groupes internationaux de rédaction en collaboration portant sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage dans l’enseignement supérieur, qui a vu le jour en géographie en 1999 et qui, plus tard, en 2012, a été transféré à la communauté de l’avancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage. L’auteur présente un résumé d’un certain nombre de preuves qui ont résulté de la recherche sur l’expérience vécue par les participants à ces groupes internationaux de rédaction. En conclusion, l’auteur présente quelques commentaires sur le développement futur de ce modèle.
Why Martha Nussbaum is Right: The Empirical Case for the Value of Reading and Teaching Fiction
Authors: Duncan Charles , Bess-Montgomery Georgene , Osinubi Viktor
Published: June 2017

In Love's Knowledge and Poetic Justice, Martha Nussbaum makes a compelling case for the value of reading fiction as a means to cultivate “judicious spectatorship”—Adam Smith's term for the ethical stance of a morally competent human being and responsible citizen. However, notwithstanding the power of her argument, it is essentially an argument from authority and hence, would be would be even stronger if supported by empirical data. Although not well-known within the humanities domain, such data does indeed exist, in the form of convergent lines of recent research into the neurobiological and psychological aspects of reading fiction. Supported by the fruits of this research—the accumulating evidence that reading fiction enhances social intelligence and cognitive empathy at a fundamental level—Nussbaum's confidence in the value of fiction as a “school for the moral sentiments” would appear to be supremely well-justified, and any programmatic decisions to marginalize the study of literature within the curricular spectrum supremely ill-informed.
COMPARAÇÃO DE MÉTODOS E PROCESSOS DE AMOSTRAGEM PARA INVENTÁRIO EM FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA
Authors: Sydow Julia Diogo , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Sanquetta Mateus Niroh Inoue , Figueiredo Filho Afonso
Published: June 2017

Inventários florestais são indispensáveis para avaliar quantitativa e qualitativamente os recursos existentes em determinada propri­edade ou região. Diferentes métodos e processos aplicados aos inventários repercutem em estimativas com maior ou menor pre­cisão. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as dimensões de uni­dades amostrais, sua distribuição na população e intensidades amostrais na estimativa da densidade, área basal e volume por hectare em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no Sul do estado do Paraná. Foram analisadas 28 configurações de amostra­gem, as quais foram avaliadas por meio dos respectivos erros de amostragem relativos em uma área submetida ao censo e compa­radas a partir do erro real relativo. Foram testadas duas frações de amostragem, correspondendo a 8 e 16% da área da população, considerando os processos aleatório e sistemático. Foram avalia­dos oito tamanhos de unidade amostrais de 400 a 1.050 m2. As configurações amostrais avaliadas resultaram em erros relativos inferiores a 20% para as três variáveis, valores esses considerados aceitáveis para florestas nativas. Os menores erros reais relativos foram encontrados para unidades amostrais de 1.000 m2 para as três variáveis estudadas, variando apenas na sua forma, sendo 25 m x 40 m para o número de árvores por hectare e 10 m x 100 m para área basal e volume por hectare. Concluiu-se que maior fração amos­tral gera estimativas mais precisas para número de ár­vores por hectare e área basal. A forma das unidades amostrais influenciou os resultados.
MODELAGEM DA RELAÇÃO HIPSOMÉTRICA PARA UM POVOAMENTO DO HÍBRIDO DE EUCALIPTO NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: De Souza Alex Soares , Dos Santos Joielan Xipaia , Souza Deivison Venicio
Published: June 2017

Este trabalho objetivou ajustar modelos hipsométricos tradicio­nais, para um povoamento híbrido (Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis) aos oito anos de idade, no município de Paca­já, Pará. Foram estabelecidas quatro unidades de amostras qua­dra­das de 30 m x 30 m, totalizando 3.600 m² de área amostrada, sob o processo de amostragem inteiramente aleatório. Foram testa­dos 17 modelos hipsométricos matemáticos de natureza logarít­mica e aritmética. Os critérios de seleção dos modelos foram: i) signifi­cância da estatística F da Análise de Variância (ANOVA) da regres­são; ii) coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj.); iii) erro pa­drão da estimativa em porcentagem (Syx%); iv) desvio médio percentual (DMP%) e v) análise gráfica dos resíduos. A maioria dos modelos apresentou baixos valores de R²aj., Syx% e DMP%, com destaque para o modelo Linear e Assmann. Os mode­los Hiperbólico: √DAP²/(h-1,3) = 0,3071+0,2048 DAP, e Naslund: DAP/√h = 0,3426+0,2103 DAP foram mais apropriados para esti­marem a altura da árvore em pé para o híbrido, tendo em vista as melhores medidas de precisão.
IDENTIDADE DE MODELOS HIPSOMÉTRICOS E VOLUMÉTRICOS DE POVOAMENTOS DE PINUS COM DIFERENTES IDADES SUBMETIDOS AO DESBASTE MECANIZADO
Authors: Rodrigues Carla Krulikowski , Lopes Eduardo Da Silva , Figueiredo Filho Afonso , Pelissari Allan Libanio
Published: June 2017

Objetivou-se neste estudo verificar a identidade de modelos hipsométricos e volumétricos em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L., com diferentes idades submetidos ao primeiro desbaste mecanizado. O estudo foi realizado em uma empresa florestal localizada no município de Quedas do Iguaçu, estado do Paraná. Avaliou-se povoamentos nas idades de 7, 8, 9 e 10 anos em sítios de alta produtividade e em condições semelhantes de solo e relevo. Inicialmente realizou-se um inventário florestal e cubagem de 47 árvores distribuídas em 12 classes de diâmetro e quatro idades, sendo testados três modelos para a estimativa da altura total e volume individual das árvores. O melhor modelo selecionado foi avaliado pelo teste de Graybill, para verificação da possibilidade do uso de uma única equação para todas as idades. Os resultados mostraram que todos os modelos testados foram adequados para a estimativa de altura total e volume individual. Para o teste de identidade de modelos, selecionou-se o modelo de Trorey, que apresentou a necessidade de modelos específicos para cada idade, porém, ao comparar apenas a idade 9 e 10 anos, foi possível verificar que tais idades são semelhantes, podendo ser representadas por uma única equação. Para a estimativa de volume individual, selecionou-se o modelo de Schumacher-Hall, constatando-se que é necessário apenas uma única equação para representar todas as idades avaliadas.
Lauro, um operário amigo da classe dominante do Paraná nos anos 1920
Authors: Mattos Eliana Ferreira de
Published: June 2017

O artigo trata da biografia do tipógrafo Lauro Ferreira de Mattos que trabalhou na Gazeta do Povo de 1927 a 1939 onde recebia e distribuía informações imprescindíveis para produtores agrícolas, políticos e empresários interessados em saber com antecedência instruções favoráveis com as quais providenciariam os devidos comandos que iriam influenciar no destino a ser dado as suas plantações, produtos e negócios. Através da análise da trajetória de Lauro, o tipógrafo, será possível perceber os desmandos e o trânsito de livre acesso as informações privilegiadas que os indivíduos da classe dominante detinham no Paraná das décadas de 1920,30 e 40.
Diocese de Viana – Maranhão: disputas de poder nos bispados de Dom Hélio Campos e Dom Adalberto Paulo da Silva
Authors: Lopes Eliane Ramira
Published: June 2017

O estudo objetivou analisar as relações Igreja/ Estado, a partir das práticas dos bispos Dom Francisco Hélio Campos (1969-1975) e Dom Adalberto Paulo da Silva (1975- 1995) na Diocese de Viana, entendendo que ambos carregaram em seus valores e práticas religiosas elementos de reiteração e/ou conflitos com essas orientações institucionais e disputas políticas que marcam o posicionamento da igreja no período da ditadura. Assim, com a intenção de abarcar a atuação dos dois bispos, fez-se o recorte temporal de 1969 a 1985. Em termos específicos, a pesquisa averiguou as visões dos bispos Dom Hélio Campos e Dom Adalberto Paulo da Silva sobre Igreja/ doutrina e seu papel, descrevendo a atuação e posicionamentos políticos e religiosos dos bispos na Diocese de Viana; analisou-se as visões dos religiosos sobre a política do país. No campo metodológico utilizou-se a pesquisa documental a partir de arquivos disponíveis no campo empírico - o Arquivo Público Estadual do Maranhão, onde encontrou-se documentações acerca da atuação do clero de Viana. Foram pesquisados, sobretudo, os arquivos da Delegacia de Ordem Política e Social do Maranhão (DOPS-MA). Além dos arquivos da DOPS, outro campo pesquisado foi a Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT). Fez-se também entrevistas com 10 agentes ligados diretamente ou indiretamente com os trabalhos dos bispos. Percebeu-se como se construiu reconhecimento de cada bispo tanto na diocese de Viana como no Estado através de práticas de poder.
The Effect of Air Pollution on Proline and Protein Content and Activity of Nitrate Reductase Enzyme in Laurus nobilis L. Plants
Authors: Sanaeirad Hamideh , Majd Ahmad , Abbaspour Hossein , Peyvandi Maryam
Published: June 2017

Nowadays, along with population growth, industrial development and more use of fossil fuel resources; the damages caused by polluted air are being increased across the world. Because of the important role of plants, especially broadleaf plants, in the adsorption of air pollutants, identification of plants resistant to pollution and resistance mechanisms of these plants are essential. In this study, the effect of air pollution on proline and protein content as two metabolites affecting resistance of plants against stresses and especially air pollution, and the activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme as the primer enzyme of biosynthesis pathways of amino acids and synthesis of proteins are investigated in Laurus nobilis L. Plant. The results showed that air pollution in this plant could lead to significant increase in proline and protein and activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme and the increase was significant at the level of p < 0.01. Therefore, Laurus nobilis L. Plant as a broadleaf and evergreen plant could be a good choice for polluted cities.
ИХ ТАВАН САЛАА (PLANTAGO MAJOR L.) УРГАМЛЫН ХОРТ ХАВДРЫН ЭСРЭГ ИДЭВХИЙГ ТОДОРХОЙЛСОН ДҮН
Authors: Ay N V , О Дүүриймаа , Х Алтанцэцэг , В Энхчимэг , O Баатарцогт
Published: June 2017

Их таван салаа (Plantago major L.) нь Азийн ихэнх оронд элбэг тархан ургадаг эмийн ургамал бөгөөд уламжлалт анагаах ухаанд шарх, ханиад томуу, хорт хавдар болон үрэвслийг анагаах зориулалтаар хэрэглэгддэг. Энэхүү судалгаанд Plantago major (PME) -ийн этилийн спиртэн хандаар хархны арьсны хорт хавдрын B16F10 эсэд үйлчлүүлэн түүний хорт хавдрын эсийн ургалтыг дарангуйлах идэвхийг тодорхойлох болон үрэвслийн эсрэг үйлчилэлийг RAW264.7 хулганы макрофаг шугаман эсийг ашиглан in vitro нөхцөлд судлан тогтоох зорилго тавьсан болно. RAW264.7 хулганы макрофаг шугаман эсийг липополисахарид (LPS) -аар үйлчлүүлсэн болон үйлчлээгүй 2 хувилбарт PМE- хандыг (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 мкг/мл) концентрацийн хувилбартайгаар тус тус эсэд үйлчлүүлж үрэвслийн эсрэг идэвхийг тодорхойлов. Мөн хорт хавдрын эсрэг идэвхийг тогтоохын тулд PМE хандыг концентрацийн 4 хувилбартайгаар (0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5 мкг/мл) хархны арьсны хорт хавдрын B16F10 эсэд үйлчлүүлэн CCK-8 (cell counting kit) арга зүйн дагуу эсийн олшролтын тоог тодорхойлов. Үр дүнгээс үзэхэд PМE этилийн спиртэн ханд нь үйлчлүүлсэн тунгаас хамааран липополисахаридаар (LPS) өдөөгдөн үрэвсэлийн сигнал үүссэн RAW264.7 хулганы макрофаг эсийн (Nitric Oxide) нийлэгжүүлэх идэвхийг бууруулж байсан ба эсэд хоруу чанар үзүүлээгүй бөгөөд үрэвслийн эсрэг идэвхитэй болохыг тогтоов. Харин хархны арьсны хорт хавдрын B16F10 эсийн олшролтыг дарангуйлж, хорт хавдрын эсийн ургалтыг дарангуйлах үйлчилгээг үзүүлж байгааг тогтоов.
УЛААНБААТАР ХОТЫН ТӨВЛӨРСӨН ХОГ ХАЯГДЛЫН ЦЭГҮҮДЭЭС ХҮРЭЭЛЭН БУЙ ОРЧИНД ҮЗҮҮЛЭХ НӨЛӨӨЛӨЛ
Authors: Б Минжмаа , Т Оюунчимэг
Published: June 2017

Улаанбаатар хотын Нарангийн Энгэр, Цагаан Даваа болон Улаанчулуутын хогийн цэгийн хөрсний бохирдол, оршин суугчдад үзүүлэх сөрөг нөлөөллийг судлах зорилго тавьсан. Дээрх хог хаягдлын цэгүүд суурьшлын бүстэй ойрхон байрласан учраас оршин суугчдад эвгүй үнэр үнэртэх, хог хаягдал шатааснаас утаа ихтай, хог хаягдал хийсэж орчныг бохирдуулах зэрэг сөрөг нөлөөлөл үзүүлж байна. Хог хаягдал тээвэрлэдаг машинаас хог зам дагуу унах, шуугиан болон тоос, шороо үүсэх зэрэг сөрөг нөлөөлөл үзүүлж байна. Төвлөрсөн хогийн цэгүүдийн хөрс гэдэсний савханцарын таньцаар зуны улиралд их бохирдолтой, бусад улиралд дунд зэргийн бохирдолтой, хүнд металын үзүүлэлтээр MNS 5850:2008 стандартаар тогтоосон зөвшөөрөгдөх дээд хэмжээнээс бага утгатай байна.
Орчин үеийн уран зохиолын хэл, найруулгад хийсэн зарим ажиглалт
Authors: С Мөнхсайхан
Published: June 2017

The author has studied the secret of a literature work which is the best representation of Modern Mongolian literature analyzing its style for the language education of the public.
Нангиад зээргэний (EphedrasinicaStapf.) биохимийн судалгаа
Authors: Ч Мөнхгэрэл , Г Одонтуяа , Д Рэгдэл
Published: June 2017

We have determined some biochemical properties including the moisture, ash, protein, nitrogen, cellulose, lignin, lipids and fatty acids in aerial shoot systems and root systems of the Ephedra sinica Stapf. From the test results, cellulose contents were 19.12% in aerial shoot systems and 20.23% in root systems. Thus, this indicates that the aerial shoot systems of Ephedra sinica Stapf. are promising raw materials to synthesize polysaccharides.Lipid and lipid like substance components in seeds, aerial shoot systems and root systems of the Ephedra sinica Stapf. Seed contain 71.39% of all lipid and lipid like substances other origins of Ephedra sinica Stapf contain comparatively minimum amount of all lipids. From the study of fatty acids was contained in Ephedra sinica Stapf we identified nine different fatty acids in which the biologically active fatty acids, linoleic acid was contained up to 42% in aerial shoot systems. It is possible to use it for medical treatments because it is a major ingredient in F vitamin.Analysis of amino acid contents was carried out by thin layer chromatography. As a result, total of 15 amino acids including all non substituted amino acids were identified. Metionin content (12.5%) was higher than any other amino acids in Ephedra sinica Stapf.
Egalitarian Graph Orientations
Authors: Borradaile Glencora , Iglesias Jennifer , Migler Theresa , Ochoa Antonio , Wilfong Gordon , Zhang Lisa
Published: June 2017

Given an undirected graph, one can assign directions to each of the edges of the graph, thus orienting the graph. To be as egalitarian as possible, one may wish to find an orientation such that no vertex is unfairly hit with too many arcs directed into it. We discuss how this objective arises in problems resulting from telecommunications. We give optimal, polynomial-time algorithms for: finding an orientation that minimizes the lexicographic order of the indegrees and finding a strongly-connected orientation that minimizes the maximum indegree. We show that minimizing the lexicographic order of the indegrees is NP-hard when the resulting orientation is required to be acyclic.
Les catégories juridiques et la qualification : une approche cognitive
Authors: Cumyn Michelle , Gosselin Frédéric
Published: June 2017

Le présent article intègre l’apport de la méthodologie du droit et des sciences cognitives, afin d’éclairer le processus explicite de qualification juridique et son rôle implicite dans la pensée. La qualification, qui consiste à rattacher les faits à une catégorie juridique, s’opère d’abord inconsciemment : c’est la qualification implicite. Il faut parfois justifier la qualification retenue : c’est la qualification explicite. La théorie du prototype, la théorie des exemplaires et la théorie des théories peuvent expliquer la qualification implicite, tandis que la qualification explicite se fonde sur la définition, les précédents, le régime juridique et les connaissances associées.

Dans toute hiérarchie de concepts, ceux d’un niveau intermédiaire, appelé niveau de base, sont préférés pour l’accomplissement de plusieurs tâches cognitives. Les concepts de ce niveau sont vraisemblablement plus faciles à appliquer et plus accessibles pour les juristes débutants. Deux expériences en catégorisation juridique montrent que le niveau de base varie selon les domaines du droit. Elles indiquent que la formation de common law favorise une représentation plus efficace des catégories juridiques, ce qui peut s’expliquer par l’importance accordée à la sélection et à l’analyse des faits. Les catégories juridiques induisent la formation de stéréotypes qui jouent un rôle occulte dans le raisonnement : c’est le principal revers de l’action réductrice et simplificatrice des catégories juridiques.
Requiem pour un cadavre
Authors: Lacroix Mariève , Torres-Ceyte Jérémie
Published: June 2017

Le respect du cadavre peut faire l’objet d’une réflexion transversale dans les droits français et québécois. En effet, plusieurs mouvements contemporains se conjuguent au profit de la survie d’une protection juridique du cadavre à travers le vecteur de la dignité humaine. On peut penser, au Québec, au Projet de loi 66 sur les activités funéraires, sanctionné en février 2016 et, en France, à l’entrée en vigueur en 2008 de l’article 16-1-1 du Code civil qui impose le respect du corps après la mort.

Empruntant librement la structure d’un essai théâtral, les auteurs proposent quelques jalons de réflexion sur la détermination du moment de la mort (acte I), une clarification du statut juridique du cadavre (acte II), une protection du défunt au temps de la mémoire des proches (acte III), ainsi qu’au temps de l’oubli (acte IV), menant au dénouement ultime, certes inévitable (acte V).
Vahdet-i Vücûd Düşüncesini Açıklamada Halı Sembolizmi ve Muhyiddin-i Rûmî’nin Temsîl-i Kālîçe İsimli Risâlesi / The Symbolism of the Rug (Qalicha) to Expound the Doctrine of the Unity of Being and Muhyiddin al-Rumi's treatise "Tamthil Qalicha"
Authors: Yücer Hür Mahmut
Published: June 2017

Abstract

In the Islamic thought, Wahdat Wujud (The Unity of Being) is generally defined as a doctrine which discusses the transition of the real being (the absolute being) to the methaphorical (the relative) one, its formation and quality. By means of this doctrine, questions concerning the relations of Allah, the universe and human being are answered and many obscure issues found in the Holy Qur'an and the hadiths become intelligible.

In the center of the doctrine of the Unity of Being occur the categories of being such as maratib al-wujud (the ranks of being), hadarat khamsa (the five presences) and tanazzulat sab'a (the seven condescensions). The categories of being have been long dealt with in a similar manner in almost every corner of the Islamic World through explanatory works like those in the form of sharh (commentary). In order to facilitate the comprehension of the subject in question a number of symbolisms such as seed and tree, point and letter, steam and ice, mirror and dream (shadow) have been utilised. The symbolism of the rug (qalicha) which is focused by the present study has not been studied or drawn attention to until today. Thus Muhyi's treatise, Tamthil Qalicha is quite compelling. This study firstly endeavors to elucidate the symbolism of the rug and then presents a Turkish transliteration of the said treatise of Muhyi, Tamthil Qalicha.

Öz

Vahdet-i vücûd, İslam düşüncesinde en genel anlamıyla hakîki varlıktan mecâziye geçişi, kılınış (ca’liyet) ve nasıllığı anlatan nazariyenin adıdır. Bu nazariye ile Allah-âlem-insan münasebeti hakkında sorular karşılıklarını bulurve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve hadislerde geçen birçok müteşabih konu anlaşılır hale gelir. Vahdet-i vücud nazariyesinin ana çatısını merâtibü’l-vücûd, hazerât-ı hams, tenezzülât-ı seb’a gibi farklı isimlerle ifade edilen varlık kategorileri oluşturur. Varlık mertebeleri tarih boyunca İslam dünyasının her bölgesinde benzer tarzda açıklanmaya çalışılmış ve üzerine şerhler yazılmıştır. Anlatının daha iyi kavranabilmesi için çekirdek-ağaç, nokta-harf, buhar-buz, ayna-hayal (gölge) gibi bir takım sembolik anlatım tarzları tercih edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın konusunu teşkil eden halı sembolizmi/metaforu üzerine farklı şekillerde dikkat çekilmiş olsa da bu güne kadar herhangi bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu konuda Muhyî’nin Temsîl-i Kālîçe isimli risalesi oldukça ilgi çekicidir.

Çalışmamızın başında halı sembolizmini açıklamaya çalışacağız. Daha sonra Temsîl-i Kālîçe’nin günümüz Türkçesi ile yazımını vereceğiz.
II. Abdülhamit İstanbul’unda Yabancı Okullara Genel Bakış / General Overview of Foreign Schools in Istanbul during Sultan Abdulhamit II
Authors: Tekin Zeki , Göksal Enes
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The presence of foreign schools in Ottoman lands goes back to the classical periods of the Ottoman Empire. Foreign schools, whose presence was not given importance and formed solely for the needs of the foreign people, ultimately took an important and dangerous situation as the Ottoman Empire evolved into various political stages as time passed. During and after the Tanzimat Reforms, after which the power balance changed against the Ottoman Empire, the fact that missionary activities increased in the religious, cultural and educational fields for the non-Muslim people increased the polarizations and started a wave of separatism among the non-Muslim public. Foreseeing the danger Abdulhamit II took urgent and rapid precautions, making progresses in education all over the empire primarily in Istanbul. However, these efforts were not sufficient and the foreign schools established by the missionaries continued dangerous political and social activities both in quality and effect. We wanted to take attention to the consequences of these foreign schools which took an important part in the fate of a nation.

Öz

Yabancı okulların Osmanlı topraklarındaki mevcudiyeti Osmanlı’nın klasik dönemlerine kadar gitmektedir. İlk evrelerinde varlığı pek önemsenmeyen ve tamamen yabancı teba için bir ihtiyaç olarak ortaya çıkan yabancı okullar, ilerleyen süreçler içerisinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin geldiği siyasal seviyeye bağlı olarak fevkalade önemli ve tehlikeli bir hal almıştı. Güç dengelerinin Osmanlı aleyhine geliştiği Tanzimat ve sonrası dönemlerde gayr-i müslim tebaya dönük dini, kültürel ve eğitim alanlarında misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin yoğunlaşması toplumsal kutuplaşmaları artırmış ve gayr-ı müslim topluluklar üzerinde ayrılıkçı rüzgarlar estirmiştir. Tehlikenin büyüklüğünü gören II. Abdülhamit acil ve seri tedbirler almış başta İstanbul olmak üzere imparatorluğun her yerinde eğitime dönük atılımlar gerçekleştirmiştir. Ancak bu çabalar yeterli olmamış ve misyonerlerin kurmuş oldukları yabancı okullar hem sayısal hem de nitelik ve tesir anlamında tehlikeli siyasal ve toplumsal tesirler icra etmeye devam etmiştir. Bir milletin kaderinde önemli rol oynayan yabancı okulların serencamına toplu bir bakış atarak dikkatleri çekmek istedik.
Zinc Compounds
Authors: Goodwin Frank E.
Published: June 2017

Zinc is in group 12 (IIB) of the periodic table and exhibits a valence of +2 in all its compounds. Being high on the electromotive series, zinc forms quite stable compounds and, as such, resembles magnesium. Bonding in zinc compounds tends to be covalent, as in the sulfide and oxide.

In this article, the properties of zinc compounds are provided, with special attention given to zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and zinc sulfate. Production and processing of these compounds are discussed. Zinc is needed for the proper functioning of plants and animals and this is discussed along with health and safety aspects, uses, and economics.
Omics: Emerging Biological Fields of Study
Authors: Ham Bryan M.
Published: June 2017

The termomicsrefers to the field of biological study that ends in ‐omics, for example, genomics studies the genome, proteomics studies the proteins in a given system, and metabolomics is the study of global metabolite profiles within a system–cell, tissue, or an organism–often in response to events that stimulate the system under study.

The article introduces these technologies and discusses advances that have made it feasible to identify, target, and measure bioactive molecules indicative of the status of the system, and are used for clinical diagnostics and for monitoring the progress of disease.

Applying omics technologies to environmental toxicology has resulted in a new field of research environmental omics that attempts to better understand the environmental and genetic factors, toxicity mechanisms, and modes of action in response to acute and chronic exposure to chemicals in the environment.
Identification of miRNAs involved in DRG neurite outgrowth and their putative targets
Authors: Motti Dario , Lerch Jessica K. , Danzi Matt C. , Gans Jared H. , Kuo Frank , Slepak Tatiana I. , Bixby John L. , Lemmon Vance P.
Published: June 2017

Peripheral neurons regenerate their axons after injury. Transcriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) is one possible mechanism controlling regeneration. We profiled miRNA expression in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons after a sciatic nerve crush, and identified 49 differentially expressed miRNAs. We evaluated the functional role of each miRNA using a phenotypic analysis approach. To predict the targets of the miRNAs we employed RNA‐Sequencing and examined transcription at the isoform level. We identify thousands of differentially expressed isoforms and bioinformatically associate the miRNAs that modulate neurite growth with their putative target isoforms to outline a network of regulatory events underlying peripheral nerve regeneration. MiR‐298, let‐7a, and let‐7f enhance neurite growth and target the majority of isoforms in the differentially expressed network.
Ionospheric‐thermospheric UV tomography: 3. A multisensor technique for creating full‐orbit reconstructions of atmospheric UV emission
Authors: Hei Matthew A. , Budzien Scott A. , Dymond Kenneth F. , Nicholas Andrew C. , Paxton Larry J. , Schaefer Robert K. , Groves Keith M.
Published: June 2017

We present the Volume Emission Rate Tomography (VERT) technique for inverting satellite‐based, multisensor limb and nadir measurements of atmospheric ultraviolet emission to create whole‐orbit reconstructions of atmospheric volume emission rate. The VERT approach is more general than previous ionospheric tomography methods because it can reconstruct the volume emission rate field irrespective of the particular excitation mechanisms (e.g., radiative recombination, photoelectron impact excitation, and energetic particle precipitation in auroras); physical models are then applied to interpret the airglow. The technique was developed and tested using data from the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager and Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager instruments aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F‐18 spacecraft and planned for use with upcoming remote sensing missions. The technique incorporates several features to optimize the tomographic solutions, such as the use of a nonnegative algorithm (Richardson‐Lucy, RL) that explicitly accounts for the Poisson statistics inherent in optical measurements, capability to include extinction effects due to resonant scattering and absorption of the photons from the lines of sight, a pseudodiffusion‐based regularization scheme implemented between iterations of the RL code to produce smoother solutions, and the capability to estimate error bars on the solutions. Tests using simulated atmospheric emissions verify that the technique performs well in a variety of situations, including daytime, nighttime, and even in the challenging terminator regions. Lastly, we consider ionospheric nightglow and validate reconstructions of the nighttime electron density against Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) Long‐range Tracking and Identification Radar (ALTAIR) incoherent scatter radar data.
On the residual ionospheric error in radio occultation measurements
Authors: Coleman Christopher J. , Forte Biagio
Published: June 2017

The residual ionospheric error (RIE) in radio occultation (RO) measurement analysis is investigated through both analytic and numerical ray tracing. The study has shown that the difference between the propagation paths at different frequencies is an extremely important factor in determining the level of the RIE. Further, that horizontal ionospheric structure, such as the equatorial anomaly, can have a substantial impact. The results confirm the conclusion of previous studies that asymmetry in the ionosphere between the upward and downward legs of the propagation is a significant factor. The study has also considered the effect of traveling ionospheric disturbances upon the RIE. It has been shown that there can be dramatic changes in RIE through the full period of a traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID). Consequently, because of their frequency and unpredictability, TIDs have the potential to set a limit on the achievable accuracy of RO measurement analysis.
Residence‐time‐based classification of surface water systems
Authors: Jones Allan E. , Hodges Ben R. , McClelland James W. , Hardison Amber K. , Moffett Kevan B.
Published: June 2017

Defining surface water systems as lentic or lotic is an important first step in linking hydrology and ecology. Existing approaches for classifying surface water as lentic (reservoir‐like) or lotic (river‐like) use qualitative observations, solitary snapshot measurements in time and space, or ecologic metrics that are not broadly repeatable. This study introduces the Freshwater Continuum Classification (FCC), a quantitative method to consistently and objectively classify lentic/lotic systems based on integrated residence time (iTR), the time incoming water would take to exit the system given observed temporal variations in the system's discharge and volume. Lentic/lotic classification is determined from comparison of median iTR with critical flow thresholds related to key time scales such as zooplankton generation. Some systems switch between lentic and lotic behaviors over time, which are additionally defined in the FCC as oscillic. Pilot application of the FCC to 15 tidally influenced river segments along the Texas Gulf Coast produced good agreement with previous methods of determining lentic/lotic character. The FCC defined 8 of 15 tidal reaches as primarily lentic, 6 as intermediate, and 1 as lotic between October 2007 and March 2015. Of the 15 reaches, 9 were also oscillic, characterized in this climate by short‐lived lotic character during flash floods. The FCC provides a broadly applicable, repeatable, quantitative method to classify surface water bodies as lentic/intermediate/lotic and oscillic/nonoscillic regardless of size or nature (e.g., river or reservoir) based on system volume and flow characteristics.
Fracturing‐induced release of radiogenic 4He and 234U into groundwater during the last deglaciation: An alternative source to crustal helium fluxes in periglacial aquifers
Authors: Méjean Pauline , Pinti Daniele L. , Ghaleb Bassam , Larocque Marie
Published: June 2017

External 4He sources have been invoked to explain 4He concentrations in groundwater greater than those expected from in situ U and Th production. In a fractured aquifer of Ordovician age located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands (Quebec, Canada), 4He concentrations of up to 4.48 × 10−5 cm3 STP
were measured. Such concentrations are ∼1000 times higher than would be expected from in situ production. A concomitant increase in 4He concentration and 234U/238U activity ratio is shown, suggesting a common release process in groundwater for 234U and 4He. This process has tentatively been identified as glaciation‐induced rock fracturing following the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreat. The resulting increase in exposed grain surface facilitates 234U release by α‐recoil and that of radiogenic 4He by diffusion. Using a model of helium diffusion from a spherical grain, it is shown that rock fracturing facilitated the release of accumulated 4He at rates ranging from 4.2 × 10−10 to 1.06 × 10−8 cm3 STP
yr−1. These release rates are between 1000 and 30,000 times higher than the local U and Th steady state production rate, of 3.5 ± 1.4 × 10−13 cm3 STP
yr−1. Integration of 4He release rates over time yields a radiogenic 4He concentration of between 3.85 × 10−6 and 7.12 × 10−5 cm3 STP
, in the range of concentrations measured in the St. Lawrence Lowlands fractured aquifers. Results support the occurrence of a local radiogenic helium source to explain the excesses measured in groundwater without requiring a significant external He crustal flux.
Fluxes of particulates and nutrients during hydrologically defined seasonal periods in an ice‐affected great Arctic river, the Mackenzie
Authors: Gareis Jolie A. L. , Lesack Lance F. W.
Published: June 2017

Large circumpolar rivers influence the biogeochemistry of coastal shelf ecosystems and Arctic Ocean circulation. From 2007 to 2010, Mackenzie River nutrients were measured immediately upstream of the Mackenzie Delta. Total suspended sediment (TSS) and the dissolved and particulate fractions of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured throughout the water year, stratified by hydrologically defined seasonal periods. Sampling was most frequent during the ice breakup and freshet periods to capture changes in sediment and nutrient concentrations that occurred with rapidly changing discharge. Our 4 year sampling coverage yielded constituent‐specific concentration‐discharge relationships that differed among seasonal hydrological periods for 6 of 12 constituents. Results revealed that having data from the rising‐water freshet, when ice effects drive much higher water levels for a given discharge than during open water, had a surprisingly modest effect on annual flux calculations for most constituents. The rising freshet, however, was dominated by high relative levels of C‐rich dissolved organic matter, P‐rich particles, and N‐rich inorganic nutrients. Comparisons with fluxes based on volume‐weighted means of sample concentrations revealed that most, though not all, river fluxes were strongly driven by short‐term concentration‐discharge dynamics rather than by total annual discharge. Comparisons with fluxes derived for the Mackenzie discharge record, where results from other years are available, suggest that concentration‐discharge relations may not be robust beyond the observation period in this system. Constituent fluxes herein differ from previously published fluxes for the Mackenzie (e.g., lower TSS, higher dissolved organic carbon), likely reflecting more frequent measurements, more representative characterization of differing hydrological periods, and possible changes in concentration‐discharge relations during the longer‐term Mackenzie record.
Inferring subsurface heterogeneity from push‐drift tracer tests
Authors: Hansen Scott K. , Vesselinov Velimir V. , Reimus Paul W. , Lu Zhiming
Published: June 2017

We consider the late‐time tailing in a tracer test performed with a push‐drift methodology (i.e., quasi‐radial injection followed by drift under natural gradient). Numerical simulations of such tests are performed on 1000 multi‐Gaussian 2‐D log‐hydraulic conductivity field realizations of varying heterogeneity, each under eight distinct mean flow directions. The ensemble pdfs of solute return times are found to exhibit power law tails for each considered variance of the log‐hydraulic conductivity field,
. The tail exponent is found to relate straightforwardly to
and, within the parameter space we explored, to be independent of push‐phase pumping rate, pumping duration, and local‐scale dispersivity. We conjecture that individual push‐drift tracer tests in wells with screened intervals much greater than the vertical correlation length of the aquifer will exhibit quasi‐ergodicity and that their tail exponent may be used to infer
. We calibrate a predictive relationship of this sort from our Monte Carlo study, and apply it to data from a push‐drift test performed at a site of approximately known heterogeneity—closely matching the existing best estimate of heterogeneity.
Understanding Biological Molecules Behavior Using Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching
Authors: Harb Frédéric
Published: June 2017

Fluorescence techniques present a useful and novel method to study fixed and living cells because of its adjustability, specificity, and high sensibility. Fluorescence techniques can detect the fluorescence of labeled molecules in biological samples as images or photometric data that can explain, by analysis, a large variety of physiological processes. Using fluorescence properties, researchers improved various techniques that have enabled visualization and interpretation of complex dynamic events in cells, membranes, and other parts of the biological unit. One of these techniques is the fluorescence recovery after patterned photobleaching (FRAPP). First, a brief introduction into the mechanism underlying fluorescence as a physical phenomenon is given. Subsequently, this advanced technique is introduced in more detail, with a description of how this method is accomplished, what needs to be studied, and what practical advantages it can bring to cell biological research.
Ordinalia
Authors: Padel O.J.
Published: June 2017

An account of the Cornish‐language cycle of three biblical plays dating from about 1400.
H
ebrew
Authors: Howlett David
Published: June 2017

A survey of epigraphic, documentary, and literary evidence for knowledge and use of the Hebrew language in Britain from Roman times to the Middle Ages.
Legal Writing
Authors: Barrington Candace
Published: June 2017

In medieval England, legal writing can be divided into six forms, ranging from the practical to the literary: statutes; academic treatises; collections of records and documents; fictional depictions of processes and documents; didactic commentaries; and literature infused with legal forms of thought. All six forms of legal writing share, to varying degrees, three overriding affinities: they reference a specialized trilingual vocabulary, manipulate fixed frameworks and prescribed formulae, and employ narrators representing another's interest.
M
arie
de
F
rance
Authors: Waters Claire M.
Published: June 2017

Marie de France was the author of four works in French verse written in the late twelfth century (c. 1160s–90s): the
Fables,
a collection of short moral narratives with animal or human protagonists; the
Lais,
12 stories about love relationships, often with otherworldly elements; the
Espurgatoire seint Patriz,
an account of a knight's visit to the afterlife; and the
Vie seinte Audree,
the life of an Anglo‐Saxon royal saint. Her works were composed in England and enjoyed by noble audiences there and elsewhere in northern Europe. We know very little about her as a historical person but her learning and courtly connections suggest that she was of noble birth. Her interests in memory, names, landscape, and translation are evident in all four works.
I
olo
G
och
Authors: Lewis Barry James
Published: June 2017

Iolo Goch is one of the most innovative, entertaining, and powerful of medieval Welsh poets. He pioneered the use of the
cywydd
metre for praise poetry, setting a pattern that would last for centuries. He flourished from the 1340s to the end of the century and perhaps a little beyond. Most of his patrons were from northeast Wales; they included prominent churchmen, the Tudur family (Tudors) of Anglesey, and Owain Glyndŵr before his rebellion. His poetry shows a strong concern with political and social order and upholds the authority of both the English Crown and marcher lords such as Sir Roger Mortimer (d. 1398). Nevertheless a poem in praise of Owain Glyndŵr during his rebellion is probably by Iolo, revealing the complexities of Welsh political identity at the time. He also composed religious and satirical verse.
C
ú
C
hulainn
Authors: O'Neill Kathryn
Published: June 2017

This entry describes the heroic character Cú Chulainn, the most prominent warrior in the Ulster Cycle. It details how the tales surrounding Cú Chulainn create a heroic biography. It also focuses on the particular relationship that Cú Chulainn has with the Otherworld.
H
erbiconiux
Authors: Behrendt Undine , Ulrich Andreas
Published: June 2017

Her.bi.con'iux. L. n.
herba
plant; L. fem. n.
coniux
wife, female spouse; N.L. fem. n.
Herbiconiux
the associate of a plant, plant spouse.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Herbiconiux

Cells are
straight or curved short rods
that are
nonmotile
. 0.5–0.75 × 0.8–2.0 µm. Nonspore forming. Cells are
Gram‐stain positive
. Growth is
obligatory aerobic
. Catalase positive. Oxidase reaction varies with species or experiment.

Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
d
‐Ala, Gly,
d
‐Hyg, and
d
‐ and
l
‐DAB

corresponding to the
type B2
γ. The acyl type of peptidoglycan is

N
‐acetyl

.
Fatty acid profiles
are characterized by nonhydroxylated fatty acids in which mainly
anteiso‐ and iso‐methyl‐branched forms are predominant
with anteiso‐C
15:0
as a major component. The fatty acid

cyclohexyl‐C
17:0

is found in the majority of species. Predominant respiratory quinone is
menaquinone MK‐11
, but major amounts of
MK‐10
may also be present, depending on the species.

DNA G + C content
(
mol%
): 69–71 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Herbiconiux ginsengi
(Qiu et al. 2007) Behrendt, Schumann, Hamada, Suzuki, Spröer and Ulrich 2011, 1045
VP
. (
Leifsonia ginsengi
Qiu, Huang, Sun, Zhang, Liu and Song 2007, 407
VP
).
Sexual Reproduction: From Sexual Differentiation to Fertilization
Authors: Wu Hen‐Ming , Cheung Alice Y.
Published: June 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Sexual Organ Development

Pollination and Fertilization

Fertilization and Seed Development

Future Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Animal Systems Biology: Towards a Systems View of Development inC. Elegans
Authors: Fernandez Anita , Piano Fabio , Gunsalus Kristin C.
Published: June 2017

The nematode wormCaenorhabditis elegansis the pre‐eminent model for understanding animal development at a systems level. Embryonic development in particular has been studied intensively inC. elegans, and genes essential for early stages of embryogenesis and their specific phenotypes have been catalogued comprehensively. Combining these datasets with genome‐scale studies of gene expression and protein–protein interaction leads to modular views of how genes and their products collaborate to control fundamental processes in early development. Studying groups of genes as functional modules allows the higher order relationships between different biological processes to be observed and suggests how different events during development are coordinated. Here, we review the systems‐level approaches that have been used to study early development inC. elegansand how these are deepening our understanding of the complex molecular programmes underlying development.
Software Tools for Systems Biology: Visualizing the Outcomes of
N
Experiments on
M
Entities
Authors: Poultney Chris , Shasha Dennis
Published: June 2017

Systems biology deals with genes, proteins, ions and other molecular entities. It involves the integrated analysis of these molecular entities from many experiments conducted under different conditions. This common feature – many treatment conditions and thousands or more entities – poses a challenge to finding the answers to natural questions such as: Which subsets of conditions yield similar outcomes? Which entities respond similarly in many conditions? and Which functional groupings of entities are most affected by which conditions? In this chapter, we describe a visualization tool to help answer these questions, complementary informatic tools to support alternate visualizations, and explore the lessons learned in constructing that tool both from the software designer's and biologist's perspective.
The
RNA
World: Identifying
miRNA
‐Target
RNA
Pairs as Possible Missing Links in Multi‐Network Models
Authors: Green Pamela J. , Meyers Blake C.
Published: June 2017

Plant cells contain highly complex and abundant populations of small RNAs that regulate gene expression at many levels, in diverse tissues, and show evidence of regulation under different growth conditions. These molecules have been recognized as important components of signalling networks, but investigations of their contributions to plant signalling pathways have only taken place within the past few years. As sequencing methods have improved, many new microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in the most well‐studied species; the discovery of miRNAs in less‐studied species is just beginning but has been greatly enabled by these new methods. Studies to compile and experimentally validate lists of miRNAs combined with high‐throughput expression profiling of small RNAs will better define the extent of small RNA regulation in plant cellular processes. Validation of miRNAs often includes the prediction and verification of their mRNA targets and the identification of these targets can provide insight into the biological role of individual miRNAs and miRNA families. However, the power of this information could be farther reaching if it can be interpreted with other interaction data. The incorporation of pairs of miRNAs and their targets into multi‐network models would accomplish this and would likely to provide the missing links in many regulatory pathways. Since approaches to address the function of individual miRNAs in mutants and transgenic plants are labour‐intensive, the hypotheses resulting from the models could focus attention on the miRNAs that play pivotal roles in a number of key regulatory pathways.