bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical challenges in generalizing calibration techniques for breast density measurements
Authors: Fowler Erin E. E. , Smallwood Autumn M. , Khan Nadia Z. , Kilpatrick Kaitlyn , Sellers Thomas A. , Heine John
Published: December 2018

Purpose

We are developing a calibration methodology for full‐field digital mammography (FFDM). Calibration compensates for image acquisition technique influences on the pixel representation, ideally producing improved inter‐image breast density estimates. This approach relies on establishing references with rigid breast tissue‐equivalent phantoms (BTEs) and requires an accurate estimate of the compressed breast thickness because the system readout is nominal. There is also an attenuation mismatch between adipose breast tissue and the adipose BTE that was noted in our previous work. It is referred to as the “attenuation anomaly” and addressed in this report. The objectives are to evaluate methods to correct for the compressed breast thickness and compensate for the attenuation anomaly.

Methods

Thickness correction surfaces were established with a deformable phantom (DP) using both image and physical measurements for three direct x‐ray conversion FFDM units. The Cumulative Sum serial quality control procedure was established to ensure the thickness correction measurements were stable over time by imaging and calibrating DPs biweekly in lieu of physical measurements. The attenuation anomaly was addressed by evaluating adipose image regions coupled with an optimization technique to adjust the adipose calibration data. We compared calibration consistency across matched left and right cranial caudal (CC) mammographic views (n = 199) with and without corrections using Bland–Altman plots. These plots were complemented by comparing the right and left breast calibrated average (μa) and population distribution mean (ma) with 95% confidence intervals and difference distribution variances with the F‐test for uncorrected and corrected data.

Results

Thickness correction surfaces were well approximated as tilted planes and were dependent upon compression force. A correction was developed for the attenuation anomaly. All paddles (large and small paddles for all units) exhibited similar tilt as a function of force. Without correction, ma = 0.92 (−1.77, 3.62) was not significantly different from zero with many negative μa samples. The thickness correction produced a significant shift in the μa distribution in the positive direction with ma = 13.99 (11.17, 16.80) and reduced the difference distribution variance significantly (P < 0.0001). Applying both corrections in tandem gave ma = 22.83 (20.32, 25.34), representing another significant positive shift in comparison with the thickness correction in isolation. Thickness corrections were stable over approximately a 2‐year timeframe for all units.

Conclusion

These correction techniques are valid approaches for addressing technical problems with calibration that relies on reference phantoms. The efficacy of the calibration methodology will require validation with clinical endpoints in future studies.
Systematic review of fertility preservation patient decision aids for cancer patients
Authors: Wang Yifan , Anazodo Antoinette , Logan Shanna
Published: December 2018

Objective

Despite recommendations internationally for the timely provision of fertility information, cancer patients report unmet information needs, with poor provision and inadequate written information to assist in fertility preservation decision‐making. Patient decision aids (PtDAs) may be a useful resource in this setting to inform patients and guide decision‐making. A systematic review of the literature on decision aids for fertility preservation in cancer patients would determine the effectiveness of these tools in supporting decision‐making about fertility preservation and indicate their current use in clinical care.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted in March 2018, within electronic search databases Medline, EMBASE, PSYCH Info, PubMed, and Web of Science. An initial search identified 718 potentially relevant articles from databases and screening of relevant reference lists.

Results

A total of 12 papers, detailing 11 studies with a total of 772 participants, evaluating nine decision aids, were included within the review. PtDAs were shown to significantly increase fertility preservation knowledge and decrease decisional conflict. Overall satisfaction with decision aids was high. Currently, only two reviewed decision aids are available for cancer patients. Another tool has been integrated into a web page, and one implementation study has been completed.

Conclusions

PtDAs can serve as effective complements to current fertility counselling practices by increasing information satisfaction and decision‐making outcomes. More research is needed into the appropriateness of these resources for patients across the reproductive age range. Future implementation studies may assist in aiding dissemination of these tools into clinical practice.
Direct Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle‐Over‐Nanosheet for Sensitive SERS Detection
Authors: Chen Yu , Shen Jin , Zhu Peng , Wang Jie , Wang Guoqi , Yuan Mengdi , Ouyang Fangping , Tong Lianming , Xiong Xiang
Published: December 2018

A simple ethanol sol‐based method for the synthesis of gold nanosheets (AuNSs) and gold nanoparticle‐over‐nanosheet (AuNP/NS) is developed. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with average sizes of ≈8 nm are grown in situ on the surface of the AuNS, which forms a NP/NS structure that obtains strong, significantly improved, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy activity with the magnitude ≈2 and ≈6 orders higher than the simplex AuNP and AuNS, respectively. This performance is mainly attributed to uniform AuNPs that are closely packed over AuNS and coupled with NP–NS and NP–NP interactions. The NP–NS–GP (the gap between NP–NS) is narrower than NP–NP–GP in which much stronger and steadier plasmon resonance is obtained that can significantly enhance the Raman signal. The results show that single‐crystalline AuNS is an ideal substrate, which can be further coated with other metallic NPs to form a new flexible, high‐activity and AuNS‐based nanocomposite for a wide variety of applications.
Charge‐Induced Shifts in Chiral Surface Plasmon Modes in Gold Nanorod Assemblies
Authors: Kumar Jatish , López‐Martínez Elena , Cortajarena Aitziber L. , Solís Diego M. , Taboada José M. , Díez‐Buitrago Beatriz , Pavlov Valeri , Liz‐Marzán Luis M.
Published: December 2018

A detailed investigation of the effect of electron injection on the chiral plasmon modes of helical nanorod assemblies is presented. An increased surface plasmon frequency of the electron gas due to the addition of electrons leads to a blue‐shift in the corresponding chiral surface plasmon modes. The mechanism behind the shift in plasmonic chirality due to nanorod charging is investigated using theoretical simulations. Charging of the nanorods alters the surface electron density, thereby modifying the plasma frequency and causing a change in the dielectric function. The nature of the plasmon shift and the intensity of chiral surface plasmons are found to be largely dependent on the extent of electron addition. At extended periods of time, the blue shifted band slowly shifts back toward the red, due to transfer of electrons back to the medium, leading to discharging of the nanorods.
CEO Didier Truchot on Why Ipsos Bought Four GfK Divisions
Authors: Heeg Robert
Published: December 2018

Global insights giant aims for total understanding
Establishing the hierarchy of truth
Authors: Raimondi Vittorio , Gupta Pavi
Published: December 2018

Fake news: a new buzz‐word but an old concept in research
Synthesis of Longer‐Wavelength‐Emissive Carbon Quantum Dots for WLEDs and Investigation of Their Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Kumari Rinki , Kumar Sahu Sumanta
Published: December 2018

The synthesis of highly fluorescent longer wavelength emissive carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is still a great challenge as well as an important issue, hindering its application in white light emitting diode (WLED). Herein, we have demonstrated a simple one‐pot solvothermal route for the synthesis of nitrogen and sulphur co‐doped CQDs using pyromellitic acid (PA), diethylenetriamine (DETA) and thiourea. At the specific molar ratio of the precursors, the orange color emissive CQDs (O‐CQDs) are synthesized and possess longer wavelength emission (611 nm). Additionally, O‐CQDs exhibits temperature and pH dependent photoluminescence (PL) properties. The O‐CQDs shows color correlated temperature (CCT) of 1745 K with high color purity of 98%. Simultaneously, as‐synthesized nitrogen and sulphur co‐doped CQDs shows concentration‐dependent PL properties, which display not only the brightness with stable orange color but also possess range of multicolour emission at different PL excitation. Solid host matrix of O‐CQDs is fabricated with poly‐(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chloroform solution and orange emissive property is investigated by wrapping the film over LED (InGaN) bulb. These studies will open up new opportunities to explore the tunable optical properties of carbon quantum dots and its applications in WLED devices.
DBU‐Mediated Intermolecular 5‐exo‐dig Cyclization of PropargylAlcohols and Carbon Disulfide to [1,3]‐Oxathiole‐2‐thiones
Authors: Savarimuthu Sebastian Antony , Prakash Devarajan Gnanaprakasi Leo , Thomas Selvaraj Augustine , Gandhi Thirumanavelan
Published: December 2018

5‐exo‐dig is a versatile Baldwin tool to predict and make useful heterocyclic compounds from nucleophiles and electrophiles. In order to aid this, a novel metal‐free method is proposed to produce [1,3]‐oxathiole‐2‐thiones from a readily synthesized propargyl alcohols and easily accessible carbon disulfide, where both secondary and primary propargyl alcohols are compatible to this methodology. This procedure is simple, versatile, atom economy and functional group tolerance resulting in moderate to excellent yields. Finally, the process was screened on different mode of reaction operation.
Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensing of Cu(II): Elucidation of FRET Mechanism and Bio‐Imaging Application
Authors: Sikdar Anindita , Roy Swapnadip , Mahto Ram B. , Mukhopadhyay Sudit S. , Haldar Kakali , Panja Sujit S.
Published: December 2018

Rhodamine‐formylaniline conjugateRFAhas been developed as a Cu2+‐selective ratiometric fluorescent probe. The probe shows high selectivity towards Cu2+ion through both its absorption and emission properties; and has been characterized by1H NMR, FTIR, ESI‐MS spectroscopy. Sensing of Cu2+proceed through FRET process which is nicely depicted from steady‐state and fluorescence lifetime studies. From the measurement of fluorescence lifetime, the FRET mechanism has been established undoubtedly. The important parameters regarding FRET, namely the energy transfer efficiency (ΦEt) and the Förster distance (R0) have also been calculated by fluorescence measurement. The origin of different emission bands has been distinguished by recording excitation spectra. The lowest detection limit (DL) for Cu2+ion was 4.2 ×10−7 M in Tris‐HCl buffered MeCN: H2O (10 mM, 1:1 v/v).
Decarboxylative Coupling of Cyclic α‐Amino Acid with Aldehyde and Kojic Acid: Direct Access to 2‐Pyrrolidinyl and 2‐Piperidinyl Kojic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Krishna Rao Medikonda V. , Reddy K. Nagarjuna , Sridhar B. , Subba Reddy B. V.
Published: December 2018

A novel class of kojic acid derivatives have been synthesized by a three component decarboxylative coupling of amino acid, aldehyde and kojic acid under thermal conditions. It is an entirely new strategy for the synthesis of 2‐pyrrolidinyl and 2‐piperidinyl kojic acid derivatives.
Boosting the Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells through a Dopant‐Free Tetraphenylbenzidine‐Based Hole Transporting Material
Authors: Xiang Junyan , Liu Xicheng , Sun Mengna , Li Xianggao , Wang Shirong , Xiao Yin , Zhang Jinli , Zhang Fei
Published: December 2018

Developing high‐performance hole transporting materials (HTMs) is one of the hottest topics to enhance both efficiency and stability in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). One tetraphenylbenzidine (TPB) based HTM, XY1, was designed and synthesized. XY1 exhibits suitable thermal stability, film‐forming property, and hole mobility. Notably, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.23 % under 100 mW cm−2 AM 1.5G illumination is obtained from cells by using XY1 as HTM. Moreover, the unsealed device based on XY1 maintains its initial PCE for 600 h when aged under ambient air of 40% relative humidity in the dark and dropped by 30.2% after 480 h under continuous operation at 1‐sun illumination in ambient air, respectively, which is much better than devices based on Spiro‐OMeTAD. The results demonstrate a simple molecular engineering strategy to design TPB based hole‐transporting materials for highly stable perovskite solar cells, which is important for commercial application.
A Computational Scrutiny on the Stability, Structure, and Electronic Features of Alkanesulfonate Based Zincate Salts with Varying Countercations
Authors: Singh Rohit , Singh Kaman , Pandey Sarvesh Kumar
Published: December 2018

A systematic computational study has been carried out to investigate the effect of variation of countercations on the structures, stability, and electronic properties of six zincate salts,R2ZM[whereZM=[Zn(OSO2Me)4]2−;R=Et4N+(EZM), Et3MeN+(E3MZM), Et2Me2N+(E2 M2ZM), EtMe3N+(EM3ZM), Me4N+(MZM), and H4N+(HZM)], based on weakly‐coordinating alkanesulfonate ligand. The Computational exploration compared the binding energies (BEs), change in Gibb's free energies (▵Gform), HOMO‐LUMO energy gaps (HLEGs) and other derived parameters, using B97‐D/cc‐pVDZ level of study, to investigate the stability pattern, structures, and electronic properties of the cation‐anion set of models. The comparative analyses of model salts reveal the stability order asHZM>MZM>EM3ZM>E3MZM>E2 M2ZM>EZMon account of the involved primary and secondary interactions, BEs, and the ▵Gform. Few other important electronic parameters that are closely associated with the chemical reactivity, chemical hardness, chemical potential, and electrophilicity index are highest forHZMsalt (most stable), whereas, lowest (least reactive) value was found in case of its dipole moment. The present study on salts based on less explored weakly‐coordinating alkanesulfonate ligand would assist in predicting the rational synthesis and design of new metal‐containing salts with properties for desired applications.
Neue Lagerhalle im Kontext eines denkmalgeschützten Industrieareals – Neubau Radsatzlager des SBB‐Reparaturcenters in Zürich‐Altstetten
Authors: Haffter Andreas
Published: December 2018

Auf dem Areal des Reparaturcenters der SBB in Zürich‐Altstetten entstand 2016–2017 eine neue Lagerhalle für Radsätze. Die eingeschossige Halle liegt in einem historischen Industrieareal und soll neben ihrer Funktionalität auch dem standortspezifischen Kontext Rechnung tragen. Die Halle weist Grundrissabmessungen von 24,1 m × 53,5 m auf. Eine kleine, an die Haupthalle angeschlossene Nebenhalle ist ebenfalls Teil des Neubauprojekts. Die Dachbinder der Haupthalle überspannen die gesamte Hallenbreite und werden an deren Längsfassade von Abfangfachwerken gestützt. Diese Strebenfachwerke spannen rd. 26,5 m weit und ruhen auf sechs bis zu 9 m hohen Ortbetonstützen. Ausgesteift wird die Halle primär über die Rahmenwirkung der in Einzelfundamenten eingespannten Ortbetonstützen. Die Fassade der unbeheizten und teilweise offenen Halle wird durch eine Schürze aus Lochblechen gebildet. Das Stahl‐ und Betontragwerk der Halle ist integraler Bestandteil der sichtbaren Fassade, eine künstlerisch gestaltete Dachlandschaft bildet einen einzigartigen Abschluss zu dessen Umgebung.
Simultaneously evaluating the effect of baseline levels and longitudinal changes in disease biomarkers on cognition in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wang Guoqiao , Xiong Chengjie , McDade Eric M. , Hassenstab Jason , Aschenbrenner Andrew J. , Fagan Anne M. , Benzinger Tammie L.S. , Gordon Brian A. , Morris John C. , Li Yan , Bateman Randall J. ,   Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN)
Published: December 2018

Introduction

As the role of biomarkers is increasing in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials, it is critical to use a comprehensive temporal biomarker profile that reflects both baseline and longitudinal assessments to establish a more precise association between the change in biomarkers and change in cognition. Because age of onset of dementia symptoms is highly predictable, and there are relatively few age‐related comorbidities, the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network autosomal dominant AD population affords a unique opportunity to investigate these relationships in a well‐characterized population.

Methods

A novel joint statistical model was used to simultaneously evaluate how a comprehensive AD biomarker profile predicts change in cognition using amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), CSF Aβ42, CSF total tau and Ptau181, cortical metabolism using [F‐18] fluorodeoxyglucose–PET, and hippocampal volume from participants enrolled in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (n = 262) with mean (SD) duration of follow‐up of 2.7 (1.2) years.

Results

Baseline amyloid PET levels and CSF biomarkers were associated with change in cognition in contrast to the rate of change of brain metabolism and hippocampal volume, which predicted change in cognition.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the baseline value of amyloid PET and CSF Aβ42 measures may be useful for screening participants for AD trials; however, brain hippocampus atrophy and hypometabolism are only useful as repeated longitudinal assessments for tracking cognition and disease progression. This suggests that measures of amyloid plaques predict future cognitive decline, but only longitudinal measures of neurodegeneration correlate with cognitive decline. The novel statistical model used in this study can be easily applied to any pair of outcomes and has potential to be widely used by the AD research community.
Drainage evolution in the Polish Sudeten Foreland in the context of European fluvial archives
Authors: Krzyszkowski Dariusz , Bridgland David R. , Allen Peter , Westaway Rob , Wachecka-Kotkowska Lucyna , Czerwonka Jerzy A.
Published: December 2018

Detailed study of subsurface deposits in the Polish Sudeten Foreland, particularly with reference to provenance data, has revealed that an extensive preglacial drainage system developed there in the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, with both similarities and differences in comparison with the present-day Odra (Oder) system. This foreland is at the northern edge of an intensely deformed upland, metamorphosed during the Variscan orogeny, with faulted horsts and grabens reactivated in the Late Cenozoic. The main arm of preglacial drainage of this area, at least until the early Middle Pleistocene, was the Palaeo–Nysa Kłodzka, precursor of the Odra left-bank tributary of that name. Significant preglacial evolution of this drainage system can be demonstrated, including incision into the landscape, prior to its disruption by glaciation in the Elsterian (Sanian) and again in the early Saalian (Odranian), which resulted in burial of the preglacial fluvial archives by glacial and fluvioglacial deposits. No later ice sheets reached the area, in which the modern drainage pattern became established, the rivers incising afresh into the landscape and forming post-Saalian terrace systems. Issues of compatibility of this record with the progressive uplift implicit in the formation of conventional terrace systems are examined, with particular reference to crustal properties, which are shown to have had an important influence on landscape and drainage evolution in the region.
Recent hydrological variability of the Moroccan Middle Atlas Mountains inferred from microscale sedimentological and geochemical analyses of lake sediments
Authors: Jouve Guillaume , Vidal Laurence , Adallal Rachid , Rhoujjati Ali , Benkaddour Abdelfattah , Chapron Emmanuel , Tachikawa Kazuyo , Bard Edouard , Courp Thierry , Dezileau Laurent , Hebert Bertil , Rapuc William , Simonneau Anaëlle , Sonzogni Corinne , Sylvestre Florence
Published: December 2018

Study of the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of lakes provides key information on hydrological changes. In this work, we investigate Lake Azigza in the Moroccan Middle Atlas, a region that suffers from a scarcity of observational hydrological data necessary for a coherent management of water resources. Sedimentary deposits of Lake Azigza (32°58′N, 5°26′W, 1,550 m above sea level) were dated and analyzed by combining geochemical and mineralogical measurements coupled with microfacies characterization for the last 134 yr. The detrital component derived from X-ray fluorescence elemental composition and microstructures analysis of the lake sediments provided proxies of runoff activity and lake-level changes, respectively. These proxies were calibrated with regional hydro-climatic and instrumental measurements available over the last 50 yr and used to reconstruct past hydrological changes on inter-annual to decadal time scales between 1879 and 2013. Since 1879, lake level and runoff proxies responded in phase to regional inter-annual precipitation variations. We also show that after the major lake-level drop observed in 2008, the response of the runoff proxy to variable precipitation regime is enhanced. Such an approach emphasizes the potential of these hydro-climate-sensitive sedimentary archives to assess the impact of climate change in the Mediterranean region.
Strapline: The perpetuation of prescriptivism in popular culture
Authors: Ankerstein Carrie
Published: December 2018

It is probably safe to say that whenever an expert encounters their field of expertise outside of science or academia, they shudder at misrepresentations, over-simplifications or flat out untruths. This sort of thing sometimes happens to me when I indulge in a bit of couch potato lounging and come across remarks about English or language in general on sitcoms. Thanks to Netflix, I can watch all the shows I missed when they first aired. I say this so that you, dear reader, will understand why my focus is on shows that aired several years ago and are now run as repeats or binge watched via streaming.
Considering Age-Related Hearing Loss in Neuropsychological Practice: Findings from a Feasibility Study
Authors: Dupuis Kate , Yusupov Iris , Vandermorris Susan , Murphy Kelly L. , Rewilak Dmytro , Stokes Kathryn A. , Reed Marilyn
Published: December 2018

La perte auditive représente une problématique répandue chez la population âgée. Cela peut poser des défis pour les neuropsychologues, étant donné que les méthodes d’intervention doivent être présentées oralement et donc entendues avec précision. Dans cette étude, le statut auditif de 20 clients (âge moyen= 71 ans) a été évalué au sein d’une clinique de neuropsychologie en milieu hospitalier et l’impact de cette évaluation sur la pratique des neuropsychologues a été étudié. Un assistant de recherche a administré un bref test de dépistage des troubles auditifs à chacun des clients. Nous avons demandé à quatre neuropsychologues de commenter le statut auditif de leurs clients avant et après leur avoir présenté les résultats des tests de dépistage. Le dépistage a révélé que la majorité des clients présentait au moins une perte auditive légère et que les neuropsychologues étaient relativement précis (60 %) dans leur estimation du statut auditif de leurs clients. Enfin, les neuropsychologues ont utilisé l’information sur le statut auditif de leurs clients en vue de les diriger vers des services en audiologie, ainsi que pour renseigner les clients et les familles sur la perte auditive et la communication.
From “We Other Victorians” to “Pussy Grabs Back”: Thinking Gender, Thinking Sex, and Feminist Methodological Futures in Victorian Studies Today
Authors: Ehnenn Jill R.
Published: December 2018

Although this essay is about reading texts from the past, I begin with the present, with a US president who was elected despite widespread knowledge that he had infamously boasted about how he often starts kissing beautiful women without consent. “I don't even wait,” he crowed. “When you're a star they let you do it. You can do anything. Grab ’em by the pussy. You can do anything.” The internet was soon flooded with angry feminist responses to his crass admission of sexual violence, retorts that appropriated his use of vulgar language with wit and resistance, the most prevalent being the meme “Pussy Grabs Back!” (see fig. 1). The Pussy Hat Project soon followed. As we know, the pussy hat phenomenon offended some who felt it was racist (not all vulvas are pink) and/or transphobic (not all women have pussies). Nevertheless, a sea of pink pussy hats, worn by persons of many embodiments and identity categories, would be seen in protest, worldwide, at the record-breaking post-inauguration Women's Marches across the globe. If “Grab ’em by the pussy” rightly offended, “Pussy Grabs Back!” gained traction.
Introduction
Authors: Hack Daniel
Published: December 2018

Catherine Gallagher's importance as a scholar of nineteenth-century British culture and a historian and theorist of the novel makes the appearance of a new monograph by her an event for Victorianists (among others). This is true even when few of the materials she discusses are, strictly speaking, Victorian, as is the case with her new book, Telling It Like It Wasn't: The Counterfactual Imagination in History and Fiction. In Telling It Like It Wasn't, Gallagher traces the emergence and development of analytic and narrative discourses premised on counterfactual-historical hypotheses. As the author explains, these hypotheses are past-tense, conditional conjectures “pursued when the antecedent condition is known to be contrary to fact,” such as, to take her two major examples, What if the South won the Civil War? and What if the Nazis had invaded Britain? Bringing together what Gallagher calls “counterfactual histories,” which are more analytical than narrative and typically consider multiple unrealized possibilities; works of “alternate history,” which describe one continuous sequence of departures from the historical record but draw their dramatis personae exclusively from that record; and “the alternate-history novel, [which] invents not only alternative-historical trajectories but also fictional characters,” Telling It Like It Wasn't explores the distinctive uses and dynamic interactions of these forms over the past two centuries and considers their implications for our understanding of more conventional fiction and historiography.
Response
Authors: Gallagher Catherine
Published: December 2018

I felt both tremendously honored and slightly alarmed when I learned that this roundtable was being organized. I was delighted that such a stellar group of novel critics was willing to readTelling It Like It Wasn'tbut worried about their reactions to what Deidre Lynch has called the book's “deeply weird materials.” Much of the historical substance, especially the military and economic historiography, are far from our usual interests, and many of the literary texts are obscure and ephemeral. Furthermore, I passed over the opportunity to write about the best-known novels (like Philip Roth'sPlot Against America) by limiting my twentieth-century case studies to American Civil War and British World War II counterfactuals. So I worried that a panel on this eccentric book might seem merely an irrelevant interruption, especially in the context of a meeting of the Society for Novel Studies.
A Victorianist Looks Back: Fluidity vs. Fragmentation
Authors: Knoepflmacher U. C.
Published: December 2018

InMiddlemarch,when Mr. Brooke asks Edward Casaubon how he arranges his documents, the pedantic would-be author of “The Key to All Mythologies” replies with a “startled air of effort” that he puts them into “pigeon-holes mostly.” Dorothea's uncle is baffled. He complains that his own scattered gatherings became much too “mixed in pigeon-holes: I never know whether a paper is in A or Z.” Embarrassed, his niece volunteers to sort out his papers: “I would letter them all, and then make a list of subjects under each letter.” Her offer catches Mr. Casaubon's attention. Commending Mr. Brooke for having such “an excellent secretary at hand,” he gravely smiles his approval. But the befuddled gentleman whose mind remains full of disconnected “fragments” bluntly rejects Dorothea's offer: “‘No, no,’ said Mr. Brooke: ‘I cannot let young ladies meddle with my documents. Young ladies are too flighty.’”
The Stakes of Victorian Political Criticism Today
Authors: Lesjak Carolyn
Published: December 2018

As Mrs. Herriton contemplates the fate and future of her wayward daughter-in-law, Lilia's baby born to the Italian Gino Carella in E. M. Forster'sWhere Angels Fear to Tread, she surmises reluctantly, “Let us admit frankly … that after all we may have responsibilities.” Without limiting ourselves to Forster's responses to and articulations of these “responsibilities,” the notion nonetheless of having such responsibilities usefully encapsulates some of the central issues at the heart of political criticism both in Forster's time and in our own. Who is the “we” with responsibilities and for whom or what is that “we” responsible? What exactly are these responsibilities? How local or global are they? How do they bring together the ethical and the political, the moral and the legal, duty and obligation, redress and hope for the future? How do the past, present, and future come together within this matrix of responsibilities? What kinds of political stances, posturings, or attitudes are in play? And what is the desired outcome or aim of political criticism? “We may have responsibilities”: in Forster, an equivocal or subjunctive “may” coupled with a frank admission and an expansive claim to amorphous “responsibilities” not only captures how open-ended and contradictory such assertions can be but also how tenuous their very ground always is. After all, Mrs. Herriton's sense of responsibility is highly disingenuous, the baby a pawn in her own power games.
Suizidpräventive Architektur in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Authors: Becker Katja , Schmidtke Armin , Glasow Nadine
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung. Da in Kliniken für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie auch Jugendliche mit akuter Suizidalität behandelt werden, sind beim Bau und Unterhalt solcher Kliniken suizidpräventive Maßnahmen zu berücksichtigen. Die Ansätze der baulichen Suizidprävention lassen sich in restriktive und atmosphärisch-therapeutische Maßnahmen unterteilen. Letztere umfassen Maßnahmen zur Schaffung eines antisuizidalen Milieus und zur engen Begleitung der Patienten und Patientinnen durch die Mitarbeiter. Unter restriktiven Maßnahmen sind die Sicherung von potenziellen Sprung- sowie die Reduzierung von Strangulationsmöglichkeiten, zum Beispiel durch die Verwendung von Materialien mit Sollbruchstellen, zu verstehen. Neben suizidpräventiver sichernder Gestaltung sind zur Schaffung einer solchen suizidpräventiven Atmosphäre architektonisch-gestalterische Aspekte zu berücksichtigen, wie zum Beispiel Befriedigung des Schutzbedürfnisses, Schaffung positiver Ablenkung (Blick in Natur, Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten) und die Nutzung positiver physiologischer Wirkung (durch Licht, Farben). Ein gesicherter Zugang zu einem ansprechenden und gleichzeitig geschützten Außenbereich sowie zu Bewegungsräumen ist ebenfalls zu berücksichtigen. Bereits in der Planung einer kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Klinik sollten sich Architekten und Bauplaner eng mit Ärzten, Therapeuten und Mitarbeitern des Pflege- und Erziehungsdienstes austauschen und restriktive Maßnahmen hinsichtlich Praktikabilität und funktionellen Abläufen abstimmen. So kann kooperativ ein suizidpräventiver, ebenso sichernder wie atmosphärisch ansprechender altersgerechter Ort entstehen, an dem Jugendliche mit psychischen Störungen mit therapeutischer Unterstützung und fachpflegerisch-pädagogischer Begleitung behandelt werden können.
Emotionale Reaktionen, Einstellungen und Behandlungstechniken bei Kindern mit einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung
Authors: Kleine Berit , Kröger Christoph
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: In der Forschung zu Stigmatisierungen von psychisch erkrankten Personen wurde festgestellt, dass auch professionelle Helferinnen und Helfer Vorurteile angeben. Zudem existieren zahlreiche Untersuchungen, die zeigen, dass viele Psychotherapeutinnen und Psychotherapeuten die Anwendung konfrontativer Interventionen vermeiden. Fragestellung: Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeutinnen und – psychotherapeuten (KJPT) wurde eine von vier verschiedenen Fallvignetten vorgelegt und es sollte untersucht werden, inwieweit die Behandlungsbereitschaft und die emotionalen Reaktionen auf den beschriebenen Patienten in Abhängigkeit von der Verantwortungszuschreibung für die Beschwerden variieren. Die Therapeutinnen und Therapeuten wurden ebenfalls gebeten, Interventionen anzugeben, die sie während einer Behandlung durchführen würden. Methodik: Zusammen mit der Psychotherapeutenkammer Niedersachsen wurden von Mai 2016 – Juni 2016 eine von vier verschiedenen Fallvignetten sowie ein Fragebogen an 841 KJPT versendet. Ergebnisse: 77 KJPT (9.16 %) beantworteten den Fragebogen. Trotz unterschiedlicher Verantwortungszuschreibung variierte die Behandlungsbereitschaft zwischen den vier Gruppen nicht. Von den vorgeschlagenen Interventionen würde die Konfrontation mit „hot spots“ am seltensten angewendet werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Therapeutinnen und Therapeuten sind generell bereit, Patientinnen und Patienten mit einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung zu behandeln, auch wenn sie die Patientinnen und Patienten als verantwortlich für ihre Beschwerden ansehen. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass eine leitlinienkonforme Behandlung selten durchgeführt werden würde.
Recognizing an Architect of the Age of Informatics
Authors: Narock Tom
Published: December 2018

A look back at the life of Greg Leptoukh, pioneer of informatics, and a look ahead to the field’s future through the annual lecture at AGU’s Fall Meeting 2018 dedicated to Leptoukh.
The Cloudy Nature of Tropical Rains
Authors: Stephens G. L. , Smalley M. A. , Lebsock M. D.
Published: December 2018

Four years of CloudSat cloud and precipitation observations are combined with CALIPSO lidar, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiance, and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation data to document the cloud properties of precipitation confined to latitudes between 30°N and 30°S. The relations between two different cloud top heights (CTHs) and precipitation are examined. The maximum CTH observed in the column is one measure (referred to as the highest CTH, HCTH) and the second is the minimum CTH within the same raining column, interpreted to be the tops of the rain‐bearing clouds in the column (referred to as the raining cloud top height, RCTH). Although a broad relation between rain intensity and CTH is shown to exist, especially for shallower warm clouds, the HCTH of the deepest, raining clouds in the tropics is shown to be a poor indicator of precipitation intensity. The implication of the difference between HCTH and RCTH is that for all but the deepest convection, the height of raining clouds is significantly overestimated from observing systems that cannot see below upper cloud layers. The vertical profile of CTHs is shown to be distinctly bimodal with RCTH profiles having a large maximum associated with shallow precipitating clouds, whereas the HCTH distribution has its maximum in the upper troposphere. The influence of this vertical profile information on radiative and latent heating profiles results in a nonnegligible shift in latent heating from an upper level maximum to a more bimodal profile reflecting the increased contribution of shallow raining clouds.
Rifting Processes at a Continent‐Ocean Transition Rift Revealed by Fault Analysis: Example of Dabbahu‐Manda‐Hararo Rift (Ethiopia)
Authors: Dumont S. , Klinger Y. , Socquet A. , Escartín J. , Grandin R. , Jacques E. , Medynski S. , Doubre C.
Published: December 2018

Analyses of fault attributes have contributed to unraveling fault growth processes in diverse tectonic settings. By integrating such analysis at the scale of a fault population, we propose to investigate the characteristics of a rift that has evolved up to a stage typical of a continent‐ocean transition. We address this problem by considering Dabbahu‐Manda‐Hararo (DMH) rift segment (Central Afar, Ethiopia), recognized for being in a late rifting stage. We quantify fault azimuth, length, and throw attributes for 668 normal faults. Along DMH rift, the mean fault density is 0.87 ± 0.7 km/km2 and the median tectonic strain ranges from 1.8% to 3.1% assuming a fault dip of 60° and 45°, respectively. Maximum tectonic strain (>10%) is found where the rift azimuth changes. Along‐rift variations in fault azimuth, length, and scaling relationships suggest a different stage of rifting in the northern part of the rift. We show that this difference can be attributed to the influence of the Dabbahu volcano located at the northern tip of the rift, which captured the propagating Manda‐Hararo rift in the last ~100 kyr. The morpho‐tectonic analysis reveals numerous common features with slow‐spreading ridge segments, such as the Lucky Strike segment located along the Mid‐Atlantic ridge (segment length, spreading rate, associated magmatic system) but also with intermediate and fast ones (axial valley, fault throws, and diking). This study reveals that a rift at the continent‐ocean transition may be characterized by a transient and evolutionary behavior that shares features with oceanic ridges from slow‐ to fast‐spreading rates.
Adaptive Multifidelity Data Assimilation for Nonlinear Subsurface Flow Problems
Authors: Zheng Qiang , Zhang Jiangjiang , Xu Wenjie , Wu Laosheng , Zeng Lingzao
Published: December 2018

Ensemble‐based methods have been widely used for characterization of model parameters. Due to their Monte Carlo nature, these methods can be easily implemented but usually need relatively large ensemble sizes to guarantee the accuracy, resulting in a high computational cost. To address this issue, we propose an adaptive multifidelity ensemble smoother for data assimilation, which takes advantage of both the accuracy of a high‐fidelity (HF) model and the efficiency of a low‐fidelity (LF) model. In this work, an ensemble smoother‐based multiple data assimilation scheme is employed. In the forecast step, a large number of LF simulations and a small number of HF simulations are implemented. By exploring the correlations between the predictions of HF and LF models, a multifidelity Gaussian process is established to serve as a surrogate for the original system without sacrificing accuracy. To consider the surrogate errors and avoid the underestimation of uncertainties in the analysis step, the ensemble smoother‐based multiple data assimilation scheme is amended with extra iterations. After each analysis step, the multifidelity Gaussian process surrogate is locally refined in the posterior region. In summary, the expensive HF model evaluations are implemented only if necessary. The efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated by a synthetic case and a real‐world experiment. It is shown that even though the majority of model evaluations are implemented using the LF models in an adaptive multifidelity ensemble smoother, the accuracy is not sacrificed. The proposed multifidelity framework is with the general applicability since it can be equally combined with other ensemble‐based data assimilation methods.
Reconstruction and analysis of carbon metabolic pathway of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare SPU B805 by genome and transcriptome
Authors: Wang Cai-Yun , Li Ye , Gao Zi-Wei , Liu Li-Cheng , Wu Ying-Cai , Zhang Meng-Yue , Zhang Tian-Yuan , Zhang Yi-Xuan
Published: December 2018

Ketogulonicigenium vulgare has been widely used in vitamin C two-step fermentation. Four K. vulgare strains (WSH-001, Y25, Hbe602 and SKV) have been completely genome-sequenced, however, less attention was paid to elucidate the reason for the differences in 2-KGA yield on genetic level. Here, a novel K. vulgare SPU B805 with higher 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KGA) yield, was genome-sequenced to confirm harboring one circular chromosome with plasmid free. Comparative genome analyses showed that the absence of plasmid 2 was an important factor for its high 2-KGA productivity. The amino acid biosynthetic pathways in strain SPU B805 are much more complete than those in other K. vulgare strains. Meanwhile, strain SPU B805 harbored a complete PPP and TCA route, as well as a disabled EMP and ED pathway, same as to strain SKV, whereas strain WSH-001, Y25 and Hbe602 harbored complete PPP, ED, TCA pathway and a nonfunctional EMP pathway. The transcriptome of strain SPU B805 validated the carbon metabolism in cytoplasm mainly through the PPP pathway due to its higher transcriptional levels. This is the first time to elucidate the underlying mechanism for the difference in 2-KGA yield, and it is of great significance for strain improvement in the industrial fermentation.
Experimental Metabolic Syndrome Model Associated with Mechanical and Structural Degenerative Changes of the Aortic Valve
Authors: Go Jason L. , Prem Komal , Al-Hijji Mohammed A. , Qin Qing , Noble Christopher , Young Melissa D. , Lerman Lilach O. , Lerman Amir
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an experimental high fat (HF) animal with metabolic syndrome results in structural degeneration of the aortic valve. Domestic pigs were divided (n = 12) and administered either a normal or HF diet. After 16-weeks, the HF diet group had increased weight (p ≤ 0.05), total cholesterol (p ≤ 0.05), and systolic and diastolic pressure (p ≤ 0.05). The aortic valve extracellular matrix showed loss of elastin fibers and increased collagen deposition in the HF diet group. Collagen was quantified with ELISA, which showed an increased concentration of collagen types 1 and 3 (p ≤ 0.05). In the HF diet group, the initial stages of microcalcification were observed. Uniaxial mechanical testing of aortic cusps revealed that the HF diet group expressed a decrease in ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus compared to the control diet group (p ≤ 0.05). Western blot and immunohistochemistry indicated the presence of proteins: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, osteopontin, and osteocalcin with an increased expression in the HF diet group. The current study demonstrates that experimental metabolic syndrome induced by a 16-week HF diet was associated with a statistically significant alteration to the physical architecture of the aortic valve.
Structural complementarity from DNA for directing two-dimensional polydopamine nanomaterials with biomedical applications
Authors: Ding Tao , Xing Yuxin , Wang Zhenqiang , Guan Haidi , Wang Liucan , Zhang Jixi , Cai Kaiyong
Published: December 2018

Polydopamine nanoplatelets/sheets were fabricated by employing a supramolecular assembly directed by the structural complementarity between the base pairs of DNA and the oligomers of dopamine.
Syntheses of 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)/(2,2-difluoroethyl)-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and their fungicidal activities
Authors: Chen Yueji , You Yi , Weng Zhiqiang
Published: December 2018

A Knoevenagel-type reaction of 1,3-diketone substrates with trifluoroacetic/difluoroacetic anhydride for the synthesis of 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylidene)/(2,2-difluoroethyl)-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed.
A case study of Fe2TaZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) Heusler alloys: hunt for half-metallic behavior and thermoelectricity
Authors: Khandy Shakeel Ahmad , Islam Ishtihadah , Gupta Dinesh C. , Bhat Muzzammil Ahmad , Ahmad Shabir , Dar Tanveer Ahmad , Rubab Seemin , Dhiman Shobhna , Laref A.
Published: December 2018

Crystal structure in conventional unit cell for Fe2TaZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) in Fm3̄m configuration.
Applications of SBA-15 supported Pd metal catalysts as nanoreactors in C–C coupling reactions
Authors: Mohammadi Ziarani Ghodsi , Rohani Sahar , Ziarati Abolfazl , Badiei Alireza
Published: December 2018

Mesoporous silica SBA-15 can act as a nanoreactor for incorporating Pd nanoparticles and be used as a superior catalytic system in C–C coupling reactions with high stability and reusability.
A copper(ii)-catalyzed annulative formylation of o-alkynylanilines with DMF: a single-step strategy for 3-formyl indoles
Authors: Ganesan Balaji , Senadi Gopal Chandru , Guo Bing-Chun , Hung Min-Yuan , Lin Wei-Yu
Published: December 2018

In this paper, a copper(ii)-catalyzed reaction of o-alkynylanilines with dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of oxygen has been developed for synthesizing multisubstituted 3-formyl indole scaffolds.
Metal-free catalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohols for benzaldehyde
Authors: Wang Zhiyong , Shi Jie , Wang Dan , Pu Yuan , Wang Jie-Xin , Chen Jian-Feng
Published: December 2018

Metal-free catalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohols for benzaldehyde and process intensification by using a rotating packed bed reactor were demonstrated.
Load frequency control of a multi‐area system incorporating distributed generation resources, gate controlled series capacitor along with high‐voltage direct current link using hybrid ALO‐pattern search optimised fractional order controller
Authors: Raju More , Saikia Lalit Chandra , Sinha Nidul
Published: December 2018

The power output from the wind turbine in distributed generation (DG) resources is intermittent in nature, which adversely affects the system frequency in an interconnected system. Hence, it is important to study the system dynamic performance when DG resources are connected to the existing power system. This study presents the load frequency control of the three‐area thermal–thermal–hydro system with DG resources in area 1. Proportional integral fractional derivative (PIDμ) controller is proposed as a secondary controller. System dynamics are compared among integral, proportional integral (PI), PI derivative (PID), fractional order PID (PIλDµ) and PIDμ controllers whose parameters are optimised simultaneously using nature inspired ant lion optimiser (ALO) technique. The analysis shows the competitive performance of PIλDµ and PIDμ controllers. Furthermore, the PIDμ controller parameters are optimised using hybrid ALO‐pattern search technique, which outperforms the ALO optimised PIDμ controller. A flexible AC transmission system device called gate controlled series capacitor performs better than an interline power flow controller. The studies show that the gate controlled series capacitor placed in all lines is its optimal location. The system dynamics are improved considerably with the incorporation of high voltage direct current link, the transient droop of the hydro governor. The PIDµ controller effectively handles the parametric variations, random load and wind power profiles.