bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘’Tis agreeable to see what use he has made of his Reading’
Authors: Batt Jennifer
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores a question which has preoccupied readers of Stephen Duck’s writing from the eighteenth century to the present day: how would a man who had spent much of his life working on a farm write about rural life and agricultural labour? Duck’s most critically acclaimed work is ‘The Thresher's Labour’, a poeticized account of a year in the life of an agricultural labourer. This chapter offers a new reading of this much-discussed poem by considering it in the light of the literary sources and models with which Duck was familiar. The chapter argues that Duck’s artfully crafted labourer’s-eye view of the agricultural year drew on his reading as much as it did his lived experience. Duck’s poem challenged conventional poetic idealizations of rural life and labour not because—as some of Duck’s readers have assumed—it was the work of an uneducated thresher; rather, that challenge was the deliberate result of Duck’s careful study of those very poetic conventions.
‘Various Beauties overpay my Toil’
Authors: Batt Jennifer
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores how Stephen Duck’s approach to writing about rural landscapes and labour changed in the years after he was awarded patronage by Queen Caroline. The Queen’s support meant that Duck moved from the agricultural fields of Wiltshire to the polite and royal gardens of Richmond and Kew. This chapter traces Duck’s journey from a landscape of labour to a landscape of leisure. How far was it possible for the former farm labourer to reimagine his relationship with the agricultural environment? As this chapter argues, Duck’s writing of the 1730s was preoccupied with examining his newly transformed relationship to agricultural landscapes and polite gardens, and to work and leisure. This was a key means by which he attempted to demonstrate his gratitude to his patrons: he used his writing about labour and landscapes to show how well he had taken advantage of the opportunities they had made available to him.
‘Too Severe on the Female Sex’?
Authors: Batt Jennifer
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores how Stephen Duck negotiated the competing hierarchies of gender and class as he sought to establish himself as a poet who moved in courtly circles. In both his narrative and occasional verse, Duck’s writing about, and addressed to, women was informed by his own unique and unprecedented position as a former thresher who had been brought to live at the periphery of the royal court. As several contemporary commentators noted, women and labouring-class men were often considered to be similarly—though not equally—circumscribed when it came to accessing literary and intellectual culture. Duck repeatedly made use of this supposed equivalence in order to bolster his own position against that of women who were, by birth, above him in the Georgian social strata. Now a labourer no more, Duck used the hierarchy of gender to trump the hierarchy of class. As this chapter shows, Duck’s misogyny was a product of the culture in which he was writing, but it was also a tool that he could strategically deploy in a variety of circumstances in the service of establishing his own credentials as a would-be gentleman.
The Role of Conditional Propositions
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: August 2020

This chapter explains why the practice of using conditionals assessed by the primary (suppositional) and secondary (testimonial) heuristics is best understood on a material, truth-functional semantics. The aptness of the testimony-based heuristic supports a semantics on which the semantic contribution of ‘if’ is context-insensitive; the aptness of the supposition-based heuristic supports a semantics on which the probability of a conditional is not overestimated by being treated like the conditional probability, and compatibly with that underestimates it as little as possible. A formal result shows that in almost all cases these desiderata mandate the truth-functional interpretation. But that does not imply that the truth-functional interpretation will be transparent to speakers: it does not grant them epistemic access to the truth-conditional equivalence of ‘If A, C’ and ‘Not A or C’. This non-transparent ‘synonymy’ is compared to our understanding in cases of vagueness.
More Challenges
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: August 2020

This chapter answers further challenges to the truth-functional interpretation of ‘if’. Some challenges depend on data which can be understood in terms of the interplay between supposition-based and testimony-based heuristics. Other challenges involve conditional commands and conditional questions but depend on independently objectionable principles about commands and questions. Yet another kind of challenge depends on alleged connections between indicative conditionals and the epistemic modal ‘must’, but the connections are shown not to hold with full generality: some fail when conditionals are used to voice speculations, and some can be explained as products of independently motivated context-sensitivity in ‘must’.
Interactions between Plain Conditionals and Quantifiers
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: August 2020

First, the role of ‘if’ in articulating instances of universal generalizations is considered: what ‘Every F is a G’ tells us about a given object is ‘If it is an F, it is a G’; the truth-functional interpretation is best placed to fulfil that role. Interpretations on which the conditional has a truth-value gap when its antecedent is false are shown to be less effective for this task. Next, an analogue of the Suppositional Role is suggested for assessing generalizations. Finally, sentences with conditionals under quantifiers such as ‘most’, ‘no’, and ‘usually’ raise problems for the truth-functional interpretation. Some are resolved by reflection on conditional testimony, which tells against supposition-based assessments of the generalizations; other cases are resolved (using an idea of Kratzer’s) by the independently motivated postulate that explicit material under an adverbial quantifier can be reused context-dependently as an implicit restriction of the quantifie
Worlds and Meaning
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses the possible world framework for intensional semantics, used for the semantics of ‘would’. It does not depend on any particular metaphysics of worlds, but the standard compositional clauses for the logical constants are a significant constraint. Semantic theories which invoke ‘impossible worlds’ flouting those constraints typically turn out to violate the principle of compositionality; since synonymy is not epistemically transparent to speakers, attempts to craft epistemically possible but metaphysically impossible worlds also tend to violate compositionality. Since worlds are best understood as objectively possible, in a broad sense, the proposed semantics makes counterfactuals with metaphysically impossible antecedents vacuously true; appearances to the contrary are an artefact of the suppositional heuristic (similar phenomena are noted for vacuous universal generalizations). This makes trouble for some prominent versions of fictionalist theories in metaphysics and various other philosophical theories which assume that counterpossibles vary in truth-value.
Strain
Authors: Sutton Adrian P.
Published: August 2020

A discussion of the continuum approximation is followed by the definition of deformation as a transformation involving changes in separation between points within a continuum. This leads to the mathematical definition of the deformation tensor. The introduction of the displacement vector and its gradient leads to the definition of the strain tensor. The linear elastic strain tensor involves an approximation in which gradients of the displacement vector are assumed to be small. The deformation tensor can be written as the sum of syymetric and antisymmetric parts, the former being the strain tensor. Normal and shear strains are distinguished. Problems set 1 introduces the strain ellipsoid, the invariance of the trace of the strain tensor, proof that the strain tensor satisfies the transformation law of second rank tensors and a general expression for the change in separation of points within a continuum subjected to a homogeneous strain.
Hooke’s law and elastic constants
Authors: Sutton Adrian P.
Published: August 2020

Hooke’s law and elastic constants are introduced. The symmetry of the elastic constant tensor follows from the symmetry of stress and strain tensors and the elastic energy density. The maximum number of independent elastic constants is 21 before crystal symmetry is considered, and this leads to the introduction of matrix notation. Neumann’s principle reduces the number of independent elastic constants in different crystal systems. It is proved that in isotropic elasticity there are only two independent elastic constants. The directional dependences of the three independent elastic constants in cubic crystalsare derived. The distinction between isothermal and adiabatic elastic constants is defined thermodynamically and shown to arise from anharmonicity of atomic interactions. Problems set 3involves the derivation of elastic constants atomistically, the numbers of independent elastic constants in non-cubic crystal symmetries, Cauchy relations, Cauchy pressure, invariants of the elastic constant tensorand compatibility stresses.
Point defects
Authors: Sutton Adrian P.
Published: August 2020

Examples of intrinsic and extrinsic point defects are discussed. Models of point defects in a continuum as misfitting spheres are solved for rigid and deformablemisfitting spheres. Free surfaces alter significantly the formation volume of a point defect even when the point defect is far from any free surface. Many point defects have non-sperical symmetry, and it is then better to consider defect forces exerted by the point defect on neighbouring atoms. Defect forces capture the symmetry of the point defect in its local environment. Interaction energies between point defects and between point defects and other sources of stress are expressed conveniently and with physical transparency in terms of dipole, quadrupole etc. tensors of point defects and derivatives of the Green’s function. The dipole tensor is experimentally measurable through the lambda-tensor, which measures the derivative of the macroscopic strain of a crystal with concentration of the point defect.
Competition and Consecration in the World Press Photo Awards
Authors: Solaroli Marco
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on the World Press Photo, a non-profit organization which organizes the largest and arguably most prestigious press photo competition in the world, yearly awarding dozens of prizes, which work as crucial institutional mechanisms of production and circulation of cultural value. Awards are relevant within such scarcely institutionalized fields as photojournalism, since they can raise value problems for jurors, winners, and observers. It is the whole vision of the cultural field—its meanings, values, and indeed objects—that is at stake in prizing. In the digital age, competitions and awards do not just reveal how news photographs are evaluated, but also what a digital news photograph actually is, or at least what nowadays it is legitimately supposed to be. This chapter mainly draws on an archival analysis of the last twenty years of the WPP awards and in-depth interviews with jurors, experts, and winning photojournalists.
Classical Music Competitions as Complex Performances
Authors: McCormick Lisa
Published: August 2020

This chapter presents a cultural approach to studying competitions that involves conceptualizing competitions as performative events where individuals and collectivities present and negotiate meanings. In the first part of the chapter, the promise of this approach is illustrated through an analysis of international competitions in classical music. It presents four arguments concerning the wider cultural significance and interactional structure of music competitions which result from interpreting them as complex performances. The second part of the chapter explores how these arguments could be extended by considering the political, educational, media, and vocational context surrounding international classical music competitions. The final part of the chapter suggests directions for future research by outlining a systematic comparison of competitions across the arts and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Small Helen
Published: August 2020

The introductory chapter delivers the core critical-theoretical arguments of the book. It starts with a broad characterization of modern cynicism and a critical account of the main features of early philosophical Cynicism from which it derives and departs. (In English, the capital C conventionally distinguishes the ancient from the modern form.) The focus then moves to the ‘present time’ of the title (1840 till now) and to the terms on which the book looks to describe a function for cynicism as a set of linguistic practices aimed at calibrating a plausible, sufficiently robust articulation of ideals. A substantial section of the argument deals with the variety of psychological models for defining and interpreting cynicism, identifying what they have in common and the basis they offer collectively for a ‘normative’ view of psychology.
A Primer of Population Genetics and Genomics
Authors: Hartl Daniel L.
Published: August 2020

A Primer of Population Genetics and Genomics, 4th edition, has been completely revised and updated to provide a concise but comprehensive introduction to the basic concepts of population genetics and genomics. Recent textbooks have tended to focus on such specialized topics as the coalescent, molecular evolution, human population genetics, or genomics. This primer bucks that trend by encouraging a broader familiarity with, and understanding of, population genetics and genomics as a whole. The overview ranges from mating systems through the causes of evolution, molecular population genetics, and the genomics of complex traits. Interwoven are discussions of ancient DNA, gene drive, landscape genetics, identifying risk factors for complex diseases, the genomics of adaptation and speciation, and other active areas of research. The principles are illuminated by numerous examples from a wide variety of animals, plants, microbes, and human populations. The approach also emphasizes learning by doing, which in this case means solving numerical or conceptual problems. The rationale behind this is that the use of concepts in problem-solving lead to deeper understanding and longer knowledge retention. This accessible, introductory textbook is aimed principally at students of various levels and abilities (from senior undergraduate to postgraduate) as well as practising scientists in the fields of population genetics, ecology, evolutionary biology, computational biology, bioinformatics, biostatistics, physics, and mathematics.
Inbreeding and Population Structure
Authors: Hartl Daniel L.
Published: August 2020

Inbreeding and its consequences are the main subject of Chapter 3, beginning with the concepts of identity by descent versus identity by state, the inbreeding coefficient F, genotype frequencies with inbreeding, and calculation of the inbreeding coefficient from pedigrees. Inbreeding and heterosis are discussed along with the effects of inbreeding in humans and other organisms, regular systems of mating (selfing and partial selfing, sib mating), and the utility of recombinant inbred lines. The chapter emphasizes the intimate connection between inbreeding and hierarchical population structure as measured by the F-statistics.
Mutation, Gene Conversion, and Migration
Authors: Hartl Daniel L.
Published: August 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on forward and reverse mutation, gene duplication and functional divergence, gene conversion, and equilibrium heterozygosity. It includes an introduction to the coalescent as well as the Wright–Fisher and Moran models of random genetic drift, measures of nucleotide polymorphism and diversity, and how these may be estimated from sequence data. Biased gene conversion is discussed in regard to its effects on homogeneity of nucleotide sequence across the genome. Several distinct types of effective population number are compared and contrasted including the inbreeding, variance, and coalescent effective numbers. Various models of migration are also examined including one-way migration, the island model, and stepping-stone models.
Introduction
Authors: Wynn Mark R.
Published: August 2020

The introduction sets out some key themes in the study, noting that its starting point will be not the epistemology of religious belief, or the metaphysics of the divine nature, but an account of spiritual goods, and the claim they make upon us. So while the enquiry is intended to make a contribution to the philosophy of religion, in methodological terms its procedure is rather different from some familiar ventures in the field. In a preliminary way, I note some of the merits we may associate with such an approach.
Metaphysics and Experience
Authors: Wynn Mark R.
Published: August 2020

This chapter, and the next, further develop the notion of infused moral virtue, by considering how the target goods of these virtues can be realized in domains additional to those that Aquinas discusses. Chapter 3 examines in particular how our world-directed experience can be deemed more or less appropriate relative to a theological narrative, and how it is capable therefore of realizing the kind of good that is the object of the infused moral virtues. In this discussion, these goods are called ‘hybrid goods’ to mark the fact that they share their subject matter with the acquired moral virtues (since they are concerned with our relations to the created order), and their teleology with the theological virtues (because here the measure of success for our relationship to creatures is provided by reference to relationship to God). In this chapter, we also consider how a story of progress in the spiritual life that is rehearsed in an experiential idiom may be related to one that is cast instead in metaphysical terms. To develop the account, we examine in particular the relationship between Aquinas’s understanding of spiritual growth, expressed in terms of the acquired and infused moral virtues, and John of the Cross’s narrative of the various phases of the spiritual life. On this basis, we consider how experiential and metaphysical perspectives on spiritual development are mutually informing, while at the same time they also exhibit, relative to one another, a significant degree of independence.
Spiritual Goods and the Content of Religious Belief
Authors: Wynn Mark R.
Published: August 2020

This chapter considers how the conception of spiritual goods that has been introduced in earlier chapters may provide a framework for the assessment of theological narratives. In brief, a narrative will make more of a demand upon us, in spiritual terms, to the extent that its truth would enable the realization of hybrid goods that run broad and deep. In this chapter, we call this the principle of spiritual good, and compare it with other ways of trying to map the basic structure of religious thought, notably the ‘great-making principle’ that has been propounded in perfect being theology. This second principle offers a divine-nature-focused route into the question of what we are to think in religious terms, whereas the proposal we are developing begins rather with the nature of spiritual goods, and is to that extent more human-nature-focused. We consider how the principle of spiritual good may enable us to integrate otherwise apparently quite disparate fields of enquiry, and how it may throw light on the entrenched character of some disagreements in philosophical theology. We also compare this principle to a related principle that William James presents in his essay ‘The Will to Believe’. James is also interested in the idea that prospective spiritual ‘benefits’ may provide a measure for the adequacy of religious thought, but the benefits with which he is concerned are, characteristically, psychological in nature, unlike hybrid goods, which have inherently a theological structure.
The Predicted Implosion of Japan’s Private Higher Education System
Authors: Breaden Jeremy , Goodman Roger
Published: August 2020

This chapter tells the story of Japanese higher education from 1992 to 2010, from a period of great stability to one of anticipated implosion. It outlines the widely agreed features of Japanese higher education in the early 1990s, including a clearly defined university hierarchy, high demand for university places, high fees, low drop-out rates, direct links to the labour market, low rates of progression to graduate education, high rate of academic inbreeding, and slow progress on internationalization. Overall, the system was seen as highly developed and relatively stable, but just 10 years later virtually all of these features were under challenge. 1992 saw a peak both in the number of 18-year-olds in the Japanese population and in the global power of the Japanese economy. As the economy went into slowdown and then stagnation and the number of 18-year-olds shrank precipitously, so the voices of those predicting an implosion in the private university sector became louder. The chapter explains why this implosion was considered inevitable because of three intersecting facts: students were recruited almost entirely from school leavers; participation rates were already high; and there would be a 40 per cent drop in the number of school leavers in the population between 1992 and 2010. It then introduces some of the assumptions which followed from this anticipated implosion: dramatic drops in enrolment and revenue; bankruptcies and closures; the search for new markets and modes of operation; a questioning of the whole value of a university degree.
Revolution and Non-Violence in Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela
Authors: Coovadia Imraan
Published: August 2020

The dangers of political violence and the possibilities of non-violence were the central themes of three lives which changed the twentieth century—Leo Tolstoy, writer and aristocrat who turned against his class; Mohandas Gandhi, who corresponded with Tolstoy and considered him the most important person of the time; and Nelson Mandela, prisoner and statesman, who read War and Peace on Robben Island and who, despite having led a campaign of sabotage, saw himself as a successor to Gandhi. Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela tried to create transformed societies to replace the dying forms of colony and empire. They found the inequalities of Russia, India, and South Africa intolerable, yet they questioned the wisdom of seizing the power of the state, creating new kinds of political organization and imagination to replace the old promises of revolution. Their views, along with their ways of leading others, are closely connected, from their insistence on working with their own hands and reforming their individual selves to their acceptance of death. On three continents, in a century of mass mobilization and conflict, they promoted strains of nationalism devoid of antagonism, prepared to take part in a general peace. Looking at Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela in sequence, taking into account their letters and conversations, as well as the institutions they created or subverted, placing at the centre their treatment of the primal fantasy of political violence, reveals a vital radical tradition which stands outside the conventional categories of twentieth-century history and politics.
Between a Rock and a Hard Race
Authors: Feldherr Andrew
Published: August 2020

Chapter 3 discusses Deucalion and Pyrrha’s regeneration of the human race after the destruction of the flood. The chapter links the hermeneutic ‘transformation’ of stones to bones both to a thematic interest within the narrative in the relationship of the new future to its Iron Age past, and to the readers’ experience of the text before them. The key to perceiving the connections between the content and the real-world presence of Ovid’s text is the phenomenon of sexual difference. Within the narrative, the opposition between male and female encodes the difference between an ordered, stable future and a rebellious past. But this tension also involves the relationship between the new forms imposed on the world and the subsistence of a material stratum that implies sameness. New transformations, like Deucalion’s of bones to stones, struggle to reconfigure reality, while the readings of a Pyrrha threaten to erase this difference. The chapter suggests that Ovid’s foregrounding of gender as a formal aspect of his text helps to create a parallelism between the experience of the reader and the hermeneutic challenges that play out within the story.
Ovid’s Dream, or, Byblis and the Circle of Metamorphoses
Authors: Kachuck Aaron Joseph
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 explores the role played by the Byblis episode in Ovid’s Metamorphoses as a form of authorial self-portrait. Byblis, placed at what this paper shows to be the poem’s chronological centre, is both the work’s first long-form writer and its first, and only, dreamer of fully human dreams. Where Morpheus in the Metamorphoses’ House of Sleep may serve as model for the poet as shape-shifter and creator, Byblis represents the intimate connection between creativity and self-deception in Ovid’s poetic programme. Through Byblis, this paper argues, Ovid comes to recapitulate Latin literature’s ‘primal scene of instruction’, the Hesiodic and Callimachean dream of Homer that opens Ennius’ Annales. The metempsychotic dimension of Ovid’s representation of his own poetic project, this paper concludes, has important affinities with the circular form of the self-perpetuating fountain into which Byblis is transformed, and with the anthropocentric dreams that make possible Byblis’ metamorphosis, and the circle of Ovid’s Metamorphoses as a whole.
Narcissus Revisited
Authors: Vinge Louise , Johansson Niclas
Published: August 2020

Chapter 10 brings the transforming force of reading Ovid’s epic up to the present, by offering a view of the differences in the scholarly situation encountered by two researchers investigating the Narcissus theme at the distance of half-a-century—one in the 1960s, the other in the 2010s. The first part of the chapter gives a view of the scholarly conditions under which Vinge prepared her celebrated work on the Narcissus theme in the mid-1960s. In the second part, Johansson presents an overview of scholarly investigations of the Narcissus theme over the fifty years since the publication of Vinge’s study. The theoretical advances in literary studies as well as the growth of research on the Narcissus tradition has made it difficult to grasp the entire history of the theme. In the resulting divergence of perspectives, there arises an implicit disagreement not only about the meaning of Narcissus, but also about how Narcissus is conceptualized in the first place.
Solving the Caesar Problem—with Metaphysics
Authors: Rosen Gideon , Yablo Stephen
Published: August 2020

According to neo-Fregean Platonism, abstraction principles—such as the principle that the direction of line a is identical to the direction of line b iff a and b are parallel—may in some cases be regarded as introducing new singular terms (e.g., “the direction of line a”) and as fixing the truth-conditions of genuine identity statements featuring them. If neo-Fregeanism is to vindicate Frege’s idea that a plausible philosophy of arithmetic can and should treat the natural numbers as a species of object, it must address the so-called “Caesar Problem”: the problem of explaining in general terms which objects given in other terms they are to be distinguished from. This chapter pilots a novel solution to the Caesar Problem via the notion of a real definition: a definition whose purpose is not to explain a meaning, but to characterize the essential nature of the thing introduced.
Replies to Part II Intuitionism and the Sorites
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides a reply to the chapters in Part II of this book. It looks at the philosophical challenges presented by vagueness. Philosophers of language from Frege on had been for the most part content to theorize in ways that ignored vagueness, or to focus on idealized languages in which there was none. And no one writing before 1970 seemed fully to have taken the measure of the awkwardness of the Sorites paradox, or the depth of its roots in our intuitive thinking about what kind of ability mastery of a language is. The chapter concludes that the intuitionistic approach, with its integral repudiation of any idea of vagueness as constituted in semantic facts that somehow underlie and explain the distinctive patterns of use of vague expressions, and its consequent commitment to liberalism about verdicts in the borderline region, does exactly that.
Jumbos and Jumping Devils
Authors: P R Nisha
Published: August 2020

Jumbos and Jumping Devils is an original and pioneering exploration of not only the social history of the subcontinent but also of performance and popular culture. The domain of analysis is entirely novel and opens up a bolder approach of laying a new field of historical enquiry of South Asia. Trawling through an extraordinary set of sources such as colonial and post-colonial records, newspaper reports, unpublished autobiographies, private papers, photographs, and oral interviews, the author brings out a fascinating account of the transnational landscape of physical cultures, human and animal performers, and the circus industry. This book should be of interest to a wide range of readers from history, sociology, anthropology, and cultural studies to analysts of history of performance and sports in the subcontinent.
Performing Bodies and Physical Cultures
Authors: P R Nisha
Published: August 2020

The ‘circus kalaris’ were established in north Malabar during the beginning of the twentieth century where a ‘new’ and ‘modern’ physical culture was shaped. It was undoubtedly a radical refashioning of a space, of kalaripayatt, that emerged out of the caste system and was sanctioned by its tradition. Circus kalaris were training centres where women and men from different communities got trained and went on to become renowned artistes. The chapter tries to look at how the ‘traditional’ physical cultures and the European acrobatic practices have been important in the making of an acrobatic culture of Indian circus. This chapter also looks into the influences of different indigenous medicinal systems such as Ayurveda and dietary practices.
Sentence First, Arguments Afterward
Authors: Gleitman Lila
Published: August 2020

This book collects the most significant papers written by Lila R. Gleitman, spanning 50 years of research on language and its acquisition. The book traces the roots of developmental psycholinguistics while presenting empirically driven arguments in favor of a rationalist theory of language acquisition. Gleitman’s work simultaneously shows how learners acquire knowledge richer than what can be found in the environment and how they use their input to acquire a specific language. The book also includes a foreword by Noam Chomsky and an introductory chapter by Jeffrey Lidz contextualizing Gleitman’s work in the transition from structuralism to mentalist architectures in linguistics.
Mother, I’d Rather Do It Myself
Authors: Newport Elissa L. , Gleitman Henry , Gleitman Lila R.
Published: August 2020

This article discusses how variations in maternal speech style are related to the course and rate of language acquisition. The authors suggest that the acquisition of universal aspects of language design proceeds in indifference to the details of varying individual environments.
The Structural Sources of Verb Meanings
Authors: Gleitman Lila R.
Published: August 2020

This chapter presents the theory of syntactic bootstrapping. It shows fundamental problems with a theory of verb learning based solely on observations of the external world. It then shows how these problems can be overcome if those experiences are paired with information about the syntactic structure of the clause that the verb occurs in.
Quality of Early Parent Input Predicts Child Vocabulary 3 Years Later
Authors: Cartmill Erica A. , Armstrong Benjamin F. , Gleitman Lila R. , Goldin-Meadow Susan , Medina Tamara Nicol , Trueswell John C.
Published: August 2020

Children greatly vary in the number of words they know when they enter school, a major factor influencing subsequent school and workplace success. This variability is partially explained by the differential quantity of parental speech to preschoolers. However, the contexts in which young learners hear new words are also likely to vary in referential transparency; that is, in how clearly word meaning can be inferred from the immediate extralinguistic contexts, an aspect of input quality. To examine this aspect, we asked 218 adult participants to guess 50 parents’ words from (muted) videos of their interactions with 14- to 18-mo-old children. We found systematic differences in how easily individual parents’ words could by identified purely from this socio-visual context. Differences in this kind of input quality correlated with the size of the children's vocabulary 3 years later, even after controlling for input quantity. Although input quantity differed as a function of socio-economic status, input quality (as here measured) did not, suggesting that the quality of nonverbal cues to word meaning that parents offer to their children is an individual matter, widely distributed across the population of parents.
Effectiveness and safety of interventions to manage childhood overweight and obesity: An Overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Authors: Gates Allison , Elliott Sarah A , Shulhan-Kilroy Jocelyn , Ball Geoff D C , Hartling Lisa
Published: August 2020

Background

Childhood overweight and obesity are associated with adverse physical, social, and psychological outcomes.

Objectives

We conducted an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews on the effectiveness and risks of interventions to treat overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

Methods

In June 2019, we searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for eligible reviews. The primary outcomes were change in adiposity (body mass and body mass index [BMI] z-score) and adverse events. Two reviewers screened studies and one reviewer extracted and another verified data. Two reviewers assessed methodological quality and reached consensus. Data were synthesized narratively.

Results

We included seven Cochrane reviews published between 2011 and 2017 containing evidence from 167 randomized controlled trials with 21,050 participants. Lifestyle and behavioural interventions more effectively reduced weight compared with no intervention, usual care, or another behavioural treatment (three reviews, low-to-moderate certainty). Parent–child lifestyle and behavioural interventions more effectively reduced BMI z-score compared with no intervention (one review, low certainty). Decision support tools for healthcare providers more effectively limited increases in BMI z-score compared with usual care (one review, moderate certainty). Pharmacologic treatments combined with behavioural modification more effectively reduced adiposity compared with placebo or usual care (one review, low certainty), but the risk of adverse events was greater than non-pharmacologic therapy. Surgical interventions (e.g., LAP-BAND) combined with behavioural modification more effectively reduced adiposity compared with behavioural modification alone (one review, low certainty). Those who underwent surgery reported a higher number of adverse events compared with those treated with lifestyle modification.

Conclusions

There is low-certainty evidence that lifestyle and behavioural interventions, pharmacologic interventions, and surgical interventions are effective in weight management for children with overweight and obesity. Safety data remain lacking across all intervention modalities. Future research should focus on implementation strategies. Further, a focus on overall well-being may be more beneficial than weight management specifically.
Fo and Ni Relations in Olivine Differentiate between Crystallization and Diffusion Trends
Authors: Gordeychik Boris , Churikova Tatiana , Shea Thomas , Kronz Andreas , Simakin Alexander , Wörner Gerhard
Published: August 2020

Nickel is a strongly compatible element in olivine, and thus fractional crystallization of olivine typically results in a concave-up trend on a Fo–Ni diagram. ‘Ni-enriched’ olivine compositions are considered those that fall above such a crystallization trend. To explain Ni-enriched olivine crystals, we develop a set of theoretical and computational models to describe how primitive olivine phenocrysts from a parent (high-Mg, high-Ni) basalt re-equilibrate with an evolved (low-Mg, low-Ni) melt through diffusion. These models describe the progressive loss of Fo and Ni in olivine cores during protracted diffusion for various crystal shapes and different relative diffusivities for Ni and Fe–Mg. In the case when the diffusivity of Ni is lower than that for Fe–Mg interdiffusion, then olivine phenocrysts affected by protracted diffusion form a concave-down trend that contrasts with the concave-up crystallization trend. Models for different simple geometries show that the concavity of the diffusion trend does not depend on the size of the crystals and only weakly depends on their shape. We also find that the effect of diffusion anisotropy on trend concavity is of the same magnitude as the effect of crystal shape. Thus, both diffusion anisotropy and crystal shape do not significantly change the concave-down diffusion trend. Three-dimensional numerical diffusion models using a range of more complex, realistic olivine morphologies with anisotropy corroborate this conclusion. Thus, the curvature of the concave-down diffusion trend is mainly determined by the ratio of Ni and Fe–Mg diffusion coefficients. The initial and final points of the diffusion trend are in turn determined by the compositional contrast between mafic and more evolved melts that have mixed to cause disequilibrium between olivine cores and surrounding melt. We present several examples of measurements on olivine from arc basalts from Kamchatka, and published olivine datasets from mafic magmas from non-subduction settings (lamproites and kimberlites) that are consistent with diffusion-controlled Fo–Ni behaviour. In each case the ratio of Ni and Fe–Mg diffusion coefficients is indicated to be <1. These examples show that crystallization and diffusion can be distinguished by concave-up and concave-down trends in Fo–Ni diagrams.
Simultaneous determination of the cosmic birefringence and miscalibrated polarization angles II: Including cross-frequency spectra
Authors: Minami Yuto , Komatsu Eiichiro
Published: August 2020

We develop a strategy to determine the cosmic birefringence and miscalibrated polarization angles simultaneously using the observed $EB$ polarization power spectra of the cosmic microwave background and the Galactic foreground emission. We extend the methodology of Y. Minami et al. (Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2019, 083E02, 2019), which was developed for auto-frequency power spectra, by including cross-frequency spectra. By fitting one global birefringence angle and independent miscalibration angles at different frequency bands, we determine both angles with significantly smaller uncertainties (by more than a factor of two) compared to the auto spectra.
Changing evidence over time: updated meta-analysis regarding anti-TNF efficacy in childhood chronic uveitis
Authors: Maccora Ilaria , Fusco Eleonora , Marrani Edoardo , Ramanan Athimalaipet V , Simonini Gabriele
Published: August 2020

Objective

To summarize evidence regarding efficacy of anti-TNFα in childhood chronic uveitis, refractory to common DMARDs.

Methods

An updated systematic search was conducted between November 2012 and January 2020. Studies investigating the efficacy of anti-TNFα therapy, in children of ages <16 years, as the first biologic treatment for childhood chronic uveitis, refractory to topical and/or systemic steroid and at least one DMARD were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome measure was the improvement of intraocular inflammation according to Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Working Group criteria. A combined estimate of the proportion of children responding to etanercept (ETA), infliximab (INF), and adalimumab (ADA) was determined.

Results

We identified 1677 articles of which 37 articles were eligible. Three were randomized controlled trials, one on ETA and two on ADA, and were excluded from pooled analysis. From the observational studies, a total of 487 children were identified: 226 received ADA, 213 INF and 48 ETA. The proportion of responding children was 86% (95% CI: 76%, 95%) for ADA, 68% (95% CI: 50%, 85%) for INF and 36% (95% CI: 9%, 67%) for ETA. Pooled analysis showed clear differences (χ2 = 32.2, P < 0.0001): ADA and INF were both significantly superior to ETA (χ2 = 26.8, P < 0.0001, and χ2 = 7.41, P < 0.006, respectively), ADA significantly superior to INF (χ2 = 13.4, P < 0.0002).

Conclusion

This meta-analysis, consistent with recent randomized controlled trial data, suggests the efficacy of ADA and INF in childhood chronic uveitis treatment. However, ADA results were superior to those of INF in this clinical setting.
Mendelian randomization provides evidence for a causal effect of higher serum IGF-1 concentration on risk of hip and knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Hartley April , Sanderson Eleanor , Paternoster Lavinia , Teumer Alexander , Kaplan Robert C , Tobias Jon H , Gregson Celia L
Published: August 2020

Objectives

How insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is related to OA is not well understood. We determined relationships between IGF-1 and hospital-diagnosed hand, hip and knee OA in UK Biobank, using Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine causality.

Methods

Serum IGF-1 was assessed by chemiluminescent immunoassay. OA was determined using Hospital Episode Statistics. One-sample MR (1SMR) was performed using two-stage least-squares regression, with an unweighted IGF-1 genetic risk score as an instrument. Multivariable MR included BMI as an additional exposure (instrumented by BMI genetic risk score). MR analyses were adjusted for sex, genotyping chip and principal components. We then performed two-sample MR (2SMR) using summary statistics from Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genetic Epidemiology (CHARGE) (IGF-1, N = 30 884) and the recent genome-wide association study meta-analysis (N = 455 221) of UK Biobank and Arthritis Research UK OA Genetics (arcOGEN).

Results

A total of 332 092 adults in UK Biobank had complete data. Their mean (s.d.) age was 56.5 (8.0) years and 54% were female. IGF-1 was observationally related to a reduced odds of hand OA [odds ratio per doubling = 0.87 (95% CI 0.82, 0.93)], and an increased odds of hip OA [1.04 (1.01, 1.07)], but was unrelated to knee OA [0.99 (0.96, 1.01)]. Using 1SMR, we found strong evidence for an increased risk of hip [odds ratio per s.d. increase = 1.57 (1.21, 2.01)] and knee [1.30 (1.07, 1.58)] OA with increasing IGF-1 concentration. By contrast, we found no evidence for a causal effect of IGF-1 concentration on hand OA [0.98 (0.57, 1.70)]. Results were consistent when estimated using 2SMR and in multivariable MR analyses accounting for BMI.

Conclusion

We have found evidence that increased serum IGF-1 is causally related to higher risk of hip and knee OA.
Life prognosis and renal relapse after induction therapy in Japanese patients with proliferative and pure membranous lupus nephritis
Authors: Okamoto Momoko , Kitamura Mineaki , Sato Shuntaro , Fujikawa Keita , Horai Yoshiro , Matsuoka Naoki , Tsuboi Masahiko , Nonaka Fumiaki , Shimizu Toshimasa , Koga Tomohiro , Kawashiri Shin-ya , Iwamoto Naoki , Tamai Mami , Nakamura Hideki , Origuchi Tomoki , Nishino Tomoya , Kawakami Atsushi , Ichinose Kunihiro
Published: August 2020

Objective

We aimed to compare life prognosis and renal relapse after induction therapy in proliferative (PLN) and pure membranous LN (MLN).

Methods

We retrospectively analysed the cases of 140 of 172 patients with LN who underwent a renal biopsy at our hospital or community hospitals from 1993 to 2016. We determined the complete response (CR) rate at 12 months after the patients had started induction therapy, and we evaluated the predictive factors for CR, life prognosis and renal relapse in PLN and pure MLN. We defined PLN as International Society of Neurology and the Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) Class III or IV and MLN as ISN/RPS Class V.

Results

The renal pathology of 99 (70.7%) patients was classified as PLN, and that of the other 41 (29.3%) patients as MLN. Fifty patients (50.5%) with PLN and 22 patients (53.7%) with MLN achieved a CR at 12 months. A multivariate analysis showed that a lower index of chronicity in PLN and a higher total haemolytic complement (CH50) level in MLN were predictive factors for achieving a CR at 12 months. A Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the life prognosis (P = 0.93) and renal relapse (P = 0.52) were not significantly different between PLN and MLN.

Conclusions

The predictive factors for a CR at 12 months post-induction therapy were index of chronicity in PLN and CH50 level in MLN. There were no significant differences in life prognosis or renal relapse between PLN and MLN in the achievement of a CR at 12 months post-induction therapy.
The impact of COVID-19 on rheumatology practice across Africa
Authors: Akintayo Richard O , Akpabio Akpabio A , Kalla Asgar A , Dey Dzifa , Migowa Angela N , Olaosebikan Hakeem , Bahiri Rachid , El Miedany Yasser , Hadef Djohra , Hamdi Wafa , Oyoo Omondi , Slimani Samy , Yerima Abubakar , Taha Yassmin , Adebajo Adewale O , Adelowo Olufemi O , Tikly Mohammed , Ghozlani Imad , Ben Abdelghani Kawther , Fouad Nermeen A , Mosad Doaa , El Mikkawy Dalia , Abu-Zaid Mohamed Hassan , Abdel-Magied Rasha A
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To identify the changes in rheumatology service delivery across the five regions of Africa from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

The COVID-19 African Rheumatology Study Group created an online survey consisting of 40 questions relating to the current practices and experiences of rheumatologists across Africa. The CHERRIES checklist for reporting results of internet e-surveys was adhered to.

Results

A total of 554 completed responses were received from 20 countries, which include six in Northern Africa, six in West Africa, four in Southern Africa, three in East Africa and one in Central Africa. Consultant grade rheumatologists constituted 436 (78.7%) of respondents with a mean of 14.5 ± 10.3 years of experience. A total of 77 (13.9%) rheumatologists avoided starting a new biologic. Face-to-face clinics with the use of some personal protective equipment continued to be held in only 293 (52.9%) rheumatologists’ practices. Teleconsultation modalities found usage as follows: telephone in 335 (60.5%), WhatsApp in 241 (43.5%), emails in 90 (16.3%) and video calls in 53 (9.6%). Physical examinations were mostly reduced in 295 (53.3%) or done with personal protective equipment in 128 (23.1%) practices. Only 316 (57.0%) reported that the national rheumatology society in their country had produced any recommendation around COVID-19 while only 73 (13.2%) confirmed the availability of a national rheumatology COVID-19 registry in their country.

Conclusion

COVID-19 has shifted daily rheumatology practices across Africa to more virtual consultations and regional disparities are more apparent in the availability of local protocols and registries.