bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mykhailo Bernov as a Pioneer of Hiking Tourism: Travel through Spain and Algeria (Part I. Spain. November 1893 — February 1894)
Authors: Andryeyev Vitaliy , Andryeyeva Svitlana , Kariaka Oleksandr
Published: December 2021

This article considers the formation of hiking in the Russian Empire and Europe in the late 19th century. Its socio-cultural context is also defined. Particular attention is paid to the person of Mykhailo Bernov as one of the founders of hiking in the Russian Empire and Europe and his multifaceted activities in the development of communication between peoples, social actualization of knowledge about the world. Biography, information about popularization activity and publishing activity of Mykhailo Bernov are also given.In the first part of this study, the route of Mykhailo Bernov’s journey from France to Spain, and then through Spain, Algeria and the Sahara in 1892–1893, was reconstructed on the basis of his “travel notes” “Spain, Algeria and the Sahara” (St. Petersburg, 1899) and periodical data.Mykhailo Bernov left detailed descriptions of nature, countryside and major cities of Spain, monuments of history, culture and art, accompanied by historical excursions, interpretation of their own names. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of Spanish opera and theatrical life.It is concluded that sincere interest and respect for local traditions, thorough general training allowed Mykhailo Bernov to create in his notes a broad and colourful canvas of life of the country and people of Spain in the late 19th century, to capture the features of national culture and character. Bernov’s “travel notes” are based on direct communication with the Spanish common people, representatives of the elite and the administration, acquaintance with folk culture, examples of high art and literature. In his notes he makes comparisons of Spanish people with other nations. Bernov tried to understand Spain and its people, sought common socio-cultural features and values, and explained the features of “otherness” by nature, religion, state foundations, the course of history, and so on.Mykhailo Bernov’s notes on his travels in Spain as a source, in our opinion, contain a lot of useful and interesting information for researchers on the history of hiking, monuments, archaeology, ethnography, etc.
Soil organic carbon and particulate carbon in water in riparian systems under different land use
Authors: Guerra-Hernández Eloísa A. , Cruz-Flores Gerardo , Etchevers-Barra Jorge D.
Published: December 2021

Overexploitation of hydric resources and lack knowledge of interactions between riparian vegetation, water and soil, generates loss of environmental services and ecological degradation in many mountainous riparian environments. In order to characterizing riparian-soils and non-riparian soils, soil organic carbon content and particulate carbon was evaluated as ecological degradation indicators and also degree of association between physical and chemical water properties with those of riparian soils. Twenty sites were selected in lotic systems between 1900-3900 m on slopes Western in Iztaccíhuatl-Popocatépetl National-Park and influence zone. Also variability soil organic carbon content was evaluated at 1 and 5 m from stream (riparian soils) and also at more than 5 m from river (non-riparian soils) in different types of land use. Results showed signif icant relationships between soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity, pH, total nitrogen and available phosphorus with water properties (temperature, pH, conductivity, nitrates, ammonia, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and particulate organic carbon). An inverse relationship was observed between soil organic carbon content of with particulate organic carbon, nitrates and nitrites, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. No signif icant differences were found in riparian-soils organic carbon (1 and 5 m), but there were signif icant differences in non-riparian soils organic carbon. Both soil organic carbon and water organic carbon particulate contents showed signif icant differences with respect to land use. Organic carbon contents in preserved riparian soils were higher than 240 Mg SOC ha-1 but in riparian-soils of degraded sites almost f ifty times smaller (5 Mg SOC ha-1).
CREATION AND OPERATION OF THE PARTY ARCHIVES OF THE CPSU REGIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE KALMYK ASSR. 1920–1991
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mandzhikova Larisa B.
Published: December 2021

In the article, the author examines the history of the creation of the Party Archives and its activities, carries out research on the impact of the changes in the socio-political, national and state structures of the country on the development of the Party Archives. The chronological framework covers the period from December 12, 1920, the date of the joint meeting of the Communists of the Kalmyk region, which elected the district committee of the RCP (b), up to the liquidation of the Party Archives of the reskom of the KASSR, associated with the adoption of Presidential Decree no. 169 of November 6, 1991 “On the activities of the CPSU and the CP of the RSFSR”, which announced the termination of the activities of the CPSU and the CP of the RSFSR on the territory of the country. The activities of the Party Archives since December 1943, a tragic date in the fate of the Kalmyk people – the liquidation of the Kalmyk ASSR and the deportation of the Kalmyk people to the eastern regions of the country until 1957, a significant date – the restoration of the autonomy of the Kalmyk people, have not been touched upon because on the territory of the liquidated republic, the regional committees of the CPSU and the Komsomol and a number of district committees have ceased to exist.
GZHEL CERAMIC SCHOOL IN 1918–1925 IN THE ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE ARCHIVE OF LITERATURE AND ARTS AND CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE MOSCOW REGION
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Nikonov Vadim M.
Published: December 2021

The article considers the documents related to the work of the Gzhel Ceramic School in the first half of the 1920s. This period became one of the defining stages of the development of art and industrial education on the territory of the distribution of the oldest folk art craft in the Moscow province. The Gzhel Ceramic School of the People’s Commissariat of Education, which began its activity in the autumn of 1918, was the successor of the drawing classes opened here in 1899 by the Imperial Stroganov Central Art and Industrial School. The analysis of the School’s work allows us to ascertain the leading role of the state in the formation of art and industrial education, a characteristic feature of the development of which in those years was the search for optimal organizational forms of training, aimed at mass training of master ceramists in combination with their general secondary education. In the first post-revolutionary years, the development of handicraft production in the places of the traditional existence of folk arts and crafts was an important area of activity for the Soviet republic. In the 1920s the products of folk crafts were one of the few goods produced in the RSFSR that were in demand abroad, which made it possible to consider it as a means of obtaining foreign currency. In addition, the development of crafts, which employed a significant number of workers in imperial Russia, seemed to be one of the ways to level the social tension associated with unemployment in the regions that had previously been distinguished by the relative prosperity of the residents. The article notes the role of the School’s management and the teaching staff in its educational, economic and awareness-raising activities.
Sevinç Çokum'un Romanlarında Dış Türkler
Authors: TAHİROĞLU Dilber
Published: December 2021

İnsanlık tarihi boyunca insan, varlığını sürdürmek için birtakım savaşlar vermiştir. Zaman zaman bu savaşlar amacını aşıp tamamen karşı tarafa üstünlük sağlama, üzerinde yaşadığı toprakları genişletme ya da sadece kendine bağlı bulduğu millete veya milletlere güç gösterisi yapmak için bile savaşları sürdürmüştür. Tabii ki bu savaşlar beraberinde birçok olumsuzluklar da getirmiştir. Çokum, bu olumsuzluklara kayıtsız kalamayan sanatçılardan biridir. Sevinç Çokum'un Bizim Diyar (1978), Hilal Görününce (1984), Gözyaşı Çeşmesi (2016) adlı romanları sırasıyla Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913), Balkanların Osmanlı Devleti'nden kopuş süreci ve bu sürecin bir aile üzerinden aslında Balkanlar'da yaşayan Türklerin maruz kaldıkları işkence ve zulümleri gözler önüne sermiştir. Hilal Görününce ile Kırım'da yaşayan Türklere yapılan tehditler, bu tehditlerin beraberinde getirdiği endişe ve korku neticede de Kırım Savaşı (1853-1856)'nın Kırım'daki Türkler üzerindeki etkisi, burada yaşayan Türklerin dayanışmaları, vatan, millet sevgileri, Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlılıkları, Osmanlı Devleti'ne ümit bağlayışları yine bir Türk ailesi çevresinde ele alınmıştır. Gözyaşı Çeşmesi ile de Kırım tarihi ve Kırım Giray Han'ın topraklarını koruma mücadelesi etkileyici bir aşk etrafında okuyucuya sunulmuştur. Bu çalışma ile yukarıda sıralanan romanlar üzerinden dış Türklerin ana toprakları için verdikleri mücadeleler, topraklarından kopuşları, bu kopuşun beraberinde getirdiği zorluklar, acılar ve endişelerin yansımaları işlenmiştir.
Analysis of Land Suitability Level and Efficiency of Corn Farming Business in Kempo District, Dompu
Authors: Maskumambang Dedy , Dipokusumo Bambang , Sukardi L.
Published: December 2021

The development of corn plants should pay attention to the level of land suitability and the resulting economic value. This study aims to evaluate the level of land suitability and efficiency of corn farming in Kempo District so that the results can be used as a reference in making agricultural decisions, especially for the development of corn plants. The research was conducted in the Kempo District, Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The research method used is a survey method. The results showed that there was corn farming land cultivated in the land suitability class that was not suitable (N) of 9.30 ha (0.05%), according to marginal (S3) covering an area of ​​8,634.94 ha (45.05%), sufficient suitable (S2) covering an area of ​​6,841.55 (35.70%) and very suitable (S1) covering an area of ​​1,086.59 (5.67%). Corn farmers who cultivate land for corn farming in land suitability class N, farmers incur costs that are higher than the total revenue from corn, the average respondent loses, this is not realized by the farmers concerned, while the highest level of farming efficiency is shown in exploitation land class is very suitable (S1) followed by class S2 and then S3. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that farmers not cultivate corn on land that is categorized as unsuitable, while on land that is categorized as quite suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3), land engineering efforts are needed according to their respective limiting factors to increase the level of suitability be more suitable. While the highest level of farming efficiency was shown in the very appropriate class (S1), followed by the S2 class and then the S3 class
Online learning in kindergarten during Covid-19: Teachers’ experience and perception in Italy
Authors: Panesi Sabrina , Fante Chiara , Ferlino Lucia
Published: December 2021

Before pandemic, online learning was not widespread in the Italian educational context with preschoolers. This study investigates how a sample of 143 Italian kindergarten teachers describe their experiences and perception in conducting online learning during Covid-19 lockdown. Findings revealed that collaboration among teachers seems to be one of the most important elements to guarantee quality online learning, as well as the emotional and relational dimensions that involve kindergarten teachers and children with their families as “mediator”, especially with children with Special Educational Needs (SEN). Although this study was conducted in an emergency period, these findings may have important implications in online learning with preschoolers also during the post pandemic period.
CUMA NAMAZININ SIHHAT ŞARTLARINDAN OLAN ŞEHİR, CAMİ VE İZİN KONULARININ OSMANLI HUKUKUNDAKİ YERİ
Authors: KOÇ Mehmet
Published: December 2021

Cuma namazı Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de özellikle zikredilmiş ve Müslümanlara farz kılınmış, Hz. Peygamberimiz tarafından da cuma namazının kimlere farz olduğu ve nasıl kılınacağı beyan edilmiştir. Cuma namazının belli şartların gerçekleşmesi halinde farz olduğu konusunda ittifak vardır. Bu şartlar vücûb ve sıhhat şartları olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Vücûb şartları cuma namazı ile yükümlü olmak için, sıhhat şartları ise namazın muteber ve geçerli olması için gereklidir. Vücûb şartları (erkek, hür, mukim ve mazeretsiz olmak) üzerinde mezheplerin büyük oranda ittifakı vardır. Sıhhat şartlarının (şehir, cami, cemaat, vakit, imam ve hutbe) birçoğunda mezhepler arasında ihtilaf bulunmaktadır. Şehir ve cami şartları yanında üzerinde ihtilaf edilen en önemli şart Hanefîler tarafından ileri sürülen imamın devlet başkanı olması veya izin verdiği kimse olması şartıdır. Şehirle alakalı tartışmalar şehrin büyüklüğü-küçüklüğü, nüfusunun kalabalık ve sürekli oturulan yer olup olmaması gibi konular etrafındadır. Camiyle alakalı tartışmalar cuma namazının devlet başkanının/kamu idaresinin tahsis ettiği halka açık camilerde kılınması, cuma namazının yalnız bir camide kılınıp kılınamayacağı ve caminin büyüklüğü küçüklüğü gibi meseleler üzerindedir. İmamla alakalı tartışmalar ise cuma namazını devlet başkanı veya onun yetki verdiği kimsenin kıldırıp kıldırmaması ve devlet başkanının izin vermesi halinde mukim ve seferî bir imamın kıldırıp kıldıramaması konularında yapılmaktadır. Osmanlı devletinde resmi mezhep olarak Hanefîliğin kabul edilmesi ve Osmanlı topraklarında hukuk birliğini sağlamak için mahkemelerin Hanefî mezhebine göre karar verdikleri bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, mezhepler arasında ihtilaflı olan şehir, cami ve cumayı devlet başkanı veya onun yetki verdiği kişinin kıldırması konularında, Osmanlıda hangi mezhebin görüşlerinin uyguladığını tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışmada, öncelikle İslam hukukundaki cuma namazının sıhhat şartları ve mezheplerin ihtilafları hakkında kısaca bilgi verilecektir. Daha sonra bu konuların Osmanlı dönemi fetva mecmualarındaki şeyhülislam fetvalarına ve özellikle bu tartışmalı şartların mahkeme kayıtlarına nasıl yansıdığı tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışmanın sonucunda Osmanlı hukukunda resmi mezhep olarak kabul edilen Hanefî görüşlerinin yürürlükte olup olmadığını tespit etmek mümkün olacaktır. Çalışmamızda konumuzla alakalı genel bir kanaat oluşturması için Osmanlının hem klasik hem de Tanzimat dönemine ait farklı şehirlerdeki yaklaşık 400 civarındaki mahkeme defteri incelenmiştir. Cuma namazının sıhhat şartlarından olan şehir, cami ve izin konularının Osmanlı hukukundaki yerini fetva mecmuaları ve özellikle mahkeme kayıtlarına yansıyan yürürlük örneklerinden hareketle ele alan bu çalışma ile İslam hukuk tarihine küçük bir katkı sağlanacağı ümit edilmektedir.
TAŞKÖPRÜLÜZÂDE AHMED EFENDİ’NİN NEFSÜ’L-EMR ANLAYIŞI
Authors: TÜLÜCE Hüseyin Adem , TUNAGÖZ Tuna
Published: December 2021

Çalışmamızın amacı nefsü’l-emr’in ne olduğunu ortaya koyduktan sonra Taşköprülüzâde’nin nefsü’l-emr görüşünü açığa çıkarmaktır. İslam düşünce geleneğinde nefsü’l-emr, ‘bir şeyin kendisi’ anlamında kullanılmıştır. “Emr” sözcüğü şey anlamına gelirken “nefs” ise bu şeyin zâtı, özü manasındadır. Bu anlamda nefsü’l-emr için bir şeyin kendinde varlığı demek mümkündür. Bir şeyin kendinde varlığı, gerçekleşmesinin ve sübûtunun kendinde olması ve herhangi bir varsayanın varsaymasına dayanmaması durumudur. Düşünürler, var olanların dayanağının ne olduğu meselesini ontolojik ve epistemolojik bağlamda incelemişlerdir. Var olanların kaynağı, yeri veya doğruluk kriteri bağlamında birçok fikirler ortaya konulmuş ve tartışmıştır. Platon idealara, Aristoteles, sûretlere bir yer ve dayanak bulmaya çalışmıştır. Platon, var olanların ötesindeki aşkın bir alana işaret ederken Aristoteles, var olanların kendisine işaret etmiştir. Mesele düşünce tarihinde tümeller, mahiyet problemi, nefsü’l-emr, zihnî varlık, hâricî varlık ve doğruluk ölçütü etrafında tartışılmıştır. Problemin temelinde insanın dış dünyada var olan gerçekliği açıklama çabası vardır. İnsan, var olan gerçekliği olduğu gibi göremediği için temsillere, kavramlara ve modellere ihtiyaç duyar. İnsanın zihni ile gerçeklik arasındaki ilişki incelenirken üç unsur dikkate alınmalıdır. Bunlar, dış dünya, zihin ve doğruluk alanıdır. Doğruluk alanına nefsü’l-emrde denilebilir. Nefsü’l-emr’in ontolojik yönü varlığın dayandığı kaynak ve mahal anlamında ele alınmasıdır. Epistemolojik yönü ise soyutlama ve kurgulama yoluyla dış dünyada olan veya olmayan belli anlamlara ulaşabilmesidir.
Taşköprülüzâde, epistemolojik anlamda klasik metafizik düşünce sistemi içinde kalarak yeni şeyler söylemiştir. Müellif, bilginin oluşumu bağlamında insan zihnindeki sûretlerin faal akılda meydana gelmesiyle insanın zihninde belirdiğini ve insanın bilgi sahibi olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Bilginin meydana gelmesi açısından değerlendirildiğinde ilk önce zihin, aklî sûretleri faal akıldan alır ve bu bilgiler insan zihninde var olur. Taşköprülüzâde’ye göre, mâhiyetlerin zihinde ortaya çıkan bir var oluşunun olduğu söylenemez. Bu mana da Taşköprülüzâde’ye göre bilginin kaynağı hâricî varlık değildir, bilgi mâhiyetten hareketle oluşur. Burada bilginin meydana gelmesinde faal akıldan yola çıkmak ile dış dünyadaki var olanlardan yola çıkma arasında ontolojik ve epistemolojik farklar söz konusudur. Bilginin oluşumunu aşkın bir noktaya dayanması bilginin dayanacağı metafizik alanın belirlenmesi bağlamında değerlendirilmelidir. Bu yönüyle Taşköprülüzâde’de bilgi, oluşumu açısından Tanrısal bir alandan insan zihnine aktarılmaktadır. Zihindeki bilgiler, mâhiyetlerini insanın zihninden ve dış dünyadaki varlıklardan almazlar. Biz çalışmamızda İslam düşünce tarihinde incelenmiş ve tartışılmış olan nefsü’l-emr meselesinin gelişim aşamaları çerçevesinde Taşköprülüzâde’nin nefsü’l-emr görüşünü belirginleştirmeye çalışacağız.
The Juridical Overview of Health Quarantine During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Utama Ragil Jaka , Ma'ruf Umar , Kusriyah Sri
Published: December 2021

This study aims to determine the juridical review of quarantine after the Covid-19 pandemic and find out whether its implementation has been carried out and implemented in Indonesia. The type of research used is normative research or library research, its meaning that this research is based on library sources to discuss the problems that have been formulated. By examining secondary data by conducting an investigation of the study including a description of the research subject. In this study, the data used in this study were secondary data and primary data. The secondary data used in this study is the law used in the study, the primary data used is the regulations in Indonesian legislation that have been set by each local government. The data consists of books, articles in journals and other media, including unpublished research and papers related to and explaining the concepts of quarantine and social distancing during a pandemic situation. The results of the study explain that the Health Quarantine Act carried out by the government in protecting the spread of Covid-19 has been very well implemented. This is reinforced by Government Regulation number 21 of 2020 which explains PSBB and handling related to the Covid-19 pandemic. The implementation of this legislation is the establishment of a Health Quarantine Officer who is the only person authorized to enforce the law. Further cooperation for law enforcement at the local government level requires delegation from the central government, which will be carried out further by the Minister of Health.
The Application of Fiduciary Guarantee in the Perspective of Islamic Law
Authors: Suryandari Wieke Dewi
Published: December 2021

The development of economic activity in the world has an impact on the development of people's quality of life, thus increasing the need for funding to meet these needs. In addition, the majority of Indonesian people who are Muslim automatically bring Islamic law into their daily life in various fields, including in economic activities. Fiduciary guarantees are possible in a murabahah contract if the financing company acts as a seller (trader) who sells goods on credit to consumers, so not as a provider of funds that owes to consumers. Fund-raising activities to support business activities in the community are closely related to credit matters, the consequence is the need for a guarantee or known as fiduciary. Fiduciary guarantees are conventional products that are set to provide protection for creditors, especially if the debtor defaults. Fiduciary guarantees, which cannot be fully applied to all financial institution systems in Indonesia, need to be studied several times, especially in the view of the Islamic religion that uses the sharia financial system. The focus of the study that is used as the formulation of the problem is What is the current position of the application of fiduciary guarantees in Indonesia? and how to apply fiduciary guarantee according to the perspective of Islamic law?. The results of the study show that the practice of implementing fiduciary in Indonesia has a very important position and must be fulfilled by financing service providers. Meanwhile, according to the Islamic view, there is no fiduciary guarantee in the aspects of Islamic law but the matter of guarantees can be equated with rahn. Thus, in Islamic Financial Institutions guided by rahn as a guarantee system for lending and borrowing activities in accordance with Islamic law, this is based on the word of Allah QS. Al-Baqarah verse 283 and Act No. 21 of 2008 concerning Islamic Banking.
Tendoscopic treatment of acute posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: case report
Authors: Saraiva Daniel , Knupp Markus , Rodrigues André Sá , Gomes Tiago Mota , Oliva Xavier Martin
Published: December 2021

We present a case of a rheumatoid patient presenting with acute signs of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results were inconclusive regarding the grade of posterior tibial tendon (PTT) tear. We performed posterior tibial tendoscopy, releasing all tendon adherences, and accomplished complete synovectomy. By the end of the procedure, we observed PTT integrity, normal excursion, and mild tendinosis. At 24-month follow-up, the Visual Analog Scale for pain (VAS-Pain) decreased from 9 (preoperatively) to 1. The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) increased from 16% (preoperatively) to 94%. Clinically, the patient had a symmetric bilateral heel rise test and no pain over the course of the PTT. A standard radiographic assessment demonstrated a normal foot arch and hindfoot alignment. This report illustrates how posterior tibial tendoscopy can simultaneously provide accurate diagnosis and surgically address acute PTTD on a rheumatoid patient, relieving symptoms and improving midterm clinical scores. Level of Evidence V; Therapeutic Studies; Expert Opinion.
Arthroscopic treatment for posteromedial talar process fracture (Cedell fracture): a case report
Authors: Fernandes Martins Carla , Nunes Gomes Patrícia Alexandra , Reino dos Santos Felicíssimo Paulo Jorge
Published: December 2021

Fracture of the posteromedial talar process (Cedell fracture) is a rare injury and is easily misdiagnosed as a simple ankle sprain. Suspicion should be heightened if specific mechanisms of injury are present, and, in these cases, a CT scan should be performed. Significant ankle pain and disability can result if these injuries are not identified and treated properly. Few cases have been described in the literature, and the efficacy of surgical techniques and approaches for fractures of the posterior talar process remains controversial. We report a 56-year-old man with an acute posteromedial talar fracture treated arthroscopically. This approach provides good access to the posterior ankle compartment, subtalar joint, and extraarticular structures, which may allow fracture reduction and fixation under arthroscopic visualization. Level of Evidence V; Therapeutic Studies; Expert Opinion.
Ag-Doped TiO2: Synthesis, Characterization and Photodegradation of 4BS Dye
Authors: Pawar M.J. , Nimbalkar V.B. , Khajone A.D. , Deshmukh S.B.
Published: December 2021

Ag doped TiO2 nanoparticles with different metallic content (0.0, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 wt.%) were prepared by using EDTA-Glycol method. For the sake of comparison blank TiO2 sample is also prepared using same method. All the samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction technique revealed that Ag-doped TiO2 has anatase structure and as the concentration of Ag increases the particle size will get decreases. The morphologies of TiO2 samples are influenced by doping Ag as shown by SEM images. The present work is mainly focused on the enhancement of photocatalytic reactivity of as synthesized samples by the photodegradation of 4BS under visible light irradiation using a LED lamp of (15 W) as a light source. A 96.3% of photodegradation of 4BS dye was achieved by utilizing 1 g/L of Ag-doped TiO2 at pH 6 for 100 min.
Belediyelerin Bağış Kabul Etme Yetkisi
Authors: MÜFTÜOĞLU Zeynep
Published: December 2021

Mali yetkilerin nasıl paylaşılacağı, tarihin her döneminde gerek devletler arasında gerek devletlerin kendi kurumları arasında tartışma konusu olmuştur. Bu tartışmalar ve belirsizlikler günümüzde bazı alanlarda hala devam etmektedir. Çalışmada, mali yetkilerin bölüşümü bakımından tartışmalı konulardan biri olan belediyelerin bağış kabul etme yetkisi incelenmektedir. Çalışma ile belediyelerin bağış kabul etme yetkisinin analiz edilmesi, benzer uygulamalarla karşılaştırılarak yaşanan belirsizliklere çözüm üretilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda sırası ile Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı, 1982 Anayasası’nın idari vesayet hükümleri ile 5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu ve 5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu hükümleri incelenmektedir. Son olarak da 2860 sayılı Yardım Toplama Kanunu ele alınarak, belediyelerin bağış kabul etme yetkisi ile ilişkisine dair tartışmalara çözüm önerisi geliştirilmektedir
Investigation of the Effects of Alcohol-Based Fuel Additive on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engine
Authors: ÜSTÜN Süleyman
Published: December 2021

Although fossil fuel reserves have been decreasing day by day, the high carbon emissions of fossil-based vehicles and the fact that these carbon emissions trigger global warming cau-se researchers to focus on alternative fuels. CO and HC, which form the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles, called unburned fuel, have been, threatened human health. Efforts to re-duce CO2, which triggers global warming, and NOx emissions, which turn into acid rain, are increasing day by day. It is tried to reduce harmful exhaust emissions by mixing ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol and their derivatives fuels as alcohol-based fuels in motor fuels in certain proportions. The aim of this study is to investigate the usability of waste fusel oil and plant-based methanol as an alternative fuel in internal combustion engines without the need for any auxiliary system and investigate the effects of fusel oil and methanol fuels added to gasoline on engine performance and emissions. In the experimental study, as engi-ne performance, it was determined that the engine torque decreased by 11.62% in F20 fuel and 6.45% in M20 fuel compared to G fuel.While an increase in BSFC values was detected in both test fuels, there was a decrease in EGT values.According to the emission results, an average decrease of 7.31% in F20 fuel and 13.40% in M20 fuel was detected in CO values compared to G fuel, while an increase in CO2 and NOx values occurred.
Securitizing Moves To Nowhere? The Framing of the European Union’s Energy Policy
Authors: Natorski Michal , Herranz Surrallés Anna
Published: December 2021

In 2006, debates about ‘energy security’ reached the top of the EU’s political agenda. A conjunction of political and economic factors seemed to be critically affecting the security of supply in most EU member states. A wide range of actors called for the establishment of a ‘Common Energy Policy,’ based on a fully operational Internal Energy Market and equipped with an external dimension enabling the EU to speak with one voice in the world. The results of this heated debate, however, fell short of these objectives. Informed by securitisation approaches, this article explores the debate over energy security that unfolded between 2005 and 2007. It aims to provide an understanding about why the framing of energy as a security issue did not mobilise enough support in favour of ground-breaking measures to tackle what was unanimously presented as a unique and especially hazardous situation. Specifically, the article will argue that those attempts to frame energy as a security issue in order to gain support for a Common Energy Policy have been of limited effect, precisely because the security framing contributed to the further legitimisation of EU member states’ reluctance to cede sovereignty in the energy domain.
The 'Great Diversification Game': Russia’s Vision of the European Union’s Energy Projects in the Shared Neighbourhood
Authors: Feklyunina Valentina
Published: December 2021

This article examines Russia’s vision of the European Union’s energy diversification projects that focus on their ‘shared neighbourhood’. It argues that although the European Union (EU), unlike the USA, is not yet seen as a serious threat to Russian interests in the area, this situation is rapidly changing, with the Kremlin becoming increasingly sensitive about the EU’s plans to diversify energy supply sources and transportation routes by increasing cooperation with other former Soviet Republics within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The article highlights how the EU’s energy diversification projects are viewed by Moscow as anti-Russian and details the way in which Russia is responding to this perceived threat, including plans to diversify its own energy exports.
Gestión ambiental urbana para la preservación de edificaciones con valor patrimonial en la ciudad de Holguín. Aplicado al Museo Casa Natal de Calixto García
Authors: Salgado Fernández Violeta , Zúñiga Igarza Libys Martha , Moreno Pino Maira
Published: December 2021

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo diseñar un procedimiento de gestión ambiental urbana para la preservación de edificaciones con valor patrimonial, con énfasis en lo ambiental. Se ha sustentado en la identificación sistemática de afectaciones, lo que favorece una mejor y eficaz toma de decisiones a partir del consenso de grupos de trabajo multidisciplinarios y multisectoriales en un proceso flexible y sistemático a través de tres etapas que planifican-organizan, regulan-ejecutan y monitorean-controlan, con nueve pasos en general que ayudan y detallan los procesos internos de cada etapa. Su aplicación como caso de estudio al museo Casa Natal de Calixto García ha sido un instrumento de trabajo para especialistas y directivos. Posibilitó también generar cambios e impactos favorables en el inmueble en contribución al cuidado, amparo y defensa de dicha construcción y, por ende, el legado a las futuras generaciones.
Pesticide residues analysis in farm gate vegetables of agricultural areas in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, India
Authors: Shylesha B. S. , M. Mahesh. , Yoganandamurthy V. N.
Published: December 2021

The main purpose of this experiment was to understand pesticide residues persistence and their toxicity level in vegetables. In the present study pesticide residues in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and capsicum (Capsium annuum L.) vegetables cultivated in Tumakuru, Gubbi, Kunigal and Pavagada taluks in Tumkur district were analysed. In methodology, samples of 1 kg each were collected, cut into small pieces, macerated in a grinder and used for the analysis. Pesticides were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed tomato samples of Pavagada recorded acephate (0.346 mg/kg), dichlorvos (0.189 mg/kg), fenvalerate (0.057 mg/kg) and Tumakuru samples recorded phorate (0.072 mg/kg) residues higher than MRLs (Maximum residue levels). Chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin-g and cypermethrin were below detection level (BDL) in all the samples. Cyfluthrin-β recorded highest in Kunigal samples (0.294 mg/kg), Tumakuru and Gubbi samples showed BDL. Deltamethrin was highest in Pavagada (0.296 mg/kg) samples and Tumakuru and Kunigal samples revealed BDL. Pavagada samples (0.026 mg/kg) showed monocrotophos residues higher than MRLs. In capsicum samples, acephate residue was highest in Tumakuru samples (0.333 mg/kg), highest chlorpyrifos (0.153 mg/kg) in Kunigal samples, deltamethrin (0.381 mg/kg), fenvalerate (0.168 mg/kg) and phorate (0.089 mg/kg) residues were higher than MRLs in Pavagada samples. Cyfluthrin-β (0.045 mg/kg) was high in Tumakuru and dichlorvos (0.042 mg/kg) high in Pavagada samples. Cyhalothrin-g, cypermethrin and monocrotophos were BDL in all the samples. An attempt has been made to assess the different pesticides usage and their adverse impacts on vegetables, which are backbone to afford assistance for an extensive array of investigators.
Synthesis and characterization of carbon dots from coconut shell by optimizing the hydrothermal carbonization process
Authors: Abinaya K. , Rajkishore S.K. , Lakshmanan A. , Anandham R. , Dhananchezhiyan P. , Praghadeesh M.
Published: December 2021

Coconut shell is one of the major agro-by products vis-a-vis agro-waste generated by coconut processing units. At present, Coconut shells are largely utilized as feed material for thermal power conversion by various allied industrial sectors, which is a highly energy inefficient and ecologically unfriendly process. The present study aimed to generate activated carbon dots/ carbon nanomaterials with a wide range of potential applications through a relatively less energy dependant hydrothermal carbonization process. Hydrothermal carbonization is a one-step, simple, low cost and environmental friendly approach to obtain carbon dots. The findings demonstrate that coconut shells when subjected to hydrothermal carbonization process at 250ᵒC for 6 h produced uniform-sized, stable, negatively charged and amorphous forms of carbon dots. Characterization of carbon dots using High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), X- ray Diffractometer (XRD), UV- Visible Spectroscopy, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Brunauer–Emmett-Teller (BET) Analyzer, Elemental Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) had conclusively confirmed the versatility of the carbon dots generation process and were able to achieve stable 2 nm-sized, spherical shaped carbon dots with numerous downstream applications. The study will help the conversion of agro-waste coconut shells into useful bio-based fluorescent carbon dots.
Phytostimulation and growth promotion activities of Trichoderma spp. on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop
Authors: Ayyandurai M. , Akila R. , Manonmani K. , Theradimani M. , Vellaikumar S.
Published: December 2021

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) suffers from many soil borne pathogens that deteriorate the quality of the seeds and are responsible for high yield loss. Practically Trichoderma sp. is used for seed treatment, it minimizes the seed and soil borne pathogens and supports plant growth promotion activities. In the present study, five different isolates of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from groundnut (A. hypogaea ) rhizosphere soil. All the five isolates were confirmed by morphological methods and using molecular tools through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of Trichoderma sp. and DNA gets amplified in 650 bp to 700 bp. Trichoderma spp. were molecularly identified as T(SP)-20 (Trichoderma longibrachiatum), T(AR)-10 (T. asperellum), T(VT)-3 (T. hamatum), T(BI)-16 (T. longibrachiatum), T(TK)-23 (T. citrinoviride). Phytostimulation activities of all the six isolates viz., phosphate solubilization, Ammonia production, IAA production, and Siderophore production, were evaluated. Among the six isolates, T(SP)-20, T(AR)-10, and TNAU-TA showed higher phytostimulation activities. The growth promotion of Trichoderma spp. on groundnut was assessed through the roll towel method. The isolate T(SP)-20 (T. longibrachiatum) produced the highest germination percentage of 93.33 and vigor index of 2246.2. This work developed a new isolate of T. longibrachiatum (T(SP)-20) which is a native isolate having significant  phytostimulation and growth promotion activities and it could be exploited for other soil borne disease managing successfully.
Bioremediation of arsenic contamination from the environment: New approach to sustainable resource management
Authors: Pandey Dheeraj , Kehri Harbans Kaur , Zoomi Ifra , Akhtar Ovaid , Chaturvedi Shweta
Published: December 2021

Present acceleration of Arsenic [As] exposure leads to severe health problems. Modern scientific approaches look towards potent bio-agents for the removal of such types of contaminations in sustainable ways. Microbes can potentially change the redox potential, solubility, pH by different complex reactions during bioremediation. There are many enzymes present in the microbial system which are involved in methylation such as As (V) reductase, monomethyl arsonic acid reductase, As (III) methyltransferase, and MMA (III) methyltransferase. On the other hand, microbes have As transformation ability and changed into different extractable forms with sulfide minerals such as arsenopyrite (FeAsS), enargite (Cu3AsS4) and realgar (As4S4). In some bacteria, the As-operon machinery thiol group bind with As, itdetoxifies its toxicity. Ars R gene and arsenic reductase enzyme (Ars C) play the key role in the reduction of As (V) to As (III) and detoxify by being transported outside of the cell by Ars AB As chemiosmotic efflux system. In fungi, As (V) is reduced to As (III) by the arsenate reductase and GSH glutathione converted into GSSH glutathione disulfide. In plants, As (III) conjugates with phytochelatin (PC) or GSH glutathione and accumulates in the vacuole or is converted into less toxic forms in the presence of arsenic reductase enzyme. This review focused on the potentiality and mechanisms of different microbes for As-detoxification in a sustainable manner.
Relationship between the monoamine oxidase gene overactivity and the other pathophysiological and behavioral parameters implicated in memory deficiency in albino Winstar rats as Alzheimer’s disease model
Authors: Chabuk Halla Abdul-Hadi , Jameel Zahraa Isam
Published: December 2021

The current study aimed to assess the pathophysiology mechanisms that mediate the effect on albin winstar rats' memory induced by the co -administration of fluoride and aluminum sulfate, as a model of Alzheimer's disease. This was done by assessing monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, antioxidant activity, H2O2  and amyloid-β concentration in the hippocampus, embedded deep into the brain's temporal lobe, and level of cytokines in serum. The polymerase chain reaction approach was used to genotyping MAO-A, followed by single -stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) coupled with sequencing technique. The experimental animals were divided into two groups: control and treated groups. The uptake of heavy metals led to significantly increased MAO-A activity, amyloid -β deposition, H2O2 and cytokines levels in the treated group. However, the finding showed a significant decrease in antioxidant activity in the treated group. The results indicated that metals caused memory and learning impairments. PCR -SSCP genotyping showed many SNPs and haplotypes of the MAO-A exon 2 region, which showed the MAO-A gene polymorphism changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. The overall results indicated a role of metals to induce oxidative stress stimulating pathophysiological hallmarks in the hippocampus due to an increase in the influx of monoamine oxidase expression, which has been implicated in impaired memory, this study focused on the genetic variation of the exon 2 in monoamine oxidase-A gene and its relationship to Alzheimer's disease with the presence of several single nucleotide polymorphisms that may be related to Alzheimer's disease model in rats.
Response of growth, yield and quality of small onion (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum don.) to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University-Water Soluble Fertilizers (TNAU-WSF)
Authors: Vairavan C. , Thiyageshwari S. , Malarvizhi P. , Saraswathi T.
Published: December 2021

Enhancing the food production for the growing world population has needed application of highly sustainable and efficient inputs to produce more food per unit of land. Hence, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu has produced Water soluble fertilizers (WSF) in its maiden attempt and it is necessary to optimize on different crops. Small onion is one of the most important vegetables in the Indian diet and it has high demand but low productivity. To enhance crop productivity and quality of small onions, the application of TNAU-WSF was taken up. A field experiment was laid out in a Randomized block design (RBD) incorporating 8 treatments comprising of application of RDF at100% NPK as TNAU WSF, soil test based application of 75%, 100%, 125% NPK ha-1 as TNAU-WSF with soil application of sulphur (S) and foliar spray of TNAU Liquid multi micronutrient (LMM) and without S and TNAU LMM and absolute control. Each treatment was replicated thrice with onion (CO 4). Soil test based application of 125% NPK ha-1 as TNAU-WSF with sulphur (S) and TNAU LMM recorded significantly higher in plant height (54.01 cm), the number of leaves per bulb (8.56), leaf greenness (67.5 SPAD), root length (5.42 cm), polar bulb diameter (4.38 cm), equatorial bulb diameter (2.72 cm) fresh bulb weight (74.21 g), bulb yield (1751 t ha-1) and quality attributes like total soluble solids (TSS) (14.78 °Brix), ascorbic acid content (15.34 mg 100 g-1), pyruvic acid content (2.27 µmol g-1). However, soil test based application of 100% NPK ha-1 as TNAU-WSF was found to be an ideal rate to attain the economic target yield of the onion crop.
Effect of drought on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of groundnut genotypes
Authors: Manojkumar K. , Vincent S. , Raveendran M. , Anandham R. , Prasad V. Babu Rajendra , Mothilal A. , Anandakumar S.
Published: December 2021

Drought is one of the major threats to groundnut productivity, causing a greater loss than any other abiotic factor. Water stress conditions alter plant photosynthetic activity, impacting future growth and assimilating mobilization towards sink tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate how drought impacts the photosynthesis of plants and its links to drought tolerance. The influence of reproductive stage drought on photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll fluorescence of groundnut is well studied. The experiment was conducted in Kharif 2019 (Jul-Sep), where recent series in groundnut genotypes (60 nos) sown under rainfed conditions and water stress was created by withholding irrigation for 20 days between 35-55 days after sowing in the field to simulate drought conditions. Imposition of water deficit stress reduced PS II efficiency, which significantly altered the photosynthetic rate in the leaf. Observation of gas exchange parameters viz., photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate after 20 days of stress imposition revealed that of all 60 genotypes, 20 genotypes (VG 17008, VG 17046VG 18005, VG 18102, VG 18077, VG 19572, VG 19709, VG 18111, VG19561, VG19576, VG 19620, VG 19681, VG 19688, etc.,) had better Photosynthetic rate, Stomatal conductance. Similarly, PS II efficiency analyzed through fluorescence meter revealed that among the 60 and all the genotypes given above recorded higher value in Fv/Fm. Results obtained from Cluster analysis and PCA confirmed that photosynthetic rate and Fv/Fm is useful parameter in screening adapted cultivars under drought stress. These findings lay the groundwork for a future study to decipher the molecular pathways underpinning groundnut drought resistance.
Effect of bio-seed priming and nano zinc oxide foliar application on quality and productivity of finger millet + greengram intercropping system
Authors: Mohanasundar C. , Ramamoorthy K. , Latha K. R. , Santhy P. , Chandrasekhar C. N. , Lakshmanan A.
Published: December 2021

A critical stage of the plant's life cycle is germination and insufficient seedling emergence contributes to the lower productivity of finger millet. Priming improves seedling emergence, reduces stand establishment time, and improves seedling germination. There is a need to develop a new technology like Nanotechnology that can precisely detect and deliver the right amount of nutrients or other inputs to safe crops for the environment and maximising productivity. A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season to evaluate the response of effective farming practice for sole finger millet + greengram intercropping system under rainfed conditions to varied levels of bio-seed priming and foliar application of nanoparticles on crop growth and productivity. The results of the experiment revealed that finger millet (Eleusine coracana) intercropped with greengram (Vigna radiata) (2:1) had a significant level (<0.05) increase in growth and yield parameter of finger millet compared to sole finger millet. Application of Prosopis juliflora leaf extract 1 per cent alone + Foliar ZnO nanoparticle @ 500 ppm showed a significant level (<0.05) increase in growth and yield parameter like grain yield (3238.84 kg ha-1), finger millet equivalent yield (FMEY) (3483.84 kg ha-1) and straw yield (7393.83 kg ha-1) compared to Pogamia pinnata leaf extract 1% alone + Foliar ZnO nanoparticle @ 500 ppm. The present study mainly focussed on cropping system, bio seed priming, and foliar application of nano zinc oxide utilized during rainfed conditions to increase uniform germination, drought resistance and improve crop yield along with nutrient content in seeds.
Atrial fibrillation in Middle Eastern Arabs and South Asians: a scoping review
Authors: Salam Amar M , Kaddoura Rasha , Salih Vehid , Asopa Sanjay
Published: December 2021

Most of the published literature on Atrial fibrillation (AF) originates from the northern hemisphere and mainly involves Caucasian patients, with limited studies in certain ethnicities and races. This scoping review was conducted to collect and summarize the pertinent evidence from the published scientific literature on AF in South Asians and Middle Eastern Arabs. MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL databases were included in our search. After screening 8995 records, 55 studies were selected; 42 from the Middle East and 13 from South Asia. Characteristics of the included studies were tabulated, and their data were summarized for study design, setting, enrolment period, sample size, demographics, prevalence or incidence of AF, co-morbidities, risk factors, AF types and symptoms, management, outcomes, and risk determinants. Identified literature gaps included a paucity of community or population-based studies that are representative of these two ethnicities/races. In addition, studies that addressed ethnic/racial in-equality and access to treatment were lacking. Our study underscores the urgent need to study cardiovascular disorders, particularly AF, in South Asians and Middle Eastern Arabs as well as in other less represented ethnicities and races.