bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobile identities: photography, smartphones and aspirations in urban Nigeria
Authors: Gilbert Juliet
Published: May 2019

Since 2012, the influx of affordable smartphones to urban Nigeria has revolutionized how young people take, store and circulate photographs. Crucially, this ever-expanding digital archive provides urban youth with a means to communicate new ideas of self, allowing a marginalized group to display fortunes that often belie their difficult realities. Through gestures and poses, fashion and style, the companionship of others, or the use of particular backdrops and locations, these photographs contain certain semiotics that allude to the subject owning the means for success in urban Nigeria. Similarly, as youth constantly store photographs of themselves on their handsets alongside those of celebrities, patrons and friends, coveted commodities and aspirational memes, they construct personal narratives that place them at the centre of global flows and networks. With the ability to constantly retake, update and propagate photographs, the discrepancies between in- and off-frame identities become ambiguous. This article explores how young people in Calabar, south-eastern Nigeria, use digital photographs on their mobile phones to cultivate new visions of themselves. Arguing that these photographs not only represent superlative aspirations but are also integral to social becoming, the discussion examines how digital images allow youth to reposition themselves within (and beyond) Nigerian society. Ephemerality is central: digital photographs can be easily circulated and retain some permanence on social media, yet these immaterial objects can easily be lost from handsets. In thinking about the futures of African youth and African photography, this article therefore interrogates the tensions of private and public archives.
Yes, Human Rights Practices Are Improving Over Time
Authors: FARISS CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: May 2019

To document human rights, monitoring organizations establish a standard of accountability, or a baseline set of expectations that states ought to meet in order to be considered respectful of human rights. If the standard of accountability has meaningfully changed, then the categorized variables from human rights documents will mask real improvements. Cingranelli and Filippov question whether the standard of accountability is changing and whether data on mass killings are part of the same underlying conceptual process of repression as other abuses. These claims are used to justify alternative models, showing no improvement in human rights. However, by focusing on the coding process, the authors misunderstand that the standard of accountability is about how monitoring organizations produce documents in the first place and not how academics use published documents to create data. Simulations and latent variables that model time in a substantively meaningful way validate the conclusion that human rights are improving.
Towards a Right to Resist Gross Undemocratic Practices in Africa
Authors: Manirakiza Pacifique
Published: May 2019

The adoption of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ACDEG) has been a milestone for the transformation of Africa's political landscape. This instrument seeks to expand on the ideals of liberal democracy enshrined in the Constitutive Act of the African Union and other African fundamental instruments. The ACDEG seems to pave the way for the right to democracy for Africans, which entails, inter alia, political sovereignty of African citizens. The latter have clearly and vigorously exercised their sovereignty through elections when given such an opportunity. However, in some instances, African citizens resorted to popular uprisings in cases of gross violations of their democracy-related rights. With reference to the recent popular uprisings and coups (or attempted coups) in Africa, this article enquires, from a human rights perspective, whether ACDEG or other instruments, enshrine a right to resist gross undemocratic practices underpinning the right to democracy.
The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance as a Justiciable Instrument
Authors: Kioko Ben
Published: May 2019

The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance requires state parties to establish and strengthen democratic institutions, the rule of law, human rights and independent electoral systems. However, the extent to which these provisions can be invoked by individuals and non-governmental organizations before a court of law is uncertain. It is also unclear whether such provisions guarantee “stand-alone” individual rights and as such whether the charter could be considered to be a human rights instrument. This article seeks to analyse whether the charter is a human rights instrument, as well as examining its justiciability in light of the decision of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights in APDH v Côte d'Ivoire. The analysis highlights the court's decision affirming that the charter is a human rights instrument and that individuals and non-governmental organizations can file cases in a court of law seeking its enforcement.
Presidential Term Limits and the African Union
Authors: Wiebusch Micha , Murray Christina
Published: May 2019

A growing number of states have modified constitutionally determined presidential term limits or adopted a flexible interpretation of relevant constitutional provisions to allow incumbent leaders additional terms in the highest office. This article investigates African Union (AU) responses to attempts to overturn or weaken term limits on executive power, one of the most tenacious constitutional trends in Africa. Inspired by the AU's well-established discourse on “unconstitutional changes of government” under the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, the article frames the manipulation of presidential term limits as “undemocratic changes of the constitution”. From this perspective it argues for a more active role for the AU in monitoring and enforcing constitutionalism and respect for democratic standards by member states when they amend their constitution. It concludes with a tentative set of principles to guide processes of constitutional change in Africa.
Impact of the invasive plant Solidago gigantea on soil nematodes in a semi-natural grassland and a temperate broadleaved mixed forest
Authors: Čerevková A. , Miklisová D. , Bobuľská L. , Renčo M.
Published: May 2019

Relationships between alien plant species and their aboveground effects have been relatively well studied, but little is known about the effects of invasive plants on belowground faunal communities. Nematodes are abundant, ubiquitous and diverse soil biota, and alterations of their community compositions can illustrate changes in belowground ecosystems. In 2016 and 2017, we determined the response of species diversity, community composition and trophic composition of the soil nematode communities to invasion by the alien plant Solidago gigantea in two ecosystems, forest and grassland, where invasion takes place. Nematode abundance was higher and number of identified nematode species was lower at invaded than uninvaded sites, indicated by lower species diversity, regardless of ecosystem. Herbivorous nematodes were the most affected trophic group. Herbivore abundance was higher at invaded than uninvaded sites and in grassland than forest. The herbivorous species Boleodorus thylactus, Geocenamus sp., Helicotylenchus spp., Paratylenchus bukowinensis, Pratylenchoides crenicauda and Rotylenchus robustus were more abundant at the invaded sites. Abundances of nematodes in the other tropic groups were limited or not affected. The invasion did not significantly affect the ecological and functional indices, except for the Channel Index in 2016. Differences were observed in values of Enrichment Index (indicator of resource availability), Channel Index (indicator of ascendant bacterial/fungal decomposition channel) and Basal Index (indicator of depleted-perturbed soil food webs) between grassland and forests. We can thus conclude that invasion by S. gigantea significantly alters nematode community indicators (abundance, species diversity and specific trophic groups); however, this effect seems to be significantly influenced by the type of ecosystem where invasion takes place.
Embodying Maoism: The swimming craze, the Mao cult, and body politics in Communist China, 1950s–1970s
Authors: POON SHUK-WAH
Published: May 2019

Mao Zedong's historic swim in the Yangtze River on 16 July 1966, which heralded a new phase of the Cultural Revolution, was a carefully staged political performance and a notable example of body politics in Communist China. Beginning in the late 1950s, Mao began to broadcast the idea that he was a keen swimmer and to convince the masses to take up swimming. The swim was the climax of those efforts and an integral part of the Mao cult. Swimming in Mao's China offers a useful lens for understanding the close relationship between sports, the body, and politics. Swimming was a means for Mao to mobilize mass support for his political authority and a venue for the masses to practise and perform Maoism. This article examines the constructive process and meanings of Mao's swimming body, and the extent to which the bodies of the populace were regulated through the mass-swimming craze. Drawing on untapped archival materials related to mass swimming in Mao's China, this article argues that swimming both solidified and destabilized the Mao cult and became a venue through which political values were shaped, indoctrinated, contested, and repudiated.
Molecular characterization and haplotypes of sheep and goat isolates of Cysticercus tenuicollis in Turkey
Authors: Kilinc Seyma Gunyakti , Kesik Harun Kaya , Simsek Sami
Published: May 2019

Taenia hydatigena, is a common parasite, lived mostly in dogs and wild carnivores in its mature stage, and the larvae, Cysticercus tenuicollis, is found on ruminants and pigs. The aim of the current study was to determine the genetic diversity in 20 isolates of the sheep and goats. After the isolation of total genomic DNA from C. tenuicollis isolates, genetic characterization of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene region was amplified using specific JB11–JB12 primers in PCR and the PCR products were sequenced and haplotype and genetic diversity analyses were utilized. As a result, multiple nucleotide changes were determined in the sequence analyses of the isolates leading to detection of 16 and 15 different haplotypes in sheep and goat samples, respectively. These findings are important in terms of showing the diversity of nucleotide variation in C. tenuicollis in Turkey.
Molecular characterization of Fasciola jacksoni from wild elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) of Sri Lanka: a taxonomic evaluation
Authors: Rajapakse R. P. V. J. , Lawton S. P. , Karunathilake K. J. K. , Perera B. V. P. , Nguyen N. T. B. , Le T. H.
Published: May 2019

Fasciola jacksoni is a significant contributor to the health and mortality of Asian elephants, particularly those in Sri Lanka. Despite the impact of fascioliasis on elephant populations, it is a neglected veterinary disease with limited taxonomic understanding. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of F. jacksoni were carried out to evaluate its suggested basal position in the Fasciolidae. Adult worms were collected during post-mortem of elephants, and eggs were collected from living elephants in National parks across Sri Lanka. Using the mitochondrial genes nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), and a partial 28S ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA), DNA sequences were generated from the F. jacksoni adult and egg material. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses did not resolve F. jacksoni to be basal to the Fasciolidae. Furthermore, the ML analyses showed that the genus Fasciola was not monophyletic and that F. jacksoni was a sister species to the deer liver fluke Fascioloides magna. A clear framework is required to determine the taxonomic status of F. jacksoni and this current study provides the first detailed application of molecular techniques from multiple hosts across Sri Lanka with the production of reference DNA sequences for this important parasite.
Chlorsulfuron-Resistant Sugarbeet: Cross-Resistance and Physiological Basis of Resistance
Authors: Hart Stephen E. , Saunders Joseph W. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the extent of cross-resistance of chlorsulfuron-resistant sugarbeet (CR1-B) to other herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) and to determine the physiological basis of resistance. Cross-resistance to metsulfuron, imazaquin, and imazethapyr was not evident, while only marginal cross-resistance was observed to triasulfuron, DPX-L5300, and nicosulfuron. CR1-B was moderately resistant to chlorsulfuron and chlorimuron and was highly cross-resistant to thifensulfuron and primisulfuron. Further greenhouse studies demonstrated that CR1-B was not significantly injured by thifensulfuron and primisulfuron applied at or exceeding the field use rate. Studies with14C-primisulfuron showed that differential absorption or metabolism of primisulfuron could not account for the observed resistance. ALS enzyme assays showed that the CR1-B ALS enzyme activity was 66, 26, and 13 times less sensitive to chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, and primisulfuron inhibition, respectively, compared to ALS enzyme extracted from sensitive sugarbeets. An altered ALS enzyme, which is less sensitive to sulfonylurea herbicide inhibition, appears to be the physiological basis of resistance.
Effect of Soil pH on Adsorption and Persistence of Imazaquin
Authors: Loux Mark M. , Reese Kirk D.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory and field studies were conducted in 1988 through 1990 to determine the effect of soil pH on imazaquin adsorption and persistence in a Crosby silt loam (1.6% organic matter) and a Hoytville clay (3.3% organic matter). Above a pH of 6, 6 to 7% of the total imazaquin present was adsorbed to both soils. Adsorption increased as pH decreased from about 7 to 4.5, with a maximum of 16.5 and 31% adsorbed on Crosby and Hoytville soils, respectively. Imazaquin was more persistent in the Hoytville clay than in the Crosby silt loam. Herbicide dissipated more slowly in both soils in 1988 than in 1989 due to dry soil conditions immediately prior to and following herbicide application in 1988. In both soils, imazaquin persistence increased as soil pH decreased, over a pH range from 6.5 to 4.5. Increased persistence with decreasing pH was attributed in part to increased adsorption and decreased availability for microbial degradation.
Effect of Chlorimuron and Quizalofop on Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Authors: Bjelk Leslie A. , Monaco Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Chlorimuron antagonized the activity of quizalofop on broadleaf signalgrass when applied in greenhouse studies as a postemergence tank mix. In vitro leaf disc assays utilizing14C-acetate or14C-pyruvate as substrates were conducted to ascertain the effect of clorimuron and quizalofop on fatty acid biosynthesis and to determine if antagonism between the two herbicides occurs at the biochemical sites of action. Incorporation of14C-acetate in control treatments was linear with time to 120 min. Acetate incorporation in the presence of quizalofop (1.1 μM) was also linear but was inhibited 30 min after initialization of the reaction. The concentration of quizalofop that inhibited14C-acetate incorporation 50% (I50) was 0.54 μM. Chlorimuron, up to 155 μM, had no effect on14C-acetate incorporation. A mixture of quizalofop (1.1 μM) and chlorimuron (4.8 μM) inhibited14C-acetate incorporation similar to that of quizalofop alone at 1.1 μM. Quizalofop I50for incorporation of14C-pyruvate was 1.1 μM, and clorimuron at 4.8 μM decreased incorporation 15%. Excess unlabeled pyruvate (5 μM) had no effect on either14C-acetate or14C-pyruvate incorporation in the presence of both herbicides. It is believed that antagonism of quizalofop by clorimuron is not due to an excess pool of pyruvate resulting from inhibition of acetolactate synthase by chlorimuron.
Drought Stress Reduces Fluazifop-P Activity on Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)
Authors: Boydston Rick A.
Published: May 2019

Although drought-stressing green foxtail before and up to 1 d after herbicide application did not reduce control with fluazifop-P in growth chamber trials, extending the drought stress for 2 to 4 d after herbicide application reduced control of green foxtail with fluazifop-P by 40 and 57%, respectively. Absorption and translocation of14C-fluazifop-P 1, 4, and 10 d after herbicide application were similar between nonstressed and drought-stressed plants. Drought-stressed green foxtail converted slightly more of the parent acid of fluazifop-P to polar conjugates 4 d after herbicide application than did nonstressed plants, but these differences in metabolism were probably not adequate to explain large differences in efficacy.
Imazethapyr and Paraquat Systems for Weed Management in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Richburg John S. , Eastin E. Ford , Wiley Gerald R. , Walls F. Robert , Newell S.
Published: May 2019

Field studies conducted at six locations in Georgia and one location in Virginia evaluated imazethapyr and imazethapyr mixtures for weed control, crop tolerance, and peanut yield. Imazethapyr applied early postemergence controlled bristly starbur, coffee senna, common cocklebur,Ipomoeaspecies, jimsonweed, prickly sida, and smallflower morningglory at least 91% and controlled yellow and purple nutsedge 88 and 98%, respectively. Paraquat plus bentazon applied early postemergence did not control the aforementioned weeds as well as imazethapyr or imazethapyr mixtures. Paraquat applied with imazethapyr reduced bristly starbur control 15% compared to imazethapyr alone but did not influence control of the other species. Imazethapyr control of bristly starbur was not improved by the addition of bentazon. Sicklepod control was less than 24% with imazethapyr and was at least 58% with imazethapyr plus paraquat Imazethapyr plus paraquat controlled sicklepod better than paraquat plus bentazon at three of the four locations evaluated. Imazethapyr did not control Florida beggarweed, while imazethapyr plus paraquat controlled at least 53%. Peanut injury was minimal 30 d after application for all treatments.
Geostatistics for Mapping Weeds, with a Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Patch as a Case Study
Authors: Donald William W.
Published: May 2019

Geostatistical methods were used to describe and map nonrandom distribution and variation (standard deviation) of shoot density and root growth across a well-established patch of Canada thistle, a perennial weed. Semivariogram functions and kriging, an interpolation method, were used to prepare isoarithmic contour maps and associated error maps. Maps consisted of interpolated contours of uniform weed density and other measured or calculated regionalized variables between measured X-Y control points, as well as maps of error (standard deviation) associated with contour estimation. Mapped regions of greatest shoot density across a patch not only had the greatest underlying root biomass and, often, greatest density of adventitious root buds, but also had more deeply growing root biomass.
Recovery of Transmembrane Potentials in Plants Resistant to Aryloxyphenoxypropanoate Herbicides: A Phenomenon Awaiting Explanation
Authors: Holtum Joseph A. M. , Häusler Rainer E. , Devine Malcolm D. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: May 2019

Aryloxyphenoxypropanoate (APP) herbicides, such as diclofop, depolarize membranes in parenchyma cells of coleoptiles and root tips, and isolated tonoplast or plasma membrane vesicles from a variety of plant species. Some APP-resistant biotypes of rigid ryegrass and wild oat repolarize membranes after removal of herbicide from a bathing medium. The repolarization ability does not require presence of either APP-insensitive acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase or an increased capacity for herbicide detoxification. The kinetics of depolarization and repolarization depend upon the herbicide, the herbicide concentration, the biotype, and the pH of the bathing solution. For rigid ryegrass, depolarization in the presence of diclofop acid is more rapid than in the presence of diclofop-methyl, and 50% depolarization required about 4 μM diclofop acid. Both the nonherbicidal S(–) and the herbicidal R(+) enantiomers of diclofop acid depolarized membranes in susceptible and resistant ryegrass. Susceptible biotypes regenerated transmembrane potentials following removal of the S(–) but not the R(+) enantiomer, whereas resistant biotypes repolarized following exposure to either enantiomer or a mixture of the two. The herbicide 2,4-D affected, in a complex manner, the ability of both susceptible and resistant ryegrass biotypes to depolarize and repolarize. It is postulated that the intracellular concentration of diclofop acid in susceptible and resistant plants is not the same due to differences in the partitioning of diclofop acid between the extracellular spaces and the cytoplasm. The mechanism producing the postulated difference is unknown, but observations on the proton extrusion capacity of both ryegrass and wild oats, the responses of ryegrass to [K+] and PCMBS, and the single-gene inheritance pattern of resistance in wild oats indicate that changes in the diclofop sensitivity of a plasma membrane protein involved in the generation of proton or ion gradients may be involved.
Dintroaniline Herbicide Resistance in Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)
Authors: McAlister Fiona M. , Holtum Joseph A. M. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: May 2019

Thirteen biotypes of rigid ryegrass were screened for trifluralin resistance. From these, the two most resistant biotypes, SLR 31 and SLR 10, were chosen for further studies involving exposure to other dinitroanilines, mitosis-inhibiting herbicides and14C-trifluralin. SLR 31, and SLR 10 exhibited an approximate 10-fold reduced sensitivity to trifluralin in comparison to susceptible biotypes. Resistance to five other dinitroaniline herbicides was observed, with reduced sensitivity varying from 32-fold for ethalfluralin to 2.5-fold for isopropalin. The resistance in rigid ryegrass to other herbicides and drugs that affect mitosis were tested. Resistance comparable to that of trifluralin was recorded for the herbicides terbutol and DCPA, while low levels of cross-resistance to amiprophosmethyl was present. Trifluralin affected mitotic indices at a much lower level in the susceptible biotypes than in the resistant biotypes. No differences in the uptake and translocation of14C-trifluralin were observed between resistant and susceptible biotypes. Most of the14C detected in the plant material was in the root tissue. A small level of14C was detected in the seeds, and no substantial increases were noted in coleoptile tissue. The resistance spectra in SLR 31 and SLR 10 were phenotypically similar to those occurring in an intermediate trifluralin-resistant goosegrass and trifluralin-resistant green foxtail.
Broccoli (Brassica oleraceavar.botrytis) Yield Loss from Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Interference
Authors: Bell Carl E.
Published: May 2019

Italian ryegrass interference in broccoli was measured in field experiments and the data fit a rectangular hyperbolic competition model. The model predicted 58% of broccoli yield loss related to Italian ryegrass density when pooled over three y. An economic threshold value of 4.9 Italian ryegrass plants m−1of crop row was determined to be the density required to cause a 3.6% yield loss, equal to postemergence weed control costs. Italian ryegrass densities of 600 to 1000 plants m1of broccoli row caused 100% yield loss.
Influence of Tillage, Antecedent Moisture, and Rainfall Timing on Atrazine Transport
Authors: Sigua Gilbert C. , Isensee Allan R. , Sadeghi Alim.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of rainfall timing and antecedent moisture on atrazine leaching through intact soil cores taken from no-till and conventional-till corn fields. Simulated rainfall was applied to no-till and conventional-till cores 1 to 14 d after atrazine application and, in a second study, one d after atrazine was applied to no-till and conventional-till cores at 1 to 800 kPa soil moisture. Increasing the lag time between atrazine application and rainfall from one to 14 d reduced the amount of atrazine leached by about 50% for both no-till and conventional-till soil cores. During the same time period, the amount of atrazine adsorbed to soil increased by about 30% for both tillages. Soil dryness (antecedent moisture) at the time of atrazine application had no effect on the amount of atrazine leached through conventional-till cores. However, leaching decreased in no-till cores as antecedent moisture decreased from 1 to 33 kPa; drying to 800 kPa had no further effect. The leaching rate of atrazine was much higher for the initial 0.5 pore volume than for the next 1.5 pore volume at all rainfall timing and antecedent moisture levels. This behavior is indicative of preferential transport.
Efficacy and Dissipation of Dithiopyr and Pendimethalin in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Turf
Authors: Schleicher Leo C. , Shea Patrick J. , Stougaard Robert N. , Tupy Duane R.
Published: May 2019

Efficacy, movement, and degradation of dithiopyr and pendimethalin were monitored after application to perennial ryegrass turf in 1990 and 1991. Dithiopyr at 0.6 kg ai ha−1reduced large crabgrass infestation by ≥ 90% up to 87 DAT in both years, while pendimethalin at 1.7 kg ai ha−1provided similar control up to 59 DAT in 1 of 2 yr. Turf thinning due to disease and insect damage in 1990 allowed more herbicide to reach the thatch, mat, and underlying soil in 1991. In both years, more pendimethalin but less dithiopyr was found in thatch 7 DAT than 1 DAT, suggesting greater pendimethalin retention in verdure and thatch. Precipitation was greater after herbicide application in the second year, and concentration in the mat layer reached a maximum by 7 DAT compared to 14 DAT in 1990. Maximum concentrations of dithiopyr and pendimethalin in soil at 0 to 5 cm deep were 20 and 56 μg kg−1, respectively, measured 7 DAT in 1991. Herbicide concentration 5 to 10 cm deep was ≤ 5 μg kg−1at all sampling dates in 1990. In 1991, dithiopyr and pendimethalin concentrations 5 to 10 cm deep did not exceed 4 and 20 μg kg−1, respectively, measured within 1 DAT. Neither herbicide was detected 10 to 20 cm deep, nor in samples collected 30 cm outside of the experimental plots in either year. At 126 DAT (final sampling date), little herbicide was detected in verdure, but residues were found in most thatch and all mat samples. The estimated time for a 50% reduction in detectable residues (DT50) of dithiopyr and pendimethalin from the sampling zone was 35 and 23 days, respectively.
The Future of the Hospital Epidemiologist in the 1990s: Presidential Address, SHEA Annual Meeting, April 1994
Authors: Gross Peter A.
Published: May 2019

While the Democrats and the Republicans debate the Health Care Reform Bill and how we are going to pay for universal coverage, a revolution in healthcare delivery already is taking place right under our eyes. Even if the federal government doesn't pass legislation on healthcare this term, the healthcare delivery system will have been changed so dramatically that it will be unrecognizable from what we knew just a couple of years ago. Consolidation of hospitals, cost reduction, and the quality of care are themes that will be evident in medical delivery for the next few years. Among these three, cost reduction is and will be the engine of change.
Investigating Reduced Path Planning Strategy for Differential Wheeled Mobile Robot
Authors: Fareh Raouf , Baziyad Mohammed , Rahman Mohammad H. , Rabie Tamer , Bettayeb Maamar
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a vision-based path planning strategy that aims to reduce the computational time required by a robot to find a feasible path from a starting point to the goal point. The proposed algorithm presents a novel strategy that can be implemented on any well-known path planning algorithm such as A*, D* and probabilistic roadmap (PRM), to improve the swiftness of these algorithms. This path planning algorithm is suitable for real-time scenarios since it reduces the computational time compared to the basis and traditional algorithms. To test the proposed path planning strategy, a tracking control strategy is implemented on a mobile platform. This control strategy consists of three major stages. The first stage deals with gathering information about the surrounding environment using vision techniques. In the second stage, a free-obstacle path is generated using the proposed reduced scheme. In the final stage, a Lyapunov kinematic tracking controller and two Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based-controllers are implemented to track the proposed path by adjusting the rotational and linear velocity of the robot. The proposed path planning strategy is tested on a Pioneer P3-DX differential wheeled mobile robot and an Xtion PRO depth camera. Experimental results prove the efficiency of the proposed path planning scheme, which was able to reduce the computational time by a large percentage which reached up to 88% of the time needed by the basis and traditional scheme, without significant adverse effect on the workability of the basis algorithm. Moreover, the proposed path planning algorithm has improved the path efficiency, in terms of the path length and trackability, challenging the traditional trade-off between swiftness and path efficiency.
Gender representation in Iranian English language coursebooks
Authors: Dahmardeh Mahdi , Kim Sung-Do
Published: May 2019

The representation of gender in foreign language teaching has attracted the attention of many scholars and has been investigated in different parts of the world. Due to its potential for deep impact on pupils, it is a matter of great concern. Discrimination against a gender group in coursebooks can lead to harmful impacts on pupils' development as well as on their future academic and career (Lee, 2018). The lack of representation of females in language coursebooks may seriously harm their ability to understand the target language as well as its culture (Rifkin, 1998).
The British contribution to the birth of the Finnish cotton industry (1820–1870)
Authors: Peltola Jarmo
Published: May 2019

Finland urbanised and industrialised slowly. In 1820 Tampere was a tiny inland town in the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants. Although Finland was a latecomer to industrialisation, Tampere took the path of many other small towns in Europe. It grew around a relatively fast-growing cotton mill with the help of foreign, mainly British know-how. In this article I give an analysis of the policies and networks that made Finnish industrialisation possible from 1820 onwards, and of the roles the British industrialists, technicians and cotton industry specialists played in this process.
Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice
Published: May 2019

In the period 1815–1870, several thousand British workers and engineers went to the continent for work purposes, playing a decisive part in European industrialisation. Workers emigrated because they could market their skills at good value; or because their British employers sought to make the most of their technical lead by setting businesses up abroad, and by producing on the continent, they could avoid protective tariffs.

Which social and cultural factors enabled British capital to flow to continental and indeed global enterprise, British skills to shape labour processes overseas, and British male and female labourers to seek and find overseas employment? This introduction to the Special Issue raises a series of questions on these flows. It asks what numbers went to the continent, in comparison with the large flows to the US and the British World. It addresses the legislative and economic aspects of these labour migrations and tries to relate these to the discussion on the supposed ‘high-wage economy’ of the British industrial revolution. It also focuses on the practicalities of migration. Last, it is also interested in the cultural, religious and associational life of the British migrants, as well as in the relations with the local populations.
THE OCCURRENCE AND PERCEPTION OF LISTENER VISUAL CUES DURING NONUNDERSTANDING EPISODES
Authors: McDonough Kim , Trofimovich Pavel , Lu Libing , Abashidze Dato
Published: May 2019

This research report examines the occurrence of listener visual cues during nonunderstanding episodes and investigates raters’ sensitivity to those cues. Nonunderstanding episodes (n = 21) and length-matched understanding episodes (n = 21) were taken from a larger dataset of video-recorded conversations between second language (L2) English speakers and a bilingual French-English interlocutor (McDonough, Trofimovich, Dao, & Abashidze, 2018). Episode videos were analyzed for the occurrence of listener visual cues, such as head nods, blinks, facial expressions, and holds. Videos of the listener’s face were manipulated to create three rating conditions: clear voice/clear face, distorted voice/clear face, and clear voice/blurred face. Raters in the same speech community (N = 66) were assigned to a video condition to assess the listener’s comprehension. Results revealed differences in the occurrence of listener visual cues between the understanding and nonunderstanding episodes. In addition, raters gave lower ratings of listener comprehension when they had access to the listener’s visual cues.
Malondialdehyde, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Superoxide Dismutase in Cerebrospinal Fluid During Cerebral Vasospasm in Monkeys
Authors: Loch Macdonald R. , Weir Bryce K.A. , Runzer Tim D. , Grace Michael G.A.
Published: May 2019

Cerebral vasospasm may result from lipid peroxidation induced by oxyhemoglobin in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid hemorrhage. To test this theory, vasospasm was induced in monkeys by intrathecal injections of oxyhemoglobin or supernatant fluid from autologous blood incubatedin vitro. Concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, was elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in association with vasospasm caused by oxyhemoglobin and supernatant fluid. Intrathecal injections of methemoglobin or bilirubin did not cause vasospasm or increased CSF MDA. Activity of glutathione peroxidase in CSF increased significantly after injection of oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin. There were no significant changes in CSF superoxide dismutase activity although there was a trend towards higher activities in animals treated with oxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, bilirubin, and supernatant fluid. These results show oxyhemoglobin-induced vasospasm is associated with MDA and lipid peroxidation in the subarachnoid space. Furthermore, detection of peroxidation products after injection of oxyhemoglobin in the absence of erythrocyte membranes indicates that oxyhemoglobin may directly damage cerebral arteries and brain by inducing lipid peroxidation in these structures. Depletion of free-radical scavenging enzymes in CSF did not seem necessary for development of vasospasm. In fact, there was a tendency for vasospasm to elevate enzyme activities, as if production of scavengers was induced by excess free radicals in the subarachnoid space.
Assessing the relationship between water and nutrition knowledge and beverage consumption habits in children
Authors: Irwin Bridget R , Speechley Mark R , Gilliland Jason A
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To examine the relationship between knowledge and beverage consumption habits among children.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis. Linear regression was used to identify sociodemographic, dietary and behavioural determinants of beverage consumption and knowledge, and to describe the relationships between children’s knowledge and water and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption.

Settings:

Seventeen elementary schools in London, Ontario, Canada.

Participants:

A total of 1049 children aged 8–14 years.

Results:

Knowledge scores were low overall. Children with higher knowledge scores consumed significantly fewer SSB (β= −0·33; 95 % CI −0·49, −0·18;P< 0·0001) and significantly more water (β= 0·34; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·52;P= 0·0002). More frequent refillable water bottle use, lower junk food consumption, lower fruit and vegetable consumption, female sex, higher parental education, two-parent households and not participating in a milk programme were associated with a higher water consumption. Male sex, higher junk food consumption, single-parent households, lower parental education, participating in a milk programme, less frequent refillable water bottle use and permission to leave school grounds at lunchtime were associated with a higher SSB consumption. Water was the most frequently consumed beverage; however, 79 % of respondents reported consuming an SSB at least once daily and 50 % reported consuming an SSB three or more times daily.

Conclusions:

Elementary-school children have relatively low nutrition and water knowledge and consume high proportions of SSB. Higher knowledge is associated with increased water consumption and reduced SSB consumption. Interventions to increase knowledge may be effective at improving children’s beverage consumption habits.
Fluorescence-Based Detection of Membrane Fusion State on a Cryo-EM Grid using Correlated Cryo-Fluorescence and Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Authors: Metskas Lauren Ann , Briggs John A. G.
Published: May 2019

Correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) has become a popular technique for combining the protein-specific labeling of fluorescence with electron microscopy, both at room and cryogenic temperatures. Fluorescence applications at cryo-temperatures have typically been limited to localization of tagged protein oligomers due to known issues of extended triplet state duration, spectral shifts, and reduced photon capture through cryo-CLEM objectives. Here, we consider fluorophore characteristics and behaviors that could enable more extended applications. We describe how dialkylcarbocanine DiD, and its autoquenching by resonant energy transfer (RET), can be used to distinguish the fusion state of a lipid bilayer at cryo-temperatures. By adapting an established fusion assay to work under cryo-CLEM conditions, we identified areas of fusion between influenza virus-like particles and fluorescently labeled lipid vesicles on a cryo-EM grid. This result demonstrates that cryo-CLEM can be used to localize functions in addition to tagged proteins, and that fluorescence autoquenching by RET can be incorporated successfully into cryo-CLEM approaches. In the case of membrane fusion applications, this method provides both an orthogonal confirmation of functional state independent of the morphological description from cryo-EM and a way to bridge room-temperature kinetic assays and the cryo-EM images.
Reconsidering ‘What Works’ in Welfare-to-Work with the Vulnerable Unemployed: The Potential of Relational Causality as an Alternative Approach
Authors: Dall Tanja , Danneris Sophie
Published: May 2019

There is growing interest in research that informs more effective practices in employment services across Europe, Australia and the USA. However, despite the ever-expanding amount of research on the implementation and efficacy of various policy programmes in practice, the knowledge on how to bring unemployed individuals closer to the labour market remains ambiguous and inconclusive. This is especially so in the context of the more vulnerable unemployed, who face physical, mental and social challenges in addition to unemployment. In this article, we examine the existing literature in terms of its potential to inform (the development of) effective employment policies. On this basis, we outline an alternative approach based on the concept of relational causality, and discuss the implications of such an approach for applied policy research.
Genetic analysis of brown planthopper biotypes using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)
Authors: Shufran K. A. , Whalon M. E.
Published: May 2019

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to estimate the relatedness of three biotypes of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), from the Philippines. Each individual brown planthopper had a unique set of RAPD bands, but no bands were diagnostic for any one biotype. Brown planthopper types 1, 2 and 3 were genetically homogeneous. This supports results of other studies which conclude that brown planthopper biotypes are not sub-specific categories, but merely represent individual variation for virulence to rice cultivars.
Injury and depression among 212 039 individuals in 40 low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Stickley A. , Oh H. , Sumiyoshi T. , McKee M. , Koyanagi A.
Published: May 2019

Aims

Although injuries have been linked to worse mental health, little is known about this association among the general population in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs). This study examined the association between injuries and depression in 40 LAMICs that participated in the World Health Survey.

Methods

Cross-sectional information was obtained from 212 039 community-based adults on the past 12-month experience of road traffic and other (non-traffic) injuries and depression, which was assessed using questions based on the World Mental Health Survey version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and meta-analysis were used to examine associations.

Results

The overall prevalence (95% CI) of past 12-month traffic injury, other injury, and depression was 2.8% (2.6–3.0%), 4.8% (4.6–5.0%) and 7.4% (7.1–7.8%), respectively. The prevalence of traffic injuries [range 0.1% (Ethiopia) to 5.1% (Bangladesh)], and other (non-traffic) injuries [range 0.9% (Myanmar) to 12.1% (Kenya)] varied widely across countries. After adjusting for demographic variables, alcohol consumption and smoking, the pooled OR (95%CI) for depression among individuals experiencing traffic injury based on a meta-analysis was 1.72 (1.48–1.99), and 2.04 (1.85–2.24) for those with other injuries. There was little between-country heterogeneity in the association between either form of injury and depression, although for traffic injuries, significant heterogeneity was observed between groups by country-income level (p= 0.043) where the pooled association was strongest in upper middle-income countries (OR = 2.37) and weakest in low-income countries (OR = 1.46).

Conclusions

Alerting health care providers in LAMICs to the increased risk of worse mental health among injury survivors and establishing effective trauma treatment systems to reduce the detrimental effects of injury should now be prioritised.
Nontarget site resistance in Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri(S.) Wats.] confers cross-resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides
Authors: Varanasi Vijay K. , Brabham Chad , Korres Nicholas E. , Norsworthy Jason K.
Published: May 2019

Palmer amaranth is one of the most problematic weeds in cropping systems of North America, especially in midsouthern United States, because of its competitive ability and propensity to evolve resistance to several herbicide sites of action. Previously, we confirmed and characterized the first case of nontarget site resistance (NTSR) to fomesafen in a Palmer amaranth accession from Randolph County, AR (RCA). The primary basis of the present study was to evaluate the cross- and multiple-resistance profile of the RCA accession. The fomesafen dose-response assay in the presence of malathion revealed a lower level of RCA resistance when compared with fomesafen alone. The resistance index of the RCA accession, based on 50% biomass reduction, ranged from 63-fold (fomesafen alone) to 22-fold (malathion plus fomesafen), when compared with a 2007 susceptible, and 476-fold and 167-fold, respectively, relative to a 1986 susceptible check. The RCA accession was resistant to other protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors (i.e., flumioxazin, acifluorfen, saflufenacil) as well as the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor tembotrione and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor pyrithiobac sodium. Sequencing of theALSgene revealed no point mutations, indicating that a target-site mechanism is not involved in conferring ALS-inhibitor resistance in the RCA accession. Of the three PPO-inhibiting herbicides tested in combination with the malathion, saflufenacil resulted in the greatest biomass reduction (80%;P< 0.05) and lowest survival rate (23%;P< 0.05) relative to nontreated plants. The application of cytochrome P450 or glutathioneS-transferase inhibitors with fomesafen did not lead to any adverse effects on soybean, suggesting a possible role for these compounds for management of NTSR under field conditions. These results shed light on the relative unpredictability of NTSR in conferring herbicide cross- and multiple resistance in Palmer amaranth.
Overseas Credit Claiming and Domestic Support for Foreign Aid
Authors: Dietrich Simone , Hyde Susan D. , Winters Matthew S.
Published: May 2019

Many foreign aid donors brand development interventions. How do citizens in the donor country react to seeing this branding in action? We test the proposition that citizens will express higher levels of support for foreign aid when they see a branded foreign aid project relative to seeing the same project without branding. We present results from a survey-based laboratory experiment conducted in the United Kingdom where subjects learned about a typical foreign aid project and received a randomized UK branding treatment. Our results suggest that the branding treatments increase the likelihood that donor country respondents believe that aid recipients can identify the source of the foreign aid. Only among conservative respondents, however, does the evidence imply that branding increases support for foreign aid. “UK aid” branding increases conservative opinion that aid dollars are well spent and increases support among this group for the expansion of foreign aid.
Parameterizing Wave‐Driven Vertical Constituent Transport in the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Gardner Chester S. , Guo Yafang , Liu Alan Z.
Published: May 2019

Dissipating waves contribute to vertical mixing of the atmosphere, alter molecular and eddy diffusion, and induce chemical transport of reactive species. These processes induce strong vertical transport of atmospheric constituents in regions where wave dissipation is significant. The effective wave diffusivity is proportional to the Stokes drift velocity imparted by the spectrum of vertically propagating waves, which is related to the vertical heat and wave energy fluxes. Because the heat flux cannot be derived from wave parameterization schemes employed in most atmospheric models, wave‐driven constituent transport has not been fully incorporated. However, we show in this paper that wave diffusivity can also be expressed in terms of the eddy diffusivity and variances of the temperature and lapse rate fluctuations, quantities that are readily derived from many wave parameterizations. The theory is in good agreement with lidar measurements of heat fluxes in the mesopause region. Total dynamical diffusivity associated with dissipating waves and turbulence can exceed 300 m2/s near the mesopause.