bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Name as Cultural Code of Siberian Tatars
Authors: Rifkatovich Zamaletdinov Radif , Chakhvarovna Fajzullina Guzel
Published: November 2020

The article actualizes the problems of studying the pedigree and generic names of the Siberian Tatars in the linguocultural aspect. The source of the research is the Russian-language documents of the regional archive of the XVIII-XIX centuries, which recorded information on the composition of the family of residents of the Otdelno-Babasan volost of the Tobolsk province. Today, the issue of updating and preserving the language and culture of the Siberian Tatars is extremely acute, since the dialects of the natives of Western Siberia, according to UNESCO, are at the stage of extinction. The work has an integrated approach, therefore the following methods are used: the method of linguoculturological analysis, the method of interviewing informants, the method of language coexistence, the genealogical method, the descriptive-analytical method, the method of comparing definitions, the method of etymological analysis, the method of lexicographic description, the quantitative-statistical method The classification of generic names by etymology and structure is made, the models of the name of the deceased relative are identified, the traditions of the name of the deceased by the name of the deceased relative in Turkic cultures are examined, the mechanisms of metaphorization of kinship terms are determined. The authors come to the conclusion that the patrimonial names of the Siberian Tatars are a cultural code that stores echoes of the archaic world, namely the cult of their ancestors.
Factoring as a Perspective Financial Product of the Modern Market
Authors: Mirgaziyanovna Yusupova Lilia , Arkadevna Kodolova Irina , Viktorovna Nikonova Tatyana , Irekovna Agliullina Madina , Irekovna Agliullina Zarina
Published: November 2020

The article shows the factoring application feature analysis in Russia. Factoring represents a range of services for manufacturers and suppliers who conduct trading activities on a deferred payment basis, and it is currently one of the fastest growing financial services. In its development, Russian factoring has avoided crises and everything that many other sectors of the Russian economy have suffered from. In particular, the article revealed that in recent years the market has grown due to the seriously increased interest of banks - in a crisis, factoring is the least risky product, and players began to actively promote it. The article describes the advantage of factoring over a close financial service - a loan. In addition, directions for the factoring development in the Russian economy were also formulated. In Russia, factoring has only recently begun to actively develop and become successful among organizations engaged in trading. As for foreign experience, the use of factoring is growing rapidly in Western Europe, the USA and Asia. Also in this research we have analyzed the dynamics of factoring services in Russia for the period from 2010 to 2018. Despite the problems and shortcomings of this financial instrument, it has development prospects that are connected with the stabilization of external economic factors, the exchange rate and increasing of the resource provision of financial institutions.
Teaching Foreign Oral Speech to Language University's Students on the Basis of Creolized Text
Authors: Sergueevna Andrianova Natalia , Fedorovna Ostroumova Olga , Anatolyevna Vanchikova Elena
Published: November 2020

In the context of globalization and international integration, the requirements for knowledge of a foreign language, as an essential component of the professional competence of a modern competitive specialist, have substantially changed. Thus, the purpose of language education in modern conditions is the formation of a secondary linguistic personality, capable of intercultural communication, owning a fluent, clear and logically constructed foreign language speech. This goal leads to the search for creative approaches to professionally oriented teaching of foreign languages, the effectiveness of which is associated with the creation of problematic situations that contribute to unlocking the creative potential of students.
Solving problematic problems contributes to the development of critical thinking, creative activity, interest and motivation to learn a foreign language, analytical skills and spontaneous speech of students. In the conditions of information oversaturation in the modern world, creolized texts occupy has a significant place in the communicative space in professional life. It requires a representative of a modern society to have the ability to decode, interpret information. In this study, the authors consider the informational and linguodidactic potential of foreign-language creolized texts, which can be used as the basis for the development of unprepared speech and discussion skills of students in the framework of organizing a creative educational process. Finally, the authors propose a pedagogical algorithm for the formation of communicative skills of students in the context of the development of spontaneous speech based on creolized texts.
Internet Communications and Political Mobilization
Authors: Avzalova Elmira
Published: November 2020

The paper is devoted to the consideration of the role of Internet communications in the political mobilization of citizens. Internet communications create new opportunities for interaction and association of citizens and significantly accelerate political mobilization. In the information age, the "orange revolutions", and other "colour revolutions" of the last century were replaced by high-tech "network revolutions". Among researchers, however, there is no unity in understanding the role of Internet communications in mobilizing the protest activity of the population. The article concludes that when assessing the role of Internet communications in political mobilization, it is important to take into account the fact that the Internet communications are not capable of causing revolutionary events, popular actions were generated by a number of socio-economic, political and ideological reasons. However, social networks and microblogging services have become new tools for mobilizing participants in protests, allowing campaigning and coordination among protesters.
Kazan Philistines of the First Half of the XIX Century: Children and Childhood in Everyday Life
Authors: Victorovna Bessonova Tatyana , Aleksandrovna Nikolaeva Valentina
Published: November 2020

The article considers one of the issues of the history of everyday life and family history related to the study of childhood as a stage of life. The study is focused on the philistinism of the city of Kazan in the first half of the XIX century, being the most numerous layer of citizens. The analysis of archival documents allowed us studying such aspects of the daily history of philistinism as the age limits of childhood, attitudes toward children in philistine families, mass behavior and individual decisions, as well as the emotional side of relations between adults and children. The study of the issue allowed us coming to the conclusion that the social status of children, their attitude to childhood and children among the Kazan philistinism largely retain the features inherent in a traditional pre-industrial society. In everyday practices, childhood was not yet perceived as a separately recognized and designated life stage, which was reflected in the philistine's value system. Philistines often got rid of illegitimate children in many ways, sought to include the child early in the solution of issues of maintaining themselves and the family, as well as removed them from the family by giving them for apprenticeship or working with strangers. However, the predominance of a rational attitude towards childhood did not exclude a positive emotional color in relation to children
Linguocultural Analysis of the Most Common Greetings in the Russian, Tatar and Chinese Languages
Authors: Ramilyevna Bikmullina Elvira , Rifkatovich Zamaletdinov Radif
Published: November 2020

The article deals with greetings – as one of the speech genres, functioning in every language. Despite the universality of this speech genre, there are differences and peculiarities of its forms for various cultures. Of the great amount of greeting formulas functioning in the Russian, Tatar and Chinese languages the authors chose the most common three types. The formal-constructive, communicative-pragmatic and semantic characteristics are taken into consideration for a comparative analysis of the chosen units. The authors also attempted at providing a culturological interpretation of them. There are, on the one hand, greetings that are very similar in meanings among the linguocultures presented; on the other hand, there are nationally specific forms, which reflect the originality of the native speakers, their cultural traditions and axiological orientations. The study of greetings can give a key to understanding the nations’ worldview structure, the traits of mentality, as well as be a basis for successful relationships in cross-culture communication.
Punishment for the Crimes against Person According the Criminal Code of Poland
Authors: Batuevich Mulyukov Farkhad , Viktorovna Danilova Valentina
Published: November 2020

This study examines the types of sanctions for crimes against the person provided for by Special part of the Criminal code of Poland (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal code). The system is analyzed and in more detail-certain types of criminal attacks on the person in comparison with the analogous norms of the criminal code of the Russian Federation and the criminal legislation of some other States. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the research, defines the object and purpose of the research. Based on the research, a number of conclusions and recommendations for changing section VII of the Special part of the criminal code of the Russian Federation are formulated. Asked to borrow a positive experience of the Polish legislator to change the order of sections in a Special part of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation, justifies measures to prevent attacks on the person in connection with the pandemic coronavirus in addition the criminal code of Poland and the criminal code – establish liability for evading treatment of a difficult-to-treat infectious disease that is dangerous to others, as well as adopt a Law on the prevention of infection with a difficult-to-treat infectious disease, in which it would be possible to establish compulsory hospitalization, based on a court decision, to appropriate medical institutions for patients with these diseases who evade examination or treatment.
Anthropology of Salvation in Russian Medieval thought: «Nestyazhateli» and «Iosiflyanie»
Authors: Borisovich Lebedev Alexey , Vladimirovich Tokranov Alexander , Vladislavovna Kuzmina Elena
Published: November 2020

This article analyzes the anthropocentric aspects of Russian Orthodox thought. It is noted that the Russian traditional self-consciousness inherited the main religious and moral norms and values of Byzantium, such as contemplation, Hesychasm, careful preservation of dogmatic and ceremonial aspects of faith.
The authors of the article conclude that the central problem in Russian Orthodox thought is the problem of human justification, the problem of understanding human essence. Starting with the understanding of the problem of theodicy, Russian Orthodox thought gradually turned into its visibly formal opposite and became essentially a philosophy that proves the high creative purpose of man - a philosophy that justifies man. Thus, the humanistic, anthropocentric direction of the development of Russian religious philosophy is emphasized.
Also, turning to the analysis of the dispute between «Iosiflyane» and «Nestyazhateli», the authors of the article identify two opposite conceptual approaches to the philosophical interpretation of the essence of man: «contemplative man» and «active man».The authors conclude that Russian state policy has been mostly «Iosiflyanian», and the philosophy became a haven for «Nestyazhatel».
Constitutional and Legal Regulation of State Authority Interaction on Citizen Appeals: Foreign Experience
Authors: V. Markhgeym Marina , G. Mikhaleva Galia , E. Novikova Alevtina , A. Klyagina Dar'ya , Georgiev Sivkov Tsvetan
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this article is to identify the foreign experience of constitutional legalization of the basic foundations of interaction between government bodies regarding citizens' appeals. The study was built based on a dialectical approach to the disclosure of legal phenomena and processes using general scientific (systemic, logical, analysis and synthesis) and private scientific methods. The claimed interaction becomes relevant in modern conditions because that there is the coordination of the interests between an individual and the state in this process that is demanded to strengthen democratic values. Systematization of foreign constitutional experience, which appears in the comparative legal aspect as part of the general human rights theory.
The Need for Establishing a New United Nations Body to Protect Earth from Back Contamination and Outer Space from Forward Contamination
Authors: Milanov Aleksandar , Penchev George
Published: November 2020

The purpose of the article is to explore the necessity to establish a new United Nations body, which is authorised to monitor and protect Earth and its organisms from biological contamination from extra-terrestrial sources and to protect outer space from forwarding contamination. Recent studies show that these contaminations could potentially have an extremely detrimental effecton life on Earth and for the safety of future outer space exploration. The study is doctrinal research and primary and secondary legal sources of international space law and environmental law are analysed. The research also applies a theoretical approach to determine what sets of principles should be applied and what intuitional innovation is needed to achieve optimally the goals of improving safety standards. This article presents a proposal for establishing a specialized UN organ to monitor an international agreement for the international planetary quarantine protocol of Earth. The need of establishing a new body in the system of the UN for protection of the Earth’s environment from harmful contamination caused by activities in outer space is quite distinguished. This publication aims also to increase awareness about the need for institutional innovation of the present UN system, particularly concerning global challenges like contamination from outer space and contamination of outer space. One of the major global challenges of today is the absence of safeguards for the protection of Earth from back contamination, an extra-terrestrial source of infection and destruction of space debris on the surface. The proposed new legal instrument would create guarantees for the protection of Earth and the outer space environment, support the adoption of a common space situational awareness system for monitoring and disclosing information about what is happening in outer space.
Una experiencia de recreación en el ámbito educativo de L’après-midi d’un Faune de Mallarmé, Debussy, Nijinsky, y Bakst
Authors: Giménez Morte Carmen
Published: November 2020

A través de las obras -poema, composición musical, puesta en escena, y vestuario y pintura de  telón de fondo-, que conforman L’aprés-midi d’un faune, estrenada en mayo de 1912 en París, se propone un experimento de recreación en el ámbito de las Enseñanzas Artísticas Superiores. La finalidad es que esta experiencia provoque la necesidad de acudir a los documentos históricos como punto de partida de la recreación escénica,  a desarrollar la vivencia del cuerpo como archivo de memorias, a ser consciente de la necesidad de la apropiación en el repertorio coreográfico y al cuestionamiento de algunos conceptos clave para comprender el repertorio de la danza contemporánea hoy en día y para relacionarlos con la práctica de danza. La metodología utilizada se entronca con la investigación basada en las artes o performativa, que busca en lo procesos pedagógicos comunitarios la experimentación a través de la experiencia fundamentada. Los resultados tienen como eje central transparentar la vivencia de recreación en el aula, el proceso creativo, e ir generando métodos y estrategias narrativas de la experiencia personal y comunitaria.
Historias de familia: etnografía delirante sobre el amor, la violencia y las drogas
Authors: Tapias Hernández César Augusto
Published: November 2020

El ejercicio de reunir estas historias, estos conocimientos disponibles, se propuso para encontrar las palabras y los signos que, como prenociones sobre la vida cotidiana de un grupo individuos, ilustraran (no solo) un mar de problemas (sociológicos): anomías, malestares —por ejemplo, los delirios de violencia, el abuso de alcohol y drogas, las rencillas familiares, etc.—, sino también solidaridades y, sobre todo, amores: múltiples y coloridas representaciones que los individuos-partes del grupo (mis familiares y yo mismo) hacemos de nuestro estado, de nuestras condiciones, del lugar que ocupamos con respecto a los demás. Bourdianamente, me corresponde como científico social “demandar al razonamiento, la revelación de las causas estructurales que las palabras y los signos aparentes no develan más que velándolas” (Bourdieu 2000, 558). Intento con este texto, especialmente tras su lectura, hacer conscientes los mecanismos que hacen que funcione el mundo social que construimos en nuestras familias, es decir, la estructura de la interacción que configuramos: la familia en su forma de ser. No para neutralizar los detonantes/causas de las formas anómalas de interacción, ni para resolver los problemas que generan. Basta con comprender las verdaderas causas del malestar que solo se expresan a la luz de la cotidianidad. Si sobrevive la pregunta respecto a ¿cuál es el grado de efectividad de este mensaje sociológico?, respondería que solo quiero hacer/conocer nuestra forma social de interactuar/ser/vivir. Y este hacer/conocer remite a un asunto científico/metodológico con implicaciones políticas: cada repertorio de conocimientos fue obtenido conversando, no interrogando ni siguiendo cuestionario alguno. Se trató de una entrevista etnográfica que incluyó, además de su escritura o transcripción, la lectura posterior entre quienes la hicieron posible. Solo este ejercicio de reflexividad nos permitirá maniobrar con mayor libertad a la hora de seguir siendo parte de este mundo.
Accurate determination of ionization energy of 1, 3-diethoxybenzene via photoionization efficiency spectrum in electrostatic field
Authors: Duan Chun-Yang , Li Na , Zhao Yan , Li Chang-Yong ,   State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,   School of Mathematics and Physics, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Published: November 2020

Ionization energy (IE) is an important characteristic parameter of atoms or molecules. It plays an important role in the process of photophysics and photochemistry. The precise ionization energy is very important for relevant research. Especially, it is very useful for adjusting the signal of the zero-kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectrum, and it also plays a key role in judging the number of rotamers and molecular configuration. In linear time-of-flight mass spectrometers, pulsed electric fields are usually used to drive photo-ionized ions to the detector to produce the photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectrum. The ionization energy is directly obtained from the PIE curve. The uncertainty of the measured IE is usually greater than or equal to ± 10 cm–1. The ZEKE spectroscopy is based on the long-lived Rydberg state field ionization technology. In the ZEKE experiments, the laser excites molecules to the Rydberg state and then a pulsed field ionization (PFI) is used for measurement. A peak with high signal-to-noise ratio and narrow linewidth signal appears near the ionization threshold. Therefore, the more accurate ionization energy can be obtained, and the uncertainty of the measured value is about ± 5 cm–1. The 1,3-diethoxybenzene is an important benzene derivative, and experiments have confirmed that there are two rotamers, i.e. I (down-up) and III (down-down) in the supersonic molecular beam. In this paper, a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer is used to measure the photoionization efficiency curves of 1,3-diethoxybenzene in electrostatic fields. From the linear fitting of the ionization energy values measured under different electric fields (Stark effect) to the square root of the field strengths, the precise ionization energy values of rotamer I and rotamer III are determined to be (62419 ± 2) cm–1 and (63378 ± 2) cm–1, respectively. Compared with the accuracies of the values measured by the usual pulsed electric field acceleration mechanism and the ZEKE spectroscopy, the accuracy is improved from about ± 10 and ± 5 to ± 2 cm–1, respectively. The physical mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of different methods are analyzed and discussed. The present research results show that the ionization energy measured in the electrostatic field is more accurate, the physical meaning of the measurement process is clear, and the threshold data are easy to collect. This is the first report on the precise ionization energy of 1,3-diethoxybenzene rotamers.
Calculation and verification for energetic proton energy deposition in spallation target
Authors: Zhou Bin , Yu Quan-Zhi , Hu Zhi-Liang , Chen Liang , Zhang Xue-Ying , Liang Tian-Jiao ,   Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China,   Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Published: November 2020

Energy deposition in spallation target induced by energetic protons is the foundation and the premise of the spallation target research. In this paper, several intra-nuclear cascade models including BERTINI, ISABEL, CEM2K and INCL4 contained in MCNPX package, together with FLUKA and PHITS Monte Carlo codes are used to calculate the energy deposition in lead (Pb) and tungsten (W) spallation target impinged by 800, 1000, and 1200 MeV protons. The contributions of different particles to the total energy deposition in the Pb target are obtained and compared with each other as well. The energy deposition distribution caused by 250 MeV protons in the W target is measured with thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs). The results indicate that the calculations from the MCNPX accord with experimental data, verifying that the Monte Carlo code has a high reliability for energy deposition simulation.
Surgical Treatment of Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Moen Ruth , Hagenbucher Jacob R. , Shinabarger Andrew B.
Published: November 2020

Background

Insertional Achilles tendinopathy is a common complaint among patients. Oftentimes, conservative treatment is inadequate, and surgical treatment is required. However, there is no published consensus regarding surgical intervention in reference to insertional Achilles tendinopathy.

Methods

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the surgical management of insertional Achilles tendinopathy and report which surgical procedures provide the greatest pain reduction and improvement in functional outcome. A review of PubMed, OVID, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was performed using a defined search strategy and inclusion criteria.

Results

Of 2,863 articles identified using the defined strategy, 20 met the inclusion criteria (three prospective and 17 retrospective). Operative interventions included Achilles tendon debridement, reattachment with suture anchors, reconstruction with flexor hallucis longus tendon autograft or bone-patellar tendon autograft, and gastrocnemius recession. All of the studies, regardless of intervention, showed generalized improvement after surgery. Wide variation in outcome scoring systems prevented direct comparison between studies and interventions.

Conclusions

This systematic review did not identify a superior treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy but rather found that the surgical treatment should be based on the extent of tendon injury.
Total Loss of the Intermediate Cuneiform by Posttraumatic Avascular Necrosis: A Case Report
Authors: Dang Le Hoang Nam , Kim Do-Yeon , Lee Kwang-Bok
Published: November 2020

We report a unique case of the total loss of the intermediate cuneiform by posttraumatic avascular necrosis resulting from a left foot open fracture and dislocation of the navicular bone and medial and intermediate cuneiforms at the Chopart and Lisfranc joints in a 64-year-old woman. The injury was managed with open reduction and internal fixation with Kirschner wires and cannulated screws. During postoperative follow-up, we observed avascular necrosis of the intermediate cuneiform and the total loss of the bone. An extensive English literature search revealed only one case report published on this topic. Thus, we provide this case study to help guide clinical decision making in the future.
Asynchrony between virus diversity and antibody selection limits influenza virus evolution
Authors: Morris Dylan H , Petrova Velislava N , Rossine Fernando W , Parker Edyth , Grenfell Bryan T , Neher Richard A , Levin Simon A , Russell Colin A
Published: November 2020

Seasonal influenza viruses create a persistent global disease burden by evolving to escape immunity induced by prior infections and vaccinations. New antigenic variants have a substantial selective advantage at the population level, but these variants are rarely selected within-host, even in previously immune individuals. Using a mathematical model, we show that the temporal asynchrony between within-host virus exponential growth and antibody-mediated selection could limit within-host antigenic evolution. If selection for new antigenic variants acts principally at the point of initial virus inoculation, where small virus populations encounter well-matched mucosal antibodies in previously-infected individuals, there can exist protection against reinfection that does not regularly produce observable new antigenic variants within individual infected hosts. Our results provide a theoretical explanation for how virus antigenic evolution can be highly selective at the global level but nearly neutral within-host. They also suggest new avenues for improving influenza control.
Chemical analysis of callus extracts from toxic and non-toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas L.
Authors: Leyva-Padrón Gerardo , Vanegas-Espinoza Pablo Emilio , Evangelista-Lozano Silvia , Del Villar-Martínez Alma Angélica , Bazaldúa Crescencio
Published: November 2020

Jatropha curcas L. belongs to Euphorbiaceae family, and it synthesizes flavonoid and diterpene compounds that have showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal and insecticide activity. Seeds of this plant accumulate phorbol esters, which are tigliane type diterpenes, reported as toxic and, depending on its concentration, toxic and non-toxic varieties has been identified. The aim of this work was to characterize the chemical profile of the extracts from seeds, leaves and callus of both varieties (toxic and non-toxic) of Jatropha curcas, to verify the presence of important compounds in dedifferentiated cells and consider the possibility of using these cultures for the massive production of metabolites. Callus induction was obtained using NAA (1.5 mg L−1) and BAP (1.5 mg L−1) after 21 d for both varieties. Thin layer chromatography analysis showed differences in compounds accumulation in callus from non-toxic variety throughout the time of culture, diterpenes showed an increase along the time, in contrast with flavonoids which decreased. Based on the results obtained through microQTOF-QII spectrometer it is suggested a higher accumulation of phorbol esters, derived from 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol (m/z 365 [M+H]+), in callus of 38 d than those of 14 d culture, from both varieties. Unlike flavonoids accumulation, the MS chromatograms analysis allowed to suggest lower accumulation of flavonoids as the culture time progresses, in callus from both varieties. The presence of six glycosylated flavonoids is also suggested in leaf and callus extracts derived from both varieties (toxic and non-toxic), including: apigenin 6-C-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-β-D-xylopyranoside (m/z 535 [M+H]+), apigenin 4′-O-rhamnoside (m/z 417 [M+H]+), vitexin (m/z 433 [M+H]+), vitexin 4′-O-glucoside-2″-O-rhamnoside (m/z 741 [M+H]+), vicenin-2 (m/z 595 [M+H]+), and vicenin-2,6″-O-glucoside (m/z 757 [M+H]+).
Variation in female reproductive tract morphology across the reproductive cycle in the zebra finch
Authors: Hurley Laura L. , Crino Ondi L. , Rowe Melissah , Griffith Simon C.
Published: November 2020

Background

In seasonally breeding birds, the reproductive tract undergoes a dramatic circannual cycle of recrudescence and regression, with oviduct size increasing 5–220 fold from the non-breeding to the breeding state. Opportunistically breeding birds can produce multiple clutches sequentially across an extended period in response primarily to environmental rather than seasonal cues. In the zebra finch, it has been shown that there is a significant reduction in gonadal morphology in non-breeding females. However, the scale of recrudescence and regression of reproductive tissue within a single breeding cycle is unknown and yet important to understand the cost of breeding, and the physiological readiness to breed in such flexible breeders.

Methods

We examined the reproductive tissue of breeding female zebra finches at six stages in the nesting cycle from pre-breeding to fledging offspring. We quantified the wet mass of the oviduct, the volume of the largest pre-ovulatory follicle, and the total number of pre-ovulatory follicles present on the ovary.

Results

Measures of the female reproductive tract were highest during nesting and laying stages and declined significantly in the later stages of the breeding cycle. Importantly, we found that the mass of reproductive tissue changes as much across a single reproductive event as that previously characterized between birds categorized as breeding and non-breeding. However, the regression of the ovary is less dramatic than that seen in seasonal breeders. This could reflect low-level maintenance of reproductive tissues in opportunistic breeders, but needs to be confirmed in wild non-breeding birds.
Development and validation of Egyptian developmental screening chart for children from birth up to 30 months
Authors: El Shafie Ali M. , Omar Zein A.L. , Bashir Mai M. , Mahmoud Sorour F. , Basma Elsayedamr M. , Hussein Ahmed E. , Mostafa Alaa Mosad , Bahbah Wael A.
Published: November 2020

Background

Detecting developmental delay in children is an ongoing world commitment, especially for those below three years. To accurately assess the development of children; a culturally appropriate screening tool must be used. Egypt lacks such tool and multiple studies have shown that western tools are not suitable in other cultures.

Objectives

To develop and validate an easy, rapid, culturally appropriate and applicable screening chart for early detection of developmental delay among Egyptian children from birth up to 30 months and develop a Z-score chart for motor and mental development follow up based on our Egyptian screening chart.

Methods

A cross sectional randomized study was carried out on 1503 Egyptian children of both genders aged from birth up to 30 months assumed to have normal development according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were selected from vaccination centers and well-baby clinics. Developmental milestones from Baroda development screening test (BDST) were applied on them after items were translated and adapted to Egyptian culture. Egyptian children developmental milestones scores were analyzed and carefully prepared in tables and charts. A 97% pass level of developmental achievements represents the threshold below which children are considered delayed. A Z-score chart for motor and mental development follow up was designed by calculating each age group achievement. The developed Egyptian developmental screening chart (EDSC) was validated against Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ-3) as a reference standard in another different sample of 337 children in different age groups.

Results

The developed EDSC is represented in a chart format with two curves 50% and 97% pass level. Children considered delayed when the score below 97% pass level. Results revealed a statistically significant difference between EDSC and BDST at 50% and 97% pass levels. A Z-score chart for motor and mental development follow up was designed by calculating each age group achievement. EDSC sensitivity and specificity were calculated 84.38 (95% CI [67.21%–94.72%]) and 98.36 (95% CI [96.22%–99.47%]) respectively with an overall test accuracy 97.03 (95% CI [94.61%–98.57%]) (p ≤ .001). Agreement between EDSC and ASQ-3 was high (kappa score was 0.827) with negative and positive agreement 98.36 and 84.38, respectively.

Conclusions

Extensive revision of the BDST was needed in order to create and validate a more culturally appropriate Egyptian screening chart. This is the first study to create and validate an Egyptian-specific screening tool, to be rapid and easy to use in Egypt for early detection of developmental delay and enabling early intervention practices. A Z-score curve is reliable for follow up motor and mental development by calculating each age group achievement.
Population genetics of the freshwater fishProchilodus magdalenae(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae), using species-specific microsatellite loci
Authors: Landínez-García Ricardo M. , Narváez Juan Carlos , Márquez Edna J.
Published: November 2020

Prochilodus magdalenaeis a freshwater fish endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca and Caribbean hydrographic basins. The genetic structure patterns of populations of different members ofProchilodusand the historic restocking of its depleted natural populations suggest thatP. magdalenaeexhibits genetic stocks that coexist and co-migrate throughout the rivers Magdalena, Cauca, Cesar, Sinú and Atrato. To test this hypothesis and explore the levels of genetic diversity and population demography of 725 samples ofP.magdalenaefrom the studied rivers, we developed a set of 11 species-specific microsatellite loci using next-generation sequencing, bioinformatics, and experimental tests of the levels of diversity of the microsatellite loci. The results evidenced thatP. magdalenaeexhibits high genetic diversity, significant inbreeding coefficient ranging from 0.162 to 0.202, and signs of erosion of the genetic pool. Additionally, the population genetic structure constitutes a mixture of genetic stocks heterogeneously distributed along the studied rivers, and moreover, a highly divergent genetic stock was detected in Chucurí, Puerto Berrío and Palagua that may result from restocking practices. This study provides molecular tools and a wide framework regarding the genetic diversity and structure ofP. magdalenae, which is crucial to complement its baseline information, diagnosis and monitoring of populations, and to support the implementation of adequate regulation, management, and conservation policies.
Marcos de teorías poscríticas para repensar la investigación en educación ambiental: la experiencia estética y la subjetividad en la formación de profesores y educadores ambientales
Authors: Andradre da Silva Carolina , Figueroa Figueiredo Tainá , Luiz Bozelli Reinaldo , Freire Laísa Maria
Published: November 2020

El escenario de crisis climática, ecológica, social y de salud nos hace repensar caminos deinvestigación en educación ambiental. Las teorías poscríticas valorizan los contextos locales,la dimensión subjetiva de la realidad y la subjetividad de los sujetos. El objetivo de este trabajofue caracterizar las contribuciones poscríticas para la investigación en educación ambientala través de una experiencia en formación de profesores y educadores ambientales, en unsendero interpretativo en la selva amazónica de Brasil. Los participantes fueron profesores yeducadores ambientales de la ciudad local. Los datos presentados corresponden a narrativasacerca del sendero recorrido donde se identificaron elementos afectivos y sensoriales narradospara caracterizar la dimensión subjetiva. Cada sujeto destacó momentos y relacionó sentidos conla experiencia. Sin embargo, considerar la dimensión subjetiva en el proceso de análisis implicabrechas metodológicas en cuanto a cómo acceder a lo subjetivo a través de las experienciasnarradas, que transforman las sensaciones prerreflexivas en reflexivas. Adicionalmente, seargumenta que las actividades al aire libre pueden promover relaciones no mercantiles o quela naturaleza no sea vista como objeto o mercancía y contribuir a generar avances en la materia.
Una mirada crítica a los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible a partir de una experiencia realizada por estudiantes de primaria: ¿ser o no ser, esa es la cuestión?
Authors: de Oliveira Barbosa Alynne , Rodrigues Soares Beatriz , Rodrigues Lopes Victória , Pinheiro dos Santos Kelly , Freire dos Santos Laísa , Merino Rubilar Cristian
Published: November 2020

El presente trabajo analiza limitaciones, posibilidades, condicionantes y sustratos cualitativos para la significación de planteamientos de sostenibilidad en discursos globales como los 17Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Para eso, se realizó un taller de educación ambiental con estudiantes de primaria en dos escuelas públicas de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. En cada taller, los estudiantes (n = 103) fueron divididos en cinco grupos, cada uno de los cuales recibió un kit con una fotografía de una obra de arte, una fotografía de Río de Janeiro y una noticia. Producto de la actividad los participantes elaboraron un dibujo acerca de la construcción deun mundo sostenible. Para la identificación de sus dibujos se recurrió a análisis cualitativo através de redes sistémicas y clasificación en niveles de representación. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes relacionan algunos ODS entre sí, aunque los dibujos se concentraron en el nivel de representación como descripción. En la Escuela 2 se observaron mayores sofisticaciones y complejidad en los dibujos, los que incluyeron aspectos simbólicos, sintácticos y semánticos. Finalmente, las conclusiones indican que los dibujos incluyen verbos imperativos, prescribiendo modos de cambio y acción de los cuales niñas y niños se hacen partícipes.
A baseline terrestrial vertebrate fauna survey of Pullen Pullen; a significant conservation reserve in south-west Queensland
Authors: Kearney S.G. , Kern P.L. , Kutt A.S.
Published: November 2020

Arid and desert landscapes are characterised as boom-bust systems, and sometimes its fauna can remain cryptic or hidden. This short paper reports the results of baseline monitoring of the terrestrial fauna in the Bush Heritage Pullen Pullen reserve in south-west Queensland, most notable for the presence of the night parrot Pezoporus occidentalis. We conducted two fauna surveys over 22 sites representing Spinifex grasslands, and Mitchell and Chenopod grassland habitats in 2018 and 2019, using pitfall, funnel and Elliott traps, and active searching. A total of eight mammal and 28 reptile species comprising 730 records were documented, as well as eight additional incidental species. Frequently recorded species were Ctentous lateralis, Ctenotus pantherinus, Gehyra versicolor, Tachyglossus aculeatus, Sminthopsis macroura, Pseudomys desertor. Fourteen of the species recorded were highly variable in abundance from one survey to the next. The fauna of the Spinifex grasslands, and Mitchell and Chenopod grassland sites was compositionally very different, and the extent of ground cover or Triodia in the surrounding landscape predicted the abundance of some mammals (i.e. Pseudomys desertor) and reptiles (Delma nasuta, Ctenotus pulchellus, Cyclodomorphus melanops). These data provide a baseline for future monitoring on this important reserve, and an opportunity to enhance or increase the survey scope via additional sites and a future more adaptive management and question-driven approach.
Understanding the Effect of COVID-19 on the Education System and the Students in Bangalore Region of India
Authors: Ahlawat Bhavna
Published: November 2020

This study was intended to examine the effect of COVID-19 on students and education system in India. This study included the following objectives; to evaluate the affect of pre and post COVID-19 virus situation among students in India, to examine the impact of COVID-19 on education system in India. The questionnaire format of Google forms was applied in order to collect data. Primary data source was used and data was analyzed using the chi square statistical tool at 5% level of significance which was presented in frequency tables and percentages. The respondents under the study were 355 students of undergraduate and post graduate level in India. The study findings revealed that COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the education in India.
Progesterone Only Injectable Contraceptives: A Five Year Review of Side Effects and Discontinuation Rate in a Teaching Hospital in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Ijeoma Nonye-Enyidah Esther , Solomon Enyidah Nonyenim
Published: November 2020

Background: Progesterone only injectable contraceptives (POICs) are long acting reversible method of contraception used worldwide. Menstrual abnormalities are recognized side effects that can lead to discontinuation of these highly effective and safe contraceptives.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence rate, side effects, discontinuation rate and indications for discontinuation of Norethisteroneenanthate (noristerat) and Depot Medroxyprogesterone acetate (depoprovera) at Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), Port Harcourt.

Methods: A five year retrospective study of 874 clients attending family planning clinic at the RSUTH from 1st of January, 2015 – 31st of December, 2019. Their records were retrieved from the clinic and reviewed. Data was extracted, coded and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) IBM version 25.0 (Armonk, NY). Chi square test was used as test of significance where applicable and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: One hundred and thirty eight clients accepted and used POICs out of 874 acceptors of contraceptives within the study period giving a prevalence rate of 15.8%.

Depot Medroxyprogesterone acetate was more preferred by the women. The modal age group was 25-34 years accounting for 86 (62.3%). Age range was 19-48 years and the modal parity was para 2. Majority of the clients had formal education, 137 (99.3%), married, 128 (92.8%) and multipara 85 (61.6%).The discontinuation rate was 31.9%and the commonest reason for discontinuation was irregular vaginal bleeding accounting for 25%.

Conclusion: The prevalence rate of POICs was low and Depot Medroxyprogesterone acetate was more popular. Majority of the discontinuation was due to the side effects of the contraceptives.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review through the Lens of 9-Month-based Knowledge and Brief Snapshots of 10 Cases and Five Family Units, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Qureshi Naseem Akhtar , Habeeb Abdulhameed Abdullah Al-
Published: November 2020

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has questioning origin in Wuhan, an industrial city of China. The novel coronavirus 2 (NCV2) was first identified in December 2019, and World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a global public health emergency on 30 January 2020, officially named it as COVID-19 on February 11 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. COVID-19 causes physical and mental health problems of variable severity and outcomes among people around the world.

Objective: This study has two aims;1) to conduct a scoping review of COVID-19’s epidemiological trend, clinical manifestations, therapeutics, diagnosis, and progress on vaccine development; and 2) to describe a case series of ten consultees’ and conveniently selected five family units’ mental and physical health effects of COVID-19 over the past 9 months, December to August 31, 2020.

Methods: We used keywords and Boolean Operators for conducting electronic searches of published literature in three largest databases on COVID-19 and regularly received notifications from COVID-19 resource centers, scientific journals, international and national research and economic institutions, and various websites, which helped to retain 82 articles after iterative screening for this review. In addition, 10 cases and the heads of 5 family units were interviewed virtually for assessing the mental and physical health of all family members affected by COVID-19.

Results: COVID-19 pandemic presents with variable clinical manifestations and outcomes attributable to the persons’ immune system, age and gender, physical and mental comorbidities, and adversely affects the biopsychosocial, cultural and economic fabrics of the world population. Basic preventive precautions and nonspecific drug interventions against COVID-19 are relatively effective with inconstant morbidity and mortality, and vaccine development researches (phase I-III) are in progress around the world. All persons in case series, not corona positive except one, presented with mental and physical health problems of wider nature that required integrated treatment interventions while majority of family unit members were less affected mentally or physically by COVID-19 and improved with preventive precautions.

Conclusion: COVID-19 is highly virulent disease linked with variable mental health problems, greater morbidity and mortality, severe strains on healthcare organizations and economic downturn around the world. Despite difficult access to services, overall our case series and family members showed good outcome. Information concerning COVID-19 is continuously evolving and, hence, further scoping reviews, randomized clinical trials and surveys concerning its several perspectives are needed in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the Gulf countries.
Sero-conversion after Second Measles' Containing Vaccine in a Selected Sample of Young Children
Authors: Karwi Yahya G. , Hussein Reem G. , Wahid Salwa Sh. Abdul-
Published: November 2020

Background: This study aims to detect sero-prevalence of measles Immunoglobulin-G, antibodies, (IgG Abs) before versus after second measles containing vaccine (MCV2) among young children.

Methodology: This cross–sectional study was conducted in a selected primary health care centers (PHCcs), in Iraq. The study sample comprised 112 children, (66 males, & 46 females), aged   13 - < 24 months, selected at a random during their attendance for routine vaccination. The study sample subjected for estimation of measles IgG Abs titer before, and, (4-12) weeks after Measles, Mumps & Rubella (MMR) vaccination.

Results: Seroprevalence for specific measles IgG- Abs before MMR vaccine (41.8%) was found among those infants, when sero-conversion rate estimated after MMR vaccination it was (92 .4%). The result reveals that seroconversion rate among children who had received MCV1 vaccine before was (96.8%), while it was 84.0% for those children did not have MCV1 vaccine before.

Conclusions: This study concluded that the two-dose schedule seems to increase the seropositivity rate, and recommended application of solid vaccination program with two doses of an effective & efficient measles vaccine, before the second year of age.