bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full‐face photorejuvenation of photodamaged skin by intense pulsed light with integrated contact cooling: Initial experiences in Asian patients
Authors: Negishi Kei , Wakamatsu Shingo , Kushikata Nobuharu , Tezuka Yukiko , Kotani Yasuyo , Shiba Kyouko
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

For Asian skin, recent “non‐ablative” skin rejuvenation techniques have become the focus of attention for darker complected patients. In our earlier research, we have shown that intense pulsed light (IPL) technology can be applied to Asian skin with a high degree of safety and efficacy. In this study, we performed full‐face photorejuvenation using a new IPL device incorporating a 560 nm filter and integrated contact cooling system for the improvement of various symptoms associated with photoaging in Asian patients.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A total of 73 patients were treated with a series of five or more full‐face treatments at 3–4 week intervals using IPL with integrated contact cooling. One month after the third and fifth treatments, the patient and the treating physicians subjectively evaluated improvement in five areas—in pigmentation, telangiectasia, fine wrinkles, skin texture, and over‐all improvement. In addition, histological changes were evaluated.

Results

Pigmentation improvement, telangiectasia reduction, fine wrinkle reduction, smoother skin texture, and over‐all improvement were evaluated according to five grades of percentage improvement. In addition, the subjective rating by the patients and the physicians was averaged, and the combined results were evaluated. After the fifth treatment, a combined rating of greater than 60% improvement was given to more than 80% of patients for pigmentation improvement, telangiectasia reduction or removal, smoother skin texture, and overall improvement. Histological evaluations showed strong staining of Type I and Type III collagen. Complications were minor and transitory, with burning sensations and erythema in only two patients.

Conclusion

Full‐face photorejuvenation for Asian patients using this device is not only effective but is also associated with fewer post‐treatment complications than other more invasive modalities. We conclude that IPL photorejuvenation can be the basis for safe and effective skin rejuvenation in Asian patients. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:298–305, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laserinduced thermotherapy (LITT) of experimental livermetastasis—detection of residual tumors using Gd‐DTPA enhanced MRI
Authors: Isbert Christoph , Ritz Jörg‐P. , Schilling Andreas , Roggan André , Heiniche Antje , Wolf Karl‐J. , Müller Gerhard , Buhr Heinz J. , Germer Christoph‐T.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Gd‐DTPA MRI in the detection of recurrent tumor after laserinduced thermotherapy (LITT) of experimental liver metastases.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

LITT was performed at different energy levels in VX‐2 tumor‐bearing rabbits (n = 80). MRI and histology were placed at 0, 24, 96 hours, and 14 days. Signal intensities were calculated of the transition between thermally damaged and undamaged tissue (transition zone = TZ) and of the surrounding tissue (reference zone = RZ).

Results

Tumor recurrence was seen in 47 animals. At 24 hours sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was 92, 100, and 95% in TZ and 23, 100, and 50% in RZ. At 14 days sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was 100, 11, and 60% in TZ and 100, 89, and 95% in RZ.

Conclusions

Recurrence is best excluded in TZ at 24 hour and in RZ at 14 day with an accuracy up to 95%. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:280–289, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding complaining responses through consumers' self‐consciousness disposition
Authors: Marquis Marie , Filiatrault Pierre
Published: August 2002

The objective of this article is to determine whether a dissatisfied consumer would select a specific complaining behavior response based on his or her self‐consciousness disposition. The study used written scenarios where subjects waiting in line at a movie theater had to face additional waiting time as a consequence of an event associated with an intruder or with the service provider, and occurring either immediately in front of them or further away. Results indicated that, when faced with an additional delay related to an event occurring near them as opposed to further away from them, high private subjects, in contrast with low private subjects, had a significantly more negative perception of service quality and a strong tendency to display more negative word‐of‐mouth behavior. When faced with an additional delay related to an event occurring near them as opposed to further away from them, high public subjects, in contrast with low public subjects, had a significantly more negative perception of service quality and favored significantly more negative word‐of‐mouth behavior to express their dissatisfaction. Under a direct intrusion scenario, when compared with low public subjects, high public subjects favored significantly more negative word‐of‐mouth behavior and evaluated service quality in a significantly more negative way than when the loss of time was related to actions of the service provider. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On‐line coupled supercritical fluid extraction–liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the analysis of organic acids
Authors: Shimmo Masahiko , Hyötyläinen Tuulia , Hartonen Kari , Riekkola Marja‐Liisa
Published: August 2002

An on‐line coupled supercritical fluid extraction–liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SFE‐LC‐GC‐MS) system was constructed and applied for the quantitative analysis of selected organic acids. In SFE the analytes were derivatized in situ with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in the presence of the modifiers triethylamine and acetone to make them less polar, more volatile, and soluble in supercritical CO2. Parameters that affect derivatization and extraction were studied. Excess reagent was efficiently removed by LC prior to GC analysis. Pentane containing 3% ethyl acetate was suitable for elution of both the SFE solid phase trap and LC‐GC. A LC fraction of 1600 μL could be transferred using an on‐column interface and partially concurrent solvent evaporation. The whole analysis took place for 2 h in a closed system. The method was linear in the range 5–200 ng, with detection limits around 3 ng. The relative standard deviations of the method were 5–20%. The on‐line SFE‐LC‐GC‐MS system was applied for the analysis of aerosol samples collected with Teflon filters in Helsinki, Finland. Benzoic acid and butyric acid were identified at the level of nanograms per cubic meter, but pinonic acid was not observed. The importance of anthropogenic emissions for aerosol formation in the region is implied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 202–210, 2001
Dystonia in corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Vanek Zeba , Jankovic Joseph
Published: August 2002

OBJECTIVE:

To characterize the clinical features, particularly dystonia, in patients with clinically diagnosed or pathologically proven corticobasal degeneration (CBD).

BACKGROUND:

Although dystonia has been reported in many neurodegenerative disorders, it has not been studied in CBD. Dystonia, often accompanied by painful rigidity and fixed contractures, is one of the most disabling features of CBD.

METHODS:

The medical records, imaging studies, and videotapes of 66 patients who satisfied the clinical criteria of CBD, evaluated between 1988 and 1998, were reviewed. The occurrence, nature, and distribution of dystonic features were analyzed and correlated with other features of CBD.

RESULTS:

Of the 66 patients with CBD, 39 (59.0%) had dystonia. The mean age at onset of initial symptoms was 63.9 years (range 44–75). In 20 (51.0%) patients, dystonic symptoms began in one arm, while 13 (33.0%) patients had initial leg involvement. At least one arm was affected in 36 (92.0%) dystonic patients. Although 11 (28.0%) patients had leg dystonia, the leg was the predominant site of involvement in only 1 patient. Only 12 (31.0%) patients had dystonia involving the head, neck, or trunk in the course of the disease. The diagnosis of CBD was confirmed in all 4 patients who had autopsies.

CONCLUSION:

In this large series of CBD patients we found that asymmetric limb dystonia, particularly affecting one arm, is a common manifestation of CBD; dystonia may be the initial manifestation of this neurodegenerative disorder. Axial or leg dystonia, without significant involvement of an arm, is rare. There is no effective treatment for this relentless disorder, except for temporary relief of dystonia and pain, with local botulinum toxin injections. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Influence of pallidal stimulation and levodopa on gait and preparatory postural adjustments in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Defebvre Luc J.P. , Krystkowiak Pierre , Blatt Jean‐Louis , Duhamel Alain , Bourriez Jean‐Louis , Périna Myriame , Blond Serge , Guieu Jean‐Daniel , Destée Alain
Published: August 2002

In order to assess the influence of the bilateral internal globus pallidus (GPi) stimulation on gait and postural instability in Parkinson's disease (PD), we compared gait kinematic parameters and preparatory postural adjustments before and 3 months after stimulation in off‐ and on‐drug conditions for seven patients. Gait kinematic parameters and displacements of centre of pressure (CP) and shoulder computed before a lateral raising task of the leg, were recorded using optoelectric Vicon system. Levodopa (L‐dopa) induced a clear benefit for gait velocity (related to an increase of stride length) and also an increase of swing phase duration. GPi stimulation had a limited effect, since the increase of gait velocity was induced by a concomitant increase of stride length and cadence corresponding to a compensatory mechanism. The benefit on swing phase duration was also moderate. Displacements of CP were improved mainly by L‐dopa. GPi stimulation and L‐dopa had the same beneficial effect on the speed at which the CP was transferred back towards the support side, the ankle velocity, the onset time for ankle displacement, and the decrease of shoulder amplitude towards the support side, which reflects a better postural adjustment phase. This study, based on an objective method, revealed that chronic bilateral GPi stimulation may improve gait and preparatory postural adjustments in severe PD patients with a more limited effect than L‐dopa. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Different ligands–different receptor conformations: Modeling of the hERα LBD in complex with agonists and antagonists
Authors: Egner Ursula , Heinrich Nikolaus , Ruff Marc , Gangloff Monique , Mueller‐Fahrnow Anke , Wurtz Jean‐Marie
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study is to compare crystal structures of nuclear receptor ligand binding domains in complex with different agonists and partial agonists to achieve a better understanding of the three‐dimensional structures and their ligand‐induced conformational changes. This led to the identification of structurally conserved “rigid” regions and more flexible parts of the proteins. The analysis was found to be of great value in fitting selected non‐steroidal compounds into the human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα) ligand binding pocket. The experimentally determined binding affinities for a number of 2‐aryl indoles and 2‐aryl indenones are in good agreement with the subsequently modeled binding interactions. To date, no crystal structure is published for a complex with a pure antagonist. We therefore used the available structural information on complexes with partial agonists and the crystal structure of a mutant protein in complex with estradiol displaying a similar conformation to predict binding interactions for antagonists. The results are discussed in detail. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 21, No. 6, 523–539, 2001
Synthesis of multiple‐pattern planar antenna arrays with single prefixed or jointly optimized amplitude distributions
Authors: Brégains J. , Trastoy A. , Ares F. , Moreno E.
Published: August 2002

Previous work on the generation of multiple radiation patterns by a single linear array antenna with an unchanging excitation amplitude distribution is generalized to planar arrays. The amplitude distribution common to all of the excitation distributions can be prefixed or optimized jointly with the phase distributions. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 74–78, 2002.
Design and simulation of a 2×2NSOI optical power splitter
Authors: Tsao Shyh‐Lin , Peng Peng‐Chun
Published: August 2002

A 2×2Noptical power splitter is designed on a two‐layer silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) wafer that offers the flexible design of the optical power‐splitting ratio. The lateral power‐splitting ratio is designed by adjusting the multimode interference region. The vertical power‐splitting ratio is designed by varying the gap distance between the two SOI layers. We use the beam propagation method to simulate the light propagation in such a two‐layer optical waveguide. The total insertion loss 1.01 dB of a 2×32 optical power splitter with 0.2 mm×8.7 mm size is demonstrated by beam propagation simulations. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 307–310, 2002.
A low‐cost microstrip‐line‐fed shorted‐patch antenna for a PCS base station
Authors: Kuo Jieh‐Sen , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: August 2002

A low‐cost microstrip‐line‐fed shorted‐patch antenna suitable for applications in a PCS (1710–1880 MHz band) base station is presented. Both the shorted patch and the 50 Ω microstrip feed line have an air substrate, and the material cost is thus reduced to be minimum. And by using a pair of shorting plates of proper widths for shorting the radiating patch to the antenna's ground, the proposed antenna can be directly fed by the 50 Ω microstrip feed line, which greatly simplifies the antenna's impedance‐matching design. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 146–148, 2001.
The folded dipole: A self‐balancing antenna
Authors: Buxton Carey G. , Stutzman Warren L. , Nealy Randall R. , Orndorff Aaron M.
Published: August 2002

The folded dipole is known to have a fourfold increase in input impedance over that of a dipole. However, the half‐wavelength folded dipole also maintains a balanced radiation pattern when fed with an unbalanced transmission line. A numerical and experimental investigation of the folded dipole performance is reported in this paper. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 155–160, 2001.
Ellipsoidal source modelings for optimal far‐field interpolation
Authors: Bucci O. M. , D'agostino F. , Ferrara F. , Gennarelli C.
Published: August 2002

A two‐dimensional sampling interpolation algorithm to efficiently reconstruct the antenna far field is developed in this work. It is based on the recent theoretical results relevant to the nonredundant field representations over curves and surfaces. The use of an ellipsoid (prolate or oblate) as modeling of the source allows the reduction of the number of required samples with respect to a spherical source modeling, when considering antennas having one or two predominant dimensions. Numerical examples assessing the efficiency and stability of the algorithm are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 181–185, 2001.
Modes in a Möbius wire‐loaded cavity resonator*
Authors: Cooke Simon J. , Pond Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2002

Resonant modes of Möbius wire‐loaded cavities are determined by a fully three‐dimensional numerical eigenfrequency analysis. Excellent agreement is achieved with experimental measurements of a loosely coupled Möbius wire in a copper cavity, for both the Möbius modes and the conventional generalized even modes. The field solutions provide insight applicable to suppression of the higher order modes that limit the out‐of‐band performance of the bandpass filters implemented with Möbius resonators. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 6–9, 2001.
Expression of adhesion molecules LFA‐1, ICAM‐1, CD44, and L‐selectin in childhood non‐Hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Yaris Nilgün , Büyükpamukçu Münevver , Kansu Emin , Canpinar Hande
Published: August 2002

Background

The aim of the present study was to analyse the expression of adhesion molecules in childhood non‐Hodgkin lymphomas and to correlate the findings with clinical features and prognosis.

Procedure

Samples were obtained from pleural and peritoneal fluids, bone marrow aspirates, and tissue biopsies from 21 patients (median age: 8 years). There were 9 T‐cell and 12 B‐cell lymphomas. The expression of CD18, CD44s, CD54, CD62L were investigated with flow cytometry by using monoclonal antibodies.

Results

Absence of CD18, which was independent from immunophenotype, was found in 67% of patients. Positive CD44s and CD62L expression were observed in 48 and 63% of the cases, respectively. In all of the cases with T‐cell lymphoma, CD54 was negative, whereas 8 of 12 cases with B‐cell lymphoma expressed this molecule (P = 0.005). There was no correlation between location of disease and the expression of adhesion molecules, except CD54 that was negative in all mediasten lymphoma (P = 0.004). CD62L (+) patients had more frequently stage IV disease than CD62L (−) ones (P = 0.01). Two‐year overall survival was 83 and 29% in CD18 (+) and CD18 (−) cases; 55 and 36% in CD44s (+) and CD44s (−) cases; 46 and 42% in CD54 (+) and CD54 (−) cases; 42 and 50% in CD62L (+) and CD62L (−) cases.

Conclusions

The expression of LFA‐1 on lymphoblasts is lost in the majority of childhood non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. ICAM‐1 is not detected on neoplastic cells of patients with T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. L‐selectin positivity correlates with disseminated disease. There is no significant relationship between the expression of adhesion molecules and the survival rates, although CD18(+) cases had better overall survival rate than CD18(−) cases. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:359–364, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive functions of adolescent childhood cancer survivors assessed by event‐related potentials
Authors: Lähteenmäki Päivi M. , Holopainen Irma , Krause Christina M. , Helenius H. , Salmi Toivo T. , Heikki Lang A.
Published: August 2002

Background

Neurophysiological methods were applied to examine subtle central nervous system (CNS) adverse effects for adolescent childhood cancer survivors. We analyzed auditory event‐related potentials (ERPs)—P300 and MMN/P3a complex—to find out whether there was impaired attention orientation in asymptomatic cancer survivors, and whether these ERP methods could be used as more objective tools in detecting those survivors who might need academic testing. Previous clinical studies of P300 have focused on leukemia survivors. MMN for cancer survivors has not been reported.

Procedure

The subjects were survivors of childhood leukemia (n=11) and solid tumors (n=8), as well as healthy controls (n=10). The mean age was 15.5 years for survivors and 15.9 years for controls. Pure sine‐wave tones (500 and 553 Hz, 100 ms) were used as stimuli in an oddball paradigm. The ERPs to frequency change were measured. MMN recordings were performed in a passive non‐attended situation where the subject was watching a voiceless video cartoon. P300 was produced thereafter, but in an active attend situation, by the same auditory oddball paradigm as MMN.

Results

A significant difference was detected between the groups for the latency of P300 at electrodes Cz (P = 0.03) and C4 (P = 0.05). The cancer survivors had prolonged P300 latencies as an indication of prolonged short‐term memory processing. The area and latency parameters of MMN did not differ significantly between the study groups, but in cancer survivors, the area and the mean amplitude of the subsequent P3a wave were diminished. The results indicate that the discrimination process was not as easy for the survivors as for the controls. However, it seems that in cancer survivors the basic mechanism starting attention shift to novel stimuli is not impaired.

Conclusions

These results indicate that it is important to carefully evaluate the proper methods for the teaching of children who are survivors of malignancies. The auditory information may not always lead to the best possible learning results. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:442–450, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone mass after treatment of malignant lymphoma in childhood
Authors: Nysom Karsten , Holm Kirsten , Michaelsen Kim Fleischer , Hertz Henrik , Müller Jørn , Mølgaard Christian
Published: August 2002

Background

Sex hormone deficiency, growth hormone deficiency, skeletal irradiation, and treatment with corticosteroids or methotrexate may all cause reduction in bone mass after treatment for childhood malignant lymphoma. Previous studies of the bone mass of childhood cancer survivors often lacked adequate local reference data, and survivors of malignant lymphoma were never analyzed separately.

Procedure

The bone mass of survivors of childhood Hodgkin disease (n = 23) or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 21) was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry a median of 11 years after diagnosis (range 2–25). Results were compared with local data on 463 healthy controls.

Results

Adjusted for gender and age, the mean whole‐body bone mineral content and bone mineral areal density were slightly, but significantly, reduced (0.5 and 0.4 SD lower than predicted). The reduced bone mineral content was associated with a significantly reduced height, whereas the size‐adjusted bone mass (bone mineral content for bone area) did not differ significantly from that of controls. Lower height was related to male gender and to cranial, thoracic, and lumbar spine irradiation. Whole‐body bone mineral content and bone mineral density were lower in persons treated with lumbar spine irradiation and whole‐body bone mineral content was higher in nine women receiving sex hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives. Whole‐body bone mass was not related to the cumulated doses of corticosteroids or methotrexate.

Conclusions

Eleven years after diagnosis of childhood Hodgkin disease or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, the whole‐body bone mass of survivors was only slightly reduced and the size‐adjusted bone mass was normal. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:518–524. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new approach to automated first‐order multiplet analysis
Authors: Golotvin Sergey , Vodopianov Eugene , Williams Antony
Published: August 2002

The dependence of the values of NMR spin–spin coupling constants on molecular conformation can be a valuable tool in the structure determination process. The continuing increase in the resonance frequency of modern NMR spectrometers allows an increasing number of resonances to be examined using first‐order multiplet analysis. While this can easily be done for the simplest patterns (doublets, triplets, quartets), more complex patterns can be extremely difficult to analyze. The task of deducing the coupling constant values from a multiplet is the reverse process of generating a conventional splitting tree from a single line (chemical shift) by sequential branching using a given set of coupling constants. We present a simple, straightforward method of deducing coupling constant values from first‐order multiplets based on a general inverted splitting tree algorithm but also including a peak intensity normalization procedure that utilizes multiplet symmetry and generates a set of possible first‐order intensity distribution patterns. When combined with an inverted splitting tree algorithm, it is possible to find an intensity pattern that allows the deduction of a proper set of coupling constants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of some N‐benzyl‐(piperidin or pyrrolidin)‐purines
Authors: Rodríguez‐Franco María Isabel , Fernández‐Bachiller María Isabel
Published: August 2002

The 1H and 13C shifts of six N‐benzyl‐(piperidin or pyrrolidin)‐purines were fully assigned by a combination of HSQC and HMBC experiments. The 1H,1H coupling constants were also determined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR analysis of the trisaccharide 2′‐fucosyllactose by heteronuclear trans‐glycosidic coupling constants and molecular simulations
Authors: Rundlöf Torgny , Widmalm Göran
Published: August 2002

1H, 13C NMR coupling constants across the glycosidic linkages were measured for the trisaccharide α‐L‐Fucp‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→4)‐D‐Glcp from human milk and its reduced analogue α‐L‐Fucp‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→4)‐D‐Glucitol employing one‐dimensional multiple‐site 13C excitation experiments. Hadamard spectroscopy and pulsed field gradients were also used with or without band‐selective 1H decoupling during the acquisition period. The experimental scalar coupling constants were compared to those calculated from Langevin dynamics simulations employing different molecular mechanics force fields. An analysis of 3J(C,H) values determined with this NMR technique on di‐ and trisaccharides is also performed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and structure determination of four triterpene saponins from some Middle‐East plants
Authors: Soliman Hesham S. M. , Simon András , Tóth Gábor , Duddeck Helmut
Published: August 2002

Four triterpene saponins were isolated from Arenaria filicaulis Boiss., Phytolacca dioica L. and Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Their structures and conformational behaviour were investigated by one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Complete 1H and 13C assignments were achieved. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of paramagnetic lanthanide(III) concentrations from bulk magnetic susceptibility shifts in NMR spectra
Authors: Corsi Daniele M. , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos , Bekkum Herman van , Peters Joop A.
Published: August 2002

The bulk magnetic susceptibility (BMS) shifts of 1H NMR resonance signals for inert reference compounds caused by the addition of paramagnetic lanthanide(III) compounds were exploited in order to determine lanthanide(III) concentrations in solution. The BMS shifts of an inert reference compound in the samples were measured by comparing the chemical shifts with those of an external reference. The concentration values obtained were in good agreement with results acquired from inductively coupled plasma analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nucleolar protein allocation and ultrastructure in bovine embryos produced by nuclear transfer from granulosa cells
Authors: Laurincik J. , Zakhartchenko V. , Stojkovic M. , Brem G. , Wolf E. , Müller M. , Ochs R.L. , Maddox‐Hyttel P.
Published: August 2002

In the present study immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, autoradiography following 3H‐uridine incubation and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the nucleolar protein localization, transcriptional activity, and nucleolar ultrastructure during genomic re‐programming in bovine embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer from granulosa cells into non‐activated cytoplasts followed by activation. During the 1st cell cycle (1‐cell embryos), no autoradiographic labelling was detected. Ultrastructurally, nucleoli devoid of a granular component were observed. During the 2nd cell cycle (2‐cell embryos) autoradiographic labelling was also lacking and the embryos displayed varying degrees of nucleolar inactivation. During both the 3rd (4‐cell embryos) and 4th (tentative 8‐cell embryos), cell cycles autoradiographic labelling was lacking in some embryos, while others displayed labelling and associated formation of fibrillo–granular nucleoli. During the 5th cell cycle (tentative 16‐cell embryos), all embryos displayed autoradiographic labelling and fibrillo–granular nucleoli. In some blastomeres, however, deviant nucleolar ultrastructure was observed. During the first cell cycle labelling of RNA polymerase I, fibrillarin, upstream binding factor (UBF) and nucleolin (C23) was localized to nuclear entities. During the 2nd cell cycle, only labelling of RNA polymerase I and fibrillarin persisted. During the 3rd and 4th cell cycle labelling of fibrillarin persisted, labelling of nucleophosmin (B23) appeared and that of nucleolin re‐appeared. During the 5th cell cycle almost all embryos showed complete labelling of all proteins except for UBF, which lacked in more than half of the embryos. In conclusion, bovine granulosa cell nuclear transfer embryos showed re‐modelling of the nucleoli to an inactive form followed by re‐formation of fibrillo–granular nucleoli. The re‐formation of fibrillo–granular nucleoli was initiated already during the 3rd cell cycle, which is one cell cycle earlier than in in vivo‐ and in vitro‐derived bovine embryos. Moreover, in more than half of the embryos, UBF could not be immunocytochemically localized to the nucleolar compartment during the 5th cell cycle indicating lack of developmental potentials. Mol. Repord. Dev. 61:477–487, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear matrix in developing rat spermatogenic cells
Authors: Chen Ji‐long , Guo Shu‐hong , Gao Fu‐hong
Published: August 2002

The nonchromatin structure or nuclear matrix in developing spermatogenic cells of the rat was studied using a biochemical fractionation in concert with resinless section electron microscopy. Observations demonstrated that the nuclear matrix of spermatogenic cells consisted of a three‐dimensional network of filaments of variable thicknesses. In spermatogonia and spermatocytes the nuclear matrix consisted of relatively thin filaments, while that of round spermatids consisted of a thicker interconnecting network of filament. In elongating spermatids, the interior of the nuclear matrix consisted of a network of dense filaments bounded by a peripheral lamina. The protein composition of the nuclear matrix in spermatogenic cells was examined by high‐resolution two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and correlated with morphological changes characteristic of each stage. The results showed that the proteins of nuclear matrix changed in a cell stage‐specific manner. These stage‐specific changes corresponded to the major transitions of chromatin structure and function during spermatogenesis. Furthermore, immunocytochemical and immunoblotting analysis of DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) revealed that this enzyme exhibited stage‐specific variations and was associated with the nuclear matrix. These results suggest that the nuclear matrix in spermatogenic cells may be involved in mediating DNA modifications and maintaining nuclear organization during spermatogenesis.Mol. Reprod. Dev.59:314–321, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mammalian follicle‐stimulating hormone and insulin‐like growth factor i (IGF‐I) up‐regulate igf‐i gene expression in organ culture of newt testis
Authors: Yamamoto Takashi , Nakayama Yuki , Abé Shin‐Ichi
Published: August 2002

We previously showed that porcine follicle‐stimulating hormone (pFSH) and human recombinant insulin‐like growth factor (rhIGF‐I) promote the differentiation of secondary spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes in organ cultures of newt testes, respectively. To elucidate the molecular action of FSH and IGF‐I, we cloned cDNAs for newt IGF‐I and IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR), and examined their mRNA expression in organ culture during newt spermatogenesis. Northern blot and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analyses revealed that IGF‐I mRNA was highly expressed in somatic cells (mostly Sertoli cells) at the secondary spermatogonial stage but barely in germ cells, and that IGF‐IR mRNA was expressed in both germ and somatic cells at all stages examined. The addition of pFSH to newt testis markedly increased IGF‐I mRNA expression. Also, rhIGF‐I increased IGF‐I mRNA expression, whereas IGF‐IR mRNA expression declined slightly. These results suggest that the ability of FSH to promote the differentiation of secondary spermatogonia is at least partly mediated by somatic cell‐derived IGF‐I, and that IGF‐I mRNA expression in somatic cells is auto‐upregulated. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 56–64, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of four postprocessing methods for determination of cerebral blood volume and mean transit time by dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging
Authors: Perkiö Jussi , Aronen Hannu J. , Kangasmäki Aki , Liu Yawu , Karonen Jari , Savolainen Sauli , Østergaard Leif
Published: August 2002

Four different postprocessing methods to determine cerebral blood volume (CBV) and contrast agent mean transit time (MTT) by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI were compared. CBV was determined by two different methods that integrate tracer concentration–time curves numerically and by two other methods that take recirculation into account. For the two methods that use numerical integration, one method cuts the integration after the first pass while the other method integrates over the whole time series. For the two methods that account for recirculation, one method uses a gamma‐variate fit, whereas the other method utilizes tissue impulse response. All four methods determine MTT as the ratio of CBV and cerebral blood flow (CBF). In each case, CBF was obtained as the height of the impulse response obtained by deconvolving the tissue concentration–time curves with a noninvasively determined arterial input function. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine the reliability of the methods and the validity of the simulations was supported by observation of similar trends in 13 acute stroke patients. The method of determining CBV and subsequently MTT was found to affect the measured value especially in areas where MTT is prolonged, but had no apparent effect on the visually determined hypoperfusion volumes. Magn Reson Med 47:973–981, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial wall tagging with undersampled projection reconstruction†
Authors: Peters Dana C. , Epstein Frederick H. , McVeigh Elliot R.
Published: August 2002

Azimuthally undersampled projection reconstruction (PR) acquisition is investigated for use in myocardial wall tagging with MR using grid tags to provide increased temporal and spatial resolution. PR can provide the high‐resolution images required for tagging with very few projections, at the expense of artifact. Insight is provided into the PR undersampling artifact, in the context of measuring myocardial motion with tags. For Fourier transform imaging, at least 112 phase‐encodings must be collected to image tagging grids spaced 7 pixels apart. PR requires about 80 projections, a 1.4‐fold reduction in scan time. Magn Reson Med 45:562–567, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Xenon‐129 MR imaging and spectroscopy of rat brain using arterial delivery of hyperpolarized xenon in a lipid emulsion
Authors: Duhamel Guillaume , Choquet Philippe , Grillon Emmanuelle , Lamalle Laurent , Leviel Jean‐Louis , Ziegler Anne , Constantinesco André
Published: August 2002

Hyperpolarized129Xe dissolved in a lipid emulsion constitutes an NMR tracer that can be injected into the blood stream, enabling blood‐flow measurement and perfusion imaging. A small volume (0.15 ml) of this tracer was injected in 1.5 s in rat carotid and129Xe MR spectra and images were acquired at 2.35 T to evaluate the potential of this approach for cerebral studies. Xenon spectra consistently showed two resonances, at 194.5 ppm and 199.0 ppm relative to the gas peak. The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) obtained for the two peaks was sufficient (ranging from 12 to 90) to follow their time courses. 2D transverse‐projection xenon images were obtained with an in‐plane resolution of 900 μm per pixel (SNR range 8–15). Histological analysis revealed no brain damage except in two rats that had received three injections. Magn Reson Med 46:208–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of trabecular bone by dipolar demagnetizing field MRI
Authors: Capuani Silvia , Curzi Francesca , Alessandri Francesco Maria , Maraviglia Bruno , Bifone Angelo
Published: August 2002

A multiple spin‐echo (MSE) sequence has been applied for the first time to study trabecular bone ex vivo. The second echo generated by the demagnetizing field presents discrete drops in signal intensity for certain values of the pitch of the magnetization helix created by the correlation gradient. These dips may reflect characteristic pore sizes in the trabecular bone specimens. This hypothesis is supported by similar experiments performed on a phantom with uniform pore size distribution. Trabecular bone images weighted in the MSE contrast mechanism are reported. Magn Reson Med 46:683–689, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo water quantification in mouse brain at 9.4 Tesla in a vasogenic edema model
Authors: Schwarcz Attila , Berente Zoltán , Ősz Erzsébet , Dóczi Tamás
Published: August 2002

The aim of our study was to establish a simple in vivo method for water quantification in vasogenic edema, and provide data on imaging of mouse brain at 9.4 Tesla. Apparent T1 and spin density values determined by MRI were found to strongly correlate with the gravimetric water content of mouse brain undergoing cold injury. Using a two‐point calibration line between the spin density values for pure water and cortex of mouse brain, as well as the corresponding water contents in vivo, water could be quantified with satisfactory accuracy. Magn Reson Med 46:1246–1249, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrophysiological evaluation of conduction in the most proximal motor root segment
Authors: Inaba Akira , Yokota Takanori , Otagiri Asuka , Nishimura Tomoko , Saito Yukinobu , Ichikawa Tadashi , Mizusawa Hidehiro
Published: August 2002

Root conduction time (RCT), defined as the time difference between M‐wave latency by cervical magnetic stimulation (CMS) and the total peripheral motor conduction time calculated from the shortest F‐wave latency, was investigated in patients with inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies (IDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The minimal threshold for CMS also was studied. In the IDP patients, conduction in the proximal motor root segment was considered abnormal in 52% by the RCT and in 47% by the minimal threshold for CMS, whereas both were normal in 85% of the ALS patients. These findings suggest that the RCT and minimal threshold for CMS might be additional parameters for evaluating motor nerve conduction in IDP. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Expression and localization of protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Guo Yang , Petrof Basil J. , Hussain Sabah N. A.
Published: August 2002

In skeletal muscle fibers, nitric oxide is synthesized by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which normally associates with the dystrophin complex in close proximity to the sarcolemma. Many reports have documented that very low levels of nNOS protein exist in muscle fibers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. In this study we investigated the functional significance of PIN (protein inhibitor of nNOS) in targeting of nNOS to the sarcolemma and the association between nNOS and the dystrophin complex in normal and dystrophic muscle fibers. Northern blotting for PIN mRNA in normal mouse muscles and muscles of mdx mice (an animal model of DMD) revealed a significant rise in PIN mRNA in dystrophic muscles compared with normal muscles. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that, in normal mouse muscle fibers, PIN expression was localized at the sarcolemma, peripheral nuclei, and the sarcoplasm. By comparison, PIN protein in muscles from mdx mice was more concentrated around the sarcolemma and central nuclei. The presence of PIN protein expression in muscles from mdx mice was evident despite the significant reduction in nNOS and dystrophin protein expressions in these fibers. In muscle sections of DMD patients, the absence of nNOS protein expression was accompanied by maintained PIN expression. Prominent PIN expression was also detectable in macrophages infiltrating dystrophic muscle fibers both in mdx mice and DMD patients. These results suggest that PIN expression in muscles from mdx mice and DMD patients is controlled by factors different from those involved in the regulation of nNOS and dystrophin. Moreover, our results indicate that PIN is not an integral component of the dystrophin complex inside skeletal muscle fibers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1468–1475, 2001
Consistent tangent matrices for density‐dependent finite plasticity models
Authors: Pérez‐Foguet Agustí , Rodríguez‐Ferran Antonio , Huerta Antonio
Published: August 2002

The consistent tangent matrix for density‐dependent plastic models within the theory of isotropic multiplicative hyperelastoplasticity is presented here. Plastic equations expressed as general functions of the Kirchhoff stresses and density are considered. They include the Cauchy‐based plastic models as a particular case. The standard exponential return‐mapping algorithm is applied, with the density playing the role of a fixed parameter during the nonlinear plastic corrector problem. The consistent tangent matrix has the same structure as in the usual density‐independent plastic models. A simple additional term takes into account the influence of the density on the plastic corrector problem. Quadratic convergence results are shown for several representative examples involving geomaterial and powder constitutive models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relaxation times of choline, creatine and N‐acetyl aspartate in human cerebral white matter at 1.5 T
Authors: Rutgers D. R. , van der Grond J.
Published: August 2002

Several studies have investigated the T1 and T2 relaxation time of choline, creatine and N‐acetyl aspartate in cerebral white matter in normal human subjects. However, these studies demonstrate a large variation in T1 and T2 values. In the present study, relaxation times of choline, creatine and N‐acetyl aspartate were determined in cerebral white matter in 15 control subjects (age 21 ± 2 y, mean ± SD) at 1.5 T. Using PRESS, seven or eight data points were obtained to fit the T1 and T2 relaxation curves to, respectively. The mean voxel size was 14 cm3. The T1 relaxation times of choline, creatine and N‐acetyl aspartate were 1091 ± 132 (mean ± SD), 1363 ± 137 and 1276 ± 132 ms. The T2 relaxation times were 352 ± 52, 219 ± 29 and 336 ± 46 ms, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementary expression and heterophilic interactions between igLON family members neurotrimin and LAMP
Authors: Gil Orlando D. , Zhang Li , Chen Suzanne , Ren Y.Q. , Pimenta Aurea , Zanazzi George , Hillman Dean , Levitt Pat , Salzer James L.
Published: August 2002

Neurotrimin (Ntm) and the limbic system‐associated membrane protein (LAMP) are members of the IgLON (LAMP, OBCAM, Ntm) family of glycorylphosphatidylinositol anchored neural cell adhesion molecules. We previously reported that LAMP and Ntm promote adhesion and neurite outgrowth via a homophilic mechanism, suggesting that these proteins promote the formation of specific neuronal circuits by homophilic interactions. In this report, we have further characterized the expression and binding specificity of Ntm. Using a newly generated monoclonal antibody to Ntm, we demonstrated that this protein is largely expressed in a complementary pattern to that of LAMP in the nervous system, with co‐expression at a few sites. Ntm is expressed at high levels in sensory‐motor cortex and, of particular note, is transiently expressed in neurons of cortical barrel fields and corresponding thalamic “barreloids.” Binding of a recombinant, soluble form of Ntm to CHO cells expressing either Ntm or LAMP demonstrates that Ntm and LAMP interact both homophilically and heterophilically. In contrast to conventional growth‐promoting activity of Ig superfamily members, LAMP strongly inhibits the outgrowth of Ntm‐expressing dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in a heterophilic manner. These anatomical and functional data support the concept that homophilic and heterophilic interactions between IgLON family members are likely to play a role in the specification of neuronal projections via growth promoting and inhibiting effects, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 190–204, 2002
Time course of morphological alterations of fungiform papillae and taste buds following chorda tympani transection in neonatal rats
Authors: Sollars Suzanne I. , Smith Peter C. , Hill David L.
Published: August 2002

The time course of structural changes in fungiform papillae was analyzed in rats that received unilateral chorda tympani nerve transection at 10 days of age. Morphological differences between intact and denervated sides of the tongue were first observed at 8 days postsection, with an increase in the number of fungiform papillae that did not have a pore. In addition, the first papilla with a filiform‐like appearance was noted on the denervated side at 8 days postsectioning. By 11 days after surgery, the total number of papillae and the number of papillae with a pore were significantly lower on the transected side of the tongue as compared to the intact side. At 50 days postsection, there was an average of 70.5 fungiform papillae on the intact side and a mean of only 20.8 fungiform papillae the denervated side. Of those few remaining papillae on the cut side, an average of 13.5 papillae were categorized as filiform‐like, while no filiform‐like papillae occurred on the intact side. Significant reduction in taste bud volume was noted at 4 days posttransection and further decrements in taste bud volume were noted at 8 and 30 days postsection. Electron microscopy of the lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve from adult rats that received neonatal chorda tympani transection showed normal numbers of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Thus, in addition to the well‐characterized dependence of taste bud maintenance on the chorda tympani nerve, the present study shows an additional role of the chorda tympani nerve in papilla maintenance during early postnatal development. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 223–236, 2002
Surface wavelets: a multiresolution signal processing tool for 3D computational modelling
Authors: Amaratunga Kevin , Castrillon‐Candas Julio Enrique
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we provide an introduction to wavelet representations for complex surfaces (surface wavelets), with the goal of demonstrating their potential for 3D scientific and engineering computing applications. Surface wavelets were originally developed for representing geometric objects in a multiresolution format in computer graphics. These wavelets share all of the major advantages of conventional wavelets, in that they provide an analysis tool for studying data, functions and operators at different scales. However, unlike conventional wavelets, which are restricted to uniform grids, surface wavelets have the power to perform signal processing operations oncomplex meshes, such as those encountered in finite element modelling. This motivates the study of surface wavelets as an efficient representation for the modelling and simulation of physical processes. We show how surface wavelets can be applied to partial differential equations, stated either in integral form or in differential form. We analyse and implement the wavelet approach for a model 3D potential problem using a surface wavelet basis with linear interpolating properties. We show both theoretically and experimentally that anO(h) convergence rate,hnbeing the mesh size, can be obtained by retaining onlyO((logN)7/2N) entries in the discrete operator matrix, whereNis the number of unknowns. The principles described here may also be extended to volumetric discretizations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.