bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of NIR Spectral Data Management for Quality Control of Grape Bunches during On-Vine Ripening
Authors: González-Caballero Virginia , Pérez-Marín Dolores , López María-Isabel , Sánchez María-Teresa
Published: June 2011

NIR spectroscopy was used as a non-destructive technique for the assessment of chemical changes in the main internal quality properties of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) during on-vine ripening and at harvest. A total of 363 samples from 25 white and red grape varieties were used to construct quality-prediction models based on reference data and on NIR spectral data obtained using a commercially-available diode-array spectrophotometer (380–1,700 nm). The feasibility of testing bunches of intact grapes was investigated and compared with the more traditional must-based method. Two regression approaches (MPLS and LOCAL algorithms) were tested for the quantification of changes in soluble solid content (SSC), reducing sugar content, pH-value, titratable acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid and potassium content. Cross-validation results indicated that NIRS technology provided excellent precision for sugar-related parameters (r2 = 0.94 for SSC and reducing sugar content) and good precision for acidity-related parameters (r2 ranging between 0.73 and 0.87) for the bunch-analysis mode assayed using MPLS regression. At validation level, comparison of LOCAL and MPLS algorithms showed that the non-linear strategy improved the predictive capacity of the models for all study parameters, with particularly good results for acidity-related parameters and potassium content.
A Wireless Sensor Network for Vineyard Monitoring That Uses Image Processing
Authors: Lloret Jaime , Bosch Ignacio , Sendra Sandra , Serrano Arturo
Published: June 2011

The first step to detect when a vineyard has any type of deficiency, pest or disease is to observe its stems, its grapes and/or its leaves. To place a sensor in each leaf of every vineyard is obviously not feasible in terms of cost and deployment. We should thus look for new methods to detect these symptoms precisely and economically. In this paper, we present a wireless sensor network where each sensor node takes images from the field and internally uses image processing techniques to detect any unusual status in the leaves. This symptom could be caused by a deficiency, pest, disease or other harmful agent. When it is detected, the sensor node sends a message to a sink node through the wireless sensor network in order to notify the problem to the farmer. The wireless sensor uses the IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n standard, which allows connections from large distances in open air. This paper describes the wireless sensor network design, the wireless sensor deployment, how the node processes the images in order to monitor the vineyard, and the sensor network traffic obtained from a test bed performed in a flat vineyard in Spain. Although the system is not able to distinguish between deficiency, pest, disease or other harmful agents, a symptoms image database and a neuronal network could be added in order learn from the experience and provide an accurate problem diagnosis.
Le remariage d'une princesse et la politique de Zimrī-Lîm dans la région du Haut Habur
Authors: Guichard Michaël
Published: June 2011

Résumé Inib-šarri, fille de Zimrī-Lîm, fut mariée une première fois à Zakura-abum, roi de Zalluhan. À peine veuve au bout de deux ans, elle fut remariée à Ibâl-Addu roi d’Ašlakkā. Cette princesse fut ainsi un instrument de la politique étrangère de son père. Elle resta à son égard toujours fidèle, même si elle eut à pâtir directement de la dégradation des relations entre Mari et Ašlakkā. Les lettres des épouses royales, qui n’étaient donc pas tenues à l’écart de la vie politique, sont révélatrices de la vie diplomatique.
Texts Quoting Artworks: The Banquet Stele and the Palace Reliefs of Assurnasirpal II
Authors: Marchetti Nicolò
Published: June 2011

Résumé Une nouvelle interprétation du terme zagindurû dans l’inscription de la stèle du banquet d’Assurnasirpal II permet des progrès dans l’interprétation de problèmes d’histoire de l’art tels que la chronologie des sculptures narratives du palais ainsi que dans l’étude de la pétrologie ancienne.
Form, Zweck und Herkunft der verschiedenen Teile der Esangil-Tafel
Authors: Keetman Jan
Published: June 2011

Résumé La « tablette de l’Esangil » comporte deux parties différentes. La première, qui a trait à l’Esangil, et probablement aussi les premières sections relatives à l’Etemananki, pourraient avoir été composées à l’aide d’exercices mathématiques, mais n’étaient pas destinées à être utilisées comme un texte mathématique. La première partie ne donne aucune information qui puisse être utilisée pour la reconstitution du bâtiment qu’elle prétend décrire. La seconde partie doit avoir une autre source, car elle comprend des informations qui peuvent être utilisées pour la reconstitution du bâtiment, mais ne porte pas de traces d’exercices mathématiques. On peut seulement l’évaluer en la comparant avec les vestiges archéologiques. Anu-bēlšunu, le jeune scribe qui a écrit la tablette, n’était pas très intéressé par les mathématiques ou l’architecture, mais le propriétaire de la tablette pourrait avoir été impliqué dans des activités de construction à Uruk.
Association of Knee Bone Bruise Frequency with Time Postinjury and Type of Soft Tissue Injury
Authors: Atkinson P.J. , Cooper T.G. , Anseth S. , Walter N.E. , Kargus R. , Haut R.C.
Published: June 2011

This study correlated the frequency of bone bruises with soft tissue injuries in the knee and examined bruise frequency as a function of time postinjury. Magnetic resonance imaging of 1546 patients revealed bone bruises in 19% of patients without an associated meniscal or ligamentous injury. For those patients presenting with at least one meniscoligamentous injury, the frequency of bruising was 60% at 0 to 4 weeks, 42% at 4 to 10 weeks, and 31% at 10 to 26 weeks postinjury. The frequency of bruising varied with the presence of concomitant injuries, with the greatest frequency of bruises (78%) observed in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
Decreased Proliferation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Corticosteroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head
Authors: Wang Bai-Liang , Sun Wei , Shi Zhen-Cai , Lou Jin-Ning , Zhang Nian-Fei , Shi Shao-Hui , Guo Wan-Shou , Cheng Li-Ming , Ye Li-Ya , Zhang Wen-Jian , Li Zi-Rong
Published: June 2011

The ability of self-repair in patients with corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head is limited, and it has been suggested the cause is likely relevant to the poor proliferation activity of mesenchymal stem cells in the femoral head region. This study measured the number and proliferation activity of human mesenchymal stem cells in patients both with and without corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Bone marrow was collected from the proximal femur in patients with steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (osteonecrosis group, n=18) and patients with new femoral neck fractures without osteonecrosis (control group, n=11). Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation, and then selected by the adhesive method. The MTT reduction assay method was used to evaluate the level of proliferation. Cells from osteonecrosis patients showed reduced proliferation ability compared with the control patients. The percentage of cells in the S+G
2
/M phase was decreased significantly (
P
<.01) in the osteonecrosis group. The decreased proliferation ability of mesenchymal stem cells may play a role in the low repair capacity of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head. The altered function of mesenchymal stem cells may be responsible for the pathogenesis and progression of osteonecrosis.
Ubiquitous Communication
Authors: Pynnonen Mikko , Hallikas Jukka , Savolainen Petri , Mikkonen Karri
Published: June 2011

In a digital home a so-called multi-play system integrates networked entertainment and communications systems. Using a mobile phone, all those services can be controlled and used ubiquitously—from everywhere, at any time. Not much research has been conducted in the field of integrated communication offers. The novelty of this study is in that it addresses the ubiquitous communication system, called the multi-play service, from the perspectives of both the customer preference and operator strategy and transforms this into valuation of resources and capabilities. This chapter provides a framework to connect the customer value preferences to firm resources. The aim of the framework is to connect customer and resource-based strategies together. As a result of the analysis the authors reveal the most important resources in contrast to the customer value preferences.
A Role for p120 RasGAP in Thymocyte Positive Selection and Survival of Naive T Cells
Authors: Lapinski Philip E. , Qiao Yu , Chang Cheong-Hee , King Philip D.
Published: June 2011

Activation of the Ras small GTP-binding protein is necessary for normal T cell development and function. However, it is unknown which Ras GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAPs) inactivate Ras in T cells. We used a T cell-specific RASA1-deficient mouse model to investigate the role of the p120 RasGAP (RASA1) in T cells. Death of CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes was increased in RASA1-deficient mice. Despite this finding, on an MHC class II-restricted TCR transgenic background, evidence was obtained for increased positive selection of thymocytes associated with augmented activation of the Ras–MAPK pathway. In the periphery, RASA1 was found to be dispensable as a regulator of Ras–MAPK activation and T cell functional responses induced by full agonist peptides. However, numbers of naive T cells were substantially reduced in RASA1-deficient mice. Loss of naive T cells in the absence of RASA1 could be attributed in part to impaired responsiveness to the IL-7 prosurvival cytokine. These findings reveal an important role for RASA1 as a regulator of double-positive survival and positive selection in the thymus as well as naive T cell survival in the periphery.
Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 5A1 (OATP5A1) in Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Cells: Possible Involvement in Chemoresistance to Satraplatin
Authors: Olszewski-Hamilton U. , Svoboda M. , Thalhammer T. , Buxhofer-Ausch V. , Geissler K. , Hamilton G.
Published: June 2011

Background

The role of organic anion transporting polypeptide 5A1 (OATP5A1) a member of a family of drug transporters that mediate cellular uptake of drugs has not been characterized so far.

Methods

Gene expression levels of OATP5A1 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines were determined by real-time qPCR and chemosensitivity of HEK-293- SLCO5A1-transfected cells to satraplatin in MTT assays.

Results

Significant expression of this transporter was found at the mRNA level, primarily in drug-resistant SCLC cells, and SLCO5A1-transfected HEK-293 cells showed higher resistance to satraplatin. OATP5A1 is found preferentially in cytoplasmic membranes of tumor cells, including SCLC.

Conclusions

OATP5A1 seems to effect intracellular transport of drugs and may participate in chemoresistance of SCLC by sequestration, rather than mediating cellular uptake. Since satraplatin failed to improve survival in SCLC patients, the relation of OATP5A1 expression to clinical drug resistance and its use as marker of chemoresistance should be further investigated.
Updated Review: Improved Glycemic Control with Repaglinide-Metformin in Fixed Combination for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Richard John W. , Raskin Philip
Published: June 2011

As the prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to rise, new drug therapies will need to be explored to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes as well as growing health care costs. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by decreased insulin secretion and sensitivity. Numerous oral medications are currently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A treat-to-failure approach has traditionally been adopted with step-wise additions of oral medications; however, a growing frequency of treatment failures with monotherapy has led to the use of combination therapies earlier in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. One such combination regimen is repaglinide (a prandial glucose optimizer that increases insulin release) plus metformin (an insulin sensitizer that inhibits hepatic glucose output and increases peripheral glucose uptake while minimizing weight gain). Findings from several clinical trials have shown repaglinide plus metformin combination therapy to be superior to either monotherapy with significant reductions in hemoglobin A1C and fasting glucose values. Repaglinide used in combination also has shown less incidence of hypoglycemia compared with other combination therapies such as sulphonylureas plus metformin. Repaglinide plus metformin combination therapy appears to be a valuable therapeutic option for type 2 diabetic patients seeking a less complex drug regimen while potentially achieving better glucose control if currently inadequately controlled on monotherapy.
Accuracy of the Adaptive GRP Scheme and the Simulation of 2-D Riemann Problems for Compressible Euler Equations
Authors: Han Ee , Li Jiequan , Tang Huazhong
Published: June 2011

The adaptive generalized Riemann problem (GRP) scheme for 2-D compressible fluid flows has been proposed in [J. Comput. Phys., 229 (2010), 1448-1466] and it displays the capability in overcoming difficulties such as the start-up error for a single shock, and the numerical instability of the almost stationary shock. In this paper, we will provide the accuracy study and particularly show the performance in simulating 2-D complex wave configurations formulated with the 2-D Riemann problems for compressible Euler equations. For this purpose, we will first review the GRP scheme briefly when combined with the adaptive moving mesh technique and consider the accuracy of the adaptive GRP scheme via the comparison with the explicit formulae of analytic solutions of planar rarefaction waves, planar shock waves, the collapse problem of a wedge-shaped dam and the spiral formation problem. Then we simulate the full set of wave configurations in the 2-D four-wave Riemann problems for compressible Euler equations [SIAM J. Math. Anal., 21 (1990), 593-630], including the interactions of strong shocks (shock reflections), vortex-vortex and shock-vortex etc. This study combines the theoretical results with the numerical simulations, and thus demonstrates what Ami Harten observed “for computational scientists there are two kinds of truth: the truth that you prove, and the truth you see when you compute” [J. Sci. Comput., 31 (2007), 185-193].
Analysis of High-Order Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Zhang Jiwei , Sun Zhizhong , Wu Xiaonan , Wang Desheng
Published: June 2011

The paper is concerned with the numerical solution of Schrödinger equations on an unbounded spatial domain. High-order absorbing boundary conditions for one-dimensional domain are derived, and the stability of the reduced initial boundary value problem in the computational interval is proved by energy estimate. Then a second order finite difference scheme is proposed, and the convergence of the scheme is established as well. Finally, numerical examples are reported to confirm our error estimates of the numerical methods.
Effect of Partial Pressure of Hydrogen on IGSCC of Alloy 600 in PWR Primary Water
Authors: Rebak R. B. , Szklarska-Smialowska Z.
Published: June 2011

The frequently reported effect of the partial pressure of hydrogen on the alloy 600 susceptibility to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in high-temperature water is explained in this paper. On the basis of thermodynamic calculations, it was demonstrated that the susceptibility of alloy 600 to IGSCC is connected with the stability of NiO in this environment. The lower the free energy of formation of NiO, the higher the susceptibility of alloy 600 to IGSCC.
Effect of Water Vapor/Hydrogen Environments on Niobium, B-66 Niobium Alloy, Tantalum, and Ta-10W Alloy
Authors: Walter R. J. , Bentle G. G. , Chandler W. T.
Published: June 2011

The results of an experimental investigation of the effect of water vapor/hydrogen environments on the mechanical properties of niobium, B-66 niobium alloy, tantalum, and Ta-10W alloy are presented. Tensile tests were conducted on specimens of these materials in water vapor/hydrogen environments with water vapor/hydrogen mixture ratios of 1 and 3. The water vapor/hydrogen environment caused strength reductions on tantalum and Ta—WW and ductility reductions on all four materials. The degree and causes of embrittlement were a complex function of temperature.
Effect of Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in High-Temperature Water
Authors: Mabuchi K. , Horn Y. , Takahashi H. , Nagayama M.
Published: June 2011

The corrosion behavior of carbon steel in high-temperature water, and the structure and composition of the oxide film were examined as functions of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), temperature (T), and corrosion time (t). The total amount of iron corroded (WT) was differentiated into the amounts of iron ions in the oxide (WF) and dissolved into the water (WD). The total rate of corrosion (rT), the rate of iron dissolution (rD), and the rate of accumulation of iron in the oxide (rF) were obtained by differentiating the time variations in WT, WF, and WD.

The structure and composition of the oxide film were examined by x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In general, rT increases with increasing DO and T, rD shows T- and DO-dependent minimum, and there is serious localized corrosion at high DO above 500 ppb. Oxide films consist of magnetite except at T=60°C, DO=50 to 200 ppb where a thin layer of hydrous ferric oxide is formed. At DO=500 ppb , the outermost part of the magnetite changes into γ-Fe2O3, and above DO=1.0 ppm, appreciable amounts of α-Fe2O3 cover the magnetite oxide layer. The rT and rD values are not related to the presence of αFe2O3 or Fe3O4 in the surface structure of the oxide, but clearly decrease as the OH−/Fe mole ratio at the oxide surface increases. The mechanism determining the corrosion rate changes is discussed.
Deriving SCC Initiation Times and Growth Rates from Posttest Fractrographic Analysis
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Shockey D. A. , Jones R. L.
Published: June 2011

This exploratory effort demonstrates the feasibility of determining crack initiation times and growth rates by posttest analysis of the fracture surfaces of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) test specimens. The fracture surface topography analysis (FRASTA) technique was applied to constant extension rate test (CERT) specimens of type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel fractured in several aqueous environments. Initiation times and propagation rates were determined for intergranular stress corrosion cracks in specimens tested at 288°C in clean oxygenated water containing a small amount of H2SO4. Cracking appeared to begin predominantly at the specimen's surface in clean water, but in the specimen's interior in the H2SO4-contaminated water.
Unusual Failures Involving Copper Deposition in Boiler Tubing
Authors: Hargrave R. E.
Published: June 2011

Unusual case histories are presented in which boiler tube failure mechanisms involved copper deposition on waterside surfaces. Three case histories on copper-induced liquid metal embrittlement (LME) are reviewed. For copper to cause LME of plain carbon steel boiler tubing, metal temperatures must exceed 871°C (1600°F). Therefore, copper embrittlement of boiler equipment is usually associated with a rapid, high-temperature overheating incident (e.g., flame impingement, sudden loss in normal circulation) or, more commonly, a welding repair process. Grain-boundary penetration of liquid copper via LME can result in severe intergranular cracking and brittle fracture of normally ductile steel tubing.

Another case history discusses overheating damage (bulging) of a tube that was promoted by thick waterside deposits containing multiple layers of copper alloy corrosion products. The majority of copper was probably transported into the boiler system during shutdown/start-up cycles.
Nucleotide Excision Repair in the Three Domains of Life
Authors: Farnell David A
Published: June 2011

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a vital DNA repair pathway which acts on a wide range of helix-distorting lesions. The importance of this pathway is highlighted by its functional conservation throughout evolution and by several human diseases, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, which are caused by a defective NER pathway. This review summarizes the NER mechanisms present in all three domains of life: eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea.
Úlcera por pressão: avaliação de fatores de risco em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário
Authors: Silva Debora Prudencio e , Barbosa Maria Helena , Araújo Daniela Ferreira de , Oliveira Lorena Peres de , Melo Adriana Feliciano
Published: June 2011

Estudo prospectivo, realizado em hospital público de Uberaba-MG, na clínica médica (UCM) e cirúrgica (UCC), durante setembro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008, com objetivo de classificar pacientes segundo o escore de Braden e verificar associação entre as variáveis clínicas e o escore de risco de Braden. Foram avaliados 189 clientes, sendo 111 (58,7%) na UCM e 78 (41,3%) na UCC. Evidenciou-se que 39 (50,0%) apresentaram risco para úlcera por pressão (UP) na UCC, e 72 (64,9%) na UCM.  Na UCC, 24 (61,5%) apresentavam risco moderado e 15 (38,5%) risco leve. Na UCM, 16 (22,2%) apresentaram risco leve, 32 (44,5%) moderado e 24 (33,3%) elevado para UP. Houve associação significativa (p< 0,05) entre escore de risco segundo Braden e alterações neurológicas, urinárias, e nutricionais. A avaliação precoce para detectar os fatores de risco para UP possibilitou adoção de medidas de prevenção de úlceras, assegurando a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. Descritores: Úlcera por pressão; Fatores de risco; Enfermagem.
O estresse do familiar acompanhante de idosos dependentes no processo de hospitalização
Authors: Vieira Gilson De Bitencourt , Alvarez Angela Maria , Girondi Juliana Balbinot Reis
Published: June 2011

O aumento da expectativa de vida e envelhecimento trás consigo possíveis perdas das capacidades funcionais. Estudo qualitativo, que objetivou identificar os fatores de estresse vivenciados por familiares de idosos dependentes durante o processo de hospitalização. A metodologia foi a pesquisa convergente assitencial, baseada na Teoria dos Sistemas de Betty Neuman. Participaram onze familiares acompanhantes de idosos dependentes internados numa clínica médica de um hospital universitário do sul do país, entre março a julho de 2007. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se a observação participante e entrevista semiestruturada. Para aferir o grau de dependência dos idosos utilizou-se a escala de Katz. Os resultados foram organizados em seis categorias: condições do idoso e familiar acompanhante; relações familiares; relações com os profissionais; organização familiar para o cuidado; percepções do cuidado e alta hospitalar. A pesquisa ressalta a importância do papel do enfermeiro enquanto educador, intermediador e agente capaz de desenvolver novas tecnologias de cuidado. Descritores: Hospitalização; Idoso; Família; Enfermagem Geriátrica.
Periacetabular Osteotomy: Validation of Intraoperative Fluoroscopic Monitoring of Acetabular Orientation
Authors: Kühnel Stefanie P. , Kalberer Fabian A. , Dora Claudio F.
Published: June 2011

During periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) the acetabulum is reorientated and the correction monitored by one or more anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. Obtaining these images is time consuming and requires additional technical and personal resources. Such disadvantages could be overcome with the use of fluoroscopy. However, information obtained from fluoroscopy should have the same quality when compared to standard pelvic radiography. Our purpose was to define a suitable fluoroscopy setup and compare the information obtained from the fluoroscopic images to that obtained from a traditional anteroposterior pelvic radiograph.

In a consecutive series of 22 patients the acetabular fragment was monitored by a defined intraoperative fluoroscopy setup in addition to a pelvic radiograph. The images were analyzed in random order utilizing common parameters to judge the quality of acetabular orientation. Agreement between the two images was assessed using kappa statistics and compared to the intra-observer reliability obtained from an independent experienced hip surgeon reading the same set of pelvic radiographs on two occasions. In 5 patients the radiation exposure during both fluoroscopy and standard AP pelvic radiography was measured and compared.

Agreement of angular measurements of acetabular coverage and version as well as qualitative parameters of acetabular orientation and position between fluoroscopy and pelvic radiographs was at least equal to the intra-observer agreement of an independent experienced hip surgeon reviewing the pelvic radiographs alone. Significantly less radiation exposure was recorded with the use of fluoroscopy when compared to traditional pelvic radiography. We conclude that the use of intraoperative pelvic radiographs during PAO procedures can be replaced by fluoroscopy without quality impairment.
The Short Rotators do not Influence Capsular Compliance or Pain in Severe Hip Osteoarthritis. A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Tarasevičius Sarunas , Loiba Valdemaras , Wingstrand Hans
Published: June 2011

A randomised controlled trial was performed to investigate if the short rotators affected the compliance of the capsule in osteoarthritis (OA).

68 OA patients admitted for total hip arthroplasty (THA) were randomised to have their compliance estimated during surgery with either their short rotators intact or released. Radiographic severity of OA, range of motion and pain were assessed in the affected hip before surgery. There was no significant difference in the compliance of the capsule whether the short rotators were intact or released (p= 0.5). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between pain and capsular compliance (p=0.4 and p=0.5). We found no significant effect of the short rotators on compliance of the hip joint capsule, and no significant correlation between pain and capsular compliance.
A Radiological Study of the True Anatomical Position of the Acetabulum in Japanese Women
Authors: Fukui Kiyokazu , Kaneuji Ayumi , Sugimori Tanzo , Ichiseki Toru , Matsumoto Tadami
Published: June 2011

There is sometimes uncertainty concerning the correct socket position prior to total hip arthroplasty (THA). We conducted a study to determine the hip centre in Japanese women in order to define the true anatomical position of the acetabulum.

The study involved 200 consecutive female patients in whom the contralateral hip joint was normal or was prearthritic and who underwent unilateral THA. The ‘normal’ group comprised 100 hip joints with no acetabular hip dysplasia, and the prearthritis group comprised 100 hip joints with Crowe type I dysplasia.

The length of a perpendicular line drawn under the teardrop (interteardrop line) connecting both inferior edges of the teardrop with the centre of the femoral head was recorded as the vertical distance, and the distance from the intersection of the perpendicular line and interteardrop line up to the teardrop was recorded as the horizontal distance. We measured these distances on the femoral head of the side that did not undergo THA. The mean vertical distances in the ‘normal’ and prearthritis groups were 14.6 ± 2.8 mm and 16.8 ± 2.7 mm, respectively, and the mean horizontal distances were 30.2 ± 2.8 mm and 32.5 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. We therefore determined the mean centre of the hips to lie at a vertical distance of 11 to 22 mm and a horizontal distance of 27 to 38 mm. These values can serve as a useful index for socket positioning in THA.
Changes of Periprosthetic Bone Density after Implantation of an Anatomical Femoral Stem with Cemented and Cementless Fixation
Authors: Bieger Ralf , Martini Franz , Reichel Heiko , Decking Ralf
Published: June 2011

This prospective 12 months dual energy x-ray absorptiometry study evaluated differences in periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) in 25 patients undergoing cementless and in 18 patients undergoing cemented unilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) using the Optan stem, which has the same geometric design for both fixation options.

The clinical outcome scores after one year were excellent in both groups. Periprosthetic BMD measurement demonstrated bone loss medially and laterally in the proximal femoral regions following cementless fixation, whereas cemented fixation resulted in predominantly lateral bone resorption. The fixation technique appeared to have a major influence on the femoral BMD changes after THA.
Electron Spectrum and Tunneling Current of the Toroidal and Helical Graphene Nanoribbon-Quantum Dots Contact
Authors: Belonenko Mikhail B. , Lebedev Nikolay G. , Zhukov Alexander V. , Yanyushkina Natalia N.
Published: June 2011

We study the electron spectrum and the density of states of long-wave electrons in the curved graphene nanoribbon based on the Dirac equation in a curved space-time. The current-voltage characteristics for the contact of nanoribbon-quantum dot have been revealed. We also analyze the dependence of the specimen properties on its geometry.
Use of Averaged Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire Scores
Authors: Gigliotti Eileen , Samuels William Ellery
Published: June 2011

Background. Averaged Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire (NSSQ) support scores remove the influence of network size variability but may unduly lower scores for participants with large networks. Objectives. To evaluate the use of averaged NSSQ scores. Method. Pearson correlations determined if averaged scores decreased as network size increased across three samples. Then, Pearson correlations between a criterion variable and both averaged and raw support scores were computed along with the resultant power to detect a true effect. Results. Neither averaged total functional support nor averaged affect and affirmation scores decreased as sample size increased. However, averaged aid scores did decrease as network size increased. Power also increased markedly in all averaged versus raw scores except in averaged aid scores. Discussion and Conclusions. Use of averaged aid scores is not recommended. Use of all other averaged scores appears acceptable.
Evaluation of the PC-1 K121Q and G2906C variants as independent risk factors for ischaemic stroke
Authors: Rieger M. , Endler G. , Funk M. , Lalouschek W. , Lang W. , Sunder-Plassmann R. , Mannhalter C.
Published: June 2011

Overexpression of plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 (PC-1) inhibits insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and thus favours insulin resistance and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Recent findings indicate that the minor variant K121Q in the PC-1 gene confers an increased risk for early myocardial infarction independent of other established risk factors. We hypothesized that genetic variants in PC-1 may also influence the risk for cerebrovascular disease.

Therefore, we assessed the association of the PC-1 K121Q variant in the coding region and a polymorphism (G2906C) in the 3’ untranslated region of the PC-1 gene with the risk of stroke.

We analyzed 1014 patients with a history of ischaemic stroke from the Vienna stroke registry and 1001 control individuals without vascular disease.

Genotype frequencies of both genetic variants were similar in patients and controls in the total study population. By multivariate analysis, no interactions were observed between the PC-1 genotype and established vascular risk factors. However, the PC-1 2906C allele was significantly more frequent in patients who suffered from stroke before the age of 40 years. In these patients the risk for ischaemic stroke was increased fourfold.
Intermetallic Compounds in Catalysis
Authors: Armbrüster M.
Published: June 2011

In catalysis, intermetallic compounds play an important role as precursors for skeletal catalysts or can be formed under reaction conditions and influence the catalytic properties significantly. They can also be applied as catalysts in an unsupported state in a large number of reactions. Intermetallic compounds are structurally more complex than elemental metals or substitutional alloys and thus offer a broad range of different crystal and electronic structures. In addition, the often partly covalent bonding in the compounds increases their stability under reaction conditions and enables an innovative realization of geometric and electronic concepts. This article summarizes the work in the field, aiming at presenting the different ideas and not at giving a full literature review. Special emphasis is put on the knowledge‐based development, which becomes feasible using unsupported andin situstable intermetallic compounds as catalysts.
Genetically engineered light sensors for control of bacterial gene expression
Authors: Camsund Daniel , Lindblad Peter , Jaramillo Alfonso
Published: June 2011

Light of different wavelengths can serve as a transient, noninvasive means of regulating gene expression for biotechnological purposes. Implementation of advanced gene regulatory circuits will require orthogonal transcriptional systems that can be simultaneously controlled and that can produce several different control states. Fully genetically encoded light sensors take advantage of the favorable characteristics of light, do not need the supplementation of any chemical inducers or co‐factors, and have been demonstrated to control gene expression in Escherichia coli. Herein, we review engineered light‐sensor systems with potential for in vivo regulation of gene expression in bacteria, and highlight different means of extending the range of available light input and transcriptional output signals. Furthermore, we discuss advances in multiplexing different light sensors for achieving multichromatic control of gene expression and indicate developments that could facilitate the construction of efficient systems for light‐regulated, multistate control of gene expression.
Outcome after partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular cancer within the Milan criteria
Authors: Fan S T , Poon R T P , Yeung C , Lam C M , Lo C M , Yuen W K , Ng K K C , Liu C L , Chan S C
Published: June 2011

Background

There is a trend to offer liver transplantation to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumour status within the Milan criteria but with preserved liver function. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of such patients following partial hepatectomy as primary treatment.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on all adult patients with HCC and tumour status within the Milan criteria undergoing partial hepatectomy at a single centre from 1995 to 2008. Their outcomes were compared with those of similar patients having right-lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) as primary treatment.

Results

A total of 408 patients with HCC were enrolled. Some 384 patients with a solitary tumour 5 cm or less in diameter had a better 5-year survival rate than 24 patients with oligonodular tumours (2–3 nodules, each 3 cm or less in size) (70·7 versus 46 per cent; P = 0·025). Multivariable analysis identified younger age (65 years or less), lack of postoperative complications, negative resection margin, absent microvascular invasion and non-cirrhotic liver as predictors of favourable overall survival. The 5-year survival rate of 287 younger patients with chronic liver disease and R0 hepatectomy was 72·8 per cent, comparable to that of 81 per cent in 50 similar patients treated by LDLT (P = 0·093).

Conclusion

Partial hepatectomy for patients with HCC and tumour status within the Milan criteria achieved a satisfactory 5-year survival rate, particularly in younger patients with solitary tumours and R0 hepatectomy. Patients with oligonodular tumours have a worse survival and might benefit from liver transplantation.
Solvent Exposure Associated with Single Abasic Sites Alters the Base Sequence Dependence of Oxidation of Guanine in DNA in GG Sequence Contexts
Authors: Lee Young‐Ae , Liu Zhi , Dedon Peter C. , Geacintov Nicholas E. , Shafirovich Vladimir
Published: June 2011

The effect of exposure of guanine in double‐stranded oligonucleotides to aqueous solvent during oxidation by one‐electron oxidants was investigated by introducing single synthetic tetrahydrofuran‐type abasic sites (Ab) either adjacent to or opposite tandem GG sequences. The selective oxidation of guanine was initiated by photoexcitation of the aromatic sensitizers riboflavin and a pyrene derivative, and by the relatively small negatively charged carbonate radical anion. The relative rates of oxidation of the 5′‐ and 3′ side G in runs of 5′⋅⋅⋅GG⋅⋅⋅ (evaluated by standard hot alkali treatment of the damaged DNA strand followed by high resolution gel electrophoresis of the cleavage fragments) are markedly affected by adjacent abasic sites either on the same or opposite strand. For example, in fully double‐stranded DNA or one with an Ab adjacent to the 5′‐G, the 5′‐G/3′‐G damage ratio is ≥4, but is inverted (<1.0) with the Ab adjacent to the 3′‐G. These striking effects of Ab are attributed to the preferential localization of the “hole” on the most solvent‐exposed guanine regardless of the size, charge, or reduction potential of the oxidizing species.
Moisture Distribution in Fluidized Beds with Liquid Injection
Authors: Fries L. , Dosta M. , Antonyuk S. , Heinrich S. , Palzer S.
Published: June 2011

Coupled discrete element method‐computational fluid dynamics (DEM‐CFD) simulations have been performed to study the fluid and particle dynamics in a fluidized‐bed granulator on the scale of individual particles. Simulation of the gas and particle dynamics is combined with heat and mass transfer mechanisms, as the moisture distribution is a key parameter for the functionality of a fluidized‐bed spray granulator. The model allows monitoring the moisture content and temperature of each individual particle as well as the temperature and humidity of the surrounding gas phase. A novel modeling approach is presented to describe the process dynamics of a fluidized bed in full detail for a reference time interval using coupled DEM‐CFD simulations. The motion profile of gas and particles is extrapolated to larger time scales and used for the calculation of heat and mass transfer. Through this multiscale approach, a step forward is taken towards a physically based description of the microprocesses in granulation.
Substituent‐Controlled Reactivity in the Nazarov Cyclisation of Allenyl Vinyl Ketones
Authors: Marx Vanessa M. , Stoddard Rhonda L. , Heverly‐Coulson Gavin S. , Burnell D. Jean
Published: June 2011

Alkyl substitution α to the ketone of an allenyl vinyl ketone enhances Nazarov reactivity by inhibiting alternative pathways involving the allene moiety and through electron donation and/or steric hindrance. This substitution pattern also accelerates Nazarov cyclisation by increasing the population of the reactive conformer and by stabilising the oxyallyl cation intermediate. Furthermore, α substitution by an alkyl group does not alter the regioselectivity of interrupted Nazarov reactions when the oxyallyl cation intermediate is intercepted by addition of an oxygen nucleophile, or by [4+3] cyclisation with acyclic dienes. The regioselectivity of the Nazarov process for allenyl vinyl ketones was determined to be a result of an electronic bias in the oxyallyl cation intermediate. Computational data are consistent with this observation.
Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of β‐Methyl‐γ‐monofluoromethyl‐Substituted Alcohols
Authors: Yang Wenguo , Wei Xinle , Pan Yuanhang , Lee Richmond , Zhu Bo , Liu Hongjun , Yan Lin , Huang Kuo‐Wei , Jiang Zhiyong , Tan Choon‐Hong
Published: June 2011

Enanatiopure β‐methyl‐γ‐monofluoromethyl alcohols were prepared from the allylic alkylation between fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates. The reaction was catalyzed by using the Cinchona alkaloid derivative, (DHQD)2AQN. The origin of the stereoselectivity was verified by DFT methods. Calculated geometries and relative energies of various transition states strongly support the observed stereoselectivity.
Torrefaction of non ‐lignocellulose biomass waste
Authors: Dhungana Alok , Dutta Animesh , Basu Prabir
Published: June 2011

Torrefaction of some non‐lignocellulose waste biomass was attempted to examine if such materials could benefit from this process as conventional lignocellulose biomass does. Experiments were conducted on chicken litter, digested sludge, and undigested sludge from a municipality in Canada. Effects of two important torrefaction process parameters: temperature and residence time on the torrefaction yield were studied. For reference, torrefaction of three lignocellulose biomass (switch grass, coffee husk, and wood pellet) was also carried out in the same apparatus under identical conditions. A comparison of torrefaction yield and other properties of these biomass showed that in spite of the large difference in their constitution the torrefaction behaviour of non‐lignocellulose and lignocellulose biomass were similar. The increase in energy density after torrefaction and the effect of temperature and residence time on torrefaction were also similar for these two types. The present research made an important addition to the existing database on torrefaction of biomass by adding missing information on torrefaction of sludge and poultry litter. Additionally, this work unearthed a potential option for production of composite pellets of waste (e.g., sludge) mixed with biomass (e.g., switch grass). © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
An investigation of fuel composition and flow‐rate effects in a H2S fuelled sofc: Experiments and thermodynamic analysis
Authors: Monder Dayadeep S. , Vorontsov Vitaly , Luo Jingli , Chuang Karl T. , Nandakumar K.
Published: June 2011

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)‐fuelled solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can potentially generate useful electrical energy while disposing of H2S, a toxic by‐product of the fossil fuel industry, on site. Experimental results from H2S fuelled SOFCs exhibit characteristics, for example, an unusual dependence of cell performance on fuel composition and flow‐rate, which are poorly explained in the literature. In this work we: (a) present results for experiments where the composition and flow‐rates were varied for both the fuel and oxidant streams to analyse their effect on fuel cell performance, and (b) develop and use a thermodynamic analysis to help understand these experimental results. Through this work, we shed further light on two basic questions unanswered so far, (1) Why does the flow‐rate of the fuel affect the open circuit potential of the fuel cell? (2) Which of the chemical species present in the fuel is oxidised on the anode? Our experiments and analysis suggest that H2S, and not H2 produced from H2S dissociation, is preferentially electro‐oxidised on the anode in our experiments. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Spatial Variability of Surface Soil Moisture in a Depression Area of Karst Region
Authors: Zhang Jiguang , Chen Hongsong , Su Yirong , Shi Yi , Zhang Wei , Kong Xiangli
Published: June 2011

An understanding of soil moisture variability is necessary to characterize the linkages between a region's hydrology, ecology, and physiography. In subtropical karst region, the spatial variability of surface soil moisture is still unclear for the rocky ecological environment and intensive land uses. The purpose of this study was to characterize the variation and patterns of soil moisture content at depth of 0–16 cm and to investigate their influencing factors in a karst depression area of southwest China. Soil moisture content was measured at 20 m intervals by intensive sampling on March 11 (dry season) and August 30 (rainy season) in 2005, respectively. Surface soil moisture presented a moderate variability in the depression area at the sampling times. The variability was relatively higher in dry season with lower mean soil moisture, but lower in rainy season with higher mean soil moisture after heavy rain event. Similar results were also obtained from the mosaic patterns of soil moisture generated by ordinary Kriging interpolation with low standard deviations. This suggested that more soil samples might be required and the sampling interval should be shortened in dry season compared with rainy season. The dominant influencing factors on the variability of surface soil moisture were rainfall and land use types. However, altitude, bare‐rock ratio, and soil organic carbon were also important factors, and exerted jointly to control and redistribute the surface soil moisture either in dry or rainy season in the depression area. Such information provided some insights for the study on eco‐hydrological processes of vegetation restoration in the karst degraded ecosystem of southwest China.
Progress in growth of large β‐BaB2O4 single crystals
Authors: Perlov D. , Livneh S. , Czechowicz P. , Goldgirsh A. , Loiacono D.
Published: June 2011

Growth of large β‐barium borate (BBO) crystals of high optical quality has been challenging, even 25 years past its discovery. The best results in terms of size and quality have been demonstrated by means of TSSG (Top Seeded Solution Growth). Nevertheless, the maximum available size of nonlinear optical elements lags behind laser industry requirements. Due to increased size and availability, BBO finally started attracting attention for its favorable Q‐switch properties. Yet, two or sometimes three crystals aligned together are still necessary to achieve the lengths often required for these applications. Material quality, in terms of optical perfection and optical absorption, is still questionable in many instances. Limited boule size still dictates relatively high material cost as well. Thorough analysis of the growth behavior of BBO helped us to develop production processes for large boules utilizing TSSG with pulling. High quality nonlinear optical crystal devices and Q‐switches up to 40 mm in the z‐direction have been enabled. We believe that the above size and quality are currently industry leading. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
RuII‐Mediated Hydrogen Transfer from Aqueous Glycerol to CO2: From Waste to Value‐Added Products
Authors: Dibenedetto Angela , Stufano Paolo , Nocito Francesco , Aresta Michele
Published: June 2011

Aqueous glycerol was used as the hydrogen source for the reduction of CO2 to the hydrogen carrier formic acid in the presence of the catalyst [RuCl2(PPh3)3]. All intermediates were identified and characterized. Glycerol was converted into glycolic acid, HOCH2COOH, that was identified by using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.