bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and Benzoxazoles Using N,N‐Dimethylchlorosulfitemethaniminium Chloride as Condensing Agent.
Authors: Kaul Savita , Kumar Ajay , Sain Bir , Bhatnagar A. K.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: α,α‐Dibromoketones: A Superior Alternative to α‐Bromoketones in Hantzsch Thiazole Synthesis.
Authors: Prakash Richa , Kumar Ajay , Aggarwal Ranjana , Prakash Om , Singh S. P.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the Nickel‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkenes: A Diamination by Sulfamide Transfer.
Authors: Muniz Kilian , Streuff Jan , Hoevelmann Claas H. , Nunez Ana
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 1‐Substituted‐4‐phenyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐5H‐tetrazole‐5‐thione and (1‐Phenyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)thioacetyl Derivatives.
Authors: Fathalla Walid , Ali Ibrahim A. I.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Approach to N‐Aryl‐4‐(3‐pyridyl)thiazol‐2‐amine and Analogues Using HMCM‐41 as Catalyst, and Their Biological Evaluation as Human Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors.
Authors: Bhoga Umadevi
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Cyclization of o‐Nitrophenyl Propargyl Alcohols: Facile Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines.
Authors: Sandelier Matthew J. , DeShong Philip
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Pyrrolo[1′,5′‐a]‐1,8‐naphthyridine Derivatives Through a Facile One‐Pot Process.
Authors: Zhao Xi‐Juan , Chen Yong , Fu Wen‐Fu , Zhang Jia‐Bing
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 4‐Azaindoles
Authors: Sun Li‐Ping , Wang Jin‐Xin
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: General and Facial Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐5‐halogenpyrimidine‐4‐carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Blyumin Evgeniy V. , Neunhoeffer Hans , Volovenko Yulian V.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Imidazolidin‐2‐ylidenehydrazones and Their Transformation into 5,10,11,12a‐Tetrahydro‐6H,9H‐imidazo[2′,1′:3,4][1,2,4]triazolo [1,5‐c]quinazoline‐6‐thiones.
Authors: Kornicka Anita , Gdaniec Maria
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel One‐Pot Synthesis of Aziridines Containing Sydnone Moiety.
Authors: Rai N. Satheesha , Kalluraya Balakrishna , Lingappa B.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiopure 1,4‐Benzoxazines via 1,2‐Cyclic Sulfamidates. Synthesis of Levofloxacin.
Authors: Bower John F. , Szeto Peter , Gallagher Timothy
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Identification and Antiplatelet Evaluation of 2‐Morpholino Substituted Benzoxazines.
Authors: Pritchard Kaylene M. , Al‐Rawi Jasim , Bradley Christopher
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐(4‐Chloro‐2‐mercaptobenzenesulfonyl) ‐3,5‐dihydroxy‐1,1‐dioxo‐2H‐1,2,4,6‐thiatriazine Derivatives with Potential anti‐HIV and Anticancer Activities.
Authors: Brzozowski Z. , Slawinski J.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Access to H‐Phosphonates via Metal‐Catalyzed Phosphorus—Oxygen Bond Formation.
Authors: Coudray Laetitia , Abrunhosa‐Thomas Isabelle , Montchamp Jean‐Luc
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric α‐Selenenylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Tiecco Marcello , Carlone Armando , Sternativo Silvia , Marini Francesca , Bartoli Giuseppe , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion Relay Chemistry Extended. Synthesis of a Gorgonian Sequiterpene.
Authors: Smith Amos B. III , Kim Dae‐Shik , Xian Ming
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chuktabularins A—D, Four New Limonoids with Unprecedented Carbon Skeletons from the Stem Bark of Chukrasia tabularis.
Authors: Zhang Chuan‐Rui , Yang Sheng‐Ping , Liao Shang‐Gao , Fan Cheng‐Qi , Wu Yan , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Terpestacin (I) and (.+‐.)‐11‐epi‐Terpestacin.
Authors: Berger Gideon O. , Tius Marcus A.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Guaianolides: Highly Efficient Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Geigerin.
Authors: Carret Sebastien , Depres Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (+)‐Pechueloic Acid and (+)‐Aciphyllene. Revision of the Structure of (+)‐Aciphyllene.
Authors: Blay Gonzalo , Garcia Begona , Molina Eva , Pedro Jose R.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba‐Catalyzed Direct Mannich‐Type Reactions of a β,γ‐Unsaturated Ester Providing β‐Methyl aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman‐Type Products.
Authors: Yamaguchi Akitake , Aoyama Naohiro , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Propargyl 1,2‐Orthoesters as Glycosyl Donors: Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐trans Glycosides and Disaccharides.
Authors: Sureshkumar Gopalsamy , Hotha Srinivas
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Short Syntheses of Gabosine I and Gabosine G from δ‐D‐Gluconolactone.
Authors: Shing Tony K. M. , Cheng Hau M.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (+)‐Thiersindole C.
Authors: Marcos Isidro S. , Escola Miguel A. , Moro Rosalina F. , Basabe Pilar , Diez David , Mollinedo Faustino , Urones Julio G.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Joubertinamine from 3‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl)‐5‐bromo‐2‐pyrone.
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Tam , Cho Cheon‐Gyu
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Syntheses of Schulzeines B and C.
Authors: Gurjar Mukund K. , Pramanik Chinmoy , Bhattasali Debabrata , Ramana C. V. , Mohapatra Debendra K.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a 3‐Arylisoquinoline Alkaloid, Decumbenine B.
Authors: Wada Yasuhiro , Nishida Naoto , Kurono Nobuhito , Ohkuma Takashi , Orito Kazuhiko
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐ and S‐α‐L‐Arabinopyranosyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. First Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.
Authors: Khalil Nasser S. A. M.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Formal Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Neplanocin A.
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Rout Bhimsen
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Formal Synthesis of Crocacin C via Prins Cyclization.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy M. Sridhar , Rao P. Purushothama , Prasad A. R.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Total Synthesis of Melithiazole C.
Authors: Gebauer Julian , Arseniyadis Stellios , Cossy Janine
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Tedanolide.
Authors: Smith Amos B. III , Lee Dongjoo
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (R)‐Japonilure (I) and (4R,9Z)‐9‐Octadecen‐4‐olide (II), Pheromones of the Japanese Beetle and Currant Stem Girdler.
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Bhaskar V. , Yadagiri K. , Yadav J. S.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Pseudodeflectusin (I), an Antitumor Isochroman Derivative Isolated from Aspergillus sp.
Authors: Tobe Makiko , Tashiro Takuya , Sasaki Mitsuru , Takikawa Hirosato
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Metal—Hydrogen Systems, Fundamentals and Applications (MH2006)
Authors: several authors several authors
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Complex Fluorides of Palladium(II) — A Short Survey
Authors: Serafin Michael , Mueller Bernd G.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Ligand‐Field Analysis: Inspiration from Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Coordination Complexes of Transition Metal Ions
Authors: Telser Joshua
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Magnesium Carbenoids
Authors: Satoh Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Racemization, Optical Resolution and Crystallization‐Induced Asymmetric Transformation of Amino Acids and Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Authors: Yoshioka Ryuzo
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Rearrangement Metathesis (RRM) in Alkaloid Synthesis
Authors: Holub Nicole , Blechert Siegfried
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocyclic Organosilicon Di‐ and Polyfunctional Compounds
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Zaikov G. , Tatrishvili T. , Mukbaniani N.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: ZACA Reaction: Zr‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Carboalumination of Alkenes
Authors: Negishi Ei‐ichi , Liang Bo , Novak Tibor , Tan Ze
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of LFE Relationships to Quantitative Description of Substance Distribution Processes Between Two Phases
Authors: Makitra R. G. , Turovsky A. A. , Zaikov V. G.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron—Sulfur Proteins as Initiators of Radical Chemistry
Authors: Marquet Andree , Tse Sum Bui Bernadette , Smith Alison G. , Warren Martin J.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Exotic Biomodification of Fatty Acids
Authors: Buist Peter H.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Marine Natural Products of Fungal Origin
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Ali Muhammad Shaiq , Hussain Shafqat , Jabbar Abdul , Ashraf Muhammad , Lee Yong Sup
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pulsed EPR in the Method of Spin Labels and Probes
Authors: Dzuba S. A.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Catalytic Research: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
Authors: Koptyug I. V. , Lysova A. A. , Parmon V. N. , Sagdeev R. Z.
Published: December 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Odor Determination at Wastewater Collection Systems: Olfactometry versus H2S Analyses
Authors: Dincer Faruk , Muezzinoglu Aysen
Published: December 2007

H2S is usually the main indicator parameter to assess when nuisance odors arise in wastewater handling systems. However, sampling and measurement of H2S need to be made with utmost care and analytical methods are neither easy nor cheap. Although Jerome meters from Arizona Instruments are used in some parts of the world, the cost and difficulty of measuring H2S in odorous gases is a general problem. It should also be kept in mind that a simple linear relationship between H2S concentrations and odor perception by the public is not available, especially in complex odorous gas mixtures. This leads to the conclusion that measuring the H2S alone is neither easy nor accurate in describing and resolving public complaints due to odors from wastewater collection and treatment systems. In this study, data for odors and H2S measurements from two pumping stations of the wastewater collection system of Çesme, Izmir, Turkey are evaluated. Concentrations of H2S were measured with chemical methods. Results indicated concentrations several orders of magnitude above the odor threshold level, which is generally accepted as 0.1 μg/m3 for pure H2S in air. The statistical relationships between analytical and sensory odor data were established. Correlations indicated power law relationships between odor and H2S concentrations (R2 between 0.88–0.92). Steven's law between the intensity of human perception and concentration of stimulants is obeyed.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Is There More to the Story?
Authors: Vesper Benjamin J. , Altman Kenneth W. , Elseth Kim M. , Haines G. Kenneth , Pavlova Sylvia I. , Tao Lin , Tarjan Gabor , Radosevich James A.
Published: December 2007

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects both men and women worldwide, with the most common symptom of GERD being frequent heartburn. If left untreated, more serious diseases including esophagitis and/or esophageal cancer may result. GERD has been commonly held to be the result of gastric acid refluxing into the esophagus. Recent work, however, has shown that there are acid‐producing cells in the upper aerodigestive tract. In addition, acid‐producing bacteria located within the upper gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity may also be a contributing factor in the onset of GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed for treating GERD; these drugs are designed to stop the production of gastric acid by shutting down the H+/K+‐ATPase enzyme located in parietal cells. PPI treatment is systemic and therefore significantly different than traditional antacids. Although a popular treatment choice, PPIs exhibit substantial interpatient variability and commonly fail to provide a complete cure to the disease. Recent studies have shown that H+/K+‐ATPases are expressed in tissues outside the stomach, and the effects of PPIs in these nongastric tissues have not been fully explored. Likewise, acid‐producing bacteria containing proton pumps are present in both the oral cavity and esophagus, and PPI use may also adversely affect these bacteria. The use of PPI therapy is further complicated by the two philosophical approaches to treating this disease: to treat only symptoms or to treat continuously. The latter approach frequently results in unwanted side effects which may be due to the PPIs acting on nongastric tissues or the microbes which colonize the upper aerodigestive tract.
Significance of age in acute myeloid leukemia patients younger than 30 years
Authors: Creutzig Ursula , Büchner Thomas , Sauerland Maria C. , Zimmermann Martin , Reinhardt Dirk , Döhner Hartmut , Schlenk Richard F.
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND.

Data on the impact of age in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients <30 years treated in pediatric and adult trials are scarce.

METHODS.

In all, 891 patients <18 years were treated in the pediatric trials AML‐BFM 93/98 and 290 adolescents and young adults (>16 to <30 years) in the AMLCG 92/99 and AMLSG HD93/98A trials. Treatment schedules and dose intensities were comparable.

RESULTS.

Initial features and risk factors differed considerably between infants (<2 years) and older age groups and only slightly between children (2 to <13), adolescents (13 to <21) and young adults (21 to <30). Treatment results were most favorable in children (5‐year event free survival [EFS]: 54% ± 3%), slightly inferior in adolescents (46% ± 4%, P = .03), and unfavorable in young adults (28% ± 5%, P = .0001). Excluding patients with favorable karyotypes, the results were similar in infants and children (EFS: 44% ± 4% and 46% ± 3%, respectively) and inferior in adolescents (35% ± 4%) and young adults (23% ± 4%). There was an increased, age‐related percentage and inferior outcome in patients with >5% bone marrow blasts after induction. EFS was especially poor in young adults, with blasts >5%. The blast count after induction was of no prognostic value in patients with favorable karyotypes, but a significant risk factor in patients with other cytogenetics.

CONCLUSIONS.

Biologic data differed mainly between infants and older age groups. When comparing the same age groups, outcome was similar between the trial groups, which differed from reports concerning acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the prognosis decreased after childhood independent of other risk factors. This indicates that even in the younger cohorts increasing age may be an additional unfavorable factor. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Association between standard clinical and pathologic characteristics and the 21‐gene recurrence score in breast cancer patients
Authors: Wolf Ido , Ben‐Baruch Noa , Shapira‐Frommer Ronnie , Rizel Shulamit , Goldberg Hadassa , Yaal‐Hahoshen Neora , Klein Baruch , Geffen David B. , Kaufman Bella
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND.

The 21‐gene recurrence score (RS) assay has been reported to accurately predict the risk of disease recurrence and chemotherapy benefit in women with estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive, lymph node (LN)‐negative breast cancer who are treated with tamoxifen. To the authors' knowledge, the association between the RS and clinicopathologic characteristics has been studied in randomized and case‐control trials, but not in the general population.

METHODS.

The authors analyzed the correlation between clinicopathologic breast cancer characteristics and RS among 300 consecutive Israeli patients who were referred to undergo the test between October 2004 and October 2006.

RESULTS.

Low, intermediate, and high RS were noted in 109 patients (36%), 134 patients (45%), and 57 patients (19%), respectively. The median age of the patients was 54 years and the median tumor size was 1.6 cm. High tumor grade, low progesterone receptor expression, infiltrating ductal histology, and high HER‐2 expression were found to be associated with a high RS, whereas patient age, tumor size, ER expression, and lymph node micrometastasis were found to correlate poorly with the RS. The ability of any of these variables, either alone or in combination, to predict the RS was limited. Similarly, neither commonly used guidelines nor the Adjuvant! Online software were found to be able to predict the RS.

CONCLUSIONS.

The results of the current study suggest that neither standard clinicopathologic features nor commonly used assessment tools can reliably predict the RS among referred breast cancer patients compared with a clinical trial population. These data also may indicate the need for additional studies regarding the role of the RS among certain subsets of breast cancer patients, including those with noninfiltrating ductal carcinoma histology and the presence of lymph node micrometastasis. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Early afferent signaling in the outer plexiform layer regulates development of horizontal cell morphology
Authors: Raven Mary A. , Orton Noelle C. , Nassar Hadi , Williams Gary A. , Stell William K. , Jacobs Gerald H. , Bech‐Hansen N. Torben , Reese Benjamin E.
Published: December 2007

The dendritic patterning of retinal horizontal cells has been shown to be specified by the cone photoreceptor afferents. The present investigation has addressed whether this specification is due to visually dependent synaptic transmission in the outer plexiform layer or to some other early, pre‐visual, neural activity. Individually labeled horizontal cells from dark‐reared mice, as well as from mice carrying a mutation in the Cacna1f gene, which encodes the pore‐forming calcium channel subunit Cav1.4, were assessed for various morphological features. The dark‐reared mice showed no alteration in any of these features, despite showing a compromised maximal voltage response in the electroretinograms. The retinas of Cacna1f mutant mice, by contrast, showed conspicuous morphological changes that mimicked the effects observed previously in coneless transgenic mice. These changes were present as early as postnatal day 10, when the shape and density of the cone pedicles appeared normal. Ultrastructurally, however, the pedicles at this early stage, as well as in maturity, lacked synaptic ribbons and the invaginations associated with postsynaptic processes. These results suggest a role for this calcium channel subunit in ribbon assembly in addition to its role in modulating calcium influx and glutamate release. Together, they suggest a complex cascade of interactions between developing cone pedicles and horizontal cell dendrites involving early spontaneous activity, dendritic attraction, ribbon assembly, and pedicle invagination. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:745–758, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism in neuronal number of the posterodorsal medial amygdala is independent of circulating androgens and regional volume in adult rats
Authors: Morris John A. , Jordan Cynthia L. , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: December 2007

The posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) in rodents integrates olfactory and pheromonal information, which, coupled with the appropriate hormonal signals, may facilitate or repress reproductive behavior in adulthood. MePD volume and neuronal soma size are greater in male rats than in females, and these sexual dimorphisms are maintained by adult circulating hormone levels. Castration of adult males causes these measures to shrink to the size seen in females 4 weeks later, whereas testosterone treatment of adult females for 4 weeks enlarges these measures to the size of males. We used stereological methods to count the number of cells in the MePD and found that, in addition to the sex difference in regional volume and soma size, males also have more MePD neurons than do females, yet these numbers are unaffected by the presence or absence of androgen in adults of either sex. Males also have more glial cells than do females, but, in contrast to the effects on neuronal number, the number of glial cells is affected by androgen in the right MePD of both sexes and, therefore, may contribute to regional volume changes in adulthood in that hemisphere. Thus, regional volume, neuronal size, and glial numbers vary in the MePD of adult rats in response to circulating androgens, but neuronal number does not. These results suggest that the sex difference in neuronal number in the rat MePD may be “organized” by androgens prior to adulthood, whereas regional volume, neuronal size, and glial numbers can be altered by androgens in adulthood. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:851–859, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes of serotonin 4(a) receptor expression in the rat pre‐Bötzinger complex
Authors: Manzke Till , Preusse Stefan , Hülsmann Swen , Richter Diethelm W.
Published: December 2007

Serotonin receptors (5‐HTRs) are known to be involved in the regulation of breathing behavior and to mediate neurotrophic actions that exert a significant function in network formation during development. We studied neuronal 5‐HT4(a)R‐immunoreactivity (‐IR) at developmental ages from E14 to P10. Within the pre‐Bötzinger complex (pre‐BötC), a part of the respiratory network important for rhythmogenesis, 5‐HT4(a)R‐IR was most extensive in rats at an age of E18. The 5‐HT4(a)‐IR was found predominantly in the neuropil, whereas somatic staining was sporadic at late embryonic (E18–E20) stages. At birth, we observed a dramatic change to a predominantly somatic staining, and neuropil staining was greatly reduced and disappeared at an age of P4. In all developmental stages, 5‐HT4(a) and μ‐opioid receptors were strongly coexpressed in neurons of the pre‐BötC, whereas 5‐HT4(a)R expression was absent in neurons within the dorsal horn. Nestin, a marker for CNS progenitor cells, was used to obtain information about the degree of pre‐BötC differentiation. Nestin‐positive cells did not appear within the pre‐BötC before age E20. At E16, nestin‐expressing cells were absent in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and its ventral periphery. The number of nestin‐positive cells increased after birth within and outside the pre‐BötC, the majority of cells being glial. Coexpression of nestin and 5‐HT4(a)R was localized predominantly within the NA and appeared only sporadically within the pre‐BötC. We conclude that 5‐HT4(a)Rs are important not only for neuromodulation of cellular excitability but also for respiratory network formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:775–790, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular Machines Working on Surfaces and at Interfaces
Authors: Balzani Vincenzo , Credi Alberto , Venturi Margherita
Published: December 2007

In the past ten years a great variety of artificial molecular machines have been constructed, and very interesting concepts for controlling molecular‐level movements by external inputs have been developed. Most of the studies, however, have been performed in solution, where the investigated systems contain a huge number of molecules which behave independently from one another because they cannot be addressed individually. Before such systems can find applications in many fields of technology, they must be interfaced with the macroscopic world by ordering them in some way so that they can behave coherently and can be addressed in space. The problem of obtaining ordered arrays of molecular machines can be addressed by a variety of techniques, which include deposition on surfaces, incorporation into polymers, organization at interfaces, and immobilization in membranes or porous materials. In the last few years, the development of scanning‐probe techniques has also enabled direct observation and manipulation of single molecular‐machine molecules on surfaces. Techniques of this kind have opened novel routes to the study of molecular machines, and have also contributed to better understanding the differences between movement at the macroscopic and molecular levels. This paper reviews some recent achievements in the field of molecular machines working on surfaces and at interfaces, as single molecules or ordered arrays. Hybrid natural–artificial machines are also discussed, and the working mechanism of some natural machines is illustrated for the purpose of comparison.
Thermal roots of correlation‐based complexity
Authors: Fraundorf Philip
Published: December 2007

Bayesian maxent lets one integrate thermal physics and information theory points of view in the quantitative study of complex systems. Since net surprisal (a free energy analog for measuring “departures from expected”) allows one to place second law constraints on mutual information (a multimoment measure of correlations), it makes a quantitative case for the role of reversible thermalization in the natural history of invention, and suggests multiscale strategies to monitor standing crop as well. It prompts one to track evolved complexity starting from live astrophysically observed processes, rather than only from evidence of past events. Various gradients and boundaries that play a role in availability flow, ranging from the edge of a wave‐packet to the boundary between idea‐pools, allow one to frame wide‐ranging correlations (including that between a phenomenon and its explanation) as delocalized physical structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008
Suppressing the Anionic Fries Rearrangement of Aryl Dialkylcarbamates; the Isolation of a Crystalline ortho‐Deprotonated Carbamate
Authors: García Felipe , McPartlin Mary , Morey James V. , Nobuto Daisuke , Kondo Yoshinori , Naka Hiroshi , Uchiyama Masanobu , Wheatley Andrew E. H.
Published: December 2007

In the presence of organolithium bases phenyl dialkylcarbamates have previously been shown to undergo facile rearrangement to yield the corresponding salicylamides. However, heterometallic lithium diethyl(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidido)zincate achieves the clean directed ortho‐metallation (DoM) of phenyl dialkylcarbamates, with [C6H4{OC(O)NMe2}{Zn(‐TMP)Et}Li]2 having been structurally characterized. DFT studies point to a stepwise deprotonative mechanism in which the zincate reagent exhibits kinetic amido basicity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Family history and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer
Authors: Garavello Werner , Foschi Roberto , Talamini Renato , La Vecchia Carlo , Rossi Marta , Dal Maso Luigino , Tavani Alessandra , Levi Fabio , Barzan Luigi , Ramazzotti Valerio , Franceschi Silvia , Negri Eva
Published: December 2007

Scanty data are available on familial risk in oral and pharyngeal cancer. The relationship between oral and pharyngeal cancer and family history of cancer in first‐degree relatives was investigated using data from a multicentric case‐control study conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 2005 on 956 cases aged less than 79 years, with histologically confirmed incident oral and pharyngeal cancer, and 2362 controls admitted to hospital for acute, nonneoplastic conditions. Logistic regression models conditioned on sex, age, study centre, and including terms for education, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and number of siblings were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of oral and pharyngeal cancer. The multivariate ORs were similar for a family history of oral and pharyngeal cancer (2.6, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.5–4.5) and laryngeal cancer (3.8, 95% CI, 2.0–7.2). The OR was 3.1 (95% CI, 2.0–4.8) for oral and pharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer combined. The OR was 7.1 (95% CI, 1.3–37.2) for subjects with 2 or more first‐degree relatives with oral and pharyngeal/laryngeal cancers. Significant increases in risk were also observed for a family history of melanoma (OR = 5.8; 95% CI, 1.3–26.4) and lung cancer (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0–2.0). Compared to subjects without family history, nonsmokers, and non or moderate drinkers, the OR was 42.6 for current smokers, heavy drinkers with family history. History of oral and pharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer is a strong determinant of oral and pharyngeal cancer risk, independent from tobacco and alcohol. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gefitinib prevents cancer progression in mice expressing the activated rat HER2/neu
Authors: Piechocki Marie P. , Dibbley Susan K. , Lonardo Fulvio , Yoo George H.
Published: December 2007

We tested the efficacy of gefitinib in the prevention of HER2/neu‐mediated breast cancer development in BALB‐NeuT transgenic mice. Oral administration of gefitinib to female transgenic mice from 5 to 14 weeks of age reduced tumor multiplicity from 9.6 ± 0.82 to 0.58 ± 1.1 (83%). We observed a decrease in the number and size of lobules and lobular nodules in treated mice with a reduction in the overall disease burden per gland. Normal duct development in the mammary glands was not affected by gefitinib. The development of acinic cell carcinoma in the parotid glands of these animals was also reduced coincident with decreased stromal involvement during progression. Gefitinib eliminated phosphorylation of HER2 and HER3 and signaling through MAPK and Akt in lobular hyperplasias and carcinomas. At the same time MAPK activity and cytokine production in splenocytes and lymph nodes was increased in gefitinib‐treated animals coincident with an increase in lymph node size. Delaying gefitinib treatment until mammary glands exhibited atypical lobular hyperplasias reduced efficacy. These studies demonstrate the critical role of HER2 signal transduction in the onset and progression of HER2/neu‐dependent breast cancer and suggest a role for specific inhibitors to prevent the outgrowth of early hyperplastic disease. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locally generated VGVAPG and VAPG elastin‐derived peptides amplify melanoma invasion via the galectin‐3 receptor
Authors: Pocza Peter , Süli‐Vargha Helga , Darvas Zsuzsa , Falus Andras
Published: December 2007

Melanomas containing more elastin are associated with higher stages of the disease. The interaction between elastin‐derived peptides and melanoma cells appears to play an important role in the progression of melanomas. The effects of the elastin‐derived peptides VGVAPG and VAPG have been investigated on the migration, invasion, adhesion and angiogenesis of human melanoma cells of different invasive potential. Elastin, tropoelastin and VGVAPG peptide were demonstrated at the invasion site of melanoma using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Not only the VGVAPG elastin‐derived peptide, which exhibits the XGXXPG consensus sequence in its primary structure, but also the shorter VAPG bind directly to 3 cell surface receptors: galectin‐3, integrin αvβ3 and elastin‐binding protein. Our results suggest that the increased levels of elastin‐derived peptides facilitate the invasion of melanoma cells: (i) VGVAPG and VAPG elastin‐derived peptides are chemotactic for melanoma cells; (ii) they can increase the migration of melanoma cells and the expression of CXCR‐4 and CXCL‐12 chemokines; (iii) they enhance the expression of the elastin‐degrading MMP‐2 and MMP‐3; (iv) they increase the attachment of melanoma cells and the expression of different adhesion molecules; (v) they increase the expression of the lymphangiogenic VEGF‐C and (vi) the galectin‐3 receptor can mediate all these effects. Clinical and therapeutic aspects are also discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A systemic approach toward optimization of the hot embossing of poly‐L‐lactic acid for biomedical applications
Authors: Belligundu Sunil , Shiakolas Panayiotis S. , Pandey Anurag , Aswath Pranesh B.
Published: December 2007

Poly L‐lactic acid (PLLA) is a popular biodegradable polymer that is used extensively for many biological applications. A limitation of using PLLA is the difficulty in forming the polymer in complex shapes and forms for applications that include drug delivery and tissue engineering. This study focuses on PLLA replication using hot embossing technology. In this study hot embossing process parameters were identified, replication quality was examined, and crystallinity of PLLA was analyzed. The replication quality of micropillars and microreservoirs was examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, with good replication obtained using a hot embossing pressure of 18 MPa at a temperature of 85°C and holding time of 120 s. The material properties were examined using differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy that indicated no substantial crystallinity or structural changes during hot embossing of PLLA. The study presented in this article concludes with the assessment that hot embossing technology could be used as a viable micromanufacturing process for the fabrication of inexpensive PLLA‐based microdevices, with possible applications to controlled drug delivery, growth factors pathways, or other therapeutic applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008