bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional Superamphiphobic Coating Based on Fluorinated TiO2 toward Effective Anti-Corrosion
Authors: Huang Xiao , Gao Xinghua , Wang Xin , Shang Hongfei , Zhou Shujun
Published: May 2024

The application of superamphiphobic coatings improves the surface’s ability to repel fluids, thereby greatly enhancing its various functions, including anti-fouling, anti-corrosion, anti-icing, anti-bacterial, and self-cleaning properties. This maximizes the material’s potential for industrial applications. This work utilized the agglomeration phenomenon exhibited by nano-spherical titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles to fabricate 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES) modified TiO2 (TiO2@fluoroPOS) fillers with low surface energy. This was achieved through the in-situ formation of protective armor on the surface of the agglomerates using the sol-gel method and fluorination modification. Polyvinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and TiO2@fluoroPOS fillers were combined using a spraying technique to prepare P/TiO2@fluoroPOS coatings with superamphiphobicity. Relying on the abundance of papillae, micropores, and other tiny spaces on the surface, the coating can capture a stable air film and reject a variety of liquids. When the coatings were immersed in solutions of 2 mol/L HCl, NaCl, and NaOH for a duration of 12 h, they retained their exceptional superamphiphobic properties. Owing to the combined influence of the armor structure and the organic binder, the coating exhibited good liquid repellency during water jetting and sandpaper abrasion tests. Furthermore, the coating has shown exceptional efficacy in terms of its ability to be anti-icing, anti-waxing, and self-cleaning.
(Ca0.25La0.5Dy0.25)CrO3 Ceramic Fiber@Biomass-Derived Carbon Aerogel with Enhanced Solute Transport Channels for Highly Efficient Solar Interface Evaporation
Authors: Zhang Wei , Xue Liyan , Zhang Jincheng , Zhang Meng , Wang Kaixian , Huang Minzhong , Yang Fan , Jiang Zhengming , Liang Tongxiang
Published: May 2024

The use of solar interface evaporation for seawater desalination or sewage treatment is an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach; however, achieving efficient solar energy utilization and ensuring the long-term stability of the evaporation devices are two major challenges for practical application. To address these issues, we developed a novel ceramic fiber@bioderived carbon composite aerogel with a continuous through-hole structure via electrospinning and freeze-casting methods. Specifically, an aerogel was prepared by incorporating perovskite oxide (Ca0.25La0.5Dy0.25)CrO3 ceramic fibers (CCFs) and amylopectin-derived carbon (ADC). The CCFs exhibited remarkable photothermal conversion efficiencies, and the ADC served as a connecting agent and imparted hydrophilicity to the aerogel due to its abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. After optimizing the composition and microstructure, the (Ca0.25La0.5Dy0.25)CrO3 ceramic fiber@biomass-derived carbon aerogel demonstrated remarkable properties, including efficient light absorption and rapid transport of water and solutes. Under 1 kW m−2 light intensity irradiation, this novel material exhibited a high temperature (48.3 °C), high evaporation rate (1.68 kg m−2 h−1), and impressive solar vapor conversion efficiency (91.6%). Moreover, it exhibited long-term stability in water evaporation even with highly concentrated salt solutions (25 wt%). Therefore, the (Ca0.25La0.5Dy0.25)CrO3 ceramic fiber@biomass-derived carbon aerogel holds great promise for various applications of solar interface evaporation.
Role of Woody Biomass Ash Material in Immobilization of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in Soil
Authors: Rolka Elżbieta , Wyszkowski Mirosław , Żołnowski Andrzej Cezary , Skorwider-Namiotko Anna
Published: May 2024

Nowadays, we have observed the dynamic development of bio-heating plants that use wood biomass for heating or energy purposes. The result of this process is a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions as well as in the production of biomass ash (BA). Despite the waste nature of BA, it should be carefully analyzed and assessed for various applications, including environmental ones. Due to the features attributed to BA, including its alkaline reaction, the high capacity of its sorption complex, relatively low salinity, and significant content of macro- and microelements, a hypothesis was put forward in this work undertaken about the positive role of BA as an immobilizing factor for Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils. This research was based on a pot experiment in which four series were considered: (1) BA; (2) BA + Cd; (3) BA + Pb; and (4) BA + Zn. BA was used at doses of 30, 60, and 90 mg pot−1, and metals at doses of 2 mg Cd, 100 mg Pb, and 300 mg Zn kg−1 of soil. The test plant was corn grown for green mass. The study took into account the influence of BA on the content of the total forms of heavy metals (Metot) and their available forms (Meav). In the soil without the addition of metals, a significant increase in the content of Cdtot and Cdav, and a decrease in the content of Zntot were observed due to the application of BA. The addition of metals against the background of the BA used resulted in a significant increase in Cdtot, Pbtot, and Zntot, as well as an increase in the available forms of Pbav but a decrease in Znav. However, there was no significant increase in the Cdav content. The obtained results may indicate the potentially immobilizing role of BA only in the case of zinc. They may constitute the basis for further, more detailed research aimed at determining the role of BA in the immobilization of various metals in soil.
In Vitro Study of the Proliferation of MG63 Cells Cultured on Five Different Titanium Surfaces
Authors: Campagna Roberto , Schiavoni Valentina , Marchetti Enrico , Salvolini Eleonora , Frontini Andrea , Sampalmieri Francesco , Bambini Fabrizio , Meme’ Lucia
Published: May 2024

The use of dental implants for prosthetic rehabilitation in dentistry is based on the concept of osteointegration. This concept enables the clinical stability of the implants and a total absence of inflammatory tissue between the implant surface and the bone tissue. For this reason, it is essential to understand the role of the titanium surface in promoting and maintaining or not maintaining contact between the bone matrix and the surface of the titanium implant. Materials and Methods: Five types of titanium discs placed in contact with osteoblast cultures of osteosarcomas were studied. The materials had different roughness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos were taken before the in vitro culture to analyze the surfaces, and at the end of the culturing time, the different gene expressions of a broad pattern of proteins were evaluated to analyze the osteoblast response, as indicated in the scientific literature. Results: It was demonstrated that the responses of the osteoblasts were different in the five cultures in contact with the five titanium discs with different surfaces; in particular, the response in the production of some proteins was statistically significant. Discussion: The key role of titanium surfaces underlines how it is still possible to carry out increasingly accurate and targeted studies in the search for new surfaces capable of stimulating a better osteoblastic response and the long-term maintenance of osteointegration.
Effect of In Situ Heating on the Growth and Electrochromic Properties of Tungsten Trioxide Thin Films
Authors: Xu Jinfeng , Li Xirui , Zhang Yong , Zhang Xueru , Liu Jiaqin , Wu Yucheng
Published: May 2024

Electrochromism has emerged as a pivotal technology in the pursuit of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, spurring significant research efforts aimed at the creation of advanced electrochromic devices. Most electrochromic materials are used for smart window applications. However, current electrochromic materials have been applied to new energy vehicles, cell phone back covers, AR glasses, and so on. More application scenarios put forward more requirements for the color of the colored states. Choosing the right color change in the application will be the trend in the future. In this work, tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films were prepared by adjusting the in situ heating temperature. WO3 with a crystalline structure showed excellent cyclic stability (5000 cycles), electrochromic performance (ΔT = 77.7% at 633 nm, CE = 37.1 cm2/C), relatively fast bleaching/coloring speed (20.0 s/19.4 s), and the darkest coloring effect (L* = 29.32, a* = 7.41, b* = −22.12 for the colored state). These findings offer valuable insights into the manipulation of smart materials and devices, contributing to the advancement of electrochromic technology.
The Dominant Role of Recrystallization and Grain Growth Behaviors in the Simulated Welding Heat-Affected Zone of High-Mn Steel
Authors: Wang Yangwen , Wang Honghong , Peng Siyuan , Xia Bin , Zhu Hai
Published: May 2024

Single-pass-welding thermal cycles with different peak temperatures (Tp) were reproduced by a Gleeble 3800 to simulate the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a Fe-24Mn-4Cr-0.4C-0.3Cu (wt.%) high manganese austenitic steel. Then, the effect of Tp on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ were investigated. The results indicate that recrystallization and grain growth play dominant roles. Based on this, the HAZ is proposed to categorize into three zones: the recrystallization heat-affected zone (RHAZ) with a Tp of 700~900 °C, the transition heat-affected zone (THAZ) with a Tp of 900~1000 °C, and the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) with a Tp of 1000~1300 °C. The recrystallization fraction was 29~44% in the RHAZ, rapidly increased to 87% in the THAZ, and exceeded 95% in the CGHAZ. The average grain size was 17~19 μm in the RHAZ, slightly increased to 22 μm in the THAZ, and ultimately increased to 37 μm in the CGHAZ. The yield strength in the RHAZ and THAZ was consistent with the change in recrystallization fraction, while in the CGHAZ, it satisfied the Hall–Petch relationship with grain size. In addition, compared with the base material, the Charpy impact absorbed energy at −196 °C decreased by 22% in the RHAZ, but slightly increased in the CGHAZ. This indicates that the theory of fine grain strengthening and toughening is not entirely applicable to the HAZ of the investigated high-Mn steel.
Novel Feature-Based Difficulty Prediction Method for Mathematics Items Using XGBoost-Based SHAP Model
Authors: Yi Xifan , Sun Jianing , Wu Xiaopeng
Published: May 2024

The level of difficulty of mathematical test items is a critical aspect for evaluating test quality and educational outcomes. Accurately predicting item difficulty during test creation is thus significantly important for producing effective test papers. This study used more than ten years of content and score data from China’s Henan Provincial College Entrance Examination in Mathematics as an evaluation criterion for test difficulty, and all data were obtained from the Henan Provincial Department of Education. Based on the framework established by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) for test item assessment methodology, this paper proposes a new framework containing eight features considering the uniqueness of mathematics. Next, this paper proposes an XGBoost-based SHAP model for analyzing the difficulty of mathematics tests. By coupling the XGBoost method with the SHAP method, the model not only evaluates the difficulty of mathematics tests but also analyzes the contribution of specific features to item difficulty, thereby increasing transparency and mitigating the “black box” nature of machine learning models. The model has a high prediction accuracy of 0.99 for the training set and 0.806 for the test set. With the model, we found that parameter-level features and reasoning-level features are significant factors influencing the difficulty of subjective items in the exam. In addition, we divided senior secondary mathematics knowledge into nine units based on Chinese curriculum standards and found significant differences in the distribution of the eight features across these different knowledge units, which can help teachers place different emphasis on different units during the teaching process. In summary, our proposed approach significantly improves the accuracy of item difficulty prediction, which is crucial for intelligent educational applications such as knowledge tracking, automatic test item generation, and intelligent paper generation. These results provide tools that are better aligned with and responsive to students’ learning needs, thus effectively informing educational practice.
Modeling, Analysis and Evaluation of a Novel Compact 6-DoF 3-RRRS Needle Biopsy Robot
Authors: Wang Jiangnan , Xiang Ruiqi , Xiang Jindong , Wang Baichuan , Wu Xiyun , Cai Mingzhen , Pan Zhijie , Li Mengtang , Li Xun
Published: May 2024

Robot-assisted surgical systems have been widely applied for minimally invasive needle biopsies thanks to their excellent accuracy and superior stability compared to manual surgical operations, which lead to possible fatigue and misoperation due to long procedures. Current needle biopsy robots are normally customed designed for specific application scenarios, and only position-level kinematics are derived, preventing advanced speed control or singularity analysis. As a step forward, this paper aims to design a universal needle biopsy robot platform which features 6 DoF 3-RRRS (Revolute–Revolute–Revolute–Spherical) parallel structure. The analytical solutions to its nonlinear kinematic problems, including forward kinematics, inverse kinematics, and differential kinematics are derived, allowing fast and accurate feedback control calculations. A multibody simulation platform and a first-generation prototype are established next to provide comprehensive verifications for the derived robotic model. Finally, simulated puncture experiments are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Comprehensive Pan-Cancer Analysis of Connexin 43 as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Human Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC)
Authors: Xu Huzi , Wang Xiuru , Zhu Fan , Guo Shuiming , Chao Zheng , Cao Chujin , Lu Zhihui , Zhu Han , Wang Meng , Zhu Fengming , Yang Juan , Zeng Rui , Yao Ying
Published: May 2024

Background and Objectives: Connexin 43 (Cx43) is involved in the transfer of small signaling molecules between neighboring cells, thereby exerting a major influence on the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. However, there is a lack of systematic research on Cx43 expression and its predictive role in clinical diagnosis and prognosis in pan-cancer. Materials and Methods: Several biological databases were used to evaluate the expression levels of GJA1 (encoding Cx43) and its diagnostic and prognostic significance in pan-cancer. We targeted kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and investigated the relationship between GJA1 expression and different clinical features of KIRC patients. Then, we performed cell-based experiments to partially confirm our results and predicted several proteins that were functionally related to Cx43. Results: The expression of GJA1 has a high level of accuracy in predicting KIRC. High GJA1 expression was remarkably correlated with a favorable prognosis, and this expression was reduced in groups with poor clinical features in KIRC. Cell experiments confirmed the inhibitory effects of increased GJA1 expression on the migratory capacity of human renal cancer (RCC) cell lines, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis predicted that CDH1 and CTNNB1 were closely related to Cx43. Conclusions: GJA1 could be a promising independent favorable prognostic factor for KIRC, and upregulation of GJA1 expression could inhibit the migratory capacity of renal cancer cells.
Clinical and Ultrasound Efficacy of Topical Hypertonic Cream (Jovita Osmocell®) in the Treatment of Cellulite: A Prospective, Monocentric, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Di Guardo Antonio , Solito Carmen , Cantisani Vito , Rega Federica , Gargano Luca , Rossi Giovanni , Musolff Noah , Azzella Giulia , Paolino Giovanni , Losco Luigi , Rivieccio Antonia , Campione Elena , Bianchi Luca , Nisticò Steven Paul , Pellacani Giovanni , Cantisani Carmen
Published: May 2024

Background and Objectives: Cellulite, or edemato-fibro-sclerotic panniculopathy (EFP), is characterized by dermal and hypodermal changes leading to adipose tissue accumulation and compromised venous circulation. This study investigates the efficacy of a hypertonic cream containing concentrated sodium chloride (Jovita Osmocell®) in addressing water retention and structural alterations in adipose tissue, aiming to interrupt the cellulite formation process. Materials and Methods: A 12-week, prospective, monocentric, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 30 female subjects with grade II or III cellulite. Patients were randomized to receive hypertonic cream or a placebo. Thigh circumference, ultrasound evaluations, and standardized photographs were collected at baseline, intermediate, and endpoint visits. Adverse events were monitored. Results: After 84 days, the hypertonic cream group exhibited a significant reduction in thigh circumference compared to the placebo group (p = 0.0037). B-mode ultrasound examinations revealed significant changes in the parameters studied, such as the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue. No statistically significant changes were noticed in the placebo group. Volunteers reported the investigational product’s pleasantness and good anti-cellulite activity, with no reported adverse events. Conclusions: The hypertonic cream demonstrated efficacy in reducing thigh circumference, addressing water retention and structural alterations in adipose tissue. The proposed mechanism involves osmosis, releasing accumulated fluids between fat cells, supporting drainage, and reducing inflammation. This study supports the efficacy and safety of hypertonic sodium chloride emulsions in cellulite treatment and confirms safety and user satisfaction.
A Nationwide Study of the Delayed Diagnosis and the Clinical Manifestations of Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies and CTLA4-Mediated Immune Dysregulation Syndrome in Greece
Authors: Kapousouzi Androniki , Kalala Fani , Sarrou Styliani , Farmaki Evangelia , Antonakos Nikolaos , Kakkas Ioannis , Kourakli Alexandra , Labropoulou Vassiliki , Kelaidi Charikleia , Tsiouma Georgia , Dimou Maria , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros P. , Voulgarelis Michael , Onoufriadis Ilias , Papadimitriou Eleni , Polychronopoulou Sophia , Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J. , Symeonidis Argiris , Hadjichristodoulou Christos , Germenis Anastasios E. , Speletas Matthaios
Published: May 2024

Background and Objectives: Predominantly antibody deficiencies (PAD) represent the most common type of primary immunodeficiencies in humans, characterized by a wide variation in disease onset, clinical manifestations, and outcome. Considering that the prevalence of PAD in Greece is unknown, and there is limited knowledge on the clinical and laboratory characteristics of affected patients, we conducted a nationwide study. Materials and Methods: 153 patients (male/female: 66/87; median age: 43.0 years; range: 7.0–77.0) diagnosed, and followed-up between August 1979 to September 2023. Furthermore, we classified our cohort into five groups according to their medical history, immunoglobulin levels, and CTLA4-mutational status: 123 had common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 12 patients with “secondary” hypogammaglobulinemia due to a previous B-cell depletion immunotherapy for autoimmune or malignant disease several years ago (median: 9 years, range 6–14) displaying a typical CVID phenotype, 7 with combined IgA and IgG subclass deficiencies, 5 patients with CVID-like disease due to CTLA4-mediated immune dysregulation syndrome, and 6 patients with unclassified hypogammaglobulinemia. Results: We demonstrated a remarkable delay in PAD diagnosis, several years after the onset of related symptoms (median: 9.0 years, range: 0–43.0). A family history of PAD was only present in 11.8%, with the majority of patients considered sporadic cases. Most patients were diagnosed in the context of a diagnostic work-up for recurrent infections, or recurrent/resistant autoimmune cytopenias. Interestingly, 10 patients (5.6%) had no history of infection, diagnosed due to either recurrent/resistant autoimmunity, or during a work-up of their medical/family history. Remarkable findings included an increased prevalence of lymphoproliferation (60.1%), while 39 patients (25.5%) developed bronchiectasis, and 16 (10.5%) granulomatous disease. Cancer was a common complication in our cohort (25 patients, 16.3%), with B-cell malignancies representing the most common neoplasms (56.7%). Conclusion: Our findings indicate the necessity of awareness about PAD and their complications, aiming for early diagnosis and the appropriate management of affected patients.
The Promising Effects of Erdosteine and Vitamin B in the Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Model in Anesthetized Rats
Authors: Eygi Elif , Gul Rauf , Aslan Murat , Tas Zeynel Abidin , Dokuyucu Recep
Published: May 2024

Background and Objectives: Erdosteine (Erd) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug. Vitamin B has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of erdosteine and vitamin B complex on a liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two Wistar Albino male rats weighing 350–400 g were used. The animals were randomly selected and divided into four groups. The groups are as follows: first group (Sham), second group (I/R), third group (I/R + vit B), and fourth group (I/R + vit B + Erd). Rats were subjected to 45 min of hepatic ischemia, followed by a 45 min reperfusion period in the I/R and Vitamin B + Erd groups. An amount of 150 mg/kg/day of erdosteine was given orally for 2 days, and 0.05 mL/kg of i.p. vitamin B complex was given 30 min before the reperfusion. Serum biochemical parameters were measured. Serum Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status (TOS) were measured, and the Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) was calculated. Hepatic tissue samples were taken for the evaluation of histopathological features. Results: In terms of all histopathological parameters, there were significant differences in the I/R + vit B group and I/R + vit B + Erd group compared with the I/R group (p < 0.01). In terms of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels, there were significant differences between the I/R group and treatment groups (p < 0.01). The lowest TOS and OSI levels were obtained in the treatment groups, and these groups had statistically significantly higher TAS levels compared with the sham and I/R groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions: As a preliminary experimental study, our study suggests that these agents may have potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications for both ischemic conditions and liver-related diseases. These results suggest that the combination of vit B + Erd may be used to protect against the devastating effects of I/R injury. Our study needs to be confirmed by clinical studies with large participation.
An ANN Hardness Prediction Tool Based on a Finite Element Implementation of a Thermal–Metallurgical Model for Mild Steel Produced by WAAM
Authors: Cheng Jun , Ling Yong , De Waele Wim
Published: May 2024

WAAM has emerged as a promising technique for manufacturing medium- and large-scale metal parts due to its high material deposition efficiency and automation level. However, its high heat accumulation and complex thermal evolution strongly affect the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties. The heterogeneous and unpredictable nature of these properties hinder the widespread application of WAAM in the steel construction industry. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) hardness model is developed, based on a thermal–metallurgical model for mild steel. The objective is to establish non-linear relationships between the input process parameters and the desired output, i.e., hardness. The thermal–metallurgical model utilizes a well-distributed heat source model, a death-and-birth algorithm, and a metallurgical model to simulate the temperature field and to calculate the microstructure phase fraction. The temperature prediction errors at four thermocouple positions are mostly below 20%. Because of the limited experimental data, twenty-five simulation experiments are performed using the L25 orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that the travel speed has the greatest impact on hardness. With the dataset from the thermal–metallurgical model, an ANN model to predict hardness is developed. A comparison to experimental data shows excellent performance and accuracy, with the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of ANN predictions within 10% of the targeted hardness.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Metabolomics: Current Applications in Equine Health Assessment
Authors: Laus Fulvio , Bazzano Marilena , Spaterna Andrea , Laghi Luca , Marchegiani Andrea
Published: May 2024

Metabolomics can allow for the comprehensive identification of metabolites within biological systems, at given time points, in physiological and pathological conditions. In the last few years, metabolomic analysis has gained popularity both in human and in veterinary medicine, showing great potential for novel applications in clinical activity. The aim of applying metabolomics in clinical practice is understanding the mechanisms underlying pathological conditions and the influence of certain stimuli (i.e., drugs, nutrition, exercise) on body systems, in the attempt of identifying biomarkers that can help in the diagnosis of diseases. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) is well tailored to be used as an analytical platform for metabolites’ detection at the base of metabolomics studies, due to minimal sample preparation and high reproducibility. In this mini-review article, the scientific production of NMR metabolomic applications to equine medicine is examined. The research works are very different in methodology and difficult to compare. Studies are mainly focused on exercise, reproduction, and nutrition, other than respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases. The available information on this topic is still scant, but a greater collection of data could allow researchers to define new reliable markers to be used in clinical practice for diagnostic and therapeutical purposes.
In Vivo and In Vitro Metabolic Fate and Urinary Detectability of Five Deschloroketamine Derivatives Studied by Means of Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Frankenfeld Fabian , Wagmann Lea , Abelian Anush , Wallach Jason , Adejare Adeboye , Brandt Simon D. , Meyer Markus R.
Published: May 2024

Ketamine derivatives such as deschloroketamine and deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine show dissociative and psychoactive properties and their abuse as new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been reported. Though some information is available on the biotransformation of dissociative NPSs, data on deschloro-N-cyclopropyl-ketamine deschloro-N-isopropyl-ketamine and deschloro-N-propyl-ketamine concerning their biotransformation and, thus, urinary detectability are not available. The aims of the presented work were to study the in vivo phase I and II metabolism; in vitro phase I metabolism, using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLMs); and detectability, within a standard urine screening approach (SUSA), of five deschloroketamine derivatives. Metabolism studies were conducted by collecting urine samples from male Wistar rats over a period of 24 h after their administration at 2 mg/kg body weight. The samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compounds were mainly metabolized by N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, multiple oxidations, and combinations of these metabolic reactions, as well as glucuronidation and N-acetylation. In total, 29 phase I and 10 phase II metabolites were detected. For the LC-HRMS/MS SUSA, compound-specific metabolites were identified, and suitable screening targets could be recommended and confirmed in pHLMs for all derivatives except for deschloro-N-cyclopropyl-ketamine. Using the GC-MS-based SUSA approach, only non-specific acetylated N-dealkylation metabolites could be detected.
Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Food Products in Romania
Authors: Duma Mihaela Niculina , Ciupescu Laurenţiu Mihai , Dan Sorin Daniel , Crisan-Reget Oana Lucia , Tabaran Alexandra
Published: May 2024

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) poses a significant threat to food safety due to its ability to cause severe human illness and its resistance to various antibiotics and environmental conditions. This study investigated the prevalence, serotype distribution, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) food products from Romania. A total of 8151 samples were analyzed, including various processed dairy, bovine, poultry, pork, and fish products. Bacterial isolation was conducted using the classical standard method, followed by confirmation through biochemical and molecular testing. Among the isolated strains, serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 1/2c were identified, with a prevalence of 75% for serotype 1/2a. Additionally, virulence genes specific to listeriolysin O (hlyA) and regulatory factor A (prfA) were detected in all isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed varying resistance patterns among the L. monocytogenes strains. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and oxacillin showed the highest prevalence of resistance at 26.92% and 23.07%, respectively. However, all strains remained susceptible to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Notably, 23.07% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with the most common pattern being resistance to oxacillin, penicillin, and tetracycline. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes identified tetracycline resistance genes, particularly tet(C), tet(M), and tet(K), in a significant proportion of isolates. The presence of ampC and dfrD genes was also notable, indicating potential mechanisms of resistance. These results emphasize the necessity for ongoing surveillance of L. monocytogenes in RTE foods and emphasize the importance of thorough monitoring of antimicrobial resistance to guide public health strategies within the European Union.
Influencing Factors, Risk Assessment, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Purple Soil in the Eastern Region of Guang’an City, Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Shao Yuxiang , Chen Wenbin , Li Jian , Yan Buqing , He Haiyun , Zhang Yunshan
Published: May 2024

Soil heavy metal contamination poses a significant threat to both environmental health and ecological safety. To investigate the influencing factors, ecological hazards, and sources analysis of heavy metals in purple soil, 27 sets of soil samples were collected from varying genetic horizons within Guang’an City, and the contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed. The results indicated higher concentrations of heavy metals in soil A horizon, compared to that of C horizon. The relevance analysis indicated that the soil’s heavy metals were strongly correlated with the soil’s physicochemical properties. The enrichment factor, pollution load index, and potential risk index highlighted slightly to severely polluted levels of soil Cd and Hg, which significantly contribute to the ecological hazards posed by soil heavy metals. The potential source of heavy metals analyzed using the APCS-MLR model identified both anthropogenic inputs and natural sources as primary contributors to heavy metal presence in soils. The Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents in the samples from different genetic horizons were chiefly influenced by natural sources, such as soil matrix erosion and weathering, while the concentrations of Cd and Hg were largely affected by anthropogenic activities, specifically coal combustion and agriculture. Conversely, the As content was found to be influenced by a combination of both factors. Anthropogenic activities greatly impacted soil heavy metals at various depths within the study area, thereby underscoring the importance of monitoring these heavy metals. The findings gained from this research can give a scientific basis for the potential utilization of purple soil.
Does the Amount of Pre-Sowing Nitrogen Fertilization Affect Sugar Beet Root Yield and Quality of Different Genotypes?
Authors: Varga Ivana , Markulj Kulundžić Antonela , Tkalec Kojić Monika , Antunović Manda
Published: May 2024

There has always been a specific focus on nitrogen fertilization in sugar beet production due to its important effect on sugar beet root yield and quality. For stable sugar beet growth and satisfactory root yield and quality, balanced N fertilization is crucial. Thus, this study aimed to investigate spring N fertilization in two seasons as the following treatments: N0—control, N1—only pre-sowing fertilization, and N2—pre-sowing with topdressing. Four different genotypes were included in the study (Serenada, Colonia, Fred, and Danton). The experiment was set up in a plain area, belonging to the temperate climate zone in Eastern Croatia (Županja and Vrbanja), with the long-term mean (LTM) (March–October) air temperature around 16 °C and the total precipitation of 515 mm. Pre-sowing N fertilization had a smaller impact on root yield in the year with higher precipitation (31% higher than LTM). Therefore, the average yields with pre-sowing fertilization (N1) and pre-sowing fertilization with top dressing (N2) were very similar and were only 7% higher than those of the control. In a season with less rainfall (29% less than LTM), pre-sowing fertilization with top dressing (N2) had a more pronounced effect on the increase in sugar beet root yield, which was 17% higher compared to that of the control treatment. The sugar beet sucrose content and quality parameters (brei impurities, loss of sugar in molasses, extractable sugar) differed when N fertilization was applied among locations in both seasons. The white sugar yield was the highest at N2 treatment with pre-sowing and topdressing N fertilization. In general, according to the average of all locations and years of research, the Serenada hybrid achieved the highest average root yield (81.1 t ha−1), while Colonia exhibited the highest root sugar content (14.5%) and white sugar yield (9.7 t ha−1).
The Effect of Nutrients on Subjective Accomplishment at Work: Results from a Health Survey and a Single-Arm Dietary Intervention Study
Authors: Kawai Takayuki , Kagami-Katsuyama Hiroyo , Satoh Koji , Futami Takashi , Kimoto-Nira Hiromi , Nishihira Jun , Tanaka Katsuhisa , Matsumoto Takashi , Shimazaki Hajime , Yagi Satoshi , Sase Kohei , Tanigawa Kenji , Maeda-Yamamoto Mari
Published: May 2024

In Japan, many workers are exposed to chronic stress, sleep deprivation, and nutritional imbalance. They tend still to go to work when ill, leading to decreased work performance and productivity, which has become a major social problem. We conducted a human entry study with the aim of finding a link between these two factors and proposing an optimized diet, believing that a review of diet may lead to an improvement in labor productivity. In this study, we used subjective accomplishment (SA) as a measure of productivity. First, we compared nutrient intake between groups with high and low SA using data from a health survey of 1564 healthy male and female adults. Significant differences were found in the intake of 13 nutrients in males and 15 nutrients in females, including potassium, vitamin A, insoluble fiber, and biotin. Recommended daily intake of these nutrients was determined from survey data. Next, we designed test meals containing sufficient amounts of 17 nutrients and conducted a single-arm intervention study (registration code UMIN000047054) in Kameyama City, Mie Prefecture, Japan. Healthy working adults (males and females aged 20–79 years) were recruited and supplied with test meals, which were eaten once a day 5 days a week for 8 weeks. SA was significantly higher and daytime sleepiness (DS) was significantly lower after lunch on workdays in younger participants (under 60 years) when they ate the test meals as breakfast or lunch. Our results suggest that SA and DS, which change daily, are strongly influenced by the meal eaten before work, and that taking the 17 nutrients may help prevent presenteeism and improve labor productivity.
Characterizing Healthy Dietary Practices in Japan: Insights from a 2024 Nationwide Survey and Cluster Analysis
Authors: Nomura Shuhei , Eguchi Akifumi , Maruyama-Sakurai Keiko , Higashino Ruka , Yoneoka Daisuke , Kawashima Takayuki , Tanoue Yuta , Kawamura Yumi , Kumar Rauniyar Santosh , Fujita Takanori , Miyata Hiroaki
Published: May 2024

The increasing burden of lifestyle-related diseases highlights the need to address unhealthy dietary habits. This study aims to explore the latest dietary patterns in Japan following the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on trends in health-promoting food choices. A web-based survey was conducted among 27,154 Japanese adults, selected via quota sampling to mirror national demographics. The study evaluated dietary diversity, measured through the Dietary Variety Score (Outcome 1), and the prioritization of nutritional and health considerations in food selection, assessed via a Likert scale (Outcome 2). Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure (OPTICS) algorithms were used to delineate patterns in health-centric food selections. OPTICS clustering revealed four distinct clusters for each outcome. Cluster 3, with a diverse diet, comprised older, predominantly female individuals with higher well-being and lower social isolation compared to Cluster 4, which lacked distinct dietary patterns. Cluster 3 also engaged more in snacking, treat foods, home cooking, and frozen meals. Similarly, a divide emerged between those prioritizing dietary considerations (Cluster C) and those indifferent to such aspects (Cluster D). The findings underscore the need for holistic post-COVID-19 public health initiatives addressing socioeconomic and cultural barriers to healthier dietary practices.
Pharmacodynamic Evaluation and Mechanism of Ginseng Polysaccharide against Nephrotoxicity Induced by Hexavalent Chromium
Authors: Jing Baitong , Wei Mengyao , Chen Huaguo , Xie Wen , An Silan , Li Jiawen , Wang Shenglin , Zhou Xin
Published: May 2024

Hexavalent chromium is a common pollutant in the environment. Long-term exposure to hexavalent chromium can cause damage to multiple organs. The kidney is one of the main organs that metabolizes heavy metal toxicity, and the accumulation of Cr (VI) in the body can lead to serious damage to kidney function. Studies have shown that ginseng polysaccharides have the function of preventing cisplatin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in renal cells, but their efficacy and mechanisms against hexavalent chromium-induced nephrotoxicity need to be explored. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy and mechanism of ginseng polysaccharide against hexavalent chromium-induced nephrotoxicity. The results of pharmacodynamic experiments showed that ginseng polysaccharide could significantly reduce the kidney index, urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Cre) values of K2Cr2O7-treated mice. The results of mechanistic experiments showed that ginseng polysaccharides could alleviate oxidative stress, apoptosis, and biofilm damage in renal tissues caused by Cr (VI). Lipidomic correlation analysis showed that ginseng polysaccharides could protect the organism by regulating the expression of differential lipids. This study opens new avenues for the development of alternative strategies for the prevention of kidney injury caused by hexavalent chromium.
Human Milk Microbiome—A Review of Scientific Reports
Authors: Dombrowska-Pali Agnieszka , Wiktorczyk-Kapischke Natalia , Chrustek Agnieszka , Olszewska-Słonina Dorota , Gospodarek-Komkowska Eugenia , Socha Maciej W.
Published: May 2024

One of the most important bioactive components of breast milk are free breast milk oligosaccharides, which are a source of energy for commensal intestinal microorganisms, stimulating the growth of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides in a child’s digestive tract. There is some evidence that maternal, perinatal, and environmental-cultural factors influence the modulation of the breast milk microbiome. This review summarizes research that has examined the composition of the breast milk microbiome and the factors that may influence it. The manuscript highlights the potential importance of the breast milk microbiome for the future development and health of children. The origin of bacteria in breast milk is thought to include the mother’s digestive tract (entero-mammary tract), bacterial exposure to the breast during breastfeeding, and the retrograde flow of breast milk from the infant’s mouth to the woman’s milk ducts. Unfortunately, despite increasingly more precise methods for assessing microorganisms in human milk, the topic of the human milk microbiome is still quite limited and requires scientific research that takes into account various conditions.
Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Proteins and Virulence Factors: Potential Targets for Novel Therapies and Vaccines
Authors: Sedarat Zahra , Taylor-Robinson Andrew W.
Published: May 2024

Helicobacter pylori is a gastric oncopathogen that infects over half of the world’s human population. It is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helix-shaped bacterium that is equipped with flagella, which provide high motility. Colonization of the stomach is asymptomatic in up to 90% of people but is a recognized risk factor for developing various gastric disorders such as gastric ulcers, gastric cancer and gastritis. Invasion of the human stomach occurs via numerous virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Similarly, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play an important role in H. pylori pathogenicity as a means to adapt to the epithelial environment and thereby facilitate infection. While some OMPs are porins, others are adhesins. The epithelial cell receptors SabA, BabA, AlpA, OipA, HopQ and HopZ have been extensively researched to evaluate their epidemiology, structure, role and genes. Moreover, numerous studies have been performed to seek to understand the complex relationship between these factors and gastric diseases. Associations exist between different H. pylori virulence factors, the co-expression of which appears to boost the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Improved knowledge of OMPs is a major step towards combatting this global disease. Here, we provide a current overview of different H. pylori OMPs and discuss their pathogenicity, epidemiology and correlation with various gastric diseases.
Insights from Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil: Encapsulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Mergulhão Naianny L. O. N. , Bulhões Laisa C. G. , Silva Valdemir C. , Duarte Ilza F. B. , Basílio-Júnior Irinaldo D. , Freitas Johnnatan D. , Oliveira Adeildo J. , Goulart Marília O. F. , Barbosa Círia V. , Araújo-Júnior João X.
Published: May 2024

Alginate encapsulates loaded with clove essential oil (CEO) were prepared by ionic gelation, with subsequent freeze-drying. The objective of the present work was to develop a product with the ability to protect CEO against its easy volatility and oxidation. The following techniques were used to characterize the formulations: eugenol release, degree of swelling, GC/MS, TGA/DSC, and SEM. The alginate solution (1.0%) containing different concentrations of CEO (LF1: 1.0%; LF2: 0.5%; LF3: 0.1%) was dropped into a 3.0% CaCl2 solution. After lyophilization, the encapsulated samples were wrinkled and rigid, with high encapsulation power (LF3: 76.9% ± 0.5). Three chemical components were identified: eugenol (the major one), caryophyllene, and humulene. The antioxidant power (LF1: DPPH IC50 18.1 µg mL−1) was consistent with the phenol content (LF1: 172.2 mg GAE g−1). The encapsulated ones were thermally stable, as shown by analysis of FTIR peaks, eugenol molecular structure was kept unaltered. The degree of swelling was 19.2% (PBS). The release of eugenol (92.5%) in the PBS solution was faster than in the acidic medium. It was concluded that the low-cost technology used allows the maintenance of the content and characteristics of CEO in the three concentrations tested, offering a basis for further research with essential oil encapsulates.
Mechanistic Sequence of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Radiation Treatment: An Overview
Authors: Seane Elsie Neo , Nair Shankari , Vandevoorde Charlot , Joubert Anna
Published: May 2024

Histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis) have shown promising therapeutic outcomes in haematological malignancies such as leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma, with disappointing results in solid tumours when used as monotherapy. As a result, combination therapies either with radiation or other deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damaging agents have been suggested as ideal strategy to improve their efficacy in solid tumours. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that HDACis can sensitise malignant cells to both electromagnetic and particle types of radiation by inhibiting DNA damage repair. Although the radiosensitising ability of HDACis has been reported as early as the 1990s, the mechanisms of radiosensitisation are yet to be fully understood. This review brings forth the various protocols used to sequence the administration of radiation and HDACi treatments in the different studies. The possible contribution of these various protocols to the ambiguity that surrounds the mechanisms of radiosensitisation is also highlighted.
The Potential of Selenium-Based Therapies for Ocular Oxidative Stress
Authors: Al-Bassam Lulwah , Shearman Gemma C. , Brocchini Steve , Alany Raid G. , Williams Gareth R.
Published: May 2024

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development of chronic ocular conditions including cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. There is a need to explore the potential of topical antioxidants to slow the progression of those conditions by mediating oxidative stress and maintaining ocular health. Selenium has attracted considerable attention because it is a component of selenoproteins and antioxidant enzymes. The application of selenium to a patient can increase selenoprotein expression, counteracting the effect of reactive oxygen species by increasing the presence of antioxidant enzymes, and thus slowing the progression of chronic ocular disorders. Oxidative stress effects at the biomolecular level for prevalent ocular conditions are described in this review along with some of the known defensive mechanisms, with a focus on selenoproteins. The importance of selenium in the eye is described, along with a discussion of selenium studies and uses. Selenium’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities may prevent or delay eye diseases. Recent breakthroughs in drug delivery methods and nanotechnology for selenium-based ocular medication delivery are enumerated. Different types of selenium may be employed in formulations aimed at managing ocular oxidative stress conditions.