bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Cultural Ecological Landscapes to the Survival of the Bachman’s Warbler ( Vermivora bachmanii ) in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Steinberg Michael K.
Published: July 2010

Este artículo especula sobre la relación entre el Vermivora bachmanii Audubon (el Warbler o Reinita de Bachman) y los cañaverales, en parte, un ecosistema creado y mantenido por la actividad humana. Este ensayo sostiene que debido a que el Warbler de Bachman era un especialista en el cañaveral, un descenso en la actividad humana que mantuvo este ecosistema, en última instancia, creó las condiciones para la disminución y posible extinción del Warbler. Por lo tanto, el Warbler de Bachman era una especie dependiente de un ecosistema cultural. En un principio puede parecer extraño el describir una especie de ave como dependiente de prácticas culturales ecológicas (en este caso, principalmente la quema con motivos agrícolas), pero el Warber de Bachman era realmente dependiente del ecosistema—cañaverales—que las prácticas indígenas americanas de uso de la tierra produjeron y mantuvieron. Al disminuir las prácticas culturales ecológicas o agencias que ayudaron a crear y mantener los cañaverales, también lo hizo el Warber de Bachman.
From Bolls to Boles
Authors: Hart John Fraser
Published: July 2010

Los troncos de árboles han sustituido el algodón como principal producto en la mayoría de las zonas rurales del Sur. Entre 1949 y 2007 la superficie de producción de algodón, tabaco y maní se redujo drásticamente. Menos granjas sembraron estos cultivos, pero su productividad por hectárea aumentó de tal manera que superó la demanda de ellos, y grandes extensiones de tierra que una vez los produjeron han pasado a ser redundantes. Los terrenos forestales que han sustituido los cultivos en las tierras de cultivo redundantes proporcionan una materia prima base para la región líder a nivel nacional productora de fibra de madera.
Rehabilitating the Region: The New Deal, Gender, and the Remaking of the Rural South
Authors: Coleman Amanda
Published: July 2010

Existen muchos estudios sobre el(los) impacto(s) del New Deal en el Sur, pero pocas obras analizan el papel del nacionalismo dentro de la programación del New Deal en el sur. El New Deal se basó en nacionalismo económico, el cual alentó el consumismo para combatir la Gran Depresión. La economía rezagada y población rural empobrecida del Sur eran vistas como obstáculos para la creación de esta nueva sociedad de consumo; por lo tanto, los planificadores del New Deal se dieron a la tarea de “rehabilitar” la región. Este manuscrito trabaja con uno de los programas de reforma del New Deal para el sur; una serie de granjas comunitarias que relocalizaron agricultores sin tierra en comunidades construidas por el gobierno. El propósito de estas comunidades era preparar económica, social y culturalmente a los sureños pobres para participar en la nueva sociedad que se estaba creando a través del New Deal. Para las granjeras sureñas, la rehabilitación del Sur por el New Deal significó la acentuación de los roles de género existentes y una reestructuración de la vida agrícola que marginó el trabajo de las mujeres.
Impact of El Niño / Southern Oscillation on Low-flows in South Georgia, USA
Authors: Gérard-Marchant Pierre G.F. , Stooksbury David E.
Published: July 2010

Investigamos los efectos de los patrones climáticos de El Niño y La Niña en los niveles bajos de siete ríos en el sur de Georgia. Se localizaron cuatro estaciones en zonas altamente irrigadas del suroeste de Georgia, mientras que se localizaron otras tres estaciones en zonas del sureste de Georgia donde la agricultura es prácticamente inexistente. Los patrones climáticos de El Niño (La Niña) fueron definidos cuando las anomalías en temperatura de la superficie del mar promediadas en un espacio de 5 meses, registradas por la Asociación Meteorológica de Japón (JMA), son superiores a 0.5°C (inferior a −0.5°C) durante al menos seis meses consecutivos, incluyendo el período de octubre a diciembre. Con el enfoque estándar de JMA, un episodio dura desde octubre hasta el siguiente mes de septiembre. También investigamos los impactos de una modificación a este método clásico. En el método modificado, una fase de ENSO sólo dura mientras las condiciones de temperatura (± 0.5°C) se cumplen. Para las tres estaciones del sureste, los bajos niveles registrados durante los episodios de La Niña (El Niño) fueron generalmente más bajos (más extensos) que los bajos niveles registrados durante los episodios neutrales desde noviembre hasta abril, con diferencias significativas a un nivel de al menos el 90 por ciento solamente desde febrero hasta abril (enero a marzo). Las cuatro estaciones del suroeste respondieron de manera similar, pero el grado de diferencia fue generalmente inferior a la de las estaciones del sureste. El método de clasificación modificado demostró resultados más significativos que el método estándar.
Can Satellites be Used to Detect Extreme Precipitation Events?: An Example from the Carolinas
Authors: Wuensch Sol X. , Curtis Scott
Published: July 2010

Los eventos de precipitación extrema son responsables de inundaciones, las cuales tienen importantes consecuencias económicas y sociales. Sin embargo, a nivel mundial, poco se sabe sobre la climatología de extremos, ya que el análisis de precipitación extrema requiere de una amplia muestra de observaciones de precipitación diaria o a una escala más fina, las cuales no suelen estar disponibles mediante registros tradicionales de medición de lluvia. Los satélites prometen flujos de datos ininterrumpidos durante décadas, pero tienen sus propias incertidumbres. Este estudio compara la cantidad y la atribución de precipitación diaria extrema del producto de una Misión de Medición de Precipitación Tropical (TRMM) ampliamente utilizada para analizar observaciones sobre Carolina del Norte y Carolina del Sur. Las tasas de lluvia extrema son similares entre la TRMM y medidores en el llano costero, pero la TRMM atribuye una proporción mucho mayor de estos sucesos extremos a las tormentas de invierno, en particular los ciclones de latitudes medias (MLCs). Se argumenta que los MLCs de invierno producen una amplia zona de lluvias intensas, la cual es clasificada como extrema cuando se promedia en la red de un polígono de TRMM. Por otro lado, la gran huella espacial de las TRMM no mide adecuadamente precipitación extrema a una escala fina, tal como la convección localizada de verano.
Geospatial Education at North Carolina Central University: An HBCU Perspective
Authors: Vlahovic Gordana , Malhotra Rakesh
Published: July 2010

North Carolina Central University (NCCU) es reconocida como una de las principales instituciones para afro-americanos doctorados en geografía, y es una de las dos únicas Universidades Históricamente Negras (HBCU) en el sureste ofreciendo un grado en Geografía (McKee y Dixon 2004). En un esfuerzo por aumentar la calidad de la educación geoespacial y la investigación geoespacial, el Centro de Enseñanza Innovadora y Servicio (GRITS) fue creado en 2006 en la NCCU. El Centro de GRITS es un centro para el desarrollo del currículo de las Ciencias de Información Geográfica (SIG), el profesorado y talleres profesionales, programas de pasantías, actividades de divulgación y de diversas asociaciones en el ámbito geoespacial—y como consecuencia, les abre las puertas del mundo profesional a nuestros estudiantes. Este ensayo describe las actividades y programas que pueden servir de modelo para el desarrollo de programas geoespaciales en las HBCU y en otras instituciones de similar tamaño tratando de añadir nuevas disciplinas a su repertorio como el SIG.
Covering certain wreath products with proper subgroups
Authors: Garonzi Martino , Maróti Attila
Published: July 2010

For a non-cyclic finite group
As campanhas educativas contra o câncer
Authors: Costa Manuela Castilho Coimbra , Teixeira Luiz Antonio
Published: July 2010

Discute a trajetória das campanhas educativas contra o câncer, seu papel na política de controle da doença e sua evolução entre 1920 e 1950. Através das imagens pode-se perceber a permanência de conceitos do campo da cancerologia surgidos no início do século XX. Diagnóstico precoce e tratamento médico especializado formavam o binômio que embasava os argumentos médicos sobre a alta possibilidade de cura da doença. A esses termos somava-se uma noção de prevenção que preconizava: evitar as causas externas de irritação dos tecidos seria a principal forma de proteção. Embora a estética dessas campanhas se tenha transformado ao longo dos anos, buscando atrair o público e chamar sua atenção para os perigos da doença, a base de sua concepção permaneceu a mesma.
Translation and cross-cultural adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the Measure of Parental Style (MOPS) - a self-reported scale - according to the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) recommendations
Authors: Baeza Fernanda L. C. , Caldieraro Marco A. K. , Pinheiro Diesa O. , Fleck Marcelo P.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE: To describe the translation and adaptation methodology for the Measure of Parental Style, a self-report instrument developed originally in English, following the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines, comparing this to other methodologies used for the same purposes. METHOD: Translation and Cultural Adaptation group International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines were followed (preparation, first forward translation, reconciliation, back translation, revision of back translation, harmonization, cognitive debriefing, revision of debriefing results, syntax and orthographic revision, final report). CONCLUSION: A careful and qualified cross-cultural translation and adaptation of an instrument contribute for measuring what it is designed to measure across cultures. Presenting this process, besides its final product, provides the opportunity that this experience could be replicated for adaptation of other instruments.
FE analyses of shear-loaded hollow-core slabs on different supports
Authors: Hegger J. , Roggendorf T. , Teworte F.
Published: July 2010

A common type of slim floor construction consists of precast prestressed hollow-core slabs supported on the lower flange of transverse shallow steel beams. These structures benefit from slender ceilings, fast erection, a small dead load and a high level of quality. However, the shear capacity of the slabs is considerably reduced due to transverse stresses when they are bedded on slender beams (flexible supports). Apart from unanswered questions regarding safe but economic design, the use of slim floor constructions is hampered because criteria to differentiate between flexible and rigid supports are not yet available. To investigate the effects of different support conditions on shear capacity, full-scale tests on floor systems consisting of ten slabs on flexible supports and reference tests on single slabs on rigid supports were performed. The present paper describes the development and calibration of non-linear three-dimensional finite-element models with the available test data to numerically determine the influence of support type and stiffness on load-bearing behaviour. The results reveal the slabs' failure mechanism and identify a range of flexible supports.
Phased time-dependent FE analysis of reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Sæther I. , Kanstad T. , Øverli J.A. , Bergström M.
Published: July 2010

The structural life of a reinforced concrete beam has previously been defined by several stages which include loading of an intact structure to the serviceability stage, corrosion, load reduction before repair procedures, removal of contaminated concrete, patch repair and finally strengthening. Numerical simulations of this service life cycle without strengthening, where time-dependent effects such as creep and shrinkage were included in the constitutive models, were carried out using the phased analysis in the finite-element software Diana. The results of the simulations showed that the failure load is in good agreement with the failure load corresponding to the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval obtained in a previous probabilistic study based on the experimental results. Initial strains owing to shrinkage of the concrete and the repair material were implemented using the Model Code 1990 model (predefined in Diana) and a model for development of free shrinkage strain in beams exposed to one-side drying. This model was developed by Planas and Elices while the material parameters are based on Model Code 1990 or Eurocode 2. Total strains across the cross-section of the beam calculated in the finite-element analyses are compared with data that are available from the experimental study.
A generalisation of the Hillerborg's model for the analytical evaluation of ductility of RC beams in bending
Authors: Cadamuro E. , Carpinteri A. , Paggi M.
Published: July 2010

In this study, a generalised analytical model for the evaluation of the plastic rotations of reinforced concrete beams in bending is proposed. To this aim, the pioneering Hillerborg's model is here extended by taking into account also the contribution of reinforcement in compression. Moreover, a detailed comparison with the experimental results by Bosco and Debernardi on three-point bending reinforced concrete beams by varying the reinforcement percentage and the size-scale of the structural elements is carried out. This permits study of the influence of the parameter β, related to the length of strain localisation of concrete in compression, on the ductility response and how to tune this parameter according to experiments. The proposed generalisation of the Hillerborg model is then suitably applied to over-reinforced concrete beams in bending, where concrete crushing is the prevailing non-linearity; it is shown that the model is able to capture the phenomenon of size-scale effects.
Prediction of the strength of mineral-addition concrete using regression analysis
Authors: Atici U.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to develop a method for estimating concrete strength through non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. 27 different concrete mixtures were prepared with additions of high-volume fly ash and blast-furnace slag in place of Portland cement. Tests were then conducted to determine compressive strength (CS), splitting tensile strength (STS), flexural tensile strength (FTS), rebound number (RN) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) at 3, 7, 28, 90 and 180 days after preparation. The well-known traditional RN and UPV tests were used in this study, and correlations between NDT data and the strength properties of concrete were statistically evaluated using simple regression analysis. The analysis revealed exponential, geometric and power relationships between RN and CS, STS and FTS, respectively, with moderate correlation coefficients of 0·73, 0·72 and 0·72. Exponential and hyperbolic relationships were found between UPV and CS, STS and FTS, yielding correlation coefficients of 0·85, 0·85 and 0·79, respectively. Taking advantage of the fact that UPV and RN are related to different concrete properties, a combined method was applied to estimate concrete strength. The correlation coefficients of the models for CS, STS and FTS were 0·90, 0·84 and 0·88, respectively. The accuracy of the model in predicting CS was verified by statistical tests, and it was found to be reliable in practical situations.
Modelling and verification of response of RC slabs strengthened in flexure with mechanically fastened FRP laminates
Authors: Napoli A. , Matta F. , Martinelli E. , Nanni A. , Realfonzo R.
Published: July 2010

Mechanically fastened fibre-reinforced polymer laminate systems are emerging as a promising means for the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete members. This technology entails the use of pultruded carbon- and glass-vinyl ester fibre-reinforced polymer laminates with enhanced longitudinal bearing strength that are connected to the concrete substrate by means of steel anchors. Attractive applications are those for emergency repairs where constructability and speed of installation are critical requirements. In this paper, an experimental investigation is first presented that included laboratory testing of scaled reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with four different combinations of laminate lengths and fastener layouts to study optimised strengthening configurations. Compelling evidence was gained on the influence of the partial interaction between reinforced concrete slabs and mechanically fastened fibre-reinforced polymer laminates on the flexural response arising predominantly from bearing of the fasteners on to the fibre-reinforced polymer laminate. A numerical study is presented where the proposed finite-element procedure incorporates non-linear constitutive models for materials and the concrete–fibre-reinforced polymer interface. For the latter, an accurate and simplified, conservative bilinear stress–slip model is successfully implemented and verified to evaluate applicability for analysis and design purposes.
Millennial‐aged organic carbon subsidies to a modern river food web
Authors: Caraco Nina , Bauer James E. , Cole Jonathan J. , Petsch Steven , Raymond Peter
Published: July 2010

Recent studies indicate that highly aged material is a major component of organic matter transported by most rivers. However, few studies have used natural 14C to trace the potential entry of this aged material into modern river food webs. Here we use natural abundance 14C, 13C, and deuterium (2H) to trace the contribution of aged and contemporary organic matter to an important group of consumers, crustacean zooplankton, in a large temperate river (the Hudson River, New York, USA). Zooplankton were highly 14C depleted (mean Δ14C = −240‰) compared to modern primary production in the river or its watershed (Δ14C = −60‰ to +50‰). In order to account for the observed 14C depletion, zooplankton must be subsidized by highly aged particulate organic carbon. IsoSource modeling suggests that the range of the aged dietary subsidy is between ~57%, if the aged organic matter source was produced 3400 years ago, and ~21%, if the organic carbon used is ≥50 000 years in age, including fossil material that is millions of years in age. The magnitude of this aged carbon subsidy to river zooplankton suggests that modern river food webs may in some cases be buffered from the limitations set by present‐day primary production.
Predator–prey reversal: A possible mechanism for ecosystem hysteresis in the North Sea?
Authors: Fauchald Per
Published: July 2010

Removal of large predatory fishes from marine ecosystems has resulted in persistent ecosystem shifts, with collapsed predator populations and super‐abundant prey populations. One explanation for these shifts is reversals of predator–prey roles that generate internal feedbacks in the ecosystems. Pelagic forage fish are often predators and competitors to the young life stages of their larger fish predators. I show that cod recruitment in the North Sea has been negatively related to the spawning‐stock biomass of herring for the last 44 years. Herring, together with the abundance of Calanus finmarchicus, the major food for cod larvae, were the main predictors of cod recruitment. These predictors were of equivalent importance, worked additively, and explained different parts of the dynamics in cod recruitment. I suggest that intensive harvesting of cod has released herring from predator control, and that a large population of herring suppresses cod recruitment through predation on eggs and larvae. This feedback mechanism can promote alternative stable states and therefore cause hysteresis to occur under changing conditions; however, harvesting of herring might at present prevent a shift in the ecosystem to a herring‐dominated state.
Characterization of the natural mineral form from the PbS-Sb2S3 system
Authors: Strbac N. , Mihajlovic I. , Minic D. , Zivkovic Z.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents the results of experimental investigations of natural mineral form from the PbS - Sb2S3 system. Investigated sulfosalt appears in nature in the form of nanowires with diameters ranging from 200 to 500 nm and its length can reach up to 150 mm. In most cases these nanowires are arranged like bundles, which were inspected with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition of this material was analyzed and its stoichiometry responded to 'plumosite'. Crystal structure was analyzed using XRD analyses and compared to available literature data. Investigated samples were subjected to thermal analyses and resulting mechanism of oxidation was concluded. Also, kinetic parameters were calculated for the process of oxidation.
Roofs and Convexity
Authors: Uhlmann Armin
Published: July 2010

Convex roof extensions are widely used to create entanglement measures in quantum information theory. The aim of the article is to present some tools which could be helpful for their treatment. Sections 2 and 3 introduce into the subject. It follows descriptions of the Wootters' method, of the "subtraction procedure", and examples on how to use symmetries.
Solid-Phase Synthetic Route to Multiple Derivatives of a Fundamental Peptide Unit
Authors: Scott William L. , Zhou Ziniu , Zajdel Paweł , Pawłowski Maciej , O’Donnell Martin J.
Published: July 2010

Amino acids are Nature’s combinatorial building blocks. When substituted on both the amino and carboxyl sides they become the basic scaffold present in all peptides and proteins. We report a solid-phase synthetic route to large combinatorial variations of this fundamental scaffold, extending the variety of substituted biomimetic molecules available to successfully implement the Distributed Drug Discovery (D3) project. In a single solid-phase sequence, compatible with basic amine substituents, three-point variation is performed at the amino acid a-carbon and the amino and carboxyl functionalities.
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Sign of the Times and an Impetus for Antimicrobial Discovery
Authors: Haydel Shelley E.
Published: July 2010

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an extraordinarily successful human pathogen, infecting one-third of the world’s population and causing nearly two million deaths each year. In this article, current trends in worldwide tuberculosis (TB) incidence, prevalence, and mortality are discussed along with standard TB treatment regimens, characteristics of first-line and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The global TB emergency has been further exacerbated by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB strains that are resistant to our best antibiotics and very difficult to treat. This review also focuses on the emergence of XDR-TB strains, the global health impact, and existing treatment options and outcomes for XDR-TB disease. Finally, this review briefly describes new anti-tuberculosis drugs currently in Phase II clinical evaluations and the impetus for discovering new antibacterial compounds to target drug-resistant M. tuberculosis and improve tuberculosis therapy.
The Chick as a Model for the Study of the Cellular Mechanisms and Potential Therapies for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Mileusnic Radmila , Rose Steven
Published: July 2010

While animal experiments have contributed much to our understanding of the mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), their value in predicting the effectiveness of treatment strategies in clinical trials has remained controversial. The disparity between the results obtained in animal models and clinical trials may in part be explained by limitations of the models and species-specific differences. We propose that one trial passive avoidance in the day-old chick is a useful system to study AD because of the close sequence homologies of chick and human amyloid precursor protein (APP). In the chick, APP is essential for memory consolidation, and disrupting its synthesis or structure results in amnesia. RER, a tripeptide sequence corresponding to part of the growth domain of APP, can restore memory loss and act as a cognitive enhancer. We suggest that RER and its homologues may form the basis for potential pharmacological protection against memory loss in AD.
Candidates for multiple impact craters?: Popigai and Chicxulub as seen by the global high resolution gravitational field model EGM2008
Authors: Klokočník J. , Kostelecký J. , Pešek I. , Novák P. , Wagner C. A. , Sebera J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. In 2008 the new Earth Gravitational Model (EGM2008) was released. It contains a complete set of spherical harmonic coefficients of the Earth's gravitational potential (Stokes parameters) to degree 2190 and order 2159 and selected orders to degree 2190, that can be used for evaluation of various potential quantities with both the unprecedented accuracy and high spatial resolution. Two such quantities, the gravity anomaly and second-order radial derivative of the disturbing potential, were computed over selected areas with known impact craters. The displays of these derivatives for two such sites clearly show not only the strong circular-like features known to be associated with them but also other symmetrical structures which appear to make them multiple impact sites. At Popigai, Siberia, the series of circular features fall in a line from the "primary crater" in the southeast (SE) direction. At Chicxulub, Yucatán, there appears to be one more crater close to the "primary" in the northeast (NE) direction, as well as possibly others in the vicinity of the main crater (SW). Gravity information alone is not, however, proof of impact craters but it is useful in identifying candidate sites for further study, for examination by geologists and geophysicists. In the case of Chicxulub, a very recent single seismic profile suggests that a more likely explanation for the observed circular like gravity signal from EGM2008 NE of the "primary" is a pre-impact basin.
Facilitating Hospital Emergency Preparedness: Introduction of a Model Memorandum of Understanding
Authors: Hodge James G. , Anderson Evan D. , Kirsch Thomas D. , Kelen Gabor D.
Published: July 2010

Effective emergency response among hospitals and other health care providers stems from multiple factors depending on the nature of the emergency. While local emergencies can test hospital acute care facilities, prolonged national emergencies, such as the 2009 H1N1 outbreak, raise significant challenges. These events involve sustained surges of patients over longer periods and spanning entire regions. They require significant and sustained coordination of personnel, services, and supplies among hospitals and other providers to ensure adequate patient care across regions. Some hospitals, however, may lack structural principles to help coordinate care and guide critical allocation decisions. This article discusses a model Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that sets forth essential principles on how to allocate scarce resources among providers across regions. The model seeks to align regional hospitals through advance agreements on procedures of mutual aid that reflect modern principles of emergency preparedness and changing legal norms in declared emergencies.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:54-61)
Synthesis, Morphology, and Properties of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐block‐Poly(vinylphenyl oxadiazole) Donor–Acceptor Rod–Coil Block Copolymers and Their Memory Device Applications
Authors: Fang Yi‐Kai , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Li Chaoxu , Lin Chih‐Jung , Mezzenga Raffaele , Chen Wen‐Chang
Published: July 2010

Novel donor–acceptor rod–coil diblock copolymers of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT)‐block‐poly(2‐phenyl‐5‐(4‐vinylphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiaz‐ole) (POXD) are successfully synthesized by the combination of a modified Grignard metathesis reaction (GRIM) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The effects of the block ratios of the P3HT donor and POXD pendant acceptor blocks on the morphology, field effect transistor mobility, and memory device characteristics are explored. The TEM, SAXS, WAXS, and AFM results suggest that the coil block fraction significantly affects the chain packing of the P3HT block and depresses its crystallinity. The optical absorption spectra indicate that the intramolecular charge transfer between the main chain P3HT donor and the side chain POXD acceptor is relatively weak and the level of order of P3HT chains is reduced by the incorporation of the POXD acceptor. The field effect transistor (FET) hole mobility of the system exhibits a similar trend on the optical properties, which are also decreased with the reduced ordered P3HT crystallinity. The low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level (–6.08 eV) of POXD is employed as charge trap for the electrical switching memory devices. P3HT‐b‐POXD exhibits a non‐volatile bistable memory or insulator behavior depending on the P3HT/POXD block ratio and the resulting morphology. The ITO/P3HT44‐b‐POXD18/Al memory device shows a non‐volatile switching characteristic with negative differential resistance (NDR) effect due to the charge trapped POXD block. These experimental results provide the new strategies for the design of donor‐acceptor rod‐coil block copolymers for controlling morphology and physical properties as well as advanced memory device applications.
Studies on the effect of anions of various lithium salts in PEMA gel polymer electrolytes
Authors: Subadevi R. , Sivakumar M. , Rajendran S. , Wu H.‐C. , Wu N.‐L.
Published: July 2010

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)–polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) based electrolytes comprising a binary mixture of solvents (EC and PC) (ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate) and lithium salts LiX (X = ClO4, BF4, CF3SO3) have been prepared using solvent casting technique. The prepared electrolytes were subjected to ionic conductivity, XRD, SEM, and FTIR analysis to understand the salt contribution. Comparison of conductivity studies of the electrolytes with the three salts has also been made. These electrolytes exhibited good electrochemical properties, because they have an ionic conductivity of the order of 10−3 S cm−1, an electrochemical window exceeding 4.5 V and lithium ion transference number averaging above 0.75. Because, the complex containing LiClO4 exhibited maximum conductivity among the other complexes studied, DMA and CV analyses were also been performed and the results are reported. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Enhancing the drawability of a polyester by copolymerization with a second type of crystallizable block
Authors: Gaymans Reinoud J. , van Swaaij Andries W.
Published: July 2010

A polyester‐amide segmented block copolymer with short monodisperse amide segments was synthesized along with its neat polyester counterpart. The copolymer, containing 10 wt % amide, displayed a Tg and Tm for the polyester phase as well as a high Tm corresponding to the polyamide. The high‐melting amide segments enhanced the dimensional stability of the copolymer and also considerably increased the crystallization rate of the polyester segments. As compared to the neat polyester, the polyester‐amide block copolymer could be drawn at higher temperatures and to higher draw ratios. The maximum draw ratio for this copolymer was obtained just a few degrees below the melting temperature of the polyester segments, and as a result of these higher draw ratios, the fracture stresses were higher. In conclusion, a short monodisperse amide segment in a polyester‐amide block copolymer increased the crystallization rate of the polyester, enhanced the dimensional stability, allowed a higher maximum draw ratio, and raised the fracture strength. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of different curing systems on heat shrinkability and mechanical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate/epoxidized natural rubber blends
Authors: Tanrattanakul Varaporn , Kaewprakob Thongsak
Published: July 2010

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) blends containing 10 and 30 wt % ENR were prepared by using an internal mixer. Five different types of curing systems were employed: dicumyl peroxide (DCP), sulfur (S), phenolic resin (Ph), DCP + S, and DCP + Ph. DCP could crosslink with both EVA and ENR while S and Ph were curing agents for ENR. The DCP system provided the lowest tensile properties and tear strength because of low crosslinking in ENR phase. Addition of sulfur or phenolic resin increased the mechanical properties due to a better vulcanization of the rubber phase. The mechanical properties of the blends decreased with increasing ENR content. The rubber particle size in the blends containing 30% ENR played a more important role in the mechanical properties than the blends containing 10% ENR. ENR particle size did not affect heat shrinkability of EVA and a well vulcanized rubber phase was not required for high heat shrinkage. Furthermore, heat shrinkage of the blends slightly changed as the ENR content increased for all curing systems. With regard to the mechanical properties and heat shrinkability, the most appropriate curing system was DCP + Ph and in the case the 10 wt % ENR content produced a more favorable blend. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and thermal property of boron–silicon– acetylene hybrid polymer
Authors: Cheng Rui , Zhou Quan , Ni Lizhong , Chen Yi , Wang Jian
Published: July 2010

Inorganic–organic boron–silicon–acetylene hybrid polymer (PABS) was prepared by the polycondensation reaction between phenylboric acid and diphenyldichlorosilane and then terminated by phenylacetylene. The structure was characterized by using FTIR, 13C‐NMR, 1H‐NMR, and GPC. PABS was a kind of resin exhibited high viscous at room temperature and good solubility in common organic solvents. The thermal and oxidative properties were evaluated by DSC and TGA. Exothermal peak at 370°C observed by DSC was attributed to reaction of the acetylene units. PABS showed excellent thermal and oxidative stability, and TGA exhibited the temperature of 5% weight loss (Td5) was 625°C and char yield at 900°C was 90.0% in nitrogen. Surprisingly, both Td5 and char yield at 900°C showed slightly increase in air, which was 638°C and 90.9%, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and radiation effect on composite films containing both polypropylene and novel phthalocyanines with functionalized bulky phenoxy groups
Authors: Youssef Tamer E. , Abdel Ghaffar A. M.
Published: July 2010

Novel symmetrically substituted 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24‐octa(p‐methylphenoxy)phthalocyanines [(p‐methylphenoxy)8PcM (3–5,where Pc is phthalocyanine and M is H2or one of its metal complexes, Mg or Zn, respectively)] were synthesized and characterized as target precursors for the preparation of polypropylene (PP)/Pc composite films [PP/(p‐methylphenoxy)8PcM (labeledI–IIIfor composites with Pcs3–5,respectively)]. We prepared the composites by embedding the Pcs into the PP using the cast method. The effects of γ irradiation on the physicochemical properties of PP after the formation of the PP/(p‐methylphenoxy)8PcM composite films (I–III) were studied. The structure of the prepared composite series (I–III) was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For compositeIII,minor differences in the Fourier transform infrared spectra were observed after irradiation treatment; these occurred because the zinc Pc additives in the repeating units of compositeIIIacted as stabilizing elements against γ‐irradiation‐induced degradation because of the delocalization of excitation energy in the double and aromatic units and also because of the large ionic radius of Zn in compositeIIIcompared with those in compositeII(containing Mg) and compositeI(metal‐free). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Development of Innervation to Maxillary Whiskers in Mice
Authors: Maklad Adel , Conway Marianne , Hodges Cole , Hansen Laura A.
Published: July 2010

The maxillary vibrissal pad is a unique, richly innervated sensory apparatus. It is highly evolved in the rodent that it constitutes a major source of sensory information to the somatosensory cortex. In this report, indocarbocyanine tracing and immunofluorescence were used to study the embryonic and early neonatal development of innervation to maxillary vibrissal follicles in mice. The first sign of vibrissal follicle innervation occurred at embryonic day 12 (E12), when the lateral nasal and maxillary processes were penetrated by nerve branches with small terminal plexuses assuming the positions of vibrissal follicle primordia. Between E13 and E15, the nerve plexuses at the presumptive follicles grew in size and became more numerous with no signs of specific receptor subtype formation. By E17, the nerve plexuses had grown further in size and the region‐specific receptor subtype specification developed. At birth (P0), the superficial vibrissal nerves began to innervate the apical part of the inner conical body, whereas the deep vibrissal nerve gave off the recurrent cavernous branches. At P3, all of the different sets of receptor subtypes had regional distributions, densities and morphologies comparable to those described in adult mice. A 3‐day old mouse had all complements of sensory receptors necessary for somatosensory transduction as revealed not only by neuroanatomic tracing but also with immunofluorescence for several markers of neurosensory differentiation. Our data reveal a hitherto unknown time table for the development of peripheral sensory receptors in the vibrissal follicles. This time table parallels that of their central targets in the somatosensory barrel cortex, which develops at P4. Anat Rec 293:1553–1567, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No amicable divorce? Challenging the notion that sexual antagonism drives sex chromosome evolution
Authors: Ironside Joseph E.
Published: July 2010

Although sexual antagonism may have played a role in forming some sex chromosome systems, there appears to be little empirical or theoretical justification in assuming that it is the driving force in all cases of sex chromosome evolution. In many species, sex chromosomes have diverged in size and shape through the accumulation of mutations in regions of suppressed recombination. It is commonly assumed that recombination is suppressed in sex chromosomes due to selection to resolve sexually antagonistic pleiotropy. However, the requirement for a sex chromosome‐specific mechanism for suppressing recombination is questionable, since more general models of recombination suppression on autosomes also appear to be applicable to sex chromosomes. Direct tests of the predictions of the sexual antagonism hypothesis offer only limited support in specific sex chromosome systems and circumstantial evidence remains open to interpretation.
Setting and resetting of epigenetic marks in malignant transformation and development
Authors: Richly Holger , Lange Martin , Simboeck Elisabeth , Di Croce Luciano
Published: July 2010

Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and post‐translation modifications of histones, have been shown to play an important role in chromatin structure, promoter activity, and cellular reprogramming. Large protein complexes, such as Polycomb and trithorax, often harbor multiple activities which affect histone tail modification. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the deposition of these marks, their propagation during cell replication, and the alteration on their distribution during transformation still require further study. Here we review recent data on those processes in both normal and cancer cells, and we propose that the unscheduled expression of oncogenic transcription factors causes reprogramming of normal cells into cancer stem cells.
Exploring the interplay of stability and function in protein evolution
Authors: Caetano‐Anollés Gustavo , Mittenthal Jay
Published: July 2010

A new split β‐lactamase assay promises experimental testing of the interplay of protein stability and function. Proteins are sufficiently stable to act effectively within cells. However, mutations generally destabilize structure, with effects on free energy that are comparable to the free energy of folding. Assays of protein functionality and stabilityin vivoenable a quick study of factors that influence these properties in response to targeted mutations. These assays can help molecular engineering but can also be used to target important questions, including why most proteins are marginally stable, how mutations alter structural makeup, and how thermodynamics, function, and environment shape molecular change. Processes of self‐organization and natural selection are determinants of stability and function. Non‐equilibrium thermodynamics provides crucial concepts,e.g., cells as emergent energy‐dissipating entities that do work and build their own parts, and a framework to study the sculpting role of evolution at different scales.
BioEssays 8/2010
Authors: Caetano‐Anollés Gustavo , Mittenthal Jay
Published: July 2010

Cover Photograph: The interplay of protein stability and function in sequence space, as discussed by Gustavo Caetano‐Anollés and Jay Mittenthal on pages 655–658 of this issue. The grid diagram depicts a multidimensional sequence space (flattened into a two‐dimensional view) of protein sequences that change into others by single‐point mutations (the third dimension represents thermodynamic stability). All proteins in the grid fold into a same three‐dimensional (3D) structure, a four‐helix bundle structure typical of cytochrome cb562 (a metalloprotein used to study metal‐induced protein stability and homodimerization; PDB entry 3L1M). In the diagram, cytochrome proteins drift in evolution along the grid (colored regions) while folding into the same 3D structure and while searching for increases in protein stability (i.e. dents in the grid). This results in sections of the proteins that are evolutionarily conserved due to constraints imposed by the interplay of stability and function (grey regions close to metal‐binding sites in the bundles). Image and concept developed by Derek Caetano‐Anollés.
Drafting the parenting evaluation court order: A conceptual and practical approach
Authors: Zervopoulos John A.
Published: July 2010

A court's order begins and directs the process of a court‐appointed parenting evaluation. If the order is ill‐defined, the evaluation, its conclusions, and the resulting expert opinion may be compromised. To draft a clear order, lawyers should understand the nature of a psychological evaluation, identify the legal bases and the authority in psychological literature and ethics for conducting a parenting evaluation, and establish the specific purposes for the court‐ordered evaluation. Likewise, psychologists should understand these drafting issues to guard against role and ethical pitfalls in their court‐appointed tasks. This paper will explore these issues. In addition, suggestions for drafting a motion petitioning the court for an evaluation are offered, and a model court order for parenting evaluations is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Media framing of proposed nuclear reactors: An analysis of print media
Authors: Culley Marci R. , Ogley‐Oliver Emma , Carton Adam D. , Street Jalika C.
Published: July 2010

Nuclear energy has received substantial recent attention, marketed as a ‘green’ solution to global climate change (GCC) with calls for new reactors. However, considerable debate exists about whether it represents a viable solution to GCC. Given the complexity and urgency of the issue, a full and balanced debate is desirable. Since media play an important role in shaping public perception, we examined print media coverage of proposed reactors in Georgia—one site in the southeastern United States, which has been the focus of such proposals. We analysed the content of editorials and news articles from two local newspapers—the Augusta Chronicle and Atlanta Journal‐Constitution. The former exclusively published pro‐nuclear opinion pieces whereas the latter published a mix of pro‐ and anti‐nuclear opinions. The majority of news articles in both newspapers generally presented balanced arguments. Pro‐ and anti‐nuclear arguments most often reflected economic and environmental benefits and risks, whereas informational text primarily detailed regulatory processes and financing. Findings suggested that informational text was not necessarily ‘neutral’, sometimes masking covert pro‐ and anti‐nuclear content. Implications for how findings might shape public opinion and strategies for shaping media and extending public deliberation are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational Design of Novel Peptidic DnaK Ligands
Authors: Liebscher Markus , Haupt Katja , Yu Chao , Jahreis Günther , Lücke Christian , Schiene‐Fischer Cordelia
Published: July 2010

The hsp70 chaperone DnaK from E. coli plays a major role in cellular stress response and is involved in assisted protein folding in vivo. By screening a combinatorial peptide library, we identified several DnaK‐specific peptide ligands with nanomolar affinities, which are able to inhibit the secondary amide peptide bond cis/trans isomerase (APIase) activity of DnaK, as well as DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE‐assisted refolding of firefly luciferase. Our designed DnaK inhibitors have the capability to penetrate E. coli cells and feature a high protease resistance. Once inside the cell, they physically target DnaK. NMR‐based 1H/15N‐HSQC experiments furthermore confirmed that the designed peptidic ligands all bind in an identical manner to the conventional peptide‐binding site of DnaK. The subsequent blocking of DnaK function apparently results in the observed antibacterial effects on E. coli cells, with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range of 100 μM.
Family Business: Multiple Members of Major Phytohormone Classes Orchestrate Plant Stress Responses
Authors: Erb Matthias , Glauser Gaetan
Published: July 2010

Low‐molecular‐weight compounds such as jasmonic, abscisic and salicylic acids are commonly thought to be regulators of plant stress responses. However, it is becoming clear that these molecules, often referred to as phytohormones, are only a part of bigger groups of compounds with biological activity. We propose that the concept of “hormone families” may help to better understand plant physiological responses by taking into account not only the alleged main regulators, but also their precursors, conjugates and catabolites. Novel approaches to profile potentially active compounds in plants are discussed.
The struggle over worker leisure: an analysis of the history of the workers' sports association in Canada
Authors: McQuarrie Fiona A.E.
Published: July 2010

Discussions of the work‐leisure relationship focus largely on issues of work‐life balance and generally ignore the possibility of employer‐sponsored leisure being used as a means of workplace or societal control of workers. The Workers' Sports Association (WSA), active in Canada between 1924 and 1935, challenged this use of leisure by the state and the elite, including employers. The WSA's goal was to use sport and leisure opportunities as a means of political education for workers, and to act as opposition to employer‐ and state‐controlled “bosses' sport.” The WSA, while ultimately unsuccessful, raised still‐important questions about the uses of leisure in relation to the workplace and society at large. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.