bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bedürfnisse pflegender Angehöriger betreffend der Mobilität ihres krebskranken Familienmitgliedes am Lebensende: Ein narrativer Review
Authors: Gattinger Heidrun , Siegl Eva , Senn Beate , Hantikainen Virpi
Published: March 2014

Hintergrund: Die häusliche Pflege krebskranker Menschen wird häufig von Angehörigen übernommen. Die letzte Lebensphase geht in der Regel mit Einschränkungen der Bewegungsfähigkeit einher. Ziel: Ziel dieser narrativen Literaturübersicht ist es, die Bedürfnisse pflegender Angehöriger bezüglich Mobilitätsunterstützung und -förderung bei der alltäglichen Pflege des an Krebs erkrankten Familienmitgliedes am Lebensende zu erfassen. Methode: Die Literatursuche erfolgte in den Datenbanken Cochrane, PubMed, PsychINFO, ERIC und CINAHL. Eingeschlossen wurden englisch- und deutschsprachige Studien, die Bedürfnisse betreffend der Mobilitätsunterstützung und -förderung der Angehörigen hinsichtlich der häuslichen Pflege krebskranker Menschen untersuchten. Zwei Autorinnen beurteilten die methodische Qualität der eingeschlossenen Studien. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden elf Studien mit unterschiedlichen Studiendesigns eingeschlossen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Bedürfnis nach Information, Anleitung und Unterstützung betreffend Mobilität in zwei Bereichen besteht: i) Tätigkeiten des alltäglichen Lebens inklusive Körperpflege und ii) Einsatz von Hilfsmitteln inklusive Transport. Schlussfolgerung: Die Literaturanalyse zeigt, dass Bedürfnisse pflegender Angehöriger zu pflegerischen Skills bezüglich der Mobilitätsunterstützung und -förderung unzureichend und unsystematisch beschrieben sind. Zukünftige Studien sind notwendig, in denen diese Bedürfnisse systematisch untersucht werden, um darauf aufbauend gut definierte Interventionen für die Vermittlung pflegerischer Skills zu entwickeln.
Validation of microinjection methods for generating knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering
Authors: Horii Takuro , Arai Yuji , Yamazaki Miho , Morita Sumiyo , Kimura Mika , Itoh Masahiro , Abe Yumiko , Hatada Izuho
Published: March 2014

The CRISPR/Cas system, in which the Cas9 endonuclease and a guide RNA complementary to the target are sufficient for RNA-guided cleavage of the target DNA, is a powerful new approach recently developed for targeted gene disruption in various animal models. However, there is little verification of microinjection methods for generating knockout mice using this approach. Here, we report the verification of microinjection methods of the CRISPR/Cas system. We compared three methods for injection: (1) injection of DNA into the pronucleus, (2) injection of RNA into the pronucleus and (3) injection of RNA into the cytoplasm. We found that injection of RNA into the cytoplasm was the most efficient method in terms of the numbers of viable blastocyst stage embryos and full-term pups generated. This method also showed the best overall knockout efficiency.
Kinetic characterization of the retinoic X receptor binding to specific and unspecific DNA oligoduplexes with a quartz crystal microbalance
Authors: Rodrigues Rogério M. M. , de-Carvalho Jorge , Ferreira Guilherme N. M.
Published: March 2014

A frequency at the susceptance minimum (fBmin) is applied to assess the kinetics of RXRα to specific and non-specific oligoduplexes.
Visualizing mass transport in desorption electrospray ionization using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Muramoto Shin , Forbes Thomas P. , Staymates Matthew E. , Gillen Greg
Published: March 2014

The spatial distribution of analyte molecules desorbed by desorption electrospray ionization was imaged and characterized using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Arresting consecutive steps of a photochromic reaction: studies of β-thioxoketones combining laser photolysis with NMR detection
Authors: Pietrzak Mariusz , Dobkowski Jacek , Gorski Alexandr , Gawinkowski Sylwester , Kijak Michał , Luboradzki Roman , Hansen Poul Erik , Waluk Jacek
Published: March 2014

Laser photolysis coupled with NMR detection was used for the identification of photoproducts and the photoreaction pathway of monothiodibenzoylmethane.
Designing and understanding permanent microporosity in liquids
Authors: Melaugh Gavin , Giri Nicola , Davidson Christine E. , James Stuart L. , Del Pópolo Mario G.
Published: March 2014

Cage-like molecules generate pure liquids with built-in microporosity. A high-melting cage (a) is rendered fluid by functionalization with long hydrocarbon chains (b).
Complexation of DNA with ruthenium organometallic compounds: the high complexation ratio limit
Authors: Despax Stéphane , Jia Fuchao , Pfeffer Michel , Hébraud Pascal
Published: March 2014

Organometallic compounds possess two modes of interaction with DNA: intercalation at low complexation ratios and electrostatic adsorption at high ratios.
Biofuel purification in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks: the significant role of functional groups
Authors: Zhang Kang , Nalaparaju Anjaiah , Chen Yifei , Jiang Jianwen
Published: March 2014

Functional groups of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks play a significant role in the adsorption of ethanol and water, and biofuel purification.
Chemical approaches to therapeutically target the metabolism and signaling of the endocannabinoid 2-AG and eicosanoids
Authors: Kohnz Rebecca A. , Nomura Daniel K.
Published: March 2014

This review describes the development of inhibitors for endocannabinoid metabolism and their potential therapeutic benefit.
Dynamic carbon mitigation analysis: the role of thin-film photovoltaics
Authors: Emmott C. J. M. , Ekins-Daukes N. J. , Nelson J.
Published: March 2014

We assess the net carbon emissions during a transition to photovoltaic power generation, comparing established and emerging thin-film PV technologies.
Fluoropolymer surface coatings to control droplets in microfluidic devices
Authors: Riche Carson T. , Zhang Chuchu , Gupta Malancha , Malmstadt Noah
Published: March 2014

Vapor deposited fluoropolymer coatings enabled extraction-induced merging of droplets and high frequency generation of droplets within PDMS microfluidic devices.
Discovery of protein–RNA networks
Authors: Cirillo Davide , Livi Carmen Maria , Agostini Federico , Tartaglia Gian Gaetano
Published: March 2014

We review the latest advances and future challenges in experimental and computational investigation of protein–RNA networks.
Engineering a synthetic cell panel to identify signalling components reprogrammed by the cell growth regulator anterior gradient-2
Authors: Gray Terry A. , Alsamman Khaldoon , Murray Euan , Sims Andrew H. , R. Hupp Ted
Published: March 2014

Engineered remodelling of the cellular proteome by anterior gradient-2.
Microwave assisted synthesis, crystal structure and modelling of cytotoxic dehydroacetic acid enamine: a natural alkaloid from Fusarium incarnatum (HKI0504)
Authors: Seijas Julio A. , Crecente-Campo José , Feás Xesús , Vázquez-Tato M. Pilar
Published: March 2014

Synthesis and modelling of DHA enamine, its co-crystal structure is presents four-molecules clusters joined by π-stacking like masonry walls.
Modification of lignin with dodecyl glycidyl ether and chlorosulfonic acid for preparation of anionic surfactant
Authors: Chen Chang-Zhou , Li Ming-Fei , Wu Yu-Ying , Sun Run-Cang
Published: March 2014

Improving the surface activity of lignin through chemical modification for preparation of anionic surfactant.
Cu(i)/TF–BiphamPhos-catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with dimethyl itaconate and 2-methyleneglutarate
Authors: Tao Hai-Yan , He Zhao-Lin , Yang Yang , Wang Chun-Jiang
Published: March 2014

Catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with dimethyl itaconate and 2-methyleneglutarate was realized with Cu(i)/TF–BiphamPhos complex as the catalyst for the efficient construction of pyrrolidine derivatives bearing one unique all carbon-quaternary and two tertiary stereogenic centers.
Addition of pnictogen atoms to chromium(ii): synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of a chromium(iv) phosphide and a chromium(iii) arsenide
Authors: Reisinger Sabine , Bodensteiner Michael , Pineda Eufemio Moreno , McDouall Joseph J. W. , Scheer Manfred , Layfield Richard A.
Published: March 2014

Chromium(ii) chloride reacts with LiCp* (Cp* = C5Me5) and LiE (SiMe3)2 (E = P or As) to give the chromium(iv) phosphide [(η5-Cp*Cr)(μ3-P)]4 (1) or the chromium(iii) arsenide [(η5-Cp*Cr)3(μ3-As)2] (2), respectively.
Green silver nanobioarchitectures with amplified antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
Authors: Barbinta-Patrascu Marcela Elisabeta , Ungureanu Camelia , Iordache Stefan Marian , Bunghez Ioana Raluca , Badea Nicoleta , Rau Ileana
Published: March 2014

A novel, simple and cost-effectivebottom-upapproach was developed to achieve antioxidant and antimicrobial biohybrids based on biomimetic membranes, phyto-nanosilver and single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Band gap structure modification of amorphous anodic Al oxide film by Ti-alloying
Authors: Canulescu S. , Rechendorff K. , Borca C. N. , Jones N. C. , Bordo K. , Schou J. , Pleth Nielsen L. , Hoffmann S. V. , Ambat R.
Published: March 2014

The band structure of pure and Ti-alloyed anodic aluminum oxide has been examined as a function of Ti concentration varying from 2 to 20 at. %. The band gap energy of Ti-alloyed anodic Al oxide decreases with increasing Ti concentration. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that Ti atoms are not located in a TiO2 unit in the oxide layer, but rather in a mixed Ti-Al oxide layer. The optical band gap energy of the anodic oxide layers was determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy in the energy range from 4.1 to 9.2 eV (300–135 nm). The results indicate that amorphous anodic Al2O3 has a direct band gap of 7.3 eV, which is about ∼1.4 eV lower than its crystalline counterpart (single-crystal Al2O3). Upon Ti-alloying, extra bands appear within the band gap of amorphous Al2O3, mainly caused by Ti 3d orbitals localized at the Ti site.
An ion guide laser ion source for isobar-suppressed rare isotope beams
Authors: Raeder Sebastian , Heggen Henning , Lassen Jens , Ames Friedhelm , Bishop Daryl , Bricault Pierre , Kunz Peter , Mjøs Anders , Teigelhöfer Andrea
Published: March 2014

Modern experiments at isotope separator on-line (ISOL) facilities like ISAC at TRIUMF often depend critically on the purity of the delivered rare isotope beams. Therefore, highly selective ion sources are essential. This article presents the development and successful on-line operation of an ion guide laser ion source (IG-LIS) for the production of ion beams free of isobaric contamination. Thermionic ions from the hot ISOL target are suppressed by an electrostatic potential barrier, while neutral radio nuclides effusing out are resonantly ionized by laser radiation within a quadrupole ion guide behind this barrier. The IG-LIS was developed through detailed thermal and ion optics simulation studies and off-line tests with stable isotopes. In a first on-line run with a SiC target a suppression of surface-ionized Na contaminants in the ion beam of up to six orders of magnitude was demonstrated.
Goal-oriented sensitivity analysis for lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Arampatzis Georgios , Katsoulakis Markos A.
Published: March 2014

In this paper we propose a new class of coupling methods for the sensitivity analysis of high dimensional stochastic systems and in particular for lattice Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC). Sensitivity analysis for stochastic systems is typically based on approximating continuous derivatives with respect to model parameters by the mean value of samples from a finite difference scheme. Instead of using independent samples the proposed algorithm reduces the variance of the estimator by developing a strongly correlated-“coupled”- stochastic process for both the perturbed and unperturbed stochastic processes, defined in a common state space. The novelty of our construction is that the new coupled process depends on the targeted observables, e.g., coverage, Hamiltonian, spatial correlations, surface roughness, etc., hence we refer to the proposed method as goal-oriented sensitivity analysis. In particular, the rates of the coupled Continuous Time Markov Chain are obtained as solutions to a goal-oriented optimization problem, depending on the observable of interest, by considering the minimization functional of the corresponding variance. We show that this functional can be used as a diagnostic tool for the design and evaluation of different classes of couplings. Furthermore, the resulting KMC sensitivity algorithm has an easy implementation that is based on the Bortz–Kalos–Lebowitz algorithm's philosophy, where events are divided in classes depending on level sets of the observable of interest. Finally, we demonstrate in several examples including adsorption, desorption, and diffusion Kinetic Monte Carlo that for the same confidence interval and observable, the proposed goal-oriented algorithm can be two orders of magnitude faster than existing coupling algorithms for spatial KMC such as the Common Random Number approach. We also provide a complete implementation of the proposed sensitivity analysis algorithms, including various spatial KMC examples, in a supplementary MATLAB source code.
Mechanism of dilute-spin-exchange in solid-state NMR
Authors: Lu George J. , Opella Stanley J.
Published: March 2014

In the stationary, aligned samples used in oriented sample (OS) solid-state NMR, 1H-1H homonuclear dipolar couplings are not attenuated as they are in magic angle spinning solid-state NMR; consequently, they are available for participation in dipolar coupling-based spin-exchange processes. Here we describe analytically the pathways of 15N-15N spin-exchange mediated by 1H-1H homonuclear dipolar couplings. The mixed-order proton-relay mechanism can be differentiated from the third spin assisted recoupling mechanism by setting the 1H to an off-resonance frequency so that it is at the “magic angle” during the spin-exchange interval in the experiment, since the “magic angle” irradiation nearly quenches the former but only slightly attenuates the latter. Experimental spectra from a single crystal of N-acetyl leucine confirm that this proton-relay mechanism plays the dominant role in 15N-15N dilute-spin-exchange in OS solid-state NMR in crystalline samples. Remarkably, the “forbidden” spin-exchange condition under “magic angle” irradiation results in 15N-15N cross-peaks intensities that are comparable to those observed with on-resonance irradiation in applications to proteins. The mechanism of the proton relay in dilute-spin-exchange is crucial for the design of polarization transfer experiments.
New findings on the atomistic mechanisms active during mechanical milling of a Fe-Y2O3 model alloy
Authors: Ressel G. , Parz P. , Primig S. , Leitner H. , Clemens H. , Puff W.
Published: March 2014

In order to improve the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, several types of steels are mechanically alloyed with yttria. The processes that are active during milling differ dependent on the individual powder constituents. Nevertheless, some theories exist which try to describe the mechanism of producing a metastable phase during milling. However, even in the system iron–yttria, the mechanisms taking place during milling are still not well understood. By using the example of a simple iron–yttria model alloy, this paper attempts to elucidate the structure of mechanically milled powder particles and, consequently, to clarify the functionality of mechanical alloying in the last stage of milling. Positron annihilation experiments on milled materials revealed “open” volumes which are enriched in yttria. Electron backscatter diffraction and atom probe tomography as complimentary techniques allowed an identification of these “open” volumes as mainly vacancies, where enrichments of Y and O occur. From these results, it can be concluded that especially vacancies are responsible for producing a metastable phase, whereby yttria is dissolved in pure iron.
Test and analysis on the abnormal noise of the ultrasonic detection device
Authors: Li Guangya , Yang Mingliang , Wang Mingquan , Tan Qiulin , Duan Nengquan
Published: March 2014

For the phenomenon that the abnormal noise appear suddenly when the ultrasonic detection device works at the rate of 800mm/min, a vibration testing for this detection device is designed and investigated in this paper. Deep analysis are carried out based on the experimental modal analysis method of point excitation with multiple point three vectors in response and spectrum analysis method. The analysis results demonstrate the main reasons of the abnormal noise, which is due to the resonance between the motor and the ultrasonic station.
Reconfigurable p-n junction diodes and the photovoltaic effect in exfoliated MoS2 films
Authors: Sutar Surajit , Agnihotri Pratik , Comfort Everett , Taniguchi T. , Watanabe K. , Ung Lee Ji
Published: March 2014

Realizing basic semiconductor devices such as p-n junctions are necessary for developing thin-film and optoelectronic technologies in emerging planar materials such as MoS2. In this work, electrostatic doping by buried gates is used to study the electronic and optoelectronic properties of p-n junctions in exfoliated MoS2 flakes. Creating a controllable doping gradient across the device leads to the observation of the photovoltaic effect in monolayer and bilayer MoS2 flakes. For thicker flakes, strong ambipolar conduction enables realization of fully reconfigurable p-n junction diodes with rectifying current-voltage characteristics, and diode ideality factors as low as 1.6. The spectral response of the photovoltaic effect shows signatures of the predicted band gap transitions. For the first excitonic transition, a shift of >4kBT is observed between monolayer and bulk devices, indicating a thickness-dependence of the excitonic coulomb interaction.
Resonance transmission of electromagnetic wave through a thin dielectric rod
Authors: Guo Yunsheng , Zhou Ji , Lan Chuwen , Bi Ke
Published: March 2014

Squeezing and transmitting electromagnetic energy through structures with transverse dimensions very much smaller than the operating wavelength assumes an importance in various microwave and optical fields. We present a means using resonance transmission whereby electromagnetic waves inside rectangular waveguides are significantly squeezed and efficiently transmitted in a thin dielectric rod. At resonance frequencies, electromagnetic waves form an integer number of resonance magnetic dipoles along the rod. With these dipoles alternately arranged, the phase shift between the two ends of the rod is 0° or 180° on whether their number is even or odd. The experimental results are in agreement with the theory and simulated results. This proposed resonance transmission has many applications in microwave devices such as couplers, filters, and phase inverters.
Photosynthetic responses to submergence in mangrove seedlings
Authors: Mangora Mwita M. , Mtolera Matern S. P. , Björk Mats
Published: March 2014

Flooding and salinity fluctuations are common in mangrove systems. Sometimes these events are long-lasting, persisting several months. With an increased frequency of heavy rainfalls and terrestrial run-off, subsequent floods have been associated with massive mangrove mortality and failure to regenerate in the region. Owing to climate change, these events are expected to be more common in the future. We investigated how three weeks of submergence in water of different salinities affected the photosynthetic rates in seedlings of three common mangroves: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.; Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.; and Heritiera littoralis Dryand. We found that photosynthesis and survival rates declined with increasing salinity and submergence time for all species. Prolonged submergence caused a significant decline in photosynthetic rates (as electron transport rate – ETR) for B. gymnorrhiza (P = 0.021) and H. littoralis (P = 0.002), whereas significant effects of both salinity (P = 0.003) and submergence (P = 0.023) were observed between species. Maximum diurnal values of ETR declined in the order of A. marina > B. gymnorrhiza > H. littoralis. After submergence, survived seedlings were tended normally, watered twice a day with freshwater. Three seedlings of B. gymnorrhiza from freshwater and 33% seawater treatments and of A. marina from freshwater treatment displayed signs of recovery for the first 3–5 days, but after that they died. We conclude that submergence time and water salinity will affect the performance of mangrove areas, such that areas experiencing prolonged submergence with flooding dominated by saline water might be most severely impacted.
Metabolic gene profile in early human fetal heart development
Authors: Iruretagoyena J.I. , Davis W. , Bird C. , Olsen J. , Radue R. , Teo Broman A. , Kendziorski C. , Splinter BonDurant S. , Golos T. , Bird I. , Shah D.
Published: March 2014

The primitive cardiac tube starts beating 6–8 weeks post fertilization in the developing embryo. In order to describe normal cardiac development during late first and early second trimester in human fetuses this study used microarray and pathways analysis and created a corresponding ‘normal’ database. Fourteen fetal hearts from human fetuses between 10 and 18 weeks of gestational age (GA) were prospectively collected at the time of elective termination of pregnancy. RNA from recovered tissues was used for transcriptome analysis with Affymetrix 1.0 ST microarray chip. From the amassed data we investigated differences in cardiac development within the 10–18 GA period dividing the sample by GA in three groups: 10–12 (H1), 13–15 (H2) and 16–18 (H3) weeks. A fold change of 2 or above adjusted for a false discovery rate of 5% was used as initial cutoff to determine differential gene expression for individual genes. Test for enrichment to identify functional groups was carried out using the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Array analysis correctly identified the cardiac specific genes, and transcripts reported to be differentially expressed were confirmed by qRT–PCR. Single transcript and Ontology analysis showed first trimester heart expression of myosin-related genes to be up-regulated >5-fold compared with second trimester heart. In contrast the second trimester hearts showed further gestation-related increases in many genes involved in energy production and cardiac remodeling. In conclusion, fetal heart development during the first trimester was dominated by heart-specific genes coding for myocardial development and differentiation. During the second trimester, transcripts related to energy generation and cardiomyocyte communication for contractile coordination/proliferation were more dominant. Transcripts related to fatty acid metabolism can be seen as early as 10 weeks and clearly increase as the heart matures. Retinol receptor and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor transcripts were detected, and have not been described previously in human fetal heart during this period. For the first time global gene expression of heart has been described in human samples to create a database of normal development to understand and compare with known abnormal fetal heart development.
Methyl 6-O-trityl-α-D-glucopyranoside methanol disolvate
Authors: Gültekin Zeynep , Civan Mehmet , Frey Wolfgang , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: March 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C26H28O6·2CH3OH, contains two independent methyl 6-O-trityl-α-D-glucopyranoside molecules and four methanol solvent molecules. The rings of two methyl α-D-glucopyranoside adopt chair conformations. In the crystal, extensive intra- and intermolecular O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.
Supramolecular structures in three thiouracil derivatives: 5,6-trimethylene-2-sulfanylidene-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-one, 2-(4-fluorobenzylsulfanyl)-5,6-trimethylenepyrimidin-4(3H)-one and methyl 2-{[2-(4-fluorobenzylsulfanyl)-5,6-trimethylenepyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}acetate
Authors: Zhou Yu-Jun , Lv Jing , Yu Kai , Ma Jian-Ping , Guo Dian-Shun
Published: March 2014

The molecules of the title compounds, C7H8N2OS, (1), C14H13FN2OS, (2), and C17H17FN2O3S, (3), crystallize in the space groupsC2/m,C2/candIa, respectively. Compounds (1) and (2), anS-alkylated derivative of (1), consist of only one symmetry-independent molecule, while (3), anO-alkylated derivative of (2), contains two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The molecules of (1) sit on crystallographic mirror planes. In the supramolecular structure of (1), a combination of N—H...O and N—H...S hydrogen bonds creates a molecular strap withC(6) andR22(8) motifs, which is further stabilized by an S...S contact. In the packing of (2), a one-dimensional molecular column is made up of two kinds of dimers. One dimer, with anR22(18) motif, is formed by a pair of C—H...O soft hydrogen bonds and the other, with anR22(8) motif, is producedviaa pair of N—H...O hard hydrogen bonds. In the packing of (3), moleculesAandBform two different types of one-dimensional chain by intermolecular C—H...N hydrogen bonds, and by C...N and O...S contacts, respectively. Two such kinds of chain are connected alternatelyviainterchain C—H...O hydrogen bonds, giving a two-dimensional sheet. Finally, a three-dimensional supramolecular structure is formed through weak intersheet C—H...F hydrogen bonds. The study of the molecular and supramolecular structures of thiouracil derivatives is significant in the development of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2inhibitors.
Structure and catalytic activity of the ruthenium(I) sawhorse-type complex [Ru2{μ,η2-CF3(CF2)5COO}2(DMSO)2(CO)4]
Authors: Zimmermann Teresa K. , Haslinger Stefan , Pöthig Alexander , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: March 2014

The title compound,cis-di-μ-perfluoroheptanoato-κ4O:O′-bis[dicarbonyl(dimethyl sulfoxide-κS)ruthenium(I)](Ru—Ru), [Ru2(C7F13O2)2(C2H6OS)2(CO)4], is a sawhorse-type dinuclear ruthenium complex with two bridging perfluoroheptanoate ligands, and with two dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ligands in the axial positions coordinatingviathe S atoms. It is a new example of a compound with an aliphatic fluorinated carboxylate ligand. The Ru—Ru bond distance of 2.6908 (3) Å indicates a direct Ru—Ru interaction. The compound is an active catalyst in transvinylation of propionic acid with vinyl acetate.
Policy making, adult safeguarding and public health: a formula for change?
Authors: Quigley Leo
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to review the reasons underlying the slow rate of progress towards developing a comprehensive policy underpinning for adult safeguarding in England and proposes long-term solutions.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper uses a model of policy change to argue that adult safeguarding has been over-reliant on case histories to define its policy problems and influence its politics, while making insufficient progress on data collection and analysis. It uses examples from the parallel discipline of public health to explore four challenges, or “problems”, relevant to the further development of the knowledge base underpinning adult safeguarding policy.

Findings

– Four recommendations emerge for closing the adult safeguarding “knowledge gap”, including the development of a national research strategy for adult safeguarding. In a fifth recommendation the paper also proposes a clearer recognition of the contribution that local public health professionals can make to local adult safeguarding policy making and programme development.

Practical implications

– The first four recommendations of this paper would serve as the basis for developing a national research strategy for adult safeguarding. The fifth would strengthen the contribution of local public health departments to safeguarding adults boards.

Originality/value

– The author is unaware of the existence of any other review of the limitations of the adult safeguarding knowledge base as a foundation for policy making, or which proposes strategic solutions. The work is valuable for its practical proposals.
How healthcare organisations can act as institutional entrepreneurs in a context of change
Authors: Breton Mylaine , Lamothe Lise , Denis Jean-Louis
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to illustrate and discuss how healthcare organisations can act as institutional entrepreneurs in a context of change.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors conducted an in-depth longitudinal case study (2005-2008) of a healthcare organisation in the province of Quebec, Canada. Data collection consisted of real-time observations of senior managers (n=87), interviews (n=24) with decision-makers and secondary data analysis of documents.

Findings

– The paper reports on the extent to which entrepreneurial healthcare organisations can be a driving force in the creation of a new practice. The authors analyse the development of a diabetes reference centre by a healthcare organisation acting as an institutional entrepreneur that illustrates the conceptualisation of an innovation and the mobilisation of resources to implement it and to influence other actors in the field. The authors discuss the case in reference to three stages of change: emergence, implementation and diffusion. The results illustrate the different strategies used by managers to advance their proposed projects.

Research limitations/implications

– This study helps to better understand the dynamics of mandated change in a mature field such as healthcare and the roles played by organisations in this process. By adopting a proactive strategy, a healthcare organisation can play an active role and strongly influence the evolution of its field.

Originality/value

– This paper is one of only a few to analyse strategies used by healthcare organisations in the context of mandated change.
Association ofHMGB1andHMGB2genetic polymorphisms with lung cancer chemotherapy response
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Xiang‐Ping , Yin Ji‐Ye , Zhang Yu , He Hui , Qian Chen‐Yue , Chen Juan , Zheng Yi , Smieszkol Kamila , Fu Yi‐Lan , Chen Zi‐Yu , Zhou Hong‐Hao , Liu Zhao‐Qian
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms in high mobility group box 1 and 2 (HMGB1andHMGB2, respectively) with platinum‐based chemotherapy responses inChinese lung cancer patients. In total, 338 Chinese lung cancer patients (154 responders and 184 non‐responders) were recruited to the study. All patients received at least two cycles of first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy. Three tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ofHMGB1and two taggingSNPs ofHMGB2were detected in patients. We found that rs1412125 and rs2249825 ofHMGB1were significantly associated with the platinum‐based chemotherapy response in both recessive and genotypic models. In addition, rs1412125 showed significant association with platinum‐based chemotherapy response for the subgroup of patients aged >55 years in additive, recessive and genotypic models. No significant associations were detected between otherSNPs and the platinum‐based chemotherapy response. TheHMGB1SNPs (rs1412125 and rs2249825) were associated with platinum‐based chemotherapy responses in Chinese lung cancer patients. In conclusion,HMGB1SNPs may serve as potential biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of platinum‐based chemotherapy.
Association of nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) 894 G>T polymorphism with prognostic outcomes of anthracycline in Chinese patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: He Hui , Xu Ya‐Jing , Yin Ji‐Ye , Li Xi , Qu Jian , Xu Xiao‐Jing , Liu Zhuo‐Gang , Zhou Fan , Zhai Ming , Li Yan , Zhou Hong‐Hao , Liu Zhao‐Qian
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) 894 G>T polymorphism on prognostic outcomes of anthracycline in Chinese patients with de novo intermediate‐risk acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and to examine the gene expression level in relation to genetic variation. In all, 225 Chinese patients with intermediate‐risk AML (at the complete remission stage) treated with anthracycline were enrolled in the study. The 894 G>T polymorphism of the NOS3 gene was analysed by allele‐specific matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight. Expression of NOS3 mRNA was tested in 72 patients of known genotype for NOS3 894 G>T. The clinical characteristics of these patients were obtained from medical records. Survival analysis showed that patients with AML (GG genotype) had a longer overall survival (OS; P = 0.006). After adjusting for age, gender, leucocyte count, haemoglobin level, platelet level, French, American and Britain (FAB) classification, lactate dehydrogenase levels, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, nucleophosmin gene and fms‐related tyrosine kinase 3 gene, multivariate survival analysis showed that the NOS3 894 G>T polymorphism appeared to be a predicting factor for OS (P = 0.014; hazard ratio = 1.856). However, no significant associations between the NOS3 894 G>T polymorphism and relapse‐free survival and relapse in patients with AML were observed. Gene expression levels were significantly higher in patients with the GG genotype than in patients with the GT and TT genotypes (P = 0.033). The findings suggest that the NOS3 894 G>T variant may be a biomarker for the prediction of OS in Chinese patients with AML.
Functional coexistence of twin arsenic resistance systems in Pseudomonas putida KT2440
Authors: Páez‐Espino A. David , Durante‐Rodríguez Gonzalo , de Lorenzo Víctor
Published: March 2014

The genome of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 bears two virtually identical arsRBCH operons putatively encoding resistance to inorganic arsenic species. Single and double chromosomal deletions in each of these ars clusters of this bacterium were tested for arsenic sensitivity and found that the contribution of each operon to the resistance to the metalloid was not additive, as either cluster sufficed to endow cells with high‐level resistance. However, otherwise identical traits linked to each of the ars sites diverged when temperature was decreased. Growth of the various mutants at 15°C (instead of the standard 30°C for P. putida) uncovered that ars2 affords a much higher resistance to As (III) than the ars1 counterpart. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of arsB1 and arsB2 genes as well as lacZ fusions to the Pars1 and Pars2 promoters traced the difference to variations in transcription of the corresponding gene sets at each temperature. Functional redundancy may thus be selected as a stable condition – rather than just as transient state – if it affords one key activity to be expressed under a wider range of physicochemical settings. This seems to provide a straightforward solution to regulatory problems in environmental bacteria that thrive under changing scenarios.
Greasing the wheels of rural transformation? Margarine and the competition for theBritish butter market
Authors: Lampe Markus , Sharp Paul
Published: March 2014

This article considers an example of the impact of a new good on producers of close substitutes: the invention of margarine and its rapid introduction into the British market from the mid‐1870s. This presented a challenge to the traditional suppliers of that market, butter producers from different European countries. We argue that the capacity to react quickly to the appearance of this cheap substitute by improving quality and establishing product differentiation was critical for the fortunes of butter producers. This is illustrated by a discussion of the different reactions to margarine and quality upgrading inIreland,Denmark, and theNetherlands. A statistical analysis using monthly data for Britain from 1881–7 confirms that margarine had a greater impact on the price of poor quality butter than that of high quality butter, presumably because it was a stronger substitute.
Analysts' forecast error: a robust prediction model and its short‐term trading profitability
Authors: Boudt Kris , de Goeij Peter , Thewissen James , Van Campenhout Geert
Published: March 2014

This paper contributes to the empirical evidence on the investment horizon salient to trading based on predicting the error in analysts' earnings forecasts. An econometric framework is proposed that accommodates the stylized fact of extreme values in the forecast error series. We find that between 1998 and 2010, the strategy of taking a long (short) position in stocks with the most pessimistic (optimistic) I/B/E/S forecast has an annual risk‐adjusted return of 16.56 per cent before transaction costs. The robust method used to predict this pessimism (optimism) and the one‐week investment horizon are the key drivers of the strategy's profitability.
Genetic variants in KDR transcriptional regulatory region affect promoter activity and intramuscular fat deposition in Erhualian pigs
Authors: Fu Y. , Sun W. , Xu C. , Gu S. , Li Y. , Liu Z. , Chen J.
Published: March 2014

Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, is widely regarded as having a principal role in mediating VEGF‐induced responses in angiogenesis. As angiogenesis provides oxygen and nutrients for growth and deposition of adipose cells, our objective was to determine whether the promoter polymorphisms in the KDR gene have effects on intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Three novel SNPs, c.‐1316A>G, c.‐1303C>T and c.‐1108A>C, were revealed to have differential allele distribution between high‐ and low‐IMF content groups by comparative sequencing of DNA pools. The three SNPs were completely linked, forming only ACA or GTC haplotypes when genotyped in 105 Erhualian purebred pigs and 98 Duroc × Large White × Yorkshire (D×L×Y) cross‐bred pigs. It is interesting that the ACA haplotype is present exclusively in Erhualian pigs and not in D×L×Y pigs. The ACA promoter was found to have higher activity than GTC type for KDR transcription using either gene expression analysis or luciferase assay. Site‐direct mutation analysis demonstrated that c.‐1316A>G is the causation of promoter activity alteration. Furthermore, we detected that CD31 (also known as PECAM1) and CD34, two blood vessel endothelial markers, expressed higher in ACA/ACA individuals. We concluded that the ACA promoter might be a desirable form for improving IMF content by promoting higher KDR gene expression and more blood vessel network.
Thyroidal abscesses in third and fourth branchial anomalies: not only a paediatric diagnosis
Authors: Kruijff Schelto , Sywak Mark S. , Sidhu Stan B. , Shun Albert , Novakovic Daniel , Lee James C. , Delbridge Leigh W.
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Acute suppurative thyroiditis and recurrent abscess formation due to third and fourth branchial anomalies typically present in children. However, thyroid abscesses in branchial anomalies may occur in adulthood as well. Failure to recognize and delayed drainage of a neck abscess may lead to a fulminant life‐threatening outcome.

Methods

This is a retrospective case series. The study group comprised all patients presenting over a 12‐month period from January to December 2012 with thyroid abscesses and a branchial cleft anomaly in two centres, one adult and the other paediatric. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, imaging, surgical management, definitive histology and outcomes were documented.

Results

Five patients were identified with a history of thyroid abscesses. Only one was a child (aged 9 years) with the other four being adults (aged 20, 34, 37 and 41 years). All patients had third or fourth left branchial cleft anomalies, presenting as suppurative thyroiditis with a left‐sided thyroid abscess. Management options ranged from abscess drainage on initial presentation, primary thyroid lobectomy or delayed thyroid lobectomy following abscess drainage.

Conclusion

Acute suppurative thyroidits and thyroid abscesses is not just a paediatric diagnosis but may present at any age. In both children and adults, a thyroid abscess almost always arises from branchial cleft anomalies.
The progression of myopia from its onset at age 8–12 to adulthood and the influence of heredity and external factors on myopic progression. A 23‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi , Kauppinen Markku , Viljanen Anne
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To examine myopic progression and factors connected with myopic progression.

Methods

Myopic schoolchildren, with no previous spectacles, 119 boys and 121 girls, were recruited during 1983–1984 to a randomized 3‐year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia with a subsequent 20‐year follow‐up. Participants' mean age at Baseline was 10.9, ranging from 8.7 to 12.8 years. An ophthalmological examination was carried out annually for 3 years and twice thereafter at ca. 10‐year intervals. Additional refraction values were received from prescriptions issued by different ophthalmologists and opticians. Altogether, 1915 refraction values were available. Reading distance and accommodation were measured at each control visit. Data on parents' myopia, daily time spent on reading and close work, outdoor activities and watching television were gathered with a structured questionnaire.

Results

Using bifocals (+1.75 add) or reading without glasses or accommodation stimulus during the 3‐year period in childhood did not correlate with adulthood refraction. Short reading distance in childhood predicted higher adulthood myopia among females. The factors predicting faster myopic progression were parents' myopia and less time spent on sports and outdoor activities at childhood. Time spent on reading and close work in childhood was related to myopic progression during the first 3 years but did not predict adulthood myopia. Myopia throughout follow‐up was higher among those who watched television <3 hr daily than those who spent more time watching television. Mean myopic progression 8 years after age 20–24 was −0.45 D ± 0.71 (SD), and in 45% of cases, progression was ≥0.5 D.

Conclusions

In nearly half of the cases, myopia beginning at school continued to progress into adulthood. Higher adulthood myopia was mainly related to parents' myopia and less time spent on sports and outdoor activities in childhood.
LAWYERS IN VENTURE CAPITAL CONTRACTING: THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Authors: BENGTSSON OLA , BERNHARDT DAN
Published: March 2014

Real‐world financial contracts are sometimes so complex that it can be difficult to understand their exact payoff consequences. We develop and test a theoretical model of a venture capitalist (VC) negotiating with an entrepreneur who may overweigh or underweigh the payoff consequences of contractual downside protection (DP). A lawyer with expertise in venture capital can inform the entrepreneur about these consequences, but less expert (but otherwise high quality) lawyers cannot. We determine how a VC's decision to include DP is affected by the expected quality of the entrepreneur's project, the entrepreneur's experience, and the VC expertise of his/her legal counsel. We show that the VC's incentive to include unnecessary DP declines in expected project quality. Indeed, for inexperienced entrepreneurs involved with high‐quality projects, VCs prefer that the entrepreneur's counsel has VC expertise. This implies that, when negotiating with inexperienced entrepreneurs, VCs who invest in high‐quality companies should be more likely to negotiate with entrepreneurs who employ lawyers with VC expertise. We document broad empirical support for the model, and provide evidence against competing explanations. (JEL L24, G24, K12, L14, L24)
Integrative diagnosis of the needle nematodeLongidorus jonesiaffecting forest in southernJapan
Authors: Palomares‐Rius J. E. , Kikuchi T. , Cantalapiedra‐Navarrete C. , Castillo P.
Published: March 2014

The occurrence of a parthenogenetic population ofLongidorus jonesiin the rhizosphere of aPrunussp. tree in a mixed evergreen forest is reported for the first time inMiyazaki (Miyazaki prefecture), southernJapan, and constitutes the first report of this species inJapan. Nematode diagnosis matched well with the original description in India and a subsequent report inChina. Morphometric traits of theJapanese population were characterized by a longer odontostyle length (123–142.5vs. 107–120 μm) and some differences in c ratio (95.9–131.5vs. 140–185) with respect to the original description, but closer to theChinese population. This difference could be considered as geographical intraspecific variability. Molecular characterization from nuclear ribosomalRNAgenes [D2‐D3 expansion segments of large ribosomal subunit (28S) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)] was provided for the first time. Molecular analysis ofD2‐D3 andITS1 showed a close relationship withL. diadecturus, a virus‐vector nematode, by 94 and 79% similarity, respectively. The similarities in morphology, molecular and ecology (L. jonesiandL. diadecturusare feeding mainly onPrunusspecies) suggest that this species could be a potential virus vector, as it is the case withL. diadecturusandpeach rosette mosaic virus.
High‐frequency p16INK4A promoter methylation is associated with histone methyltransferase SETDB1 expression in sporadic cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Kostaki Maria , Manona Argyro D. , Stavraka Irene , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Levidou Georgia , Trigka Eleni‐Andriana , Christofidou Eleftheria , Champsas Grigorios , Stratigos Alexandros J. , Katsambas Andreas , Papadopoulos Othon , Piperi Christina , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: March 2014

Epigenetic mechanisms participate in melanoma development and progression. The effect of histone modifications and their catalysing enzymes over euchromatic promoter DNA methylation in melanoma remains unclear. This study investigated the potential association of p16INK4A promoter methylation with histone methyltransferase SETDB1 expression in Greek patients with sporadic melanoma and their correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. Promoter methylation was detected by methylation‐specific PCR in 100 peripheral blood samples and 58 melanoma tissues from the same patients. Cell proliferation (Ki‐67 index), p16INK4A and SETDB1 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. High‐frequency promoter methylation (25.86%) was observed in tissue samples and correlated with increased cell proliferation (P = 0.0514). p16INK4A promoter methylation was higher in vertical growth‐phase (60%) melanomas than in radial (40%, P = 0.063) and those displaying epidermal involvement (P = 0.046). Importantly, p16INK4A methylation correlated with increased melanoma thickness according to Breslow index (P = 0.0495) and marginally with increased Clark level (I/II vs III/IV/V, P = 0.070). Low (1–30%) p16INK4A expression was detected at the majority (19 of 54) of melanoma cases (35.19%), being marginally correlated with tumor lymphocytic infiltration (P = 0.078). SETDB1 nuclear immunoreactivity was observed in 47 of 57 (82.46%) cases, whereas 27 of 57 (47.37%) showed cytoplasmic immunoexpression. Cytoplasmic SETDB1 expression correlated with higher frequency of p16INK4A methylation and p16INK4A expression (P = 0.033, P = 0.011, respectively). Increased nuclear SETDB1 levels were associated with higher mitotic count (0–5/mm2 vs >5/mm2, P = 0.0869), advanced Clark level (III‐V, P = 0.0380), epidermal involvement (P = 0.0331) and the non‐chronic sun exposure‐associated melanoma type (P = 0.0664). Our data demonstrate for the first time the association of histone methyltransferase SETDB1 with frequent methylation of the euchromatic p16INK4A promoter and several prognostic parameters in melanomas.