bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Potential Small Molecule Peptidomimetics Similar to Motifs in Proteins.
Authors: Baran Ivan , Varekova Radka Svobodova , Parthasarathi Laavanya , Suchomel Simon , Casey Fergal , Shields Denis C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Analysis of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II: Docking Reliability and Receptor‐Based 3D‐QSAR Study.
Authors: Tuccinardi Tiziano , Nuti Elisa , Ortore Gabriella , Supuran Claudiu T. , Rossello Armando , Martinell Adriano
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modeling the Interaction Between Two‐ and Four‐Ring Progestin Models and a Silicone‐Based Polymer Model: A Density Functional Theory Study.
Authors: Hukka Terttu I. , Pakkanen Tuula T.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure‐Based Pharmacophore Identification of New Chemical Scaffolds as Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.
Authors: Barreca Maria Letizia , De Luca Laura , Iraci Nunzio , Rao Angela , Ferro Stefania , Maga Giovanni , Chimirri Alba
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction Site Mapping of Xenobiotic Biotransformations.
Authors: Boyer Scott , Arnby Catrin Hasselgren , Carlsson Lars , Smith James , Stein Viktor , Glen Robert C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Perspective Assessment of COX‐1 and COX‐2 Selectivity of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs from Clinical Practice: Use of Genetic Function Approximation.
Authors: Zambre Ajit P. , Ganure Ashok L. , Shinde Devanand B. , Kulkarni Vithal M.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanosized Zeolites Templated by Metal—Amine Complexes.
Authors: Kecht J. , Mintova S. , Bein T.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Preparation, Characterization and Optical Properties of Rectangular PbCrO4 Single‐Crystal Nanorods.
Authors: Cheng Bei , Guo Hua , Yu Jiaguo , Zhao Xiujian
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of [7‐(2,6‐Dichlorophenyl)‐5‐methylbenzo[1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl]‐ [4‐(2‐pyrrolidin‐1‐ylethoxy)phenyl]amine — A Potent, Orally Active Src Kinase Inhibitor with Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Assays.
Authors: Noronha Glenn , et al. et al.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Models Related to Furanocoumarin‐CYP 3A4 Interactions. Synthesis of Furanocoumarin Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of CYP 3A4.
Authors: Oda Kazuaki , Tamai Yukio , Yamaguchi Yuki , Yoshimura Teruki , Wada Keiji , Machida Minoru , Nishizono Naozumi
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heat Treatment with Gaseous Atmospheres
Authors: Grosch Johann
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic Ordering of the Spin Reorientation Transition in Nanostructures
Authors: Vedmedenko Elena Y.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanostructure Formation at the Solid/Liquid Interface
Authors: Kolb D. M. , Simeone F. C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Materials for High Temperature Electrochemical NOx Gas Sensors
Authors: Fergus Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Control of Magnetic Properties Through External Stimuli
Authors: Sato Osamu , Tao Jun , Zhang Yuan‐Zhu
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functional Ruthenium(II)‐ and Iridium(III)‐Containing Polymers for Potential Electro‐Optical Applications
Authors: Marin Veronica , Holder Elisabeth , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Expanding the Diversity of Polycyclic Aromatics Through a Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Strategy
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Lahiri Kakali
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of a Naphthyridinone P38 Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Chung John Y. L. , Cvetovich Raymond J.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Automated Synthesis of Heterocycles on Solid Supports
Authors: Jung Nicole , Encinas Arantxa , Braese Stefan
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enriching Chemical Space with Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis
Authors: Thomas Gemma L. , Wyatt Emma E. , Spring David R.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Certain Aspects of the Reactivity of Carotenoids. Redox Processes and Complexation
Authors: Polyakov N. E. , Leshina T. V.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogen‐Mediated C—C Bond Formation: A Broad New Concept in Catalytic C—C Coupling
Authors: Ngai Ming‐Yu , Kong Jong‐Rock , Kirsche Michael J.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photochromic Bisthienylethene as Multi‐Function Switches
Authors: Tian He , Wang Sheng
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Application of Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution (HKR) in the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds.
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Naidu Vasudeva , Gupta Priti
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aryl Calcium Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, Physical Properties, and Chemical Behavior
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Gaertner Martin , Fischer Reinald , Langer Jens
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Directed Evolution of Antibody Molecules in Phage‐Displayed Combinatorial Libraries
Authors: Fujii Ikuo
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Non Platinum Metal Complexes as Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Ott Ingo , Gust Ronald
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Heat Shock Proteins with Controlled Distribution Properties and Their Application to Vaccine Delivery
Authors: Nishikawa Makiya , Takemoto Seiji , Takakura Yoshinobu
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Effective Antigen Delivery Carrier to Dendritic Cells via Fc Receptor in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Suzuki Ryo , Utoguchi Naoki , Kawamura Kazuko , Kadowaki Norimitsu , Okada Naoki , Takizawa Tomoko , Uchiyama Takashi , Maruyama Kazuo
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Vaccine Adjuvants Using Polymeric Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications for anti‐HIV Vaccine
Authors: Akagi Takami , Baba Masanori , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Novel Nuclear Receptor Ligands Based on Receptor‐Folding Inhibition Hypothesis
Authors: Tanatani Aya
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Use of Stabilized Phthalide Anion Annulation Reactions in Synthesis: An Update
Authors: Rathwell Kris , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐(2‐Iodylphenyl)acylamides — New Pentavalent Iodine Oxidizing Reagents
Authors: Ladziata Uladzimir , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhenium‐Catalyzed C—H and C—C Bond Activation
Authors: Horino Yoshikazu
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Substrates and Biochemical Probes for Study of the Peptidoglycan Biosynthetic Pathway
Authors: Narayan Radha S. , VanNieuwenhze Michael S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modern Aspects of the Chemistry of Protoporphyrin IX
Authors: Pavlov V. Yu.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Particular Role of Radiopharmacy within Bioorganometallic Chemistry
Authors: Alberto Roger
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Group 4 Metallocenes in Bioorganometallic Chemistry
Authors: Erker Gerhard
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Heavy Metal Tolerance
Authors: Hildebrandt Ulrich , Regvar Marjana , Bothe Hermann
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functional Roles of the Heme Architecture and Its Environment in Tetraheme Cytochrome c
Authors: Akutsu Hideo , Takayama Yuki
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Release Mechanisms for Polyelectrolyte Capsules
Authors: De Geest Bruno G. , Sanders Niek N. , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Demeester Joseph , De Smedt Stefaan C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Density Functional Theory with Dispersion Corrections for Supramolecular Structures, Aggregates, and Complexes of (Bio)organic Molecules
Authors: Grimme Stefan , Antony Jens , Schwabe Tobias , Mueck‐Lichtenfeld Christian
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystallography of Vitamin B12 Proteins
Authors: Randaccio Lucio , Geremia Silvano , Wuerges Jochen
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Investigation of Protein—Ligand Interactions by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sinz Andrea
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in cancer patients with pulmonary aspergillosis recovering from neutropenia: Proof of principle, description, and clinical and research implications
Authors: Miceli Marisa H. , Maertens Johan , Buvé Kristel , Grazziutti Monica , Woods Gail , Rahman Mazhar , Barlogie Bart , Anaissie Elias J.
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND.

Assessing the outcome of patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis by using conventional criteria is difficult, particularly when clinical and radiologic worsening coincides with neutrophil recovery. Usually, it is assumed that this deterioration is related to progressive aspergillosis, prompting changes in patient management. However, its temporal relation with neutrophil recovery suggests that it may be caused by an immune reconstitution syndrome (IRIS). Galactomannan is an Aspergillus‐specific polysaccharide that is released during aspergillosis and is detected by the serum galactomannan test, which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. In this study, the authors used sequential galactomannan testing to distinguish IRIS responses from progressive aspergillosis.

METHODS.

From April 2001 to December 2006, patients with hematologic malignancies underwent galactomannan screening during periods when they were at risk. The clinical and laboratory findings from patients who had ≥2 consecutive positive galactomannan assays (optical density, ≥0.5) were reviewed.

RESULTS.

Nineteen neutropenic patients with aspergillosis developed clinical and radiologic pulmonary deterioration during neutrophil recovery. Deterioration coincided with microbiologic response, as documented by rapid normalization of serum galactomannan, and, in 16 patients, was followed by complete clinical response and survival at 3 months, although there were no changes in antifungal therapy. The 3 patients who died during the first month had no evidence of aspergillosis at autopsy examination.

CONCLUSIONS.

The authors propose that IRIS was responsible for the current findings and provide a definition for the syndrome. They also recommend serial galactomannan testing to guide aspergillosis management. Declining galactomannan values imply IRIS with an aspergillus response and obviate the need for invasive procedures and alternative antifungal therapies, whereas persistent galactomannan elevation indicates progressive aspergillosis and requires prompt treatment modification. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Resection alone in 58 children with limited stage, lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma–experience from the European network group on pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Mauz‐Körholz Christine , Gorde‐Grosjean Stephanie , Hasenclever Dirk , Shankar Ananth , Dörffel Wolfgang , Wallace W. Hamish , Schellong Günther , Robert Alain , Körholz Dieter , Oberlin Odile , Hall Georgina W. , Landman‐Parker Judith
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND.

Lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (LPHL) is a rare, CD20‐positive, good prognostic lymphoma in children. Patients with early‐stage LPHL who underwent successful surgical lymph node resection alone have been reported. To clarify the optimum treatment strategy in children, European study groups were asked to report their experience of surgery alone used in the treatment of pediatric LPHL.

METHODS.

Data from 58 patients were collected by the French Society for Pediatric Cancers, the German‐Austrian Pediatric Study Group/German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (Germany), and the Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (United Kingdom). In total, there were 50 boys and 8 girls, and the median age was 11 years (age range, 4‐17 years). Fifty‐four patients had stage IA disease, 2 patients had stage IIA disease, and 2 patients had stage IIIA disease.

RESULTS.

With a median follow‐up of 43 months (range, 2‐202 months), the overall survival rate was 100%, and the progression‐free survival (PFS) rate was 57%. Fifty‐one of 58 patients achieved complete remission (CR) after surgery. In the CR group, the overall PFS rate was 67% (95% confidence interval, 51‐82%). All seven patients who had residual disease after initial surgery developed recurrences (P = .003). Among 18 patients with stage IA LPHL who developed recurrent disease, 11 patients had local recurrences, and 7 patients recurred in stage IIA. One patient with stage IIIA disease presented with high‐grade B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma at 10 years of follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS.

When complete resection was achieved, a substantial proportion of patients with surgically treated, early‐stage LPHL experienced long‐term remission and actually may have been cured. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
DTM: a service for managing data persistency and data replication in network‐enabled server environments
Authors: Del‐Fabbro Bruno , Laiymani David , Nicod Jean‐Marc , Philippe Laurent
Published: May 2007

Network‐enabled server (NES) environments are valuable candidates to provide simple computing Grid access. These environments allow transparent access to a set of computational servers via Remote Procedure Call mechanisms. In this context, a challenge is to increase performances by decreasing data traffic. This paper presents DTM (Data Tree Manager), a data management service for NES environments. Based on the notions of data persistency and data replication, DTM proposes a set of efficient policies which minimize computation times by decreasing data transfers between the clients and the platform. From the end‐user point of view, DTM is accessible through a simple and transparent API. We describe DTM and its implementation in the DIET (Distributed Interactive Engineering Toolbox) platform. We also present a set of experimental results which show the feasibility and the efficiency of our approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating and mining distributed environmental archives on Grids
Authors: Zhizhin M. , Kihn E. , Redmon R. , Poyda A. , Mishin D. , Medvedev D. , Lyutsarev V.
Published: May 2007

The solar‐terrestrial physics distributed database for the ICSU World Data Centers, and the NCEP/NCAR climate re‐analysis data have been integrated into standard Grid environments using the OGSA‐DAI framework. A set of algorithms and software tools for distributed querying and mining environmental archives using the UNIDATA Common Data Model concepts has been developed. In addition, the toolkit enables querying the data using meaningful ‘human linguistic’ terms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Payment and negotiation for the next generation Grid and Web
Authors: Cohen Jeremy , Darlington John , Lee William
Published: May 2007

We present a proposal for a next‐generation Internet based on chargeable Web Services and Utility Computing realized by a series of open but interacting markets. We demonstrate through the U.K. e‐Science project ‘A Market for Computational Services’ the development of some of the fundamental building blocks for such a Grid computational marketplace. This paper describes the motivation behind this restructuring of the Internet and Web‐based activities as a series of markets and how Grid Computing technologies can contribute towards this goal. The paper details the work undertaken at the London e‐Science Centre to build a framework to create and support negotiable and chargeable Web Services. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of endogenous MHC class II‐restricted antigen presentation by tacrolimus (FK506) via FKBP51
Authors: Imai Akihito , Sahara Hiroeki , Tamura Yasuaki , Jimbow Kowichi , Saito Tamotsu , Ezoe Kyori , Yotsuyanagi Takatoshi , Sato Noriyuki
Published: May 2007

The effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on down‐regulation of IL‐2 production by T cells is considered to be mainly responsible for its strong suppression of immunological events. In this study, we show that FK506 also has an affect on antigen presentation by antigen‐presenting cells in vitro. FK506 was able to inhibit the presentation of endogenous MHC class II‐restricted minor histocompatibility antigens in primary dendritic cells (DC) in vitro, but cyclosporine A (CsA) and rapamycin (RAP) were not. RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated reduction of endogenous FK506‐binding protein (FKBP)51 expression resulted in a marked decrease in antigen presentation, suggesting that FKBP51 plays a role in endogenous MHC class II‐restricted antigen presentation. Since our model used naturally expressed cytosolic antigens in primary DC, these effects might have been due to novel properties of the immunosuppressive drugs and may allow us to elucidate a new paradigm for the immunosuppressive mechanism of FK506.
Malondialdehyde modification of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein leads to increased immunogenicity and encephalitogenicity
Authors: Wållberg Maja , Bergquist Jonas , Achour Adnane , Breij Esther , Harris Robert A.
Published: May 2007

Self proteins may become autoantigenic through structural modification. We studied malondialdehydation of recombinant rat (rr) myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), an autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) modification changed protein weight and charge, the location of these adducts being mapped by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. Molecular modelling revealed significant differences in the MDA‐rrMOG three‐dimensional structure. DBA/1 mice immunised with MDA‐rrMOG developed greater proliferative responses and more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than mice immunised with unmodified rrMOG. MDA‐rrMOG was taken up more effectively by antigen‐presenting cells (APC), at least partially through scavenger receptors. Exposure to MDA‐rrMOG led to increased expression of IL‐23, IL‐12 and IL‐12R, indicating a role not only for increased antigen uptake but also for activation of APC. We thus provide biochemical, structural, immunological and clinical data that suggest that the post‐translationally modified form of this myelin autoantigen is a more relevant form of the molecule.
Superoxide Reductases
Authors: Pereira Alice S. , Tavares Pedro , Folgosa Filipe , Almeida Rui M. , Moura Isabel , Moura José J. G.
Published: May 2007

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), when in excess, are among the most deleterious species an organism can deal with. The physiological effects of ROS include amino acid chain cleavage, DNA degradation and lipid oxidation, among others. They can be formed in the cytoplasm in a variety of ways, including autooxidation reactions (FMN‐ and FAD‐containing enzymes) and Fenton reactions as a result of the cytoplasmatic pool of iron ions. The superoxide anion (O2·–), despite its short half‐life in solution, is particularly pernicious as it can form other reactive ROS (such as the strong oxidant peroxynitrite) or oxidize and/or reduce cellular components. For strict anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria it is of particular importance to be able to dispose of ROS in a controlled manner, especially if these organisms are temporarily exposed to air. This review aims to describe the structural characteristics of superoxide reductases (SORs) and mechanistic aspects of biological superoxide anion reduction. SORs can be considered the main class of enzymes behind the oxygen detoxification pathway of anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria. The geometry of the active site (three classes have been described), the possible electron donors in vivo and the current hypothesis for the catalytic mechanism will be discussed. Some phylogenetic considerations are presented, regarding the primary structure of SORs currently available in genome databases.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
CE assay of methylmalonyl‐coenzyme‐A mutase activity
Authors: Carlucci Filippo , Rosi Francesca , Tommassini Valentina , Tabucchi Antonella
Published: May 2007

Methylmalonyl‐coenzyme A mutase (MCM) is a 5′‐deoxyadenosylcobalamin‐linked mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of L‐methylmalonyl‐coenzyme A to succinyl‐coenzyme A. We described a method for methylmalonyl‐CoA and succinyl‐CoA separation by CE, suitable for the evaluation of MCM activity. The working conditions for optimal separation were obtained in order to achieve the best resolution in the shortest analysis time. The optimization of buffer composition together with other variables, such as injection time, separation voltage, migration time, and capillary temperature, resulted in a solution of 30 mM NaH2PO4 containing 15 mM SDS, pH 3.2. Separations were carried out in an uncoated fused‐silica capillary (55 cm, 50 μm id) at −25 kV, reading at 254 nm. The method performance was evaluated by measuring total and holo‐MCM activity in biological matrices such as rat liver and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The mean MCM activity was expressed in nmol/h/mg protein of tissue/cell extract and was calculated from the amount of reaction product formed. The rapidity of analysis and utmost precision (repeatability and within‐laboratory reproducibility) point out the potentialities of the proposed method for the differential diagnosis of methylmalonic acidemia, in relation to protein or coenzyme defects.
The Lille model: A new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids
Authors: Louvet Alexandre , Naveau Sylvie , Abdelnour Marcelle , Ramond Marie-José , Diaz Emmanuel , Fartoux Laetitia , Dharancy Sébastien , Texier Frédéric , Hollebecque Antoine , Serfaty Lawrence , Boleslawski Emmanuel , Deltenre Pierre , Canva Valérie , Pruvot François-René , Mathurin Philippe
Published: May 2007

Early identification of patients with severe (discriminant function ≥ 32) alcoholic hepatitis (AH) not responding to corticosteroids is crucial. We generated a specific prognostic model (Lille model) to identify candidates early on for alternative therapies. Three hundred twenty patients with AH prospectively treated by corticosteroids were included in the development cohort and 118 in its validation. Baseline data and a change in bilirubin at day 7 were tested. The model was generated by logistic regression. The model combining six reproducible variables (age, renal insufficiency, albumin, prothrombin time, bilirubin, and evolution of bilirubin at day 7) was highly predictive of death at 6 months (

P

< 0.000001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of the Lille model was 0.89 ± 0.02, higher than the Child-Pugh (0.62 ± 0.04,

P

< 0.00001) or Maddrey scores (0.66 ± 0.04,

P

< 0.00001). In the validation cohort, its AUROC was 0.85 ± 0.04, still higher than the other models, including MELD (0.72 ± 0.05,

P

= 0.01) and Glasgow scores (0.67 ± 0.05,

P

= 0.0008). Patients above the ideal cutoff of 0.45 showed a marked decrease in 6-month survival as compared with others: 25% ± 3.8% versus 85% ± 2.5%,

P

< 0.0001. This cutoff was able to identify approximately 75% of the observed deaths.

Conclusion:

In the largest cohort to date of patients with severe AH, we demonstrate that the term “nonresponder” can now be extended to patients with a Lille score above 0.45, which corresponds to 40% of cases. Early identification of subjects with substantial risk of death according to the Lille model will improve management of patients suffering from severe AH and will aid in the design of future studies for alternative therapies. (Hepatology 2007.)
Molecular characterization of the role of orphan receptor small heterodimer partner in development of fatty liver
Authors: Huang Jiansheng , Iqbal Jahangir , Saha Pradip K. , Liu Jun , Chan Lawrence , Hussain Mahmood M. , Moore David D. , Wang Li
Published: May 2007

The orphan receptor Small Heterodimer Partner (

SHP,

NROB2) regulates metabolic pathways, including hepatic bile acid, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. We reported that

SHP
-deletion in leptin-deficient

OB

−/− mice increases insulin sensitivity, and prevents the development of fatty liver. The prevention of steatosis in

OB

−/−/

SHP

−/− double mutants is not due to decreased body weight but is associated with increased hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion and elevated microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) mRNA and protein levels. SHP represses the transactivation of the MTP promoter and the induction of MTP mRNA by LRH-1 in hepatocytes. Adenoviral overexpression of SHP inhibits MTP activity as well as VLDL-apoB protein secretion, and RNAi knockdown of SHP exhibits opposite effects. The expression of SHP in induced in fatty livers of

OB

−/− mice and other genetic or dietary models of steatosis, and acute overexpression of SHP by adenovirus, result in rapid accumulation of neutral lipids in hepatocytes. In addition, the pathways for hepatic lipid uptake and lipogenic program are also downregulated in

OB

−/−/

SHP

−/− mice, which may contribute to the decreased hepatic lipid content.

Conclusion:

These studies demonstrate that SHP regulates the development of fatty liver by modulating hepatic lipid export, uptake, and synthesis, and that the improved peripheral insulin sensitivity in

OB

−/−/

SHP

−/− mice is associated with decreased hepatic steatosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Myxovirus-1 and protein kinase haplotypes and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus
Authors: Yee Leland J. , Tang Yong-Ming , Kleiner David E. , Wang Dai , Im KyungAh , Wahed Abdus , Tong Xiaomei , Rhodes Shannon , Su Xiaowen , Whelan Margaret R. , Fontana Robert J. , Ghany Marc G. , Borg Brian , Liang Jake T. , Yang Huiying
Published: May 2007

Candidate genes, including

myxovirus resistance-1 (Mx1), protein kinase (PKR), transforming growth factor
-β

1 (TGF-β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ),

were evaluated for associations with liver fibrosis in 374 treatment-naive patients with genotype-1 chronic HCV infection [194 Caucasian Americans (CAs) and 180 African Americans (AAs)], using a genetic haplotype approach. Among the 18 haplotypes that occurred with a frequency ≥5% in the cohort overall, the

Mx1-(-123C)-(+6886A)-(+19820G(379V))-(+38645T)

(abbreviated

Mx1-CAGT),

and

PKR-(+110T)-(+7949G)-(+13846A)-(+22937T)-(+40342T)

(abbreviated

PKR-TGATT)

haplotypes were independently associated with less severe hepatic fibrosis (Ishak ≥ 3 versus <3). These associations persisted after adjustment for potential confounders such as alcohol use, sex, age (which is strongly correlated with the estimated duration of HCV infection [Spearman's correlation coefficient (

r

s) = 0.6)], and race (for

Mx1-CAGT

: OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.16-0.68;

P

= 0.0027; and for

PKR-TGATT

: OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32-0.98;

P

= 0.0405). Population structure was evaluated using the structured association method using data from 161 ancestry-informative markers and did not affect our findings. We used an independent cohort of 34 AA and 160 CA in an attempt to validate our findings, although notable differences were found in the characteristics of the two patient groups. Although we observed a similar protective trend for the

Mx1-CAGT

haplotype in the validation set, the association was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

In addition to other factors, polymorphisms in cytokine genes may play a role in the progression of HCV-related fibrosis; however, further studies are needed. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker inhibits fibrosis in rat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Hirose Akira , Ono Masafumi , Saibara Toshiji , Nozaki Yasuko , Masuda Kosei , Yoshioka Akemi , Takahashi Masaya , Akisawa Naoaki , Iwasaki Shinji , Oben Jude A. , Onishi Saburo
Published: May 2007

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is now the most frequent cause of chronic liver impairment in developed countries and is a suggested causative factor in the development of cryptogenic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. At present there is no effective and accepted therapy for NASH. The renin-angiotensin system is involved in hepatic fibrosis through activation of hepatic stellate cells, major fibrogenic cells in the liver. Hepatic stellate cells are activated by liver injury to express excessive matrix proteins and profibrogenic cytokines such as transforming growth factor–beta 1. Medicines that inhibit this pathway may be of therapeutic potential in NASH. Using a methionine-choline–deficient rat model of NASH, we studied the potential utility of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), olmesartan, on biochemical, histologic, and antioxidant measures of disease activity. ARB significantly attenuated increases in aspartate aminotransferase, activation of hepatic stellate cells, oxidative stress, expression of transforming growth factor–beta 1, expression of collagen genes, and liver fibrosis.

Conclusion

: Our observations strongly suggest a potential preventive role for ARB in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (Hepatology 2007.)
MRI detection of macrophages labeled using micrometer‐sized iron oxide particles
Authors: Williams John B. , Ye Qing , Hitchens T. Kevin , Kaufman Christina L. , Ho Chien
Published: May 2007

Purpose

To evaluate cellular labeling of immune cells using micron‐sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs) and evaluate the MR relaxivity and MRI detection of the labeled cells.

Materials and Methods

Immune cells isolated from mice and rats were labeled with three different sizes of MPIO particles (0.35, 0.90, or 1.63 μm). These labeled cells were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, MR relaxometry, and MRI.

Results

Macrophage uptake of MPIOs was found to be highest for the 1.63‐μm size particles. MR relaxivity measurements indicated greater spin‐spin relaxation for MPIO‐labeled cells relative to cells labeled with nanometer‐sized ultra‐small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles with similar iron content. TEM and fluorescence microscopy indicated cellular uptake of multiple MPIO particles per cell. Macrophages labeled with 1.63‐μm MPIOs had an average cellular iron uptake of 39.1 pg/cell, corresponding to approximately 35 particles per cell.

Conclusion

Cells labeled with one or more MPIO particles could be readily detected ex vivo at 11.7 Tesla and after infusion of the MPIO‐labeled macrophages into the kidney of a rat, hypointense regions of the outer cortex are observed, in vivo, by MRI at 4.7 Tesla. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1210–1218. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative evaluation of the relaxivity effects of iodine on GD‐DTPA enhanced MR arthrography
Authors: Ganguly Arundhuti , Gold Garry E. , Butts Pauly Kim , Mayer Dirk , Moseley Michael M. , Pelc Norbert J. , Fahrig Rebecca
Published: May 2007

Purpose

To quantify the effect of iodine on the gadolinium (Gd) contrast‐enhanced signal in MR arthrography.

Materials and Methods

Saline solutions of Gd contrast agent (0–1 mmol/liter) were mixed with iodinated contrast agent (0–185 mmol/liter). The T1 and T2 relaxation constants of these solutions were measured at 1.5T. Different types of commonly used iodinated contrast agents as well as sodium iodide (NaI) solutions were also analyzed.

Results

Iodine caused significant T2 shortening and some T1 shortening in Gd contrast solutions. Both contrast agents independently obeyed the standard relaxation relation, and their mixture obeyed a modified version of this relation. The side chains in various iodine molecules and their viscosities affected the relaxation properties differently. For various spin‐echo (SE) sequences, the signal from synovial fluid containing different concentrations of the two contrast agents was calculated. The T2‐weighted signal appeared to be most affected by the increase in iodine concentrations. In the absence of Gd contrast, all SE sequences showed an initial increase in signal from iodine contrast.

Conclusion

A generalized relation for the relaxivities of Gd contrast in the presence of iodine was established. The side chains of iodine contrast were found to alter the relaxivities of Gd contrast. Imaging with proton density (PD)‐weighted SE with only iodine contrast agent was found to be feasible. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1219–1225. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) as a quality parameter in fMRI
Authors: Geissler Alexander , Gartus Andreas , Foki Thomas , Tahamtan Amir Reza , Beisteiner Roland , Barth Markus
Published: May 2007

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of data quality on the localization of brain activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and to explore whether the temporal contrast‐to‐noise‐ratio (CNR) provides a quantitative parameter to estimate fMRI quality.

Materials and Methods

We investigated two methods for defining the CNR by comparing them on a single‐run, single session, as well as on a group‐wise basis. The CNRs of healthy subjects and a group of patients with brain lesions were calculated using two different strategies: one based on a general linear model (GLM) analysis (CNR_SPM), and one that acts as an adaptive low‐pass filter and assumes that the high‐frequency components contain the temporal noise (CNR_SG). Runs with low CNR were identified as outliers using a common exclusion criterion (2 × standard deviation (SD)).

Results

The results of the two CNR methods are highly correlated. Both between and within subjects and patients the CNR showed quite large variations, but the average CNR did not differ between a group of healthy subjects and a patient group. In total, seven of 213 runs (3.3% of all runs) had to be excluded when CNR_SG was used, and 14 of 213 (6.6%) runs had to be excluded when CNR_SPM was used.

Conclusion

Calculating the CNR using an adaptive low‐pass filter gives similar results to a GLM‐based approach and could be advantageous for cases in which the hemodynamic response function (HRF) differs significantly from common assumptions. The CNR can be used to identify and exclude runs with suboptimal CNR, and to identify sessions with insufficient data quality. The CNR may serve as a quantitative and intuitive parameter to assess the performance and quality of clinical fMRI investigations, including information on both functional performance (contrast) and data quality (noise caused by the system and physiology). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;25:1263–1270. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of epidermal growth factor receptors in astrocytes: From development to neural injury
Authors: Liu Bin , Neufeld Arthur H.
Published: May 2007

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway controls the phenotypic characteristics of astrocytes. In the developing central nervous system (CNS), activation of the EGFR pathway induces astrocyte differentiation, forming the cribriform structure that surrounds axons and providing a supportive environment for neurons. In the adult CNS, the EGFR pathway is absent from astrocytes but is highly up‐regulated and activated following neuronal injury. Activation of the EGFR pathway triggers quiescent astrocytes to become reactive astrocytes. Although astrocytes regulated by the EGFR pathway play constructive roles in the developing CNS, astrocytes that become reactive in response to activation of the EGFR pathway appear to be destructive to neurons in the adult CNS. The reappearance and activation of EGFRs in astrocytes under pathological conditions may activate a developmental process in an adult tissue. Regulation of EGFR function in astrocytes may be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neural disorders. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astroglia overexpressing heme oxygenase‐1 predispose co‐cultured PC12 cells to oxidative injury
Authors: Song Linyang , Song Wei , Schipper Hyman M.
Published: May 2007

The mechanisms responsible for the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and pathologic iron deposition in the substantia nigra pars compacta of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unclear. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), the rate‐limiting enzyme in the oxidative degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide, and biliverdin, is upregulated in affected PD astroglia and may contribute to abnormal mitochondrial iron sequestration in these cells. To determine whether glial HO‐1 hyper‐expression is toxic to neuronal compartments, we co‐cultured dopaminergic PC12 cells atop monolayers of human (h) HO‐1 transfected, sham‐transfected, or non‐transfected primary rat astroglia. We observed that PC12 cells grown atop hHO‐1 transfected astrocytes, but not the astroglia themselves, were significantly more susceptible to dopamine (1 μM) + H2O2(1 μM)‐induced death (assessed by nuclear ethidium monoazide bromide staining and anti‐tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence microscopy) relative to control preparations. In the experimental group, PC12 cell death was attenuated significantly by the administration of the HO inhibitor, SnMP (1.5 μM), the antioxidant, ascorbate (200 μM), or the iron chelators, deferoxamine (400 μM), and phenanthroline (100 μM). Exposure to conditioned media derived from HO‐1 transfected astrocytes also augmented PC12 cell killing in response to dopamine (1 μM) + H2O2(1 μM) relative to control media. In PD brain, overexpression of HO‐1 in nigral astroglia and accompanying iron liberation may facilitate the bioactivation of dopamine to neurotoxic free radical intermediates and predispose nearby neuronal constituents to oxidative damage. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of polyglutamine proteins on nuclear organization and artificial reporter splicing
Authors: Sun June , Xu Hongzhi , Negi Sandeep , Subramony S.H. , Hebert Michael D.
Published: May 2007

Nuclear inclusions formed by proteins with expanded polyglutamine tracts are found in several neurodegenerative diseases. The effect of nuclear inclusions formed by these disease proteins on the functional organization of the nucleus is only partially understood. In particular, it is not known whether polyglutamine disease proteins disrupt the function of Cajal bodies, which are subnuclear domains that play a role in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). snRNPs are an integral part of the pre‐mRNA splicing machinery, so it is possible that mutant proteins that alter Cajal body activity indirectly affect pre‐mRNA splicing. Here, we evaluate three different polyglutamine disease proteins—ataxin‐1, ataxin‐3, and huntingtin—for their ability to disrupt Cajal body localization and reduce the splicing of an artificial reporter in HeLa cells. Consistent with previous observations, ataxin‐1 inclusions do not drastically alter the localization of Cajal bodies. In contrast, ataxin‐3 inclusions associate with this structure. Inclusions formed by a fragment of the huntingtin protein do not associate with Cajal bodies or PML bodies, another subnuclear domain. Among the three disease proteins, only ataxin‐3 significantly decreases the splicing of an artificial reporter. These results support the hypothesis that different mutant proteins vary in their ability to disrupt nuclear organization and function. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discaria trinervis – Frankia symbiosis promotion by saprophytic actinomycetes
Authors: Solans Mariana
Published: May 2007

The influence of saprophytic actinomycetes strains on the Discaria trinervis – Frankia actinorhizal symbiosis was investigated. Three strains out of 122 isolated from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of D. trinervis with multiple enzymatic activities, were selected for plant growth experiments: Streptomyces (BCRU‐MM40), Actinoplanes (BCRU‐ME3) and Micromonospora (BCRU‐MM18). Inoculated seedlings of Discaria trinervis were grown in glass tubes with vermiculite‐sand for 12 weeks. They were inoculated either with a single saprophytic strain or a combination of one or two of them together with the symbiotic N2 fixing strain Frankia BCU110501. The saprophytic strains were applied in two experimental series, i.e. mycelium + supernatant simultaneously or mycelium and supernatant (growth medium free of cells) separately. Micromonospora strain MM18 showed a direct promotion effect on shoot growth, when plants were inoculated with mycelium and supernatant together. Streptomyces strain MM40 and Actinoplanes strain ME3 promoted the actinorhizal symbiosis with Frankia and consequently the development of plant shoots, when supernatant was involved as inoculum. It is supposed, that the strains MM18, MM40 and ME3 produce bioactive metabolites, which are released into the culture medium. The saprophytic strains studied could be considered as “promoting or helper rhizoactinomycetes” of the actinorhizal plant D. trinervis. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)