bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographics, Awareness and Pattern of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients
Authors: Basnet Anjila , Byanju Raghunandan , Thapa Samir , Shah Sanjit Kumar , Simkhada Suman
Published: February 2025

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the emerging causes of blindness in developing countries. This study was carried out among diabetic patients to determine the demographics, severity of diabetic retinopathy and also to assess the level of awareness of diabetic eye disease.
Materials and Methods: The data, which were collected prospectively from self-designed proforma, we analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) VERSION 16. Diabetic retinopathy was graded by clinical examination using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study criteria.
Results: Two hundred and forty-nine patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 59 years. Mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy accounted for 15.7%followed by moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 6% and severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 2.8%. Newar and Chhetri were the predominant ethnic groups, comprising 26.1% and 25.7% respectively. Majority of the patients were aware of diabetic retinopathy and its potential for blindness.
Conclusion: The occurrence of diabetic retinopathy was found to be higher than other studies done in similar settings. Majority of the patients were aware of diabetic retinopathy and its potential for blindness and the source of awareness was from the health professionals.
Ultrasonography Guided Gestational Age Estimation Using Transcerebellar Diameter in Third Trimester Pregnancy
Authors: Acharya Sandeep , Poudel Saurav , Parajuli Bivusha , Kaphle Pratibha
Published: February 2025

Background: The correct estimation of gestational age is of great importance for managing pregnancy. Determining gestational age by the first-trimester scan is considered the gold standard, but classical calculation from the last menstrual period is also useful. Fetal biometry is widely used, but estimation from trans-cerebellar diameter can be very important, especially in low-income countries.
Material and Methods: This was a prospective analytical study carried out in a Tertiary Care Centre from 21stMarch, 2023 to 20thMarch, 2024. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Ref no:817/2023). Consecutive sampling was done to include 384 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Variables collected were demographics, last menstrual period, first-trimester scan, and obstetrical ultrasound including fetal biometry and trans-cerebellar diameter. Analytical analysis for correlation and coefficient of determination was done.
Results: A total of 384 third-trimester pregnancies were studied. A statistically significant correlation was seen between gestational age from trans cerebellar diameter and first-trimester scan (r=0.965, R2=93.12%,p<0.01) and with last menstrual period (r=0.941, R2=88.54%,p<0.01). The correlation of the first-trimester scan was better with trans-cerebellar diameter than with fetal biometry (r=0.938, R2=87.98%, p<0.01). The estimation of gestational age from trans-cerebellar diameter was better in the early weeks of the third trimester than in the later weeks.
Conclusion: Trans-cerebellar diameter is an accurate parameter in the determination of gestational age in the third trimester. It is a better parameter to determine gestational age when compared to fetal biometry especially in the third trimester.
Prevalence and Pattern of Peptic Ulcer Disease among Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Koshi Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study
Authors: Thakur Manoj Kumar , Yadav Rohit Kumar , Yadav Rajeshwar , Sharma Priyanka
Published: February 2025

Background: Acid peptic disease is one of the most common diseases encountered in outpatient department. There has been limited study on prevalence of different types of peptic diseases among patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy especially in eastern part of Nepal. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of different types of peptic diseases and study the socio-demographic profile of patients attending our medicine department.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted from April 2024toSeptemer 2024 who presented with symptoms of dyspepsia and features of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in medicine department were included. Data were collected from patient charts, endoscopy reports and pathology report. Statistical analysis was done using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software version 17.
Results:  A total of 569 patients were evaluated, among them 281 were males (49.4%) and 288 (50.6%) were females. Gastritis both nonerosive 219 (38.5%) and erosive 136 (23.9%) were common endoscopic findings. It was followed by gastric ulcer 65 (11.4%) and duodenal ulcer 27(4.7%). Normal endoscopic finding was present in 63 (11.07%). The prevalence of different types of peptic diseases was 88.9 percent among patients undergoing endoscopy. The peak incidence of peptic ulcer disease was present in age groups 40-60. Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer were significantly higher in male whereas non erosive gastritis was significantly higher in female.
Conclusion: Acid peptic disease is very common in patients undergoing endoscopy in our center. Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer were significantly higher in males whereas non erosive gastritis was significantly higher in females. Racial variation in peptic ulcer disease was not statistically significant.
Effects Of Serum Creatinine on Heart, Diabetes, And Anaemia Patients
Authors: Nath Das Rabindra
Published: February 2025

Objectives: The report aims to examine the effects of serum creatinine (SCT) on heart, diabetes, anaemia and normal study units, and along with the other biological factors. The study is based on the relationship of serum creatinine with heart, diabetes, anaemia patients and many other factors.

Materials & Methods: A real data set of 299 heart patients with 13 study characters is taken in the current study, the data set is available herein: https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Heart+failure+clinical+records, and the serum creatinine probabilistic model has been developed applying statistical joint generalized linear models.

Results: From the fitted Log-normal model, the mean serum creatinine (SCT) is positively associated with age (P<0.0001). It is partially negatively associated with ejection fraction (EFT) (P=0.0974) and partially positively associated with the joint interaction effects (JIEs) of EFT and the death-event (DEE), i.e., EFT*DEE (P=0.1168). It is negatively associated with creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) (P<0.0001) and serum sodium (SNa) (P<0.0001), while it is positively associated with their JIEs, i.e., CPK*SNa (P<0.0001). It is negatively associated with high blood pressure (BP) (P=0.0030). It is partially negatively associated with the JIEs of anaemia status (ANS) and time up to the end of the follow-up period (TFP) i.e., ANS*TFP (P=0.1299), while it is independent of both the ANS and TFP. It is negatively associated with the smoking status (SMS) (P=0.0007), and positively associated with the JIEs of SMS and TFP, i.e. SMS*TFP (P=0.0016). Variance of SCT is negative associated with age (P=0.0543) and ANS (P=0.0044), while it is positively associated with their JIEs, i.e. AGE*ANS (P=0.0070). SCT variance is negatively associated with CPK (P=0.0001), while it is partially positively associated with the JIEs of CPK and ANS i.e., CPK*ANS (P=0.1482). Variance of SCT is negatively associated with diabetes mellitus status (DMS) (P=0.0199), while it is positively associated with the JIEs of CPK and DMS i.e., CPK*DMS (P=0.0086). There are many more significant effects in the SCT variance model.

Conclusions: From this data set, it is clear that mean and variance of serum creatinine is associated with the heart, diabetes and anaemia patients. It affects age, EFT, CPK, SNa, PLC, BP, ANS, DMS, SMS, SEX, TFP, DEE and their many joint interaction effects.
Asphyxiophilia: A Series of Fourteen Living Cases with A Long Follow-Up
Authors: J Hucker Stephen
Published: February 2025

In contrast to fatal cases involving asphyxiophilic behaviours, reports of survivors are rare. This paper documents the characteristics of fifteen such survivors who presented to the author over a seventeen-year period. Clinical records of these patients who reported they had used self-asphyxiation, either in reality or, in one case persistent intense distressing masturbatory fantasies without actual asphyxiation, as a means of sexual gratification were scrutinized and recorded, applying DSM-III or DSM-IV criteria for inclusion in the study as these were the editions in use at the time.

Similarities between the patients in this series and the existing literature on both survivors and fatal cases are reported. Paradoxically, unlike fatal cases who are often described as having been cheerful and anticipating the future, survivors showed a high frequency of depression and suicidal behavior. Several survivors tended to perform their activities with a partner and to avoid self-hanging in preference to other asphyxiating methods such as suffocation. All the patients showed clear-cut masochistic interests and fantasies quite apart from their asphyxiophilic behavior.

Follow up of the patients over an average of 28 years showed that only one had died as a result of self-hanging, a counterintuitive finding given that this behaviour is widely believed to be inherently dangerous. However, this should not prevent those who desire sexual satisfaction in this way from educating themselves of the potential severe risks and modify their technique to take this into account.
Studying the Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Various Agricultural and Physiological Properties and the Efficiency of Castor Oil
Authors: Kheyrodin Hamid
Published: February 2025

Castor bean plant (Ricinus communis L.) belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family is an important oilseed crop all over the world. It is widely cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions, such as Brazil, India, China, Thailand, Ethiopia, and Philippines. Only one percent of the castor oil (Molecular Formula C57H104O9) produced world wide is used for medicinal purposes or in the production of health products. Castor oil has various uses in medicine, industry, and pharmaceuticals. It is found in food, medication, and skin care and is also used as an industrial lubricant and biodiesel component

Excessive use of castor oil in pregnant women can cause premature labor. Castor oil is a triglyceride, which chemically is a glycerol molecule with each of its three hydroxyl group esterifies with a long-chain fatty acid. Its major fatty acid is the unsaturated, hydroxylated 12-hydroxy, 9-octadecenoic acid. Castor oil, made from the Ricinus communis plant’s seeds, has been used for thousands of years. A heating process deactivates its toxic enzyme, ricin, making it safe to use. This research was conducted in the winter of 1403 in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the desert research greenhouse of the Faculty of Desert Semnan University. The number of treatments in the research design map is as follows.

Control (without adding fertilizer) 2- Urea fertilizer 100 kg per hectare, 3- Phosphorus fertilizer 250 kg per hectare Ammonium phosphate 4- Animal manure 30 tons per hectare is considered in each replication. The experiment was started in winter and followed up and irrigation and maintenance were carried out in summer and irrigation was done by spraying.

We concluded that species-specific responses to N and P and manure enrichment were significantly promoted net photosynthetic rate and growth factors and stem length, leaf area, number of capsules and number of seeds per capsule, number of clusters per plant, and amount of oil produced of castor.
Institutional framework for the resilience of critical infrastructure of EU, NATO countries and Ukraine
Authors: SHKUROPADSKA Diana , LEBEDEVA Larysa , GONÇALVES Jorge
Published: February 2025

The necessity of protecting critical infra­structure is an extremely important task for the normal functioning of the national states, especially taking into account modern threats related to military actions, natural disasters, cyberattacks, pandemics, etc. The aim of the research is to substantiate and characterize the organizational and legal conditions for ensuring the resilience of critical infrastructure, using the example of the EU, NATO countries and Ukraine. The articleʼs hypo­thesis is that the resilience of critical infrastructure depends on the level of institutional support, which is capable of adapting to the conditions of modern threats and risks, particularly during wartime, and involves comprehensive interaction between state institutions, the private and international orga­nizations. To achieve the aim of the research, a complex of general scientific and special methods was used, including methods of systematization and generalization, tabular methods, as well as analysis and synthesis.
The main regulatory legal acts ensuring the resilience of critical infrastructure in the EU have been identified and analyzed, highlighting the importance of coordinated efforts among EU member states to enhance the resilience and protection of critical infrastructure, especially in response to cross-border threats. NATO approach to ensuring the resilience of critical infrastructure has been analyzed that focuses primarily on crisis preparedness and ensuring the continuity of governance and essential functions even in the event of military aggression or hybrid threats. The regulatory legal acts on ensuring the resilience of critical infrastructure in Ukraine have also been examined, and the main tasks of the authorities responsible for ensuring the resilience of critical infrastructure identified. The levels and manage­ment bodies of Ukraineʼs national system for protecting critical infrastructure have been defined.
The main determinants of the resilience of critical infrastructure entities include physical resilience, functional resilience, organizational resilience, infor­mational resilience, social resilien­ce, economic resi­lience, and environmental resi­lience. These deter­minants are interconnected and collectively impact the ability of critical infrastruc­ture entities to ensure continuous operation in crisis situations.
La educación sexual emancipadora: un análisis al currículo Nacional de Educación de Ecuador
Authors: Moreno Rojas Bertha , Iriarte Solano Margoth , Calatayud Salom María Amparo
Published: February 2025

Introducción: La educación sexual es esencial en la formación integral, ayuda a comprender los cambios biológicos, valorar el propio cuerpo y el de los demás. Sin embargo, factores como la falta de políticas escolares, la escasa comunicación familiar y la desinformación incrementan la vulnerabilidad de los jóvenes a problemas como embarazos no planificados y enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Metodología: El estudio utiliza un enfoque cualitativo y teoría fundamentada para analizar la integración de la educación sexual emancipadora en el currículo del Bachillerato General Unificado. Se realizó una revisión documental para recoger y analizar datos. Resultados: Los resultados muestran cómo la educación sexual emancipadora se integra en los elementos curriculares y revelan tendencias formativas en educación sexual. Se propone un conjunto de principios pedagógicos para promover una educación sexual emancipadora en el currículo ecuatoriano. Discusión: A pesar de los esfuerzos, el estudio revela un escaso compromiso con la educación sexual emancipadora, enfocándose principalmente en aspectos biológicos y omitiendo una comprensión más amplia y equitativa de la sexualidad humana. Conclusiones: Se destaca la necesidad de promover la formación del profesorado y ampliar miras en la educación sexual para lograr una integración efectiva y emancipadora en el currículo del Bachillerato en Ecuador.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN THE LEARNING PROCESS
Authors: Protsenko Irina
Published: February 2025

The article reveals the course and results of an experiment aimed at developing effective ways of successfully forming interest among students of general secondary education institutions in the learning process. The experimental base of the study was the Sumy specialized school of I-III degrees No. 15, where the experiment took place in natural conditions, without violating the logic and sequence of the curriculum of the discipline, during the 2022-2024 academic year. The practical significance of the obtained results of the study consisted in the identification of ways of organizing the dynamic process of forming cognitive interest in students of special education. Experimental research was conducted at the ascertainment, formative and control stages. At the ascertainment stage, the methods of survey, questionnaire, conversation, observation, analysis and generalization of the results. The content of the formative stage consisted of the stages of the work carried out, namely: creation of conditions for the emergence of students’ cognitive interest in the learning process.
Among the methods of forming the actual cognitive competence of schoolchildren, the study used the adoption of an attractive goal, group and pair work, interactive methods, in particular brainstorming, game-based learning activities were actively implemented, success situations were created, and a large amount of visualization and handouts were used. Stimulation of schoolchildren’s work was carried out both during school hours and outside of school hours through the organization of non-traditional forms of education, in particular quiz lessons and interactive lessons. The work carried out contributed to the fixation at the control stage of the experiment of quantitative and qualitative indicators of increasing the level of interest in learning.
Rječnička raznolikost slikovnica namijenih djeci rane dobi
Authors: Milolaža Kristina , Cepanec Maja , Hržica Gordana
Published: February 2025

Slikovnica igra važnu ulogu u dječjem jezično-govornom razvoju. U svrhu stvaranja optimalnog jezičnog unosa, slikovnice je nužno uskladiti s razinom jezičnih znanja djeteta. Dobne oznake pritom mogu služiti kao orijentir pri odabiru slikovnice, pri čemu bi takve oznake trebale osiguravati razlike u jezičnoj složenosti teksta s obzirom na dob za koju su namijenjene. Cilj je ovog rada analiza i usporedba jezičnih obilježja slikovnica namijenjenih djeci u dobi od 18 mjeseci i 24 mjeseca. Analizirano je 12 slikovnica na hrvatskom jeziku. Obilježja rječnika u slikovnicama proučila su se kroz mjere rječničke sofisticiranosti, indeks rječničke raznolikosti (D) i pomični prosječni omjer različnica i pojavnica (MATTR). Rezultati pokazuju da se s porastom dobne oznake povećava rječnička raznolikost slikovnica pri čemu se indeks rječničke raznolikosti pokazao kao preciznija mjera od MATTR-a za razlikovanje skupina. No, neočekivano je da se sofisticiranost imenica smanjuje porastom dobne oznake – slikovnice namijenjene mlađoj djeci sadrže veći broj rijetkih, sofisticiranih imenica nego slikovnice namijenjene starijoj djeci.
The Culmination of the “Royal Travesty” in the Poetic Imagery of Solomon’s Wedding Procession (Song 3:6–11)
Authors: Jasnos Renata
Published: February 2025

The description of the wedding procession in Song 3:6–11 is distinguished by the culmination of royal features and its climax in the cyclical poetic development of the theme of the king. It is also the only direct reference to weddings in the Song of Songs. Therefore, the following question has been asked about the content of the culmination of royal metaphors in 3:6–11: What is the relationship be­tween the meaning of the pericope and the wisdom conclusion of the entire Canticle (8:5–7)? The article begins with the cultural context (Sitz im Leben) of weddings, and then arguments are presented in favour of the interpretation of pericope 3:6–11 as a poetic vision of a wedding procession. The literary device of the royal travesty and its use in the Song of Songs (form criticism) are explained. The basic exegetical analysis is preceded by an analysis of the composition of the pericope. It leads to the conclusion that there is a compositional relationship between the pericope under study 3:6–11 and the punch line of Canticle 8:5–7. They reflect the steps in the progression of the message within the cyclical development of its content, so characteristic for the Song of Songs. The study ends with an intertextual analysis of the studied pericope 3:6–11 and the wisdom conclusion of Canticle 8:5–7. A deeper analysis results in the conclusion that the royal travesty of the wedding procession serves as something more than the praise of the nuptials themselves. The bridegroom’s royal travesty is an attempt at a human re­sponse to the experienced mystery of the power and splendour of love (mysterium fascinosum) between the bride and bridegroom. The compositional relationship between the pericopes makes it possible to interpret and justify the words of the punch line of Canticle 8:6 as a call to a commitment and oath of nuptial love.
Eucharistic Theology as a Condition of Eucharistic Revival According to John Paul II and Benedict XVI
Authors: Migut Bogusław
Published: February 2025

The answer to the question of whether the Eucharistic theology of John Paul II and Bene­dict XVI in its selected aspects can constitute the foundation for the Eucharistic renewal of the Church is absolutely affirmative. This is proven by the depth of their theology, which consists in linking the Eucha­rist to the most important theological issues. An analysis of the teachings of John Paul II and Benedict XVI confirms the thesis put forward in the introduction to this paper that the Eucharist is one of the most important theological topics. The renewal and revival of Eucharistic life cannot consist only of pastoral activity, but in the constant discovery of the theological depth of this sacrament and the delight of its richness. Only such a deeply theological vision of the Eucharist can protect it from being made shallow and marginalized. John Paul II presents the Eucharist as: (1 ) the place where God humbles Himself to such an extent that His Majesty is hidden, and the reason for this is love; (2) the place of Christ’s loving us “to the end,” where He unites Himself to us, where the spousal nature of Christ’s body transforms our bodies into His image; and (3) the place of revelation of God to man and of man to man. Benedict XVI presents the Eucharist as: (1) the principle and place of action of the Divine Logos, who was the principle and model of the creation of the world and of man, who took on flesh and became man and began anew the original relationship of creation with its Creator through obedience, and who now continues to trans­form the world through the Eucharist, transforming the human heart into His own image; (2) the place of action of the Logos and the worship of God by us joined to the Logos and in the image of the Logos; (3) the place of transforming our eros love (love of desire, passion, a climbing) for God and neighbor into agape love, that is, making the gift of self.
Pengembangan Bio-Baterai Berbasis Sari Tomat Rampai dan NaCl dengan Tepung Tapioka sebagai Matriks Elektrolit Padatan
Authors: Hasrolita Wenny , Rahmawati  , Rita Sulistyowati  , Dui Yanto Rahman
Published: February 2025

Bio-baterai yang mengutamakan bahan-bahan alami menjadi sorotan utama dalam upaya mencari solusi energi yang ramah lingkungan dan terjangkau. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan komposisi optimum sari tomat rampai dan NaCl yang menghasilkan arus dan tegangan maksimum pada bio-baterai. Lembaran grafit digunakan sebagai katoda, sedangkan lembaran aluminium digunakan sebagai anoda. Sari tomat rampai dengan variasi volume 9-19 mL ditambahkan secara bertahap dengan tepung tapioka dan diaduk hingga terbentuk elektrolit padat. Elektrolit padat ini kemudian ditempatkan di antara lembaran grafit dan aluminium. Komposisi optimum antara variasi sari tomat rampai kemudian dikombinasikan dengan NaCl dengan variasi massa 1-6 g untuk mencapai arus dan tegangan yang lebih tinggi. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa bio-baterai yang hanya menggunakan sari tomat rampai sebagai sumber ion menghasilkan arus maksimum sebesar 0,89 mA dan tegangan maksimum sebesar 0,636 V, dengan volume sari tomat rampai sebesar 15 ml. Sementara itu, bio-baterai dengan kombinasi NaCl sebagai sumber ion menghasilkan arus sebesar 2,68 mA dan tegangan sebesar 0,809 V, dengan massa optimum 2 g. Penelitian ini sangat menjanjikan untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut karena metodenya yang sederhana serta penggunaan bahan yang murah dan ramah lingkungan.
Kata Kunci: Bio-baterai, tomat rampai, NaCl, arus, tegangan
Analisis Hujan Ekstrem Menggunakan Data Satelit Himawari 9, Model, dan Observasi (Studi Kasus : Jakarta Utara, 29 Februari 2024)
Authors: Saputra Ahmad Irsyad , Yahya Darmawan
Published: February 2025

Jakarta Utara mengalami curah hujan ekstrem pada 29 Februari 2024 yang memicu terjadinya kejadian banjir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kondisi atmosfer yang memicu kejadian tersebut menggunakan data satelit Himawari-9 yang dikombinasikan dengan data model dan data observasi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu data satelit Himawari-9 pada tanggal 28 Februari 2024 pukul 00.00 UTC hingga tanggal 29 Februari 2024 pukul 00.00 UTC, data model ECMWF dan data observasi dari ogimet pada curah hujan tanggal 29 Februari 2024 beserta data curah hujan 24 sebelum, 7 hari sebelum, juga 7 hari sesudah tanggal tersebut. Studi ini mencakup analisis dinamika atmosfer yang diolah melalui SATAID, pola distribusi awan, streamline, dan Low Level Moisture Transport (LLMT) diperoleh dengan pengolahan GrADS, juga curah hujan diolah menggunakan Excel. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh meliputi SSI sebesar 0.1, 1.3, dan 1.4 oC; LI sebesar -2.3, -2.0, dan -1.7 oC; SWEAT sebesar 290, 285, dan 337; CAPE sebesar 479, 447, dan 491 J/kg; CIN sebesar 22, 47, dan 20 J/kg; KI sebesar 36.8, 35.1, dan 34.4 oC; TT sebesar 42.5, 41.1, dan 40.5 oC. Penelitian ini menegaskan hubungan kuat antara parameter atmosfer dan curah hujan ekstrem. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan untuk menggunakan data dari beberapa titik pengamatan curah hujan untuk meningkatkan akurasi analisis spasial, sehingga dapat mendukung upaya mitigasi banjir secara lebih efektif. Penelitian ini menemukan hubungan antara curah hujan dan kondisi atmosfer berdasarkan citra satelit Himawari-9. Untuk meningkatkan akurasi analisis spasial dan mendukung mitigasi banjir secara efektif, disarankan agar penelitian selanjutnya menggunakan data dari berbagai titik pengamatan curah hujan.
ЗАХИСТ ПРАВ СПОЖИВАЧІВ ЯК КЛЮЧОВИЙ АСПЕКТ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: ВАСЮТА Вікторія , ЄМЕЦЬ Вячеслав , МАЛЕНКО Вікторія
Published: February 2025

The study focuses on the key aspects of consumer protection as an important component of the socio-economic development of the state. The historical stages of the formation of the consumer protection system in the world and in Ukraine, starting from medieval norms and ending with modern international initiatives, in particular the UN Guidelines on Consumer Protection OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Particular attention is paid to the current state of consumer protection in Ukraine, including legal reforms and the application of international experience. The author identifies the main problems in this area: violation of requirements for the quality of goods and services, lack of reliable information about products, sale of dangerous or expired products. The mechanisms for ensuring consumer rights, including legislative innovations, e-commerce, information support and mechanisms for resolving consumer disputes, are considered. International practice in this area provides important recommendations and standards that contribute to the improvement of legislation and practical measures to protect the interests of consumers. Ukraine, like many other countries, is actively applying international experience to improve national regulations and enhance the effectiveness of protecting the rights of its citizens. The article emphasizes the importance of improving legal regulation, expanding product quality control and coordination between government agencies, NGOs and consumers. The author highlights the prospects for implementing international practices to raise consumer protection standards and improve the quality of life of citizens. The author emphasizes the importance of introducing international experience into national practice to build an effective consumer protection system, as well as the challenges associated with violations of citizens' rights and the lack of information support.
Breves observaciones sobre la aplicabilidad de los convenios de derecho material uniforme en el arbitraje internacional
Authors: Ferrari Franco
Published: February 2025

In the context of international arbitration, uniform substantive law conventions apply for different reasons from those on the basis of which they apply in State courts. The applicability of these conventions in arbitral proceedings depends on autonomous private international law rules specifically applicable in arbitration. If the law of a signatory State to a convention of uniform law finds application, this convention is applicable as part of the domestic law. Moreover, these conventions may be applied autonomously, without having to be part of the law of any signatory State, if the applicable conflict of law rules allow for the application of international or anational «rules of law» and does not require the application of a State law.
Interiorización de estereotipos de género en estudiantes adolescentes: diferencias por sexo, edad, grado y gustos
Authors: Villarreal-Fernández Jorge Eliécer , Durán-Quiceno Paola Andrea , Vega Jaime Luis
Published: February 2025

En este artículo, se examinaron los estereotipos de género en la adolescencia, su influencia en la formación de identidades y la internalización de roles. Además, se contextualizó la problemática y analizó su impacto en la vida de los adolescentes. El objetivo del estudio se enfocó en identificar y analizar los estereotipos de género internalizados por una muestra de adolescentes, así como explorar los factores relacionados con su formación y manifestación. Se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo con una muestra de 236 estudiantes, quienes oscilaban entre los 11 y 16 años de edad. Se utilizó la escala de estereotipos de género para recopilar datos sobre las creencias y percepciones de género. Los resultados revelaron una alta interiorización de estereotipos de género en las dimensiones de expresión afectiva y comportamiento social, y una baja interiorización en aspectos relacionados con el cuerpo y la responsabilidad social. También, se observaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres, con una mayor tendencia en los hombres a reproducir creencias estereotipadas en la mayoría de las dimensiones analizadas. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de intervenciones educativas que promuevan la igualdad de género y reduzcan los estereotipos. Estos resultados pueden guiar el diseño de programas y políticas dirigidas a disminuir los estereotipos de género y fomentar la igualdad de género en la adolescencia.
Modern Methods and Artificial Intelligence in Stormwater Harvesting as Sustainable Solutions
Authors: Qarani Aziz Shuokr , Khalid Muhammed Khalat
Published: February 2025

This study investigates stormwater harvesting's combination of contemporary techniques with artificial intelligence (AI) as a viable urban water management strategy. Rapid urbanization and climate change are increasing challenges for cities, making efficient stormwater management essential for reducing floods, improving water quality, and advancing environmental sustainability. The research emphasises the benefits of cutting-edge infrastructure, such as permeable pavements and green roofs, which greatly lower runoff and enhance water retention. Moreover, the research explores the use of AI and machine learning methods in stormwater modelling and management, showcasing their potential to improve water collection tactics, forecast water quality indicators, and enhance decision-making. Case studies from cities such as Philadelphia and Singapore demonstrate the successful implementation of these technologies and their effectiveness in addressing urban stormwater issues.
Strengthening a thin crust of lightweight pumice aggregate in low strength concrete for tensile and compressive strengths
Authors: F.R Karim
Published: February 2025

The primary drawback of lightweight aggregate is its porous surface, which hinders the production of lightweight concrete. Therefore, the process of infusing the porous spaces inside the lightweight aggregate and forming a thin layer around the aggregate results in the production of more robust lightweight concrete. This inquiry aims to highlight the impact of silica fume and Sika level 100T on the tensile and compressive strengths of lightweight concrete. Therefore, we cast and tested a total of 84 lightweight concrete cubes and prisms. In this way, adding 7.23% silica fume to lightweight pumice aggregate concrete raises the compressive strength by up to 22.73% and lowers the flexural strength by up to 5.4%. Also, adding 9.6% Sika level 100T made the lightweight pumice aggregate concrete, which has 7.23% silica fume, 34.57% stronger when it came to compressive strength. By strengthening the bond between the pumice aggregate and the concrete matrix, the addition of 9.6% Sika level 100T significantly boosts the flexural strength by up to 28.12%.
From Informal to Formal – Incorporating and Evaluating LLMs on Natural Language Requirements to Verifiable Formal Proofs
Authors: Cao Jialun , Lu Yaojie
Published: February 2025

The research in AI-based formal mathematical reasoning has shown an unstoppable growth trend. These studies have excelled in mathematical competitions like IMO and have made significant progress. However, these studies intertwined multiple skills simultaneously—problem-solving, reasoning, and writing formal specifications—making it hard to precisely identify the LLMs’ strengths and weaknesses in each task. This paper focuses on formal verification, an immediate application scenario of formal reasoning, and breaks it down into sub-tasks. We constructed 18k high-quality instruction-response pairs across five mainstream formal specification languages (Coq, Lean4, Dafny, ACSL, and TLA+) in six tasks by distilling gpt-4o and evaluated against ten open-sourced LLMs, including recent popular DeepSeek-R1. We found that LLMs are good at writing proof segments when given either the code, or the detailed description of proof steps. Also, the fine-tuning brought about a nearly threefold improvement at most. Interestingly, we observed that fine-tuning with formal data also enhances mathematics, reasoning, and coding capabilities. Fine-tuned models are released to facilitate subsequent studies at https://huggingface.co/fm-universe.
A System For Storing And Processing Big Data Based On The Apache Spark Platform
Authors:   Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages and Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Nguyen Anh Tuan , Vo Hong Phuong ,   Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages and Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Cao Tien Thanh ,   Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages and Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Tran Khai Thien ,   Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages and Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Published: February 2025

The primary objective of this paper is to investigate and implement the Apache Spark big data processing platform on a stock dataset, followed by the application of a machine learning technique for prediction and modeling. Specifically, PySpark, a Python API for Apache Spark, is utilized to facilitate the interaction. The Spark MLlib library is employed for data transformation, whereas the GraphX library is used for data modeling. Multiple executions of the experimental program demonstrated significant performance improvements, with notably shorter runtimes on the Spark cluster than on a single machine. These results highlight the advantages of distributed and parallel processing in large-scale data analysis.
Higher education as a tool of soft power: Kazakhstan case
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Dyusembekova M.K. , Zhanpeisova K.D. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Issayev N. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Published: February 2025

The field of higher education is one of the main instruments of any country's soft power policy. At the present stage of world development, "soft power" under the influence of the globalization process is becoming the main factor of influence. States not only do not enter into global political competition with the power of military, political, and economic resources, but also compete in their achievements in the field of culture, art, science, technology, and education. Therefore, all countries of the world pay attention to the development of education and science. All universities of the world are interested in attracting creative, creative youth. The urgency of the need for intellectual youth is increasing every year. After all, educated youth is the basis of the country's development. Due to the fact that students create the integration of education, the policy of soft power of the state is also implemented through higher education institutions. Creatively thinking, inquisitive, educated youth actively study the language of the visited country, get acquainted with the achievements of science and culture during the exchange of knowledge. Students become valuable social capital of the country in which they study, acquire new accumulated knowledge, connections, a new environment and become effective suppliers of the language and culture of this country. As a result, the role of higher education as a tool of "soft power" turns out to be much higher than in other fields. Therefore, each state implements a policy of soft power through the higher education system. In this context, each State has its own policy and priority strategy.
Edigei in the cycle of epics about “Forty Batyrs”: the history of studying versions and variants
Authors:   Institute of Folklore of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Shakhriyar G.F.
Published: February 2025

The epic event “Girch Batyrs” (“Forty Batyrs”), traditional for the Kazakh literary environment, consists of three different cycles: “Anshibai Batyr and His Descendants”, “Karadon Batyr and His Descendants”, “Zhyry about Different Batyrs”. The cyclization of the epics about Edigei and his descendants is included in the cycle “Anshibai Batyr and His Descendants”, which is the first of three rings of the cyclization “Forty Batyrs”. The epics included in this series are dedicated to heroes who came from the Mangit clan and in many cases were historical figures. Cyclization is a poetic expression of the story of the Golden Horde and its successor, the Nogai Horde.

The cyclization “Forty Batyrs” contains almost all the heroic epics of the Golden Horde and the Nogai Horde. Which versions of the epic will be included in the cyclization depends on the zhirav-storytellers. Medieval chronicles, manuscripts of this period and other written sources examine in detail the active role of these epic heroes in the medieval historical scene. The main content of the epic tells about the freedom of the Nogai people, the safety and well-being of the people, they defend themselves and their homeland from the attacks of the Kalmyks and the army of the Qizilbash, which often attacked them.

The main core of the first of the three links of the cyclization is the saga “Edigei”. In fact, the story of Edigei and his descendants forms the basis of the cycle “Forty Batyrs”. All the sagas that followed him were dedicated to people belonging to his genealogy.
Dombra: Types, Distribution Area, and Its Role in Epic Art
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Sharip A.Zh.
Published: February 2025

The dombra is a musical instrument that plays a significant role in the cultures of Turkic peoples (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Nogais, Tatars, Lakais) and several other ethnic groups (Tajiks, Kalmyks, Hazaras). This article examines not the use of the dombra in instrumental music, but its role in the art of epic singing. This topic has not been specifically studied from a scholarly perspective before. The author utilizes photo, audio, and written materials collected during foreign research trips to scientific centers, museums, and informants. Some information about the dombra was recorded on video by Uzbek bakhshis. The specifics of dombra craftsmanship are discussed based on the experience of masters. The connection between the dombra and shamanic practices, as well as the tradition of its veneration among epic singers, is explored. The article presents hypotheses about the origin of the name "dombra" and corresponding opinions. The article uses comparative-historical, synchronic, and structural-functional research methods. The research results demonstrate that the traditional oral poetry of Turkic peoples was created in conjunction with music, and that epic singers and improvising poets performed their works accompanied by musical instruments, including the dombra. The geographical area of the instrument's distribution is found to be quite extensive.
Review of Gender Antiparemies in the Kazakh Language on the Instagram Network
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Abdirov O.K. , Bibekov K.T. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Published: February 2025

The article is devoted to some gender antiparemias in the Kazakh language, distributed on Instagram. The research work examined gender antiparemias in the Kazakh Instagram network and gave their descriptions. Within the framework of the topic, the collected materials were analyzed, the content, value and structure were analyzed. During the discussion, the pragmatic influence of antiparemias on society was determined using a statistical method. The content and purpose of creating antiparemias is explained, and a characteristic comparable to traditional invariants is given. The description took into account lexico-semantic and syntactic features and made ethnolinguistic conclusions about the sources and reasons for the emergence of proverbs. When determining the motives for the creation of some antiproverbs and the traditional structure of Kazakh proverbs, logical analyzes and techniques were used.

A comprehensive study of paremias should consist of the following stages: analysis of research works and existing analyses, compilation of an explanatory and functional dictionary of paremias, as well as the greatest possible depth in the etymology of paremias based on the compiled dictionary. This allows us to determine the origin and semantics of paremias. Determine the morphological, syntactic and logical structure of paremias, which have so far been classified by thematic groups, and create an algorithm of the traditional Kazakh system of thinking based on the collected data. Only after such steps can the paremic fund be revived and play a key role in determining national knowledge and thinking.
AI Governance and Media Accountability in Europe
Authors:   United European Research Society, Ahn Jun-Chul
Published: February 2025

The European Union(EU) is on the verge of enacting the world's inaugural legislation pertaining to artificial intelligence (AI), the AI Act, which will serve to regulate the utilisation of AI. The EU AI Act will regulate the use of AI applications in accordance with four distinct risk levels. In particular, the use of AI technology in the highest risk category necessitates human supervision, while a “transparency obligation” is imposed on companies developing general-purpose AI. Furthermore, the legislation provides for the establishment of various governance structures at the EU AI national level. These structures are intended to facilitate the implementation of the law, foster collaboration and capacity building at the EU level, and convene stakeholders in the AI space. The governance structures include an AI Secretariat, a European AI Council, an Advisory Forum, and a Scientific Panel. The extensive use of AI in the media sector is closely related to the EU legislation and governance framework on AI. Furthermore, the media sector is particularly susceptible to the impact of technological advancements, which gives rise to concerns regarding the credibility of the information it disseminates. It is imperative to ascertain the relationship between AI governance and media accountability, particularly in light of the growing emphasis on media social accountability, for global media companies operating in Europe that utilize AI. Accordingly, this study examines the relationship between AI governance and media accountability, with a particular focus on the EU. The regulation of AI through the enactment of laws and the establishment of governance structures is a significant and necessary endeavor. However, the practical application of these regulatory measures in the context of the media presents a challenge. In this regard, it is possible to consider the potential for self-regulation by the media itself. In order to guarantee the reliability of media content created using AI, transparency and accountability will be essential. This will require the media to develop their own ethical guidelines and procedures to ensure transparency and reliability on an ongoing basis. Conversely, the EU AI legislation can also serve as a reference point for AI and other technologies in countries that require AI-related norms.
Constitutional populism and court-curbing in Poland and Hungary
Authors:   United European Research Society, Kim Shinkyu
Published: February 2025

In this article, I examine how the populist regimes of Hungary and Poland have attacked the entire judiciary, including the Constitutional Court, and how they have used the judiciary as a tool of the regime after the successful attack. In Section 2, I examine how the PiS and Fidesz regimes have attacked the Constitutional Court and the judiciary. To this end, I distinguish between formal and informal methods of attacking the Constitutional Court and the judiciary, and define formal ‘court-curbing’ as capturing the judiciary through the Constitution and law with ‘court-packing’. In addition, informal judiciary-curbing refers to methods of ignoring the Constitutional Court’s rulings, circumventing the Constitution through simple legislation, and undermining trust in the judiciary through blackmails and attacks on judges. In this article, I confirm that formal and informal curbing have similar results, although they differ in the speed at which they undermine the independence of the Constitutional Court and the judiciary. Section 3 examines the informal methods of court-curbing, including the court-packing of the Constitutional Court and the judiciary through the Polish PiS, and Section 4 focuses on the formal curbing of the Hungarian Fidesz, which degraded the entire judiciary, including the Constitutional Court, to a tool of the regime through several constitutional amendments and legislation. Section 5 compares the similarities and differences of the court-curbing of the PiS and Fidesz and looks forward to whether the rule of law and democracy in the two countries can return to democratic trajectory in the near future.