bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attachment‐Based Family Therapy as an Adjunct to Family‐Based Treatment for Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Wagner Ingrid , Diamond Guy S. , Levy Suzanne , Russon Jody , Litster Richard
Published: June 2016

Adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN) has a significant and long‐standing impact for the health and well being of young people and their families. The determinants of illness are multi‐factorial, however, adolescent AN has been consistently associated with parental distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, alcoholism), family conflict, and low parental warmth toward the adolescent. Whilst Family Based Therapy (FBT) for adolescent AN is the recommended first line of treatment, a substantial proportion of patients do not experience remission by the end of therapy or may relapse following remission. Although a range of adjuncts to FBT have been proposed, no preferred model has emerged. In this paper, we compare and contrast Attachment‐Based Family Therapy (ABFT) with FBT, and argue that ABFT's focus on relationships, rather than behaviours, could make a substantive contribution to the practice of FBT. We present a case study to demonstrate how ABFT may help to alleviate some of the maintaining factors of adolescent AN through the repair of parent–child relational ruptures.
Epoxy resin‐based ultrafine dry powder coatings for implants
Authors: Hou Nicholas Y. , Zhu Jesse , Zhang Hui , Perinpanayagam Hiran
Published: June 2016

Ultrafine dry powder coating technology creates biocompatible polymeric coatings for implants. Nanoparticles (nTiO2) modify flow to prevent agglomeration and create homogenous coatings. Since polyester‐based coatings require the potentially harmful 1,3,5‐triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) curing agent, this study's objective was to develop alternative TGIC‐free formulations. Epoxy and epoxy/polyester (1:1) hybrid mixtures were enriched with CaO (5% w/w) and nTiO2 (0.5% w/w), as functional additives and flow modifiers, respectively. Epoxy‐TiO2 and Hybrid‐TiO2 mixtures were prepared with micron‐sized TiO2 (25% w/w) to enhance biocompatibility. Polymer chips and additives were combined in a high‐shear mixer and passed through a sieve (35 µm) to yield ultrafine particles that were sprayed (20 kV) onto metal sheets and cured (200 °C). Particle size analyses showed that all formulations were ultrafine (D 0.5 < 35 µm), and epoxy/polyester/TiO2 mixtures were the smallest (D 0.5 = 16.34 µm). Angles of repose, avalanche and resting indicated reduced flowability when epoxy was enriched with TiO2 and/or polyester, although all formulae were highly flowable. Elemental mapping of coatings showed a predominance of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) from resin polymer, and elevated titanium (Ti) in the TiO2 enriched surfaces. However, calcium (Ca) clusters were higher on the epoxy/polyester Hybrid coatings. Optical microscopy showed human mesenchymal cells (ATCC CRL‐1486) attached and spread out, and Alizarin Red staining showed mineral deposits in 2–4 week cultures, particularly on epoxy/polyester/TiO2 Hybrid surfaces. These epoxy resin‐based formulations were effective TGIC‐free substitutes for ultrafine dry powder coatings on implants. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43960.
RNA Extraction and Preparation in Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Yin Cui‐Cui , Ma Biao , Wang Wei , Xiong Qing , Zhao He , Chen Shou‐Yi , Zhang Jin‐Song
Published: June 2016

There has been a surge of interest in the molecular biology of RNA. We describe a simple, fast, and convenient protocol for isolating total RNA from rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings and young tissues/organs. RNA obtained using this method can be used for reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR), northern blot analysis, RNA‐seq, microarray analysis, cDNA library construction, etc. Technical parameters critical to the success of the extraction are presented. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genomic heterogeneity of historical gene flow between two species of newts inferred from transcriptome data
Authors: Stuglik Michał T. , Babik Wiesław
Published: June 2016

The role of gene flow in species formation is a major unresolved issue in speciation biology. Progress in this area requires information on the long‐term patterns of gene flow between diverging species. Here, we used thousands of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms derived from transcriptome resequencing and a method modeling the joint frequency spectrum of these polymorphisms to reconstruct patterns of historical gene flow between two Lissotriton newts: L. vulgaris (Lv) and L. montandoni (Lm). We tested several models of divergence including complete isolation and various scenarios of historical gene flow. The model of secondary contact received the highest support. According to this model, the species split from their common ancestor ca. 5.5 million years (MY) ago, evolved in isolation for ca. 2 MY, and have been exchanging genes for the last 3.5 MY Demographic changes have been inferred in both species, with the current effective population size of ca. 0.7 million in Lv and 0.2 million in Lm. The postdivergence gene flow resulted in two‐directional introgression which affected the genomes of both species, but was more pronounced from Lv to Lm. Interestingly, we found evidence for genomic heterogeneity of interspecific gene flow. This study demonstrates the complexity of long‐term gene flow between distinct but incompletely reproductively isolated taxa which divergence was initiated millions of years ago.
11B NMR/MRI Sensing of Copper(II) Ions In Vitro by the Decomposition of a Hybrid Compound of anido‐o‐Carborane and a Metal Chelator
Authors: Tanaka Tomohiro , Araki Rikita , Saido Takaomi , Abe Ryo , Aoki Shin
Published: June 2016

Cu2+is closely correlated with certain types of physiological and pathological events. Therefore, the development of a noninvasive methodology for detecting Cu2+is important for understanding its biological role and relationship with disease. Herein, we report on the development of a Cu2+‐specific11B NMR/MRI probe that contains a chelator unit, TriMEDA. The method is based on the rapid complete deboronation ofnido‐o‐carborane by Cu2+under physiological conditions.
My Memory of Jerry Trofimenko
Authors: Pettinari Claudio
Published: June 2016

Claudio Pettinari recalls the impact of Jerry (Swiatoslaw) Trofimenko on
scorpionate chemists worldwide, telling the story of his own scientific
collaboration and personal interaction with this great chemist.
Risk for congenital anomalies in offspring of childhood, adolescent and young adult cancer survivors
Authors: Seppänen Viivi I. , Artama Miia S. , Malila Nea K. , Pitkäniemi Janne M. , Rantanen Matti E. , Ritvanen Annukka K. , Madanat‐Harjuoja Laura‐Maria
Published: June 2016

Offspring of cancer survivors (CS) may be at risk for congenital anomalies due to the mutagenic therapies received by their parents. Our population‐based cohort study aimed to investigate the risk for congenital anomalies in offspring of CS compared to offspring of their siblings. Using the Finnish Cancer Registry, Central Population Register, and Hospital Discharge Register, we identified hospital contacts due to congenital anomalies in 6,862 offspring of CS (early‐onset cancer between 1953 and 2004) and 35,690 offspring of siblings. Associations between congenital anomalies and cancer were evaluated using generalized linear regression modelling. The ratio of congenital anomalies in offspring of CS (3.2%) was slightly, but non‐significantly, elevated compared to that in offspring of siblings (2.7%) [prevalence ratio (PR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91–1.25]. When offspring of childhood and adolescent survivors (0–19 years at cancer diagnosis) were compared to siblings' offspring, the risk for congenital anomalies was non‐significantly increased (PR 1.17, 95% CI 0.92–1.49). No such increase existed for offspring of young adult survivors (20–34 years at cancer diagnosis) (PR 1.01, 95% CI 0.83–1.23). The risks for congenital anomalies were elevated among offspring of CS diagnosed with cancer in the earlier decades (1955–1964: PR 2.77, 95% C I 1.26–6.11; and 1965–1974: PR 1.55, 95% C I 0.94–2.56). In our study, we did not detect an overall elevated risk for congenital anomalies in offspring of survivors diagnosed in young adulthood. An association between cancer exposure of the parent and congenital anomalies in the offspring appeared only for those CS who were diagnosed in the earlier decades.
Signaled alternative reinforcement and the persistence of operant behavior
Authors: Bland Vikki J. , Bai John Y.H. , Fullerton Jane A. , Podlesnik Christopher A.
Published: June 2016

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) is a treatment designed to eliminate problem behavior by reinforcing an alternative behavior at a higher rate. Availability of alternative reinforcement may be signaled, as with Functional Communication Training, or unsignaled. Whether or not alternative reinforcement is signaled could influence both the rate and persistence of problem behavior. The present study investigated whether signaling the availability of alternative reinforcement affects the rate and persistence of a concurrently available target response with pigeons. Three components of a multiple concurrent schedule arranged equal reinforcement rates for target responding. Two of the components also arranged equal reinforcement rates for an alternative response. In one DRA component, a discrete stimulus signaled the availability of response‐contingent alternative reinforcement by changing the keylight color upon reinforcement availability. In the other DRA component, availability of alternative reinforcement was not signaled. Target responding was most persistent in the unsignaled DRA component when disrupted by satiation, free food presented between components, and extinction, relative to the signaled DRA and control components. These findings suggest the discrete stimulus functionally separated the availability of alternative reinforcement from the discriminative stimuli governing target responding. These findings provide a novel avenue to explore in translational research assessing whether signaling the availability of alternative reinforcement with DRA treatments reduces the persistence of problem behavior.
Islet autoantibodies present in association with Ljungan virus infection in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in northern Sweden
Authors: Warvsten Anna , Björnfors Martin , Arvidsson Michael , Vaziri‐Sani Fariba , Jönsson Ida , Olsson Gert E. , Ahlm Clas , Larsson Helena Elding , Lernmark Åke , Nilsson Anna‐Lena
Published: June 2016

Bank voles are known reservoirs for Puumala hantavirus and probably also for Ljungan virus (LV), a suggested candidate parechovirus in type 1 diabetes etiology and pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether wild bank voles had been exposed to LV and if exposure associated to autoantibodies against insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA), or islet autoantigen‐2 (IA‐2A). Serum samples from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) captured in early summer or early winter of 1997 and 1998, respectively, were analyzed in radio binding assays for antibodies against Ljungan virus (LVA) and Puumala virus (PUUVA) as well as for IAA, GADA, and IA‐2A. LVA was found in 25% (189/752), IAA in 2.5% (18/723), GADA in 2.6% (15/615), and IA‐2A in 2.5% (11/461) of available bank vole samples. LVA correlated with both IAA (P = 0.007) and GADA (P < 0.001), but not with IA‐2A (P = 0.999). There were no correlations with PUUVA, detected in 17% of the bank voles. Compared to LVA negative bank voles, LVA positive animals had higher levels of both IAA (P = 0.002) and GADA (P < 0.001), but not of IA‐2A (P = 0.205). Levels of LVA as well as IAA and GADA were higher in samples from bank voles captured in early summer. In conclusion, LVA was detected in bank voles and correlated with both IAA and GADA but not with IA‐2A. These observations suggest that exposure to LV may be associated with islet autoimmunity. It remains to be determined if islet autoantibody positive bank voles may develop diabetes in the wild. J. Med. Virol. 89:24–31, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the metabolic state on the tolerance of Pichia kudriavzevii to heavy metals
Authors: Mesquita Vanessa A. , Machado Manuela D. , Silva Cristina F. , Soares Eduardo V.
Published: June 2016

This work aims to examine the influence of the metabolic state of the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii on the susceptibility to a metals mixture (5 mg L−1 Cd, 10 mg L−1 Pb, and 5 mg L−1 Zn). Cells exposed to the metals mixture in the presence of 25 mmol L−1 glucose displayed a higher loss of membrane integrity and proliferation capacity, compared to cells incubated in the absence of glucose. The analysis of the effect of individual metals revealed that glucose increased the toxic effect of Cd marginally, and of Pb significantly. The increased susceptibility to heavy metals due to glucose was attenuated in the simultaneous presence of a mitochondrial respiration inhibitor such as sodium azide (NaN3). ATP‐depleted yeast cells, resulting from treatment with the non‐metabolizable glucose analogue 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose, showed an increased susceptibility to heavy metals mixture. Pre‐incubation of yeast cells with 1 or 1.5 mmol L−1 Ca2+ reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the loss of membrane integrity induced by the metals mixture. These findings contribute to the understanding of metals mechanisms of toxicity in the non‐conventional yeast P. kudriavzevii.
Tropospheric moisture in the Southwest Pacific as revealed by homogenized radiosonde data: climatology and decadal trend
Authors: Li Ning , Bellon Gilles , McGregor Glenn
Published: June 2016

Radiosonde data are valuable to the research community because they provide observations for multiple decades and can be used to validate model output. However radiosonde data often suffer from quality issues, which has undermined their credibility. Therefore, corrections for biases and changepoints are needed to remedy the situation. Homogenization of monthly radiosonde specific humidity (q) from the 1970s to the present has been performed on selected stations over the Southwest Pacific (SWP) at three pressure levels (i.e. 850, 700 and 500 hPa). A three‐step procedure involving (1) adjustments for two sampling biases, (2) detecting secular changepoints (i.e. discontinuities) using both statistical techniques and metadata validation, and (3) an innovative break size estimate approach, has been implemented to achieve this aim. In the last step, a discontinuity‐free pseudo‐q is constructed from saturated specific humidity qs which itself is derived from an already homogenized temperature (T) time series. This pseudo‐q serves as a reference that not only distinguishes artificial from natural changepoints but also helps to estimate the magnitudes of the discontinuity. On the decadal time scale, the adjusted q (qadj) exhibits spatially more consistent moistening at the 850 hPa level over most of the region and a contrast at 500 hPa between the moistening in the tropics and a drying in the subtropical South Pacific. Mean regional trend estimates are ∼1.8% (850 hPa), −0.2% (700 hPa) and 1.3% (500 hPa) per decade. A climatological comparison with the three latest reanalysis products – CFSR, ERA‐Interim and MERRA, suggests the reanalyses have significant negative biases over Southeast Asia (SEA) at all three levels. Over Australia the biases are negative at 850 hPa while positive at 500 hPa. The reanalysis products tend to be more similar among themselves in the estimates of q, as compared to the radiosonde measurements of q and qadj. The homogenized radiosonde q, when assimilated into reanalysis, is likely to lead to a more realistic model of the hydrological cycle.
Social Networks and Individual Creativity: The Role of Individual Differences
Authors: Kim Sang Kyun , Shin Shung Jae , Shin Jiseon , Miller Douglas R.
Published: June 2016

This article addresses the theoretical limitations of social network theory as it applies to individual creativity. Social network theory implicitly assumes that social interactions influence creativity identically for all individuals in all circumstances. We argue that the extent to which individuals take advantage of their social ties may vary depending on individual characteristics, based on the componential model and the investment theory of creativity. Building on an interactional approach, this article explores the role of individual differences in the relationship between social networks and individual creativity and proposes that weak ties enhance creativity when information recipients are highly open to experience, have more domain knowledge, have an innovative style, and are intrinsically motivated. This article contributes to the current debate on the relationship between social networks and individual creativity by rationalizing the conditions under which weak ties enhance individual creativity. Implications for business managers and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Effects of brown seaweed polyphenols, α‐tocopherol, and ascorbic acid on protein oxidation and textural properties of fish mince (Pagrosomus major) during frozen storage
Authors: Wang Tiantian , Li Zhenxing , Yuan Fangzhou , Lin Hong , Pavase Tushar Ramesh
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Frozen storage of minced fish is currently one of the most important techniques to maintain its functional properties. However, some deterioration does occur during frozen storage and cause quality loss. The effects of brown seaweed polyphenols, α‐tocopherol, and ascorbic acid on lipid and protein oxidation and textural properties of red sea bream (Pagrosomus major) during 90 days of frozen storage at −18 °C were investigated.

RESULTS

All added antioxidants at 1 g kg−1 resulted in significantly lower thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) compared to the control during the 45 days of frozen storage. The antioxidants were also effective in retarding protein oxidation concerning to total sulfhydryl content and protein carbonyl content. Brown seaweed polyphenols and α‐tocopherol significantly retarded the inactivation of Ca2+‐ATPase activity during the first 45 days, whereas ascorbic acid had no such effect. The antioxidant activity showed either an invariable or decrease trend after 45 days storage. Adding antioxidants had a significant effect on the breaking force of the gels during the frozen storage period.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that brown seaweed polyphenols and α‐tocopherol can be used to prevent oxidative reactions and thus maintain the structure of the gel formed by fish mince during frozen storage. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Waterbird nest‐site selection is influenced by neighboring nests and island topography
Authors: Hartman C. Alex , Ackerman Joshua T. , Takekawa John Y. , Herzog Mark P.
Published: June 2016

Avian nest‐site selection is influenced by factors operating across multiple spatial scales. Identifying preferred physical characteristics (e.g., topography, vegetation structure) can inform managers to improve nesting habitat suitability. However, social factors (e.g., attraction, territoriality, competition) can complicate understanding physical characteristics preferred by nesting birds. We simultaneously evaluated the physical characteristics and social factors influencing selection of island nest sites by colonial‐nesting American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) at 2 spatial scales in San Francisco Bay, 2011–2012. At the larger island plot (1 m2) scale, we used real‐time kinematics to produce detailed topographies of nesting islands and map the distribution of nests. Nesting probability was greatest in island plots between 0.5 m and 1.5 m above the water surface, at distances <10 m from the water's edge, and of moderately steep (avocets) or flat (terns) slopes. Further, avocet and tern nesting probability increased as the number of nests initiated in adjacent plots increased up to a peak of 11–12 tern nests, and then decreased thereafter. Yet, avocets were less likely to nest in plots adjacent to plots with nesting avocets, suggesting an influence of intra‐specific territoriality. At the smaller microhabitat scale, or the area immediately surrounding the nest, we compared topography, vegetation, and distance to nearest nest between nest sites and paired random sites. Topography had little influence on selection of the nest microhabitat. Instead, nest sites were more likely to have vegetation present, and greater cover, than random sites. Finally, avocet, and to a lesser extent tern, nest sites were closer to other active conspecific or heterospecific nests than random sites, indicating that social attraction played a role in selection of nest microhabitat. Our results demonstrate key differences in nest‐site selection between co‐occurring avocets and terns, and indicate the effects of physical characteristics and social factors on selection of nesting habitat are dependent on the spatial scale examined. Moreover, these results indicate that islands with abundant area between 0.5 m and 1.5 m above the water surface, within 10 m of the water's edge, and containing a mosaic of slopes ranging from flat to moderately steep would provide preferred nesting habitat for avocets and terns. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Comparatively Thermal and Crystalline Study of Poly(methyl‐methacrylate)/Polyacrylonitrile Hybrids: Core–Shell Hollow Fibers, Porous Fibers, and Thin Films
Authors: Huang Jiangnan , Cao Yonghai , Huang Zhongyuan , Imbraguglio Samantha A. , Wang Zhe , Peng Xiangfang , Guo Zhanhu
Published: June 2016

The polyacrylonitrile/polymethyl‐methacrylate (PMMA/PAN) porous fibers, core–shell hollow fibers, and porous thin films are prepared by coaxial electrospinning, single electrospinning, and spin‐coating technologies, respectively. The different morphologies arising from different processes display great influences on their thermal and crystalline properties. The adding of PMMA causes porous structure due to the microphase‐separation structure of immiscible PMMA and PAN phases. The lower weight loss, higher degradation temperature, and glass‐transition temperatures of porous thin films than those of porous fibers and core–shell hollow fibers are obtained, evidencing that the polymer morphologies produced from the different process can efficiently influence their physical properties. The orthorhombic structure of PAN crystals are found in the PMMA/PAN porous thin films, but the rotational disorder PAN crystals due to intermolecular packing are observed in the PMMA/PAN porous fibers and core–shell hollow fibers, indicating that different processes cause different types of PAN crystals.

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Understanding the Formation of Linear Olefin Block Copolymers with Dynamic Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Tongtummachat Tiprawee , Anantawaraskul Siripon , Soares João B. P.
Published: June 2016

Chain‐shuttling polymerization with dual catalysts has introduced a new class of polyolefins called olefin block copolymers (OBCs). A dynamic Monte Carlo model to describe the kinetics of chain‐shuttling copolymerization in a semi‐batch reactor is developed, and used it to study how the microstructure of OBCs with different numbers of blocks per chain evolves during polymerization. The model also describes how chain‐shuttling rate constants and concentration of chain‐shuttling agent affect populations of OBCs with different numbers of blocks per chain. These model predictions are useful to make OBCs with precisely designed microstructures.

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A change in objective sleep duration is associated with a change in the serum adiponectin level of women with overweight or obesity undergoing weight loss intervention
Authors: Sawamoto R. , Nozaki T. , Furukawa T. , Tanahashi T. , Morita C. , Hata T. , Nakashima M. , Komaki G. , Sudo N.
Published: June 2016

Background

Although the serum adiponectin level is inversely correlated to body mass index and closely associated with obesity and related diseases, neither the impact of weight loss on the adiponectin level nor other factors that might influence the adiponectin level during weight loss intervention are well documented.

Objective

The objective of the study is to assess the change in the serum adiponectin level during weight loss intervention and to determine if sleep parameters affect the serum adiponectin level.

Methods

Ninety women with overweight or obesity aged 25 to 65 years completed a 7‐month cognitive behavioural therapy based weight loss intervention that included dieting, exercise and stress management. Serum adiponectin level, body fat percent, symptoms of depression and anxiety and objective sleep parameters, assessed by actigraphy, were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention.

Results

The serum adiponectin level was significantly increased after the weight loss intervention (P < 0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, the change of the adiponectin level was positively associated with the magnitude of body fat loss (β = −0.317, P < 0.001) and an increase of sleep minutes (β = 0.210, P = 0.043).

Conclusion

An increase in objective sleep duration was related to a significantly increased serum adiponectin level independently of the change of body fat during the weight loss intervention.
Aramid–multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites: effect of compatibilization through oligomer wrapping of the nanotubes
Authors: Ahmad Zahoor , Al‐Sagheer Fakhreia , Shiju Jessy
Published: June 2016

Aramid–multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites with different CNT loadings were prepared by the solution‐blending technique. Aramid oligomeric chains having reactive amine end‐groups were covalently grafted and wrapped over the surface of acid‐functionalized MWCNTs. The presence of functional groups and surface modification of MWCNTs were studied using Raman, Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic and transmission/scanning electron microscopic techniques. Addition of these MWCNTs resulted in a homogeneous dispersion throughout the aramid matrix. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed an increase in the storage modulus and the glass transition temperature involved with α‐relaxations on CNT loading. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of aramid was reduced on loading with such CNTs. Strong interfacial interactions of the matrix with the surface‐modified CNTs reduced the stress‐transfer problem in the composite material and resulted in higher modulus of 4.26 GPa and a glass transition temperature of 338.5 °C, whereas the CTE was reduced to 101.8 ppm °C−1 on addition of only 2.5 wt% CNTs in the aramid matrix. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of coil‐comb block copolymers containing polystyrene coil and poly(methyl methacrylate) side chains via atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Shin Seonhee , Moon Seohyun , Seo Myungeun , Kim Sang Youl
Published: June 2016

A series of polystyrene‐b‐(poly(2‐(2‐bromopropionyloxy) styrene)‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate)) (PS‐b‐(PBPS‐g‐PMMA)) and polystyrene‐b‐(poly(2‐(2‐bromopropionyloxy)ethyl acrylate)‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate)) (PS‐b‐(PBPEA‐g‐PMMA)) as new coil‐comb block copolymers (CCBCPs) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The linear diblock copolymer polystyrene‐b‐poly(4‐acetoxystyrene) and polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl acrylate) PS‐b‐P(HEA‐TMS) were obtained by combining ATRP and activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP. Secondary bromide‐initiating sites for ATRP were introduced by liberation of hydroxyl groups via deprotection and subsequent esterification reaction with 2‐bromopropionyl bromide. Grafting of PMMA onto either the PBPS block or the PBPEA block via ATRP yielded the desired PS‐b‐(PBPS‐g‐PMMA) or PS‐b‐(PBPEA‐g‐PMMA).1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography data indicated the target CCBCPs were successfully synthesized. Preliminary investigation on selected CCBCPs suggests that they can form ordered nanostructures via microphase separation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.2016,54, 2971–2983
Fano factor evaluation of diamond detectors for alpha particles
Authors: Shimaoka Takehiro , Kaneko Junichi H. , Sato Yuki , Tsubota Masakatsu , Shimmyo Hiroaki , Chayahara Akiyoshi , Watanabe Hideyuki , Umezawa Hitoshi , Mokuno Yoshiaki
Published: June 2016

This report is the first describing experimental evaluation of Fano factor for diamond detectors. High‐quality self‐standing chemical vapor deposited diamond samples were produced using lift‐off method. Alpha‐particle induced charge measurements were taken for three samples. A 13.1 ±0.07 eV of the average electron–hole pair creation energy and excellent energy resolution of approximately 0.3% were found for 5.486 MeV alpha particles from an 241Am radioactive source. The best Fano factor for 5.486 MeV alpha particles, calculated from experimentally obtained epsilon values and the detector intrinsic energy resolution, was 0.382 ± 0.007.
Predicting the Effect of Temperature on the Shock Absorption Properties of Polyethylene Foam
Authors: McGee Samuel D. , Batt Gregory S. , Gibert James M. , Darby Duncan O.
Published: June 2016

Polyethylene (PE) foam is a material used commonly in protective packaging for its shock absorption properties. When developing a package design intended to mitigate shock to the product, decisions are typically made based on established cushion evaluation procedures performed at standard laboratory conditions. Distribution environment temperatures, however, can vary greatly from the condition at which these materials are assessed. The research presented in this paper utilizes the stress–energy method of cushion evaluation and highlights trends in the stress–energy equations of PE foam tested at 12 different temperatures, ranging from −20°C to 50°C. A quadratic polynomial is used to describe the variation in the stress–energy equation coefficients over the temperature range evaluated. The model developed enables cushion curve prediction for any static stress, drop height, material thickness and temperature expected over the intended range of use of the material. This model is validated by performing additional impact testing of samples at various temperatures and comparing experimentally obtained acceleration values to those predicted by the model. Further model analysis is performed to estimate the optimal static stress for the material at any temperature within the range tested and to study the variation with temperature of this optimal point. Results reveal that the model developed is capable of predicting the shock absorption properties of the material within the range of parameters tested and that the optimal static stress of the material decreases as temperature increases from −20°C to 50°C. Application to cushion design is made to recommend an approach to designing a PE cushion system for use over a range of temperatures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration, skill, and the transformation of social networks in the pre‐Hispanic Southwest
Authors: Mills Barbara J. , Clark Jeffery J. , Peeples Matthew A.
Published: June 2016

Migration restructures interaction at different social and spatial scales and has the potential to create deep and lasting inequalities between migrants and hosts. But migrants may also create relationships that mediate inequalities and assume positions of power. We examine how migration restructured social relationships in the late pre‐Hispanic U.S. Southwest and argue that skilled migrant potters were responsible for both technological innovation and the success of migrants in their new homes. The Southwest has well‐documented examples of a diaspora from northeastern Arizona to destinations to the south. Using social network analyses conducted by the Southwest Social Networks Project, we investigate the position of migrant settlements vis‐à‐vis their hosts. Migration transformed social networks fromad1200 to 1450 as newcomers became increasingly central by maintaining relationships through bonds of shared heritage and creating social positions for themselves within host communities. Comparison of early and late periods shows how migrants were initially weakly tied to their hosts, which led to stronger ties in a significant portion of the Southwest. These ties indicate widespread interactions characteristic of a social movement. Skilled migrants innovated the production of ceramics that became highly valued in their respective destinations, showing how technological transformations, migration, and skill intersected.
HEOM‐QUICK: a program for accurate, efficient, and universal characterization of strongly correlated quantum impurity systems
Authors: Ye LvZhou , Wang Xiaoli , Hou Dong , Xu Rui‐Xue , Zheng Xiao , Yan YiJing
Published: June 2016

Accurate characterization of correlated electronic states, as well as their evolution under external fields or in dissipative environment, is essentially important for understanding the properties of strongly correlated transition‐metal materials involving spin‐unpaired d or f electrons. This paper reviews the development and applications of a numerical simulation program, the Hierarchical Equations of Motion for QUantum Impurity with a Correlated Kernel (HEOM‐QUICK), which allows for an accurate and universal characterization of strongly correlated quantum impurity systems. The HEOM‐QUICK program implements the formally exact HEOM formalism for fermionic open systems. Its simulation results capture the combined effects of system‐environment dissipation, many‐body interactions, and non‐Markovian memory in a nonperturbative manner. The HEOM‐QUICK program has been employed to explore a wide range of static and dynamic properties of various types of quantum impurity systems, including charge or spin qubits, quantum dots, molecular junctions, and so on. It has also been utilized in conjunction with first‐principles methods such as density‐functional theory methods to study the correlated electronic structure of adsorbed magnetic molecules. The advantages in its accuracy, efficiency, and universality have made the HEOM‐QUICK program a reliable and versatile tool for theoretical investigations on strong electron correlation effects in complex materials. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:608–638. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1269

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Software > Simulation Methods
Physical Properties of Soybean Oleogels and Oil Migration Evaluation in Model Praline System
Authors: Si Huaguang , Cheong Ling‐Zhi , Huang Jianhua , Wang Xingguo , Zhang Hong
Published: June 2016

The present study examined the physical properties of soybean oleogels and commercial confectionery filling fats and evaluated the oil migration properties in model praline systems. Soybean oleogels were prepared using different oleogelators namely monoglyceride (MAG oleogels) and a mixture of sorbitan tri‐stearate (STS) with lecithin (50:50) (Lec‐STS oleogels). Both MAG oleogels and Lec‐STS oleogels demonstrated a flat solid fat content (SFC) profile with zero SFC at 40 °C. At low temperature, MAG oleogels and Lec‐STS oleogels demonstrated a non‐flowing gel‐like property due to the ability of the oleogelator to entrap liquid oil. In addition, oleogels also showed thixotropic behavior indicating the possible capability to prevent migration of filling fats to coatings and also good flow ability during pumping though manufacturing equipment. The textural property of oleogels also did not change significantly upon storage indicating good structural stability. When used as in a model praline system, oleogels demonstrated a migration delaying property.
Adolescents with Cancer and Occupational Deprivation in Hospital Settings: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Miralles Pedro Moruno , Ramón Nieves Cedenilla , Valero Sandra Aranda
Published: June 2016

Objective/Background

The aim of this article was to analyze the needs of hospitalized adolescents with cancer in relation to the performance of meaningful activities as well as to explore the possible scenarios of occupational deprivation in hospital paediatric wards.

Methods

The study follows an ethnographical research approach using two techniques: participant observation and in-depth interviews, with constant comparison by data triangulation. Eight adolescents diagnosed with cancer aged between 15 years and 19 years (5 males and 3 females) were recruited from Toledo and Madrid in Spain.

Results

Five themes revealing the needs of adolescents with cancer in hospital environments were identified: (a) educational needs, (b) leisure needs, (c) physical space of the rooms, (d) interaction with medical personnel, and (e) lack of specific wards for adolescents.

Conclusion

The lack of variety and availability of educational activities and leisure, and the subsequent changes of the individual physical, social, and cultural environments could cause situations of occupational deprivation, and also affect the health and quality of life of the individuals.
Marcinkiewicz law of large numbers for outer products of heavy-tailed, long-range dependent data
Authors: Kouritzin Michael A. , Sadeghi Samira
Published: June 2016

The Marcinkiewicz strong law, limn→∞(1 / n1/p)∑k=1n(Dk - D) = 0 almost surely with p ∈ (1, 2), is studied for outer products Dk = {XkX̅kT}, where {Xk} and {X̅k} are both two-sided (multivariate) linear processes (with coefficient matrices (Cl), (C̅l) and independent and identically distributed zero-mean innovations {Ξ} and {Ξ̅}). Matrix sequences Cl and C ̅l can decay slowly enough (as |l| → ∞) that {Xk,X ̅k} have long-range dependence, while {Dk} can have heavy tails. In particular, the heavy-tail and long-range-dependence phenomena for {Dk} are handled simultaneously and a new decoupling property is proved that shows the convergence rate is determined by the worst of the heavy tails or the long-range dependence, but not the combination. The main result is applied to obtain a Marcinkiewicz strong law of large numbers for stochastic approximation, nonlinear function forms, and autocovariances.
Probabilistic cellular automata with general alphabets possessing a Markov chain as an invariant distribution
Authors: Casse Jérôme
Published: June 2016

This paper is devoted to probabilistic cellular automata (PCAs) on N,Z or Z / nZ, depending on two neighbors with a general alphabet E (finite or infinite, discrete or not). We study the following question: under which conditions does a PCA possess a Markov chain as an invariant distribution? Previous results in the literature give some conditions on the transition matrix (for positive rate PCAs) when the alphabet E is finite. Here we obtain conditions on the transition kernel of a PCA with a general alphabet E. In particular, we show that the existence of an invariant Markov chain is equivalent to the existence of a solution to a cubic integral equation. One of the difficulties in passing from a finite alphabet to a general alphabet comes from the problem of measurability, and a large part of this work is devoted to clarifying these issues.
Optimal financing and dividend distribution in a general diffusion model with regime switching
Authors: Zhu Jinxia , Yang Hailiang
Published: June 2016

We study the optimal financing and dividend distribution problem with restricted dividend rates in a diffusion type surplus model, where the drift and volatility coefficients are general functions of the level of surplus and the external environment regime. The environment regime is modeled by a Markov process. Both capital injection and dividend payments incur expenses. The objective is to maximize the expectation of the total discounted dividends minus the total cost of the capital injection. We prove that it is optimal to inject capital only when the surplus tends to fall below 0 and to pay out dividends at the maximal rate when the surplus is at or above the threshold, dependent on the environment regime.
Effect of endothelial glycocalyx layer redistribution upon microvessel poroelastohydrodynamics
Authors: Lee T. C. , Long D. S. , Clarke R. J.
Published: June 2016

The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) is a macromolecular layer that lines the inner surface of blood vessels. It is believed to serve a number of physiological functions in the microvasculature, including protection of the vessel walls from potentially harmful levels of fluid shear, as a molecular sieve that acts to regulate transendothelial mass transport, and as a transducer of mechanical stress from the vessel lumen. To best fulfil some of its roles, it has been suggested that the EGL redistributes, so that it is thickest at the cell–cell junctions. It has also been suggested that the majority of mechanotransduction occurs through the solid phase of the EGL, rather than via its fluid phase. The difficulties associated with measuring the distribution of the EGL in vivo make these hypotheses difficult to confirm experimentally. Consequently, to gauge the impact of EGL redistribution from a theoretical standpoint, we compute the flow through a porous-lined microvessel, the endothelial surface of which has been informed by confocal microscopy images of a postcapillary venule. Following earlier studies, we model the poroelastohydrodynamics of the EGL using biphasic mixture theory, taking advantage of a recently developed boundary integral representation of these equations to solve the coupled poroelastohydrodynamics using the boundary element method. However, the low permeabilities of the EGL mean that viscous effects are confined to thin layers, thereby also enabling an asymptotic treatment of the dynamics in this limit. In this asymptotic regime, we also consider a two-layer Stokes flow model for the lumen flow to approximate the effect of red blood cells within the lumen. We demonstrate that redistribution of the EGL can have a substantial impact upon microvessel haemodynamics. We also confirm that the bulk of the mechanical stress is indeed carried through the solid phase of the EGL.
A TRACE FORMULA FOR HECKE OPERATORS ON VECTOR-VALUED MODULAR FORMS
Authors: RAULF NICOLE , STEIN OLIVER
Published: June 2016

We present a ready to compute trace formula for Hecke operators on vector-valued modular forms of integral weight for SL2(ℤ) transforming under the Weil representation. As a corollary, we obtain a ready to compute dimension formula for the corresponding space of vector-valued cusp forms, which is more general than the dimension formulae previously published in the vector-valued setting.
LOCALCr-RIGHT EQUIVALENCE OFCr+1FUNCTIONS
Authors: MIGUS PIOTR
Published: June 2016

Letf,g:(ℝn, 0) → (ℝ, 0) beCr+1functions,r∈ ℕ. We will show that if ∇f(0)=0 and there exist a neighbourhoodUof 0 ∈ ℝnand a constantC> 0 such that$$\begin{equation*} \left|\partial^m(g-f)(x)\right| ≤ C \left|\nabla f(x)\right|^{r+2-|m|} \quad \textrm{ for } x\in U, \end{equation*} $$and for anym∈ ℕ0nsuch that |m| ≤r, then there exists aCrdiffeomorphism ϕ:(ℝn, 0) → (ℝn, 0) such thatf=g° ϕ in a neighbourhood of 0 ∈ ℝn.
Capital Market Efficiency and Arbitrage Efficacy
Authors: Akbas Ferhat , Armstrong Will J. , Sorescu Sorin , Subrahmanyam Avanidhar
Published: June 2016

Efficiency in the capital markets requires that capital flows are sufficient to arbitrage anomalies away. We examine the relation between flows to a quantitative (quant) strategy that is based on capital market anomalies and the subsequent performance of this strategy. When these flows are high, quant funds are able to implement arbitrage strategies more effectively, which in turn leads to lower profitability of market anomalies in the future, and vice versa. Thus, the degree of cross-sectional equity market efficiency varies across time with the availability of arbitrage capital.
Euler's parallel oblique-angled diameters
Authors: Osler Thomas J.
Published: June 2016

In the paper [1], Euler was examining properties of the conic sections that could be shared by more general curves. Most of the paper is concerned with ‘oblique-angle diameters’, a concept that seems to have been familiar to his readers in the eighteenth century, but has been ignored today. In this paper we will explain this concept and, led by Euler, develop some of its consequences.
The Morley tricorn a solid figure constructed from the diagram for Morley's theorem
Authors: Macfarlane A. J.
Published: June 2016

Morley's theorem states that the points of intersection of adjacent trisectors of the angles of any triangle are the vertices of an equilateral triangle, known as Morley's triangle. See Figure 1.

Concise proofs of the theorem are given in recent papers [1, 2]. A good picture of important previous work can be obtained by looking at [3, p. 1999], and examining references cited there.
A generalisation of the arbelos theorem of Archimedes
Authors: Shirali Shailesh A
Published: June 2016

Over two thousand years ago, Archimedes discovered a remarkable result concerning two circles drawn with reference to a configuration of three circles and a straight line. Figure 1 displays this result.

In the figure, A, B, C are three collinear points, with B between A and C; circles ω1, ω2, ω3 are drawn on AB, BC, AC as diameters, respectively; a line l is drawn through B, perpendicular to AC; a circle ω4 is inscribed in the region bounded by {ωl, ω3, l}; and a circle ω5 is inscribed in the region bounded by {ω2, ω3, l}. The Archimedean property is that ω4 and ω5 have equal radii.
Finding a missing digit
Authors: Shiu Peter
Published: June 2016

‘There is a simple argument which shows that, for any positive real number x, the digit 7 appears in the decimal representation of one of the numbers x, 2x, … , 79x. I spent a wet Saturday afternoon showing that 79 can be reduced to 42, which is best possible.’

Some thirty years ago this interesting problem was given to me verbally by David Masser, who was a reader in mathematics at Nottingham University. I solved the problem, over several days, and forgot about it. While tidying up papers in retirement I found the notes on the problem, and when I mentioned this to David he too had forgotten about it until he searched through his notes. He now encourages me to publicise the problem, which is presented here with a small extension.
Some remarks about a formula of Charles Dodgson
Authors: Pla Juan
Published: June 2016

In this note we start by exploring a type of solution of the equation in positive integers

for a given p, which will enable us easily to derive a class of solutions in integers of the more general equation in positive integers

for any positive integers p and n.

In another part of this note we explore some connections between the formula we find and a particular chapter in the elementary theory of numbers.
Metric axioms and distance
Authors: Cullinane Michael J.
Published: June 2016

Many mathematicians' experiences with distances in the settings of geometry, analysis, and topology can lead to the impression that the only worthwhile or ‘reasonable’ distance functions are metrics. We hope to convince the reader otherwise.

Recall that ametricfor a setXis a functiond: X × X→ [0, ∞) satisfying all of the followingmetric axioms:
Gaston Tarry and multimagic squares
Authors: Keedwell A. D.
Published: June 2016

It is well known that G. Tarry [1] was the first to publish a proof that the famous thirty-six officers problem posed by L. Euler [2] in 1779 has no solution but it appears to be less well known that he was the first to devise a systematic method of constructing bimagic and trimagic squares, that is, magic squares which remain magic when each entry is replaced by its square and, in the case of trimagic squares, also when each entry is replaced by its cube. Tarry's method was outlined in [3] and was explained and slightly improved upon in a book by E. Cazalas [4] published in Paris in 1934. Recently, there has been renewed interest in this topic.