bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Central Greece and the Peloponnese (Archaic to Roman)
Authors: Smith David M.
Published: December 2014

The much shorter Archaiologikon Deltion for the single year of 2005 invariably offers far fewer reports on the work of the Archaeological Service than the four-year volume with which we were presented last year. This, in itself, is no bad thing, although the geographical and chronological balance generated by such a large dataset is notable by its absence. This unevenness is, as ever, partially offset by the publication of fieldwork, although certain areas maintain a far more visible archaeological presence than others. This is particularly true for the northeastern Peloponnese, which has, in recent years, been the recipient of an almost unparalleled focus of both research and rescue excavation; a fact reflected in the significant contribution made to this year's report by the edited proceedings of the conference The Corinthia and the Northeast Peloponnese: Topography and History from Prehistoric Times until the End of Antiquity (Kissas and Niemeier 2013). A total of 56 individual papers provide details on sites that range in date from the Neolithic to the Byzantine period. A great strength of this collection lies in the contribution of so many current and former staff of the Archaeological Service, and, of the numerous papers that engage directly or indirectly with the archaeology of the Archaic to Roman period, several are discussed in greater depth in the course of this report. A complementary Hesperia supplement detailing the current state of prehistoric and historic research on the Corinthian Isthmus is due to appear before the end of the year (Gebhard and Gregory forthcoming), as is a study of material from Henry Robinson's 1961–1962 excavation in the North Cemetery (Slane forthcoming). The study of religious practice during the Classical period benefits from the publication of the first volume of material from excavations conducted by the Canadian Institute in Greece between 1994 and 2001 in the Sanctuary of Athena at Stymphalos (Schaus 2014a), while the consolidation of synthetic regional studies and individual site reports within Villae Rusticae: Family and Market-oriented Farms in Greece under Roman Rule (Rizakis and Touratsoglou 2013) will no doubt ensure that it becomes a standard text for the study of the rural economy of Roman Greece (see Stewart, this volume).
Crete (prehistoric to Hellenistic)
Authors: Haysom Matthew
Published: December 2014

This has been a relatively quiet year in terms of newly-discovered Cretan material appearing for the first time in print. The main event was the continued publication of the backlog of Archaiologikon Deltion with the appearance of the 2005 volume. This, of course, contained a lot less material than last year's volume, which covered four years, 2001–2004. As a result, the disadvantages of late publication were more apparent, since all the most notable finds will already be known to the wider community from other sources, leaving only the most minor of rescue excavations as truly new material.

Galatas provides a good example as one of the major Bronze Age sites being excavated in 2005 (ID4536). The excavation witnessed an important new discovery in the form of a monolithic “baetyl” and associated exedra to the south of the site's central building. The value of this discovery is that it adds to a relatively small corpus of enigmatic unhewn monolithic stones that appear as focal points in open-air public spaces in Minoan settlements. As such, it adds considerably to our understanding of the type, especially because, more so than in other places, signs of the activities associated with it appear to be preserved. This very important find has already made it into the secondary literature, being one of the primary case studies in Sam Crooks” (2013) book on Minoan baetyls. Less widely known are the results of the Galatas survey (ID4537), which appear in this year's ADelt in a preliminary form. Intriguing is the statement that the number of sites around Galatas increases sharply in the Neopalatial period, and that many of them are large. Galatas itself has a rather rocky Neopalatial history and in the fullness of time it will be interesting to see whether the story from the site and that from the wider area coincide, or whether there is some opposing or complementary dynamic. Also of great potential importance is the mention of a Minoan mason's mark in a quarry that is interpreted as providing blocks for the central building at Galatas. Masons” marks have been the centre of controversy ever since they were first discovered, with the majority of scholars interpreting them as in some way religious, whilst a few have suggested instead that they had some more practical purpose, relating to the work crews constructing monumental buildings (a good up-to-date treatment with previous bibliography is Begg 2004). If this identification is confirmed, it might significantly strengthen the minority side of the argument.
Archaeobotany in Greece
Authors: Livarda Alexandra
Published: December 2014

This paper provides a brief overview of the history and main achievements of archaeobotanical work in Greece to date, with the aim of highlighting its potential and creating a framework in which future work can be contextualized. The term “archaeobotany” is used here in its narrow sense, referring to the study of plant macroremains, such as seeds, fruits and other plant parts, and excluding charcoal studies or “anthracology” and analyses of microremains (for example pollen, phytoliths), which have developed to become separate subdisciplines.
Intra-articular Placement of an Intraosseous Catheter
Authors: Grabel Zachary , DePasse J. Mason , Lareau Craig R. , Born Christopher T. , Daniels Alan H.
Published: December 2014

Gaining vascular access is essential in the resuscitation of critically ill patients. Intraosseous (IO) placement is a fundamentally important alternative to intravenous (IV) access in conditions where IV access delays resuscitation or is not possible. This case report presents a previously unreported example of prehospital misplacement of an IO catheter into the intra-articular space of the knee joint. This report serves to inform civilian and military first responders, as well as emergency medicine physicians, of intra-articular IO line placement as a potential complication of IO vascular access. Infusion of large amounts of fluid into the joint space could damage the joint and be catastrophic to a patient who needs immediate IV fluids or medications. In addition, intra-articular IO placement could result in septic arthritis of the knee.

GrabelZ, DePasseJM, LareauCR, BornCT, DanielsAH. Intra-articular placement of an intraosseous catheter. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(1):1-4.
Genetic Counseling in X-Chromosomal-Linked Neuroophthalmological Diseases. Status of the Female Heterozygote. Linkage and Crossingover with Xg Blood Group
Authors: Cuendet J.-F. , Wuilleret B.
Published: December 2014

Among X-linked neuroophthalmological ailments, congenital nystagmus is particularly interesting because of the affected female heterozygote.

Linkage and crossingover with Xg blood group suggest that the locus of the nystagmic gene is on the long arm of the X chromosome.

A draft of genetic counseling is given according to the various possible family situations.
Introduction: The Cultural Study of Commercial Sex: Taking a policy perspective
Authors: Hammond Natalie , Attwood Feona
Published: December 2014

The transformation of the sex industry since 2000 has meant that the image of the ‘street prostitute’ touting for business on dark street corners is less representative of sex work or sex workers than it has ever been. Much of our knowledge about the sex industry, and about wider transformations of economic, intimate and cultural life, is out of date (Bernstein, 2007a), and policy processes are taking place within the context of limited or outdated knowledge. The growth in visibility, consumption and diversity of sexual commerce is now well recognised (Weitzer, 2000; Agustín, 2005; Scoular and Sanders, 2010) and commercial sex industries are known to operate across a variety of locations, and within specific modes of production and consumption, which are historically, contextually and culturally contingent and where ‘the meaning of buying and selling sex is not always the same’ (Agustín, 2005: 619).
Causality Orientations and Psychological Well-Being in Young European and Eurasian Adults
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Constantinescu Petru-Madalin , Ugur Hasan , Constantinescu Iuliana
Published: December 2014

We sought to bridge the gap in the literature between general causality orientations and psychological well-being by examining the relationship between these variables in a sample of 76 (18 men and 58 women) currently enrolled or recently graduated European and Eurasian university students between 18 and 35 years old. Participants were administered the General Causality Orientations Scale, Satisfaction With Life Scale, and Subjective Vitality Scale. General causality orientations differed in magnitude, with autonomy orientation being most prominent and impersonal orientation the least pervasive. Women were more inclined toward autonomy orientation than were men. Measures of hedonic (life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (vitality) well-being had a moderate, positive correlation. Although general causality orientations did not predict life satisfaction, income along with impersonal and controlled causality orientations predicted vitality. We situate these findings within self-determination theory and research, the demographics of the sample, and the larger social and cultural contexts from which the sample was drawn.
Stability of Gut Enterotypes in Korean Monozygotic Twins and Their Association with Biomarkers and Diet
Authors: Lim Mi Young , Rho Mina , Song Yun-Mi , Lee Kayoung , Sung Joohon , Ko GwangPyo
Published: December 2014

Studies on the human gut microbiota have suggested that human individuals could be categorized into enterotypes based on the compositions of their gut microbial communities. Here, we report that the gut microbiota of healthy Koreans are clustered into two enterotypes, dominated by either Bacteroides (enterotype 1) or Prevotella (enterotype 2). More than 72% of the paired fecal samples from monozygotic twin pairs were assigned to the same enterotype. Our longitudinal analysis of these twins indicated that more than 80% of the individuals belonged to the same enterotype after about a 2-year interval. Microbial functions based on KEGG pathways were also divided into two clusters. For enterotype 2, 100% of the samples belonged to the same functional cluster, while for enterotype 1, approximately half of the samples belonged to each functional cluster. Enterotype 2 was significantly associated with long-term dietary habits that were high in dietary fiber, various vitamins and minerals. Among anthropometrical and biochemical traits, the level of serum uric acid was associated with enterotype. These results suggest that host genetics as well as host properties such as long-term dietary patterns and a particular clinical biomarker could be important contributors to the enterotype of an individual.
The Interface between Gd and Monolayer MoS2: A First-Principles Study
Authors: Zhang Xuejing , Mi Wenbo , Wang Xiaocha , Cheng Yingchun , Schwingenschlögl Udo
Published: December 2014

We analyze the electronic structure of interfaces between two-, four- and six-layer Gd(0001) and monolayer MoS2by first-principles calculations. Strong chemical bonds shift the Fermi energy of MoS2upwards into the conduction band. At the surface and interface the Gdfstates shift to lower energy and new surface/interface Gddstates appear at the Fermi energy, which are strongly hybridized with the Mo 4dstates and thus lead to a high spin-polarization (ferromagnetically ordered Mo magnetic moments of 0.15 μB). Gd therefore is an interesting candidate for spin injection into monolayer MoS2.
Access to Human Cells and Tissues
Authors: Thomas Gerry
Published: December 2014

Improving methods for diagnosis and treatment depend on a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of disease. In the past the tool of choice has been an animal model or a cell line, but increasingly the limited value of this material has been recognised. In the clinic we treat humans, and the ideal model to understand the disease we aim to treat is therefore the human. However, access to human tissue is not always easy or practical, and is complicated by ethics and legislation over both data and tissue samples. The well-being of the donor of the material is paramount, and must never be compromised by the acquisition of samples for research. This chapter will provide an overview of the obstacles that exist to accessing ethically sourced human material for laboratory scientists and suggests models that can be used to facilitate access.
A multi-enzyme microreactor-based online electrochemical system for selective and continuous monitoring of acetylcholine
Authors: Lin Yuqing , Yu Ping , Mao Lanqun
Published: December 2014

This study demonstrates an online electrochemical system (OECS) for selective and continuous measurements of acetylcholine (ACh) through efficiently integrating in vivo microdialysis, a multi-enzyme microreactor and an electrochemical detector.
Colourimetric detection of Ag(i) ions using dCTP-stabilised gold nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Chun-Guang , Zhang Miao , Xu Zhang-Run
Published: December 2014

A simple colourimetric detection method for Ag(i) ions based on dCTP-stabilised gold nanoparticles is proposed.
Coupling of carboxylic acids with internal alkynes by supported ruthenium catalysts: direct and selective syntheses of multi-substituted phthalide derivatives
Authors: Miura Hiroki , Tsutsui Kentaro , Wada Kenji , Shishido Tetsuya
Published: December 2014

Supported ruthenium catalysts promote coupling of various kinds of aromatic carboxylic acids with internal alkynes, giving the corresponding multi-substituted phthalide derivatives in high yields. The supported Ru catalyst can be recycled at least five times with no loss of activity.
Tuning of multiple luminescence outputs and white-light emission from a single gelator molecule through an ESIPT coupled AIEE process
Authors: Maity Arunava , Ali Firoj , Agarwalla Hridesh , Anothumakkool Bihag , Das Amitava
Published: December 2014

A single gelator molecule (1) shows an ESIPT coupled AIEE process for generating multiple luminescent colors, including white-light, with varying aggregation as a function of the water content in a THF–water mixture. Luminescent property of 1 is retained in gel as well as in solid state.
Unprecedented spin localisation in a metal–metal bonded dirhenium complex
Authors: Yan Yong , Mague Joel T. , Donahue James P. , Sproules Stephen
Published: December 2014

[N(n-Bu)4]3[Re2(mnt)5] is the first class I, valence localized dirhenium(iii,iv) compound, with a metal–metal bond.
Molecular dynamics simulation of spin–lattice NMR relaxation in poly-l-lysine dendrimers: manifestation of the semiflexibility effect
Authors: Markelov Denis A. , Falkovich Stanislav G. , Neelov Igor M. , Ilyash Maxim Yu. , Matveev Vladimir V. , Lähderanta Erkki , Ingman Petri , Darinskii Anatolii A.
Published: December 2014

Spin–lattice NMR relaxation rate vs. reversed temperature for terminal and inner CH2 groups of n = 2 and 4 generation poly-l-lysine dendrimers.
Ag–Pd and CuO–Pd nanoparticles in a hydroxyl-group functionalized ionic liquid: synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance
Authors: Zhang Bin , Yuan Yuan , Philippot Karine , Yan Ning
Published: December 2014

Heteronuclear Ag–Pd and CuO–Pd nanoparticles with a controllable Ag : Pd or Cu : Pd ratio were easily synthesized through thermal decomposition of their acetate salts in a functionalized ionic liquid, [C2OHmim][NTf2].
Design of low-cost ionic liquids for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment
Authors: George Anthe , Brandt Agnieszka , Tran Kim , Zahari Shahrul M. S. Nizan S. , Klein-Marcuschamer Daniel , Sun Ning , Sathitsuksanoh Noppadon , Shi Jian , Stavila Vitalie , Parthasarathi Ramakrishnan , Singh Seema , Holmes Bradley M. , Welton Tom , Simmons Blake A. , Hallett Jason P.
Published: December 2014

The cost of ionic liquids (ILs) is a barrier to utilization in cellulosic biorefinery pretreatment. Our low-cost [HSO4]− ILs are nearly as efficient as standard [OAc] options.
Improvement on contamination resistance to volatile organics and moisture of sol–gel silica antireflective coating for 351 nm laser system by structural modulation with fluorinated compounds
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , Wei Yaowei , Yang Wei , Hui Haohao , Deng Xueran , Wang Jian , Xu Qiao , Shen Jun
Published: December 2014

A novel silica coating with durable AR performance under volatile organics and moisture condition was obtained by using DFDO as porosity modulator, and PHFBA as filler to protect it from contamination.
A novel high-flux, thin-film composite reverse osmosis membrane modified by chitosan for advanced water treatment
Authors: Raval Hiren D. , Rana Pranav S. , Maiti Subarna
Published: December 2014

This work demonstrates a novel method for improving the performance of thin-film composite RO membrane by making a polyamide–chitosan composite.
Highly efficient click reaction on water catalyzed by a ruthenium complex
Authors: Siyang Hai Xiao , Liu Hui Ling , Wu Xin Yan , Liu Pei Nian
Published: December 2014

Reactivity of ruthenium-catalyzed click reaction has been enhanced greatly by using H2O as the solvent.
Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by shape selective synthesis of β-Ga2O3 microspheres constituted by nanospheres for environmental remediation
Authors: Girija K. , Thirumalairajan S. , Mastelaro Valmor R. , Mangalaraj D.
Published: December 2014

Morphology controlled synthesis of β-Ga2O3 microspheres comprised of nanospheres exhibit excellent ultraviolet light photocatalytic performance towards RhB and MB organic dyes.
On the Road to Self-Supervision
Authors: O'Sullivan Jeanne , Peaper-Fillyaw Ruth , Plante Amy , Gottwald Sheryl
Published: December 2014

This article presents the model of clinical education at the University of New Hampshire designed to assure that graduate clinicians learn not only how to manage their client's programs but their own professional development. Specific experiences and assignments designed to help students develop self-supervision skills are described.
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of nucleation
Authors: Schweizer M. , Sagis L. M. C.
Published: December 2014

We present a novel approach to nucleation processes based on the GENERIC framework (general equation for the nonequilibrium reversible-irreversible coupling). Solely based on the GENERIC structure of time-evolution equations and thermodynamic consistency arguments of exchange processes between a metastable phase and a nucleating phase, we derive the fundamental dynamics for this phenomenon, based on continuous Fokker-Planck equations. We are readily able to treat non-isothermal nucleation even when the nucleating cores cannot be attributed intensive thermodynamic properties. In addition, we capture the dynamics of the time-dependent metastable phase being continuously expelled from the nucleating phase, and keep rigorous track of the volume corrections to the dynamics. Within our framework the definition of a thermodynamic nuclei temperature is manifest. For the special case of nucleation of a gas phase towards its vapor-liquid coexistence, we illustrate that our approach is capable of reproducing recent literature results obtained by more microscopic considerations for the suppression of the nucleation rate due to nonisothermal effects.
Structural and physicochemical properties of liquid Al–Zn alloys: A combined study based on molecular dynamics simulations and the quasi-lattice theory
Authors: Trybula M. , Jakse N. , Gasior W. , Pasturel A.
Published: December 2014

Ordering phenomena have been investigated in liquid Al–Zn alloys performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using “empirical oscillating pair potentials.” The local structural order is studied by computing two microscopic functions, namely, the concentration fluctuation function and the Warren-Cowley short-range order parameter. We also study the influence of ordering phenomena on transport properties like diffusivity and viscosity. The MD results are confronted to those determined from measurements and in the framework of the quasi-lattice theory.
Frustrated incomplete donor ionization in ultra-low resistivity germanium films
Authors: Xu Chi , Senaratne C. L. , Kouvetakis J. , Menéndez J.
Published: December 2014

The relationship between carrier concentration and donor atomic concentration has been determined in n-type Ge films doped with P. The samples were carefully engineered to minimize non-active dopant incorporation by using specially designed P(SiH3)3 and P(GeH3)3 hydride precursors. The in situ nature of the doping and the growth at low temperatures, facilitated by the Ge3H8 and Ge4H10 Ge sources, promote the creation of ultra-low resistivity films with flat doping profiles that help reduce the errors in the concentration measurements. The results show that Ge deviates strongly from the incomplete ionization expected when the donor atomic concentration exceeds Nd = 1017 cm−3, at which the energy separation between the donor and Fermi levels ceases to be much larger than the thermal energy. Instead, essentially full ionization is seen even at the highest doping levels beyond the solubility limit of P in Ge. The results can be explained using a model developed for silicon by Altermatt and coworkers, provided the relevant model parameter is properly scaled. The findings confirm that donor solubility and/or defect formation, not incomplete ionization, are the major factors limiting the achievement of very high carrier concentrations in n-type Ge. The commercially viable chemistry approach applied here enables fabrication of supersaturated and fully ionized prototypes with potential for broad applications in group-IV semiconductor technologies.
Local atomic structure of KxNa(1−x)NbO3 by total x-ray diffraction
Authors: Gupta Shashaank , Petkov Valeri , Priya Shashank
Published: December 2014

Local atomic structure of KxNa(1−x)NbO3 with 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 was studied using atomic Pair Distribution Function analysis based on x-ray diffraction. Powdered crystals were found to exhibit a re-entrant behavior by being orthorhombic (Amm2) for x < 0.42, monoclinic (Pm) for 0.42 ≤ x ≤ 0.63 and again orthorhombic (Amm2) for x > 0.63. Non-centrosymmetric structure of NaNbO3 (Amm2) was also evident in the piezoresponse force microscopy analysis revealing the presence of the ferroelectric domains and switching behavior. Lowering of the crystallographic symmetry for 0.42 ≤ x ≤ 0.63 is discussed in terms of differences in the sizes of Na+ and K+ ions and Na–O and K–O bond lengths. Besides being a bridging phase, as suggested by the previous studies on lead-based compositions, present study suggests that lower symmetry monoclinic phase of compositionally disordered perovskite solid solutions could also be a manifestation of the difference in the sizes of constituent ions and bond lengths.
Anomalous magnetic configuration of Mn2NiAl ribbon and the role of hybridization in the martensitic transformation of Mn50Ni50−xAlx ribbons
Authors: Zhao R. B. , Zhao D. W. , Li G. K. , Ma L. , Zhen C. M. , Hou D. L. , Wang W. H. , Liu E. K. , Chen J. L. , Wu G. H.
Published: December 2014

The magnetic configuration of Mn2NiAl ribbon has been investigated. In contrast to Ni2MnAl, the compound Mn2NiAl with considerable disorder does exhibit ferromagnetism and, due to exchange interaction competition, both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic moment orientations can coexist between nearest neighbor Mn atoms. This is unexpected in Heusler alloys. Regarding the mechanism of the martensitic transformation in Mn50Ni50−xAlx, it is found that increasing the Al content results in an unusual change in the lattice constant, a decrease of the transformation entropy change, and enhancement of the calculated electron localization. These results indicate that the p-d covalent hybridization between Mn (or Ni) and Al atoms gradually increases at the expense of the d-d hybridization between Ni and Mn atoms. This leads to an increased stability of the austenite phase and a decrease of the martensitic transformation temperature. For 11 ≤ x ≤ 14, Mn50Ni50−xAlx ferromagnetic shape memory alloys are obtained.
Fabrication and measurement of a flexoelectric micro-pyramid composite
Authors: Huang Wenbin , Shu Longlong , Ryung Kwon Seol , Zhang Shujun , Yuan Fuh-Gwo , Jiang Xiaoning
Published: December 2014

A fabrication method by combining precision mechanical dicing and wet etching was developed to prepare micro-pyramid structures based on (Ba0.67Sr0.33)TiO3 ceramics. The effective piezoelectric properties of flexoelectric pyramid structures in ten micrometers scale were investigated and measured through converse flexoelectric effect. The scaling effect of the flexoelectric response was demonstrated as the structure size shrinks down. The results do suggest the great potential of flexoelectric micro pyramids as an alternative to lead-free piezoelectric material.
From perennial to temporary streams: an extreme drought as a driving force of freshwater communities
Authors: Elias Carmen L. , Calapez Ana Raquel , Almeida Salomé F. P. , Feio Maria João
Published: December 2014

Alterations in trait proportions of diatom and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were used to evaluate the consequences of the drying of temperate perennial streams due to an uncommon drought event. Four Atlantic-temperate Portuguese streams were sampled on three occasions; spring before the drought, 2 weeks after the return of water to the streambed, and spring after the drought. The traits from diatom and macroinvertebrate communities from temperate streams were also compared with those from Mediterranean systems to assess possible shifts in traits. The effects from stream drying were long-lasting for macroinvertebrates; however, only the diatom trait proportions shifted towards proportions similar to those occurring in Mediterranean streams. There was a significant reduction of macroinvertebrates with the ability to produce cocoons, to disperse actively by flight and passively disperse in the water and of swimmers following the return of water. A decrease in stalked species immediately after drought was evident in diatom communities. In contrast to temperate communities, Mediterranean ones were characterised by larger and less mobile diatoms, and smaller-bodied macroinvertebrates with shorter life cycles. Additional studies are required to determine the long-term effect of uncharacteristic drought events on biological traits and their ecosystem functions in typically perennial streams.
Variability in the rhetorical structure of research article introductions
Authors: Lin Ling
Published: December 2014

Previous genre studies have mostly examined article introductions either in the Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion (IMRD) context or without specifying whether they are followed by a Literature Review section. This paper presents a detailed structural analysis of 30 article introductions, which are all followed by a Literature Review, in an applied discipline (i.e., civil engineering). The analysis identifies different types of introductions based on their major communicative functions, structural flows, and the nature and orientations of the studies reported. Among them, the two major categories of introductions were systematically studied and compared (i.e., the “Two-move Orientation” type and the “Research-oriented Traditional Creating a Research Space” type). They were found to differ greatly concerning their length, functions and organization. However, generally, when there is a subsequent Literature Review, the introductions are fairly flexibly yet simply structured with no dense use of sub-moves. The findings help to inform genre-based EAP writing instruction and materials writing.
A mathematical model for academic genre awareness
Authors: Muñoz-Luna Rosa , Taillefer Lidia
Published: December 2014

Spanish undergraduates of English Studies are required to submit their essays in academic English, a genre which most of them are not acquainted with. This paper aims to explore the extralinguistic side of L2 academic writing, more specifically, the combination of metalinguistic items (e.g. transition and frame markers, among others) with writers’ awareness of academic genre features. The research sample conveys a group of 200 Spanish undergraduates of English Studies; they are in their fourth year, so they are expected to be proficient in English academic writing but their written production quality varies considerably. Results are analysed following a mixed methodology by which metalinguistic items are statistically measured, and then contrasted with semi-structured interview results; SPSS® and NVivo® provide quantitative and qualitative outcomes, respectively. The analyses reveal that undergraduate students who produce complex sentences and more coherent texts show greater awareness of academic genre features, being able to (un)consciously employ academic language in their written expression. These high-scoring students make more proficient use of complex transition markers for coherence and frame markers for textual cohesion.
El papel de la lengua en la reconstrucción identitaria de mujeres inmigrantes colombianas en Chicago
Authors: Vélez-Rendón Gloria
Published: December 2014

Este artículo forma parte de una investigación más extensa que busca desentrañar cómo reconfiguran y negocian sus identidades un grupo de mujeres inmigrantes colombianas residentes en Chicago, particularmente en lo que tiene que ver con la lengua. Para efectos de la investigación se llevaron a cabo 20 entrevistas a profundidad con inmigrantes de diferentes edades, estatus económico y socio-cultural, estado civil y nivel educativo. Mediante el escrutinio minucioso de los datos se logró detectar patrones y temas recurrentes tanto en las narrativas individuales como en todo el corpus. Los resultados arrojados indican que el proceso de reconfiguración de la identidad en una segunda lengua y en una nueva cultura se alza como uno de los mayores retos del proceso migratorio de incorporación en la cultura de acogida para las mujeres colombianas.
In search of the origin ofnain Mavea
Authors: Guérin Valérie
Published: December 2014

Reflexes of the Proto-Oceanic common noun marker*naare found throughout the Oceanic language family. In Mavea, there is a morphemenabut it no longer partakes in the determiner system and is best analyzed synchronically as a preposition. This paper argues that today’s preposition is a reflex of the Proto-Oceanic common noun marker *na. Locative constructions are shown to provide a critical context conducive to the reanalysis of*na. Reanalysis has long been established as a mechanism of syntactic change, yet the factors motivating it remain a matter for debate. The dominant view is that reanalysis is driven by pragmatic factors. A rarely voiced view is that it is driven by structural requirements. The data adduced in this paper lend support to a model of syntactic change which can be structure-preserving in nature.
Reference-point and blending in Korean non-nominative subject constructions
Authors: Park Chongwon
Published: December 2014

This article examines three types of Korean constructions: case stacking and two types of non-nominative subject constructions. Relying on an independently established descriptive construct known as reference-point, I argue that the complex forms of these constructions reflect their meanings and functions. I further argue that the reference-point-based analysis of these constructions offers a unified account of a substantial range of phenomena when it is combined with the notion of conceptual and constructional blending. In providing technical analyses of the phenomena, I adopt the Cognitive Grammar (CG) framework. To justify the choice of the theoretical framework of my analysis, I examine the crucial role of spatial semantics in the said constructions, which is viewed as the primary factor underlying the distribution of case marking in CG. I then demonstrate that my CG-based analysis yields a natural explanation of the constructions both intuitively and theoretically.
Shifting Cultivation as Improvisation
Authors: Richards Paul
Published: December 2014

Shifting cultivation is a type of farming without fixed boundaries. It obeys an ecological logic but requires constant improvisation and adaptation to fluid circumstances. The character of improvisation in shifting cultivation is explored with reference to an African case study (rice farming by the Mende people of Sierra Leone). Two elements are emphasized in particular—the management of fire (by men) and rice seeds (by women). A contrast, applicable not only to farming, but also to other activities such as military conflict and musical performance, is drawn between strategic planning and tactical improvisation. The relevance of Mary Douglas’s grid-group theory to the framing of the social skill sets required for improvisation is discussed.
Interspecies Improvisation
Authors: Rothenberg David
Published: December 2014

The concept of “interspecies improvisation” is introduced as a way to communicate by using music from the human species with other musical species, especially those with creative and complex songs such as catbirds, nightingales, and whales. Just as musicians from one culture can jam with people from other cultures with whom they might not be able to speak, spontaneous creativity in music can dare to make the leap between one animal and another. If performer and listener alike take improvisation seriously as a compositional tool, then such music ought to be taken seriously. And because music communicates in emotional ways we can never quite explain, interspecies improvisation may be a promising way to communicate with creatures with whom we cannot speak. Sonograms of two specific duets, one between clarinet and white-crested laughing thrush, another between clarinet and humpback whale, are analyzed in terms of identifying musical order and meaning. In conclusion it is suggested that making music with other species is one way to make nature more valuable and more worthy of our care and attention.
What Troubles Psychiatrists
Authors: Geppert Cynthia , Taylor Peter J.
Published: December 2014

This chapter presents the results of the 2011 Psychiatric Times ethics survey of psychiatrists. The nearly seven hundred participants responded to questions exploring opinions on general questions regarding ethical dilemmas and short scenarios on topics in the domains of end-of-life, professional boundaries, conflict of interest and public health. Qualitative and descriptive analysis of the data reveals three broad areas of ethical conflicts in current psychiatric practice: rise of technology, competing agendas, and the ascendency of medication management.
Medical-Surgical Psychiatry and Medical Ethics
Authors: Strain James J. , Rhodes Rosamond
Published: December 2014

Consultation-liaison Psychiatry is the newest sub-specialty in psychiatry. It focuses on the psychological/psychiatric care of medical, surgical, obstetrical, and gynecological patients and presents many distinctive ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas often involve judgments of capacity and justified paternalism, manifest versus latent content, surrogate decision making, confidentiality, truth telling, dual agency, refusing treatment, decisions to end life, surrogate decision-making, and the complexity of interdisciplinary moral relationships. This interface between psychiatry, medicine, and ethics highlights the need for bioethical teaching within medical school, residency, and fellowship education. Ethical reasoning needs to be in the repertoire of the contemporary physician especially now, given the rapidly expanding choices that must be made in today’s medicine. This chapter provides examples of ethical dilemmas that arise in Consultation/Liaison Psychiatry and illustrations of the ethical analysis that can be used to resolve them.
Philosophical Pragmatism in Psychiatric Ethics
Authors: Sisti Dominic A. , Brendel David H.
Published: December 2014

This chapter describes how pragmatism may be used as method of ethical inquiry to help clarify and resolve issues in psychiatric practice. We set out the basic contours of both classical and contemporary pragmatism and then illustrate the pragmatic method using three examples drawn from clinical experience. We propose that given the diversity of issues in psychiatry—from questions about the ontological status of mental disorders to the particularly fraught role of therapists as humanist-scientists—pragmatism provides a kind of conceptual space for consensus building, compromise, and measurable progress.
Pre-Modern Ethics, Authoritative Narratives, and the Tribunal
Authors: Booth Jenifer
Published: December 2014

This chapter applies the modified philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre to mental health law, and in particular to the mental health tribunal. The natural law approach of Thomas Aquinas is used to assist in this. It is argued that, for law to be just in pre-modern terms, it requires that it be assessed as rational together with the care it supports as a single entity. As such, according to a modified version of the Thomistic Aristotelian ethics of MacIntyre, justice would require reconciliation of both doctor and patient narratives regarding care, possibly at the tribunal. It is suggested that psychiatric intensive care, in particular, could benefit from this approach. The approach might be seen as an additional protection to human rights-based considerations. It is also argued that the tribunal can be seen differently, according to the tradition of enquiry.
Are Users and Survivors of Psychiatry Only Allowed to Speak about their Personal Narratives?
Authors: Lehmann Peter
Published: December 2014

In modern psychiatry, professionals claim to speak to patients as equals, to take them seriously as a person. In this article, the author shares his personal experience, in which he—like other former psychiatric inmates—is reduced to the role of a former patient who is expected only to speak about his personal patient narrative. This happens despite the fact that he received international awards in acknowledgement of exceptional scientific and humanitarian contributions about how to minimize risks of withdrawal from psychiatric drugs, build alternatives beyond psychiatry and develop possibilities for self-help for individuals experiencing madness and strategies toward implementing humane and ethical treatment. Can psychiatry solve its intrinsic ethical problems when professionals do not leave behind their roles as “experts” (and users and survivors of psychiatry their roles as “patients”) and their associations continue to refuse even discussion about psychiatric human rights violations?
Ethical and Contextual Issues when Collaborating with Educators and School Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Zoromski Allison K. , Evans Steven W. , Gahagan Heather Davis , Serrano Verenea J. , Holdaway Alex S.
Published: December 2014

Ethical and contextual challenges that psychiatric professionals encounter when working with school professionals are discussed in an effort to maximize effective and ethical psychiatric care. Given the interdisciplinary environment and contextual issues inherent in providing psychiatric services to students; strategies for collaborative interdisciplinary communication are discussed. Several unique issues regarding confidentiality and informed consent when providing mental health services to patients are described. A variety of assessment issues are considered, including issues regarding special education classification, computerized scoring systems, risk assessments, communication of assessment results and recommendations to school professionals. Issues related to coordination and sequencing of treatments and communication about medication are also reviewed.
Psychiatric Research Ethics
Authors: Christopher Paul P. , Dunn Laura B.
Published: December 2014

The nature of neuropsychiatric disorders raises questions and concerns that must be addressed for research on these disorders to proceed ethically. This chapter discusses the rationale for both conceptual and empirical ethics work related to psychiatric research, focusing in particular on informed consent, decision-making capacity, and voluntarism. The extant literature regarding the abilities of people with mental illness to provide informed consent to research is reviewed. Also discussed are the ethical implications of co-occurring problems frequently faced by people with mental illness. Finally, the types of conceptual and empirical work that are needed to move psychiatric research ethics forward are discussed.
Psychiatric Neuroethics I
Authors: Glannon Walter
Published: December 2014

Severe psychiatric disorders may be resistant to conventional pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments. Invasive interventions such as deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and neurosurgical ablation (lesioning) can modulate dysfunctional neural circuits implicated in these disorders. Yet these two forms of psychiatric neurosurgery are still experimental and investigational and thus their safety and efficacy have yet to be established. This chapter is an examination and discussion of the main ethical issues surrounding the experimental use of DBS and lesioning for treatment-refractory psychiatric disorders. I address questions regarding research subjects’ exposure to risk and informed consent to be enrolled in clinical trials testing these techniques for major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These questions include whether or to what extent the therapeutic misconception influences decisions to enroll in these trials. I then explore similar questions about the use of DBS for schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa. Finally, I discuss the obligations of researchers conducting these studies to research subjects.
Ethics of Telepsychiatry
Authors: Perez-Garcia Gonzalo J.
Published: December 2014

Recent technological advances have led to the use of telemedicine as way to increase access to health care to those who have limited resources. Telepsychiatry, also called telemental health, involves the delivery of mental health care over long distances through the use of videoconferencing equipment. The increasing accessibility of broadband internet have allowed this technology to reach more parts of the world, while the increasing sophistication of equipment such as high definition televisions and remote-controlled webcams has allowed this technology to feel less impersonal. This chapter discusses the history of telepsychiatry and different examples of how such technology is used and in which sorts of situations it can be employed. The chapter also examines the ethical issues that arise in telepsychiatry and reviews some of the literature that is currently available, focusing on the four ethical principles of medicine. Clinical vignettes are used both to highlight potential dilemmas that can arise through the technology as well as to demonstrate how in certain situations, the technology can potentially be more beneficial than face-to-face assessments.
The Evaluation and Management of Suicide Risk in Adolescents in the Context of Interpersonal Violence
Authors: Spirito Anthony , O'Brien Kimberly , Ranney Megan , Gomez Judelysse
Published: December 2014

In this chapter, risk factors for suicidal ideation and behavior are reviewed, including sociodemographics, prior suicidal behavior, nonsuicidal self-injury, depression, anxiety, substance use, family factors, physical and sexual abuse, sexual orientation, and access to firearms. Special emphasis is placed on the intersection of suicidality and interpersonal violence in terms of reciprocal risk. A review of the core areas to address in the acutely suicidal adolescent or the adolescent who has recently attempted suicide is also provided. Clinical questions regarding the adolescent’s current emotional state, suicidal ideation/intent, reasons for suicidality, access to means, and capability of the environment to keep the adolescent safe are suggested. The chapter concludes with a discussion of safety planning.
Marital and Family Approaches
Authors: Klostermann Keith
Published: December 2014

Traditionally, alcohol use disorders and other substance use disorders have been viewed by the majority of treatment providers and researchers, as well as by the public at large, as problems of the “individual” that were most effectively treated by focusing on the diagnosed individual. More recently, this individual-focused conceptualization has slowly given way to a greater awareness of family members’ crucial roles in the etiology, maintenance, and long-term course of substance use and addictive behavior. As a result, clinicians and researchers alike have placed renewed emphasis on understanding substance misuse from a systemic perspective and on exploring how partner- and family-involved interventions may be used to address individuals’ substance abuse. Available evidence reveals that marital and family therapy approaches are among the most efficacious available in terms of prevention, initiating change, and treating substance use disorders.
Programs and Policies Designed to Reduce Impaired Driving
Authors: Voas Robert , Fell James C.
Published: December 2014

Alcohol has been associated with traffic crashes for more than 100 years, as indicated by the publication of the first scientific report on the effect of drinking by operators of “motorized wagons” in 1904. This chapter presents an overview of the status of policies and programs designed to reduce highway crashes involving alcohol-impaired drivers. Alcohol safety programs are reviewed under three headings: primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention covers programs directed at reducing the high-risk drinking that leads to impaired driving, including programs directed at preventing drinking by youths aged 20 and younger and at preventing service to obviously intoxicated individuals. Secondary prevention covers programs directed at separating drinking from driving through law enforcement, public information programs, and driver licensing regulations. Finally, tertiary prevention focuses on programs directed at preventing identified drinking drivers from future impaired driving through license sanctions, vehicle actions, treatment programs, and monitoring systems.
ADHD and Substance Use
Authors: Derefinko Karen J. , Pelham William E.
Published: December 2014

This chapter discusses the current understanding of relations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use. Children with ADHD are at risk for problems in substance use; evidence suggests that the relations between ADHD and substance use may differ across age groups, gender, and comorbid conditions. Important issues regarding appropriate assessment and developmental trajectories may play a role in how these differences are understood. In comorbid substance use and ADHD, significant overlap in genetic, neurobiological, and trait factors suggests that ADHD and substance use share a common etiology, although factors influencing the phenotypic expression of these factors continue to play an important role in how comorbidity is expressed. Finally, treatment of these comorbid conditions is discussed, both in terms of the issues surrounding medication for ADHD in the context of substance abuse and potential nonmedication treatments that address both substance use and ADHD symptoms through cognitive behavioral strategies.