bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural changes of the European field of politics in post-modern with reference to the beginning and zenith of modernism
Authors: Cveticanin Neven
Published: April 2012

The essay is representing socio-philosophical analysis of structural changes of the field of politics in Europe. The changes that the field of politics experienced are exposed in relation to its classical modern structure mostly readout in French Revolution as the very peak of political modernism, as well as in the philosophy of enlightenment like the roof of philosophic modernism. The intention is to represent the intellectual relation of Jean- Francois Lyotard and J?rgen Habermas as the one recognizable intellectual paradigm that marks the modern philosophical-socio-political situation, and by presenting its relation actually the same situation is presented and is shown fundamentally different then the classical-modern one, determined by context established by French Revolution. As characteristic of this new post-modern situation the essay is recognizing so called 'End of Ideologies' phenomenon, with relation to the 'Post-modern ideology cocktail' phenomenon, leaving the consequences on the logic of the field of politics also weakening the intensity of classical doctrinaire separations such as the one on Left and Right, but fundamentally spreading the range of its engagement. Therefore the post-modern field of politics in Europe is showing the characteristics of, metaphorically speaking, 'rarefied political distillate'. Finally, the essay is coming to conclusion that post- enlightenment ional age is on one side marked by hipper political society, and on the other side very tin and scattered political concept, so the politics will be everywhere and nowhere specially.
Heidegger's ontology of time
Authors: Cizmar Valentina
Published: April 2012

Heidegger's contemporary analysis of traditional ontology has shown that (fore)understanding of the concept of time has been of special importance for philosophy in its metaphysical shape. Entire metaphysics, from its Greek origins, has been determined by prenotion of time. Aristotle's IV book of Physics remains the outset for any further questions of time, while aporia of the nature of time has special significance for further historical insights into metaphysics. Starting with existential analytics of (human) being, from temporality of being (Dasein), Heidegger sees time as the transcendental horizon for resolving the basic ontological question about the sense of being (Sein). Thereby are transformed all conceptions of time (from Aristotle to Huserl), which spring from being as presence, resulting in their own notion of time. According to Heidegger, time is not derived from being, and does not question its being something or nothing, but it is the horizon for understanding of being in general.
Nietzsche's model of interpretation of philosophical tradition
Authors: Govedarica Milanko
Published: April 2012

This paper deals with Nietzsche's attitude toward understanding of philosophical past. The author characterizes his model as perspectivistical and aesthetical. In this context, author also estimates Nietzsche's understanding of nature of philosophy and characterizes it as unsatisfactory.
The divine watchmaker and his artifacts
Authors: Kamerer Eva
Published: April 2012

One of the most controversial topics in contemporary discussions about biological origins is the argument from design. In this article the argument from design is analyzed in its more traditional form of inductive argument based on analogy between artifacts and organisms. This analysis shows that the argument from design fails not because the features of artifacts on the one hand and of organisms on the other are too different, but because the analogy upon which this argument rests is fundamentally misleading, since it presupposes that we can ascribe 'purposes' and 'functions' to organisms in the same way as we ascribe them to artifacts.
Death penalty in the age of dictatorship and war
Authors: Vukovic Ivan
Published: April 2012

The author analyses the debate between Igor Primorac and Ivan Jankovic about death penalty by confronting their arguments and interpreting the meaning they had in the historical context in which they were presented to the public.
The concept of masculinity in Freud's theory of culture
Authors: Tomic Zorica
Published: April 2012

This paper stresses out the concept of 'masculinity', as the functional for Freud's theory of culture. The traditional dichotomy between the nature and the culture, which is based upon the difference between femininity and masculinity, is used in Freud's work as the fact that confirms the 'origin of culture' as the masculine enterprise. Focused on Freud's theory of instincts this paper shows off that this theory interprets man as the only possible subject of culture.
Existentialist philosophy in Russia
Authors: Djordjevic Radomir
Published: April 2012

nema
Problem Hajdegerovog shvatanja sustine srednjovekovne umetnosti
Authors: Radovanovic Sasa
Published: April 2012

(nemacki) Autor begr?ndet in diesem Werk Heideggers Deutung des Wesens der mittelalterichen Kunst indem er von der Geschichte der Wahrheit des Seins ausgeht. Er vertretet auch den Standpunkt, dass Geschichte der Wahrheit des Seins und damit auch der Kunst im Zusammenhang mit der aletheiologischen Differenz abgesehen sein muss. In diesem Sinne setzt er sich zuerst mit der These von G. Seubold auseinander, der geschichtlichen Wesenwandel der Kunst nach Heideggers Deutung innerhalb ontologischer Differenz betrachtet. Danach begr?ndet Autor die Stiftung der mittelalterichen Kunst auf den Voraussetzungen des Geschehens der Wahrheit als Unverborgenheit und ihr inh?rente Verborgenheit in der Form der Ubereinstimmung (adaequatio) und er ?ffnet M?glichkeit einer 'mittelalterichen Asthetik' auf dem Grund solches geschichtichen Wandels in der Wahrheit des Seins.
Cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of the peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonist MK 0467 administered intravenously or intramuscularly concurrently with medetomidine in dogs
Authors: Rolfe Nicole G. , Kerr Carolyn L. , McDonell Wayne N.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To evaluate the cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of the peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonist MK 0467 when administered IM or IV concurrently with medetomidine in dogs.

Animals—8 adult dogs.

Procedures—Dogs received 20 μg of medetomidine/kg, IM, alone or concurrently with MK 0467 (0.4 mg/kg, IM), and 10 μg of medetomidine/kg, IV, alone or concurrently with MK 0467 (0.2 mg/kg, IV), in a randomized crossover study. Sedation characteristics were scored and hemodynamic measurements and arterial and mixed-venous blood samples for blood gas analysis were obtained before (time 0; baseline) and for 90 minutes after treatment.

Results—Heart rate (HR), mixed-venous partial pressure of oxygen (Pvo2), and cardiac index (CI) were significantly lower and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and oxygen extraction ratio (ER) were significantly higher after administration of medetomidine IM or IV, compared with baseline values. Administration of medetomidine and MK 0467 IM caused a significantly higher heart rate, CI, and Pvo2 and significantly lower MAP, SVR, and ER for 60 to 90 minutes than did IM administration of medetomidine alone. Administration of medetomidine and MK 0467 IV caused a significantly higher CI and Pvo2 and significantly lower MAP, SVR, and ER for 45 to 90 minutes than did IV administration of medetomidine alone. There was no significant difference in sedation scores among treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, MK 0467 administered concurrently with medetomidine IV or IM reduced the cardiovascular effects of medetomidine but had no detectable effect on sedation scores.
Comparison of four ventilatory protocols for computed tomography of the thorax in healthy cats
Authors: Henao-Guerrero Natalia , Ricco Carolina , Jones Jeryl C. , Buechner-Maxwell Virginia , Daniel Gregory B.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To identify ventilatory protocols that yielded good image quality for thoracic CT and hemodynamic stability in cats.

Animals—7 healthy cats.

Procedures—Cats were anesthetized and ventilated via 4 randomized protocols (hyperventilation, 20 seconds [protocol 1]; single deep inspiration, positive inspiratory pressure of 15 cm H2O [protocol 2]; recruitment maneuver [protocol 3]; and hyperventilation, 20 seconds with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O [protocol 4]). Thoracic CT was performed for each protocol; images were acquired during apnea for protocols 1 and 3 and during positive airway pressure for protocols 2 and 4. Heart rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures; blood gas values; end-tidal isoflurane concentration; rectal temperature; and measures of atelectasis, total lung volume (TLV), and lung density were determined before and after each protocol.

Results—None of the protocols eliminated atelectasis; the number of lung lobes with atelectasis was significantly greater during protocol 1 than during the other protocols. Lung density and TLV differed significantly among protocols, except between protocols 1 and 3. Protocol 2 TLV exceeded reference values. Arterial blood pressure after each protocol was lower than before the protocols. Mean and diastolic arterial blood pressure were higher after protocol 3 and diastolic arterial blood pressure was higher after protocol 4 than after protocol 2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Standardization of ventilatory protocols may minimize effects on thoracic CT images and hemodynamic variables. Although atelectasis was still present, ventilatory protocols 3 and 4 provided the best compromise between image quality and hemodynamic stability.
Urinary recovery of orally administered chromium 51–labeled EDTA, lactulose, rhamnose, d-xylose, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, and sucrose in healthy adult male Beagles
Authors: Frias Rafael , Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A. , Sankari Satu , Westermarck Elias
Published: April 2012

Objective—To provide values for gastrointestinal permeability and absorptive function tests (GIPFTs) with chromium 51 (51Cr)-labeled EDTA, lactulose, rhamnose, d-xylose, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, and sucrose in Beagles and to evaluate potential correlations between markers.

Animals—19 healthy adult male Beagles.

Procedures—A test solution containing 3.7 MBq of 51Cr-labeled EDTA, 2 g of lactulose, 2 g of rhamnose, 2 g of d-xylose, 1 g of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, and 8 g of sucrose was administered intragastrically to each dog. Urinary recovery of each probe was determined 6 hours after administration.

Results—Mean ± SD (range) percentage urinary recovery was 6.3 ± 1.6% (4.3% to 9.7%) for 51Cr-labeled EDTA, 3.3 ± 1.1% (1.7% to 5.3%) for lactulose, 25.5 ± 5.0% (16.7% to 36.9%) for rhamnose, and 58.8% ± 11.0% (40.1% to 87.8%) for 3-O-methyl-d-glucose. Mean (range) recovery ratio was 0.25 ± 0.06 (0.17 to 0.37) for 51Cr-labeled EDTA to rhamnose, 0.13 ± 0.04 (0.08 to 0.23) for lactulose to rhamnose, and 0.73 ± 0.09 (0.60 to 0.90) for d-xylose to 3-O-methyl-d-glucose. Median (range) percentage urinary recovery was 40.3% (31.6% to 62.7%) for d-xylose and 0% (0% to 0.8%) for sucrose.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Reference values in healthy adult male Beagles for 6 of the most commonly used GIPFT markers were determined. The correlation between results for 51Cr-labeled EDTA and lactulose was not as prominent as that reported for humans and cats; thus, investigators should be cautious in the use and interpretation of GIPFTs performed with sugar probes in dogs with suspected intestinal dysbiosis.
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in mammary gland tumors in dogs and its relationship with prognostic factors and patient outcome
Authors: Santos Andreia A. , Lopes Célia C. , Marques Raquel M. , Amorim Irina F. , Gärtner Maria F. , de Matos Augusto J. F.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To immunohistochemically evaluate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression in benign and malignant mammary gland tumors (MMTs) in dogs and relate expression to prognostic factors and patient outcome.

Animals—118 female dogs with naturally occurring mammary gland tumors and 8 dogs without mammary gland tumors.

Procedures—24 benign mammary gland tumors and 94 MMTs (1/affected dog) were obtained during surgical treatment; control mammary gland tissue samples were collected from unaffected dogs after euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the study. Tumors were evaluated for proliferation, invasive growth, histologic grade, and metastatic capacity; expression of MMP-9 was determined immunohistochemically, and its relationship with clinical and histologic findings was investigated. For dogs with MMTs, follow-up continued for 2 years; data were used to compute overall survival time and disease-free interval and construct survival curves.

Results—MMTs had significantly higher MMP-9 expression in stromal cells and in neo-plastic cells than did the benign neoplasms. Stromal MMP-9 expression was also higher in highly proliferative tumors and in tumors with invasive growth, high histologic grade, and metastatic capacity. Furthermore, tumors from patients with shorter overall survival times and disease-free intervals had higher expression of MMP-9 in stromal cells.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with MMTs, level of MMP-9 expression by stromal cells was related to factors of poor prognosis and shorter overall survival times and disease-free intervals. These results suggested that MMP-9 produced by tumor-adjacent stromal cells contributed to MMT progression in female dogs and that assessment of MMP-9 expression may be a valuable prognostic factor.
Evaluation of the aqueous humor flow rate in the eyes of clinically normal cats by use of fluorophotometry
Authors: Crumley William R. , Rankin Amy J. , Allbaugh Rachel A.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To evaluate aqueous humor flow rate in the eyes of clinically normal cats by use of a noninvasive technique successfully used in other species.

Animals—20 domestic shorthair cats.

Procedures—1 drop of 10% fluorescein sodium was instilled into both eyes of 5 cats every 5 minutes until 3 drops had been administered. Fluorophotometry was performed at 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 hours after fluorescein application to monitor fluorescein removal and determine aqueous humor flow rate. The 3-drop protocol was used for the remaining 15 cats, and fluorophotometry was performed at 5, 6, 7, and 8 hours after fluorescein application. Aqueous humor flow rates were calculated manually by use of established equations with minor adjustments to constant values to reflect feline anatomic features. Correlation coefficients and slope ratios were calculated to assess the legitimacy of the flow rate data. Paired t tests were calculated to assess for differences between the right and left eyes.

Results—Mean ± SD calculated aqueous humor flow rate in the right, left, and both eyes of the 20 cats was 5.94 ± 2.30 μL/min, 5.05 ± 2.06 μL/min, and 5.51 ± 2.21 μL/min, respectively. Correlation coefficients and slope ratios revealed that the aqueous humor flow rates were accurate. No significant differences in values for the right and left eyes were detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Accurate aqueous humor flow values for cats can be determined by use of the fluorophotometric technique evaluated in this study.
Pharmacokinetic behavior of doxycycline after intramuscular injection in sheep
Authors: Castro Robles Luis J. , Sahagún Prieto Ana M. , Diez Liébana M. Jose , Martínez Nélida Fernández , Vega Matilde Sierra , Vieitez Juan J. García
Published: April 2012

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of a commercial formulation of doxycycline hyclate after IM administration of a single dose to sheep.

Animals—11 healthy domestic sheep.

Procedures—For each sheep, doxycycline was administered as a single dose of 20 mg/kg, IM. Blood samples were obtained prior to and for 84 hours after doxycycline administration. Plasma concentrations of doxycycline were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed with noncompartmental methods.

Results—Mean ± SD values for pharmacokinetic parameters included maximum plasma concentration (2.792 ± 0.791 μg/mL), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (0.856 ± 0.472 hours), mean residence time (91.1 ± 40.78 hours), elimination half-life (77.88 ± 28.45 hours), and area under the curve (65.67 ± 9.877 μg•h/mL).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that doxycycline had prolonged absorption and elimination in sheep after IM administration. A daily dose of 20 mg/kg would be sufficient to reach effective plasma concentrations against Chlamydia spp (minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.008 to 0.031 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.12 μg/mL). Doxycycline administered IM could be an option for therapeutic use in sheep, although further studies are needed.
Aβ-40 Y10F Increases βfibrils Formation but Attenuates the Neurotoxicity of Amyloid-β Peptide
Authors: Dai Xueling , Chang Ping , Liu Wenjuan , Xu Ke , Sun Yaxuan , Zhu Shigong , Jiang Zhaofeng
Published: April 2012

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the abnormal aggregation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in extracellular deposits known as senile plaques. The tyrosine residue (Tyr-10) is believed to be important in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity due to the formation of tyrosyl radicals. To reduce the likelihood of cross-linking, here we designed an Aβ-40 analogue (Aβ-40 Y10F) in which the tyrosine residue was substituted by a structurally similar residue, phenylalanine. The aggregation rate was determined by the Thioflavin T (ThT) assay, in which Aβ-40 Y10F populated an ensemble of folded conformations much quicker and stronger than the wild type Aβ. Biophysical tests subsequently confirmed the results of the ThT assay, suggesting the measured increase of β-aggregation may arise predominantly from enhancement of hydrophobicity upon substitution and thus the propensity of intrinsic β-sheet formation. Nevertheless, Aβ-40 Y10F exhibited remarkably decreased neurotoxicity compared to Aβ-40 which could be partly due to the reduced generation of hydrogen peroxide. These findings may lead to further understanding of the structural perturbation of Aβ to its fibrillation.
Robotics — Inspired from Nature
Authors: Hu Huosheng
Published: April 2012

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to a new open access journal, Robotics, which is dedicated to both the foundations of artificial intelligence, bio-mechanics, mechatronics and control theories, and the real-world applications of robotic perception, cognition and actions. This includes the innovative scientific trends, and discovery resulting from solving new challenges in the field of robotics. Its open access and rapid dissemination are the unique features separating this journal from all existing journals dedicated to robotics. [...]
Methodologies and Uncertainties in the Use of the Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index for the Sentinel-3 Mission
Authors: Vuolo Francesco , Dash Jadunandan , Curran Paul J. , Lajas Dulce , Kwiatkowska Ewa
Published: April 2012

A methodology is described for the validation of Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) data over heterogeneous land surfaces in an agricultural region in Southern Italy. The approach involves the use inverse canopy reflectance modeling techniques to derive maps of canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) and leaf area index (LAI) at fine spatial resolution. Indirect field measurements are used for validation of the fine spatial resolution data. Subsequently, these maps are aggregated based on a regular grid at 1 km spatial resolution to validate MERIS Level 2 MTCI (300 m). RapidEye satellite sensor data with a pixel size of 6.5 m are used for this purpose. Based on a set of independent ground measurements, fine spatial resolution maps achieved an R2 = 0.78 and RMSE = 0.39 for CCC and R2 = 0.76 and RMSE = 0.64 for LAI. The relationship between MERIS L2 MTCI and CCC [g∙m−2] achieved a coefficient of determination of 0.74 and it resulted to be extremely statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). Additionally, a relative validation of two other satellite products at medium resolution spatial scale, namely MERIS leaf area index (LAI) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) LAI was performed by comparison with the fine spatial resolution LAI map. Results indicated a better accuracy in LAI estimation of MERIS (RMSE = 0.33) compared to MODIS (RMSE = 0.81) data.
Life of a Caregiver Simulation: Teaching Students About Frail Older Adults and Their Family Caregivers
Authors: Mast Merle E. , Sawin Erika Metzler , Pantaleo Kathleen Anne
Published: April 2012

The number of older adults with caregiving needs is rapidly escalating, and the majority of these adults are cared for at home by unpaid family members. Nurse educators must better prepare nurse graduates to meet the needs of this population, as well as to include family caregivers as part of the health care team. This article describes the design, implementation, and preliminary outcomes of a unique learning experience, the Life of a Caregiver Simulation, which uses narrative pedagogy to increase students’ awareness and understanding of the needs of older adults, their family caregivers, and the community services they use. Subjective data from students (
N
= 25) indicated the simulation served as an effective catalyst for students to experience first-hand and understand the stress and burdens of caregiving.
In vitro effects of eicosapentanoic acid and prostaglandin E 3 on proliferation, osteoclast formation and bone resorption in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages
Authors: Kasonga A.E. , Boeyens J.C.A. , Coetzee M.
Published: April 2012

This study investigatedthe effects of eicosapentanoic acid and prostaglandin E₃ on osteoclast formation and bone resorption in RAW 264.7 murine pre-osteoclasts.
Crawfish Frog Behavioral Differences in Postburned and Vegetated Grasslands
Authors: Engbrecht Nathan J. , Lannoo Michael J.
Published: April 2012

Amphibians are threatened globally and, with the increased emphasis on using prescribed fire as an important tool to manage ecosystems, it is essential to understand how amphibians respond when exposed to habitats managed by fire. Most studies have focused on survivorship and population-level effects; how survivors react to postburn landscapes has received less attention. Crawfish frogs (Lithobates areolatus Baird and Girard) are an obligate crayfish burrow-dwelling North American grassland species in steep decline. Individuals spend their nonbreeding season associated with a single crayfish-built burrow, which protects them from dangers, including fire. We compared activity patterns and behaviors of crawfish frogs occupying vegetated and postburned prairie grassland habitats. In total, 24 581 images representing six weeks of observations on eight crawfish frogs (four each in vegetated and postburn habitats) were analyzed. While the number of individuals followed was small, our dataset demonstrated interesting differences in activity patterns and behaviors. In particular, while frogs occupying postburn and vegetated habitats exhibited similar nocturnal behaviors, diurnal behaviors were different. In daylight, crawfish frogs in vegetated habitats spent more time on their feeding platform away from their burrow entrance, while frogs in postburn areas spent most of their time at or in their burrow entrance. Further, frogs in postburn areas first emerged later in the day than frogs in vegetated areas. We conclude that while crawfish frog adults occupying a postburn landscape exhibit different behaviors compared to animals in vegetation, prescribed burns have little effect on adult crawfish frog survivorship and few indirect effects on fitness.
The Epidemiology and Etiology of Keratoconus
Authors: Gordon-Shaag Ariela , Millodot Michel , Shneor Einat
Published: April 2012

Keratoconus is a noninflammatory disorder characterized by ectasia of the central or inferior portion of the cornea. This review presents the scant epidemiological information known to date and the factors believed to cause the development of the disease. They are the genetic factors for which evidence come from family studies, twin studies and genetic loci. There appears to be multiple genes causing a keratoconus phenotype with variable penetration. However, the genetic predisposition might not be enough; environmental factors, such as eye rubbing, atopy and UV exposure, may have a role in generating the disease.

How to cite this article

Gordon-Shaag A, Millodot M, Shneor E. The Epidemiology and Etiology of Keratoconus. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):7-15.
Collagen Cross-Linking and Keratoconus in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Pikkel Joseph , Garzozi Hanna
Published: April 2012

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of corneal cross-linking on keratoconic eyes in the pediatric age group.

Setting

Private laser center, Haifa, Israel, affiliated to Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of 29 eyes of 20 children treated with corneal cross-linking with aim to arrest the progression of keratoconus. We preformed collagen corneal cross-linking using riboflavin 0.1% and UVA irradiation. Follow- up ranged between 6 and 46 months (mean 25.5 months). Evaluation included uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, slit lamp examination and corneal topography. Ocular response analyzer was used to assess the corneal resistance factor, corneal hysteresis and cornea compensated intraocular pressure.

Results

The results show improvement in uncorrected visual acuity and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and reduction in astigmatism. There was no statistically significant change in sphere, keratometry, corneal resistance factor, corneal hysteresis or cornea compensated intraocular pressure.

Conclusion

Corneal cross-linking demonstrates efficacy in arresting the progression of keratoconus as well as improving uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity and reducing astigmatism.

How to cite this article

Barbara R, Pikkel J, Garzozi H, Barbara A. Collagen Cross-Linking and Keratoconus in Pediatric Patients. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):57-60.
Variability of aerosol, gaseous pollutants and meteorological characteristics associated with changes in air mass origin at the SW Atlantic coast of Iberia
Authors: Diesch J.-M. , Drewnick F. , Zorn S. R. , von der Weiden-Reinmüller S.-L. , Martinez M. , Borrmann S.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Measurements of the ambient aerosol were performed at the Southern coast of Spain, within the framework of the DOMINO (Diel Oxidant Mechanisms In relation to Nitrogen Oxides) project. The field campaign took place from 20 November until 9 December 2008 at the atmospheric research station "El Arenosillo" (37°5'47.76" N, 6°44'6.94" W). As the monitoring station is located at the interface between a natural park, industrial cities (Huelva, Seville) and the Atlantic Ocean, a variety of physical and chemical parameters of aerosols and gas phase could be characterized in dependency on the origin of air masses. Backwards trajectories were examined and compared with local meteorology to classify characteristic air mass types for several source regions. Aerosol number and mass as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon concentrations were measured in PM1 and size distributions were registered covering a size range from 7 nm up to 32 μm. The chemical composition of the non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) was measured by means of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS). Gas phase analyzers monitored various trace gases (O3, SO2, NO, NO2, CO2) and a weather station provided meteorological parameters. Lowest average submicron particle mass and number concentrations were found in air masses arriving from the Atlantic Ocean with values around 2 μg m−3 and 1000 cm−3. These mass concentrations were about two to four times lower than the values recorded in air masses of continental and urban origins. For some species PM1-fractions in marine air were significantly larger than in air masses originating from Huelva, a closely located city with extensive industrial activities. The largest fraction of sulfate (54%) was detected in marine air masses and was to a high degree not neutralized. In addition, small concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA), a product of biogenic dimethyl sulfate (DMS) emissions, could be identified in the particle phase. In all air masses passing the continent the organic aerosol fraction dominated the total NR-PM1. For this reason, using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) four organic aerosol (OA) classes that can be associated with various aerosol sources and components were identified: a highly-oxygenated OA is the major component (43% OA) while semi-volatile OA accounts for 23%. A hydrocarbon-like OA mainly resulting from industries, traffic and shipping emissions as well as particles from wood burning emissions also contribute to total OA and depend on the air mass origin. A significant variability of ozone was observed that depends on the impact of different air mass types and solar radiation.
Decadal variations in estimated surface solar radiation over Switzerland since the late 19th century
Authors: Sanchez-Lorenzo A. , Wild M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Our knowledge on trends in surface solar radiation (SSR) involves uncertainties due to the scarcity of long-term time series of SSR, especially with records before the second half of the 20th century. Here we study the trends of all-sky SSR from 1885 to 2010 in Switzerland, which have been estimated using a homogenous dataset of sunshine duration series. This variable is shown to be a useful proxy data of all-sky SSR, which can help to solve some of the current open issues in the dimming/brightening phenomenon. Unlike the second half of the 20th century that is characterized also in Switzerland by a dimming from the 1950s to the 1980s and a subsequent brightening, all-sky SSR has been fairly stable with little variations in the first half of the 20th century. Cloud cover changes seem to explain the major part of the decadal variability observed in all-sky SSR, at least until the 1970s; at this point, a discrepancy in the sign of the trend is visible in the series. Finally, an attempt to estimate SSR series for clear-sky conditions, based also on sunshine duration records since the 1930s, has been made for the first time. The mean clear-sky SSR series shows no relevant changes between the 1930s to the 1950s, then a decrease from 1960s to 1970s, and ends with a strong increase from the 1980s up to the present. During the last three decades the estimated clear-sky SSR trends reported in this study are in line with previous findings over Switzerland based on direct radiative flux measurements. Equally, the clear signal of the El Chichón and Pinatubo volcanic eruption visible in the estimated clear-sky SRR records further demonstrates its potential to infer aerosol-induced radiation changes from sunshine duration observations.
Pre-industrial and mid-Pliocene simulations with NorESM-L
Authors: Zhang Z. S. , Nisancioglu K. , Bentsen M. , Tjiputra J. , Bethke I. , Yan Q. , Risebrobakken B. , Andersson C. , Jansen E.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The mid-Pliocene period (3.3 to 3.0 Ma) is known as a warm climate with atmospheric greenhouse gas levels similar to the present. As the climate at this time was in equilibrium with the greenhouse forcing, it is a valuable test case to better understand the long-term response to high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In this study, we use the low resolution version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM-L) to simulate the pre-industrial and the mid-Pliocene climate. Comparison of the simulation with observations demonstrates that NorESM-L simulates a realistic pre-industrial climate. The simulated mid-Pliocene global mean surface air temperature is 16.7 °C, which is 3.2 °C warmer than the pre-industrial. The simulated mid-Pliocene global mean sea surface temperature is 19.1 °C, which is 2.0 °C warmer than the pre-industrial. The warming is relatively uniform globally, except for a strong amplification at high latitudes.
Brief communication "Evaluating European Coastal Evolution using Bayesian Networks"
Authors: Yates M. L. , Le Cozannet G.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The coastal zone is a complex environment in which a variety of forcing factors interact causing shoreline evolution. Coastal managers seek to predict coastal evolution and to identify regions vulnerable to erosion. Here, a Bayesian network is developed to identify the primary factors influencing decadal-scale shoreline evolution of European coasts and to reproduce the observed evolution trends. Sensitivity tests demonstrate the robustness of the model, showing higher predictive capabilities for stable coasts than for eroding coasts. Finally, the study highlights the need to update and expand large-scale coastal data sets, particularly by including local scale processes and anthropogenic impacts.
Determination of Selected Physical Properties of Egusi Melon (Citrullus colocynthis lanatus) Seeds
Authors: Y.M. Bande  , N.M. Adam  , Y. Azmi  , O. Jamarei
Published: April 2012

Physical properties of seeds are determined for the purpose of developing a processing system. The aim of this research is to determine those properties that will guide the design of seed dehulling machine. In most West African countries, Egusi is grown as a food and cash crop. However, one of the most important problems is its manual dehulling, which is strenuous and time consuming. At moisture level 7.11 % dry basis, average length, thickness and width of Egusi melon seed were 13.199, 1.853 and 7.924 mm respectively. In moisture range of 7.11 to 38.70 % dry basis, studies revealed that 1000 seed mass increased from 0.0949 to 0.1299 kg and surface area from 25.394 to 27.827 mm2. Sphericity and Porosity of seed decreased from 0.215 to 0.196 and 0.541 to 0.444 respectively, while angle of repose increased from 23.66 to 33.63o. Bulk density rose from 414.006 to 456.339 kg/m3 while true density decreased from 901.515 to 821.668 kg/m3. Coefficient of friction on plywood (0.3388 – 0.3598), metal (0.2767 – 0.3198), aluminium (0.2736 – 0.3172) and PVC (0.2999 – 0.3782) were recorded.
Alternative Feedstocks for Synthesis
Authors: Behr Arno , Johnen Leif
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Renewable Resources as Natural Feedstock

Challenges of Using Renewable Resources

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Starch

Disaccharides

Sucrose

Lactose

Monosaccharides

d‐Glucose

d‐Fructose

Lignin

Fats and Oils

Catalytic Derivatization of Unsaturated Fatty Compounds

Selective Catalytic Hydrogenation

SelectiveCCLinkage Reactions

CNLinkage Reactions

COLinkage Reactions

Glycerol

Glycerol Esters

Etherification

Glycerol Oxidation and Dehydration

Terpenes

Carbon Dioxide

Reactions with Alkanes, Alkenes, and Dienes

Conversion to Formic Acid and Dimethylformamide

Plasma Activation of Carbon Dioxide
Biological Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Tao Junhua , Chu Alex
Published: April 2012

Biocatalysis is one of the greenest technologies for the synthesis of industrially useful molecules due to its exquisite regio‐ and stereoselectivity under mild conditions. For example, protection and deprotection of functional groups are usually not required for biotransformations, utilization of organic solvents can often be circumvented, and high‐ or low‐temperature reactions often minimized. This chapter focuses on the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds by both isolated enzymes and whole cells.
Chemistry Beyond Functional Group Transformation
Authors: Li Zhiping , Yu Rong
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

C

H
Bond Activation

sp

3
C

H
Bond Activation

C

C
Bond Formation

C

N
Bond formation

C

O
Bond Formation

sp

2
C

H
Bond Activation

C

C
Bond Formation

C

N
Bond Formation

C

O
Bond Formation

C

C
Bond Activation

Utilization of Strained Molecules

Utilization of Chelating Substrates

Utilization of Activating Functional Groups

C

O
Bond Activation

C

F
Bond Activation

C

N
Bond Activation

Small Molecule Activation

H

2

O

2

CH

4

Conclusions and Outlook

List of Abbreviations
Formation of Nanoparticles Assisted by Ionic Liquids
Authors: Scholten Jackson D. , Prechtl Martin H.G. , Dupont Jairton
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Synthesis

Reduction of Organometallic Precursors

Decomposition of Organometallic Precursors

Transfer from an Aqueous/Organic Phase to the Ionic Liquid Phase

Bombardment of Bulk Materials

Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Stabilization

Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Recyclable Multiphase Catalyst‐Systems

Hydrogenation of Multiple Bonds with Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Carbon–Carbon Cross‐Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Functionalization and Defunctionalization Reactions Using Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Isotope Exchange Catalyzed by Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Application of Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts in Ionic Liquids for Energy‐ and Environment‐Related Systems

General Remarks
Green Synthesis and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Rossi Liane M. , Parize Alexandre L. , Rubim Joel C.
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Background

Thermal Decomposition Methods

Microemulsion Methods

Preparation of MagneticNPsUsing Renewable Resources

Synthesis of MagneticNPsin Ionic Liquids

Other Methods

Magnetic Separation as a Green Separation Tool

Background

Oil Spill Containment and Recovery

Heavy Metal Recovery

Catalyst Recovery and Recycling

Metal Complex Catalysts

Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts

Organocatalysts

Conclusion
Use of Extracted Anthocyanin Derivatives in Nanostructures for Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Giancane Gabriele , Sgobba Vito , Valli Ludovico
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are
Nanomaterials from Biobased Amphiphiles: the Functional Role of Unsaturations
Authors: Balachandran Vijai Shankar , Jadhav Swapnil Rohidas , John George
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Plant/Crop‐Based Resources for Practicing Sustainable Chemistry

Self‐Assembly and Noncovalent Strategy for the Synthesis of Soft‐Materials

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)

Extraction ofCNSLand Its Components

Lipid Nanotubes and Helical Fibers from Cardanyl Glycolipids

Self‐Assembled Gels from Cardanyl Glycosides

Antibacterial Nanocomposite Films for Coatings

Stimuli‐Responsive Nature of Unsaturations

Conclusion
Differential Toxicity Characterization of Green Alternative Chemicals
Authors: Judson Richard
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemical Properties Related to Differential Toxicity

Modeling Chemical Clearance – Metabolism and Excretion

Predicting Differential Inherent Molecular Toxicity

Cell Types/Cell Lines

High‐Throughput Screening (HTS)

High‐Content Screening (HCS)

Whole‐Genome Approaches

Integrating In Vitro Data to Model Toxicity Potential

Databases Relevant for Toxicity Characterization

Example of Differential Toxicity Analysis

Conclusion

Disclaimer
Understanding Mechanisms of Metabolic Transformations as a Tool for Designing Safer Chemicals
Authors: Osimitz Thomas G. , Nelson John L.
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Role of Metabolism in Producing Toxic Metabolites

PhaseIMetabolism

PhaseIIMetabolism

Mechanisms by Which Chemicals Produce Toxicity

Covalent Binding to Macromolecules

Enzyme Inhibition

Ischemia/Hypoxia

Oxidative Stress

Receptor–Ligand Interactions

Conclusion
Structural and Toxic Mechanism‐Based Approaches to Designing Safer Chemicals
Authors: DeVito Stephen C.
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Toxicophores

Electrophilic Toxicophores

Designing Safer Electrophilic Substances

Structure–Activity Relationships

Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids

Organonitriles

Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSARs)

Isosteric Substitution as a Strategy for the Design of Safer Chemicals

Isosteric Substitution in the Design of Safer Drug Substances

Isosteric Substitution in the Design of Safer Pesticides

Isosteric Substitution in the Design of Safer Commercial Chemicals

Conclusion

Disclaimer
Life‐Cycle Concepts for Sustainable Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Nanoproducts
Authors: Nowack Bernd , Gottschalk Fadri , Mueller Nicole C. , Som Claudia
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Life‐Cycle Perspectives in Green Nanotechnologies

Release of Nanomaterials from Products

Exposure Modeling of Nanomaterials in the Environment

Designing Safe Nanomaterials

Conclusion
Property‐Based Approaches to Design Rules for Reduced Toxicity
Authors: Voutchkova Adelina , Kostal Jakub , Anastas Paul
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Possible Approaches to Systematic Design Guidelines for Reduced Toxicity

Analogy with Medicinal Chemistry

Do Chemicals with Similar Toxicity Profiles Have Similar Physical/Chemical Properties?

Proposed Design Guidelines for Reduced Human Toxicity

Considerations for Reducing Human Absorption

Example: Reducing Carcinogenicity by Decreasing Oral Bioavailability

Using Property Guidelines to Design for Reducing Acute Aquatic Toxicity

Predicting the Physicochemical Properties and Attributes Needed for Developing Design Rules

Solvent‐Related Properties

Hydrophobicity

Solubility

pKa

Electronic Properties

Orbital Energies

Molecular Dipole Moment and Polarizability

Molecular Surface Area

Conclusion
Interaction of Chemicals with the Endocrine System
Authors: Osimitz Thomas G.
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Interaction with the Endocrine System

Introduction

Importance ofSARandQSARin Understanding the Chemical Nature of Endocrine Active Chemicals

Estrogens

General

Features of the Natural LigandE2That Contribute toERBinding

Features of Xenobiotics That Contribute toERBinding

Criteria for Binding With the Estradiol Template

Prediction of PotentialERBinding

Initial Filters

Structural Alerts

Decision Tree‐Based Model

Predictive Approach for Priority Setting

PhaseI: Rejection Filters

Alkylphenols

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)

Phytoestrogens and Mycoestrogens

Hydroxylated Triphenylacrylonitrile Derivatives

Androgens

General

General Structure–Activity Relationships

Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Thyroid (HPT) Axis

General

General Structure–Activity Relationships

Brominated Flame Retardants

Monohydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Endocrine Disruptor Data Development Efforts

Research Needs and Future
Discrete‐time neural control for electrically driven nonholonomic mobile robots
Authors: Alanis Alma Y. , Lopez‐Franco Michel , Arana‐Daniel Nancy , Lopez‐Franco Carlos
Published: April 2012

An inverse optimal neural controller for discrete‐time unknown nonlinear systems, in the presence of external disturbances and parameter uncertainties, is presented. It is based on a discrete‐time recurrent high‐order neural network trained with an extended Kalman filter‐based algorithm. The applicability of the proposed approach is first tested via simulations for an electrically driven nonholonomic mobile robot, and finally, the proposed methodology is implemented on real time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐Free Non‐Covalent Organocatalysis: Enantioselective Addition of Nitroalkanes to Alkylideneindolenines as a Flexible Gateway to Optically Active Tryptamine Derivatives
Authors: Fochi Mariafrancesca , Gramigna Lucia , Mazzanti Andrea , Duce Sara , Fantini Stefano , Palmieri Alessandro , Petrini Marino , Bernardi Luca
Published: April 2012

A catalytic asymmetric addition of nitroalkanes to alkylideneindolenines, generated in situ from arylsulfonylindoles, is presented. Despite the weakness of the non‐covalent H‐bond interactions between catalyst and substrates, the performance of the bifunctional organocatalyst used was found to be essentially unaffected by the polarity of the reaction medium. Nitroalkanes, mostly used in nearly stoichiometric amounts, could thus function both as solvents and reagents, resulting in a truly solvent‐free reaction. The broad substrate scope shown by the present transformation allowed the preparation of some optically active tryptamine precursors that are not accessible through the previous catalytic asymmetric methods.
Imparting insect repellency to nylon 6 fibers by means of a novel MCT reactive dye
Authors: Akbarzadeh Abolfath , Mokhtari Javad , Kolkoohi Shirin , Amin Sarli Mohammad
Published: April 2012

Insect repellency of fiber is a property which makes the fiber to be of interest in the field of military and health. The insect‐repellent substrate could be prepared using either functional finishing or applying an insect‐repellent dye. In this article, insect‐repellent nylon 6 is obtained using a novel insect‐repellent reactive dye containing N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide. To do this, N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide (DEET) was first nitrated at the p‐position relative to amide functionality. The nitrated product was reduced in the presence of C2H5OH, SnCl2, and HCl. The produced amine was then condensed with 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (cyanuric chloride) as a reactive group in below 5°C. The resultant adduct was finally reacted with an amino group present in 6‐amino‐1‐hydroxy naphthalene‐3‐sulfonic acid (J‐acid) to produce 7‐(4‐chloro‐6‐(4‐(diethylcarbamoyl)‐2‐methylphenylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐ylamino)‐4‐hydroxynaphthalene‐2‐sulfonic acid. To synthesis azo dye, sulfanilic acid was diazotized using HCl and NaNO2 and then coupled to the above prepared component to produce insect‐repellent reactive dye. An analog dye was prepared via the same route without insect‐repellent group making stage. The chemical structures of the novel dyes were characterized using FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic properties of the dyes were determined in terms of λmax and εmax in aqueous solution. The novel dyes were then reacted with nylon 6 and bonded to it covalently to provide permanent insect‐repellent substrate. The insect‐repellent efficacy of the reacted nylon 6 was studied using standard methods for Anophele mosquito repellent. The insect‐repellent dye reacted nylon 6 showed insect‐repellent activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012