bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW SPECIES OF THE TICK GENUS IXODES (ACARI: IXODIDAE) PARASITIC ON MUSTELIDS (MAMMALIA: CARNIVORA) IN CANADA
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Wu King Wan , Redner James H.
Published: November 2009

Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) gregsoni sp.nov. is described from adult females, nymphs, and larvae collected from the boreal forests of eastern Canada on American mink, Mustela vison Schreber, a species of weasel, Mustela sp., and American marten, Martes americana (Turton) (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Its morphological attributes, hosts, and distribution are compared with those of apparently its most closely related species, Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) texanus Banks.
THREE NEW SPECIES OFAPHIS(HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) LIVING ONMULINUM(UMBELLIFERAE) IN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Nafría J.M. Nieto , Ortego J. , Durante M.P. Mier
Published: November 2009

Aphis martinezisp.nov. andAphis paravanoisp.nov. from Argentina andAphis robertisp.nov. from Argentina and Chile are described. These new species live on the South American plants of the genusMulinumPersoon, 1805, as doAphis muliniHille Ris Lambers andAphis mulinicolaHille Ris Lambers, which were previously described from Argentina. A key for the apterous viviparous females of these five species is given.
POLYPLOIDY AND PREVITELLOGENIC FOLLICULAR ATRESIA DURING OOGENESIS IN THE EUROPEAN EARWIG FORFICULA AURICULARIA (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Tourneur Jean-Claude
Published: November 2009

Growth, number of fusions, and polyploidy of ovarian trophocytes were studied in the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L., from the imaginal moult to oviposition, by examining sections of ovarioles and whole mounts of ovaries. During a reproductive cycle, the nucleus of the basal trophocyte enlarges its mean diameter from 5 to 170 ± 33 μm, successively absorbing the trophocyte nuclei of both adjacent follicles and undergoing seven endoreplications. The nucleus thus increased its DNA content 192 times, which is 66.7% more than in the artioploid type of polyploidy. However, vitellogenesis lasted about three times longer than previtellogenesis. This type of polyploidy accelerates oogenesis, allows an earlier oviposition, and may constitute an adaptation specific for the Montréal population of earwigs.
EFFECT OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ON FEEDING AND ENERGY USE BY PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) AND TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Abdel-Razek A.S. , Salama H.S. , White N.D.G. , Morris O.N.
Published: November 2009

Investigations were conducted to quantify the effects of treatment of cracked wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae), kernels with sublethal and median-lethal concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner 1915 (Eubacteriales: Bacillaceae) on the energy use by Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) 1813 and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) 1797 larvae. Cumulative food consumption and egestion during insect development and the weight and energy values of adult insects were determined and oxygen consumption was estimated. At sublethal (4 μg/g wheat for P. interpunctella, 250 μg/g wheat for T. castaneum) and median-lethal (18 μg/g wheat for P. interpunctella, 1950 μg/g wheat for T. castaneum) concentrations, food consumption during development decreased from controls by 9.1% and 47.1%, respectively, for P. interpunctella and 14.4% and 38.2%, respectively, for T. castaneum. Egestion decreased by 9.5% and 61.5% for P. interpunctella and 19.4% and 47.3% for T. castaneum at these respective concentrations. Increasing B. thuringiensis had negative effects on food consumption and energy use by the insects. Levels of B. thuringiensis lower than required for complete control may assist in protecting grain from stored-product insects.
BIODIVERSITY OF COLLEMBOLA IN SUGAR MAPLE (ACERACEAE) FORESTS
Authors: Therrien Fernand , Chagnon Madeleine , Hébert Christian
Published: November 2009

Collembola of 12 sugar maple forests of southern Quebec were surveyed through pit-light trapping and soil core extraction. These two sampling techniques were highly complementary, as pit-light traps are more efficient for sampling epigaeic species while soil core extractions are more efficient for hypogaeic species. A total of 108 species representing 38 genera and seven families was collected. Nine genera and 67 species are new records for the province of Quebec and 12 species are new records for Canada. The distribution of species among the different sites is summarized and taxonomic remarks are provided for 20 problematic species. A low percentage of the Quebec collembolan fauna is shared with Ontario and Newfoundland, which probably reflects an incomplete inventory of the fauna rather than highly different regional patterns in collembolan communities. The use of these two complementary sampling techniques is suggested to improve the inventory of Collembola in future research.
THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) DIVERSITY IN A SUGAR MAPLE (ACERACEAE) PLANTATION
Authors: Teulon David A. J. , Cameron E. Alan , Nakahara Sueo
Published: November 2009

Recent damage to sugar maple, Acer saccharurn Marsh., by pear thnps, Taeniothrips inconsequens, in the northeast of the United States and adjacent parts of Canada has led to much research on this pest (Teulon et al. 1993; Teulon and Cameron 1996; Parker and Skinner 1997). A detailed description of the univoltine pear thrips' life history is reported in Teulon et al. (1998). Although T: inconsequens is the dominant species in sugar maple, other thrips may also be important as herbivores, detritivores, or predators and need to be taken into account in sampling or monitoring programmes. This article describes the diversity of thrips in a sugar maple plantation in central Pennsylvania, United States.
INFLUENCE OF AGE AND POPULATION SIZE ON OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT, AND OF TROPHALLAXIS ON OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT AND VITELLOGENIN TITRES OF QUEENLESS WORKER HONEY BEE (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Lin Huarong , Winston Mark L. , Haunerland Norbert H. , Slessor Keith N.
Published: November 2009

We examined the factors that might influence ovary development in worker honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Queenless workers at different ages (≤ 12 h, and 4, 8, and 21 d) were tested in cages for ovarian development. Newly emerged, 4- and 8-d-old, and 21-d-old workers had medium-, large-, and small-sized ovaries, respectively, suggesting that of the worker ages tested only 4- and 8-d-old workers are likely to become egg layers in a queenless colony. Also, we compared ovarian development of newly emerged workers that were caged for 14 d and allowed to consume either pollen or royal jelly to that of another group of workers similarly caged but screened so that they could only obtain food via trophallaxis from young bees. Ovaries of newly emerged workers that received food from young bees were as well developed as those of newly emerged workers allowed to take pollen or royal jelly directly. Screened workers also had lower but still elevated vitellogenin levels compared with bees having direct access to food. These results indicate that nurse-age bees functioning as pollen-digesting units affect the ovarian development of other workers and to a lesser extent vitellogenesis via food exchange. We compared the influence of group sizes of 25, 125, and 600 bees per cage on ovarian development for 14 d. The two groups of 25 and 125 bees had similar mean ovary scores, and higher scores than a group of 600 bees. Our findings suggest that nurse-age bees could play an important role in mediating worker fertility via trophallaxis, possibly by differentiating worker dominance status, and generally only young workers become fertile when a queen is lost in a colony. Vitellogenin is a more sensitive parameter to measure bee fertility, and might be a useful tool to further explore ovary development and egg laying in worker social insects. We recommend measuring haemolymph vitellogenin titres and (or) oocyte length of workers in a group of 25 bees per cage, supplied with 50% royal jelly in honey as a standard method to assess honey bee worker fertility in future experiments.
DISRUPTION OF MATING IN THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) USING SYNTHETIC SEX PHEROMONE
Authors: Trimble R.M. , Tyndall C.A.
Published: November 2009

The potential for using synthetic sex pheromone to disrupt mating of spotted tentiform leafminers,Phyllonorycter blancardella(F.), was evaluated in four experimental and two commercial apple,Malus domestica(Borkh) (Rosaceae), orchards in Ontario during 1992 and 1993. The average disruption index [i.e., (total number of moths trapped in control plot – total number of moths trapped in pheromone-treated plot)/total number of moths trapped in control plot × 100] was 80.7% when leafminer pheromone, (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl-acetate, was evaporated into square, approximately 400-m2plots. During the 2-year study, pheromone was evaporated into the pheromone-treated plots at an average hourly rate of 39.6 mg/ha. There was no relationship between the estimated release rate of pheromone and average temperature. There was a negative linear relationship between the disruption index and leafminer density, as measured by the number of moths trapped in the control plot. There was no relationship between the disruption index and the estimated release rate of pheromone. Our results suggest that it may be possible to control the spotted tentiform leafminer using sex-pheromone-mediated mating disruption.
PLOIDY DOES NOT AFFECT FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY IN THE CARPENTER BEE (HYMENOPTERA: ANTHOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Kudo Shin-ichi , Mori Sachiko
Published: November 2009

Random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral traits, fluctuating asymmetry, are thought to reflect developmental stability: the ability of an individual to buffer against genetic and (or) environmental stress during development (Palmer and Strobeck 1986). Fluctuating asymmetry is often regarded as an indicator of individual quality or fitness (Møller and Swaddle 1997); however, factors underlying fluctuating asymmetry are not well understood (Markow 1995). It has been suggested that heterozygosity, ploidy, and genomic coadaptation (hybridization) are genetic factors affecting the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry (Palmer and Strobeck 1986; Markow 1995; Møller and Swaddle 1997). Insects having a haplodiploid sex-determining mechanism present opportunities to examine the relationship between ploidy and fluctuating asymmetry. In hymenopterans, females are diploid and males haploid. Thus the effects of ploidy can be investigated by contrasting males and females within a population (e.g., Clarke 1997). Diploid females, in which deleterious recessives reducing developmental stability could be masked, may be expected to have smaller asymmetry than haploid males (e.g., Brückner 1976; Smithet al.1997). In this paper, we compare the level of fluctuating asymmetry in forewing venation of males to that of females in the carpenter beeXylocopa appendiculata circumvolansSmith.
SYNTHETIC PHEROMONES DISRUPT MALE DIORYCTRIA SPP. MOTHS IN A LOBLOLLY PINE SEED ORCHARD
Authors: DeBarr Gary L. , Hanula James L. , Niwa Christine G. , Nord John C.
Published: November 2009

Synthetic sex pheromones released in a loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L. (Pinaceae), seed orchard interfered with the ability of male coneworm moths, Dioryctria Zeller spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to locate traps baited with sex pheromones or live females. Pherocon 1C® traps baited with synthetic pheromones or live conspecific females were hung near the center of two 1.2-ha circular plots during emergence of Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), Dioryctria disclusa (Heinrich), and Dioryctria merkeli (Mutuura and Munroe). In a paired design, trap catches for the mating-disruption treatment with synthetic pheromone dispensers consisting of three polyvinyl chloride rods placed in every tree were compared with the control treatment. Treatments were alternated at intervals of 2–3 d. Trap catches of D. amatella were reduced by 91% when plots were treated with 2.5 g/ha of Z-11-hexadencenyl acetate. Catches were reduced by 99.5% for D. disclusa and by 97% for D. merkeli when plots were treated with 12.5 g/ha of Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate, whereas catches of D. amatella were unaffected by this mating-disruption treatment. Daily disappearance of Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate from the dispensers averaged 0.46 g/ha or less. Manually placing dispensers on nylon lines in the tops of trees was an effective method for releasing synthetic Dioryctria pheromones in the orchard. These data suggest it may be feasible to prevent mating of Dioryctria spp. in pine seed orchards by using synthetic pheromones for mating disruption, but large-scale tests will be required to demonstrate cone protection.
EVALUATION OF INUNDATIVE RELEASES OFTRICHOGRAMMA EXIGUUM(HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) FOR SUPPRESSION OF NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN PINE (PINACEAE) PLANTATIONS
Authors: Orr David B. , Suh Charles P-C. , Mccravy Kenneth W. , Berisford C. Wayne , Debarr Gary L.
Published: November 2009

Inundative releases ofTrichogramma exiguumPinto and Platner were evaluated for suppression of the Nantucket pine tip moth,Rhyacionia frustrana(Comstock), in first-year loblolly pine,Pinus taedaL., plantations. Three releases, spaced 7 d apart, were made in three 0.4-ha plots during second-generationR.frustranaegg deposition. Each release included three cohorts ofT.exiguumdevelopmentally separated by 25 degree-days. Mean ± SD field release rate for each cohort was 328 238 ± 88 379 females/ha. MeanT.exiguumemergence under laboratory conditions for released cohorts was 96 ± 2%, with 74 ± 3% females, of which 1 ± 1% of females displayed brachyptery; female longevity was 18 ± 3 d. Field emergence averaged 96 ± 4%. Parasitism ofR.frustranaeggs was significantly increased, ranging from 40 ± 19 to 73 ± 22% inT.exiguum-treated plots and 17 ± 17 to 67 ± 21% in control plots. Data from all treated plots combined showedR.frustranaegg survival (hatching) was significantly reduced by 46%, and larval populations were significantly reduced by 60%. There was no significant difference in the percentage of terminals damaged betweenT.exiguum-treated (31 ± 16%) and control plots (45 ± 10%); however, length of terminal damage was significantly lower in treated plots. The percentage of damage to top whorl shoots was significantly lower inT.exiguum-treated plots compared with control plots, but there was no significant difference in length of tunneling damage. Damage to remaining shoots was not significantly different betweenT.exiguum-treated and control plots. Microhabitat significantly influenced both mean maximum and minimum temperature and the number of consecutive hours per day that were at or above 35 °C (critical temperature forT.exiguumsurvival). Soil surface with no cover had the greatest number of hours at or above 35 °C, followed by soil surface with herbaceous cover, and canopies of small trees (0.4 m tall). Canopy habitats in larger trees (0.9–1.8 m tall) had the most moderate temperature conditions. Parasitoid emergence was significantly reduced in response to increasing number of consecutive hours at or above 35 °C. Predation of parasitoids prior to emergence was significantly affected by microhabitat and by the length of time capsules were in the field beforeT.exiguumemergence (i.e., cohort number).
MULTIPLE INTRODUCTIONS OF THE FORFICULA AURICULARIA SPECIES COMPLEX (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Guillet Stéphanie , Josselin Nathalie , Vancassel Michel
Published: November 2009

A survey of nine populations of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L., species complex from eastern North America revealed the presence of the two sibling species recently identified as species A and B. A mitochondrial analysis, based on restriction polymorphism observed on the 16S rRNA and the cytochrome oxydase regions, proved to be a rapid method to identify and distinguish these two species. Furthermore, consistency between these mitochondrial data and a biological diagnosis, based on the dates and number of oviposition periods in each population, revealed that species A and B occupy different habitats. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis of multiple introductions of the two species on the Atlantic coast of North America, followed by a selection of the most adapted species to each habitat.
MORTALITY, FEEDING INHIBITION, AND RECOVERY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAE FOLLOWING AERIAL APPLICATION OF A HIGH-POTENCY FORMULATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. KURSTAKI
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Nystrom Carl , Dedes John , Seligy Vern
Published: November 2009

A larval population of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was monitored for 5 d following aerial application of a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki to investigate dose acquisition and expression (larval mortality, recovery, feeding, and growth) in relation to spray deposition and persistence of spray deposits. The main objective was to test if previous laboratory observations on how B. thuringiensis affects feeding and dose ingestion by spruce budworm larvae hold true under field conditions. About 40% of the treated population ingested a lethal dose within 1 d after spray application. Lethally dosed larvae died without further feeding upon transfer from treated foliage to (untreated) artificial diet. Resumption of feeding by larvae that survived the treatment was delayed relative to larvae from the control population during 3 d following spray application; during that time, normal feeding activity and larval weight gain were suppressed. Inhibited feeding by survivors appeared to prevent further dose uptake because the proportion of lethally dosed larvae in daily collections did not increase despite significant residual spray deposits in budworm feeding sites. Restoration of "normal" recovery times by the fourth day coincided with a 65–85% reduction in persistence of the pathogen on the foliage and did not result in further lethal dose acquisition, as treatment-induced mortality dropped to about 20% on the 4th and 5th days. The observations are consistent with previous laboratory observations of how B. thuringiensis affects larval feeding and with the hypothesis that feeding inhibition may be a limiting factor in the acquisition of a lethal dose.
DIFFERENTIAL BIOACTIVITY OF CONOPHTHORIN ON FOUR SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Huber Dezene P.W. , Borden John H. , Jeans-Williams Nicole L. , Gries Regine
Published: November 2009

The angiosperm bark volatile, conophthorin, was tested at release rates of 3.0 and 0.3 mg/24 h against the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), the pine engraver, Ips pint (Say), and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (all Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The responses of D. pseudotsugae, I. pini, and (in one of two experiments) female D. confusus to attractant-baited traps were disrupted by conophthorin in a dose-dependent manner. Dendroctonus rufipennis was not disrupted by conophthorin. Our results extend the repellent bioactivity of conophthorin to Ips DeGeer spp. and confirm earlier experiments with D. pseudotsugae. Conophthorin may have some utility in protecting susceptible timber from bark beetle attack.
SEX PHEROMONE BLEND OF THE PANDORA MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE), AN OUTBREAK PEST IN PINE FORESTS (PINACEAE)
Authors: McElfresh J. Steven , Chen Xin , Ross Darrell W. , Millar Jocelyn G.
Published: November 2009

The female-produced sex pheromone blend of the pandora moth,Coloradia pandora pandoraBlake, a pest responsible for periodic defoliation of pine forests in the western United States, has been identified. The pheromone consisted of a mixture ofE10,Z12-hexadecadienal,E10,Z12-hexadecadienyl acetate, andE10,E12-hexadecadienyl acetate. All three components were essential for optimal attraction.E10,Z12-Hexadecadienol, tentatively identified in trace amounts in pheromone gland extracts, elicited strong responses from male antennae in coupled gas chromatography – electroantennogram analyses but had no apparent effect as a pheromone component at physiologically relevant levels. Hexadecanal, octadecanal, and hexadecyl acetate also were identified in extracts of female pheromone glands but elicited no responses from male antennae, nor did they appear to be components of the attractant blend. In field trials, each trap baited with the optimized three-component blend ofE10,Z12-hexadecadienal,E10,Z12-hexadecadienyl acetate, andE10,E12-hexadecadienyl acetate captured an average of more than 40 male moths per night.
EVIDENCE FOR SONIC COMMUNICATION IN THE GERMAN COCKROACH (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTELLIDAE)
Authors: Mistal Craig , Takács Stephen , Gries Gerhard
Published: November 2009

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that late-instar nymph, male, and (or) female German cockroaches,Blattella germanica(L.), use sonic signals for intraspecific communication. A digital-recording system was assembled that consisted of a computer equipped with data-acquisition hardware and software, microphones sensitive to sonic and ultrasonic frequencies, and speakers capable of emitting sonic and ultrasonic sound. Sound was repeatedly recorded from groups of five nymphs, five virgin males, or five virgin females. Click-type sounds were commonly present in recordings from nymphs, and consisted of sound pulses of about 10-ms duration and peak frequencies of 7, 9, 11, and 14 kHz. Similar "clicks" were found in recordings from females. In replicated binary choice arena bioassays with individual laboratory-reared insects, played-back "clicks" from nymphs or females or computer-generated artificial clicks attracted nymphs but not males or females. These results provide the first evidence that sonic signals are part of the complexB.germanicacommunication system.
Diversity ofPlacusa(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) in Canada, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan , Pelletier Georges , Germain Carole , Hébert Christian , Humble Lee M. , Winchester Neville N.
Published: November 2009

The Canadian species of the genusPlacusaErichson are reviewed. Eight species are recorded, of which four constitute new Canadian records (P.despectaErichson,P.incompletaSjöberg,P.petulansCasey, andP.vagaCasey) and two are new to science (P.pseudosuecicaKlimaszewskisp.nov., andP.canadensisKlimaszewskisp.nov.).Placusa turbataCasey, one of the two species previously recorded from British Columbia, is here considered a synonym ofP.tachyporoides(Waltl) and is reported for the first time from eastern Canada (New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec). New data are provided on the systematics, distribution, bionomics, and relationships of selected North American species. A key to the species occurring in Canada is presented with illustrations of the median lobe of the aedeagus, spermatheca, male tergite 8, antennae, and outline drawings of the head and adult forebody for each species. Selected Palearctic species are also illustrated for easy comparison with the closely related Nearctic species. The Canadian distribution is presented on contour maps, and world distribution is discussed for all species. The following lectotypes are designated for the Nearctic species which were described from more than one specimen without former holotype designation: Casey (1893, 1911):P.frosti,P.strata,P.tacomae,P.turbata; Erichson (1840):P.despecta; and Sachse (1852):Oxypoda minutaSachse.Oxypoda minutais transferred to the genusPlacusaand newly synonymized withP.despectaErichson (1840).
Host-plant range and parasitoids of obliquebanded and three-lined leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Vakenti J.M. , Cossentine J.E. , Cooper B.E. , Sharkey M.J. , Yoshimoto C.M. , Jensen L.B.M.
Published: November 2009

Eighteen parasitoid species were found associated with obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and three-lined leafroller, Pandemis limitata Robinson, from 1982 to 1984, on apple and other host plants in the southern interior of British Columbia. The leafroller parasitoids included a Glypta Gravenhorst species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Diadegma eureka (Ashmead) and Diadegma interruptum pterophorae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and Hemisturmia tortricis (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae). The two leafroller species were found on 18 wild host plants from 10 plant families.
Description of last instar and pupa ofPyropyg nigricans(Coleoptera: Lampyridae, Photinini) and comparison with larvae of other Photinini genera
Authors: Archangelsky Miguel , Branham Marc A.
Published: November 2009

The last instar and pupa ofPyropyga nigricans(Say, 1823) are described, illustrated, and compared to those ofPyropyga modestaGreen, 1961; these species differ in the color pattern of the pronotum and abdominal tergites, and the morphology of the maxilla and labium. Larvae of the genusPyropygaMotschulsky, 1852 are compared to those of the generaLamprohizaMotschulsky, 1853,LucidotaLeConte, 1833, andPhosphaenusLaporte, 1833 (all belonging to the tribe Photinini but to different subtribes); on the basis of general body shape and morphology of the head capsule, antennae, and mouthparts, larvae of the genusPyropygaseem more closely related to those of the genusLucidotathan to those of the other two genera.
Occurrence of late-emerging populations of the blueberry maggot fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Teixeira L.A.F. , Polavarapu S.
Published: November 2009

Monitoring of adult flight patterns of the blueberry maggot fly, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, in New Jersey, indicated that the adults are active over a much longer period than previously reported. Captures on Pherocon AM traps over two seasons in wild sites and commercial fields of highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae), showed that adult flies are present for most of the period from early July to early November. Trap captures in wild sites peaked during July–August, whereas in some commercial fields, peak captures were recorded in September. Emergence patterns were determined by collecting pupae from a wild site and a commercial field at the time of peak fruit infestation. The following year, the wild-site and commercial-field populations showed distinct emergence periods that were in broad agreement with trap captures at these locations. Comparison of an allozyme locus, using individuals collected in commercial blueberry fields, both on Pherocon AM traps and from infested fruit, confirmed that these populations were R. mendax and not any of the sibling species with a similar flight period. These data show that there are considerable phenological differences between some R. mendax populations. Given this plasticity, current debates on evolutionary mechanisms in flies of the genus Rhagoletis Loew should consider that the flight period of R. mendax is probably neither a major limiting factor in the use of hosts with different fruiting schedules nor an effective premating isolation mechanism with respect to other sibling species.
Sex-biased trap capture and odor-stimulated upwind flight in the field by Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Kuenen L.P.S. , Silk P.J.
Published: November 2009

The bluebeny maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, is a primary insect pest of low bush blueberries, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. (Ericaceae), in eastern Canada. Eggs are laid in ripening berries and mature larvae emerge from the berries to pupate in the soil. Adult flies can be controlled with insecticides (Wood et al. 1983) and (or) cultural control by bum or flail-mow pruning of bushes. Pruned plants do not bear fruit the season after pruning, and this rotation of fruit and nonfruit years is believed to reduce fly populations by limiting food availability (Lathrop 1952). Adult flies can be monitored by capture on yellow-panel sticky traps or red-sphere traps (Prokopy and Coli 1978; Wood et al. 1983; Neilson et al. 1984). In this study, we focused on the sex ratio of R. mendax flies captured on baited and unbaited yellow-panel sticky traps (Pheroco® AM traps) and on the orientation behavior of flies toward wind-vane traps.
Preference of Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) parent adults and shoot-feeding progeny adults for three pine species
Authors: Siegert Nathan W. , McCullough Deborah G.
Published: November 2009

Host preference of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), was investigated in two laboratory choice test studies using red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) (Pinaceae), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Host preference of parent adult beetles was evaluated using freshly cut, similarly sized logs in a wind tunnel. Parent beetles colonized Scotch pine logs significantly more often when given a choice of Scotch pine and either red pine or jack pine logs, but did not show a preference when presented with red pine and jack pine logs. Host preference of progeny adults was tested in a laboratory bioassay using current-year pine shoots. Shoot-feeding progeny adults initiated tunnels in jack pine shoots significantly more often than in Scotch pine and red pine shoots, and preferred Scotch pine over red pine shoots. Shoots with diameters of 0.4–0.5 cm were attacked most frequently, regardless of species. Results suggest that the two North American pines are suitable hosts, but T. piniperda may be most likely to colonize Scotch pine, a European species. Efforts to detect or monitor T. piniperda populations in the Great Lakes and northeastern regions should focus on areas with abundant Scotch pine brood material. Progeny that emerge from brood material, however, may be as likely to shoot-feed in jack pine as in Scotch pine.
Flagellar microstructures of male tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): implications for systematics and functional morphology
Authors: Freitag R. , Hartwick A. , Singh A.
Published: November 2009

A comparison of appressed teeth-like structures, coined tempers, on the flagellum of the male internal sac among 10 North American and one Asian species of tiger beetles is consistent with earlier proposed genera of Cicindela Linné, ranked here as subgenera. Based on scanning electron photomicrographs, observations revealed that the flagellum has a single groove along its whole length, with tempers in the groove, and for most species tempers are present only on one side of the ungrooved flagellar surface; tempers point basally (proximally) both on the flagellar surface and within the flagellar groove; and a distributional pattern of the tempers appears to be unique to each subgenus. The species Cicindela punctulata Olivier and Cicindela lepida Dejean have a lumen in place of a flagellar groove, the former with tempers on the ungrooved flagellar surface and the latter without. Tempers on the ungrooved surface of the flagellum are assumed to grip the inner wall of the spermathecal duct while penetrated by the flagellum during insemination or preinsemination clearing. The presence of tempers on one side of the flagellum promotes rapid, smooth insertion and removal of the flagellum from the duct. It is proposed that tempers of the flagellar groove assist the flow of seminal materials to the spermatheca by guiding the narrow neck of the spermatophore into the spermathecal duct while the flagellum is inserted.
European parasitoids ofLilioceris lilii(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Gold M.S. , Casagrande R.A. , Tewksbury L.A. , Livingston S.B. , Kenis M.
Published: November 2009

The lily leaf beetle,Lilioceris liliiScopoli, was first found in North America near Montreal, Canada, in 1943 (LeSage 1992). It was recovered in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1992 (Livingston 1996), and now occurs throughout all of the New England states and in the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Manitoba. It is a serious pest of native and cultivated lilies (Liliaceae) (Livingston 1996). This univoltine insect overwinters as an adult and after initiating feeding in the spring, oviposits in rows on the undersides of lily leaves. Larvae, which carry a fecal shield, pass through four instars before pupating in the soil. In North America, larval feeding often results in complete plant defoliation.Lilioceris liliiapparently originated in Asia (Berti and Rapilly 1976), and now exists throughout Eurasia from Siberia to Morocco and from the United Kingdom to China (Labeyrie 1963; Lu and Casagrande 1998). Based on its Eurasian distribution,L. liliiwill likely increase its distribution in North America.
Description of Caenoephemera shangyuanensis, gen.nov., sp.nov. (Ephemeroptera), from the Yixian Formation
Authors: Lin Qi-Bin , Huang Di-Ying
Published: November 2009

A fossil mayfly nymph Caenoephemera shangyuanensis, gen.nov., sp.nov., discovered in the lower part of the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Jianshangou, Beipiao district, West Liaoning, China, is described. It has several archaic features typical of Paleozoic mayfly nymphs, such as 5 tarsal segments and hind wing pads not covered by fore wing pads, but also exhibits specialized modern features, such as a short metathorax, abdominal tracheal gills, and cerci. It appears to be intermediate in structure between Paleozoic and extant mayfly nymphs.
Modification of the sex-pheromone communication system associated with organophosphorus-insecticide resistance in the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: El-Sayed Ashraf M. , Fraser H.M. , Trimble R.M.
Published: November 2009

The pheromone communication systems of azinphosmethyl-susceptible (susceptible) and azinphosmethyl-resistant (resistant) obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), from the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario, were compared in the laboratory and field. The pheromone glands of resistant females contained approximately one-half as much (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), (Z)-11-tetradecenol (Z11-14:OH), and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Al) as the glands of susceptible females. A similar amount of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac) was found in the glands of the two types of females. The pheromone effluvium from resistant females contained approximately one-half as much Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, and Z11-14:Al as the effluvium from susceptible females. The onset and duration of female calling and the effect of age on calling were similar in susceptible and resistant C. rosaceana. In an apple orchard, traps baited with resistant females captured approximately one-half as many marked and released susceptible and resistant males as traps baited with susceptible females. There was no difference in the response of antennae from susceptible and resistant males to synthetic Z11-14:Ac and E11-14:Ac. The antennae of resistant males were less sensitive to Z11-14:OH and Z11-14:Al than the antennae of susceptible males. In a flight tunnel, pheromone-gland extracts from susceptible and resistant females, and calling susceptible and resistant females, were equally attractive to both susceptible and resistant males. In an apple orchard, the rate of capture of marked and released susceptible males was greater than that of resistant males in traps baited with susceptible females, but not in traps baited with resistant females or in traps baited with synthetic pheromone. The reduced ability to locate virgin females suggests that the presence of resistant males in an apple orchard may result in a reduction in the capture of moths in pheromone-baited traps. The reduction in trap catch was likely not caused by resistant females because they were less attractive to males than susceptible females and would therefore, in theory, compete less with traps for males than susceptible females. The differences observed in the pheromone communication systems of susceptible and resistant C. rosaceana are likely pleotropic effects associated with the selection for insecticide resistance.
Genetic variability and expression of phenological and morphological differences in populations of Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Biron D.G. , Coderre D. , Boivin G. , Brunel E. , Nénon J.P.
Published: November 2009

In this study, survival to adult stage, duration of development of the immature stages, egg micromorphology, DNA polymorphism, and reproductive compatibility were measured for early- and late-emerging phenotypes of Delia radicum Linneaus to determine whether both phenotypes had evolved differences other than the duration of puparial development and to find the most likely genetic system controlling the expression of both phenotypes. Survival to adult stage was not significantly different between the early- and late-emerging phenotypes. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers tested suggest that it is possible to distinguish an early-emerging fly from a late-emerging fly. Furthermore, the results suggest that the early- and late-emerging phenotypes differ not only in the timing of adult emergence but also in their egg structure (egg micromorphology) and in their larval and puparial mortality. These two phenotypes are not reproductively or ecologically isolated. The genetic system controlling the expression of early and late emergers in a population of D. radicum is probably an adaptive strategy reducing predator and parasitoid pressures, optimizing resource utilization, and ensuring survival of D. radicum during atypical winters. This strategy could eventually lead to temporal sympatric speciation if there are changes in a few key loci responsible for host plant selection and fitness on a new host.
Effect of greenhouse polyethelene covering on activity level and photo-response of bumble bees
Authors: Morandin Lora A. , Laverty Terence M. , Gegear Robert J. , Kevan Peter G.
Published: November 2009

We conducted laboratory experiments assessing the relationship between commercial greenhouse polyethylene coverings and bumble bee, Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae), activity and loss from ventilation systems. Bee activity was measured in four small greenhouses, each with a different polyethylene covering. Bee activity was quantified using photodiode tunnels mounted in the hive entrances. Contrary to commercial greenhouse experiments, there was no difference in bee activity based on covering type. There was a positive linear relationship between temperature in the experimental greenhouses and bee activity. The potential for bee loss through open ventilation systems for five covering types was quantified using a Y-maze decision box. Bees were more attracted to direct light than to light transmitted through ultraviolet (UV) blocking coverings, whereas bees were equally attracted to direct light as they were to UV-transmitting coverings. These experiments suggest that greenhouses with UV-transmitting plastics may result in less bee loss through ventilation systems.
Potential for pheromone-baited traps to predict seed loss caused by Contarinia oregonensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Morewood P. , Morewood W.D. , Bennett R.G. , Gries G.
Published: November 2009

In seed orchards of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Pinaceae), located in Washington State and Oregon, United States, we tested whether catches of male Douglas-fir cone gall midges, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, in pheromone-baited traps can be used to predict the extent of galled scales (= seed loss at harvest) caused by developing larvae. In 2000, 27 experimental blocks (4–7 ha each) were selected. In each block we recorded mean numbers of (i) male C. oregonensis captured in 20 pheromone-baited Wing traps, (ii) egg-infested scales in up to 50 conelets in early spring, and (iii) galled scales in up to 50 cones in late summer. In 2001, the experiment was repeated with 20 Delta traps in each of 26 experimental blocks. Moreover, catches of C. oregonensis and nontarget insects in Delta traps and Wing traps were compared in one additional orchard block in 2001. In both years there were positive correlations between mean numbers of egg-infested and galled scales and between mean numbers of captured male C. oregonensis and mean numbers of both egg-infested and galled scales, particularly when only experimental blocks with ≥50% of trees bearing at least 5 conelets were considered. Our results suggest that 4 or 2 captured male C. oregonensis in Wing or Delta traps, respectively, warrant insecticidal control of C. oregonensis. Delta traps, which captured fewer nontarget insects, would be more suitable than Wing traps for operational implementation of this technology.
Assemblage of Hymenoptera arriving at logs colonized byIps pini(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and its microbial symbionts in western Montana
Authors: Boone Celia K. , Six Diana L. , Krauth Steven J. , Raffa Kenneth F.
Published: November 2009

Colonization of a tree by bark beetles and their symbionts creates a new habitat for a diverse assemblage of arthropods, including competing herbivores, xylophages, fungivores, saprophages, predators, and parasitoids. Understanding these assemblages is important for evaluating nontarget effects of various management tactics and for subsequently evaluating how changes in climate, the presence of invasive species, and altered forestry practices and land-use tenure may affect biodiversity. We characterized the assemblage of hymenopterans attracted to logs of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosaC. Lawson (Pinaceae)) colonized by the bark beetleIps pini(Say) and its microbial symbionts. In one experiment, the composition and relative abundances of species arriving at hosts colonized byI. pini, and possible sources of attraction, were determined. Treatments consisted of a log containingI. piniwith its natural complement of microorganisms, a log alone, and a blank control. A second experiment was carried out to determine whether or not Hymenoptera were attracted to microbial symbionts ofI. pini. Treatments consisted of a blank control, a log alone, a log containingI. piniwith its natural complement of microorganisms, eitherOphiostoma ips,Burkholderiasp., orPichia scolyti, and a log inoculated with a combination of these three microorganisms. Over 2 years, 5163 Hymenoptera were captured, of which over 98% were parasitoids. Braconidae, Platygastridae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, and Ichneumonidae were the most abundant. Seven known species of bark beetle parasitoids (all Pteromalidae) were captured. However, parasitoids of Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and non-wood-boring Coleoptera were also common. Nineteen species showed preferential attraction to host plants infested withI. piniand its complement of microorganisms, host plants inoculated withI. pinimicrobial symbionts, or host plants alone. Interestingly, many of these species were parasitoids of phytophagous, fungivorous, and saprophytic insects rather than of bark beetles themselves. These results suggest that a diverse assemblage of natural enemies that attack various feeding guilds within a common habitat exploit common olfactory cues.
Two new species in the genus Jezarotes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Acaenitinae) from Korea
Authors: Lee Jong-Wook , Lee Seol-Mae
Published: November 2009

Two new ichneumonid species in the genus Jezarotes Uchida are described from Korea: J. dentatusn. sp. and J. tetragonisn. sp. Photographs of diagnostic characters of the two new species, a key to the six known species, and a diagnosis of the genus are provided.
Density-dependent reductions in grasshopper fecundity in response to nematode parasitism
Authors: Laws Angela Nardoni
Published: November 2009

Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are hosts to many internal parasites, including nematodes. However, the effects of nematode parasitism on grasshopper fecundity and how these effects vary with population density are unclear. I report on the fecundity of Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder) infected and uninfected with mermithid nematodes in northern Wisconsin from 2002 to 2005. Each year grasshoppers were stocked over a range of five densities into field enclosures. Fecundity, body size, and nematode prevalence were measured for female grasshoppers. Nematode prevalence was moderately high, ranging from 15% in 2003 to 37% in 2004. Fecundity was measured by examining grasshopper reproductive tracts. On average, past reproductive activity (number of eggs laid) and current reproductive activity (number of eggs forming) of parasitized grasshoppers were reduced by 40% and 48%, respectively. Interestingly, the reduction in fecundity was less for parasitized females in the low-density treatments (25%-50% of field density) than for those in the moderate- and high-density treatments, suggesting that grasshoppers can compensate somewhat for negative effects of parasites on fecundity when per-capita resources are high. No difference in hind-femur length between parasitized and unparasitized females was observed, indicating that nematode infection did not affect grasshopper body size.
Non-destructive tree-trunk funnel trap for capturing Hylobius warreni (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ascending stems of trees
Authors: Björklund Niklas
Published: November 2009

A simple and inexpensive non-destructive trap to catch insects as they ascend tree boles is described. The trap was tested in a capture–mark–recapture experiment on the Warren root collar weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood. A high percentage (77%) of marked H. warreni were recaptured at least once during a 12-day period and 54% were recaptured more than once, with one weevil recaptured eight times.
Effectiveness of Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Embolic Stroke due to Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Sontineni Siva P. , Mooss Aryan N. , Andukuri Venkata G. , Schima Susan Marie , Esterbrooks Dennis
Published: November 2009

Objective. To identify the role of thrombolytic therapy in acute embolic stroke due to infective endocarditis.Design. Case report.Setting. University hospital.Patient. A 70-year-old male presented with acute onset aphasia and hemiparesis due to infective endocarditis. His head computerized tomographic scan revealed left parietal sulcal effacement. He was given intravenous tissue plasminogen activator with significant resolution of the neurologic deficits without complications.Main Outcome Measures. Physical examination, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, radiologic examination results.Conclusions. Thrombolytic therapy in selected cases of stroke due to infective endocarditis manifesting as major neurologic deficits can be considered as an option after careful consideration of risks and benefits. The basis for such favorable response rests in the presence of fibrin as a major constituent of the vegetation. The risk of precipitating hemorrhage with thrombolytic therapy especially with large infarcts and mycotic aneurysms should be weighed against the benefits of averting a major neurologic deficit.
Cognitive effects of lamotrigine versus topiramate as adjunctive therapy in older adults with epilepsy
Authors: Chung Steve S. , Kerls Susan , Hammer Ann , Kustra Robert
Published: November 2009

Older individuals may be more susceptible to cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs than are younger adults. This randomized, double-blind study compared the cognitive effects of lamotrigine (median maintenance dosage, 500.0 mg/d) and topiramate (median maintenance dosage, 300.0 mg/d) as adjunctive therapy for 16 weeks in patients ≥50 years of age. Fifty-one patients (lamotrigine, n=25; topiramate, n=26) were enrolled, and 28 patients (lamotrigine, n=15; topiramate, n=13) completed the study. In a combined analysis of all cognitive tests performed, no significant differences between treatment groups were noted. However, analyses of individual cognitive test results revealed that lamotrigine-treated patients had significantly better results on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test and the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test, whereas topiramate-treated patients had significantly more favorable results on the Digit Cancellation Test and the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. Larger studies are needed to further clarify the differences in the cognitive effects of lamotrigine and topiramate in older patients.