bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemotactic properties and protein of equine uterine fluid
Authors: Blue H. B. , Blue M. G. , Kenney R. M. , Merritt T. L.
Published: February 2025

Forty uterine fluid samples were obtained from 4 mares classified as resistant to uterine bacterial infection. The uterus of each mare was flushed with 50 ml of saline solution during estrus and diestrus of successive estrous cycles. Bacteria or fungi were isolated from 4 samples, and 7 additional samples were obtained from a mare with active intrauterine infection.

Fluid volumes obtained during estrus (X = 40.3 ± 11 ml) tended to be greater than those recovered during diestrus (X = 36.8 ± 7.9 ml), but the difference was not significant. Concentrations and yields of protein in recovered fluid did not vary significantly with the day of the estrous cycle. Protein concentration was significantly increased in samples from the infected uterus (P = < 0.001).

The ability of uterine fluid samples to attract neutrophils was measured using chemotactic chambers. There was no significant difference between distances migrated by neutrophils toward fluids obtained during estrus or diestrus. Chemotaxis scores tended to be higher with samples from the infected uterus, and the difference was significant for samples from 2 mares. Chemotaxis was neither significantly correlated with protein concentration of uterine fluid, nor with serum estrogens or progesterone.
Genetic differences in serum-neutralization titers of pigs after vaccination with pseudorabies modified live-virus vaccine
Authors: Rothschild M. F. , Hill H. T. , Christian L. L. , Warner C. M.
Published: February 2025

Four-week-old pigs of the Chester White, Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, and Yorkshire breeds (n = 518) were vaccinated with a pseudorabies modified live-virus vaccine to determine whether genetic differences existed for immune response after vaccination. All pigs and their dams (sows) were tested before vaccination to determine preimmunization antibody titers, using a microtitration serum-neutralization (sn) test. The sn test results of sows were negative, as were preimmunization tests of the pigs. At 4 weeks after pigs were vaccinated, additional blood samples were collected from the pigs, and end-point sn titers were determined, using a 2-fold dilution scheme. Small, but statistically significant, breed differences existed for antibody response, with Yorkshire and Chester White pigs having the highest response, and Duroc and Landrace pigs, the lowest. Differences among sire progeny groups were small, but there were significant differences among dams. Genetic differences as seen by differences among breeds indicates that the efficacy of vaccines may vary from breed to breed and that vaccine trials should not neglect this potential source of variation.
Antibiotic resistance of members of the genus Salmonella isolated from chickens, turkeys, cattle, and swine in the United States during October 1981 through September 1982
Authors: Blackburn Billie O. , Schlater Linda K. , Swanson Merrill R.
Published: February 2025

Members of the genus Salmonella isolated from chickens, turkeys, cattle, and swine and submitted to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories for serotyping during October 1981 through September 1982 were tested for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial drugs. A total of 3,500 isolates was tested.

A high rate of drug resistance was observed. Three cultures were resistant to each of the drugs and 30% were resistant to each drug except chloramphenicol, cephalothin, and gentamicin. Multiple resistance patterns were observed for 80% of the cultures with an even higher percentage in cultures from swine.
Effect of acetohydroxamic acid on dissolution of canine struvite uroliths
Authors: Krawiec Donald R. , Osborne Carl A. , Leininger Joel R. , Griffith Donald P.
Published: February 2025

Long-term administration of acetohydroxamic acid to dogs with experimentally induced urease-positive staphylococcal urinary tract infections and struvite urolithiasis resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of urolith growth or urolith dissolution. Inhibition of urolith growth was associated with drug dose-dependent reduction of urine urease activity, urine pH, crystalluria, pyuria, hematuria, and proteinuria. Lesions of the urinary tract of dogs treated with acetohydroxamic acid were less severe than those of control dogs. Dose-dependent adverse drug reactions included reversible hemolytic anemia, abnormal red cell morphology, and abnormalities of bilirubin metabolism.
Induction of abortion in the bitch with a synthetic prostaglandin analog
Authors: Shille V. M. , Dorsey Deborah , Thatcher Marie-Joelle
Published: February 2025

Eight mixed-breed bitches in the middle (30 to 35 days) and late 3rd (53 to 56 days) of gestation were given 20 μg of synthetic prostaglandin analog/kg of body weight, im (4 bitches) or the polyethylene glycol vehicle, im (4 bitches). Bitches treated with prostaglandin aborted 2 days after treatment, whereas bitches given the vehicle delivered live pups at term. Luteolysis occurred within 24 hours of treatment, as shown by rapidly declining plasma progesterone concentrations. Microscopic signs of luteal degeneration were seen in ovaries removed 5 days after treatment. Three bitches erroneously designated as pregnant were treated during anestrus and had no marked changes in plasma progesterone or in gross and microscopic appearance of the reproductive tract. Serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities were increased slightly in 4 bitches on the day after treatment, but values declined to base-line values 24 hours later. Treatment side effects included panting, salivation, vomiting, repeated defecation, and transient pain at the injection site.
Essential fatty acid requirements of cats: Pathology of essential fatty acid deficiency
Authors: MacDonald Marnie L. , Anderson Bruce C. , Rogers Quinton R. , Buffington Charles A. , Morris James G.
Published: February 2025

The pathologic changes of essential fatty acid (efa) deficiency were studied in specific-pathogen-free, domestic shorthair cats which were fed purified diets for 1.5 to 2.5 years. Cats fed an efa-deficient diet exhibited signs of deficiency: severe fatty degeneration of the liver, excessive fat in the kidneys, dystrophic mineralization of the adrenal glands, degeneration of the testes, and hyperkeratosis of the skin. Minor clinical pathologic changes were consistent with liver damage. Fatty acid analyses of plasma lipids revealed low concentrations of linoleate and other n6-fatty acids, and high concentrations of n7- and n9-fatty acids, consistent with efa deficiency.

These signs of deficiency were prevented by including safflower seed oil in the diet at a concentration to supply linoleate at 6.7% of dietary energy. Therefore, linoleate is an efa for the cat, despite negligible conversion of linoleate to arachidonate in cat liver. However, in cats fed a diet containing linoleate, but lacking arachidonate, there was mild mineralization of the kidneys, and the neutral fat content of the liver was slightly higher than that of cats fed a diet containing arachidonate and other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Also, 2 of the 19 cats fed arachidonate-deficient diets developed unusual inflammatory skin lesions.

In cats fed a diet containing hydrogenated coconut oil, safflower seed oil, and chicken fat, fatty livers developed despite the presence of high levels of linoleate. The fatty livers appeared to result from a specific deleterious effect of the medium-chain triglycerides in hydrogenated coconut oil.

Most of the organ pathologic changes of efa deficiency in the cat can be prevented by feeding dietary linoleate. Linoleate meets the efa requirement for functions which depend on proper membrane structure: growth, lipid transport, normal skin and coat condition, and maintenance of the epidermal permeability barrier. However, dietary arachidonate is required by the cat for functions which depend on eicosanoid formation, such as reproduction and blood platelet aggregation.
Electromyographic and urethral pressure profilometry: Long-term assessment of urethral function after perineal urethrostomy in cats
Authors: Gregory C. R. , Vasseur P. B.
Published: February 2025

Urethral pressure and electromyographic profiles were recorded in 18 adult male cats about 61 months after perineal urethrostomy was done. The loss of striated sphincter function postoperatively was reversible in some cats. The increased frequency of bacterial urinary tract infection seen in cats postoperatively after perineal urethrostomy cannot be explained by compromised urethral sphincter function alone.
Pharmacokinetics of 4-aminopyridine in horses
Authors: Kitzman Joseph V. , Wilson Robert C. , Booth Nicholas H. , Hendricks H. Lamar , Bush Parshall B.
Published: February 2025

The pharmacokinetics of 4-aminopyridine (4-ap), a drug capable of antagonizing nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs, as well as several classes of injectable sedative and anesthetic agents, were studied in 6 intact, awake horses. Plasma samples were assayed for 4-ap over a frequent sampling schedule for 8 hours after iv administration. The plasma 4-ap vs time data best fit a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Distribution half-life was 7.4 minutes, elimination half-life was 259 minutes, volume of the central compartment was 0.89 L/kg, volume of distribution (area) was 1.98 L/kg, volume of distribution at steady state was 1.9 L/kg, and total clearance was 5.3 ml min−1 kg−1. The 259-minute elimination half-life observed in the present study is consistent with prolonged clinical effectiveness observed in a previous study of antagonism of xylazine/ketamine anesthesia by 4-ap in horses.
Relationship between the antibody-complement susceptibility of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf strains and their virulence for mice and pigs
Authors: Griffith Ronald W. , Kramer Theodore T. , Pohlenz Joachim F.
Published: February 2025

In the present work, we attempted to characterize 4 field strains of Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf susceptible to antibody and complement (Ab-C), and 4 strains not susceptible to Ab-C, with respect to their virulence for mice and pigs. In vivo growth of an Ab-C-susceptible, mouse-virulent strain in the spleens of mice exceeded that of 2 Ab-C-susceptible, but mouse-avirulent strains by at least 104 organisms. Comparison of Ab-C susceptibility with virulence for pigs seemed to indicate that parallelism existed between Ab-C susceptibility and avirulence, except for strain 38, which was Ab-C susceptible yet virulent. There was agreement between virulence for mice and pigs, except for strains 10 and 61, which were avirulent for mice but relatively virulent for pigs. The 3 strain criteria under comparison (ie, Ab-C susceptibility, virulence for mice, and virulence for pigs) suggested only partial relatedness. Vaccination of pigs with the least virulent strain was found to protect them against challenge exposure with the most virulent strain, indicating that virulence factors may not be associated with immunogenicity.
Abortion in sows experimentally infected with African swine fever virus: Clinical features
Authors: Schlafer Donald H. , Mebus Charles A.
Published: February 2025

Thirteen sows between 38 and 92 days of pregnancy were exposed oronasally to African swine fever virus (1979 Dominican Republic isolate) to determine whether infection would affect their reproductive performance.

Abortions occurred in sows in all stages of pregnancy. Of 11 sows, 7 aborted 5 to 8 (6.1 ± 0.90) days after inoculation or 0 to 3 (1.4 ± 0.98) days after fever development. Abortions occurred soon after clinical signs of infection first developed and viremia titers peaked. Swelling of the vulva and treading preceded abortion in some sows. Ecchymotic placental and petechial cutaneous hemorrhages were present in 6 of 13 and 9 of 13 litters, respectively.

African swine fever was transmitted to 2 healthy barrows by feeding fetal tissues collected from 1 inoculated sow. All inoculated sows not killed, died, precluding further study of neonates from infected sows.
Restricted dietary chloride and sodium bicarbonate supplementation in early lactation Holstein cows: Cerebrospinal fluid electrolyte alterations
Authors: Fettman M. J. , Chase L. E. , Bentinck-Smith J. , Coppock C. E. , Zinn S. A.
Published: February 2025

As part of an experiment designed to study the acute and chronic metabolic changes associated with dietary chloride (Cl) restriction and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation in cows in early lactation, base-line and final experimental csf specimens were collected to evaluate the relative effects of a nutritional Cl deficiency on serum and csf electrolyte concentrations. Attention was paid to the comparative alterations in serum and csf Cl concentrations as an indication of the potential for the choroid plexus active Cl transport mechanism to conserve csf Cl concentrations in the face of total body Cl depletion.

Serum Cl values in cows fed the restricted Cl diets decreased from 96.4 ± 3.5 mEq/L to 83.4 ± 4.5 mEq/L in a 2-week trial and from 106.0 ± 2.8 mEq/L to 75.5 ± 6.7 mEq/L in an 8-week trial, as an indication of a nutritional Cl deficiency. Healthy cows maintained csf Cl concentrations approximately 20% higher than the serum values, whereas cows fed a diet containing 0.10% Cl and 0.70% NaHCO3 for 2 weeks maintained csf Cl values at 134.8% of the serum Cl concentrations, and csf Cl concentrations in cows given a diet with 0.10% Cl and 0.80% NaHCO3 for 8 weeks increased to 137.2% of the serum Cl values.
Effects of benzimidazole anthelmintics on the survival and migratory behavior of Toxocara canis larvae in the mouse
Authors: Abdel-Hameed Ahmed Awad
Published: February 2025

Nine benzimidazole anthelmintics—thiabendazole, mebendazole, fenbendazole, cambendazole, flubendazole, albendazole, parbendazole, oxibendazole, and oxfendazole—were tested for their larvicidal effects and capabilities to inhibit migration of larval Toxocara canis in mice. The drugs were administered in medicated diets containing 0.1% (w/w) of the pure compounds (130 to 160 mg/kg each day), starting 24 hours after oral inoculation with 500 infective eggs. Groups of mice were continued on medicated diets until day 8 after inoculation when half of the mice were killed; the other half were placed on normal diet and killed on day 22 after inoculation. Control groups were killed at the same times and the numbers of larvae recovered in pepsin digests of the liver, lungs, and carcass, as well as in press preparations of brain, were recorded. In mice killed after 8 days of treatment, all of the compounds except thiabendazole produced significant arrest of the migrating larvae in the liver. In mice given the normal diet for 2 weeks after termination of treatment with the different drugs, the percentages of larvae that remained in the liver showed wide variation. Significant larvicidal effects were observed only in mice treated with albendazole, oxfendazole, and cambendazole.
Effects of gentamicin solution and cream on the healing of open wounds
Authors: Lee A. H. , Swaim S. F. , Yang S. T. , Wilken L. O.
Published: February 2025

When 0.1% gentamicin solution was applied to full-thickness skin wounds of dogs, the wounds became smaller by contraction during the first 7 days and continued to contract over the next 14 days. Wounds treated with 0.1% gentamicin cream enlarged during the first 7 days, followed by wound contraction over the next 14 days. The wounds treated with gentamicin solution also had more epithelialization at 7 days than did the cream-treated wounds; however, epithelialization of the 2 types of wounds was similar at 14 and at 21 days. Gentamicin solution and cream were effective in controlling bacterial growth on wounds when compared with the bacterial growth on the control wounds (not treated with antibiotics).
Survey of thyroglobulin autoantibodies in dogs
Authors: Haines Deborah M. , Lording P. M. , Penhale W. J.
Published: February 2025

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in dogs with and without clinical evidence of thyroid disease. Autoantibodies were found in 59% of 34 clinically hypothyroid dogs, 43% of 65 dogs with nonthyroidal endocrine diseases, 47% of 64 healthy dogs closely related to antibody-positive canine hospital patients, and 13% of 1,057 canine hospital patients without endocrine disorders.

Dogs with bacterial skin disease and alopecia of unknown causes had an increased prevalence of autoantibodies compared with the prevalence of autoantibodies in healthy dogs and dogs with other diseases. Three breeds of dogs, Great Danes, Irish Setters, and Old English Sheepdogs, had an increased occurrence of autoantibodies compared with that in other breeds and dogs of mixed breeding. A familial tendency to thyroid autoimmunity was demonstrated in a group of Great Dane dogs. The occurrence of autoantibodies was not influenced by age or sex.

Thyroid function, as assessed by total thyroxine estimation, was depressed in hospitalized dogs compared with the thyroid function in healthy dogs, irrespective of thyroglobulin-antibody status. Two of 11 autoantibody-positive dogs monitored for an 18-month period developed low thyroxine concentration and depressed thyroid responsiveness to exogenous thyrotropin stimulation.
Effects of voltage and order of voltage application on seminal characteristics of electroejaculates of the domestic cat
Authors: Pineda M. H. , Dooley M. P.
Published: February 2025

Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of voltage and order of voltage application on the volume and number of spermatozoa of electroejaculates collected sequentially from the domestic cat. An electroejaculate was defined as the seminal fluid and spermatozoa obtained during the application of 60 electrical stimuli. Four electroejaculates were obtained from each cat once a week for 4 weeks. In experiment 1, a stepwise increase in voltage (1, 2, 4, and 8 V) was used in a factorial design to obtain successive electroejaculates from 9 cats. The volume of electroejaculate was not affected by cat, voltage, or week of collection (P > 0.05) and the interactions cat × voltage and week of collection × voltage also were not significant (P > 0.05). Number of spermatozoa of electroejaculates was affected by cat (P < 0.001) and voltage (P < 0.025), and the interaction cat × voltage also was significant (P < 0.001). The number of spermatozoa of electroejaculates was not affected by week of collection (P > 0.05), and the interaction week of collection × voltage also was not significant (P > 0.05). The number of spermatozoa in electroejaculates collected with 4 or 8 V were greater (P < 0.05) than the number of spermatozoa in electroejaculates collected with 1 or 2 V. Stimulation with 8 V resulted in urine contamination of some electroejaculates. In experiment 2, a latin square design was used to determine the effects of voltage (1, 2, 4, and 6 Y), electroejaculate sequence, and order of the 4 voltages in the sequence on seminal characteristics of electroejaculates from 8 cats. Volume of electroejaculate was not affected by cat, voltage, order of voltages, electroejaculate sequence, or week of collection (P > 0.05). Number of spermatozoa in the electroejaculates was affected by voltage (P < 0.01) and electroejaculate sequence (P < 0.001), but was not affected by cat, week of collection, or order of voltages within a sequence of voltages (P > 0.05). The 2nd electroejaculate of the sequence contained a greater (P < 0.05) number of spermatozoa than did the 1st, 3rd, or 4th electroejaculate. Urine contamination was not observed in electroejaculates collected with 6 V.

The number of spermatozoa of electroejaculates from the domestic cat is dependent upon the voltage of stimulation and number of stimuli given. There appears to be separate voltage thresholds for the release of seminal fluid and spermatozoa in the domestic cat.
Experimental Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in lambs
Authors: Brogden K. A. , Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D.
Published: February 2025

Lambs were inoculated iv with 3.2 × 103 colony forming units (cfu) to 3.2 × 106 cfu of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from a 6-hour broth culture supplemented with 0.1% sorbitan monooleate. After 28 days, multiple abscesses were observed in the lungs and lymph nodes. The number of abscesses in the lungs correlated with the inoculation dose. Two lambs given 105 cfu and 106 cfu died. Multiple abscesses occurred in other lambs given 106 cfu to 104 cfu and few abscesses occurred in lambs given 103 cfu. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated from lung abscesses, inoculation site abscesses, and lymph node abscesses, but not from normal tissues. Because this procedure consistently induced abscesses in the lungs, we believe it will be a suitable challenge system for studies on the prevention of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep.
Epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in the Mexicali Valley, Mexico: Data gathering and survey results
Authors: Salman Mowafak D. , Meyer Margaret E. , Hird David W.
Published: February 2025

Data for path analysis on the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis were gathered from 184 premises in Mexicali Valley, Mexico, that had dairy cattle, swine, and/or goats. Each farmer manager or owner was interviewed, using a pretested set of questions, and the livestock on the premises were serotested for Brucella antibodies. The focus in gathering these data was to identify the characteristics of premises with seropositive cattle in comparison with characteristics of premises with no seropositive cattle.
Research needs on internal parasites of horses
Authors: Klei Thomas R. , Bello Thomas R. , Clayton Hilary M. , DiPietro J. A. , Drudge J. H. , Lyons E. T. , Moore James N. , Slocombe J. O. D. , Stiller David
Published: February 2025

The importance of the horse industry to the economy of the United States and the impact of parasitic infections on the industry are well documented. However, contemporary research activity on internal parasites of horses has not kept pace with growth of the horse population. Parasitic infections are a major facet of enteritis and colic in horses. Parasites are also associated with poor growth and development, respiratory tract disease, dermatitis, and CNS lesions. Babesia infections remain a threat to horses imported from some regions of the world.

Most research activity has dealt with the development of new antiparasitic drugs. Efforts must be made to integrate these studies with observations on the bionomics of parasites in different regions and under different management conditions into more effective and less costly integrated parasite control programs. Increased research activity concerning the pathogenesis and immune response to equine parasitic infections is also necessary. A better understanding of these factors will lead to improved diagnostic, treatment, and preventative measures. Specific research objectives designed to produce short-term and long-term benefits are suggested.
Age-related renal, hematologic, and hemostatic abnormalities in FH/Wjd rats
Authors: Urizar R. E. , Cerda J. , Dodds W. J. , Raymond S. L. , Largent J. A. , Simon R. , Gilboa Ν.
Published: February 2025

This longitudinal study compared the renal morphologic changes and hemostatic defects of FH/Wjd rats at different ages. A second aim was to determine whether the bleeding tendency becomes intensified in older animals by the concomitant renal disease. Results indicated that reduced capacity for platelet 14C-serotonin release (P < 0.01) was found for each age group studied in comparison with Wistar controls. The nephropathy of old FH/ Wjd male rats was more severe than that in either FH/ Wjd females or age-matched Wistars of both sexes. The mesangial lesions showed abundant deposits of factor VIII-related antigen, fibronectin, and immunoglobulins, but not C3, along with tightly packed or loose electron-dense material. Polyethylene glycol precipitation and platelet aggregation tests detected smalt amounts of circulating immune complex-like material. Old FH/Wjd rats did not develop edema, and the glomerular filtration rate remained normal despite the persistent proteinuria, hematuria, and arterial hypertension characteristic of this strain. Our data indicated that the congenital platelet dysfunction does not become more severe in older animals and that the nephropathy seems unrelated, does not appear to be mediated by immune complexes, and, in contrast to the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis of persons, the lesions progress without a parallel impairment of renal function.
Endotoxin shock in the pig: Beneficial effects of pretreatment with prednisolone sodium succinate
Authors: Schrauwen Ε. M. , Houvenaghel A. M.
Published: February 2025

In anesthetized pigs, the influence on cardiovascular performance and on survival rate of iv administration of a large dose of endotoxin (0.5 mg/ kg of body weight) was examined. This dose of endotoxin (ld100) resulted in a progressively evolving deterioration of cardiovascular functions and in the death of all animals within 210 minutes (mean ± sem: 107 ± 13 minutes) after it was given. The iv injection of prednisolone sodium succinate, 10 mg/kg at 25 minutes before dosing the pigs with endotoxin resulted in a significant increase in survival time. This effect of the glycocorticoid can only partly be ascribed to an amelioration of the cardiovascular dysfunctions.
Prevalence of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, and bovine parainfluenza-3 virus in sheep and goats in Quebec
Authors: Elazhary M. A. S. Y. , Silim A. , Dea S.
Published: February 2025

Serum samples were collected from 1,075 clinically normal sheep and goats from 77 flocks in 7 agricultural regions of Quebec from June to August 1982. Sheep and goats were tested for antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine herpesvirus-1 by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique and for parainfluenza-3 virus by the hemagglutination inhibition test. The prevalence of antibodies in animals to respiratory syncytial virus was 31%; to bovine viral diarrhea virus, 22.2%; to bovine herpesvirus-1, 10.8%; and to parainfluenza-3 virus, 23.2%. Antibodies prevailed in similar proportions in young (< 1 year) and adult (> 1 year) animals.
Cutaneous innervation of the thorax and abdomen of the dog
Authors: Bailey Cleta Sue , Kitchell Ralph L. , Haghighi Siavash S. , Johnson Richard D.
Published: February 2025

The anatomy of the cutaneous nerves innervating the canine thorax and abdomen was investigated by gross dissection of 38 dogs. Additionally, the cutaneous areas innervated by the thoracic and abdominal cutaneous nerves were mapped in a 2nd group of 33 barbiturate-anesthetized male dogs, using electrophysiologic techniques. The skin of the thorax was innervated by dorsal cutaneous branches, lateral cutaneous branches, and ventral cutaneous branches of the spinal nerves. The dorsal cutaneous branches were branches of the dorsal primary branches of spinal nerves C6 and T2 through T11. The lateral cutaneous branches were branches of the ventral primary branches of spinal nerves T2 through T12. The ventral cutaneous branches were branches of the ventral primary branches of spinal nerves T2 through T10. The skin of the abdomen was innervated by dorsal and lateral cutaneous branches of spinal nerves T12 through L3 (and occasionally L4). The cutaneous areas of the dorsal cutaneous branches occupied the dorsal half of the scapular and thoracic regions and the dorsal 2/5 of the abdominal region. The cutaneous areas of the lateral cutaneous branches covered the major portion of the ventral half of the thorax and the ventral 3/5 of the abdomen. The cutaneous areas of the ventral cutaneous branches occupied the axilla and the ventral part of the thoracic wall.
Vitamin E requirement of mink with special reference to tocopherol composition in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue
Authors: Työppönen J. , Hakkarainen J. , Juokslahti T. , Lindberg P.
Published: February 2025

Tissue responses of 4 different tocopherols found in a basal diet (bd) and the effect of 2 physiologic levels of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (25 and 150 mg/kg) on tissue tocopherol content were studied in the mink.

The bd contained a total of 7.1 mg vitamin E/kg, with α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol in a ratio of 1:0.07:0.55:0.10, respectively. The corresponding ratios in the tissues were: liver, 1:0.04:0.12:0; plasma, 1:0:0.13:0; and adipose tissue, 1:0:0.19:0. After mink were fed diets containing vitamin E, α- and γ-tocopherol were distributed in similar proportions in plasma and liver, but γ-tocopherol was in a slightly higher proportion in adipose tissue. Addition of 25 or 150 mg/kg of α-tocopheryl acetate to the bd decreased the γ-tocopherol levels in all 3 tissues; this was considered to be a dilution effect of other tocopherols in bd with added α-tocopheryl acetate. The β-tocopherol content in the liver remained unchanged, irrespective of the dietary amount of α-tocopheryl acetate.

Plasma α-tocopherol had a linear relationship to log dietary dose, with an apparent half-saturation of the vitamin E binding capacity at 13 mg vitamin E/kg diet. At the given dietary levels, liver and adipose continued to accumulate α-tocopherol. The correlation between total plasma lipids and plasma α-tocopherol was significant (P < 0.001) only in the group fed the bd.

Vitamin E analysis of plasma could be used as a routine method for controlling the vitamin E status of mink. The liver and adipose tissue were, however, more responsive to physiologic doses of vitamin E, and were more reliable organs for the establishment of vitamin E status in the mink.

Seemingly, 30 mg of vitamin E/kg of diet was a satisfactory minimum to ensure an adequate vitamin E status in mink.
Bovine pulmonary alveolar macrophages: Antemortem recovery and in vitro evaluation of bacterial phagocytosis and killing
Authors: Trigo E. , Liggitt H. D. , Breeze R. G. , Leid R. W. , Silflow R. M.
Published: February 2025

A system was developed to recover pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pam) from living cattle and to evaluate the function of these cells by measuring bacterial phagocytosis and killing. For the collection of pam, single-tube and telescoped double-tube pulmonary lavage devices were compared. The total recovery, using these systems, was 70 ± 10.7% of infused fluid, yielding approximately 87% pam. The total number of cells per collection was approximately 5 times higher with the single-tube device (6.87 ± 0.78 × 107 cell/ml) than with the telescoped double-tube device (1.3 ± 0.1 × 107 cells/ml).

Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus by pam in media suspension and by plasticadherent pam were evaluated. In addition, different bacteria-to-macrophage ratios were assessed, as well as the intracellular killing of S epidermidis at periodic intervals. Results showed that over a 3-hour period, similar numbers of both bacteria were phagocytized, but intracellular killing of S epidermidis was more efficient than intracellular killing of S aureus. It also was found (i) that suspended pam and adherent pam phagocytized similar numbers of bacteria; (ii) that when the bacteria-to-cell ratio was 10:1, the numbers of phagocytized bacteria and intracellular killing were higher than when the ratio was 1:10; and (iii) that killing of S epidermidis by adherent pam was directly proportional to incubation time. The time that pam are in culture affects the phagocytosis and killing of intracellular bacteria, as shown by increased phagocytosis and by intracellular killing of S epidermidis by pam in suspension for 48 hours or plastic adherent for 60 hours after collection.
Canine atopic disease: Investigations of eosinophils and the nasal mucosa
Authors: Willemse A.
Published: February 2025

Blood eosinophil counts were comparable in dogs with and without canine atopic disease. Eosinophils were not observed in the nasal smears of any of the dogs studied. Of 46 dogs with atopic disease, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in nasal airway resistance was observed in 2 dogs after nasal provocation with nebulized allergens of grasses and in 1 dog after provocation with summer weed extracts.
Effect of dexamethasone on babesiasis in hamsters
Authors: Eckblad W. P. , Stiller D. , Woodard L. F. , Kuttler K. L.
Published: February 2025

Three subcutaneous injections of 0.20 mg of dexamethasone/kg of body weight caused a substantial increase in Babesia microti-parasitized rbc of hamsters, indicating that this was a useful method for revealing the presence of latent infections. A relative neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia were also seen in the long-term B microti-infected carrier hamsters after 0.20 mg or 0.02 mg of dexamethasone/kg. Noninfected hamsters treated with dexamethasone had a neutrophilic leukocytosis and a transient lymphocytopenia. Spleen to body weight ratios of noninfected hamsters decreased significantly (P < 0.02) after 4 injections with either dosage level. These ratios did not significantly (P > 0.05) decrease in dexamethasone-treated infected hamsters.
Investigations of budgerigar fledgling disease virus
Authors: Dykstra M. J. , Dykstra C. C. , Lukert P. D. , Bozeman L. H.
Published: February 2025

The DNA of a papovavirus associated with budgerigar fledgling disease was purified and cloned into plasmid pBR322. The genome was circular and approximately 5.1 kilo-bases long, Physical mapping of the genome with restriction endonucleases revealed little similarity to simian virus 40 or polyomavirus DNA, Transformation trials using murine 3T3 cells were negative. Attempts to characterize proteins were unsuccessful due to the apparent close association of the virus and host cell components.
Characteristics of protective activity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine
Authors: Ross Richard F. , Zimmermann-Erickson Barbara J. , Young Theresa F.
Published: February 2025

Protective activity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines prepared from whole cells or crude extracts was evaluated in an experimentally induced mycoplasmal pneumonia swine model. Swine were obtained at 7 to 10 weeks of age from a surgically derived herd free of porcine mycoplasmas. Vaccines prepared from whole cells, freezethaw-saline solution extract, supernate of culture, or saline wash of cells were treated with 0.15 % formalin, incorporated with Freund incomplete adjuvant, and administered im in 2 doses. Twenty-five to 42 days after the 1st dose of vaccine was given, pigs were challenge exposed intratracheally with supernate of lung homogenate containing only M hyopneumoniae. Necropsies were done 27 to 38 days after challenge exposure.

For evaluation of protective efficacy of vaccines, determination of proportion of lung with gross lesions gave better results than histologic, fluorescent antibody or mycoplasmal isolation procedures. Whole cell vaccine containing 109 color-changing units of M hyopneumoniae, an amount attainable in log-phase cultures, protected swine against development of pneumonia. Whole cells, supernate of culture, and saline wash of cells induced comparable protection. Protective activity of whole cell vaccine resisted heating at 80 C. Extracts prepared according to a freeze-thaw procedure were variable in protective activity and, in some instances, enhanced lesion development.
Demonstration of pseudorabies viral antigen in thick and ultrathin tissue sections of young pigs using an immunogold method
Authors: Ducatelle R. , Coussement W. , Hoorens J.
Published: February 2025

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's) virus antigens were labeled in thick and ultrathin tissue sections of young pig brain and liver tissue, using an indirect immunogold method. Antigens were tagged with 20 nm gold particles. Controls proved the specificity of the reaction in paraffin sections and ultrathin epoxy sections. Immunogold staining was compared with immunoperoxidase staining in paraffin sections.

In ultrathin sections stained with the immunogold method, the gold particles were present on viral nucleocapsids and viral envelopes, as well as on a number of other intracellular structures. These included the inner nuclear membrane, the nucleoplasm, intranuclear filaments, the endoplasmic reticulum, and free cytoplasmic polyribosomes. Gold particles were absent on mitochondria and microtubules.

In paraffin sections, immunogold labeling for pseudorabies virus antigen was less sensitive than immunoperoxidase staining.

Immunogold staining of ultrathin tissue sections can yield additional information on virus-host cell interactions.
Serologic analysis of isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus from mastitic ewes
Authors: Shoop D. S. , Myers L. L.
Published: February 2025

Milk samples (10 ml) were collected aseptically from infected and healthy mammary glands of 20 range ewes in the early stages of unilateral acute mastitis. The ewes were on 5 different ranches in the Northern Rocky Mountain region of the United States. The samples were plated on tryptose blood agar and examined for bacteria of possible etiologic significance.

Twelve of the 20 ewes were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica, 4 ewes with Staphylococcus aureus, and 1 ewe with both bacteria. Twelve of the P haemolytica infections were in pure culture as were 4 S aureus infections. The 13 isolates of P haemolytica represented 6 different serotypes. Isolates of P haemolytica from ewes on the same ranch were as serologically diverse as were isolates from ewes in different herds. The 5 isolates of S aureus were similar antigenically. Bacterial isolates were not obtained from the milk of clinically healthy mammae.
Effect of somatic growth on pulmonary function values in healthy Friesian cattle
Authors: Lekeux P. , Hajer R. , Breukink H. J.
Published: February 2025

Growth-related changes in pulmonary function values (pfv) of cattle were investigated by a cross-sectional study of 40 healthy Dutch Friesian cattle, 3 days to 13 years of age and weighing 37 to 660 kg. Technical and methodologic procedures and body conformation and condition were standardized.

A regression analysis was done with 4 independent variables (body weight, thoracic perimeter, body surface area, and age) and with pfv measured in this study.

Ventilation values, dynamic lung compliance, and viscous work of breathing changed linearly with somatic growth. Respiratory frequency, total pulmonary resistance, and arterial oxygen tension showed an exponential relationship with all the independent variables. On the other hand, intrapleural pressure values were weakly correlated with body size indexes.

The most important growth-related changes in pfv occurred at approximately 1 year of age. A significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between immature and mature cattle was shown for the blood-gas values and the specific values of the breathing mechanics. The dynamic lung compliance/ lung weight was lower and the total pulmonary resistance × minute volume was higher in cattle than in other domestic mammals.

The regression equation, giving the best fit of the data, was selected for each pfv.
Comparative aging changes in canine uterine tubes (oviducts): Electron microscopy
Authors: Myers R. K. , Cook J. E. , Mosier J. E.
Published: February 2025

Uterine tubes (oviducts) from 20 dogs in 3 age groups were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Three segments of the left uterine tube from 4 prepubertal dogs, 8 middle-aged dogs (4 to 6 years), and 8 aged dogs (8 to 11 years) were collected after euthanasia or ovariohysterectomy. Specimens were collected while the dogs, except for one in the middle-aged group, were in late metestrus or anestrus (to reduce variation in tubal epithelium by estrogen stimulation).

Subdivision of mucosal folds, invaginations of mucosa into the entire length of the folds, and height of the folds, increased with age; the width of the mucosal folds had decreased. Complete dedifferentiation of epithelium of the uterine tube ampulla and isthmus to nonciliated cells in a few aged dogs resembled changes in postmenopausal women.

In 3 prepubertal dogs, cilia were present in the infundibulum of the uterine tube, but not in the ampulla and isthmus. In a late prepubertal dog, early ciliation of ampulla and isthmus began before first estrus. Nonciliated cells with a single central cellular projection were present in all segments and all age groups. The significance of the projection was discussed.
Effects of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism on serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the dog
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Ferguson Duncan C. , Kintzer Peter P. , Drucker William D.
Published: February 2025

Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were evaluated in 124 dogs with untreated spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism either by measuring basal thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations (102 dogs) or by assessing the T4 response to exogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) administration (22 dogs). Reduced basal serum concentrations of T4 and of T3 were found in 58 (57%) and 53 (52%), respectively, of the 102 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism; of these, 42 dogs had low values for both T4 and T3, 16 had decreased T4 concentrations alone, and 11 had only decreased T3 concentrations. In 20 dogs that had basal serum thyroid hormone concentrations determined before and after control of hyperadrenocorticism, mean concentrations of both T4 and T3 increased significantly (P < 0.05). Serum T4 and T3 concentrations normalized in all but 1 of the 20 dogs.

In the 22 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism given tsh, mean serum concentrations of T4 at both basal and post-tsh administration times were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) compared with the results obtained in 18 normal dogs. Nevertheless, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in mean T4 concentration occurred in these dogs; T4 concentrations after tsh was given were at least 2-fold greater than basal values. The T4 response to exogenous tsh was less in the 13 dogs with low basal T4 concentrations than in the 9 dogs that had resting T4 values within the normal range.

Since microscopic study of the thyroid glands from 33 untreated dogs with hyperadrenocorticism failed to show any evidence of primary hypothyroidism, the pretreatment T4 response to exogenous tsh was intact, and basal thyroid hormone concentrations returned to normal after treatment, it is possible that chronic glucocorticoid excess suppresses pituitary tsh, induces significant changes in serum thyroid hormone binding, or produces changes in peripheral thyroid-hormone metabolism. One or more of these mechanisms could account for the abnormalities in serum thyroid hormone concentrations documented in this study.
Sialodacryoadenitis in the rat: Effects of immunosuppression on the course of the disease
Authors: Hanna Paul E. , Percy Dean H. , Paturzo Frank , Bhatt Pravin N.
Published: February 2025

Eight-week-old outbred male and female Crl:CD(SD)BR rats were treated with prednisolone (pr) or cyclophosphamide (cy) and were inoculated intranasally with sialodacryoadenitis (sda) virus. The course of the disease was compared with nonimmunosuppressed, sda virus-inoculated rats of the same stock. Criteria used to compare sda in the 3 groups, included histologic changes in salivary and lacrimal glands, immunofluorescent microscopy of paraffin-embedded tissues, serum amylase levels, and antibody response. Based on these criteria, there was little detectable difference in the course and intensity of sda in pr-treated and nonimmunosuppressed rats. In cy-treated rats, there was a delay in the onset of sda, in the appearance of inflammatory cells in affected glands, and in the reparative process in the salivary and lacrimal glands. Viral antigen persisted longer in cy-treated rats than in pr-treated and nonimmunosuppressed rats. Antibody to sda virus was not detected in cy-treated rats. The efficacy of immunosuppression by pr and cy was confirmed by the sheep erythrocyte agglutination procedure performed in selected rats, Male and female rats of the same strain were immunosuppressed beginning 4 weeks after inoculation with sda virus to produce recrudescence of the disease. Histologic examination of salivary and lacrimal glands, immunofluorescent microscopy, serum amylase values, and viral isolation studies did not reveal evidence of reactivation of a persistent viral infection or viral shedding. Based on these studies, there is no evidence that sda virus may persist as an inapparent infection after recovery from the disease.
Effect of repeated locoweed feeding on peripheral lymphocytic function and plasma proteins in sheep
Authors: Sharma Raghubir P. , James Lynn F. , Molyneux Russell J.
Published: February 2025

Seven healthy, adult, crossbred yearling ewes were given (orally) 340 g of locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) every day for 10 weeks. Another 7 ewes were not fed the plant, but were housed similarly (controls). Blood samples were obtained once a week to evaluate the mitogen-induced lymphocytic responsiveness. For the locoweed-exposed ewes, there was decreased activity in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (a T-cell mitogen). This effect, although not statistically significant at all times, was consistent and became significant after 7 weeks. A similar response was observed in the blood cell cultures in the presence of pokeweed mitogen, but the differences were not statistically significant at most time points. For the locoweed-exposed ewes there also were gradual numerical decreases in total leukocyte and lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Peripheral leukocytes had cytoplasmic vacuolation. The results indicated that a selective effect may occur on cell-mediated immune responses. Serum proteins and γ-globulins were not affected by locoweed treatment.
Humoral response of cattle to aerosolized Micropolyspora faeni
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J. , Olsen Craig L.
Published: February 2025

Calves (7) were exposed to antigens of Micropolyspora faeni by the aerosol route for 9 weeks. The humoral immune response of calves to M faeni antigens was studied; immunoglobulins (Ig) E, Gl, G2, A, and M were measured weekly in serum and nasal secretions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). Intradermal injection of antigen was performed during the 6th and 9th weeks; responses were evaluated at 30 minutes, 6 to 8 hours, 24, and 48 hours after injection. Total IgE levels in serum and nasal secretions, evaluated weekly, did not show any elevation. Micropolyspora faeni-specific IgE, IgA, IgGl, and IgG2, but not IgM, were produced by calves exposed to the antigen by the aerosol route; individual variability in magnitude of the response was marked. Thirty-minute skin tests were positive for cytotropic antibody in 2 of 3 aerosol-exposed calves by the 9th week, but delayed-type reactivity was not present. The elisa test results were compared with those from sera of saline solution aerosol-exposed calves and from a parenterally immunized calf. Comparison of isotype-specific elisa results obtained from M faeni aerosol-exposed calves with elisa results from calves exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin according to a similar procedure indicated inherent problems in evaluating immune responses to environmental antigens. Aerosolized M faeni elicited a substantial antibody response. In particular, it is noteworthy that antigen-specific IgE responses were detected.