bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation method for the systematization of results based on a similarity concept
Authors: Gavriil Gavriil , Vafeas Panayiotis , Kanavouras Antonios , Coutelieris Frank A.
Published: November 2018

The development of a functional methodological approach is presented here, to clarify a globally valid way of evaluating the precision of mathematical modeling of physical and/or chemical processes. Starting from the description of the system, a phenomenon accompanied by a disclaiming hypothesis is investigated, against which the knowledge is accumulated with time. Moreover, the possibility of the evolution of any phenomenon being interrupted when a parameter overpasses a critical threshold, after which the hypothesis is not any more valid, is introduced. This possibility should be obtained through the dependence of a selected macroscopic quantity (marker) on a specific parameter. To apply this methodology, the problem of Stokes flow through a granular medium of spheroidal grains has been selected as an indicative case study. The prolate spheroidal configuration is considered, since the results for the oblate spheroid can be recovered via a simple transformation. Therein, the three‐dimensional flow fields are initially constructed analytically via the Papkovich‐Neuber differential representation, which provides the velocity and pressure fields in terms of harmonic spheroidal eigenfunctions. Next, under the Kuwabara‐type spheroidal 2D unit cell concept, the above expressions degenerate to the axisymmetric case, and the full solution is then obtained, keeping the leading terms of the series, which are adequate for most engineering applications for specific aspect ratio of the spheroids. In the sequel, the aforementioned problem is solved numerically for a 3D extension of the same model, where this numerical solution has been achieved by using the finite volumes method, while the resulting linear systems were approximated by applying the well‐known successful over‐relaxation concept. Finally, outcomes by both models have been compared via the above methodology, resulting to objective and reliable accuracy criteria.
Weakly coupled systems of semilinear elastic waves with different damping mechanisms in 3D
Authors: Chen Wenhui , Reissig Michael
Published: November 2018

We consider the following Cauchy problem for weakly coupled systems of semilinear damped elastic waves with a power source nonlinearity in three dimensions:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5370:mma5370-math-0001
where
with b2 > a2 > 0 and θ ∈ [0,1]. Our interests are some qualitative properties of solutions to the corresponding linear model with vanishing right‐hand side and the influence of the value of θ on the exponents p1,p2,p3 in
to get results for the global (in time) existence of small data solutions.
A method to correct background phase offset for phase‐contrast MRI in the presence of steady flow and spatial wrap‐around artifact
Authors: Pruitt Aaron A. , Jin Ning , Liu Yingmin , Simonetti Orlando P. , Ahmad Rizwan
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Background phase offsets in phase‐contrast MRI are often corrected using polynomial regression; however, correction performance degrades when temporally invariant outliers such as steady flow or spatial wrap‐around artifact are present. We describe and validate an iterative method called automatic rejection of temporally invariant outliers (ARTO), which excludes these outliers from the fitting process.

Methods

The ARTO method iteratively removes pixels with large polynomial regression errors analyzed by a Gaussian mixture model fitting of the residual distribution. A total of 150 trials of a simulated phantom (75 with wrap‐around artifact) and 125 phase‐contrast MRI cines from 22 healthy subjects (48 with wrap‐around artifact) were used for validation. Background phase offsets were corrected using second‐order weighted regularized least squares (WRLS) with and without ARTO. Flow volumes after WRLS and WRLS+ARTO corrections were compared with the known truth (phantom) and stationary phantom reference (in vivo) using Bland‐Altman analysis. The ratio between the pulmonary flow and the systemic flow was also computed in a subset of 6 subjects.

Results

In the simulated phantom, compared with WRLS and no correction, correction with WRLS+ARTO produced superior agreement in volumetric flow quantification with the known truth. In vivo, WRLS+ARTO also produced superior agreement with stationary phantom‐corrected volumetric flow compared with WRLS and no correction. In data sets with wrap‐around artifact, WRLS produced significantly larger variance in the pulmonary flow and systemic flow ratio than stationary phantom correction (P= .0008).

Conclusion

The proposed method provides automatic exclusion of temporally invariant outliers and produces flow quantification results comparable to stationary phantom correction.
Opioid prescribing practices and medication use following urogynecological surgery
Authors: Solouki Shirly , Plummer Melissa , Agalliu Ilir , Abraham Nitya
Published: November 2018

Background

Opioid abuse is a growing epidemic in the United States, with opioid overdose becoming a leading cause of death. There is wide variation in prescription practices for post‐operative opioids due to absence of guidelines. The purpose of this study is to examine postoperative opioid prescribing patterns after urogynecologic surgery and determine usage and management of opioid pills by patients.

Materials and Methods

This is an observational, prospective study of female patients (N = 143) who underwent urogynecologic (prolapse or incontinence) surgery from June to December 2017 at a single academic center. Patients were surveyed regarding their pain medication use 30 days postoperatively. Survey questions included preoperative pain medication use, quantity of opioid pills consumed, need for additional opioid prescription, and management of remaining pills. T‐test and one‐way Anova were used for comparison of continuous variables and chi‐squared test used for comparison of categorical variables.

Results

Of 143 eligible patients, 99 (69%) responded; 62% of respondent patients underwent vaginal surgery, 22% abdominal surgery with or without vaginal surgery, and 15% underwent other procedures. Postoperatively, 81.8% of patients were prescribed opioids. The average number of tablets prescribed ranged from 12.4 to 17.4 depending on the procedure. 54.3% of patients reported using less than half of their prescribed opioid prescription. Of the patients who had excess opioid tablets, only 8.6% reported discarding their opioids.

Conclusion

To date, no guidelines exist on prescribing opioids postoperatively. Opioids are overprescribed post‐operatively with over half of patients using less than half of the opioids prescribed to them.
How to write headlines that click with your readers
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: November 2018

We use headlines often, and sometimes we may not put much thought to them. We may think of them as more of a title, for example. But we can liven up our content as well as better engage with our potential readers by crafting headlines that compel users to continue reading and, if we're lucky, take a next step — whatever your final call to action may be.
An osseous lesion in the maxillary sinus—Tumour or tumour‐like?
Authors: Nicklisch Nicole , Maier Ferdinand , Schulz Georg , Rossbach Anne , Pichler Sandra L. , Zeilhofer Hans‐Florian , Gutwald Ralf , Dresely Veit , Meller Harald , Baumhoer Daniel , Alt Kurt W.
Published: November 2018

In the bioarchaeological analysis of burials from a medieval graveyard at Hettstedt, Central Germany, a male skeleton of about 40 to 50 years at death with an unusual bony structure in the left maxillary sinus was discovered. Macroscopic examination exhibited a balloon‐shaped osseous lesion with solid cortical surface 2.5 × 1.5 cm in size. Micro‐CT scans revealed trabecular structures around a central cavity. The margins of the osseous lesion were well defined without infiltration of normal maxillary bone tissue. The histopathological analysis showed the presence of lamellar and woven bone. The structure and localisation of the tumour‐like lesion suggest that the formation was the result of chronic inflammation and that chronic dental sinusitis seems to have triggered a large reactive ossification.
Conceptualization to amendment: Kakinada as a smart city
Authors: Chintagunta Lavanya , Raj Priyanshu , Narayanaswami Sundaravalli
Published: November 2018

Urbanization is globally rampant; in developing countries such as India, it is driven in a phenomenal pace by an aspiring, young society and ambitious state policies to achieve a competitive space in global economy. “Smart cities” is a new‐age term coined specifically to control, monitor, measure, and evaluate our urban growth, in a way to understand how conducive are our cities for running businesses. Global borders are diminishing, and world‐wide economies compete on multiple dimensions in a level playing field to participate and prosper in global markets. Cities are centers of economic activities, and the economic growth of a country largely depends on safe and supportive cities. Therefore, the need for smart cities is not difficult to establish. The more difficult questions are, “do we really know what a smart city is?” or “what are the elements that go into making an existing city smart?” Such questions are pertinent and timely. This paper attempts to answer these questions in a descriptive manner based on theoretical and empirical observations. We adopt an integrative approach of design conceptualization, policy building, and framework development, substantiated using an Indian city, namely, Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh State as an illustrative case.
Thermal Ageing of Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Cyanate Ester Composites Under Inert and Oxidative Environment
Authors: Kollia Evgenia , Vavouliotis Antonios , Kostopoulos Vassilios
Published: November 2018

This work investigates the effect of thermal ageing under two different exposure environments on the mechanical and thermo‐mechanical properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced cyanate ester composites. A large test campaign was realized to this direction. Samples were manufactured by RTM technique and were subjected in isothermal exposure at 2300 C under two different gas environments: inert (nitrogen) and air at 1 atmosphere, for up to 30 days. Weight measurements followed by dynamic mechanical analysis as well as a series of mechanical tests were conducted at regular intervals during the ageing process. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was utilized to identify the exact degradation mechanisms that are active and dominant in the different ageing periods. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1388–E1396, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of stereocomplex crystal on foaming behavior and sintering of poly(lactic acid) bead foams
Authors: Liu Wei , He Shicheng , Yang Yujie
Published: November 2018

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) bead foams with stereocomplex (Sc)/α crystals were prepared by melt mixing and solid‐state foaming methods, independently. A systematic method was applied to evaluate the effect of Sc/α crystals on rheological properties and foaming behavior of PLA. The results indicated that the presence of Sc/α crystals affected the foaming behavior and the melt elasticity of PLA. Hence, the enhanced rheological properties of PLA had a significant effect on controlling the foaming behavior. As a result, PLA bead foam with an expansion ratio of 24‐fold was developed. And, the presence of Sc/α crystals could also facilitate the sintering behavior and broaden the sintering process window. Sintered PLA bead foam with finer cellular morphology and strong sintering effect was obtained by inducing an appropriate Sc/α crystalline structure. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Connecting Proteomics to Next‐Generation Sequencing: Proteogenomics and Its Current Applications in Biology
Authors: Low Teck Yew , Mohtar M. Aiman , Ang Mia Yang , Jamal Rahman
Published: November 2018

Understanding the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes is essential to disentangle biological mechanisms and to unravel the molecular basis of diseases. Genes and proteins are closely linked in biological systems. However, genomics and proteomics have developed separately into two distinct disciplines whereby crosstalk among scientists from the two domains is limited and this constrains the integration of both fields into a single data modality of useful information. The emerging field of proteogenomics attempts to address this by building bridges between the two disciplines. In this review, how genomics and transcriptomics data in different formats can be utilized to assist proteogenomics application is briefly discussed. Subsequently, a much larger part of this review focuses on proteogenomics research articles that are published in the last five years that answer two important questions. First, how proteogenomics can be applied to tackle biological problems is discussed, covering genome annotation and precision medicine. Second, the latest developments in analytical technologies for data acquisition and the bioinformatics tools to interpret and visualize proteogenomics data are covered.
Energy‐induced polymorphic changes in poly(vinylidene fluoride): How ultrasonication results in polymer with predominantly γ phase
Authors: Roy Rinu Elizabeth , Bhuvaneswari Soundiraraju , Vijayalakshmi Kunduchi Periya , Dimple Roopa , Soumyamol Panthaplackal Bhaskaran , Rajeev Rajvihar Sivaraman Nair
Published: November 2018

Self‐polarized poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films were prepared via solution crystallization technique wherein the polymorphism of the films was controlled from α phase (>85%) to γ phase (>90%) by varying the time of ultrasonication. On increasing ultrasonication time up to 60 min, γ phase crystallites were found to be self‐aligned in the matrix while an equal proportion of α and γ phases coexist in the PVDF films ultrasonicated for 120 min. The phase conversion as well as inversion was evident from Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Microscopic images of films ultrasonicated for 60 min showed a scrolled lamellar morphology while those sonicated for 120 min showed mixture of scrolled lamellar and spherulitic morphology. With the help of computational studies, it is explained that a large amount of energy is required for transforming trans‐gauche‐trans‐gauche into trans‐trans‐trans‐gauche conformation which is provided by ultrasonication. The mechanism of γ phase formation is proposed based on the experimental and theoretical approaches. Our studies show that just by tuning the time of ultrasonication, PVDF films with various morphologies can be processed; either one with predominantly electroactive γ phase with superior electrical properties or one with equal proportion of α and γ phases with superior mechanical properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 40–50
High‐Pressure Evaporation‐Based Nanoporous Black Sn for Enhanced Performance of Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Ryu Sangwoo , Shim Hyung Cheoul , Song Jun Tae , Kim Ilhwan , Ryoo Hyewon , Hyun Seungmin , Oh Jihun
Published: November 2018

Increasing the surface area to improve chemical activity is an unending task from conventional catalysis to recently emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Here, a simple, vacuum‐deposition‐based method to form nanoporous structures of metals is reported. By utilizing thermal evaporation at a high pressure, fractal‐like nanoporous structures of Sn with porosity exceeding 98% are synthesized. The obtained nanostructure consists of nanoparticle aggregates, and the morphology can be controlled by adjusting the working pressure. The formation of the nanoporous structure is explained by homogeneous nucleation and diffusion‐limited aggregation, where nanoparticles produced by the repeated collisions of evaporated atoms adhere to the substrate without diffusion, forming porous aggregates. Due to the easy oxidation of Sn, the constituent nanoparticles are covered with amorphous SnOx and crystalline SnO phases. When the nanoporous Sn/SnOx aggregates are applied to a lithium‐ion battery anode through direct deposition on a Cu foil current collector without binders or conducting additives, the nanoporous Sn/SnOx anode shows greatly enhanced cyclability and exceptional rate performance compared to those of a dense Sn thin film anode. The approach investigated in this work is expected to provide a new platform to other fields that require highly porous structures.
Novel Application of Aptamer Proteomic Analysis in Cystic Fibrosis Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Authors: DeBoer Emily M. , Wagner Brandie D. , Popler Jonathan , Harris Jonathan Kirk , Zemanick Edith T. , Accurso Frank J. , Sagel Scott D. , Deterding Robin R.
Published: November 2018

Purpose: Biomarkers are needed in cystic fibrosis (CF) to understand disease progression, assess response to therapy, and enrich enrollment for clinical trials. Aptamer‐based proteomics have proven useful in blood samples. The aim is to evaluate proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in CF children compared to controls and identify endotypes during CF exacerbations.

Experimental design: BALF is collected clinically from 50 patients with CF and nine disease controls, processed, and stored per protocol. BALF supernatants are analyzed for 1129 proteins by aptamer approach (SOMAscan proteomics platform). Proteins are compared across groups and used for pathway analysis. Endotypes are identified within the CF group.

Results: CF BALF has increased concentrations of neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and decreased concentration of protein folding and host defense proteins. Pathways that distinguished CF subjects included interferon gamma signaling, membrane trafficking, and phospholipid metabolism. In the CF group, unbiased analysis of proteins identified two distinct endotypes that differed based on BALF white blood cell and neutrophil counts and detection of CF pathogens.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Proteomic analysis of the CF airway demonstrates a complex environment of proteins and pathways. This work provides evidence that aptamer‐based proteomics can differentiate between groups and can determine endotypes within CF.
The Lancet Asthma Commission: treating children in primary care
Authors: Bush Andrew , Pavord Ian D
Published: November 2018

The Asthma Commission, published in The Lancet in September 2017, challenged current principles and called for a new approach to the diagnosis and treatment of asthma. Here, two of the Commission's authors discuss what primary care needs to know about their recommendations on the management of children with asthma.
X‐Ray Thermoluminescence Dosimetry Characterization of Commercially Available CVD Diamond
Authors: Gil‐Tolano María Inés , Meléndrez Rodrigo , Álvarez‐García Susana , Soto‐Puebla Diego , Chernov Valery , Barboza‐Flores Marcelino
Published: November 2018

High quality commercially available CVD diamonds are being tested in novel clinical high energy photons, hadron therapy, and high energy physics applications. In the present work, the authors report on the thermoluminescence (TL) and dosimetry properties of commercial synthetic CVD diamond sample from Element6, exposed to X‐ray irradiation at dose rates of 3.9–120 Gy min−1 from 0.13 to 90 Gy. The TL glow curves are composed of four peaks with maxima at about 104, 150, 210, and 280 °C and activation energies of 0.78, 0.79, 0.81, and 1.0 eV, respectively. The dose response of the area under TL glow curves is linear at doses lower than 0.6 Gy, supralinear between 0.6 and 6 Gy and sublinear at higher doses. The samples exhibited a strong TL fading of the low temperature 104 °C peaks that fades away around 120 min after irradiation, which is accompanied by increasing of the 210 and 280 °C peaks. The measured TL cycle reproducibility was very good, in spite of the fading exhibited by the lower temperature peak, with values of 0.1–3.0% at different dose rates and doses. It is concluded that CVD commercially single crystal electronic grade diamond may be securely used in clinical radiotherapy.
Characterizing and alleviating ion suppression effects in atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization
Authors: Li Gongyu , Cao Qinjingwen , Liu Yang , DeLaney Kellen , Tian Zichuan , Moskovets Eugene , Li Lingjun
Published: November 2018

Rationale

As a powerful ambient ion source, atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) enables direct analysis at atmospheric pressure/temperature and minimal sample preparation. With the increasing usage of AP‐MALDI sources with Orbitrap instruments, systematic characterization of the extent of ion suppression effect (ISE) in AP‐MALDI‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is desirable. Recently, a new low‐pressure MALDI platform has been introduced that reportedly provided better sensitivity. While extensive research efforts have been devoted to improving spatial resolution, fewer studies focused on the characterization and sensitivity improvement of these MALDI platforms that, coupled with high‐resolution Orbitraps, provide powerful strategy for MSI.

Methods

We compared the analytical performance of AP and low‐pressure (subatmospheric) MALDI sources to study the effect of pressure control in the ion source. Using a model peptide/protein mixture, we systematically evaluated the factors influencing ISE. Furthermore, the effect of laser spot size was evaluated through tissue imaging analysis of lipids and neuropeptides. The effects of ion suppression and laser spot size have also been examined by comparing the number of identified molecular species during MSI analysis.

Results

Several key operating parameters including source pressure, laser energy, laser repetition rate, and microscopic slide coating materials were optimized to minimize the ISE. Under the optimal conditions, the subatmospheric AP‐MALDI‐Orbitrap platform with high spatial and mass spectral resolution enabled significantly improved coverage of several lipid and neuropeptide families in the MS analysis of mouse brain tissue sections.

Conclusions

The new SubAP‐MALDI source coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer was established as a viable platform for in situ endogenous biomolecular analysis with increased sensitivity compared with conventional AP‐MALDI sources as evidenced by the confident identification of neuropeptides from mouse brain imaging analyses. The alleviated ISE was key to substantial performance improvement due to optimized intermediate pressure conditions and better ion collection by the ion funnel.
Clinical strategies for ART treatment of infertile women with advanced maternal age
Authors: Nakagawa Koji , Kuroda Keiji , Sugiyama Rikikazu
Published: November 2018

Background

An ever‐increasing number of women in our country with advanced maternal age are choosing to achieve pregnancy. This means effective strategies are needed for infertile patients. Questions arise, however, concerning the need for ovarian stimulation, and, if so, whether intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is better than conventional insemination for those women who may have only one mature oocyte.

Methods

We evaluated our data to answer these questions. Herein, we also introduce our strategy for patients who show unsynchronized follicular growth.

Main findings

Ovarian stimulation in ART treatment for patients with advanced maternal age has resulted in the achievement of higher pregnancy rates, and therefore, this form of stimulation is often selected. Based on our data, ICSI as an insemination procedure has not improved clinical pregnancy rates compared with conventional insemination and has actually decreased the clinical pregnancy rates.

Conclusion

In this article, we reviewed and compared the protocols and strategies that are available to increase the number of developed embryos for the patients with advanced maternal age. We hope that this review will be helpful for both patients and clinicians.
Prediction intervals for penalized longitudinal models with multisource summary measures: An application to childhood malnutrition
Authors: McLain Alexander C. , Frongillo Edward A. , Feng Juan , Borghi Elaine
Published: November 2018

In many global health analyses, it is of interest to examine countries' progress using indicators of socio‐economic conditions based on national surveys from varying sources. This results in longitudinal data where heteroscedastic summary measures, rather than individual level data, are available. Administration of national surveys can be sporadic, resulting in sparse data measurements for some countries. Furthermore, the trend of the indicators over time is usually nonlinear and varies by country. It is of interest to track the current level of indicators to determine if countries are meeting certain thresholds, such as those indicated in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, estimation of confidence and prediction intervals are vital to determine true changes in prevalence and where data is low in quantity and/or quality. In this article, we use heteroscedastic penalized longitudinal models with survey summary data to estimate yearly prevalence of malnutrition quantities. We develop and compare methods to estimate confidence and prediction intervals using asymptotic and parametric bootstrap techniques. The intervals can incorporate data from multiple sources or other general data‐smoothing steps. The methods are applied to African countries in the UNICEF‐WHO‐The World Bank joint child malnutrition data set. The properties of the intervals are demonstrated through simulation studies and cross‐validation of real data.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patient with lateral femoral condyle bone loss: Case report
Authors: Mustamsir Edi , Hidayat Rusendi
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT

ACL Injury is a common case among knee injuries which relatively common in athletes and productive ages. Reconstruction of ACL recommended based on indication and its successful dependent on the pre operative until post operative management. A case of an open fracture of right tibial plateau and open fracture of right lateral femoral condyle with significant bone loss of lateral femoral condyle of a 21 years old female and get an ACL rupture and allograft inflammation after 2 years of operation. She had undergo an ACL reconstruction using hamstring autograft with transtibial technique because standard transportal technique could not be done due to position of the allograft and the implant. Post operatively, followed until 2 years and the result seem to be satisfactory. In this case we choose not to drill the femoral tunnel to the lateral condyle since we worried about the strength of endobutton fixation in allograft tissue. The tunnel created vertically through transtibial tunnel so that the button have a good purchase and strong fixation in the healthy bone of femoral wall. Post operatively the patient underwent physiotherapy and eventually had normal activity. The surgical technique had achieved a good result but long term evaluation will be needed to know the outcome of the allograft and the fixation in longer period of time.

Highlights:
Multidisciplinary methodology for turbine overspeed analysis
Authors: Eryilmaz I. , Pawsey L. , Pachidis V.
Published: November 2018

In this paper, an integrated approach to turbine overspeed analysis is presented, taking into account the secondary air system dynamics and mechanical friction in a turbine assembly following an unlocated high-pressure shaft failure. The axial load acting on the rotating turbine assembly is a governing parameter in terms of overspeed protection since it governs the level of mechanical friction which acts against the turbine acceleration due to gas torque. The axial load is dependent on both the force coming from secondary air system cavities surrounding the disc and the force on the rotor blades. It is highly affected by secondary air system dynamics because rotor movement modifies the geometry of seals and flow paths within the network. As a result, the primary parameters of interest in this study are the axial load on the turbine rotor, the friction torque between rotating and static structures and the axial position of the rotor.

Following an initial review of potential damage scenarios, several cases are run to establish the effect of each damage scenario and variable parameter within the model, with comparisons being made to a baseline case in which no interactions are modelled. This allows important aspects of the secondary air system to be identified in terms of overspeed prevention, as well as guidelines on design changes in current and future networks that will be beneficial for overspeed prevention.
Nonlinear DOB-based explicit NMPC for station-keeping of a multi-vectored propeller airship with thrust saturation
Authors: Wen Y. , Chen L. , Wang Y. , Sun D. , Duan D. , Liu J.
Published: November 2018

A nonlinear station-keeping control method for a multi-vectored propeller airship under unknown wind field with thrust saturation is developed, which is composed of three modules: nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC), disturbance observer (DOB) and tracking differentiator (TD). The nonlinear kinematics and dynamics models are introduced, and the wind effect is considered by the wind-induced aerodynamic force. Based on both models, an explicit NMPC is designed. Then a nonlinear DOB is introduced to estimate the wind disturbance. A TD, showing the relationship between the maximum propulsion force and the maximum flight acceleration, is proposed to handle the thrusts’ amplitude saturation. Stability analysis shows that the closed-loop system is globally asymptotically stable. Simulations for a multi-vectored propeller airship are conducted to demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Economic Implication of Grazing and Water Resource Scarcity on Households’ Welfare and Food Security in Tigrai, Ethiopia
Authors: Hadush Muuz
Published: November 2018

In this paper, I have explored the link between grazing and water resource scarcity and per capita food consumption expenditure as a proxy for welfare and food security using distance and shadow price as a resource scarcity indicator in Northern Ethiopia based on a unique data set for 518 sample farmers. To address my objectives, I employed an IV 2SLS model for estimating welfare and probit for analyzing food security, drawing on a separable farm household model. My results confirmed the theoretical prediction that grazing and water affect households’ welfare and food security adversely, as predicted by the downward spiral hypothesis.
Consent, Contestability, and Unions
Authors: Lindblom Lars
Published: November 2018

This article provides a normative justification for unions. It discusses three arguments. The argument from consent justifies unions in some circumstances, but if the employer prefers to not bargain with unions, it may provide very little justification. The argument from contestability takes as its starting point the fact that employment contracts are incomplete contracts, where authority takes the place of complete contractual terms. This theory of contracts implies that consent to authority has been given under ignorance, and, therefore, that authority cannot be justified by consent. Contestability is a mechanism that can handle this problem for consent theory. It demands transparency, channels for voice, and a forum where contestations can be evaluated. This idea can be implemented in firms in different ways, but the argument from the separation of powers implies that unions are uniquely suited to implement contestability, since they are organized outside of the employer’s domain of authority.
EULER SYSTEMS FOR HILBERT MODULAR SURFACES
Authors: LEI ANTONIO , LOEFFLER DAVID , ZERBES SARAH LIVIA
Published: November 2018

We construct an Euler system—a compatible family of global cohomology classes—for the Galois representations appearing in the geometry of Hilbert modular surfaces. If a conjecture of Bloch and Kato on injectivity of regulator maps holds, this Euler system is nontrivial, and we deduce bounds towards the Iwasawa main conjecture for these Galois representations.
Testing a novel audit and feedback method for hand hygiene compliance: A multicenter quality improvement study
Authors: Scherer Aaron M. , Reisinger Heather Schacht , Goto Michihiko , Goedken Cassie Cunningham , Clore Gosia S. , Marra Alexandre R. , Chasco Emily E. , Evans Charlesnika T. , Rubin Michael A. , Perencevich Eli N.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Although most hospitals report very high levels of hand hygiene compliance (HHC), the accuracy of these overtly observed rates is questionable due to the Hawthorne effect and other sources of bias. In the study, we aimed (1) to compare HHC rates estimated using the standard audit method of overt observation by a known observer and a new audit method that employed a rapid (<15 minutes) “secret shopper” method and (2) to pilot test a novel feedback tool.

Design

Quality improvement project using a quasi-experimental stepped-wedge design.

Setting

This study was conducted in 5 acute-care hospitals (17 wards, 5 intensive care units) in the Midwestern United States.

Methods

Sites recruited a hand hygiene observer from outside the acute-care units to rapidly and covertly observe entry and exit HHC during the study period, October 2016–September 2017. After 3 months of observations, sites received a monthly feedback tool that communicated HHC information from the new audit method.

Results

The absolute difference in HHC estimates between the standard and new audit methods was ~30%. No significant differences in HHC were detected between the baseline and feedback phases (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84–1.01), but the standard audit method had significantly higher estimates than the new audit method (OR, 9.83; 95% CI, 8.82–10.95).

Conclusions

HHC estimates obtained using the new audit method were substantially lower than estimates obtained using the standard audit method, suggesting that the rapid, secret-shopper method is less subject to bias. Providing feedback using HHC from the new audit method did not seem to impact HHC behaviors.
MANAGING IRREGULAR PETITIONS IN CHINA: TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL STRATEGY WITHIN THE AUTHORITARIAN REGIME
Authors: Liao Xingmiu , Tsai Wen-Hsuan
Published: November 2018

This paper uses Province A and City T as case studies to explore the strategies used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) for managing citizens’ “irregular letters and visits” (irregular petitions) and the logic behind them. We believe that the local officials use both “hard” and “soft” measures to exercise control over these activities. The soft measures include persuasion and negotiation aimed at getting petitioners to abandon their irregular petitions. The hard measures involve the use of the coercive power of the state to compel the petitioners to return home. During important political meetings and holiday periods, both of which are popular times for petitioning, the CCP is more likely to take a hard approach to resolve serious problems and maintain stability. In normal times, it generally uses less costly soft tricks. These two social control strategies are utilized alternately by the CCP to maintain social stability and guarantee its regime survival.
WILLIAM CAMDEN, SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ATLASES OF THE BRITISH ISLES AND THE PRINTING OF ANGLO-SAXON
Authors: Lucas Peter J
Published: November 2018

The sixth edition of Camden’s Britannia was published in 1607 with over fifty county maps printed from engraved plates. It was a pioneering work. In 1611, John Speed published his Theatre of The Empire of Great Britaine, again with over fifty county maps, many of them engraved by Jodocus Hondius from Amsterdam, and with an abridged version of Camden’s text. These books established a model that was followed later in Amsterdam itself in the great atlases of Blaeu and Janssonius. One of the ways Camden sought to augment the authority of his work was by using Anglo-Saxon types in his text for county names and the occasional passage in Anglo-Saxon (Old English). As the practice persisted, the progress of these type-designs is examined in relation to the development of the atlases. While Hondius’ map-making skills were imported to add to the English text, when the English text was brought to Amsterdam to add to the Dutch maps, the Dutch printers had to use their own skills to reproduce the Anglo-Saxon characters.
Morphometrical and molecular evidence suggests cryptic diversity among hookworms (Nematoda: Uncinaria) that parasitize pinnipeds from the south-eastern Pacific coasts
Authors: González M.T. , López Z. , Nuñez J.J. , Calderón-Mayo K.I. , Ramírez C. , Morgades D. , Katz H. , George-Nascimento M. , Pavés H.
Published: November 2018

Hookworms of the genus Uncinaria parasitize pinniped pups in various locations worldwide. Four species have been described, two of which parasitize pinniped pups in the southern hemisphere: Uncinaria hamiltoni parasitizes Otaria flavescens and Arctocephalus australis from the South American coast, and Uncinaria sanguinis parasitizes Neophoca cinerea from the Australian coast. However, their geographical ranges and host specificity are unknown. Uncinaria spp. are morphologically similar, but molecular analyses have allowed the recognition of new species in the genus Uncinaria. We used nuclear genetic markers (internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA) and a mitochondrial genetic marker (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)) to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Uncinaria spp. parasitizing A. australis and O. flavescens from South American coasts (Atlantic and Pacific coasts). We compared our sequences with published Uncinaria sequences. A Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) analysis was also used to delimit species, and principal component analysis was used to compare morphometry among Uncinaria specimens. Parasites were sampled from A. australis from Peru (12°S), southern Chile (42°S), and the Uruguayan coast, and from O. flavescens from northern Chile (24°S) and the Uruguayan coast. Morphometric differences were observed between Uncinaria specimens from both South American coasts and between Uncinaria specimens from A. australis in Peru and southern Chile. Phylogenetic and GMYC analyses suggest that south-eastern Pacific otariid species harbour U. hamiltoni and an undescribed putative species of Uncinaria. However, more samples from A. australis and O. flavescens are necessary to understand the phylogenetic patterns of Uncinaria spp. across the South Pacific.
Children's education and their financial transfers to ageing parents in rural China: mothers and fathers’ strategic advantages in enforcing reciprocity
Authors: Pei Yaolin , Cong Zhen
Published: November 2018

This investigation examined the impact of children's education on their financial support to older parents in rural China based on a theoretical framework that regards financial transfers from adult children as motivated by parents’ earlier investments on children's education, and mothers and fathers having different strategic advantages to enforce reciprocity. The sample derived from six waves of panel data from the Longitudinal Study of Older Adults in Anhui Province, China, from 2001 to 2015, based on which we constructed five stacked intervals (2001–2003, 2003–2006, 2006–2009, 2009–2012, 2012–2015). The random-effects models showed that the highest educated child provided more financial support than other children and that the amount was conditional on the actual educational attainment of the highest educated child. Our results also suggested that fathers and mothers have different strategic advantages in the process. Mothers’ emotional bonds with their highest educated children enforced financial returns. In contrast, fathers’ stronger identification with traditional filial norms was more consequential for receiving financial support from the highest educated children. We discuss these findings in the context of the patrilineal family system and social changes, including rapid population ageing and the decline of fertility rates.
‘What’s love got to do with it?’ Ethics, emotions, and encounter in International Relations
Authors: Pin-Fat Véronique
Published: November 2018

By paying attention to love, this article offers a grammatical reading of International Relations’ founding grammar of inside/outside as an ethics of encounter. The decision to focus on love is, I suggest, to contend with the possibility that IR may express a lethal politics and ethics. I seek to substantiate this claim through an unsettling reading of neo-Jamesian contributions to the emotional turn. I conclude that the discipline’s founding grammar is an ‘avoidance of love’ and offer a reminder that an alternative way of loving is possible.
A Contested Inheritance: The Family and the Law from the Enlightenment to the French Revolution
Authors: Callaway Hannah
Published: November 2018

This article examines a particularly interesting inheritance case from late-eighteenth-century France to study the intersection of legal practices and Enlightenment ideas at the end of the Old Regime. The case, involving dispute around the estate of a deceased tax farmer, addresses family relations broadly within the specific context of inheritance and spousal assets. The five briefs produced on appeal to the Parlement of Paris show particular engagement with Enlightenment themes of reason, nature, and sentiment. The family was a locus of particular interest in eighteenth-century France because of its implications for social relations and its connection, through inheritance, to royal sovereignty. However, family law has been primarily studied from the perspective of practices, whereas the present article focuses on ideals. The article argues that the courtroom was an important site where the diverse implications of Enlightenment thought on family law were worked out. The argument that family law was a site for integrating ideals into practices has implications for how we think about the relationship between law and social change, as well as, in particular, the relationship between Enlightenment and Revolution.
Uncertainty and international adjudication
Authors: Dyevre Arthur
Published: November 2018

In deciding whether to rule against a state party, international courts regularly confront a compliance dilemma: declare the state in breach of the international regime but with the risk that it will defy the court’s authority; or defer to the state but at the price of acquiescing to an unjust or undesirable outcome. Specifically, international adjudicators must solve this dilemma in a context of uncertainty, that is, without knowing with exactitude whether or not the state will prefer complying with an adverse ruling over overt defiance. I use a simple strategic model to cast light on this aspect of the compliance dilemma. Building off from the model’s insights, I then discuss the practices, doctrinal tactics and institutional mechanisms apt to reduce uncertainty and minimize state defiance. I highlight, in particular, the advantages of defiance avoidance mechanisms that help create informational feedback loops like test-the-waterdictaand double-tier review. I illustrate how these mechanisms have been deployed by two of the world’s most powerful international courts, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. Finally, I consider the limitations of these mechanisms along with the possibility for other international dispute settlement bodies to replicate them.
The role of domestic reservoirs in domestically acquiredSalmonellainfections in Norway: epidemiology of salmonellosis, 2000–2015, and results of a national prospective case–control study, 2010–2012
Authors: MacDonald E. , White R. , Mexia R. , Bruun T. , Kapperud G. , Brandal L. T. , Lange H. , Nygård K. , Vold L.
Published: November 2018

In Norway, incidence of sporadic domestically acquired salmonellosis is low, and most frequently due toSalmonallaTyphimurium. We investigated the risk factors for sporadicSalmonellainfections in Norway to improve control and prevention measures. Surveillance data for allSalmonellainfections from 2000 to 2015 were analysed for seasonality and proportion associated with domestic reservoirs, hedgehogs and wild birds. A prospective case–control study was conducted from 2010 to 2012 by recruiting cases from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases and controls from the Norwegian Population Registry (389 cases and 1500 controls). Univariable analyses using logistic regression were conducted and a multivariable model was developed using regularised/penalised logistic regression. In univariable analysis, eating snow, dirt, sand or playing in a sandbox (aOR 4.14; CI 2.15–7.97) was associated with salmonellosis. This was also the only exposure significantly associated with illness in the multivariable model. Since 2004, 34.2% (n= 354) ofS.Typhimuirum cases had an MLVA profile linked to a domestic reservoir. A seasonal trend with a peak in August for allSalmonellatypes and in February forS.Typhimurium was observed. Indirect exposure to domestic reservoirs remains a source of salmonellosis in Norway, particularly for children. Information to the public about avoiding environmental exposure should be strengthened and initiatives to combat salmonellosis in the food chain should be reinforced.
CHARLES ROLLIN AND UNIVERSAL HISTORY IN AMERICA
Authors: GRAHAM MARK W.
Published: November 2018

Whoever has travelled in the New England States will remember, in some cool village, the large farmhouse, with its clean-swept grassy yard … In the family “keeping-room,” as it is termed, he will remember the staid, respectable old bookcase, with its glass doors, where Rollin's History, Milton's Paradise Lost, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, and Scott's Family Bible, stand side by side in decorous order, with multitudes of other books, equally solemn and respectable.

Harriet Beecher Stowe,Uncle Tom's Cabin(Boston, MA, 1852), 226
Early post-conception maternal cortisol, children’s HPAA activity and DNA methylation profiles
Authors: Barha C. K. , Salvante K. G. , Jones M. J. , Farré P. , Blais J. , Kobor M. S. , Zeng L. , Emberly E. , Nepomnaschy P. A.
Published: November 2018

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPAA) plays a critical role in the functioning of all other biological systems. Thus, studying how the environment may influence its ontogeny is paramount to understanding developmental origins of health and disease. The early post-conceptional (EPC) period could be particularly important for the HPAA as the effects of exposures on organisms’ first cells can be transmitted through all cell lineages. We evaluate putative relationships between EPC maternal cortisol levels, a marker of physiologic stress, and their children’s pre-pubertal HPAA activity (n=22 dyads). Maternal first-morning urinary (FMU) cortisol, collected every-other-day during the first 8 weeks post-conception, was associated with children’s FMU cortisol collected daily around the start of the school year, a non-experimental challenge, as well as salivary cortisol responses to an experimental challenge (allPs<0.05), with some sex-related differences. We investigated whether epigenetic mechanisms statistically mediated these links and, therefore, could provide cues as to possible biological pathways involved. EPC cortisol was associated with >5% change in children’s buccal epithelial cells’ DNA methylation for 867 sites, while children’s HPAA activity was associated with five CpG sites. Yet, no CpG sites were related to both, EPC cortisol and children’s HPAA activity. Thus, these epigenetic modifications did not statistically mediate the observed physiological links. Larger, prospective peri-conceptional cohort studies including frequent bio-specimen collection from mothers and children will be required to replicate our analyses and, if our results are confirmed, identify biological mechanisms mediating the statistical links observed between maternal EPC cortisol and children’s HPAA activity.