bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution modeling of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone: Sensitivity to the tropical oceanic circulation
Authors: Montes Ivonne , Dewitte Boris , Gutknecht Elodie , Paulmier Aurélien , Dadou Isabelle , Oschlies Andreas , Garçon Véronique
Published: July 2014

The connection between the equatorial mean circulation and the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific is investigated through sensitivity experiments with a high‐resolution coupled physical‐biogeochemical model. A validation against in situ observations indicates a realistic simulation of the vertical and horizontal oxygen distribution by the model. Two sets of climatological open‐boundary conditions for the physical variables, which differ slightly with respect to the intensity and vertical structure of the Equatorial Current System, are shown to lead to contrasting characteristics of the simulated OMZ dynamics. From a Lagrangian perspective, the mean differences near the coast originate to a large extent from the different transport of deoxygenated waters by the secondary Tsuchiya Jet (secondary Southern Subsurface Countercurrent, sSSCC). The O2 budget further indicates a large difference in the balance between tendency terms, with advection exhibiting the largest difference between both simulations, which is shown to result from both linear and nonlinear advection. At regional scale, we also find that the variability of the physical contribution to the rate of O2 change is one order of magnitude larger than the variability associated with the biogeochemical contribution, which originates from internal high‐frequency variability. Overall our study illustrates the large sensitivity of the OMZ dynamics to the equatorial circulation.
Molecular Design of an Environmentally Sensitive Fluorescent Nucleoside, 3‐Deaza‐2′‐Deoxyadenosine Derivative: Distinguishing Thymine by Probing the DNA Minor Groove
Authors: Suzuki Azusa , Yanaba Takumi , Saito Isao , Saito Yoshio
Published: July 2014

An environmentally sensitive fluorescent nucleoside containing a 3‐deazaadenine skeleton has been developed, and its photophysical properties were investigated. Newly developed C3‐naphthylethynylated 3‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (3nzA, 1) exhibited dual fluorescence emission from an intramolecular charge‐transfer state and a locally excited state, depending upon molecular coplanarity. DNA probes containing 1 clearly discriminated a perfectly matched thymine base on the complementary strand by a distinct change in emission wavelength.
Benzocyclobutane, Benzocycloheptane and Heptene Derivatives as Melatonin Agonists and Antagonists
Authors: Tsotinis Andrew , Afroudakis Pandelis A. , Garratt Peter J. , Bocianowska‐Zbrog Alina , Sugden David
Published: July 2014

Two series of analogues were designed, synthesised and evaluated as potential human melatonin type 1 and 2 receptor (hMT1 and hMT2) ligands. Their biological effects were assessed by a well‐established, specific model of melatonin action, the pigment response of Xenopus laevis melanophores. Compounds containing a benzocyclobutane scaffold and a methoxy group in the “melatonin” orientation were found to be potent agonists, with one of the analogues exhibiting activity comparable to melatonin. In contrast, analogues with a methoxy group in non‐melatonin positions or with multiple methoxy groups showed either weaker agonist activity or were antagonists. Benzocycloheptene derivatives with one methoxy group are found to be weak agonists, whereas those with two methoxy groups were found to be antagonists, as were all of the benzocycloheptane derivatives evaluated. The most active compounds were assessed in a human receptor radio ligand binding assay but showed little discrimination between MT1 and MT2. These results again show that the indole nitrogen of melatonin is not a necessary component for analogue activity and also illustrate that replacement of the indole ring with a 4‐membered carbocycle can provide highly active compounds when the methoxy group is in the melatonin position.
The Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC): Involvement in Metabolic Reduction of N‐Oxides, Oximes and N‐Hydroxyamidinohydrazones
Authors: Jakobs Heyka H. , Froriep Danilo , Havemeyer Antje , Mendel Ralf R. , Bittner Florian , Clement Bernd
Published: July 2014

The mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC) is a molybdenum‐containing enzyme and capable of reducing N‐hydroxylated structures such as amidoxime prodrugs. In this study, we tested the involvement of mARC in the reduction of N‐oxides (amitriptyline‐N‐oxide, nicotinamide‐N‐oxide), oximes ((E)‐/(Z)‐2,4,6‐trimethylacetophenonoxime) and a N‐hydroxyamidinohydrazone (guanoxabenz). All groups are reduced by mARC proteins, and the enzymes are therefore involved in the interconversion of N‐oxygenated metabolites originating from cytochrome P450s and flavin‐containing monooxygenases. In addition, these structures open up further options for serving as prodrugs. Thus, with respect to these reactions, testing of candidates with N‐oxygenated structures should not solely be carried out in microsomal enzyme sources but as well in mitochondria. However, differences in the reduction of oximes and N‐oxides between the two isoforms, namely mARC1 and mARC2, were detectable; N‐oxides are exclusively reduced by mARC1. We therefore assume differences between the so far unknown 3D structures of the two proteins.
Rapid Evaluation of Power Degradation in Series Connection of Single Feeding Microsized Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Rojas Jhonathan Prieto , Alqarni Wejdan , Hussain Muhammad Mustafa
Published: July 2014

We have developed a sustainable, single feeding, microsized, air‐cathode and membrane‐free microbial fuel cells with a volume of 40 μL each, which we have used for rapid evaluation of power generation and viability of a series array of three cells seeking higher voltage levels. Contrary to expectations, the achieved power density was modest (45 mW m−3), limited due to non‐uniformities in assembly and the single‐channel feeding system.
Chapter 6: Practical aspects of administration of onabotulinumtoxinA
Authors: Rovner Eric
Published: July 2014

Candidates for onabotulinumtoxinA are generally patients with overactive bladder (OAB) or neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) whose disease is inadequately controlled with behavioral therapy and oral medication. All patients must be willing and able to perform clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Before the decision to administer onabotulinumtoxinA is made, the clinician should provide counseling to the patient regarding the agent's indications, proposed benefits, risks, and mode of administration. The patient should be aware that onabotulinumtoxinA takes effect after approximately 1–2 weeks and usually lasts for 4–10 months, after which repeat injections will be necessary to maintain effect. Patient preparation may include pre‐treatment antibiotics and withdrawal of antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulants. Preparation of the product involves reconstitution in sterile saline and dilution according to the planned dose. Local anesthesia (e.g., bladder instillation of lidocaine) is usually administered, although general anesthesia may be used in certain cases. The injections are performed using a flexible or rigid cystoscope, and the procedure takes approximately 15 min. The initial follow‐up visit occurs within 7–14 days, when evidence of adverse effects, including urinary retention, can be evaluated. Repeat injections can be scheduled as needed, but not sooner than 3 months. Currently, the total dose of onabotulinumtoxinA should not exceed 360 U in a 3‐month period for all indications, including those outside the urinary tract (i.e., cosmetic, ophthalmologic, etc.). Overall, onabotulinumtoxinA is effective, generally well tolerated, safe, and is relatively simple to provide. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:S32–S37, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acquisition of resistance after continuous infection with Ascaridia galli in chickens
Authors: FERDUSHY T. , SCHOU T. W. , NORUP L. R. , DALGAARD T. S. , THAMSBORG S. M. , NEJSUM P. , PERMIN A. , JUUL-MADSEN H. R. , KYVSGAARD N. C.
Published: July 2014

Acquired resistance against Ascaridia galli infection was studied in seventy-two 18-week-old white Leghorn chickens allocated to six groups (G1–G6). In order to understand the population dynamics following trickle-infection (100 eggs per chicken twice weekly), chickens of subgroups of G1 were necropsied 3 days after 1, 6 or 12 inoculations (G1A, G1B and G1C respectively), while G2–G4 were inoculated for 6 weeks. G2 was necropsied 4 weeks after the last inoculation. The number of established larvae increased initially (between G1A and G1B) but decreased after repeated inoculations (G1C, G2). G3, G4 and G5 were used to measure the efficacy of anthelminthic treatment and to monitor the acquisition of resistance following a challenge infection. At week 7 G3, G4 and G5 were treated with flubendazole for 7 days in the feed. Two weeks after treatment the chickens in G4 and G5 were challenged with 500 eggs. G6 was left as uninfected control. Necropsy at week 10 after first inoculation revealed a lower establishment rate, an impaired development and a more posterior localization of the larvae in G4 (trickle-infected-treated-challenged) compared with G5 (treated-challenged). IgY level in serum reached noticeable level at 14 dpi in G2 and G4 chickens, and in G4 chickens IgY level further increased after challenge infection. The study provides evidence that acquired resistance against A. galli in chickens leads to a significant yet incomplete protection against re-infection.
ON WEAKLY AMPLE SEMIGROUPS
Authors: PETRICH MARIO
Published: July 2014

Let$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}S$be a semigroup. Elements$a,b$of$S$are$\widetilde{\mathscr{R}}$-related if they have the same idempotent left identities. Then$S$is weakly left ample if (1) idempotents of$S$commute, (2) $\widetilde{\mathscr{R}}$is a left congruence, (3) for any$a \in S$,$a$is$\widetilde{\mathscr{R}}$-related to a (unique) idempotent, say$a^+$, and (4) for any element$a$and idempotent$e$of$S$,$ae=(ae)^+a$. Elements$a,b$of$S$are$\mathscr{R}^*$-related if, for any$x,y \in S^1$,$xa=ya$if and only if$xb=yb$. Then$S$is left ample if it satisfies (1), (3) and (4) relative to$\mathscr{R}^*$instead of$\widetilde{\mathscr{R}}$. Further,$S$is (weakly) ample if it is both (weakly) left and right ample. We establish several characterizations of these classes of semigroups. For weakly left ample ones we provide a construction of all such semigroups with zero all of whose nonzero idempotents are primitive. Among characterizations of weakly ample semigroups figure (strong) semilattices of unipotent monoids, and among those for ample semigroups, (strong) semilattices of cancellative monoids. This describes the structure of these two classes of semigroups in an optimal way, while, for the ‘one-sided’ case, the problem of structure remains open.
Cdon acts as a Hedgehog decoy receptor during proximal-distal patterning of the optic vesicle
Authors: Cardozo Marcos Julián , Sánchez-Arrones Luisa , Sandonis África , Sánchez-Camacho Cristina , Gestri Gaia , Wilson Stephen W. , Guerrero Isabel , Bovolenta Paola
Published: July 2014

Patterning of the vertebrate optic vesicle into proximal/optic stalk and distal/neural retina involves midline-derived Hedgehog (Hh) signalling, which promotes stalk specification. In the absence of Hh signalling, the stalks are not specified, causing cyclopia. Recent studies showed that the cell adhesion molecule Cdon forms a heteromeric complex with the Hh receptor Patched 1 (Ptc1). This receptor complex binds Hh and enhances signalling activation, indicating that Cdon positively regulates the pathway. Here we show that in the developing zebrafish and chick optic vesicle, in which cdon and ptc1 are expressed with a complementary pattern, Cdon acts as a negative Hh signalling regulator. Cdon predominantly localizes to the basolateral side of neuroepithelial cells, promotes the enlargement of the neuroepithelial basal end-foot and traps Hh protein, thereby limiting its dispersion. This Ptc-independent function protects the retinal primordium from Hh activity, defines the stalk/retina boundary and thus the correct proximo-distal patterning of the eye.
A hydrophobic barrier deep within the inner pore of the TWIK-1 K2P potassium channel
Authors: Aryal Prafulla , Abd-Wahab Firdaus , Bucci Giovanna , Sansom Mark S. P. , Tucker Stephen J.
Published: July 2014

Recent X-ray crystal structures of the two-pore domain (K2P) family of potassium channels have revealed a unique structural architecture at the point where the cytoplasmic bundle-crossing gate is found in most other tetrameric K+channels. However, despite the apparently open nature of the inner pore in the TWIK-1 (K2P1/KCNK1) crystal structure, the reasons underlying its low levels of functional activity remain unclear. In this study, we use a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and functional validation to demonstrate that TWIK-1 possesses a hydrophobic barrier deep within the inner pore, and that stochastic dewetting of this hydrophobic constriction acts as a major barrier to ion conduction. These results not only provide an important insight into the mechanisms which control TWIK-1 channel activity, but also have important implications for our understanding of how ion permeation may be controlled in similar ion channels and pores.
CO2-Free Power Generation on an Iron Group Nanoalloy Catalyst via Selective Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol to Oxalic Acid in Alkaline Media
Authors: Matsumoto Takeshi , Sadakiyo Masaaki , Ooi Mei Lee , Kitano Sho , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Matsumura Syo , Kato Kenichi , Takeguchi Tatsuya , Yamauchi Miho
Published: July 2014

An Fe group ternary nanoalloy (NA) catalyst enabled selective electrocatalysis towards CO2-free power generation from highly deliverable ethylene glycol (EG). A solid-solution-type FeCoNi NA catalyst supported on carbon was prepared by a two-step reduction method. High-resolution electron microscopy techniques identified atomic-level mixing of constituent elements in the nanoalloy. We examined the distribution of oxidised species, including CO2, produced on the FeCoNi nanoalloy catalyst in the EG electrooxidation under alkaline conditions. The FeCoNi nanoalloy catalyst exhibited the highest selectivities toward the formation of C2 products and to oxalic acid, i.e., 99 and 60%, respectively, at 0.4 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), without CO2 generation. We successfully generated power by a direct EG alkaline fuel cell employing the FeCoNi nanoalloy catalyst and a solid-oxide electrolyte with oxygen reduction ability, i.e., a completely precious-metal-free system.
Dislocations and metastable chevrons in the electroconvective inplane normal roll state of a bent core nematic liquid crystal
Authors: Krishnamurthy Kanakapura S. , Tadapatri Pramod , Viswanath P.
Published: July 2014

Metastable chevrons formed of edge dislocations in the inplane normal roll electroconvective state (left) relaxing exponentially into the quasi-steady state (right).
Impact of the organic halide salt on final perovskite composition for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Moore David T. , Sai Hiroaki , Wee Tan Kwan , Estroff Lara A. , Wiesner Ulrich
Published: July 2014

The methylammonium lead halide perovskites have shown significant promise as a low-cost, second generation, photovoltaic material. Despite recent advances, however, there are still a number of fundamental aspects of their formation as well as their physical and electronic behavior that are not well understood. In this letter we explore the mechanism by which these materials crystallize by testing the outcome of each of the reagent halide salts. We find that components of both salts, lead halide and methylammonium halide, are relatively mobile and can be readily exchanged during the crystallization process when the reaction is carried out in solution or in the solid state. We exploit this fact by showing that the perovskite structure is formed even when the lead salt's anion is a non-halide, leading to lower annealing temperature and time requirements for film formation. Studies into these behaviors may ultimately lead to improved processing conditions for photovoltaic films.
Linearized Boltzmann collision integral with the correct cutoff
Authors: Chang Yongbin , White R. D.
Published: July 2014

In the calculation of the linearized Boltzmann collision operator for an inverse-square force law interaction (Coulomb interaction) F(r)=κ/r2, we found the widely used scattering angle cutoff θ≥θmin is a wrong practise since the divergence still exists after the cutoff has been made. When the correct velocity change cutoff |v′−v|≥δmin is employed, the scattering angle can be integrated. A unified linearized Boltzmann collision operator for both inverse-square force law and rigid-sphere interactions is obtained. Like many other unified quantities such as transition moments, Fokker-Planck expansion coefficients and energy exchange rates obtained recently [Y. B. Chang and L. A. Viehland, AIP Adv. 1, 032128 (2011)], the difference between the two kinds of interactions is characterized by a parameter, γ, which is 1 for rigid-sphere interactions and −3 for inverse-square force law interactions. When the cutoff is removed by setting δmin=0, Hilbert's well known kernel for rigid-sphere interactions is recovered for γ = 1.
Phonon anomalies and superconductivity in the Heusler compound YPd2Sn
Authors: Tütüncü H. M. , Srivastava G. P.
Published: July 2014

We have studied the structural and electronic properties of YPd2Sn in the Heusler structure using a generalized gradient approximation of the density functional theory and the ab initio pseudopotential method. The electronic results indicate that the density of states at the Fermi level is primarily derived from Pd d states, which hybridize with Y d and Sn p states. Using our structural and electronic results, phonons and electron-phonon interactions have been studied by employing a linear response approach based on the density functional theory. Phonon anomalies have been observed for transverse acoustic branches along the [110] direction. This anomalous dispersion is merely a consequence of the strong coupling. By integrating the Eliashberg spectral function, the average electron-phonon coupling parameter is found to be λ = 0.99. Using this value, the superconducting critical temperature is calculated to be 4.12 K, in good accordance with the recent experimental value of 4.7 K.
Unspeciated organic emissions from combustion sources and their influence on the secondary organic aerosol budget in the United States
Authors: Jathar Shantanu H. , Gordon Timothy D. , Hennigan Christopher J. , Pye Havala O. T. , Pouliot George , Adams Peter J. , Donahue Neil M. , Robinson Allen L.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the atmospheric oxidation of gaseous combustion emissions is an important component of global fine-particle pollution, which influences the Earth’s energy budget and affects human health. However, existing models underpredict the amount of SOA measured in laboratory experiments and in the atmosphere. We analyze smog chamber and emissions data to demonstrate that unspeciated organics in combustion emissions are a major class of SOA precursors. We develop source-specific parameterizations for these emissions using surrogate chemical compounds. We find that unspeciated organics dominate SOA mass formed from combustion emissions in the United States; therefore, unspeciated organics must be included in models to simulate ambient fine particulate matter concentrations.
Giant vacuum forces via transmission lines
Authors: Shahmoon Ephraim , Mazets Igor , Kurizki Gershon
Published: July 2014

Significance

Quantum theory states that at zero temperature and in the absence of any radiation, there still exist fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, the so-called vacuum fluctuations. These fluctuations give rise to the well-known van der Waals (vdW) or Casimir forces between neutral objects, which underlie diverse phenomena in physics and chemistry. We find that these forces can be drastically enhanced for neutral particles near a transmission line (TL), the standard workhorse of electronic signal transmission. The vacuum fluctuations are then confined to propagate along the TL axis, resulting in a giant long-range vdW force. This dramatic effect would have profound implications on vdW and Casimir phenomena and may find novel applications in emerging quantum technologies.
Stone tools from the ancient Tongan state reveal prehistoric interaction centers in the Central Pacific
Authors: Clark Geoffrey R. , Reepmeyer Christian , Melekiola Nivaleti , Woodhead Jon , Dickinson William R. , Martinsson-Wallin Helene
Published: July 2014

Significance

The Tongan state was the only maritime polity in Oceania to encompass an entire archipelago and, through long-distance voyaging, to extend its influence to other island groups through political and economic exchanges. Stone tools recovered from the central places of the Tongan state were geochemically analyzed to provide the first archaeological assessment of maritime interaction in the Central Pacific, with a high proportion of tools (66%) identified as long-distance imports from Fiji, Samoa, and the Society Islands. Exotic lithics were an important source of political capital used by Tongan elites, and an important consequence of centralization was the development of interaction centers through which people, products, and information about political organizations reached many parts of the prehistoric Pacific.
New Possibilities for Early Mathematics Education
Authors: Ginsburg Herbert P. , Labrecque Rachael , Carpenter Kara , Pagar Dana
Published: July 2014

Mathematics instruction for young children should begin early, elaborate on and mathematize children’s everyday mathematics, promote a meaningful integration and synthesis of mathematics knowledge, and advance the development of conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and use of effective strategies. The affordances provided by computer programs can be used to further these goals by involving children in activities that are not possible with traditional methods. Drawing on research and theory concerning the development of mathematical cognition, learning, and teaching, high quality mathematics software can provide a productive learning environment with several components: (1) useful instructions and demonstrations, scaffolds, and feedback; (2) mathematical tools (like a device that groups objects into tens); and (3) virtual objects, manipulatives and mathematical representations. We propose a five-stage iterative research and development process consisting of (1) coherent design; (2) formative research; (3) revision; (4) learning studies; and (5) summative research. A case study of MathemAntics, software for children ranging from age 3 to grade 3, illustrates the research and development process. The chapter concludes with implications for early childhood educators, software designers, and researchers.
Numerical Abilities and Arithmetic in Infancy
Authors: McCrink Koleen , Birdsall Wesley
Published: July 2014

Numerical Abilities and Arithmetic in Infancy. In this chapter, infants’ capacity to represent and manipulate numerical amounts via a precise system for small numbers (the object-tracking system) and an imprecise system for large numbers (the Approximate Number System, or ANS) is detailed. Of particular interest is the presence of an untrained ability to calculate arithmetic outcomes as a result of mathematical operations. The evidence for addition, subtraction, ordering, multiplication, and division in infancy is reviewed and links to other domains such as statistical learning are explored.
Practicing Narrative Inquiry
Authors: Bochner Arthur P. , Riggs Nicholas A.
Published: July 2014

This chapter focuses on the intellectual, philosophical, empirical, and pragmatic development of the turn toward narrative, tracing the rise of narrative inquiry as it evolved in the aftermath of the crisis of representation in the social sciences. Narrative inquiry seeks to humanize the human sciences, placing people, meaning and personal identity at the center, inviting the development of reflexive, relational, and interpretive methodologies and drawing attention not only on the actual but also to the possible and the good. The chapter synthesizes the changing methodological and ethical orientations of qualitative researchers associated with narrative inquiry; explores the divergent standpoints of small- story and big- story researchers, draws attention to the differences between narrative analysis and narratives-under-analysis; and reveals narrative practices that seek to help people form better relationships, overcome oppressive canonical identities, amplify or reclaim moral agency, and cope better with contingencies and difficulties experienced over the course of life.
The Inheritance of Prophecy in Apocalypse
Authors: Najman Hindy
Published: July 2014

This chapter examines two interrelated theses that influence the way scholars interpret the transition from prophecy to apocalypse: the genre thesis and the chronological thesis. The genre thesis posits that prophecy and apocalypse are distinct genres of ancient Jewish literature, while the chronological thesis argues that apocalypse increasingly flourished following the demise of prophecy. After explaining each of these theses, the article considers how each is related to the other. It also discusses reasons for revising the chronological thesis and the implications of this revision for the genre thesis. In addition, it looks at pluriformity and challenges to the chronological thesis in the context of the revolution, brought about by study of the Dead Sea Scrolls, as well as the connection between Jubilees and apocalypse. Finally, it focuses on two examples of apocalyptic literature, Daniel 7–12 and 4Ezra.
Points to Be Considered When Applying FibroScan S Probe in Children With Biliary Atresia
Authors: Kim Seung , Kang Yunkoo , Lee Mi Jung , Kim Myung Joon , Han Seok Joo , Koh Hong
Published: July 2014

Objectives:

With the introduction of smaller probes (S1, S2), the use of transient elastography has been expanded to children. Accordingly, we aimed to address points of consideration in probe choice and interpretation of measured liver stiffness by applying and comparing FibroScan S and M probes in biliary atresia.

Methods:

Using S1, S2, and M probes, 3 liver stiffness measurements, success rates, and interquartile ranges were obtained from 100 patients. Patients were assigned to 2 groups according to thoracic perimeter (≤45 cm vs >45 cm). In both groups, obtained values were compared and the relation between liver stiffness measurement and aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index was analyzed.

Results:

In the small‐thorax group, the success rate was highest with the S1 probe and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was highest for S1 versus S2 (0.98), compared with that for S1 versus M (0.69) and S2 versus M (0.77). In the large‐thorax group, ICC was the highest for S2 versus M (0.88), compared with that for S1 versus S2 (0.69) and S1 versus M (0.51). In the small‐thorax group, correlations between aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index and liver stiffness measurement were stronger for S1 (0.65) and S2 (0.64) than for M (0.49). In the large‐thorax group, all probes showed good correlation, S1 (0.68), S2 (0.62), and M (0.62).

Conclusions:

We recommend that the S1 probe is more appropriate for use in small children, especially those with a thorax perimeter of <45 cm. If no S probe is available, the M probe may be acceptable in children whose thorax perimeter is >45 cm.
Exploring the antigenic relatedness of influenza virus haemagglutinins with strain-specific polyclonal antibodies
Authors: García-Barreno Blanca , Delgado Teresa , Benito Sonia , Casas Inmaculada , Pozo Francisco , Melero José A.
Published: July 2014

Alternative methods to the standard haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization tests to probe the antigenic properties of the influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) were developed in this study. Vaccinia virus recombinants expressing reference HAs were used to immunize rabbits from which polyclonal antibodies were obtained. These antibodies were subtype specific but showed limited intra-subtype strain specificity in ELISA. The discriminatory capacity of these antibodies was, however, markedly increased after adsorption to cells infected with heterologous influenza viruses, revealing antigenic differences that were otherwise undistinguishable by standard HI and neutralization tests. Furthermore, the unadsorbed antibodies could be used to select escape mutants of the reference strain, which after sequencing unveiled amino acid changes responsible of the noted antigenic differences. These procedures therefore provide alternative methods for the antigenic characterization of influenza HA and might be useful in studies of HA antigenic evolution.
Infection and injury of human astrocytes by tick-borne encephalitis virus
Authors: Palus Martin , Bílý Tomáš , Elsterová Jana , Langhansová Helena , Salát Jiří , Vancová Marie , Růžek Daniel
Published: July 2014

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a disease caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), represents the most important flaviviral neural infection in Europe and north-eastern Asia. In the central nervous system (CNS), neurons are the primary target for TBEV infection; however, infection of non-neuronal CNS cells, such as astrocytes, is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the interaction between TBEV and primary human astrocytes. We report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that primary human astrocytes are sensitive to TBEV infection, although the infection did not affect their viability. The infection induced a marked increase in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker of astrocyte activation. In addition, expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and several key pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (e.g. tumour necrosis factor α, interferon α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon γ-induced protein 10, macrophage inflammatory protein, but not monocyte chemotactic protein 1) was upregulated. Moreover, we present a detailed description of morphological changes in TBEV-infected cells, as investigated using three-dimensional electron tomography. Several novel ultrastructural changes were observed, including the formation of unique tubule-like structures of 17.9 ±0.15 nm diameter with associated viral particles and/or virus-induced vesicles and located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the TBEV-infected cells. This is the first demonstration that TBEV infection activates primary human astrocytes. The infected astrocytes might be a potential source of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the TBEV-infected brain, and might contribute to the TBEV-induced neurotoxicity and blood–brain barrier breakdown that occurs during TBE. The neuropathological significance of our observations is also discussed.
Patterns of the dynamics of human‐triggered snow avalanches at the Făgăraș massif (Southern Carpathians), Romanian Carpathians
Authors: Voiculescu Mircea
Published: July 2014

Every year a large number of avalanches are triggered by anthropogenic activities. This study examines the occurrence of snow avalanches from 1940 to 2011 in the Făgăraș massif and Bâlea glacial area in the eastern region of the Southern Carpathian Mountains, Romania. We focused our attention on the relationship between anthropogenically triggered avalanches and terrain factors (including elevation, aspect and slope angle), snow depth and snow pack characteristics. We also examined the influence of issuing snow avalanche danger‐level alerts to the public by the Bâlea Work Nivology Laboratory on the number of accidents since 2005. Most avalanche accidents occurred in the alpine and subalpine areas. The majority of avalanche fatalities occurred at high danger levels, while avalanche burials and injuries occurred at all danger levels (low–very high). Since the establishment of the National Administration of Meteorology and the Bâlea Work Nivology Laboratory, a marked reduction in accidents has occurred because of better education regarding avalanche hazards and the regular issuing of avalanche danger‐level alerts to the public and authorities.
hCTLA4‐Ig transgene expression in keratocytes modulates rejection of corneal xenografts in a pig to non‐human primate anterior lamellar keratoplasty model
Authors: Vabres Bertrand , Le Bas‐Bernardet Stéphanie , Riochet David , Chérel Yan , Minault David , Hervouet Jérémy , Ducournau Yvette , Moreau Anne , Daguin Véronique , Coulon Flora , Pallier Annaïck , Brouard Sophie , Robson Simon C. , Nottle Mark B. , Cowan Peter J. , Venturi Eric , Mermillod Pascal , Brachet Philippe , Galli Cesare , Lagutina Irina , Duchi Roberto , Bach Jean‐Marie , Blancho Gilles , Soulillou Jean‐Paul , Vanhove Bernard
Published: July 2014

Background

Human corneal allografting is an established procedure to cure corneal blindness. However, a shortage of human donor corneas as well as compounding economic, cultural, and organizational reasons in many countries limit its widespread use. Artificial corneas as well as porcine corneal xenografts have been considered as possible alternatives. To date, all preclinical studies using de‐cellularized pig corneas have shown encouraging graft survival results; however, relatively few studies have been conducted in pig to non‐human primate (NHP) models, and particularly using genetically engineered donors.

Methods

In this study, we assessed the potential benefit of using either hCTLA4‐Ig transgenic or α1,3‐Galactosyl Transferase (GT) Knock‐Out (KO) plus transgenic hCD39/hCD55/hCD59/fucosyl‐transferase pig lines in an anterior lamellar keratoplasty pig to NHP model.

Results

Corneas from transgenic animals expressing hCTLA4‐Ig under the transcriptional control of a neuron‐specific enolase promoter showed transgene expression in corneal keratocytes of the stroma and expression was maintained after transplantation. Although a first acute rejection episode occurred in all animals during the second week post‐keratoplasty, the median final rejection time was 70 days in the hCTLA4‐Ig group vs. 21 days in the wild‐type (WT) control group. In contrast, no benefit for corneal xenograft survival from the GTKO/transgenic pig line was found. At rejection, cell infiltration in hCTLA4Ig transgenic grafts was mainly composed of macrophages with fewer CD3+ CD4+ and CD79+ cells than in other types of grafts. Anti‐donor xenoantibodies increased dramatically between days 9 and 14 post‐surgery in all animals.

Conclusions

Local expression of the hCTLA4‐Ig transgene dampens rejection of xenogeneic corneal grafts in this pig‐to‐NHP lamellar keratoplasty model. The hCTLA4‐Ig transgene seems to target T‐cell responses without impacting humoral responses, the control of which would presumably require additional peripheral immunosuppression.
Development of Rigid Biocomposite Polyurethane Foam for Load Bearing Application
Authors: Dzulkifli Mohd Haziq , Yahya Mohd Yazid , Md Akhir Farhana Shakira , Abd Majid Rohah
Published: July 2014

Polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used today in automotive and as insulation system. Due to environmental issues, efforts have been made to replace petrochemical polyol with natural-based polyol in PU foam production, without sacrificing any properties. This study aims as to produce palm oil-based polyurethane composite foam for load bearing purposes. Palm oil-based polyol (POP) was reacted with polymeric 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (p-MDI) with water as blowing agent and silicone surfactant to produce rigid PU foams. The foams obtained were varied by NCO:OH ratios and water content and characterized for their morphology and compressive strength. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) indicated the cells within the obtained foams are closed cells. Compressive strength of obtained foams shows considerable improvement but only up to NCO:OH ratio of 1:1.35.
An Optimal Load Shedding Methodology for Radial Power Distribution Systems to Improve Static Voltage Stability Margin using Gravity Search Algorithm
Authors: Khamis Aziah , Shareef H. , Mohamed A. , Bizkevelci Erdal
Published: July 2014

Voltage stability is one of the major concerns in operational and planning of modern power system. Many strategies have been implemented to avoid voltage collapse, which the load shedding considered as the last option. However, optimization is needed to estimate the minimum amount to shed so as to prevent voltage instability. In this paper, an effective method is presented for estimating the optimal amount of load to be shed in a distribution system based on the gravitational search algorithm (GSA). The voltage stability margin (VSM) of the system has been considered in the objective function. The optimization problem is formulated to maximize the VSM of the system and at the same time satisfying the operation and security constraints. The optimum solution depends on the predefined constraints such as the number of load buses available to shed and the maximum amount of load permitted to shed. Simulation result conducted on the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system shows that the system voltage stability can be improved by optimally shedding the loads at critical system buses. The results also indicate that the numbers of load buses available for load shedding does not have a significant impact on voltage stability margin, but it is highly dependent on the maximum amount of load permitted to shed.
A Reliability-Cost–Benefits (RCB) Model for the Addition of DG to Independent Micro-Grid Networks
Authors: Zareen N. , Mustafa M. W. , Khokhar S. , Sultana U.
Published: July 2014

Interest in alternative energy sources has been increased due to improved public awareness about the high energy cost and the adverse environmental impact of the conventional energy sources. This has caused a transition to a new market-based power network which, among other characteristics, allows more flexible incentives based demand-response-programs (DRP). Reliability aspects have been more challenging in remotely operated Independent-Microgrid-Networks (IMGN) mainly due to weather dependence. Such stochastic behavior has influenced the market prices of electricity and has created real time challenges for trade. The success of such uncertain energy systems depends to a large extent on new technical and financial tools. This requires to consider together the reliability and the financial cost–benefit analysis for every stakeholder of the deregulated electricity market. A novel decision making strategy for relating the system's reliability with cost-benefit incentives under IMGN paradigm has been proposed with an application of economic and signaling-game-theory (SGT).A relationship has been formulated with the consideration of maximizing the profit expectation of each player in the presence of the independent multi-generation resources with different penetration levels. This proposed model can be used as a tool for task scheduling problems and demand side management under the real time pricing schemes. The basic idea is to deal with the uncertainties involved to improve the reliability of renewable power systems. A simulation methodology for reliability evaluation and cost assessment in IMGN has also been developed. Results are discussed in comparison with the Time-of-Use (ToU) price rates.
Brucella melitensis Invades Murine Erythrocytes during Infection
Authors: Vitry Marie-Alice , Hanot Mambres Delphine , Deghelt Michaël , Hack Katrin , Machelart Arnaud , Lhomme Frédéric , Vanderwinden Jean-Marie , Vermeersch Marjorie , De Trez Carl , Pérez-Morga David , Letesson Jean-Jacques , Muraille Eric
Published: July 2014

Brucellaspp. are facultative intracellular Gram-negative coccobacilli responsible for brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis. We observed thatBrucella melitensisis able to persist for several weeks in the blood of intraperitoneally infected mice and that transferred blood at any time point tested is able to induce infection in naive recipient mice. Bacterial persistence in the blood is dramatically impaired by specific antibodies induced followingBrucellavaccination. In contrast toBartonella, the type IV secretion system and flagellar expression are not critically required for the persistence ofBrucellain blood. ImageStream analysis of blood cells showed that following a brief extracellular phase,Brucellais associated mainly with the erythrocytes. Examination by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy formally demonstrated thatB. melitensisis able to invade erythrocytesin vivo. The bacteria do not seem to multiply in erythrocytes and are found free in the cytoplasm. Our results open up new areas for investigation and should serve in the development of novel strategies for the treatment or prophylaxis of brucellosis. Invasion of erythrocytes could potentially protect the bacterial cells from the host's immune response and hamper antibiotic treatment and suggests possibleBrucellatransmission by bloodsucking insects in nature.
The longest duration of retention of a video capsule
Authors: Harrington Chris , Rodgers Colin
Published: July 2014

An underweight 15-year-old boy had a video capsule endoscopy (VCE) to investigate iron deficient anaemia associated with elevated platelet and white cell counts. The suspicion was of subclinical small bowel Crohn's disease after the findings of a radiolabelled white cell scan. The VCE in May 2007 found patchy inflammation and superficial ulcers in the terminal ileum consistent with Crohn's disease. By March 2008, the patient remained asymptomatic but the capsule had not passed. He was treated with steroids to improve the inflammation and allow the capsule to pass. This was unsuccessful. Abdominal X-rays appeared to show that it was in the rectum. CT of the abdomen and pelvis in July 2012 showed that it was actually in the mid-distal ileum within a mass of inflamed and matted small bowel loops. He was last reviewed in March 2014. He has now retained the capsule asymptomatically for 6 years and 10 months.
Editorial
Authors: Tenenberg Josh , McCartney Robert
Published: July 2014

This special issue on computing education in (K-12) schools represents considerable effort by the editorial team, authors, and reviewers. It provides a series of country-specific case studies of computing education in schools that highlights the way in which curricula emerge from each country’s specific historical and cultural circumstances. As a result, not only is there much to learn from each of the case studies, but there are additional lessons in the commonalities and generalizations obtainable only by having a rich set of case studies such as these that can be viewed comparatively.
Restless Leg Syndrome and Sleep Quality in Lumbar Radiculopathy Patients
Authors: Kocabicak Ersoy , Terzi Murat , Akpinar Kursad , Paksoy Kemal , Cebeci Ibrahim , Iyigun Omer
Published: July 2014

Background. To investigate the frequency of restless leg syndrome (RLS), sleep quality impairment, depression, fatigue, and sleep behavior disorder and to determine the effects of surgery on these parameters in radiculopathy patients resistant to conservative treatment.Methods. The present study included 66 lumbar radiculopathy patients, who were resistant to conservative treatment and had indication of surgery. Five different questionnaires were performed to assess depression (the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)), sleep quality (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), fatigue (the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)), and presence of RLS and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). The same questionnaires were also performed on a control group(n=61).Results. Of the radiculopathy patients, 68.1% had RLS and 92.4% had fatigue. Of the controls, 16.4% had RLS and 59% had fatigue. RBD was present in 8 (12.1%) patients and 3 (4.9%) controls. The PSQI revealed that sleep quality was impaired in 46 (69.7%) patients and 35 (57.4%) controls(P>0.05). The number of individuals having substantial depression according to the BDI was significantly higher in the patients than in the controls.Conclusions. There was a significant increase in the frequency of RLS, which was significantly decreased in the postoperative period in the radiculopathy patients.
Myorelaxant Effect of Bee Venom Topical Skin Application in Patients with RDC/TMD Ia and RDC/TMD Ib: A Randomized, Double Blinded Study
Authors: Nitecka-Buchta Aleksandra , Buchta Piotr , Tabeńska-Bosakowska Elżbieta , Walczyńska-Dragoń Karolina , Baron Stefan
Published: July 2014

The aim of the study was the evaluation of myorelaxant action of bee venom (BV) ointment compared to placebo. Parallel group, randomized double blinded trial was performed. Experimental group patients were applying BV for 14 days, locally over masseter muscles, during 3-minute massage. Placebo group patients used vaseline for massage. Muscle tension was measured twice (TON1 and TON2) in rest muscle tonus (RMT) and maximal muscle contraction (MMC) on both sides, right and left, with Easy Train Myo EMG (Schwa-medico, Version 3.1). Reduction of muscle tonus was statistically relevant in BV group and irrelevant in placebo group. VAS scale reduction was statistically relevant in both groups: BV and placebo. Physiotherapy is an effective method for myofascial pain treatment, but 0,0005% BV ointment gets better relief in muscle tension reduction and analgesic effect. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.govNCT02101632.
Design of Compact 4 × 4 UWB-MIMO Antenna with WLAN Band Rejection
Authors: Kiem Nguyen Khac , Phuong Huynh Nguyen Bao , Chien Dao Ngoc
Published: July 2014

A compact 4 × 4 UWB-MIMO antenna with rejected WLAN band employing an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is presented in this paper. The MIMO antenna is electrically small (60 mm × 60 mm), printed on a FR4_epoxy substrate with the dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. A mushroom-like EBG structure is used to reject the WLAN frequency at 5.5 GHz. In order to reduce the mutual coupling of the antenna elements, a stub structure acting as a bandstop filter is inserted to suppress the effect of the surface current between elements of the proposed antenna. The final design of the MIMO antenna satisfies the return loss requirement of less than −10 dB in a bandwidth ranging from 2.73 GHz to 10.68 GHz, which entirely covers UWB frequency band, which is allocated from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The antenna also exhibits a WLAN band-notched performance at the frequency band of 5.36–6.34 GHz while the values of all isolation coefficients are below −15 dB and the correlation coefficient of MIMO antenna is less than −28 dB over the UWB range. A good agreement between simulation and measurement is shown in this context.