bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFEITO DA TEMPERATURA E LUZ NA GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE Dalbergia cearensis Ducke
Authors: Nogueira Francisco Carlos Barboza , Gallão Maria Izabel , Bezerra Antônio Marcos Esmeraldo , Medeiros Filho Sebastião
Published: December 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509816613O conhecimento do comportamento germinativo de uma espécie vegetal é de significativa importância para a adoção de técnicas que visam sua propagação. O trabalho avaliou o processo germinativo de sementes de Dalbergia cearensis Ducke na presença e ausência de luz, submetidas a temperaturas constantes de 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40 ºC e alternada de 20-45 ºC, sob fotoperíodo de 12 horas e escuro contínuo. As variáveis avaliadas foram: a porcentagem, a velocidade e o tempo médio de germinação. As sementes germinaram na presença e na ausência de luz, com as maiores porcentagens de germinação alcançadas nas temperaturas de 25, 30 e 35ºC. Desse modo, para desencadear o processo germinativo dessa espécie, não há necessidade da incidência ou ausência de luz, podendo-se caracterizar suas sementes como fotoblásticas neutras. A germinação foi nula no regime de temperatura alternada. A faixa ótima de temperatura entre 25 a 35ºC aumenta a velocidade e reduz o tempo médio de germinação de sementes de D. cearensis, tanto para o escuro quanto para luz.
ESTERCO BOVINO E POTÁSSIO NA COMPOSIÇÃO MINERAL DE PLANTAS DE NONI
Authors: Silva João José Mendes , Cavalcante Lourival Ferreira , Nascimento José Adeilson Medeiros , Diniz Belisia Lucia Moreira Toscano , Souto Antônio Gustavo Luna
Published: December 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509816615O noni tem sido utilizado desde a Antiguidade para o tratamento de uma série de doenças tais como, alergia, artrite, asma, câncer, depressão, diabetes, má-digestão, hipertensão e insônia e utilizado como suplemento alimentar. Apesar dessas propriedades e da sua adaptabilidade intercontinental, as informações a respeito das exigências nutricionais e do manejo agronômico da cultura ainda são pouco frequentes na literatura internacional e nacional. Nesse sentido, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do esterco bovino e da adubação potássica no estado nutricional de plantas de noni. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de julho de 2009 a julho de 2010, na Chácara Pau Brasil, São Luís – MA. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições e duas plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, referente à ausência e presença de adubação potássica (130 kg ha-1 de K2O) no solo com quatro doses de esterco bovino (0, 1,7, 6,6 e 11,6 kg planta-1) fornecidas em cobertura na área de projeção da copa das plantas. Pelos resultados, exceto sobre cálcio e magnésio, a interação matéria orgânica e potássio contribuiu para aumentos dos teores foliares dos demais macro e micronutrientes nas plantas de noni. O estabelecimento de faixas de interpretação com teores de nutrientes adequados para noni se faz necessário para auxiliar as discussões de futuros estudos de adubação e nutrição da cultura.
EFEITO DO FOGO SOBRE A RIQUEZA DE FORMIGAS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) ASSOCIADAS À Pinus elliottii ENGELM. NO SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Boscardin Jardel , Costa Ervandil Corrêa , Delabie Jacques Hubert Charles , Garlet Juliana
Published: December 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509816616Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do fogo sobre a fauna de formigas associada à Pinus elliottii Engelm. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, numa área experimental junto ao Campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), em um plantio de um hectare de Pinus elliottii com 28 anos de idade, com espaçamento de 2 m x 2 m, no qual ocorreu um incêndio no final de novembro de 2008. Um mês após, iniciou-se uma amostragem da fauna de formigas, concluída em novembro de 2009. Utilizou-se o método de interceptação de insetos perambulantes através do uso de armadilhas de solo sem atrativo, distribuídas no centro do povoamento, sendo dispostas 10 armadilhas em transecto linear simples, a intervalos de 10 metros e que permaneceram enterradas por 48 horas. Ao final deste período, o material biológico foi acondicionado em potes plásticos, encaminhado ao laboratório para triagem, onde as formigas foram separadas em morfoespécies e prosseguiram para identificação. A partir dos levantamentos foram encontradas 25 espécies de formigas distribuídas em onze gêneros, oito tribos e quatro subfamílias. Destas, as que apresentaram maiores frequências de ocorrência em suas respectivas subfamílias foram Pseudomyrmex termitarius (46,7%), Acromyrmex crassispinus e Pachycondyla striata (ambas com 35,8%), e Camponotus blandus (25,0%). O fogo é um agente de distúrbio ambiental por vezes significativo, causando efeitos positivos e negativos sobre a fauna edáfica. Sua ação pode ter gerado efeito indireto negativo sobre Crematogaster victima e positivo sobre Pseudomyrmex termitarius, Acromyrmex crassispinus, Pachycondyla striata e Camponotus blandus presentes no sub-bosque de Pinus elliottii, pós-incêndio.
COMPARAÇÃO ESTRUTURAL ENTRE FLORESTA MANEJADA E NÃO MANEJADA NA COMUNIDADE SANTO ANTÔNIO, ESTADO DO PARÁ
Authors: Vieira Diego dos Santos , Gama João Ricardo Vasconcellos , Ribeiro Renato Bezerra da Silva , Ximenes Lucas Cunha , Corrêa Viviane Vasconcelos , Alves Adriana Ferreira
Published: December 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509816619O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e comparar a composição florística e estrutura horizontal da floresta manejada (FM) e da floresta não manejada (FNM). Utilizou-se amostragem casual estratificada com 12 parcelas na FM e 12 na FNM. Em parcelas de 28 x 350 m mensuraram-se todos os indivíduos com circunferência a altura do peito (CAP) maior ou igual a 31,4 cm e menor do que 94,2 cm (nível I de inclusão), subparcelas de 28 x 100 m, os indivíduos com 94,2 cm ≤ CAP <157,1 cm (nível de inclusão II), subparcelas de 28 x 250 m e indivíduos com CAP ≥ 157,1 m (nível de inclusão III). Em ambas as florestas foram encontradas 216 espécies, distribuídas em 44 famílias botânicas. A FNM apresentou maior índice de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H’)(H’= 4,47). A composição florística, na FM, não sofreu alterações significativas durante o manejo empresarial realizado. Entretanto, houve alterações significativas de riqueza e área basal entre FM e FNM devido à colheita realizada que implicou na retirada de indivíduos em classes comerciais e também ao dano causado às árvores remanescentes. As espécies de maior importância ecológica em FNM foram Rinorea guianensis Aubl (Violaceae), Pouteria bilocularis (H. Winkler) Baehni (Sapotaceae) e Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel (Fabaceae). Em FM foram Rinorea guianensis Aubl (Violaceae), Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier (Sapotaceae) e Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S.A. Mori (Lecythidaceae). Para o período considerado, a área basal parece estar se recuperando adequadamente.
Gestão democrática e luta por reconhecimento na educação de surdos
Authors: Rodrigues Eliane De Oliveira , Rampelotto Elisane Maria
Published: December 2014

Este trabalho busca na gestão democrática algumas possibilidades para o entendimento da luta por reconhecimento da educação de surdos. A gestão das escolas, com a redemocratização brasileira e sua Constituição de 1988, alterou-se de princípios de administração escolar à gestão democrática. Com a mudança de políticas públicas da educação especial para a perspectiva inclusiva, muitas são as lutas dos surdos para manter a escolas de surdos em pleno funcionamento. Diante deste contexto o problema de pesquisa questiona, partir do Projeto Experimental do Magistério para Surdos da Escola Estadual de Educação Especial Dr. Reinaldo Fernando Cóser, a contribuição da gestão democrática para o reconhecimento da comunidade surda. Em largos traços, busca-se analisar como a gestão democrática possibilita o reconhecimento social da alteridade surda; observar os conflitos inerentes ao processo de educação inclusiva, referenciada na Política Nacional de Educação Especial, bem como sua viabilidade junto às práticas do cotidiano educacional; e, finalmente, identificar o processo de gestão democrática neste magistério. Apoiou-se na abordagem metodológica da hermenêutica filosófica, para assim, interpretar e compreender como os conceitos de gestão democrática e diferença são entendidos por este curso de magistério. Entre as reflexões que se fizeram presentes evidenciaram-se que a escola de surdos de Santa Maria, por já ter emergido num contexto de gestão democrática, parece superar alguns princípios de fechamento de sua cultura a partir dos compromissos assumidos de sua gestão na perspectiva democrática. A gestão democrática aparece como o médium necessário da escola de surdos em interação com a comunidade ouvinte e, permite assim, uma nova possibilidade para o entendimento reinterpretado da luta por reconhecimento da educação de surdos.Palavras-chave: gestão democrática, educação de surdos, diferença, luta por reconhecimento.
O projeto político-pedagógico em sua construção e implantação compartilhada: o estudo de caso de uma comunidade escolar
Authors: Robaert Samuel , Dalla Corte Marilene Gabriel
Published: December 2014

Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem reflexiva sobre as concepções dos gestores, professores e demais integrantes de uma escola de educação básica do município de Três Passos – RS acerca do Projeto político-pedagógico (PPP), no sentido de verificar como interfere nas decisões tomadas na escola e na concretização de ações que visem à implementação das ideias e pressupostos contidos neste documento. Desde a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação, LDB Nº 9.394/96, cabe as escolares se apropriarem dos princípios de autonomia, coletividade e participação para a construção e consecução do PPP, entretanto, passados vários anos, permanecem muitos equívocos e dúvidas quanto à elaboração e a implementação do Projeto político-pedagógico. Com esta pesquisa constatou-se que o PPP não se constitui, necessariamente, um documento norteador dos pressupostos e ações educacionais na escola, faltando, efetivamente, o espaço de compartilhamento, de reflexão e de re-definição das ações educacionais.Palavras-chave: gestão escolar, projeto político-pedagógico, comunidade escolar.
Gestão e avaliação das políticas públicas para educação profissional articulada ao ensino médio (2000-2010)
Authors: Lima Erika Roberta , Silva Lenina Lopes Soares , Azevedo Márcio Adriano de
Published: December 2014

Este texto apresenta uma discussão acerca da gestão e avaliação de políticas públicas, com enfoque nas políticas públicas para o ensino médio e educação profissional do ano 2000 a 2010. Buscou-se compreender como essas políticas estão sendo avaliadas. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico sobre políticas públicas, gestão e avaliação de políticas, e realizada uma pesquisa, no site do Ministério da Educação, sobre os programas Brasil Profissionalizado, Programa Nacional de Integração da Educação Profissional com a Educação Básica na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos e Ensino Médio Inovador. Foi possível compreender que as políticas públicas são meios de atender aos diversos interesses dos vários setores da sociedade e que essas devem ser avaliadas para a melhoria da gestão do Estado, para poder desenvolver ações eficientes e eficazes para atender às necessidades da população.Palavras-chave: gestão, avaliação, políticas públicas, ensino médio, educação profissional.
NÍVEL DE DESEMPENHO MOTOR DE ESCOLARES PRATICANTES E NÃO PRATICANTES DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Fernandes Priscilla da Silva , Palma Míriam Stock
Published: December 2014

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar e comparar o nível de desempenho motor de crianças praticantes e não praticantes de educação física escolar. Participaram da amostra (quarenta crianças, com sete a nove anos de idade (20 praticantes e 20 não praticantes de duas escolas da rede pública de ensino de Porto Alegre. O instrumento utilizado para a análise do desempenho motor das crianças foi o Test of Gross Motor Development-2 TGMD-2), de Ulrich (2000). Os resultados apontaram que não houve diferença significativa).entre os grupos, ambos apresentando um nível de desempenho motor muito pobre.
A INFLUÊNCIA DA MÍDIA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE ÍDOLOS ESPORTIVOS PARA OS JOVENS
Authors: Azevedo Victor Valdez Dantas , Mezzaroba Cristiano , Zoboli Fabio
Published: December 2014

A mídia enquanto agente político tem a capacidade de gestar comportamentos pensando assim partimos da necessidade de observar o quão influenciáveis são os jovens quando pensamos em relação à idolatria esportiva. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a possível influência midiática na construção de ídolos esportivos e como são percebidos no universo dos jovens. Para tal foram selecionados para a pesquisa alunos do 1º e 2º ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública federal de Sergipe. A partir dos resultados obtidos, percebemos que, mesmo se tratando de um colégio onde a mediação ,pedagógica é muito importante para entender e discutir as questões que envolvem a mídia verificamos um forte poder simbólico midiático, incorporando significados mercadológicos.na relação clube-ídolo-torcedor que impactam também na questão corporal.
RELAÇÃO ENTRE NÍVEL DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA E VELOCIDADE DE MARCHA EM IDOSOS CENTENÁRIOS
Authors: Aguiar Letícia Alves , Streit Inês Amanda , Sandreschi Paula Fabricio , Fortunato Artur Rodrigues , Hauser Eduardo , Petreça Daniel Rogério , Mazo Giovana Zarpellon
Published: December 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar o nível de atividade física com a força de preensão manual e velocidade de marcha de idosos centenários. A pesquisa descritiva correlacional, envolveu 21 idosos centenários, com média de idade de 101,8 ± 2,1 anos,residentes em Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, em 2011. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: nível de atividade física, velocidade da marcha, composição corporal e força de preensão manual. Encontrou-se relação significativa apenas entre o número de passos e a velocidade da marcha. A partir desse estudo conclui-se que a velocidade da marcha se relaciona com o número de passos realizados, em média, na semana.
A RELAÇÃO TEORIA-PRÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR: DESDOBRAMENTOS PARA PENSAR UM “PROGRAMA MÍNIMO”
Authors: Almeida Luciano de , Fensterseifer Paulo Evaldo
Published: December 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir acerca da difícil e complexa relação teoriapráticana Educação Física. Como pano de fundo, traz elementos de algumas proposiçõesrealizadas em escolas públicas, materializadas na tentativa de construção de umaproposta de trabalho ou “programa mínimo” para a Educação Física, para além de umsimples “exercitar-se”, vislumbrando a construção de um saber a ser desenvolvido ao longodos anos escolares em termos de criticidade, complexidade e continuidade. Para isso,consideramos a relação teoria-prática condição indispensável para pensarmos a EducaçãoFísica no contexto escolar e valorizarmos a experiência e o saber da experiência comoforma de conhecer, fazer e conhecer com esse fazer. Essa experiência acontece no diálogoconstante e sempre renovado com a ação interventiva, outros professores e as obras quetratam sobre o tema. Concluímos que a construção dessa proposta nos permite (re)construire reinventar nossa profissão com autoria, “experimentando” as possibilidades de encontraralgumas respostas para os desafios que hoje se colocam para a Educação Física, atravésde nossa ação interventiva e reflexiva.
EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR E INCLUSÃO: ALGUNS DESENCONTROS
Authors: Ferreira Flávia Martinelli , Daolio Jocimar
Published: December 2014

O artigo é composto de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a produção teóricaenvolvendo o tema da Inclusão e a educação física escolar. Questões sobre a produçãodeste conhecimento e os significados sobre estar incluído nortearam o debate que realizadoconfrontando diferentes referenciais teóricos. A discussão é apresentada com autores queconceituam a Inclusão, abordando à Educação Física escolar e seu encontro com esteconceito. Inspirados por essa diversidade teórica, são elaboradas reflexões a partir dedescompassos destes pensamentos, a fim de contribuir para a reflexão do tema estudado.Diante do fracasso frente à diversidade devemos repensar o conceito de Inclusão.
GESTÃO DE EVENTOS: ORIENTAÇÕES BÁSICAS PARA O CONTEXTO DAS UNIVERSIDADES
Authors: Ivo Andressa Aita , Marin Elizara Carolina , Souza Lucas Machado De
Published: December 2014

O tema deste trabalho é Gestão de Eventos, e objetiva sinalizar orientaçõesbásicas para realização de eventos na esfera das Instituições de Ensino Superior, a partirdo contexto da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), visando auxiliar os gestorese comissões organizadoras nas diferentes fases de realização, os setores responsáveis,respeitando as peculiaridades de cada Centro/Unidade e objetivos do evento. Sabemosque um guia de orientações básicas não é suficiente para garantir o êxito do evento, maspode ser uma ferramenta para auxiliar os gestores e comissões a diminuir dificuldades epercalços, dada a complexidade que evolve a gestão de eventos.
Número Completo jan./mar. 2014 (PDF com Capa e Artigos)
Authors: Rural Extensão
Published: December 2014

Edição completa da Extensão Rural jan./mar. 2014.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2318179616248
A kinase-independent function of AKT promotes cancer cell survival
Authors: Vivanco Igor , Chen Zhi C , Tanos Barbara , Oldrini Barbara , Hsieh Wan-Ying , Yannuzzi Nicolas , Campos Carl , Mellinghoff Ingo K
Published: December 2014

The serine–threonine kinase AKT regulates proliferation and survival by phosphorylating a network of protein substrates. In this study, we describe a kinase-independent function of AKT. In cancer cells harboring gain-of-function alterations in MET, HER2, or Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3-Kinase (PI3K), catalytically inactive AKT (K179M) protected from drug induced cell death in a PH-domain dependent manner. An AKT kinase domain mutant found in human melanoma (G161V) lacked enzymatic activity in vitro and in AKT1/AKT2 double knockout cells, but promoted growth factor independent survival of primary human melanocytes. ATP-competitive AKT inhibitors failed to block the kinase-independent function of AKT, a liability that limits their effectiveness compared to allosteric AKT inhibitors. Our results broaden the current view of AKT function and have important implications for the development of AKT inhibitors for cancer.
A mutant Escherichia coli that attaches peptidoglycan to lipopolysaccharide and displays cell wall on its surface
Authors: Grabowicz Marcin , Andres Dorothee , Lebar Matthew D , Malojčić Goran , Kahne Daniel , Silhavy Thomas J
Published: December 2014

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) forms the surface-exposed leaflet of the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria, an organelle that shields the underlying peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall. Both LPS and PG are essential cell envelope components that are synthesized independently and assembled by dedicated transenvelope multiprotein complexes. We have identified a point-mutation in the gene for O-antigen ligase (WaaL) in Escherichia coli that causes LPS to be modified with PG subunits, intersecting these two pathways. Synthesis of the PG-modified LPS (LPS*) requires ready access to the small PG precursor pool but does not weaken cell wall integrity, challenging models of precursor sequestration at PG assembly machinery. LPS* is efficiently transported to the cell surface without impairing OM function. Because LPS* contains the canonical vancomycin binding site, these surface-exposed molecules confer increased vancomycin-resistance by functioning as molecular decoys that titrate the antibiotic away from its intracellular target. This unexpected LPS glycosylation fuses two potent pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Ocean glider observations of iceberg‐enhanced biological production in the northwestern Weddell Sea
Authors: Biddle Louise C. , Kaiser Jan , Heywood Karen J. , Thompson Andrew F. , Jenkins Adrian
Published: December 2014

Icebergs affect local biological production around Antarctica. We used an ocean glider to observe the effects of a large iceberg that was advected by the Antarctic Slope Current along the continental slope in the northwestern Weddell Sea in early 2012. The high‐resolution glider data reveal a pronounced effect of the iceberg on ocean properties, with oxygen concentrations of (13 ± 4) μmol kg−1 higher than levels in surrounding waters, which are most likely due to positive net community production. This response was confined to three areas of water in the direct vicinity of the iceberg track, each no larger than 2  km2. Our findings suggest that icebergs have an impact on Antarctic production presumably through local micronutrient injections, on a scale smaller than typical satellite observations of biological production in the Southern Ocean.
Controls on the geometry of potholes in bedrock channels
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , Sweeney Kristin E. , Roering Joshua J. , Finnegan Noah J.
Published: December 2014

Potholes (circular depressions carved into bedrock) are the dominant roughness elements in many bedrock channels. Here we show, using data from previous studies and new data from the Smith River, Oregon, that pothole depths increase in proportion to both the mean pothole radius (such that the most common pothole depth‐to‐radius ratio is 2) and the diameter of the largest clasts episodically stored in potholes. We present a theory for these observations based on computational fluid dynamics and sediment transport modeling of vortices in cylindrical cavities of different shapes and sizes. We show that the shear stress at the bottom of a pothole (which controls the rate of pothole growth) is maximized for potholes with a depth‐to‐radius ratio of approximately 1 and decreases nonlinearly with increasing depth‐to‐radius ratio such that potholes with depth‐to‐radius ratios larger than 3 are uncommon. Our model provides a mechanistic explanation for pothole shapes and sizes.
An Introduction to the Consequences of Spin and Bond Strength in the Chemistry of Diatomic Oxygen, Peroxides, and Related Species
Authors: Greer Alexander , Balaban Alexandru T. , Liebman Joel F.
Published: December 2014

This review chapter discusses oxygen and peroxides in organic chemistry. Numerous types of oxygen species are described including ions, radicals, biradicals, and zwitterionic species; examples of such species are superoxide anion (O2⋅−), dioxygenyl cation (O2⋅+), ozone (O3), oxygen oligomers (Ox), and the lowest excited singlet state of oxygen (1Δ). An analysis of acyclic peroxides and cyclic peroxides (e.g., 1,2‐dioxetanes,1,2,3‐trioxolanes, and 1,4‐endoperoxides) is provided. Isoelectronic heteroatom structures and other analogs are also provided to help guide thinking for the factors that underlie the stability of peroxide and other oxygen‐containing species.
Effects of Temperature and Stress on Microstructural Evolution during Creep Deformation of Ru‐free and Ru‐containing Single Crystal Superalloys
Authors: Wang Xinguang , Liu Jinlai , Jin Tao , Sun Xiaofeng , Hu Zhuangqi , Do Jeonghyeon , Choi Baiggyu , Kim I. S. , Jo Changyong
Published: December 2014

Effects of temperature and stress on microstructural evolution of the two experimental alloys at various conditions have been studied after creep deformation. The topological inversion has been observed under certain conditions, and it is more pronounced at the same temperature but lower stress levels. Ru additions support the topological inversion, especially at very high temperature. In addition, the γ/γ′ interfacial networks have been observed by SEM after deep etching. Moreover, the a<101> superdislocations only present at relatively high temperature in this work, however, it is expected at each temperature at stresses above a critical level. At last, the a<010> superdislocations have also been identified and it is considered more energetically favorable than that of the a<101> superdislocations.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkoxy‐ and Aminocarbonylation of α‐Halomethyl Oxime Ethers: Synthesis of 1,3‐Alkoxyimino Esters and 1,3‐Alkoxyimino Amides
Authors: Noverges Bárbara , Medio‐Simón Mercedes , Asensio Gregorio
Published: December 2014

α‐Halomethyl oxime ethers react in palladium‐catalyzed three‐component reactions with alcohols or amines and carbon monoxide (CO) at atmospheric pressure to afford efficiently novel β‐oxyimino esters or β‐oxyimino amides, respectively. The reactions proceed with total regiocontrol, excellent yield, and high atomic economy regarding the reagents from simple commercially available starting materials using 10 mol% palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2]/7 mol% Xantphos as catalyst. Direct nucleophilic substitution at the very reactive α‐halomethyl moiety was noticeable only in the preparation of β‐oxyimino amides derived from alkylamines. In this case, β‐oxyimino amides are obtained alternatively by a one‐pot two step alkoxycarbonylation/ester aminolysis process. Site selective alkoxy‐ and aminocarbonylation reactions of bromoaryl‐substituted α‐halomethyl oxime ethers at the Csp3Br bond are described.

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Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐1‐trifluoromethyltetrahydroisoquinolines by Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed C(sp3)H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Mori Keiji , Umehara Nobuaki , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: December 2014

A concise route to 3‐aryl‐1‐trifluoromethyltetrahydroisoquinolines by a benzylic [1,5]‐hydride shift‐mediated CH bond functionalization was developed. The [1,5]‐hydride shift of the benzylic C(sp3)H bond to the trifluoromethylketimine derived from para‐anisidine occurred smoothly to produce cis‐1‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐aryltetrahydroisoquinolines in good to excellent chemical yields with good diastereoselectivities. In contrast, use of the NH ketimine furnished N‐unprotected tetrahydroisoquinolines in good yields in favor of the trans‐isomer.

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Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Single‐Step Synthesis of Aryl Thiols from Aryl Halides and 1,2‐Ethanedithiol
Authors: Liu Yajun , Kim Jihye , Seo Heesun , Park Sunghyouk , Chae Junghyun
Published: December 2014

A highly efficient transition metal‐catalyzed single‐step synthesis of aryl thiols from aryl halides has been developed employing copper(II) catalyst and 1,2‐ethanedithiol. The key features are use of readily available reagents, a simple operation, and relatively mild reaction conditions. This new protocol shows a broad substrate scope with excellent functional group compatibility. A variety of aryl thiols are directly prepared from aryl halides in high yields. Furthermore, the aryl thiols are used in situ for the synthesis of more advanced molecules such as diaryl sulfides and benzothiophenes.

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Are we making the grade? Practices and reported efficacy measures of primate conservation education programs
Authors: Kling Katherine J. , Hopkins Mariah E.
Published: December 2014

Conservation education is often employed alongside primate conservation efforts with the aim of changing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward non‐human primates. Recommended best‐use practices include longevity, use of program incentives, collaboration among educators, and adaptive program assessment, among others. This study surveys primate conservation education programs (PCEPs) to assess the frequency of suggested best‐use practices, and to investigate impacts on program efficacy. Online surveys were collected from PCEPs in 2013–2014 (N = 43). The majority of programs reported lengths of 5–10 years, with participant involvement ranging widely from a day to several years. Non‐economic and economic incentives were distributed by approximately half of all programs, with programs that provided economic incentives reporting positive participant attitude changes more frequently than those that did not (P = 0.03). While >70% of PCEPs consulted with community leaders, local teachers, and research scientists, only 45.9% collaborated with other conservation educators and only 27% collaborated with cultural experts such as cultural anthropologists. Programs that collaborated with other conservation educators were more likely to report reductions in threats to primates, specifically to bushmeat hunting and capture of primates for the pet trade (P = 0.07). Formal program evaluations were employed by 72.1% of all programs, with the majority of programs using surveys to assess changes to participant attitudes and knowledge. Formal evaluations of participant behavior, community attitudes and behaviors, and threats to primate populations were less common. While results indicate that PCEPs follow many suggested best‐use practices, program impacts may be enhanced by greater discussion of economic incentivization, increased collaboration between conservation educators, and improved commitment to adaptive evaluation of changes to behaviors in addition to attitudes and knowledge. Am. J. Primatol. 77:434–448, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effekte des Volumenausschlusses in lebenden Zellen
Authors: Gnutt David , Gao Mimi , Brylski Oliver , Heyden Matthias , Ebbinghaus Simon
Published: December 2014

Biomoleküle entstehen und funktionieren in einer dicht gepackten und heterogenen zellulären Umgebung. Diese Bedingungen werden im Reagenzglas oft durch Zugabe künstlicher makromolekularer “Crowding”‐Reagentien imitiert. Dennoch ist es unklar, ob solche Kosolventien tatsächlich die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der zellulären Umgebung widerspiegeln, da der zelluläre “Crowding”‐Effekt bisher nicht quantifiziert wurde. Wir haben einen makromolekularen “Crowding”‐Sensor, der auf einem FRET‐markiertem Polymer basiert, entwickelt, um diese Effekte zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Volumenausschlusseffekte zu keiner Kompression des Sensors in der Zelle führen. Die durchschnittliche Konformation des Sensors ist dabei ähnlich zu der im verdünnten Puffer sowie im Zell‐Lysat. Ferner ist der zelluläre “Crowding”‐Effekt heterogen verteilt und verändert sich signifikant während eines osmotischen Schocks. Mithilfe dieser Methode lässt sich der zelluläre “Crowding”‐Effekt als Regulator von biomolekularen Reaktionen systematisch untersuchen.
ZnCl2‐Promoted Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Secondary‐Amino Ketones Catalyzed by a P‐Chiral Rh–Bisphosphine Complex
Authors: Hu Qiupeng , Zhang Zhenfeng , Liu Yangang , Imamoto Tsuneo , Zhang Wanbin
Published: December 2014

A new catalytic system has been developed for the asymmetric hydrogenation of β‐secondary‐amino ketones using a highly efficient P‐chiral bisphosphine–rhodium complex in combination with ZnCl2 as the activator of the catalyst. The chiral γ‐secondary‐amino alcohols were obtained in 90–94 % yields, 90–99 % enantioselectivities, and with high turnover numbers (up to 2000 S/C; S/C=substrate/catalyst ratio). A mechanism for the promoting effect of ZnCl2 on the catalytic system has been proposed on the basis of NMR spectroscopy and HRMS studies. This method was successfully applied to the asymmetric syntheses of three important drugs, (S)‐duloxetine, (R)‐fluoxetine, and (R)‐atomoxetine, in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Synthetic Ni‐talc as filler for producing polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Prado Manoela Argenton , Dias Guilherme , Carone Carlos , Ligabue Rosane , Dumas Angela , Le Roux Christophe , Micoud Pierre , Martin François , Einloft Sandra
Published: December 2014

New synthetic Ni‐talc was used as filler in the synthesis of polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites by in situ polymerization and to emphasize the contribution of the new material compared with natural talc. Good dispersion of Ni‐talc was supported by homogeneous green coloration observed in the polymer matrix. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicate the intercalation of polymeric matrix into the filler layers by the increase in d001‐spacing value of the Ni‐talc for the nanocomposites when compared to the pristine filler. The nanocomposites obtained with synthetic talc showed an improvement in the crystallization temperature and in thermal stability when compared to pure PU and the composite obtained with natural talc. The young modulus of PU/talc materials containing both Ni‐talc and natural talc were slight higher than pure PU. As shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Ni‐talc fillers were well dispersed into the polymeric matrix probably due to the good compatibility of both phases filler/polymer mainly achieved by the filler OH interaction with the urethane group of the polymeric chain. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41854.
Multi‐objective optimization of reactive extrusion by genetic algorithms
Authors: Zhang Guofang , Zhang Min , Jia Yuxi
Published: December 2014

In reactive extrusion processes for polymerization, a multi‐objective optimization model maximizing the monomer conversion whilst ensuring the low energy consumption was constructed. The selections of reactive processing conditions could be set automatically using an optimization methodology based on genetic algorithms coupled with the numerical simulation routines. Various case studies were discussed. Comparison with experimental data indicates that the design of processing conditions can be performed according to the prespecified objectives. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41862.
Effect of nanofiller on the behavior of a melt‐drawn HDPE/PA6 microfibrillar composite
Authors: Kelnar Ivan , Kaprálková Ludmila , Kratochvíl Jaroslav , Kotek Jiří , Kobera Libor , Rotrekl Jakub , Hromádková Jiřina
Published: December 2014

Microfibrillar composites (MFCs) with reinforcing fibrils formed in situ by melt drawing were modified by the addition of layered silicates using different mixing protocols, viz simultaneous addition of components, application of respective premade nanocomposites and their combinations. The objective was to combine reinforcement with changes in the final structure, especially the fibril dimensions. The presented results indicate good potential of the nanoclay to enhance the MFC based on the melt‐drawn HDPE/PA6 system. The best mechanical behavior was achieved with the simultaneous addition of all components. The majority of the nanofiller material was contained inside the PA6 fibrils. Both fibrils dimensions and mechanical behavior were significantly affected by the nanofiller migration to the PA6 phase in the course of mixing and melt drawing. Due to a complex effect of the clay, deterioration of mechanical properties was also found. As a result, numerous, in some cases contradictory, effects of nanofillers must be perfectly harmonized to improve the properties of MFCs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41868.
The Parasitic Worm Product ES‐62 Targets Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88–Dependent Effector Mechanisms to Suppress Antinuclear Antibody Production and Proteinuria in MRL/lpr Mice
Authors: Rodgers David T. , McGrath Mairi A. , Pineda Miguel A. , Al‐Riyami Lamyaa , Rzepecka Justyna , Lumb Felicity , Harnett William , Harnett Margaret M.
Published: December 2014

Objective

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that parasitic helminths (worms) protect against the development of autoimmune disease via a serendipitous side effect of worm‐derived immunomodulators that concomitantly promote parasite survival and limit host pathology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ES‐62, a phosphorylcholine‐containing glycoprotein secreted by the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, protects against kidney damage in an MRL/lpr mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

MRL/lpr mice progressively produce high levels of autoantibodies, and the resultant deposition of immune complexes drives kidney pathology. The effects of ES‐62 on disease progression were assessed by measurement of proteinuria, assessment of kidney histology, determination of antinuclear antibody (ANA) production and cytokine levels, and flow cytometric analysis of relevant cellular populations.

Results

ES‐62 restored the disrupted balance between effector and regulatory B cells in MRL/lpr mice by inhibiting plasmablast differentiation, with a consequent reduction in ANA production and deposition of immune complexes and C3a in the kidneys. Moreover, by reducing interleukin‐22 production, ES‐62 may desensitize downstream effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Highlighting the therapeutic importance of resetting B cell responses, adoptive transfer of purified splenic B cells from ES‐62–treated MRL/lpr mice mimicked the protection afforded by the helminth product. Mechanistically, this reflects down‐regulation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression by B cells and also kidney cells, resulting in inhibition of pathogenic cross‐talk among Toll‐like receptor–, C3a‐, and immune complex–mediated effector mechanisms.

Conclusion

This study provides the first demonstration of protection against kidney pathology by a parasitic worm–derived immunomodulator in a model of SLE and suggests therapeutic potential for drugs based on the mechanism of action of ES‐62.
Soluble Macrophage Biomarkers Indicate Inflammatory Phenotypes in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Daghestani Hikmat N. , Pieper Carl F. , Kraus Virginia B.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To evaluate the ability of the macrophage markers CD163 and CD14 to predict different osteoarthritis (OA) phenotypes defined by severity of joint inflammation, radiographic features and progression, and joint pain.

Methods

We evaluated 2 different cohorts totaling 184 patients with radiographic knee OA. These included 25 patients from a cross‐sectional imaging study for whom there were data on activated macrophages in the knee joint, and 159 patients (134 with 3‐year longitudinal data) from the longitudinal Prediction of Osteoarthritis Progression study. Multivariable linear regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association of CD163 and CD14 in synovial fluid (SF) and blood with OA phenotypic outcomes. Models were adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. P values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

SF CD14, SF CD163, and serum CD163 were associated with the abundance of activated macrophages in the knee joint capsule and synovium. SF CD14 was positively associated with severity of joint space narrowing and osteophytes in both cohorts. SF and plasma CD14 were positively associated with self‐reported knee pain severity in the imaging study. Both SF CD14 and SF CD163 were positively associated with osteophyte progression.

Conclusion

Soluble macrophage biomarkers reflected the abundance of activated macrophages and appeared to mediate structural progression (CD163 and CD14) and pain (CD14) in OA knees. These data support the central role of inflammation as a determinant of OA severity, progression risk, and clinical symptoms, and they suggest a means of readily identifying a subset of patients with an active inflammatory state and worse prognosis.
Direct Infection of Primary Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells by Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I in Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Nakamura Hideki , Takahashi Yoshiko , Yamamoto‐Fukuda Tomomi , Horai Yoshiro , Nakashima Yoshikazu , Arima Kazuhiko , Nakamura Tatsufumi , Koji Takehiko , Kawakami Atsushi
Published: December 2014

Objective

To investigate whether human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) directly infects salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) and induces the niche of the salivary glands in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS).

Methods

SGECs were cultured with the HTLV‐I–producing CD4+ T cell line HCT‐5 or with Jurkat cells. Antibody arrays, immunofluorescence analysis, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine the profiles of inflammation‐related molecules, and the profiles of apoptosis‐related molecules were determined by antibody array and immunofluorescence analysis. The presence of HTLV‐I–related molecules was assessed by immunofluorescence analysis and in situ polymerase chain reaction. Apoptosis of SGECs was evaluated by TUNEL staining.

Results

Among the SGECs, 7.8 ± 1.3% (mean ± SD) were positive for HTLV‐I–related proteins after 96‐hour coculture with HCT‐5 cells. Nuclear NF‐κB p65 was also detected in 10% of the SGECs. The presence of HTLV‐I proviral DNA in SGECs after coculture with HCT‐5 cells was detected by in situ polymerase chain reaction. After coculture of SGECs with HCT‐5, the expression of cytokines and chemokines, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, RANTES, and interferon γ–induced protein 10 kd (IP‐10/CXCL10) was increased in a time‐dependent manner. The expression of proapoptotic molecules (e.g., cytochrome c and Fas) and antiapoptotic molecules (e.g., Bcl‐2, Heme oxygenase 2, and Hsp27) was increased in the SGECs cocultured with HCT‐5, showing that apoptosis of SGECs was not detected after coculture with HCT‐5 or Jurkat cells.

Conclusion

HTLV‐I is thought to infect SGECs and alter their cellular functions. These changes may induce the niche of SS and contribute to the development of SS in anti–HTLV‐I antibody–positive individuals.
New findings on the three‐dimensional anatomical relations between the bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels at the pulmonary hilum
Authors: Onuki Takamasa , Kanzaki Masato , Kikkawa Takuma , Isaka Tamami , Sakamoto Kei , Oyama Kunihiro , Murasugi Masahide
Published: December 2014

During the 1940s, considerable knowledge was acquired about the anatomy of pulmonary segments, and anatomical terms were proposed and have been widely accepted. In recent years, minimally invasive and thoracoscopic segmentectomy has been performed with a versatile sublobar resection approach on patients with early peripheral lung cancer, metastatic lung tumors, and undiagnosed nodules. The three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy of the bronchi and the pulmonary vessels has also been studied in individual patients. Three‐dimensional models of the bronchi and pulmonary vessels were prepared using homemade software from computed tomograms (CT) of the chests of patients scheduled to undergo surgical procedures. Using these models, the authors examined the 3D positional relationships of the segmental broncho‐arterial triangle (SBAT) created by three points defined by the origins and courses of the bronchi and the pulmonary arteries, which are located apart from each other at the pulmonary hilum, and the segmental pulmonary veins (SPV), which run near the SBAT. In the left and right upper lobes, many branches of the pulmonary arteries and parallel bronchi in subsegments were widely separated at the origin of the pulmonary hilum, creating a relatively large SBAT. However, as an exceptional case, an SPV passed through an SBAT in only one of 158 patients. To our knowledge, no similar findings have been documented previously. Our findings could help to determine resection surfaces for thoracoscopic segmentectomy in the future, and provide new insights into the 3D anatomy and development of the lung. Clin. Anat. 28:506–511, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paclitaxel/carboplatin with or without sorafenib in the first‐line treatment of patients with stage III/IV epithelial ovarian cancer: a randomized phase II study of the Sarah Cannon Research Institute
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Thompson Dana S. , Bismayer John A. , Gian Victor G. , Merritt William M. , Whorf Robert C. , Finney Lindsey H. , Dudley B. Stephens
Published: December 2014

This trial compared the efficacy and toxicity of standard first‐line treatment with paclitaxel/carboplatin versus paclitaxel/carboplatin plus sorafenib in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Patients with stage 3 or 4 epithelial ovarian cancer with residual measurable disease or elevated CA‐125 levels after maximal surgical cytoreduction were randomized (1:1) to receive treatment with paclitaxel (175 mg/m2, 3 h infusion, day 1) and carboplatin (AUC 6.0, IV, day 1) with or without sorafenib 400 mg orally twice daily (PO BID). Patients were reevaluated for response after completing 6 weeks of treatment (two cycles); responding or stable patients received six cycles of paclitaxel/carboplatin. Patients receiving the sorafenib‐containing regimen continued sorafenib (400 PO BID) for a total of 52 weeks. Eighty‐five patients were randomized and received treatment.Efficacy was similar for patients receiving paclitaxel/carboplatin/sorafenib versus paclitaxel/carboplatin: overall response rates 69% versus 74%; median progression‐free survival 15.4 versus 16.3 months; 2 year survival 76% versus 81%. The addition of sorafenib added substantially to the toxicity of the regimen; rash, hand–foot syndrome, mucositis, and hypertension were significantly more common in patients treated with sorafenib. The addition of sorafenib to standard paclitaxel/carboplatin did not improve efficacy and substantially increased toxicity in the first‐line treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Based on evidence from this study and other completed trials, sorafenib is unlikely to have a role in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Reduce high‐risk drinking with tried‐and‐proven program
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: December 2014

Officials at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota wondered if they could ever shake the institution's long‐standing reputation as a party school. They wanted to improve students' safety, health and wellness, which all were being increasingly impacted by high‐risk drinking.
Evidence for thiol/disulfide exchange reactions between tubulin and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase
Authors: Landino Lisa M. , Hagedorn Tara D. , Kennett Kelly L.
Published: December 2014

While thiol redox reactions are a common mechanism to regulate protein structure and function, protein disulfide bond formation is a marker of oxidative stress that has been linked to neurodegeneration. Both tubulin and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) contain multiple cysteines that have been identified as targets for oxidation to disulfides, S‐nitrosation and S‐glutathionylation. We show that GAPDH is one of three prominent brain microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs), in addition to MAP‐2 and tau, with reactive cysteines. We detected a threefold to fourfold increase in tubulin cysteine oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of rabbit muscle GAPDH by 5‐iodoacetamidofluorescein labeling and by Western blot detection of higher molecular weight inter‐chain tubulin disulfides. In thiol/disulfide exchange experiments, tubulin restored ∼50% of oxidized GAPDH cysteines and the equilibrium favored reduced GAPDH. Further, we report that oxidized GAPDH is repaired by the thioredoxin reductase system (TRS). Restoration of GAPDH activity after reduction by both tubulin and the TRS was time‐dependent suggesting conformational changes near the active site cysteine149. The addition of brain MAPs to oxidized tubulin reduced tubulin disulfides and labeling of MAP‐2 and of GAPDH decreased. Because the extent of tubulin repair of oxidized GAPDH was dependent on buffer strength, we conclude that electrostatics influence thiol/disulfide exchange between the two proteins. The novel interactions presented herein may protect GAPDH from inhibition under oxidative stress conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.