bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The veto on images and the aniconic God in Ancient Israel
Authors: Mettinger Tryggve
Published: August 2018

Throughout the long history Israel was quite familiar with the phenomenon of cultic images, a familiarity which it acquired by contact with other cultures. From the pre-monarchic period we have the traditions—which in all probability were originally neutral—about the bronze serpent and Aaron's bull; the polemic in the latter narrative appears not to be original. We may here include the stories of Gideon's ephod and Micah's image as well. The official Jerusalem cult was undoubtedly aniconic, but the absence of images had scarcely taken on the character of a command in a fixed prohibition. The ark had not yet been rationalized into a mere container for the tablets of the testimony. In the Northern Kingdom the bull image in Bethel (and in Dan?) escaped prophetic criticism for one and a half centuries. Jehu's reforms did not alter this fact, nor do Elijah and Elisha seem to have expressed misgivings. First in the eighth century the prophetic polemic against images is formulated by Hosea immediately in its full force. The prohibition is one expression of the reaction against Canaanite culture and religion which found its most extreme form in the Rechabites' stubborn fight for nomadic ideals and their consequent refusal to live in houses, take up agriculture, or drink wine (Jer 35,6-7). When the prohibition is seen in this perspective, the question becomes little more than academic whether the ban was directed against images of foreign gods or representations of Israel's God. It is directed against both, the intention being to prohibit all cultic images. Its place in the decalogue is thus quite appropriate: it forms the transition from the prohibition of other gods to the commands regarding the divine name and the sabbath, both of which refer to the JHWH cult. The prohibition is of course not to be understood in an exclusively negative sense, as a safe-guard against syncretism. It may also be understood as positively expressing the distinctive character of Israel's understanding of the deity.
Ecstasy – a way to religious knowledge: some remarks to Paul Tillich as theologian and philosopher
Authors: Kurtén Tage
Published: August 2018

Much of the research examines ecstasy from the point of view of psychology, history or sociology, but a philosophical reflection on ecstasy is missing. Here, some points in the philosophical and theological thinking of Paul Tillich are presented. He can be looked upon as a religious thinker. In this case he is of interest for religiology mainly as historical material. Then he can be seen as a Christian who in modern time has tried theoretically to reflect upon his own religious faith and the place of ecstasy in that faith. He can also be regarded as a philosopher of religion, who tries to reflect universally and critically upon the phenomena of religion and ecstasy. In that case his main contribution to religiology is to help religiology to reflect upon the question of what possible meaning the concept of "religious ecstasy" can have in a modern scientific context. When looking at Tillich's ideas, it is very important to remember that he strives to be both a philosopher of religion and a Christian theologian, and that these two roles are different, according to Tillich. In any analysis of his thinking it is therefore necessary to discriminate between Tillich's philosophical and his theological statement. For Tillich's treatment of revelation and knowledge of revelation there are three central concepts: mystery, ecstasy and miracle. Every revelation has a subjective and an objective side, and they are both necessary for the revelation. Someone must be seized by the manifestation of the mystery and something must occur through which the mystery of revelation seizes someone, says Tillich. The subjective side is called ecstasy, the objective miracle.
Opferbeschreibungen in christlichen Schriften
Authors: Aðalsteinsson Jón
Published: August 2018

The article analyses Christian influences as they can be observed in the narrations of traditional Icelandic Sagas from the early Christian period. It gives special attention to rituals of offering as these are depicted in the Landnámabók (dating from the early 12th century) and a selection of Sagas.
Challenges in the study of religious values
Authors: Asafo Dziedzorm
Published: August 2018

There have been calls to take the transcendence and sacred in African thought seriously. The purpose of the discussion in this paper is to highlight some of the difficulties faced by researchers in their investigation and measurement of religious orientations: Broad areas discussed include theoretical, methodological, and ethical problems associated with social research in general but particularly with religious studies in Africa. The awareness of the theoretical, methodological, ideological and ethical dilemmas involved in social research may enhance the work of researchers in their contribution to knowledge and understanding of cultures.
Rethinking ‘God’: the concept of ‘God’ as a category in comparative religion
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka , Ketola Kimmo
Published: August 2018

Comparative religion should not remain isolated from other sciences. To enable interdisciplinary dialogue with other fields of study, scholars in comparative religion should make use of precise scientific concepts. 'God' is not a scientific but an emic concept used intuitively. Behind our intuitions about the concept of 'god' there are implicit Judeo-Christian assumptions. Substituting 'superhuman agent' for 'god' is no solution. The author provides some possible solutions; A) We might use the concept of 'god' only as a loose heuristic or interpretative term and drop it from theoretical language; B) We might also restrict the concept of 'god' only to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and conceptualize other traditions preferring their own emic terms; C) 'God' is made to refer to a very broad category of all kinds of entities somehow violating people's expectations of how entities ordinarily behave, and conceived of as superior to human.
A masquerade is not watched from one spot: reassessing the study of African religions
Authors: Danfulani Umar
Published: August 2018

The search for an adequate methodological approach to the study of African Religions in their multiformity has been a fervent one. In this paper, approaches to the study of African Religions today are proposed. These are polymethodic and multidimentional approaches, the contextual study of African Religions, the historical approaches (demonstrated in the art of masquerading), the need to balance synchronic and diachronic approaches, the use of art and iconography in the study and female studies. The fifth focuses on studying African Religions as insider. The author also examines the problems of the "insider" and the politics of doing research in history of religions in a Nigerian university.The conclusion strongly recommends a multidisciplinary approach for studying African Religions.
Charisma, volatility and violence: assessing the role of crises of charismatic authority in precipitating incidents of millenarian violence
Authors: Walliss John
Published: August 2018

In this article the author develops some of the points he has made elsewhere regarding the role of what may be termed ‘crises of charismatic authority’ in producing volatility or even violence within marginal apocalyptic religious groups. The last quarter of the twentieth century witnessed several incidents where such groups engaged in violent actions against themselves, others in the outside world, or typically both (among them the Peoples Temple in Guayana in 1978, Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas in 1994, Order of the Solar Temple in Switzerland, Quebec and France in 1997, Aum Shirinkyo, Japan in 1995, Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, Uganda in 2000). This notion of ‘crises of charismatic authority’ has in many ways become a central, recurring theme in the author's analysis of these incidents. While accepting that such crises were typically not sufficient in themselves to have precipitated each of the dramatic denouements the author has examined, he has come to the conclusion that they did play a major role in each; such crises played a much more significant role than that played by external opposition in almost all of the cases the author examined (the case of the Branch Davidians being perhaps the exception that proves the rule). In this article, the author discusses what he means by crises of charismatic authority (an important task in itself due to the diverse understandings of ‘charisma’ found within the literature) and presents a comparative analysis of some of the ways in which these crises can occur.
Did the Pietists become esotericists when they read the works of Jacob Boehme?
Authors: Mansikka Tomas
Published: August 2018

As is commonly known, Jacob Boehme (1575–1624) is, and has been ever since his emergence, difficult to place in the history of thought. He has, for instance, been characterized as ‘the most religious of philosophers’. As such Boehme could be seen to be on a borderline somewhere between philosophy and theology. From a reverse point of view, however, he could also be termed the most speculative of the religiously minded, as a deeply religious thinker or mystic. His influence is also shown in both fields; not only was he to play an important role within German philosophy during the Romantic era, but also, within the Pietist movement, or the movement for re­vival of piety within the Lutheran church. Focusing on the Pietist movement, initiated by Philipp Jakob Spener (1635–1705) in the late seventeenth century and its spread on Finnish ground, the author of this article shows that where Boehmian influence is traceable, it reached quite different environments depending on the movement’s leaders or followers. Also some light is shed on the controversy between Lutheran orthodoxy and Pietism in early eighteenth century Finland.
Popular culture and the ’darker side’ of alternative spirituality: the case of metal music
Authors: Moberg Marcus
Published: August 2018

Metal is perhaps the most extreme and aggressive form of contemporary Western popular music. Even though it continues to spark controversy and debate, it has also enjoyed enduring popularity for decades and has spread on a global scale. Metal music and culture has always been characterized by its fascination for dark and austere themes and imagery. Commonly dealing with topics such as evil, death, war, alienation and suffering, metal groups have traditionally found much inspiration in the world of religion, particularly Judeo-Christian eschatology and apocalypticism, different forms of paganism, occultism, esotericism and, last but not least, Satanism. These kinds of religious/spiritual themes have arguably developed into an integral part of metal culture on the whole. They contribute significantly to investing metal music and culture with an apparent aura of sincerity and mystique as well as to raising its shock and entertainment value. At the same time, metal culture is also marked by its high degree of humour and self-irony, its fondness for exaggeration, spectacle and over-the-top theatrics. Even so, metal stands out as a global popular music culture replete with various kinds of often dark and austere religious and spiritual themes, many of which stand in stark contrast to Christianity. Seen in the wider context of the changing face of religion in the West and the increasingly important role played by popular culture in the transformation of religious and spiritual identities, metal has come to play an important role in the dissemination of a wide variety of ‘dark’ alternative religious/spiritual beliefs and ideas. This article sheds further light on this issue through focusing on some contemporary and successful metal groups from the Nordic countries. In relation to this, attention is also drawn to some of the ways in which dark alternative religious/spiritual ideas may be viewed as having become an inseparable part of some sections of metal culture as they have become actively and consciously explored, and sometimes explicitly pro­moted, by the well known contemporary metal groups discussed in this article.
The Royal pilgrimage of the Goddess Nanda
Authors: Sax William
Published: August 2018

Once every twelve years, when it is thought that some calamity has taken place because of the curse of the goddess Nanda Devi, a four-horned ram is born in the fields of the former king of Garhwal, an erstwhile Central Himalayan kingdom in north India (see map of Garhwal). This four-horned ram leads a procession of priests and pilgrims on the most dangerous and spectacular pilgrimage in all of India: a three-week, barefoot journey of one-hundred and sixty-four miles, during some of the worst weather of the year, at the end of the rainy season. The procession reaches Rupkund, a small pond located at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, which is surrounded by human­ skeletons, and from there it goes yet further, to Homkund, the ‘Lake of the Fire Sacrifice’. According to the faithful, the four-horned ram leaves the procession at that point and finds its way, unaided, to the summit of Mount Trishul. As its name suggests, the Royal Procession is closely associated with the ruler of this erstwhile Himalayan kingdom: he attends its inaugural rituals, the bones that litter the shores of Rupkund are believed to be those of one of his ancestors, and the chief sponsor of the event is a local ‘Prince’ who is thought to be descended from the first kings of Garhwal. This Prince traverses the domain of his ancestors and thereby lays claim to it in the name of the goddess Nanda, who is not only his lineage goddess but was also the royal goddess of the neighbouring kingdom of Kumaon, in pre-colonial times. Although the Royal Procession ideally fosters social integration, it was disrupted in 1987 by a quarrel between two factions of priests. The goddess’s itinerary, the culminating date of the pilgrimage, the type of sacrifice to be performed, the order of procession, the participation of previously excluded persons, and the competency of certain ritual specialists—all were subjects of heated dispute between the rival groups. What was the reason for this quarrel? The whole idea of the Progress was to create unity, yet in the event they were torn apart by an acrimonious dispute. So why were they quarrelling if it was ‘only’ a ritual, a matter of mere symbols? Although we often distinguish between the realms of ‘politics’ and ‘ritual’, and although many social scientists would balk at the idea that they are one and the same, in many cases – as the author argues in this article – they pervade each other: ritual is politics and politics is ritual.
Truth, body and religion
Authors: Eriksson Jarl-Thure
Published: August 2018

This paper is based on the words of welcome to the symposium on Religion and the Body on 16 June 2010.  In a religious context ‘truth’ is like a mantra, a certain imperative to believe in sacred things. The concept of truth and falseness arises, when we as humans compare reality, as we experience it through our senses, with the representation we have in our memory, a comparison of new information with stored information. If we look for the truth, we have to search in the human mind. There we will also find religion.
The sacredness of the self, of society and of the human body: the case of a Finnish transgender pastor Marja-Sisko Aalto
Authors: Anttonen Veikko
Published: August 2018

In 2008 the change of sex of a Finnish transgender pastor attracted media attention to Lutheran Christianity on a worldwide scale, which compared to other religious traditions seldom makes it to the world news. This article­ discusses the sex reassignment undergone by Marja-Sisko Aalto, a Lutheran pastor from the town of Imatra, in south eastern Finland, who in 2008, at the age of 54, was transformed into a woman. First some remarks on the relation between religion and the body are made and terminological issues are discussed briefly. The second part of the article presents Aalto's life story based on the author's interview with her in April 2010. In the last section the author discusses the Finnish cognitive scholar Ilkka Pyysiäinen’s reflection on folk biology as an explanation for making sense of the public image regarding a priest’s gender. The article concludes by looking at Marja-Sisko Aalto’s case from the perspective of marking boundaries between the categories of the self, the society and the human body.
The rise and fall of the Pentecostals: the role and significance of the body in Pentecostal spirituality
Authors: Singleton Andrew
Published: August 2018

This paper addresses the role and significance of the body in contempor­ary Pentecostalism. It begins with a description of the various body-centred spiritual experiences common in this tradition. Next, it considers the social context of the Pentecostal body, arguing that the premium and importance placed on outward bodily experiences is consistent with a broader societal focus on bodies and bodily appearance. Finally, it draws on in-depth interview data with Pentecostals to illustrate the processes involved in coming to have an experience in which one’s body becomes the highly visible locus of spirituality. No longer restrained and ordered, the contemporary Christian body is exuberant, released to worship and be overcome by God. Being slain in the Spirit is the most prominent example of this shift in contemporary spirituality. The Pentecostal emphasis on bodily experiences is consistent with the late modern interest in the outward appearance of the body.
Exploring the social without a separate domain for religion: on actor-network theory and religion
Authors: Lassander Mika , Ingman Peik
Published: August 2018

In post-secular societies—after secularisation—it may increasingly be the case that the connecting and structuring of religious matter is done outsidedesignated religious sites and without appointed religious experts. The centres of calculation have changed and so the connections between these are different. The former ways of translation and ordering are transforming into new ones. By exiting the designated sites religious matter has found new freedom with the new associations and inventions in the processes of translation. Less control leads to more heterogeneous agencies and facilitates the mobility of religious materials. This less controlled mobility of religious actants can also produce an apparent increase of religious matter, but this does not necessarily mean the return of religion. In any case, this increased plurality combined with increased mobility calls for perspectives which can recognise novelty, andnot just in comparison with previous states of affairs. Actor-network theory (ANT) is about tracing the webs of associations between myriad actants whose collective actions produce what we call ‘society’. Dismissing the notion of ‘the social’ as a kind of ‘stuff ’, ANT insists that sociology should focus on the interactional processes—the circulation of ‘the social’ among human and non-human actants—collectively assembling emerging states of affairs.
Modes of betel leaf consumption in early India
Authors: Gutierrez Andrea
Published: August 2018

In this article, I analyse some food practices surrounding betel in early Indian history. Betel consumption was not prescribed for everyone in Brahmanical society. Hence I examine texts referring to betel from the late pre-modern to early modern era (roughly 300–1800 ce) in order to explain proscriptions of betel in the legal discourse that discusses religious practice. The literature I consider in my analysis of betel consumption ranges from the kāmaśāstra genre, influential works of tantra, texts detailing worship, and ascetic and renunciant guides. Material cultural studies aid my exploration of betel as a socio-religious identity marker and my development of three modes of betel consumption and one mode of non-consumption.
POSTMODERNİTE TECRÜBESİ, TÜKETİM KÜLTÜRÜ VE ‘SATIN ALMA HİYERARŞİSİ’ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: UĞURLU AKBAŞ Özge
Published: August 2018

Yeni endüstriyel süreçler, estetikleştirilmiş birey ve
yaşam hikayelerine olanak tanımasıyla betimlenmeye devam ederken, “postmodern” deyişi de bireyin benlik duygularını saptamasına yardımcı
olan eski, sabit değerlerin yer değiştirdiği bir toplumu akla getirir. Kendine özgü
olanın yüceltilip, genel geçer kuralların reddedildiği bu dönemin başat olgusu
ise tüketim üzerinden edinilen haz ve bunun sürekli kılınmasıdır.Modernleşme teorisi; endüstrileşme, bilim ve teknolojinin gelişimi, modern ulus devlet, kapitalist dünya piyasası, kentleşme ve diğer alt
yapısal öğelere yaslanan toplumsal gelişme aşamalarından
açıklamak amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Bu
çalışma, tarihsel köklerinden koparmadan moderniteyi ve toplumsal dinamiklerini
irdeleyerek, dönüşümü ve postmodernite tecrübesini bunun üzerinden tanımlama çabasındadır.
Bireylerin
farklı yaşam tarzları ve tüketim alışkanlıkları üzerindeki değişimi öncelikle
kent ve moda olgusu üzerinden çözümleme niyeti taşımaktadır. Dönüşümün bir
diğer odağı dijital alan ve bu platformdan hızla yayılan tüketme odaklı
iletilerdir.  Dijital alanın bu dönüşümdeki
kritik rolü, tüketim kültürünün yayılım hızını en üst noktaya çıkarması ve
hedeflenen nihai satın alma davranışına güdülemesi açısından irdelenmektedir.

Tüketim edimi ve tüketim toplumu kavramları
literatürde sıkça ele alınan konular olmasına karşın, bu çalışma tüketim
kültürünün ‘öznesi’ olan bireyin, moda, kent ve dijitalleşme eksenindeki dönüşümüne
vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tüketim kültürü, hesapsızlık ve savurganlığa
bir alternatif olarak yorumlanabilecek satın alma hiyerarşisi (buyerarchy of
needs) kavramıyla beraber değerlendirilmektir.
RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF LOW VOLTAGE DEVICES
Authors: Gracheva E. , Safin A. , Sadykov R.
Published: August 2018

To assess the operability and technical condition of low-voltage devices, it is proposed to use the resistance of contact connections. The probability of failure-free operation is proposed to be evaluated by the dependence of the resistance of the contact connections of the apparatus on the number of switching operations. As a result of wear, the initial value of the contact resistance of the switching device increases and reaches a critical value at which the switching device fails. Due to the fact that in the process of research there are both complete contact failures and short-term switching of only one time, the contact resistance is exceeded by the contact resistance of the threshold value. For magnetic starters, circuit breakers and contactors, based on the results of the experimental studies carried out, in order to achieve the critical resistance value of the apparatus, аn average of three times the initial resistance. At the same time, the quantitative characteristics of the functioning efficiency are determined by the methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics. The set of the obtained quantitative indicators allows to determine the actual level of reliability of contacting, and also extends the possibility of predicting performance ratings in the design.  In the present article, a method for the complex evaluation of the efficiency of low-voltage apparatus has been developed and the laws of the change in the resistance of contact connections and the probability of failure-free operation of low-voltage switching devices have been revealed, depending on the operating conditions.
UNSTEADY FRICTION AND HEAT TRANSFER IN THE INITIAL PIPELINE SECTION AT THE RESET OF THERMAL LOAD
Authors: Gilfanov K. H. , Yakimov N. D. , Minvaleev N. Y. , Sheshukov E. G. , Bogdanova N. W.
Published: August 2018

The results of numerical and experimental study of wall friction and heat transfer in a short cylindrical channel are presented. Hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of nonstationary high-temperature gas flow are determined. The results are summarized in the framework of boundary layer theory.
ANALYSIS OF LAYOUT SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYSIS SHOP OF HYDROGEN SUPERSTRUCTURE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE RELIABILITY AND EXPLOSION RISK
Authors: Aminov R. Z. , Portyankin A. V.
Published: August 2018

The article considers the layout solutions of the electrolysis shop of the hydrogen superstructure outside the territory of the nuclear power plant. To do this, an annual risk assessment was carried out taking into account the reliability and explosion risk for 1-4, 8 and 16 separate electrolysis shops installed on the site of the hydrogen superstructure. When taking into account equipment breakdowns, with possible explosions and fires in electrolysis plants, the risk due to fires and explosions was several times lower than the risk associated with equipment failures. Calculations showed that the transfer of electrolysis plants to increased hydrogen productivity in the event of failure of one of the cells is the best option in comparison with the reduction in the generation of electricity at the steam turbine installation of the hydrogen superstructure.
MODELING OF THE MACHINE FOR THE BALANCING OF THE ROTOR IN THE ANSYS SOFTWARE COMPLEX
Authors: Tazeyev I. R. , Gaponenko S. O. , Kondratiev A. E. , Zamaliev A. N.
Published: August 2018

An imbalance appears during the manufacture, operation and maintenance of power equipment. The rotor imbalance arises due to the unbalanced masses of the rotor which leads to the emergence of variable loads on the supports and bending of the rotor. The dynamic balancing of the rotor on the balancing machine is the way to avoid the negative effects of centrifugal forces. The balancing machines in resonant and soft-bearing modes are usually used on modern production. However, these methods of balancing has a number of shortcoming, which can be solved by using the hard-bearing method. For example, an ability of balancing of products with huge imbalance and increasing the accuracy of balancing. 

Application of soft-bearing balancing method needs to be added in other ways, taking into account high reqiuirments of the power equipment. A model of a hard-bearing balancing machine was designed for balancing rotors and rotating elements of power equipment. The Autodesk Inventor CAD software was used for modeling of the balancing machine and the rotor. 

The modal analysis was conducted by using the block method of Lanczos on the basis of the ANSYS system. The main assumption during the modal analysis process was that the form of free fluctuations is calculated in relative units and does not allow to determine absolute shifts. The natural oscillation frequencies of the 3D models of the balancing machine bed and the rotor of the gas turbine engine 16M were calculated to determine the informative frequency range that the rotor should be hard-bearing balanced.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL-THEORETICAL MODEL FOR THE NOISE FIELD OF THERMAL POWER PLANT EQUIPMENT
Authors: Gorbunova O. A. , Pavlov G. I.
Published: August 2018

This article studies problems of forecasting of noise pollution by thermal power plant equipment, industrial boilers, etc. An acoustic model of a residential area, exposed to power plant equipment noise nuisance, has been developed by means of AWM “Acoustics” software using obtained data. Practical application of the experimental-theoretical model for the noise field was demonstrated for efficiency estimation of the proposed engineering solution to noise reduction.
METHODS AND SYSTEMS CONTROL THE SUPPORTS OF THE TUBULAR RODS USED IN THE ENERGY CONSTRUCTION WHEN EXPOSED TO STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS
Authors: Gatiyatov I. Z. , Sabitov L. S.
Published: August 2018

The article presents the methods and installations of control supports tubular rods used in power construction when exposed to static and dynamic loads. Test methods are described.
EPISTIMOLOGI USHUL FIQH DALAM KONSTRUK HISTORIS
Authors: Sakirman Sakirman
Published: August 2018

At the time of the Prophet was alive all the issues were based on the revelations and ordinances of the prophet. However, when the prophet had died of Muslims find it difficult to decide on various issues, especially relating to new problems that have not been mentioned in the Qur'an and Sunnah. Therefore, after the death of the prophet every cleric diligence to provide answers to the problems faced by law. In the historical development of usul fiqh was recognized two categorization are dominate the thinking of ushul fiqh, ushul mutakalimin and ushul hanafiyah. Ushul mutakalimin was recognized as ushul is rasionalis, ushul Hanafiyah was recognized as ushul was doctriner. But, majority of moslem scholar express that nearest by al-ra'yi was sect Hanafi was desain from the beginning theory al- Syafi’i is cope to look for the road; street sintesis from second of the tendency.
PRINSIP AL-TAYSĪR DALAM FIQH AL-AQALLIYĀT YŪSUF AL-QARAḌĀWĪ
Authors: Khalil Abdul Wahab
Published: August 2018

The Muslim minorities in the West who are currently dealing with a multitude of problem receives attention from Muslim scholars. Syaikh Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī is the first Muslim scholar who attempted to provide a solution to the problems, especially related to the implementation of religious teachings, as he outlined it in the framework of fiqh al-aqalliyāt. In principle, this is not something new in Islamic jurisprudence, because its legal sources are still the same. Nevertheless, this kind of fiqh is different in the sense that it does not merely talk about legal issues, but also the problems of theology and morals that the Muslim minorities in the West are currently dealing with in their relations with non-Muslims. Fiqh al-aqalliyyāt is also characterized by the use of the principle of al-taysīr as clearly prominent in the fatwās by Syaikh Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī, such as on the validity of both performing Friday prayer in the morning due to limited time for religious sermon (khuṭbah) and during ẓuhr time in some countries. This article will explore further this principle of al-taysīr in the Qaraḍāwī’s fiqh al-aqalliyyāt.

Keywords: Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī, Fiqh al-Aqalliyāt, al-Taysīr
Pengkajian Ushul Fiqh Bagi Pemula di PTKI : Tantangan, Refleksi dan Evaluasi
Authors: Anwar Mokhamad Zainal
Published: August 2018

Artikel ini membahas perihal bagaimana para mahasiswa dengan latar belakang non madrasah/pesantren mempelajari Ushul Fiqh sebagai mata kuliah wajib bagi mahasiswa yang belajar di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam (PTKI). Tulisan ini berangkat dari pengalaman penulis yang dalam satu tahun terakhir memfasilitasi kegiatan belajar mengajar mata kuliah Ushul Fiqh di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam IAIN Surakarta dimana mayoritas mahasiswanya berasal dari SMK/SMA. Tulisan ini menyebut mahasiswa PTKI yang berasal dari non madrasah/pesantren sebagai pemula dalam  studi Islam di level perguruan tinggi. Tulisan ini diawali dengan pendahuluan yang memaparkan konteks, urgensi dan kebaruan studi. Dilanjutkan dengan pengalaman fasilitasi pembelajaran Ushul Fiqh serta usulan pembelajaran Ushul Fiqh bagi pemula.
HAM DAN PROBLEM PENEGAKANNYA PERSPEKTIF MAQA>S}ID AL-SHARI>’AH; Prospek dan Tantangan
Authors: Humaidi Zuhri
Published: August 2018

Tulisan ini mengangkat isu penegakan HAM dalam perspektif Maqa>s}id al-Shari>’ah. Jika dianalisis secara filosofis-paradigmatis, HAM tidak bersifat oposisional dengan Shari>’ah, khususnya menyangkut prinsip-prinsip dasar yang diformulasikan dalam Maqa>s}id al-Shari>’ah. Maqa>s}id al-Shari>’ah bisa menjadi basis legitimasi filosofis-paradigmatis dalam konteks penegakan HAM di dunia muslim. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa problem muncul ketika menyangkut kasus-kasus spesifik, seperti hukuman mati, isu gender dan perlakuan terhadap non muslim. Kasus tersebut menunjukkan, bahwa perdebatan HAM dan Shari>’ah lebih bernuansa politis, sosial dan ekonomis, seperti merosotnya wibawa PBB sebagai otoritas yang netral, bias kepentingan negara-negara maju, penguasaan sumber daya alam, politik korporasi, dan sebagainya. Kata Kunci; HAM, Shari>’ah dan Maqa>s}id al-Shari>’ah
STUDI METODOLOGI HUKUM ISLAM: FIKIH PEMBAHARUAN DALAM PANDANGAN GAMAL AL-BANNA DAN RELEVANSINYA DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN FIKIH DI INDONESIA
Authors: Asyari Khoirul Hadi
Published: August 2018

This study is based on library research examines the discourse of fiqh reform in view of Gamal al-Banna. Gamal al-Banna is one of the younger brothers of Hasan al-Banna. This study has  some questions: first, what is Gamal al-Banna’s opinion; second, how social and political biography that covers the life of Gamal al-Banna; third, how their relevance to the development of jurisprudence in Indonesia. By the qualitative research methods, analytical content, historical approach and content analysis are used to investigate the books related in gaining datas of Gamal al-Banna’s thought, while historical approach try to investigate how scope and biographies are in the neighborhood of Gamal al-Banna. The results of this study are: first, Gamal al-Banna reforms fiqh more moderate than his brother Hassan al-Banna; secondly, to know Gamal al-Banna's life biography; and third, determine its relevance to the development of Fiqh reform in Indonesia. Kata Kunci : Fikih, Pembaharuan, Gamal, Relevansi
MENGGALI ‘ILLAT HUKUM PERBEDAAN AGAMA SEBAGAI HALANGAN WARIS
Authors: Wahyudi Muhammad Isna
Published: August 2018

Kompilasi Hukum Islam does not regulate interfaith inheritance distinctly. It only requires the testator and the heirs have the same religion. At court, judges of religious courts employ obligatory bequest (waṣiat wājibah) to divide inheritance to non-Muslim heirs, based on jurisprudence of the Supreme Court Number 368 K/AG/1995. As the result, different faith still become hindrance for Muslim and non-Muslim to inherit each other due to law enforcement without considering the legal reasoning (ratio legis) of the law. In this case, it is important to investigate the legal reason (ratio legis) of the hadith that prohibits the interfaith inheritance as this article tries to do. To do the investigation, the author employs Islamic legal theories (uṣūl fikih) and hermeneutics approach. As the result, the author comes to the conclusion that the ratio legis of the hadith that prohibits the interfaith inheritance is due to hostility and crime element and not due to different faith.

Keywords: Interfaith Inheritance, Ratio Legis, Equality
RADIKALISME DI DUNIA MAYA: MENEMUKAN TUHAN DI MESIN PENCARIAN
Authors: Anam Khoirul
Published: August 2018

This study discusses the important role of the media, especially the Internet as a propaganda tool for the action of radicalism and the spread of terrorism in the name of religion. The virtual world has indeed changed the pattern and the map of radicalism and terrorism, with this technological advancement, terror is no longer only done with disgusting actions through various physical crimes, but also through the doctrination of religiously wrapped religious teachings. If the jelly catches the information, these unfounded abusive doctrines will naturally die. Radicalism and terrorism have indeed leveled up, but that does not mean that its existence can not be destroyed

Keywords: Radicalism, Religion and internet
THE UNION OF GOD: UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF THE HOLY SPIRIT IN CATHOLICISM
Authors: Maufur Maufur
Published: August 2018

During this time Trinitias is widely misunderstood by Muslims as a form of polytheism. The Trinity is assumed to be three distinct entities: God the Father, Lord the Son, and the Holy Spirit. This paper seeks to examine the dogma of the Holy Spirit as one element of the Trinity. This paper concludes that in Catholic, the Holy Spirit is the unity of the Father and the Son in the form of Love that is near in the created universe. The Holy Spirit is also God and is equal to the fi rst and second person of God, and therefore His presence as commanded by God does not mean that He is inferior to the other two. The presence of the Holy Spirit in this world means the salvation, liberation, and existence of the Christian community (ie followers of Jesus) who came to be known as the Church.

Keywords: Trinity, Holy Spirit, Catholicism
Speaking Performance of Islamic Boarding School and Public School-Based Graduates: A Comparative Study
Authors: Irfani Bambang , Meisuri  , Rohmatillah
Published: August 2018

This study aims 1) to compare the speaking performance of university students who graduated from Islamic boarding school and public school-based senior high schools and 2) to investigate the potential factors affecting the difference of their speaking performance. First year students of a State Islamic University in Lampung - Indonesia participated as the subjects of research. The data of students’ speaking performance was obtained from the documentation of students’ speaking entrance test score. Then, a semi-closed-ended questionnaire investigating the curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular programs in their previous high schools covering the sorts, the frequency, and the duration of the activities was distributed to disclose the underlying reasons of the speaking performance differences. The results revealed that generally the Islamic boarding school-based senior high school graduates’ speaking performance is slightly better than the public-based one with a minor difference on the five aspects of speaking assessment. The former showed better achievement in fluency, vocabulary and comprehension, whereas the latter got better result in grammar and pronunciation. Dissimilar variations of the co-curricular and extra-curricular activities at both types of school and the frequency of the activities might be the potential factors affecting the differences.
Desarrollo tecnológico y Brecha tecnológica entre países de América Latina.
Authors: Serrano Moya Edgar David
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: estudiar el origen de las brechas tecnológicas entre algunos países de América Latina y verificar si se consolida un sistema regional de avance tecnológico.Metodología: desde el concepto de frontera tecnológica, se indagó sobre el desarrollo tecnológico en algunos países de América Latina. Para ello, se compararon variables estándar y sistemas institucionales para el avance tecnológico de esos países. Se aclaró el concepto y alcances de frontera tecnológica, que es transversal al artículo. Luego, se siguió el método comparativo para analizar las diferencias o semejanzas en desarrollo tecnológico entre los países seleccionados para el estudio (también se menciona Estados Unidos y países de la OCDE).Resultados: se confirma la existencia de brechas en el desarrollo tecnológico entre los países de América Latina en relación con la innovación y la productividad. Se evidencia una notoria divergencia de la productividad del sector manufacturero de América Latina frente a la de Estados Unidos. En este país del norte, la tasa de crecimiento de la productividad aumentó de 3% a 5% anual, en la segunda mitad de los noventa. En América Latina el crecimiento de la productividad se situó alrededor del 2% entre 2002 y 2007.Conclusiones: las diferencias giran en torno al grado de desarrollo económico regional. En particular, el esfuerzo de los actores regionales para el impulso de actividades de investigación, desarrollo e innovación, lo mismo que la generación de empleo. También se concluye que los sectores de mayor desarrollo en innovación están presentes en las actividades manufactureras con innovaciones radicales.
Retos y alcances de la vecindad de México con Estados Unidos. Mirada desde el escritor mexicano José Revueltas
Authors: Valles Ruiz Rosa María
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: analizar el artículo “Los intelectuales mexicanos frente a Norteamérica” y el subtítulo “Con los Estados Unidos de mañana”, publicado en 1943 por el mexicano José Revueltas, sobre los retos y alcances de la vecindad de México con Estados Unidos. Con esto se explican –en estrecha relación con el contexto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial– las razones geopolíticas e históricas de la relación entre ambas naciones.Metodología: se analizó, semánticamente, el contenido del artículo. El método de análisis del discurso, permitió ampliar y profundizar el significado del artículo. Se siguió la línea metodológica que subraya que las expresiones discursivas no se separan de la situación en que han sido emitidas. Cada evento comunicativo cumple la función de expresar algún pensamiento o sentimiento efectivo en ese momento y en esa situación.Resultados: la mirada del escritor José Revueltas sobre las relaciones México-Estados Unidos, en el contexto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se caracteriza por destacar los elementos civilizatorios que hacen ver la posibilidad de establecer una convivencia pacífica y respetuosa en ambos países. Se evidencia la habilidad del escritor para usar la polifonía y algunas categorías del análisis estilístico. El análisis refleja las aristas conflictivas de las relaciones entre México y Estados Unidos.Conclusiones: El contexto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial influye en el escritor, porque su discurso se encuentra inmerso en una situación social en la cual México forma parte de los Aliados, junto a Estados unidos, en la contienda internacional.
La Guerra contra las Drogas en Colombia y México: estrategias fracasadas
Authors: Rosen Jonathan Daniel , Zepeda Martínez Roberto
Published: August 2018

Objetivos: evaluar las estrategias y resultados de la guerra contra las drogas en Colombia y México, por medio de iniciativas como el Plan Colombia y la Iniciativa Mérida.Metodología: se recurre al método cualitativo con el fin de analizar los programas de cooperación anti-narcóticos en las Américas, en especial entre Estados Unidos, Colombia y México. El análisis se concentra en la producción y tráfico de drogas; organizaciones criminales o cárteles del narcotráfico y los niveles de violencia. Además, se recurre al método comparativo para contrastar el contexto político-institucional e histórico en México y Colombia, así como los esquemas de cooperación bilateral y multilateral.Resultados: las estrategias aplicadas en la guerra contra las drogas han fracasado en sus principales objetivos, como son: erradicar la producción y tráfico de drogas y aniquilar a las organizaciones criminales o cárteles del narcotráfico. El Plan Colombia y la Iniciativa Mérida han sido un fracaso considerando la consecución de sus objetivos primordiales.Conclusiones: México no asimiló las lecciones del Plan Colombia, ya que gran parte de la estrategia que se adoptó para combatir a los cárteles del narcotráfico fue la militarización del país, una medida contraproducente y fallida como lo demuestra el caso de Colombia.
La escritura en el aula como instrumento de aprendizaje. Estudio en universidades.
Authors: Giraldo Giraldo Camilo
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: establecer si en las aulas universitarias de Manizales se hace uso intencional de la escritura como instrumento de enseñanza-aprendizaje e identificar estrategias de escritura aplicadas en el aula y las posibles orientaciones curriculares al respecto.Metodología: se aplicó encuesta con preguntas cerradas y abiertas y entrevista abierta a 200 profesores de cinco universidades de Manizales. Con ello, se buscó la verificación de dos hipótesis: a) en el aula universitaria no se usa, intencionalmente, la escritura como instrumento para la enseñanza-aprendizaje y b) losdocentes consideran que la enseñanza de la escritura se debe dejar a las materias de lectoescritura.Resultados: se corroboró la primera hipótesis con el 99% de las respuestas. De los 200 docentes participantes, 198 respondieron que no usan la escritura en el aula para apuntalar el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje, de una manera intencional y anunciada a los estudiantes. Aunque ocho (8) respondieron que sí aplican escritura en el aula, anotaron que no lo hacen con el propósito anunciado y consciente de escribir para aprender y menos comunicándolo abiertamente en clase. La hipótesis b no se confirmó. Sólo el 2% de los participantes expresó que no es necesaria la práctica de la escritura en el aula de disciplinas diferentes a las de lectoescritura. En las respuestas del 98% de los encuestados emergió la variable Transversalidad, para señalar el estatus que debería ocupar la escritura en el aula.Conclusiones: los docentes no están formados para practicar escritura disciplinar en el aula y los currículos no lo consideran. La docencia, generalmente, transmite y reproduce; esto es, se enfoca más en el acto de la enseñanza que en la preocupación porque el estudiante comprenda y apropie.
Mercados mundiales y racionalización del uso del agua en Mendoza (Argentina)
Authors: Ivars Jorge Daniel
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: determinar cómo los agentes agrícolas de Mendoza (Argentina) mejor integrados a los circuitos agroalimentarios mundiales asumen, a través de la racionalización de sus prácticas, determinados saberes y lógicas en torno al uso del agua asociadas a condiciones de mercados globales.Metodología: estudio de caso colectivo en el que la multiplicación de las unidades de análisis permitió, mediante una observación etnográfica, abordar este fenómeno social complejo. Las técnicas de recolección y producción de información primaria fueron la entrevista en profundidad y las visitas a campo que constituyeron un minucioso.Resultados: entre los productores agrícolas no integrados a mercados mundiales se evidenció que los riegos no son tecnificados, ni siquiera aplican tecnologías rudimentarias. Por el contario, entre los productores mejor integrados a mercados mundiales no sólo se encontró la presencia de tecnologías muy sofisticadas, sino también una serie de elementos simbólicos emergentes como necesidad de incorporación de tecnología, eficiencia, matematización de la experiencia y control de la naturaleza.Conclusiones: los mercados internacionales ejercen una “tracción” sobre la prácticas agro-culturales y las del uso del agua en particular, que no sólo condiciona la producción agroindustrial, sino además las racionalidades de los propios sujetos vinculados al proceso productivo, profundizando aún más las diferencias sociales entre los oferentes de mercados locales y mundiales.
Relatos y metáforas en la estructura cognitiva de la exclusión social
Authors: Arrubla Sánchez Ricardo
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: identificar los tipos de exclusión en los referentes cognitivos que son representados a través del lenguaje en las relaciones sociales y su concordancia con la semántica de la violencia y el manejo de las emociones irracionales.Metodología: estudio cualitativo - deductivo con método documental y registro de actos de habla para la identificación de categorías semánticas y léxicas articuladas al eje central: exclusión, discriminación y otras formas de violencia verbal.Resultados: se identificó la existencia de estructuras excluyentes en el lenguaje, las cuales se han manejado como un hecho cultural y están presentes en formas semánticas y pragmáticas, tales como: el manejo de los duales aparentes, el uso de diminutivos o adjetivos, el camuflaje de las cogniciones distorsionadas y la disimetría en los discursos.Conclusiones: se concluye que estructuras excluyentes enraizadas en el lenguaje son expresadas a través de los relatos y metáforas que los individuos y comunidades construyen para representarse y hablar en su vida cotidiana. Su construcción lógica actúa como un dispositivo de defensa en un contexto violento que revalida dichas formas de expresión e impide que se pueda incorporar un pensamiento que conduzca a relaciones más humanas de igualdad y tolerancia.