bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Problems with Subsidies for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Freebairn John
Published: October 2022

The use of motor vehicles in Australia generates external costs. The external costs are associated with government expenditure on road infrastructure, traffic congestion and road accidents as well as pollution. A subsidy for electric vehicles will reduce the pollution external cost, and more so as the share of electricity generated from fossil fuels declines. However, the subsidy‐induced increase in motor vehicle use will increase the other external costs. Also, the subsidy and the fall in excise tax revenue collected will add to the budget deficit. The phase‐in of electric vehicles provides an opportunity to reform special taxes and charges on the use of motor vehicles. The current ad hoc and long time ago imposed government taxes and charges on motor vehicles should be replaced with explicit taxes to internalise each of the external costs of motor vehicles.
Riboflavin depletion promotes longevity and metabolic hormesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Yerevanian Armen , Murphy Luke M. , Emans Sinclair , Zhou Yifei , Ahsan Fasih M. , Baker Daniel , Li Sainan , Adedoja Adebanjo , Cedillo Lucydalila , Stuhr Nicole L. , Gnanatheepam Einstein , Dao Khoi , Jain Mohit , Curran Sean P. , Georgakoudi Irene , Soukas Alexander A.
Published: October 2022

Riboflavin is an essential cofactor in many enzymatic processes and in the production of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Here, we report that the partial depletion of riboflavin through knockdown of the C. elegans riboflavin transporter 1 (rft‐1) promotes metabolic health by reducing intracellular flavin concentrations. Knockdown of rft‐1 significantly increases lifespan in a manner dependent upon AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/aak‐2, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, and FOXO/daf‐16. Riboflavin depletion promotes altered energetic and redox states and increases adiposity, independent of lifespan genetic dependencies. Riboflavin‐depleted animals also exhibit the activation of caloric restriction reporters without any reduction in caloric intake. Our findings indicate that riboflavin depletion activates an integrated hormetic response that promotes lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans.
Managers' equity‐based compensation and soft‐talk management cash flow forecasts
Authors: Wang Weixiao , Zhang Lijuan
Published: October 2022

We investigate whether managers use their discretion in cash flow forecasts to influence the value of their equity‐based compensation. We find that managers are more likely to issue soft‐talk cash flow forecasts when their equity‐based compensation is higher. This association is affected by the news in management earnings forecasts and the propensity of accrual‐based earnings management. Further analyses show that the documented association is less pronounced after the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Regulation G, for firms with chief executive officers who are older or in their later tenure. Our results are robust to addressing potential correlated omitted variables bias.
Share pledge risk and government bailout fund
Authors: Hong Xin , Hu Yang , Zhang Wanting
Published: October 2022

The effects of government bailouts have been extensively examined in the literature. This paper is one of the first to empirically examine the bailout funds established in China in 2018, which aimed to mitigate firms' liquidity squeeze risk caused by share pledges. Utilising a hand‐collected dataset of government bailout funds, this paper finds that stock prices increased when government introduced the bailout fund plan, especially for non‐state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and firms with small size and share pledges. Long‐term performance of bailed out firms increased as well. Overall, our results provide new evidence that government bailouts have positive effects on financial markets.
Exploring spatio‐temporal trends and environmental drivers of wildfire occurrence and impacts in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa
Authors: Kouassi Jean‐Luc , Wandan Narcisse , Mbow Cheikh
Published: October 2022

Wildfires are a significant threat to environmental, social, economic and agricultural systems. This study investigated the spatiotemporal trends in wildfire activity and its interactions with climate and environmental factors in Côte d'Ivoire through remotely sensed MODIS data associated with climate, biophysical and anthropogenic data. We analysed relationships between wildfire occurrence and climate drivers using cross‐correlations, while Pearson chi‐squared and Kruskal–Wallis tests were selected to identify linkages between qualitative and quantitative environmental data, respectively. Seasonal Kendall and Sen's slope approaches were applied for trend analysis. During the period 2001–2019, 8150 wildfires were recorded annually, burning 2.69 million hectares per year, representing about 8.34% of Côte d'Ivoire. Fire detections and burnt areas highlighted a downward trend in all ecoregions with a predominance in the Sudanian zone. Wildfire occurrence showed a significant and strongly negative link with relative humidity and visibility, as well as a significant and positive correlation with maximum temperature, thermal amplitude and vapour‐pressure deficit. Also, the spatial distribution of wildfires was significantly conditioned by environmental factors. The findings of this study will help decision makers and managers to make decisions to reduce the vulnerability of local populations to current and future wildfire hazards.
Foraging range of an African stingless bee, Hypotrigona gribodoi (Apidae: Meliponini)
Authors: Wakhungu Dennis A. , Namikoye Everlyne S. , Lattorff H. Michael G.
Published: October 2022

Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponinae) are essential pollinators of numerous native and cultivated plant species, especially in the tropics. Knowledge of the distance over which the bee travels in search of food is crucial for successful pollination. Less is known about foraging ranges of African stingless bee species. This study investigated the foraging range of an African stingless bee species, Hypotrigona gribodoi, using translocation experiments. The capture–mark–recapture method and release at various designated distances were used. This study showed >90% returning success of the bees when released up to 120 m from the hive. The distance at which bees attained 50% returns (typical distance) was 250 m, while the distance in which 90% of bees failed to return based on our regression function was 540 m. These results indicate that colonies of H. gribodoi placed in a field crop might provide good pollination within a radius of up to 250 m. The ability of foragers to collect pollen and nectar and the information about the distance they use for foraging is vital for managing and conserving stingless bees.
Diversity and spatio‐temporal distribution of the myriapodofauna in four habitat types along an urban‐rural gradient in Douala (Littoral, Cameroon)
Authors: Nkoh Pauline Blanche Tenyam , Mbenoun Masse Paul Serge , Tonga Calvin , Tsila Henri Gabriel , Kekeunou Sevilor , Makon Samuel Didier , Soh Willy Teukam , Tcheugoué Roland , Lehman Léopold Gustave , Akono Patrick Ntonga
Published: October 2022

This study aims to provide updated information on the myriapodofauna of different habitat types in Douala. Data were collected from September 2018 to February 2019 in four types of vegetation chosen following an urban‐rural gradient: home gardens, fallow land, agrosystems and secondary forest. Sampling took place every 2 weeks using hand collection, pitfall and Winkler technique. Analysis of the diversity within the communities studied consisted in generating indices of α‐ and β‐diversity. A total of 904 individuals of 26 species and three classes were collected. Hand collection was more effective in collecting myriapods (62.3% of individuals collected and 26 species) than pitfall trapping (28.9%; 25 species) and Winkler (8.9%; eight species). The class of diplopods was the richest in species (22 species) and the most abundant (88.4% of the total number of individuals collected). It was followed by chilopods (three species and 7.0%) and symphylans (one species and 4.6%). The myriapodofauna of the forest (Shannon–Weaver index: H' = 2.93) was more diversified than that of agrosystems (H' = 2.22), fallow land (H' = 1.56) and home gardens (H' = 0.97). The secondary forest and agrosystems had the greatest species turnover, while the agrosystems and home gardens had the lowest. This study showed that myriapod diversity is affected by habitat type and season.
Anti‐Ro/SSA and/or anti‐La/SSB antibodies are associated with adverse endometrial status
Authors: Lu Fangting , Wang Yanshi , Fang Xuhui , Jin Rentao , Xu Bo , Qiu Qiannan , Wu Li
Published: October 2022

Problem

Anti‐Ro/SSA and/or anti‐La/SSB (anti‐SSA/SSB) antibodies impair pregnancy outcomes, including embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. Optimal endometrial immune status is essential for successful pregnancy. However, whether these antibodies affect endometrial immune status is still unclear. Menstrual blood can be collected non‐invasively, differs from peripheral blood, and can reflect the endometrial immune status. We herein focused on changes in subsets of natural killer (NK) cells and T cells in menstrual blood.

Methods of study

Menstrual blood samples from anti‐SSA/SSB antibody–positive (n = 18) and anti‐SSA/SSB antibody–negative control (n = 8) women were collected, and the profile of lymphocyte subsets was analyzed. The phenotypes of menstrual blood CD49a− and CD49a+ NK cells were compared, and the abundance of NK and CD49a+ NK cells in menstrual blood of the two groups was assessed. Additionally, CD4+T and CD8+T cells were investigated for their ability to secret functional cytokines.

Results

Menstrual blood contains a large number of (mostly CD49a+) NK cells, which exhibited a more exhausted phenotype with greater expression of the immune checkpoint molecules programmed cell death protein 1 and Tim‐3 compared to CD49a− conventional NK cells. CD8+T cells in menstrual blood from anti‐SSA/SSB antibody–positive women produced a stronger response after stimulation, accompanied by increased interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor–α, and granzyme B secretion (P < 0.05, separately).

Conclusion

Menstrual blood cell composition differs between anti‐SSA/SSB antibody–positive women and normal controls, especially in terms of CD49a+ NK cells and CD8+T cells, unbalancing the immune cell composition and inflammatory uterine microenvironment and possibly contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Metabolic regulation by prostaglandin E2 impairs lung group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses
Authors: Robb Calum T. , Zhou You , Felton Jennifer M. , Zhang Birong , Goepp Marie , Jheeta Privjyot , Smyth Danielle J. , Duffin Rodger , Vermeren Sonja , Breyer Richard M. , Narumiya Shuh , McSorley Henry J. , Maizels Rick M. , Schwarze Jürgen K. J. , Rossi Adriano G. , Yao Chengcan
Published: October 2022

Background

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a critical role in asthma pathogenesis. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)‐exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) is associated with reduced signaling via EP2, a receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, the respective roles for the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 (both share same downstream signaling) in the regulation of lung ILC2 responses has yet been deciphered.

Methods

The roles of PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 on ILC2‐mediated lung inflammation were investigated using genetically modified mouse lines and pharmacological approaches in IL‐33‐induced lung allergy model. The effects of PGE2 receptors and downstream signals on ILC2 metabolic activation and effector function were examined using in vitro cell cultures.

Results

Deficiency of EP2 rather than EP4 augments IL‐33‐induced mouse lung ILC2 responses and eosinophilic inflammation in vivo. In contrast, exogenous agonism of EP4 and EP2 or inhibition of phosphodiesterase markedly restricts IL‐33‐induced lung ILC2 responses. Mechanistically, PGE2 directly suppresses IL‐33‐dependent ILC2 activation through the EP2/EP4‐cAMP pathway, which downregulates STAT5 and MYC pathway gene expression and ILC2 energy metabolism. Blocking glycolysis diminishes IL‐33‐dependent ILC2 responses in mice where endogenous PG synthesis or EP2 signaling is blocked but not in mice with intact PGE2‐EP2 signaling.

Conclusion

We have defined a mechanism for optimal suppression of mouse lung ILC2 responses by endogenous PGE2‐EP2 signaling which underpins the clinical findings of defective EP2 signaling in patients with NERD. Our findings also indicate that exogenously targeting the PGE2‐EP4‐cAMP and energy metabolic pathways may provide novel opportunities for treating the ILC2‐initiated lung inflammation in asthma and NERD.
Testosterone replacement in prostate cancer survivors with testosterone deficiency: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Valderrábano Rodrigo J. , Pencina Karol , Storer Thomas W. , Reid Kieran F. , Kibel Adam S. , Burnett Arthur L. , Huang Grace , Dorff Tanya , Privat Fabiola , Ghattas‐Puylara Catherine , Wilson Lauren , Latham Nancy K. , Holmberg Mats , Bhasin Shalender
Published: October 2022

Background

Most men diagnosed with prostate cancer today have organ‐confined disease and low risk of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Testosterone deficiency in prostate cancer survivors contributes to impaired health‐related quality of life but testosterone treatment is viewed as a contraindication in this population.

Objectives

We describe the design of the first randomized trial to determine the safety and efficacy of testosterone treatment in men who have undergone prostatectomy for non‐aggressive prostate cancer and have symptomatic testosterone deficiency.

Methods

Surviving Prostate cancer while Improving quality of life through Rehabilitation with Testosterone Trial is a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel group trial in 142 men, ≥ 40 years, who have undergone radical prostatectomy for organ‐confined prostate cancer, Gleason score ≤ 7 (3+4), Stage pT2, N0, M0 lesions and have symptomatic testosterone deficiency and undetectable prostate specific antigen for > 2 years after surgery. Eligible participants are randomized to weekly intramuscular injections of 100‐mg testosterone cypionate or placebo for 12 weeks and followed for another 12 weeks. Primary endpoint is change from baseline in sexual activity. Secondary outcomes include change in sexual desire, erectile function, energy, lean and fat mass, physical and cognitive performance. Safety is assessed by monitoring prostate‐specific antigen, lower urinary tract symptoms, hemoglobin, and adverse events.

Results

The trial is being conducted at two trial sites in Boston, MA and Baltimore, MD. As of July 30, 2022, 42 participants have been randomized. No prostate‐specific antigen or clinical recurrence has been noted to‐date.

Discussion

Recruitment was slowed by coronavirus disease 2019‐related closures, slow subsequent ramp‐up of research activities, and patient concerns about safety of testosterone treatment. Despite these challenges, participant retention has been high.

Conclusion

The Surviving Prostate cancer while Improving quality of life through Rehabilitation with Testosterone Trial, a placebo‐controlled, randomized trial, will determine whether testosterone replacement therapy is safe and efficacious in correcting symptoms of testosterone deficiency in prostate cancer survivors, and potentially inform clinical practice.
One case report and literature review of arrhythmia caused by pituitrin
Authors: Cao Xiaohong , Shi Xiuzhi , Wang Mingjuan , Su Zhiying , He Xiaoyan , Zheng Liqin , Bu Lixia
Published: October 2022

Arrhythmias are perceived as a complication of pituitrin. However, injecting a standard dose of pituitrin via vein causes different arrhythmias. In our case, a 35‐year‐old female patient was admitted to the hospital due to a productive cough with sputum for 5 days and two occasions of massive hemoptysis. After 1 day of treatment using 500 ml normal saline with 10u pituitrin, the sputum was filled with small amounts of kermesinus bloodstains. When pituitrin was stopped without any other treatment, all presenting symptoms gradually subsided after half an hour, and the ECG returned to normal. Therefore, when treating massive hemoptysis by administering pituitrin intravenously, it is necessary to exercise great precaution and therapeutic measures.
Unpaid care work among women in South Asia: A systematic review
Authors: Tripathi Saumya , Azhar Sameena , Zhai Fuhua
Published: October 2022

The specific aims of this systematic review are to (1) understand the prevalence and context for women's unpaid care work in South Asia, (2) explore factors that affect the prevalence of unpaid care work, and (3) identify gaps in the extant research on unpaid care work that influence women's lives. Using the Cochrane Handbook and PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we searched 18 databases and identified 13 research studies. Drawing on the devaluation framework, we found three main recurring themes in the selected studies. First, women in South Asia disproportionately share the burden of unpaid care work responsibilities. Second, due to sociocultural norms, unpaid care work is unrecognized and devalued as are those who perform it. Third, flexible working arrangements for women are not currently being offered. We conclude that there is a need for care work policies that incorporate the unique cultures, demographics, and labor markets in South Asian contexts.
Population pharmacokinetics and exposure–response of trilaciclib in extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer and triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Li Chao , Rich Benjamin , Bullock Julie M. , Barrière Olivier , Marier Jean‐Francois , Beelen Andrew
Published: October 2022

Aims

Trilaciclib is a first‐in‐class, intravenous cyclin‐dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor that provides multilineage protection from chemotherapy‐induced myelosuppression. This analysis aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of trilaciclib, identify potential covariates influencing trilaciclib PK, and evaluate exposure–response relationships in extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer (ES‐SCLC) and triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) trials.

Methods

Population PK analysis was performed using data from healthy volunteers (n = 72), patients with ES‐SCLC (n = 111) and patients with TNBC (n = 14). Exposure–response analyses were conducted to investigate the impact of trilaciclib exposure (AUC) on myeloprotective efficacy, antitumour efficacy and safety. Logistic regression and Cox regression models were used for binary and time‐to‐event endpoints, respectively.

Results

Trilaciclib PK was described by a three‐compartment model. Sex, body surface area, baseline albumin concentration and age were identified as significant covariates on trilaciclib PK but did not have clinically relevant impact on exposure. Based on exposure–response analyses, lower and higher exposures of trilaciclib at clinical doses (200–280 mg/m2) were associated with similar myeloprotective effects. Trilaciclib exposure did not impact the antitumour effects of chemotherapy. Higher exposure to trilaciclib was associated with higher probabilities of headache, phlebitis/thrombophlebitis and injection site reactions.

Conclusion

No dose adjustments are required based on the covariates tested. Trilaciclib resulted in optimal myeloprotective effects with no impact on antitumour effects of chemotherapy. However, higher exposure increased the probabilities of adverse events. The data further support selection of the recommended phase 2 dose (trilaciclib 240 mg/m2).
Behavioural interaction of pyrazoloquinolinone positive allosteric modulators at α6GABAA receptors and diazepam in rats: Anti‐diazepam‐induced ataxia action as a structure‐dependent feature
Authors: Divović Matović Branka , Knutson Dan , Mitrović Jelena , Stevanović Vladimir , Stanojević Boban , Savić Snežana , Cook James M. , Savić Miroslav M.
Published: October 2022

Several pyrazoloquinolinone (PQ) ligands were recently discovered as functionally selective positive modulators at the PQ site of α6‐containing GABAA receptors. PQs are also neutral modulators at the benzodiazepine site. We assessed the influence of PQ compounds from three structural groups (PZ‐II‐029 and related deuterated analogues DK‐I‐56‐1, RV‐I‐029, DK‐I‐60‐3 and DK‐I‐86‐1; LAU 463 and related analogues DK‐I‐58‐1 and DK‐II‐58‐1; and DK‐I‐87‐1), alone and in combination with diazepam, on the behaviour of male Sprague–Dawley rats. An excellent behavioural safety profile of all tested PQs was demonstrated in the spontaneous locomotor activity, rotarod, loss of righting reflex and pentylenetetrazol tests. In interaction studies, only PZ‐II‐029 and its analogues prevented the ataxic effects of the benzodiazepine, as assessed in the rotarod test and during monitoring of rat locomotor activity after awakening from the loss of righting reflex. Published electrophysiological profiles of PQ ligands imply that positive modulation elicited at α6‐GABAA receptors that contain the γ2 and δ subunit, rather than their neutral modulatory action at the benzodiazepine site, may prevent the ataxic action of diazepam. Thus, PZ‐II‐029 and its deuterated analogues are not prone to untoward interactions with benzodiazepines and may indeed completely abolish their ataxic action, seen at therapeutic, and especially toxic concentrations.
Mechanism insight into the in situ reactions of repeated intramuscular progesterone injections
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Zhou Miaomiao , Huang Danxia , Sun Zhaohui , Ao Bi , Xu Feng , Zhang Fengjiao
Published: October 2022

Intramuscular injections of progesterone (P4) are common during assisted reproduction, which can cause painful injection area reactions, and the current study was therefore initiated to determine whether P4 was involved in these adverse local effects. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were given daily intramuscular injection of vehicle oil or P4‐in‐oil with or without dermal administration of ketoprofen (Ket) gel at right biceps femoris muscle of hindlimb for 5 weeks. It was found that rats receiving repeated vehicle oil injections developed nociception‐related behaviours together with induration formation and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) damage, indicating that the vehicle oil contributed to the side‐effect reactions. Interestingly, P4 injections caused more nociception‐related behaviours than those of vehicle oil as reflected by both nociception score and muscle withdrawal threshold evaluations, which were impressively relieved by Ket. In fact, P4 induced higher induration occurrence rate with larger volume that was alleviated by Ket. Further ELISA assays supported that P4 rather than vehicle oil profoundly elevated inflammatory factor levels. Moreover, an extensive upregulation of Nav1.8 was observed at L2, L3, and L5 of DRG in response to P4, indicating a sole role of P4 in Nav1.8 upregulation. Collectively, P4 may contribute to the painful injection area reactions via stimulating inflammation and DRG Nav1.8 upregulation in rats.
Epilepsy‐associated death in the Southwestern Ontario: A clinicopathological correlation study
Authors: Zhang Qi , Suller‐Marti Ana , Ding Jane Jian , Deng Gansen , He Wenqing , Burneo Jorge G. , Hammond Robert R. , Ang Lee‐Cyn
Published: October 2022

Patients with epilepsy are at elevated risk for premature mortality, of which sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is one of the leading causes. SUDEP incidence varies significantly depending on the population and the methods used to document the cause of death. We performed retrospective case review at the London Health Sciences Centre for the period of 2000 to 2018. Clinical information, scene investigations, general pathology findings, toxicology, and neuropathology findings were obtained, examined, and confirmed by two neuropathologists and one epileptologist. The characteristics were compared and summarized. We also evaluated the impact of 2010 revision of Ontario Coroner Act Regulation, which significantly limited whole brain examination. Among the 12,206 cases reviewed, we identified 152 cases with a known history of epilepsy. Ninety‐seven cases (64%) were classified as SUDEP. There were significantly more SUDEP decedents found dead unwitnessed at night in prone position, than non‐SUDEP. Generalized seizures were strongly associated with SUDEP. A male predominance was observed in SUDEP group between 15 and 35 years old. Near half of the brains examined were “unremarkable.” There was no difference in neuropathology findings between SUDEP and non‐SUDEP groups. After implementation of the 2010 revision of Ontario Coroner Act Regulation, fixed whole brain examination was reduced from 88% to 7% of the epilepsy‐related death investigation. Except a lower diagnosis rate of “inflammatory/infectious changes,” there were no significant differences in neuropathology findings. This is the first detailed clinical‐pathological study on epilepsy‐related death based on a Canadian cohort. This study reinforces the previously reported findings in SUDEP and highlights the importance of clinicopathological correlation for accurate classification of epilepsy‐related death.
Aberrant branched‐chain amino acid accumulation along the microbiota–gut–brain axis: Crucial targets affecting the occurrence and treatment of ischaemic stroke
Authors: Shen Jiajia , Guo Huimin , Liu Shijia , Jin Wei , Zhang Zhi‐Wei , Zhang Yong , Liu Keanqi , Mao Shuying , Zhou Zhihao , Xie Lin , Wang Guangji , Hao Haiping , Liang Yan
Published: October 2022

Background and Purpose

Although increasing evidence illustrated that the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut is closely related to the occurrence of various complex diseases. Limited effort has been made to explore the influence of intestinal flora on the risk of ischaemic stroke. The present study aims to identify microbiota and specialized microbiota metabolites related to the occurrence and treatment of ischaemic stroke.

Experimental Approach

The role of microbiota in the occurrence and the treatment of ischaemic stroke was evaluated on ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), pseudo‐germ‐free and faecal transplantation animals. The target microbiota and specialized metabolites were identified by comparing their distribution in flora and metabolomic profiles in ischaemic stroke patients and animals with compared with healthy controls. The effects and mechanisms involved of the targeted metabolites in ischaemic stroke were explored in ischaemia/reperfusion rats, hypoxia/reoxygenation PC12 cells and LPS‐induced inflammatory BV2 cells.

Key Results

Both ischaemic stroke patients and I/R rats had significant accumulation of branched‐chain amino acids, which were closely associated with gut microflora dysbiosis and the development of ischaemic stroke. Lactobacillus helveticus (L.hel) and Lactobacillus brevis (L.bre) are identified as the microbiota most affected by ischaemia/reperfusion modelling and treatment. L.hel and L.bre colonization exhibited significant neuroprotective activity and could greatly alleviate the accumulation of branched‐chain amino acids. In addition, branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) accumulation was shown to exacerbate microglia‐induced neuroinflammation by activating AKT/STAT3/NF‐κB signalling.

Conclusion and Implications

Our findings demonstrated the crucial role of intestinal flora and microbiota metabolites in the occurrence and treatment of ischaemic stroke.
Early Eocene magnetostratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the Xining Basin, NE Tibet
Authors: Meijer Niels , Dupont‐Nivet Guillaume , Licht Alexis , Roperch Pierrick , Rohrmann Alexander , Sun Aijun , Lu Shengcheng , Woutersen Amber , Nowaczyk Norbert
Published: October 2022

The Cenozoic strata of the Xining Basin, NE Tibet, have provided crucial records for understanding the tectonic and palaeo‐environmental evolution of the region. Yet, the age of the lower part of the sedimentary stratigraphy and, consequently, the early tectonic evolution of the basin remain debated. Here, we present the litho‐ and magnetostratigraphy of various early Eocene sections throughout the Xining Basin independently constrained by the U–Pb radiometric age of a carbonate bed. Our study extends the dated stratigraphy down to 53.0 Ma (C24n.1r) and reveals highly variable accumulation rates during the early Eocene ranging from 0.5 to 8 cm/ka. This is in stark contrast to the low but stable accumulation rates (2–3 cm/ka) observed throughout the overlying Palaeogene and Neogene strata. Such a pattern of basin infill is not characteristic of flexural subsidence as previously proposed, but rather supports an extensional origin of the Xining Basin with multiple depocentres, which subsequently coalesced into a more stable and slowly subsiding basin. Whether this extension was related to the far‐field effects of the subducting Pacific Plate or the India–Asia collision remains to be confirmed by future studies.
The aging of international migrants and strategic transnational practice in later life: Exploring Portuguese seniors in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Takahashi Koki
Published: October 2022

The Portuguese community in Toronto is the largest in North America; however, its immigrant population is now aging. This paper addresses senior immigrants who had a transnational “later life” and discusses this practice in the transatlantic context, using a lifecycle model of transnational migration. Later life is a life stage that is highly feasible for transnational migration, as seniors are mostly disentangled from various obligations, such as work, child rearing, and caregiving for parents. Transnational senior migrants in Europe and North America can be categorized into four groups: Intra‐Europe Rich, Intra‐Europe Immigrant, North American Snowbird, and Trans‐Atlantic Immigrant. Trans‐Atlantic Immigrant seniors, the target group of this paper, differ from the other groups on several points, including seasonal preference for transnational migration, motivations, and legal regulations. The paper considers the questions of why senior Portuguese immigrants choose to stay in Portugal for an extended period each year, while mainly living in Canada, and how their later life is structured between the two countries. Transnational later life is a strategic practice of senior Portuguese immigrants in Canada in the last stage of their lifecycle, allowing them to maximize government pension payments while simultaneously enjoying the highest quality of life possible in both countries.
Suggested mesiodistal distance for multiple implant placement based on the natural tooth crown dimension with digital design
Authors: Liu Wenwen , Zhu Fangyu , Samal Ankita , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this investigation was to identify a mesiodistal algorithm for multiple posterior implant placement based upon an ideal prosthetically restoration design.

Methods

One hundred one cases of posterior free‐end edentulous arches were selected for digital crown designs and measurements. Cone bean computed tomogram and digital fabricated crown were applied. DICOM files were exported to a viewer software (BlueSkyPlan4) to generate digital crown and measurement. The mesiodistal space between roots of adjacent teeth and center of the potential implant horizontally, from both cross‐section and coronal plane were measured. Comparisons were performed using t‐tests.

Results

No significant difference was found in the distances of the maxillary and mandibular posterior implants to adjacent natural teeth (p > 0.05). For interdental/implant distances, premolars are around 4.2 mm and molars are 5.4 mm, correspondently. The second premolar interimplant distance is around 7–7.4 mm. The distance of interimplant of the first molar is about 8–8.5 mm. For the maxillary second molar, the interimplant distance is 9.26 ± 0.29 mm and the mandibular second molar interimplant distance is 9.58 ± 0.19 mm, which is significantly different. No difference was found between the two different measurement methods.

Conclusion

A mesiodistal algorithm of 4–4.6 (implant to adjacent canine tooth), 7–7.4, 8–8.5, and 9–9.5 mm was recommended for interimplant/tooth distance from first premolar to second molar when placing implants with or without case‐specific prosthetic planning prior to surgery.
Bone regeneration using titanium plate stabilization for the treatment of peri‐implant bone defects: A retrospective radiologic pilot study
Authors: Duan Deng‐Hui , Wang Hom‐Lay , Xiao Wu‐Cai , Liu Zheng , Wang En‐Bo
Published: October 2022

Aim

To 3‐dimensional radiographically assess the effect of titanium plate in guided bone regeneration (GBR) for the treatment of peri‐implant ridge defects in esthetic zone.

Material and Methods

Nineteen patients with buccal peri‐implant defects in the maxillary esthetic zone were treated with GBR using xenograft, autogenous bone, and collagen membrane. Subjects were divided into two groups: control (conventional GBR, 10 patients with 16 implants) and test (GBR with an adjunctive titanium plate; nine patients with 15 implants). Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images obtained immediately after and 5–7 months following GBR were used to assess buccal crestal bone level (BBL) and buccal bone thickness (BBT) at different implant levels.

Results

Thirty‐one implants in 19 patients were evaluated. Titanium plate exposure occurred in three cases (33.33%) of the test group. After 5–7 months, the mean BBL was located 1.48 ± 0.71 mm coronal to the platform in the test group and 0.90 ± 3.03 mm coronal to the platform in the control group (p = 0.03). The mean over all BBT (BBT‐M) was 4.16 ± 0.48 mm in the test group and 2.38 ± 0.97 mm in the control group (p < 0.01). More resorption occurred in the control group than in the test group regarding mean BBL (3.00 ± 3.11 mm vs. 0.78 ± 0.79 mm, respectively; p = 0.04), BBT‐M change (1.87 ± 1.59 mm vs. 0.56 ± 0.33 mm, respectively; p = 0.02), and percentage change in BBT‐M (40.69 ± 24.01% vs. 11.53 ± 5.86%, respectively; p < 0.01).

Conclusion

In the short‐term, titanium plate‐enhanced GBR maintained ridge dimensions better than conventional GBR did.
The relationship between anti‐Müllerian hormone, body mass index and weight loss: A review of the literature
Authors: Kloos Jacqueline , Coyne Kathryn , Weinerman Rachel
Published: October 2022

Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) is commonly used as a proxy for ovarian reserve due to its secretion by antral follicles. It is considered a metric for prediction of ovarian response to certain assisted reproduction therapies. As obesity has a negative impact on fertility, it is important to establish whether obesity‐induced hormonal changes influence AMH levels, if and how weight loss affects AMH, and if that influence represents altered reproductive function. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature on the effects of body mass index and weight loss on AMH levels. A PubMed literature keyword search with relevant terms was performed to identify studies that have reported on the AMH/BMI relationship in cohorts with or without polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A second search was performed to gather publications on weight loss and AMH. Both searches were filtered for all full‐text, English‐language, adult‐female and human‐only literature through 1 January 2022. The relationship between AMH and body mass index (BMI) in reproductive‐aged women remains inconclusive, with studies in women with and without PCOS producing mixed results. Research in this area is currently limited by failure to analyse the full spectrum of obesity, hindering generalization to a global population increasingly affected by the condition. Some authors pointed to evidence of race/ethnicity as a confounding factor of the relationship, but results between studies are contradictory. Limited evidence on weight loss suggests it may decrease AMH levels despite improving fertility outcomes, particularly after bariatric surgery. The impact of BMI and weight loss on AMH levels has not been conclusively established. Future studies will require appropriate design and sample size calculations, consideration for additional potential confounding factors and inclusion of higher BMIs and a thorough analysis of the full range of obesity.
A structured narrative review of clinical and experimental studies of the use of different positive end‐expiratory pressure levels during thoracic surgery
Authors: Yueyi Jiang , Jing Tan , Lianbing Gu
Published: October 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to present a review on the general effects of different positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels during thoracic surgery by qualitatively categorizing the effects into detrimental, beneficial, and inconclusive.

Data source

Literature search of Pubmed, CNKI, and Wanfang was made to find relative articles about PEEP levels during thoracic surgery. We used the following keywords as one‐lung ventilation, PEEP, and thoracic surgery.

Results

We divide the non‐individualized PEEP value into five grades, that is, less than 5, 5, 5–10, 10, and more than 10 cmH2O, among which 5 cmH2O is the most commonly used in clinic at present to maintain alveolar dilatation and reduce the shunt fraction and the occurrence of atelectasis, whereas individualized PEEP, adjusted by test titration or imaging method to adapt to patients' personal characteristics, can effectively ameliorate intraoperative oxygenation and obtain optimal pulmonary compliance and better indexes relating to respiratory mechanics.

Conclusions

Available data suggest that PEEP might play an important role in one‐lung ventilation, the understanding of which will help in exploring a simple and economical method to set the appropriate PEEP level.
Reversal of rocuronium‐induced intense neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex in Korean children: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis
Authors: Ji Sang‐Hwan , Huh Ki Young , Oh Jaeseong , Jeong Hee‐Jeong , Jang Young‐Eun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Jin‐Tae , Kim Hee‐Soo
Published: October 2022

Sugammadex, a selective antagonist of steroidal non‐depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, has been used in children in limited circumstances. However, neither pharmacokinetics (PKs) nor recovery profile of sugammadex for intense neuromuscular blockade reversal in children have been reported. This prospective study aimed to obtain a PK model of sugammadex and evaluate its efficacy and safety for intense neuromuscular blockade reversal in children. Forty children (age, 2–17 years) who underwent surgery that required early neuromuscular blockade reversal were enrolled. After neuromuscular blockade with 1 mg∙kg−1 of rocuronium, sugammadex (2, 4, and 8 mg∙kg−1) or a conventional dose of neostigmine (0.03 mg∙kg−1) was administered randomly after confirmation of zero post‐tetanic count. The plasma concentrations of rocuronium and sugammadex were measured 2 min after rocuronium injection; immediately before, 2, 5, 15, 60, 120, 240, and 480 min after the study drug injection. Response to train‐of‐four stimulation was continuously recorded. Noncompartmental analysis and population PK modeling were performed. For pharmacodynamics, the recovery profile was measured. Three‐compartment PK model was established for sugammadex. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) time from injection of 8 mg∙kg−1 of sugammadex to recovery of T4/T1greater than or equal to 0.9 at train‐of‐four stimulation was 1.1 (IQR: 0.88–1.8) min. No adverse events related to sugammadex were observed. We present a PK analysis of sugammadex for rocuronium‐induced intense neuromuscular blockade reversal in children with its recovery profile. The time to recover T4/T1 greater than or equal to 0.9 at train‐of‐four stimulation with 8 mg∙kg−1 of sugammadex was less than 3 min and comparable to that in adults.
The British Association for Cytopathology's recommended code of practice for cytology laboratories participating in the United Kingdom cervical screening programmes (2022) – A new edition for a new decade
Authors: Cropper Alison
Published: October 2022

This article gives an overview of the changes recently made to format and content of the BAC code of practice for cervical screening laboratories, reflecting the implementation of HPV primary screening across most of the UK in 2018/19. There is a link to the code itself, which encompasses the most up to date national guidance and provides key principle and standards for laboratories to work within.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Liu Ningyuan , Wang Ge , Liu Chao , Liu Jiayi , Huang Shengyuan , Zhou Yong , Xiao Enhua
Published: October 2022

Aim

To investigate the potential causal relationship between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and complications in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Materials and Methods

Two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to appraise after controlling for the confounding factors. Genetic instrument variables for NAFLD surrogated by chronically elevated serum alanine transferase were derived from a recent genome‐wide association study. Diabetes‐related complications, including diabetic ketoacidosis, nephropathy and retinopathy, were included as outcomes. Four complementary MR methods were used to test reliability.

Results

Genetically instrumented NAFLD showed a suggestive causal association with ketoacidosis in T1D (odds ratio [OR]: 1.574; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.076, 2.302;P = .019; false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.096) and a significant causal association with early‐stage kidney disease in T1D (OR: 1.249; 95% CI: 1.089, 1.432;P = 1.457 × 10−3, FDR = 0.015). Sensitivity analysis indicated low heterogeneity, low pleiotropy and high reliability of the causal estimates. However, the MR analyses failed to show a causal association between NAFLD and T1D retinopathy, T2D ketoacidosis, nephropathy and retinopathy.

Conclusions

This study supports a causal effect of genetically driven chronic serum alanine aminotransferase‐associated NAFLD on early‐stage kidney disease in T1D and a suggestive causal effect on ketoacidosis in T1D. However, MR studies did not provide enough evidence to suggest that NAFLD independently increases the risk of retinopathy in T1D and of ketoacidosis, nephropathy and retinopathy in T2D.
Progress and challenges in the harmonisation of European undergraduate dental education: A systematic literature review with narrative synthesis
Authors: Bryce Marie , Zahra Daniel , Burns Lorna , Hanks Sally , Gale Thomas
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Harmonising education to support workforce mobility has been a policy objective for the European Union. However, alignment across varied national contexts presents challenges in dental education.

Methods

A systematic literature review with narrative synthesis. Searches of the electronic databases Embase [Ovid]; MEDLINE [Ovid]; Scopus; CINAHL; AMED and PsycINFO were conducted for relevant material published between 2000 and 2019 on undergraduate curricula, quality standards and learning outcomes in dentistry.

Results

Seventy‐six papers met the inclusion criteria. Fifty‐three papers were commentaries or editorials, twenty‐one were research studies, and two were literature reviews on specific dental subfields. Eighteen of the research studies reported surveys. The literature contains extensive proposals for undergraduate curricula or learning outcomes, either broadly or for subfields of dentistry. Included papers demonstrated the importance of EU policy and educator‐led initiatives as drivers for harmonisation. There is limited evidence on the extent to which proposed pan‐European curricula or learning outcomes have been implemented. The nature and extent of dental students' clinical experience with patients is an area of variance across European Union member states. Arrangements for the quality assurance of dental education differ between countries.

Discussion

Harmonisation of European dental education has engaged educators, as seen in the publication of proposed curricula and learning outcomes. However, differences remain in key areas such as clinical experience with patients, which has serious implications if graduate dentists migrate to countries where different expectations exist. Mutual recognition of professional qualifications between countries relies on education which meets certain standards, but institutional autonomy makes drawing national comparisons problematic.
Bioinformatics identification of miR‐514b‐5p promotes NSCLC progression and induces PI3K/AKT and p38 pathways by targeting small glutamine‐rich tetratricopeptide repeat‐containing protein beta
Authors: Shi Lin , Kan Jun , Zhuo Lin , Wang Siyun , Chen Shaobing , Zhang Bei , Ke Bin
Published: October 2022

Lung cancer is the most aggressive cancer with the highest mortality and incidence rates worldwide. MicroRNAs have been identified as potential targets for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. However, the modulatory role of miR‐514b‐5p in NSCLC progression is little known. In the present study, miRNA expression datasets for NSCLC were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Ontology Omnibus databases. Gene expression was assessed using a quantitative real‐time PCR, and western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining was used to determine protein expression. Gain and loss of function experiments were performed to investigate the impact of miR‐514b‐5p and small glutamine‐rich tetratricopeptide repeat‐containing protein beta (SGTB) on cell proliferation and apoptosis. RNA immunoprecipitation and dual‐luciferase assays were performed to analyse the target gene of miR‐514b‐5p. The biological roles of miR‐514b‐5p were lastly evaluated using nude mouse tumorigenicity assays in vivo. We found that miR‐514b‐5p was dramatically increased in NSCLC tissues and higher miR‐514b‐5p expression was associated with poorer overall survival in NSCLC patients. Furthermore, overexpression of miR‐514b‐5p promoted NSCLC cell growth and suppressed apoptosis by inducing the activation of the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT and p38 signalling pathways. Mechanistically, dual‐luciferase and the RNA immunoprecipitation results highlighted that SGTB was a target gene of miR‐514b‐5p. Moreover, overexpression of SGTB reduced cell division and promoted apoptosis in vitro through blocking the PI3K/AKT and p38 signalling pathways. Our findings indicated that miR‐514b‐5p contributes to carcinoma progression in NSCLC via the PI3K/AKT and p38 signalling pathways by targeting SGTB and this could be a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC.