bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Lord of the Admiralty
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Churchill enormously enjoyed his time at the Admiralty. (How much Clementine enjoyed it is another matter.) His pages about it in The World Crisis fizz with hyperactivity vividly recalled, giving the impression while you read them that he can have had no time for anything else—and also giving the impression that the senior admirals liked him more than most of them actually did. In fact the Royal Navy was by no means the only political problem he had to cope with at that time, and his work at the Admiralty was not as widely appreciated at the time as he thought it ought to be. These were great days. From dawn to midnight, day after day, one’s whole mind was absorbed by the fascination and novelty of the problems which came crowding forward. And all the time there was a sense of power to act, to form, to organize: all the ablest officers in the Navy standing ready, loyal and eager, with argument, guidance, information ... Saturdays, Sundays and any other spare day I spent always with the Fleets [of battleships] at Portsmouth or at Portland or Devonport, or with the Flotillas [ of destroyers and such] at Harwich. Officers of every rank came on board to lunch or dine and discussion proceeded without ceasing on every aspect of naval war and administration.
Recovery
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Equipping himself for going to the war was done with the same brisk decisiveness and disregard of cost shown in fitting himself up as a painter, but with a lot more fuss. He was transformed from civilian into soldier within forty-eight hours. 41 Cromwell Road throbbed and hummed with excitement and activity, as his family decked him out and friends called to wish him luck. He left for France on 18 November and was to be in France or just over the Belgian border (except when he was on leave in London) for twenty-three weeks. This was not much of a stint of active service, but one of its points of interest is in showing several of Churchill’s better features and a few of his worse. It is in any case an extraordinary episode. This new eccentricity by so unique a celebrity attracted public attention, amusingly chronicled by E. V. Lucas in his satirical column in the Star: ‘Mr Winston Churchill announces his intention of returning to the army . . . Reiteration by Mr Winston Churchill of his desperate military purpose ... Mr Winston Chur-chill leaves for the front. Panic among the enemy ... Mr Winston Churchill, having sufficiently changed the trend of events, relinquishes his commission.’ The reality was this. The first thing he did on reaching France was sensibly to arrange to get some first-hand experience of trench life; this was done with the Grenadier Guards, from 20 to 30 November. From 1 to n December, he was at Sir John French’s HQ at St-Omer, awaiting a posting and socialising with its influential inmates and hangers on. (Several were to remain important to him in later years: Archibald Sinclair, Edward Spiers and Max Aitken, the future Lord Beaverbrook.)
Special Operations and Bombing Offensive
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The obvious and ordinary way to meet the challenges of Britain’s situation in June 1940 was to concentrate all resources on the defence of the British Isles. Churchill’s way was the eccentric one of finding means to go on the offensive, even though that meant, as did the opening of the Mediterranean strategy, a diversion of heavy equipment away from home defence. Less resource-consuming were the Special Forces which he immediately set about recruiting with the purpose, as he imagined, of making it difficult for the Germans to think they were secure in their military occupation of nearly every continental European land. In common with many others in those early days, he innocently underestimated the strength of the German hold and was as yet incapable of imagining how efficiently and ruthlessly it would be maintained. On 6 June he put it to the Chiefs of Staff, through Ismay, that the Australians who were about to arrive in Britain would make first-rate Striking Companies ... equipped with grenades, trench-mortars, tommy-guns, armoured vehicles and the like ... We have got to get out of our minds the idea that the Channel ports and all the country between them are enemy territory. What arrangements are being made for good agents in Denmark [and elsewhere in occupied Europe] and along the French coast? Enterprises must be prepared, with specially trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down these coasts, first of all on the ‘butcher and bolt’ policy; but later on ... we could surprise Calais or Boulogne, kill and capture the Hun garrison ... and then away. I look to the Chiefs of Staff to propose to me measures for a vigorous, enterprising and ceaseless offensive against the whole German-occupied coastline.
Key Partners in Protecting Children and Supporting Families
Authors: Comstock Anne
Published: November 2023

Protecting children is about assessing their safety and then building a net of protection and support for them and their families. This net cannot be created or provided by you or your agency alone. The approach must be one of partnering—first and foremost among you, the family, and their informal networks of support; next with the other mandated systems, such as law enforcement and the legal system; and finally with the numerous other systems, service providers, organizations, agencies, tribes, or communities that can work together to accomplish the outcomes of child safety, permanence, and child and family well-being. The responsibility and privilege of protecting children is shared and requires a great deal of commitment and effort to work. As the CPS worker, you are often the cog in the wheel that keeps the partnerships turning.
Intake and Investigation: Initial Stages of the CPS Process
Authors: Tondrowski Janine
Published: November 2023

The CPS process begins with the referral. Your evaluation of the referral through intake sets in motion the rest of the process. It is critical for you to maintain your focus on child safety and engage the family in ensuring that safety. If you focus on collecting information that is balanced and fosters cooperation among all of the involved parties, your chances of helping the family to a successful resolution of concerns will be greatly enhanced.
Lincoln ’s Sanctuary
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

After the heartbreaking death of his son Willie, Abraham Lincoln and his family fled the gloom that hung over the White House, moving into a small cottage outside Washington, on the grounds of the Soldiers ‘ Home, a residence for disabled military veterans. In Lincoln’s Sanctuary, historian Matthew Pinsker offers a fascinating portrait of Lincoln’s stay in this cottage and tells the story of the president’s remarkable growth as a national leader and a private man. Lincoln lived at the Soldiers’. Home for a quarter of his presidency, and for nearly half of the critical year of 1862, but most Americans (including many scholars) have not heard of the place. Indeed, this is the first volume to specifically connect this early “summer White House” to key wartime developments, including the Emancipation Proclamation, the firing of McClellan, the evolution of Lincoln’s “Father Abraham” image, the election of 1864, and the assassination conspiracy. Through a series of striking vignettes, the reader discovers a more accessible Lincoln, demonstrating what one visitor to the Soldiers’ Home described as his remarkable “elasticity of spirits.” At his secluded cottage, the president complained to his closest aides, recited poetry to his friends, reconnected with his wife and family, conducted secret meetings with his political enemies, and narrowly avoided assassination attempts. Perhaps most important, he forged key friendships that helped renew his flagging spirits. The cottage became a refuge from the pressures of the White House, a place of tranquility where Lincoln could refresh his mind. Based on research in rarely tapped sources, especially the letters and memoirs of people who lived or worked at the Soldiers’ Home, Lincoln’s Sanctuary offers the unexpected—a completely fresh view of Abraham Lincoln—through the window of a place that helped shape his presidency.
“Gone to the country”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

On A Friday Afternoon Near The End Of May 1862, Mary Lincoln Received a note from a young White House aide that she considered inappropriate. John Hay, a twenty-three-year-old presidential assistant, was casually inquiring if the Marine Band might once again begin its summer concerts on the White House lawn. It was just a few months after the death of her second son, and the first lady was emphatic in response. “It is our especial desire,” she wrote, “that the Band, does not play in these grounds, this Summer,” adding firmly, “We expect our wishes to be complied with.” Hay had clashed with the president’s wife before. Not far removed from his college days at Brown University, the handsome Illinois native had a bachelor’s impatience with assertive women. Meanwhile, Mary Lincoln had been determined in the first year of her husband’s administration to establish herself as mistress of the nation’s house. Their competing interests and insecurities made for some explosive moments. Although the two figures eventually forged a workable truce, during this period the sniping was fairly constant. “The Hell- cat is getting more Hell-cattail day by day,” the young attorney had confided to a fellow aide only a month earlier.
“Present at Fort Stevens”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

“All Well,” Abraham Lincoln Wrote To His Wife On June 29, 1864, “Tom Is Moving things out.” The president was referring to the relocation of his family’s belongings for their third season at the Soldiers’ Home. Mary Lincoln was once again in New York, waiting to rendezvous with Robert Lincoln, who was in the final days of his college experience at Harvard. “Tom” was probably Thomas Stackpole, a watchman familiar with the Soldiers’. Home and a favorite of the Lincolns. Everything seemed to be in order for another season at the private White House. The New York Herald reported that Robert Lincoln met his mother on July 2 and that the two then proceeded directly to Washington. Willard Cutter told his family that the presidential entourage formally occupied their cottage on Independence Day.
Integrity
Authors: Milees Steven H
Published: November 2023

Modern readers tend to hear this passage as proposing a morally aloof, insular, even priestly medical professionalism. Yet ancient Greek physicians were practical workers in a society that expected them to be engaged citizens rather than ascetics who stood apart. Von Staden’s authoritative analysis of this passage examines and successfully resolves the apparent paradox between the apparently inward-looking sense of these words and a life of professional engagement with society. It is helpful to read this passage one half at a time.
Introduction: a meditation upon misreading
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

This book offers instruction in the practical criticism of poetry, in how to read a poem, on the basis of the theory of poetry set forth in my earlier book, The Anxiety of Influence. Reading, as my title indicates, is a belated and all-but-impossible act, and if strong is always a misreading. Literary meaning tends to become more underdetermined even as literary language becomes more over-determined. Criticism may not always be an act of judging, but it is always an act of deciding, and what it tries to decide is meaning.

Like my earlier book, A Map of Misreading studies poetic influence, by which I continue not to mean the passing-on of images and ideas from earlier to later poets. Influence, as I conceive it, means that there are no texts, but only relationships between texts. These relationships depend upon a critical act, a misreading or misprision, that one poet performs upon another, and that does not differ in kind from the necessary critical acts performed by every strong reader upon every text he encounters. The influence-relation governs reading as it governs writing, and reading is therefore a miswriting just as writing is•a misreading. As literary history lengthens, all poetry necessarily becomes verse-criticism, just as all criticism becomes prose-poetry.
The belatedness of strong poetry
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

What is the larger subject of which the study of poetic influence is only a part? Of what impulse is the revisionary impulse engendered? Who speaks, most grandly, for the isolate Selfhood?

. . . who saw

When this creation was? remember’st thou

Thy making, while the Maker gave thee being?

We know no time when we were not as now;

Know none before us, self-begot, self-rais’d

By our own quick’ning power, when fatal course

Had circl’d his full Orb, the birth mature

Of this our native Heav’n, Ethereal Sons.

Our puissance is our own, our own right hand

Shall teach us highest deeds, by proof to try

Who is our equal. . . .
Milton and his precursors
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

No poet compares to Milton in his intensity of self-consciousness as an artist and in his ability to overcome all negative consequences of such concern. Milton’s highly deliberate and knowingly ambitious program necessarily involved him in direct competition with Homer, Virgil, Lucretius, Ovid, Dante and Tasso, among other major precursors. More anxiously, it brought him very close to Spenser, whose actual influence on Paradise Lost is deeper, subtler and more extensive than scholarship so far has recognized. Most anxiously, the ultimate ambitions of Paradise Lost gave Milton the problem of expanding Scripture without distorting the Word of God.

A reader, thinking of Milton’s style, is very likely to recognize that style’s most distinctive characteristic as being the density of its allusiveness. Perhaps only Gray compares to Milton in this regard, and Gray is only a footnote, though an important and valuable one, to the Miltonic splendor.
Emerson and influence
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

Wallace Stevens, closing It Must Change, the second part of Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction, proclaimed the “will to change, a necessitous And present way, a presentation” that brings about “the freshness of transformation.” But though this transformation “is ourselves,” the Seer of Hartford was too wily not to add a customary qualification:

Stevens died in 1955, and any suitable amours concerning various beginnings have been proposed since then. Pound, Eliot, Williams, Moore are gone, among other major figures; and Crane and Roethke were ended prematurely in a subsequent generation. Jarrell and Berryman, whose achievements were more equivocal, have taken on some of the curious lustre that attends the circumstances of such deaths. Contemporary American poetry is a more than usually elaborate panorama, replete with schools and p10grams, with followers enough for all, and readers available for only a few.
In the shadow of Emerson
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

The central American poems are houses founded on the sea. This chapter examines three representative post-Emersonian poems: As I Ebb ‘ d with the Ocean of Life, Because I could not stop for Death—, The Auroras of Autumn, chosen because they are as strong as any written by the strongest of our poets: Whitman., Dickinson, Stevens. These poems and poets are Emersonian in a double sense. They follow the seer in his insistence upon poetic priority, the freshness of transformation, but also in his peculiar dialectic of asking the poet to be at once wholly individual and wholly part of the commonal. As ought by now to be clear, influence has little relation to overt attitudes. Whitman was a knowing Emersonian and said so; Dickinson and Stevens read Emerson and were equivocal in their knowing response, but their profound misprision of him is essential to nearly everything they wrote.
Developing Hospital Policy: The University of Wisconsin Experience
Authors: Fost Norman
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 2000, about the same time that the Orange County Register published its articles critical of the rapidly growing field of procurement, processing, and sale of human tissue,the head of the University of Wisconsin Hospital organ procurement program was found to be working for a for-profit tissue procurement company without the knowledge of his employers. The local and national press coverage led the Wisconsin state legislature to schedule hearings on the matter. Consequently, the UW Hospital Ethics Committee was asked by the hospital’s administration to re view the issues and draft a hospital policy on tissue procurement. This chapter reviews the critical issues in that review. Although the commit tee was not charged with developing a consent form, our findings were reflected in a revised consent form that is included at the end of this book as Appendix D.
An Overview Of Focus Group Interviewing
Authors: Casey Mary Anne , Krueger Richard
Published: November 2023

Robert Merton, the sociologist who pioneered the approach, first wrote about focus groups in The Focused Interview (1956). Since the 1950s market researchers have used focus groups to search for ways to improve their products and market them to consumers. In the last 20 years government agencies, NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), universities, and nonprofit organizations have begun using findings from focus group interviews to help make decisions about their products and services. This chapter provides an overview of focus group interviewing as used in not-for-profit settings. It will outline the characteristics of focus group interviews and the stages/tasks involved in conducting a focus group study. This chapter also provides how-to advice on conducting these studies.
Problem Formulation, Conceptualization, And Theory Development
Authors: Chaiklin Harris
Published: November 2023

It is common to think of theory, applied research, and practice as separate, distinct entities. While these three entities seem logically dissimilar, in practice the distinctions between them make no difference. It is also common to think of theory as the province of esoteric researchers whose work has little relation to what happens in the “real world.” This too is the stuff of myths, but it is an idea with a long history. In 1803 Immanuel Kant railed against anyone denying that theory is related to practice as “exposing himself as an ignoramus in his field” (Kant, 1974, pp. 41-42). Those who deny the need for theory emphasize the role of ideology in practice. On one side Halmos saw theory and practice as being locked in a necessary and mutually destructive conflict: “While sociology weakens the inspirational elements of professional experience and interpretation, the professional ideology of personal service weakens the positivistic authority of social science” (Halmos, 1971, p. 593). On the other side the Schwendingers see practitioners as corporate liberals who use therapy as a form of social control. According to them, this transforms Freud into an instrument of the corporate state: “With these models, political issues and behavior are regarded as problems of individual adjustment” (Schwendinger, Schwendinger, 1974, p. 347).
Applying For Research Grants: Step-by-Step Guidelines
Authors: Mowbray Carol T
Published: November 2023

Perhaps nothing strikes more terror in the hearts of new assistant professors, professionals in their first jobs, or even graduate students as being told that they must write a research grant application. Unfortunately, for individuals in these situations, who have limited or no research or evaluation experience, such demands are increasingly likely to occur. The reasons for this are multiple: In academia, faculty are now expected to get and maintain research funding from grants and contracts, starting at an early point in their careers (Ries, Leukefeld, 1998). In addition, budget cuts at universities and human service agencies have fueled constant searches for outside funding, especially for new initiatives. Finally, the push toward evidencebased practice has improved the climate for research on practice; in fact, a professor, clinician, or administrator who has developed an innovative service knows that getting recognition from his or her colleagues and from funding sources virtually requires several studies of the program’s efficacy and effectiveness.
Health Care Evidencebased Practice: A Product of Political and Cultural Times
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F , Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

We firmly believe that practice accountability through quality assurance measures and operational improvement, utilization of outcome measures, systematic research, and evidence-based practice will become the dominant challenge for all health care and human service professionals in the current decade. “Increasingly federal, state, and foundation funding sources will demand proof of the effectiveness of specific service interventions” (Austin, Roberts, 2002, p. 826) in health care and human service agencies. We predict that there will be intense pressures on professionals in mental health and substance abuse treatment managed care programs to document and measure quality of service, program, and client outcomes. Effectiveness and outcome data will come from rapid assessment measures, case observations, case records, and multiple methodologically rigorous, randomized clinical research trials in different settings (see Chapters 1, 2, 3, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, and the chapters by Corcoran and Streiner).
Implementation Of Practice Guidelines And Evidence-Based Treatment: A Survey of Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Social Workers
Authors: Mullen Edward J , Bacon William
Published: November 2023

Evidence-based practice and the associated use of practice guidelines have become important emphases in recent years within social work, psychology, and psychiatry (e.g., Gibbs, 2003; Weissman, Sanderson, 2001). These emphases stress practitioner use of methods that have been empirically demonstrated to be effective. This movement within the human service professions is a reaction to the widespread use of methods that have not been empirically tested, as well as the variability in practice of methods used.
Evidence-Based Practice And Manualized Treatment With Children
Authors: Okamoto Scott K , Lecroy Craig Winston
Published: November 2023

In social work and allied disciplines, there has been a growing interest in identifying psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents that have demonstrated clinical efficacy and effectiveness. This chapter focuses on illustrating various treatments that have been shown through rigorous, controlled research to be efficacious for child and adolescent mental health problems. Additionally, this chapter focuses on recent literature that addresses the movement of these clinical research studies into the “real world,” or what has been described as transportability (Schoenwald, Hoagwood, 2001), diffusion of innovation (Henggler, Lee, 2002), or effectiveness (APA Task Force on Psychological Intervention Guidelines, 1995). While there has been much progress in identifying “what works” with children and adolescents, the issue of implementing these studies into practice remains a challenge for the field of child and adolescent therapy.
Measuring and evaluating effectiveness of Services for families and children
Authors: Usher Charles L
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, growing concern about the effectiveness of services to families and children has manifested itself in several ways. Most obvious are attempts to define and measure outcomes and to address questions about the extent to which improved outcomes may be attributable, at least in part, to the receipt of particular services. This has led to demands for accountability and related efforts by policy makers and human service professionals to put into place systems to monitor outcomes and to assess service effectiveness. As discussions along these lines have intensified, subtler issues have emerged, such as the complex interplay between formal services and the informal supports provided by extended family and others in the community. The result is that while few of the thorny issues in this area are fully resolved, we have a much better appreciation of important issues that must be addressed.
Elements Of Consumer­Based Outcome Measurement
Authors: Snively Carol A
Published: November 2023

By informing the helper about how clients view their environment, subjective community quality measures can be useful tools for social work practitioners, especially mental health clinicians and community organizers. After defining relevant terms, this chapter provides a brief overview of community quality research. Research on the effect of community context on mental health outcomes is highlighted. Five measures of subjective community quality are then described. The chapter concludes with suggestions for instrument development and for using subjective community quality measures to improve clinical mental health and community practice outcomes.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder And Trauma Assessment Scales
Authors: Bordnick Patrick
Published: November 2023

Mental health practitioners are often the first line of assessment for victims in crisis. Due to exposure to traumatic events, the initial screening and assessment can identify persons who warrant further evaluation for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traumatic events are varied, but general categories include physical abuse, sexual assault, automobile accidents, workplace accidents, disasters (man-made and natural), and war. These events are ubiquitous; therefore, mental health practitioners need to develop a basic understanding of trauma and its associated symptoms in order to conduct valid clinical assessments. A key factor to consider is that early identification of traumatic stress and treatment can lead to the prevention of related physical and mental sequelae (Yarvis, Bordnick, 2003) (Figure 56.1). The type of traumatic event or time since exposure to the event may dictate different instruments and assessment techniques (e.g., difference between motor vehicle accident, rape, or war experience). In this chapter, general assessment strategies will be presented for mental health practitioners. The assessments described here assume that screening has indicated reasons to evaluate PTSD specifically and that adequate time for such an indepth evaluation is available.
Assessment Measures For Sexual Predators: Step-by-Step Guidelines
Authors: Glancy Graham , Regehr Cheryl
Published: November 2023

As a result of recent legislative changes in both the United States and Canada regarding sexually violent predators (Glancy, Regehr, 2001; Zonona, 1999), mental health practitioners are increasingly being called upon to provide predictions regarding the future dangerousness of convicted sex offenders. Prediction of dangerousness based solely on clinical assessments for offenders of any kind and in particular sexual offenders, however, has proved to be remarkably inaccurate and to result in very low interrater reliability between professional assessors (Hilton, Simmons, 2001). Consequently, there has been considerable effort in the past decade to develop actuarial tools with the aim of improving predictive accuracy. Developers of the tools have reported favorable results in terms of predictive validity, but, nevertheless, considerable controversy exists about the place of actuarial testing in the assessment of sexual offenders (Zonona, 2000; Sreenivasan, Kirkish, Garrick, Wineberger, Phenixa, 2000). The original actuarial instruments focused exclusively on “static” or historical factors such as the age at first offence and the nature of violent offenses. The developers suggested that these tools for the prediction of dangerousness are accurate enough to be used in isolation and that adjunctive clinical assessments not only may fail to add to the predictive validity but in fact may be detrimental (Quinsey, Khanna,, Malcolm, 1998).
The Evaluation Of Training For Leaders Of Foster And Adoptive Parent Support Groups
Authors: Keenan Elizabeth King
Published: November 2023

Numerous support groups for foster and adoptive parents currently exist in a New England state. Attendance tends to be uneven and inconsistent, and group member interaction in many support groups centers around airing problems without moving to a problem-solving or supportive stance. Support group leaders are employees of either a private nonprofit agency (the Connecticut Association of Foster and Adoptive Parents) or a public agency that provide services for foster and adoptive families. Administrators from both agencies report that many current leaders lack knowledge of group leadership skills to respond to these difficulties. Administrators thus decided that a once-monthly 9-month training for current group leaders would facilitate the development of their skills to increase attendance and improve the quality of the interaction at the foster and adoptive parent support group meetings.
Documenting Change In Addiction Treatment Systems: A Model for Evaluation and Examples of Its Use
Authors: Newman Dianna L
Published: November 2023

The original concept of professional development emphasized the training of specific knowledge and skills need to practice (Filby, 1995). In the 1980s, professional development began to focus on the improvement of professionals’ thinking and decision making in unfamiliar practice situations. In fact, an overview of the various models of professional development (Telelearning, Inc., 1999) indicates that most of the current models emphasize the importance of a link between theory and practice, incorporating collaborative reflection, and the development of skills and dispositions that will shape ongoing learning from experience (Elmore, Burney, 1997). Of major importance are professional development activities that incorporate the development of a clear sense of purpose, a shared vision, and the building of collaborative culture (Elmore, Burney, 1997). Thus, the elements of a holistic approach to professional development are thought to lead to the improvement of professional practice on a deeper and more lasting level than the more traditional skills-only approaches that focus on changing discrete parts of an organizational system rather than the system as a whole. Proponents of this approach believe that change in any complex organization or social system will be ineffective and short-lived, if the fact that systems have many interrelated parts and change in one of these demands attention to other parts is not taken into account (Schalock, Fredericks, Dalke,, Alberto, 1994).
Amplifying Performance Measurement Literacy: Reflections from the Appalachian Partnership for Welfare Reform
Authors: Longo Paul
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 88 we introduced the Performance Blueprint, another illustration of which is presented here as Figure 89.1 for the reader’s convenience. As previously discussed, logic models have been identified throughout the literature on program evaluation and performance measurement as a helpful, albeit relatively limited, tool for better understanding, managing, and documenting the performance of programs and the investments that go into them. Properly used, the heuristic power of logic models is capable of granting all the program's stakeholders (i.e., benefactors, beneficiaries, designers, implementers, service providers, and so forth) a standing invitation to compare the program's actual performance with its projected, desired, or even potential performance. The Performance Blueprint, which we claim is an enhanced, nonlinear logic model, is incorporated into many of the products and services that the Appalachian Partnership for Welfare Reform (APWR) offered to the 29 Appalachian County Departments of Job and Family Services (CDJFS) and continues to offer to the Columbus-based Office of Family Stability within the Columbus-based Ohio Department of Job and Family Services (ODJFS).
Social Work Role In Disease Management
Authors: Claiborne Nancy , Vandenburgh Henry
Published: November 2023

After World War II, developed countries shifted their emphasis of health from the absence of disease to curing diseases and minimizing effects of diseases. The goals then became the attainment of more effective lives for patients and the preservation of physical functioning and well-being. This formulation introduced quality of care theory (Lohr, 1988), which expanded the goals of health care to encompass improvement in quality of life and the preservation of physical and mental functioning. Quality of care theory is composed of three subconcepts: (a) the structure (type of delivery system), (b) the process (technical competence of the provider and the patientprovider relationship), and (c) outcomes (end results) of care. Large geographic variations in numbers of medical procedures, unnecessary surgeries, and mortality statistics in the United States concerned both practitioners and health analysts. Inadequate reporting, poor data collection, limited numbers of valid, diagnosis-based instruments, and the lack of national standards greatly hindered attempts to adequately measure outcomes and thus define quality.
Food for Thought
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

In 5000 years of recorded history, nearly 500 major famines have been documented in various parts of the world. Even in the twenty-first century, about 1 million people starve to death worldwide every year. When one realizes how difficult it is to starve to death today, the magnitude of this tragedy becomes incomprehensible. The contrary view that almost 6 billion people are fed on the planet every day reminds us of the technological tour de force that is modern agriculture. Fewer than 1 in 6000 people starve to death each year in today’s world. However, the true consequences of human starvation and malnutrition are far larger and more insidious than is the body count. These include epidemics of related diseases, lost productivity, and loss of tolerance to environmental stress, particularly to heat and cold.
Sunken Submarines
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

The Barents Sea is one of the most inhospitable maritime environments in the world. Along the northern coastline of Scandinavia, the tumultuous surface freezes solid for four months every winter. In the peak of summer surface water temperature is 5°C, cold enough that a lightly clad man in a life vest would survive less than an hour. Nonetheless, the Barents Sea provides the only major sea route for commercial shipping into and out of western Russia during the warmer months. It is also home to the Russian Northern Fleet, whose warships sail from Murmansk with relative lack of scrutiny compared to more temperate ports on the Baltic and Caspian Seas.

Sailing with the Northern Fleet, despite modern advances in maritime technology, is almost as perilous today as it was a century ago. Since World War II the peacetime Soviet Navy has lost dozens of ships and many hundreds of sailors in the sea, including four nuclear submarines. The most recent tragedy occurred on August 12, 2000, when a state-of-the-art nuclear submarine sank with all hands lost, sending the Russian people into a state of national mourning.
The Gravity of Microgravity
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

On April 12, 1961, 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin entered his tiny Vostok spacecraft atop the massive R-7 booster and rocketed into Earth orbit in his legendary three-orbit, 108-minute flight. Meanwhile the Western medical establishment was in the midst of a debate about whether human beings could tolerate extended periods of near weightlessness. The dramatic physiological effects of microgravity are multifaceted, but over the short term they are tolerated remarkably well by the human body. Prolonged weightlessness does not seem to impose a clearly identifiable limitation to survival, but it has been the source of concern in at least six areas of human biology: space sickness, cardiovascular function, lung function, immune function, loss of bone and muscle mass, and interactions with radiation.
An Account Of Corsica
Authors: Boswell James
Published: November 2023

Frontispiece: the portrait Henry Benbridge (1743-1812), American, was in Italy 1764-69; from there, between June and August 1768, he went to Corsica to paint Paoli; he came to London in December 1769 and returned permanently to America in 1770 (Gen. Corr. ii. 73-74 nn. 3, 4). Sir John Dick, then at Leghorn (see p. 11 n. 11) was the link-man; it was he who, c. 30 June 1768, forwarded JB’s letter to Paoli (presumably requesting that the portrait be undertaken) and had the portrait in his possession in August 1768 (Ibid, ii. 73, 97). The painting was exhibited in London, c. 12-24 May 1769 (Ibid, ii. 139 n. 6); the engraving was added to Corsica in the 3rd edn. title-page Non enim ... A. D. 1320 ‘Truly it is not on account of glory, or wealth or honour that we are fighting, but solely for that freedom which a virtuous man will sacrifice only with his life,’ Litera Comitum et Baronum Scotiae ad Papam (1320). Often referred to as the ‘Declaration of Arbroath,’ this letter from the Scottish nobility to the Pope asserted the independence of Scotland and rejected the domination of England. title-page Edward and Charles Dilly Edward (1732-79) and Charles (1739-1807), London booksellers and publishers. On 28 July 1767, Edward Dilly accepted JB’s proposal that Corsica should be published; he agreed to pay JB 100 guineas for the copyright; and, as his letters show, he took a keen, personal interest in the book. He contributed to British Essays in Favour of the Brave Corsicans (1769), a collection published by the two brothers. The first edition of Corsica was printed in Glasgow by the renowned Robert (1707-76) and Andrew (1712-75) Foulis (Gen. Corr. i. 187).
Neonatal Synesthesia: A Reevaluation
Authors: Maurer Daphne , Mondloch Catherine J
Published: November 2023

In The World of the Newborn, Charles and Daphne Maurer (1988) proposed that the normal newborn is synesthetic. They argued that “the newborn does not keep sensations separate from one another, but rather “mixes sights, sounds, feelings, and smells into a sensual bouillabaisse” in which “sights have sounds, feelings have tastes,” and smells can make the baby feel dizzy (p. 51). In later publications, D. Maurer and Mondloch provided additional evidence for this hypothesis (Maurer, 1993; Maurer & Mondloch, 1996) and distinguished strong and weak forms of it (Maurer & Mondloch, 1996). The purpose of this chapter is to review the basis for the original hypothesis and to reevaluate it in light of the evidence since 1996 on the neural basis of synesthesia, on developmental plasticity, and on cross-modal interactions in nonsynesthetic adults and children.
A Letter to My Students
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel
Published: November 2023

Teaching the trumpet is a difficult task. The development and refinement of high-level psychomotor skill is a slow and frequently frustrating process. We teachers rely on our personal experience, training, and intuition to solve the problems that come into the studio each day. Every student has a unique pattern of physical and mental characteristics that must be explored and understood in order to properly prescribe workable solutions for the obstacles that halt forward progress.
“An Affection That Can Never Die”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Jefferson had believed that Adams possessed the attributes necessary for extraordinary statesmanship, including honesty, a rare ability to persevere in the face of foreboding hostility, formidable intelligence, and remarkable disinterestedness. Adams, Jefferson added, was “profound in his vision . . . and accurate in his judgment, “ and his tireless energy ensured that he would get things done. Jefferson saw blemishes in Adams, noting that he was vain and irritable, somewhat naive, and unduly cynical. Nevertheless, his virtues easily outweighed his faults, Jefferson had concluded in 1787. Adams was a gregarious and warmhearted soul, he said, and advised Madison that he “is so amiable, that I pronounce you will love him.”
“Quite at My Leisure”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Adams wrote to Jefferson in January, his first correspondence with the Virginian in years. He envied Jefferson’s retirement, he began, then unctuously exclaimed that he too planned to leave public life when his term expired in fourteen months. It is unlikely that Jefferson believed this tripe. Although he said nothing about the coming election, Adams coyly dilated on the “foul Fiend” of electoral degeneracy, and went on to descant on how he and Jefferson would be able to close their careers with their “Hearts pure and hands clean of all Corruption in Elections.” It appears that Adams, who expected Jefferson to run against him, was obliquely exhorting his likely foe to renounce the base partisanship that had characterized the newspaper wars and, increasingly, local elections in recent years. Jefferson did not take the bait.
“Our Bonaparte”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Hamilton believed that the military-preparedness steps taken by Congress had almost put the nation “where we ought now to be.” Although he publicly characterized these as defensive measures, Hamilton quietly, and only among his closest confidants, spoke of more aggressive designs. Florida and Louisiana were the “key of the Western Country,” he declared, and their possession was “essential to the permanency of the Union.” It was his view that the “whole land force” of the United States should be used to seize Spain’s dominions from St. Augustine to New Orleans. When military operations began, he added, the “command . . . would very naturally fall upon me.” This was because during the summer of 1798 Washington had accepted Adams’ offer to serve as commander of the Provisional Army, but on two conditions: that he be permitted to remain at Mount Vernon until a French invasion was imminent, and that Hamilton be named inspector general, the second in command. Adams abhorred the prospect of Hamilton being in charge while the titular commander languished at home, but he dared not challenge Washington.
Health Promotion
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L
Published: November 2023

Health promotion is a field born out of an international movement calling for fundamental change in the way societies achieve and maintain health for all people, particularly those with mental health conditions (WHO, 2004a). Considered the “new public health,” health promotion reflects this movement and is considered an emerging field of action and advocacy designed to address the full range of modifiable and interactive determinants of health (Baum, 1998). This chapter begins with an overview of the various definitions and applications of the term health promotion. This is followed by a review of key public health concepts: prevention and promotion, risk and protective factors, and their relationship with determinants of health. The remainder of the chapter provides a chronological history of health promotion up to present day, reviews the numerous ways in which health promotion is integrated into mental health services and policies, outlines limitations, and identifies critical issues for the field. Last, the chapter concludes with a section entitled “In Our Own Words,” a summary of focus group comments from consumers and family members on the topic of integration of health and mental health care. For this chapter, participants discuss the following focus group statement: “Describe your experiences with the health system when you have a mental health problem or need.”
The Role of Developmental Plasticity in Comparative Physiology: Mechanism and Process
Authors: Hammond Kimberly A , Cardullo Richard A , Ghalambor cameron k.
Published: November 2023

Comparative physiologists have historically been interested in understanding how groups of organisms, generally in different taxa, approach problems of regulating homeostasis or dealing with external stresses. The questions we ask focus on the comparison of physiological systems that incorporate constitutively different mechanisms in different species. We often ask our questions in the spirit of appropriate examples, as exemplified by the work of August Krogh on respiratory gas exchange and blood flow in vertebrates and invertebrates. Krogh was memorialized with the principle that bears his name and states, “For many problems there is an animal on which it can be most conveniently studied” (Krebs 1975). Some classic examples are the study of osmoregulatory function in desert versus mesic mammals, costs of transport and temperature acclimation in cold- and warm-tolerant animals, and digestive design differences in animals with different dietary habits. Comparative physiologists have also investigated phenotypic changes in physiological systems or characters within populations of a species, living in different habitats, or in the same group of animals exposed to different physiological challenges over the course of time (phenotypic plasticity). At one time we referred to these types of phenotypic changes as physiological “adaptations.” However, with the advent of evolutionary thinking in physiological research, we now refer to these types of adjustments as phenotypic plasticity to distinguish between physiological states that have a strictly genetic basis and those induced by the environment.
Practical Applications Derived from Basic Developmental Studies
Authors: Keller Bradley B
Published: November 2023

Each day in the United States approximately 80 children are born with congenital heart disease. Each day the parents of a newborn are told that their baby has a problem that may require medications or surgery, or that their baby may not live. Each and every day parents respond with the same simple question, “Why?” This is the most basic of questions asked at a time of incomprehensible fear. Our quest as developmental biologists, scientists, and physicians is to answer this extraordinarily simple and complex question by defining the mechanisms that regulate normal cardiovascular morphogenesis and the events that produce altered developmental trajectories. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with a brief overview of the clinical spectrum of congenital cardiovascular malformations, with several recent examples of molecular explanations for specific defects, and then provide a general discussion of the fundamental relationship between cardiovascular structure and function that is present from the onset of the heart beat throughout life.
Walter Reed and the Yellow Fever Experiments
Authors: Lederer Susan E
Published: November 2023

On October 27, 1900, the front page of the New York Times brandished the headline “Mosquito Carries Yellow Fever Germ” The special report described how the investigations conducted by U.S. Army surgeon Walter Reed and his colleagues—Aristides Agramonte, James Carroll, and Jesse Lazear—established that the Aedes mosquito served as the “intermediate host” for the so-called parasite of yellow fever. Through a series of elegant and painstaking experiments, the members of the Yellow Fever Commission demonstrated that yellow fever was not transmitted via bodily contact or through infected clothing. Because there was no animal model for yellow fever, these experiments necessarily involved human beings. Two members of the Yellow Fever Commission— Lazear and Carroll—participated in early trials with “loaded” mosquitoes. Later, the members of the Commission secured human subjects, both American soldiers stationed in Havana and recently arrived Spanish immigrants, who agreed to be exposed to infected mosquitoes and to the bed linens and clothing taken from patients dead from yellow fever. Fortunately, after investigator Jesse Lazear succumbed to yellow fever in 1900, no other individuals died as a result of their participation in the yellow fever experiments.