bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise radiográfica do tratamento cirúrgico da fratura cervical baixa por via posterior
Authors: Astur Neto Nelson , Pellegrino Luciano Antonio Nassar , Umeta Ricardo Shigueaki Galhego , Caffaro Maria Fernanda Silber , Meves Robert , Landim Elcio , Avanzi Osmar
Published: May 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliação da evolução radiográfica da lesão da coluna vertebral cervical tratada pela fixação posterior isolada. MÉTODOS: De 2000 a 2008 foram selecionados 23 pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão do estudo. Eram masculinos 91,3% e a idade média foi de 34 anos e quatro meses. O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 82 meses. Foi avaliado no exame de imagem pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e após seis meses de evolução o tipo de implante, a consolidação da artrodese, se houve soltura do implante, perda de redução, cifose segmentar, degeneração de nível adjacente e pseudartrose. RESULTADOS: Em relação ao método de síntese, 60,8% dos pacientes foram submetidos ao amarrilho interespinhoso, 26% à placa com parafusos de massa lateral e 13% à barra com parafusos de massa lateral. Dos pacientes submetidos à fixação com parafusos, nenhum apresentou complicações radiográficas e 35,7% dos pacientes submetidos à artrodese com amarrilho interespinhoso tiveram complicação, sendo a mais frequente a cifose segmentar. CONCLUSÃO: As lesões da coluna cervical submetidas a artrodese com parafuso de massa lateral apresentaram uma evolução radiográfica melhor do que as submetidas a fixação com amarrilho interespinhoso, tendo este último apresentado maior incidência de complicações na artrodese.
Avaliação da qualidade de vida em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de estenose de canal lombar com mais de 60 anos
Authors: Yoshino Caio Vargas , Rodrigues Luciano Miller Reis
Published: May 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as mudanças na qualidade de vida antes e após a cirurgia de artrodese lombar através dos questionários Owestry Disablity Index (ODI), Roland-Morris (RM) e Escala Analógica Visual (VAS). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas as mudanças nos questionários (ODI, RM e VAS) entre o pré-operatório, 1 semana, 1 mês, 2 meses, 6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos após o procedimento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 38 pacientes com idade acima de 60 anos com acompanhamento de pelo menos dois anos. Houve uma melhora no ODI de 55,94%, 49,18 no RM e 39,48 no VAS. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostram uma melhora nos índices analisados, apresentando índices semelhantes a estudos anteriores, apesar da discrepância entre os diversos estudos e à falta de dados referentes à nossa população.
Comparação do Índice de Torg obtido por meio de radiografia e ressonância magnética nos pacientes com mielopatia cervical espondilótica
Authors: Zam Alexandre de Oliveira , Batista Priscila Rossi de , Barbosa Diogo Miranda , Batista Junior Jose Lucas , Jacob Junior Charbel , Machado Igor Cardoso , Rezende Rodrigo
Published: May 2012

OBJETIVO: A Mielopatia Cervical Espondilótica (MCE) é uma disfunção da medula espinhal relacionada à degeneração típica do envelhecimento. No estudo de imagem podemos obter a medida do Índice de Torg, para estimar a estenose cervical. Objetivamos, assim, medir o Índice de Torg através de radiografia e ressonância magnética (RM), possibilitando verificar possíveis discrepâncias entre os métodos de medida. MÉTODOS: Realizada mensuração do Índice de Torg na radiografia e na RM da coluna cervical, sendo obtido através da relação entre a superfície posterior do corpo vertebral e o ponto mais próximo à linha laminar correspondente, dividido pelo diâmetro sagital do corpo vertebral. RESULTADOS: Participaram 29 pacientes, sendo 10 mulheres e 19 homens, com médias de idade 48,1 ± 11 anos, de peso 68,7 ± 5 Kg e de altura 1,68 ± 0,6 m. Houve diferença significativa entre o Índice de Torg calculado através de radiografia e RM, sendo menores os índices observados na RM (radiografia: 0,73 ± 0,17 vs. RM: 0,48 ± 0,14, p< 0,05). No entanto, ambas as aferições traduzem o mesmo resultado: estenose cervical absoluta (Índice de Torg < 0,8). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados corroboram relatos de outros autores que acreditam que o Índice de Torg medido através da radiografia, como preconizado, minimiza a real estenose do canal cervical. Sugerimos em nosso estudo que a RM permite melhor estimativa do grau de estenose do canal, muito embora nossos resultados em relação ao grau de estenose cervical tenham sido semelhantes estatisticamente.
Estabilizações lombares dinâmicas
Authors: Rocha Ivan Dias , Cristante Alexandre Fogaça , Marcon Raphael Martus
Published: May 2012

O funcionamento fisiológico normal da coluna depende da movimentação normal de cada unidade motora, que consiste em duas vértebras e o disco intervertebral interposto entre elas. Embora a artrodese da coluna vertebral venha sendo utilizada para o tratamento de diversas doenças da coluna, essa modalidade de tratamento acarreta a perda de movimentação dos níveis em que houve a fusão e como consequência pode sobrecarregar os níveis adjacentes podendo provocar a sua degeneração precoce. Proponentes das técnicas de estabilização dinâmicas acreditam que estas podem levar a correção dos problemas minimizando o risco de degeneração dos níveis adjacentes. Atualmente existem no mercado diversos métodos de estabilização dinâmica anteriores e posteriores. Já existem trabalhos biomecânicos que comprovam o benefício teórico de quase todos eles, porém ainda hoje, faltam ensaios clínicos que comprovem a sua utilidade e segurança por longos períodos de seguimento para o paciente. Portanto é fundamental que estes materiais sejam analisados de maneira acadêmica para que no futuro próximo possam ser utilizados em situações precisas e com segurança para os pacientes.
Advances on molecular studies of the interaction soybean - Asian rust
Authors: Morales Aguida Maria Alves Pereira , Borém Aluízio , Graham Michelle A , Abdelnoor Ricardo Vilela
Published: May 2012

Effective management practices are essential for controlling rust outbreaks. The main control method used is the application of fungicides, which increases substantially the cost of production and is harmful to the environment. Prevention is still the best way to avoid more significant losses in soybean yields. Alternatives, such as planting resistant varieties to the fungus, are also important. The use of resistant or tolerant varieties is the most promising method for controlling Asian soybean rust. Recently, five dominant genes resistant to soybean rust were described: Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3, Rpp4 and Rpp5. However, little is known about the molecular interaction among soybean plant and soybean rust and on the molecular pathway triggered by pathogen recognition. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in defense responses is of primary importance for planning strategies to control stress and, consequently, to increase plant adaptation to limiting conditions.
Common bean breeding for resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot assisted by SCAR molecular markers
Authors: Rocha Gilmar Silvério da , Pereira Luis Paulo Lelis , Carneiro Pedro Crescêncio Souza , Paula Júnior Trazilbo José de , Carneiro José Eustáquio de Souza
Published: May 2012

The objective of the present study was to assess the genetic potential of inbred carioca common bean families from five populations derived from crossings involving elite lines and a disease-resistant line (Rudá-R), and to assess the efficiency of SCAR molecular markers in selecting plants resistant to anthracnose and angular leaf spot, at the time of bulk formation. Plant architecture, yield and grain type were assessed. Significant effect among families within population was observed, suggesting wide genetic variability for the characters assessed. Twenty-six superior families were selected. The families contained the greatest number of markers, identified by SCAR molecular markers in the F4 generation. Eighteen of these families were resistant to the races 65 and 453 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and five were resistant to the race 63.23 of Pseudocercospora griseola. Thus selection assisted by SCAR markers, in the F4 generation, was an important tool in common bean breeding.
Meiotic behavior of wild Caricaceae species potentially suitable for papaya improvement
Authors: Silva Emanuelli Narducci da , Freitas Neto Monique , Pereira Telma N. S. , Pereira Messias G.
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the meiotic behavior and determine the meiotic index and pollen viability of representative plants of the wild species V. goudotiana, V. quercifolia and J. spinosa. Meiotic analysis confirmed that the species are diploid and have 18 chromosomes. Meiosis was partially normal, since some abnormalities, e.g, sticky and lagging chromosomes, precocious segregation, lack of synchrony, and disturbances in the spindle fibers were observed. These abnormalities resulted in post-meiotic products (monads, dyads, triads, and polyads) that probably contributed to the meiotic index of 85.7 % (V. goudotiana) to 95.9 % (J. spinosa); significant variation was observed in the species V. goudotiana. The pollen viability of 68.0 % (V. goudotiana) to 96.0 % (J. spinosa) was reasonably good in these wild species. Crossings in breeding programs involving V. goudotiana should therefore be carefully planned, since part of the gametes of this species is unviable.
Working in harmony with nature: the key to sustainability
Authors: Charles
Published: May 2012

Civil engineers need to rethink the Institution of Civil Engineers' (ICE) nineteenth century royal charter. Instead of 'directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man', it is now more important for the profession to understand and work in harmony with nature's underlying patterns of behaviour. This paper, which is based on the author's ICE and Halcrow sustainability lecture presented in London on 2 February 2012, argues that nature's patterns and rhythms are what sustain it. As such, civil engineers committed to sustainability need to start being directed by nature rather than the other way around.
Quantifying invertebrate resistance to floods: a global‐scale meta‐analysis
Authors: McMullen Laura E. , Lytle David A.
Published: May 2012

Floods are a key component of the ecology and management of riverine ecosystems around the globe, but it is not clear whether floods have predictable effects on organisms that can allow us to generalize across regions and continents. To address this, we conducted a global‐scale meta‐analysis to investigate effects of natural and managed floods on invertebrate resistance, the ability of invertebrates to survive flood events. We considered 994 studies for inclusion in the analysis, and after evaluation based on a priori criteria, narrowed our analysis to 41 studies spanning six of the seven continents. We used the natural‐log‐ratio of invertebrate abundance before and within 10 days after flood events because this measure of effect size can be directly converted to estimates of percent survival. We conducted categorical and continuous analyses that examined the contribution of environmental and study design variables to effect size heterogeneity, and examined differences in effect size among taxonomic groups. We found that invertebrate abundance was lowered by at least one‐half after flood events. While natural vs. managed floods were similar in their effect, effect size differed among habitat and substrate types, with pools, sand, and boulders experiencing the strongest effect. Although sample sizes were not sufficient to examine all taxonomic groups, floods had a significant, negative effect on densities of Coleoptera, Eumalacostraca, Annelida, Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera. Results from this study provide guidance for river flow regime prescriptions that will be applicable across continents and climate types, as well as baseline expectations for future empirical studies of freshwater disturbance.
Estimating landscape carrying capacity through maximum clique analysis
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Warrington Gregory S. , Schwenk W. Scott , Dinitz Jeffrey H.
Published: May 2012

Habitat suitability (HS) maps are widely used tools in wildlife science and establish a link between wildlife populations and landscape pattern. Although HS maps spatially depict the distribution of optimal resources for a species, they do not reveal the population size a landscape is capable of supporting—information that is often crucial for decision makers and managers. We used a new approach, “maximum clique analysis,” to demonstrate how HS maps for territorial species can be used to estimate the carrying capacity, Nk, of a given landscape. We estimated the Nk of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) in an 1153‐km2 study area in Vermont, USA. These two species were selected to highlight different approaches in building an HS map as well as computational challenges that can arise in a maximum clique analysis. We derived 30‐m2 HS maps for each species via occupancy modeling (Ovenbird) and by resource utilization modeling (bobcats). For each species, we then identified all pixel locations on the map (points) that had sufficient resources in the surrounding area to maintain a home range (termed a “pseudo‐home range”). These locations were converted to a mathematical graph, where any two points were linked if two pseudo‐home ranges could exist on the landscape without violating territory boundaries. We used the program Cliquer to find the maximum clique of each graph. The resulting estimates of Nk = 236 Ovenbirds and Nk = 42 female bobcats were sensitive to different assumptions and model inputs. Estimates of Nk via alternative, ad hoc methods were 1.4 to >30 times greater than the maximum clique estimate, suggesting that the alternative results may be upwardly biased. The maximum clique analysis was computationally intensive but could handle problems with <1500 total pseudo‐home ranges (points). Given present computational constraints, it is best suited for species that occur in clustered distributions (where the problem can be broken into several, smaller problems), or for species with large home ranges relative to grid scale where resampling the points to a coarser resolution can reduce the problem to manageable proportions.
Targeting the Tumor Stroma with Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) Agonists
Authors: Bundscherer Annika , Reichle Albrecht , Hafner Christian , Meyer Stefanie , Vogt Thomas
Published: May 2012

Tumor cells depend on and are able to modulate the tumor stroma establishing a permissive and supportive environment of their own. Targeting the tumor stroma has evolved as a novel concept that has attracted attention of cancer researchers aiming at the treatment of metastatic cancer. The novel paradigm is that modulating the stroma will possibly not cure the cancer, but will make it a manageable disease for long periods of time by prohibiting the cancer from growing beyond a certain mass. Accordingly, in the last years, a multitude of stroma-targeting agents were developed comprising either classic small molecule drugs (e.g. sorafenib, an inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases) or recombinant antibodies (e.g. anti-VEGF) for targeting of tumor angiogenesis. Apart from these specifically targeted drugs, some well established drugs, primarily designed for non-oncologic diseases, have revealed antitumor activity on the basis of nuclear receptor modulation unfolding pleiotropic biological effects including stroma modulation. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonists, particularly thiazolidinedione derivatives such as pioglitazone and ciglitazone, are promising examples as they exert both a direct antitumoral and a broad spectrum of anti-stromal, antiangiogenic and immuno-modulating activities. This review will focus on the stroma-mediated anticancer activities of PPAR agonists.
The feasible strategies of technological and economic development of HIP Petrohemija
Authors: Adzic Slobodan , Ocic Ozren
Published: May 2012

In this paper authors have presented a case study of HIP Petrohemija company
(Pancevo, Serbia) with the aim of generating feasible strategies for
technological and economic development. The research philosophy is based on
the critical realism, while the research methodology is qualitative. The
paper begins with the introduction to the history of HIP Petrohemija,
followed by the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, & Threats)
analysis, and the SWOT analysis results that were used to construct TOWS
(Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, & Strengths) matrix. This procedure
generated two feasible strategies, both of which are subjected to further
tests. The three portfolio models: Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix,
General Electric (GE) matrix, and Nine specimen standardized strategies were
used to describe the current situation of HIP Petrohemija, needed steps for
the company to produce more finalized products, i.e., polymers, as well as
the actions aimed at minimizing losses. This however did not provide
sufficient data for determining the appropriate strategy for the company. The
dilemma was solved with the help of Ansoff matrix, which showed that merging
with, in its value chain, the distributor, not with to the supplier will be
more profitable for the HIP Petrohemija. Contemporary Porter?s models - Five
Forces and Value Chain Analysis, further confirmed the advantage of this
strategy. The last model used in this paper is the Competitors
Differentiation Iceberg Model that answers what the core competence of HIP
Petrohemija is, with the results indicating the high quality of finalized
products. Finally, the authors conclude that both strategies that were
generated by the analysis are feasible - the merging with the supplier of raw
material, as well as the merging with the large distributor of finalized
products, with the latter being more profitable in the case of HIP
Petrohemija.
Behind Supervisory Doors: Taught Master's Dissertation Students as Qualitative Apprentices
Authors: Maunder Rachel E. , Gordon-Finlayson Alasdair , Callaghan Jane , Roberts Anca
Published: May 2012

This article explores the supervision of Master's students undertaking qualitative research dissertations. Specifically, it presents a model for theorising the nature of the supervisory relationship established with students who are relative newcomers to the qualitative research community. By drawing on reflections from the authors' own practice and situating this within a broader context of the ‘community of practice’ approach to learning, it argues that the supervision of qualitative Master's dissertations can be seen as an apprenticeship into qualitative research, whereby students begin to take on the identity of a qualitative researcher. Adopting such a model requires a reconceptualisation of how supervisors work with their supervisees, how students are prepared for the requirements of the dissertation, and how strategies are developed to facilitate their transition from novice to expert. This article explores how educators might integrate theoretical and practical concerns in applying the apprentice model to Master's dissertation supervision, considering the advantages and limitations of such a model.
Teaching Visual Methods Using Performative Storytelling, Reflective Practice and Learning through Doing
Authors: Owen Craig , Riley Sarah
Published: May 2012

Visual images percolate our everyday lives, visual technologies are increasingly accessible and affordable, and visual methods are at the forefront of methodological innovation. If psychology students are to capitalise on these exciting developments, visual methods teaching needs to be integrated into ‘mainstream’ qualitative methods training. This report offers an example of how this has been done through the use of three pedagogical practices, namely performative storytelling, modelling reflective practice, and learning through doing. It describes how these practices inform the authors' teaching of visual methods, gives an example of how these have been applied, and offers suggestions to the reader for other ways of developing these principles in practice.
Quantification of Peroxide Ion Passage in Dentin, Enamel, and Cementum After Internal Bleaching With Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Palo RM , Bonetti-Filho I , Valera MC , Camargo CHR , Camargo SEA , Moura-Netto C , Pameijer C
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of peroxide passage from the pulp chamber to the external enamel surface during the internal bleaching technique. Fifty bovine teeth were sectioned transversally 5 mm below the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), and the remaining part of the root was sealed with a 2-mm layer of glass ionomer cement. The external surface of the samples was coated with nail varnish, with the exception of standardized circular areas (6-mm diameter) located on the enamel, exposed dentin, or cementum surface of the tooth. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups according to exposed areas close to the CEJ and into two control groups (n=10/group), as follows: GE, enamel exposure area; GC, cementum exposed area; GD, dentin exposed area; Negative control, no presence of internal bleaching agent and uncoated surface; and Positive control, pulp chamber filled with bleaching agent and external surface totally coated with nail varnish. The pulp chamber was filled with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Endo, Ultradent). Each sample was placed inside of individual flasks with 1000 μL of acetate buffer solution, 2 M (pH 4.5). After seven days, the buffer solution was transferred to a glass tube, in which 100 μL of leuco-crystal violet and 50 μL of horseradish peroxidase were added, producing a blue solution. The optical density of the blue solution was determined by spectrophotometer and converted into microgram equivalents of hydrogen peroxide. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). All experimental groups presented passage of peroxide to the external surface that was statistically different from that observed in the control groups. It was verified that the passage of peroxide was higher in GD than in GE (p<0.01). The GC group presented a significantly lower peroxide passage than did GD and GE (p<0.01). It can be concluded that the hydrogen peroxide placed into the pulp chamber passed through the dental hard tissues, reaching the external surface and the periodontal tissue. The cementum surface was less permeable than were the dentin and enamel surfaces.
Development of an automated plasmapheresis procedure for the harvest of equine plasma in accordance with current good manufacturing practice
Authors: Ziska Sara M. , Schumacher John , Duran Sue H. , Brock Kenny V.
Published: May 2012

Objective—To develop a high-speed, continuous-flow, automated plasmapheresis procedure for the high-volume harvest of equine plasma in accordance with current good manufacturing practice.

Animals—143 horses (predominantly draft breeds) between 3 and 10 years of age at the time of purchase.

Procedures—Adaptations were made to automated plasmapheresis instruments and sterile disposable collection sets, which allowed for dual-instrument, continuous-flow operation. Donor horses were connected to the apparatus via 2 catheters (1 inserted in each jugular vein). The instruments removed whole blood from donors, fractionated the blood, diverted plasma to collection bags, and simultaneously returned concentrated cells to the donors. Plasmapheresis was performed on donor horses at 14-day intervals with a maximum of 22 mL of plasma/kg of donor body weight harvested during each plasmapheresis procedure.

Results—During a 5-year period, 3,240 plasmapheresis procedures were performed and > 50,000 L of sterile equine plasma was harvested in accordance with current good manufacturing practice. Donors typically remained calm during the plasmapheresis procedures and tolerated the procedures well. The high-volume and frequent plasma harvest did not result in sustained hypoproteinemia in donor horses. Adverse events associated with the automated plasmapheresis technique were infrequent, and the recurrence of adverse events was minimized by making minor adjustments to the procedure.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The automated plasmapheresis procedure described in this report can be used to safely harvest equine plasma or to perform therapeutic plasmapheresis in horses.
Evaluation of factors that affect analytic variability of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio determination in dogs
Authors: Rossi Gabriele , Giori Luca , Campagnola Simona , Zatelli Andrea , Zini Eric , Paltrinieri Saverio
Published: May 2012

Objective—To determine whether preanalytic and analytic factors affect evaluation of the urinary protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratio in dogs.

Sample—50 canine urine samples.

Procedures—The UPC ratio was measured to assess the intra-assay imprecision (20 measurements within a single session), the influence of predilution (1:10, 1:20, and 1:100) for urine creatinine concentration measurement, and the effect of storage at room temperature (approx 20°C), 4°C, and −20°C.

Results—The coefficient of variation at room temperature determined with the 1:20 predilution was < 10.0%, with the highest coefficients of variation found in samples with a low protein concentration or low urine specific gravity. This variability could result in misclassification of samples with UPC ratios close to the thresholds defined by the International Renal Interest Society to classify dogs as nonproteinuric (0.2), borderline proteinuric (0.21 to 0.50), or proteinuric (> 0.51). A proportional bias was found in samples prediluted 1:10, compared with samples prediluted 1:20 or 1:100. At room temperature, the UPC ratio did not significantly increase after 2 and 4 hours. After 12 hours at room temperature and at 4°C, the UPC ratio significantly increased. The UPC ratio did not significantly change during 3 months of storage at −20°C.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The intra-assay precision of the UPC ratio was sufficiently low to avoid misclassification of samples, except for values close to 0.2 or 0.5. The optimal predilution ratio for urine creatinine concentration measurement was 1:20. A 1:100 predilution is recommended in samples with a urine specific gravity > 1.030. The UPC ratio must be measured as soon as samples are collected. Alternatively, samples should be immediately frozen to increase their stability and minimize the risk of misclassification of proteinuria.
Evaluation of the correlation between serum biochemical values and liver ultrasonographic indices in periparturient cows with different body condition scores
Authors: Rafia Saman , Taghipour-Bazargani Taghi , Asadi Farzad , Vajhi Alireza , Bokaie Saied
Published: May 2012

Objective—To determine alterations of serum biochemical variables in relation to changes of near- and far-field mean grayscale histogram (MGSH) and attenuation rates in liver ultrasonograms of periparturient cows.

Animals—67 Holstein cows.

Procedures—Cows were allocated on the basis of body condition score into underconditioned (n = 21), moderately conditioned (23), and overconditioned (23) groups. Serum samples (obtained every 10 days from 30 days before to 30 days after calving) were analyzed for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyltransferase activities and BUN, albumin, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus concentrations along with digital estimation of near- and far-field MGSH values of liver ultrasonograms and deep attenuation. Values were compared among groups and within each group, and their correlations were determined in the pre- and postpartum periods.

Results—Serum biochemical variables did not differ significantly among groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities increased in the postpartum period. Fluctuations of alanine aminotransferase activity were not significant; BUN decreased significantly in the peripartum period. Albumin concentration decreased prior to parturition and remained low, but significantly increased after parturition. Calcium concentration decreased on day 10 but subsequently increased. Phosphorus concentration decreased stepwise until day 10 after calving. Postpartum biochemical variables had weak correlations with near- and far-field MGSH values in overconditioned cows. The highest levels of sound attenuation were found in overconditioned cows on calving day.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Liver ultrasonographic features were poorly correlated with changes of serum biochemical variables. This suggests that liver ultrasonography is not a good technique for estimating functional liver abnormalities in periparturient cows.
Effects of unilateral arytenoid lateralization technique and suture tension on airway pressure in the larynx of canine cadavers
Authors: Wignall Jamie R. , Baines Stephen J.
Published: May 2012

Objective—To evaluate effects of the arytenoid lateralization technique and suture tension on airway pressure in the canine larynx.

Sample—7 canine cadaver larynges.

Procedures—Negative pressure was elicited aboral to the larynx. Airway pressure was measured at airflows of 15 to 120 L/min before and after thyroarytenoid lateralization (TAL), cricoarytenoid lateralization (CAL), and combined TAL and CAL (cricothyroarytenoid lateralization [CTAL]) at 100 and 500 g of suture tension and with sectioning of the sesamoid cartilage (SSC) and disarticulation of the cricothyroid joint (DCTJ). Rima glottidis area (RGA) was measured. Effects of technique, modification, and suture tension on pressure and RGA were evaluated statistically.

Results—Increased suture tension significantly reduced airway pressure for TAL at 30 L/min, CAL at 45 to 120 L/min, and CAL after SSC and DCTJ at 60, 75, and 105 to 120 L/min. The CAL and CTAL caused significantly lower airway pressures than did TAL > 30 L/min, but SSC and DCTJ did not significantly reduce pressure. All procedures, except TAL at 100 g of tension, resulted in a significant RGA increase from baseline. The CAL and CTAL caused a significantly greater RGA than did TAL. For TAL at 100 g of tension, SSC significantly increased RGA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CAL and CTAL caused lower airway pressures than did TAL. No significant pressure differences were detected between CAL and CTAL; SSC and DCTJ had little effect on pressure. Pressure may be a more sensitive indicator of airflow than is RGA in the larynx of canine cadavers.
The Relevance of the Judiciary in a Democratic Nigeria
Authors: Guobadia Osahon O.
Published: May 2012

A new constitutional democracy was established in Nigeria on 29 May 1999. This Fourth Republic was founded upon the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended) which unshackled the judiciary from the bondage of military decrees. This also brought excitement to the citizenry which finds expression in the belief that the judiciary, their last bastion of succour, is now poised to intervene in the inevitable tussle between might and the exercise of new democratic tenets. These tenets encompass the ideals of economic justice, political justice and social justice. 1 1 C. C. Nweze, ‘Judicial Sustainability of Constitutional Democracy in Nigeria: A Response to the Phonographic Theory of the Judicial Function’, in E. S. Nwauche and F. I. Asogwah (eds), Essays in Honour of Professor C. O. Okunkwo, (SAN) Jite Books (2000), p. 225. Against the backdrop of this reality, the article will examine the extent to which the judiciary in Nigeria has performed its constitutional role as an independent arm of government towards ensuring the observance of democratic values in a free, open, humane and civilised society.
High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Kuwaiti Adults —A Wake-Up Call for Public Health Intervention
Authors: Al Zenki Sameer , Al Omirah Husam , Al Hooti Suad , Al Hamad Nawal , Jackson Robert T. , Rao Aravinda , Al Jahmah Nasser , Al Obaid Ina'am , Al Ghanim Jameela , Al Somaie Mona , Zaghloul Sahar , Al Othman Amani
Published: May 2012

The socio-economic development which followed the discovery of oil resources brought about considerable changes in the food habits and lifestyle of the Kuwaiti population. Excessive caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure due to a sedentary lifestyle have led to a rapid increase in obesity, diabetes and other non-communicable chronic diseases in the population. In this paper, we examine the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) among Kuwaiti adults (≥20 years) using data from the first national nutrition survey conducted between July 2008 and November 2009. The prevalence of MetS was 37.7% in females and 34.2% in males by NCEP criteria, whereas the values were 40.1% in females and 41.7% in males according to IDF criteria. Prevalence of MetS increased with age and was higher in females than males. The high prevalence of the MetS in Kuwaiti adults warrants urgent public health measures to prevent morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular complications in the future.
Gelam Honey Has a Protective Effect against Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Organ Failure
Authors: Kassim Mustafa , Mansor Marzida , Al-Abd Nazeh , Yusoff Kamaruddin Mohd
Published: May 2012

Gelam honey exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and is thought to have potent effects in reducing infections and healing wounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intravenously-injected Gelam honey in protecting organs from lethal doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six groups of rabbits (N = 6) were used in this study. Two groups acted as controls and received only saline and no LPS injections. For the test groups, 1 mL honey (500 mg/kg in saline) was intravenously injected into two groups (treated), while saline (1 mL) was injected into the other two groups (untreated); after 1 h, all four test groups were intravenously-injected with LPS (0.5 mg/kg). Eight hours after the LPS injection, blood and organs were collected from three groups (one from each treatment stream) and blood parameters were measured and biochemical tests, histopathology, and myeloperoxidase assessment were performed. For survival rate tests, rabbits from the remaining three groups were monitored over a 2-week period. Treatment with honey showed protective effects on organs through the improvement of organ blood parameters, reduced infiltration of neutrophils, and decreased myeloperoxidase activity. Honey-treated rabbits also showed reduced mortality after LPS injection compared with untreated rabbits. Honey may have a therapeutic effect in protecting organs during inflammatory diseases.
Altered Cell Mechanics from the Inside: Dispersed Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Integrate with and Restructure Actin
Authors: Holt Brian D. , Shams Hengameh , Horst Travis A. , Basu Saurav , Rape Andrew D. , Wang Yu-Li , Rohde Gustavo K. , Mofrad Mohammad R. K. , Islam Mohammad F. , Dahl Kris Noel
Published: May 2012

With a range of desirable mechanical and optical properties, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a promising material for nanobiotechnologies. SWCNTs also have potential as biomaterials for modulation of cellular structures. Previously, we showed that highly purified, dispersed SWCNTs grossly alter F-actin inside cells. F-actin plays critical roles in the maintenance of cell structure, force transduction, transport and cytokinesis. Thus, quantification of SWCNT-actin interactions ranging from molecular, sub-cellular and cellular levels with both structure and function is critical for developing SWCNT-based biotechnologies. Further, this interaction can be exploited, using SWCNTs as a unique actin-altering material. Here, we utilized molecular dynamics simulations to explore the interactions of SWCNTs with actin filaments. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy confirmed that SWCNTs were located within ~5 nm of F-actin in cells but did not interact with G-actin. SWCNTs did not alter myosin II sub-cellular localization, and SWCNT treatment in cells led to significantly shorter actin filaments. Functionally, cells with internalized SWCNTs had greatly reduced cell traction force. Combined, these results demonstrate direct, specific SWCNT alteration of F-actin structures which can be exploited for SWCNT-based biotechnologies and utilized as a new method to probe fundamental actin-related cellular processes and biophysics.
Biochemical Studies of the Lagunamides, Potent Cytotoxic Cyclic Depsipeptides from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula
Authors: Tripathi Ashootosh , Fang Wanru , Leong David Tai , Tan Lik Tong
Published: May 2012

Lagunamides A (1) and B (2) are potent cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptides isolated from the filamentous marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula, from Pulau Hantu, Singapore. These compounds are structurally related to the aurilide-class of molecules, which have been reported to possess exquisite antiproliferative activities against cancer cells. The present study presents preliminary findings on the selectivity of lagunamides against various cancer cell lines as well as their mechanism of action by studying their effects on programmed cell death or apoptosis. Lagunamide A exhibited a selective growth inhibitory activity against a panel of cancer cell lines, including P388, A549, PC3, HCT8, and SK-OV3 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 1.6 nM to 6.4 nM. Morphological studies showed blebbing at the surface of cancer cells as well as cell shrinkage accompanied by loss of contact with the substratum and neighboring cells. Biochemical studies using HCT8 and MCF7 cancer cells suggested that the cytotoxic effect of 1 and 2 might act via induction of mitochondrial mediated apoptosis. Data presented in this study warrants further investigation on the mode of action and underscores the importance of the lagunamides as potential anticancer agents.
Bioactive Compounds from a Gorgonian Coral Echinomuricea sp. (Plexauridae)
Authors: Chung Hsu-Ming , Hong Pei-Han , Su Jui-Hsin , Hwang Tsong-Long , Lu Mei-Chin , Fang Lee-Shing , Wu Yang-Chang , Li Jan-Jung , Chen Jih-Jung , Wang Wei-Hsien , Sung Ping-Jyun
Published: May 2012

A new labdane-type diterpenoid, echinolabdane A (1), and a new sterol, 6-epi-yonarasterol B (2), were isolated from a gorgonian coral identified as Echinomuricea sp. The structures of metabolites 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Echinolabdane A (1) possesses a novel tetracyclic skeleton with an oxepane ring jointed to an α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactone ring by a hemiketal moiety, and this compound is the first labdane-type diterpenoid to be obtained from marine organisms belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. 6-epi-Yonarasterol B (2) is the first steroid derivative to be isolated from gorgonian coral belonging to the genus Echinomuricea, and this compound displayed significant inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anions and the release of elastase by human neutrophils.
Chemical Profiles and Identification of Key Compound Caffeine in Marine-Derived Traditional Chinese Medicine Ostreae concha
Authors: Yang Xue , Zhou Shi-Lu , Ma Ai-Cui , Xu Hai-Tao , Guan Hua-Shi , Liu Hong-Bing
Published: May 2012

To compare the chemical differences between the medicinal and cultured oyster shells, their chemical profiles were investigated. Using the ultra performance liquid chromatography-electron spraying ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), the discrimination of the chemical characteristics among the medicinal and cultured oyster shells was established. Moreover, the chemometric analysis revealed some potential key compounds. After a large-scale extraction and isolation, one target key compound was unambiguously identified as caffeine (1) based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis (1D and 2D NMR, MS, and UV) and comparison with literature data.
Impact of Molecular Weight on Lymphatic Drainage of a Biopolymer-Based Imaging Agent
Authors: Bagby Taryn R. , Cai Shuang , Duan Shaofeng , Thati Sharadvi , Aires Daniel J. , Forrest Laird
Published: May 2012

New lymphatic imaging technologies are needed to better assess immune function and cancer progression and treatment. Lymphatic uptake depends mainly on particle size (10–100 nm) and charge. The size of carriers for imaging and drug delivery can be optimized to maximize lymphatic uptake, localize chemotherapy to lymphatic metastases, and enable visualization of treatment deposition. Toward this end, female BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously in the hind footpad or forearm with a series of six different molecular weight hyaluronan (HA) near-infrared dye (HA-IR820) conjugates (ca. 5–200 nm). Mice were imaged using whole body fluorescent imaging over two weeks. HA-IR820 fluorescence was clearly visualized in the draining lymphatic capillaries, and in the popliteal and iliac or axillary lymph nodes. The 74-kDa HA-IR820 had the largest lymph node area-under-the-curve. In contrast to prior reports, mice bearing limb tumors exhibited three-fold longer retention of 74-kDa HA-IR820 in the popliteal node compared to mice without tumors. HA conjugate kinetics and disposition can be specifically tailored by altering their molecular weight. The specific lymphatic uptake and increased nodal retention of HA conjugates indicate significant potential for development as a natural biopolymer for intralymphatic drug delivery and imaging.
Random Poly(Amino Acid)s Synthesized by Ring Opening Polymerization as Additives in the Biomimetic Mineralization of CaCO3
Authors: Dmitrovic Vladimir , Habraken Gijs J.M. , Hendrix Marco M.R.M. , Habraken Wouter J.E.M. , Heise Andreas , De With Gijsbertus , Sommerdijk Nico A.J.M
Published: May 2012

Biominerals such as bones, teeth and seashells, very often have advanced material properties and are a source of inspiration for material chemists. As in biological systems acidic proteins play an important role in regulating the formation of CaCO3 biominerals, we employ poly(amino acid)s to mimic the processes involved in the laboratory. Here we report on the synthesis of random aminoacid copolymers of glutamic acid (Glu), lysine (Lys) and alanine (Ala) using the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of their respective N-carboxy anhydrides (NCA). The synthetic approach yields a series of polymers with different monomer composition but with similar degrees of polymerization (DP 45–56) and comparable polydispersities (PDI 1.2–1.6). Using random copolymers we can investigate the influence of composition on the activity of the polymers without having to take into account the effects of secondary structure or specific sequences. We show that variation of the Glu content of the polymer chains affects the nucleation and thereby also the particle size. Moreover, it is shown that the polymers with the highest Glu content affect the kinetics of mineral formation such that the first precipitate is more soluble than in the case of the control.
Remote Sensing Images to Detect Soy Plantations in the Amazon Biome—The Soy Moratorium Initiative
Authors: Rudorff Bernardo F. T. , Adami Marcos , Risso Joel , De Aguiar Daniel Alves , Pires Bernardo , Amaral Daniel , Fabiani Leandro , Cecarelli Izabel
Published: May 2012

The Soy Moratorium is an initiative to reduce deforestation rates in the Amazon biome based on the hypothesis that soy is a deforestation driver. Soy planted in opened areas after July 24th, 2006 cannot be commercialized by the associated companies to the Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil Industries (ABIOVE) and the National Association of Cereal Exporters (ANEC), which represent about 90% of the Brazilian soy market. The objective of this work is to present the evaluation of the fourth year of monitoring new soy plantations within the Soy Moratorium context. With the use of satellite images from the MODIS sensor, together with aerial survey, it was possible to identify 147 polygons with new soy plantations on 11,698 ha. This soy area represents 0.39% of the of the total deforested area during the moratorium, in the three soy producing states of the Amazon biome, and 0.6% of the cultivated soy area in the Amazon biome, indicating that soy is currently a minor deforestation driver. The quantitative geospatial information provided by an effective monitoring approach is paramount to the implementation of a governance process required to establish an equitable balance between environmental protection and agricultural production.
Transcriptional Regulation of Latent Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocytes
Authors: McDonnel Samantha J. , Sparger Ellen E. , Luciw Paul A. , Murphy Brian G.
Published: May 2012

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the lentivirus of domestic cats responsible for feline AIDS, establishes a latent infection in peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells approximately eight months after experimental inoculation. In this study, cats experimentally infected with the FIV-C strain in the asymptomatic phase demonstrated an estimated viral load of 1 infected cell per approximately 103 CD4+ T-cells, with about 1 copy of viral DNA per cell. Approximately 1 in 10 proviral copies was capable of transcription in the asymptomatic phase. The latent FIV proviral promoter was associated with deacetylated, methylated histones, which is consistent with a condensed chromatin structure. In contrast, the transcriptionally active FIV promoter was associated with histone acetylation and demethylation. In addition, RNA polymerase II appeared to be paused on the latent viral promoter, and short promoter-proximal transcripts were detected. Our findings for the FIV promoter in infected cats are similar to results obtained in studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 latent proviruses in cell culture in vitro studies. Thus, the FIV/cat model may offer insights into in vivo mechanisms of HIV latency and provides a unique opportunity to test novel therapeutic interventions aimed at eradicating latent virus.
Applying KANO Model for Users’ Satisfaction Assessment in E-Learning Systems
Authors: Rezaie Maryam , Nosratabadi Hamid Eslami , Fazlollahtabar Hamed
Published: May 2012

Many projects fail due to lack of product development to meet customer needs, leading to a waste of organizational resources and non systematic creation of products. Understanding user behavior and the effective management are key elements in the competitive knowledge-based economy. One of the outlets for knowledge-based economy is e-learning, facilitating education using information technology (IT) infrastructure, which plays an important role in today’s virtual world breaking distance and time obstacles. The purpose of this study is to probe e-learning users’ satisfaction attributes having noticeable impacts on enhancing instruction paradigm. Therefore, using two concepts of asynchronous learning and KANO model, the authors conduct a survey on user satisfaction in e-learning educational centers in Iran via interviews. Five satisfaction factors are pedagogical regulation, user characteristics, user interface, ICT infrastructures, group interactivity, and content. A questionnaire is proposed based on KANO concept and samples are collected. The statistical analyses are worked out on questionnaires applying Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software package. The results show that group interaction and user interface have high satisfaction level while content and infrastructures are the effective factors of dissatisfaction.