bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor 2 in bile‐acid–induced cholangiocyte proliferation and cholestasis‐induced liver injury in mice
Authors: Wang Yongqing , Aoki Hiroaki , Yang Jing , Peng Kesong , Liu Runping , Li Xiaojiaoyang , Qiang Xiaoyan , Sun Lixin , Gurley Emily C. , Lai Guanhua , Zhang Luyong , Liang Guang , Nagahashi Masayuki , Takabe Kazuaki , Pandak William M. , Hylemon Phillip B. , Zhou Huiping
Published: January 2017

Bile duct obstruction is a potent stimulus for cholangiocyte proliferation, especially for large cholangiocytes. Our previous studies reported that conjugated bile acids (CBAs) activate the protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways through sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor (S1PR) 2 in hepatocytes and cholangiocarcinoma cells. It also has been reported that taurocholate (TCA) promotes large cholangiocyte proliferation and protects cholangiocytes from bile duct ligation (BDL)‐induced apoptosis. However, the role of S1PR2 in bile‐acid–mediated cholangiocyte proliferation and cholestatic liver injury has not been elucidated. Here, we report that S1PR2 is the predominant S1PR expressed in cholangiocytes. Both TCA‐ and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P)‐induced activation of ERK1/2 and AKT were inhibited by JTE‐013, a specific antagonist of S1PR2, in cholangiocytes. In addition, TCA‐ and S1P‐induced cell proliferation and migration were inhibited by JTE‐013 and a specific short hairpin RNA of S1PR2, as well as chemical inhibitors of ERK1/2 and AKT in mouse cholangiocytes. In BDL mice, expression of S1PR2 was up‐regulated in whole liver and cholangiocytes. S1PR2 deficiency significantly reduced BDL‐induced cholangiocyte proliferation and cholestatic injury, as indicated by significant reductions in inflammation and liver fibrosis in S1PR2 knockout mice. Treatment of BDL mice with JTE‐013 significantly reduced total bile acid levels in serum and cholestatic liver injury. Conclusion: This study suggests that CBA‐induced activation of S1PR2‐mediated signaling pathways plays a critical role in obstructive cholestasis and may represent a novel therapeutic target for cholestatic liver diseases. (Hepatology 2017;65:2005‐2018).
Bile duct ligation–induced biliary hyperplasia, hepatic injury, and fibrosis are reduced in mast cell–deficient KitW‐sh mice
Authors: Hargrove Laura , Kennedy Lindsey , Demieville Jennifer , Jones Hannah , Meng Fanyin , DeMorrow Sharon , Karstens Walker , Madeka Taronish , Greene John , Francis Heather
Published: January 2017

Activated mast cells (MCs) release histamine (HA) and MCs infiltrate the liver following bile duct ligation (BDL), increasing intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) and fibrosis. We evaluated the effects of BDL in MC‐deficient (KitW‐sh
) mice. Wild‐type (WT) and KitW‐sh
mice were subjected to sham or BDL for up to 7 days and KitW‐sh
mice were injected with cultured mast cells or 1× phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) before collecting serum, liver, and cholangiocytes. Liver damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and alanine aminotransferase levels. IBDM was detected by cytokeratin‐19 expression and proliferation by Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fibrosis was detected by IHC, hydroxyproline content, and by qPCR for fibrotic markers. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) expression/secretion were evaluated. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and histamine receptor (HR) expression were detected by qPCR and HA secretion by enzymatic immunoassay. To evaluate vascular cells, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C expression were measured. In vitro, cultured HSCs were stimulated with cholangiocyte supernatants and alpha‐smooth muscle actin levels were measured. BDL‐induced liver damage was reduced in BDL KitW‐sh
mice, whereas injection of MCs did not mimic BDL‐induced damage. In BDL KitW‐sh
mice, IBDM, proliferation, HSC activation/fibrosis, and TGF‐β1 expression/secretion were decreased. The HDC/HA/HR axis was ablated in sham and BDL KitW‐sh
mice. vWF and VEGF‐C expression decreased in BDL KitW‐sh
mice. In KitW‐sh
mice injected with MCs, IBDM, proliferation, fibrosis, and vascular cell activation increased. Stimulation with cholangiocyte supernatants from BDL WT or KitW‐sh
mice injected with MCs increased HSC activation, which decreased with supernatants from BDL KitW‐sh
mice. Conclusion: MCs promote hyperplasia, fibrosis, and vascular cell activation. Knockout of MCs decreases BDL‐induced damage. Modulation of MCs may be important in developing therapeutics for cholangiopathies. (Hepatology 2017;65:1991‐2004).
Prioritization of pharmaceuticals based on risks to aquatic environments in Kazakhstan
Authors: Aubakirova Bakhyt , Beisenova Raikhan , Boxall Alistair BA
Published: January 2017

Over the last 20 years, there has been increasing interest in the occurrence, fate, effects, and risk of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment. However, we still have only limited or no data on ecotoxicological risks of many of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) currently in use. This is partly due to the fact that the environmental assessment of an API is an expensive, time-consuming, and complicated process. Prioritization methodologies, which aim to identify APIs of most concern in a particular situation, could therefore be invaluable in focusing experimental work on APIs that really matter. The majority of approaches for prioritizing APIs require annual pharmaceutical usage data. These methods cannot therefore be applied to countries, such as Kazakhstan, that have very limited data on API usage. The present paper therefore offers an approach for prioritizing APIs in surface waters in information-poor regions such as Kazakhstan. Initially data were collected on the number of products and active ingredients for different therapeutic classes in use in Kazakhstan and on the typical doses. These data were then used alongside simple exposure modeling approaches to estimate exposure indices for active ingredients (about 240 APIs) in surface waters in the country. Ecotoxicological effects data were obtained from the literature or predicted. Risk quotients were then calculated for each pharmaceutical based on the exposure and the substances were ranked in order of risk quotient. Highest exposure indices were obtained for benzylpenicillin, metronidazole, sulbactam, ceftriaxone, and sulfamethoxazole. The highest risk was estimated for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, ketoconazole, and benzylpenicillin. In the future, the approach could be employed in other regions where usage information is limited. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:832–839. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

This is the first study to prioritize pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment in Kazakhstan. Benzylpenicillin, metronidazole, sulbactam, ceftriaxone, and sulfamethoxazole were predicted to have the highest exposure in surface waters, whereas in fish plasma the compounds with highest predicted exposure were lisinopril, telmisartan, orlistat, drotaverine, and terbinafine. The most highly ranked substances based on the apical ecotoxicological endpoints were amoxicillin, clarithromycin, azythromycin, sulphamethoxazole, and ketoconazole. The most highly ranked compounds based on the nonapical assessment were lisinopril, orlistat, estradiol valerate, cinnarizine, and drotaverine.
European Union regulators and industry agree on improving specific environmental release categories: Report from the exchange network for exposure scenarios specific environmental release category workshop on May 13, 2016
Authors: Ahrens Andreas , Moilanen Marianne , Martin Sara , Garcia-John Enrique , Sättler Daniel , Bakker Joost , Reihlen Antonia , Wind Thorsten , Tolls Johannes
Published: January 2017

Specific environmental release categories (SPERCs) are an instrument for lower-tier environmental emissions assessments. They support chemical safety assessments under the European Union (EU) regulation Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals. SPERCs have been developed by industry and subjected to regulatory review. Within the framework of the Chemical Safety Report/Exposure Scenario Roadmap, the EU Chemicals Agency (ECHA), the EU Member State authorities, and European industry sector associations collaborate to improve the quality of the SPERCs. Following up on the outcome of ECHA's SPERC Best Practice Project, industry, together with ECHA, developed an updated SPERC factsheet template and guidance on how to fill it out. In addition, industry developed 2 sets of SPERC factsheet examples and the corresponding SPERC background documents. These documents were submitted to a multistakeholder review process. The comments from the review were discussed at a workshop in spring 2016. The workshop participants acknowledged the revised factsheet format including the corresponding guidance, the 2 SPERC factsheets, and the 2 SPERC background documents as best practice examples. The package is expected to support further improvement of the quality of the SPERCs. A common understanding was achieved of the need to match the level of detail of the use conditions description with the risk to be controlled (i.e., the emission intensity and hazard profile of the substances) and with the level of conservatism of SPERC release factors. The complete and transparent documentation of the derivation of the release factors and of their conservatism is conceived as crucial for the credibility of the SPERCs, such that they can be trusted by partners in the chemicals supply chain and by regulators. To that end, background documents will include a dedicated section describing the conservatism of SPERCs. The workshop concluded with an outline of the practical way forward for the improvement of SPERC documentation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:815–820. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

Key Points

EU regulators and industry have agreed on standards to document the assessment of emissions for environmental risk assessment of chemicals, with particular attention paid to balancing the degree of detail in the documentation with the degree of conservatism in the emission assessment.
The effect of medications which cause inflammation of the gastro‐oesophageal tract on cancer risk: a nested case–control study of routine Scottish data
Authors: Busby John , Murchie Peter , Murray Liam , Iversen Lisa , Lee Amanda J. , Spence Andrew , Watson Margaret C. , Cardwell Chris R.
Published: January 2017

Bisphosphonate, tetracycline and spironolactone use has been shown to increase gastro‐oesophageal inflammation, an accepted risk factor for cancer. However, evidence of the effect of these medications on gastro‐oesophageal cancer risk are mixed or missing entirely. Therefore, we conducted a nested case–control study using the Primary Care Clinical Information Unit Research (PCCIUR) database from Scotland. Cases with oesophageal or gastric cancer between 1999 and 2011 were matched to up to five controls based on age, gender, year of diagnosis and general practice. Medication use was ascertained using electronic prescribing records. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the association between medication use and cancer risk after adjustment for comorbidities and other medication use. A similar proportion of gastro‐oesophageal cancer cases received bisphosphonates (3.9% vs. 3.5%), tetracycline (6.0% vs. 6.0%) and spironolactone (1.4% vs. 1.1%) compared with the controls. The adjusted ORs for the association between gastro‐oesophageal cancer and bisphosphonates, tetracycline and spironolactone were 1.05 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.31), 0.99 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.17) and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.49). Further analysis revealed bisphosphonates were associated with increased oesophageal cancer risk (1.34, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.74) but reduced gastric cancer risk (0.71, 95% CI: 0.49, 1.03), although there was no obvious dose–response relationship. Overall, there is little evidence that the use of bisphosphonate, tetracycline or spironolactone is associated with increased risk of gastro‐oesophageal cancer. Our findings should reassure GPs and patients that these widely‐used medications are safe with respect to gastro‐oesophageal cancer risk.
Alcohol and lung cancer risk among never smokers: A pooled analysis from the international lung cancer consortium and the SYNERGY study
Authors: Fehringer Gordon , Brenner Darren R. , Zhang Zuo‐Feng , Lee Yuan‐Chin Amy , Matsuo Keitaro , Ito Hidemi , Lan Qing , Vineis Paolo , Johansson Mattias , Overvad Kim , Riboli Elio , Trichopoulou Antonia , Sacerdote Carlotta , Stucker Isabelle , Boffetta Paolo , Brennan Paul , Christiani David. C. , Hong Yun‐Chul , Landi Maria Teresa , Morgenstern Hal , Schwartz Ann G. , Wenzlaff Angela S. , Rennert Gad , McLaughlin John R. , Harris Curtis C. , Olivo‐Marston Susan , Orlow Irene , Park Bernard J. , Zauderer Marjorie , Barros Dios Juan M. , Ruano Raviña Alberto , Siemiatycki Jack , Koushik Anita , Lazarus Philip , Fernández‐Somoano Ana , Tardon Adonina , Le Marchand Loic , Brenner Hermann , Saum Kai‐Uwe , Duell Eric J. , Andrew Angeline S. , Szeszenia‐Dabrowska Neonila , Lissowska Jolanta , Zaridze David , Rudnai Peter , Fabianova Eleonora , Mates Dana , Foretova Lenka , Janout Vladimir , Bencko Vladimir , Holcatova Ivana , Pesatori Angela Cecilia , Consonni Dario , Olsson Ann , Straif Kurt , Hung Rayjean J.
Published: January 2017

It is not clear whether alcohol consumption is associated with lung cancer risk. The relationship is likely confounded by smoking, complicating the interpretation of previous studies. We examined the association of alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in a large pooled international sample, minimizing potential confounding of tobacco consumption by restricting analyses to never smokers. Our study included 22 case‐control and cohort studies with a total of 2548 never‐smoking lung cancer patients and 9362 never‐smoking controls from North America, Europe and Asia within the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) and SYNERGY Consortium. Alcohol consumption was categorized into amounts consumed (grams per day) and also modelled as a continuous variable using restricted cubic splines for potential non‐linearity. Analyses by histologic sub‐type were included. Associations by type of alcohol consumed (wine, beer and liquor) were also investigated. Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with lung cancer risk with evidence most strongly supporting lower risk for light and moderate drinkers relative to non‐drinkers (>0–4.9 g per day: OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.70–0.90; 5–9.9 g per day: OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.69–0.99; 10–19.9 g per day: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.65–0.96). Inverse associations were found for consumption of wine and liquor, but not beer. The results indicate that alcohol consumption is inversely associated with lung cancer risk, particularly among subjects with low to moderate consumption levels, and among wine and liquor drinkers, but not beer drinkers. Although our results should have no relevant bias from the confounding effect of smoking we cannot preclude that confounding by other factors contributed to the observed associations. Confounding in relation to the non‐drinker reference category may be of particular importance.
Graphene oxide nanolayers as nanoparticle anchors on biomaterial surfaces with nanostructures and charge balance for bone regeneration
Authors: Xie Chaoming , Sun Honglong , Wang Kefeng , Zheng Wei , Lu Xiong , Ren Fuzeng
Published: January 2017

Graphene oxide (GO) is a carbon‐based nanomaterial with high surface area and abundant functional groups, providing various sites for binding and immobilization of growth factor vehicles. This study used GO nanolayer as an anchor for the immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2)‐encapsulated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (NPs) on the hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds by electrostatic interaction between the positive charges of the NPs and negative charges of GO. GO nanolayers prevented the rapid degradation of TCP scaffolds. Moreover, GO nanolayers promoted NP adsorption on these scaffolds, and realized BMP‐2 sustained release. NPs endowed the scaffold surfaces with a nanostructure similar to that of the extracellular matrix (ECM), improving bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) attachment. Furthermore, the positive charged NPs and negative charged GO nanolayers constructed a charge‐balanced surface on the scaffolds, enhancing BMSC proliferation. The nanostructure, charge balance and BMP‐2 sustained release capability synergistically improved BMSC differentiation and bone regeneration. In summary, GO is a potential candidate to modify biomaterial surfaces as an anchor for efficient immobilization of growth factor vehicles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1311–1323, 2017.
Collagen/heparin sulfate scaffolds fabricated by a 3D bioprinter improved mechanical properties and neurological function after spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Chen Chong , Zhao Ming‐liang , Zhang Ren‐kun , Lu Gang , Zhao Chang‐yu , Fu Feng , Sun Hong‐tao , Zhang Sai , Tu Yue , Li Xiao‐hong
Published: January 2017

Effective treatments promoting axonal regeneration and functional recovery for spinal cord injury (SCI) are still in the early stages of development. Most approaches have been focused on providing supportive substrates for guiding neurons and overcoming the physical and chemical barriers to healing that arise after SCI. Although collagen has become a promising natural substrate with good compatibility, its low mechanical properties restrict its potential applications. The mechanical properties mainly rely on the composition and pore structure of scaffolds. For the composition of a scaffold, we used heparin sulfate to react with collagen by crosslinking. For the structure, we adopted a three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology to fabricate a scaffold with a uniform pore distributions. We observed that the internal structure of the scaffold printed with a 3D bioprinter was regular and porous. We also found that both the compression modulus and strengths of the scaffold were significantly enhanced by the collagen/heparin sulfate composition compared to a collagen scaffold. Meanwhile, the collagen/heparin sulfate scaffold presented good biocompatibility when it was co‐cultured with neural stem cells in vitro. We also demonstrated that heparin sulfate modification significantly improved bFGF immobilization and absorption to the collagen by examining the release kinetics of bFGF from scaffolds. Two months after implantating the scaffold into transection lesions in T10 of the spinal cord in rats, the collagen/heparin sulfate group demonstrated significant recovery of locomotor function and according to electrophysiological examinations. Parallel to functional recovery, collagen/heparin sulfate treatment further ameliorated the pathological process and markedly increased the number of neurofilament (NF) positive cells compared to collagen treatment alone. These data suggested that a collagen/heparin sulfate scaffold fabricated by a 3D bioprinter could enhance the mechanical properties of collagen and provide continuous guidance channels for axons, which would improve the neurological function after SCI. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1324–1332, 2017.
Influence of random and oriented electrospun fibrous poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) scaffolds on neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Sperling Laura E. , Reis Karina P. , Pozzobon Laura G. , Girardi Carolina S. , Pranke Patricia
Published: January 2017

Engineering neural tissue by combining biodegradable materials, cells and growth factors is a promising strategy for the treatment of central and peripheral nervous system injuries. In this study, neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) was investigated in combination with three dimensional (3D) electrospun nanofibers as a substitute for the extracellular matrix (ECM). Nano/microfibrous poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) 3D scaffolds were fabricated through electrospinning and characterized. The scaffolds consisted of either a randomly oriented or an aligned structure of PLGA fibers. The mESCs were induced to differentiate into neuronal lineage and the effect of the polymer and fiber orientation on cell survival, morphology and differentiation efficiency was studied. The neural progenitors derived from the mESCs could survive and migrate onto the fibrous scaffolds. Aligned fibers provided more contact guidance with the neurites preferentially extending along the long axis of fiber. The mESCs differentiated into neural lineages expressing neural markers as seen by the immunocytochemistry. The nestin and beta3‐tubulin expression was enhanced on the PLGA aligned fibers in comparison with the other groups, as seen by the quantitative analysis. Taken together, a combination of electrospun fiber scaffolds and mESC derived neural progenitor cells could provide valuable information about the effects of topology on neural differentiation and axonal regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1333–1345, 2017.
LncRNA CASC2 Interacts With miR‐181a to Modulate Glioma Growth and Resistance to TMZ Through PTEN Pathway
Authors: Liao Yiwei , Shen Liangfang , Zhao Haiting , Liu Qing , Fu Jun , Guo Yong , Peng Renjun , Cheng Lei
Published: January 2017

Temozolomide (TMZ)‐based chemotherapy is a standard strategy for glioma, while chemoresistance remains a major therapeutic challenge. Recent evidence highlights the crucial regulatory roles of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNA) in tumor biology. However, the roles and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA cancer susceptibility candidate 2 (CASC2), in glioma tumorigenesis and chemoresistance are poorly understood. In this study, CASC2 expression was down‐regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines, and was related to a clinicopathologic features and shorter survival time. Exogenous CACS2 alone was sufficient to inhibit glioma cells’ proliferation and amplified TMZ‐induced repression of cell proliferation, while CACS2 knockdown could reverse this process. CACS2 overexpression could sensitize TMZ‐resistant glioma cells to TMZ, while CACS2 knockdown exerted the opposite function. Moreover, CASC2 could inhibit the miR‐181a expression by direct targeting in TMZ‐resistant glioma cells. CASC2 up‐regulated PTEN protein and down‐regulated p‐AKT protein through regulating miR‐181a, and the effect of CASC2 on PTEN and p‐AKT could be partially restored by miR‐181a. With TMZ‐resistant glioma tissues, miR‐181a was up‐regulated while PTEN was down‐regulated. Taken together, these observations suggest CASC2 up‐regulates PTEN through direct inhibiting miR‐181a and plays an important role in glioma sensitivity to TMZ and may serve as a potential target for cancer diagnosis and treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1889–1899, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Membrane ion Channels and Receptors in Animal lifespan Modulation
Authors: Sheng Yi , Tang Lanlan , Kang Lijun , Xiao Rui
Published: January 2017

Acting in the interfaces between environment and membrane compartments, membrane ion channels, and receptors transduce various physical and chemical cues into downstream signaling events. Not surprisingly, these membrane proteins play essential roles in a wide range of cellular processes such as sensory perception, synaptic transmission, cellular growth and development, fate determination, and apoptosis. However, except insulin and insulin‐like growth factor receptors, the functions of membrane receptors in animal lifespan modulation have not been well appreciated. On the other hand, although ion channels are popular therapeutic targets for many age‐related diseases, their potential roles in aging itself are largely neglected. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the conserved functions and mechanisms of membrane ion channels and receptors in the modulation of lifespan across multiple species including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, mouse, and human.
Intensifying chitin hydrolysis by adjunct treatments – an overview
Authors: Abidin Munira Zainal , Junqueira‐Gonçalves Maria Paula , Khutoryanskiy Vitaliy V , Niranjan Keshavan
Published: January 2017

Chitin is, after cellulose, the most abundant organic natural polysaccharide on Earth, being synthesized as a dominant component in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, among other sources. In the processing of seafood for human consumption, between 40 and 50% of the total raw material mass is wasted, causing a significant problem for the environment owing to its slow degradation. Efforts to find uses for chitin derivatives, particularly their oligomers, have intensified since these chemicals are highly functional and offer a wide range of applications, especially as antimicrobial agent. As a consequence, some adjunct treatments, either chemical or physical in nature, have been employed to assist acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. This work provides a detailed review of the methods employed to intensify the formation of chitin oligomers, particularly focusing on the adjunct treatments used (microwave, ultrasonication, steam explosion and gamma irradiation), and an evaluation of the yield and characteristics of the oligomers formed. Adjunct treatments are more suitable for enzymatic hydrolysis since these treatments modify the chitin structure, and enhance the hydrolysis rate and yield of the oligomers, under milder reaction conditions. For future research, it would be worth trying pre‐treatments like the application of high‐pressure to chitin in order to lower its crystallinity. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Adsorptive performance of nanosized zero‐valent iron for V(V) removal from aqueous solutions
Authors: Erdem Yayayürük Aslı , Yayayürük Onur
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Vanadium is included in the USEPA Contaminant Candidate List. It is an essential dietary mineral but it becomes toxic at high concentrations causing health problems. In this study, nanosized zero‐valent iron (nZVI) was synthesized and the applicability of the sorbent was investigated for the removal of V(V) in water samples.

RESULTS

The synthesized sorbent is characterized by scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. Particle size and zeta potential measurements of the sorbent were also elucidated. Batch type adsorption experiments were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the effects on the adsorption of V(V) of pH, sorbent amount, contact time, initial concentration and temperature were investigated. Langmuir isotherm model was found to characterize the uptake of V(V) by nZVI and the sorption kinetics fitted better with the pseudo‐second‐order model. The proposed method was applied for the removal of V(V) ion in real water samples and quantitative results (>85%) were obtained.

CONCLUSION

nZVI has demonstrated its potential use for the removal of V(V) ions in aqueous solutions. The sorbent warrants an evaluation of a scale up procedure in water remediation studies with the advantages of having a high adsorption capacity, ease of preparation and being environmentally friendly. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Oral‐Facial Tissue Reconstruction in the Regenerative Axolotl
Authors: Charbonneau Andre M. , Roy Stephane , Tran Simon D.
Published: January 2017

Absence of large amounts of orofacial tissues caused by cancerous resections, congenital defects, or trauma results in sequelae such as dysphagia and noticeable scars. Oral‐neck tissue regeneration was studied in the axolotl (regenerative amphibian) following a 2.5‐mm punch biopsy that simultaneously removed skin, connective tissue, muscle, and cartilage in the tongue and intermandibular region. The untreated wound was studied macroscopically and histologically at 17 different time points ranging from 0 to180 days (N = 120 axolotls). At 12 hr, the wound's surface was smoothened and within 1mm, internal lingual muscular modifications occurred; at the same distance, between days 4–7 lingual muscle degradation was complete. Immunofluorescence indicates complete keratinocytes migration by 48 hr. These cells with epidermal Leydig cells, appearing yellow, lead the chin's deep tissue outgrowth until its closure on the 14th day. Regeneration speeds varied and peaked in time for each tissue, (1) deep chin 84.3 μm/hr from 24 to 96 hr, (2) superficial chin 71.1 μm/hr from 7–14 days, and (3) tongue 86.0 μm/hr between 48 hr and 7 days. Immunofluorescence to Col IV showed basement membrane reconnected between days 30–45 coinciding with the chin's dermal tissue's surface area recovery. New muscle appeared at 21 days and was always preceded by the formation of a collagen bed. Both chin tissues regain all surface area and practically all components while the lingual structure lacks some content but is generally similar to the original. The methodology and high‐resolution observations described here are the first of its kind for this animal model and could serve as a basis for future studies in oral and facial regenerative research.
Change of Fate and Staminodial Laminarity as Potential Agents of Floral Diversification in the Zingiberales
Authors: PIñeyro‐Nelson Alma , Almeida Ana Maria Rocha De , Sass Chodon , Iles William James Donaldson , Specht Chelsea Dvorak
Published: January 2017

The evolution of floral morphology in the monocot order Zingiberales shows a trend in which androecial whorl organs are progressively modified into variously conspicuous “petaloid” structures with differing degrees of fertility. Petaloidy of androecial members results from extensive laminarization of an otherwise radially symmetric structure. The genetic basis of the laminarization of androecial members has been addressed through recent candidate gene studies focused on understanding the spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes known to be necessary to floral organ formation. Here, we explore the correlation between gene duplication events and floral and inflorescence morphological diversification across the Zingiberales by inferring ancestral character states and gene copy number using the most widely accepted phylogenetic hypotheses. Our results suggest that the duplication and differential loss of GLOBOSA (GLO) copies is correlated with a change in the degree of the laminarization of androecial members. We also find an association with increased diversification in most families. We hypothesize that retention of paralogs in flower development genes could have led to a developmental shift affecting androecial organs with potential adaptive consequences, thus favoring diversification in some lineages but not others.
Head and neck cancers in India
Authors: Dandekar Mitali , Tuljapurkar Vidisha , Dhar Harsh , Panwar Aru , DCruz Anil K.
Published: January 2017

Head and neck cancers constitute a third of the cancer burden in India. These cancers have unique patient characteristics, presentation, and etiological differences from those in the West. Socioeconomic constraints, large patient population, scarcity of trained health workers, and inadequate infrastructure are major challenges faced in the management of these cancers. Despite these constraints, patients are treated with evidence based guidelines that are tailored to the local scenario.
Incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy increases the risk of postoperative hypocalcemia
Authors: Lin Yann‐Sheng , Hsueh Chuen , Wu Hsin‐Yi , Yu Ming‐Chin , Chao Tzu‐Chieh
Published: January 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

The correlation between incidental parathyroidectomy (IP) during thyroidectomy and postoperative hypocalcemia remains controversial. Our aim was to investigate the incidence of IP, risk factors, and impact on patient outcomes.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study including 3,186 consecutive patients who underwent thyroidectomy between January 2007 and December 2014. The patients were divided into two groups: the IP group and the non‐IP. Numerous clinical parameters were collected and analyzed.

Results

The overall incidence of incidentally excised parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy was 6.4%. Patients with IP had significantly higher incidences of postoperative hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism than those without IP (P < 0.001). Intrathyroidal parathyroid glands presented only 2.2% of all removed parathyroid glands. Total thyroidectomy, central compartment lymph node dissection, and reoperation were independent risk factors for IP.

Conclusion

Incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy is associated with the increased likelihood of postoperative hypocalcemia. All independent risk factors examined in the study for IP are surgery‐related. Surgeons should perform meticulous dissection with the intention of avoiding IP and resultant hypocalcemia.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:2194–2200, 2017
Price variation in the most commonly prescribed ear drops in Southern California
Authors: Moshtaghi Omid , Haidar Yarah M. , Ghavami Yaser , Gu Jeff , Moshtaghi Afsheen , Sahyouni Ronald , Huang Melissa , Lin Harrison W. , Djalilian Hamid R.
Published: January 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the variability and discrepancies among the most commonly prescribed ear drops sold at pharmacies in southern California.

Study Design

Prospective study evaluating 11 commonly used ear drops to treat otologic disorders.

Methods

Randomly selected drug stores in three major counties in Southern California (Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego) were included. Mean, range, minimum, and maximum prices for each drug were calculated and analyzed. The median income of pharmacy ZIP code was also cross‐referenced.

Results

Data were collected from 108 pharmacies. The mean prices are noted for each of the individual drugs: Cortisporin (brand) 10 mL, $82.70; neomycin, polymyxin B sulfates, and hydrocortisone (Cortisporin–generic) 10 mL, $34.70; ofloxacin (generic) 10 mL, $99.95; sulfacetamide (generic) 15 mL, $40.18; Ciprodex (brand) 7.5 mL, $194.44; Cipro HC (brand) 10 mL, $233.32; Vosol (brand) 15 mL, $120.75; acetic acid (Vosol–generic) 10 mL, $116.55; VosolHC (brand) 10 mL, $204.14; acetic acid/aluminum acetate (Domeboro–generic) 60 mL, $22.91; and Tobradex (brand) 5 mL, $166.47.

Conclusions

There is significant variability among the prices of ear drops across Southern Californian pharmacies, which can be a financial burden to patients paying out of pocket or with high deductibles. A state‐mandated, publically accessible report of drug prices may help decrease variability and cost by promoting competition among pharmacies. Price negotiations by governmental payers may assist in reducing prices. In the treatment of otologic disorders, clinicians can help reduce costs for patients by prescribing generic ear drop medications and cheaper alternatives when clinically appropriate.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:1780–1784, 2017
Using Thermogravimetry as a Simple Tool for Nutrient Assessment in Fire Affected Soils
Authors: Neris Jonay , Doerr Stefan H. , Tejedor Marisa , Jiménez Concepción , Hernández‐Moreno José M.
Published: January 2017

Nutrient availability can be a limiting factor in the recovery of ecosystems after wildfire. Its evaluation is therefore critical for selecting appropriate restoration strategies in the post‐fire period. This study explores, for the first time, the use of thermogravimetry (TG) as a rapid proxy for nutrient availability and soil recovery. Soil samples from five burned and unburned sites in Andisols of Tenerife (Spain) were selected to examine the medium‐term impact of fire. Key soil chemical parameters [pH, electric conductivity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), main cation and anions in the soil solution, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus] were determined and thermogravimetry performed. Burned soils showed significantly higher pH, Ca2+ and Mg2+ and a lower CEC, TOC and TN than the unburned counterparts, and a site‐dependent response for soluble SO42− and available phosphorus was observed in the medium term. Time elapsed since fire could have masked additional fire impacts. Thermogravimetry data allowed reasonable prediction of most soil properties and parameters, with r2 ranging from 0·4 to 0·9. The results demonstrate that soluble nutrient content is directly related to the amount of ash in the soil. The decrease of labile carboxyl‐C was associated with an increase of pH and decrease of CEC, whereas the increase of recalcitrant and refractory pools was associated with the amount of TOC and TN. The results suggest that this novel application of an established method can provide, following an initial calibration step, rapid and inexpensive proxies for key parameters necessary for assessing fire‐induced ecosystem degradation and designing suitable restoration strategies in the post‐fire period. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐criteria‐based Plant Species Selection for Gully and Riverbank Stabilization in a Sub‐humid Tropical Area
Authors: Talema Ayalew , Poesen Jean , Muys Bart , Reubens Bert , Dibaba Hirko , Diels Jan
Published: January 2017

Selection of appropriate plant species for rehabilitation of degraded lands while fulfilling socio‐economic interests of local communities is one of the decision‐making challenges. This research was undertaken to select multipurpose trees, shrubs and grasses to stabilize degraded lands in the Gilgel Gibe catchment of Southwest Ethiopia, situated in the sub‐humid tropics. Two multi‐criteria decision analysis methods, analytical hierarchy process and simple multi‐attribute rating technique, integrated in the excel‐based multi‐criteria tree selection tool, were used. Focus group discussions were held with experts and local communities to prioritize 40 plant species from a preselected regional pool of 129 species, using six criteria groups containing 47 individual criteria. Root characteristics of the top 9 ranked plants were studied for triangulating the multi‐criteria decision analysis results. Both local communities and experts gave priority to indigenous trees over shrubs and grasses as the best five species for multipurpose use, whereas the top 5 species prioritized for riverbank stabilization contained both trees and grasses. In contrast, communities preferred indigenous trees, and experts selected grasses as the best five species for gully stabilization. The root system characterization revealed that the five top‐ranked multipurpose species also have the required root characteristics for effectively reinforcing unstable slopes. However, communities prefer to plant Eucalyptus and Grevillea trees because of their short‐term economic benefits although they understood the multipurpose value of indigenous plants. The trade‐off between direct economic benefit and multipurpose benefits could be solved by awareness creation, incentives to communities and policy re‐enforcement. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple land use activities drive riverine salinization in a large, semi‐arid river basin in western Canada
Authors: Kerr Jason G.
Published: January 2017

Salinization is increasingly recognized as a global issue. However, the relative importance of different drivers across a broad range of ions and ecosystems is not well understood. This study examined spatial and temporal dynamics in riverine salinity (conductivity, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+,
, Cl− and
) in the South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB), a semi‐arid, mixed land use watershed in Alberta, Canada. A significant temporal increase (p < 0.05) in the concentration of one or more ions was observed at all 12 study sites. While all ions exhibited a significant increase in concentration over time, the rate of change was generally highest for Cl− (≈ 1.4–3.0% yr−1). The observed increase in riverine Cl− loading downstream of a large urban center (≈ 1700 tonnes yr−1) was attributed to increasing inputs from road salt (≈ 1800 tonnes yr−1) and to a lesser extent municipal wastewater (≈ 400 tonnes yr−1). For most other salts, spatial variation was driven not by urbanization but by the proportion of salt affected soils and/or cropland. A distinct Na2SO4 signal was observed at stations draining salt affected soils which strengthened over time at 7/12 sites indicating temporal trends in Na+ and
have been driven largely by soil processes. A strong relationship between cropland and salt chemistry across the basin suggests agricultural activities have also contributed to observed trends. Therefore, in regions with similar climatic and anthropogenic characteristics to the SSRB, multiple stressors are likely to be operating and as such, these systems may be at particular risk from salinization.
Hydrophilic Poly(naphthalene diimide)‐Based Acceptor–Photosensitizer Dyads: Toward Water‐Processible Modular Photoredox‐Active Architectures
Authors: Schroot Robert , Schlotthauer Tina , Jäger Michael , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: January 2017

Hydrophilic naphthalene diimide based acceptor polymers are prepared by the incorporation of triethylene glycol or poly(ethylene glycol) side chains in the monomers and subsequent nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP). The kinetic investigation of the polymerization reveals a controlled chain growth as well as a narrow molar mass distribution. Due to the utilization of a functional NMP initiator, a single Ru(II) photosensitizer unit is readily attached at the polymers chain terminus by a modular approach to construct water soluble photoredox‐active acceptor–photosensitizer dyads. The analysis of the optical properties by steady‐state absorption and emission spectroscopy reveals preserved optical absorption properties of the individual building blocks, and, more importantly, an efficient quenching of the Ru(II) emission assigned to intramolecular charge transfer from the complex to the acceptor polymer. The results demonstrate the versatility of side chain modifications to prepare water‐processible photoredox‐active architectures under preservation of the modular character known from hydrophobic systems.

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Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization of 2‐Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) Controlled with Low Concentrations of Acrylonitrile and Styrene
Authors: Mei Wenwen , Maric Milan
Published: January 2017

Nitroxide‐mediated controlled radical polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is achieved using the copolymerization method with a small initial concentration of acrylonitrile (AN, 5–16 mol%)) or styrene (S, 5–10 mol%). The polymerization is mediated by N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(1‐diethyl phosphono‐2,2‐dimethyl propyl) nitroxide (SG1)‐based BlocBuilder unimolecular alkoxyamine initiator modified with an N‐succinimidyl ester group (N‐hydroxysuccinimide‐BlocBuilder). As little as 5% molar feed of acrylonitrile results in a controlled polymerization, as evidenced by a linear increase in number average molecular weight Mn with conversion and dispersities (Đ) as low as 1.30 at 80% conversion in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 85 °C. With S as the controlling comonomer, higher initial S composition (≈10 mol%) is required to maintain the controlled copolymerization. Poly(HEMA‐ran‐AN)s with Mn ranging from 5 to 20 kg mol−1 are efficiently chain extended using n‐butyl methacrylate/styrene mixtures at 90.0 °C in DMF, thereby showing a route to HEMA‐based amphiphilic block copolymers via nitroxide‐mediated polymerization.

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Effect of hip and knee position on nerve conduction in the common fibular nerve
Authors: Broadhurst Peter Kaas , Robinson Lawrence R.
Published: January 2017

Introduction: The aim of this study was to measure the influence that hip and knee position have on routine fibular motor nerve conduction studies. Methods: Healthy subjects under age 40 were recruited (n = 24) to have fibular nerve conduction studies completed in various positions, using hip extension‐knee extension as a control. Results: A mean increase in conduction velocity of 2.5 m/s across the knee (P = 0.020) was seen during hip flexion compared with hip extension. A mean decrease in velocity of 1.6 m/s through the leg segment (P = 0.016) was seen during knee flexion compared with knee extension. Conclusions: This study shows that the optimal position of the leg during fibular nerve studies is with the hip in flexion and knee in extension, to more accurately reflect nerve length for velocity calculations. This may have implications for other peripheral nerves with respect to proximal joint position affecting calculated velocity. Muscle Nerve 56: 519–521, 2017
Fixed dynamometry is more sensitive than vital capacity or ALS rating scale
Authors: Andres Patricia L. , Allred Margaret (Peggy) , Stephens Helen E. , Proffitt Bunnell Mary , Siener Catherine , Macklin Eric A. , Haines Travis , English Robert A. , Fetterman Katherine A. , Kasarskis Edward J. , Florence Julaine , Simmons Zachary , Cudkowicz Merit E.
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Improved outcome measures are essential to efficiently screen the growing number of potential amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) therapies. Methods: This longitudinal study of 100 (70 male) participants with ALS compared Accurate Test of Limb Isometric Strength (ATLIS), using a fixed, wireless load cell, with ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised (ALSFRS‐R) and vital capacity (VC). Results: Participants enrolled at 5 U.S. sites. Data were analyzed from 66 participants with complete ATLIS, ALSFRS‐R, and VC data over at least 3 visits. Change in ATLIS was less variable both within‐ and among‐person than change in ALSFRS‐R or VC. Additionally, participants who had normal ALSFRS‐R arm and leg function averaged 12 to 32% below expected strength values measured by ATLIS. Conclusions: ATLIS was more sensitive to change than ALSFRS‐R or VC and could decrease sample size requirements by approximately one‐third. The ability of ATLIS to detect prefunctional change has potential value in early trials. Muscle Nerve 56: 710–715, 2017
Risk of iatrogenic injury to the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve during hamstring tendon harvesting: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Pękala Przemysław A. , Tomaszewski Krzysztof A. , Henry Brandon Michael , Ramakrishnan Piravin Kumar , Roy Joyeeta , Mizia Ewa , Walocha Jerzy A.
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Our goal was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of studies reporting data on the rate of injury to the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve following hamstring tendon graft harvesting with respect to the type of incision over the pes anserinus.

Methods

A broad search through all major electronic databases was conducted to identify articles eligible for inclusion. All available data were extracted and pooled into the analysis.

Results

Eleven studies (n = 1,050 patients) were included in the meta‐analysis. The study revealed that a vertical incision during hamstring tendon harvesting over the pes anserinus was associated with the highest rate of injury with a pooled rate of 51.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.6‐67.2%). This was followed by oblique and horizontal incisions with pooled rates of 26.0% (95% CI,1.3‐61.3%) and 22.4% (95% CI, 5.4‐45.5%), respectively.

Conclusions

We highly recommend the use of the shortest possible oblique incision during hamstring tendon harvesting over the pes anserinus.Muscle Nerve56: 930–937, 2017