bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Productivity-Target Difficulty, Target-Based Pay, and Outside-the-Box Thinking
Authors: Webb R. Alan , Williamson Michael G. , Zhang Yue (May
Published: February 2013

In an environment where individual productivity can be increased through efforts directed at a conventional task approach and more efficient task approaches that can be identified by thinking outside-the-box, we examine the effects of productivity-target difficulty and pay contingent on meeting and beating this target (i.e., target-based pay). We argue that while challenging targets and target-based pay can hinder the discovery of production efficiencies, they can motivate high productive effort whereby individuals work harder and more productively using either the conventional task approach or more efficient task approaches when discovered. Results of a laboratory experiment support our predictions. Individuals assigned an easy productivity target and paid a fixed wage identify a greater number of production efficiencies than those with either challenging targets or target-based pay. However, individuals with challenging targets and/or target-based pay have higher productivity per production efficiency discovered, suggesting these control tools better motivate productive effort. Collectively, our results suggest that the ultimate effectiveness of these control tools will likely hinge on the importance of promoting the discovery of production efficiencies relative to motivating productive effort. In doing so, our results provide a better understanding of conflicting prescriptions from the practitioner literature and business press.
Mycotoxins Biosynthesized by Plant-Derived Fusarium Isolates / Tvorba Mikotoksina U Vrstama Roda Fusarium Izoliranim Iz Biljaka
Authors: Waśkiewicz Agnieszka , Stępień Łukasz
Published: February 2013

There is little information on secondary metabolites produced by Fusaria infecting crop plants other than cereals. Many members of Fusarium genus have the ability to colonise perennial crops with only scarce infection or disease symptoms or with no symptoms at all while still being detectable. Even in case of such asymptomatic infection, significant mycotoxin contamination of the plant tissues is possible. The aim of this study was to characterise the spectrum of Fusarium species isolates obtained from different plant hosts (like asparagus, garlic, pineapple, banana, rhubarb, peppers, rice, maize, wheat, and oncidium) and evaluate their ability to biosynthesize the most common mycotoxins in vitro. Among the F.proliferatum isolates, up to 57 % of them biosynthesized fumonisins at very high mass fractions, amounting to above 1000 μg g-1, while other Fusarium species such as F. verticillioides, F. lactis, F. polyphialydicum, F. concentricum, F. temperatum, and F. fujikuroi formed fumonisins mostly at much lower level. Only F.ananatum and F. oxysporum did not produce these toxins. Co-occurrence of FBs with other mycotoxins [moniliformin (MON) and beauvericin (BEA)] was often observed and it was mainly F. proliferatum species that formed both mycotoxins (0.4 μg g-1 to 41.1 μg g-1 BEA and 0.1 μg g-1 to 158.5 μg g-1 MON).
Biomechanical analysis of anticipation of elite and inexperienced goalkeepers to distance shots in handball
Authors: Rojas F. Javier , Gutiérrez-Davila Marcos , Ortega Manuel , Campos José , Párraga Juan
Published: February 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticipation time and kinematic factors in the movement ofgoalkeepers’ center of mass when making a long-distance throw in handball. The sample group was composed of 14goalkeepers and field players. A force platform was used to measure the force of the goalkeepers’ reaction movements, whilethe throwers’ movements were recorded with high-speed cameras. The expert goalkeepers began to move 193 ± 67 ms beforethe ball was released, with a 67% success rate of interception. The inexperienced goalkeepers began their movement 209 ±127 ms with a 24% success rate. The time taken by expert goalkeepers to begin a vertical movement of their CM, relative tothe moment of the ball’s release, was less than the time taken by inexperienced goalkeepers (77 ± 70 vs. 141 ± 108 msrespectively). The analysis of the velocity and movement indicates that expert goalkeepers wait longer before moving than doinexperienced goalkeepers.
English-induced changes to urban colloquial Hindi lexicon and structure. mixed speech as a mode of discourse
Authors: Borowiak Tomasz
Published: February 2013

Tomasz Borowiak. English-Induced Changes to Urban Colloquial Hindi Lexicon and Structure.Mixed Speech as a Mode of Discourse. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 35-44.

This article aims at describing some of the lexical and grammatical innovations observed in Hindi as a result of English impact. We investigate some crucial aspects of English noun borrowing and further along discuss some other phenomena that occur in Hindi due to the language contact, e.g. preposition transfer and hybridization. The data for this research consists of internet newspaper excerpts, samples from Indian film and radio speech. We try to show that English influence has far reaching effects on Hindi lexicon and structure. The conclusion to be drawn from the present investigation is that the intense interaction between English and Hindi may be the initial step towards the creation of an interlanguage located somewhere between the two languages in question.
Modeling of piston ring pack dynamics
Authors: Novotný Pavel , Píštěk Václav , Drápal Lubomír
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Pístní kroužky hrají důležitou roli při mazání spalovacích motorů se značnými důsledky na opotřebení motoru, třecí ztráty a spotřebu oleje. Výpočtové řešení dynamiky pístních kroužků představuje značný problém a vyžaduje využití numerických přístupů s množstvím vhodných vstupů. V případě tohoto článku jsou použity numerické postupy pro řešení dynamiky pístních kroužků za podmínek smíšeného mazání se vstupy z virtuálního motoru a vhodných experimentů. Výpočtový algoritmus je rovněž zpracován do uživatelského prostředí a je k dispozici pro průmyslové využití. Výsledky řešení jsou prezentovány na vznětovém přeplňovaném motoru v konfiguraci s třemi pístními kroužky.
Autonomous driving algorithms in scaled environment
Authors: Achtenová Gabriela , Korec Ondrej
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Članek se zabyva zhodnocenim vyvoje projektu SMALL na ČVUT v Praze, ktery se tykal zkoušek systemů vedouci k autonomnimu navaděni vozidel. Pomoci zmenšeneho modelu vozidla byly odzkoušeny algoritmy adaptivniho tempomatu, včetně systemu Stop&Go a sledovani trajektorie vpředu jedouciho vozidla. Pomoci podobnostniho teoremu je možne vysledky přepočitat na skutečne vozidlo a předpovidat tak chovani vozidla v koloně, či stabilitu kolony vozidel.
Evolution Of Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease In The Elderly
Authors: Tuţă Liliana Ana , Stăniguţ Alina , Câmpineanu B. , Zica Raluca
Published: February 2013

Recently, there is an increased interest in the detection of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the general population, especially . A classification of CKD, based on several stages of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), has been established from almost 10 years. In our study we monitored eighthy patients older than 65 years, clinically and biochemically, during one year. A number of 80 clinically stable patients, with a median age of 74 years, recruited between october and december 2010, were followed up during one year. We separated them in two groups: Group 1: 40 patients with serum creatinine < = 1,2 mg/dl (range 0,7- 1,2) and with no proteinuria; and Group 2: 40 patients with serum creatinine > 1.2 mg/dl (range 1,2-3,5) and with proteinuria < 3,5 g/24 hours. We measured serum creatinine and eGFR at the time of recruitment and after one year of follow up using abreviated MDRD equation. Statistical comparisons were made using the general lineal model for repeated measures of the SPSS 11.0 program. The most frequent comorbidities were cardio-vascular(> 75%) and infections (25%). 13.75% of the patients died during the follow up, especially from group 2. Only 25% of group 2 patients needed erithropoietin (EPO) treatment. Estimated GFR and proteinuria remained relatively stable at the end of one year in patients from group 1, but survivors from group 2 registered a median decrease of 9 mL/min.
Clustered insights
Authors: Purucker Christian , Landwehr Jan R. , Sprott David E. , Herrmann Andreas
Published: February 2013

Analysis of eye-tracking data in marketing research has traditionally relied upon regions of interest (ROIs) methodology or the use of heatmaps. Clear disadvantages exist for both methods. Addressing this gap, the current research applies spatiotemporal scan statistics to the analysis and visualisation of eye tracking data. Results of a sample experiment using anthropomorphic car faces demonstrate several advantages provided by the new method. In contrast to traditional approaches, scan statistics provide a means to scan eye tracking data automatically in space and time with differing gaze clusters, with results able to be comprehensively visualised and statistically assessed.
An Estimation of the Corrosion Rate by Airborne Salt around Bridge Section
Authors: Iwasaki Eiji , Nagai Masatsugu
Published: February 2013

Weathering steel has a unique property of preventing rust by rust, and the use of unpainted weathering steel is important to reduce the life cycle cost of infrastructures. However, state of corrosion is different in different parts of bridge. Accordingly, evaluation for quantity of corrosion is needed at each part of the bridge. This paper discusses the relation between corrosion rate and airborne salt around bridge section, and proposes approach to evaluate corrosion rate by airborne salt.
Buckling of complex, steel structures: City of Manchester Stadium, Barcelona Bullring, BA London Eye, 2012 London Olympic Stadium, Aviva Stadium, Infinity Footbridge
Authors: Mccormick Fergus
Published: February 2013

The paper presents studies on buckling of complex, unusual, innovative and iconic built steel structures for which the author has been responsible. The work on City of Manchester Stadium focuses on pin-ended cable-stayed masts up to 40m long carrying 12 MN. Masts at Barcelona Bullring were of similar size, but of more complexity: being formed into portals providing overall stability to a 200m diameter roof. The work done on the BA London Eye was highly innovative and complex looking at the buckling of the 150m diameter bicycle wheel structure. The roof of the London Stadium has some similarities to the bicycle wheel of BA London Eye, but is restrained out of plane and thus more resilient with no global buckling modes. The stadium is one of a number undertaken by Buro Happold including the award-winning Aviva Stadium. The final project is Infinity Footbridge for which the author led the early buckling studies.
Tunnels for High-Speed Railway Lines Based on the TMG Concept
Authors: Pompeu-Santos Silvino
Published: February 2013

The paper presents the application of the TMG (“Tunnel Multi Gallery”) concept to the construction of tunnels for high-speed railway lines. The TBM technique for tunnel building and the common solutions for tunnels to high-speed railway lines are presented, as well as, the main safety requirements for railway tunnels, particularly for those intended for high-speed trains. The TMG concept is presented, as well as, a solution for tunnels to high-speed railway lines based on the referred concept, in which the functional and the safety requirements are satisfied with much lower costs than with the conventional solutions.
Shear Behavior of RC Beams Using Ultra High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete Precast Formworks
Authors: Sivaleepunth Chunyakom , Ichinomiya Toshimichi , Yamanobe Shinichi , Kono Tetsuya , Sogabe Naoki , Kanamitsu Yoshihisa
Published: February 2013

This paper describes the results of an experimental study and nonlinear finite element method (FEM) in order to examine the shear failure mechanism of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using Ultra High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UFC) precast formworks by considering the effects of using UFC precast formworks, and with and without transverse reinforcement. The experimental results indicated that UFC precast formworks enhanced shear carrying capacity of RC beams.

Moreover, the RC beam with the transverse reinforcement in UFC precast formworks can provide the highest shear carrying capacity, which is proven that the transverse reinforcements can work efficiently with UFC precast formworks. In addition, the shear resistance mechanisms and evaluation method were discussed in this paper.
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers in Bridge Engineering
Authors: Meier Urs
Published: February 2013

From where are we coming, and to where are we going with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) in bridge engineering? CFRPs have been used starting 1991 in practical applications for bridge rehabilitation. Since about 2000 this class of materials is accepted for post-strengthening in most countries. Due to quick and easy application techniques and therefore less labour hours, it is in general more economic to post-strengthen a bridge with expensive CFRPs instead of steel. The R&D work for CFRP cables has been initiated in 1980. World’s first CFRP stay cables were installed in 1996. From the technical point of view CFRP cables are very successful, however not from the economic side. As long as not the whole life cycle of a bridge will be considered, CFRP will not replace steel for such applications. Solutions are discussed to overcome this hurdle. If in the far future very long span bridges will be needed, CFRPs will be instrumental for such constructions.
Shear Buckling Test and Prediction of Shear Load-carrying Capacity for Steel Girder Bonded CFRP on Its Web
Authors: Miyashita Takeshi , Okuyama Yusuke , Wakabayashi Dai , Koide Norio , Hidekuma Yuya , Kobayashi Akira , Horimoto Wataru , Nagai Masatsugu
Published: February 2013

Loss of cross section due to corrosion is a main factor in deterioration of steel bridges. Therefore, carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is paid to attentions for repairing and reinforcing the steel bridges since CFRP is light weight, high strength and high durability. Although many researches relating to this topic have been reported so far, previous researches mainly focused on the application of CFRP to axial or bending members. On the other hand, most of the corrosion is found on web at the end of main girders. Investigations on repairing and reinforcing corroded web using CFRP have been reported few. In this research, shear buckling test for steel girder bonded by CFRP sheets on web is carried out. Low elastic putty layers are inserted between steel and CFRP sheets in order to improve the performance of out-of-plane deformation. An evaluation method of shear strength of the girder is also proposed.
Yi Sun-sin Bridge: Several Unique Features on the Cable Erection Procedure
Authors: Moon Jonghoon , Jeong Seungwook , Choi Hyunsok
Published: February 2013

Although four suspension bridges have already been built in Korea, constructing the Yi Sun-sin Bridge is a great challenge not only because its main span length of 1545m is almost three times as long as the previous longest suspension bridge in Korea, but also because it is the first suspension bridge for which Korean engineers solely carried out all of the construction tasks, creating their own equipment and devices for the cable erection process as well. In this paper, several unique features pertaining to the cable erection procedures are introduced instead of the details of ordinary cable erection procedures, which are not very different from those of other long-span suspension bridges. An improved spinning wheel, a wire supply method for the spinning of extra- strands, and a band-hanger installation method are described.
Yi Sun-sin Bridge: Influence of the Lateral Rigidity of the Main Cable on the Cable Bands and Wrapping Wire
Authors: Lee Minjae , Moon Jonghoon , Yoon Jahgeol
Published: February 2013

The lateral rigidity of main cable formed by a bundle of zinc-coated wires in suspension bridge is relatively small due to the void in the cross-section. Accordingly, the outer pressure on cable loaded by the cable bands and the wrapping wire induce deformation easily. The lateral rigidity of the main cable in the Yi Sun-sin Bridge is measured here and the influence of the lateral rigidity on the cable band and wrapping wire is investigated arithmetically.
Yi Sun-sin Bridge: Technologies for Accelerated Construction of 270m-High Pylons
Authors: Baek Hansol , Kim JiHoon , Jang Jaewook , Seo Younghwa
Published: February 2013

The Yi Sun-sin Bridge is a three-span suspension bridge links the Yeosu National Industrial Complex to the Gwangyang International Port in South Korea. This bridge, currently under construction, will be the first constructed long span suspension bridge with a center span over 1000m in Korea. The bridge consists of twin box girder with a main span of 1545m, two main cables 700mm in diameter, two concrete pylons 270m in height, and rock-anchored and gravity-type anchorage.

In order to open the bridge temporarily before the world EXPO to be held in Yeosu in May of 2012, the construction period should be reduced by five months. To reduce the construction period, the legs of the pylon were constructed using a slip-form method and precast cross-beams were installed by means of a heavy lifting method.

This paper presents the construction planning of pylons to improve the speed of the slip-form work. In addition, geometry control of the pylons, the concrete supply system and the erection of the cross-beams between the pylons as constructed by the heavy lifting method are briefly discussed with their field applications for the accelerated construction plan.
Yi Sun-sin Bridge: A Challenging Method for Catwalk Erection
Authors: Jung Jaeho , Moon Jonghoon , Jeong Seungwook
Published: February 2013

The Yi Sun-sin Bridge is a three-span continuous suspension bridge whose main span is 1545m long. The construction of the bridge began in November of 2007 and the erection of the stiffening girder was recently completed. In order to erect the main cable of the suspension bridge, temporary structures such as a catwalk and a hauling system need to be installed. Among these temporary structures, the construction of the catwalk is important and the catwalk rope should be erected accurately like the main cable as well, because the configuration of the catwalk affects the shape of the main cable. In this paper, the catwalk system of the Yi Sun-sin Bridge is introduced, including the erection method, equipment, and improvements. For the erection of the catwalk rope, the advanced free-hang method was used to enable container ships to pass during construction. In comparison with the existing free-hang method, the improved method makes it possible to use the same hauling rope for the catwalk system and the air-spinning, thus reducing the risk and construction time.
Structural Characteristics of 3-Pylon Cable-Stayed Bridge Applying UHPC
Authors: Kim Chang Su , Kim Woo Jong , Cho Kyung Sik , Lee Dong Won , Baek Jong Kyun , Lee Doo Jae
Published: February 2013

This paperhas been intended as an introduction to design example of 3-pylon cable-stayed bridge system applying Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with compressive strength of 180MPa and explanation of structural characteristics, benefits, and risksolutionscaused by applying UHPC.

Steel composite and concretecable-stayed bridges werecheckedin order to comparewith UHPC cable-stayed bridge through the construction cost evaluation.

The precast segmental method with launching truss was applied for activating the compressive strength of 180MPa. Stiffened girder needed various checks for ensured safety during construction.

Lastly various types of section weretested for solving vibration problemsof edge girder with low height. The aerodynamic stability had been satisfied after the fairing and baffle set up on external edge girder and in the middle of edge girder, respectively.
Sava Bridge Project – Accelerated Design-Build Realization
Authors: Stipanic Bratislav , Floric Zoran
Published: February 2013

The paper deals with the accelerated design-build realization of new bridge across Sava River in Belgrade. The total length of the bridge is 967 m. The main bridge part is an asymmetric cable-stayed structure, with a main span of 376 m (steel) and a back span of 200 m (concrete). The bridge deck, having width of 45 m, carries 6 lanes of vehicular traffic, 2 rail tracks of LRT and two lanes span pedestrian/cycleway. The bridge construction is accelerated by modern construction methods based on the original and innovative design. The accelerated construction methods, realized by modern construction equipment, are applied in the following works: foundation of pylon, erection of conical pylon, incremental launchings of 200 m back span & 338 m side spans, as well as one-sided antilever erection of 376 m main span followed by the installation of stays. The Sava Bridge was open for vehicular traffic and one-sided pedestrian/cycle traffic by New Year - on 1st January 2012.
Assessment of bridge structural performance using advanced SHM systems
Authors: Spuler Thomas , Moor Gianni , Della Ca' Danilo , Schurch Thomas
Published: February 2013

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems can serve many purposes, by efficiently and reliably providing great quantities of data in relation to any variable of a structure’s condition or performance. One such purpose is the provision of the detailed information that may be required in assessing a bridge’s condition or structural performance, supplementing the more limited knowledge that can be obtained from traditional inspection methods alone. Examples of the use of SHM systems for this purpose are presented, demonstrating how this approach can enable a detailed understanding of a structure’s performance to be developed – for instance, in providing the data required by advanced structural models, and confirming hypotheses relating to the suspected condition and its causes. Thanks to the in-depth understanding of the structure’s performance that can be achieved, such systems not only offer an attractive means of completing a bridge inspection, but can further help the service life of a structure to be lengthened and its life-cycle costs to be reduced.
Practical Application of Mass Type Damper for Wind-Induced Vibration Control of Super-Tall Buildings
Authors: Lee SangHyun , Chung Lan , Kim Yunseok , Woo Sungsik
Published: February 2013

In this paper, a mass damper was proposed and the plan on its practical application for wind- induced vibration control of a super-tall building was introduced. The damper was developed to generate forces which were calculated by both linear and nonlinear control algorithms. A controller in which the control algorithms were embedded was developed and it was verified through experiments that the damper with the controller could show dynamic behavior as a designer had intended. A preliminary design of a super-tall building with the damper was conducted. As a nonlinear algorithm, decentralized control algorithm which only requires to measure damper- installed floor response in order to calculate the control force was proposed. Simulation results indicated that the proposed damper could provide better or at least equivalent control performance than the usual active/hybrid type damper controlled just by existing linear control algorithms.
Aerodynamic Challenges and Solutions of Ultra Long Span Cable Stayed Bridges
Authors: Yeung Ngai , Carter Matt , Noh Jung-hwi , Lee Sang-Hoon
Published: February 2013

This paper introduces the aerodynamic challenges of ultra long span cable stayed bridges with a main span exceeding 1,200m and provides technical solutions based on the specimen design of a 1,400m main span partially earth anchored cable stayed bridge. An innovative tie cable technology is introduced which makes the construction feasible and allows a 30% reduction in the steel deck quantities compared to a bridge built by the traditional cantilever method.
Development of a Web-based Distributed Computing Platform and Its Application in Evaluating Flutter Onset Velocity
Authors: Lee Kuen-Bae , Kim Chongam
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this paper is the evaluation of the flutter onset velocity acting on a moving bridge deck section using a web-based distributed computing environment, namely e-WINDS. e-WINDS, an abbreviation of ‘e-Wind flow Investigation & Design Systems’, is a virtual organization supporting CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations for the users who have a lack of knowledge on CFD. The e-WINDS supports CFD service which is composed of pre-process (mesh generation), simulation-process (CFD analysis) and post-process (result visualization), and enables users to conduct the full CFD simulation process on the web. This system also provides the function of automatic parameter sweeping and job submission using the resources of the HTC (High Throughput Computing) environments. This characteristic makes e-WINDS to be an efficient computing system for evaluating flutter onset velocity.
Monitoring of Bridges Based on Vibration Frequencies
Authors: Mekjavic Ivana
Published: February 2013

This paper outlines research aimed at developing an effective and reliable monitoring method for structural damage identification. A computational procedure for the direct iteration technique based on the non-linear perturbation theory is proposed to identify structural damage, when information about only natural frequencies for the damaged structure is required. The presented damage identification technique is applied to several concrete girder bridges of different ages in Croatia. It is found that the proposed approach is quite sensitive to the quality of measured natural frequencies for structural damage identification due to the ill-conditioned system of governing equations.
Wind-Resistant Measures of the Busan-Geoje Fixed Link Bridges during Construction
Authors: Kim Young-Min , Jeong Sang-Kyoon , Joo Seok-Jun
Published: February 2013

In general, temporary tied-down cables are used on cable stayed bridges during construction for stabilization when subjected to wind loads. However, the system requires temporary concrete blocks or pile foundation. Thus, tied-down cable systems are an expensive temporary method and have the potential of causing environment pollution problems; furthermore, the system may interrupt the route of ships or induce collisions.

Tuned mass damper (TMD) system is proposed to cable stayed bridges or similar structures to supress wind-induced vibrations and ensure aerodynamic stability. TMD systems are more economical and workable in comparison with the temporary tied-down cables. TMD is shown to be the most efficient solution to bridge stabilization during construction when subjected to wind loads.
Realisation of the Busan-Geoje Fixed Link - Large scale prefabrication for marine bridges
Authors: Asferg Jesper L. , Sorensen Lars T. , Frederiksen Peter D. , Hauge Lars
Published: February 2013

This paper recaptures the design and construction of the bridges for the recently finalized Busan- Geoje Fixed Link in South Korea. The bridges included two cable stayed bridges with main spans of 475m respectively 2x230m. Main aspects of the bridge design are briefly summarized in this paper but focus is on the widely used prefabrication for the bridge construction and on the construction control method applied for super structure erection for the cabled stayed bridges.
2nd Nile Bridge at Jinja, Uganda – Independent Design Check
Authors: Kite Steve , Tripodi Diego , Tugume Jonathan , Sakai Itsuro
Published: February 2013

The 2nd Nile Bridge at Jinja, Uganda will be built across the River Nile in order to relieve traffic from the deteriorating existing crossing. The new bridge will be a cable stayed bridge with a 290 m long main span. The cellular concrete deck will be supported by a central plane of multi-strand stay cables from inverted Y-shaped concrete pylons incorporating steel anchor boxes.

Design studies included a geotechnical site investigation and a search in the surrounding area to find materials suitable for concrete aggregate and for construction of the approach roads. Wind tunnel tests were undertaken in Korea. The Independent Design Check was carried out concurrently with the Final Design so as not cause delay to approvals. Project specific design criteria were determined to supplement and enhance those in the local design standards, including the use of Eurocode traffic load models, in conjunction with design to methodologies from British Standards.

This paper describes the design process and the Independent Design Checking work performed to review and verify all structural and geotechnical aspects of the design.
Resistance of Concrete Members without Stirrups to Fatigue Loads
Authors: Rombach Günter , Kohl Matthias
Published: February 2013

Currently the fatigue strength of a structure limits its lifetime more and more; particularly that of concrete members without shear reinforcement, which are stressed by dynamic loads. Even though designing structures to fatigue is extremely important, only a rather limited number of dynamic tests and investigations were conducted so far. Thus, the knowledge in this field is rather limited.

Therefore an extensive literature review has been conducted to establish a database of fatigue tests. This database is used to check the current design approach acc. to Eurocode 2 (short EC2-1-1) and to demonstrate its imprecision. Furthermore, concrete beams were tested with up to 4 million cycles at the University of Hamburg (TUHH) to study their behaviour. In contrast to static loads, the test specimens did not show any brittle failure. Derived from these tests, it can be concluded that the compression zone is primarily responsible for the shear bearing capacity.
Bridge Spanning Up to 2800m
Authors: Lee Seungho , Chang Suk , Lee Myungjae , Kwon Soon-Duck
Published: February 2013

This paper presents preliminary results for developing a feasible design of suspension bridge of which main span length reaches up to 2800m. The design works have been performed in collaboration between Yooshin Engineering Corporation and KOCED Wind Tunnel at Chonbuk National University. From the preliminary wind tunnel test for feasible girder sections, twin box girder was finally adopted. After wind tunnel tests of various variation of twin box girders, final candidate was selected considering aerodynamic performance as well as construction cost. The aerodynamic stability of the girder section was confirmed from the full aeroelastic model tests. The present design of suspension bridge is optimized structurally and aerodynamically to ensure a safety and serviceability of bridge under wind action during the design life.
Seismic Design Guidelines for Super-Long-Span Cable-Supported Bridges in Korea
Authors: Kim Ickhyun , Sun Changho
Published: February 2013

Bridges with usual span lengths have been designed according to the Korea Bridge Code which allows large inelastic displacements. This code is, however, not applicable to cable-supported bridges. Recently new seismic design guidelines are being developed as one of the core tasks to develop super long-span cable-supported bridge technologies. New design earthquakes and seismic performance criteria are defined. The detailed performance requirements are assigned to each component of bridge. General cable-supported bridges have been designed seismically against an earthquake with a return period of 2400 years, but new guidelines adopt an earthquake with a return period of 4900 years as a design earthquake. The performance of a cable-stayed bridge designed in a conventional way has been investigated for the new design earthquake.
Tower 114 of the King Abdullah Financial District: Analysis and Design for In- plane Forces
Authors: Robinson Spencer , Greczkowski Lukasz , Mccormick Fergus
Published: February 2013

This paper looks at the design of Tower 114 of the new Financial District in Riyadh, an exciting example of the growing trend amongst signature Architects to create ever more daring and dramatic building structures. The 253m high office tower is positioned at the prestigious heart of the development and is characterised by complex inclined geometry to the north facade and a dramatic 8m set-back in the south facade at level 06. The geometry of the inclined columns to the north facade creates massive horizontal in-plane forces in certain floor slabs.

The paper describes a number of structural options considered for resisting such large loads in the floors. Steel, reinforced concrete and post-tensioned concrete solutions were all considered at the concept stage. Advanced modelling and detailing techniques were used to help develop a sophisticated and effective solution to a complex engineering problem which required careful assessment of in-plane strength, stress and strain across the whole floor and at local nodes. Such a significant part of the building overall design also required careful examination of potential risks and consequent assessment of special design measures for robustness. The paper describes that the final solution adopted was via high strength steel bars within the concrete floors that offered an effective and robust solution that was easily constructed.
Innovation
Authors: Tang Man-Chung
Published: February 2013

Innovation can be defined simply as “invention, improvement or incorporation” but must also offer “increase in value.” These make up four of the “I’s” in Innovation. If the invention, improvement, or incorporation does not offer an increase in value, it is only an alternative, and not an innovation. Innovation can be achieved through a process of asking oneself “Why, why not, and what if?”
Study for improvements in design codes of timber structures regarding developments in time
Authors: Ozola Lilita , Brokans Aivars
Published: February 2013

This paper presents the results on experimental research of the bending creep behaviour of softwood timber beams in uncontrolled microclimate conditions (unheated building, winter climate in the region near the Baltic Sea) under different levels of a constant load not exceeding the proportional limit. Experimental evidence is produced to corroborate the Eurocode 5 conditions for predictions of creep effects under variable load. Deflection values of beams in four point bending are measured daily during 3 months simultaneously performing monitoring of the moisture content of the wood, relative humidity and air temperature. It has been observed that at the initial period the character of creep development differs significantly comparing it with later period till the end of the test. The linear equations are found as sufficiently good approximations for relationship creep versus time at the moderate load levels not exceeding the proportional limit.
New design code for glass structures
Authors: Siebert Geralt
Published: February 2013

In December 2010 part 1 (general bases) and 2 (linearly supported glazing) of the new code for design of glass structures DIN 18008 has been published as final version. The parts 3 (point fixed elements), 4 (balustrades) and 5 (accessible glazing) have been published as draft version in October 2011. These rules are – in contrast to actual used regulations – following the modern concept of partial safety factors. Regarding the field of application the published parts cover most of the daily work; two last parts (6 accessible for maintenance work and 7 for structural elements) are under preparation at the moment. So worldwide for the first time regulations covering most aspects for structural design of glass structures will be available.
Researches on changes of riverbed deposition during caisson construction
Authors: Chen Ce , Ji Bohai , Zhong Jianchi
Published: February 2013

The local deformation on the river bed around the pier is called local scour around piers. The caisson could be regarded as bridge piers with large dimensions. The local scour will affect the caisson construction obviously. According to the hydrological geological data of the bridge site, river model test was conducted to analyze the local scour state during caisson sinking. A empirical formula was proposed. According to the research results, the owner chose proper floating and embedding time for the caisson. The monitoring data indicated that the model test data agreed with the actual scour state in general.
Long Term Cross Asset Management of Highway Infrastructure
Authors: Wenzel Helmut , Veit-Egerer Robert , Widmann Monika
Published: February 2013

The paper describes a case study on a highway section in Austria comprising 100 structures conducted for the Austrian Federal Highway Company ASFINAG in 2011. A tailored life cycle model was developed utilizing state-of-the-art information from literature and VCE’s experience gained in the course of performing bridge monitoring and bridge inspection worldwide. This knowledge has been incorporated into the assessment procedure that is described in the paper. Probabilistic methods are used for the service life calculations of the whole structure as well as for individual items delivering lower and upper bounds of life expectancy. Based on the available structural information, inspection reports and traffic data maintenance instructions were elaborated in order to ensure the demanded structural service life and operability. Besides cost optimization the main focus was on the minimization of traffic impediment. The case study includes different budget scenarios given by the client over a period of 30 years.
Research on Post-Installed Reinforcement for Structural Retrofitting
Authors: Randl Norbert
Published: February 2013

Post-installed reinforcement bars (rebars) are used for different purposes such as attaching new concrete to existing RC members e.g. when retrofitting, enabling the flow of forces via joints or strengthening existing structures by means of additional straight reinforcement bars. Such bars are typically inserted into a pre-drilled hole and glued in with special appropriate mortars and usually developed in a way that they lead to at least the same bond strength as if the bars were cast-in.

A research project conducted recently at the Carinthia University of Applied Sciences (CUAS) focused on the load bearing behaviour of rebars post-installed in different concrete substrates and glued-in with several types of approved mortars. Pull-out tests performed in normal and higher strength concretes revealed that not every mortar – even if approved for normal strength concrete – is appropriate also for use in high performance concretes.
Repair of Alkali-Silica Reaction Damage in a Massive Arch Skewback
Authors: Wassef Wagdy
Published: February 2013

Damage due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) may be found in concrete structures and pavements. Due to the alkalinity of Portland cement, a chemical reaction takes place at the interface between certain types of aggregate and the cement paste. The chemical reaction produces a chemical compound generally referred to as the “ASR gel”. In the presence of moisture, the ASR gel expands causing the aggregate to separate from the surrounding cement paste. This process causes the concrete to deteriorate.
Life-cycle considerations in the selection and use of bridge expansion joints
Authors: Spuler Thomas , Loehrer Rafael , O'Suilleabhain Colm
Published: February 2013

Bridge expansion joints are often subjected to great challenges, such as large movements and relentless dynamic loading, and thus require proper periodic maintenance and, from time to time during the longer life of the bridge, replacement. Consideration of the long-term costs associated with the joints – including for supply, installation, maintenance, and replacement of the joints, and other costs such as those resulting from the traffic disruption caused by replacement works – demonstrates the importance of devoting adequate attention and expenditure to the procurement, installation and maintenance of high-quality joints. Indeed, the initial costs of supply and installation have been concluded by leading authorities to be insignificant in relation to the costs of joint replacement works, especially when user costs are considered. Recognition of this, and consideration of the measures which are proposed to assist in implementing a long-term strategy, can help minimise the life-cycle costs of a bridge’s expansion joints – for the benefit of owners, users and society at large.
Strength Decrease of Wood Materials in Kintaikyo Bridge used 48 Years
Authors: Honda Hideyuki
Published: February 2013

Kintaikyo Bridge has been constructed in 1673, and is an important timber pedestrian bridge with the history in about 334 years in represents Japan. The bridge subjected in this study is the bridge constructed in 1953 and reconstructed in 2001. During 48 years, the static deflection, strain and natural frequency in the field test have been measured to monitor the change of structural performance in every five years by Waseda University. This study was investigated analytically the change of Young’s modulus of the wood materials based on the experimental values of natural frequency over 48 years measured in every five years, and then strength decrease of the wood materials was estimated by the change of Young’s modulus. From the analytical estimation considered the change of unit product weight on wood, it was obtained the result which strength of the main wood materials constituted Kintaikyo Bridge decreased about 64.4 % during 48 years.
Technology for monitoring side friction of caisson in deep overburden layer
Authors: Feng Zhaoxiang , Ruan Jing , Wang Jingguo , Wang Jian
Published: February 2013

Until now, directly monitoring the sidewall frictional resistance is difficult because it is a kind of shear stress and we lack effective monitoring instruments. A Technique is presented in this paper to measure sidewall frictional resistance of a caisson directly and is applied in the north anchorage caisson of Taizhou Bridge. Mutual authentification can be made between this monitoring result and measuring result from soil pressure gauge. The result shows that this technology can monitor frictional resistance directly and effectively with high precision, which anticipates a possibility of direct measurement of frictional resistance between rigid structure side wall and soil.
Statistical Models of Typhoon Intensity and Tracking for Extreme Wind Speed Estimation
Authors: Kim Ga Young , Lee Sungsu , Lee Young Kyu
Published: February 2013

Determination of design wind speed or wind hazard analysis for structure in general requires statistically modeled typhoon information consisting of models genesis, intensity, track and wind field. However, the current typhoon intensity and track models used to simulate the typhoons around Korean peninsula statistically have difficulties in simulating randomness and dynamics of typhoons in the study region. In this paper, more realistic typhoon intensity model and track model for the typhoons around Korean peninsula are proposed. First, defining the central pressure depth (CPD), the deficit between the central and periphery pressures as the representative of a typhoon intensity, the intensity model includes SST (Sea Surface Temperature), relative change of SST, OOR (Oceanic Occupation Ratio), relative change of OOR, latitude and traveling time. An empirical typhoon intensity model is developed by multi-variate regression. The correlation coefficients of CPDs from the present model and the RSMC best tracks for the strong and weak typhoons show 0.93 and 0.76 respectively, which shows a good agreement with the historic intensity. Secondly, a tracking model to describe dynamical typhoon tracks for the typhoons around Korean peninsula was developed. The displacements of typhoon center is determined by the mean displacement and the anomaly from the autoregression (1) model, which are estimated from the historical typhoon displacements collected on the circle with the radius of pre-assigned length scale. Classifying typhoon into the Southern Boundary (SB), the Eastern Boundary (EB) and the Western Boundary (WB) typhoons according to which boundary a typhoon enters into the domain, the spatial density correlation coefficients of the present results and the historical tracks for SB, EB, WB show 0.87, 0.6, and 0.5 respectively. The intensity and the tracking models proposed in this paper are able to reasonably simulate realistic synthetic typhoon in the point of statistical view.
Mixed Construction of Modular Steel Frames with Concrete Shear Wall Systems
Authors: Hong Sung-Gul , Ha Tae-Hyu , Kim Hye-Jin
Published: February 2013

Higher modular steel frames require lateral resisting systems against wind and earthquake loading. Modular steel frame systems have provided one of alternatives for rapid constructions such as school buildings, hospitals, emergency shelters, and dorms in a short time. For ease of construction in field and the allowance of tolerance of connection fabrication one intermediate diaphragm floor subsystems are introduced between steel modular systems and concrete core walls. The load transfer between these two systems is made possible by satisfactory performance of diaphragm action with reliable structural connections among subsystems. Commonly used anchorage connection details using embed steel plates welded to reinforcing bars were prepared to investigate structural performance of load transfer between the floor frames and concrete core walls. Tensile and shear resistance of wall connections are supposed to control the strength of the subsystems. Tensile and shear failures between embed plates and reinforcing bars are expected as one of governing failure modes between two subsystems. The experimental program of cyclic behavior was performed to investigate the structural performance of the proposed subsystems subjected to wind and moderate earthquake loading which can be applied to construction of the medium height residential modular buildings near future. To intend favorable failure mechanisms in the load transfer between the subsystems, failure sequences and ductile failure modes must be controlled. The proposed load transfer subsystem provides one of alternative for facile construction methods for mixed type of modular systems and stable structural performance.
Study of Vertical Prestress Loss in Concrete Box Girder Webs with Twice-tension Strand Technique
Authors: Zhang Yang , Shao Xudong
Published: February 2013

To investigate the vertical prestress loss in concrete box girder webs with twice-tension strands technique, a rectangular thin plate test under twice-tension prestressed strands was conducted. At the same time, twice-tension vertical prestress loss used in a practical bridge was also tested, and was compared with the traditional vertical prestressed system using fine-rolled twisted steel bars. Test results confirmed that the immediate vertical prestress loss can be reduced to less than 10% by the twice-tension technology and far less than that of fine-rolled twisted steel bars system. Twice tension system can improve efficiency of vertical prestress and shear reliability in concrete box girder webs effectively. At last based on the test results, some factors that affect twice-tension vertical prestress loss including pipe roughness, joint compression, deformation and retraction of anchorage, elastic compression of concrete, relaxation of tendons and creep & shrinkage of concrete, were discussed, and corresponding methods of design taking value were suggested.