bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating of Serum Electrolyte Changes in Chronic Renal Failure Pre and Post Dialysis
Authors: Wafaa H. Ajam
Published: January 2021

Background: The kidney playedvital role in the regulation of electrolyte and acid–base balance. Withprogressive loss of renal function, derangements in electrolytes and acid–base certainlyoccurred andcontribute to worse patientoutcomes.Objective: The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of Hemodialysis (HD) on serum electrolyteslevels which compared with healthy controlgroup; also to assess the correlation of serum electrolyte beforeand after hemodialysis.Material and Method: The study done on 40 patients (25 men and 15 women) all patients with chronickidney disease, ages of patients 25 – 65 years. All patients enter the dialysis department in Merjan teachinghospital and matched with 30 well persons as control. Results: study of comparison between patients beforeand after hemodialysis, significant difference in the level of serum urea and creatinine between pre andpost dialysis, and significant effect of Hemodialysis on serum electrolytes particularly serum potassiumlevels. The pre-hemodialysis K+ was 4.48± 0.83 mmol/L and post-hemodialysis K+ was 3.69±0.65 mmol/L(P<0.001). The pre-hemodialysis Na+ was136.5±4.14 and post - hemodialysis Na+ was 138.6 ±4.41 (P = 0.36). The pre- hemodialysis Cl-was 106.12 ± 4.02 and post-hemodialysis Cl-was 107.12 ± 4.11 (P= 0.38NS).Conclusion: There is decrease in s. urea besides creatinine level between period before and afterhemodialysis.Serum K+ level decreased after hemodialysis. Although serum sodium and chloride levels not significantlyaffected after hemodialysis.
Risk of Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis Related to Anemia and Associated with CRP
Authors: Maryam Kadhim Al-Shemery
Published: January 2021

Background and Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory an autoimmunedisease characterized by the articular and extra-articular manifestation as weight loss, fatigue, malaise, andanemia. This study aimed to find the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in its correlation with the diseaseactivity among patients with RA in Al-Najaf province and to determine the associated risk factors thisstudy including 75 Subjects was 50 suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and 25 subjects were healthy. Fullblood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate platelet count was determined using standard hematologicmethod. The result in this study exhibits there is significant decrease in (hematological characteristic) RBCnumber, while increase in WBC number spatially neutrophil, platelet, glucose and ESR in patients witharthritis in comparison with control. This result indicated that no significant difference (P>0.05) in the meanhematological characteristic RBC number, WBC number spatially neutrophil, platelet when compared withbetween Positive and negative C –reactive protein in patient with arthritis. The results revealed a significantincrease (P<0.05) in mean of ESR of patients with positive C –reactive protein in compared with negativeC –reactive protein in patient with arthritis.Conclusions: Rheumatoid arthritis patients have a variety of abnormalities in hematologic characterize. RAdisease can be linked with anemia of chronic inflammation, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. Also, in ourstudy, we concluded that little evidence found between disease activity and anemia. ESR and C-reactiveprotein related to the activity of RA disease.
Improving The Professional Competence Of The Teacher In The Course Of Project Activities Of Students
Authors:   Doctor Of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Institute Of Pedagogical Innovations, Management Of Vocational Education And Training And Retraining Of Teachers, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Kurbanov Shavkat Ergashevich , Pulatova Nozima Ravshanovna ,   People Named After Abdulla Avloni Postdoctoral Fellow Of The Institute Of Retraining And Advanced Training Of Education And Leadership, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to theoretical aspects of formation of professional competence ofteachers through joint design activities with students. The Genesis of the development of theconcept of “professional competence” based on the analysis of various sources is discussed.The term “professional competence” is considered and its main components are made. Thearticle high lights project activities in the modern paradigm of education.
Teaching The Subject "Mechanics Of Integrated Environments" Based On New Pedagogical Technologies
Authors:   Senior Lecturer, Department Of Physics And Chemistry, Tashkent Institute Of Irrigation And Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Uzbekistan, Beknazarova Zamira Farmonovna
Published: January 2021

This article highlights the importance of modern pedagogical technologies, the teaching of physics, and the mechanics of teaching the subject "Mechanics of Unified Environment" based on pedagogical technologies. The theme of the training also included reproductive, productive teaching, working in small groups, and identifying knowledge and skills based on test technologies.
About Uzbek Editions Of Dīwān Lughāt Al-Turk
Authors:   PhD Student, Tashkent State University Of Oriental Studies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Sattorova I.Z.
Published: January 2021

The article deals with the Uzbek editions of Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. This work is important for the history and culture of the Turkic peoples. The works published over the years have been compared and analyzed. Many scholars have been involved in the translation and analysis of this work. However, there are differences between the editions of the work. Our main goal is to cite the history of the publication of the work and the views of the scholars who carried it out. In conclusion, the differences between the book editions of the work did not affect the content.
The Educational Significance Of Economic Education
Authors:   Senior Lecturer, School Management Department, Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan, Usmanov Azamat Juraboyevich
Published: January 2021

In his speech at the conference "Ensuring social stability, preserving the purity of our sacred religion" in Tashkent on June 15, 2017, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev spoke about the education of the younger generation: "Another important issue that always concerns us is the morality of our youth. Today, the world is changing rapidly. Who are the young people who feel these changes more than anyone else? Let the young people meet the requirements of their time. But at the same time, do not forget the few. Who we are, how great we are. "Let the call that we are the generation of the people always resonate in their hearts and encourage them to remain faithful to the minority. How can we achieve this? At the expense of upbringing, education and only upbringing." [1]
Novel library synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted pyridin-2(1H)-ones via cleavage of pyridine-2-oxy-7-azabenzotriazole ethers under ionic hydrogenation conditions at room temperature
Authors: Pierre Romain , Brethon Anne , Jacques Sylvain A , Blond Aurélie , Chambon Sandrine , Talano Sandrine , Raffin Catherine , Musicki Branislav , Bouix-Peter Claire , Tomas Loic , Ouvry Gilles , Morgentin Rémy , Hennequin Laurent F , Harris Craig S
Published: January 2021

In our hands, efficient access to the 4-amino-3-carboxamide disubstituted pyridine-2(1H)-one kinase hinge-binder motif proved to be more challenging than anticipated requiring a significant investment in route scouting and optimization. This full paper focuses on the synthesis issues that we encountered during our route exploration and the original solutions we found that helped us to identify two optimized library-style processes to prepare our large kinase inhibitor library.
Casual Style of Criticism
Authors: Syrodeeva Asya
Published: January 2021

Social criticism is one of the factors that supports transformations in contemporary dynamic world. Its accessible publicity raises for various social agents the question of the constructiveness of their critical efforts. The article discusses how important it is for the effectiveness of criticism not only its meaning, but also the style of expression, based on the degree of willingness to see in those who stand on the opposing side of the social discussion barrier also human beings as the critic himself/herself is. Referring to two works by Timur Kibirov: the poem Through Farewell Tears and the novel The General and His Family, the author examines some aspects of social criticism that define its tone, intonation, including attention to sociocultural details, consideration of the ambivalence of a particular social phenomenon, as well as the doubts of the social subject concerning his/her own critical views.
Handwriting, Spelling, Sense
Authors: Vasilyev Konstantin
Published: January 2021

The author of the essay, a linguist, argues that a certain part of the so-called wise sayings and quotes are mere platitudes. Some of them are believed to be indisputable truths but they make no sense; among false assertions are the well-known statements “There is no rule without exceptions” and “The exception proves/confirms the rule”. One of the famous quotations, namely Gandhi’s statement that “Bad handwriting is a sign of an imperfect education” is dealt with separately and extensively. The author thinks that schoolteachers’ efforts are to little avail if the student has no talent for calligraphy and spelling (as well as for other subjects). The priority of sense is contended with regard to all statements including philosophical ones. The authors draws on Gandhi’s “Autobiography” and Oscar Wilde’s “The Decay of Lying” and their Russian translations to show that foreign texts reach the Russian reader with the meaning/message of the original more or less distorted. The Russian translation of Ludwig Feuerbach’s exposition of Spinoza’s philosophical views is subjected to criticism.
Review on Malaysian Goniothalamus essential oils and their comparative study using multivariate statistical analysis
Authors: SHAKRİ Natasa Mohd , SALLEH Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan , SHAHARUDİN Shazlyn Milleana
Published: January 2021

The genus Goniothalamus is belonging to the Annonaceae family, consists of ca. 2500 species and found in tropical Southeast Asia. The Goniothalamus essential oils were recognized to possess considerable biological activities with varied chemical composition. This article aims to overview the medicinal uses, chemical compositions, and biological activities of Malaysian Goniothalamus essential oils considered as a medicinal plants, widely used as traditional herbal medicines in the treatment of various diseases. The data were collected from the scientific electronic databases including SciFinder, Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed and Google Scholar. Ten Goniothalamus species have been reported for their essential oils and biological activities. It can be observed that the major components were α-cadinol, terpinen-4-ol, β-eudesmol, β-selinene, linalool, limonene, α-copaene, 1,8-cineole and β-cubebene. In addition, the selected chemical components from the bark, leaf and root oils were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and were able to cluster in four groups based on relationships and chemical patterns in essential oils. This multivariate data analysis may be used for the identification and characterization of essential oils from different Goniothalamus species that are to be used as raw materials of traditional herbal products.
Migration of Healthcare Professionals in Post-Brexit Britain
Authors: Chakravorty Indranil , Bamrah JS , Mehta Ramesh
Published: January 2021

What is the experience of migrant healthcare workers? How might this change following Brexit?
This editorial explores the vital contributions of the migrant healthcare workers as the Architects of the NHS and recommends that it is critical to acknowledge their contribution and enhance their experience in post-Brexit Britain, for the survival of NHS as an exemplar healthcare service.
ON NONHOMOGENEOUS BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR THE STATIONARY NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS IN A SYMMETRIC CUSP DOMAIN
Authors: Kaulakytė Kristina , Klovienė Neringa
Published: January 2021

The nonhomogeneous boundary value problem for the stationary NavierStokes equations in 2D symmetric multiply connected domain with a cusp point on the boundary is studied. It is assumed that there is a source or sink in the cusp point. A symmetric solenoidal extension of the boundary value satisfying the LerayHopf inequality is constructed. Using this extension, the nonhomogeneous boundary value problem is reduced to homogeneous one and the existence of at least one weak symmetric solution is proved. No restrictions are assumed on the size of fluxes of the boundary value.
Cycle-StarNet: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Data by Leveraging Large Data Sets
Authors: O’Briain Teaghan , Ting 丁 Yuan-Sen 源 森 , Fabbro Sébastien , Yi Kwang M. , Venn Kim , Bialek Spencer
Published: January 2021

Advancements in stellar spectroscopy data acquisition have made it necessary to accomplish similar improvements in efficient data analysis techniques. Current automated methods for analyzing spectra are either (a) data driven, which requires prior knowledge of stellar parameters and elemental abundances, or (b) based on theoretical synthetic models that are susceptible to the gap between theory and practice. In this study, we present a hybrid generative domain-adaptation method that turns simulated stellar spectra into realistic spectra by applying unsupervised learning to large spectroscopic surveys. We apply our technique to the APOGEE H-band spectra at R = 22,500 and the Kurucz synthetic models. As a proof of concept, two case studies are presented. The first is the calibration of synthetic data to become consistent with observations. To accomplish this, synthetic models are morphed into spectra that resemble observations, thereby reducing the gap between theory and observations. Fitting the observed spectra shows an improved average

reduced from 1.97 to 1.22, along with a mean residual reduced from 0.16 to −0.01 in normalized flux. The second case study is the identification of the elemental source of missing spectral lines in the synthetic modeling. A mock data set is used to show that absorption lines can be recovered when they are absent in one of the domains. This method can be applied to other fields that use large data sets and are currently limited by modeling accuracy. The code used in this study is made publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/teaghan/Cycle_SN).
First report of the bat fly species Basilia italica in Romania
Authors: Péter Áron , Mihalca Andrei , Sándor Attila
Published: January 2021

Bat flies are haematophagous ectoparasites, highly specialised to bats and are also considered to have vectorial potential for several pathogens likeBartonellaspp. orPolychromophilusspp. In Romania, past studies mostly focused on the ectoparasitic fauna of cave-dwelling bats, listing the occurrence of 10 bat fly species in the country, with only scarce information on bat flies infesting crevice-roosting bat species. Here we report the occurrence ofBasilia italica, a rare nycteribiid species infesting primarily forest-dwelling bats. This is the first country-record for Romania and also represents the easternmost occurrence of this species. Further studies are needed to evaluate the vectorial potential ofB. italica.
Probiotics as a therapeutic strategy in obesity and overweight: a systematic review
Authors: Tomé-Castro X.M. , Rodriguez-Arrastia M. , Cardona D. , Rueda-Ruzafa L. , Molina-Torres G. , Roman P.
Published: January 2021

Obesity and overweight are two of the most health challenges with an increasing prevalence in recent years, in which several complications have been identified to have a high impact in patients’ health conditions. In this vein, an increasing interest in the gut microbiota has emerged as a target for therapeutic strategies in obesity and overweight due to its direct relation with the aforementioned health conditions and complications. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics as a therapeutic strategy in the management of obesity and overweight. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials was carried out in 6 databases until May 2019 to assess the use of probiotics in obesity and overweight patients. The Jadad Scale was used to assess the quality of the clinical trials. Twenty-three clinical trials published between 2000 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria. The role of probiotics in reducing body mass index and weight as well as changing the visceral abdominal fat area, waist and hip circumference were shown in 14 of 23 trials (60.87%); 14 trials (60.87%) showed changes on patients’ fatty acids and biomarkers; and 4 trials (17.39%) studied the role of the gut microbiota in obese and overweight patients. Some probiotics strains are shown to be effective in reducing body mass index and hip circumference. This review provides evidence of successful results in weight loss using probiotic groups.
Fragmentarno ohranjene gotske stenske poslikave na zahodnem panonskem robu
Authors: Balažic Janez
Published: January 2021

Avtor v prispevku obravnava fragmentarno ohranjene stenske poslikave, pripisane regionalnim slikarskim delavnicam, ki so zarisovale t. i. navpično vplivno os po zahodnem panonskem robu. Zbrani primeri navkljub okrnjeni predstavnosti pomembno dopolnjujejo umetnostnozgodovinsko podobo umetnostne produkcije tega prostora v času Luksemburžanov. Prispevek kaže na tvorne povezave med pokrovitelji in umetnostnimi delavnicami. Njihovo produkcijo pred sredino 14. stoletja zaznamuje izzvenevanje visokogotskega linearnega stila, zatem pa ob italijanskih trečentističnih spodbudah »mešani« ali »prehodni« slog tretje in zadnje četrtine 14. stoletja, na vrhuncu češko-dunajske produkcije okoli leta 1400 pa tudi tu zmaga mednarodni gotski slog, ki odzvanja še globoko v 15. stoletje.
Rodbinske ambicije Sigismunda grofa Attems Petzenstein v luči umetnostnih naročil
Authors: Quinzi Alessandro
Published: January 2021

Sigismund grof Attems Petzenstein (1708–1758) je sredi 18. stoletja svojo rodbino »povzdignil do take veličine, kakršne ni dosegla v vseh preteklih časih« (G. Guelmi, Storia genealogico-cronologica degli Attems austriaci, 1783). Na novo pridobljeni ugled je pospremil s postavitvijo mestne rezidence na Kornu (1745) in vile v Podgori (1747–1748) ter z obnovo dvorca na Jazbinah (1747). Leta 1750, ob imenovanju brata Karla Mihaela (1711–1774) za prvega goriškega nadškofa, pa je dal modernizirati pročelje mestne palače. Za gradbene podvige je Sigismund praviloma zaposlil arhitekta Saveria Giannija, kar dokazujejo prvič objavljeni podatki iz zapuščinskega inventarja. Slikarsko opremo je naročal pri goriških slikarjih (Johann Michael Lichtenreit, Antonio Paroli), le za oltarno sliko družinske kapele v nekdanji cerkvi sv. Frančiška se je obrnil na veronskega umetnika Giambettina Cignarolija. Čeprav Sigismund ni dočakal namestitve slike, se je ravno s tem umetniškim podvigom vpisal v elitni krog evropskih naročnikov Cignarolijevih del.
Factors Affecting Successful Adoption and Adaption of E-Learning Strategies
Authors: Elezi Enis , Bamber Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores factors affecting the development of e-learning strategies in the context of higher education institutions. The authors focus on understanding the impact of e-learning on pedagogical approaches to teaching and learning and elaborate on the challenges higher education institutions experience in implementing e-learning strategies. A combination of synchronous and asynchronous delivery allows educational establishments to not only offer a service that is good value for money but promotes action learning, and encourages ownership, independent learning, and creative thinking. This work proposes social networking scaffolding for asynchronous and synchronous e-learning, where the learner is at the centre of a social network system. Furthermore, the chapter provides guidance to higher education governors, leaders, and e-learning technicians in developing and implementing e-learning strategies.
Intellectual Capital Disclosure in the Norwegian University Sector
Authors: Panteleeva Elena , Slettli Victoria Konovalenko
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is to gain an insight about the users' preferences for intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) in the higher education institutions (HEIs) in Norway. This question is addressed by making an inquiry into the ICD preferences and information needs of the two groups of stakeholders: university employees and students. The ICD in the context of the universities has recently gained more attention of researchers. New institutional and political requirements combined with the increased competition in the sector, challenge HEIs to improve effectiveness, efficiency, and transparency in order to gain reputation, legitimacy, and funding. This chapter contributes to the literature on how HEIs can identify, measure, and disclose their knowledge resources. The study revealed a relatively high level of IC importance for the HEIs' stakeholders in Norway. Particular interest was attributed to relational capital and student satisfaction.
Modeling, Analysis, of Induction Motor's Stator Turns Fault Using Neuro-Fuzzy
Authors: Taha Hussein. A. , Ammar M. E. , Hassan M. A. Moustafa
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses modeling and analysis methods for fault detection and diagnosis of stator inter-turn short circuit in three-phase induction machines. dq frame was used to model the induction motor for both health and fault cases to facilitate recognition of motor current and simulate motor environment. Fault diagnosis system was designed with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to provide an efficient online diagnostic tool. ANFIS diagnostic tool was trained with simulated data that generated by induction motor healthy and faulty models. Approached tool is verified online with a motor under different loading conditions. It determines the fault severity values using the motor current signature analysis (MCSA). Developed tool performance is investigated with a case study of two HP three-phase induction motor using Matlab/Simulink® software.
Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Aymen Flah , Kraiem Habib , Sbita Lassaad
Published: January 2021

The transportation systems have become more electrified, and the major countries of the world program using electric scooters, electric bicycles, electric trains, electric buses, and electric vehicles for their transport. The traditional energy resource stocks are still decreasing rapidly, which makes the world afraid about the future of the transport sector. Therefore, several international restrictions and laws have limited using this kind of energy in relation to the transport sector by encouraging public transport and making a high taxes for the highly energy-consuming cars. The robustness and the efficiency of transportation systems designs are related especially to the internal electric motor and to the battery capacity used. From the other side, the energy management problem presents a serious factor that must be optimized in order to guarantee the overall efficiency and rentability. This chapter explores the modeling and control of hybrid electric vehicles.
Antimonotonicity, Crisis, and Route to Chaos in a Tumor Growth Model
Authors: Sourailidis Dionysios , Volos Christos , Moysis Lazaros , Stouboulos Ioannis
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, a new model of a tumor growth is dynamically investigated. The model is presented in a form of a system of three ordinary differential equations, which describe the avascular, vascular, and metastasis tumor growth, respectively. For the investigation of system's dynamics and especially of the population of the immune cells in system's behavior, some of the most well-known tools from nonlinear theory, such as the phase portrait, the Poincaré map, the bifurcation diagram the Kaplan-Yorke dimension, and the Lyapunov exponents have been used. Interesting phenomena related with chaos theory, such as a period-doubling route to chaos, crisis phenomena, and antimonotonicity, have been revealed for the first time in this model.
Travel by People With Physical Disabilities
Authors: Devile Eugénia Lima , Moura Andreia Antunes
Published: January 2021

It is acknowledged that access to tourism by persons with disabilities continues to be shaped by a variety of constraints that are not being clearly or consistently addressed by those in charge of tourism planning and management. Based on these assumptions, this chapter is focused on the identification of structural constraints and negotiation strategies that influence the decision and participation to travel for people with physical disabilities. To achieve these objectives, the chapter used a qualitative methodology, with the analysis and discussion of the information collected through in-depth interviews. Results may ultimately contribute to deepen the knowledge about the factors that influence people with disabilities travel choices, allowing to identify specific recommendations for improving the tourist supply chain and, consequently, for the overall tourist experience quality.
The Accessibility of Museum Websites
Authors: Melian Ariadna Gassiot , Camprubí Raquel
Published: January 2021

Tourism accessibility has emerged as a topic to be discussed and studied by both academics and professionals. In this line, museums have started to adapt their offer to their diverse audience, including people with disabilities and people with special needs. In this regard, museum websites, as a powerful information channel to promote visitation, must also be adapted to make its information accessible. Therefore, this chapter aims at exploring accessibility and accessible information of museums' websites using a holistic approach. As a case study, 45 museums in the city of Barcelona are considered and accessibility of tourism websites is assessed by means of content analysis, taking as reference four categories and 36 items that have emerged from previous literature review. Findings reveal that museums websites are still far from being considered accessible, and improvements in several areas are required.
Establishing a Praxis Between Sociocultural Perspectives and CALL-Based Practices
Authors: Cervantes Seth , Monfared Amirhossein , Lee Soo Min , Jackson Monica
Published: January 2021

The field of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) has grown in terms of second language acquisition (SLA) theory. Researchers have linked sociocultural theories to CALL, noting that technologies can create communities of practice. Although many L2 learners and language teachers are proficient in the use of technology, this does not mean they can use it systematically to learn or teach. The aim of this chapter is to connect current sociocultural perspectives with CALL-based technologies. The first part discusses interactionist and sociocultural theories of SLA and shows how technology can build communities of practice, encourage reflection, and ultimately promote autonomous learning. The second section describes three CALL-based practices: (1) wikis, (2) role-playing games, and (3) online record-keeping. Each description links these practices to sociocultural perspectives of SLA theory and TESOL technology standards (TTS).
Korean EFL College Students' Acceptance of Smartphone Applications for English Language Learning
Authors: Ahn Sookyung
Published: January 2021

Smartphones have deeply penetrated all aspects of our lives. The impact of smartphones has reached education and led to the development of countless language learning applications (apps). However, before merging this new technology with language education, it is critical to identify determinants affecting students' acceptance of smartphone apps for English language learning (SAELL). The purpose of this chapter is to investigate factors affecting the students' intention to use SAELL, and gender and academic major differences in acceptance of SAELL. A quantitative method was used to analyze data collected from 675 participants in Korea. The results indicated that perceived usefulness, perceived convenience, social influence, perceived enjoyment, and self-management of learning significantly affected the students' intention to use SAELL. Gender and academic major moderated the acceptance of SAELL. This chapter adds to the knowledge of how to use smartphones for language learning and provides useful insights on the acceptance of SAELL.
Teaching English Grammar in a Hybrid Academic ESL Course
Authors: Dixon Tülay , Christison MaryAnn
Published: January 2021

This study investigates whether hybrid instruction can positively affect the development of learners' knowledge of English grammar and editing skills, as well as whether learners have positive perceptions of the hybrid design. The study was conducted in two sections of an English grammar and editing skills class. One section was designed as a hybrid course while the other was a traditional face-to-face (f2f) class. To determine the effectiveness of hybrid instruction, a quasi-experimental design with a pre- and posttest was used. To investigate learner perceptions of the hybrid design, learners were asked to complete a questionnaire and participate in a focus group. The results indicate that after the treatment there were negligible differences between the two groups in terms of their knowledge of English grammar and editing skills. The learners had positive perceptions of the hybrid design and offered some suggestions for improving course effectiveness.
The Impact of Deep Learning on the Semantic Machine Learning Representation
Authors: Saiod Abdul Kader , van Greunen Darelle
Published: January 2021

Deep learning (DL) is one of the core subsets of the semantic machine learning representations (SMLR) that impact on discovering multiple processing layers of non-linear big data (BD) transformations with high levels of abstraction concepts. The SMLR can unravel the concealed explanation characteristics and modifications of the heterogeneous data sources that are intertwined for further artificial intelligence (AI) implementations. Deep learning impacts high-level abstractions in data by deploying hierarchical architectures. It is practically challenging to model big data representations, which impacts on data and knowledge-based representations. Encouraged by deep learning, the formal knowledge representation has the potential to influence the SMLR process. Deep learning architecture is capable of modelling efficient big data representations for further artificial intelligence and SMLR tasks. This chapter focuses on how deep learning impacts on defining deep transfer learning, category, and works based on the techniques used on semantic machine learning representations.
Semantic and Blockchain Technology
Authors: R. Aswini , N. Padmapriya
Published: January 2021

Blockchain is a distributed ledger with the ability of keeping up the uprightness of exchanges by decentralizing the record among participating clients. The key advancement is that it enables its users to exchange resources over the internet without the requirement for a centralised third party. Also, each 'block' is exceptionally associated with the past blocks by means of digital signature which implies that creation a change to a record without exasperating the previous records in the chain is beyond the realm of imagination, in this way rendering the data tamper-proof. A semantic layer based upon a blockchain framework would join the advantages of adaptable administration disclosure and approval by consensus. This chapter examines the engineering supporting the blockchain and portrays in detail how the information distribution is done, the structure of the block itself, the job of the block header, the block identifier, and the idea of the Genesis block.
NreASAM: Towards an Ontology-Based Model for Authentication and Auto-Grading Online Submission of Psychomotor Assessments
Authors: Adesemowo A. Kayode , Arogundade Oluwasefunmi 'Tale
Published: January 2021

Core and integral to the fourth industrial revolution, knowledge economy, and beyond is information and communication technology (ICT); more so, during and post the novel coronavirus pandemic. Yet, there exists a skills gap in ICT networking and networks engineering. Not only do students perceive ICT networking to be difficult to comprehend, lecturers and institutions grapple with the adequacy of ICT networking equipment. Real-life simulators, like the Cisco Packet Tracer, hold the promise of alternate teaching opportunities and evidenced-based environments for (higher-order) assessment. Research in the last decade on ontology for assessments have focused on taxonomy and multiple-choice questions and auto-generation and marking of assessments. This chapter extends the body of knowledge through its ontology-based model for enabling and auto-assessing performance-based and/or pseudo-psychomotor assessment. The auto-grading online submission system assists with authenticity and enables authentic and/or sustainable assessments.
Contextualizing Social Presence and Learner Identity Through the Lens of Moore's Theory of Transactional Distance
Authors: Marmon Michael
Published: January 2021

Online education has become a ubiquitous and convenient method by which to complete courses at institutions of higher education across the globe. To achieve this level of parity between course delivery methods (online or face-to-face), the instructor or course designer must understand the complex relationship between the technology and instructional design theories being leveraged in these contexts. Within the context of this chapter, these barriers manifest themselves within Moore's Theory of Transactional Distance, a theory which states that the transactional distance between stakeholders (whether it is instructor-learner or learner-learner communication) has the potential to obstruct the path for comprehending the information being presented as well as influencing the level of rapport between students. This chapter examines the obstacles that are present because of Moore's Theory of Transactional Distance and the influence that social presence has on learners in online courses from the perspective of student satisfaction and positive learning outcomes.
Trifecta of Student Engagement
Authors: Leslie Heather J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes a framework adapted from Michael Moore's three essential areas: student-content interaction, student-student interaction, and student-instructor interaction for engaging students in online courses. To be fully engaged in an online course, students need to be engaged with the course curriculum content, with their peers, and with their instructor. When students are engaged in all three areas, it is referred to as the Trifecta of Student Engagement. This chapter incorporates literature on each area of the Trifecta of Student Engagement: student-to-content engagement, student-to-student engagement, and student-to-instructor engagement as well as some suggested synchronous and asynchronous digital tools.
Moving Beyond Trial and Error
Authors: Whiteside Aimee L. , Dikkers Amy Garrett , Baker III Fredrick W.
Published: January 2021

Through 15 years of research on social presence examining the level of connectedness among students and instructors, the authors uncovered a recurring theme: the need for districts to provide better support professional development (PD) in K-12 settings. In this chapter, they address some of the challenges in implementing PD, describe and explain the social presence model (SPM), provide evidence from multiple case studies, and summarize the key findings. The research uncovered that while online and blended teachers often recognized the need for continued support and its role in helping them be more effective educators, they often moved forward without adequate PD. Because the passion and perseverance of these teachers predict long-term success for students, districts need to have a plan in place to help them get the PD needed to maximize their experience and impact student learning most effectively. In closing, the authors offer micro-communities as one robust, socially present, easy-to-implement, and budget-conscious solution that at least partially addresses this growing concern.
Establishing Considerations for Universal Design for Learning and Accessibility in Online Courses
Authors: Haynes Aisha S.
Published: January 2021

Students with and without disabilities are enrolling in online courses. Universal design for learning (UDL) and accessibility strategies should be implemented proactively when designing and developing online courses. Quality assurance and accessibility standards, university support, professional development, and instructional designers are important for instructors to successfully design online courses and teach online. The purpose of this chapter is to provide educators with strategies for implementing UDL and accessibility in online courses.
Designing Engaging Online Environments
Authors: Hollingshead Aleksandra
Published: January 2021

Engagement in learning is critical to students' achievement of meaningful learning outcomes. Educators often describe engagement as a multi component concept that involves emotional, cognitive, and behavioral domains. In an online environment, student engagement is challenging to achieve. Both synchronous and asynchronous instruction needs to be thoughtfully designed to engage students at a meaningful level. Moreover, within an online environment, some of the differences between the students from diverse backgrounds may be more challenging for the instructors to address and thus require an intentional and systematic approach. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an instructional design framework that is based on a notion that all students are varied in their learning needs and therefore instruction needs to be flexible to ensure learning of all. This chapter will examine the construct of engagement, focus on learner variability, and offer practical instructional design solutions based in the framework of UDL.
The Extent of K-12 Online Teacher Development
Authors: Larson Jean S. , Archambault Leanna
Published: January 2021

This chapter, updated for the second edition of this volume, reviews the current research specific to the characteristics and preparation of those involved in K–12 online teaching. While few teacher education programs integrate any aspect of online teaching into their coursework or field experiences, existing programs are discussed. Limited, but notable progress is being made with respect to K–12 online teacher preparation. However, there continues to be gaps in the literature examining the extent to which teachers are being educated, trained, and otherwise prepared to function in online settings. Over the past decade, the need for teacher education programs and current K–12 online schools to work together to prepare teachers has become increasingly clear. Effective online teaching techniques must be defined, empirically proven, and then efficiently implemented by both future and current K–12 online teachers to ensure quality online educational experiences and outcomes for students.
Toward Culturally Restorative
Authors: Re'vell Mike
Published: January 2021

This mixed-method study examines the interaction between teacher sense of efficacy (TSE) in the use of culturally responsive teaching practices (CRTP). Framework analysis confirms a significant relationship between the affective dimensions of a teacher's sense of efficacy in using the methods of culturally responsive teaching. The achievement orientation of teaching efficacy mediates the use of culturally sensitive teaching practices. Accumulated teaching efficacy in using non-indigenous cultural practices interrupts the fractal interconnectedness of culturally responsive teaching practices.
Culture and Communication Online
Authors: McKenna Kelly , Zarestky Jill , Anzlovar Melissa
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities encountered by international and non-native language learners participating in distance education. With the growth of online learning and the internationalization of education, it is necessary to provide literature regarding best practices for educating a diverse student population. Culture and communication play a significant role in how students engage in their learning. This diversity is less evident in the online classroom resulting in potential misinterpretations rather than the valuing of distinctive cultures, experiences, and uniqueness of every individual learner. An exploration of diversity, identity, community, engagement, and linguistics are discussed in relation to international and non-native language speaking online learners.
An Examination of High School Students' Online Engagement in Mathematics Problems
Authors: Lim Woong , Son Ji-Won , Gregson Susan , Kim Jihye
Published: January 2021

This article examines high school students' engagement in a set of trigonometry problems. Students completed this task independently in an online environment with access to Internet search engines, online textbooks, and YouTube videos. The findings imply that students have the resourcefulness to solve procedure-based mathematics problems in an online environment without formal instruction. This article suggests that self-directed online learning could be more effective for solving procedure-based problems than multi-step problems. Moreover, to be successful in online learning environments, students may need training to improve keyword searching skill and their ability to utilize various online learning tools.
Moving K-12 Coursework Online
Authors: Journell Wayne , Schouweiler David
Published: January 2021

Online learning is part of the future of K-12 education. However, few online K-12 instructors have been formally trained in online pedagogy. This chapter describes best practices in creating online courses for K-12 students. Many aspects of online learning are the same regardless of the age of the students taking the courses, but adolescents often experience online instruction differently than university students or adult learners. Although far from comprehensive, this chapter describes basic guidelines and offers recommendations for K-12 educators wishing to create engaging online learning opportunities for their students.
Can Blended Learning Enhance Students' Tendency to Regulate Their Own Learning?
Authors: Shishigu Aweke , Michael Kassa , Atnafu Mulugeta
Published: January 2021

As the nexus between personalized learning and technology-mediated learning, self-regulated learning is a topic of great research interest and a range of issues are still open for investigation. There is a substantial interest in the instructional tools supporting SRL in digital learning environment. In this chapter, the authors present an empirical evidence of self-regulated learning experiences dwelled in a blended learning environment in higher education. In this particular context, the experiences obtained from two intervention groups who engaged in the same blended learning course were examined. The purpose is to provide an insight regarding the current trajectories of learning in terms of student-centered approach with relation to emerging pedagogical practice. Results show that pedagogical approach does not guarantee a pleasingly improved learning; rather, there is a need for additional mechanism that might raise students' interest. Subsequently, imperative implications for educators, researchers, and curriculum developers are forwarded.
Student Learning and Engagement in a Blended Environment
Authors: Lin Lijia
Published: January 2021

The chapter investigated students' behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement, as well as their learning in a blended environment. A convergent mixed methods research design was used in which quantitative data (face-to-face attendance, online system login, and survey) were collected from 71 undergraduate students, and qualitative data (focus group interview) were collected from six of these students. These data were further analyzed and integrated. The quantitative results showed that students' online login, the behavioral engagement indicator, had a positive impact on their learning, which was supported by qualitative findings. Further analysis revealed the mixture of students' engagement, such as confusion vs. interesting feelings to online discussions and frustration vs. not much effort using the online system.
Improving Learning Achievement in Science Education for Elementary School Students via Blended Learning
Authors: Hwang Ren-Hung , Lin Hsin-Tung , Sun Jerry Chih-Yuan , Wu Jang-Jiin
Published: January 2021

Blended learning—which combines online learning with traditional face-to-face classroom instruction—is currently held in high regard. In elementary schools, science and technology education aims to help children use technology tools and to learn how disciplines such as math and science are relevant to engineering. In this study, the authors examined what type of learning profile contributes to higher achievement in science and technology in a blended learning environment. The participants consisted of 106 elementary school students (grades three to six) from two different schools. The authors adapted the Online Technologies Self-Efficacy Scale (OTSES) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) to measure students' computer skills and learning motivation, respectively, and to understand how the blended learning environment affected their learning achievement. The results were as follows: 1) Computer skills significantly improved for all students except sixth-graders. 2) The blended learning environment had no significant effect on learning motivation. 3) In grades four and five, students in the experimental group improved more in learning achievement than students in the control group, as reflected by their higher MSLQ and OTSES scores.
Tutors' Perspectives on Online Facilitation of ESL Courses in Distance Education
Authors: Ooi Li Hsien , Goh Lay Huah , Eak Arathai Din , Ong Cheng Teik
Published: January 2021

Online facilitation in distance education presents many challenges that involve both the learners and instructors. Through these challenges, the roles tutors' play and their best practices used in online facilitation should be looked into to improve the distance-learning experience. In view of this, this chapter attempted to examine the perspectives of experienced tutors engaged in the university's virtual learning environment, WawasanLearn. Based on the interview findings of eight tutors, several emergent findings highlighted the roles and challenges of effective online facilitation. As this research is based on the guidelines of the prominent Salmon's model, the findings also highlighted antecedents that substantiate best practices of online facilitation. Findings indicated that understanding the dynamics of online facilitation among relevant stakeholders is critical to improve the teaching and learning experience in distance education.
Power Distance and Teacher Authority in an Online Learning Environment
Authors: Celik Servet
Published: January 2021

Computer-aided instruction has assumed a prominent role in language teacher preparation programs, as educators increasingly turn to online environments to extend learning beyond the classroom, stimulate critical thinking, and motivate future language teachers to “think outside the box” and take responsibility for their own learning. In online educational settings, instructor presence plays a significant role, and its impact has been extensively explored. However, the majority of the research has been carried out in Western countries, where the cultural norms of individualism, low power distance between teachers and students, and a high level of acceptance of instructor feedback typically play a positive role in online student-teacher interactions. Few studies have looked at the issue of instructor presence in Eastern cultures, where teachers are traditionally granted a high degree of authority, and learners often have a lower tolerance for situations where independent thought and creativity are called for – as is often the case in online learning.