bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tau pathology and relative cerebral blood flow are independently associated with cognition in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Visser Denise , Wolters Emma E. , Verfaillie Sander C. J. , Coomans Emma M. , Timmers Tessa , Tuncel Hayel , Reimand Juhan , Boellaard Ronald , Windhorst Albert D. , Scheltens Philip , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Ossenkoppele Rik , van Berckel Bart N. M.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

We aimed to investigate associations between tau pathology and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and their relationship with cognition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), by using a single dynamic [18F]flortaucipir positron emission tomography (PET) scan.

Methods

Seventy-one subjects with AD (66 ± 8 years, mini-mental state examination (MMSE) 23 ± 4) underwent a dynamic 130-min [18F]flortaucipir PET scan. Cognitive assessment consisted of composite scores of four cognitive domains. For tau pathology and rCBF, receptor parametric mapping (cerebellar gray matter reference region) was used to create uncorrected and partial volume-corrected parametric images of non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) and R1, respectively. (Voxel-wise) linear regressions were used to investigate associations between BPND and/or R1 and cognition.

Results

Higher [18F]flortaucipir BPND was associated with lower R1 in the lateral temporal, parietal and occipital regions. Higher medial temporal BPND was associated with worse memory, and higher lateral temporal BPND with worse executive functioning and language. Higher parietal BPND was associated with worse executive functioning, language and attention, and higher occipital BPND with lower cognitive scores across all domains. Higher frontal BPND was associated with worse executive function and attention. For [18F]flortaucipir R1, lower values in the lateral temporal and parietal ROIs were associated with worse executive functioning, language and attention, and lower occipital R1 with lower language and attention scores. When [18F]flortaucipir BPND and R1 were modelled simultaneously, associations between lower R1 in the lateral temporal ROI  and worse attention remained, as well as for lower parietal R1 and worse executive functioning and attention.

Conclusion

Tau pathology was associated with locally reduced rCBF. Tau pathology and low rCBF were both independently associated with worse cognitive performance. For tau pathology, these associations spanned widespread neocortex, while for rCBF, independent associations were restricted to lateral temporal and parietal regions and the executive functioning and attention domains. These findings indicate that each biomarker may independently contribute to cognitive impairment in AD.
Long‐term Durability and Safety of Carotid Endarterectomy Closure Techniques
Authors: Nana Petroula , Spanos Konstantinos , Piffaretti Gabriele , Koncar Igor , Kouvelos George , Zlatanovic Petar , Tozzi Matteo , Davidovic Lazar , Giannoukas Athanasios
Published: May 2020

Background

Various techniques have been used for the execution of carotid endarterectomy; primary (PC), patch closure (CP) and eversion technique (ET).The superiority of any of them is still unproven. The aim of this study was to compare the long‐term outcomes of each technique in terms of cerebrovascular event (CVE), restenosis, survival and major cardiac event (MACE).

Methods

Between 2007 and 2018, a retrospective analysis of prospectively recorded data from three European tertiary centers was undertaken including 1.357 patients. Demographics, comorbidities and medical treatment were analyzed in relation to long‐term outcomes. Freedom from CVE, restenosis (> 70%), survival and MACE were estimated with Kaplan–Meier analysis curve.

Results

The mean age was 69.5 ± 8 (72% males;79% asymptomatic). 472 (35%) were treated with PC, 504 (37%) with CP and 381 (28%) with ET. Differences among groups were observed in age (P < 0.001), gender (P < 0.01), hypertension (P = 0.01), dyslipidemia (P < 0.001) and statin treatment (P < 0.001). The mean follow‐up was 4.7 ± 3 years (median: 5 years). Seventy‐three patients presented a CVE during 8 years of follow‐up. The freedom from CVE including all techniques was 96% (SE 0.6%), 93% (SE 1%) and 89% (SE 1.6%), at 2, 5 and 8 years of follow‐up, respectively, with no difference between groups (P. 289). Freedom from restenosis was at 96% (SE 0.7%) and 89% (SE 5%) at 5 and 10 years, respectively, for all methods without differences. ET was associated with a higher mortality rate (P < 0.001) and MACE rate (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Excellent outcomes were achieved with all types of closure techniques with low rates of MACE and other adverse events during long‐term follow‐up after CEA.
Impact of the introduction of percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve reconstruction on clinical practice in Germany compared to surgical valve repair
Authors: Frankenstein Lutz , Kaier Klaus , Katus Hugo A. , Bode Christoph , Wengenmayer Tobias , von zur Mühlen Constantin , Bekeredjian Raffi , Täger Tobias , Zehender Manfred , Fröhlich Hanna , Stachon Peter
Published: May 2020

Background

The introduction of percutaneous mitral valve (MV) repair had an effect on clinical practice in comparison with surgical MV repair. Complete nationwide data are useful in examining how the introduction of a new technique influences clinical practice.

Methods

We analyzed procedural numbers, patient characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes for all percutaneous edge-to-edge and surgical MV reconstruction procedures performed in Germany between 2009 and 2015.

Results

12,664 percutaneous edge-to-edge and 22,825 surgical MV reconstructions were recorded. Numbers increased steadily, albeit more rapidly in the percutaneous edge-to-edge group (108–4079 vs. 2923–3603 with surgical MV reconstruction). Patients with percutaneous edge-to-edge MV reconstruction were older (75.6 ± 8.8 vs 61.6 ± 13.4 years, P < 0.001) and at higher operative risk (estimated logistic EuroSCORE 13.2% vs. 4.7%, P < 0.001) compared to those undergoing surgery. However, in-hospital mortality did not differ (2.9% vs. 2.8%; P = 0.395). This was also true for the subset of 2103 patients at intermediate operative risk as defined by a logistic EuroSCORE ≥ 4% and ≤ 9%. Of note, complication rates (except acute kidney injury) were more favorable in patients undergoing percutaneous edge-to-edge reconstruction.

Conclusions

Percutaneous edge-to-edge MV reconstruction has markedly changed clinical practice of MR therapy in Germany. Annual overall procedural numbers more than doubled, with a massive increase in percutaneous edge-to-edge procedures. Our data demonstrate its use mainly in high-risk patients and prove the favorable safety profile of this novel technique, with low in-hospital mortality and complication rates.
Targeting optimal PD management in children: what have we learned from the IPPN registry?
Authors: Borzych-Dużałka Dagmara , Schaefer Franz , Warady Bradley A.
Published: May 2020

National and international registries have great potential for providing data that describe disease burden, treatments, and outcomes especially in rare diseases. In the setting of pediatric end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the available data are limited to highly developed countries, whereas the lack of data from emerging economies blurs the global perspective. In order to improve the pediatric dialysis care worldwide, provide global benchmarking of pediatric dialysis outcome, and assign useful tools and management algorithms based on evidence-based medicine, the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network (IPPN) was established in 2007. In recent years, the Registry has provided comprehensive data on relevant clinical issues in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients including nutritional status, growth, cardiovascular disease, anemia management, mineral and bone disorders, preservation of residual kidney function, access-related complications, and impact of associated comorbidities. A unique feature of the registry is the ability to compare practices and outcomes between countries and world regions. In the current review, we describe study design and collection methods, summarize the core IPPN findings based on its 12-year experience and 13 publications, and discuss the future perspective.
Gemeindenotfallsanitäter als innovatives Einsatzmittel in der Notfallversorgung – erste Ergebnisse einer Beobachtungsstudie
Authors: Seeger I. , Klausen A. , Thate S. , Flake F. , Peters O. , Rempe W. , Peter M. , Scheinichen F. , Günther U. , Röhrig R. , Weyland A.
Published: May 2020

Hintergrund

Rettungsdienst und Notaufnahmen werden zunehmend durch nichtlebensbedrohlich erkrankte Patienten belastet. In England und den USA wurden zur Versorgung vor Ort bereits vor einigen Jahren Community-paramedic-Systeme etabliert.

Auf diesen Konzepten basierend wurde ein an das deutsche Rettungswesen adaptierte System „Gemeindenotfallsanitäter“ (G-NFS) entwickelt. Das Ziel des G‑NFS ist, eine unnötige Disponierung höherwertiger Rettungsmittel zu reduzieren.

Ziel

Deskriptive Analyse der in den ersten 12 Monaten erhobenen Daten.

Methodik

Es handelt sich um eine retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie auf Basis der Einsatzdokumentation im Jahr 2019.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 3703 Einsatzprotokolle ausgewertet. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 62,2 ± 24,7 Jahre. Bei 2186 (61,1 %) Patienten wurde die Behandlungspriorität „0“ gewählt, d. h.: Es lag keine Dringlichkeit der Versorgung vor. 2134 (59 %) Patienten benötigten kein weiteres Rettungsmittel, eine ambulante Versorgung vor Ort war ausreichend. Am häufigsten wurde den Patienten die Vorstellung beim Hausarzt (n = 1422, 38 %) sowie die Vorstellung in der Notaufnahme (n = 1222, 33 %) empfohlen. Aus Sicht der G‑NFS wurden 3058 (85 %) Einsätze von den Leitstellendisponenten richtig kategorisiert.

Diskussion

Durch die gezielte Alarmierung der neu geschaffenen Ressource „Gemeindenotfallsanitäter“ können Patienten ambulant vor Ort versorgt werden und folglich die Institutionen der Notfallversorgung entlastet werden. Im weiteren Projektverlauf ist zu untersuchen, was die Einsatzindikationen bei den 1480 (41 %) Einsätzen mit einer Nachalarmierung von Rettungsmitteln sind und wie die Einschätzung der Leitstelle verbessert werden kann.
A Compact Two-Frequency Notch Filter for Millimeter Wave Plasma Diagnostics
Authors: Wagner D. , Kasparek W. , Leuterer F. , Monaco F. , Ruess T. , Stober J. , Thumm M.
Published: May 2020

Sensitive millimeter wave diagnostics in magnetic confinement plasma fusion experiments need protection from gyrotron stray radiation in the plasma vessel. Modern electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) systems take advantage of multi-frequency gyrotrons. This means that the frequency band of some millimeter wave diagnostics contains more than one narrow-band gyrotron-frequency line, which needs to be effectively suppressed. A compact standard waveguide notch filter based on coupled waveguide resonators with rectangular cross-section is presented which can provide very high suppression of several gyrotron frequencies and has low insertion loss of the passband.
Momentum effects in the cryptocurrency market after one-day abnormal returns
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Plastun Alex
Published: May 2020

This paper examines whether there exists a momentum effect after one-day abnormal returns in the cryptocurrency market. For this purpose, a number of hypotheses of interest are tested for the Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin exchange rates vis-à-vis the US dollar over the period 01.01.2015–01.09.2019, specifically whether or not: (H1) the intraday behavior of hourly returns is different on abnormal days compared to normal days; (H2) there is a momentum effect on days with abnormal returns, and (H3) after one-day abnormal returns. The methods used for the analysis include various statistical methods as well as a trading simulation approach. The results suggest that hourly returns during the day of positive/negative abnormal returns are significantly higher/lower than those during the average positive/negative day. The presence of abnormal returns can usually be detected before the day ends by estimating specific timing parameters. Prices tend to move in the direction of the abnormal returns till the end of the day when it occurs, which implies the existence of a momentum effect on that day giving rise to exploitable profit opportunities. This effect (together with profit opportunities) is also observed on the following day. In two cases (BTCUSD positive abnormal returns and ETHUSD negative abnormal returns), a contrarian effect is detected instead.
The Double-Edged Interactions of Prompts and Self-efficacy
Authors: Gentner Nadja , Seufert Tina
Published: May 2020

By activating self-regulation processes, prompts affect strategy use and learning outcomes. This study investigates the effects of cognitive and metacognitive prompts on strategy use and learning outcomes. Since enactive self-regulation processes represent the basis for self-efficacy judgements, we also investigated the effects of cognitive and metacognitive prompts on the development of learners’ self-efficacy. Alternatively, based on the concept of aptitude-treatment interactions, it is proposed that learners’ self-efficacy moderates the effects of prompts on learners’ self-reported online strategy use and their learning outcomes. While learning with hypermedia, N = 70 students either received cognitive and metacognitive prompts or learned without prompts. Self-efficacy was measured before, during, and directly after learning. Learning outcomes were assessed after learning. Strategy use was assessed via self-report and the quality of learning strategies in learners’ notes. Prompting had no effect on self-reported cognitive and metacognitive online strategy use, the quality of learning strategies, and learning outcomes but increased learners’ self-efficacy within the experimental group. Following the theoretical argumentation of aptitude-treatment interactions, moderation analyses indicated that the effect of prompts on learning outcomes was dependent on learners’ self-efficacy during learning. Thus, learners perceived self-efficacy during learning influenced the effectiveness of the prompts. Further research should investigate the interrelations between cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational factors to better understand how self-regulation can effectively be fostered in hypermedia environments.
Spatial structure of woody cover affects habitat use patterns of ocelots in Texas
Authors: Lombardi Jason V. , Tewes Michael E. , Perotto-Baldivieso Humberto L. , Mata Jose M. , Campbell Tyler A.
Published: May 2020

About 80% of the known breeding population of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in the USA occurs exclusively on private ranches in northern Willacy and Kenedy counties in South Texas. These private ranches support several large contiguous undisturbed patches of thornscrub, which is preferred by ocelots. Past studies have indicated ocelots in South Texas select for woody patches that contain extremely dense thornscrub (i.e., 95% canopy cover and 85% vertical cover) and require large patches of woody cover to survive. Landscape metrics have been used to explain ocelot habitat use in fragmented areas, but their application in less-fragmented rangelands is lacking. From 2011 to 2018, we used camera traps on the East Foundation’s El Sauz Ranch to assess seasonal habitat use of ocelots relative to landscape structure, configuration, and complexity and other site-level factors in South Texas. Seasonal habitat use and detection were positively influenced by larger mean patch area and lower landscape shape index values. We also observed ocelots were less likely to be detected during periods of drought and exhibited a seasonal trend in detection. Ocelots used woody patches that were larger and more regularly shaped, indicating a preference for areas with a lower degree of fragmentation across the study area. As patches become larger, they will coalesce over time and form larger woody aggregates, which will promote ocelot habitat use. Brush management needs to be strategic as patch area and shape index are a limiting factor to promote ocelot habitat use on working rangelands in South Texas. These results demonstrate the ability to use landscape metrics to discern the effects of spatial structure of vegetation communities relative to ocelot occupancy parameters.
Experimental study on atomization characteristics and dust-reduction performance of four common types of pressure nozzles in underground coal mines
Authors: Han Han , Wang Pengfei , Liu Ronghua , Tian Chang
Published: May 2020

Pressure nozzle is commonly used in the dust-reduction techniques by spraying of underground coal mines. Based on the internal structure, the pressure nozzle can be divided into the following types: spiral channel nozzle, tangential flow-guided nozzle and X-swirl nozzle. In order to provide better guidance on the selection of nozzles for the coal mine dust-reduction systems by spraying, we designed comparing experiments to study the atomization characteristics and dust-reduction performance of four commonly used nozzles in the coal mine underground with different internal structures. From the experimental results on the atomization characteristics, both the tangential flow-guided nozzle and the X-swirl nozzle have high flow coefficients. The atomization angle is the largest in the spiral non-porous nozzle, and smallest in both the X-swirl nozzle and the spiral porous nozzle. The spraying range and the droplet velocity are inversely proportional to the atomization angle. When the water pressure is low, the atomization performance of the spiral non-porous nozzle is the best among the four types of nozzles. The atomization performance of the X-swirl nozzle is superior to other types when the water pressure is high. Under the high water pressure, the particle size of the atomized droplets is smallest in the X-swirl nozzle. Through the experiments on the dust-reduction performance of the four types of nozzles and the comprehensive analysis, the X-swirl nozzle is recommended for the coal mine application site with low water pressure in the dust-reduction system, while at the sites with high water pressure, the spiral non-porous nozzle is recommended, which has the lowest water consumption and obvious economic advantages.
Caring Actions
Authors: Steyl Steven
Published: May 2020

Though the literature on care ethics has mushroomed in recent years, much remains to be said about several important topics therein. One of these is action. In this article, I draw on Anscombean philosophy of action to develop a kind of meta- or proto-ethical theory of caring actions. I begin by showing how the fragmentary philosophy of action offered by care ethicists meshes with Elizabeth Anscombe's broader philosophy of action, and argue that Anscombe's philosophy of action offers a useful scaffold for a theory of caring actions. Following this, I defend an account of caring actions as those that aim to meet needs. I argue that care aims at satisfying eudaimonistic needs, those things without which one cannot flourish. I then consider the place of caring actions in care ethics. I suggest that if caring actions are to be a starting point for an ethical theory, we ought to reject the notion that a caring action must bring about its intended consequences, and I show how the concept of practice better equips us to evaluate caring actions.
Particle trajectories in Weibel filaments: influence of external field obliquity and chaos
Authors: Bret A. , Dieckmann M. E.
Published: May 2020

When two collisionless plasma shells collide, they interpenetrate and the overlapping region may turn Weibel unstable for some values of the collision parameters. This instability grows magnetic filaments which, at saturation, have to block the incoming flow if a Weibel shock is to form. In a recent paper (Bret, J. Plasma Phys., vol. 82, 2016b, 905820403), it was found by implementing a toy model for the incoming particle trajectories in the filaments, that a strong enough external magnetic field

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D63D}_{0}$

can prevent the filaments blocking the flow if it is aligned with them. Denoting by

$B_{f}$

the peak value of the field in the magnetic filaments, all test particles stream through them if

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=B_{0}/B_{f}>1/2$

. Here, this result is extended to the case of an oblique external field

$B_{0}$

making an angle

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$

with the flow. The result, numerically found, is simply

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}>\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})/\cos \unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$

, where

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})$

is of order unity. Noteworthily, test particles exhibit chaotic trajectories.
The geometric theory of charge conservation in particle-in-cell simulations
Authors: Glasser Alexander S. , Qin Hong
Published: May 2020

In recent years, several gauge-symmetric particle-in-cell (PIC) methods have been developed whose simulations of particles and electromagnetic fields exactly conserve charge. While it is rightly observed that these methods’ gauge symmetry gives rise to their charge conservation, this causal relationship has generally been asserted via ad hoc derivations of the associated conservation laws. In this work, we develop a comprehensive theoretical grounding for charge conservation in gauge-symmetric Lagrangian and Hamiltonian PIC algorithms. For Lagrangian variational PIC methods, we apply Noether’s second theorem to demonstrate that gauge symmetry gives rise to a local charge conservation law as an off-shell identity. For Hamiltonian splitting methods, we show that the momentum map establishes their charge conservation laws. We define a new class of algorithms – gauge-compatible splitting methods – that exactly preserve the momentum map associated with a Hamiltonian system’s gauge symmetry – even after time discretization. This class of algorithms affords splitting schemes a decided advantage over alternative Hamiltonian integrators. We apply this general technique to design a novel, explicit, symplectic, gauge-compatible splitting PIC method, whose momentum map yields an exact local charge conservation law. Our study clarifies the appropriate initial conditions for such schemes and examines their symplectic reduction.
The contribution of orthographic input, phonological skills, and rise time discrimination to the learning of non-native phonemic contrasts
Authors: Bhide Adeetee , Ortega-Llebaria Marta , Fraundorf Scott H. , Perfetti Charles A.
Published: May 2020

Although learning second language phonology is a difficult task, orthographic input may support the learning of difficult sound contrasts through a process known as orthographic facilitation. We extended this research by examining the effects of orthographic input together with individual differences in three different phonological learning processes, namely, the production of, perception of, and memorization of words containing three Marathi phonemic contrasts (i.e., [k-kh], [], and []) by native English speakers. Moreover, because the [] and [] contrasts were particularly challenging in previous auditory training studies (e.g., Polka, 1991), we used cross-modal training in order to enhance learning by pairing auditory perception tasks with visual orthographic information, the amplification of relevant acoustic cues, and proprioceptive descriptions to the articulation of target phonemes. Results showed significant learning from the pre- to the posttest across tasks and contrasts, supporting the effectiveness of cross-modal training. Furthermore, incongruent orthographic input could inhibit perception, and orthographic input generally supported memory for word pronunciations. Moreover, individual differences regarding phonological skills and nonspeech auditory discrimination predicted participants’ success in different phonological learning processes. These results provide a detailed picture of the complexity between different aspects of second language phonological learning and cross-modal training.
Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and underweight in French children, aged 4–12 years, from 2013 to 2017
Authors: Vanhelst Jérémy , Baudelet Jean-Benoît , Thivel David , Ovigneur Hervé , Deschamps Thibault
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To assess the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in French children from 2013 to 2017.

Design:

Cross-sectional study performed in fourteen regions of France. Physical measures included weight, height and BMI. Underweight, overweight and obesity were defined according to age- and sex-specific BMI cut-off points from the International Obesity Task Force.

Setting:

France.

Subjects:

Children (10 159 boys, 9757 girls) from the voluntary, non-representative Diagnoform programme between 2013 and 2017, at the age of 4–12 years.

Results:

The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in girls compared with boys (P < 0·001). Underweight was also more prevalent in girls (P < 0·05). Although there were no significant changes in the prevalence of obesity in boys or girls from 2013 to 2017, a significant decrease in overweight among boys and girls was found (P < 0·001) during the same time period. In contrast, the prevalence of underweight increased in girls and boys (from 10·0 to 20·0 %, P < 0·0001) between 2013 and 2017.

Conclusions:

Results of the current study show that the prevalence of obesity was stable, while the prevalence of overweight decreased significantly, despite high in French children. Findings suggest also that thinness is becoming an important phenomenon in children. Developing preventive and nutritional programmes in order to modify the lifestyle might help control underweight and obesity in children.
Interplanetary transmissions of life in an evolutionary context
Authors: von Hegner Ian
Published: May 2020

The theory of lithopanspermia proposes the natural exchange of organisms between solar system bodies through meteorites. The focus of this theory comprises three distinct stages: planetary ejection, interplanetary transit and planetary entry. However, it is debatable whether organisms transported within the ejecta can survive all three stages. If the conjecture is granted, that life can indeed be safely transmitted from one world to another, then it is not only a topic pertaining to planetary science but also biological sciences. Hence, these stages are only the first three factors of the equation. The other factors for successful lithopanspermia are the quality, quantity and evolutionary strategy of the transmitted organisms. When expanding into new environments, invading organisms often do not survive in the first attempt and usually require several attempts through propagule pressure to obtain a foothold. There is a crucial difference between this terrestrial situation and the one brought about by lithopanspermia. While invasive species on Earth repeatedly enters a new habitat, a species pragmatically arrives on another solar system body only once; thus, an all-or-nothing response will be in effect. The species must survive in the first attempt, which limits the probability of survival. In addition, evolution sets a boundary through the existence of an inverse proportionality between the exchanges of life between two worlds, thus further restricting the probability of survival. However, terrestrial populations often encounter unpredictable and variable environmental conditions, which in turn necessitates an evolutionary response. Thus, one evolutionary mode in particular, bet hedging, is the evolutionary strategy that best smooth out this inverse proportionality. This is achieved by generating diversity even among a colony of genetically identical organisms. This variability in individual risk-taking increases the probability of survival and allows organisms to colonize more diverse environments. The present analysis to understand conditions relevant to a bacterial colony arriving in a new planetary environment provides a bridge between the theory of bet hedging, invasive range expansion and planetary science.
Historical (1850–2014) Aerosol Evolution and Role on Climate Forcing Using the GISS ModelE2.1 Contribution to CMIP6
Authors: Bauer Susanne E. , Tsigaridis Kostas , Faluvegi Greg , Kelley Maxwell , Lo Ken K. , Miller Ron L. , Nazarenko Larissa , Schmidt Gavin A. , Wu Jingbo
Published: May 2020

The Earth's climate is rapidly changing. Over the past centuries, aerosols, via their ability to absorb or scatter solar radiation and alter clouds, played an important role in counterbalancing some of the greenhouse gas (GHG) caused global warming. The multicentury anthropogenic aerosol cooling effect prevented present‐day climate from reaching even higher surface air temperatures and subsequent more dramatic climate impacts. Trends in aerosol concentrations and optical depth show that in many polluted regions such as Europe and the United States, aerosol precursor emissions decreased back to levels of the 1950s. More recent polluting countries such as China may have reached a turning point in recent years as well, while India still follows an upward trend. Here we study aerosol trends in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations of the GISS ModelE2.1 climate model using a fully coupled atmosphere composition configuration, including interactive gas‐phase chemistry and either an aerosol microphysical (MATRIX) or a mass‐based (One‐Moment Aerosol, OMA) aerosol module. Results show that whether global aerosol radiative forcing is already declining depends on the aerosol scheme used. Using the aerosol microphysical scheme, where the aerosol system reacts more strongly to the trend in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, global peak direct aerosol forcing was reached in the 1980s, whereas the mass‐based scheme simulates peak direct aerosol forcing around 2010.
Gitelman syndrome caused by a novel hemiallelic missense mutation in SLC12A3 revealed by 16q12.2q21 microdeletion
Authors: Abe Yuki , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Izumita Yukie , Tsukano Shinya
Published: May 2020

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is caused by biallelic mutations in SLC12A3 as an autosomal recessive trait. A patient with a de novo 16q12.2q21 microdeletion showed clinical features of GS. SLC12A3 included in the deletion was analyzed, and a rare missense variant (c.1222A>C [p.N406H]) was identified as hemizygous. Consequently, GS was caused by the revealed SLC12A3 variant owing to chromosomal microdeletion.
Genome and single-cell RNA-sequencing of the earthworm Eisenia andrei identifies cellular mechanisms underlying regeneration
Authors: Shao Yong , Wang Xiao-Bo , Zhang Jin-Jin , Li Ming-Li , Wu Shou-Song , Ma Xi-Yao , Wang Xue , Zhao Hui-Fang , Li Yuan , Zhu Helen He , Irwin David M. , Wang De-Peng , Zhang Guo-Jie , Ruan Jue , Wu Dong-Dong
Published: May 2020

The earthworm is particularly fascinating to biologists because of its strong regenerative capacity. However, many aspects of its regeneration in nature remain elusive. Here we report chromosome-level genome, large-scale transcriptome and single-cell RNA-sequencing data during earthworm (Eisenia andrei) regeneration. We observe expansion of LINE2 transposable elements and gene families functionally related to regeneration (for example, EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor) particularly for genes exhibiting differential expression during earthworm regeneration. Temporal gene expression trajectories identify transcriptional regulatory factors that are potentially crucial for initiating cell proliferation and differentiation during regeneration. Furthermore, early growth response genes related to regeneration are transcriptionally activated in both the earthworm and planarian. Meanwhile, single-cell RNA-sequencing provides insight into the regenerative process at a cellular level and finds that the largest proportion of cells present during regeneration are stem cells.
Prc1-rich kinetochores are required for error-free acentrosomal spindle bipolarization during meiosis I in mouse oocytes
Authors: Yoshida Shuhei , Nishiyama Sui , Lister Lisa , Hashimoto Shu , Mishina Tappei , Courtois Aurélien , Kyogoku Hirohisa , Abe Takaya , Shiraishi Aki , Choudhary Meenakshi , Nakaoka Yoshiharu , Herbert Mary , Kitajima Tomoya S.
Published: May 2020

Acentrosomal meiosis in oocytes represents a gametogenic challenge, requiring spindle bipolarization without predefined bipolar cues. While much is known about the structures that promote acentrosomal microtubule nucleation, less is known about the structures that mediate spindle bipolarization in mammalian oocytes. Here, we show that in mouse oocytes, kinetochores are required for spindle bipolarization in meiosis I. This process is promoted by oocyte-specific, microtubule-independent enrichment of the antiparallel microtubule crosslinker Prc1 at kinetochores via the Ndc80 complex. In contrast, in meiosis II, cytoplasm that contains upregulated factors including Prc1 supports kinetochore-independent pathways for spindle bipolarization. The kinetochore-dependent mode of spindle bipolarization is required for meiosis I to prevent chromosome segregation errors. Human oocytes, where spindle bipolarization is reportedly error prone, exhibit no detectable kinetochore enrichment of Prc1. This study reveals an oocyte-specific function of kinetochores in acentrosomal spindle bipolarization in mice, and provides insights into the error-prone nature of human oocytes.
Vulnerabilities in coronavirus glycan shields despite extensive glycosylation
Authors: Watanabe Yasunori , Berndsen Zachary T. , Raghwani Jayna , Seabright Gemma E. , Allen Joel D. , Pybus Oliver G. , McLellan Jason S. , Wilson Ian A. , Bowden Thomas A. , Ward Andrew B. , Crispin Max
Published: May 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoVs) are zoonotic pathogens with high fatality rates and pandemic potential. Vaccine development focuses on the principal target of the neutralizing humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein. Coronavirus S proteins are extensively glycosylated, encoding around 66–87 N-linked glycosylation sites per trimeric spike. Here, we reveal a specific area of high glycan density on MERS S that results in the formation of oligomannose-type glycan clusters, which were absent on SARS and HKU1 CoVs. We provide a comparison of the global glycan density of coronavirus spikes with other viral proteins including HIV-1 envelope, Lassa virus glycoprotein complex, and influenza hemagglutinin, where glycosylation plays a known role in shielding immunogenic epitopes. Overall, our data reveal how organisation of glycosylation across class I viral fusion proteins influence not only individual glycan compositions but also the immunological pressure across the protein surface.
A novel real-world ecotoxicological dataset of pelagic microbial community responses to wastewater
Authors: Ruprecht J. E. , Glamore W. C. , Dafforn K. A. , Wemheuer F. , Crane S. L. , van Dorst J. , Johnston E. L. , Mitrovic S. M. , Turner I. L. , Ferrari B. C. , Birrer S. C.
Published: May 2020

Real-world observational datasets that record and quantify pressure-stressor-response linkages between effluent discharges and natural aquatic systems are rare. With global wastewater volumes increasing at unprecedented rates, it is urgent that the present dataset is available to provide the necessary information about microbial community structure and functioning. Field studies were performed at two time-points in the Austral summer. Single-species and microbial community whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing was performed at a complete range of effluent concentrations and two salinities, with accompanying environmental data to provide new insights into nutrient and organic matter cycling, and to identify ecotoxicological tipping points. The two salinity regimes were chosen to investigate future scenarios based on a predicted salinity increase at the study site, typical of coastal regions with rising sea levels globally. Flow cytometry, amplicon sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes and micro-fluidic quantitative polymerase-chain reactions (MFQPCR) were used to determine chlorophyll-a and total bacterial cell numbers and size, as well as taxonomic and functional diversity of pelagic microbial communities. This strong pilot dataset could be replicated in other regions globally and would be of high value to scientists and engineers to support the next advances in microbial ecotoxicology, environmental biomonitoring and estuarine water quality modelling.
Copper-catalyzed borylamidation of vinyl arenes with isocyanates
Authors: Su Zhenni , Feng Yunqiu , Zou Rong , Qiu Xianfan , Wang Jian , Tao Chuanzhou
Published: May 2020

A copper-catalyzed borylative amidation of vinyl arenes with isocyanates and bis(pinacolato)diboron has been developed.
Recent advances in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes: functional materials, transduction mechanisms, and development trends
Authors: Shao Yuzhou , Ying Yibin , Ping Jianfeng
Published: May 2020

This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the design and applications of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs).
Molecularly imprinted nanoparticles-based assay (MINA) – detection of leukotrienes and insulin
Authors: Garcia-Cruz Alvaro , Cowen Todd , Voorhaar Annelies , Piletska Elena , Piletsky Sergey A.
Published: May 2020

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle-based assay (MINA) performed in magnetic microplates was developed as an improved high-quality alternative to existing antibody-based immunoassays.
Applying biosensor development concepts to improve preamplification-free CRISPR/Cas12a-Dx
Authors: Hsieh Kuangwen , Zhao Guojie , Wang Tza-Huei
Published: May 2020

Inspired by biosensor development concepts, unexplored parameters for emerging preamplification-free CRISPR/Cas12a-Dx are investigated and optimized to achieve unprecedented detection performance.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for rapid identification and quantification of Flibanserin in different kinds of wine
Authors: Bao Qiwen , Zhao Hang , Han Siqingaowa , Zhang Chen , Hasi Wuliji
Published: May 2020

Wine has always been a popular carrier for psychedelic drugs, with the rapid identification and quantification of psychedelic drugs in wine being the focus of regulating illegal behavior.
Cell-free protein synthesis in hydrogel materials
Authors: Whitfield Colette J. , Banks Alice M. , Dura Gema , Love John , Fieldsend Jonathan E. , Goodchild Sarah A. , Fulton David A. , Howard Thomas P.
Published: May 2020

Fabrication of macro-scale polysaccharide, proteinaceous, micellular and covalently crosslinked hydrogels for housing cell-free protein synthesis reactions.
Precious-metal free photocatalytic production of an NADH analogue using cobalt diimine–dioxime catalysts under both aqueous and organic conditions
Authors: Kwok Chun-Leung , Cheng Shun-Cheung , Ho Pui-Yu , Yiu Shek-Man , Man Wai-Lun , Au Vonika Ka-Man , Tsang Po-Keung , Leung Chi-Fai , Ko Chi-Chiu , Robert Marc
Published: May 2020

Light-driven regeneration of an NADH analogue has been achieved using cobalt catalysts under precious-metal free conditions in acetonitrile and water.
Zinc(ii)-catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation-redox cross-dehydrogenative coupling ofN-propargylanilines with diverse carbon pronucleophiles: facile access to functionalized tetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Li Guangzhe , Wang Chengdong , Li Yueqing , Shao Kun , Yu Guo , Wang Shisheng , Guo Xiuhan , Zhao Weijie , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: May 2020

Redox cross-dehydrogenative coupling ofN-propargylanilines with diverse carbon pronucleophiles offers a general and efficient synthetic method to construct functionalized tetrahydroquinolines.
How does excited-state antiaromaticity affect the acidity strengths of photoacids?
Authors: Wen Zhili , Karas Lucas José , Wu Chia-Hua , Wu Judy I-Chia
Published: May 2020

Photoacids like substituted naphthalenes (X = OH, NH3+, COOH) are aromatic in the S0 state and antiaromatic in the S1 state. Antiaromaticity relief explains why some are more photoacidic than others.
One-pot imine synthesis from methylarenes and anilines under air over heterogeneous Cu oxide-modified CeO2 catalyst
Authors: Tamura Masazumi , Li Yingai , Tomishige Keiichi
Published: May 2020

Selective one-pot synthesis of imines from methylarenes and anilines with air as an oxidant was substantiated by heterogeneous Cu oxide-modified CeO2 (CuOx–CeO2) catalyst without additives.
Relationship between the intermediate phases of the sputtered Zn(O,S) buffer layer and the conduction band offset in Cd-free Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Du Qian , Li Boyan , Shi Sihan , Zhang Kaizhi , Zhang Yunxiang , Cheng Shiqing , Zhou Zhiqiang , Liu Fangfang , Sun Shulong , Sun Yun , Liu Wei
Published: May 2020

Intermediate phases are formed in Zn(O,S) thin films with different oxygen fluxes, affecting the device performance.
Enhancing the superconducting performance of YBa2Cu3O7−δ bulks with nano-sized and well distributed Y2BaCuO5 particles
Authors: Zhu Yanhan , Yin Yiqian , Huang Simin , Zhou Difan , Kucharova Veronika , Zmorayova Katarina , Diko Pavel , Yao Xin
Published: May 2020

Through the combination of a modified precursor with a compositional graded structure, an outstanding trapped field of 1.01 T for YBCO bulk is obtained.
Polar soft-SAFT: theory and comparison with molecular simulations and experimental data of pure polar fluids
Authors: Alkhatib Ismail I. I. , Pereira Luís M. C. , Torne Jordi , Vega Lourdes F.
Published: May 2020

The consideration of polar interactions is of vital importance for the development of predictive and accurate thermodynamic models for polar fluids, as they govern most of their thermodynamic properties, making them highly non-ideal fluids.
Towards sustainable and efficient p-type metal oxide semiconductor materials in dye-sensitised photocathodes for solar energy conversion
Authors: Wrede Sina , Tian Haining
Published: May 2020

In order to meet the ever-growing global energy demand for affordable and clean energy, it is essential to provide this energy by renewable resources and consider the eco-efficiency of the production and abundance of the utilised materials.
Dissociative electron transfer of copper(ii) complexes of glycyl(glycyl/alanyl)tryptophanin vacuo: IRMPD action spectroscopy provides evidence of transition from zwitterionic to non-zwitterionic peptide structures
Authors: Li Yinan , Li Mengzhu , Spencer Daniel M. , Lau Justin Kai-Chi , Martens Jonathan , Berden Giel , Oomens Jos , Fang De-Cai , Hopkinson Alan C. , Siu K. W. Michael , Siu Chi-Kit , Chu Ivan K.
Published: May 2020

Non-zwitterionic π-centered [GGWπ]˙+is formed from zwitterionic [CuII(dien)GGW]˙2+through dissociative one-electron transfer involving proton and unpaired electron migrations.
Emerging trends in porous materials for CO2capture and conversion
Authors: Singh Gurwinder , Lee Jangmee , Karakoti Ajay , Bahadur Rohan , Yi Jiabao , Zhao Dongyuan , AlBahily Khalid , Vinu Ajayan
Published: May 2020

This review highlights the recent progress in porous materials (MOFs, zeolites, POPs, nanoporous carbons, and mesoporous materials) for CO2capture and conversion.
A tetraphenylethene-based Pd2L4 metallacage with aggregation-induced emission and stimuli-responsive behavior
Authors: Li Chenyang , Zhang Beilin , Dong Yunhong , Li Yawen , Wang Pinpin , Yu Yang , Cheng Lin , Cao Liping
Published: May 2020

A tetraphenylethene-based Pd2L4 metallacage was self-assembled from four TPE-pyridine ligands with two Pd2+ ions. This metallacage exhibited a classical aggregation-induced emission property and stimuli-responsive behaviour.
Anion-mediated encapsulation-induced emission enhancement of an IrIII complex within a resorcin[4]arene hexameric capsule
Authors: Horiuchi Shinnosuke , Matsuo Chiharu , Sakuda Eri , Arikawa Yasuhiro , Clever Guido H. , Umakoshi Keisuke
Published: May 2020

The anions of the Ir complex salts control the thermodynamic stability and photoluminescence properties of the host–guest complex.
A novel unambiguous strategy of molecular feature extraction in machine learning assisted predictive models for environmental properties
Authors: Wang Zihao , Su Yang , Jin Saimeng , Shen Weifeng , Ren Jingzheng , Zhang Xiangping , Clark James H.
Published: May 2020

A novel strategy of molecular feature extraction coupling with the machine learning algorithm for developing predictive models of environmental properties.
Emerging technologies for profiling extracellular vesicle heterogeneity
Authors: Huang Guan , Lin Gungun , Zhu Ying , Duan Wei , Jin Dayong
Published: May 2020

Approaches, challenges and promising opportunities towards decoding the complexity of extracellular vesicle heterogeneity are discussed.
Finally, inkjet-printed metal halide perovskite LEDs – utilizing seed crystal templating of salty PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Hermerschmidt Felix , Mathies Florian , Schröder Vincent R. F. , Rehermann Carolin , Morales Nicolas Zorn , Unger Eva L. , List-Kratochvil Emil J. W.
Published: May 2020

Light-emitting diodes with an inkjet-printed active layer based on MAPbBr3 perovskite are produced for the first time.
Organocatalytic enone-azide [3 + 2]-cycloaddition: synthesis of functionally rich C/N-double vinyl 1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Surendra Reddy G. , Suresh Kumar A. , Ramachary Dhevalapally B.
Published: May 2020

C/N-Double vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles were furnished in very good yields with excellent selectivity by using an organocatalytic [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of enones with azides under ambient conditions. Many of the vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles have shown medicinal properties.
Amino-functional polyethers: versatile, stimuli-responsive polymers
Authors: Verkoyen Patrick , Frey Holger
Published: May 2020

Amino-functional polyethers have emerged as a new class of “smart”, i.e. pH- and thermoresponsive materials. This review article summarizes the synthesis and applications of these materials, obtained from ring-opening of suitable epoxide monomers.
A modular 3D printed isothermal heat flow calorimeter for reaction calorimetry in continuous flow
Authors: Maier Manuel C. , Leitner Michael , Kappe C. Oliver , Gruber-Woelfler Heidrun
Published: May 2020

The presented continuous flow calorimeter enables process understanding of novel flow syntheses and the use of highly reactive compounds. Adaptation of the calorimeter is possible via 3D printing and due to its modular and expandable design.
Engineered unnatural ubiquitin for optimal detection of deubiquitinating enzymes
Authors: Rut Wioletta , Zmudzinski Mikolaj , Snipas Scott J. , Bekes Miklos , Huang Tony T. , Drag Marcin
Published: May 2020

Herein we present a workflow for design and synthesis of novel selective Ub-based tools for DUBs. Selectivity is achieved by incorporation of unnatural amino acids into the Ub C-terminal epitope.
Enhanced proton conductivity in a layered coordination polymer
Authors: Mendes Ricardo F. , Barbosa Paula , Domingues Eddy M. , Silva Patrícia , Figueiredo Filipe , Almeida Paz Filipe A.
Published: May 2020

[Gd(H4nmp)(H2O)2]Cl·2H2O (1) converts into [Gd2(H3nmp)2]·xH2O (2) (x = 1 to 4) with a notable increase in proton conductivity.
The effect of structural heterogeneity upon the microviscosity of ionic liquids
Authors: Clark Ryan , Nawawi Mohd A. , Dobre Ana , Pugh David , Liu Qingshan , Ivanov Aleksandar P. , White Andrew J. P. , Edel Joshua B. , Kuimova Marina K. , McIntosh Alastair J. S. , Welton Tom
Published: May 2020

The behaviour of two molecular rotors have been studied in various ionic liquids. Time resolved fluorescence shows a complex relationship between the bulk viscosity of the ionic liquid and microstructure of solvent around each molecular rotor.
Divergent uranium- versus phosphorus-based reduction of Me3SiN3 with steric modification of phosphido ligands
Authors: Ward Robert J. , Rungthanaphatsophon Pokpong , Rosal Iker del , Kelley Steven P. , Maron Laurent , Walensky Justin R.
Published: May 2020

We describe an example of a two-electron metal- and ligand-based reduction of Me3SiN3 using uranium(iv) complexes with varying steric properties. With uranium-based reduction, a U(vi) intermediate is isolated.