bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Education to Preserve the Environment in Current Legislation in Angola
Authors: Fazenda Augusto José
Published: January 2023

In Angola, the environmental problem is manifested as an explicit concern, so that, in the Basic Law of the Environment, it is directed that all citizens have the right and the duty to receive environmental education for better understand the phenomena of environmental balance, an essential basis for conscious action in defense of the National Environmental Policy.

The present study aims to identify the existing guidelines in the legislation in force in Angola for environmental education and the preservation of the environment, as well as the contradictions that occur in local community participation, in this context. In the investigation, the review of laws and decrees, interviews with local rulers and participant observation were used as methods. The study allowed us to conclude that in the legislation in force in Angola there are sufficient guidelines for environmental education and the preservation of the environment, but for the creation of a healthy environment there are weaknesses in local community participation, mainly due to the negligence of some of the local governments that aggravate the situation, due to the non-compliance with the norms for the preservation of the environment and the inadequacies in the incorporation of environmental education in the educational process that guarantees the local community participation in the defense of the national environmental policy.
Investigating Subjective Well-being. A Quantitative Study on Special Education Teachers’ Life Satisfaction.
Authors: Ianniello Annalisa
Published: January 2023

Teachers are the architects of society [1]. A teacher who is satisfied with her life plays a vital role in the elevation of equal and inclusive societies. This study aims to determine the life satisfaction perceptions of special education teachers in Italy. The study was conducted with a sample of 394 teachers from Campania, belonging to all school levels. (Preschool, Primary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary school). In this study the descriptive survey model was used. To collect the data, the Satisfaction with Life Scale developed by Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin (1985) [2], administered in the already validated Italian version [3], was used. The data were analysed with the SPSS program following the scoring indications of the instrument. The results show that most of the interviewees fall into the brackets expressing satisfaction (from very satisfied to averagely satisfied), while only 37 teachers (equal to 9% of the total) were below the average bracket.
How dietary amino acids and high protein diets influence insulin secretion
Authors: Yanagisawa Yuuki
Published: January 2023

Glucose homeostasis is the maintenance and regulation of blood glucose concentration within a tight physiological range, essential for the functioning of most tissues and organs. This is primarily achieved by pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Deficient pancreatic endocrine function, coupled with or without peripheral insulin resistance leads to prolonged hyperglycemia with chronic impairment of glucose homeostasis, most commonly seen in diabetes mellitus. High protein diets (HPDs) are thought to modulate glucose homeostasis through various metabolic pathways. Insulin secretion can be directly modulated by the amino acid products of protein digestion, which activate nutrient receptors and nutrient transporters expressed by the endocrine pancreas. Insulin secretion can also be modulated indirectly, through incretin release from enteroendocrine cells, and via vagal neuronal pathways. Additionally, glucose homeostasis can be promoted by the satiating effects of anorectic hormones released following HPD consumption. This review summarizes the insulinotropic mechanisms by which amino acids and HPDs may influence glucose homeostasis, with a particular focus on their applicability in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
What Is the European Central Bank Supposed to Do?
Authors: Hartwell Christopher Andrew
Published: January 2023

In July 2021, the European Central Bank (ECB) published a new monetary policy strategy, the first time in 17 years that it had undertaken a review of its monetary policy. In the intervening time, the world – and the economic challenges facing the ECB – have changed immensely but partly as a result of the ECB’s own maneuvering. In particular, monetary policy has been relied upon for every single malaise facing the global economy, including and up to the coronavirus pandemic. This paper argues that a review of central banks as an institutional mechanism in general, and in particular the ECB, was overdue but should not have been limited to policies; instead, an opportunity was missed to have an institutional review to examine whether or not it has been performing as intended. In particular, the vast experiment of unconventional monetary policy/issuance should have been more scrutinized from an institutional level as it appears to have contributed to the current problems the European economy faces. Europe and the ECB would be well served by taking stock of its actions over the past two decades and especially during the era of unconventional monetary policy to find a sustainable route forward.
Nursing students’ achievement emotions in association with clinical practicums and alternative learning
Authors: Kim Eun Jin , Roh Young Sook
Published: January 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to identify and compare nursing students’ achievement emotions associated with clinical practicums and alternative learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

This cross-sectional, descriptive study enrolled 236 nursing students. Participants completed a web-based, self-administered survey regarding achievement emotions. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to calculate mean differences in achievement emotions associated with clinical practicums and alternative learning.

Results

Nursing students who undertook e-learning reported higher negative achievement emotions than those who experienced other alternative learning modalities. Higher achievement emotions were associated with clinical practicums than with alternative learning. The most frequently reported negative emotions were anxiety associated with clinical practicums and boredom with alternative learning.

Conclusions

Nurse educators should design and implement supportive clinical learning experiences to engender productive achievement emotions. Implications for an international audience: Nurse educators should play roles in providing well-designed and supportive clinical learning environments to help nursing students regulate achievement emotions.
On Whitehead’s cut vertex lemma
Authors: Lyman Rylee Alanza
Published: January 2023

One version of Whitehead’s famous cut vertex lemma says that if an element of a free group is part of a free basis, then a certain graph associated to its conjugacy class that we call the star graph is either disconnected or has a cut vertex. We state and prove a version of this lemma for conjugacy classes of elements and convex-cocompact subgroups of groups acting cocompactly on trees with finitely generated edge stabilizers.
Effect of calcined diatomaceous earth, polypropylene fiber, and glass fiber on the mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
Authors: Hasan Muttaqin , Saidi Taufiq , Mubarak Azzaki , Jamil Muhammad
Published: January 2023

In this study, the effects of calcined diatomaceous earth (CDE), polypropylene fiber (PF), and glass fiber (GF) on the mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) were observed, and a total of 33 UHPFRC mixtures, consisting of 3 mixtures without fiber, 15 mixtures with PF, and 15 mixtures with GF were prepared. Subsequently, the fresh concrete mixtures were tested for flow, while the hardened concrete specimen’s mechanical properties were analyzed. These tests include compression, splitting tensile, and flexural tests. The test results showed that the use of 5 and 10% CDE as a binder for cement replacement improved the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of the UHPFRC. Furthermore, the addition of PF and GF contents of up to 1% of the concrete volume increased the compressive strength of the UHPFRC, while their contents of up to 1.5% improved their splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. It is also important to note that the workability of the UHPFRC reduced as the fiber and CDE contents increased. Finally, based on the experimental data tested in this study, the relationship between splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and compressive strength of the UHPFRC containing PF and GF were proposed. Moreover, the reduction in flow value, which is a function of the volumetric content of both PF and GF, with the CDE contents was also proposed.
Assessment of the relevance of osmolality measurement as a criterion for the stability of solutions
Authors: Vigneron Jean , Sacrez Matthieu , D’Huart Élise , Demoré Béatrice
Published: January 2023

Objectives

The measurement of osmolality is used by many authors as an additional stability criterion of a drug in solution. In the current state of knowledge, no scientific publication correlates the osmolality values and the stability of a solution. To study the relevance of this analytical technique by measuring the osmolality of injectable solutions whose instability has been chemically demonstrated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Methods

Selection of 13 drug preparations whose chemical instability has been demonstrated in the literature. Realization of three identical samples per selected preparation and measurements of the osmolality of the freshly prepared solutions, then, at various storage times until a chemical degradation of the molecule validated by HPLC of at least 10% and possibly up to 40%.

Results

Measurements of the osmolality were performed on five antibiotics (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefepime, cefoxitine, meropenem and temocillin and cefoxitin) and five anticancer drugs (azacitidine, bendamustine, busulfan, fotemustine and oxaliplatin). Osmolality varied from −6.30 to 11.10% for antibiotics and from 0.57 to 2.04%.

Conclusions

Among the preparations tested, only two formulations have a variation in osmolality in accordance with the chemical degradation. For the other 11 formulas, the variations in osmolality values where not correlated with the degradation measured by HPLC. In view of these results, osmolality does not seem to be a criterion of choice for the study of drug stability. In the majority of the unstable solutions studied, the variation of osmolality measurements does not correlate with the loss of concentration and the appearance of degradation products.
Progress in preparation and ablation resistance of ultra-high-temperature ceramics modified C/C composites for extreme environment
Authors: Zhu Shibu , Zhang Guangxi , Bao Yanling , Sun Danyu , Zhang Qiang , Meng Xiangli , Hu Yang , Yan Liansheng
Published: January 2023

Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites have received considerable attention for one of the most promising materials in thermal-structural applications owing to their low density, excellent mechanical strength at high temperature, and superior thermal shock resistance. However, C/C composites are susceptible to destructive oxidation in atmospheric environment at high temperature. Matrix modification by adding ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) into carbon substrate has been proved to be a favorable route to achieve the improved ablation resistance of C/C composites. In this work, the main fabrication approaches of UHTCs-modified C/C composites were summarized, including chemical vapor infiltration/deposition, precursor infiltration and pyrolysis, reactive melt infiltration, and slurry infiltration, and the advantages and drawbacks of each process were also briefly analyzed. In addition, anti-ablation properties of UHTCs-modified C/C composites under different ablation tests with different shape specimens were introduced. Finally, some likely future challenges and research directions in the development and application of these materials were presented.
Peroxynitrite Contributes to Behavioral Responses, Increased Trigeminal Excitability, and Changes in Mitochondrial Function in a Preclinical Model of Migraine
Authors: Lackovic Jacob , Jeevakumar Vivek , Burton Michael , Price Theodore J. , Dussor Gregory
Published: January 2023

Administration of a nitric oxide (NO) donor triggers migraine attacks, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. Reactive nitroxidative species, including NO and peroxynitrite (PN), have been implicated in nociceptive sensitization, and neutralizing PN is antinociceptive. We determined whether PN contributes to nociceptive responses in two distinct models of migraine headache. Female and male mice were subjected to 3 consecutive days of restraint stress or to dural stimulation with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. Following resolution of the initial poststimulus behavioral responses, animals were tested for hyperalgesic priming using a normally non-noxious dose of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or dural pH 7.0, respectively. We measured periorbital von Frey and grimace responses in both models and measured stress-induced changes in 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) expression (a marker for PN activity) and trigeminal ganglia (TGs) mitochondrial function. Additionally, we recorded the neuronal activity of TGs in response to the PN generator SIN-1 [5-amino-3-(4-morpholinyl)−1,2,3-oxadiazolium chloride]. We then tested the effects of the PN decomposition catalysts Fe(III)5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (FeTMPyP) and FeTPPS [Fe(III)5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato chloride], or the PN scavenger MnTBAP [Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin] against these behavioral, molecular, and neuronal changes. Neutralizing PN attenuated stress-induced periorbital hypersensitivity and priming to SNP, with no effect on priming to dural pH 7.0. These compounds also prevented stress-induced increases in 3-NT expression in both the TGs and dura mater, and attenuated TG neuronal hyperexcitability caused by SIN-1. Surprisingly, FeTMPyP attenuated changes in TG mitochondrial function caused by SNP in stressed males only. Together, these data strongly implicate PN in migraine mechanisms and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting PN.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAmong the most reliable experimental triggers of migraine are nitric oxide donors. The mechanisms by which nitric oxide triggers attacks are unclear but may be because of reactive nitroxidative species such as peroxynitrite. Using mouse models of migraine headache, we show that peroxynitrite-modulating compounds attenuate behavioral, neuronal, and molecular changes caused by repeated stress and nitric oxide donors (two of the most common triggers of migraine in humans). Additionally, our results show a sex-specific regulation of mitochondrial function by peroxynitrite following stress, providing novel insight into the ways in which peroxynitrite may contribute to migraine-related mechanisms. Critically, our data underscore the potential in targeting peroxynitrite formation as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of migraine headache.
Tumour-induced osteomalacia: 18 months of 2-weekly burosumab treatment
Authors: Aliberti L , Gagliardi I , Pontrelli M , Zatelli M C , Ambrosio M R
Published: January 2023

Tumour-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is due to an overproduction of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) by mesenchymal tumours, causing hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia and muscle weakness. TIO is usually cured by tumour resection, but neoplasms may be unidentifiable and unresectable or the patient may refuse surgery. In these cases, medical treatment with oral phosphate and calcitriol is mandatory, but it is not fully effective and it is associated with low compliance. Burosumab, a human MAB against FGF23 employed to treat X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), has recently been approved for TIO in the USA. Maximum burosumab dose in XLH is 90 mg administered for 2 weeks; there are no data on clinical efficacy and safety of this dose in TIO. We reported the case of a 73 years old male with multiple non-traumatic fractures, low bone mineral density, pain and reduced independence of activities of daily living. Biochemical evaluation showed hypophosphatemia, high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and normal albumin-corrected total calcium and parathyroid hormone. Tubular phosphate reabsorption was low (80%), whereas C-terminal tail of FGF23 (cFGF23) was elevated. A 68Ga-DOTATOC PET was performed, identifying a lesion in the first left rib. The patient refused surgery; therefore, burosumab therapy was started. After 18 months of treatment (maximum dose: 60 mg administered for 2 weeks), plasma phosphate normalized and ALP levels improved (138 U/L). Patient clinical symptoms as well as pain severity and fatigue improved. Neither adverse events nor tumour progression was reported during follow-up except for a painless fracture of the second right rib.

Learning points

Our case shows efficacy and safety of burosumab treatment administered every 2 weeks in a tumour-induced osteomalacia (TIO) patient.

After 18 months of treatment at a maximum dose of 60 mg every 2 weeks, we found plasma phosphate normalization and ALP reduction as well as improvement in clinical symptoms and fatigue.

Neither adverse events nor tumour progression was reported during follow-up, except for a painless fracture of the second right rib.
Presencia pública de la ciudadanía vasca: ¿Cuestión de edad?
Authors: García Rabadán Jonatan
Published: January 2023

En las últimas décadas se ha extendido la idea de que la ciudadanía occidental ha ido progresivamente retirándose de la esfera pública, lo que ha producido una baja tasa de participación en ámbitos como el electoral o en las huelgas, siendo especialmente reducida en el colectivo joven. El presente artículo pretende acercarse a esta realidad de la participación política —y sus modos— para el caso de la sociedad vasca actual, aquella en la que la actividad terrorista ha cesado. El análisis descriptivo tendrá en consideración la variable edad a la hora de abordar la participación tanto en múltiples actividades de carácter político, como en la pertenencia a diversas asociaciones, las cuales facilitan la integración en la propia sociedad.
Cambios en la política religiosa de España: el papel del Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso
Authors: Del Olmo-Vicén Nuria
Published: January 2023

Los procesos de secularización experimentados por las sociedades postindustriales han conducido a la transformación de la política pública orientada a la regulación de la cuestión religiosa. En particular, la transformación de la política religiosa se ha hecho necesaria en aquellos estados en los que confluyen tres situaciones: sociedades cuya pertenencia religiosa ha sido tradicionalmente homogénea, con niveles de secularización bajos debido principalmente a la actuación estatal, y que han experimentado una intensa diversificación de la pertenencia religiosa de su población a través de la confluencia de diferentes flujos migratorios. En estas páginas se analiza el papel del Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España en la gestión de la diversidad religiosa, bajo los modelos del pluralismo cultural: multiculturalismo e interculturalismo. Las principales conclusiones se centran en la evolución que se ha producido en la gestión del pluralismo religioso desde posiciones multiculturalistas, cuyo objetivo se centró en cumplir los principios constitucionales y el marco normativo que regula el ejercicio del Derecho de Libertad Religiosa. Y posteriormente evidencia posiciones de gestión intercultural, destacando actuaciones orientadas a la interacción positiva entre los miembros de las distintas comunidades religiosas, así como ayudando -a través de la orientación a las instituciones (entes locales, instituciones educativas, sanitarias, etc.)- a gestionar los posibles conflictos desde la óptica de la oportunidad de reconocimiento y respeto mutuo.
Conversion of waste products derived from rice processing industry into bioethanol
Authors: Kukwa Rose E. , Kukwa Donald T. , Nande Winifred U. , Tse Michael T.
Published: January 2023

The effects of acid and alkali hydrolysis, as well as rice husk varieties (pure and mixed), on bioethanol production using saccharification and fermentation, were investigated in this study. Microbes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae are currently used for fermenting agricultural wastes to bioethanol, an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum energy sources. Rice husks were ground to a fine powder, then hydrolyzed with acid and alkali, and incubated for five days. A refractometer was used to perform a sugar reduction test, which determined the presence of fermentable sugar in the media. The parameters revealed that the variety of rice husk used did not affect the ethanol percent yield, which was 14.8 ± 0.5% and 15.0 ± 0.5% for the pure and mixed varieties, respectively; however, there was a substantial difference in the percentage yield in the method of pre-treatment. The percentage yield of ethanol in the acid pre-treated sample was higher (14.8 ± 0.5% and 15.0 ± 0.5%) than that of the alkali (6.1 ± 0.5% and 4.8 ± 0.5%). The presence of alcohol in the sample was confirmed by FTIR analysis, while GC-MS identified the specific compounds and their percentage composition – ethanol (9.67%). This suggests that using H2SO4 in the hydrolysis of rice husk is a promising and effective method for producing bioethanol.
Wood industry clusters and their optimal location for the efficient use of forest raw materials
Authors: Venera Matygulina , Chuvaeva Alexandra , Fedorov Vladimir
Published: January 2023

World experience in the creating of clusters in different industries has shown their effectiveness. This paper investigated the resource potential for creating a cluster designed for wood processing and to process wood waste from the timber industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia. Static indicators were assessed, representing a quantitative characteristic of forest raw material resources: total and operational reserves of wood available in the region. While studying the state and use of forest resources, significant reserves of forest resources and secondary raw materials were revealed. Main indicators of the forest industry of the region over recent years were analyzed. The main systemic issues hindering the development of the timber industry were exposed. It was concluded that the region has raw material potential and industrial infrastructure necessary for the formation and sustainable development of a cluster for processing waste from the timber industry. Analysis of the producers and harvesters of forest products’ locations revealed potential wood industry clusters, and areas suitable for cluster economic development were proposed. The average figures of the nearest neighbor were used and analyzed to examine the spatial distribution of raw material harvesters and enterprises that produce finished products with respect to transport infrastructure, staffing, and raw material availability.
Biodegradable composites based on well-characterized cellulose and poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate)
Authors: Li Peipei , Qin Yiqing , Xu Qi , Jiang Guichang
Published: January 2023

As a biodegradable and flexible copolymer, poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is used for packaging. However, high cost and limited properties restrict its applications. Because of the hydrophobic nature of PBAT, low mechanical properties are observed when PBAT and cellulosic fibers, which are hydrophilic, are used in blends. To increase the interfacial adhesion between cellulose and PBAT, γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (KH560) was used as a reactive compatibilizer to modify cellulose. A one-step method was demonstrated for compounding and subsequent extrusion blowing, which is a simple and environmentally friendly approach to fabricate a series of K-Cellulose/PBAT (KH560-Cellulose/PBAT) composites. The morphology and structure of the cellulose were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Meanwhile, thermal analysis of the hybrids showed an improvement of the thermal stability of the composites with increased silanized cellulose content. In addition, the barrier properties of films are measured by water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP). Finally, after addition of reactive compatibilizer KH560, there was considerable improvement with increased the cellulose content, as shown through mechanical properties testing. Therefore, the composites prepared with these enhanced properties have great potential as substitutes for traditional commodity polymers.
Purine and lipid metabolism in rats with a rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease under the influence of methanindiazenone
Authors:   Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Shtanova L.Ya. , Vesеlsky S.P. ,   Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Yanchuk P.I. ,   Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Tsymbalyuk O.V. ,   Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Moskvina V.S. ,   Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Shablykina O.V. ,   Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Moroz O.F. ,   Education and Scientific Center “Institute of Biology and Medicine”. Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Vovkun T.V. ,   Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Kravchenko О.V. ,   O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Khilya V.P. ,   Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: January 2023

This study aims to evaluate the effect of methanindiazenone (МD), a new benzodiazepine derivative, on the levels of purine metabolites and lipids in the blood plasma of rats with rotenone (ROT) induced Parkinson’s disease (PD). The concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, xanthine, hypoxanthine, phospholipids (PL), cholesterol (CHOL), cholesterol esters (ECHOL), free fatty acids (FFA), and triglycerides (TG) were quantified in plasma samples by thin-layer chromatography. Our data demonstrate that in rats with ROT-induced PD the AMP/ATP ratio in plasma increased by 2.5 times compared to the control, and this indicator returned to normal values under the influence of MD. ROT also increased the concentration of xanthine and hypoxanthine by 26.7% (Р < 0.001) and 42.4% (Р < 0.001), respectively, compared to the control. MD restored xanthine concentration to 86.7% of the control level and returned hypoxanthine concentration to normal values. Besides, ROT reduced the blood plasma concentrations of PL, CHOL, ECHOL, FFA, TG by 22%, (Р < 0.001), 18% (Р < 0.001), 25% (Р < 0.001), 28% (Р < 0.001), 33% (Р < 0.001), respectively. Under the influence of MD, such indicators as the blood plasma concentration of PL, CHOL, FFA returned to control levels. Оur results suggest that MD improves the metabolism of both purines and lipids in rats with ROT-induced PD.
Proportion of Infant Neurodevelopment Trials Reporting a Null Finding: A Systematic Review
Authors: Finch-Edmondson Megan , Paton Madison C.B. , Honan Ingrid , Galea Claire , Webb Annabel , Novak Iona , Badawi Nadia , Trivedi Amit
Published: January 2023

CONTEXT

Discovering new interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes is a priority; however, clinical trials are challenging and methodological issues may impact the interpretation of intervention efficacy.

OBJECTIVES

Characterize the proportion of infant neurodevelopment trials reporting a null finding and identify features that may contribute to a null result.

DATA SOURCES

The Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases.

STUDY SELECTION

Randomized controlled trials recruiting infants aged <6 months comparing any “infant-directed” intervention against standard care, placebo, or another intervention. Neurodevelopment assessed as the primary outcome between 12 months and 10 years of age using a defined list of tools.

DATA EXTRACTION

Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality of included studies.

RESULTS

Of n = 1283 records screened, 21 studies (from 20 reports) were included. Of 18 superiority studies, >70% reported a null finding. Features were identified that may have contributed to the high proportion of null findings, including selection and timing of the primary outcome measure, anticipated effect size, sample size and power, and statistical analysis methodology and rigor.

LIMITATIONS

Publication bias against null studies means the proportion of null findings is likely underestimated. Studies assessing neurodevelopment as a secondary or within a composite outcome were excluded.

CONCLUSIONS

This review identified a high proportion of infant neurodevelopmental trials that produced a null finding and detected several methodological and design considerations which may have contributed. We make several recommendations for future trials, including more sophisticated approaches to trial design, outcome assessment, and analysis.
The Criteria for Judicial Review of Unconstitutionality on Gender Discrimination Issues: Focusing on the analysis of the Constitutional Court's decision on gender discrimination
Authors:   The Institute of Legal Studies, Kyunghee University, Park Jinyeong
Published: January 2023

Concerning the issue of gender discrimination, the Constitutional Court is said to have made landmark rulings that can change our society.
The judicial review standard for the unconstitutionality of gender discrimination under the current Constitution is generally divided into strict scrutiny and minimal scrutiny.
It can be seen that strict scrutiny is conducted on the judgment of violation of Article 32 paragraph 4 of the Korean Constitution that prohibits discrimination in employment, wages and working conditions, and violation of Article 36 paragraph 1 of the Korean Constitution that specifically stipulates equal treatment of gender in marriage and family life. and that in all the other areas, minimal scrutiny is conducted.
There is no instance of strict scrutiny just for the reason that a case applies to the last paragraph of Article 11 of the Constitution, even if it can be regarded as discrimination on the grounds of gender based on political, economic, social and cultural areas as prescribed by Article 11 paragraph 1 of the Korean Constitution.
Therefore, it would be of great significance to add a definitive independent regulation on gender equality apart from Article 11 paragraph 1 of the Constitution for future constitutional amendment.
Redefining the concept of ‘person’ in criminal law: Whether to grant legal personality to artificial intelligence systems
Authors:   The Institute of Legal Studies, Kyunghee University, Kim Hye-Jeong
Published: January 2023

The development of science and technology in the 4th industrial revolution requires a change in our traditional thinking. The autonomy of artificial intelligence systems based on big data and machine learning is increasing day by day. These changes are urging a change in the basic paradigm of criminal law based on the correlation between 'free will and responsibility'. Accordingly, criminal law is facing the question of whether a new legal personhood should be recognized for artificial intelligence systems or artificial intelligence robots.
Although the concept of artificial intelligence system does not seem to be unified yet, the European Union states that artificial intelligence system “means software implemented by a specific technique, and content and prediction through interaction with the surrounding environment within the scope of a purpose defined by humans, reasoning, and decision-making.” The representative characteristic of these AI systems is autonomy. Autonomy can be defined as “the ability to make decisions and execute them externally, independent of external influences or controls.”(Regarding who will take responsibility for the problems caused by artificial intelligence systems or artificial intelligence robots capable of autonomous judgment, the negative opinion that the ability to take responsibility cannot be acknowledged to artificial intelligence robots, and strong artificial intelligence systems rather than weak artificial intelligence systems As an autonomous subject of action, it is opposed to a positive view that it can acknowledge its responsibility.)
It is necessary to think about whether artificial intelligence robots can be said to be human beings just as natural people are human beings, that is, whether we need to re-evaluate our ability to take responsibility for all beings. In the future, if artificial intelligence robots become more common than they are today, interactions with humans become more active, and the intellectual capabilities of artificial intelligence systems further improve, there is a political need to regulate them legally.
The current legal system recognizes the subjectivity of rights by granting unlimited rights capacity only to natural persons, and recognizes the subjectivity of rights within a limited scope to corporations. However, since this is recognized by the provisions of the law rather than absolute, it is a legal policy issue that can vary depending on the era and society in terms of legal policy and to what extent the legal capacity or legal personality is to be granted. Although currently weak AI systems do not have full autonomy, considering the 'unpredictability' inherent in AI systems, it is necessary to concretize the discussion on granting legal personality to strong AI systems to come in the future. have.
The Implication of the revision of the EU Product Liability Directive: Focusing on digital technology and circular economy
Authors:   The Institute of Legal Studies, Kyunghee University, Kim Yun-Myung
Published: January 2023

The revision of EU Product Liability Directive make rules to work better for new digital technologies, circular economies and global value chains, and products such as software, artificial intelligence(AI) systems or digital services are now explicitly included in liability rules. It is an internal assessment that the revision will ensure that consumers continue to be effectively protected against damage caused by products, and will help reduce costs and give companies the confidence they need to invest in innovative products through harmonious EU regulations.
It is meaningful to expand the scope of liability of products to SW at a time when artificial intelligence is becoming the center of the industry or economy, and the traditional manufacturing industry is declaring a transformation to SW companies.
When PLD was implemented in 1985, there is a big difference now from the industrial environment. In current, software is downloaded and used on smart devices or cloud-type access-type services are the mainstream. Above all, the amendment stipulates artificial intelligence or SW in specific forms in economic or industrial activities. In many cases, black-boxed artificial intelligence cannot explain how developers have reached a conclusion, and problems arising from services using artificial intelligence or performed by artificial intelligence are not known, so the responsibility is unclear and it is not easy to compensate victims.
The EU is pushing for revision of PLD or AI-related legislation to recognize product liability regardless of product characteristics if artificial intelligence is included. Given that artificial intelligence is becoming black-boxed and that humans cannot confirm or explain the decision-making process, it would be reasonable to burden AI developers or manufacturers with responsibility for problems and accidents.
Prawo naturalne fundamentem każdego prawa?
Authors: Gałkowski Tomasz
Published: January 2023

The article discusses the problem articulated in the title, but limiting the realm of discussion to three fields: law made by man, the Divine law, and human rights. First the author made an effort at answering the questions: Does the natural law exist?, and if yes,  what exactly is it? The findings of the article are as follows: 1) human law is one of the forms of communication among rational humans, 2) every law must measure up to universal moral standards, 3) sense of justice, right and honest law are the fundaments of every man-made law.
Tokenism and barriers to genuine learner participation in school governance in one progressive South African girls’ high school
Authors: Yu Ke , Shay Charissa
Published: January 2023

Borrowing the participation level typology from civic participation literature, in the study reported on here, we explored the level of learner participation in school governance in 1 girls’ high school in South Africa. We demonstrate that despite the schools’ self-claimed progressive stance, its learner participation still exhibits numerous nuanced examples of tokenism. Using a qualitative research design and purposive sampling, we collected data from interviews and observation to examine the possible causes for, as well as consequences of this tokenism. The findings indicate that adults’ beliefs about minors’ limited capacity remain a structural barrier to learners’ genuine participation. This belief threatens the credibility and legitimacy of the Representative Council of Learners (RCL) and this threat to legitimacy, in turn, reinforces the structural beliefs that adults hold and thus perpetuates a cycle whereby genuine participation is compromised and token participation is entrenched. We conclude this article with recommendations to address, mitigate and transcend token participation.
La presenza della letteratura polacca per l’infanzia sul mercato italiano. Il caso di Nasza Księgarnia
Authors:   Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Polonia, Biernacka-Licznar Katarzyna
Published: January 2023

The history and publishing output of Nasza Księgarnia, Poland’s biggest publisher of children’s and young adult literature founded in 1921 and still operating, has been extensively researched by bibliologists and literature scholars over the last decades (Bylina, 1961; Aleksandrzak, 1972; Rogoż, 2009; Jamróz-Stolarska, 2014; Biernacka-Licznar, 2018a; Gawryluk, Lajborek & Korobkiewicz, 2021). However, the post-2000 productions of contemporary Polish writers and their translations into Italian have not attracted interest from Polish researchers yet. The paper aims to examine the publishing repertory of Nasza Księgarnia and identify the list of titles that made their way into the hands of the Italian reading public between 2012 and 2022. Based on the bibliometric method and interviews with the NK staff, the study generated reliable data and yielded a detailed account of the repertory released on the Italian publishing market in the last decade.
The development of intercultural foreign language competence of University students of economics
Authors: Frolova Olga , Lopatinskaya Victoria
Published: January 2023

The article deals with the problem of formation of intercultural competence in the process of learning a professionally oriented foreign language. It is noted that the formation of intercultural competence can be structured, organized and strengthened in special training which has several stages. The stages of formation of intercultural competence are analyzed from the socio-cultural standpoint. The article describes the organization of the educational process oriented to the dialogue of cultures, an introduction to the culture of the country of the target language. On the basis of theoretical analysis of existing approaches the criteria of intercultural competence formation are formulated. They include: ethnographic knowledge of the culture of the country of the target language, knowledge of the norms of conduct of native speakers, ability to compare native and foreign language cultures, communicative abilities (abilities to interpret and build verbal and non-verbal behavior in accordance with the norms of the culture of the target language), readiness for dialogue of cultures, empathic abilities. The authors also determine the pedagogical conditions of effective formation of intercultural competence, the main of which are: taking into account the individual characteristics of students, the level of their linguistic and general cultural training; communicative training of professionally oriented foreign language considering the specifics of the university; unity of classroom and extracurricular activities; use of authentic teaching and methodological material; interdisciplinary integration; reliance on the comparative principle of languages and cultures studies and the dialogue of cultures; creative and activity approach; use of problem-based learning methods; using role-playing and business games within the framework of the contextual approach. The article considers the proposed model of the development of intercultural competence that can serve as a basis for the development of educational trajectory of students and is recommended to be introduced into practice of professionally-oriented foreign language teaching.
Schistosoma mansonicercariae sexing v1
Authors: K Buddenborg Sarah
Published: January 2023

This DNA extraction method for Schistosoma mansoni cercariae is based on the HOTSHOT method https://health.uconn.edu/mouse-genome-modification/protocols/hotshot-method-of-dna-preparation/. DNA isolation is followed by PCR amplification of the "W1" female W chromosome repetitive region. The 476 bp W1 repeat was identified by Webster, Mansour, and Bieber (1989). PCR primers for the W1 repeat were designed by Gasser, Morahan, and Mitchell (1991). Existing primers for the S. mansoni actin gene are used as a positive control (Delcroix et al, 2006). W1a - 5' CAA CAC AGT GAA ATT CTT CC 3' (positions 10-29) W1b- 5' GAA TTC ACC ACT CGA CAT TC 3' (positions 463-482)
EU Orchestration in the Nuclear Weapons Regime Complex
Authors: Dee Megan
Published: January 2023

While often recognised as a difficult actor in global efforts addressing the proliferation, control, and disarmament of nuclear weapons, the EU is also assumed to have the potential to play a more cohesive “state-like” role, especially in multilateral forum such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons review cycle. Such assumptions raise expectations of EU external action and influence, which the EU then invariably fails to meet. This article offers a reframing of how we understand the EU as an actor, focusing on its role in the nuclear weapons regime complex. Specifically, the article considers how, and under what conditions, the EU orchestrates within and across the nuclear weapons regime complex. Drawing on the orchestration and regime complex scholarship, alongside empirical data of EU external action from 2003 to 2019, the article shows how the EU’s natural proclivity for effective multilateralism, coupled with its functional limitations, the political cleavages impeding both the EU and multilateral progress within the regime complex, and the presence of like-minded intermediaries, create ripe conditions for EU orchestration in this field. It further argues that while the EU has struggled to inject agency within individual nuclear negotiation forums, its use of orchestration as a soft and indirect mode of governance is not only well-established but advancing. Orchestration is therefore found to serve as an important metric for understanding and evaluating the scope of EU agency in the nuclear weapons regime complex.
Association of loneliness, social isolation, and daily cognitive function in Mexican older adults living in community during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Durón-Reyes Dafne Estefania , Mimenza-Alvarado Alberto José , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Lidia , Suing-Ortega María José , Quiroz Yakeel T. , Aguilar-Navarro Sara Gloria
Published: January 2023

Introduction. Loneliness and social isolation are known risk factors for cognitive decline; their effect in older adults (OA) after COVID-19 lockdown is emerging. Objective. To establish an association between loneliness and social isolation, with daily cognitive function in Mexican OA during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method. Cross-sectional study, derived from the cohort “The impact of COVID 19 on well-being, cognition, and discrimination among older adults in the United States and Latin America”, which included 308 OA recruited between March-August 2020 whose daily cognitive function were determined with the Everyday Cognition Scale (E-Cog) as dichotomized score (cut point: 1.31 for normal cognition). Loneliness and social isolation were binomial variables. Results. The mean age was 65.4 ± 7.9 years, 75.7% were women. The mean continuous E-Cog score was 57.4 (SD = ± 19.1), 49.1% had a score () 1.31 (normal cognition), while 50.9% had a higher score (cognitive impairment). Eighty four percent of participants reported loneliness, 79.9% reported social isolation. Multivariate regression model showed a negative and statistically significant association between social isolation and loneliness and E-Cog, adjusted by age, sex and education level (β = -.046, 95% CI = [-.8, -.013], p = .007; β = -.16, 95% CI = [-.08, -.018], p = .003), and a positive association with subjective memory complaint (β = .81, 95% CI = [-.16, -.11], p = () .001). Discussion and conclusion. These data suggest the need for increased vigilance of those who have loneliness and social isolation due to its potential deleterious effect on cognitive function.
The role of parental education on verbal abuse and its impact on the mental health of young adults
Authors: Fairuzza MalidaTsani , Sarirah Thoyyibatus , Intyaswati Drina
Published: January 2023

Introduction. Verbal abuse is one of the domestic violence that is still underestimated because it has no direct physical effect; it has a tremendous impact on young adults’ mental health. Objective. This study wanted to confirm the negative effect of verbal abuse on mental health. In addition, parental education is also predicted to play a role in young adults’ mental health. Method. This study uses a quantitative approach with a total sample of 160 respondents, consisting of 47 males and 113 females. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires through social media, with the criteria of respondents being in the range of 18-22 years old and being cared for by their parents in childhood. Results. The results showed a significant negative effect of parental verbal abuse in childhood on mental health in young adults. In addition, a father’s education also has a positive effect on young adults’ mental health, whereas a mother’s education does not play a role in mental health. Discussion and conclusion. Verbal abuse from parents as a youngster will impact one’s mental health as a young adult. Future research is expected to look at who commits verbal abuse in more detail and increase the sample size to evaluate the effect of maternal education.