bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Works in the Canadian City; the Provision of Sewers in Toronto 1870–1913
Authors: Brace Catherine
Published: September 2013

Until the 1970s Canadian public works had been adequately described, but never extensively studied in the literature of urban history, which has focused on other aspects of the city-building process. Since then, Canadian public works history has been dominated by debates about the public versus private ownership of utilities. Scant attention has been paid to sewerage, which has only been alluded to in discussions about public health and sanitation. This paper aims to show that the historical provision of sewerage in Canadian cities was a fundamental part of the city-building process. It focuses on the provision of sewers in Toronto between 1870 and 1913 and argues that sewerage influenced and was influenced by contemporary debates about public health, local government intervention in the lives of citizens and the role of technology in the urban environment.
World War II and the American Dream: How Wartime Building Changed a Nation
Authors: Adams Annmarie
Published: September 2013

World War II and the American Dream: How Wartime Building Changed a Nation, National Building Museum, Washington DC, 11 Nov. 1994-31 Dec. 1995; accompanied by a catalog of the same title, ed. Donald Albrecht, published by the National Building Museum and MIT Press, 1995.
Claims on Housing Space in Nineteenth-Century Montreal
Authors: Gilliland Jason , Olson Sherry
Published: September 2013

Space per person is a fundamental measure of equity in an urban society. From small samples of the Montreal population over the years 1861-1901, we infer substantial improvement in the average dwelling space available per person, but an extreme and persistent inequity in the distribution among households. The housing market remained polarised in terms of class and cultural identity. As crowding diminished, urban density increased, and the problem of working-class housing became, increasingly, one of collective rather than individual space. Families, through networks of kinship and neighbouring, found new ways to exert some control over vital urban micro-spaces. In a continuous, demanding process of adjustment of households to dwellings, the re-structuring of households was a factor as important as their moves from house to house.
Apartment Housing in Canadian Cities, 1900–1940
Authors: Dennis Richard
Published: September 2013

Apartment houses may be considered as a deviation from the North American ideal of single-family, owner-occupied homes. Unsurprisingly, therefore, they attracted substantial criticism when first erected in Canadian cities, especially in Toronto where anti-apartment bylaws were introduced in 1912. They were condemned as insanitary, anti-family, and a threat to established property values, undermining "cities of homes" both morally and economically. But they were also evidence of modernity and cosmopolitan sophistication, praised for their efficiency and appropriateness for new types of households leading new lifestyles. Hence their appearance in new cities in the Canadian West, especially in the 1910s, and their increasing popularity through the 1920s. Focusing primarily but not exclusively on Toronto, this paper discusses the history and geography of Canadian apartment housing during pre-World War I and inter-war building booms; the ways in which apartments were advertised and represented; and the diversity of building types, from luxury downtown apartment hotels to suburban walk-up efficiency apartments and even a few semi-philanthropic blocks. It concludes with some observations on the still under-re se arched questions of how apartment buildings were financed and who owned them.
Chez Fadette: Girlhood, Family, and Private Space inLate-Nineteenth-Century Saint-Hyacinthe
Authors: Adams Annmarie , Gossage Peter
Published: September 2013

The histories of domestic space and domestic life have been written relatively independently in Canada, This article describes the preliminary results of an interdisciplinary project intended to narrow that gap. Based on both textual and non-textual evidence, the discussion turns on relationships between familial change and physical space in a bourgeois household in late-nineteenth-century urban Québec. The house is the childhood home of prominent journalist Henriette Dessaulles, known widely by the pseudonym Fadette. Ultimately, the authors make two distinct but inter-related arguments: First, that the built environment (the house) functions as a primary source in the larger study of family dynamics. And second, that important transitions in domestic life, such as remarriage, inspired women to take greater control of their own spaces.
Planting the Municipal Ownership Idea in Port Arthur, 1875–1914
Authors: High Steven
Published: September 2013

The municipal ownership idea found fertile soil on the rocky north shore of Lake Superior. The predominance of local land ownership, the absence of large industrial employers and a small population where religion and ethnicity eased potential class differences created a climate conducive to collective action in Port Arthur. The degree of conflict or cooperation that characterized local social relations inevitably extended to the operation of the municipal government and shaped the ways in which citizens perceived their municipality and its role within the community. This was of paramount importance as Ontario municipal law bound the municipal administration to the will of the majority of the taxpayers by requiring that all money by-laws and franchise agreements be voted upon. The accountability feature of the Municipal Act, coupled with a convergence of local interests under the rubric of boosterism, convinced Port Arthur residents to pioneer municipal enterprise in the early 1890s. The creation of one of the first municipally owned and operated electric street railways in the world was the innovation of small-scale land owners disillusioned with the boodling habit of the town's elite. The emerging consensus in favour of municipal enterprise was such that by 1901, not even the formidable Bell Telephone Company could dissuade Port Arthur inhabitants. In the process we see that frontier communities like Port Arthur did not always accommodate the interests of local elites. Instead of a local populace manipulated by the booster rhetoric of businesspeople and land developers, this study reveals a remarkable degree of political accommodation, and even the active cooperation of local ratepayers.
Professional Sports Facilities and Developing Urban Communities: Vancouver's Recreation Park, 1905–1912
Authors: Mason Daniel
Published: September 2013

During the final decades of the nineteenth century, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia was a rapidly developing community that would become the province's dominant urban centre. This growth and prosperity would continue through the first ten years of the twentieth century, as self-made entrepreneurs would shape a city that would quadruple in size to become Canada's fourth largest metropolis. With this growth came a desire for leisure pursuits found in other established urban areas throughout North America. Thus, several local businessmen formed the Recreation Park Company Limited in 1905, which would build an athletic facility of the same name, and introduce Vancouver's first professional baseball team. Although the team would struggle through the early years of its existence, a young baseball magnate, Robert "Bob" Brown, would later purchase the team and establish a strong baseball tradition in the city. Recreation Park would also host professional lacrosse, and other prominent sporting and social events, making it a focal point for the leisure activities of Vancouver's citizens. Like Vancouver itself, the promise shown by Recreation Park would disappear. As the decade ended, new economic conditions dictated the Park's closure. Despite its brief existence, Recreation Park would have a profound effect on Vancouver's sporting community as it ushered in a new era of commercialised sport.
Le «boom» des immeubles d’appartements à Montréal de 1921 à 1951
Authors: Choko Marc H.
Published: September 2013

Cet article analyse le «boom» des immeubles d'appartements à Montréal et dans sa proche banlieue au cours de la période de 1921 à 1951. Il précise Vampleur du phénomène et sa localisation, apporte quelques données essentielles sur la taille des immeubles et la valeur des appartements et surtout, définit les profils professionnels et ethniques de leurs occupants.

En 1921, comme en 1951 et tout au long de notre période, ce sont les deux catégories supérieures d'emploi ainsi que les inactifs qui s'orientent proportionnellement le plus vers les immeubles d'appartements.

D'abord surtout lieu de résidence des personnes originaires de l'Europe de d'Est, les immeubles d'appartements vont également attirer la nouvelle petite bourgeoisie canadienne-française là où elle est présente, comme dans Outremont.
Space and Capital in Industrial Decline: The Case of Nova Scotia Steel
Authors: McCann L. D.
Published: September 2013

What role does geographical space play in shaping urban-industrial development in the Maritimes? Contrary to the argument I presented in a recent article in this journal, L. Anders Sandberg criticizes my research by dismissing outright its contextual focus on fragmentation, which he states "is not a useful concept onto itself;" and also by claiming that "resources and location cannot be held up as general and absolute factors of industrial decline." Sandberg, a dependency theorist and advocate, believes that geographical space has played little or no role in the region's development process, and that geographical factors hold minimal importance for critical analysis. For him, only people-based (that is, class) analyses of industrial decline— and in particular of those situations involving the interplay between capital and labour—offer meaningfuly explanations of the specific "Scotia" case and, more broadly, of Maritime industrial decline.
Editorial
Authors: Lewis Robert D.
Published: September 2013

Manufacturing is of critical importance to the understanding of urban development because it contains many of the clues for deciphering the dynamics, nature and intensity of urban growth, and for interpreting the economic and social geographies of cities. Over the past couple of decades historians have made a concerted effort to widen our vision of the historical development of North American urban manufacturing. In contrast, research on the historical geography of manufacturing has taken a back seat among geographers to studies of regional and international changes. With the exception of some of Allen Scott's work, there have been no recent attempts to theorize the historical dynamics of industrial geography within the city.1 The historical context of urban industrial geography is still dominated by Weberian notions of transportation cost minimization or by determinist visions of technological change. While the classical approaches to urban industrial location have been roundly criticized, new theoretical directions such as spatial divisions of labour, flexible accumulation, the production of space, and production formats have been applied sparingly to the historical development of Canadian cities.2 Furthermore, research on the contemporary Canadian city, while addressing some of these theoretical issues, has done so at the expense of historical questions. At the same time, the production of industrial space has been separated from wider causal powers. In particular, the interaction between economic imperatives and the social construction of the built environment are missing. Even where the built environment is considered, it is as an uncontested outcome of capitalist development. This is unfortunate as the impoverished condition of the historical context of the geography of industry urgently needs to be replenished by the new directions of social theory in contemporary urban and industrial research, and social and labour history.
"Our Prosperity Rests Upon Manufactures": Industry in the Central Canadian Urban System, 1871
Authors: Bloomfield G. T. , Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: September 2013

How urban was industrial activity in 1871, when only one in five Canadians lived in incorporated cities, towns or villages? This paper explores central Canada's urban-industrial system at a time of transition in industrial technology, business organization and work discipline. Based on analysis of the manuscript schedules of the First Census of Canada made machine-readable by the CANIND71 project, the article has three main parts. First, the whole urban-industrial system is described, using a classification that combines measures of the significance of industrial work in each place and of specialization in particular sectors with the population size of urban centres. Next, a typology of industrial workplaces is presented, combining measures of the number of workers with the extent to which non-manual power was used in the industrial process. Patterns of industry within urban places (especially Trois-Rivières and Guelph) are examined in order to assess factors such as rail and water transport, types of power, scale of process and size of output, and types of workplace and workforce. The authors propose questions and directions for further research on industry in Canada*s urban centres.
Location Patterns of Manufacturing: Toronto in the Early 1880s
Authors: Gad Gunter
Published: September 2013

The literature on cities simplifies both industrial structure and location patterns of manufacturing in nineteenth-century urban areas, and it conceives of change narrowly in terms of innovations in transportation technology at or after the turn of the century. There are many reasons for rejecting this orthodoxy. Empirical research on Toronto, and other cities, recognizes industries of different scale, capital intensity, labour characteristics, and input-output linkages in the early 1880s. Location patterns for different industries varied from highly centralized ones to those characterized by a great dispersion of factories. There was, however, no straightforward relationship between scale and capital intensity on one hand and location on the other.
Editorial
Authors: Harris Richard
Published: September 2013

For twenty-one years, the Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine has been a voice of scholars interested in the history of Canadian cities. In that sense it has served a function similar to that of the Journal of Urban History in the United States, and the Urban History Yearbook (now simply Urban History) in Britain. In other respects, however, it has differed from its sister journals. From its early days, the UHR has included visual material, whether maps or photographs, as a matter of policy. The large-page format and high quality paper serve both an aesthetic and a rhetorical function. Is it that Canadian scholars appreciate the physical presence of the city better than their American and British counterparts, and therefore seek ways to express it? I doubt it. The Canadian difference is probably a blend of accident and the fact that UHR is not the product of a publishing house driven by the profit motive. This situation should be a source of satisfaction, though not of complacency. Today more than ever, journals must weigh costs of production very carefully. However, there are good scholarly reasons for maintaining a comparatively expensive journal format. As with my predecessors, I hope that contributors will continue to think of the UHR as a unique journal where visual materials routinely add substance as well as style to academic discourse.
Local Power and Its Limits: Three Decades of Attempts to Revitalize Kitchener's CBD
Authors: Filion Pierre , Bunting Trudi E.
Published: September 2013

This article which covers thirty years of central-area change in the City of Kitchener, Ontario focuses on the initial impetus that led to the preparation of large-scale plans, on the down-scaling and partial implementation of those plans, and on the current decision-making environment that allows for more public participation than existed in the past. The local political scene was dominated by a well-organized coalition of interest groups promoting urban renewal in the central business district, yet this coalition was unable to achieve its objectives. The situation is attributed to suburbanization and related shifts in political and economic power at the municipal level; the vulnerability of municipal administrations to senior governments' priority changes; tensions within the coalition itself; and the growing empowerment of other local groups unsympathetic to the coalition's goals. Generally, the emphasis is on limitations to the capacity of locally-powerful actors to implement large-scale and long-term policies in a consistent fashion.
The Defeat of Imperial Urbanism in Québec City, 1840–1855
Authors: McCulloch Michael Ernest
Published: September 2013

In 1840, the City of Québec regained formal corporate status under an ordiance of the Special Council of Lower Canada, This article argues that the ordinance expressed a particular concept or urbanism. Based on concept of the role of cities developed in Great Britain during the Age of Reform, it sought to create non-partisan municipal structures that would encourage local development and 'improvement' while at the same time ensuring the dominance of the anglophone commercial elites. In this, the ordinance expressed in local terms the grand objectives of Governor Charles Poulett Thomson (Lord Sydenham) for the entire colony.

Ultimately, this imperial urbanism was a failure. While the essential structure of municipal governance remained intact until 1855, local issues became immediately entangled in provincial party politics. Major bnsiness leaders were replaced by professional and small retailers as the dominant group on the City Council The very ethos of improvement ensured that the under-financed city government became dwarfed by other agencies, such as the banks, the Gas Company and of course railroads. The case of Québec City in the first years of the Union illustrates the failure of attempts to transplant Utilitarian approaches to state formation into a colonial context.
Inhibition of JNK ameliorates rod photoreceptor degeneration in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Liao Chunyan , Chen Shuai , Chen Xuxu , Yi Wanying , Fan Yingying , Chen Yuewen , Ye Tao , Chen Yu
Published: July 2024

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited eye disease that causes progressive vision loss. Microglial activation and inflammation play essential roles in photoreceptor degeneration in RP, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we examined the progressive degeneration of photoreceptors in rd1 mice, a mouse model of RP. We investigated the molecular changes in various retinal cells in rd1 mice using single‐cell RNA sequencing and found that potentiation of JNK signaling is associated with photoreceptor degeneration in RP. Moreover, inflammation‐related molecules, which function downstream of JNK, are elevated in RP. Furthermore, inhibiting JNK alleviates microglial activation and rescues photoreceptor degeneration in rd1 mice. Thus, our findings suggest that targeting JNK is a promising approach for slowing RP progression.
Ordering Sulfonic Groups Facilitate a Li3N‐Enriched Interphase via Directing the Decomposition of LiNO3
Authors: Ma Cong , Qiao Qiangqiang , Yue Ke , Yue Juxin , Cai Xiaohan , Zheng Jiale , Kang Lingzhi , Wang Yao , Nai Jianwei , Luo Jianmin , Yuan Huadong , Zou Shihui , Tao Xinyong , Liu Yujing
Published: July 2024

The practical application of high‐energy lithium (Li) metal anodes is plagued by the severe issues of interfacial instability. The Li3N originated from the decomposition of LiNO3 is believed to endow the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with high stability and ionic conductivity. However, the precise control on the decomposition of LiNO3 is still challenging due to the sophisticated reaction pathways and high energy barriers. In this study, a self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) with densely packed and long‐range ordered sulfonic acid groups on an alumina‐coated separator are designed. By providing a strong dipole moment, this SAMs efficiently facilitate the rapid and deep decomposition of LiNO3, leading to the formation of an SEI rich in Li3N nanocrystals. Notably, under the stringent conditions of 5 mA cm−2 and 5 mAh cm−2, the Li/Li symmetric cell is still able to cycle stably for 1000 h under the stable nitrided interface induced by the SAMs. Consequently, the application scenarios of SAMs technology in precisely controlling electrolyte decomposition processes are successfully expanded to stabilize the interphase of metallic Li anode with high energy‐density.
Salt‐Based Catalyzer to Aid Heterogeneous Nucleation Enabling >23% Efficient Electron‐Transport‐Layer‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Deng Jidong , Huang Xiaofeng , Che Yuliang , Wang Xiao , Zhang Xiaoli , Wu Binghui , Yang Li , Zhang Jinbao
Published: July 2024

Charge transport layers are critical components in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for achieving satisfied power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and device stability. However, these layers often bring incompatible interfaces and complex fabrication, limiting the stability and scalability of PSC technology. Here an alternative strategy of salt‐based catalyzer (SBC) is proposed to regulate the heterogeneous nucleation of perovskite, which enables uniform and well‐controlled perovskite coverage directly onto the salt‐treated substrate without electron transport layers (ETLs). By carefully adjusting the cations, anions, and the thickness of SBC, high‐quality perovskite films along with superior buried interfaces suppress the carrier recombination losses and strengthen the interfacial stability, promoting the resultant device to achieve a record PCE of 23.04%, which represents the highest reported efficiency for ETL‐free PSCs. Meanwhile, the SBC technique can be well extended to large‐area, flexible, and module‐based devices. More encouragingly, the SBC‐based unencapsulated devices exhibit remarkable operational stability by retaining over 90% of initial efficiency for 1540 h under illumination and for 6312 h in an air environment. This work provides an advisable way to fabricate efficient and stable ETL‐free PSCs toward reliable and cost‐effective production.
Triboelectric Series of Two‐dimensional Metal Carbide MXenes
Authors: Shi Lin , Wang Yizhou , Guo Tianchao , Lei Yongjiu , El‐Demellawi Jehad K. , Zhao Zhiming , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: July 2024

The ever‐increasing prevalence of intelligent electronics underscores an escalating demand for sustainable power sources. Among the emerging energy harvesting technologies, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) stand out as a promising solution for such pressing needs. To date, ongoing efforts have primarily focused on enhancing TENG output, particularly through the development of novel triboelectric materials. Among the potential candidates is the thriving class of two‐dimensional transition‐metal carbides, MXenes, which have predominantly been incorporated into triboelectric layers as nanofillers to enhance their triboelectric properties. Yet, the specific triboelectric characteristics of distinct MXenes remain marginally explored. Herein, the triboelectric properties of various metal carbide MXenes, i.e., V2CTx, Ti3C2Tx, and Nb2CTx, are investigated by assessing the performance of various MXene‐based TENGs combined with different polymers and analyzing their surface potential. According to the attained triboelectric polarities, a triboelectric series of the studied MXenes is determined, demonstrating their remarkable positive triboelectric properties. Further investigations preliminarily reveal the influence of the synthesis method, etchants, intercalating compounds, and postsynthesis procedures on the triboelectric properties of MXenes. Hence, beyond extending the conventional triboelectric series to different metal carbide MXenes, the findings present innovative perspectives on leveraging MXenes to develop high‐performance TENGs for flexible and wearable electronics.
Cu‐Doping Layered Double Hydroxides Nanozyme Integrated with Nitric Oxide Donor for Enhanced Antioxidant Therapy in Retinopathy
Authors: Xue Bai , Lu Yu , Wang Shuyu , Wu Tingting , Wang Lulu , Xiao Qing , Jiang Wei , Yan Xiyun , Jiang Bing
Published: July 2024

The prevalence of retinal neovascular diseases necessitates novel treatments beyond current therapies like laser surgery or anti‐VEGF treatments, which often carry significant side effects. A novel therapeutic approach is introduced using copper‐containing layered double hydroxides (Cu‐LDH) nanozymes integrated with nitric oxide‐releasing molecules (GSHNO), forming Cu‐LDH@GSHNO aimed at combating oxidative stress within the retinal vascular system. Combination of synthetic chemistry and biological testing, Cu‐LDH@GSHNO are synthesized, characterized, and assessed for curative effect in HUVECs and an oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model. The results indicate that Cu‐LDH@GSHNO demonstrates SOD‐CAT cascade catalytic ability, accompanied with GSH and nitric oxide‐releasing capabilities, which significantly reduces oxidative cell damage and restores vascular function, presenting a dual‐function strategy that enhances treatment efficacy and safety for retinal vascular diseases. The findings encourage further development and clinical exploration of nanozyme‐based therapies, promising a new horizon in therapeutic approaches for managing retinal diseases driven by oxidative stress.
Rational Design of Color‐Pure Blue Organic Emitters by Poly‐Heteroaromatic Omni‐Delocalization
Authors: Song Sunwu , Feng Siyang , Wang Liangxuan , Jun Jinwon , Milián‐Medina Begoña , Wannemacher Reinhold , Lee Jaesang , Kwon Min Sang , Gierschner Johannes
Published: July 2024

Current research on organic light emitters which utilize multiple resonance‐induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) materials is gaining significant interest because of the materials’ ability to efficiently generate color‐pure blue emission. However, the underlying reasons for high color purity remain unclear. It is shown here that these emitters share a common electronic basis, which is deduced from resonance structure considerations following Clar's rule, and which is termed as “poly‐heteroaromatic omni‐delocalization” (PHOD). The simple and clear design rules derived from the PHOD concept allow extending the known chemical space by new structural motifs. Based on PHOD, a set of novel high‐efficiency color‐pure emitters with brilliant deep‐blue hue is specifically designed.
Ferroelectric Stochasticity in 2D CuInP2S6 and Its Application for True Random Number Generator
Authors: Kang Seongkweon , Hong Doojin , Das Biswajit , Lee Sang‐Min , Park Ji‐Sang , Lee Yoonmyung , Lee Sungjoo
Published: July 2024

True random number generators (TRNGs), which create cryptographically secure random bitstreams, hold great promise in addressing security concerns regarding hardware, communication, and authentication in the Internet of Things (IoT) realm. Recently, TRNGs based on nanoscale materials have gained considerable attention for avoiding conventional and predictable hardware circuitry designs that can be vulnerable to machine learning (ML) attacks. In this article, a low‐power and low‐cost TRNG developed by exploiting stochastic ferroelectric polarization switching in 2D ferroelectric CuInP2S6 (CIPS)‐based capacitive structures, is reported. The stochasticity arises from the probabilistic switching of independent electrical dipoles. The TRNG exhibits enhanced stochastic variability with near‐ideal entropy, uniformity, uniqueness, Hamming distance, and independence from autocorrelation variations. Its unclonability is systematically examined using device‐to‐device variations. The generated cryptographic bitstreams pass the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) randomness tests. This nanoscale CIPS‐based TRNG is circuit‐integrable and exhibits potential for hardware security in edge devices with advanced data encryption.
Notch Signaling Hydrogels Enable Rapid Vascularization and Promote Dental Pulp Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Zhang Siyuan , Yu Mei , Li Maojiao , He Min , Xie Li , Huo Fangjun , Tian Weidong
Published: July 2024

Successful dental pulp regeneration is closely associated with rapid revascularization and angiogenesis, processes driven by the Jagged1(JAG1)/Notch signaling pathway. However, soluble Notch ligands have proven ineffective in activating this pathway. To overcome this limitation, a Notch signaling hydrogel is developed by indirectly immobilizing JAG1, aimed at precisely directing the regeneration of vascularized pulp tissue. This hydrogel displays favorable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Cultivating dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) on this hydrogel significantly upregulate Notch target genes and key proangiogenic markers expression. Three‐dimensional (3D) culture assays demonstrate Notch signaling hydrogels improve effectiveness by facilitating encapsulated cell differentiation, enhancing their paracrine functions, and promoting capillary lumen formation. Furthermore, it effectively communicates with the Wnt signaling pathway, creating an odontoinductive microenvironment for pulp‐dentin complex formation. In vivo studies show that short‐term transplantation of the Notch signaling hydrogel accelerates angiogenesis, stabilizes capillary‐like structures, and improves cell survival. Long‐term transplantation further confirms its capability to promote the formation of pulp‐like tissues rich in blood vessels and peripheral nerve‐like structures. In conclusion, this study introduces a feasible and effective hydrogel tailored to specifically regulate the JAG1/Notch signaling pathway, showing potential in advancing regenerative strategies for dental pulp tissue.
Are plant traits drivers of endophytic communities in seasonally flooded tropical forests?
Authors: Boisseaux Marion , Troispoux Valérie , Bordes Alice , Cazal Jocelyn , Cazal Saint‐Omer , Coste Sabrina , Stahl Clément , Schimann Heidy
Published: July 2024

Premise

In the Amazon basin, seasonally flooded (SF) forests offer varying water constraints, providing an excellent way to investigate the role of habitat selection on microbial communities within plants. However, variations in the microbial community among host plants cannot solely be attributed to environmental factors, and how plant traits contribute to microbial assemblages remains an open question.

Methods

We described leaf‐ and root‐associated microbial communities using ITS2 and 16 S high‐throughput sequencing and investigated the stochastic‐deterministic balance shaping these community assemblies using two null models. Plant ecophysiological functioning was evaluated by focusing on 10 leaf and root traits in 72 seedlings, belonging to seven tropical SF tree species in French Guiana. We then analyzed how root and leaf traits drove the assembly of endophytic communities.

Results

While both stochastic and deterministic processes governed the endophyte assembly in the leaves and roots, stochasticity prevailed. Discrepancies were found between fungi and bacteria, highlighting that these microorganisms have distinct ecological strategies within plants. Traits, especially leaf traits, host species and spatial predictors better explained diversity than composition, but they were modest predictors overall.

Conclusions

This study widens our knowledge about tree species in SF forests, a habitat sensitive to climate change, through the combined analyses of their associated microbial communities with functional traits. We emphasize the need to investigate other plant traits to better disentangle the drivers of the relationship between seedlings and their associated microbiomes, ultimately enhancing their adaptive capacities to climate change.
Optical genome mapping with genome sequencing identifies subtelomeric Xq28 deletion and inserted 7p22.3 duplication in a male with multisystem developmental disorder
Authors: Rodriguez‐Gil Jorge L. , Nagy Peter L. , Francke Uta
Published: July 2024

We report a 17‐year‐old male with supravalvular stenosis, initial failure to thrive and delayed early development, short stature, acromelia, dysmorphic facial features, hypertelorism, macrocephaly, syringomyelia, hypertension, and anxiety disorder. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and exome sequencing (ES) were nondiagnostic. Combined optical genome mapping (OGM) and genome sequencing (GS) showed a complex rearrangement including an X chromosome with a 22.5 kb deletion in band Xq28 replaced by a 61.4 kb insertion of duplicated chromosome 7p22.3 material. The deletion removes the distal 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of FUNDC2, the entire CMC4 and MTCP1, and the first five exons of BRCC3. Transcriptome analysis revealed absent expression of CMC4 and MTCP1 and BRCC3 with normal transcript level of FUNDC2. The inserted duplication includes only one known gene: UNCX. Similar overlapping Xq28 deletions have been reported to be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), short stature, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), and facial dysmorphism. Although he has short stature, our patient does not have signs of Moyamoya arteriopathy or hypogonadism. The structurally abnormal X chromosome was present in his mother, but not in his unaffected brother, maternal uncle, or maternal grandparents. We propose that the combination of his absent Xq28 and duplicated 7p22.3 genomic material is responsible for his phenotype. This case highlights the potential of combined OGM and GS for detecting complex structural variants compared with standard of care genetic testing such as CMA and ES.
Ophthalmic manifestations of NAA10‐related and NAA15‐related neurodevelopmental syndromes: Analysis of cortical visual impairment and refractive errors
Authors: Patel Rahi , Park Agnes Y. , Marchi Elaine , Gropman Andrea L. , Whitehead Matthew T. , Lyon Gholson J.
Published: July 2024

NAA10‐related (Ogden syndrome) and NAA15‐related neurodevelopmental syndrome are known to present with varying degrees of intellectual disability, hypotonia, congenital cardiac abnormalities, seizures, and delayed speech and motor development. However, the ophthalmic manifestations of NAA10 and NAA15 variants are not yet fully characterized or understood. This study analyzed the prevalence of six ophthalmic conditions (cortical visual impairment, myopia, hyperopia, strabismus, nystagmus, and astigmatism) in 67 patients with pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) variants in the NAA10 cohort (54 inherited, 10 de novo; 65 missense, 2 frameshift) and 19 patients with (L)P variants in the NAA15 cohort (18 de novo; 8 frameshift, 4 missense, 4 nonsense, and 1 splice site). Patients were interviewed virtually or in‐person to collect a comprehensive medical history verified by medical records. These records were then analyzed to calculate the prevalence of these ophthalmic manifestations in each cohort. Analysis revealed a higher prevalence of ophthalmic conditions in our NAA10 cohort compared to existing literature (myopia 25.4% vs. 4.7%; astigmatism 37.3% vs. 13.2%; strabismus 28.4% vs. 3.8%; CVI 22.4% vs. 8.5%, respectively). No statistically significant differences were identified in the prevalence of these conditions between the NAA10 and NAA15 variants. Our study includes novel neuroimaging of 13 NAA10 and 5 NAA15 probands, which provides no clear correlation between globe size and severity of comorbid ophthalmic disease. Finally, anecdotal evidence was compiled to underscore the importance of early ophthalmologic evaluations and therapeutic interventions.
Trifluoromethylation Strategies of Alcohols and Phenols
Authors: Pratap Singh Ravi , Ghoshal Tanay , Mishra Vivek
Published: July 2024

In this review, we present a comprehensive update on the latest trifluoromethylation protocols for alcohols, highlighting the significant advancements and innovative strategies in this rapidly evolving field. Given the prevalence of hydroxyl groups in pharmaceutical compounds, there is a heightened interest in synthesizing functionalized organic molecules through the −CF3 functionalization of parent alcohols. Recent developments have introduced intriguing methods such as O‐trifluoromethylation, dehydroxylative trifluoromethoxylation, deoxytrifluoromethylation, and oxytrifluoromethylation of readily available alcohols. These protocols enable the efficient single‐step construction of diverse structures featuring C−CF3 and C−OCF3 bonds. This review aims to encapsulate the significant progress, structural diversity, and mechanistic insights of these transformative reactions, emphasizing their substrate scope and the underlying reaction pathways that drive these advancements.
Fluorierte Dialkyl Chloronium Salze: Synthese und Reaktivität für CH2CF3‐Übertragungs‐ und Hydridabstraktions‐Reaktionen
Authors: Fischer Lukas , Lee Michael H. , Kim Isaac , Wiesner Anja , Hoffmann Kurt F. , Riedel Sebastian
Published: July 2024

Es wird ein neuer Ansatz für die Synthese von Dialkylchloronium‐Kationen [R−Cl−R]+ beschrieben (R=CH3, CH2CF3), der die Herstellung von fluorierten Derivaten ermöglicht. Unter Verwendung des Xenonium‐Salzes [XeOTeF5][M(OTeF5)n] (M=Sb, n=6; M=Al, n=4) werden Chloratome von Chloralkanen oder dem deaktivierten Chlorfluoralkan CH2ClCF3 oxidiert und als ClOTeF5 abgespalten, wodurch die Isolierung des entsprechenden Chloronium‐Salzes möglich ist. Da das resultierende stark elektrophile Kation [Cl(CH2CF3)2]+ in der Lage ist, schwache Nukleophile zu alkylieren, kann diese Verbindung für die Einführung einer fluorierten Alkylgruppe verwendet werden. Darüber hinaus weist das fluorierte Alkylchloronium‐Kation eine hohe Hydrid‐Ionen‐Affinität auf, sodass lineare Kohlenwasserstoffe auch bei niedrigen Temperaturen durch Hydridabstraktion aktiviert werden und so verzweigte Carbokationen bilden.
Photoinduced Cu(II)‐Mediated Decarboxylative Thianthrenation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Carboxylic Acids
Authors: He Zhen , Dydio Paweł
Published: July 2024

Given that (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids are inexpensive materials available in a great variety from commercial and natural resources or synthesis, the strategies enabling their use as starting materials for preparing fine chemicals are highly sought after. Here we report a photoinduced Cu(II)‐mediated protocol converting (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids into (hetero)aryl thianthrenium salts, high value‐added building blocks that can undergo various subsequent transformations, creating an attractive two‐step pathway for the divergent functionalization of these ubiquitous starting materials. The excellent compatibility of the method is shown by preparing a broad range of sterically and electronically varied (hetero)aryl thianthrenium salts, including derivatives of pharmaceuticals, such as ataluren, celecoxib, flavoxate, probenecid, repaglinide, and tamibarotene. The syntheses of 13 C‐labeled probenecid and bioisosteres of ataluren as well as the unconventional modifications of celecoxib and flavoxate, illustrate the synthetic potential of the strategy. Mechanistic studies are in line with a reaction occurring through a photoinduced ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) of Cu(II)‐arylcarboxylates, enabling radical decarboxylative carbometallation to form arylcopper(II) intermediates that in turn react with thianthrene to form the product. Noteworthy, the susceptibility of aryl thianthrenium salts to photodegradation is overcome by a Cu(I)‐driven salvage loop, which continuously intercepts the transiently formed radicals and regenerates the products.
Copper(I) Catalysed Diboron(4) Reduction of Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Hood Thomas M. , Charman Rex S. C. , Liptrot David J. , Chaplin Adrian B.
Published: July 2024

A process for the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide using NHC‐ligated copper(I) tert‐butoxide precatalysts and B2pin2 as the reductant is reported. These reactions proceed under mild conditions via copper(I)‐boryl intermediates which react with N2O by facile O‐atom insertion into the Cu−B bond and liberate N2. Turnover numbers >800 can be achieved at 80 °C under 1 bar N2O.
Photoinduced Cu(II)‐Mediated Decarboxylative Thianthrenation ofAryl and Heteroaryl Carboxylic Acids
Authors: He Zhen , Dydio Paweł
Published: July 2024

Given that (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids are inexpensive materials available in a great variety from commercial and natural resources or synthesis, the strategies enabling their use as starting materials for preparing fine chemicals are highly sought after. Here we report a photoinduced Cu(II)‐mediated protocol converting (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids into (hetero)aryl thianthrenium salts, high value‐added building blocks that can undergo various subsequent transformations, creating an attractive two‐step pathway for the divergent functionalization of these ubiquitous starting materials. The excellent compatibility of the method is shown by preparing a broad range of sterically and electronically varied (hetero)aryl thianthrenium salts, including derivatives of pharmaceuticals, such as ataluren, celecoxib, flavoxate, probenecid, repaglinide, and tamibarotene. The syntheses of 13 C‐labeled probenecid and bioisosteres of ataluren as well as the unconventional modifications of celecoxib and flavoxate, illustrate the synthetic potential of the strategy. Mechanistic studies are in line with a reaction occurring through a photoinduced ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) of Cu(II)‐arylcarboxylates, enabling radical decarboxylative carbometallation to form arylcopper(II) intermediates that in turn react with thianthrene to form the product. Noteworthy, the susceptibility of aryl thianthrenium salts to photodegradation is overcome by a Cu(I)‐driven salvage loop, which continuously intercepts the transiently formed radicals and regenerates the products.
Near‐Full‐Spectrum Emission Realized in a Single Lead Halide Perovskite across the Visible‐Light Region
Authors: An Lian‐Cai , Li Zi‐Ying , Azeem Muhammad , Li Wei , Qin Yan , Gao Fei‐Fei , Han Song‐De , Wang Guo‐Ming , Bu Xian‐He
Published: July 2024

The engineering of tunable photoluminescence (PL) in single materials with a full‐spectrum emission represents a highly coveted objective but poses a formidable challenge. In this context, the realization of near‐full‐spectrum PL emission, spanning the visible light range from 424 to 620 nm, in a single‐component two‐dimensional (2D) hybrid lead halide perovskite, (ETA)2PbBr4 (ETA+=(HO)(CH2)2NH3+), is reported, achieved through high‐pressure treatment. A pressure‐induced phase transition occurs upon compression, transforming the crystal structure from an orthorhombic phase under ambient conditions to a monoclinic structure at high pressure. This phase transition driven by the adaptive and dynamic configuration changes of organic amine cations enables an effective and continuous narrowing of the band gap in this halide crystal. The hydrogen bonding interactions between inorganic layers and organic amine cations (N−H⋅⋅⋅Br and O−H⋅⋅⋅Br hydrogen bonds) efficiently modulate the organic amine cations penetration and the octahedral distortion. Consequently, this phenomenon induces a phase transition and results in red‐shifted PL emissions, leading to the near‐full‐spectrum emission. This work opens a possibility for achieving wide PL emissions with coverage across the visible light spectrum by employing high pressure in single halide perovskites.
Achieving Record C2H2 Packing Density for Highly Efficient C2H2/C2H4 Separation with a Metal–Organic Framework Prepared by a Scalable Synthesis in Water
Authors: Zhang Xin , Chen Qiancheng , Bai Xuefeng , Zhao Yan‐Long , Li Jian‐Rong
Published: July 2024

Adsorptive C2H2/C2H4 separation using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has emerged as a promising technology for the removal of C2H2 (acetylene) impurity (1 %) from C2H4 (ethylene). The practical application of these materials involves the optimization of separation performance as well as development of scalable and green production protocols. Herein, we report the efficient C2H2/C2H4 separation in a MOF, Cu(OH)INA (INA: isonicotinate) which achieves a record C2H2 packing density of 351 mg cm−3 at 0.01 bar through high affinity towards C2H2. DFT (density functional theory) calculations reveal the synergistic binding mechanism through pore confinement and the oxygen sites in pore wall. The weakly basic nature of binding sites leads to a relatively low heat of adsorption (Qst) of approximately 36 kJ/mol, which is beneficial for material regeneration and thermal management. Furthermore, a scalable and environmentally friendly synthesis protocol with a high space‐time yield of 544 kg m−3 day−1 has been developed without using any modulating agents. This material also demonstrates enduring separation performance for multiple cycles, maintaining its efficacy after exposure to water or air for three months.
Air‐laid and foam‐laid nonwoven composites: The effect of carrier medium on mechanical properties
Authors: Paunonen Sara , Keränen Janne T. , Kamppuri Taina
Published: July 2024

Thermoplastic nonwoven composites were produced with the air‐laying and foam‐forming processes from cellulosic and plastic fibers. The two raw material combinations were (1) PP/PE (fiber length 3 mm), PP/PE (12 mm), fluff pulp fibers (2 mm) and (2) PP/PE (3 mm), fluff pulp fibers, viscose (10 mm). After forming, the fibrous sheets (400 gsm) were bonded with heat pressing (145°C). The effect of the carrier medium, air or aqueous foam, on the tensile and impact properties and sheet structure was explored. The air‐laids differed from the foam‐laids by sheet anisotropy, density, and the lack of an additional bonding regime between wood fibers due to the dry forming process. The PP/PE bonding fibers gave the air‐laids a good capacity to elongate compared to the foam‐laids. The advantage was lost when nonbonding viscose was added. The impact strength was dependent on the PP/PE dosage and the sheet density, rather than the moisture‐induced bonding between wood fibers. The changing long/short fiber ratios caused gradual shifts in sheet properties, usually a reduction in a mechanical property as the share of short fiber increased in the mix. Economic analysis revealed that increasing fluff content can reduce raw material costs, providing a possibility for cost optimization in total production costs.