bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of functional NPC1gene Polymorphism with smoking on coronary heart disease
Authors: Ma Weiwei , Xu Jing , Wang Qianqian , Xin Ying , Zhang Lin , Zheng Xinxin , Wang Hu , Sun Kai , Hui Rutai , Huang Xiaohong
Published: October 2010

Background

The protein of Niemann-pick type C1 gene (NPC1) is known to facilitate the egress of cholesterol and other lipids from late endosomes and lysosomes to other cellular compartments. This study aims to investigate whether the genetic variation in NPC1 is associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and to detect whether NPC1 might interact with smoking on the risk of CHD.

Methods

We performed a case-control study, including 873 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 864 subjects without CHD as control. Polymorphisms of NPC1 gene were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

Results

A tag-SNP rs1805081 (+644A > G) in NPC1 was identified. The G allele of the +644 locus showed reduced risk of CHD than wild-type genotype in Chinese population (recessive model GG vs. AG+AA: odds ratio [OR] 0.647, 95% CI 0.428 to 0.980, P = 0.039; additive model GG vs. AG vs. AA: OR 0.847, 95% CI 0.718 to 0.998, P = 0.0471). Moreover in smokers, the G-allele carriers had reduced risk of CHD compared with A-allele carries (OR 0.552, 95% CI 0.311 to 0.979, P = 0.0421).

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest that NPC1 variants seem to be contributors to coronary heart disease occurrence in Chinese population. Moreover, in smokers, NPC1 variants seem to confer protection to coronary heart disease.
A longitudinal study of tobacco use among American Indian and Alaska Native tribal college students
Authors: Faseru Babalola , Daley Christine M , Gajewski Byron , Pacheco Christina M , Choi Won S
Published: October 2010

Background

American Indians (AI) have the highest smoking rates of any ethnic group in the US (40.8%), followed most closely by African Americans (24.3%) and European Americans (23.6%). AI smokers also have more difficulty quitting smoking compared to other ethnic groups, evidenced by their significantly lower quit ratios, and are among the least successful in maintaining long term abstinence. While health disparities like these have existed for years among AI, the epidemiology of smoking and nicotine dependence has not been optimally described among this underserved population.

Our overarching hypothesis is that the susceptibility of AI to cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence and its consequences has both an underlying nicotine metabolism component as well as psychosocial, cultural, and environment causes. We are well-positioned to explore this issue for the first time in this population. Our objective is to establish a cohort of AI tribal college/university students to determine the predictors of smoking initiation (non-use to experimentation), progression (experimentation to established use), and cessation (established use to cessation). Much of what is known about the process of smoking initiation and progression comes from quantitative studies with non-Native populations. Information related to smoking use among AI tribal college/university (TCU) students is entirely unknown and critically needs further investigation. This study will be the first of its kind among AI college students who are at the highest risk among all ethnic groups for tobacco dependence.

Methods/design

First year students at Haskell Indian Nations University in Kansas will be recruited over four consecutive years and will be surveyed annually and repeatedly through year 5 of the study. We will use both longitudinal quantitative surveys and qualitative focus group methods to examine key measures and determinants of initiation and use among this high risk group.
Study on administration of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose in C57BL/6J mice challenged with high-fat diet
Authors: Mei Jie , Yu Shukun , Ahrén Bo
Published: October 2010

1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose (AF) is a mono-saccharide directly formed from starch and glycogen by the action of α-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13). Our previous study has indicated that AF increases glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in NMRI mice after administration through a gastric gavage in a single dose at 150 mg per mouse. In this study, we used high-fat feeding of C57BL/6J mice to examine the influence of long-term administration of AF on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro. We found that 8-weeks of high-fat feeding increased body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in C57BL/6J mice when compared to mice fed normal diet. Impaired glucose tolerance was also observed in mice receiving 8-weeks of high-fat diet. In contrast, AF (1.5 g/kg/day), administered through drinking water for 8-weeks, did not affect body weight or food and water intake in mice fed either the high-fat or normal diet. There was no difference in basal blood glucose or insulin levels between AF-treated and control group. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that AF did not affect glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice. In in vitro studies with isolated islets, AF did not influence glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice receiving either high-fat or normal diet. We therefore conclude that when given through drinking water for 8 weeks at 1.5 g/kg/day, AF has no effect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in C57BL/6J mice challenged with a high-fat diet.
A protein-centric approach for the identification of folate enzymes from the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, using OFFGEL™ solution-based isoelectric focussing and mass spectrometry
Authors: O'Cualain Ronan DM , Hyde John E , Sims Paul FG
Published: October 2010

Background

Plasmodium species are difficult to study using proteomic technology because they contain large amounts of haemoglobin-derived products (HDP), generated by parasite breakdown of host haemoglobin. HDP are known to interfere with isoelectric focussing, a cornerstone of fractionation strategies for the identification of proteins by mass spectrometry. In addition to the challenge presented by this material, as in most proteomes, there exists in this parasite a considerable dynamic range between proteins of high and low abundance. The enzymes of the folate pathway, a proven and widely used drug target, are included in the latter class.

Methods

This report describes a work-flow utilizing a parasite-specific extraction protocol that minimizes release of HDP into the lysate, followed by in-solution based OFFGEL™ electrophoresis at the protein level, trypsin digestion and mass spectrometric analysis.

Results

It is demonstrated that, by removing HDP from parasite lysates, OFFGEL™-mediated protein separation is able to deliver reduced complexity protein fractions. Importantly, proteins with similar and predictable physical properties are sharply focussed within such fractions.

Conclusions

By following this novel workflow, data have been obtained which allow the unequivocal experimental identification by mass spectrometry of four of the six proteins involved in folate biosynthesis and recycling.
Association between perceived chewing ability and oral health-related quality of life in partially dentate patients
Authors: Inukai Mika , John Mike T , Igarashi Yoshimasa , Baba Kazuyoshi
Published: October 2010

Background

One of the most immediate and important functional consequences of many oral disorders is a reduction in chewing ability. The ability to chew is not only an important dimension of oral health, but is increasingly recognized as being associated with general health status. Whether perceived chewing ability and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) are correlated to a similar degree in patient populations has been less investigated. The aim of this study was to examine whether perceived chewing ability was related to OHRQoL in partially dentate patients.

Methods

Consecutive partially dentate patients (N = 489) without signs or symptoms of acute oral disease at Tokyo Medical and Dental University's Prosthodontic Clinic participated in the study (mean age 63.0 ± 11.5, 71.2% female). A 20-item chewing function questionnaire (score range 0 to 20) was used to assess perceived chewing ability, with higher scores indicating better chewing ability. The 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile-Japanese version (OHIP-J14, score range 0 to 56) was used to measure OHRQoL, with higher scores indicating poorer OHRQoL. A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between the two questionnaire summary scores. A linear regression analysis was used to describe how perceived chewing ability scores were related to OHRQoL scores.

Results

The mean chewing function score was 12.1 ± 4.8 units. The mean OHIP-J14 summary score was 13.0 ± 9.1 units. Perceived chewing ability and OHRQoL were significantly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.52 to -0.38), indicating that higher chewing ability was correlated with lower OHIP-J14 summary scores (p < 0.001), which indicate better OHRQoL. A 1.0-unit increase in chewing function scores was related to a decrease of 0.87 OHIP-J14 units (95% CI: -1.0 to -0.72, p < 0.001). The correlation between perceived chewing ability and OHRQoL was not substantially influenced by age and number of teeth, but by gender, years of schooling, treatment demand and denture status.

Conclusion

Patients' perception of their chewing ability was substantially related to their OHRQoL.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2): genetic variation and newly emerging genotypes in China
Authors: Guo Long J , Lu Yue H , Wei Yan W , Huang Li P , Liu Chang M
Published: October 2010

Background

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), is a serious economic problem for the swine industry in China. In this study, we investigated the genetic variation of PCV2 in China using strains isolated from 2004-2008. Viruses were isolated from samples collected from pigs with multi-systemic lesions and clinical signs of PMWS from different regions of China, and the genomes of these viruses were sequenced. The assembled sequences were used to define the genotypes of these strains; PCR-RFLP methodology was used to distinguish isolates and capture ELISA was used to demonstrate the antigenic changes resulted from ORF2 gene mutation of the isolates.

Results

We identified 19 PCV2 isolates, including four newly emerging PCV2 mutant strains. The 19 isolates were designated into three genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d). PCV2d represented a novel genotype and a shift from PCV2a to PCV2b as the predominant genotype in China was identified. This is the first report of 1766 nt PCV2 harboring a base deletion at other new different positions. Amino acid sequence analysis identified two novel ORF2 mutations (resulting in ORF2 sequences 705 and 708 nt in length) in three deletion strains (1766 nt) and one strain with a genome 1767 nt in length. Finding of two amino acids elongation of the ORF2-encoded Cap protein is firstly observed among PCV2 strains all over the world. The isolates were distinguished into different genotypes by PCR-RFLP methodology and antigenic changes were present in Cap protein of mutation isolates by capture ELISA.

Conclusions

The results of this study provide evidence that PCV2 is undergoing constant genetic variation and that the predominant strain in China as well as the antigenic situation has changed in recent years. Furthermore, the PCR-RFLP method presented here may be useful for the differential identification of PCV2 strains in future studies.
Development of a syngeneic mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Quinn Bridget A , Xiao Fang , Bickel Laura , Martin Lainie , Hua Xiang , Klein-Szanto Andres , Connolly Denise C
Published: October 2010

Background

Most cases of ovarian cancer are epithelial in origin and diagnosed at advanced stage when the cancer is widely disseminated in the peritoneal cavity. The objective of this study was to establish an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model of disseminated epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) to facilitate laboratory-based studies of ovarian tumor biology and preclinical therapeutic strategies.

Methods

Individual lines of TgMISIIR-TAgtransgenic mice were phenotypically characterized and backcrossed to inbred C57BL/6 mice. In addition to a previously described line of EOC-prone mice, two lines (TgMISIIR-TAg-Low) were isolated that express the oncogenic transgene, but have little or no susceptibility to tumor development. Independent murine ovarian carcinoma (MOVCAR) cell lines were established from the ascites of tumor-bearing C57BL/6 TgMISIIR-TAgtransgenic mice, characterized and tested for engraftment in the following recipient mice: 1) severe immunocompromised immunodeficient (SCID), 2) wild type C57BL/6, 3) oophorectomized tumor-prone C57BL/6 TgMISIIR-TAgtransgenic and 4) non-tumor prone C57BL/6 TgMISIIR-TAg-Lowtransgenic. Lastly, MOVCAR cells transduced with a luciferase reporter were implanted in TgMISIIR-TAg-Lowmice andin vivotumor growth monitored by non-invasive optical imaging.

Results

Engraftment of MOVCAR cells by i.p. injection resulted in the development of disseminated peritoneal carcinomatosis in SCID, but not wild type C57BL/6 mice. Oophorectomized tumor-prone TgMISIIR-TAgmice developed peritoneal carcinomas with high frequency, rendering them unsuitable as allograft recipients. Orthotopic or pseudo-orthotopic implantation of MOVCAR cells in TgMISIIR-TAg-Lowmice resulted in the development of disseminated peritoneal tumors, frequently accompanied by the production of malignant ascites. Tumors arising in the engrafted mice bore histopathological resemblance to human high-grade serous EOC and exhibited a similar pattern of peritoneal disease spread.

Conclusions

A syngeneic mouse model of human EOC was created by pseudo-orthotopic and orthotopic implantation of MOVCAR cells in a susceptible inbred transgenic host. This immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model presents a flexible system that can be used to study the consequences of altered gene expression (e.g., by ectopic expression or RNA interference strategies) in an established MOVCAR tumor cell line within the ovarian tumor microenvironment and for the development and analysis of preclinical therapeutic agents including EOC vaccines and immunotherapeutic agents.
Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients With Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Report From the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Kyriakou Charalampia , Canals Carmen , Cornelissen Jan J. , Socié Gerard , Willemze Roel , Ifrah Norbert , Greinix Hildegard T. , Blaise Didier , Deconinck Eric , Ferrant Augustin , Schattenberg Anton , Harousseau Jean-Luc , Sureda Anna , Schmitz Norbert
Published: October 2010

Purpose

Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (alloSCT) is a curative therapeutic option for patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies. Information regarding alloSCT in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is limited. This study presents the long-term outcome of a large series of patients with WM treated with alloSCT.

Patients and Methods

A total of 86 patients received allograft by using either myeloablative (MAC; n = 37) or reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC; n = 49) regimens and were retrospectively studied. The median age was 49 years (range, 23 to 64 years); 47 patients had received three or more previous lines of therapy, and eight patients had experienced failure on a prior autologous stem-cell transplantation. A total of 59 patients (68.6%) had chemotherapy-sensitive disease at the time of alloSCT. Median follow-up of the surviving patients was 50 months (7 to 142 months).

Results

Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) at 3 years was 33% for MAC and 23% for RIC. The overall response rate was 75.6%. The relapse rates (RRs) at 3 years were 11% for MAC and 25% for RIC. Fourteen patients received donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) for disease relapse. PFS and OS at 5 years were 56% and 62% for MAC and 49% and 64% for RIC, respectively. The occurrence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) was associated with a higher NRM and a lower RR, leading to an improvement in PFS.

Conclusion

alloSCT can induce durable remissions in a selected population of young and heavily pretreated patients with WM. The low RR, the achievement of additional disease responses after DLIs, and the lower RR in patients developing cGVHD suggest the existence of a clinically relevant graft-versus-WM effect.
Two asymptotic problems for a singular nonlinear Schrödinger system
Authors: Masmoudi Nader , Nakanishi Kenji
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we continue our investigation of the relation between
various systems that can be derived from the Klein-Gordon-Zakharov
system in the high-frequency and subsonic limits. In this paper we start
from the singular nonlinear Schr\"odinger system which was derived in a
previous work and derive the classical nonlinear Schr\"odinger system in
two different limit cases. These two nonlinear Schr\"odinger systems
have different coefficients in the nonlinearity
Cubulating graphs of free groups with cyclic edge groups
Authors: Hsu Tim , Wise Daniel T.
Published: October 2010

We prove that if $G$ is a group that splits as a finite graph of finitely
generated free groups with cyclic edge groups, and $G$ has no
non-Euclidean Baumslag-Solitar subgroups, then $G$ is the fundamental
group of a compact nonpositively curved cube complex. In addition, if $G$
is also word-hyperbolic (i.e., if $G$ contains no Baumslag-Solitar
subgroups of any type), we show that $G$ is linear (in fact, is a subgroup
of $SL_n(Z)$).
Does Khovanov homology detect the unknot?
Authors: Hedden Matthew , Watson Liam
Published: October 2010

We determine a class of knots, which includes unknotting number one knots,
within which Khovanov homology detects the unknot. A corollary is that the
Khovanov homology of many satellite knots, including the Whitehead double,
detects the unknot.
Nonexistence of holomorphic submersions between complex unit balls equivariant with respect to a lattice and their generalizations
Authors: Koziarz Vincent , Mok Ngaiming
Published: October 2010

In this article we prove first of all the nonexistence of holomorphic
submersions other than covering maps between compact quotients of complex
unit balls, with a proof that works equally well in a more general
equivariant setting. For a non-equidimensional surjective holomorphic
map between compact ball quotients, our method applies to show that the
set of critical values must be nonempty and of codimension 1. In the
equivariant setting the line of arguments extends to holomorphic mappings
of maximal rank into the complex projective space or the complex Euclidean
space, yielding in the latter case a lower bound on the dimension of the
singular loci of certain holomorphic maps defined by integrating
holomorphic 1-forms. In another direction, we extend the nonexistence
statement on holomorphic submersions to the case of ball quotients of
finite volume, provided that the target complex unit ball is of dimension
$m \ge 2$, giving in particular a new proof that a local biholomorphism
between noncompact $m$-ball quotients of finite volume must be a covering
map whenever $m \ge 2$. Finally, combining our results with Hermitian
metric rigidity, we show that any holomorphic submersion from a bounded
symmetric domain into a complex unit ball equivariant with respect to a
lattice must factor through a canonical projection to yield an
automorphism of the complex unit ball, provided that either the lattice is
cocompact or the ball is of dimension at least 2.
Semigroups of valuations on local rings, II
Authors: Cutkosky Steven Dale , Teissier Bernard
Published: October 2010

Given a noetherian local domain $R$ and a valuation $\nu$ of its field of
fractions which is nonnegative on $R$, we derive some very general bounds
on the growth of the number of distinct valuation ideals of $R$
corresponding to values lying in certain parts of the value group $\Gamma$
of $\nu$. We show that this growth condition imposes restrictions on the
semigroups $\nu(R\setminus \{0\})$ for noetherian $R$ which are stronger
than those resulting from the previous paper of the first author. Given an
ordered embedding $\Gamma\subset ({{\bf R}}^h)_{\hbox{\rm lex}}$, where
$h$ is the rank of $\nu$, we also study the shape in ${{\bf R}}^h$ of the
parts of $\Gamma$ which appear naturally in this study. We give examples
which show that this shape can be quite wild in a way which does not
depend on the embedding and suggest that it is a good indicator of the
complexity of the semigroup $\nu(R\setminus \{0\})$.
‘Sun’ and ‘Moon’ in the Circum-Pacific Language Area
Authors: Urban Matthias
Published: October 2010

This article reports on the peculiar distribution of languages lacking lexical differentiation for the concepts ‘sun’ and ‘moon’, i.e., languages that express both concepts with the same term or use terms that share lexical material. The phenomenon is largely confined to the Americas, but it is also found in indigenous languages of northeastern Eurasia (“Paleosiberian” languages) and languages of New Guinea. A representative sample of the world’s languages indicates that the areal distribution of the phenomenon is strongly correlated with the large and old Circum-Pacific language area, and it is argued that it can be interpreted as a historical marker that bears witness to the common history of these languages.
Agentless Transitive Verbs in Georgian
Authors: Tuite Kevin
Published: October 2010

The Georgian language has an unusual abundance of indirect (dative-subject) verbs. Most of these are intransitive, but several dozen are formally transitive. The focus of this article is on the subset of Georgian indirect transitives that lack overt grammatical subjects (e.g., ‘I shiver’, lit., ‘it makes me shiver’). The semantic, morphological, and syntactic features of Georgian agentless transitives are presented and compared to those of similar verb types from other languages. Of particular interest is a small group of bodily emanation verbs, such as ‘yawn’ and ‘belch’, that are paired with syntactically inverse direct-transitive verb forms. A scenario is reconstructed for the origin of such direct-indirect pairings, which are otherwise unknown in Georgian.
Performing Criticism in Early America
Authors: Murison Justine S.
Published: October 2010

Review essay of Gay Gibson Cima's "Early American Women Critics: Performance, Religion, Race"
Optics, Gender, and the Eighteenth-Century Gaze: Looking at Eliza Haywood's Anti-Pamela
Authors: Swenson Rivka
Published: October 2010

Eliza Haywood's 1741 novel narrativizes the object-centered discourse of the visual field as described by contemporary optical theory. In eighteenth-century visual theory, the "object" of the gaze is not the one who is seen but the one who sees. Such a notion seems counter-intuitive; we have naturalized the theory of the dominant/male gaze. Anti-Pamela explores, first, the gendered implications that attended assumptions about vulnerable "subjects" and empowered "objects," and, second, the material (as well as symbolic) limits to the kind of empowerment that intromittist theories about vision and ontology seemed to promise to women in real social spaces. This essay makes a twofold contribution. First, it fashions a fresh theoretical lens from optical philosophy; as theorized by Isaac Newton and his contemporaries, the dialectics of the visual field, informed by the empirically generated nexus of seeing, knowing, and being, exceeds modern equations between sight and agency. Second, this essay focuses in on a particular text, Anti-Pamela, to show how this novel's attention to the nature of visual exchange is informed by contemporary optical theory and popular (as well as urban / material) contexts. Anti-Pamela explores the empirical and narrative implications—and the symbolic and gendered / material limitations—of the theory that the seen object occupies a primary, causal status in its ability to transform the seeing subject's ontology.
Gendering India: Effeminacy and the Scottish Enlightenment's Debates over Virtue and Luxury
Authors: Chen Jeng-Guo S.
Published: October 2010

The major claim of this essay is that eighteenth century Scottish notions of gender and national character is accorded to socio-political institutions, in contrast to the counter-notions in the high Victorian ages saturated in racialism and racism. Centered on the concept of effeminacy, this essay argues that eighteenth century Scottish views of the society and people of India were both structured by political languages rooted in European tradition and reflected changes of international politics. Scottish writers of the Enlightenment relocated long-enduring political debates on luxury and virtue in the new and global context of long distance trade. The Bengalis, perceived from the problematic view of commercialization and feminization of the modern world, were considered effeminate, though this was also considered an aspect of the natural values of manufacturing nations, which Britain saw through the lenses of the mutual benefits of trade. Many Scottish writers, however, against the background of the Napoleonic wars, began to disparage this characteristic, and imputed effeminacy to Hinduism, conceptualizing the difference between effeminate Hindus and valiant (and virtuous) Muslims. In the increasingly militant politics of international relations, the Hindus, or India, exist no more as a mutual partner of British commerce but a beneficiary of British imperial tutelage.
The French-Amerindian Religious Encounter in Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth-Century New France
Authors: Scalberg Daniel A.
Published: October 2010

En 1725, après quarante ans de service à Québec, l'Iveque Jean-Baptiste Saint-Vallier se décourageait de l'état spirituel de la population de la Nouvelle France. Il ne s'agissait pas seulement de la difficulté à convertir les indigènes au christianisme, mais aussi de l'indifférence, même du mépris, des français en ce qui concernait les pratiques de la religion catholique. Beaucoup de jeunes gens français s'échappaient entièrement aux centres peuplés de Français pour s'engager comme coureurs de bois au commerce de peaux de castor gras au pays d'en haut. Ils se mariaient avec des jeunes filles indigènes, ce qui facilitait les relations commerciales avec les Amérindiens. Intégrés dans les communautés indigènes, les coureurs de bois adoptaient beaucoup de leurs pratiques sociales, culturelles, et religieuses. Le destin du catholicisme n'était guère meilleur parmi les habitants d'origine française demeurants dans les villes ou dans d'autres centres de population. Des documents des Archives coloniales françaises et des Archives du séminaire de Québec, aussi bien que des Archives de l'Archidiocèse de Québec, parmi d'autres sources, sortent des exemples des difficultés qu'avaient l'Iveque Saint-Vallier et d'autres prêtres à diriger la vie religieuse catholique dans une colonie où les français rencontraient les indigènes avec une autre vie spirituelle à eux déjà bien établie.
Agathe Saint-Père and Her Captive New England Weavers
Authors: Foster William Henry
Published: October 2010

Agathe Saint-Père, femme de Pierre Legardeur, Sieur de Repentigny, établissait au début du dix-huitième siècle un atelier de tissues qui devenait une force notable dans l'économie coloniale française par son emploi de matières premières natives du Canada et de techniques nouvelles de teinture. La présence de neuf personnes de la Nouvelle Angleterre dans cette entreprise, la plupart maîtres-tisserands pris comme prisonniers pendant la guerre de la Reine Anne (1702-1713), était constatée depuis longtemps, mais leur contribution au developpement de la production textile canadienne n'était jamais poursuivie en détail. Pour ces captifs, la vie au Canada n'était pas un processus d'acculturation nationale ou de conversion religieuse. Et leurs histoires obscures ne se retrouvent pas non plus dans les récits puritainés concernants le triomphe des rachetés. Les expériences des tisserands et d'autres de la Nouvelle Angleterre employés d'une manière semblable devaient être considérées dans le contexte d'autres types de travailleurs non-libres au Canada dans l'époque entre l'apogée des servants engagés et l'arrivée d'un nombre important d'esclaves africains et amérindiens. La disponibilité de ces tisserands de la Nouvelle Angleterre que le ravisseur livrait à Saint-Père lui donnait l'avantage historiquement contradictoire de travailleurs contraints mais qualifiés, anomalie avec laquelle elle pouvait couvrir les déficits de technologie et de main d'oeuvre légués à l'économie du Canada par les monopoles de l'économie mercantile française. De plus, le cas de Saint-Père est plus ou moins représentatif de la manière dont l'emploi de la main d'oeuvre pourrait servir à consolider et à épanouir les positions sociales et économiques des femmes de la colonie. D'autres femmes des groupes nobles et roturiers, aussi bien que les femmes des communautés religieuses et les habitantes rurales, étaient aussi capables pendant ces années-ci à poursuivre avec plus de créativité et de profit qu'avant leurs intérêts grâce à la présence des captifs de la Nouvelle Angleterre.
Religious Struggle in France and Colonial Failure in Brazil, 1555-1615
Authors: Shannon Silvia Castro
Published: October 2010

Des négociants français étaient au Brésil depuis les premiers jours du contact européen avec le Nouveau Monde. Les Français arrivaient même avant les Portugais à Rio de Janiero et à Maranhão. Ceux-là avaient un avantage dont ne jouissaient pas les Portugais, ce qui était qu'ils avaient de très bons relations avec les Tupinambas. La couronne française faisait deux efforts sérieux à coloniser le Brésil, à Rio de Janiero en 1555 et à Maranhão en 1612. Ces initiatives françaises étaient détournées et finalement contrariées par les Guerres de Religion et la lutte confessionelle entre Catholiques et Protestants en France. Les campagnes militaires montées par les Portugais étaient aussi très significatives dans la défaite des Français à Rio de Janiero en 1560 et à Maranhão en 1615. Les deux colonies françaises s'effondraient à cause du combat très intense contre les portugais. La couronne française, pourtant, avait cessé de s'intéresser à la défense de ces entreprises coloniales avant leur effondrement. La lutte religieuse en France était liée à l'échec colonial au Brésil.
French and Algerian Identity Formation in 1890s Algiers
Authors: Zack Lizabeth
Published: October 2010

Cet article explique l'origine des identités politiques "françaises" et "algériennes" dans l'Alger français autour de 1900. La plupart des analyses de ces identités—soit par des nationalistes algériens, des pieds-noirs, ou des républicains français —les attribuent aux sources dites indigènes, telles que l'Islam, le sang Latin, ou la naissance sur le territoire français. En opposition avec cette idée de sources et de différents trajets historiques, un examen des relations historiques entre les deux nations montre que ces identités se sont construites au moyen des luttes politiques entre les résidents d'Alger. Dans les années 1870 et 1880, l'état français suivait une politique d'assimilation en Algérie, ce qui avait comme résultat l'institutionnalisation des conditions et des statuts inégaux parmi les indigènes et les colons, et donc la création de bases d'identification collective par groupe. Conflit politique parmi les administrateurs, les colons, et les indigènes (Arabes, Berbères, et Juifs) dans la soi-disant "crise antijuive" de 1897-1902 a transformé "français" et "algérien" en identités de la masse. En plus, cette mobilisation a institutionnalisé une borne entre ces identités, en les associant aux groupes diverses de colons européens. Cette structure d'identités politiques tenait pas mal d'influence sur des crises ultérieures, jusqu'à la guerre d'Algérie des années 1950.
A Reconsideration of the Fourth Republic's Legacy and Algerian Decolonization
Authors: Naylor Phillip C.
Published: October 2010

Examinant à nouveau la politique de la Quatrième République au sujet de la décolonisation de l'Algérie, cet article dispute l'interprétation habituelle qui la considère un insuccès. Il affirme que les initiatives sociales, économiques, et politiques de la Quatrième République ont influé sérieusement sur les lignes de conduite et les décisions prises par Charles de Gaulle en matière de décolonisation. Sans être énoncées, une synergie et, dans certains secteurs, une transition sans soudure existaient entre la politique de la Quatrième République et celle de la Cinquième. Différemment des chefs de la Quatrième République, de Gaulle a compris que la décolonisation de l'Algérie nécessitait l'adaptation sémantique et syntactique du discours et de la pratique éssentielistes aux réalités nouvelles, afin de protéger et d'avancer les intérêts postcoloniaux de la France.
Alcohol Consumption in Eighteenth-Century Louisbourg and the Vain Attempts to Control It
Authors: Johnston A. J. B.
Published: October 2010

Aux yeux des administrateurs de Louisbourg, la consommation immodérée d'alcool était un problème obstiné. S'étalant à travers quatre décennies, douze ordonnances ont essayé à régler les cabarets, tavernes, et auberges. Mais ces efforts n'ont apporté que des piètres résultats en ce qui concernaient les lieux, les occasions, et les quantités d'alcool que les résidents et les visiteurs buvaient à Louisbourg. Les autorités ne se sont pas intéressés à la consommation d'alcool "privée" des classes privilégiées, et ils n'ont pas essayé d'imposer leur système de contrôle sur les petites communautés ailleurs dans la colonie de l'Ile Royale.
Attacks on a Tax: Struggles over State-Imposed Alcohol in the Villages of Northern Vietnam, 1893-1913
Authors: Peters Erica J.
Published: October 2010

Les archives de la Régie d'alcool de l'Indochine française révèlent une politique de résistance des vietnamiens à l'état colonisateur. Au moyen des rafles officielles et des perquisitions domiciliaires aux villages vietnamiens, les douaniers cherchaient des distilleries indigènes illicites, afin de les démolir et d'arrêter les individus responsables; mais ils trouvaient une volonté collective —qui allait jusqu'à la violence —de protéger les distillateurs. Cet article montre que les manifestations bien connues de 1908 (quand les contribuables ont présenté leurs griefs aux autorités coloniales) n'étaient pas aussi exceptionelles qu'ils peuvent paraître. Les paysans avaient refusé l'alcool officiel et utilisaient la violence contre la Régie dès le début du monopole français, et ils continuaient ces activités longtemps après la répression sévère des protestations de 1908.
Consumer Choices and Colonial Identity in Saint-Domingue
Authors: Pastore Chaela
Published: October 2010

Quand Monsieur Dussolier, un blanc de Saint-Domingue, propriétaire de plantation, mourut en octobre 1792, il laissa un grand nombre de biens matériels. Cet article utilise l'inventaire fait à sa mort comme point de départ pour découvrir la signification sociale de la consommation dans la colonie. A Saint-Domingue, où l'argent permet l'ascension sociale, des hommes comme Dussolier pouvaient définir leur rang et manifester leur identité sociale par la consommation. La nature relativement flexible du statut social fondé sur la richesse s'avère cependant à deux tranchants. Quand des hommes libres de couleur réussissaient à devenir propriétaires de plantation, ils remettaient en question la caste raciale qui les maintenait dans un statut social inférieur à celui des blancs les plus pauvres. Tandis que Dussolier utilisait sa richesse pour recréer à Saint-Domingue les modèles du goût français, la consommation des autres habitants avait des intentions différentes: Les femmes de couleur inventaient des modes vestimentaires qui les séparaient des femmes blanches, se créant une identité distincte et un statut un peu plus élevé au sein de la colonie. En reconstruisant ces choix de consommation faits par les habitants de l'île, cet article adopte un nouveau point de vue qui permet d'analyser l'identité coloniale et d'étudier le colonialisme à partir de ses réalités.
Moral Transformation and the Love of Beauty in Plato’s Symposium
Authors: Obdrzalek Suzanne
Published: October 2010

This paper offers a new interpretation of Diotima’s speech in Plato’s Symposium . Diotima’s purpose, in discussing the lower lovers, is to critique their erōs as aimed at a goal it can never secure, immortality, and as focused on an inferior object, oneself. By contrast, in loving beauty, the philosopher gains a mortal sort of completion; in turning outside of himself, he also ceases to be preoccupied by his own incompleteness.
On Terrorism as Human Sacrifice
Authors: Bourg Julian
Published: October 2010

Bourg reviews Paul Kahn's "Sacred Violence: Torture, Terror, and Sovereignty" (2009) and Faisal Devji's "The Terrorist in Search of Humanity (2009), focusing on the common linkage of terrorism to sacrifice.
Straparola and the Fairy Tale: Between Literary and Oral Traditions
Authors: Ziolkowski Jan M.
Published: October 2010

Against Ruth B. Bottigheimer’s argument that the sixteenth-century Italian author Giovanni Francesco Straparola originated fairy tale in its best-known form, this article maintains that ancient and medieval texts contain earlier literary adaptations of folktales that qualify as fairy tales. Particular attention is paid to similarities between Straparola’s “Il re porco” and the Medieval Latin Asinarius . Such affinities suggest that oral tradition is not as difficult to document before the print era as Bottigheimer asserts. With regard to her theory that Straparola invented the narrative pattern that she calls “rise tales,” this article offers evidence that one such tale may be found as early as the second century CE, in Apuleius’s famous “Cupid and Psyche.” In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries folklorists were deeply concerned with studying the distribution of folktales across space and time; their key preoccupations were questions about origins and about the relationship between orality and literacy. These issues deserve to retain a central place in folklore studies.
Fairy Godfather , Fairy-Tale History, and Fairy-Tale Scholarship: A Response to Dan Ben-Amos, Jan M. Ziolkowski, and Francisco Vaz da Silva
Authors: Bottigheimer Ruth B.
Published: October 2010

This article is a response to criticisms of my thesis that Giovanni Francesco Straparola invented the rise fairy-tale plotline in 1550s Venice. In order to clarify and support the argument that I made in my 2002 book, Fairy Godfather , I here make efforts toward establishing a common terminology, critiquing the parameters of Proppian structural analysis, and revising the trope of women-as-storytellers. I affirm the importance of sociohistorical studies of publishing, editing, and patterns of literacy for understanding the emergence and spread of rise fairy tales. I refute arguments for the existence of rise fairy tales in the ancient world and in the Middle Ages. In addition, I offer further explanations of how print technology, widespread schooling, and economic change brought about the emergence of rise fairy tales in Renaissance Venice, and to account for the post-1789 spread of rise fairy tales among European and non-European populations, I cite increasing literacy in rural areas.
The Event and the Main Thing in Nabokov's Theory of Drama
Authors: Babikov Andrey
Published: October 2010

Comparing Nabokov's ideas on drama as expounded in his 1941 course on theater with his own dramatic experiments, the author asserts that Nabokov implements the original model of the "dualistic" theater in The Event and The Waltz Invention . The article's first part examines The Event as an embodiment of the theater of "secret action," in which the real conflict lies in the opposition of this "secret action" to an external spectacle imposed upon it. In the article's second part, The Event is analyzed from the standpoint of the Nabokovian theater of "the fictive viewer." It then examines Nabokov's polemic with the idea of the monistic (" sobornyi ") theater (Viacheslav Ivanov, Fyodor Sologub) which is identified with the fairground booth show ( balagan ). Finally it explores Nabokov's metaphysical comprehension of the theater principle of "the fourth wall," which underlies not only his mature playwriting but also his work in other genres ( Invitation to a Beheading, Bend Sinister , "Lik").
Azure Afterimages: Reflections on Nabokov's Pale Fire
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: October 2010

Many responses to Nabokov's Pale Fire: The Magic of Artistic Discovery drew attention to suggestive particulars in Pale Fire whose purpose I here try to ascertain. There are details and designs still to be traced at every phase of reading Pale Fire: a first reading (the A-Z pattern, which may also indicate the key role of Hazel that I proposed in N PF); rereading (a "Botkin" implied in the "catkin" evoked but eschewed late in the poem; implications hidden in place-names like Kobaltana or in personal names like Sylvia O'Donnell); and re-rereading (the echo of "The Vane Sisters" in the Vanessa at the end of Shade's poem and his life; the scene starring Gordon, the boy from whom Gradus recoils but whom the king has clearly possessed, as an ironic variation on the pattern of women spurned; the echo of Pope's "distant northern land" in the last three words of the Index).
Archive and Database as Metaphor: Theorizing the Historical Record
Authors: Manoff Marlene
Published: October 2010

Digital media increase the visibility and presence of the past while also reshaping our sense of history. We have extraordinary access to digital versions of books, journals, film, television, music, art and popular culture from earlier eras. New theoretical formulations of database and archive provide ways to think creatively about these changes to the cultural and historical record. This essay explores the ways in which the current digital environment can be theorized in terms of, what I call, its archival effects.
Academic/Research Librarians with Subject Doctorates: Experiences and Perceptions, 1965-2006
Authors: Gilman Todd , Lindquist Thea
Published: October 2010

The topic of academic/research librarians with subject doctorates remains largely unexplored. Based on survey data gathered from subject-doctorate holders (excluding those with doctorates in LIS) currently working in U.S. and Canadian academic/research libraries, this article extends the analysis published by the authors in the January 2008 issue of portal: Libraries and the Academy . While the first article featured quantitative analysis to highlight data and trends relating to these librarians over a 40-year period, focusing on their demographic profile, educational background, paths into librarianship, and range of positions, this article analyzes qualitative data to report their perceptions about their work environment and the advantages and challenges of academic librarianship as a career. Providing more information about this group of librarians and their experiences highlights the valuable skills they bring to the academic/research library environment. Moreover, it can help advanced-degree holders to determine whether a career in librarianship is right for them.
"Old Stuff" for New Teaching Methods: Outreach to History Faculty Teaching with Primary Sources
Authors: Malkmus Doris
Published: October 2010

New approaches to undergraduate history education rely on primary sources. This study, based on a 2008-2009 online survey of 627 academic historians and 25 follow-up interviews, captures a snapshot of the current use of online, published, and archival primary sources used in new teaching methods. It identifies three distinct ways faculty utilize primary sources—analyzing documents in freshman courses, building research skills in historical methods classes, and doing research in upper division courses. Librarians can respond to these teaching innovations and provide leadership in their institutions by building their capacity to provide outreach and reference for primary sources.
The Timing of the Research Question: First-Year Writing Faculty and Instruction Librarians' Differing Perspectives
Authors: Nutefall Jennifer E. , Ryder Phyllis Mentzell
Published: October 2010

Faculty and librarians agree on the qualities of a good research question. However, in an exploratory study, they differed on when students should develop their research question. While librarians stated that students should develop their question early, first-year writing faculty advocated for delaying the development of the research question. The timing of the research question is an important issue because it has implications for the structuring of research assignments and library instruction, as well as having an impact on the students who get differing messages.
Die überforderte Generation: Mutterfiguren in Romanen von Ingeborg Drewitz
Authors: Shafi Monika
Published: October 2010

The article examines mother-figures in four of Ingeborg Drewitz's novels, which distinguish themselves through their strong autobiographical and subjective component and also through their narrative paradigm, the mother-daughter relationship. In contrast to many other women writers, Drewitz focuses not on the daughter, but on the mother whose perspective dominates the plot and narrative development. Using the studies of Sara Ruddick and Margaret Homans, I analyze the maternal experience both as praxis—what do these mothers actually do—as well as a discursive function, e.g., how are these maternal experiences expressed in textual features such as symbols, metaphors or images. (MS)
Lange Fluchten
Authors: Lewin Waldtraut
Published: October 2010

This previously unpublished story endured its own "lange Fluchten" before arriving here. As Waldtraut Lewin explained to the editors of this volume: "[Die Geschichte] ist 1986 entstanden und wurde zu einem literarischen Wettbewerb nach Wien geschickt, wo sie nie ankam—sie ist im Original bei Post oder Zoll oder den anderen Kontrollorganen 'verschwunden.' Sie war jetzt vorgesehen in einem Erzählband beim Verlag Neues Leben . . . aber der bringt jetzt keine Literatur der Gegenwart mehr."
Baroque Women Writers and the Public Sphere
Authors: Brandes Ute
Published: October 2010

The rapid development of a special "women's sphere" of literary activity in the early bourgeois period in Germany has its sociohistorical roots in various mandates for female cultural participation during the preceding Baroque and early Enlightenment eras. This article traces the contributions of seventeenth-century literary women within three specific sociocultural contexts, the official public sphere of the Baroque court and the emerging "private" countercultures of literary society and religious sect. Although not officially recognized after the masculinist reconstruction of the public sphere, the impact of seventeenth-century women's contributions strongly influenced public articulations for societal affirmation or change. (UB)
DDR-Schriftstellerinnen, die Widersprüche und die Utopie
Authors: Kaufmann Eva
Published: October 2010

Drastic changes in the former GDR necessitate reevaluation of the unique appeal of GDR women's writing, especially women born between 1930 and 1950, whose primary experiences were the contradictions created by the massive shift in their existence from housewife/mother to paid worker with equal rights. Their writings fulfilled GDR literature's much-discussed "compensatory function" in a double sense: by articulating taboos affecting the society as a whole, and by critical reflection on women's situation in socialism. The Utopian solutions outlined by GDR women writers, grounded in and at the same time critical of socialist theory, had and still have persuasive power, because they are not the fantasies of "cockeyed optimists," but bear a "realistic" relationship to reality. (JC)