bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UTILIZATION OF LEUCAENA LEAF MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN BROILER FINISHER RATIONS
Authors: DADA S.A.O. , ATANDA L. A. , ALABI B. E.
Published: February 2021

Ninety finisher broiler birds averaging 586.06g and 28-days old were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments in which multipurpose tree (MPT) - Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM) replaced soybean meal (SBM) at levels of 0.00, 5.25 and 10.50% for a period of 42 days using performance characteristics and economy of production as assessment criteria Birds fed the 0% LLM (diet Aland 10.50% LLM (diet C) consumed more (P .05) feed than the birds fed 5.25% LLM (diet B). Average daily weight gain (ADG) of birds fed diet A was significantly (P<0.05) higher than ADG of birds fed diet C and birds fed diet B recorded the least (P<0.05) ADG. However, the efficiency of feed utilization were similar (P>0.05) among birds fed the three diets. The cost of feed intake per live weight gained of birds fed 5.25%. LLM inclusion was higher than the value obtained for birds fed the control diet by 1.65% but birds fed 10.5% LLM inclusion recorded a 4.56% reduction value over birds fed (control) diet A.
PREPARATION OF CASS-SOYA CONCENTRATE FOR INCLUSION IN POULTRY DIETS (IN-VITRO STUDIES)
Authors: ERUVBETINE D. , ADEJOBI P. K.
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT 

A study was conducted to determine the best means of processing cassava and soybeans together in a suitable proportion to produce a concentrate of good physical and nutritive quality for feeding to poultry. Samples of cassava and soybeans were subjected to six different processing techniques and mixed together in different proportions viz. 80:20, 60:40 or 50:50. The processing techniques were as follows; toasted soybeans and dried cassava chips were mixed together and ground in sample A while toasted soybeans and cassava were ground separately before mixing in sample B. Samples C and D included raw cassava and soybeans mashed together before being sun-dried or oven dried respectively. For samples E and F raw cassava and soybeans were boiled together before being sun-dried or oven-dried respectively. Results showed that when cassava and soybeans were boiled together and dried, the product was of good physical texture as indicated by its flaky texture. Nutritive quality was also high in terms of protein and energy contents. For these samples, sun drying was preferred to oven-drying due to the ease of the method of drying as well as the cheaper cost involved in drying. Proportions of either 50:50 or 60:40 are preferred to take advantage of both energy and protein contents of the final product.Reasonable prices have stimulated poultry production. In Nigeria, however, the major crops for livestock feeding being corn, soybeans and groundnut are widely used for human consumption... Hence there is increasing.
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL ASCORBIC ACID AND DISTURBANCE STRESS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: TULEUN C. D. , NJOKU P. C.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted with four hundred day-old Anak broilers to determine the effects of dietary Ascorbic acid (AA) and disturbance (D) stress on the performance of broiler chickens in a tropical environment. There were four treatments consisting of two levels of disturbance (ID) and (4D) and two levels of dietary AA (0 and 250mgAA/kg feed). Each treatment was replicated four times with 25 chicks per replicate. The starter and finisher diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Results showed that there were no significant interactions between dietary ascorbic acid supplementation and disturbance stress levels on any of the performance data considered. The disturbance stress had no significant effects on most of the measured parameters. However, there was # 35% increase in mortality rate as disturbance stress level increased from D to 4D. The dietary ascorbic acid supplementation level had no significant effect on feed intake and weight gain. Feed conversion ratios were significantly improved with AA supplementation during the starter phase only. Dietary AA supplementation also had a 90% reduction in mortality of chicks compared with the supplemented group. Likewise AA inclusion in diets had a feed cost advantage. It may be concluded that disturbance induced stress increased mortality and lowered performance. However these effects were relieved by dietary AA supplementation.
ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION OF BROILER CHICKENS FED MAGGOT MEAL AS REPLACEMENT FOR FISH MEAL
Authors: AKPODIETE O. J. , INONI O. E.
Published: February 2021

The economics of production of broiler chickens considered for 0-35 days, 35-56 days, and 0-56 days was compared for fishmeal (FM) and maggot meal (MM) diets. The maggot meal diet was a replacement of the fish meal at 75% on protein basis. Replacing FM at 75% with MM resulted in reduced cost of feed as well as cost /kilogramme weight gain of broiler chicken at starter, finisher and the overall production period. Consequently, net returns were raised by 15.79%, 12.28% and 13.63%. respectively at the starter, finisher and during the overall production period. The increase in net returns are encouraging as the least -cost diet had no negative effect on the performance of the birds. Therefore the profit-maximising objective of commercial broiler enterprises is achievable by MM utilization in broiler feed as replacement for FM under this condition of reduced cost of production.
ANIMAL TRACTION TECHNOLOGY IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA POTENTIALS AND CONSTRAINTS
Authors: ADU L. F. , OMOTAYO A. M. , AINA A. B. J. , IPOSU S.O.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the finding of a about 80% of adult working population of survey on the potential of Animal the State. Thc 1.5 million hectares of land traction technology in Ogun State of Iraq covers mainly the rain of Nigeria. A total of fifteen settlement forests and the derived Savanna. The (Camps) and sixty households were farnicts, who arc mostly small holders and purposely selected and surveyed arc resource-poor, cultivate on the average using a combination of structured 1.2 hectares with traditional farm interview schedule and participatory implements. Farm production is achicvcd. Rural Appraisal technique. Data were almost entirely with the aid of family analysed using descriptive statistics. labour as costos hired labour is Fulani of Kwara State of Nigeria origin prohibitive and there are labour shortage settled in Ogun State with their cattle particularly for land preparation, weeding for over 25 years and are pursuing and harvesting Government effort at sedentary lifestyle as agro-pastoralists. introducing tractor hiring services was a They operate under a relatively secure failure as thc policy could not be sustained tenurial arrangement that allow them to due to high hiring charges, delays in settle and practise arable crop farming. providing the service and unavailability of They prepare the land for planting tractors. This situation gives a compelling using the ridge system, which favours the need for a locally sustainable cheaper use of animal traction. The very cost labour-saving technology. of hired labour represents a major Omotayo and Idisi (1990) reported that the incentive for adoption of animal U$C of animal traction contributed traction technology. The average cattle immensely to farm output and family herd size is 30. All the respondents were income in Northern Nigeria. They are aware of the use of animal traction. technology was not extended to Southern Although none of the respondents had Nigeria because of the perceived fear of using the technology in Ogun State, they tested . Reports (Adu. 1993: Ogungbe nevertheless believed that the technology and Adu, 1998) on the settlement of Fulan can be used in the State. They all agro-pastoralists with their cattle in the indicated readiness to release their humid zone of Nige cattle for training if the technology is to Also, experiences from other parts of West be introduced. The paper discussed Africa with similar ecological and socio animal traction in rural economy, its cultural setting or environment, confirmed potential and constraints.
ECONOMICS OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN BAUCHI STATE: A CASE STUDY OF BAUCHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
Authors: SANI R. M. , TAHIR I. , KUSHWAHA S.
Published: February 2021

The study was undertaken to examine the economics of poultry production in Bauchi Local Government Area of Bauchi State. Cost, returns and constraints associated with poultry production under an intensive system of management were examined. Four forms were randomly selected for the study. The major tools used for data analysis include simple descriptive statistics (mean, range and percentages) t-test, chi-square test and farm budget technique. Results of the cost and returns analysis showed that net profit per bird per production cycle in the layer's enterprise ranged from N160 - N165 and N251 - N252 in 1992/93 and 1993/94 respectively. The net profit per bird for production cycles in broiler enterprise ranged from N130 - N146 and N173.20 - N178.80 in 1993 and 1994 respectively. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the net profit per bird of layers and that o, broilers, showing that layer's enterprise was more profitable than broilers enterprise. The major constraints Associated with poultry enterprise include high cost of feed and prevalent diseases. Returns from investment (Kekocha, 1994). Poultry can be established with a minimum cost, and as a side project.
THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF SUBSTITUTING COCOA POD HUSK FOR MAIZE IN LIVESTOCK FEEDS IN NIGERIA.
Authors: AFOLAMI C. A. , ERUVBETINE D. , AFOLAMI S. O.
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted to estimate the amount of maize that could be conserved by substituting cocoa pod husk (CPH) for maize in livestock feeds. For this purpose a conversion coefficient between dry cocoa beans and dry CPH was estimated by using data collected from a survey of 50 cocoa farms. Some livestock feed millers in Nigeria were also surveyed to obtain the composition of feeds for different livestock species. 

Using the conversion coefficient between dry cocoa beans and dry CPH together with dry cocoa bean outputs between 1970 and 1996 it was estimated that Nigeria produced an average of 274,800 metric tonnes of CPH per year. 

Using the amount of livestock feed consumption in Nigeria from 1977 - 1996 and the percentage of maize component of the rations, the amount of maize utilized in livestock seeds for the period was estimated 6 Further, using the safe levels of CPH substitution in the various livesto-k feeds as suggested by research conducted in the past, the amount of maize which could be conserved by incorporating CPH in the various feed types was estimated as an annual average of 39,473 metric tonnes of maize. This saying was found to bridge the deficit between demand and supply as given by supplementation done by importing maize. The study concluded that by utilizing (CPH) in compounding various livestock feed rations, the high price of maize arising from excessive demand can be reduced. The limiting role of maize in making available livestock feeds will be alleviated. Furthermore, increased revenue to cocoa producers would accrue as result of additional revenue generated from sale of CPH and good environmental sanitation reducing the incidence of black pod disease and consequently reducing investment in chemicals and labour for the control of the disease. Finally, more malze would be available for human consumption and the supplementation that was done in the form of maize importation may not be necessary.
Studies of management effects on fertility of purebred and crossbred exotic gilts in two breeding farms at NSUKKA, Nigeria
Authors: AGBANGHA F. M. , EZEMA F. U. , OMEKE B. C. O.
Published: February 2021

Sixty healthy gilts comprising 15 Landrace (LR), Large White (LW} and LW x Hampshire (HS) breeds respectively, were selected from Federal Government (FG) breeding center at Okpuje near Nsukka and University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) farms. They were bred through 4 years (1993 to 1996) during which management effects on fertility were assessed. Gilts were mated on observation of third cyclic oestrus and at subsequent postweaning oestrus. Fertility was assessed from vital reproductive traits due to dams and offsprings. All gilts had successful first and second parity breeding. Thereafter there were increasing cases of abortion and anoestrus particularly among purebred groups in FG farms. Generally, 8 (53.3%), 6 (40.0%), 10 (66.7%) and 13 (86.7%) out of 15 dams in respective groups could attain fifth parity within four years. Both groups exhibited long breeding Intervals (ranging from 192-268 days). Purebred LW and LR offspring had slightly lower mean litter size of 8.5 ± 1.8 and 8.8 ± 1.5 compared with 9.5 ± 0.9 and 9.7 ± 1.4 (P<0.05) for LW x LR and LW x HS crossbred counterparts respectively, Birth and weaning weights and daily weight gain were similarly lower for purebred than crossbred offsprings. Attendant mortality rates of 13.1% and 15.7% for the former were significantly higher than 9.8% and 10.1% (<O.05) obtained for the latter offsprings respectively. The FG farm was more understocked, underutilized and undermanaged than the UNN farm probably because of inconsistencies arising from administrative bureaucracy. Consequently constraints are identified for improvement through efficient resources inputs, staff incentives and application of modern strategic management techniques recommended for tropical environment. Further research into stocking Hamphsire crossbred pigs in the tropics is suggested, in view of its favourable performance.
INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION ABILITY OF NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF EMPLOYMENT (NDE) POULTTRY FARMING PARTICIPATION IN OGUN STATE
Authors: ALIMI T. , ODOGUN D. O.
Published: February 2021

The paper focuses on tbe performance of NDE scheme poultry farming  participants of Ogun State of Nigeria.  Preiiminary  data were collected on the poultry production activities of the participants, and Were analysed using descriptive statistics, budgetary technique and markov chain process. Results of the analyses indicated that poultry farming was profitable, and the return to management was higher than the income earned by peers in the civil service job. The participants turn-over rate (desertation from the scheme) was low as a result of negative satisfaction  with the level of income earned. The mean poultry farm size kept by  the  participants  was  higher than the target kept by the NDE programme while employment generation capacity was lower. Increase in mean  poultry farm size was predicted until the year 2020 when equilibrium will be attained and about 99% of the participants will be having poultry enyterprise size of more than one thousand birds if the prevailing production and business environment persists. Increased poultry farm size is suggested for the participants to achieve the employment generation capacity target of five regular labour.
THE ROLE OF HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION IN EGG CONSUMPTION IN THE OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY
Authors: AYANWALE A. B. , AJETOMOBI J. O.
Published: February 2021

This paper exainîned the role of household composition in egg cunsumption in Obafemi Awolowo University Community. An Ordinary Least Square regression model was used to obtain at-home demand function parameter estimates for egg. Positive and signiflcant relationship was found between quantity of eggs consumed and both household size and the age of children. A 1% increase in each of the variables would cause a 4.68% and 5.71 % increase in egg consumption respectively. The need for education of the household on the importance of egg consumption and keeping an optimum family size was suggested based on the findings of the study.
EVALUATION OF BLOOD-RUMEN CONTENT MIXTURE IN THE DIETS OF STARTER CHICKS
Authors: ADENIJI A. A. , BALOGUN O. O.
Published: February 2021

A trial with 234 day-old Olympian Black pullet chicks was conducted for a duration of eight weeks to determine the optimum level of inclusion of Blood-Rumen content Mixture (BRC) in the diet of starter chicks. Chicks were fed ad-libitum starter diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20% BRC and another 20% BRC diet containing no soya bean  cake.  Birds  on all BRC-based diets had higher body weight gains and higher feed intakes than birds on the control diet. A progressive increase  in feed: gain ratio was observed from 10%BRC to 20% BRC in the diets. The decline in the performance of chicks fed higher levels of BRC  in the diet is suggested to be due to the high crude fiber content and possible amino acid imbalance of such diets. The results of this trial shows that starter pullets should not be fed more than 10% BRC.
EFFECTS OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY YANKASA RAMS
Authors: OLALERU F. , ADEGBOLA T. A.
Published: February 2021

The effects of cotton seed cake (CSC) or urea in supplying either 12% or 16% crude protein on sorghum stover utilization by Yankasa rams was studied for twelve weeks, using a 2 x 2 factorially designed experiment. Nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored. In vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH,-N) concentrations were also determined. The result of the study indicated that the source and/or level of nitrogen (or crude protein) significantly (P<0.05) affected crude protein intake (CPI), digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) and in vitro NH,-N concentration. Total feed intake, live weight gain (LWG), FCR and DCPI were significantly (P<0.05) affected by source x level interaction. Acid detergent fibre (A DF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes, CP, ADF and NDF digestibilities, digestible ADF and NDF intakes, stover intake and in vitro VFA concentration were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by either main effects of CP source and level or their interaction. The rams on the 16% CSC and 12% urea ration gained more weight and had lower FCR than those on the 12% CSC and 16% urea. The 16% CSC ration gave the best result in terms of sorghum stover supplementation. The 12% urea treatment which also had a good result in terms of weight gain and FCR could also be recommended for use.
SEASONAL EFFECTS ON OESTRUS PATTERNS AND PROGESTERONE PROFILES OF YANKASA EWES OF DIFFERENT AGE-GROUPS IN THE SUB-HUMID TROPICS
Authors: OLADIMEJI B. S. , OSINOWO, O. A. , ALAWA J. P. , HAMBOLU J. O.
Published: February 2021

Oestrus patterns and serum progesterone profiles of 10 adult and 10 yearling Yankasa ewes were investigated in the late hot-dry and late-wet seasons in the subhumid tropical climate of Zaria, Nigeria. The proportions of ewes which came on heat once, twice or thrice within the experimental periods in the late hot-dry and late-wet seasons were 25, 15 and 0%, and 5, 10 and 85% respectively, while mean oestrous cycle length was significantly longer (P<0.001) in the hot-dry season than in the late-wet season (30.9 vs 18.4 days) due to the higher incidence of anoestrus in the former. However, the mean duration of oestrus was not affected by season. Mean serum progesterone levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the late-wet season than in the late hot-dry season (1.57 vs 0.52 ng/ml). However, there was a highly significant (P<0.001) interaction between season and age group in mean serum progesterone levels due to a relatively greater depression in progesterone levels in yearling ewes during the hot-dry season compared with adult ewes. The observed disruptions in the oestrus cycle and serum progesterone levels of the ewes in the hot-dry season confirm the adverse effect of heat stress on the reproductive behaviour of ewes.
Coat pigmentation effects in West African Dwarf goats: live weights and body dimensions
Authors: Ozoje M. O. , Mgbere O. O.
Published: February 2021

The effect of coat pigmentation on live weight and various body measurements (body length, shoulder width, head width, leg length, neck girth, heart girth, abdominal girth, heart depth and height at withers) of the West African Dwarf (WAD) goats were studied. Coat pigmentation significantly (P<0.05) affected live weight with the white and or tan (Awt) goats weighing the most (26.30 kg on the average). Body weight at maturity increased with decrease in pigmentation intensity. Although coat pigmentation had no significant effect on all the body dimensions studied except leg length, it was observed that the white and or tan goats had the largest frame size on the average followed by the brown (Bbl) goats. They however, had shorter legs when compared with either the brown or black goats. Frame size also increased with decrease in coat pigmentation intensity. Selection for large frame size and heavy weight at maturity on the basis of coat colour would therefore favour the white goats and those with low pigmentation intensity, where size and market price are the determinant factors.
Profitability of poultry production among school leavers in Anaocha Local Government area (LGA) of Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Umeh G. N. , Odo B. I.
Published: February 2021

The study was undertaken to investigate the profitability of poultry production in Anaocha Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Ten poultry farmers were randomly. drawn from each of the ten autonomous communities that make up the local Government Area to give a sample size of one hundred. Structured questionnaire were employed to elicit information from the respondents. Statistical analysis was accomplished by means of frequency distribution, percentages, Likert rating scale and budget analysis technique. Findings of the study indicated that the major source of fund for poultry production among young keepers was personal savings and grants from relatives (71.2%). It was also revealed that young keepers embarked on the project because of its profitability (X's = 4.2), minimal initial capital requirement (Xs = 3.75) and because it can be practiced on a small scale (Xs = 3.5). Result of analysis also indicated that an average young poultry keeper earned a net income of about forty thousand and thirty naira (N40,030) in 1998. However, poultry production has some production constraints which include high cost of feed (Xs = 4.10), difficulty in securing loan for expansion (Xs = 3.21) and clean water supply (Xs = 3.10). Aforementioned constraints notwithstanding, poultry have offered gainful employment opportunities to young persons in the study area.
A case study of possible health hazards associated with poultry houses
Authors: Bale O. O. J. , Sekoni A. A. , Kwanashie C. N.
Published: February 2021

This study on layer and broiler houses is expected to give basic information on the nature of microbes, their occurrence, health hazard they could constitute and the possibilities for disease control measures. Modern husbandry practices, state or local concentration of the industry, high stocking densities, uniform age distribution of birds and continuous feeding may promote the spread of poultry diseases. Illness due to contaminated food, poultry wastes, poultry and poultry by products are one of the most widespread problems of the contemporary world. From the poultry houses investigated, bacteria and fungi were isolated from swabs of window nets dust, feed stock, roof dust, faeces, floors, feeders, drinkers, feathers, cages and egg trays using standard microbiological media and biochemicals procedures.The isolates encountered include: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Pasteurella gallinarum, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella sp., Eschericia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yeast and Rhodotorula spp., which were nol typed. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Bacillus sp., Pasteurella gallinarum, Klebsiella sp., Eschericia coli, Yeast and Rhodotorula Sp., were present in both layers and broilers houses structures and materials in varying proportions. However, Pasteurella Multocida, Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from egg trays, feathers, faeces, and feeders respectively from poultry house materials only and none from the structures of layers and broilers houses. The layer house structures and materials tend to yield more microbes mir than broiler house structures and materials. There were no acid-fast organisms observed from the sediments of washed swabs materials for culture using Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Development of per vaginal route of serial observations of ovarian activities in buffalo using a simple fiberscope
Authors: Smith O. F. , Cruz L. C.
Published: February 2021

Sir normally cycling Philippine carabaos were selected from a herd after showing normal estrous cycle for two consecutive times. Observations of the ovarian structures wee performed with the use of a simple fiberscope (model FS 100). The fiberscope was guided to the pelvic cavity close to the position of the ovary by inserting it through a cannula. To facilitate observation of ovarian structures another individual palpated the ovary gently as it was brought close to the fibers tip. The use of a simple fiberscope showed that it was feasible and practical to trace the development and regression of individual follicles with this device. Follicular fluid was transparent and clear in appearance. Corpora lutea on the ovary was less spherical in appearance and was surrounded by a boarder of luteinized tissue. Only well defined forms with a relatively smooth online were considered follicles. Follicles as small as 2 to 3mm were clearly viewed. The use of anesthesia to temporarily paralyze the sacro-coccygeal area did not change the estrous cycle length of the experimental animals. The animals still maintained their normal estrous cycle length (averaging 21.5 +1.5 days and showed signs of estrus, which included mucus discharge, mounting other animals and being mounted and bellowing.
Application of multifactorial discriminant analysis in the morphometric structural differentiation of West African Dwarf (WAD) and Yankasa Sheep in South West
Authors: Salako A. E. , Ngere L. O.
Published: February 2021

A total of 264 adult sheep comprising WAD and Yankusa rams and ewes traditionally managed in flocks within the south West Nigeria were investigated. Ten geometrical variables were monitored in order to contrast their validity cys racial markers and breed discriminants and identify metric characters which can be valuıuble for population classification within the species. Descriptive statistics showed that the Yankasa generally appear superior to the WAD in all variables measured except for shoulder width where WAD appeared superior giving the breed a blockier look than Yankasa which is relatively narrower. Neck circumference exhibited the highest variability in both sheep studied, c.v. being 18.34 and 20.12% respectively. These were followed by shoulder width in WAD and body length in Yankasa. The cephalic characters (head width and face length) exhibited the lowest variability in both breeds (c.v. being between 3.62 and 5.67%). High environmental sensitivity of neck circumference and shoulder width in the WAD population explains the observed variability although measurement of neck circumference was affected by the neck ruff of the rams. The low variability exhibited by the cephalic characters in both breeds is a reflection of their relative insensitivity to environmental elements resulting from their close association with cranial bone growth. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that tail length (the most discriminant variable between the breeds) was followed by shoulder width, the cephalic characters, body length and wither height in that order. Other variables did not qualify to enter the model. The small number of variables exhibiting high discriminant power (i.e. tail length, shoulder width, and head width) are explained by the genetic exchange that has existed between the breeds.
Performance characteristics of weaner rabbits on cassava peel-based balanced diets
Authors: Agunbiade J. A. , Bello R. A. , Adeyemi O. A.
Published: February 2021

An eight-week trial was conducted to determine the optimum level of substitution of dried cassava peel meal (DCPM) for maize in rabbit diets balanced for varying energy, nitrogen and fibre contents. Six experimental diets were compounded such that DCPM replaced maize at 0%, 50%, 62.5%, 75%, 87.5% and 100% levels. Each diet was fed to five replicates of a weaner rabbit, averaging 0.49kg initial body weight. Water and feed were provided ad libitum throughout the 8 week period and their intake as well as faecal output were measured daily. Body weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion were determined weekly. No significant effects of replacement of maize in the control diet with graded levels of DCPM were observed on final body weight (FW), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed cost per unit weight gain (FC/WG). However, there were significant effects of dietary treatments on daily faecal output (DFO) (P<0.05) and daily feed (DFC) and daily water (DWC) consumption (P<0.01). The results of this study demonstrate that DCPM could replace 100% of dietary maize without adverse effects on rate, efficiency and economy of weight gain. Savings in feed cost were also achieved as a result of the use of DCPM and these ranged from 13.2 to 18.7%.
Determination of the optimum dietary levels of cracked and cooked jackbean meal for finisher broilers
Authors: Udedibie A. B. I. , Esonu B. O. , Okah U.
Published: February 2021

A 35-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary level(s) of cracked and cooked (CAC) jackbean meal for finisher broilers. Five diets were formulated such that they contained cracked and cooked jackbean meal ai 0%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% levels respectively. Each diet was fed to a group of 45 finisher broiler birds beginning at 5 weeks of age. Average daily feed intake of the groups were 99.00g, 95.00g, 89.00g, 89.00g and 90.00g for the control, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% respectively. Body weight gains were 34.00g, 33.00g, 30.00g, 27.00g and 23.00g respectively and feed conversion ratio for the groups were 2.95, 2.88, 2.91, 3.25 and 3.83 respectively. There were no significant (P >0.05) differences among the control (0%), 15% and 20% groups in feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The 25% und 30% groups however, showed significantly (P < 0.05) depressed body weight gain and poor feed conversion ratio. Organ weights of the birds relative to body weight did not indicate any significant differences among the five experimental groups. The results of this trial suggest that the optimal dietary inclusion of cracked and cooked jackbean meal for finisher broiler is 20%
Growth, nutritive value and dry matter degradability of three tepbrosia species
Authors: Babayemi O. J. , Bamikoke M. A. , Daniel I. O. , Ogungbesan A. , Babatunde A.
Published: February 2021

Two trials were carried out to evaluate the potential of Tephrosia bracteolata (TB), Tephrosia candido (TC) and Tephrosia linearis (TL) for animal feed. In an 18 week growth experiment, Tephrosia species differed (P<0.05) in leur number (LN) and stein height (SH). TB and TL had apparent (P<0.05) earh and persisten growth than TC until wecks 12-18 when they retarded in growth of the commencement of flowering. 7C however, increased geometrically in LN and SH. There were significant (P<0.50) differences among the species in diy matter (DM) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The DM, CP, NDF, 4DF, EE and ash range from 30-41.8, 24-26.5, 62.5 68.5, 45.8-48.4, 2.3-26 and 5.6-6.2% respectively. Calcium and sodium were highest (P<0.05) in TB and 72 species were not significantly (P<P.05) different in degradation char amount of crude protein (10-14.81%) was released in the 3 Tephrosia species. As a result of rapid growth, high nutritive values and easily degradable nutrients of Tephrosia shrubs, ruminants could benefit immensely from the plants.
Evaluation of microdesmis puberula leaf meal as feed ingredient in broiler starter diets
Authors: Esonu B. O. , Theukwumere F. C. , Iwuji T. C. , Akanu N. , Nwugo O. H
Published: February 2021

A 21-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the leaf meal of Microdesmis puberula as feed ingredient in broiler starter diets. Microdesmis puberula is a preferred tropical browse plant. The leaves were harvested, chopped to facilitate drying, spread evenly in a room for four days until the material becomes crispy while still retaining it's greenish colouration. The material was milled using a hammer mill to produce the leaf meal. Microdesmis puberula leaf meal contain 17.32% crude protein, 6.52% ether extract, 12.25% total ash, 24.84% crude fibre, 24.06% NFE and an appreciable percent of minerals. Three broiler starter diets were formulated to contain the meal at dietary levels of 0%, 5% and 10% One hundred and eighty (180), 14 -day old hubbard broiler chicks were divided into three groups of sixty birds each and randomly assigned to the three treatment diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). Data were collected on feed intake, body weights and feed conversion ratio. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio among the group on the control (0%) diet and the groups on diets containing 5% and 10% inclusion levels of the leaf meal. The group on the control (0%) diet performed significantly (P<0.05) better than the groups on the leaf meal diets. The results of this study suggest that dietary inclusion of Microdesmis puberula leaf meal at 5% and 10% levels significantly (P<0.05) depressed performance of broiler chicks,
Chemical composition of some plants used as feed for rabbits in Bauchi metropolis
Authors: Musa B. K
Published: February 2021

The study examined the nutrient composition of twelve plants species used as feed in Bauchi metropolis. They were collected during the month of April which is considered the peak of the dry season. The plants were divided into four groups: Trees, grasses, leguminous herbs, and non-leguminous herbs. The result showed that the crude protein content ranged from 13.61% for the leguminous herbs to 17.9% for the non-leguminous herbs. The result also showed that the plants have light nitrogen free extract and mineral requirement of rabbits with little supplementation especially during the dry season when there is acute shortage of feeds.
Livestock production pattern of agropastoralists in peri-urban centres of south-west Nigeria
Authors: Iyayi E. A. , Okoruwa V. O. , Babayemi O. J. , Busari A. A. , Peters O. E
Published: February 2021

The remarkable reduction of tsetse fly and its vector disease trypanosomosis in the South West zone of Nigeria has led to the development of agropastoralism in the zone. This study was carried out by administration of structured questionnaires to farmers in three towns (Oyo, Ogbomosho and Saki) in order to highlight some of the factors influencing production in the area. It was found that in all the three towns animals were maintained on free range grazing, browsing and offer of crop residues. The most favoured breed kept is the Bunaji and Ogbomoso had the highest concentration (52.16%) of this breed. Labour allocation among agropastoralists was based on sex. Diarrhoea was the prevalent disease among the adult animals in wet and dry seasons while sand eating was common among the calves. In all the centres, cattle constituted the major ruminant in stock(77%) while sheep and goats accounted for 15% and 8% respectively. A preponderance of female cattle over the male for all the breeds was recorded in all the towns, But Saki had the highest number of cattle in stock and Ovo the lowest. Feed supplements offered all year round were salt lick and grains. Most of the agropaturalists depended on the use of local herbs and such other orthodox methods of combating diseases affecting the herd.
Economics of poultry manure utilization in land quality improvement among integrated poultry-maize-farmers in South western Nigeria
Authors: Bamire A. S. , Amujoyegbe J.
Published: February 2021

The rapid growth of Nigerian's poultry has made it more advantageous in terms of providing the essential raw material for soil fertility enhancement than other livestock. This paper evaluates the benefits of poultry manure use among integrated poultry-maize farmers in Ekiti and Osun States of Nigeria for improved land quality and continuous food production. Data were collected using Structured survey questionnaires administered on 500 randomly selected respondents in the two States. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics and costs and returns techniques. Respondents were small holders, with land area grown to mazie varying between 0.01 and 3.00 hectare. Majority of the respondents have personal farms but applied poultry manure only on small portions (25%) of the total cropped area of their farmlands. On the average, 53% of the respondents used poultry manure on their farms. Respondents were fairly literate with a mean age of 43 years. Major constraints to poultry manure use include odour, transportation, scarcity, wetness, bulkiness and time wastage in descending order of importance. While odour and transportation were identified as common problems among poultry manure users in Ekiti and Osun States, bulkiness was an additional constraint for non-user respondents in both states. Poultry manure material constituted about 91% of the total cost of inputs; transportation cost was 8% while labour cost averaged 2%. The mean net income earned per annum by poultry manure users was 1.40 times higher than that for non-users. The difference in mean net income users and non-users of poultry manure constitutes an important land improvement technique capable of enhancing farm production and income levels. Thus, technologies aimed at packaging it in such a way as to remove the associated social constraints to its use by farmers need be put in place.
Artificial insemination practice in Nigeria - review of the dangers of disease transmission
Authors: Bale J. O. O.
Published: February 2021

The first documented cattle artificial insemination (AI) in Nigeria dated back to 1949. Other recorded cattle artificial insemination in the country could be traced to when the federal Government of Nigeria under the auspices of Ahmadu Bello University. Zaria, established Artificial Insemination Unit at the National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) IN 1976. Various limiting factors and constraints that prevented artificial insemination from being popular in the country were mentioned. Various causes of infertility in animals were listed. The success or failure of artificial insemination practice as could be affected by microorganisms in the semen, semen preservatives, semen extenders and storage temperatures were discussed in relation to work already done in Nigeria and other countries.
The response of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (Burchell 1822) to the diet containing Housefly maggot (Musca domestica) (L)
Authors: Idowu A. B. , Amusan A. A. S. , Oyediran A. G.
Published: February 2021

Ten Fingerlings each of Clarias gariepinus were fed with five experimental diets compounded with major nutrient sources with varying percentages of protein obtained from housefly Musca domestica maggot meal (HFMM) at 0%, 12.5%, 50% and 100% inclusion in diets I, II, III, and IV respectively. Diet V was made up of HFMM only. The effect of the varying protein content on the growth and development of the fingerlings were studied for 8 weeks. The best-feed conversion ratio was observed in diet II (25% maggot inclusion) while the least was in diet V (whole maggot). Feed utilization was highest in diet I (0% maggot). Fish fed on diet I recorded the highest growth rate (SGR) and was least in fish fed on diet V (whole maggot). Also, the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) was recorded in fish fed on diet Ill and least in fish fed with diet V. Proximate analysis of fish fed on the different diets revealed that crude protein was least in fish without experimental diet (70.05%) and highest in fish fed with whole maggot (diet V) 76.31%. The ash content of fish carcass composition before and after feed trial did not follow a definite pattern. The results of the study showed that the survival and the development of fingerlings were best when maggot was used as supplement.
An appraisal study of donkey in three Northern states of Nigeria
Authors: Bale O. O. J. , Lakpini C.A.M. , Mohammed A. K. , Amodu J. T. , Chiezey U. F. , Ahmed H. U. , Achazie A. A. , Otchere E. O.
Published: February 2021

This qualitative study on donkey was conducted in Bauchi, Kano and Kebbi States of Nigeria. The objective of the study was to understand the role, significance and potential areas needing intervention in donkey rearing in the rural setting. The study was also used to obtain first-hand baseline information on the state of knowledge on the donkey in the states surveyed. Sixty two locations were visited comprising 36 from Kebbi, 19 from Bauchi and 17 from Kano States respectively. Rapid Rural Participatory Appraisal (RRPA) technique with check list of questions and farmers' participation was employed in villages/towns randomly selected to cover all the ecological zones in each of the three States. A meeting of one to two hours was organized with the farmers and donkey owners. Observations were made on donkeys at home and in the field. Problems mentioned by respondents included: Colics (Anomari),ulcerative lymphangitis, inflammation of the tongue, interdigital dermatitis, ear sore, fistulous withers, unknown causes of lameness and nervous system disorder called locally as "chinkai chinkai". There were generally poor or no veterinary facilities and services in most of the villages and towns. It was not the farmers practice to take donkeys to clinic for treatment. Mortality was high during the late dry season in most places but also occurred in the rainy season in some places. Areas for further investigations were also highlighted.
Evaluation of Udder traits in West African Dwarf Goats
Authors: Amao O. A. , Osinowo O. A. , Onwuka C. F. I. , Abiola S. S. , Dipeolu M. A.
Published: February 2021

Udder traits of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats and factors influencing them were studied using 185 does located in South Western Nigeria. Traits evaluated were udder length (UL), udder width (UW), udder circumference (UC) and udder volume (UV). Others were teat length (TL), teat width (TW), teat circumference (TC) distance between teats (DT) and height of teat from the ground (HTG). Udder length was significantly (P<0.001) influenced by age, lactation status and liveweight. The increase in UL with age was quadratic. Lactating does had longer udders than non-lactating does by 1.93cm. Effects of lactation status and live weight on UW were highly significant (P<0.001). Lactating does had wider udders (10.40±0.30 cm) than non-lactating does (8.66 ± 0.27 cm). Udder circumference was significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by lactation status and liveweight. Lactating does had UC of 27.69 ± 2.51 cm compared to 23.79 ± 0.40 cm in non-lactating does. Age, lactation status and liveweight had significant (P<0.05) effects on UV. The increase in UV with age was significant, rising froin 637.98 ± 49.69 cm3 at 1-2 years to 934.51 ± 75.90cm3 at above 4 years. Lactating does had larger UV (923.43 ± 39.97 cm3) (P<0.001) than non-lactating does (617.61 ± 33.00 cm3). The mean values for the udder traits adjusted to that of 3-4 years old lactating doe, were for UL, 11.6 ± 0.17 cm; UW, (9.42 ± 0.13cm; UC, 25.69 ± 0.44cm and UV, 817.93 ± 25.92 cm3. Others were 2.19± 0.03, 1.09 ± 0.02, 3.40 ± 0.05, 8.87±0.12 and 16.14±0.23 cm for TL, TW, TC, DT and HTG respectively. This study showed that age, lactation status and liveweight are major factors influencing udder traits in West African Dwarf goats. A major advantage of this study is the provision of some basic information on udder Traits of West African Dwarf goats.
Comparative performance of broiler chicks fed diets containing differently processed Mucuna pruriens seed meals
Authors: Emenalom O. O.
Published: February 2021

A 28-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of Mucuna seeds: soaked in Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution, soaked in Ca(OH)2 and cracked water-soaked and cooked, on the performance of broiler chicks. Two batches of raw Mucuna seeds were used. The first batch was soaked in 3% Ca(OH)2 for 48 hours. Part of the soaked seeds were sun-dried and milled. The remaining part were cooked, sun-dried and milled. The second batch was cracked, soaked in water for 48 hours and cooked before sun drying and milling. Both meals were analyzed for their proximate composition and included in broiler starter diets at 20% dietary level respectively. The control diet contained no mucuna meal. Each diet was fed to a group of 40 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design replicated four times. At 20% dietary level containing Ca(OH)2 soaked seed meal significantly (P<0.05) depressed the performance of the birds in terms of feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion ratio. However, soaking in Ca(OH)2, prior to cooking and cracking prior to soaking in water and cooking did not adversely affect the performance of the birds in all parameters measured.
Shrimp waste meal supplementation of cassava products based diet fed to broiler chickens
Authors: Agunbiade J. A. , Tolorunji B. O. , Awojobi H. A.
Published: February 2021

With the objective of investigating shrimp waste (SWM) and cassava leaf (CLM) meals as cheap alternatives and protein source mixtures that would best complement cassava root-soybean ration in total replacement for maize in broiler diets, six iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets were evaluated using two weeks old Anak broilers in a growth and digestibility trial lasting seven weeks. Diet I was a maize-soybean based control diet while diets 2 to 6 contained whole cassava root meal (WCRM) in total replacement for maize, energy for energy. Diet 2 had soybean meal (SBM) as a major source of protein taking the protein supplied by SBM in diet 2 as 100%, SBM, CLM and SWM were combined thus in diets 3/0.5SBM: 0.5SIM), 4 (0.5SBM: 0.25SWM: 0.25CLAI), 5(0.25 SBM: 0.5SWM: 0.25CLM) and 6(0.5 SWM: 0.5 CL11). Average daily feed intake, weight gain (P< 0.01) and efficiency of feed conversion (P<0.05) were significantly influenced by dietary treatments. Results indicate that replacing up to 50% supplemental protein of soybean meal with equal proportion of supplemental protein from SWM and CLM had no deleterious effects on rate and efficiency of weight gain in broiler chickens. While nutrient and energy digestibility and carcass characteristics except dressing percentage were unaffected by dietary treatment, there was indication that organs such as gizzard and small intestine were significantly tasked for digestive function, evident from the considerable increase in their weights in birds fed diets in which over 50% of soybean protein was replaced by SWM and CLM. Based on the observation from this study, it can be concluded that not more than 50% of the dietary protein contributed by soybean should be replaced by SWM and CLM as doing otherwise would bring about a worsening effect on the performance of broilers.
Effects of varying levels of dietary protein on the carcass characteristics of growing rabbits
Authors: Ijaiya A. T. , Fasanya O. O. A.
Published: February 2021

Sixteen New Zealand White rabbits aged 9-10 weeks and weighing 0.72-0.99 kg were used to examine the effects of varying levels of dietary protein on carcass characteristics of rabbits. They were divided into four groups and allotted to four dietary treatments A, B, C and D formulated with 10, 13, 16 and 20 % crude protein (CP) respectively. Average dressing percentage and average weights (on liveweight basis) of carcass, hind limbs, forelimbs, breast, lumbo-sacral, heart, liver, kidneys and lungs were not affected by the dietary treatments. The results indicated that different levels of dietary protein had no significant (P>0.05) effect on carcass yield in rabbits.