bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fusion of Mental Imagery and Sensation in the Temporal Association Cortex
Authors: Berger Christopher C. , Ehrsson H. Henrik
Published: October 2014

It is well understood that the brain integrates information that is provided to our different senses to generate a coherent multisensory percept of the world around us (Stein and Stanford, 2008), but how does the brain handle concurrent sensory information from our mind and the external world? Recent behavioral experiments have found that mental imagery—the internal representation of sensory stimuli in one's mind—can also lead to integrated multisensory perception (Berger and Ehrsson, 2013); however, the neural mechanisms of this process have not yet been explored. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging and an adapted version of a well known multisensory illusion (i.e., the ventriloquist illusion; Howard and Templeton, 1966), we investigated the neural basis of mental imagery-induced multisensory perception in humans. We found that simultaneous visual mental imagery and auditory stimulation led to an illusory translocation of auditory stimuli and was associated with increased activity in the left superior temporal sulcus (L. STS), a key site for the integration of real audiovisual stimuli (Beauchamp et al., 2004a, 2010; Driver and Noesselt, 2008; Ghazanfar et al., 2008; Dahl et al., 2009). This imagery-induced ventriloquist illusion was also associated with increased effective connectivity between the L. STS and the auditory cortex. These findings suggest an important role of the temporal association cortex in integrating imagined visual stimuli with real auditory stimuli, and further suggest that connectivity between the STS and auditory cortex plays a modulatory role in spatially localizing auditory stimuli in the presence of imagined visual stimuli.
Ceiling Effects Prevent Further Improvement of Transcranial Stimulation in Skilled Musicians
Authors: Furuya Shinichi , Klaus Matthias , Nitsche Michael A. , Paulus Walter , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: October 2014

The roles of the motor cortex in the acquisition and performance of skilled finger movements have been extensively investigated over decades. Yet it is still not known whether these roles of motor cortex are expertise-dependent. The present study addresses this issue by comparing the effects of noninvasive transcranial direction current stimulation (tDCS) on the fine control of sequential finger movements in highly trained pianists and musically untrained individuals. Thirteen pianists and 13 untrained controls performed timed-sequence finger movements with each of the right and left hands before and after receiving bilateral tDCS over the primary motor cortices. The results demonstrate an improvement of fine motor control in both hands in musically untrained controls, but deterioration in pianists following anodal tDCS over the contralateral cortex and cathodal tDCS over the ipsilateral cortex compared with the sham stimulation. However, this change in motor performance was not evident after stimulating with the opposite montage. These findings support the notion that changes in dexterous finger movements induced by bihemispheric tDCS are expertise-dependent.
Aβ Selectively Impairs mGluR7 Modulation of NMDA Signaling in Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons: Implication in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Gu Zhenglin , Cheng Jia , Zhong Ping , Qin Luye , Liu Wenhua , Yan Zhen
Published: October 2014

Degeneration of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons is one of the early pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is thought to be responsible for the cholinergic and cognitive deficits in AD. The functions of this group of neurons are highly influenced by glutamatergic inputs from neocortex. We found that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) decreased NMDAR-mediated currents and NR1 surface expression in rodent BF neurons via a mechanism involving cofilin-regulated actin dynamics. In BF cholinergic neurons, β-amyloid (Aβ) selectively impaired mGluR7 regulation of NMDARs by increasing p21-activated kinase activity and decreasing cofilin-mediated actin depolymerization through a p75NTR-dependent mechanism. Cell viability assays showed that activation of mGluR7 protected BF neurons from NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, which was selectively impaired by Aβ in BF cholinergic neurons. It provides a potential basis for the Aβ-induced disruption of calcium homeostasis that might contribute to the selective degeneration of BF cholinergic neurons in the early stage of AD.
Early Monocular Defocus Disrupts the Normal Development of Receptive-Field Structure in V2 Neurons of Macaque Monkeys
Authors: Tao Xiaofeng , Zhang Bin , Shen Guofu , Wensveen Janice , Smith Earl L. , Nishimoto Shinji , Ohzawa Izumi , Chino Yuzo M.
Published: October 2014

Experiencing different quality images in the two eyes soon after birth can cause amblyopia, a developmental vision disorder. Amblyopic humans show the reduced capacity for judging the relative position of a visual target in reference to nearby stimulus elements (position uncertainty) and often experience visual image distortion. Although abnormal pooling of local stimulus information by neurons beyond striate cortex (V1) is often suggested as a neural basis of these deficits, extrastriate neurons in the amblyopic brain have rarely been studied using microelectrode recording methods. The receptive field (RF) of neurons in visual area V2 in normal monkeys is made up of multiple subfields that are thought to reflect V1 inputs and are capable of encoding the spatial relationship between local stimulus features. We created primate models of anisometropic amblyopia and analyzed the RF subfield maps for multiple nearby V2 neurons of anesthetized monkeys by using dynamic two-dimensional noise stimuli and reverse correlation methods. Unlike in normal monkeys, the subfield maps of V2 neurons in amblyopic monkeys were severely disorganized: subfield maps showed higher heterogeneity within each neuron as well as across nearby neurons. Amblyopic V2 neurons exhibited robust binocular suppression and the strength of the suppression was positively correlated with the degree of hereogeneity and the severity of amblyopia in individual monkeys. Our results suggest that the disorganized subfield maps and robust binocular suppression of amblyopic V2 neurons are likely to adversely affect the higher stages of cortical processing resulting in position uncertainty and image distortion.
The Amygdala and Basal Forebrain as a Pathway for Motivationally Guided Attention
Authors: Peck Christopher J. , Salzman C. Daniel
Published: October 2014

Visual stimuli associated with rewards attract spatial attention. Neurophysiological mechanisms that mediate this process must register both the motivational significance and location of visual stimuli. Recent neurophysiological evidence indicates that the amygdala encodes information about both of these parameters. Furthermore, the firing rate of amygdala neurons predicts the allocation of spatial attention. One neural pathway through which the amygdala might influence attention involves the intimate and bidirectional connections between the amygdala and basal forebrain (BF), a brain area long implicated in attention. Neurons in the rhesus monkey amygdala and BF were therefore recorded simultaneously while subjects performed a detection task in which the stimulus–reward associations of visual stimuli modulated spatial attention. Neurons in BF were spatially selective for reward-predictive stimuli, much like the amygdala. The onset of reward-predictive signals in each brain area suggested different routes of processing for reward-predictive stimuli appearing in the ipsilateral and contralateral fields. Moreover, neurons in the amygdala, but not BF, tracked trial-to-trial fluctuations in spatial attention. These results suggest that the amygdala and BF could play distinct yet inter-related roles in influencing attention elicited by reward-predictive stimuli.
Adult Neurogenesis Is Necessary to Refine and Maintain Circuit Specificity
Authors: Cummings Diana M. , Snyder Jason S. , Brewer Michelle , Cameron Heather A. , Belluscio Leonardo
Published: October 2014

The circuitry of the olfactory bulb contains a precise anatomical map that links isofunctional regions within each olfactory bulb. This intrabulbar map forms perinatally and undergoes activity-dependent refinement during the first postnatal weeks. Although this map retains its plasticity throughout adulthood, its organization is remarkably stable despite the addition of millions of new neurons to this circuit. Here we show that the continuous supply of new neuroblasts from the subventricular zone is necessary for both the restoration and maintenance of this precise central circuit. Using pharmacogenetic methods to conditionally ablate adult neurogenesis in transgenic mice, we find that the influx of neuroblasts is required for recovery of intrabulbar map precision after disruption due to sensory block. We further demonstrate that eliminating adult-born interneurons in naive animals leads to an expansion of tufted cell axons that is identical to the changes caused by sensory block, thus revealing an essential role for new neurons in circuit maintenance under baseline conditions. These findings show, for the first time, that inhibiting adult neurogenesis alters the circuitry of projection neurons in brain regions that receive new interneurons and points to a critical role for adult-born neurons in stabilizing a brain circuit that exhibits high levels of plasticity.
Human Muscle Spindle Sensitivity Reflects the Balance of Activity between Antagonistic Muscles
Authors: Dimitriou Michael
Published: October 2014

Muscle spindles are commonly considered as stretch receptors encoding movement, but the functional consequence of their efferent control has remained unclear. The “α–γ coactivation” hypothesis states that activity in a muscle is positively related to the output of its spindle afferents. However, in addition to the above, possible reciprocal inhibition of spindle controllers entails a negative relationship between contractile activity in one muscle and spindle afferent output from its antagonist. By recording spindle afferent responses from alert humans using microneurography, I show that spindle output does reflect antagonistic muscle balance. Specifically, regardless of identical kinematic profiles across active finger movements, stretch of the loaded antagonist muscle (i.e., extensor) was accompanied by increased afferent firing rates from this muscle compared with the baseline case of no constant external load. In contrast, spindle firing rates from the stretching antagonist were lowest when the agonist muscle powering movement (i.e., flexor) acted against an additional resistive load. Stepwise regressions confirmed that instantaneous velocity, extensor, and flexor muscle activity had a significant effect on spindle afferent responses, with flexor activity having a negative effect. Therefore, the results indicate that, as consequence of their efferent control, spindle sensitivity (gain) to muscle stretch reflects the balance of activity between antagonistic muscles rather than only the activity of the spindle-bearing muscle.
Early Alterations in Functional Connectivity and White Matter Structure in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Cerebral Amyloidosis
Authors: Grandjean Joanes , Schroeter Aileen , He Pan , Tanadini Matteo , Keist Ruth , Krstic Dimitrije , Konietzko Uwe , Klohs Jan , Nitsch Roger M. , Rudin Markus
Published: October 2014

Impairment of brain functional connectivity (FC) is thought to be an early event occurring in diseases with cerebral amyloidosis, such as Alzheimer's disease. Regions sustaining altered functional networks have been shown to colocalize with regions marked with amyloid plaques burden suggesting a strong link between FC and amyloidosis. Whether the decline in FC precedes amyloid plaque deposition or is a consequence thereof is currently unknown. The sequence of events during early stages of the disease is difficult to capture in humans due to the difficulties in providing an early diagnosis and also in view of the heterogeneity among patients. Transgenic mouse lines overexpressing amyloid precursor proteins develop cerebral amyloidosis and constitute an attractive model system for studying the relationship between plaque and functional changes. In this study, ArcAβ transgenic and wild-type mice were imaged using resting-state fMRI methods across their life-span in a cross-sectional design to analyze changes in FC in relation to the pathology. Transgenic mice show compromised development of FC during the first months of postnatal life compared with wild-type animals, resulting in functional impairments that affect in particular the sensory-motor cortex already in preplaque stage. These functional alterations were accompanied by structural changes as reflected by reduced fractional anisotropy values, as derived from diffusion tensor imaging. Our results suggest cerebral amyloidosis in mice is preceded by impairment of neuronal networks and white matter structures. FC analysis in mice is an attractive tool for studying the implications of impaired neuronal networks in models of cerebral amyloid pathology.
Mutant α-Synuclein Enhances Firing Frequencies in Dopamine Substantia Nigra Neurons by Oxidative Impairment of A-Type Potassium Channels
Authors: Subramaniam Mahalakshmi , Althof Daniel , Gispert Suzana , Schwenk Jochen , Auburger Georg , Kulik Akos , Fakler Bernd , Roeper Jochen
Published: October 2014

Parkinson disease (PD) is an α-synucleinopathy resulting in the preferential loss of highly vulnerable dopamine (DA) substantia nigra (SN) neurons. Mutations (e.g., A53T) in the α-synuclein gene (SNCA) are sufficient to cause PD, but the mechanism of their selective action on vulnerable DA SN neurons is unknown. In a mouse model overexpressing mutant α-synuclein (A53T-SNCA), we identified a SN-selective increase ofin vivofiring frequencies in DA midbrain neurons, which was not observed in DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The selective and age-dependent gain-of-function phenotype of A53T-SCNA overexpressing DA SN neurons was in part mediated by an increase of their intrinsic pacemaker frequency caused by a redox-dependent impairment of A-type Kv4.3 potassium channels. This selective enhancement of “stressful pacemaking” of DA SN neuronsin vivodefines a functional response to mutant α-synuclein that might be useful as a novel biomarker for the “DA system at risk” before the onset of neurodegeneration in PD.
Mirror Reversal and Visual Rotation Are Learned and Consolidated via Separate Mechanisms: Recalibrating or LearningDe Novo?
Authors: Telgen Sebastian , Parvin Darius , Diedrichsen Jörn
Published: October 2014

Motor learning tasks are often classified into adaptation tasks, which involve the recalibration of an existing control policy (the mapping that determines both feedforward and feedback commands), and skill-learning tasks, requiring the acquisition of new control policies. We show here that this distinction also applies to two different visuomotor transformations during reaching in humans: Mirror-reversal (left-right reversal over a mid-sagittal axis) of visual feedback versus rotation of visual feedback around the movement origin. During mirror-reversal learning, correct movement initiation (feedforward commands) and online corrections (feedback responses) were only generated at longer latencies. The earliest responses were directed into a nonmirrored direction, even after two training sessions. In contrast, for visual rotation learning, no dependency of directional error on reaction time emerged, and fast feedback responses to visual displacements of the cursor were immediately adapted. These results suggest that the motor system acquires a new control policy for mirror reversal, which initially requires extra processing time, while it recalibrates an existing control policy for visual rotations, exploiting established fast computational processes. Importantly, memory for visual rotation decayed between sessions, whereas memory for mirror reversals showed offline gains, leading to better performance at the beginning of the second session than in the end of the first. With shifts in time-accuracy tradeoff and offline gains, mirror-reversal learning shares common features with other skill-learning tasks. We suggest that different neuronal mechanisms underlie the recalibration of an existing versus acquisition of a new control policy and that offline gains between sessions are a characteristic of latter.
Increased Meiotic Crossovers and Reduced Genome Stability in Absence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rad16 (XPF)
Authors: Mastro Tara L , Forsburg Susan L
Published: October 2014

Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rad16 is the ortholog of the XPF structure-specific endonuclease, which is required for nucleotide excision repair and implicated in the single strand annealing mechanism of recombination. We show that Rad16 is important for proper completion of meiosis. In its absence, cells suffer reduced spore viability and abnormal chromosome segregation with evidence for fragmentation. Recombination between homologous chromosomes is increased, while recombination within sister chromatids is reduced, suggesting that Rad16 is not required for typical homolog crossovers but influences the balance of recombination between the homolog and the sister. In vegetative cells, rad16 mutants show evidence for genome instability. Similar phenotypes are associated with mutants affecting Rhp14XPA but are independent of other nucleotide excision repair proteins such as Rad13XPG. Thus, the XPF/XPA module of the nucleotide excision repair pathway is incorporated into multiple aspects of genome maintenance even in the absence of external DNA damage.
La acusación como forma de Intimidación política en San Vicente (Antioquia-Colombia), 1930-1935
Authors: Morales Agudelo Jorge Alberto
Published: October 2014

El artículo analiza la acusación política en San Vicente, municipalidad del departamento de Antioquia en Colombia, durante el primer quinquenio de la década de 1930. El trabajo describe su dinámica con el apoyo de múltiples memoriales, que desde la localidad se dirigen a la gobernación. La presencia de un gamonalismo local que influyó en todos los ámbitos de la vida comunal en San Vicente, configura la importancia de estudiar el fenómeno. La síntesis de la historia política del país vista desde las municipalidades todavía está en construcción, y este trabajo aporta un caso en el que la acusación permanente y el poder del gamonalismo local fueron obstáculos para generar gobernabilidad en municipios pequeños e incomunicados.  Palabras clave: acusación, intimidación, conservadores, liberales, alcaldía, gamonal.Impeachment as a Form of Bullying Policy in San Vicente (Antioquia-Colombia), 1930-1935Abstract The article analyses the political accusation in San Vicente, a municipality of the department of Antioquia in Colombia, in the first quinquenal of the decade of 1930. The work describes its dynamics supported on multiples memorials that are addressed from the locality to the governorship. The presence of a local political boss influence known as “gamonalismo” that affected all the domains of the communal life in San Vicente, shapes the importance of studying this phenomenon. The synthesis of the political history of the country seen from the municipalities is yet under construction, and this work provides a case in which the permanent accusation and the local “gamonalismo” were obstacles to generate governability in small and isolated towns. Keywords: accusation, intimidation, conservatives, liberals, mayoralty, gamonal.
Grabados europeos y pintura en el Nuevo Reino de Granada
Authors: Fajardo de Rueda Marta
Published: October 2014

La recepción de los numerosos grabados europeos que a través de estampas y libros ilustrados llegaron con propósitos evangelizadores y su influencia en la pintura aún no ha sido suficientemente estudiada por nuestra historiografía. No se aceptaba plenamente por temor a desconocer la originalidad de los artistas. Pero la investigación documental confirma muchas correspondencias entre grabados y pinturas que sugieren otra manera de interpretar la creatividad de los pintores. Con el propósito de abrir nuevos caminos para la investigación y reconocer esta importante fuente, se propone estudiar en el contexto de la época la forma en que se recibieron los grabados, cómo se adaptaron, modificaron y a veces enriquecieron, a la vez que contribuyeron a la formación de los artistas. Para ello conviene examinar las condiciones en que se ejecutó la obra; cuál fue su tratamiento y a qué otras fuentes acudió el artista. Precisar las condiciones de apropiación de los grabados por parte de los pintores y de sus comitentes, contribuye muy probablemente a una mejor comprensión de las obras y de su tiempo. Palabras clave: grabados, estampas, pintores, comunicación, evangelización, correspondencias.European Prints and Painting in New Granada Reyno AbstractReceiving numerous European engravings and prints through picture books came with evangelistic purposes and its influence on the painting has not yet been sufficiently studied by our historiography. No fear fully accepted by ignoring the originality of artists. But the documentary research confirms many correspondences between prints and paintings that suggest another way of interpreting the creativity of painters. In order to open up new avenues for research and recognize this important source, intends to study in the context of the time the way the prints were received, how they adapted, modified and sometimes enriched, while contributing to the training of artists. This should examine the conditions under which the work was executed, what was your treatment and what other sources came the artist. The conditions of ownership of the prints by painters and their constituents, most likely contributes to a better understanding of the work and your time. Keywords: engravings, prints, painters, communication, evangelism, correspondences.
Historiografía de la regionalización en Colombia: una mirada institucional e interdisciplinar, 1902-1987
Authors: Rueda Enciso José Eduardo , Ramírez Bacca Renzo
Published: October 2014

El artículo ofrece una revisión historiográfica sobre la construcción de tipológicas regionales del caso colombiano. Tienen en cuenta sus dinámicas y aportes académicos e institucionales, en algunos casos, para rendir cuenta de la limitación de los enfoques, y en otros para ofrecerlo a modo de contexto. Los aportes de la Academia Colombiana de Historia, la Escuela Normal Superior, el Instituto Etnológico Nacional, la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, entre otras instituciones; pero también de académicos como López de Mesa, Zalamea Borda, García Nossa, Vila Dinarés, Hernández de Alba Lesmes,  Guhl Nimtz, Fornaguera, Abadía Morales, Jaramillo Uribe, Gutiérrez de Pineda y Fals Borda, entre otros autores, son revisados de modo cronológico y lineal entre 1902-1987. La pregunta central es: ¿cuáles son los inicios, tendencias y fuentes de la regionalización colombiana? Su respuesta se apoya en una revisión bibliográfica crítica de autores y fuentes de los principales exponentes de una visión regional nacional del país. Palabras clave: regionalización, historiografía, región, ciencias sociales y humanas, Colombia  Historiography of regionalization in Colombia:  an institutional and interdisciplinary approach 1902-1987AbstractThe article offers a historiographical review about construction of regional typologies of the Colombian case. It takes into account its dynamics, and the academic and institutional contributions, in some cases to account for the limitation of the approaches, and in others, to offer them by way of context. The contributions of the Colombian Academy of History, the Superior Normal School, the National Ethnological Institute , National University of Colombia , among other institutions, but also of academic as López de Mesa, Zalamea Borda, García Nossa,  Vila Dinarés, Hernandez de Alba Lesmes, Guhl Nimtz, Fornaguera Abbey Morales, Jaramillo Uribe, Gutiérrez de Pineda and Fals Borda, among others, are reviewed in chronological and linear fashion between 1902-1987. The central question is: what are the early, tendencies and sources of regionalization in Colombian? Its answer is based on a critical review of literature authors, and the main sources of the exponents of a regional vision national for the country. Keywords: regionalization, historiography, region, social and human sciences, Colombia.
Guerra y paz al sur del Sahara. Nuevos abordajes conceptuales, frente a un escenario cambiante
Authors: Buffa Diego , Becerra María José
Published: October 2014

En este artículo nos proponemos presentar nuevas corrientes y abordajes conceptuales, que nos permitan comprender problemáticas capitales del África subsahariana, como lo son los conflictos intra-estatales, las emergencias políticas complejas, el intervencionismo humanitario y los procesos de paz, gestados durantela Posguerra Fría; portadores de inéditas lógicas y parámetros rectores. Palabras Claves: conflictos, procesos de paz, África subsahariana.War and Peace South of the Sahara. New Conceptual Approaches,  Facing a Changing ScenarioAbstractIn this paper we present new trends  and conceptual approaches that will help us to understand some capital issues for Sub-Saharan Africa, such as the intra-state conflicts, complex political emergencies, humanitarian interventionism and peace processes, that were gestated during the Post-cold War and with its own original logics and guiding parameters.Keywords: conflicts, peace processes, Sub-Saharan Africa.
Vivir en la región norte de la Intendencia de Guadalajara a finales del siglo XVIII. Un análisis de la vida cotidiana a través del informe de Félix María Calleja
Authors: Rojas Galván José
Published: October 2014

El artículo analiza algunos aspectos de la vida cotidiana de los diferentes grupos sociales presentes en la región norte de la Intendencia de Guadalajara (México) a finales del siglo XVIII. El trabajo toma como base el informe que realizó sobre la zona el capitán Félix María Calleja en 1790. En dicho documento aparecen elementos que permiten examinar el modo de vivir en dicho espacio. Por ello, la investigación toma como referentes teóricos las perspectivas de la historia regional y la historia cultural en tanto que buscan hacer evidentes las transformaciones de un territorio con respecto a las manifestaciones culturales de los grupos sociales. Las fuentes documentales utilizadas provienen del Archivo General de Indias, España, del Archivo General de Simancas, España, del Archivo General de la Nación, México. Los resultados de la investigación reflejan los factores que contribuyeron a una desarticulación de la región norte de la Intendencia de Guadalajara a partir de 1785, año en que se presentaron una serie de epidemias, como resultado de un prolongado periodo de sequía, lo cual provocó que la vida cotidiana en dicha región sufriera alteraciones, incluso que entrara en crisis.Palabras clave: región, vida cotidiana, crisis, Intendencia de Guadalajara, Félix Calleja. Live in the North Region of the Intendencia of Guadalajara in the Late Eighteenth Century. An analysis of quotidian life through the report of Félix María CallejaAbstractIn this paper is analyzed several aspects about of quotidian life in different social groups from north region of Jalisco, in the period of intendencia of Guadalajara (Mexico), ending 18’Th century. The main source is Felix Maria Calleja’s inform in 1790 year. In this document is mentioned certain factors useful to study the life of these society. Thus, the research take as theoretical referents the perspectives precedents of regional history and cultural History, because looking for the emerging the cultural manifestation of groups. The document resources are Archivo General de Indias, España, del Archivo General de Simancas, España, del Archivo General de la Nación, México. The results of this research show a desarticulation of the región and crisis in the quotidian life, since 1785 combine with epidemics’ result of the scarcity of water. Keywords: region, quotidian life, crisis, Intendencia de Guadalajara, Félix Calleja.
Palpitando la modernidad: el negocio de bienes raíces en Cali (Colombia) a partir del caso de Jorge Garcés Borrero, 1900-1944
Authors: Erazo Obando María Fernanda
Published: October 2014

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar el movimiento de compra y venta de bienes raíces en Cali (Colombia) durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. Para ello, se toma como referencia la empresa del comerciante Jorge Garcés Borrero, la cual, se enfocó principalmente en la ejecución de este tipo de negocios. Dicha empresa, a pesar de no haberse constituido legal y jurídicamente, presentó las características de una compañía como tal, generando importantes inversiones y ganancias a partir del mercado de bienes. Apoyados en fuentes notariales se explica el desarrollo de esta actividad comercial entre 1900-1944.Throb of the Modernity: the Real Estate Business in Cali (Colombia), from Case Stady of Jorge Garcés Borrero, 1900-1944 AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyze the motion of buying and selling real estate in Cali (Colombia) during the first half of the twentieth century. For this, the company draws on the trader Jorge Garcés Borrero from Cali, which was primarily focused on the implementation of this type of business. This company, even though had not constituted legal and legally, presented the characteristics of a company as such investments and generating significant earnings from the real state business. Supported by notarial sources the development of this commercial activity between 1900-1944 is explained. Keywords: Jorge Garcés Borrero, purchase, sale, real state, businessman and modernity
De esclavos a ciudadanos y malentretenidos. Representaciones del negro en el discurso jurídico colombiano del siglo XIX
Authors: Rosas Guevara Martha Isabel
Published: October 2014

Mediante una narrativa historiográfica elaborada a partir de textos legales, el presente documento pretende interpretar las ausencias y presencias del negro en el discurso jurídico decimonónico producido una vez obtenida la independencia de España en los albores del siglo XIX. Teniendo en cuenta que la imaginación del Estado republicano representó un desafío para las elites criollas, las cuales —pese a predicar retóricamente la consolidación de una comunidad nacional basada en la igualdad y la democracia— construyeron una idea de Nación sobre los basamentos ideológicos coloniales, perpetuados en la repulsión elitista hacia la masa o plebe, lo que a la postre produjo su exclusión de la promisoria modernidad.  From Slaves to Citizens and Vagabonds. Representations of Blackness in the Colombian Legal Discourse during the 19th CenturyAbstractThrough a historiographical narrative drawn from legal texts, this paper aims to interpret the absence and presence of black people in the nineteenth-century legal discourse produced once the independence of Spain was obtained in the early nineteenth century. Considering that the imagination of a State Republican represented a challenge for the local elites, —which despite of  preaching rhetorically the consolidation of a national community based on the equality and the democracy— constructed an idea of Nation on the ideological colonial basements perpetuated in the elitist repulsion towards the mass or populace, which at last produced his exclusion of the promissory modernity.   Keywords: slaves, Independence, citizenship, assimilation, exclusion
Progreso y delincuencia: mecanismos de control social en Manizales (Colombia), c. 1910-1940
Authors: Suárez Araméndizi Miguel Antonio , Monsalvo Mendoza Edwin Andrés , Martinez Botero Sebastían
Published: October 2014

Este trabajo describe la manera en la cual las élites de Manizales asumieron el problema social de la delincuencia, como un fenómeno vinculado al crecimiento demográfico, el “relajamiento de las costumbres” y la falta de control sobre la juventud. Tal discurso, tuvo su correlato en el despliegue por parte de las autoridades, de prácticas coercitivas tales como la prisión y la Casa de Menores Infractores. A través del análisis de la prensa periódica, el Anuario Estadístico de Manizales y algunas publicaciones de carácter científico y divulgativo que circularon durante la época de estudio, se evidencia una relación entre los discursos progresistas, el aumento de la delincuencia y el surgimiento de medidas de control sobre la prostitución, el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol y en general de la “mala vida”. Progress and Crime:Mechanisms of Social Control in Manizales (Colombia), c. 1910-1940AbstractThis paper describes the manner in which the elites of Manizales assumed the social problem of crime as a phenomenon linked to population growth, the “relaxation of customs” and lack of control over youth. Such speech had its counterpart in the deployment by the authorities, of coercive practices such as prison and the Casa de Menores Infractores (Young Offenders House). Through analysis of the periodical press, the Statistical Yearbook of Manizales and some scientific publications and informative that circulated during the time of study, we show the relationship between progressive speeches, the increase in crime and the rise of measures control over prostitution, smoking, alcohol consumption and the notion of “bad life”.Keywords: crime, social control, progress, prison.
Prácticas de transgresión en la policía en un período de institución conflictiva. Santa Fe (Argentina), 1864-1881
Authors: Sedran Caropresi Paula María
Published: October 2014

El proceso de institucionalización de la policía santafesina, en Argentina, tuvo lugar en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX e implicó tensiones de distinta índole ya que ésta policía fue un factor clave en la resolución de los problemas comprendidos en la nueva agenda social. Este artículo analiza tres documentos administrativos de la policía que reportan casos de inconducta, amotinamiento y ebriedad protagonizados por agentes, cabos, sargentos y un primer oficial. Estas fuentes permiten indagar en los actos de la tropa y, por tanto, hacer visibles las tensiones entre sus prácticas y el comportamiento que las autoridades consideraban deseable. También, plantean preguntas importantes acerca de las motivaciones y representaciones que estas acciones implicaron. Nuestro marco teórico es la historia social, que pone de relieve a las relaciones sociales específicas y nos permite centrarnos en las luchas concretas de sentido. Utilizamos el concepto transgresión, que propone una mirada alternativa sobre qué acciones pueden considerarse contenciosas o contrarias al orden social, en función de su visibilidad y efectos disruptivos. Nuestro objetivo es contribuir al conocimiento de la institucionalización de un orden social moderno en Santa Fe, mediante el análisis de cómo la policía en formación afrontó transgresiones concretas hechas por integrantes de la tropa. Police 'Transgression' Practices during a Period of Conflictive Institutionalizacion.Santa Fe (Argentina), 1864 -1881Abstract   The process of institutionalization of the Police in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, took place throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. It implied the existence of tensions of different kind for the police functioned as a key factor to the resolution of problems comprised in the new social agenda. This paper analyses three administrative police documents that report cases of rioting, drunkenness and misconduct committed by agents, corporals, sergeants and a first official. These documents provide the opportunity to inquire in the acts of police troops and thus, make visible the tensions between these practices and the behavior that the authorities expected. They also raise important questions concerning the motivations and representations implied in the analyzed actions. Social history constitutes our theoretical perspective, for it studies specific social relations and allows us to focus on particular struggles of sense. We refer to the concept of 'transgression', which proposes an alternative take on what actions can be considered contentious or contrary to social order, depending on their visibility and their disruptive effects. Our goal is to contribute to knowledge about the institutionalization of a modern social order in Santa Fe, through the analysis of how the police dealt with transgressions committed by its troops. Keywords: police, social order, transgression, Santa Fe, Argentina
Dispensas y libros secretos de matrimonios en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y la primera del XIX en actuales territorios argentinos
Authors: Siegrist Nora
Published: October 2014

En el presente trabajo se analizan fuentes en archivos y obras de la bibliografía europea e Hispanoamericana vinculados al Derecho Canónico en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y la primera del XIX. Los Libros Secretos de Matrimonios, escasamente conocidos, revelan la existencia de una realidad justamente secreta, de allí que pocos tuvieron acceso a un material guardado a través del tiempo por la Iglesia Católica. Motivaciones disímiles como consanguinidad directa, primer grado de afinidad en línea recta, disparidad de linaje, de religión, falta de permisos por parte de las autoridades a funcionarios de la administración en Indias y a oficiales militares para que pudieran casar, como el hecho de que algunos Cargadores de Cádiz quisieron ser considerados como solteros ante la sociedad, fueron motivo de que ciertas nupcias se guardaran de incógnito en las Cámaras Episcopales, en libros bajo llave. Se da cuenta de ejemplos ubicados en Buenos Aires, Córdoba y Mendoza, con extensión a antecedentes existentes en otras regiones geográficas.  Waivers and Books Secrets of Marriages in the Second Half Century XVIII and the First of XIX Existing Territories in ArgentineAbstractIn this paper we analyze sources in archives and works of European and Latin American literature related to Canon Law in the second half of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth centuries. The Secrets of Marriage poorly known Books reveal the existence of a secret just really there that few had access to a saved over time by the Catholic Church material. Dissimilar motivations direct consanguinity, first degree of affinity in a straight line, disparity lineage, religion, lack of permits from the authorities to administration officials in Indias military and officers so they could marry, and the fact that some Cadiz Chargers wanted to be considered as single society, were the occasion of certain marriage will be kept undercover in the Episcopal Cameras, locked book. He realizes examples located in Buenos Aires, Cordoba and Mendoza, with extension to existing records in other geographical regions. Keywords: secrets marriage, Canon Law, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza.
Las diócesis del Valle del Cauca (Colombia) en el siglo XX: Hacia el fortalecimiento de la modernización
Authors: Echeverry Pérez Antonio José , Abadia Quintero Carolina
Published: October 2014

El presente artículo hace un recorrido histórico (consultando fundamentalmente los archivos diocesanos, en su mayoría inéditos), por la instauración de las principales diócesis creadas en el Departamento del Valle del Cauca (Colombia) durante el siglo XX: Cali, Palmira, Buenaventura, Cartago y Buga. Se muestra como la Iglesia constituye un proyecto fundamental de modernización religiosa, que se denota ante todo en la extensión de su presencia en el territorio vallecaucano. Proceso que inicia con la desfragmentación del gran territorio de la arquidiócesis de Popayán, con lo cual cada diócesis creada logra impulsar sus propios procesos de generación de parroquias, centros educativos y de beneficencia, logrando con esto, construir la iglesia vallecaucana y fortalecer la religión católica tanto en los sectores rurales como en los espacios urbanos del departamento del Valle del Cauca. Cada nueva diócesis se inscribe además, en su propia coyuntura local de desarrollo y modernización económica y social. The Diocese of Valle del Cauca (Colombia) during 20 th Century: Towards the Strengthening of Modernity AbstractThe present article, based on a research carried out on diocesan archives -mainly unpublished- describes the historical path followed during the creation of the most important dioceses in the Valle del Cauca region (Colombia) during the 20th century: Cali, Palmira, Buenaventura, Cartago and Buga. It shows how the Church constituted a fundamental project of religious modernization as a result of its growing presence in the Valle del Cauca territory. The process begun with the fragmentation of the wide area occupied by the Archdiocese of Popayan, when each new diocese developed its own process in the establishment of new parishes, schools and charity institutions. These constitute the foundations of the Catholic Church and the construction and empowerment of religion, both in rural sectors and urban spaces along the Department. Nevertheless, each new parish in the Valle del Cauca was created according to local circumstances of economic development and social modernization.Keywords: church, modernization, regional history, Valle del Cauca
New Method to Increase Inter-alveolar Height With Preservation of Crestal Cortical Bone for Implant Treatment
Authors: Etoz Osman A. , Demetoglu Umut , Ocak Hakan
Published: October 2014

The aim of this technique is to provide adequate interocclusal distance (3 mm) allowing preprosthetic management. A bone block was cut with piezosurgery and extracted, leaving the crestal cortical bone intact. The free crestal alveolar bone was fixed to the maxilla with 2 dental implants. After 3 months of follow-up, abutment surgery was performed and osseointegration was evident with adequate interocclusal height (7 mm) allowing prosthetic management.
Modelagem hierárquica de determinantes associados a internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária no Espírito Santo, Brasil
Authors: Pazó Rosalva Grobério , Frauches Diana de Oliveira , Maria del Carmen Bisi Molina , Cade Nágela Valadão
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a organização dos serviços de saúde e as taxas de internações hospitalares por condições sensíveis à atenção primária após ajuste para variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas no contexto dos municípios do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Estudo ecológico das internações do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com as variáveis: internações hospitalares por condições sensíveis à atenção primária, porte municipal, indicadores demográficos, socioeconômicos, organização e indicadores de desempenho dos serviços de saúde. Realizou-se análise multivariável por regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Foram ajustados modelos para a população total e por faixas etárias. Ordenaram-se as variáveis explicativas segundo modelo hierarquizado. Houve associação a risco de internações hospitalares por condições sensíveis à atenção primária com o percentual de analfabetismo (RR: 1,08-1,17), proporção de leitos SUS (RR: 1,09-1,12), urbanização (RR: 1,02-1,03), proporção de negros (RR: 0,97-0,98) e cobertura de plano de saúde (RR: 0,97-0,98). Há determinantes das internações hospitalares por condições sensíveis à atenção primária que implicam no padrão de utilização dos serviços e estão fora do escopo da atenção primária.
Interações medicamentosas potenciais entre idosos em uso dos anti-hipertensivos da Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil
Authors: Mibielli Pablo , Rozenfeld Suely , Matos Guacira Corrêa de , Acurcio Francisco de Assis
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de interações medicamentosas potenciais entre anti-hipertensivos e outros fármacos. Foi realizado um inquérito domiciliar com pessoas de 60 anos ou mais de idade, residentes no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram identificadas as interações medicamentosas potenciais entre os anti- hipertensivos com evidência estabelecida, provável ou suspeita e com gravidade moderada ou elevada. Foram entrevistados 577 idosos (média de idade = 72 anos), 45,2% dos quais em uso de anti-hipertensivos, sendo 31,0% deles sujeitos a interações medicamentosas potenciais. A maioria das interações foi moderadamente grave. Comparados aos demais, os sujeitos às interações medicamentosas potenciais têm chance acima de 4 vezes de usar 5 ou mais medicamentos e acima de duas vezes de ter sido hospitalizado no ano anterior. Entre os pares de interações mais frequentes, 75% produzem redução do efeito hipotensivo (65/87), o que pode resultar em baixa efetividade no controle da pressão arterial, prescrição de mais medicamentos e risco de outros efeitos adversos e de interações.
Avaliação da gestão municipal do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar nos maiores municípios de Santa Catarina, Brasil
Authors: Gabriel Cristine Garcia , Calvo Maria Cristina Marino , Vasconcelos Francisco de Assis Guedes de , Lacerda Josimari Telino de , Freitas Sérgio Fernando Torres de , Schmitz Bethsáida de Abreu Soares
Published: October 2014

Pesquisa avaliativa sobre a gestão municipal do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nos dez maiores municípios de Santa Catarina, Brasil. A matriz de indicadores contempla duas dimensões: político-organizacional (DPO), com as subdimensões recursos, atuação intersetorial e controle social; e técnico-operacional (DTO), com as subdimensões eficácia alimentar e nutricional, monitoramento alimentar e nutricional, e atuação pedagógica para a alimentação saudável. Foram elencados 22 indicadores e os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com nutricionistas do PNAE. A DPO resultou em 60% dos casos regulares e 40% ruins, e a DTO obteve 90% dos casos ruins, consequência do baixo desempenho no monitoramento e na atuação pedagógica. Embora os casos avaliados tenham resultados pouco satisfatórios, a avaliação oferece dados importantes sobre a gestão do PNAE. Ressalta-se a importância de avaliações com esse caráter como possibilidade de alertar os gestores para a revisão e qualificação das ações.
Persistência de inseticidas e parâmetros microbiológicos em solo sob sistemas de manejo
Authors: Portilho Irzo Isaac Rosa , Scorza Júnior Rômulo Penna , Salton Júlio Cesar , Mendes Ieda de Carvalho , Mercante Fábio Martins
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a degradação dos inseticidas bifentrina, permetrina e tiametoxam em um solo sob sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (SILP), plantio direto (SPD) e convencional (SC), e sua relação com atributos microbiológicos (carbono da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal e atividade das enzimas -glucosidase e fosfatase ácida). O experimento foi realizado utilizando solos incubados (0-10cm) com umidade a 75% da capacidade de campo e 28ºC por 51 dias. Além de aumentos de matéria orgânica, biomassa e atividade microbiana, o sistema SILP também favoreceu a degradação mais rápida dos três inseticidas no solo, em comparação aos outros sistemas avaliados. Dentre os inseticidas avaliados, o tiametoxam apresentou degradação lenta no solo, com valores de meia-vida (TD50) entre 46 e 89 dias. Os valores de TD50 para bifentrina ficaram entre 14 e 44 dias e para permetrina entre 9 e 47 dias, considerando todos os sistemas avaliados.