bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trichloroberyllat‐Komplexe von Dimethylcyanamid, Morpholin und 4,4′‐Bipyridin
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: May 2006

Trichloroberyllate Complexes of Dimethyl Cyanamide, Morpholine, and 4,4′‐Bipyridine

The trichloroberyllate complexes (Ph4P)[BeCl3(NCNMe2)] (1), (Ph4P)[BeCl3{HN(CH2)4O}] (2), and (Ph4P)2[(BeCl3)2(4,4′‐bipy)] (3) were prepared by reactions of (Ph4P)2[Be2Cl6] with dimethyl cyanamide, trimethylsilylmorpholinate, and 4,4′‐bipyridine, respectively, in dichloromethane solutions. 1‐3 were characterized by X‐ray crystallography and by IR‐spectroscopy.

1·CH2Cl2: Space group P1, Z = 1, lattice dimensions at 173 K: a = 714.2(1), b = 919.5(2), c = 1233.4(2) pm, α = 94.97(1)°, β = 90.86(1)°, γ = 111.90(1)°, R1 = 0.0310. In the complex anion [BeCl3(NCNMe2)]− the dimethyl cyanamide ligand is coordinated via a linear Be–N≡C‐NMe2 arrangement, the CH2Cl2 molecules forming linear chains by hydrogen bridges ···HCH···Cl··· with the chlorine atoms of the {BeCl3−} groups.

2: Space group $P{\bar 1}$, Z = 2, lattice dimensions at 173 K: a = 1050.9(1), b = 1099.7(1), c = 1308.3(2) pm, α = 87.57(1)°, β = 70.97(1)°, γ = 74.58(1)°, R1 = 0.0397. The complex anions are dimerized by centrosymmetric puckered eight‐membered [Be–N–H···Cl]2 rings.

3·2CH2Cl2: Space group $P{\bar 1}$, Z = 2, lattice dimensions at 173 K: a = 1095.4(1), b = 1559.6(2), c = 1869.8(3) pm, α = 79.12(1)°, β = 73.83(1)°, γ = 78.76(1)°, R1 = 0.0548. The complex contains dianions [Cl3Be(μ‐bipy)BeCl3]2− with Be–N distances of 177.0(6) and 178.5(6) pm. Both {BeCl3}− groups form C–H···Cl hydrogen bridges with the dichloromethane molecules.
The Fate of Leichhardt
Authors: Lewis Darrell
Published: May 2006

In 1848 an expedition led by German scientist Ludwig Leichhardt set out from Moreton Bay (Brisbane) with the intention of crossing the continent to the Swan River (Perth). The trip was expected to take two to three years, but instead the entire expedition disappeared and its fate remains a mystery to this day. It is now recognised that in his time Leichhardt was the best-trained scientist-explorer to have visited Australia, having studied under many of the most eminent European scientists and absorbed the works of others, including the great Alexander von Humboldt. Because of this, I argue that his 1848 expedition was not intended to be merely an east-west traverse of the continent. I determine what route Leichhardt planned to follow and show that he chose this route with several 'Humboldtian' aims in mind. If his expedition had succeeded, it would have been the greatest land-based scientific expedition in Australia's history, and Leichhardt would arguably now be venerated as the father of Australian landscape ecology. From the time it was realised Leichhardt's expedition was lost, many theories have been put forward as to its fate. Most suggest that the expedition perished somewhere in western Queensland or in the vicinity of the Simpson Desert. I present evidence to suggest that Leichhardt followed his proposed course and that this took him far from the Simpson Desert-Central Australian region, that in fact he made it more than two-thirds of the way across the continent and perished in the area where the Tanami Desert meets the Great Sandy Desert.
From Exploitation to Science: Lane Poole's Forest Surveys of Papua and New Guinea, 1922 - 1924
Authors: Dargavel John
Published: May 2006

Charles Lane Poole (1875-1970) was engaged from 1922 to 1924 to locate forest resources that could be exploited for a timber export trade from the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. He took his brief beyond this in order to establish a scientific base for forestry, explore country beyond the limits of white contact, and contribute to the mapping of the Territories. He did not find a timber resource for export, but he classified the forests, assessed likely areas and collected some 800 herbarium specimens. This paper examines his surveys in light of these dimensions, the context of time and place, and Lane Poole's beliefs and energy.
The impacts of invasive plant species on the biodiversity of Australian rangelands
Authors: Grice A. C.
Published: May 2006

Most parts of the Australian rangelands are at risk of invasion by one or more species of non-native plants. The severity of current problems varies greatly across the rangelands with more non-native plant species in more intensively settled regions, in climatic zones that have higher and more reliable rainfall, and in wetter and more fertile parts of rangeland landscapes. Although there is quantitative evidence of impacts on either particular taxonomic groups or specific ecological processes in Australian rangelands, a comprehensive picture of responses of rangeland ecosystems to plant invasions is not available. Research has been focused on invasive species that are perceived to have important effects. This is likely to down play the significance of species that have visually less dramatic influences and ignore the possibility that some species could invade and yet have negligible consequences. It is conceivable that most of the overall impact will come from a relatively small proportion of invasive species. Impacts have most commonly been assessed in terms of plant species richness or the abundance of certain groups of vertebrates to the almost complete exclusion of other faunal groups. All scientific studies of the impacts of invasive species in Australian rangelands have focused on the effects of individual invasive species although in many situations native communities are under threat from a complex of interacting weed species. Invasion by non-native species is generally associated with declines in native plant species richness, but faunal responses are more complex and individual invasions may be associated with increase, decrease and no-change scenarios for different faunal groups. Some invasive species may remain minor components of the vegetation that they invade while others completely dominate one stratum or the vegetation overall.
The effects of saprobic conditions on some ciliated Protozoa in the benthos and hypolimnion of a eutrophic pond
Authors: GOULDER R.
Published: May 2006

Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of some mesosaprobic ciliated Protozoa were followed from May 1969 to December 1970 in a eutrophic pond in north‐west England. The most common species were Loxodes magnus and Loxodcs striatus; some counts of Frontonia leucas, Spirostomum teres, Stentor coeruleus and Paramecium caudatum were also made.

From about October to May, when the pond was mixed and the bottom water was well oxygenated, dense benthic populations of these ciliates were found (maxima 221 L. magnus and 293 L. striatus in 0·1 ml of sediment). They were absent from the plankton.

In summer, stratification occurred, conditions in the hypolimnion became saprobic (i.e. low oxygen and high levels of potentially toxic substances such as sulphide, ammonia, and carbon dioxide), and very few benthic ciliates were present. Some planktonic Loxodes (up to 34 L. magnus and 137 L. striatus/ml) were, however, found in the hypolimnion. Possibly conditions in the water column were less severe than in the sediment, or perhaps the planktonic ciliates migrated vertically, from time to time, to an oxygen supply at the boundary with the epilimnion.

Experimental exposure of the Loxodes species (also S. teres) to saprobic conditions in closed bottles caused the death of most ciliates within 50–150 h of closing the bottles.

Deoxygenation of Loxodes was also carried out in a stream of argon, when there was no build‐up of the potential toxins associated with anoxia. Almost all Loxodes were lost between 20 and 70 h, hence, oxygen deficiency alone is probably sufficient to explain the low populations in the summer benthos.
The recent diatom history of Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: HAWORTH ELIZABETH Y.
Published: May 2006

Diatoms in the top metre of lake sediment have been studied for indications or recent changes in the environment of Loch Leven. The diatoms indicate a eutrophic, alkaline lake with Melosira italica ssp. subarctica, Tabellaria Flocculosa and Stephanodiscus astraea the dominant taxa at the base of the 1‐m section. There is then an appeance of Melosira ambigua and Stephanodiscus hantzschii suggesting a richer environment. Post A.D. 1816 changes in taxa suggest possible correlation with the lowering of lake level in 1830 and the dominance of Diatoma elongatum, Cyclotella pseudostelligera, Stephanodiscus astraea var. minutula, S. tenuis, S. hantzschii, and Synedra rumpens and var. soctica in zone 4 agrees with present‐day plankton records.
Lakes of south‐western Uganda
Authors: DENNY PATRICK
Published: May 2006

Lake Bunyonyi was formed about 18,000 years B.P. by a volcanic eruption which blocked a steep‐sided valley. Earlier this century fish were introduced into the lake but recently there have been mass fish deaths. Although the thermocline was inconspicuous, density profiles showed the lake to the stratified and chemical evidence suggested stratification was for many years. The water was clear with little plankton and the epilimnioncontained low concentrations of dissolved mineral ions. The hypolimnion was anoxic and had a relatively high mineral ion concentration. The mass fish deaths were attributed to a violent shallow mixing, probably caused by wind, but mixing was insufficient to remineralize the epilimnion.
A rotary sieve for removing mud from bottom deposit samples
Authors: SLACK H. D.
Published: May 2006

An electrically driven sieve is described which reduces the time and labour required for the separation of animals and debris from the muds of bottom deposit samples.
Rates of gastric evacuation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L.
Authors: ELLIOTT J. M.
Published: May 2006

Brown trout of similar length and weight were fed a standard meal which contained a known number of food organisms of the same size‐group and taxon (seven taxa were used). The weight of digestible organic matter in a trout stomach decreased exponentially with time. i.e. at a constant relative rate. At a particular water temperature, the food organisms were either evacuated from the stomach at similar rates (Group 1: Gammarus pulex, Baetis rhodani, Chironomidae, Oligochaetes) or at progressively slower rates (Group 2: Protonemura meyeri, Hydropsyche spp., Tenebrio molitor). Rates of gastric evacuation were not significantly different for food organisms of different size groups of the same taxon, or for different sized meals, or for different sizes of trout (range 20–30 cm), or for mixed and multiple meals (three meals over 16 h). Times are given for the gastric evacuation of 50%, 75%, 90% and 99% of the digestible organic matter in a meal. Starvation periods of 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 days prior to feeding did not affect evacuation rates. The rates were slightly, but not significantly, slower for starvation periods of 6 and 7 days, and were often significantly slower for starvation periods of 10, 15 and 20 days. Evacuation rates increased exponentially with increasing water temperature. It was possible to estimate both the rate and time for the gastric evacuation of different meals at water temperatures between 3–8°C and 19·1°C.
Actinomycete virus in fresh water
Authors: WILLOUGHBY L. G. , SMITH SUSAN M. , BRADSHAW R. M.
Published: May 2006

An ecological study was made of the freshwater distribution of Actinomycete virus. One component of this, the virus of Actinoplanes, is highly specific and its pattern of occurrence mirrors that of its host. The occurrence of Streptomyces virus is more difficult to explain in ecological terms, but this is attempted. Micromonospora virus was not obtained and the significance of this is discussed. The Actinoplanes virus is characterized at the fine‐structure level by a polyhedral‐shaped head with a tail bearing a contractile sheath, the latter feature being previously undescribed for actinophage.
Limnological studies on some lakes in the Netherlands
Authors: GULATI R. D.
Published: May 2006

Most Dutch lakes are small and shallow, resulting from peat dredging since the late 18th century. However, deep lakes have appeared recently owing to sand digging. Limnological features of one such lake, Wijde Biik (N. Holland), were studied during 1968–70. The lake with an average depth of 11 4 m (maximum depth 31 m) and area of 2·65 × 106m2 is one of the deepest and biggest in the Loosdrecht‐lakes area. The lake is 125 cm below sea level, and underground water‐movements play an important part in the lake's hydrology.

The lake exhibits thermal stratification on warm and calm days; since the lake surroundings are open and flat, wind and nocturnal cooling destroy such a stratification. There is continuous circulation from autumn through spring. The O2 saturation (%) in the upper water varies from 70 to 120%. Bottom waters were never anaerobic (lowest values 10% O2 saturation).

CI− (2·8m‐equiv.) and HCO−3 (1·9 m‐equiv.) were the dominant anions just as Ca++ (2·77 m‐equiv.) and Na+ (2·5 m‐equiv.) formed the main cations. Chlorides have increased 2·5‐fold in the 40 years as a geochemical consequence of deepening. The surface drainage has minor influence on lake's water chemistry. Part‐P (10–140 μg/I) and PO4‐P (2–40 μg/1) recorded maximum and minimum respectively, and NO3‐N (0·05–1·15 mg/1) its minimum, during Microcystis abundance in August 1968. The SiO2‐Si decreased from February 1969 (400 μg/l) to June 1969 as Diatotna elongatum increased. The Si‐decrease to <30% of the 1932 values is due to removal of Si‐rich clay and silt, due to sand digging.

Chlorococcales were the important lake algae. Desmids were poor. Microcystis dominated as a rule from July‐September, achieving from 15 to 31 colonies/ml. Poor light transmission rather than nutrients limits plankton growth as also the primary production in the lake. Copepoda were the dominant zooplankton. Bosmina coregoni recorded between 2 and 44 individuaIs/1 in summer 1968 and was the main cladoceran. The average primary production during summers of 1969 and 1970 was 380 and 497 mg C m−2 day−1 respectively. Light limited production below 1 m—1 % light in 1969 and 10% in 1970 penetrated down to 4 m. About 70% of the production took place in the upper 2 m. Calculation of production according to theoretical models under‐estimated the observed values by 12% because Z0·5Ik lay much above (0·8–2·8 m) the expected value of 3·5 m. It is suggested that in turbid lakes like Wijde Blik in situ incubations should be done at 0·5 m intervals in the upper 2 or 3 m.
The distribution of stream‐dwelling triclads (Platyhelminthes) in North Wales
Authors: WRIGHT JOHN F.
Published: May 2006

This paper presents information collected during a survey of stream‐dwelling triclads in two CO ntrasted areas of North Wales. The first study area was located in Caernarvon‐shire on the mainland of North Wales and included a mountainous region rising to over 1000 m with abundant cold springs. In contrast, the study area on the nearby island of Anglesey was characterized by relatively warm, slow‐flowing streams passing through gently undulating land which did not rise above 153 m. The object of the survey was to collect background data so that suitable streams could be chosen for more intensive studies on factors determining the distribution and abundance of stream‐dwelling triclads. Distribution maps for the commonly occurring species were prepared and observations on the relationship between stream source‐type and triclad fauna were obtained. The possible role of interspecific competition was of particular interest in this study and the results of this second phase of the work will be presented in a later paper.
A buoyant net designed to catch freshwater fish larvae quantitatively
Authors: BAGENAL T. B.
Published: May 2006

A buoyant net for catching young fish quantitatively is described, together with some results based on samples taken with this net.
Studies on the genus Stenostomum O. Schmidt (Turbellaria; Catenulida).
Authors: KOLASA J. , YOUNG J. O.
Published: May 2006

Specimens of Stenostomum which could be attributed to either S. anatirostrum or S. bryophilum, from Britain, Kenya and Poland have been described, and compared with published descriptions of similar material collected in Brazil and Finland. It is concluded that 5. bryophilum ought to be regarded as a synonym of S. anati‐rostrum. S. anatirostrum is a very variable species with a wide geographical distribution. It occurs in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats.
Diel periodicity in the behaviour of the caddisfly, Brachycentrus americanus (Banks)
Authors: GALLEPP GEORGE
Published: May 2006

Behaviour of Brachycentrus americanus was observed in a simulated stream in the laboratory every 2 h for 7 days in January, and in Lawrence Creek, Wisconsin, every half hour for 2 days in May. In the field, animals, algae, and detritus in the drift were sampled every half hour with an 800‐μm and a 60‐μm mesh net.

The primary mutually‐exclusive behavioural units were filtering, case building, and withdrawn when the larvae had their cases attached to the substrate, and crawling and holding when cases were not attached. Diel changes in behaviour were similar i n the laboratory and field. Almost 100% of the animals were filtering at night, whereas only about 60% were during day. Withdrawn, case building and unattached activities occurred more frequently during the day. While only 0‐5% of the laboratory animals were unattached during the day, in Lawrence Creek 10‐20% were unattached at that time and many moved across the substrate and grazed. Drifting, which was acyclic, did not correlate closely with the diurnal increase in unattached activity.

Available drifting food in both nets increased markedly following rain. In the absence of rain, dry weight of detritus from the 800‐μm net increased at night. Changes i n timing and method of feeding are discussed relative to gut contents, morphological adaptations, and energy expenditure of B. americanus, and to food availability.
Population dynamics of perch, Perca fluviatilis L. in Slapton Ley, Devon
Authors: CRAIG J. F.
Published: May 2006

The age of perch. Perca fluviatilis L. was determined from the annual bands laid down on the opercular bone. Year class monthly mean lengths were based on this ageing. The opercular bones have also been used for back‐calculating growth. It was found that back‐calculated mean lengths per age were similar to those calculated by direct measurement. There was little difference in growth between the sexes for the first 2 or 3 years of life. The investigation was too short for a correlation to be found between growth increments and degree days above 14°C although Slapton Ley was found to be warm in comparison to other British waters and the perch grew fast. Ford‐Walford plots gave L∞= 22.0 cm for males and L∞= 25.0 cm for females. In length‐weight relationships, fry and immature females were homogeneous between their monthly subgroups, and fry obeyed the cube law throughout. Mature males and females were heterogeneous between monthly subgroups. Growth has been expressed in weight form and instantaneous growth rates are given. These rates are higher for fry than older fish. Condition was closely related to gonad development in mature fish. Condition fell sharply after spawning and then rose rapidly in May and June. A sudden drop in condition was noted in males during August which cannot be fully explained.
The life histories, trophic relations and production of Stenoperla prasina (Plecoptera) and Deleatidium sp. (Ephemeroptera) in a New Zealand river
Authors: WINTERBOURN M. J.
Published: May 2006

The life history, feeding relations and production of the stonefly Stenoperla prasina were studied for 16 months in the Selwyn River, South Island, New Zealand. Larval life is about 1 year with growth occurring in all months. Although emergence of adults was observed only from November to February, egg hatching probably occurred over an extended period as small larvae were present in most months. Larvae were mainly carnivorous except in early instars when most guts contained detritus. Larvae of a mayfly, Deleatidium sp. and a chironomid, Orthocladiinae sp. were the most important prey items. In April of two successive years the guts of most stoneflies examined were filled with diatoms (Gomphonema sp.) and filamentous algae which were abundant in the river only at these times. Algal feeding was not found in other months.

Larvae of the main prey species, Deleatidium, were present in all months, being most abundant in summer and declining in numbers during winter. Maximum emergence occurred in March and April. The annual cycle of Deleatidium was diflicuit to interpret as larvae of all sizes were present in all months. Two generations probably occurred in a year, a fast‐growing summer generation and a slower‐growing and less synchronized winter generation.

Mean annual standing biomass, annual production and turnover ratios (P/B) were calculated for both species. The latter were within the range of values given by Waters (1969) but may be subject to error from several sources. Shortcomings in the method used to estimate production are discussed.
Observations on ventilatory and net‐spinning activities of larvae of the genus Hydropsyche Pictet (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) under experimental conditions
Authors: PHILIPSON G.N. , MOORHOUSE B.H.S.
Published: May 2006

Larvae of three species of the genus Hydropsyche with distribution patterns indicating they are associated with increasing ranges of flow rate and temperature in the sequence H. instahilis, H. pelhicidula, H. angustipennis, were selected for study. Experiments on frequency of ventilatory movements indicated that the larvae were increasingly tolerant to dissolved oxygen concentration, flow rate and temperature in the same sequence of species. Experiments on net‐spinning indicated a corresponding order of preference for higher temperatures and a general preference for higher flow rates. During experiments on net‐spinning the number of larval casualties, ascribed to encounters between individuals, showed marked contrasts between species. The significance ofthe behaviour ofthe larvae under experimental conditions is discussed with reference to their distribution in the field.
Revised estimates for the biomass and production of zooplankton in Lake George, Uganda
Authors: BURGIS MARY J.
Published: May 2006

The relationship of total body length to formalin dry weight for individuals of Thermo‐cyclops hyalinus and Mesocyclops leuckarti, from the tropical Lake George, Uganda, is given and shows that previous estimates of individual biomass and, therefore, of zooplankton standing crop and production based on them, were too high. The annual mean standing crop of total Crustacea, in 1969–70 was 828 mg (dw) m−2 and for T. hyalinus, the dominant species, 559 mg (dw) m−2 Biomass tended to be higher in the mid‐lake area than inshore. The annual mean production of T. hyalinus is now estimated to be 44 mg (dw) m−2 day.
REALISM, MARXISM AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Authors: Williams Stephen Wyn
Published: May 2006

For a long time one school of players favoured the technique of stating side by side, developing in counterpoint, and finally harmoniously combining two hostile themes or ideas, such as…individual and community. In such a Game the goal was to develop both themes or theses with impartiality, to evolve out of thesis and antithesis the purest possible synthesis.

(Herman Hesse, The Glass Bead Game)
Some Recent Writings on Women and the Environment: Review Essay
Authors: Darke Jane
Published: May 2006

New Space for Women, edited by Gerda Wekerle, Rebecca Peterson and David Morley. Westview Press, 1980.

Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Special Issue: “Women and the American City,” Spring 1980, Volume 5, Number 3, Supplement.

Women in Housing: Access and Influence, by Marion Brion and Anthea Tinker. The Housing Centre Trust, 1980.

“A Woman's Place: A Feminist Approach to Housing in Britain,” by Helen Austerberry and Sophie Watson. Feminist Review, Number 8, Summer 1981: 49–62.
LITERATURE AND EVERYDAY LIFE*
Authors: ROBINSON BRIAN
Published: May 2006

The work of several authors (Adorno, Benjamin, Berger, Lukacs, and Sartre) who have Marxist‐related approaches to literature is examined in order to present a review of the problems involved in the relationship between literature and everyday life. It is suggested that literature does not have to be “applied” or “realistic” to convey what is implicated in different literary forms and genres (novels, short stories, and poetry).
POSTMODERNISM, MARXISM, AND LOCALITY RESEARCH: THE CONTRIBUTION OF CRITICAL REALISM TO THE DEBATE
Authors: LOVERING JOHN
Published: May 2006

Abstracts

The conflict between postmodernism and Marxism is a central theme in contemporary human geography. This paper argues that the debate has been muddied by a confused usage of terms, and inadequate scholarship with regard to Marxism. It is necessary to distinguish between ‘postmodernism’ as simply a descriptive label for empirical developments in society, and the stronger claim that ‘postmodernism’ provides a new theoretical orientation capable of elucidating them. The former position is unobjectionable, but the latter is premature. Its advocates side‐step difficulties in the philosophy of science, and misrepresent the advantages of a postmodern approach to culture and the experiential domain. They erroneously claim special rights over locality studies, and their political contribution tends to romanticise subjectivism. The dismissal of Marxism completely ignores its anti‐essentialist strand, and overlooks the contemporary regeneration of Marxism under the stimulus of critical realism. Locality research makes scientific sense only in a realist‐marxist framework.
CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN NEO‐MARXIST INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY. A CRITIQUE OF THEMES FROM SCOTT AND STORPER'S: PRODUCTION, WORK, TERRITORY
Authors: PEET RICHARD
Published: May 2006

Abstracts

The publication of Scott and Storper's Production, Work, Territory symbolizes the intellectual maturation of the new industrial geography. But problems of relating human action to structural necessity and local events to global processes continue to plague the discourse. This paper critically examines these related themes in the work of Scott and Storper, and Lipietz, pointing to the uneasy relation between structural inevitability and contingent spatial outcomes, and offers an alternative reading of structuralism as a contribution to the ongoing debate.
ON BEING OUTSIDE ‘THE PROJECT’
Authors: CHRISTOPHERSON SUSAN
Published: May 2006

For feminists, it is moral and political, rather than scientific discussion that has served as the paradigm ‐ though a problematic one ‐ of rational discourse.

Sandra Harding (1986: 251)
GENTRIFICATION AND THE SPATIAL CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE: THE RESTRUCTURING OF LONDON'S DOCKLANDS*
Authors: SMITH ADRIAN
Published: May 2006

Abstracts

This paper argues that despite recent advances in research concerned with gentrification, the role of the state in this process has not been adequately conceptualised. Existing perspectives largely fail to provide a thorough analysis of the way in which the duality of the states ‘political’ and ‘economic’ functions are related, and how these are represented in concrete spatial situations. Through an empirical focus upon London's Docklands, the way in which the state, through the London Docklands Development Corporation, is spatially constituted and has influenced the gentrification process are examined. First, some conceptual and theoretical questions are discussed. Second, a brief historical context in which gentrification in the Docklands can be situated is provided, followed by an examination of how the restructuring of this area relates to the broader restructuring of state relations. The central role of the state in the gentrification of the Docklands is then considered by looking first, at how the LDDC has aided, through capital subsidisation, the production of a gentrified built environment giving rise to restructured patterns of socio‐spatial polarisation. Second, the question of how this action and the inequalities arising from it have been legitimised, through political, ideological and socio‐cultural means, is examined. Finally, some of the theoretical and political implications of this analysis are addressed.
RECIPES FOR A PUDDING: A COMMENT ON LOCALITY
Authors: WARDE ALAN
Published: May 2006

As far as future research in geography is concerned, the proof of the pudding will be in the eating. ‘Locality’ can be seen to be a fascinating, complex concept of considerable value to geographical theory and empirical research. Researchers should not make the mistake of confusing empirical research with ‘empiricism’ as Duncan, Savage and others do. My feeling is that their alternative recipe should definitely carry a health warning (Cooke, 1989: 274).
THEORY AND ESSENTIALISM IN MARXIST GEOGRAPHY
Authors: GRAHAM JULIE
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

Many Marxist geographers are involved in the current attempt within human geography to create nonessentialist forms of social explanation. This project has been carried forward with great, though uneven, success. I argue that the concept of ‘theory’ is an area of our discourse where essentialism tenaciously persists. I explore some essentialist meanings of ‘theory’ in Marxist geography and offer a nonessentialist alternative meaning, embedded within an explicitly nonessentialist Marxism.
POPULATION AND POVERTY IN DEPENDENT STATES: LATIN AMERICA CONSIDERED
Authors: SHRESTHA NANDA R. , PATTERSON JOHN G.
Published: May 2006

Malthusians maintain that rapid population growth aggravates poverty, while Marxists contend that social formations determine its nature and extent. Each perspective is incomplete, however, since it ignores the insights of the other. Latin American states, characterized by dependent capitalist formations and dominated by ruling elites, are generally incapable of solving the problems of population and poverty. Since population growth under dependent capitalism weakens labor's bargaining position against capital, reduced population growth is emphasized as a labor empowerment strategy the poor can implement on their own to improve their socioeconomic conditions.
U.S. URBAN POLICY: THE POSTWAR STATE AND CAPITALIST REGULATION
Authors: FLORIDA RICHARD , JONAS ANDREW
Published: May 2006

This paper provides an historically grounded theory of U.S. urban policy which is informed by regulationist theory and recent contributions to the theory of the State. It is shown how the content and form of urban policy in the New Deal, was shaped by the rise of mass‐production Fordism and informed by the particular struggles that emerged in the United States during the formative period of the 1930s and 1940s. These struggles produced a particular State policy response, setting in place a limited and constrained mode of State intervention in the economy. In the realm of urban policy, this narrow form of State intervention set limits on further rounds of State policy, leaving the U.S. State unable to respond in an effective way to the mounting economic crises of the 1970s and the 1980s, contributing to the so‐called “failure” of urban policy.
THE REPRODUCTION OF GENDER RELATIONS OVER SPACE: A MODEL APPLIED TO THE CASE OF CHARTERED SURVEYORS
Authors: Greed Clara H.
Published: May 2006

Chartered surveyors are one of the main groups of property professions in Britain involved in all aspects of land use and development: but only five percent are women. This paper discusses the dimensions of a conceptual model, expressed as a diagram, developed to demonstrate the role of surveyors in the reproduction over space of social relations: in this case the imprint of gender relations on the built environment through the development process. In seeking to trace empirically the transmission paths, it is concluded that one is dealing with a complex network of processes in which gender and class cannot be easily separated, but inter‐react to produce the end product.
DOMESTICATING POSTMODERNISM
Authors: Strohmayer Ulf , Hannah Matthew
Published: May 2006

This paper proceeds in three steps. First, it gives more focus and rigor to the geographic reception of “postmodernism,” through an investigation of the problem of representation as it has evolved from Kant through de Saussure and Wittgenstein to Derrida. Second, it arranges historical materialist encounters with the problem of representation along a spectrum of increasing seriousness leading from Palmer through Jameson to Adorno. Third, the various geographic responses to and avoidances of the key issues involved in postmodernism are read against the backdrop of possible seriousness opened up by the first two sections of the paper. The essay concludes by considering implications, for both social science and politics, not limited to questions about the possibility of disciplinary legitimacy.
MULTICULTURALISM, OR THE UNITED COLORS OF CAPITALISM?
Authors: Mitchell Katharyne
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

In this paper I examine the political manipulation of the meanings of “race” and nation in the context of increasing Pacific Rim ties and multinational capitalist development in Vancouver. As many wealthy Hong Kong Chinese move to Vancouver in advance of 1997, racist incidents and urban social movements aimed at preserving neighborhood “character” have increased, thus discouraging international business activity and blocking capital flow into and through the city. As racism and localism hinder the social networks necessary for the integration of global capitalisms, businesspeople and politicians interested in increasing Vancouver's integration have sought to counter these processes through ideological production. The liberal doctrine of multiculturalism has become linked with the attempt to smooth racial friction and reduce resistance to the recent changes in the urban environment and experiences of everyday life in Vancouver. In this sense, the attempt to shape multiculturalism can be seen as an attempt to gain hegemonic control over concepts of race and nation in order to further expedite Vancouver's integration into the international networks of global capitalism.
LOCAL ECONOMIC POLICIES AND SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP IN SPANISH CITIES
Authors: Garciat Soledad
Published: May 2006

This paper examines the restructuring of the local economy in Spain's largest cities, particularly Barcelona, but also Madrid and Seville, in relation to the main changes that have taken place in the urban environment since local democracy was re‐established after the elections of 1979. This involves an analysis of the real capacity and impact of local council intervention in the economy and in the extension of the social dimension of citizenship. Despite their relatively small resources, local administrations have in the last few years attempted to create a more dynamic approach of leading, or at least collaborating in, economic and social reconstruction. The increasing role of localities in the economy has been particularly important since, in addition to counteracting a strong centralist tradition, it has coincided with the emergence of a new urban democratic arena which permits more social participation. However, the restructuring of state political and administrative power remains problematic at the local level due not only to the historical will of central government to apply a homogeneous pattern to heterogeneous urban realities, but also to the control that new regional governments seek to exercise over cities.
NEW URBAN POVERTY AND THE CRISIS IN THE CITIZENSHIP/WELFARE SYSTEM: THE ITALIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Mingione Enzo
Published: May 2006

The paper deals with the working hypothesis and preliminary empirical research on longitudinal analysis of the new urban poor in large Italian cities. It begins by considering existing welfare provisions in Italy and the reasons why they are inadequate to the needs of the new urban poor, who are segments of an increasingly heterogeneous population hit by an accumulation of specific disadvantages, such as the socially isolated elderly with serious health problems, poorly educated young people with a low income family background, long‐term unemployed adults who become in some areas professionally unemployable, migrants isolated from both local and fellow‐countrymen networks. The paper then presents a preliminary analysis of data indicating the different typologies of new poverty in northern and southern Italian cities and discusses the problems raised for the Italian welfare system by the extension of these phenomena.
STATE INTERVENTION IN LANDSCAPE PRODUCTION: THE WHEATLAND RIOT AND THE CALIFORNIA COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING*
Authors: Mitchell Don
Published: May 2006

The role of the state in landscape production has been little theorized in geography. In this paper, I examine the role played by state institutions in determining landscape morphology by focusing on the activities of the California Commission of Immigration and Housing as it attempted to mitigate the conditions that led to the violent Wheatland “riot” of 1913. This rebellion by radicalized migratory workers was central to the creation of the abundant agricultural landscape of California in the years before the United States entered World War I. By telling the story of Wheatland and the state responses it induced, I hope to move discussions of landscape geography beyond both traditional concerns with landscape as a reflection of “culture” and contemporary concerns with metaphors of landscape as text.
“WHEN THE GREAT PLANES CAME AND MADE ASHES OF OUR CITY …”1: TOWARDS AN ORAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE DISASTERS OF WAR.
Authors: Hewitt Kenneth
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

This paper reconstructs a view of armed violence from the personal testimony of civilians who survived massive bombing of their neighborhoods. A majority of raid victims are “ordinary” civilians, primarily women, children, and the elderly. In World War II the most destructive city‐wrecking campaigns were directed against the “morale” of these civilians. Their concerns and experience receive little consideration in the literature of air war, yet huge wartime and postwar surveys recorded first hand testimonies of those in heavily bombed cities in Germany, Japan and England. Women's words are given priority: they represent the majority of able‐bodied persons under the bombs, and bear witness to the human ecology of violent experience: the disruptions of everyday life; the worlds of blackout and underground; the losses of home places and urban culture. They testify as well to the uneven social and spatial distribution of harm within cities, where death, damage and homelessness overwhelmingly affected working class and inner city areas. The paper also suggests that personal testimony should be recovered and incorporated into studies of neglected and disadvantaged people in “oral geography.” Some of the radical departures and methodological rethinking involved are considered in a final section.
EUROCENTRISM AND AFRICAN URBANIZATION: THE CASE OF ZANZIBAR'S OTHER SIDE
Authors: Myers Garth Andrew
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

A number of geographers have recently championed the struggle against Eurocentric theoretical categorizations in geographical research on African cities. At the same time, many whose work has concentrated on African urban geography have felt left out in the more abstract theoretical debates of their colleagues based in the West. I argue for the possibility of confronting Western bias and contributing to broader theoretical debates by creating theoretical constructs derived from the African experience. I develop my argument through an analysis of urban development in Ng'ambo, the African “Other Side” of Zanzibar city, and work toward the creation of meso‐level conceptual guides for understanding Ng'ambo's development derived from the ideas of Ng'ambo residents themselves.
A PRISM FOR CONTEMPORARY CAPITALISM: TEMPORARY WORK AS DISPLACED LABOR AS VALUE
Authors: Sparke Matthew
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

Temporary work provides a prism that separates out and thereby makes manifest some of the displacing effects of today's most diversified and expanded divisions of capitalist labor. The chaotic conceptions of statistics agencies and business commentators fail to come to terms with this displacement, while transaction cost theories of flexibility fare little better. By contrast, a Marxist attention to displacements in the chain of value can adequately theorize and explain the capitalist roots of alienation in temping. A Marxist account is also better placed to analyze the spatial and institutional displacement of the labor process through temping. Finally, when sensitized to its own economic limits, a Marxist reading of value formation can also open the door to analyzing other, non‐economic, codings of workers' value.
LOCAL CHALLENGES TO GLOBAL AGENDAS: CONSERVATION, ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND THE PASTORALISTS' RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN TANZANIA
Authors: Neumann Roderick P.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

Since the mid‐1980s, “democratization” and structural adjustment, have been transforming domestic political economies throughout sub‐Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, these processes could significantly alter the terrain in the conflict between local land rights and state wildlife conservation. The situation has become increasingly complex as the parties involved ‐ land‐holders, state and international conservation agencies ‐ are joined by land rights political organizations, domestic conservation groups and foreign capital. The paper focuses on struggles over land and resource rights, specifically on new forms of grassroots political action which has emerged on the question of wildlife conservation in national parks. At the same time, tourism is expanding with an influx of foreign capital. The paper explores the implications of the interactions between these forces.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE METHODOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM RESEARCH*
Authors: Pulido Laura
Published: May 2006

Research on environmental racism has emphasized positive rationality. While useful for policy and legal interventions, this is problematic from a radical political and theoretical viewpoint. By examining two key research questions–is “race” or class responsible for discriminatory patterns? which came first, the people or the hazard?–I explore the implicit assumptions concerning racism within this framework. This reveals a large, pervasive set of misconceptions, including a tendency to reduce racism to overt actions, denying racism as ideology, and insisting on a fixed, unitary idea of racism. Both scholars committed to antiracism and those who challenge environmental justice activists' claims reproduce these conceptualizations.
CROSSING THE RIVER: HOW LOCAL STRUGGLES BUILD A BROADER MOVEMENT
Authors: Gardner Florence , Greer Simon
Published: May 2006

A case study of environmental justice organizing in South Carolina explores how local activists can build an oppositional ideology that connects to a broader agenda for social justice. A multi‐issue, state‐wide workers' rights organization provided ideological context and strategic experience that enabled residents fighting to clean up a polluted pond to connect their concern to a wider effort for economic justice and undoing racism. The organization's worker‐centered, multi‐racial identity and an organizing strategy that exposes contradictions of the dominant ideology are seen as enabling these wider connections.
Geographies of Trade Unionism: Translating Traditions Across Space and Time
Authors: Wills Jane
Published: May 2006

In the context of national trade union decline, this paper explores the geography of trade union organization through case study research at the Shredded Wheat Factory in Welwyn Garden City (Herfordshire, UK). This example highlights the geographical constitution of trade union traditions, focusing upon the ways in which collective practices and ideas are forged in particular places but also how trade union traditions can be translated across space, from one place to another. This translation is argued to take place in three ways: (i) through the direct migration of workers, (ii) through the “demonstration effects” of strikes, trade union defeats and the ensuing media and trade union coverage of these events, and (iii) through solidarity initiatives taken by workers themselves. Rather than understanding workers' traditions as being historical products in place, I argue they are simultaneously geographical in their constitution. Trade unionism is shown to be processual, constantly evolving in and across time and space. Through such insights the research enhances existing geographical work in the field, advocating an approach which focuses upon the agency involved in trade union organization, the processual nature of trade union organization and the importance of the spatial translation of trade union traditions.
Sectarianism, Socioeconomic Competition and the Political Economy of Ulster Loyalism
Authors: Shirlow Peter , McGovern M.
Published: May 2006

Within this paper we chart the link between class and the politics of Loyalism in Northern Ireland. In so doing we argue that sectarianism is a socio‐cultural construct which undermines the potential for political stability. The paper analyzes the evolution of Loyalism and in so doing contends that the extreme political violence which emanated from certain paramilitary groups was conditioned by socio‐economic and political alterations in Northern Ireland. The paper indicates how class relationships clearly cross‐cut politics, economics, ideology and culture.
OUT OF PLACE IN THE COUNTRY: TRAVELLERS AND THE “RURAL IDYLL”
Authors: Halfacree Keith H.
Published: May 2006

A controversial new Criminal Justice and Public Order Act in Great Britain contains measures to curb the lifestyles of a group known collectively as “New Age Travellers”. This paper examines these travellers as “folk devils” of the Conservative “New Right” on a number of levels: their lifestyle does not conform to that espoused by authoritarian or libertarian Conservatism; moreover, they violate the spatial order of contemporary British society by trespassing against the dominant social representation of the countryside — the “rural idyll”. In Parliamentary debates speakers drew on the rural idyll to defend the exclusivity of access to the countryside. Notably, whilst Gypsies were seen as having a legitimate if highly marginalized position in the rural representation, few saw any place for New Age travellers.
Two Pages of Fiction
Authors: HAYEK F. A.
Published: May 2006

Are the communist economies strong or weak? Russia bristles with arms and uses strong language. But is the socialist economy flawed at the center? Professor Hayek here argues, against the Polish economist Oskar Lange (Polish Ambassador to the USA, 1945–6, subsequently Chairman of Poland's State Economic Council), that without markets the efficient use of scarce resorces is not feasible. Is this why the Polish economy is now in turmoil?
BR—Railroading the Nation
Authors: MILLER ROBERT
Published: May 2006

The ASLEF strike shoed the speed with which the market can provide commuters with alternatives ro rail. GThe collapse to BR, inevitable without more millions from the taxpayer, would allow private experimentation to devise cheaper, more efficient competitors.
Labour Law, Tebbit Style
Authors: HANSON CHARLES
Published: May 2006

Norman Tebbit's proposals for minor reforms of the trade unions are the first steps of a ‘softly softly’ approach to drag the reluctant trade union movement into a framework of law that recognises and harnessed its power.
The Cost of the C.A.F
Authors: BAKER STEPHEN A.
Published: May 2006

Membership of the Common Market has raise the costs of some food to almost 5 times as much as comparable world prices. Why should the British housewife or taxpayer continue to subsidise inefficient continental farmers?
Management Buyouts and Industrial Relations
Authors: COYNE JOHN , WRIGHT MICHAEL
Published: May 2006

Acquisition by managers of the control of firms in difficulty is taming the unions. Norman Tebbit should devise means of inducing the large public sector unions to buy the nationalised industries.