bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep-learning tool for early identification of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage etiology and application in clinical diagnostics based on computed tomography (CT) scans
Authors: Zhao Meng , Li Wenjie , Hu Yifan , Jiang Ruixuan , Zhao Yuanli , Zhang Dong , Zhang Yan , Wang Rong , Cao Yong , Zhang Qian , Ma Yonggang , Li Jiaxi , Yu Shaochen , Zhang Ran , Zheng Yefeng , Wang Shuo , Zhao Jizong
Published: February 2025

Background

To develop an artificial intelligence system that can accurately identify acute non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) etiology (aneurysms, hypertensive hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), Moyamoya disease (MMD), cavernous malformation (CM), or other causes) based on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) scans and investigate whether clinicians can benefit from it in a diagnostic setting.

Methods

The deep learning model was developed with 1,868 eligible NCCT scans with non-traumatic ICH collected between January 2011 and April 2018. We tested the model on two independent datasets (TT200 and SD 98) collected after April 2018. The model’s diagnostic performance was compared with clinicians’ performance. We further designed a simulated study to compare the clinicians’ performance with and without the deep learning system complements.

Results

The proposed deep learning system achieved area under the receiver operating curve of 0.986 (95% CI [0.967–1.000]) on aneurysms, 0.952 (0.917–0.987) on hypertensive hemorrhage, 0.950 (0.860–1.000) on arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 0.749 (0.586–0.912) on Moyamoya disease (MMD), 0.837 (0.704–0.969) on cavernous malformation (CM), and 0.839 (0.722–0.959) on other causes in TT200 dataset. Given a 90% specificity level, the sensitivities of our model were 97.1% and 90.9% for aneurysm and AVM diagnosis, respectively. On the test dataset SD98, the model achieved AUCs on aneurysms and hypertensive hemorrhage of 0.945 (95% CI [0.882–1.000]) and 0.883 (95% CI [0.818–0.948]), respectively. The clinicians achieve significant improvements in the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of diagnoses of certain hemorrhage etiologies with proposed system complements.

Conclusions

The proposed deep learning tool can be an accuracy tool for early identification of hemorrhage etiologies based on NCCT scans. It may also provide more information for clinicians for triage and further imaging examination selection.
Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for predicting poor outcomes following intravenous rt-PA in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Zhang Fengjiao , Zhao Dan , Zhang Jing
Published: February 2025

Background

Intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) within 4.5 h of symptom onset is a standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, certain patients continue to develop unfavorable outcomes despite timely rt-PA therapy. Identifying those at high risk is essential for developing individualized care plans and establishing appropriate follow-up.

Methods

This retrospective study included AIS patients treated with intravenous rt-PA at 0.9 mg/kg at our center. Outcomes at three months were evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Patients with mRS scores ≤2 were considered to have favorable outcomes, and those with scores >2 were considered to have poor outcomes. Univariable analysis and stepwise logistic regression were used to identify independent predictors of poor prognosis, and a nomogram was subsequently developed. The model’s discriminative power was assessed with area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC-ROC), and its calibration was examined using calibration plots. Decision curves and clinical impact curves were applied to determine clinical utility.

Results

Among 392 enrolled patients, 77 had poor outcomes three months after rt-PA therapy. Fibrinogen (Fg), baseline NIHSS, and a history of hypertension emerged as independent predictors of poor prognosis. The nomogram achieved an AUC of 0.948 (95% CI [0.910–0.985]), with sensitivity of 0.900 and specificity of 0.916 in the training dataset, and an AUC of 0.959 (95% CI [0.907–1.000]), with sensitivity of 0.943 and specificity of 0.947 in the validation dataset. Calibration plots demonstrated close agreement between predicted and observed probabilities, and decision curves indicated a wide range of net benefit threshold probabilities.

Conclusions

This nomogram, incorporating baseline NIHSS, Fg, and a history of hypertension, accurately predicts poor three-month outcomes in AIS patients treated with intravenous rt-PA. Its ease of use may facilitate early risk stratification and assist clinicians in formulating more targeted management strategies and follow-up protocols for patients likely to experience unfavorable outcomes.
Association of Chinese visceral adiposity index with asymptomatic hyperuricemia incidence in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wang Qing , Liu Tian , Jia Changxin , Wang Ping , Wang Yangang , He Qing
Published: February 2025

Background

Previous research has shown a correlation between high visceral fat levels and hyperuricemia incidence. The Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index (CVAI) assessed visceral fat status in the Chinese population. Our study investigates the correlation between CVAI and asymptomatic hyperuricemia in type 2 diabetes patients.

Methods

This cross-sectional study analyzed 1,588 hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients to investigate the association between CVAI and hyperuricemia. CVAI was included in the logistic regression analysis as both a continuous and categorical variable, and restricted cubic splines were used to assess the dose-response relationship. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to investigate potential interactions among variables. The predictive capability of CVAI was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve based on the basic model.

Results

The CVAI quartile group analysis revealed a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia with increasing CVAI levels. CVAI is significantly associated with hyperuricemia, as identified through multifactorial logistic regression analysis. After adjusting for all covariates, the odds ratios for CVAI in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were significantly higher than in the lowest quartile, with values of 2.688 (95% CI [1.301–5.554], p = 0.008), 2.752 (95% CI [1.320–5.739], p = 0.007), and 4.990 (95% CI [2.392–10.409], p < 0.001), respectively. No significant interactions were observed in the subgroup analysis. Incorporating CVAI into the basic model increased the ROC curve’s area under the curve to 0.714.

Conclusion

This study found a positive correlation between CVAI and hyperuricemia incidence in type 2 diabetes patients. Consequently, CVAI may reliably indicate hyperuricemia in this patient population.
Vocal Cord Paralysis in Association with CHARGE Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Sisodia Akansha , Meshram RJ , Karotkar Sagar
Published: February 2025

CHARGE (Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia choanae (also known as choanal atresia), growth Retardation, Genital abnormalities and Ear abnormalities) Syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by distinct physical and developmental abnormalities. This report presents a case of a seven-day-old male infant who exhibited respiratory distress, noisy breathing and feeding difficulties, was subsequently diagnosed with CS due to a pathogenic variant in the CHD7 gene. The infant exhibited vocal cord paralysis, bilateral profound hearing loss and other characteristic features of CS. Multidisciplinary management included Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), antibiotics, laparoscopic gastrostomy, fundoplication and treatment for heart failure. Comprehensive evaluation and genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of CS, underscoring the need for a multidisciplinary approach to managing associated conditions. This case highlights the importance of early recognition and management of CS. Furthermore, this case report contributes to the existing literature by emphasising the unique clinical manifestations and challenges associated with CS. Early diagnosis and management of this condition can significantly impact the quality of life and outcomes for affected individuals. This report underscores the importance of prompt recognition and referral to specialised care teams for optimal management of CS.
Двигатель внешнего удалённого сгорания, или изучаем термодинамику по-новому!
Authors: Ochkov Valeriy
Published: February 2025

В статье описаны расчёт и графическое отображение цикла бестопочного паровоза, приведшие к рассуждениям о современных проблемах теплотехнического образования, в частности, о преподавании технической термодинамики в вузах с привлечением современных информационных технологий. В частности, рассказано, как можно использовать физико-математическую программу SMath Studio с прикреплённым к ней пакетом WaterSteamPro для теплотехнических расчётов с построением диаграмм.
Мост в будущее Роберта Бартини
Authors: Holkin Dmitry
Published: February 2025

Авторы статьи длительное время интересовались персоной Роберта Людвиговича Бартини (рис. 1) (настоящее имя Роберто Орос ди Бартини). Итальянский аристократ, родившийся в 1897 г. в семье барона, коммунист, уехавший из фашистской Италии в СССР, где стал известным авиаконструктором. Он был создателем проектов летательных аппаратов на новых принципах – самолётов-амфибий с вертикальным взлётом, экранопланов, самолётов со стреловидным крылом, сверхзвуковых бомбардировщиков дальнего радиуса действия с ядерной силовой установкой и других уникальных конструкций.
Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Turmeric Processing Units in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Varma K.V. Harsha , Jyothi S. Hyma , Gopal P.V. Sathya , Umar SK. Nafeez
Published: February 2025

The present study aims to analyze the economics of turmeric processing units in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. The study focused on cost and returns associated with turmeric processing units and constraints faced by the turmeric processors in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. The data was collected from 10 processing units using purposive random sampling from three mandals in Guntur district viz., Duggirala, Kollipara and Mangalagiri. The processing units were divided into organized and unorganized units based on their processing capacity. The economic viability of both sectors is confirmed through positive Net Present Value (NPV) and favorable Benefit-Cost (BCR) ratios at varying discount rates. There is high Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 58.24% in unorganized units and 49.52% in organized units indicating the profitability in the turmeric processing units. Break-even analysis further underscores the efficiency of both sectors, with actual production significantly exceeding the break-even output, confirming the economic sustainability of turmeric processing in the region. The findings demonstrate that despite the higher costs associated with organized units, both organized and unorganized turmeric processing units are profitable and viable enterprises in Guntur district. The turmeric processing industry in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, faces significant challenges that impact its efficiency and profitability. Key processing constraints include price fluctuations, procurement instability, and labor shortages. The turmeric processing industry in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, faces significant challenges that impact its efficiency and profitability. Key processing constraints include price fluctuations, procurement instability, and labor shortages.
Assessment of In vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity: A Comprehensive Review of Methods, Advantages, and Limitations
Authors: Peiris DSHS , Fernando DTK , Senadeera SPNN , Ranaweera CB
Published: February 2025

Aims: Inflammation is a vital biological response that plays an important role during tissue repair and defense against infections. A range of transcription factors (including NF-KB and AP-1), enzymes (Cycooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) mediates this process. The dysregulation of inflammation can lead to chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis. Corticosteroids and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used as anti-inflammatory drugs. Despite their effectiveness, the prolonged use of these drugs comes with various side effects. Therefore, there is a growing demand for safer but effective anti-inflammatory drugs. Plants and plant-based products have a rich history for their medicinal properties. Hence, medicinal plants can be a strong alternative for developing new anti-inflammatory drugs.
Materials and Methods: In vitro assays are frequently utilized for the initial screening of natural products for their pharmacological properties as they are cost-effective, direct, and time-efficient. Protein denaturation inhibition assays, membrane stabilization assays, enzyme inhibition (COX/LOX), and nitric oxide assays are commonly used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of drugs.
Conclusion:  This review explores frequently utilized In vitro assays to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, outlining their principles, methodologies, advantages, and limitations. It aims to help researchers choose appropriate techniques for drug discovery and the development of anti-inflammatory medications. However, the inability of In vitro models to fully replicate the complexity of living organism responses remains a significant limitation.
Enhanced Ionic Diffusion via Refined Pillared 1D Channels for Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Ke , Zhang Yanan , Chen Zhuo , Chen Rui , Shan Chi , Zhang Xingxing , Wang Shun , Zhang Zengqi , Zhang Sheng , Zhou Wei , Huang Wenhuan
Published: February 2025

In sodium‐metal batteries (SMBs), the tunability of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) pore structures in electrolytes enhances sodium ion transport and anion selectivity. However, the underlying mechanism of these pore structures, especially on ion transport and anion filtration, Dremains unclear. Herein, two zinc‐based azole hybrid frameworks (AHF) featuring pillared 1D channels are synthesized. The refined MOF‐based electrolyte, BPDC@PH, exhibits an ionic mobility number of 0.87 and an ionic conductivity of 7.74 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 35 °C, with cycling stability exceeding 1000 hours at 1.0 mA cm−2, which is comparable to existing MOF‐based electrolytes. Density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the enlarged AHF‐BPDC channels enhance Na+ diffusion and TFSI− adsorption, with a diffusion coefficient of 5.733 × 10−10 m2 s−1Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) conforms efficient NaTFSI transport and rapid NaF deposition, ensuring 1000‐cycle stability and over 99% efficiency. The refined MOFs with pillared 1D channels present a promising strategy for developing advanced ssGPEs for highly efficient SMBs.
Recyclable Low Dielectric Polymers with High Thermal Conductivity for Copper‐Clad Laminated Film for High‐Frequency Applications
Authors: Ko Hyeyoon , Wi Youngjae , Koo Jahyeon , Rim Minwoo , Hyeong Jaeseok , Yoo Myong Jae , Jeong Yongchae , Chaudhary Girdhari , Kang Dong‐Gue , Jeong Kwang‐Un
Published: February 2025

With the rapid increase in demand for next‐generation communication, the development of advanced dielectric materials has become imperative. To enhance the performance and reliability of miniaturized electronic devices, dielectric materials must exhibit high thermal conductivity (λ) while simultaneously fulfilling crucial criteria such as low dielectric permittivity (Dk) and dielectric loss (Df). The synthesis of novel low dielectric polymers (LDPs) is newly reported by integrating fused aromatic mesogens and siloxane functions with silane linkers. Fused aromatic mesogenic building blocks undergo crosslinking via hydrosilylation with octavinylsilsesquioxane (OVS). The resulting LDPs exhibit excellent low dielectric properties (Dk of 1.79 and a Df of 0.004) along with a high λ (0.89 W m−1 K−1). The cold crystallization of LDPs governs their molecular packing structure, which controls electron alignment and phonon transfer. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between molecular packing structure and thermal properties of LDPs allows for precise tuning of signal transmission and heat conduction in dielectric polymers. Furthermore, the reprocessable and recyclable nature of LDPs highlights their potential as highly effective and environmentally sustainable materials for advanced dielectric applications.
Homogenized Wide Bandgap Perovskites for Photostable and Efficient Four‐Terminal All‐Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Lijuan , Sun Jiahui , Wang Jinpei , Duan Meiru , Li Tai , Hu Zhelu , Zhang Hui , Chen Yonghua
Published: February 2025

Wide bandgap perovskite solar cells (WBG PSCs) have attracted widespread attention owing to their potential application in tandem solar cells. However, the mixed halide WBG perovskites suffer from serious phase segregation issues, which severely restrict the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the resulted device. Herein, an effective bottom‐up strategy has been developed to stabilize WBG perovskites by incorporating propylammonium chloride (PACl) at the buried interface. The PACl can interact with PbI2 to form a thin layer of low dimensional perovskites at the perovskite/SnO2 interface, which enables the formation of an energetic cascade structure to accelerate electron extraction. Moreover, the as generated low dimensional perovskites can seed perovskite growth with homogenized halide distribution and released lattice strain. Owing to the uniformed crystallization, suppressed defect states, and accelerated charge transport, the light induced phase segregation within the WBG perovskite is largely suppressed. As a result, a champion efficiency of ≈20% is obtained in a WBG PSC, and over 90% of the initial efficiency is maintained after 2000 h storage. By combining with a narrow bandgap PSC, a four‐terminal all perovskite tandem solar cell is ultimately constructed with a promising efficiency up to 27.2%.
On‐Demand Silk Protein‐Based Spray for Acute Burn Wound Management
Authors: Wang Yushu , Nuutila Kristo , Carlsson Anders H , Christy Sean , Larson David , Li Xinxin , Chen Ying , Hasturk Onur , Li Chunmei , Chan Rodney K. , Kaplan David L.
Published: February 2025

There is a critical unmet need to improve the treatment of battlefield burns. Rapid and efficient wound protection and closure are essential to prevent infections, reduce pain, and minimize scarring. This study introduces a portable, field‐applicable spray system designed to instantly apply a protective hydrogel coating with therapeutic agents to wounds of varying sizes and shapes for emergency treatments. By mimicking natural silk‐spinning processes, the current spray‐on hydrogel coating is optimized to create a self‐standing, spider‐web‐like interwoven structure that supports tissue adhesion, cell viability, and vascular regeneration. In vivo testing in a porcine burn model demonstrates that these silk‐based spray‐on coatings, especially when combined with antibiotics, significantly accelerated healing in deep partial‐thickness burns compared to standard treatments. This spray system supports rapid and effective performance for emergency medical use, offering an advancement in functional biomaterials.
A Multi‐Input Molecular Classifier Based on Digital DNA Strand Displacement for Disease Diagnostics
Authors: Zhang Linghao , Yang Huixiao , Yan Yumin , Zhao Hongyang , Han Da , Su Xin
Published: February 2025

DNA‐based molecular computing systems for biomarkers have emerged as powerful tools for intelligent diagnostics. However, with the variety of feature biomarkers expanding, current molecular computing systems suffer from the use of a large number of oligonucleotides and limited encoding capability. Here, the study develops an alternative molecular computing approach termed Digital DNA Strand Displacement (DDSD) which recognizes targets and operates target valence through DNA polymerase‐based extension and strand release. DDSD significantly reduced the number of used oligonucleotide species, provided robust molecular classifiers. In clinical blood samples, a 96% accuracy rate is achieved with a DDSD‐based binary classifier for distinguishing bacterial and viral infections, a 100% accuracy rate is achieved with a multiclass classifier for identifying pathogen types, surpassing existing classifier systems. Moreover, DDSD can be readily expanded. Cascade DDSD is developed, enabling simultaneous computing of up to 14 valence states with a maximum valence of 25. Multiway junction DDSD is implemented to achieve high‐valence computing by compact DNA nanostructures rather than split DNA computing units, reducing the potential leakage. The implementation of DDSD enhances the capability of valence‐based intelligent molecular diagnostics and multiplexed biomarker detection.
Embedding Carbon Nanotubes in Artificial Cells Enhances Probe Transfer
Authors: Wu Junwen , Zeng Xuemin , Wang Lina , Zhang Jinghui , Cui Shuhua , Ma Zixiao , Pan Ruirong , Liu Chang , Kong Dezhao , Song Juan , Liu Lei , Feng Chunying , Shen Wei , Suo Xiaocen , Lin Zixia , Lee Hian Kee , Tang Sheng
Published: February 2025

Monitoring intracellular biomarkers is crucial for clinical disease diagnosis. However, the majority of signaling molecules face difficulties in slow transference across the cell membrane to reach intracellular detection sites, limiting their application in clinical settings. This study proposes an artificial cell‐based signal probe transfer‐enhanced sensing strategy to effectively detect microRNAs (miRNAs) by embedding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in artificial cell membranes. The liposome‐based artificial cell is constructed to protect the signal probes such as nucleic acids, metal ions, and fluorescent dyes. CNTs are embedded in artificial cell membranes and employed as artificial channels to enhance intercellular signal probe transduction and mass transfer. Through CNTs‐mediate cell‐cell signal probe transmission, the probes pass through the liposome membrane interface and fuse into target cells, selectively hybridizing with the intracellular target miRNAs, triggering a sensing process and resulting in enhanced fluorescence signal. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to prove the enhancement of CNTs‐mediated cell‐cell fusion. This strategy demonstrates excellent analytical performance by quantitatively detecting let‐7a miRNA and visualizing it in living colon cancer cells. These findings hold great significance in promoting and accelerating cell‐cell signal probe transmission and enabling effective sensing of intracellular biomarkers for diagnostic purposes.
Intensification of Alkaline Electrolyzer with Improved Two‑Phase Flow
Authors: Egert Franz , Ullmer Dirk , Marx Sven , Taghizadeh Ehsan , Morawietz Tobias , Gerle Martina , Le Thi Anh , Campo Schneider Lucia Paula , Biswas Indro Shubir , Wirz Richard E. , Spieth Philipp , Marquard‐Möllenstedt Tonja , Brinner Andreas , Faccio Ricardo , Fernández‐Werner Luciana , Esteves Martín , Razmjooei Fatemeh , Ansar Syed Asif
Published: February 2025

Green hydrogen produced through water electrolysis offers a promising pathway to global decarbonization. Among various electrolyzers, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is the most established and commercially mature. To reduce the cost of hydrogen production from AWE, it is crucial to increase operational current density while maintaining or lowering voltage to increase hydrogen yield and reduce energy consumption. Such efforts are focused on reducing the ohmic resistance at high current densities through the implementation of alkaline membranes. However, this work underlines that the ohmic resistance at high current densities is also influenced by the losses associated with the evolution of bubbles at the electrode surface and two‐phase mass transfer. This is shown by investigating the impact of tortuosity and bubble point of porous electrodes on AWE performance. Low‐tortuosity porous nickel electrodes are fabricated and analyzed for their ability to reduce capillary pressure and bubble point, resulting in lower energy losses and improved efficiency. The cell reaches an industrially appealing relevant current density of 2 A cm−2 at ≈2 V. Besides test in single cells, the advantageous effect of these low tortuosity porous nickel electrodes are also validated in a kW‐class AWE stack, confirming their effectiveness in enhancing overall system performance.
Private Capital Investments in Agrifood‐Tech Startups in South America, 2007–2022
Authors: Vergara Juan Manuel , Barrett Christopher B.
Published: February 2025

This paper documents rapid growth in private investment in agrifood‐tech startups in South America. Over the 15 year period 2007–22, nearly US$10 billion flowed into 547 startups via more than 1100 business deals. The real annualized growth rate of 52% in such investment has gone largely unnoticed. The South American agrifood‐tech ecosystem is heavily concentrated in Brazil and Argentina, which together account for 75% of the population of startups. Likewise, the ten largest deals over this period account for 48 percent of all investments; the median investment in South American agrifood tech is modest, roughly US$100,000. Pre‐farm gate technologies captured over 42% of the deal flow but only 15% of the total capital invested. By contrast, investments at the consumer‐facing end of the agrifood value chain, into on‐demand delivery startups, represent 51% of all investments in the region but only 8% of the deal flow. Just 46% of firms raised two or more funding rounds over the 15‐year period. Multivariate regression models show that country‐year‐level macroeconomic, financial and agricultural indicators fail to explain much variation in private capital investments in South American agrifood tech. Drawing on key informant interviews, we identify some of the main barriers to and accelerators of adoption and uptake at scale of agrifood technologies in South America.
Electrified distillation with flash vapor circulation and thermal storage for dynamic electricity markets
Authors: Qi Meng , Zhang Xiaodong , Wong David Shan‐Hill , Shu Chi‐Min , Cui Chengtian , Kiss Anton A.
Published: February 2025

Distillation is widely used for separating liquid mixtures, but its high heating demand poses challenges for achieving net‐zero emissions. This study presents an innovative approach to electrifying distillation for load adaptability and flexible operation, aligning with dynamic electricity markets driven by renewables. The approach integrates flash vapor circulation and thermal storage into the distillation to optimize power usage and capitalizes on economic opportunities from load‐flexible operation in response to fluctuating electricity pricing. A methanol/water distillation case study, using two typical electricity pricing scenarios, demonstrates that the proposed approach is more economically efficient than mechanical vapor recompression distillation, especially in lowering operational costs when the latter operates under fixed electricity pricing. However, compressor capital costs significantly impact overall costs, with sensitivity analysis examining different cost models. This approach can be applied to general distillation, allowing integration with the power sector and demand response programs, while enhancing flexibility, decarbonization, and efficiency.
Neuroimaging Predictors of Cognitive Resilience against Alzheimer's Disease Pathology
Authors: Williams McKenna E. , Fennema‐Notestine Christine , Bell Tyler R. , Lin Shu‐Ju , Glatt Stephen J. , Kremen William S. , Elman Jeremy A. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2025

Objective

Some individuals demonstrate greater cognitive resilience—the ability to maintain cognitive performance despite adverse brain‐related changes—through as yet unknown mechanisms. We examined whether cortical thickness in several brain regions confers resilience against cognitive decline in amyloid‐positive adults by moderating the effects of thinner cortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐related brain regions and of higher levels of tau.

Methods

Amyloid‐positive participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative with relevant imaging data were included (n = 160, observations = 473). Risk factors included an AD brain signature and cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau. Cognitive measures were episodic memory and executive function composites. Mixed effects models tested whether region‐specific cortical thickness moderated relationships between markers of AD risk and memory or executive function.

Results

Cross‐sectionally, thicker cortex in 8 regions minimized the negative impact of thinner cortex/smaller volume in AD signature regions on executive function. Longitudinally, higher baseline thickness in a composite of these 8 regions predicted less memory decline (p = 0.007) and weakened negative effects of phosphorylated tau on memory decline (p = 0.014), independent of baseline cognition and risk markers.

Interpretation

We identified 8 cortical regions that appear to confer cognitive resilience cross‐sectionally and longitudinally in the face of established indicators of AD pathology. Brain regions fostering executive function may enable compensation in later memory performance and confer cognitive resilience against effects of phosphorylated tau and AD‐related cortical changes. These “resilience” regions suggest the value of focusing on brain regions beyond only those determined to be AD‐related and may partially explain variability in AD‐related cognitive trajectories. ANN NEUROL 2025
Frequency and Early Predictors of Cognitive Deterioration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Population‐Based Study
Authors: Iazzolino Barbara , Palumbo Francesca , Moglia Cristina , Manera Umberto , Grassano Maurizio , Matteoni Enrico , Cabras Sara , Brunetti Maura , Vasta Rosario , Pagani Marco , Mora Gabriele , Canosa Antonio , Calvo Andrea , Chiò Adriano
Published: February 2025

Objective

The objective is to evaluate cognitive and behavioral progression and identify early predictors of these changes in a cohort of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients.

Methods

A total of 161 ALS patients were tested at diagnosis (T0), and 107 were re‐tested after 1 year (T1) using cognitive/behavioral tests. All patients underwent whole‐genome sequencing, and 46 patients (ALS‐normal cognition [CN]) underwent [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.

Results

Of the 161 patients, 107 were re‐rested at T1; non‐retested patients included 10 with frontotemporal dementia and 44 who were either non‐testable or deceased. At T0, 67 patients (62.6%) were classified as ALS‐CN, whereas 40 (38.4%) showed some degree of cognitive/behavioral impairment. Eighteen ALS‐CN patients (26.9%) experienced cognitive decline at T1. Phenoconverters had lower baseline scores in letter fluency (Letter Fluency Test [FAS]) (p < 0.001), Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS) verbal fluency score (p = 0.017). Both tests were independently predictive of phenoconversion in binary logistic regression models, with optimal cut‐off scores of 28.75 and 14.2, with good sensitivity and specificity. Other predictors included older age, lower education, and ALS‐related genetic variants. Phenoconverters were hypometabolic in the left temporal lobe. Thirteen (32.5%) of the 40 patients with cognitive impairment at T0 worsened by T1, with FAS (p = 0.02) and the ECAS verbal fluency score (p = 0.023) predicting further decline.

Interpretation

Approximately 30% of ALS patients experienced cognitive/behavioral decline within the first year after diagnosis. FAS and ECAS verbal fluency were predictive of cognitive phenoconversion. Our findings highlight the importance of early detection of at‐risk individuals and the need for longitudinal cognitive assessments to monitor disease progression. ANN NEUROL 2025
Accelerated Cellular Senescence in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Histopathological Study
Authors: Papadopoulos Dimitrios , Magliozzi Roberta , Bandiera Sara , Cimignolo Ilaria , Barusolo Elena , Probert Lesley , Gorgoulis Vassilis , Reynolds Richard , Nicholas Richard
Published: February 2025

Objective

The neurodegenerative processes driving the build‐up of disability in progressive multiple sclerosis (P‐MS) have not been fully elucidated. Recent data link cellular senescence (CS) to neurodegeneration. We investigated for evidence of CS in P‐MS and sought to determine its pattern.

Methods

We used 53BP1, p16, and lipofuscin as markers of CS in white matter lesions (WMLs), normal appearing white matter (NAWM), normal appearing cortical gray matter (NAGM), control white matter (CWM), and control gray matter (CGM) on autopsy material from patient with P‐MS and healthy controls. Senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors were quantified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Results

P16+ cell counts were significantly increased in WMLs and GMLs, compared with NAWM, CWM, NAGM, and CGM and lipofuscin+ cells were significantly increased in WMLs, compared with NAWM and CWM, indicating more abundant CS in demyelinated lesions. The 53BP1+ cells in WMLs were significantly increased compared with NAWM and CWM. The 53BP1+ and p16+ cells were found significantly more abundant in acute active WMLs and GMLs, compared with chronic inactive lesions. Co‐localization studies showed evidence of CS in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and macrophages. Among the quantified CSF SASP factors, IL‐6, MIF, and MIP1a levels correlated with 53BP1+ cell counts in NAGM, whereas IL‐10 levels correlated with p16+ cell counts in NAWM. P16+ cell counts in WMLs exhibited an inverse correlation with time to requiring a wheelchair and with age at death.

Interpretation

Our data indicates that CS primarily affects actively demyelinating gray and WMLs. A higher senescent cell load in P‐MS is associated with faster disability progression and death. ANN NEUROL 2025
Tailoring the Surface Curvature of the Supporting Carbon to Tune the d‐Band Center of Fe‐N‐C Single‐Atom Catalysts for Zinc‐Urea‐Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Qichen , Lyu Lulu , Hu Xu , Fan Wenqi , Shang Chunyan , Huang Qirui , Li Zhipeng , Zhou Zhen , Kang Yong-Mook
Published: February 2025

The catalytic activities of the Fe‐N‐C single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are associated with the varying atomic interactions through its characteristic coordination geometry. Yet, modulation of the surface curvature of carbon acting as a supporting body has not been investigated. Herein, we report the superior catalytic activity, for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR), of single Fe atoms anchored on a highly curved N‐doped carbon dodecahedron with concave morphology (Fe SA/NhcC). Theoretical calculations and in situ spectroscopy disclose that the curvature of the carbon support helps to shorten the bond length of Fe‐N, spatially redistributing the charges around the Fe and thereby lowering the d‐band center toward an optimal adsorption for oxygenated species. The Fe SA/NhcC catalyst displays an ultrahigh half‐wave potential of 0.926 V for ORR and a small potential difference of 0.686 V for bifunctional ORR/UOR. A rechargeable Zn‐urea‐air battery with the Fe SA/NhcC cathode displays robust discharge durability, excellent cycling lifespan and higher energy efficiency compared to conventional Zn‐air batteries. This work provides new insight into promoting the catalytic activity of SACs through varying the surface curvature of the supporting carbon, tailoring geometric configuration and electronic states of SACs.
High‐Performance Bio‐Benzoxazine Resins Derived From Natural Renewable Vanillin: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Their Thermosets
Authors: Yuan Ruiyu , Yang Yi , Yao Zhenhao , Zhang Kan
Published: February 2025

In this study, we used vanillin and furfurylamine from renewable resources as starting materials and successfully synthesized an innovative derivative of bisbenzoxazine (MH‐fa) using the Mannich reaction. We characterized the chemical structure of the newly synthesized bisbenzoxazine compound using high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HR‐MS) technology. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FT‐IR) confirmed the successful synthesis of the target compound. The synthesis of the benzoxazine copolymer (MH‐fa‐co‐DDM‐BMI) was achieved by leveraging the reversibility of the Diels–Alder reaction between the MH‐fa monomer and 4,4′‐bismaleimide diphenylmethane (DDM‐BMI). In addition, the investigation into the polymerization behavior of benzoxazine monomer and its corresponding main‐chain copolymer was conducted employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) along with in situ FT‐IR. We studied the thermal stability and combustion performance of two samples using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). The results revealed that the bio‐based bisbenzoxazine exhibited excellent heat resistance and flame retardancy. Specifically, poly(MH‐fa) exhibits a Td10 value of 350°C and a Yc value of 62.3% at 800°C. Furthermore, the material exhibits an extremely low heat release rate (20.4 J g−1 K−1), highlighting its potential applications in the field of high‐efficiency flame retardant materials.
Improving i‐P3HB Processing Window: Solution‐Casting Blends With a‐P3HB and P34HB
Authors: Almustafa Wael , Grishchuk Sergiy , Sebastian Jörg , Schubert Dirk W. , Grun Gregor
Published: February 2025

Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) is a biobased and biodegradable polymer that is primarily produced through biotechnological fermentation processes. Its high crystallinity of around 70% and low thermal stability hinder its processing and application in different sectors. In this work, blends of isotactic poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (i‐P3HB) with the chemically synthesized atactic poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (a‐P3HB) and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) were prepared via solution casting. The thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the blends were analyzed to evaluate the influence of a‐P3HB and P34HB on the processing window of i‐P3HB. The obtained blends exhibited reduced glass transition temperatures, from 5.5°C for neat i‐P3HB to around −53°C with 50 wt.% of a‐P3HB, as well as reduced melting temperatures, reaching 155°C with 50 wt.% of a‐P3HB. Furthermore, blends containing all three polymers exhibited also a significant decrease in the degree of crystallinity reaching 19% and an improved elongation at break of up to 70%. The reduced melting temperature facilitates processing at temperatures below the melting temperature of neat i‐P3HB (175.5°C), avoiding its thermal degradation. Consequently, these blends broaden the processing window and enhanced the flexibility of i‐P3HB, facilitating its application across various sectors, including packaging and textiles.
PVA/CMC‐Ag Polymer Blend Nanocomposites Prepared by Doping Bio‐Derived Ag Nanoparticles and Their Structural, Thermal, Optical, Antimicrobial, and Electrical Characterization
Authors: Manne Gopala Krishna , Srinivasan Kameswaran , Obularajugari Gopal Neeruganti , Kumar Ranjit , Pathi Prathap , Hanumanthappa Nagabhushana , Pitchika Gopi Krishna , Battana Swapna , Mandala Ramakrishna
Published: February 2025

This work reports the influence of bio‐derived silver (Ag) nanoparticles insertion on the properties of polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA/CMC) polymer blend prepared by solution casting method. X‐ray diffraction studies reveal the dispersion of silver nanoparticles into polymer blend matrices. Thermal studies by DSC and TGA indicate the increased thermal stability of the polymer blend due to the addition of bio‐derived silver nanoparticles. Three different steps of weight loss shown by dTGA curves indicate the loss of water adsorbed, elimination of side chains, and the decomposition of the main chain. The maximum degradation of the pure sample occurred at a peak temperature of around 252°C with 65% of degradation, whereas the maximum degradation of the doped samples occurred at a peak temperature of around 322°C with 26% of degradation, which evidences the increased thermal stability of the doped sample. UV–visible spectral analysis shows a decrease in both direct and indirect band gap values with increasing dopant concentration in the polymer blend host, which is an indication of the formation of complexes between the polymer blend and the filler. The antifungal properties of PVA/CMC/Ag blend films are evaluated against four distinct fungus strains. The findings indicate that the activity index increased with the amount of Ag nanoparticles filled in. According to the study, doping PVA/CMC with Ag nanoparticles increases its antimicrobial efficacy. Since these nanocomposites have both electrical conductivity and antimicrobial properties, they may be suggested for future investigation in biomedical applications, including wound dressing and infection prevention.
Editorial
Authors: MacKenzie A. , Hoskins K. , Xu Y. , Wong B. , Cheng M. , Read B.
Published: February 2025

In this editorial for the first issue of 2025, we describe our year in post, the challenges and opportunities we face, including the threats of AI to the editorial process and the initiative we have launched since becoming the editorial team of BERJ.
Effects of critical thinking instruction on Chinese college students with varying baseline critical thinking abilities: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Song Qiongjiang , Liu Yuhan , Zhang Qinggen
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to contribute to the substantial body of research on critical thinking (CT) interventions by determining whether the effectiveness of two CT interventions (generic and infusion) varied according to students' baseline CT levels. Using a quasi‐experimental design, we collected data from two universities, with 167 participants from University A and 76 from University B. Students' CT skills were measured before and after the interventions using the National Assessment of Collegiate Capacity (NACC) CT assessment. The analysis employed paired t‐tests to evaluate within‐group changes and independent t‐tests with moderation analysis to compare CT gains between experimental and control groups across different baseline CT performance levels. Results showed that infusion CT interventions, rather than generic CT interventions, had a beneficial effect on these students' CT. Notably, the effectiveness of these interventions depended on students' baseline level of CT skills, suggesting that, while CT interventions may not result in substantial improvements for students with high and low baseline levels of CT skills, those with moderate levels can benefit significantly from these interventions. This study contributes to research on the effectiveness of embedding CT within course contents and differentiation based on baseline skills in maximising the impact of CT interventions within an educational context.
Synthesis and Characterization of K2Ba3(P2O7)2:VO2+ Nanopowder: Reddish‐Orange Emission for LED Applications
Authors: Libnah K. Josephus Alex , Suresh Y. V. K. , Anjaneyulu N. Ch. , Ravikumar R. V. S. S. N.
Published: February 2025

Solid‐state reaction method is employed to prepare K2Ba3(P2O7)2:VO2+ nanopowder and studied by using powder x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. XRD studies revealed VO2+ ion doped K2Ba3(P2O7)2 nanopowder have 21 nm crystallite size, orthorhombic phase, and Pmn21 space group. From Williamson–Hall analysis, crystallite size is found as 24 nm. SEM morphology recorded the presence of irregular‐sized and round‐shaped agglomerates. FT‐IR and Raman spectra reveal characteristic bands of phosphate groups. Three characteristic peaks are observed at 848, 695, and 452 nm in optical absorption spectrum. Also, crystal and tetragonal field parameters are calculated as Dq = 1439, Ds = −2789, and Dt = 3422 cm−1. In addition, bandgap energy is found as 3.97 eV. Optical and EPR analyses led to understand the incorporation of vanadyl ions into host lattice. Spin Hamiltonian parameters are evaluated. Basing PL spectrum, Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage's (CIE) chromaticity coordinates are calculated, which are present in reddish‐orange region with good color correlated temperature (CCT) and color rendering index (CRI) values facilitating the use in lighting applications and LEDs.
Course‐based undergraduate research experience impacts on student outcomes at minority‐serving community colleges
Authors: Zhang Jing , DeChenne‐Peters Sue Ellen , Hecht David , Wolyniak Michael J. , Kuhn Misty L. , Koletar Courtney M. , Galport Nicole , Eddy Rebecca M. , Provost Joseph , Bell Jessica K. , Bell Ellis
Published: February 2025

Course‐based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) have beneficial impacts on students and the capacity to provide authentic research experiences that are accessible and beneficial to all students, especially those from Minoritized Groups. CUREs can be presented in a full semester format (cCURE) and shorter modules incorporated into laboratory courses (mCURE). In this study, protein‐centric CUREs were implemented at two minority‐serving Community Colleges (CCs) in introductory biology and chemistry courses. Using validated assessment tools, student self‐reported gains, and institutional data, we examined student outcomes in three conditions: control, mCURE, and cCURE courses. We also examined whether there was a differential impact on student outcomes by Minoritized Group status. Our findings show that students from Minoritized Groups have improved scientific literacy compared to their White/Asian peers in the cCUREs, whereas students from Minoritized Groups in the control course had lower relative scientific literacy. There was no significant difference in STEM Career Interest between the three conditions. Most significantly, the one‐year retention rate of students from the mCURE condition was 24% higher than that seen among control students. Furthermore, retention of students from Minoritized Groups in mCUREs was significantly higher than in control courses, whereas no significant difference was observed in White/Asian students. Taken together, these data suggest that CUREs can be an impactful practice in introductory courses at CCs, especially for students from Minoritized Groups.
Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Astragaloside IV–Chitosan Nanoparticles and Associated Anti‐Inflammatory Mechanisms Based on Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry Metabolomic Analysis of RAW264.7 Cells
Authors: Qu Tingli , Suo Shasha , Yan Liqiu , Wang Liwei , Liang Taigang
Published: February 2025

Astragaloside IV (ATS) is an active component of Astragalus membranaceus, which has immune regulation and anti‐inflammatory effects. However, owing to its large molecular weight and poor solubility in water, the therapeutic effects of ATS are limited. We aimed to prepare ATS‐chitosan (ATS‐CS) nanoparticles and determine their anti‐inflammatory effect and mechanism of action on RAW264.7 cells using metabolomics. The size of the ATS‐CS nanoparticles was 200.3 nm with a zeta potential of 30.5 mV, and the encapsulation rate and drug loading were 69% and 13%, respectively. ATS‐CS nanoparticles not only significantly decreased the increase of nitric oxide, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels induced by lipopolysaccharide, but also exerted an anti‐inflammatory effect by acting on arginine and proline, glutathione, sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Our findings confirmed that ATS‐CS nanoparticles had good anti‐inflammatory activity and showed that the activity of high molecular weight could be increased by producing nanoparticles. Our study paves the way for exploring the mechanism of nanoparticles through metabolomics.