bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the origin of surprisingly cold gas discs in galaxies at high redshift
Authors: Kretschmer Michael , Dekel Avishai , Teyssier Romain
Published: December 2021

We address the puzzling observational indications for very ‘cold’ galactic discs at redshifts z ≳ 3, an epoch when discs are expected to be highly perturbed. Using a high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulation, we identify such a cold disc at z ∼ 3.5, with a rotation velocity to velocity dispersion ratio of vϕ/σr ≃ 5 for the total gas. It forms as a result of a period of intense accretion of co-planar, co-rotating gas via cold cosmic-web streams. This thin disc survives for ∼5 orbital periods, after which it is disrupted by mergers and counter-rotating streams, longer but consistent with our estimate that a galaxy of this mass ($M_\star \sim 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M_\odot }$) typically survives merger-driven spin flips for ∼2–3 orbital periods. We find that vϕ/σr is highly sensitive to the tracer used to perform the kinematic analysis. While it is vϕ/σr ≃ 3.5 for atomic H i gas, it is vϕ/σr ≃ 8 for molecular CO and H2. This reflects the confinement of molecular gas to cold, dense clouds that reside near the disc mid-plane, while the atomic gas is spread into a turbulent and more extended thicker disc. The proposed mechanisms is a theoretical proposal that has not been validated yet with proper statistical measurements and it remains unclear whether it occurs frequently enough to explain the multiple discoveries of cold gas discs in high-z galaxies.
Identifying RR Lyrae in the ZTF DR3 data set
Authors: Huang Kuan-Wei , Koposov Sergey E
Published: December 2021

We present an RR Lyrae (RRL) catalogue based on the combination of the third data release of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF DR3) and Gaia EDR3. We use a multistep classification pipeline relying on the Fourier decomposition fitting to the multiband ZTF light curves and random forest classification. The resulting catalogue contains 71 755 RRLs with period and light-curve parameter measurements and has a completeness of 0.92 and a purity of 0.92 with respect to the Specific Objects Study Gaia DR2 RRLs. The catalogue covers the Northern sky with declination ≥−28°, its completeness is ≳0.8 for heliocentric distance ≤80 kpc, and the most distant RRL is at 132 kpc. Compared with several other RRL catalogues covering the Northern sky, our catalogue has more RRLs around the Galactic halo and is more complete at low-Galactic latitude areas. Analysing the spatial distribution of RRL in the catalogue reveals the previously known major overdensities of the Galactic halo, such as the Virgo overdensity and the Hercules–Aquila Cloud, with some evidence of an association between the two. We also analyse the Oosterhoff fraction differences throughout the halo, comparing it with the density distribution, finding increasing Oosterhoff I fraction at the elliptical radii between 16 and 32 kpc and some evidence of different Oosterhoff fractions across various halo substructures.
ASAS J071404+7004.3 – a close, bright nova-like cataclysmic variable with gusty winds
Authors: Inight K , Gänsicke B T , Blondel D , Boyd D , Ashley R P , Knigge C , Long K S , Marsh T R , McCleery J , Scaringi S , Steeghs D , Thorstensen J R , Vanmunster T , Wheatley P J
Published: December 2021

Despite being bright (V ≃ 11.8) and nearby (d = 212 pc) ASAS J071404+7004.3 has only recently been identified as a nova-like cataclysmic variable. We present time-resolved optical spectroscopy obtained at the Isaac Newton and the Hiltner and McGraw-Hill Telescopes, together with Swift X-ray and ultraviolet observations. We combined these with TESS photometry and find a period of 3.28 h and a mass transfer rate of $4\!-\!9\times 10^{-9}\, {\mathrm{M_{\odot }\, yr}^{-1}}$. Historical photometry shows at least one low state establishing the system as a VY Scl star. Our high-cadence spectroscopy also revealed rapidly changing winds emanating from the accretion disc. We have modelled these using the Monte Carlo python code and shown that all the emission lines could emanate from the wind – which would explain the lack of double-peaked lines in such systems. In passing, we discuss the effect of variability on the position of cataclysmic variables in the Gaia Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.
Tocilizumab for juvenile Takayasu arteritis complicated with acute heart failure at onset
Authors: Kanamori Keita , Ogura Masao , Ishikura Kenji , Ishiguro Akira , Ito Shuichi
Published: December 2021

Chronic heart failure caused by aortic valve regurgitation is a common complication of Takayasu arteritis (TA). However, fewer patients develop acute heart failure (AHF), and no specific treatment for AHF in TA has been established. We encountered a 12-year-old girl with TA who developed AHF at the onset. We successfully treated her with intravenous methylprednisolone and tocilizumab. She developed palpitations and shortness of breath 3 weeks before admission. Her symptoms exacerbated rapidly and she finally entered the intensive care unit due to respiratory distress and tachycardia. Blood pressure measurements on the left arm and bilateral legs were paradoxically lower than that on the right arm. Chest X-ray revealed a severely enlarged heart. Contrast computed tomography showed an expanded aorta, aortic aneurysm, meandering, and irregular diameter of the aorta. The left ventricular ejection fraction was 20% on cardiac ultrasound. Her medical condition was finally diagnosed as TA with AHF. Along with inotropes and diuretics, methylprednisolone pulse therapy was administered on hospital days 2–4 and hospital days 12–14, followed by oral prednisolone. However, cardiac function was not notably improved. As intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy requires hydration and may exacerbate AHF, we initiated weekly subcutaneous tocilizumab treatment (162 mg/week) from hospital day 20. Inotropes were discontinued on hospital day 51 and her left ventricular ejection fraction had gradually improved to 37.5% at discharge (day 63). As AHF in TA is presumed to be due to inflammation of the myocardium, tocilizumab could be a treatment option for TA with AHF.
The Mediterranean Jewish Diaspora of Late Antiquity
Authors: Kraemer Ross S.
Published: December 2021

No known literary sources survive from Jews living in the Mediterranean diaspora from the early fourth to the end of the sixth century. Mining the writings of non-Jews (primarily Christians), late Roman laws, the physical remains of a few synagogues, donor inscriptions, and numerous epitaphs, this chapter sketches aspects of their lives, including geographic distribution, economics, participation in ancient civic life, communal organizations, communication between Jewish populations, and their possible homogeneity or diversity. It also examines the pressures exerted on Jews to convert to Christianity, including the destruction of synagogues and exclusions from public offices and elite professions, and considers both the efficacy of such pressures and possible Jewish responses.
Diaspora as Nation
Authors: Ray Jonathan
Published: December 2021

This chapter traces the evolution of the so-called “Eastern” Sephardic diaspora in its Mediterranean context from 1492 to the late twentieth century. It looks at the way in which these exiles and their descendants forged a new diasporic identity characterized by sprawling mercantile networks that linked Jews and Conversos, new forms of Judeo-Spanish, and a nostalgia for medieval Spain. At first, the mutual sense of estrangement between the refugees and the native Jews among whom they came to settle reinforced communal solidarity among the Sephardim. From the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, the Mediterranean Sephardim adopted aspects of Ottoman, North African, and Italian culture, but succeeded in maintaining a distinct communal character amid a shifting set of political contexts and associations. During the twentieth century, the mass migration of Mediterranean Sephardim to the State of Israel helped recast them as “Eastern” Jews, or Mizrahim.
Jewish Food in the Diaspora
Authors: Ariel Ari
Published: December 2021

This chapter uses foodways as a lens into the tension between Jewishness as an ethnicity and Judaism as a religion. While kashrut links Jews across the globe and may work to prevent assimilation, regional and ethnic food practices distinguish Jewish communities from one another and highlight Jewish integration into non-Jewish societies. Most obviously, Ashkenazi foodways are quite different from those of Sephardic and Middle Eastern Jews. This chapter argues that although there is no single Jewish cuisine, kashrut and holiday observance produce a structure through which foods are marked as Jewish in specific contexts. Foodways, therefore, call Jewishness into being while representing the diversity of the Jewish people.
Liturgical Music in the Jewish Tradition
Authors: Kligman Mark
Published: December 2021

Music in the Jewish tradition is based on long-standing historic traditions and the influence of changing cultural surroundings as communities moved to new locations. This chapter begins by discussing textual sources, including biblical passages that describe the role of music in Jewish life and rabbinic sources that state music’s role during the ancient Temple service. Various regional traditions developed ranging from ancient Israel to communities throughout the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Spain, Europe, and the Americas. This chapter describes the practices of known liturgical musical traditions in Jewish communities of the last two hundred years, as these sources and documents allow us to best determine liturgical music in these contexts. The chapter focuses predominately on two main traditions—Ashkenazi and Sephardi/Mizrahi and three musical practices: cantillation, chant, and song.
Zionism and the Negation of the Diaspora
Authors: Engel David
Published: December 2021

This chapter traces the origins and evolution of the idea that the welfare of Jews in the diaspora depends upon a strong Jewish presence in Palestine. The idea was initially generated out of a debate between Ahad Ha’am and Simon Dubnow over the prospects for developing a secular, “national” diaspora Jewish culture. Ahad Ha’am denied the possibility, insisting that only a “fixed center” in Palestine could weld dispersed Jews into a single cultural whole. Other Zionist spokesmen went farther, arguing that the diaspora was a source of physical danger or moral degeneracy that could be cured only by transplanting all the world’s Jews to Palestine. The chapter examines variations on this theme and the key texts in which they were introduced.
Reporting the Diaspora
Authors: Tsur Yaron
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents a historical typology of Jewish periodicals, beginning with Moses Mendelsohn and his pupils in eighteenth century Germany. Two main trajectories, distinguished by the extent of the periodicals’ openness to the surrounding society, characterized the development of the Jewish press—that of Western Jewish communities, on the one hand, and that of Eastern Europe and the Middle East and North Africa, on the other. Dividing modern and contemporary Jewish history into two periods of demographic turmoil (1880–-1945 and 1947–-2000), the chapter surveys the evolution of the Jewish press in various parts of the diaspora, paying particular attention to the role of demographic transformations in these developments.
Public Sculpture and Social Practice in the Roman Republic
Authors: Di Cesare Riccardo
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the production, function, and social use of public sculpture during the Roman Republic (509–27 bce). After an historical introduction, it focuses on the active interaction of plastic arts with the viewer and the different levels of meaning and understanding, surveying the types, subjects, and materials and the intent (honorary, commemorative, votive, funerary, or cult images) of republican sculpture. The state-regulated management of statues in public places—mainly honorary portraiture, which spread from the fourth century bce onward—is also discussed. Space is devoted to the viewing and reception of a portrait, which was a system of visual and material signs. Besides, statues “functioned” in a specific topographical setting. The chapter then discusses the urban scenography for statues along the triumphal route in Rome; the impact of the new Greece-oriented artistic tendencies in marble sculpture and acrolithic cult statues with respect to the conservative perception of the traditional terracotta plastic; and the ideological and religious meaning of the temple coroplastic art, which followed the spread of sacred buildings constructed both in Rome and in Italy.
Coin Iconography and Social Practice in the Roman Empire
Authors: Kemmers Fleur
Published: December 2021

The aim of this chapter is not to give a comprehensive overview on the different images gracing Roman coins of the imperial period or to trace the developments therein. Rather, it focuses on how and if the users of coins interacted with the iconography presented on the coins. Therefore, this chapter primarily discusses the literary, archaeological, and numismatic evidence for the perception and appropriation of coin imagery. In this way, we might be able to bridge the gap between iconography commissioned by the Roman state and daily life in Rome’s enormous empire. Before addressing these topics, however, we will briefly explore some of the characteristics of the medium, sketch iconographic developments on a general level, and, importantly, analyze how much the Roman state designed and targeted coin iconography with certain audiences in mind.
Word & Image
Authors: Squire Michael
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the relationships between visual and verbal media in Roman antiquity. More specifically, it demonstrates how the study of Roman art intersects with the study of ancient Greek and Latin texts, and vice versa. Despite the tendency to segregate areas of scholarly expertise—above all, to separate “classical archaeology” from “classical philology”—any critical engagement with Roman imagery and iconography must go hand in hand with critical readings of written materials. The chapter proceeds in three parts. First, it explores some of the ways in which Roman literary texts (both Greek and Latin) engaged with visual subjects. Second, it discusses the textuality of Roman visual culture, surveying the roles that inscriptions played on Roman buildings, statues, mosaics, paintings, and other media. Third, it demonstrates the “intermedial”—or, perhaps better, the “iconotextual”—workings of Roman texts and images, with particular reference to the fourth-century ce picture-poems of Optatian.
Iconography and Archaeology
Authors: Marlowe Elizabeth
Published: December 2021

This chapter critically examines how scholars have interpreted Roman portraits of the third century ce. It focuses on two case studies. The first is a famous portrait of Maximinus Thrax from the Albani collection and now in the Capitoline Museum. Read through the lens of late antique literary sources, the portrait has been seen by art historians as portraying Maximinus’ ferocity, physical strength, and low class, barbarian origins. The second case study is a far less well-known pair of portraits excavated at the Roman villa of Lullingstone, south of London, which became the object of a highly unusual domestic cult in late antiquity. These case studies are used to argue that the heavy reliance on iconography and literary sources required to interpret portraits lacking archaeological context is less reliable and less informative than interpretations derived from a combination of iconography and archaeology.
Image and Authority
Authors: Faust Stephan
Published: December 2021

This chapter investigates the role of authorities in the production of images in Roman culture. It focuses on imperial art of the Julio-Claudian period by analyzing significant visual and literary evidence in order to reconstruct social interactions and power relations among agents such as the emperor, the Senate and People of Rome, provincial elites, artists, and soldiers. The first part of the chapter addresses the question of how the images of public monuments erected within the city of Rome reflect the interests of the parties involved. This leads to some general considerations about authority and auctoritas in Roman society. The following section discusses the intentions of the local elites who initiated the construction of imperial monuments in provincial cities, interpreting the specific visual language of the decoration of these monuments. Finally, the impact of imperial motifs and themes on images in the military and private realm is discussed.
A Tour of Gang Ethnographies: Key Themes in Contemporary Studies around the World
Authors: Van Hellemont Elke
Published: December 2021

This chapter offers a review of recently published gang ethnographies across four continents. Historically rooted in the United States, today the gang phenomena as well as gang ethnographies are subjected to processes of globalization. Europe, Latin America, and increasingly the Global South are emerging as important field sites for ethnographic research. Contemporary unprecedented levels of international migration, displacement, and deportation of people shape current gang ethnographies and have led to reconfigurations of century-old debates. Global forces also push the traditional boundaries of ethnographic field site across nation-state borders and into the online world. In the past two decades, the nationality, gender, as well as the disciplinary background of gang ethnographers has also dramatically diversified. Nonetheless, the visibility of gang ethnographies is still highly dependent of an ethnographers’ nationality and linguistic skills. Here Anglophone researchers as well as ethnographers associated with countries that are more affluent and universities still have a clear advantage over the majority of scholars of the Global South.
Introduction: The Promises and Challenges of Crime Ethnographies
Authors: Haggerty Kevin D. , Bucerius Sandra M. , Berardi Luca
Published: December 2021

This chapter outlines some of the scholarly and political appeals of crime ethnographies and identifies a series of factors that will pose challenges to this methodological approach over the longer term. It briefly charts the early evolution of crime ethnographies, noting how they have expanded to encompass the study of a larger range of criminal or deviant behaviors, while also focusing on the operation of criminal justice institutions. A more diverse group of scholars than was historically the case now conduct such research, individuals who typically embrace a more reflexive orientation to knowledge production than is characteristic of positivist science. Crime ethnographies provide invaluable grounded insights into the lives of participants and processes that are often otherwise hidden or hard to reach. Politically, ethnographies tend to humanize individuals and groups that are easily vilified, while reminding politicians and officials of the need to be conscious of local variability when adopting policy initiatives that originated in different contexts. Notwithstanding the many benefits of this approach, a series of developments now present challenges to crime ethnographies as they are currently practiced, including the changing technological profile of crime, as well as university-based developments, such as changes to the systems for overseeing and rewarding academic work and research ethics protocols that do not accord with the philosophical assumptions of ethnographers or the practical realties of ethnographic fieldwork.
Time and Ensemble Dynamics in Indeterminacy: John Cage’s Concert for Piano and Orchestra
Authors: Payne Emily
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines ensemble dynamics and time consciousness in indeterminate music, using John Cage’s Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1957–8) as a case study. Drawing on interviews and observational studies undertaken with the experimental music ensemble Apartment House, I examine the role of temporal indeterminacy in the socio-musical interactions that characterize performance, and its implications for the musicians’ experiences. In doing so, the chapter makes a broader contribution in its consideration of the ways in which issues of authorship and authority are negotiated in such temporal interactions, and how the dynamics of these negotiations present a sociality based on a ‘separate togetherness’, whereby performers play together (out of time) with one another.
The Economic History of South Africa before 1948
Authors: Schirmer Stefan
Published: December 2021

Starting from the time settled agricultural communities first emerged in South Africa, around 400, this chapter describes and analyses economic changes from the precolonial era, through the colonial period, into the first half of the twentieth century. It looks at how agriculture developed and how 19th century mineral discoveries changed the economy and ushered in the modern state. When accommodative spaces for socially engaged entrepreneurs expanded, so did the drivers of long-term economic change. Unfortunately, accommodations in the context of colonialism and racial oppression produced economically and socially destructive labour policies, drastically undermined the prospects for black commercial farmers, and produced segregated, unjust land allocations. The rise of manufacturing represented a huge challenge to the viability of this system, which created new political challenges and eventually resulted in the establishment of the Apartheid system in 1948.
South Africa and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Ndzendze Bhaso , Marwala Tshilidzi
Published: December 2021

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is widely predicted to transform what have been manual-labour-dominated sectors in the production of goods and offering of services while driving wages down. South Africa is largely no exception, although we also note some unevenness and contradictory trends in this chapter. 4IR also presents numerous opportunities for the South African government, businesses, and consumers in terms of economic growth, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. We conduct a review of recent trends in the 4IR worldwide and focus on such trends in South Africa through wages, key sectors, corporate sentiment, as well as government expenditure in research and development. There is indication that the country has a mismatch in the skills being produced and those required by the 4IR, while its GERD is substantially below the global average for 4IR leadership and equitable participation. 4IR Commission recommendations propose reforms, but over them looms the slow rate of implementation due to past poor execution of other plans in the digital and communications spheres.
South Africa’s International Trade
Authors: Edwards Lawrence
Published: December 2021

This chapter uses South Africa’s integration in the global economy as a lens to understand the dynamics behind South Africa’s current economic performance. It first presents the historical context, commencing from the country’s position as a gold exporter pursuing an import substitution industrialization strategy, to its transition to a more open economy with the ending of sanctions and tariff liberalization from the early 1990s. The focus then shifts to a critical assessment of South Africa’s trade performance and trade policy in the post-apartheid period. This covers the impact of government policies, such as the multilateral tariff liberalization from 1994 to 2000, preferential tariff reform from 2000 and sector-driven industrial policy from 2007, as well as the dramatic changes in the global trading order—the rise of China from 2001, and the emergence of global value chains. To illustrate these relationships, the chapter draws on new insights using disaggregated product- and firm-level trade data.
Poverty in South Africa
Authors: Gumede Vusi
Published: December 2021

The chapter examines poverty in the post-apartheid dispensation (in South Africa), taking into account the various studies that have been undertaken regarding poverty since 1994. Because the South African statistical agency—Statistics South Africa—has not collected poverty data since 2015, the chapter uses the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) dataset to estimate poverty for the 2008–17 period while analysing existing data and estimates prior to 2017. An attempt to cover the period after 2017 is done using the NIDS-Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM) which is the mobile survey that was undertaken using the NIDS respondents to gauge the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. The analysis focuses on income poverty although other measures such as the multidimensional poverty index are also estimated and analysed. Relative to expenditure, the income approach in measuring poverty provides descriptive information on household welfare and it is useful for policy analysis and programme evaluation as the literature explains. The chapter concludes that although it appears that income poverty has been declining, it remains very high and it is higher for women, for those living in rural areas, and for the African/black population group. In addition, the severity and intensity of poverty has not changed much since 1994.
Quintilian as Master of Prose
Authors: Zinsmaier Thomas
Published: December 2021

As a complement to Chapter 7, which deals with Quintilian’s theory of rhetorical style, this chapter examines his own mastery in a wide range of different style levels and effects. It makes clear that while in Books 8 and 9 and chapter 12.10 of his Institutio he teaches eloquence by telling, he is teaching it by showing throughout his work. In order to provide his readers with samples of as many different stylistic shades and functions as possible, he performs a great variety of styles from sober and plain didactic prose (docere) to pleasant imagery (delectare), from humour to deep sadness (movere), designing even his prefaces as stylistic models. Moreover, he uses his abundant eloquence for persuasive as well as for didactic purposes to spur his pupils and readers to devote themselves to the lofty goal of oratorical and moral perfection. Thus, Quintilian presents himself in his textbook not only as a brilliant teacher, but also as a powerful orator.
Quintilian in the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
Authors: Kuhl Elizabeth
Published: December 2021

After a brief survey of the diffusion of the Institutio from Isidorus of Seville until the eleventh century, this chapter focuses on its reception in the twelfth century, when it gained a certain popularity, although only portions of the text were available (1.1.6–5.14.12, 8.3.64–8.6.17, 8.6.67–9.3.2, 10.1.107–11.1.71, and 11.2.33–12.10.43). Redactors and commentators tended to be concerned in particular with the general pedagogical principles explained in the first two books, while Cicero’s De inventione and the Rhetorica ad Herennium were more commonly used as sourcebooks for rhetorical theory. Quintilian is named as an authority on eloquence by several authors of the late eleventh and twelfth centuries (John of Alta Silvia, William of Auvergne, and Alain of Lille), but their references are maybe to the Declamationes; Wibald of Stavelot and Corvey referred specifically to the Institutio. In discussions of education (John of Salisbury’s Metalogicon, Guibert of Nogent’s autobiography, and a letter of Peter of Blois), the Institutio is cited or referred to for general pedagogical principles; Quintilian’s principles for training the ideal orator are translated into the Christian context. Several authors made abbreviations of the Institutio or included excerpts of it in florilegia for different purposes (most importantly Stephen of Rouen’s abbreviation, but also excerpts in the Codex Zwifaltensis and in Uldaric of Bamberg’s Ars dictandi). These are sources which prove that parts of the Institutio were used in twelfth-century education. The Institutio was also used extensively in commentaries on Cicero’s De inventione and the Ad Herennium.
Quintilian: The Biographical Tradition
Authors: Van Der Poel Marc
Published: December 2021

In addition to the biographical testimonies in Martial (Epigrams 2.90.2), Ausonius (Professors of Bordeaux 1.7), and Jerome (Chronicon, notes at year 68 and 88), there are some autobiographical remarks in Quintilian’s Institutio, most of which are difficult to mark with a date. Using this scant evidence, scholars from the second half of the fifteenth century onwards have attempted to construct the life of Quintilian. The most extensive and probably most influential biography is Henry Dodwell’s 109-page-long Annales Quintilianei (1698), which offers a chronologically very detailed but fundamentally speculative account of Quintilian’s life. This chapter discusses, after a general outline of the biographical tradition from Poliziano (1481) to Clarke (1967) and Kennedy (1969, revised edition 2013), the suggestions which have been made throughout the centuries to fill out the gaps in our knowledge of Quintilian’s life, focusing on his birth (it is possible that he was born in Rome, not Calagurris), his early life and education, his career as teacher and orator, his retirement and death, and the chronology of the writing of the Institutio. It also explains the origin of the erroneous claim, still often repeated today, that Quintilian was the first teacher of rhetoric who had a public chair of rhetoric in Rome, and gives a summary of the long debate on whether Tacitus’ Dialogus de oratoribus is Quintilian’s lost treatise De causis corruptae eloquentiae, and on the authorship of the two collections of Declamationes.
Quintilian on Invention and Disposition
Authors: Calboli Montefusco Lucia
Published: December 2021

The chapter deals with the precepts of Invention and Disposition as treated by Quintilian in Books 3–7, first the theory of the Issues, then the parts of the speech, and finally the Topics for the argumentation of the single issues. Referring to the Issues, Quintilian mentions several sources and the differences of their theories, focusing in particular on the distinction between rational and legal Issues. As to the parts of the speech, he takes into account prooemium, narrative, digression, proposition, partition, argumentation, and peroration. The precepts are more or less consistent with those of the Greek and Latin handbooks, sometimes in a brief survey, sometimes in a more detailed description. Particular attention is devoted to argumentation, with discussion of the Aristotelian division of the means of persuasion or proofs into pisteis atechnoi (‘non-technical proofs’) and pisteis entechnoi (‘technical proofs’), of the value of the signs, of the deductive reasoning, and of the topics suitable to build it. As to inductive reasoning Quintilian mentions Examples, Similars, and Dissimilars or Contraries. In relation to the arousing of feelings Quintilian then discusses in great detail the peculiar topic of the different kinds of laughter. The last part of the chapter is devoted to Quintilian’s long treatment of the disposition of arguments within his analysis of the single Issues.
Quintilian on Effective Language
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: December 2021

Books 8 and 9 of the Institutio take up the third major division of rhetoric, elocutio or effective rhetorical style. Here Quintilian offers an encyclopaedic review of choices and devices at the word, sentence, and passage level, providing examples of their functions and potential abuses. Book 8 covers three of the four virtues of style: correctness, clarity, and ornatus or force. Quintilian favours everyday usage in word choice and warns against the faults of monotony, excess, and offensiveness. He praises visualizing language (enargeia), demurs on sententiae or pithy expressions, and reviews amplifying tactics, such as placing an item in, at the top, or even beyond a rising series, leading to speechlessness. The final section reviews twelve tropes, with special attention to how metaphors are invented. Book 9 opens with a definition of figures of speech as departures from normal usage, and discusses how the form of an expression contributes to its function. It then covers the ‘figures of thought’ such as prosopopoeia and irony, and the syntactic figures or schemes including figures of repetition. The last part treats compositio, involving word order, sound, and rhythm. Using the metrical vocabulary of poetry, Quintilian analyses prosody in terms of the proportion of long to short syllables, creating the pace of a passage, and then discusses prose rhythm in terms of the comma, colon, and period. Overall, Quintilian’s rich and complex treatment of rhetorical style should fuel continuing investigations.
The Origins of Cyberspace
Authors: Pym David J.
Published: December 2021

‘Cyberspace’ is a romantic term, introduced in the elegant science-fiction writing of William Gibson, but the concepts that make up the environment called ‘cyberspace’ are the stuff of real science, with origins that can be traced to ancient Greece. Much has been written about the origins of cyberspace, including a comprehensive sourcebook by Hook and Norman. This chapter tries to take a rather conceptual view of what constitutes cyberspace, tracing the origins of the ideas from fourth-century BCE Greece to the modern Internet-supported interaction space—throughout the discussion, the chapter will seek to elucidate the concept of ‘space’ and how it helps us to think about the cyber-world. On the way, the chapter considers the literary origin of the word, and the mathematical and logical theory that is required to build models of cyberspace.
Technology
Authors: Heinl Caitríona
Published: December 2021

This chapter considers factors that may afford non-state actors like terrorists or extremists in the cyber field an opportunity to access offensive cyber means and how this threat might be best managed. It acknowledges that other terrorism-related areas identify a risk in focusing too narrowly on the technology, rather than dealing with motivations and intentions effectively. Similarly, recommendations from law enforcement authorities include preventing criminals from becoming involved in the first place. The main thrust of this chapter is on solutions and minimizing opportunities for violence from occurring rather than countering extremism itself. The concept of so-called ‘cyber terrorism’ is examined, including current perceptions on the degree of terrorist access to offensive cyber means. Several factors that could affect, to varying degrees, such proliferation of tools and techniques include the following: 1. Rising complexity and vulnerabilities in the cyber domain; 2. Maturing skills; 3. The nexus with criminal groups and hacktivists; 4. Levels of resilience; 5. Media exposure; and 6. International negotiations on state behaviour vis-à-vis cyber weapon proliferation.
Educating for Cyber (Security)
Authors: Bradbury Roger
Published: December 2021

This chapter considers the problem of educating for cybersecurity from the perspective of complex systems science. It argues that education is a process that has evolved in human social systems to curate, increase, and transmit the information needed for system survival. Education creates an increase in the negentropy (or useful information) of those systems as they seek to maximize the acquisition and throughput of energy—a physical principle known as maximum entropy production (MaxEP). Civilizations have responded to this principle over time by finding new solutions to the Earth’s MaxEP and becoming more complex in the process. A key part of this complexification is education. And in the present cyber age it is, as in previous ages, a lagging process cobbled together from the structures and processes of previous ages. The current education responses may soon be superseded as a new solution to the Earth’s MaxEP—the technological singularity—looms.
Contextualizing Malaysia’s Cybersecurity Agenda
Authors: Noor Elina
Published: December 2021

This chapter reviews Malaysia’s approach to cybersecurity. It begins by considering the country’s economic priorities, which have been and will remain the catalyst for the government’s push into cyberspace and, consequently, the development of its cybersecurity capabilities. The chapter then examines the government’s efforts to secure those economic priorities by protecting its critical national information infrastructure. It explores the country’s nation-building agenda in cyberspace, as well as the resultant tensions between keeping the Internet free and open for robust digital innovation on the one hand and preserving political stability and security on the other. The chapter also provides a brief overview of other cybersecurity trends in Malaysia, including cybercrime and hacking. Even though Malaysia played an active and valuable role in the United Nations (UN) Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security from 2015 to 2016, the government’s emphasis on the economic benefits of cyberspace has narrowed its focus to preserving and optimizing the technical utility of the Internet in order to facilitate the digital economy.
Future Normative Challenges
Authors: Tikk Eneken
Published: December 2021

The discussion of norms and international security ahead of us will be paved with fundamental differences between cyber superpowers—the United States, China and Russia—about the pace and direction of further adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). These differences, combined with dogmatic gaps between international and national law, and international and national policy, all constitute obvious apertures for malicious and hostile actors to achieve their goals. Our normative attention to ICTs needs to be both hard and soft, high and low, national and international, reactive and anticipatory, all at the same time.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Villalón Leonardo A.
Published: December 2021

Bringing together a wide diversity of authors based on three continents and from different disciplinary backgrounds, this book offers analyses of a wide range of factors that characterize and that are shaping the future of the African Sahel. In forty chapters, organized in nine sections, the book examines this complex and rapidly changing region on multiple dimensions. Collectively, the book attempts to offer an understanding of the specificity of the Sahel, and to examine its core characteristics as shaped by the geographic, cultural, and political parameters that define it. Following a series of chapters focused on the shaping of the Sahelian space as a region, six chapters explore the distinct national trajectories of the countries of the political Sahel: Senegal, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and Chad. The extraordinary combination of environmental, economic, and political challenges, and the ways in which Sahelian states and societies have responded, are the primary focus of the three subsequent sections, while the various parameters of the lived realities of these societies in motion are explored in the four final sections of the book. Transversally throughout, the chapters aim to offer an interdisciplinary and holistic view of the challenges and the dynamics that are shaping a region at a historical crossroads, and an understanding of the many factors that feed and perpetuate its vulnerabilities and fragilities, as well as its sources of resilience.
Mauritania
Authors: N’Diaye Boubacar
Published: December 2021

As a Sahelian state, Mauritania is inevitably affected by the insecurity stemming from its geopolitical environment. However, Mauritania’s comparatively less obvious vulnerabilities are to be found more in its own checkered recent history and the resulting fraught political, socioeconomic, and cultural dynamics than in its geographic location. The country’s complex social mosaic is marked by tensions between Moors and Negro-Mauritanians, as well as between beydane and haratine resulting from a legacy of Moorish slavery. Its fragile stability is built on an illusory efficacy against terrorism and a façade of unity among its officer corps, but may be unsustainable in the long run. The insecurities and vulnerabilities have the potential to lead to acute communitarian conflicts, even armed violence, if three persistent, interrelated challenges are not decisively addressed: deciding on the very identity of the country, an end to militarization by definitively extirpating the military from national politics, and genuinely reducing the threat of radicalization and terrorism by ending the related manipulation of Islam by its elites.
Muslim Women’s Social Movements in the Sahel
Authors: Alidou Ousseina
Published: December 2021

Since the 1990s, the countries of the Sahel have been experimenting with democratic systems that have resulted in both political pluralism with a gendered dimension and a renewed place for Islam in the public sphere. This chapter focuses on the emergence of critical Muslim women’s social reform movements advocating for women’s rights in the region. These movements manifest a diversity of Islamic and secularist trajectories and objectives. Strikingly, however, the majority converges on a common quest for gender justice against cultural and state patriarchy. Furthermore, they also display a range of responses to external hegemonic forces—including neoliberalism, local and global violent Islamist extremisms, human trafficking, and ethno-regional tensions. Starting with the politico-economic context within which many of these critical social movements have arisen in recent times, this chapter uses specific social frames—education, family law, arts, and entrepreneurship—to examine their strategies and transformative impacts in the Sahel.
The Literary History of the Sahel
Authors: Sow Alioune
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the singular relation between literature and politics as developed in the Sahel, and traces the specific literary configurations and cultural developments that derived from this relationship. In the wake of decolonization, and perhaps in contrast to other regions of the continent, the literary has dominated the cultural and political milieus of the Sahel, determined the political orientations of the newly emancipated territories at independence, and defined their cultural and social evolution. This relation to the literary has translated into the multiplication of solid literary networks, noticeable literary affinities and communities, and stimulated distinctive literary practices with the ambition of creating spaces in which literary dynamics and practices served social and political developments.
Negotiating Secularism in the Sahel
Authors: Thurston Alex
Published: December 2021

French-style secularism or laïcité is part of the constitutional order and the elite political culture in most of the Sahel. Yet in this region, laïcité—sometimes defined as the effort to protect the state from religion, as opposed to the American style of protecting religion from the state—does not entail complete aloofness on the part of the state. Rather, Sahelian laïcité has tended to involve: (i) state regulation of religion; (ii) strategic partnerships between politicians and religious leaders; and (iii) recurring renegotiation of the role that religious ideas and actors will play in political culture, elections, and policymaking. The foremost explicit and implicit defenders of Sahelian laïcité include French-educated politicians and intellectuals, while various clerics, activists, and politicians have questioned the meaning of laïcité or even the need for it. Conversations surrounding laïcité involve and affect a number of actors, including ordinary Muslims, Sufis, Islamists, jihadists, and Christians.
Democracy and Capitalism
Authors: Iversen Torben
Published: December 2021

The welfare state is at the centre of a long-standing debate about the relationship between capitalism and democracy. One view holds that democracy and capitalism are in tension with each other, and that footloose capital undermine redistribution; another view holds that democracy and capitalism are complements, and that democracy compensates for inequalities in the distribution of property and income. This chapter provides a critical review of the literature on advanced democracies and capitalism, and how the two coexist and co-evolve. It explores several topics: (a) approaches to the study of democratic redistribution and how democratic institutions shape distributive outcomes; (b) the relationship between democracy and capitalism, and in particular whether democracy is constrained by footloose capital; and (c) the historical origins and co-evolution of advanced capitalist democracies.
Parties
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G.
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses attention on short-term and long-term impacts of political parties on social policy in advanced democracies. According to a wide variety of both comparative research and in-depth country studies, partisan effects have influenced the structure and expansion of the welfare state in the post-Second World War period to a large extent. Particularly strong have been these effects in the ‘Golden Age’ of the welfare state in the 1960s, 1970s, and in some countries also in the 1980s—mainly due to policy choices of leftist and Christian democratic parties. More mixed has been the explanatory power of partisan theory after the ‘Golden Age’. In view of critical circumstances, such as a major fiscal crisis of the state and the pressure generated by demographic ageing, but also due to massive changes in their social constituencies, a considerable number of pro-welfare state parties accepted recalibration and cutbacks in social policy in order to consolidate budgets.
Unemployment Insurance
Authors: Sjöberg Ola , Carroll Eero , Palme Joakim
Published: December 2021

Unemployment is one of the ‘old risks’ that modern welfare states can be seen to have responded to, but continues to be of great importance in the twenty-first century. Unemployment insurance also appears to be more ridden by political conflicts than other social policy programmes. This chapter describes the evolution of unemployment insurance schemes in eighteen long-standing welfare states. It dates the emergence of the first laws and traces the expansion of the coverage and replacement levels of benefits during the ‘Golden Age’ to more recent periods marked by economic crisis and retrenchment in the quality of unemployment protection. Four models of unemployment insurance are identified: voluntary state-subsidized, targeted, state corporatist, and comprehensive schemes. These models sum up institutional differences that are important for understanding the cross-national variation in a broad set of outcomes—ranging from individual conditions and behaviours, such as poverty and labour supply, to macroeconomic stabilization. The quality of unemployment insurance contributes to explain, among other things, differences in poverty rates over time and among nations.
The Critics of Welfare
Authors: Hooijer Gerda , King Desmond
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores how the welfare state’s critics, from the political right and the left, have contributed to institutional change through their ideas and advocacy. It discusses the neoliberal, conservative, social democratic, and right-wing populist critiques on the welfare state. These ideas are important to understand changes to the welfare state because they create the momentum for institutional disturbance. The chapter’s focus on the critics emphasizes the endogenous undercurrents disrupting welfare states, as well as the path-shaping capacity of new ideas. It shows that political reforms of the welfare state are not only driven by functional needs, vested interests, institutional habits, and public opinion, but also by ideas and their political advocates.