bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light scattering by charged particles in electrolyte solutions
Authors: Hermans J. J.
Published: September 2010

It is easy to show that the concentrations of the ions in an electrolytic solution do not fluctuate independently. For this reason the theory of fluctuations does not represent an adequate approach to the problem of light scattering by electrolytes.

The formulae obtained from distribution functions are discussed. It is assumed in most of the treatment that a colloid particle with its double layer can be regarded as a separate unit. On this basis formulae are developed for compact spherical particles and random coils.
Oxidative phenomena in dilute solutions of substances with a system of conjugated double bonds. III. Further studies on vitamin‐A acetate
Authors: Groot E. H. , Colpa J. P.
Published: September 2010

The effects of light, concentration of the solution and the presence of atmospheric oxygen on anomalies in the spectrum of vitamin‐A acetate described previously, are discussed below.
Syntheses of polychloro compounds with aluminium chloride IX: Cyclic polychloro compounds of formula C6Cl8
Authors: Prins H. J.
Published: September 2010

The preparation is described of a C6Cl8 m.p. 93° (probably octochloromethene‐1‐cyclopentene‐3) and its isomerisation to a C6Cl8 m.p. 45° (probably octochloromethyl‐1‐cyclopentadiene‐2,4) and to a C6Cl8 m.p. 183° (probably octochloromethene‐1‐cyclopentene‐2)

See for Raman analyses and structural formulae: H. van Brederode, H. Gerding and H. J. Prins, Rec. trav. chim. 65, 184 (1946); H. van Brederode, H. Gerding and H. J. Prins, Rec. trav. chim. 65, 458 (1946).

).
Polymerisation induced by silver salts
Authors: Salomon G.
Published: September 2010

The formation of complex compounds between polymerisable donor molecules and silver salts has been studied in organic solvents. The “solubility” of silver nitrate depends on the availability of π‐electrons in the donor molecule and on steric factors. This liquid‐complex formation is favoured by a high dielectric constant of the medium.

A concentrated solution of AgNO3 in acrylonitrile polymerises quickly at low temperatures, whereas dilute solutions are sluggish to react and do so only at higher temperatures. AgClO4 is less effective under the same conditions. Ethylene imine is polymerised by high concentrations of AgNO3 but needs only small quantities of AgClO4 to undergo the like process.

AgNO3 does not induce the bulk polymerisation of other vinyl compounds and dienes, whereas AgClO4 is an extremely efficient catalyst (discovered by Richards and Eley). The majority of these reactions are inhibited or delayed by trinitrobenzene and hydroquinone.

Results are interpreted in terms of one‐electron transfer reactions involving the intermediate formation of Ag++. Two types can be distinguished, viz. intermolecular, leading to the formation of “odd ions”, and intramolecular, leading to the release of active oxygen from perchlorates.
The formation of hydrocarbons by hydrogenation of fats
Authors: Hosman B. B. A. , van Steenis J. , Waterman H. I.
Published: September 2010

Hydrogenation of a fat with a nickel‐ or nickel copper on guhr catalyst under about 200 at pressure and 300‐350° C yields unbranched paraffins. These paraffins contain one carbon atom less than the original fatty acids.
Über 3‐Desaza‐Adenin (4‐amino‐1‐imidazo‐(c)‐pyridin) und Verwandte Basen. 3. Mitteilung über Desazapurin‐Derivate
Authors: Salemink C. A. , van der Want G. M.
Published: September 2010

In der 1. Mitteilung1) dieser Reihe sind die Gründe dargelegt worden, welche uns veranlasst haben, Strukturanaloge von Adenin und verwandter Naturstoffe zu synthetisieren. Der früher beschriebenen Darstellung von 1‐Desaza‐adenin schliesst sich in der vorliegenden Mitteilung die Synthese von 3‐Desaza‐adenin an. Ferner wird die Darstellung von 2‐Methyl‐1‐desaza‐adenin, von 2‐Methyl‐3‐desaza‐adenin und von 2‐Amino‐1‐desaza‐purin beschrieben, sowie in Zusammenhang hiermit die Konstitution einiger Substitutionsprodukte des Pyridins aufgeklärt.
Visible light and x‐ray scattering by concentrated solutions of macromolecules
Authors: Oster Gerald
Published: September 2010

The problem of X‐ray scattering by macromolecules in solution is identical with that for visible light if the relative visible index of refraction of the particles is near unity. The theory of the angular distribution and decrease of transmission due to scattering by independent particles of various shapes and sizes is outlined. For a system of non‐independent particles, the interparticle interferences of the scattered wavelets must also be considered. The Zernike and Prins expression for spherically symmetric distributions is applied to a dilute system of hard spheres and to the Kirkwood idealized liquid of hard spheres. The role of repulsive forces is considered and the correlation between the angular distribution of scattering and the osmotic pressure of the system is indicated. An extension of the theory to non‐spherically symmetric systems such as concentrated solutions of elongated particles is suggested. Applications are made to solutions of the rod‐shaped tobacco mosaic virus. A theory of the two‐phase formation of solutions of the virus is presented and evidence of the existence of three‐dimensional virus crystals in a 2.5% solution of tobacco mosaic virus is given.
Formation d'un époxyde de la butadiènesulfone
Authors: van Lohuizen O. E. , Backer H. J.
Published: September 2010

Lorsqu'on enlève de l'acide bromhydrique au 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxy‐thiacyclopentane‐1,1‐dioxyde (III), on peut obtenir des produits différents selon le procédé que l'on utilise. En se servant du carbonate de baryum pour fixer l'acide bromhydrique, les auteurs ont obtenu un époxyde (V). L'anneau époxyde est ouvert par chauffage avec les hydracides halogénés, l'acide acétique et l'eau.

En utilisant la pyridine pour éliminer le brome de l'alcool bromé (III), on obtient l'alcool non saturé IV, qui s'isomérise sous l'influence d'alcali. Nous considérons le produit isomérisé comme le dimère XII, dérivé du dioxane.
La biréfringence acoustique des solutions macromoléculaires
Authors: Peterlin Anton
Published: September 2010

Une solution macromoléculaire devient biréfringente sous l'influence des ondes ultrasonores. Nous avons développé la théorie de l'effet pour le modèle de la pelote statistique pénétrable et à l'immobilisation partielle du solvent. La biréfringence est proportionnelle à la racine carrée de l'intensité de l'onde acoustique, à la fréquence de l'onde et à la biréfringence dynamique de la solution. Si l'on considère aussi les phénomènes de relaxation, la biréfringence acoustique donne les mêmes informations sur la macromolécule en solution que la biréfringence d'écoulement.
The kinetics of the polymerisation of sarcosine carbonic anhydride
Authors: Waley S. G. , Watson J.
Published: September 2010

The polymerisation of carbonic anhydrides, a reaction important both as a preparative method for the synthesis of polypeptides, and as an example of a less familiar type of polymerisation, has been studied in detail, using sarcosine carbonic anhydride (I). The propagation reaction has been shown to involve a reversibly formed compound between the carbonic anhydride and the polymer; this compound decomposes by both a unimolecular and a bimolecular route. The equilibrium constant for the formation of the intermediate compound, and both velocity constants for its decomposition have been determined in two solvents, and the activation energies and frequency factors calculated.

The molecular weight distribution has been calculated from the kinetic scheme; the distribution is extremely sharp.
The dissociation and specific viscosity of polymethacrylic acid
Authors: Arnold R. , Overbeek J. Th. G.
Published: September 2010

Solutions of polymethacrylic acid have been partially neutralized to different extents, and the pH values and viscosities of the resulting solutions determined. These measurements were carried out at several different potassium chloride concentrations, and on several polymer samples. The calculated dissociation constants of the polymer acid were substituted in the equation developed by J. Th. G. Overbeek, which expresses the change in dissociation constant of a polybasic acid as a function of the radius of the molecular coil and of the charge on the molecule. The derivation of this equation treats the polymer molecule as a sphere containing a continuous charge. The radii found are of the right order and change in the expected way with changing ionic strength and ionisation. Substitution of these radii in the Debije viscosity equation gives satisfactory agreement between observed and experimental viscosities at low degrees of ionisation. At higher degrees of dissociation it would seem that the treatment of the polymer coil as a sphere is no longer satisfactory, although a better approximation is obtained if the charge is considered to be entirely on the surface of the sphere.
On 9‐aminofluorene and derivatives. Some chemical and physiological properties
Authors: Neish W. J. P.
Published: September 2010

2‐methoxy‐ and 3‐methoxy‐9‐aminofluorene have been prepared. Their reactions with ethyl chloroformate, maleic anhydride and carbon dioxide are described and similar reactions have been studied with the parent base, 9‐aminofluorene. These reactions lead to the formation of N‐carbethoxy derivatives, 9‐maleamic acids and substituted ammonium carbamates respectively.

Attempts to obtain the 9‐amino derivatives by reduction of the oximes with sodium amalgam in alcohol‐acetic acid medium were unsuccessful. In each case, the corresponding fluorene derivative was obtained. Thus the hitherto undescribed 3‐methoxyfluorene has been prepared.

2‐Methoxy‐ and 3‐methoxy‐9‐aminofluorene hydrochlorides produce local anaesthesia of the tongue and of guinea pig skin, the former action having been noted byNakamurafor 9‐aminofluorene hydrochloride. Kymograph studies with the above mentioned amines indicate that stimulation or relaxation of the contracting pregnant rat uterus may be obtained depending on the concentrations employed. These effects are reversible. Inhibition of contraction but no stimulation was noted with a non‐pregnant rat uterus. Data concerning the effects of related compounds including 2‐amino‐hydrochloride on uterine contraction are presented.
An estimate of the volume effect in coiling long chain molecules
Authors: Hermans J. J.
Published: September 2010

An approximate treatment of the volume effect in coiling molecules is suggested. It is based upon the assumption that the probability of finding the end of a chain element at a given point at distance A from the preceding chain element is determined by the average density at this point.

From the results obtained an estimate of the volume effect in certain polymers is derived.
Contributions to the chemistry of ionones. I. On physical properties and structures in the methyliononeseries
Authors: Beets M. G. J. , Witjens P. H.
Published: September 2010

A comparative study of refractivity data and ultraviolet absorption spectra of some carefully purified methylionones confirms a conclusion resulting from calculations on structural models, to wit, that in the β‐isomethylionone molecule steric hindrance must play a part.
Fatty acid analysis by partition chromatography
Authors: Boldingh J.
Published: September 2010

Applying the principle of partition chromatography for the quantitative determination of fatty acids, a technique was developed in which new carriers for the immobile solvent phase have been introduced. In contrast to the carriers used by Martin et al. and by other workers, those used in our experiments are all of a very low polar character. They include the group of synthetic elastomers as well as natural elastomers, the latter being the most extensively studied. With systems containing benzene absorbed in e.g. vulzanized natural Hevea rubber, as the immobile solvent, and with a strong polar solvent as the mobile phase, a straight quantitative micro determination of the saturated n‐fatty acids from C6‐C18 has been made possible. Moreover hydroxy fatty acids too are readily separated from their mixtures with normal fatty acids.
1‐(X‐hydroxyphenyl)‐naphthalene: (Discrepancies in the literature VIII)
Authors: van Alphen J. , Drost G.
Published: September 2010

A 1‐(x‐hydroxyphenyl)‐naphthalene can be obtained by reaction between phenol and diazotized 1‐aminonaphthalene or from the Zn double salt of naphthalene‐1‐diazonium chloride on heating with phenol, but its methyl ether is different from 1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐naphthalene. Thus it is probably 1‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐naphthalene.
Sur le Radical Méthylsulfonyle (Propriétés du Groupe Sulfonyle IX)
Authors: Backer H. J.
Published: September 2010

Le chauffage du dibromo‐bis‐méthylsulfonyl‐méthane avec du cuivre au sein de toluène bouillant, suivi d'un traitement à l'ammoniaque froide, conduit au tris‐méthylsulfonyl‐méthane. Un radical méthylsulfonyle provenant d'une molécule est donc entré dans une autre molécule. Le mécanisme de cette transposition est discuté.
The decomposition of aliphatic azo‐compounds. I
Authors: Bickel A. F. , Waters W. A.
Published: September 2010

The thermal decompositons of dimethyl 2,2′‐azo‐isobutyrate and of ω,ω′‐azo‐toluene, which yield the radicals (CH3)2CCOOCH3 and C6H5CH2‐ respectively, have been investigated with a view to obtaining information on the nature of the radical‐radical interactions occurring on polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene respectively.

The results of these model experiments with monomeric radicals may indicate that the chain termination processes in both the above polymerizations involve combination and disproportionation in comparable amounts.

The benzyl radical, C6H5CH2, seems to be prone to disproportionate into the benzal radical, C6H5CH and toluene.
The azide ion in the lyotropic series
Authors: Buchner E. H.
Published: September 2010

The place of the azide ion (N3‐) in the lyotropic series of the univalent anions is established. It comes immediately after the bromide ion.
The elimination of methylthiol and dimethyl sulphide from methylthiol‐ and dimethyl‐sulphonium compounds by moulds
Authors: Challenger Frederick , Liu Y. Cheng
Published: September 2010

The behaviour of salts of dimethylthetin and dimethyl α‐ and β‐propriothetins, of alkylthiol derivatives of acetic and propionic acids, of α‐keto‐β‐methylthiolpropionic acid and α‐keto‐γ‐methylthiolbutyric acid in mould cultures has been investigated. A study has been made of the behaviour of S‐methylthiouronium chloride, 4‐methyl‐2‐thiouracil and 4‐methyl‐2‐S‐methylthiouracil and of certain aliphatic disulphides in similar cultures. Some, but not all, of the thetins evolve dialkyl sulphide, some of the methylthiol compounds yield methyl mercaptan, but the uracil derivatives evolve no sulphur compounds. Certain green Penicillia cause fission but not methylation of the dialkyl disulphides.
Preparation of cholesterol from wool grease by means of addition products
Authors: Hackmann J. Th.
Published: September 2010

A simple method is described by which it is possible to prepare cholesterol from the unsaponifiable part of wool grease. The method serves as a base for the technical production of pure cholesterol. It consists in preparing addition compounds of cholesterol with inorganic metal salts and separating these addition compounds from the other components by means of a suitable solvent in which the addition compound is not soluble. After separating the addition product, it is decomposed by water, yielding the cholesterol, which is purified by crystallization.
Ueber die Reduktion von Stickstoffmonoxyd mittels Lithiumaluminium‐Hydrid
Authors: Karrer P. , Schwyzer R.
Published: September 2010

Stickstoffmonoxyd wurde durch Lithumaluminiumhydrid zu untersalpetriger Säure reduziert.
Anisotropy in the so‐called amorphous part of polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Mac Gillavry Caroline H.
Published: September 2010

The amorphous ring in the fibre diagram of polyvinyl alcohol is anisotropic: its intensity is greatest near the equator, smallest if measured in the fibre direction. This anisotropy is discussed on the basis of the fringe‐micelle theory.
Identification and quantitative analysis of a mixture of methylglyoxal and acetol
Authors: Neuberg Carl
Published: September 2010

In the course of various reactions of sugars with alkaline materials substances of the 3‐carbon series are formed, i.e. methylglyoxal (MG) or acetol (A) or mixtures of the two. MG may be determined quantitatively by enzymatic dismutation with the enzyme ketonealdehydmutase and manometric measurement of the lactic acid formed. A remains unchanged during this procedure and may be determined as its 2,4‐dinitrophenylosazone or by a reduction method. By oxidation with bromine water MG is quantitatively converted into pyruvic acid which can be determined as its 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone. MG and A can be precipitated together as 2,4‐dinitrophenylosazone; substraction of the value corresponding to the MG and found by bromine water oxydation or enzymatic dismutation indicates the A content.
Die Stellung des Zuckers in den Sennosiden A und B: 5. Mitteilung über Anthraglykoside
Authors: Stoll A. , Becker B.
Published: September 2010

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird bewiesen, dass in den Sennosiden A und B die D‐Glucose mit der 8‐Hydroxygruppe des Anthraolgerüsts verknüpft ist.
The chlorination of naphthalene in the vapour phase
Authors: Wibaut J. P. , Bloem G. P.
Published: September 2010

The chlorination of naphthalene in the vapour phase has been studied between 220° and 500° under the catalytic influence of small quantities of iodine. At 250° the reaction product contained α‐ and β‐chloronaphthalene in the ratio of 9:1; this ratio decreases rapidly as the reaction is carried out at a higher temperature. At 340° and above both isomers are produced in almost equal quantities. The course of the reaction is qualitatively the same as in the non‐catalytic bromination of naphthalene in the vapour phase.
Chemical studies on insecticides II: The hydrolysis of OO′‐diethyl‐ and ‐dimethyl‐O″‐p‐nitrophenyl thiophosphonate (parathion and dimethylparathion (E 605)).
Authors: Ketelaar J. A. A.
Published: September 2010

The hydrolysis with alkali is measured from 10‐75° C in water and in a 50% alcohol‐water mixture of OO′‐diethyl‐, and ‐dimethyl‐O″‐p‐nitrophenyl thiophosphonate (parathion and dimethylparathion or E 605) in dilute solutions with concentrations of sodium hydroxide ranging from 0.002 N to 1 N. The reaction was strictly bimolecular and the reaction constant at 15° C was found to be k = 2, 15. 10−2 mol−1 min−1 and in general: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \log \,{\rm k} = 10.95 - \frac{{16600}}{{2.303\,{\rm RT}}} $\end{document}

The constant k = 9.20. 10−2 mol−1 min−1 for the dimethyl analogue is 4.3 times higher (at 15° C). The expression is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \log \,{\rm k} = 10.71 - \frac{{15450}}{{2.303\,{\rm RT}}} $\end{document}

The heats of activation thus were 16.6 kcal/mol and 15.45 kcal/mol respectively. This difference in the speed of hydrolysis can be used for the identification of both compounds in proprietary mixtures as was confirmed by infra red absorption spectra.
Adsorption of ammonia on surfaces of oxides: (Preliminary communication)
Authors: Rijnders G. W. A. , Schuit G. C. A.
Published: September 2010

The adsorption of ammonia as a function of temperature and pressure on some oxides and oxide mixtures was studied. The adsorption can be separated in two processes; one with a high adsorption energy and entropy, the other with a much lower adsorption energy and entropy. A tentative explanation was suggested.
The dihydroxy‐ and diethoxypyridines
Authors: den Hertog H. J. , Wibaut J. P. , Schepman F. R. , van der Wal A. A.
Published: September 2010

The preparation of 2,5‐ and 3,4‐diethoxypyridine and a new method for the synthesis of 2,5‐dihydroxypyridine are described.

A survey is given of some properties, including the ultraviolet absorption spectra, of the six dihydroxypyridines and the six diethoxypyridines.
Synthèses Dans le Domaine des Auxines: II. Simples analogues de l'auxine‐b. 40e Communication sur les substances favorisant la croissance végétale
Authors: Kögl F. , de Bruin O. A.
Published: September 2010

Le présent travail envisage en particulier la synthèse de composés qui, en ce qui concerne la constellation des groupements fonctionnels, peuvent être des substances du type de l'auxine‐b. Une méthode générale est indiquée pour synthétiser les lactones des acides β‐céto‐δ‐hydroxy‐carboniques par la réaction de Reformatsky. On décrit la préparation d'une série de composés montrant une certaine analogie de structure avec les auxines. La constitution de ces composés est déduite de la préparation et des données analytiques. Les formules de constitution en question sont encore vérifiées par les conclusions des spectres d'absorption dans l'ultra‐violet.

II faut mentionner particulièrement la préparation de la lactone de l'acide δ(cyclopentényl‐1)‐δhydroxy‐β‐céto‐pentanoïque. La constitution de ce composé ne diffère de celle qui est attribuée à la lactone de l'auxine‐b que par l'absence des deux groupements butyliques secondaires du cycle penténique.
The determination of sodium and potassium in blood serum and urine by means of the flame photometer
Authors: Willebrands A. F.
Published: September 2010

A method is described for the determination of sodium and potassium in blood serum and urine by means of the flame photometer. Sodium is determined by diluting serum or urine 100 times with distilled water, by spraying the solution obtained into a flame fed by a mixture of butane and air and measuring the intensity of the yellow sodium light with a selenium barrier‐layer photocell. Potassium is determined by diluting serum 25 times and urine 100 times with distilled water and measuring the intensity of the red K doublet, which is excited when these solutions are sprayed into the flame, with the help of a gas‐filled caesium cell with D.C. amplifier. The potassium and sodium content of the serum of 35 normal persons was determined in this way.
Studien über den D‐Glutaminsäure‐Stoff‐Wechsel von Tumoren I. Erhöhung des D2O‐Gehalts der Körperflüssigkeit von Tumorratten. 14. Mitteilung über die Chemie der Tumoren )
Authors: Kögl F. , Klein A. J. , Erxleben H. , van Veersen G. J.
Published: September 2010

Es wurde untersucht, ob die Verabreichung von Trinkwasser mit erhöhtem D2O‐Gehalt beim D‐Glutaminsäure‐Baustein von Tumorproteinen in gleicher Weise wie bei der L‐Form einen Einbau von stabil gebundenen Deuterium‐Atomen zur Folge hat. Als Versuchstiere dienten Ratten mit Chemotumoren. Es zeigte sich, dass der Einbau bei der D‐Form erheblich langsamer folgt, dass aber schliesslich der gleiche Deuterium‐Gehalt erreicht werden kann wie beim L‐Glutaminsäure‐Baustein der Tumorproteine und der normalen Leberproteine.
Studien über den D‐Glutaminsäure‐Stoffwechsel von Tumoren. II. Fütterungsversuche mit Deuterio‐ DL‐glutamat. 15. Mitteilung über die Chemie der Tumoren)
Authors: Kögl F. , Erxleben H. , Klein A. J. , van Veersen G. J.
Published: September 2010

Während die in der Nahrung reichlich vorhandene L‐Glutaminsäure für den Organismus der Ratte eine entbehrliche Aminosäure ist, liess sich bezüglich des Tumors der Ratte über die Bedeutung per os zugeführter D‐Glutaminsäure nichts vorhersagen.

Bei 5 bzw. 15 Tage währenden Fütterungsversuchen mit Deuterio‐DL‐glutamat zeigte es sich, dass die aus den Tumorproteinen isolierte D‐Glutaminsäure (im Gegensatz zur L‐Form) einen Deuteriumgehalt aufwies, der die Fehlergrenze der Bestimmungsmethode um eine Grössenordnung übertraf2).
Studien über den D‐Glutaminsäure‐Stoffwechsel von Tumoren. III. Injektionsversuche mit der DL‐, L‐ und D‐ Form von Deuterioglutamat. 16. Mitteilung über die Chemie der Tumoren)
Authors: Kögl F. , Erxleben H. , Klein A. J. , van Veersen G. J.
Published: September 2010

Ratten mit Benzpyren‐Tumoren erhielten während 4 Tagen subcutane Injektionen von Deuterio‐DL‐glutaminsäure in Form wässeriger Lösungen des Mono‐natriumsalzes. Wie bei den in der vorhergehenden Mitteilung beschriebenen Fütterungsversuchen zeigte sich auch hier, dass der Deuteriumgehalt des D‐Glutaminsäure‐Bausteins jenen der L‐Form wesentlich übertraf. In weiteren Versuchsserien wurden die Antipoden getrennt injiziert. Während die Injektion der D‐Form zu einem gleichsinnigen Resultat führte, war die nach Injektion der deuterierten L‐Form aus dem Tumor isolierte D‐Glutaminsäure praktisch deuteriumfrei.
Compounds related to provitamin D3 (I). 7‐Dehydrocholesteryl chloride and bromide
Authors: Strating J. , Backer H. J.
Published: September 2010

The preparation of 7‐dehydrocholesteryl chloride and bromide, by the elimination of hydrogen bromide from 7‐bromocholesteryl chloride and bromide is described.
The measurement of rates of spread
Authors: Burgers W. G. , Greup D. H. , Korvezee A. E.
Published: September 2010

A description is given of an apparatus for the measurement of the rate of spread under free expansion of liquid fatty acids and similar substances on water surfaces.

Preliminary measurements on valeric, caproic, heptylic, caprylic and nonylic acid with varying degree of acidity of the water indicate that there is an essential difference between valeric and caproic acid on the one hand and heptylic, caprylic and nonylic acid on the other in the manner of spreading of the drop placed on the water surface. Reproducible values are obtained only with the two first mentioned acids.

With all the acids a new impulse seems to occur during spreading which increases the velocity of displacement of the film boundary.

The values obtained for valeric and caproic acid appear to be mostly independent of the degree of acidity. The course of the displacement of the film boundary can be represented in case of both acids by the same formula which takes into account the transition from a close packed film into a less closely packed film.
On the retention of water existing in biocolloids subjected to desiccation in standard ovens
Authors: Mosse D. A. A.
Published: September 2010

The retention of water, occurring when biocolloids and food products, consisting chiefly of macromolecular substances, were dried at 102.5° C (average) in a well‐ventilated standard oven (water vapour pressure ∼ 10 mm Hg), varied from 0.5‐0.8% abs.
The raman spectrum of trichloro acrylic acid chloride
Authors: Gerding H. , de Boer J.
Published: September 2010

The frequency shifts and depolarization factors of the Raman lines of liquid CCl2 = CCl. Cmagnified image are given. The structure of the compound does not deviate appreciably from the plane configuration. An assignment of some frequencies to modes of motion is given.
A Raman effect study of the compound HNO3. 2 SO3
Authors: Gerding H. , Steeman J. W. M. , Revallier L. J.
Published: September 2010

The Raman frequency shifts of the compound HNO3. 2 SO3 in the liquid state at about 120° are given. The depolarization factors of the majority of the Raman lines have been determined. The strongest Raman line of the spectrum with Δ∼ν = 1402 cm−1 (15s, 0.12) is typical for the nitronium ion NO2+. The compound HNO3. 2 SO3 has to be considered in all probability as NO2 + HS2O7‐.
Derivatives of bis(4‐aminophenyl)‐sulfone. III. Bis(4‐hydrazinophenyl)‐sulfone and its derivatives
Authors: Sah Peter P. T.
Published: September 2010

For chemotherapeutic studies, bis (4‐hydrazinophenyl)‐sulfone was prepared with an excellent yield from bis (4‐aminophenyl)‐sulfone and then converted to the following derivatives: (1) vitamin C derivative (red platelets discoloring at 200°), which inhibits completely the growth of M. Tb. in vitro at a concentration of 2 mg per 10 cm3 of culture and as effective as sulfanilamide in streptococcus hemolyticus infections in mice; (2) vitamin K3 derivative (purplish red leaflets, m.p. 234 to 235°) which is neither active in vitro against M. Tb. nor effective in streptococcus hemolyticus infection in mice; and (3) phthiacol derivative (brownish red thick platelets, decomposing at 190°) which is as active in vitro against M. Tb. as the vitamin C derivative but not effective in strept. hemoly. infection in mice. The last two possess only slight antihemorrhagic activity.
The preparation of pyridine derivatives from halogenopyridines by means of the grignard reaction III. Application of the reaction to 3‐bromopyridine
Authors: Wibaut J. P. , van der Voort H. , Markus R.
Published: September 2010

By maintaining certain experimental conditions, 3‐bromopyridine can be reacted with magnesium; the compound produced reacts, e.g. with aldehydes or ketones with the formation of 3‐pyridyl‐carbinols. The synthesis of phenyl ‐ (pyridyl ‐ 3) ‐ carbinol, phenyl ‐ (pyridyl ‐ 3) ‐ methyl ‐ carbinol and 2‐methyl‐3‐(pyridyl‐3)‐propene‐1, is described.
Melting point diagram and heats of fusion of cis‐ and trans‐1,2‐dichloroethene
Authors: Broers G. H. J. , Ketelaar J. A. A. , van Velden P. F.
Published: September 2010

The melting diagram of the system cis‐ and trans‐1,2‐dichloroethene was determined in the usual way, by measuring temperature‐time curves of samples of known composition, using a platinum resistance thermometer. Special care was taken in purifying the samples of both isomers. The binary diagram obtained turned out to be of the simple type, with one eutectic point at ‐90.3° C and 78 mol% cis‐isomer. By plotting the logarithms of the molefractions against 1/T. for both branches of the diagram straight lines were obtained. Apparently the system is of the ideal type. From the slopes of these lines heats of fusion were calculated. The values are:
Qualitative infra‐red analysis of mixtures of glyoxime, methylglyoxime and dimethylglyoxime
Authors: Boer H. , Goedkoop J. A.
Published: September 2010

Infra‐red absorption spectra in the region from 3.5 to 13 μ have been recorded for solid glyoxime, methylglyoxime and dimethylglyoxime.

It is shown that in mixtures of these three compounds, each one can be identified by the presence of a characteristic absorption band. This offers a convenient way of analysing the ozonolysis products of methyl substituted aromatic and heterocyclic compounds.

Dorabialska's work on the stereoisomerism of dioximes is discussed
Derivatives of tetraza‐indolizines
Authors: Cook J. W. , Gentles R. P. , Tucker S. Horwood
Published: September 2010

Tetraza‐indolizines have been prepared by interaction between 5‐aminotetrazole and 2‐hydroxymethylene‐cyclohexanone and cyclopentanone, ethyl cyclohexanone‐2‐carboxylate, and potassium o‐iodobenzoate. The last‐named substance gave a known hydroxy‐benztetrazaindolizine, previously obtained by another type of method. A diethylaminoethylaminotetrazaindolizine was found to have no therapeutic action in experimental trypanosomiasis.
A colorimetric method for the determination of vitamin K3 in fortified fodders
Authors: van Koetsveld E. E.
Published: September 2010

A colorimetric method is described for the determination of vitamin K3, 2‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, in fodder preparations containing about 10% of fat.

The determination depends on the coupling of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine as used by Novelli

A. Novelli, Science 93, 358 (1941).

) and is a modification of the method of Menotti

A. R. Menotti, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 14, 418‐420 (1942).

), which makes the method of Novelli better suited for application to pharmaceutical preparations.

A benzene extract is purified from carotenoids by chromatography over Floridine‐XS earth.
Amides VI: Studies on acetamide and diacetimide
Authors: Dunn P. , Polya J. B.
Published: September 2010

Diacetimide is best purified by recrystallization from petroleum ether. The melting point curve of mixtures of acetamide and diacetimide establishes the existence of AcNH2. Ac2NH and may be used for the approximate evaluation of the purity of diacetimide preparations. Aqueous solutions of acetic acid, acetamide and diacetimide obey Szyszkowski's equation. Aqueous solutions of diacetimide are less stable than those of acetamide and decompose with a monomolecular velocity constant.
Transposition du p‐nitrophénylsulfonylamino‐benzimidazole: (Propriétés du groupe sulfonyle XIV
Authors: Backer H. J. , Dijkstra R.
Published: September 2010

La réaction de la p‐nitrophénylsulfonylcyanamide sur l'o‐phénylènediamine, en solution acétique, donne naissance à un dérivé du benzimidazole (II). En faisant réagir les deux composés dans d'autres conditions, on parvient à obtenir la p‐nitrophénylsulfonyl‐o‐aminophénylguanidine (I).

La p‐nitrophénylsulfonylurée, réagissant sur le chlorhydrate de l'o‐phénylènediamine, donne la p‐nitrophénylsulfonyl‐o‐aminophénylurée (III). Le composé I, aussi bien que III, peut être transformé en dérivé de benzimidazole (II).

La décomposition alcaline de I et de III conduit à la p‐nitro‐o′‐amino‐diphénylamine, composé peu accessible par d'autres voies.

Le 2‐p‐nitrophénylsulfonylamino‐benzimidazole (II), étant une guanidine, se prête également à une transposition. Chauffé en solution alcaline, il engendre le 1‐nitrophényl‐2‐amino‐benzimidazole (VIII), dont on vérifie la structure en le synthétisant aux dépens de la guanidine et de la p‐nitro‐o'‐amino‐diphénylamine.
Emission spectra of some chemoluminescent reactions. Part II. The oxidation of derivatives of 2,3‐dihydrophthalazine‐1,4‐dione
Authors: Spruit‐van der Burg A.
Published: September 2010

Emission spectra have been determined of the chemoluminescent reaction between a number of derivatives of dihydrophthalazinedione and hydrogen peroxide at a carbon anode in alkaline solution. Fluorescence spectra of the compounds in alkaline and acid solutions have also been determined. In most cases the maximum of the spectrum of chemoluminescence and that of fluorescence in acid solution are at nearly the same wavelength. However, the chemoluminescence spectra are broadened with respect to the fluorescence spectra.
The hydrogenation of conjugated systems particularly of chinese wood oil
Authors: van Loon J. , Kooij L. W. , Vermunt G.
Published: September 2010

The literature on the hydrogenation of compounds with systems of conjugated double bonds is reviewed in connection with the hydrogenation of Chinese wood oil.

However, further experiments showed, that the hydrogenation of this oil is a more complicated reaction than was previously assumed, for, besides addition of hydrogen, shifting of the double bonds also takes place.

From the hydrogenation results and observations made on other and similar reactions, an attempt was made to explain, why this migration of the double bonds occurs in this way. Obviously the system of conjugated double bonds in elaeostearic acid does not invest a stable position and therefore tries to take a more stable one during the reaction.
A new synthesis of aryl‐aliphatic alcohols : I. On the preparation of 3‐phenyl‐propanol‐1 and 3‐phenyl‐butanol‐1
Authors: Beets M. G. T.
Published: September 2010

A new synthesis of aryl‐aliphatic alcohols with the aryl‐group in the 3‐position, based upon hydrogenolysis of C‐O‐bonds of the benzyl ether‐type, is reported.
Quantitative spectrochemical analysis by means of the direct current carbon ARC part I. general methods
Authors: Addink N. W. H.
Published: September 2010

In view of the fact that in some spectrochemical laboratories all kinds of materials have to be analysed, a general method of complete evaporation by means of the direct current carbon arc has been worked out. This method has been successfully applied for over two years, during which time 2500 analyses have been carried out, 30% of which have yielded quantitative results. Difficulties encountered in putting the method to the test (spluttering, decreasing or increasing the speed of vaporization of materials to be analysed) are described in this paper.

The method of successive addition has proved to be of importance for the determination of the exponent n in the equation:

(i = intensity of a spectrum line; k and n are constants and c the concentration of the element to be analysed): Some values of n are listed at the end of the paper. (The method of successive addition enables one to determine element concentrations independently of the chemical analysis, by adding successive amounts of that, element to the material under consideration and by measuring line intensities of mixtures prepared in this manner.)

The method of measuring line intensities by means of s.p.d. scales, which gives rise to the choice of lines corresponding to electron transitions in the higher parts of the electron level diagram of an atom, has proved that the intensities of these lines show an n‐value of about 1. The accuracy of the results obtained is discussed (S.p.d. scales (standard paper density scales) contain a set of lines of well‐known increasing density (and corresponding relative intensity); the image of a spectrum line is compared with them on the screen of a spectrum projector. By this method the influence of background on line‐intensities is eliminated).
Quantitative spectrochemical analysis by means of the direct current carbon ARC: Part. II. Biological materials. A possible correlation between the zinc content of liver and blood and the cancer problem
Authors: Addink N. W. H.
Published: September 2010

Spectrochemical analysis by means of the D.G carbon arc is particularly suitable for the determination of major as well as of minor constituents of biological material.

Semiquantitative analyses show that the greatest differences in composition of blood and tissues between normal and tumor patients are found for zinc. This element can be considered as a “tracer” for proteins like insulin, uricase and carbonic anhydrase.

Quantitative analyses show that the range of the zinc content of blood and liver tissue is more extended to higher values in cases of neoplasms, whereas major element concentrations appear to be unchanged. Values are also given for zinc percentages of malignant tumors, testicles and human sperm.

In order to contribute to the solution of the cancer problem it may be of vital importance to investigate the behaviour of zinc containing proteins in the human body.
Reactions of bromo‐derivatives of 2‐ and 3‐ethoxypyridine when heated with hydrochloric acid solution
Authors: den Hertog H. J. , de Bruyn J.
Published: September 2010

The behaviour of bromo‐derivatives of 2‐ and 3‐ethoxypyridine, when heated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, has been investigated.

From 6‐bromo‐2‐ethoxypyridine, 6‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypyridine and from 2‐bromo‐3‐ethoxypyridine, 2‐chloro‐3‐hydroxypyridine are formed together with the corresponding dihydroxypyridines.

During the heating of 5‐bromo‐3‐ethoxypyridine the bromine atom is not replaced, but the ethoxy group is substituted by the hydroxyl group.

Both 3‐bromo‐2‐ethoxypyridine and 5‐bromo‐2‐ethoxypyridine are converted into a mixture of 3,5‐dibromo‐2‐hydroxypyridine and 2‐hydroxypyridine. We also observed a migration of the bromine atom in the corresponding benzene derivative (4‐bromophenetole), contrary to what is recorded in the literature.

Halogeno‐derivatives of 6‐bromo‐2‐ethoxypyridine and 5‐bromo‐3‐ethoxypyridine react in the way expected from the data given above.
Derivatives of oxazolidinedione‐2,4: III. The action of alkali on substituted oxazolidinediones‐2,4 and substituted carbamylo‐α‐hydroxy‐esters
Authors: Rekker R. F. , Nauta W. Th.
Published: September 2010

In contrast with the oxazolidinediones‐2,4 which are not substituted on the nitrogen atom, the majority of N‐substituted oxazolidinediones‐2,4 are sensitive to alkali. With the latter compounds, hydrolysis takes place in two ways, an N‐substituted hydroxyamide being produced, along with a substituted carbamylo‐α‐hydroxy‐acid.

A different scheme of reactions, which can be shown to be incorrect, has been suggested for this decomposition by Davies and Hook.

From a number of oxazolidinediones‐2,4 the decomposition products have been isolated.

Substituted carbamylo‐α‐hydroxy‐esters on treatment with alkali do not undergo direct hydrolysis, as suggested by Lambling, but ring closure occurs, followed by ring hydrolysis, with the formation of the two decomposition products (α‐hydroxyamide and carbamylo‐α‐hydroxy‐acid).
Scission du bis‐méthylthio‐bis‐méthylsulfonyl‐méthane: (Propriétés du groupe sulfonyle XVII)
Authors: Backer H. J.
Published: September 2010

Le bis‐méthylthio‐bis‐méthylsulfonyl‐méthane peut être hydrolysé selon deux directions.

En milieu alcalin un groupe thiométhyle est remplacé par l'hydrogène; les amines anhydres ont le même effet. En solution acide la réaction principale est la substitution d'un groupe méthylsulfonyle par l'hydroxyle, réaction suivie de la perte d'une seconde molécule d'acide méthanesulfinique.

L'eau bouillante effectue les deux espèces d'hydrolyse au même degré. A la température ambiante l'eau provoque l'hydrolyse “alcaline” uniquement.

Le mécanisme de ces scissions est discuté du point de vue de la structure électronique.
Amides VIII. Benzylidene and furylidene bisamides
Authors: Polya J. B. , Spotswood T. M.
Published: September 2010

The preparation of bisamides of the type RCH(NHCOR′) (NHCOR″) with R = Ph or 2‐furyl, R′ and R″ = Me, Et, Ph, PhCH : CH and PhCH : CMe by the direct condensation of aldehydes and amides is described. With R = Ph, compounds of this type may be prepared from benzaldehyde and symmetrical diacylimines in the presence of potassium acetate. In this case R′CONH‐ is derived from the diacylimine and R″CONH‐ from the unsaturated amide which is also formed in this modification of the Perkin reaction. Theoretical aspects of these preparations are discussed.
Derivatives of oxazolidinedione‐2,4: IV. Quantitative results obtained in the hydrolysis of some oxazolidinediones‐2,4 and some carbamylo‐α‐hydroxy‐esters
Authors: Rekker R. F. , Nauta W. Th.
Published: September 2010

In the hydrolysis of 5,5‐dimethyl‐oxazolidinediones‐2,4 and 5‐phenyl‐oxazolidinediones‐2,4, with alkali, a carbamylo‐α‐hydroxy‐acid and an α‐hydroxy‐amide are produced in a constant ratio, independent of the nature of the N‐substituent, the decomposition temperature and the concentration of the alkali.

For 5,5‐dimethyl‐oxazolidinediones‐2,4 this ratio is 1.66 on the average and for 5‐phenyl‐oxazolidinediones‐2,4 5.2 on the average.

Practically the same ratios are found in the hydrolysis of the corresponding carbamylo‐α‐hydroxy‐esters.
Preparation of hydrogen atoms in an electric discharge tube
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , van Steenis J. , Waterman H. I.
Published: September 2010

The reaction between liquid hydrocarbons and hydrogen atoms prepared according to Wood's method is caused by hydrogen atoms only.
Décomposition de la p‐tolylallylsulfone en milieu alcalin: (Les propriétés du groupe sulfonyle XVIII)
Authors: Backer H. J. , Strating J. , Drenth J.
Published: September 2010

Désireux de résoudre le problème de cette décomposition décrite dans la littérature, les auteurs l'ont étudiée dans plusieurs conditions. La réaction conduit finalement à la p‐tolylméthylsulfone et à l'aldéhyde acétique. En outre elle engendre deux produits intermédiaires, la p‐tolyl‐2‐hydroxy‐propylsulfone et la p‐tolyl‐1‐propénylsulfone dont la structure est prouvée par synthèse. La configuration‐cis est attribuée à ce dernier produit.
Researches on the alkoxy‐aminonitrobenzenes: VII). N‐dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives
Authors: Verkade P. E. , Strube R. E.
Published: September 2010

The preparation of some N‐dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of 1‐n‐propoxy‐2‐amino‐4‐nitrobenzene and 1‐methoxy‐3‐amino‐5‐nitrobenzene is described. The substances obtained were tested for (local) anaesthetic action with the aid of the rabbit cornea test, the frog muscle sciatic nerve test and the goldfish test.
The decomposition of potassium ethyl xanthogenate in mineral acid medium
Authors: Cranendonk A. C.
Published: September 2010

The investigation was carried out for the purpose of gaining an insight into the course of the decomposition of xanthogenates in acid aqueous medium.
Reaction of 3‐bromopyridine‐N‐oxide with sulphuryl chloride
Authors: den Hertog H. J. , Boelrijk N. A. I. M.
Published: September 2010

By heating 3‐bromopyridine‐N‐oxide hydrochloride with sulphuryl chloride at 120°, 3‐bromo‐4‐chloropyridine is formed together with 3‐bromo‐2‐chloropyridine and some 3‐bromo‐6‐chloropyridine.
The influence of cations on the gelatin gel: I. The influence on the melting point
Authors: Nobel P. C.
Published: September 2010

The experiments of Buchner and Meylink on the effect of ions of divalent metals on the melting point of the gelatin gel have been extended to the bromides and iodides of some of these metals. Since similar results were not observed, the chlorides were re‐examined. The relation found by Buchner and Meylink could not be confirmed. A relation between the concentrations of salt necessary to lower the melting point to a definite temperature and the equivalent conductance of the cations could be deduced, however. With the aid of these equations it was possible to calculate the depression of the melting point for 0.5 n solutions, which agreed with the experimental data.

The maxima occurring in the melting curves are explained by the presence in the solution of insoluble hydroxides, produced as a result of hydrolysis. This was confirmed by an investigation with aluminium chloride and lanthanum chloride and some hydroxides. A connection has been found to exist between the heights of the maxima and the degrees of hydrolysis of the salts.

The abnormal course of the melting curves with beryllium chloride, aluminium chloride and lanthanum chloride are discussed in more detail.
The action of aryllithium compounds on diarylketones: III. Synthesis of 2,2′‐bis‐(2,6‐Dimethylbenzoyl)‐3,3′‐dimethyldibenzyl
Authors: Faber A. C. , Nauta W. Th.
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of 2,2‐bis‐(2,6‐dimethylbenzoyl)‐3,3′‐dimethylbenzyl is described starting from 2,6‐dimethylbenzoic acid. This substance appears to be identical with the condensation product obtained previously from 2.6‐dimethylphenyllithium and 2,6‐tetramethyl‐benzophenone.
The properties of the electrical double layer I: Thermodynamics of the double layer on silveriodide and mercury
Authors: Mackor E. L.
Published: September 2010

A derivation is given of the thermodynamic formulae for the double layer of AgI and of mercury electrodes. It is shown that there is only a quantitative difference in the treatment of the two systems and so one can use the obvious similarities to get a better understanding of the AgI system.
Ptéridines formées par condensation de la dihydroxy‐acétone avec la 2,4,5‐triamino‐6‐hydroxypyrimidine
Authors: Backer H. J. , Houtman A. C.
Published: September 2010

En faisant réagir la dihydroxy‐acétone sur la triaminohydroxypyrimidine selon les indications de la littérature, on obtient un mélange dont on peut isoler les ptéridines 6‐ et 7‐hydroxyméthylés (IV, I, et qui, en outre, renferme une ou deux ptéridines méthylées (III, VI).
The properties of the electrical double layer II: The zero point of charge of AgI in water‐acetone mixtures
Authors: Mackor E. L.
Published: September 2010

The change in the potential ϕ between the bulk of two phases can be measured with reasonable accuracy. A basic assumption, which is generally made in the model theory of the electrical double layer is that one knows the surface potential ψ. This inevitably leads to the conception of the χ potential of Lange‐Verwey. This χ potential between AgI and solution is treated in the present article.

The concentrations of the Ag+ and I− ions at the zero point of charge in water‐acetone mixtures are measured. There is a sharp increase in this Ag+ ion concentration in the mixture up to 10 mole % acetone. This shift can be explained by the oriented adsorption of acetone on AgI, creating a change in the χ potential. The change in the free enthalpy of solvation of the Ag+ and I− ions can be deduced from the concentration measured at the zero point of charge at higher acetone concentrations.

The shift is compared with the influence of some surface‐active substances on the polarised Hg electrode. The inference from it is that even in aqueous solutions the χ potential changes as a function of surface charge.