bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometric versus Thematic Stimuli in Concept Attainment in Selection Paradigm
Authors: Dickstein Louis S.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has indicated that selection strategies of Ss differ as a function of the nature of the stimulus array. The present paper suggests several problems with the construct of strategy and proposes a distinction between the encounter with informative instances and the assimilation of information from instances encountered. Several modifications in selection paradigm procedure are introduced to allow the measurement of these two dependent variables. Female college students were assigned to geometric or thematic stimulus-array conditions. Ss in the thematic condition performed significantly more poorly in the assimilation of information but did not differ from Ss in the geometric condition with regard to their selection of informative instances.
Effects of Manifest Anxiety and Auditory Distraction on a Motor Steadiness Battery
Authors: Klisz Diane , Schwartz Melvin L. , Adams Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

The Kløve Motor Steadiness Battery (Kløve, 1963) was administered to a group of 60 right-handed male undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Ss were chosen on the basis of MAS scores so that there were 20 Ss from high, medium, and low anxiety groups. Each of these groups was subdivided into auditory or no-auditory distraction subgroups. Ss were tested with dominant and non-dominant hands. Ss in the medium-MA group performed better than those in the high- and low-MA groups. Auditory distraction facilitated performance for the high- and medium-MA groups but disrupted performance for the low-MA group. Performance was generally better for the dominant hand and there were several hand × distraction and hand × anxiety level interactions. Factors relevant to task complexity and to clinical disorders in utilizing this battery were discussed.
Social Reinforcement Effects on Motor Performance as a Function of Socio-Economic Status
Authors: Martens Rainer
Published: September 2011

The influence of social reinforcement as a function of social position on motor performance was investigated. 2 social positions (high and low) and 3 social reinforcement conditions (praise, reproof and non-reinforcement) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial design. 10 Ss were randomly assigned to each of the social reinforcement conditions for each level of social position. The motor task involved rolling a ball up an inclined board to a target area. No significant differences for the 2 main effects or their interaction appeared. The importance of the nonsignificant was explained in terms of information feedback.
Successive and Delayed Discriminations in a Tactile Relational Array: An Exploratory Study
Authors: West Charles K. , Anderson Thomas H.
Published: September 2011

40 Ss were tested to study the discriminations made in length in a relational array using the tactile sensory mode. No differences were noted in error due to successive comparison and delay treatments, sex of S, or order of stimulus presentation. Analyses of errors on the tactile discrimination tasks indicate that Ss were discriminating at between 1 and 2 mm. of length.
Behavioral Implications of Rorschach's Human Movement Response: Further Validation Based on Exhibitionistic Ms
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Hoover Thomas O.
Published: September 2011

12 cheerleaders and drum majorettes gave significantly more exhibitionistic M on the Rorschach than a control group of coeds matched on total number of M. However, the difference between these groups on the Hand Test EXH score was even more pronounced, leading to the tentative conclusions that: (1) M tends to be expressed behaviorally but that (2) M per se is not a necessary condition for the occurrence of organized and predictable behavior. These findings were discussed within the context of Structural Analysis.
Characteristic Motor Development of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Pyfer Jean L. , Carlson B. Robert
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine whether children classified as learning disabled also demonstrate specific or general motoric dysfunction characteristics which can be identified early. The Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale was administered to 28 children aged 5.1 to 13.6 who were referred to the University of Kansas Perceptual Motor Clinic. The findings support Ayres' conclusion that children evidencing perceptual-motor dysfunction also demonstrate static balance problems.
Development of the Reinforcing Effect of Signaling Modifiable Shock
Authors: Furedy John J. , Biederman Gerald B.
Published: September 2011

The signal-reinforcement effect (SRE) found by Biederman and Furedy (1970) only for modifiable shocks is important for interpreting the preference-for-signaled-shock phenomenon. The effect was re-examined with 18 Ss, and occurred reliably but only during the last 2 hr. of an 8-hr. test period.
Auditory Complexity and Musical Ability
Authors: Griffin Lawrence R. , Eisenman Russell
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to relate complexity preference to the choice of music as a vocational area. There were 3 groups of Ss: 67 non-musician psychology students, 46 high school music majors, and 24 professional musicians. Ss rated 15 musical chords of varying complexity on a 7-point scale. The older professional musicians were better able to discriminate chord groups than the other Ss.
Oral Two-Point Discrimination: Further Evidence of Asymmetry on Right and Left Sides of Selected Oral Structures
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Kotchek Cynthia L. , Deem Jodelle F.
Published: September 2011

2-point discrimination thresholds were established on 13 test sites (the midline, right, and left sides of the upper lip, lower lip, tongue tip, and tongue dorsum, and on the finger tip) in each of 14 Ss. A total of 10 thresholds, 5 ascending and 5 descending, were obtained at each site. It was found that all Ss exhibited evidence of asymmetry in their 2-point limen values between the right and left sides of at least one of the 4 oral structures tested. The results provide further support for McCall and Cunningham's (1971) proposed theory of “sensory sidedness” as a normal neurological phenomenon of the tactile sensory system.
Auditory Perceptual Tasks as Predictors of First Grade Reading Success
Authors: McNinch George , Richmond Mark
Published: September 2011

The study sought to determine the predictive power of a test battery measuring a horizontal continuum of auditory perceptual skills (discrimination, memory, integration, auditory-visual integration) in a first-grade population ( N = 55). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the experimental battery could predict first grade success significantly ( p < .05) when Word Reading, Vocabulary, and Paragraph Meaning were the criteria variables. Sex and intelligence did not add appreciably to the generated predictive equations. It was concluded that reading in first grade is more closely akin to perceptual performance than to intellectual performance.
Differential Aspects of Attention in Brain-Damaged Persons
Authors: Diller Leonard , Weinberg Joseph
Published: September 2011

34 right hemiplegic (RH) patients were compared with 35 left hemiplegic (LH) patients on a test battery of attention measures in visual and auditory modalities. Results indicate: (a) RHs were superior in visual cancellation tasks, (b) LHs were superior in auditory cancellation tasks, (c) LHs were superior in auditory digit span and visual digit span, and (d) both were the same on a test of auditory visual equivalence. Findings suggest that attention is not a unitary phenomenon. Different facets of attention appear to be impaired, depending on the type of hemiplegia and the type of task.
Cognitive Tempo and Discrimination Skill on Color-Form Sorting Tasks
Authors: Katz Judith Milstein
Published: September 2011

Children (33 boys and 34 girls, 3.6 to 5.4 yr.) categorized as impulsive or reflective information processors matched colored geometric patterns on either the color or form dimension. Reflective children discriminated between the forms more than did impulsives, although all were able, when prodded, to make such discriminations. Analysis of form responses suggested that Ss' tendency to discriminate is a critical variable in predicting form responses and that cognitive tempo reflects underlying differences in such tendencies.
Electrical Stimulation of the Basal Forebrain and Mating Behavior in Male Rats
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: September 2011

Male rats were given brain stimulation before, during, and after copulation. Stimulation before mating improved performance while stimulation after mating improved the initiation of the next mating sequence. Stimulation during mating interfered with sexual behavior. It was concluded that stimulation during a mating sequence disrupts copulation, without being aversive, while stimulation outside of the sequence can improve mating in rats.
Structured Self-Anchoring Scale for Study of Perceptions of Teaching Effectiveness
Authors: Chiu Lian-Hwang
Published: September 2011

A structured self-anchoring scale for measuring perceptions of teaching effectiveness was constructed by providing Ss with checklists consisting of effective or ineffective teacher behaviors. The scale was administered twice to 170 elementary and secondary teachers. The scale as a whole was relatively reliable and practical. With minor modifications, the scale may be used in research to assess perceptions of teaching effectiveness.
Positional Transference and Sound Learning
Authors: Hirsch Seline Stein , Panagos John M.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of naive adults were tested on their pronunciations of a foreign sound after one received no phonetic pretraining, another practiced the sound in the initial position, and the third learned it in the final. A significant positive transference effect indicated that practicing an unknown sound in the initial position facilitates its pronunciation in the final position.
Serial Learning of CVCS with High and Low m' Values by Ss with High and Low Effort Ratings of CVCS
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W. , Panyard C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether gross differences between two groups of Ss on e' ratings of CVCs would affect trials to criterion of the serial learning of CVCs composed of high and low m' values. Means and variances of the two groups of Ss did not differ significantly. Differences in rates of learning of high and low m' CVCs are attributed to the linguistic properties of the stimuli. It is hypothesized that the linguistic properties of our three categories result in sequences of processes of verbal learning.
Human Thresholds for Perceiving Sudden Changes in Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Williams Douglas H. , Cohen Edwin
Published: September 2011

Thresholds for detection of the presence of sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, such as might occur in the operation of cabin pressurization systems of transport aircraft, were found to approximate 0.040 psi both for increases and decreases; thresholds for detection of direction of change were higher, but not significantly so.
Cautionary Note on Measurement of Field Independence
Authors: Arbuthnot Jack
Published: September 2011

A proliferation of measures currently are used in studies dealing with Witkin's field-independence construct; many of these bear little resemblance to Witkin's original operationalizations. To examine the relationships among several of the most frequently used measures (RFT, various EFTs, Kohs Blocks, Draw-a-Person), 122 rs were obtained from 40 studies in which two or more of the measures in question had been employed. It was observed that, while the measures do share some variance, the amount is generally quite low. What any one test measures is not reflected to a great extent by any other. Thus, the indiscriminate use of tests which “resemble” Witkin's original measures is unwarranted and conceptually dangerous. Future studies should preferably be based on a combined use of the RFT and either Witkin's original EFT or Jackson's shortened version thereof.
Protein Preference in Protein-Malnourished Monkeys
Authors: Peregoy P. L. , Zimmermann R. R. , Strobel D. A.
Published: September 2011

10 protein-malnourished monkeys and 8 dietary controls were run in a preference experiment designed to look at the differences in the way the 2 groups accepted foods containing various amounts of protein. Each monkey was given choices among diets containing 2%, 3.5%, or 25% protein, and non-food objects. The protein-malnourished monkeys showed a marked preference for the high-protein food; the adequately nourished monkeys chose all foods at the same ratio. The results indicated that a rapid learning process was involved in the formation of a preference for high-protein foods. The colors of the 2% and the 25% diets were then reversed, and the protein-malnourished monkeys showed a temporary disruption in their preference behavior, but they soon established a stable preference for the high-protein food. The experimental results are consistent with the hypothesis that protein-malnourished rhesus monkeys have a specific hunger for protein.
Impaired Visual-Motor Ability of Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Marsh Gayle G.
Published: September 2011

14 of 21 boys from 6 to 13 yr. of age with a medical diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy obtained impaired scores on the Bender-Gestalt test indicative of mild to severe visual-motor disability. The Bender-Gestalt scores were associated with WISC Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores at the .01 level.
Effect of Forced Motor Activity on Learning
Authors: Minden Harold A.
Published: September 2011

16 rats were randomly assigned to each of 3 experimental conditions: 6 forced-activity Ss, 5 voluntary-activity Ss, and 5 restricted Ss. Rats in the forced-activity group were placed individually into a training apparatus in which they had to run on a moving belt 15 min. per day for 24 days. Voluntary activity occurred in a stationary training apparatus where Ss were allowed to run and explore freely. Restricted Ss were confined to cages. Forced Ss made significantly fewer errors in a water maze than the voluntarily active Ss who made fewer errors than the restricted ones. There was also a significant difference in the latency between the groups, with the same ranking.
Autonomy of Visual Afterimages as Tested by Changing Projection Surface
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Sjöholm Lena
Published: September 2011

If immature visual afterimages (AIs) are characterized by their lack of isolation from outside reality, they ought to be more sensitive to change in the projection surface than mature AIs. This proposition was tested in a group of 36 Ss confronted with two kinds of line patterns superimposed on the projection screen. AIs with immature stigmata (size-constancy, positive color, etc.) in an initial control series showed more deviations caused by these patterns than normally adult AIs. Even AIs with a loose or flexible structure in the control series tended to change; such AIs are not necessarily immature but rather reflect subjective contents overflowing the field of experience. In a second experiment, using 35 Ss, more complicated patterns were employed. All AIs here were more resistant to distortions.
Effects of Resource Constraints on Ideal Plans
Authors: Miller Hilary B. , Baird John C.
Published: September 2011

Ss divided a pool of resources among human characteristics in order to describe their ideals. The total resources were varied so that some Ss did not have enough, and others had too many to describe their ideals properly. All resources had to be expended but only a fixed maximum amount could be allocated to any single characteristic. The results provide insight into the way Ss maintain the relative importance of properties with different resource levels. The findings also indicate an optimal quantity of resources necessary to allow expression of an ideal preference ordering. Possible applications of these results include areas of psychology in which Ss indicate the relative importance of some group of interrelated items.
Effect of Learning on Hemispheric Dominance and Free Recall
Authors: Shine Lester C. , Wiant Joseph , Da Polito Frank
Published: September 2011

In verification of an earlier study with a single S, the results of the present multi- S experiment indicated for tachistoscopic recognition of letters that the well-known superior performance of the right visual field over that of the left visual field consistently reduced across trials and eventually disappeared. The recently presented Shine combined analysis of variance permitted analysis of S-sources of variation. These sources reflected principally differential level of skill and differential hemispheric dominance across Ss.
Paired-Associate Learning of Phonemic CCVCS as a Function of Phonological Permissibility
Authors: Smith O. W. , Koutstaal C. W.
Published: September 2011

Koutstaal and Smith's (1972) linguistic theory for the differential rates of learning of alphabetic CVCs was tested on the paired-associate learning of phonemic CCVCs. These were selected from Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) lists to represent 0, 1, 2, or 3 violations of phonological rules. A monotonic function was predicted and obtained for the paired-associate learning of the phonemic CCVCs of the four categories.
Some Correlates of Reading Retardation
Authors: Bell Anne E. , Aetanas M. S.
Published: September 2011

A battery of perceptual, visual-motor and intellectual tests was administered to 71 boys and 71 girls as preschoolers. This was the entire enrollment for Grade 1 in a suburban elementary school. Chronological ages at the time of testing ranged from 5.5 to 6.5 yr. The intention was to provide a psychometric description of preschool children who subsequently might have difficulty in acquiring reading skills, with a view to early intervention by means of corrective techniques and appropriate programs. Several variables correlated significantly with reading skills as determined by a standardized reading test at the end of the first year. Reading retardation did not appear to be related to any specific single variable. The Stanford-Binet mental age, a more global measure, seemed most efficient as a predictor of future academic progress. Success in the first year is inversely correlated with the number of developmental deficiencies identified by testing.
Long-Distance, “Sensory-Bombardment” ESP in Dreams: A Failure to Replicate
Authors: Foulkes David , Belvedere Edward , Masters R. E. L. , Houston Jean , Krippner Stanley , Honorton Charles , Ullman Montague
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to replicate findings of positive telepathic influence on dream content where the sender views audio-visual programs in a “sensory bombardment” chamber and the recipient's dreams are collected on experimental arousals in an EEG sleep laboratory. In the original study (Krippner, Honorton, Ullman, Masters, & Houston, 1971), agent- S distance was 14 miles; here it was approximately 2000 miles: the agent viewed programs in New York City while S slept in Wyoming. 8 female Ss were selected on the basis of prior telepathic experience, favorable attitudes toward telepathy, good dream recall, and rapport with the agent, who was a well-known “psychic.” Each slept for one experimental night, during which the agent viewed an audio-visual program randomly selected from a pool of such programs and constructed around a single theme. At the conclusion of the study, 3 judges were given the dreams, grouped by S, viewed the 8 audio-visual programs the agent had seen, and ranked the 8 programs for their correspondence to each S‘s dreams. High rankings (1–4) of the true target were considered “hits,” low rankings (5–8) “misses.” Median judge rankings of true targets failed to reveal a significant long-distance, “sensory bombardment” telepathic influence on Ss' dreams.
Effects of Noise and Response Complexity upon Vigilance Performance
Authors: Childs Jerry M. , Halcomb Charles G.
Published: September 2011

Visual vigilance performance was investigated with respect to environmental stimulation (90 db, 1000 cps noise) and intra-organismic stimulation (simple vs complex response). 140 Ss monitoring a display for 1 hr. under 1 of 2 noise types were instructed either to press a button upon detection of aperiodic signals (simple response) or to perform also a checklist operation subsequent to the signal detection (complex response). Significant correct detection differences occurred between response groups with complex groups showing higher performance ( p < .05). Differences in correct detection were obtained for noise conditions (for continuous, M = 83%; for intermittent, M = 78.5%). Results were evaluated in terms of the activation hypothesis.
Effects of Left and Right Cerebral Lesions on the Naming Process
Authors: Nehemkis Alexis M. , Lewinsohn Peter M.
Published: September 2011

This experiment tested two major hypotheses: (1) Left hemisphere damage will have a more adverse effect on the naming process than on the ability to read and (2) increments in semantic interference will disrupt the performance of patients with left-hemisphere damage more than that of patients with right-hemisphere damage. Patients with left cerebral lesions consistently performed more poorly than the right-hemisphere-damage patients across all stimulus and response conditions. Aphasic lefts had more difficulty with naming than with reading. Hypothesis 2 was not supported. The findings are discussed with reference to the adequacy of the “verbal-nonverbal” dichotomy for describing functional differences between the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Effect of Methamphetamine on Water Consumption
Authors: Johnson James Terry , Leeming Frank C. , Sewell William R.
Published: September 2011

Comparison of water consumption by albino rats showed that decreases induced by ingestion of amphetamine were limited to the effective action of the drug and compensated for subsequently.
Effects of Prior Commitment on Children's Evaluation and Imitation of a Peer Model's Perceptual Judgments
Authors: Davidson Emily S. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Second and third grade children (16 boys, 16 girls) were given the opportunity to evaluate and imitate a peer's answers on a simple perceptual task. Those in the commitment condition first performed the task themselves, while those in the no commitment condition did not. As predicted, (1) committed Ss evaluated the peer's responses less favorably and imitated less often than did uncommitted Ss, and (2) evaluation and imitation were positively related.
Measurement of Social Attitudes: A New Approach
Authors: Wilson Glenn D. , Nias David K. B.
Published: September 2011

The deficiencies of currently used methods of measuring personality through social attitudes (particularly the F- and D-scales) are noted, and a solution sought in terms of some hypothesized reasons for their failure. It is argued that most of the difficulties encountered by these tests can be traced to the directional-statement format of their items. Therefore, a new measure (the Conservatism Scale) was designed with a short non-directional item format based on “catch-phrases” representing familiar controversial issues. Apart from its obvious advantage in economy, the new scale is shown to be internally consistent, stable, free of acquiescence response bias, less susceptible to social desirability effects, and highly satisfactory in terms of construct validity. Evidence so far available suggests that the approach adopted in the C-scale provides, possibly for the first time, a measure of attitude content that is free of the confounding effects of item context.
Effect of Marihuana on the Visual Autokinetic Phenomenon
Authors: Sharma Satanand , Moskowitz Herbert
Published: September 2011

The effects of 4 dose levels of marihuana upon the visual autokinetic phenomenon were examined in 12 Ss. The amount of apparent movement was greatly increased under the two highest doses. Possible hazards associated with vehicle operation at night under marihuana are noted.
ODOR Artifacts of an Olfactometer Evoke a Cer in the Rat
Authors: Davis Richard G. , Tapp Jack T.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to lick for food reward on a water delivery tube. Odor stimuli which preceded an unavoidable shock produced complete suppression of the licking while the equivalent air stimulus without the odor present did not disrupt the licking. When the odor was removed from the olfactometer, the rats suppressed partially to the air stimuli delivered from the previously odorized olfactometer.
Magnitude Estimation of Absolute Distance Underwater
Authors: Ferris Steven H.
Published: September 2011

Direct estimates of absolute distance were obtained in air and in water of varying turbidity. Distance in water was under- or overestimated, depending on the interaction of 3 factors: (1) a general tendency to underestimate; (2) optical distortion, which causes underestimation; and (3) water turbidity, which increases the magnitude of judgments, and whose effect increases with distance. Also, whereas the power-function exponent for distance estimation in air was slightly less than 1.0, exponents in water were greater than 1.0 and increased with increased turbidity.
Diametrically Opposed Discriminations Mediated by a Single Cerebral Hemisphere: Effects of Further Anterior and Posterior Cortical Ablations
Authors: King Richard G. , Sheridan Charles L.
Published: September 2011

15 pigmented rats with unilateral visual decortications were trained to perform diametrically opposed discriminations mediated by opposite eyes. Further lesions were then placed in anterior cortex or were placed either anteriorly or posteriorly in striate cortex. Performances were unimpaired by anterior lesions, but disruption though incomplete occurred with either type of posterior lesion.
Validation of a Scale Measuring Liberal-Conservative Attitudes
Authors: Rambo William W.
Published: September 2011

The Social Attitude Scale is a Likert-type instrument that measures the liberalism-conservatism domain. Predictions were made concerning the relationship between this scale and Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale, Nettler's Social Alienation Scale, Rehfisch's Personality Rigidity Scale, and Kaufman's Concern for Status Scale. These scales were administered to 110 Ss who were placed in liberal or conservative categories on the basis of their scores on the Social Attitude Scale. The results indicated that conservatives expressed greater concern for status, exhibited attitudes which imply greater need for a stable and predictable environment, and viewed the distribution of rewards as being contingent on appropriate behaviors. The liberal Ss tended to express greater feelings of social alienation. All relationships were consistent with predictions drawn from the theoretical foundations of the Social Attitude Scale.
Short-Term Visual Memory: Effects of Visual Field, Serial Position and Exposure Duration
Authors: Samuels Ina , Butters Nelson , Cermak Laird
Published: September 2011

Ss were tested on consonant trigrams, presented vertically, in either the left, right, or center visual fields at 2 exposure durations—150 msec. and 1 sec. Data were analyzed for the effects of visual field, serial position in the trigram, and exposure duration on the identification and retention of the letters. Serial position and exposure duration significantly affected performance; visual field did not.
Reaction Time and Motor Speed in Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Vivian Talbot N. , Goldstein Gerald , Shelly Carolyn
Published: September 2011

16 chronic alcoholics were hypothesized to show a discrepancy between performance on motor speed and complex perceptual-motor tasks. Utilizing a tapping test as the measure of motor speed, and reaction time and tracing tasks as measures of perceptual-motor coordination, alcoholics did not differ from 16 normals on tapping but did on the perceptual-motor tasks.
Relationship between Human Intelligence and Frequency Analysis of Cortical Evoked Responses
Authors: Shucard David Wm. , Callaway Enoch
Published: September 2011

In a number of earlier reports significant relationships were found between latency measures of the cortical average evoked response (AER) and measures of human intelligence. Previous studies have also shown significant relationships between various AER frequency measures and intelligence. Using data from a study in which a significant AER latency-intelligence correlation was obtained, we failed to find a correlation between AER frequency measures and intelligence. However, significant correlations were obtained between AER latency measures and certain frequency measures. The results also indicate that the frequency measures for AERs between left and right cerebral hemispheres are highly reliable.
Relationship between Perceptual-Motor and Academic Measures for Disadvantaged Pre-School Children
Authors: Chissom Brad S. , Thomas Jerry R.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between the Shape-0 Ball Test, a perceptual-motor measure, and 2 measures of academic ability were determined. A group of disadvantaged pre-school children served as Ss. Results indicated that the Shape-O Ball test correlated significantly with the composite teacher rating but not with the Otis-Lennon MAT. These results do not agree with previous research in which pre-school children from higher socio-economic levels were Ss.
Form Imagery to Colors
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

The self-reported form imagery of 118 Ss to 4 color primaries was obtained along 5 dimensions, including shape, size, and directionality. All colors evoked nearly every qualitative and quantitative descriptive category of form. Form images were also differentiated by sex and individual differences in ease of imagery These findings regarding color and form perception, not previously reported, were discussed in terms of their methodological implications and future research possibilities.
Field-Independent Architecture Students
Authors: Peterson John M. , Sweitzer Glenn
Published: September 2011

From current knowledge of what an architect “is” and the concepts of “psychological differentiation” several predictions were made about field independency of architecture students compared with other university students. The Rod-and-frame Test used to test field dependency-independency was given to a group of 20 university students and to three groups of 20 each of architectural students. As hypothesized, the latter were more field-independent and varied less than college Ss. Contrary to prediction field-independency does not decrease over the years in architecture. Some theoretical and experimental limitations of the RFT and knowledge about architects are pointed out.
Sensed Movement to Sinusoidal Angular and Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Berthold Howard C. , Dzendolet Ernest
Published: September 2011

Three types of stimulation were presented to blindfolded Ss seated in a chair: sinusoidal right-left mechanical rotation; bilateral sinusoidal electrical current via electrodes over the mastoid processes; and simultaneous mechanical and electrical stimulation. Ss signalled perceived right or left rotation by pressing right or left response buttons, respectively. Sensations of rotation were reported to electrical stimulation alone, and appeared to interact in a simple summative manner with sensations produced by mechanical rotation. A biteboard reduced but did not eliminate the electrical effects.
Extraversion and Volunteering for Sensory Isolation
Authors: Francis R. D. , Diespecker D. D.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted in an attempt to establish whether 99 Ss who volunteered in sensory isolation experiments are more or less extraverted than those who do not. Volunteers were not distinguished by extraversion scores which differed from those of non-volunteers.
Bibliography: Literature Related to Use of Instrumental Aids in Stuttering Therapy
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Trotter William D.
Published: September 2011

This 103-item bibliography includes published and unpublished research reports and theoretical papers concerned with the influence of masking noise and rhythmic stimulation on stuttering.
Comparison of Learning and Retention of All-Digit Telephone Numbers to Prefixed and Mnemonic Coded Numbers
Authors: Brautman Edwin
Published: September 2011

90 Ss were assigned to three groups and tested for their ability to learn and retain in any order three types of telephone numbers: all-digit, prefixed, and mnemonic code. Data showed that the mnemonic coded telephone numbers were learned and retained the best; the prefixed numbers, less so; the all-digit, the least.
Test of Integration Theory and Adaptation Level Theory in Anchored Judgments
Authors: Steger Joseph A. , Wilkinson John , Carter Robert
Published: September 2011

A test of the linearity of anchor effects was conducted within the quantitative formulations of Anderson and Helson. Anderson's quantitative formulation best described the results.
Effects of Punishment on Learning by Aphasic Subjects
Authors: Kushner Heraldean , Hubbard Dee Jay , Knox A. W.
Published: September 2011

Effects of three types of punishment on learning a paired-associate visual-matching task by aphasic Ss were investigated. Ss matched response buttons with stimulus patterns in three punishment conditions—time-out, when E inactivated the pushbuttons and refrained from presenting a stimulus card for a period of 15 sec.; response-cost, when E took a penny from S for every incorrect response; and presentation of an aversive stimulus, during which 95 dB SPL of noise was presented for 0.75 sec. contingent upon an incorrect response. Each punishment condition lasted either until criterion (10 correct responses in 10 trials) was reached, or until 10 min. had elapsed. All aphasic Ss learned the task under at least one type of punishment condition; types of punishment had differential effects for individual Ss, and Ss learned more rapidly when positive reinforcement and punishment were combined.
Reinvestigation of Perception of Error in 7-Letter Targets
Authors: Fudin Robert , Wenger Robert T.
Published: September 2011

7-letter nonsense targets with one letter (F or N) reversed, were tachistoscopically exposed by an ascending method of limits. The reversals appeared in the first, or fourth, or seventh array position. Control arrays had all printwise letters. Fifteen Ss were tested in each of these conditions. The threshold of the normally oriented letters was significantly elevated only when the reversed F was at the beginning or middle of an array. In these instances, and only in these, the number of letters reported per exposure was significantly lower in response to the experimental than control targets. These differences might have occurred because Ss used more than twice as many atypical (right-to-left) scanning strategies in reply to these experimental than control arrays. The results of this experiment do not support the ideas, derived from the hypothesis theory of perception, which Postman, et al. (1951) used to explain prior findings.
Choice Reaction Time and Speed of Information Processing in Old Age
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: September 2011

Simple and choice RT were investigated in 54 male Ss, aged 34 to 92 yr. Findings suggested that old age is accompanied by a slowing of information processing.
Stereoscopic Size Discrimination in Disturbed and Non-Disturbed Children
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

10 children with withdrawn personality disturbances showed significantly greater response variability on a stereoscopic size-discrimination task than did children with very aggressive conduct disturbances or normal controls. It is proposed that mechanisms associated with the reliable initiation and maintenance of cognition are more salient than those involving primary sensory/perceptual coding.
Decision Time as a Function of Subjective Confidence and Amount of Information
Authors: Ekehammar Bo , Magnusson David
Published: September 2011

The time used to carry out ratings (decision time) was studied as a function of subjective confidence in the ratings and interview length (amount of information). The ratings were based on interviews of 4 different lengths and made by 6 observers of 160 Ss with respect to 4 personality variables. Decision time showed to be a positively monotonic function of both subjective confidence and amount of information.
Internal-External Control of Reinforcement and Participation in Team, Individual, and Intramural Sports
Authors: Di Giuseppe Raymond A.
Published: September 2011

167 high school freshmen were given the Rotter I-E scale. Ss were categorized into those participating in team sports, individual sports, intramural sports, and no athletic activities. An analysis of variance of mean I-E scores for the four groups yielded a nonsignificant F ratio. This outcome does not support the previous research which shows team-sport participants scored higher on internal control.
On Tactual Perception of Physiognomic Properties
Authors: Dershowitz Netta Kohn
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to ascertain whether physiognomic properties, the expressive qualities of percepts, are perceived in the tactual modality even in the absence of visual experience. Flat and solid figures expressing, respectively, Pride, Fear, Sadness, Anger, Peace, Hope, and Forever, as well as flat adaptations of Köhler's Maluma and Takete nonsense figures, were presented for tactual perception, using a matching technique, to 3 groups of children, one of totally and congenitally blind Ss, and two of sighted. The sighted Ss were also tested visually. Positive results were obtained for 4 of the flat ( Pride, Sadness, Anger and Maluma) figures and 3 of the solid ( Pride, Sadness, Anger), supporting the two hypotheses, i.e., (a) that tactual perception of physiognomic properties takes place and (b) that totally and congenitally blind Ss are able to perceive them despite their lack of visual experience. Further support came from a successful replication of these positive findings with another group of totally and congenitally blind Ss. Other findings were that, though there is no demonstrable superiority of either blind or sighted Ss in tactual perception of physiognomic properties, for the sighted, visual perception of such properties is superior to tactual.
Developmental Investigation of Tactual-Visual Integration and Reading Achievement
Authors: Lawton M. Shaune , Seim Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Boys, 24 from each of 3 elementary school grades, performed a cross-modal matching task. It was hypothesized that the resulting Tactual-Visual and Visual-Tactual integration performance would be related to reading achievement. Results indicated that Tactual-Visual integration was not significantly correlated with reading in Grades 2 or 4 but was with comprehension in Grade 6. Visual-Tactual integration was significantly correlated with reading when data from Grades 2 to 6 were combined but was nonsignificant for grades separately. Correlations between integration and reading were attributed to the relationship of intelligence to integration and reading.
Short-Term Memory and Visual Discrimination in Retarded Readers
Authors: Goyen Judith D. , Lyle J. G.
Published: September 2011

A visual discrimination task was administered to groups of 21 retarded readers and 21 normal readers equated for CA and IQ. Ss were required to judge whether pairs of geometric shapes were the same or different. The task was administered under 3 conditions, each involving a longer delay between presentation of the first and second stimulus of each pair. Retarded readers made significantly more errors than normal readers under all conditions. Errors of equivalence characterized the retarded readers, while errors of non-equivalence occurred equally in both groups and were related to length of delay.
On Reliability of Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements
Authors: Bakan Paul , Strayer Floyd F.
Published: September 2011

In an investigation of the reliability of direction of conjugate lateral eye movements associated with thought, 34 Ss were twice given a test of proverb interpretation with an average of 3 days between test and retest. There were 12 proverbs and the lateral direction (right or left) of the first eye movement was recorded for each proverb as S began to reflect on its meaning. Test-retest reliability of a score defined as number of left eye movements in 12 trials was .78 for all Ss, .72 for males, and .80 for females. Individuals are consistent over time in direction of such eye movements.
Children's Attention to Mathematically Ordered Transforming Stimuli
Authors: Gyr John W. , Willey Richmond , Gordon David G. , Bram Susan , Davis Sam
Published: September 2011

Two instances each of 5 geometric transformations which were mathematically ordered were shown by means of a 3-min. movie to 55 children, aged 1 to 3 yr. The children's visual attention to each of the 10 17-sec. transforming stimuli was recorded. The results show that there was good discrimination of the transformations. There was selective attention by Ss to the various transformations, and the order of attention tended to be related to the mathematical order of the stimuli. Theories which predict an inverse function of familiarity appeared not to be supported by the data.
Performance of Male Schizophrenics on An Anagram-Solution Task: An Application of An S-R Mediation Model
Authors: Klibanoff Leonard S. , Phelan Joseph G. , Kiker Vernon L.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 15 volunteer schizophrenic Ss each worked on 20 word-anagram problems. The anagrams for Group I were the solutions for Group II, and vice versa. Each of the last 10 problem pairs represented a test of the mediation model's prediction that faster solution times will occur when the anagram has a low Thorndike-Lorge frequency and the solution word has a high Thorndike-Lorge frequency. Results strongly confirm this prediction. When anagram and solution were of equal frequency, faster solution times tended to be equally distributed among the two groups. Distinct deficits were evident in the performance of schizophrenics. Over-all results indicate the model is applicable for a schizophrenic sample.
Reliability of Perceptual-Motor Laterality Tasks
Authors: Berman Allan
Published: September 2011

Test-retest and item-analysis reliability studies were performed on a battery of perceptual-motor laterality tasks. It was found that 45 of 54 tasks were reliable and that the entire battery had a test-retest correlation of .84. It was suggested that intermodal tasks may be more appropriate than unimodal tasks for measuring perceptual-motor skills. Suggestions were made for future research, emphasizing the need for more intermodal tasks, as well as the need for further reliability studies with more diverse sample groups.
Cognitive Controls and Person Perception
Authors: Wolitzky David L.
Published: September 2011

The Embedded-figures Test (EFT) and the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT) were used as measures of the field-dependence-field-independence cognitive control dimension in a test of the hypothesis that field-independence would be associated with greater accuracy in the discrimination of affective expression and implied meanings. The hypothesis was supported by significant correlations between the cognitive control measures and accuracy scores on Feldstein's Affect Judgment Test and Sundberg's Test of Implied Meaning. Discussion focused on the role of cognitive controls in person perception and on the implications of the results for psychotherapy.
Reaction Time to Changes in the Tempo of Acoustic Pulse Trains
Authors: Smith Richard P. , Warm Joel S. , Westendorf David H.
Published: September 2011

Response times (RTs) were determined for the detection of linear accelerations and decelerations in the tempo of subfusional acoustic pulse trains. 4 basal repetition rates (2, 5, 8, and 11 pulses/sec.) were used with 5 rates of change (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 pulses/sec.). RTs were a negatively accelerated decreasing function of the rate of acceleration or deceleration of the pulse trains. RTs to accelerations in tempo were faster than to decelerations but only with a base rate of 11 pulses/sec. and a rate of change of 0.1 pulses/sec. Over-all speed of response was inversely related to basal repetition rate, principally with decelerations in tempo at 0.1 pulses/sec. A model based upon the temporal analysis of the metric properties of the stimuli was insufficient to account for these results.
Effect of Age on Performance of the Trail Making Test
Authors: Boll Thomas J. , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

This study used 197 brain-damaged and 244 control Ss. Performance correlated significantly with IQ but was independent of age. In contrast to other reports in the literature, the results indicate that Reitan's (1958) cut-off scores work equally for older and younger Ss. It was demonstrated that these cut-off scores did not result in an increasing number of either false negatives or false positives when Ss were considered in 5-yr. age intervals from 15 to 65 yr. of age.
Reliability of Group-Test Scores for Cognitive Controls and Intellectual Abilities over a One-Year Period
Authors: Gardner Riley W.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest rs over a period of 1 yr. are presented for scores from group tests of cognitive controls and intellectual abilities for which validity and split-half or short-form reliability estimates were reported earlier by Gardner and Lohrenz (1969). In spite of limitations on the possible reliabilities of certain scores, the reliability estimates obtained for these time-saving group procedures suggest that they can be used effectively for most purposes.
Ten Motion Picture Tests of Perceptual Abilities
Authors: Daniel Ernest Mc
Published: September 2011

The work reported here describes a variety of new measures of perceptual abilities. At present these tests must be considered research instruments only. With further development, these instruments hold promise for a variety of studies of perceptual processes in human growth, cross-cultural comparison, and learning disabilities.
Improving Absolute Distance Estimation in Clear and in Turbid Water
Authors: Ferris Steven H.
Published: September 2011

Since the errors made in estimating distance underwater are dependent on the degree of water turbidity, improvement through training in one body of water will not transfer to another body of water if there is a large difference in turbidity. In this experiment, 24 Ss were tested, trained, and re-tested in both clear and turbid water, followed by a final test in each water. Accuracy of distance estimation was initially reduced in one body of water after training in the other body of water. But after training in both clear and turbid water, accuracy was improved in both. Thus, the transfer problem can be overcome by training divers under different turbidity conditions so that they learn to tailor their corrections to the prevailing conditions.
A Savings Test of the Koutstaal-Smith Theory for Paired-Associate Learning of Nouns in UMBU
Authors: Smith O. W. , Koutstaal C. W.
Published: September 2011

Koutstaal, Smith, and Panyard's (1972) theory for the serial and paired-associate learning of alphabetic cues was extended by Smith and Koutstaal (1972) to the learning of phonemic CCVCs. A monotonic function was predicted and obtained for the four categories of the linguistic theory for both initial and second learning after 7 mo. A linguistic theory for the paired-associate learning of words in Umbu is discussed.