bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies of the Wisconsin Card‐Sorting task and component processes
Authors: Buchsbaum Bradley R. , Greer Stephanie , Chang Wei‐Li , Berman Karen Faith
Published: April 2005

A quantitative meta‐analysis using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method was used to investigate the brain basis of the Wisconsin Card‐Sorting Task (WCST) and two hypothesized component processes, task switching and response suppression. All three meta‐analyses revealed distributed frontoparietal activation patterns consistent with the status of the WCST as an attention‐demanding executive task. The WCST was associated with extensive bilateral clusters of reliable cross‐study activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior parietal lobule. Task switching revealed a similar, although less robust, frontoparietal pattern with additional clusters of activity in the opercular region of the ventral prefrontal cortex, bilaterally. Response‐suppression tasks, represented by studies of the go/no‐go paradigm, showed a large and highly right‐lateralized region of activity in the right prefrontal cortex. The activation patterns are interpreted as reflecting a neural fractionation of the cognitive components that must be integrated during the performance of the WCST. Hum Brain Mapp 25:35–45, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of label‐based review and ALE meta‐analysis in the Stroop task
Authors: Laird Angela R. , McMillan Kathryn M. , Lancaster Jack L. , Kochunov Peter , Turkeltaub Peter E. , Pardo Jose V. , Fox Peter T.
Published: April 2005

Meta‐analysis is an important tool for interpreting results of functional neuroimaging studies and is highly influential in predicting and testing new outcomes. Although traditional label‐based review can be used to search for agreement across multiple studies, a new function‐location meta‐analysis technique called activation likelihood estimation (ALE) offers great improvements over conventional methods. In ALE, reported foci are modeled as Gaussian functions and pooled to create a statistical whole‐brain image. ALE meta‐analysis and the label‐based review were used to investigate the Stroop task in normal subjects, a paradigm known for its effect of producing conflict and response inhibition due to subjects' tendency to perform word reading as opposed to color naming. Both methods yielded similar activation patterns that were dominated by response in the anterior cingulate and the inferior frontal gyrus. ALE showed greater involvement of the anterior cingulate as compared to that in the label‐based technique; however, this was likely due to the increased spatial level of distinction allowed with the ALE method. With ALE, further analysis of the anterior cingulate revealed evidence for somatotopic mapping within the rostral and caudal cingulate zones, an issue that has been the source of some conflict in previous reviews of the anterior cingulate cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 25:6–21, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroanatomical correlates of phonological processing of Chinese characters and alphabetic words: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Tan Li Hai , Laird Angela R. , Li Karl , Fox Peter T.
Published: April 2005

We used the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method to quantitatively synthesize data from 19 published brain mapping studies of phonological processing in reading, six with Chinese and 13 with alphabetic languages. It demonstrated high concordance of cortical activity across multiple studies in each written language system as well as significant differences of activation likelihood between languages. Four neural systems for the phonological processing of Chinese characters included: (1) a left dorsal lateral frontal system at Brodmann area (BA) 9; (2) the dorsal aspect of left inferior parietal system; (3) a bilateral ventral‐occipitotemporal system including portions of fusiform gyrus and middle occipital gyrus; and (4) a left ventral prefrontal system covering the superior aspect of inferior frontal gyrus. For phonological processing of written alphabetic words, cortical areas identified here are consistent with the three neural systems proposed previously in the literature: (1) a ventral prefrontal system involving superior portions of left inferior frontal gyrus; (2) a left dorsal temporoparietal system including mid‐superior temporal gyri and the ventral aspect of inferior parietal cortex (supramarginal region); and (3) a left ventral occipitotemporal system. Contributions of each of these systems to phonological processing in reading were discussed, and a covariant learning hypothesis is offered to account for the findings that left middle frontal gyrus is responsible for addressed phonology in Chinese whereas left temporoparietal regions mediate assembled phonology in alphabetic languages. Language form, cognitive process, and learning strategy drive the development of functional neuroanatomy. Hum Brain Mapp 25:83–91, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stuttered and fluent speech production: An ALE meta‐analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
Authors: Brown Steven , Ingham Roger J. , Ingham Janis C. , Laird Angela R. , Fox Peter T.
Published: April 2005

This study reports an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis of imaging studies of chronic developmental stuttering in adults. Two parallel meta‐analyses were carried out: (1) stuttered production in the stutterers; (2) fluent production in the control subjects. The control subjects' data replicated previous analyses of single‐word reading, identifying activation in primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, Rolandic operculum, lateral cerebellum, and auditory areas, among others. The stuttering subjects' analysis showed that similar brain areas are involved in stuttered speech as in fluent speech, but with some important differences. Motor areas were over‐activated in stuttering, including primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, and cerebellar vermis. Frontal operculum, Rolandic operculum, and anterior insula showed anomalous right‐laterality in stutterers. Auditory activations, due to hearing one's own speech, were essentially undetectable in stutterers. The phenomenon of efference copy is proposed as a unifying account of the pattern activation revealed within this ALE meta‐analysis. This provides the basis for a stuttering system model that is testable and should help to advance the understanding and treatment of this disorder. Hum. Brain Mapp 25:105–117, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brainmap taxonomy of experimental design: Description and evaluation
Authors: Fox Peter T. , Laird Angela R. , Fox Sarabeth P. , Fox P. Mickle , Uecker Angela M. , Crank Michelle , Koenig Sandra F. , Lancaster Jack L.
Published: April 2005

Coordinate‐based, voxel‐wise meta‐analysis is an exciting recent addition to the human functional brain mapping literature. In view of the critical importance of selection criteria for any valid meta‐analysis, a taxonomy of experimental design should be an important tool for aiding in the design of rigorous meta‐analyses. The coding scheme of experimental designs developed for and implemented within the BrainMap database provides a candidate taxonomy. In this study, the BrainMap experimental‐design taxonomy is described and evaluated by comparing taxonomy fields to data‐filtering choices made by subject‐matter experts carrying out meta‐analyses of the functional imaging literature. Fifteen publications reporting a total of 46 voxel‐wise meta‐analyses were included in this assessment. Collectively these 46 meta‐analyses pooled data from 351 publications, selected for experimental similarity within each meta‐analysis. Filter implementations within BrainMap were graded by ease‐of‐use (A–C) and by stage‐of‐use (1–3). Quality filters and content filters were tabulated separately. Quality filters required for data entry into BrainMap were classed as mandatory (five filters), being above the use grading system. All authors spontaneously adopted the five mandatory filters in constructing their meta‐analysis, indicating excellent agreement on data quality among authors and between authors and the BrainMap development team. Two non‐mandatory quality filters (group size and imaging modality) were applied by all authors; both were Stage 1, Grade A filters. Field‐of‐view filters were the least‐accessible quality filters (Stage 3, Grade C); two field‐of‐view filters were applied by six and four authors, respectively. Authors made a total of 115 content‐filter choices. Of these, 78 (68%) were Stage 1, Grade A filters; 16 (14%) were Stage 2, Grade A; and 21 (18%) were Stage 2, Grade C. No author‐applied filter was absent from the taxonomy. Hum Brain Mapp 25:185–198, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical regions involved in eye movements, shifts of attention, and gaze perception
Authors: Grosbras Marie‐Hélène , Laird Angela R. , Paus Tomás
Published: April 2005

Human vision is an active process that involves shifting attention across the visual scene, with or without moving the eyes. Such shifts of attention can be generated at will (endogenously) or be triggered automatically, i.e., generated in response to exogenous stimuli including socially relevant cues such as someone else's gaze. What are the common and distinct brain mechanisms involved in these processes? To address this question, we carried out a quantitative effect‐location meta‐analysis of 59 brain‐imaging experiments whose results were published using standardized coordinates. For each condition of interest, namely voluntary and visually triggered eye movements, voluntary and visually triggered (covert) shifts of attention, and perception of someone else's gaze, we computed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) maps. Those maps represent at each voxel of the brain the probability of reporting a signal change related to the condition of interest. For eye movements, this analysis confirmed the spatial location of the frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, and parietal saccade‐related regions. The map of covert shifts of attention demonstrated highest similarity with the map of saccadic eye movements. Gaze perception showed common activation likelihood with the other conditions in the right intraparietal sulcus and in the lateral precentral gyrus. It demonstrated more similarity with the reflexive than with the voluntary saccades and shifts of attention. We propose that a core network of frontoparietal and temporal brain regions is recruited when we shift the focus of our attention with or without eye movements in response to the appearance of a visual target, as well as when we see someone else shift his or her gaze. Hum Brain Mapp 25:140–154, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid activation of JNK and p38 by glucocorticoids in primary cultured hippocampal cells
Authors: Qi Ai‐Qun , Qiu Jian , Xiao Lin , Chen Yi‐Zhang
Published: April 2005

Rapid activation of JNK and p38 and their translocation to the cell nucleus by glucocorticoids, corticosterone (Cort), and bovine serum‐conjugated corticosterone (Cort‐BSA) were studied in primary cultured hippocampal cells by using immunobloting and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The rapid activation occurred 5 min after stimulation and was maintained at plateau for as long as 2–4 hr; i.e., the response persisted for 2 hr after washing out the 15‐min application of Cort‐BSA. The activation occurred at a minimal concentration of 10–9 M for Cort and 10–8 M for Cort‐BSA. GDPβS blocked the activation, but RU38486, a nuclear glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, could not block the activation, indicating the involvement of the membrane‐delineated receptor in this reaction. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Gö6976 blocked the response, whereas the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 could not, implying the involvement of PKC in the intracellular signal transduction pathway. The nongenomic nature of the responses and the transduction pathway and the significance of persistent action and biological significance are discussed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving Polylactide/Starch Biocomposites by Grafting Polylactide with Acrylic Acid – Characterization and Biodegradability Assessment
Authors: Wu Chin‐San
Published: April 2005

Summary: In this article, the properties of a polylactide and starch composite (PLA/starch) and an acrylic acid grafted polylactide and starch composite (PLA‐g‐AA/starch) were compared. The composite containing PLA‐g‐AA was found to have much better dispersion and homogeneity of starch in the polymer matrix than the composite containing PLA, indicating better compatibility between the two phases. Better mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA‐g‐AA/starch composite, notably an increase in tensile strength and elongation at breakpoint, evidenced its superiority to the PLA/starch composite. Furthermore, the lower viscosity of PLA‐g‐AA/starch makes it easier to process than PLA/starch. Weight loss on exposure to a soil environment over a period of three months showed that the starch in the composites was almost completely biodegradable, even at a high degree of substitution (60 wt.‐% starch). After three months in soil, a reduction in the mechanical properties of the blends was observed, especially in those with higher starch contents.

Formation of composite and SEM micrographs of PLA/starch exposed to a soil environment.

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Formation of composite and SEM micrographs of PLA/starch exposed to a soil environment.
Novel Shape‐Memory Polymer with Two Transition Temperatures
Authors: Liu Guoqin , Ding Xiaobin , Cao Yiping , Zheng Zhaohui , Peng Yuxing
Published: April 2005

Summary: This communication describes a novel kind of PMMA‐PEG semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN) which shows excellent shape‐memory behavior at two transition temperatures, the Tm of the PEG crystal and the Tg of the semi‐IPN. Based on a reversible order‐disorder transition of the crystals below and above the Tm of PEG, and the large difference in storage modulus below and above the Tg of the semi‐IPN, the polymer has a recovery ratio of 91 and 99%, respectively.

Shape‐memory phenomena of PMMA‐PEG2000 semi‐IPN.

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Shape‐memory phenomena of PMMA‐PEG2000 semi‐IPN.
Front Cover: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 8/2005
Authors: Simms Ryan W. , Davis Thomas P. , Cunningham Michael F.
Published: April 2005

Front Cover: We have demonstrated that the RAFT/MADIX system can effectively control the polymerization of vinyl acetate (VA) in miniemulsion. The living polymerization of VA using MADIX in homogeneous systems was only recently reported. The chart on the bottom left depicts the “living” nature of the polymerization. The polymer has a relatively narrow polydispersity and the molecular weight increases with conversion. Further details can be found in the Communication by R. W. Simms, T. P. Davis, and M. F. Cunningham* on page 592.
Characterization of ADN and ADN‐Based Propellants
Authors: Jones David E. G. , Kwok Queenie S. M. , Vachon Marie , Badeen Christopher , Ridley William
Published: April 2005

Ammonium dinitramide (ADN), NH4N(NO2)2 is being considered as one of the potential new energetic oxidizers for composite propellants. In this study, ADN crystals, prills and two ADN‐based propellants having different relative amounts of ingredients were characterized. The concentration of the crystals and the prills samples was determined using ion chromatography. The thermal behavior of the crystals, prills and propellants was studied using DSC, simultaneous TG‐DTA‐FTIR‐MS, ARC (accelerating rate calorimeter), HFC (heat flux calorimeter) and INC (isothermal nanocalorimeter). Decomposition of ADN was observed from all of the samples at temperatures above the melting point of ADN (~ 92 °C). Formation of N2O, NO2, H2O, CO2, CO, N2 and NO was detected during the ADN decomposition. The thermal stability of the ADN samples at temperatures below the melting point of ADN was studied. Early solid decomposition of ADN, which generates N2O and H2O, was observed at 60 °C. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and impact sensitivity of the ADN samples were determined. The crystals and prills are sensitive to impact, while the two propellants are relatively less ESD and impact sensitive.
Dynamical Effects of the Oxide Layer in Aluminum Nanoenergetic Materials
Authors: Wang Shufeng , Yang Yanqiang , Yu Hyunung , Dlott Dana D.
Published: April 2005

Dynamical effects of the aluminum nanopowder oxide layer are investigated in nanoenergetic materials consisting of nitrocellulose (NC) oxidizer containing embedded ~ 60 nm diameter Al having thinner (2.5 nm) or thicker (6 nm) oxide layers. Following laser flash‐heating, a hot spot is formed near each Al particle. The mean distance of reaction propagation drxn from the hot spot through the nitrocellulose is determined with ~100 nm resolution. With 100 ps pulses a shock propagation mechanism is dominant, and with 10–25 ns pulses reaction a thermal explosion mechanism is dominant. When higher energy picosecond pulses are used, drxn is observed to be significantly increased with thicker oxide layers, but using nanosecond pulses drxn is slightly decreased with thicker oxide layers. This oxide layer enhancement of drxn with picosecond pulses is attributed to the thicker oxide layer confining the hot Al for several tens of picoseconds, resulting in a larger shock wave. This work supports the view of the oxide layer as deadweight for slower heating rate processes such as combustion, but it suggests a thicker oxide layer may be of some benefit for extremely high heating rate processes involved in detonation or high speed deflagration of nanoenergetic materials.
Schemes for capacity increase in multiple‐rate dual‐class DS/CDMA systems
Authors: Jeszensky Paul Jean Etienne , Hemsi Cyro Scarano
Published: April 2005

This paper presents and compares the capacities of multi‐cell and power constrained direct sequence‐code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) systems with different transmission or detection schemes. In the single‐class case (voice), we considered conventional and successive interference cancellation (SIC) schemes, determining the maximum number of users of each mode. Next, modeling and results proposed in the literature are extended for multi‐cell dual‐class systems (voice and data) and we compare the maximum data throughputs obtained with conventional, SIC and scheduling (transmission) schemes, for some user configurations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graded coronary stenosis and coronary flow during acute normovolemic anemia
Authors: Geha Alexander S. , Baue Arthur E.
Published: April 2005

Acute normovolemic anemia is associated with increase in coronary blood flow to approximately 185% of control at a hematocrit of 20%, and no significant change in peak reactive hyperemia flow. Other parameters of cardiac function are not significantly changed. The effect of varying degrees of accurately graded coronary artery stenosis was studied in 12 dogs with a normal hematocrit and a hematocrit of 20% achieved by bleeding and simultaneous infusion of plasma. There was no significant change in parameters of cardiac function at normal hematocrit with left anterior descending coronary stenosis of up to 67%. Similarly, cardiac function was not significantly affected by acute normovolemic anemia and up to a 50% reduction in luminal diameter of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. However, the combination of anemia and a 67% LAD coronary artery stenosis resulted in electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia in the LAD coronary artery territory and mild deterioration of cardiac function. Resting coronary flow was not affected by up to a 67% reduction of lumen diameter (90% reduction in cross‐sectional area) at normal hematocrit, but peak flow after 30 seconds of occlusion was significantly decreased with transient ischemia. At a hematocrit of 20%, resting flow increased as expected in the unobstructed artery and with 50% stenosis, but peak∶resting flow ratio was only 1.34 at 50% stenosis. With 67% stenosis, resting flow was impaired and there was no further increase after a 30‐second occlusion period which frequently led to severe arrhythmias. Acute normovolemic anemia compromises coronary reserve and, in the presence of significant coronary stenosis, leads to myocardial ischemia. It should be avoided in patients with coronary occlusive disease.
Neurohormonal control of biliary secretion and gallbladder function
Authors: Kaminski Donald L. , Nahrwold David L.
Published: April 2005

The primary determinant of bile formation is the hepatic excretory rate of bile salts, which is controlled by the rate of return of bile salts to the liver by the enterohepatic circulation and by the synthesis of new bile salts. The gastrointestinal hormones secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), sulfated gastrin, and glucagon increase bile volume and inorganic ion excretion into bile, but none of them influence bile salt secretion. The action of secretin is clearly physiologic. Nonsulfated gastrin and pentagastrin are not choleretics. The choleretic property of CCK derivatives is dependent upon the presence of sulfated tyrosine at position 7. Catecholamines increase bile flow by a mechanism that involves beta receptors, but the precise mechanism is unknown. The role of the parasympathetic nervous system is not clear. There is no evidence that hepatic secretion of bile salts is under neural control. The tone of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi regulates the amount of bile that actually enters the duodenum. CCK is the only known physiologic cholecystokinetic gastrointestinal hormone. It contracts the gallbladder and relaxes the sphincter of Oddi by direct action on the muscle of these structures. The parasympathetic nervous system probably participates in regulation of gallbladder muscle tone.
Does vagotomy and pyloroplasty change the location of gastrointestinal tumors?
Authors: Junghanns Klaus , Seufert Rainer , von Gerstenbergk Leopold , Ivankovic Stan
Published: April 2005

Since the long‐term effects of vagotomy on carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract is not known, truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty was carried out in 59 Wistar rats, while 65 rats served as controls. All rats were fed 4 mg of MNG (N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitroso‐guanidine) per day for a period of up to 695 days. In the vagotomy and pyloroplasty group, 31 rats survived long enough to develop tumors after a mean time of 430 days. The average total dose of MNG was 1.2 g/animal. In the control group, 37 of 49 rats developed tumors with a mean latency period of 562 days and an average MNG dose of 2.2 g/animal. In the experimental group, 18 tumors arose in the stomach, 10 in the duodenum, and 6 in the jejunum following vagotomy and pyloroplasty. In the control group, there were 19 gastric cancers, 4 duodenal, and 17 jejunal. Therefore, after vagotomy and pyloroplasty, tumors appeared more frequently in the upper part of the bowel than in the control group. This difference is statistically significant (χ2=5.559, σ=5%,p=0.018) and may be the result of the acid reduction produced by vagotomy.
Surgical management of ventricular septal defects complicating myocardial infarction
Authors: Daggett Willard M.
Published: April 2005

Ventricular septal rupture is an infrequent but often catastrophic complication of acute myocardial infarction. Occasional patients can be treated conservatively until an interval of 3–4 weeks postinfarct, a propitious time for surgical repair of the septal defect. However, the vast majority of patients who sustain interventricular septal rupture will not survive more than a few days unless the problem is dealt with promptly and definitively. The techniques for successfully closing postinfarct interventricular septal defects (VSD) are now at hand, and markedly improved results of emergency surgical closure have resulted from the application of these techniques. In anterior or apical defects secondary to acuteanterior myocardial infarction, the technique of closing the VSD by approximation of the septum to the right ventricular wall with Teflon® felt buttressing, or the technique of apical amputation, has resulted in a high rate of success, even in patients requiring operation less than 3 weeks after infarction. However, only recently have techniques been developed which yield similarly successful results in patients after acuteinferior infarction with a posteriorly placed VSD. Recent experience has indicated that prosthetic fabric replacement of the septum, ventricular free wall, or both is necessary for permanent closure of posterior VSD's. The use of prosthetic fabric in this manner allows for maintenance of left ventricular volume but, most importantly, prevents tearing out of sutures used to close the defect or the ventriculotomy itself because of undue tension on the friable myocardium. One of the most gratifying aspects of the treatment of patients after septal rupture is the dramatic palliation which is achieved by successful closure of the VSD. Virtually all surviving patients achieve the status of New York Heart Association functional Class 1 or Class 2.
The chlorophyll‐binding protein IsiA is inducible by high light and protects the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 from photooxidative stress
Authors: Havaux Michel , Guedeney Geneviève , Hagemann Martin , Yeremenko Nataliya , Matthijs Hans C.P. , Jeanjean Robert
Published: April 2005

The products of the isiAB operon are a chlorophyll antenna protein (IsiA) and flavodoxin (IsiB), which accumulate in cyanobacteria grown under iron starvation conditions. Here we show that strong light triggers de‐repression of isiAB transcription and leads to IsiA and flavodoxin accumulation under iron replete conditions. Genetic deletion of isiAB resulted in a photosensitive phenotype, with accumulation of reactive oxygen species and cell bleaching in high light, while the flavodoxin‐deficient isiB null mutant expressing isiA was phototolerant. We conclude that IsiA protects cyanobacteria from photooxidative stress. IsiA is the first example of a chlorophyll antenna protein outside the extended LHC family that is induced transiently by high light and that fulfills a photoprotective role.
Substrate specificity and preference of Δ6‐desaturase of Mucor rouxii
Authors: Na-Ranong Sutthicha , Laoteng Kobkul , Kittakoop Prasat , Tantichareon Morakot , Cheevadhanarak Supapon
Published: April 2005

The Δ6‐fatty acid desaturase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of an important fatty acid, γ‐linolenic acid. We have characterized, by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, substrate specificity and preference of Δ6‐desaturase of Mucor rouxii. Fatty acid supplementation was carried out based on the predicted enzyme topology, fatty acid phenotype and the corresponding metabolic pathway in M. rouxii. The enzyme has a broad substrate specificity as based on C15–C18. The result also supported classification of the M. rouxii Δ6‐desaturase into a front‐end desaturase. Interestingly, a relatively rare activity based on odd acyl chains and not described previously in other eukaryotic Δ6‐desaturases was also observed.
IRF‐1 mediates upregulation of LMP7 by IFN‐γ and concerted expression of immunosubunits of the proteasome
Authors: Namiki Shin , Nakamura Tetsuya , Oshima Shigeru , Yamazaki Motomi , Sekine Yuko , Tsuchiya Kiichiro , Okamoto Ryuichi , Kanai Takanori , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: April 2005

An immunoproteasome subunit low molecular weight protein 7 (LMP7) plays critical roles in major histocompatibility complex class I antigen processing; however, the mechanism for its expression has remained unclear. We demonstrate that interferon (IFN) regulatory factor‐1 (IRF‐1) has a pivotal role in IFN‐γ‐dependent LMP7 expression, as was shown for the other two immunosubunits. A tetracycline‐inducible system for IRF‐1 revealed its function in the LMP7 expression, and a genomic region functionally interacting with IRF‐1 was also determined. Furthermore, the role of IRF‐1 in IFN‐γ‐inducible LMP7 transcription was confirmed by employing small interfering RNA experiments and IRF‐1−/− mice. These results suggest that IRF‐1 acts as a master regulator for the concerted expression of immunoproteasome components.
Clive Barker, 1931–2005
Authors: TRUSSLER SIMON , SHEVTSOVA MARIA
Published: April 2005

It is with deep regret that we record the death following a stroke of our friend and colleague Clive Barker on 17 March 2005.
When a People Do Not Need to Remember: Witnessing the Death of Pangtoed 'Cham in Sikkim
Authors: Ahmed Syed Jamil
Published: April 2005

If performance rituals are memories in action, what happens to them when a people no longer need to remember – or it is deemed politically undesirable for them to do so? In the following article, Syed Jamil Ahmed explores the annual performance in the Sikkimese monastery of Pemayangtse, in the shadow of Kanchenjunga, of the ritual of Pang Lhabsol (‘Worship of the Witness Deity’), and specifically of the Pangtoed 'Cham, performed on the final, eighth day in homage and gratitude to the mountain. He examines the complex web of political changes over many centuries which have affected the purpose and enactment of the ritual, and finally offers a detailed account of a single day's performance, in 1999, when the ritual was losing some of its dignity and many of its former trappings. Syed Jamil Ahmed is a director and designer based in Bangladesh, where he is Associate Professor at the Department of Theatre and Music in the University of Dhaka. In 2001–2 he was a visiting faculty member at King Alfred's College, Winchester. He wrote on ‘Decoding Myths in the Nepalese Festival of Indra Jatra’ in NTQ74, and on ‘The Ritual of Devol Medua: Problematizing Dharma in the Ethnic Conflicts of Sri Lanka’ in NTQ76. His full-length publications – Acinpakhi Infinity: Indigenous Theatre in Bangladesh (Dhaka University Press, 2000) and In Praise of Niranjan: Islam, Theatre, and Bangladesh (Dhaka: Pathak Samabesh, 2001) – catalogue the wide variety of indigenous theatre forms in Bangladesh.
The Pepys of London E11: Graeme Miller and the Politics of Linked
Authors: Lavery Carl
Published: April 2005

In 2003, Graeme Miller was commissioned by the Museum of London to produce a sitespecific artwork for its oral history collection. Miller responded by creating Linked, a performance which bears witness to the disastrous impact the M11 link road has had on his local neighbourhood since its construction in the 1990s. Helped by a team of researchers, Miller interviewed local citizens and road protesters and broadcast their testimonies from twenty transmitters that line the route of the link road. In order to activate the work, the participant borrows a headset from a local library and is invited to follow the link road from Hackney to Wanstead, a distance of roughly four miles. This article explores the politics of Linked from a number of different theoretical perspectives: contemporary ethnography, everyday life studies, urban theory, and Situationism. The objective is to show that Linked offers an alternative paradigm for political performance – a paradigm which also necessitates an idiosyncratic and subjective form of writing. The article is followed by an interview in which Miller speaks about the processes involved in making Linked. Carl Lavery teaches performance and theatre at Loughborough University.
‘Affront or Alarm’: Performance, the Law and the ‘Female Breast’ from Janet Jackson to Crazy Girls
Authors: Mason Jeffrey D.
Published: April 2005

A momentary glimpse of Janet Jackson's breast on American television precipitated an earnest debate on the overstepping of marks (and recording-breaking TiVo replays) – while in many states, most notably Nevada, explicitly sexual performance is a respected contributor to the local economy. In this paper, Jeffrey D. Mason finds a way through the maze of state legislation and Supreme Court decision-making on the subject, exploring the interpretations of a constitutional right to self-exposure in conflict with the perceived need for protection against it; and he assesses the performance of Crazy Girls, a typical Las Vegas revue of the more ‘acceptable’ kind. He argues that the law, ‘constituting a text analogous to a playscript in its delineation of roles, actions, interactions, and even costume choices, attempts to impose taste with a special precision by addressing display, intent, and effect; and serves as both an expression of disapprobation and an instrument to censor performance’. Jeffrey D. Mason is Professor of Theatre Arts and Head of the Department of Theatre Arts in the University of Oregon. A shorter version of this article was delivered as a plenary session paper at the annual conference of the American Society for Theatre Research at the Riviera Hotel in Las Vegas, on 20 November 2004.
A solar cycle dependence of nonlinearity in magnetospheric activity
Authors: Johnson Jay R. , Wing Simon
Published: April 2005

The nonlinear dependencies inherent to the historical Kp data stream (1932–2003) are examined using mutual information and cumulant‐based cost as discriminating statistics. The discriminating statistics are compared with surrogate data streams that are constructed using the corrected amplitude adjustment Fourier transform (CAAFT) method and capture the linear properties of the original Kp data. Differences are regularly seen in the discriminating statistics a few years prior to solar minima, while no differences are apparent at the time of solar maxima. These results suggest that the dynamics of the magnetosphere tend to be more linear at solar maximum than at solar minimum. The strong nonlinear dependencies tend to peak on a timescale around 40–50 hours and are statistically significant up to 1 week. Because the solar wind driver variables, VBs, and dynamical pressure exhibit a much shorter decorrelation time for nonlinearities, the results seem to indicate that the nonlinearity is related to internal magnetospheric dynamics. Moreover, the timescales for the nonlinearity seem to be on the same order as that for storm/ring current relaxation. We suggest that the strong solar wind driving that occurs around solar maximum dominates the magnetospheric dynamics, suppressing the internal magnetospheric nonlinearity. On the other hand, in the descending phase of the solar cycle just prior to solar minimum, when magnetospheric activity is weaker, the dynamics exhibit a significant nonlinear internal magnetospheric response that may be related to increased solar wind speed.
Remote estimation of canopy chlorophyll content in crops
Authors: Gitelson Anatoly A. , Viña Andrés , Ciganda Verónica , Rundquist Donald C. , Arkebauer Timothy J.
Published: April 2005

Accurate estimation of spatially distributed chlorophyll content (Chl) in crops is of great importance for regional and global studies of carbon balance and responses to fertilizer (e.g., nitrogen) application. In this paper a recently developed conceptual model was applied for remotely estimating Chl in maize and soybean canopies. We tuned the spectral regions to be included in the model, according to the optical characteristics of the crops studied, and showed that the developed technique allowed accurate estimation of total Chl in both crops, explaining more than 92% of Chl variation. This new technique shows great potential for remotely tracking the physiological status of crops, with contrasting canopy architectures, and their responses to environmental changes.
Rate Constants for Reactions of Phenoxyl Radicals in Solution
Authors: Neta Pedatsur , Grodkowski Jan
Published: April 2005

Absolute rate constants for reactions of phenoxyl radicals in solution have been compiled and evaluated from the literature (172 citations). Rate constants are included for phenoxyl radicals bearing various substituents, including semiquinone radicals and radical ions, as well as aroxyl radicals derived from polycyclic aromatic compounds. The reactions tabulated include self-reactions of the radicals, reactions with other radicals, reactions with inorganic compounds, and reactions with organic compounds. A subset of the latter group includes electron transfer reactions for which the rate constants of both the forward and the reverse reaction have been measured. The radicals were generated by radiolysis, photolysis, thermolysis, or chemical reactions, and their rate constants were determined generally by kinetic spectrophotometry or electron spin resonance.
Cross Sections for Electron Collisions with Water Molecules
Authors: Itikawa Yukikazu , Mason Nigel
Published: April 2005

Cross section data have been compiled from the literature (to the end of 2003) for electron collisions with water (H2O) molecules. All major collision processes are reviewed including: total scattering, elastic scattering, momentum transfer, excitation of rotational, vibrational, and electronic states, ionization, electron attachment, dissociation, and emission of radiation. In each case we assess the collected data and provide a recommendation of the values of the cross section to be used. They are presented in a tabular form. Isotope effects (H2O versus D2O) are discussed as far as information is available.
Progress in the peeling-ballooning model of edge localized modes: Numerical studies of nonlinear dynamics
Authors: Snyder P. B. , Wilson H. R. , Xu X. Q.
Published: April 2005

Nonlinear three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations are employed to study the dynamics of edge localized modes (ELMs) driven by intermediate wavelength peeling-ballooning modes. It is found that the early behavior of the modes is similar to expectations from linear, ideal peeling-ballooning mode theory, with the modes growing linearly at a fraction of the Alfvén frequency. In the nonlinear phase, the modes grow explosively, forming a number of extended filaments which propagate rapidly from the outer closed flux region into the open flux region toward the outboard wall. Similarities to nonlinear ballooning theory as well as additional complexities are observed. Comparison to observations reveals a number of similarities. Implications of the simulations and proposals for the dynamics of the full ELM crash are discussed.
Structural, electrical transport and x-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of LaFe1−xNixO3 (x⩽0.6)
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Choudhary R. J. , Khan M. Wasi , Srivastava J. P. , Bao C. W. , Tsai H. M. , Chiou J. W. , Asokan K. , Pong W. F.
Published: April 2005

Electronic structures of LaFe1−xNixO3 (x⩽0.6) have been studied by x-ray absorption near edge structure spectra of OK, FeL2,3 and LaM4,5 edges. Upon substitution of Ni at Fe site in LaFeO3, the OK-edge spectra show a feature about 2.0eV lower than that of LaFeO3. This feature is growing as the concentration of Ni is increasing. This is consistent with our resistivity data which show that the resistivity decreases very fast with Ni substitution from GΩcm for LaFeO3 to a few mΩcm for the sample with 60% Ni substitution. The resistivity data have been fitted with a variable-range hopping model and it is found that the gap parameter reduces from 2eV to 2.1meV with the Ni substitution. This gap parameter decreases very systematically with the increase in Ni concentration. The structural analysis of these samples shows that they have single-phase orthorhombic structure with space-group Pnma in the studied range (0⩽x⩽0.6). The study of FeL2,3-edge structures confirm the trivalent state of Fe. The observed features have been explained on the basis of charge-carrier doping in LaFeO3. The disorder-induced localization is found to effectively control the resistivity behavior.
Optical properties of nanocrystalline Y2O3:Eu3+
Authors: Ray S. , Pramanik P. , Singha A. , Roy Anushree
Published: April 2005

Optical properties of nanocrystalline red-emitting phosphor, europium-doped yttria (Y2O3:Eu3+), of average particle size of 15nm are investigated. The intensity of the strongest emission line at 612nm is found to be highest in the nanocrystalline sample with 4at.wt% of europium. The narrow electronic emission spectrum suggests a crystalline surrounding in this nanomaterial. We have estimated the strength of the crystal-field parameter at the dopant site, which plays a crucial role in determining the appearance of the intense emission line. The equilibrium temperature of this system has also been calculated from the intensity ratio of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Though known for the bulk samples, our approach and consequent results on the crystalline nanomaterial of Y2O3:Eu3+ provide a unique report, which, we believe, can be of considerable significance in nanotechnology.
Taylor impact of glass rods
Authors: Willmott G. R. , Radford D. D.
Published: April 2005

The deformation and fracture behavior of soda-lime and borosilicate glass rods was examined during classic and symmetric Taylor impact experiments for impact pressures to 4 and 10GPa, respectively. High-speed photography and piezoresistive gauges were used to measure the failure front velocities in both glasses, and for impact pressures below ∼2GPa the failure front velocity increases rapidly with increasing pressure. As the pressure was increased above ∼3GPa, the failure front velocities asymptotically approached maximum values between the longitudinal and shear wave velocities of each material; at ∼4GPa, the average failure front velocities were 4.7±0.5 and 4.6±0.5mmμs−1 for the soda-lime and borosilicate specimens, respectively. The observed mechanism of failure in these experiments involved continuous pressure-dependent nucleation and growth of microcracks behind the incident wave. As the impact pressure was increased, there was a decrease in the time to failure. The density of cracks within the failed region was material dependent, with the more open-structured borosilicate glass showing a larger fracture density.
High-pressure fluorescence study of Sm3+-doped borate and fluoroborate glasses
Authors: Jayasankar C. K. , Venkatramu V. , Babu P. , Tröster Th. , Sievers W. , Wortmann G. , Holzapfel W. B.
Published: April 2005

Fluorescence spectra and decay properties of the G5∕24 level of the Sm3+ ions have been measured in two glass systems of lithium borate and lithium fluoroborate glasses as a function of pressure up to 27.2 and 25.9 GPa, respectively, at room temperature. With an increase in pressure continuous redshifts of the G5∕24→HJ6 (J=9∕2,7∕2, and 5∕2) multiplet transitions as well as progressive increases in the magnitude of the splittings for these transitions are observed. Decay curves in both the systems exhibit perfect single exponential behavior at ambient pressure and become nonexponential at higher pressures accompanied by a moderate decrease in lifetimes. The nonexponential decay curves fit well to the Inokuti–Hirayama [M. Inokuti and F. Hirayama, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 1978 (1965)] model for S=6, indicating that the interaction for cross relaxation is of dipole-dipole type. The decrease in lifetime of the G5∕24 level in both the systems with pressure is explained as resulting from the increase in the crystal-field strength felt by the Sm3+ ions due to volume reduction accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the electronic transition probabilities.
An approach to the problem of phase transitions in the continuum
Authors: Mesón Alejandro , Vericat Fernando
Published: April 2005

Based on the spectral properties of Ruelle transfer operators, we establish conditions for the absence of phase transitions in the continuum. Our approach differs in several aspects from those which use Kirkwood–Salsburg and Kirkwood–Ruelle operators. In particular the results follow in a concise and relatively direct way.
Lamin A/C–dependent Localization of Nesprin-2, a Giant Scaffolder at the Nuclear Envelope
Authors: Libotte Thorsten , Zaim Hafida , Abraham Sabu , Padmakumar V. C. , Schneider Maria , Lu Wenshu , Munck Martina , Hutchison Christopher , Wehnert Manfred , Fahrenkrog Birthe , Sauder Ursula , Aebi Ueli , Noegel Angelika A. , Karakesisoglou Iakowos
Published: April 2005

The vertebrate proteins Nesprin-1 and Nesprin-2 (also referred to as Enaptin and NUANCE) together with ANC-1 of Caenorhabditis elegans and MSP-300 of Drosophila melanogaster belong to a novel family of α-actinin type actin-binding proteins residing at the nuclear membrane. Using biochemical techniques, we demonstrate that Nesprin-2 binds directly to emerin and the C-terminal common region of lamin A/C. Selective disruption of the lamin A/C network in COS7 cells, using a dominant negative lamin B mutant, resulted in the redistribution of Nesprin-2. Furthermore, using lamin A/C knockout fibroblasts we show that lamin A/C is necessary for the nuclear envelope localization of Nesprin-2. In normal skin where lamin A/C is differentially expressed, strong Nesprin-2 expression was found in all epidermal layers, including the basal layer where only lamin C is present. This indicates that lamin C is sufficient for proper Nesprin-2 localization at the nuclear envelope. Expression of dominant negative Nesprin-2 constructs and knockdown studies in COS7 cells revealed that the presence of Nesprin-2 at the nuclear envelope is necessary for the proper localization of emerin. Our data imply a scaffolding function of Nesprin-2 at the nuclear membrane and suggest a potential involvement of this multi-isomeric protein in human disease.
The Emergence of Magic in the Modern World
Authors: Styers Randall G.
Published: April 2005

This chapter offers an account of the social and intellectual contexts within which definitions of magic emerged in the modern West, beginning with various early modern philosophical responses to the European witchcraft persecutions. Following the Reformation and the Enlightenment, intellectualized and privatized notions of religion gained prominence, particularly in Protestant anti-Catholic polemics. Coupled with this development was the proliferation of capitalism and Western science, both of which assert distinctive forms of mechanistic and rational manipulation of nature. Finally, with the European conquest of much of the non-Western world, the discourse on “primitive” culture came to play a significant role in legitimating colonial conquests and exploitation. In this context, magic came to serve as a particularly pliable tool in efforts to prescribe norms for liberal religious piety, modern scientific rationality, and capitalist social relations.
The Central Argument of the Analytic (I)
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: April 2005

This chapter introduces the Transcendental Deduction as an attempt to refute the Humean view of experience by validating the categories of substance and cause. It reconstructs the first edition version of the Deduction, drawing on the work of Robert Paul Wolff. It offers two versions of this argument, treating the second version as a prolongation of the first version. It defends the argument against objections, but also shows the need for the further prolongation of the argument that takes place in the Analogies of Experience.
The Second Analogy
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: April 2005

This chapter gives an analysis of Kant’s attempt to prove the causal principle in the Second Analogy. After presenting an analysis of Kant’s strategy that draws on the work of Lewis White Beck, it examines two different interpretations of Kant’s argument, by P. F. Strawson and by Paul Guyer. It concludes by presenting a final reconstruction of the overall argument of the Analytic whose first stage is the Transcendental Deduction as given in either the first or the second edition of the Critique and whose final stage is based on Guyer’s analysis of the Second Analogy.
The Third Analogy
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: April 2005

This chapter offers a detailed analysis and a critique of Kant’s attempt in the Third Analogy to prove that all substances stand in relations of causal reciprocity. It discusses implications of modern physics for Kant’s argument, and, drawing again on Guyer’s work, reconstructs and evaluates the most plausible version of the argument.
Causal Interpretation in Structural Models
Authors: Woodward James
Published: April 2005

This chapter applies the ideas about intervention and invariance developed in previous chapters to so-called causal models of the sort used in the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Both regression models and structural equation models are explored and a modularity condition is defended in connection with the latter. Connections with the Causal Markov condition are also briefly discussed.