bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unified Paradigm of Start-Up Strategy for Pumped Storage Hydropower Stations: Variable Universe Fuzzy PID Controller and Integrated Operation Optimization
Authors: Liu Baonan , Li Mengyao , Yuan Yuan , Liu Jie
Published: July 2024

A pumped storage unit is a crucial guarantee in the pursuit of increased clean energy, especially in the progressively severe circumstances of low energy utilization and poor coordination of the integration of volatile renewable energy. However, due to their bidirectional operation design, pumped turbines possess an S-characteristic attribution, wherein the unsteady phenomena of unit vibration, pressure pulsation, and cavitation erosion happen during the start-up process and greatly impact the stable connection to the power grid. Therefore, a systematic study concentrating on an optimal unified paradigm of a start-up strategy for a pumped storage plant is conducted. Model construction, effective analysis, controller design, and collaborative optimization are sequentially expounded. Firstly, a refined start-up nonlinear model of a pumped storage plant with complex boundary conditions is constructed, wherein the delay time of frequency measurement, saturation, and dead zone features are comprehensively taken account. Furthermore, a variable universe fuzzy PID controller and its operation laws are proposed and specifically designed for the speed governing system of the pumped storage plant; the control quality and anti-disturbance performance are verified by a no-load frequency disturbance experiment. On this basis, taking speed overshoot for stationarity and speed rising time for rapidity, a novel open–close loop collaborative fuzzy control strategy is proposed with rotational speed feedback and a variable universe fuzzy PID control. The experiment results show that the proposed unified paradigm has better control performance in various performance indexes, and more balanced control quality and dynamic performance under various complex start-up conditions, which has great application value for ensuring the unit’s timely response to the power grid regulation task and improving the operating stability of the power system.
Carbon Footprint Analysis throughout the Life Cycle of the Continuous Deep Mixing Method (CDMM) Technology
Authors: Mach Aleksandra , Szczygielski Maciej
Published: July 2024

The objective of this article is to assess the carbon footprint across the Continuous Deep Mixing Method (CDMM) life cycle, considering its implementation in the context of sustainable, zero-emission, and decarbonising construction. Amidst global climate change challenges of greenhouse gas emissions in the construction sector, the CDMM emerges as a potentially effective solution to mitigate environmental impact. This study aims to address the gap in the existing scientific literature by evaluating the environmental aspects of CDMM application, with a focus on identifying primary emission sources. This research extends beyond the conventional focus on construction materials to include energy consumption from equipment and transportation, offering a holistic view of the technology’s environmental impact. This analysis identified cement as the major greenhouse gas emission source for the CDMM, underscoring the technology’s potential as an alternative to traditional geotechnical methods, in line with integrated design solutions and meeting growing social expectations for sustainability. The added value of this study comes from data derived from an actual project, enabling a realistic assessment of CDMM’s environmental impact and resource and energy efficiency.
BIM Integration with XAI Using LIME and MOO for Automated Green Building Energy Performance Analysis
Authors: Khan Abdul Mateen , Tariq Muhammad Abubakar , Rehman Sardar Kashif Ur , Saeed Talha , Alqahtani Fahad K. , Sherif Mohamed
Published: July 2024

Achieving sustainable green building design is essential to reducing our environmental impact and enhancing energy efficiency. Traditional methods often depend heavily on expert knowledge and subjective decisions, posing significant challenges. This research addresses these issues by introducing an innovative framework that integrates building information modeling (BIM), explainable artificial intelligence (AI), and multi-objective optimization. The framework includes three main components: data generation through DesignBuilder simulation, a BO-LGBM (Bayesian optimization–LightGBM) predictive model with LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) for energy prediction and interpretation, and the multi-objective optimization technique AGE-MOEA to address uncertainties. A case study demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness, with the BO-LGBM model achieving high prediction accuracy (R-squared > 93.4%, MAPE < 2.13%) and LIME identifying significant HVAC system features. The AGE-MOEA optimization resulted in a 13.43% improvement in energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and thermal comfort, with an additional 4.0% optimization gain when incorporating uncertainties. This study enhances the transparency of machine learning predictions and efficiently identifies optimal passive and active design solutions, contributing significantly to sustainable construction practices. Future research should focus on validating its real-world applicability, assessing its generalizability across various building types, and integrating generative design capabilities for automated optimization.
Investigating the Applicability of the Tafel Equation in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzers via Statistical Analysis
Authors: Scheepers Fabian , Lehnert Werner
Published: July 2024

Analyzing PEM electrolyzer polarization curves via voltage breakdown analysis involves decomposing contributions from underlying processes, typically based on the assumption of reaction kinetics that may be expressed by means of the Tafel equation. When extrapolating the corresponding straight line to high current densities, there is a discrepancy between the measurement and model, which is often attributed to mass transport resistance. In addition to the qualitative description of this mass transport resistance, a consistent quantification is difficult to obtain from the measurement results. Accordingly, the approach to the breakdown analysis of the polarization curves is strongly based on assumptions that evade experimental verification. In this study, an alternative statistical method is introduced that permits the falsifiability of the standard approach. By means of experiments at different hydrogen partial pressures and a subsequent data fit, it is possible to extract the kinetic behavior without prior specification. The results indicate that behavior corresponding to the Tafel equation cannot be proven wrong. In addition, transport coefficients can be evaluated that fall between those of membranes and porous transport layers, indicating that the catalyst layer predominantly contributes to the mass transport resistance.
Solar-Powered Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Energy System with Phase-Change Material and Water Electrolysis: Thermo-Economic Assessment and Optimization
Authors: Aieneh Koorosh , Mehranfar Sadegh , Yazdi Sotoude Mohammad , Sadeghi Shayan , Mahmoudzadeh Andwari Amin
Published: July 2024

A solar-powered combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) plant integrated with a water electrolysis unit is investigated in terms of energy, exergy, and exergo-economic (3E) assessments. A comprehensive parametric study and optimization is conducted following the thermodynamic and exergo-economic assessment of the proposed system to evaluate the key performance parameters of the system for efficiency and economic factors. This system employs a heliostat field and a receiver tower by taking advantage of thermal energy from the sun and produces a continuous energy supply with an integrated phase-change material (PCM) tank to store the heat. In addition, a supercritical CO2 Rankine cycle (RC), an ejector refrigeration cooling (ERC) system, and a PEM water electrolyzer are coupled to produce cooling, heating, power, and hydrogen. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the system exergy efficiency and energy efficiency are improved to 33.50% and 40.61%, respectively, while the total cost rate is 2875.74 USD/h and the total product cost per exergy unit is 25.65 USD/GJ. Additionally, the system produces a net generated power, heating load, and cooling load of 11.70, 13.92, and 2.60 MW, respectively, and a hydrogen production rate of 12.95 g/s. A two-objective optimization approach utilizing a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) was performed, demonstrating that the system’s ideal design point offers a cost rate of 1263.35 USD/h and an exergetic efficiency of 34.17%.
Challenges and Solutions of Ship Power System Electrification
Authors: Bei Zhihang , Wang Juan , Li Yalun , Wang Hewu , Li Minghai , Qian Feng , Xu Wenqiang
Published: July 2024

Growing environmental concerns have prompted the shipping industry to adopt stringent measures to address greenhouse gas emissions, with fuel-powered ships being the primary source of such emissions. Additionally, alternative forms of ship propulsion, such as internal combustion engine hybridization, low-carbon fuels, and zero-carbon fuels, face significant challenges either in terms of cost or emission-reduction capability at present. In order to decarbonize navigation, countries are focusing the maritime industry’s transition towards low-carbon alternatives on transforming energy consumption, with widespread attention on the electrification of ships. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the feasibility of fully electrifying ships, covering aspects such as technological prospects, economic viability, and emission-reduction capabilities. Firstly, the current state of research on ship electrification technology is summarized; the applicability of different battery types to electric ship technology is compared. Subsequently, the economic viability and emission-reduction capabilities of five different electric ship lifecycles are discussed separately. The results indicate that ship electrification is a key pathway to achieving zero-emission shipping, with lithium-ion batteries being the most suitable battery technology for maritime use currently. Short-to-medium-range electric ship types have demonstrated economic advantages over traditional diesel ships. As battery costs continue to decline and energy density keeps improving, the economic feasibility of ship electrification is expected to expand.
Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Normalization in Amylostereum areolatum Cultured on Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica Wood Powder
Authors: Gao Chenglong , Fu Ningning , Huang Huayi , Hu Lili , Li Yinghui , Ren Lili , Zhao Danyang
Published: July 2024

Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum form a highly specific mutualistic symbiosis. The growth and host-degrading activities of the symbiotic fungus are critical to the woodwasps, which directly influence the larval survival rate and adult body size of the woodwasps. Gene expression analysis has been extensively employed to decrypt the intricate growth patterns of symbiotic fungi and identify the associated functional genes underpinning their degradation pathways. Appropriate reference genes are crucial for enhancing the accuracy of studies on gene expression. In an effort to refine gene expression analysis in A. areolatum, our study cultivated the symbiotic fungi on the wood powder medium of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, aligning closer to its natural growth conditions. Thirteen reference genes underwent meticulous evaluation via algorithms such as delta Ct, geNorm, BestKeeper, RefFinder, and NormFinder, depending on their stability amidst diverse growth and developmental epochs of A. areolatum. α-TUB, P450, and the combination (α-TUB + P450) were distinguished as the most stable candidates for RT-qPCR analysis, confirmed through AaLac1 expression validation. These findings contribute significantly to the investigation of gene expression in A. areolatum and facilitate a deeper understanding of its symbiotic relationship with S. noctilio.
Exposure of Zebrafish Embryos to Morphine and Cocaine Induces Changes in the Levels of Dopamine and of Proteins Related to the Reward Pathway
Authors: Calderon-Garcia Andres Angel , Sánchez-Barba Mercedes , Gonzalez-Nunez Veronica
Published: July 2024

Morphine, a drug of abuse used to treat moderate-to-severe pain, elicits its actions by binding to the opioid receptors. Cocaine is an example of a recreational drug that inhibits dopamine reuptake. The molecular effects of morphine and cocaine have been described in different specific brain regions. However, the systemic outcome of these drugs on the whole organism has not been fully addressed. The aim of this study is to analyse the global effects of morphine (10 μM) and cocaine (15 μM) in the expression of proteins related to the reward pathway. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to these drugs from 5 hpf (hours post-fertilisation) to 6 dpf (days post-fertilisation). Dopamine levels were determined by ELISA, and the expression of Fos proteins, Creb, its activated form p-Creb and tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) were examined by Western blot. Both drugs decreased Th levels at 72 hpf and 6 dpf and modified the expression of Fos family members, pCreb and Creb in a time-dependent manner. Morphine and cocaine exposure differentially modified dopamine levels in 72 hpf and 6 dpf zebrafish embryos. Our results indicate that drugs of abuse modify the expression of several proteins and molecules related to the activation of the reward pathway.
Application of In Vitro Digestion Models in the Evaluation of Dietary Supplements
Authors: Ośko Justyna , Nasierowska Katarzyna , Grembecka Małgorzata
Published: July 2024

Nowadays, dietary supplements are a permanent part of our diet. Using various simulated in vitro digestive models, the bioavailability of dietary supplement ingredients has also been investigated. In most cases, static models are used instead of dynamic ones. This article focuses on the division of applications of in vitro methods, such as assessing the quality of dietary supplements (in chemical and pharmaceutical form), the impact of diet on the assessment of the bioavailability of product ingredients, the impact of supplement ingredients on the state of intestinal microflora, and the development of new products using various encapsulation methods. The review included publications from 2000 to 2024 showing the use of in vitro methods in dietary supplements containing polysaccharides, proteins, elements, vitamins, and bioactive substances, as well as probiotic and prebiotic products. The impact of components in dietary supplements on the human digestive tract and their degree of bioaccessibility were determined through the use of in vitro methods. The application of in vitro methods has also become an effective tool for designing new forms of dietary supplements in order to increase the availability and durability of labile ingredients in these products.
Physically Crosslinked Poly(methacrylic acid)/Gelatin Hydrogels with Excellent Fatigue Resistance and Shape Memory Properties
Authors: Ugrinovic Vukasin , Markovic Maja , Bozic Bojan , Panic Vesna , Veljovic Djordje
Published: July 2024

Hydrogels endure various dynamic stresses, demanding robust mechanical properties. Despite significant advancements, matching hydrogels’ strength to biological tissues and plastics is often challenging without applying potentially harmful crosslinkers. Using hydrogen bonds as sacrificial bonds offers a promising strategy to produce tough, versatile hydrogels for biomedical and industrial applications. Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA)/gelatin hydrogels were synthesized by thermally induced free-radical polymerization and crosslinked only by physical bonds, without adding any chemical crosslinker. The addition of gelatin increased the formation of hydrophobic domains in the structure of the hydrogels, which acted as permanent crosslinking points. The increase in PMA and gelatin contents generally led to a lower equilibrium water content (WC), higher thermal stability and better mechanical properties. The values of tensile strength and toughness reached up to 1.44 ± 0.17 MPa and 4.91 ± 0.51 MJ m−3, respectively, while the compressive modulus and strength reached up to 0.75 ± 0.06 MPa and 24.81 ± 5.85 MPa, respectively, with the WC being higher than 50 wt.%. The obtained values for compressive mechanical properties are comparable with super-strong hydrogels reported in the literature. In addition, hydrogels exhibited excellent fatigue resistance and biocompatibility, as well as great shape memory properties, which make them prominent candidates for a wide range of biomedical applications.
Development and Characterization of Hybrid Meat Analogs from Whey Protein-Mushroom Composite Hydrogels
Authors: Santhapur Ramdattu , Jayakumar Disha , McClements David
Published: July 2024

There is a need to reduce the proportion of animal-derived food products in the human diet for sustainability and environmental reasons. However, it is also important that a transition away from animal-derived foods does not lead to any adverse nutritional effects. In this study, the potential of blending whey protein isolate (WPI) with either shiitake mushroom (SM) or oyster mushroom (OM) to create hybrid foods with enhanced nutritional and physicochemical properties was investigated. The impact of OM or SM addition on the formation, microstructure, and physicochemical attributes of heat-set whey protein gels was therefore examined. The mushroom powders were used because they have relatively high levels of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and dietary fibers, which may provide nutritional benefits, whereas the WPI was used to provide protein and good thermal gelation properties. A variety of analytical methods were used to characterize the structural and physicochemical properties of the WPI-mushroom hybrids, including confocal microscopy, particle electrophoresis, light scattering, proximate analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic shear rheology, textural profile analysis, and colorimetry. The charge on whey proteins and mushroom particles went from positive to negative when the pH was raised from 3 to 9, but whey protein had a higher isoelectric point and charge magnitude. OM slightly increased the thermal stability of WPI, but SM had little effect. Both mushroom types decreased the lightness and increased the brownness of the whey protein gels. The addition of the mushroom powders also decreased the hardness and Young’s modulus of the whey protein gels, which may be because the mushroom particles acted as soft fillers. This study provides valuable insights into the formation of hybrid whey protein-mushroom products that have desirable physiochemical and nutritional attributes.
Increased Waist Circumference after One-Year Is Associated with Poor Chewing Status
Authors: Yamazaki Riku , Iwai Komei , Azuma Tetsuji , Yonenaga Takatoshi , Sasai Yasuyuki , Watanabe Kazutoshi , Obora Akihiro , Deguchi Fumiko , Kojima Takao , Tome Wakako , Kitai Noriyuki , Tomofuji Takaaki
Published: July 2024

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between an increase in waist circumference (WC) after 1 year and self-reported chewing status in 10,870 Japanese adults who had received health checkups. Subsequently, 8068 participants were included in the final analysis. Methods: We defined an increase in WC ≥ 5 cm after 1 year as an unhealthy increase; in total, 613 (7.5%) respondents met this criterion. Chewing status was evaluated using a self-reported questionnaire at baseline; 1080 (13%) respondents were diagnosed with poor chewing status. Results: After adjusting for age, gender, WC, body mass index (BMI), and chewing status, an increase in WC ≥ 5 cm was found to be positively associated with gender (females: odds ratios [ORs]: 1.206; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 1.008–1.443), WC (ORs: 0.967; 95% CIs: 0.954–0.981), BMI (≥25 kg/m2; ORs: 2.194; 95% CIs: 1.715–2.808), and chewing status (poor; ORs: 1.356; 95% CIs: 1.084–1.697). Conclusions: These findings suggest that increased WC after 1 year was associated with self-reported poor chewing status in Japanese adults.
How to Encourage Continuous Use of Fitness Apps among Female Users?
Authors: Lyu Le , Abidin Nor Eeza Zainal , Zulnaidi Hutkemri
Published: July 2024

The proportion of women engaging in insufficient physical activity is higher than that of men, and they may face greater barriers. Fitness apps, as effective tools for behavior change, can significantly promote active physical activity among women. Notably, women constitute over 60% of fitness app users. However, few studies have focused on the reasons behind the continuous use of fitness apps by female users. This study investigates the impact of different perceived values on the satisfaction and continuance intention of female fitness app users. A total of 395 female fitness app users from Guangzhou, China, participated in this study. The results indicate that hedonic value (β = 0.190, p < 0.001), utilitarian value (β = 0.171, p = 0.007), and health value (β = 0.440, p < 0.001) significantly and positively influence the satisfaction of female fitness app users. However, only utilitarian value (β = 0.135, p = 0.018) and health value (β = 0.436, p < 0.001) have a significant positive impact on the continuance intention, while hedonic value (β = 0.028, p = 0.547) does not. Additionally, satisfaction mediates the relationship between utilitarian and health values and continuance intention. Therefore, the design of fitness apps should prioritize helping female users achieve utilitarian and health values rather than overemphasizing hedonic-value-related content.
Using Virtual and Augmented Reality with GIS Data
Authors: Pavelka Karel , Landa Martin
Published: July 2024

This study explores how combining virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) with geographic information systems (GIS) revolutionizes data visualization. It traces the historical development of these technologies and highlights key milestones that paved the way for this study’s objectives. While existing platforms like Esri’s software and Google Earth VR show promise, they lack complete integration for immersive GIS visualization. This gap has led to the need for a dedicated workflow to integrate selected GIS data into a game engine for visualization purposes. This study primarily utilizes QGIS for data preparation and Unreal Engine for immersive visualization. QGIS handles data management, while Unreal Engine offers advanced rendering and interactivity for immersive experiences. To tackle the challenge of handling extensive GIS datasets, this study proposes a workflow involving tiling, digital elevation model generation, and transforming GeoTIFF data into 3D objects. Leveraging QGIS and Three.js streamlines the conversion process for integration into Unreal Engine. The resultant virtual reality application features distinct stations, enabling users to navigate, visualize, compare, and animate GIS data effectively. Each station caters to specific functionalities, ensuring a seamless and informative experience within the VR environment. This study also delves into augmented reality applications, adapting methodologies to address hardware limitations for smoother user experiences. By optimizing textures and implementing augmented reality functionalities through modules Swift, RealityKit, and ARKit, this study extends the immersive GIS experience to iOS devices. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the potential of integrating virtual reality, augmented reality, and GIS, pushing data visualization into new realms. The innovative workflows and applications developed serve as a testament to the evolving landscape of spatial data interpretation and engagement.
Timing and Modality of Hemorrhoidal Prolapse Impact on Patients’ Quality of Life
Authors: Ratto Carlo , Parello Angelo , Marra Angelo Alessandro , Campennì Paola , De Simone Veronica , Litta Francesco
Published: July 2024

Background: The aim of this study was to assess whether the frequency and presentation modality of hemorrhoidal prolapse may have an impact on patients’ quality of life, leading to a different categorization of patients. Methods: A consecutive series of patients affected by primary hemorrhoidal disease were administered specific questionnaires to assess the severity of symptoms and their quality of life. The frequency/modality of prolapse was also assessed, and the classification of the patients into five categories was hypothesized. The severity of disease was assessed using a validated patient-reported score, while the health-related quality of life was evaluated with the Short Health Scale for hemorrhoidal disease. Results: A total of 122 patients were enrolled. The evaluation of the prolapse modality led to the following classification: type I, 5 patients (4.1%); type II, 9 (7.4%), type IIIa, 48 (39.3%); type IIIb, 52 (42.6%); and type IV, 8 (6.6%). The mean total hemorrhoidal disease score was 9.8 ± 3.3, while the mean total Short Health Scale score was 18.6 ± 5.2. Both scores progressively increased in the five types of prolapse identified, thus showing a worsening of symptoms and quality of life related to the increase in the frequency and modality of prolapse. The assessment of the quality of life showed that all four domains of the Short Health Scale score and the total score were significantly worse in group IIIb compared to IIIa. Conclusions: The frequency and modality of hemorrhoidal prolapse has an impact on the quality of life and allows the identification of new types of patients.
Reporting of Magnetic Resonance Enterography in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results of an Italian Survey
Authors: Bonifacio Cristiana , Dal Buono Arianna , Levi Riccardo , Gabbiadini Roberto , Reca Christian , Bezzio Cristina , Francone Marco , Armuzzi Alessandro , Balzarini Luca
Published: July 2024

Background/Objectives: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disorders that require close monitoring with imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance enterography (MRE). Standardization of radiological reports is crucial for the optimal management of IBD. We surveyed Italian radiologists regarding their experiences with MRE examinations and reporting for IBD. Methods: All members of the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM) were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire in April 2023. Comparison tests between variables were assessed using the χ2 test or Fisher exact test according to the least frequency group. Significance level was set for p-value < 0.05. Results: A total of 253 radiologists responded to the survey. Around 70% of the respondents declared personal clinical experience with IBD. Great agreement with the items included and described for both disease activity (i.e., intestinal wall thickness, presence of mucosal ulcers, presence of edema, mucous enhancement) and complications was reported. One-third of the respondents regularly used a structured MRE report. Centers with a high number of IBD patients per year (>1000) mostly used 3 T scanners or both 1.5 T and 3 T scanners (p < 0.001). The incorporation of scores of disease activity was associated with university and high-volume hospitals (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This survey highlighted the current routine practice and experience of MRE reports of IBD patients among Italian radiologists. We found deficiencies in the use of radiological scores in MRE reports and attendance at IBD multidisciplinary meetings.
Sleep, Mental Health, and the Need for Physical and Real-Life Social Contact with (Non-)Family Members during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bayesian Network Analysis
Authors: Roland Aurore , Staring Louise , Van Puyvelde Martine , McGlone Francis , Mairesse Olivier
Published: July 2024

Background/Objectives: The forced social isolation implemented to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus was accompanied by a worsening of mental health, an increase in insomnia symptoms, and the emergence of ‘skin hunger’—an increased longing for personal touch. This study aimed to enhance our understanding of the interconnection between sleep, mental health, and the need for physical (NPC) and real-life social contact (NRL-SC). Methods: A total of 2827 adults participated in an online survey during the second COVID-19 lockdown. A Bayesian Gaussian copula graphical model (BGCGM) and a Bayesian-directed acyclic graph (DAG) were estimated, and mixed ANOVAs were carried out. Results: NPC with non-family members (t(2091) = 12.55, p < 0.001, d = 0.27) and relational lifestyle satisfaction (t(2089) = 13.62, p < 0.001, d = 0.30) were lower during the second lockdown than before the pandemic. In our BGCGM, there were weak positive edges between the need for PC and RL-SC on one hand and sleep and mental health on the other. Conclusions: During the second lockdown, people craved less physical contact with non-family members and were less satisfied with their relational lifestyle than before the pandemic. Individuals with a greater need for PC and RL-SC reported poorer mental health (i.e., worry, depression, and mental fatigue).
Dynamic FEA Analysis of the Super Lightweight External Cryogenic Fuel Tank (SLWT) Made of Aluminium Alloy 2195–Graphene Nano Composite for Launch Vehicle Aerospace Application
Authors: Pazhani Ashwath , Salman Syed Saad , Venkatraman M. , Patel Alicia , Xavior M. Anthony , Batako Andre , Paulsamy Jeyapandiarajan , Jayaseelan Joel
Published: July 2024

This research presents a comprehensive dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) of a cryogenic fuel tank made from an innovative aluminium/lithium–graphene nano-composite material, assessing its suitability for aerospace launch vehicles carrying cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen. The study focuses on the effects of lightweighting, utilizing 0.5 wt.% reinforced graphene in the Al 2195 matrix, a material poised to revolutionize the aerospace industry. Objectives include developing a digital twin of the fuel tank, CAD modeling to aerospace standards, and conducting ANSYS simulations under launch conditions to evaluate stress, strain, and deformation. Numerical results reveal a significant weight reduction of approximately 19,420 kg and a notable maximum stress reduction of 1.3% compared to traditional Al 2195 alloy tanks. The novelty of this research lies in its pioneering analysis of aluminium/lithium–graphene composites for lightweighting in cryogenic fuel tanks under space launch conditions. Conclusions affirm the composite’s viability, advocating for the development of lighter yet robust aerospace structures and fostering innovation in spacecraft design and materials science.
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Shear Bond Strength of Composite Materials to Dentin
Authors: Mohenski Dora , Vrebac Mihaela , Sever Eva Klarić , Grego Timor , Goršeta Kristina , Ivanišević Ana
Published: July 2024

Ionizing radiation in therapeutic doses alters the composition and properties of dentin and resin composites. This may influence the adhesion of restorative materials to irradiated dentin and compromise the success of the restorative treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ionizing radiation on the shear bond strength (SBS) of bulk-fill composite materials to dentin. Coronal dentin slabs (N = 90) were embedded in acrylate and randomly assigned to six groups (N = 15) depending on the time of radiation (70 Gy) and material (SDR Plus Bulk Fill Flowable and Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill (TET)): (1) control group (CG) SDR; (2) CG TET; (3) radiation + SDR; (4) radiation + TET; (5) SDR + radiation; and (6) TET + radiation. Composite cylinders were bonded to the dentin slabs using Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive. The specimens were stored in distilled water and fractured in shear mode after 7 weeks. Radiation before and after restoration resulted in an SBS decrease. The SBS was statistically significantly lower in groups 5 and 6 (p < 0.05). The difference between the bulk-fill composites was not significant (p > 0.05). In the CGs, adhesive fractures prevailed. In groups 3 and 4, cohesive fractures in the dentin were more frequent, and in groups 5 and 6, cohesive fractures in the material. Radiotherapy affects the SBS of bulk-fill composites to dentin. Immediate radiation after restoration resulted in the lowest SBS in both bulk-fill composite materials.
Estimation of Significant Wave Height Using Wave-Radar Images
Authors: Lee Jae-Hoon , Nam Yoon-Seo , Lee Jaehak , Liu Yuming , Kim Yonghwan
Published: July 2024

Characteristics of random ocean waves have been measured by different devices, and X-band marine radar is one of the typical devices. This study proposes an enhanced methodology for estimating the significant wave height of ocean waves through the analysis of X-band radar images, particularly leveraging the shadowing characteristics inherent within radar images. The enhancement of the shadowing-based algorithm is achieved by incorporating three different key physical properties of ocean waves. These include the spatial autocorrelation function (SACF) in the Smith function, the orthogonal property of mean surface slopes, and the relationship of high-order spectral moments. The enhanced algorithm is complementarily integrated with fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based spectral analysis, facilitating the determination of significant wave height without the necessity for supplementary reference measurements. Numerical tests have been conducted using synthetic and real radar images corresponding to various sea states to validate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate that the proposed techniques consistently improve the estimation accuracy of significant wave heights for both synthetic and real radar images. Even though the measured real radar images used for validation are not exhaustive in terms of the amount of dataset and range of sea state severity, considering that the proposed technique is in its early development stage, it is inspiring that its effectiveness and physical validity have been demonstrated through the present study.
Sub-Nappe Air Cavity Pressure and Cavity Water Depth during Caisson Breakwater Overtopping by a Tsunami
Authors: Kim Taeksang , Malherbe Julien Noé , Shimpalee Sirawit , Bricker Jeremy David
Published: July 2024

The design of coastal and hydraulic structures must account for extreme conditions, such as wave overtopping, and consider variables that may not be relevant under normal circumstances to ensure safety. This research investigates the characteristics of air cavity pressure and cavity water depth beside an overflowed vertical caisson breakwater, focusing on the influence of flow conditions and hydraulic parameters for a slowly varying, surging-type tsunami. A physical model was used to conduct controlled experiments, enabling the study to explore various scenarios, including subcritical and supercritical downstream flows with varying downstream flume outlet heights and different upstream water depths. Dimensionless equations for air cavity pressure and cavity water depth were derived through multivariate regression analysis, providing a systematic approach to analyze their behaviors under different flow conditions. The results show that air cavity pressure is significantly influenced by the presence of air in the cavity, with a transition from fully ventilated to partially or non-ventilated conditions as the upstream water depth increases. Cavity water depth is observed to be deeper in the non-ventilated case, aligning with previous studies. The derived dimensionless equations demonstrate strong correlations, offering valuable tools for predicting air cavity pressure and cavity water depth under various scenarios, contributing to the design and analysis of hydraulic structures. This study provides insights into wave-structure interactions, extreme wave loads, and the dynamic responses of coastal infrastructures under wave-induced conditions. Overall, this research advances our understanding of air cavity pressure and cavity water depth behaviors, providing essential data for optimizing the design, performance, and safety of hydraulic and marine structures in response to complex ocean wave loads.
The Role of the Mother in Lithuanian Heritage Language Maintenance
Authors: Ramonienė Meilutė , Ramonaitė Jogilė Teresa
Published: July 2024

The paper explores the pivotal role of mothers in maintaining the Lithuanian language within the Lithuanian diaspora, drawing upon Spolsky’s family language policy theory and Curdt-Christiansen’s dynamic family language policy model. Analyzing data collected in 2011–2013 and 2015–2017, the study investigates various factors shaping family language policy, with a particular focus on the mother’s influence. It examines the interplay between the mother’s role, emigrants’ language ideology, Lithuanian identity, language acquisition, proficiency, and language usage across different domains and emotional dimension of language attitudes. Quantitative analysis, considering respondents’ parents’ ethnicities, reveals that respondents with Lithuanian mothers exhibit stronger connections to Lithuanian identity, more frequent acquisition of Lithuanian as their first language, higher proficiency, and increased usage of Lithuanian within the family and as an inner language. Moreover, positive language attitudes towards the heritage Lithuanian language are more pronounced among those with Lithuanian mothers. However, emotional attitudes towards language did not significantly differ based on parental ethnicity. The paper concludes by discussing the heightened responsibility of mothers in language maintenance within the diaspora and the challenges they face in fulfilling this role.
Towards Green Transportation Practices Using a Buyer/Supplier Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Bilek Gisèle Mendy , Calvi Richard , Erhel Daniel , Mechouar Youcef
Published: July 2024

Background: The role of individual supply chain actors in carbon emissions reduction (CER) is well-documented. However, it is critical to identify the conditions required to develop a systemic approach for encouraging these actors to share their visions and align their environmental strategy for CER. This study aims to identify the determinants (motivations, pressures, and incentives) and modalities (practices conducting greening transportation from shippers and logistics service providers (LSP) point of view) necessary for a better environmental alignment between actors for a CER initiative. Methods: We base our argument on a systemic literature review that points out 28 articles written in the period between 2010 and 2023 and fully aligned with the scope of our analysis. Results: The originality of our approach is that we focus on the interplay between shippers and LSPs to better understand the dynamics of green transportation practices. Conclusions: This paper invites researchers to adopt a dyadic approach to the phenomenon in order to better understand how the CER willingness is effectively diffused in the business interactions of shippers and LSP.
Chemical Stability of High-Entropy Spinel in a High-Pressure Pure Hydrogen Atmosphere
Authors: Domaradzki Kamil , Adamczyk Anna , Pyzalski Michał , Brylewski Tomasz , Nowak Marek , Jurczyk Mieczysław
Published: July 2024

This paper focuses on high-entropy spinels, which represent a rapidly growing group of materials with physicochemical properties that make them suitable for hydrogen energy applications. The influence of high-pressure pure hydrogen on the chemical stability of three high-entropy oxide (HEO) sinter samples with a spinel structure was investigated. Multicomponent HEO samples were obtained via mechanochemical synthesis (MS) combined with high-temperature thermal treatment. Performing the free sintering procedure on powders after MS at 1000 °C for 3 h in air enabled achieving single-phase (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mg0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)3O4 and (Cu0.2Fe0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Ti0.2)3O4 powders with a spinel structure, and in the case of (Cu0.2Fe0.2Mg0.2Ti0.2Zn0.2)3O4, a spinel phase in the amount of 95 wt.% was achieved. A decrease in spinel phase crystallite size and an increase in lattice strains were established in the synthesized spinel powders. The hydrogenation of the synthesized samples in a high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere was investigated using Sievert’s technique. The results of XRD, SEM, and EDS investigations clearly showed that pure hydrogen at temperatures of up to 250 °C and a pressure of up to 40 bar did not significantly impact the structure and microstructure of the (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mg0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)3O4 ceramic, which demonstrates its potential for application in hydrogen technologies.
Modeling Interface Damage with Random Interface Strength on Asphalt Concrete Impervious Facings
Authors: Peng Hui , Qian Nanxuan , Yin Desheng , Luo Wei
Published: July 2024

Asphalt concrete impervious facings, widely adopted as the impervious structures for rockfill dams and upper reservoirs in pumped storage power stations, typically have a multilayer structure with a thin sealing layer, a thick impervious layer, and a thick leveling bonding layer. The properties of the interfaces between these layers are crucial for the overall performance of the facings. This paper develops a model to investigate the complex interface damage behavior of the facing under static water pressure and gravity. The model considers two damage origins: one is the interface adhesion–decohesion damage, which is described by the cohesive zone model (CZM) combined with the Weibull-type random interface strength distribution, and the other is the bulk damage of each layer, described by Mazars’ model. Primarily, a comparison between numerical simulation and indoor direct shear tests validates the reliability of the CZM for the asphalt concrete layer interface. Then, the damage distribution of the two interfaces is simulated, and the characteristics of the interface stress are analyzed in detail. The interface shear stresses of the ogee sections, which have different curvatures, all show an interesting oscillation between the thin sealing layer and the impervious layer, and the interface damage at this interface exhibits high heterogeneity. Furthermore, tension stress exists in the local zones of the ogee section, and the damage in this section is significantly greater than in other parts of the facings.
The Rejuvenation Effect of Bio-Oils on Long-Term Aged Asphalt
Authors: Wang Jintao , Xu Shi , Zhu Sifan , Tian Qin , Yang Xinkui , Pipintakos Georgios , Ren Shisong , Wu Shaopeng
Published: July 2024

Generally, rejuvenators are used to supply missing components of aged asphalt, reverse the aging process, and are widely used in asphalt maintenance and recycling. However, compared with traditional rejuvenators, bio-oil rejuvenators are environmentally friendly, economical and efficient. This study looks into the effect of the three different bio-oils, namely sunflower oil, soybean oil, and palm oil, on the physical properties, rheological properties and chemical components of aged asphalt at different dosages. The asphalt physical properties and Dynamic Shear Rheological (DSR) test results show that with the increase in bio-oil, the physical properties and rheological properties of rejuvenated asphalt are close to those of virgin asphalt, but the high-temperature rutting resistance needs to be further improved. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) show that the carbonyl and sulfoxide indices of rejuvenated asphalt are much lower than those of aged asphalt. Moreover, the rejuvenation efficiency of aged asphalt mixed with sunflower oil is better than that with soybean oil and palm oil at the same dosage.
Designed Growth of Covalently Bonded WO3/PEDOT Hybrid Nanorods Array with Enhanced Electrochromic Performance
Authors: Zhang Qing , Cao Yinhuan , Chen Chuansheng , Zhang Xueru
Published: July 2024

A covalently bonded WO3/PEDOT hybrid nanorods array has been prepared through solvothermal, oil bath, and electrochemical deposition methods using KH57 as a coupling agent. The obtained WO3/PEDOT shows substantially increased electrochromic performance with an increased response speed (3.4 s for coloring and 1.2 s for bleaching), excellent optical modulation (86.7% at 633 nm), high coloration efficiency (122.0 cm2/C at 633 nm), and distinguished cyclic stability. It was found that the covalent bond interaction between WO3 and PEDOT plays an essential role in property enhancement. The covalently bonded inorganic/organic hybrid nanorods array may promise great potential in developing smart-display and energy-efficient materials and devices featuring low energy consumption, cost effectiveness, and environmental protection.
Design and Dynamic In Vivo Validation of a Multi-Channel Stretchable Liquid Metal Coil Array
Authors: Motovilova Elizaveta , Ching Terry , Vincent Jana , Tan Ek Tsoon , Taracila Victor , Robb Fraser , Hashimoto Michinao , Sneag Darryl B. , Winkler Simone Angela
Published: July 2024

Recent developments in the field of radiofrequency (RF) coils for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer flexible and patient-friendly solutions. Previously, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept single-element stretchable coil design based on liquid metal and a self-tuning smart geometry. In this work, we numerically analyze and experimentally study a multi-channel stretchable coil array and demonstrate its application in dynamic knee imaging. We also compare our flexible coil array to a commonly used commercial rigid coil array. Our numerical analysis shows that the proposed coil array maintains its resonance frequency (<1% variation) and sensitivity (<6%) at various stretching configurations from 0% to 30%. We experimentally demonstrate that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the acquired MRI images is improved by up to four times with the stretchable coil array due to its conformal and therefore tight-fitting nature. This stretchable array allows for dynamic knee imaging at different flexion angles, infeasible with traditional, rigid coil arrays. These findings are significant as they address the limitations of current rigid coil technology, offering a solution that enhances patient comfort and image quality, particularly in applications requiring dynamic imaging.
Doping Engineering in Manganese Oxides for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ji Fanjie , Yu Jiamin , Hou Sen , Hu Jinzhao , Li Shaohui
Published: July 2024

Manganese oxides (MnxOy) are considered a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity, various oxidation states and crystal phases, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, their practical application is limited by their intrinsic poor conductivity, structural deterioration, and manganese dissolution resulting from Jahn–Teller distortion. To address these problems, doping engineering is thought to be a favorable modification strategy to optimize the structure, chemistry, and composition of the material and boost the electrochemical performance. In this review, the latest progress on doped MnxOy-based cathodes for AZIBs has been systematically summarized. The contents of this review are as follows: (1) the classification of MnxOy-based cathodes; (2) the energy storage mechanisms of MnxOy-based cathodes; (3) the synthesis route and role of doping engineering in MnxOy-based cathodes; and (4) the doped MnxOy-based cathodes for AZIBs. Finally, the development trends of MnxOy-based cathodes and AZIBs are described.