bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NaV3O8 Nanoplates as a Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Cathode with Superior Rate Capability and Cycle Stability
Authors: Cao Liufei , Chen Liang , Huang Zheng , Kuang Yafei , Zhou Haihui , Chen Zhongxue
Published: September 2015

NaV3O8 nanoplates with a thickness of approximately 50–200 nm, a length of 1–3 μm, and a width of 0.2–1 μm have been fabricated by using an in situ template method. When used as a cathode material for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), the as‐synthesized NaV3O8 nanoplates delivered a high reversible capacity of 230 mAh g−1, with a capacity retention of 93.4 % for up to 200 cycles. Furthermore, about 50 % of its regular capacity can be retained even at a high current density of 6.4 A g−1 (ca. 21.3 C). The superior electrochemical performances are attributed to the fast lithium‐ion diffusion kinetics and good structural stability. The excellent Li‐storage properties, including high capacity, superior high‐rate performance, and long cycle life, demonstrate that NaV3O8 nanoplates can serve as a potential candidate for the cathode materials of Li‐ion batteries.
Z‐Selective Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Alkyne Semihydrogenation with Tethered Cu–Alkoxide Complexes
Authors: Pape Felix , Thiel Niklas O. , Teichert Johannes F.
Published: September 2015

A highly stereoselective alkyne semihydrogenation with copper(I) complexes is reported. Copper–N‐heterocyclic carbene complex catalysts, bearing an intramolecular CuO bond, allow for the direct transfer of both hydrogen atoms from dihydrogen to the alkyne. The corresponding alkenes can be isolated with high Z selectivity and negligible overreduction to the alkane.
Olefin Polymerization Catalyzed by Double‐Decker Dipalladium Complexes: Low Branched Poly(α‐Olefin)s by Selective Insertion of the Monomer Molecule
Authors: Takano Shigenaga , Takeuchi Daisuke , Osakada Kohtaro
Published: September 2015

Dipalladium complexes of a cyclic bis(diimine) ligand with a double‐decker structure catalyze polymerization of ethylene and α‐olefins and copolymerization of ethylene with 1‐hexene. The polymerization of 1‐hexene yields a polymer that is mainly composed of the hexamethylene unit formed by 2,1‐insertion of the monomer into the palladium–carbon bond, followed by chain‐walking (6,1‐insertion). The polymerization of 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene proceeds by 2,1‐insertion with a selectivity of 92–97 %, and affords the polymer with methyl and 2‐methylhexyl branches. 2,1‐Insertion occurs selectively in all of the polymerization reactions of α‐olefins catalyzed by the dipalladium complexes. Ethylene polymerization with the catalyst at 100 °C lasts over 24 h, whereas the monopalladium–diimine catalyst loses its activity within 8 h at 60 °C. Polyethylene obtained by the dipalladium catalyst is less‐branched and has a higher molecular weight compared to that of the monopalladium catalyst under the same conditions. Copolymerization of ethylene with 1‐hexene affords solid products with melting points and molecular weights that vary depending on the polymerization time, suggesting formation of a block and/or gradient copolymer.
Evaluation of Anisole‐Substituted Boron Difluoride Formazanate Complexes for Fluorescence Cell Imaging
Authors: Maar Ryan R. , Barbon Stephanie M. , Sharma Neha , Groom Hilary , Luyt Leonard G. , Gilroy Joe B.
Published: September 2015

Evaluation of three subclasses of boron difluoride formazanate complexes bearing o‐, m‐, and p‐anisole N‐aryl substituents (Ar) as readily accessible alternatives to boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes for cell imaging applications is described. While the wavelengths of maximum absorption (λmax) and emission (λem) observed for each subclass of complexes, which differed by their carbon‐bound substituents (R), were similar, the emission quantum yields for 7 a–c (R=cyano) were enhanced relative to 8 a–c (R=nitro) and 9 a–c (R=phenyl). Complexes 7 a–c and 8 a–c were also significantly easier to reduce electrochemically to their radical anion and dianion forms compared to 9 a–c. Within each subclass, the o‐substituted derivatives were more difficult to reduce, had shorter λmax and λem, and lower emission quantum yields than the p‐substituted analogues as a result of sterically driven twisting of the N‐aryl substituents and a decrease in the degree of π‐conjugation. The m‐substituted complexes were the least difficult to reduce and possessed intermediate λmax, λem, and quantum yields. The complexes studied also exhibited large Stokes shifts (82–152 nm, 2143–5483 cm−1). Finally, the utility of complex 7 c (Ar=p‐anisole, R=cyano), which can be prepared for just a few dollars per gram, for fluorescence cell imaging was demonstrated. The use of 7 c and 4′,6‐diamino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) allowed for simultaneous imaging of the cytoplasm and nucleus of mouse fibroblast cells.
Electronic Structure Insights into the Solvation of Magnesium Ions with Cyclic and Acyclic Carbonates
Authors: Shakourian‐Fard Mehdi , Kamath Ganesh , Sankaranarayanan Subramanian K. R. S.
Published: September 2015

A computational framework to rank the solvation behavior of Mg2+in carbonates by using molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory is reported. Based on the binding energies and enthalpies of solvation calculated at the M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory and the free energies of solvation from ABF‐MD simulations, we find that ethylene carbonate (EC) and the ethylene carbonate:propylene carbonate (EC:PC) binary mixture are the best carbonate solvents for interacting with Mg2+. Natural bond orbital and quantum theory of atoms in molecules analyses support the thermochemistry calculations with the highest values of charge transfer, perturbative stabilization energies, electron densities, and Wiberg bond indices being observed in the Mg2+(EC) and Mg2+(EC:PC) complexes. The plots of the noncovalent interactions indicate that those responsible for the formation of Mg2+carbonate complexes are strong‐to‐weak attractive interactions, depending on the regions that are interacting. Finally, density of state calculations indicate that the interactions between Mg2+and the carbonate solvents affects the HOMO and LUMO states of all carbonate solvents and moves them to more negative energy values.
A DFT Study of the Reactivity of Anatase TiO2 and Tetragonal ZrO2 Stepped Surfaces Compared to the Regular (101) Terraces
Authors: Tosoni Sergio , Chen Hsin‐Yi Tiffany , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: September 2015

It is generally assumed that low‐coordinated sites at extended defects of oxide surfaces like steps or edges are more reactive than the regular, fully coordinated sites at the flat terraces. In this work we have considered the properties of stepped surfaces of anatase TiO2 and tetragonal ZrO2 by means of periodic DFT+U calculations. For both oxides, the stability of oxygen vacancies located near the step edges is compared to that of the same defects at the regular terraces. The capability of the steps to induce nucleation of metal nanoparticles on the surface has been evaluated by simulating the adsorption of a single ruthenium adatom. We conclude that, for anatase, step edges have no particular role in favouring the reduction of the oxide by reducing the cost for oxygen abstraction; in the same way, there is no special role of the stepped anatase surface in stabilizing adsorbed Ru atoms. On the contrary, step edges on zirconia display some capability to stabilise oxygen vacancies and ruthenium adatoms.
Mechanism of the Cyclo‐Oligomerisation of C2H2 on Anatase TiO2 (101) and (001) Surfaces and Their Reduction: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Yi Tiffany , Livraghi Stefano , Giamello Elio , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: September 2015

Dehydroxylated, hydroxylated and hydrated anatase TiO2 samples have been exposed to acetylene at room temperature. The interaction leads to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and is accompanied by the appearance of Ti3+ ions, as shown by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. Fully or partly dehydroxylated samples show higher reactivity, whereas the hydrated samples are chemically inert. The experimental results point towards a crucial role of the more reactive (001) facets of anatase nanoparticles. Density functional theory calculations show that acetylene physisorbs on the anatase (101) surface without activation of the C−H bond. The reduced (101) surface (O vacancies) leads to acetylene activation but not to dissociative adsorption. In contrast, the dehydroxylated (001) anatase surface is very active and leads to the spontaneous splitting of the C−H bond with formation of Ti−C2H and OH groups. This is followed by subsequent additions of C2H2 molecules with formation of PAHs. During the dissociation of C2H2, radical species do not form and electrons are not transferred to the surface because direct Ti−C covalent bonds form on the surface. However, the ring closure in the formation of the aromatic compounds leaves behind hydrogen atoms that donate their valence electrons to the oxide. This results in the appearance of EPR‐active Ti3+ centres.
Preparation, characterization and in vitro assessment of ibuprofen loaded calcium phosphate/gypsum bone cements
Authors: Alexopoulou Maria , Mystiridou Emmanouela , Mouzakis Dionysios , Zaoutsos Stefanos , Fatouros Dimitrios G. , Bouropoulos Nikolaos
Published: September 2015

In the present study, pure and mixed calcium phosphate/gypsum cements were prepared and characterized. Chara‐cterizations were performed using X‐ray diffraction FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Furthermore, the mechanical proper‐ties of the materials were studied and it was found that they depend with the gypsum content. Bioactivity tests after incubation in 2xSBF solution revealed dense apatite structure on the samples containing α‐tricalcium phosphate while the pure gypsum specimens showed sparse distributed tiny apatite crystals. Finally, 1% and 2% wt of the anti‐inflammatory drug ibuprofen incorporated into the cement paste and the release behaviour of the drug was stu‐died for 18 days in PBS solution. The results showed marked differences in the release profiles of ibuprofen for the different formulations. Complete release of the drug was noticed in the case of pure calcium phosphate cements within 18 days whereas ca. 35–40% of the drug was released from its congeners containing gypsum at the same timescale.
A dissociation between recognition and reactivation: The renewal effect at 3 months of age
Authors: Cuevas Kimberly , Learmonth Amy E. , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn
Published: September 2015

Extinction allows organisms to adapt to an ever‐changing environment. Despite its theoretical and applied significance, extinction has never been systematically studied with human infants. Using the operant mobile task, we examined whether 3‐month‐olds would exhibit evidence of original learning following extinction. In a recognition paradigm, infants exhibited renewal when tested in the acquisition context (ABA renewal) or a neutral context (ABC and AAB renewal) 1 day following extinction (Experiment 1a) and spontaneous recovery 3 days following extinction (Experiment 1b). In Experiments 2a–2b, we used a reminder paradigm to examine whether the extinguished response could be reinstated after the operant response had been forgotten. We failed, however, to find reinstatement of extinguished responding after spontaneous forgetting, regardless of the reminder and test contexts. We attributed this retention failure to competing responses at test. Although extinguished responding is recovered during infancy, this effect is elusive after the response has been forgotten. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 159–175, 2016.
Disordered eating and insulin restriction in youths receiving intensified insulin treatment: Results from a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Bächle Christina , Stahl‐Pehe Anna , Rosenbauer Joachim
Published: September 2015

Objective

This Germany‐wide population‐based study sought to estimate the prevalence of disordered eating and insulin restriction (IR) among 819 youths aged 11–21 years with early‐onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and a disease duration of at least 10 years.

Methods

All respondents answered the five‐item SCOFF screening questionnaire for eating disorders (EDs) and reported on the frequency of IR and clinical outcomes. Screening for disordered eating was positive when more than two SCOFF items were answered affirmatively. Frequent IR was defined as IR occurring more than five times per week.

Results

A total of 28.2%/9.2% of the female/male patients were SCOFF‐positive without IR and 4.2%/5.3% reported frequent IR but were SCOFF‐negative; 2.7%/1.9% screened positive for both disordered eating and IR. Patients with disordered eating, frequent IR, or both showed significantly worse glycemic control and partly more inpatient‐treated diabetic ketoacidoses than patients who screened negative.

Discussion

Approximately one in three female and one in six male patients with early‐onset long‐duration T1D reported disordered eating and/or frequent IR. Because of their association with worse outcomes, both disordered eating and IR should be considered in T1D care irrespective of sex, age at onset, and diabetes duration. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:191–196)
From a Germylene to an “Inorganic Adamantane”: [{Ge4(μ‐O)2(μ‐OH)4}{W(CO)5}4]·4THF
Authors: Kitschke Philipp , Mertens Lutz , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Auer Alexander A. , Mehring Michael
Published: September 2015

Germanium(II) (2‐methoxyphenyl)methoxide (1) and [W(CO)5(thf)] gave rise reproducibly (79 % yield) to a new, uncharged transition‐metal complex of a germanium(II) hydroxido oxido cluster – [{Ge4(μ‐O)2(μ‐OH)4}{W(CO)5}4]·4THF (2·4THF) – as a product of hydrolysis. The germylene 1 is monomeric in solution at ambient temperature but forms dimers in solution at low temperatures and in the solid state. Dimerization of compound 1 was studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and with the aid of DFT‐D calculations. The tetranuclear cluster 2 shows an adamantane‐like core structure with coordination of tungsten pentacarbonyl to germanium(II) in the solid state as well as in solution. Characterization of both compounds, including by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, by 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and through thermal analyses, is presented.
Effects of trustors' social identity complexity on interpersonal and intergroup trust
Authors: Xin Sufei , Xin Ziqiang , Lin Chongde
Published: September 2015

Although previous literature has revealed the effect of a single social identity on trust, only few studies have examined how multiple social identities affect trust in others. The present research examined the effects of trustors' social identity complexity on their level of trust toward another person (interpersonal trust), outgroup members (outgroup trust), and ingroup members (ingroup trust). Study 1, which was a correlational study, indicated that trustors' social identity complexity was positively related to their interpersonal and outgroup trust. Three experimental studies were performed to identify causal relationships. Study 2 found that activating trustors' high social identity complexity produced high levels of interpersonal trust, and Studies 3 and 4 found that this effect was more pronounced when the trustee was an outgroup member (outgroup trust) rather than an ingroup member (ingroup trust). The implications of these results for social harmony are discussed.
Structural identification with incomplete output‐only data and independence of measured information for shear‐type systems
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Suparno , Luş Hilmi , Betti Raimondo
Published: September 2015

Structural identification is the inverse problem of estimating physical parameters of a structural system from its vibration response measurements. Incomplete instrumentation and ambient vibration testing generally result in incomplete and arbitrarily normalized measured modal information, often leading to an ill‐conditioned inverse problem and non‐unique identification results. The identifiability of any parameter set of interest depends on the amount of independent available information. In this paper, we consider the identifiability of the mass and stiffness parameters of shear‐type systems in output‐only situations with incomplete instrumentation. A mode shape expansion‐cum‐mass normalization approach is presented to obtain the complete mass normalized mode shape matrix, starting from the incomplete non‐normalized modes identified using any operational modal analysis technique. An analysis is presented to determine the minimum independent information carried by any given sensor set‐up. This is used to determine the minimum necessary number and location of sensors from the point of view of minimum necessary information for identification. The different theoretical discussions are illustrated using numerical simulations and shake table experiments. It is shown that the proposed identification algorithm is able to obtain reliably accurate physical parameter estimates under the constraints of minimal instrumentation, minimal a priori information, and unmeasured input. The sensor placement rules can be used in experiment design to determine the necessary number and location of sensors on the monitored system. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of poly‐γ‐glutamic acid production by alkaline pH stress treatment in Bacillus licheniformisWX‐02
Authors: Wang Jia , Yuan Honglun , Wei Xuetuan , Chen Jiangang , Chen Shouwen
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

The effects of alkaline stress on γ‐PGA biosynthesis and the mechanism involved have not been investigated in glutamate‐free medium.

RESULTS

Effects of alkaline pH stress on the yield and molecular weight of γ‐PGA were investigated in a 50 L bioreactor, and transcriptional levels of relevant genes were measured to explain the mechanism. After alkaline stress treatment, the maximum γ‐PGA yield reached 36.26 g L−1, increased by 79% compared with the control. The transcription levels of γ‐PGA synthetase genes pgsB and pgsC, as well as their closely related regulation factors degU and swrA, were improved 18.9‐fold, 31.2‐fold, 3.0‐fold and 6.3‐fold, respectively. Moreover, transcriptional analysis showed that alkaline stress enhanced the biosynthesis of γ‐PGA precursor (glutamic acid) and reduced the formation of byproducts (acetoin and 2,3‐butanediol), which contributed to the improved production of γ‐PGA. In addition, alkaline stress reduced the γ‐PGA molecular weight, which might be due to the enhanced expression of γ‐PGA hydrolase PgdS.

CONCLUSION

The alkaline stress‐mediated strategy was developed to regulate the yield and molecular weight of γ‐PGA in the glutamate‐free medium, and the mechanism involved was explained through transcriptional analysis. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of accuracy and reproducibility of a relocatable maxillary fixation system for fractionated intracranial stereotactic radiation therapy
Authors: Russo Majella , Owen Rebecca , Bernard Anne , Moutrie Vaughan , Foote Matthew
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Accurate localisation is an essential component for the delivery of intracranial stereotactic treatment. For fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy, we compared the daily localisation accuracy of a standard thermoplastic mask with a new maxillary fixation device (MFD).

Methods

Daily pre‐treatment kV cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 23 patients (12 localised in the MFD and 11 in the mask) with benign skull‐based lesions were reviewed retrospectively. The set up accuracy was measured in 6° of freedom, to ascertain both individual and population random and systematic errors. The appropriate clinical target volume to planning target volume margin was computed from set up error data.

Results

A total of 682 CBCT scans were evaluated. Systematic (Σ) and random (σ) population errors were Σ = 0.8 mm, 0.2 mm and 0.2 mm and σ = 0.3 mm, 0.3 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively, for the standard mask in the left/right (LR), superior/inferior (SI), and anterior/posterior (AP) translational planes, and Σ = 0.2 mm, 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm and σ = 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively, for the MFD. There was a reduction in rotation errors in the MFD compared to the mask. Margin calculations suggested an isotropic margin could be safely reduced to 2 mm for the MFD.

Conclusion

The two devices demonstrate similar daily positional accuracy for fractionated stereotactic treatment of intracranial lesions. Combined with daily image guidance and couch correction, either of these devices is a viable frameless option for fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy.
Minimally invasive gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma in the United States: Utilization and short‐term oncologic outcomes
Authors: Ecker Brett L. , Datta Jashodeep , McMillan Matthew T. , Poe Sarah‐Lucy C. , Drebin Jeffrey A. , Fraker Douglas L. , Dempsey Daniel T. , Karakousis Giorgos C. , Roses Robert E.
Published: September 2015

Background and Objectives

When performed at select centers, minimally invasive gastrectomy (MIG) for gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with reduced perioperative morbidity, and similar oncologic outcomes as compared to open gastrectomy (OG). Utilization of, and outcomes associated with, MIG in the United States have not been characterized.

Methods

The National Cancer Database (2010–2011) was queried for AJCC pStage IB‐IIIC patients who underwent curative‐intent OG (n = 2,303) or MIG (n = 331). Multivariable models identified factors associated with MIG utilization, R0 resection rates, and adequate lymph node staging (LNS).

Results

MIG was more frequently utilized for T1/T2 (P < 0.001), N0 (P = 0.022), and stage IB (P = 0.001) tumors. MIG was associated with shorter hospital stay (P < 0.001), equivalent lymph node examination (P = 0.337) and superior rates of R0 resection (P = 0.011) compared with OG. In patients undergoing MIG, R0 resection was associated with performance of near‐total/total gastrectomy (OR 3.90, 95%CI 1.10–13.9) and tumors < 5 cm (OR 2.78, 95%CI 1.07–7.26). Adequate LNS was associated with surgery at academic (OR 1.99, 95%CI 1.19–3.32) or high‐volume facilities (OR 2.97, 95%CI 1.59–5.54), tumor size ≥ 5 cm (OR 1.85, 95%CI 1.10–3.11), and node positivity (OR 1.75, 95%CI 1.04–2.93).

Conclusions

MIG is selectively utilized in cases with favorable tumor characteristics. In such cases, short‐term oncologic outcomes are equivalent to those achieved with OG. Worse oncologic outcomes in specific subgroups underscore opportunities for quality improvement. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:616–621. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oscillating grid mesocosm for studying oxygen dynamics under controlled unsteady turbulence
Authors: Lucas Sabrina , Moulin Frédéric , Guizien Katell
Published: September 2015

In shallow environments, common unsteady flows, such as tides, waves or wind‐driven currents modulate the diffusive boundary layer thickness that controls the exchange of electron acceptors for mineralization and oxidation processes in surficial sediment. This study demonstrated the ability of an oscillating grid mesocosm to (1) produce homogenous turbulence at the sediment‐water interface of multiple sediment cores (between‐core variability < within core variability; 16% on average); (2) simulate diffusive boundary layer thickness dynamics on different timescales by easy control of turbulence intensity and (3) study transient oxygen dynamics of organic matter mineralization under varying turbulent conditions. The relationship between turbulence intensity and oxygen diffusive boundary layer thickness, and oxygen penetration depth in the sediment was investigated with different organic matter enrichments and sediment permeability. Oxygen diffusive boundary layer thickness decreased linearly asURMSincreased. Oxygen penetration depth increased with turbulence intensity, and converging to an upper limit with a larger value for low (3.28 mm ± 5.8%) than for high (1.77 mm ± 11.8%) organic matter content in muddy sediment. In sandy sediment, advective flows and resuspension led to a continuous increase of oxygen penetration depth with turbulence intensity, up to 13.2 mm ± 19% for turbulent velocities of 9.6 cm s−1. This mesocosm device will enable the experimental study of microbial dynamics under transient oxygen dynamics, to improve early diagenesis modeling under unsteady flows.
Economic evaluation of a falls prevention exercise program among people With Parkinson's disease
Authors: Farag Inez , Sherrington Catherine , Hayes Alison , Canning Colleen G. , Lord Stephen R. , Close Jacqueline C.T. , Fung Victor S.C. , Howard Kirsten
Published: September 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the cost‐effectiveness of a 6‐month minimally supervised exercise program for people with PD.

Methods

An economic analysis was conducted alongside a randomized, controlled trial in which 231 people age 40 years and over with PD were randomized into a usual care control group or an exercise group. Cost‐effectiveness was estimated using incremental cost per fall prevented (using falls calendars) as the primary analysis and cost per extra person avoiding mobility deterioration (defined as an improvement or no change in the 12‐point Short Physical Performance Battery Score between baseline and 6 month). A cost‐utility analysis using the Short Form‐6D was also performed. Uncertainty was represented using cost‐effectiveness scatter plots and acceptability curves. Planned subgroup analyses for the low‐disease‐severity group were also undertaken.

Results

All results are reported in Australian dollars ($A). The average cost of the intervention was $A1,010 per participant. Incremental cost‐effectiveness of the program relative to usual care was $A574 per fall prevented, $A9,570 per extra person avoiding mobility deterioration, and $A338,800 per quality‐adjusted life year gained. The intervention had an 80% probability of being cost‐effective, relative to the control, at a threshold of $A2,000 per fall prevented. Subgroup analyses for the low‐disease‐severity group indicate the program to be dominant, that is, less costly and more effective than usual care for all health outcomes.

Conclusion

The exercise intervention appeared cost‐effective with regard to fall prevention in the whole sample and cost saving in the low disease severity group, when compared with usual care. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Space‐time spectral method for two‐dimensional semilinear parabolic equations
Authors: Liu Wenjie , Sun Jiebao , Wu Boying
Published: September 2015

In this paper, a high‐order accurate numerical method for two‐dimensional semilinear parabolic equations is presented. We apply a Galerkin–Legendre spectral method for discretizing spatial derivatives and a spectral collocation method for the time integration of the resulting nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations. Our formulation can be made arbitrarily high‐order accurate in both space and time. Optimal a priori error bound is derived in the L2‐norm for the semidiscrete formulation. Extensive numerical results are presented to demonstrate the convergence property of the method, show our formulation have spectrally accurate in both space and time. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer Encapsulation of Single Clay Platelets by Emulsion Polymerization Approaches, Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Factors
Authors: van Herk Alexander M.
Published: September 2015

Polymer encapsulation of clay platelets through (mini)emulsion polymerization can be a versatile method to obtain hybrid nanoparticles with several important applications. However, to achieve actual encapsulation of the single clay platelets inside latex particles is relatively difficult. For single clay platelet encapsulation, complete exfoliation and colloidal stability needs to be achieved as well as kinetic and/or thermodynamic control mechanisms to locate and maintain the position of the single clay platelet on the inside of the latex particle. An overview of these mechanisms will be given and an overview of the most relevant attempts in this area will be discussed in retrospect in the context of a systematic mechanistic understanding.
First trimester placental volume and vascular indices in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia
Authors: Plasencia Walter , González‐Dávila Enrique , González Lorenzo Alejandra , Armas‐González Marina , Padrón Erika , González‐González Nieves L.
Published: September 2015

Objective

To analyze placental volume and vascularization at first trimester in women with pre‐eclampsia, and secondarily, the effect of maternal characteristics on placental development and perinatal outcomes.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study including women seen between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy. Biophysical and biochemical markers included in the screening program for aneuploidy were recorded. Placental volume and vascularization indices were obtained using three‐dimensional power‐Doppler imaging and Virtual Organ Computer‐aided Analysis (VOCAL) techniques.

Results

We compared 84 women with pre‐eclampsia versus 904 non‐affected. Placental volume and all vascular indices were lower in those with pre‐eclampsia. Multivariate analysis showed that parity and maternal weight had a significant effect on placental volume and vascularization indices (p = 0.004 and p = 0.011). In women with pre‐eclampsia, multiparity showed a negative effect on placental volume, gestational age, birth weight and Apgar test score. By contrast, in the non‐affected group, multiparity had a protective effect. Low maternal weight had a significantly worse effect on placental vascularization and perinatal outcomes in women with pre‐eclampsia.

Conclusions

Women with pre‐eclampsia showed significantly lower placental volume and vascularization indices at first trimester. Multiparity and low maternal weight independently exacerbated the negative effects of pre‐eclampsia on placental characteristics and perinatal outcomes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing Agglomeration of Ammonium Perchlorate Using Activated Charcoal
Authors: Ishitha Kumar , Ramakrishna P. A.
Published: September 2015

Ammonium perchlorate is the most widely employed oxidizer for composite solid propellants. When exposed to atmosphere, it absorbs moisture and agglomerates. It is usually vacuum dried in order to avoid this agglomeration. When ammonium perchlorate that has been exposed to atmosphere for a certain period of time, is used in making a composite solid propellant, the burning rate is different because of the change in particle size distribution due to its agglomeration. This change in burning rate will change the thrust‐time profile from that of what it is designed for. As one goes to a finer ammonium perchlorate particle size this problem becomes more evident. Experimental studies aimed at reducing the agglomeration of ammonium perchlorate by coating it with activated charcoal. Ammonium perchlorate coated with 1 % activated charcoal showed almost no agglomeration, even when the particle size of ammonium perchlorate is approx. 1 μm. The burning rates also remained unchanged when ammonium perchlorate coated with 1 % activated charcoal was employed in propellant composition, after it has been exposed to the atmosphere for a period of 1 h.
Constitutive overexpression of cytochrome P450 associated with imidacloprid resistance in Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)
Authors: Elzaki Mohammed Esmail Abdalla , Zhang Wanfang , Feng Ai , Qiou Xiaoyan , Zhao Wanxue , Han Zhaojun
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Imidacloprid is a principal insecticide for controlling rice planthoppers worldwide. Resistance to imidacloprid has been reported in a field population of Laodelphax striatellus. The present work was conducted to study the molecular mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance.

RESULTS

An imidacloprid‐resistant strain was produced by selecting a field population with imidacloprid for 24 generations. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) showed a 1.70‐fold synergistic effect. Enzyme activity assays were conducted, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase showed 1.88‐fold activity. The mRNA expression levels of 57 P450 genes were compared. Four CYP genes were found to be overexpressed and significantly different to the susceptible strain. Four strains were selected with imidacloprid for a short period, and the expression levels of ten identified detoxification genes were then compared. Only CYP353D1v2 overexpressed and was significantly different to the susceptible strain. Strong correlation was found between CYP353D1v2 expression levels and imidacloprid treatments. Additionally, gene‐silencing RNAi via dsRNA feeding showed that depressing the expression of CYP353D1v2 could significantly enhance the sensitivity of L. striatellus to imidacloprid.

CONCLUSION

Constitutive overexpression of four CYP genes was associated with imidacloprid resistance in long‐term selection, and expression of CYP353D1v2 with imidacloprid resistance in short‐term selection in L. striatellus. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Tropical moisture enriched storm tracks over the Mediterranean and their link with intense rainfall in the Cevennes‐Vivarais area during HyMeX
Authors: Chazette Patrick , Flamant Cyrille , Raut Jean‐Christophe , Totems Julien , Shang Xiaoxia
Published: September 2015

During the Intensive Observing Period 15b of the first Special Observation Period of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX), a variety of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) impacted the Cevennes‐Vivarais (CV) target area leading to over 100 mm of 24 h accumulated rainfall on 20 and 21 October 2012. The CV area was first impacted by a V‐shaped MCS developing over the Cevennes mountains, then by a MCS initiated on the eastern foothills of the Pyrenees and finally by three MCSs initiating over the sea. The MCSs initiated and propagated along a well‐defined storm track ahead of an approaching upper‐level trough, as observed with the 15 min resolution Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager. The storm track was characterized by strong southeasterly winds over the Mediterranean and high integrated water vapour content (IWVC), as derived from observations from the Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). The ground‐based Water‐vapour Raman Lidar, located in the Balearic Islands, captured the increasing moistening of the free troposphere, up to 5 km, associated with the eastward propagation of the surface low from Gibraltar to a location west of the Balearic Islands. MODIS and AIRS observations, together with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations, revealed the tropical origin of the high moisture content characterizing the storm track, with IWVC values on the order of 35 kg m−2, and enhanced moisture being observed below 500 hPa. The WRF simulations also showed that the MCS initiation offshore was very likely caused by low‐level wind convergence and conditionally unstable air along the storm track, between North Africa and southern France. Low‐level convergence resulted from the interaction between a strong southwesterly swirling flow around the low‐pressure centre and an easterly low‐level jet present along the southern France coastline.
Understand what research reveals about impact of anxiety on students with autism
Authors: Bedrossian Louise
Published: September 2015

Autism spectrum disorders are the fastest‐growing disability, estimated at approximately 1 in 68 people in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ASDs are almost five times more common among males (1 in 42) than among females (1 in 189).
Tetrazoles: Unique Capping Ligands and Precursors for Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Voitekhovich Sergei V. , Lesnyak Vladimir , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: September 2015

Capping agents play an important role in the colloidal synthesis of nanomaterials because they control the nucleation and growth of particles, as well as their chemical and colloidal stability. During recent years tetrazole derivatives have proven to be advanced capping ligands for the stabilization of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. Tetrazole‐capped nanoparticles can be prepared by solution‐phase or solventless single precursor approaches using metal derivatives of tetrazoles. The solventless thermolysis of metal tetrazolates can produce both individual semiconductor nanocrystals and nanostructured metal monolithic foams displaying low densities and high surface areas. Alternatively, highly porous nanoparticle 3D assemblies are achieved through the controllable aggregation of tetrazole‐capped particles in solutions. This approach allows for the preparation of non‐ordered hybrid structures consisting of different building blocks, such as mixed semiconductor and metal nanoparticle‐based (aero)gels with tunable compositions. Another unique property of tetrazoles is their complete thermal decomposition, forming only gaseous products, which is employed in the fabrication of organic‐free semiconductor films from tetrazole‐capped nanoparticles. After deposition and subsequent thermal treatment these films exhibit significantly improved electrical transport. The synthetic availability and advances in the functionalization of tetrazoles necessitate further design and study of tetrazole‐capped nanoparticles for various applications.
Numerical Simulation of the Electroslag Casting With Liquid Metal for Producing Composite Roll
Authors: Jiang Zhouhua , Cao Yulong , Dong Yanwu , Hou Dong , Cao Haibo , Fan Jinxi
Published: September 2015

The electroslag casting with liquid metal (ESC LM) is a new technology for producing composite roll of high quality based on electroslag metallurgy. In the present work, a two‐dimensional quasi‐steady state mathematical model of just one half of the ESC LM facility is developed due to the axial symmetry. Influences of operating voltage and pouring temperature on the heat transfer of the composite roll system have been studied. The Lorentz forces and Joule heat are combined with the turbulent flow and energy equations via additional source terms in these equations by the user‐defined functions (UDF) based on Fluent software. Simulation results indicate that the distributions of electric potential, current density, Lorentz forces, and Joule heat are concentrated on the upper area of slag bath and a much shallower molten steel pool is obtained. By using the current carrying mold, the heat transfer from slag bath and superheat of the molten steel pool are lower than the conventional ESR process, which is beneficial to a vertical crystallization and an excellent bonding interface between the roll core and working layer of the composite roll. The study of this paper gives us a better understanding of the ESC LM process.
Petrography and Microthermometry of Fluid Inclusions in Apatite in the Turamdih Uranium Deposit, Singhbhum Shear Zone, Eastern India - An Insight into Ore Forming Fluid
Authors: Pal Dipak C , Bhowmick Trisrota
Published: September 2015

The Singbhum shear zone is one of most important polymetallic mineralized zone, characterized by uranium, Cu and apatite-magnetite mineralization. Although there is unanimity regarding the hydrothermal nature of different ores, the fluid characters, particularly related to apatite-magnetite mineralization, are not very well-c onstrained. This study aims at deciphering the fluid character involved in apatite-magnetite and associated mineralization through fluid inclusion studies in apatite from apatite-magnetite-bearing uranium ores in the Turamdih uranium deposit.

The studied host rock is quartz-chlorite schist comprising predominantly of quartz, and chlorite with magnetite, apatite, uraninite, monazite, allanite chalcopyrite, and pyrite. Textural and micro-structural relations of apatite indicate that the studied apatite along with uraninite and monazite crystallized prior to or at the early stage of shearing. Based on the content of fluid inclusions in ambient room temperature, the primary inclusions are classified in to two groups, namely type-I and type-II. Aqueous bi-phase inclusions, defined as type-1, are most common and abundant. The type-II polyphase inclusions are characterized by the presence of aqueous liquid, vapor and one or more solid phases. Fluid inclusion microthermometric experiments suggest that apatite crystallized from highly saline fluid and the fluid composition can be best expressed as H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 (± MgCl2) brine. The salinity varies between ~ 22 to 43 wt % NaCl equivalents. Although, the final melting temperature of hydrohalite could not be determined due to very small size of the inclusions, the minimum concentrations of CaCl2 was calculated considering the final ice melting temperature to be the hydrohalite melting temperature. The NaCl and CaCl2 content ranges between ~ 2 to 21 and ~ 4 to 28 wt. % respectively and the CaCl2:NaCl ratio are mostly above 1:1 indicating a calcic brine. The temperature of final homogenization (Th) of type-I inclusion (L+V→L) ranges mostly between 240° to 450°C. This study suggests that apatite started crystallizing at a higher temperature (Th ~ 450°C) from a high salinity brine (~35 wt% NaCl equivalent). Subsequently, this fluid mixed with a fluid of lower temperature (Th ~ 300oC) and somewhat lower salinity (~ 25 wt% NaCl equivalent). The associated uraninite and monazite likely precipitated along with apatite from the same fluid. However, the temperature of fluid entrapment and hence apatite crystallization must be higher as Th provides the minimum temperature of entrapment. Based on this study and several other lines of evidence, we propose that the mineralizing fluid was derived from basinal brine or from evaporite dissolution.
Effect of aliphatic, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, heterocyclic and sulphur-containing amino acids on Leishmania spp. chemotaxis
Authors: DIAZ E. , ZACARIAS A. K. , PÉREZ S. , VANEGAS O. , KÖHIDAI L. , PADRÓN-NIEVES M. , PONTE-SUCRE A.
Published: September 2015

In the sand-fly mid gut, Leishmania promastigotes are exposed to acute changes in nutrients, e.g. amino acids (AAs). These metabolites are the main energy sources for the parasite, crucial for its differentiation and motility. We analysed the migratory behaviour and morphological changes produced by aliphatic, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, heterocyclic and sulphur-containing AAs in Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis and demonstrated that L-methionine (10−12m), L-tryptophan (10−11m), L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid (10−6m), induced positive chemotactic responses, while L-alanine (10−7m), L-methionine (10−11 and 10−7m), L-tryptophan (10−11m), L-glutamine (10−12m) and L-glutamic acid (10−9m) induced negative chemotactic responses. L-proline and L-cysteine did not change the migratory potential of Leishmania. The flagellum length of L. braziliensis, but not of L. amazonensis, decreased when incubated in hyperosmotic conditions. However, chemo-repellent concentrations of L-alanine (Hypo-/hyper-osmotic conditions) and L-glutamic acid (hypo-osmotic conditions) decreased L. braziliensis flagellum length and L-methionine (10−11m, hypo-/hyper-osmotic conditions) decreased L. amazonensis flagellum length. This chemotactic responsiveness suggests that Leishmania discriminate between slight concentration differences of small and structurally closely related molecules and indicates that besides their metabolic effects, AAs play key roles linked to sensory mechanisms that might determine the parasite's behaviour.
THE CARDINALS’ MUSIC: MUSICAL INTERESTS AT THE PAPAL CURIA C. 1200–1304
Authors: Gardner Julian
Published: September 2015

The papacy and cardinalate in the period between Innocent III (1198–1216) and Benedict XI (1033–1304) can be shown to have had a wide range of musical interests. Papal inventories, testamentary legacies, chronicles and understudied visual evidence allow the piecing together of a lively and wide-ranging concern with music, liturgy and performance. The development of polyphonic music, the growing popularity of bells, and a lively interest among artists in portraying liturgical ceremonies and musical performance at the behest of their ecclesiastical clientele allow us to form a far more nuanced picture of the musical life of thirteenth-century Rome.
Civil defence in the city: federal policy meets local resistance in Baltimore, 1957–1964
Authors: SINGER ERIC S.
Published: September 2015

Between 1950 and 1964, as a result of slight federal policy shifts, Cold War civil defence went from a pro-urban policy dedicated to the preservation of communities to an anti-urban policy focused on social control in the wake of an attack. Civil defence volunteers in Baltimore along with some of the city's civil defence paid staff, who had bought the federal message that they could protect themselves and their communities for nuclear war, allied with anti-nuclear activists against an increasingly militarized programme – one that by 1961 prioritized post-attack policing and de-emphasized the imperative to preserve urban neighbourhoods.
Bibliography of urban history 2015
Authors: ANDREWS AARON
Published: September 2015

The present bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974–91 and Urban History from 1992. The arrangement and format closely follows that of previous years. The list of abbreviations identifies only those periodicals from which articles cited this year have been taken, though many other journals are also checked.
Surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants: trends and practice variation
Authors: Weinberg Jacqueline G. , Evans Frank J. , Burns Kristin M. , Pearson Gail D. , Kaltman Jonathan R.
Published: September 2015

Objective

We sought to analyse the variation in the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus over three recent time points and characterise ductal ligation practices in preterm infants in the United States, adjusting for demographic and morbidity factors.

Methods

Using the Kids’ Inpatient Database from 2003, 2006, and 2009, we identified infants born at ⩽32 weeks of gestation with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus and ligation code. We examined patient and hospital characteristics and identified patient and hospital variables associated with ligation.

Results

Of 182,610 preterm births, 30,714 discharges included a patent ductus arteriosus diagnosis. The rate of patent ductus arteriosus diagnosis increased from 14% in 2003 to 21% in 2009 (p<0.001). A total of 4181 ligations were performed, with an overall ligation rate of 14%. Ligation rate in infants born at ⩽28 weeks of gestation was 20% overall, increasing from 18% in 2003 to 21% in 2009 (p<0.001). The ligation rate varied by state (4–28%), and ligation was associated with earlier gestational age, associated diagnoses, hospital type, teaching hospital status, and region (p<0.001).

Conclusion

The rates of patent ductus arteriosus diagnosis and ligation have increased in the recent years. Variation exists in the practice of patent ductus arteriosus ligation and is influenced by patient and non-patient factors.
Probing for Earthquakes' Origins
Authors: Calderone Julia
Published: September 2015

To better understand how earthquakes nucleate, scientists spy on the Alpine Fault in New Zealand.