bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple and Rapid Screening Procedure for Identification of Zygotic Citrus Seedlings Among Crosses of Certain Taxa1
Authors: Esen Asim , Scora Rainer W. , Soost Robert K.
Published: August 2022

In progenies from crossing browning and nonbrowning Citrus taxa, browning was dominant to nonbrowning with certain exceptions. Examining the color of spots formed by pouring homogenates of ground young shoots on blotting paper was the simplest and most rapid procedure for scoring progenies. Presence of enzyme activity and substrate was determined by adding partially purified enzyme and substrate to the spots. Because of taxon-specificity of spot colors, it was concluded that nucellar and zygotic progenies from crosses among polyembryonic taxa could be identified at an early seedling stage, if parents with contrasting spot color were used in crosses.
Response of Mung Bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Var. radiata] and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to Increasing Plant Density1,2
Authors: MacKenzie D. R. , Chen N. C. , Liou T. D. , Wu Henry B. F. , Oyer E. B.
Published: August 2022

The performance of the mung bean cultivar Thai Green Oil was compared with the soybean cutivar Hsih-Hsih over a range of 12 plant densities from 10,000 to 800,000 plants/ha. Increasing plant density was positively related to yield and plant height and negatively related with significant reductions in flowering, yield per plant and plant branching. The higher yield potential of soybeans at high plant densities, relative to mung bean, was attributed to differences in the production of the number of flowers per plant and, subsequently, the number of pods per plant. This relationship can be applied to breeding and selecting improved mung bean cultivars.
Diffusible Abscisic Acid and Its Relationship to Leaf Age in Tea Crabapple1
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Powell L. E.
Published: August 2022

Abscisic acid (ABA) and its water soluble glucoside diffused from leaves through petioles and along the axes of seedlings of tea crabapple (Malus hupehensis, Rehd.). The apparent mobility of the glucoside was considerably greater than that of free ABA. Concentrations of extractable and diffusible ABA were greatest in growing shoot tips. ABA from mature leaves diffused down the petiole more readily than from younger leaves. The enhanced liberation of inhibitor from older leaves may result in greater quantities of mobile ABA as the season progresses.
Comparative Growth Retarding Activity in Relation to Endogenous Tissue Concentration of Daminozide and a Pyrrolidino Analog (Uni-F529) in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1,2
Authors: Sachs R. M. , DeBie J. , Michael J. L. , Frank J. R. , Creager R. A.
Published: August 2022

N-pyrrolidino succinamic acid (Uni-F529) was considerably superior to succinic acid 2,2 dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide, SADH) in inhibiting stem elongation in Phaseolus vulgaris F. ‘Black Valentine’ and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Bright Golden Anne’. This was true in winter or summer greenhouses. Under controlled temperature and light conditions tissue concentrations of daminozide were higher than those for Uni-F529. Neither daminozide nor Uni-F529 was metabolized significantly in beans during the 3 to 7 day test periods. The greater activity of the pyrrolidino analog relative to daminozide must reflect increased activity at the site of action and/or reduced storage of Uni-F529 at inactive sites in plants.
Ultrastructural Studies of Abscission in Phaseolus: Characteristics of the Floral Abscission Zone1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Chiu H. W.
Published: August 2022

The ultrastructure of floral abscission zone cells of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Dark Red Kidney was studied in order to relate changes in fine structure to known changes in morphology and physiology of the foliar abscission zone of Phaseolus and to the fine structure of floral abscission zones of other plants. Major structural changes in cell walls are similar in abscission zones of senescing leaves and post-anthesis flowers but the rapidity of cellular changes is greatly accelerated in the latter. Inclusions typically found in floral abscission zone cells of Solanaceous plants are not present in Phaseolus floral abscission zone cells. Cellular changes are evaluated in terms of their potential relationship to the abscission process.
Inheritance of Ascorbic Acid Content and Color Intensity in Fruits of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)1
Authors: Lundergan Catherine A. , Moore James N.
Published: August 2022

Seven seedling populations of strawberry were analyzed for ascorbic acid content and color intensity. The amount and type of variation found showed both characters to be controlled by quantitative genes. It is postulated that 2 genetic systems control the inheritance of ascorbic acid and that the 2 systems can interact with each other. Partial dominance was exhibited for high color intensity. Heritability estimates of 41% for ascorbic acid and 81% for color intensity were obtained. Flesh color and ascorbic acid content were not correlated characters.
The Influence of Sulfur Dioxide Concentration on Growth of Potted White Birch and Pin Oak Seedlings in the Field1
Authors: Roberts Bruce R.
Published: August 2022

Potted seedlings of white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) were grown in the field for 3 months in relatively high- and low-ambient sulfur dioxide air. Biweekly throughout the growing season, plants from each site were harvested, and height and leaf, stem, and root dry weight were measured. The overall growth of white birch, an SO2-sensitive species, was found to be greater in the higher, but sub-phytotoxic SO2 environment. Conversely, the growth of pin oak, an SO2-tolerant species, was greater at the low SO2 site.
Antitranspirant Effects on Fruit Growth of ‘Manzanillo’ Olive1
Authors: Uriu K. , Davenport D. C. , Hagan R. M.
Published: August 2022

An antitranspirant (AT) applied 2 3 weeks before harvest accelerated olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Manzanillo) fruit growth and led to larger fruit at harvest. The fruit-enlarging effect was detected within 1 day of application. A simulated rain also increased fruit size, but much of the gain in size was lost as soon as the “rain” was terminated. Daytime fruit shrinkage was reduced significantly with the AT. At harvest, fruit moisture was higher in AT-treated fruits, and after harvest the water lost from fruits was lower. When AT was substituted for the last pre-harvest irrigation, fruit size was increased.
Flower Production in Olive as Influenced by Various Chilling Temperature Regimes1,2
Authors: Hartmann Hudson T. , Whisler John E.
Published: August 2022

Controlled low temperature chilling caused flower initiation in container-grown olive (Olea europaea L.) trees at any time of the year. Optimum inflorescence production under controlled conditions occurred after exposure for 70 to 80 days to a diurnal sine wave temperature pattern, with a 2°C minimum and a 15°C maximum. These same temperatures, but changing abruptly from one to another failed to cause inflorescence formation. A constant intermediate temperature of 12.5°C was also effective in causing flower formation, but a continuous constant low temperature (7°C), or continuously high temperatures above 15°C failed to cause infloresence formation. The cv. Ascolano produced inflorescences under a wider range of temperature patterns than did ‘Manzanillo’.

Irregular bearing behavior of olives in California's Central Valley could not be attributed to varying winter chilling patterns. There was no correlation over a 7-year period between amount of winter chilling and subsequent crop size. Sufficient chilling occurs even in warmest winters there for ample flower initiation.
Marginal Land as an Acceptor for Cannery Waste1
Authors: Noodharmcho A. , Flocker W. J.
Published: August 2022

In an experiment using marginal land as an acceptor for cannery waste, fresh fruit waste was deposited over the soil at rates of 0, 488, 976, and 1953 tons (metric) per ha (F.W.). After the material had dried, it was disked into the top soil. The soil was a poorly drained Willows clay that ranged from slightly to severely saline-sodic. The native vegetation was salt-tolerant annual grasses, and the land was used for dryland pasture. The plots were monitored by the Sants Clara and San Benito Counties Board of Health for odor and fly populations and were found to be acceptable, i.e. the rates of application of waste used did not seriously affect the ecology of near-by farms or cities. Considerable amounts of plant nutrients were added to the soil, but there was no contamination of soil or ground water by heavy metals. Plant yield of a winter-grown wheat crop seeded after disking increased with increases in loading rate.
Insecticides and Their Application Schedules for Control of Lawn Caterpillars (Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides Guénee and Herpetogramma licarsisalis Walker) in Hawaii1
Authors: Murdoch C. L. , Mitchell W. C.
Published: August 2022

Various insecticides and their application schedules were tested for control of lawn caterpillars on ‘Sunturf’ bermudagrass (Cynodon magennisii Hurcombe) in Hawaii. Chlorpyrifos was the outstanding material tested. Evidence was obtained to show that, if insecticide applications are timed to coincide with insect population peaks, the number of applications for adequate control can be greatly reduced.
The Effect of Vegetative Ground Cover and Ethylene Degreening on ‘Valencia’ Rind Pigments1
Authors: Eaks Irving L. , Dawson Arthur J.
Published: August 2022

The influence of vegetative ground cover which lowers soil temperature was evaluated on regreening of fruit of ‘Valencia’ [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] orange. Carotenoid content of the rind increased to a maximum in March and then declined at each subsequent sampling. Chlorophyll content declined to a minimum in February, then increased slightly through May and increased markedly during June and July. Cartenoid content was higher and the chlorophyll content lower in the rind of fruit from the ground cover plots than in fruit from the bare-ground plots. Ethylene degreening for 5 days improved color index values of regreened ‘Valencia’ oranges; however, the color of fruit direct from the ground cover plots was superior to the color of fruit from the bare ground plots after degreening. Postharvest, regreened ‘Valencias’ showed no significant loss of chlorophyll or changes in carotenoids in air at 20°C. Exposure to ethylene caused a loss in chlorophyll, but the rate of loss was slower and the final chlorophyll levels after 8 days degreening with ethylene were relatively high compared with other citrus cultivars given similar treatment.
Temperature Control during High Humidity Propagation1
Authors: Milbocker D. C. , Wilson Robert
Published: August 2022

Through controlled ventilation, hot air was exhausted and ambient air was drawn in and evaporatively cooled during humidification. This process lowered the temperature to more acceptable levels and cuttings from 30 species of plants were propagated successfully. Ventilation reduced fungal growth and permitted the use of shading during exceptional warm conditions.
Genome and Karyotype Relationships in Dendrobium (Orchidaceae). III. Meiotic Behavior1
Authors: Wilfret G. J. , Takeshita T. , Kamemoto H.
Published: August 2022

Meiotic behavior was examined in 33 interspecific hybrids derived from 6 sections of the genus Dendrobium Swartz. The mean number of bivalents per pollen mother cell (PMC) of intrasectional Ceratobium hybrids was 18.9 as compared to 17.5 for Phalaenanthe × Ceratobium offspring. Mean bivalents of the intersectional hybrids of Ceratobium × Eleutheroglossum, Latourea × Ceratobium, Latourea × Phalaenanthe, Phalaenanthe × Eleutheroglossum, Phalaenanthe × Eugenanthe, and Phalaenanthe × Nigrohirsutae were 14.5, 9.0, 9.6, 11.8, 6.0, and 6.4, respectively. Percent of microspore tetrads formed reflected the chromosome homology of the parental species. Cytological observations indicated that species of the Ceratobium and Phalaenanthe sections are closely related, Eleutheroglossum is more closely related to Ceratobium than Phalaenanthe, and Latourea is equally related to Ceratobium and Phalaenanthe.
Temperature and Development of Red Raspberry Flower Buds1
Authors: Vasilakakis Miltiadis D. , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Dana Malcolm N.
Published: August 2022

Flower bud initiation in mature overwintering canes of ‘Heritage’ red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), a primocane-fruiting cultivar, began below the last inflorescence on the current year's growth in October and was completed by the end of December. Flower buds beyond the stage of initiation were not observed in noncold treated canes. However, in cold treated canes gradual basipetal flower bud development beyond initiation was observed. In non-cold treated overwintering canes of ‘Latham’, a June-bearing cultivar, flower bud induction and initiation occurred but no further development was observed.
The Influence of Controlled Atmosphere Storage and Processing Conditions on the Quality of Applesauce from ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Nelson J. W. , Powers J. R.
Published: August 2022

Type of storage influenced yield and quality of applesauce. The yield of applesauce from controlled atmosphere (CA) storage was significantly less than from cold stored apples. Applesauce color was superior when the sauce was made from CA stored apples. Increased cooking time reduced total sauce yield but had no effect on yield at the pulper-finisher or on the color of the sauce. The addition of acid to the applesauce improved color. Acid addition had a stronger influence on the applesauce color of cold stored apples than of CA fruit. The addition of extra water beyond 30% by weight reduced quality regardless of storage type, cook time or addition of acid.
Effect of Nutrient Stress on Elemental Concentrations and Powdery Mildew Growth with Cucumber1
Authors: Tomesh Robert J. , Struckmeyer B. Esther
Published: August 2022

Powdery mildew susceptible ‘Chipper’ cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants grown with slight, moderate, or severe N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S stress had higher element concentrations than resistant ‘Natsufuchinari’ plants although cultivar differences were not significant. One week after host inoculation, colonies of powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum D.C.) were smaller and had fewer conidiophores on resistant than on susceptible plants. Plants grown with slight or moderate nutrient stresses usually had larger colonies and more conidiophores than either controls or severely stressed plants. N and Ca stressed plants had lower N and Ca concentrations and smaller colonies with fewer conidiophores than plants grown with other stress treatments.
The Sequence of Differentiation Leading to Flowering in ‘Burford’ Holly1
Authors: Millbocker D. C. , Wright R. D.
Published: August 2022

‘Burford’ holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl. et Paxt. cv. Burfordii) differentiates primordia in September which were subsequently identified as flowers. The pistillate flower only partially differentiated by early winter and consisted of a pedicel, 2 bracts, 4 petals, and 4 stamens. Completion of flower differentiation and anthesis occurred in the spring.
Production Conditions As They Affect Harvest and Postharvest Characteristics of Poinsettias1
Authors: Staby George L. , Kofranek A. M.
Published: August 2022

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima, Willd. cv. Annette Hegg Dark Red) plants were subjected to various preharvest cultural treatments with the several effects on harvest and postharvest parameters determined. Termination of injector fertilization at 0, 1, 2 or 4 weeks before harvest or the application of a soil fungicidal drench at harvest did not consistently alter plant height, bract diameter, anthesis date, fresh and dry weight, fruit set, foliar or cyathium abscission, foliar chlorosis, bract shriveling, and Botrytis-infected bracts. However, plants maintained under relatively high light and warm conditions exhibited smaller bracts, were shorter and had 8 fold increase in Botrytis-infected bracts at harvest (compared to ones averaging 2°C lower temperature and 50% light reduction). The high light-warmly grown plants were generally inferior as measured by increased foliar abacission and chlorosis, premature death of cyathia, and increased numbers of bract abnormalities; cyathium abscission was delayed 3.5 days as compared to the lower light-cooler grown plants.
Variation in Stability of Cytoplasmic-genic Male Sterility in Capsicum annuum L.1
Authors: Shifriss Chen , Guri Asaf
Published: August 2022

Several cytoplasmic-genic male-sterile (partially fertile) cultivars were developed in pepper. Three cultivars demonstrated different levels of male sterility; male sterility stability of ‘Bikura’ was reliable for hybrid seed production.
Response of Peach Seedlings to Calcium Concentration in Nutrient Solution1
Authors: Edwards J. H. , Horton B. D.
Published: August 2022

‘Elberta’ and ‘Lovell’ peach seedlings (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were grown in nutrient solutions for 36 days with 0.8, 2.5, 7.5, 22.5, 67.5, and 202.5 μM Ca. At 0.8 μM Ca root growth was reduced, roots became brown, appeared gelatinous, and decayed before any foliar Ca deficiency symptoms developed. The Ca concentration in the external solution increased from 0.8 μM to 4.5μM Ca due to exchange of previously adsorbed Ca and efflux of Ca from the roots. Leaves wilted severely within 24 hrs and plants began to defoliate 5 days after initiating the 0.8 μM Ca treatment. Calcium deficiency symptoms in 2.5 μM Ca developed in the leaves as marginal chlorosis followed by necrosis that spread to the leaf apexes. Shoot tips died on some peach seedlings. Roots in 2.5 μM Ca died back severely and little regrowth occurred. Elongation of main and secondary roots was restricted and roots that developed were swollen and stubby. Reduced root growth was the only indication of Ca deficiency in seedlings grown in 7.5 μM Ca. No Ca deficiency symptoms appeared on seedlings grown in Ca concentrations greater than 7.5 μM.
Effects of Multiple-pistillate Flowering on Yields of Gynoecious Pickling Cucumbers 1
Authors: Uzcategu N. A , Baker L. R
Published: August 2022

Gynoecious F3 lines of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) selected for multiple-pistillate (MP) flowers per node, were tested for yield potential in the greenhouse and field. In the greenhouse tests, MP lines gave more fruits per plant and higher yields than F1 hybrids. In field tests, MP lines yields were equivalent to commercial hybrids. The good performance of MP lines when compared to adapted hybrids suggests that multiple-pistillate flowering may be a valuable character for increasing yields with once-over harvest systems.
Effects of Ozone and HC1 Gas on the Development of the Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus fasciculatus and Growth of ‘Troyer’ Citrange1
Authors: McCool P. M. , Menge J. A. , Taylor O. C.
Published: August 2022

‘Troyer’ citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] seedlings were exposed to 82 ppm HCl for 20 minutes or 100 pphm ozone for 4 hours at 5, 12, and 16 weeks after inoculation with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus fasciculatus (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe. One group of citrange seedlings was exposed in a 2nd experiment to ozone at 90 pphm for 6 hours, once weekly, and a second group was exposed to 45 pphm for 3 hours, twice weekly for a period of 19 weeks beginning 1 week after fungal inoculation. Intermittent HCl and ozone exposures significantly reduced height and dry weight of mycorrhizal, but not of non-mycorrhizal plants. Fungal chlamydospore production was reduced 57% in ozone treatments but was not reduced by HCl exposures. Weekly exposures to 90 pphm ozone levels significantly reduced total dry weight in mycorrhizal plants by 42%, but reduced that of non-mycorrhizal plants by only 19%. However, 45 pphm ozone levels did not cause a similar reduction in either mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal infection was reduced 15% and spore production 39% at 90 pphm ozone. The lower ozone level (45 pphm) reduced infection 22%, but had no effect on spore production. Absorption of phosphorus was not reduced by ozone treatments in either mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal plants.
Internal Rates of Return for Different ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Orchard Systems in Pennsylvania 1
Authors: Funt R. C. , Partenheimer E. J. , Tukey L. D.
Published: August 2022

An internal rate of return technique was used to analyze and compare 4 orchard densities producing ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) on a “typical” Pennsylvania fruit farm with a fresh market system and both hand and mechanical harvested processing systems. Medium and high density systems had similar rates of return both of which were higher than the low density systems. The high density system had higher net returns per unit area than the medium density systems.
Effects of Inorganic Cations on Ethephon-induced Increases in Membrane Permeability 1
Authors: Poovaiah B. W.
Published: August 2022

Treatment of beet root slices (Beta vulgaris L.) with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 100 ppm increased membrane permeability 7-fold as indicated by betacyanin leakage. Leakage was much greater at higher concentrations of ethephon. Divalent and trivalent cations (Ca++, Mg++, La+++) prevented the effects of ethephon on membrane leakage without altering the rate of ethylene evolution. The monovalent cations (K+, Na+, NH4+) were not effective in relieving the ethephon effect.
Response of Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) to Irrigation, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Seed Grading 1
Authors: Smittle Doyle A.
Published: August 2022

Yield of shelled lima beans was greatest when 15 mm of irrigation was applied at 38 mm of pan evaporation until 1/3 foliage cover, at 30 mm of pan evaporation until 2/3 foliage cover, then at 23 mm of pan evaporation until harvest. More frequent irrigation with smaller amounts of water per application increased uniformity of seed maturity, but reduced seed yield. Plant growth and yield were not affected by N fertilization. Grading seed in a vertical air column to remove smaller seed increased shelled lima bean yield. Yield response to seed grading was the same for all irrigation frequencies.
Value of Plant Resistance for Reducing Cowpea Curculio Damage to the Southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) 1
Authors: Cuthbert F. P. , Fery R. L.
Published: August 2022

The results of 2 years of field tests indicate that the level of cowpea curculio (Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman) resistance found in 2 southernpea (Vigna unguiculata) breeding lines was more effective in reducing curculio injury than the currently recommended insecticide toxaphene. No evidence was obtained that the insecticide’s effectiveness could be increased by altering the plant type.
Relationship of Rootstock to Leaf and Juice Lipids in Citrus1
Authors: Nordby Harold E. , Nagy Steven , Smoot John M.
Published: August 2022

Major leaf alkanes (C29-C33) of 2 scions on 10 rootstocks of citrus were examined by gas chromatography. A small but definite effect of the rootstock on the alkane profiles of the scions was observed. The effect of rootstock on alkane patterns in juice sacs was very small. Rootstock affected the fatty acid patterns of total and neutral lipids as well as of triglycerides and sterol esters.
The Relationship between Vegetative Maturity and the First Stage of Cold Acclimation
Authors: Nissila P. C. , Fuchigami L. H.
Published: August 2022

The title and byline of the paper, The Relationship between Vegetative Maturity and the First Stage of Cold Acclimation by P. C. Nissila and L. H. Fuchigami (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103(6):710-711. 1978), was inadvertently omitted from the table of contents.
Texture Modification of ‘Van’ Sweet Cherries
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Porritt S. W. , Tung M. A.
Published: August 2022

In the paper, Texture Modification of ‘Van’ Sweet Cherries by Postharvest Calcium Treatments by P. D. Lidster, S. W. Porritt, and M. A. Tung (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103(4):527-530. 1978), the caption for Fig. 1 should read: Fig. 1. Ca penetration into ‘Van’ cherry. Log ppm Ca = 2.920-0.003430 Day + 0.1536 Log Day (P 1%, R2=0.94). Flesh Ca of undipped control = 545 ppm.
Machine-harvest of Sweet Cherries: Effect of Ethephon on Fruit Removal and Quality of the Processed Fruit1
Authors: Bukovac Martin J.
Published: August 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied as a foliar spray at 250 to 1000 ppm reduced fruit removal force by 30 to 60%, and significantly increased (50 to 300%) the percentage fruit removed by machineharvest in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). The response was more pronounced as time between application and harvest increased, with optimum results between 7 and 14 days before harvest. Fruit quality was equal to or better than that of the control, the greatest effect being a reduction in percentage of bruised fruit and fruit with persisting pedicels. The degree of bruising was directly related to the duration of the shaking period. Efficiency of machine-harvest was markedly increased (20 to 30%) by selectively removing the lower branches and heading back long willowy branches around the periphery of the tree. Excessive leaf abscission and gummosis were common at the 1000 ppm rate and occasionally at the lower rates, particularly when trees were under moisture or disease stress.
Effects of a Delay in Storage and Calcium Chloride Dip on Surface Disorder Incidence in ‘Van’ Cherry1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Porritt S. W. , Tung M. A.
Published: August 2022

A delay in storage at 0°C prior to impact damage decreased the incidence of surface disorders due to mechanical damage in ‘Van’ cherries (Prunus avium L.). A 4% CaCl2 plus 0.25% Keltrol postharvest dip reduced the incidence of pitting and surface marking at all delay periods after dipping.
Chilling Injury and Ripening of ‘Honey Dew’ Muskmelons Stored at 2.5° or 5°C after Ethylene Treatment at 20°C1
Authors: Lipton Werner J. , Aharoni Yair
Published: August 2022

Exposing ‘Honey Dew’ muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) at 20°C to 1000 ppm ethylene for 24 hours before storage at 2.5° for 2½ weeks reduced the incidence of chilling injury (Cl) by at least 75% and virtually eliminated objectionable Cl. The treatment also permitted 83% of the melons to proceed from minimum horticultural maturity initially to at least an acceptable degree of ripeness during 2½ weeks at the low temperature followed by 2 to 4 days at 20°. Only 41% of the control melons reached a desirable degree of ripeness. Cl was virtually absent in melons held at 5°, whether or not they were treated with ethylene, but ethylene also accelerated ripening at 5°. Almost half of the gassed melons were at or beyond maximum ripeness for eating after 2 to 4 days at 20°, whether stored initially at 2.5 or 5°. ‘Honey Dew’ melons with any degree of solar yellowing were highly resistant to Cl. Decay was negligible in all lots after 2½ weeks at 2.5 or 5°, but objectionable degrees of decay affected twice as many ethylene-treated as control melons after 2 to 4 days at 20°. Overall, treatment with ethylene followed by storage at 2.5° yielded the highest proportion (40%) of good to excellent melons after they were ripened for 2 to 4 days at 20°.
Resistance to Thiabendazole and Benomyl of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum Isolated from Citrus Fruit from Several Countries1
Authors: McDonald R. E. , Risse L. A. , Hillebrand B. M.
Published: August 2022

Strains of Penicillium digitatum (Sacc.) and P. italicum (Wehmer) resistant to thiabendazole and benomyl were isolated from decaying citrus fruits obtained from the Rotterdam, Netherlands, terminal market and originating from 18 countries. Significantly more Penicillium sp isolates with resistance to thiabendazole and benomyl were collected from grapefruit and lemons than from oranges. Significantly more isolates of P. digitatum than P. italicum grew on agar plates with 4, 10, or 40 ppm thiabendazole. A greater percentage of P. digitatum than P. italicum isolates grew on 4 and 10 ppm benomyl-agar plates, but a greater percentage of P. italicum than P. digitatum isolates grew on 40 and 80 ppm benomyl-agar plates. Both species were more resistant to thiabendazole than to benomyl, and often showed cross-resistance to the fungicides. Resistant Penicillium sp isolates produced larger colonies on 4 and 10 ppm thiabendazole and 40 and 80 ppm benomyl.
Some High Temperature Effects on Citrus Growth1
Authors: Reuther Walter , Nauer E. M. , Roistacher C. N.
Published: August 2022

Growth chamber studies with several common citrus species (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb., C. aurantium L., C. reticulata Blanco, C. limon (L.) Burm) and a hybrid (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rat) indicate abnormal growth developed during 2.5 months of sublethal high temperature stress. Hot treatment (38° day/28°C night) reduced shoot elongation and leaves were smaller, broader, and more upright than those on the warm (28°/22°) controls. Some leaves in the hot treatment were cordate in shape with abnormal venation. Growth of dormant axillary buds on decapitated shoots was inhibited with continuously maintained stress at 40° over an 8 day period. Buds were killed when stress was applied after they had commenced to swell. Young, partially grown leaves became distorted and faintly yellow-brown in color when given 40° for 8 days.
High Temperature Induced Bud-failure Symptoms in Vegetative Buds of Almond Plants in Growth Chambers1
Authors: Hellali Rachid , Kester Dale E.
Published: August 2022

Plants of non-bud-failure (susceptible but without symptoms) ‘Nonpareil’ almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch] produced severe bud failure (BF) symptoms internally in the growing point after 5 and 10 weeks exposure to high temperature (43°C ± 2) in a growth chamber, but not in comparable plants grown in a greenhouse at a normal temperature (about 27°C). High levels of abscisic acid (ABA) were detected in normal plants exposed to the high temperature. Buds on non-BF plants showed much lower ABA under the same conditions although there was more prior to the beginning of high temperature exposure. Little significant effects on gibberellic acid (GA)-like levels were detected.
Antitranspirant Effects on Water Relations and Fruit Growth of Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Buchanan D. W. , Albrigo L. G.
Published: August 2022

Vapor Gard (VG), a polymer of β-pinene applied at concentrations of 1.5 or 2.5% (by volume to rabbit-eye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) influenced leaf temperatures, water balances, berry weight, and time of fruit harvest of plants with and without drip irrigation. A 2.5% VG spray uniformly covered entire leaves and increased midday xylem pressure potentials (Ψ×) by 50% and leaf resistances (r1) by 400%, decreased transpiration (T) by 80%, raised average leaf temperature by 2.2°C and resulted in phytotoxicity and leaf drop. A 1.5% spray did not significantly increase Ψx but doubled r1 and decreased Τ by 60% with no toxicity symptoms. When all cultivars are combined, the 1.5% spray applied to plants with and without irrigation increased berry weight by 31 and 17% but delayed berry maturation and decreased percentage total soluble solids of mature berries by 26 and 24%, respectively. Vapor Gard did not significantly change yields when used alone.
Sexual and Nucellar Embryony in F1 Hybrids and Advanced Crosses of Citrus with Poncirus1
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Soost R. K.
Published: August 2022

Fourteen hybrid citrus progenies having polyembryonic Poncirus as a parent or grandparent were classified for their type of embryony, by seed dissection. Seedling populations from some of the hybrids were also studied. The ratio of polyembryonic (P) to monoembryonic (M) individuals was nearly 1:1 among 52 F1 hybrids from P Citrus × P Poncirus. The ratio was about 1 P to 6 M among 121 F1's from 5 crosses of M Citrus with P Poncirus. Among 15 individuals from a backcross of Citrus × (Citrus × Poncirus) which was M × P, only 2 were clearly P. From backcrosses of M × M(?) parents, 28 individuals were M, 3 were probably M, and only 1 (a possible outcross?) was P. Results from the P × P and P × M crosses are in contrast to those from similar types of crosses within Citrus, where much higher proportions of P hybrids have usually been found. Results from the M × M(?) crosses probably support the concept that crosses between monoembryonic strictly sexual taxa produce only monoembryonic sexual progeny. A genetic basis for the inheritance patterns is discussed.
Physical Factors Affecting Carrot Root Growth: Water Saturation of Soil1
Authors: White J. M. , Strandberg J. O.
Published: August 2022

Effects of water saturation of the soil on early root growth of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were studied using specially designed pots containing organic soil. Water saturated soil conditions were created by raising the water table to envelop actively growing carrot root tips on the 6th day after planting pre-germinated seed. Water saturation was maintained for intervals of 12 hours to 7 days. Sixteen days after seeding (DAS), taproots subjected to as little as a 12 hour period of water saturated soil at 6 DAS were significantly shorter and exhibited more discolored root tips and forked roots than roots growing under normal moisture conditions. After 78 days of growth, the roots subjected to water saturated soil at 6 DAS were significantly shorter, weighed less, and were smaller in diameter than controls. The height of the carrot tops was not affected by treatments.
Heritability Estimates for Resistances in Sweet Potato to Soil Insects1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Schalk J. M. , Dukes P. D.
Published: August 2022

Twenty-two sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) breeding lines and 19 open-pollinated offspring from each were used to estimate the heritabilities of 7 measures of soil insect injury. Four measures of injury by the wireworm, Diabrotica spp., and Systena spp. (WDS) complex and h2 (± SE) were: percentage of roots injured, 0.45 ± 0.12; holes per root, 0.32 ± 0.09; severity index, 0.37 ±0.11; and damage score, 0.39 ± 0.17. Two measures of injury by the sweetpotato flea beetle, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch, and h2 were: percentage of roots injured, 0.40 ± 0.07, and tunnels per root, 0.25 ± 0.08. The h2 of percentage of roots injured by all insects was 0.51 ± 0.12. The percentage measures were more easily obtained and were as effective as the other measures under the conditions of natural infestation that occurred in this test. Further advances in selection for high levels of resistance to soil insects are possible within the breeding materials tested.
Growth and Development of the Pistillate Flower and Nut in ‘Barcelona’ Filbert1
Authors: Thompson Maxine M.
Published: August 2022

Growth and development of the pistillate flower and fruit in Corylus avellana L. cv. Barcelona, was studied from anthesis (January) to maturity (September). Ovary growth is very slow for about 4.5 months, proceeds very rapidly for about 6 weeks, during which time 90% of the increase in diameter occurs, and then abruptly ceases. Ovule development, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and fertilization are described. At the time of pollination (January) the pistillate flower consists of a pair of stigmatic styles joined at their bases by a minute ovarian meristem. Pollen tubes reach the base of the style in 4 to 7 days. The sperm nucleus remains in the pollen tube tip in a resting stage until mid-June (about 5 months). During this period the basal meristematic cells develop into a mature ovary. Multiple megasporocytes, derived directly from archesporial cells, give rise to several megaspores, partly developed embryo sacs, and one normal embryo sac. When the sac is mature a secondary pollen tube, bearing the sperm, grows basipetally from the resting site in the upper tip of the ovary. It proceeds through the funiculus of the anatropous ovule, along the single integument, enters the nucellus through the chalazal end, and penetrates the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the sperm is ejected. While pollination is necessary to initiate ovary development, only a small percentage of the pollinated pistils develop into a full size nut. Fertilization is necessary for the formation of normal nuts with embryos. Full size nuts which are empty at maturity result from pollination without fertilization or from embryo abortion.
Diphenyl Residues in Florida Grapefruit and Oranges Following Actual and Simulated Long Export Shipments1
Authors: Wardowski W. F. , Ting S. V. , Smoot John J. , Davis Paul L. , Craig John O.
Published: August 2022

The long voyage of Florida grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to Japan and extended marketing periods on arrival were associated with a problem with excess diphenyl (biphenyl) residues. Japanese food additive regulations have necessitated reliance on the vapor-phase fungistat diphenyl, for which residues in the fruit increase with time after packing. Residues in some shipments unexpectedly exceeded the Japanese tolerance of 70 ppm. Experiments designed to identify the effect of various factors on diphenyl residues are reported. The amount of diphenyl, temperature before refrigerated transit and exposure time, especially before refrigeration, affected diphenyl residues. Air filtration had little effect. Very early season grapefruit (harvest started before legal maturity) in August and September 1978 absorbed excessive diphenyl residues. Excessive absorption of diphenyl by grapefruit is apparently characteristic of very early fruit.
Effect of Density, Plant Type, and Season on Growth and Yield of Cowpea1
Authors: Nangju D.
Published: August 2022

Experiments were conducted at Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects of spacing, number of plants/hill and season on growth and yield of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) differing in growth habit. Optimum densities of cowpea were affected by moisture availability, spacing, number of plants/hill, and plant type. The optimum densities are generally lower in the long than in the short rainy season under Ibadan conditions, and decreased as the size of plant and angle of branching increased. Higher yield was best achieved by manipulating spacing rather than number of plants/hill, since yield increase due to higher number of plants/hill at wide spacing was limited by the competition of plants within the hills.
Aftereffects of Light and Chilling Temperatures on Photosynthesis in Excised Cucumber Cotyledons1
Authors: Lasley Steven E. , Garber Melvin P. , Hodges Clinton F.
Published: August 2022

Photosynthesis was measured in excised cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Marketer) cotyledons subjected to chilling temperatures in the presence or absence of photo synthetically active radiation (PAR), under conditions that precluded water stress. Cotyledon CO2 exchange rates (CER) were reduced after chilling in the light, but not after chilling in the dark. In the light, reduction occurred more rapidly at lower than at higher chilling temperatures. The level of PAR had little or no effect on CER reductions at lower temperatures within the chilling range, but at higher chilling temperatures, reduction occurred more rapidly at higher PAR levels. Recovery of photosynthesis following chilling in the light occurred more rapidly in the dark than in the light, and this difference in recovery rate was greater with longer exposure to light and chilling conditions. The removal of light during the recovery phase accelerated the rate of recovery to a level comparable to the dark control.
Rootstock Does Not Affect Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, Specific Leaf Weight, and Transpiration of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Barden John A. , Ferree David C.
Published: August 2022

There was no effect of rootstock on the net photosynthesis (Pn) of 1-year-old vegetative, containergrown ‘Delicious’ trees in 2 experiments. Rootstock effects on specific leaf weight (SLW) were slight in one experiment, and absent in another. There was no influence of rootstock on shoot growth, leaf number, transpiration rate (Tr) or dark respiration (Rd), each of which was determined in one experiment. These data fail to support reports of differences in Pn within a given cultivar on various rootstocks.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Surface of Pickling Cucumber Fruit1
Authors: Smith K. R. , Fleming H. P. , Van Dyke C. G. , Lower R. L.
Published: August 2022

Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of stomata, trichomes, scars left by detached trichomes, and epidermal cells on the surface of fresh, pickling cucumbers. Size, frequency and distribution of stomata were determined. Stomata, recessed several qm, were the only apparent, natural openings in the epidermis for gas exchange. Stomata were most numerous in the middle (20.2/mm2), less in the blossom end (10.4/mm2) and essentially absent in the stem end section of large (3.8–5.1 cm diameter), ‘GY14’ fruit. Stomatal frequency on large fruit was only about one-third that on small (1.9–2.7 cm diameter) fruit, but the stomatal index for the middle section of each size was similar (0.17–0.18). Large ‘GY14’ fruit were estimated to contain 130,000 stomata, with potential stomatal pore area (assuming open guard cells) representing 0.062% of the fruit surface
Comparison of Various Nitrogen Sources for the Fertilization of Winter-grown Head Lettuce1
Authors: Gardner B. R. , Pew W. D.
Published: August 2022

The effectiveness of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate and urea for winter grown head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was evaluated. N source did not affect yield, quality factors, head size or total N accumulation. Applications of fertilizers containing NO3-N resulted in slightly higher NO3-N concentrations in the midribs. Plant growth and N accumulation were similar with all N sources at low temperatures. Air temperature below 13°C for a week or more sharply reduced N uptake and plant growth with all sources. About 80% of the total N is taken up by the plants in the 4 weeks before harvest. N source did not affect quality.
Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Postharvest Ripening and Deterioration of Tomatoes1
Authors: Buescher R. W.
Published: August 2022

Turning tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were held at 20°C and exposed to ambient, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60% CO2 with 21 ± 1% O2. C2H4 evolution was rapidly reduced when fruits were exposed to CO2. In 5, 10 and 20% CO2, C2H4 evolution continued to decline with increasing duration of exposure but after 4 days in 40 and 60% CO2, C2H4 evolution increased probably because of injury. Maximum retardation of color development occurred while exposed to between 10 and 20% CO2. After removal of CO2, color development advanced rapidly and after 4 days in air, color of fruits that had been exposed to 5 and 10% CO2 was indistinguishable from that of fruit held continually in air. Color of fruits exposed to 20, 40, and 60% CO2 never reached color of fruits held only in air, in addition, exposure to these concentrations reduced subsequent salability due to enhanced mold growth, uneven ripening, and watersoaking. Intermittent exposures to 20% CO2 and air caused rapid fluctuation of C2H4 evolution and retarded color development. CO2 was not effective in inhibiting wound induced C2H4 evolution.
Penetration of Photosynthetically Active Radiation as a Measurement of Canopy Density of Citrus Trees1
Authors: Jahn Otto L.
Published: August 2022

Citrus trees were defoliated to obtain measurements of radiation penetration at various canopy densities. Tree size measurements were used to calculate the leaf-area index (LAI) and leaf-area to canopy-area ratio (LAC) of trees. Penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased curvilinearly as defoliation increased and LAC decreased. Observed relationships between PAR penetration and LAC were used to estimate LAC values from PAR penetration measurements. Correlations between PAR penetration and LAC were slightly higher than with LAI. LAI and LAC appeared to vary independently from tree size as measured by tree diameter or leaf area.
Effect of Preharvest Antitranspirant Sprays on the Size and Quality of ‘Delicious’ Applesat Harvest
Authors: Miller Stephen S.
Published: August 2022

In the paper, Effect of Preharvest Antitranspirant Sprays on the Size and Quality of ‘Delicious’ Apples at Harvest by Stephen S. Miller (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104(2):204-207.1979), lines 2 and 3 in the third paragraph of the introduction should read: “A 1.0% wax emulsion applied to ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples had no effect on fruit size(13);…”
Histological and Physical Behavior of Tomato Skins Susceptible to Cracking1
Authors: Hankinson B. , Rao V. N. M.
Published: August 2022

Cracking behavior of tomato skins (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated using failure and relaxation tests. Skin specimens were taken in 2 directions to represent concentric and radial cracks. Normal tissue and tissue subjected to mechanical forces were examined to determine the resulting histological distortions. The relaxation test gave more information than the failure test. No difference was observed for longitudinal or transverse skin strength for failure or the relaxation test indicating isotropic behavior. The shape of the cells and deposition of cuting appeared to affect cracking behavior. Generally, cells elongated and flattened during the failure test and failed between cells walls.
Promotive Effects of Auxin, Ethephon, and Daminozide on the Rooting of Protea neriifolia Cuttings1
Authors: Criley Richard A. , Parvin Philip E.
Published: August 2022

Terminal cuttings of Protea neriifolia R. Br. gave earlier rooting and superior rooting index values when they received basal pretreatments of combinations of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 300 ppm and indoleacetic acid (IAA) at 4000 ppm followed by a commercial rooting preparation composed of 1.0% indolebutyric acid (IBA) plus 0.5% NAA diluted 1:9 and combinations of 2500 or 4000 ppm butanedioic acid mono-(2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) with 4000 ppm of IBA or IAA. Treatment effects were evident after 3 and 4 months while the control required 5 to 6 months for similar rooting results.
Deicing Salt Spray Injury in Selected Pinus spp.1
Authors: Barrick W. E. , Flore J. A. , Davidson Harold
Published: August 2022

Needle surface characteristics and NaCl penetration rates were compared and related to deicing salt spray injury for resistant Austrian pine, Pinus nigra Arnold, and susceptible Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. Stomata in longitudinal rows separated by parallel ridges characterized needle surfaces of both species; surface fine structure was free of trichomes or other recognizable structures. Pinus nigra in comparison to P. strobus had greater surface area (3.64 cm2/needle vs. 1.87 cm2/needle) and larger quantities of epicuticular wax 183 μg/cm2 vs. 75 μg/cm2). Thin-layer chromatography indicated no distinct differences in epicuticular wax chemistry. Surface wettability, measured by contact angle, was similar. Retention of an aqueous solution was similar when needles were attached to fascicles. Penetration of 36C1 was significantly greater in needles of P. nigra on a surface area basis (P. nigra = 9,839 dpm/cm2, P. strobus = 3,503 dpm/cm2). No differences in penetration occurred when expressed on a fresh weight basis. Electron microprobe analysis substantiated a greater penetration of Na+ and Cl- in needles of P. nigra. Levels of Na+ were higher than Cl− in both species. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride studies indicated greater sensitivity to increasing concentrations of NaCl in needles of P. strobus and in P. nigra. Differences in species sensitivity appears to be related to protoplasmic sensitivity rather than to differences in penetration of Na+ and Cl− ions.