bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Scale Modeling Approach for Simulating Crack Sensing in Polymer Fibrous Composites Using Electrically Conductive Carbon Nanotube Networks. Part II: Meso- and Macro-Scale Analyses
Authors: Tserpes Konstantinos , Kora Christos
Published: October 2018

This is the second of a two-paper series describing a multi-scale modeling approach developed to simulate crack sensing in polymer fibrous composites by exploiting interruption of electrically conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) networks. The approach is based on the finite element (FE) method. FE models at three different scales, namely the micro-scale, the meso-scale and the macro-scale, have been developed using the ANSYS PDL environment. In the present paper, the meso- and macro-scale analyses are described. In the meso-scale, a two-dimensional model of the CNT/polymer matrix reinforced by carbon fibers is used to develop a crack sensing methodology from a parametric study which relates the crack position and length with the reduction of current flow. In the meso-model, the effective electrical conductivity of the CNT/polymer computed from the micro-scale is used as input. In the macro-scale, the final implementation of the crack sensing methodology is performed on a CNT/polymer/carbon fiber composite volume using as input the electrical response of the cracked CNT/polymer derived at the micro-scale and the crack sensing methodology. Analyses have been performed for cracks of two different lengths. In both cases, the numerical model predicts with good accuracy both the length and position of the crack. These results highlight the prospect of conductive CNT networks to be used as a localized structural health monitoring technique.
Lipoprotein Cholesterols Are Stored in High-Resistant, Metastatic Cancer Cells and Released Upon Stress: Implication for a Mechanism Underlying Hypocholesterolemia in Cancer Patients
Authors: Eguchi Taka , Sogawa Chiharu , Ono Kisho , Itagaki Mami , Matsumoto Masaki
Published: October 2018

Resistant cancer often shows a particular secretory trait such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and oncosomes surrounded by lipid bilayers. Lipoproteins are biochemical assemblies that transport hydrophobic lipid (a.k.a. fat) molecules in body fluid and are composed of a single-layer phospholipid and cholesterol outer shell, lipids molecules within the particles, and apolipoproteins embedded in the membrane. However, lipoprotein storage and secretion by cancer cells have not well-investigated yet. We found lipoproteins were stored and abundantly secreted by neuroendocrine, castration-resistant prostate cancer (NEPC / CRPC) cells but barely secreted by colon cancer cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. In addition, large EVs (approx. 300 nm diameter) and potential oncosomes were released by CRPC and OSCC cells. Proteomics revealed that CRPC cells secreted EVs enriched with tetraspanins and extracellular matrices which were reduced upon heat shock stress and alternatively lipoproteins and HSPs were secreted upon stress. Heat shock stress triggered secretion of lipoprotein-EV complexes that contained apolipoprotein A, B, C and E. These data suggested that vesicular assembly composed of EVs and lipoproteins enriched with cholesterols and phospholipids may be stored in resistant cancer cells but released upon cell stress that is increased in cancer therapies.
Improved Satellite Retrieval of Tropospheric NO2 Column Density via Updating of Air Mass Factor (AMF), Part I: Case Study of Southern China
Authors: Mak Hugo Wai Leung , Laughner Joshua L. , Fung Jimmy Chi Hung , Zhu Qindan , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: October 2018

Improving air quality and reducing human exposure to unhealthy levels of airborne chemicals are important global missions, particularly in China. Satellite remote sensing offers a powerful tool to examine regional trends in NO2, thus providing a direct measure of key parameters that strongly affect surface air quality. To accurately resolve spatial gradients in NO2 concentration using satellite observations and thus understand local and regional aspects of air quality, a priori input data at sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution to account for pixel-to-pixel variability in the characteristics of the land and atmosphere are required. In this paper, we adapt the Berkeley High Resolution product (BEHR v3.0A, v3.0B and v3.0C) and meteorological outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to describe column NO2 in southern China. The BEHR approach is particularly useful for places with large spatial variabilities and terrain height differences such as China. We retrieved tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (TVCD) within part of southern China, for four seasons of 2015, based upon satellite datasets from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Retrieval results are validated by comparing with MAX-DOAS tropospheric column measurements conducted in Guangzhou. BEHR retrieval algorithms are more consistent with MAX-DOAS measurements than OMI-NASA retrieval, opening new windows into research questions that require high spatial resolution, for example retrieving NO2 vertical column and ground pollutant concentration in China and other countries.
Experimental Study of Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste Components
Authors: Anene Azubuike Francis , Fredriksen Siw Bodil , Sætre Kai Arne , Tokheim Lars -Andre
Published: October 2018

Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of virgin low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and mixtures of LDPE/PP were carried out in a 200 ml laboratory scale batch reactor at 460 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to study the thermal and catalytic degradation of the polymers at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The amount of PP was varied in the LDPE/PP mixture to explore its effect on the reaction. In thermal degradation (TGA) of LDPE/PP blends, a lower decomposition temperature was observed for LDPE/PP mixtures compared to pure LDPE, indicating interaction between the two polymer types. In the presence of a catalyst (CAT-2), the degradation temperatures for the pure polymers were reduced. The TGA results were validated in a batch reactor using PP and LDPE respectively. Thermal cracking results showed that the oil product contains a significant amount of gasoline (C7 − C12) and diesel (C13 − C20) hydrocarbon fractions. The catalyst enhanced cracking at lower temperatures and narrowed the hydrocarbon distribution in the oil towards the gasoline range fraction (C7 – C12). The result suggests that the oil produced from catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics has a potential as an alternative fuel.
Additive Manufacturing of Cobalt-Based Dental Alloys: Analysis of Microstructure and Physico-Mechanical Properties
Authors: Hitzler Leonhard , Alifui-Segbaya Frank , Williams Philipp , Heine Burkhard , Heitzmann Michael , Hall Wayne , Merkel Markus , Öchsner Andreas
Published: October 2018

The limitations of investment casting of cobalt-based alloys are claimed to be less problematic with significant improvements in metal additive manufacturing by selective laser melting (SLM). Despite these advantages, the metallic devices are likely to display mechanical anisotropy in relation to build orientations, which could consequently affect their performance ‘in vivo’. In addition, there are inconclusive evidence concerning the requisite composition and post-processing steps (e.g. heat-treatment to relieve stress) that must be completed prior to the devices being used. In the current paper, we evaluate the microstructure of ternary cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) and cobalt-chromium-tungsten (Co-Cr-W) alloys built with Direct Metal Printing and LaserCUSING SLM systems respectively at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° inclinations (Φ) in as-built (AB) and heat-treated (HT) conditions. The study also examines the tensile properties (Young's modulus, E; yield strength, RP0.2; elongation at failure, At and ultimate tensile strength, Rm), relative density (RD), and micro-hardness (HV5) and macro-hardness (HV20) as relevant physico-mechanical properties of the alloys. Data obtained indicate improved tensile properties and HV values after short and cost-effective heat-treatment cycle of Co-Cr-Mo alloy; however, the process did not homogenize the microstructure of the alloy. Annealing heat-treatment of Co-Cr-W led to significant isotropic characteristics with increased E and At (except for Φ = 90º) in contrast to decreased RP0.2, Rm and HV values, compared to the AB form. Similarly, the interlaced weld-bead structures in AB Co-Cr-W were removed during heat-treatment, which led to a complete recrystallization in the microstructure. Both alloys exhibited defect-free microstructures with RD exceeding 99.5%.
Fabrication and Internal Functionalization of Highly Macroporous WO3 Thin Films
Authors: Ojeda Maria , Gaster Cale , Harris Clifton
Published: October 2018

Highly macroporous thin films of WO3 were fabricated on transparent conductive substrates by application of a polymeric organic paste loaded with an amine/tungstate complex.  After spin-coating and annealing at 550oC, the resulting yellow films are found to be comprised of channeled array of clustered nanoparticles.  These channels are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy to extend through the entire length of the coating.  The high porosity of the material enables the insertion of a co-catalyst into the internal structure of the film.  These internally functionalized composites demonstrate good photosensitivity and stability in neutral electrolyte.
Bile Acid Signaling and Cardioprotection
Authors: Hanafi Noorul Izzati , Mohamed Anis Syamimi , Sheikh Abdul Kadir Siti Hamimah
Published: October 2018

Bile acids (BA) are classically known as an agent important in lipid absorption and cholesterol metabolism. Nowadays, BAs have been found to be involved in various cellular signaling pathways such as protein kinase cascades, cyclic AMP (cAMP) synthesis and calcium mobilization. In addition, they have also been shown to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis. Bile acids are ligands for several nuclear hormone receptors, including FXR. Recently, muscarinic receptor and TGR5, G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), have been suggested to play a role in bile acid activity which is independent of nuclear hormone receptors. Moreover, BAs have also been studied in other GPCR associated pathways, namely sphingosine-1-posphate and glucagon receptor. Hydrophobic bile acids have been proven to affect heart rate and its contraction. Elevated bile acids are associated with arrhythmias in adults and fetal heart. Altered ratios of primary and secondary bile acid are reported in chronic heart failure patients. Meanwhile in patients with liver cirrhosis, cardiac dysfunction has been strongly linked to the increase of serum bile acid concentrations. In contrast, the most hydrophilic BA known as ursodeoxycholic acid has been found beneficial in improving peripheral blood flow in chronic heart failure patients and protecting heart against reperfusion injury.
Investigating Motor Competence in Association with Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children
Authors: Adank Anoek , Van Kann Dave , Hoeboer Joris , De Vries Sanne , Kremers Stef , Vos Steven
Published: October 2018

Children’s motor competence (MC) has declined in the past decades, while sedentary behavior (SB) has increased. This study examined the association between MC and physical activity (PA) levels among primary schoolchildren. Demographics, body height and weight, MC (Athletic Skills Track) and PA levels (ActiGraph, GT3X+) were assessed among 595 children (291 boys, mean age = 9.2 years, SD = 1.1). MC was standardized into five categories: from very low to very high. PA levels were classified into sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Mixed model analyses were conducted with PA levels as dependent variables and MC as the independent variable, while adjusting for age, gender, and BMI z-score on the individual level. Additional moderation analyses between covariates and MC and PA levels were also conducted. A negative association between MC and SB (β = -3.17) and a positive association between MC and MVPA (β =1.41) were found. The strength of both associations increased as children expressed lower or higher levels of MC. Increased age and being a girl were significant predictors of higher levels of SB and lower levels of MVPA. Non-overweight children spent significantly more minutes in MVPA compared with overweight children. No moderating effects of BMI, gender, and age were found on the association between MC and PA levels. MC is an important correlate of both SB and MVPA, particularly for children with very high or low MC. Developing and improving children’s MC may contribute to spending less time in SB and more time in MVPA, particularly for high-risk groups, i.e. children with low MC. Moreover, addressing MC development and PA promotion simultaneously might create positive feedback loops for both children’s MC and PA levels.
Using the R Language to Manage and Show Statistical Information in the Cloud
Authors: Fonseca i Casas Pau , Tormos Raül
Published: October 2018

We present a methodology to enable users to interact with statistical information owned by an institution and stored in a cloud infrastructure. Mainly based on R, this approach was developed following the open-data philosophy. Also, since we use R, the implementation is mainly based on open-source software. R gives several advantages from the point of view of data management and acquisition, as it becomes a common framework that can be used to structure the processes involved in any statistical operation. This simplifies the access to the data and enable to use all the power of R in the cloud information. This methodology was applied successfully to develop a tool to manage the data of the Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió, but it can be applied to other institutions to enable open access to its data. The infrastructure also was deployed to a cloud infrastructure, to assure the scalability and a 24/7 access.
Optimum Parameters for Electrochemical Micromachining of Stainless Steel
Authors: Rodriguez Pablo , Hidalgo Daniel , Labarga Julio Eduardo
Published: October 2018

In this work a research on pulsed electrochemical micromachining of Stainless Steel is presented. A suitable equipment to study the process is described as well as a fitting procedure to machine and measure the variables involved. A tool of Tungsten with a tip of about 5 mm diameter sunk in an electrolyte of NaNO3 is used for the process. The pulse on-time must be maintained in the order of ns to achieve a good current confinement, since the tool is active. Some experiments were made to assess the most important variables of the process, as current confinement, surface roughness, material removal rate and efficiency. It is observed that the current confinement get worse when the pulse on-time increases, as well as surface roughness. The material removal rate and the efficiency increase with the voltage amplitude and the pulse on-time. The voltage amplitude must be higher than 12 V so that the phenomenon of passivation disappears. There is a compromise in the choice of the variables, so a suitable combination of parameters is determined so that a good material removal rate with an acceptable result is achieved.
Calculation of Reasonable Tension Value for Longitudinal Connecting Reinforcement of CRTSII Slab Ballastless Track
Authors: Chen Long , Chen Jin-jie , Wang Jian-xi
Published: October 2018

There is a confusion in the original design concept for the tensioning of longitudinally connected reinforcement of CRTSII slab ballastless track. In order to clarify the effect of tension value of longitudinal reinforcement on mechanical characteristics of ballastless track, a three dimensional finite element model considering the nonlinear interaction between the track slab and CA mortar of CRTSII slab ballastless track was established. The mechanical characteristics of the track structure under longitudinal tension load and temperature gradient load of the longitudinal joint were calculated. A method of applying pre-stress to post-pouring concrete was proposed according to the concept of pre-stress loss of pretensioning pre-stressed concrete, reasonable tensile force value was proposed after the crack width and the reinforcement stress of the ballastless track in the operation stage were checked and calculated according to the concrete design principle. When the tension force is greater than 300 kN, it’s harmful to the bonding between the slab and mortar layer, which is prone to interlayer damage. In order to adding pre-stress to concrete of wide joints to ensure the longitudinal stability of ballastless track and the reinforcement stress and crack width to meet the design requirements. It is suggested that the tension force value should be 230 kN, and the temperature difference between reinforcement and concrete should be 30 °C before the initial curdle of wide joint concrete.
The Extracellular and Intracellular Biomineralization Induced by Bacillus licheniformis DB1-9 at Different Mg/Ca Molar Ratios
Authors: Han Zuozhen , Gao Xiao , Zhao Hui , Tucker Maurice E. , Zhao Yanhong , Yan Huaxiao
Published: October 2018

Biomineralization has become a research hotspot and attracted widespread attention in the field of carbonate sedimentology. In this study, Bacillus licheniformis DB1-9 was used to induce the calcium carbonate precipitation at different magnesium calcium molar ratios in the laboratory to further explore the biomineralization mechanism. Phylogenetic tree shows that the bacteria belongs to Bacillus licheniformis species. The ammonia and carbonic anhydrase can be released by this bacteria, resulting in the pH increase, and the carbonic anhydrase can also promote the hydration reaction of carbon dioxide and subsequently produce the bicarbonate and carbonate ions to elevate the supersaturation of calcium carbonate in the liquid culture medium to facilitate the precipitation of carbonate minerals. The calcites have a shape of rhombohedron, dumbell, and elongation, and aragonite often appears in the form of mineral aggregates, besides that there are also the spherical and the fusiform minerals. FTIR result shows there are some organic functional groups, such as C-O-C and C=O, beside of the characteristic peaks of the calcite and the aragonite, indicating that microbial metabolism is closely related to the mineral formation. The superthin slices of the bacteria analyzed by HRTEM, SAED, EDS and STEM show that the surface and EPS can adsorb a large number of calcium ions and magnesium ions and EPS may act as the nucleation sites, what’s more, the intracellular nanometer-scale sphere areas show the amorphous structures, and the intracellular calcium ions and magnesium ions suggeste that they can be transported from the outside to inside the cell by diffusion along the concentration grade from high to low. This study may provide some references to further understand the biomineralization mechanism induced by microorganisms in the laboratory and the field, and also helps to explore the reason of the transition of calcite sea to aragonite sea in the geological history.
Empirical Study of Capital Flight in Indonesia 2009-2017 Period
Authors: Basorudin Muhammad , Kusmaryo R. Dwi Harwin
Published: October 2018

The phenomenon of capital flight is triggered by two biggest financial scandals, Panama Papers, and Paradise Papers. The impacts of this phenomenon can erode the tax base and contribute to the distribution of income from developing countries to developed countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is learning of Indonesia's capital flight and analyzing more deeply the causes of capital flight for the Indonesian economy in the period 2009 until 2017. The data used in this research is secondary data from BI, BPS, and OECD. The independent variables are the budget deficit ratio, economic growth, inflation, exchange rate growth, and dummy sovereign rating. The measurement of capital flight in this research uses residual approach, while the estimation techniques use Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Empirical results of this research conclude that the amount of capital flight in Indonesia increased quite rapidly since the first quarter of 2009 until the second quarter of 2011 compared to next periods. Furthermore, macroeconomic factors used as independent variables are not strong enough to explain capital flight in Indonesia.
A magánénekes felsőoktatási képzésben részt vevő hallgatók zenei és nyelvi képzettsége egy kérdőíves kutatás tükrében
Authors: Ujvárosi Andrea
Published: October 2018

Jelen tanulmányunk egy az eredeti nyelvű éneklés kérdésével foglalkozó átfogó kutatás részterületét dolgozza fel. Elsőként azt tekintjük át, hogy a jelenlegi magyar zenei felsőoktatási rendszerben résztvevő magánénekes hallgatók zenei és nyelvi felkészültségét milyen szociokulturális tényezők és hogyan befolyásolják. Ezt követően számba vesszük, hogy milyen nyelveket, milyen keretek között és milyen eredményességgel tanulnak. Végül azt tárjuk fel, hogy az intézményi nyelvi képzések hogyan viszonyulnak az idegen nyelvű éneklésre vonatkozó interpretációs elvárásokhoz. Vizsgálatainkat a hallgatók kérdőíves lekérdezésével folytattuk le 2017-ben, az eredményeket kvantitatív technikával dolgoztuk fel. A hallgatói lekérdezés mintasokaságát hat zenei felsőfokú intézmény magánénekes hallgatói állománya alkotta (N=90). Az anonim kitöltésekből kapott adatokból SPSS adatbázist generáltunk, az elemzés során az SPSS 19. programot használtuk, százalékos eloszlásokat és átlagokat használtunk. Kutatási eredményeink igazolták azokat az előzetes feltevéseinket, amelyek szerint a magánénekes hallgatók demográfiai és szociális háttere (szülők végzettsége, anyagi tőke, településtípus) alapvetően befolyásolja a zenetanulás és nyelvtanulás lehetőségeit. A nyelvi preferenciákkal kapcsolatban várakozásainknak megfelelően igazolást nyert, hogy a hallgatói életkor erősen meghatározza azt. A fiatalabb korcsoportok nyelvtudása döntően az angol nyelvre koncentrált. Orosz, francia és spanyol nyelvet minimálisan, olaszt és németet jóval kisebb arányban és kevesebb ideig tanulnak. A hallgatók nyelvi preferenciái tehát nem állnak összhangban az eredeti nyelvű vokális interpretációs elvárásokkal. Mivel a vokális irodalom jelentős része éppen ezeken a nyelveken íródott, intézményes keretek közötti oktatása a magánénekes képzés nyelvi komponensének eredményesebb továbbfejlesztését kívánná meg.
Mitigating peak pressure of storm geysering by orifice plates installed at the top of vent pipes
Authors: Huang Biao , Wu Shiqiang , Zhu David Z. , Wang Fangfang
Published: October 2018

Large air pockets can be trapped in storm sewer systems during intense rain events. Uncontrolled release of these air pockets may cause geysering and pressure surges, resulting in flooding, pipe failures and safety issues. Thus, there is a great need to develop methods to retrofit existing sewer systems and to provide guidance on system design. A large-scale physical model was established to evaluate air-control orifice plates in reducing geysering intensity by utilizing air cushion effects over the process of air escape. Experimental results indicate that the magnitude of pressure fluctuations can be reduced significantly with partially open vent pipes. The maximum pressure head can be reduced by approximately two-thirds, and the magnitude of relative pressure oscillation decreased by about 95% when the diameter ratio of the air-control orifice to the vent pipe is below 25%. Air–water mixture jets can be avoided in such cases. The effect of using multiple vent pipes with orifice plates was also evaluated and found to be effective. Thus, air-control vent pipes can be applied to alleviate geysering and related pressure transients.
The Role of PCSK9 in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Effect of PCSK9 Inhibitors
Authors: Theocharidou Eleni , Papademetriou Marianna , Reklou Andromachi , Sachinidis Alexandros , Boutari Chrisoula , Giouleme Olga
Published: October 2018

Background:

Statin treatment exhibits a beneficial effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
and on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with NAFLD.

Objective:

The aim of this review is to summarize the role of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type-
9(PCSK9) in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and discuss the effects of the new hypolipidaemic drugs PCSK9 inhibitors
on NAFLD.

Results:

Data indicates that high intrahepatic or circulating PCSK9 levels increase muscle and liver lipid storage,
adipose energy storage and hepatic fatty acids, as well as triglycerides storage and secretion, thus contributing to
the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The findings of animal and human studies, aiming to reduce PCSK9 with inhibitors
(human IGG antibodies, antisense particles against PCSK9 mRNA, and small anti PCSK9 antibodies) point towards
liver protection from NAFLD through inhibition of PCSK9 expression in the induction of degradation of
hepatic HNF1a protein, insulin resistance (IR), and other mechanisms.

Conclusions:

The use of PCSK9 inhibitors ameliorates NAFLD, aside from beneficial effects on CVD and independently
of low density lipoprotein cholesterol level reduction.
Pharmacology of PCSK9 Inhibitors: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Tsouka Aikaterini N. , Tellis Constantinos C. , Tselepis Alexandros D.
Published: October 2018

Protein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease primarily expressed in the
liver, which represents the main source of the plasma enzyme. The best characterized function of PCSK9 relates
to the binding to Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDL-R) in hepatocytes, increasing its endosomal and
lysosomal degradation. This results in the inhibition of LDL-R recycling to the cell surface and therefore the
reduction of the hepatic uptake of LDL, leading to the increase in plasma levels of LDL-cholesterol, a major risk
factor of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Therefore, PCSK9 is an important therapeutic target to reduce LDLcholesterol
levels. PCSK9 inhibition can occur at the level of its interaction with LDL-R as well as at several sites
across the pathway of its intracellular synthesis and secretion. Two fully human mAbs, Alirocumab and Evolocumab,
that selectively bind to PCSK9 and prevent its interaction with the LDL-R, are currently used in the clinical
practice. These mAbs are the most potent cholesterol-lowering agents available today and can decrease LDLcholesterol
levels up to 73% while they also reduce the risk of atherosclerotic CVD. Ongoing research has led to
the development of new PCSK9 inhibitors through genome editing technology (CRISPR-Cas9), siRNA or antisense
oligonucleotide silencing agents, vaccines, mimetic peptides, adnectins, and inhibitors of PCSK9 secretion.
The above inhibitors have been studied in vitro, in animal models in vivo, as well as in phase I and II trials
and have demonstrated an important efficacy profile. Future studies with these agents will demonstrate their possible
clinical value and will further enlighten the various targets and activities of PCSK9 intracellularly and extracellularly,
the underlying mechanisms, as well as the clinical significance of these actions beyond the inhibition
of LDL-R recycling.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Children and Adolescents: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Maliachova Olga , Stabouli Stella
Published: October 2018

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a hereditary genetic disorder predisposing in premature atherosclerosis
and cardiovascular complications. Early diagnosis as well as effective treatment strategies in affected children
are challenges among experts. Universal screening and cascade screening among families with familial hypercholesterolemia
are being controversially discussed. Diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents
is usually based on clinical phenotype upon LDL-C levels and family history of premature cardiovascular
and/or elevated LDL-C. Treatment approaches for familial hypercholesterolemia in the pediatric population are
multidisciplinary and aim to reduce total cardiovascular risk. The most widely recommended and effective pharmacotherapy
in the pediatric age group is currently statins. Ezetimibe and bile acid sequestrants are usually used
as second-line agents. New therapeutic approaches, such as mipomersen and PCSK9 inhibitors seem promising.
The main gap of evidence remains the lack of longitudinal follow up studies investigating cardiovascular outcomes,
side effects, and effectiveness of treatment starting from childhood. Evidence would be expected in the
near future by cohort and registry studies.
Should we Consider Lipoprotein (a) in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolaemia?
Authors: Anagnostis Panagiotis , Siolos Pavlos , Krikidis Dimitrios , Goulis Dimitrios G. , Stevenson John C.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a genetically determined lipid disorder, affecting
1 per 200-500 individuals in the general population. It is significantly and independently associated with an
increased risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), although it remains still an underrecognized and undertreated
disease. Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-like molecule, containing an additional protein,
apolipoprotein (a).

Objective:

This review aims to present and discuss available data on the role of Lp(a) in patients with FH, in
terms of its potential augmentation of CVD risk.

Methods:

A comprehensive search of the literature was performed to identify studies evaluating the CV effects of
Lp(a) in patients with FH.

Results:

Lp(a) has been recognised as an independent risk factor for CVD, mainly coronary artery disease (CAD).
Most, but not all, studies show increased Lp(a) concentrations in adults and children with FH. There is also evidence
of an independent association between Lp(a) and CVD (mainly CAD) risk in these patients.

Conclusion:

Some therapeutic modalities, such as niacin, oestrogens, tibolone and proprotein convertase subtilisin/
kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors may effectively reduce Lp(a) concentrations by 25-30%, although their
clinical benefit of this effect remains to be established.
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip: A Review
Authors: Ayati Zahra , Amiri Mohammad S. , Ramezani Mahin , Delshad Elahe , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Emami Seyed A.
Published: October 2018

Background:

The fruit of genus Rosa, known as "rose hip", is frequently used in different traditional
medicines. Rose hips have long been used to treat kidney stones, gastroenteric ailments, hypertension and respiratory
problems such as bronchitis, cough and cold.

Aim:

This review is focused on the ethnopharmacological uses of rose hip as well as phytochemical and pharmacological
aspects.

Results:

Ethno-medical uses of rose hip have been recorded in many countries since a long time. Approximately,
129 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from rose hip. This fruit contains some major active
components such as flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, fatty oil, organic acids and inorganic
compounds. Scientific studies have suggested a wide range of pharmacological activities for rose hip including
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, cardioprotective,
antiaging, anti H. pylori, neuroprotective and antinociceptive activities. In particular, the rose hip powder and
extract have been reported to exert therapeutic effects on arthritis.

Conclusion:

Some of the ethnomedical indications of rose hip, such as nephroprotective and gastroproetctive
actions, have been confirmed by preclinical pharmacological studies. Additional investigations on the pharmacological
effects of rose hip as well as evidence from randomized controlled trials are essential to assess the
therapeutic value of this natural product.
Single Probiotic versus Multiple Probiotics - A Debate On Current Scenario for Alleviating Health Benefits
Authors: Korada Siva K. , Yarla Nagendra S. , Mishra Vijayendra , Daim Mohamed A. , Sharma Bechan , GM Ashraf , R. Reggi , M Palmery , Peluso Ilaria , Kamal Mohammad A.
Published: October 2018

Strain, dose, duration, validated clinical trial studies and scientific substantiation of health claims are
needed in order to define a successful probiotic. In particular, the potency of probiotic differs from strain to strain.
In this view, we aimed to know whether the single strain or multi-strain construct is more beneficial. We found
that the studies were still under debate and mechanisms remain sometimes unclear. No conclusion can be made
based on the strain experimentation. Safety data and significant statistical results for efficacy via well-controlled
clinical trials are needed.
Alkylphospholipids are Signal Transduction Modulators with Potential for Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Kaleağasıoğlu Ferda , Zaharieva Maya M. , Konstantinov Spiro M. , Berger Martin R.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Alkylphospholipids (APLs) are synthetically derived from cell membrane components, which they target and thus modify cellular signalling and cause diverse effects. This study reviews the mechanism of action of anticancer, antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antiviral activities of ALPs, as well as their clinical use.

Methods:

A literature search was used as the basis of this review.

Results:

ALPs target lipid rafts and alter phospholipase D and C signalling cascades, which in turn will modulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. By feedback coupling, the SAPK/JNK signalling chain is also affected. These changes lead to a G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and subsequently induce programmed cell death. The available knowledge on inhibition of AKT phosphorylation, mTOR phosphorylation and Raf down-regulation renders ALPs as attractive candidates for modern medical treatment, which is based on individualized diagnosis and therapy. Corresponding to their unusual profile of activities, their side effects result from cholinomimetic activity mainly and focus on the gastrointestinal tract. These aspects together with their bone marrow sparing features render APCs well suited for modern combination therapy. Although the clinical success has been limited in cancer diseases so far, the use of miltefosine against leishmaniosis is leading the way to better understanding their optimized use.

Conclusion:

Recent synthetic programs generate congeners with the increased therapeutic ratio, liposomal formulations, as well as diapeutic (or theranostic) derivatives with optimized properties. It is anticipated that these innovative modifications will pave the way for the further successful development of ALPs.
Tetanus Immunity and Epidemiology in Australia, 1993-2010
Authors: Lu Xinting , Quinn Helen E. , Menzies Rob I. , Hueston Linda , McIntyre Peter B.
Published: October 2018

Background:

This study evaluates trends in tetanus immunity and epidemiology over
the last two decades in Australia, drawing on two national serological surveys and national tetanus
morbidity data, to justify current Australian adult tetanus booster recommendations.

Methods:

We compare tetanus immunity level between two national serosurveys, and examine
incidence trends using the most accurate estimation of the true number of cases by correcting for
under-ascertainment.

Results:

Tetanus immunity in people aged <60 years is high, but the elderly, particularly the female
elderly, may not be adequately protected. Over the past twenty years older people have regularly
accounted for the highest number of tetanus cases, with an increasing proportion of cases.

Conclusion:

Despite a positive decrease in tetanus incidence, there remains a significant burden
in the elderly population of an entirely preventable disease. Supplying a funded booster dose of
dTpa at 65 years would be, potentially, an effective strategy to prevent tetanus cases in Australia.
A Novel Botulinum Toxin TAT-EGFP-HCS Fusion Protein Capable of Specific Delivery Through the Blood-brain Barrier to the Central Nervous System
Authors: Hao Fengjin , Feng Yueqin , Guan Yifu
Published: October 2018

Objective: Botulinum toxin has many applications in the treatment of central diseases, as
biological macromolecules, it is difficult to pass through the blood-brain barrier which greatly limits
their application. In this paper, we verified whether the botulinum toxin heavy chain HCS has a specific
neural guidance function.

Methods:

We have constructed a fusion protein with botulinum toxin heavy chain and a membrane penetrating
peptide TAT (TAT-EGFP-HCS). Recombinant plasmid of botulinum toxin light chain (LC) and
TAT were also constructed. The biological activity of HCS, LC, TAT-EGFP-HCS and TAT-EGFP-LC
were measured by its ability to cleave protein SNAP-25. The intracellular expression efficiency was
evaluated by detecting the fluorescence intensity of EGFP in the cells by fluorescence microscopy and
FACS. In addition, we also determined the effect of the above plasmid expression on the apoptosis of
PC12 cells. Finally, the tissue specificity of TAT-EGFP-HCS in vivo experiments was also examined.

Results:

In the present study, we have constructed a fusion protein with botulinum toxin heavy chain and
a membrane penetrating peptide TAT which can lead the entire molecule through the blood-brain barrier
and reach the central nervous system. Moreover, we also examined the biological activities of this recombinant
biological macromolecule and its physiological effects on nerve cells in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion:

TAT-EGFP-HSC expressed in vitro has neural guidance function and can carry large proteins
across the cell membrane without influencing the biological activity.
Adenosine as a Marker and Mediator of Cardiovascular Homeostasis: A Translational Perspective
Authors: Simard Trevor , Jung Richard , Labinaz Alisha , Faraz Mohammad Ali , Ramirez F. Daniel , Di Santo Pietro , Pitcher Ian , Motazedian Pouya , Gaudet Chantal , Rochman Rebecca , Marbach Jeffrey , Boland Paul , Sarathy Kiran , Alghofaili Saleh , Russo Juan J. , Couture Etienne , Beanlands Rob S. , Hibbert Benjamin
Published: October 2018

Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is produced broadly and implicated in the homeostasis of many cells and tissues. It signals predominantly via 4 purinergic adenosine receptors (ADORs) – ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B and ADORA3 in addition to non-ADOR mediated effects. Through these signaling mechanisms, adenosine exerts effects on numerous cell types crucial to maintaining vascular homeostasis, especially following vascular injury. Both in vitro and in vivo models have provided considerable insights into adenosine signaling and identified targets for therapeutic intervention. Numerous pharmacologic agents have been developed that modulate adenosine signaling, both through design as specific ADOR agonists and antagonists and as offtarget effects of existing anti-platelet medications. Despite this, adenosine has yet to be firmly established as either a therapeutic or a prognostic tool in clinical medicine to date. Herein, we provide a bench-to-bedside review of adenosine biology, highlighting the key considerations for further translational development of this promising molecule.
Strategi pemasaran sapi potong di PT Tunas Jaya Raya Abadi Nganjuk
Authors: Putritamara Jaisy Aghniarahim , Febrianto Nanang , Ndaru Poespitasari Hazanah
Published: October 2018

This research conducted in PT. Tunas Jaya Raya Abadi Nganjuk. The objectives of this research were obtain a better understandin internal as well as exsternal environmental condition, secondly trying to covering the formulate the marketing strategi. Method that used in this research was a survey method, it contains observation, interview, and documentation. The data analyzed by SWOT analysis. The result showed internal strategy factors matrix give positive value where it strengths were stronger than it weakness (S = 2,29>W = 0,71). External strategy factors’ matrix also give positive value where it opportunities values were bigger than it threats values (O = 1,84 > T = 0,70). From the result, we know that environmental condition in PT. Tunas Jaya Raya Abadi was very good, and gave good prospect for its progress in the future. It known from total score of strength and opportunities factors (SO = 4.13). From SWOT analysis, strategy that will be taken was in the first quadrant where internal and external factors were positive. In general terms, it means that the environmental condition of PT. Tunas Jaya Raya Abadi, relatively has bigger opportunity than its weaknesses. The decision that made by PT. Tunas Jaya Raya Abadi for marketing strategy was rapid strategy by which all opportunity could be captured as marketing consideration.
Investigation of the impact of service parameters on the degree of passenger satisfaction based on the application of the apparatus of neural networks
Authors: Pastukhov S. S. , Stel’Mashenko K. V.
Published: October 2018

Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvan-luation models has been identified and justified. These models could tages of various methodological approaches to the search for ways be used to guide management to implement several areas of service to increase the quality of service existing in the marketing practice of improvement at the same time, and also to make efficient decisions in the passenger complex, the need for further development of such the context of possible synergies between the multiple aspects of the robust nonparametric mechanisms for constructing predictive va-service being investigated in their impact on customer satisfaction. Methodical and practical approaches are proposed to identify and compare the effect of service parameters on the level of passenger satisfaction on the basis of modeling using the apparatus of neural networks for conditions where the application of least squares correlation and regression analysis and mechanisms of order logistic regression are prognostically inefficient or excessively time consuming for analytical work. The approbation results of the apparatus of neural networks on sets of marketing data concerning various aspects of passenger service at stations and in trains are presented, as well as an estimation of the efficiency of using neural networks in comparison with the algorithms of ordinal logistic and linear regression. As a result, in order to obtain the maximum of objective information necessary for developing solutions in the field of quality management of transport services of the passenger complex, it is proposed to use a new modification of the universal complex mechanism for studying the influence of various service parameters on the level of customer satisfaction, including a set of regression algorithms, the apparatus of neural networks and nonparametric statistics toolkit.
Experience in the use of seismic recording of vibrations from trains to evaluate the condition of buildings and structures
Authors: Kapustyan N. K. , Antonovskaya G. N. , Basakina I. M.
Published: October 2018

Constructions along railway traffic lines are always exposed to vinrations generated by the passing transport. This sometimes leads to shifts in their state even threatening the comfort of the people that stay here. To estimate the magnitude of such effect one needs the frequency-amplitude chart of impacting vibrations. Current codes [1] are applied to the main types of buildings and state the acceptable level of magnitudes in wide frequency ranges. However, the code’s regulations are not enough to ensure the building’s stability as the real state of this building is not taken into account. This is especially true for the historical buildings near railroads. Majority of these are cult-related and are mostly damaged and need renovation. To correctly estimate an impact of vibrations one needs to measure addition tensions due to vibration in the construction’s body and to compare them with ones resistance material calculations. In other words, seismic vibrations emitted by trains act as a seismic signal, for which there are several established methods of evaluation. Finite elements simulations enables estimation of the distribution of static and dynamic loads so that the most vulnerable locations in the construction’s body are identified. Consequently the simulation can use experimentally recorded waves (spectra or accelerogramms) as the dynamic load. With the simulation stage set different model types are cycled until the satisfactory match is obtained as is shown in the paper. Importantly, we demonstrate how construction evaluation methods can be combined with applied seismic methods, which are being actively developed for the needs of soil and construction integrity evaluations.
New information technology of centralized management of passenger car fleet
Authors: Komissarov A. V. , Zubkova E. A. , Krokhaleva E. G. , Evgen’Eva M. A. , Karavanova N. B. , Veselova A. A. , Zakharov R. Yu. , Ioffe Yu. A. , Skvortsov M. A.
Published: October 2018

Steady requirements of consumers to the quality of to the development of automated systems, make it necessary to the information provided, on the basis of which the control actions constantly process or create higher quality products. The require-are carried out, as well as the acceleration of technical means related ment to improve the basic information solutions using modern technical resources offered by industry was the reason for the rework of the existing business process for managing the fleet of passenger cars implemented in the automated system for managing operation and repair of the passenger car fleet (ASUPV). The article gives a brief analysis of the 20-year work of the linear enterprises (LP) with the ASUPV - (ASUPV LP) subsystem, with the help of which the source documents are entered into the car park, trains are formed and the passenger car fleet maintenance is monitored. This subsystem is the main supplier of information for obtaining analytical data at all levels of passenger car fleet management. The article also outlines the main goal of the new information technology - obtaining, through single processing of primary data, new quality information, on the basis of which optimal management solutions should be developed. The purpose of the newly developed ASUPV LP-2 system is to automate the technological processes of centralized management of the passenger fleet of linear enterprises to improve performance and efficiency of the industry, which will allow optimizing the work of passenger line enterprises, monitoring compliance with technological processes and ensuring the availability of reliable information to interested users. The article describes the main tasks of the developed system: ensuring the need for the necessary and sufficient number of passenger cars for the fulfillment of the transportation plan at the linear enterprise; creating of guaranteed traffic safety of the formed passenger trains; improving the quality of repairs and maintenance. It is noted that the sources of increased complexity of managing the passenger car fleet are the constantly increasing complexity of business processes automated at the linear enterprise, which conflicts with the existing regulatory and technological base, as well as increasing requirements for the speed and accuracy of execution of all operations with cars. It is also indicated that automatic monitoring of the input sequence of source documents and its information interconnection should be created in the developed system and a system of automated control and prevention of conscious violations performed by users should be developed in order to improve the performance of their own work. The system should control the user's actions as much as possible and check the information entered by the user for compliance with regulatory requirements.