bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family perceptions of intensive care unit nurses’ roles: a Greek perspective
Authors: Malliarou Maria , Gerogianni Georgia , Babatsikou Fotoula , Kotrotsiou Evaggelia , Zyga Sofia
Published: January 2014

This study was done in order to examine the role of the nurse in families with critically ill patients as perceived by family members. A descriptive design was conducted with 93 family members aged 18-53 years from a 6-bed intensive care unit in a Greek Hospital. An anonymous self-completed questionnaire recording demographic data and the questionnaire Family members perception of nurses behavioral role expectation/enactment scale of Hickey and Lewandowski was used. Parametric statistic tests were used to examine the research questions. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients’ family members expect nurses to make them feel they can ask whatever they want whenever they want, placing great emphasis on communicating with one another and on participating in decision making to the progress of patient care. The age seems to correlate with the expectation from nurse to meet the role of training on how to handle the patient. Nurses did well with regard to meeting family members’ expectations. Most family members assessed positively the role of ICU nurse confirming the need for communication, and clear support of families.
Protecting the anaesthetised brain
Authors: Abraham Mary
Published: January 2014

The anaesthetized brain is vulnerable to ischaemic insults, which could result in neurological deficits ranging from neuropsychological disturbances to stroke and even death. The risk of perioperative brain injury is relatively high in cardiac, neurosurgical and major vascular surgery, although it has also rarely been reported in noncardiac nonneurosurgical operations. Besides underlying risk factors such as cerebrovascular disease, advanced age, and cardiovascular disease, anaesthesia and surgery per se could also be a contributory factor. The anaesthesiologist plays a pivotal role in protecting the anaesthetized brain, both by taking preventive measures and instituting brain protection strategies. Despite advances and breakthroughs in pharmacological neuroprotection in the laboratory, currently there is no drug, anaesthetic or non-anaesthetic, which is available for clinical use. The anaesthesiologist has to rely on non-pharmacological modalities and neuromonitoring to prevent intraoperative brain injury
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with intracranial extension – A review of 29 cases
Authors: Jain Varun , Dube Surya , Mahajan Charu , Prabhakar Hemanshu
Published: January 2014

Background: Complete resection has been the preferred treatment for extracranial juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNA) but resection of JNA with intracranial extension (ICE) can be quite challenging because of the associated risk of extensive haemorrhage. The aim of this study was to assess the neurological outcome of patients undergoing surgery for removal of JNA with ICE and analyse various perioperative anaesthetic factors that could possibly affect the outcome. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted including patients with JNA with ICE requiring combined otolaryngological and neurosurgical approach for tumour removal at our centre from January 2001 to December 2010. Patient's medical and anaesthesia records were reviewed and data regarding patient demography, pre-operative investigations, anaesthetic management, post-operative investigations and complications, number of days of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at the time of discharge from hospital were collected and reviewed. Results: A total of 29 patients were operated. The median age of presentation was 15 years. Nineteen patients (65.5%) had a good GOS of 5 at discharge, 7 (24.1%) had moderate outcome with GOS of 4 and 3 patients (10.3%) had poor outcome with GOS of ≤3. There was one mortality in our study. Perioperative factors affecting the GOS at discharge were amount of intra-operative blood loss, intra-operative infusion of packed red blood cells (RBCs) and colloid and post-operative haemoglobin. Conclusion: The outcome of patients with JNA is affected by intra-operative blood loss and transfusion.
Predictive Factors of Legionella pneumophila Contamination in Cooling Tower Water
Authors: Luksamijarulkul Pipat , Kornkrerkkiat Sumawadee , Saranpuetti Chayaporn , Sujirarat Dusit
Published: January 2014

A cross-sectional study of 160 water samples collected from 72 cooling towers in 4 hospitals, 7 department stores, and 3 hotels in Bangkok was carried out to investigate Legionella pneumophila contamination and its predictive factors. All water samples were cultured for Legionella spp. and tested for L. pneumophila by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Some cooling tower parameters were measured and recorded. Data were analyzed using χ 2 -test, odds ratio and stepwise logistic regression analysis at the significant level of α = 0.05. Results revealed that the Legionella spp. contamination was 20.0% (32/160) and for L. pneumophila was 61.3% (98/160). The sensitivity of real-time PCR was higher than that of the culture. Factors significantly associated with L. pneumophila contamination by χ 2 -test were: the cooling tower model, size, use duration, pH, water temperature, use of ozone, and residual free chlorine (95% CI of OR > 1.0, P < 0.05). After stepwise logistic regression analysis, four predictive factors remained. These included the cooling tower model being a cross-flow type (adjusted OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.2-7.8, P = 0.017), use duration >5 years (adjusted OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.3-10.1, P = 0.016), water temperature <29.4°C (adjusted OR = 7.9, 95% CI = 2.1-29.6, P = 0.002), and residual free chlorine <0.2 ppm (adjusted OR = 8.5, 95% CI = 2.1-34.9, P = 0.003). Additionally, the risk probability for L. pneumophila contamination was estimated to be 13.9-97.1%, depending on the combination of predictive factors.
Invited review: KPZ. Recent developments via a variational formulation
Authors: Wio Horacio S. , Deza Roberto R. , Escudero Carlos , Revelli Jorge A.
Published: January 2014

Recently, a variational approach has been introduced for the paradigmatic Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation. Here we review that approach, together with the functional Taylor expansion that the KPZ nonequilibrium potential (NEP) admits. Such expansion becomes naturally truncated at third order, giving rise to a nonlinear stochastic partial differential equation to be regarded as a gradient-flow counterpart to the KPZ equation. A dynamic renormalization group analysis at one-loop order of this new mesoscopic model yields the KPZ scaling relation $\alpha + z = 2$, as a consequence of the exact cancelation of the different contributions to vertex renormalization. This result is quite remarkable, considering the lower degree of symmetry of this equation, which is in particular not Galilean invariant. In addition, this scheme is exploited to inquire about the dynamical behavior of the KPZ equation through a path-integral approach. Each of these aspects offers novel points of view and sheds light on particular aspects of the dynamics of the KPZ equation. Received: 25 June 2013, Accepted: 10 December 2013; Reviewed by: F. Reis, Instituto de Fisica, Univ. Fed. Fluminense, Brazil; Edited by: R. Dickman; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.050010Cite as: H S Wio, R R Deza, C Escudero, J A Revelli, Papers in Physics 5, 050010 (2013)
Concentrations and fluxes of isoprene and oxygenated VOCs at a French Mediterranean oak forest
Authors: Kalogridis C. , Gros V. , Sarda-Esteve R. , Langford B. , Loubet B. , Bonsang B. , Bonnaire N. , Nemitz E. , Genard A.-C. , Boissard C. , Fernandez C. , Ormeño E. , Baisnée D. , Reiter I. , Lathière J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The CANOPEE project aims to better understand the biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) in the case of Mediterranean ecosystems and the impact of in-canopy processes on the atmospheric chemical composition above the canopy. Based on an intensive field campaign, the objective of our work was to determine the chemical composition of the air inside a canopy as well as the net fluxes of reactive species between the canopy and the boundary layer. Measurements were carried out during spring 2012 at the Oak Observatory of the Observatoire de Haute Provence (O3HP) located in the southeast of France. The field site presents one dominant tree species, Quercus pubescens L., a typical Mediterranean species which features large isoprene emission rates. Mixing ratios of isoprene, its degradation products methylvinylketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) and several other oxygenated VOC (OxVOC) were measured above the canopy using an online proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), and fluxes were calculated by the disjunct eddy covariance approach. The O3HP site was found to be a very significant source of isoprene emissions, with daily maximum ambient concentrations ranging between 2–16 ppbv inside and 2–5 ppbv just above the top of the forest canopy. Significant isoprene fluxes were observed only during daytime, following diurnal cycles with midday net emission fluxes from the canopy ranging between 2–8 mg m−2 h1. Net isoprene normalised flux (at 30 °C, 1000 μmol m−2 s−1) was estimated at 6.6 mg m−2 h−1. The (MVK+MACR)-to-isoprene ratio was used to assess the degree of isoprene oxidation. In-canopy chemical oxidation of isoprene was found to be weak, as indicated by the low (MVK+MACR)-to-isoprene ratio (~ 0.13) and low MVK+MACR fluxes, and did not seem to have a significant impact on isoprene concentrations and fluxes above the canopy. Evidence of direct emission of methanol was also found exhibiting maximum daytime fluxes ranging between 0.2–0.4 mg m−2 h−1, whereas flux values for monoterpenes and others OxVOC such as acetone and acetaldehyde were below the detection limit.
An evaluation of O3 dry deposition simulations in East Asia
Authors: Park R. J. , Hong S. K. , Kwon H.-A. , Kim S. , Guenther A. , Woo J.-H. , Loughner C. P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We used a 3-D regional atmospheric chemistry transport model (WRF-Chem) to examine processes that determine O3 in East Asia; in particular, we focused on O3 dry deposition, which is an uncertain research area due to insufficient observation and numerical studies in East Asia. Here, we compare two widely used dry deposition parameterization schemes, Wesely and M3DRY, which are used in the WRF-Chem and CMAQ models, respectively. The O3 dry deposition velocities simulated using the two aforementioned schemes under identical meteorological conditions show considerable differences (a factor of 2) due to surface resistance parameterization discrepancies. The O3 concentration differed by up to 10 ppbv for the monthly mean. The simulated and observed dry deposition velocities were compared, which showed that the Wesely scheme model is consistent with the observations and successfully reproduces the observed diurnal variation. We conduct several sensitivity simulations by changing the land use data, the surface resistance of the water and the model's spatial resolution to examine the factors that affect O3 concentrations in East Asia. As shown, the model was considerably sensitive to the input parameters, which indicates a high uncertainty for such O3 dry deposition simulations. Observations are necessary to constrain the dry deposition parameterization and input data to improve the East Asia air quality models.
Bromocarbons in the tropical coastal and open ocean atmosphere during the Prime Expedition Scientific Cruise 2009 (PESC 09)
Authors: Mohd Nadzir M. S. , Phang S. M. , Abas M. R. , Abdul Rahman N. , Abu Samah A. , Sturges W. T. , Oram D. E. , Mills G. P. , Leedham Elvidge Emma C. , Pyle J. A. , Harris N. R. P. , Robinson A. D. , Ashfold M. J. , Mead M. I. , Latif M. T. , Mohd Hanafiah M. , Khan M. F. , Amiruddin A. M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Atmospheric concentrations of very short-lived species (VSLS) bromocarbons, including CHBr3, CH2Br2, CHCl2Br, CHClBr2, CH2BrCl, were measured in the Strait of Malacca and the South China and Sulu-Sulawesi Seas during a two month research cruise in June/July 2009. The highest bromocarbon concentrations were found in the Strait of Malacca, with smaller enhancements in coastal regions of Northern Borneo. CHBr3 was the most abundant bromocarbon, ranging from 5.2 pmol mol−1 in the Strait of Malacca to 0.94 pmol mol−1 over the open ocean. Other bromocarbons showed lower concentrations, in the range of 0.8–1.3 pmol mol−1 for CH2Br2, 0.1–0.5 pmol mol−1 (CHCl2Br) and 0.1–0.4 pmol mol−1 (CHClBr2). There was no significant correlation between bromocarbons and in situ chlorophyll a. Together the short-lived bromocarbons contribute an average of 8.9 pmol mol−1 (range 5.2–21.4 pmol mol−1) to tropospheric bromine load, which is similar to that found in previous studies (Montzka et al., 2011). Statistical tests showed strong Spearman correlations amongst brominated compounds suggesting a common source. Log-log plots of CHBr3/CH2Br2 vs. CHBr2Cl/CH2Br2 show that both chemical reactions and dilution into the background atmosphere contribute to the composition of these halocarbons at each sampling point. We have used the correlation to make a crude estimate of the regional emissions of CHBr3 and derive a value of 63 Gg yr−1 for the South East (S.E.) Asian region (10° N–20° S, 90–150° E). Finally, we note that satellite-derived chlorophyll a (chl a) products do not always agree well with in situ measurements, particularly in coastal regions of high turbidity, meaning that satellite chl a may not always be a good proxy for marine productivity.
Open-path, quantum cascade-laser-based sensor for high-resolution atmospheric ammonia measurements
Authors: Miller D. J. , Sun K. , Tao L. , Khan M. A. , Zondlo M. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We demonstrate a compact, open-path, quantum cascade-laser-based atmospheric ammonia sensor operating at 9.06 μm for high-sensitivity, high temporal resolution, ground-based measurements. Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is a gas-phase precursor to fine particulate matter, with implications for air quality and climate change. Currently, NH3 sensing challenges have led to a lack of widespread in situ measurements. Our open-path sensor configuration minimizes sampling artifacts associated with NH3 surface adsorption onto inlet tubing and reduced pressure sampling cells, as well as condensed-phase partitioning ambiguities. Multi-harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy allows for selective and sensitive detection of atmospheric pressure-broadened absorption features. An in-line ethylene reference cell provides real-time calibration (±20% accuracy) and normalization for instrument drift under rapidly changing field conditions. The sensor has a sensitivity and noise-equivalent limit (1σ) of 0.15 ppbv NH3 at 10 Hz, a mass of ~ 5 kg and consumes ~ 50 W of electrical power. The total uncertainty in NH3 measurements is 0.20 ppbv NH3 ± 10%, based on a spectroscopic calibration method. Field performance of this open-path NH3 sensor is demonstrated, with 10 Hz time resolution and a large dynamic response for in situ NH3 measurements. This sensor provides the capabilities for improved in situ gas-phase NH3 sensing relevant for emission source characterization and flux measurements.
Spatio-temporal variability of soil respiration in a spruce-dominated headwater catchment in western Germany
Authors: Y. Bossa A. , Diekkrüger B.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. CO2 production and transport from forest floors is an important component of the carbon cycle and is closely related to the global atmosphere CO2 concentration. If we are to understand the feedback between soil processes and atmospheric CO2, we need to know more about the spatio-temporal variability of this soil respiration under different environmental conditions. In this study, long-term measurements were conducted in a spruce-dominated forest ecosystem in western Germany. Multivariate analysis-based similarities between different measurements sites led to the detection of site clusters along two CO2 emission axes: (1) mainly controlled by soil temperature and moisture condition, and (2) mainly controlled by root biomass and the forest floor litter. The combined effects of soil temperature and soil moisture were used as a time-dependent rating factor affecting the optimal CO2 production and transport at cluster level. High/moderate/weak time-dependent rating factors were associated with the different clusters. The process-based most distant clusters were identified using specified pattern characteristics: the reaction rates in the soil layers, the activation energy for bio-chemical reactions, the water sorption and desorption constant, the root biomass factor, the litter layer factor and the organic matter factor. A HYDRUS-1D model system was inversely used to compute soil hydraulic parameters from soil moisture measurements. Heat transport parameters were adjusted based on observed soil temperatures. The results were used to adjust CO2 production and transport characteristics such as the molecular diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide in air and water and the CO2 production by soil microorganisms and plant roots under optimal conditions for each cluster. Although the uncertainty associated with the HYDRUS-1-D simulations is higher, the results were consistent with both the multivariate clustering and the time-dependent rating of site production/transport. Finally, four clusters with significantly different environmental conditions (i.e., permanent high soil moisture condition, accumulated litter amount, high variability in soil moisture content, dominant temperature-dependence) were found relevant in explaining the spatio-temporal variability of CO2 efflux and providing reference specific characteristic values for the investigated area.
Magnetic quantification of Fe and S bound as magnetosomal greigite in laminated sapropels in deeper basins of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Reinholdsson M. , Snowball I.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize magnetite and/or greigite for navigation purposes and it have been suggested that their magnetosomes make a significant contribution to the burial of Fe (and S and O) in sedimentary environments. To test this hypothesis and improve our understanding of MTBs impact on the rate of burial of these two elements we have quantified the abundance of Fe and S bound as greigite magnetofossils in laminated Baltic Sea sapropels, which were formed during periods of hypoxia and anoxia, using mineral magnetic measurements. Fluxes of Fe and S in the form of preserved greigite magnetofossils were calculated for three sedimentary sequences. The magnetosomal Fe (and S) fluxes range between 0.19 and 1.46 × 10−6 g cm−2 yr−1 (0.15 and 1.12 × 10−6 g cm−2 yr−1), and varied in time and space. The contribution of magnetosomal Fe to total Fe fluxes is relatively low, < 0.2%, although its contribution can be important in other stratified waters that suffer from hypoxia/anoxia. We show that the magnetosomal fluxes of Fe in the Baltic Sea are, however, similar to fluxes of Fe derived from mineral magnetic studies of magnetite magnetosomes in organic rich, varved freshwater lake sediments in Sweden.
Sensitivity simulations with direct radiative forcing by aeolian dust during glacial cycles
Authors: Bauer E. , Ganopolski A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Possible feedback effects between aeolian dust, climate and ice sheets are studied for the first time with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity over the late Pleistocene period. Correlations between climate variables and dust deposits suggest that aeolian dust potentially plays an important role for the evolution of glacial cycles. Here climatic effects from the dust direct radiative forcing (DRF) caused by absorption and scattering of solar radiation are investigated. Key factors controlling the dust DRF are the atmospheric dust distribution and the absorption-scattering efficiency of dust aerosols. Effective physical parameters in the description of these factors are varied within uncertainty ranges known from available data and detailed model studies. Although the parameters are reasonably constrained by use of these studies, the simulated dust DRF spans a wide uncertainty range related to nonlinear dependencies. In our simulations, the dust DRF is highly localized. Medium-range parameters result in negative DRF of several W m−2 in regions close to major dust sources and negligible values elsewhere. In case of high absorption efficiency, the local dust DRF can reach positive values and the global mean DRF can be insignificantly small. In case of low absorption efficiency, the dust DRF can produce a significant global cooling in glacial periods which leads to a doubling of the maximum glacial ice volume relative to the case with small dust DRF. DRF-induced temperature and precipitation changes can either be attenuated or amplified through a feedback loop involving the dust cycle. The sensitivity experiments suggest that depending on dust optical parameters the DRF has the potential to either damp or reinforce glacial–interglacial climate changes.
Hard paths, soft paths or no paths? Cross-cultural perceptions of water solutions
Authors: Wutich A. , White A. C. , White D. D. , Larson K. L. , Brewis A. , Roberts C.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. In this study, we examine how development status and water scarcity shape people's perceptions of "hard path" and "soft path" water solutions. Based on ethnographic research conducted in four semi-rural/peri-urban sites (in Bolivia, Fiji, New Zealand, and the US), we use content analysis to conduct statistical and thematic comparisons of interview data. Our results indicate clear differences associated with development status and, to a lesser extent, water scarcity. People in the two less developed sites were more likely to suggest hard path solutions, less likely to suggest soft path solutions, and more likely to see no path to solutions than people in the more developed sites. Thematically, people in the two less developed sites envisioned solutions that involve small-scale water infrastructure and decentralized, community-based solutions, while people in the more developed sites envisioned solutions that involve large-scale infrastructure and centralized, regulatory water solutions. People in the two water-scarce sites were less likely to suggest soft path solutions and more likely to see no path to solutions (but no more likely to suggest hard path solutions) than people in the water-rich sites. Thematically, people in the two water-rich sites seemed to perceive a wider array of unrealized potential soft path solutions than those in the water-scarce sites. On balance, our findings are encouraging in that they indicate that people are receptive to soft path solutions in a range of sites, even those with limited financial or water resources. Our research points to the need for more studies that investigate the social feasibility of soft path water solutions, particularly in sites with significant financial and natural resource constraints.
How old is the ice beneath Dome A, Antarctica?
Authors: Sun B. , Moore J. C. , Zwinger T. , Liyun Z. , Steinhage D. , Tang X. , Zhang D. , Cui X. , Martín C.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Chinese scientists will start to drill a deep ice core at Kunlun station near Dome A in the near future. Recent work has predicted that Dome A is a location where ice older than 1 million years can be found. We model flow, temperature and the age of the ice by applying a three-dimensional, thermo-mechanically coupled full-Stokes model to a 70 km × 70 km domain around Kunlun station, using isotropic non-linear rheology and different prescribed anisotropic ice fabrics that vary the evolution from isotropic to single maximum at 1/3 or 2/3 depths. The variation in fabric is about as important as the uncertainties in geothermal heat flux in determining the vertical advection which in consequence controls both the basal temperature and the age profile. We find strongly variable basal ages across the domain since the ice varies greatly in thickness and any basal melting effectively removes very old ice in the deepest parts of the subglacial valleys. Comparison with dated radar isochrones in the upper one third of the ice sheet cannot sufficiently constrain the age of the deeper ice, with uncertainties as large as 500 000 yr in the basal age. We also assess basal age and thermal state sensitivities to geothermal heat flux and surface conditions. Despite expectations of modest changes in surface height over a glacial cycle at Dome A, even small variations in the evolution of surface conditions cause large variation in basal conditions which is consistent with basal accretion features seen in radar surveys.
Gerard De Geer - a pioneer in Quaternary geology in Scandinavia
Authors: Cato Ingemar , Stevens Rodney L
Published: January 2014

The paper presents a pioneer in Quaternary geology, both internationally and in Scandinavia – the Swedish geologist and professor Gerard De Geer (1858–1943). This is done, first by highlighting one of his most important contributions to science – the varve chronology – a method he used to describe the Weichselian land–ice recession over Scandinavia, and secondly by the re–publication of a summary article on Gerard De Geer’s early scientific achievement in 1881–1906 related to the Baltic Sea geology, written by his wife, Ebba Hult De Geer.
MULTIAXIAL STRAIN ENERGY FUNCTIONS OF RUBBERLIKE MATERIALS: AN EXPLICIT APPROACH BASED ON POLYNOMIAL INTERPOLATION
Authors: Wang Xiao-Ming , Li Hao , Yin Zheng-Nan , Xiao Heng
Published: January 2014

We propose an explicit approach to obtaining multiaxial strain energy functions for incompressible, isotropic rubberlike materials undergoing large deformations. Via polynomial interpolation, we first obtain two one-dimensional strain energy functions separately from uniaxial data and shear data, and then, from these two, we obtain a multiaxial strain energy function by means of direct procedures based on well-designed logarithmic invariants. This multiaxial strain energy function exactly fits any given data from four benchmark tests, including uniaxial and equibiaxial extension, simple shear, plane–strain extension, and so forth. Furthermore, its predictions for biaxial stretch tests provide good accord with test data. The proposed approach is explicit in a sense without involving the usual procedures both in deriving forms of the multiaxial strain energy function and in estimating a number of unknown parameters.
Nutritional Analysis and Quality Evaluation in Muscle of Crucifix Crab Charybdis feriatus From Three Wild Populations
Authors: Lu Jian-xue , Gong Yang-yang , Huang Yan-qing , Ma Hong-yu , Zou Xiong , Xia Lian-jun
Published: January 2014

Three wild populations of crucifix crab Charybdis feriatus were sampled and muscle was analyzed for proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition, aimed to quantify and compare the nutritional quality from three different locations in China. Results showed that crude protein content in muscle of female crucifix crab C. feriatus from Zhoushan (ZS) and Xiapu (XP) (84.84%-88.35%) were significantly higher than that of crucifix crab C. feriatus from Qionghai (QH) (74.33%), while there was no significant difference in terms of crude fat content (3.82%-4.07%). The highest content of ash was found in muscle of crucifix crab C. feriatus from QH (5.36%). The muscle of crucifix crab C. feriatus from ZS and XP had significantly higher contents of total amino acids, essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and delicious amino acids than those of QH group (P < 0.05). The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content in the muscle of crucifix crab C. feriatus from three wild populations showed significant difference (P < 0.05). The ZS group had highest content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (33.64%) and total content of EPA and DHA (22.85%) as well, followed by XP and QH group (P < 0.05). Overall, the differences in chemical composition in muscle of C. feriatus from different locations could be attributed to environmental variables and maturation stage.
Police « globalisée » et déploiements canadiens dans les opérations de paix1
Authors: Tanner2 Samuel
Published: January 2014

Les opérations internationales de paix ont vu ces dernières décennies une augmentation marquée de contingents policiers, mieux connus sous le nom d’UNPOL. Cette police « globalisée » a pour mission de contribuer à la consolidation de la paix, au renforcement des capacités des acteurs locaux et de ce fait, à la stabilisation de régions post-crise. Cet article, basé sur une série d’entrevues menées avec des policiers canadiens déployés dans la Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti (MINUSTAH), s’intéresse à ce qu’implique « faire la police » dans une mission internationale de paix pour les policiers de première ligne, tant d’un point de vue organisationnel qu’opérationnel. Cette approche microsociologique permet de montrer à quel point les opérations de paix de cette nature sont largement tributaires des interactions telles qu’elles se déploient localement entre les principaux protagonistes de la consolidation de la paix.
Les forces de l’ordre, expertes des climats urbains
Authors: Boullier1 Dominique , Chevrier Stéphane
Published: January 2014

Les grands événements urbains nécessitent la production d’environnements sécurisés qui vont permettre de vivre le climat de la fête, de la manifestation ou du match (les terrains qui seront évoqués ici) dans un intérieur protégé. Les forces de l’ordre ont acquis une expertise dans le pilotage de ces climats, qui repose non pas sur des plans mais sur une acceptation d’être « à l’intérieur », elles aussi, et non en surplomb. Elles mobilisent alors toutes les ressources du cadre bâti et le complètent par leur propre disposition pour créer des enveloppes, et elles utilisent aussi les ressources de leurs corps pour garder les sens en éveil pour une situation toujours susceptible de déborder.
Gérer les risques dans l’entreprise vulnérable. Une comparaison franco-québécoise
Authors: Ocqueteau1 Frédéric , Dupont Benoît
Published: January 2014

Cet article est un essai de comparaison des résultats de deux enquêtes initialement conduites sans concertation à Paris et à Montréal sur un objet identique : la gestion de la sécurité-sûreté en entreprise à partir d’entretiens auprès de risk managers confrontés à des vulnérabilités, risques et menaces très diversifiés. L’approche française interroge plutôt compétences et rôles de ces agents d’encadrement à partir des cursus professionnels (privés, policiers, militaires) tandis que l’approche québécoise interroge plutôt la maîtrise et les effets de leurs réseaux relationnels. Le comparatif s’établit à partir des illustrations de deux régimes de sécurité : dans les structures hospitalières confrontées à des violences de plus en plus menaçantes et dans les aéroports vus comme des infrastructures critiques d’importance vitale. Une meilleure connaissance de l’identité de ces professionnels dédiés permet une approche plus juste de la pluralité des modalités du policing dans nos sociétés, une clé de lecture plus heureuse que celle du paradigme de la privatisation de la sécurité, dont la valeur heuristique est devenue moins crédible.
Une mesure de la gravité moyenne des crimes enregistrés par la police1
Authors: Boivin2 Rémi
Published: January 2014

Cet article part du principe que l’analyse de la criminalité doit traiter d’au moins deux dimensions : le volume et la gravité des infractions. Le taux de criminalité traditionnel mesure exclusivement le volume de criminalité commis à un endroit ou à un moment précis. Statistique Canada a récemment développé un Indice de gravité de la criminalité visant à tenir compte de la gravité des infractions enregistrées par la police. L’analyse de la construction de l’indice révèle qu’il s’agit en fait d’un taux pondéré influencé à la fois par le volume et la gravité. L’article présente un nouvel indicateur qui vise à mesurer uniquement la gravité des infractions enregistrées. Cette mesure de la gravité moyenne des infractions criminelles enregistrées par la police est simple à calculer et facile à interpréter. Elle permet de conclure que les infractions enregistrées au Canada au cours des années 2000 sont moins graves que celles enregistrées durant les années 1980 et 1990. La mesure vient aussi nuancer le classement des provinces et des villes canadiennes les plus « dangereuses » puisqu’il est démontré qu’un taux de criminalité élevé ne signifie pas nécessairement un niveau de gravité élevé, et vice versa. L’analyse des données policières sous l’angle de la gravité offre une vision plus complète du phénomène de la criminalité.
Holocene record of eolian activity from Genggahai Lake, northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Qiang Mingrui , Liu Yingying , Jin Yanxiang , Song Lei , Huang Xiangtong , Chen Fahu
Published: January 2014

The history of dust emission and eolian activity in dust source areas remains unclear due to the scarcity of geological archives. Grain‐size data from Genggahai Lake on the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau show that sand‐sized particles in the lake sediments were transported primarily by strong winds to the lake and therefore can be used as a proxy for eolian activity. Eolian activity was weak from 10.3 to 6.3 ka, which may be a response to increased vegetation cover due to the strengthened Asian summer monsoon. In contrast, eolian activity occurred episodically when the summer monsoon weakened. The abrupt, intense sand deposition events are likely to have resulted from strong wind regimes, in turn linked to cooling events in the North Atlantic. Our results suggest that changes in atmospheric circulation patterns may have strongly affected the moisture balance and wind strength in the dust source area and hence dust emissions.
Alternative interpretation of results from Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortex identification criteria
Authors: Plaschke F. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Nakamura R.
Published: January 2014

Observations of lower density, faster than sheath (LDFTS) plasma at the magnetopause are believed to be specific to rolled‐up vortices generated by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. Hence, they are used to identify vortices with single‐spacecraft measurements. These vortices are expected to occur at the tail‐flank magnetopause, beyond the terminator. This fact contrasts with numerous observations of LDFTS plasma far sunward of the terminator. Here we present two alternative explanations for the detection of LDFTS plasma at the dayside magnetopause: (1) the presence of a plasma depletion layer (PDL) readily featuring LDFTS plasma and (2) the plasma velocity pattern of magnetopause surface waves, by which lower/higher‐density magnetosheath or PDL plasmas sensed by a wave‐observing spacecraft are accelerated/decelerated in magnetosheath flow direction. Even low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) plasma may be of LDFTS, if the LLBL background flow is antisunward at near‐magnetosheath velocities.
Can we modify stratospheric water vapor by deliberate cloud seeding?
Authors: Chen Baojun , Yin Yan
Published: January 2014

Stratospheric water vapor has an important effect on Earth's climate. Considering the significance of overshooting deep convection in modulating the water vapor content (WVC) of the lower stratosphere (LS), we use a three‐dimensional convective cloud model to simulate the effects of various silver iodide (AgI) seeding scenarios on tropical overshooting deep convection that occurred on 30 November 2005 in Darwin, Australia. The primary motivation for this study is to investigate whether the WVC in the LS can be artificially modified by deliberate cloud seeding. It is found that AgI seeding done at the early stages of clouds produces significant effects on cloud microphysical and dynamical properties, and that further affects the WVC in the LS, while seeding at the mature stages of clouds has only a slight impact. The response of stratospheric water vapor to changes in the amount of seeding agent is nonlinear. The seeding with a small (large) amount of AgI increases (decreases) the WVC in the LS, due to enhanced (reduced) production and vertical transport of cloud ice from the troposphere and subsequent sublimation in the stratosphere. The results show that stratospheric water vapor can be artificially altered by deliberate cloud seeding with proper amount of seeding agent. This study also shows an important role of graupel in regulating cloud microphysics and dynamics and in modifying the WVC in the LS.
Award Program Recognizes Efforts to Protect Geoscience Data
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2014

A new award program could help spur increased preservation and sharing of geoscience research data, including “dark data” that may not be properly indexed and archived for easy access and retrieval.
Kroll, Murakami, and Seneviratne Receive 2013 James B. Macelwane Medals: Citation for Sonia I. Seneviratne
Authors: Gruber Nicolas
Published: January 2014

If you have ever wondered why heat waves can last that long and whether future climate change will increase droughts, then you should contact Sonia Seneviratne, a talented young scientist whose research is characterized by vigor, deep insight, and a keen eye for the important research questions. In her young career, Sonia has become one of the world's leading experts in the field of atmosphere–land surface interactions. She has already contributed a number of outstanding papers to this rapidly growing field, thereby shaping and influencing it in a defining matter. Sonia has tackled important and fascinating problems associated with the exchange of energy, momentum, and water between the atmosphere and the land surface and identified the key role of soil moisture in controlling heat waves and the onset and duration of droughts. Working at the interface between atmospheric, vegetation, and soil sciences and combining models with data analyses, she has written a number of exceptional papers that are not only novel and interesting but also hugely important for many people and institutions that are affected by droughts and heat waves.
Kuo‐Nan Liou Receives 2013 Roger Revelle Medal: Response
Authors: Liou Kuo‐Nan
Published: January 2014

I was surprised and thrilled to receive AGU's 2013 Roger Revelle Medal. Indeed, it is a great pleasure and distinct honor to be on the roster of previous outstanding awardees. I would like to thank Wilfried Brutsaert for his generous remarks and unwavering support and encouragement in my pursuit of academic and research excellence and to extend my appreciation to the Revelle Medal Selection Committee for recognizing my contributions to radiative transfer and related climate and remote sensing fields.
Data from Apollo missions show how lunar dust degrades instruments
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: January 2014

Apollo astronauts encountered very fine, powdery, abrasive lunar dust, which stuck to scientific instruments and caused damage and sometimes overheating and failure. To measure the effects of lunar dust, each of the first four Apollo expeditions left a set of solar cells on the Moon, and data were transmitted to Earth from 1969 to 1976.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Direct C‐2 Alkenylation of Indoles Assisted by the Removable N‐(2‐Pyrimidyl) Group
Authors: Gong Binwei , Shi Jingjing , Wang Xiaowei , Yan Yunnan , Li Qiu , Meng Yanqiu , Xu H. Eric , Yi Wei
Published: January 2014

The C‐2‐alkenylindole unit is a key component of numerous natural products and pharmacophores. However, the intermolecular direct construction of the core structural motif remains challenging in organic synthesis. Here we report a new, efficient, and versatile methodology for the synthesis of C‐2‐alkenylindoles through rhodium(III)‐catalyzed direct CH functionalization of indoles with acrylates under air by employing a metal‐directing group strategy. This strategy gives a rare selectivity for the alkenylation N‐(2‐pyrimidyl)indoles at the C‐2 position and provides the functionalized C‐2‐ alkenylindoles under mild conditions with broad substrate tolerance. An expansion of the methodology has also been demonstrated to, for example, the direct alkenylation of pyrrole and facile deprotection of the pyrimidyl group. All the results suggest that this methodology could be served as a highly attractive alternative for the direct construction of biologically important C‐2‐alkenylindoles.

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Effect of Aqueous Polyethylene Glycol on 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Benzoylnitromethane/Ethyl 2‐Nitroacetate with Dipolarophiles: Green Synthesis of Isoxazoles and Isoxazolines
Authors: Gangadhara Chary R. , Rajeshwar Reddy G. , Ganesh Y. S. S. , Vara Prasad K. , Raghunadh Akula , Krishna T. , Mukherjee Soumita , Pal Manojit
Published: January 2014

A 1:1 mixture of water‐polyethylene glycol (PEG) facilitated the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of benzoylnitromethane/ethyl 2‐nitroacetate with terminal alkynes or alkenes leading to isoxazoles or isoxazolines under green conditions. The methodology is free from the use of any base, catalyst, dehydrating agent or hazardous solvent.

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Long‐term outcome in epilepsy with grand mal on awakening: Forty years of follow‐up
Authors: Holtkamp Martin , Kowski Alexander B. , Merkle Hannah , Janz Dieter
Published: January 2014

Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening (EGMA) is a well‐defined subtype of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Patients with follow‐up of at least 20 years were assessed retrospectively regarding 5‐year terminal seizure remission. Forty‐two patients were included (mean age = 60 ± 13 years). After follow‐up of 40 ± 13 years, 26 patients (62%) were in remission, 5 without antiepileptic drugs. Age at investigation (odds ratio = 0.939, 95% confidence interval = 0.887–0.994, p = 0.029) independently predicted lacking remission. Nineteen patients (45.2%) had withdrawn from antiepileptic drugs at least once; 12 of those (63.2%) had seizure relapse. EGMA has a favorable long‐term prognosis. With increasing age and treatment duration, antiepileptic drug withdrawal may be justified. Ann Neurol 2014;75:298–302
In vitro silver ion release kinetics from nanosilver/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels synthesized by gamma irradiation
Authors: Krstić Jelena , Spasojević Jelena , Radosavljević Aleksandra , Perić‐Grujić Aleksandra , Đurić Momčilo , Kačarević‐Popović Zorica , Popović Srđan
Published: January 2014

A nanosilver (nano‐Ag)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel device was synthesized with γ irradiation because it is a highly suitable tool for enhanced nano‐Ag technologies and biocompatible controlled release formulations. The amount of the Ag+ ions released in vitro by the nano‐Ag/PVA hydrogel device was in the antimicrobial parts per million concentration range. The modeling of the Ag+ ion release kinetics with the elements of the drug‐delivery paradigm revealed the best fit solution (R2 > 0.99) for the Kopcha and Makoid–Banakar's pharmacokinetic dissolution models. The term A/B, derived from the Kopcha model, indicated that the nano‐Ag/PVA hydrogel was mainly an Ag+‐ion diffusion‐controlled device. Makoid–Banakar's parameter and the short time approximated Ag+‐ion diffusion constant reflected the importance of the size of the Ag nanoparticles. However, it appeared that the cell oxidation potential of the Ag nanoparticles depended on the diffusion characteristics of the fluid penetrating into the Ag/PVA nanosystem. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40321.
Community detection based on social interactions in a social network
Authors: Chen Yen‐Liang , Chuang Ching‐Hao , Chiu Yu‐Ting
Published: January 2014

Recent research has involved identifying communities in networks. Traditional methods of community detection usually assume that the network's structural information is fully known, which is not the case in many practical networks. Moreover, most previous community detection algorithms do not differentiate multiple relationships between objects or persons in the real world. In this article, we propose a new approach that utilizes social interaction data (e.g., users' posts on Facebook) to address the community detection problem in Facebook and to find the multiple social groups of a Facebook user. Some advantages to our approach are (a) it does not depend on structural information, (b) it differentiates the various relationships that exist among friends, and (c) it can discover a target user's multiple communities. In the experiment, we detect the community distribution of Facebook users using the proposed method. The experiment shows that our method can achieve the result of having the average scores of Total‐Community‐Purity and Total‐Cluster‐Purity both at approximately 0.8.
Blood protein repulsion after peptide entrapment in pendant polyethylene oxide layers
Authors: Auxier Julie A. , Dill Justen K. , Schilke Karl F. , McGuire Joseph
Published: January 2014

A number of sufficiently small peptides have been shown to integrate into polyethylene oxide (PEO) brush layers in accordance with their amphiphilicity and ordered structure. Those results have suggested that responsive drug delivery systems based on peptide‐loaded PEO layers can be controlled by modulation of solution conditions and peptide amphiphilicity. However, the presence of entrapped peptide may compromise the protein repulsive character of the PEO layer, and in this way reduce the viability of a medical device coating based on such an approach. Nisin is a cationic, amphiphilic, and antimicrobial peptide that has been shown to integrate into PEO brush layers. In this work, the preferential location of fibrinogen at PEO‐coated, nisin‐loaded layers was investigated in nisin‐fibrinogen sequential adsorption experiments using detection of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled fibrinogen, detection of changes in zeta potential, and measurement of adsorption and elution kinetics by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy. Results from each technique indicate that the presence of entrapped nisin does not affect fibrinogen interaction with the PEO layer. In addition, entrapment of blood solutes within PEO layers contacted with 25% equine plasma in phosphate‐buffered saline was reduced by the prior entrapment of nisin within the layer.
Albumin fiber scaffolds for engineering functional cardiac tissues
Authors: Fleischer Sharon , Shapira Assaf , Regev Omri , Nseir Nora , Zussman Eyal , Dvir Tal
Published: January 2014

In recent years attempts to engineer contracting cardiac patches were focused on recapitulation of the myocardium extracellular microenvironment. We report here on our work, where for the first time, a three‐dimensional cardiac patch was fabricated from albumin fibers. We hypothesized that since albumin fibers' mechanical properties resemble those of cardiac tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) and their biochemical character enables their use as protein carriers, they can support the assembly of cardiac tissues capable of generating strong contraction forces. Here, we have fabricated aligned and randomly oriented electrospun albumin fibers and investigated their structure, mechanical properties, and chemical nature. Our measurements showed that the scaffolds have improved elasticity as compared to synthetic electrospun PCL fibers, and that they are capable of adsorbing serum proteins, such as laminin leading to strong cell‐matrix interactions. Moreover, due to the functional groups on their backbone, the fibers can be chemically modified with essential biomolecules. When seeded with rat neonatal cardiac cells the engineered scaffolds induced the assembly of aligned cardiac tissues with high aspect ratio cardiomyocytes and massive actinin striation. Compared to synthetic fibrous scaffolds, cardiac cells cultured within aligned or randomly oriented scaffolds formed functional tissues, exhibiting significantly improved function already on Day 3, including higher beating rate (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001, respectively), and higher contraction amplitude (P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively). Collectively, our results suggest that albumin electrospun scaffolds can play a key role in contributing to the ex vivo formation of a contracting cardiac muscle tissue. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1246–1257. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.