bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Essai sur la contribution de l’anthropologie culturelle aux fondements de la classification documentaire
Authors: Rolland-Thomas Paule
Published: October 2016

La classification est un phénomène qui répond à un besoin coextensif au monde vivant en permettant la mise en ordre des choses et des êtres vivants. Si dans l’ordre de la nature, l’être vivant est prédéterminé à classifier, il en va tout autrement dans l’ordre de la culture où les modèles culturels détermineront les structures classificatoires. Aussi loin que l’on puisse remonter dans la genèse de l’humanité, le témoignage d’artefacts et de documents de toutes sortes est assez éloquent pour que l’on puisse formuler des hypothèses qui attestent l’existence de pratiques classificatoires fort nombreuses et diversifiées. La langue, l’organisation sociale, les institutions et les cultes des groupes de traditions culturelles sans écriture regorgent d’activités classificatoires. Par ailleurs, l’invention de l’écriture a permis la transmission de pratiques classificatoires depuis la plus haute antiquité. Même si plusieurs de ces pratiques sont disparues avec les cultures qui les ont fait naître, d’autres ont été maintenues, constituant ainsi la toile de fond des cultures contemporaines. Inaugurée par Durkheim et Mauss et poursuivie par d’éminents chercheurs comme Claude Lévi-Strauss, l’anthropologie culturelle contribue à éclairer la lanterne du phénomène classificatoire dans sa dimension phylogénétique.
Éléments méthodologiques pour un traitement factuel des documents administratifs et juridiques
Authors: Charoy François , Lacote-Gabrysiak Lylette
Published: October 2016

Le travail décrit ici vise à permettre une exploitation factuelle de documents de type administratif ou juridique. Par exploitation factuelle il faut entendre la création d’une base de données qui permette une prise en compte précise des faits et non une simple description du contenu des documents. Diverses expérimentations ont été entreprises. Elles ont abouti à une solution satisfaisante prenant la forme d’éléments méthodologiques pour la mise en place de telles applications et d’une définition des contraintes à respecter (fourniture du texte intégral, existence de moyens d’accès différenciés à l’information, fourniture d’une description de la structure de la base de données sous la forme, par exemple, d’une classification, apparition de la dimension analytique de ce type de base de données).
L’information et la recherche
Authors: Courrier Yves
Published: October 2016

La création éventuelle d’un nouveau programme en sciences de l’information à l’Université de Tromso (Norvège) doit tenir compte d’un vaste contexte. Aussi, l’auteur aborde successivement le nouveau rôle des universités dans le monde contemporain, puis les relations entre l’information et l’enseignement supérieur et, finalement la création elle-même d’un programme en sciences de l’information.
L’intégration des formats et le catalogage des publications en série
Authors: Jones Wayne , Queinnec Young-Hee
Published: October 2016

Après un rappel de l’origine et de l’évolution du « Machine Readable Cataloguing » (MARC), les auteurs décrivent les résultats de l’intégration des formats bibliographiques et en évaluent l’effet sur le travail des catalogueurs de publications en série au Canada et aux États-Unis.
Les services de référence et l’accès libre aux sources électroniques dans une bibliothèque de recherche
Authors: Saint-Onge Jacques
Published: October 2016

Le développement rapide des technologies de l’information oblige les services des bibliothèques des établissements d’enseignement universitaire à interroger leurs façons d’agir avec leurs usagers, notamment pour ce qui est de l’initiation des chercheurs, professeurs ou étudiants, à l’utilisation de ces technologies. Cette nouvelle réalité met en perspective le concept de la bibliothèque virtuelle, lequel se précise lentement. Cela pose aussi la question du développement des collections au plan local au regard des modes d’accès à des banques de données externes à la bibliothèque de l’établissement.
L’énoncé d’une politique : la force du développement des collections
Authors: Paquin Louise
Published: October 2016

Tout bibliothécaire du milieu scolaire est confronté au développement des collections. Il n’est pas facile de trier parmi les demandes, de choisir entre les diverses publications en fonction des budgets. Aussi doit-il s’assigner une ligne de conduite. L’énoncé d’une politique de développement des collections est cet outil qui aide à faire des choix sensés. En découvrant ce qu’est une politique, quels sont les éléments qui la composent, le bibliothécaire scolaire fera sienne une façon efficace de développer une collection. Et surtout, il apprendra à développer une collection donnée en répondant à la mission et aux objectifs de la bibliothèque.
Animer la lecture en milieu scolaire, la belle affaire!
Authors: Boisvert Rachel , Fortin Denise
Published: October 2016

Ce texte traite de l’animation de la lecture auprès des jeunes en milieu scolaire. « Savoir lire c’est bien, aimer lire c’est mieux » ainsi pourrait se résumer sommairement la philosophie des auteures. C’est leur croyance inébranlable dans le plaisir de lire qui soutient leur action en ce milieu de l’éducation. Le but de cet article n’est aucunement de traiter de l’apprentissage de la lecture avec toutes ses contraintes inhérentes mais plutôt de plonger dans le coeur de l’action de l’animation, la découverte d’une richesse à la portée de tous : lire pour son plaisir personnel. Au primaire et au secondaire, animer la lecture, c’est avoir le beau rôle. Bien sûr! C’est également un rôle lourd à assumer quand il faut affronter les mille et un monstres du système. Qu’est-ce qui fait que l’on poursuit ? C’est que nous croyons aux vertus de l’animation. La preuve, vous l’aurez dans le texte qui suit. Nous avons choisi un genre littéraire peu usité en ces pages pour vous livrer notre expérience.
NPAS1-ARNT and NPAS3-ARNT crystal structures implicate the bHLH-PAS family as multi-ligand binding transcription factors
Authors: Wu Dalei , Su Xiaoyu , Potluri Nalini , Kim Youngchang , Rastinejad Fraydoon
Published: October 2016

The neuronal PAS domain proteins NPAS1 and NPAS3 are members of the basic helix-loop-helix-PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH-PAS) family, and their genetic deficiencies are linked to a variety of human psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and bipolar disease. NPAS1 and NPAS3 must each heterodimerize with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), to form functional transcription complexes capable of DNA binding and gene regulation. Here we examined the crystal structures of multi-domain NPAS1-ARNT and NPAS3-ARNT-DNA complexes, discovering each to contain four putative ligand-binding pockets. Through expanded architectural comparisons between these complexes and HIF-1α-ARNT, HIF-2α-ARNT and CLOCK-BMAL1, we show the wider mammalian bHLH-PAS family is capable of multi-ligand-binding and presents as an ideal class of transcription factors for direct targeting by small-molecule drugs.
Proteolytic maturation of α2δ represents a checkpoint for activation and neuronal trafficking of latent calcium channels
Authors: Kadurin Ivan , Ferron Laurent , Rothwell Simon W , Meyer James O , Douglas Leon R , Bauer Claudia S , Lana Beatrice , Margas Wojciech , Alexopoulos Orpheas , Nieto-Rostro Manuela , Pratt Wendy S , Dolphin Annette C
Published: October 2016

The auxiliary α2δ subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels are extracellular membrane-associated proteins, which are post-translationally cleaved into disulfide-linked polypeptides α2 and δ. We now show, using α2δ constructs containing artificial cleavage sites, that this processing is an essential step permitting voltage-dependent activation of plasma membrane N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels. Indeed, uncleaved α2δ inhibits native calcium currents in mammalian neurons. By inducing acute cell-surface proteolytic cleavage of α2δ, voltage-dependent activation of channels is promoted, independent from the trafficking role of α2δ. Uncleaved α2δ does not support trafficking of CaV2.2 channel complexes into neuronal processes, and inhibits Ca2+ entry into synaptic boutons, and we can reverse this by controlled intracellular proteolytic cleavage. We propose a model whereby uncleaved α2δ subunits maintain immature calcium channels in an inhibited state. Proteolytic processing of α2δ then permits voltage-dependent activation of the channels, acting as a checkpoint allowing trafficking only of mature calcium channel complexes into neuronal processes.
Nanostructure formation on silicon surfaces by using low energy helium plasma exposure
Authors: Takamura Shuichi , Kikuchi Yusuke , Yamada Kohei , Maenaka Shiro , Fujita Kazunobu , Uesugi Yoshihiko
Published: October 2016

A new technology for obtaining nanostructure on silicon surface for potential applications to optical devices is represented. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicated a grown nanostructure of dense forest consisting of long cylindrical needle cones with a length of approximately 300 nm and a mutual distance of approximately 200 nm. Raman spectroscopy and spectrophotometry showed a good crystallinity and photon trapping, and reduced light reflectance after helium plasma exposure. The present technique consists of a simple maskless process that circumvents the use of chemical etching liquid, and utilizes soft ion bombardment on silicon substrate, keeping a good crystallinity.
Particle simulation of electrolytic ion motions for noise in electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Chung In-Young , Lee Jungwoo , Seo Munkyo , Park Chan Hyeong
Published: October 2016

We conduct particle simulation for drain current noise in electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistors, to simulate how the thermal motion of charged particles near the interface affects the electrical current noise in the channel. We consider three cases: bulk electrolytes without and with charged spheres located at two different distances from the electrolyte–dielectric interface. Our results show that the drain current noise from noise sources in the electrolyte can be modeled by the sum of Lorentzian spectra, whose corner frequencies are determined by the RC product of the resistances of the bulk electrolyte and the region between the charged spheres and the interface, and the capacitance of the dielectric. Also, as the charged spheres approach the electrolyte–dielectric interface, the noise level increases, in agreement with the published experimental results.
Attributes of Women Leaders of State Colleges and Universities in Eastern Visayas, Philippines
Authors: Entoma Susan S.
Published: October 2016

Attributes of women come from their inner selves. These are both inherent and learned characteristics which are closely associated with their personal and professional well-being. The descriptive study supported by interview examined the attributes of women leaders about their leadership practices and their profile to develop a perceptual model for current and future women leaders of SUCs in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. The collected data from the 92 women leaders were analyzed and considered as the basis in the formulation of the perceptual model. Pearson- r was used to determine the correlation between the variables. The results showed that the prevailing personal attributes of women leaders are integrity, humility, and communication while empathy, self-evaluation, and time management are their professional attributes. These attributes are strongly influenced by their dominant leadership practices which are enabling others to act, modeling the way, and encouraging the heart. Women leaders' age, educational attainment, academic rank, the number of years in a leadership position, and the number of leadership training attended indicated strong influence with the attributes. However, they will probably become effective in performing leadership tasks if they are strong in these aspects on attributes.
Does Shear Wave Elastography Provide Additional Value in the Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules That Are Suspicious for Malignancy?
Authors: Wang Fen , Chang Cai , Gao Yi , Chen Ya Ling , Chen Min , Feng Li Qing
Published: October 2016

Objectives

We aimed to determine whether the integration of shear wave elastography (SWE) with conventional ultrasonography (US) improves diagnostic performance for suspicious thyroid lesions.

Methods

For 215 thyroid lesions in 185 patients classified as Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4 or 5 according to the findings of conventional US, SWE elasticity indices were automatically calculated. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the threshold. Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System categories were upgraded for high‐stiffness nodules and unchanged for low‐ and normal‐stiffness nodules. The diagnostic performances were assessed and compared with histologic findings. Intraobserver and interobserver variability of SWE was assessed.

Results

Elasticity indices were significantly higher in malignant versus benign nodules (P≤ .001). The minimum elasticity index (cutoff, 40.7 kPa) of the stiffest part combined with conventional US showed the highest area under the curve (0.774; 95% confidence interval, 0.682–0.866) but was not superior to conventional US (0.791; 95% confidence interval, 0.706–0.876; P = .48). Combined with the standard deviation of the elasticity index for the whole lesion (cutoff, 6.8 kPa), US yielded the highest sensitivity (95.5%; P < .001) and lowest specificity (42.1%; P < .001). Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased by adding any other SWE elasticity index. The intraobserver and interobserver reliability of SWE was fair to excellent according to the interclass correlation coefficients, with correlation coefficients of 0.765 to 0.846 (all P < .001).

Conclusions

The SWE elasticity indices of malignant thyroid nodules were significantly high. Adding SWE to conventional US did not improve diagnostic performance.
Clinicopathologic Factors and Thyroid Nodule Sonographic Features for Predicting Central Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma
Authors: Wang Wen-Han , Xu Shang-Yan , Zhan Wei-Wei
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Preoperative prediction of lymph node metastasis is of clinical importance for the surgical treatment of thyroid tumor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule sonographic features predictive of central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.

Methods

Clinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule sonographic features of 1204 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed from January 2014 to June 2015. Central lymph node dissection was performed on each patient. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the clinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule sonographic features associated with central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the relevance of all potential predictive factors.

Results

Central lymph node metastasis was detected in 395 of the 1204 patients (32.81%). By univariate and multivariate analyses, younger age (≤43 years), male sex, larger tumor size (≥7 mm), multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and microcalcification were independently associated with central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (P < .05). The ORs were 1.920 (95% CI, 1.476–2.499), 1.665 (95% CI, 1.234–2.247), 1.534 (95% CI, 1.177–2.000), 2.120 (95% CI, 1.563–2.877), and 4.109 (95% CI, 3.118–5.414), respectively.

Conclusions

Central lymph node metastasis is highly prevalent in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Younger age (≤43 years), male sex, larger tumor size (≥7 mm), multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, and microcalcification were independent predictors of central lymph node metastasis. Surgeons and radiologists need to pay more attention to patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma who have these risk predictors.
Estimation of Viscoelastic Properties of Cells Using Acoustic Tweezing Cytometry
Authors: Yang Chunmei , Chen Di , Hong Xiaowei
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Recently developed acoustic tweezing cytometry uses ultrasound‐responsive targeted microbubbles for biomechanical stimulation of live cells at the subcellular level. The purpose of this research was to estimate the viscoelastic characteristics of cells from the displacements of cell‐bound microbubbles in response to ultrasound pulses on acoustic tweezing cytometry.

Methods

Microbubbles were bound to NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and ATDC5 cells through an integrin‐cytoskeleton linkage. The evolution of microbubble behaviors under irradiation by ultrasound pulses was captured by a high‐speed camera and tracked by a customized algorithm. The total damping constant, stiffness, and rigidity of the cells were estimated by fitting the measured temporal displacement profiles to a Kelvin‐Voigt–based model.

Results

The mean maximum displacement of the microbubbles attached to NIH/3T3 fibroblasts was much greater than that for ATDC5 cells. The mean fitted damping constant and stiffness ± SD for ATDC5 cells were 28.16 ± 7.08 mg/s and 0.5041 ± 0.1381 mN/m, respectively, and the values for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were 13.12 ± 4.23 mg/s and 0.2591 ± 0.0715 mN/m. The rigidity for ATDC5 cells was 331.46 ± 106.50 MPa, whereas that for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts was 117.92 ± 34.83 MPa.

Conclusions

The Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐integrin‐cytoskeleton system of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts appears to be softer than that of ATDC5 cells. The rigidity of ATDC5 cells was significantly greater than that of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts at the 95% confidence level. This strategy provides a novel way to determine the viscoelastic properties of the live cells.
Initial Experience With Ultrasound Elastography for Diagnosis of Major Salivary Gland Lesions
Authors: Zhou Hang , Zhou Xian-Li , Xu Hui-Xiong , He Ya-Ping , Bo Xiao-Wan , Li Xiao-Long , Liu Bo-Ji , Li Dan-Dan , Wang Dan
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound elastography, including conventional strain elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)‐induced strain elastography, and point shear wave elastography (SWE) for diagnosis of major salivary gland lesions.

Methods

Forty major salivary gland lesions underwent conventional sonography, conventional strain elastography, ARFI strain elastography, and point SWE before surgery or biopsy. The diagnostic performances of the sonographic and elastographic techniques were assessed with reference to histopathologic results.

Results

There were 32 benign (7 Warthin tumors, 17 pleomorphic adenomas, and 8 other benign lesions) and 8 malignant (1 squamous carcinoma, 2 metastases, 2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 1 anaplastic carcinoma, and 2 malignant lymphomas) major salivary gland lesions on pathologic analysis. No conventional sonographic features or conventional strain elastographic scores were found to be associated with malignancy (all P > .05). The ARFI strain elastographic scores between benign and malignant lesions were statistically different (P = .032) and an ARFI strain elastographic score of 4 or greater was highly predictive of malignancy (P= .025). An ARFI strain elastographic score of greater than 3 achieved specificity of 81.3% (26 of 32) and sensitivity of 62.5% (5 of 8) in differentiating benign from malignant lesions. The shear wave velocity on point SWE did not show a significant difference in distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions (6.07 versus 4.43 m/s; P > .05). However, Warthin tumors had a trend to show lower shear wave velocities compared with pleomorphic adenomas (2.84 versus 5.27 m/s; P = .024).

Conclusions

Acoustic radiation force impulse strain elastography may be potentially useful for diagnosing major salivary gland lesions, whereas conventional strain elastography and point SWE are not helpful.
Is There Any Difference Between Seminomas and Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors on Shear Wave Elastography?
Authors: Dikici Atilla Suleyman , Er Mehmet Emin , Alis Deniz , Samanci Cesur , Ustabasioglu Fethi Emre , Demirdag Cetin , Durak Haydar , Kantarci Fatih , Mihmanli Ismail
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of shear wave elastography (SWE) to differentiate seminomas from nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.

Methods

Approval for this retrospective study was obtained from the local Ethics Committee of Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School. Fifteen patients with malignant testicular lesions were examined by grayscale sonography, color or power Doppler sonography, and SWE between February 2011 and October 2015. The size of each lesion, Doppler signal parameters, echogenicity, presence of microlithiasis, unifocality or multifocality, and histopathologic findings were the main factors evaluated.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 33 years (range, 25–55 years). There were no differences between seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors in terms of Doppler signals, echogenicity, microlithiasis, or focality. Only the homogeneous and heterogeneous echogenicity patterns differed significantly. However, a significant difference was evident in SWE‐derived quantitative data.

Conclusions

Seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors do not differ significantly on grayscale or Doppler sonography, except in terms of homogeneity. However, SWE seems to differentiate seminomas from nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
Effect of Low‐Dose Aspirin on Midluteal Phase Uterine Artery Blood Flow in Patients With Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Kang Xiaomin , Wang Tongfei , He Liyin , Xu Haijing , Liu Zhilan , Zhao Aimin
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in uterine artery blood flow parameters and pregnancy outcomes, if any. An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of low‐dose aspirin on uterine artery blood flow indices in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss.

Methods

This observational study included 353 Chinese women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss and 85 women without a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (control group) from Ren Ji Hospital. All patients were scanned transvaginally with transvaginal Doppler sonography 6 to 8 days after ovulation to measure the pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI), and systolic‐to‐diastolic ratio (S/D) of the left and right main uterine arteries. Low‐dose aspirin at a dose of 50 mg/d was administered orally in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss for 2 months, and the blood flow indices were measured subsequently. The Student t test was used for analysis of the results, P < .05 was considered significant.

Results

The mean PI and S/D of the uterine arteries in the recurrent pregnancy loss group were significantly higher than in the control group. Although not statistically significant, the RI was higher in the recurrent pregnancy loss group than the control group. Moreover, the PI and S/D increased as the number of pregnancy losses increased. Significant enhancements of the PI and S/D were observed in patients with 4 or more consecutive abortions. After low‐dose aspirin supplementation, patients with recurrent pregnancy loss showed a highly significant reduction in the PI and S/D.

Conclusions

Uterine blood flow decreased during the luteal phase in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. Low‐dose aspirin induced a reversible increase in uterine blood flow and may be of therapeutic value.
Démarche réflexive d’analyse en partenariat sur l’élaboration de stratégies pour améliorer l’offre de services en santé mentale des personnes ayant subi un traumatisme craniocérébral modéré ou grave
Authors: de Guise Élaine , Banville Frédéric , Desjardins Monique , Ouellet Marie-Christine , Richard Yvonne , Gagnier Stéphane , Bonneau-Beaulieu Simon , Audrit Hélène , Feldman Debbie , Swaine Bonnie
Published: October 2016

L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer les priorités d’action afin d’améliorer l’offre de services de santé mentale suite à un traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) modéré ou grave. Quatre-vingts participants (intervenants et intervenantes, décideurs et représentants et représentantes de la communauté) ont participlé au forum de discussion. Un logiciel d’analyse qualitative des énoncés de la démarche réflexive (Démarche réflexive d’analyse en partenariat : DRAP) a été utilisé pour recueillir et analyser les énoncés (Boudreault et Kalubi, 2007). Les participants (hommes et femmes) devaient évaluer l’importance de chaque énoncé (incontournable, nécessaire, souhaitable). Un total de 341 énoncés ont été proposés dont 70,3 % ont été jugés comme étant incontournables dans le secteur des pratiques cliniques, 63,2 % dans le secteur des politiques, 50,7 % et 66,6 % dans les secteurs organisation des services et formation respectivement. Cette activité de réflexion provinciale en partenariat propose un plan d’action afin d’améliorer l’offre de services en santé mentale suite à un TCC modéré ou grave.
Empowering Adults in Recovery from Depression: A Community-Based Self-Management Group Program
Authors: Houle Janie , Gauvin Geoffrey , Collard Bruno , Meunier Sophie , Frasure-Smith Nancy , Lespérance François , Villaggi Benjamin , Roberge Pasquale , Provencher Martin D. , Lambert Jean
Published: October 2016

This paper reports on the development and evaluation of the Depression Self-Management Workshop (DSMW) that aims to empower participants to implement self-management behaviours in their daily lives in order to improve their mental health and prevent relapse. The 10-session intervention was delivered to 46 adults with depression who completed pre-, post- and follow-up structured interviews and questionnaires. Depressive symptoms were significantly reduced at the end of the intervention and at follow-up. Improvements in participants’ knowledge about depression, self-management behaviours and self-efficacy were also observed. These results were corroborated by the participants’ strong convictions regarding the DSMW’s usefulness.
High‐precision U‐Pb geochronology of the Jurassic Yanliao Biota from Jianchang (western Liaoning Province, China): Age constraints on the rise of feathered dinosaurs and eutherian mammals
Authors: Chu Zhuyin , He Huaiyu , Ramezani Jahandar , Bowring Samuel A. , Hu Dongyu , Zhang Lijun , Zheng Shaolin , Wang Xiaolin , Zhou Zhonghe , Deng Chenglong , Guo Jinghui
Published: October 2016

The Yanliao Biota of northeastern China comprises the oldest feathered dinosaurs, transitional pterosaurs, as well as the earliest eutherian mammals, multituberculate mammals, and new euharamiyidan species that are key elements of the Mesozoic biotic record. Recent discovery of the Yanliao Biota in the Daxishan section near the town of Linglongta, Jianchang County in western Liaoning Province have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the transition from dinosaurs to birds, primitive to derived pterosaurs, and the early evolution of mammals. Nevertheless, fundamental questions regarding the correlation of fossil‐bearing strata, rates of dinosaur and mammalian evolution, and their relationship to environmental change in deep time remain unresolved due to the paucity of precise and accurate temporal constraints. These limitations underscore the importance of placing the rich fossil record of Jianchang within a high‐resolution chronostratigraphic framework that has thus far been hampered by the relatively low precision of in situ radioisotopic dating techniques. Here we present high‐precision U‐Pb zircon geochronology by the chemical abrasion isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA‐ID‐TIMS) from three interstratified ash beds previously dated by secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique. The results constrain the key fossil horizons of the Daxishan section to an interval spanning 160.89 to 160.25 Ma with 2σ analytical uncertainties that range from ±46 to ±69 kyr. These data place the Yanliao Biota from Jianchang in the Oxfordian Stage of the Late Jurassic, and mark the Daxishan section as the site of Earth's oldest precisely dated feathered dinosaurs and eutherian mammals.
Unraveling El Niño's impact on the East Asian Monsoon and Yangtze River summer flooding
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Jin Fei‐Fei , Stuecker Malte F. , Wittenberg Andrew T. , Timmermann Axel , Ren Hong‐Li , Kug Jong‐Seong , Cai Wenju , Cane Mark
Published: October 2016

Strong El Niño events are followed by massive summer monsoon flooding over the Yangtze River basin (YRB), home to about a third of the population in China. Although the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provides the main source of seasonal climate predictability for many parts of the Earth, the mechanisms of its connection to the East Asian monsoon remain largely elusive. For instance, the traditional Niño3.4 ENSO index only captures precipitation anomalies over East Asia in boreal winter but not during the summer. Here we show that there exists a robust year‐round and predictable relationship between ENSO and the Asian monsoon. This connection is revealed by combining equatorial (Niño3.4) and off‐equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (Niño‐A index) into a new metric that captures ENSO's various aspects, such as its interaction with the annual cycle and its different flavors. This extended view of ENSO complexity improves predictability of YRB summer flooding events.
First observations of super plasma bubbles in Europe
Authors: Cherniak Iurii , Zakharenkova Irina
Published: October 2016

Ionospheric plasma bubbles of equatorial origin have never been registered at midlatitudes in Europe. During the 22–23 June 2015 geomagnetic storm the prompt penetration electric fields caused the occurrence of plasma bite‐outs in the postsunset sector over low latitudes of Western Africa and large‐scale plasma bubbles extended toward Europe. For the first time, using multisite GPS and Global Navigation Satellite System observations (~1500 stations), the super plasma bubble signatures were registered in Europe. They were observed more than 8 h (20–04 UT) and covered a broad area within 30°–40°N and 20°W–10°E. These unique results were confirmed by measurements on board Swarm and DMSP satellites and ground‐based absolute total electron content observations. Occurrence of the super plasma bubbles in Europe affected Global Navigation Satellite Systems measurements over a number of stations in Spain, Portugal, southern France, and Italy and led to performance degradation of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service.
B
urke,
K
enneth
Authors: Zappen James P.
Published: October 2016

Kenneth Burke's concept of communication spans multiple disciplines, ranging from rhetoric to literary theory to sociology to philosophy, but is focused on bridging multiple and competing points of view. Widely regarded as the most important rhetorician of the 20th century, Burke is equally a dialectician: a Socratic midwife who seeks to unsettle and then bridge partial and partisan perspectives. He captures these partial perspectives in creative concepts such as perspective by incongruity, frames of acceptance and rejection, dramatism, the pentad, the human barnyard, the parliamentary wrangle, and terministic screens and seeks to bridge them via identification—the concept for which he is most famous; the human drama of the unending conversation; and dialectical processes of transcendence.
B
arthes,
R
oland
Authors: Ott Brian L.
Published: October 2016

Roland Barthes (1915–1980) was among the most important French intellectuals of the postwar era. Through his scholarship on myth, semiology, the Text, and pleasure, he made significant contributions to the fields of literature, philosophy, communication, media studies, and cultural studies. Barthes's work was unified by a concern with writing (
écriture
), a concept whose suppleness he demonstrated both in theory and practice.
B
ateson,
G
regory
Authors: Leeds‐Hurwitz Wendy
Published: October 2016

An original and synthetic thinker, Gregory Bateson's ideas about such basic matters as communication, information, thinking, and learning are today well established. A grand social theorist, he worked at the highest level of abstraction to establish fundamental principles, always providing concrete examples. In addition to a concern for humans and their social structures, his early training in science led to a comparable concern for the natural world and animal communication, as well as information and learning theory across these contexts. Among the major concepts generally associated with his name are framing, metacommunication, cybernetics, double bind, feedback, schismogenesis, abduction, difference, deutero‐learning, mind, natural history, context, and pattern. These are most adequately understood as a system of ideas rather than discrete units since Bateson viewed knowledge as integrated.
Anthropology
Authors: Dayan Daniel
Published: October 2016

There exists a two‐way circulation between anthropology and media research. Many anthropological concepts were imported by media studies, while media studies and communication have challenged anthropology with original questions. Rather than presupposing the existence of a homogeneous discipline called “anthropology,” contributions by significant authors are discussed in reference to four questions: What are the major anthropological influences on media studies? How did media help steer anthropology to particular issues? Are there themes shared by anthropology and media research despite different vocabularies? Which major questions should be addressed by both disciplines today? In the anthropological tradition, the entry focuses on Lévi‐Strauss, Turner, Geertz, and Appadurai. Special attention is paid to the notion of media events.
A
dorno,
T
heodor
W
.
Authors: Garlitz Dustin
Published: October 2016

The entry focuses on the scholarly career of German sociologist, philosopher, and musicologist Theodor W. Adorno. Examined are his leading publications, his notable teachers and collaborators, and his time in exile in the United States, among other places. Special emphasis is placed on his negative dialectics, including how this perspective formed a method of communication in itself. Adorno's contributions to the Frankfurt School, and to 20th‐century Continental philosophy, sociology, and musicology, are also covered.
Cyborg
Authors: Giddings Seth
Published: October 2016

The term cyborg, derived from “cybernetic organism,” refers to a diverse range of fictional and actual creatures, hybrids of biological bodies and technological augmentations. In science‐fiction film and literature cyborgs are most commonly depicted as technologically enhanced humans, but actual everyday examples would include the heart patient with a pacemaker. The term and its instantiations in popular culture, in pieces such as
Robocop
and
The Terminator
, have been influential in communication and cultural studies approaches to technology, culture, and the body, particularly through the work of Donna Haraway, the feminist theorist of science and culture.
Cultural Studies
Authors: Kagan Dion
Published: October 2016

Cultural studies is a field of politically engaged scholarly inquiry, established in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s, that dramatically transformed approaches to studying culture—including media and communications culture—in the humanities and social sciences. Its development is intimately tied to the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) in Birmingham and to neo‐Marxist thought among British intellectual and New Left movements. Cultural studies understands culture as a “whole way of life,” an approach that was distinct from traditional understandings of culture as the best or most worthy works of a civilization. This expanded definition of culture has enabled cultural studies to investigate previously ignored arenas, including everyday‐life practices, marginal or marginalized groups, and popular and mass media culture. By reframing media artifacts, habits, and institutions as a set of embedded cultural practices, cultural studies helped to transform the way scholars think about media and communications.
Critical Race Theory
Authors: Tomas De La Garza Antonio , Ono Kent A.
Published: October 2016

Critical race theory (CRT) is an intellectual movement that seeks to understand how white supremacy as a legal, cultural, and political condition is reproduced and maintained, primarily in the US context. Key to CRT is an emphasis on social change; thus, scholars within CRT not only attempt to understand race and racism but also to remedy their effects. Within the field of communication, CRT has been taken up by only a few scholars; yet CRT's overarching emphasis on the study of race pervades the field of communication.
1‐Ethynyl Ethers as Efficient Thermal Crosslinking System for Hole Transport Materials in OLEDs
Authors: Limberg Felix R. P. , Schneider Tanja , Höfle Stefan , Reisbeck Felix , Janietz Silvia , Colsmann Alexander , Krüger Hartmut
Published: October 2016

A new crosslinking concept based on a thermally activated one‐component building block with thermally initiated crosslinkable ynol ether is introduced. For polystyrene matrices with glass transition temperatures below the reaction temperature, full conversion is reached within 30 min at 160 °C without employing any catalysts or co‐reactants. The ynol ethers are chemically inert toward a variety of reaction conditions (e.g., radicals and strong bases) and consequently applicable to a wide range of materials for organic electronics. The crosslinkable solid compounds are bench‐stable over more than a year. The broad applicability is demonstrated with a liquid model compound and a specifically designed crosslinking monomer introduced successfully as building block into polystyrenes with pending hole transporting groups. A detailed study of crosslinking kinetics by infrared measurements as well as an alternative method of crosslinker content determination utilizing differential scanning calorimetry is presented. The crosslinkable polymer and the corresponding noncrosslinkable molecule tris(4‐(3,6‐dibutoxy‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)amine (BuO6TCTA) are synthesized and investigated as hole transport layers (HTLs) in phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). OLEDs with crosslinked and noncrosslinked HTLs show efficiencies around 80 cd A−1, indicating negligible influence of the crosslinking process on the device performance while yielding better HTL durability against solvent rinsing.
Functionalized Transparent Surfaces with Enhanced Self‐Cleaning against Ink Aerosol Contamination
Authors: Noyan Mehmet A. , Guilhot Denis , Pruneri Valerio
Published: October 2016

During operation of a standard commercial inkjet printer, suspended ink particles form an ink aerosol inside the printing chamber that can cause serious malfunctions, including contamination of the transparent window of the printhead position calibration optical sensors. In this work, transparent conducting film (TCF) and surface functionalization through self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) are proposed and investigated to repel ink aerosol deposition on a transparent surface and to reduce its adverse effects. The results show that the combination of the Joule heating effect induced by applying an electrical current to the TCF and hydrophobic property of the SAM reduces transmittance loss from an average of 10% to less than 1.5%. Correspondingly, the area of the surface covered by ink decreases from 45.62% ± 6.15% to 1.71% ± 0.25%. The preliminary results are obtained with glass substrates and subsequently extended to the plastic window of a commercial inkjet printer calibration sensor, thus demonstrating the potential of the proposed approach to reduce aerosol contamination in real applications.
UV‐associated decline in systemic folate: implications for human nutrigenetics, health, and evolutionary processes
Authors: Lucock Mark , Beckett Emma , Martin Charlotte , Jones Patrice , Furst John , Yates Zoe , Jablonski Nina G. , Chaplin George , Veysey Martin
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine whether UV exposure alters folate status according to C677T‐MTHFR genotype, and to consider the relevance of this to human health and the evolutionary model of skin pigmentation.

Methods

Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV‐irradiance, as a marker of UV exposure, in a large (n = 649) Australian cross‐sectional study population. PCR/RFLP analysis was used to genotype C677T‐MTHFR.

Results

Overall, cumulative UV‐irradiance (42 and 120 days pre‐clinic) was significantly negatively related to red cell folate (RCF) levels. When the cohort was stratified by MTHFR‐C677T genotype, the relationship between UV‐irradiance (42 days pre‐clinic) and RCF remained significant only in the cohorts containing carriers of the T allele. Statistically significant z‐score statistics and interaction terms from genotype and UV‐irradiance (p‐interaction) demonstrated that genotype did modify the effect of UV‐irradiance on RCF, with the largest effect of UV being demonstrated in the 677TT‐MTHFR subjects.

Conclusions

Data provide strong evidence that surface UV‐irradiance reduces long‐term systemic folate levels, and that this is influenced by the C677T‐MTHFR gene variant. We speculate this effect may be due to 677TT‐MTHFR individuals containing more 5,10CH2‐H4PteGlu, and that this folate form may be particularly UV labile. Since UV‐irradiance lowers RCF in an MTHFR genotype‐specific way, there are likely implications for human health and the evolution of skin pigmentation.
Total Syntheses of (+)‐T988 B and (+)‐T988 C through the AgNTf2‐Mediated Coupling of Bromopyrroloindoline with Indole
Authors: Sato Soichiro , Hirayama Azusa , Ueda Hirofumi , Tokuyama Hidetoshi
Published: October 2016

The total syntheses of (+)‐T988 B and (+)‐T988 C were accomplished in 19 and 18 steps, respectively, in 20.2 % overall yield. The indole segment was regioselectively introduced at the sterically hindered C10b position through a diastereoselective bromocyclization reaction and a subsequent AgNTf2‐mediated Friedel–Crafts reaction. The dithiodioxopiperazine moiety was efficiently constructed through a one‐pot radical‐mediated C−H bromination/dehydrobromination procedure on the dioxopiperazine ring.
Naturstoffbasierte Aminoepoxybenzochinone inhibieren das Wachstum verschiedener Serovare des Gram‐negativen Krankheitserregers Salmonella durch Abschwächen der bakteriellen Stressabwehr
Authors: Mandl Franziska A. , Kirsch Volker C. , Ugur Ilke , Kunold Elena , Vomacka Jan , Fetzer Christian , Schneider Sabine , Richter Klaus , Fuchs Thilo M. , Antes Iris , Sieber Stephan A.
Published: October 2016

Aufgrund ihrer undurchlässigeren Zellmembran und der damit verbundenen eingeschränkten Aufnahme von niedermolekularen Verbindungen stellen Gram‐negative Bakterien eine große Herausforderung für die Entwicklung neuer Antibiotika dar. Hier wurden naturstoffbasierte Epoxycyclohexenone synthetisiert und deren antibiotische Aktivität gegen mehrere pathogene Bakterien untersucht. Eine dieser Verbindungen inhibierte das Wachstum von Salmonella Typhimurium, weswegen deren Zielenzyme mittels quantitativer chemischer Proteomik bestimmt wurden. Zwei dieser Enzyme konnten der bakteriellen Stressabwehr zugeordnet werden, und entsprechende Assays bestätigten eine erhöhte Anfälligkeit der mit der Sonde inkubierten Bakterien gegen reaktive Sauerstoffspezies. Die antibakterielle Aktivität der Sonde kann somit durch die parallele Inhibition dieser beiden Enzyme begründet werden, wodurch deutlich wird, dass Epoxycyclohexenone geeignete Naturstoffe zur Bekämpfung Gram‐negativer Bakterien darstellen.
Unprecedented Charge‐Transfer Complex of Fused Diporphyrin as Near‐Infrared Absorption‐Induced High‐Aspect‐Ratio Nanorods
Authors: Achary B. Shivaprasad , Gokulnath Sabapathi , Ghosh Samrat , Mrinalini Madoori , Prasanthkumar Seelam , Giribabu Lingamallu
Published: October 2016

Charge‐transfer (CT) complexes of near‐infrared absorbing systems have been unknown until now. Consequently, structural similarities between donor and acceptor are rather important to achieve this phenomenon. Herein, we report electron donors such as non‐fused diporphyrin‐anthracene (DP), zinc diporphyrin‐anthracene (ZnDP) and fused zinc diporphyrin‐anthracene (FZnDP) in which FZnDP absorbs in NIR region and permits a CT complex with the electron acceptor, perylene diimide (PDI) in CHCl3 exclusively. UV/Vis‐NIR absorption, 1H NMR, NOESY and powder X‐ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the CT complex formation occurs by π–π stacking between perylene units in FZnDP and PDI upon mixing together in a 1:1 molar concentration in CHCl3, unlike non‐fused ZnDP and DP. TEM and AFM images revealed that the CT complex initially forms nanospheres leading to nanorods by diffusion of CH3OH vapors into the CHCl3 solution of FZnDP/PDI (1:1 molar ratio). Therefore, these CT nanorods could lead to significant advances in optical, biological and ferroelectric applications.
Building Energetic Material from Novel Salix Leaf‐like CuO and Nano‐Al through Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Yin Yanjun , Li Xueming
Published: October 2016

In this study, an energetic material was prepared by depositing nano‐Al on CuO arrays via electrophoretic deposition (EPD), which offers a feasible route for nano‐Al integration. The morphology and structure of the CuO arrays and Al/CuO composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The CuO arrays were homogenously salix leaf‐like structure with a width of ~150 to 200 nm. The energy density of Al/CuO composites was approximate to 1454.5 J/g by integrating the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) plot and the combustion performance was recorded by a high‐speed camera. Moreover, the combustion flames were violent and the whole reaction process only lasted 72.2 ms, indicating that the energy of the Al/CuO nanothermite can be released effectively.
Comparison of outcomes between rectal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chiu Max S. , Verma Vivek , Bennion Nathan R. , Bhirud Abhijeet R. , Li Jinluan , Charlton Mary E. , Are Chandrakanth , Lin Chi
Published: October 2016

Large, population‐based analyses of rectal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have not been previously conducted. We assessed patterns of care, prognostic factors, and outcomes of rectal SCC and adenocarcinoma (AC) in population‐based cohorts. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry searches were performed (1998–2011), producing 42,308 nonmetastatic rectal cancer patients (999 SCC and 41,309 AC). Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were compared. Based on risk factors, SCC/AC groups were subdivided into low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups. Overall survival (OS) was compared between histological and risk groups using Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test. Multivariate logistic regression models evaluated prognostic factors for 5‐year survival. Cox regression modeling was performed on propensity‐matched data. Rectal SCC, more common in females and associated with larger tumors of higher grade, was more often treated with radiotherapy (RT) than surgery. Surgery was associated with higher OS in AC but not SCC, and RT had proportionally greater benefits in SCC. These effects of RT and surgery were retained when stratified into risk groups (particularly high/intermediate‐risk). Favorable prognostic factors for survival included younger age, non‐black race, SCC histology, size ≤3.9 cm, localized stage, lower grade, surgery, and RT. For SCC, race, tumor grade, and surgery were not prognostic factors for survival. Cox regression modeling of propensity‐matched data showed that AC histology increased risk of death versus SCC. In the largest analysis of rectal SCC to date, and in the notable absence (and unlikelihood) of prospective data, nonsurgical and RT‐based treatment is recommended.