bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuro‐ and social‐cognitive clustering highlights distinct profiles in adults with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Renwick Beth , Musiat Peter , Lose Anna , DeJong Hannah , Broadbent Hannah , Kenyon Martha , Loomes Rachel , Watson Charlotte , Ghelani Shreena , Serpell Lucy , Richards Lorna , Johnson‐Sabine Eric , Boughton Nicky , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: November 2014

Objective

This study aimed to explore the neuro‐ and social‐cognitive profile of a consecutive series of adult outpatients with anorexia nervosa (AN) when compared with widely available age and gender matched historical control data. The relationship between performance profiles, clinical characteristics, service utilization, and treatment adherence was also investigated.

Method

Consecutively recruited outpatients with a broad diagnosis of AN (restricting subtype AN‐R: n = 44, binge‐purge subtype AN‐BP: n = 33 or Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified‐AN subtype EDNOS‐AN: n = 23) completed a comprehensive set of neurocognitive (set‐shifting, central coherence) and social‐cognitive measures (Emotional Theory of Mind). Data were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and a discriminant function analysis.

Results

Three separate, meaningful clusters emerged. Cluster 1 (n = 45) showed overall average to high average neuro‐ and social‐ cognitive performance, Cluster 2 (n = 38) showed mixed performance characterized by distinct strengths and weaknesses, and Cluster 3 (n = 17) showed poor overall performance (Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) like cluster). The three clusters did not differ in terms of eating disorder symptoms, comorbid features or service utilization and treatment adherence. A discriminant function analysis confirmed that the clusters were best characterized by performance in perseveration and set‐shifting measures.

Discussion

The findings suggest that considerable neuro‐ and social‐cognitive heterogeneity exists in patients with AN, with a subset showing ASD‐like features. The value of this method of profiling in predicting longer term patient outcomes and in guiding development of etiologically targeted treatments remains to be seen. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:26–34)
Gonadal hormones modulate the responsiveness to local β‐blocker‐induced antinociception in the temporomandibular joint of male and female rats
Authors: Fávaro‐Moreira N.C. , Okoti L.W. , Furini R. , Tambeli C.H.
Published: November 2014

Background

We have previously demonstrated that blockade of β‐adrenoreceptors (β‐AR) located in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of rats suppresses formalin‐induced TMJ nociceptive behaviour in both male and female rats, but female rats are more responsive. In this study, we investigated whether gonadal hormones modulate the responsiveness to local β‐blocker‐induced antinociception in the TMJ of rats.

Methods

Co‐administration of each of the selective β1 (atenolol), β2 (ICI 118.551) and β3 (SR59230A)‐AR antagonists with equi‐nociceptive concentrations of formalin in the TMJ of intact, gonadectomized and hormone‐treated gonadectomized male and female rats.

Results

Atenolol, ICI 118.551 and SR59230A significantly reduced formalin‐induced TMJ nociception in a dose response fashion in all groups tested. However, a lower dose of each β‐AR antagonist was sufficient to significantly reduce nociceptive responses in gonadectomized but not in intact and testosterone‐treated gonadectomized male rats. In the female groups, a lower dose of β1‐AR antagonist was sufficient to significantly reduce nociceptive responses in gonadectomized but not in intact or gonadectomized rats treated with progesterone or a high dose of oestradiol; a lower dose of β2‐AR antagonist was sufficient to significantly reduce nociceptive responses in gonadectomized but not in intact and gonadectomized rats treated with low or high dose of oestradiol.

Conclusion

Gonadal hormones may reduce the responsiveness to local β‐blocker‐induced antinociception in the TMJ of male and female rats. However, their effect depends upon their plasma level, the subtype of β‐AR and the dose of β‐blockers used.
Nostalgia counteracts self‐discontinuity and restores self‐continuity
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Wildschut Tim , Routledge Clay , Arndt Jamie
Published: November 2014

Nostalgia is a resource that functions, in part, as a response to self‐discontinuity and a source of self‐continuity. We tested and supported this regulatory role of nostalgia in the tradition of establishing a causal chain. In Study 1, we examined the naturalistic association between events precipitating self‐discontinuity and nostalgia. Self‐discontinuity, especially when stemming from negative life events, was associated with higher proneness to nostalgia. In Study 2, we experimentally induced negative self‐discontinuity (i.e. relatively disruptive), positive self‐discontinuity (i.e. relatively non‐disruptive) or self‐continuity (i.e. neutral non‐disruptiveness) and subsequently assessed state levels of nostalgia. Only negative self‐discontinuity evoked heightened nostalgia. In Study 3, we experimentally induced nostalgia (versus ordinary autobiographical recollection) and assessed self‐continuity. Nostalgia augmented self‐continuity. In Study 4, we experimentally induced nostalgia (versus ordinary autobiographical recollection versus positive autobiographical recollection) and assessed self‐continuity. Again, nostalgia augmented self‐continuity and did so above and beyond positive affect. Here, we ruled out demand characteristics as a rival hypothesis. Taken together, the findings clarify the role of nostalgia in the dynamic between self‐discontinuity and self‐continuity and elucidate the restorative properties of nostalgia for the self‐system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fiber optic illumination of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) sheath flow cuvette for diode laser induced fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Skinner Cameron D.
Published: November 2014

A Tee configuration sheath flow cuvette with square cross‐section channels has been produced in PDMS for CE detection. The output of a 1.4 W laser diode operating at 450 nm was focused onto the 300 μm core of a 370 μm od fiber optic whose end was inserted into one arm of the Tee for LIF. The optimal configuration had the fiber optic positioned 500 μm downstream from the intersection and the end of the 35 cm 50 μm id 365 μm od capillary just outside the intersection and in the leg of the Tee, resulting in a 90° configuration. Detection limits of 50 and 3 pM and linear calibrations of at least three orders of magnitude were obtained for Lucifer Yellow and fluorescein, respectively.
Maximum likelihood TOA and OTDOA estimation with first arriving path detection for 3GPP LTE system
Authors: Xu W. , Huang M. , Zhu C. , Dammann A.
Published: November 2014

The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has mandated wireless network operators and mobile devices to provide accurate location information for E‐911. Requirements for time of arrival (TOA) and time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements have been specified in 3GPP LTE Rel. 9 to ensure accurate user equipment (UE) positioning even under bad conditions (e.g. with channel quickly varying and SNR being as low as −13 dB). To fulfil these requirements, it is vital to accurately estimate the first signal arriving path. In this work, we first derive ‐ without any approximation ‐ the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the LTE TOA and TDOA measurements based on the different pilots, which is shown to be as low as a few metres for SNR = −13 dB. The achievable performance of the LTE system is compared with the FCC and 3GPP requirements, and the impact of mobile multipath channels on the measurements is analysed. Then, we describe practical low‐complexity methods for LTE TOA and TDOA measurements with enhanced first arriving path detection. The maximum likelihood based correlation profile is used as detection metric. After grossly determining the signal region by a moving window, three methods, namely, peak detection, SNR‐based threshold and adaptive threshold based on noise floor and metric peak value are employed to estimate the first arriving path. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive threshold‐based method can meet all 3GPP requirements under various realistic mobile channels, and can in some cases achieve a performance close to the CRLB. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative anatomy of the stem, leaf and inflorescence basal axis of Polianthes L. (Asparagaceae, Agavoideae) species
Authors: Solano Eloy , Terrazas Teresa , González‐Becerril Alma
Published: November 2014

The genus Polianthes belongs to Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae (APG III, 2009) and is endemic to Mexico, spanning the states of Chihuahua and Tamaulipas in the north, and extending to the state of Oaxaca in the south. Its species are perennial, herbaceous plants with corms and bulbs. Their leaves are green or glaucous, linear or lanceolate. Inflorescences are in racemes or spikes with narrow and widely infundibuliform flowers, varying in color from white to red. The fruit is a capsule with black seeds. The number of species of Polianthes varies depending on the criteria to classify them. For example, in the first revision for the genus, Rose (1903) recognized 12 species. According to Espejo and López (1992), the genus has 15 species, whereas GarcíaMendoza and Galván (1995) reported 12 species, and Solano and Feria (2007) recognized 14 species and three varieties. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Latent classes of course in Alzheimer's disease and predictors: the Cache County Dementia Progression Study
Authors: Leoutsakos Jeannie‐Marie S. , Forrester Sarah N. , Corcoran Christopher D. , Norton Maria C. , Rabins Peter V. , Steinberg Martin I. , Tschanz Joann T. , Lyketsos Constantine G.
Published: November 2014

Objective

Several longitudinal studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) report heterogeneity in progression. We sought to identify groups (classes) of progression trajectories in the population‐based Cache County Dementia Progression Study (N = 328) and to identify baseline predictors of membership for each group.

Methods

We used parallel‐process growth mixture models to identify latent classes of trajectories on the basis of Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes scores over time. We then used bias‐corrected multinomial logistic regression to model baseline predictors of latent class membership. We constructed receiver operating characteristic curves to demonstrate relative predictive utility of successive sets of predictors.

Results

We fit four latent classes; class 1 was the largest (72%) and had the slowest progression. Classes 2 (8%), 3 (11%), and 4 (8%) had more rapid worsening. In univariate analyses, longer dementia duration, presence of psychosis, and worse baseline MMSE and Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes were associated with membership in class 2, relative to class 1. Lower education was associated with membership in class 3. In the multivariate model, only MMSE remained a statistically significant predictor of class membership. Receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve were 0.98, 0.88, and 0.67, for classes 2, 3, and 4 relative to class 1.

Conclusions

Heterogeneity in AD course can be usefully characterized using growth mixture models. The majority belonged to a class characterized by slower decline than is typically reported in clinical samples. Class membership could be predicted using baseline covariates. Further study may advance our prediction of AD course at the population level and in turn shed light on the pathophysiology of progression. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical antipsychotic drug use and falls among nursing home residents in Winnipeg, Canada
Authors: Bozat‐Emre Songul , Doupe Malcolm , Kozyrskyj Anita L. , Grymonpre Ruby , Mahmud Salaheddin M.
Published: November 2014

Objective

The purpose of this study is to assess whether atypical antipsychotic drug (AAD) use is associated with increased risk of falling among older (≥65 years) nursing home (NH) residents.

Methods

We conducted a nested case–control study using Resident Assessment Instrument Minimum Data Set 2.0 (RAI‐MDS©) for NHs to identify falls, and population‐based administrative healthcare databases to measure drug use and other study covariates. Cases (n = 626) were NH residents in Winnipeg, Canada, who had a fall between 1 April 2005 and 31 March 2007, and were matched to four controls on age, sex, and length of NH stay (n = 2388).

Results

While the odds of falling were statistically greater for AAD users versus nonusers (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.3), this association was type and dose dependent. Compared to nonusers, the odds of falling were greater for high‐dose (>150 mg/day) quetiapine users and for high‐dose (>2 mg/day) risperidone users. On the other hand, olanzapine (regardless of dose), low‐dose quetiapine, and low‐dose risperidone use were not associated with increased fall risk. Furthermore, the effect of AAD use, in general, on the risk of falling was significantly greater for people with wandering problems (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.1).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest greater risk of falling with high‐dose quetiapine use and with high‐dose risperidone use among NH residents. In addition, the effect of AAD use was greater for people who frequently wander. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, and to address other important unanswered questions about the safest dose and duration of AAD use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of electroconvulsive therapy in older Chinese psychiatric patients
Authors: Zhang Xin‐Qiao , Wang Zhi‐Min , Pan Yan‐Li , Chiu Helen F. K. , Ng Chee H. , Ungvari Gabor S. , Lai Kelly Y. C. , Cao Xiao‐Lan , Li Yan , Zhong Bao‐Liang , Xiang Yu‐Tao
Published: November 2014

Objective

Little is known about the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in older Chinese psychiatric patients. This study examined the frequency of ECT and the demographic and clinical correlates in older psychiatric patients hospitalized in a large psychiatric institution in Beijing, China.

Methods

This was a retrospective chart review of 2339 inpatients aged 60 years and older treated over a period of 8 years (2007–2013) in a university‐affiliated psychiatric institution in Beijing. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from the electronic chart management system for discharged patients.

Results

The rate of ECT use was 28.1% in the whole sample; 37.9% in those with bipolar disorders, 43.6% in major depression, 21.2% in schizophrenia, and 10.7% in other diagnoses. ECT (“ECT group”) was associated with 60–65‐year age group, high risk for suicide and low risk for falls at the time of admission, use of mood stabilizers and antidepressants, lack of health insurance, and having major medical conditions and diagnosis of major depression. The above significant correlates explained 24.9% of the variance of ECT use (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In a major psychiatric hospital in China, the use of ECT was common among older patients. ECT use in older patients treated in other clinical settings warrants further investigations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural connectivity abnormality in children with acute mild traumatic brain injury using graph theoretical analysis
Authors: Yuan Weihong , Wade Shari L. , Babcock Lynn
Published: November 2014

The traumatic biomechanical forces associated with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) typically impart diffuse, as opposed to focal, brain injury potentially disrupting the structural connectivity between neural networks. Graph theoretical analysis using diffusion tensor imaging was used to assess injury‐related differences in structural connectivity between 23 children (age 11–16 years) with mTBI and 20 age‐matched children with isolated orthopedic injuries (OI) scanned within 96 h postinjury. The distribution of hub regions and the associations between alterations in regional network measures and symptom burden, as assessed by the postconcussion symptom scale score (PCSS), were also examined. In comparison to the OI group, the mTBI group was found to have significantly higher small‐worldness (P < 0.0001), higher normalized clustering coefficients (P < 0.0001), higher normalized characteristic path length (P = 0.007), higher modularity (P = 0.0005), and lower global efficiency (P < 0.0001). A series of hub regions in the mTBI group were found to have significant alterations in regional network measures including nodal degree, nodal clustering coefficient, and nodal between‐ness centrality. Correlation analysis showed that PCSS total score acquired at the time of imaging was significantly associated with the nodal degree of two hubs, the superior frontal gyrus at orbital section and the middle frontal gyrus. These findings provide new evidence of acute white matter alteration at both global and regional network level following mTBI in children furthering our understanding of underlying mechanisms of acute neurological insult associated with mTBI. Hum Brain Mapp 36:779–792, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tendon to bone tunnel healing—A study on the time‐dependent changes in biomechanics, bone remodeling, and histology in a rat model
Authors: Hjorthaug Geir Aasmund , Madsen Jan Erik , Nordsletten Lars , Reinholt Finn P. , Steen Harald , Dimmen Sigbjorn
Published: November 2014

Tendons and ligaments attach to bone through a transitional connective tissue with complex biomechanical properties. This unique tissue is not regenerated during healing, and surgical reattachment therefore often fails. The present study was designed to evaluate tendon healing in a bone tunnel and to evaluate the utilized rat model. Wistar rats (n = 61) were operated with the Achilles tendon through a bone tunnel in the distal tibia. Healing was evaluated at 2, 3, 4, and 12 weeks by biomechanical testing, bone mineral density and histology. After 2 weeks median (interquartile range) pull‐out force was 2.2 N (1.9). The pull‐out force increased chronologically, by 12 weeks fivefold to 11.2 N (11.4). Energy absorption, stiffness, and bone mineral density increased similarly. The histological analyses showed inflammation at early stages with increasing callus by time. Our data showed a slow healing response the first 4 weeks followed by an accelerated healing period, favoring that most of the gain in mechanical strength occurred later than 4 weeks postoperatively. These findings support the concern of a vulnerable tendon bone tunnel interface in the early stages of healing. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:216–223, 2015.
Laser Welding of an Innovative Indicator Light
Authors: Wenzlau Carsten
Published: November 2014

An innovation for door handles in the vehicle industry has been created by Magna Mirrors: An LED indicator light has been fitted into a door handle as a design element. LEDs are used in many lighting areas nowadays. The technology allows flat designs and therefore also the use of new design elements. The tight sealing of joins is however a prerequisite for the use of such components.
Additive Manufacturing of Micro‐sized Parts
Authors: Niesler Fabian , Hermatschweiler Martin
Published: November 2014

Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing defines a family of technologies for making objects of almost any shape from virtual 3D model data through additive processes in which successive layers of material are laid down. Laser‐based AM processes like laser‐sintering, selective laser‐melting or stereolithography, differ in the materials that can be used as well as the smallest features that can be achieved in the final parts. Driven by the trend of miniaturization, common high‐resolution AM technologies like stereolithography reach their limitations, when the typical layer thickness in the range of 50 to 150 μm does not suffice to meet application demands. This is where the innovative technique of 3D laser lithography provides a significant advantage. The process of two‐photon polymerization enables the fabrication of high‐resolution 3D micro‐objects with heights from a few hundred nanometers up to several millimeters and layer thicknesses well below 1 μm.
A Novel Q‐switched CO2 Laser and its Applications
Authors: Staupendahl Gisbert
Published: November 2014

For the efficient treatment of a broad variety of materials, pulsed CO2 laser radiation is well‐suited. But nevertheless, CO2 lasers are well established in industrial processes, a significant disadvantage of all previously basicavailable commercial systems, which are suitable for material processing, is their restricted pulsability. This is not caused by the amplification properties of the active medium, but by the wavelength of about 10 μm. In this region the spectrum of optical materials, which can be used for modulation, especially Q‐switching, is rather limited. In principle for acousto‐optic modulation only Ge and for electro‐optic modulation only CdTe are suitable materials. But both semiconductors are relatively power‐sensitive and therefore Q‐switching of conventional CO2 lasers is typically limited to less than 100 W of average power. This problem can be solved by the new resonator concept described below [1]. The aim is the optimum transformation of the potentially available power (cw up to the kW range) into average power of the pulsed radiation.
Creep–Fatigue Relationship in Polymer: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Approach
Authors: Sahputra Iwan H. , Echtermeyer Andreas T.
Published: November 2014

The creep‐tensile fatigue relationship is investigated using MD simulations for amorphous polyethylene, by stepwise increasing theR‐ratio from 0.3 for fatigue to anR‐ratio = 1 for creep. The simulations can produce similar behavior as observed in experiments, for instances strain‐softening behavior and hysteresis loops in the stress‐strain curves. The simulations predict the molecular mechanisms of creep and fatigue are the same. Fatigue and creep cause significant changes of the van der Waals and dihedral potential energies. These changes are caused by movements of the polymer chains, creating more un‐twisted dihedral angles and the unfolding of polymer chains along the loading direction.
Dual optimization method of radiofrequency and quasistatic field simulations for reduction of eddy currents generated on 7T radiofrequency coil shielding
Authors: Zhao Yujuan , Zhao Tiejun , Raval Shailesh B. , Krishnamurthy Narayanan , Zheng Hai , Harris Chad T. , Handler William B. , Chronik Blaine A. , Ibrahim Tamer S.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

To optimize the design of radiofrequency (RF) shielding of transmit coils at 7T and reduce eddy currents generated on the RF shielding when imaging with rapid gradient waveforms.

Methods

One set of a four‐element, 2 × 2 Tic‐Tac‐Toe head coil structure was selected and constructed to study eddy currents on the RF coil shielding. The generated eddy currents were quantitatively studied in the time and frequency domains. The RF characteristics were studied using the finite difference time domain method. Five different kinds of RF shielding were tested on a 7T MRI scanner with phantoms and in vivo human subjects.

Results

The eddy current simulation method was verified by the measurement results. Eddy currents induced by solid/intact and simple‐structured slotted RF shielding significantly distorted the gradient fields. Echo‐planar images,
maps, and S matrix measurements verified that the proposed slot pattern suppressed the eddy currents while maintaining the RF characteristics of the transmit coil.

Conclusion

The presented dual‐optimization method could be used to design RF shielding and reduce the gradient field‐induced eddy currents while maintaining the RF characteristics of the transmit coil. Magn Reson Med 74:1461–1469, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic degradation properties of polyacrylamide/calcium alginate/TiO2 composite film
Authors: Wei Shuxin , Zhang Xinxin , Zhao Kongyin , Fu Yifan , Li Zhihui , Lin Beibei , Wei Junfu
Published: November 2014

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were dispersed in the sodium alginate and acrylamide aqueous solution to prepare the casting solution. The casting solution was spread on a glass plate by a glass rod enlaced with brass wires to control the thickness of the film. Then polyacrylamide/calcium alginate/TiO2 (PAM/CA/T) composite film was obtained after UV irradiation and crosslinking by CaCl2. The PAM/CA/T film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope. The mechanical properties of the films were tested in wet form and the results showed that PAM/CA/T film had good strength and toughness. PAM/CA/T films did not rupture after swelling in 5.0 wt% NaCl solution and still had good mechanical properties. The PAM/CA/T hydrogel film provided a suitable carrier for TiO2 in the photocatalytic degradation of dyes and the degradation rate of PAM/CA/T‐30 for methyl orange reached 80.8%. The PAM/CA/T film had good reusability and could degrade dyes in a high concentration of NaCl solution. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:1292–1301, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Topologische Isolatoren
Authors: Gehring Pascal , Burghard Marko
Published: November 2014

Topologische Isolatoren besitzen ein elektrisch isolierendes Inneres und zugleich sehr gut leitfähige Oberflächen. Verantwortlich dafür sind Eigenschaften, die sich mit Hilfe der Topologie beschreiben lassen. Besonderheiten ihrer Oberflächenzustände sind die Unempfindlichkeit der Leitfähigkeit gegenüber Defekten sowie die Verknüpfung der Bewegungs‐ und Spinrichtung der Ladungsträger. Mittlerweile sind topologische Isolatoren aus unterschiedlichen Kristallklassen gut dokumentiert. Auch in der Natur kommen sie vor. In der Grundlagenforschung liefern sie wertvolle Impulse zur Entdeckung neuer Quasiteilchen und Quantenphänomene. Jüngste Fortschritte beim Wachstum wohlgeordneter dünner Schichten eröffnen Anwendungsperspektiven in der Informationstechnologie und Spintronik.
Das Elektron auf der Waage
Authors: Köhler Florian , Sturm Sven , Quint Wolfgang , Blaum Klaus
Published: November 2014

Anfang 2014 gelang es uns, die Elektronenmasse über eine indirekte Methode mit bislang höchster Präzision zu ermitteln. Hierzu verwendeten wir ein Penning‐Fallen‐Experiment. Bei früheren Messungen an freien Elektronen hatten relativistische Effekte einen schwer abschätzbaren Einfluss auf die ermittelte Masse. Deshalb nutzten wir ein System mit einem Elektron, das in einem wasserstoffähnlichen Kohlenstoffion gebunden ist. Da dieses erheblich schwerer als ein freies Elektron ist, sind relativistische Effekte wesentlich kleiner. Um die Elektronenmasse zu bestimmen, maßen wir an dem Ion das Verhältnis der Larmor‐ zur Zyklotron‐Frequenz. Dieser Ansatz stützt sich auf quantenelektrodynamische (QED) Berechnungen des g‐Faktors des gebundenen Elektrons. Die Genauigkeit der so ermittelten Elektronenmasse übertrifft die Genauigkeit des derzeitigen CODATA‐Wert um einen Faktor 13. Der präzisere Wert wird eine bedeutende Rolle bei den genauesten Tests der QED und der Bestimmung der Feinstrukturkonstanten α spielen.
Schritt, Trab und Galopp
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Thaller Sigrid
Published: November 2014

Abhängig von der Disziplin werden im Reitsport alle drei Hauptgangarten eines Pferdes – Schritt, Trab, Galopp – sportlich umgesetzt. Jede dieser Gangarten ist in einem bestimmten Geschwindigkeitsbereich energetisch am günstigsten. Beim Trab fungieren die Beine wie inverse Pendel, während auf den Galopp das mechanische Modell eines Springstocks besser passt. Beim Springreiten wirken enorme Kräfte beim Aufkommen nach dem Hindernis auf die Vorderbeine. Bei einem 600 kg schweren Pferd wurden bis zu 24000 N gemessen.
Einzelnes Photon schaltet optischen Transistor
Authors: Baur Simon
Published: November 2014

Durchdringen sich zwei Lichtstrahlen, so beeinflussen diese sich gegenseitige normalerweise nicht. Dennoch ist es kürzlich sowohl unserer Gruppe am Max‐Planck‐Institut für Quantenoptik in Garching als auch einer Gruppe in Stuttgart gelungen, einen Lichtstrahl mit nur einem einzigen Photon zu schalten. Damit wurde das optische Analogon eines Transistors realisiert.
Kühlschränke und Kettenreaktionen
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: November 2014

Von den Physikern, die tatkräftig den Bau der Atombombe gefördert haben, ist er nicht der bekannteste – aber vielleicht der schillerndste. Google liefert 214000 Treffer mit seinem Namen, und auf vielen der Seiten finden sich Irrtümer und Fehler. “Ein ungarischer Physiker, vor allem dafür bekannt, Albert Einstein dazu gebracht zu haben, Präsident Roosevelt vor der Atombombe gewarnt zu haben”, kann man zum Beispiel lesen.
Biocompatible Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Efficient Photothermal Tumor Therapy
Authors: Geng Junlong , Sun Chunyang , Liu Jie , Liao Lun‐De , Yuan Youyong , Thakor Nitish , Wang Jun , Liu Bin
Published: November 2014

Conjugated polymers (CPs) with strong near‐infrared (NIR) absorption and high heat conversion efficiency have emerged as a new generation of photothermal therapy (PTT) agents for cancer therapy. An efficient strategy to design NIR absorbing CPs with good water dispersibility is essential to achieve excellent therapeutic effect. In this work, poly[9,9‐bis(4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phenyl)fluorene‐alt‐co‐6,7‐bis(4‐(hexyloxy)phenyl)‐4,9‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐thiadiazoloquinoxaline] (PFTTQ) is synthesized through the combination of donor–acceptor moieties by Suzuki polymerization. PFTTQ nanoparticles (NPs) are fabricated through a precipitation approach using 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine‐N‐[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)‐2000] (DSPE‐PEG2000) as the encapsulation matrix. Due to the large NIR absorption coefficient (3.6 L g‐1 cm‐1), the temperature of PFTTQ NP suspension (0.5 mg/mL) could be rapidly increased to more than 50 °C upon continuous 808 nm laser irradiation (0.75 W/cm2) for 5 min. The PFTTQ NPs show good biocompatibility to both MDA‐MB‐231 cells and Hela cells at 400 μg/mL of NPs, while upon laser irradiation, effective cancer cell killing is observed at a NP concentration of 50 μg/mL. Moreover, PFTTQ NPs could efficiently ablate tumor in in vivo study using a Hela tumor mouse model. Considering the large amount of NIR absorbing CPs available, the general encapsulation strategy will enable the development of more efficient PTT agents for cancer or tumor therapy.
Climate change in Argentina: trends, projections, impacts and adaptation
Authors: Barros Vicente Ricardo , Boninsegna José Armando , Camilloni Inés Angela , Chidiak Martina , Magrín Graciela Odilia , Rusticucci Matilde
Published: November 2014

In most of Argentina, the warming since 1901 was a little lower than the global average, although with strong trends in temperature extremes and in heat waves during the most recent decades. There was a remarkable increase in precipitation over most of subtropical Argentina, especially since 1960. This has favored agriculture yields and the extension of crop lands into semiarid regions, but this increase also came with more frequent heavy rainfalls and consequent flooding of rural and urban areas. Since the early 1970s, the main rivers of the Plata Basin have increased their mean flows, but this was attributable not only to increased precipitation, but also to land use changes. In contrast, over the Andes Mountains, reduced rainfall and increased temperature has led to glaciers receding and reduced river flows. Climate projections for the first half of this century maintain observed trends and raise additional concerns that in most cases can be dealt with timely adaptation policies. However, by the end of this century, under an extreme emissions scenario, the projected warming reaches 3.5°C in the north of the country with respect to present‐day conditions. There is insufficient knowledge to assume that this warming would not create severe damages to the people and the economy of Argentina. Because of the damages and casualties that heat waves and extreme precipitation events are already producing, the first and most urgent adaptation required is to reinforce early warning systems and contingency planning to cope with climatic extremes and their consequences on health. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:151–169. doi: 10.1002/wcc.316

This article is categorized under:

Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > National Reviews
Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, multimodal treatment, and longitudinal outcome: evidence, paradox, and challenge
Authors: Hinshaw Stephen P. , Arnold L. Eugene ,   For the MTA Cooperative Group
Published: November 2014

Given major increases in the diagnosis of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in rates of medication for this condition, we carefully examine evidence for effects of single versus multimodal (i.e., combined medication and psychosocial/behavioral) interventions for ADHD. Our primary data source is the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA), a 14‐month, randomized clinical trial in which intensive behavioral, medication, and multimodal treatment arms were contrasted with one another and with community intervention (treatment‐as‐usual), regarding outcome domains of ADHD symptoms, comorbidities, and core functional impairments. Although initial reports emphasized the superiority of well‐monitored medication for symptomatic improvement, reanalyses and reappraisals have highlighted (1) the superiority of combination treatment for composite outcomes and for domains of functional impairment (e.g., academic achievement, social skills, parenting practices); (2) the importance of considering moderator and mediator processes underlying differential patterns of outcome, including comorbid subgroups and improvements in family discipline style during the intervention period; (3) the emergence of side effects (e.g., mild growth suppression) in youth treated with long‐term medication; and (4) the diminution of medication's initial superiority once the randomly assigned treatment phase turned into naturalistic follow‐up. The key paradox is that while ADHD clearly responds to medication and behavioral treatment in the short term, evidence for long‐term effectiveness remains elusive. We close with discussion of future directions and a call for greater understanding of relevant developmental processes in the attempt to promote optimal, generalized, and lasting treatments for this important and impairing neurodevelopmental disorder. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:39–52. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1324

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Psychology > Attention
Learning in Third Spaces: Community Art Studio as Storefront University Classroom
Authors: Timm-Bottos Janis , Reilly Rosemary C.
Published: November 2014

Third spaces are in‐between places where teacher–student scripts intersect, creating the potential for authentic interaction and a shift in what counts as knowledge. This paper describes a unique community–university initiative: a third space storefront classroom for postsecondary students in professional education programs, which also functions as a community art studio for the surrounding neighborhood. This approach to professional education requires an innovative combination of theory, methods, and materials as enacted by the professionals involved and performed by the students. This storefront classroom utilizes collaborative and inclusive instructional practices that promote human and community development. It facilitates the use of innovative instructional strategies including art making and participatory dialogue to create a liminal learning space that reconfigures professional education. In researching the effectiveness of this storefront classroom, we share the voices of students who have participated in this third space as part of their coursework to underscore these principles and practices.
Attritional Extensor Tendon Rupture in a Patient with Phialophora Verrucosa Tenosynovitis: Case Report
Authors: Sorkin Michael , Kung Theodore A. , Chung Kevin C.
Published: November 2014

Abstract Deep tissue fungal infections of the hand are exceedingly uncommon. We present a case of fungal tenosynovitis caused by Phialophora verrucosa that led to extensor tendon rupture in a patient who was on chronic immunosuppressive therapy. Indolent fungal cysts can elude clinical diagnosis until excision is performed with definitive pathologic examination. In immunocompromised patients, antifungal therapy may be warranted after cyst excision even in the absence of acute infection to prevent subsequent progression to tenosynovitis.
Mosaike bei monogenen Erkrankungen
Authors: Kurth Ingo , Grimm Tiemo
Published: November 2014

Mosaike sind durch das parallele Vorliegen von Zellen des Organismus mit unterschiedlichen Genotypen gekennzeichnet. Mutationen können dabei sowohl in den Keimzellen ( Keimbahnmutationen) als auch in den Körperzellen ( somatische Mutation) entstehen. Für monogene Erkrankungen, bei denen die Mutation bei den Eltern nicht nachzuweisen ist, besteht die Möglichkeit eines elterlichen Keimzellmosaiks mit einem Wiederholungsrisiko für weitere Nachkommen. Ein gut untersuchtes Beispiel ist die Duchenne-Muskeldystrophie. Zudem konnten in den letzten Jahren die Ursachen syndromaler Erkrankungen, die auf ein somatisches Mosaik mit einer dominant wirkenden Mutation zurückzuführen sind, aufgeklärt werden. Beispiele sind das Proteus-Syndrom oder Erkrankungen aus dem Formenkreis der Hirnentwicklungsstörungen. Die Diagnostik dieser sporadischen Erkrankungen ist insbesondere durch den Einsatz von Next-Generation-Sequencing-Technologien möglich geworden. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass die Mosaikdiagnostik deshalb auch außerhalb der Tumorgenetik weiter an Bedeutung zunehmen wird. Möglicherweise spielen Mosaike auch bei häufigeren Erkrankungen eine größere Rolle, als bislang angenommen.
A correlation analysis method for analyzing tribological states using acoustic emission, frictional coefficient, and contact resistance signals
Authors: Tian Pengyi , Tian Yu , Shan Lei , Meng Yonggang , Zhang Xiangjun
Published: November 2014

A multi-physical signal correlation analysis method is proposed to identify the different tribological properties of materials. The acoustic emission (AE), contact resistance, and frictional force behaviors during dry sliding between four metals, 45# carbon steel, YG12 carbide, 2A12 aluminum alloy, and H62 brass, have been studied. Both positive and negative correlations between the root mean square of the amplified AE (AE RMS) signal and the frictional coefficient have been found in the experiments. In addition, the AE RMS signal and the contact resistance changed with changing sliding speed and normal load in different ways. The different correlation behaviors have been attributed to diverse tribological states under different experimental conditions due to different material characteristics. The correlation analysis provides a new method of quantitatively identifying the tribological states and the AE sources during frictional interaction. The observed anomalous correlations between the AE signal and frictional coefficient should be properly considered according to the different material properties during industrial friction condition monitoring using AE technology.
A Public Health Approach to Child Protection: Why Data Matter
Authors: Broadley Karen , Goddard Chris
Published: November 2014

In Australia, many researchers and policy makers believe that statutory child protection systems are overburdened and ineffective. The way forward, they suggest, is a public health model of child protection. A public health approach comprises four steps: (1) collecting surveillance data; (2) establishing causes and correlations; (3) developing and evaluating interventions; and (4) disseminating information about the effectiveness of intervention activities to the public health community. However, in Australia there are no reliable surveillance data. There is no information about ‘person’. Information is not collected about the characteristics of children (e.g., ethnicity) and parents (e.g., mental illness) reported to child protection services. Data are not comparable across place. This is because the states and territories have their own child protection legislation, definitions and data recording methods. Data are not comparable over time. This is because many jurisdictions have introduced new data recording systems over recent years. This paper concludes that it is essential to develop an effective child protection surveillance data system. This will ensure that services are located in areas and targeted towards populations in greatest need. It will enable large-scale evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention and intervention activities.
Sinanthropusin Britain: human origins and international science, 1920–1939
Authors: MANIAS CHRIS
Published: November 2014

The Peking Man fossils discovered at Zhoukoudian in north-east China in the 1920s and 1930s were some of the most extensive palaeoanthropological finds of the twentieth century. This article examines their publicization and discussion in Britain, where they were engaged with by some of the world's leading authorities in human evolution, and a media and public highly interested in human-origins research. This international link – simultaneously promoted by scientists in China and in Britain itself – reflected wider debates on international networks; the role of science in the modern world; and changing definitions of race, progress and human nature. This article illustrates how human-origins research was an important means of binding these areas together and presenting scientific work as simultaneously authoritative and credible, but also evoking mystery and adventurousness. Examining this illustrates important features of contemporary views of both science and human development, showing not only the complexities of contemporary regard for the international and public dynamics of scientific research, but wider concerns over human nature, which oscillated between optimistic notions of unity and progress and pessimistic ones of essential differences and misdirected development.
Recovering the ‘Body Politic’: a Relational Ethics of Meaning for Bioarchaeology
Authors: Zuckerman Molly K. , Kamnikar Kelly R. , Mathena Sarah A.
Published: November 2014

Bioarchaeology is fraught with profound ethical quandaries, yet it has lagged behind the larger discipline of anthropology in the development of ethical principles and a professional code of ethics. Here, we propose an additional ethical justification for bioarchaeology based on relational ethics, theoretical work on embodiment, and the produced and constituted nature of human bodies, and on deriving meaning from skeletal remains: highly contextualized skeletal data analyzed in a relational, contingent interpretive space can generate otherwise inaccessible, direct information about the constitutive, productive effects of processes like power and oppression on human bodies. This enables recovery and recognition of the agency, singularity, and meaning of past peoples through giving voice to their narratives. This justification is not universally applicable; it is best suited to skeletal remains from marginalized, disenfranchised, and impoverished individuals and communities. We conclude with a case study applying the approach to a skeletal sample from the 18th-19th century Mississippi State Asylum to demonstrate that the approach complements more traditional bioarchaeological research while providing an additional foundation for ethical discourses and debates in the field.
Polychrome Pottery from the Later Neolithic of the Isle of Man
Authors: Darvill Timothy , Andrews Kevin
Published: November 2014

This article reports the discovery of colour-decorated pottery dating to the third millennium bc from the Isle of Man, the earliest yet known from the British Isles. Scientific studies of the vessel highlight technical aspects of its manufacture which are then used to situate the vessel in a wider social and cultural context through a brief review of its wider biography. The choice of colours — white, black and red — and their arrangement on the vessel walls are linked to wider north European symbolic schemes reflected also in contemporary pottery, mobiliary and rock art.
Case-Series Evaluating a Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment for Co-occurring Anxiety Disorders
Authors: McManus Freda , Clark Gavin , Muse Kate , Shafran Roz
Published: November 2014

Background: Patients with anxiety disorder diagnoses commonly have more than one anxiety diagnosis. While cognitive-behavioural interventions have proven efficacy in treating single anxiety disorder diagnoses, there has been little investigation of their efficacy in treating co-occurring anxiety disorders. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural intervention for treating co-occurring anxiety disorders. Method: An A-B single case study design (N = 6) was used to evaluate the efficacy of a 12 to 13-session modular transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural intervention for treating co-occurring anxiety disorders across patients with at least two of the following diagnoses: GAD, Social Phobia, Panic Disorder and/or OCD. Results: Five of the six participants completed treatment. At posttreatment assessment the five treatment completers achieved diagnostic and symptomatic change, with three participants being diagnosis free. All participants who completed treatment no longer met criteria for any DSM-IV-TR Axis-I diagnosis at the 3-month follow-up assessment, and demonstrated reliable and clinically-significant improvements in symptoms. Across the participants, statistically significant improvements from pre to postintervention were found on measures of anxiety, depression and general well-being, and all improvements were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: Results suggest that transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural interventions can be of benefit to patients with co-occurring anxiety disorders.
The role of dynamics on the habitability of an Earth-like planet
Authors: Pilat-Lohinger Elke
Published: November 2014

From the numerous detected planets outside the Solar System, no terrestrial planet comparable with our Earth has been discovered so far. The search for an Exo-Earth is certainly a big challenge which may require the detections of planetary systems resembling our Solar System in order to find life like on Earth. However, even if we find Solar System analogues, it is not certain that a planet in Earth position will have similar circumstances as those of the Earth. Small changes in the architecture of the giant planets can lead to orbital perturbations which may change the conditions of habitability for a terrestrial planet in the habitable zone (HZ). We present a numerical investigation where we first study the motion of test-planets in a particular Jupiter–Saturn configuration for which we can expect strong gravitational perturbations on the motion at the Earth's position according to a previous work. In this study, we show that these strong perturbations can be reduced significantly by the neighbouring planets of Earth. In the second part of our study, we investigate the motion of test-planets in inclined Jupiter–Saturn systems where we analyse changes in the dynamical behaviour of the inner planetary system. Moderate values of inclination seem to counteract the perturbations in the HZ, while high inclinations induce more chaos in this region. Finally, we carry out a stability study of the actual orbits of Venus, Earth and Mars moving in the inclined Jupiter–Saturn systems for which we used the Solar System parameters. This study shows that the three terrestrial planets will only move in low-eccentric orbits if Saturn's inclination is ≤10°. Therefore, it seems that it is advantageous for the habitability of Earth when all planets move nearly in the same plane.