bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anomalous dimensions at finite conformal spin from OPE inversion
Authors: Cardona Carlos , Sen Kallol
Published: November 2018

Abstract

We compute anomalous dimensions of higher spin operators in Conformal Field Theory at arbitrary space-time dimension by using the OPE inversion formula of [1], both from the position space representation as well as from the integral viz. Mellin representation of the conformal blocks. The Mellin space is advantageous over the position space not only in allowing to write expressions agnostic to the space-time dimension, but also in that it replaces tedious recursion relations in terms of simple sums which are easy to perform. We evaluate the contributions of scalar and spin exchanges in the t-channel exactly, in terms of higher order Hypergeometric functions. These relate to a particular exchange of conformal spin β = Δ + J in the s-channel through the inversion formula. Our results reproduce the special cases for large spin anomalous dimension and OPE coefficients obtained previously in the literature.
Melatonin prevents chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced injury by inducing sirtuin 1-mediated autophagy in steatotic liver of mice
Authors: Ren Jie , Jin Meng , You Zhen-xi , Luo Miao , Han Yin , Li Guang-cai , Liu Hui-guo
Published: November 2018

Background

Hepatic steatosis that occasionally results in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is related to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Many studies have shown that autophagy exerts protective effects on liver damage caused by various diseases and melatonin exhibits hepatoprotective properties. However, the mechanisms of liver injury induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and the effect of melatonin on the regulation of liver injury remain unclear.

Purpose

This study was aimed to evaluate the role of CIH in steatohepatitis progression and the regulatory function of melatonin on fatty liver sensitivity to CIH injury, mainly focusing on autophagy signaling.

Methods

A high-fat diet (FD)-induced obesity mouse model was subjected to intermittent hypoxia/normoxia events for approximately 8 h per day using an autophagy agonist, rapamycin, or an inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and SRT1720, a sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activator, or sirtinol, a SIRT1 inhibitor, with or without melatonin for a total of six successive weeks, followed by assessment of expression of autophagy-related genes and activity of serum aminotransferase as well as histological evaluation of tissue morphology.

Results

Neither FD nor CIH alone causes significant liver injury; however, the combination yielded higher serum aminotransferase activities and more severe histological changes, accompanied by a decrease in autophagy activity. Melatonin markedly inhibited FD/CIH-stimulated liver injury by enhancing autophagy. In contrast, SIRT1 inhibition resulted in a decrease in the expression of melatonin-induced autophagy-related genes as well as diminished its protective effects on FD/CIH-induced liver injury.

Conclusion

These results suggest that melatonin could ameliorate FD/CIH-induced hepatocellular damage by activating SIRT1-mediated autophagy signaling.
Cognitive load theory as a framework for simulation-based, ultrasound-guided internal jugular catheterization training: Once is not enough
Authors: McGraw Robert , Chaplin Tim , Rocca Nicole , Rang Louise , Jaeger Melanie , Holden Matthew , Keri Zsuzsanna , Fichtinger Gabor
Published: November 2018

Objective

The main objective of this study was to use the principles of cognitive load theory to design a curriculum that incorporates a progressive part practice approach to teaching ultrasound-guided (USG) internal jugular catheterization (IJC) to novices. A secondary objective was to compare the technical proficiency of residents trained using this curriculum with the technical proficiency of residents trained with the current local standard of a single simulation session.

Methods

The experimental group included 16 residents who attended three 2-hour sessions of progressive part practice in a simulation lab. The control group included 46 residents who attended the current local standard of a single 2-hour simulation session just prior to their intensive care unit rotation. Technical proficiency was assessed using hand motion analysis and time to procedure completion.

Results

After three sessions, median scores for right hand motion (RHM) (34.5; [27.0-49.0]), left hand motion (LHM) (35.5; [20.0-45.0]), and total time (TT) (117.0 s; [82.7-140.0]) in the experimental group were significantly better than the control group (p<0.001). Results for eight experimental group residents who were assessed for retention at a later date revealed median scores for RHM (45.0; [32.0-58.0]), LHM (33.5; [20.0-63.0]), and TT (150.0 s; [103.0-399.6]), which were significantly better than those of the control group (p=0.01, p<0.01, and p=0.02, respectively).

Conclusion

These results support multiple sessions of progressive part practice in a simulation lab as an effective competency-based approach to teaching USG IJC in preparation for the clinical setting.
One British Thing: Clay Pipes
Authors: Lemire Beverly
Published: November 2018

The clay tobacco pipe is a “British thing” distinct to its time, but that is a partial provenance. Although many thousands have been unearthed in Britain or described in British archival records, the pipe is also evidence of early globalized trade, imperial ventures, and material translation across cultures. Its Britishness is contingent. This small relic accompanied complex enterprises where a new-style masculinity arose, new racial categories were framed, and a new sociability took root.
Near-field mean flow dynamics of a cylindrical canopy patch suspended in deep water
Authors: Zhou Jian , Venayagamoorthy Subhas K.
Published: November 2018

The time-averaged flow dynamics of a suspended cylindrical canopy patch with a bulk diameter of$D$is investigated using large-eddy simulations (LES). The patch consists of$N_{c}$constituent solid circular cylinders of height$h$and diameter$d$, mimicking patchy vegetation suspended in deep water ($H/h\gg 1$, where$H$is the total flow depth). After validation against published data, LES of a uniform incident flow impinging on the canopy patch was conducted to study the effects of canopy density ($0.16\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=N_{c}(d/D)^{2}\leqslant 1$, by varying$N_{c}$) and bulk aspect ratio ($0.25\leqslant AR=h/D\leqslant 1$, by varying$h$) on the near-wake structure and adjustment of flow pathways. The relationships between patch geometry, local flow bleeding (three-dimensional redistribution of flow entering the patch) and global flow diversion (streamwise redistribution of upstream undisturbed flow) are identified. An increase in either$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$or$AR$decreases/increases/increases bleeding velocities through the patch surface area along the streamwise/lateral/vertical directions, respectively. However, a volumetric flux budget shows that a larger$AR$causes a smaller proportion of the flow rate entering the patch to bleed out vertically. The global flow diversion is found to be determined by both the patch geometrical dimensions and the local bleeding which modifies the sizes of the patch-scale near wake. While loss of flow penetrating the patch increases monotonically with increasing$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$, its partition into flow diversion around and beneath the patch shows a non-monotonic dependence. The spatial extents of the wake, the flow-diversion dynamics and the bulk drag coefficients of the patch jointly reveal the fundamental differences of flow responses between suspended porous patches and their solid counterparts.
Coastal outflow currents into a buoyant layer of arbitrary depth
Authors: Jamshidi S. , Johnson E. R.
Published: November 2018

The long-wave, reduced-gravity, shallow-water equations (the semi-geostrophic equations) are used to study the outflow of a river into the ocean. While previous models have studied dynamics driven by gradients in density, the focus here is on the effects of potential vorticity anomaly (PVa). The river water is taken to have the same density as a finite-depth upper layer of oceanic fluid, but the two fluids have different, uniform, potential vorticities. Under these assumptions, the governing equations reduce to two first-order, nonlinear partial differential equations which are integrated numerically for a prescribed efflux of river water and PVa. Results are found to depend strongly on the sign of the PVa, with all fluid turning downstream (in the direction of Kelvin-wave propagation) when the river water has positive PVa and anticyclonic flow upstream of the river mouth when the PVa is negative. In all cases, a nonlinear Kelvin wave propagates at finite speed ahead of the river water. Away from the river mouth, the uniformity of one set of Riemann invariants allows for similarity solutions that describe the shape of the outflow, as well as a theory that predicts properties of the Kelvin wave. A range of behaviours is observed, including flows that develop shocks and flows that continue to expand offshore. The qualitative behaviour of the outflow is strongly correlated with the value of a single dimensionless parameter that expresses the ratio of the speed of the flow driven by the Kelvin wave to that driven by image vorticity.
Forecasting Elections in Multiparty Systems: A Bayesian Approach Combining Polls and Fundamentals
Authors: Stoetzer Lukas F. , Neunhoeffer Marcel , Gschwend Thomas , Munzert Simon , Sternberg Sebastian
Published: November 2018

We offer a dynamic Bayesian forecasting model for multiparty elections. It combines data from published pre-election public opinion polls with information from fundamentals-based forecasting models. The model takes care of the multiparty nature of the setting and allows making statements about the probability of other quantities of interest, such as the probability of a plurality of votes for a party or the majority for certain coalitions in parliament. We present results from twoex anteforecasts of elections that took place in 2017 and are able to show that the model outperforms fundamentals-based forecasting models in terms of accuracy and the calibration of uncertainty. Provided that historical and current polling data are available, the model can be applied to any multiparty setting.
Mischievous Information: Apostasy, Rituals of Telling, and the Sixteenth-Century Family of Love
Authors: Jones Douglas FitzHenry
Published: November 2018

The Family of Love met with considerable controversy in Elizabethan England. This article examines a series of confessions given by members and ex-members of the group before Protestant authorities. Such testimonies are less straightforward than they seem. Specifically, Familists and their opponents used confessions as an opportunity to refine their religious identities. Both sides fought to establish themselves as simple, transparent Christians even as they indulged in the twists and turns of sixteenth-century polemics. Rather than dismissing such sources as distortions, this article explores the ideological diversity that results from the attempt to derive meaning from hostile attention.
The Establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan (1929): Cause or Effect of Changes in Vatican Middle East Policy?
Authors: Zanini Paolo
Published: November 2018

This essay brings to light how the establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan (1929) marked a turning point in the Catholic presence in Palestine during the period of the British Mandate. Based on several unexplored archival sources, this paper analyzes the factors driving the creation of the new Apostolic Delegation and the consequences it produced in the Holy See's Middle and Near Eastern policies. The difficult relationship among various Catholic institutions in Palestine and the necessity to adapt the Catholic presence in that region to the new political situation caused the Vatican to send an apostolic visitor (1925) and then to establish direct representation of the Holy See in Jerusalem (1929). This last decision contributed to sounder relations with the British administration and functioned to limit the involvement of European Catholic powers (primarily France and Italy) in church affairs. At the same time, it highlighted the Vatican's will to reinforce the role of the Christian Arab clergy in Palestine while limiting that of European missionaries. This analysis creates a clearer picture of how the establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan was at the same time the cause and effect of an important shift in the Catholic perception of Palestine.
DIRAE 15: AN EMENDATION
Authors: Kayachev Boris
Published: November 2018

Here, too, it may initially appear reasonable to see in uobis the same group of people, but there is little doubt that it must refer to senis nostri felicia rura, which can hardly be anything but a vocative (cf. 33 ueteris domini felicia ligna, likewise a vocative). If condatis does not refer to people, one may be tempted to accept the humanist conjecture sulci and construe the verb as addressed to the furrows. Yet I rather doubt that an address to the farm (or to the grove, as at line 33, or to the springs and the fields, as at line 90) can justify apostrophizing something as technical and down-to-earth as furrows. I think Fraenkel is right to insist on relating condatis to the same vocative as uobis, that is, rura. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the two stanzas are closely analogous (as we soon shall see in greater detail).
Determinants of hearing loss severity in tympanic membrane perforations in a sub-Saharan African setting
Authors: Choffor-Nchinda E , Djomou F , Meva'a Biouele R-C , Mindja D , Bola A , Kewe I , Vokwely J-E , Njock R
Published: November 2018

Background

Factors specific to sub-Saharan Africa could have an impact on tympanic membrane perforation characteristics. Obtaining precise information on these characteristics and determinants of hearing loss severity would enable better management.

Objective

To determine the relationship between characteristics of tympanic membrane perforation and subsequent hearing impairment.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of consenting patients presenting with tympanic membrane perforation was conducted. They were examined using otoendoscopy with a digital camera to obtain precise measurements, followed by pure tone audiometry.

Results

Eighty-six cases of tympanic membrane perforation were included. Mean tympanic membrane perforation proportion was 34.1 ± 18.4 per cent. Medium-sized tympanic membrane perforations were predominant (47.7 per cent). Median tympanic membrane perforation duration was 20 years. Tympanic membrane perforation size was found to be a predictor of hearing loss severity (odds ratio = 2.5, 95 per cent confidence interval = 1.02–6.13,p= 0.04).

Conclusion

Tympanic membrane perforation size was a predictor of hearing loss severity in our setting. Site, duration and aetiology seem to have no impact on hearing loss severity.
EΝΤΟΣ AΜΩΜΗΤΟΝ: AN ARGIVE-TYPE SHIELD FROM THE SANCTUARY OF OISYME
Authors: Chalazonitis Ioannis , Koukouli-Chrysanthaki Chaido , Malamidou Dimitria
Published: November 2018

In 1987 an Archaic Argive-type shield and shield-band were discovered in the sanctuary on the acropolis of Oisyme. Such shields are found in the cemeteries of the northern Aegean, including those at Sindos and Archontiko. However, the Oisyme shield is as yet the only one to come from a sanctuary – a fact due, at least in part, to the limited exploration of early sanctuaries on the coast of Aegean Thrace. It is also the earliest known example of its type in the north-eastern Aegean. Considered alongside earlier literary evidence, such as Archilochus 5W, it helps to trace the introduction and development of the hoplite panoply in Thasos and itsperaea.The shield and shield-band can be dated toc.575–550bceon the basis of their repoussé decoration. The dies employed may have been imported from Peloponnesian (Argive or Corinthian) workshops or produced locally. They show stylistic influence from the contemporary Peloponnese, yet they have no known exact parallels. Metalworkers from the polis of Thasos and itsperaeaare likely to have imitated the products of southern workshops in much the same way that Thasian potters based their own early production on Cycladic, Chian and other wares. The deity worshipped in the Oisyme sanctuary was anerganeand/or a kourotrophic goddess, such as Artemis and Athena at nearby Thasos or the ‘Parthenos’ at neighbouring Neapolis. It is unlikely that rites of passage for hoplites were a central feature of the cult, since we lack the extensive corpus of weaponry (miniature and/or functional) typical in such cases. The limited number of weapons recovered from the sanctuary fits the established model for female poliad deities in smaller poleis. The shield was probably a personal gift, dedicated either by a retiring hoplite or as a thank offering after a military victory.
We Are Caregivers: Social Identity Is Associated with Lower Perceived Stress among Rural Informal Caregivers
Authors: Carroll Lisa , Chippior Jessica , Karmali Shazya , Sriram Deepika , Ysseldyk Renate
Published: November 2018

Les aidants naturels ressentent fréquemment de hauts niveaux de stress dans des contextes où les sources d’appuis sont limitées, particulièrement en milieu rural. Cette recherche a fait appel à une approche à méthodes mixtes afin d’explorer les expériences d’aidants naturels vivant en milieu rural, en considérant les liens entre le stress perçu et l’identité sociale de l’aidant, les interactions sociales, ainsi que les appuis formels et informels favorisant l’adaptation. Les thèmes principaux qui sont ressortis dans les groupes de discussion (n =8) incluaient : le manque de services accessibles, la conciliation des difficultés rencontrées, les besoins pratiques non satisfaits, la forte identité communautaire. Les données de l’enquête (n =22) ont révélé que le soutien perçu (p. ex. pouvoir compter sur quelqu’un), les interactions sociales et l’identité d’aidant (rôle perçu comme important pour l’image de soi) étaient tous associés à une diminution du stress provenant de bouleversements de la vie, mais seule l’identité d’aidant était associée à une atténuation de la détresse personnelle et des émotions négatives liées au stress de l’aidant. Ces résultats suggèrent que, bien que la disponibilité des services dans les milieux ruraux soit insuffisante, d’autres options pourraient aider à amoindrir le stress de l’aidant, telles que l’accroissement de l’accès à des services de soutien, la promotion des interactions sociales pour les aidants et les personnes âgées et la valorisation de l’identité sociale de l’aidant.
Hidden from Scholarly Eyes for a Century: An unknown Bāysunghurī manuscript sheds new light on his court and library
Authors: MIHAN SHIVA
Published: November 2018

Persian arts of the book reached new heights under the patronage of the Timurids, in particular in the atelier of prince Bāysunghur (1399–1433) in Herat. This paper introduces a dual-text manuscript produced there in 833/1430, now held in the Suleymaniye Library in Istanbul, which has previously escaped scholarly attention. Up until now its scribe, Saʿd Mashhadī, has been known only for his copy of theTārīkh-i Jahāngushāyof ʿAtā-Malik Juvaynī (834/1431). He has been identified with Maulānā Saʿd al-Dīn named in the ʿArża-dāsht, the report written by Bāysunghur's chief librarian, Jaʿfar Tabrīzī. On the basis of the report and a study of the calligraphy, I argue Saʿd Mashhadī penned a third manuscript for Bāysunghur, an early copy of theZubdat al-tawārīkh, c.829/1426. This article attempts to provide a fuller picture of the calligrapher. A number of biographical dictionaries mention a contemporary called Ḥāfiẓ Saʿd, a follower of Qāsim Anvār, who was a prominent poet and riddle writer. Beginning with a poetic connection between the two names in a biographical work, and pursuing an in-depth study of hisDīvān, which, through riddles, reveals an association with Bāysunghur's atelier, I suggest that Saʿd Mashhadī and Ḥāfiẓ Saʿd could be the same person. Whether or not this is the case, this study sheds new light on an important but little known court poet and Sufi and a calligrapher in the royal atelier.
Increased Motor Cortex Excitability for Concealed Visual Information
Authors: Hadar Aviad A. , Lazarovits Avi , Yarrow Kielan
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Deceptive behavior involves complex neural processes involving the primary motor cortex. The dynamics of this motor cortex excitability prior to lying are still not well understood. We sought to examine whether corticospinal excitability can be used to suggest the presence of deliberately concealed information in a modified version of the guilty knowledge test (GKT). Participants pressed keys to either truthfully or deceitfully indicate their familiarity with a series of faces. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded during response preparation to measure muscle-specific neural excitability. We hypothesized that MEPs would increase during the deceptive condition not only in the lie-telling finger but also in the suppressed truth-telling finger. We report a group-level increase in overall corticospinal excitability 300 ms following stimulus onset during the deceptive condition, without specific activation of the neural representation of the truth-telling finger. We discuss cognitive processes, particularly response conflict and/or automated responses to familiar stimuli, which may drive the observed nonspecific increase of motor excitability in deception.
Distribution of CO2 in Western Pacific, Studied Using Isotope Data Made in Taiwan, OCO‐2 Satellite Retrievals, and CarbonTracker Products
Authors: Laskar Amzad H. , Lin Li‐Ching , Jiang Xun , Liang Mao‐Chang
Published: November 2018

To assess sources and processes that affect the variability of CO2 at local to regional scales, we have analyzed the mixing ratio [CO2] and stable isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of atmospheric CO2 for three years (2014–2016) in urban and sub‐urban areas in Taipei, Taiwan. The data are compared with those from some background sites, viz., Lulin, Mauna Loa, and Minamitorishima, to evaluate how local emissions affect CO2 level regionally. [CO2] over the urban and sub‐urban stations are significantly higher than that observed at the three aforementioned remote sites mainly due to local emissions, which partly mask the seasonal cycle caused by photosynthesis and respiration. Likewise, significantly low δ13C and δ18O values observed at two Taipei stations also point to anthropogenic emissions. The seasonal cycles in [CO2] and in the isotopic compositions are retrieved using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. Regional impact is assessed using CO2 products from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 satellite, the NOAA/EARL CarbonTracker project, and meteorological data from European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast‐Interim. We found that besides local emissions, Taiwan is largely affected by external CO2 in winter and spring originated from north, west and southwest landmasses. In winter air masses with elevated CO2 concentrations, originated in eastern China influence Taipei. In spring season, about 2 ppmv enhancement in CO2 observed at the top of Lulin, a high mountain station (2.8 km), could be linked to CO2 produced by biomass burning in the southeast Asian countries and transported to the region by easterly winds.
High‐Resolution Climate Projections for the Northeastern United States Using Dynamical Downscaling at Convection‐Permitting Scales
Authors: Komurcu M. , Emanuel K. A. , Huber M. , Acosta R. P.
Published: November 2018

To paraphrase former Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill, “All climate change is local”—that is, society reacts most immediately to changes in local weather such as regional heat waves and heavy rainstorms. Such phenomena are not well resolved by the current generation of coupled climate models. Here it is shown that dynamical downscaling of climate reanalyses using a high‐resolution regional model can reproduce both the means and extremes of temperature and precipitation as observed in the well‐measured northeastern United States. Given this result, the downscaling is applied to climate projections for the middle and end of the 21st century under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 as well as for the historical time period to help assess regional climate impacts in the northeastern United States. The resulting high‐resolution projections are intended to support regional sustainability studies for the northeastern United States and are made publicly available.
Multiscale Models in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Grooms Ian , Julien Keith
Published: November 2018

Geophysical fluid dynamics is inherently multiscale, with timescales from seconds to millenia and with space scales from millimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers. The most general models of the dynamics are single scale in the sense that there is one set of governing equations, for example, the Navier‐Stokes equations, that applies at all scales. Multiscale models, here taken to mean models with distinct sets of equations governing the dynamics at different scales, are useful for both theoretical investigations and numerical simulations. This review covers the main methods of constructing and simulating multiscale models in geophysical fluid dynamics, along with a review of multiscale models that appear in the literature.
Interdependent Infrastructure as Linked Social, Ecological, and Technological Systems (SETSs) to Address Lock‐in and Enhance Resilience
Authors: Markolf Samuel A. , Chester Mikhail V. , Eisenberg Daniel A. , Iwaniec David M. , Davidson Cliff I. , Zimmerman Rae , Miller Thaddeus R. , Ruddell Benjamin L. , Chang Heejun
Published: November 2018

Traditional infrastructure adaptation to extreme weather events (and now climate change) has typically been techno‐centric and heavily grounded in robustness—the capacity to prevent or minimize disruptions via a risk‐based approach that emphasizes control, armoring, and strengthening (e.g., raising the height of levees). However, climate and nonclimate challenges facing infrastructure are not purely technological. Ecological and social systems also warrant consideration to manage issues of overconfidence, inflexibility, interdependence, and resource utilization—among others. As a result, techno‐centric adaptation strategies can result in unwanted tradeoffs, unintended consequences, and underaddressed vulnerabilities. Techno‐centric strategies that lock‐in today's infrastructure systems to vulnerable future design, management, and regulatory practices may be particularly problematic by exacerbating these ecological and social issues rather than ameliorating them. Given these challenges, we develop a conceptual model and infrastructure adaptation case studies to argue the following: (1) infrastructure systems are not simply technological and should be understood as complex and interconnected social, ecological, and technological systems (SETSs); (2) infrastructure challenges, like lock‐in, stem from SETS interactions that are often overlooked and underappreciated; (3) framing infrastructure with a SETS lens can help identify and prevent maladaptive issues like lock‐in; and (4) a SETS lens can also highlight effective infrastructure adaptation strategies that may not traditionally be considered. Ultimately, we find that treating infrastructure as SETS shows promise for increasing the adaptive capacity of infrastructure systems by highlighting how lock‐in and vulnerabilities evolve and how multidisciplinary strategies can be deployed to address these challenges by broadening the options for adaptation.
Probabilistic Surface Heat Flow Estimates Assimilating Paleoclimate History: New Implications for the Thermochemical Structure of Ireland
Authors: Mather Ben , Farrell Thomas , Fullea Javier
Published: November 2018

Regions where surface temperature has increased since past glaciation events, such as Ireland, underestimate the heat output of the Earth unless paleoclimate corrections are applied. We apply probabilistic techniques to quantify the uncertainty of 22 paleoclimate‐corrected heat flow estimates in Ireland, which assimilate multiple surface temperature histories associated with 130 ka of glacial oscillation in the British Isles. Heat flow values increase by ∼15 mW/m2 after a paleoclimate correction and provide new insights into the thermochemical structure of the lithosphere. The heat flow regime is broadly delineated by the Iapetus Suture Zone that separates Laurentian to the north and Avalonian terranes to the south (mean surface heat flow of 73 ± 14 and 65 ± 14 mW/m2, respectively). The degree to which heat‐producing elements are partitioned into the uppermost crust is described by the differentiation index of a heat flow province. From Bayesian inversion, we determine that radiogenic elements are substantially more differentiated in the uppermost crust of Laurentia (DI=2.8 ± 1.4) than Avalonia (DI=1.5 ± 1.3), despite a moderately enriched lower crust (0.8 ± 0.3 μW/m3). This is facilitated by a thin yet highly radiogenic layer in the uppermost crust of Laurentia (3.9 ± 1.8 μW/m3). Extrapolating these results across the British Isles and Newfoundland suggests that heat‐producing elements have been more successfully reworked into the upper crust to the north of the Iapetus Suture Zone during continental accretion between Laurentia and Avalonia.
Spectrum of Liver Disease in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Patients Co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Results of the HBV-HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Sterling Richard K. , Wahed Abdus S. , King Wendy C. , Kleiner David E. , Khalili Mandana , Sulkowski Mark , Chung Raymond T. , Jain Mamta K. , Lisker-Melman Mauricio , Wong David K. , Ghany Marc G. ,   the HIV-HBV Cohort Study of the Hepatitis B Research Network
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND:

Because most HBV/HIV co-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have suppressed HBV DNA and normal liver enzymes, the histologic spectrum of liver disease in HBV/HIV coinfection is poorly defined. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted a prospective study to comprehensively characterize liver disease severity assessed by liver biopsy in a well-defined cohort of HBV/HIV patients in North America receiving cART.

METHODS:

Adult HIV/HBsAg positive patients on stable cART were recruited. Demographic, clinical, serological, and virological data were collected. Liver histology was assessed by a central pathology committee. The association of demographic, clinical, serologic, and virologic characteristics with liver histology was assessed using logistic regression.

RESULTS:

In this cross-sectional analysis, the mean age of the cohort (N = 139) was 49 years; 92% were male, 51% were non-Hispanic black, 7% had at-risk alcohol use with a median duration of infections of 14 years. The median ALT was 28 IU/L and CD4 count was 568 cells/mm3. Almost all (99%) were on cART. Three-fourths (75%) had undetectable HIV RNA (<20 copies/mL). HBeAg was positive in 62%, HBV DNA was below the limit of quantification (<20 IU/mL) in 57% and <1000 IU/ mL in 80%; 7% had incomplete viral suppression (HBV DNA ≥1000 IU/mL and HIV RNA <20 copies/mL). Liver histology (available in n = 114) showed significant periportal, lobular, and portal inflammation (scores ≥2) in 14%, 31%, and 22% respectively. Over a third (37%) had significant fibrosis (Ishak stage ≥2); 24% had advanced fibrosis (Ishak stage ≥3). Higher ALT (adjusted OR 1.19 per 10 IU/L; 95% CI [1.01, 1.41]; p = 0.03) and lower platelet count (adjusted OR 0.81 per 20,000 mm3; 95% CI [0.67–0.97]; p = 0.02) but not HBV DNA were independently associated with advanced fibrosis.

CONCLUSIONS:

In this cohort of patients with HBV/HIV coinfection receiving long-term cART with viral suppression, we observed significant fibrosis in more than one-third of patients.
Mettl3-mediated m6A RNA methylation regulates the fate of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and osteoporosis
Authors: Wu Yunshu , Xie Liang , Wang Mengyuan , Xiong Qiuchan , Guo Yuchen , Liang Yu , Li Jing , Sheng Rui , Deng Peng , Wang Yuan , Zheng Rixin , Jiang Yizhou , Ye Ling , Chen Qianming , Zhou Xuedong , Lin Shuibin , Yuan Quan
Published: November 2018

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant epigenetic modification in eukaryotic mRNAs and is essential for multiple RNA processing events during mammalian development and disease control. Here we show that conditional knockout of the m6A methyltransferase Mettl3 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) induces pathological features of osteoporosis in mice. Mettl3 loss-of-function results in impaired bone formation, incompetent osteogenic differentiation potential and increased marrow adiposity. Moreover, Mettl3 overexpression in MSCs protects the mice from estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Mechanistically, we identify PTH (parathyroid hormone)/Pth1r (parathyroid hormone receptor-1) signaling axis as an important downstream pathway for m6A regulation in MSCs. Knockout of Mettl3 reduces the translation efficiency of MSCs lineage allocator Pth1r, and disrupts the PTH-induced osteogenic and adipogenic responses in vivo. Our results demonstrate the pathological outcomes of m6A mis-regulation in MSCs and unveil novel epitranscriptomic mechanism in skeletal health and diseases.
Whole genome sequencing puts forward hypotheses on metastasis evolution and therapy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Ishaque Naveed , Abba Mohammed L. , Hauser Christine , Patil Nitin , Paramasivam Nagarajan , Huebschmann Daniel , Leupold Jörg Hendrik , Balasubramanian Gnana Prakash , Kleinheinz Kortine , Toprak Umut H. , Hutter Barbara , Benner Axel , Shavinskaya Anna , Zhou Chan , Gu Zuguang , Kerssemakers Jules , Marx Alexander , Moniuszko Marcin , Kozlowski Miroslaw , Reszec Joanna , Niklinski Jacek , Eils Jürgen , Schlesner Matthias , Eils Roland , Brors Benedikt , Allgayer Heike
Published: November 2018

Incomplete understanding of the metastatic process hinders personalized therapy. Here we report the most comprehensive whole-genome study of colorectal metastases vs. matched primary tumors. 65% of somatic mutations originate from a common progenitor, with 15% being tumor- and 19% metastasis-specific, implicating a higher mutation rate in metastases. Tumor- and metastasis-specific mutations harbor elevated levels of BRCAness. We confirm multistage progression with new components ARHGEF7/ARHGEF33. Recurrently mutated non-coding elements include ncRNAs RP11-594N15.3, AC010091, SNHG14, 3’ UTRs of FOXP2, DACH2, TRPM3, XKR4, ANO5, CBL, CBLB, the latter four potentially dual protagonists in metastasis and efferocytosis-/PD-L1 mediated immunosuppression. Actionable metastasis-specific lesions include FAT1, FGF1, BRCA2, KDR, and AKT2-, AKT3-, and PDGFRA-3’ UTRs. Metastasis specific mutations are enriched in PI3K-Akt signaling, cell adhesion, ECM and hepatic stellate activation genes, suggesting genetic programs for site-specific colonization. Our results put forward hypotheses on tumor and metastasis evolution, and evidence for metastasis-specific events relevant for personalized therapy.
Scalable high performance radio frequency electronics based on large domain bilayer MoS2
Authors: Gao Qingguo , Zhang Zhenfeng , Xu Xiaole , Song Jian , Li Xuefei , Wu Yanqing
Published: November 2018

Atomically-thin layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has attracted tremendous research attention for their potential applications in high performance DC and radio frequency electronics, especially for flexible electronics. Bilayer MoS2 is expected to have higher electron mobility and higher density of states with higher performance compared with single layer MoS2. Here, we systematically investigate the synthesis of high quality bilayer MoS2 by chemical vapor deposition on molten glass with increasing domain sizes up to 200 μm. High performance transistors with optimized high-κ dielectrics deliver ON-current of 427 μA μm−1 at 300 K and a record high ON-current of 1.52 mA μm−1 at 4.3 K. Moreover, radio frequency transistors are demonstrated with an extrinsic high cut-off frequency of 7.2 GHz and record high extrinsic maximum frequency of oscillation of 23 GHz, together with gigahertz MoS2 mixers on flexible polyimide substrate, showing the great potential for future high performance DC and high-frequency electronics.
Myths and reality of HPbI3 in halide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Ke Weijun , Spanopoulos Ioannis , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: November 2018

All-inorganic perovskites have a special place in halide perovskite family because of their potential for better stability. However, the representative cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) is metastable and spontaneously converts to the non-perovskite structure at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate that what appears to be all-inorganic CsPbI3 stabilized in its perovskite form using the purported intermediate known as hydrogen lead iodide (HPbI3) is, in fact, the hybrid perovskite cesium dimethylammonium lead iodide (Cs1−xDMAxPbI3, x = 0.2 to 0.5). Thus, many of the reported all-inorganic perovskites are actually still hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites, as strongly evidenced by a wide battery of experimental techniques presented here. Solar cells based on the representative composition Cs0.7DMA0.3PbI3 can achieve an average power conversion efficiency of 9.27 ± 1.28% (max 12.62%). These results provide an alternative angle to look at previous results pertaining all-inorganic CsPbI3 while the DMA cation is now revealed as an alternative A site cation.
Microfluidic active loading of single cells enables analysis of complex clinical specimens
Authors: Calistri Nicholas L. , Kimmerling Robert J. , Malinowski Seth W. , Touat Mehdi , Stevens Mark M. , Olcum Selim , Ligon Keith L. , Manalis Scott R.
Published: November 2018

A fundamental trade-off between flow rate and measurement precision limits performance of many single-cell detection strategies, especially for applications that require biophysical measurements from living cells within complex and low-input samples. To address this, we introduce ‘active loading’, an automated, optically-triggered fluidic system that improves measurement throughput and robustness by controlling entry of individual cells into a measurement channel. We apply active loading to samples over a range of concentrations (1–1000 particles μL−1), demonstrate that measurement time can be decreased by up to 20-fold, and show theoretically that performance of some types of existing single-cell microfluidic devices can be improved by implementing active loading. Finally, we demonstrate how active loading improves clinical feasibility for acute, single-cell drug sensitivity measurements by deploying it to a preclinical setting where we assess patient samples from normal brain, primary and metastatic brain cancers containing a complex, difficult-to-measure mixture of confounding biological debris.
Colorectal cancer liver metastatic growth depends on PAD4-driven citrullination of the extracellular matrix
Authors: Yuzhalin A. E. , Gordon-Weeks A. N. , Tognoli M. L. , Jones K. , Markelc B. , Konietzny R. , Fischer R. , Muth A. , O’Neill E. , Thompson P. R. , Venables P. J. , Kessler B. M. , Lim S. Y. , Muschel R. J.
Published: November 2018

Citrullination of proteins, a post-translational conversion of arginine residues to citrulline, is recognized in rheumatoid arthritis, but largely undocumented in cancer. Here we show that citrullination of the extracellular matrix by cancer cell derived peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is essential for the growth of liver metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC). Using proteomics, we demonstrate that liver metastases exhibit higher levels of citrullination and PAD4 than unaffected liver, primary CRC or adjacent colonic mucosa. Functional significance for citrullination in metastatic growth is evident in murine models where inhibition of citrullination substantially reduces liver metastatic burden. Additionally, citrullination of a key matrix component collagen type I promotes greater adhesion and decreased migration of CRC cells along with increased expression of characteristic epithelial markers, suggesting a role for citrullination in promoting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and liver metastasis. Overall, our study reveals the potential for PAD4-dependant citrullination to drive the progression of CRC liver metastasis.
Superhydrophobic and Compressible Silica-polyHIPE Covalently Bonded Porous Networks via Emulsion Templating for Oil Spill Cleanup and Recovery
Authors: Mahadik D. B. , Lee Kyu-Yeon , Ghorpade R. V. , Park Hyung-Ho
Published: November 2018

We synthesize porous polyHIPE networks with silanol functionalities in the polyHIPE backbone. These silanol functionalities are used for covalent bonding with silica aerogels embedded in the polyHIPE. Covalent bonding between silica and polyHIPE networks are confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Silica aerogels covalently bonded with polyHIPE network show macroporous and mesoporous morphologies and possess excellent properties like high bendability, high elasticity, superhydrophobicity (~160°), low density (~0.128 g/cm3), and low thermal conductivity (~0.045 W/m·K). Oil absorption from water/oil mixtures and recovery of the absorbed oil (by squeezing) from flexible silica-polyHIPE networks is studied. The silica-polyHIPE is shown to absorb crude oil ~16-times its own weight and can be reused multiple times after recovery. Hence, such materials are very important for oil spill cleanup applications from aqueous systems.
TRPV2 is required for mechanical nociception and the stretch-evoked response of primary sensory neurons
Authors: Katanosaka Kimiaki , Takatsu Satomi , Mizumura Kazue , Naruse Keiji , Katanosaka Yuki
Published: November 2018

Mechanotransduction plays important roles in many sensory processes, including touch, pain, hearing, and proprioception. However, the molecular mechanisms of mechanical nociception have remained unclear. Here, we showed that elimination of transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) in mice resulted in the deficit of mechanical nociception due to the lack of mechanosensitivity in a subclass of adult primary sensory neurons (PSNs). The PSN-specific TRPV2-deficient mice showed behavioural impairment of mechanical nociception in tail-pressure and von Frey hair tests, without defects in axonal growth and neuronal composition. Conversely, the mice displayed normal behaviour to noxious heat and non-noxious tactile stimuli. Furthermore, based on the stretch-evoked Ca2+ response of cultured PSNs, we characterised two types of stretch-activated neurons in normal mice; fast-decay high-threshold and slow-decay low-threshold mechanosensitive. The cultured neurons from TRPV2-deficient mice lacked stretch-evoked Ca2+ responses by fast-decay neurons normally activated by high-threshold mechanical stimulation. These results demonstrated that TRPV2 has a critical role in mechanical nociception in the adult somatosensory system.
Gene expression profile of muscle adaptation to high-intensity intermittent exercise training in young men
Authors: Miyamoto-Mikami Eri , Tsuji Katsunori , Horii Naoki , Hasegawa Natsuki , Fujie Shumpei , Homma Toshiyuki , Uchida Masataka , Hamaoka Takafumi , Kanehisa Hiroaki , Tabata Izumi , Iemitsu Motoyuki
Published: November 2018

High-intensity intermittent exercise training (HIIT) has been proposed as an effective approach for improving both, the aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity. However, the detailed molecular response of the skeletal muscle to HIIT remains unknown. We examined the effects of the HIIT on the global gene expression in the human skeletal muscle. Eleven young healthy men participated in the study and completed a 6-week HIIT program involving exhaustive 6–7 sets of 20-s cycling periods with 10-s rests. In addition to determining the maximal oxygen uptake ($${\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2{\rm{\max }}}$$V˙O2max), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and after the training to analyse the skeletal muscle transcriptome. The HIIT program significantly increased the$${\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2{\rm{\max }}}$$V˙O2max, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and thigh muscle CSA. The expression of 79 genes was significantly elevated (fold-change >1.2), and that of 73 genes was significantly reduced (fold-change <0.8) after HIIT. Gene ontology analysis of the up-regulated genes revealed that the significantly enriched categories were “glucose metabolism”, “extracellular matrix”, “angiogenesis”, and “mitochondrial membrane”. By providing information about a set of genes in the human skeletal muscle that responds to the HIIT, the study provided insight into the mechanism of skeletal muscle adaptation to HIIT.
Activation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ameliorates Zymosan-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Ibrahim Sherehan M. , Al-Shorbagy Muhammad Y. , Abdallah Dalaal M. , El-Abhar Hanan S.
Published: November 2018

Zymosan, a natural compound, provokes acute peritonitis and multiple organ dysfunction that affects the kidney, beside other organs via exaggerated inflammatory response. The aim of the present study is to test the role of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) in alleviating acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by zymosan in BALB/c mice, using galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, known to act via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) to stimulate CAP. Galantamine verified its anti-inflammatory effect by elevating acetylcholine (ACh) level, while abating the interleukin-6/ janus kinase 2 (Y1007/1008)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Y705) (IL-6/ pY(1007/1008)-JAK2/ pY705-STAT3) inflammatory axis, with a consequent inhibition in suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). This effect entails also the nuclear factor-kappa B (p65)/ high mobility group box protein-1/ (NF-κB (p65)/ HMGB-1) signaling pathway. Furthermore, the reno-curattive effect of galantamine was associated by a reduction in plasma creatinine (Cr), cystatin (Cys)-C, IL-18, and renal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), as well as an improved histopathological structure. Blocking the α7 nAChR by methyllycaconitine abolished the beneficial effect of galantamine to document the involvement of this receptor and the CAP in the amelioration of AKI induced by zymosan.
A colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe for rapid, sensitive and visual detection of metabisulfite in food and living cells
Authors: Duan Chong , Zhang Jun-Feng , Hu Yubo , Hao Ruiting , Zeng Lintao , Xu Rui
Published: November 2018

In this study, we report a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe with multiple merits for visual detection of S2O52− in food and living cell.
Hybrid nanomaterial based on magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotube-octadecylphosphonic acid modified zirconia for magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oils
Authors: Wang Qing , Lian Jiaxin , Hua Zhongdan , Yang Ying , Li Ying , Hao Xiuwen , Cao Yaxin , Zeng Xianqi
Published: November 2018

Hybrid nanomaterial based on magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotube-octadecylphosphonic acid modified zirconia for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oils.
Surface charge engineering of nanosized CuS via acidic amino acid modification enables high peroxidase-mimicking activity at neutral pH for one-pot detection of glucose
Authors: Niu Xiangheng , Xu Xuechao , Li Xin , Pan Jianming , Qiu Fengxian , Zhao Hongli , Lan Minbo
Published: November 2018

Surface charge engineering of nanosized CuS via acidic amino acid (Asp) modification enables unprecedented peroxidase-mimicking activity at neutral pH.