bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Nepal Matters in the Geopolitical Chessboard
Authors: Poudyal Biranchi
Published: March 2022

This study examines the position of Nepal in the geopolitical chessboard amid the participation of international actors, including; China, America, and India’s sphere of influence. It argues that the involvement of international actors in Nepal with their strategy-loaded projects like BRI and MCC has put Nepal under the pressure to accommodate the geopolitical interest of both superpowers by adhering to its policy of non-alignment. The research further aims to identify the new geopolitical paradigm of Nepal and its growing significance in the geopolitical chessboard. After analyzing the available literature and the arguments of scholars, this paper found that Nepal has now become a land of geo-strategic importance that belies its weakness as a small state. This finding supports the conclusion that the external forces are taking interest in Nepal mainly because of its geographical positioning that gives them the advantage of connectivity potential, the balance of power, sphere of influence, and security outlook.
Artificial Intelligence in Sport: An Ethical Issue
Authors: DC Suman
Published: March 2022

Sport technology is the tool designed and used by human beings to achieve sporting goals and values. Induction of technology in sports has revolutionized sport equipment, training materials, and biomedical technology, which have already posed a threat to the fairness in sport (Loland, 2018). Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a technological system which is applied to process the external data to produce knowledge or facts about that data to fulfill specific goals and tasks in a short span of time (Haenlein & Kaplan, 2019). With the aim of fair operation of the game, administrators of modern-day sports have been adopting AI to officiate the game. However, the concept of technology is based on its instrumentality set by human beings, and ethical challenges of adopting AI in sports have greater impacts not only to the game itself but also to its participants (Loland, 2018; Watson, 2019), which itself remains a less explored area of study. To address this gap, this paper has investigated various umpiring technologies applied in modern-day cricket. For this, the study explores the concept of AI and the impacts of umpiring technology on game and stakeholders (players, officials/administrators, and other stakeholders such as broadcasters) through the lens of several cases. Methodologically, the study reviews the academic literature about the application of technology in sports, and qualitative data have been collected through the observation of a set of relevant cases displayed in live telecast of the recent games. Furthermore, official press releases of (inter) national sport governing bodies and their reactions presented by its stakeholders through the media have been analysed to explore the impacts in a wider community regarding umpiring technology. This paper concludes with the final observation and possible resolution of the ethical issues brought forth by umpiring technology in modern- day cricket. In the wider context, this research might help to reflect the ethical considerations of applying technology in global sports.
Millennium Challenge Corporation: Interpretations and Implications for the National Security of Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Ashish
Published: March 2022

The interpretations of MCC in the Nepali “bazaar” comprise three themes: sovereignty, geopolitics, and governance. This study reveals that these diverging interpretations of MCC, based upon these themes, pose implications to the national security of Nepal. Firstly, it poses a challenge to the unity of the Nepalese people. Second, the composed narratives of the United States against China under a geopolitical theme construct another challenge in the conduct of Nepal’s foreign policy. Last, the absence of interpretations based on economic development perspectives creates a socio-economic challenge related to poverty and unemployment. Formal political synonymy, disdain of United States against China narrative, and new narratives of development are crucial to gradually disparage these challenges. Epistemologically, this paper is interpretative (constructive) and uses an inductive, qualitative method of study.  To do so, it collects secondary data in the form of expert interviews from the social, political, legal, and economic spaces of society.
Military Diplomacy as A Soft Power Strategy: Nepal-India Relations since 2015
Authors: Limbu Prem Prasad
Published: March 2022

The military diplomacy has increasingly occupied a wider space in Nepal-India bilateral ties. It has been an effective soft power instrument to convey the message of alive relationship, to bond the ties stronger and to revive the strained relationships. Today, it has got a central place of political as well as public concern. Such glorious history of military diplomacy begins after the challenging official visit of Chief of Army Staff (CoAS) of Nepal to India in 2016 and successful role to revive the severely ruined Nepal-India relationships by ending the unofficial blockade of India imposed to Nepal. Later, it has been recertified considering the Indian Army (IA) Chief’s visit to Nepal in 2020 as an icebreaker visit to reset soured bilateral relationship between two immediate neighbors developed after a bitter boarder row dispute in Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura area. These instances produce a new sequence, value and significance of military diplomacy in contemporary Nepal-India ties and raise a question. Why and how the military diplomacy as a soft power strategy is a constructive and useful in diplomatic relation of two democratic states Nepal and India in the twenty-first century. This study answers this question through the secondary data interpretation observed in practices of military diplomacy employed between two states and analyses of them by linking to the concept of soft power thematically in qualitative style. For this, Indian unofficial blockade imposed upon Nepal and Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura territorial border dispute started since 2019 are two major issues of study. The study finds, the issue of economic blockade and boarder row produced during 2015-2021 are the main factors which shifted the Nepal-India ties into a new paradigm, expanded the role of military diplomacy in new heights and developed a new public trust upon the military performance as a soft power in diplomatic realm. To present this idea, the writing contains contextual and conceptual operations of military diplomacy, soft-power and realism in first part, detail account of practice of military diplomacy in middle part, and conclusion in last part.
The Relation between Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Tourism Development in Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Lokraj
Published: March 2022

Natural beauty and cultural institutions are perennial factors for tourism development with a competitive advantage in Nepal. However, the country has not been able to capitalize on those natural and cultural resources for the benefit of the people at a large scale. Without in-depth research on the prospect of the tourism industry and its application, Nepal has been lagging behind many of the countries of the world even in the twenty-first century. Nevertheless, existing scholarship on the relation between ‘FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) inflows’ and ‘tourism development’, has remained incomplete. Therefore, this study has set the specific objectives of finding and analyzing the causal relationship between these two variables using the time series data of Nepal from 1995 to 2019. It has followed the causal-comparative research design to meet the objectives asserting the dependent variable: ‘net FDI inflow’ and independent variable: ‘tourism development’, first. Then, the discourse has forwarded interchanging the dependent into independent and independent into dependent one. This analysis finds a bi-directional relationship between FDI inflow and tourism development in the short run. The arrival of one international tourist causes a 68 USD increase in ‘net FDI inflows’ and an increase in one USD from him increases a 0.17 USD in FDI. Similarly, a one USD increase in net FDI inflows causes a 0.76 USD increase in income from international tourism. However, it has asserted no long-run relationship between these variables. Importantly, these findings help the government and policymakers formulate and implement the right policies and programs for the sustainable tourism development of Nepal.
Effectiveness Of Military Diplomacy Towards Nationalism, National Security and Unity
Authors: Lamsal Hiranya Lal
Published: March 2022

Military diplomacy in every country strengthens unity, nationalism and national security. It acts as a specific domain of diplomacy that emphasizes primarily on the pursuit of foreign policy interest of the state in the field of security and defence policy, whose actions are associated on the use of negotiations and other diplomatic instruments. Nepal, being a sovereign kingdom, the nation needs a stout military foundation. In this regard, in the field of nationalism, national unity and security, Nepal Army drives its loyalty, obedience, sacrifice and etiquette to maintain common and control in the nation. Considering this fact, this study examines military diplomacy directed to national interest through the perceptions of general people of Rupandehi district, Lumbini Province of Nepal. This study aims at exploring effectiveness of military diplomacy for the well being of the nation and their role to maintain patriotic feeling through national security and unity, and harmonious civil-military relations. To carry out this research, a set of questionnaires was prepared through Google Docs and circulated to general people through emails and messenger. Altogether, 116 participants were taken as population in this study. The snowball sampling technique was used with an online survey tool to collect data. The collected data was analyzed in terms of simple statistical method of percentages. This study found that the effectiveness of military diplomacy for an important security and foreign policy. The result displayed that military diplomacy provides opportunities, security and strength which boosts the national power. It enumerates the activity of military force of the ministry of defense of the nation which conducts a diplomatic scenario to the enforcement of its foreign policy that is of a non-combat nature. It also signifies that military diplomacy marches towards nationalism, which gravitates to build up the interest of obtaining and maintaining the state’s sovereignty. Therefore, it is an essential tool for foreign policy at strategic level that adds to raise the degree of nationalism, national security and unity in the state.
North South Connectivity: Opportunities and Challenges in National Security and Development
Authors: Koirala Sabin
Published: March 2022

After the long decade civil conflict, Nepal has been moving through a transitional phase for the development and prosperity. Comparing among the landlocked state, the indicators depict low level of infrastructure development. Being landlocked and mountainous country, Nepal has high trading cost due to difficult geography and lack of reliable infrastructures, decreasing the competitiveness domestically and internationally. North South connectivity not only connects China and India but also revives the role of Nepal as land linked. Nepal is always trying to boost economic growth using liberalization, decentralization policy and now transforming the unitary state to federal state. The growing expectation of people towards prosperity and development has driven the state to make investment on large scale connectivity projects in transport, energy, aviation, communication sector. Having resource constraints, state should mobilize the scarce resources in rational and optimum ways to maximize the development opportunities and mitigate the security challenges and threats. Furthermore, it is necessary to assess both long term and short-term impact during strategic project formulation. This paper aims to identify opportunities and challenges of cross boarder connectivity in national security and development using various information and fact through secondary sources and with the examples of other nations sharing similar attributes. Findings suggested that Nepal should develop multimodal connectivity strategies while considering strategic location of Nepal and shall utilize international assistance and support while maintaining the relationship with neighbors, regional power and great power based on sovereign equality, mutual respect, and benefits. Further, this study contributes to policy makers and planners for the appraisal of strategically important projects.
How Can Classical War Philosophies Solve Modern Security Challenges?
Authors: Gurung Shrestha Umesh Gurung Shrestha
Published: March 2022

As the world is moving into the third decade of the 21st century, it is ever more filled with uncertainties and complexities per se. The scope of security agencies has grown beyond just protecting the state from external and internal security threats. Instead, military forces have to face a whole new domain of security challenges, unlike those from a few centuries ago. Irregular and hybrid warfare has replaced the conventional way of battlefield confrontation between the state armies. The global rise in insurgency, terrorism, civil wars, failed states, and humanitarian crises have made the security landscape even more volatile. In this context, modern problems require modern solutions. However, most of these contemporary solutions to our security challenges can be traced back to classical war philosophies. This article attempts to explain the emerging forms of conflicts and irregular security threats, and how those war theories and strategies are more effective in managing them. It starts by reviewing the key ideas of selected classical military thinkers such as Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, Frederick II, Clausewitz, Jomini, and Liddell Hart. The latter part of the article discusses their present relevance and analyses recurring American experiences with low-intensity conflicts like insurgency and terrorism from the perspective of classical war philosophies. It is observed that the statesmen and military planners of today can still find inspiration in the age-old battlefield concepts, such as political-military relationship, intelligence, deception, indirect approach, battle avoidance, and center of gravity, to resolve conflicts and improve the condition of global peace.
Soft Security Strategies to Enhance Nepal’s National Security
Authors: Acharya GP
Published: March 2022

Due to the existing geo-location, geo-political advancement, and geo-strategic cum geo-political interests of powerful nations, the national security milieu of Nepal is constantly under a ‘state of flux’. The changing dynamics of the regional politics have also induced specific geo-political challenges to Nepal’s national security. Nepal has adopted an essence of “Amity with all and enmity with none” on its foreign policy, which is based on the spirit of its long standing ‘Non-Aligned Foreign Policy’. Since Nepal does not acquire any substantial intelligence, counter intelligence or strategic intelligence mechanisms, and has not been fortified with any defense technology yet; Nepal must foster ‘Soft Security Strategies’ that not only enhances its national security, but also help promote its national power capability. Based on various literature reviews, it suggest that the idea of reckoning the impact of soft security approach is an indicative defensive measure of addressing the contemporary security issues in national security. Nevertheless, the main objectives of this research article are to identify the emerging security threat, and assess the ‘Soft Security Strategies’ to enhance Nepal’s national security. This article discourses the geo-strategic prospects in conceiving national security, and explores the potential instruments of Nepal’s national power. The first part deals with apparent challenges to Nepal’s national security, and the second part deals with whether the existing ‘National Security Policy’ is aligned with its corresponding ‘National Security Strategy’. Finally, this paper aims to identify how the small power like Nepal can strengthen the instruments of national power and enhance national security.
Role of Nepali Army from Nation Formation to Nation Building: People’s Perceptions
Authors: Paudel Pushpa Raj
Published: March 2022

This paper has featured people’s beliefs and perceptions of the roles the national army has played in the formation of Nepal and nation building ever since its establishment in the eighteenth century by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, the chief architect of modern Nepal. This study has investigated and reported how the Nepali Army has contributed to developing the nation through its involvement in various development and construction works including the national pride projects besides its primary duty of the safeguarding of freedom and territorial integrity of the country. This study is qualitative in nature guided by interpretivism. Both primary and secondary sources of data have been used in the study. The data for this study came from interviews with purposively selected participants and reviews of various policy documents, books, journal articles, reports and websites of relevant ministries and organizations. The results revealed that the Nepali Army played a significant role in unifying Nepal which helped collect the energy to fight against external forces. Eventually, Nepal has been a sovereign nation since time immemorial. The national army has played an instrumental role in the development of Nepal through its involvement in the development works. It has ever helped citizenry coming to the front line at the times of crises. This paper argues that the Nepali Army needs to be more strategic for the safeguarding of the freedom and development of the country because of Nepal’s unique situatedness between two Asian rising powers– China and India. The Nepali Army, an efficient apparatus of the Government of Nepal, can further strengthen foreign relations with neighboring countries and beyond through effective military diplomacy.
The Impact of Criteria and Flexibility in Nepal’s Rebel-Military Integration Program
Authors: Rana Pranaya SJB
Published: March 2022

The integration of rebel combatants into regular forces is often a political negation for power. Several examples from the past show how such pursuits have brought about mutinies and communal violence and pushed the countries back to instability. Current literatures do not provide success stories from which crucial elements of rebel-military programs can be extracted for implementation in future programs. The thesis statement presented by the study is that conflicting parties need to invent options for mutual gain, which can be achieved using flexibility and standard criteria when all other means to achieve an agreement fail. In this regard, Nepal’s rebel-military integration process presents a unique case where former Maoist militias were integrated into the Nepali Army as individuals and after fulfilling the toned-down institutional criteria requirements. Using a qualitative design, the study of the rebel-military integration program in Nepal identified the areas within the program that adopted adequate flexibility and criteria fulfillment, and explored how those potentially led to the successful integration of ex-Maoist combatants into the Nepali Army. In order to analyze this information, secondary data such as the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007, the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA), 2006, integration program documents, journal and news articles, and organizational reports were reviewed. For the cross-validation of information, Key Personnel Interviews were conducted with program executives and Nepali Army representative, and Focus Group Discussions were conducted with regular as well

Signposting in abstract and in paragraphs in the paper: It is a good idea to give a structural overview of your key arguments in the paper, for example, Part I deals with… Part II deals with..

 

 

The data analysis involved a qualitative exploratory approach in order to analyze the causal variables as discussed in the preceding research design section. The different sources of data allowed data-triangulation in order to better explore which elements of the program applied criteria and flexibility and to what degree, as well as how they impacted the integration process. The details are discussed in the subsequent sections-
The Role of Military Diplomacy in Nepal’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Paudel Jiwan
Published: March 2022

Military diplomacy is the exploitation of a range of military resources, both bilaterally and multilaterally, to create favorable and cooperative ties with foreign nations in a pacific manner. Mutual security pacts, defense assistance, intelligence sharing, anti-piracy missions, joint military drills, communications assistance, disaster-relief missions, and high-level engagements between senior military hierarchies comprise military diplomacy. Military diplomacy aims to fill in the gaps, when needed, to help its parent nation respond to the challenges and complexity of disruptive, fast changing, strife-torn geopolitical circumstances while working in tandem with other state instruments. Nepal Army’s  intense experiences in jungle and mountain warfare’s, tactical operations, and its redoubtable military training exercises have been employed to develop vibrant bilateral relations. The compelling military diplomacy of Nepal Army with foreign nations led to unstinting support and assistance in garnering essentials during the devastating earthquake and COVID-19 situation. Peacekeeping force should be prioritized to enhance foreign policy and seek to direct Foreign Direct Investment to Nepal. Appointment of military attaché to the nations having bilateral relations with Nepal, hosting of cultural and sports meet, high altitude training etc. would strengthen bilateral military relation along with improved foreign policies. The first part of this paper explores the role of Nepalese military diplomacy in Nepal’s foreign policy with Britain, India, China and United Nation in various time periods followed by second part focusing on SWOT analysis, possible counsels for better diplomacy and future prospects. This paper is framed with doctrinal methodology wherein primary data were collected from statues, seminar brochures, research and review papers, interview of current and ex-Nepal Army officer and Ministry of defense reports whereas secondary data sources used for the study are legal prodigals, treaties, encyclopedia, newspaper, reports, and bona fide information
A Discourse on Nepal Army’s Role in Conservation
Authors: Rai Anu
Published: March 2022

Nepal prides itself as a conservation success story. Credit goes to the Nepal Army for their involvement in multiple conservation activities. They are at the forefront of conservation work in Nepal being stationed in the protected areas and involved in tracking down wildlife trade, controlling encroachment and deforestation, supporting rehabilitation of wild species, and much more. The results are visible having achieved zero poaching years of rhinos and other endangered species. The Nepal Army has thereby provided a great conservation service. But there is a lack of review on how their involvement has been perceived. T , and Part III presents views on rethinking the engagement.  For this, google scholar was examined to obtain relevant papers using a combination of search keywords – “Nepal Army”, “Nepal military”, “conservation Nepal”, “civil-military relations Nepal” or its derivatives. Additional papers and newspaper articles pertaining to conservation discourse were also reviewed. Informal interviews with the Sonaha communities near the community forest of Bardiya National Park was also conducted. The review suggests that there is a need to rethink Nepal Army’s involvement in conservation for promoting inclusive conservation and maintaining amicable civil-military relationships.
Role of Nepali Army in Promotion and Preservation of Nepalese Art, Culture, and Traditions
Authors: Gautam Uddhav
Published: March 2022

The Nepali Army was founded initially as the Gorkha Army around 450 Years ago. Since its inception, the Nepali Army as the nation's largest organization has not only been ensuring our territorial integrity but has also been connecting multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural Nepalese society in a common thread by preserving its rich tangible and intangible cultural heritages along with the associated traditions. In this regard, this study predominantly illuminates the fact that modern-day Nepal has been shaped through the sacrifices of the Nepali Army and their histories are interwoven altogether. This research illustrates that the Nepali Army has been preserving and promoting Nepalese art, culture, and tradition for centuries both in times of peace and war. Despite socio-economic and political shifts in the nation's history over time, the Nepali Army has remained resolute in its spirit assimilating various cultural transplants within the organization promoting cultural relativism. Within this frame of reference, this study primarily aims to unfold  major hurdles the Nepali Army is currently facing in the conundrum of operational and ceremonial duties along with the impacts of modern world issues, such as digitization and modernization. To fulfil objectives, this study follows a qualitative research methodology. It analyzes data collected from various primary and secondary sources and analyze it to draw out relevant inferences. I explore the military institution's roles to promote arts and cultures based on quantitative data with qualitative analysis.
Military Diplomacy: Role of Nepali Army in Reshaping Nepalese foreign Policy
Authors: Kafle Sujan
Published: March 2022

Development of the concept of foreign policy began with the unification of Nepal which can be reflected through the Prithvi Narayan Shah's teaching (Divya Upadesh). Foreign policy is an external display of the nation's internal strengths and aspirations. Foreign policy is extension of domestic policy, how the relation is maintained with international community? How our international relation is guided? Country’s foreign policy is determined on the basis of various principles through diplomatic channels. While in the developing world context, military diplomacy is also one of the tools to determine the foreign policy of Nepal. Military diplomacy is a peaceful use of military in field of diplomacy to achieve the goals of national foreign policy. This research article examines the role of the Nepali Army in shaping up the Nepalese foreign policy tracing its importance’s from the historical perceptive. What can be the role of the Nepali Army in strengthening the country’s foreign policy? This paper further elucidates history about the military diplomacy of Nepal and also focuses on the role played by the Nepali Army in the UN peace keeping mission making this as one of the parameters for determents of foreign policy of Nepal. Also, Military attachés in many of the foreign countries with their vital roles have been able to reshape Nepal’s relations with international communities through their strengthened military diplomacy those agents and organizations. This study is methodologically based on the collected information from secondary sources, journal, article, and study of activities of the Nepali Army.
A Survey Study on Social Behaviors towards Nepali Army
Authors: Singh Khadka Bhoj
Published: March 2022

Humans interact among themselves, and they have different perceptions of public institutions based on their individual approaches and attitudes. Behavior is an interactive product of emotion, thought, and feeling. It is usually resulted from people’s perceptions and activities. Notably, social relation, welfare, accountability, rule of law, democratic culture determines the social behaviors of ­institutions. An in-depth study of social responses about any work or institution through social media has remained unsearched. This study aims to assess social behaviors towards Nepali Army. To fulfill this objective symbolic behaviors: happy, sad, surprised, excited and outraged on news about the Nepali Army published in Online Khabar were analyzed by deploying a quantitative research method.  Out of 138, the 28 news were found as per pre-determined news themes and used for study. The findings of the study reveals that 84.5 % and 86.2 % were happy face behaviors on news on the Nepali Army’s social welfares works and military diplomacy on international controversial issues respectively. Likewise, 91.7 % were sad face behaviors on news on sad events for the Nepali Army. This study strongly indicates that Nepali people are satisfied with the work culture of the Nepali Army and that the Nepali Army has a high reputation in the public sphere. The study result also reveals that Army has been contributing to nation development to keep public sentiments as a central by respecting democratic principles. Good deeds have good comments or happy behaviors. Digital media comments are spontaneous; these comments judge the reputation of the institutions fairly.
Augmented Intelligence for National Security and Development
Authors: Suman Sristi
Published: March 2022

Augmented Intelligence is a system model which centre on the partnership between human general intelligence & common sense with Artificial Intelligence’s exceptional processing speed and computation power to get better cognitive performance. This study can shed light on Augmented Intelligence and how it can be implemented so that we have heroes working at the peak human level possible, suffer fewer casualties, and also have equal footing in terms of technology and military strength. Nepal being open bordered country has a great threat from the border issues and with ever-rising crime and challenges in various cities creating intra threat. The study analyses to overcome this geographical challenge, operational problems, the rise of conflicts, and establish better policies, faced by security personnel with technology that actually empowers all the brave soldiers and Police officers to maintain security from both external and internal risk. In the ever-evolving technology limitations of human beings can be catastrophic, but replacing it all with Artificial Intelligence is not a practical solution as well because it would be giving the third entity all the ability that might revolt against humans themselves. The article can be summed up as, research on the practicality of Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Intelligence in national security and figure out a way for its legal adaptation. The availability of various case studies, surveys, research on various existing technology, and research papers published in renowned journals and publications has made this study possible.
UN Peace Operations: Diplomacy, Delivery and New Directions
Authors: Wagle Narayan Prasad
Published: March 2022

This paper explains roles of diplomacy for better UN (United Nations) Peace Operations, major obstacles in the delivery of mandates of UN Peace Missions, inter alia, due to weaknesses in UN peace architecture and thematic new directions in the course of its evolution. The research methodology involves document analysis and review. The sources of data are UN documents on UN Peace Operations and UN Study reports on the same.It finds the inevitable role of diplomacy in leading discourses, designing and deciding mandates of missions. Due to the political nature of conflicts and dynamic nature of global politics, more effective diplomacy is needed both at global and local level. Reviewing UN peace architecture, it finds that UN Peace Operations are largely successful though beset by some key challenges. Further, it explains such thematic new directions as protection of civilians, women peace and security, concern about safety and security of peacekeepers, regionalism, building and sustaining peace, and growing demand for accountability and professionalism. Finally, some findings and implications for diplomats and peacekeepers involved in UN Peace Operations have been drawn.
Evolving Dimension of Security: Bioterrorism
Authors: Yadav Pankaj Kumar
Published: March 2022

Bioterrorism became a burning issue in the USA after the human-induced incidence of Anthrax and the attack on WTO in 2001. At present, the world is trapped in the COVID 19 pandemic having an estimated monetary loss of 76.69 billion USD, engulfed more than 4.5 million people, and 211 million suffering to date. There is increasing concern toward bioterrorism globally which can happen either intentionally or due to poor laboratory practices. In recent decades technological progress in bioscience has simplified the development of bioweapons. Moreover, the advancement of genetic engineering is chronic biologically. Over a hundred pathogens have been identified as possible bioterrorism agents. The research article aims to explore bioterrorism as an evolving dimension of threat to the public and national security in developing countries like Nepal. In present article introduction section deals with background, statement of the problem and rationale of our study. The main body deals with biological agents of bioterriorism and their targets, history, present scenario of bioterrorism. Finally, awareness and control measures, challenge and prospects of biosecurity in Nepal. The ubiquity of biological equipment, technical knowledge and ease of production has stimulated the threat of bioterrorism. Some of the challenging dimensions are agroterrorism and bioterrorism because the attack is very difficult to detect and has a devastating effect in a short period.  The social and environmental consequences of these attacks can be catastrophic. The study revealed that it would be better to pay attention and go for precaution before the occurrence of bioterror. Improving forensic techniques of the national security wing for detecting and disabling biological weapons will assist in rapid detection. The restriction against easy access to potential bioagents, physical protection, border controls, risk policies and strict law enforcement are the major steps for ensuring biosecurity.
Non-Traditional Security Challenges for Nepal: A Case of Covid-19
Authors: Pant Sambid Bilas
Published: March 2022

The security landscape has undergone profound changes since the start of the twenty-first century. Non-Traditional Security (NTS) threats other than military, political and diplomatic conflicts have greatly impacted the lives of people. Over the years, the nature of threats and security discourses have drastically changed and countries like Nepal with low human development index have been severely affected. The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has brought an additional dimension to security challenges. The pandemic’s impact can be felt in all aspects of life in Nepal since it is located between two South-Asian nations: China, where the outbreak was first reported and India, the second-most affected country across the world.  In Nepal, COVID-19 has had an adverse impact on health, education, economy, tourism, food security, cyber security and overall development. This paper aims at critically examining the NTS approach taken by the government of Nepal and the role played by the Nepali Army (NA) to address the pandemic to ensure fundamental human rights and development. This study also aims to shed light on lessons learned from the outbreak and the future steps needed to strengthen the Global Health Diplomacy (GHD). The study is divided into four sections namely effects of covid-19, response to covid-19, overall impact at national level, suggestions and recommendations. A descriptive-analytical review of research papers, government reports, policy statements and issues papers was conducted. The paper analyzes and interprets the pandemic preparedness and response by the government and provides recommendations for strengthening health diplomacy to combat Covid-19 pandemic in Nepal.
Use of Technology in Disaster Management
Authors: Bhandari Vijan
Published: March 2022

Natural disasters are uncontrollable and cannot be avoided, although their effects can be mitigated in many ways, but human-caused catastrophes can be avoided and limited if people become more aware of their actions. Frequent occurrences of disasters have caused many casualties, destroyed physical properties, and created environmental damage which is raising concern in Nepal and the world as a whole. This study focuses at analyzing several technologies mainly on Robotics, Drone Technology, Mobile Phone and Social Medias, Internet of Technology and Artificial Intelligence that have been used and can be used for disaster management. These technologies are used in the three phases of disaster management, primarily the pre-disaster phase, disaster phase, and post-disaster phase, are explored to see how they can be used for predicting upcoming disasters, acting quickly and effectively during disasters, and analyzing the impact of disaster damage caused by disasters. This article would also be helpful to know about the development in technologies that have been achieved and further development that can be done to minimize the effect and casualties caused by disasters and also implement them in the necessary areas possible in our country as it is highly prone to the frequent occurrence of natural calamities.
Impact of National Security Challenge in Development Prospect of South Asia
Authors: Jha Shikha
Published: March 2022

National security has always been viewed as a precondition for sustainable economic, political, and social development. Any sort of challenges or threats upon national security directly infringes the developmental course. South Asia, has been rampantly facing security-related challenges and obstructions as terrorism, counter-terrorism, militarization, and religious extremism, civil war, and border disputes. Such challenges have not only jeopardized the peace within the region but a seething unrest has been pounded in the development process. This paper primarily focuses on national security challenges faced by countries in South Asia. South Asian nations resort to increment of defense budget, militarization, border security, and struggle for nuclear power to address their security challenge. I have examined the impact of such response upon the course of development in this paper. This is a qualitative research and refers to secondary source of data which includes; books, journals, reports of reputed institutes and think tanks. The analysis finds that increasing militarization and defense budget has been abysmal to address national security threat in South Asia. South Asian nations can resort to bilateral talks and diplomatic measure to address their security threats. This will save larger economic resources which could be utilized for development prospect.
Social Media and its Impacts in Human Minds
Authors: Adhikari Sulav
Published: March 2022

In today’s world, social media can make differences in the minds of people across the world. It has not only become the source of information but also is a part of human’s life. It can be termed as the vehicle of communication which lets each one of us to convey and share our content in each and every corner of the world via the internet. According to the data of the year 2020, there were more than 3.6 billion users of social media and it’s expected to increase up to 4.41 billion till 2025 which is massive.

The above extracted data is huge, and it is crystal clear that social media is booming day by day. Indeed, among all the young generations are the active users of social media platforms. Knowing these data, we can observe the significance of social media in our life. The social media platforms that are utilized rapidly include Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram and so on. These platforms have a prominent impact on everyone’s life whether it may be positive or negative.

On the one hand, the positive side includes that; it permits us to communicate and connect with our dear ones. Also, we can gain up-to-date information and news happening around the globe. Many skills and opportunities can be flourished and gained respectively with the assistance of social media and its platforms. Similarly, on the negative side, cyber bullying, fraud, rumour spreading etc. are gaining huge attention which is the drawback of social media. And mostly the youths are found being engaged in such activities. So, these social media platforms exhibit both the positive and negative sides.

In summary, we observed that, if social media and its platforms are used in a productive and informative technique, then we tend to secure multiple benefits from it. Otherwise, it will take no time to degrade our valuable time and lives. After glancing, observing and analyzing the above stated statements and problem domain, discussion and explanation must be performed on how these social media and its platforms will impact and influence young high school students before their minds fully develop.
नेपाली नदी प्रणाली तथा गढी, किल्ला : एक सामरिक महत्व (Nepali river system and fortress, fort: a strategic importance)
Authors: थापा Thapa दिब्या श्री Dibya Shree
Published: March 2022

प्रस्तुत आलेख ‘नेपाली नदी प्रणाली तथा गढी, किल्ला: एक सामरिक महत्त्व’ शीर्षकमा केन्द्रित रही प्रकाश पार्नु यसको उद्देश्य हो । यो लेखको विश्लेषणको मूल आधार वर्णनात्मक र तुलनात्मक पद्धति हो । यो लेखलाई पुरा गर्ने अन्य थप आधारहरु गुणात्मक, विवरणात्मक तथा विश्लेषणात्मक र अवलोकनात्मक विधि हुन् । राष्ट्रिय हित प्रबर्धनमा केन्द्रित रहनु यो लेखको दृष्टिगत मूल्य रहेको छ । भूपरिवेष्ठित राष्ट्र नेपाल समुद्रबाट वञ्चित भएपनि नदी नालाहरुको प्रचुरतायुक्त भूराजनीतिक स्वरुपमा अवस्थित सामरिक गढी, किल्लाहरु परस्परमा अन्र्तनीहित रही राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा, स्वतन्त्रताका लागि महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिंदैआएका छन् । चिनियां छिङ्हाइ–तिब्बती पठार वरपरको हिमालयन ग्लेसियर, कुनलुन हिमालय क्षेत्र तथा मानसरोवर वरपरको जलभण्डारले विश्व जनसंख्याको करीब ४० प्रतिशत शुद्ध पिउने पानी उपलब्ध गराउंदै आएको छ । त्यसैको दक्षिणमा अवस्थित हिमाली, पहाडी जलपकड क्षेत्रबाट उद्गमित ६ हजारभन्दा बढी नदीनालाहरु, करीब १५० भन्दाबढी मुख्य गढी किल्लाहरुले नेपालका लागि आन्तरिक तथा बाह्य शक्तिविरुद्ध सामरिक प्रतिरक्षा गर्दैआएका छन् । यसरी गढी, किल्लाहरुको महत्त्वसंगै तुलनात्मक रुपमा जलपकड क्षेत्रले राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा प्रबर्धनमा थप सहयोग पुर्‍याउंदै आएको तथ्य तथ्यांकहरुमाथि ध्यानाकर्षण भएको छ । अत: नदीप्रणाली तथा गढी किल्लाहरुको एकीकृत संरचनाले देशको भौगोलिक, सामरिक, प्रशासनिक सीमाङ्कनको स्वरुप निर्धारण गरी राष्ट्रिय हित संरक्षण गर्दै आएको छ । यसरी तुलनात्मक, आगनात्मक एवम् निगनात्मक विधिको सम्मिश्रणबाट प्राप्त विश्लेषणात्मक सार अनुसार नेपाल सरहद्भित्रका नदीप्रणाली र तिनका मुहानहरु तथा जलपकड क्षेत्रको प्रतिरक्षार्थ नेपाली गढी, किल्लाहरुसंगै नजिक नजिकका दूरीमा अत्याधुनिक सुविधासम्पन्न वैज्ञानिक वंकर्स् संरचनाहरु निर्माण गर्न आवश्यक रहेको यस आलेखको निष्कर्ष छ । यसले नेपाली सेनाको ‘३+१’ अवधारणाको रणनीतिक उद्देश्यलाई सफल बनाउन थप सहयोग पुग्ने अपेक्षा राख्न सकिन्छ ।
राष्ट्रियता र सामरिक महत्व: एक अन्तरघोलित सम्बन्ध (Nationality and strategic importance: an interconnected relationship)
Authors: पाण्डे विष्णु प्रसाद
Published: March 2022

राष्ट्रको इतिहाससँग राष्ट्रियताको मर्म र भावना गाँसिएको हुन्छ भने राष्ट्रियताभित्र मानिसको इतिहासले निर्माण गरेको आत्मसम्मानसमेत जोडिएको हुन्छ । नागरिकको आत्मसम्मान र स्वाभिमानका साथ राष्ट्रको जन्म, विकास र अन्त्यसमेत हुने गर्दछ । राष्ट्रियता त्यस देशका नागरिकहरूको गौरवपूर्ण इतिहासको प्रतीक पनि हो । इतिहासका कुनै पनि कालखण्डमा पराधीन बन्न नपरेको हाम्रो स्वतन्त्र अस्तित्व नै हाम्रो राष्ट्रियता हो । राज्य एकीकरणको समयदेखि नै दुई ढुङ्गाबिचको तरुलको रूपमा रहेको मान्यता र सोचमा आज परिवर्तन आएको छ । उदयोन्मुख शक्ति राष्ट्रहरू भारत र चीनबिच भूराजनीतिक र सामरिक दृष्टिले अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण अवस्थितिका कारण नेपालमा केवल भारत र चीनसँग मात्र होइन, महाशक्ति राष्ट्र अमेरिकाको पनि सघन कूटनीतिक चासो र बहुआयामिक सामरिक स्वार्थ निरन्तर बढ्दै गइरहेको छ । अब नेपाल दुई ढुङ्गाबिचको तरुल होइन, एसियाका उदयीमान दुई विशाल महाशक्ति र अमेरिका र अन्य मुलुकहरूको बिच स्वाधीनता, शान्ति र समृद्धि नामक शक्ति सन्तुलनको पुल बन्न जरुरीे छ । यस पछाडिको कारण भनेको नेपालको राष्ट्रियता र सामरिक महत्त्वका स्थल र सामाग्रीहरू नै हुन् । हाम्रो शान र सौगतले भरिएको गौरवपूर्ण इतिहास अर्थात सामरिक महत्त्वका सम्पदाको संरक्षण, सम्वद्र्धन र विकास गर्दै राष्ट्र र राष्ट्रियताको जगेर्ना गर्नु आजको चुनौतीको विषय हो । यस आलेखमा द्वितीय स्रोतको माध्यमबाट परिवर्तित राष्ट्रिय तथा अन्तराष्ट्रिय सन्दर्भमा उत्पन्न चुनौती र आवश्यकतालाई उच्च प्राथमिकतामा राखी राष्ट्रिय एकता र स्वाभिमानलाई नेपाली सेनाले कसरी अक्षुण्ण राख्न सक्दछ; भूमिकाको खोजी गरी राष्ट्रियता र सामरिक महत्त्वको अन्तरघोलित सम्बन्ध दर्शाउन खोजिएको छ ।
मधेशमा नागरिक-सैनिक सम्बन्धको नविकरण (Renewal of civil-military relations in Madhes)
Authors: चौधरी राकेश प्रसाद
Published: March 2022

यो अनुसन्धान अन्वेषणात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक ढाँचामा आधारित छ । यो अध्ययनको क्षेत्र हालको महोत्तरी केन्द्रित गरिएको छ।पूराना दस्तावेज अध्ययन, सरोकारवालासहितको अन्तर्वार्ता, नागरिक र सेनाको सम्बन्ध झल्किने स्थलहरुको अवलोकन सहितको जानकारीसँगै तत्कालिन समयमा कम्पनीको सेनालाई असहयोग गर्ने नागरिकहरूबारेको जानकारी समेट्ने प्रयास गरिएको छ।यी सहयोगीहरूको नाम इतिहासको पानामा लिपीबद्ध गर्न यो अध्ययनले सहयोग पुयाँउनेछ । यस अध्ययनको लागि दस्तावेज अध्ययन, सरोकारवालाको अन्तर्वार्ता र स्थलगत अवलोकन विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ।नेपालको मधेश प्रदेशका यी क्षेत्रहरु तत्कालिन गोर्खा राज्यमा समावेश भएदेखि हालसम्म सेना र नागरिकबीच कायम भएका महत्वपूर्ण सम्बन्ध र भविष्यमा हुन सक्ने सम्बन्ध विस्तारका उपायहरू यस अध्ययनमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । राजा पृथ्वीनारायण शाहको गोर्खाली सेनासँग सिन्धुलीमा युद्ध लड्न सन् १७६७ मा आएका इष्ट इन्डिया कम्पनीको सेनालाई तत्कालिन महोत्तरी प्रदेशका नागरिकहरूले असहयोग गरि तत्कालिन राज्यका संयन्त्रसँग विस्तार गरेको नागरिक सैनिक सम्बन्ध हालसम्म कायम छ।नेपाल राज्यमा गाँभिएको तत्कालिन सेन राज्यको महोत्तरी प्रदेश हाल मधेश प्रदेशमा पर्छ । अहिलेको अवस्थामा नेपाली सेनाले बाढी, आगलागी, भुकम्पलगायतका विपद्मा नागरिकको उद्धार , स्वास्थ्य शिविरहरू संचालन , पुरातात्विक स्थलहरूको संरक्षणमा नागरिकसँगको सहकार्यको गर्दै आएको छ।यी कार्यहरूबाहेक यस क्षेत्रका नागरिकबाट सेनासँग जिल्लामा स्थायी शिक्षण अस्पताल तथा शिक्षण संस्थान, प्राविधिक शिक्षालय, पुरातत्वस्थलको पुनर्निमाण, प्राचिन सामग्री तथा दस्तावेजहरूको संग्रहालय निर्माणमा सहकार्यको लागि सुझाव आएका छन् । त्यही यस क्षेत्रका जनताले राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षामा असर गर्ने बिदेशी घुसपैठ रोक्न सेनालाई सघाउने प्रतिबद्धता जनाएका छन्।औपचारिक मार्गबाहेक भारतसँगको खुल्ला सिमानाका कारण मधेश प्रदेशको विभिन्न मार्ग भएर आउने तेस्रो मुलुकका संकास्पद नागरिकहरूबारे सेनासँग निरन्तर सहकार्य गर्न यहाँका नागरिक तयार देखिएका छन् । अन्वेषणात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक ढाँचामा आधारित यस अनुसन्धानले अंग्रेज सैनिक किर्तिपुरका राजा जयप्रकाश मल्ललाई सहयोग गर्न सेन राज्यमा प्रवेश गर्दादेखि नै असहयोग भोग्न थालेका थिए।तत्कालिन महोत्तरी राज्यका बासिन्दाको असहयोग,बर्षा र बाढी र भौगोलिक बिकटताको कारण अंग्रेज सैनिकलाई गोर्खाली सेनाले परास्त गरेका थिए।यही युद्धले यस क्षेत्रलाई नेपालीकरण हुन मद्दत गरेको हो ।