bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
By Way of Introduction: Measurement
Authors: Cain Barbara , Bell Jerry
Published: December 2020

AS TEACHERS OF MIDDLE GRADES, WE RECOGNIZE THAT MEASUREMENT IS an integral part of the curriculum throughout each year. Middle-grades students come to the mathematics classroom with formal and informal experiences in measurement from prior instruction and from activities in their everyday lives. Building on this foundation, we want to provide a curriculum in which students develop an understanding of the relationships among measurable attributes of an object. We want students to learn to apply appropriate techniques, tools, and formulas to make measurements and obtain derived quantities.
Measurement from the Bottom of the World to the Middle School Classroom
Authors: Coester Lee Anne
Published: December 2020

Take an incredible true adventure; add a lot of estimation and hands-on measurement; stir in parts of reading, writing, history, geography, and science; and one has the recipe for a powerful mathematics lesson. Shipwreck at the Bottom of the World is an extraordinary true story by Jennifer Armstrong. The book follows the story of Ernest Shackleton and 27 men who set out in 1914 to become the first people to cross Antarctica. Instead, their ship, the Endurance, became trapped in the ice and sank, leaving the crew who had no way to communicate with the outside world to find a way back to civilization. They made their way across ice floes and wild seas to an island where 22 of the men made camp to wait. Shackleton and 5 of his crew then set out in a 20-foot boat to cross 800 miles of ocean to find help. Nearly 2 years after the expedition began, the last of the crew were rescued, and all 28 men survived! For a week, in lieu of regular mathematics class and the time when teacher Karen Grokett normally reads to her sixth-grade students at Chase County Middle School in Strong City, Kansas, we went on a daily mathematics adventure. By doing a little planning and by inviting questions to encourage student inquiry, the lesson took on a remarkable life of its own.
Measurement, Scale, and Theater Arts
Authors: Johnston David
Published: December 2020

Greek mathematicians developed the musical scale; Italian mathematicians inspired the Renaissance by introducing perspective and proportion in their artwork; and a group of eighth-grade algebra students earned the applause of middle school theater directors through the practical application of scale, measurement, geometry, and problem solving. These young mathematicians designed small-scale models of play sets and presented them to theater directors at a local competition called the One-Act Play.
How Big Is a 16-Penny Nail? A Measurement Lesson for Middle Grades
Authors: Engel Bill , Schmidt Diane L.
Published: December 2020

One source of free and inexpensive materials to support the study of mathematics can be found at the local hardware store or lumberyard. Many common objects can provide numerous opportunities for students to develop mathematical concepts and skills (Olson and Olson 1998). A pound of nails, washers, or other small inexpensive hardware items can be purchased for a reasonable cost and used as markers, counting devices, or items to measure.
A Path to Discovery
Authors: Stegemoller William , Stegemoller Rebecca
Published: December 2020

AS MORE AND MORE TOPICS FILTER DOWN into the middle school mathematics curricula, it is increasingly difficult to fit them all in without occasionally resorting to “this is the formula that you use” type of instruction.
TI-73 Calculator Activities
Authors: Phillips-Bey Carol K.
Published: December 2020

Activities for the TI-73 calculator are useful supports for many middle school mathematics topics, including probability simulations, data representation, and simple graphing. Two such activity units are described here.
Advances in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Management: Focus on Secondary Disease and Older Patients
Authors: Pollyea Daniel A.
Published: December 2020

The “Age of Induction” led to breakthroughs in the treatment landscape for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and was immediately followed by a long period during which few drugs were approved. That all changed a few years ago, when 2017 began the “Age of Abundance.” With many treatment options now available, new management strategies have emerged for patients with secondary AML, as well as for older patients with AML. Treatment can now be tailored to these special populations, and providers should be aware of the unique supportive care considerations associated with these newer AML therapies.
La empleabilidad a debate: ¿qué sabemos sobre la empleabilidad como estrategia de cambio social?
Authors: Llinares Insa Lucía , Córdoba-Iñesta Ana Isabel , González-Navarro Pilar
Published: December 2020

Los cambios en mundo laboral derivados de la globalización y el neoliberalismo han puesto a la empleabilidad en el centro de atención del desarrollo económico y social. Sin embargo, la falta de consenso en las teorías y las dimensiones que la definen reclaman un análisis de la investigación que permita su uso como estrategia de cambio social. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática de los marcos teóricos sobre empleabilidad. Se ha realizado un análisis de 239 artículos científicos atendiendo a dos áreas temáticas: la historia del concepto y las perspectivas teóricas. Los resultados de esta revisión han permitido sistematizar y comprender las orientaciones teóricas desde las que se ha analizado la empleabilidad, las premisas que toman las diferentes teorías como punto de partida y los indicadores propuestos. A partir de todo ello, se han abierto algunas cuestiones para la reflexión de los agentes sociales vinculados a la educación, la acción social y al empleo.
“National” and “international” in the architecture of French Renaissance
Authors: Efimova Elena
Published: December 2020

This article is dedicated to the problem of formation of national style in the architecture of French Renaissance. The indicated problem is the topic of intense discussion within the historiography of Renaissance. Leaning the concept of J. Burckhardt, who describes Renaissance as a specifically Italian phenomenon, a number of scholars identity French Renaissance with “Italianism”. On the other hand, there is a contradictory historiographical trend that acclaims national medieval tradition that views the revival of classical antiquity as a foreign and shallow phenomenon. An attempt is made to examine the problem from the perspective Renaissance itself, relying on the reasoning and assessments expressed by the three theoreticians of architecture: Sebastian Serlio, Philibert de l'Orme, and Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau. The conclusion is made that the theoreticians of French Renaissance were not prone to contrapose the shapes borrowed from antiquity to national tradition. They perceived antiquity as the common past of the entire contemporary to them culture. They did not see any preponderance of Italian Renaissance over the national culture. The contradiction between antiquity and Gothicism was interpreted as a contradiction between the ancient and the new, rather than foreign and native. In creation of the style of Renaissance architecture they resorted to synthesizing heritage of the antiquity with national medieval tradition.
Specificity of arrangement of apse space in the Franciscan Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore in Naples (1260-1340)
Authors: Kovalchuk Lada Igorevna
Published: December 2020

This article explores the peculiarities of spatial planning and construction phases of apse in the Franciscan Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore in Naples. Gothic deambulatory with a crown of radial chapels in the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore is a unique typology of apse structure for the architecture of Franciscans in Italy. The architectural monument is ranked with a number of other Franciscan churches in Naples, built under the patronage of the monarchs of the Kingdom of Naples from Anjou Dynasty. Analysis is conducted on engineering aspects and system of orders of the Neapolitan Church. The analysis of formal-stylistic features and taking and consideration of historical peculiarities of the architectural monuments, the author suggests possible influence of the architectural language of French Gothicism upon the plan of the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore. The article revises historiography of the question of origin of oriental hue in the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore. The author substantially broadens the vector of research problems and interpretations associated with examination of French influence upon the plan of the apse of the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore. The novelty of consists in the analysis of apse of the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore the context of logics of the development of deambulatory in French Gothicism, rather than borrowing of this shape from medieval Italian architecture.
Reform of the New York’s public health system in the context of rapid urban development (turn of the XIX – XX centuries)
Authors: Zhilina Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

This article explores the factors for conducting administrative reforms in the United States in the area of public health. For detailed consideration, the author selected New York City as an example the largest metropolitan area that faced aggravation of social problems due to the shortcomings in the existing public health system. Rapid increase in the number of resident in the conditions of significant growth of population density led to proliferation of the dangerous infectious diseases, for elimination of which local authorities had to take prompt actions of state regulation, including creation of the new administrative branches. Special attention is given to the treatment of tuberculosis and preventive measures thereof, namely the importance of tracking all new cases. In studying public health system of New York City, the author applied interdisciplinary approach that ensured comprehensive and objective outlook upon the problems of poorest population groups of the city. Comparative-historical method was used juxtapose the situation in New York and typologically similar US metropolises. Chronological method allowed tracing the patterns in evolution of administrative innovations, and assessing them in a single historical perspective. The main conclusion consists in the statement that private medicine appeared to be insufficient due to the drastic changes of social conditions in the densely populated metropolises, as the constantly growing population of poor immigrant neighborhoods was capable of paying for medical services. At the same time, namely the residents of such ghettos were most vulnerable category of population from the standpoint of epidemiology. Taking preventive measures by the municipal authorities, which included mass vaccination and clearing New York streets from dirt and trash, became an effective way to alleviate the situation. The administrative reforms in the city significantly improved the situation, which laid the foundation for sweeping changes in the future.
The section of history and everyday life in the Russian Museum: establishment, development, and liquidation
Authors: Anisimova Margarita Vyacheslavovna
Published: December 2020

The subject of this research is activity of the section of history and everyday life of the State Russian Museum established in 1918. The department devised a new theme – history of everyday life and its visualization in museum expositions, which was natural development of the Russian historical science. Intended to preserve and actualize the history of everyday life of different social classes, it shared fate of multiple national museums of everyday life: exhibitions that tool place in the 1920s were cancelled; in the late 1930s, the collections were transferred to museums of different categories, such as the State Museum of Revolution, the State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. However, the section of history and everyday life did not cease to exist, and in 1941 merged into the State Hermitage Museum as an independent structural department of the history of Russian culture. Leaning on the new archival sources, an attempt was made to elucidate the work of the department of history and everyday life along with its branches in conditions of difficult political situation in the country during the 1920s – 1930s. Initially, the primary task of the department consisted procurement of the funds with the items from nationalized manor houses; later in consisted in exposition of the collection; and then due to the absence of the unified state institution for regulation of questions of preservation of historical and cultural heritage, the activity was focused on preventing scattering of the collections. After the First Museum Congress in 1930, the museums were recognized as the means of political-educational propaganda, which let to countrywide stagnation of expositional and exhibition activity of the museums. The museums of history and everyday life, being the mixed type museums, were incapable of resisting new realities, and thus re-specialized into museums of history and art or liquidated completely.
The problem of security of Mediterranean communications in French policy in the spring of 1938.
Authors: Savinova Anna
Published: December 2020

This article explores the representations of French diplomats and military chiefs on the methods of ensuring security of Mediterranean communications against the background of unfolding Austrian crisis in the spring of 1938. Although national and foreign researchers discusses the existence of a threat to French communications in the Mediterranean, Paris’ position on this problem alongside the change of its approach, have not previously become the subject of separate research. The author attempts to elucidate why Paris resorted to the questions of military cooperation with London in the Mediterranean Region precisely in the spring of 1938. The author relied on the achievements of the realist school of the theory of international relations in defining the concept of security. The conclusion is formulated that consolidation of Italy and Germany in the strategically important areas of the region – Spanish Morocco and Balearic Islands, which took place during the Spanish War, posed a serious threat to French communications in the Mediterranean. French military officers believed that particular danger to Paris’ positions in the region came from Italy. In the course of escalation of the Austrian crisis, the stance of Paris on the defense of communications varied. If in February 1938, the French military chiefs were assumed that security of communications could be ensured by signing an agreement,  after the Anschluss they considered conducting military operations in the Mediterranean Region in the instance of the beginning of war. Paris was concerned about consolidation of “axis” powers in the region, and a year ahead of London raised the question on conducting combat operations in the Mediterranean. However, without the support of Great Britain, France was incapable of achieving full protection of its Mediterranean interests.
Financial activity of the Moscow city Duma during the 1863-1869
Authors: Zuieva Anastasiia Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

The subject of this article is the financial activity of Moscow City Duma during the 1860s. The goal is to reveal administrative decisions of the Duma and its leader A. A. Shcherbatov aimed at improvement of financial policy, repletion and balance the municipal budget. Research methodology is comprised of the following methods: historical and typological that helped to reconstruct the conditions that promoted effective work of the Duma; historical and comparative that allowed assessing the result o reforms  conducted by the Duma based on the situation of municipal economy prior and after their implementation; quantitative for analyzing statistical data of work of the Duma, etc. The conditions are indicated  that enabled successful and effective work of the Moscow City Duma during the 1863-1869. The author systematizes the financial management measures; analyzes the efficiency of financial projects of the Duma; determines the role of city’s mayor A. A. Shcherbatov in elaboration of drafts of financial reform and their implementation.
O conceito de subjetividade no sistema de Hegel: a subjetividade animal na natureza e a passagem para a alma na Filosofia do Espírito
Authors: Sebba Ramalho Morais Júlia
Published: December 2020

In this article, I investigate the concept of subjectivity in Hegel. First, I analyze this notion in its logical significance, as a concept and as an idea, a unity of subjectivity and objectivity. Second, I go through the significance of the concept of subjectivity also in the Philosophy of Real. Thus, I analyze subjectivity as life, in its concretization as vegetable subjectivity and as animal subjectivity in the Philosophy of Nature. Then, I problematize the question of the passage from Nature to Spirit, focusing more specifically on the issue of the emergence of the human soul - as the first aspect of the subjectivity of the spirit - based on the configuration of animal subjectivity. I argue that this passage takes place according to a movement of continuity and, from this movement, I have brief considerations about the concept of soul as the natural moment of the subjectivity of the spirit.
Hegel’s proto-modernist conception of Philosophy as Science
Authors: El Nabolsy Zeyad
Published: December 2020

I argue that the reception of Hegel in the sub-field of history and philosophy of science has been in part impeded by a misunderstanding of his mature metaphilosophical views. I take Alan Richardson’s influential account of the rise of scientific philosophy as an illustration of such misunderstanding, I argue that the mature Hegel’s metaphilosophical views place him much closer to the philosophers who are commonly taken as paradigms of scientific philosophy than it is commonly thought. Hegel is commonly presented as someone who conceived of philosophy as a science that relied on the solitary genius of the individual thinker, and as a science whose propositions could not and should not be made accessible to “the common people”. Against this view, I argue that Hegel in fact thought that philosophy was a thoroughly anti-individualistic activity, and that he emphasized the importance of the intersubjective accessibility of philosophical discourse. I argue that when we carefully reconstruct Hegel’s reasons for his break with Schelling, and if we pay close attention to his explicit metaphilosophical pronouncements, we can see that he in fact adhered to what I call a “proto-modernist” conception of philosophy as a science. I conclude by pointing out how the mischaracterization of Hegel has served to obscure the existence of a strand of scientific philosophy that emerged by way of an immanent critique of Hegel, namely Marxist philosophy.
Comunidade (Gemeinde) entre Lógica e Política nas Lições sobre a Filosofia da Religião de Hegel
Authors: Rocha Macedo Rodrygo
Published: December 2020

This article aims to explain how the political project of State that Hegel outlines in the Philosophy of Right (1821) is recovered by the concept of “community” (Gemeinde) in the Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1821-1832) with the use of syllogisms of creation and redemption of world as they are presented in the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences (1830). Once the rational State is grounded on different dimensions of human life, it recognizes them as its own, materializing a viable collective project only when individual freedoms are warranted. According to Philosophy of Right, the effectiveness of the State occurs through the collecting of previous stages concerning the actualization of freedom. It is applied to the will, which paves the way for morality and ethical life. On the other hand, Hegel, in the classes that constitute the Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, will focus on the concept of “community”. In the same way as the State, the community is also a social arrangement, with its own rites and rules, whose participants acquire a sense of belonging and unity. By evidencing similar purposes to the State, the community's goal is to maintain the group based on a constituted and collectively assimilated order. Whether the community has a political role, therefore, this aspect is best seen when Hegel's political theory is connected with the philosophy of religion in accordance with the elements "freedom", "finite", "infinite", "concept" and “truth" identified in Hegel’s logic.
The tension between the autonomy of reason and nature in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature
Authors: Demir Metin
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the relationship between the externality of nature and the autonomy of reason, one of the most vexed problems in Hegel’s philosophy. Simply, it focuses on the question of how the compatibility of the logical structure of reason and factual reality is solved in Hegelian system. It is asserted here that Hegel finds the answers given before him in modern philosophy of nature inadequate, so he refuses both realist and idealist approaches. For him, nature is neither wholly compatible nor distinct from reason. Since he repudiates the two options, asking whether Hegel’s philosophy of nature is a priori style or not becomes irrelevant. After reviewing the literature, a new interpretation beyond this dichotomy is suggested. On the basis of an analysis of the first pages of Philosophy of Nature I will show that, according to Hegel, nature and metaphysics are two different language games: the essential issue is a problem of translation. Although Idea serves as a metalanguage holding together these two language games, no exact transition is possible.
Study on electrochromic performances of amorphous WO3 films
Authors: Dai Fu-Ping  , Lü Shu-Yuan  , Feng Bo-Xue  , Jiang Sheng-Rui  , Chen Chong  ,   (1)兰州大学物理系，兰州  730000; (2)兰州大学物理系，兰州  730000;西安邮电学院电信系，西安  710061; (3)兰州大学物理系，兰州  730000;西北工业大学应用物理系，西安  710072
Published: December 2020

A series of WO3 films are prepared by rf-sputtering under different partial pressures of oxygen. It is found that the films with oxygen partial pressure ratio 1∶10 have better electrochronic(EC) properties than others. Microstructural and compositional characteristics of WO3 films are studied by x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and x-ray photo electro spectroscopy. It is obvious that the samples are amorphous and have more pores that are beneficial for Li+ to inject and eject. The original-state films are composed of tungsten and oxygen. After electrochemical reactions， the main component becomes LixWO3 in which tungsten ions normally exhibit both W6+ and W5+ oxidation states. The films are annealed in air at 230 and 400℃ for 90 min. The cyclic voltammograms and optical transmittance show that the films annealed at 400℃ after more than 10 cycles present better EC properties.
Mutual enhancement of cathodoluminescence and organic electroluminescence in SiO2/C9-PPV heterogeneous junction
Authors: Liu Ming  , Yi Li-Xin  , Teng Feng  , Xu Zheng  , Xu Xu-Rong  ,   北方交通大学光电子技术研究所，信息存储、显示与材料开放研究实验室，北京  100044
Published: December 2020

We have prepared a device of C9-PPV sandwiched between two SiO2 layers and obtained the blue light in addition to the yellow-green emission under ac electric field excitation. By studying the optical characteristics of the device, we found that the emission was induced by direct bombardment of the accelerated electrons from SiO2. This emission is termed by us as cathodo luminescence-like emission. By using unsymmetrical structure, we realized mutual enhancement of cathodo luminescence-like and Organic electroluminescence.
Interference of Rayleigh scattering and four-wave mixing
Authors: Shou Qian  , Zhang Hai-Chao  , Deng Li  , Liu Ye-Xin  , Lin Wei-Zhu  ,   中山大学光电材料与技术国家重点实验室,广州  510275
Published: December 2020

A novel interference phenomenon is observed in the femtosecond four-wave mixing experiment of AlGaAs/GaAs multiphe quantum well film, which is interpreted as the interference of Rayleigh scattering and four-wave mixing of the sample. Based on the Rayleigh scattering mode, a dephasing time of 44 fs of the sample is deduced.
Study on the optical properties of the nanometer CdS-sulfonic group polyaniline (SPAn) composite multiplayer films
Authors: Ma Xi-Ying  , Shi Wei-Lin  ,   绍兴文理学院理学院物理系，绍兴  312000
Published: December 2020

The nanometer CdS-sulfonic group polyaniline (SPAn) polymer multiplayer films were grown in self-assembled layer-by-layer is reported and the optical properties are investigated. The optical measurement results show that the quantum size effect becomes strong with the decrease of the size of CdS nanocrystals. Blue shift appears on the absorb edgea in the absorption spectrum and also on the exciton band-edge emission peaks in the luminescence spectrum. The observed results of the corresponding annealed samples show that the intensity of the band-edge emission from the exciton direct recombination canbe enhanced about two to three times, and the band width becomes narrower than that of the un-annealed sample， indicating that CdS nanocrystals become more ordering, and their sizes become more uniform in the annealed sample.
Form invariance of nonconservative nonholonomic systems in the phase space
Authors: Chen Pei-Sheng  , Fang Jian-Hui  ,   石油大学应用物理系,东营  267061
Published: December 2020

In this paper, the form invariance of nonconservative nonholonmic systems in the phase space is studied. The definition and criterion of the form invariance of nonholonmic nonconservative systems in the phase space is given.The structure equation and conservation law of form invariance is obtained.An example is given to illustrate the application of the result.
Bound states of relativistic particles in a potential with four parameters for d iatomic molecules
Authors: Chen Gang  , Lou Zhi-Mei  ,   绍兴文理学院物理系,绍兴  312000
Published: December 2020

The s-wave bound states of Klein-Gordon equation and Dirac equation with scalar and vector potentials with four parameters for diatomic molecules are obtained.
Crisis of transient chaos in an electronic relaxation oscillator
Authors: Lu Yun-Qing  , Wang Wen-Xiu  , He Da-Ren  ,   扬州大学物理科学与技术学院，扬州  225002
Published: December 2020

A sudden topological change of a strange repeller happened after a hole-induced crisis is reported. This change is signified by the sudden change of its fractal dimension, and induces a sudden change of the behaviour of the long chaotic transient motion after the crisis, therefore it should be of importance in both basic theory and practice.
The free-item extrapolated multistep method for precise integration of a nonline ar system and its application in the digital analysis of a chaotic system
Authors: Tang Chen  , Zhang Hao  , Yan Hai-Qing  , Zhang Gui-Min  ,   (1)天津大学应用物理系，天津  300072; (2)天津大学应用物理系，天津  300072;中国科学院力学研究所非线性力学国家重点实验室，北京  100080
Published: December 2020

The free-item extrapolated multistep method for precise integration is proposedfor a nonlinear system, and the calculation formula for the free-item extrapolated multistep method is obtained. The accuracy of the extrapolated multistep me thod can be improved through increasing the number of extrapolated points; at th e same time, evaluations cannot be increased too much. The precise integration m ethod has been developed and perfected by the present studies. When the method i s applied to a chaotic system, the result is admirable. Numerical calculations s how that the present method is high by accurate and computationally efficient.It has more advantages than the traditional methods in the analysis of a chaotic s ystem.
Adaptive predict-filter of chaotic time series constructed Based on the neighbou rhood in the reconstructed phase space(Ⅱ)nonlinear adaptive filter
Authors: Gan Jian-Chao  , Xiao Xian-Ci  ,   (1)电子科技大学电子工程学院，成都  610054; (2)电子科技大学电子工程学院，成都  610054;电子对抗国防科技重点实验室，成都  610036
Published: December 2020

A kind of adaptive nonlinear predict-filter of chaotic time series using the neighbourhood in the reconstructed phase space,the minimum square-root-error criterion and the steepest descent principle is proposed.It can convert the time domain into the multi-dimensional vector domain, and predict chaotic time series by nonlinear filter. The result of computer simulation illustrates that the algorithm is available to predict some chaotic series and anti-noise.
Absolute self-calibration of the quantum efficiency of single-photon detectors
Authors: Chang Jun-Tao  , Wu Ling-An  ,   中国科学院物理研究所光物理开放实验室，北京  100080
Published: December 2020

An absolute self-calibration method is proposed for determining the quantum efficiency of a single photon detector which does not require any standard referenc e or a second detector. The method is based on the time correlation of photon pa irs generated in parametric downconversion. A beam of frequency downconverted ph otons is split at a polarizing beamsplitter then recombined at a second beamspli tter, but with a time delay introduced between them so that the two photons of a n original pair enter the detector one by one. The photoelectric pulses from the detector are split into three paths; a compensating delay is introduced into tw o of the paths so that the two signals arrive simultaneously at a coincidence co unter; the third path goes directly to a photon counter. From the ratio of the r eadings of the two counters we can derive the quantum efficiency of the detector . Two methods are given, one for continuous wave lasers and another for high rep etition rate pulsed lasers.
Piezo-PWP and PEA methods for measuring space charge in solid dielectric
Authors: Zheng Fei-Hu  , Zhang Ye-Wen  , Wu Chang-Shun  , Li Ji-Xiao  , Xia Zhong-Fu  ,   (1)国家电线电缆质量监督检验中心，上海  200093; (2)同济大学波耳固体物理研究所，上海  200092
Published: December 2020

In this paper, a new illation of the principle of PWP (Pressure Wave Propagation) method is presented, and the results, after comparing the PWP method with the PEA (Pulsed Electro-Acoustic) method, indicate that the two methods very resemble with each other in physics. In order to testify the conclusion, the measurement of space charge distribution in XLPE by using the combined system of piezo-PWP/PEA has been corried out, and the experimental results confirm the conclusion.
Evolution of the entropy of a two-mode field interacting with a casade three-lev el atom system
Authors: Zhang Li-Hui  , Li Gao-Xiang  , Gan Zhong-Wei  ,   (1)华中师范大学物理系，武汉  430079; (2)江汉大学物理信息工程学院，武汉  430056
Published: December 2020

Considering the larger detuning approximation and the effect of phase damping of cavity field,we have studied the time evolution of the linear entropies for the atom-field system,the field and the atom in the system of a cascade three-level atom interacting with a two-mode field.The effects of ac Stark shifts and initial states of the cavity field on all the linear entropies are analyzed.
Stochastic resonances in the linear model of single-mode lasers driven by color noises with color cross-correlation
Authors: Zhang Liang-Ying  , Cao Li  , Wu Da-Jin  ,   (1)华中科技大学激光技术国家重点实验室,武汉  430074; (2)华中科技大学激光技术国家重点实验室,武汉  430074;襄樊学院物理系，襄樊  441053; (3)华中科技大学物理系，武汉  430074
Published: December 2020

We have detected the stochastic resonance(SR) phenomenon by studying the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the linear model of single-mode laser, which is driven by two color noises correlated in the form of an exponential function. Moreover, we also discuss the influence on SNR from the noise (noise intens ity, correlated strength and correlation time between noises) and signal (signal frequency and signal amplitude).
A study on the stability of stimulated Brillouin scattering for KrF laser
Authors: Lü Zhi-Wei  , Wang Xiao-Hui  , Lin Dian-Yang  , Wang Chao  , Zhao Xiao-Yan  , Tang Xiu-Zhang  , Zhang Hai-Feng  , Shan Yu-Sheng  ,   (1)哈尔滨工业大学光电子技术研究所，哈尔滨  150001; (2)中国原子能科学研究院，北京  102413
Published: December 2020

The stability of reflectivity of stimulated Brillouin scattering（SBS） for KrF laser, which is caused by the fluctuation of pump power density, depends on experimental parameters including the pump energy,pressure of the medium and focal length. The stable SBS output can be obtained when the following conditions are satisfied: the pump energy exceeds 5 times the threshold energy, the SF6 pressure is 16×105Pa and the focal length is within 15—50cm. It is also disc overed that the stability of SBS reflectivity is increased with the SBS reflecti vity. The stability of SBS reflectivity is in fact determined by GIL. The th eoretical calculation results are consistent with the experimental results.
Fabrication of bend optical fibre probes by heated pulling combined with chemica l ething
Authors: Xu Kai  , Pan Shi  , Wu Shi-Fa  , Sun Wei  , Li Yin-Li  ,   大连理工大学物理系，大连  116024
Published: December 2020

In this paper,a fabrication method for the bi-functional bend optical fiber probe which is the key element of atomic force/photon scanning tunnel microscope (AF/PSTM)system,is described.The heated pulling combined with dynamic/static two-s teps chemical etching method is proposed and developed.Using this method,we have made the AF/PSTM bend optical fibre probe.The bend angle of the probe is about 150 degrees;the radius of curvature at the top end is better than 100nm;the cone angle varies from 60 to 90 degrees.The bi-functional bend optical fiber probe i s used in our newly developed AF/PSTM system.The optical and topographic images are obtained simultaneously and the image separation is realized.
Onedimensional imaging system for the diagnosis of the Zpinch xray radiation
Authors: Xu Rong- Kun  , Li Zheng -Hong  , Guo Cun  , Yang Jian -Lun  , Li Lin-Bo  , Song Feng -Jun  , Ning Jia-Min  , Xia Guang -Xin  , Xu Ze-Ping  ,   中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所，绵阳  621900
Published: December 2020

A temporalspatial resolution system, which is composed of a slit, infra scintillator, optical fibre array, streak camera, image intensifier, etc., is constructed for the diagnosis of the Zpinch plasma. This system can effectively shield visible light and has an advantage of gaining flat response in the interested region of xray energy. The designed parameters and experimental results of gaspuff Zpinch are presented in this paper.
Effect of distortion on hopping conductivity:ThueMorse nanostructured model
Authors: Miao Zhi-Wu  , Ding Jian-Wen  , Yan Xiao-Hong  , Tang Na-Si  ,   (1)湘潭大学物理系，湘潭  411105; (2)湘潭大学物理系，湘潭  411105;株洲师专物理系，株洲  412007
Published: December 2020

A realspace renormalizationgroup approach is developed to calculate hopping conductivity of ThueMorse（ＴＭ） nanostructured chain. It is found that the kinds and the sizes, as well as the interface structures and lattice distortion of nanograins have a notable effect on the hopping conductivity of nanostructured systems. From the effect of the degree of random on hopping conductivity, TM chain is a system between Fibonacci and periodic sequence.
Blue photoluminescence of aSiOxNy films prepared by ECR-CVD
Authors: Xu Sheng-Hua  , Xin Yu  , Ning Zhao-Yuan  , Cheng Shan-Hua  , Huang Song  , Lu Xin-Hua  , Xiang Su-Liu  , Chen Jun  ,   (1)苏州大学分析测试中心，苏州  215006; (2)苏州大学物理系薄膜材料实验室，苏州  215006
Published: December 2020

Amorphous silicon oxygen nitride (aSiOxNy) films are prepared by microwave electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD) method using 10% SiH4 in N2/O2 mixtures. The Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy shows that the main bonding configuration of the films is SiO and SiN. If O2 is input, the dominant composition of the films is SiOx, while it is SiNx at zero O2 flow rate. A blue photoluminescence (PL) band at 460nm produced by 565eV laser excitation is observed at room temperature from these films, and the emission intensity increases with decreasing O2 flow rate. The blue PL for aSiOxNy films, mainly composed of aSiOx, comes from oxygen deficient defects in the SiOx matrix. For aSiOxNy films, mainly composed of aSiNx, its blue PL is due to the electronhole radiative recombination from the defect states in the SiNx matrix.
Study on soliton interaction in the 2+1-dimensional Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov equa tion
Authors: Ruan Hang-Yu  , Chen Yi-Xin  ,   (1)宁波大学物理系，宁波  315211;浙江大学近代物理中心，杭州  310027; (2)浙江大学近代物理中心，杭州  310027
Published: December 2020

A variable separation approach is used to obtain exact solutions of the Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov equation.One of the exact solutions of this model is analysed t o study the interaction between two dromions,dromion and “solitoff” both analytically and graphically.Some new interacting properties are reaveled.
Effects of non-conservative forces and nonholonomic constraints on Lie symmetrie s of a Hamiltonian system
Authors: Zhang Yi  ,   苏州科技学院土木工程系，苏州  215011
Published: December 2020

The effects of non-conservative forces and nonholonomic constraints on Lie symmetries and conserved quantities of a Hamiltonian system are studied. When non-conservative forces or nonholonomic constraints are inserted in the Hamiltonian system, we obtain the conditions under which Lie symmetries, structure equation and conserved quantities of the system will remain present. The famous Emden equation and Appell-Hamel model are taken as examples to illustrate the application of the results.
Nonlinear elementary excitations in a monoatomic chain with second nearest neigh bour anharmonic interaction
Authors: Feng Pei-Cheng  , Wang Deng-Long  ,   (1)湘潭大学物理系，湘潭  411105; (2)湘潭大学物理系，湘潭  411105;零陵师专物理系，零陵  425006
Published: December 2020

By using a multiple scales method,we study the lattice vibration of a monoatomic chain taking into account the nearest neighbour and the second next nearest neighbour harmonic and anharmonic interactions.It is shown that nonpropagating solitons exist in any position of the Brillouin zone.Compared with that of a soliton in monoatomic chains with only nearest-neighbour interactions,the group velocity at the centre of the Brillouin zone is enhanced but attenuates more rapidly.I n addition,a new position of zero velocity for the soliton is found in the first Brillouin.Our results show that the amplitude of this kind of soliton increases and the location of the soliton with the largest amplitude is close to the cent re of the Brillouin zone.
Hawking radiation of Weyl neutrinos in a rectilinearly nonuniformly accelerating Kinnersley black hole
Authors: Wu Shuang-Qing  , Zeng Yu  , Cai Xu  , Yan Mu-Lin  ,   (1)华中师范大学粒子物理研究所，武汉  430079; (2)中国科学技术大学交叉学科理论研究中心，合肥  230026; (3)中国科学院高能物理研究所，北京  100039
Published: December 2020

The quantum thermal effect of Weyl neutrinos in a rectilinearly nonuniformly accelerating Kinnersley black hole is investigated by using a method of generalized tortoise coordinate transformation.The equation that determines the location,the Hawking temperature of the event horizon and the thermal radiation spectrum of neutrinos are derived.Our results show that the location and the temperature of the event horizon depend not only on the time but also on the angle.
Ordered structure and system development of the force dissipation system(Ⅱ),Minimal value principle of generalized energy and system development
Authors: Hu Yin-Qiao  ,   中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所，兰州  730000;大气边界层和大气化学国家重点实验室，北京  100029
Published: December 2020

The minimal value principle of the generalized energy is demonstrated using the atmosphere nonlinear dynamics. It is demonstrated more theoretically that the mi nimal value principle is coincident to the principle of least entropy production in the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of atmosphere. The minimal value principle shows that the generalized energy at the final state of a force dissipation dyn amic system reaches a minimal value. However,the principle of least entropy prod uction shows that the irreversible process inside a system is weakest at the fin al state of an open system far from the thermodynamic equilibrium state. Further more, the final state in which the generalized energy of the system reaches the minimal value and the entropy production of the system reaches the minimum value is generally a stable stationary state. It is corresponding to a certain system ic ordered structure. This means that it is an ordered stationary state of “low consumption but high effect”.In the atmosphere,as a typical complex system in nature, the principle of least entropy production and the minimal energy value p rinciple imply a universal principle for complex systems, which always tend to t he ordered stationary state of “low consumption but high effect”.
Effects of Kerr nonlinearity on the band-gap structure of one-dimensional photon ic crystals
Authors: Liu Nian-Hua  , Fu Ji-Wu  ,   南昌大学物理系,南昌  330047
Published: December 2020

The effects of Kerr nonlinearity on the band-gap structure of one-dimensional ph otonic crystals was investigated. The photonic band-gap in the nonlinear region can be modulated by changing the intensity. It was found that due to the nonline ar modulation, the electromagnetic eigenmodes of cosine function type go into th e linear gap and become soliton-like modes of hyperbolic secant function type. A number of novel soliton-like electromagnetic modes are found in the gap.
Diagnostic technology of time-and space-resolved soft-x-ray spectra
Authors: Yang Jia-Min  , Ding Yao-Nan  , Zheng Zhi-Jian  , Wang Yao-Mei  , Zhang Wen-Hai  , Zhang Ji-Yan  , Liu Jin-Yuan  , San Bing  , Gao Sheng-Chen  , Ren You-Lai  , Liu Xiu-Ｑin  ,   (1)中国工程物理研究院高温高密度等离子体物理国家重点实验室，绵阳  621900; (2)中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心，绵阳市919－986信箱，绵阳  621900; (3)中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,西安  710068
Published: December 2020

Time- and space- resolved x-ray spectrum diagnostic system has been established by coupling flat-field grating and gated-MCP (micro-channel plate) with an optic al CCD. A series of experimental investigations on the characterization of the d iagnostic system have been carried out to develop quantitative measurement techn ology of x-ray absorption spectrum. This diagnostic technology has been successf ully applied to the measurements of absorption.
A study on the electrical conductivity of Cu-MgF2 nanoparticle cermet films
Authors: Sun Zhao-Qi  , He Yu-Ping  , Song Xue-Ping  , Sun Da-Ming  ,   安徽大学物理系,合肥  230039
Published: December 2020

Cu-MgF2 nanoparticle cermet films with the copper volume fraction of vol.10%-30% were prepared by rf magnetron co-sputtering deposition and analyzed by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature-varying four-wi re technique. Microstructure analysis shows that the cermet films are made of m ainly amorphous MgF2 matrix with embedded fcc-Cu nanoparticles. The a verage si ze of Cu nanoparticles increases from 11.9nm to 17.8nm as Cu content rises fro m vol.10% to vol.30%. The results of electrical conductivity from 50 to 300K sho w that when Cu volume fraction is between 15 and 20%, the film shows a percolati on threshold qCM, and the electric conductivity changes～e ight orders. T he active energies of doping and the intrinsic conductivity of the cermet films and their contributions to the film electrical conductivity are discussed. Based on the percolation theory, the percolation threshold of Cu-MgF2 cerm et film is discussed as well.
Magnetic properties and rectifying behaviour of silicon doped with gadolinium
Authors: Zhou Jian-Ping  , Chen Nuo-Fu  , Song Shu-Lin  , Chai Chun-Lin  , Yang Shao-Yan  , Liu Zhi-Kai  , Lin Lan-Ying  ,   中国科学院半导体研究所半导体材料科学实验室，北京  100083
Published: December 2020

The magnetic/nonmagnetic p-n junction was prepared by implanting gadolinium into the n-type silicon with low-energy dual-ion-beam epitaxy technology.The magnet ic layer GdxSi1-x shows excellent magnetic properties at r oom temperature. High magnetic moment 10μB per Gd atom is observed, which is interpreted by RKKY mechanism. Magnetic/nonmagnetic p-n junctions show rectifying behaviour, but no magnetoresistance is observed.
Ultra violet photoluminescenc of ZnO films on different substrates
Authors: Zhang De-Heng  , Wang Qing-Pu  , Xue Zhong-Ying  ,   山东大学物理与微电子学院，济南  250100
Published: December 2020

Polycrystalline ZnO films with a good preferred orientation were deposited on sapphire, Si and quartz substrates by rf magnetron sputtering. A 356 nm Ultraviolet (UV) photoluminescence (PL) peak and a 446 nm blue peak were observed at room temperature when excited with 270 nm light. After high-temperature annealing in oxygen, the crystallinity of the films was improved. The intensity of the UV emission increased by 7 and 14 times, respectively, for the films on sapphire and quartz substrates respectively. We conclude that the UV emission originates from the inter-band transition of electrons and the blue emission is due to the transition of electrons from the shallow donor level of the oxygen vacancies to the valence band.
Study of the current-voltage characteristics of n-on-p junction fabricated by pr oton-implanted molecular beam epitaxial Hg1-xCdxTe
Authors: Chen Gui-Bin  , Li Zhi-Feng  , Cai Wei-Ying  , He Li  , Hu Xiao-Ning  , Lu Wei  , Shen Xue-Chu  ,   (1)中国科学院上海技术物理研究所红外物理国家重点实验室，上海  200083; (2)中国科学院上海技术物理研究所红外物理国家重点实验室，上海  200083;中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所离子束开放研究实验室，上海  200050
Published: December 2020

Large area n-on-p structures of p-n junction with different proton implantation doses are fabricated on the moleculer beam epitaxial grown HgCdTe films for mid-infrared wavelength region. Current-voltage characteristics of the p-n junction are measured at 77K. The zero-bias resistance-area product (R0A ) of 312.5Ω·cm2 is obtained when the proton implantation dose is 2×10 15cm-2， and R0A increases to 490Ω·cm2 after ann ealing at low temperatures.
High dielectric constant in CaCu3Ti4O12 bulk an d thin films
Authors: Zhao Yan-Li  , Jiao Zheng-Kuan  , Gao Guang-Han  ,   (1)浙江大学物理系，杭州  310027; (2)浙江大学物理系，杭州  310027;台州学院物理系，临海  317000
Published: December 2020

CaCu3Ti4O12 bulk and thin films are prepared su ccessfully by solid-state reaction and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Dielectric constants ε′ (1kHz,300K) higher than 14000 are found in both types of CaCu3Ti4O12 materials, which is the best result in this system. We first report the c-axis-oriented epitaxial CaCu3Ti4O12 thin film and i ts dieletric properties.Such a high dielectric constant does not depend much upon temperature in the range of 100-300K,showing that this material has high thermal stability.The behaviour of dielectric conductivity σd against frequency can be well ex plained in terms of the hopping mechanism.
A simple method for measuring the non-homogeneneity and growth layers in uniaxia l crystals
Authors: Huang Chun-Fu  , Liu Si-Min  , Zhang Guang-Yin  , Guo Ru  , Wang Da-Yun  , Gao Yuan-Mei  , Lu Yi  , Yang Li-Sen  ,   (1)内蒙古师范大学物理系,呼和浩特  010022; (2)南开大学物理学院,天津  300071; (3)天津理工大学自动化系,天津  300071
Published: December 2020

A simple method for measuring the optical non-homogeneity and growth layers in t he LiNbO3∶Fe crystal is reported. We can compute the change of refra ctive ind ex Δne at different positions in the crystal according to the distan ce be tween e—o light-spots, which vary with the change of the position of incident l ight-spot in crystal. Furthermore we can obtain the non-homogeneity and determin e the position and thickness of the growth layers in the crystal.