bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Immobilization Carrier on Ethanol Fermentation from Food Waste
Authors: Liu Guo Jun , Ma Hong Zhi , Ma Ying Qun , Zhang Wen Yu , Wang Qun Hui , Xiao Jing
Published: January 2014

Resource technology for food waste has become the research hot recently. To perform ethanol fermentation from food waste could realize energy recovery and pollution prevention. This study investigated the effects of two kinds of immobilization carriers, loofa sponge and fiber ball on ethanol fermentation from food waste. The seven runs of fermentation experiments demonstrated that the fermentation broth with fiber ball showed an increase of residue sugar concentration (31.98g/l) and a decrease of sugar utilization ratio (60.02%) in the fourth run. When it came to the seventh run of experiment, the sugar utilization ratio was only 49.04%, which showed that the fermentation yield by the yeast decreased significantly. While the fermentation by loofa sponge revealed stable fermentation efficiency, the sugar utilization ratio were all above 80%. The effect of size and inoculum for loofa sponge showed that 3 gram dry loofa sponge in 100 ml saccharification liquid was suitable. While the size had little effect on the fermentation.
Mesophilic Anaerobic Study on Chinese Herbs Residues of Honeysuckle and Midday Tea
Authors: Xu Jun Hu , Chen Xiong Fei , Mu Lin Lin , Zhang Hong Bo , Bi Ya Fan
Published: January 2014

A large number of Chinese herbs residues were produced during the production of honeysuckle and midday tea. Usually, the content of organic components in the residues was at a high level. These residues would pose a great threat to the local water environment, if they were not treated and disposed properly. In this paper, a self-prepared anaerobic reactor was utilized to treat the residues of honeysuckle and midday tea in semi-solid phase media. The anaerobic sludge was inoculated into the residues for anaerobic digestion at the temperature of 37±1°C, and ISRs (ISRs is the total solid mass ratio between inoculum and substrate) were 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 respectively. The result showed that the ultimate maximum yield of methane was the under ISRs of 1:1, the cumulative methane production volume of honeysuckle and midday tea dregs were 5832mL/100g and 5591mL/100g, respectively, after 192h digestion. Under the best inoculation ratio of 1:1, another mesophilic anaerobic experiment was carried out by mixing the residues of honeysuckle and midday tea as substrate at different ratios of 0:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:0, respectively, which were to compare the methane production at 37±1°C. The result indicated that the ultimate maximum yield of methane was under mixed ratio of 1:2, the cumulative methane production volume of the mixed Chinese herbs residues was 9110 mL/100g after 192h digestion. Furthermore, the zero-order kinetic model was found to be suitable to characterize the removal ratio of substrate during 0~108h digestion while the biogas was generated fast, and the kinetic constant k was 50.49mL/h. To obtain the ultimate maximum rate of methane production, the anaerobic reaction should be controlled under the stage of zero-order reaction. Thus, the experimental results could provide scientific proof for anaerobic treatment and methane recycling in organic waste of Chinese herbs enterprises.
Recycling Business of Municipal Solid Wastes in China
Authors: Niu Ling Juan , Zhao Na Na
Published: January 2014

Municipal solid waste is a big problem in China. Separating and collecting recyclables from municipal solid wastes is a key approach for resolving waste problems and promoting circular economy. The current collection and recycling of recyclables from municipal solid waste is reviewed for better perspective. The material and value stream are summarized for understanding the potential direction of waste and recyclables. The stakeholder for recyclables collection and recycling is identified and their roles are analyzed. Situation of recycling enterprises is introduced. Finally, some comments for promoting recycling industry development are made for reference.
Influencing Factors Determination of MSW Clearance Volume Based on Spatial Dependency Consideration
Authors: Yu Yan , Huang Yuan Jun , He Jian Hua , Zhao Jing Hui
Published: January 2014

Previous studies usually used regression analysis on OLS model to determine the influencing factors of MSW clearance volume, but OLS model did not take into account the spatial dependency of the dependent variable. In this study, firstly, as the dependent variable, the spatial autocorrelation of MSW clearance volume is tested to explore its spatial effect, and spatial regression model is introduced to establish a MSW-SEM (spatial error model) model. Secondly, variance inflation factor and partial correlation coefficient are used to remove the multicollinearity of 33 potential factors. Then using MSW-OLS model and MSW-SEM model respectively analyzes the influencing factors of MSW clearance volume in China mainland. Finally, comparative analysis of above two models results is taken by Akaike Information Criterion, determination coefficient, significance of parameter estimation, and spatial dependence of residuals. Result shows that community health center visits, accommodation enterprises main business profit, passenger capacity, investment enterprises profit rate of Hong Kong/Macao/Taiwan/overseas and urban road lighting were dominant influencing factors of MSW clearance volume. Although MSW-OLS and MSW-SEM models have similar regression coefficients, MSW-SEM model shows better model fitting because of its lower AIC, higher R2, and smaller global Morans I value. In summary, compared with MSW-OLS model, MSW-SEM model is more successful in identifying the dominant factors of MSW clearance volume due to its consideration of spatial dependency.
Study on Release Potential of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Baihua Lake by Dredging Simulation
Authors: Wang Yi , Huang Xian Fei , Hu Ji Wei
Published: January 2014

Baihua Lake is a key drinking water source for Guiyang City located on Guizhou Plateau in southwest China, however it has been seriously contaminated with various contaminants, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. To solve this problem, some researchers have recommended dredging the lake sediment to remove these contaminants. The present research was aimed to assess the potential risk of five selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg and As) if the sediment dredging measure was taken for remediation of this water body. Core sediments collected from the site Guanyinshanzhuang were used to simulate the release of heavy metals in sediment from Baihua Lake if sediment dredging was carried out. The core sediments were dredged at 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm levels. The core sediments were then put into the lake again after simulation dredging to investigate their release potential in one day, five days, nine days and fifteen days. The mobility of selected heavy metals in the sediments were determined using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The results indicated that the release potential of the heavy metals varies with dredging depth and the lasting time after dredging. Cr and As showed the lowest release ability among the heavy metals under study followed by Cu. The release amount of Cd increased with the lasting time after dredging. Hg showed no clear trends of release at 10 cm dredging depth. At 20 cm and 30 cm dredging depth, Hg presented a small release in the five days after simulation dredging, and then no release in the following ten days. In fifteen days after simulation dredging, the percentages of the heavy metals extracted with TCLP were in the order of Cd (8.85%) > As (3.41%) > Cu (1.37%) > Hg (0.79%) > Cr (0.61%) at dredging depth of 10 cm, Cd (10.22%) > Hg (2.73%) > Cu (1.74%) >As (1.47%)> Cr (1.41%) at dredging depth of 20 cm, and Cd (10.38%) > As (2.07%) > Hg (2.51%) > Cu (1.74%) > Cr (0.87%) at dredging depth of 30 cm.
Hydrothermal Treatment of Liquid Crystal Using a Batch Reactor
Authors: Zhuang Xu Ning , Ye Ying Ying , He Wen Zhi , Li Guang Ming , Huang Ju Wen
Published: January 2014

Liquid crystals, contained in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), would cause undesirable impacts on the environment and human health if not treated properly. Converting the waste liquid crystal into harmless product has aroused worldwide attention. In the present work, hydrothermal technology was applied to treat the liquid crystal of 4-octoxy-4'-cyanobiphenyl, which is one of the most common used liquid crystals in LCDs. The experiment was carried out in a 5.7 mL stainless tube reactor and heated by an oven. The effect of reaction temperature and reaction time on degradation rate was evaluated and the analysis was conducted with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The degradation products in liquid phase were analyzed with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS). Results indicate that the degradation rate improved along with the increase of reaction temperature and reaction time. At 300 C and with the reaction time of 90 min, 99.8% of 4-octoxy-4'-cyanobiphenyl could be degraded into simple and environmental innocuous products and its environmental risks were finally eliminated.
A Life-Cycle Based Approach to the Remanufacturing Printing Supplies in Shanghai
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Wang Jing Wei , Bai Jian Feng , Wu Wen Jie
Published: January 2014

With the fast growing of printing supplies industry in Shanghai, it creates a large waste stream of obsolete printing supplies and causes great pressure on the environment. The information of remanufacturing printing supplies in Shanghai is gathered and waste stream is analyzed. As a case study of original toner cartridge and remanufacturing toner cartridge is compared in the context of life cycle methodology. The results show raw materials, energy consumption and pollution emission of the remanufactured toner cartridge are less than these of original toner cartridge. Environmental loads equitant including global warming potential, acidification potential, photo-oxidant formation potential, solid waste and fume from remanufacturing toner cartridge are cut 3.61%, 3.84%, 15.24% and 22.52% comparing to original toner cartridge. Its significance is that remanufacturing printing supplies can be more profitable and less harmful to the external environment than conventional manufacturing process. It also discusses strategies for lowering the environmental burden to promote the remanufacturing printing supplies in Shanghai.
Experimental Research on Mercury-Containing Wastewater in PVC Production by Fly Ash Processing Calcium Carbide Method
Authors: Li Yan , Sun Ping
Published: January 2014

To study the removal capacity of modified fly ash in wastewater containing mercury ions under different conditions, the dust from a calcium carbide furnace was added to fly ash, and the pyrogenic process was employed to modify the fly ash. The result indicated that the wastewater had a pH value of 9, the modified fly ash dosage was 0.2 g, the adsorption equilibrium time was 40 minutes, the reaction temperature was 30 °C, and the removal rate could reach 91.9%. Using modified fly ash in polyvinyl chloride production via the calcium carbide method to remove mercury-containing wastewater can help meet the government-prescribed emission standard. This method has advantages such as positive treatment effect, simple operation, and low operating cost.
Study on Optimization of Emergency Location of Hazardous Waste Based on Arc Coverage Continuous Recession
Authors: Chen Gang Tie , He Zheng Gang , Li Qing Song
Published: January 2014

The rational layout of emergency facilities has a critical effect on the reduction of the damage caused by the disasters of hazardous waste leakage. This paper proposes an emergency covering location model adopting arc covering continuous decline function. According to the features of the arc covering emergency location model, a heuristic algorithm is adopted to solve the model. Numerial examples are used to verify the validity of the proposed model and algorithm. It is concluded that building more emergency points should combine with enhancing network coverage.
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans from a Grate-Type Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator in China
Authors: Zhong Jian Jun , Zhang Gang , Hai Jing , Lv Jia Yang , Zhang Jie Ru , Zhang Su Kun , Ren Ming Zhong
Published: January 2014

The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were evaluated from a grate-type municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). The stack flue gas, fly ash and bottom ash samples were sampled and analyzed. Results indicated that the flue gas, fly ash and bottom ash presented their mean dioxin levels of 0.0723 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, 0.614 ng I-TEQ/g and 13.33 ng I-TEQ/kg respectively. The PCDD/Fs congener patterns, in flue gas, fly ash and bottom ash, showed large similarities in both concentration and I-TEQ profiles. The de novo synthesis plays a dominant role in the low-temperature post-combustion zone.
Research on early Leachate Generation Characteristics Using Deuterium Stable Isotope Tracer Technique
Authors: Xu Shuang , Liu Jian Guo
Published: January 2014

Isotope tracer technique was used to separate released MSW moisture from rainfall in leachate to study leachate generation characteristics. Four cylindrical PVC landfill reactors (height: 0.2m, diameter: 0.16m) filled with different kind of man-made waste were compared to study the influence of MSW type on leachate quality and quantity. Rainfall infiltration releasing process was not seriously influenced by MSW type. More than a half of rainfall was released in the first 3 days (A1:57%, A2:68%, A3:77%, A4:53%). However, the proportion of released moisture in the first 5 days to total period time varied a lot in the four reactors (A1:46%, A1:35%,A3:12%,A4:9%). MSW with much kitchen waste was easy to degrade and the leachate releasing process concentrated in the first few days, while waste with much paper released water in a constant rate during the whole experimental period. Moreover, the moisture releasing process had an obviously relevance and regulation with degradation process. This study confirmed that initial moisture in solid could not be ignored especially in China where MSW was of high moisture content and biodegradable organics fraction.
Development and Application of Plasma Technology for POPs Waste Treatment in China
Authors: Zhu Jian Xin , Kang Shao Guo
Published: January 2014

Plasma is ionized gas-like substance, comprised by the e-deprived atoms and electron-positron. Plasma possess the characteristics of high energy, high thermal capacity, fast response and electric conversion efficiency, which shows unique advantages and good prospects for the effective disposal of POPs wastes. This paper introduced the basic principle and mechanism of plasma arc technology as a non-combustion technology; reviewed the development of application of plasma technology in the processing of HFC23, organic fluoride industrial waste, phenyl chlorosilane residue, medical waste, printed circuit board, chemical weapons and other hazardous wastes; analyzed the major technical and economic advantages and disadvantages for the plasma technologies in the POPs waste treatment; And corresponding comments and suggestions were proposed to promote the application of plasma technology for POPs waste disposal in China.
The Influence of Total Solid and Inoculum Ratio on Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge
Authors: Yin Fu Bin , Li Zi Fu , Hou Shuang , Feng Rui , Zhou Wei , Wang Xue Mei , Guo Hao
Published: January 2014

Compared to conventional mesophilic anaerobic digestion, thermophilic anaerobic digestion may offer attractive advantages such as higher volatile solid destruction efficiency, higher biogas generation, and higher disinfection effect and better dewater ability. In this study, two experiments of waste activated sludge were conducted to evaluate the influence of total solid and inoculums ratio on the biogas production and thermophilic (55±1°C) anaerobic process stability. In first experiment, the biogas production of 4 reactors with solid concentration of 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% respectively was observed. The biogas productions in 4 reactors were 4444 mL, 4891 mL, 5573 mL and 6327 mL respectively, the biogas productions per unit VS digested of each group were all above 360 mL/g and the methane content in biogas of each reactor was kept about 70%. During the operation, pH value in the reactor was kept between 6.5 and 8.4. In second experiment, the biogas production of 4 reactors with inoculums ratio of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% respectively was observed. The biogas productions in 4 reactors were 4730 mL, 6630 mL, 6820 mL and 7175 mL respectively, the biogas productions per unit VS digested of each group were all above 340 mL/g and the methane content in biogas of each reactor was kept about 70%. During the operation, pH value in the reactor was kept between 6.4 and 8.6. Putting into consideration, the shortening of anaerobic digestion cycle, costs saving, and increasing economic benefits; choosing TS within the scope of 8-10%and inoculums ratio within the scope of 30-40% are more recommended. And the results showed that thermophilic anaerobic digestion process for waste activated sludge could be operated steadily.
The Aeration Control during Co-Composting of Sewage Sludge and Wooden Chips in a Rotary Drum Reactor
Authors: Zhang Yuan Cheng , Caicedo Luis , Wang Hong Tao
Published: January 2014

To optimize the aeration control during the co-composting process of sewage sludge and wooden chips in a rotary drum reactor, it was proposed to study the implementation of different control strategies. A series of pilot scale experiments were carried out in a rotary drum reactor with a volume of 3.14m3, using 800 kg sewage sludge from 2nd wastewater treatment plant of Kunming and 400 kg wooden chips collected from parks in Kunming as compost materials. Temperature, oxygen concentrations, volatile solid contents and moisture content were followed during the composting process as important variables to compare different aeration control strategies (continuous, intermittent and two stage temperature feedback aeration control strategies). The obtained results have shown that two stage temperature feedback aeration control strategy is the optimal, because it can effectively control the temperature during composting, with better moisture removal and higher organic matter degradation than the other strategies, obtaining a stabilized product with less nutrient elements losses.
Applying of Electrical Imaging Survey (EIS) to Evaluate Leachate Pollution in Underground Area of Informal Landfill
Authors: Du Song , Wang Di , Mou Zi Shen , Jin Jing , Zhao Rui Jiang , Cui Bao Shan
Published: January 2014

An informal landfill is an open dump that pollutes the underground environment because it lacks an impervious liner. The leakage of such a landfill is unidirectional and thus difficult to directly test. This study uses electrical imaging survey to evaluate the pollution of the underground environment of an informal landfill for municipal solid waste in Beijing. We hypothesize that every location has a specific resistivity resulting from the leachate. We use the membership function of fuzzy mathematics to quantitatively represent the pollution of the underground environment in the sanitary landfill. The results are consistent with borehole data.
Groundwater Migration Modeling and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis on Contaminated Site
Authors: Wang Yan , Wei Wen Xia , Han Hui Ling , Wang Ying
Published: January 2014

Contamination control and remediation of groundwater is one of the hotness points in environmental protection field. Groundwater contamination numerical simulation is widely used for groundwater contamination transportation. In this paper, we constructed an indoor sandbox to conduct hydraulic control experiment and tracer experiment. We also set up groundwater flow model and solute transport model by computer and chose the model's key parameters for sensitivity analysis. The results indicated that the sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity was highest, which was the key parameter in the groundwater flow model. The sensitivity analysis of solute transport model parameters showed that sensitivity from large to small was: longitudinal dispersion, porosity and hydraulic conductivity. This study can obtain the main parameters in groundwater simulation model and is helpful for the construction of groundwater contamination migration model.
Application of Three-Dimensional Interpolation Methods in Contaminated Site Evaluation
Authors: Wei Wen Xia , Quan Teng , Wang Yan , Wang Hai Jian , Li Pei Zhong
Published: January 2014

Contaminated sites remediation is one of the hot points in environmental protection fields. Therefore, an important research project is how to expediently determine the bound and level of pollution of contaminated sites. This may help to decide on a timely and accurate rescue plan so as to minimize the costs and to improve the effect of restoration. This is also the basis of contaminated sites remediation acceptance. There are many influencing factors to confirm the remediation areas on contaminated sites. Studies show that three-dimensional interpolation method is effective tool to delimit the pollution scope. Different three-dimensional interpolation methods have different results in contaminate distribution prediction and directly affect the boundary of contamination. This paper selects one specific case with heavy metal lead contamination to study three-dimensional interpolation methods. The three-dimensional stratigraphic model is established for uncertainty analysis and error analysis in the grid through KrigingIDW(Shepard) and nearest neighbor interpolation method. Results show that 40m*40m grids have the highest accuracy of stratigraphic simulation. Nearest neighbor interpolation method is most suitable for stratigraphic model building. Kriging interpolation method is more suitable for constructing three-dimensional pollutant prediction model. On the basis of above, this text established one distribution prediction model of soil lead contamination, and calculated the contaminated earthwork quantity under different remediation goals. Finally, the paper achieved three-dimensional visualization of the site soil contamination. This study can be directly applied to the actual site remediation decision process, and is helpful for the contaminated sites evaluation and restoration in the future.
Current Status and Prospects of Remediation Technology for POPs Contaminated Sites
Authors: Huo Jin Ge , Yu Yao Chun , Zhang Di Long , Cao Hui
Published: January 2014

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has the typical features of persistence, long-range transport, biological accumulation and high toxicity, so that POPs contaminated sites have posed much risk to human health and environment, which is in urgent need of improvement. At present, there are many international advanced remediation methods and engineering practices, but it has not formed the mature remediation technology system in China. Through studying the international concrete examples of remediation technologies, the paper completely reviews the attributes and characteristics of various technology methods, puts forward preliminary technology management system for the remediation of POPs contaminated sites, then provides methodology process for screening the treatment technologies for POPs contaminated sites in China.
Characteristics of Arsenic Uptake and Accumulation of Pteris vittata L. Planting in the Soil Contaminated by the Highly Toxic As-Chemicals
Authors: Zhou Ting , Wang Xue Feng , You Li Juan , Rao Gang , Wang Ning
Published: January 2014

This research was conducted to understand the characteristics of arsenic (As) accumulation in Pteris vittata L. for remediation the soil contaminated by highly toxic As-chemicals. After Pteris vittata L. grown in different test soil for 3 months in the greenhouse, the determination result shown that the hyperaccumulator not only could accumulate large amounts inorganic arsenic and little organic arsenic, but also the majority of As was found in the fronds (over 90% of total As-content in the whole plants, average value, mg) .Furthermore, if the plants grown for different time in the same As-concentrations soil, the maximum As-concentrations (mg/kg) of pinnas, rachis and fronds all came forth at the end of the second month, but the maximum total As-content of fronds at the third month, so we could enhance the effects of remediation by harvested the fronds for per 3 months. The As-concentrations and the average total As-content of per plant and the As removal rate of the rhizosphere also could demonstrate the conclusion by comparing the harvested the plants per 3 months or not in 6 months.
Composition Determination of Vehicle Dismantling Waste
Authors: Peng Shao Hong , Liang Sha , Li Jian , Yu Mei , Huang Yan
Published: January 2014

In recent years, a large number of toxic and hazardous substances were discharged into environment because of the simple landfill and accumulation of vehivle dismantling waste. Therefore, it is very important to develop the recycling technology of vehivle dismantling waste for the harmless, stability, reduction and resource utilization of vehivle dismantling waste. In this paper, the compositions of vehicle dismantling waste from two different dismantling processes were investigated by manual sorting, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, experimental results showed that the vehicle waste from manual dismantling contained more polyurethane, foamed plastic and rubber with low value and the size of waste is lager, the vehicle waste from mechanical dismantling contained more metal and brittle polymer and their size was smaller. The concentration of metal in two kinds of wastes are less than 1%, the total concentration of carbon and hydrogen reach about 70%, so vehicle dismantling waste was suital for recovering ernergy, but the pollution of chlrone from polyvinyl chloride need to be prevented.
The Social Challenges of Involving the General Publics in Garbage Separation and Recycling in Chinese Cities
Authors: Fan Keng Hang
Published: January 2014

Waste separation bins that are mainly categorized into recyclable and non-recyclable are being installed almost everywhere in China. It is notable that China is pushing hard to get the public involved in garbage separation and recycling. As an ethnographic research, this paper provides social and cultural explanations of why the roles of these newly designed bins are extremely limited. Explanation of such limitation is deeply concerned with, first, the beliefs and knowledge about recycling of the general publics, and more importantly, the history and hard-to-be-changed culture of informal recycling involving garbage pickers in China. As a foreign Chinese, the author has been running around Beijing and other cities in China to explore into the behind the scene Chinese informal garbage collection system. Using a series of informative social surveys, interviewing the public and personal observation, the paper illustrates and discusses the social challenges and current dilemmas China is facing in attempts to formalize its garbage separation and recycling. The aim of the paper is to address the importance of integrating the existing culture and knowledge of the people with the making of future environmental technologies and policies.
A Conceptual Framework for Site Design of Urban Design in China
Authors: Li Nan
Published: January 2014

This paper indicates that there are no more sustainable concerns and instructions about urban design in current China relative planning Code when using the principles of eco-design principles as a lens to critical thinking about site choice, land use, transportation, road system, architecture massing, and spatial urban form. Furthermore, it is very hard for urban designer to design a sustainable project. This can be mitigated by taking mixed land use, TOD (Transit-Oriented Development), and 3D (Three Dimension) design methods. However, to design a sustainable site, to build a high performance building, other eco-design issues such as water saving, energy efficiency, air quality improvement, 3R materials use, eco-landscape etc. must be considered carefully in future design. Sustainable thinking should be the guideline through the whole urban design process.
Promoting Circular Developmentand Recycling Solid Waste - In the View of Ecological Civilization Construction
Authors: Zhu Tan , Gao Shuai
Published: January 2014

While massive natural resource is consumed in the production and consumption pattern of industrial civilization, plenty of solid waste is produced and discharged into natural environment, which has broken natural material circulation and caused problems like resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological destruction. While solid waste may cause serious pollution, it still contains rich regenerative resources. In the background of ecological civilization construction, promoting circular development and recycling solid waste would be significant, and it is suitable to China's conditions." In the View of human civilization transformation, the significance of promoting circular development and recycling solid waste is analyzed and the internal relation between circular development and ecological civilization is also explored. Circular development conforms to the ecological civilization idea of respecting, conforming to and protecting nature, and provides material foundation for ecological civilization. From national conditions, the urgent need of promoting circular development and recycling solid wastes is stated. According to ecological civilization construction, on scientific understanding, top design, technology innovation and other aspects, relevant countermeasures are put forward.
Research on the Landfill Dipole Leakage Detection Technology and its Application in China
Authors: Liu Yu Qiang , Liu Jing Cai , Xu Ya , Dong Lu , Nai Chang Xin
Published: January 2014

Landfill liner leakage detection has become the necessity procedure before the landfill put into operation. The dipole detection technology is studied and which can find the leaks of liner without any destruction of liner. This article discusses the key factors affecting the dipole sensitivity including the resistivity and thickness of the medium above the liner, and the distance between the dipole and the liner, the dipole spacing. The results indicate that higher resistivity of the medium, the thinner the liner is. Based on which the dipole method device is developed. Almost 68 landfill liner leakage detection surveys had been done recently in China using dipole technology. The results show that every landfill detected has leaks in liner, and the leaks detected per hectare is about 22 unit and 24 unit per landfill. Dipole technology has become the primary method in landfill liner leakage detection and play the critical role in landfill liner construction quality supervision.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of WC-Co Submicron Powders Using P/M Technique
Authors: Mahaidin Ahmad Aswad , Selamat Mohd Asri , Manaf Samsiah Abdul , Jaafar Talib Ria
Published: January 2014

The properties of WC-Co are greatly improved with the use of submicron powders. However, grain growth tends to occur during the sintering process which causes the properties to deteriorate to some extent. Free carbon and vanadium carbide are added in this study to serve as grain growth inhibitor. The effect of these two materials is evaluated based on WC-Co properties. In this work, the powders are mixed together via wet mixing process, compacted and undergo cold-isostatic pressing (CIP) before the samples are sintered in the temperature range of 1350-1450°C under nitrogen-based atmosphere. The physical and mechanical properties of the WC-Co sintered powders were analysed. Based on the work done, the WC-Co-C has a better properties compared to WC-Co-VC.
Modification of Thin Film Surface Morphology by Thermal Annealing Process to Enhance Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Yusoff Nurul Huda , Azes Nur Izzah Abd , Buniran Surani
Published: January 2014

This paper reports effect of modification thin film surface morphology using thermal annealing process in order to enhance organic photovoltaic solar cell performance. The organic photovoltaic solar cell (OPV) were fabricated using bulk heterojunction structure, consist of p-type semiconductor of polythiophene (PT) derivative and an n-type of fullerene, C-61 derivative. The devices structure can be named as Al/LiF/polymer composite film/PEDOT-PSS/ITO. For comparison, the devices were varies; as cast and annealed at 125°C for half an hour to modify the thin film surface structure. The performances of the devices were studied by observing the current-voltage characteristics of the device in dark at ambient temperature and under standard A.M 1.5 illumination. The light conversion efficiency of the resulting photovoltaic devices increases from 0.04% (as cast) to 2.3% after thermal annealing process. As a result, the annealed organic photovoltaic devices, show enhanced efficiencies compared with as cast device due to the enhancement in transport properties of polymer base photovoltaic device.
Synthesis of Fe2+ Ion Doped ZnS Nanoparticles
Authors: Mohd Ibrahim Rahizana , Masturah Markom , Abdullah Huda
Published: January 2014

Nanoparticles of Zn1-xFexS ( x=0.0,0.1,0.2 and 0.3) were prepared by chemical co-precipitation method from homogenous solution of zinc and ferum salt at room temperature with controlled parameter. These nanoparticles were sterically stabilized using Sodium Hexamethaphospate (SHMP). Here, a study of the effect of Fe doping on structure, morphological and optical properties of nanoparticles was undertaken. Elemental analysis, morphological and optical properties have been investigated by Fourier-Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Field Emmision Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV-Visible Spectroscopy. FTIR measurement confirmed the presence of SHMP in the nanoparticles structure with the FESEM images depicting considerable less agglomeration of particles with the presence of SHMP. While XRF results confirm the presence of Fe2+ ion as prepared in the experiment. The particles sizes of the nanoparticles lay in the range of 2-10 nm obtained from the TEM image were in agreement with the XRD results. The absorption edge shifted to lower wavelengths with an increase in Fe concentration shown in the UV-Vis spectroscopy. The band gap energy value was in the range of 4.95 5.15 eV. The blueshift is attributed to the quantum confinement effect.
Effects of Ball Milling on the Electrochemical Performance of Li2FeSiO4 Cathode
Authors: Mokhtar Asmalina , Ishak Mohamad Izha , Hasanaly Siti Munirah
Published: January 2014

The Li2FeSiO4cathode materialwas prepared via a solid state reaction method and subsequently heat treated at around 350°C and 700OC in Ar2atmosphere. High energy ball milling method is applied on the resulting powder with carbon additives to further modify the structure and to enhance the electrochemical performance. The structure and morphology of the prepared Li2FeSiO4powder was characterized by means of X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The morphological changes of the Li2FeSiO4resultedfrom different ball milling duration strongly influences the electrochemical performance of this cathode material.The Li2FeSiO4powder which was ball-milled for 48h delivered in the best electrochemical performance with a discharge capacity of 65.4 mAh/g when cycled between 1.5 and 4.8V vs. Li/Li+. Particulate morphology observed from FESEM images showed that samples that were ball-milled for 48h have reduced agglomeration compared to that ball-milled for 24h. The larger surface area for reaction with Li+improves the discharge capacity of the Li2FeSiO4cathode material.
Structural Properties of PbI2 Thin Film
Authors: Mohammed Safaa I. , Mahmoud Ahmed Naser , Al-Douri Y. , Hashim U.
Published: January 2014

Lead iodide (PbI2) thin films were successfully prepared by thermal evaporation method on a glass substrate at room temperature. The structural analysis of these films was done by XRD. The results revealed that the crystallite size increases when increasing the film thickness and annealing temperature. In addition, the preferred growth orientation was 001 for all the samples.
Effect of Heat Treatment Process of Sintered M3/2 High Speed Steel Parts
Authors: Manaf Samsiah Abdul , Selamat Mohd Asri , Jaafar Talib Ria , Mahaidin Ahmad Aswad
Published: January 2014

Dry machining is one of the ways to achieve a reduction of cooling lubricants, as well as reduced environmental pollution and lower health risk to workers. This leads to higher mechanical and thermal loading on cutting edges. The adaptation of cutting tools to the requirements of dry machining includes the optimisation of manufacturing technologies, the development of cutting materials of sufficient toughness and high hot hardness, the design of tool geometries as well as the coating of tools [.
Blending of Polyvulcanize Natural Rubber
Authors: Ridzwan Wan Mohd Faruq Wan Mohd , Kamarun Dzaraini , Samsuri Azemi , Mohd Ahmad Faiza , Said Che Mohd Som
Published: January 2014

Natural rubber (NR) latex is widely used in the manufacture of thin film barrier products such as gloves and condom. However, due to its low Tg, film casted from NR latex is soft and tacky, and needed to be strengthened to produced high performance products. Films of prevulcanized natural rubber latex (PVNR) blended with nanosized copolymer of n-butyl acrylate/butyl methacrylate (BA/BMA) were prepared at three different ratios of acrylate copolymer: PVNR. The tensile strength and elongation at break of films prepared decreased with increasing ratios of acrylate copolymer:PVNR. FESEM images showed the occurrence of agglomeration of the acrylate copolymers with PVNR molecules. The degree of agglomeration of the blended molecules increased with percentages of copolymer added. The decrease in the tensile strength and elongation at break may due to the agglomeration of the blended molecules suggesting poor dispersion and/or destabilization of PVNR molecules.
Effect of Feedstock Preparation and Forming Temperature to the Characteristics of Green Compacts
Authors: Rahman Mujibur M. , Nor A.M.
Published: January 2014

This paper presents the outcomes of an experimental investigation on the effect of feedstock preparation to the mechanical properties and microstructures of green compacts formed at above ambient temperature. A lab-scale uni-axial die compaction rig was designed and fabricated which enabled the powder forming at elevated temperature. Iron powder ASC 100.29 was mechanically mixed with different quantity of zinc stearate for 10, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively. Green compacts were generated by forming the prepared feedstock at room temperature and 180oC through simultaneous upward and downward axial loading. The defect-free green compacts were subsequently characterized for their physical and mechanical properties and their microstructures were evaluated. The results revealed that the characteristics of green products were affected by feedstock preparation as well as forming temperature. From this study, the suitable zinc stearate content, mixing time, and forming temperature were identified for the generation of high quality green compacts through warm forming route.
Interaction between Binder and Powder in Injection Moulding of 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Subuki Istikamah , Jai Junaidah , Muhammad Hussain Ismail , Hassan Norita , Omar Mohd Afian
Published: January 2014

Owing to several steps involved in metal injection moulding (MIM) process, it is important to understand the interactions between metal powder and binder mixture particularly during mixing, injection moulding and debinding. A polar organic compound generally forms hydrogen bonds more readily with metal powder because of acid-base interactions. In this study, the interaction of local binder system comprised of; palm stearin (PS) and thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) with conventional binder; polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and paraffin wax (PW) and mixed with 316L stainless steel powder were investigated. The results showed that all the binder have high interaction with 316L stainless steel that make, the resulting the bonding sufficiently strong and suitable for MIM process.
Keywords: Chemical interaction, Injection Moulding, Binder, Rheology
Effects of Papain Incorporation on the Photo-Transformation Stability of 5-Bromo-8-Methoxy-6-Nitro Bips
Authors: Malik M.Z.A. , Nazri S.A.A.A. , Zainuddin M.T. , Islam N.Z.M. , Aziz N.M.A.N.A. , Isha K.M.
Published: January 2014

Photochromism behaviors of a spiropyran dye namely 5-bromo-8-methoxy-6-nitro BIPS (BNM) has been investigated in the present of papain as anti-oxidant at different H+ ions conditions. BNM has been dissolved and diluted in ethanol (EtOH) to a concentration of 1.0 x 10-5M. The hydrochloric acid (HCL) was used to alter the acidity of the solution to be pH2 and pH7. The fine dispersed transparent solutions were exposed to UV light at 365nm for 5s and the absorption spectra were measured using UV-Vis spectrometer. Upon UV light irradiation, BNM exhibits photochromic behaviors by displaying coloration changes from transparent to light purplish with maximum absorbance spectrum, λmax at 552nm with and without present of papain in both acidic (pH2) and neutral (pH7) conditions. It was found that incorporation of papain in both different pH conditions slightly decreased the intensities of absorbance spectrum for BNM photo-transformation activities. However, detection in time drive mode at 522nm with 5s UV irradiation showed that the addition of papain stabilize and prolongs the absorbance intensity. Incorporation of anti-oxidant molecules is significant in order to obtain long-life activities of the spiropyran in the photo-reversible activity of open-form merocyanine state to closed-form spiro state. This study reveals that the photo-transformation stability of BNM molecules is increased with addition of papain in neutral condition that acts as anti-oxidant agent towards the BNM photo-reversible process.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sintered Titanium Alloy Produced through Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Process for Craniofacial Application
Authors: bin Suleiman Ahmad Muhammad Jabir , bin Abdullah Ahmad Nizam , Ibrahim Rosdi , Mohamad Mazlan , Abu Kasim Noorhayaty Binti , Abdul Kadir Mohammed Rafiq , Muhamad Shamsul , Itoh Yoshinori , Hanada Kotaro , Shimizu Toru
Published: January 2014

Metal injection molding (MIM) is capable of mass producing intricately shaped components. In recent years, this technology has been adopted in the electronic, computer, aerospace and medical industries. Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) is difficult to process because of its reactive nature and primarily because of problems with carbon and oxygen impurities. Even at low concentration, these interstitials can severely degrade the mechanical properties of titanium and its alloys. The main objective of this study is to develop a sintering condition that would eliminate problems with carbon and oxygen contamination and facilitate binder removal, thus enhance the sintering properties. Ti6Al4V with binder formulation consists of polyethylene (PE), paraffin wax (PW), stearic acid (SA) and palm oil derivatives; palm stearin (PS) were mixed homogeneously and injected to produce green compacts. The binders then were removed and sintering of injection molded material was conducted up to 1200 °C in vacuum atmosphere. The parts sintered at 1150 °C for 8 h exhibited among the highest tensile strength of 921.1 MPa while the elongation, density, porosity and hardness was 6.4%, 4.358 g/cm3, 3.16% and 320 HV respectively. This is the advantageous of additional argon flow during debinding , whereas the physical and mechanical properties were improved due to the impurity gas in argon that had strong effects on the aspects of densification and elimination of pores that turn the powder into a dense solid Ti6Al4V.
Non-Destructive Testing of Aluminum Alloys by Using Miniature Eddy-Current Flaw Transducers
Authors: Polyakov Viktor V. , Dmitriev Sergey F. , Ishkov Alexey V. , Kolubaev Evgeny A. , Malikov Vladimir N.
Published: January 2014

The paper puts forward a modified eddy current testing method based on the use of miniature eddy current transducers within a localized controlled area of the material surface of up to 50 μm2. Measurement results are provided for a model composite material made up of alternating conducting and dielectric layers of system Al-HDPE-Al. Structural flaws are specified as changes in the number and position of layers in the sequence. Prospects of the proposed method and a measuring device operating on its basis for flaw detection in composite aluminum alloy materials are shown.
Numerical Method for Investigation of 1D Processes in Porous Media with Heterogeneous Reactions when Flow Rate of Oxidant Regulates itself
Authors: Lutsenko Nickolay A. , Sorokova Svetana N.
Published: January 2014

The time-dependent gas flows through porous objects with heterogeneous reactions are considered when the gas pressure at object boundaries is known but the flow rate and velocity of the gas filtration at the inlet to the porous objects are unknown. In such porous objects the flow rate of oxidant, which enters into the reaction zone in porous object, regulates itself. An original numerical method, based on a combination of explicit and implicit finite-difference schemes, have been developed for investigating the unsteady gas flows in such porous objects with zones of heterogeneous reactions. Used approach enables to solve problems of filtration combustion for both forced filtration and free convection, so it can be efficiently applied for modeling the combustion zones in porous media, which may arise from natural or man-caused disasters.
Optimization of High-Octane Gasoline Production
Authors: Kirgina Maria , Maylin Maxim , Ivanchina Emilia , Sviridova Elizaveta
Published: January 2014

The authors described a new approach to calculation of gasoline blending formulations taking into account the non-additivity of octane numbers and the composition of the raw materials with the use of the modeling system Compounding. Gasoline blending formulations developed for "Achinsk petroleum refinery" (Russia) meeting all environmental and technical standards. Applying the developed modeling system each refinery can choose necessary formulation of gasoline production taking into account composition and available flows. This will allow them to reduce the cost of gasoline and make the products more competitive.
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy of Defects in Commercially Pure Titanium Saturated with Hydrogen
Authors: Laptev Roman S. , Bordulev Yuriy S. , Kudiiarov Viktor N. , Lider Andrey M. , Garanin Georgy V.
Published: January 2014

The experimental study of the structure of commercially pure titanium after saturation with hydrogen from the gas phase by means of positron lifetime spectroscopy (PLS) and Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) was carried out. In the result of penetration and accumulation of hydrogen, significant changes of annihilation characteristics occurred due to the defect structure changing. The investigated samples contained hydrogen in concentrations varying from 0 to 0.961 wt.%. Several stages of hydrogen interaction with the metal structure were revealed.