bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two methods for precipitation Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein and Investigation of its protein profiles
Authors: Babaie Mahdi , Mosavari Nader , Ghaempanah Aram
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans. tuberculoprotein are a widely used for detection of primary infection with Mtb. The production of tuberculoprotein is accompanied by some difficulties that require a series of modifications in the production and purification processes. In this study, we aimed to compare two methods for precipitation Mycobacterium tuberculosis tuberculoprotein and investigated its protein profiles.

Methods:

Mtb C strain grown in Löwenstein-Jensen and Dorset Henley liquid medium. Bacteria were inactivated by subjecting to 68°C for 90 min. After inactivation the culture was filtered and tuberculoprotein were precipitated by ammonium sulfate (AS) and Trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Protein concentrations were determined by using the Lowry protein assay. In finally, the approximate molecular weights in the purified fractions were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE.

Results:

The results showed that concentration of extracted tuberculoprotein by AS precipitation method was lower than TCA method. SDS-PAGE pattern of proteins precipitation with TCA showed proteins with wide range of molecular weight but proteins precipitation with AS showed low molecular weight proteins.

Conclusions:

Finally the results of this study showed that optimum methods besides a novel approach of AS precipitation in production of tuberculoprotein are suitable and applicable.
Evaluation of Magnesium Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Multi-drug-resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: kalurazi Tofigh Yaghubi , Jafari Alireza
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:

The current study has evaluated the MICs and MBCs of ZnONPs, MgONPs, and MgONPs-ZnONPs against H37 Rv Mtb and MDR-Mtb.

Methods:

Mixture, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and zinc oxide (MgONPs-ZnONPs) were prepared. The microplate alamar blue (MABA) assay and the proportion method were used to evaluate of anti-tubercular activity against MDR-MTB. MTT test was done to MgONPs-ZnONPs against Vero and HepG2 cell lines.

Results:

The MIC of MgONPs and ZnONPs were 0.195 and 0.468 μg.ml-1 against 104 of H37 Rv Mtb. As well, 0.166 μg.ml-1 of MgONPs-ZnONPs was able to inhibit 10-4 H37 Rv Mtb. The MIC of MgONPs against 104 concentrations of MDR-Mtb was 12.5 μg.ml-1 . The MIC of MgONPs/ZnONPs against 104 concentrations of MDR-Mtb reached to 0.664 μg.ml-1 . The MBC value of ZnONPs increased to 1.875 μg.ml-1 against 10-4 concentrations of MDR-Mtb. Testing showed that the MBCs of MgONPs/ZnONPs reached to 1.328 μg.ml-1 against 104 concentrations of MDR-Mtb. The IC50 against MDR-TB was 0.779 μg.ml-1 for ZnONPs and 0.883 μg.ml-1 for MgONPs-ZnONPs. The MgONPs-ZnONPs was not toxic to Vero cell lines however ZnONPs could inhibit the Vero and HepG2 cell lines.

Conclusion:

We found that ZnONPs and mixture MgONPs-ZnONPs not only have higher bactericide behavior but might have also synergistic effects against MDR-TB.
Evaluation of the accuracy of the microplate alamar blue assay and the proportion method for the prompt detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates
Authors: Jafari Alireza , Taziki Masoomeh , Aski Hesamaddin shirzad , Mojtahedi Ali , Behnampour Nasser , Atarjalali Masoomeh , rafiei Elahe
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:

Tuberculosis (TB) is estimated to have caused the deaths of 1 billion people in the last 200 years.

Methods:

In the first step, the microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) was used for the detection of seventy-eight clinical isolates from Golestan Regional Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (GRTRL) and the results were compared with the proportion method. In second step, the MABA was used for the susceptibility testing of 35 clinical isolates and the results were compared with the proportion method.

Results:

For the MABA, the sensitivity was 100 (90.97-100), specificity was 74.36 (57.87-86.96), positive predictive value (PPV) was 79.59 (65.66-89.76), negative predictive value (NPV) was 100 (88.06-100). The concentrations of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP) ranged from 1.0-0.01 μg.mL and 2.0-0.03 μg.mL, respectively. For the proportion method, the INH concentration was between 1.0-0.03 μg.mL and the RMP concentration was between 2.0-0.06 μg.mL. For the MABA to RMP, the sensitivity was 100 (89.11-100), specificity was 100 (29.24-100), PPV was 100 (89.11-100), NPV was 100 (29.24-100), and for the MABA to INH, the sensitivity was 84.38 (67.21-94.72), specificity was 66.67 (9.43-99.16), PPV was 96.43 (81.65-99.91), NPV was 28.57 (3.67-70.96).

Conclusion:

We found the high accuracy between the MABA-RMP and the proportion method. In fact, the rapid and low-cost MABA assay is inexpensive and alternative assays for the detection of RMP resistant tuberculosis in low-income countries.
Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis at Mustapha Hospital-University, Algiers, Algeria
Authors: Ziane H. , Seladji S. , Zordani F. , Hamlat A. , Tazir M. , Amhis W.
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:

Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPT) previously considered as rare would seems to be progressing thus constituting, at present, a real public health problem.

Methods:

Our study aims to determine frequency and characteristics of PET diagnosed in the medical microbiology department of CHU Mustapha (MMDCM), Algiers. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted over 3 years (2012, 2013 and 2014) identifying cases of PET diagnosed in the MMDCM.

Results:

From January 2012 to December 2014, 3529 samples were received at MMDCM and seeded in culture on Löwenstein -Jensen: 1814 from pulmonary origin and 1715 from extra-pulmonary sites. Of the 153 positive cultures, 74 were extra-pulmonary, ie 48.4%. Pleural tuberculosis was the most reported form (39%). Peritoneal and pericardial tuberculosis were also reported at 6.75% and 2.70% respectively. The neuro-meningeal, osteoarticular and lymph node forms accounted for 5.4%, 10.8% and 9.45%, respectively. We noted a slight predominance of women.

Conclusions:

The EPT rate determined during our study reflects the progress of this infection. There is also a diversity of clinical forms, which should encourage systematic bacteriological confirmation of suspected cases, to ensure regular and continuous monitoring.
Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF test accuracy for rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a tuberculosis endemic area
Authors: Mansoori Noormohamad , Arabmofrad Fateme , Pahlavanzadeh Bagher
Published: January 2021

Aim and objectives:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) which remains as an endemic disease in Iran. One of the most significant steps for control of TB is the fast and accurate diagnosis of patients. Examination of sputum smears is the primary method for TB diagnosis, and the culture method remains as the gold standard. Recently, a molecular assay that named Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert), was introduced for rapid diagnosis of TB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Xpert assay for diagnosis of TB in Golestan province.

Methods:

The TB suspected cases which referred to Tuberculosis Reference laboratory, Gorgan, Iran, from March 2018 to February 2019 were included to this study. The sputum specimens were examined using smear microscopy after Ziehl–Neelsen staining and graded according to the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease scale (scanty, 1+, 2+, 3+ and 4+). The Xpert analysis was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions and the provided semi-quantitative results for positive specimens (very low, low, medium and high) were documented. The specimens were cultured into Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture media after decontamination by Petroff's method. Sensitivity and specificity of Xpert and smear microscopy were calculated using a culture as reference standard.

Results:

Of 102 presumptive TB cases, 17 (16.7%) had culture proven TB. The set of 16 (94·1%) culture-confirmed TB cases were equivalently detected using smear microscopy and Xpert. Compared to the culture method, specificity of Xpert and smear microscopy was 100% (85/85) and 97.6% (83/85), respectively. Both tests had a sensitivity of 94.1% (16/17). When the semi-quantitative results of Xpert were compared with smear microscopy, there was 92.3% agreement for specimens with medium/high results, with those that had 1+ to 3+ scales.

Conclusion:

The rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of TB is one of the most important steps for TB control programs. In this study, the Xpert was effectively used to early and accurate diagnosis of TB in the study area. In the other hand, correlation between the Xpert semi-quantitative results and smear microscopy showed that Xpert could help in evaluation of patient's transmission potential.
Genome Research for Asian Tuberculosis (GReAT)
Authors: Satoshi Mitarai , Yoshira Murase , Tomotada Iwamoto
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:

To establish a Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome database in collaboration with Asian countries, and to utilise the data for genotypic drug susceptibility and testing molecular epidemiology

Methods:

M. tuberculosis isolates collected in each participating country based on drug resistance and/or prevalence survey was collected as bacteria or genomic DNA, and whole genome sequencing was performed using Illumina sequencers. As a meta-data, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST) data were collected for each isolate.

Results:

Approximately 5,000 genome data has been collected from Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam, and Mongolia. Approximately 75% of isolates belonged to lineage 2.2.1. Base on the MIC and mutations/indels data, some confident mutations/indels were identified. With the data, the sensitivity of genetic DST for pyrazinamide was increased from 60.1% to 97.2% without losing specificity.

Conclusions:

Genome database will be a basis of genotypic DST and molecular epidemiology. However, the confidence of meta-data including MIC and other clinical information will be the key factor of genome database. In addition, genome data solution programme/software will be of great importance.
Advancing host-directed therapy for tuberculosis/MDR-TB
Authors: Meda Nikhila , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: January 2021

Aim and Objective:

Previous studies reported the implications of host-immune cell signalling pathways contributing towards survival of mycobacteria. Among the few, abrogation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway has been shown to impact bacterial viability in macrophages. However, the intricate molecular mechanisms associated with such outcome at the juncture of host-pathogen interaction remain elusive.

Methods:

We have used novel AKT inhibitor against MTB infected macrophage and tested its survivability and its molecular mechanism of killing inside macrophage.

Result:

In the present work mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with pathogenic strain of M.tb (H37Rv) exhibited increased phosphorylation of AKT. Interestingly, suppression of AKT activity by a novel small molecule inhibitor during mycobacterial infection promoted phagolysosome fusion, apoptosis and autophagy, altogether contributing towards reduction in bacterial count in vitro. At the molecular level, we noticed that, small molecule inhibitor to AKT treatment deciphered the requirement of phosphorylation of AS160, Bad and mTOR by phosphorylated AKT in infected macrophages. Additionally, inhibition of phosphorylated AKT hampered nuclear translocation of NF-kB resulting in decreased cytokine expression.

Conclusion:

Taken together, our inhibitor can be utilized as an adjunctive therapy, as it shows high efficacy in decreasing bacterial count in combination with standard drugs to TB and also prevent the development of antibiotic resistance as host pathways are being targeted.
Surgical or homemade masks and medical clothing for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
Authors: Ghanavi Rozhina , Nadji Seyed Alireza , Farnia Poopak , Ghanavi Jalaledin
Published: January 2021

Aims &Objective:

SARS-CoV-2 spreads when you cough, sneeze, talk, sing, laugh, or breathe out rapidly. Therefore, to protect the individuals or health-care workers, the WHO and CDC have given their standard precautions to use the different types of masks depending on the load of SARS-CoV-2 in their working area. We made a mask that not only protect ourselves from SARS-CoV-2 through respiration, but also give us a protection through inactivation of attached SARS-CoV-2.

Methods:

The spray made by modified molecule of macrocycle (Ghanavi, United States patent; 10147951). The clothing was sprayed and after using in contaminated area was observed under scanning electron microscopy. The virus load was counted using RTPCR.

Result:

the Load of virus showed reduction up to 64 fold (94%) in sprayed clothing. The inactivation of COVID-19 were observed under scanning electron microscopy

Conclusions:

By this technology, the spread and transmission of virus from contaminated to clean area can be reduced or controlled.
Human environment around the world surrounded by rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM)
Authors: Aghajani Jafar , Farnia Parissa , Farnia Poopak , Ayoubi Saman , Ghanavi Jalaledin , Velayati Ali Akbar
Published: January 2021

Aims and Objective:

The rapid growth of Mycobacteria (RGM) is a member of Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium that are environmental and opportunistic pathogens whose role in human disease is increasingly recognized. RGMs are highly found in various natural and man-made environmental resources. They can be opportunistically transmitted to humans through contaminated water sources and cause their infectious pulmonary and extrapulmonary infectious diseases. Misdiagnosis of this type of mycobacterium can lead to destructive results. As a result, improper treatment Faced with it can lead to recurrent infections as well as drug resistance.

Methods:

The aim of this study was to review the existing studies on the prevalence of RGMs between 1990-2017 in worldwide. Data on the prevalence of RGM infection were collected from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and other scientific databases.

Results:

In Asia, 776 cases were reported. Among these, the M. furtuitum 23.32% (181,776), and M. chelonae 18.04%(140,776) were the most prevalence, respectively. Also, 105 cases reported in Africa, with the highest prevalence cases being M. fortuitum 46.67%(49,105), M. neoaurium 14.29%(15,105), and M. septicum 8.57% (9,150), respectively. On the other hand, 1363 cases were reported throughout Europe. Among these, the M. furtuitum 30.37% (414,1363), M. chelonae 18.86%(257,1363), and M. peregrinum 13.94%(190,1363) were the most prevalence, respectively. In the United States, 237 cases of RGM were reported, which the highest prevalence was related to the genus M. chelonae 25.32%(60,237), M. mucogenicum 23.63%(56,237) and M. furtuitum 22.36%(53,237), respectively. Also, in Australia 120 cases were observed, with the highest prevalence in M. fortuitum 49.17%(59,120), M. septicum 21.67%(26,120), and M. chelonae 8.33%(10,120), respectively.

Conclusion:

Given the increasing prevalence of RGMs in different environments, it seems necessary to implement more infection control strategies, appropriate diagnostic methods and control guidelines for NTM diseases. It can be said that we need to increase the quality of diagnostic reference methods and more accurate measures to prevent and control RGM infections.
Mapping Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity and associated drug resistance in the gulf of guinea – africa
Authors: Thumamo Pokam Benjamin D. , Yeboah-Manu D. , Lawson L. , Guemdjom P. W. , Teyim P. M. , Amiteye Daniel , Okonu R. E. , Asuquo Anne E.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB) worldwide re-emergence constitutes a major public health problem with multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains becoming a greater threat. Genotyping and drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are important in order to improve the control of the disease. This study sought to determine drug susceptibility and genetic diversity of MTBC in three West/Central African countries, namely Cameroon, Nigeria and Ghana located in the Gulf of Guinea.

Methods:

A collection of 503 isolates (158 from Cameroon, 202 from Nigeria and 143 from Ghana) obtained from culture using Lowenstein–Jensen medium and Middlebrook 7H9 Broth were included in the study and some isolates tested for drug susceptibility using the proportion method or Xpert MTB/RIF. Isolates were further subjected to IS6110 typing, large sequence polymorphisms and spoligotyping.

Results:

The Cameroon sub-lineage was the most prevalent genetic family [150/202 (74.3%) in Nigeria, 45/102 (44.1%) in Ghana and 54/150 (36%) in Cameroon] and SIT 61 the largest cluster with 111/202 (55%), 43/150 (28.6%) and 22/102 (21.6%) isolates in Nigeria, Cameroon and Ghana respectively. MDR was observed in 29/202 (14.4%) cases in Nigeria, and HIV positivity [37/202 (18.3%) patients] was associated with rifampicin (RIF) [9/37 (24.3%)] resistance (p=0.012), as well as gender (p=0.009). Equally, gender (p=0.038) and age (p=0.015) had significant associations with the LAM10_CAM family in Nigeria. In Cameroon, 13/147 (8.8 %) isolates were resistant to RIF, and 6 (35.3%) of the 17 UgandaI sub-lineage were RIF resistant (OR, 9.58; 95%CI, 2.74-33.55, p=0.001).). RIF resistance was equally associated (OR, 0.18, 95%CI, 0.05-0.69; p=0.023) with previously treated patients [(4/14 (28.6%)] compared to new ones [9/133 (6.8%)]. No sub-lineage was associated with MDR in Ghana Other sub-lineages such as Haarlem, Ghana, West African 1 were recorded in the three countries.

Conclusion:

RIF resistance in TB/HIV co-infected patients and its association with a sub-lineage calls for a reinforced surveillance strategy to curb drug resistance development in the Gulf of Guinea.
Variability of Sea Water Temperature and Its Implication on Cakalang Fish Capture (Katsuwonus pelamis L) in Manokwari Waters, West Papua
Authors: Sala Ridwan , Manuhutu Jafry F.
Published: January 2021

The presence of skipjack fish resources in a fishing area is related to the suitability of the environmental conditions of the waters. This study aims to examine the relationship of sea surface temperature (SPL) to skipjack catches and the characteristics of skipjack catches in Manokwari waters. Data, both catch data and sea surface temperature data, are collected through field surveys by following fishing operations. Furthermore, the data were analyzed descriptively using graphs and mathematically like von Bertalanffy's growth model. The results of this study found that the very small variability of SPL could not explain the variation in the volume of fishermen's catches in Manokwari waters. However, a high SST during the May - August 2013 period is thought to affect the size of the skipjack caught, where the average size of the fish caught inhabited areas near sea level. In addition, the growth of skipjack fish in Manokwari waters is relatively fast with a growth coefficient of 0.42 per year1 and natural mortality between 0.79 per year and 0.81 per year.
Seagrass Potential In Aisandami Village Wondama Bay and It’s Management Strategy
Authors: Tebay Selvi , Boli Paulus , Ainusi Joiner F
Published: January 2021

Seagrass ecosystem have primary and secondary productivity with great support to the abundance and diversity of fishes and it’s biota associations. Seagrass ecosystems are also as a coastal resources that have an important role of environmental services. Some community activities will directly or indirectly can have an impact on habitat degradation and biodiversity of seagrass ecosystems. The importance oto assess the potential of seagrass ecosystem and it’s biotas association is to know of sea grass’s role to provides of environmental services is the aim of this study. This research was conducted in the waters of Kampung Aisandami, Teluk Wondama Regency during June - July 2019. Data collection methodology was used is structured random methods quadrant transects at two observations to reveal data on seagrass community structure. The datas obtained were tabulated and displayed in tables and figures. Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides were found at two observation sites. Another type found outside the observation transect is Halophila ovalis. E. acoroides seagrass species have a frequency value is 0.77 which shows that distribution of E. acoroides is wider than T. hemprichii which has a frequency is 0. 58. Both of station show that T. hemprichii has a frequency value of 0.7 where it indicates that distribution is wider compare with E. Acoroides. T hemprichii has the highest relative density at both observation stations. The status of seagrass of both stations is classified as poor or unhealthy with seagrass value ≥ 30-59.9%. The highest importance index is the T. hemprichii seagrass at both stations and has a higher role than the E. acoroides. The community-based management model is the a suitable model that can be used to developing coastal ecosystem management including seagrass ecosystems in this village.
Bioecology of Manggabai Fish (Glossogobius giuris) in Limboto Lake
Authors: Fazrin Dewi Nuryanti , Hasim Hasim , Juliana Juliana
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the length and weight of Manggabai fish (Glossogobius giuris) and to know the relationship between the presence of Manggabai fish (Glossogobius giuris) and water quality in Limboto Lake. This research was conducted in February 2019, located in the waters of Lake Limboto, Gorontalo Province. The method used in determining the location of sampling is Purposive Sampling. Fish sampling is determined by considering fishing locations, litoral areas, the presence of residential areas, agricultural and plantation areas, the existence of floating net cages and in the middle of the lake. The study was conducted at 20 observation stations using fish traps in the form of bamboo and used motorcycle tires that have been modified and become traditional fishing gear. The results showed that the physical and chemical parameters in Lake Limboto and showed temperature values ​​ranged from 29.77 to 31.630C, dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 2.1 to 5.48 ppm, pH ranged from 7.09 to 8.94, TDS ranging from 0.251 to 0.369, Nitrite Levels 0.04-0.08 ppm, Nitrate Levels 1.2-4.7 ppm, BOD ranges from 2.5-57 ppm and phosphate levels 0.1-1.14 ppm. The relationship between length and body weight of fish are allometric, where W = 0.8769 L10,023 and constant b (10,023)> 3.
A study on the effectiveness of online teaching in pharmacy education from teacher and student perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Panda Dibya Sundar , Gamal Mohammed , Zafar Ameeduzzafar , Parambi Della Grace Thomas , Senapati Aswini Kumar , Patro Soraja Kumar , Sahoo Pratap Kumar , Bose Anindya
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Technology is a proven teaching aid, and online teaching has facilitated teaching across borders; however although technology has been proved to be an effective teaching aid, it cannot replace a teacher. There are many reports that discuss the constraints of only using online classes, as a result the use of both online and face to face classes has been advocated. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has forced teachers and lecturers to rely solely on online classes.
Methods: The authors conducted a survey among the teachers and students of selected schools in India and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to assess their experiences of the effectiveness of online teaching over traditional classroom teaching; the possible ways to improve the teaching and learning experiences; and to find innovative ways and means that can make online teaching more effective. The responses were then represented as percentages, and statistical analysis was conducted to find the degree of agreement.
Conclusion: Some degree of agreement regarding focus in lectures, interactions and summative online assessments was found between students and faculties. Internet speed and technical issues were revealed to be the main constraints of this format, whereas flexibility, availability of content for revision, and fewer distractions were the positive features. The majority of the students and faculty felt that online teaching could not replace traditional face-to-face teaching. The use of animated and video content would help students’ understanding and retention of topics. Frequent summative and formative assessments are vital to draw attention, help with retention and address the issues relating to learning and teaching.
Student and faculty perceptions related to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
Authors: Syofyan Syofyan , Permatasari Dita , Hasanah Uswatul , Armin Fithriani , Yosmar Rahmi , Sri Wahyuni Fatma , Lailaturrahmi Lailaturrahmi
Published: January 2021

Introduction: This study aimed to explore pharmacy students' and faculty members' perception of online learning at the Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Andalas.
Methods: A survey was administered to 522 undergraduate students, 140 pharmacist professional students, and 51 faculty members via an online electronic survey (Google Forms). Demographic data, online learning experiences, and online learning acceptance of students and faculty members were collected through the survey.
Results: Five hundred forty-five students and 36 faculty members of the Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Andalas participated in this study. Online learning was mostly delivered using Zoom, combined with other media (47.3%). The majority of faculty members and students agreed that online learning could achieve knowledge learning outcomes (LOs), but not attitude LOs and skills LOs. More than a half of students and faculty members perceived that online learning is less effective.
Conclusion: In general, the faculty members and students perceived that online learning was not very effective and only considered to achieve some aspects of LOs. As the COVID-19 pandemic is not over yet, it seems that online learning is the reasonable option for conducting learning activities. However, the learning activities and media should be carefully selected to ensure the achievement of all aspects of LOs.
Tratamiento y manejo de la infección por Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Villalón F Alejandro , Reyes P Diego , Ortiz O Javier , Gándara F Vicente , Díaz P Luis A. , Chahuán A Javier , Pizarro R Margarita , Riquelme P Arnoldo
Published: January 2021

Helicobacterpylori infection is a global health problem. Its presence has been associated with the development of digestive diseases including peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, and extra-digestive diseases like thrombo- cytopenic purpura. There are different methods for its investigation, both invasive through a sample obtained by endoscopy; and non-invasive tests. There are specific conditions to indicate its eradication, but since it is considered a type I carcinogen by the WHO, it is currently being proposed to carry out massive eradication, in order to reduce gastric cancer mortality. There are different eradication regimens based on proton pump inhibitors combined with at least 2 antibiotics for at least 14 days, each with different efficacy. International consensus suggest using regimens that achieve an eradication rate greater than 90% and avoiding the use of clarithromycin in places with resistance greater than 15%. In Chile, the Ministry of Health ensures the free eradication of Helicobacter pylori to patients with peptic ulcers with standard triple therapy (amoxicillin, clarithromycin and omeprazole). National studies have shown that the eradication efficacy achieved with this regimen is 63% with 26% resistance to clarithromycin. This suggests that this scheme should be abandoned for other therapies that have shown a higher rate of eradication, such as dual therapy, concomitant quadruple therapy, and quadruple therapy with bismuth. This review addresses the rationale and up-to-date evidence behind the currently recommended eradication therapies and we will propose management algorithms in an attempt to homogenize the management of these patients.
Fístula portobiliar como complicación mayor de biopsia hepática transpercutánea bajo marcación ecográfica
Authors: Rivera O Francisca , San Martín R Diego
Published: January 2021

Woman of 71 years, in study of chronic liver disease, Child-Pugh A, computed tomography (CT) suggestive of cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis score probable. It was decided to perform a liver percutaneous biopsy for diagnosis and treatment. After the procedure, the patient presented a self-limited episode of hematemesis. Upper digestive endoscopy without blood or other injury, abdominal ultrasound without free liquid. The patient was hospitalized, evolving hemodynamically stable without new bleeding episodes. Medical discharge was decided after 24 hours of observation. The patient consults the next day at emergency room because of intense abdominal pain and anemia. CT Impressed a dilated bile duct with hyperdense content inside, so she was rehospitalized. The patient evolved with melaena and hypotension. Biliary hematoma due to arteriobiliary fistula was suspected. CT angiogram evidenced portobiliary fistula. It was managed with endovascular therapy but the patient remained hypotense with a requirement for vasoactive drugs and multi-organ dysfunction, and she finally died.
AIR POLLUTION; CAUSES, EFFECTS AND REMEDIATION IN NIGERIA
Authors: Fagorite Victor , Anifowose Aderemi , Chiokwe Nnamdi
Published: January 2021

More recently, air pollution has been a prevailing issue for discussion due to its adverse health and environmental effects in major cities and more importantly the Niger Delta region as a whole. Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. The causes of air pollution are either natural or anthropogenic. While its effects could be health or environmental. In terms of remediation, there are now practical alternatives to the principal causes of air pollution. For instance, combustion of fossil fuels for space heating can be replaced by using ground source heat pumps and seasonal thermal energy storage. Commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or transportation devices which can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere has been listed. Also, motor vehicles driven by fossil fuels, a key factor in urban air pollution can be replaced by electric vehicles. This has led us to present a general overview of the causes, effects and remediation of air pollution with a little focus on Nigeria. Finally, when it comes to the Niger Delta, there are numerous challenges facing air quality studies such as; lack of equipment, lack of infrastructure, inadequate expertise and weak policy framework.
Influence of the level of informatization on the physical fitness of 8-9-year-old children
Authors:   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Krivolapchuk I.A. , Chernova M.B. ,   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: January 2021

The study substantiates a modified index of informatization, which characte rizes the intensity of the use of digital technologies during the day. The analysis of the influence of digital technologies on the motor fitness of schoolchildren showed that the peculiarities of the development of motor abilities of 8-9-year-old boys and girls largely depend on the level of informatization of their living conditions. It was found that as the modified index of informatization, reflecting the generalized volume of computer load, increases, the indicators of general and power endurance, speed and speed-power abilities decrease. The results give grounds to believe that an adequate mode of physical education, which satisfies the biological needs of children for physical activity, may be the most important factor in increasing their motor fitness against the background of intensive use of digital technologies
Regulatory requirements and individual level of swimmers' bioenergetic abilities in the preparation of the sports reserve
Authors:   Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russian Federation, Solomatin V.R.
Published: January 2021

The present research was aimed at developing complex model characteristics and regulatory requirements for qualified athletes based on somatic and functional indicators of special working capacity and establishing individualization criteria for improving the training process. It has been established that when recruiting combined teams and selecting athletes for sports improvement groups, preference should be given to swimmers with high body length values, with higher functional capabilities, since they have a greater potential to demonstrate high sports achievements
Overloads resulting from the volume of movements in choreography and sports. Message IV. Pelvis and hip joints apophysitis (diachronic analysis)
Authors:   Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russian Federation, Vasiliev O.S. , Stepanik I.A. ,   Vaganova Ballet Academy, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation, Levushkin S.P. ,   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Rokhlin A.V. ,   Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: January 2021

High-amplitude movements in ballet and sports significantly increase the load on the tendon-muscleligament apparatus of the pelvis and hip joints, which leads to apophysites. The aesthetic demands for movements requiring leg turnout significantly modifies the biomechanics of musculoskeletal motion, creating overuse in structures that are rarely "overused" during natural (without turning legs out) movements. Overuse injuries in these children and adolescents are much more common than acute injuries. Most apophysitis, especially apophysitis of pelvic bones and hip joints, remain undiagnosed and mixed up with usual sports injuries. The difficulty in diagnosing the apophysites is that almost all modern methods of instrumental diagnostics are not apophysitis specific and, in most cases, visualize a variety of age norm. Physical examination still remains the optimal method of apophysites diagnostics
Teachers ' knowledge of psychophysiology of children with special needs (children with ADHD, ASD, left-handed and slow-moving children)
Authors:   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Loginova E.S. , Bezrukikh M.M. ,   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Ivanov V.V. ,   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Orlov K.V. ,   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: January 2021

The study of how much teachers of different levels of education know about children with special needs (left -handed, slow-moving children, children with ADHD and ASD) showed the fragmentary, contradictory and unsystematic nature of this knowledge, which proves the relevance and need for special training and retraining of teachers on these issues
Analysis of teachers’ knowledge on the brain development and cognitive activity in children. Results of anonymous survey
Authors:   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Sokolova L.V. , Vasilyeva V.A. ,   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Orlov K.V. ,   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Shumeyko N.S. ,   Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: January 2021

Anonymous voluntary questioning was carried out on teachers of educational organizations from 10 Russian regions. 7117 r espondents took part in the survey: kindergarten teachers of preschool educational organizations, teachers of three levels of school education. The research objective is to assess the teachers’ awareness about the basic terms and concepts associated with the functioning of the nervous system, age-related characteristics of cognitive activity and behavior of children and adolescents, problems of learning and social adaptation that may arise due to age-related features of the growing organism. The analysis of the obtained data did not reveal significant differences in the surveyed groups. There was no significant relation between teaching experience and the knowledge level. Predominance of correct answers was found among teachers of biology. The questions about the age characteristics of the cognitive activity of preschool children and adolescents were the most difficult for the respondents. The obtained results indicate the need for add itional educational programs for teachers, which will give them the opportunity to know recent concepts on the brain development and cognitive activity of a child. The data of this study could be used to develop the program and determine the content of the section "Brain development and the formation of the cognitive activity of a child" in the trai ning course "Pedagogical physiology"
Teachers’ Perceptions of Differentiation and the Struggle for Consistent Implementation
Authors:   Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, Fordyce Felicia D.
Published: January 2021

A problem at three elementary schools in an Appalachian state was that some or all instructors were struggling to implement differentiated instruction in the classroom. Because differentiation is a research-based best practice, teachers should be consistently using this strategy to meet the varying needs found within the inclusive classroom. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate perceptions of third- and fourth-grade teachers on their knowledge, implementation, and selfassessment of using differentiated instruction in classrooms in three elementary schools in one Appalachian state. The two research questions that guided this study asked how third- and fourth-grade teachers used differentiation to support all students and what perceived opportunities and struggles these teachers believed affected their ability to implement this strategy. Nine out of the 14 third- and fourth-grade inclusive teachers who volunteered were asked to participate in semistructured phone interviews and lesson plan analysis. Data were hand coded and analyzed using a spreadsheet to look for reoccurring categories and themes. Six themes emerged within the collected qualitative data to include ability grouping, technology, planning for differentiated instruction, professional supports, lack of training, and instructional support. With the findings, specific professional development was created to help the teacher more consistently use differentiation in the classroom. This study has positive social change implications because it might lead to a stronger administrator and teacher understanding of the perceived uses of differentiation as well as the perceived opportunities and struggles to fully implement the strategy.
Análisis de prácticas alternativas de aprendizaje mediadas por el modelamiento matemático en un ambiente de educación STEM
Authors:   Fundación Universitaria Panamericana, Moreno Cáceres Norman , Agudelo Cárdenas Alexander ,   Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Valero Carvajal Oscar ,   Fundación Universitaria Panamericana
Published: January 2021

El presente escrito tiene como propósito presentar algunos resultados de una investigación sobre las prácticas de aprendizaje mediadas por el modelamiento matemático en un ambiente de educación STEM. Se trabajó una metodología de carácter fenomenográfico de paradigma cualitativo teniendo en cuenta las experiencias de estudiantes de ingeniería en el desarrollo de prácticas alternativas de aprendizaje (PAA) como concepto transformador de la práctica educativa. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se contó con un grupo de estudiantes de la Fundación Universitaria Panamericana (Unipanamericana) inscritos en el curso de Ecuaciones Diferenciales de la Facultad de Ingeniería durante el periodo 2018-II. El diseño de investigación se fundamentó desde tres categorías de análisis principales: Umbral pedagógico, Mediación y Saber de Interés, que permitieron valorar y cualificar los elementos de una PAA. Entre los resultados se encontró que la riqueza de trabajar en un ambiente educativo STEM está relacionado con lo que se define como PAA, dado que se permitió a los estudiantes ser el centro del proceso educativo desde una mediación a través del modelamiento como integrador de saberes prácticos y habilidades útiles para la formación de profesionales de la ingeniería.
Dispositivos móviles como herramientas pedagógicas del siglo XXI
Authors:   UTN INSPT, Ledesma Paula , Villaverde Marcela ,   UTN INSPT
Published: January 2021

Los cambios constantes presentes en este mundo digitalizado se ven reflejados en las diferentes formas de acceso a la información y al conocimiento en la actualidad. Los estudiantes ya no son pasivos receptores del conocimiento que pueda impartir un docente, sino que se espera que el profesor actúe como guía en el desarrollo de las distintas habilidades del siglo XXI, como la resolución de problemas, el trabajo colaborativo, la creatividad y el pensamiento crítico, tal como lo plantea la educación STEAM. En el siguiente capítulo, se propone compartir una experiencia enriquecida con tecnología móvil, que se llevó a cabo con alumnos adolescentes de nivel secundario en Buenos Aires, Argentina, y que fue realizada dentro del marco de la enseñanza de inglés como lengua extranjera, bajo un enfoque cualitativo. En dicha experiencia, teniendo en cuenta el acceso de la mayoría de los alumnos a dispositivos móviles, se planteó el desafío de crear un proyecto donde los alumnos pusieran en práctica el trabajo colaborativo y el análisis crítico para lograr desarrollar un producto digital en forma de avatar parlante, transitando etapas de indagación, reflexión y creación mediadas por tecnología móvil, que permitiera transformar la enseñanza con una integración efectiva de TIC. Durante la experiencia, se pudo observar el impacto positivo que puede tener la tecnología móvil cuando es integrada con objetivos pedagógicos claros. En base a las prácticas realizadas, se concluye que los dispositivos móviles son potenciales aliados de la educación que pueden abrirnos puertas a múltiples actividades que fomenten las llamadas habilidades del siglo XXI.
Información no financiera en el sector comercial colombiano: avances de la elaboración de los reportes corporativos
Authors:   Fundación Universitaria Panamericana, Brand Jaramillo Rubén Darío , Rivera Cachope Jairo Alonso ,   Fundación Universitaria Panamericana, Montaño Barrera Cristina Isabel ,   Fundación Universitaria Panamericana, Guevara Moreno Katherine Dayana ,   Fundación Universitaria Panamericana
Published: January 2021

El objetivo del presente capítulo es caracterizar la elaboración y divulgación de los reportes corporativos en el sector comercial de Colombia, abordando así, los informes de sostenibilidad y los reportes integrados que las empresas colombianas más grandes del país durante el periodo 2013 – 2018 han elaborado. En este sentido, este capítulo identifica los avances de la divulgación de información no financiera de las empresas del sector comercial. La metodología que se desarrolló en el capítulo fue de carácter cualitativo, ya que se buscó definir la categoría de reportes corporativos (informes de gestión, informes de sostenibilidad y reportes integrados) que se presentaron en el sector comercial de Colombia. Para esto, se utilizó la observación y la revisión periódica de los reportes corporativos anuales publicados por las empresas analizadas pertenecientes al sector. Se observan seis años de la información, comenzando por el año 2013 y llegando hasta el año 2018. Las empresas se seleccionaron según los ingresos operacionales reportados a 31 de diciembre de 2018 y basándose en un informe publicado por la Superintendencia de Sociedades en el mes de mayo del 2019, titulado: “Comportamiento de las 1000 empresas más grandes del sector real, por ingresos operacionales”. A manera de hallazgos, se logró evidenciar que el sector comercial ha sido uno de los sectores económicos con mayor crecimiento dentro de la economía colombiana. Con respecto a la elaboración y divulgación de los reportes corporativos: reportes integrados e informes de sostenibilidad en el sector comercial de Colombia, esta es baja, ya que las grandes empresas del país no se encuentran interesadas en divulgar esta clase de información; en este sentido, se visualizó que solo una de las 31 empresas analizadas, ha elaborado Reportes Integrados durante tres periodos consecutivos, mientras que en promedio seis empresas han elaborado informes de sostenibilidad en periodos continuos.
Herramienta de diagnóstico en control organizacional, un insumo para la generación de buenas prácticas de gobierno corporativo en pequeñas empresas
Authors:   Fundación Universitaria Unipanamericana, Olarte Cabana Jairo Alberto
Published: January 2021

Diseñar una herramienta de diagnóstico en control organizacional que aporte a la generación de buenas prácticas de Gobierno Corporativo en pequeñas empresas, es el objetivo de este capítulo; desde el punto de vista metodológico fue abordado bajo las premisas de paradigmas mayormente interpretativos y fundamentado en el análisis de información de tipo cualitativa, así, se realizó una revisión conceptual para contar con bases que posibilitarán analizar el objeto de estudio y proceder al desarrollo de los objetivos propuestos. Dentro de los resultados, se identifica que la herramienta de diagnóstico diseñada por Unipanamericana Sede Valle, configura un acercamiento a la formalización y promoción de buenas prácticas de Gobierno Corporativo en pequeñas empresas de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, esto, toda vez que el control organizacional y sus objetivos hacen parte del insumo que alimenta las premisas básicas del Gobierno Corporativo, aspecto que hace posible su inclusión a nivel de la pequeña empresa.
Indicators of child health in pastoral communities in the Karakoram and Hindukush mountains, Pakistan
Authors: Spenta Kakalia  , Admin
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pastoralism is practiced in remote parts of the Karakoram and Hindukush high mountains, which sprawl across Northern Pakistan, with women and children travelling to high pastures with their animals during summer. There is no road access; glaciers and hazardous terrain accentuate their remoteness. This was a cross-sectional observational study, carried out along Pakistan’s border with Afghanistan’s Wakhan province. A questionnaire was used to collect basic health data. Height / length, and weight were also measured; 35 children were included in the study. This paper offers preliminary conclusions about health indicators and access to health care. For children in the pastures, health care, and other amenities entail long and sometimes hazardous journeys. Living at high altitudes with their livestock, nutrition consists almost exclusively of wheat (roti) and dairy products. Continuous...