bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ideas and perspectives: patterns of soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes along an altitudinal gradient – a pilot study from an Ecuadorian neotropical montane forest
Authors: Lamprea Pineda Paula Alejandra , Bauters Marijn , Verbeeck Hans , Baez Selene , Barthel Matti , Bodé Samuel , Boeckx Pascal
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Tropical forest soils are an important source and sink of greenhouse gases
(GHGs), with tropical montane forests, in particular, having been poorly studied. The
understanding of this ecosystem function is of vital importance for future
climate change research. In this study, we explored soil fluxes
of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide
(N2O) in four tropical forest sites located on the western flanks of
the Andes in northern Ecuador. The measurements were carried out during the
dry season from August to September 2018 and along an altitudinal gradient
from 400 to 3010 m a.s.l. (above sea level). During this short-term campaign, our measurements
showed (1) an unusual but marked increase in CO2 emissions at high
altitude, possibly linked to changes in soil pH and/or root biomass, (2) a
consistent atmospheric CH4 sink over all altitudes with high temporal
and spatial variability, and (3) a transition from a net N2O source to
sink along the altitudinal gradient. Our results provide arguments and
insights for future and more detailed studies on tropical montane forests.
Furthermore, they stress the relevance of using altitudinal transects as a
biogeochemical open-air laboratory with a steep in situ environmental gradient
over a limited spatial distance. Although short-term studies of temporal
variations can improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the
production and consumption of soil GHGs, the inclusion of more rigorous
sampling for forest management events, forest rotation cycles, soil type,
hydrological conditions and drainage status, ground vegetation composition
and cover, soil microclimate, and temporal (seasonality) and spatial
(topographic positions) variability is needed in order to obtain more
reliable estimates of the CO2, CH4, and N2O source/sink
strength of tropical montane forests.
FORTE 2.0: a fast, parallel and flexible coupled climate model
Authors: Blaker Adam T. , Joshi Manoj , Sinha Bablu , Stevens David P. , Smith Robin S. , Hirschi Joël J.-M.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. FORTE 2.0 is an intermediate-resolution coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) consisting of the Intermediate General Circulation Model 4 (IGCM4), a T42 spectral atmosphere with 35σ layers, coupled to Modular Ocean Model – Array (MOMA), a 2∘ × 2∘ ocean with 15 z-layer depth levels. Sea ice is represented by a simple flux barrier. Both the atmosphere and ocean components are coded in Fortran. It is capable of producing a stable climate for long integrations without the need for flux adjustments. One flexibility afforded by the IGCM4 atmosphere is the ability to configure the atmosphere with either 35σ layers (troposphere and stratosphere) or 20σ layers (troposphere only). This enables experimental designs for exploring the roles of the troposphere and stratosphere, and the faster integration of the 20σ layer configuration enables longer duration studies on modest hardware. A description of FORTE 2.0 is given, followed by the analysis of two 2000-year control integrations, one using the 35σ configuration of IGCM4 and one using the 20σ configuration.
Implementation and assessment of a carbonate system model (Eco3M-CarbOx v1.1) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal site (Bay of Marseille, France)
Authors: Lajaunie-Salla Katixa , Diaz Frédéric , Wimart-Rousseau Cathy , Wagener Thibaut , Lefèvre Dominique , Yohia Christophe , Xueref-Remy Irène , Nathan Brian , Armengaud Alexandre , Pinazo Christel
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A carbonate chemistry balance module was implemented into a biogeochemical model of the planktonic food web. The model, named Eco3M-CarbOx, includes
22 state variables that are dispatched into 5 compartments: phytoplankton, heterotrophic bacteria, detrital particulate organic matter, labile
dissolved organic, and inorganic matter. This model is applied to and evaluated in the Bay of Marseille (BoM, France), which is a coastal zone impacted
by the urbanized and industrialized Aix–Marseille Metropolis, and subject to significant increases in anthropogenic emissions of CO2. The model was evaluated over the year 2017, for which in situ data of the carbonate system are available in the study site. The biogeochemical state
variables of the model only change with time, to represent the time evolution of a sea surface water cell in response to the implemented realistic
forcing conditions. The model correctly simulates the value ranges and seasonal dynamics of most of the variables of the carbonate system except for the
total alkalinity. Several numerical experiments were conducted to test the response of carbonate system to (i) a seawater temperature increase,
(ii) wind events, (iii) Rhône River plume intrusions, and (iv) different levels of atmospheric CO2 contents. This set of numerical experiments
shows that the Eco3M-CarbOx model provides expected responses in the alteration of the marine carbonate balance regarding each of the considered
perturbation. When the seawater temperature changes quickly, the behavior of the BoM waters alters within a few days from a source of CO2
to the atmosphere to a sink into the ocean. Moreover, the higher the wind speed is, the higher the air–sea CO2 gas exchange fluxes
are. The river intrusions with nitrate supplies lead to a decrease in the pCO2 value, favoring the conditions of a sink for atmospheric
CO2 into the BoM. A scenario of high atmospheric concentrations of CO2 also favors the conditions of a sink for atmospheric
CO2 into the waters of the BoM. Thus the model results suggest that external forcings have an important impact on the carbonate
equilibrium in this coastal area.
Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for HET-PHIP
Authors: Burueva Dudari B. , Stakheev Aleksandr Y. , Koptyug Igor V.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Production of hyperpolarized catalyst-free gases and liquids by heterogeneous hydrogenation with parahydrogen (HET-PHIP) can be useful for various technical as well as biomedical applications, including in vivo studies, investigations of mechanisms of industrially important catalytic processes, enrichment of nuclear spin isomers of polyatomic gases, and more. In this regard, the wide systematic search for heterogeneous catalysts effective in pairwise H2 addition required for the observation of PHIP effects is crucial. Here in this work we demonstrate the competitive advantage of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for HET-PHIP. The dilution of catalytically active Pd with less active Ag or In atoms provides the formation of atomically dispersed Pd1 sites on the surface of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts, which are significantly more selective toward pairwise H2 addition compared to the monometallic Pd. Furthermore, the choice of the dilution metal (Ag or In) has a pronounced effect on the efficiency of bimetallic catalysts in HET-PHIP, as revealed by comparing Pd-Ag and Pd-In bimetallic catalysts.
Invited perspectives: Building sustainable and resilient communities – recommended actions for natural hazard scientists
Authors: Gill Joel C. , Taylor Faith E. , Duncan Melanie J. , Mohadjer Solmaz , Budimir Mirianna , Mdala Hassan , Bukachi Vera
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Reducing disaster risk is critical to securing the
ambitions of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and natural hazard
scientists make a key contribution to achieving this aim. Understanding
Earth processes and dynamics underpins hazard analysis, which (alongside
analysis of other disaster risk drivers) informs the actions required to
manage and reduce disaster risk. Here we suggest how natural hazard research
scientists can better contribute to the planning and development of
sustainable and resilient communities through improved engagement in
disaster risk reduction (DRR). Building on existing good practice, this
perspective piece aims to provoke discussion in the natural hazard science
community about how we can strengthen our engagement in DRR. We set out
seven recommendations for enhancing the integration of natural hazard
science into DRR: (i) characterise multi-hazard environments; (ii) prioritise effective, positive, long-term partnerships; (iii) understand and
listen to your stakeholders; (iv) embed cultural understanding into natural
hazard research; (v) ensure improved and equitable access to hazard
information; (vi) champion people-centred DRR (leaving no one behind); and
(vii) improve links between DRR and sustainable development. We then proceed
to synthesise key actions that natural hazard scientists and research
funders should consider taking to improve education, training, and research
design and to strengthen institutional, financial, and policy actions. We
suggest that these actions should help to strengthen the effective
application of natural hazard science to reduce disaster risk. By
recognising and taking steps to address the issues raised in these
recommendations, we propose that the natural hazard science community can
more effectively contribute to the inter-/transdisciplinary, integrated work
required to improve DRR.
A clustering-based approach to ocean model–data comparison around Antarctica
Authors: Sun Qiang , Little Christopher M. , Barthel Alice M. , Padman Laurie
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The Antarctic Continental Shelf seas (ACSS) are a critical, rapidly changing
element of the Earth system. Analyses of global-scale general circulation
model (GCM) simulations, including those available through the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6), can help reveal the origins of
observed changes and predict the future evolution of the ACSS. However, an
evaluation of ACSS hydrography in GCMs is vital: previous CMIP ensembles
exhibit substantial mean-state biases (reflecting, for example, misplaced
water masses) with a wide inter-model spread. Because the ACSS are also a
sparely sampled region, grid-point-based model assessments are of limited
value. Our goal is to demonstrate the utility of clustering tools for
identifying hydrographic regimes that are common to different source fields
(model or data), while allowing for biases in other metrics (e.g., water mass
core properties) and shifts in region boundaries. We apply K-means
clustering to hydrographic metrics based on the stratification from one GCM
(Community Earth System Model version 2; CESM2) and one observation-based
product (World Ocean Atlas 2018; WOA), focusing on the Amundsen,
Bellingshausen and Ross seas. When applied to WOA temperature and salinity
profiles, clustering identifies “primary” and “mixed” regimes that have
physically interpretable bases. For example, meltwater-freshened coastal
currents in the Amundsen Sea and a region of high-salinity shelf water
formation in the southwestern Ross Sea emerge naturally from the algorithm.
Both regions also exhibit clearly differentiated inner- and outer-shelf
regimes. The same analysis applied to CESM2 demonstrates that, although
mean-state model biases in water mass T–S characteristics can be substantial,
using a clustering approach highlights that the relative differences between
regimes and the locations where each regime dominates are well represented
in the model. CESM2 is generally fresher and warmer than WOA and has a limited
fresh-water-enriched coastal regimes. Given the sparsity of observations of
the ACSS, this technique is a promising tool for the evaluation of a larger
model ensemble (e.g., CMIP6) on a circum-Antarctic basis.
Accuracy assessment of global internal-tide models using satellite altimetry
Authors: Carrere Loren , Arbic Brian K. , Dushaw Brian , Egbert Gary , Erofeeva Svetlana , Lyard Florent , Ray Richard D. , Ubelmann Clément , Zaron Edward , Zhao Zhongxiang , Shriver Jay F. , Buijsman Maarten Cornelis , Picot Nicolas
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Altimeter measurements are corrected for several
geophysical parameters in order to access ocean signals of interest, like
mesoscale or sub-mesoscale variability. The ocean tide is one of the most
critical corrections due to the amplitude of the tidal elevations and to the
aliasing phenomena of high-frequency signals into the lower-frequency band, but
the internal-tide signatures at the ocean surface are not yet corrected
globally. Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the surface with
wavelengths of about 50–250 km for the first mode and even smaller scales for
higher-order modes. The goals of the upcoming Surface Water Ocean Topography
(SWOT) mission and other high-resolution ocean measurements make the
correction of these small-scale signals a challenge, as the correction of
all tidal variability becomes mandatory to access accurate measurements of
other oceanic signals. In this context, several scientific teams are working on the development of
new internal-tide models, taking advantage of the very long altimeter time
series now available, which represent an unprecedented and valuable global
ocean database. The internal-tide models presented here focus on the
coherent internal-tide signal and they are of three types: empirical models
based upon analysis of existing altimeter missions, an assimilative model and a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. A detailed comparison and validation of these internal-tide models is
proposed using existing satellite altimeter databases. The analysis focuses
on the four main tidal constituents: M2, K1, O1 and S2. The validation
process is based on a statistical analysis of multi-mission altimetry
including Jason-2 and Cryosphere Satellite-2 data. The results show a
significant altimeter variance reduction when using internal-tide
corrections in all ocean regions where internal tides are
generating or propagating. A complementary spectral analysis also gives some
estimation of the performance of each model as a function of wavelength and
some insight into the residual non-stationary part of internal tides in the
different regions of interest. This work led to the implementation of a new
internal-tide correction (ZARON'one) in the next geophysical data records version-F (GDR-F) standards.
Borrowed sizes: A hedonic price approach to the value of netowrk structure in public transport systems
Authors: Bohman Helena , Nilsson Désirée
Published: January 2021

Property prices are known to be higher in places with high accessibility, such as in proximity to train stations and especially to commuter rail, than in places without this access. This study provides a better understanding of how regional accessibility, through the structure of railway networks, can influence local agglomeration economies by providing accessibility to large labor markets. Previous literature has shown a positive impact of proximity to railway stations on housing prices, and our study adds to the literature by analyzing the impact of network structure. We argue that public transport systems can support the benefits of city networks in line with Alonso’s concept of borrowed sizes (1973). Using network theory to measure accessibility provided by the network, we show that stations that provide accessibility to large labor markets across the region are perceived as more attractive by households. Cities in proximity to other cities are strengthened through their public transport links, which allow agglomeration benefits to be exploited by residents.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Radiation Therapy: Past and Present
Authors: Kwon Whi-An , Lee Seo-Yeon , Jeong Tae Yoong , Moon Hong Sang
Published: January 2021

The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing concomitantly with population aging. Accordingly, interest in radiation therapy (RT) and the frequency of RT are also increasing. The types of RT can be broadly divided into external beam RT (EBRT), brachytherapy (BT), and combination therapy (EBRT+BT). Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after RT for the treatment of PCa are common; however, there are few reviews on the relationship between RT and LUTS. Herein, we review the causes and incidence of LUTS, as well as the evaluation and treatment options. Because of the reported risks of RT, patients undergoing RT should be counseled regarding the challenges of treatment and informed that they may have higher failure rates than nonirradiated patients. Moreover, thorough evaluation and treatment strategies are needed to support treatment recommendations. With a review of the existing literature, this narrative article provides an overview to aid urologists in treating patients presenting with complications associated with RT for the treatment of PCa. Further research is required to provide evidence of the effectiveness and feasibility of the management approach to the care of patients with LUTS after RT for the treatment of PCa.
What Is Fecal Incontinence That Urologist Need to Know?
Authors: Kim HongWook , Shim Jisung , Seo Yumi , Lee Changho , Chang Youngseop
Published: January 2021

Fecal incontinence (FI) undoubtedly reduces quality of life and adversely affects the social life of the affected individual. FI has a higher prevalence with age and has an equivalent prevalence to urinary incontinence in patients with genitourinary disease, but is often not confirmed in these cases. A thorough investigation is needed to diagnose FI, with the common etiology of this condition in mind, and several questionnaires can be used to identify symptoms. The physical examination contains digital rectal examination carries out to identify the patient’s condition. Ultrasound, colonoscopy, and rectum pressure test can be performed. Patients educated in diet-related issues, bowel movements, and defecation mechanism. Nonoperative options such as diet control and Kegel exercise should be performed at first. Surgical treatment of FI is considered when conservative management and oral medications produce no improvement. Surgical options include less invasive procedures like bulking agent injections, and more involved approaches from sacral nerve stimulation to invasive direct sphincter repair and artificial bowel sphincter insertion. Good outcomes in FI cases have also recently been reported for barrier devices.
Improvement in Near Vision Following Silodosin Treatment in Patients With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Authors: Shin Hyun Jin , Choi Woo Suk , Lee Shin-Hyo , Lee Andrew G. , Kim Aram , Park Hyoung Keun , Paick Sung Hyun , Kim Hyeong Gon
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the change in near visual function after the administration of oral silodosin to patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).Methods: This prospective study included treatment-naive patients who were scheduled to start treatment with silodosin for LUTS. A comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation including the near vision and the automated pupillometry was performed at baseline and after 3 months of silodosin treatment. For subjective assessment of near visual ability and satisfaction, a Near Activity Visual Questionnaire-10 (NAVQ-10) was also used at the same time (higher scores indicating worse quality).Results: Of 23 patients enrolled in this study, 15 continued with silodosin (8 mg once daily) treatment for 3 months and completed a follow-up evaluation. The mean age of participants was 60.4±8.4 years. Distant visual acuity and spherical error were unchanged after silodosin treatment. However, near vision acuity (logMAR) was improved after treatment (right, 0.47±0.36 vs. 0.38±0.39, P=0.018; left, 0.41±0.37 vs. 0.31±0.34, P=0.068; both, 0.27±0.26 vs. 0.21±0.27, P=0.043). Pupil size under room light decreased significantly in both eyes (right, 3.77±0.60 vs. 3.16±0.58, P=0.001; left, 3.72±0.80 vs. 3.21±0.75, P=0.002). The Rasch scale at NAVQ-10 improved from 54.7±9.9 to 48.5±11.2 (P=0.004).Conclusions: This preliminary study demonstrated that highly selective alpha-1A adrenergic receptor antagonists such as silodosin improve near visual acuity and quality in patients with LUTS/benign prostatic hyperplasia. Decrease in pupil size caused by inhibition of adrenergic alpha 1 mediated contraction of iris dilator muscle is a possible mechanism underlying improved near vision.
SEASONALITY IN LITTERFALL PRODUCTION IN A NATIVE FOREST IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF RS, BRAZIL
Authors: Vogel Hamilton Luiz Munari , Lagemann Monique Pimentel , Schumacher Mauro Valdir
Published: January 2021

Studies on litter deposition are considered an important indicator of environmental quality of forest ecosystems. It is the main route of entry of organic matter and nutrients to forests. The objective of this study was to quantify the annual litterfall and seasonality in a fragment of native forest located in São Sepé in the Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was conducted in a fragment of a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest. Inside this forest, in a place with homogeneous conditions, five plots of 20 m x 15 m length were systematically allocated 30 meters away from each other, where five litterfall traps were distributed in each plot (0,1963 m2 each trap), totaling 25 traps. The collection of all plant material deposited by the trees in the collectors was performed monthly in a four-year period. In the laboratory, the samples were separated into leaves, small twigs (diameter < 0.5 cm) and miscellaneous, and after they were oven dried and weighed on a precision balance. Higher litterfall was observed in the spring, with the highest return peaks mainly in October, indicating a seasonal deposition behavior. The mean litterfall was 6.56 Mg ha-1 year-1; of this total, the leaves were responsible for 67.61%, followed by the miscellaneous with 19.04% and the small twigs with 13.29%. Only a high significant correlation was obtained between the miscellaneous fraction and the temperature.
HOW TO ESTIMATE BLACK WATTLE ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS FROM HETEROSCEDASTIC DATA?
Authors: Gonçalves de Oliveira Thiago Wendling , Coutinho Vinícius Morais , Fiorentin Luan Demarco , Inoue Sanquetta Mateus Niroh , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Dalla Corte Ana Paula
Published: January 2021

This study developed a system of equations for predicting total aboveground and component biomass in black wattle trees. A total of 140 black wattle trees at age 10 years were measured regarding their diameter at 1.30 m height above the ground (d), total tree height (h), basic wood density (branches and stem), and biomass (stem, crown, and aboveground). We evaluated the performance of linear and nonlinear allometric models by comparing the statistics of R2adj., RRMSE%, and BIC. Nonlinear models performed better when predicting crown biomass (using only d as an independent variable), and stem and aboveground biomass (using d and h as independent variables). Adding basic density did not significantly improve biomass modeling. The residuals had non-homogeneous variance; thus, the fitted equations were weighted, with weights derived from a function containing the same independent variables of the fitted biomass function. Subsequently, we used a simultaneous set of equations to ensure that the sum of each component's estimated biomass values was equal to the total biomass values. Simultaneous fitting improved the performance of the equations by guaranteeing the components' additivity, and weighted regression allowed to stabilize error variance, ensuring the homoscedasticity of the residuals.
WOOD PULP FOR POLYMER COMPOSITES PRODUCTION
Authors: Agnes Erick Afonso , De Mello Tânia Vieira , Hillig Éverton , Miyahara Ricardo Yoshimitsu
Published: January 2021

The use of cellulosic fibers in composites is advantageous compared to inorganic materials, because they present lower density, abrasiveness and cost, besides the renewable origin. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of wood pulp obtained by the chemical (bleached and unbleached) and mechanical process, and wood-flour of Pinus taeda as reinforcement in low density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix. The composites were extruded and the specimens molded by compression. The samples were characterized by thermal analysis, density, mechanical properties and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of the wood pulps and the wood flour in the matrix improved the composites mechanical properties and reduced the rate of material degradation. All fibers types acted as nucleating agents because the composites had better mechanical properties than pure LDPE. There was influence of the studied parameters on tensile and flexural strength and the interactions were significant. In general, the highest values of strength and stiffness were obtained with the use of thermo-mechanical process pulp as reinforcement and the lowest values with the use of unbleached chemical process pulp. micrographs analysis showed that the coupling agent was effective for compatibilizing the wood fibers with the LDPE in the composites. It was possible to produce composite materials with good physical and mechanical properties and improved thermal stability by experimental model.
INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF FIVE TREE SPECIES NATIVE TO THE ATLANTIC FOREST IN RECOMPOSITION PLANTATIONS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: Maffra Charles Rodrigo Belmonte , Turchetto Felipe , Cantarelli Edison Bisognin
Published: January 2021

The regularization of rural properties in the molds of the New Forest Code depends on the silvicultural study of the native species of the Brazilian biomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of five native tree species of the Atlantic Forest, with a view to their use in forest restoration projects. The following species were produced in the nursery, planted in the field, and evaluated for performance: Araucaria angustifolia, Mimosa scabrella, Trichilia claussenii, Schizolobium parahyba, and Cordia trichotoma. These species were distributed in two different areas, based on the randomized block experimental design. In experiment 1, the species A. angustifolia, M. scabrella, and C. trichotoma were distributed in three randomized blocks, each composed of 11 plants of each species. In experiment 2, the species A. angustifolia, M. scabrella, T. claussenii, and S. parahyba were distributed in three randomized blocks, each one composed of five plants of each species. In general, S. parahyba and M. scabrella showed faster development than the other species and, in this regard, are promising candidates for forest areas constitution or reconstitution in which there is interest in obtaining economic returns in less time. Araucaria angustifolia and T. claussenii showed relatively low development, whereas C. trichotoma showed intermediate development in relation to the other species studied. Despite their differences in performance, all species proved to be suitable for use in reforestation, mainly in the region where the study was developed.
PAYMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (PES): CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RURAL PRODUCERS AT SENHORA DE OLIVEIRA, MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Schettini Bruno Leão Said , Pereira Marcelo Gomes da Silva , Jacovine Laércio Antônio Gonçalves , Rocha Samuel José Silva Soares da , Villanova Paulo Henrique , Comini Indira Bifano
Published: January 2021

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is an important tool for environmental conservation and is a relevant practice in many countries for the maintenance of forests. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate challenges and opportunities of implementing a Payment for Environmental Services program in the municipality of Senhora de Oliveira, Minas Gerais. Socioeconomic and environmental diagnosis was performed using the Rapid Participatory Diagnosis technique. The total of 20 socioeconomic and environmental questionnaires were applied in the municipality, aiming to know in detail the local reality, raising potentialities and demands. The number of members of the 20 families that participated in the rural diagnosis was 72, of which 36 were men and 36 were women, with an average of 3.6 persons per family. Of the 20 rural properties that participated in the rural diagnosis, 35% have delimited RL areas and none of them has a management plan. The exploration of Legal Reserve occurs in 15% of the evaluated properties, being the production of firewood and cuttings the predominant activity. The average value of disposition receivable by rural producers was R$ 220.00 ha-1year-1, in which the producers who did not respond to this question were not considered. The municipality of Senhora de Oliveira, Minas Gerais has the necessary conditions to implement the PES, however the producers still do not receive any incentive to provide environmental services. If this process of PES is implemented, there will certainly be advances in environmental conservation and will bring social benefits throughout the region.
DIFFERENT SHADING INTENSITIES INTERFERE WITH THE GROWTH OF Myrocarpus frondosus ALLEMÃO SEEDLINGS IN THE NURSERY?
Authors: Carpenedo Aimi Suelen , Machado Araujo Maristela , Almeri Tabaldi Luciane , Manzoni Barbosa Felipe , Santos de Lima Marllos , Costella Claudia
Published: January 2021

Native tree species present different responses depending on their adaptability to varying degrees of sunlight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Myrocarpus frondosus seedlings under different shade conditions in a nursery. The experimental design included randomized blocks in a factorial scheme, corresponding to treatments of full sun (0%), or one of three shading intensities (30%, 50%, and 70%), with evaluation times of 30, 90, 150, 210, 270, 330, and 390 days after emergence – d.a.e. The evaluation of the morphological attributes height (H) and stem diameter (SD) were determined every 60 days, and H/SD ratio were calculated. At 390 d.a.e, the following attributes were evaluated: aerial dry matter, (ADM), root dry matter (RDM), total dry matter, (TDM), Dickson quality index (DQI), leaf area (LA), root volume (RV), and root length. The pigment contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a/b ratio were also identified, along with carotenoid content, maximum quantum yield PSII (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rate (ETR). Myrocarpus frondosus requires shading in its initial stage of growth, at an ideal intensity of 50% or 70% for producing seedlings.
INFLUENCE OF THE LAURACEAE FAMILY ON THE DYNAMICS OF A MIXED OMBROPHILOUS FOREST REMNANT
Authors: Kieras Wesllen Schuhli , Machado Sebastião Do Amaral , Pelissari Allan Libanio , Cysneiros Vinicius Costa , Da Silva Samuel Alves
Published: January 2021

Lauraceae family has one of the highest values of importance in the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF). The commercial value of some of its species was a reason for intense forest exploitation in the southern region of Brazil. Considering the hypothesis that it provides an essential subsidy for the constitution of this forest type, the aim of this study was to identify and quantify the influence of Lauraceae family in the dynamics of a 15.2 ha MOF remnant. Census data were collected every three years, since 2007, in which all trees with a circumference at 1.3 m height equal to or greater than 30 cm were identified and measured. Dynamics were analyzed by periodic increment in diameter, recruitment, and mortality through the measurement periods, while cluster multivariate analysis and canonical correlation were applied for grouping species and assessing their importance on the forest remnant dynamics. Diameter distribution prognosis of Lauraceae and its species was obtained through a transition matrix. Eleven tree species of Lauraceae family were identified, which showed decreasing diameter distribution and value of importance equals to 9.51%. Using cluster analysis, five groups were obtained, while the canonical correlation of 0.551 was considered moderate and statistically significant by Wilks’ Lambda test. By the projection of diameter distribution, it was verified that the study community is stable and self-regenerative. Although it is considered moderate, the influence of family on the forest remnant tends to increase with the advance of ecological succession.
PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WOOD OF Plathymenia reticulata BENTH (VINEYARD-OF-FIELD) NATIVE SPECIES OF THE CERRADO OF THE STATE OF TOCANTINS
Authors: Marchesan Raquel , Souza Lucas Alves Ferreira , Fortes Rodrigo Araújo , Reinaldo Raydel Lorenzo , Barros André Orathes do Rego , Santos André Ferreira dos
Published: January 2021

Physical-Mechanical Characterization of the Wood of Plathymenia reticulata Benth (Vinhático-do-campo) Species of the Cerrado Biome of the State of Tocantins. The objective of this work was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático-do-campo) wood to indicate its potential use. The wood used in the production of the specimens came from the municipality of Dueré – TO native forest. The basic density, wood retractability, and anisotropy coefficient were obtained from physical tests, and the values of axial compression and static flexion resistance from the mechanical tests. The values obtained showed that the Plathymenia reticulata Benth wood fits the C40 resistance classification for hardwoods, determined by the Brazilian Standard (NBR7190). The average value of the basic density found was 0.64 g cm-3, classified as a medium density wood and the values of tangential, radial and volumetric retractability were 6.11%, 3.06%, 9.39 %, respectively. As for its mechanical characteristics, it presented average values of compressive strength parallel to the fibers, resistance to static flexion, and elastic modulus equal to 58.8MPa, 128.2 MPa, and 12760.0MPa, respectively. The vinhático-do-campo wood can be classified as stable wood and its physical characteristics suggest a normal quality. The species can be applied in light and heavy construction.
“Forever by Your Side,” Cross-Cultural Understanding, and the Aesthetic Dimension of Life
Authors: Mu Aili
Published: January 2021

What appears irrelevant or negligible to readers of one cultural tradition may be seminal and indispensable to those of another. This article studies a prominent Chinese mode of living—the earnest pursuit of the aesthetic qualities of life—to help bridge the “impasses of noncommunication” in cross-cultural understanding. It constructs the working concept of “the aesthetic dimension of life” from Chinese formative thoughts before it applies the concept to the reading of “Forever by Your Side,” a “short-short story” by a contemporary peasant writer in China. The discussion focuses on how the ethical and the aesthetic are mutually entailing and how aspirations for the aesthetic in life affect human actions in general and ordinary people’s everyday choices and behavior in particular. Approaching the story from Chinese cultural tradition and analyzing it with Chinese conceptual paradigms, this article offers an in-depth understanding of contemporary China in its civilizational context and shows a way to overcome obstacles of cross-cultural communication.
Home-based, slow up-dosing oral immunotherapy for hen’s egg allergy in an adult patient
Authors: Horino Satoshi , Uneoka Kei , Nihei Masato , Aki Haruka , Miura Katsushi
Published: January 2021

Standard therapy for food allergies involves avoiding causative foods until a patient has outgrown their allergies. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is an optional treatment for children unlikely to outgrow their food allergy. However, information about OIT in adult patients with food allergies is very limited. We present a case of severe hen’s egg allergy (HEA) in an adult who tried home-based, slow up-dosing OIT, reported to have been tolerable and effective in children. A 20-year-old woman with HEA experienced repeated anaphylaxis since childhood when she consumed a small quantity of hen’s egg, so she completely avoided hen’s eggs. She underwent inpatient oral food challenge (OFC) with 10-g boiled egg yolk and presented lip swelling and abdominal pain. OFC with 1-g boiled egg yolk the following day induced no adverse reaction. OIT was initiated using a home-based, slow up-dosing protocol. She consumed 1 g of boiled egg yolk at home every day, increasing this by 5%-10% every 2 weeks. She started 0.5-g boiled egg white after reaching a whole egg yolk. If adverse reactions occurred, the daily dose was decreased. After 59 months, she was able to eat an entire boiled egg. Anaphylaxis occurred 3 times during OIT due to accidental consumptions of egg products or insufficient heating of egg. Home-based, slow up-dosing OIT might be applicable for adults with severe HEA. It should be performed with appropriate equipment and education for patients, in case of emergency.
A Model of Sustainable Leadership for Leaders in Double First-Class Universities in China
Authors: Yue Xiaoyao , Feng Yongjun , Ye Yan
Published: January 2021

Owing to the context in which higher education institutions function, models of sustainable leadership have not been applied to this area. Yet China is now the world’s second largest economic entity, and higher education plays an integral role in the country’s development. In August 2015, China’s State Council published the Overall Plan for Coordinately Advancing the Construction of World First-class Universities and First-class Disciplines. This paper reviews and analyzes research and theories related to effective leadership and sustainable leadership, which is applied in education and higher education institutions, especially in China. The current challenges of double first-class universities in China will be determined. Under this situation, according to two eras of literatures on effective leadership and sustainable leadership in higher education, the author will develop a model of sustainable leadership for leaders in double first-class universities in China.
INCOME TAX EXEMPTION FOR SELECTED REVENUES
EARNED BY POLICE OFFICERS
Authors: Goettel Aleksy
Published: January 2021

Revenues of police offi cers obtained for their service, as in case
of other professional groups, are subject to personal income tax. However,
this does not change the fact that certain categories of the above benefi ts
have been treated favourably in terms of the tax law. By means of the exemptions in question, the tax legislator waives the obligation to pay tax
on benefi ts which, due to their specifi c nature (e.g. relating to the specifi c
nature of the business relationship, social, family, health or other axiological
considerations), should remain free of tax. The important thing is that the
analysed tax preferences are differentiated in terms of their legal structure
— while some of them cover only cash benefi ts, in some cases they concern
benefi ts in kind. In addition, some tax exemptions for police offi cers do not
involve waiving the obligation to pay tax of the full amount of income from
a particular source, but only a certain part of it. The exemption from income
tax for certain categories of benefi ts received by police offi cers has a direct
impact on the performance of so-called instrumental duties, in particular the
obligation to submit income tax returns.
STATUS OF PUBLIC PROSECUTOR IN CASES INVOLVING
TAX OFFENCES
Authors: Skowronek Grzegorz
Published: January 2021

This study is a thorough analysis of the status of a public prosecutor in proceedings involving tax offences. It examines the regulation obliging fi nancial investigative authorities or their representative to participate in
the main and appeal hearings if they fi led the bill of indictment for a fi scal
offence. Moreover, there is a research question in the text whether is it right to apply the system of two public prosecutors functioning next to each other
in the Penal Fiscal Code, i.e. a prosecutor and a representative of the fi nancial investigative authorities acting as a public prosecutor?
The set of entities which may act as public prosecutors under the provisions of the Penal Fiscal Code has been identifi ed in the course of the research. It has also been pointed out that the legislator underlines the importance of fi scal penal law as regards compensating for fi nancial loss through
both the obligatory participation of the fi nancial investigative authority or
its representative in the main hearing, and allowing this body to become a
public prosecutor although it is not entitled to fi le an indictment. Maintaining two public prosecutors in a court of law when dealing with fi scal offences
has also been advocated.
The study of colour changes under artificial weathering of light red meranti and yellow balau wood from Shorea genus
Authors: Jankowska Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

The study of colour changes under artificial weathering of light red meranti and yellow balau wood from Shorea genus. This paper deals with the change in colour of selected tropical wood species from Shorea genus such as light red meranti and yellow balau. The artificial weathering method was used to determine the colour stability of wood surface. The used ageing method consisted of alternating soaking wood in water, drying at a temperature of 70°C and UV irradiation exposure. The colour changes were evaluated using CIE L*C*h system. Changes of particular colour parameters (lightness L*, chroma C*, hue h) were determine as well as the total colour change ΔE*. The results showed that tested species of wood change their colour similarly under the influence of the artificial weathering (the changes in the tested wood appearance occurred in similar scope). Surfaces of tested wood species initially became darker and then lighter. The largest changes in intensity of the colour of wood took place at the beginning of artificial weathering process. The intensity of changes decreased with the progress of aging process.
A Phenomenology of the Ground
Authors: Van Horn O’neil ,   International Association for Environmental Philosophy
Published: January 2021

In light of the already-here disasters of the Anthropocene, what might it mean to define “ground” phenomenologically? That is, if one is to get beyond the ‘merely rational’ and enter into the ‘dustier’ matters of ecological philosophizing, how might one phenomenologically consider the ground? This article will dwell on the nature of the earth-ground—or, soil—as a rematerialized grounding principle for phenomenology in this age of climate crisis. Contending with Heidegger, among others, this poietic article limns possibilities for a ‘grounded’ phenomenology.
Animating the Inanimate—A Deconstructive-Phenomenological Account of Animism
Authors: Bretz Thomas H. ,   International Association for Environmental Philosophy
Published: January 2021

This paper investigates the plausibility of one aspect of animism, namely the experience of other-than-human (including so-called inanimate) beings as exhibiting a kind of inaccessible interiority. I do so by developing a parallel between Husserl’s account of our experience of other conscious beings and our experience of non-conscious as well as so-called inanimate beings. I establish this parallel based on Derrida’s insistence on the irreducibility of context. This allows me to show how the structure of presence qua absence characteristic of our experience of conscious others emerges in our experience of non-conscious beings as well.
A Filosofia de Schopenhauer na narrativa do jovem Werther de Goethe
Authors: Deus Flávio Rocha de
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho se propõe a discorrer acerca da concepção de suicídio e suas motivações para Arthur Schopenhauer e utilizar o romance epistolar Os sofrimentos do jovem Werther como ilustração de tal percepção. Para tal seguimos o seguinte roteiro: encontrar as motivações metafísicas do suicídio para Schopenhauer; expor as considerações do filósofo supracitado sobre o sofrimento e o amor; demostrar como ambos os fenômenos se relacionam com a atitude suicida e a partir desta ótica analisar o romance epistolar de Goethe para expor no mesmo uma ilustração da filosofia schopenhauriana.
Schopenhauer e os Valores da Experiência Estética, de Bart Vandenabeele
Authors: Achlei Renata Covali Cairolli , Corrêa da Silva Luan
Published: January 2021

Tradução do artigo originalmente publicado em The Southern Journal of Philosophy, Vol. XLV, 2007, pp. 565-582, intitulado Schopenhauer on the Values of Aesthetic Experience.
Metafísica em tempos de pandemia: consolo schopenhaueriano para o espanto em face da morte
Authors: Picoli Gleisy Tatiana
Published: January 2021

O ponto central do presente artigo consiste em aplicar o conceito schopenhaueriano de metafísica ao contexto atual da pandemia de covid-19, com o intuito principal de proporcionar um consolo ao indivíduo angustiado com medo da morte.
Industrial heritage along Belgrade waterfront in planning documents
Authors: Nikolić Marko , Vukmirović Milena
Published: January 2021

The City of Belgrade is situated at the confluence of the Sava and Danube. Accordingly, this geographical position has strongly shaped Belgrade's strategic and geopolitical significance, as well as its identity. In the last two decades, the development of several mega-projects in the area of Belgrade waterfront has had a negative impact on the cultural heritage of Belgrade and its historical cityscape, affecting its urban morphology and typology. The reason for this is that urban regeneration is most often driven by economic interests, while the preservation of meaning and the memory of a place are neglected. Along with these processes, several civic initiatives have emerged that aim to prevent damage to the built heritage and to indicate the need for stronger involvement of citizens in the city's planning and development processes. In order to discontinue the tendency of being driven by economic interest and demonstrate a will to achieve further sustainable development, it is necessary to redefine the procedure for protecting valuable cultural heritage. This could be achieved by creating a new approach to protecting cultural heritage in the domain of urban design and planning, taking into account all the values, tradition, authenticity and identity of a place. Accordingly, the paper will focus on the issues of protecting Belgrade's waterfront heritage, its historical and urban context, its genesis, and its cultural and architectural characteristics. Furthermore, the possibilities for different approaches to the presentation and modern utilization of the abandoned and ruined waterfront heritage will be investigated, in order to define new, common procedures that will be in line with city development goals, citizen expectations and heritage protection measures.
Belgrade housing modernisation in the first half of 20th century: Transformation of spatial concept, construction and materialization of multy-story residential buildings
Authors: Roter-Blagojević Mirjana , Đukanović Ljiljana
Published: January 2021

Multi-storey business-residential and residential buildings have been increasingly present in Belgrade since 1900 and testify to its accelerated modernisation. In the period before the WWI, the basic types of multi-family residential buildings were developed and characteristic forms of building assemblies and spatial organisation of apartments were formed. As builders were educated in Central European centres (Pest, Vienna, Munich, Aachen, Berlin and Zurich), the types of assemblies and apartments were created according to their influence. After the war, in addition to the old generation of architects, the younger generation, educated at the Architectural Department of the Technical Faculty in Belgrade, is also active, which contributes to a greater variety of solutions and the influence of other European centres (Prague and Paris). Through the analysis, examples from the period 1900-14 and 1918-41 are considered and compared to define the basic types of building shapes, assemblies and spatial organization of apartments. The research confirms the thesis on the continuity of development and application of the same basic types of buildings and spatial organisation of apartments in both periods. The thesis of continuous use of masonry construction for making walls in both periods was also confirmed, while the use of modern material, reinforced concrete, and semi-prefabricated Herbst construction was established during the third and fourth decades of the 20th century.