bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in tailoring luminescent rare-earth mixed inorganic materials
Authors: Liu Jing , Kaczmarek Anna M. , Van Deun Rik
Published: September 2018

This tutorial review summarizes the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and luminescence properties of rare-earth mixed inorganic materials.
Selective turn-on detection of low levels of cysteine and homocysteine based on fluorescent hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
Authors: Tian Dazhi , Sun Jishan , Zhang Li , Zhang Kaina , Jiang Wentao , Yang Minghui
Published: September 2018

Fluorescence assay of low levels of biothiols, such as cysteine and homocysteine, based on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles is reported.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in the visible range on scalable aluminum-coated platforms
Authors: Gómez Manuel , Kadkhodazadeh Shima , Lazzari Massimo
Published: September 2018

Combining submicrometer-sized 3D structures with Al roughness for the development of sustainable SERS substrates.
Towards understanding of lanthanide–transition metal bonding: investigations of the first Ce–Fe bonded complex
Authors: Burns Corey P. , Yang Xin , Sung Siyoung , Wofford Joshua D. , Bhuvanesh Nattamai S. , Hall Michael B. , Nippe Michael
Published: September 2018

The syntheses, structural, and magnetic characterization of three new organometallic Ce complexes stabilized by PyCp22− (PyCp22− = [2,6-(CH2C5H3)2C5H3N]2−) are reported.
Opening two benzene rings on trichalcogenasumanenes toward high performance organic optical-limiting materials
Authors: Hou Xueqing , Sun Jibin , Liu Zhe , Yan Chaoxian , Song Wenru , Zhang Hao-Li , Zhou Shuyun , Shao Xiangfeng
Published: September 2018

Ring reconstruction of bowl-shaped trichalcogenasumanenes results in diimide compounds which show excellent optical limiting performance superior to C60.
CDy14: a novel biofilm probe targeting exopolysaccharide Psl
Authors: Kwon Haw-Young , Kim Jun-Young , Lee Jung Yeol , Yam Joey Kuok Hoong , Hultqvist Louise Dahl , Xu Wang , Rybtke Morten , Tolker-Nielsen Tim , Kim Jong-Jin , Kang Nam-Young , Yang Liang , Park Sung-Jin , Givskov Michael , Chang Young-Tae
Published: September 2018

We developed CDy14, which is the first small molecule probe for Psl target in bacterial biofilm.
Five transition metal coordination polymers driven by a semirigid trifunctional nicotinic acid ligand: selective adsorption and magnetic properties
Authors: Bai Nannan , Gao Ruicheng , Wang Haihua , Wu Yunlong , Hou Lei , Wang Yao-Yu
Published: September 2018

Five coordination polymers have been synthesized by a new organic linker containing three distinct types of functional groups together with the mixed 2,2′-bipy or 4,4′-bipy co-ligand, revealing various framework structures and selective gas adsorption and magnetic properties.
Nontrivial topology and topological phase transition in two-dimensional monolayer Tl
Authors: Zhang Jin , Ji Wei-xiao , Zhang Chang-wen , Li Ping , Wang Pei-ji
Published: September 2018

Topological insulating material with dissipationless edge states is a rising star in spintronics.
The dimensional and hydrogenating effect on the electronic properties of ZnSe nanomaterials: a computational investigation
Authors: Lv Xiaodong , Li Fengyu , Gong Jian , Chen Zhongfang
Published: September 2018

We performed a comprehensive first-principles study on the structural and electronic properties of ZnSe two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets and their derived one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons (NRs) and nanotubes (NTs).
Effect of nano-pillared surfaces with an arrangement density gradient on droplet coalescence dynamics
Authors: Li Tao , Li MingYu , Wang JunJun , Li Jie , Duan YunRui , Li Hui
Published: September 2018

Coalescence dynamics can be significantly affected by pillared structures, and can be controlled by properly arranging them with density gradient.
Liposomes and polymersomes: a comparative review towards cell mimicking
Authors: Rideau Emeline , Dimova Rumiana , Schwille Petra , Wurm Frederik R. , Landfester Katharina
Published: September 2018

Minimal cells: we compare and contrast liposomes and polymersomes for a bettera priorichoice and design of vesicles and try to understand the advantages and shortcomings associated with using one or the other in many different aspects (properties, synthesis, self-assembly, applications).
2D-Pnictogens: alloy-based anode battery materials with ultrahigh cycling stability
Authors: Beladi-Mousavi Seyyed Mohsen , Pumera Martin
Published: September 2018

This review summarizes the preparation, properties, and energy-storage performance of 2D-pnictogens as anode materials, and their advantages compared to their parent 3D-structures.
Recent advances of bioinspired functional materials with specific wettability: from nature and beyond nature
Authors: Sun Yihan , Guo Zhiguang
Published: September 2018

Bioinspired functional materials with specific wettability: from nature and beyond nature.
The influence of copper addition on the electrical conductivity and charge transfer resistance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
Authors: Iskandar Ferry , Abdillah Oktaviardi Bityasmawan , Stavila Erythrina , Aimon Akfiny Hasdi
Published: September 2018

The possible explanations on how the existence of copper, CuO, or Cu2O influences the electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties of rGO.
Multifunctional and self-propelled spherical Janus nano/micromotors: recent advances
Authors: Pourrahimi Amir Masoud , Pumera Martin
Published: September 2018

Autonomous self-propelled multifunctional Janus nano/micromotors, which are able to convert different energies into mechanical motion.
In situ formed nanoparticle-assisted growth of large-size single crystalline h-BN on copper
Authors: Li Man , Zhou Shasha , Wang Renyan , Yu Yiwei , Wong Hoilun , Luo Zhengtang , Li Huiqiao , Gan Lin , Zhai Tianyou
Published: September 2018

We report herein an in situ formed nanoparticle-assisted growth mechanism for the synthesis of large-size single crystalline h-BN on copper.
Synthesis of multifunctional homopolymersviasequential post-polymerization reactions
Authors: Kubo Tomohiro , Easterling Charles P. , Olson Rebecca A. , Sumerlin Brent S.
Published: September 2018

This mini-review highlights recent developments in the synthesis of multifunctional homopolymers,i.e., homopolymers with multiple pendent functionalities.
Bio-inspired FeN5 moieties anchored on a three-dimensional graphene aerogel to improve oxygen reduction catalytic performance
Authors: Huang Jianshe , Lu Qingqing , Ma Xiao , Yang Xiurong
Published: September 2018

A three-dimensional graphene aerogel supported FeN5 composite with an explicit five-coordinated Fe–N bond is synthesized, which shows excellent ORR catalytic performance.
A near-infrared emission fluorescent probe with multi-rotatable moieties for highly sensitive detection of mitochondrial viscosity in an inflammatory cell model
Authors: Ma Yanyan , Zhao Yuping , Guo Rui , Zhu Linlin , Lin Weiying
Published: September 2018

We have designed a new near-infrared emission fluorescent probe with multi-rotatable moieties for the imaging of mitochondrial viscosity in an inflammatory cell model.
A turn-on fluorescent probe based on Si-rhodamine for sensitive and selective detection of phosgene in solution and in the gas phase
Authors: Du Man , Huo Baolong , Liu Jiemin , Li Mengwen , Shen Ao , Bai Xue , Lai Yaru , Fang Leqiu , Yang Yunxu
Published: September 2018

A turn-on fluorescent probe based on Si-rhodamine for sensitive and selective detection of phosgene in solution and in the gas phase.
Variability of defensin genes from a Mexican endemic Triatominae: Triatoma (Meccus) pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Díaz-Garrido Paulina , Sepúlveda-Robles Omar , Martínez-Martínez Ignacio , Espinoza Bertha
Published: September 2018

Chagas disease remains a serious health problem for countries where the most common mode of transmission is infection contracted from the feces of a Triatominae insect vector. In México, 32 species of Triatoma have been identified; amongst them, Triatoma (Meccus) pallidipennis is an endemic species reported to have high percentages of infection with T. cruzi. Defensins, cysteine-rich cationic peptides, are a family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs); the synthesis of these molecules is crucial for insect’s immune defense. In the present study, the genes encoding defensins in T. pallidipennis were sequenced with the purpose of identifying the variability of these genes in a Mexican vector of T. cruzi. We found 12 different genes encoding three mature peptides, all of which had the typical folding of a functional insect defensin. In this work two Defensins type 1 and one type 4 were identified. The pro-peptide domain was highly variable and the mature peptide was not. This is the first report focus on variability of defensins from an epidemiologically important Triatoma in Mexico.
Spitzer Planck Herschel Infrared Cluster (SPHerIC) survey: Candidate galaxy clusters at 1.3 < z < 3 selected by high star-formation rate
Authors: Martinache C. , Rettura A. , Dole H. , Lehnert M. , Frye B. , Altieri B. , Beelen A. , Béthermin M. , Le Floc’h E. , Giard M. , Hurier G. , Lagache G. , Montier L. , Omont A. , Pointecouteau E. , Polletta M. , Puget J.-L. , Scott D. , Soucail G. , Welikala N.
Published: September 2018

There is a lack of large samples of spectroscopically confirmed clusters and protoclusters at high redshifts, z > 1.5. Discovering and characterizing distant (proto-)clusters is important for yielding insights into the formation of large-scale structure and on the physical processes responsible for regulating star-formation in galaxies in dense environments. The Spitzer Planck Herschel Infrared Cluster (SPHerIC) survey was initiated to identify these characteristically faint and dust-reddened sources during the epoch of their early assembly. We present Spitzer/IRAC observations of 82 galaxy (proto-)cluster candidates at 1.3 < zp < 3.0 that were vetted in a two step process: (1) using Planck to select by color those sources with the highest star-formation rates, and (2) using Herschel at higher resolution to separate out the individual red sources. The addition of the Spitzer data enables efficient detection of the central and massive brightest red cluster galaxies (BRCGs). We find that BRCGs are associated with highly significant, extended and crowded regions of IRAC sources which are more overdense than the field. This result corroborates our hypothesis that BRCGs within the Planck–Herschel sources trace some of the densest and actively star-forming proto-clusters in the early Universe. On the basis of a richness-mass proxy relation, we obtain an estimate of their mean masses which suggests our sample consists of some of the most massive clusters at z ≈ 2 and are the likely progenitors of the most massive clusters observed today.
Galbanic Acid-Coated Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles with Enhanced Cytotoxicity to Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Mohtashami Leila , Ghows Narjes , Tayarani-Najaran Zahra , Iranshahi Mehrdad
Published: September 2018

Galbanic acid is a natural sesquiterpene coumarin compound with different biological activities, particularly cytotoxicity against LNCaP (an androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line). Galbanic acid induces apoptosis in LNCaP via down-regulation of androgen receptor. However, the poor water-solubility of galbanic acid limits further in vitro and in vivo studies. In this study we present the synthesis of galbanic acid-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles and their cytotoxicity evaluation on three prostate cancer cell lines, including PC3 (an androgen-independent cell line), LNCaP, and DU145 (an androgen-independent cell line). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scattering electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Our cytotoxicity evaluation demonstrated that galbanic acid was cytotoxic only against LNCaP cells, while the galbanic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity on all tested cells, including androgen-dependent and -independent cell lines. This indicates that other mechanisms are involved in the cytotoxicity of galbanic acid in addition to androgen receptor down-regulation. In conclusion, the loading of galbanic acid on the surface of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles turned out to be a successful approach to enhance the solubility and cytotoxicity of this compound.
Colorectal Lymphoma: A Review
Authors: Gay Nathan , Chen Andy , Okada Craig
Published: September 2018

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that primarily involves the colon is rare and should be distinguished from the more common systemic nodal lymphoma. It has unique clinical expectations and management consideration. Different histologic subtypes of NHL involve the colon, which varies in the clinical behavior and likelihood of obtaining durable remissions with treatment. This article will review the current understanding of the different histologic subtypes of primary colorectal lymphoma and propose management algorithms.
Small Bowel and Colorectal Carcinoids
Authors: Byrne Raphael , Pommier Rodney
Published: September 2018

Neuroendocrine tumors, or carcinoid tumors, of both the midgut and hindgut are quite rare, but their incidence is increasing. Surgery is the treatment of choice in patients who can tolerate an operation and have operable disease. Options for the treatment of metastatic disease include cytoreductive surgery, somatostatin analogues, interferon α, local liver therapies (hepatic arterial embolization, ablation), chemotherapy, Peptide-Receptor Radionucleotide Radiotherapy, angiogenesis inhibitors, and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors.
The Role of Factor VII in Haemostasis: Infusion Studies of Factor VIIa in a Canine Model of Factor VIII Deficiency
Authors: Mertens Koen , Briët Ernest , Giles Alan R
Published: September 2018

The role of factor VIIa in haemostasis has been studied using a canine model of factor VIII deficiency. Highly purified human factor VIIa was administered to dogs at a dosage of 0.5 μg/kg. At selected times pre- and post-infusion, haemostasis was evaluated by the cuticle bleeding time. Plasma was collected for the assay of various parameters, including fibrinopeptide A (FPA) as a marker for thrombin generation in vivo. Factor VIIa infusion resulted in a 6-fold increase of factor VII clotting activity with z t1/2 of 2 h. FPA levels which were 1.4 ng/ml before infusion, did not increase significantly in haemophilic dogs. In normal dogs, however, FPA levels rose to a mean value of 190 ng/ml 30 min post-infusion. It appeared that thrombin generation by factor VIIa infusion had occurred mainly via the intrinsic, factor VIIIdependent pathway. In factor VIII-deficient dogs, factor VIIa infusion did not correct cuticle bleeding, but an inconsistent haemostatic effect was observed 15–30 min post-infusion. Similar results were obtained in haemophilic dogs with circulating antibodies against factor VIII. The haemostatic effectivity could not be improved by increasing the factor VIIa dosage up to 40-fold. Although these data suggest that the extrinsic, factor VIIdependent factor X activation provides only a minor pathway of thrombin generation in vivo, it is possible that the suboptimal haemostatic effect noted may be promoted in bleeding situations where tissue factor availability is less limited. As such, factor VIIa may prove useful in the treatment of haemophilia A patients with acquired inhibitors to factor VIII.
A Point Mutation in an Invariant Splice Acceptor Site Results in a Decreased mRNA Level in a Patient with Severe Coagulation Factor XIII Subunit A Deficiency
Authors: Vreken Peter , Niessen René W L M , Peters Marjolein , Schaap Marianne C L , Zuithoff-Rijntjes Johanna G M , Sturk Augueste
Published: September 2018

Amplification and sequencing of exons I-XV of the gene encoding subunit A of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) in a patient with severe subunit A deficiency revealed a single G → A base substitution at the last position of intron E, mutating the invariant AG dinucleotide splice acceptor site to AA. Northern blot analysis of FXIII subunit A mRNA levels in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes showed that this mutation leads to an undetectable FXIII subunit A mRNA level, suggesting that the mutant transcript is either highly unstable or only spliced at low efficiency. Despite this low mRNA level we were able to amplify cDNA fragments containing the exonV-exonVI junction. Sequence analysis showed that the AA dinucleotide is not recognized by the splicing machinery. Instead, an AG dinucleotide located seven bases downstream of the mutated splice acceptor site is used as alternative acceptor. The resulting, alternatively spliced, FXIII subunit A transcript contains a deletion of the first seven bases of exon VI, while translation continues out of frame and leads to a premature stop codon 27 bases thereafter.
Comparison of unit cell coupling for grating-gate and high electron mobility transistor array THz resonant absorbers
Authors: Condori Quispe Hugo O. , Chanana Ashish , Encomendero Jimy , Zhu Mingda , Trometer Nicole , Nahata Ajay , Jena Debdeep , Xing Huili Grace , Sensale-Rodriguez Berardi
Published: September 2018

We report experimental studies on the excitation of synchronized plasmon resonances in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) arrays. In contrast to the commonly employed grating-gate configurations, the analyzed structure contains periodically patterned ohmic contacts to the two-dimensional electron gas, which are laid-out parallel to the gate fingers. In this structure, the terahertz to plasmon coupling mechanism is fundamentally different from that in grating-gate configurations. Whereas the grating-gate configuration constitutes a coupled resonant system in which the resonance frequency depends on the grating periodicity, when periodical ohmic contacts are incorporated, the system behaves as a synchronized resonant system in which each unit cell is effectively independent. As a result, in a HEMT-array, the resonance is no longer set by the periodicity but rather by the gate and the ungated region length. Experimental results of fabricated samples compare well with numerical simulations and theoretical expectations. Our work demonstrates that the proposed approach allows: (i) more efficient excitation of high order plasmon modes and (ii) superior overall terahertz to plasmon coupling, even in configurations having less number of devices per unit area. From this perspective, our results reveal a simple way to enhance the terahertz to plasmon coupling and thus improve the performance of electron plasma wave-based devices; this effect can be exploited, for example, to improve the response of HEMT-based terahertz detectors.
The generation of mega-gauss fields on the Cornell beam research accelerator
Authors: Gourdain P.-A. , Brent G. , Greenly J. B. , Hammer D. A. , Shapovalov R. V.
Published: September 2018

Intense magnetic fields modify quantum processes in extremely dense matter, calling for precise measurements in very harsh conditions. This endeavor becomes even more challenging because the generation of mega-gauss fields in a laboratory is far from trivial. This paper presents a unique and compact approach to generate fields above 2 MG in less than 150 ns inside a volume on the order of half a cubic centimeter. Magnetic insulation, keeping plasma ablation close to the wire surface, and mechanical inertia, limiting coil motion throughout the current discharge, enable the generation of intense magnetic fields where the shape of the conductor controls the field topology with exquisite precision and versatility, limiting the need for mapping magnetic fields experimentally.
High speed efficient ultraviolet photodetector based on 500 nm width multiple WO3 nanowires
Authors: Moudgil Akshay , Dhyani Veerendra , Das Samaresh
Published: September 2018

This work presents the fabrication of a photodetector based on multiple WO3 nanowires for ultra-violet detection. This photodetector exhibits a photo-to-dark current ratio of the order of 4 with a high relative change in conductance around 8100 upon 340 nm illumination at 0.87 mW/cm2. The photodetector exhibits a high responsivity of 47.3 A/W and a high 340 nm–450 nm rejection ratio of ∼8800 with excellent stability. A low noise equivalent power of 0.37 fW/√Hz and a high detectivity of ∼1012 Jones are observed. We obtained a fast response with a rise time (tr) of 112 μs and a fall time (tf) of 84 μs. These promising results demonstrate the applicability of the photodetector for high speed ultra-violet detection.
Methane on a stepped surface: Dynamical insights on the dissociation of CHD3 on Pt(111) and Pt(211)
Authors: Migliorini Davide , Chadwick Helen , Kroes Geert-Jan
Published: September 2018

The simulation of the dissociation of molecules on metal surfaces is a cornerstone for the understanding of heterogeneously catalyzed processes. However, due to high computational demand, the accurate dynamical simulation of the dissociative chemisorption of polyatomic molecules has been limited mostly to flat low-index metal surfaces. The study of surfaces that feature “defected” sites, such as steps, is crucial to improve the understanding of the overall catalytic process due to the high reactivity of under-coordinated sites for this kind of reaction. In this work, we have extensively analyzed more than 10 000 ab initio molecular dynamics trajectories where a CHD3 molecule is impinging either on the flat Pt(111) surface or on the stepped Pt(211) surface for different initial rovibrational states and collision energies. The results have been compared in order to get insight into the effect of the step in the dissociation of methane. We have found that, despite a large difference in the activation barrier and consequently in reactivity, the geometry of the lowest transition states is very similar on the two surfaces and this results in a similar dissociation dynamics. Furthermore, the trapping observed on the Pt(211) surface can be explained with energy transfer to parallel translational motion induced by the geometry of the slab and by a larger energy transfer to phonons for the stepped Pt(211) surface.
Magnetised thermal self-focusing and filamentation of long-pulse lasers in plasmas relevant to magnetised ICF experiments
Authors: Watkins H. C. , Kingham R. J.
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we study the influence of the magnetised thermal conductivity on the propagation of a nanosecond 1014 W cm−2 laser in an underdense plasma by performing simulations of a paraxial model laser in a plasma with the full Braginskii magnetised transport coefficients. Analytical theory and simulations show the shortening of the self-focal length of a laser beam in a plasma as a result of the reduction of the plasma thermal conductivity in a magnetic field. Furthermore, the filamentation of a laser via the thermal mechanism is found to have an increased spatial growth rate in a magnetised plasma. We discuss the effect of these results on recent magnetised inertial fusion experiments where filamentation can be detrimental to laser propagation and uniform laser heating. We conclude that the application of external magnetic fields to laser-plasma experiments requires the inclusion of the extended electron transport terms in simulations of laser propagation.
Preliminary studies of the loss of heat from leaves under conditions of free and forced convection
Authors: Pearman GI
Published: September 2018

An account is given of techniques and methods used in measurement of convective
heat transfer from leaves of the succulent Carpobrotus.
Heat transfer was studied under still air conditions and in wind (in a specially
constructed wind-tunnel) up to velocities of 300 cm sec-1. A correlation was demonstrated
between experimentally obtained values of heat transfer coefficients and
theoretical values calculated from empirical formulae. At wind velocities of 300 cm
sec-1 the heat transfer coefficient for Carpobrotus was increased to seven times its value
still air.
Infants distinguish between leaders and bullies
Authors: Margoni Francesco , Baillargeon Renée , Surian Luca
Published: September 2018

Significance

Prior research indicates that infants can represent power asymmetries and expect them to both endure over time and extend across situations. Building on these efforts, we examined whether 21-month-old infants could distinguish between two different bases of social power. Infants first saw three protagonists interact with a powerful character who was either a leader (with respect-based power) or a bully (with fear-based power). Next, the character gave an order to the protagonists. Infants expected the protagonists to continue to obey the leader’s order after she left the scene, but they expected the protagonists to obey the bully’s order only when she remained present. Thus, by 21 months of age, infants can already distinguish between respect-based and fear-based power relations.
A cancer-associated polymorphism in ESCRT-III disrupts the abscission checkpoint and promotes genome instability
Authors: Sadler Jessica B. A. , Wenzel Dawn M. , Strohacker Lauren K. , Guindo-Martínez Marta , Alam Steven L. , Mercader Josep M. , Torrents David , Ullman Katharine S. , Sundquist Wesley I. , Martin-Serrano Juan
Published: September 2018

Cytokinetic abscission facilitates the irreversible separation of daughter cells. This process requires the endosomal-sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery and is tightly regulated by charged multivesicular body protein 4C (CHMP4C), an ESCRT-III subunit that engages the abscission checkpoint (NoCut) in response to mitotic problems such as persisting chromatin bridges within the midbody. Importantly, a human polymorphism in CHMP4C (rs35094336, CHMP4CT232) increases cancer susceptibility. Here, we explain the structural and functional basis for this cancer association: The CHMP4CT232allele unwinds the C-terminal helix of CHMP4C, impairs binding to the early-acting ESCRT factor ALIX, and disrupts the abscission checkpoint. Cells expressing CHMP4CT232exhibit increased levels of DNA damage and are sensitized to several conditions that increase chromosome missegregation, including DNA replication stress, inhibition of the mitotic checkpoint, and loss of p53. Our data demonstrate the biological importance of the abscission checkpoint and suggest that dysregulation of abscission by CHMP4CT232may synergize with oncogene-induced mitotic stress to promote genomic instability and tumorigenesis.
Ehrlichia
type IV secretion system effector Etf-2 binds to active RAB5 and delays endosome maturation
Authors: Yan Qi , Lin Mingqun , Huang Weiyan , Teymournejad Omid , Johnson Jennifer M. , Hays Franklin A. , Liang Zhimin , Li Guangpu , Rikihisa Yasuko
Published: September 2018

Significance

Phagocytosis and subsequent destruction of pathogens when the phagosomes in which they reside are fused with lysosomes are pillars of the eukaryotic innate immune defense. Consequently, evading trafficking to phagolysosomes is a fundamental survival strategy of most intracellular pathogens that replicate inside eukaryotic host cells. The obligatory intracellular bacterium
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
also avoids routing to host-cell phagolysosomes, but in a unique way:
Ehrlichia
secretes a protein,
Ehrlichia
translocated factor-2 (Etf-2), that has a Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC)-like motif lacking RAB-GTPase–activating protein (GAP) activity. Etf-2 binds RAB5 on
Ehrlichia
inclusions and interferes with the engagement of RAB5-specific GAP with RAB5, thereby maintaining RAB5 in a GTP-bound active form on bacterial inclusions. Etf-2 is a unique example of a RAB-associated regulatory protein with a TBC-like motif lacking RABGAP activity.
FcαRI binding at the IgA1 CH2–CH3 interface induces long-range conformational changes that are transmitted to the hinge region
Authors: Posgai Monica T. , Tonddast-Navaei Sam , Jayasinghe Manori , Ibrahim George M. , Stan George , Herr Andrew B.
Published: September 2018

Significance

Antibodies binding to their cognate cellular receptors can trigger important downstream immune responses. We mapped out critical amino acids on the IgA1 antibody that govern binding to its specific receptor, FcαRI. We found that two of the most important amino acids were located on a different IgA1 domain than the rest of the binding site, separated by a flexible linker. To better understand the interplay between receptor binding and dynamic motions in IgA1, we conducted dynamics simulations on the system. The results indicate that receptor binding perturbs IgA1 conformational dynamics over long distances and can link the receptor binding site to the hinge region of IgA1. We validate this finding experimentally, which has implications for the kidney disease IgA nephropathy.
One-step generation of monoclonal B cell receptor mice capable of isotype switching and somatic hypermutation
Authors: Jacobsen Johanne T. , Mesin Luka , Markoulaki Styliani , Schiepers Ariën , Cavazzoni Cecília B. , Bousbaine Djenet , Jaenisch Rudolf , Victora Gabriel D.
Published: September 2018

We developed a method for rapid generation of B cell receptor (BCR) monoclonal mice expressing prerearranged Igh and Igk chains monoallelically from the Igh locus by CRISPR-Cas9 injection into fertilized oocytes. B cells from these mice undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch recombination (CSR), and affinity-based selection in germinal centers. This method combines the practicality of BCR transgenes with the ability to study Ig SHM, CSR, and affinity maturation.
Indigenous research methodologies: decolonizing the Australian sports sciences
Authors: Esgin Tuguy , Hersh Deborah , Rowley Kevin , Gilroy John , Newton Robert U
Published: September 2018

To design a questionnaire that would determine an Indigenous individual’s perceptions of the barriers and motivators to aerobic and anabolic exercise with a series of questions designed to elicit the factors that impact uptake and retention of regular physical activity. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed to capture information relating to motivators and barriers, traditional physical activities, preferred exercise environments, exercise goals and levels of commitment to physical activity. This article does not report the results of the questionnaire itself but the preparation that was required in order to develop it. Indigenous standpoint theory. Participatory Action Research. A series of consultation meetings were arranged between the first author, a Noongar Aboriginal researcher, with a range of people from the same Noongar community as the author to discuss priorities and develop questions. The drafted questionnaire was shaped with continuous Noongar community feedback to ensure the language, length and appropriateness of questions. Questionnaire reliability was assessed using interclass correlation. Most questions had excellent internal consistency. A consensus was reached on the utility of the questionnaire. The personal contacts of the first author and nature of community involvement in the development of this questionnaire were helpful in assuring that it would be an acceptable tool for the Noongar community. The piloting of the questionnaire was also important in confirming its community acceptability. This article provides a model and suggestions for researching physical activity and exercise in a culturally safe manner.
1. Introduction
Authors: Kenealy Daniel , Peterson John , Corbett Richard
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter discusses the practical and analytical reasons for studying the European Union. It also considers some of the main conceptual approaches to understanding the EU: international relations approaches; the comparative politics approach; the sociological/cultural approach; and the public policy approach. Furthermore, it outlines three broad themes that help the reader make sense of the EU: experimentation and change; power sharing and consensus; and scope and capacity. Finally, it provides an overview of the chapters that follow, which cover topics ranging from an historical overview of the EU’s development to the EU’s relations with the wider world, EU enlargement, the EU’s foray into security policy, and the EU’s growing role as a global actor.
11. Conclusion
Authors: Peterson John , Kenealy Daniel , Corbett Richard
Published: September 2018

The EU is extraordinary, complex and—in important respects—unique. This concluding chapter revisits three key themes that guide understanding of the EU: experimentation and change; power sharing and consensus; and scope and capacity. It also returns to the question: how can we best explain the EU and how it works? The chapter reviews leading theoretical approaches and identifies what each approach claims is most important to explain about the EU, and why. Finally, the chapter confronts the question: ‘Where do we go from here’? Does knowing how the EU works give us clues about how it might work in the future?
Understanding the Effects of Personalization as a Privacy Calculus: Analyzing Self-Disclosure Across Health, News, and Commerce Contexts
Authors: Bol Nadine , Dienlin Tobias , Kruikemeier Sanne , Sax Marijn , Boerman Sophie C , Strycharz Joanna , Helberger Natali , de Vreese Claes H
Published: September 2018

The privacy calculus suggests that online self-disclosure is based on a cost–benefit trade-off. However, although companies progressively collect information to offer tailored services, the effect of both personalization and context-dependency on self-disclosure has remained understudied. Building on the privacy calculus, we hypothesized that benefits, privacy costs, and trust would predict online self-disclosure. Moreover, we analyzed the impact of personalization, investigating whether effects would differ for health, news, and commercial websites. Results from an online experiment using a representative Dutch sample (N = 1,131) supported the privacy calculus, revealing that it was stable across contexts. Personalization decreased trust slightly and benefits marginally. Interestingly, these effects were context-dependent: While personalization affected outcomes in news and commerce contexts, no effects emerged in the health context.
Impact of the 2012 Medicaid Health Care–Acquired Conditions Policy on Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Vascular Catheter–Associated Infection Billing Rates
Authors: Rhee Chanu , Wang Rui , Jentzsch Maximilian S , Hsu Heather , Kawai Alison Tse , Jin Robert , Horan Kelly , Broadwell Carly , Lee Grace M
Published: September 2018

In July 2012, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ceased hospital Medicaid reimbursements for certain health care–acquired conditions. Using billing data from 2008–2014, we found no impact of this policy on rates of 2 targeted conditions, vascular catheter–associated infections and catheter-associated urinary tract infections, among Medicaid or non-Medicaid patients.
Is gambling an emerging public health issue for Wales, UK?
Authors: Atherton F , Beynon C
Published: September 2018

Background

Not all gambling exposes people to the same level of harm. Harm from gambling is found at the individual, social (family and friends) and community levels. This includes financial hardship, psychological distress and interpersonal conflict or relationship breakdown. The harm from gambling to wider society includes fraud, theft, loss of productivity in the workforce and the cost of treating this addiction. The annual estimated excess cost of gambling for Wales is between £40 and £70 million.

Methods

This study reviews the existing data sources and literature to ascertain if gambling is an emerging public health issue in Wales.

Results

In Wales 61% of adults had gambled in the last year (1.5 million people). And 1.1% of the population (30 000 people) self-report as having a problem with gambling using either the Problem Gambling Severity Index or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of American Psychiatric Association tools. The ‘ripple effect’ of gambling harm can mean friends and family are highly impacted.

Conclusion

The existing data and literature together with the rapidly evolving developments in infrastructure demonstrate that gambling is an emerging public health issue in Wales. The impact on families and society warrants population level interventions to tackle this public health issue.
Reverse genetic screen reveals that Il34 facilitates yolk sac macrophage distribution and seeding of the brain
Authors: Kuil Laura E. , Oosterhof Nynke , Geurts Samuël N. , der Linde Herma C. van , Meijering Erik , van Ham Tjakko J.
Published: September 2018

Microglia are brain resident macrophages, which have specialized functions important in brain development and in disease. They colonize the brain in early embryonic stages, but few factors that drive the migration of yolk sac macrophages into the embryonic brain, or regulate their acquisition of specialized properties are currently known.

Here, we present a CRISPR/Cas9-based in vivo reverse genetic screening pipeline to identify new regulators important for microglia development using zebrafish. Zebrafish larvae are particularly suitable due to their external development, transparency, high fecundity and conserved microglia features. We targeted putative microglia regulators, including signature genes and non-cell autonomous factors, by Cas9/gRNA-complex injections, followed by neutral red-based visualization of microglia. Microglia were quantified automatically in 3-day-old larvae using a software tool we called SpotNGlia. We identified that loss of function of the zebrafish homolog of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) ligand IL34, caused strongly reduced microglia numbers in early development. Previous studies on the role of the IL34 on microglia development in vivo were ambiguous. Our data, and a concurrent paper, show that in zebrafish,il34is required during the earliest seeding of the brain by microglia progenitors. Our data also indicate that Il34 is required for distribution to other organs.

Previously, we showed thatcsf1raandcsf1rbdouble mutant zebrafish have no microglia. As there is a moderate effect ofil34on microglia development, relative to the effectcsf1r, additional Csf1r-dependent signalling may be needed for establishment of the microglia network. In all, we identifiedil34as a modifier of microglia colonization, by affecting distribution of yolk sac macrophages to target organs, validating our reverse genetic screening pipeline in zebrafish which can be used for the identification of additional regulators of microglia development.
Local structural connectivity directs seizure spread in focal epilepsy
Authors: Shah Preya , Ashourvan Arian , Mikhail Fadi , Pines Adam , Kini Lohith , Shinohara Russell T. , Bassett Danielle S. , Litt Brian , Davis Kathryn A.
Published: September 2018

How does the human brain’s structural scaffold give rise to its intricate functional dynamics? This is a central challenge in translational neuroscience, particularly in epilepsy, a disorder that affects over 50 million people worldwide. Treatment for medication-resistant focal epilepsy is often structural – through surgery, devices or focal laser ablation – but structural targets, particularly in patients without clear lesions, are largely based on functional mapping via intracranial EEG (iEEG). Unfortunately, the relationship between structural and functional connectivity in the seizing brain is poorly understood. In this study, we quantify structure-function coupling, specifically between white matter connections and iEEG, across preictal and ictal periods in 45 seizures from 9 patients with unilateral drug-resistant focal epilepsy. We use High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI) tractography to construct structural connectivity networks and correlate these networks with time-varying broadband and frequency-specific functional networks derived from coregistered iEEG. Across all frequency bands, we find significant increases in structure-function coupling from preictal to ictal periods. We demonstrate that short-range structural connections are primarily responsible for this increase in coupling. Finally, we find that spatiotemporal patterns of structure-function coupling are stereotyped, and a function of each patient’s individual anatomy. These results suggest that seizures harness the underlying structural connectome as they propagate. Our findings suggest that the relationship between structural and functional connectivity in epilepsy may inform current and new therapies to map and alter seizure spread, and pave the way for better-targeted, patient-specific interventions.
Meta-population structure and the evolutionary transition to multicellularity
Authors: Rose Caroline J. , Hammerschmidt Katrin , Pichugin Yuiry , Rainey Paul B
Published: September 2018

Abstract

The evolutionary transition to multicellularity has occurred on numerous occasions, but transitions to complex life forms are rare. While the reasons are unclear, relevant factors include the intensity of within-versus between-group selection that are likely to have shaped the course of life cycle evolution. A highly structured environment eliminates the possibility of mixing between evolving lineages, thus ensuring strong competition between groups. Less structure intensifies competition within groups, decreasing opportunity for group-level evolution. Here, using populations of the bacteriumPseudomonas fluorescens,we report the results of experiments that explore the effect of lineage mixing on the evolution of nascent multicellular groups. Groups were propagated under regimes requiring reproduction via a life cycle replete with developmental and dispersal (propagule) phases, but in one treatment lineages never mixed, whereas in a second treatment, cells from different lineages experienced intense competition during the dispersal phase. The latter treatment favoured traits promoting cell growth at the expense of traits underlying group fitness – a finding that is supported by results from a mathematical model. Together our results show that the transition to multicellularity benefits from ecological conditions that maintain discreteness not just of the group (soma) phase, but also of the dispersal (germline) phase.
snakePipes enable flexible, scalable and integrative epigenomic analysis
Authors: Bhardwaj Vivek , Heyne Steffen , Sikora Katarzyna , Rabbani Leily , Rauer Michael , Kilpert Fabian , Richter Andreas S , Ryan Devon P , Manke Thomas
Published: September 2018

The scale and diversity of epigenomics data has been rapidly increasing and ever more studies now present analyses of data from multiple epigenomic techniques. Performing such integrative analysis is time-consuming, especially for exploratory research, since there are currently no pipelines available that allow fast processing of datasets from multiple epigenomic assays while also allow for flexibility in running or upgrading the workflows. Here we present a solution to this problem: snakePipes, which can process and perform downstream analysis of data from all common epigenomic techniques (ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, Bisulfite-seq, ATAC-seq, Hi-C and single-cell RNA-seq) in a single package. We demonstrate how snakePipes can simplify integrative analysis by reproducing and extending the results from a recently published large-scale epigenomics study with a few simple commands. snakePipes are available under an open-source license at https://github.com/maxplanck-ie/snakepipes.
The human default consciousness and its disruption: insights from an EEG study of Buddhist jhāna meditation
Authors: Dennison Paul
Published: September 2018

The “neural correlates of consciousness” (NCC) is a familiar topic in neuroscience, overlapping with research on the brain’s “default mode network”. Task-based studies of NCC by their nature recruit one part of the cortical network to study another, and are therefore both limited and compromised in what they can reveal about consciousness itself. The form of consciousness explored in such research, we term the human default consciousness (DCs), our everyday waking consciousness. In contrast, studies of anaesthesia, coma, deep sleep, or some extreme pathological states such as epilepsy, reveal very different cortical activity; all of which states are essentially involuntary, and generally regarded as “unconscious”. An exception to involuntary disruption of consciousness is Buddhist jhāna meditation, whose implicit aim is to intentionally withdraw from the default consciousness, to an inward-directed state of stillness referred to as jhāna consciousness, as a basis to develop insight. The default consciousness is sensorily-based, where information about, and our experience of, the outer world is evaluated against personal and organic needs and forms the basis of our ongoing self-experience. This view conforms both to Buddhist models, and to the emerging work on active inference and minimisation of free energy in determining the network balance of the human default consciousness.

This paper is a preliminary report on the first detailed EEG study of jhāna meditation, with findings radically different to studies of more familiar, less focused forms of meditation. While remaining highly alert and “present” in their subjective experience, a high proportion of subjects display “spindle” activity in their EEG, superficially similar to sleep spindles of stage 2 nREM sleep, while more-experienced subjects display high voltage slow-waves reminiscent, but significantly different, to the slow waves of deeper stage 4 nREM sleep, or even high-voltage delta coma. Some others show brief posterior spike-wave bursts, again similar, but with significant differences, to absence epilepsy. Some subjects also develop the ability to consciously evoke clonic seizure-like activity at will, under full control. We suggest that the remarkable nature of these observations reflects a profound disruption of the human DCs when the personal element is progressively withdrawn.
Charting DENR-dependent translation reinitiation uncovers predictive uORF features and links to circadian timekeeping via Clock
Authors: Castelo-Szekely Violeta , De Matos Mara , Tusup Marina , Pascolo Steve , Ule Jernej , Gatfield David
Published: September 2018

The non-canonical initiation factor DENR promotes translation reinitiation on mRNAs harbouring upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Moreover, DENR depletion shortens circadian period in mouse fibroblasts, suggesting involvement of uORF usage and reinitiation in clock regulation. To identify DENR-regulated translation events transcriptome-wide and, in particular, specific core clock transcripts affected by this mechanism, we have used ribosome profiling in DENR-deficient NIH3T3 cells. We uncovered 240 transcripts with altered translation rate, and used linear regression analysis to extract 5’ UTR features predictive of DENR dependence. Among core clock genes, we identified Clock as a DENR target. Using Clock 5’ UTR mutants, we mapped the specific uORF through which DENR acts to regulate CLOCK protein biosynthesis. Notably, these experiments revealed an alternative downstream start codon, likely representing the bona fide CLOCK N-terminus. Our findings provide insights into uORF-mediated translational regulation that can regulate the mammalian circadian clock and gene expression at large.