bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stosunki polsko-tureckie w nowej przestrzeni geopolitycznej
Authors: Sawicki Krzysztof Piotr
Published: June 2017

W 2013 r. przypadła 90. rocznica podpisania Traktatu Przyjaźni między Polską
a Turcją, a 2014 r. obchodzono 600. rocznicę nawiązania polsko-tureckich stosunków dyplomatycznych1. Rocznica ta jest przykładem, że oba państwa w ciągu ostatnich sześciuset lat łączyły nie tylko silne więzi polityczne, ale także bliskie relacje handlowe
i kulturalne, które wzbogaciły oba narody. W Polsce, jak i w Turcji jest stosunkowo mało literatury na temat bilateralnych stosunków polsko-tureckich, a zwłaszcza na temat relacji Polski i Turcji od drugiej połowy XX w. W Polsce większość monografii lub opracowań dotyczy aspektów historycznych, głównie czasów sprzed odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości i czasów ekspansji Imperium Osmańskiego. Oprócz tych pozycji historycznych i przewodników są jeszcze zbiory aktów normatywnych oraz umów dwustronnych i międzynarodowych, które łączą Polskę i Turcję i regulują ich stosunki od strony prawnej. Poprzez swą polityczną aktywność i przyczynianie się do wzrostu gospodarczego, Polska i Turcja stały się nową szansą dla Starego Kontynentu.
Правовые основания деятельности политических партий в Республикe Беларусь
Authors: Kanjus Anna
Published: June 2017

Роль партий в избирательном процессе может возрасти при условии появления в белорусском парламенте конкурирующих монопартийных групп. На сегодняшний момент большинство депутатов парламента являются членами общественного объединения «Белая Русь», которое полностью поддерживает действующего президента. Способствовали этому изменения в Избирательном кодексе Республики Беларусь, направленные на расширение полномочий и права участия в избирательных кампаниях крупным НГО. С 2010 года в региональной прессе, а в 2012 на съезде организации, появляются заявления необходимости трансформации «Белой Руси» из общественной организации в политическую партию13. Таким образом, при отсутствии лимитирующих факторов и располагая самым значительным человеческим потенциалом «Белая Русь» может стать конкурентоспособной политической партией.
Проблема грузинской идентичности на пороге XXI века
Authors: Chudzińska-Parkosadze Anna
Published: June 2017

At the beginning of XXI century, the issue of the identity occurs as one of the most crucial problems of the contemporary science. In the light of the recent tendency of interdisciplinary and holistic attempt towards inquiring phenomenon, identity found itself in the centre of the interest of many science disciplines such as politic science, social science, philosophy, linguistics, literature studies, cultural anthropology, and so on. Nowadays we live in the world of permanent changes of the global character that concern also the identity, as a collective phenomenon, and an individualistic one. The transformation of the identity is particularly promptly accomplishing in the new democratic countries, such as Georgia. This is a very interesting phenomenon showing the transformation from the soviet model of the national reality to the European one. The situation in Georgia is being especially curious because of the fact that the Georgians are changing their identity from the post soviet citizens to the potential Georgian-European citizens. What’s more, this change does not mean the ignorance of the Georgian tradition. It turns out, that while the Georgians are willing to adapt the politic and economic European model, they are not so open to accept the European cultural patterns.
Miasto Kirkenes jako stolica Regionu Barentsa i symbol rosyjsko-norweskiej współpracy transgranicznej
Authors: Sieradzan Przemysław
Published: June 2017

The present paper is dedicated to small multicultural Norwegian city of Kirkenes, which because of its history and geographic location became a symbol of Norwegian-
-Russian trans-border cooperation. The text is dedicated to the history of this Arctic city and the beginning, idea and realization of cooperation in Barents Region, which was initiated there in 1993 and the role played by the city in Norway-Russian bilateral relations.
Znaczenie edukacji dla bezpieczeństwa we współczesnym społeczeństwie
Authors: Bielawski Kornel
Published: June 2017

The complexity and dynamics of contemporary world implies its continuous change. It is characterized by the emergencje of entirely new, unprecedented phenomena that should be identified and understood so modern socjety can react to them accordingly. Among the biggest threats many authors mention terrosim and transnational crime. A major challenge is technological advance as well. The aim of education for security is to prepare the society for potential but unknown threats.
Contributions of local speech encoding and functional connectivity to audio-visual speech perception
Authors: Giordano Bruno L , Ince Robin A A , Gross Joachim , Schyns Philippe G , Panzeri Stefano , Kayser Christoph
Published: June 2017

Seeing a speaker’s face enhances speech intelligibility in adverse environments. We investigated the underlying network mechanisms by quantifying local speech representations and directed connectivity in MEG data obtained while human participants listened to speech of varying acoustic SNR and visual context. During high acoustic SNR speech encoding by temporally entrained brain activity was strong in temporal and inferior frontal cortex, while during low SNR strong entrainment emerged in premotor and superior frontal cortex. These changes in local encoding were accompanied by changes in directed connectivity along the ventral stream and the auditory-premotor axis. Importantly, the behavioral benefit arising from seeing the speaker’s face was not predicted by changes in local encoding but rather by enhanced functional connectivity between temporal and inferior frontal cortex. Our results demonstrate a role of auditory-frontal interactions in visual speech representations and suggest that functional connectivity along the ventral pathway facilitates speech comprehension in multisensory environments.
Niemann-Pick type C proteins promote microautophagy by expanding raft-like membrane domains in the yeast vacuole
Authors: Tsuji Takuma , Fujimoto Megumi , Tatematsu Tsuyako , Cheng Jinglei , Orii Minami , Takatori Sho , Fujimoto Toyoshi
Published: June 2017

Niemann-Pick type C is a storage disease caused by dysfunction of NPC proteins, which transport cholesterol from the lumen of lysosomes to the limiting membrane of that compartment. Using freeze fracture electron microscopy, we show here that the yeast NPC orthologs, Ncr1p and Npc2p, are essential for formation and expansion of raft-like domains in the vacuolar (lysosome) membrane, both in stationary phase and in acute nitrogen starvation. Moreover, the expanded raft-like domains engulf lipid droplets by a microautophagic mechanism. We also found that the multivesicular body pathway plays a crucial role in microautophagy in acute nitrogen starvation by delivering sterol to the vacuole. These data show that NPC proteins promote microautophagy in stationary phase and under nitrogen starvation conditions, likely by increasing sterol in the limiting membrane of the vacuole.
An osteopathic prescription for medical education reform: Part 1. Curriculum and infrastructure
Authors: Wood, Douglas L. , Ross-Lee Barbara , Mann Douglas D. , Portanova Ronald P. , Kiss Lois E. , Weiser Michael A.
Published: June 2017

Medical education has not kept pace with the evolving healthcare system. Criticism from industry and policy observers focuses on four major areas requiring reform: the curriculum, the fragmented educational infrastructure, the specialist-to-generalist mix, and the alienation from community and public health. The dominance of managed care organizations in the delivery and financing of healthcare is forcing a new set of physician competencies to the fore and changing projections of physician manpower and specialty needs. The authors address the four major criticisms from a uniquely osteopathic point-of-view. In this first of two articles, the authors describe the evolving osteopathic medical education model, and then employ a medical analogy to diagnose the causes of and propose treatments for curricular issues and infrastructure fragmentation. In the second article of the pair, they explore the causes of and propose strategies to address the generalist-to-specialist imbalance and the alienation of medicine from community and public health; the article also explores the role of technology in support of reform. In each article, the authors propose treatments to correct the problems in the osteopathic medical education model, and conclude that the profession is well-positioned to lead medical education reform.
Somatic dysfunction increase during caffeine withdrawal
Authors: Reeves, Roy A , Struve Frederick A. , Patrick Gloria
Published: June 2017

The authors studied the effects of caffeine withdrawal on 14 subjects at baseline and during a 4-day period of abstinence from caffeine. They studied the results from quantitative electroencephalograms performed on these subjects and gauged any changes that may have been evoked during this withdrawal period. The participants were also evaluated for the occurrence of somatic dysfunctions. Examinations for the presence of somatic dysfunctions were performed on the participants before caffeine cessation and on Days 1,2 and 4 of abstinence. Results showed that the number of somatic dysfunctions increased significantly during the process of caffeine withdrawal.
An osteopathic prescription for medical education reform: Part 2. Specialty mix and community integration
Authors: Ross-Lee Barbara , Kiss Lois E. , Weiser Michael A.
Published: June 2017

Calls for medical education reform focus on four major criticisms directed at curricular content and context, infrastructure fragmentation, specialty mix, and the lack of integration with community and public health. In the previous article in this two-part series, authors from the osteopathic medical education community focused on uniquely osteopathic reforms for the curriculum and the fragmented educational system. That article documented the leadership position of osteopathic medical education in implementing reforms with respect to these two criticisms. The authors of this second article tackle the osteopathic contributions to workforce issues related to the generalist-to-specialist imbalance, the opportunities to move from a community-based profession to a profession accountable for community health, and the potential for technologic advances to aid in reform in all four areas under consideration in both articles. They conclude that the osteopathic medical profession can lead medical education reform in the United States with visionary leadership in place.
Eocene Loranthaceae pollen pushes back divergence ages for major splits in the family
Authors: Grímsson Friðgeir , Kapli Paschalia , Hofmann Christa-Charlotte , Zetter Reinhard , Grimm Guido W.
Published: June 2017

Background

We revisit the palaeopalynological record of Loranthaceae, using pollen ornamentation to discriminate lineages and to test molecular dating estimates for the diversification of major lineages.

Methods

Fossil Loranthaceae pollen from the Eocene and Oligocene are analysed and documented using scanning-electron microscopy. These fossils were associated with molecular-defined clades and used as minimum age constraints for Bayesian node dating using different topological scenarios.

Results

The fossil Loranthaceae pollen document the presence of at least one extant root-parasitic lineage (Nuytsieae) and two currently aerial parasitic lineages (Psittacanthinae and Loranthinae) by the end of the Eocene in the Northern Hemisphere. Phases of increased lineage diversification (late Eocene, middle Miocene) coincide with global warm phases.

Discussion

With the generation of molecular data becoming easier and less expensive every day, neontological research should re-focus on conserved morphologies that can be traced through the fossil record. The pollen, representing the male gametophytic generation of plants and often a taxonomic indicator, can be such a tracer. Analogously, palaeontological research should put more effort into diagnosing Cenozoic fossils with the aim of including them into modern systematic frameworks.
A colossal impact enriched Mars' mantle with noble metals
Authors: Brasser R. , Mojzsis S. J.
Published: June 2017

Once the terrestrial planets had mostly completed their assembly, bombardment continued by planetesimals left over from accretion. Highly siderophile element (HSE) abundances in Mars' mantle imply that its late accretion supplement was 0.8 wt %; Earth and the Moon obtained an additional 0.7 wt % and 0.02 wt %, respectively. The disproportionately high Earth/Moon accretion ratio is explicable by stochastic addition of a few remaining Ceres‐sized bodies that preferentially targeted Earth. Here we show that Mars' late accretion budget also requires a colossal impact, a plausible visible remnant of which is the emispheric dichotomy. The addition of sufficient HSEs to the Martian mantle entails an impactor of at least 1200 km in diameter to have struck Mars before ~4430 Ma, by which time crust formation was well underway. Thus, the dichotomy could be one of the oldest geophysical features of the Martian crust. Ejected debris could be the source material for its satellites.
Bioinspired Collagen Scaffolds in Cranial Bone Regeneration: From Bedside to Bench
Authors: Lee Justine C. , Volpicelli Elizabeth J.
Published: June 2017

Calvarial defects are common reconstructive dilemmas secondary to a variety of etiologies including traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, oncologic resection, and congenital anomalies. Reconstruction of the calvarium is generally undertaken for the purposes of cerebral protection, contour restoration for psychosocial well‐being, and normalization of neurological dysfunction frequently found in patients with massive cranial defects. Current methods for reconstruction using autologous grafts, allogeneic grafts, or alloplastic materials have significant drawbacks that are unique to each material. The combination of wide medical relevance and the need for a better clinical solution render defects of the cranial skeleton an ideal target for development of regenerative strategies focused on calvarial bone. With the improved understanding of the instructive properties of tissue‐specific extracellular matrices and the advent of precise nanoscale modulation in materials science, strategies in regenerative medicine have shifted in paradigm. Previously considered to be simple carriers of stem cells and growth factors, increasing evidence exists for differential materials directing lineage specific differentiation of progenitor cells and tissue regeneration. In this work, we review the clinical challenges for calvarial reconstruction, the anatomy and physiology of bone, and extracellular matrix‐inspired, collagen‐based materials that have been tested for in vivo cranial defect healing.
Discovery of Rapid and Reversible Water Insertion in Rare Earth Sulfates: A New Process for Thermochemical Heat Storage
Authors: Hatada Naoyuki , Shizume Kunihiko , Uda Tetsuya
Published: June 2017

Thermal energy storage based on chemical reactions is a prospective technology for the reduction of fossil‐fuel consumption by storing and using waste heat. For widespread application, a critical challenge is to identify appropriate reversible reactions that occur below 250 °C, where abundant low‐grade waste heat and solar energy might be available. Here, it is shown that lanthanum sulfate monohydrate La2(SO4)3⋅H2O undergoes rapid and reversible dehydration/hydration reactions in the temperature range from 50 to 250 °C upon heating/cooling with remarkably small thermal hysteresis (<50 °C), and thus it emerges as a new candidate system for thermal energy storage. Thermogravimetry and X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal that the reactions proceed through an unusual mechanism for sulfates: water is removed from, or inserted in La2(SO4)3⋅H2O with progressive change in hydration number x without phase change. It is also revealed that only a specific structural modification of La2(SO4)3 exhibits this reversible dehydration/hydration behavior.
Reviving Lithium‐Metal Anodes for Next‐Generation High‐Energy Batteries
Authors: Guo Yanpeng , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: June 2017

Lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs), as one of the most promising next‐generation high‐energy‐density storage devices, are able to meet the rigid demands of new industries. However, the direct utilization of metallic lithium can induce harsh safety issues, inferior rate and cycle performance, or anode pulverization inside the cells. These drawbacks severely hinder the commercialization of LMBs. Here, an up‐to‐date review of the behavior of lithium ions upon deposition/dissolution, and the failure mechanisms of lithium‐metal anodes is presented. It has been shown that the primary causes consist of the growth of lithium dendrites due to large polarization and a strong electric field at the vicinity of the anode, the hyperactivity of metallic lithium, and hostless infinite volume changes upon cycling. The recent advances in liquid organic electrolyte (LOE) systems through modulating the local current density, anion depletion, lithium flux, the anode–electrolyte interface, or the mechanical strength of the interlayers are highlighted. Concrete strategies including tailoring the anode structures, optimizing the electrolytes, building artificial anode–electrolyte interfaces, and functionalizing the protective interlayers are summarized in detail. Furthermore, the challenges remaining in LOE systems are outlined, and the future perspectives of introducing solid‐state electrolytes to radically address safety issues are presented.
Postsynthetic Doping of MnCl2 Molecules into Preformed CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals via a Halide Exchange‐Driven Cation Exchange
Authors: Huang Guangguang , Wang Chunlei , Xu Shuhong , Zong Shenfei , Lu Ju , Wang Zhuyuan , Lu Changgui , Cui Yiping
Published: June 2017

Unlike widely used postsynthetic halide exchange for CsPbX3 (X is halide) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), cation exchange of Pb is of a great challenge due to the rigid nature of the Pb cationic sublattice. Actually, cation exchange has more potential for rendering NCs with peculiar properties. Herein, a novel halide exchange‐driven cation exchange (HEDCE) strategy is developed to prepare dually emitting Mn‐doped CsPb(Cl/Br)3 NCs via postsynthetic replacement of partial Pb in preformed perovskite NCs. The basic idea for HEDCE is that the partial cation exchange of Pb by Mn has a large probability to occur as a concomitant result for opening the rigid halide octahedron structure around Pb during halide exchange. Compared to traditional ionic exchange, HEDCE is featured by proceeding of halide exchange and cation exchange at the same time and lattice site. The time and space requirements make only MnCl2 molecules (rather than mixture of Mn and Cl ions) capable of doping into perovskite NCs. This special molecular doping nature results in a series of unusual phenomenon, including long reaction time, core–shell structured mid states with triple emission bands, and dopant molecules composition‐dependent doping process. As‐prepared dual‐emitting Mn‐doped CsPb(Cl/Br)3 NCs are available for ratiometric temperature sensing.
Manganese‐Based Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles as a T1‐MRI Contrast Agent with Ultrasensitive pH Response and High Relaxivity
Authors: Li Bei , Gu Zi , Kurniawan Nyoman , Chen Weiyu , Xu Zhi Ping
Published: June 2017

Recently, Mn(II)‐containing nanoparticles have been explored widely as an attractive alternative to Gd(III)‐based T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) for cancer diagnosis. However, as far as it is known, no Mn‐based MRI CAs have been reported to sensitively respond to a very weakly acidic environment (pH 6.5–7.0, i.e., the pH range in a tumor microenvironment) with satisfactory imaging performance. Here, recently devised pH‐ultrasensitive Mn‐based layered double hydroxide (Mn‐LDH) nanoparticles with superb longitudinal relaxivity (9.48 mm−1 s−1 at pH 5.0 and 6.82 mm−1 s−1 at pH 7.0 vs 1.16 mm−1 s−1 at pH 7.4) are reported, which may result from the unique microstructure of Mn ions in Mn‐LDH, as demonstrated by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure. Further in vivo imaging reveals that Mn‐LDH nanoparticles show clear MR imaging for tumor tissues in mice for 2 d post intravenous injection. Thus, this novel Mn‐doped LDH nanomaterial, together with already demonstrated capacity for drug and gene delivery, is a very potential theranostic agent for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Ultrafast Growth of High‐Quality Monolayer WSe2 on Au
Authors: Gao Yang , Hong Yi‐Lun , Yin Li‐Chang , Wu Zhangting , Yang Zhiqing , Chen Mao‐Lin , Liu Zhibo , Ma Teng , Sun Dong‐Ming , Ni Zhenhua , Ma Xiu‐Liang , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Ren Wencai
Published: June 2017

The ultrafast growth of high‐quality uniform monolayer WSe2 is reported with a growth rate of ≈26 µm s−1 by chemical vapor deposition on reusable Au substrate, which is ≈2–3 orders of magnitude faster than those of most 2D transition metal dichalcogenides grown on nonmetal substrates. Such ultrafast growth allows for the fabrication of millimeter‐size single‐crystal WSe2 domains in ≈30 s and large‐area continuous films in ≈60 s. Importantly, the ultrafast grown WSe2 shows excellent crystal quality and extraordinary electrical performance comparable to those of the mechanically exfoliated samples, with a high mobility up to ≈143 cm2 V−1 s−1 and ON/OFF ratio up to 9 × 106 at room temperature. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the ultrafast growth of WSe2 is due to the small energy barriers and exothermic characteristic for the diffusion and attachment of W and Se on the edges of WSe2 on Au substrate.
Structurally and Functionally Optimized Silk‐Fibroin–Gelatin Scaffold Using 3D Printing to Repair Cartilage Injury In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Shi Weili , Sun Muyang , Hu Xiaoqing , Ren Bo , Cheng Jin , Li Chenxi , Duan Xiaoning , Fu Xin , Zhang Jiying , Chen Haifeng , Ao Yingfang
Published: June 2017

Articular cartilage repair remains a great challenge for clinicians and researchers. Recently, there emerges a promising way to achieve one‐step cartilage repair in situ by combining endogenic bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) with suitable biomaterials using a tissue engineering technique. To meet the increasing demand for cartilage tissue engineering, a structurally and functionally optimized scaffold is designed, by integrating silk fibroin with gelatin in combination with BMSC‐specific‐affinity peptide using 3D printing (3DP) technology. The combination ratio of silk fibroin and gelatin greatly balances the mechanical properties and degradation rate to match the newly formed cartilage. This dually optimized scaffold has shown superior performance for cartilage repair in a knee joint because it not only retains adequate BMSCs, due to efficient recruiting ability, and acts as a physical barrier for blood clots, but also provides a mechanical protection before neocartilage formation and a suitable 3D microenvironment for BMSC proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix production. It appears to be a promising biomaterial for knee cartilage repair and is worthy of further investigation in large animal studies and preclinical applications. Beyond knee cartilage, this dually optimized scaffold may also serve as an ideal biomaterial for the regeneration of other joint cartilages.
Copper‐Catalyzed Sequential Azomethine Imine‐Alkyne Cycloaddition and Umpolung Thiolation Reactions
Authors: Zhang Min , Wu Feifei , Wang Huanhong , Wu Junshi , Chen Wanzhi
Published: June 2017

Copper‐catalyzed sequential 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine imines and alkynes and electrophilic thiolations are described. The C−S, C−N, and C−C bonds were simultaneously formed in one pot, leading to N,N‐bicyclic pyrazolidinones in good to excellent yields. The process is proposed to proceed via reaction of a cuprate pyrazolidinonate intermediate and benzenesulfonothioate.

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Non‐Fermi Liquids as Highly Active Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts
Authors: Hirai Shigeto , Yagi Shunsuke , Chen Wei‐Tin , Chou Fang‐Cheng , Okazaki Noriyasu , Ohno Tomoya , Suzuki Hisao , Matsuda Takeshi
Published: June 2017

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role in emerging energy conversion technologies such as rechargeable metal‐air batteries, and direct solar water splitting. Herein, a remarkably low overpotential of ≈150 mV at 10 mA cm−2disk in alkaline solutions using one of the non‐Fermi liquids, Hg2Ru2O7, is reported. Hg2Ru2O7 displays a rapid increase in current density and excellent durability as an OER catalyst. This outstanding catalytic performance is realized through the coexistence of localized d‐bands with the metallic state that is unique to non‐Fermi liquids. The findings indicate that non‐Fermi liquids could greatly improve the design of highly active OER catalysts.
Herstellung fester polyfunktioneller Alkinylzinkpivalate mit verbesserter Luft‐ und Feuchtigkeitsstabilität
Authors: Chen Yi‐Hung , Tüllmann Carl Phillip , Ellwart Mario , Knochel Paul
Published: June 2017

Die Umsetzung von Alkinen mit TMPZnOPiv (TMP=2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidyl) als Base liefert die entsprechenden festen und luftstabilen Alkinylzinkpivalate. Diese Organozinkpivalate werden als Pulver unter milden Bedingungen in exzellenten Ausbeuten gewonnen und können an Luft für mehrere Stunden ohne signifikante Zersetzung gehandhabt werden. Die Alkinylzinkpivalate zeigen exzellente Reaktivität in verschiedenen C‐C‐Verknüpfungsreaktionen und in 1,3‐dipolaren Cycloadditionen. Diese Zinkreagenzien wurden verwendet, um ein Carboxyamidotriazol mit potenzieller antineoplastischer Aktivität in 8 Schritten in 38 % Gesamtausbeute herzustellen.
An Auto‐Inductive Cascade for the Optical Sensing of Thiols in Aqueous Media: Application in the Detection of a VX Nerve Agent Mimic
Authors: Sun Xiaolong , Anslyn Eric V.
Published: June 2017

A new auto‐inductive protocol employs a Meldrum's‐acid‐based conjugate acceptor (1) as a latent source of thiol for signal amplification, as well as optical detection of thiols. The auto‐induction is initiated by a thiol‐disulfide exchange that leads to the generation of β‐mercaptoethanol, which in turn decouples the conjugate acceptor to release more thiols, resulting in a self‐propagating cycle that continues until all the conjugate acceptor is consumed. Using 1 in a two‐step integrated protocol yields a rapid, sensitive, and precise diagnostic assay for the ultratrace quantitation of a thiophosphate nerve agent surrogate.
Anion Exchange Renders Hydrophobic Capsules and Cargoes Water‐Soluble
Authors: Percástegui Edmundo G. , Mosquera Jesús , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: June 2017

Control over the solubility properties of container molecules is a central challenge in host–guest chemistry. Herein we present a simple anion‐exchange protocol that allows the dissolution in water of various hydrophobic metal–organic container molecules prepared by iron(II)‐templated subcomponent self‐assembly. Our process involved the exchange of less hydrophilic trifluoromethanesulfonate anions for hydrophilic sulfate; the resulting water‐soluble cages could be rendered water‐insoluble through reverse anion exchange. Notably, this strategy allowed cargoes within capsules, including polycyclic aromatic compounds and complex organic drugs, to be brought into water. Hydrophobic effects appeared to enhance binding, as many of these cargoes were not bound in non‐aqueous media. Studies of the scope of this method revealed that cages containing tetratopic and tritopic ligands were more stable in water, whereas cages with ditopic ligands disassembled.
Exploring characteristics of highly cited authors according to citation location and content
Authors: An Juyoung , Kim Namhee , Kan Min‐Yen , Chandrasekaran Muthu Kumar , Song Min
Published: June 2017

Big Science and cross‐disciplinary collaborations have reshaped the intellectual structure of research areas. A number of works have tried to uncover this hidden intellectual structure by analyzing citation contexts. However, none of them analyzed by document logical structures such as sections. The two major goals of this study are to find characteristics of authors who are highly cited section‐wise and to identify the differences in section‐wise author networks. This study uses 29,158 of research articles culled from the ACL Anthology, which hosts articles on computational linguistics and natural language processing. We find that the distribution of citations across sections is skewed and that a different set of highly cited authors share distinct academic characteristics, according to their citation locations. Furthermore, the author networks based on citation context similarity reveal that the intellectual structure of a domain differs across different sections.
Effects of language and terminology of query suggestions on medical accuracy considering different user characteristics
Authors: Teixeira Lopes Carla , Paiva Dagmara , Ribeiro Cristina
Published: June 2017

Searching for health information is one of the most popular activities on the web. In this domain, users often misspell or lack knowledge of the proper medical terms to use in queries. To overcome these difficulties and attempt to retrieve higher‐quality content, we developed a query suggestion system that provides alternative queries combining the Portuguese or English language with lay or medico‐scientific terminology. Here we evaluate this system's impact on the medical accuracy of the knowledge acquired during the search. Evaluation shows that simply providing these suggestions contributes to reduce the quantity of incorrect content. This indicates that even when suggestions are not clicked, they are useful either for subsequent queries' formulation or for interpreting search results. Clicking on suggestions, regardless of type, leads to answers with more correct content. An analysis by type of suggestion and user characteristics showed that the benefits of certain languages and terminologies are more perceptible in users with certain levels of English proficiency and health literacy. This suggests a personalization of this suggestion system toward these characteristics. Overall, the effect of language is more preponderant than the effect of terminology. Clicks on English suggestions are clearly preferable to clicks on Portuguese ones.
Large‐scale extraction of drug–disease pairs from the medical literature
Authors: Wang Pengwei , Hao Tianyong , Yan Jun , Jin Lianwen
Published: June 2017

Automatic extraction of large‐scale and accurate drug–disease pairs from the medical literature plays an important role for drug repurposing. However, many existing extraction methods are mainly in a supervised manner. It is costly and time‐consuming to manually label drug–disease pairs datasets. There are many drug–disease pairs buried in free text. In this work, we first leverage a pattern‐based method to automatically extract drug–disease pairs with treatment and inducement relationships from free text. Then, to reflect a drug–disease relation, a network embedding algorithm is proposed to calculate the degree of correlation of a drug–disease pair. In the experiments, we use the method to extract treatment and inducement drug–disease pairs from 27 million medical abstracts and titles available on PubMed. We extract 138,318 unique treatment pairs and 75,396 unique inducement pairs. Our algorithm achieves a precision of 0.912 and a recall of 0.898 in extracting the frequent treatment drug–disease pairs, and a precision of 0.923 and a recall of 0.833 in extracting the frequent inducement drug–disease pairs. Besides, our proposed information network embedding algorithm can efficiently reflect the degree of correlation of drug–disease pairs. Our algorithm can achieve a precision of 0.802, a recall of 0.783 in the fine‐grained evaluation of extracting frequent pairs.
[2.2]Paracyclophane‐Bis(triazole) Systems: Synthesis and Photochemical Behavior
Authors: Bahrin Lucian G. , Sarbu Laura G. , Jones Peter G. , Birsa Lucian M. , Hopf Henning
Published: June 2017

Mono‐, pseudo‐gem, and pseudo‐para ethynylcyclophanes and bis(azides) have been employed as addition partners in CuAAC reactions to design and build complex extended molecular scaffolds. The reactivity of the resulting triazoles was investigated under photochemical conditions. A variety of newly substituted [2.2]paracyclophanes were identified; deazotization of pseudo‐gem and pseudo‐para adducts provided indolophane derivatives. An intramolecular stabilization effect was observed in the case of pseudo‐gem derivatives. A photochemical rearrangement from a pseudo‐para adduct to a pseudo‐ortho product was identified.
Silicon Application and Rhizobacterial Inoculation Regulate Mung Bean Response to Saline Water Irrigation
Authors: Mahmood Sajid , Daur Ihsanullah , Hussain Muhammad Baqir , Nazir Qudsia , Al‐Solaimani Samir Gamil , Ahmad Shakeel , Bakhashwain Ahmed Abdullah , Elsafor Ali Khalid
Published: June 2017

The present investigation examined the effects of silicon application and inoculation with the plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus drentensis on alleviating ion toxicity, regulating osmolytes accumulation, and productivity of field‐grown mung bean under saline water irrigation. Inoculated seeds were grown in sandy loam soils (electrical conductivity: 2.78 dS m−1) and irrigated with water with three salinity levels (3.12, 5.46, and 7.81 dS m−1) using a drip irrigation system. Foliar application of silicon was conducted twice (3 wk after sowing and at flowering stage) at 1 or 2 kg ha−1. The silicon application and PGPR inoculation countered the adverse effects of salinity on mung bean by decreasing proline, total phenols, and lignin contents in leaves and increasing the total soluble sugars in comparison to the control. Silicon and rhizobacteria also reduced Na+ content and increased K+, Ca2+, and Si contents in shoots compared to the control under all salinity levels. Furthermore, the significant interaction between Si and PGPR increased the pod yield. Among the treatments, Si (2 kg ha−1) application and B. drentensis inoculation remained the most prominent for the studied traits at all salinity levels. Thus, the current study suggested that application of rhizobacteria along with Si mitigates the effects of salinity on mung bean by regulating osmolytes, reducing lignification, improving mineral uptake, and decreasing tissue Na+ content.
Chronic myeloid leukemia: Global impact from a local laboratory
Authors: Radich Jerald P.
Published: June 2017

The arrival of tyrosine kinase inhibitors forever changed the treatment and outlook of chronic myeloid leukemia. However, most of the world's chronic myeloid leukemia patients live in economically challenged areas and have extremely limited access to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors and diagnostic assays needed to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. What can be done?
How Does Culture Improve Consumer Engagement in CSR Initiatives? the Mediating Role of Motivational Attributions
Authors: Hur Won‐Moo , Kim Yeonshin
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the consumer–corporate social responsibility (CSR) relationship by studying the influence of two cultural values – collectivism and masculinity –on the formation of CSR perceptions. A model is proposed which explains the effect of the cultural values on motivational attributions and consumer perceptions of CSR practices. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 560 consumers in South Korea. Data analysis was performed employing the structural equation modeling approach. The results indicate that collectivistic (masculine) values are positively (negatively) related to perceptions of CSR. Furthermore, intrinsic attributions of CSR initiatives mediate the positive relationship between collectivism and CSR perceptions and the negative relationship between masculinity and CSR perceptions. These findings suggest that managers must seek to understand consumers' cultural characteristics and the attributions of CSR motivations in order to develop effective CSR strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Ultra‐fast LC–MS/MS in therapeutic drug monitoring: Quantification of clozapine and norclozapine in human plasma
Authors: Couchman Lewis , Fisher Danielle S. , Subramaniam Krithika , Handley Simon A. , Boughtflower Robert J. , Benton Christopher M. , Flanagan Robert J.
Published: June 2017

A novel approach to high‐throughput, targeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis has been developed. A single chromatographic system can be used for the analysis of a range of 20 drugs and metabolites with a total analysis time of 36 s (one 96‐well plate of prepared samples per hour). To demonstrate the applicability of this approach to quantitative analysis, a method has been validated for the therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine and norclozapine following automated extraction from human plasma. Chromatographic retention times were 11.4 and 12.4 s for norclozapine and clozapine, respectively (for both analytes the chromatographic peak width was less than 1 s). Comparison with a conventional LC–MS/MS method (5 min analysis time) showed excellent agreement. This new approach offers analysis times more akin to flow‐injection analysis, but is likely to be more widely applicable because of chromatographic resolution from residual matrix components and isobaric interferences.
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour promotes beneficial effects on adipose tissue but not on glycaemic profile of diet‐induced obesity in mice
Authors: Carnier June , Silva Fernanda Pinheiro , de Miranda Danielle Araújo , Santamarina Aline Boveto , Mennitti Laís Vales , Moreira Renata Guimarães , do Nascimento Claudia Maria Oller , Ribeiro Eliane Beraldi , Oyama Lila Missae
Published: June 2017

This study evaluated effects of integral chia flour (Salvia hispanica L.) associated with high‐fat diet on glucose metabolism, fatty acid profile, and inflammatory mediators in epididymal adipose and liver tissue using experimental obesity models induced by high‐calorie and ‐fat diets. Forty‐eight mice were divided into four experimental groups: control diet (C); control diet + chia flour (CCh); high‐fat and ‐calorie diet (H), and high‐fat and ‐calorie diet + chia flour (HCh). Tissue cytokines, fatty acid profile, and glycaemic profile were measured. In oral glucose tolerance testing, HCh presented higher glycaemia than H at 15, 30, and 120 min. In epididymal adipose tissue, CCh showed higher accumulation of alpha‐linolenic fatty acid (α‐LNA) than C, while HCh showed higher accumulation of α‐LNA and lower concentrations of C20:4n6 fatty acid than H. In liver tissue, CCh presented higher accumulation of α‐LNA and lower concentrations of C20:4n6 fatty acid than C. We believe that 12 g of chia flour per kg of food for 10 wk is essential for prevention and treatment of obesity; however, it may be necessary to adjust chia amounts and treatment times to improve glycaemic profiles. This study provides pioneering results on the effects of chia in mice.

Practical applications: With the hope of losing weight and becoming healthier, many people adopt radical diets that can be harmful to their health. Accordingly, dietary guidelines must be carefully planned by qualified health professionals, especially considering the comorbidities of diabetes and cardiovascular disease that accompany obesity. In addition, the adequate treatment of obesity increases the chances of the patients maintaining their diet and lifestyle changes, thus, allowing for greater control of their obesity. Consequently, knowledge of the appropriate dosages and effects of chia is important for the development of new tools for composing dietary guidelines for healthy individuals, especially for the treatment of obese patients.

Effects of chia flour (Salvia hispanica L.) on liver tissue fatty acid (A) and epididymal adipose tissue fatty acid (B) of all groups after treatment. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E. *, statistical difference of C group; #, statistical difference of CCh group; ο, statistical difference of H group (p < 0.05).
Nonenzymatic H2O2 Electrochemical Sensor Based on SnO2‐NPs Coated Polyethylenimine Functionalized Graphene
Authors: Liu Yongqin , Wang Lu , Yang Lingxi , Zhan Yi , Zou Lina , Ye Baoxian
Published: June 2017

This paper demonstrated using polyethylenimine (PEI)‐functionalized graphene (Gr) incorporating tin oxide (SnO2) hybrid nanocomposite as a platform for nonenzymatic H2O2 electrochemical sensor. The results of UV‐vis spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the simultaneous formation of tin oxide (SnO2) nanocomposite and reduction of graphene oxide (GO). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed a uniform distribution of nanometer‐sized tin oxide nanoparticles on the grapheme sheets, which could be achieved using stannous chloride (SnCl2) complex instead of tin oxide as precursor. The electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric performance (I‐t), showed that the PEI‐functionalized Gr supported SnO2 (SnO2‐PEI‐Gr) exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the H2O2. The corresponding calibration curve of the current response showed a linear detection range of 9×10−6∼1.64×10−3 mol L−1, while the limit of detection was estimated to be 1×10−6 mol L−1. Electrochemical studies indicated that SnO2 and functionalized Gr worked synergistically for the detection of H2O2.
Protein and pathway engineering for the biosynthesis of 5‐hydroxytryptophan in Escherichia coli
Authors: Mora‐Villalobos José‐Aníbal , Zeng An‐Ping
Published: June 2017

The hydroxylation of tryptophan is an important reaction in the biosynthesis of natural products. 5‐Hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) is not only an important compound for its pharmaceutical value but also because it is the precursor of other molecules, such as serotonin. In this study, we have extended the metabolism of an E. coli strain to produce 5HTP. Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase from Cupriavidus taiwanensis (CtAAAH) was selected using an in silico structure‐based approach. We have predicted and selected several substrate‐determining residues using sequence, phylogenetic and functional divergence analyses; we also did rational design on CtAAAH to shift the enzyme preference from phenylalanine to tryptophan. Whole cell bioconversion assays were used to show the effect of predicted sites. In general, all of them decreased the preference toward phenylalanine and increased the tryptophan synthesis activity. The best performer, CtAAAH‐W192F, was transformed into a strain that had the tryptophanase gene disrupted and carried a human tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) regeneration pathway. The resulting strain was capable of synthesizing 2.5 mM 5HTP after 24 hours. This work demonstrates the application of computational approaches for protein engineering and further coupling with the bacterial metabolism.
An Information‐Correction Method for Testlet‐Based Test Analysis: From the Perspectives of Item Response Theory and Generalizability Theory
Authors: Li Feifei
Published: June 2017

An information‐correction method for testlet‐based tests is introduced. This method takes advantage of both generalizability theory (GT) and item response theory (IRT). The measurement error for the examinee proficiency parameter is often underestimated when a unidimensional conditional‐independence IRT model is specified for a testlet dataset. By using a design effect ratio composed of random variances that can be easily derived from GT analysis, it becomes possible to adjust the underestimated measurement error from the unidimensional IRT models to a more appropriate level. In this paper, it is demonstrated how the information‐correction method can be implemented in the context of a testlet design. Also, through the simulation study, it is shown that the underestimated measurement errors from IRT estimates can be adjusted to the appropriate level despite the varying magnitudes of local item dependence (LID), testlet length, balance of testlet length, and number of item parameters in the model. The real data example provides more details about when and how the information‐correction method should be used in a test analysis. Estimation by the information‐correction method should be adequate for practical work, given the robustness of the variance ratio.
CSF biomarkers in delirium: a systematic review
Authors: Hall Roanna J. , Watne Leiv Otto , Cunningham Emma , Zetterberg Henrik , Shenkin Susan D. , Wyller Torgeir Bruun , MacLullich Alasdair M.J.
Published: June 2017

Objective

In recent years, there has been a blossoming of studies examining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a method of studying the pathophysiology of delirium. We systematically reviewed the literature for CSF studies in delirium and provide here a summary of the implications for our understanding of delirium pathophysiology. We also summarise the methods used for CSF analysis and discuss challenges and implications for future studies.

Methods

In this systematic review, we screened MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed and the Cochrane Library for articles on CSF biomarkers in delirium, published on 3 September 2016. Studies were required to use Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or International Classification of Diseases criteria for delirium or a validated tool. We excluded case reports. There were no other restrictions on study type.

Results

We identified 3280 articles from our initial search, and 22 articles were included in this review. All studies were prospective, including over 400 patients with delirium and 700 controls. More than 70 different biomarkers were studied. Studies could not be compared with each other for meta‐analysis because of their heterogeneity and varied widely in their risk of bias and quality assessments.

Conclusions

The 22 studies identified in this review reveal a small but growing literature, in which many of the important hypotheses in delirium pathogenesis have been examined, but from which few firm conclusions can currently be drawn. Nevertheless, the overall interpretation of the literature supports the vulnerable brain concept, that is, that biomarker evidence of, for example, Alzheimer's disease pathology and/or neuroinflammation, is associated with delirium.
Genotoxic effects of old landfill leachate on HepG2 cells after nitration/ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis membrane treatment process
Authors: Cheng Rong , Zhao Ling , Yin Pinghe
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Toxicity assessment of nitration/ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis (nitration/UF/RO) project, which has recently been widely used as an efficient process with applications in practical leachate treatment, was very limited. In the present study, DNA damage of leachates was investigated before and after the nitration/UF/RO process by a battery of assays with human hepatoma cells. Methyletrazolium assay showed a high cytotoxicity of 97.1% after being exposed to the highest concentration of raw leachate for 24 h, and a cytotoxicity of 26% in effluent at a concentration of 30% (v/v). Both comet assay (24 h) and γH2AX flow cytometer assay (3 h) showed increased levels of DNA damage in cells exposed to raw leachate and after nitration/UF‐treated leachate followed by a significant increase of 7‐ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase activity. However, the effluent after nitration/UF/RO treatment showed no significant difference compared to negative control for γH2AX flow cytometer assay but slight DNA damage at concentrations of 20% and 30% (v/v) as well as increase of 7‐ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase. Analysis showed that nitration/UF/RO process exhibited high removal of physicochemical indexes and significant reduction of toxic and genotoxic effects of leachate, but still demands an improvement to reduce all possible negative risks to the environment and humans. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.