bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Adaptable Catalyst/Substrate System for the Synthesis of Substituted Chromenes.
Authors: Aponick Aaron , Biannic Berenger , Jong Michael R.
Published: January 2011

The Au‐catalyzed endo‐cyclization of 2‐(1‐hydroxyallyl)‐phenols (I), (III) and (V) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Piperidines by Coupling of Four Components in a “One‐Pot” Sequence Involving Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether Mediated Michael Reaction.
Authors: Urushima Tatsuya , Sakamoto Daisuke , Ishikawa Hayato , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: January 2011

The sequence involves asymmetric Michael reaction of nitroalkenes with aldehydes followed by an aza‐Henry reaction/hemiaminalization and final nucleophilic substitution or reduction.
ChemInform Abstract: Ester‐ and Ketone‐Substituted (.+‐.)‐1‐Alkyl‐6‐nitro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines by a Tandem SNAr‐Michael Reaction.
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Lee Eric J.
Published: January 2011

Mechanistic aspects of the cyclization reaction to (V) are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors of Phenolic Constituents Isolated from Garcinia mangostana.
Authors: Zhao You Xing , et al. et al.
Published: January 2011

13 Benzophenones and xanthanes including the new compound (I) are isolated from the hulls of Garcinia mangostana and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against fatty acid synthase (FAS).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel 18F‐Labeled Pyridyl Benzofuran Derivative for Imaging of β‐Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer′s Brains.
Authors: Cheng Yan , Ono Masahiro , Kimura Hiroyuki , Kagawa Shinya , Nishii Ryuichi , Saji Hideo
Published: January 2011

The novel pyridyl benzofuran derivative (I) and the corresponding 18F‐labeled compound are prepared and used for imaging of β‐amyloid plaques in Alzheimer′s disease brains.
ChemInform Abstract: Thienopyrimidines as β3‐Adrenoceptor Agonists: Hit‐to‐Lead Optimization.
Authors: Tasler Stefan , et al. et al.
Published: January 2011

The synthesis of a large series of title compounds with the skeleton of (I) is briefly outlined.
ChemInform Abstract: Ideas by S.V. Vonsovsky and Modern Model Treatment of Magnetism
Authors: Irkhin V. Yu.
Published: January 2011

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycles Through Classical Ugi and Passerini Reactions Followed by Secondary Transformations Involving One or Two Additional Functional Groups
Authors: Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Riva Renata
Published: January 2011

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Aspects on the Preparation of Spirocyclic and Fused Unusual β‐Lactams
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro
Published: January 2011

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of CeCl3 as an Environmentally Friendly Promoter in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Bartoli Giuseppe , Marcantoni Enrico , Marcolini Mauro , Sambri Letizia
Published: January 2011

Review: 552 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lipid Oxidation and Improving the Oxidative Stability
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon , Zhong Ying
Published: January 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microfluidic Droplet Technique for in vitro Directed Evolution
Authors: Wu Nan , Oakeshott John , Brown Sue , Easton Christopher , Zhu Yonggang
Published: January 2011

Review: 138 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Spin—Spin Couplings
Authors: Kamienska‐Trela Krystyna , Wojcik Jacek
Published: January 2011

Review: 377 refs.
Toward a Complete Understanding of the Vinyl Fluoride Spectrum in the Atmospheric Region
Authors: Tasinato Nicola , Stoppa Paolo , Charmet Andrea Pietropolli , Giorgianni Santi , Buffa Giovanni , Gambi Alberto
Published: January 2011

A deep and comprehensive investigation of the vinyl fluoride (CH2CHF) spectrum in the atmospheric window around 8.7 μm is presented. At first, the ro‐vibrational patterns are modelled to an effective Hamiltonian, which also takes into account the coupling of the CF stretching vibration, ν7, with the neighbouring vibrational combination ν9+ν12. The obtained Hamiltonian gives very accurate simulations and predictions of the ro‐vibrational quantum energies. Then, in the main part of the work, an experimental and theoretical study of vinyl fluoride self‐broadening collisions is carried out for the first time. The broadening coefficients obtained experimentally are compared with those calculated by a semiclassical theory, demonstrating a significant contribution of collisional coupling effects between lines connecting pairs of degenerate (or nearly degenerate) rotational levels. Finally, the experimentally retrieved integrated absorption coefficients are used to calculate the absorption cross‐section of the ν7 normal mode, from which dipole transition moments are derived. The obtained results provide a deep insight into the spectral behaviour of vinyl fluoride, in a spectral region of primary relevance for atmospheric and environmental determinations. Indeed, the data presented constitute an accurate model for the remote sensing of vinyl fluoride—a molecule of proved industrial importance which can lead to hazardous effects in the atmosphere and affects human′s health.
The use of in vitro technologies and high‐resolution/accurate‐mass LC‐MS to screen for metabolites of ‘designer’ steroids in the equine
Authors: Clarke Adam , Scarth James , Teale Phil , Pearce Clive , Hillyer Lynn
Published: January 2011

Detection of androgenic‐anabolic steroid abuse in equine sports requires knowledge of the drug's metabolism in order to target appropriate metabolites, especially where urine is the matrix of choice. Studying ‘designer’ steroid metabolism is problematic since it is difficult to obtain ethical approval for in vivo metabolism studies due to a lack of toxicological data.

In this study, the equine in vitro metabolism of eight steroids available for purchase on the Internet is reported; including androsta‐1,4,6‐triene‐3,17‐dione, 4‐chloro,17α‐methyl‐androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17β‐diol, estra‐4,9‐diene‐3,17‐dione, 4‐hydroxyandrostenedione, 20‐hydroxyecdysone, 11‐keto‐androstenedione, 17α‐methyldrostanolone, and tetrahydrogestrinone. In order to allow for retrospective analysis of sample testing data, the use of a high‐resolution (HR) accurate‐mass Thermo LTQ‐Orbitrap liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) instrument was employed for metabolite identification of underivatized sample extracts. The full scan LC‐HRMS Orbitrap data were complimented by LC‐HRMS/MS and gas‐chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) experiments in order to provide fragmentation information and to ascertain whether GC‐MS was capable of detecting any metabolite not detected by LC‐HRMS.

With the exception of 20‐hydroxyecdysone, all compounds were found to be metabolized by equine liver S9 and/or microsomes. With the exception of 17α‐methyldrostanolone, which produced metabolites that could only be detected by GC‐MS, the metabolites of all other compounds could be identified using LC‐HRMS, thus allowing retrospective analysis of previously acquired full‐scan data resulting from routine equine drug testing screens. In summary, while in vitro techniques do not serve as a replacement for more definitive in vivo studies in all situations, their use does offer an alternative in situations where it would not be ethical to administer untested drugs to animals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strontium Methylphosphonate Trihydrate: An Example of a New Class of Host Materials for Intercalation Reactions – Synthesis, Structure and Intercalation Behavior
Authors: Beneš Ludvík , Melánová Klára , Svoboda Jan , Zima Vítězslav , Růžička Aleš , Trchová Miroslava
Published: January 2011

A new compound with formula SrCH3PO3·3H2O has been prepared, characterized by thermogravimetry, IR spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction, and its structure has been determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. Strontium methylphosphonate trihydrate crystallizes in an orthorhombic system with space group Pbca (No. 61), Z = 8 and with lattice parameters a = 7.8838(6), b = 8.5173(5), c = 21.5272(15) Å. Primary alcohols, amines, and 1,2‐diols with straight carbon chains were intercalated into this strontium methylphosphonate compound. For all three types of intercalate, a linear dependence of the interlayer distance on the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain of the guest was found. From these results, the arrangements of the guest molecules in the interlayer space of the host (SrCH3PO3) structure were deduced. The amine intercalates are unstable, and the guest species can be released from the host by washing the intercalate with an aprotic solvent. Conversely, the alcohol and diol intercalates are surprisingly stable. The reason for this stability may be due to the fact that the oxygen atom of an alcohol or diol species can replace the oxygen atom of the coordinated water molecule in the host. A successful attempt to intercalate polymeric species, namely poly(ethylene glycol), was made, which opens the way for the preparation of nanocomposites with this type of hostmaterial.
Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide Ligand Formation in Hydrogenase Biosynthesis
Authors: Swanson Kevin D. , Duffus Benjamin R. , Beard Trevor E. , Peters John W. , Broderick Joan B.
Published: January 2011

Carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanide (CN–) can act as potent inhibitors of enzymes necessary for primary biochemical processes, however they also play important roles in biological systems. Well‐studied cases include CN– biosynthesis in plants to act as a defense against herbivores and pathogens, CN– biosynthesis in certain species of bacteria to remove excess glycine, and CO biosynthesis by microbes for energy metabolism in the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. The utilization of CO and CN– as essential metal ligands in biology is even more limited, with the only known examples being at the active sites of hydrogenase enzymes. This class of enzymes catalyzes the reversible oxidation of hydrogen, a reaction that in biology appears to be entirely dependent on the presence of CO and/or CN– ligands. To date, synthetic mimicsof hydrogenase active sites have not reproduced hydrogen production rates observed in some hydrogenases; it is thus of considerable interest to understand how biology has solved the intriguing problem of biosynthesizing efficient hydrogen catalysts. Of the hydrogenase enzymes discussed herein, recent advances in the [FeFe]‐hydrogenase family has provided important insights into the synthesis of the CO and CN– ligands for its active site (H‐cluster). Biosynthesis of the complex [FeFe]‐hydrogenase active site requires only three iron–sulfur cluster‐containing maturation proteins, where two act as radical S‐adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) enzymes (HydE and HydG) and the other as a GTPase (HydF). In this review, biological CO and CN– genesis mechanisms will be assessed with specific focus on [FeFe]‐hydrogenase maturation.
Photoactive Europium Hybrids of β‐Diketone‐Modified Polysilsesquioxane Bridge Linking Si–O–B(Ti)–O Xerogels
Authors: Wang Chang , Yan Bing , Liu Jin‐Liang , Guo Lei
Published: January 2011

Polysilsesquioxane bridges are obtained through the single modification of 3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate (TEPIC) by two β‐diketone ligands [thenoyltrifluoroacetylacetone (TTA) and trifluoroacetylacetone (TA)], which behave as linkages between the europium ion and composite host Si–O–M (M = B or Ti) xerogels by controlling the hydrolysis rate of the alkoxy compounds (tetraethyl orthosilicate, titanium butoxide and tributyl borate). Subsequently, luminescent europium hybrid xerogels are assembled and characterized by NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet absorption and ultraviolet/visible diffuse reflection spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy through which the decay times (τ) and quantum efficiency (η) can be determined. These results reveal that the lanthanide complexes have been covalently immobilized into the composite inorganic xerogels and the obtained hybrids have the excellent ability of light absorption and emission. The hybrids with composite Si–O–B xerogels possess the matched photoluminescent properties (red emission intensity, lifetimes, and quantum efficiency) as the pure silica oxygen network, both of which show a superior luminescence performance than the hybrids with composite Si–O–Ti xerogels. Besides, the single modification of TTA is favorable for the luminescence of the hybrid xerogels.
DNA Photocleavage and Cytotoxic Properties of Ferrocene Conjugates
Authors: Maity Basudev , Chakravarthi Balabhadrapatruni V. S. K. , Roy Mithun , Karande Anjali A. , Chakravarty Akhil R.
Published: January 2011

Ferrocenyl conjugates 2‐ferrocenylimidazophenanthroline (1) and 2‐ferrocenylimidazophenanthrene (2) were prepared, characterized, and their photoinduced DNA cleavage and photocytotoxic activity were studied. 2‐Phenylimidazophenanthroline (3) was used as a control species. Compound 2 was characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The interaction of the compounds with double‐stranded calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) was studied. The compounds show good binding affinity to CT DNA with Kb values of approximately 105 M–1. Thermal denaturation data suggest the groove binding nature of the compounds. The redox‐active compounds show poor chemical nuclease activity in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and glutathione (GSH). Compound 1 exhibits significant DNA photocleavage activity in visible light of 476 and 532 nm. Compound 3 shows only moderate DNA cleavage activity. The positive effect of the ferrocenyl moiety is demonstrated by the DNA photocleavage data. Mechanistic investigations reveal the formation of superoxide as well as hydroxyl radicals as the active species. The photocytotoxicity of the compounds in HeLa cells was studied upon irradiation with visible light (400–700 nm). Compound 1 shows efficient photocytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 13 μM, while compounds 2 and 3 are less active with IC50 values of >50 and 22 μM, respectively.
Can we reduce the number of fish in the OECD acute toxicity test?
Authors: Rufli Hans , Springer Timothy A
Published: January 2011

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Guideline 203, Fish Acute Toxicity Test, states that the test should be performed using at least five concentrations in a geometric series with a separation factor not exceeding 2.2, with at least seven fish per concentration. However, the efficiency of this design can be questioned, because it often results in only one concentration that causes partial mortality (mortality >0% and <100%). We performed Monte Carlo computer simulations to assess whether more efficient designs could allow reductions in fish use. Simulations indicated that testing with six fish per concentration could yield 50% lethal concentration (LC50) estimates of quality similar to those obtained using seven fish. Experts attending a workshop organized to consider this finding and to identify the best methods for reducing fish use concluded that significant reductions could best be achieved by modifying the test paradigm. They suggested initiating testing using a 96-h fish embryo test instead of juvenile fish to cover the range from the upper threshold concentration (the lowest 50% effective concentration [EC50] in existing algae and daphnia studies) to the highest concentration with no mortality. This would be followed by a confirmatory limit test with juvenile fish at the highest concentration with no mortality or by a full test with juvenile fish, if a point estimate of the LC50 is required. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1006–1011. © 2010 SETAC
Toxicity of silicon carbide nanowires to sediment-dwelling invertebrates in water or sediment exposures
Authors: Mwangi Joseph N , Wang Ning , Ritts Andrew , Kunz James L , Ingersoll Christopher G , Li Hao , Deng Baolin
Published: January 2011

Silicon carbide nanowires (SiCNW) are insoluble in water. When released into an aquatic environment, SiCNW would likely accumulate in sediment. The objective of this study was to assess the toxicity of SiCNW to four freshwater sediment-dwelling organisms: amphipods (Hyalella azteca), midges (Chironomus dilutus), oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus), and mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea). Amphipods were exposed to either sonicated or nonsonicated SiCNW in water (1.0 g/L) for 48 h. Midges, mussels, and oligochaetes were exposed only to sonicated SiCNW in water for 96 h. In addition, amphipods were exposed to sonicated SiCNW in whole sediment for 10 d (44% SiCNW on dry wt basis). Mean 48-h survival of amphipods exposed to nonsonicated SiCNW in water was not significantly different from the control, whereas mean survival of amphipods exposed to sonicated SiCNW in two 48-h exposures (0 or 15% survival) was significantly different from the control (90 or 98% survival). In contrast, no effect of sonicated SiCNW was observed on survival of midges, mussels, or oligochaetes. Survival of amphipods was not significantly reduced in 10-d exposures to sonicated SiCNW either mixed in the sediment or layered on the sediment surface. However, significant reduction in amphipod biomass was observed with the SiCNW either mixed in sediment or layered on the sediment surface, and the reduction was more pronounced for SiCNW layered on the sediment. These results indicated that, under the experimental conditions, nonsonicated SiCNW in water were not acutely toxic to amphipods, sonicated SiCNW in water were acutely toxic to the amphipods, but not to other organisms tested, and sonicated SiCNW in sediment affected the growth but not the survival of amphipods. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:981–987. © 2010 SETAC
Changes in agglomeration of fullerenes during ingestion and excretion in Thamnocephalus platyurus
Authors: Patra Manomita , Ma Xin , Isaacson Carl , Bouchard Dermont , Poynton Helen , Lazorchak James M , Rogers Kim R
Published: January 2011

The crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus was exposed to aqueous suspensions of fullerenes C60 and C70. Aqueous fullerene suspensions were formed by stirring C60 and C70 as received from a commercial vendor in deionized water (termed aqu/C60 and aqu/C70) for approximately 100 d. The Z-average (mean hydrodynamic) diameters of aqu/C60 and aqu/C70 aggregates as measured by dynamic light scattering were 517 ± 21 nm and 656 ± 39 nm (mean ± 95% confidence limit), respectively. Exposure of T. platyurus to fullerene suspensions resulted in the formation of dark masses in the digestive track visible under a stereo microscope (×40 magnification). Fullerene ingestion over 1 h of exposure was quantitatively determined after extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). One-hour exposures (at 3 mg/L and 6 mg/L) resulted in aqu/C60 burdens of 2.7 ± 0.4 µg/mg and 6.8 ± 1.5 µg/mg wet weight, respectively. Thin-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of aqu/C60-exposed T. platyurus showed the formation in the gut of fullerene agglomerates (5–10 µm) that were an order of magnitude larger than the suspended fullerene agglomerates. Upon excretion, the observed fullerene agglomerates were in the 10- to 70-µm size range and settled to the bottom of the incubation wells. In contrast to the control polystyrene microspheres, which dispersed after depuration, the aqu/C60 agglomerates (greater than two orders of magnitude larger than the suspended fullerenes) remained agglomerated for up to six months. When exposed to fullerenes, T. platyurus shows the potential to influence agglomerate size and may facilitate movement of these nanoparticles from the water column into sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:828–835. © 2010 SETAC
Scolochloa marchica sp. nova (poaceae), ein neues röhrichtgras aus mitteleuropa: Mit einer karte, 4 abbildungen und einer tabelle
Authors: Düvel M. , Ristow M. , Scholz H.
Published: January 2011

Scolochloa marchica sp. nova, a new reed‐like grass from Central Europe

In 1998 and 1999 a new species of the genus Scolochloa, so far regarded as monotypic, was detected in E Central Europe and is here described and illustrated as S. marchica. It markedly differs from S. festucacea in spikelet and flower morphology, features of leaf‐blade and in chromosome number (2n = 42, hexaploid, in contrast to S. festucacea, 2n = 28). As at present known this new species today occurs on three distant localities in the German Federal State of Brandenburg, from there the swampy habitats and communities of the populations are shortly characterised. Other localities and collections dated to 1867, 1878 (Brandenburg) and 1896 (Berlin). One old specimen (without date) comes from the Island of Wollin (Wolin) (NW Poland). All the stands of S. marchica are situated at the outermost western border of the European part of the disjunct Central N American‐N Eurasiatic distribution area of S. festucacea. A supplement lists all the S. festucacea specimens studied, inclusive the Berlin type specimen of the name (B).
Aromatic compounds in some species of leucas r.br. (labiatae): with 2 tables (Labiatae)
Authors: Singh T. P. , Kamat M.
Published: January 2011

Monoterpenoids were principal compounds found in leaves and inflorescences of four species of Leucas R.BR, of the aromatic family Labiatae (or Lamia‐ceae). Leaves of three species of the genus, namely L. aspera SPRENG., L. lavandulifolia REES and L. stricta BENTH., contained greater number of monoterpenoids than their inflorescences. The different physiological states of the leaves and the inflorescences were suggested to be the reasons behind this difference in contents. The species L. cephalotes (ROTH) SPRENG., however, possessed higher number of terpenoids in the inflorescence than in its leaves. The green and leafy nature of bracts around flowers of this species was thought to be one of its causes.

In all the four species, altogether nine terpenoids were recorded, of which acylic monoterpenoids (citral, citronellal linalool and linalyl acetate) were higher in number than monocyclic (α‐terpineol and thymol) and bicyclic (α‐β‐thujone and borneol) ones. The only triterpenoid identified was ß‐sitosterol. The genus Leucas was considered primitive because of its preference for the simplest type of monoterpenoids, that is, acyclic ones.

Terpenoids of the genus were investigated for the first time.

Linalool, an acyclic monoterpenoid, was thought to be the initial compound from which other monoterpenoids might have been derived.

The three species contained either α‐β‐thujone or borneol, except L. stricta which lacked both. On the basis of the findings, the following genetic constitutions, in respect to the two compounds, were suggested for the species: L. aspera ‐ Thu+ Bor−, L. lavandulifolia and L. cephalotes ‐ Thu− Bor+ and L. stricta ‐ Thu− Bor−. A cross between species Thu+ Bor− and Thu− Bor+, leading to a progeny with an expected genetic constitution Thu+ Bor+, may throw light on the behaviour of genes responsible for the two compounds.

Since α‐β‐thujone is chemically a simpler terpenoid than borneol, the species containing the former was considered to be evolutionarily primitive and the ones containing the latter a bit advanced. Camphor and 1,8‐cineole were absent from all the four species. In α‐terpineol containing species of Leucas gene/s responsible for α‐terpineol → 1,8‐cineole isomerization reaction was thought to be altogether absent.

An aromatic phenol, eugenol, was observed in the leaves of only two species, L. aspera and L. stricta. The genus was suggested to posses synthetic pathways both for terpenoid and phenol.
Research on the spreading of cuscuta l. (convolvulaceae) in the county of sibiu, romania: With 2 figures and 2 tables
Authors: Tanase M. , Oprean L.
Published: January 2011

The occurrence of Cuscuta L. species in the county of Sibiu has been studied during the years 1995–1999. For the seven Cuscuta species found in the area 64 new host plants have been identified.

Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Cuscuta L. (Convolvulaceae) in der Provinz Sibiu, Rumänien

Das Vorkommen von Arten der Gattung Cuscuta L. in der Provinz Sibiu wurde in den Jahren 1995–1999 untersucht. Für die sieben nachgewiesenen Arten wurden 64 neue Wirtspflanzen bestimmt.
Beitrag zur systematischen Stellung der ausgestorbenen Koniferengattung Doliostrobus MARION nach holzanatomischen Gesichtspunkten
Authors: Rüffle L. , Süss H.
Published: January 2011

Contribution to the systematic position of the extinct coniferous genus Doliostrobus MARION to wood anatomical point of view

The wood anatomy of the genus Doliostrobus MARION of the Eocene Geiseltal is described. This genus is demarcated from all fossil and extant coniferous groups because of the combination of features “bordered pits abietoid, cells one‐storied rays important higher than middle standing cells more‐storied rays, and pits in the cross‐field doliostroboid”. Doliostrobus extinct without involvement as to evolution of the modern types.
Neue untersuchungen an cunninghamites oxycedrus presl in Sternberg 1838
Authors: Kunzmann L.
Published: January 2011

Historisches und neueres Material der kretazischen Konifere Cunninghamites oxycedrus PRESL in STERNBERG emend, von Niederschöna bei Freiberg, Sachsen, Deutschland (Cenoman) wurde untersucht, dabei kann erstmals die Nadelepidermis beschrieben werden. C. oxycedrus wird als eigenständige Art betrachtet, die auf morphologischen und anatomischen Merkmalen steriler Nadelzweige fußt. Samenzapfen von C. oxycedrus sind bislang unbekannt. Probleme der Abgrenzung zu C. lignitum (STERNBERG) KVAČEK und C. squamosus HEER werden diskutiert.
On the “reduction” of terminal bud in seedlings of some papilionoid legumes
Authors: Tsutsupa T. A. , Barykina R. P. , Kramina T. E. , Sokoloff D. D.
Published: January 2011

Morphological and anatomical structure of seeds and seedlings of Securigera securidaca (L.) DEGEN. & DOERFL. and several other members of Loteae tribe [Ornilhopus sativus BROT., Lotus tetragonolobus L., Tripodion tetraphyllum (L.) FOURR. and Hymenocarpos circinnatus (L.) SAVI] was studied.

Development of the plumule, cotyledons, shoots system and main root of the seedlings are described with special attention to the vascular system. In cotyledonary axils, serial buds early appear and develop that makes identification of the main shoot rather difficult. However, the apical bud and normally developed main shoot were found in all examined species. DORMER'S (1945) idea on the reduction of the main bud and COMPTON'S (1912) supposition on extra‐axillary branching of epicotyl into equivalent shoots were disproved.
Flechten und Moose im Gebiet des Bolschoi Tchatsch (NW‐Kaukasus) — eine erste Übersicht, ergänzt durch einige von D. Benkert bestimmte Pezizales
Authors: Otte V.
Published: January 2011

Lichens and Bryophytes from the Bolshoy Thkach region (NW Caucasus) — a first survey

Lichens and Bryophytes from the Bolshoy Tkhach region (NW Caucasus) are listed on the base of investigations during three excursions in 1997, 1998 and 1999 completed by some Pezizales, identified by D. BENKERT. Floristic character is quite European. Because of the presence of virgin forests in an unpolluted environment, an anthropogenously unaffected cryptogamic vegetation of European type can be studied here, which has disappeared from large regions in Europe.
Die Pflanzen des Elsholtz‐Florilegiums 165911660
Authors: Krausch H.‐D.
Published: January 2011

The plants of the Elsholtz‐Florilegium 165911660

This paper reviews the fragmentary Elsholtz‐Florilegium of 1659/1660. Its 45 species and infraspecific tribes of garden‐plants were represented and discussed individually.
Tapentadol: a novel analgesic for treating moderate to severe pain
Authors: Dickenson Anthony
Published: January 2011

Pain management in primary care relies on a combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. Opioid analgesics are widely employed but long‐term use can lead to side‐effects and issues including drug tolerance. In this article, Anthony Dickenson considers tapentadol, the first in a new class of centrally acting analgesics with two mechanisms of action in a single molecule and the promise of fewer sideeffects than pure opioid agonists.
Space, Illuminated
Authors: Revnivtsev Mikhail , Hetznecker Helmut
Published: January 2011

Billions and billions of point sources immerse the entire Milky Way in a diffuse X‐ray light. The actual composition of the galactic background radiation was long hidden from observers on Earth. Astronomers have now solved the puzzle
Data for Everyone!
Authors: Weichselgartner Erich , Winkler‐Nees Stefan
Published: January 2011

Around the world and in every discipline, data sharing is on the advance. The online archive PsychData shows just how great the benefits can be
CCND1 amplification and protein overexpression in oral squamous cell carcinoma of young patients
Authors: Kaminagakura Estela , Werneck da Cunha Isabela , Soares Fernando Augusto , Nishimoto Inês Nobuko , Kowalski Luiz Paulo
Published: January 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation of CCND1 amplification and protein overexpression with clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in patients younger than 41 years old with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Methods

Eighty‐six young patients with oral SCC were evaluated using the tissue microarray technique, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These cases were compared with 116 patients with oral cancer aged over 50 years old (controls).

Results

Cyclin D1 overexpression was observed in 47.7% of tumors in the young group and in 32.8% of controls (p = .03). In the young group, CCND1 amplification and overexpression were higher than in the control patients and the differences were statistically significant. In the young group, protein overexpression correlated with diminished disease‐free survival (DFS), whereas in the control patients, cyclin D1 overexpression correlated with diminished DFS and overall survival (OS).

Conclusion

In both groups, amplification had no influence on prognosis. Protein overexpression was an indicator of worse DFS in both groups. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Decreased interactions in protein kinase A–Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the hippocampus after selective removal of the basal forebrain cholinergic input
Authors: Lim Chol Seung , Kim Youn Jung , Hwang Yoo Kyeong , Bañuelos Christina , Bizon Jennifer L. , Han Jung‐Soo
Published: January 2011

Removal of thecholinergic innervation to the hippocampus via selective immunolesions of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons induces dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis and decreases glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA. This study examined whether removal of the cholinergic innervation decreased GR protein levels and induced changes in the interaction between GR and the cytoplasmic catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKAc) in the hippocampus. In lesioned animals, GR protein levels were markedly decreased in the nucleus, but not in the cytosol of hippocampal neurons, whereas mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) levels remained unchanged in both the nucleus and cytosol. PKAc levels did not differ between lesioned and control groups, but PKAc activity was reduced in lesion tissue compared with the controls. The interaction between GR and PKAc was also decreased in the hippocampus without cholinergic input. These results indicate that degeneration of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons leads to reduced PKAc activity in the hippocampus which, in turn, alters GR signaling. The altered GR signaling induced by the degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons may contribute to dysfunction of the HPA axis in aged animals and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and lead to neuropsychiatric symptoms that occur throughout the course of AD. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seven New Lignan Esters from Kadsura philippinensis
Authors: Cheng Yuan‐Bin , Lin Yu‐Chi , Taha Khalil Ashraf , Liou Shorong‐Shii , Lee Guo‐Chi , Kuo Yao‐Haur , Shen Ya‐Ching
Published: January 2011

Five new oxygenated lignans with a dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton, kadsuphilols P–T (1–5), and two new C19 homolignans, kadsuphilols U and V (6 and 7), were isolated by chromatographic fractionation of an AcOEt extract of the stems of Kadsura philippinensis. The structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analysis including HR‐ESI‐MS and 2D‐NMR (HMQC, COSY, and HMBC). The configuration at the chiral centers and at the biphenyl moiety were determined by interpretation of NOESY and CD data, respectively.
Evidences that the polymorphism Pro‐282‐Ala within the tumor suppressor gene WWOX is a new risk factor for differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Cancemi Lisa , Romei Cristina , Bertocchi Sara , Tarrini Giulia , Spitaleri Irene , Cipollini Monica , Landi Debora , Garritano Sonia , Pellegrini Giovanni , Cristaudo Alfonso , Pinchera Aldo , Barale Roberto , Elisei Rossella , Landi Stefano , Gemignani Federica
Published: January 2011

We report a hypothesis‐driven study aimed to detect genetic markers of susceptibility to differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC). A large number of candidate genes were first selected through literature search (genome‐wide studies were also included). To restrict the analysis to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a high likelihood to be associated with increased risk, each SNP must comply with several a priori hypotheses. Only one SNP, the rs3764340 encoding for the aminoacidic substitution proline‐to‐alanine at codon 282 of the tumor suppressor gene WWOX, passed the selection. A case–control association study was carried out, involving a total of 1,741 cases and 1,042 controls. The logistic regression analysis revealed an increased risk of DTC for the carriers of the G‐allele (crude odds ratio, OR = 1.53; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.18–1.99; p = 1.38 × 10−3). When we controlled for covariates, the adjusted OR was 1.48 with a 95% CI of 1.08–2.03 (p = 8.0 × 10−3). The association was confirmed after stratification for histology (for papillary thyroid carcinoma the adjusted OR was 1.43; 95% CI 1.02–2.00; p = 0.037), incident cases and smokers, but was also at the limit of statistical significance in all the other categories considered. In silico analyses showed that when alanine substitutes proline, subtle changes of the proteic structure can be predicted. These findings together with other observations from literature on human cancers and the fact that the proline at codon 282 is extremely conserved in phylogenetically distant organisms (including Drosophila) suggest that the variant allele‐282 could affect the biological function of WWOX, thereby predisposing individuals to thyroid cancer.
Knockdown of the β1 integrin subunit reduces primary tumor growth and inhibits pancreatic cancer metastasis
Authors: Grzesiak John J. , Cao Hop S. Tran , Burton Douglas W. , Kaushal Sharmeela , Vargas Fabian , Clopton Paul , Snyder Cynthia S. , Deftos Leonard J. , Hoffman Robert M. , Bouvet Michael
Published: January 2011

To address the role of β1 integrins in pancreatic cancer progression, we stably knocked down β1 integrin subunit expression in human FG‐RFP pancreatic cancer cells using lentiviral‐based RNA interference. We then examined the effects of β1 integrin subunit knockdown on pancreatic cancer cell adhesion, migration and proliferation on tumor microenvironment‐specific extracellular matrix proteins in vitro and on tumor progression in vivo using a clinically relevant fluorescent orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Knockdown of the β1 integrin subunit inhibited cell adhesion, migration and proliferation on types I and IV collagen, fibronectin and laminin in vitro. In vivo, knockdown of the β1 integrin subunit reduced primary tumor growth by 50% and completely inhibited spontaneously occurring metastasis. These observations indicate a critical role for the β1 integrin subunit in pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis in particular. Our results suggest the β1 integrin subunit as a therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, especially in the adjuvant setting to prevent metastasis of this highly aggressive cancer.
Bewegungen auf der Linken, Bewegungen auf der Rechten: Die Mobilisierung von zwei neuen Typen von sozialen Bewegungen in ihrem politischen Kontext
Authors: Kriesi Hanspeter
Published: January 2011

Der Artikel befasst sich mit zwei neuen Typen von sozialen Bewegungen mit den sogenannten “neuen sozialen Bewegungen” und den neuen “national‐populistischen” Bewegungen. In einem ersten Schritt werden die unterschiedlichen strukturellen Potentiale dieser Bewegungen theoretisch diskutiert und, soweit möglich, empirisch illustriert. Ausgehend von der Idee, dass die überall in Westeuropa feststellbaren Potentiale für diese Bewegungen sich je nach politischem Kontext auf sehr unterschiedliche Weise manifestieren, wird anschliessend ihre Mobilisierung vergleichend analysiert. Dabei zeigt es sich, dass für beide Typen von Bewegungen die nationalen Konfliktstrukturen, die Machtkonfigurationen und Strategien der etablierten Linken bzw. der etablierten Rechten, sowie deren jeweilige Präsenz in der Regierung oder der Opposition auf je spezifische Weise einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Mobilisierung der allgemein strukturell gegebenen Potentiale ausüben.
From the Claim of Differences to the Construction of Social Homogeneity
Authors: De Lucas Javier
Published: January 2011

In this paper, I discuss the (in)compatibility between democracy and ethic universalism on the one hand, and absolute respect of collective ethnic or national minority groups on the other. Ethic relativism will have to be acknowledged a consequence of cultural pluralism in light of the ethnocentric tendencies that loom behind the concept of universalism. In other words, I call for a discussion of a contradiction that lies at the heart of the democratic idea of representative government; namely, that universal franchise can co‐exist with citizenship and nationality as defined by the nation‐state project. I argue that the legal and political concepts of citizenship and nationality serve to seal the social systems in which they are embedded. In a world of “international migrations” that framework is no longer justifiable.
Isolierte Schweiz. Eine europa‐ und innenpolitische Lagebeurteilung
Authors: Riklin Alois
Published: January 2011

Die Zukunft des Kleinstaates Schweiz wird in stärkerem Mass von der Aussenwelt bestimmt als von der eigenen Gestaltungskraft. Dementsprechend beginnt der Beitrag mit einer Lagebeurteilung Europas. Sodann folgt eine Lagebeurteilung der Schweiz. Die gegenwärtige Gesamtverfassung Europas lässt sich als verschlungenes Netzwerk von internationalen und supranationalen Organisationen beschreiben. Seit 1940 war die Schweiz niemals isoliert wie heute. Sie präsentiert sich als zersplitterte Nation ohne kollektive Aktionsfähigkeit. Handlungsbedarf besteht für die Schweiz vor allem gegenüber der Europäischen Union (EU). Je länger die Schweiz in der Position des Abwartens verharrt, desto mehr nähert sie sich einem scheinsouveränen Nachvollzugsland. Einerseits kritisiert der Autor die nationalistische Motivierung im aussenpolitischen Konzept des Bundesrates. Anderseits unterstützt er die darin verankerte strategische Zielsetzung des Beitritts zur EU. Kurzfristiges Herumwerfen des Steuers greift in der direkten Demokratie nicht. Der Stimmungsumschwung ist nur durch eine nachhaltige, jahrelange Überzeugungsarbeit erreichbar.
Die innenpolitische Manipulation der Aussenpolitik: Die Logik von Ratifikationsdebatten in der direkten Demokratie
Authors: Schneider Gerald , Hess Cyrill
Published: January 2011

In den letzten Jahren ist das Interesse an den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Aussenpolitik und direkter Demokratie neu erwacht. In diesem Aufsatz untersuchen wir mit Hilfe eines Rational Choice‐Modells, inwiefern sich Abstimmungen zu internationalen Verträgen manipulieren lassen. Solche Beeinflussungsversuche sind etwa bei der Auswahl der Kampagnenthemen relevant. So ist bei den Kontrahenten das Bestreben erkenntlich, statt auf die Propaganda des Gegners einzugehen, so weit als möglich Argumentationsmonopole zu errichten. Diese Tendenz widerspricht der optimistischen Sichtweise, wonach Abstimmungskämpfe die Informationsnachteile der Stimmbürgerschaft abbauen und einen rationalen Diskurs erlauben. Eine Inhaltsanalyse von Zeitungsinseraten zur EWR‐Vorlage bringt zudem zu Tage, dass die Gegner einer aussenpolitischen Öffnung den Befürwortern in praktisch allen Dimensionen überlegen waren. Dieses systematische Ungleichgewicht ruft nach Reformmassnahmen, welche die informellen Spielregeln der direkten Demokratie zu ändern suchen.
Die Schweiz und die Guten Dienste: Ein weiterer Grund für den Alleingang?
Authors: Borsani Reto
Published: January 2011

Dieser Aufsatz geht der Frage nach, ob die Schweiz als EU‐Mitglied weniger Möglichkeiten hätte, Gute Dienste zu leisten, als bei einem Alleingang. Zu diesem Zweck werden zuerst in knapper Form die Entwicklung der verschiedenen Arten Guter Dienste aufgezeigt sowie diejenigen Faktoren herausgearbeitet, welche die Möglichkeiten der Schweiz, solche Dienste zu leisten, beeinflussen. Auf dieser Grundlage aufbauend, werden anschliessend die Auswirkungen des Titels V des Maastrichter Vertrages auf die Schweizer Politik der Guten Dienste erörtert. Neben den rechtlichen Aspekten und den nationalstaatlichen Interessen der EU‐Staaten wird auch das veränderte Bild der Schweiz im Ausland in die Analyse einbezogen. Nach einem Abwägen der Vor‐ und Nachteile erscheint die Aussage, dass die Schweiz als EU‐Mitglied weniger Möglichkeiten hätte, Gute Dienste zu leisten, als im Alleingang, als unzutreffend.
Collectivités locales et relations internationales: une émancipation délicate
Authors: Jouve Bernard
Published: January 2011

L'article se propose d'analyser l'émergence des collectivités locales et régionales dans le domaine des relations internationales. Ce processus s'est accéléré au cours des années 1980 à la suite de la mise en oeuvre des lois de décentralisation et de la montée en puissance de l'Europe communautaire. Cependant, son origine est à situer à partir des années 1970 dans les régions frontalières. L'auteur analyse ce phénomène particulier qui a conduit à la constitution d'institutions dont l'objectif était de produire un ensemble de politiques publiques transfrontalières. A partir de l'examen du fonctionnement de ces institutions dans la région de Genève, il s'agit d'appréhender les éléments tant juridiques que politiques qui affectent durablement leur efficacité et, par voie de conséquence, la capacité des collectivités locales et régionales à apparaître en tant qu'acteurs politiques à part entière sur la scène internationale.
Die internationale Politik zur Eindämmung von Rüstungstransfers als neue Herausforderung an die Schweiz
Authors: Hug Peter
Published: January 2011

Weitgehend unbemerkt von der Öffentlichkeit hat die internationale Politik zur Nichtverbreitung von Massenvernichtungswaffen und zur Eindämmung des Handels mit Kriegsmaterial in den letzten Jahren erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen. Das Ziel und Massnahmensystem dieses Bereichs der Rüstungskontrollpolitik hat sich vervielfältigt. Das Völkerrecht erfuhr eine wesentliche Stärkung. Absprachen zwischen den Lieferländern entstanden im Bereich der sowohl zivil wie militärisch verwendbaren (dual‐use) Technologien. Neben Verhinderungsmassnahmen treten vermehrt auch positive Anreize wie zum Beispiel vertrauens und transparenzbildende Massnahmen. Diese veränderten internationalen Rahmenbedingungen setzen die Schweiz einem erheblichen Anpassungsdruck aus, dem der Bundesrat in einer ersten Phase durch einen intensiven Dialog auf diplomatischer Ebene und exekutivstaatlichen Verfügungen begegnete. Diese diskreten Massnahmen genügen aber nicht mehr. In einer zweiten Phase geht es um tiefgreifende Veränderungen im schweizerischen Rechtssystem und grundlegende aussen‐ und sicherheitspolitische Neurorientierungen, die ohne eine breite innenpolitische Debatte nicht zu klären sind.
Réseau politique interne et négociations internationales: le GATT, levier de la réforme agricole suisse
Authors: Sciarini Pascal
Published: January 2011

A l'exemple de la politique agricole, cet article examine les tenants et aboutissants de l'interpénétration croissante entre politique extérieure et politique interne. A cette fin, l'auteur analyse l'influence du réseau politique interne sur les positions défendues par la Suisse dans le cycle d'Uruguay du GATT, et l'impact de ces négociations sur la configuration interne du pouvoir et la réforme agricole suisse. La structure du réseau politique interne est décrite au moyen d'une approche formelle‐quantitative (analyse de réseaux), et interprétée à l'aide d'une typologie des réseaux. Cette démarche est complétée par une analyse qualitative des processus de négociations internes et externes. La première phase du cycle d'Uruguay est celle de “l'inadaptation”, les milieux agricoles exerçant leur pouvoir de veto dans les enceintes de concertation. Mais, profitant du changement du rapport de forces interne provoqué par la négociation du GATT, les acteurs publics réformistesä utilisent ce levier extérieur pour lancer l'indispensable réorientation de la politique agricole suisse.
Conceptualiser l'Union Européenne: Apports et limites des théories des relations internationales
Authors: Landau Alice
Published: January 2011

Les théories qui tentent d'appréhender l'Union européenne se heurtent à de nombreuses difficultés. A l'exception de la théorie néo‐fonctionnaliste qui a été formulée à partir du modèle communautaire, elles s'attachent davantage à l'analyse des relations internationales et semblent donc peu propice à transcrire la complexité du fait communautaire, tout en éclairant certains aspects de son processus ou de son mode de prise de décision. La réalité de l'UE se situe, il est vrai, dans les Etats membres de l'UE, du moins les plus puissants d'entre eux, qui expriment leurs préférences et influent sur son action. Mais, l'UE ne tire pas son pouvoir uniquement des Etats, elle en possède également en propre puisqu'elle façonne les comportements des Etats et modifient leurs actions. Cette article fournit une trame explicative pour cerner la dynamique qui lie les Etats à l'organisation qu'ils ont imaginé et crée.
Theoretical Aspects of the Development of European Community Regional Policy
Authors: Sutcliffe John B.
Published: January 2011

This article examines the evolution of the European Community's regional policy sector through a study of three phases of the policy's development. The article argues that this evolution can only be understood with reference to both neofunctionalist and intergovernmental theory. At the heart of the policy sector lies a series of nation‐state level bargains, as predicted by intergovernmental theory. Yet the dynamics highlighted by neofunctionalist theory ‐ functional and political 'spillover' and the lobbying efforts of the European Commission ‐ are also relevant to a consideration of the policy sector. Therefore, rather than perceiving the neofunctional and intergovernmental dynamics as being diametrically opposed, it is argued that 'spillover' and the efforts of the Commission have worked within the context of the national bargaining, and have helped shape the patterns and outcomes of this bargaining.