bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Natural Frequencies and Modes of Steadily Rotating Systems: A Teaching Note
Authors: Simpson A
Published: May 2019

The linear, second-order, ordinary differential equations governing the free-vibration characteristics, in vacuo, of discretised systems executing, at equilibrium, steady rotational motion about a fixed point may be expressed in the well-known matrix-vector form involving real symmetric and skew-symmetric coefficient matrices. Less well known is the fact that the corresponding Hamiltonian first-order system may be cast into a special form involving a skew-symmetric system matrix. In this paper the computational merits of this special form are exploited in the calculation of the natural frequencies and modes of the rotating system.
An Investigation of Supersonic Swirling Jets
Authors: Smith R
Published: May 2019

A theoretical and experimental investigation has been made into the effect of swirl on a supersonic jet. In certain circumstances a core of reversed flow can occur along the axis of symmetry and the jet mixes much more quickly with the ambient air than does the corresponding non-rotating jet. A characteristic calculation has been performed for the first cell in the case where the axial flow is not reversed. This indicates a shortening of the cell length and the formation of shocks nearer the nozzle.
The High Subsonic Flow Around a Two-Dimensional Aerofoil with a Trailing Edge Control Surface
Authors: Nixon D
Published: May 2019

The effect of the operation of a 15 per cent trailing edge control surface on the flow around a two-dimensional aerofoil in a high subsonic shock-free condition is investigated using the integral equation method developed by Nixon and Hancock. The effect of retaining the non-linearities in the transonic potential equation is to increase considerably the magnitude of the pressures over the front part of the aerofoil in comparison with the pressure found using a modified linearised theory in which significant second-order terms in the boundary conditions are retained. The magnitude of the lift coefficient and the pitching moment coefficient are increased by 10-15 per cent over the values found using the modified linear theory, and by 20 per cent over the values found using standard linear theory. However, the magnitude of the hinge-moment coefficient is decreased by the order of 20 per cent compared with the modified linear values and by 30 per cent when compared to the standard linear values.
Melancholic Madness and the Puritans
Authors: Sena John F.
Published: May 2019

Since the resurgence of interest in the Augustan period, the myriad of sixteenth- seventeenth- and eighteenth-century literary attacks on the Puritans have been enumerated, catalogued, analyzed, and elucidated. Although the Puritans were accused of a seemingly endless series of malefactions, most of the anti-sectarian assaults, we have been told, charged them with ignorance — the inability to see the value of the established church — or hypocrisy — the desire to use religion to advance political ambitions, secure riches, or satisfy libidinous interests. By mid-seventeenth century, however, a change occurred in the nature of the attacks which has not been adequately discussed. Instead of questioning the sincerity of the Puritans' religious countenance or ascribing the usual peccadillos to them, Puritan traducers charged the sectaries with insanity. Although societies in all ages have protected themselves from unpopular and dissenting opinions by declaring them products of a deranged mind, anti-sectarians in the Restoration and eighteenth century established a rationale for their charges of madness by employing contemporary medical theory to demonstrate that the Puritans suffered from mental and emotional disorders as a result of natural physical causes. Enthusiasts were seen as splenetic sufferers, and their erratic behavior and religious delusions were explained as the inevitable consequence of melancholic vapors.
Insured Group Pension Plans and Ancillary Benefits
Authors: Fellows D. E.
Published: May 2019

1.1. Pension schemes and other plans written on an insured group basis present some of the most fascinating, challenging and paradoxical aspects of life offices’ business in the United Kingdom.

1.2. The fascination stems from each group scheme being a unique, unpredictable and sensitive unit, covering perhaps just a handful of lives or possibly many thousands of lives. Once established it may thrive and grow indefinitely.
An Attempt to Update the Law of Evidence
Authors: Cross Rupert
Published: May 2019

When Dean Feller did me the honour of inviting me to give the Lionel Cohen lecture for 1973 one of the subjects I submitted, and the one accepted by him, was “Reforming the Law of Evidence—The English Experience”. For me those were the halcyon days before the publication of the 11th Report of the Criminal Law Revision Committee; the law of evidence in civil cases had been modernised by the Civil Evidence Acts of 1968 and 1972, and I pictured the draft Criminal Evidence Bill annexed to the 11th Report going merrily through Parliament, if not without some protest and amendment, at least with celerity and the certitude of becoming law. Alas, this was not to be. To describe the reception of the Report as “unenthusiastic” would be the understatement of the century; but, although I must confess to considerable pessimism concerning the questions when and to what extent the draft Bill will become law in England, I am pleased that it should continue to be the subject of my lecture, although the title of the latter had perforce to undergo some change in order to cater for the fact that the English experience of reforming the law of evidence is too incomplete to allow for profitable discussion.
Autonomy of Corrective Law: A Projection of the Doctrine of Constructive Negligence
Authors: Ginossar Shalev
Published: May 2019

Il y a des criminels que le magistrat punit, il y en a d'autres qu'il corrige … Ainsi il ne faut pas confondre les grandes violations des lois avec la violation de la simple police: ce sont choses d'ordre différent.(Montesquieu,Esprit des Lois,liv. xxvi, chap. 24)Here is this important body of law … where … there is going on a judicial task that is one of interest and also one of considerable difficulty … That is what gives scope for students of law. Do not ignore it or brush it on one side or dismiss it as impossible of study.(Sir Patrick Devlin, “Statutory Offences” (1958) 4Soc. Pub. Teachers of Law 215)

The present article responds to Sir Devlin's appeal in favour of that body of law which, in the spirit of Montesquieu, deserves the distinctive name of “corrective law”. Its province mainly coincides with what is commonly called “public welfare” or “regulatory” offences, of which violations of traffic rules provide the most typical example.

Their common feature is that they are penalized independently of the state of mind of the perpetrator, being based on the principle of absolute or, at least, strict liability. To this principle the most authorized teachers of criminal law have expressed their hostility; and their reasons therefor are undeniably impressive. Nevertheless, far from dying out, the field of strict liability offences increases constantly and, by sheer weight of number and variety, they greatly exceed those of “ordinary” crime.
A new technique of revision septoplasty using semi-penetrating straight and circular incisions of the nasal septum
Authors: Wei L , Wang L , Lu W , Jiang T , Liu Z , Wang M , Wu X , Wang Z
Published: May 2019

Objective

This study aimed to investigate endoscopic revision septoplasty with semi-penetrating straight and circular incisions in patients for whom septoplasty was unsuccessful.

Method

Patients in this study (n= 14) had a deviation of the nasal septum after septoplasty. Pre-operative and post-operative assessments were performed using a visual analogue scale and nasal endoscope. Semi-penetrating straight and circular incisions in front of the caudal septum and at the margin of the nasal septal cartilage–bone defect, respectively, were made. The mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteum were bilaterally dissected until interlinkage with the cartilage–bone defect was achieved. Mucous membranes within the circular incision as well as the right mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteal flaps were protected by pushing them to the right. This exposed the osteocartilaginous framework and allowed correction of the residual deviation. The patients were followed up for 30–71 months.

Results

For nasal obstruction and headaches, a significant improvement was noted in post-operative compared to pre-operative visual analogue scale scores. No patients had septal deviations, saddle nose, false hump nose or contracture of the nasal columella.

Conclusion

The technique allowed exposure of the septal osteocartilaginous framework and a broad operational vision, which enabled successful correction of various deformities of the nasal septum.
Research Facilities in the Sudan
Authors: Bechtold Peter K.
Published: May 2019

Although the Democratic Republic of Sudan has been an official member of the League of Arab States virtually since independence, the country has been frequently bypassed in studies of the Arab World—and for that matter, of Subsaharan Africa as well. And while successive Sudanese regimes have spoken of their country as a “bridge” between the Muslim Arab world and non-Muslim Black Africa, the foreign scholarly community has ironically treated this geographically largest country in Africa and the Middle East only in the most marginal terms.
Negotiating Uncertainty in Late-Socialist Vietnam: Households and livelihood options in the marketizing countryside
Authors: CHAU LAM MINH
Published: May 2019

This article makes a case for Vietnam as a distinctive example of late- and post-socialist marketization, a painful experience that has brought widespread immiseration to rural societies within and beyond Asia. Building on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in a northern Vietnamese village, I explore a hitherto under-researched aspect of Vietnam's massive social and economic transformation in the 30 years since the onset of market transition or Renovation (Đổi mới): the surprising ways in which rural households have negotiated both the risks and opportunities of the state's push to de-cooperativize and marketize village livelihoods. The state expects that a minority of rich farmers will rapidly move into large-scale, mechanized farming, while the majority will abandon small-scale subsistence farming to specialize in trade or participate in industrial waged employment. Surprisingly, all village households insist on beingđa gi năng, that is, on retaining multiple livelihood options instead of following the official modernization scripts. Their refusal to follow state plans is not market-averse ‘resistance’, but something rarely documented in the literature on peasant life in marketizing contexts: a local sense of agency and taking personal responsibility for the security and long-term welfare of their families, in the face of highly unpredictable state policies.
New findings of Setaria tundra and Setaria cervi in the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Poland
Authors: Oloś Grzegorz , Nowakowska Julita , Rojewska Sylwia , Welc-Falęciak Renata
Published: May 2019

Our study aimed at examining the phylogenetic position of the newly-found Setaria nematodes obtained from the red deer (Cervus elaphus) based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX-1). Alignment and phylogenetic analyses, as well as SEM microscopic analysis, revealed the presence of two Setaria species: S. cervi and S. tundra. Setaria tundra was noted in only one individual, a calf of the red deer, while S. cervi was observed in three stages, two hinds and one calf of the red deer. According to our knowledge, it is the first case of S. cervi in the red deer in Poland confirmed in molecular studies and also the first case of S. tundra infection in the red deer.
Bat flies aggregation onArtibeus planirostrishosts in the Pantanal floodplain and surrounding plateaus
Authors: Vieira Esther Gonçalves Morimatsu , Fischer Erich , Graciolli Gustavo , Ferreira Santos Carolina , Camargo George , Silveira Maurício , Eriksson Alan
Published: May 2019

For parasites in natural systems, the most common pattern of spatial distribution is aggregation among hosts. The main causes of such aggregation are variable exposure of hosts to parasites and heterogeneity in host susceptibility. The objective of this study was to determine if there are differences in the aggregation pattern of two species of ectoparasitic flies between the Pantanal and Cerrado regions of Brazil on the batArtibeus planirostris.We collected the ectoparasites from bats captured between 2002 and 2017 with mist nets in 21 sites in the Pantanal and 15 sites in the surrounding plateaus. The results showed that the aggregation of ectoparasitic flies in Pantanal was more pronounced than in Cerrado. The discrepancy aggregation index (D) of the bat flyMegistopoda araneawas 0.877 in Pantanal and 0.724 in Cerrado. The D values ofAspidoptera phyllostomatiswas even higher, with 0.916 and 0.848 in the Pantanal and Cerrado, respectively. Differences in the shelters used may be the main factor shaping variation in aggregation, since the Pantanal does not have rock formations, with only foliage, crowns and hollow tree trunks. These differences likely affect host exposure to the parasites, leading to an increase in parasite aggregation.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Atrazine, 2,4-D, and Dalapon Mixtures on Conifers
Authors: Newton M. , Overton W. S.
Published: May 2019

Dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid), injurious to Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.) when used alone for weed control, was used with safety and even with beneficial effects when combined with atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamine)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and 2,4-D, [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] at rates of up to 3.36 and 4.48 kg/ha, respectively. Harmful effects of dalapon were masked at rates up to three times those used for adequate control of grasses. This suggests a type of selectivity previously unreported. Interpretation of herbicide effects and interactions was made possible with an analytical model that separated effects of vegetation from those of herbicides on a causal basis. This technique included two-dimensional adjustment of the base of reference for a four-dimensional response-surface equation. This surface fit observed data as well as a single multiple-regression equation, which included all variables. This approach, however, estimated herbicide parameters with appropriate consideration of environmental data and permitted interpretation with respect to cause.
Fluometuron-Disulfoton Interactions in Cotton as Affected by Soil Properties
Authors: Savage K. E. , Ivy H. W.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the activity of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α-α-α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] and disulfoton [o,o-diethyls-(ethylthio ethyl) phosphorodithioate] alone and in combination on the height of seedling cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) in 10 light-textured soils from the lower alluvial floodplain of the Mississippi River. An antogonistic interaction was demonstrated between the two pesticides in six of the soils studied. The phytotoxic effects of high rates of fluometuron applied preemergence were decreased by granular application of disulfoton. This interaction was repeated in four of the soils and was modified but not eliminated by partial sterilization of the soils, by autoclaving, or by fumigation before treatment. Correlation analyses detected no significant association between the antagonistic interaction and any measurable soil property in the 10 soils. Three field studies failed to demonstrate this interaction. Neither the greenhouse nor the field studies revealed any deleterious interaction between these two chemicals.
The Role of the Professional Society
Authors: Upchurch Robert P.
Published: May 2019

The Beatitudes could well be extended to bless those who continue to pursue learning aggressively throughout their life, for surely such individuals shall be confronted with challenge and their days shall be full of wonderment and accomplishment and self-satisfaction. As I reflect on this business of learning, it is apparent that a great deal of it takes place at the subconscious level. Throughout all of my undergraduate and graduate student days and ever since through affiliation with knowledgeable associates, the concept of professionalism seems to have been taking shape for me as an individual. Perhaps it is well at this juncture in the life of WSSA to consider what professionalism means for the discipline of weed science.
Drift Comparisons of Low-Expansion Foams and Conventional Sprays
Authors: Bouse L. F. , Leerskov R. E.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted to compare the drift of low-expansion foam and conventional sprays in a low-speed horizontal wind tunnel under controlled environmental conditions. Dimensions of the tunnel were 1.30 m high, 0.61 m wide, and 7.32 m long. Wind speed was maintained at 1.52 m/sec. Drift was compared for spray solutions, with and without foam adjuvants, using several different types and sizes of air-inducting nozzles and three sizes of conventional fan nozzles. Large drops produced by the air-inducting nozzles, with and without foam adjuvant, resulted in significantly less drift beyond 1.83 and 6.10 m than sprays from the conventional fan nozzles. The addition of foam adjuvant to the spray solution resulted in increased drift beyond 1.83 m for sprays from the air-induction nozzles in several comparisons but did not result in a significant increase in the drift beyond 6.10 m.
Competition Between Annual Weeds and Sweet Spanish Onions
Authors: Wicks G. A. , Johnston D. N. , Nuland D. S. , Kinbacher E. J.
Published: May 2019

The competitiveness of annual weeds in irrigated sweet Spanish onions (Allium cepaL.) was studied at North Platte, Nebraska, during 1969 and 1970. Weeds allowed to grow in the row for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after onion emergence reduced onion yields 20, 20, 40, and 65%, respectively. When plots were kept weed-free until onion emergence and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after emergence, onion yields were reduced 100, 99, 87, 75, 46, 25, and 5%, respectively. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), kochia (Kochia scopariaL.), and grass weeds accounted for 54, 21, and 21%, respectively, of the total weed yield.
Assessment of Herbicide-Induced Growth Inhibition of Soybean
Authors: Barrentine J. L. , Frans R. E.
Published: May 2019

Several herbicides and growth substances were applied singly and in combination at varying concentrations to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Lee’]. This was an attempt to compare the growth inhibition obtained with that previously measured in the single-celled organism Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick, and to investigate the plant pathways and sites by which inhibition occurs. Inhibition induced by paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] satisfactorily supported the hypothesis inherent in a kinetic analysis of such results, whereas, that induced by atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) did not. A probit analysis of the atrazine and chloramben results indicated variability in the type of toxicity. Soybean was considerably more susceptible to 2,4-D than Chlorella pyrenoidosa but there was little difference in the type of growth inhibition response produced. Both were equally susceptible to atrazine. High concentrations of the growth regulator IAA (indoleacetic acid) were antagonistic to the growth inhibition induced by 2,4-D, while competitive inhibition occurred at the low concentration of IAA. The 2,4-D had only a slight effect on the inhibitory effect of paraquat and antagonistically interfered with that induced by atrazine.
s-Triazine Effects on Seed Germination and Hypocotyl Hook Opening
Authors: Pillai C. G. P. , Davis D. E.
Published: May 2019

The effects of sevens-triazines on the opening of the hypocotyl hook of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘DPL Smooth Leaf’) and the germination of lettuce seed (Lactuca sativaL. ‘Grand Rapids’) were investigated. Thes-triazines used were ametryne [2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], cyprazine [2-chloro-4-(cyclopropylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], prometone [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine], prometryne [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine]. All triazines except cyprazine stimulated germination of lettuce seed given 4 min of dim red light but none were stimulatory in the dark. Maximum stimulation occurred with 1 X 10-8to 1 X 10-12Ms-triazine. All triazines except atrazine and cyprazine stimulated the opening of cotton hypocotyl hooks given 2 hr of dim red light of thes-triazines tested. Prometryne and ametryne were the most stimulatory to hook opening in the light and the most inhibitory in the dark. Their effects paralleled those of kinetin.
Enhanced Phytotoxicity of Atrazine-Phosphate Combinations
Authors: Stolp C. F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] seedlings grown in the greenhouse in a Wisner loam soil showed a greater reduction in plant growth from an application of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) if fertilized with 224 kg/ha of P2O5. This interaction was not observed in tolerant corn (Zea maysL.) seedlings in any of the four soils studied. The injury in sand culture of high levels of atrazine to soybean, corn, pea (Pisum sativumL.), and sorghum (Sorghum vulgareL.) seedlings increased when high levels of P (phosphorus) were present. The high level of P did not increase atrazine uptake, and in corn atrazine did not increase32P uptake. Plants receiving the atrazine-phosphate combination exhibited a higher rate of respiration providing a possible basis for the observed interaction. The high rate of P application slightly reduced atrazine metabolism by corn and pea but not by soybean and sorghum.
Root Plow Herbicide Application as a New Incorporation Technique
Authors: Hollingsworth E. B. , Quimby P. C. , Jaramillo D. C.
Published: May 2019

A new method was developed for incorporating herbicides into the root zone of saltcedar (Tamarix pentandraPall.) in arid, low rainfall areas. A spray pipe with five nozzles was mounted along the rear edge of a 2.44-m root plow blade. A supply line connected the spray pipe with a sprayer mounted on the plow frame. In operation, the saltcedar roots were severed at a selected depth by the blade as herbicide was sprayed simultaneously into the cut-root zone. A similar root plow with a 1.22-m blade was designed for use on small research plots.
Relationship Between Trifluralin and Phosphorus on Transplanted Tomatoes
Authors: Wilson H. P. , Stewart F. B.
Published: May 2019

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Campbell 17’) plant height and dry weight of tops decreased with increasing rates of α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) and increased with increasing rates of phosphorus. Trifluralin and phosphorus interacted in their effects on root growth; phosphorus was less effective in promoting root growth as the rate of trifluralin increased. Phosphorus content of plant tops increased with each increment of soil-applied phosphorus at 0 and 0.84 kg/ha of trifluralin, but each increment of applied phosphorus did not significantly increase plant phosphorus content at higher rates of trifluralin. The inhibitory effect of trifluralin on phosphorus uptake diminished with time in 1969. Interactions between trifluralin and phosphorus did not occur in 1970.
Systems of Weed Control for Peanuts
Authors: Hauser E. W. , Cecil S. R. , Dowler C. C.
Published: May 2019

Systems of weed control composed of (a) herbicides only, (b) herbicides plus cultivation, or (c) cultivation only were devised. The most effective systems, involving herbicide sequences plus one “non-dirting” layby cultivation, controlled twelve troublesome species of weeds with acceptable yields of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). On Greenville sandy clay loam, a particularly effective and economical system of weed control consisted of (a) N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin) used as a preplanting incorporated treatment, then (b) S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) either incorporated into the soil before planting or injected at planting, and finally, (c) a layby cultivation 5 to 6 weeks after planting. A similarly effective system on Tifton loamy sand involved vernolate injected at planting, 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) at “cracking”, and 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) as a postemergence treatment followed by the layby cultivation. The “non-dirting” layby cultivation, averaged over both years and herbicide sequences, significantly increased yields of peanuts on both soil types. None of the systems of weed control caused consistent differences in market grade, average weight per seed, germination, or organoleptic quality of the peanuts.
Herbicide Response and Morphology of Interspecific Sowthistle Crosses
Authors: Bell A. R. , Nalewaja John D. , Alam S. , Schooler A. B. , Hsieh T. S.
Published: May 2019

Interspecific crosses were made between perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL.) and annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceusL.). Flower head size, leaf type, and creeping root growth of the hybrid were intermediate to those same morphological characteristics of the parents. Backcrosses to the parents produced plants which resembled annual or perennial sowthistle more closely than did the F1hybrids. Annual sowthistle and backcrosses to annual sowthistle were more tolerant to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) than were perennial sowthistle or backcrosses to perennial sowthistle. However, annual and perennial sowthistle were similar to each other in response to 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). Natural crosses between annual and perennial sowthistles may account for some of the variability in herbicide response found in perennial sowthistle.
Differential Butylate Injury to Corn Hybrids
Authors: Wright T. H. , Rieck C. E.
Published: May 2019

Injury to corn (Zea maysL.) fromS-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate (butylate) was investigated with respect to hybrid. Field experiments in 1971 at Dillon and Clemson, South Carolina, established that the corn hybrid ‘Coker 71’ was more tolerant to butylate than ‘Pioneer 511A’. Also established as being tolerant and sensitive to butylate were the hybrids ‘Pioneer 3030’ and ‘PAG 644’, respectively. Laboratory studies with14C-butylate showed that the resistant hybrid ‘Pioneer 3030’ took up less14C-butylate and metabolized more to14CO2than did ‘PAG 644’.
Limitations of Surfactant and pH Effects on Herbicide Behavior in Woody Plants
Authors: Hall Oscar
Published: May 2019

Additions of surfactants to the isooctyl ester of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) and the dimethylamine of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) generally did not increase absorption or translocation of the herbicides when they were applied to foliage of five hardwood species and loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.). Adjusting pH of the formulations to 3, 6, or 9 with a buffering solution had small and inconsistent effects upon absorption and translocation.
Seasonal Variation in Flowering of Common Dandelion
Authors: Gray Elmer , McGehee Eugene M. , Carlisle Don F.
Published: May 2019

Seasonal variation in flowering of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) was studied in 1969 and 1970 at Bowling Green, Kentucky. At this location the dandelion flowered throughout the year. Maximum flowering occurred during April and a secondary peak occurred in September and October. Number of flower stems per square meter was not significantly correlated with precipitation, temperature, or day length. Length of stem was positively correlated with temperature and day length. The plants exhibited diurnal variation in flowering habit. Number of times (or days) the heads opened and closed, length of time in which the heads remained open each day, and length of time heads remained closed before opening into mature heads (white balls) varied with time of year.
Common Milkweed Seed Maturation
Authors: Evetts L. L. , Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

A 2-year experiment was conducted to determine the time interval between flowering and viable seed production in common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.). A high percentage of seeds harvested 6 weeks after flowering germinated. Seeds harvested 6 and 7 weeks after flowering resulted in seedlings with significantly shorter radicles and hypocotyls than seeds harvested 8 weeks after flowering. There was a close association between seed weight and radicle and hypocotyl length. Common milkweed produced viable seeds 5 to 6 weeks after flowering.
Anatomy of Wild Garlic Bulbs During and Subsequent to After-Ripening
Authors: Stritzke J. F. , Peters E. J.
Published: May 2019

Microscopic examination of central and soft offset bulbs of wild garlic(Allium vinealeL.) at senescence of the parent plants in May and June revealed embryonic plants with numerous root primordia and four or five shoot primordia. Hardshell bulbs and aerial bulblets contained only one or two root primordia and three leaf primordia. The embryonic plants of central, soft offset, and hardshell bulbs elongated slowly during the after-ripening period. Rapid cell division, cell elongation, and initiation of new leaves took place after termination of the after-ripening period in all but the dormant hardshell bulbs. In November, new hardshell bulbs could be seen at the base of plants developed from central and soft offset bulbs.
Tolerance of Soybean Cultivars to Weed Competition and Herbicides
Authors: Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

The competitiveness of 10 soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars to weeds, their tolerance to twice normal rates of commonly used soybean herbicides, and the soil residual properties of these herbicides were studied during 4 years at Lincoln, Nebraska. Three soybean cultivars showing the least percentage yield loss from weeds were ‘Harosoy 63′, ‘Amsoy’, and ‘Corsoy’; whereas cultivars showing the greatest yield loss were ‘Hawkeye 63′, ‘Shelby’, and ‘Lindarin 63′. The two herbicide treatments causing the greatest average soybean yield loss were 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) at 4.5 kg/ha and α,α,α-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 2.2 kg/ha. Cultivar selection was important in reducing soybean yield loss from herbicides as linuron at 4.5 kg/ha reduced yields 5% for ‘Harosoy 63’ to as much as 31% for ‘Ford’. ‘Neal’ oat(Avena salivaL.) yields showed 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) to be the most persistent herbicide in soil in this study followed by trifluralin. Plowing the soil eliminated the phytotoxicity of nitralin and trifluralin to subsequently planted oats.
Competitiveness and Herbicide Tolerance of Sorghum Hybrids
Authors: Burnside O. C. , Wicks G. A.
Published: May 2019

The competitiveness of 10 sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] hybrids to weeds and their tolerances to commonly used sorghum herbicides were studied across Nebraska. The three best weed competitors in this study were sorghum hybrids ‘RS 671′, ‘RS 690′, and ‘AKS 663′; whereas the three poorest weed competitors were ‘AKS 614′, ‘NB 505′, and ‘RS 633′. Sorghum hybrids showing a significant yield reduction from a 2× rate of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) were ‘SD 441′, ‘SD 451′, and ‘NB 505′. ‘SD 441 also suffered a significant yield reduction from a normal rate of 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor) applied preemergence plus a 4× rate of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) applied postemergence. With the above exceptions, sorghum hybrids generally showed considerable tolerance to 2× rates of herbicides commonly used on sorghum.
The Impact of Government Decisions and Attitude on Pest Control
Authors: Tschirley Fred H.
Published: May 2019

Many speakers preface their remarks to a group such as this with the statement, “I am most happy to be here, and have the opportunity to discuss with you…”. I have deliberately avoided that opening remark in most talks, but in this case that bit of rhetoric is appropriate. I am indeed most happy to once again address that professional society with which I have been most closely and most happily associated.
Light Period, Temperature, and Kochia Flowering
Authors: Bell Allyn R. , Nalewaja John D. , Schooler A. B.
Published: May 2019

Floral induction in kochia(Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.) was influenced more by light period and temperature than by soil fertility or soil moisture. Floral induction occurred when the light period per 24-hr cycle was shorter than a critical length. However, the critical duration of light per 24-hr cycle at which floral induction occurred varied from about 13 to 15 hr among kochia selections. The time from emergence to flowering varied from 57 to 100 days. The kochia selection from New Mexico required a shorter light period and a longer time after emergence for floral induction than did selections from North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. Kochia selections from the latter three states varied greatly in flowering date.
Soybean and Weed Response to Dinoseb and Chloroxuron Applied Topically
Authors: Baldwin F. L. , Frans R. E.
Published: May 2019

Two herbicides, the alkanolamine salts of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and 3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy) phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea (chloroxuron), were compared for their effects on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr., ‘Lee’] when applied topically. In initial studies, chloroxuron was damaging when applied twice to soybean and reduced yields in one of the two year's studies. In a third year's work, direct comparisons of topical applications of dinoseb and chloroxuron showed that soybean injury increased with increased rate of material at each soybean growth stage with the most severe initial damage in the two-trifoliate stage. Recovery was rapid with few significant yield decreases occurring. Chloroxuron was more effective in controlling the broadleaf weeds present. Both herbicides were most effective when weeds were in the seedling stage of growth.
Influence of 3,3a-Dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo-(5,1-a)isoindol-8-one on Xylem Formation in Honey Mesquite
Authors: Morey Philip R.
Published: May 2019

DPX 1840 [3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo-(5,1-a)isoindol-8-one] modified xylem development in honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell] by causing the formation of an essentially fiberless wood. More than 90% of the axial cells on the xylem side of the vascular cambium differentiated as parenchyma. These cells contained large quantities of starch and were similar in structure to the sapwood parenchyma of untreated seedlings. DPX 1840 treatment also brought about the release of basal stem buds and may be potentially useful in woody brush control.
Metabolism of a Pyrrolidine Urea Herbicide in Corn and Weeds
Authors: Holm R. E. , Stallard D. E.
Published: May 2019

Five 2,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboxanilides were effective inhibitors of the Hill reaction. However, only thecisisomers were active; thetransisomers were totally inactive. Experiments were conducted using14C-5328 (cis-2,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboxanilide). A correlation existed between resistance of various plants to 5328 and their ability to metabolize it to water soluble metabolites. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL.) seedlings were very susceptible to 5328 and were unable to metabolize it. Tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth] seedlings were highly tolerant to 5328 and converted it completely to its metabolites. Corn (Zea maysL. ‘DeKalb variety XL-45′) seedlings which were slightly susceptible to 5328 injury were able to metabolize up to 90% of the parent compound. Corn foliage uptake of14C-5328 applied to the soil surface occurred through the adventitious roots.
Reduction of Nitrate Ions by Morningglory Leaves
Authors: Galitz Donald S.
Published: May 2019

The reduction and assimilation of nitrate ions by 14-day old tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth] seedlings were studied by monitoring the leaf nitrate, protein, and activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase (NADH: nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.1). The pH's of the grinding and assay mixtures yielding maximum nitrate reductase activity were determined to be 8.8 and 7.5 to 7.7, respectively. The maximum assay time for a linear reaction rate for nitrate reductase was estimated at 10 minutes. Decay rates of the enzyme preparations indicated a half-life of 30 min. Requirements for a cofactor to support the reaction were met with the addition of NADH (1 × 10−3M final concentration) to the assay mixture. NADPH was not effective in supporting nitrate reductase activity. Inclusion of cysteine (1 × 10−2M) in the grinding medium was necessary to insure maximum activity of the enzyme preparations. Both light and nitrate were required for nitrate reductase activity in morningglory leaves. Nitrate accumulated in leaf tissue in proportion to the concentration of nitrate in the nutrient medium. Above 7,530 lux luminescence, enzyme activity and tissue protein were related to the light intensity and the availability of nitrate in the nutrient medium on which the plants were grown.
Canada Thistle Control by Atrazine
Authors: Parochetti J. V.
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse studies, atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine killed Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] when applied as preemergence or postemergence treatments. Postemergence atrazine applications caused more rapid kill when allowed to cover the ground as well as the foliage compared to only foliar atrazine applications. In three field experiments conducted in 1967, 1968, and 1969, Canada thistle was controlled with atrazine and amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole) + NH4SCN. Control resulting from atrazine was as good or superior to amitrole + NH4SCN when both were applied to foliage prior to plowing. Control from 2.2 kg/ha of atrazine applied prior to plowing was 78% for the 3-year average. Atrazine applied preemergence at 2.2 kg/ha resulted in inferior control, whereas postemergence atrazine applications resulted in thistle control similar to treatments applied prior to plowing.
Yellow Nutsedge, Giant Green Foxtail, and Fall Panicum Control in Corn
Authors: Parochetti J. V.
Published: May 2019

In a 3-year field study in corn (Zea maysL.), several herbicides and combinations were studied for the control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.), giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.], and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.). Best yellow nutsedge control (87 to 88%) resulted from applications of 4.48 kg/ha of either alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] preplant incorporated or atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] preplant incorporated plus atrazine postemergence with a phytobland oil. Between 72 to 83% control of yellow nutsedge resulted from applications of 2.24 kg/ha of alachlor, 4.48 kg/ha of butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), and combinations of atrazine plus butylate. Greater than 90% control of giant green foxtail and fall panicum resulted from butylate plus atrazine or alachlor; postemergence applications of atrazine resulted in significantly less control of fall panicum or giant green foxtail.
Herbicide Activity in Close-spaced, Pickling Cucumbers
Authors: Monaco T. J. , Miller C. H.
Published: May 2019

The response of close-spaced, pickling cucumbers(Cucumis sativusL.) to preplant incorporation treatments ofO,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide),N-butyl-N-ethyl α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin), and dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) and preemergence applications of 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) and the methyl ester of 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben) has been evaluated over a 2-year period. DCPA and nitralin gave the best overall weed control, while benefin and the methyl ester of chloramben were less effective in controlling weeds. The poorest weed control performance was observed with bensulide. Nitralin, DCPA, benefin, and the methyl ester of chloramben caused crop injury if leaching rains followed application. Despite early herbicide injury, yields were usually not adversely affected.
Preemergence Herbicides plus Postemergence Chloroxuron on Soybeans
Authors: Parochetti J. V. , Feeny R. W. , Colby S. R.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted with 3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea (chloroxuron). Tolerant soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) and susceptible tall morningglory(Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth.) and ivyleaf morningglory(I. hederacea(L.) Jacq.) were studied with both root and foliar chloroxuron applications. Soybean tolerance to chloroxuron was reduced when treatments occurred in the unifoliate stage; greatest soybean tolerance was noted when soybeans were treated in either the cotyledonary or third trifoliage stage. Tall and ivyleaf morningglory were susceptible to chloroxuron until about 21 days of age (five true leaves), after which resistance increased. Root applications of chloroxuron were more phytotoxic than foliar applications for soybeans and both species of morningglory. In a 3-year study in the field, the following sequential herbicide treatments of either α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin), 4-(methylsulfonyl-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin),S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamte (vernolate), or 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) applied preemergence plus chloroxuron postemergence resulted in higher soybean yields than any single herbicide treatment. Weed control was better with the sequential combinations. All sequential combinations with chloroxuron caused soybean injury. Greatest soybean injury occurred when chloroxuron was applied in the first and second trifoliate stage than in the third trifoliate stage. Vernolate alone caused some injury in certain years.
LE PREFERENZE POLITICHE DEGLI ITALIANI E DEI FRANCESI
Authors: Barnes Samuel H. , Pierce Roy
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nel 1967 e nel 1968 sono state svolte, in Francia ed in Italia, delle indagini post-elettorali, a livello nazionale, su campioni di opinione pubblica, nell−ambito del medesimo progetto per uno studio comparato fra nazioni sul tema del governo rappresentativo. In questa sede, riferiamo su alcune conclusioni tratte da una serie piú ristretta di dati relativi al rapporto, riscontrabile nei due paesi, fra l−opinione espressa dal pubblico su problemi scelti e le sue preferenze politiche.
DAL PROPORZIONALISMO INTRAPARTITICO AL FAZIONISMO ETERODIRETTO
Authors: Lombardo Antonio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nel saggio « Proporzionalismo, frazionismo e crisi dei partiti » Giovanni Sartori enuncia tre tesi di fondo. Egli afferma in primo luogo che, « mentre il proporzionalismo non è, da solo, causa efficiente di multi-partitismo, diventa, da solo, causa sufficiente di multi-frazionismo ».
STABILITÀ, LEGITTIMITÀ E EFFICACIA DECISIONALE NEI SISTEMI DEMOCRATICI
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La stabilità dei sistemi politici, interesse di lunga data, è un tema che ha ricevuto grande attenzione soprattutto nell'ultimo ventennio. Secondo alcuni autori, ciò è dovuto a certe preoccupazioni tipiche della politica estera americana: si vede nella cronica instabilità dei paesi del terzo mondo un terreno assai fertile per la diffusione del comunismo e dell'area di influenza sovietica. Motivazioni dello stesso genere sono state addotte anche per spiegare lo sviluppo di altri settori della scienza politica. Ad esempio, l'impulso avuto in questi anni dallo studio dello sviluppo politico viene fatto risalire proprio al bipolarismo della situazione internazionale e a taluni indirizzi della politica estera americana. È ben possibile che nuovi settori disciplinari ricevano una spinta determinante da situazioni storiche contingenti, oppure che motivi specifici riaccendano l'interesse degli studiosi su vecchi temi. Tuttavia resta il fatto che lo studio della stabilità dei sistemi politici, e delle sue condizioni, è stato sempre uno degli interessi centrali del pensiero classico e della scienza politica moderna. E i motivi di questo interesse sono agevolmente comprensibili se si pone attenzione ai problemi sollevati.
RAPPRESENTANTI E CIRCOSCRIZIONI IN ITALIA E IN GERMANIA
Authors: Barnes Samuel H. , Farah Barbara
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La politica ≪ locale ≫ non esiste nelle società industriali avanzate. Infatti, in questi sistemi politici altamente mobili e integrati — sotto il profilo economico se non normativo — gli interessi locali, nazionali e perfino internazionali sono collegati cosí strettamente, che ogni tentativo di restringere l'attenzione al solo livello locale finisce col dimostrarsi inadeguato e spesso anche artificioso. Per esempio, agli studi sul potere nelle comunità è stata mossa la critica che essi generalmente ignorano quale ruolo cruciale abbiano gli ambienti sociali, politici e economici nella definizione dell'ambito in cui si muovono coloro che prendono le decisioni a livello locale e che, inoltre, tali studi non tengono conto del fatto che le piú importanti decisioni locali vengono prese da centri di potere privati e di governo esterni alle comunità locali e che forze potenti, sia locali che non locali, operano la scelta dei problemi da dibattere a livello locale.
MUTAMENTI SOCIO-ECONOMICI, ELITES E DECADENZA POLITICA: IL CASO ARGENTINO
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La vasta e diseguale letteratura sulla modernizzazione e sullo sviluppo politico è ricca di ipotesi che, seppur formulate talora in maniera inadeguata, meritano di essere prese in considerazione e verificate. Rare, infatti, sono state a tutt'oggi le verifiche intenzionali e deliberate di alcune delle ipotesi piú influenti, e spesso questi tentativi non sono stati effettuati, come dovrebbero, in chiave diacronica. E non è difficile comprendere il motivo fondamentale di questa riluttanza: l'enorme difficoltà nel potere attribuire con sicurezza certi mutamenti a cause ben individuate e l'impossibilità di ricorrere alla clausolacoeteris paribus, cioè di tenere ferma tutta una serie di fattori per analizzare l'incidenza di pochi fattori scelti. Tuttavia, nonostante la loro difficoltà intrinseca, le verifiche in chiave diacronica restano, unitamente alle analisi comparate, uno dei pochi modi a disposizione del politologo per falsificare o raffinare le sue ipotesi.