bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biopsychosocial inequality, active lifestyle and chronic health conditions: a cross-sectional National Health Survey 2013 in Brazil
Authors: Guedes Marcello Barbosa Otoni Gonçalves , Araújo Rodolpho Nunes , da Silva Lídia Reniê Fernandes , Araujo Diego Neves , de Assis Sanderson José Costa , Guedes Thais Sousa Rodrigues , Marinho Eldys Myler Santos , de Souza Clécio Gabriel , Lopes Johnnatas Mikael
Published: December 2021

This study estimated the biopsychosocial factors related to active physical behavior in the Brazilian population with and without chronic non-transmissible disease (NCD). Cross-sectional study of the National Health Survey (NHS) in Brazil, with 60,202 individuals in 2013. Participants were randomly selected by complex sampling. The outcome was physically active behavior measured by performing a minimum of 150 min of physical exercise per week. The independent variables were social and psychological characteristics, lifestyle and health. Cox regression was applied to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR). There are 29,666 (48.3%; 95% CI 47.0–50.0) participants reported having NCD. Not being a smoker or alcoholic, living in an urban area (PR = 1.44; CI95% 1.23–1.68/PR = 1.38; CI95% 1.08–1.75), having informal social support (PR = 1.26; CI95% 1.10–1.44/PR = 1.19; CI95% 1.05–1.34), A social class (PR = 0.43; CI95% 0.25–0.73/PR = 0.46; CI95% 0.26–0.80), high schooling (PR = 0.34; CI95% 0.23–0.51/PR = 0.33; CI95% 0.24–0.46) as well as paid work (PR = 0.87; CI95% 0.78–0.96/PR = 0.89; CI95% 0.79–0.99) are more associated with active lifestyle in both groups. However, only in the group without NCD, the male sex (PR = 1.42; CI95% 1.28–1.57), no having some disability (PR = 1.31; CI95% 1.03–1.66) and having private health insurance (PR = 1.26; CI95% 1.13–1.41) were more associated with active behavior, while in the group with NCD, being elderly (PR = 1.22; CI95% 1.05–1.42), not be white (PR = 0.85; CI95% 0.77–0.95) and not having restful sleep (PR = 1.23; CI95% 1.08–1.40) are associated with active lifestyle. People with and without NCD in Brazil have very close active behavior, however, some biopsychosocial factors such as: sex, age, lifestyle, socioeconomic level are unevenly associated with the active lifestyle in the groups. Thus, therapeutic or preventive proposals as well as public policies for health promotion must observe these distinctions when elaborating their actions.
Reliability‐based quantization for soft decoding of LDPC codes in short‐reach optical links
Authors: Haddadi Sadjad , Farhang Mahmoud , Derakhtian Mostafa
Published: December 2021

Efficient quantizer design is vital in high‐speed optical receivers. In this paper, the authors propose a three‐level (1.5‐bit) reliability‐based quantizer for low‐complexity soft decoding of low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes, and show that it outperforms a conventional quantizer employing eight levels (3 bits). Different approaches for obtaining the quantization thresholds are discussed, and it is shown that the achievable channel capacity with the proposed quantizer is within 0.4 dB of the Shannon limit of the unquantized channel. Rate‐compatible LDPC codes are also designed tailored to the asymmetric optical channel terminated with the proposed reliability‐based quantizer, and it is shown that the resulting quantizer‐aware LDPC codes significantly outperform other existing codes of similar rates.
High gain, high isolation, and low‐profile two‐element MIMO array loaded by the Giuseppe Peano AMC reflector for wireless communication systems
Authors: Malekpoor Hossein , Abolmasoumi Ali , Hamidkhani Mehdi
Published: December 2021

A low‐profile printed dipole antenna (PDA) backed by a broadband Giuseppe Peano fractal artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is introduced for wireless communications. A suggested PDA with a pair of microstrip dipoles excited by an E‐shaped microstrip feedline is used to expand the bandwidth range of 5.5–6.96 GHz (S11 ≤ −10 dB). Then, the suggested Giuseppe Peano fractal AMC surface as a reflector of the antenna is inserted into the PDA to improve radiation efficiency. The PDA with the 4 × 4 Giuseppe Peano AMC array exhibits −10 dB measured impedance bandwidth from 4.25 to 7.10 GHz (50.2%) for the wireless local area network and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. The suggested PDA with AMC compared to the PDA without AMC exhibits a size reduction of 50.5%, enhanced gain up to 8.2 dBi, and excellent impedance matching (at least −19 dB) with uni‐directional radiation patterns. The novel AMC unit cell is realized based on the Giuseppe Peano fractal patch to operate at 6.10 GHz with an AMC bandwidth of 5.15–7.10 GHz (32%). Besides, by loading a 4 × 8 AMC reflector into the two‐element array with diverse polarisations, a low profile wideband printed structure with enhanced radiation properties is achieved. The measured results show the broad bandwidths from 4.3 to 7.05 GHz for two elements with enhanced gains and good isolations between the elements (more than 28.5 dB) for multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems.
Electric field characteristics of UHV DC tension string during insulator replacement by two workers
Authors: Ding Yujian , Li Jiawei , Sun Wenxiu , Wang Huapeng , Yao Xiuyuan , Su Yu
Published: December 2021

The UHV DC tension insulator strings are often large‐tonnage suspension porcelain or glass insulators with high mechanical strength. The single insulator is heavy, so two workers working at the same time are required to make a replacement on insulator strings in live working conditions. One of the key problems that must be solved in live working conditions is to select an appropriate way to reach the working position and realize the potential transfer between two workers. In this paper, the electric field calculation model of live working of ±800 kV tension strings was established. The process that two workers enter and leave the working position along the tension string and different conditions that two workers replace insulators were simulated and analyzed, and distribution characteristics of the electric field of insulator strings and live workers were obtained. According to the calculation results, when the two workers replace the tension insulators in different tension strings, it is easy to realize the potential transfer, so as to reach the same potential for work. The study results of this paper provide a basis for the selection of replacement method of large‐tonnage single insulator by two workers, and a theoretical basis for UHV DC live working.
Study on mechanical and thermal properties of a modified epoxy resin
Authors: HUANG Junfeng , HE Erming , CHEN Pengxiang , LI Yongzhi
Published: December 2021

The uniaxial tensile test, linear expansion coefficient test of a modified epoxy resin in the ambient temperature range from -35℃ to 120℃, and the impact test at room temperature were carried out to explore its mechanical and thermal characteristics under temperature change environment. The constitutive model of the material suitable for temperature change environment is deduced, the numerical calculation is carried out in MATLAB, compared with the relative tested curve, and the obtained constitutive model is applied to the modeling calculation in ABAQUS and the results are verified. The results show that the modified epoxy resin has better strength, stiffness, impact toughness and lower coefficient of linear expansion than common epoxy resins such as E-44, E-51 and EPON e863. The material is suitable to be used as the matrix of spaceborne electronic component potting module. The proposed empirical constitutive model can obtain the stress-strain relationship of the material at any temperature in the range of -35℃~120℃ through interpolation, and can be directly used in relevant damage analysis and life prediction of electronic component potting module. The research method and derivation results have engineering reference value.
Exploring the measurement accuracy of flush air data sensing based on normal cloud model and multi-objective programming
Authors: HU Jiayue , JIA Qianlei , ZHANG Weiguo , LI Guangwen , SHI Jingping , LIU Xiaoxiong
Published: December 2021

As far as airborne sensors are concerned, the measurement accuracy is an important indicator that cannot be ignored and may directly affect final measurement results. In order to improve the measurement accuracy of a flush air data sensing (FADS), which is an advanced sensor, this paper proposed a new method based on the normal cloud model and the multi-objective programming (MOP). First, the high-precision FADS model is established by using the database obtained with the CFD software and aerodynamics knowledge. Meanwhile, the uncertainty and randomness of signals caused by measurement noise are quantitatively analyzed by using the normal cloud model. Then, in the process of data fusion, a new method for calculating the weights is proposed based on the slack variable method and the Lagrange multiplier method. The simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the measurement accuracy by 3.2% and reduce the dispersion of measurement data by 68.88%.
Recommended method study based on incorporating complex network ripple net
Authors: LUO Yutai , XU Tao , XU Zhangbo
Published: December 2021

The RippleNet network models user preferences and is well applied in the recommended system. But Ripplenet didn't take into account the weight of entities in the knowledge graph, resulting in the inaccurate recommendation results. A RippleNet model incorporating the influence of the complex network nodes is proposed. After constructing the complex networks based on the knowledge maps, the maximum subnet model is extracted, the influence of the nodes in the map network is calculated, and the weight of the nodes is added to the RippleNet model as an entity. The experimental results showed that the present method increased the AUC and ACC values of RippleNet to 92.0% and 84.6%, made up for the problem that no entity influence was considered in the RippleNet network, and made the recommended results more in line with users' expectations.
Research on interactive color design method of cultural creative product driven by group consensus
Authors: YANG Yanpu , LEI Zijing , LAN Chenxin , WANG Xinrui , GONG Zheng
Published: December 2021

Aiming at assisting the color design of cultural creative product and outputting color schemes that correspond to multi-user image preference effectively, an interactive color design method driven by group consensus was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the triangular fuzzy number was used to quantitatively descript users' image preference and a consensus degree model of group users' image preference was constructed. By studying the process and basic principles of interactive genetic algorithms, the interactive evolution operation for cultural creative product color design was then implemented based on the group consistency of decision-making combined with the triangular fuzzy number, which can help generate cultural creative product color schemes that satisfy group consensus and satisfaction. Next, the color aesthetic measure model was used to rank and select the final product color design schemes. Finally, taking the color design of terracotta warriors' statue as an example, it is verified that the proposed method can effectively integrate the image preference of group users, and assist designers to better conduct cultural creative product color design with the consistent results of multi-user decisions.
Research on simulation model validation based on probability relational analysis
Authors: NING Xiaolei , ZHAO Xin , WU Yingxia , ZHAO Junmin , LYU Meibo , CHEN Yun
Published: December 2021

The most basic and direct method for simulation model validation is to compare the consistency of missile flight data and simulation data under the same input conditions. However, the existing dynamic data consistency analysis methods are mainly suitable for the case between 1-D missile flight data and 1-D simulation data, and do not conform to the consistency test of single sample flight data and multi-sample simulation data in equipment qualification/finalization test. To solve this problem, a simulation model validation method based on probabilistic relational analysis is proposed. The consistency of output data is measured from the two scales of probability relational coefficient and probability relational degree. The probability relational coefficient is determined by calculating the cumulative distribution probability value of real missile flight samples in the distribution function constructed by simulation data. The probability correlation degree is calculated by judging whether the probability relational coefficient satisfies the uniform distribution of[0 1]. The consistency analysis problem of a kind of dynamic data association is solved accordingly. The correlation theorem that the probability relational degree must satisfy and its property are proved. Meanwhile the operation steps of simulation model verification based on probability correlation analysis are given. This method can process all multi-dimensional simulation data at the same time, and integrate the random factors in the test process, so it can make full use of the test information under the condition of small sample flight test, and improve precision and the reliability of simulation model verification. The rationality and validity of this method are further verified by numerical tests and application examples.
Verhaltensmedizinisch orientierte Rehabilitation in der Kardiologie aus der Sicht der Patienten – eine qualitative Untersuchung
Authors: Menke Elisabeth , China Claudia , Schroeder Friedrich , Bethge Matthias , Benninghoven Dieter
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund Die Studie erhebt Erfahrungen, die Patienten im Rahmen der verhaltensmedizinisch orientierten Rehabilitation (VOR) in der Kardiologie als neu eingeführtem Rehabilitationskonzept (Interventionsgruppe) gemacht haben. Es erfolgt ein Vergleich mit den Erfahrungen von Patienten im bisherigen Konzept der kardiologischen Heilbehandlung (Kontrollgruppe). Das neue Behandlungsformat wird anhand des psychologischen Gruppenkonzeptes und anhand der erbrachten therapeutischen Leistungen beschrieben und mit der konventionellen kardiologischen Heilbehandlung verglichen.

Material und Methoden In der Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe wurden in Fokusgruppen zwanzig Leitfadeninterviews (10 Interviews pro Bedingung) durchgeführt, aufgezeichnet und transkribiert. Die Auswertung erfolgte in Anlehnung an die inhaltlich strukturierende qualitative Inhaltsanalyse nach Kuckartz. Die erbrachten Leistungen wurden anhand der Klassifikation therapeutischer Leistungen in der medizinischen Rehabilitation (KTL) dokumentiert.

Ergebnisse Unterschiede in den erbrachten Leistungen ergaben sich konzeptgetreu vor allem im Bereich der psychologischen Leistungen. Die inhaltsanalytische Auswertung zeigte vorrangig positive Erfahrungen der Patienten im Rahmen der neu eingeführten verhaltensmedizinisch orientierten kardiologischen Rehabilitation. Relevante Konzeptbausteine wie die Akzeptanz- und Commitment-Therapie (ACT) fanden besonderen Anklang.

Schlussfolgerung Die neu eingeführte verhaltensmedizinisch orientierte kardiologische Rehabilitation mit einer stärkeren psychologischen Gewichtung wurde in ihrem angedachten Format von den Patienten grundsätzlich positiv aufgenommen. Organisatorische Bedingungen sollten so angepasst werden, dass eine stärkere Konstanz der Behandler gewährleistet werden kann. Das Manual der psychologischen Gruppengespräche ist um eine noch explizitere Thematisierung von Herzängsten zu ergänzen.
The Durability of Zirconia/Resin Composite Shear Bond Strength using Different Functional Monomer of Universal Adhesives
Authors: Klaisiri Awiruth , Krajangta Nantawan , Thamrongananskul Niyom
Published: December 2021

Objective This study examined the effectiveness of different functional monomers in universal adhesives on zirconia/resin composite bond strength both before and after thermocycling. Four universal adhesives (G-premio bond universal, GPU; Clearfil Tri-S bond universal, CTB; Optibond Universal, OBU; Tetric N-bond universal; TNU), one adhesive (single bond 2; SB2), and one ceramic primer (Clearfil ceramic primer plus, CCP) were used in this study.

Materials and Methods Zirconia discs were prepared and embedded in acrylic. Specimens were polished and sandblasted with alumina. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups (24 hours and the thermocycled), and each group was divided into six subgroups (n = 10), according to zirconia surfaces treatments: no Tx, CCP + SB2, GPU, CTB, OBU, TNU. An Ultradent mold was located on top of the treated zirconia surface. The resin composite was filled into the mold and then light-cured. A universal testing device was used to determine the shear bond strength.

Statistical Analysis The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test.

Results After water storage for 24 hours, the shear bond strengths were GPU > CCP + SB2 = CTB = OBU = TNU > no Tx (p < 0.05). After thermocycling, the shear bond strengths were CCP + SB2 = GPU = CTB = TNU > OBU > no Tx (p < 0.05).

Conclusion The universal adhesives containing 10-MDP exhibited the best performance in the shear bond strength of the zirconia/resin composite interface both before and after thermocycling.
Bricks as arguments
Authors: Constant Sarah J.
Published: December 2021

This study applies LeoGroarke’s (2019)ART approach and KC (Key Component) table method to social housing buildings designed by a significant Dutch architectural movement during the early twentieth century – the so-called Amsterdam School. Unlike members of other contemporary architectural movements, architects of the Amsterdam School seldom wrote about their theories or beliefs, leaving very little evidence about their feelings and attitudes apart from the architectural forms they constructed. The expressive designs of Amsterdam School social housing buildingsHet SchipandDe Dageraadpresent promising opportunities for theoretical reflection on architecture as a form of embodied visual and multimodal argumentation (‘bricks as arguments’), however, other theoretical tools may be necessary to supplement the ART approach in order to fashion a critical method capable of apprehending the full scope of argumentation in the complex and rich Dutch polylogue.
Demosthenes’ strategic maneuvering in theFirst Olynthiac
Authors: Svačinová Iva
Published: December 2021

The article focuses on the analysis of Demosthenes’ strategic maneuvering in theFirst Olynthiacdelivered in the Athenian Assembly of the People in 349 BC. It is a case study of the famous § 24 in which Demosthenes calls for the attack on Philip of Macedonia, based on a hypothetical reciprocal scenario: Philip would attack Athens in a similar situation. The first part of the paper offers an argumentative characterisation of the Assembly of the People. Subsequently, the historical and situational circumstances of the speech are described, and an argumentative reconstruction of Demosthenes’ speech is presented. The evaluation of the speech’s context serves as a reference point for the analysis of strategic maneuvering by putting forward the argument in § 24. The argument is analysed in terms of three strategic maneuvering aspects: choice of topical potential, adaptation to audience demands, and presentational devices.
Philosophy, Law, and Permission
Authors: Kletzer Christoph
Published: December 2021

The Idea of a Pure Theory of Law presents a new jurisprudential theory based on Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law. This article responds to some criticisms of that book, in particular those that question the role that permissions can play in our thinking about he law. The article begins with a brief restatement of the basic ideas behind my theory of permission and then tackles the most salient clusters of criticism. It ends with a discussion of some more general points that have been made about my book.
Industry-collaborative mesh trials to reduce bycatch in the Falkland Islands skate trawl fishery (Southwest Atlantic)
Authors: Arkhipkin Alexander , Skeljo Frane , Wallace James , Derbyshire Cian , Goyot Ludovic , Trevizan Toni , Winter Andreas
Published: December 2021

The Falkland Islands conduct one of the few targeted skate fisheries in the world with total annual catches of several thousand tonnes.  This bottom trawl fishery is characterized by relatively low catch volumes and product yield that challenge commercial profitability. Recently, one Falkland Islands fishing company acquired a large proportion of the skate ITQ, and to optimise its fishing operations, proposed a research collaboration with the Falkland Islands Fisheries Department for assessing the performance of trawls equipped with either standard 110 mm codend mesh, or larger 300 and 400 mm meshes. The results of the trial confirmed the efficiency of larger mesh codends to decrease finfish bycatch by 97–98%. Additionally, trawls with 400 mm mesh significantly decreased the bycatch of commercially valueless small skates that would experience high discard mortality. As a result of the trial, the Falkland Islands Government implemented a regulatory licence condition of 400 mm codend mesh for targeted skate fishing. Besides greater production efficiency, vessel operators are incentivized by possible wider access throughout the fishing zone. Further initiatives are anticipated to develop management measures by individual species, continue improving conservation through bycatch mitigation in all fisheries, and diversify Falklands skate products in global markets.
Impact of Viral Radiographic Features on Antibiotic Treatment for Pediatric Pneumonia
Authors: Geanacopoulos Alexandra T , Lipsett Susan C , Hirsch Alexander W , Monuteaux Michael C , Neuman Mark I
Published: December 2021

Background/Objectives

Chest radiograph (CXR) is routinely performed among children with suspected pneumonia, though it is not clear how specific radiographic findings impact antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. We evaluated the impact of viral radiographic features on antibiotic treatment among children undergoing pneumonia evaluation in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

Children presenting to a pediatric ED who underwent a CXR for pneumonia evaluation were prospectively enrolled. Prior to CXR performance, physicians indicated their level of suspicion for pneumonia. The CXR report was reviewed to assess for the presence of viral features (peribronchial cuffing, perihilar markings, and interstitial infiltrate) as well as radiographic features suggestive of pneumonia (consolidation, infiltrate, and opacity). The relationship between viral radiographic features and antibiotic treatment was assessed based on the level of clinical suspicion for pneumonia prior to CXR.

Results

Patients with normal CXRs (n = 400) and viral features alone (n = 370) were managed similarly, with 8.0% and 8.6% of patients receiving antibiotic treatment, respectively (P = .75). Compared with children with radiographic pneumonia (n = 174), patients with concurrent viral features and radiographic pneumonia (n = 177) were treated with antibiotics less frequently (86.2% vs 54.3%, P < .001). Among children with isolated viral features on CXR, antibiotic treatment rates were correlated with pre-CXR level of suspicion for pneumonia.

Conclusions

Among children with suspected pneumonia, the presence of viral features alone on CXR is not associated with increased rates of antibiotic use. Among children with radiographic pneumonia, the addition of viral features on CXR is associated with lower rates of antibiotic use, as compared to children with radiographic pneumonia alone.
The Jewish Israeli Diaspora
Authors: Gold Steven J.
Published: December 2021

Among the largest Jewish migrant populations in Western societies during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Israeli emigrants live and work with native-born Jews, achieve impressive records of social and economic mobility, raise families, and acquire citizenship. Yet they commonly reject the assimilationist narrative emphasized by local coreligionists, socialize almost exclusively with other Israelis, frequently describe their intentions to return home and often do so. Generally educated and white, their reluctance to join the host society reflects their national identity rather than discrimination. Initially stigmatized by both Israel and the Jewish communities in points of settlement, Israeli émigrés’ presence abroad is now increasingly tolerated for political, economic, and cultural reasons. This article describes Israeli emigrants’ experience and examines how they try to reconcile conflicting identities associated with the country of origin and host society.
The Doctrine of Exile in Kabbalah
Authors: Flatto Sharon
Published: December 2021

Exile (galut)—and the attempt to end it—is one of primary aims and motifs of Jewish mysticism and Kabbalah. Kabbalists have conceived of exile as the existential state of man (the divine soul trapped in the body), the predicament and mission of the Jewish people (banished from Israel), and, most dramatically, the current condition of God and the cosmos. Classic kabbalistic works, such as the Zohar, explain that man’s original sin caused the initial rupture within God, while humanity’s ongoing transgressions increasingly intensify it. Since the earliest kabbalistic writings, in the twelfth century, and continuing until today, numerous Kabbalists have boldly asserted that the primary purpose of both the Torah and man’s deeds is to mend these fractures by unifying the male and female aspects of God, raising the dispersed divine sparks, and elevating man’s dislocated soul. Through these mystical processes, the exile will draw to a close, ushering in the messianic age.
Distinctiveness and Diaspora in Medieval and Early Modern Jewish Thought
Authors: Gottlieb Michah
Published: December 2021

This chapter discusses the connection between concepts of Jewish distinctiveness and diaspora/exile in five paradigmatic medieval and early modern Jewish thinkers. The article argues that the medieval Jewish thinkers examined, Judah Halevi and Moses Maimonides, wrote primarily for a Jewish audience, and as such their conceptions of Jewish distinctiveness and diaspora were aimed at bolstering Jewish self-confidence. By contrast, the early moderns Simone Luzzatto and Menasseh ben Israel wrote primarily for Gentile audiences and articulated conceptions of Jewish distinctiveness and diaspora aimed at ameliorating Jewish political standing. A third early modern thinker, Benedict Spinoza, also discussed Jewish distinctiveness and diaspora for activist ends, but did so in a deflationary way, as his concern was not with improving the political status of Jews, but rather with promoting the general public’s freedom to philosophize.
Belonging Across the Diaspora
Authors: Slucki David
Published: December 2021

This chapter traces the rise of global Jewish organizations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, arguing that such groups helped usher Jews into modernity. This was a period of great technological advancement, in which the rise of mass transportation and mass communication meant that Jews enjoyed unprecedented mobility. Jewish communities also experienced great upheaval, with the breakdown of traditional Jewish institutions, particularly the medieval kehilla. As a response to these changing circumstances, Jews in the United States and Europe established modern and secular organizations and found ways to be Jewish in a changing world. These associations served a range of purposes: fraternal, political, cultural, and memorial. This chapter focuses on some of the most important of these bodies, including the International Order of the B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Labor Bund, and landsmanshaftn, which together helped shape the lives of millions of Jews in the modern period.
Holocaust Survivor Diaspora(s)
Authors: Jockusch Laura , Patt Avinoam J.
Published: December 2021

This chapter discusses the evolution of “Holocaust survivor diasporas” in the aftermath of World War II by examining how the experience of survival under Nazi occupation created a distinct and shared identity for those who would emerge from the war. In the early postwar period, survivors formed transnational networks on the basis of shared wartime experience, common geographical origin, and shared political agendas that were far more specific than the more general category of “Holocaust survivors” that would develop later, in the last decades of the twentieth century. Survivors and the distinct organizations they formed came to play a prominent role in both defining the categories of “Holocaust” and “survivor” and in shaping subsequent efforts at Holocaust education and memorialization.
‘Saving’ the Jews of the Diaspora
Authors: Leff Lisa Moses , Kurz Nathan A.
Published: December 2021

Jewish international aid is largely a modern phenomenon in which Jews reach out in solidarity to offer aid to their brethren suffering elsewhere in the diaspora. The flow of aid has, with few exceptions, travelled from West to East, with highly assimilated Jews in Europe and the United States leading the charge. The form of activism they developed has roots in Jewish traditions, but is also inspired by traditions of secular humanitarianism shared with non-Jews across the West, including the imperial “civilizing mission.” In the nineteenth century, Jewish international activists sought to transform the lives of Jews through education and campaigns for greater civil and political rights, and often worked through states. In the first half of the twentieth century, Jewish internationalism blossomed, as dedicated institutions with professional staff used diplomacy, social work, and modern finance to address the needs of millions of Jews. Although the results of such aid have been mixed, it is clear that Jewish internationalism has transformed relations among the Jews of the diaspora.
Introduction
Authors: Cline Lea K. , Elkins Nathan T.
Published: December 2021

Roman imagery and iconography are typically studied under the more general umbrella of Roman art in medium-specific studies. This handbook focuses primarily on visual imagery in the Roman world, examined by context and period, and the evolving scholarly traditions of iconographic analysis and visual semiotics that have framed the modern study of these images. As such topics—or, more directly, the isolation of these topics from medium-specific or strictly temporal evaluations of Roman art—are uncommon in monograph-length studies, our goal is that this handbook will be an important reference for both the communicative value of images in the Roman world and the tradition of iconographical analysis. The chapters herein represent contributions from a number of leading and emerging authorities on Roman imagery and iconography from across the world, representing a variety of academic traditions and methods of image analysis.
Queer Criminology and Ethnography
Authors: Panfil Vanessa R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter outlines what is entailed by queer criminological ethnographies. It first discusses the methodologies and findings of notable ethnographic works about LGBTQ populations, including those not originally designed as ethnographies, and also briefly reviews relevant interview-based or participatory action studies. It next explores discussions of queer epistemology in queer criminological work and the social science enterprise to evaluate to what extent there is a “queer method” and what its organizing principles are (or should be). It then evaluates several debates relevant to conducting ethnography in queer criminology, including methodological and political considerations such as how to situate the work and whether traditional ethnographic approaches are appropriate. The chapter presents detailed descriptions of priority areas for future research, including international projects. The chapter closes with a discussion of policy implications that may emerge from queer criminology ethnographies, which are relevant not only for criminal justice settings but for criminology as a field.
Court Ethnographies
Authors: Travers Max
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides an introduction to ethnographic research on criminal courts, focusing on the scientific and policy objectives in this diverse field. A central theme is that court ethnographers in observing hearings and interviewing practitioners have a choice in employing analytic strategies that focus on “micro” and “macro” level of analysis. Landmark studies conducted in the United States and United Kingdom are summarized, locating these in their political and intellectual context. Practical issues are reviewed including obtaining access, ethics approvals, and data analysis. The chapter also considers future trends and issues: internationalization of this field, practical contributions to understanding criminal justice, and policy implications for debates about social justice. Ethnographers can assist in evaluating emerging philosophies and court-based practices, and new types of specialist courts.
“Tell mom I said hi”: Confronting Positionality in Fieldwork
Authors: Pelvin Holly
Published: December 2021

This chapter reflectively engages with the challenge of confronting positionality in qualitative fieldwork with vulnerable participants. Drawing on a set of encounters during fieldwork in a provincial prison in Canada, it unpacks the problem of having personal ties to a research population in action. In this vein, the chapter considers the ethical and privacy implications of reflexivity in these complicated and delicate situations and settings. It demonstrates how confronting positionality in fieldwork can influence the research process, including data collection and dissemination, in ways that can be both conducive and discouraging to scholarly engagement. Additionally, it raises issues that may challenge dominant and taken for granted assumptions about the value of the reflexive practice that is encouraged in qualitative research more generally.
Music, Evolution, and the Experience of Time
Authors: Bispham John C.
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores the psychological structure and perception of time in music in light of recent theoretical discussion and proposals for specific features of the human faculty for music—qualities that are at once universally present and operational in music across cultures whilst also being unique to our species and to the domain of music. The author contends that music’s architectural foundations—configurations of musical pulse, musical tone, and musical motivation—provide a sustained attentional structure for managing personal experience and interpersonal interaction and offer a continually renewing phenomenological link between the immediate past, the perceptual present and future expectation. A crucial and distinguishing feature of our experience with music is thus the particular way in which we share intersubjective time and enact and create an extended moment by constantly merging from one perceptual present into the next.
Timescales and the Temporal Emergence of Musicking
Authors: Loaiza Juan M.
Published: December 2021

The aim of this chapter is twofold: to present a new way of mapping timescales of musicking, and to elaborate an explanatory approach that overcomes philosophical reductionism and allows interdisciplinary conversation. It proposes that the emergence of organizational properties in musicking is best understood by looking at the relations between timescales, using the heuristic of inter-scale relationships within temporal ranges. The chapter argues that simpler models of timescales have limited explanatory use and do not naturally capture the experiential richness of musicking. In contrast, the mapping of temporal ranges highlights the relations between many processes that mutually enable and constrain one another across timescales, and across brains, bodies, and environment. The map guides research into the complexity of musicking without sacrificing disciplinary focus. It consists of three domains of organization—sensorimotor, social life, and person/Self—interweaving ecological-enactive concepts of embodiment, self-organization, participatory systems, attunement, normative constraints, habits, and sense-making.
Temporalities of North Indian Classical Listening: How Listeners Use Music to Construct Time
Authors: Alaghband-Zadeh Chloё
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores how ethnography with musical listeners can illuminate relationships between music and time. While much existing scholarship equates musical temporalities with qualities of the ‘music itself’, this chapter addresses the need for research that considers the diverse ways listeners use music to engender experiences of time. Alaghband-Zadeh focuses here on rasikas, connoisseurs of North Indian classical music. She shows how rasikas construct and experience North Indian classical performances as sites of leisurely temporality: this is both an ethical practice, aligned with ideas of virtue, and also a means for rasikas to position themselves as set apart from a world they view as increasingly characterized by speed. Alaghband-Zadeh argues that music is a powerful temporal resource: a means through which people cultivate ways of inhabiting time. Moreover, the immediate temporalities of live performances contribute to the production of broader, public temporalities of modernity, changing social formations and imagined histories.
Timing in Palaran: Coordination, Control, and Excitement in Javanese Collaborative Vocal Accompaniment
Authors: Roberts Jonathan
Published: December 2021

Palaran are elements within gamelan repertoire that are derived from the melodies used to recite texts written in Javanese poetic metres. When used as palaran within gamelan performance (rather than in their original form as poetic recitation, or macapat), these melodies are supported and constrained by a metrically fixed structure of core instrumental notes and surrounded by a web of spontaneous melodic accompaniment, involving multiple musicians. This chapter explores the complex ways in which musicians control, negotiate, and coordinate timing in this flexible yet precise form of musical interaction. It examines the rules of ideal cohesive performance, the transmission of strategies for successfully learning how to achieve this, and what can be learnt from occasions when palaran go wrong and the coordination of timing goes awry. It then argues that the sense of risk involved in managing timing in these ways is a significant part of what makes palaran one of the most popular elements within the gamelan repertoire.
Understanding Musical Instants
Authors: Godøy Rolf Inge
Published: December 2021

We may typically experience music as continuous streams of sound and associated body motion, yet we may also perceive music as sequences of more discontinuous events, or as strings of chunks with multimodal sensations of sound and body motion, chunks that can be called ‘sound-motion objects’. The focus in this chapter is on how such sound-motion objects emerge at intermittent points in time called ‘musical instants’, and how musical instants are necessary in order to perceive salient features in music such as of timbre, pitch, texture, contour, and overall stylistic and affective features. The emergence of musical instants is also understood as based on the combined constraints of musical instruments, sound-producing body motion, and music perception, also suggesting that understanding musical instants may have practical applications in making music.
Energy in South Africa
Authors: Crompton Rod , Matsika Ruwadzano
Published: December 2021

South Africa’s long dependence on imported oil and domestic coal leaves it ill prepared to navigate the Fourth Industrial Revolution and decarbonization. In 1998, after a long history of state intervention in energy markets, post-apartheid policy set new market-orientated reform goals. Following a promising start, the pendulum swung back towards state intervention. In 2018 a combination of factors, including an electricity supply crisis, brought about indications of a return to market reforms, albeit an attenuated version thereof, particularly in power generation. Petroleum markets have been stuck in impasses associated with old-style regulation and social policies entangled in price regulation. Mismanagement and corruption have taken a toll as has private investor insistence on financial support. Good progress has been made in electrification, electricity subsidies for the poor, gas infrastructure, and renewable power capacity auctions. Technological innovation in renewable power offers reduced economies of scale and much promise for energy markets.
Corporate Structure, Industrial Development, and Structural Change in South Africa
Authors: Mondliwa Pamela , Roberts Simon
Published: December 2021

The orientation of large corporations is at the heart of how countries develop. These firms make large-scale investments and realize economies of scale and scope, as well as make long-term commitments to the learning and research necessary to build capabilities required for industrial development. In many industries and sectors the large firms have key technologies, govern access to markets, and control material inputs which can shape the structure of an economy. The chapter reviews the changing corporate structure in South Africa focusing on the implications for industrial development, the evolving internationalization of South African businesses, and the political economy of economic policy. While the South African economy has remained highly concentrated, the corporate structure has altered in fundamental ways. The chapter identifies key elements of continuity and change to explain the implications of the continued high levels of economic concentration for the economy through the lens of the corporate structure.
Regulation of Network Industries in South Africa
Authors: Hodge James , Paremoer Tamara
Published: December 2021

The 1980s saw a global shift to the liberalization and regulation of network industries which were previously public utilities. Underperforming SOEs and unsustainable debt forced South Africa down this road in the late 1980s with the additional challenge of addressing racially skewed access post-apartheid. In telecommunications, this resulted in a managed liberalization process which has seen private entry but continual structural problems due to a failure to undertake wholesale regulation of the incumbents. Despite a policy advocating structural separation of transmission and generation within electricity, reform stalled due to a shift in government thinking and successful lobbying by Eskom. The regulator, NERSA, has also failed to impose operational efficiency and rein in large price increases. Within transport, aviation was liberalized in the early 1990s with effective regulatory oversight of the airports and navigation systems. However, a dependency on cross-subsidies between ports and rail within Transnet has stalled reform elsewhere.
The Economic History of South Africa 1948–94
Authors: Freund Bill , Padayachee Vishnu
Published: December 2021

This chapter addresses the unfolding economic history of South Africa in the apartheid era (1948–94). The chapter is organized according to a periodization with 1971–73 as a marker of the break, and along specific thematic lines. These include a discussion of the way in which this history has been studied and through what theoretical lenses, before engaging with the main issues, including the impact of Afrikaner nationalism on economic growth, the way in which the minerals energy sector, which dominated early perspectives of South African economic history and perspectives, is impacted in this era of National Party rule. An analysis of the role of one major corporation (Anglo American Corporation) in shaping this economic history is followed by an assessment of the impact of the global and local crisis after c.1970 on the South African economy. An abiding theme is that of race and economic development and the way in which the impact of this key relationship of apartheid South Africa on economic growth has been studied.
The Youth Labour Market in South Africa
Authors: Mlatsheni Cecil
Published: December 2021

Unemployment has been a stubborn challenge in South Africa, with at least a quarter of the labour force unemployed for most of the past twenty-five years. For youth the transition from schooling to work has not been smooth, resulting in about half of youth wanting jobs not finding employment. This chapter begins by highlighting the key features of the youth labour market. The discussion then turns to reasons for the relatively high youth unemployment rate, such as insufficient number of jobs and spatial planning. An account of implemented policies and interventions to address youth unemployment is then given. The chapter makes the point that economic growth is key to reducing youth unemployment on a large scale but that there are various measures that have been found to be effective in relieving the plight of unemployed youth in South Africa.
Migration and Remittances in South Africa
Authors: Collinson Mark A. , Biyase Mduduzi
Published: December 2021

The chapter draws from two data sources to describe patterns and trends of internal migration and remittances in South Africa and explore what these mean for rural households. These are the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS 2008–17) and the South African Population Research Infrastructure Network (2000–17). NIDS data show that at a national level there are high levels of non-resident household membership. As much as 24 per cent of African rural households have a non-resident member. This reflects temporary migration, especially of young adults. SAPRIN shows that temporary migration rates remain persistent over time, while definitive migration shows a gradual decline in incidence after 2003. Some temporary migrants send remittances, mostly of money, but also clothes and food. The study shows amounts averaging R1,100 per month from female migrants and R1,500 per month from male migrants in 2017. These can play a crucial role in food security for the poorest rural households and in improving human capital in better-off rural households. What has not been explored here are costs to the household of temporary migration, which help to explain why more households do not send temporary migrants. These include financial costs, but the main two areas of concern are health and social connection.
The Macroeconomics of South African Economic Growth
Authors: Burger Philippe
Published: December 2021

Abstract: Covering the period 1994 to 2019, this chapter shows that between 1994 and 2008 South Africa’s growth performance improved and that this improvement was to a large extent driven by an improvement in total factor productivity (TFP). However, since 2008 South Africa’s growth performance has deteriorated significantly. The chapter shows that the deteriorating growth performance was accompanied by the deterioration of TFP, and argues that lower private-sector investment levels, combined with low levels of human capital development and a lack of international competitiveness, constitute the causes of lower productivity and economic growth. This chapter also explores the various growth policies put forward since the mid-1990s to improve economic growth. These include labour-intensive growth, export-driven growth, and investment-driven growth. The chapter argues that the implementation of a well-designed combination of these policies will be needed to attain higher levels of economic growth.