bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MicroRNAs and the resolution phase of inflammation in macrophages
Authors: Alam Muhammad M. , O'Neill Luke A.
Published: October 2011

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) signal the presence of pathogens and tissue injury, triggering the inflammatory process in macrophages. The goal of inflammation is to resolve the injury and return the body to homeostasis. MicroRNAs are an important group of regulators of TLR signaling and several are induced by TLRs in macrophages. These TLR‐induced microRNAs target signaling components in the TLR pathway, thereby producing a negative feedback loop, and they are therefore prime candidates for the initiation of repair. Importantly, their dysregualtion may be important for chronic inflammation, which in turn can lead to autoimmunity and cancer, as discussed in this Viewpoint.
NOD mice contain an elevated frequency of iNKT17 cells that exacerbate diabetes
Authors: Simoni Yannick , Gautron Anne‐Sophie , Beaudoin Lucie , Bui Linh‐Chi , Michel Marie‐Laure , Coumoul Xavier , Eberl Gérard , Leite‐de‐Moraes Maria , Lehuen Agnès
Published: October 2011

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a distinct lineage of innate‐like T lymphocytes and converging studies in mouse models have demonstrated the protective role of iNKT cells in the development of type 1 diabetes. Recently, a new subset of iNKT cells, producing high levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐17, has been identified (iNKT17 cells). Since this cytokine has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, we have analyzed iNKT17 cell frequency, absolute number and phenotypes in the pancreas and lymphoid organs in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The role of iNKT17 cells in the development of diabetes was investigated using transfer experiments. NOD mice exhibit a higher frequency and absolute number of iNKT17 cells in the lymphoid organs as compared with C57BL/6 mice. iNKT17 cells infiltrate the pancreas of NOD mice where they express IL‐17 mRNA. Contrary to the protective role of CD4+ iNKT cells, the CD4− iNKT cell population, which contains iNKT17 cells, enhances the incidence of diabetes. Treatment with a blocking anti‐IL‐17 antibody prevents the exacerbation of the disease. This study reveals that different iNKT cell subsets play distinct roles in the regulation of type 1 diabetes and iNKT17 cells, which are abundant in NOD mice, exacerbate diabetes development.
Abnormalities of dendritic cell precursors in the pancreas of the NOD mouse model of diabetes
Authors: Welzen‐Coppens Jojanneke M. C. , van Helden‐Meeuwsen Cornelia G. , Drexhage Hemmo A. , Versnel Marjan A.
Published: October 2011

The non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a widely used animal model for the study of human diabetes. Before the start of lymphocytic insulitis, DC accumulation around islets of Langerhans is a hallmark for autoimmune diabetes development in this model. Previous experiments indicated that an inflammatory influx of these DCs in the pancreas is less plausible. Here, we investigated whether the pancreas contains DC precursors and whether these precursors contribute to DC accumulation in the NOD pancreas. Fetal pancreases of NOD and control mice were isolated followed by FACS using ER‐MP58, Ly6G, CD11b and Ly6C. Sorted fetal pancreatic ER‐MP58+ cells were cultured with GM‐CSF and tested for DC markers and antigen processing. CFSE labeling and Ki‐67 staining were used to determine cell proliferation in cultures and tissues. Ly6Chi and Ly6Clow precursors were present in fetal pancreases of NOD and control mice. These precursors developed into CD11c+MHCII+CD86+ DCs capable of processing DQ‐OVA. ER‐MP58+ cells in the embryonic and pre‐diabetic NOD pancreas had a higher proliferation capacity. Our observations support a novel concept that pre‐diabetic DC accumulation in the NOD pancreas is due to aberrant enhanced proliferation of local precursors, rather than to aberrant “inflammatory infiltration” from the circulation.
Epigenetic control of macrophage polarization
Authors: Takeuch Osamu , Akira Shizuo
Published: October 2011

Epigenetic control of gene expression is critical for cellular differentiation and development. Macrophage development, polarization and activation are also controlled by DNA and histone modifications. This Viewpoint summarizes the recent findings on the role of histone modifications regulating macrophage polarization toward M1 and M2 subtypes.
CISH is induced during DC development and regulates DC‐mediated CTL activation
Authors: Miah Mohammad Alam , Yoon Cheol‐Hee , Kim Joonoh , Jang Jinah , Seong Young‐Rim , Bae Yong‐Soo
Published: October 2011

The cytokine inducible SH2‐domain protein (CISH) is a well‐known STAT5 target gene, but its role in the immune system remains uncertain. In this study, we found that CISH is predominantly induced during dendritic cell (DC) development from mouse bone marrow (BM) cells and plays a crucial role in type 1 DC development and DC‐mediated CTL activation. CISH knockdown reduced the expression of MHC class I, co‐stimulatory molecules and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in BMDCs. Meanwhile, the DC yield was markedly enhanced by CISH knockdown via cell‐cycle activation and reduction of cell apoptosis. Down‐regulation of cell proliferation at the later stage of DC development was found to be associated with CISH‐mediated negative feedback regulation of STAT5 activation. In T‐cell immunity, OT‐1 T‐cell proliferation was significantly reduced by CISH knockdown in DCs, whereas OT‐2 T‐cell proliferation was not affected by CISH knockdown. CTLs generated by DC vaccination were also markedly reduced by CISH knockdown, followed by significant impairment of DC‐based tumor immunotherapy. Taken together, our data suggest that CISH expression at the later stage of DC development triggers the shutdown of DC progenitor cell proliferation and facilitates DC differentiation into a potent stimulator of CTLs.
Intrinsic expression of Nod2 in CD4+ T lymphocytes is not necessary for the development of cell‐mediated immunity and host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Caetano Braulia C. , Biswas Amlan , Lima‐Junior Djalma S. , Benevides Luciana , Mineo Tiago W. P. , Horta Catarina V. , Lee Kyoung‐Hee , Silva Joao S. , Gazzinelli Ricardo T. , Zamboni Dario S. , Kobayashi Koichi S.
Published: October 2011

Nod2 belongs to the nucleotide‐binding domain leucine‐rich repeat family of proteins and senses bacterial cell wall components to initiate innate immune responses against various pathogens. Recently, it has been reported that T‐cell‐intrinsic expression of Nod2 promotes host defense against Toxoplasma gondii infection by inducing type 1 immunity. Here, we present results that demonstrate that Nod2 does not play a role in the defense against T. gondii infection. Nod2‐deficient mice were fully capable of inducing Th1 immune responses and did not show enhanced susceptibility to infection. Upon TCR stimulation in vitro, Nod2‐deficient CD4+ T cells showed normal activation, IL‐2 production, proliferation, and Th1/2 differentiation. Nod2 mRNA and protein were expressed in CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells at substantial levels. Therefore, Nod2, although expressed in CD4+ T cells, does not have an intrinsic function in T‐cell activation and differentiation.
Langerin, the “Catcher in the Rye”: An important receptor for pathogens on Langerhans cells
Authors: Stoitzner Patrizia , Romani Nikolaus
Published: October 2011

Langerhans cells (LCs) are a distinct subset of DCs that resides in the epidermis and other epithelia. They are potent antigen‐presenting cells and strong inducers of T‐cell responses. Like other DC types, LCs express C‐type lectins that serve as antigen/pathogen uptake receptors, with Langerin/CD207 being the characteristic LC C‐type lectin. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Geijtenbeek and colleagues [Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 41: 2619–2631] assign a role to Langerin on human LCs for binding and capturing measles virus. Interestingly, however, this function does not correlate with productive infection or with cross‐presentation of measles virus. These authors show that measles virus does not infect the LCs via Langerin, and that LCs cannot cross‐present the virus to CD8+ T cells; however, presentation of this virus to CD4+ T cells occurs and is dependent on virus capture by Langerin. Thus, cross‐presentation of measles virus may be left to skin DCs other than LCs. This highlights the complexity of anti‐viral T‐cell responses that originate in the skin and also emphasizes the need for intensified investigations into human skin DCs in order to be able to ultimately harness their potential for immunotherapy.
Synthesis, Structural Studies, and Catalytic Application of Palladium Complexes Containing Anilido‐Oxazolinate Ligands
Authors: Peng Kuo‐Fu , Chen Chi‐Tien
Published: October 2011

A series of palladium anilido‐oxazolinate complexes 1–8 prepared from ligand precursors HNArOxa [ortho‐C6H4(NHAr)(4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazoline) where Ar = 2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl, HNPhTriMeOxa; 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl, HNPhDiiPrOxa; phenyl, HNPhHOxa; 2‐methoxyphenyl, HNPhOMeOxa; 2‐methylthiophenyl, HNPhSMeOxa] is reported. Treatment of HNArOxawith 1.1 equiv. Pd(OAc)2 afforded palladium(II) acetate complexes (NPhTriMeOxa)Pd(η2‐OAc) (1) and (NPhDiiPrOxa)Pd(η2‐OAc) (2) as monomeric complexes, [(NPhHOxa)Pd(OAc)]2 (3) as an anilido‐bridged dinuclear complex, [(NPhOMeOxa)Pd(OAc)]2 (4) as an acetate‐bridged dinuclear complex, and (NPhSMeOxa)Pd(OAc) (5) as a monomeric complex. The reactions of 2, 4, and 5 with an excess of NaCl(aq.) in acetone yielded palladium(II) chloride complexes, [(NPhDiiPrOxa)Pd(Cl)]2 (6) as a chloro‐bridged dinuclear complex, (NPhOMeOxa)Pd(Cl) (7) as a monomeric complex, [(NPhOMeOxa)Pd(Cl)]2 (7′) as an anilido‐bridged dinuclear complex, and (NPhSMeOxa)Pd(Cl) (8) as a monomeric complex. The crystal and molecular structures of 1–8 are reported, and their application towards Suzuki and Heck reactions with a wide range of aryl halides has been examined.
A New Route to Lead Chalcogenide Nanocrystals
Authors: Ramasamy Karthik , Nejo Ayorinde Olufunke , Ziqubu Nonto , Rajasekhar Pullabhotla V. S. R. , Nejo Adeola A. , Revaprasadu Neerish , O'Brien Paul
Published: October 2011

Nanoparticles of lead sulfide, selenide and telluride have been synthesized by the reduction of sulfur, selenium or tellurium powder with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to produce sulfide, selenide or telluride ions, followed by their reaction with a lead salt. In comparison to the chloride, nitrate or sulfate, considerable control of the product is possible when lead carbonate is used as the salt; various shapes of nanoparticles are obtained on varying temperatures and/or times of reaction. The nanoparticles were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Dependence of the Reactivity of Acridine on Its Substituents: A Computational and Kinetic Study
Authors: Zawada Zbigniew , Šebestík Jaroslav , Šafařík Martin , Bouř Petr
Published: October 2011

Aromatic nucleophilic substitution on the C9 carbon of acridine plays an important role in multiple biological and medicinal applications. The rate of the key reaction is strongly dependent on the environment and acridine substituents. In this study, the factors influencing the reaction mechanism were studied theoretically and verified experimentally for simplified systems. Density functional theory was used for the computations. The activation energy of a model derivative was determined experimentally from a kinetic study. Also, the relative reactivities of selected compounds were verified by a competition experiment. The theoretical predictions correlate well with the observations. The computed reaction path confirms that the thiol group attacks the aromatic core activated by the nitrogen heteroatom and replaces halogen or amino substituents via a well‐defined Meisenheimer transition state. The reaction barrier is strongly influenced by both the solvent and substituents on the aromatic system. A multistep mechanism is proposed for the reaction of aminoacridine in which the aqueous solvent participates in the reaction. Strong correlations between reaction energies and geometrical parameters were observed and can be used to rationalize the design of acridine drugs as well as to avoid lengthy computations of the transition states.
Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Pentahydroxylated Pyrrolizidine Hyacinthacine C5 and Its C6,C7 Epimer
Authors: Tamayo Juan A. , Franco Francisco , Sánchez‐Cantalejo Fernando
Published: October 2011

The synthesis of two pentahydroxylated pyrrolizidines, hyacinthacine C5 (1) and 6,7‐di‐epi‐hyacinthacine C5 (12), from an orthogonally protected pyrrolidine of 2,5‐dideoxy‐2,5‐imino‐D‐mannitol configuration (i.e., 7) is described. The analytical and spectroscopic data of synthetic 1 present some differences with those of natural hyacinthacine C5 that exceed the previously observed variations in similar compounds. On this respect, additional studies on chemical derivatives of synthetic 1 support our initially proposed structure and establish the absolute configuration of putative (+)‐hyacinthacine C5 as that shown in 1. These studies lead us to conclude that the natural compound originally labeled as (+)‐hyacinthacine C5 might be a different isomer.
Evaluation of the separation mechanism of electrokinetic chromatography with a microemulsion and cyclodextrins using NMR and molecular modeling
Authors: Melani Fabrizio , Giannini Iacopo , Pasquini Benedetta , Orlandini Serena , Pinzauti Sergio , Furlanetto Sandra
Published: October 2011

Electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) allows the separation of closely related substances by the detection of fine effects in analyte–separation system interactions. With the goal of understanding the fine effects involved in separation using a dual cyclodextrin–microemulsion EKC system, an integrated study of NMR and molecular modeling was carried out. The above dual cyclodextrin–microemulsion system was previously used in the separation of clemastine and its related substances and was prepared by the addition of methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD) and heptakis(2,6‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (DMβCD) to an oil‐in‐water microemulsion. The use of DMβCD was shown to be essential in the separation of clemastine from one of its related substance (IB). A molecular modeling study allowed the different affinities of clemastine and IB for the two cyclodextrins to be explained. Furthermore, rotating‐frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR experiments clearly indicated that besides the primary pseudostationary phase, namely the ionic microemulsion, cyclodextrins acted as a secondary pseudostationary phase. In addition, it was shown that inclusion complexation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) monomers into the cyclodextrins cavity occurs; differently, the oil (n‐heptane) used in the preparation of microemulsion system resulted to be not included into the macrocycle cavity. These experimental results were supported by molecular modeling, which highlighted the preferential inclusion of SDS into DMβCD. On the basis of these results, it was confirmed that, besides its primary role as the ionic carrier in EKC, SDS is involved in inclusion equilibria toward CDs, which can be effective in increasing the system selectivity.
Isolation of improved free fatty acid overproducing strains of Escherichia coli via nile red based high‐throughput screening
Authors: Hoover Spencer W. , Tyler Youngquist J. , Angart Phil A. , Withers Sydnor T. , Lennen Rebecca M. , Pfleger Brian F.
Published: October 2011

Biological production of hydrocarbons is an attractive strategy to produce drop‐in replacement transportation fuels. Several methods for converting microbially produced fatty acids into reduced compounds compatible with petrodiesel have been reported. For these processes to become economically viable, microorganisms must be engineered to approach the theoretical yield of fatty acid products from renewable feedstocks such as glucose. Strains with increased titers can be obtained through both rational and random approaches. While powerful, random approaches require a genetic selection or facile screen that is amenable to high throughput platforms. Here, we present the use of a high throughput screen for fatty acids based on the hydrophobic dye Nile red. The method was applied to screening a transposon library of a free fatty acid overproducing strain of Escherichia coli in search of high producing mutants. Ten gene targets were identified via primary and secondary screening. A strain comprising a clean knockout of one of the identified genes led to a 20% increase in titer over the baseline strain. A selection strategy that combines these findings and can act in an iterative fashion has been developed and can be used for future strain optimization in hydrocarbon producing strains. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Electrochemical treatment of colour index reactive orange 84 and textile wastewater by using stainless steel and iron electrodes
Authors: Yuksel Ebubekir , Eyvaz Murat , Gurbulak Ercan
Published: October 2011

In this study, two case studies were carried out: Electrocoagulation (EC) of a reactive textile dye solution and a textile wastewater. Stainless steel (SS) and iron (Fe) electrodes were used as sacrificial electrodes in parallel connection modes. Effects of pH, current density, and operating time on performance of EC were investigated. Optimum parameters obtained from dye experiments were applied to treatment of the textile wastewater. According to the experimental results, SS electrodes were found to be superior compared with Fe electrodes for treatment of both the dye and the textile wastewater. By using SS electrodes, the textile wastewater was electrocoagulated successfully with 89.7% of COD, 91.2% of TOC, 90.3% of turbidity, and 94.1% of TSS removal efficiencies as well as 2.43 kWh/m3 of energy and 0.05 kg/m3 of electrode consumptions, 1.061 kg/m3 of sludge production, and 0.62 $/m3 of total operating cost. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 60–68, 2013.
User scheduling for multi‐antenna downland channels with limited feedback
Authors: Razi Adeel , Shao Yubin , Yuan Jinhong
Published: October 2011

In this paper, several multi‐user scheduling algorithms with limited channel feedback are proposed for multi‐antenna downland channels. With little channel quality information (CQI) and channel direction information (CDI) at multi‐antenna base station, multi‐user scheduling algorithms are carefully designed to maximise the potential system throughput while reducing the feedback load. We first propose a scheduling algorithm that requires a quantised CDI and a threshold CQI. Then we propose a scheduling that needs limited feedback of a threshold CDI and a perfect CQI. Both scheduling algorithms are studied in terms of the achievable throughput and the feedback load. Analytical results show that the proposed scheduling with limited channel feedback has a small performance degradation compared with the scheduling with unlimited channel feedback when the thresholds for user scheduling are judiciously designed. Moreover, under a per user total bit rate constraint of the feedback channel, we propose a scheduling with the quantisation of both CQI and CDI. It is demonstrated that allocating 1 bit to the CQI with an optimal threshold and the remaining bits to the CDI achieves the near optimal sum‐rate performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic resource allocation in relay‐assisted OFDMA cellular system
Authors: Da Bin , Ko Chi Chung
Published: October 2011

This study investigates a relay‐assisted orthogonal frequency division multiple access cellular system with joint consideration of direct and relaying paths. In this system, a novel implementation adopting full‐duplex relaying is proposed for joint relay‐destination selection, subcarrier and power allocation. This new implementation can be shown to significantly improve spectrum efficiency as compared with the conventional half‐duplex relaying orthogonal frequency division multiple access. In addition, the proposed scheme enables flexible controllability on the tradeoff between system capacity and user fairness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identity‐by‐descent‐based phasing and imputation in founder populations using graphical models
Authors: Palin Kimmo , Campbell Harry , Wright Alan F. , Wilson James F. , Durbin Richard
Published: October 2011

Accurate knowledge of haplotypes, the combination of alleles co‐residing on a single copy of a chromosome, enables powerful gene mapping and sequence imputation methods. Since humans are diploid, haplotypes must be derived from genotypes by a phasing process. In this study, we present a new computational model for haplotype phasing based on pairwise sharing of haplotypes inferred to be Identical‐By‐Descent (IBD). We apply the Bayesian network based model in a new phasing algorithm, called systematic long‐range phasing (SLRP), that can capitalize on the close genetic relationships in isolated founder populations, and show with simulated and real genome‐wide genotype data that SLRP substantially reduces the rate of phasing errors compared to previous phasing algorithms. Furthermore, the method accurately identifies regions of IBD, enabling linkage‐like studies without pedigrees, and can be used to impute most genotypes with very low error rate. Genet. Epidemiol. 2011.  © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.35:853‐860, 2011
Increased executive functioning, attention, and cortical thickness in white‐collar criminals
Authors: Raine Adrian , Laufer William S. , Yang Yaling , Narr Katherine L. , Thompson Paul , Toga Arthur W.
Published: October 2011

Very little is known on white‐collar crime and how it differs to other forms of offending. This study tests the hypothesis that white‐collar criminals have better executive functioning, enhanced information processing, and structural brain superiorities compared with offender controls. Using a case‐control design, executive functioning, orienting, and cortical thickness was assessed in 21 white‐collar criminals matched with 21 controls on age, gender, ethnicity, and general level of criminal offending. White‐collar criminals had significantly better executive functioning, increased electrodermal orienting, increased arousal, and increased cortical gray matter thickness in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, somatosensory cortex, and the temporal‐parietal junction compared with controls. Results, while initial, constitute the first findings on neurobiological characteristics of white‐collar criminals. It is hypothesized that white‐collar criminals have information‐processing and brain superiorities that give them an advantage in perpetrating criminal offenses in occupational settings. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accuracy and disagreement of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules: Role of biopsy
Authors: Sersté Thomas , Barrau Vincent , Ozenne Violaine , Vullierme Marie-Pierre , Bedossa Pierre , Farges Olivier , Valla Dominique-Charles , Vilgrain Valérie , Paradis Valérie , Degos Françoise
Published: October 2011

Liver macronodules, ranging from benign to low-grade or high-grade dysplastic nodules (LGDNs/HGDNs) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), may develop during chronic liver diseases (CLDs). Current guidelines were recently updated and the noninvasive criteria for the diagnosis of small HCC are based on a single typical radiological pattern and nonconclusive coincidental findings with two techniques. This study aimed to assess the accuracy and disagreements of noninvasive multiphasic examinations for the diagnosis of HCC and dysplastic nodules (DNs) and the role of biopsy. Seventy-four consecutive patients with CLD with ultrasound-detected 1-2-cm nodules underwent, within 1 month, multiphasic computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biopsy of the nodule. Median age was 60 years; 33 patients (45%) had hepatitis C virus, 20 (27%) had hepatitis B virus, and 13 (18%) patients had no cirrhosis. Biopsy revealed 47 HCCs, 6 HGDNs, 1 LGDNs, 1 cholangiocarcinoma, and 1 epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. There were no tumors in the other 18 patients. All patients (31 of 31; 100%) who had conclusive coincidental findings (i.e., arterial enhancement and washout) on both examinations had HCC or HGDN (sensitivity, 57%; specificity, 100%). All patients (51 of 51; 100%) who had conclusive findings on at least one of the two examinations had HCC or HGDN (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 100%). There was a disagreement regarding imaging findings between CT and MRI in 21 of 74 (28%) patients and no washout on both examinations in 23 of 74 patients (31%). In these 44 patients, liver biopsy provided an initial accurate diagnosis.

Conclusion :

The noninvasive diagnosis of HCC or HGDN can be obtained if arterial enhancement and washout are found in a single dynamic imaging examination. These findings are frequently discordant on both CT and MRI, supporting the place of biopsy for the diagnosis of small HCCs.
Tandem Palladium/Charcoal‐Copper(I) Iodide (Pd/C‐CuI) Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling and Intramolecular Cyclization from 2‐Bromonicotinic Acid (=2‐Bromopyridine‐3‐carboxylic Acid) and Ethynylarenes to 4‐Azaphthalides (=Furo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐5(7H)‐ones) and 5‐Azaisocoumarins (=5H‐Pyrano[4,3‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones)
Authors: Begouin Agathe , Queiroz Maria‐João ;R. P.
Published: October 2011

Several 4‐azaphthalides (=furo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐5(7H)‐ones) and 5‐azaisocoumarins (=5H‐pyrano[4,3‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones) were prepared through a tandem heterogeneous Pd/C‐mediated Sonogashira coupling and a 5‐exo‐dig or 6‐endo‐dig intramolecular cyclization of 2‐bromonicotinic acid (=2‐bromopyridine‐3‐carboxyclic acid) with various ethynylarenes or 3‐ethynylthiophene. In the presence of Pd/CPh3PCuI and Et3N in dry dioxane under Ar at 90°, a mixture of 4‐azaphthalides (usually the major product) and 5‐azaisocoumarins was obtained after 3.5 h under normal heating (Schemes 3 and 4; Tables 1 and 2). This mixture of compounds was also obtained with the same catalytic system under microwave (MW) irradiation in only 25 min (Tables 3 and 4). The 1‐ethynyl‐3‐methoxybenzene gave on heating only the corresponding 4‐azaphthalide (Table 2), while under MW irradiation, both the 5‐exo‐dig and the 6‐endo‐dig products were obtained (Table 4). For the 3‐ethynylthiophene, the regioselectivity for the corresponding 4‐azaphthalide was achieved with both methods (Tables 2 and 4). Although the yields and the regioselectivity of the reaction generally remained the same with both methods, the use of MW allowed us to obtain the corresponding products in a shorter reaction time. From 4‐ethynyl‐N,N‐dimethylaniline (=4‐ethynyl‐N,N‐dimethylbenzenamine), the corresponding 4‐azaphthalide and 5‐isocoumarin were only obtained under MW irradiation (Tables 2 and 4). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that this kind of tandem reaction was applied to a pyridine derivative giving the corresponding 4‐azaphthalides and 5‐azaisocoumarins which are easily separated and may both show biological activity.
Two ent‐Kaurane Diterpenoids from Rubus corchorifolius L. f.
Authors: Zhang Min , Ou Yang‐Wen , Chen Xue‐Xiang , Cao Yong , Kuang Yong , Gong Zhu‐Qing , Peng Sheng , Chen Yun‐Jiao
Published: October 2011

A further chemical investigation of the plant Rubus corchorifolius L. f., collected in Hunan Province, afforded two new ent‐kauranoids 6 and 7. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods.
Streptomycindole, an Indole Alkaloid from a Marine Streptomyces sp. DA22 Associated with South China Sea Sponge Craniella australiensis
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Li , Gao Yao , Xue Duo‐Qing , Liu Hai‐Li , Peng Chong‐Sheng , Zhang Feng‐Li , Li Zhi‐Yong , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: October 2011

A new indole alkaloid, streptomycindole (1), and a known related compound, N‐phenylacetyl‐L‐tryptophan (2), have been isolated from Streptomyces sp. DA22, associated with South China Sea sponge Craniella australiensis. Their structures were established on the basis of a combination of mass spectrometry, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic analyses, and chemical methods.
A New Anthraquinone and Two New Tetrahydroanthraquinones from the Roots of Prismatomeris connata
Authors: Feng Shi‐Xiu , Hao Jing , Chen Tao , Qiu Samuel X. ;(Shengxiang)
Published: October 2011

A new anthraquinone, 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐trimethoxy‐6‐methylanthracene‐9,10‐dione (1), and two novel tetrahydroanthraquinones, prisconnatanones A and B (2 and 3, resp.), together with 15 known anthraquinones, 4–18, were isolated from the roots of Prismatomeris connata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1–18 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against A549 and LAC human cancer cell lines. Compound 2 and the anthraquinones with free OH groups exhibited activity against the test cell lines.
New Triterpenoid and Ergostane Glycosides from the Leaves of Hydrocotyle umbellata L.
Authors: Sosa Adakarleny , Rosquete Carmelo , Rojas Luis , Pouységu Laurent , Quideau Stéphane , Paululat Thomas , Mitaine‐Offer Anne‐Claire , Lacaille‐Dubois Marie‐Aleth
Published: October 2011

Two new triterpenoid glycosides, together with two new ergostane glycosides, umbellatosides A–D (1–4, resp.), have been isolated from the leaves of Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Their structures were established by 2D‐NMR spectroscopic techniques (1H,1H‐COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC) and mass spectrometry as 3β,22β‐dihydroxy‐3‐O‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl]olean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (1), 3‐O‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl]oleanolic acid 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (2), (3β,11α,26)‐ergosta‐5,24(28)‐diene‐3,11,26‐triol 3‐O‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐11‐O‐(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)‐26‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (3), and (3β,11α,21,26)‐ergosta‐5,24(28)‐diene‐3,11,21,26‐tetrol 3‐O‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐11‐O‐(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)‐26‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (4).
Two New Meroterpenes from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus sp. 085241B
Authors: Song Yong‐Xiang , Qiao Li‐Tao , Wang Jia‐Jian , Zeng Hua‐Ming , She Zhi‐Gang , Miao Cheng‐Du , Hong Kui , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Liu Lan , Lin Yong‐Cheng
Published: October 2011

Two new meroterpenes, ‘acetoxydehydroaustin B’ (1) and ‘1,2‐dihydro‐acetoxydehydroaustin B’ (2) were isolated in the form of a mixed crystal from the mangrove endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. 085241B. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by extensive analysis of their spectra and X‐ray diffraction data. In a preliminary bioassay, the mixed crystal did not exhibit activities against cancer cell lines of MDA‐MB‐435, SKBR3, HepG2, HEP3B, PC‐3, and A549, as well as against α‐glucosidase and tyrosinase.
A New Peroxy‐multiflorane Triterpene Ester from the Processed Seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii
Authors: Ma Yue‐Ping , Li Ning , Gao Jian , Fu Ke‐Ling , Qin Ying , Li Guo‐Yu , Wang Jin‐Hui
Published: October 2011

A new peroxy‐multiflorane triterpene ester, (3α,5α,8α,20α)‐5,8‐epidioxymultiflora‐6,9(11)‐diene‐3,29‐diol 3,29‐dibenzoate (1), was isolated from the processed seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii, together with the two known related derivatives 2 and 3, and the two known steroids 4 and 5. Compounds 2, 4, and 5 were isolated from the genus Trichosanthes for the first time. The structure of compound 1 was established by NMR, HR‐MS, and CD analyses. Compounds 1–3 were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against human‐tumor cell lines (Hela, HL‐60, and MCF‐7) and anti‐inflammatory activity (LPS‐induced B lymphocyte cells) with the MTT method.
Synthesis of 4,6‐Dimethyldibenzothiophene and 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene via Tilak Annulation
Authors: Xu Xiaoying , Li Xiang , Wang Anjie , Sun Yinyong , Schweizer W. Bernd , Prins Roel
Published: October 2011

1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene was prepared by coupling 2‐bromo‐3‐methylcyclohexanone with 2‐methylbenzenethiol and annulating the product with the aid of polyphosphoric acid. A mixture of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene and 4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene was prepared by coupling 2‐bromo‐3‐methylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one with 2‐methylbenzenethiol and annulating the product with the aid of polyphosphoric acid. 2‐Bromo‐3‐methylcyclohexanone was synthesized by conjugate addition of Me3Al to 2‐bromocyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one with CuBr as catalyst and 2‐bromo‐3‐methylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one by brominationelimination of 3‐methylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one. 1,2,3,4,4a,9b‐Hexahydro‐4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene was prepared by reduction of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene with Zn and CF3COOH.
Multiple components in serum contribute to hepatic transgene expression by lipoplex in mice
Authors: Yoshikawa Naoki , Sakamoto Keiko , Mizuno Sachiyo , Sakaguchi Junichiro , Miyamoto Hirotaka , Mine Toyoharu , Sasaki Hitoshi , Fumoto Shintaro , Nishida Koyo
Published: October 2011

Background

Interaction of cationic liposome/plasmid DNA complex (lipoplex) with serum was not a limiting factor for in vivo transfection. After intraportal injection of lipoplex, hepatic transgene expression was enhanced by interaction with serum in mice. In the present study, we analyzed the mechanism of enhanced hepatic transgene expression of lipoplex by interaction with serum components.

Methods

Lipoplexes were incubated with several serum components for 5 min at 37 °C before administration. Transfection efficiency of lipoplexes was measured 6 h after intraportal injection of lipoplex in mice.

Results

Depletion of divalent cation from serum decreased hepatic transgene expression. The addition of calcium ion to divalent cation‐depleted serum restored transgene expression. Heat‐inactivated serum and bovine serum albumin diminished the enhancing effect of serum on hepatic transgene expression. On the other hand, removal of anionic proteins from serum using an anion‐exchanging column was critical for the enhancing effect of serum on transgene expression. Among the serum components tested, fibronectin and complement component C3 enhanced hepatic transgene expression.

Conclusions

Hepatic transgene expression by lipoplex was enhanced by interaction with multiple components in serum. Interaction of lipoplex with serum could be an important factor for successful in vivo gene transfer. Hence, the information obtained in the present study is valuable for the future development of effective gene carriers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of some new 1‐acyl‐5‐aryl‐3‐(5‐methyl‐1‐p‐tolyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazole
Authors: Dong Heng‐Shan , Wang Yan‐Fei , Shen Guo‐Liang , Quan Bin , Dong Wang‐Jun
Published: October 2011

Some new compounds (E)‐3‐aryl‐1‐(5‐methyl‐1‐p‐tolyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones 5a–e were prepared by 1‐(5‐methyl‐1‐p‐tolyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐ethanone and various aromatic aldehydes. Then one pot reaction was happened by compounds 5a–e with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid or propionic acid, respectively, to give the title compounds 1acyl‐5‐aryl‐3‐(5‐methyl‐1‐p‐tolyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazoles 6a–i. All structures were established by MS, IR, CHN, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectral data. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Computer‐assisted patellar resection system: Development and insights
Authors: Fu Chun Kit , Wai Jeff , Lee Estee , Hutchison Carol , Myden Curtis , Batuyong Eldridge , Anglin Carolyn
Published: October 2011

Incorrect resection of the patella during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can lead to anterior knee pain (AKP), patellar maltracking, patellofemoral impingement, patellar fracture, component loosening, and reduced range of motion. Computer‐assisted surgery (CAS) systems for the tibia and femur improve cut accuracy, but no CAS system is available for patellar resection. We developed a system that included an optoelectronic localizer, marker arrays on the patella and instruments, and navigation software. Three users performed resections on artificial patellae mounted in a simulated surgical setup using five techniques (two CAS, three conventional), each repeated at least three times in randomized order. Computer‐assisted patellar resection produced better or equal cut symmetry compared to conventional techniques, particularly superoinferiorly. Using CAS with a sawguide produced better results than using CAS freehand with an oscillating saw. This study showed the feasibility of computer‐assisted patellar resection, which could lead to reduced pain and complications after TKA. The feedback provided could also make patellar CAS a valuable training tool. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:535–540, 2012
Driving factors determining the occurrence of sodic soils in dry subhumid Mediterranean areas
Authors: Monteiro Fernando Manuel , Fonseca Maria Madalena , Madeira Manuel Armando , Herbillon Adrien J.
Published: October 2011

An evaluation of the factors determining the occurrence and the properties of soils with low permeability occurring in vast areas in S Portugal was carried out taking into account the terrain morphology and the geology of the region. This paper deals with the variation patterns of the physical and chemical characteristics of soils from several soil toposequences that occur under different gradient slopes and on different parent rocks. Spatial variation of soil properties mainly depends on the composition of their cation‐exchange complex, as the role of other factors, such as the mineralogy of the clay fraction, were of minor importance. There is often a stronger increment of Na and/or Mg than of Ca with depth, causing a variable degree of sodicity in some of these soils, to which waterlogging tendency of their upper horizons is related. Though the occurrence of these features is determined by the nature of the parent rock, their degree of expression varies primarily according to the topographic position of soils. Therefore, a catenary distribution including nonsodic Cambisols or Luvisols in the hillcrests and Stagnic Solonetz or Sodic Luvisols or Sodic Stagnosols in the topographic lows is common. Such soil characteristics are of utmost importance for irrigation suitability and management of these soils, and for environmental impacts assessment, as the region is vulnerable to desertification.
Selective extraction of oxygenated compounds from oregano with sub‐critical water
Authors: Missopolinou Doukeni , Tsioptsias Costas , Lambrou Charalambos , Panayiotou Costas
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: The essential oil of oregano is composed of numerous substances that exhibit various properties (e.g. antioxidants). The innovative and promising method of extraction with sub‐critical water (subcH2O) has been applied to the Greek oregano.

RESULTS: The sub‐critical water extraction experiments were performed at various conditions of pressure, temperature and water flow rate. Extracts collected at different extraction times were examined by gas chromatography. The oil has been processed by super‐critical carbon dioxide (scCO2) followed by steam distillation or sub‐critical water extraction. The conventional method of steam distillation was also performed. The main component of the plant is carvacrol. The favourable oxygenated compounds (carvacrol, thymol, borneol and thymoquinone) have been extracted preferentially and faster with sub‐critical water. This method was selective for thymoquinone, which was not present in the oil from steam distillation. The oil yield obtained was much higher in the case of sub‐critical water extraction compared to the one of super‐critical carbon dioxide. The latter method resulted in oil with the highest concentration in carvacrol.

CONCLUSION: Compared to the classical steam distillation, the sub‐critical water extraction is superior in terms of higher yields, less energy consumption (as it was a faster process), and better composition/selectivity of the extracts controlled by the extraction parameters. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Increased expression of fibroblastic growth factor receptor 2 is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Sun Shanshan , Jiang Yongdong , Zhang Guoqiang , Song Hongtao , Zhang Xianyu , Zhang Youxue , Liang Xiaoshuan , Sun Qian , Pang Da
Published: October 2011

Background and objectives

Although there is growing evidence supporting the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is one of the few candidate genes linked with breast cancer susceptibility, the precise role of FGFR2 protein expression in breast cancer is still unknown. Our study examines FGFR2 protein expression in breast cancer and determines its associations with clinicopathological features and survival.

Methods

Specimens from 125 invasive ductal carcinoma grade 2 (IDC2) breast cancer patients were investigated by immunohistochemistry for FGFR2 protein expression. Associations between the expression of FGFR2 and various clinicopathological features as well as survival status were studied.

Result

Cytoplasmic and nuclear FGFR2 were expressed in 64.8% and 56.8% of breast cancer patients, respectively. Cytoplasmic FGFR2 expression was significantly associated with tumor size and TNM stage. Furthermore, patients with high expression levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear FGFR2 showed much lower overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) rates than those patients with low FGFR2 expression. Cytoplasmic FGFR2 expression and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors for both DFS and OS by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

High FGFR2 expression is correlated with poor OS and DFS in breast cancer patients. It could be a biomarker for poor prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:773–779. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TS and DPD mRNA levels on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded specimens as predictors for distant recurrence of rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Tanaka Koji , Saigusa Susumu , Toiyama Yuji , Koike Yuki , Okugawa Yoshinaga , Yokoe Takeshi , Inoue Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Minako , Miki Chikao , Kusunoki Masato
Published: October 2011

Background and Objectives

Distant metastatic relapse occurs in approximately 20% of rectal cancer patients treated with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by surgery. This study aimed to investigate mRNA level of 5‐FU metabolizing enzymes in post‐treatment specimens and to evaluate their predictive value of distant recurrence after CRT.

Methods

Forty patients with rectal cancer underwent 5‐FU‐based CRT followed by surgery. After microdissection, total RNA of residual cancer was isolated from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) specimens. Thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) as 5‐FU metabolizing enzyme were measured using real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Patients (n = 6) who developed distant recurrence had a significantly higher TS (P = 0.01), DPD (P = 0.02), and TP (P = 0.01) levels, compared with those patients (n = 34) without recurrence. High TS, DPD, and positive lymph node metastasis (pN) were significantly poorer prognostic factors for DFS (TS: P < 0.01, DPD: P < 0.01, pN: P < 0.05).

Conclusions

High TS and DPD mRNA levels on FFPE specimens may predict distant recurrence of rectal cancer treated with 5‐FU‐based preoperative CRT followed by surgery. Expression analysis of 5‐FU metabolizing enzyme in residual cancer may be useful for treatment stratification and clinical management in these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:529–534. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dimple patterns design for different circumstances
Authors: Yu Haiwu , Huang Wei , Wang Xiaolei
Published: October 2011

The appealing and enigmatic properties of biological surfaces inspire people that a smooth surface is not always the best. Currently, the patterns of microdimples have attracted more attentions since such closed texture cells are supposed to generate hydrodynamic pressure easily. The advanced manufacturing techniques provide precision and freedom for the fabrication of microdimples, which enables the optimisation of dimple geometry and distribution to obtain better tribological performances. Over the past decade, experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of microdimples on various materials under different operating conditions. Analytical models were established to evaluate the hydrodynamic effect of the dimple patterns. The results suggest that the design of dimple pattern following hydrodynamic principle would obtain good tribological performance under high‐speed low‐load conditions; however, for the case of low‐speed high‐load conditions, shallow and small dimples would have more obvious friction reduction effect than those designed based on hydrodynamic pressure generation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A double‐blind, randomized, intra‐individual controlled feasibility trial comparing the use of 1,470 and 940 nm diode laser for the treatment of hyperplastic inferior nasal turbinates
Authors: Havel Miriam , Sroka Ronald , Leunig Andreas , Patel Parag , Betz Christian S.
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Various laser systems have been used for volume reduction of hyperplastic nasal turbinates. For endonasal application, fiber controlled diode lasers are preferred over conventional laser systems for reasons of cost and practicability. This study compares coagulative tissue effects using λ = 1,470 nm and λ = 940 nm lasers in treatment of hyperplastic inferior nasal turbinates in an intraindividual manner.

Methods

Twenty patients underwent laser coagulation for hyperplastic inferior nasal turbinates in this prospective, randomized, double‐blind, clinical feasibility trial. In each case, one nasal cavity was treated using 1,470 nm laser (4–5 W power), the other one with 940 nm laser (12 W power), endoscopically controlled in noncontact mode. Clinical presentation and patients symptoms were documented preoperatively and on day 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 postoperatively using rhinomanometry, standardized questionnaires including SNOT 20 GAV (German adapted version), and separate endoscopic examination, respectively.

Results

No infections, hemorrhages, or other complications occurred intra‐ or postoperatively. The mean operation time was significantly shorter using the 1,470 nm diode laser as compared to the 940 nm laser. There was a significant reduction of nasal obstruction on day 21 postoperatively compared to the preoperative condition on both sides regardless of the laser system used. Evaluation of the SNOT‐Scores as assessed before and 3 weeks after surgery showed significant subjective improvements.

Conclusions

1,470 nm diode laser system offers an efficient method for tissue reduction in hyperplasia of inferior nasal turbinate. Compared with our standard practice (940 nm diode laser), 1,470 nm diode laser application provides an equivalent tissue reduction in shorter operation time using less total energy and a comparable relief of nasal obstruction postoperatively. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:881‐886, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.