bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El papel de las instituciones europeas en la defensa de los derechos humanos en el Sahara Occidental
Authors: López Belloso María , González Hidalgo Eloísa
Published: September 2016

La posición de la UE ante el conflicto del Sahara Occidental se ha caracterizado principalmente por: i) un posicionamiento mucho más tibio que en otros conflictos; ii) y por lo que se ha venido a denominar «la política del doble rasero», con una implicación distinta de las diferentes instituciones europeas, y con un posicionamiento desigual ante la negociación política de la salida al conflicto y la defensa de los derechos humanos. Se ha considerado que esta incoherencia se mantenía entre el posicionamiento político de las instituciones de la Unión, influidas por las presiones políticas de algunos de los actores implicados, como Francia y España; y por los intereses económicos de la UE, fundamentalmente relacionados con la explotación de los recursos naturales del territorio, mientras que parecía existir consenso sobre la apuesta clara de la UE por la defensa de los derechos humanos de la población saharaui. Sin embargo, este trabajo pretende demostrar que «el doble rasero» y la inconsistencia del posicionamiento de las instituciones europeas se ha trasladado incluso a la defensa de los derechos humanos. Así, mientras las instituciones europeas defienden los derechos civiles y políticos de la población saharaui en los Territorios Ocupados, además de denunciar la situación de precariedad que enfrenta la población de los campamentos de refugiados, ante la violación de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales de la población saharaui los intereses económicos de varios Estados miembros de dichas instituciones se sobreponen a la defensa de los derechos humanos de pueblo saharaui. Este artículo tratará de demostrar esta incoherencia en la defensa de los derechos humanos de la población saharaui a través del examen de documentación tal como: informes de misiones de observación in situ, informes sobre la situación de los derechos humanos, apoyo a activistas saharauis, análisis de los flujos de ayuda humanitaria a los campamentos de Tinduf; así como del análisis jurídico de los distintos acuerdos firmados entre la UE y Marruecos para la explotación de los recursos naturales del territorio que pertenece a un pueblo que aún se encuentra en proceso de descolonización.
José Esteve Pardo, La nueva relación entre Estado y sociedad, Marcial Pons, Madrid 2013
Authors: Ruiz Robledo Agustín
Published: September 2016

La crisis económica está siendo objeto de estudio prácticamente desde el mismo momento en que a los europeos nos estalló delante de la cara mientras los más despistados pensábamos allá por 2008 que era una cuestión puramente americana. Sin ánimo de ser muy preciso, podríamos decir que en esa amplia reflexión colectiva se ha producido una especialización entre los economistas, que analizan las causas y los juristas, que nos centramos en las consecuencias que para nuestro ordenamiento está teniendo la crisis (ay, ese uso diario de los Gobiernos españoles del decreto-ley).
John James Park, Los Dogmas de la Constitución, edición y estudio preliminar de Joaquín Varela Suanzes-Carpegna, traducción del inglés y epílogo de Ignacio Fernández Sarasola, Tecnos, Madrid, 2015
Authors: Pérez Alonso Jorge
Published: September 2016

En el año 1605, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, de quien este año 2016 se conmemora el cuarto centenario de su fallecimiento, publicaba la primera parte de su novela El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha. Es bien conocido el argumento de la obra, por lo que no es el momento ni el lugar de entrar en el mismo ni en profundizar en las posibles intenciones del autor al darla a luz, que el hoy injustamente olvidado Ramiro de Maeztu desgranó en su magistral ensayo incluido en el libro Don Quijote, don Juan y la Celestina; lo importante es que en la novela se mostraba cómo un hidalgo manchego de finales del siglo xvi se empeñaba en ajustar su conducta a un lenguaje y unos códigos caballerescos propios de la Alta Edad Media que, aun cuando siglos atrás constituyeron principios y normas admitidos por la caballería medieval, habían perdido su vigencia ya a mediados del siglo XV, no digamos ya en los umbrales del siglo XVII. El efecto de la obra fue fulminante.
La Constitución económica socialista y sus fundamentos
Authors: Pérez Hernández Lissette
Published: September 2016

Existe una relación dialéctica y compleja muy estrecha, entre política, Derecho y economía, elementos que se articulan en distintos modelos como alternativas diferentes del ejercicio económico. La naturaleza de la economía que diseña el sistema socialista demanda la integración del Derecho a la vida económica. En ese contexto, los postulados de tipo socialista se caracterizan por la regulación, planificación y control central de la actividad económica, la existencia de decisiones de autoridad que debe erigirse sobre la base de las necesidades del ciudadano y por un sistema de propiedad, en el que prevalece la propiedad estatal sobre otros tipos de propiedad que con ella pueden convivir.
Teleoftalmología y teleoptometría: estrategias de atención en salud en constante avance
Authors: Acuña Gomez Johanna Sareth , Guachamin Rodríguez Ivón Cristina , Varela Suárez Natalia Fernanda , Jiménez Wilson Giovanni
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: revisar la literatura que presente adelantos y experiencias que se han realizado en el campo de la teleoftalmología y la teleoptometría. Metodología: investigación de tipo documental que recurre a fuentes de datos secundarias, a través de la búsqueda en bases de datos como Hinari, ScienceDirect, Medline, Pubmed y, en particular, en revistas indexadas como American Journal of Public Health y Revista Cubana de Oftalmología. Resultados: se han presentado avances en la investigación, el desarrollo y la implementación de servicios, especialmente, de teleoftalmología y, en menor grado, de teleoptometría; sin embargo, todos los estudios se han adelantado como experiencias piloto, pero ninguna se ha transformado en un modelo de atención acogido por el sistema de salud de alguna nación o institución. Lo anterior, quizás se debe a factores de tipo cultural, tanto de profesionales de la salud como de pacientes; de orden económico, dada la poca investigación sobre el costo-efectividad de implementar este servicio, y al reducido acceso a tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones en regiones donde habitan poblaciones vulnerables. Conclusiones: a pesar de las limitaciones referidas, la teleoftalmología y la teleoptometría contribuyen a la atención en salud y la reducción de resultados adversos y son herramientas para el trabajo interdisciplinario de profesionales en todo el mundo.
Problemas bioéticos percibidos por los estudiantes que desarrollan su práctica en la Clínica de Optometría de la Universidad de La Salle
Authors: Molina Montoya Nancy Piedad
Published: September 2016

Los estudiantes de optometría y los optómetras están enfrentando más y mayores problemas bioéticos; sin embargo, se desconoce el tipo y la frecuencia de estos en su práctica clínica. Objetivos: explorar el tipo y la frecuencia de los problemas bioéticos apreciados por estudiantes que desarrollan su práctica y examinar la percepción sobre su capacidad para afrontarlos. Metodología: estudio descriptivo. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Problemas Bioéticos en Optometría a 55 estudiantes entre séptimo y noveno semestre. Resultados: los estudiantes reportan enfrentar problemas bioéticos durante la rotación clínica, como los comentarios descalificadores sobre el desempeño de estudiantes y profesionales, rehusarse a atender un paciente por considerarlo un caso difícil, la revisión del paciente por varios estudiantes y docentes sin solicitar su consentimiento, pedir ayuda a un compañero de rotación por considerar que las habilidades clínicas no son suficientes y la pérdida de folios de las historias clínicas. Conclusiones: los problemas bioéticos reportados estuvieron relacionados con colegialidad, trato de los pacientes, profesionalismo, consentimiento informado y confidencialidad, situaciones comunes con otras profesiones de la salud. También reportaron cuestiones únicas dentro de su papel como estudiantes. Más de la mitad de los encuestados afirmó no sentirse preparado para enfrentar los problemas bioéticos. Es necesario hacer hincapié en el manejo de casos y la toma de decisiones bioéticas dentro del currículo del programa, así como en experiencias y temas que enriquezcan su discurso ético y les permitan afrontar los problemas bioéticos de su entorno clínico.
A modern condensation method to compute the determinants of n×n matrices
Authors: Ahmed Ali. A. M. , Bondar K. L.
Published: September 2016

In this paper we present a modern condensation method to compute the determinants of n×n matrices. This condensation method is a method for evaluating an n×n determinant in term of determinants of size (n- 1)×(n -1) , and then expresses the latter in terms of determinants of size (n- 2)×(n -2), and so on. The difference between Chio's method and this method is that the Chio's method repeats one row and one column with the remaining rows and columns while this method  repeats only one row or one column.
On pairwise \(\mathcal{N}\)-\(\beta\)-open sets in bitopological spaces
Authors: Alsharari Fahad , Qahis Abdo
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we introduce the notion of an \((i,j)\)-\(\mathcal{N}\)-\(\beta\)-open set which is a generalization of an \((i,j)\)-\(\beta\)-open set in a bitopological space. Also, we investigate some of its properties and characterizations. Besides, we prove that a pairwise \((i, j)\)-\(\mathcal{N}\)-\(\beta\)-open cover that has a finite (countable) subcover is equivalent to a pairwise \(\beta\)-compact (\(\beta\)-Lindel\"{ö}f) space. Finally, we introduce an \((i, j)\)-\(\mathcal{N}\)-\(\beta\)-continuous function and an \((i, j)\)-\(\mathcal{N}\)-\(\beta\)-irresolute function and obtain some of their properties.
"They sing our origins": a study of the lungsi drummers of Mampurugu
Authors: Davis David C.
Published: September 2016

The lungsi are a specialized segment of the Mamprusi population who serve as chroniclers of the past and recorders of the present. The unbroken historical narrative and royal genealogy which they retain and recite explain the origins of Mampurugu and serve as an ideological charter of the present political establishment on all levels. As such, these professionals are vital to the continuity of the traditional social and political system. The continuity of the traditions is directly linked to a reliable supply of these traditionists.
The genesis of urban music in Zaire
Authors: Wa Mukuna Kazadi
Published: September 2016

In Zaire, the installation of radio stations and recording industries gave rise to an urban musical expression which fed on traditional music for its content, and relied heavily on foreign musical instruments as a medium of interpretation. The organization of the newly created musical expression was governed by norms of aesthetics peculiar to the new urban centers.
The Nyanga/Ngororombe Panpipe Dance: 2.Some dance steps for the Nyanga panpipe dance
Authors: Tracey Andrew
Published: September 2016

These dance steps were collected during the last week of November 1990 at Moya Aliya Malamusi's home, Singano Village, Chileka, Malawi, from a small group of Nyungwe refugees from Mozambique. The leader of the group of six players was Sakha Blond, whose original home was Goba. They came across from Chifunga refugee camp, Mwanza, near the Malawi-Mozambique border, at Moya's invitation to stay for a few days. We all stayed together in Donald Kachamba's compound while I recorded and worked with them. I am grateful to both Moya and Donald for their hospitality.
"Drumbeats, pennywhistles and all that jazz": the relationship between urban South African musical styles and musical meaning
Authors: Allen Lara
Published: September 2016

In the forties, a pennywhistle was considered to be a child's toy: what small boys played because they could not afford 'real' instruments. What the quote I have just given illustrates particularly well is that from the sixties onwards, the pennywhistle and kwela music, the style which evolved around this instrument, had come to symbolise a whole era of South Africaâ€™s history. I would like to explain this extraordinary metamorphosis of meaning through an exploration of kwela's socio-political context and its effect on the style's development. As my theoretical springboard, I have taken Gramsci's notions of the relationship between culture and society's economic base. I explore this relationship using Chantal Mouffe's 'articulation theory' as modified for the study of popular music by Richard Middleton. I have further adapted Middleton's model, moulding it to the specific needs of the southern African situation.
Sesotho music: a contemporary perspective
Authors: Wells Robin
Published: September 2016

In this article I wish to explore some of the shifts in the styles of Sesotho music-making that have occurred in recent years and to study the way in which modem identities are reflected in current modes of musical expression. It is my contention that style is inextricably linked to notions of identity and is mobilised as a means of objectifying values in form or performance. As such, the study of musical style can provide a valuable insight into the aspirations and values of a social group. Moreover, the study of such styles as they are transformed over time reflects the change in wider social influences that bring pressure to bear upon cultural expressions.
Can monthly precipitation interpolation error be reduced by adding periphery climate stations? A case study in China's land border areas
Authors: Ma Jianyong , Yan Xiaodong , Hu Shanshan , Guo Yan
Published: September 2016

Minor interpolation error of spatially continuous precipitation is increasingly in demand to support many climate studies. In this paper, based on the thin-plate smoothing splines (ANUSPLIN), we studied the effects of adding periphery stations on monthly precipitation interpolation errors in China with 184 stations from neighboring countries during 1971–2000. Here, we show that with the exception of the northern piedmont of the Himalayas, the interpolation accuracy of monthly precipitation was improved greatly in China's border areas. Mean absolute error was reduced by an average of 2.8 mm month−1 across 21 withheld stations. By incorporating 184 foreign stations into interpolation, the overestimated precipitation in the northern piedmont of the Himalayas can be primarily attributed to the drawback that ANUSPLIN had difficulty estimating sharply varying rain shadows in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Overall, these results mentioned above emphasized the importance of periphery stations to generate gridded precipitation datasets and the limitation of ANUSPLIN to simulate terrain-induced climate transitions.
Optimization of in vitro regeneration protocol for a popular Indica rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Swarna)
Authors: Juturu Vijaya Naresh , Mekala Gopala Krishna , Garladinne Mallikarjuna , Chandra Obul Reddy Puli , Chandra Sekhar* Akila
Published: September 2016

Though regeneration system in rice has been very well established compare to other crop plants, the fact remains that, most of the indica rice varieties are still recalcitrant for regeneration and genetic transformation. Therefore, refinement of tissue culture protocol for generation of embryogenic calli and regeneration of the fertile plants from a single cell should be a pre requisite event for development of transgenic plants. Here, in this study we reported high frequency robust regeneration protocols for a popular Indica cultivar Swarna.Mature seeds were used as initial material as explants. Highest callus induction % was observed in MSCIMP medium containing 2.0 mg-1 2,4, D + 0.5 mg-1 Kn as phytohormonal combinations. In addition, maximum regeneration was observed in 2.0 mg-l KN + 0.5 mg-l NAA. Regenerated plants were shifted to rooting medium followed by polyhouse for hardening. The callus induction and regeneration reported in this study were well suited for transformation agronomical important genes or functional genomics studies.
Effect of drought stress on morpho-physiological traits in some traditional rice cultivars of Kokrajhar district, Assam, India
Authors: Sarma* Bhaskar , Basumatary Neeva Rani , Nahar Shamsun , Tanti Bhaben
Published: September 2016

Water status is one of the critical factors affecting rice production. Rice cultivars tolerant to drought stress at the vegetative stage were selected. Six traditional rice cultivars of Kokrajhar district, Assam, namely, Sali, Bora, Ahu, Malsira, and two variety of Jaha i.e.; white and black were included in this study. The germination index, plant growth, root architecture, leaf rolling, leaf death and leaf relative water content in plants subjected to drought stress for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days were recorded. Based upon the levels of water stress tolerance, three groups of rice cultivars were recognized, as follows: highly drought-tolerant, moderately drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars. The Joha (white) rice cultivar was considered to be a highly drought-tolerant cultivar. The moderately drought-tolerant cultivars included Joha (black), Ahu, Sali and Bora. The Malsira cultivar was considered sensitive to drought.
THE INFLUENCE OF GLYCEMIC STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH TRAUMA OF THE PANCREAS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POSTTRAUMATIC PANCREATITIS
Authors: Gorbenko K. V.
Published: September 2016

It was analyzed the results of treatment of 100 patients with trauma of the pancreas. It was defined the dynamic characteristics of glycemia and insulin resistance in patients with post-traumatic pancreatitis or its absence. It was proved that hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in the early stages of traumatic disease are not only diagnostic markers, but also additional risk factors for development of post-traumatic pancreatitis in patients with trauma of the pancreas.
MYELOMA KIDNEY UNDER THE MASK OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AND HEART FAILURE
Authors: Kravchun P. H. , Kozhyn M. I. , Pashtiani R. V. , Kadykova O. I.
Published: September 2016

The material was presented on the example of the clinical case. In woman of 64 years myeloma disease was diagnosed. This case has attracted attention due to the manifestation of myeloma disease heart failure and diabetic nephropathy arising on a background of ischemic heart disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Non-specific character of clinical symptoms harshly worsened the diagnostic search.
MODERN APPROACHES TO THERAPY CUSHING’S DISEASE (review)
Authors: Khizhnyak Oksana , Mikityuk Myroslava
Published: September 2016

Itsenko-Cushing's disease (BIK) is a severe multisymptomatic disease of the hypothalamic-pituitary genesis due to the presence of a pituitary tumor (corticotropinoma) or hyperplasia of adenomatous cells secreting an increased amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and, as a consequence, an increase in the production of hormones by the cortex
Prawdziwa tożsamość Jezusa. Polemika z Gezą Vermesem
Authors: Skierkowski Marek
Published: September 2016

The text regards a polemic against Geza Vermes, an Jewish scholar, which was translated into Polish and was entitled Twarze Jezusa (Kraków 2008) presented the historical Jesus as a Palestinian charismatic healer and a teacher of simple religiosity. The first disciples of Jesus transferred his message from its Semitic context to the primarily Greek-speaking pagan Mediterranean world where shortly after he became a divine figure. Beginning with the divine figure of Christ presented in the most recent Gospel, namely the Gospel of John, Geza Vermes goes successively back to earlier accounts of the New Testament in order to reveal finally the allegedly true figure of Jesus hidden beneath the oldest Gospels. In the opinion of Marek Skierkowski the method used by Geza Vermes is not adequate and therefore it leads to so false conclusions.
Technology-Based Early Warning Systems for Bipolar Disorder: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Depp Colin , Torous John , Thompson Wesley
Published: September 2016

Recognition and timely action around “warning signs” of illness exacerbation is central to the self-management of bipolar disorder. Due to its heterogeneity and fluctuating course, passive and active mobile technologies have been increasingly evaluated as adjunctive or standalone tools to predict and prevent risk of worsening of course in bipolar disorder. As predictive analytics approaches to big data from mobile health (mHealth) applications and ancillary sensors advance, it is likely that early warning systems will increasingly become available to patients. Such systems could reduce the amount of time spent experiencing symptoms and diminish the immense disability experienced by people with bipolar disorder. However, in addition to the challenges in validating such systems, we argue that early warning systems may not be without harms. Probabilistic warnings may be delivered to individuals who may not be able to interpret the warning, have limited information about what behaviors to change, or are unprepared to or cannot feasibly act due to time or logistic constraints. We propose five essential elements for early warning systems and provide a conceptual framework for designing, incorporating stakeholder input, and validating early warning systems for bipolar disorder with a focus on pragmatic considerations.
MULTIPLE TREATMENT OF EREMURUS HIMALAICUS EXTRACTS AMELIORATES CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN RATS
Authors: Mushtaq Ahlam , Masoodi Mubashir Hussain , Wali Adil Farooq , Ganai Bashir Ahmad
Published: September 2016

Objective: Eremurus himalaicus Baker, an edible herb of North Western Himalayas, has not been scientifically assessed for hepatoprotective potential. The ethyl acetate extract (EHE), methanolic extract (EHM) and aqueous extract (EHA) of Eremurus himalaicus were therefore evaluated for potential hepatoprotective activity in Wistar strain albino rats.

Methods: Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg) was employed as hepatotoxin and was given on Day 1 of the experiment. The extracts at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw (EHE, EHM and EHA) and the standard at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw (Liv 52) were given for following 7 d and the biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, TP, bilirubin and UA) were estimated in order to assess the liver function. Moreover, the liver tissue samples were examined for histopathological changes.

Results: The results for serum biochemical analysis in rats showed a rise in SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin levels and a decrease in TP and UA levels upon giving hepatotoxin. The administration of the extracts and standard drug, for a period of 7 d, showed a significant decrease in SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin levels and an increase in TP and UA levels for EHM when compared to the toxic group. These results correlated well with the histopathological findings of liver for normal, toxic and extract treated groups. The EHM treatment decreased the extent of fat deposition and necrosis caused by CCl4. The results were almost similar to the standard drug Liv 52.

Conclusion: Collectively; the results indicate that EHM exhibits significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
ESSENTIAL OILS AND METHYLGLYOXAL: A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Cieslak Erin , Mack James P. , Rojtman Albert
Published: September 2016

Objective: Essential oils are of significant interest in today’s world of healthcare because these compounds have a variety of medicinal properties. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antibiotic role of essential oils as a possible alternative treatment in combatting Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Methods: In conjunction with carrier oils, three essential oils (cassia, cinnamon bark, and thyme), as well as methylglyoxal were tested on MRSA using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration of each tested essential oil and methylglyoxal in carrier oil was determined to be 25% essential oil and 75% carrier oil mixture. This concentration worked much more effectively than the standard antibiotic, vancomycin, which is currently used to treat MRSA infections.

Conclusion: Antibacterial emollients made from naturally occurring products like essential oils can be cost-effective alternatives to antibiotics. The results of this research show that these emollients are more effective against MRSA than standard antibiotics in cell culture.
CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SPECTRUM OF A POTENT STREPTOMYCES SP. GOS2 ISOLATED FROM WESTERN GHATS OF KARNATAKA, INDIA
Authors: A. Gautham S. , Mesta Sunita C. , R. Onkarappa
Published: September 2016

Objective: Western Ghats of Karnataka, India-a biodiversity hotspot is a rich source of microorganisms with undiscovered metabolic capabilities. The upsurge of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has created a greater demand for novel antibiotics. In context to the above a potent soil Streptomyces sp. GOS2 isolated from Agumbe regions of Western Ghats, and its metabolite was assessed and characterized for its antimicrobial spectrum.

Methods: The isolation was carried out by soil serial dilution plating on Starch Casein Nitrate agar media (SCN). The obtained isolate was characterized by morphological and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by well in agar methods against 28 test organisms. The partial characterization of the bioactive metabolite was carried out by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and UV–Visible spectroscopy studies.

Results: The isolated GOS2 was observed as a raised powdery colony with grey colored aerial mycelium and media impregnated substrate mycelium. The spore chain was rectus with smooth spore surface. The isolate was gram positive, non-acid fast, positive for catalase, hydrogen sulphide production and starch hydrolysis, negative for casein and gelatin hydrolysis. The carbohydrate fermentation studies showed acid production in dextrose and alkali production in sucrose, lactose, maltose and starch. A prominent antibacterial activity was observed with a zone of inhibition measuring 21-27 mm. The TLC showed a purple spot and UV spectroscopy revealed λ max at 233.2 and 235 nm indicating macrolide group of antibiotics.

Conclusion: Western Ghats actinomycetes are a potent source of novel antibiotic molecules.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTHELMINTIC AND DOCKING STUDIES OF NEW 2-[(E)-{[4-(1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-1 YLMETHYL)PHENYL]IMINO} METHYL]PHENOL, AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH 3D METAL IONS
Authors: K.s. Jithendra Kumara , G. Krishnamurthy , N. Sunil Kumar
Published: September 2016

Objective: The main objectives of this research work is the synthesis and characterization of biologically potential triazole ring containing the Schiff base legend and their transition metal complexes, followed by screenings of their antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity the results of antimicrobial activity were compared with docking scores.

Methods: The coordination complexes of Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III) and Zn(II) with Schiff base derived ligand 4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl) aniline and substituted aldehydes have been synthesized. The complexes are characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, electronic, IR, and 1H NMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds were also screened In vitro antimicrobial activity was carried out according to diffusion method by using agar and potato dextrose agar at 100, 500 and 700 mg/ml concentrations in DMF. HEX 8.0 programmers were used to perform the docking experiments on nucleotide of S. typhi at as ligand [PDB: 3B6O].

Results: Schiff base ligand and their transition metal complexes were studied for antimicrobial activity as well as docking. The results of both studies concluded that 4a, 4c and 4d compounds are more active in minimum inhibition concentration (30μg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella typhi (S. typlei) bacteria and Penicillium chrysogenum (P. Crysogenum) fungi. The compounds showed highest docking score (-257.47,-275.61 and-280.17 respectively) with the secondary structure of the alpha-amylase with a nucleotide from s. typhi in the solid model. In the study of anthelmintic activity among these three compounds, 4d compound exhibits more activity compared with the standard.
Conclusion: The compounds 4a, 4c and 4d were found to be more promising pharmacological activity this observation may promote a further development of this triazole group of compounds which may lead to better pharmacological profile than standard drugs. 
 
CHITOSAN MUCOADHESIVE BUCCAL FILMS: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CASTING SOLVENTS ON THEIR PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Abouhussein Dalia M N , El-bary Ahmed Abd , Shalaby Samia H. , Nabarawi Mohamed A El
Published: September 2016

Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of different casting solvents on the physicochemical properties of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) chitosan mucoadhesive buccal films.

Methods: Screening formulations were prepared by casting solvent technique using organic acids; 1% acetic acid (AA), 1% lactic acid (LA) and inorganic acid; 0.1N HCl (FS1-FS3). Then, 21X31 factorial design study was done using 2 factors; solvent type (AA, LA, Mixture of 0.1N HCl and LA) and solvent concentration (AA and LA; 1%, 2% and mixture of 0.1N HCl: 1% LA; 2:1, 1:2). Films were evaluated for their physicochemical properties through, mechanical properties, mucoadhesion, in vitro release of CPC and antimicrobial activity.

Results: The studied factors showed a significant effect on both mucoadhesion and tensile strength. Film casted from 0.1 N HCl was brittle and did not show any elasticity, so it was used in further studies mixed with LA to improve physicochemical properties of the prepared films. Films casted from LA showed swelling for an initial period of 15 min then no more swelling occurred while swelling of those casted from AA occurred throughout approximately 2 h. A film containing 2:1 HCl: LA (F5) dissolved in both media while 1:2 HCl: LA (F6) showed swelling properties. This was reflected on the in vitro release of CPC in which F5 gave higher % released (DE300 min 54.37%) than the other formulations.

Conclusion: Casting solvent was proved to have a significant effect on the physicochemical properties of chitosan CPC mucoadhesive films.
EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF COMBRETUM ALBIDUM G. DON AGAINST CCl4 INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: Rajalingam D. , Varadharajan R. , Palani S.
Published: September 2016

Objective: The present investigations were undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Combretum albidum G Don against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Methods: Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Combretum albidum (EECA) was determined by using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication of rats as experimental models. The extent of liver damage and effect of the plant extract was assessed by various biochemical parameters like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total billrubin (TB) and total protein (TP) in blood serum and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in liver were determined. Histopathological changes in the liver of different groups were also studied.

Results: The administration of EECA at dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg/b.w., orally had decreased the rise of ALT, AST, ALP, TB and TBRAS levels and the effects were comparable to standard drug (Silymarin 25 mg/kg/b. w,) the GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST and TP levels were significantly increased in the animals received EECA. The histopathological studies show decreased necrosis and hepatocellular degeneration when compared to the CCl  intoxicated liver.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the hepatoprotective and the antioxidant activity of the whole plant of Combretum albidum therefore scientifically supports the use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of liver disorders.
GCMS/MS ANALYSIS AND CARDIOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF CUCUMIS CALLOSUS ON DOXORUBICIN INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: Varadharajan R. , Rajalingam D. , Palani S.
Published: September 2016

Objective: The present investigations were undertaken to identify phytochemicals by GC MS/MS, to evaluate the cardioprotective and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Cucumis Callosus against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

Methods: GC MS/MS method was carried out for identification of phyto-compounds present in the Cucumis Callosus. The Cardioprotective effect of Cucumis Callosus (CC) was determined by using Doxorubicin (DOX) intoxication of rats as experimental models. The extent of heart damage and effect of the plant extract was assessed by various biochemical parameters like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TGs) in blood serum and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in heart tissue were determined.

Results: In the Cucumis Callosus extract 32 compounds were identified by GC–MS/MS. Doxorubicin is used to bring significant changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidants in the heart. The pretreatment with Cucumis Callosus at two doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) to DOX treated rats significantly prevented the altered enzymes SGPT, SGOT, CPK and LDH, lipid profile LDL, VLDL, TGs, HDL, TC and antioxidant SOD, GSH, CAT, GSH-Px and MDA to near normal level. Serum urea, uric acid, and ALP which are increased on DOX administration registered near normal values on pretreatment with Cucumis Callosus.

Conclusion: This study showed that the cardioprotective and antioxidant activity of Cucumis Callosus, therefore scientifically rampart the use of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of heart diseases.
DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY IN PLUCHEA INDICA LESS LEAVES EXTRACT AND ITS FRACTIONS
Authors: Widyawati Paini Sri
Published: September 2016

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of pluchea extract (PE) and its fraction (ethyl acetate (EAF), n-butanol (BF) and aqueous (AF)) and comparing with the its activity of control antioxidant, such as green tea (GE) and rosemary extracts (RE), α-tocopherol succinate (ATS) and BHT.

Methods: The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the decrease in absorbance as the result of DPPH˙ color change from purple to yellow at 517 nm by using a stopped-flow spectrometer UV-Vis. AE (antiradical efficiency) was a parameter more exactly used to measure the antioxidant power than EC50 (efficient concentration to reduce 50% of DPPH concentration). This parameter was determined by EC50 and TEC50 (the time needed to reach the steady state).

Results: PE and its fraction had free radical-scavenging activity compared with control antioxidant. Based on EC50, the orders of ability to scavenging DPPH radicals was determined as the EAF~ GE>PE ~ ATS ~ RE ~ AF>BHT ~ BF. The results were not exactly because BHT and ATS were potentially as a synthetic antioxidant. Therefore AE parameter was used to determine scavenging activity. The classification order of scavenging activity based on AE was BHT>GE ~ ATS>EAF>RE~ BF~ PE~ AF.

Conclusion: The PE and its fractions had DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Based on EC50 and AE parameters, the EAF showed the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging activity compared with PE and the other fractions.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A STABILITY INDICATING HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NILOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Ivaturi Ramu , Sastry T. Manikya , Satyaveni S.
Published: September 2016

Objective: To develop a rapid, accurate, linear, sensitive and stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of nilotinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of its four related substances.

Methods: The RP-HPLC method was developed for the chromatographic separation of nilotinib and its impurities by using waters Xterra RP-18 (150*4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) column with a mobile phase combination of 10 mM ammonium formate with pH-3.5 and acetonitrile in gradient mode. An injection volume of 20 µl. Flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and detection was carried a wavelength of 250 nm. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines.

Results: The retention time for nilotinib and its four impurities were found to be 4.37, 7.40, 8.96, 10.21 and 10.87 min respectively. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed the good linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.04-3.0 ppm for the nilotinib impurities. The % recovery of nilotinib impurities was found to be 96.8-99.4% in the linearity range. The detection limit (LOD) values were about 0.014, 0.016, 0.005 and 0.03 ppm respectively and the quantification limit (LOQ) values were 0.042, 0.048, 0.014 and 0.09 ppm respectively. The % degradation at various stress conditions like acid, alkaline, oxidative, thermal and photolytic stress was found to be 8.92, 18.35,5.63, 0.88 and 3.89 respectively.

Conclusion: The RP-HPLC method compatible with LC-MS was developed for the analysis of nilotinib and its four impurities. It was validated as per the ICH guidelines and found to be linear, robust, precise, accurate, sensitive, stability indicating and can be used for routine as well as stability analysis of capsule dosage forms as well as for drug substance.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PREFERENCES AMONG SPANISH COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS REGARDING INHALED THERAPY (THE OPTIM PHARMACY STUDY)
Authors: Giner Jordi , Roura Pere , Torres Berta , Burgos Felip , Castillo Diego , Tarragona Eduard , Plaza Vicente
Published: September 2016

Objective: To assess knowledge, attitudes, and preferences regarding inhaled therapy among Spanish community pharmacists.

Methods: An 11-item questionnaire was developed and distributed to community pharmacists throughout the country. Data collected included demographics, the source of knowledge of inhaler use, known and preferred devices, steps for correct use of metered-dose (pMDI) and dry-powder (DPI) inhalers, important variables when prescribing an inhaler device, patient education, and checking inhaler technique.

Results: Of a total of 3000 questionnaires delivered, 1722 (57.4%) were returned. The most common source of knowledge was the package insert (46.9%) followed by personal experience (33.3%). DiskusTM and TurbuhalerTM were the best-known devices (96.4% and 93.4%), and DPIs the preferred inhalers. Although more than half of the surveyed pharmacists were aware of the most important step for correct inhalation with pMDI and DPI, only 18% identified the correct answer ‘Patient’s preference’ as the most important variable when prescribing an inhaler device. Most of the respondents had inadequate knowledge of inhaled therapies. Statistically, significant differences were found according to geographical areas. Moreover, the mean score on inhaled therapy with one knowledge source was higher than for those with none (P<0.05). Additionally, patient education was poor.
Conclusion: In spite of the increasing involvement of Spanish community pharmacists in patients’ care, their knowledge of inhaler use and attitudes towards inhaled therapy needs to improve, so that they can provide better patient education.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST HUMAN ORAL PATHOGENS
Authors: J Lavanya , S Periyar Selvam , M. Jeevitha Priya , Jacintha Preethi , M. Aradana
Published: September 2016

Objective: The aim of the study was focused on determining the phytochemicals, antibacterial, antiadherence, antifungal and antioxidant activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Matricaria chamomilla and Eclipta alba and also their mechanism of action towards human oral pathogens.

Methods: Qualitative analysis and quantitative estimation of phenols and flavonoids were performed in methanolic extracts. Antibacterial, anti adherence, antifungal assays were performed by plate assays. Antioxidant assays were done by ABTS and DPPH methods. SEM, TEM and flow cytometry analysis were executed to find out the mechanism of action of plant extract.

Results:  The total phenol contents were 0.85, 1.24, 0.64 GAE/g and the total flavonoid contents were 356, 231.34 and 88 µg QE/mg for G. glabra, M. chamomilla and E. alba respectively.

Matricaria chamomilla possesses highest antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) among the all extracts tested. E. alba showed a highest zone of inhibition against S. aureus (21.6 mm) whereas G. glabra and M. chamomilla revealed the better result of 21 mm and 19.8 mm respectively against S. mutans.

Glycyrrhiza glabra showed antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans showed resistance towards all the extracts tested. The MIC, MBC and antiadherence tests were also performed. Sorbitol assay confirmed that G. glabra has no impact on the fungal cell wall. To confirm the mode of action SEM, TEM and flow cytometric analysis were performed which showed the cell elongation and damage in cytoplasmic membrane resulting in oozing of cellular constituents.

Conclusion: This work concluded that all the plant extracts showed potent activities among the various tests. Oral care product can be developed if the active constituents responsible for the activities were analysed.

 
A VALIDATED GRADIENT STABILITY-INDICATING LC METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VALSARTAN IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Sharma Tripti , Si. Sudan Chandra
Published: September 2016

Objective: The objective of this research work was to develop a sensitive, precise, specific, linear and stability-indicating gradient HPLC method for the estimation of valsartan in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical preparations.

Methods: Chromatographic separation was achieved on C-18 stationary phase with a gradient mobile phase consisting of orthophosphoric acid buffer (the pH of the solution was adjusted to 4.2±0.05 with triethylamine) and methanol. The eluent was monitored with PDA detector at 225 nm with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, run time of 65 min.

Results: The method was linear over the range of 20-120μg/ml. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9994±0.02. In order to check the selectivity of the method for pharmaceutical preparations, forced degradation studies were carried out. Valsartan was found to be stable at light and oxidation experiments. The performance of the method was validated according to the present ICH guidelines for specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. .The LOQ was found to be 0.26µg/ml and the LOD was found to be 0.79µg/ml. Valsartan showed good correlation coefficient in the concentration range of 20-120μg/ml. The developed method was compared statistically by applying two-way anova and student's t-test to correlate with an isocratic method and was applied to bulk drug and tablet dosage form. There was no significant difference between the two methods.

Conclusion: The proposed method was found to be accurate, precise, sensitive and robust. Hence, it can be used successfully for the routine analysis of valsartan in pharmaceutical formulation and for analysis of stability samples obtained during accelerated stability study.
CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM PULICARIA UNDULATA
Authors: Hussien Taha A. , El-toumy Sayed A. , Hassan Hossam M. , Hetta Mona H.
Published: September 2016

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity, antioxidant activities and structure-activity relationship of secondary metabolites isolated from Pulicaria undulata.

Methods: The methylene chloride-methanol (1:1) extract of the air-dried aerial parts of Pulicaria undulata was fractionated and separated to obtain the isolated compounds by different chromatographic techniques. Structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of the extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and compared with the literature data. The crude extract and the isolated compounds were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2,2 diphenyl dipicryl hydrazine (DPPH) method and cytotoxic assay using human breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatoma (Hep G2) cell line.

Results: Nine secondary metabolites were isolated from Pulicaria undulata in this study. Of which two terpenoidal compounds; 8-epi-ivalbin and 11β, 13-dihydro-4H-xanthalongin 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside firstly isolated from the genus pulicaria and three flavonoids; eupatolitin, 6-methoxykaempferol, and patulitrin firstly isolated from P. undulata. 6-methoxykaempferol (IC50 2.3 µg/ml) showed the most potent antioxidant activity. The highest cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and Hep G2 cells was obtained with eupatolitin (IC50 27.6 and 23.5 µg/ml) respectively. The structure-activity relationship was also examined and the findings presented here showed that 3, 5, 7, 4' and 3, 5, 4', 5'-hydroxy flavonoids were potent antioxidant and has cytotoxic activity.

Conclusion: Pulicaria undulata is a promising medicinal plant, and our study tends to support the therapeutic value of this plant as antioxidant drug and in the treatment of cancer.
EFFECT OF PITHECELLOBIUM DULCE BENTH LEAVES IN DEXAMETHASONE INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: S. Mule V. , S. Naikwade N. , S. Magdum C. , A. Jagtap V.
Published: September 2016

Objective: The objective of the present study was to study the effect of Pithecellobium dulce Benth (P. dulce) leaves in dexamethasone-induced diabetic rats.

Methods: The authenticated P. dulce leaves were collected from a local area of Sangli, Maharashtra. The leaves of the plant were extracted with water and ethanol by maceration and soxhelation respectively. Acute toxicity studies of the both extracts were performed using rat and according to OECD 425 guidelines. The dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg was selected for further studies. The albino rats were divided into seven groups with five animals in each group. The diabetes was induced by dexamethasone (10 mg/kg, s. c.) and treated with extract and standard drug for 10 d. Then blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and glycogen level in liver, muscle and kidney were estimated according to standard procedures.

Results: The study revealed that P. dulce at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed significant (p ˂ 0.05) antidiabetic activity. All the extract treated groups showed a significant reduction in blood glucose level on 11th day when compared to diabetic control group. The significant increase in blood glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol level was observed in the diabetic control group when compared to normal control group. The liver and muscle glycogen level was decreased significantly (p ˂ 0.05) in the diabetic control group.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that P. dulceaqueous and ethanolic extract at two different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) possesses antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity.
 