bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation and characterization of a novel method for selective vagal deafferentation of the gut
Authors: Diepenbroek Charlene , Quinn Danielle , Stephens Ricky , Zollinger Benjamin , Anderson Seth , Pan Annabelle , de Lartigue Guillaume
Published: July 2017

There is a lack of tools that selectively target vagal afferent neurons (VAN) innervating the gut. We use saporin (SAP), a potent neurotoxin, conjugated to the gastronintestinal (GI) hormone cholecystokinin (CCK-SAP) injected into the nodose ganglia (NG) of male Wistar rats to specifically ablate GI‐VAN. We report that CCK-SAP ablates a subpopulation of VAN in culture. In vivo, CCK-SAP injection into the NG reduces VAN innervating the mucosal and muscular layers of the stomach and small intestine but not the colon, while leaving vagal efferent neurons intact. CCK-SAP abolishes feeding-induced c-Fos in the NTS, as well as satiation by CCK or glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). CCK-SAP in the NG of mice also abolishes CCK-induced satiation. Therefore, we provide multiple lines of evidence that injection of CCK-SAP in NG is a novel selective vagal deafferentation technique of the upper GI tract that works in multiple vertebrate models. This method provides improved tissue specificity and superior separation of afferent and efferent signaling compared with vagotomy, capsaicin, and subdiaphragmatic deafferentation.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We develop a new method that allows targeted lesioning of vagal afferent neurons that innervate the upper GI tract while sparing vagal efferent neurons. This reliable approach provides superior tissue specificity and selectivity for vagal afferent over efferent targeting than traditional approaches. It can be used to address questions about the role of gut to brain signaling in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Low-carbohydrate diet induces metabolic depression: a possible mechanism to conserve glycogen
Authors: Winwood-Smith Hugh S. , Franklin Craig E. , White Craig R.
Published: July 2017

Long-term studies have found that low-carbohydrate diets are more effective for weight loss than calorie-restricted diets in the short term but equally or only marginally more effective in the long term. Low-carbohydrate diets have been linked to reduced glycogen stores and increased feelings of fatigue. We propose that reduced physical activity in response to lowered glycogen explains the diminishing weight loss advantage of low-carbohydrate compared with low-calorie diets over longer time periods. We explored this possibility by feeding adult Drosophila melanogaster a standard or a low-carbohydrate diet for 9 days and measured changes in metabolic rate, glycogen stores, activity, and body mass. We hypothesized that a low-carbohydrate diet would cause a reduction in glycogen stores, which recover over time, a reduction in physical activity, and an increase in resting metabolic rate. The low-carbohydrate diet reduced glycogen stores, which recovered over time. Activity was unaffected by diet, but metabolic rate was reduced, in the low-carbohydrate group. We conclude that metabolic depression could explain the decreased effectiveness of low-carbohydrate diets over time and recommend further investigation of long-term metabolic effects of dietary interventions and a greater focus on physiological plasticity within the study of human nutrition.
Treadmill vs. overground walking: different response to physical interaction
Authors: Ochoa Julieth , Sternad Dagmar , Hogan Neville
Published: July 2017

Rehabilitation of human motor function is an issue of growing significance, and human-interactive robots offer promising potential to meet the need. For the lower extremity, however, robot-aided therapy has proven challenging. To inform effective approaches to robotic gait therapy, it is important to better understand unimpaired locomotor control: its sensitivity to different mechanical contexts and its response to perturbations. The present study evaluated the behavior of 14 healthy subjects who walked on a motorized treadmill and overground while wearing an exoskeletal ankle robot. Their response to a periodic series of ankle plantar flexion torque pulses, delivered at periods different from, but sufficiently close to, their preferred stride cadence, was assessed to determine whether gait entrainment occurred, how it differed across conditions, and if the adapted motor behavior persisted after perturbation. Certain aspects of locomotor control were exquisitely sensitive to walking context, while others were not. Gaits entrained more often and more rapidly during overground walking, yet, in all cases, entrained gaits synchronized the torque pulses with ankle push-off, where they provided assistance with propulsion. Furthermore, subjects entrained to perturbation periods that required an adaption toward slower cadence, even though the pulses acted to accelerate gait, indicating a neural adaptation of locomotor control. Lastly, during 15 post-perturbation strides, the entrained gait period was observed to persist more frequently during overground walking. This persistence was correlated with the number of strides walked at the entrained gait period (i.e., longer exposure), which also indicated a neural adaptation.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that the response of human locomotion to physical interaction differs between treadmill and overground walking. Subjects entrained to a periodic series of ankle plantar flexion torque pulses that shifted their gait cadence, synchronizing ankle push-off with the pulses (so that they assisted propulsion) even when gait cadence slowed. Entrainment was faster overground and, on removal of torque pulses, the entrained gait period persisted more prominently overground, indicating a neural adaptation of locomotor control.
Structural and Chemical Characterization of Silica Spheres before and after Modification by Silanization for Trypsin Immobilization
Authors: Barbosa Eduardo F. , Silva Luciano P.
Published: July 2017

In the last decades, silica particles of a variety of sizes and shapes have been characterized and chemically modified for several applications, from chromatographic separation to dental supplies. The present study proposes the use of aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTS) silanized silica particles to immobilize the proteolytic enzyme trypsin for the development of a bioreactor. The major advantage of the process is that it enables the polypeptides hydrolysis interruption simply by removing the silica particles from the reaction bottle. Silanized silica surfaces showed significant morphological changes at micro- and nanoscale level. Chemical characterization showed changes in elemental composition, chemical environment, and thermal degradation. Their application as supports for trypsin immobilization showed high immobilization efficiency at reduced immobilization times, combined with more acidic conditions. Indirect immobilization quantification by reversed-phase ultrafast high performance liquid chromatography proved to be a suitable approach due to its high linearity and sensitivity. Immobilized trypsin activities on nonmodified and silanized silica showed promising features (e.g., selective hydrolysis) for applications in proteins/peptides primary structure elucidation for proteomics. Silanized silica system produced some preferential targeting peptides, probably due to the hydrophobicity of the nanoenvironment conditioned by silanization.
Performance Analysis of 5G Transmission over Fading Channels with Random IG Distributed LOS Components
Authors: Jaksic Dejan , Bojovic Risto , Spalevic Petar , Stefanovic Dusan , Trajkovic Slavisa
Published: July 2017

Mathematical modelling of the behavior of the radio propagation at mmWave bands is crucial to the development of transmission and reception algorithms of new 5G systems. In this study we will model 5G propagation in nondeterministic line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, when the random nature of LOS component ratio will be observed as Inverse Gamma (IG) distributed process. Closed-form expressions will be presented for the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of such random process. Further, closed-form expressions will be provided for important performance measures such as level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD). Capitalizing on proposed expressions, LCR and AFD will be discussed in the function of transmission parameters.
Characterizing Patients with Unilateral Vestibular Hypofunction Using Kinematic Variability and Local Dynamic Stability during Treadmill Walking
Authors: Liu Peng , Huang Qiuhong , Ou Yongkang , Chen Ling , Song Rong , Zheng Yiqing
Published: July 2017

Here, we aimed to compare the unstable gait caused by unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH) with the normal gait. Twelve patients with UVH and twelve age-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study. Thirty-four markers were attached to anatomical positions of each participant, and a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system was used to capture marker coordinates as the participants walked on a treadmill. The mean standard deviation of the rotation angles was used to represent gait variability. To explore gait stability, local dynamic stability was calculated from the trunk trajectory. The UVH group had wider step width and greater variability of roll rotation at the hip than the control group (P<0.05). Also, the UVH group had lower local dynamic stability in the medial-lateral (ML) direction than the control group (P<0.05). By linear regression analysis, we identified a linear relationship between the short-term Lyapunov exponent and vestibular functional asymmetry. The result implies that UVH-induced asymmetry can increase posture variability and gait instability. This study demonstrates the potential for using kinematic parameters to quantitatively evaluate the severity of vestibular functional asymmetry. Further studies will be needed to explore the clinical effectiveness of such approaches.
Numerical Investigation of the FSI Characteristics in a Tubular Pump
Authors: Wang Shuo , Zhang Liaojun , Yin Guojiang
Published: July 2017

Flow condition was simulated in a shaft tubular pump by using the Shear‐Stress Transport (SST) k‐ω turbulence model with high quality structured grids in design condition. Corresponding structural vibration characteristics were then analyzed based on two‐way coupled Fluid‐Structure Interaction (FSI) method. Fluid results showed that flow in the outlet flow passage was a combination of the axial flow and circumferential rotation motion. Time and frequency domain analysis of pressure pulsation of typical measure points indicated that larger pulsation amplitudes appeared in the tip of the blades and the main vibration source was the pressure pulsation induced by rotation of the blades. The fluid pulsation amplitudes decreased gradually along the flow direction, which can be ascribed to the function of fixed guide vane. Structural analysis of the blades in both pressure and suction side indicated that significant stress concentration was formed at the blade and hub connection near the leading edge. Maximum effective stress of the blades varied periodically, so prevention measures of the fatigue of blades should be taken. This research can provide important reference for the design of the tubular pump.
Circulating RANKL and RANKL/OPG and Breast Cancer Risk by ER and PR Subtype: Results from the EPIC Cohort
Authors: Sarink Danja , Schock Helena , Johnson Theron , Overvad Kim , Holm Marianne , Tjønneland Anne , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , His Mathilde , Kvaskoff Marina , Boeing Heiner , Lagiou Pagona , Papatesta Eleni-Maria , Trichopoulou Antonia , Palli Domenico , Pala Valeria , Mattiello Amalia , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B(as). , van Gils Carla H. , Peeters Petra H. , Weiderpass Elisabete , Agudo Antonio , Sánchez Maria-José , Chirlaque Maria-Dolores , Ardanaz Eva , Amiano Pilar , Khaw Kay Tee , Travis Ruth , Dossus Laure , Gunter Mark , Rinaldi Sabina , Merritt Melissa , Riboli Elio , Kaaks Rudolf , Fortner Renée T.
Published: July 2017

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)-RANK ligand (RANKL) signaling promotes mammary tumor development in experimental models. Circulating concentrations of soluble RANKL (sRANKL) may influence breast cancer risk via activation of RANK signaling; this may be modulated by osteoprotegerin (OPG), the decoy receptor for RANKL. sRANKL and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor subtype has not previously been investigated. A case–control study was nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. This study included 1,976 incident invasive breast cancer cases [estrogen receptor positive (ER+), n = 1,598], matched 1:1 to controls. Women were pre- or postmenopausal at blood collection. Serum sRANKL was quantified using an ELISA, serum OPG using an electrochemiluminescent assay. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Associations between sRANKL and breast cancer risk differed by tumor hormone receptor status (Phet = 0.05). Higher concentrations of sRANKL were positively associated with risk of ER+ breast cancer [5th vs. 1st quintile RR 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01–1.63); Ptrend = 0.20], but not ER− disease. For both ER+ and estrogen and progesterone receptor positive (ER+PR+) breast cancer, results considering the sRANKL/OPG ratio were similar to those for sRANKL; we observed a suggestive inverse association between the ratio and ER−PR− disease [5th vs. 1st quintile RR = 0.60 (0.31–1.14); Ptrend = 0.03]. This study provides the first large-scale prospective data on circulating sRANKL and breast cancer. We observed limited evidence for an association between sRANKL and breast cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res; 10(9); 525–34. ©2017 AACR.
A estética da “fotografia animada” na criação contemporânea: desarquivamento, colocação em movimento, escrutínio analítico, montagem, escuta e projeção de imagens de arquivo
Authors: Monteiro Lúcia Ramos
Published: July 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender a operação de “animação” de imagens de arquivo originalmente fixas, presente em filmes e obras de arte contemporânea. Os documentários 48, de Susana Sousa Dias, e Retratos de identificação, de Anita Leandro, além da instalação A man called love, da dupla Tamar Guimarães e Kasper Ankhøj, “animam” fotografias oriundas de um passado doloroso, violento e envolto em tabus, trazendo à tona tensões e potências latentes. As projeções fantasmagóricas criadas expressam memórias reprimidas e convidam o espectador a pensar a materialidade dos mediums e a dialética entre cinema e fotografia, no encontro das tecnologias digitais com imagens analógicas.
Ficção e rastros documentais: cotidiano, espaço e território no cinema de Miguel Gomes
Authors: Zanetti Daniela , Ramos Natália
Published: July 2017

With a cultural approach applied to the audiovisual field, this article aims at problematizing the concepts of everyday life, space and territory within the representation of physical space and the production of territorialities. We regard movies that combine documentary dimensions in audiovisual fiction narratives. The audiovisual product of analysis was the work of the Portuguese filmmaker Miguel Gomes, especially his film Arabian Nights (2015), divided into three volumes.
Televisión y movimientos sociales: el papel de Contravía TV en la visibilidad de las comunidades indígenas en Colombia
Authors: Gómez Gober Mauricio
Published: July 2017

El objetivo del artículo es reflexionar sobre la televisión como mediación en la visibilidad de los movimientos sociales indígenas en Colombia. En este medio adquieren forma los conflictos de esos movimientos con el Estado cuando sus demandas por reconocimiento social y político evidencian discursos e imaginarios de exclusión de la diversidad cultural del país. Analizamos un episodio del programa de televisión Contravía TV para indagar por su propuesta de periodismo independiente, sus estrategias de comunicabilidad que se expresan en el reportaje, produciendo representaciones de las políticas culturales de los indígenas Nasa, traducidas en la defensa del territorio y en la afirmación de su identidad.
Metalinguagem no cinema silencioso (1896-1914): a sedução do aparato cinematográfico, os paradoxos da imagem fílmica, a imersão diegética
Authors: Carvalho Danielle Crepaldi
Published: July 2017

A presença da metalinguagem no cinema é contemporânea à invenção do dispositivo fílmico. O cinema silencioso mostrou-se em funcionamento prodigamente, ao redor do globo, com objetivos tão vastos quanto (aparentemente) contraditórios: historiar sobre si; convidar o público, por meio da explicitação da descontinuidade inerente à imagem cinematográfica, à imersão na diegese fílmica; acenar para os paradoxos contidos na imagem, questionando a sua pretensa “objetividade”. Através de um corpus que compreende obras produzidas de 1896 a 1914, analisadas numa perspectiva transdisciplinar, busca-se refletir sobre os sentidos da metalinguagem no cinema silencioso.
Cineclubismos: uma história do Cineclube Antônio das Mortes
Authors: Campos Marina da Costa
Published: July 2017

Este artigo trata da história do Cineclube Antônio das Mortes, entidade que existiu na cidade de Goiânia entre os anos de 1977 e 1987 e que desenvolveu atividades de exibição e debate, grupos de estudos e produção audiovisual. Pretende-se estudar sua atuação e a constituição de diferentes perfis ao longo de sua trajetória, com o objetivo de compreender como a entidade configurou-se num espaço múltiplo de formação audiovisual local e de como abrigou compreensões diferentes sobre a atividade cineclubista.
Inpatient Mortality Risk Scores and Postdischarge Events in Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Win Sithu , Hussain Imad , Hebl Virginia B. , Dunlay Shannon M. , Redfield Margaret M.
Published: July 2017

Background

The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) and Get With The Guidelines (GWTG) registries have developed simple heart failure (HF) in-hospital mortality risk scores. We hypothesized that HF scores predictive of in-hospital mortality would perform as well for early postdischarge mortality risk stratification.

Methods and Results

In this single-center, community-based, retrospective study of all consecutive primary HF hospitalizations (6203 hospitalizations in 3745 patients) from 2000 to 2013, the ADHERE and GWTG risk scores were calculated from admission data. There were 176 (3.0%) and 399 (6.7%), 869 (14.7%), and 1272 (21.5%) deaths in-hospital and at 30, 90, and 180 days postdischarge, respectively. The GWTG but not ADHERE risk score was well calibrated for in-hospital mortality. Both the ADHERE (C statistic 0.66 and 0.67, 0.64, and 0.64) and GWTG (C statistic 0.74 and 0.73, 0.71, and 0.70) HF risk scores were similarly predictive of in-hospital and 30-, 90-, and 180-day postdischarge mortality. The ADHERE risk score identified 10% and the GWTG risk score identified 20% of hospitalizations where 180-day postdischarge mortality was 50%, a prognostic bench mark for hospice referral. In contrast, hospitalizations characterized as lowest risk by the ADHERE (57% of hospitalizations; 180-day mortality 16.2%) or GWTG score (20% of hospitalizations; 180-day mortality 8.0%) had substantially lower mortality (odds ratios high versus low risk of 5–8 [ADHERE] and 11–18 [GWTG] across time points;
P
<0.0001 for all).

Conclusions

The simple ADHERE and GWTG scores stratify hospitalized HF patients for both inpatient and early postdischarge mortality risk, allowing comprehensive risk assessment on admission.
National Institutes of Health–Funded Cardiac Arrest Research: A 10‐Year Trend Analysis
Authors: Coute Ryan A. , Panchal Ashish R. , Mader Timothy J. , Neumar Robert W.
Published: July 2017

Background

Cardiac arrest (
CA
) is a leading cause of death in the United States, claiming over 450 000 lives annually. Improving survival depends on the ability to conduct
CA
research and on the translation and implementation of research findings into practice. Our objective was to provide a descriptive analysis of annual National Institutes of Health (
NIH
) funding for
CA
research over the past decade.

Method and Results

A search within
NIH
Re
PORTER
for the years 2007 to 2016 was performed using the terms: “cardiac arrest” or “cardiopulmonary resuscitation” or “heart arrest” or “circulatory arrest” or “pulseless electrical activity” or “ventricular fibrillation” or “resuscitation.” Grants were reviewed and categorized as
CA
research (yes/no) using predefined criteria. The annual
NIH
funding for
CA
research, number of individual grants, and principal investigators were tabulated. The total
NIH
investment in
CA
research for 2015 was calculated and compared to those for other leading causes of death within the United States. Interrater reliability among 3 independent reviewers for fiscal year 2015 was assessed using Fleiss κ. The search yielded 2763
NIH
‐funded grants, of which 745 (27.0%) were classified as
CA
research (κ=0.86 [95%
CI
0.80‐0.93]). Total inflation‐adjusted
NIH
funding for
CA
research was $35.4 million in 2007, peaked at $76.7 million in 2010, and has decreased to $28.5 million in 2016. Per annual death,
NIH
invests ≈$2200 for stroke, ≈$2100 for heart disease, and ≈$91 for CA.

Conclusions

This analysis demonstrates that the annual
NIH
investment in CA research is low relative to other leading causes of death in the United States and has declined over the past decade.
Esmog Data: Interpreting Air Quality Through Media Art and Design
Authors: Arango Julián Jaramillo
Published: July 2017

The article presents Esmog Data, an immersive installation exhibited in the Balance-Unbalance International Conference held in Manizales, Colombia in 2016. The piece explores the visualization and sonification of urban environmental data. Esmog Data works transforming sensor readings of different toxic gases into perceptible stimuli (audio and computer graphics). While air quality is a local everyday community issue, the goal of the project is enhancing environmental awareness. In this regard, the work aims to create a meaningful context for interpreting scientific data of the urban territory.
Alternative Strategies in Contemporary Art Practice
Authors: Czegledy Nina
Published: July 2017

In the last decades, the blurring of boundaries between artists, curators, venues and audiences has created an entirely new ecology where nearly every phase, every aspect, and every role embodied in contemporary art practice is profoundly changing in previously unanticipated ways. Alternate strategies performed in the creation and presentation of emerging eco art projects definitely illustrates this premise.
Building Environmentally Attuned Communities: The Politics of Alvin Curran’s Maritime Rites
Authors: Finkel Joseph
Published: July 2017

Alvin Curran (1938—) has always spent time near bodies of water and this fact has arguably left a mark on his compositions from his important work Songs and Views of the Magnetic Garden (1975) for live performance and sounds of gentle water waves, which Curran recorded on tape, to his ongoing series Maritime Rites (ca. 1975—) for musicians in boats on bodies of water. This essay examines Curran’s use of water as a compositional resource while also considering ideas such as music outside of the concert hall and building environmentally attuned communities.
Listening to the Ocean in the Desert
Authors: Harris Yolande
Published: July 2017

The author describes her artistic process and works exploring the recontextualization of recorded sounds into radically different environments, such as the ocean and the desert. Such unusual juxtapositions of place aim to stimulate awareness of technological mediation and the processes we rely on to build knowledge of environmental issues. The artworks do this by focusing on a physiological experience that combines the senses, thereby activating an experiential affect that may stimulate a sense of remote presence, empathy and curiosity to more fully understand distant and diverse ecologies that we cannot otherwise access.
Climate and Music, Beyond Sonification: Balance-Unbalance 2016
Authors: Kruczkiewicz Andrew
Published: July 2017

Existing methods of linking climate and music exist, but do they lead to action to address amplifying and changing climate related risks? At Balance-Unbalance 2016 in Colombia, a session was facilitated to explore new modalities of linking climate and music. The session revealed a potential to further develop modes to convey this relationship, leveraging the ubiquity of music-driven emotional response and universality of feeling, but likely not responding to, climate.
Relationships between Art, Science and Epistemology: The Earth as a Laboratory and the “Intruder Artist”
Authors: Tornero Paz
Published: July 2017

This article is a brief review on the contemporary artistic epistemology and its use of the transdisciplinary practices as a form of developing artwork. The main objective is to analyze the artist’s interest and creativity on scientific issues and their peculiar view on new scientific and ecological paradigms to generate new knowledge, critical thinking, creative processes or new innovations. The author also explains his experience as researcher in the Institute of Microbiology at San Francisco University of Quito, Ecuador, where perhaps his presence could have been viewed as an “invasion” of the laboratory. For that reason, he uses the expression “intruder artist”—“the scientific spaces” foreign visitor who tries to understand technical considerations on processes and experiments, so they could produce inspiration on new “hybrid” artworks.
Water Issues in Chile: How Does a Dry River Sound?
Authors: Nieto Ignacio , Velasco Marcelo , Pohl Nelida , Muñoz Graciela
Published: July 2017

This article examines the policies that have transformed water into a market commodity in Chile. Graciela Muñoz, an artist born and raised in one of the country’s areas affected by the drought produced by these policies, travelled to Chilean Patagonia to record the sound of the Baker River, and transferred its sounds to 28 small loudspeakers installed on the dry riverbed of the Petorca River, near her hometown. Through this soundscape, Muñoz temporarily recovered a lost experience where a river that does not exist anymore appears again, in sound, superimposing the past over a uncertain present.
Ideas, Persons, and Objects in the History of Ideas
Authors: Gilbert Bennett
Published: July 2017

The history of ideas is most prominently understood as a highly specialized group of methods for the study of abstract ideas, with both diachronic and synchronic aspects. While theorizing the field has focused on the methods of study, defining the object of study – ideas – has been neglected. But the development of the theories behind material culture studies poses a sharp challenge to these narrow approaches. It both challenges the integrity of the notion of abstract ideas and also offers possibilities for enlarging the scope of the ways in which we can study ideas historically. It is proposed here to regard ideas as mental relations deeply connected to human communication by both thinking and doing. This connection of ideational thought to human production and behavior is a deep foundation for the history of ideas as an interdisciplinary historiographic means of understanding moral life.
The Implementation of ‘Access and Benefit-sharing’ in Five eu Member States: The Achievements and Deficiencies of the Nagoya Protocol and the eu Regulation 511/2014
Authors: Vanheusden Bernard , Van den Berghe Griet
Published: July 2017

The Nagoya Protocol of 2010 on Access and Benefit-sharing and the related European Regulation 511/2014 provide an answer to the question how access to genetic resources may be ensured. However, the eu itself as well as several eu member states struggle with the implementation of the protocol (and the regulation). This article analyses the difficulties encountered at the European and the national level (in five member states) with the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol obligations. It concludes that, although the Nagoya Protocol is an important step forward for the protection of biodiversity and the fight against biopiracy, it clearly is a compromise text, with all the issues arising therefrom. Also Regulation 511/2014 drops a few stiches in the clear delineation of obligations. However, on the national level this does not lead to extremely discrepant national enforcement mechanisms, at least within the five reviewed member states.
Spain and Coal, the Environment and eu Law
Authors: Krämer Ludwig
Published: July 2017

Mining of indigenous Spanish coal has been heavily subsidized ever since 1986, and recently, the European Commission authorized a further amount of State aid of 2.3 billion in order to facilitate the closure of uncompetitive coal mines in Spain by 2018. These subsidies are paid regardless of the facts that: the indigenous coal is of minor quality and not needed to ensure safe energy supply in Spain; the combustion of coal is causing excessive greenhouse gas emissions and most coal-fired Spanish power plants are widely exceeding regular eu emission limit values; considerable investments will have to be made, in order to eventually comply with the requirements of eu law. However, supposed that these investments are made, there is no reason for the plant owners to participate in a coal phase-out. The present article provides a detailed analysis of these critical aspects of Spanish and European coal policy.
A new genus and species of bark mantis from Thailand, with an updated key to the bark mantis genera of the Oriental region (Insecta: Mantodea)
Authors: SCHWARZ CHRISTIAN J. , EHRMANN REINHARD
Published: July 2017

A new genus and species of praying mantis, Paratheopompa siamensis n. gen. n. sp. from Thailand is described and figured. The species is most closely related to the Oriental genera Humbertiella Saussure, 1869 and Theopompa Stål, 1877, filling the morphological gap between the two genera. A key to the Oriental bark mantises of the Humbertiella group is provided.
Coupling a Markov Chain and Support Vector Machine for At-Site Downscaling of Daily Precipitation
Authors: Hou Yu-Kun , Chen Hua , Xu Chong-Yu , Chen Jie , Guo Sheng-Lian
Published: July 2017

Statistical downscaling is useful for managing scale and resolution problems in outputs from global climate models (GCMs) for climate change impact studies. To improve downscaling of precipitation occurrence, this study proposes a revised regression-based statistical downscaling method that couples a support vector classifier (SVC) and first-order two-state Markov chain to generate the occurrence and a support vector regression (SVR) to simulate the amount. The proposed method is compared to the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) for reproducing the temporal and quantitative distribution of observed precipitation using 10 meteorological indicators. Two types of calibration and validation methods were compared. The first method used sequential split sampling of calibration and validation periods, while the second used odd years for calibration and even years for validation. The proposed coupled approach outperformed the other methods in downscaling daily precipitation in all study periods using both calibration methods. Using odd years for calibration and even years for validation can reduce the influence of possible climate change–induced nonstationary data series. The study shows that it is necessary to combine different types of precipitation state classifiers with a method of regression or distribution to improve the performance of traditional statistical downscaling. These methods were applied to simulate future precipitation change from 2031 to 2100 with the CMIP5 climate variables. The results indicated increasing tendencies in both mean and maximum future precipitation predicted using all the downscaling methods evaluated. However, the proposed method is an at-site statistical downscaling method, and therefore this method will need to be modified for extension into a multisite domain.
Paying for Alternative Medicine: The Role of Health Insurers
Authors: Tillman Robert
Published: July 2017

In the early 1990s, Americans spent an estimated $27 billion on alternative medical treatments. However, most of those expenditures were paid out of pocket rather than by health insurers. This article reviews empirical studies of third-party coverage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the factors behind the reluctance of health insurers to provide benefits for those treatments. This reluctance is based on three principal factors: a lack of scientific evidence supporting CAM providers' claims of medical efficacy, the absence of credentialing standards for many CAM providers, and difficulties in fitting CAM treatments into typological schemes that determine levels of reimbursement by health insurers. Possibilities for overcoming these obstacles to the integration of CAM into the American system of health insurance are discussed.
Medical Activism and Environmental Health
Authors: McCally Michael
Published: July 2017

In the past decade, an environmental health movement has developed, and a number of medical social movement organizations (MSMOs) participate in efforts to promote sustainability and protect the environment. Physicians have organized as part of the larger peace and social justice movements since the mid-1800s. While these larger movements are the subjects of substantial historical and sociological research, there is no scholarship about contemporary MSMOs. In particular, contributions from such scholarship are noticeably absent in discussions of the current crisis of medical professionalism. Physicians and their medical organizations have limited understandings of social movements, activist roles, and medicine, as the profession has not found solidarity with other classes and groups in pursuit of environmental health, human rights, or universal access to health care. Physicians for Social Responsibility, Physicians for Human Rights, and Physicians for a National Health Program are important exceptions.
Emotional Labor Since
Authors: Steinberg Ronnie J. , Figart Deborah M.
Published: July 2017

The phrase "emotional labor" was coined by sociologist Arlie Hochschild in 1983 in her classic book, The Managed Heart. Jobs requiring emotional labor typically necessitate contact with other people external to or within the organization, usually involving face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact, especially in service work. In this article, the authors summarize Hochschild's pathbreaking work and assess the state of the current multi- and interdisciplinary literature on emotional labor. They distinguish between two interrelated areas of research on emotional labor. The first area involves predominantly, though not exclusively, qualitative case studies of employees at workplaces in the service sector. A second set of studies, primarily quantitative, investigates the link between emotional labor at home, in different jobs, or in nurturing activities (a specific form of emotional labor) and its consequences for individual employees' job satisfaction, productivity, and pay.
Psychoactive Substance Use among Young People: Findings of a Multi-Center Study in Three African Countries
Authors: Nkowane Mwansa A. , Rocha-Silva Lee , Saxena Shekhar , Mbatia Joseph , Ndubani Phillimon , Weir-Smith Gina
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the findings of baseline assessments on psychoactive substance use that were conducted in selected sites in South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia between December 2000 and September 2001. The assessments focused on the status of substance use and prevention resources. They showed that a wide range of substances were used—especially alcohol, tobacco and painkillers—and included substances taken by injection. Usage was particularly widespread in settings where trade in substances offered a means of survival. Institutional resources for prevention of substance use were limited. The social circles within which young people lived set an example and directly encouraged substance use, particularly the use of alcohol, tobacco, and, to a lesser extent, cannabis. These findings suggest the need for policy and programs that give balanced weight to demand and supply reduction, target young people, improve young people's living conditions, and ensure youths' participation in prevention activities.
Morphologic Changes in the Guinea Pig Cochlea following Cochleostomy—A Preliminary Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Dimitrov Eva A. , Duckert Larry G.
Published: July 2017

Fistulization of the membranous labyrinth via a surgically created endolymphatic‐perilymphatic shunt (cochleosacculotomy) is currently being advocated as a treatment for endolymphatic hydrops. As a preliminary study to the Investigation of the effects of labyrinthine fistulization on the hydropic condition, we sought first to reproduce the cochleosacculotomy procedure in a series of normal animals. Fistulization of the cochlear duct was performed in 15 normal animals using a tungsten wire directed via the round window through the cochlear partition in the region of the organ of Corti. The animals were sacrificed at regular intervals and the cochleas examined for histopathologic changes with the scanning electron microscope. Observations suggest that discrete permanent fistulization of the cochlear duct in the normal guinea pig results in progressive sensory cell degeneration. The implication of these observations and the apparent difference between these results and the experience thus far reported in humans are discussed.
Characterization of Cough Associated with Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Authors: Poole Michael D. , Postma Duncan S.
Published: July 2017

Chronic cough is a side effect of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of antihypertensives. The cough is thought to be a result of inhibition of the enzymes that break down some of the mediators of inflammation, such as the bradykinins and tachykinins. We report 20 patients with chronic cough caused by ACE inhibitors and some of the characteristics of the cough. The cough is typically dry, nonproductive, and worse at night. Interference with sleep is common and was severe in three patients. Women outnumbered men in this series: urinary stress incontinence developed in five, rectal and vaginal prolapse developed in one. Three patients felt they were incapacitated by the cough. Most had been on multiple medications; only oxycodone was reported to be effective in controlling the cough, and four patients thought they were addicted to that. All coughs resolved with withdrawal of the ACE inhibitor. Chronic cough is common among individuals taking ACE inhibitors. It may be severe and associated with complications. The incidence and potential severity is understated in drug information sources, and patients and physicians often fail to recognize cough as a drug side effect.
First Place — Resident Clinical Science Award 1994: Early Effects of Cerebellopontine Angle Compression on Rabbit Distortion‐Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Model for Monitoring Cochlear Function during Acoustic Neuroma Surgery
Authors: Widick Michael P. , Telischi Fred F. , Lonsbury‐Martin Brenda L. , Stagner Barden B.
Published: July 2017

A rabbit model was developed to simulate the effects of Ischemia that may occur during surgical removal of tumors Involving the cerebellopontine angle or internal auditory canal. Specifically, the internal auditory artery was visualized through a posterior craniotomy and mechanically compressed for repetitive 1‐minute intervals with a micromanipulator‐controlled glass pipet terminating in a smooth bead. The 2f1‐f2 distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions were used to monitor the susceptibility of cochlear function to compressive effects. Distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions were measured during discrete preblock, block, and postblock periods to determine the time course of distortion‐product otoacoustic emission reduction and its return to baseline levels after rapid obstruction and resumption, respectively, of the cochlear vascular supply. Comparisons during these times indicated that preblock distortion‐product otoacoustic emission levels were very stable, often varying by less than 1 dB. Additionally, distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions were very sensitive to brief vascular occlusions in that, within approximately 25 seconds of blockage onset, emission levels at all frequencies decreased at rates of about − 1.5 dB/second. On alleviation of the occlusion, distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions rapidly and completely returned to preblock levels with a delay of about 4 seconds and recovery slopes of about 10.5 dB/second. A notable finding in some animals was that early and reproducible variations in distortion‐product otoacoustic emission levels occurred within 5 to 8 seconds of internal auditory artery compression. When present, these transitory changes on distortion‐product otoacoustic emission levels acted as early warning signs for vascular compromise of cochlear function.
Second Place — Resident Clinical Science Award 1994: Tumor Angiogenesis, the P53 Antigen, and Cervical Metastasis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue
Authors: Leedy Daniel A. , Trune Dennis R. , Kronz Joseph D. , Weidner Noel , Cohen James I.
Published: July 2017

A more accurate method of detecting nodal disease in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is needed so that treatment of the neck with its associated morbidity can safely be reserved for patients who actually have metastatic disease. Tumor angiogenesis and the expression of the p53 antigen—which have each been shown to be predictive of metastasis in breast and colon cancer, respectively—are examined for their ability to predict neck metastasis in tongue cancer. Fifty‐seven patients with T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue, whose neck disease was examined by dissection or by 2‐year follow‐up, were studied. Twenty‐eight patients (49%) were node positive and 29 patients (51%) were node negative. The primary tumors were immunohistochemically stained for the p53 antigen and for factor VIII, which allowed the blood vessels within the tumor to be quantitated. The mean vessel counts per × 200 high‐power field were 59.8 and 61.5 for node‐positive and node‐negative patients, respectively (p = 0.8). Node‐positive patients showed overexpression of p53 43% of the time, vs. 61% for node‐negative patients (p = 0.17). Multivariate analysis confirmed that no difference in tumor angiogenesis or the expression of the p53 antigen was found between tumors that had metastasized and those that had not. Therefore neither tumor angiogenesis nor the p53 tumor marker is clinically useful in determining lymph node metastasis in these patients.
Cochlear Endoscopy with Preservation of Hearing in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Balkany Thomas , Hodges Annelle V. , Whitehead Martin , Memari Faramarz , Martin Glen K.
Published: July 2017

Advances in fiberoptic technology have revolutionized the way many disorders are treated by otolaryngologists. We have previously described our experiences with cochlear endoscopy during cochlear Implantation. However, endoscopy of the functioning cochlea has not previously been reported. To test the hypothesis that endoscopy of the guinea pig cochlea is possible without catastrophic loss of auditory function, we subjected 20 ears of 10 Hartley‐strain albino guinea pigs to limited endoscopy of the cochlea through the round window with evaluation of distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brain stem responses. Insertion of the endoscope caused measurable changes in auditory brain stem response latency and amplitude. Distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes were reduced an average of 6 dB with greater loss close to the round window. Frequencies above 18 kHz, corresponding to the region of endoscopy, were not evaluated in this preliminary study and are suspected to have sustained more damage. Results demonstrate that endoscopy of the guinea pig cochlea is possible without major loss of the above physiologic measures in the regions tested. If endoscopy of the cochlea is to become a tool with clinical and basic science applications, refinements in techniques to avoid damage are necessary.
Revision Stapes Surgery: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Cokkeser Yasar , Naguib Maged , Aristegui Miguel , Saleh Essam , Landolfi Mauro , Russo Alessandra , Sanna Mario
Published: July 2017

Fifty‐six revision stapes surgeries performed during the last 9 years were evaluated retrospectively for their preoperative symptoms, intraoperative findings, and postoperative results according to the causes of failure, at the Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Italy. The most frequent causes of failure were found to be prosthetic misalignments, a reaction to the surgical trauma in the form of excess fibrous tissue reaction or new bony regrowth at the oval window, and ossicular chain problems. The location of the pathology was found to be an important factor in the outcome. Sixty percent of cases resulted in 0‐ to 20‐dB air‐bone gap. The causes of these failures, management, and their prevention during primary surgeries are also discussed.
Imaging of Ossicular Prostheses
Authors: Hirsch Barry E. , Weissman Jane L. , Curtin Hugh D. , Kamerer Donald B.
Published: July 2017

The prostheses available for reconstruction of the ossicular chain have expanded to include a variety of synthetic materials. Hydroxyapatite contains the inorganic constituents found in human living bone and is currently being incorporated into many new prostheses. This study demonstrates the computed tomography and magnetic resonance image characteristics of eight middle ear prostheses, a block of dense hydroxyapatite, and a human incus. Imaging of ossicular prostheses is more informative with computed tomography.
Military Use of Nasopharyngeal Irradiation with Radium during World War II
Authors: Warlick Steven R.
Published: July 2017

Published reports of the military use of nasopharyngeal irradiation during World War II include treatment of U.S. aviators in England, the aerotitis control program of the Army Air Forces, treatment of Navy submarine trainees at New London, Connecticut, and other miscellaneous reports. In England, Army aviators developed hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Radon applicators were used to treat 220 Army aviators from 1942 to 1944. The radium applicator provided a much more stable applicator and allowed much shorter exposure times, making it suitable for field use. From 1944 to 1945 the Army Air Forces had an aerotitis control program that was developed on the recommendations of an expert panel convened by the air surgeon. Nasopharyngeal radium was used to treat 6881 aviators. Hyperplastic lymphoid tissue was also a problem in submarine escape training at New London. Reports indicate that 732 Navy submariners were treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Other documented military use included 60 Navy aviators by Northington and 277 aviators in the Pacific theater. The total number of U.S. military personnel treated in World War II is 8170. After the war, there were no indications that the Army or Air Force continued to use nasopharyngeal radium, but it was used by the Navy at New London for some time. Precise numbers treated are unknown, and it is unclear when use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was stopped.