bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of multi-objective examination model to sensitivity analysis for sustainability with three new practices
Authors: Şimşek Ahmet Bahadır
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The study has two main objectives. The first is to introduce three new examination policy practices: overbooked exam rooms, a substitute invigilator and an inheritance of the invigilation distribution. The second is the use of the examination model to determine the sustainability of the system against expected changes and to obtain long-term strategic information. This study aims to obtain managerial insights on the sustainability of the examination system with the newly introduced practices; it does not claim to propose solutions for large-scale problems.

Design/methodology/approach

This study introduces a multi-objective mathematical model that contains a couple of constraints that belong to new practices. To check the sustainability of the system, this study gets help from sensitivity analysis, which informs the decision-maker about how the results will react to parameter changes. The authors perform all experiments in the Python/Gurobi modeling environment.

Findings

The results demonstrate that the proposed practices are effective in the efficient use of resources. Also, this study shows that the examination model can be used as a stress test so that the weaknesses of the system can be identified and long-term strategic information can be obtained.

Originality/value

The contribution of this study is twofold: the introduction of examination policy practices that are overbooked exam rooms, a substitute invigilator and an inheritance of the invigilation distribution. Overbooked exam rooms aim to use resources effectively, taking into account the possibility of temporarily increasing the exam room capacity. The substitute invigilator protects the examination process against sudden events. The inheritance of the invigilation distribution helps to ensure fairness; and the use of the examination model to obtain managerial insights on expectations. This allows testing the validity of existing policies and making necessary changes, taking into account possible changes in the system. In this respect, it differs from the studies in the literature and fills an important managerial gap.
Modern slavery statements and the UK's largest housebuilding companies: an exploratory research paper
Authors: Jones Peter , Comfort Daphne
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Modern slavery has been identified as a problem in the construction industry, but the issue has received very limited attention in the academic literature. This exploratory paper looks to explore one of the ways in which the United Kingdom (UK)'s largest housebuilding companies have publicly addressed the issue by reviewing their modern slavery statements.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper adopts a simple methodological approach to review the modern slavery statements of the largest housebuilding companies within the UK and offers some reflections on these statements.

Findings

The findings identified a number of policy and practice responses, which characterised the selected housebuilding companies' approaches to modern slavery. The companies' approaches to modern slavery statements were seen as aspirational and perhaps best described as a work in progress.

Research limitations/implications

The authors recognise that the paper has a number of limitations. The empirical material for the review is drawn exclusively from the corporate websites of the selected housebuilding companies at a set point in time and does not include any primary information supplied by, or obtained from, the companies' executives, managers or employees or any information obtained from the companies' contractors, subcontractors or suppliers.

Originality/value

The paper offers an exploratory review of the modern slavery statements published by the largest housebuilding companies within the UK. As such, the review makes a small contribution to addressing a gap in the academic literature on modern slavery within the housebuilding industry and will hopefully stimulate future research in the field.
Personalising clinical pathways in a London breast cancer service
Authors: Viney William , Day Sophie , Bruton Jane , Gleason Kelly , Ion Charlotte , Nazir Saima , Ward Helen
Published: February 2022

Using interview and observational data from a busy and research‐intensive breast cancer service in the United Kingdom, we discuss recent developments in personalised medicine. Specifically, we show how clinical and research practices meet in clinical pathways that are reconfigured in response to changing approaches of diagnosing, monitoring, treating and understanding cancers. Clinical pathways are increasingly sensitive to changes in evidence deduced through new technologies and therapies as well as decisions based on intensive, iterative analysis of data collected across a range of platforms. We contribute to existing research by showing how the organisation of clinical pathways both maintains established clinical practices and responds to new research evidence, managing a threshold between evidence‐based and experimental medicine. Finally, we invite comparisons with other forms of personalisation to understand how they depend on the ‘real time’ collection, analysis and application of data.
Determination of protease inhibitors, glycinin, and beta‐conglycinin in soybeans and their relationships
Authors: Yang Yu , Chang Sam K. C. , Zhang Yan
Published: February 2022

In order to search for suitable soybean varieties for different applications, the protein contents of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI), Bowman–Birk trypsin inhibitor (BBI), glycinin (11S), and β‐conglycinin (7S) of 93 soybean samples from different sources and harvest years were quantified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Meanwhile, the protease inhibitory activities against trypsin and chymotrypsin were determined. Results showed that the individual protein contents and trypsin inhibitor activities differed significantly (p < 0.05) among soybean samples. KTI contents ranged from 5.25 to 14.60 mg·g−1; BBI contents ranged from 1.81 to 5.74 mg·g−1; 11S varied from 13.65% to 48.55% and 7S varied from 15.68% to 42.15% of total soluble protein; trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities were 8.93–20.95 mg TI·g−1 and 4.18 –12.79 mg CI·g−1, respectively. Excellent linear relationships existed between trypsin inhibitor contents and their activities. The regression equations offer a rapid method for estimating the activity of KTI or BBI in raw soybeans.

Practical Application

The regression equations established based on a large number of soybean varieties offered a rapid method to estimate the activity of trypsin inhibitors. The data presented here provided useful information for the food industry or breeders to select soybean varieties with different inhibitory activities or protein contents for different food processing applications.
Soluble organic nutrients induce ClaPhys expression to enhance phytase activity of watermelon roots
Authors: Li Shujun , Wang Bingshuang , Wang Yuan , Ma Xuewei , Su Lei , Wang Yang , Tang Liling , Xu Guohua , Ren Lixuan
Published: February 2022

Application of organic fertilisers is beneficial to the quality and yield of crops. Myo‐inositol phosphate is an abundant form of organic phosphorus (Po) in organic manure and soil, which could release phosphate (Pi) and likely be absorbed by plant after it was hydrolysed by phytase. However, whether plant roots respond to organic fertiliser to adapt myo‐inositol phosphates utilisation is not clear. Experiments were carried out to investigate the responses of phytase gene expression and enzyme activity, as well as root architecture to organic fertiliser application. The results showed that Cow‐dung‐based organic fertiliser contains 2.30 g/kg soluble P, including 0.08 g/kg myo‐inositol phosphates P. Organic acid addition promotes myo‐inositol phosphates solubility in organic fertiliser. Partial substitution of Pi with P from organic fertiliser upregulated the expression of ClaPhy1, ClaPhy2 and ClaPhy3 in roots, while it did not change ClaPHT1 family expression. Root phytase activity increased markedly at 25–30% organic fertiliser substitution rates. P concentration in watermelon leaves increased when 25% Pi was substituted with P from organic fertiliser. Organic fertiliser supply also promoted lateral root density and root hair length. In conclusion, organic fertiliser contains soluble myo‐inositol phosphates, more of which was dissolved by organic acids secreted from plant roots. Substitution of Pi with P from organic fertiliser upregulated ClaPhy genes expression and enhanced root phytase activity, as well as increased lateral root number and root hair density. Myo‐inositol phosphates hydrolysis and root morphology adaptation facilitate watermelon utilisation of myo‐inositol phosphates P in organic fertiliser. This study provides evidence to advance utilisation of myo‐inositol phosphates P from organic fertiliser by plant roots via up‐regulation of ClaPhy expression which increased phytase secretion, and optimised root morphology.
Life in an age of death: War and the river in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Hromadžić Azra
Published: February 2022

The majority of literature on wars understandably focuses on the horrific aspects of war, such as death, destruction, displacement, and trauma. In this article, however, I want to highlight that life in war is not only brutal and disastrous but also is in some respects deeply joyful and at times even fun. This requires that we portray the horrific experiences of death and destruction but that we also ask: What kind of life emerges in these injured landscapes? Guided by this question, I argue that we cannot understand what war looks like and feels like if we do not understand the relationship between humans and other than humans. More specifically, I show how during the Bosnian War, in the devastated city of ruins, Bihać, shared experiences of joy, fun, and togetherness (communitas) materialized between the town's people and the Una River. Swimming in the river together provided the people of Bihać with an opportunity to create moments of play and laughter between life and death. As people in Bihać explained, these were moment‐by‐moment living situations, where generations blended and where divisions, superiority, and pride were broken down, however temporarily, and new undifferentiated bonds among people were created—communitas.
Imaging diabetic retinal disease: clinical imaging requirements
Authors: Schreur Vivian , Larsen Morten B. , Sobrin Lucia , Bhavsar Abdhish R. , den Hollander Anneke I. , Klevering B. Jeroen , Hoyng Carel B. , de Jong Eiko K. , Grauslund Jakob , Peto Tunde
Published: February 2022

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight‐threatening complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and it contributes substantially to the burden of disease globally. During the last decades, the development of multiple imaging modalities to evaluate DR, combined with emerging treatment possibilities, has led to the implementation of large‐scale screening programmes resulting in improved prevention of vision loss. However, not all patients are able to participate in such programmes and not all are at equal risk of DR development and progression. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the currently available imaging modalities for the evaluation of DR: colour fundus photography (CFP), ultrawide‐field photography (UWFP), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA) and functional testing. Furthermore, we suggest where a particular imaging technique of DR may aid the evaluation of the disease in different clinical settings. Combining information from various imaging modalities may enable the design of more personalized care including the initiation of treatment and understanding the progression of disease more adequately.
State of the evidence from clinical trials on human milk fortification for preterm infants*
Authors: Beggs Megan R. , Bando Nicole , Unger Sharon , O'Connor Deborah L.
Published: February 2022

Infants born preterm or low birth weight are at risk for morbidity, mortality and later neuroimpairment. Appropriate early post‐natal growth is associated with better outcomes in‐hospital and post‐discharge. Therefore, nutritional strategies that support growth may improve the long‐term health of this population. Mother's milk with donor milk as a supplement are preferred sources of nutrition for these infants but may not always support growth, especially amongst infants born of very low birth weight (<1500 g) and or those with a major morbidity. Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials to date demonstrate that multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk improves in‐hospital growth of preterm infants although data on long‐term neurodevelopment are lacking. Further, individualised approaches to fortification based on milk analysis or the infant's metabolic response may improve growth over standard fortification. The evidence is insufficient to inform the timing of introducing fortifier, routine fortification of feeds post‐discharge or routine use of fortifiers made from human instead of bovine milk. Importantly, there is insufficient data to determine if these fortification practices improve relevant clinical or neurodevelopmental outcomes. In sum, there is an urgent need for well‐designed clinical trials to assess potential benefits and risks of fortification practices and at what cost.
Letter: systematic review with meta‐analysis on the impact of functional cure on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Yip Terry Cheuk‐Fung , Wong Grace Lai‐Hung , Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen
Published: February 2022

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Vittal et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16659 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16784
Letter: association of laboratory indexes and magnetic resonance elastography‐associated liver stiffness with complications and mortality
Authors: Sun Li‐Yang , Jia Hang‐Dong , Liang Lei , Huang Dong‐Sheng , Yang Tian
Published: February 2022

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Higuchi et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16745 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16792
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: loss of response and requirement of ustekinumab dose escalation in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Yang Hongsheng , Li Bingyang , Guo Qin , Tang Jian , Peng Bo , Ding Ni , Li Miao , Yang Qingfang , Huang Zicheng , Diao Na , Zhu Xia , Deng Jun , Guo Huili , Hu Pinjin , Chao Kang , Gao Xiang
Published: February 2022

Background

Ustekinumab is effective in treating Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the loss of response (LOR) to ustekinumab and the efficacy of dose escalation have not been systematically explored.

Methods

Databases were searched for eligible studies from inception through July 2021. Summary estimates were pooled, and subgroup analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity.

Results

We included 14 studies (CD: 13; UC: 1). In CD patients, the annual risk of LOR to ustekinumab and dose escalation among primary responders was 21% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12–31%, 1530 person‐years, n = 9) per person‐year and 25% (95% CI 12–32%, 657 person‐years, n = 5) per person‐year respectively. Clinical response was regained in 58% (95% CI 49–67%, 279 patients, n = 8) of secondary non‐responders after dose escalation (interval reduction or intravenous reinduction). In UC patients, no studies provided data on LOR, but only one study showed that 35% (100/284) of patients underwent dose escalation (or sham dose adjustment), leading to an annual risk of dose escalation of 18% per person‐year. After dose escalation, 58% (14/24) of the patients regained symptomatic remission.

Conclusions

Primary responders with CD experienced LOR to ustekinumab at a risk of 21% per person‐year and required dose escalation at a risk of 25% per person‐year. Fifty‐eight per cent of secondary non‐responders with CD may benefit from dose escalation. LOR has not been well characterized in patients with UC.
Cachexia is a risk factor for negative clinical and functional outcomes in patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy for B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Roy Ishan , Smilnak Gordon , Burkart Madelyn , Hamilton Elizabeth , Thorp Katherine , Miyata Sarah , Ma Shuo , Pro Barbara , Winter Jane , Gordon Leo , Karmali Reem
Published: February 2022

Cachexia is a muscle‐wasting syndrome that is known to impact the clinical course of several cancer populations but has not been specifically investigated in patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‐T) cell therapy. In this study, we investigated the relationship between cachexia markers and several cancer and functional outcomes in a pilot population of aggressive B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma patients receiving CAR‐T. We found that the prognostic nutritional index was linked to progression‐free survival, overall survival, and disability‐free survival, while several additional weight and serum‐based markers of cachexia were also associated with negative outcomes. These data prompt further investigation of cachexia markers in populations receiving CAR‐T cell therapy.
Holocene variability in sea‐ice conditions in the eastern Baffin Bay‐Labrador Sea – A north–south biomarker transect study
Authors: Saini Jeetendra , Stein Ruediger , Fahl Kirsten , Weiser Jens , Hebbeln Dierk , Madaj Lina
Published: February 2022

Reconstructions of sea‐surface conditions during the Holocene were achieved using three sediment cores from northeastern Baffin Bay (GeoB19948‐3 and GeoB19927‐3) and the Labrador Sea (GeoB19905‐1) along a north–south transect based on sea‐ice IP25and open‐water phytoplankton biomarkers (brassicasterol, dinosterol and HBI III). In Baffin Bay, sea‐surface conditions in the Early Holocene were characterized by extended (early) spring sea ice cover (SIC) prior to 7.6 ka BP. The conditions in the NE Labrador Sea, however, remained predominantly ice‐free in spring/autumn due to the enhanced influx of Atlantic Water (West Greenland Current, WGC) from 11.5 until ~9.1 ka BP, succeeded by a period of continued (spring–autumn) ice‐free conditions between 9.1 and 7.6 ka BP corresponding to the onset of Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM)‐like conditions. A transition towards reoccurring ice‐edge and significantly reduced SIC conditions in Baffin Bay is evident in the Middle Holocene (~7.6–3 ka BP) probably caused by the variations in the WGC influence associated with the ice melting and can be characterized as HTM‐like conditions. These HTM‐like conditions are predominantly recorded in the NE Labrador Sea area shown by (spring–autumn) ice‐free conditions from 5.9–3 ka BP. In the Late Holocene (last ~3 ka), our combined proxy records from eastern Baffin Bay indicate lowin‐situice algae production; however, enhanced multi‐year (drifted) sea ice in this area was possibly attributed to the increased influx of Polar Water mass influx and may correlate with the Neoglacial cooling. The conditions in the NE Labrador Sea during the last 3 ka, however, continued to remain (spring–autumn) ice‐free. Our data from the Baffin Bay–Labrador Sea transect suggest a dominant influence of meltwater influx on sea‐ice formation throughout the Holocene, in contrast to sea‐ice records from the Fram Strait area, which seem to follow predominantly the summer insolation trend.
In vivo development and single‐cell transcriptome profiling of human brain organoids
Authors: Huang Shichao , Huang Fei , Zhang Huiying , Yang Yongfeng , Lu Juan , Chen Jiadong , Shen Li , Pei Gang
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Human brain organoids can provide not only promising models for physiological and pathological neurogenesis but also potential therapies in neurological diseases. However, technical issues such as surgical lesions due to transplantation still limit their applications.

Materials and methods

Instead of applying mature organoids, we innovatively developed human brain organoids in vivo by injecting small premature organoids into corpus striatum of adult SCID mice. Two months after injection, single‐cell transcriptome analysis was performed on 6131 GFP‐labeled human cells from transplanted mouse brains.

Results

Eight subsets of cells (including neuronal cells expressing striatal markers) were identified in these in vivo developed organoids (IVD‐organoids) by unbiased clustering. Compared with in vitro cultured human cortical organoids, we found that IVD‐organoids developed more supporting cells including pericyte‐like and choroid plexus cells, which are important for maintaining organoid homeostasis. Furthermore, IVD‐organoids showed lower levels of cellular stress and apoptosis.

Conclusions

Our study thus provides a novel method to generate human brain organoids, which is promising in various applications of disease models and therapies.
Electrophysiological alterations of the Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar neurons in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease (electrophysiology on cerebellum of AD mice)
Authors: Cheron Guy , Ristori Dominique , Marquez‐Ruiz Javier , Cebolla Anna‐Maria , Ris Laurence
Published: February 2022

Alzheimer's disease is histopathologically well defined by the presence of amyloid deposits and tau‐related neurofibrillary tangles in crucial regions of the brain. Interest is growing in revealing and determining possible pathological markers also in the cerebellum as its involvement in cognitive functions is now well supported. Despite the central position of the Purkinje cell in the cerebellum, its electrophysiological behaviour in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease is scarce in the literature. Our first aim was here to focus on the electrophysiological behaviour of the cerebellum in awake mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (APPswe/PSEN1dE9) and the related performance on the water‐maze test classically used in behavioural studies. We found prevalent signs of electrophysiological alterations in both Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei neurons which might explain the behavioural deficits reported during the water‐maze test. The alterations of neurons firing were accompanied by a dual (~16 and ~228 Hz) local field potential's oscillation in the Purkinje cell layer of Alzheimer's disease mice which was concomitant to an important increase of both the simple and the complex spikes. In addition, β‐amyloid deposits were present in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. These results highlight the importance of the output firing modification of the AD cerebellum that may indirectly impact the activity of its subcortical and cortical targets.
Association between protein intake and changes in renal function among Japanese community‐dwelling older people: The SONIC study
Authors: Sekiguchi Toshiaki , Kabayama Mai , Ryuno Hirochika , Tanaka Kentaro , Kiyoshige Eri , Akagi Yuya , Godai Kayo , Sugimoto Ken , Akasaka Hiroshi , Takami Yoichi , Takeya Yasushi , Yamamoto Koichi , Yasumoto Saori , Masui Yukie , Ikebe Kazunori , Gondo Yasuyuki , Arai Yasumichi , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Rakugi Hiromi , Kamide Kei
Published: February 2022

Aim

The aim of this study was to clarify the association between dietary protein intake and decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among Japanese older adults.

Methods

We used the data of the Septuagenarians, Octogenarians and Nonagenarians Investigation with Centenarians (SONIC) study, an ongoing narrow‐age range cohort study: 69–71 years, 79–81 years and 89–91 years. The outcome variable, change in eGFR, was estimated from serum creatinine measured at the baseline and 3‐year follow up, and the exposure variable, protein intake, was calculated using the brief‐type self‐administered diet history questionnaire at the baseline. Associations between eGFR change and protein intake were determined by multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

The mean eGFR change per year was −1.89 mL/min/1.73 m2. The mean protein intake was 1.50 g/kg/day. The results of this study showed that there was no significant association between protein or animal protein intake and change in eGFR per year in the entire population of participants, including the very elderly, but there was a significant positive association in those whose renal function fell into chronic kidney disease stage G3 or G4.

Conclusions

Protein intake among community‐dwelling older adults was not associated with lower eGFR, and for older chronic kidney disease patients, protein and animal protein intakes were more beneficial in maintaining eGFR. The results provide evidence that protein intake should not be restricted for older patients with chronic kidney disease, including the very elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 286–291.
Comparative analysis of medical costs after hepatectomy versus radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in real‐world clinical practice
Authors: Terashima Takeshi , Higashibeppu Yoichi , Yamashita Tatsuya , Sakata Yukinori , Azuma Mie , Munakata Hiroaki , Ishii Mika , Kaneko Shuichi
Published: February 2022

Aim

To compare the total medical costs and treatment outcomes in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to their initial treatment, that is, hepatectomy or radiofrequency ablation (RFA), in real‐world clinical practice in Japan.

Methods

This retrospective observational study was conducted using a medical claims database. Patients who underwent hepatectomy or RFA for primary HCC were matched using propensity score matching methods for available baseline characteristics. The average per‐patient total medical costs from the date of initial treatment to up to 3 years were estimated. The 3‐year survival and recurrence rates were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method.

Results

Data of 1726 patients (863 in each group) were analyzed. The average 3‐year medical costs were USD 8000 lower in the RFA group than in the hepatectomy group (USD 35,000 vs. USD 43,000). Patients in the RFA group had comparable 3‐year overall survival to those in the hepatectomy group (87.6% vs. 90.4%). However, the 3‐year recurrence rate was significantly higher in the RFA group than in the hepatectomy group (41.5% vs. 30.8%; hazard ratio = 1.56, 95% confidence interval: 1.31–1.87).

Conclusions

In this 3‐year study, patients achieved similar survival rates irrespective of initial treatment, but the RFA group had a lower total medical cost burden than the hepatectomy group. If both treatments are equally feasible, RFA may be a preferable initial curative treatment for primary HCC. However, careful consideration and adequate treatment should be given due to its higher recurrence risk.
Ecological and evolutionary processes shape below‐ground springtail communities along an elevational gradient
Authors: Xie Zhijing , Chen Ting‐Wen , Potapov Mikhail , Zhang Feng , Wu Donghui , Scheu Stefan , Sun Xin
Published: February 2022

Aim

Both ecological and evolutionary processes shape biological communities along elevational gradients. Compared to above‐ground taxa, elevational patterns and processes of below‐ground animals are little studied. Here, we investigated how environmental gradients across elevation may affect species divergence in the past and act as filters of contemporary assembly of soil detritivores via traits. We asked: (1) Are environmental filtering processes due to elevation, vegetation or microhabitat‐related factors driving isotomid springtail community assembly across elevation; (2) did species divergences occur after mountain uplift; and (3) are there environmental factors related to species divergences in the past.

Location

Changbai Mountain, north‐east China.

Taxon

Isotomidae, Collembola.

Methods

We collected isotomid springtails from 800 to 2150 m above sea level and reconstructed the phylogeny using mitochondrial genome sequencing. We inspected the body length, number of ommatidia and pigmentation, and determined their evolutionary patterns. We then derived community parameters using trait‐based and metacommunity phylogenetic approaches and used linear mixed‐effects models to identify environmental variables that allow predicting community trait and phylogenetic parameters.

Results

Isotomid springtails differed more in traits when co‐occurring in environments with lower soil nitrogen, typically at higher elevations. Most communities exhibited phylogenetic clustering, but this pattern was not related to elevation or any environmental variables. These isotomid species mainly diverged in the Mesozoic with some divergence events associated with soil N and pH, as well as other factors covarying with the contemporary elevational gradient studied. The current communities comprised old phylogenetic lineages possessing traits that have undergone evolutionary drift.

Main conclusions

While environmental gradients act as filters for below‐ground detritivores, evolution of traits preconditions their assembly. Species divergence likely resulted from filtering processes of past environments resembling the present day. Below‐ground diversity in Changbai Mountain is mainly based on the persistence of old phylogenetic lineages, while recent speciation is of little importance.
Spatial and temporal patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in wheat agroecosystems
Authors: Goethe James , Dorman Seth , Wang Hehe , Kennedy George , Huseth Anders
Published: February 2022

Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an economically important pest of many cultivated crops including cotton, tomatoes, peppers and tobacco. Previous research has focused on the importance of non‐crop weeds for F. fusca populations when estimating crop infestation risk in the spring. Although weeds play an integral role in population development, early‐season cultivated hosts (e.g. wheat and sage) may also contribute and augment overall populations. Few studies have examined the role of early‐season crops as a source habitat for sensitive host crops later in the season. The goal of this study was to investigate the abiotic conditions and landscape components that are associated with F. fusca populations in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Exploring these relationships will provide insight into early‐season drivers of F. fusca. To do this, we conducted a 2 year study documenting F. fusca populations during an 8 weeks period each spring. We sampled immature thrips abundance on wheat heads while concurrently monitoring adult dispersal from the field using yellow sticky cards. Across both years, we found that immature thrips sampled during the milk and dough development stages best‐predicted adult dispersal 2 weeks later. Cumulative precipitation and the number of precipitation events beginning in the autumn of the prior year were the most important abiotic predictors of F. fusca abundance. At the landscape scale, adult F. fusca density was negatively related to the area of row crop agriculture, grasslands and amount of landscape fragmentation. Results of our study provide a basis to assess larval thrips and forecast dispersal of this pest from wheat using a head sampling method. At a landscape scale, we show that specific combinations of abiotic and landscape variables influence population abundance of F. fusca in North Carolina row crop agroecosystems.
Perceptions of patients and healthcare providers on patient education to improve oral anticoagulant management
Authors: Wang Mei , Swinton Marilyn , Troyan Sue , Ho Joanne , M. Siegal Deborah , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Thabane Lehana , M. Holbrook Anne
Published: February 2022

Rationale and Objectives

Education of patients is thought to be key to high‐quality oral anticoagulant (OAC) medication management. Theoretically, improving patients' knowledge should improve their self‐management skills and adherence. The study's objective was to explore the opinions of healthcare providers and patients on the desired content and format of patient education on OACs, in addition to perceived barriers to high‐quality patient education.

Methods

We applied qualitative descriptive methods in a focus group study on OAC management. Five focus group discussions were conducted in two health regions in Southwestern Ontario from 2017 to 2018 with 19 patients, 7 caregivers and 16 healthcare providers (physicians, nurses and pharmacists). During the focus groups, participants discussed their experiences with OAC education and made suggestions about the content and format for patient education on OACs. Transcripts were analysed using conventional content analysis.

Results

We identified the five themes of patient education on OAC management: content of OAC education (rationale, risk and appropriate drug administration methods), the best times for providing OAC education (time of OACs initiation along with continuing education), preferred education delivery strategies (case management targeted patient information summaries from authoritative sources such as Thrombosis Canada and video education), patient and community pharmacist engagement in OAC education, and perceived barriers to optimal patient education (patients depending too much on their healthcare providers for advice, the limited time patients spend with healthcare providers, gaps in clear communication between providers and the lack of a nationally or provincially coordinated OAC management programme).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that patients, caregivers and healthcare providers support the need for education on OACs, including for patients taking DOACs. Specific important content and proper education format are needed. The optimal combination of content, format, duration, timing and sources for OAC education requires further research.
Bank Sectoral Concentration and Risk: Evidence from a Worldwide Sample of Banks
Authors: Beck Thorsten , De Jonghe Olivier , Mulier Klaas
Published: February 2022

We propose a novel, stock‐return based, technique to measure three aspects of banks' sectoral concentration that feature prominently in episodes of bank risk: specialization (capturing high exposures), differentiation (capturing deviation from peer banks), and financial sector exposure (capturing direct connectedness) and show external validity for these measures. We find that both individual and systemic bank risk decrease with specialization. Differentiation is particularly and positively related to individual bank risk, whereas direct connectedness of banks is particularly and positively related to systemic bank risk. These findings inform the theoretical and policy debate on the relationship between sectoral concentration and banks' stability.
Study on the role of pyroptosis in bone resorption induced by occlusal trauma with or without periodontitis
Authors: Jiang Mengyang , Shang Zhenzhen , Zhang Ting , Yin Xiaojie , Liang Xing , Sun Huiqiang
Published: February 2022

Background and Objective

Occlusal trauma is considered to be a contributing factor to bone loss associated with inflammatory periodontal disease. We hypothesized that pyroptosis, a recently discovered inflammation‐induced programmed cell death pathway, plays a role in occlusal trauma.

Materials and Methods

The occlusal trauma model was established using a cemented 1‐mm elevated computer‐aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) metal crown. The periodontitis model was established by periodontal wire ligation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The rats were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to analyze the expression of pyroptosis‐, inflammation‐, and osteoclast‐related markers. Micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) was used to determine bone morphology parameters. Tissue morphology was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). Osteoclasts were identified using tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The expression and distribution of factors related to pyroptosis and inflammation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The colocalization of dead cells and cysteinyl aspartate–specific proteinase‐1 (caspase‐1)‐positive cells was analyzed by immunofluorescence.

Results

Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and IHC results showed that occlusal trauma induced the expression of pyroptotic factors during the early stages, while occlusal trauma with periodontitis upregulated the expression of pyroptotic factors at the later stages. The results of qRT‐PCR, TRAP staining, and micro‐CT showed that occlusal trauma with periodontitis increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to severe bone loss. Glyburide, an NOD‐like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3)inhibitor, reduced the expression of pyroptosis markers induced by occlusal trauma with periodontitis and reversed bone resorption.

Conclusions

Pyroptosis was involved in bone loss induced by occlusal trauma with or without periodontitis, while glyburide reversed inflammation and bone resorption.
Clinical use of a new frameless optical neuronavigation system for brain biopsies: 10 cases (2013–2020)
Authors: Gutmann S. , Tästensen C. , Böttcher I. C. , Dietzel J. , Loderstedt S. , Kohl S. , Matiasek K. , Flegel T.
Published: February 2022

Objectives

The aim of the retrospective study was to describe the brain biopsy procedure using a new frameless optical neuronavigation system and to report diagnostic yield and complications associated with the procedure.

Materials and Methods

The medical records for all dogs with forebrain lesions that underwent brain biopsy with a frameless optical neuronavigation system in a single referral hospital between 2013 and 2020 were retrospectively analysed. Following data were collected: signalment, neurological signs, diagnostic findings, number of brain biopsy samples, sampled region, complications, duration of hospitalisation, whether the samples were diagnostic and histopathological diagnoses. The device consists of a computer workstation with navigation software, an infrared camera, patient tracker and reflective instruments. The biopsy needle was equipped with reflective spheres, so the surgeon could see the position of the needle during sampling the intracranial lesion free handed through a mini‐burr hole.

Results

Ten dogs were included. Absolute diagnostic yield based on specific histopathological diagnosis was 73.9%. Three dogs had immune‐mediated necrotizing encephalitis, two dogs showed a necrotizing leukoencephalitis and two dogs a meningoencephalitis of unknown origin. In two dogs, the brain specimen showed unspecific changes. In one dog, the samples were non‐diagnostic. Seven dogs showed no neurological deterioration, one dog mild temporary ataxia and two dogs died within 36 hours post brain biopsy.

Clinical Significance

In these 10 dogs, the frameless optical neuronavigation system employed was useful to gain diagnostic brain biopsy samples. Considering the mortality rate observed, further studies are needed to confirm the safety of this procedure and prove its actual clinical effectiveness.
A computer vision‐based deep learning model to detect wrong‐way driving using pan–tilt–zoom traffic cameras
Authors: Haghighat Arya , Sharma Anuj
Published: February 2022

Hundreds of fatal accidents occur each year due to wrong‐way driving (WWD). Although several methods have been developed to detect WWD using existing closed‐circuit television (CCTV) data, they all require manual recalibration whenever a camera rotates, and are thus not scalable across statewide CCTV networks. This paper, therefore, proposes an end‐to‐end deep‐learning‐based model that considers camera orientation as a variable, detecting camera rotation automatically and learning new decision criteria accordingly using a neural network model. We show that our proposed solution can detect WWD with a precision of 0.99 and a recall of 0.97. Due to its cheap computational cost and high error tolerance, our solution is easily scalable for statewide surveillance on a real‐time basis to help decision‐makers reduce fatalities due to WWD.
How have media campaigns been used to promote and discourage healthy and unhealthy beverages in the United States? A systematic scoping review to inform future research to reduce sugary beverage health risks
Authors: Kraak Vivica I. , Consavage Stanley Katherine , Harrigan Paige B. , Zhou Mi
Published: February 2022

Sugary beverage consumption is associated with many health risks. This study used a proof‐of‐concept media campaign typology to examine U.S. beverage campaigns that promoted healthy beverages and encouraged or discouraged sugary beverages. We used a three‐step systematic scoping review to identify, organize, analyze, and synthesize evidence. Step 1 used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines to search four electronic databases and gray literature through 2021. Step 2 categorized relevant media campaigns using a media campaign typology. Step 3 examined campaign evaluation outcomes. We identified 280 campaigns organized into six campaign typology categories. The media landscape was dominated by corporate marketing campaigns for branded sugary beverages (65.8%; n = 184) followed by public awareness (9.6%; n = 27), public policy (8.2%; n = 23), social marketing (7.1%; n = 20), corporate social responsibility (5.7%; n = 16), and countermarketing (3.6%; n = 10) campaigns. Evaluations for 20 unique campaigns implemented over 30 years (1992–2021) across 14 states showed reduced sugary beverage or juice and increased water or low‐fat milk sales and intake. Positive short‐term cognitive and mid–term retail and behavioral changes were reported. There was limited evidence for long‐term policy, social norm, and population health outcomes. Future research is needed to use media campaigns in strategic communications to reduce sugary beverage health risks for Americans.
Early correlates of error‐related brain activity predict subjective timing of error awareness
Authors: Di Gregorio Francesco , Maier Martin E. , Steinhauser Marco
Published: February 2022

Humans are remarkably reliable in detecting errors in their behavior. Whereas error awareness has been assumed to emerge not until 200–400 ms after an error, the so‐called early error sensations refer to the subjective feeling of having detected an error even before the erroneous response was executed. Here, we collected electroencephalogram (EEG) to track how early error sensations are reflected in neural correlates of performance monitoring. Participants first had to perform a task, and then had to indicate whether an error has occurred and whether this error was detected before or after response execution. EEG results showed that early error sensations were associated with an earlier peak of the error‐related negativity (Ne/ERN), a component of error‐related brain activity that occurs briefly after the error response. This demonstrates that early error‐related activity influences metacognitive judgments on the time course of error awareness, and thus contributes to error awareness.
Job Vacancy and Organizational Performance: Are Senior Managers or Street‐Level Bureaucrats Missed Most?
Authors: Wightman G. Breck , Fernandez Sergio , Rutherford Amanda
Published: February 2022

The field of public administration offers differing perspectives on the contributions of senior managers and street‐level bureaucrats to performance, focusing generally on the presence rather than absence of these actors in the policy process. This study explores whether job vacancies among senior managers and lower‐level employees affect service delivery and how any effects differ by type of employee. Using panel data from South African local governments between 2011 and 2015, we estimate the effect of vacancies among senior managers and lower‐level employees on access to water, sewage, electricity, and solid waste. Findings indicate job vacancies matter for performance and whether vacancies among senior managers or street‐level employees matter more depends on the type of service and how the delivery process is structured, including the degree of labor intensity involved in service delivery and whether the service is outsourced.
Identifying person‐specific coping responses to suicidal urges: A case series analysis and illustration of the idiographic method
Authors: Kuehn Kevin S. , Foster Katherine T. , Czyz Ewa K. , King Cheryl A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Suicide is a leading cause of death. One challenge to prevention efforts is the wide phenomenological heterogeneity in suicidal urges, thoughts, and behaviors across individuals at risk. Despite this heterogeneity, most suicide research estimates group‐level effects by averaging across people as if they were the same, preventing detection of person‐specific factors that may modulate risk and be key to effective prevention. The goal of the present study is to illustrate the idiographic (i.e., person‐specific) approach and highlight its utility for suicide research.

Methods

We implemented a case series approach using three cases from a subset of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents who provided intensive longitudinal data on daily urges and coping behavior after discharge following a suicide attempt. For illustration, person‐specific, bidirectional links between suicidal urges and coping behavior were modeled across a series of cases using a vector autoregression approach.

Results

The relationship between suicidal urges and coping differed across the three individuals, who were presented to exhibit the range of this variability in the presence/absence and magnitude of effects.

Conclusions

Individuals who report similar suicidal risk levels likely respond in individualized ways to suicidal urges (e.g., use different coping strategies), necessitating personalized assessment and treatment. We discuss implications for future suicide research.
The Spatial Patterns of Student Mobility Before, During and After the Bologna Process in Germany
Authors: Gareis Philipp , Broekel Tom
Published: February 2022

The paper contributes to the literature investigating students’ spatial mobility. By focusing on German higher education students with a novel dataset providing data from 1999 to 2015, we evaluate the impact of the change from a one‐tiered to the two‐tiered study structure of bachelor and master degrees (Bologna reform) on their inter‐regional mobility and its underlying drivers. Our analysis confirms the system change to slightly alter inter‐regional mobility of students. However, differences distinguish between different fields of study and universities und universities of applied sciences and indicate that the German higher education system is fairly resilient in its allocation of students. A Bologna‐Drain of students moving from rural to urban regions to study master programs, can partially be confirmed for students of business studies. Our results reject the idea of (low) tuition fees discouraging students from enrolling in specific locations.