bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Cognitive Complexity of Academic Writing Tasks in High Stakes Exams via Mentor Text Modeling: A Case of Iranian EFL Learners
Authors: Ghorbanchian Elahe , Youhanaee Manijeh , Amirian Zahra
Published: May 2019

Cognitive complexity is traditionally used for describing human cognition along a simplicity-complexity axis in tests like TOFEL IBT and GRE where text creation and rhetorical organization are quintessentially important. Accordingly, this study sought to investigate the impact of mentor text modelling on cognitive complexity of academic writing tasks in terms of students’ responses to the test inputs. For this purpose, from the population of applicants applying for various high stake exams at Jihahde Daneshgahi, Isfahan University, three intact classes were selected based on a convenient sampling method. The students, both male and female, were graduates from various majors in applied sciences whose age range was between 24 and 29 and they had all passed the preparatory classes required for attending academic writing courses. Each targeted class with twenty-five applicants was concurrently programmed for three writing tasks with various cognitive complexity levels: Independent, integrated, and analytical. The classes, a total of 75 EFL learners, were randomly assigned to three equal groups labeled as product based (PBG), process based (PRBG), and mentor text modeling (MTMG) respectively. Employing a posttest only quasi-experimental design, learners in the three groups received their instruction on advanced writing during a sixteen session course. The learners in each group were taught based on the selected writing approaches. At the end of the treatment, the learners' writing performance was assessed on test tasks within the pre-specified time and word limits by utilizing a relevant posttest. Data analysis reflected that mentor text modeling enjoyed a potentially higher pedagogical efficacy since the learners in the MTM experimental sample performed better in terms of both accuracy and fluency compared with the groups receiving their writing instruction through either product or process based approaches. Notably, the findings revealed that mentor text modeling is a functionally dependable resource for managing writing tasks cognitive complexity and neutralizing the trade-off effect between accuracy and fluency by offering insightful pedagogical hints to EFL teachers, test takers, and writing material developers who have always had a hard time calibrating writing accuracy and fluency in high stake exams.
Hypercholesterolemia Risk Related to Consumption of Palm Oil Produced in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Yoboué Béhibolo A. , Akmel Djedjro C. , N’Goran-Aw Zita EB. , Coulibaly Rémi K. , Tiahou Gnomblesson G. , Assidjo Nogbou E.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this work is to determine the consumption pattern estimated from quantity and frequency of consumption of palm oil produced in Côte d'Ivoire in order to assess risk of hypercholesterolemia related to these oils. To achieve this objective, a cross - sectional survey was conducted with 417 randomly sampled people in seven district capitals of Côte d 'Ivoire. This investigation shows that average of crude and refined R1 and refined R2 palm oil consumed are 24.52 mL, 25.88 mL and 24.13 mL per person per day, respectively. In addition, datas on consumption frequency of different palm oils indicate that refined palm oils are most prevalent in population’s dishes. Daily consumption frequency of crude and refined palm oils varies between 7.43 % and 85.40 %. These oils contain 32.95 % to 48.04 % palmitic acid (hazard). For a bioavailability of 100 % palmitic acid, the risk assessment for hypercholesterolemia indicates that 26.02 %, 25.80 % and 21.73 % of surveyed populations ingest higher quantities of palmitic acid. Those are greater than the recommended rate Anses (National Agency for Food Safety, Environment and Labor) during consumption crude and refined palm oils. 26,020, 25,800 and 21,730 cases of increase in serum cholesterol per 100,000 inhabitants after consumption crude, R1 and R2 oils. Concerning a bioavailability of 11 %, risk of hypercholesterolemia is 0 %; 0.02 % and 0.03 % respectively for the consumers of crude, R2 and R1 palm oils. Hypercholesterolemia risk varies from the mode of consumption and oils types.
An analysis of the activity in the Polish internet sphere from the angle of social mobilization to perform acts of violence. A case study of the immigrant crisis
Authors: Ożarowska Danuta Bożena
Published: May 2019

This article is a case study of the process of mobilization to violence on the internet. The goal of this paper was to identify a select number of factors within the narrative on the topic of modern immigration that can be found on the internet and analyze them using the theoretical constructs that can be found in the literature on this subject.
The scientists that study genocide have identified several factors commonly found in historically documented events that must be present in order for genocide to occur. In this paper the author will refer to works of scientists such as Helen Fein, Manus I. Midlarsky, Lech M. Nijakowski.
The author of the paper analyzed the content published on the internet that deals with the topic of immigration. The materials selected for research contained topics that treat the subject of accepting refugees from outside of Europe, their process of assimilation and the way they coexist with the local population. The analysis was based on content in the Polish language which includes both materials that were created in Polish and those that were originally in a different language and then were remade with Polish footnotes. The content for the study was selected from among the following sources: propaganda movies which spread on the internet through social media, short unscientific propaganda and informational articles and finally memes (pictures with short footnotes).
Factors that were analyzed in the following article:
1) Universe of obligation, construct created by Helen Fein.
2) Conspiratory discourse, described by Lech Nijakowski.
3) Utility and parasitism; discourse referring to them.
4) Two conditions necessary to instigate genocide, described by Manus I. Midlarsky.
5) Discourse on the topic of immoral sexual actions described by the author based on the theory of discourses created by Lech Nijakowski.
During the study all the aforementioned factors have been identified. The author described the examples analyzed, interpreted them and subsequently matched them to the categories described above. It was determined that within those examples we can distinguish a number of factors that match the elements of mobilizing the population to violence. The article closes with an analysis of potential consequences of the phenomena described.
The migration challenges in the aspect of social security and migration policy of Poland
Authors: Poleszczuk Marek
Published: May 2019

The article describes the theoretical basics, origins and present meaning of Polish migration policy, based on chosen migration statistics. It contains the characteristics of the views of the key experts in the field. It explains the meaning of migration policy and its impact on the so-cial security of the country. The article is based on the statistical data of the immigration of people from Ukraine to Poland in comparison with other countries in the years 2010–2018. The article also explains the meaning of the phenomenon of migration and its influence on the labour market.
DISPOSITIVOS COMUNICACIONAIS E MEMÓRIA DO SAGRADO: a igreja medieval de S. Nicolau em Dereham, Inglaterra
Authors: Martino Luis Mauro Sá
Published: May 2019

Este trabalho delineia alguns dispositivos comunicacionais da igreja medieval de S. Nicolau em Dereham, Inglaterra. O objetivo é verificar como discursos de formas, lugares e tempos diferentes se articulam na construção da imagem “sagrada” do lugar. A partir de pesquisa de campo e documental, foram delimitados três elementos do dispositivo, ao redor dos quais se concentra a análise: (a) as disposições do espaço como lugar da materialidade de discursos; (b) o discurso de atribuição da fundação do lugar a uma santa, Santa Withburga, no caso; (c) os dispositivos ligados a linhas de força da Reforma Protestante e do “revival gótico”. Finalmente, esses dispositivos são contextualizados na configuração contemporânea do lugar.
ESTUDANDO O SAMBA: crítica musical e o estético-político no disco de Tom Zé
Authors: Padre Larissa Caldeira Gaspar , Filho Jorge Cardoso
Published: May 2019

Esse artigo se ocupa do estudo quanto ao regime estético conformado em torno do disco Estudando o Samba do músico baiano Tom Zé. Para tanto, apresenta um panorama descritivo do contexto de emergência e horizonte de expectativa social estabelecidos no ano de lançamento da obra (1976), propondo observar a historicidade e a circulação social da experiência estética com a obra a partir da análise dos comentários críticos redigidos nos jornais e revistas especializados em música. Visa questionar quais os valores chamados em causa na experiência com o álbum e quais as disputas sensíveis se apresentam nos argumentos críticos, a partir do conceito de partilha do sensível de Jacques Rancière.
MEMÓRIA, CINEMA E FOTOGRAFIA: reflexões sobre o filme Ulysse, de Agnès Varda
Authors: Oliveira Ana Paula Silva
Published: May 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma articulação entre a memória e o cinema documentário a partir do conceito de cinécriture criado pela cineasta Agnès Varda. Sob essa perspectiva, será analisado o filme Ulysse (1982), curta-metragem que evidencia o diálogo entre a memória, a fotografia e o cinema. Para tal, este artigo reflete sobre a cinécriture sob dois aspectos: a singularidade da imagem e do pensamento e o cinema documentário como uma narrativa de devir.
STORIES E SEUS CONSTRUTOS DE TEMPORALIDADE: a presentificação de um passado recente
Authors: Risse Lorena
Published: May 2019

O artigo tem como foco traçar apontamentos sobre a constituição de temporalidades próprias das novas mídias, construtos midiáticos de tempo que alimentam e movimentam o funcionamento de espaços imagéticos específicos, que têm protagonizado novas tendências comunicacionais. Trazemos para o centro do debate o conceito de efemeridade vendo-o enquanto qualidade presente nas narrativas contemporâneas sobre o cotidiano, acompanhado de materiais empíricos nos quais o devir se faz presente de forma material, através de elementos na interface e na superfície da imagem, que é essencialmente efêmera. Criando imagens com marcas temporais tão fortes, como uma vida útil de 24 horas, uma duração limitada de captação e exibição, entre outras, estas iniciativas colocam-se numa linha de frente de serviços que se pautam cada vez mais na experiência imagética única, do que relações de permanência e de eterno retorno ao arquivo.
MEMÓRIA E NARRAÇÃO NA TRADUÇÃO TELEVISIVA DE DOIS IRMÃOS
Authors: Capanema Letícia Xavier de Lemos
Published: May 2019

Este artigo busca examinar aspectos da adaptação televisiva do romance Dois Irmãos (Milton Hatoum, 2000), realizada por Luiz Fernando Carvalho (direção) e Maria Camargo (roteiro) e exibida pela Rede Globo em 2017. Em particular, coloca-se em relevo as relações entre memória, esquecimento e narração presentes no livro e traduzidas para a minissérie homônima. Para isso, realiza-se uma reflexão sobre a noção de adaptação enquanto tradução, no sentido da transposição criativa entre formas expressivas distintas, tendo por base o conceito de tradução intersemiótica de Julio Plaza. As observações sobre a memória e a narração, mobilizadas pelo texto de Hatoum e pela minissérie de Carvalho e Camargo, são fundamentadas nas ideias de Walter Benjamin e de seus comentadores.
Did Augustine Abandon His Doctrine of Jewish Witness in Aduersus Iudaeos?
Authors: Hood John Y. B. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2019

Augustine’s doctrine of Jewish witness maintains that, although Christianity has superseded Judaism as the one true religion, it is God’s will that the Jews continue to exist because they preserve and authenticate the Old Testament, divinely-inspired texts which foretold the coming of Jesus. Thus, Christian rulers are obligated to protect the religious liberties of the Jewish people, and the church should focus its missionary efforts on pagans rather than Jews. Current scholarly consensus holds that Augustine adhered consistently to this doctrine from its first iteration in Contra Faustum in 398 until his death in 430. However, this essay argues that, when Augustine spoke his last words on the subject in the Tractatus Aduersus Iudaeos (427–430), the doctrine was no longer his primary guide in thinking about how Christians should interact with Jews. In marked contrast to his earlier views, here, Augustine passionately urges Jews to accept Christ and encourages his congregation to try to convert them. This reading of the Tractatus Aduersus Iudaeos calls for a re-examination of the development of Augustine’s teaching, particularly in the context of dramatic changes in imperial policy toward Jews in the 420s.
A Neglected Qua Solution to the Fundamental Problem of Christology
Authors: Beall Jc , Henderson Jared ,   The Society of Christian Philosophers
Published: May 2019

We advance a neglected QUA solution to the fundamental problem of Christology. Our chief aim is to put the view on the theological table, leaving future debate to tell its ultimate fate. After presenting the view we measure it against standard problems that confront extant QUA views and also against objections peculiar to the proposed view.
Suing online platforms for copyright infringements: the choice of court and law in the “Project Gutenberg” scenario
Authors: Otchenash Maiia
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the current challenges in copyright enforcement online in a case from Germany, concerning the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
Project Gutenberg was found liable for a breach of German copyright law and access to certain items was blocked by Germany. Gutenberg believes that the German court has no jurisdiction over the matter, but will comply until the issue is resolved on appeal.
The paper illustrates possible alternatives for jurisdiction and applicable law in the EU. Current choice-of-court and choice-of-law rules are argued to be unsuitable for copyright claims for the online environment. Further, the paper focuses on the latest case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning the liability of intermediaries and the safe harbour regime. “Hosting” safe harbour is supposed to be rejected when a platform is directly liable for copyright infringement jointly with its users.
Furthermore, the paper will describe how the same conclusions would also apply to the Google Books Library Project. Both cases illustrate the current problems of territorial copyright laws in the online environment.
The challenges in enforcing copyright online encourage copyright holders to seek protection within just one jurisdiction so that one single law can be applied. This weighs heavily when deciding upon a litigation strategy for copyright claims. The lessons learnt in this field show how cross-border enforcement of copyright online is tremendously unpredictable for defendants and unaffordable for copyright holders, and thus, benefits nobody.
Changes in precipitation may alter food preference in an ecosystem engineer, the black land crab,Gecarcinus ruricola
Authors: McGaw Iain J. , Van Leeuwen Travis E. , Trehern Rebekah H. , Bates Amanda E.
Published: May 2019

Gecarcinid land crabs are ecosystem engineers playing an important role in nutrient recycling and seedling propagation in coastal forests. Given a predicted future decline in precipitation for the Caribbean, the effects of dehydration on feeding preferences of the black land crabGecarcinus ruricolawere investigated.G. ruricolawere offered novel food items of lettuce, apple, or herring to test for food choice based on water and nutritional (energetic) content in single and multiple choice experimental designs. The effect of dehydration was incorporated by depriving crabs of water for 0, 4, or 8 days, leading to an average body water loss of 0%, 9%, and 17%, respectively, (crabs survived a body water loss of 23% + 2% and 14–16 days without access to water). The results were consistent between the single and multiple choice experiments: crabs consumed relatively more apple and fish and only small amounts of lettuce. Overall, no selective preferences were observed as a function of dehydration, but crabs did consume less dry food when deprived of water and an overall lower food intake with increasing dehydration levels occurred. The decrease in feeding was likely due to loss of water from the gut resulting in the inability to produce ample digestive juices. Future climatic predictions suggest a 25–50% decline in rainfall in the Caribbean, which may lead to a lower food intake by the crabs, resulting in compromised growth. The subsequent reduction in nutrient recycling highlights possible long-term effects on coastal ecosystems and highlights the importance of future work on climate relative behavioral interactions that influence ecosystem function.
Remote Sensing Based Land Surface Temperature Analysis in Diverse Environment of Lalgudi Block
Authors: Ramachandran J. , Lalitha R. , Sivasubramanian K.
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Land Surface Temperature (LST) is a significant climatic variable and defined as how hot the "surface" of the Earth would feel to the physical touch in a particular location. A spatial analysis of the land surface temperature with respect to different land use/cover changes is vital to evaluate the hydrological processes.

Methods: The objective of this paper is to assess the spatial variation of land surface temperature derived from thermal bands of the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) by using split window algorithm.

Place and Data: The study was conducted in Lalgudi block of Trichy District, Tamil Nadu, India. The block has diverse environment like forest area, barren land, river sand bed, water bodies, dry vegetation, cultivated areas (paddy, sugarcane, banana etc.) and settlements. Landsat 8 satellite images for four selected scenes (December 2014 & January 2015 and December 2017 & January 2018) were used to estimate the LST.

Results: The spatial and temporal variation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LST were estimated. The average NDVI values of cropped fields varied from 0.3 to 0.5 in all the scenes. The maximum value of LST ranging from 35 to 40°C was recorded in river sand bed. Subsequently, semi-urban settlements in the central part of Lalgudi block exhibited higher temperature ranging from 28 – 30°C. The LST of paddy crop and sugarcane was in the range of 23 to 25°C. The water bodies exhibited LST around 20°C. The coconut plantations, forest area and Prosopis juliflora showed LST value ranging from 24 – 29°C. This kind of block level monitoring studies helps in adopting suitable policies to overcome or minimize the problems triggered by increase in land surface temperature.
Using Plant Growth-promoting Fungi (PGPF), as a Biofertilizer and Biocontrol Agents against Tetranychus cucurbitacearum on Nubian Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)
Authors: Hammad Rabab , Elbagory Mohssen
Published: May 2019

Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) have attracted considerable interest as biofertilizers and biocontrol due to their multiple beneficial effects on plant quantity and quality as well as their positive relationship with the ecological environment. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of different concentrations 25, 50, 75 and 100% from cultural filtrate of Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum to induce the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus cucurbitacearum (In vitro), and their ability to improve the growth dynamics of Nubian watermelon plants in field experiment during two growing summer seasons of 2017 and 2018.

In general the effect of tested concentrations of T. viride were non effective on egg deposition by adult females after five days from treatment, while in T. harzianum, the concentration 75% was the most effect than the other concentrations. Also, egg hatchability % decreased with increased of two egg age (1 – 2 day old) at treatment by concentrations 25 and 50% of both fungal. In field experiment, the test compound (vertimec) was the more effective against egg stage of spider mite T. cucurbitacearum than motile stages of both T. viride and T. harzianum treatments. Also, plants inoculated with T. harzianum showed increases in vegetative growth parameters included numbers of leaves, Leaf dry weight, stem length and numbers of branches and biochemical analysis of leaves included chlorophyll content and percentages of NPK at 30 and 60 days from sowing during both seasons compared to uninoculated control plants. Also, enzymes activities, treatment T2 (inoculated with T. viride) recorded the highest values at all growth stages, which recorded 155.77, 257.29 and 114.62 mg TPF g-1 soil day-1 for dehydrogenase and 113.79, 201.03 and 115.24 mg NH4+- N g-1 soil d-1 for urease at 30, 60 and harvest during 2017 growing season, respectively. The same trend was observed in total count of fungi during both seasons.

For fruit yield, T. viride (T2) had significantly the highest number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight (g) and dry weight of 100 seeds (g) which recorded 1.92, 273.07, 1126 g and 16.29 g as compared to untreated control treatment, which attained 1.21, 185.08, 526.66 g and 14.41 g at 2017 season, respectively. Therefore, these results reflected to increase fruit yield (Kg/m2), seed yield (g/m2) and weight of yield (ton fed.-1) during both seasons.
Growth, Nodulation and Nutrients Uptakes of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) following Zinc Fertilizer Applications in the Semi-deciduous Forest Zone of Ghana
Authors: Chakirwa Z. P. , Sarkodie-Addo J. , Adjei-Gyapong T. , Lubobo A. K. , Bashagaluke B. J.
Published: May 2019

Cowpea can fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic association with indigenous rhizobia but unfortunately, the amount of N2-fixed is usually not enough due to the presence of ineffective or low numbers of indigenous rhizobia in the soil. The effect of Zinc applications on growth, nodulation and nutrient uptakes of cowpea was investigated during the major and minor cropping seasons (2016). Cowpea seed varieties were treated to foliar spray with three different rates of Zinc sulfate (0, 5 and 10 kg Zn ha-1) at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing. The split plot design was used for both cropping seasons. This study shows that the supply of Zn fertilizer applications did not affect growth and nodulation in 2016 major and minor cropping seasons. The application of the 5 kg Zn ha-1 led to better cowpea production and greatly improve the quantity (haulm and grain yield) and quality (NPK content and crude protein) of cowpea in both haulm and grain. The Zinc fertilizer significantly enhanced N2-Fixed in both cropping season’s trial investigating. These findings suggest that cowpea responds differently to Zinc Sulphate application depending on its rates and the application of the 5 kg Zn ha-1 is the optimum rate that will enhance the yield and nutrient quality of cowpea in the Semi-Deciduous Forest Zone of Ghana.
Exploration of the Spirituality Values in Accountability of Islamic Organizations
Authors: Tyas Alvy Mulyaning , Winedar Mustika , Sayidah Nur
Published: May 2019

This study aims to find the values of Islamic spirituality in an Islamic organization. The Islamic organization that became the site of this research is BMT Airlangga Bakti Persada (Abada). The methodology chosen in this research is qualitative with exploration method. Data collection was done by interview. The components of data analysis include data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The result of the research shows that the spiritual values of Islam practiced in BMT Abada are the application of sky management and love. The value of Islamic spirituality is not just a slogan but is actually implemented in daily activities, that is to employees, members, and accountability.
Further Evidence that Particulate Pollution is the Principal Cause of Global Warming: Humanitarian Considerations
Authors: Herndon J. Marvin , Whiteside Mark
Published: May 2019

Review of published data from the 1980 Mt. St. Helens volcanic eruption and diurnal temperature range data provide further new evidence that particulate pollution, not CO2, is the main cause of global warming. A mechanism is reviewed that accounts for both local and global warming resulting from (1) aerosol particulate pollutants absorbing radiation and being heated in the troposphere, (2) the transfer of that heat to the surrounding atmosphere, (3) the lowering of the atmospheric adverse temperature gradient relative to the Earth’s surface, (4) the consequent reduction of atmospheric convection, and (5) concomitant reduction of convection-driven surface heat loss. Graphic data shows global warming in lockstep with tropospheric aerosol particulate pollution, with both processes increasing in exponential fashion in recent decades. Particulate pollution health risks are reviewed, noting for example that fine pollution particles penetrate deep into lungs and systemic circulation and contribute to stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, COPD, respiratory infections, asthma and neurodegenerative disease. The good news is that global warming can be substantially and quickly reduced if particulate-trapping and particulate-reducing technologies are universally applied and the covert geoengineering aerial particulate jet-spraying ceases. The bad news is that dominant segments of academic and other significant institutional communities – government and government-contractors, intelligence agencies, environmental organizations, media, military and military contractors – are complicit and profit from poisoning the air we breathe. No one should derive benefit therefrom; something is fundamentally wrong.
Factors Contributing in Incidence and Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome: Updated Mini Review
Authors: Al-Manzlawi Ashgan Mohammed K. , Abulnaja Khalid O. , Zamzami Mazin A. , Kumosani Taha A. , M. Qari , Nabil Alaama Mohammed , Aljehani Alaa Adel , Alturki Suzan Nouri , Yaghmoor Soonham S. , Moselhy Said S.
Published: May 2019

It has been well-established that obesity is the major contributing factor forthe development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. According to WHO, 44% increase of diabetes, 23% increase of ischaemic heart disease, and between 7% and 41% increase of certain cancer are due to obesity. The Middle East region is reported to have the highest prevalence of diabetes in adults in the world. In Saudi Arabia, over 35% of the population are obese, and it is estimated that 24% of adult has diabetes including undiagnosed diabetes cases. Obesity and chronic metabolic disease associated obesity impose the heavy financial burden on national healthcare in the Gulf countries as they do in most countries worldwide. Biochemical markers for MetS included changes in trace elements, vitamin D,hormonal (adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin), inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10), biochemical markers (Ox-LDL,  uric acid) and prothrombic factors (PAI-1). Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the primary of four serine peptidase inhibitors that functions to modulate extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrinolysis. The link between PAI-1 and MetS has been established.  This review screening major factors and the association between PAI-1, trace elemnts, vitamin D, obesity hormone and expression of obesity genes for early prediction of MetS for control and management to prevent late complications.
Relationship between Road Traffic Accidents and Visual Status of Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers in an Urban Area of Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
Authors: Pepple G. F. , Ejimadu Chibuike Sydney
Published: May 2019

Aim: To determine the relationship between visual status of commercial motor vehicle drivers and road traffic accidents (RTA) in an urban area of Niger Delta, Nigeria.

Methods: Four hundred commercial vehicle drivers in the 10 major motor parks of Port Harcourt LGA were interviewed and examined in this study. A structured questionnaire on demographic characteristics, driving and ocular history was administered. Ocular examination included visual acuity, refraction, visual field, tonometry, colour vision test and ophthalmoscopy. The data collected was entered into computer using EPI-INFO statistical software for analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from relevant authorities.  

Results: Seven drivers (1.8%) out of 400 drivers examined were visually impaired. There were 14 cases (3.5%) of monocular blindness. Eighteen (4.5%) were colour blind (p>0.05) while 16 (4%) had visual field defects (p>0.05). One hundred and eighty two (45.5%) drivers had been involved in RTA, out of which 2 drivers (1.1%) were visually impaired (p>0.05). Cataract found in 37 cases was the leading cause of visual impairment (42.8%). Other common ocular problems were pterygium (26.7%), presbyopia (22.9%), glaucoma (11.5%), and refractive error (8.4%).There was no statistical significant association between the ocular findings and RTA

Conclusion: Only a few of those involved in RTA were actually visually impaired. Therefore, other factors may have been responsible for the majority of the cases of the RTAs in this study necessitating the need for more research.
Structural insights into the catalytic and substrate recognition mechanisms of bacterial l‐arabinose 1‐dehydrogenase
Authors: Watanabe Yasunori , Iga Chinatsu , Watanabe Yasuo , Watanabe Seiya
Published: May 2019

In Azospirillum brasilense, a gram‐negative nitrogen‐fixing bacterium, l‐arabinose is converted to α‐ketoglutarate through a nonphosphorylative metabolic pathway. In the first step in the pathway, l‐arabinose is oxidized to l‐arabino‐γ‐lactone by NAD(P)‐dependent l‐arabinose 1‐dehydrogenase (AraDH) belonging to the glucose‐fructose oxidoreductase/inositol dehydrogenase/rhizopine catabolism protein (Gfo/Idh/MocA) family. Here, we determined the crystal structures of apo‐ and NADP‐bound AraDH at 1.5 and 2.2 Å resolutions, respectively. A docking model of l‐arabinose and NADP‐bound AraDH and structure‐based mutational analyses suggest that Lys91 or Asp169 serves as a catalytic base and that Glu147, His153, and Asn173 are responsible for substrate recognition. In particular, Asn173 may play a role in the discrimination between l‐arabinose and d‐xylose, the C4 epimer of l‐arabinose.
Characterization and validation of an intra‐fraction motion management system for masked‐based radiosurgery
Authors: Knutson Nels C. , Hawkins Brad J. , Bollinger Douglas , Goddu S. Murty , Kavanaugh James A. , Santanam Lakshmi , Mitchell Timothy J. , Zoberi Jacqueline E. , Tsien Christina , Huang Jiayi , Robinson Clifford G. , Perkins Stephanie M. , Dowling Joshua L. , Chicoine Michael R. , Rich Keith M. , Dunn Gavin P. , Mutic Sasa
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Characterize the intra‐fraction motion management (IFMM) system found on the Gamma Knife Icon (GKI), including spatial accuracy, latency, temporal performance, and overall effect on delivered dose.

Methods

A phantom was constructed, consisting of a three‐axis translation mount, a remote motorized flipper, and a thermoplastic sphere surrounding a radiation detector. An infrared marker was placed on the translation mount secured to the flipper. The spatial accuracy of the IFMM was measured via the translation mount in all Cartesian planes. The detector was centered at the radiation focal point. A remote signal was used to move the marker out of the IFMM tolerance and pause the beam. A two‐channel electrometer was used to record the signals from the detector and the flipper when motion was signaled. These signals determined the latency and temporal performance of the GKI.

Results

The spatial accuracy of the IFMM was found to be <0.1 mm. The measured latency was <200 ms. The dose difference with five interruptions was <0.5%.

Conclusion

This work provides a quantitative characterization of the GKI IFMM system as required by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. This provides a methodology for GKI users to satisfy these requirements using common laboratory equipment in lieu of a commercial solution.
Experts criticize cash‐only buprenorphine clinics, but privacy may be a reason patients like them
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2019

Making buprenorphine more accessible to patients by charging them out of pocket for it is not making it more accessible, two treatment experts noted in an editorial published in the March issue of the American Journal of Public Health. Not only is it unethical, by limiting access to those who can afford it, but it encourages diversion, they added. In fact, cash‐only buprenorphine is most likely undermining the treatment modality itself.
Hydrothermally Treated SnO2 as the Electron Transport Layer in High‐Efficiency Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with a Certificated Efficiency of 17.3%
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhang Luozheng , Zhou Xianyong , Gao Jishu , Chen Wei , Wang Xingzhu , Xu Baomin
Published: May 2019

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising solar energy conversion technologies owing to their rapidly developing power conversion efficiency (PCE). Low‐temperature solution processing of the perovskite layer enables the fabrication of flexible devices. However, their application has been greatly hindered due to the lack of strategies to fabricate high‐quality electron transport layers (ETLs) at the low temperatures (≈100 °C) that most flexible plastic substrates can withstand, leading to poor performances for flexible PSCs. In this work, through combining the spin‐coating process with a hydrothermal treatment method, ligand‐free and highly crystalline SnO2 ETLs are successfully fabricated at low temperature. The flexible PSCs based on this SnO2 ETL exhibit an excellent PCE of 18.1% (certified 17.3%). The flexible PSCs maintained 85% of the initial PCE after 1000 bending cycles and over 90% of the initial PCE after being stored in ambient air for 30 days without encapsulation. The investigation reveals that hydrothermal treatment not only promotes the complete removal of organic surfactants coated onto the surface of the SnO2 nanoparticles by hot water vapor but also enhances crystallization through the high vapor pressure of water, leading to the formation of high‐quality SnO2 ETLs.
Solid‐State Plastic Crystal Electrolytes: Effective Protection Interlayers for Sulfide‐Based All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Changhong , Adair Keegan R. , Liang Jianwen , Li Xiaona , Sun Yipeng , Li Xia , Wang Jiwei , Sun Qian , Zhao Feipeng , Lin Xiaoting , Li Ruying , Huang Huan , Zhang Li , Yang Rong , Lu Shigang , Sun Xueliang
Published: May 2019

All‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have attracted significant attention due to their superior safety and high energy density. However, little success has been made in adopting Li metal anodes in sulfide electrolyte (SE)‐based ASSLMBs. The main challenges are the remarkable interfacial reactions and Li dendrite formation between Li metal and SEs. In this work, a solid‐state plastic crystal electrolyte (PCE) is engineered as an interlayer in SE‐based ASSLMBs. It is demonstrated that the PCE interlayer can prevent the interfacial reactions and lithium dendrite formation between SEs and Li metal. As a result, ASSLMBs with LiFePO4 exhibit a high initial capacity of 148 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 131 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C (1 C = 170 mA g−1), which remains at 122 mAh g−1 after 120 cycles at 0.5 C. All‐solid‐state Li‐S batteries based on the polyacrylonitrile‐sulfur composite are also demonstrated, showing an initial capacity of 1682 mAh g−1. The second discharge capacity of 890 mAh g−1 keeps at 775 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. This work provides a new avenue to address the interfacial challenges between Li metal and SEs, enabling the successful adoption of Li metal in SE‐based ASSLMBs with high energy density.
Two‐Dimensional Magnets: Forgotten History and Recent Progress towards Spintronic Applications
Authors: Cortie David L. , Causer Grace L. , Rule Kirrily C. , Fritzsche Helmut , Kreuzpaintner Wolfgang , Klose Frank
Published: May 2019

The recent discovery of 2D magnetic order in van der Waals materials has stimulated a renaissance in the field of atomically thin magnets. This has led to promising demonstrations of spintronic functionality such as tunneling magnetoresistance. The frantic pace of this emerging research, however, has also led to some confusion surrounding the underlying phenomena of phase transitions in 2D magnets. In fact, there is a rich history of experimental precedents beginning in the 1960s with quasi‐2D bulk magnets and progressing to the 1980s using atomically thin sheets of elemental metals. This review provides a holistic discussion of the current state of knowledge on the three distinct families of low‐dimensional magnets: quasi‐2D, ultrathin films, and van der Waals crystals. It highlights the unique opportunities presented by the latest implementation in van der Waals materials. By revisiting the fundamental insights from the field of low‐dimensional magnetism, this review highlights factors that can be used to enhance material performance. For example, the limits imposed on the critical temperature by the Mermin–Wagner theorem can be escaped in three separate ways: magnetocrystalline anisotropy, long‐range interactions, and shape anisotropy. Several recent experimental reports of atomically thin magnets with Curie temperatures above room temperature are highlighted.
Curvature‐Controlled Wrinkling Surfaces for Friction
Authors: Yuan Haozhi , Wu Kai , Zhang Jinyu , Wang Yaqiang , Liu Gang , Sun Jun
Published: May 2019

Topographical patterns endow material surfaces with unique and intriguing physical and chemical properties. Spontaneously formed wrinkling has been harnessed to generate surface topography for various functionalities. Despite promising applications in biomedical devices and robot engineering, the friction behavior of wrinkling on curved surfaces remains unclear. Herein, wrinkled surfaces are induced by sputtering metals on soft polymer microspheres. The wrinkle morphologies and length scales can be controlled precisely by tailoring the microsphere radius (substrate curvature) and film thickness. The wrinkled surfaces exhibit controlled friction property, depending on the wrinkling patterns and length scales. An increase in friction force with increasing surface roughness is generally found for dimple patterns and labyrinth patterns. The dimple patterns show the lowest friction due to strong curvature constraint. The herringbone patterns exhibit apparent friction anisotropy with respect to topographic orientation. These results will guide future design of wrinkled surfaces for friction by harnessing substrate curvature.
MOFBOTS: Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Based Biomedical Microrobots
Authors: Wang Xiaopu , Chen Xiang‐Zhong , Alcântara Carlos C. J. , Sevim Semih , Hoop Marcus , Terzopoulou Anastasia , de Marco Carmela , Hu Chengzhi , de Mello Andrew J. , Falcaro Paolo , Furukawa Shuhei , Nelson Bradley J. , Puigmartí‐Luis Josep , Pané Salvador
Published: May 2019

Motile metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) are potential candidates to serve as small‐scale robotic platforms for applications in environmental remediation, targeted drug delivery, or nanosurgery. Here, magnetic helical microstructures coated with a kind of zinc‐based MOF, zeolitic imidazole framework‐8 (ZIF‐8), with biocompatibility characteristics and pH‐responsive features, are successfully fabricated. Moreover, it is shown that this highly integrated multifunctional device can swim along predesigned tracks under the control of weak rotational magnetic fields. The proposed systems can achieve single‐cell targeting in a cell culture media and a controlled delivery of cargo payloads inside a complex microfluidic channel network. This new approach toward the fabrication of integrated multifunctional systems will open new avenues in soft microrobotics beyond current applications.
Quaternary Ammonium Salt Based NIR‐II Probes for In Vivo Imaging
Authors: Qu Chunrong , Xiao Yuling , Zhou Hui , Ding Bingbing , Li Anguo , Lin Jiacheng , Zeng Xiaodong , Chen Hao , Qian Kun , Zhang Xiao , Fang Wei , Wu Junzhu , Deng Zixin , Cheng Zhen , Hong Xuechuan
Published: May 2019

Traditional luminescent materials including fluorescent probes suffer from notorious aggregation‐caused quenching in aqueous solutions. Although several approaches such as the aggregation‐induced emission effect have been developed, it remains a significant challenge to identify an effective and efficient strategy to resolve this issue. Herein, quaternary ammonium saltsQ8PBnandQ8PNapas a novel class of bright near infrared window II (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) probes are designed and synthesized, and the twisted intramolecular charge transfer formation at the excited state can be effectively suppressed for the newly designed probes. Furthermore,Q8PNapcomplexation with fetal bovine serum (Q8PNap/FBS) significantly increases the quantum yield by ≈32‐fold compared with PEGylated tertiary amineQ8P, andQ8PNap/FBS is successfully used to achieve high spatial and temporal resolution imaging of hind limb vasculature, lymphatic system, and small tumor metastasis, as well as precise NIR‐II imaging‐guided tumor and lymph node surgery in small animal models for the first time.
Visible‐Light Mediated Photooxidative Synthesis of α‐Keto Amides
Authors: Monga Aparna , Pandey Amar Prakash , Sharma Anuj
Published: May 2019

Photocatalytic amidation of α‐keto aldehydes is herein investigated. This transformation was achieved using rose bengal as photocatalyst at room temperature under ambient air and under irradiation of a 20 W white LED bulb. The method is mild, efficient and environmentally benign. This photocatalytic method is compatible with different unsubstituted and substituted α‐keto aldehydes having electron‐withdrawing or ‐donating groups, secondary amines, cyclic or acyclic, and primary aliphatic amines. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction proceeds via oxidative quenching of the photocatalyst.

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Effects of Orientations on Efficiency of Energy Harvesting from Heart Motion Using Ultrathin Flexible Piezoelectric Devices
Authors: Zhang Yangyang , Lü Chaofeng , Lu Bingwei , Feng Xue , Wang Ji
Published: May 2019

Harvesting biomechanical energy from the heart motion with flexible piezoelectric transducers to power implantable devices has attracted much attention in recent years. In vivo animal experiments have shown that the output power of flexible device depends heavily on the patching orientations. In this paper, an electromechanical model with the effects of myocardial fiber is developed to better understand the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon and therefore to choose optimal patching orientations for energy harvesting. Theoretical output voltage of the piezoelectric energy harvester under the heart motion in one cardiac cycle is calculated, and the voltage amplitudes of the harvester with varied patching orientations are compared with the experimental measurements. It is found that the output voltage amplitudes are generally the cosine function of the angle between patching orientation of the piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) and the fiber orientation of the epicardium. The results may serve as a guideline to determine the optimal patching orientation of flexible PEHs mounted on surfaces of fiber structure.
Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)–Based Acceptors with Fine‐Tuned Optoelectronic Properties: Toward Efficient Additive‐Free Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yang , Liu Bin , Koh Chang Woo , Zhou Xin , Sun Huiliang , Yu Jianwei , Yang Kun , Wang Hang , Liao Qiaogan , Woo Han Young , Guo Xugang
Published: May 2019

A series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with extended π‐conjugated cores (from naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, to perylene) are incorporated into nonfullerene acceptors for the first time. Four different fused‐ring electron acceptors (FREAs), i.e., DTN‐IC‐2Ph, DTA‐IC‐3Ph, DTP‐IC‐4Ph, and DTPy‐IC‐5Ph, are prepared via simple and facile synthetic procedures, yielding a remarkable platform to study the structure–property relationship for nonfullerene solar cells. With the PAH core being extended systematically, the gradually redshifted absorption with enhanced molar extinction coefficient (ε) is realized, the energy level of the highest occupied molecular orbital is up‐shifted, and the electron mobility is greatly enhanced. Meanwhile, the solubility decreases and the molecular packing becomes strengthened. As a result, with an optimized combination of these characteristics, DTP‐IC‐4Ph attains good solubility, high molar extinction coefficient, complementary absorption, suitable morphology, well‐matched energy levels, as well as efficient charge dissociation and transport in blend film. Consequently, the DTP‐IC‐4Ph‐based solar cells with a donor polymer, poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione))] (PBDB‐T) exhibit a promising power conversion efficiency of 10.37% without any additives, which is close to the best performance achieved in additive‐free nonfullerene solar cells (NFSCs). The results demonstrate that the PAH building blocks have great potential for the construction of novel FREAs for efficient additive‐free NFSCs.
Integrating historical biogeography and environmental niche evolution to understand the geographic distribution of Datureae
Authors: Dupin Julia , Smith Stacey D.
Published: May 2019

Premise

The distributions of plant clades are shaped by abiotic and biotic factors as well as historical aspects such as center of origin. Dispersals between distant areas may lead to niche evolution when lineages are established in new environments. Alternatively, dispersing lineages may exhibit niche conservatism, moving between areas with similar environmental conditions. Here we test these contrasting hypotheses in the Datureae clade (Solanaceae).

Methods

We used maximum likelihood methods to estimate the ancestral range of Datureae along with the history of biogeographic events. We then characterized the niche of each taxon using climatic and soil variables and tested for shifts in environmental niche optima. Finally, we examined how these shifts relate to the niche breadth of taxa and clades within Datureae and the degree of overlap between them.

Results

Datureae originated in the Andes and subsequently expanded its range to North America and non‐Andean regions of South America. The ancestral niche, and that of mostDaturaandTrompettiaspecies, is dry, whileBrugmansiaspecies likely shifted toward a more mesic environment. Nonetheless, most Datureae present moderate to high overlap in niche breadth today.

Conclusions

The expansion of Datureae into North America was associated with niche conservatism, with dispersal into similarly dry areas as occupied by the ancestral lineage. Subsequent niche evolution, including the apparent shift to a mesic niche inBrugmansia, diversified the range of habitats occupied by species in the tribe Datureae but also led to significant niche overlap among the three genera.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed [5+1]‐Cycloaddition Reactions to Spiro‐Benzo[e][1,3]Oxazineindoline Imines
Authors: Han Cuifen , Wu Wenjin , Chen Zhiyuan , Pu Shouzhi
Published: May 2019

A Rh‐catalyzed [5+1] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of spirocyclicindoline imine from 3‐diazoindolin‐2‐imine with benzo[d]isoxazole is reported. The reaction proceeds under gentle catalytic conditions, thus giving the expected spiro[benzo[e][1,3]oxazine‐2,3′‐indolin]‐2‐imines with good functional‐group tolerance.