bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extraction Procedure Toxicity and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Extractions of Industrial and Solidified Hazardous Waste
Authors: Shively WE , Crawford MA
Published: December 2008

The 1984 amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) require that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) restrict the land disposal of certain hazardous wastes. The 7 Nov. 1986 RCRA amendments promulgated specific treatment standards and effective dates for the first phase of the land disposal restrictions (dioxin- and solvent-containing hazardous wastes). EPA also promulgated the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) for determining compliance for these wastes with applicable treatment standards.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of commercial hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs). Five facilities were sampled representing a wide range of treatment processes. Sampling was performed to monitor all influent, effluent, and treatment residues associated with each process. Leaching evaluations of industrial waste treatment residues and solidified/stabilized wastes are presented in this paper. Extraction procedure (EP) toxicity tests for metals and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) analyses for metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and semi-volatile organics are reported. The results demonstrate effective treatment resulting in nonhazardous residues in the majority of the cases. In several instances, the TCLP results for treatment residues are not within the recently promulgated regulations.

The waste composition and leachate results before and after treatment are compared. Metal hydroxide sludges from hydroxide precipitation processes were tested. A waste oil, a paint sludge, a biological treatment pond sludge, and a metal hydroxide plating sludge were tested before and after fly ash solidification. Plating wastes mixed with acids and neutralized with lime were tested after sulfide precipitation. Mixed plating sludges were tested before and after solidification with excess lime. Two ash residues produced by different solvent incinerators were tested. Compositional analyses showed varying quantities of organic compounds.
Comparative Studies of Metal Containment in Solidified Matrices by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Neuwirth M , Mikula R , Hannak P
Published: December 2008

Solidification/stabilization processes are widely used for the disposal of metal-containing industrial/hazardous wastes. There is little understanding of the mechanisms of metal containment in cementitious matrices. Leaching studies characterize the mechanism by which contaminants are released from the matrix, but give little information on contaminant-matrix interaction and the partitioning of contaminants within different phases of the solid structure. Recent studies have shown that different mechanisms are involved in stabilizing metals such as zinc and mercury [1,2] or cadmium and lead [3].

In this study, selected concentrations of metal salt solutions (cadmium, chromium, and lead) were stabilized using portland cement as additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and backscattered electron detection were performed on fractured and polished surfaces of specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray microanalysis were carried out on ground particles of approximately 1 μm in size from the same specimens. The results indicate that different containment mechanisms are responsible for stabilization of the metals used and that they provide additional information on potential release of contaminants. The study shows the importance of correlating SEM and TEM analyses as well as other pertinent techniques in order to understand more fully the mechanism of waste containment.
Experimental Evaluation of Limiting Factors for Leaching Mechanism in Solidified Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Medici F , Merli C , Scoccia G , Volpe R
Published: December 2008

Results are presented of a series of experimental tests performed to determine the influence of matrix characteristics on the leaching mechanism of lithium immobilized into cementitious matrices. A dynamic leaching test, using a fixed leachant renewal schedule proposed by the American Nuclear Society, was adopted. Experimental results showed the influence of the matrix characteristics on the different phases of the leaching. A hypothesis on the leaching mechanism from the cementitious matrices is proposed.
The Use of Activated Charcoal and Tetra-Alkylammonium-Substituted Clays in Cement-Based Stabilization/Solidification of Phenols and Chlorinated Phenols
Authors: Sheriff TS , Sollars CJ , Montgomery D , Perry R
Published: December 2008

A number of cement-based fixation processes are available for cost-effective stabilization of inorganic wastes, but these processes are not generally so effective for treating organic wastes or organic/inorganic mixtures. With a view to possible extension of such methods to organic wastes, the use of charcoal and tetra-alkylammonium-substituted clays as pre-stabilization adsorbents has been investigated. Charcoal is a well-known adsorbent, while the use of the substituted clays exploits the hydrophobic properties of the alkyl groups to fix organic materials within the clay matrix.

Wyoming Bentonite substituted with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and benzyl-dimethyltetradecylammonium chloride were found to be very effective in adsorbing chlorinated phenols with adsorption capacities of 150 mg of chlorinated phenol per gram of clay. There appears to be a clear trend between the chain length of the alkylammonium ion in the exchanged clay and the ability of the clay to adsorb a particular phenolic compound. Activated charcoal was found to effectively adsorb 180 mg of phenol or chlorinated phenols per gram of charcoal.

The exchanged clays and charcoal together with the respective adsorbed phenols were incorporated into a number of cementitious matrices. Following hydration, leachability and physical strength measurements were carried out and the results were used to make a preliminary assessment of the longer-term potential of clays and charcoal in stabilization/solidification applications.
Influence of Hydrologic Factors on Leaching of Solidified Low-Level Waste Forms at an Arid-Site Field-Scale Lysimeter Facility
Authors: Jones TL , Skaggs RL
Published: December 2008

The release of contaminants from solidified low-level waste forms is being studied in a field lysimeter facility at the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State. The lysimeter facility, constructed in 1984, consists of ten 3-m-deep by 1.8-m-diameter steel caissons surrounding a 4-m-deep central instrument caisson. Each lysimeter contains one field-scale waste form (210-L barrel), obtained from a commercial power reactor. Solidification agents being tested include masonry cement, Portland III cement, Dow polymer, and bitumen.

Most of the precipitation at the Hanford Site arrives as winter snow; this contributes to a strong seasonal pattern in water storage and drainage observed in the lysimeters. This seasonal pattern in storage corresponds to an annual range in the volumetric soil water content of 11% in late winter to 7% in the late summer and early fall. Annual changes in drainage rates cause pore water velocities to vary by nearly two orders of magnitude, from approximately 4 cm/week in early spring to less than 0.01 cm/week in early fall.

Measurable quantities of tritium and cobalt-60 are being collected in lysimeter drainage water. Approximately 30% of the original tritium inventory has been leached from the only two waste forms containing tritium. Cobalt-60 is contained in all waste form samples and is consistently being leached from five lysimeters. Total cobalt-60 collected from each of the five lysimeters varies, but in each case is less than 0.1% of the original cobalt inventory of the waste sample.
Experience Acquired in the Field of Long-Term Leaching Tests on Blocks of Radioactive Waste
Authors: Nomine JC , Billon A
Published: December 2008

Long-term leaching tests on full-size radioactive blocks have been undertaken since 1979 in the leaching facility of the Nuclear Research Center of Saclay. The aims of the tests are the assessment of the release of radionuclides into the biosphere, measurements of ion transfer between the blocks and the environment, and understanding of the transfer mechanisms. After a general presentation of the blocks submitted at the tests, and a description of the leaching facility, examples of results are given; they concern the balances of activities released, post-leaching appraisal, and investigations of mechanisms of leaching experiments.
Field Testing of Waste Forms Using Lysimeters
Authors: Rogers RD , McDonnel JW , Davis EC , Findley MW
Published: December 2008

The Low-Level Waste Data Base Development—EPICOR-II Resin/Liner Investigation Program—funded by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is obtaining information on performance of radioactive waste in a disposal environment. This paper presents a description of the field testing and gives preliminary findings. Solidified ion-exchange resin materials from EPICOR-II prefilters used in the cleanup of the Three-Mile Island Nuclear Power Station are being field tested to develop a low-level waste data base and to obtain information on survivability of waste forms composed of ion exchange media loaded with radionuclides and solidified in matrices of cement and Dow polymer. Emphasis is placed on evaluating the requirements of 10 CFR 61 “Licensing Requirements for Land Disposal of Radioactive Waste” by obtaining data on performance of waste in a disposal environment using lysimeter arrays at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois (ANL).
Synthetic Silicas in Pesticide Formulation with Special Emphasis on Water Dispersible Granules
Authors: Oelmüller R , Ferch H
Published: December 2008

Today synthetic silicas are widely used in pesticide formulation. They cannot be compared with natural occurring products such as diatomaceous earth or clays. Their properties are different. Factors like pH, hydrophilic and hydrophobic character, structuring, etc are important for the use of these products. However, the deciding properties are particle size and absorbtivity. Effects like free flowing powders, improvement of grinding, conversion of liquids into powders, control of suspension, better water stability, gelling of liquids, control of crystal growth, reduction of dermal toxicity, time release, and alike can be obtained. The proper use of synthetic silicas results in an optimal utilization of the active ingredient.
Effect of Formulation on the Stability and Bioactivity of Methamidophos
Authors: Lo C-C , Ho M-H , Kao S-S , Tzeng C-C
Published: December 2008

The objectives of this research were focused on the effect of formulation on the stability and bioactivity of new 50% formulated solution. Laboratory studies on the storage stability under an accelerated condition (50°C), the physical performance test with 622 ppm hard water, and the 48 h mortality on Plutella xylostella L. were conducted. Results from the stability-analysis and physical performance test showed that about 16 new formulated 50% solutions were in acceptable quality as compared with the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guideline, and the sixteen formulated products were then analyzed for the 48 h mortality on the Plutella xylostella L. at recommended rate in dipping method. The result indicated that formulas of 3, 8 and 9 were better than the selected domestic product and imported product in both stability and bioactivity.
Evaluation Method for Agricultural Foam Markers
Authors: Smith CD , Collins HM
Published: December 2008

Agricultural foam markers have grown in popularity over the past several years. In an era of continual cost and environmental concerns, over application of pesticides is a major problem. Agricultural foam markers are one method used to reduce overlapping and skipping of sprayed areas. Numerous agricultural foam markers have been introduced into the market. This paper outlines a method for evaluating and comparing them.
Decontamination of Protective Suit Materials
Authors: Smith ID , Burke KE
Published: December 2008

The results of an ongoing study of the decontamination of high-cost personal protective suit materials at the NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) are presented. Chloropel (a chlorinated polyethylene) was subjected to nitrogen tetroxide and monomethylhydrazine hypergolic propellant exposures to provide contaminated specimens. Each exposure sequence was followed by a simple room temperature water wash decontamination sequence. Two versions of heated decontamination sequences used in the study are a simple purged heated sequence, and a heated evacuation sequence. After the second water decontamination sequence these two versions of heated decontamination sequences were utilized to further reduce the concentration of residual fuel in the mateeffective in releasing residual propellant from the material. Tests were not undertaken to examine the effluent gases for oxidizer related materials. Future work to better understand the decontamination of personal protective equipment is described.
Permeation of Solvent Mixtures Through Protective Clothing Elastomers
Authors: Ridge MC , Perkins JL
Published: December 2008

Permeation through protective clothing is envisioned as a process involving solution of a chemical challenge into the elastomer and diffusion within the elastomer matrix.

The diffusion process is modeled using Fick's Laws, and steady-state permeation experiments are used to determine a proportionality constant, the permeation coefficient. This permeation coefficient includes both a solubility factor and a diffusion factor, and has been successfully used to characterize permeation rates.

In order to predict permeation resistance, researchers have focused on the solution step of the process. Models employing solubility parameters, such as Hildebrand's solubility parameter and Hansen's 3-dimensional solubility parameter have been employed with some success to predict both breakthrough time and permeation rate for specific elastomer-challenge combinations.

Mixtures of solvents are also characterized by solubility parameters, intermediate between the parameters of the individual components. Examination of limited mixture permeation data indicates that solubility parameter models can be extended to predict some aspects of permeation behavior.

Theory and work from other fields indicates that other aspects of permeation behavior, particularly those related to molecular kinetics may require alterations of the solubility parameter models. These aspects will be discussed.
Influence of Temperature on the Permeation Properties of Protective Clothing Materials
Authors: Vahdat N , Bush M
Published: December 2008

Chemical permeation measurements were made for six chemical/polymer systems at five different temperatures, ranging from 25 to 65°C. The results showed that although both permeation rate and breakthrough time vary exponentially with temperture, breakthrought time is more dependent on temperature. The effect of temperature on the solubility of chemicals in polymers (with resulting polymer swelling) was also studied by longterm immersion experiments, and diffusion coefficients were calculated. Both solubility and diffusion coefficient vary exponentially with temperature. But the heat of sorption is much smaller than activation energy for diffusion. Consequently, the temperature dependency of permeation observed was attributed primarily to the activation of diffusive transport.
The Effects of Solvent Type and Concentration on the Permeation of Pesticide Formulations Through Chemical Protective Glove Materials
Authors: Ehntholt DJ , Bodek I , Valentine JR , Schwope AD , Royer MD , Frank U , Nielsen AP
Published: December 2008

A modified ASTM F 739-85 test method has been developed which permits the collection and analysis of both volatile and non-volatile, low aqueous solubility compounds from mixtures which permeate protective clothing materials. Permeation tests have been conducted using eleven pesticide formulations containing a range of active ingredient and carrier solvent types and concentrations. Nitrile, natural rubber, and neoprene glove materials were tested in every case; PVC., polyethylene and butyl glove materials were examined in selected instances. Both carrier solvent and active ingredient permeation were measured over the eight-hour test period. Carrier solvent concentration was found to have the most effect on the permeation resistance of glove materials. Xylene range aromatic solvents were most dramatic in decreasing the breakthrough times of both carrier solvent and active ingredient and in increasing the cumulative amounts of permeants measured.
Permeation of Some Pesticidal Formulations Through Glove Materials
Authors: Que Hee SS
Published: December 2008

The aim of this work was to measure the permeation of the active ingredient in selected pesticidal formulations through specific glove materials and clothing. Pesticides used included 1,2- and 1,3-dichlorobenzene and Esteron 99 containing the isooctyl ester of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), in an ASTM type permeation cell using a liquid collection system and flame ionization (for the dichlorobenzenes) and electron capture (for the 2,4-D ester) detectors after gas chromatography. The materials examined included Tyvek, Viton, Nitrile and Neoprene. The choice of glove materials was based on the characteristics for chemical analogs for the 2,4-D ester since no permeation data exist for herbicidal formulations. Breakthrough and steady state rates were calculated. Pinhole penetration occurred but especially in lined Nitrile and Neoprene gloves. Cosolvent effects were important. Viton protected better against the dichlorobenzenes than did Nitrile with the supported/lined gloves being least protective. Tyvek and unsupported/ unlined Nitrile protected best against the 2,4-D formulation in challenges against the formulation concentrate and a diluted aqueous emulsion solution.
A Method To Determine Propellant Handlers Ensemble Fabric Degradation
Authors: Bryan CJ , Hampton MD
Published: December 2008

The effects of liquid N2O4 and monomethyl hydrazine on the breaking strength of the propellant handlers ensemble fabric versus time of exposure were determined. The breaking strength of the fabric was found to vary inversely with the time of exposure to N2O4, but was not found to be affected by exposure to monomethyl hydrazine for periods up to 60 minutes. It was found that the time of exposure of the fabric to N2O4 could be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and that a correlation exists between the breaking strength of the fabric and an endothermic event occurring during DSC analysis of the fabric.
Forty Years of Vapor Barriers
Authors: Hutcheon NB
Published: December 2008

This paper covers the history and use of vapor barriers in insulated buildings from the work of F. B. Rowley to the present state of the art. Heat, air, and water movement through buildings and condensation problems are also discussed.
Moisture Transport in Walls: Canadian Experience
Authors: White JH
Published: December 2008

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the Canadian federal crown corporation responsible for federal housing policy, has been studying moisture problems in houses for several years. That study has usually been at the system level, that is, looking at the interaction between subsystems, components, and materials. It has spanned a wide range of regimes, from development of theory and a computer model, to laboratory tests on materials and walls, through test hut design and monitoring, to field surveys.

The published theory has been found wanting, in many cases. Designers, builders, inspectors, and material suppliers or manufacturers seem unaware of much that is known. More must be learned about the interactions that take place between energy, air, and moisture flows—over the full range of material moisture contents and air relative humidities and temperatures.

A systems model of the movement of heat energy, air, and moisture, in wood frame walls, is being developed and executed on a microcomputer. That program, named WALLDRY, will be made “user friendly,” then compared with field and laboratory data, but is primarily a research tool, and will likely remain too slow to be used as a regular design aid.
Results of the 1985 Round-Robin Test Series Using ASTM E 96-80
Authors: Toas M
Published: December 2008

In 1985, the ASTM Task Force on ASTM Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials (E 96-80) initiated a round robin with two objectives: 1. to prepare a new precision and bias statement for use in ASTM E 96-80, and 2. to evaluate possible new water vapor transmission standard materials to be inventoried by the National Bureau of Standards.

Three plastic films (1-mil Mylar, 5.5-mil Teflon FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), and 5.5-mil high-density polyethylene, HDPE) were chosen for inclusion in the round robin. The Mylar film was intended to be the high water vapor transmission standard, and the other two films were the candidates for a possible low water vapor transmission standard.

Twelve laboratories participated in the round robin that requested that each laboratory test all three films in triplicate using ASTM E 96-80 Procedures A and B (desiccant and water method) at 23°C (73.4°F).

Some of the twelve laboratories obtained results with a wide disparity, especially on the low water vapor transmitting films—Teflon and HDPE. Other laboratories obtained precise results. The wide variance in some laboratories' results was judged to be due to those laboratories not sealing the test samples thoroughly.

Results from the round robin are discussed and have led to the following actions: 1. a second round robin is planned, 2. 12.7-mm (1/2-in.) thick foams will be added to the round robin so that the precision and bias statement can be more complete, and 3. the HDPE film has been eliminated as a candidate material.
Electric Field Probes for Quantitative Moisture Measurements in Building Materials
Authors: Courville GE , Hylton JO , Murray WP , Blalock A , Remenyik CJ
Published: December 2008

Three novel capacitance techniques for making moisture measurements in insulated roof systems are being studied at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). These are designated as the Pin Probe, the Thermocouple Probe, and the Planar Probe. The Pin Probe, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), consists of two parallel lines of straight pins as the two probe electrodes. This is an intrusive probe that must be mounted within the system being tested. The Thermocouple Probe is also intrusive. Its use assumes that thermocouple junctions exist at known locations in the specimen for temperature measurements. The probe electronics allows high-frequency impedance measurements between thermocouples without interfering with their temperature measurement function. The third probe, the Planar Probe, is nonintrusive and consists of a series of equally spaced plate electrodes in a box that sits on the surface of the roof. These electrodes provide several independent electrical signals from overlapping depths within the roof system. An analysis procedure was developed to identify the electrical properties of successively deeper layers of material.

Prototypes of each of these probes have been constructed and promising preliminary data are available. Probe calibration, circuit stability, and range of applicability are major outstanding issues that must still be addressed.
Testing Water Vapor Transmission: Unresolved Issues
Authors: Bomberg M
Published: December 2008

This paper reviews key issues addressed during the ASTM Symposium on Mechanisms and Measurements of Water Vapor Transmission through Materials and Systems. It presents unresolved issues in the laboratory measurements and postulates actions to be considered in the future development of ASTM test methods.
Manufacturing Aviation Gasoline
Authors: Creek RJ
Published: December 2008

The most significant processing unit for aviation gasoline (avgas) manufacture at Chevron U.S.A. refineries is the alkylation plant. This plant produces aviation alkylate, the principal component for avgas blending. To understand the alkylation process, a brief description is presented of crude oil distillation and further refinery processing to make alkylation feedstocks. The alkylation process and aviation alkylate recovery is reviewed. Chevron operates both sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid alkylation plants.

Typical aviation alkylate composition requires blending other components into avgas including light naphtha, toluene, and other blend stocks. Constraining elements of the specification that determines blend components for finished avgas are discussed. The refinery method for determining the proper ratio of component addition, blending, and testing to meet specifications are presented.
Ethanol and Methanol in Intermittent Combustion Engines
Authors: Eveleth EL
Published: December 2008

During the past six years at Alabama Aviation and Technical College, the only all-aviation two-year college in Alabama, six alternative fuel 50-h probe tests using a variety of piston aircraft engines were run on gasohol, liquid propane gas, synthetic oil, alcohol (199.9 proof ethanol), methane, and a combination of 50% ethanol and 50% methanol.

Most recently, a small aircraft turbine, a Pratt & Whitney Aircraft PT-6 turboprop with a torquemeter, was run on a blend of 10% renewable 199.9 proof ethanol and 90% Jet A fuel.

Throughout these tests, it was learned that alcohol is not just another fuel but is a superior fuel for aviation, and now it behooves us to run FAA 150-h power plant endurance tests to get their approval of supplemental type certificates for the use of these fuels in piston aircraft engines.

The reason that ethanol has been favored over methanol is that methanol has poor lubricity, high corrosiveness, and requires special additives, whereas ethanol did not cause any problems in the piston engines, parts, and accessories.

Complete documentary technical data on these tests in the form of log sheets recorded all of the instrument readings at the various operating parameters of Idle, Take Off, and Cruise. Also, over 1000 color photographs of all of the disassembled parts, before the tests and again at the conclusion of the tests, and final written reports of the results are filed in the Energy Department of the State of Alabama in Montgomery.
Summary
Authors: Strauss KH
Published: December 2008

Aviation gasoline is expected to be available in the foreseeable future, although as a low-volume specialty product. Distribution is seen as the major cost and availability problem.
Methods for Calculating Structural Silicone Sealant Joint Dimensions
Authors: Haugsby MH , Schoenherr WJ , Carbary LD , Schmidt CM
Published: December 2008

Industry practices and standards for silicone sealant structural glazing have evolved in the decades since its introduction. The growing use of stone substrates, sloped panels, or unusually shaped lites highlights the need for proper joint design. This paper describes the requirements for silicone sealant structural joints, blending theory with time-proven practice to establish industry methods.
Specimen Length Effects on Mechanical Properties of a Silicone Elastomeric Sealant
Authors: Sandberg LB , Carbary TM , Gilson AE
Published: December 2008

Results of tests on joints made with a high-modulus silicone sealant are presented and discussed. Joint specimen lengths are 50 mm (2 in.), typical of small laboratory specimens, and 100, 200, and 400 mm (4, 8, and 16 in.). The width and depth are typical of structural glazing joints. Tension and shear are considered. The data include strength, stiffness, and ultimate displacement. The interaction between specimen length and the effects of flaws on mechanical properties is also investigated. An analysis of the data indicates that the typical small laboratory specimen provides an accurate measure of the mechanical properties of fulllength joints.
Special Considerations in the Design and Use of Small Insulating Glass Units
Authors: Schwartz TA , Zarghamee MS , Cole GG
Published: December 2008

The use of small insulating glass units (IGUs) in residential construction is growing in popularity. Architects and window manufacturers use small units to recreate colonial and other historic window designs, while maintaining the energy efficiency associated with insulating glass. Small insulating glass units have unique characteristics resulting from the large interpane air-space as compared to glass thickness and the relative stiffness of the glass sheets and their inability to deform to relieve pressure differences between the ambient air and the air within the sealed interpane air-space. This research explores the relationship between glass size, glass thickness, air-space thickness, sealing conditions, exposure conditions and the resulting stresses in the glass, and performance of the units. We explore the significance of glass surface damage, spacer breather tubes, and glazing conditions as they relate to small IGUs.

Small insulating glass units without pressure relieving breather tubes are subjected to prolonged pressure differences between the interpane air-space and the ambient air. The high stiffness of the glass does not permit the glass to deflect in response to these pressure differences as do lites of glass in larger units. Stress in the glass can be significantly increased if the glass is held in place by a rigid glazing method, as is often the case with wood frames. These sustained stresses may be of sufficient magnitude to cause moderate to high rates of fracture in glass of good surface quality and extremely high rates of breakage in glass of poor surface quality. Residential glass often has moderate to poor surface and edge quality owing to residential glazing and maintenance methods, has rigid edge restraint, and is assembled into small insulating units. The combination of these factors results in the high breakage rates of some residential IGUs.
Carbon Dioxide Chain Scrubber
Authors: Chesson JH , Olsen KL , Lewis CJ
Published: December 2008

The development of a prototype rotary drum scrubber for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from controlled atmosphere (CA) fruit storages is described. The experimental scrubber is capable of removing carbon dioxide from the storage environment without introducing oxygen, which is a problem with most present commercial CO2 scrubbers. Lime utilization efficiency was compared with three cylinder rotational velocities, two lime slurry concentrations, and three cylinder air velocities. Only the cylinder rotational velocity was found to have a significant effect on lime efficiency, which was greater than 90%. When the CO2 absorption of the system was compared with the various test parameters, the results indicated that only the cylinder air velocity had a significant effect.
Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization with Highly Reactive Calcium Oxide
Authors: Bakhshi VS , LaMarre MF , Powell BE
Published: December 2008

Present commercial systems for dry flue gas desulfurization use a slurry of hydrated lime sprayed into a chamber and contacted with the hot flue gas. Heat from the gas dries the droplets and yields a dry product containing calcium sulfite and calcium sulfate. However, sulfur dioxide (SO2) collection efficiency is low, energy and process costs are high, and the process still involves handling a slurry of lime. Dry absorbents for SO2 have been studied and, up to the present time, only sodium-based materials have been found to be sufficiently reactive. The expense of additional process equipment and environmental concerns over the disposal of soluble sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate waste have precluded their use. The availability of a highly reactive calcium oxide for dry SO2 absorption would offer substantial economic and environmental benefits. This paper discusses the development of such a highly reactive calcium-base absorbent. This highly reactive calcium oxide reacts in the dry state with sulfur dioxide and oxygen in the flue gas at high temperatures, in close to stoichiometric amounts, to yield a dry calcium sulfate product. Absorption tests were conducted using a differential packed-bed reactor in an electrically heated furnace. A simulated flue gas mixture containing 0.3% to 0.4% SO2 was reacted with the calcium oxide over a range of temperatures and reaction times. Initial reaction rates were determined, the reaction products were analyzed, and overall conversion calculated.
Lime-Based Fixation of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastes
Authors: Smith CL
Published: December 2008

A major focus of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's 20-year-old campaign to control air pollution has been the reduction of harmful sulfur oxides emitted by coal-burning industrial plants, especially public utilities. This paper reviews the various forms of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) that have been used or are contemplated, addressing mainly the problem of disposal of the solid wastes generated by the FGD processes. It is concluded that lime-based fixation of FGD wastes incorporates both pozzolanic and sulfopozzolanic chemistry that will provide a landfill with minimum impact upon the environment.
A Case Study: Lime—A Hazardous Waste Stabilization Agent
Authors: Turco MA , Zenobia KE
Published: December 2008

Hazardous waste management requires an understanding of the processes which generate the wastes, a knowledge of toxicology and personnel safety, and application of state-of-the-art technology. This technology may take the form of totally new systems or the application of old methods and materials in new ways. It is to the latter that this paper is directed.

In this case, a number of waste impoundments (basins) which were decommissioned about ten years ago were being approached by rising ground water. Site remediation was deemed necessary to avoid ground water contamination. The remediation involved (1) excavation of the basins down to clean soil; (2) buildup of the basin bottoms to prevent future ground water contact; (3) processing (stabilizing) the wastes; and (4) replacement, final capping, and closure of the site.

This paper relates primarily to the processing of the wastes. Lime-based stabilization was employed to achieve pozzolanic microencapsulation. This paper describes the stabilization technique and the different types of lime used, and presents actual data on the leachate qualities of the waste materials using ASTM analysis methods, both before and after stabilization. Actual methods of carrying out the stabilization and the equipment required to do so are explained. The overall project requirements, process specifications, quality control methods, and closing plans are discussed.
Identification of the Knee Joint in Varus-Valgus and Longitudinal Rotations in Laboratory and Snow Skiing Experiments
Authors: Kuo CY , Mote CD
Published: December 2008

The relationships between rotations across the knee joint in the varus-valgus and longitudinal directions and the externally applied moments at the foot are investigated in laboratory and in skiing field tests. Auto regressive moving average exogenous (ARMAX) models of rotation across the knee resulting from moments applied to the foot are constructed using methods of system identification. The predictions of rotations by ARMAX models are compared with measurements.

The ARMAX models identified from moment-rotation data recorded in quasi-static laboratory tests are highly dissipative for varus-valgus and for longitudinal rotations. Models identified using the field data show components of vibration of the instrumentation on the test subject in addition to the rotation component. Predictions of rotation across the knee by models obtained from field test data compare favorably to those predicted with models obtained from the laboratory test data.
Contribution of the Musculature to Rotatory Laxity and Torsional Stiffness at the Knee
Authors: Louie JK , Mote CD
Published: December 2008

The relationships between the mean rectified electromyogram (EMG) from two muscle groups crossing the knee joint and the rotational stiffness and laxity about the longitudinal axis of the lower leg were investigated. The EMG signals from three of the quadricep muscle group and two of the hamstring muscle group were monitored using surface electrodes. Each subject sustained self-induced muscle activity from specific muscle combinations while a torque rotating the foot medially and laterally is externally applied. Joint rotation is measured using an electrogoniometer.

Analyses of the data showed increased joint stiffness with increased numbers of active muscles. The stiffness measurements ranged from 0.16 to 2.54 Nm/degree depending upon the combination of active muscles. The stiffnesses measured in different tests were very repeatable with standard deviations ranging from 0.02 to 0.25 Nm/1°. Increases in joint stiffness of over 400% by activation of these muscles were measured.
Isolated Rupture of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament by Knee Hyperflexion
Authors: Ekeland A , Thoresen BO
Published: December 2008

The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears has increased dramatically in alpine skiing lately. We have studied the injury mechanism of an isolated ACL rupture that occurred in a 36-year-old female skier during a video-taped slalom race. The ACL rupture seemed to occur during a vigorous, weighted knee hyperflexion in a back-sitting skiing position. The skier felt a pop in the hyperflexed knee at that time but was able to ski the next turn which engaged the other leg. When preparing for a new turn engaging the previous hyperflexed knee, she lost control and fell over. Immediate arthroscopy and arthrotomy revealed an isolated complete ACL rupture. Later studies on three cadaver knee specimens displayed a tense ACL in the hyperflexed knee, and the dorsal musculature seemed to act like a fulcrum in this position. It is proposed that weighted knee hyperflexion may cause isolated tears of the ACL.
Ski Boot Compression Syndrome
Authors: Yamagishi T , Yahashi K
Published: December 2008

The popularity of skiing is currently booming. It is estimated that there are as many as 15 million skiers in Japan. However, the increased popularity of skiing creates orthopedic problems. Pressure on the foot created by ill-fitting boots is a very common problem. A recent complication is boot compression anteriorly at the ankle causing neuritis of the deep peroneal nerve and tenosynovitis of the extensor tendon. Compression on the extensor tendons and nerves between the boot tongue and bone result in synovitis and neuritis. Three patients suffering a compression syndrome were treated conservatively and one with a tarsal tunnel syndrome causd by ski boot pressure eventually required surgery. The syndrome, its causes, and treatment are described.
Bindings' Release Setting in Alpine Skiing
Authors: Delouche G
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a synthesis and an evaluation of all the steps leading to the final release setting of alpine skiing boot/binding systems. The study is based on the material presently available and shows the maximum discrepancies that can be expected (1) in choosing the right setting value and (2) in checking the real system. These discrepancies may be 20 to 25%. The paper also contains some proposals on how to reduce the influence of what may be considered as the most influential parameter, mainly the choice of the “ability correction factor.” Moreover, it shows that the tendency to obtain a greater accuracy for the basic release values is a fallacious one and that we should concentrate instead on an ASTM type evaluation, which is a better indication of the overall “quality” of the system.
Causes of Skiing Injuries: A Study of Temperature and Ski Area Congestion
Authors: Serita K
Published: December 2008

Causes of the ski injuries differ greatly, since the sport involves variable weather conditions, individual physical fitness, ski equipment, snow conditions, and perhaps skier's mental attitude and nutrition. There are two peak hours for accidents on days when the air temperature is higher than the monthly mean temperature, and one peak hour, on days when it is lower. Most skiing injuries occur when the ground snow turns to be what Mock called “Fohnschee.” If we can predict changes in snow conditions, this could help reduce the number of casualties.
Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries Caused by Skiing
Authors: Hirakawa H , Oda T
Published: December 2008

While the number of spinal cord injuries in sports accidents is small, the severity of such injuries makes their treatment important. In this article, two cases are discussed. Case 1, a 25-year-old male with four years skiing experience, was trying to avoid another skier who crossed his path on a steep slope. He fell forward, struck his head, and his neck was bent forward. After initial loss of consciousness, he felt numbness in both upper and lower limbs. On X-ray examination, fracture of the body of the fifth cervical vertebra and anterior dislocation of the fourth cervical vertebra was found. Pain continued however, and instability between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae was found to be the cause. An anterior cervical fusion operation between the fourth and fifth vertebrae was performed. The patient recovered completely. Case 2, a 34-year-old male with 24-years skiing experience, was skiing in new snow when his ski struck a tree stump. He pitched forward, head first, forcing his neck into a hyper-extended position. Immediately after the accident, he had paralysis of both upper and lower limbs. No fracture could be found on X-ray examination and paralysis continued.
Why a Helicopter at a Ski Resort?
Authors: Binet M-H
Published: December 2008

Avoriaz, a third generation ski-resort, located in the French Northern Alps, has been using, since the 1983/1984 winter season, a helicopter as a means of transportation for injured people. The Medical Center is located in the very heart of the resort and, moreover, in the very heart of a chair-lift network connecting 14 resorts. The helicopter is not used in every type of rescue, but it is used in about ¼ of them either for primary transportation for technical reasons or for secondary transportation. The use of the helicopter did not significantly increase the transportation costs but resulted in greater comfort both for the injured people, who were quickly rescued, and for the doctor. Indeed, because of quick transport, the doctor can take immediate care for the injured person who, consequently, does not get greatly chocked, suffer long, or suffer from cold.
Resolution Requirements for Automated Single Specimen JIC Testing
Authors: Hautamaki CA
Published: December 2008

The results of an investigation are presented which compare the effectiveness of various data acquisition methods for automated single specimen JIC testing. Also discussed are the resolution requirements for obtaining acceptable elastic compliance unload data with 12-bit, 14-bit, and 16-bit analog-to-digital converters (A/Ds) and the use of high-gain window amplifiers.

The results of this investigation indicated that: 1. The system noise has a performance-limiting effect on high-resolution A/D converters. 2. More consistent results were obtained by amplifying the analog signals prior to digitizing than by directly digitizing the signals from high-resolution (16-bit) A/Ds. 3. The number of data pairs used to determine the compliance measured crack length has only a minor effect on the calculated crack length. 4. JIC test results may be adversely affected by using low-resolution data acquisition systems.
Checking and Improvement of the Alignment of Flat Specimen Gripping Devices
Authors: Fischer R , Haibach E
Published: December 2008

The reliability of results of fatigue tests depends to a high degree on the accuracy of the alignment of the gripping devices used. Misalignments can result in undesired additional stresses and strains in the specimen under test and can lead to inaccurate test results. A method is presented by means of which the alignment of flat specimen grips can be checked and steps for its improvement derived using a specific set of strains, which are measured at eight selected points of a dummy specimen clamped in its four possible gripping positions. The mathematical description of the strains in the clamped specimen, including those caused by a productional precurvature, leads to an analysis of the measured strains by means of an evaluation scheme which is derived from the obtained mathematical equations and tailor-made for the use of a computer. The results of the analysis allow judgment as to the accuracy of the alignment and the derivation of steps for its improvement.
Influence of Machine Type and Strain Rate Interaction in Tension Testing
Authors: Gray TGF , Sharp J
Published: December 2008

The measured yield strength and strain rate sensitivity of a sample steel characterized by a yield point instability were found to be much lower when servocontrolled machines were used when compared with open-loop machines. Several machine types and control systems were used to test the sample steel at different rates, and measurements of gauge length plastic strain rate were made. The data are used to evaluate the machine “hardness” strategy for calculating or predicting the plastic strain rate developed in a machine which has no direct strain rate control. The background to current procedures embodied in current british standards for tension testing is discussed, and tentative proposals are made to classify machine types and set appropriate testing rates so that the results of tension tests using different systems may be reconciled.
Weight Loss Technique for Measurement of Wear of Polymeric Orthopedic Implants
Authors: Lower JL , Price HC
Published: December 2008

Low wear properties of ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and carbon reinforced polyethylene prosthesis require 0.1-mg accuracy for a valid quantitative wear test. Buoyancy of air displaced by the volume of the wear specimen will have an influence on the specimen's weight. Density variation of air due to barometric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity during a wear test will alter the succeeding weight measurements. The average amount of wear debris is very small compared to the total mass of the wear specimen, approximately 0.005 to 0.05% or 1 to 2 mg per million cycles for a 4000 to 22 000-mg component, respectively. Displaced air mass variation for a volume equivalent to a wear component over a test period can be as high as 1 mg. Buoyancy compensation should be considered for addition to ASTM F 732 (Practice for Reciprocating Pin on Flat Evaluation of Friction and Wear Properties of Polymeric Materials for Use in Total Joint Prostheses) and any test procedure utilizing weight loss measurement for wear.
The Quebec Sports Safety Board—Its Functions, Powers, Structures, and Activities
Authors: Régnier G
Published: December 2008

This paper describes a unique governmental agency devoted to the promotion of safety in sports in Canada, La Régie de la Sécurité dans les Sports du Québec (Quebec Sports Safety Board).

The paper reviews the mandate of the board as well as its regulatory, research, and education functions. The intervention model used by the board to guide its actions is also presented. Finally, certain specific activities related to safety in ice hockey which have been conducted so far by the board are discussed.