bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERENCANAAN DESAIN MCK PLUS DENGAN SISTEM PENGOLAHAN MENGGUNAKAN ABR PADA PROYEK DAK SANITASI LINGKUNGAN BERBASIS MASYARKAT (SLBM) DESA PINGGIR PAPAS, KECAMATAN KALIANGET, KABUPATEN SUMENEP TAHUN 2012
Authors: Chayati Cholilul
Published: May 2017

Program Sanitasi Lingkungan Berbasis Masyarakat   (SLBM). SLBM sanitasi lingkungan yang berbasis masyarakat ini memiliki tujuan untuk meningkatkan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan di permukiman padat yang prasarana sarana sanitasinya kurang memenuhi sayarat, yang pada akhirnya dapat meningkatkan  kesehatan  masyarakat  dan menurunkan   beban   pencemaran   pada   sumber- sumber air.Penelitian ini di laksanakan di desa Pinggir Papas, Kecamatan Kalianget, Kabupaten Sumenep. Berdasarkan analisis-analisis yang  telah  dilakukan dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan antara lain :Dari analisa debit limbah domestik yang ditimbulkan di desa Pinggir Papas pada R.T yang ditinjau sebagai lokasi MCK Plus   dimana jumlah penduduk yang akan memakai sebanyak 250 jiwa diperoleh  debit  yang  ditimbulkan sebanyak  22.50Liter/hari = 22,50 m3/hari.Berdasarkan analisa perhitungan berdasarkan kriteria desain diperoleh desain tangki Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) sebagai berikut:a)     Volume Kapasitas desain ABR             :  18,05 m3.b)     Jumlah Kompartemen                           :         4buah.c)     Desain tiap kompartemen     Lebar (L)                  : 80 cm      Panjang (P)               : 282 cm      Kedalaman (H)         : 200 cmDari desain yang ada Effluent yang dihasilkandari desain ABR telah memenuhi baku mutu air limbah yang telah ditetapkan berdasarkan SK. Gub. Jawa Timur No. 45 Tahun 2002
EVALUASI ANGKUTAN PERDESAAN DI KABUPATEN SUMENEP DARI SEGI TRAYEK, SARANA DAN PRASARANA (STUDI KASUS JALUR SUMENEP – KALIANGET)
Authors: Sahara Dara Adistia , Jasuli Darma , Farajd Abdul Muthalib
Published: May 2017

Minimnya     perhatian     pemerintah     KabupatenSumenep menyebabkan angkutan perdesaan trayek Sumenep – Kalianget tidak berkembang sehingga peneliti mengkaji  dan    mengevaluasi  angkutan  perdesaan  dari segi  trayek,  sarana  maupun  prasarana  guna meningkatkan kualitas angkutan. Metode yang digunakan adalah  metode  deskriptif  kuantitatif.  Data  yang digunakan adalah data survey lapangan dan data dinas.Hasil  penelitian  menunjukkan  dari  75  angkutan yang beroperasi diantaranya 30 angkutan layak, 24 tidak layak, dan 21 tidak diketahui. Rute operasi angkutan adalah Pasar Anom Baru – Kalianget dan Pasar Bangkal– Kalianget. Angkutan tidak singgah di terminal Arya Wiraraja serta tidak ada  informasi  trayek. Hasil analisa kuesioner dari pelayanan keamanan 39,08% cukup memuaskan, 100% sopir tidak menggunakan tanda pengenal  dan  67,82% tidak  terdapat  informasi  trayek. Dari pelayanan keselamatan 44,83% cukup memuaskan,100% kondisi sopir sehat dan 97,70% sopir piawai mengemudikan  angkutan.  Dari  pelayanan  kenyamanan33,33% kurang nyaman, 41,38% sirkulasi udara dalam angkutan kurang baik, 35,63% angkutan kurang bersih, dan   88,51%   tempat   duduk   cukup   memadai.   Dari pelayanan keterjangkauan 58,62% tarif angkutan murah,35,63% cukup  mudah  menyetop  angkutan  dan  64,37% angkutan menjangkau tujuan. Berdasarkan hasil analisa yang telah dilakukan  maka  disimpulkan bahwa dari segi trayek rute angkutan perdesaan trayek Sumenep – Kalianget masih perlu dikembangkan untuk menjangkau semua  pusat  kegiatan  di  wilayah  Sumenep,  dari  segi sarana angkutan perdesaan trayek  Sumenep – Kalianget juga  belum    memenuhi    Standar  Pelayanan  Minimal (SPM) angkutan perdesaan dan harus dibenahi dari segi fisik, selain itu dari segi prasarana, terminal Arya Wiraraja tidak dimanfaatkan dengan maksimal.Kata kunci   :    Rute, Sarana, Prasarana
Implementasi Metode Mind Map untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Klasifikasi Anak Kelompok A di Paud Sekarwangi Desa Bangorejo Banyuwangi
Authors: Putu Indah Budyawati Luh
Published: May 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk untuk meningkatkan kemampuan klasifikasi anak kelompok A PAUD Sekarwangi Desa Bangorejo Banyuwangi melalui metode Mind Map dan untuk mendeskripsikan respon anak terhadap implementasinya. Metode yang yang diimplementasikan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Mind Map yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan klasifikasi anak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas. Objek penelitian ini, yaitu: Mind Map, kemampuan klasifikasi dan respon anak. Subjek penelitian ini berjumlah 18 orang yang terdiri dari 6 laki-laki dan 12 wanita. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis statistik deskriptif. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan kesimpulan sebagai berikut: (1) Implementasi Mind Map dapat meningkatkan kemampuan klasifikasi anak kelompok A PAUD Sekarwangi Desa Bangorejo Banyuwangi. Terjadi peningkatan kemampuan klasifikasi anak dari siklus I ke siklus II sebesar 11.76%. (2) Tanggapan anak kelompok A PAUD Sekarwangi Desa Bangorejo Banyuwangi terhadap implementasi Mind Map sangat positif. Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan wawancara anak menyatakan senang dengan kegiatan yang dirancang yakni implementasi Mind Map.
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PENILAIAN TECHNOLOGICAL PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE BERBASIS POTENSI TAMAN NASIONAL BALURAN PADA MATA KULIAH PENGAJARAN MIKRO UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SELF EFFICACY MAHASISWA
Authors: Oktavianingtyas Ervin , Susanto Susanto , Wahyu Rayendra , Anka M Lioni
Published: May 2017

Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) adalah merupakan pengetahuan tentang integrasi teknologi ke dalam pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan konten materi ajar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan instrumen penilaian Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK) untuk mengukur kemampuan TPCK calon guru. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian pengembangan (Establishment) dengan metode trial and revised ,yaitu a) uji tahap awal pada 5 mahasiswa FKIP Unej, b) uji tahap utama pada 20 mahasiswa FKIP Unej, c) uji tahap operasional pada mahasiswa Unej, UM, dan Unesa yang seluruhnya berjumlah 40 responden, d) penyempurnaan produk. Semua data hasil uji coba dianalisis menggunakan Rasch Model dengan aplikasi winstap, dengan hasil skor reliabilitas sebesar 0,79 mengindikasikan kualitas instrument memiliki reliabilitas cukup, Skor Person Reliability sebesar 0,91 menunjukkan responden memberikan konsistensi respon yang istimewa, dan skor reliabilitas alpha cronbach sebesar 0,92 berarti interaksi antara responden dengan butir soal bagus sekali. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa produk instrumen yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian layak digunakan untuk pengukuran kemampuan TPCK.
Examination of the Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Corporate Human Rights Accountability in South Africa
Authors: Osuntogun Abiodun Jacob
Published: May 2017

This article examines the existing statutory and institutional framework for corporate human rights accountability in South Africa. It considers the questions whether corporations are duty bearers and whether they have responsibilities or obligations to respect human rights and the mode of corporate governance model adopted to regulate them. It argues that although the Bill of Rights adequately provides for the culture and entrenchment of corporate accountability for human rights, the possibility of achieving its objective is not certain because there is a wide gap between the fulfilment of the vision of the Constitution and the mechanism adopted for its realisation.
Ethiopian Exceptionalism and the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission
Authors: Fry James D.
Published: May 2017

This article explores the reasons why Ethiopia relied on legal resolution with its territorial boundary dispute with Eritrea when it could have relied on its relative military power to dictate the terms and conditions of peace. It dismisses Ethiopia's familiarity with Western-style legal resolution and its relative lack of nationalism as potential explanations, instead focusing on Ethiopia's general sense of exceptionalism from its history as an African and global leader and as a respecter of international law, among other key factors. Ethiopia's example provides considerable hope that legal resolution can be used more frequently with politically sensitive disputes between states.
La protection juridique du milieu marin en droit algérien et la nécessité d'une coopération intermaghrébine
Authors: Kahloula Mohamed
Published: May 2017

En Algérie, la préoccupation officielle des pouvoirs publics à l'égard de la pollution marine est apparue pour la première fois avec la loi du 5 février 1983 relative à la protection de l'environnement. Depuis cette date, un important dispositif juridique été instauré pour parer, en principe, à toutes les éventualités de pollution de la mer. Cependant, l'expérience démontre que l'institution des règles juridiques de portée limitée ne peut suffire à aboutir à des résultats significatifs dans la lutte contre la pollution marine. La complexité du problème nécessite la mise au point d'un accord régional entre les pays de l'UMA. Cet accord définirait, à travers une coopération étroite entre les Etats maghrébins, les instruments à mettre en œuvre, individuellement et en commun, pour lutter contre la pollution de la Méditerranée.
Les chartes de l'environnement entre décentralisation et déconcentration, conception et mise en œuvre d'une politique publique de l'État
Authors: Le Louarn Patrick
Published: May 2017

Après la décentralisation, la relation contractuelle entre l'Etat et les collectivités territoriales devrait s'établir sur d'autres bases que celles d'un document sans valeur juridique, simple prétexte à l'octroi d'une aide à un projet local. Pour l'application du Plan national pour l'environnement (1990), ces chartes ont été proposées aux départements et aux grandes villes en 1992 par le ministère de l'Environnement. Elles sont l'illustration de ce nouveau rapport, véritablement contractuel, qui mène à la cogestion des politiques publiques entre l'Etat et les collectivités locales et qui permettrait de pallier l'excessive centralisation des politiques d'environnement. Mais il est finalement douteux que les chartes aillent au- delà d'un cofinancement contractualisé de projets inscrits sous la bannière de l'environnement, trop souvent réduit à la notion de cadre de vie, pour réellement s'attacher à la révision des politiques d'aménagement par les préoccupations d'environnement. La mise en place des procédures ne s'est pas faite et il semble que cette politique sera remplacée dans le cadre des lois Barnier et Pasqua.
Les nouvelles tendances du droit de l'environnement au Québec
Authors: Piette Jean
Published: May 2017

|Cet article présente l'évolution du droit de l'environnement au Québec en l'illustrant d'une jurisprudence récente. Cette évolution, qui atteste d'une volonté d'assurer une protection efficace de l'environnement, se manifeste aussi bien dans le domaine du droit civil que dans celui du droit pénal (ouverture des recours collectifs, responsabilité civile et pénale des dirigeants et chefs d'entreprise) et du droit administratif. On peut signaler notamment le renforcement des pouvoirs discrétionnaires du ministre de l'Environnement et de la Faune (projet de loi n° 61), renforcement qui pourrait occasionnellement s'exercer au détriment des libertés publiques.
L'ambivalence de la notion de déchet dans la jurisprudence de la C.J.C.E.
Authors: Picheral Caroline
Published: May 2017

La manière dont la Cour de Luxembourg appréhende les déchets, produits économiques de nature particulière au regard de leurs conséquences sur le milieu, éclaire particulièrement les rapports entre protection de l'environnement et principes du Marché intérieur en droit communautaire. Anticipant à l'occasion sur les textes, les arrêts marquent une affirmation des préoccupations écologiques, qu'ils aboutissent à une pondération de la dimension économique des déchets dans la jurisprudence relative aux mesures nationales de protection de l'environnement, ou qu'ils expriment la considération accrue de leur dimension environnementale dans le contentieux relatif aux mesures communautaires de sauvegarde du milieu.
Chronique de droit de l'eau - La loi Barnier et le droit de l'eau : des apports peu conséquents
Authors: Romi Raphaël
Published: May 2017

Is the "Barnier Act" overrated ? This question has to be asked after one reading of its main provisions : neither the principles nor the concepts of the Act are very innovative. This view is confirmed when one attempts to assess the impact of this law upon water legislation. Its amendments mainly deal with those provisions of the Rural Code which regulate, on the one hand, the maintenance of water courses and the management of water resources, and on the other, public services for the distribution of water. In the first category of amendments, the new provisions do nothing more than update the relevant texts. The second category of amendments are linked - somewhat fruitlessly- to the wider reform of public service delegation contracts which has been initiated, rather halfheartedly, by the Act on public markets and the delegation of public services (no 95-127) of 8 February 1995.
Consommation et environnement
Authors: Giraudel Catherine
Published: May 2017

Cette chronique consacrée aux produits alimentaires naturels et à la protection des consommateurs sera dorénavant étendue aux produits industriels. En effet, la protection de l'environnement concerne aujourd'hui le commerce des produits alimentaires transformés et des produits industriels tout autant que celui des produits alimentaires naturels. Une telle extension permet d'appréhender plus globalement la connexion entre droit de l'environnement et droit de la consommation.
Interactions between shape-persistent macromolecules as probed by AFM
Authors: Blass Johanna , Brunke Jessica , Emmerich Franziska , Przybylski Cédric , Garamus Vasil M , Feoktystov Artem , Bennewitz Roland , Wenz Gerhard , Albrecht Marcel
Published: May 2017

Water-soluble shape-persistent cyclodextrin (CD) polymers with amino-functionalized end groups were prepared starting from diacetylene-modified cyclodextrin monomers by a combined Glaser coupling/click chemistry approach. Structural perfection of the neutral CD polymers and inclusion complex formation with ditopic and monotopic guest molecules were proven by MALDI–TOF and UV–vis measurements. Small-angle neutron and X-ray (SANS/SAXS) scattering experiments confirm the stiffness of the polymer chains with an apparent contour length of about 130 Å. Surface modification of planar silicon wafers as well as AFM tips was realized by covalent bound formation between the terminal amino groups of the CD polymer and a reactive isothiocyanate–silane monolayer. Atomic force measurements of CD polymer decorated surfaces show enhanced supramolecular interaction energies which can be attributed to multiple inclusion complexes based on the rigidity of the polymer backbone and the regular configuration of the CD moieties. Depending on the geometrical configuration of attachment anisotropic adhesion characteristics of the polymer system can be distinguished between a peeling and a shearing mechanism.
Trajectoires résilientes et logiques d’espoir chez les enfants des rues en Haïti
Authors: Karray Amira , Joseph Nephtalie Eva , Cénat Jude-Mary , Derivois Daniel
Published: May 2017

Ce travail s’intéresse au parcours de résilience d’enfants des rues en Haïti. Ces enfants constituent une population à risque qui a été davantage fragilisée au niveau psychique, sanitaire et social, suite au tremblement de terre de janvier 2010. Dans le cadre d’une recherche ANR sur la résilience et le processus créateur chez les enfants et adolescents haïtiens victimes de catastrophes naturelles * , des ateliers de peinture ont été mis en place auprès d’un groupe d’enfants des rues. Animés par des peintres professionnels, une psychologue et une travailleuse sociale, ils ont été accompagnés d’entretiens. A travers une analyse transversale des entretiens (N = 21) et en appui sur les peintures de ces enfants, cet article met en évidence les caractéristiques des trajectoires de vie des enfants des rues et les tuteurs de résilience pour ces enfants dans le contexte post-séisme en Haïti. Ces résultats mettent en avant la place de la créativité dans le processus résilient ainsi que l’importance de l’identité groupale.
Ce que vivent les enfants des rues au Burundi
Authors: Ninahazimana Adrien
Published: May 2017

Cet article a pour objectif d’étudier le parcours et le vécu des enfants des rues au Burundi. Ces enfants, en interaction avec des enfants scolarisés vivant dans leurs familles et avec l’ensemble de la société, sont souvent perçus entre une image de victime et une image de déviant. Ils sont par ailleurs considérés comme des enfants héros choisissant la rue et ses conditions difficiles. Avant de trouver leurs « repères » dans la rue, ils passent par des phases différentes. Ce texte présente le parcours de ces enfants en mettant en évidence les mécanismes psychiques et d’adaptation en jeu, à travers trois phases illustrées par des témoignages (1) la familiarisation ; (2) l’expérimentation ; et (3) la maîtrise.
Rencontre avec les enfants en situations de rue de Tanger (Maroc) : d’une co-errance vers une cohérence
Authors: Laabi Nour
Published: May 2017

À travers une rencontre clinique, sur le terrain, auprès d’enfants en situations de rue de Tanger, nous avons souhaité comprendre qui sont ces jeunes et pourquoi ils ont élu domicile dans la rue. Cette présence sur le terrain nous a imposé de repenser constamment le cadre classique de la rencontre clinique et nous a ouvert la porte sur une pluridisciplinarité des apports théoriques. Le recours au contre transfert constitue également une donnée essentielle à cette rencontre. Nous sommes en effet confrontés à l’altérité apportée par l’autre et à celle dont nous sommes nous-même porteurs.
La transgression dans l’art : vers une esthétique de la spectralité (la Nymphe de Freud)
Authors: Kirchmayr Raoul
Published: May 2017

Interrogeant la figure de la Nymphe dans l’iconologie de l’historien de l’art Aby Warburg, cette contribution porte sur le statut ontologique et épistémologique du « spectre » dans le discours de l’esthétique contemporaine, entre psychanalyse et déconstruction. En convoquant, entre autres, les figures de Benjamin, Freud et Derrida, les éléments d’une théorie de la « spectralité » y sont également esquissés.
Violadores do jogo: Um diálogo entre Artur Barrio e Vilém Flusser
Authors: Pazetto Ferreira Debora , Luiz Salvaro Cleverson
Published: May 2017

O objetivo do artigo é analisar a obra “4 dias 4 noites”, do artista luso-carioca Artur Barrio, a partir do pensamento do filósofo Vilém Flusser. Entre a constelação de conceitos flusserianos relacionados à arte, há vários que lançam uma luz sobre a obra de Barrio: artista jogador, desterritorializador, transgressor das experiências e dos lugares, do produto artístico e da cultura, dos espaços estabelecidos e da programação social. A atuação de Barrio no meio artístico contemporâneo, subversiva em relação ao papel que a arte ocupa na sociedade, é percebida em ligação direta com a realidade socioeconômica da América Latina.
Todo se transforma: transferencia medial y precariedad en el arte chileno actual
Authors: Aguirre Lina X.
Published: May 2017

Este artículo analiza la transferencia, entendida como operaciones de transformación o de tránsito entre medios artísticos, en el arte chileno de las últimas décadas. La reflexión sobre esta práctica transgresora de las divisiones mediales tradicionales, se dirige hacia las tensiones y transformaciones que esta evidencia entre el poder representativo de los medios, la disponibilidad de tecnologías y la capacidad de intervención del arte en una sociedad marcada por la precariedad y la incertidumbre. Partiendo de la propuesta de Nicolás Bourriaud sobre el surgimiento, en la actualidad, de un régimen estético precario, propongo un recorrido que permite ver los matices de la transferencia desde los años 80, para luego detenerme en el trabajo de dos artistas emergentes actuales.
Estética e transgressão: da arte radical à arte radicante
Authors: Nascimento Fabbrini Ricardo
Published: May 2017

O artigo mostra que na arte relacional, na expressão de Nicolas Bourriaud, dos anos 1990 e 2000, é visível a tentativa de embaralhar arte e vida, o que a remete ao imaginário das vanguardas artísticas do século XX. Procura, contudo, distinguir o projeto moderno de superação da relação entre arte e vida da proposta de “arte colaborativa”, que tomamos como sintoma da arte contemporânea e cujo propósito seria se aproximar do mundo da vida. Seu objetivo é assim examinar se essas “práticas colaborativas e interdisciplinares” articulam os elementos do presente no gesto estético ou na forma artística, de modo a relacionar metáfora, estética e política, ou se essas práticas, ao contrário, atestam a neutralização da poética e o desvanecimento da política. Para tanto indagamos, a partir de Jean Galard, se esses espaços substitutivos podem funcionar efetivamente como elementos de recomposição dos espaços políticos, ou se eles correm o risco de assumirem a função de seus substitutos paródicos. Ou seja, se na tentativa de suprir a ausência de políticas sociais, o que teríamos nos espaços de arte relacional é uma sociabilidade glamourizada, fictícia - um simulacro da sociabilidade dita real que é fundada na imprevisibilidade e nos conflitos.
Trasgrediendo los géneros. Activismos, performances y contracultura en la Buenos Aires de la posdictadura
Authors: Rosa María Laura
Published: May 2017

En el presente artículo analizaremos la operación subversiva tanto en el ámbito discursivo como en el corporal realizada por artistas como Ilse Fusková, Liliana Maresca y Batato Barea en la temprana posdictadura argentina. Sus propuestas trasgresoras nos llevan a reflexionar sobre la existencia de artistas que cuestionaron radicalmente la heteronormatividad, viviendo sus propios cuerpos como un territorio de experiencias políticas, las que inscribieron un legado para nuestro presente.
El Caribe y su más allá: el paisaje en la poesía de las Antillas de habla inglesa y el caso de No Language is Neutral de Dionne Brand
Authors: Galettini Azucena
Published: May 2017

La categoría paisaje es de vital importancia en la poesía del Caribe de habla inglesa pues es posible trazar un paralelismo entre la progresión de las diferentes corrientes literarias y los cambios de éstas en su cosmovisión del paisaje. En el presente artículo se explora esa evolución para luego detenerse en el caso específico de No Language is Neutral de la autora trinitense Dionne Brand como representante de la generación actual de poetas que producen fuera del territorio antillano. En ese poemario se evidencia la búsqueda de esta generación de escapar los binarismos que se han establecido como canon de la crítica caribeñistas con respecto a la preeminencia de la conciencia diaspórica por sobre una literatura anclada territorialmente.
Unions of chains of subgroups of a topologucal group
Authors: Torres Falcón Yolanda
Published: May 2017

We consider the following problem: If a topological group G is the union of an increasing chain of subgroups and certain cardinal invariants of the subgroups in the chain are known, what can be said about G? We prove that if the index of boundedness of each subgroup is strictly less than λ for some infinite cardinal λ, then the index of boundedness of G is at most λ. We also prove that if both the index of boundedness and the pseudocharacter of each subgroup in the chain are at most λ and G is countably compact, then │G│≤2 λ. Finally, we show that the last assertion is not valid in general, not even for pseudocompact groups.
On topological sequence entropy of circle maps
Authors: Cánovas José E.
Published: May 2017

We classify completely continuous circle maps from the point of view of topological sequence entropy. This improves a result of Roman Hric.
Common fixed point theorems for a countable family of fuzzy mappings
Authors: Vidal Anna
Published: May 2017

In this paper we prove fixed point theorems for countable families of fuzzy mappings satisfying contractive-type conditions and a rational inequality in left K-sequentially complete quasi-pseudo-metric spaces. These results generalize the corresponding ones obtained by others authors.
Some results on best proximity pair theorems
Authors: Srinivasan P.S. , Veeramani P.
Published: May 2017

Best proximity pair theorems are considered to expound the sufficient conditions that ensure the existence of an element xo ϵ A, such that

d(xo; T xo) = d(A;B)

where T : A  2B is a multifunction defined on suitable subsets A and B of a normed linear space E. The purpose of this paper is to obtain best proximity pair theorems directly without using any multivalued fixed point theorem. In fact, the well known Kakutani's fixed point theorem is obtained as a corollary to the main result of this paper.
Duality and quasi-normability for complexity spaces
Authors: Romaguera Salvador , Schellekens M.P.
Published: May 2017

The complexity (quasi-metric) space was introduced in [23] to study complexity analysis of programs. Recently, it was introduced in [22] the dual complexity (quasi-metric) space, as a subspace of the function space [0,) ω. Several quasi-metric properties of the complexity space were obtained via the analysis of its dual.

We here show that the structure of a quasi-normed semilinear space provides a suitable setting to carry out an analysis of the dual complexity space. We show that if (E,) is a biBanach space (i.e., a quasi-normed space whose induced quasi-metric is bicomplete), then the function space (B*E, B* ) is biBanach, where B*E = {f :   E  Σ∞n=0 2-n( V ) }  and B* = Σ∞n=0 2-n We deduce that the dual complexity space admits a structure of quasinormed semlinear space such that the induced quasi-metric space is order-convex, upper weightable and Smyth complete, not only in the case that this dual is a subspace of [0,)ω but also in the general case that it is a subspace of Fω where F is any biBanach normweightable space. We also prove that for a large class of dual complexity (sub)spaces, lower boundedness implies total boundedness. Finally, we investigate completeness of the quasi-metric of uniform convergence and of the Hausdorff quasi-pseudo-metric for the dual complexity space, in the context of function spaces and hyperspaces, respectively.
The quasitopos hull of the construct of closure spaces
Authors: Claes Veerle , Sonck G.
Published: May 2017

In the list of convenience properties for topological constructs the property of being a quasitopos is one of the most interesting ones for investigations in function spaces, differential calculus, functional analysis, homotopy theory, etc. The topological construct Cls of closure spaces and continuous maps is not a quasitopos. In this article we give an explicit description of the quasitopos topological hull of Cls using a method of F. Schwarz: we first describe the extensional topological hull of Cls and of this hull we construct the cartesian closed topological hull.
On classes of T0 spaces admitting completions
Authors: Giuli Eraldo
Published: May 2017

For a given class X of T0 spaces the existence of a subclass C, having the same properties that the class of complete metric spaces has in the class of all metric spaces and non-expansive maps, is investigated. A positive example is the class of all T0 spaces, with C the class of sober T0 spaces, and a negative example is the class of Tychonoff spaces. We prove that X has the previous property (i.e., admits completions) whenever it is the class of T0 spaces of an hereditary coreflective subcategory of a suitable supercategory of the category Top of topological spaces. Two classes of examples are provided.
A better framework for first countable spaces
Authors: Preuss Gerhard
Published: May 2017

In the realm of semiuniform convergence spaces first countability is divisible and leads to a well-behaved topological construct with natural function spaces and one-point extensions such that countable products of quotients are quotients. Every semiuniform convergence space (e.g. symmetric topological space, uniform space, filter space, etc.) has an underlying first countable space. Several applications of first countability in a broader context than the usual one of topological spaces are studied.
Five different proofs of extraresolvability of countable totally bounded groups
Authors: Artico Giuliano , Malykhin Viatcheslav I. , Marconi Umberto
Published: May 2017

We give different proofs of extraresolvability for countably in finite topological spaces and in particular for totally bounded groups.
Bombay hypertopologies
Authors: Di Maio Giuseppe , Meccariello Enrico , Naimpally Somashekhar
Published: May 2017

Recently it was shown that, in a metric space, the upper Wijsman convergence can be topologized with the introduction of a new far-miss topology. The resulting Wijsman topology is a mixture of the ball topology and the proximal ball topology. It leads easily to the generalized or g-Wijsman topology on the hyperspace of any topological space with a compatible LO-proximity and a cobase (i.e. a family of closed subsets which is closed under finite unions and which contains all singletons). Further generalization involving a topological space with two compatible LO-proximities and a cobase results in a new hypertopology which we call the Bombay topology. The generalized locally finite Bombay topology includes the known hypertopologies as special cases and moreover it gives birth to many new hypertopologies. We show how it facilitates comparison of any two hypertopologies by proving one simple result of which most of the existing results are easy consequences.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Smith Jackie , Bair Jennifer , Byrd Scott , Schroering Caitlin
Published: May 2017

Winter 2017 Issue
Charting New Territory: Global Unions and Governance Struggles
Authors: Swider Sarah
Published: May 2017

N/A
Western Faculty Profile: Dr. Robert Hudson
Authors: Vinokurtseva Anastasiya
Published: May 2017

Dr. Robert Hudson is a Professor of Chemistry, cross-appointed to Biochemistry. He has been at Western for 19 years, coming here from what he calls “the usual path”. Professor Hudson completed his postdoctoral research at California Institute of Technology in the lab of Professor Peter Dervan “one of the giants of bioorganic chemistry”, where he was for just over two years. Prior to that he completed his undergraduate education, Master’s and PhD at the University of Toronto. His free time is devoted to family, martial arts (something he has been doing for over twenty years), and travelling.
APARELHOS ENERGETICAMENTE EFICIENTES – UM FOCO NA ILUMINAÇÃO RESIDENCIAL
Authors: Borges Débora Adiane , Sarmento Antover Panazzolo , Bernardes de Carvalho Gabriel
Published: May 2017

RESUMO: Um dos métodos usados para se alcançar a eficiência energética é o uso de aparelhos energeticamente eficientes. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência energética e a viabilidade da troca de lâmpadas fluorescentes por lâmpadas de LED em uma residência projetada para a cidade de Catalão-GO. O método da pesquisa foi composto por três etapas: i) uma pesquisa de mercado, ii) elaboração de dois projetos luminotécnicos com lâmpadas de LED e fluorescentes baseado no método dos lúmens para uma casa-piloto da cidade de Catalão, iii) análise dos resultados com elaboração de tabelas que apresentaram a relação custo-benefício dessas lâmpadas e o impacto ambiental avaliado pela emissão de CO2. Ressalta-se que não houve comparações com lâmpadas incandescentes por estar previsto que as mesmas deixarão completamente o mercado em 2017. Constatou-se que é viável a troca das lâmpadas fluorescente pelas de LED, pois embora tenham um custo inicial para aquisição mais alto, elas compensam esse valor através da economia de energia e alta durabilidade; além de reduzirem significativamente a emissão de CO2. Logo, o trabalho contribui inserindo uma maneira simples de garantir eficiência energética e que beneficia o próprio usuário.

ABSTRACT: One of the methods used to achieve energy efficiency is the use of energy efficient appliances. This study aims to evaluate energy efficiency and the viability of exchanging fluorescent lamps with LED lamps in a residence projected for the city of Catalão, Goiás - Brazil. The research method consisted of three stages: i) market research, ii) development of two lighting projects with LED and fluorescent lamps based on the Lumen Method for a pilot house in Catalan, iii) analysis of results drafting tables that showed the cost-benefit of these lamps and the environmental impact by CO2 emissions. It is noteworthy that not compared with incandescent light bulbs to be expected that they completely leave the market in 2017. It was found that it is feasible to exchange the fluorescent lamps with LED as these have a higher initial cost to purchase, but compensate this value through energy savings and high durability and significantly reduce CO2 emissions. Soon, the work contributes inserting a simple way to contribute to energy efficiency and that benefits the user himself.
Editorial No.36
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2017

Realidad y Reflexión Año 12, N° 36, Septiembre-Diciembre 2012: 3-4
La Historia Constitucional de la Integración Centroamericana. Un estudio desde el Derecho Comparado
Authors: Castillo Amaya Lidia Patricia
Published: May 2017

Basado en la premisa teórica que concibe los procesos de formación del Estado y de Nación como procesos de "longue dureé" y que hemos extrapolado al proceso de integración de Centroamérica, y aplicando las categorías metodológicas del Derecho Público Comparado, en especial la Teoría de los Formantes Jurídicos, este trabajo presenta la reconstrucción diacrónica del formante doctrinal del ordenamiento jurídico del Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA), acompañado del análisis de los conceptos histórico-políticos y singulares colectivos en relación con la realidad histórico-social centroamericana, a partir de la obras histórico-jurídicas que contienen estudios de sistematización de la doctrina constitucional centroamericana y sus correlativos esfuerzos de integración regional en un periodo que va del 1800 al 1920. El objetivo principal es presentar la evolución del formante doctrinario en su etapa inicial y de explicar su relación con la historia constitucional de la integración centroamericana y el ideal unionista, que aún hoy se refleja en los textos de algunas Constituciones de los países centroamericanos.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 12, N° 36, Septiembre-Diciembre 2012: 69-96 

 
La Ley de Modernización de la Inocuidad de Alimentos de la FDA: Énfasis en la Prevención para la Industria de Alimentos Salvadoreña.
Authors: Urquilla de Castaneda Alicia
Published: May 2017

Este artículo se refiere a la propuesta de Ley que la FDA ha realizado a través de FSMA (Food Safety Modernization Act), en la cual se pretende brindar los últimos cambios respecto a esta Ley, con el objetivo de implementar acciones y fortalecer el conocimiento de la industria salvadoreña que exporta sus productos al mercado de los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, ofrecer los resultados sobre los rechazos que sufren los productos de las empresas salvadoreñas al llegar a las aduanas de los EEUU, para los meses de noviembre y diciembre del año 2012, detectar cuáles son las causas de estas detenciones en el periodo mencionado y de esta manera ir monitoreando en qué áreas se necesita apoyar a la industria de alimentos y bebidas de El Salvador por parte del sector académico y ocasionar, que tanto el sector público como el privado puedan generar propuestas de acción para este fin.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 12, N° 36, Septiembre-Diciembre 2012: 97-111
La niñez frente a su comunidad
Authors: Gómez Trejos Iván
Published: May 2017

Una investigación que muestra la percepción de un grupo de niños y niñas de primaria sobre el entorno de su comunidad, plasmado en un dibujo. La expresión por excelencia de un niño es el dibujo. Una manifestación plasmada en el ser humano. El origen de todo, el hombre trazó lo que veía y sentía a través de su concepto más primitivo, pero más significativo. El Instituto de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, ICTI, de la Universidad Francisco Gavidia vuelve a las bases para conocer la mente de un grupo de cincuenta niños, frente a su vivencia cotidiana. Su hogar y su entorno.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 16, N° 44, Julio-Diciembre 2016: 17-28
La educación superior en Santa Ana: una aproximación a su oferta académica
Authors: López David E.
Published: May 2017

La oferta académica de las universidades de Santa Ana es altamente conservadora y tradicional. El predominio lo tienen las carreras en el área de economía (17), Ciencias de la Educación (15 licenciaturas, 11 profesorados y dos maestrías), Ingenierías (15) y Ciencias Jurídicas (5), si bien no todas las instituciones ofrecen estas profesiones.
Hay poca innovación en la oferta académica, pero existen atisbos en algunas de ellas que indican afán de querer renovarse y estar a la altura de las exigencias de la sociedad globalizada y posmoderna, así como de las demandas de la realidad socioeconómica del país y de su entorno natural. Así, empiezan a emerger carreras que tienen como enfoque el turismo y el desarrollo local (UFG y UNICAES) y la economía globalizada (UES, UNICAES y UFG), además de la geofísica (UES). De esta manera, tres instituciones hacen grandes esfuerzos por renovar su oferta y romper el conservatismo educativo, si bien no logran superar la idea de que la universidad es una institución formadora de profesionales.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 16, N° 44, Julio-Diciembre 2016: 60-81
The Role of Sistani People in the Uprising of IbnAsh’at against Umayyad Caliphate System (80-85 A.H.)
Authors: Pordeli Mohammad Reza , Sanchooli Doostali , Mollashahi Maryam , Abvysany Malihe
Published: May 2017

Encountering Muslim Arabs and Islam in the first hegira century, Sistani people showed two kinds of reaction. Many of them did not resist Islam and its divine teachings and gradually converted to this new religion; however, they stood up to the racist and oppressive dominance of Umayyad family and whenever they got an opportunity, they expressed their hatred towards them by joining anti-Umayyad uprisings. Abdolrahmanibn Mohammad ibnAsh’at was one of the anti-Umayyad uprisings. Many of Sistani people took part in this uprising. In the present study, the descriptive—analytical research method has been used and with the help of library sources, the role of Sistani people in the uprising of ibnAsh’at against the Umayyad caliphate system has been reviewed. Due to dissatisfaction of Sistani people with the oppressive Umayyad governance, Khawarij’s anti-Umayyad propaganda in Sistan region, exponential financial and bodily costs resulting from successive wars of the Umayyad governors in eastern borders with the governance of Ratabilan, the essential substrate was built for Sistani people to join ibnAsh’at’s anti-Umayyad uprising. Although this uprising failed, but it weakened the pillars of the Umayyad governance and it proceeded to the extent that Umayyad family was on the verge of being falling and it also paved the way for the anti-Umayyad uprisings subsequent to it.
Role of non-collagenous proteins in dentinee formation and mineralization. Part I. SLRP proteoglycans in dentineogenesis
Authors: Klimaszewska Anna , Ordyniec-Kwasica Iwona , Maciejewska Izabela
Published: May 2017

An early stage of dentine formation and its later appropriate mineralization require the deposition of collagen type I and subsequent deposition of multiple non-collagenous proteins. The most critical non-collagenous proteins for dentineogenesis belong to two families, the Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (SLRP) and the Small Integrin-Binding Ligands (SIBLING). The threepart manuscript summarizes current knowledge of the molecular mechanism of dentineogenesis. It argues the confirmed but also speculative theses about the function of non-collagenous proteins and their potential role in the formation of sclerotic dentine. In the opinion of the authors this may play a key role in the planning of prosthetic treatment. Considering the current knowledge of dentine a number of opponents speculate that long-lasting teeth grinding and clenching might modify the level of expression of the non-collagenous proteins in dentine, and thus invalidate or impair further prosthetic treatment. The first part of the manuscript contains a short introduction to dentine formation and roles of the SLRP family proteoglycans in the process of�dentineogenesis. The emphasis has been put on two proteoglycans: decorin and biglycan and their ability to interfere with the process of spatial orientation of the collagenous fibres in dentine.
FROM THE BLOOD- BRAIN BARRIER TO BEHAVIOR
Authors: Bivona Giulia , Sasso Bruna  Lo , Agnello Luisa , Ciaccio Marcello
Published: May 2017

Research in the field of neuropsychoimmunology has enabled the researchers to show that cytokines target the brain to organize a "sickness response," which is fever, activation of hypothalamuspituitary- adrenal axis and behavioural alterations that develop in sick individuals. perypheral cytokines do not act directly on the brain; they trigger the production of cytokines in the brain parenchima itself, with a possible relay at the interface between internal milieeu and the brain, which are endothelial cells and circumven- tricular organs.
The affective and behavioural changes that develop during in- fluenza are the product of a transient brain inflammatory response induced by the same proinflammatory cytokines that are produced in the bronchial tree. the cytokine pattern is distal to this phenomenon while the receptor molecules that decipher the molecular nature of microbial pathogens (pathogens associated molecular patterns PAMPs) at the membrane level of cells is a proximal factor. PAMPs are recognized by specialized receptors on innate immune cells that belong to the TOLL/IL-1 like recep-tor family. these receptors are phylogenetically old. the brain uses these receptors to defend itself against something different (several forms of brain injury that have nothing to do with infec- tious pathogens) from infectious pathogens. Assuming that the factors that activate these receptors involve endogenous substances derived by cell death (cell death by-products) is the concept at the origin of the danger theory.
Evidence in favor of a citokines role in mediating mood disorders and cognitive disturbances in patients receiving cytokine immunotherapy is fast growing. (capuron e dantzer 2003) Several items of data support the role for cytokines in mediating a variety of non - specific symptoms that develop in patients suffering from disea- ses with an inflammatory component (cad, immunorheumatolic, neuropathologies (Cleeland 2003, Eikelenboom 2002, Gidron 2002, Kiecolt-Glaser and glaser 2002). These non-specific neurovegetative and psychiatric symptoms represent just another facet of the ingflammatory process and they are not necessarily derived from a direct cause-effect chain.
STIMULATION OF DEVELOPMENT AMONG BILINGUAL CHILDREN. THE KRAKOW METHOD
Authors: Cieszyńska-Rożek Jagoda
Published: May 2017

The necessity to stimulate the development of one’s ethnic language amongst the children of immigrants has its causes in two factors: firstly, the generation of children brought up in a world of advanced technology develop their relations with the world, people and language differently; secondly, the time of being immersed in an ethnic language dramatically shortens as a result of changes in parents’ work systems. The author draws attention to the need to stimulate speech development in bilingual children and presents the Cracow method as developed: an aural programme, articulation gestures, language programming, events diaries. Simultaneous-Sequential Method of Learning to Read®. Recordings for the aural programme were made in accordance with the principle of time extension so that the child would have the optimum chance to differentiate vowels. The aim of using articulation gestures is to make aware the place and/or the means of vowel articulation as well as to aid the processes of attention and memory through an awareness of the movement of one’s own hand. Language programming is a technique of shaping the beginnings of language communication based on a vocabulary, grammatical, syntactic paradigm. Events diaries are a technique combining direct communication and cognitive approaches in the use of vocabulary and grammatical rules. The form of noting down events and utterances in a diary allows the child to fulfil the role of the interlocutor and recipient, equally at the initial stage of using a language system. In the situation of bilingualism justified is an early acquaintance with written language, which to a noticeable degree makes the construction of a linguistic system easier. When reading out syllables children stop controlling their own speech, and quickly learn correct articulation. Through reading, the language learner masters the most effectively its realisation in accordance with norms. Learning to read early gives huge possibilities in the development of a child’s intellect. Through independent reading not only is the language system developed but imagination and creative thinking are stimulated.
A Legal Perspective on Oslo
Authors: Whitbeck John V.
Published: May 2017

On August 13, 1993, it was announced that secret Israeli–Palestinian negotiations, facilitated by the government of Norway, had produced the agreement which, exactly one month later, was signed between the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the “Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements” (DOP). This chapter presents the author's account of his role in post-DOP negotiations, which involved serving as a legal advisor to the Palestinian negotiating team during the final week of the negotiations in Cairo, which produced the first post-DOP implementing agreement, the Gaza/Jericho Withdrawal Agreement, signed on May 4, 1994.
Out of the Ashes of Oslo: The Rise of Islamism and the Fall of Favoritism
Authors: Yousef Ahmed
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the failure of the Oslo Accords and the rise of Islamism. The implementation of the Oslo Accords, or lack thereof, provided the greatest platform for the strengthening of Palestinian opposition groups in the Occupied Territories, at the same time weakening the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Islamism in particular grew rapidly in the years that followed the 1993 signing. Organized political and militant Islamist groups first emerged in the early days of the first Intifada, which began in 1987. It was not until six years later, however, that they overshadowed the PLO in Palestinians' minds as the carriers of the torch of resistance. Thirteen years later that shift in allegiance was evident when Hamas, the Islamic Resistance Movement, won national legislative elections in 2006.
Hamas in Transition: The Failure of Sanctions
Authors: Hovdenak Are
Published: May 2017

Acknowledging the prevalent interrelationship between domestic democratization efforts and external conflict, this chapter discusses the nature of the political transformation process that Hamas has undergone regarding, first, participation in Palestinian national elections and, second, regarding the issue of negotiations and compromise with Israel. Finally, it explores how the massive European and international pressure on Hamas for unconditional concessions toward Israel has affected the internal political dynamics of the movement. The underlying key question is whether the EU's failure to respond positively to the chain of conciliatory steps undertaken by Hamas in effect hampered the transformation process toward political moderation that was set in motion by Hamas' parliamentary participation. In other words, has the confrontational policy of the EU nurtured or quelled the potential for further moderation of Hamas policies?