bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tyranny of the Countryside
Authors: Green F. E.
Published: October 2011

Frederick Ernest Green (1867–1922) was a writer who specialised in recording the daily lives of farmers and agricultural workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This volume, first published in 1913, contains Green's description of the poverty and other problems faced by contemporary agricultural workers. Using his first-hand experiences as a member of a rural Surrey parish council, Green discusses in detail many aspects of the lives of agricultural workers. He explains the power that farmers exerted over their labourers through providing both employment and housing, and explores the nepotism that existed in rural local government. Through his descriptions of rural villages and rural labourers' daily lives, Green demonstrates the depressed conditions and lack of social mobility which existed in rural Britain at the time of publication and examines the causes of this, providing valuable information for the study of changes in rural societies.
Justice in International Law
Authors: Schwebel Stephen M.
Published: October 2011

Since 1947, Stephen M. Schwebel has written some 200 articles and book reviews on topics of international law, international arbitration and international relations. This volume brings together thirty-two of the legal articles and commentaries written since the first volume of his essays was published in 1994. The essays analyze contentious issues of international arbitration and international law such as the place of preparatory work in interpreting treaties, the role of a judge of the nationality of a party to a case sitting in judgment in the International Court of Justice, and the meaning of the term 'investment' in ICSID jurisprudence. Together with his unofficial writings, his judicial opinions are catalogued in the list of publications with which this volume concludes.
Biographia Navalis
Authors: Charnock John
Published: October 2011

John Charnock (1756–1807) was a professional naval biographer and historian. After completing his studies at Trinity College, Oxford, he joined the Navy as a volunteer and began to research historical and contemporary naval affairs. This six-volume work, first published between 1794 and 1798, contains biographies of over two thousand post-captains and admirals who served in the Navy between 1660 and 1793. Charnock researched this monumental project using collections of historical naval biographies made available by his friend Captain William Locker, lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hospital. He also drew on his own experiences and his contacts among serving officers to provide valuable insights into contemporary events. However, his sometimes uncritical approach to sources means his work is best consulted together with other evidence. The biographies are arranged by year of first appointment, and alphabetically within each year. Volume 2 contains biographies of officers appointed between 1674 and 1692.
Complicity and the Law of State Responsibility
Authors: Aust Helmut Philipp
Published: October 2011

This systematic analysis of State complicity in international law focuses on the rules of State responsibility. Combining a theoretical perspective on complicity based on the concept of the international rule of law with a thorough analysis of international practice, Helmut Philipp Aust establishes what forms of support for wrongful conduct entail responsibility of complicit States and sheds light on the consequences of complicity in terms of reparation and implementation. Furthermore, he highlights how international law provides for varying degrees of responsibility in cases of complicity, depending on whether peremptory norms have been violated or special subject areas such as the law of collective security are involved. The book shows that the concept of State complicity is firmly grounded in international law, and that the international rule of law may serve as a conceptual paradigm for today's international legal order.
Latin Hexameter Verse
Authors: Winbolt S. E.
Published: October 2011

Samuel Edward Winbolt (1868–1944) spent his entire working life from 1892 to 1926 teaching classics at his old school, Christ's Hospital. In his later years, he was best known for his work on Romano-British history and archaeology; but Latin Hexameter Verse, published in 1903, is the book by which he deserves to be remembered and which has earned him his place in the history of classical scholarship. Its subtitle and its stated aim of offering 'help to fifth and sixth forms, and undergraduates at universities' belie its true and continuing importance. Winbolt's detailed, sensitive and copiously illustrated analysis of the technique of Latin verse-writing still provides the most accessible and illuminating guide to a just appreciation of the craftsmanship which went to the formation of the Latin hexameter, ' the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man'.
A Magician among the Spirits
Authors: Houdini Harry
Published: October 2011

Harry Houdini (1874–1926), whose real name was Erik Weisz, was one of the most famous magicians and escapologists of all time. He was highly sceptical of the many claims made concerning psychic and paranormal phenomena, which were very popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He attended hundreds of séances for the purposes of his study, and never experienced one he believed genuine. In this book, published in 1924, he described the mediums and psychics whom he revealed as fraudulent, exposing the tricks which had convinced many notable scientists and academics. These included spirit writing, table rapping, spirit manifestations, and levitation. Among those he revealed as frauds was the famous medium Mina Crandon, and his exposures led to a public split with his former friend Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, a firm believer. The book is a fascinating account of superstition and gullibility.
Considerations on Volcanos
Authors: Scrope George Poulett
Published: October 2011

George Julius Poulett Scrope (1797–1876) published Considerations on Volcanos in 1825. The work contains the results of his observations of volcanos in the volcanic regions of central France, Italy and Germany. It includes scientific descriptions of all volcanos in these areas, with each categorised according to its level of activity, main characteristics and geological history. Scope's work was one of the first attempts at a comprehensive theory of volcanic action and an understanding of the significance of volcanos as evidence for the earth's history. Scrope argued that volcanos should be studied in terms of known geological processes, and that 'non-catastrophic' causes should be considered to explain their formation. He argued that a gradual cooling of the earth was key to the formation of volcanos. This is a major work of nineteenth-century geology that sets out many of the principles still followed in vulcanology.
Life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: October 2011

Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871) was an influential Scottish geologist best known for his classification of Palaeozoic rocks into the Silurian system. After early military experience in the Peninsular War, he resigned his commission; a chance meeting with Sir Humphrey Davy led him subsequently to pursue a scientific career. The Silurian System, published in 1839, was a highly influential study, which established the oldest contemporary classification of fossil-bearing strata. Murchison was appointed President of the Royal Geographical Society in 1843. These volumes, first published in 1875, use information taken from Murchison's private journals and correspondence. Archibald Geikie (1835–1924) provides a detailed account of his mentor's life and work in the context of geology as a developing science in the early nineteenth century, and provides a fascinating insight into the life and work of this eminent Victorian geologist. Volume 1 describes Murchison's early life and geological studies until 1842.
Theosophy
Authors: Steiner Rudolf
Published: October 2011

Austrian philosopher, playwright, and artist Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) is perhaps best known as an educational philosopher and reformer, the founder of Steiner (or Waldorf) schools located around the world. These schools' philosophy represents the priorities Steiner discusses in Theosophy: the development of body, soul, and spirit. Goethe was an important influence on Steiner, and he edited the poet's scientific works (1889–1896). Steiner was an active member and leader of the German branch of Madame Blavatsky's Theosophical Society, eventually broke away from theosophy, as he developed his own spiritual philosophy termed 'anthroposophy'; this philosophical movement asserted the potential of realizing a spiritual reality through cognition. This 1910 translation by Elizabeth Douglas Shields is of the book's third German edition; it was first published in 1904. This work will be of particular interest to historians of philosophy, of spiritual movements and of education.
Outline of Occult Science
Authors: Steiner Rudolf
Published: October 2011

Austrian philosopher, playwright, and artist Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) is perhaps best known as an educational philosopher and reformer, the founder of Steiner (or Waldorf) schools located around the world. Steiner was an active member and leader of the German branch of Madame Blavatsky's Theosophical Society before forming his own Anthroposophical Society. His engagement with the occult stems from his work in theosophy and anthroposophy, philosophies invested in reaching and understanding the 'supersensible' world that relies on a cultivation of body, spirit, and soul. This anonymous translation of the fourth German edition was published by the Theosophical Publishing Society in 1914; the first edition was published in Germany in 1909. Steiner asserts in this work the necessary and intrinsic connection between what is possible through cognition with the power of the soul and the spirit. It will be of interest to scholars of spiritual philosophy, spiritual movements, and social psychology.
Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: October 2011

First published in 1886, this comprehensive analysis of nineteenth-century spiritual experiments questions our long tradition of encounters with the supernatural, and why it appeared to have declined in influence in the writer's era. Maudsley (1835–1918), a medical psychologist and pioneer psychiatrist, sets out to bring such alleged spiritual phenomena under scientific investigation. Emphasising the natural defects and errors of human observation and reasoning, as well as the prolific activity of the imagination, this inquiry into the causes of belief in the supernatural suggests that much of it can be explained though hallucination, mania, and delusion. The book is divided into three parts: the first section concentrates on the causes of fallacies in the sound mind, while the second considers unsound mental action. The focus of part three is theopneusticism, or the attainment of supernatural knowledge by divine inspiration. This second edition appeared in 1887.
Gender, Honor, and Charity in Late Renaissance Florence
Authors: Gavitt Philip
Published: October 2011

This book examines the important social role of charitable institutions for women and children in late Renaissance Florence. Wars, social unrest, disease and growing economic inequality on the Italian peninsula displaced hundreds of thousands of families during this period. In order to handle the social crises generated by war, competition for social position and the abandonment of children, a series of private and public initiatives expanded existing charitable institutions and founded new ones. Philip Gavitt's research reveals the important role played by lineage ideology among Florence's elites in the use and manipulation of these charitable institutions in the often futile pursuit of economic and social stability. Considering families of all social levels, he argues that the pursuit of family wealth and prestige often worked at cross-purposes with the survival of the very families it was supposed to preserve.
Iamblichus on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians
Authors: Iamblichus
Published: October 2011

This translation from the Greek by Thomas Taylor (1758–1835) was first published in 1821. Taylor's early writings and translations into English influenced such romantic poets as Blake, Coleridge and Keats. Iamblichus is thought to have been born in Syria in the middle of the third century and is regarded as one of the great Neoplatonist philosophers. He founded a school in which he taught 'white magic' or 'theurgy'; he sought to uncover the invisible side of nature and to give Man the means to effect the union of the divine spark with its parent-flame within him. In this work, divided into ten sections, he gives a complete canon of pagan religious thought and belief and explains their background. The Neoplatonist Porphyry's Letter to Anebo, in which he criticises religious rituals and practices, and Iamblichus' response to this criticism, and defence of these traditions, are included.
Travels in the Mogul Empire
Authors: Bernier François
Published: October 2011

The first English version of Bernier's 1670 work since its initial translation from the French in 1672, Irving Brock's 1826 edition vastly improved his predecessor's work. François Bernier (1625?–1688) trained as a physician at Montpellier and left France for Syria in 1654, travelling to Egypt and finally to India ('Hindustan'), where he spent twelve years as the court physician to the Great Mogul Aurangzeb. Celebrated and influential, his Travels shaped European opinions and knowledge of India. Brock provides a biography in his preface to Volume 1, where he also outlines the volumes' contents. Volume 1 narrates civil war, describes the government and finances of the court, and the army, and closes with detailed descriptions of Delhi and Agra. Including Brock's many interventions to relate the narrative to imperial Britain, this work will be of interest to scholars of post-colonialism, of early modern travel and of Asian and European encounters.
Report on the Territories Conquered from the Paishwa
Authors: Elphinstone Mountstuart
Published: October 2011

Mountstuart Elphinstone (1779–1859) was a colonial official who spent his career in India, eventually becoming governor of Bombay in 1819. Before that he was resident in Poona (Pune) during the final days of the Maratha empire. He was fluent in Persian and took an interest in the culture of the region. This report, however, published in 1821, is a political work. The report describes the western Indian territory that the British had acquired by 1818, and Elphinstone provides a geographical overview of the area and the people who lived there. He then gives a brief sketch of Maratha history before moving on to the crux of the work: how to administer the territory, with the question of how to raise more revenue being of especial importance. This report provides a first-hand example of the inner workings of the British Empire in India.
Naturgeschichte der Vulcane und der Damit in Verbindung Stehenden Erscheinungen
Authors: Landgrebe Georg
Published: October 2011

This two-volume natural history of volcanoes and volcanic phenomena was first published in Germany in 1855 by the chemist and mineralogist Georg Landgrebe (1802–1872), and was intended for scientifically literate enthusiasts rather than for specialists. The book begins with a review of contemporary work on volcanoes, explaining the theories of Leopold von Buch and the lively international debates they had generated among scholars including Charles Lyell, George Poulett Scrope and Charles Daubeny (also reissued in this series). Volume 1 lists the world's volcanoes by region. Volume 2 begins with chapters on earthquakes and other phenomena including hot springs, mud volcanoes and oil wells. It then focuses on the minerals found in volcanic regions, giving details of their composition and structure, references to scientific work about them, and information about locations where they occur. The volume ends with a section on basalts and other rocks associated with volcanoes.
A Guide to Diplomatic Practice
Authors: Satow Ernest
Published: October 2011

Recruited straight from university, Ernest Satow (1843–1929) became one of the most respected British diplomats, particularly in Japan, where he is still remembered. After a career spent mostly in the rapidly developing Far East, he retired in 1906. Just before the outbreak of war, he was asked to compile a work on international diplomacy, and 'Satow', as it has become known, was first published in 1917, and in updated versions has not been out of print since. Satow's work was pioneering, there being at that time no comprehensive study in English of diplomacy. Volume 1 covers the history of international diplomacy, its practice and legal matters, and is notable for the author's clear language, and the inclusion of often whimsical anecdotes to illustrate a point in discussion. Writing at a time of enormous international upheaval, Satow provides an illuminating insight into diplomacy before the age of instant communications.
From Rhetoric to Action
Authors: Flynn Eilionóir
Published: October 2011

This book contains a global comparative study of implementation and monitoring mechanisms for national disability strategies. It comprises a comparative study that was conducted at international, regional and comparative country levels and that highlights critical success factors in implementing disability strategies or action plans worldwide. It explores emerging synergies between what is required to implement principles of international law contained in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and what it is possible to achieve through national policy and systems development. A number of critical success factors for implementing and monitoring strategies are identified, including leadership from government and civil society, participation of disabled people in implementation and monitoring, transparency and accountability in reporting on progress, independent monitoring and external review, and the ability to measure progress with indicators of disability equality.
Principle and Policy in Contract Law
Authors: Waddams Stephen
Published: October 2011

Although presented as being derived from the past, principles in contract law have been subject to constant reformulation, thereby facilitating legal change while simultaneously seeming to preclude it. Principle and policy have been mutually interdependent, propositions not usually being called principles unless they have been perceived to lead to just results in particular cases, and as likely to produce results in future cases that accord with common sense, commercial convenience and sound public policy. The influence of policy has been frequent in contract law, but Stephen Waddams argues that an unmediated appeal to non-legal sources of policy has been constrained by the need to formulate generalised propositions recognised as legal principles. This interrelation of principle and policy has played an important role in enabling an uncodified system to hold a middle course between a rigid formalism on the one hand and an unconstrained instrumentalism on the other.
The First Crossing of Greenland
Authors: Nansen Fridtjof
Published: October 2011

First published in English in 1890, this book by Norwegian explorer and scientist Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) recounts the first crossing of the Greenland interior in 1888, an expedition that took two months. Learning from previous failed attempts, Nansen suggested crossing from the uninhabited east to the inhabited west of Greenland, an innovation that proved successful. Nansen's account was translated by Hubert Majendie Gepp and includes an introduction written by the secretary of the Royal Geographical Society. Volume 1 describes the initial stages of the journey, including detailed accounts of the equipment, the methods used for crossing the ice and the arrival of the party on the east coast of Greenland. The volume ends with a description of previous attempts to cross the 'inland ice'. Nansen, who later served as delegate to the League of Nations, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 for his humanitarian endeavours.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Authors: Young Julian
Published: October 2011

In this beautifully written account, Julian Young provides the most comprehensive biography available today of the life and philosophy of the nineteenth-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Young deals with the many puzzles created by the conjunction of Nietzsche's personal history and his work: why the son of a Lutheran pastor developed into the self-styled 'Antichrist'; why this archetypical Prussian came to loath Bismarck's Prussia; and why this enemy of feminism preferred the company of feminist women. Setting Nietzsche's thought in the context of his times - the rise of Prussian militarism, anti-Semitism, Darwinian science, the 'Youth' and emancipationist movements, as well as the 'death of God' - Young emphasises the decisive influence of Plato and of Richard Wagner on Nietzsche's attempted reform of Western culture.
Differential Tensor Algebras and their Module Categories
Authors: Bautista R. , Salmerón L. , Zuazua R.
Published: October 2011

This volume provides a systematic presentation of the theory of differential tensor algebras and their categories of modules. It involves reduction techniques which have proved to be very useful in the development of representation theory of finite dimensional algebras. The main results obtained with these methods are presented in an elementary and self contained way. The authors provide a fresh point of view of well known facts on tame and wild differential tensor algebras, on tame and wild algebras, and on their modules. But there are also some new results and some new proofs. Their approach presents a formal alternative to the use of bocses (bimodules over categories with coalgebra structure) with underlying additive categories and pull-back reduction constructions. Professional mathematicians working in representation theory and related fields, and graduate students interested in homological algebra will find much of interest in this book.
Craftsmen, upstarts and Sufis in the late Mamluk period
Authors: Behrens-Abouseif Doris
Published: October 2011

This article explores the careers of craftsmen and other commoners, who succeeded in joining the bureaucratic system and occupying high positions in the Mamluk administrative establishment, eventually acquiring great power and even political authority. At the same time Sufi shaykhs, also men of common origin and beneficiaries of Mamluk philanthropy, emerged as mighty and authoritative figures, venerated equally by the aristocracy and the populace. The newly privileged groups also figure as founders of Friday mosques following a flexible new attitude on the part of the authorities. This social fluidity, often criticized by historians of the period, was the result of the pious patronage of the Mamluk aristocracy, which brought academic education to the reach of a large part of the populace. Towards the end of the Mamluk period, the structure of religious institutions had itself been levelled: the Friday mosque with Sufi service replaced the earliermadrasas andkhanqāhs. The article also discusses how the visual arts of the period mirror the social changes with new aspects of artistic patronage.
Maternal anaemia in West and Central Africa: time for urgent action
Authors: Ayoya Mohamed Ag , Bendech Mohamed Ag , Zagré Noel Marie , Tchibindat Félicité
Published: October 2011

Objective

To review the prevalence, severity and determinants of anaemia among women in West and Central Africa (WCA) and raise awareness among policy makers and programme planners in the region.

Design

Systematic descriptive review of data in the public domain of the ORC Macro MEASURE Demographic and Health Surveys, national nutrition surveys, oral and technical communications at regional meetings, studies published in scientific journals, and WHO and UNICEF databases.

Setting

West and Central Africa region.

Subjects

Women of childbearing age.

Results

The prevalence of anaemia among pregnant and non-pregnant women is higher than 50 % and 40 %, respectively, in all countries. Within countries, this prevalence varies by living setting (ruralv. urban), women's age and education. Across countries, socio-economic and climatic differences have no apparent association with the prevalence of anaemia among women. Several factors contribute either alone or jointly to the high rates of maternal anaemia in this region. These include widespread nutritional deficiencies; high incidence of infectious diseases; low access to and poor quality of health services; low literacy rates; ineffective design, implementation and evaluation of anaemia control programmes; and poverty.

Conclusions

Addressing the multiple causes and minimizing the consequences of anaemia on maternal and child health and development in WCA require integrated multifactorial and multisectoral strategies. This also calls for unprecedented, historical and stronger political will and commitment that put adolescent girls and maternal health at the centre of the development agenda.
Low-cost dichroic mirrors for future Deep Space ground stations
Authors: Pasian Marco , Bozzi Maurizio , Perregrini Luca
Published: October 2011

Future Deep Space (DS) ground stations envisioned by running projects funded by major space agencies are based on arrays of reflector antennas operating in different frequency bands. Therefore, a multi-band feeding system is required for each antenna, and a possible solution foresees the use of dichroic mirrors to separate/combine different beams. This paper presents a low-cost and fast manufacturing process for the fabrication of dichroic mirrors, usually referred to as punching technique or metal stamping. In particular, the specific advantages and limits of this fabrication technique are outlined and discussed, showing both electrical performance and manufacturing accuracy measurements from a test prototype. In addition, a typical scenario for future DS ground stations is described, showing the impact of these low-cost dichroic mirrors on the final ground station performance and cost, compared to the standard approach for dichroic mirror manufacturing based on more expensive and time-consuming technologies (e.g. milling machining).
Human Heart Development Pathways
Authors: Sklar Samuel , Pico Alexander
Published: October 2011

This pathway has been largely adapted from an article by Deepak Srivastava, Cell. 2006 Sep 22;126(6):1037-48. In this pathway are known transcription factors, miRNAs and regulatory proteins that impact the regional specificity of the human heart. Activating signals are indicated by arrows while inhibitory signals are indicated by T-bars. Special thanks to Kim Cordes for her assistance in revising this pathway, based on recent heart development research. A live version of the pathway can be found at http://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP1591
Protecting Children as Feeding Skills Develop
Authors: Edwards Donna K. , Martin Sara Marlise
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this brief review is to increase awareness of choking risk and foreign-body aspiration in children and to highlight important aspects of prevention and caregiver education. Food is one of the frequent culprits resulting in choking, morbidity, and even mortality in the pediatric population. This article examines the scope, intricacy, and complexity of reducing choking risk in the pediatric population and areas for further investigation to enrich evidence-based practice to enhance safety during feeding.
Low-frequency ferromagnetic resonance in nanocomposite manganites p-La0.78Mn0.99O3.5 and p-La0.80Mn1.04O3.5
Authors: Ponomarchuk V. L. , Khatsko E. N. , Yeremenko A. V.
Published: October 2011

The low-frequency ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra of nanocomposite manganites p-La0.78Mn0.99O3.5 and p-La0.80Mn1.04O3.5 with the cubic perovskite structure and hole conductivity were studied. The samples were prepared under pressure of 7.5 GPa in oxygen atmosphere. It was found that the temperature dependence of FMR parameters in the vicinity of the Curie point is similar to that of magnetization. The characteristic time of decay of metastable magnetic phase above T* (metal-semiconductor transition) and the time of its formation below T* were determined.
Wakefield effects and solitary waves of an intense short laser pulse propagation in a plasma channel
Authors: Hong Xue-Ren , Xie Bai-Song , Zhang Shan , Wu Hai-Cheng , Zhao Xue-Yan
Published: October 2011

In the presence of relativistic and channel-coupling nonlinearity and wakefield effects, the propagation characteristics and solitary waves of an intense short laser pulse in a preformed plasma channel are investigated. The evolution equation of the laser spot size is derived by using variational technique, the initial laser and plasma parameters for propagation with constant spot size, periodic defocusing and focusing oscillations, and solitary waves are identified. For illustration, some numerical results are also presented. It is found that the laser focusing is enhanced by the wakefield effects that result in a significant reduced focusing power.
Dissipation mechanism in 3D magnetic reconnection
Authors: Fujimoto Keizo
Published: October 2011

Dissipation processes responsible for fast magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas are investigated using 3D electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations. The present study revisits the two simulation runs performed in the previous study (Fujimoto, Phys. Plasmas 16, 042103 (2009)); one with small system size in the current density direction, and the other with larger system size. In the case with small system size, the reconnection processes are almost the same as those in 2D reconnection, while in the other case a kink mode evolves along the current density and deforms the current sheet structure drastically. Although fast reconnection is achieved in both the cases, the dissipation mechanism is very different between them. In the case without kink mode, the electrons transit the electron diffusion region without thermalization, so that the magnetic dissipation is supported by the inertia resistivity alone. On the other hand, in the kinked current sheet, the electrons are not only accelerated in bulk, but they are also partly scattered and thermalized by the kink mode, which results in the anomalous resistivity in addition to the inertia resistivity. It is demonstrated that in 3D reconnection the thickness of the electron current sheet becomes larger than the local electron inertia length, consistent with the theoretical prediction in Fujimoto and Sydora (Phys. Plasmas 16, 112309 (2009)).
Re-entrant behavior in dynamics of binary mixtures of soft hybrid nanocolloids and homopolymers
Authors: Chandran Sivasurender , C. K. Sarika , Kandar A. K. , Basu J. K. , Narayanan S. , Sandy A.
Published: October 2011

We present results of measurements of temperature and wavevector dependent dynamics in binary mixtures of soft polymer grafted nanoparticles and linear homopolymers. We find evidence of melting of the dynamically arrested state of the soft nanocolloids with addition of linear polymers followed by a re-entrant slowing down of the dynamics with further increase in polymer density, depending on the size ratio, δ, of the polymers and the nanocolloids. For higher δ the re-entrant behavior is not observed, even for the highest added polymer density, explored here. Possible explanation of the observed dynamics in terms of the presence of a double − glass phase is provided.
Nonlinear motion of magnetic vortex under alternating-current magnetic field: Dynamic correction of a gyrovector and a damping tensor of the Thiele’s equation
Authors: Shim Je-Ho , Piao Hong-Guang , Hyuk Lee Sang , Kun Oh Suhk , Yu Seong-Cho , Kee Han Seung , Kim Dong-Hyun
Published: October 2011

We investigated a forced oscillation motion of a magnetic vortex structure on a ferromagnetic nanodisk under an alternating-current (AC) external magnetic field using micromagnetic simulations. With variations of the AC field amplitude and the frequency, it has been revealed that the forced oscillation motion could become nonlinear and significantly deviated from the description of the original Thiele’s equation. We propose a simple model with a dynamic correction of a gyrovector and a damping tensor in solving the Thiele’s equation, which is valid even in case of the nonlinear magnetic vortex core motion.
Doubled heterogeneous crystal nucleation in sediments of hard sphere binary-mass mixtures
Authors: Löwen Hartmut , Allahyarov Elshad
Published: October 2011

Crystallization during the sedimentation process of a binary colloidal hard spheres mixture is explored by Brownian dynamics computer simulations. The two species are different in buoyant mass but have the same interaction diameter. Starting from a completely mixed system in a finite container, gravity is suddenly turned on, and the crystallization process in the sample is monitored. If the Peclet numbers of the two species are both not too large, crystalline layers are formed at the bottom of the cell. The composition of lighter particles in the sedimented crystal is non-monotonic in the altitude: it is first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing again. If one Peclet number is large and the other is small, we observe the occurrence of a doubled heterogeneous crystal nucleation process. First, crystalline layers are formed at the bottom container wall which are separated from an amorphous sediment. At the amorphous-fluid interface, a secondary crystal nucleation of layers is identified. This doubled heterogeneous nucleation can be verified in real-space experiments on colloidal mixtures.
Nanosecond-range imprint and retention characterized from polarization-voltage hysteresis loops in insulating or leaky ferroelectric thin films
Authors: Jiang A. Q. , Liu X. B. , Zhang Q.
Published: October 2011

We transferred ferroelectric domain switching currents under pulses into polarization-voltage (P-V) hysteresis loops. With this transformation, it is possible to derive the remanent polarization and coercive voltage from domain switching currents after the shortest imprint and retention time of 35 ns. After the separation of film leakage current from domain switching current, we measured the P-V hysteresis loop in a semiconducting BiFeO3 leaky thin film, where the apparent coercive field highly reaches 320 kV/cm2, suggestive of a different domain switching mechanism from other insulators. This technique facilitates nanosecond-range measurements of both ferroelectric capacitive and resistive memories.
Detectability of Estuarine Fishes in a Beach Seine Survey of Tidal Tributaries of Lower Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Williams Branson D. , Fabrizio Mary C.
Published: October 2011

Detectability, the probability of encountering a species at a sampling site, is often overlooked in fisheries research despite its potential to obscure inferences on habitat use and lead to biased estimates of abundance. We used occupancy models to explore factors affecting detectability and occupancy (Ψ), the probability that a species inhabits a site, for three fishes frequently captured in Chesapeake Bay seine surveys: young‐of‐the‐year (age‐0) striped bass Morone saxatilis, yearling Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, and spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius. Twelve repeat‐sampling events occurred during the summers of 2008 and 2009 at 20 sites in the Mattaponi and Pamunkey rivers, Virginia. Although the environmental factors that influenced detection probabilities varied with species, the detectability of all species was positively related to effective net length (i.e., the maximum distance from shore that the seine was deployed). The mean detectability of age‐0 striped bass, which occupied nearly every site (Ψ = 0.99, SE = 0.01), was 0.62 (SE = 0.06) and positively related to mean water temperature during sampling. The detectability of yearling Atlantic croakers was negatively related to water temperature at time of capture and was significantly greater in early summer than in late summer. In early summer, Atlantic croakers occupied all sampling sites; occupancy decreased in late summer (Ψ = 0.86, SE = 0.08) and was positively related to the mean salinity at the site. Unlike with Atlantic croakers, the mean detectability of spottail shiners was significantly greater in late summer than in early summer; detectability was positively related to turbidity at the time of sampling and reflected the increased availability of recently recruited individuals. Spottail shiners occupied fewer sites than did the two other species (Ψ = 0.59, SE = 0.21). Seasonal changes in detectability appeared to reflect changes in catchability associated with fish growth. Determining factors that influence detection probabilities is vital to improving our understanding of habitat use by fish and reducing the variation in fisheries sampling.
Habitats of Age‐0 Sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River
Authors: Ridenour Clayton J. , Doyle Wyatt J. , Hill Tracy D.
Published: October 2011

Little is known about the habitats of young pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus. Therefore, we compared the distribution and abundance of age‐0 fish of these species collected in benthic trawls among most of the mesoscale habitats comprising the channelized lower Missouri River (i.e., rock‐dike channel modifying structures, large‐channel sandbar, bankline, tributary, floodplain, and wooded island) from 2007 through 2009. Most age‐0 sturgeon were less than 110 mm (fork length) by the end of the growing season. Age‐0 fish were most frequently collected in areas with a relatively fast bottom velocity (0.5–0.7 m/s) associated with channel sandbars, rootless‐dikes, and wing‐dikes and were rarely found at L‐dikes, along banklines, or in tributaries where bottom velocity was slower (≤0.2 m/s). Age‐0 sturgeon habitat use in the lower Missouri River supports the hypothesis that main‐channel areas are important habitats throughout the life cycle of some fluvial specialist species. In light of existing literature on habitat use by wild age‐0 sturgeon, our results highlight their complex ecology in contemporary large rivers throughout their range. Therefore, we do not predict the response of pallid sturgeon to contemporary habitat restoration goals but discuss current knowledge gaps important to characterizing the early life history of Scaphirhynchus spp. Habitat restoration design on the Missouri River should consider the impact on ecosystem structure and the response by early life stages of these species.
The Caenorhabditis elegans SOMI-1 zinc finger protein and SWI/SNF promote regulation of development by the mir-84 microRNA
Authors: Hayes Gabriel D. , Riedel Christian G. , Ruvkun Gary
Published: October 2011

Hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered in metazoans and plants, and understanding of their biogenesis has advanced dramatically; however, relatively little is known about the cofactors necessary for miRNA regulation of target gene expression. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the conserved miRNA let-7 and its paralogs, including mir-84, control the timing of stage-specific developmental events. To identify factors required for the activity of mir-84 and possibly other miRNAs, we screened for mutations that suppress the developmental defects caused by overexpression of mir-84. Mutations in the somi-1 gene prevent these defects without affecting the expression level of mir-84. Loss of somi-1 also causes phenotypes similar to deletion of mir-84, showing that somi-1 is necessary for the normal function of this miRNA. somi-1 encodes a zinc finger protein that localizes to nuclear foci and binds the promoters of let-60/RAS, lin-14, and lin-28, genes that may be targeted by mir-84 and similar miRNAs. Genetic evidence shows that somi-1 inhibits lin-14 and induction of the vulval precursors by the let-60/RAS pathway. Proteomic and genetic screens identified conserved chromatin-remodeling and homeodomain transcription factor complexes that work with somi-1 to regulate differentiation. Our results suggest that somi-1 coordinates a nuclear response that complements the activity of mir-84.
Contrasting patterns of evolution following whole genome versus tandem duplication events inPopulus
Authors: Rodgers-Melnick Eli , Mane Shrinivasrao P. , Dharmawardhana Palitha , Slavov Gancho T. , Crasta Oswald R. , Strauss Steven H. , Brunner Amy M. , DiFazio Stephen P.
Published: October 2011

Comparative analysis of multiple angiosperm genomes has implicated gene duplication in the expansion and diversification of many gene families. However, empirical data and theory suggest that whole-genome and small-scale duplication events differ with respect to the types of genes preserved as duplicate pairs. We compared gene duplicates resulting from a recent whole genome duplication to a set of tandemly duplicated genes in the model forest treePopulus trichocarpa. We used a combination of microarray expression analyses of a diverse set of tissues and functional annotation to assess factors related to the preservation of duplicate genes of both types. Whole genome duplicates are 700 bp longer and are expressed in 20% more tissues than tandem duplicates. Furthermore, certain functional categories are over-represented in each class of duplicates. In particular, disease resistance genes and receptor-like kinases commonly occur in tandem but are significantly under-retained following whole genome duplication, while whole genome duplicate pairs are enriched for members of signal transduction cascades and transcription factors. The shape of the distribution of expression divergence for duplicated pairs suggests that nearly half of the whole genome duplicates have diverged in expression by a random degeneration process. The remaining pairs have more conserved gene expression than expected by chance, consistent with a role for selection under the constraints of gene balance. We hypothesize that duplicate gene preservation inPopulusis driven by a combination of subfunctionalization of duplicate pairs and purifying selection favoring retention of genes encoding proteins with large numbers of interactions.
Gene‐by‐environment effect of house dust mite on purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2RY12) and lung function in children with asthma
Authors: Bunyavanich S. , Boyce J. A. , Raby B. A. , Weiss S. T.
Published: October 2011

Background

Distinct receptors likely exist for leukotriene (LT)E4, a potent mediator of airway inflammation. Purinergic receptor P2Y12 is needed for LTE4‐induced airways inflammation, and P2Y12 antagonism attenuates house dust mite‐induced pulmonary eosinophilia in mice. Although experimental data support a role for P2Y12 in airway inflammation, its role in human asthma has never been studied.

Objective

To test for association between variants in the P2Y12 gene (P2RY12) and lung function in human subjects with asthma, and to examine for gene‐by‐environment interaction with house dust mite exposure.

Methods

Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in P2RY12 were genotyped in 422 children with asthma and their parents (n = 1266). Using family based methods, we tested for associations between these SNPs and five lung function measures. We performed haplotype association analyses and tested for gene‐by‐environment interactions using house dust mite exposure. We used the false discovery rate to account for multiple comparisons.

Results

Five SNPs in P2RY12 were associated with multiple lung function measures (P‐values 0.006–0.025). Haplotypes in P2RY12 were also associated with lung function (P‐values 0.0055–0.046). House dust mite exposure modulated associations between P2RY12 and lung function, with minor allele homozygotes exposed to house dust mite demonstrating worse lung function than those unexposed (significant interaction P‐values 0.0028–0.040).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The P2RY12 variants were associated with lung function in a large family‐based asthma cohort. House dust mite exposure caused significant gene‐by‐environment effects. Our findings add the first human evidence to experimental data supporting a role for P2Y12 in lung function. P2Y12 could represent a novel target for asthma treatment.
Poor relevance of a lymphocyte proliferation assay in lamotrigine‐induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Tang Y. H. , Mockenhaupt M. , Henry A. , Bounoua M. , Naldi L. , Le Gouvello S. , Bensussan A. , Roujeau J. C.
Published: October 2011

Background

Prior use of ‘lymphocyte transformation test’ (LTT) in Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) provided conflicting results, possibly dependent on sampling dates (acute vs. late).

Objective

Evaluation of LTT in patients with SJS or TEN who reacted to lamotrigine (LTG). In a small subgroup we explored the possible role of regulatory T cells (T‐reg).

Methods

Acute phase samples (9) and post‐recovery samples (14) from cases of SJS or TEN to LTG were provided by the RegiSCAR‐study group. Controls were persons never exposed to LTG (12), patients exposed without reaction (6), and patients who developed a mild eruption to LTG (6). LTT was performed by measuring 3H‐thymidine incorporation after 3 days of incubation with phytohemmaglutinin, LTG (10 μg/mL) or medium. Stimulation index ≥ 2 was considered positive. In 16 cases LTT was redone after depletion of T‐reg by fluorescence activated cell sorting.

Results

Positive LTT was observed in 3/6 cases of mild eruptions, 1/9 SJS/TEN‐cases tested during the acute phase and 3/14 SJS/TEN‐cases tested after recovery. We noted a very mild and nonsignificant trend for an increased response after depletion of T‐reg in late samples from SJS or TEN patients.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

With the largest number of LTT performed in patients with SJS or TEN to a single drug, we confirmed that reactive cells are rarely detected in these reactions. Poor reactivity did not seem related to T‐reg. Other in vitro assays than those testing proliferation should be evaluated, before raising the hypothesis that specific cells disappeared by undergoing apoptosis during the reaction.