bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Community Policing in the United States
Authors: Maguire Edward R. , Mastrofski Stephen D.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the dimensionality of the community policing movement using four national data sets collected between 1993 and 1997. Researchers and reformers have established numerous definitions of community policing. Many of these definitions propose conflicting hypotheses about its underlying dimensionality. In the absence of a coherent body of theory to guide a more confirmatory approach, the authors use recently developed exploratory factor analysis techniques to estimate the dimensionality of community policing in four large and diverse samples of agencies from around the United States. The authors' findings show that the number of dimensions underlying the community policing movement varies significantly according to the source of the data. The authors discuss the findings in the context of organization theory, providing an agenda for future theory testing. In addition, based on some of the problems encountered in this study, the authors offer a number of concrete suggestions for improving macro-level research on community policing.
Internationalizing Japanese Expatriate Managers
Authors: Wong May M. L.
Published: March 2007

Existing literature on expatriate managers tends to focus on their adjustment from the point of view of individual well-being. This article, in pointing out that international assignments are an opportunity to internationalize the company through a learning process, has a different emphasis. Japanese companies tend to employ many Japanese expatriate managers in overseas locations. The development of cross-cultural adaptation among expatriate Japanese managers in two retail subsidiary companies in Hong Kong was studied. In both companies, the expatriates learned reactively rather than proactively, so that either zero or single-loop organizational learning ensued for the parent company. The reactive learning approach stemmed from expatriates perceiving that their career prospects related more to events back at the parent company than to the success or failure of the local subsidiary, and that it might be harmful to their career if they internationalized themselves during the overseas assignment.
Using Games to Present Economics to Managers: A Survey of the Literature
Authors: Robinson J. Nicholas
Published: March 2007

The paper begins by discussing some of the problems involved in presenting economics to managers who already have considerable work experience, and it gives reasons why the use of games may reduce these problems. It then reviews many of the games which are available indicating their key features and the areas of economics education in which they might be useful. Finally, it considers some of the techniques of evaluation which have been applied to games and shows that, even though games are in widespread use and are generally considered useful, formal proof of their worth is surprisingly elusive.
Contextual Integration of Knowledge, Experience and Action Learning for Management Education
Authors: McMillen M. Cecilia , Boyatzis Richard E. , Swartz Lora
Published: March 2007

A management education program, designed to integrate knowledge and experience in a context of strategic change, is described in this paper. The program was developed in a partnership between a university-based team and a corporation implementing strategic change. The conceptual basis of the program rested on theories of experiential learning and adult competency development. The design incorporated the use of learning teams and application projects based on the action learning approach. The components of the program are described, and participants' reactions as well as organizational outcomes are reported. The paper concludes by describing the implications of using this model for advanced management education, and, in particular, makes recommendations for applying this approach to executive education and management development as well as MBA programs.
The Roots of Uncertainty in Organization Theory: A Historical Constructivist Analysis
Authors: Shenhav Yehouda , Weitz Ely
Published: March 2007

This study examines the rise of discourse on uncertainty in organization theory during the period 1879-1932. It offers qualitative analyses that are based on primary data collected from the American Machinist and the Engineering Magazine, central sources of documentation of management during this period. Introducing a social-constructivist approach to the empirical study of organizations, we argue that discourse on `uncertainty' has its roots in the technical sphere of industrial America. With time, elements of the concept were `translated' (metaphors, analogies, and paradigms) from the technical field to the management of organizations, thereby creating homologies between previously unrelated entities. Furthermore, claims to organizational reality depend, not only on metaphors and analogies borrowed from the technical realm, but also on the presence of an enabling social context. In this study, the context consists of (a) a network of mechanical engineers which diffused the concept, (b) the cultural spirit of the Progressive Era, and (c) the politics of labor unrest. We argue that the concept of uncertainty may be regarded as socially constructed knowledge that was created in a unique historical context and enacted by organizational actors and management theorists. The implications of this approach for contemporary organization theory are discussed.
Misunderstandings: A Japanese Transplant in Italy Strives for Lean Production
Authors: Botti Hope Finney
Published: March 2007

In this paper I describe the experience of a Japanese transplant in Italy: the crisis of its Fordist regime, and the process of its transition to a flexible, quality-oriented production model. I suggest that this study be read as a story about the disruption and subsequent reproduction of trust and argue that an ongoing, firm-specific process of trust production constitutes one of the fundamental prerequisites to the successful control of tightly aligned, cooperative systems. By adopting a cross-cultural perspective and focusing upon misunderstandings (trust failures) which developed between the Japanese managers and the Italian workforce, I show how this fundamental process can prove to be particularly problematic in bicultural work settings such as those provided by Japanese transplants, and how, within new systemic constraints, an emerging pattern of symmetric expectations is constituting an important characterizing factor in the transplant's transition towards its own, local version of Lean Production.
Organized Complexity: Posthumanist Remarks on the Technologizing of Intelligence
Authors: Kallinikos Jannis
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the notion of organized complexity which it identifies with the selection of an order seen as developing at the cross-roads of generic functions, formal role systems and technologies. While functions contribute to organized complexity by defining and constituting specific domains of action-e.g. economic, political, scientific, etc.-technologies and formal role systems serve as important means for the constitution of human interaction along predictable and recurrent lines. Technology differs, however, from formal role systems in that it attempts to detach agency from humans and embody it in material artefacts. Investigating the project of technologizing intelligence at some length, the article claims that technology currently assumes an increasingly important role in the regulation of human interaction. The technical embodiment of perception, cognition and communication patterns redefines the stratified social topology of formal organizations in ways that tend to limit the prescriptive significance which formal role systems have traditionally assumed in modernity.
Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics
Authors: FRANKE MARK F.N.
Published: March 2007

Recent efforts to identify and challenge the universalist ethics inherent to the historical conventions of International Relations are to be applauded. Drawing largely from poststructuralism and phenomenology, several theorists have productively shown how traditional approaches committed to moral and rational autonomy may and ought to be interrupted with attention to questions of difference, heterogeneity and social interrelation. As exemplified most pronouncedly in the works of David Campbell, though, such attempts to rethink ethics in international affairs tend generally to also re-introduce an ethical totality. Missing from these otherwise provocative interventions is sufficient recognition that the moral universe projected in traditional International Relations theory is inherent to any view towards the international, even when reinscribed as world politics or global politics. Concern for the international, read in any manner, and a total ethics are mutually constitutive. Critical evaluation of these alternative ethical approaches therefore demonstrates that the moral dogma associated with International Relations may be overcome only insofar as the international itself is quit as an organizing concept. Moreover, the politics of difference advocated in these critical interventions may be served only once ethics itself is renounced as an appropriate entry point to the political.
Structures in the International Political Economy:
Authors: HOUT WIL , MEIJERINK FRITS
Published: March 2007

In this article a causal model is developed that explains the unequal level of economic development of Third World countries on the basis of structural variables. The model is tested using empirical data on 84 developing countries from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s and applying a multi-sample LISREL analysis. The model appears to fit the data for the entire period rather well. In an attempt to analyse the changes of the world system over the last several decades, hypotheses were formulated concerning changes in the form of dependence, democratization in the Third World, and the tendency of Third World countries to diversify their production. The results of the analysis indicate that the expected change from `classical' to `modern' dependence is corroborated by the data. No such change was apparent where political repression was concerned. Finally, the causal chain of primary commodity concentration, exploitation, domestic capital formation and economic development appeared to exhibit significant changes over the 1965-92 period.
Reconceptualizing Anarchy:
Authors: BUZAN BARRY , LITTLE RICHARD
Published: March 2007

How can the understandings of world historians about the critical changes in the international system be brought into harmony with the way IR theorists think about system change? One of the main obstacles to this task is Waltz's conception of structure, particularly his much criticized elimination of functional differentiation of units in anarchy. Until this flaw is corrected, the theory remains fundamentally incoherent, having misguidedly sacrificed rigour for parsimony. Waltz cannot defend both his exclusive anarchy-hierarchy dyad as the first tier of structure, and the closure of the second tier, against attacks by Ruggie, Watson and Deudney. While the anarchy-hierarchy formulation of deep structure is defensible, the closure of the second tier is not. Both on theoretical and historical grounds, anarchy is compatible with differentiation of units — there is more than one type of anarchic international system. Neorealism therefore gives a partial and Eurocentric view of international systems, and cannot sustain its transhistorical claim. With carefully specified definitions for functional and structural differentiation of units, it is possible to retain a coherent, and still quite parsimonious, theory that is capable of encompassing all of the known manifestations of international systems. Only with such modifications is it possible to address the significant systemic transformations both ancient and modern that now pass unnoticed through the broad mesh of the neorealist net.
Gendering Sovereignty:
Authors: SACO DIANA
Published: March 2007

In this study, I show how the gendered construction of sovereignty in the Elizabethan period helped to make marriage dangerous for female rulers. In a society with firmly held convictions about a husband's divinely ordained dominion over his wife, marriage threatened to diminish a queen's sovereignty. Anticipatory fears about the marriages of England's first two queens, Mary and Elizabeth, had a more general impact, however; they contributed to the elaboration of constitutional doctrines and metaphors that further distanced sovereignty from ruler. Specifically, the need to distinguish the King's `body politic' from his `body natural' became acute when a female body assumed the royal office and began considering matrimony. This makes gender and marriage more fundamental to sovereignty than modern prejudices have hitherto allowed.
Nationality and European Negotiations:
Authors: BEYERS JAN , DIERICKX GUIDO
Published: March 2007

This article explores the communication networks of negotiators in the working groups of the Council of Ministers of the European Union. We employ data collected by interviewing diplomats and civil servants involved in these working groups. These data enable us to explore the role of discretion in a more systematic fashion. We show that negotiation behaviour at the micro-level can be affected by influence esteem, professional esteem, ideological esteem and organization self-esteem. Our approach offers an insight into the world of the men and women involved in day-to-day negotiations and can as such be considered a starting point for more systematic empirical research.
Analyzing Emotions as Culturally Constructed Scripts
Authors: Menon Usha
Published: March 2007

In this essay, I comment on some of the points Ratner makes in his paper, ‘A Cultural-Psychological Analysis of Emotions’ (Ratner, 2000). I suggest that, as Ratner implies, emotions are best understood as cognitive appraisals of situations or events that are made on the basis of cultural beliefs and norms, and that implicate the self, deeply and importantly. I also argue that while it is necessary to distinguish between emotions and bodily feelings, it is equally necessary that emotion researchers recognize that emotions are grounded in our physical bodies. I present, very briefly, the indigenous theory of emotions developed in Hindu India and I describe the way emotions are understood and experienced in the temple town of Bhubaneshwar in Orissa, India, where I do my research.
Disciplining Time
Authors: White Geoffrey M.
Published: March 2007

Questions of ‘self’ in the research paradigms of developmental psychology raise similar issues to those associated with comparative studies of the self in cultural anthropology. In both cases, long-running theoretical arguments hinge on questions of ‘how much constructivism is enough?’ These questions, in turn, point to methodological choices concerned with the role of language or, more broadly, communicative practice in emergent formations of identity.
Form and Function as Categories of Comparison
Authors: Kojima Hideo
Published: March 2007

Three different ways in which comparisons-in terms of both form and function-have been conceptualized in previous models are reviewed, to provide elaboration of Bornstein's argument. These include (i) Kagan's three types of continuity in ontogeny; (ii) Baltes's and Nesselroade's four types of factor change and continuity; and (iii) Kojima's three meanings of tradition in history of ideas and practices in a culture. It is noted that Bornstein's conceptualization is concerned mainly with cross-contextual comparisons rather than with ontogeny or cultural history. Multiple meanings of his usage of context and function are noted, together with the narrow meaning of form. A case is made that a kind of universalism is required in any meaningful comparison either across time or across culture.
The Hierarchical Nature of Individualism-Collectivism: Comments on Matsumoto et al. (1996)
Authors: Allik Juri , Realo Anu
Published: March 2007

Matsumoto, Kudoh and Takeuchi's (1996) article is challenged in this commentary by pointing to the discrepancy between theoretical assumptions of the dynamic nature of culture, and measurement of individualism-collectivism in terms J of traditional psychometric scales. Data from an Estonian study of a similar kind are provided to add to the complex picture of statements about individualism and collectivism in different countries. The counter-intuitive finding of Matsumoto et al. about collectivism in the United States requires further analysis, which may take the form of considering the hierarchy of the concepts of 'collectivism' and 'individualism' as providing for heterogeneous profiles of individuals' relations with their complex social worlds. If psychometric techniques were to be utilized to study this heterogeneity, they would need to provide at least profiles of individualism and collectivism in different content domains (e.g. family, peers, society), and the actual meanings studied via psychometric scales should be clarified.
Mythic History and National Memory: The Pearl Harbor Anniversary
Authors: White Geoffrey M.
Published: March 2007

The concept of 'mythic history' points to the role of public history as moral narrative, a form of identity discourse that works to create social and emotional meaning. The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into World War II represents one such mythicized moment in American national history. This paper examines the interplay of various narrative practices used to mark the 50th anniversary of that event, including media representations and official ceremonial events. Analysis of the discursive properties of Pearl Harbor narratives suggests that mythic histories tend to sharpen the contours of national time and space, representing the past in terms of episodic junctures and representing national selves and others in terms of polarized agencies.
Cultural Psychology and the Art of Life: Some Thoughts on the Work of Ernst E. Boesch
Authors: Staudinger Ursula M.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this commentary is to explore what Ernst Boesch's thinking has to offer to succeeding generations of psychologists and to ask where current psychological theory building suggests potentially fruitful complementation. To reach these two goals first some of the central features of Boesch's approach to psychology are highlighted. Second, research examples from current psychological research are presented which can be related to Boesch's thinking. Third, it is argued that psychological research is still very hesitant to approach psychological phenomena rich in connotation and with immediate relevance to our lives. Two examples from my own work are presented that try to tackle complex phenomena such as wisdom and a psychological attempt at an art of life. Finally, the aesthetic aspect of Boesch's work is presented and discussed with regard to its epistemological relevance for psychological theory building.
The Psychosocial Production of Ideas: Social Representations and Psychologic
Authors: Duveen Gerard
Published: March 2007

In responding to Jan Smedslund's (1998) paper, this commentary first of all considers the value of vagueness for research in social psychology. Second, I argue that Smedslund's consideration of social representations underestimates both the representational and social aspects of the theory. This discussion leads to some broader characterizations of social representations, and particularly to the relation between social representations and cultural psychology. Finally, these comments conclude with a discussion of the role of language in social psychological research, and suggests that while both psychologic and social representations are concerned with the analysis of common sense, they approach this analysis from different theoretical positions.
Social Representations and Discursive Psychology: From Cognition to Action
Authors: Potter Jonathan , Edwards Derek
Published: March 2007

This article compares and contrasts the way a set of fundamental issues are treated in social representations theory and discursive psychology. These are: action, representation, communication, cognition, construction, epistemology and method. In each case we indicate arguments for the discursive psychological treatment. These arguments are then developed and illustrated through a discussion of Wagner, Duveen, Themel and Verma (1999) which highlights in particular the way the analysis fails to address the activitiesdone by people when they are producing representations, and the epistemological troublesthat arise from failing to address the role of the researcher’s own representations.
Factional Alliances, Trade Union Bargaining Power and Social Policy in Australia
Authors: Mulé Rosa
Published: March 2007

In explaining why party leaders may alter social security policy, the globalization literature highlights the limits governments face in implementing programmes supportive of social protection. This article calls for greater attention to the role of agency and political leadership in manufacturing social policy changes. Although international competition may set new and complex parameters within which party leaders interact, agency choice is crucial for explaining policy changes. The aim in this article is to introduce the strategic element to analysis of the redistributive impact of ruling parties. To this end, Australia is focused on as a case study and two factors are explored. First, the Australian Labor Party (ALP) is analysed as a multidimensional variable, particularly in terms of ideological coherence, the structure of competition and party organization. The argument rests on the assumption that party leaders enjoy a degree of freedom to act according to their own criteria. Second, the evolution of the bargaining power of trade union leaders and party leaders is examined. The article indicates that discretionary changes to social policy may also be the outcome of strategic considerations.
Parliamentary Elections of 1994 and the Development of the Bulgarian Party System
Authors: Karasimeonov Georgi
Published: March 2007

In the Bulgarian party system since the first free elections of 1990 the coalition of formations opposed to communism - the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) - was held together by the continuing strength of its opponent, the post-communist Socialist Party, yielding a case of delayed differentiation which sets Bulgaria off from the east-central European countries to its north. The elections of 1994 and their sequel saw the beginning of the end of the UDF's cohesion, but at the same time marked its consolidation as a party. Meanwhile the ideological transformation of the Bulgarian Socialist Party and the ascendancy of a new generation of young, pragmatically orientated politicians entrenched the post-communist party in the evolving party system. In the political space between these two poles, a place seems assured for the party of the Turkish minority, whilst a centre-right coalition of the historical Democratic Party with the Agrarians emerged from the elections better placed than its closest rival, centre-left centre-left Democratic Alternative for teh Republic.
Russian Political Parties and the `Bosses'
Authors: Golosov Grigorii V.
Published: March 2007

The `bosses' are an occupational category of Russian administrative and economic managers who, in addition to their already prominent positions in the country's power structure, engage themselves in public politics and enjoy a significant degree of electoral success without being affiliated to any political party. The data provided by analysing the results of the 1994 provincial elections in Western Siberia confirm the prominence of the `bosses' in the electoral arena of the Russian periphery. Viewing this phenomenon as an important functional equivalent to political parties, the paper explains its salience with reference to its origins in the nomenklatura system, and to the strategic choices made by the Russian leadership in late 1991. It is suggested that the recent attempts to create a regular political organization on the basis of the `bosses' have failed to facilitate the process of party system formation in Russia.
Political Parties and the Opportunity Costs of Patronage
Authors: Warner Carolyn M.
Published: March 2007

Analyses of patronage and political parties often start from the assumption that patronage is a vote-winning and useful organizational strategy for a political party. This paper questions this assumption and suggests that, for the political party using it, patronage exacts a variety of costs. These undermine the party's existence as an organization with a collective purpose, and even its vote-winning capacities. Examples from a number of different countries and parties illustrate the argument.
The Mass Media, Election Campaigning and Voter Response
Authors: Forrest James , Marks Gary N.
Published: March 2007

Focusing on `capital-intensive politics', election campaign advertising in the `paid' and `unpaid' media is analysed for its impact on voters, as part of a suite of influences commonly seen to affect voter behaviour. The Australian experience from the 1990 federal election campaign supports a `modest impact' thesis, that campaign news, advertising and related activities reported in the mass media are significant among a number of secondary determinants operating beneath a primary, partisan influence on how most people vote. However, identification of subsets of voters - committed, wavering and swinging (changing), stable, volatile - shows that media-related influences impact differently on each subset, both absolutely and in the degree to which they act in a reinforcing or persuading role.
Right-Populists and Plebiscitary Politics in Canada
Authors: Barney Darin David , Laycock David
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to explain the appeal direct democratic instruments hold for contemporary right-populist parties by drawing on recent experience in Canada. Our thesis is that a particular approach to direct democracy - which we label `plebiscitarianism' - complements right-populist parties' broader ideological commitment to a scaling back of the welfare state, and of public life more generally. Starting with a theoretical approximation of plebiscitarianism, we trace this complementarity with reference to the democratic ideas and practices of right-populists in Canada, both historically and in the present context.
Empowering Young Female Athletes Through a Self-Strengthening Programme: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Lindgren Eva-Carin , Patriksson Goran , Fridlund Bengt
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to describe how young female athletes perceived the influences of a self-strengthening programme. The self-strengthening programme for young female athletes was run by the Swedish Sport Confederation. The programme was designed to empower young female athletes. The study methodology was based on a phenomenographic approach and entailed interviews with a strategically selected group of 14 participants in the programme. The informants were between 13 and 20 years of age and came from individual and team sports. The findings show that perceived influences of the programme were: a feeling of self-confidence; a feeling of being seen and confirmed; awareness of women’s issues; a feeling of belongingness; and an improvement in coaching skills. The self-strengthening programme empowered young female athletes due to increased self-efficacy and an increased awareness of women’s issues.
Democracy and Evaluation's Contribution to Negotiation, Empowerment and Information
Authors: Bussmann Werner
Published: March 2007

In light of the Swiss experience with intensive direct democratic participation (referendum and initative), this article examines how democracy and evaluations help facilitate negotiation, encourage empowerment and improve citizens' information. Improved democratic participation diminishes the need for 'fourth-generation evaluations' aimed at facilitating negotiation and for 'empowerment evaluations', but is unable to replace them fully. Evaluations thus prove to be a useful complement; but their face changes as they become more closely embedded in the political process. Windows of opportunity are created for disseminating results; at the same time, extreme tension may arise over evaluation results.
These Boots Are Made for Walking...: Mundane Technology, the Body and Human-Environment Relations
Authors: MICHAEL MIKE
Published: March 2007

This article begins with a consideration of the `pure' unmediated relation between the human body and nature, exemplified, in different ways, by environmental expressivism, and Ingold's subtle analysis of affordance and the taskscape. It is argued that perspectives fail properly to incorporate the role of mundane technology in the mediation of human-nature relations. Drawing upon the work of Michael Serres, and, in particular, his concept of the parasite, I explore how these mundane technological artefacts - specifically, walking boots - intervene in the circuits of communication between humans and the natural environment. This re-orientation traces how the local relation between bodies and environments is a complex movement between the material and semiotic, the local and the global. In the process, I draw upon four aspects of walking boots: first, there is the role of boots as mechanical technologies that can cause pain, dissolving identity and the relation between humans and nature; second, there is the role of boots as signifying style and identity; third, there is the role of boots as embodiments of procedures of standardization and objectification; and fourth, there is the role of boots as technological means of damage to nature. Finally, in concluding, I tentatively consider some of the political implications of this way of theorizing the relation between bodies and environments.
Potency in All the Right Places: Viagra as a Technology of the Gendered Body
Authors: MAMO LAURA , FISHMAN JENNIFER R.
Published: March 2007

New pharmacological therapies, often dubbed `lifestyle drugs', demonstrate the enactment of yet another interface between technologies and bodies that promises a re-fashioning of the body with transformative, life-enhancing results. This article analyzes the emergence of one lifestyle drug, Viagra, from a technoscience studies perspective, conceptualizing Viagra as a new medical technology of the body. Through an analysis of promotional materials for Viagra, we argue that this pharmaceutical device performs ideological work through its discursive scripts that serves to reinforce and augment dominant cultural narratives in relation to material bodies, particularly those of hegemonic masculinity and male (and female) sexuality. We conclude that Viagra carries the potential to reify and reinforce these dominant and hegemonic narratives, while at the same time, through ensuring an open market for heterogeneous users, it provides spaces for alternatives to these normative ideals and assumptions.
Bodily Dys-Order: Desire, Excess and the Transgression of Corporeal Boundaries
Authors: WILLIAMS SIMON J.
Published: March 2007

Taking as its point of departure Leder's phenomenological discussion of the `absent' body, this article explores the nature of human corporeality as a site of transgression. The body, I argue, using a process metaphysic, is first and foremost excessive, driven by human desire rather than animal need: a sensual mode of existence organized around the pleasure/pain axis. To be excessive/transgressive, however, implies the crossing of boundaries or limits which vary according to history and culture, time and place. These issues are illustrated through a range of thinkers from Bakhtin to Kristeva, Irigaray to Deleuze and Guattari. A full-scale endorsement of the poststructuralist position is, however, rejected in favour of an approach which steers a middle ground between these transgressive, more fluid arguments and a foundationalist ontology of the emotional body as an ongoing structure of lived experience. The article concludes with some reflections on the complex pattern of corporeal `appearances', some more pleasant than others, which characterize our bodily-being-in-the-world.
`Good Practice' for Expert Witnesses
Authors: Tufnell Guinevere , Cottrell David , Georgiades Daphne
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to look at good practice in expert-witness court reports in Children Act cases. Reports written by child psychiatrist experts differ enormously in the information they contain, the way in which the report is structured and in style of presentation. There may be a number of reasons for this. Child psychiatrists who work as experts receive little or no formal training for this area of their work. There is no official guidance from the courts about how reports should be presented. Guidance to experts by instructing solicitors is often limited. Feedback to experts by `user' groups, such as judges, is often lacking. There are no studies which have sought the views of users as to what they see as the desirable attributes of a report. This questionnaire study was carried out with the support of the Lord Chancellor's Department, the Official Solicitor's Office, the National Association of Guardians ad litem, and the Law Society. It looks at what the users want and what the experts think, and explores the degree to which it is possible for a consensus to be reached by the interested parties. The results of the questionnaire are combined with recent guidance to produce a model format suitable for use in Children Act cases.
The Role of the Body Experience in Self-Destruction
Authors: Orbach Israel
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the role of the body experience in self-destructive behavior. It is postulated that early caretaking processes have a powerful role in the development of self-destruction through the formation of alterations in the experience of the body and negative attitudes toward the body. The hypothesis that emerges from the literature review is that the internalization of early negative caretaking processes and negative attachment may lead to a distorted experience of the body, as well as to a basic negative attitude and feelings toward one's body. Such body experience and attitudes are believed to interact with anguish, hopelessness and mounting stress and culminate in self-destruction. Some of the destructive processes intervening between distorted caretaking, experiences of and attitudes toward the body include: lack of moderating self-directed aggression, lack of attunement to bodily needs, lack of representational learning to care for the body, symbolized hate toward the body, distorted perception of pain and pleasure, and dissociation. It is suggested that the role of the body in suicide may evolve into a most important avenue for future research in suicide.
The Pervasive Refusal Syndrome: The RAHC Experience
Authors: Thompson Susan Lynne , Nunn Kenneth Patrick
Published: March 2007

The Pervasive Refusal Syndrome was only recently described in a British sample of four children. This article presents an Australian sample of seven children seen over a period of four years at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney. Criteria for case inclusion are specified. The features of this sample of children are described and the components of our treatment programme are summarized. Outcome is reported briefly. Issues of differential diagnosis are elaborated highlighting the distinctive nature of the syndrome and its relationship to other disorders. The study of the syndrome and the relationship of the Australian sample to the British sample are considered.
Physical Punishment of Children in Two-Parent Families
Authors: Nobes Gavin , Smith Marjorie
Published: March 2007

Most research concerning the extent to which children are physically punished has focused on only one parent of each child. It fails, therefore, to document the degree to which, within two-parent families, parents' punishments are similar, and how both parents' punishments combine. As a result, the important clinical question of how much physical punishment children receive has not been addressed. These issues were investigated by separately interviewing both mothers and fathers in 99 two-parent families. The interviews focused on the type, frequency and severity of parental punishments. Significant levels of association were found between mothers' and fathers' use of physical punishments, indicating that if one parent physically punishes frequently or severely, the other parent is also likely to do so. When the combination of both parents' punishments was considered, the extent of physical punishment received by children was found to be considerably greater than that reportedly administered by mothers, or by fathers, alone. These findings demonstrate the clinical importance of taking into account both parents' punishments of their children.
Childhood Obesity
Authors: Flodmark Carl-Erik
Published: March 2007

Prevention of obesity should have the highest priority and be started as early in life as possible in high-risk families. This article covers the most promising areas of today's research aimed at finding better ways of treating obesity in the future and an overview of the treatment choices available today. The cause of obesity is genetic in approximately 40-50 percent of adults and probably to a higher degree in children. This means that it is possible to remain overweight without a calorie intake that exceeds that of those individuals of normal weight who lack the genetic susceptibility of obesity. Treatment is recommended from 10 years of age with a hypocaloric diet (1500 kcal) and a reduced fat content (30 energy-percent). Exercise is often obtained naturally by the child before this age. It is helpful to try to replace a sedentary lifestyle including television-viewing with moderate physical activities such as walking. In introducing these changes in lifestyle family therapy has been effective. Other strategies such as behavioural therapy has also been tried individually or in groups or at school with short-term benefits only. Cognitive therapy in childhood obesity gives no advantages over behavioural therapy. No reports on psychodynamic therapy have been published. Surgery is used only in rare inborn metabolic diseases. Although the treatment of children seems to give better results than does treating adults, further development of therapy for obesity is needed.
Keeping Emotional Memories Secret
Authors: Finkenauer Catrin , Rimé Bernard
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated two predictions derived from inhibition theory. It was hypothesized that emotional secrecy has a negative impact on (1) physical and (2) subjective well-being. Also, the study examined whether the relation holds when controlling for negative affectivity (NA), a variable that can be assumed to mediate the relation between emotional secrecy and physical and subjective well-being. Consistent with the hypothesis, emotional secrecy negatively affected physical health. This finding was not explained by NA, which contributed independently to physical health. Contrary to the prediction, emotional secrecy affected life satisfaction but indirectly through the mediating influence of physical health. The implications of these results for future research on emotional secrecy and physical and subjective well-being are discussed.
A Longitudinal Study of Psychological Distress in Women with Breast Symptoms
Authors: Howard Ruth A. , Harvey Peter G.
Published: March 2007

The aim of the study was to measure psychological distress in women with breast symptoms over a period of three months following an outpatient appointment at a rapid access symptomatic breast clinic. Women were recruited (N = 150) at the weekly clinic and psychological distress was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the General Health Questionnaire-12 and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Information on age and diagnosis was collected from medical notes. Measures were repeated at two weeks and at three months. Participants were divided into three diagnostic categories: B 1 (benign diagnosis at clinic); B2 (benign after further investigations); and M (breast cancer). Overall, scores of anxiety and GHQ-12 decreased significantly during the follow- up period. However, participants in the B2 group remained significantly more distressed than the rest of the sample throughout the experimental period. Depression remained within the normal range throughout the follow-up period for all categories. The study suggests a relationship between symptomatic breast disease and psychological distress.
Fidelity Management
Authors: Eyre Stephen L. , Auerswald Colette , Hoffman Valerie , Millstein Susan G.
Published: March 2007

This qualitative study examined how adolescents conceptualize sexual behavior. Open-ended interviews about sex were conducted with a sample of 21 male and 18 female African- American adolescents. Topics related to health risk virtually never emerged in their responses. The topic of partner infidelity and concerns about control of infidelity, on the other hand, were mentioned extensively. Informants described a cycle in which commitment to a partner often leads to suspicion of infidelity and jealousy. The jealous partner then performs acts of surveillance which can lead either to reassurance or to discovery of infidelity. The article concludes by discussing the degree of uniqueness of fidelity management to African- American adolescents and possible relevance to design of AIDS risk-reduction interventions.
'Don't Tell, Dear'
Authors: Ginsburg Rebecca
Published: March 2007

Feminine hygiene products challenge traditional approaches to material culture. Far from being items of conspicuous usage that might assist in the expression of identity or status, tampons and napkins rarely form part of the visual landscape. Menstrual etiquette requires that women hide the fact of their periods, both in the general and in the particular, from others, especi ally from men. Accordingly, they take great pains to keep hygiene products out of sight Study of over 150 boxes of sanitary goods reveals how the design of the objects and of their packaging can be read as encouraging private, discreet consumption. Taking as my starting point the premise that what is missing from the environment is as significant as what is present, I argue that through users' efforts to comply with the apparent necessity of hiding these objects and their attempts to justify such absences, tampons and napkins participate in the ordering of their worlds. Specifically, compliance with menstrual etiquette recalls to women their status as objects, diverts their attention, and compels them to participate in the male gaze. Sanitary prod ucts' significance as material culture lies in their helping to delineate and affirm the dominant ideology of womanhood.
Performance and Possession
Authors: Gregson Nicky , Crewe Louise
Published: March 2007

This paper provides both an empirical account of the act of purchase within the car boot sale and an evaluation of the implications of these findings for theoretical debates on consumption. The paper begins by urging the need to rethink the act of purchase within consumption studies: whilst theoreti cal accounts have presumed much about the act of purchase, these same accounts are argued to exhibit serious deficiencies, some of which can be located in their assumption that the act of purchase (and consumption more generally) is confined to conventional retail environments. In contrast, car boot sale purchasing is shown to involve both separately and simultaneously theatricality and performance, unpredictability and the unexpected, skill, thrift and pleasure and desire. Furthermore, such characteristics are argued to exert considerable influence on the rituals of possession, personalization and re-enchantment that are shown to accompany much car boot sale pur chasing. We conclude the paper by emphasizing the continued need for research on consumption to connect the act of purchase to what is done with/to particular items; by examining the implications of our findings for theoretical narratives of risk; and by posing a number of questions for research on the act of purchase in conventional retail environments.
Public Museums, Museum Photography, and the Limits of Reflexivity
Authors: Born Georgina
Published: March 2007

This essay gives an interpretation of the first exhibition ever held of photo graphs from the archives of the in-house photographic studios of major public museums. It argues that the photographic images sketch out a rich visual anthropology of public museums as social and cultural institutions; and that this can potentially contribute to an enhanced reflexivity and a cultural poli tics concerning the museums' own sociality and hierarchy, and their chang ing representational techniques. This is a reflexivity, however, which the museums seem officially to resist. Museum photography reveals the labour, artifice and construction in the practice of both museum and photographic representations. In contrast with anthropological photography, the 'realism' of museum photography is shown to be characterized by generic and aes thetic instability and experiment, and this is linked to the relatively marginal role of museum photographers within the public museums. Analytically, the essay proposes that semiotic approaches must be broadened beyond textual representations to include the material and social forms of different media. On this basis, despite their apparent convergence in museum photography, the essay develops an analysis of the distinctive nature of the museum and of photography as representational regimes.
Portia and Persephone Revisited:
Authors: MASTERS GUY , SMITH DAVID
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to establish connections between John Braithwaite's theory of reintegrative shaming, the recent interest in `relational justice' and the `ethic of care' of feminist philosophy. Following Heidensohn (1986), it uses the figures of Portia and Persephone to represent, respectively, the ethics of justice and of care, and presents empirical material on victim-offender mediation, Family Group Conferencing (FGC), and Japanese approaches to social control to argue that procedures which allow for the expression of caring as a response to offending are both theoretically well-founded and practically feasible. The paper concludes with some reflections on the dangers of the current trend of penal policy in Britain. It is our hope that this paper will be considered not as a finished argument but as an encouragement to further debate and theorizing.
Is a Feminist Stance in Support of Prostitution Possible? An Exploration of Current Trends
Authors: Kesler Kari
Published: March 2007

Sex work, and prostitution in particular, has long divided feminist thinking. Specifically, much feminist thought seeks to condemn prostitution as a practice and to `save' individual prostitute women. Many prostitutes do not identify with the feminist movement because they feel feminism is antagonistic towards their way of life. This essay explores current trends in feminist thinking towards prostitution, as well as reporting on some prostitutes' views of feminism. It puts prostitutes and feminists into dialogue with one another, in order to answer the question - is a feminist stance in support of prostitution possible?