bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design a Kind of Family Embedded Health Care System
Authors: Wang Qi , Guo Pei Yuan
Published: September 2012

This paper proposes an approach of Family-Embedded-Health-Care-System base on ARM core processor, mainly for the elderly in a community, but also applys to all residents in the community. The system consists of households composed of client and community health posts. Be connected via Internet or GPRS, it is very practical. To meet the daily needs of health monitoring, and also facilitate community health care workers to grasp the residents health status in the community instantly, so they can service better for the residents. When it is necessary, the physician could accessed the communitys computer serve system through Internet to got a patients daily health record as a diagnostic aid information. This system provided a route for remote medical services came into the ordinary families.
Research on the Real-Time Video Transmission Mechanism Based on TFRC
Authors: Xiao Fu , Hu Ting , Yu Jian Ping , Wang Ru Chuan
Published: September 2012

TFRC protocol is very suitable for video transmission, while quality assessment is also essential in video transmission system. In this paper a real-time video transmission system based on TFRC protocol is proposed, and an evaluation model about the system is improved in the framework of Evalid. It assesses the quality and efficiency of the video transmission according to the actual video file, and analyzes losses frame in different video types during transmission as well as the picture quality in receiver. The results of simulation experiment in NS-2 show that when real-time video transmitted in complex network environment using this system, the receiver can get satisfactory video quality by reason of the TFRC protocol friendliness and the smoothness of sending rate.
Research on the EM Modeling of Optimization of PCB Grounded Via
Authors: Gui Liang Qi , Yang Cao , He Jia , Gao Xiao Ping , Chen Ke , Guo Wei , Li Qing Xia
Published: September 2012

Grounded vias modeling is used to analyze the impact on the high speed PCB EMC and SI issues in three aspects, including theoretical analysis, simulator modeling and practical PCB test. In this paper, we discuss the full-wave complex scattering parameter model and full-wave model. Then the full-wave analysis model of the through holes for model validation and comparison are established, by using numerical simulation software HFSS and CST Microwave Studio. The initial test results on the practical PCB show that the analyzed method is reasonable and accurate. And optimized design parameters can ensure the continuity of the impedance of vias, and introduce lesser return loss and insertion loss. It is shown that the signal transmission performance is greatly improved with the grounded via added, which is helpful in specifying the manufacturing tolerance of via designs.
Variations of NPP and Carbon Stock Benefits before and after the Grain for Green Project in Northern Shaanxi
Authors: Song Fu Qiang , Kang Mu Yi , Zheng Zhuang Li , Wang Ling Chao , Wang Guo Qiang , Feng De Xian
Published: September 2012

Northern Shaanxi is one of the pilot zones for implementating of Grain for Green Project. Monitoring the net primary production (NPP) change before and after the project would help understand the spatial patterns and the accomplishment of the Grain for Green project, and also be propitious to calibrate the projects benefits. Using the improved Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) modeling, the terrestrial NPP was estimated. Meanwhile, the carbon (C) stock benefits of Grain for Green Project were analyzed through the different land cover types and slope gradients. The results are as follows: (1) There was an apparently increase of average NPP in Northern Shaanxi from 2000 to 2007. Based on the trend analysis, the areas with high NPP growth rate (more than 20%) account for about 75% area of the whole Northern Shaanxi. (2) The C stock increased significantly from 2000 to 2007 in Northern Shaanxi. The total C stock of vegetation was 7169.4 t and the C stock per unit area was 121.2 t Ckm-2a-1. The total C stock of sloping farmland was more than 2000 t, which account for 31.3% of the whole C stock in Northern Shaanxi. (3) The main districts of the Grain for Green Project, such as the sloping farmland, open forest and lands with slope 15° to 35°, gained better C stock benefits than other areas. The results in this study indicated that the Grain for Green project resulted in good C stock benefits.
Exploration of Planning on Diversity Sustainable Development and New Agricultural Industrial Park
Authors: Shi Hong Qian , Duan Guang De
Published: September 2012

With the change of global climate in the current world, there is a huge impact on the agricultural development. In the background of the more scarce water resources and the poor land, for central and western regions of Inner Mongolia, how to create the value of greatest ecological, economic and social becomes the priority. This paper introduces that the Inhabitable Environment and Landscape Design for the theoretical guidance, the regional landscape ecological planning and design for the base, trying to find a set of planning and design patterns of sustainable agricultural park between people and land, between land and environment by Landscape Architecture Planning and Design Studies.
A New Blind Equalization Algorithm Suitable for Sparse Underwater Acoustic Channel
Authors: Zhu Ting Ting , Jiao Xiao Tao
Published: September 2012

The Constant Modulus Algorithms is a mature algorithm for a long time. The researchers are fond of its solidity. But in the area of shallow sea or blue sea, the CMA has poor constringency. In this passage, based on a improved blind equalization algorithm, we proposed a new algorithm which suitable for sparse underwater acoustic channel. The computer simulation results demonstrate fast convergence and fewer accounts.
An Improved Re-Sampling Interpolation Algorithm for Base-Band Signal Shaping Filtering
Authors: Qi Wei , Chang Qing , Zhang Lv Qian , Yu Yuan
Published: September 2012

Research on shaping filtering algorithms in wireless communication systems has important practical value. Based on the digital base-band shaping filter, which is widely used in the area of software radio, an improved re-sampling filtering algorithm is proposed in this paper. By the design of truncated raise cosine filter, the continuous sequence of digital spread-spectrum signal can be restored. The piecewise parabola interpolation filter is established to carry out the signal re-sample, and the Farrow implementation structure is adopted to reduce the calculation cost. The algorithm is validated through the experiment using simulated and true signals respectively, which demonstrate that not only the out band power of frequency division multi signals can be effectively suppressed, but also the steadiness of re-sampling signals is improved during the dynamic environment.
A Novel Weighted-Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme Using Clustering
Authors: Liu Hui Heng , Chen Wei
Published: September 2012

This paper proposes a novel weighted-cooperative spectrum sensing scheme using clustering for cognitive radio system. We firstly classify the secondary users into a few clusters according to several existent methods, and then use cluster-head to collect the observation results come from different secondary users in the same cluster and make a cluster-decision. Considering the different distances between the clusters and the fusion center, different weightings are used to weight the cluster-decisions before combining. The simulation results show that our proposed method improve the probability of detection and reduce the probability of error.
Research Advances on Multi-Scale Modeling of Properties of Cement-Based Materials
Authors: Zhao Hai Tao , Huang Dong Hui , Wang Pan Xiu , Li Qiao , Ning Qing
Published: September 2012

Cement-based material is a complex multi-scale material which is difficult to comprehend. With the simulation model, the methods and examples of multi-scale modeling of structure and performance of cement-based materials are presented based on coupled cementitious composites and structural mechanics. This paper discuss on the properties of cement-based materials as shrinkage, elasticity, durability which are carried out by numerical methods such as Finite Element Method (FEM) and eXtended FEM(XFEM).
Bleeding Detection in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Using Color Similarity Coefficient
Authors: Pan Guo Bing , Xu Fang , Chen Jiao Liao
Published: September 2012

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) generates a large number of images in one examination of a patient. It is very laborious and time-consuming to detect the WCE video, and limits the wider application of WCE. It is urgent and necessary to develop an automatic and intelligent computer aided bleeding detection technique. This paper proposes the color vector similarity coefficients to measure the color similarity, and based on which, a novel algorithm is implemented to recognize the bleeding in WCE images. The novel algorithm is implemented in RGB color space, and is featured with simple computation and practicability. The experiments show the sensitivity and specificity of this algorithm are 90% and 97% respectively.
Extraction of Flavonoids from Clovers
Authors: Chen Chun Gang , Han Fen Xia , Zhang Yuan , Shi Yu Zhong
Published: September 2012

The extraction of flavonoids from clovers was optimized to maximize flavonoid yield Y in this study. A central composite design of response surface methodology involving extracting time, liquid-solid ratio, extracting temperature and ethanol concentration was used, and second-order model for Y was employed to generate the response surfaces. The optimum condition for Y was determined as follows: extracting time 24min, liquid-solid ratio 20, extracting temperature 80°C, and ethanol concentration 72%. Under the optimum condition, the flavonoid yield was 2.49%.
CoMSIA Study of a Series of N-Dichloroacetyl Oxazolidine Derivatives
Authors: Fu Ying , Li Hai Tao , Zhao Qing Shan , Ye Fei
Published: September 2012

Comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed on N-dichloroacetyl oxazolidine derivatives as herbicide safeners. The best CoMSIA models that were generated using atom based alignmen, Rcv2=0.632, n=4, R2=0.927, F=31.796 and s=0.097. The contributions of steric field, electrostatics field, hydrophobicities field and hydrogenbond acceptor were 0.127, 0.260, 0.285 and 0.328, respectively. The CoMSIA model was satisfactory and would be useful for the future design of new N-dichloroacetyl oxazolidine herbicide safener.
Influences of the Front Wheel Steering Angle on Vehicle Handling and Stability
Authors: Ren Chuan Bo , Zhang Cui Cui , Liu Lin
Published: September 2012

In this paper, motion differential equation of the two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) vehicle is established based on the linear two degrees of freedom vehicle model and is derived without simplifying the front wheel steering angle (FWSA), then we analyze the vehicle's steady-state response , transient response and the amplitude-frequency characteristic of yaw velocity under different FWSA with the help of the matlab software and finally compare the results with the simplified ones to determine how the FWSA influences the level of the vehicle handling and stability (VHS). The results show that: while the FWSA is small, it has a less influence on vehicle handling and stability, the FWSA is large, it has a greater influence on vehicle handling and stability.
A Semantic-Aware Context-Based Access Control Framework for Mobile Web Services
Authors: Shen Hai Bo , Cheng Yu
Published: September 2012

As computing technology becomes more pervasive and mobile services are deployed, applications will need flexible access control mechanisms. Unlike traditional approaches based on the identity/role for access control, access decisions for these applications will depend on the combination of the required attributes of users and the contextual information. This paper proposes a semantic-aware context-based access control framework (called SA_CBAC) to be applied in mobile web services environment by combining semantic web technologies with context-based access control mechanism. In order to handle context information in the framework, this paper proposes a context ontology to represent contextual information and employ it in the inference engine. This paper also focuses on access control policies and addresses these issues by representing context, user attributes and resource attributes in knowledge base and extending XACML to incorporate the knowledge base.
Model of the Scheduled Aircraft Maintenance Plan Based on Reliability
Authors: Chen Jiu Sheng , Zhang Xiao Yu
Published: September 2012

The scheduled aircraft maintenance mode inevitably results in gradually descending reliability of avionics equipment with the increasing service cycle and maintenance frequency. The reliability predictive method is established based on data fusion. It can realize the predictive evaluation of avionics equipment reliability. The method of defining optimum maintenance cycle on scheduled aircraft maintenance is under the MSG-3 framework at presented.
Study on 2D Simulation Model of Human Skull with Inhomogeneous Resistivity Distribution
Authors: Tang Chi , Ni An Sheng , You Fu Sheng , Yang Bin , Li Jian Bo , Dong Xiu Zhen
Published: September 2012

In the present study, on the basis of our previous study on the relationship between the resistivity and structure of the live human skull, a 2D simulation model of human skull with inhomogeneous resistivity distribution was successfully obtained from CT image. The results showed that the˰̻̼̼̓ͅ˰̵̹̹̹͉͂̓̓̈́͆̈́˰͇̱̓˰̷̶̹̹̹̳̱̼͉̓̾̾̈́˰̸̷̵̵̹̾̿̽̿̾̿̓ͅ˼˰̴̱̾˰̸̵̈́˰̵̱̼͆̓ͅ˰̶̿˰̻̼̼̓ͅ˰̵̹̹̹͉͂̓̓̈́͆̈́˰̶̿͂˰̸̹̈́̓˰̵̳̹̓̈́̿̾˰̷̵̴̱͂̾˰̶͂̿̽˰̅̇̈̂˰̈́̿˰́̅̀̃̄Ω˾̳̽˾˰ In this study, we explored the method of establishing the head simulation model with real resistivity distribution of human skull, which provided feasibility for future application and should be meaningful for the improvement of the accuracy of the studies on bioelectro-magnetic effects and EIT of the head.
Analysis and Simulation of Mobile Terminal Dual-Unit Smart Antenna
Authors: Li Yuan , Bian Li An , Go Jia
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we set up the model of downlink for Time Division synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), and present link level simulation to TD-SCDMA mobile terminal smart antenna system. By carrying on performance simulation in system bit error rate between dual-unit antenna and single-unit antenna, we can validate the advantage of dual-unit smart antenna. Besides, we analysis the mobile terminal smart antenna may influenced by many factors, such as distance of two antenna, moving speed, the number of multi-path and user and so on, solve the contradiction between miniaturization of mobile terminal smart antenna and independence between antenna, and provide a valuable design reference to commercialize the limited frequency spectrum resource.
Some Inequalities of Partial Sums for Negatively Dependent Random Variables
Authors: Huang Hai Wu , Wu Qun Ying , Deng Guang Ming
Published: September 2012

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate some properties of partial sums for negatively dependent random variables. By using some special numerical functions, and we get some probability inequalities and exponential inequalities of partial sums, which generalize the corresponding results for independent random variables and associated random variables. At last, exponential inequalities and Bernsteins inequality for negatively dependent random variables are presented.
The Research of the CO2 Wireless Monitoring System Based on TC35
Authors: Ren Xian Zhong , Zheng Yong Zhen , Chen Hong Yan
Published: September 2012

As the development of carbon diocide sensors and communication technology, the method for monitoring the concentration of carbon dioxide is more and more advanced, especially the traditonal methods have the disadvantage of the low accuracy and inconvenience on use. This paper puts forward a wireless sensor networks based on TC35 module and the method of the signal transmitting. Through the application of wireless technology, the MCU could send the carbon diocide concentration data from the carbon diocide sensor which is based on the NDIR technology to the process module, and the system could achieve the distant measurement of the carbon diocide displayed on the LED. Comparing with wire monitor system, wireless monitor system omits linking lines and it has good application prospect.
Computing Method and Circuit Realization of Neural Network on Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Cui Li Kun , Wang Wei , Li Zhuo
Published: September 2012

The finite element analysis in theory of elasticity is corresponded to the quadratic programming with equality constraint, which can be further transformed into the unconstrained optimization. In the paper, the question is solved by modified Hopfield neural network based on the energy function of the neural network equals to the objective function of the finite element method and the minimum point, which is the stable equilibrium point of the network system, is the solution. In addition the authors present the computer simulation and analogue circuit experiment to verify this method. The results are revealed that: 1) The results of improved Hopfield neural network are reliable and accuracy; 2) The improved Hopfield neural network model has an advantage on circuit realization and the computing time, which is unrelated with complexity of the structure, is constant. It is practical significance for the research and calculation.
Harmonics Analysis Based on FFT of Special Hanning Interpolation Combined with Wavelet Transform
Authors: Cao Yun Dong , Chen Xing Gang
Published: September 2012

In view of the problem that harmonics analysis by fast Fourier Transform can appear a higher error and the serious phenomenon of harmonics leakage and fence, it is put forward that a improved arithmetic that FFT of special Hanning interpolation combined with wavelet transform. It is proved by theory analysis and simulation calculation that: FFT arithmetic of special Hanning interpolation can raise the precision of steady-state harmonics analysis validly. And wavelet transform arithmetic can analyze time-varying harmonics and sudden-changing harmonics precisely. The arithmetic of wavelet transform combined with FFT can remedy the defects of harmonics analysis by FFT and analyze harmonics precisely, timely and validly.
Simulation of Transient EMP Effects Coupling through Apertures Using Sub-Gridding FDTD Algorithm
Authors: Xiao Jin Shi , Ren Xiong Wei
Published: September 2012

Transient electromagnetic pulse (EMP) can easily couple into the inner of targets via apertures. To calculate the EMP coupling effects on a cylinder object with openings, the coupling course is simulated using sub-gridding FDTD algorithm in this paper. Gauss pulse and double exponential pulse are selected as the incident pulse source. The coupling EM field strength E inside the object and the current density J on the surface are calculated. Several rules about EMP coupling effects are gotten both in time and frequency domain. The results can help us to understand the damage effects of transient EMP.
New Approach for Software Modeling and Transformation
Authors: Yu Jin Wei
Published: September 2012

In this paper, a new kind of presentation model for software modeling and transformation is proposed, which is composed of three parts: static model, action model and presentation model. Presentation model describes user interface appearance thorough, while interface template describes the macro-layout and relation of interface, whose basic element is interactive object. Interface template-based presentation model can enhance the rationality of macro-layout of the interface, enhance the expressive power and control power, meet the requirement of auto generate high quality user interface. This solution can be used widely for suffering little from the domain and some special techniques of target applications.
Interior Ballistics Simulation of Modular Charge Gun System Using Matlab
Authors: Zhang Ling Ke , Yu Yong Gang , Lu Xin
Published: September 2012

Calculation and simulation of the interior ballistic precedes the design of gun and charge construction. Modular charge system is the major development direction of large caliber howitzer, and will be as a replacement of current bag charge. It is necessary to develop a common program used to simulate interior ballistic environment of modular charge, which is a complex composite propellant charge. The characteristics of modular charge construction and the difference compared with traditional charge style were introduced at first. A simulation program of was developed based on lumped-parameters interior ballistic model using Matlab/Simulink development environment, which is relative simple, but, very suitable first stage design of interior ballistic of modular charge system. The program includes four modules, input parameters, core simulation code, calculation of form equations and data processing. The simulation results are agreeable with the experimental values according to the parameters of a certain 155mm gun. Furthermore, the program could be used in the numerical calculation of single charge or bag charge by adjusting some items.
The Speaker and Content Adaptation in Radiology Information System
Authors: Wu Fei Ran , Wang Xin Xin , Ye Zhi Qian
Published: September 2012

After attempts on applying the speech recognition system to radiology information system (RIS), we focus on the implementation of introducing adaptation technology to the system. To be consistent with the practical application of RIS, we intend to solve the problems on how to adapt and add new content related to the RIS report to the old model. This paper describes an acoustic model-based speaker and content adaptation scheme using a synthetic method which introduces a simplified maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) module to the incremental maximum a posteriori (MAP) processing. We designed and tested a procedure using our own adaptation data collected from hospital diagnostic reports. Finally, the efficiency of this method is supported by experimental results.
Smart Parking System Based on Wireless Sensor Network for Large Parking Lots
Authors: Zhang Mei Yan , Zhou Li Ping , Cai Wen Yu
Published: September 2012

In China, finding a vacant parking space in a congested area or a large parking lot is always time consuming and frustrating. To minimize hassle and inconvenience to the automatic drivers, this paper proposed a novel smart parking system which consists of many parking sensor nodes and one parking gateway in one large parking lot. Parking sensor node is used as vehicle occupancy detector and parking gateway is used as parking lot manager. All parking sensor nodes compose wireless sensor networks with Zigbee transmission protocol. With the GPRS/3G transmission function of parking gateway, large parking lot can provide friendly parking information to the running vehicles and subscribed users. In a word, the proposed novel smart parking system is provided with innovative and practicability.
SAR and Temperature Evaluations of a 900 Mhz TEM Chamber for Cell Exposure
Authors: Ren Z. , Zhao J.X. , Lu H.M. , Zhang J.N. , Wang W.
Published: September 2012

A dosimetry study is made for experiments on cultured cells exposed to 900 MHz microwave in the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) chamber. The exposure is characterized by the intensity and homogeneity of the specific absorption rate (SAR), as well as the exposure-induced temperature rise. The SAR distribution is calculated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm of the Maxwell equations. The finite-difference formulation of the bioheat conduction equation is used to calculate the temperature rise of the in vitro environment. Evaluations of the SAR and temperature are performed systematically for scenarios including two formations of cultured cells, two maximum fields, and four polarizations of the Petri dish holding the cell culture. The exposure is optimized by selecting scenarios with the highest SAR intensity, the best SAR homogeneity, and the effective temperature control.
Evaluation of the College Classroom Teaching Quality Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
Authors: Wang Ya Wei , Cao Dian Li
Published: September 2012

Through designing the evaluation index system, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of the college classroom teaching quality is constructed based on the theory of fuzzy mathematics in this paper. The empirical results show that the model is an effective assessment to evaluate the quality of college classroom teaching and has good scientificity and practicality.
The Application of RFID in the Cold-Chain Quality Management
Authors: Zhang Qing Ying , Chi Ying
Published: September 2012

As a new industry in China, cold-chain logistics has some characteristics including high timeliness and short shelf-life. It is considered to be available to improve the efficiency of operation and management of cold chain logistic by the sensible usage of advanced RFID technology. The paper studies the necessity and feasibility of the applications of RFID based on the discussion of process of cold chain logistics, which covers manufacturing, stocking, transportation, delivering, and marketing of the cold products, in order to guarantee the quality of the cold chain and publics safety.
Morphological Image Processing in Quality Inspection for Bowl
Authors: Li Hui Ying , Cheng Xien
Published: September 2012

In recent years, the strong evolution in automation, the significant advantage has been taken by ceramic industries. All production phases have been addressed through various technical innovations, with the exception of the final stage of the manufacturing process. Mostly, manufacturers have to apply artificial quality inspection at the final stage. It is labor intensive, slow and subjective. This paper proposed an approach of automatic quality inspection for ceramic product, system schematic and method are proposed, and it can easily implement in hardware system. Experiments in lab have been done to test the method.
Calculation of Parameter of Ashcroft’s Potential Using Vacancy Formation Energy for some BCC Metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ba
Authors: Ghorai Amitava , Choudhury T. , Das Arjun , Dey R. , Ganguly S.
Published: September 2012

The graphs for variation of vacancy formation energy ( ) with rc of Ashcroft's empty core model potential for different exchange and correlation functions are shown for six bcc metals, viz. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Ba. Fitted value of for Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Ba are respectively 1.343, 1.694, 2.205, 2.384, 2.962 and 2.337 atomic unit (AU).
Application of Positron Beams to the Investigation of Memristive Materials and Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Potzger Kay , Liedke Maciej Oskar
Published: September 2012

After a general introduction to the field of resistive switching and spin electronics and the role of defects therein, recent investigations on the above mentioned topics including positron beams are reviewed. An ongoing project at the Helmholtz Centre Dresden-Rossendorf to further extend such investigations is briefly outlined and expected benefits are mentioned.
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy: A Prelude to Modern Aspects
Authors: Ganguly Bichitra Nandi
Published: September 2012

This article deals with the insight of using the positron (the simplest antimatter) as an entity that non-destructively probes material structure to the extent of atomic size defects, also describes the tools that have been in practice in recent times and in the front line activities. It also guides the reader on the use of (monoenergetic) slow positron beams that are currently available to study surface/ near surface structural details of various advanced materials. In addition, the bound state of electron and positron (positronium) is touched upon along with various conjectures for harnessing such species and utility of such light quasi-stationary states have been included. A brief mention has been made on the application of positrons towards medical diagnostic aspects and its recent importance in an astrophysical context.
Production and Applications of Intense Pulsed, Slow Positron Beams
Authors: O'Rourke Brian E. , Oshima N. , Kinomura A. , Ohdaira T. , Suzuki R.
Published: September 2012

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is an experimental technique whereby the lifetime spectrum of positrons injected into a material is measured. Analysis of this spectrum can be used to characterize defects in the material. While radioisotope positron sources are often used for PALS, there are several advantages of using mono-energetic, slow positron beams. In order to measure lifetime spectra with such beams it is necessary to produce a pulsed beam with an extremely short pulse length (~ 200 ps). In this article we discuss the advantages of using pulsed, slow-positron beams, the various methods of beam production and pulsing methods. We focus in particular on intense beams generated by electron accelerators and describe the current status and future plans for the accelerator based facility at AIST.
Investigations of HAVAR® Alloy Using Positrons
Authors: Beck S. May Tal , Anwand Wolfgang , Wagner Andreas , Brauer Gerhard , Beck A. , Ocherashvili A. , Hen O. , Haroush S. , Eisen Y. , Moreno D.
Published: September 2012

A study of irradiation-induced damage in HAVAR® foils was initiated in order to extract the highest proton dose the foils can sustain. The lattice structure of HAVAR® foils in different metallurgic conditions is presented, as well as visible internal structure, measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) techniques were used to investigate these foils, and another foil that had been irradiated to the maximal proton dose limit, set by the manufacturer to a total charge of 1 mAh (= 3.6 C). PAS techniques included Doppler broadening (DB) measurement in the SPONSOR beam and lifetime (LT) measurements, both carried at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). Both positron spectroscopy methods show clear differences between the investigated foils, with distinguished characteristics for annealed, cold-rolled and irradiated foils. The advantages of using a slow positron beam to study thin foils and defect profiles, over a table-top LT spectrometer, are discussed and demonstrated by the HAVAR® measurements.
Re‐Examining the Relationship between Tillage Regime and Global Climate Change
Authors: Hammons Sarah K.
Published: September 2012

It is known that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are a major contributor to global climate change and that reducing our emissions will stem its acceleration (Baker et al., 2007). Aside from emission reductions, another method for stemming global climate change is to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere by storing them elsewhere. As the largest carbon pool within terrestrial ecosystems, the soil is thought to have considerable potential to sequester carbon. Changes in land‐use and management have been proposed to sequester atmospheric CO2, particularly converting conventional plowing to conservation tillage, especially no‐tillage (Lal, 2004). Businesses are currently allowed to purchase carbon credits for emission reductions through agricultural activities, such as soil carbon sequestration from switching to no‐tillage. However, emerging research calls into question the validity of these carbon credits. This paper focuses on the potential role of no‐till management in relation to global climate change by specifically examining the use of no‐till as a way to sequester atmospheric CO2 in the world's soils and to combat the predicted effects of global climate change on the agricultural sector.
Chi‐Square Test for Goodness of Fit in a Plant Breeding Example
Authors: Namuth‐Covert Deana M. , Merk Heather L. , Haines Courtney
Published: September 2012

In plant breeding and genetics research, plant breeders establish a hypothesis to explain how they think a particular trait is inherited, such as if it is due to one gene with complete dominance, an interaction of more than one gene, or quantitative inheritance, with many genes contributing, etc. Next the breeder sets up some crosses and observes the resulting progeny to test that inheritance hypothesis. However, when the data is collected, oftentimes the breeder discovers the number of plants observed in each class is not exactly what was expected from the hypothesis. The question then is how do plant breeders determine if the data supports their hypothesis or not? Following a tomato disease resistance example in this lesson, you will learn a simple statistical test that breeders can use to conclude if the experimental data supports their hypothesis. This lesson is written for undergraduate and graduate students studying plant breeding, as well as agriculture professionals unfamiliar with the use of the chi‐square analysis. After completing this lesson module you should be able to:

Calculate expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios and the number of plants expected in each class for a given plant breeding scheme.

Calculate chi‐square values for plant genetics data sets from both phenotypic and genotypic observations.

Calculate degrees of freedom.

Accurately interpret results from a chi‐square test.

Identify appropriate uses and limitations of the chi‐square test in plant breeding and genetics research.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Benefit Heavy Metal Tolerance and Phytoremediation
Authors: Forgy David
Published: September 2012

Sites contaminated by heavy metals, such as industrial waste sites, create unwelcoming environments for plant growth. Heavy metals can have a wide range of toxic effects such as replacing essential elements or disrupting enzyme function. While some heavy metals are essential to plant nutrition at low concentrations, high concentrations of any heavy metal(s) has the effect of reducing or preventing plant growth. Despite the obstacles to plant growth, revegetation of these sites is important because wind and water erosion can transport heavy metals from contaminated sites, thereby spreading these potentially toxic pollutants. Phytoremediation techniques which use plants to remediate contaminated soil may provide a solution to problems of revegetation and contamination. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may enhance phytoremediation, especially phytoextraction and phytostabilization, by reducing heavy metal stresses on plants, increasing heavy metal uptake, and affecting translocation of metals within plants. This paper provides a review of the effects of AMF colonization on heavy metal tolerance in plants and the potential for utilizing AMF in phytoremediation techniques.
Do People Accurately Anticipate Sanctions?
Authors: Pérez Raúl López , Kiss Hubert J.
Published: September 2012

We provide lab data from four different games that allow us to study whether people have accurate expectations regarding monetary sanctions (punishment/reward) and nonmonetary sanctions (disapproval/approval). Although the strength of the sanction is always predicted with some error (particularly in the case of monetary sanctions), we observe that (i) most subjects anticipate correctly the sign of the average sanction, (ii) expectations covary with sanctions, (iii) the average expectation is very often not significantly different than the average actual sanction, and (iv) the errors exhibit no systematic bias, except in those situations where rewards are frequent. In this line, we find some evidence that punishment is better anticipated than rewards.
Remittance Income Volatility and Labor Supply in Mexico
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , Pozo Susan
Published: September 2012

Using the 2000 through 2008 waves of the Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH), Mexico's income and expenditure survey, we estimate the way in which volatility surrounding the inflows of international remittances impacts male and female labor supply. We find that male and female labor supply decreases with higher levels of remittance income. Additionally, increases in remittance income volatility raise the employment likelihood of men and women, as well as the hours worked by employed women. Since men are more likely than women to be employed full‐time, women may be better suited to respond to increased volatility in remittance income by raising the number of hours worked. Overall, the findings are suggestive of labor supply being used as a buffer against income shortfalls and increased volatility in remittance inflows.
Do Economists Recognize an Opportunity Cost When They See One? A Dismal Performance or an Arbitrary Concept?
Authors: Potter Joel , Sanders Shane
Published: September 2012

asked 199 professional economists a multiple‐choice question about opportunity cost. Given that only 21.6% answered “correctly,” they conclude that professional understanding of the concept is “dismal.” We challenge this critique of the profession. Specifically, we allow for alternative opportunity cost accounting methodologies—one of which is derived from the term's definition as found in Ferraro and Taylor— and rely on the conventional relationship between willingness to pay and substitute goods to demonstrate that every answer to the multiple‐choice question is defensible. The Ferraro and Taylor survey question suggests difficulties in framing an opportunity cost accounting question, as well as a lack of coordination in opportunity cost accounting methodology. In scope and logic, we conclude that the survey question does not, however, succeed in measuring professional understanding of opportunity cost. A discussion follows as to the concept's appropriate role in the classroom.
Ring-Shaped Corneal Stromal Opacities after Corneal Cross-linking with Riboflavin and Ultraviolet A Irradiation for Keratoconus
Authors: Kymionis George D , Limnopoulou Aliki N , Stojanovic Nela , Plaka Argyro D , Kankariya Vardhaman P
Published: September 2012

A 32-year-old female patient with progressive keratoconus in her right eye was treated with simultaneous customized photoreactive keratoctomy (PRK) and corneal cross-linking (CXL) with riboflavin and Ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. Ten days after the procedure, the patient was presented with foreign body sensation, mild ring-shaped corneal infiltration with vascularization at the limbus and Trantas dots at slit-lamp examination along with conjunctival injection and papillary reaction. One month postoperatively, the conjunctival injection decreased but the limbus vascularization and circular infiltration remained. Five months postoperatively, there were no subjective complains and slit-lamp examination revealed circular pseudogerontoxon more dense superiorly. Best corrected visual acuty (BCVA) remained 20/20 and corneal topography remained stable. Ring-shaped intrastromal corneal infiltrate could appear after simultaneous PRK-CXL for progressive keratoconus without interfering with the stiffening effect of the procedure.

How to cite this article

Kymionis GD, Limnopoulou AN, Stojanovic N, Plaka AD, Kankariya VP. Ring-Shaped Corneal Stromal Opacities after Corneal Cross-linking with Riboflavin and Ultraviolet A Irradiation for Keratoconus. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2012;1(2):140-143.
A design study on complexity reduced multipath mitigation
Authors: Wasenmüller U. , Brack T. , Groh I. , Staudinger E. , Sand S. , Wehn N.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Global navigation satellite systems, e.g. the current GPS and the future European Galileo system, are frequently used in car navigation systems or smart phones to determine the position of a user. The calculation of the mobile position is based on the signal propagation times between the satellites and the mobile terminal. At least four time of arrival (TOA) measurements from four different satellites are required to resolve the position uniquely. Further, the satellites need to be line-of-sight to the receiver for exact position calculation. However, in an urban area, the direct path may be blocked and the resulting multipath propagation causes errors in the order of tens of meters for each measurement. and in the case of non-line-of-sight (NLOS), positive errors in the order of hundreds of meters. In this paper an advanced algorithm for multipath mitigation known as CRMM is presented. CRMM features reduced algorithmic complexity and superior performance in comparison with other state of the art multipath mitigation algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate the significant improvements in position calculation in environments with severe multipath propagation. Nevertheless, in relation to traditional algorithms an increased effort is required for real-time signal processing due to the large amount of data, which has to be processed in parallel. Based on CRMM, we performed a comprehensive design study including a design space exploration for the tracking unit hardware part, and prototype implementation for hardware complexity estimation.
An 8 bit current steering DAC for offset compensation purposes in sensor arrays
Authors: Bertotti G. , Laifi A. , Di Gioia E. , Masoumi M. , Dodel N. , Scarselli E. F. , Thewes R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. An 8 bit segmented current steering DAC is presented for the compensation of mismatch of sensors with current output arranged in a large arrays. The DAC is implemented in a 1.8 V supply voltage 180 nm standard CMOS technology. Post layout simulations reveal that the design target concerning a sampling frequency of 2.6 MHz is exceeded, worst-case settling time equals 60.6 ns. The output current range is 0–10 μA, which translates into an LSB of 40 nA. Good linearity is achieved, INL < 0.5 LSB and DNL < 0.4 LSB, respectively. Static power consumption with the outputs operated at a voltage of 0.9 V is approximately 10 μW. Dynamic power, mainly consumed by switching activity of the digital circuit parts, amounts to 100 μW at 2.6 MHz operation frequency. Total area is 38.6 × 2933.0 μm2.
Numerical modeling for heatsink emissions in power electronics
Authors: Kulanayagam J. , Hagmann J. H. , Schenke S. , Hoffmann K. F. , Dickmann S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The parasitic coupling between power semiconductors and the heat sink is responsible for noise current in Switching Mode Power Supply (SMPS) systems. In this paper, the variations in the radiation characteristics of heatsinks are investigated with respect to their geometries by use of numerical models. Analyses are facilitated by using a mopole antenna as an EMI receiver and by using simplified heatsink models as EMI transmitters to model the heatsink radiated emissions. In addition, the analysis is confirmed using laboratory measurements.
Planetary wave characteristics of gravity wave modulation from 30–130 km
Authors: Hoffmann P. , Jacobi Ch.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Fast gravity waves (GW) have an important impact on the momentum transfer between the middle and upper atmosphere. Experiments with a circulation model indicate a penetration of high phase speed GW into the thermosphere as well as an indirect propagation of planetary waves by the modulation GW of momentum fluxes into the thermosphere. Planetary wave characteristics derived from middle atmosphere SABER temperatures, GW potential energy and ionospheric GPS-TEC data at midlatitudes reveal a possible correspondence of PW signatures in the middle atmosphere and ionosphere in winter around solar maximum (2002–2005). In the case of the westward propagating 16-day wave with zonal wavenumber 1 a possible connection could be found in data analysis (November–December 2003) and model simulation. Accordingly, GW with high phase speeds might play an essential role in the transfer of PW and other meteorological disturbances up to the ionospheric F-region.
Fractional-N PLL based FMCW sweep generator for an 80 GHz radar system with 24.5 GHz bandwidth
Authors: Jaeschke T. , Bredendiek C. , Vogt M. , Pohl N.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A phase-locked loop (PLL) based frequency synthesizer capable of generating highly linear broadband frequency sweeps as signal source of a high resolution 80 GHz FMCW radar system is presented. The system achieves a wide output range of 24.5 GHz starting from 68 GHz up to 92.5 GHz. High frequencies allow the use of small antennas for small antenna beam angles. The wide bandwidth results in a radar system with a very high range resolution of below 1.5 cm. Furthermore, the presented synthesizer provides a very low phase noise performance of −80 dBc/Hz at 80 GHz carrier frequency and 10 kHz offset, which enables high precision distance measurements with low range errors. This is achieved by using two nested phase-looked loops with high order loop filters. The use of a fractional PLL divider and a high phase frequency discriminator (PFD) frequency assures an excellent ramp linearity.
Simulating Southern Hemisphere extra-tropical climate variability with an idealised coupled atmosphere-ocean model
Authors: Kurzke H. , Kurgansky M. V. , Dethloff K. , Handorf D. , Erxleben S. , Olbers D. , Eden C. , Sempf M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A quasi-geostrophic model of Southern Hemisphere's wintertime atmospheric circulation with horizontal resolution T21 has been coupled to a global ocean circulation model with a resolution of 2° × 2° and simplified physics. This simplified coupled model reproduces qualitatively some features of the first and the second EOF of atmospheric 833 hPa geopotential height in accordance with NCEP data. The variability patterns of the simplified coupled model have been compared with variability patterns simulated by four complex state-of-the-art coupled CMIP5 models. The first EOF of the simplified model is too zonal and does not reproduce the right position of the centre of action over the Pacific Ocean and its extension to the tropics. The agreement in the second EOF between the simplified and the CMIP5 models is better. The total variance of the simplified model is weaker than the observational variance and those of the CMIP5 models. The transport properties of the Southern Ocean circulation are in qualitative accord with observations. The simplified model exhibits skill in reproducing essential features of decadal and multi-decadal climate variability in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere. Notably, 800 yr long coupled model simulations reveal sea surface temperature fluctuations on the timescale of several decades in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region.
Soliton Solutions, Conservation Laws, and Reductions of Certain Classes of NonlinearWave Equations
Authors: Morris Richard , Kar Abdul Hamid , Chowdhury Abhinandan , Biswas Anjan
Published: September 2012

In this paper, the soliton solutions and the corresponding conservation laws of a few nonlinear wave equations will be obtained. The Hunter-Saxton equation, the improved Korteweg-de Vries equation, and other such equations will be considered. The Lie symmetry approach will be utilized to extract the conserved densities of these equations. The soliton solutions will be used to obtain the conserved quantities of these equations.