bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why do we have so many different hydrological models? A review based on the case of Switzerland
Authors: Horton Pascal , Schaefli Bettina , Kauzlaric Martina
Published: December 2021

Hydrology plays a central role in applied and fundamental environmental sciences, but it is well known to suffer from an overwhelming diversity of models, particularly to simulate streamflow. We discuss here in detail how such diversity did arise based on the example of Switzerland. The case study's relevance stems from the fact that Switzerland, despite being a small country, shows a variety of hydro‐climatological regimes, of water resources management challenges, and of hydrological research institutes that led to a model diversification that stands exemplary for the diversification that arose also at larger scales. Our analysis, based on literature review, personal inquiry, and an author survey, summarizes the main driving forces behind model diversification. We anticipate that this review not only helps researchers from other fields but in particular also the international hydrology community to understand why we have so many different streamflow models.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Science of Water

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Science of Water > Methods
Sustainability in Developing Countries: Case Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ditlev-Simonsen Caroline D.
Published: December 2021

No poverty is goal 1 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 1995, 10 percent world population lived in extreme poverty. More than one billion, almost 13 percent of the world population, live in Sub-Saharan Africa. This area accounts for two-thirds of global extreme poverty. At the same time, Africa has the fastest growing population with a median age less than 20 years, and about 30 percent of the Earth’s remaining mineral resources. This dynamic calls for special attention, and sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa is the focus in this chapter. This chapter begins with an analysis of Africa’s current situation in terms of development; it details challenges and opportunities and through concrete cases and examples summarizes what has worked and what has not worked. Based on this foundation, key issues for a sustainable future in Sub-Sahara Africa are addressed. Examples of business built on sustainable resources and business opportunities are also presented.
Key Tools for Social- and Environmental Performance, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Ditlev-Simonsen Caroline D.
Published: December 2021

Corporate responsibility provides the foundation for sustainable development. It is a complex sphere since there are several confusing initiatives intended to help companies incorporate sustainability. From an international perspective, the UN initiatives have had the most impact. I provide a short introduction to the history of key UN initiatives associated with environmental and social issues and how they relate to business and corporations. As the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have a key global framework for sustainable development, they will be discussed in detail with special attention to challenges and practical relevance for corporations. Well-known and widely applied initiatives to evaluate corporate performance like Fair Trade Certificate and ISO 14001; greenhouse and climate reporting initiatives, like the GHG Protocol, CDP, TCFD; sustainable reporting frameworks, like GRI and IIRC; and supply chain guidance and due diligence like the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, and new laws on transparency, will be presented.
An End to Encryption? Surveillance and Proportionality in the Crypto-Wars
Authors: Macnish Kevin
Published: December 2021

End-to-end encryption has been a reality for at least 30 years. However, it is only with recent developments that it has become widespread on mobile phones operating over the internet. This has provided tools for terrorists to plan activities that lead directly to the deaths of innocent civilians. At the same time, it has also been used by dissidents challenging totalitarian regimes and holding liberal democracies to account. In this chapter I argue that while terrorist use of such encryption may render that encryption unjustifiable within a liberal democracy, within an international context the protection that it provides to those seeking to establish law-abiding democracies is too great to be ignored.
White Knights, Black Armour, Digital Worlds: Exploring the Efficacy of Analysing Online Manifestos of Terrorist Actors in the Counter Terrorism Landscape
Authors: Lucas Kosta , Baldino Daniel
Published: December 2021

Over the past few years, a number of major terrorist attacks have been accompanied by the uploading of detailed, online manifestos, which chart and publicise ideologies, motivations and tactical choices in the backdrop of a dehumanized foe. Such manifestos can also act as inspiration for potential copycats and group-think style supporters within an insulated network. However the types of conclusions that can be drawn from manifesto analysis is a complex issue. The broad aim of this chapter is to explore such identity construction and the usefulness of analysing terrorist manifestos through a narrative framework, with a view to demonstrating that manifestos can be understood as a script to a violent performance (the terrorist act) in the theatre of terrorism (the digital world). These insights can serve the development of policy directed towards aspects of the personal attitudes and the social drivers that are necessary for the amplification of violence rather than in the often impenetrable prediction of who is and who is not likely to become a terrorist actor.
Terrorism and the Internet of Things: Cyber-Terrorism as an Emergent Threat
Authors: Henschke Adam
Published: December 2021

In this chapter I present an argument that cyber-terrorism will happen. This argument is premised on the development of a cluster of related technologies that create a direct causal link between the informational realm of cyberspace and the physical realm. These cyber-enabled physical systems fit under the umbrella of the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT). While this informational/physical connection is a vitally important part of the claim, a more nuanced analysis reveals five further features are central to the IoT enabling cyber-terrorism. These features are that the IoT is radically insecure, that the components of the IoT are in the world, that the sheer numbers of IoT devices mean potential attacks can be intense, that the IoT will likely be powered by a range of Artificial Intelligence aspects, making it inscrutable, and that the IoT is largely invisible. Combining these five factors together, the IoT emerges as a threat vector for cyber-terrorism. The point of the chapter is to go beyond recognising that the IoT is a thing in the world and so can enable physical impacts from cyber-attacks, to offer these five factors to say something more specific about just why the IoT can potentially be used for cyber-terrorism. Having outlined how the IoT can be used for cyber-terrorism, I attend to the question of whether such actions are actually terrorism or not. Ultimately, I argue, as the IoT grows in scope and penetration of our physical worlds and behaviours, it means that cyber-terrorism is not a question of if, but when. This, I suggest, has significant ethical implications as these five features of the IoT mean that we ought to be regulating these technologies.
Zur Entwicklung von Aufmerksamkeit gegenüber Themen
Authors: Gravert Andreas
Published: December 2021

Dieses Kapitel legt den zweiten von drei Teilen des theoretischen Fundaments für die Identifizierung, Beschreibung und Erklärung von Themenkarrieren in der Wissenschaft. Hier werden Ansätze der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften sowie der Politikwissenschaft zur Beschreibung und Erklärung der Entstehung von Themen evaluiert. Ziel ist es, Konzepte, Merkmale und Mechanismen der Themenentstehung zu erfassen, deren Übertragbarkeit auf die Wissenschaft in den folgenden Kapiteln dieser Arbeit geprüft werden kann. Dies fängt bei der Klärung grundlegender Begriffe wie Thema oder Themenkarriere an und hört bei der Analyse unterschiedlicher Ansätze der Agenda Setting-Forschung auf. Auf diese Weise sollen die Wissenschaftssoziologie und die Planungswissenschaft durch die Forschungstraditionen der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften sowie der Politikwissenschaft befruchtet werden. Zunächst werden im Teilkapitel 3.1 Konzeptualisierungen der Begriffe Thema, Öffentlichkeit und Aufmerksamkeit diskutiert. In den darauf folgenden Abschnitten werden unterschiedliche Forschungstraditionen zur Beschreibung und Erklärung der Themenentstehung erläutert. Hierzu gehören zunächst die auf Luhmann und Downs zurückgehenden Themenzyklusmodelle (Kp. 3.2). Daran anschließend werden Agenda Setting-Ansätze aus den Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften diskutiert, die insbesondere auf die Beeinflussung der öffentlichen Meinung durch die Salienz und das Framing von Themen fokussieren (Kp. 3.3). Das letzte Teilkapitel behandelt politikwissenschaftliche Ansätze des Agenda Setting, die die hohe Bedeutung der öffentlichen Problematisierung von Themen für das Zustandekommen politischer Entscheidungen betonen und auf die Identifizierung von Mechanismen des Setzens und Blockierens von Themen durch rivalisierende Gruppen abzielen (Kp. 3.4).
Resultate
Authors: Schrader Sonja Maria
Published: December 2021

Für die Analyse wird von einem vollzeitigen Erwerbsumfang der Mutter und einem ganztägigen Betreuungsumfang in der Tagespflege eines einjährigen Kindes ausgegangen. Dabei wurde sich am Indikator 4.2.a der deutschen Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie orientiert, der einen Anstieg der Ganztagsbetreuung auf 35 % für 0- bis 2-jährige Kinder bis zum Jahr 2030 vorsieht.
Threshold resummation of new partonic channels at next-to-leading power
Authors: van Beekveld Melissa , Vernazza Leonardo , White Chris D.
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Collider observables involving heavy particles are subject to large logarithmic terms near threshold, which must be summed to all orders in perturbation theory to obtain sensible results. Relatively recently, this resummation has been extended to next-to-leading power in the threshold variable, using a variety of approaches. In this paper, we consider partonic channels that turn on only at next-to-leading power, and show that it is possible to resum leading logarithms using well-established diagrammatic techniques in Quantum Chromodynamics. We first consider deep inelastic scattering, where we reproduce the results of a recent study using an effective theory approach. Next, we consider the quark-gluon channel in both Drell-Yan and Higgs boson production, showing that an explicit all-order form for the leading logarithmic partonic cross section can be obtained. Our results agree with previous conjectures based on fixed-order results.
On the algorithmic solution of optimization problems subject to probabilistic/robust (probust) constraints
Authors: Berthold Holger , Heitsch Holger , Henrion René , Schwientek Jan
Published: December 2021

We present an adaptive grid refinement algorithm to solve probabilistic optimization problems with infinitely many random constraints. Using a bilevel approach, we iteratively aggregate inequalities that provide most information not in a geometric but in a probabilistic sense. This conceptual idea, for which a convergence proof is provided, is then adapted to an implementable algorithm. The efficiency of our approach when compared to naive methods based on uniform grid refinement is illustrated for a numerical test example as well as for a water reservoir problem with joint probabilistic filling level constraints.
Role of microRNAs in response to cadmium chloride in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mortoglou Maria , Buha Djordjevic Aleksandra , Djordjevic Vladimir , Collins Hunter , York Lauren , Mani Katherine , Valle Elizabeth , Wallace David , Uysal-Onganer Pinar
Published: December 2021

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal and aggressive malignancies with a 5-year survival rate less than 9%. Early detection is particularly difficult due to the lack of symptoms even in advanced stages. microRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) are small (~ 18–24 nucleotides), endogenous, non-coding RNAs, which are involved in the pathogenesis of several malignancies including PDAC. Alterations of miR expressions can lead to apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The role of environmental pollutants such as cadmium (Cd) in PDAC has been suggested but not fully understood. This study underlines the role of miRs (miR-221, miR-155, miR-126) in response to cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in vitro. Lethal concentration (LC50) values for CdCl2resulted in a toxicity series of AsPC-1 > HPNE > BxPC-3 > Panc-1 = Panc-10.5. Following the treatment with CdCl2, miR-221 and miR-155 were significantly overexpressed, whereas miR-126 was downregulated. An increase in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the dysregulation of mesenchymal markers such as Wnt-11, E-cadherin, Snail, and Zeb1 was also observed. Hence, this study has provided evidence to suggest that the environmental pollutant Cd can have a significant role in the development of PDAC, suggesting a significant correlation between miRs and Cd exposure during PDAC progression. Further studies are needed to investigate the precise role of miRs in PDAC progression as well as the role of Cd and other environmental pollutants.
Treatment of partial rotator cuff lesions is associated with a higher frequency of post-operative shoulder stiffness. A prospective investigation on the role of surgery-related risk factors for this complication
Authors: Cucchi Davide , Menon Alessandra , Maggi Sonia , Feroldi Francesca Maria , De Silvestri Annalisa , Friedrich Max Julian , Wimmer Matthias Dominik , Randelli Pietro Simone
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Post-operative shoulder stiffness (SS) is a common complication after arthroscopic rotator cuff (RC) repair. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the role of surgical risk factors in the development of this complication, with special focus on the characteristics of the RC tears.

Methods

Two-hundred and twenty patients who underwent arthroscopic RC repair for degenerative posterosuperior RC tears were included. Surgery-related risk factors for development of post-operative SS belonging to the following five categories were documented and analyzed: previous surgery, RC tear characteristics, hardware and repair type, concomitant procedures, time and duration of surgery. The incidence of post-operative SS was evaluated according to the criteria described by Brislin and colleagues.

Results

The incidence of post-operative SS was 8.64%. The treatment of partial lesions by tear completion and repair technique was significantly associated with development of post-operative SS (p = 0.0083, pc = 0.04). A multivariate analysis revealed that treatment of partial lesions in patients younger than 60 years was associated to a higher risk of developing post-operative SS (p = 0.007). Previously known pre-operative risk factors such as female sex and younger age were confirmed. No other significant associations were documented.

Conclusion

The treatment of partial lesions of the RC may lead to a higher risk of post-operative SS than the treatment of complete lesions, in particular in patients younger than 60 years. Possible explanations of this finding are the increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines caused by the additional surgical trauma needed to complete the lesion and the different pain perception of the subgroup of patients who require surgical treatment already for partial tears.

Evidence

A higher risk of post-operative SS should be expected after tear completion and repair of partial lesions, especially in young patients. Appropriate pre-operative counseling and post-operative rehabilitation should be considered when approaching this subgroup of RC tears.

Level of evidence

Prognostic study, level II.
Abandonment of cultural landscapes: butterfly communities track the advance of forest over grasslands
Authors: Mora Amparo , Wilby Andrew , Menéndez Rosa
Published: December 2021

Rural landscapes in Europe have suffered considerable land-use change in the last 50 years, with agricultural intensification in western regions and land abandonment in eastern and southern regions. The negative impacts of agricultural intensification on butterflies and other insects in western Europe have been well studied. However, less is known about the impacts of abandonment on mountain and humid areas of eastern and southern Europe, where landscapes have remained more natural. We sampled butterfly communities in the Picos de Europa National Park (Spain), a region which is undergoing a process of rural abandonment. 19 hay meadows with different periods of abandonment were studied (long-term 18 years or mid-term abandoned, 3–7 years) and compared to meadows continuously managed in a traditional way. We examined how local meadow characteristics and landscape variables affected butterfly community response to abandonment. Butterfly communities were affected by abandonment, with an overall increase in the density of individuals in the long term. Community composition appears to undergo major change over time, with a species turnover of around 50% in the first few years of abandonment, rising to around 70% after 18 years of abandonment. There was a tendency for species with higher preference for closed habitats to increase their densities as time since abandonment proceeded. Landscape variables had a major impact on butterfly communities, stronger than the effect of meadow management. Community preference for closed habitats was associated with higher forest cover in the surroundings of the meadows, but heterogeneous landscapes (in their composition or configuration) mitigated this effect.

Implications for insect conservation

Our findings suggest that we should ensure that communities have time to react to the diverse stressors imposed by global change. Facilitating survival to all kinds of functional and taxonomic groups implies promoting landscape heterogeneity and connectivity.
An Agent-Based Model for Tertiary Educational Choices in Italy
Authors: Leoni Silvia
Published: December 2021

Although the low level of tuition fees and the absence of other access barriers, Italy is characterized by low educational attainments at the university level. This work models the choice of young Italians to attend university or leave education and enter the labor market, by making use of an agent-based model that reproduces the Italian higher education and policy system. The aim is to analyze the determinants behind university enrollment decisions possibly causing the low level of attainment and explore three alternative scenarios that propose the expansion of financial support and the increase in the average income gap between skilled and unskilled individuals. The model implies that the individual preference to enroll at university depends upon (i) economic motivations, represented by the expectations on future income, which are formed through interaction within individuals’ social network; (ii) influence from peers; (iii) effort of obtaining a university degree. Results show that the model can reproduce observable features of the Italian system, and highlights low income levels and the following full resort to regional scholarships. Experimented scenarios show that policies expanding financial support to education are ineffective, while an increase in the gap between average income of skilled and unskilled workers leads to an increase in enrollment in university, signaling that labor market policies may be more effective than educational policies in raising the number of students in higher education.
A ten-year cross-national examination of the dance between intuition and rationality in entrepreneurial processes
Authors: Troise C. , Matricano D. , Candelo E. , Schjoedt L.
Published: December 2021

Entrepreneurs rely, to a degree, on intuition while they also rely on rationality. Both are associated with formation of expectations for new venture creation as well as perseverance of efforts in managing the new venture and its creation. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data from three distinct countries over a ten-year period are used in logistic regression analysis to find, not unexpectedly, that intuition and rationality vary in impact across countries and over time. While the findings confirm past findings, they also provide intriguing new insights into the dance between intuition and rationality in entrepreneurial processes.
The impact of bankruptcy regimes on entrepreneurship and innovation. Is there any relationship?
Authors: Prusak Błażej , Morawska Sylwia , Łukowski Michał , Banasik Przemysław
Published: December 2021

The literature review indicates that bankruptcy law may play an important role in and be one of the factors influencing the development of entrepreneurship, innovation, and thus economic growth, among other things. In previous studies, the analysis of the impact of bankruptcy law on individual variables has been conducted independently. Our aim was to conduct a holistic analysis, taking several factors into account simultaneously. Therefore, a descriptive model was proposed, based on which the following research hypothesis was formulated:In countries characterised by an effective legal system and at the same time debtor-friendly bankruptcy law, the level of risk acceptance among entrepreneurs is higher, which is reflected in higher levels of entrepreneurship and innovation.Based on the selected variables, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted using linear models estimated on the basis of the least-squares method. Additionally, to strengthen the conclusions drawn, the models were assessed in such a way enabling the analysis of causality as defined by Granger based on the two-step process. The results obtained allowed us to confirm the research hypothesis: in countries characterised by an efficient legal system and at the same time debtor-friendly bankruptcy law, the level of risk acceptance among entrepreneurs is higher, which is reflected in higher levels of entrepreneurship and innovation. The research results are particularly important from the point of view of legislators who are responsible for drafting amendments to bankruptcy law. Including certain debtor-friendly provisions may, in the long run, lead to increased entrepreneurship and innovation, and thus economic development.
Schadensbegrenzung beim Glücksspiel
Authors: Meyer Gerhard , Hayer Tobias
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund

Die Verfügbarkeit von Glücksspielen ist in Deutschland seit Mitte der 1970er-Jahre stark gestiegen. Als Reaktion auf potenzielle Folgeschäden dieses Entwicklungstrends wurden von industrieller und staatlicher Seite Maßnahmen eines verantwortungsbewussten Umgangs mit Glücksspielen (Responsible Gambling) ergriffen. Kritische Analysen dieses Präventionsansatzes verweisen alternativ auf ein Konzept der öffentlichen Gesundheitsfürsorge (Public Health).

Fragestellung

Vor dem Hintergrund des neuen Glücksspielstaatsvertrags, der am 01. Juli 2021 in Kraft getreten ist, stellt sich die Frage, wie die beiden Ansätze einzuordnen und hinsichtlich einer effektiven Schadensbegrenzung zu bewerten sind.

Methode

Im Zuge eines narrativen Reviews erfahren die Kernaussagen dieser beiden Ansätze eine kritische Analyse.

Ergebnisse

Das Konzept des verantwortungsbewussten Umgangs mit Glücksspielen fokussiert primär auf die individuelle Verantwortung und Vulnerabilität der Spieler*innen. Verhältnispräventive Maßnahmen, wie die Reduktion der Verfügbarkeit, Beschränkungen der Spielanreize durch Eingriffe in die Spielstruktur und Werberestriktionen, die Interessenkonflikte der Anbieter hervorrufen, fehlen weitgehend. Der interdisziplinäre Public-Health-Ansatz ist breiter ausgerichtet und berücksichtigt neben individuellen Risikofaktoren zielgenauer soziale, umweltbezogene und wirtschaftliche Faktoren, die zusammen mit der Identifizierung schädlicher Eigenschaften des Produkts „Glücksspiel“ zu einer umfassenden Präventionsstrategie führen.

Schlussfolgerung

Neue Erkenntnisse in den Bereichen Forschung und Praxis sowie die zunehmende Akzeptanz evidenzbasierter Public-Health-Strategien wecken Hoffnungen, dass dieser Weg zukünftig auch in Deutschland beschritten wird.
Fireworks—a source of nanoparticles, PM2.5, PM10, and carbonaceous aerosols
Authors: Pirker Luka , Velkavrh Žiga , Osīte Agnese , Drinovec Luka , Močnik Griša , Remškar Maja
Published: December 2021

Fireworks pollute the local atmosphere with various air pollutants, which can pose a health hazard for the local population. Mass and number concentrations of aerosols were measured before, during, and after the 2016/2017 New Year event in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Our findings highlight the negative impact of fireworks on the environment. First, both the mass concentration of black carbon and the number of concentrations of nanoparticles between 80 and 150 nm increased shortly after midnight. Second, on Jan 1, 2017, there was an increase in the average daily mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5. Third, on this day, our devices also detected increased air pollution by Al, Ba, Sr, and Cu, that is, heavy metals usually associated with fireworks. Their Jan 1 mass concentrations were more than 10 times (and Sr more than 140 times) higher than their average daily mass concentrations from Jan 3 (when their mass concentrations returned to more normal levels) to Jan 31. We also found that pairwise correlations between nanoparticles, PM10, and black carbon are positive, strong, and statistically significant. Besides carbon, the chemical analysis of the collected particles revealed the presence of typical elements used in pyrotechnic devices and their significant positive correlation.
Parteiendifferenz in der Waldnaturschutzpolitik der deutschen Bundesländer
Authors: Hubo Christiane , Göhrs Max
Published: December 2021

Waldnaturschutz ist ein umwelt- und klimarelevantes Politikfeld, das durch starke Konflikte zwischen Schutz- und Nutzinteressen geprägt ist. Der Beitrag untersucht anhand zentraler Konflikte, inwieweit die Tätigkeit der Landesregierungen den konfligierenden Interessen des Naturschutz- und des Forstsektors entsprechen, und welchen Einfluss unterschiedliche politische Parteien darauf haben. Damit leistet er einen empirischen Beitrag zur Parteiendifferenztheorie in einem wenig erforschten Feld.

Die Waldpolicies zwischen 2002 und 2020 wurden nach Legislaturperioden erhoben, für die jeweils bezogen auf die Sektorinteressen ein Positionswert ermittelt wurde. Der Vergleich dieser Werte erlaubt es, Politikwandel zu identifizieren. Zur Messung des Parteieneinflusses werden Regierungsbeteiligungen und Ressortzuständigkeiten herangezogen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Waldpolicies überwiegend forstlich orientiert sind, jedoch eine starke Tendenz Richtung Naturschutz zu verzeichnen ist. Naturschutzorientierten Politikwandel hat es in nahezu allen Bundesländern gegeben, in wenigen Fällen auch forstorientierten. Die Grünen haben entscheidend zum Politikwandel beigetragen, in geringerem Maße auch die SPD und in einigen Fällen CDU/CSU, die jedoch überwiegend für den Erhalt des Status quo eintraten. Damit ist eine deutliche Parteiendifferenz feststellbar. Die Messung des Parteieneinflusses durch die Ressortzuständigkeit hat sich für das stark durch ministerielle Kompetenzen geprägte Politikfeld als geeignet erwiesen. Die Parteizugehörigkeit der Minister*innen zeigt sich als bedeutender Faktor für die Policy-Orientierung des Regierungshandelns im Waldnaturschutz.
Natural history of neustonic animals in the Sargasso Sea: reproduction, predation, and behavior of Glaucus atlanticus, Velella velella, and Janthina spp.
Authors: Helm Rebecca R.
Published: December 2021

The Sargasso Sea, located in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, is one of the most well-known ocean surface ecosystems on the planet. It supports numerous ecologically and economically important fish species, juvenile turtles, and endemic species. However, in addition to the floating algaeSargassumfrom which the sea derives its name, numerous floating neustonic animals also live at the surface, yet their basic natural history remains poorly known. Without the basic knowledge of these species, understanding ecosystem function, food webs, and pollution impacts is impossible. This is especially problematic because pollutants like plastic are now increasing at the surface at alarming rates. This study examines the diet, reproduction, and behavior of four neustonic animal species:Velella velella,Janthina janthina,Janthina pallida, andGlaucus atlanticus. All mollusk species showed unique predatory preferences and behaviors, indicating possible methods of niche partitioning among these species. For example,Glaucus atlanticusshowed an equal preference for all prey but preyed primarily by crawling below to consume the underside of prey, while largeJ. janthinaoften preyed more on the margin ofV. velellaandP. physalis, in contrast,J. pallidaonly preyed onV. velella. Of the four species observed, two reproduced in the lab (G. atlanticusandV. velella), and the embryo cases ofJ. pallidawere examined from both collected snails and discarded bubble rafts. High fecundity rates were observed in all species, which may be an adaptation to high loss rates. This study lays the groundwork for future research on neustonic animals in the Sargasso Sea.
Review of metering and gas measurements in high-volume shale gas wells
Authors: Zhang Yiming , Wang John
Published: December 2021

Coriolis, turbine, V-cone, and orifice meters have been used in measurement of gas production in shale wells. Flange-tapped concentric orifice meters are commonly used in measurement of shale gas production volumes due to their low cost, accuracy, and ease of maintenance compared to other types of meters. However, shale gas wells are producing at high flow rates, high pressure, and possibly gas compositions change, which might affect volumetric measurement accuracy that was developed for conventional gas wells. Thus, it is critical to investigate the metering and measurements technologies that are being applied in shale gas wells to further understand and improve the accuracy of gas volumetric measurements. This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of background information, design, measurement, and uncertainties associated with Coriolis meters, turbine meters, V-cone meters, and orifice meters. We also discussed the lessons learned through our field experiences in computing gas volumes using SCADA information in shale gas and conventional gas production.
Assessment of bank erosion and its impact on land use and land cover dynamics of Mahananda River basin (Upper) in the Sub-Himalayan North Bengal, India
Authors: Chakraborty Kunal , Saha Snehasish
Published: December 2021

Bank erosion is the predominant character of River Mahananda in the Sub-Himalayan North Bengal. The present study aims to identify the bank erosion mechanism as well as the impact of river bank erosion on land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics of the study area. Survey of India (SOI) topographical map 78 B/5 (1975) and satellite imageries for the temporal year of 1991 and 2019 from USGS have been used for the study. For the assessment of bank erosion process Bank erosion hazard index (BEHI) model has been adopted here. The channel migration has been delineated by the superimposition of temporal bank lines extracted from the temporal satellite imageries. LULC analysis has been carried out through the supervised classification technique using remote sensing and GIS tools. Form the assessment of BEHI it can be visualized that the scores have been ranging from 30.75 to 44.30 which indicates high to very high vulnerable areas under fluvial erosion. The channel migration for the temporal period from 1991 to 2019 is ranging from 7.72 to 411.16 m along the studied reach which reflects the high erosion effectiveness. From LULC classes it has been assessed that settled or built-up areas have been increased and the water body is gradually decreased overall in the study area. The study resulted that the river bank erosion has its direct impact on land use of the studied area. In the study vulnerable sites to fluvial erosion have been delineated and unplanned land use can be managed through sustainable way.
The Union Election Commission of Myanmar 2010–2020
Authors: Renshaw Catherine , Lidauer Michael
Published: December 2021

The 2008 Constitution of the Union of Myanmar establishes the framework for a ‘discipline-flourishing’ constitutional democracy in which the Tatmadaw, the Burmese military, retains a significant degree of power. Under this Constitution, the Union Election Commission (UEC) is vested with significant authority to supervise elections, regulate political parties and electoral campaigns, register voters, suspend elections, and to make conclusive determinations in electoral disputes. Between 2010 and 2020, the UEC oversaw three consecutive general elections and three by-elections. Following a term under the former military leadership, the country's major democratic opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), won a resounding victory in the 2015 elections. In the years that followed, civilian-military relations were a source of tension, as the NLD attempted to reform the executive and legislative roles for the military guaranteed by the Constitution. These tensions became in particular tangible during the 2020 elections, which the NLD again won in a landslide victory. The military alleged the election was marred by fraud while the UEC rejected this allegation. On 1 February 2021, hours before the new parliament was to convene, the Tatmadaw staged a coup d’état. This article reviews the UEC in its constitutional and political context. It identifies its institutional features, significant points in its brief history, and the impact of UEC leadership as a contributing factor in fostering confidence in the electoral process.
Oblique differential object marking and types of nominals
Authors: Irimia Monica Alexandrina
Published: December 2021

The question of whether differentially marked objects should be linked with Case licensing or some other mechanism in the grammar has given rise to numerous debates. Addressing contexts of differential object marking (DOM) with oblique morphology, this article shows that, while the Case licensing approach might be adequate for varieties of Spanish, oblique differential marking rather signals an independent licensing operation, beyond Case, in languages like Romanian, Gujarati or Mandarin Chinese. This additional mechanism, relevant at the syntax-semantics-pragmatics interface, tracks the role of grammaticalized animates or how the speaker relates to other entities in the discourse. Additionally, the data examined here indicate that objects can come in a variety of sizes and structures, with distinct licensing constraints, such that the divide Case licensed/unlicensed or Case licensing/(pseudo-)incorporation is not enough.
So tired, I can't even help you: how work-related sleep deprivation evokes dehumanization of organizational leaders and less organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: De Clercq Dirk , Pereira Renato
Published: December 2021

To unpack the relationship between employees' work-induced sleep deprivation and their organizational citizenship behavior, this study details a mediating role of their propensities to dehumanize their organizational leaders, as well as a moderating role of perceived job formalization. Survey data collected from employees who work in the oil distribution sector show that a critical reason that persistent sleep problems, caused by work, reduce the likelihood that they engage in voluntary work efforts is that they treat organizational leaders as impersonal objects. Perceptions of the presence of job formalization or red tape invigorate this detrimental effect. For organizational practitioners, this study accordingly reveals a notable danger for employees who have trouble sleeping due to work: They do not take on extra work that otherwise could add to their organizational standing. This counterproductive dynamic is particularly salient when employees believe that their work functioning is constrained by strict organizational policies and guidelines.
The Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey Paper II: First Stokes I Source Catalogue Data Release
Authors: Hale Catherine L. , McConnell D. , Thomson A. J. M. , Lenc E. , Heald G. H. , Hotan A. W. , Leung J. K. , Moss V. A. , Murphy T. , Pritchard J. , Sadler E. M. , Stewart A. J. , Whiting M. T.
Published: December 2021

The Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) is the first large sky survey using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), covering the sky south of

$+41^\circ$

declination. With ASKAP’s large, instantaneous field of view,

${\sim}31\,\mathrm{deg}^2$

, RACS observed the entire sky at a central frequency of 887.5 MHz using 903 individual pointings with 15 minute observations. This has resulted in the deepest radio survey of the full Southern sky to date at these frequencies. In this paper, we present the first Stokes I catalogue derived from the RACS survey. This catalogue was assembled from 799 tiles that could be convolved to a common resolution of

$25^{\prime\prime}$

, covering a large contiguous region in the declination range

$\delta=-80^{\circ}$

to

$+30^\circ$

. The catalogue provides an important tool for both the preparation of future ASKAP surveys and for scientific research. It consists of

$\sim$

2.1 million sources and excludes the

$|b|<5^{\circ}$

region around the Galactic plane. This provides a first extragalactic catalogue with ASKAP covering the majority of the sky (

$\delta<+30^{\circ}$

). We describe the methods to obtain this catalogue from the initial RACS observations and discuss the verification of the data, to highlight its quality. Using simulations, we find this catalogue detects 95% of point sources at an integrated flux density of

$\sim$

5 mJy. Assuming a typical sky source distribution model, this suggests an overall 95% point source completeness at an integrated flux density

$\sim$

3 mJy. The catalogue will be available through the CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive (CASDA).
Slavery and Abolition in Chartist Thought and Culture, 1838–1850
Authors: Scriven Tom
Published: December 2021

In Britain between 1838 and 1858, the Chartist movement demanded the implementation of the ‘Six Points’, a parcel of parliamentary reforms centred on universal male suffrage. Despite the movement's recognized importance, little study has been made into Chartism's attitude towards slavery and abolitionism. This article will provide the first comprehensive study of this topic, from Chartism's origins in the 1830s until its decline in the decade after 1848. It will illustrate that Chartism was influenced by the radical labour component of the ‘Democratic’ coalition that supported President Andrew Jackson. This helped reinforce amongst early Chartists theories that wage labour was more exploitative than chattel slavery, alongside a racist reaction to West Indian emancipation more extreme than has previously been acknowledged. By 1842, however, various changes within the movement helped bring to the fore more consistently anti-slavery and even anti-racist sentiment with Chartist culture, as did growing exposure to American abolitionism, especially that of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass. The development of the anti-slavery ‘Free Soil’ ideology amongst American labour radicals profoundly influenced the late Chartist position on slavery by inserting abolition into Chartist aspirations for land reform. Consequently, a core component of late Chartism was its own anti-slavery ‘Free Soil’ ideology, which greatly informed pro-Union working-class agitation during the American Civil War.
The reduced embodiment of a second language
Authors: Norman Tal , Peleg Orna
Published: December 2021

Substantial evidence indicates that first language (L1) comprehension involves embodied visual simulations. The present study tested the assumption that a formally learned second language (L2), which is less related to real-life experiences, is processed in a less embodied manner relative to a naturally acquired L1. To this end, bilingual participants completed the same task in their L1 and L2. In the task, they read sentences and decided immediately after each sentence whether a pictured object had been mentioned in the preceding sentence. Responses were significantly faster when the shape of the object in the picture matched rather than mismatched the sentence-implied shape, but only in the L1, and only when the L1 block was performed before the L2 block. These findings suggest that embodied visual simulations are reduced in a formally learned L2 and may be subjected to cross-language influences.
Ensemble‐Based Assimilation of Satellite All‐Sky Microwave Radiances Improves Intensity and Rainfall Predictions for Hurricane Harvey (2017)
Authors: Zhang Yunji , Sieron Scott B. , Lu Yinghui , Chen Xingchao , Nystrom Robert G. , Minamide Masashi , Chan Man‐Yau , Hartman Christopher M. , Yao Zhu , Ruppert James H. , Okazaki Atsushi , Greybush Steven J. , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Zhang Fuqing
Published: December 2021

Ensemble‐based data assimilation of radar observations across inner‐core regions of tropical cyclones (TCs) in tandem with satellite all‐sky infrared (IR) radiances across the TC domain improves TC track and intensity forecasts. This study further investigates potential enhancements in TC track, intensity, and rainfall forecasts via assimilation of all‐sky microwave (MW) radiances using Hurricane Harvey (2017) as an example. Assimilating Global Precipitation Measurement constellation all‐sky MW radiances in addition to GOES‐16 all‐sky IR radiances reduces the forecast errors in the TC track, rapid intensification (RI), and peak intensity compared to assimilating all‐sky IR radiances alone, including a 24‐hr increase in forecast lead‐time for RI. Assimilating all‐sky MW radiances also improves Harvey's hydrometeor fields, which leads to improved forecasts of rainfall after Harvey's landfall. This study indicates that avenues exist for producing more accurate forecasts for TCs using available yet underutilized data, leading to better warnings of and preparedness for TC‐associated hazards in the future.
Lithospheric Structure Near Jiuyishan, South China: Implications for Asthenospheric Upwelling and Lithospheric Modification
Authors: He Lipeng , Sun Xinlei , Li Pengfei , Ai Sanxi , Li Jianming
Published: December 2021

In this study, a high‐resolution 3D lithospheric S wave velocity model of the Jiuyishan region is constructed by joint inversion of receiver function and ambient noise. Our Moho depth model reveals relatively thick crust (∼35 km) beneath the Yangtze block and thin crust (∼27 km) beneath the Cathaysia block. The model depicts a complex boundary between these blocks, roughly following the Chenzhou‐Linwu fault in the northern part but gradually curving westward in the southern part between the two blocks. The 3D S wave velocity model shows low‐velocity anomalies in the middle crust, as well as in the upper mantle, interpreted as evidence of asthenospheric upwellings in the upper mantle. These upwellings modify lithosphere structures by changing their temperatures and compositions, and may provide a heat source through the Chenzhou‐Linwu fault for the low‐velocity anomaly in the shallow part beneath Jiuyishan region.
A Time‐Dependent Two‐Dimensional Model Simulation of Lower Ionospheric Variations Under Intense SAID
Authors: Liang Jun , St‐Maurice J. P. , Donovan E.
Published: December 2021

The subauroral ion drift (SAID) denotes a latitudinally narrow channel of fast westward ion drift in the subauroral region, often observed during geomagnetically disturbed intervals. The recently recognized subauroral optical phenomena, the Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) and the Picket Fence, are both related to intense SAIDs. In this study, we present a 2D time‐dependent model simulation of the self‐consistent variations of the electron/ion temperature, density, and FAC, under strong SAID, with more focus in the lower ionosphere. The anomalous electron heating in the E‐region is evaluated using an empirical model. Our simulation reproduces many key features of SAID, such as the strong electron temperature enhancement in the upper F‐region, the intense ion frictional heating, and the plasma density depletion. Most importantly, the ion Pedersen drifts is found to play a crucial role in the density variations and FAC dynamics in the lower ionosphere. The transport effect of ion Pedersen drifts leads to strong density depletion in the lower ionosphere in a large portion of SAID. The FAC inside SAID is mainly downward with magnitude ≤ ∼1 μA/m2. At the poleward edge of SAID, the ion Pedersen drift leads to a pileup of the plasma density and an upward FAC. Our simulation results also corroborate the presence of strong gradients of plasma density, temperature, and flows, at the edge of SAID, which may be conducive to certain plasma instabilities. Our model provides a useful tool for the future exploration of the generation mechanisms of STEVE and Picket Fence.
Monitoring Brine Leakage From Deep Geologic Formations Storing Carbon Dioxide: Design Framework Validation Using Intermediate‐Scale Experiment
Authors: Askar Ahmad H. , Illangasekare Tissa H. , Ilie Ana Maria Carmen
Published: December 2021

Monitoring brine leakage from CO2 geological storages (CGS) is necessary to protect shallow aquifers against contamination. A framework for designing CGS monitoring systems that optimally use both easily available shallow zone data and hard‐to‐obtain deep zone observations is developed and validated. This framework is based on calibrating a transport model using monitoring data to determine leakage source conditions and then predict the subsequent brine plume that potentially contaminates shallow aquifers. As cost considerations are expected to limit monitoring deep formations, the framework is developed to minimize the number of deep observation points (e.g., deep sensors). The best monitoring locations that yield the most worthful data for reducing predictive uncertainty is selected by integrating linear uncertainty analysis with Genetic Algorithm under this framework. Due to practical challenges, testing such a framework in the field is not feasible. Thus, the framework was tested in an intermediate‐scale soil tank, where monitoring data on brine leakage plume development from the storage zone to the shallow aquifer were collected. Predictions made by a transport model calibrated on these data were then compared with experimental measurements to evaluate data informativity and thus validate the framework's applicability. The results demonstrate the framework ability to select the optimum monitoring locations for leakage detection and model calibration. It was also found that not only deep observations, but also shallow zone data are worthful to determine source conditions. Moreover, the results showed the possibility of identifying the likely areas to be impacted in the shallow aquifer using early stage monitoring data.