bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«IN MEMORIAM» ESSAYS IN ALEXEY REMIZOV’S CREATIVE LEGACY: A NEWLY-FOUND «MESSAGE» TO THE PARIS NECROPOLIS
Authors:   Irkutsk State University, Vakhnenko Ekaterina Evgenievna
Published: September 2021

The article discusses the specifi cs of Alexey Remizov’s works that correspond to the literary and journalistic form of «In Memoriam» genre. These texts differ drastically, both in form and in content, from the traditional funeral genres, such as an obituary or a graveside oration. The Appendix to the article contains the «memorable word» by Remizov, dedicated to Abram Yu. Dobry, a Parisian fi nancier, philanthropist and connoisseur of Russian culture. Since the time of its fi rst publication in 1939, this text has been out of reach of the academic community.
RUSSIAN CRITICISM AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Orlova Ekaterina Iosifovna ,   A. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: September 2021

[Review:] Egorov B. F. O masterstve literaturnoi kritiki. Zhanry, kompozitsiia, stil’. 2-e izd., ispr. M.: Iurait, 2019. 231 s.
READINGS FOR THE 100th ANNIVERSARY OF B. N. PUTILOV AND K. V. CHISTOV INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) Russian Academy of Sciences, Komelina Natal’ia Gennad’evna
Published: September 2021

[Meeting Abstract]
TWO ORIENTALISMS: THE ROLE OF ORIENTAL DICTION IN G. G. BYRON’S THE BRIDE OF ABYDOS AND I. I. KOZLOV’S RUSSIAN TRANSLATION
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Wenjuan Tian
Published: September 2021

«Oriental diction» is an important exotic element of Byron’s poem The Bride of Abydos. Using Oriental words that jarred with English poetry of early 19th century, and accompanying them with extensive notes, Byron gave his poem an experimental and scholarly character. While translating the English poem into Russian, I. I. Kozlov chose a creative approach to the problem of reproducing the Oriental diction (the exotic and bizarre words, style and poetics were somewhat downplayed), the reasons being the originality of the Russian culture of the early 19th century and Kozlov’s own literary taste.
«ISN’T THIS THE MOST AMAZING TRIUMPH OF SPIRIT?»: DOSTOEVSKY ANNIVERSARY SPEECH BY ANDRÉ SUARÈS
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics in St. Petersburg, Dimitriev Viktor Mikhailovich ,   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: September 2021

The publication presents a speech by the French writer and critic André Suarès, devoted to the anniversary of F. M. Dostoevsky. The celebration took place on December 24, 1921 at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in Paris. The introduction offers a brief commentary on the celebration.
MEMORY AND TEXT: N. N. BERBEROVA ON A. A. BLOK
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Zakryzhevskaya Elena Andreevna
Published: September 2021

This article touches upon the funeral of A. Blok, as depicted by N. Berberova in her memoirs, The Italics Are Mine (1969). Specifi cally, it analyses the funeral episode in light of her earlier articles, published in 1931 and 1947. We examine the way Berberova modifi ed the story, giving us a unique opportunity to follow her path through memories to memoirs.
Effect of long-term phosphorus fertilization on soil phosphorus fractions .
Authors: Zamuner Ester Crisitna , Díez Andrea Beatriz , Picone Liliana Inés
Published: September 2021

A limitation to crop production in the southeast of the Buenos Aires province (Argentina) is the low phosphorus (P) availability. P fertilization is required for high yields. The objective of this work was to quantify the forms of soil P as affected by different P fertilization strategies after 8 years under wheat. The combination of high rate (H; 176 kg P ha-1), low rate (L; 88 kg P ha-1), single application (S; at the beginning of the experiment), and fractionated application (F; annual fertilization of 22 and 11 kg P ha-1) were evaluated. Soil total P, total inorganic P, total organic P, organic (Po) and inorganic (Pi) extractable with NaHCO3 and NaOH, were determined, plus available P (P-Bray 1). Fertilization did not change the total P or the total Po (344 and 412 mg P kg-1, respectively). Fertilized treatment, compared with a non-fertilized one, increased the concentration of Pi-NaHCO3 (14.49 and 7.62 mg P kg-1) and Pi-NaOH (47.13 and 28.37 mg P kg-1). The H rate increased the Pi extracted with NaHCO3 (13.16 mg P kg-1) and with NaOH (53.82 mg P kg-1) compared with the L rate (9.82 and 40.43 mg P kg-1, respectively). The FH rate increased the concentration of Pi-NaOH (59.55 mg P kg-1) compared to SH (48.10 mg P kg-1), while the low rate produced no changes in this fraction. In summary, when the amount of P added was fractioned and exceeded the quantity removed by crop, the excess was converted mainly to Pi-NaOH. A positive and significant correlation (r2 = 0.95; P < 0.001) between the sum of Pi-NaHCO3, Pi- NaOH and P-Bray 1 was established.
Biodiversity and pedodiversity: a matter of coincidence? .
Authors: Ibáñez Martí Juan José , Saldaña Asunción , Olivera Dilier
Published: September 2021

The concept of diversity has been widely used in ecological studies, although mainly for the biotic component (biodiversity). Regrettably, the effects of abiotic structures (e.g. soils) on the biotic components of ecosystems, landscapes and biomes are still a matter of discussion. We examined the similarity and differences in spatial and temporal patterns between biodiversity and pedodiversity. This comparative study was possible because of the increased availability of digital data on soils and other natural resources at various scales for pedodiversity analysis using the same theoretical concepts and tools applied by ecologists for biodiversity analyses. Remarkably, the spatial patterns of pedogeographic units detected by pedologists are similar to those reported by biologists for a plethora of ecosystems.
Gas diffusivity in chinampas soils in Mexico City .
Authors: Ikkonen Elena , Stephan-Otto Ervin , García-Calderón Norma Eugenia , Martínez-Arroyo Amparo
Published: September 2021

In this laboratory experiment we measured soil gas diffusion coefficients (D) on undisturbed cores of anthropogenic chinampas soils and tested the validity of some classical gas diffusivity models for predicting the ratio of D to the gas diffusion coefficient in free air (D0) as a function of the soil air-filled porosity (ε). The A1 horizon (0-7 cm) of chinampas soils had the highest gas diffusivity and a linear relationship between D/D0 and ε, and thus, the Penman model gave an adequate prediction for this sub-horizon. The Millington-Quirk model was similar to the D/D0 at all values of ε for the A2 sub-horizon (7-18 cm) and at ε < 0.5 cm3 cm-3 for the A3 (18-30 cm) and A4 (30-50 cm) sub-horizons. Gas diffusivities in chinampas soils were lower than in mineral soils, as predicted by D/D0(ε) models, likely due to the high content of soil organic carbon. The predictive models could be used for the evaluation of greenhouse gases emission from chinampas soil.
Sesbania Rostrata as alternative nutrient source for the rice crop .
Authors: Muñiz Ugarte Olegario , Socorro Quesada Miguel , Dueñas Vega Graciela , Cabello Martínez Roberto , Nuviola Montoya Antonio
Published: September 2021

This study evaluated the effect of using the green manure Sesbania rostrata as a preceding crop on the agricultural yield of rice. The rice was cultivated with two levels of mineral fertilizers (50 and 100% of the economical optimum level of N-P-K). Additionally, the contribution to the nitrogen nutrition of rice from the green manure previously incorporated into the soil was studied in pots using 15N stable isotope analysis. The results indicated that the Sesbania rostrata incorporation allowed the paddy rice yield to increase by at least 1 Mg ha-1 and to save 50% of the mineral fertilization employed, during two consecutive harvests. The 15N isotope analysis showed that although the N accumulation by the crop was significantly stimulated, the green manure N did not contribute directly to the growth of the rice plants, at least during their first cycle. Nevertheless, it is expected that in the medium term, the organic N derived from this green manure would restore the soil mineralized N extracted by the rice crop, thereby balancing the N losses in the system and even improving the soil nitrogen fertility.
Benchmark soils on alluvial, fluvial and fluvio-glacial formations of the upper-Segre valley .
Authors: Poch Claret Rosa María , Boixadera Jaume , Simó Iolanda
Published: September 2021

The upper reaches of the Segre river, flowing through the Pyrenees, offers a variety of geomorphic surfaces that allow us to study soil chronosequences. The objective of this work is to widen the knowledge about the main characteristics and formation processes of some benchmark soils developed on fluvio-glacial, alluvial-fan and terrace materials of Pleistocene and Holocene age related to the Segre river, either siliceous or carbonatic. This knowledge will allow us to identify soil forming processes, commonly found in Mediterranean environments such as carbonate redistribution, clay formation and mobilization and rubefaction, all as functions of parent material and age. Five profiles, ranging from the Lower Pleistocene to the Holocene were classified according to Soil Taxonomy/WRB. The Montferrer profile (Calcic Palexeralf /Calcic Cutanic Luvisol (Chromic) is a deep, partly decarbonated soil, with calcium carbonate accumulation in depth covering glacial features. The Torre del Remei profile (Typic Paleustalf /Cutanic Luvisol) developed on silicic moraines and shows an extreme clay formation and illuviation. The Alp (Typic Haplustalf /Cutanic Luvisol) and Tartera (Petric Calciustept /Petric Calcisol) soils are developed on alluvial fans with calcium carbonate sources. The former is partly decarbonated, whilst the latter is rubefacted on top and shows speleothem-like carbonate pendants with superposition of clay illuviation. The youngest profile, Abellerols, (Typic Calciustept /Typic Calcisol) shows only a partial decarbonation and calcite accumulation at depth. The results show that soil development is determined by the age of the surface and the source of calcite, either in the parent rock or brought by subsurface flow: clay illuviation is extreme in absence of it. Special morphologies of carbonate pendants are indicators of environmental conditions. The coexistence of clay coatings and secondary calcite can be explained by recarbonatation or by spatial differentiation of soil environments in the profile. One of the implications of this research is the inconsistence of using soil development indices based on morphological indicators when soils are formed on different parent materials and are subjected to different geomorphic dynamics.
Paleoclimatic implications of micromorphic features of a polygenetic soil in the Monegros Desert (NE-Spain) .
Authors: Badía David , Martí Clara , Poch Rosa María , García-González María Teresa
Published: September 2021

Pedofeatures can be repositories of information about soil forming factors such as climate. The aim of this work is to provide a model of interpretation of a polygenetic soil in the Monegros desert (Ebro Basin, NE-Spain) and its relationship to environmental changes during the Quaternary. To achieve this goal, the physical, chemical, mineralogical and especially the micromorphic pedofeatures of this profile were studied. Carbonate accumulations extend into all of the horizons of the profile. The paleosol has a thick petrocalcic horizon at the top, with a massive-laminar structure comprising layers of micrite and sparite that sometimes form pendants. Towards its base, the petrocalcic horizon contains a spaced framework of orthic micrite nodules packed between relatively pure micritic laminar bands. Below the petrocalcic horizon, coatings and infillings of microcrystalline calcite occur in old channels, and soft concretions (some of them geodic) indicate an in situ accumulation process (Bkc, calcic horizon). Another calcic horizon with orthic nodules of calcite, impregnative and diffuse (Ckc), is present at the bottom part of the profile. Between the two nodular calcic horizons, two recarbonated argic horizons are found (Btkc and Btk) with coarse orthic nodules of dense micrite superimposed on textural pedofeatures. These textural micromorphic pedofeatures are: (1) interbedded microlaminated clay pockets not associated with current or past pores and (2) microlaminated clay and silt (dusty clay) present as weakly oriented coatings on channel walls. Reduction pedofeatures are associated with textural ones: (1) coatings of manganese oxides around pore channels and cracks, and (2) nodules of manganese and iron oxides within the peds. The presence of calcic horizons alternating with argic horizons, all positioned below the petrocalcic horizon, confirm fluctuations in paleohydrological conditions in the Pleistocene. Its presence indicates that the oldest soil corresponds to a Calcic Luvisol-like pedotype, which is overlain by an Haplic Calcisol-like pedotype and this, in turn, by a Petric Calcisol-like pedotype. This superposition of profiles indicates, within the mentioned climatic changes, a tendency towards increasing dryness during the Pleistocene in the semiarid Ebro Valley.
Small variations of soil properties control fire-induced water repellency .
Authors: Mataix-Solera Jorge , Zavala Lorena M. , Jordán Antonio , Bárcenas-Moreno Gema , Lozano Elena , Gil-Torres Juan , Arcenegui Victoria , Pérez-Bejarano Andrea , Morugán-Coronado Alicia , Jiménez-Pinilla Patricia , Granged Arturo J.P.
Published: September 2021

Fire induced soil water repellency (WR) is controlled by many different factors (temperature reached, amount and type of fuel, etc.). Soil properties may determine the occurrence and intensity of this property in burned soils. The objectives of this paper are to make advances in the study of soil properties as key factors controlling the behaviour of fire-induced WR, and to study the impact of pre-fire SOM content and SOM quality in fire-induced soil WR. In this research, experimental laboratory burnings were carried out using soil samples from different sites with different lithologies, soil types and plant species. Soil samples taken from the same site differ only in quantity and quality of soil organic matter, as they were collected from under different plant species. All soil samples were heated in a muffle furnace at 200, 250, 300 and 350 ºC without the addition of any fuel load. WR was measured using the water drop penetration time test (WDPT). The results showed significant differences between soil types and plant species, indicating that small differences in soil properties may act as key factors controlling the development and persistence of WR reached, with burned soil samples ranging from wettable to extremely water repellent. The main soil property controlling the response was texture, specifically sand content. The quality of organic matter was also observed to have an effect, since soil samples from the same site with similar organic matter contents, but taken from beneath different plant species, showed different WR values after burning.
Effect of elevated Al and pH on the growth and root morphology of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive wheat seedlings in an acid soil .
Authors: Toufiq Iqbal Md.
Published: September 2021

Aluminium ion (Al3+) toxicity and hydrogen ion (H+) activity are the major constraints for plant growth in acid soil. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of pH and Al on the growth response and changes in root morphology of Al-tolerant (ET8) and Al-sensitive (ES8) wheat seedlings. Different levels of AlCl3 and CaCO3 were added to the soils to manipulate soil pH and extractable Al. The results showed that the bulk soil pH remained constant at pH 4.1 with further applications of AlCl3, and that the seedlings died at the 200 mg AlCl3/kg treatments. The ET8 seedlings responded better than the ES8 seedlings in both low and high Al and pH. The ET8 seedlings had higher root surface areas and root tip numbers than the ES8 seedlings in the Al treatment. In contrast, the ES8 had higher root diameters than the ET8 seedlings due to the elevated Al supply. Apoplast Al increased with the increase of soil available extractable Al, and declined with the decrease of soil extractable Al. The ET8 seedlings accumulated more Al in their apoplast than the ES8 seedlings. This study concluded that accumulation of Al in the apoplast is also involved in Al tolerance mechanism with the addition of organic acid exudation.
Edaphic behaviour of several species of Cistus in the Green Corridor of Guadiamar (Spain) .
Authors: Gómez Mercado Francisco , de Haro Lozano Sergio
Published: September 2021

Species of the genus Cistus are woody shrubs that are noteworthy for their use in forest restoration, and have often been used as characteristic species of the higher syntaxonomical units. In this paper we address their limits of tolerance and optimum development in terms of edaphic factors. The area of study is the “Green Corridor” of Guadiamar, a narrow strip of land that connects two large protected sites: the “Doñana Natural Park and National Park” and the “Aracena y Picos de Aroche” and “Sierra Norte de Sevilla” Natural Parks in Andalusia (Spain). We worked with six species (C. albidus, C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. populifolius, C. crispus and C. salviifolius) detected at 14 sites. In each of these sites, a soil sample and a phytosociological inventory were taken. The soil variables analyzed were exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable sodium, exchangeable potassium, total carbonate, moisture content at saturation and pH. Among sampled species, C. albidus is the most tolerant to presence of calcium and carbonate, with a soil pH preferably close to neutral or moderately basic. Although not strictly a calcareous species, its ability to compete is nevertheless favoured in these environments. C. crispus appears in the soils with the lowest exchangeable bases, total carbonates, pH and moisture content at saturation. C. ladanifer is noted in soils with a low level of total carbonates. C. populifolius is associated with the highest moisture content at saturation. C. monspeliensis is the species that has the largest tolerance range, especially for pH values, and is the most xerophytic. C. salviifolius presents an intermediate behaviour respect to most of the variables, with a preference for moderately acid environments, although no strictly.
Changes in soil organic matter in a forestry chronosequence monitored by thermal analysis and calorimetry
Authors: Ramos Pena Nieves , Martín Pastor Manuel , Hansen Lee , Merino García Agustín , Pérez Cruzado César
Published: September 2021

Modelling soil organic matter dynamics requires reproducible and accurate data from several methods that follow such evolution based on changes in soil organic matter properties. The objective of this study is to investigate changes in the chemical, thermal and biological properties of soil organic matter after afforestation using emerging methods such as thermal analysis, isothermal calorimetry, and 13C CPMAS NMR. These methods were applied to a chronosequence of soils where large losses of carbon have occurred in the 29 years since afforestation. Results show that over this period the soil organic matter becomes more aromatic, resulting in increased thermal stability and decreased microbial activity. Over longer time frames, between 29 and 40 years after afforestation, soil organic matter increased, mainly in the aliphatic and carbohydrate fractions with enhanced thermal stability and consequent metabolic changes from microbial adaptation to the new organic matter.
Thirty years of research on soil quality in forest systems under Mediterranean conditions. Trends and future
Authors: Madeira Manuel
Published: September 2021

This paper presents an overview of the studies carried out between the mid-1980s and 2014 in Portugal, regarding the evaluation of soil quality within intensively managed forest systems. These studies show that the degradation of soil quality in such systems is mostly associated with the land, soil and harvest residue management schemes. Also, it was concluded that experimental results showing the short-term (one rotation scale) effects are useful for identifying the most appropriate land and residue management systems for maintaining the soil quality and thus forestry productivity and sustainability. However, these studies do not take into account all the risks and threats regarding soil degradation within the forestry activity at the land unit scale. Therefore it is necessary, on one hand, to develop long term experimental and risk assessment systems and, on the other hand, to delineate and implement soil quality monitoring systems that control soil degradation (e.g. erosion, compaction, nutrient and carbon losses) at the forest unit management scale.
Seasonal terbuthylazine monitoring in olive groves under conventional tillage
Authors: Calderón María Jesús , De Luna Elena , Gómez José Alfonso , Hermosín María del Carmen
Published: September 2021

During the last two decades there have been several herbicide pollution episodes of both surface and groundwater in areas where olive groves are established. These episodes always coincided with rainy periods. Understanding the evolution of herbicides in this type of plantation depending on the season of application is critical, especially when conventional tillage is used. Field monitoring of terbuthylazine in the first 2 cm of soil and in runoff water and sediment yield was carried out after winter and spring soil applications. Soil disappearance of terbuthylazine was associated with the first important rainfall event in both seasons (41 mm in spring and 30 mm in winter). At the end of the experiment (85 days and 103 mm rain in spring, and 107 days and 148 mm in winter), no terbuthylazine soil residues were found in winter, whereas 15% of terbuthylazine applied remained in spring. A higher percentage of the applied terbuthylazine in runoff water was recovered in winter (0.53%) than in spring (0.16%). However, no differences in terbuthylazine residues in sediment yields were observed (0.45% in spring and 0.46% winter). These data suggest that the dissipation of terbuthylazine from soil is related not only to the runoff process but also to other processes like leaching, which are more relevant at the end of the winter season.
Changes in soil microbial activity and physicochemical properties in agricultural soils in Eastern Spain
Authors: Morugán-Coronado Alicia , García-Orenes Fuensanta , Cerdà Artemi
Published: September 2021

Agricultural land management greatly affects soil properties. Microbial soil communities are the most sensitive and rapid indicators of perturbations in land use and soil enzyme activities are sensitive biological indicators of the effects of soil management practices. Citrus orchards frequently have degraded soils and this paper evaluates how land management in citrus orchards can improve soil quality. A field experiment was performed in an orchard of orange trees (Citrus Sinensis) in the Alcoleja Experimental Station (Eastern Spain) with clay-loam agricultural soils to assess the long-term effects of herbicides with inorganic fertilizers (H), intensive ploughing and inorganic fertilizers (P) and organic farming (O) on the soil microbial properties, and to study the relationship between them. Nine soil samples were taken from each agricultural management plot. In all the samples physicochemical parameters, basal soil respiration, soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial indexes (BSR/C, Cmic/C and BSR/Cmic) and enzymatic activities (urease, dehydrogenase, ß-glucosidase and acid phosphatase) were determined. The results showed significant differences between the different agricultural management practices for the microbial properties and soil microbial indexes, since these were strongly associated with the soil organic matter content. Unlike herbicide use and intensive ploughing  - management practices that both showed similar microbial soil properties -  the organic management practices contributed to an increase in the soil biology quality, aggregate stability and organic matter content.
Is anaerobic mineralizable nitrogen suitable as a soil quality/health indicator?
Authors: Domínguez Germán Franco , García Gisela Vanesa , Studdert Guillermo Alberto , Agostini María de los Ángeles , Tourn Santiago Néstor , Domingo Magalí Noé
Published: September 2021

Soil organic matter (SOM) and especially its labile fractions such as particulate organic matter (POM) are very sensitive to soil use and strongly influence soil ecosystem services. Particulate organic matter has been proposed as a soil quality/health indicator but its determination is tedious and time consuming (i.e. manhours). Anaerobic mineralizable nitrogen (AN) is closely related to the soil organic fraction and is very easily determined. Therefore, we proposed to evaluate AN as a soil quality/health indicator through the assessment of its relationship with SOM, POM, soil aggregate stability (AS), and maize (Zea mays L.) relative yield (RY) under different long term soil uses for cropping at Balcarce, Argentina (37º 45’ 14’’ S, 58º 17’ 52’’ W). Soil samples had been taken at two depths (0-5 and 5-20 cm) in the fall of 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012 from a long term tillage system (TS, conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT)) and nitrogen fertilization (NF, with and without nitrogen as fertilizer) experiment on a complex of Typic and Petrocalcic Argiudolls. Carbon contents in SOM (SOC), POM (POC) and AN were determined in all soil samples, whereas AS was determined in other soil samples taken in 2006, 2009 and 2012 from the arable layer (0-20 cm). Regardless of TS and NF, SOC, POC and AN decreased with time under cropping at both 5-20 and 0-20 cm. In the uppermost layer (0-5 cm) decreases of all three variables were observed only under CT. Anaerobically mineralized nitrogen variation related to SOC (R2 0.59 - 0.78, P < 0.05) and especially POC (R2 = 0.80-0.85, P < 0.05) variations. Likewise, changes in maize RY related better (R2 0.92 and 0.95 (P < 0.05) for CT and NT, respectively) to variation in AN, than to SOC and POC variations. Besides, changes in the aggregate mean weight diameter (DMWD) related acceptably to AN at 0-20 cm (R2 = 0.67, P < 0.05) and much better at 0-5 cm (R2 = 0.86, P < 0.05). Both coefficients of determination were higher than those obtained relating DMWD to SOC or POC. Given the easiness of its determination, its sensitivity, and that it relates to the variation of different key soil parameters and crop behavior, AN could be proposed as an effective soil quality/health indicator. However, studies should be carried out taking into account a broader range of soil and management situations in order to validate the trends observed in this work.
Changes in DTPA extractability of added cadmium in two different soil types treated with wheat straw in sterile and unsterile conditions
Authors: Safari Sinegani Ali Akbar , Jafari Monsef Milad
Published: September 2021

Heavy metals in soluble form have the highest bioavailability and toxicity in soil. DTPA-extractable Cd was investigated in two different soil types treated with wheat straw (5%) under sterile and unsterile conditions. Soils were located in Hamadan (Iran, 48o 28' 23" E and 34o 56' 48" N), a fallow cropland with a semi-arid climate, and Lahijan (Iran, 50o 1' 51" E and 37o 11' 59" N), a tea plantation with a temperate climate. DTPA-extractable Cd in contaminated soils (10 mg Cd kg-1) was measured from 1 minute to 3600 hours. During the soil incubation period, DTPA-extractable Cd was higher in the Lahijan soil, but at the end of the soil incubation period it was higher in the Hamadan soil. The positive effect of wheat residue on DTPA-extractable Cd was higher in the Lahijan unsterile soil at the end of the soil incubation period. The decrease of DTPA extractability of the added Cd was lower in the Lahijan soil incubated under unsterile conditions compared to that under sterile conditions. In contrast, Hamadan sterile soil treated and untreated with wheat residue had the highest DTPA-extractable Cd at the end of the soil incubation period. The decrease in DTPA extractability of the added Cd in soils was exponential with 3 steps. In the 1st step the highest and the lowest rates of DTPA decrease were observed in Hamadan sterile and Lahijan unsterile soils treated with wheat residue. In the 3rd step it was reversed, and the decrease in DTPA extractable Cd was lower in the Hamadan soil compared to the Lahijan soil.
Temporal variations of organic matter fractions of different lability in an Entic Haplustoll
Authors: Iturri Laura Antonela , Hevia Graciela Gloria , Diaz Raviña Montserrat , Buschiazzo Daniel Eduardo
Published: September 2021

Stable and labile soil organic compounds play different roles in the soil. It is a question of how far soil organic matter (SOM) fractions with different labilities vary as a function of climatic and management conditions. In order to answer this question stable (organic C -C-, total N -N-, organic P -Po-), and labile SOM fractions (total carbohydrates -CHt- and hot water soluble carbohydrates -CHw-) were measured monthly for two years in the 10-cm soil top-layer of an Entic Haplustoll, under conventional tillage (CT), vertical tillage (VT) and no-till (NT). Results showed that contents of all analyzed organic fractions were higher in NT than in VT and CT in almost all sampling dates. All organic compounds were less variable with time in NT and VT than in CT, in agreement with the smaller soil disturbance of NT and VT compared to CT. The more labile fractions varied as a function of short term changes in the climatic conditions, mainly temperature. Under soil disturbing tillage systems, the most stable fractions tended to decrease and the more labile to increase with time. This was attributed to the transformation of the more stable into the more labile fractions, possibly due to the disruption of aggregates produced by tillage that favored SOM mineralization. Po was the less variable compound, even under the most disturbing tillage conditions. The quotients C/N, CHt/C and CHw/C evolved similarly in all tillage systems, indicating that that tillage systems change the amount but not the quality of SOM.
Spatial distribution of total phosphorus and organic carbon in the salt-affected soils in the Meyghan Playa, Iran
Authors: Safari Sinegani Mahboobeh , Safari Sinegani Ali Akbar , Hadipour Mehrdad
Published: September 2021

Due to widespread and fast-growing urban developments, large amounts of industrial, agricultural, and municipal wastewaters are produced which can change ecosystem functions after being released into rivers and lakes. The distributions of organic carbon (OC) and total phosphorus (TP) of soil were studied in the salt affected soils in the Meyghan Playa, Iran, to show the impacts of human activities on these soils and sediment properties in this arid region of the world. Samples were taken from 250 points and were analyzed geostatistically for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, TP, and OC. Although EC had the highest coefficient of variation (CV = 2.4) compared to CVs of the other soil properties, the sill/nugget ratio for EC in the geostatistical analysis was the highest one. Therefore, EC had the strongest spatial dependence compared to OC, TP, and pH with lower sill/nugget ratios and moderate spatial dependence. The maximum amount of OC was more than 2% which was observed near the entrance of municipal wastewater to the Meyghan Lake, and the highest soil TP was more than 400 kg mg-1 near the entrance of municipal wastewater and also at river mouths, which can be attributed to leaching and runoff fertilizers from farmlands. Enrichment of OC in the entrance of municipal wastewater toward the lake is related to eutrophication and higher plant production.
Land degradation and sand dynamics in a steppe region (Nâama, south-western Algeria)
Authors: Mohamed Grandi , Hirche A. , Fernández-Ondoño Emilia , Martín-Peinado Francisco , Salamani M. , Belala F.
Published: September 2021

Land degradation is one of the most important environmental threats facing the international community. In North Africa, many semiarid and arid regions are suffering significant land degradation, which can be an impediment to sustainable development. Therefore; land degradation is monitored in a regional context for a better understanding of its causes and consequences. One of the main consequences is a notable increase in sand encroachment with negative environmental implications. For this reason, the dynamics of sands between south-eastern Morocco and the wilaya of Nâama, south-western Algeria, was studied. Sand samples gathered from six distinctive areas were subjected to physicochemical, colorimetric (redness index), morphoscopic (circularity), and geochemical analysis, and studied statistically using an analysis of variance (ANOVA), wind direction data, ternary plots and a hierarchical cluster of trace elements (K, Rb, Fe, Ti, Ca and Sr). In all areas, a clear dominance of the sand fraction appeared showing percentages ranging from 89 to 96%. Sampled areas were all carbonated, and the pH was alkaline, with close values ranging from 8.4 to 9. The mean circularity values ranged from 0.67 in Merzouga (Morocco) to 0.80 in El Aguer (Algeria). The lowest value of the redness index was noted in Merzouga with a mean value of 4. The Algerian areas showed an almost similar redness index with a value of 6 but the highest value was noted in Saadana with a value of 11. Geochemical approaches, based on ternary plots and dendrogram cluster indicating the abundance of major elements (Fe, Ca and K), were used as indicators of wind transport. Results suggested the existence of a Regional Wind Action System (RWAS) implicated in the transport of sand from south-eastern Morocco and its redistribution towards south-western Algeria. Merzouga was connected to all areas but particularly to nearby Saadana and Kasdir in the Algerian territory.
Use of marble sludge and biochar to improve soil water retention capacity
Authors: Salinas Jerónimo , García Inés , del Moral Fernando , Simón Mariano
Published: September 2021

Agriculture and mining are the most important economic activities in the province of Almería (SE Spain) and generate large amounts of waste. Almería is one of the driest regions in Europe, and its water resources come mainly from groundwater. The high water consumption of greenhouses (between 5000 and 6000 m3 ha-1 y-1) has resulted in a sharp decline of water table levels and a worsening of water quality. Therefore, it is necessary to implement actions that lead to the more efficient use of irrigation water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two waste types (marble sludge and biochar from greenhouse plant debris) on the soil water holding capacity. Three treatments were performed in pots using two of the most common soils in greenhouses. A lettuce seedling was planted in each pot, and the volumetric water content was periodically controlled. The first treatment contained 600 g of soil, the second treatment contained 200 g of marble sludge at the bottom and 400 g of soil on the surface, and the third treatment contained 150 g of marble sludge at the bottom, 50 g of biochar in the middle and 400 g of soil on the surface. The results showed that the use of marble sludge, biochar and the combination of both waste types increased water holding capacity. The volumetric water content was relatively high for a longer time, allowing for a reduction in watering frequency and enabling more efficient water use. The waste applications were most effective in the soil with a thicker texture and lower evaporation rate.
Monitoring of micromorphological changes in a virgin Solonetz under regional changes in hydrology and climate (Northern Caspian Lowland, Russia)
Authors: Lebedeva Marina , Konyushkova Maria , Khokhlov Sergey
Published: September 2021

Over the past 40 years, a clear trend towards an increasing humidity and a rising groundwater table has been observed in the south-eastern semidesert part of European Russia. According to the published data, two clear periods of climate are distinguished: 1950s-1970s and 1970s-2000s. The thin sections of a Solonetz sampled in different periods of time (1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1982, 2002 and 2013) at the Dzhanybek research station were studied micromorphologically to observe how these natural changes influenced soil pedofeatures. A comparison of thin sections showed no significant changes in soil properties between 1950s and 1982, when the hydrological (ground water table) and climatic parameters remained relatively stable. However, between 1982 and 2013, due to a significant increase in climatic moisture and rising groundwater, the following changes in soil microfeatures took place: the activation of humus accumulation and biogenic structuring, the eluviation of the silty clay-humus matter, the development of solodic features, gleyization of the soil mass, and the accumulation of opaque black organic grains about 2-3 µm formed in the topsoil due to the long stagnation during the springtime after snow melting. The water table rise leads to the consequent rise of the upper boundary of the accumulation of gypsum and carbonates.
Effect of organic amendments and sulfur on chemical and biological properties of a sodic soil
Authors: Simanca Fontalvo Richar Manuel , Cuervo Andrade Jairo Leonardo
Published: September 2021

Saline soils cause concern in the productive systems of arid and semi-arid regions of the planet, since they cause a decrease in crop yield due to the osmotic effect, the presence of excess exchangeable Na which causes degradation of the soil structure, and the effect of the specific ion (Na, Cl, B) that can cause toxicity and imbalances in the nutrition of plants. Therefore, it is necessary to look for management alternatives to improve the productivity of these soils. To this end, we evaluated the effect of the application of Prosopis juliflora green manure (GM), palm oil residue vermicompost  (VERM) and mineral sulfur (S°), on the chemical and biological properties of a Typic Haplustept sodium soil cultivated with Zea mays, using 3 t of organic matter ha-1 of GM or VERM and 1.4 t ha-1 of S° as unique treatments or mixed applications. The biological properties of soil microbial biomass (BMS), soil microbial respiration (RMS) and the activity of the enzymes phosphatases (alkaline and acid), protease and hydrolytic activity of the soil through the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) were determined; as well as some chemical properties of the soil associated with sodicity. The effect on the biological properties of the soil depended on the type of amendment used and its composition, due to the differences found between treatments. In general, the application of organic amendments positively affected the RMS, BMS and the hydrolytic activity of the soil, while the application of S° increased the BMS but decreased the RMS and the enzymatic activity of phosphatases, proteases and hydrolases. The chemical variables studied also showed significant differences between treatments, with the presence of S° presenting significant differences in the greatest number of variables. In conclusion, applications of organic amendments mixed with S° positively affect the biological and chemical properties of sodium soils of the Colombian Caribbean region, since BMS is stimulated and sodium saturation is reduced.
Soil “biofilms”: “Bioclusters” would be a much better descriptor
Authors: Baveye Philippe , Betrán Aso Jesús
Published: September 2021

Soil “biofilms”: “Bioclusters” would be a much better descriptor
From classical theory to spin 2 gravity
Authors:   Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic, Pardy Miroslav
Published: September 2021

We consider here the simple derivation of the Einstein equations by Fock. Then, we approach the way from the spin 1 fields to the spin 2 fields for massive and massless particles and we derive the gravity equations from this base. In conclusion, we discuss the principle of equivalence in classical Einstein theory and in the Schwinger spin 2 gravity
Methods of Using the Google Classroom Service in Teaching Historical Disciplines During Blended and Distance Learning
Authors:   V.О.Sukhomlynskyi National University of Mykolaiv, Mykolaiv, Ukraine, Nefyodov Dmytro
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the methods of using the Google Classroom service in teaching historical disciplines during blended and distance learning. The author of the article has come to the conclusion that with the help of distance education technologies it is not only possible to put a number of routine pedagogical activities on a computer’s shoulders, but to organize really qualitative, individual, differentiated teaching. In the author’s opinion, in the Google Classroom service it is convenient and effective to work both for a teacher and a student/pupil, as the service provides the users with a generic working device, possesses a human-engineered interface and capabilities necessary for the participants of the educational process
Social Dance as a Phenomenon of Modern Dance Practice
Authors:   Kiev National University of Culture and Arts,Kiev, Ukraine, Zhuravlova Anastasia
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the study of social dance as a phenomenon of modern dance practice. It is emphasized that in modern culture there is an increase in interest in social dance, which necessitates a theoretical understanding of this phenomenon in particular and dance culture in general from the standpoint of modern science, because at the moment its level does not correspond to the degree of practical interest in social dance. It is stated that for most world civilizations, dance in general and social dance in particular, is one of the most important expressions of their worldview, which represents both historical and contemporary cultural values. And forms of movement illuminate and define gender, shape personal and group identity, and reflect and define political and religious status and aesthetic values. Thanks to advances in the media, social dance is now one of the most popular pastimes in the world, combining dance forms of past centuries with new ones, such as hip-hop and contact improvisations. The study found that the phenomenon of social dance in the context of dance practice in the XXI century. is an organic combination of elements of various areas of dance culture with the culture of modern society, as well as the promotion of philosophical and ideological paradigm of freedom of movement and communication in dance.
Communicative Taboos in Modern Business Etiquette
Authors:   Kiev National University of Culture and Arts, Kiev, Ukraine, Kanyukova Irina , Sidorovskaya Evgeniya
Published: September 2021

The article examines the features of communicative taboos in business etiquette. The taboo system has protected core values for centuries and has been an unwritten social code. Taboo reflects the foundations of morality, spiritual culture, features of thinking and worldview of individuals and ethnocultural communities. The spheres and nature of taboos are a reflection of the times and cultures of the people and are clearly manifested in the process of intercultural communication. Violation of the most severe taboos can lead to termination of contact. The study found that in the process of intercultural communication, given the similarity of most taboo topics, the degree of categoricalness of their use is different, or the circumstances under which certain topics can be raised are different. In order to comply with the verbal rules of business etiquette valid in one's own or in other cultures and ethnic groups and at the same time ideologically express the necessary meaning, promoting friendly intercultural communication, it is necessary to use a number of ways not to break taboos related to language units. etc. In the case of nonverbal taboos, mutual misunderstanding and non-perception in the process of nonverbal communication usually occurs because a somatic object is used to nonverbally express a certain meaning or perform a certain movement, which cannot be used from the point of view of another culture.
Pharmacokinetic and Subjective Assessment of the JUUL System, Prototype JUUL2 Electronic Nicotine Delivery System in Two Nicotine Concentrations, IQOS and Combustible Cigarette
Authors: Goldenson Nicholas , Chen Joey , Shiffman Saul
Published: September 2021

RATIONALE: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTP) are noncombustible alternatives for adult smokers.  Evidence suggests sufficient nicotine delivery is necessary to facilitate switching away from smoking; nicotine delivery varies across ENDS within limited nicotine concentrations.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the nicotine delivery and subjective effects of currently-marketed US JUUL System (“JUUL”) ENDS, prototype JUUL2 ENDS in two nicotine concentrations, IQOS HTP and combustible cigarettes.

METHODS: Adult smokers (N=40) completed a 5-arm cross-over product-use laboratory confinement study.  Nicotine PK and subjective effects were assessed following use of: (1) JUUL 59mg/mL nicotine; (2) JUUL2 Prototype 18mg/mL; (3) JUUL2 Prototype 40mg/mL; (4) IQOS HTP 18mg/g; (5) usual brand (UB) cigarette, each evaluated during _ad libitum_ (10 minutes) and controlled (5 minutes, 10 standardized puffs) use.    

RESULTS: Nicotine delivery was greatest for UB cigarette, followed by JUUL2 Prototype 40mg/mL, IQOS, JUUL2 Prototype 18mg/mL, and JUUL 59mg/mL.  Nicotine delivery from JUUL2 Prototype 18mg/mL was significantly greater than JUUL 59 mg/mL after _ad libitum_ use.  JUUL products were significantly more satisfying and effective at reducing craving than IQOS.  JUUL2 Prototype 40mg/mL was significantly more aversive than other JUUL products.

CONCLUSIONS: Currently-marketed JUUL 59mg/mL and prototype JUUL ENDS products were rated higher than IQOS on subjective measures associated with switching away from smoking.  The JUUL2 Prototype 40mg/mL produced aversive responses, and requires modifications to be a viable product for adult smokers.  Nicotine delivery and subjective responses to JUUL2 Prototype 18mg/mL suggest a product based on this prototype may facilitate increased switching among adult smokers.