bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earth, Sky, Women, and Immortality
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

From pre-historic bird goddesses through the winged goddesses of the ancient world, the changing form of such female divinities is explored through the human understanding of and relationship with birds, the longing for magical flight, and the worship of the sky. Later religious ideas developed out of these early beliefs into human ascensions, assumptions and the longing for apotheosis—the transformation of a human into a divinity. Many beliefs about aerial women were formulated in dreams of flying, or dreams of being visited by succubi—women who had sex with men while they slept.
Winged Goddesses of Sexuality, Death, and Immortality
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

The winged Egyptian goddess Isis is an ancient and complex deity, whose mythology presents her as bestower of fertility and immortality. This chapter follows up on these themes, and the linked relationship between fertility and immortality, by exploring the involvement of women with funeral rites, and concepts of the afterlife in the Ancient Near East and Ancient Greece involving goddesses, who combine sexuality and fertility, war and death, and the promise and hope of immortality. There is a further exploration of ancient bird goddesses demonized via the concept of the monstrous-feminine: furies, harpies, and sirens—all of whom pose a particular danger to men, not women.
Apsarās: Enabling Male Immortality, Part 1
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

Apsarās are ancient Indian flying divinities. Although they are wingless, their iconography reveals their power of flight. They function in both Hinduism and Buddhism, although in distinct ways in each religion. Overall, they are under the power of the god Indra, who sends them out to seduce celibate ascetics who challenge his power. The ascetics are powerless against such ravishingly beautiful, sexual, and coquettish women. Like the valkyries, the apsarās carry fallen warriors to heaven, but in these Eastern traditions, they are given to the warriors. One sign of their pervasiveness was their imitation by devadāsīs, beautiful and talented dancers who danced before the gods in Hindu temples. Buddhists picked up on their themes as consummate seductresses; in an ancient Buddhist epic, the Buddha uses them to disillusion his half-brother.
Witches and Succubi: Male Sexual Fantasies
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

Witches, women believed to have supernatural powers, have been with us since ancient times. Often they were beautiful, highly sexual women whom men bedded at their own risk. They had magical powers (including that of flight), communed with the dead, and did not conform to patriarchal ideas of womanhood. Their sexuality led them to be classified as succubi, or female spirits who visited men at night and had sexual intercourse with them while they slept. In medieval Christian Europe, witches were refigured as ugly over time, and they became the face of evil. They were believed to fly to their unholy Sabbaths, where they participated in orgies with Satan and sacrificed babies. In truth, most people who were accused of being witches were women caught up in the changing mores and beliefs of the medieval Church, which began to view women as more susceptible to the demonic than men, a Church that needed evidence of their unholy activities, even if extracted by torture.
Theoretical Approaches to the Functions of Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on various theoretical approaches to the semantic and syntactic functions of indefinite pronouns. It begins with a discussion of structuralist semantics, which suggests that language is a system whose parts must be defined and described on the basis of their place in the system and their relation to each other, rather than on the basis of their own intrinsic properties. It then considers some of the problems associated with structuralist semantics, including the unclear status of the semantic features; significant overlap of the functions of grammatical items in many areas, including indefinite pronouns; and structuralist semantics makes wrong predictions about semantic change. The chapter proceeds by analysing logical semantics and the issues raised by this approach, along with syntactic approaches, the theory of mental spaces, pragmatic scales and scale reversal. Finally, it explains the relationship between focusing and sentence accent.
Carnal Flowers, Charnel Flowers
Authors: Maxwell Catherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on a single flower scent—the tuberose—strongly associated with the fragrance of Victorian decadence. Contrasting with the more delicate scent of the violet explored in Chapter 2 is the powerful perfume of the tuberose, an exotic hothouse flower, its fragrance evoking the body and decay. Starting with Shelley, this chapter tracks this heady fragrance through a range of texts to concentrate on three poems by late Victorian minor poets—Mark André Raffalovich, Mary Robinson, and Theodore Wratislaw—and shows how the scent of the tuberose is bound up with dangerous or voluptuous pleasures, with love, eroticism, criminality, and death.
Dandies and Decadents
Authors: Maxwell Catherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the decadent olfactif as represented by Oscar Wilde and the poet and critic Arthur Symons, who understood how perfume helped shape their identities as dandies and sophisticated men about town, with both of them alluding to new synthetic scents. Wilde’s use of perfume as a sign of decadent sexual identity, explored in Dorian Gray, is rudely interrupted by his imprisonment in 1895, but the idea of perfume abides with him during his incarceration as an important ideal and consolation. In Symons’s poetry and prose strong or recognizable perfumes of the period are evoked for scrutiny or contemplation or permeate the memory, calling attention to themselves as markers of decadent modernity. For Symons, perfume identified with memory does not fade, an idea borne out by his critical appreciation of the perfume of particular literary texts, lyric poetry especially, and celebrated in his own verse.
Victorian Drydown and Sillage
Authors: Maxwell Catherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the reception of the Victorian perfumed legacy by examining two contrasting early twentieth-century literary responses to perfume and decadence by Virginia Woolf and Compton Mackenzie. Woolf had little personal contact with the culture of decadence, her diary displaying her puritanism and distrust of perfume. Later in life her novel Flush (1933) allows her a rapprochement with Victorian literature and smell, while her memoirs show her becoming more accommodating of her sensory self. In contrast, Mackenzie had a relaxed attitude towards Victorian decadence, perfume, and smell, and enjoyed the literature of the fin de siècle. This liberal response is expressed in his autobiography, various essays, and his two most important early novels Carnival (1912) and Sinister Street (1913–14), where his protagonists reveal his skill as an ‘aromancer’, adept at using scented memories and impressions to underscore the key moments and experiences in an individual’s life.
Understanding International Organizations
Authors: Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: November 2017

This chapter surveys the existing approaches to studying IOs, and discusses our public policy approach. It describes IOs as institutions that are defined by formal and informal rules, by practices and sets of expectations that shape the way those involved in IOs’ activities work. Rather than accepting the traditional proposition that member states decide, the chapter argues that we need to go inside the organization to examine how all the actors perceive their roles, interpret their responsibilities, and interact with each other. It identifies three groups of actors—state representatives, heads of IOs, and secretariats—and discusses their strength, advantages, and levers in IO operations. It particularly highlights the impact of organizational structure, history, and culture on actors’ behaviour and examines their powers of persuasion in a comparative study across six IOs.
Representatives of Member States
Authors: Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: November 2017

The chapter is organized around two concepts: representation and participation. Member states of IOs may be represented in a number of ways: on Executive Boards, at annual assemblies, by local diplomats. Some states have extensive resources; others are very limited. Some are closely monitored by national capitals; others have greater discretion. Who represents in IOs (diplomats or experts), how states are represented (in-house or flying-in from capital), what resources are available to state representatives; and the interest of national government in IOs all matter in determining how representatives participate in IO activities and the potential impacts of these activities. This chapter challenges two traditional explanations of the workings of IOs: one is that all important decisions are made by the big powers, and the other is that member states dictate what IOs do or do not do.
Conclusion
Authors: Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: November 2017

In the conclusion, we contend that interpreting IOs through a public policy prism provides a more nuanced picture, with the additional benefit that it is one that practitioners might recognize and whose lessons they might appreciate. Focusing our analysis on the interaction between member states, leaders, and staff helps understand the working world of IOs. It also shows how the insights can add to and amend the literature currently available on IOs and suggest that some of the current conclusions oversimplify the dilemmas IOs face. It finally suggests that influence in IOs requires a combination of authority, capacity, and legitimacy, which, in most cases, rely on the input of different participants.
Conclusion
Authors: Cardoso Adriana
Published: November 2017

Chapter 5 outlines the main findings of the book. It summarizes the three studies offered in the book and suggests some lines that are worth exploring in future research. It also presents some final remarks on the methodology adopted and on the articulation of the different changes investigated. In this respect, it is shown that comparative syntax has provided precious insights into the diachrony of Portuguese and that the changes investigated in the book might be integrated in a cluster of phenomena changing at the same time in the history of Portuguese. Concretely, it is proposed that the loss of middle scrambling originates in a series of changes whose major superficial effect is the reduction of the word-order patterns available in Portuguese.
Toxicology
Authors: Frid Christopher L. J. , Caswell Bryony A.
Published: November 2017

To determine whether or not a contaminant has the potential to become a pollutant, its biological effects must first be established. The scientific discipline of toxicology considers the measurement of toxins, their mechanisms and the effects they have on the environment, its inhabitants and on human health. This chapter describes how contaminants behave in marine environments, how organisms are exposed to them and how they respond at the molecular, individual, population and ecosystem levels. Marine organisms exhibit a range of different responses and detoxification mechanisms that are used as the basis of approaches for measuring toxicity. The complex interactions of pollutants in the environment, their interactions with other toxicants and the large natural variability in toxic effects between species and individuals make this challenging. However, in order to regulate the production and discharge of pollutants it is critical that the impacts on ecosystems and ecosystem services are understood.
Ongoing issues
Authors: Frid Christopher L. J. , Caswell Bryony A.
Published: November 2017

Although current understanding of the sources, fate and impacts of many contaminants are now well-known and regulated by national and international bodies and conventions, a number remain problematic. Some are produced in very large quantities (e.g. nutrients, detergents, oil) and others are persistent in the environment (e.g. radioactivity and plastics). All are known threats that have either been ignored, took time to manifest, or have been challenging to manage. For most of these pollutants, regulations exist but changes in the nature (e.g. microplastics) or scale (e.g. increased use of fertilisers, increased livestock culture and sewage production, and changes in energy consumption as the global population grows) may mean existing regulation or management is in some way deficient. For others, (e.g. radioactivity, plastics and threats to biosecurity such as non-native invasive species introductions) the challenges associated with regulation and management are yet to be solved.
Regulation, monitoring and management
Authors: Frid Christopher L. J. , Caswell Bryony A.
Published: November 2017

Pollution is detrimental by definition, but cheap waste disposal provides economic benefits to society. A balance is needed between protection of the environment and the level of acceptable change. Laws and regulations set out those levels and then science must monitor the environment to ensure that levels of change remain in the acceptable boundaries. Designing and implementing monitoring programmes is difficult in the marine environment as data collection is expensive and the systems are naturally highly variable, making data ‘noisy’. One of the most widely accepted axioms in international environmental protection is the polluter-pays principle. This extends to the cost of clean-up from accidental releases but also the cost of regular treatment and monitoring of the effects of routine, operational, discharges. However, as there will always remain an economic incentive to cut costs by cutting treatment, pollution regulation measures require the back-up of effective enforcement.
Opening Political Doors
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the participation measures in the International Social Science Program (ISSP). Citizens in roughly a dozen and a half affluent democracies were survey in 2004 and 2014. Analyses identify five modes of participation: voting, contributing funds, contacting political figures, protest, and online participation. These modes are compared in terms of their characteristics relevant to inequality of participation, such as the skills and resources required to be active. The chapter presents the levels of political activity in each mode across established democracies in 2004 and 2014.
For Richer or Poorer, Politically Speaking
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: November 2017

The civic voluntarism model holds that individual skills and resources are essential in predicting who will participate in politics. The chapter reviews the theoretical literature on why skills and resources matter. Analyses of the ISSP show the wide social-status gap in all forms of political participation, especially by education levels. Income, occupation, and other status attributes have additional effects. The rising levels of political participation, and the shift to new, direct forms of action produce a wide participation gap as a function of social status. This applies to conventional political activity such as contributing funds to a cause or contacting a political official, as well as contentious forms of action such as joining a demonstration or signing a petition. This large participation gap presents a theoretical and political dilemma for contemporary democracies.
Civil Society Mobilizing Action
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: November 2017

Social groups are often considered schools of democracy where people learn participatory norms and develop participatory skills. This chapter describes the levels of activity for five social groups: political parties, unions and business associations, religious groups, leisure groups, and other groups. The analyses then show the positive relationship between group activity and various modes of activity across the established democracies. There is also a social-status bias in these effects. Higher-status individuals are more active in social groups, which gives them an additional bonus in becoming politically active. Thus social groups generally widen the participation gap defined by social status alone.
What’s a Good Citizen to Do?
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: November 2017

The civic voluntarism model holds that citizen attitudes strongly influence participation patterns. The chapter demonstrates that changing norms of citizenship, from duty-based norms to more engaged citizenship, are shifting the pattern of participation from voting toward direct and contentious forms of action. In addition, feelings of political efficacy encourage all forms of political participation. Yet efficacy feelings often reinforce the SES participation gap with a wider gap among the most efficacious. In overall terms, social status has a predominant influence on political participation and this persists through the cumulative modeling of the civic voluntarism model.
Over and Above Bodily Sensations
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

At first sight, Martin (1995) provides a promising reductionist account of the first-personal character of bodily ownership in spatial terms: it is sufficient to feel sensations as being located in a part of one’s body to experience this body part as one’s own. There is nothing over and above the location of the sensations. However, Martin’s view fails to account for the following two puzzles. First, one generally experiences no ownership towards tools although one can feel some sensations as being located in them. Secondly, one can experience a sense of disownership towards one’s own limbs despite still feeling sensations in them. What these puzzles reveal is that we should not confuse the feeling of bodily presence and the feeling of bodily ownership: one can be aware of the body as a bounded object in a larger space without being aware of it qua one’s own body
The Narcissistic Body
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

What is it like to feel one’s body as one’s own? This chapter proposes what may be conceived of as an affective conception, according to which the sense of bodily ownership consists in the awareness of the boundaries of one’s body as having a special significance for the self. This leads to the definition of the phenomenology of ownership as a narcissistic feeling, which arises from the protective frame of reference of bodily experiences, and which should be filed with other affective feelings such as the feeling of familiarity. The chapter then replies to some objections that could be made against the bodyguard hypothesis.
Back to the USA
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

Edith and E. F. Penrose returned to the USA in 1946 to serve Winant, now the US representative on the UN Economic and Social Council during the first sessions of the United Nations in New York. Edith supported Eleanor Roosevelt as chair of the Commission for Human Rights in drawing up the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As tensions rose between the Soviet Union and the USA Winant resigned. Penrose moved to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton to write Economic Planning for the Peace before becoming professor of Geography and International Relations at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore where Edith took an MA and PhD on economic aspects of patents under Fritz Machlup. Edith’s son David rejoined the family and Edith had another son, Perran. In the autumn of 1947 Edith and her husband were shaken by Winant’s suicide followed by the death of their son, Trevan.
Australia
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

In 1955 Edith and Penrose undertook sabbaticals at the Australian National University in Canberra. Edith and her three sons travelled across the USA by train and sailed from California. She and Fritz Machlup corresponded extensively whilst she was away discussing the draft of her book, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, particularly the final chapters. In Australia she encountered and began to study the multinational firm or enterprise, writing her first articles on the subject. The family returned to the USA via the Suez Canal and sailed from Southampton to New York so that Edith and her sons had completed a round the world voyage.
User Rights to Commercial Copies of Copyright Works
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

The chapter begins the investigation of the rights users have to copyright works by looking at the scope of the personal property rights users may have in copies of copyright works. These rights have been largely overlooked in copyright law and theory. Applying the ownership spectrum developed by James W. Harris in Property and Justice (1996) this chapter shows how copyright users’ personal property rights are distinct from other forms of personal property and heavily dictated by the exclusive property rights of copyright holders in the copyright work. The personal property rights of copyright users fare poorly on the ownership spectrum and this trend is intensified by commercial practices of copyright holders endorsed by courts, and the struggles of legislatures and courts to deal with the dematerialization of copies of copyright works. This account of the personal property rights of copyright users reveals a weak strain of copyright user rights.
Law in the Republic
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: November 2017

Contrary to common perception, the Republic is full of references to law, as well as stressing the importance of the rulers’ education. The ideal state is structured by laws, as is the rulers’ education, in which they are brought up to be law-abiding and to get others to obey the laws. It is the laws structuring the rulers’ education which are the most basic to the existence of the ideal state, while legislation that we would consider fundamental, such as courts, is treated as more minor. Plato does not consider the relation of law-abidingness to the rulers’ education, assuming that rulers brought up under good laws will further stabilize and enforce good laws. He does not deal with the problem that this makes the ideal city a necessarily unrealizable ideal: it cannot be reached from actual societies, but only by the actions of people already brought up under the laws.
Jiangnan Style
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: November 2017

Building on impressive new research into the concept of a ‘global middle ages’, this chapter offers insights into how economic formations developed around the world. Drawing on new research on both Chinese and Mediterranean economies in the ‘medieval’ period, it compares structures of economy and exchange in very different parts of the world. The point of such comparisons is not simply to find instances of global economic flows but to understand the logic of medieval economic activity and its intersections with power and culture; and, in so doing, to remind historians that economic structures, transnational connections, and the imbrications of economy and politics do not arrive only with modernity, nor is the shape of the ‘modern’ global economy the only pattern known to humankind.
Social and Environmental History in the Anthropocene
Authors: Warde Paul
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes seriously the notion of the ‘Anthropocene’—the concept of the period of history from which human activities have had global effects on the environment—and looks at it historically, across the longue durée, noting that the environment is itself a concept with a history of its own. The chapter argues that environmental history is very largely entwined with social history and that this poses a challenge for historians. Should we think of ‘the social’ and ‘the environmental’ as two different (albeit connected) spheres, or should we reconceptualize what ‘society’ and ‘environment’ might mean, both historically and for the future?
Material Histories of the World
Authors: Trentmann Frank
Published: November 2017

The modern world has involved an unprecedented ballooning of stuff. How can historians make sense of this massive surge? This chapter offers some conceptual and methodological tools and suggestions. Instead of opting for either micro or macro histories, it argues that we need to move between these scales to capture, analyse, and explain the forces that drive greater consumption. The chapter links locally situated material culture with the aggregate global analysis of material flows. It discusses the influence of empire and political economy on taste, norms, and conventions and reflects on the dynamics of demand in contemporary societies by showing how everyday practices, energy systems, and networked infrastructures are interdependent and need to be studied together. It challenges a neat separation between demand and supply and calls on historians to straddle different spatial scales of the material world.
Five Swans over Littleport
Authors: Wood Andy
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses fenland folklore as a way of thinking about the importance of the local. It argues against grand narratives of globalization, to suggest instead that for many working people in the past it was in the context of the small community that social relations were made real and popular culture was felt and sensed. The piece therefore offers a corrective to current—elitist and statist—emphases upon ‘Big History’ and suggests instead that, if social historians are to understand the lived experience of working people in the past, it is necessary to return to local worlds and small communities.
The Planetary Alignment Was Right
Authors: Wilson Keeley
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an historical perspective on the growth of Nokia and the co-evolution of an emergent ICT cluster in Finland. It carefully distinguishes what is unique and idiosyncratic and what is generalizable from that co-evolution. It explores how Nokia’s early leaders relied on smart opportunism, rather than a grand strategy, to drive the firm’s adaptation from traditional industries to mobile telecoms, and how the group took advantage of unique features of the geopolitical, institutional, and industrial contexts of Finland post-World War II. It highlights the dominant logics and heuristics from formative experiences in the early evolution of the company.
The “Impossible State”
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: November 2017

This is the first of two chapters to examine states that have bucked the regional trend. North Korea stands out as the only state in East Asia that continues to employ mass atrocities as a matter of state policy. This chapter explains why the forces that promoted peace in other parts of the region (state consolidation and responsibility, the developmental trading state, habits of multilateralism, and power politics) failed to achieve the same effects in these two countries. It then looks at the contemporary situation to ascertain the prospects for reform and the likelihood of future reductions in the incidence of mass atrocities. It finds that the state relies on mass coercion to maintain itself in power and that there is little prospect of imminent reform, whilst state collapse remains a viable possibility that could precipitate mass atrocities on a massive scale.
Reparation for Environmental Damage in Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Plakokefalos Ilias
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the problems that environmental damage in armed conflict pose to the determination of shared responsibility, and especially the determination of reparations, in the context of the jus post bellum. When two actors are engaged in armed conflict, there arise no serious issues as to sharing responsibility for violations. But the fact that modern armed conflicts often involve more than two actors (e.g. Libya 2011) complicates the matters arising out of environmental harm, as there may be two or more actors contributing to the same harmful event. This is a typical situation of shared responsibility. Shared responsibility provides that the problem of reparations for environmental harm is to be examined in situations where there is a multiplicity of actors that contribute to a single harmful outcome. This definition covers the breach of obligations under jus ad bellum and jus in bello, as well as under international environmental law.
Private Security Companies and Other Private Security Service Providers (PSCs) and Environmental Protection in Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Das Onita , Kellayv Aneaka
Published: November 2017

A challenge to environmental protection and the jus post bellum framework is the rise in Private Security Companies and other Private Security Service Providers (PSCs). The marked increase in the outsourcing of vast amounts of operational and logistical work to PSCs have caused key issues around PSC oversight, regulation, and concern around civilian protection linked to environmental issues to arise. Using the Iraq (2003–11) and Afghanistan (2001–14) conflicts as examples, this chapter explores the growth of PSCs, their environmental performance, and reviews the adequacy of legal and policy frameworks that regulate PSCs to ensure the provision of adequate environmental protection as part of jus post bellum in order to contribute to sustainable peace. Areas of law explored include international humanitarian law, international human rights law, binding legislation and soft law specific to PSCs, contract litigation, corporate liability, state and non-state actor obligations in respect to PSCs, and shared responsibility.
Victims of Environmental Harm During Conflict
Authors: Lawry-White Merryl
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the interaction of some of the applicable norms related to liability and reparation for environmental damage in a post-conflict setting, including human rights and humanitarian law norms (including precedents) and their interaction with each other, with a focus on the potential consequences for victims. Using displacement as a specific case study, the discussion regarding potential consequences is supported by the learning that may be drawn from precedent reparations schemes, including those implemented in a ‘transitional justice’ framework as part of an attempt to afford ‘justice’ for breaches of human rights and humanitarian law (whether related to the environment or otherwise). The chapter considers some of the potential challenges of this interaction, particularly for justice initiatives, and particularly reparations schemes, experienced in the aftermath of conflict, such as constructing a coherent post-conflict narrative, restitution (or ‘truth’), awarding reparation (including ‘restitution’), and reconciliation as part of ‘peacebuilding’.
Demythologizing Divine Action
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

Theologians of many stripes in the last century reacted negatively to the notion that God acts in history. Some have argued that the concept of divine action is inapposite to the findings of modern science, and others eschewed the language of special divine action on the grounds that it is unworthy of God, among other concerns. In this chapter the author engages one of the first theologians to tackle these objections head on: Schubert Ogden. He evaluates Ogden’s efforts, with an eye to his methodological assumptions that govern his work as a whole. He argues that Ogden’s account is deficient in its assumptions about the nature of action in general and divine action in particular.
Divine Agency and Contemporary Neo-Thomism
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, the author explores the severe criticism directed at those who would talk of God as a being, or a person, and therefore also as an agent. The author engages the work of Thomist philosophers of religion Brian Davies and Herbert McCabe, and concentrates on their claims about divine agency and divine action. He argues that their criticisms against conceiving God as an agent fail for a variety of reasons. He further argues that these Thomists lose the concept of divine agency in their philosophical work, despite the fact that they need it to sustain their theological commitments. Finally, he argues that they are also guilty of confusion and equivocation in their account of the relation between divine agency and free human acts.
Divine and Human Action in Salvation in Augustine
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter engages the work of Augustine on divine grace and human freedom in salvation. It works through the types of divine action seen in Augustine’s writings on grace in the Pelagian controversy as well as his work on baptism with respect to the Donatists. The author also examines a precursor to Augustine, Cyril of Jerusalem, and his work on catechesis and divine action. He considers what these theologians had to say about divine action in grace, baptism, forgiveness, and in the experience of salvation. Considering Augustine’s theology of grace, the author notes the perennial problems in reconciling divine causation of grace with human freedom in salvation.
Blood, Bone, and Body
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, the author explores the sacramental theology of Thomas Aquinas and what it says about divine action. The author argues that the divine action of changing the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ is to be taken seriously among theologians and philosophers today, along with the whole range of Christian thought on divine actions in creation, incarnation, and providence. Aquinas’ sacramental theology plays a key role in the development of his overall theological metaphysics. The author then argues that Aquinas’ sacramental causality is coherent, although he finds the metaphysics highly implausible.
An introduction to the hydrodynamics of locomotion on small scales
Authors: Lauga E.
Published: November 2017

In these lecture notes I will briefly review the fundamental physical principles of locomotion in fluids, with a particular emphasis on the low-Reynolds number world. The notes cover the material discussed in the three hours of my two lectures at the Les Houches Summer School, and as such cannot unfortunately do justice to the richness and variety of the field. A number of outstanding and longer pieces should be consulted by the interested reader.
Capillarity with solids
Authors: Mora S. , Pomeau Y.
Published: November 2017

Capillary phenomena occurring on soft solid interfaces are discussed over this lecture. The main goal is to show how a variational approach provides a deep understanding of the static effects coming from the self-capillarity of elastic solids. After an introduction, the general framework is introduced and then various situations are discussed. In each case, the physical phenomena are first briefly introduced, a theoretical analysis is presented, and then the predictions are compared with experiments when available. This lecture is intended as an introduction rather than as a comprehensive review. Demonstrations are simplified as much as possible thanks to physically relevant assumptions (symmetric problems, two-dimensional problems, etc.). The aim is to highlight the main physical ingredients. References are included throughout the text for readers desiring a more in-depth treatment.
Instability of thin films
Authors: Damman P.
Published: November 2017

We will first discuss the stability of liquid films deposited on solid surfaces with an emphasis on the nature of intermolecular forces and thermal fluctuations that conspire to generate complex morphologies. We will see how the global dewetting dynamics is driven by the solid–fluid interface and that dewetting can be a powerful tool to study the nanorheology of complex fluids, such as polymer melts in ultra thin films. In the second part, we will consider thin elastic sheets constrained by mechanical forces. The canonical example of such a system is given by a simple paper ball. We will see how the global geometry of these constraints drastically affects the final shape adopted by the sheet.
Phase separation in soft matter: the concept of dynamic asymmetry
Authors: Tanaka H.
Published: November 2017

In this article, we review the basic physics of viscoelastic phase separation including fracture phase separation. We show that with an increase in the ratio of the deformation rate of phase separation to the slowest mechanical relaxation rate the type of phase separation changes from fluid phase separation, to viscoelastic phase separation, to fracture phase separation. We point out that there is a physical analogy of this to the transition of the mechanical fracture behaviour of materials under shear from liquid-type, to ductile, to brittle fracture. This allows us to discuss phase separation and shear-induced instability of disordered materials including soft matter, on the same physical ground. Finally it should be noted that what we are going to describe in this article has not necessarily been firmly established and there still remain many open problems to be studied in the future.
Aetiologies and anatomy of confabulation
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

What diseases cause confabulations and which are the brain areas whose damage is responsible? This chapter reviews the causes, both historic and present, of confabulations and deduces the anatomo-clinical relationships for the four forms of confabulation in the following disorders: alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome, traumatic brain injury, rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm, posterior circulation stroke, herpes and limbic encephalitis, hypoxic brain damage, degenerative dementia, tumours, schizophrenia, and syphilis. Overall, clinically relevant confabulation is rare. Some aetiologies have become more important over time, others have virtually disappeared. While confabulations seem to be more frequent after anterior brain damage, only one form has a distinct anatomical basis.
Normal false memory
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

Is it possible to be completely convinced about a memory and yet to err? Yes, it is! Human memory is dynamic and at times falls victim to its own associative power. This chapter examines under what conditions healthy subjects may succumb to false memories and how children differ from adults in their susceptibility to false memory. It looks at how reliable apparently crystal-clear memories called flashbulb memories really are. Under certain conditions, it is even possible to implant entirely invented memories, a notion particularly pertinent in the realm of eyewitness testimony. Normal false memory appears to have different mechanisms than pathological confabulation.
Mechanisms of confabulation
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

From the initial observations, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain confabulations. This chapter presents the current models of confabulation and examines their empirical basis. Is gap-filling a confirmed mechanism? What is the role of personality and motivation? Does the combination of amnesia with executive failures suffice to induce confabulation? What is the experimental evidence for deficient monitoring processes—and how would such processes work? Is the confusion of memories in time a feature or a cause of confabulation? A conclusion from this chapter will be that many models lack confirming experimental evidence and fail to account for the dissociation between different forms of confabulation.
Perspectives
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes current interpretations of all forms of confabulations discussed in the book and reviews the relationship between the four forms of memory-related confabulations. Experimental investigation has confirmed the dissociation between various types of false memories and considerably advanced the understanding of the mechanisms of some forms of confabulation, in particular behaviourally spontaneous confabulation and false statements in anosognosia. Overall, experimental evidence is scarce; many models have no controlled experimental basis or extend their proposed range of application well beyond the empirical evidence. The chapter concludes with a call for heightened respect of basic scientific standards in the research on confabulation.
A Doctrine of Selective Legal Compliance
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the important role the Internet intermediaries play for the proper functioning of the Internet of today. It elaborates on this topic and discusses the possibility of a doctrine of selective legal compliance to protect the Internet intermediaries. The chapter demonstrates that, the law already takes step towards protecting Internet intermediaries due to their unique role and argues that expanding this protection into the mentioned doctrine may be a surprisingly natural development; and a development that would be most helpful for establishing jurisdictional interoperability. The features of the proposed doctrine are discussed, with particular emphasis placed on the argument that Internet intermediaries ought not to be put in a position where compliance with one state’s laws necessitates the violation of another state’s laws.
The Teleology of Action in Plato's Republic
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

This book explores the functional teleology of action present in Plato’s Republic. In many discussions of ancient philosophy, teleology is acknowledged as an important theme: events, actions, and the bodies of organisms in nature have particular characteristics for the sake of some end or purpose. Two varieties of teleology are commonly recognized, the natural teleology of organisms and the intentional teleology of action pursued with the goal of promoting a particular end. This book is devoted to the discussion of a third variety of teleology present in Plato’s Republic. In some cases, actions are carried out for the sake of an end that is not intended as a goal. Such cases arise when the actions in question perform a function that is required for human flourishing. This functional teleology of action is examined first in Plato’s Symposium in relation to the function of eros, giving birth in the beautiful. In Book 1 of the Republic Socrates uses the function of engaging in partnerships as he argues that the just life is more beneficial to a human being than the life of injustice. The functional teleology of action sheds light on further sections of the argument of the Republic: the construction of the best city, the division of the soul, and the defense of justice in Book 4. The intellectual ascent of the guardians through mathematics to the Form of the Good in Books 6 and 7 is examined as a case of acting for the sake of an end that is not intended as a goal.
The Defense of Justice and the Teleology of Action
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Socrates’ defense of justice in Republic 4, which draws upon Plato’s functional teleology of action. The activity of engaging in partnerships is the function linked to just actions, as the just person acts with the intention of maintaining harmony and friendship between the three parts of the soul. David Sachs’ claim that Socrates attempts to reconcile psychic justice and conventional justice is criticized. Socrates does not attempt to show that acting from psychic justice will lead to conventional justice. For Socrates the typical result of just action is maintaining just partnerships with other citizens in a political community and thus promoting the good of others. Socrates’ just person does not act with the intention of promoting the good of others, but this is one end of her actions in the sense specified by the functional teleology of action.
Studying Mathematics for the Sake of the Good
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

In this, the final chapter, the focus is on Socrates’ expectation that potential guardians will study mathematics for the purpose of understanding the Form of the Good. Mathematical studies contribute to this end by formulating definitions of mathematical entities that employ the notions of ratio and commensurability. As mathematicians work with visible figures and diagrams to prove their conclusions, they will come to see ratios and commensurability as a central aspect of their field. Definitions that employ the notions of commensurability then become the basis for dialectical inquiry leading to an awareness of the Form of the Good. Mathematical studies are carried on for the sake of understanding the Form of the Good in that they stimulate the formulation of definitions of mathematical entities. These definitions become the raw material for the dialectical understanding of the Form of the Good.
Introduction
Authors: O’Driscoll Cian , Hom Andrew R.
Published: November 2017

What is victory in war? If one is fighting for a just cause, is it a dereliction of duty to settle for anything less than victory? Can victory ever be worthy of the sacrifices made in its pursuit? What is its relation to the peace that everyone hopes will come once fighting has ended? This introduction discusses how the book will tackle these questions. It briefly traces the ubiquity and import of ‘victory’ in the theoretical and practical discourses of war from ancient times to the present day. It then juxtaposes three prominent examples of victory’s importance: the classical use of trophies and triumphs, the emergence of ‘degrade and destroy’ as a rubric for interpreting the ‘War on Terror’, and finally the centrality of victory to any efforts to conceive of war in strategic, political, or ethical terms. We close by providing an overview of the chapters to follow.
Carl von Clausewitz and Moral Victories
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle
Published: November 2017

Clausewitz’s theory of war has been described as quintessentially instrumental, an interpretation that hinges on his oft-cited dictum of war as policy/politics by other means. However, this overlooks another, much more existential interpretation of war, which Clausewitz forwarded in his writings during the reform era. In these writings, Clausewitz referred to a Prussian people’s war against French occupation as ‘the most beautiful of wars’, one with inherent moral and emancipatory qualities. In such a war, one can only win, either through a successful defence of territory or through rebirth after an honourable defeat. In contrast to military victory, which is always temporary, moral victory is lasting and guaranteed, owing to its inherent emancipatory qualities. What moral victories have in common with military victories, however, is the centrality of violence: participating in combat is both the means of the emancipation of the individual and the expression of its moral qualities.
Defeat as Moral Victory
Authors: Heuser Beatrice
Published: November 2017

This contribution adds to the legal-philosophical approach to the subject of victory by focusing on defeat as a moral victory in collective memory, mentality, and culture. Such a defeat can take the form of the violent death of an individual or a group in battle. At times the dead are commemorated as fallen heroes, just as if they had won their battle, but in addition they will be seen as martyrs to a cause that is construed as giving meaning to their sacrifice. Their death is celebrated as a moral victory if the cause outlasted this event and ultimately triumphed, or is still pursued. Instances can be found where such events, long past, have even recently still fuelled wars, as with the Irish Troubles or the Balkan Wars at the beginning and end of the twentieth century.