bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic architecture of soybean tolerance to off-target dicamba
Authors: Canella Vieira Caio , Zhou Jing , Jarquin Diego , Zhou Jianfeng , Diers Brian , Riechers Dean E. , Nguyen Henry T. , Shannon Grover
Published: October 2023

The adoption of dicamba-tolerant (DT) soybean in the United States resulted in extensive off-target dicamba damage to non-DT vegetation across soybean-producing states. Although soybeans are highly sensitive to dicamba, the intensity of observed symptoms and yield losses are affected by the genetic background of genotypes. Thus, the objective of this study was to detect novel marker-trait associations and expand on previously identified genomic regions related to soybean response to off-target dicamba. A total of 551 non-DT advanced breeding lines derived from 232 unique bi-parental populations were phenotyped for off-target dicamba across nine environments for three years. Breeding lines were genotyped using the Illumina Infinium BARCSoySNP6K BeadChip. Filtered SNPs were included as predictors in Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models in a forward stepwise selection loop to identify the combination of SNPs yielding the highest classification accuracy. Both RF and SVM models yielded high classification accuracies (0.76 and 0.79, respectively) with minor extreme misclassifications (observed tolerant predicted as susceptible, and vice-versa). Eight genomic regions associated with off-target dicamba tolerance were identified on chromosomes 6 [Linkage Group (LG) C2], 8 (LG A2), 9 (LG K), 10 (LG O), and 19 (LG L). Although the genetic architecture of tolerance is complex, high classification accuracies were obtained when including the major effect SNP identified on chromosome 6 as the sole predictor. In addition, candidate genes with annotated functions associated with phases II (conjugation of hydroxylated herbicides to endogenous sugar molecules) and III (transportation of herbicide conjugates into the vacuole) of herbicide detoxification in plants were co-localized with significant markers within each genomic region. Genomic prediction models, as reported in this study, can greatly facilitate the identification of genotypes with superior tolerance to off-target dicamba.
MethSemble-6mA: an ensemble-based 6mA prediction server and its application on promoter region of LBD gene family in Poaceae
Authors: Sinha Dipro , Dasmandal Tanwy , Paul Krishnayan , Yeasin Md , Bhattacharjee Sougata , Murmu Sneha , Mishra Dwijesh Chandra , Pal Soumen , Rai Anil , Archak Sunil
Published: October 2023

The Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain (LBD) containing genes are a set of plant-specific transcription factors and are crucial for controlling both organ development and defense mechanisms as well as anthocyanin synthesis and nitrogen metabolism. It is imperative to understand how methylation regulates gene expression, through predicting methylation sites of their promoters particularly in major crop species. In this study, we developed a user-friendly prediction server for accurate prediction of 6mA sites by incorporating a robust feature set, viz., Binary Encoding of Mono-nucleotide DNA. Our model,MethSemble-6mA, outperformed other state-of-the-art tools in terms of accuracy (93.12%). Furthermore, we investigated the pattern of probable 6mA sites at the upstream promoter regions of the LBD-containing genes in Triticum aestivum and its allied species using the developed tool. On average, each selected species had four 6mA sites, and it was found that with speciation and due course of evolution in wheat, the frequency of methylation have reduced, and a few sites remain conserved. This obviously cues gene birth and gene expression alteration through methylation over time in a species and reflects functional conservation throughout evolution. Since DNA methylation is a vital event in almost all plant developmental processes (e.g., genomic imprinting and gametogenesis) along with other life processes, our findings on epigenetic regulation of LBD-containing genes have dynamic implications in basic and applied research. Additionally, MethSemble-6mA (http://cabgrid.res.in:5799/) will serve as a useful resource for a plant breeders who are interested to pursue epigenetic-based crop improvement research.
Phenotypic and genome-wide association analyses for nitrogen use efficiency related traits in maize (Zea mays L.) exotic introgression lines
Authors: Sanchez Darlene L. , Santana Alice Silva , Morais Palloma Indiara Caproni , Peterlini Edicarlos , De La Fuente Gerald , Castellano Michael J. , Blanco Michael , Lübberstedt Thomas
Published: October 2023

Nitrogen (N) limits crop production, yet more than half of N fertilizer inputs are lost to the environment. Developing maize hybrids with improved N use efficiency can help minimize N losses and in turn reduce adverse ecological, economical, and health consequences. This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with agronomic traits (plant height, grain yield, and anthesis to silking interval) under high and low N conditions. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 181 doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from crosses between landraces from the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (BGEM lines) project and two inbreds, PHB47 and PHZ51. These DH lines were genotyped using 62,077 SNP markers. The same lines from the per se trials were used as parental lines for the testcross field trials. Plant height, anthesis to silking interval, and grain yield were collected from high and low N conditions in three environments for both per se and testcross trials. We used three GWAS models, namely, general linear model (GLM), mixed linear model (MLM), and Fixed and Random model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU) model. We observed significant genetic variation among the DH lines and their derived testcrosses. Interestingly, some testcrosses of exotic introgression lines were superior under high and low N conditions compared to the check hybrid, PHB47/PHZ51. We detected multiple SNPs associated with agronomic traits under high and low N, some of which co-localized with gene models associated with stress response and N metabolism. The BGEM panel is, thus, a promising source of allelic diversity for genes controlling agronomic traits under different N conditions.
Antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public health facilities in the Gida Ayana district, Oromia Region, West Ethiopia, in 2022
Authors: Oljira Lelisa , Abdissa Eba , Lema Matiyos , Merdassa Emiru , Wakoya Feyisa Jira , Desalegn Markos
Published: October 2023

Background

Though antenatal depression (AND) has a risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, it is a neglected component of pregnancy care in Ethiopia. Research evidence is compulsory in different parts of the country to alleviate this problem. Thus, this study was needed to assess antenatal depression and its associated factors, which can help antenatal care (ANC) providers and program coordinators focus on the mental health of pregnant mothers.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women attending ANC at public health facilities in the Gida Ayana district, Oromia Region, West Ethiopia, in 2022.

Methods

A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 370 pregnant women attending ANC at public health facilities. Systematic random sampling techniques were used to select study participants. A standard (validated) tool, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, was also used to assess antenatal depression. The collected data were coded, entered into Epi-data software version 4.6, and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify associated factors with a p-value <0.05.

Results

In this study, the prevalence of antenatal depression was 62 (16.8%; 95% CI: 13, 20.5). Being single in marital status (AOR = 3, 95% CI: 1.5, 6.2), having an unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.45, 5.1), and having partner conflict (AOR = 3.49, 95% CI: 1.79, 6.8) were the factors associated with antenatal depression.

Conclusion

About one in five pregnant women has antenatal depression. Being single, having an unplanned pregnancy, and having a dissatisfied relationship with a sexual partner were the factors associated with antenatal depression. Therefore, women or partners are expected to plan pregnancy, and the dissemination of health information related to an unplanned pregnancy needs to be intensified by health providers. The partner ought to avoid conflict during the pregnancy, and healthcare providers or families are needed to support the single or widowed pregnant women. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to ascertain the effect of antenatal depression on fetal–maternal outcomes.
Considering patient perspectives in economic evaluations of health interventions
Authors: Fu Rui , Ng Vivian , Liu Michael , Wells David , Yurga Emre , Nauenberg Eric
Published: October 2023

Current guidelines for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of health interventions commonly recommend the use of a payer and/or a societal perspective. This raises the concern that the resulting reimbursement decision may overlook the full spectrum of impacts and equity considerations. In this paper, we argue that a potential solution is to supplement a societal- or payer-perspective economic evaluation with an additional evaluation accounting for exclusively the patient perspective. We present five categories of health interventions for which a patient-perspective analysis may be informative including those (1) that cross the definitional boundary between drugs and non-drug technologies; (2) affect patient adherence to protocol; (3) represent revolutionary treatments for genetic disorders; (4) with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio involving slightly less effective, but substantially less costly, than the current standard; and (5) have been previously approved for funding but now being targeted for potential delisting or disinvestment. Real-world examples are discussed in detail. Lived experience individuals were invited to provide vignettes. Discussions are provided regarding how to incorporate patient inputs to improve patient-centered decision-making.
Differences of corruption types in selected Western and central-eastern health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review
Authors: Gonzalez-Aquines Alejandro , Cordero-Perez Adolfo C. , Kowalska-Bobko Iwona
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To identify, describe, and classify the cases of health corruption present in selected Western [the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (UK)] and Central-Eastern European (Poland and Slovakia) countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A rapid review of the literature was conducted, evaluating data from 11 March 2020 to 15 April 2021. Information sources included MEDLINE via WoS, IBSS via ProQuest, Scopus, and gray literature.

Results

Thirteen cases were identified across the four countries. The primary type of health corruption in Western European countries was procurement corruption, while misuse of (high) level positions was the most prevalent in Central-Eastern European countries. Actors from central governments were most involved in cases. The rule of law and anti-corruption watchdogs reported most cases in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, while the media reported cases in Poland and Slovakia.

Conclusion

The differences in types of corruption in WE and CEE countries emphasize the need to contextualize the approach to tackle corruption. Thus, further research in preventing and tackling corruption is a vital and necessary undertaking despite the inherent of conducting health corruption research.
Use of hardwood mulch applications to improve soil characteristics of Alfisols used in Florida citrus production
Authors: Hallman Lukas M. , Santiago John M. , Fox John-Paul , Pitino Marco , Shatters Robert G. , Rossi Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Improving soil fertility is a top priority in Florida’s citrus growing regions, especially in the age of Huanglongbing (HLB; also known as citrus greening). This disease severely reduces fine root mass, causes higher incidences of nutrient deficiencies, and eventually results in the death of affected trees. Additionally, the soils commonly found in Florida’s citrus growing regions are sandy (greater than 98%) and naturally low in fertility, making the nutrient management of HLB-affected trees even more challenging. As a result, interest in organic amendments to increase soil fertility are being tested. Although hardwood chip mulches are successfully used in other regions of the country, no studies exist observing their use on the soils in Florida’s citrus growing regions; therefore, the objectives of this study were to measure the impacts of hardwood oak mulch on (i) Florida Alfisols characteristics and (ii) HLB-affected citrus trees.

Methods

A two-treatment field study using 6-year-old ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees (Citrus × sinensis) grafted on US-812 (C. reticulata × C. trifoliata) rootstock was conducted in Florida’s Indian River District (IRD). The experimental treatment consisted of 0.08 m of hardwood chip mulch sourced from oak trees applied every September for 3 years (2020, 2021, and 2022) while the control treatment had no mulch applied. Soil chemical and physical properties, leaf nutrient concentration, and leaf Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) titer was collected in the fall (October), winter (January), spring (April), and summer (July).

Results and discussion

Overall, after 3 years, oak mulch applications increased soil available phosphorus (32%), potassium (66%), magnesium (71%), organic matter (49%), and moisture (25-88%, depending on the season); however, oak mulch inconsistently impacted leaf nutrient concentrations and was not effective at suppressing HLB. The results show that annual applications of hardwood oak mulch can improve the chemical and physical properties of sandy soils within three years, however, these improvements did not reduce the severity of HLB.
Point spread function modelling for astronomical telescopes: a review focused on weak gravitational lensing studies
Authors: Liaudat Tobías I. , Starck Jean-Luc , Kilbinger Martin
Published: October 2023

The accurate modelling of the point spread function (PSF) is of paramount importance in astronomical observations, as it allows for the correction of distortions and blurring caused by the telescope and atmosphere. PSF modelling is crucial for accurately measuring celestial objects’ properties. The last decades have brought us a steady increase in the power and complexity of astronomical telescopes and instruments. Upcoming galaxy surveys like Euclid and Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will observe an unprecedented amount and quality of data. Modelling the PSF for these new facilities and surveys requires novel modelling techniques that can cope with the ever-tightening error requirements. The purpose of this review is threefold. Firstly, we introduce the optical background required for a more physically motivated PSF modelling and propose an observational model that can be reused for future developments. Secondly, we provide an overview of the different physical contributors of the PSF, which includes the optic- and detector-level contributors and atmosphere. We expect that the overview will help better understand the modelled effects. Thirdly, we discuss the different methods for PSF modelling from the parametric and non-parametric families for ground- and space-based telescopes, with their advantages and limitations. Validation methods for PSF models are then addressed, with several metrics related to weak-lensing studies discussed in detail. Finally, we explore current challenges and future directions in PSF modelling for astronomical telescopes.
Relations between specific athleticism and morphology in young basketball players
Authors: Čović Nedim , Čaušević Denis , Alexe Cristina Ioana , Rani Babina , Dulceanu Corina Ramona , Abazović Ensar , Lupu Gabriel Stanica , Alexe Dan Iulian
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Basketball is a fast-paced intermittent team sport, wherein the players must exhibit different morphologies and fitness levels depending on their position. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in the athleticism of basketball players by playing positions and in its relations with body composition and anthropometric measures. It was hypothesized that calculated athleticism has stronger and better predictive relations with morphology compared to motoric tests alone.

Methods

47 basketball players were divided into three groups according to playing position [guards (n = 14), forwards (n = 22), centers (n = 11)]. Body composition and anthropometrical measurements were done for all players. Athleticism was presented in terms of overall (OFS), jumping (JFS) and sprinting (SFS) fitness scores.

Results

Fitness scores were found to be more strongly related to body composition and anthropometry measurements than motoric tests alone. All three fitness scores were moderate to strongly correlated with skinfold thickness and fat percentage, while body height, fat-free mass, and lean body mass were positively correlated. Significant differences in athleticism fitness scores were found between guards and other groups. Forwards displayed superior athleticism in power and sprint abilities when compared to guards and centers. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that fat percentage, lean muscle mass, skinfold thickness, and arm span exhibited strong predictive capabilities in relation to athleticism scores.

Conclusions

Coaches and practitioners should be aware that athleticism includes a multitude of components, and they should use athleticism assessments before designing training regimens that are tailored to each position's unique needs.
Loss of beef during primary production at Swedish farms 2002–2021
Authors: Strid Ingrid , Jacobsen Maria , Alvåsen Karin , Rydén Jesper
Published: October 2023

Loss of animals is a considerable waste of resources in the meat supply chain, where quantitative data are scarce but critical for guiding improvements. In this study, we used material flow analysis to track the amount of beef diverted away from the food supply chain at the farm level. The beef losses (absolute and as the proportion of yearly initial production) were estimated from data on assisted and unassisted deaths of cattle on Swedish farms obtained from the central register of bovine animals for 2002–2021 combined with official statistics on slaughter weight. The fallen animals were grouped according to age, sex and breed, to enable estimations of the lost amount of carcass weight, both in total and per animal group. The yearly loss during primary production 2017–2021 was on average 13,000 ton carcass weight, or 8.5% of the initial production. No decreasing trend for the loss rate could be determined after 2015, when the Agenda 2030 target 12.3 (Halved food waste and reduced early losses) was introduced. Female dairy breeds showed greater beef losses than dairy males or beef breeds and crossbreeds of both sexes, and their beef losses mostly occurred at 4–5 years of age, thus constituting the hot spot group for lost beef. The results can serve as a base for directed reduction efforts.
Rod-Shaped Linear Inertial Type Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Čeponis Andrius , Jūrėnas Vytautas , Mažeika Dalius , Bakanauskas Vytautas , Deltuvienė Dovilė
Published: October 2023

This article presents a numerical and experimental investigation of a novel rod-shaped linear piezoelectric actuator that consists of a square cross-section-shaped rod with eight piezo ceramic plates and a cylindrical guidance rail. The rod has a hollow cut made with an offset from the longitudinal axis of the symmetry. A cylindrical guidance rail is placed on one side of the rod, while T-shaped clamping is formed on the opposite side. The slider is mounted on the rail and is moved along it. The actuator is compact, making it possible to mount it directly on a printed circuit board (PCB) or in another device with limited mounting space, restricted mass, or actuator footprint. The operation of the actuator is based on the excitation of the first longitudinal vibration mode of the rod that induces in-plane bending vibration of the nodal zone of the rod due to a hollowed cut asymmetrically placed in the central part of the actuator. The actuator is driven by two sawtooth waveform electric signals with the phase difference of π that allows exciting longitudinal deformations of the rod and controls the reverse motion of the slider. The results of numerical investigations confirmed the operation principle of the actuator at the frequency of 59.72 kHz. The maximum displacement amplitude of the guidance rail in the longitudinal direction reaches up to 152.9 μm while the voltage of 200 Vp-p was applied. An experimental investigation of the actuator was made, and a maximum linear speed of 45.6 mm/s and thrust force of 115.4 mN was achieved.
Real-Time Parametric Path Planning Algorithm for Agricultural Machinery Kinematics Model Based on Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Xu Lihong , You Jiawei , Yuan Hongliang
Published: October 2023

In order to meet the obstacle avoidance requirements of unmanned agricultural machinery in operation, it is necessary to plan a path to avoid obstacles in real time after obstacles are detected. However, the traditional path planning algorithm does not consider kinematic constraints, which makes it difficult to realize the plan, thus affecting the performance of the path tracking controller. In this paper, a real-time path planning algorithm based on particle swarm optimization for an agricultural machinery parametric kinematic model is proposed. The algorithm considers the agricultural machinery kinematic model, defines the path satisfying the kinematic model through a parametric equation, and solves the initial path through the analytic method. Then, considering the constraints of obstacles, acceleration, and turning angle, two objective functions are proposed. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to search the path near the initial path which satisfies the obstacle avoidance condition and has a better objective function value. In addition, the influence of the algorithm parameters on the running time is analyzed, and the method of compensating the radius of the obstacle is proposed to compensate the influence of the discrete time on the obstacle collision detection. Finally, experimental results show that the algorithm can plan a path in real time that avoids any moving obstacles and has a better objective function value.
Is Rockwool Potentially Harmful to the Soil Environment as a Nursery Substrate? Taking Eisenia fetida as an Example for Toxicological Analysis
Authors: Zheng Shengyang , Wang Chenzhe , Ju Jing , Dai Qigen , Zhao Haitao , Liu Ping , Wang Xin
Published: October 2023

We studied the effect of rockwool matrix on the conventional physical and chemical properties of soil and analyzed its toxicological effect on Eisenia fetida. The physical and chemical properties of rockwool were studied with characterization tests. By measuring earthworm enzymes and earthworm intestinal microorganisms, the effects of different rockwool particle sizes and additive amount on Eisenia fetida were analyzed. The results indicate that a low concentration of rockwool (<30 g/kg) had little effect on the soil physicochemical properties and the activity of Eisenia fetida, and played a positive role in improving the soil porosity. A high concentration of rockwool (>100 g/kg) reduced the exchangeable Ca and Mg content in the soil, and had a significant impact on the enzyme activity of Eisenia fetida. Mechanism studies have shown that high concentrations of rockwool (>200 g/kg) can have a significant impact on the nervous system of earthworm tissue. In addition, small particle size and low concentration of rockwool is conducive to the increase in intestinal microbial species of Eisenia fetida. This study clarifies the effects of emerging rockwool substrates on soil and soil organisms and provides theoretical support for the safe and reliable application of rockwool substrates in agricultural production.
Effect of Drought and Pluvial Climates on the Production and Stability of Different Types of Peanut Cultivars in Guangdong, China
Authors: Xu Zhijun , An Dongsheng , Xu Lei , Zhang Xuejiao , Li Qibiao , Zhao Baoshan
Published: October 2023

The production and breeding of peanuts was restricted by the frequently extreme climatic conditions in Guangdong province, China. To understand the influence of drought and pluvial climates on peanut traits and yield, a phenotypic investigation of seventy peanut cultivars was conducted from 2018 to 2022; comprehensive field meteorological data collection, and typical drought (2021) and pluvial (2022) climates were recorded. The results revealed that the cultivars achieved the highest single plant pod weight (SPPW) and single plant seed weight (SPSW) of 61.03 g and 45.84 g, respectively, in drought conditions, followed by the control, and finally the pluvial. The SPPW, SPSW and eight agronomy traits exhibited significant differences across the different climatic conditions. Correlation analysis revealed the yield traits and key yield-related traits were positively or negatively correlated with soil water content (SWC), total global radiation (TGR), total precipitation (TP) and total net radiation (TNR). The intermediate and Spanish type cultivars were more stable and productive than the other botanical types of cultivars, commercial varieties exhibited better performance than landraces, and seven cultivars were identified with good production potential, under drought and pluvial conditions. Our study showed that pluvial climate was detrimental to peanut yield, and the SPPW and SPSW were significantly influenced by climates with genotype differences.
Comparative Analysis of Trade’s Impact on Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China and the United States
Authors: Song Rui , Liu Jing , Niu Kunyu , Feng Yiyu
Published: October 2023

Accelerating economic globalization is a major driver of the transfer of embodied pollutant emissions from trade. China and the United States are currently the largest importers and exporters of agricultural products, respectively, and are also major producers and consumers of these products. This paper aims to analyze and compare the patterns of embodied agricultural carbon emissions (ACE) in the two countries, which is crucial for understanding how trade influences the transfer of such emissions. In this study, we calculated the embodied ACE of China and the United States from the perspectives of production and consumption for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016 by establishing a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model. Additionally, we employed the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method to analyze the driving factors behind the changes in embodied ACE over time. The findings indicated that the embodied ACE associated with imports and exports in China and the United States followed a pattern of increase and subsequent decrease during the period 1970–2016, with net imports escalating from −18.79 million tons and −3.62 million tons to 40.35 million tons and 51.22 million tons, respectively. This study identified two main factors contributing to the reduction in embodied ACE in both countries: the declining intensity of embodied ACE per unit of traded products and the diminishing proportion of the primary industry. The growth in GDP per capita, population expansion, and an increase in the proportion of agricultural products in international trade are predicted to promote an increase in embodied ACE imports and exports in both countries. This paper advocates for the reduction of embodied ACE through the continuous promotion of research and application of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies, an optimized industrial structure, and the implementation of relevant energy-saving and emission-reduction policies.
Crop Yield Estimation Using Sentinel-3 SLSTR, Soil Data, and Topographic Features Combined with Machine Learning Modeling: A Case Study of Nepal
Authors: Sahbeni Ghada , Székely Balázs , Musyimi Peter K. , Timár Gábor , Sahajpal Ritvik
Published: October 2023

Effective crop monitoring and accurate yield estimation are fundamental for informed decision-making in agricultural management. In this context, the present research focuses on estimating wheat yield in Nepal at the district level by combining Sentinel-3 SLSTR imagery with soil data and topographic features. Due to Nepal’s high-relief terrain, its districts exhibit diverse geographic and soil properties, leading to a wide range of yields, which poses challenges for modeling efforts. In light of this, we evaluated the performance of two machine learning algorithms, namely, the gradient boosting machine (GBM) and the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The results demonstrated the superiority of the XGBoost-based model, achieving a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.89 and an RMSE of 0.3 t/ha for training, with an R2 of 0.61 and an RMSE of 0.42 t/ha for testing. The calibrated model improved the overall accuracy of yield estimates by up to 10% compared to GBM. Notably, total nitrogen content, slope, total column water vapor (TCWV), organic matter, and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) significantly influenced the predicted values. This study highlights the effectiveness of combining multi-source data and Sentinel-3 SLSTR, particularly proposing XGBoost as an alternative tool for accurately estimating yield at lower costs. Consequently, the findings suggest comprehensive and robust estimation models for spatially explicit yield forecasting and near-future yield projection using satellite data acquired two months before harvest. Future work can focus on assessing the suitability of agronomic practices in the region, thereby contributing to the early detection of yield anomalies and ensuring food security at the national level.
Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation of Oat under Drought Conditions
Authors: Tian Haoqi , Jia Zhifeng , Liu Wenhui , Wei Xiaoxin , Wang Hui , Bao Gensheng , Li Jin , Zhou Qingping
Published: October 2023

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have established themselves as pivotal allies in the realm of plant physiology, renowned for their remarkable contributions to augmenting both growth and resilience against environmental stresses. In this study, we embarked on a comprehensive investigation into the discernible impact of two distinct AMF species on a widely planted oat cultivar, ‘Qingyan No. 1’, when subjected to the austere conditions of a drought. The experimental design included three distinct AMF treatments (inoculation with Rhiaophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, or not), and the three water treatments were 75% of field capacity (well watered), 50% of field capacity (moderate drought), and 30% of field capacity (severe drought). The obtained results showed that the rate of inoculation under 75% FC for both AMF species was over 74%. Drought stress limited the growth and osmotic regulation of the oat plants. However, AMF inoculation observably increased the above-ground biomass under 75% FC and increased the root biomass under 30% FC. AMF inoculation also increased the root traits under 75% FC and 50% FC. R. intraradices inoculation increased the above-ground soluble sugar and soluble protein concentrations, and both AMF species showed decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the roots. Furthermore, the pervasive influence of drought stress exerted a discernible stranglehold on nutrient uptake in the oat plants, profoundly impacting the distribution of nutrients within the shoots and roots. Regardless of the drought stress treatment, the inoculation with both AMF species increased the P concentrations in the roots and the K and Mg concentrations in the roots, and the inoculation with R. intraradices increased the Ca concentration in the whole oat plant. Under 75% FC, the N concentration of the whole oat plant was significantly reduced by both AMF species. However, under 50% FC and 30% FC, the N concentrations in the shoots inoculated with both AMF species were close to that of the non-inoculated shoots. In summary, AMF improved the osmotic regulation and nutrient absorption and distribution of oat plants under drought stress and thus promoted the growth and biomass accumulation of oat plants.
New Decision-Making Control System for Caterpillars on Soybean Fields
Authors: Pereira Poliana Silvestre , Lopes Mayara Cristina , Reis Kayo Heberth de Brito , Souza Hugo Daniel Dias de , Pancieri Guilherme Pratissoli , Picanço Marcelo Coutinho , Sarmento Renato Almeida
Published: October 2023

Decision-making systems are essential to integrated pest management (IPM) programs, particularly in the context of soybean (Glycine max), the world’s most cultivated legume. As agricultural practices change, including adopting new cultivars, planting seasons, and planting regions, the challenges in pest management, mainly caterpillars (Lepidoptera larvae), also change. To address this, this study aimed to devise an updated decision-making approach tailored to the current soybean field conditions. Over two years, caterpillar densities were evaluated in 38 commercial soybean fields. The beating tray sampling technique was superior in precision and efficiency compared to the direct counting and beating cloth techniques. This technique involved assessing 61 plants per field to determine caterpillar density. Economic thresholds were determined at 7.11 caterpillars per beating tray for vegetative stages and 3.60 for reproductive stages. The new proposed sampling system was validated and demonstrated more precise and representative caterpillar density determination than the standard beating cloth system. Both methods exhibited similar costs and execution times. Therefore, this refined decision-making system has the potential for incorporation into soybean IPM programs due to its accuracy, representativeness, feasibility, speed, and cost-effectiveness. This study underscores the viability of integrating the newly developed decision-making system to enhance soybean pest management strategies.
Is the Direct Soil Application of Two-Phase Olive Mill Waste (Alperujo) Compatible with Soil Quality Protection?
Authors: García-Randez Ana , Marks Evan A. N. , Pérez-Murcia María Dolores , Orden Luciano , Andreu-Rodriguez Javier , Martínez Sabater Encarnación , Cháfer María Teresa , Moral Raúl
Published: October 2023

In Spain and other Mediterranean countries, significant quantities of semi-solid olive mill waste are generated, which should be preferentially applied to agricultural soils to close nutrient cycles. However, two-phase olive mill waste (termed alperujo in Spanish) is known to pose risks to soil quality and plant production when applied to soil in large quantities. Alperujo has high contents of polyphenol substances, which can inhibit microbial growth and are also phytotoxic in nature. However, when applied in appropriate quantities and following specific methods, it is possible that the practice may not pose any risks, and this requires evaluation. As a waste management option, direct application of alperujo can supply plant nutrients and organic matter to degradation-prone Mediterranean soils. In order to validate this circular economy fertilization and soil protection strategy, an 18-month field experiment was undertaken, applying moderate quantities of alperujo on permanent crop groves throughout the Spanish region of Valencia. Eleven experimental parcels with permanent crops managed by farmers were identified to test two scenarios: a single application of 10 t/ha, and a second application of 10 t/ha after 10 months. Soil chemical parameters were assessed at 0, 6, 10, and 18 months. Soil organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrates, and polyphenol contents were modified by alperujo application, but these effects were highly transient in nature, with generally no lasting effects after 4–6 months for either application scenario. Also, qualitative evaluations carried out by farmers revealed few effects, although some reductions in erosive processes and improvements in plant vigor were noted. As such, based on the measured parameters, it is concluded that the direct soil application of alperujo olive mill wastes at low application rates did not lead to any lasting detrimental effects on soil quality or compromise the productivity of permanent crops in this Mediterranean region.
Candidate Regulatory Genes for Hindlimb Development in the Embryos of the Chinese Alligator (Alligator sinensis)
Authors: Yang Liuyang , Liu Mengqin , Zhu Yunzhen , Li Yanan , Pan Tao , Li En , Wu Xiaobing
Published: October 2023

Crocodilians, which are a kind of animal secondary adaptation to an aquatic environment, their hindlimb can provide the power needed to engage in various life activities, even in low-oxygen water environments. The development of limbs is an important aspect of animal growth and development, as it is closely linked to body movement, support, heat production, and other critical functions. For the Chinese alligator, the hindlimb is one of the main sources of power, and its development and differentiation will directly influence the survival ability in the wild. Furthermore, a better understanding of the hindlimb developmental process will provide data support for the comparative evolutionary and functional genomics of crocodilians. In this study, the expression levels of genes related to hindlimb development in the Chinese alligator embryos during fetal development (on days 29, 35, 41, and 46) were investigated through transcriptome analysis. A total of 1675 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at different stages were identified by using limma software. These DEGs were then analyzed using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), and 4 gene expression modules and 20 hub genes were identified that were associated with the development of hindlimbs in the Chinese alligator at different periods. The results of GO enrichment and hub gene expression showed that the hindlimb development of the Chinese alligator embryos involves the development of the embryonic structure, nervous system, and hindlimb muscle in the early stage (H29) and the development of metabolic capacity occurs in the later stage (H46). Additionally, the enrichment results showed that the AMPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction are involved in the development of the hindlimb of the Chinese alligator. Among these, the HIF-1 signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction may be related to the adaptation of Chinese alligators to low-oxygen environments. Additionally, five DEGs (CAV1, IRS2, LDHA, LDB3, and MYL3) were randomly selected for qRT-PCR to verify the transcriptome results. It is expected that further research on these genes will help us to better understand the process of embryonic hindlimb development in the Chinese alligator.
IgY Antibodies from Birds: A Review on Affinity and Avidity
Authors: Pacheco Bianca Lisley Barboza , Nogueira Camila Parada , Venancio Emerson José
Published: October 2023

IgY antibodies are found in the blood and yolk of eggs. Several studies show the feasibility of utilising IgY for immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis. These antibodies have been studied because they fulfil the current needs for reducing, replacing, and improving the use of animals. Affinity and avidity represent the strength of the antigen–antibody interaction and directly influence antibody action. The aim of this review was to examine the factors that influence the affinity and avidity of IgY antibodies and the methodologies used to determine these variables. In birds, there are few studies on the maturation of antibody affinity and avidity, and these studies suggest that the use of an adjuvant-type of antigen, the animal lineage, the number of immunisations, and the time interfered with the affinity and avidity of IgY antibodies. Regarding the methodologies, most studies use chaotropic agents to determine the avidity index. Studies involving the solution phase and equilibrium titration reactions are also described. These results demonstrate the need for the standardisation of methodologies for the determination of affinity and avidity so that further studies can be performed to optimise the production of high avidity IgY antibodies.
The Effect of Organic Trace Mineral Supplementation in the Form of Proteinates on Performance and Sustainability Parameters in Laying Hens: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Byrne Laurann , Ross Stephen , Taylor-Pickard Jules , Murphy Richard
Published: October 2023

The effect of supplementing organic trace minerals (OTM), in the form of mineral proteinates (Bioplex® Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA), in the diets of laying hens was examined using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) statistical software. The impact on production performance, egg quality traits, and sustainability parameters related to the carbon footprint of egg production was assessed. Data were obtained from 32 global studies, comprising 107 dietary assessments of 30,992 laying hens. Overall pooled effect size (raw mean difference) of production performance when dietary organic trace minerals were supplemented either in basal diets, partial replacement of inorganic trace minerals (ITM), or total replacement of ITM, indicated that use of Bioplex minerals resulted in 2.07% higher hen-day production (HDP), whilst feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower by 51.28 g feed/kg egg and 22.82 g feed/dozen eggs, respectively. For egg quality traits, daily egg mass was 0.50 g/hen/day higher and egg weight was 0.48 g per egg greater when Bioplex minerals were incorporated in the diet. The mean difference in egg loss was −0.62%. Eggshell thickness was greater by 0.01 mm, and a higher eggshell strength of 0.14 kgf was observed. Eggshell weight was heavier by 0.20 g, eggshell percentage was higher by 0.15%, and Haugh unit was 1 point higher (0.89). We also carried out a meta-regression of the effects of the study factors (location, year of study, hen breed/strain, age of hens, number of hens, and study duration) on the overall pooled effect size of the production performance and egg quality traits in response to supplementary OTM inclusion, and it indicated that certain factors had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the results. Finally, a life cycle assessment (LCA) model was selected to evaluate the impact of feeding organic trace mineral proteinates on the carbon footprint (feed and total emission intensities) of the egg production using the data generated from the meta-analysis. Results showed that the inclusion of OTM proteinates resulted in an average drop in feed and total emission intensities per kg eggs of 2.40% and 2.50%, respectively, for a low-global-warming-potential (GWP) diet and a drop of 2.40% and 2.48% for feed and total emissions, respectively, based on high-GWP diet. Based on the overall results, the inclusion of organic trace mineral proteinates in layer diets can benefit production performance and egg quality traits while contributing to a lower carbon footprint.
Effect of Diet Supplementation with Oat Hay and Whole Carrot on Rabbit Growth and Productive Efficiency
Authors: Quaresma Mário , Roseiro Luisa Cristina , Ferreira Tatiana , Nunes Maria Leonor , Pereira Gonçalo
Published: October 2023

Is it possible to reduce feeding costs in rabbit meat production without compromising rabbit health and productive yield? The study tested four feeding strategies: Control group (CC) fed exclusively with concentrate feed; group CT supplemented with whole carrot; group OH supplemented with oat hay; and Group CO supplemented with oat hay and whole carrot. Each feeding strategy was tested in 20 rabbits, randomly allocated in five cages with four rabbits each. The average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the amount of concentrated feed consumed daily were estimated in all experimental groups. Group CC displayed the best ADG (37.1 g/rabbit/day), carrot had no significant influence on ADG (34.2 g/rabbit/day), but oat hay had a negative impact (p < 0.05), either used alone or in combination with carrot (33.0 and 32.6 g/rabbit/day, respectively). Supplementation with carrot, oat hay, or both increased the FCR (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in final live weight or carcass weight between the rabbits in the different experimental groups. In conclusion, supplementation with oat hay, carrot, or both can be a valid approach to reducing production costs by decreasing concentrate feed without affecting rabbit’s health and meat yield. The combined supplementation with oat hay and carrot proved to be the best option in reducing the amount of concentrate feed ingested by rabbits (less than 1107 g/animal), but at current market values, supplementation exclusively with oat hay was the less expensive feeding strategy (less 14% than fed exclusively with concentrate feeding).
Investigating the Mechanism of Low-Salinity Environmental Adaptation in Sepia esculenta Larvae through Transcriptome Profiling
Authors: Wang Yongjie , Liu Xiumei , Wang Weijun , Sun Guohua , Xu Xiaohui , Feng Yanwei , Li Zan , Yang Jianmin
Published: October 2023

Sepia esculenta is an economically important mollusk distributed in the coastal waters of China. Juveniles are more susceptible to stimulation by the external environment than mature individuals. The ocean salinity fluctuates due to environmental changes. However, there is a lack of research on the salinity adaptations of S. esculenta. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the differential expression of genes in S. esculenta larvae after stimulation by low salinity. RNA samples were sequenced and 1039 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Then, enrichment analysis was performed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Finally, a protein–protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed, and the functions of key genes in S. esculenta larvae after low-salinity stimulation were explored. We suggest that low salinity leads to an excess proliferation of cells in S. esculenta larvae that, in turn, affects normal physiological activities. The results of this study can aid in the artificial incubation of S. esculenta and reduce the mortality of larvae.