bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic disturbance and rainfall variation threaten the stability of plant–ant interactions in the Brazilian Caatinga
Authors: Câmara Talita , Leal Inara R. , Blüthgen Nico , Oliveira Fernanda M. P. , Arnan Xavier
Published: July 2019

Climate change is projected to exacerbate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance, with negative impacts on ecosystem stability and functioning. We evaluate the additive and combined effects of chronic anthropogenic disturbance (CAD) and rainfall variation on the temporal stability of mutualistic EFN‐bearing plant–ant networks in a Caatinga dry forest. We evaluated whether changes in the stability of these interactions are driven by changes in the stability of the communities of partners involved and/or in ant behavior. We sampled EFN‐bearing plant–ant networks in sixteen 20 × 20 m plots distributed across CAD and rainfall gradients. The stability of EFN‐bearing plant and attendant–ant communities were measured as the inverse of temporal differences in their community structure and composition. We also computed the stability of EFN‐bearing plant–ant networks by measuring the inverse of temporal differences in network specialization metrics. We found that, in general, the structure and composition of plant and ant interacting communities were similarly stable along both environmental gradients. Only CAD and its interaction with rainfall affected the temporal stability of EFN‐bearing plant diversity, which declined as CAD increased, with a more pronounced relationship in wetter areas. However, variation in levels of CAD and, to a lesser extent, rainfall greatly modulated the stability of EFN‐bearing plant–ant network specialization. CAD reduced the stability of network generality (specialization at the ant level), an effect that was much stronger in wetter areas. Meanwhile, the stability in network vulnerability (specialization at the plant level) decreased with the increase of CAD and the decrease of rainfall levels. Finally, there was a trend of decreasing stability in specialization of the overall network with increasing CAD. Our results suggest that changes in the structure of interaction networks are mainly driven by a switch in ant behavior rather than by changes in the structure and composition of plant and ant communities between years.
Extramarital Sex and Marital Dissolution: Does Identity of the Extramarital Partner Matter?
Authors: Labrecque Lindsay T. , Whisman Mark A.
Published: July 2019

Panel data from married adults (N = 1,853) in the General Social Survey, a probability sample of the adult household population of the United States, were used to evaluate (a) the longitudinal association between extramarital sex and marital dissolution 2 years later, (b) whether probability of marital dissolution differed as a function of the type of relationship people reported having with their extramarital sex partner, and (c) the degree to which these associations were incremental to participants’ level of marital satisfaction at baseline. Compared to people who reported not engaging in extramarital sex, those who reported engaging in extramarital sex at baseline were significantly more likely to be separated or divorced 2 years later. Furthermore, the association between having extramarital sex with a close personal friend and marital dissolution was particularly strong. These associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for marital satisfaction. Results suggest that the identity of the extramarital sex partner and the type of relationship a person has with him or her has important implications for probability of marital dissolution above and beyond the contribution of marital satisfaction.
Disturbances amplify tree community responses to climate change in the temperate–boreal ecotone
Authors: Brice Marie‐Hélène , Cazelles Kevin , Legendre Pierre , Fortin Marie‐Josée
Published: July 2019

Aim

Climate change causes major shifts in species distributions, reshuffling community composition and favouring warm‐adapted species (“thermophilization”). The tree community response is likely to be affected by major disturbances, such as fire and harvest. Here, we quantify the relative contributions of climate change and disturbances to temporal shifts in tree composition over the last decades and evaluate whether disturbances accelerate community thermophilization.

Location

Québec, Canada.

Time period

1970–2016.

Taxa studied

Trees.

Methods

Using 6,281 forest inventory plots, we quantified temporal changes in species composition between a historical (1970–1980) and a contemporary period (2000–2016) by measuring temporal β‐diversity, gains and losses. The effects of climate and disturbances on temporal β‐diversity were quantified using multiple regressions and variation partitioning. We compared how community indices of species temperature preference (CTI) and shade tolerance (CSI) changed for forests that experienced different levels of disturbance. We quantified the contribution of species gains and losses to change in CTI.

Results

Temporal β‐diversity was mainly driven by disturbances, with historical harvesting as the most important predictor. Despite the prevailing influence of disturbances, we revealed a significant thermophilization (ΔCTI = +.03 °C/decade) throughout forests in Québec. However, this shift in community composition was weakly explained by climate change and considerably slower than the rate of warming (+.14 °C/decade). Importantly, thermophilization was amplified by moderate disturbances (+.044 °C/decade), almost a threefold increase compared with minor disturbances (+.015 °C/decade). The gains and losses of a few tree species contributed to this community‐level shift.

Conclusions

Our study provides evidence that disturbances can strongly modify tree community responses to climate change. Moderate disturbances, such as harvesting, might reduce competition and facilitate gains of warm‐adapted species, which then accelerate thermophilization of tree communities under climate change. Although accelerated by disturbances, community thermophilization was driven by the gains and losses of a small number of species, notably gains of maples.
Emerging Treatment Targets for Migraine and Other Headaches
Authors: Bertels Zachariah , Pradhan Amynah Amir Ali
Published: July 2019

Migraine is a complex disorder that is characterized by an assortment of neurological and systemic effects. While headache is the most prominent feature of migraine, a host of symptoms affecting many physiological functions are also observed before, during, and after an attack. Furthermore, migraineurs are heterogeneous and have a wide range of responses to migraine therapies. The recent approval of calcitonin gene‐related‐peptide based therapies has opened up the treatment of migraine and generated a renewed interest in migraine research and discovery. Ongoing advances in migraine research have identified a number of other promising therapeutic targets for this disorder. In this review, we highlight emergent treatments within the following biological systems: pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptdie, 2 non‐mu opioid receptors that have low abuse liability – the delta and kappa opioid receptors, orexin, and nitric oxide‐based therapies. Multiple mechanisms have been identified in the induction and maintenance of migraine symptoms; and this divergent set of targets have highly distinct biological effects. Increasing the mechanistic diversity of the migraine tool box will lead to more treatment options and better patient care.
Neuromodulation for the Acute and Preventive Therapy of Migraine and Cluster Headache
Authors: Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Ailani Jessica , Robbins Matthew S.
Published: July 2019

Headache disorders are among the most common and disabling medical conditions worldwide. Pharmacologic acute and preventive treatments are often insufficient and poorly tolerated, and the majority of patients are unable to adhere to their migraine treatments due to these issues. With improvements in our understanding of migraine and cluster headache pathophysiology, neuromodulation devices have been developed as safe and effective acute and preventive treatment options. In this review, we focus on neuromodulation devices that have been studied for migraine and cluster headache, with special attention to those that have gained food and drug administration (FDA) clearance. We will also explore how these devices can be used in patients who might have limited pharmacologic options, including the elderly, children, and pregnant women.
Keloid patients have higher peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cell counts and CD34+ cells with normal vasculogenic and angiogenic function that overexpress vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin‐8
Authors: Tanaka Rica , Umeyama Yuri , Hagiwara Hiroko , Ito‐Hirano Rie , Fujimura Satoshi , Mizuno Hiroshi , Ogawa Rei
Published: July 2019

Background

One suggested reason for aberrant wound healing in keloid scars is chronic inflammation of the dermis. We hypothesized that excessive blood vessel formation and high capillary density in keloid tissue is caused by dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells.

Methods

We compared the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and vasculogenic and angiogenic capacity, as well as secretory function, of circulating CD34+ cells in keloid patients and healthy individuals.

Results

Compared to mononuclear cell cultures from healthy donors, cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from keloid patients showed a more than twofold increase in the number of peripheral blood EPCs (fibronectin‐adhering cells that phagocytized acetylated low‐density lipoprotein and bound Ulex europaeus agglutinin‐I lectin). However, there was no difference in colony‐forming ability and participation in in vitro angiogenesis between circulating CD34+ cells isolated from keloid patients and healthy individuals. This means that circulating CD34+/endothelial progenitor cells in keloid patients have normal vasculogenic and angiogenic function. However, CD34+ cells derived from keloid patients demonstrated a more than sevenfold expression of the interleukin‐8 gene and a more than fivefold expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene than CD34+ cells derived from healthy individuals.

Conclusions

These results support the role of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin‐8 in increased recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells in keloid patients.
Migrant earnings gaps in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: Employers' perceptions or opportunity costs?
Authors: ALFARHAN Usamah F. , AL‐BUSAIDI Samir
Published: July 2019

This article discusses earnings differentials among skilled Western, Arab and Asian migrants, who constitute most of the private sector labour force in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, during the period 2012–14. Using two standard decomposition methodologies, it investigates the view that Westerners are paid premium rates due to the unobserved perceptions of private employers. The results indicate that while one‐third to three‐quarters of real hourly earnings differentials are attributable to differing observed levels of productivity‐related characteristics, the remainder are due to the incorporation of higher opportunity costs for Westerners into the bargaining process. The potential effect of unobserved perceptions is found to be irrelevant to observed earnings differentials.
Linking jobs in global supply chains to demand
Authors: KIZU Takaaki , KÜHN Stefan , VIEGELAHN Christian
Published: July 2019

The expansion of global supply chains (GSCs) has increasingly disconnected the location of jobs from the demand supporting them, both geographically and in terms of sector. Using data from the World Input–Output Database, the authors examine these linkages across 40 countries over the period 1995–2013, expanding on earlier analysis published by the ILO, and provide evidence of the number of GSC‐related jobs in terms of job location–export destination combinations. Their findings point to changing patterns in demand and supply of GSC‐related jobs, increasing the role of China as a demand generator, reinforcing production linkages between emerging economies and increasing the number of service jobs dependent on manufacturing GSCs.
Using monoclonal antibodies to investigate molecular immunology: there's more to know!
Authors: Milling Simon
Published: July 2019

The study of cellular and molecular immunology is almost completely dependent on monoclonal antibody technology. Despite the relatively long history of monoclonal antibodies, there is still huge potential for developing novel and transformative uses for this technology. In this issue of Immunology, we present two such papers, one focussing on anti‐complement (C5) antibodies, the other on anti‐CD6‐specific antibodies. Both manuscripts describe novel ways that monoclonal antibodies may be used for scientific and potentially for therapeutic benefit.
Real‐world scene perception in infants: What factors guide attention allocation?
Authors: van Renswoude Daan R. , Visser Ingmar , Raijmakers Maartje E. J. , Tsang Tawny , Johnson Scott P.
Published: July 2019

The foci of visual attention were modeled as a function of perceptual salience, adult fixation locations, and attentional control mechanisms (measured in separate tasks) in infants (N = 45, 3‐ to 15‐month‐olds) as they viewed static real‐world scenes. After controlling for the center bias, the results showed that low‐level perceptual salience predicts where infants look. In addition, high‐level factors also played a role: Infants fixated parts of the scenes frequently fixated by adults and this effect was stronger for older than younger infants. In line with this finding, infant fixation durations were longer on regions more frequently fixated by adults, implying longer time taken to process the available information. Fixation durations decreased with age, and this decline interacted with orienting skills such that fixation durations decreased faster with age for infants with high orienting skills, relative to infants with low orienting skills. There was a further interaction between fixation durations and selective attention abilities: Infants with low selective attention skills showed a decrease in fixation durations with age, whereas infants with higher selective attention skills showed a slight increase in fixation durations with age. These findings imply that infants' visual processing of static real‐world stimuli develops in accord with attentional control.
Evaluating the impact of an electronic application of the Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression with an embedded Aggression Prevention Protocol on aggression and restrictive interventions on a forensic mental health unit
Authors: Maguire Tessa , Daffern Michael , Bowe Steven J. , McKenna Brian
Published: July 2019

Risk assessment is a pre‐requisite for violence prevention in mental health settings. Extant research concerning risk assessment and nursing intervention is limited and has focused on the predictive validity of various risk assessment approaches and instruments, with few attempts to elucidate and test interventions that might prevent aggression, and reduce reliance on coercive interventions. The integration of risk assessment and violence prevention strategies has been neglected. The aim of this feasibility study was to test a novel Aggression Prevention Protocol designed to prioritize the instigation of less restrictive interventions on an acute forensic mental health unit for female patients. A prospective quasi‐experimental study was designed to test an Aggression Prevention Protocol, linked to an electronic application of the Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression (DASA). Following introduction of the DASA and Aggression Prevention Protocol, there were reductions in verbal aggression, administration of Pro Re Nata medication, the rate of seclusion, and physical and mechanical restraint. There was also an increase in documented nursing interventions. Overall, these results support further testing of the electronic application of the DASA and the Aggression Prevention Protocol.
Vigour/tolerance trade‐off in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) response to salinity stress is linked to leaf elemental composition
Authors: Temme Andries A. , Kerr Kelly L. , Donovan Lisa A.
Published: July 2019

Developing more stress‐tolerant crops will require greater knowledge of the physiological basis of stress tolerance. Here, we explore how biomass declines in response to salinity relate to leaf traits across 20 genotypes of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Plant growth, leaf physiological traits and leaf elemental composition were assessed after 21 days of salinity treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 mM NaCl) in a greenhouse study. There was a trade‐off in performance such that vigorous genotypes, those with higher biomass at 0 mM NaCl, had both a larger absolute decrease and proportional decrease in biomass due to increased salinity. More vigorous genotypes at control were less tolerant to salinity. Contrary to expectation, genotypes with a low increase in leaf Na and decrease in K:Na were not better at maintaining biomass with increasing salinity. Rather, genotypes with a greater reduction in leaf S and K content were better at maintaining biomass at increased salinity. While we found an overall trade‐off between sunflower vigour and salt tolerance, some genotypes were more tolerant than expected. Further analysis of the traits and mechanisms underlying this trade‐off may allow us to breed these into high‐vigour genotypes in order to increase their salt tolerance.
Receptivity to dating and marriage across the religious divide in Northern Ireland: The role of intergroup contact
Authors: Paterson Jenny L. , Turner Rhiannon N. , Hodson Gordon
Published: July 2019

Intergroup contact has long been recognized as an important factor in promoting positive intergroup attitudes. However, in operationalizing intergroup attitudes, previous studies have rarely investigated attitudes toward one of the most intimate forms of contact, romantic relationships. In this study (N = 176), we expand the intergroup contact literature to examine the association between intergroup contact and, arguably, a litmus test of intergroup attitudes: receptivity to intergroup romance. We do so in Northern Ireland, a context that is historically and presently characterized by sectarian division and tension between Catholics and Protestants. Our findings reveal that intergroup contact is positively associated with receptivity to both dating and marrying an outgroup member. These associations are mediated by ingroup norms toward outgroup romances. General outgroup attitudes were also found to be positively associated with contact but, in contrast to romantic attitudes, this association was shown, for the first time, to be simultaneously mediated by ingroup norms, anxiety, empathy, and trust. In addition, strength of ingroup identification played a moderating role, with a stronger positive relationship between contact and both romantic and general outgroup attitudes among higher identifiers. The findings highlight the importance of examining attitudes toward intergroup romantic relationships, as well as understanding the different mediating and moderating mechanisms which may account for how contact influences general attitudes and romantic attitudes. In the wake of the UK vote to leave the European Union, they also serve as an important reminder of how intergroup contact can be effective in promoting peace in Northern Ireland.
Down‐regulation of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 5 is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration via the ERK signalling pathway
Authors: Chen Zhonghui , Zhang Weibing , Zhang Nu , Zhou Yan , Hu Geliang , Xue Mingdi , Liu Junhua , Li Yaming
Published: July 2019

It is obvious that epigenetic processes influence the evolution of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that IGFBP5, a potential regulator of IDD, modulates IDD via the ERK signalling pathway. We showed that IGFBP5 mRNA was significantly down‐regulated in degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues. IGFBP5 was shown to significantly promote NP cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in vitro, which was confirmed by MTT, flow cytometry and colony formation assays. Furthermore, IGFBP5 was shown to exert its effects by inhibiting the ERK signalling pathway. The effects induced by IGFBP5 overexpression on NP cells were similar to those induced by treatment with an ERK pathway inhibitor (PD98059). Moreover, qRT‐PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to examine the levels of apoptosis‐related factors, including Bax, caspase‐3 and Bcl2. The silencing of IGFBP5 up‐regulated the levels of Bax and caspase‐3 and down‐regulated the level of Bcl2, thereby contributing to the development of human IDD. Furthermore, these results were confirmed in vivo using an IDD rat model, which showed that the induction of Igfbp5 mRNA expression abrogated the effects of IGFBP5 silencing on intervertebral discs. Overall, our findings elucidate the role of IGFBP5 in the pathogenesis of IDD and provide a potential novel therapeutic target for IDD.
Reaching a shared understanding of shared decision making in health care: NICE's experience of scoping the shared decision making guideline
Authors: Wohlgemuth Clare , Penman Katrina , Desai Monica , Nolan Kay , Taske Nichole , Chrisp Paul
Published: July 2019

NICE's guideline on shared decision making, currently under development, endeavours to support shared decision making as part of routine health care practice. In this article, we summarize our learning to date, gained through the scoping of the guideline, on the key challenges that need to be addressed in the guideline. The production of a scope is the first stage in the development of a NICE guideline, setting the parameters for what will be considered in the guideline. The process for scoping the shared decision making guideline involved discussion with early recruited committee members and engagement with registered stakeholders, through both a workshop and formal consultation. Important, and sometimes divergent, viewpoints about shared decision making were revealed through this process. The key challenges centred on the issues of a need for a common definition of shared decision making, measurability, opportunities, barriers to implementation, and feasibility. Recognizing these challenges aided the refinement of the scope in terms of what the guideline will cover, draft questions and main outcomes for consideration.
Exposure to a competitive social environment activates an epigenetic mechanism that limits pheomelanin synthesis in zebra finches
Authors: Rodríguez‐Martínez Sol , Galván Ismael
Published: July 2019

Competitive environments promote high testosterone levels, produce oxidative stress and, consequently, impair cellular homeostasis. The regulation of genes involved in the synthesis of the pigment pheomelanin in melanocytes seems to help to maintain homeostasis against environmental oxidative stress. Here, we experimentally increased social interactions in some zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) males by keeping them in groups of six birds during feather growth, while others were kept alone, to test if melanocytes show epigenetic lability under a competitive social environment. As these changes may depend on the oxidative status, we administrated buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to decrease the antioxidant capacity of some birds. The competitive environment downregulated a gene involved in pheomelanin synthesis (Slc7a11) by changing the level of DNA methylation in feather melanocytes. In other genes involved in pheomelanin synthesis (Slc45a2, MC1R and AGRP), DNA methylation was also affected, but no changes in expression were detected. Exposure to the competitive environment did not affect systemic oxidative stress and damage, indicating that a protective epigenetic mechanism that changes the expression of Slc7a11 may have been activated. However, no changes to the pigmentation phenotype of birds were found, probably due to the short duration or low intensity of the competitive environment. BSO treatment did not affect the epigenetic mechanism, suggesting that the antioxidant capacity of birds was high enough to deal with the competitive environment. An epigenetic mechanism limiting pheomelanin synthesis therefore becomes activated under exposure to a competitive environment in male zebra finches, which may help to avoid damage caused by competitive interactions.
First report of the dog louse fly Hippobosca longipennis in Romania
Authors: Mihalca A. D. , Păstrav I. R. , Sándor A. D. , Deak G. , Gherman C. M. , Sarmaşi A. , Votýpka J.
Published: July 2019

Hippobosca longipennis (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), the dog fly or dog louse fly, is an obligate blood‐feeding ectoparasite of wild and domestic carnivores in Africa and the Middle East. Outside its typically known geographic range, H. longipennis has been reported occasionally on mainly domestic dogs in Asia and southern Europe, and infrequently in other areas (central Europe and the U.S.A.). This paper presents the first report of H. longipennis in Romania and the second record of Lipoptena fortisetosa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), a potentially invasive species. Hippobosca longipennis was found on domestic dogs in two regions of the country (northern Romania in Maramures and southwestern Romania in Dobrogea) and on two road‐killed wildcats in Maramures. Lipoptena fortisetosa was found on domestic dogs in Maramures. In both species identification was based on morphology and confirmed by barcoding of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. It is not clear for how long H. longipennis has been present in central Europe, nor if it was introduced (via the movement of domestic dogs or import of exotic carnivores) or present historically (Holocene remnants). This paper discusses the possible origins of H. longipennis in central Europe as its current distribution in the area is sparse and patchy.
The impact of dietary fermentable carbohydrates on a postinflammatory model of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Tuck Caroline J. , Caminero Alberto , Jiménez Vargas Nestor N. , Soltys Carmen L , Jaramillo Polanco Josue O. , Lopez Lopez Cintya D. , Constante Marco , Lourenssen Sandra R. , Verdu Elena F. , Muir Jane G. , Lomax Alan E. , Reed David E. , Vanner Stephen J.
Published: July 2019

Background

A low fermentable carbohydrate (FODMAP) diet is used in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease when irritable bowel syndrome‐like symptoms occur. There is concern that the diet could exacerbate inflammation by modifying microbiota and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. We examined the effect of altering dietary FODMAP content on inflammation in preclinical inflammatory models.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were given 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for 5 days and recovered for 3 weeks (postinflammatory, n = 12), or 5 days (positive‐control, n = 12). Following recovery, DSS‐treated or control mice (negative‐control, n = 12) were randomized to 2‐week low‐ (0.51 g/100 g total FODMAP) or high‐FODMAP (4.10 g) diets. Diets mimicked human consumption containing fructose, sorbitol, galacto‐oligosaccharide, and fructan. Colons were assessed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and histological damage. Supernatants were generated for perforated patch‐clamp recordings and cytokine measurement. Cecum contents were analyzed for microbiota, SCFA, and branched‐chain fatty acids (BCFA). Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Bonferroni.

Key results

Inflammatory markers were higher in the positive‐control compared with negative‐control and postinflammatory groups, but no differences occurred between the two diets within each treatment (MPO P > .99, histological scores P > .99, cytokines P > .05), or the perforated patch‐clamp recordings (P > .05). Microbiota clustered mainly based on DSS exposure. No difference in SCFA content occurred. Higher total BCFA occurred with the low‐FODMAP diet in positive‐control (P < .01) and postinflammatory groups (P < .01).

Conclusions and inferences

In this preclinical study, reducing dietary FODMAPs did not exacerbate nor mitigate inflammation. Microbiota profile changes were largely driven by inflammation rather than diet. Low FODMAP intake caused a shift toward proteolytic fermentation following inflammation.
Cten promotes Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer through stabilisation of Src
Authors: Asiri Abdulaziz , Toss Michael S. , Raposo Teresa Pereira , Akhlaq Maham , Thorpe Hannah , Alfahed Abdulaziz , Asiri Abutaleb , Ilyas Mohammad
Published: July 2019

Cten is an oncogene promoting EMT in many signaling pathways, namely through Snail. We investigated whether Cten function could be mediated through Src. Cten levels were modulated by forced expression in HCT116 and gene knockdown in SW620 CRC (colorectal cancer) cell lines. In all cell lines, Cten was a positive regulator of Src expression. The functional importance of Src was tested by simultaneous Cten overexpression and Src knockdown. This resulted in abrogation of Cten motility‐inducing activity and reduction of colony formation ability together with failure to induce Cten targets. In SW620ΔCten reduced Src expression increased following restoration of Cten, also leading to increased cell motility and colony formation, which were lost if Src was concomitantly knocked down. By qRT‐PCR we showed modulation of Cten had no effect on Src mRNA. However, a CHX pulse chase assay demonstrated stabilization of Src protein by Cten. Finally, expression of Cten and Src was tested in a series of 84 primary CRCs and there was a significant correlation between them (P = 0.001). We conclude that Src is a novel and functionally important target of the Cten signaling pathway and that Cten protein causes post‐transcriptional stabilization of Src in promoting EMT and possibly metastasis in CRC.
Detecting COPD using micro‐spirometry and/or questionnaire
Authors: Frith Peter A.
Published: July 2019

See related Article
Competing mechanisms of plasticity impair compensatory responses to repetitive apnoea
Authors: Fields Daryl P. , Braegelmann Kendra M. , Meza Armand L. , Mickelson Carly R. , Gumnit Maia G. , Baker Tracy L.
Published: July 2019

Key points

Intermittent reductions in respiratory neural activity, a characteristic of many ventilatory disorders, leads to inadequate ventilation and arterial hypoxia. Both intermittent reductions in respiratory neural activity and intermittent hypoxia trigger compensatory enhancements in inspiratory output when experienced separately, forms of plasticity called inactivity‐induced inspiratory motor facilitation (iMF) and long‐term facilitation (LTF), respectively.

Reductions in respiratory neural activity that lead to moderate, but not mild, arterial hypoxia occludes plasticity expression, indicating that concurrent induction of iMF and LTF impairs plasticity through cross‐talk inhibition of their respective signalling pathways.

Moderate hypoxia undermines iMF by enhancing NR2B‐containing NMDA receptor signalling, which can be rescued by exogenous retinoic acid, a molecule necessary for iMF.

These data suggest that in ventilatory disorders characterized by reduced inspiratory motor output, such as sleep apnoea, endogenous mechanisms of compensatory plasticity may be impaired, and that exogenously activating respiratory plasticity may be a novel strategy to improve breathing.

Many forms of sleep apnoea are characterized by recurrent reductions in respiratory neural activity, which leads to inadequate ventilation and arterial hypoxia. Both recurrent reductions in respiratory neural activity and hypoxia activate mechanisms of compensatory plasticity that augment inspiratory output and lower the threshold for apnoea, inactivity‐induced inspiratory motor facilitation (iMF) and long‐term facilitation (LTF), respectively. However, despite frequent concurrence of reduced respiratory neural activity and hypoxia, mechanisms that induce and regulate iMF and LTF have only been studied separately. Here, we demonstrate that recurrent reductions in respiratory neural activity (‘neural apnoea’) accompanied by cessations in ventilation that result in moderate (but not mild) hypoxaemia do not elicit increased inspiratory output, suggesting that concurrent induction of iMF and LTF occludes plasticity. A key role for NMDA receptor activation in impairing plasticity following concurrent neural apnoea and hypoxia is indicated since recurrent hypoxic neural apnoeas triggered increased phrenic inspiratory output in rats in which spinal NR2B‐containing NMDA receptors were inhibited. Spinal application of retinoic acid, a key molecule necessary for iMF, bypasses NMDA receptor‐mediated constraints, thereby rescuing plasticity following hypoxic neural apnoeas. These studies raise the intriguing possibility that endogenous mechanisms of compensatory plasticity may be impaired in some individuals with sleep apnoea, and that exogenously activating pathways giving rise to respiratory plasticity may be a novel pharmacological strategy to improve breathing.
Apollo Remembered
Authors: O′Heir Jeff
Published: July 2019

On the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11, engineers across the country are reflecting on what turned out for many to be the most important, memorable, and influential job they’ve held throughout long and satisfying careers. A number of them who worked on the Lunar Module recall the can-do spirit and sense of urgency that drove them to achieve an engineering milestone.
Contesting the High Ground
Authors: Wolverton Mark
Published: July 2019

Despite the popular belief that space is peaceful, the military has always had a large, but often hidden, role. Today, however, space is far more crowded and more economically and militarily valuable. That means more diverging objectives, opposing interests, and even open conflicts. This is especially true when modern militaries depend on satellites to communicate with remote forces and target drone and smart bomb strikes. Defending that capability—and knocking out the military networks other nations depend upon—becomes essential.
Numerical and Experimental Study of Flow and Convective Heat Transfer
on a Rotor of a Discoidal Machine With Eccentric Impinging Jet
Authors: Haidar Chadia , Boutarfa Rachid , Sennoune Mohamed , Harmand Souad
Published: July 2019

Discoidal rotor–stator systems are especially used in rotating machines and in numerous industrial applications. The design of high-power machine requires compliance with certain cooling-related stresses. Using an air jet impinging on a rotating disk is one way to increase the global heat exchange. This work focuses on the numerical and experimental study of convective heat transfer in a rotor of a discoidal machine with an eccentric impinging jet. Convective heat transfers are determined experimentally in steady state on the surface of a single rotating disk. The experimental technique is based on the use of infrared thermography to access surface temperature measurement and on the numerical resolution of the energy equation in steady state to evaluate local convective coefficients. The results from the numerical simulation are compared with heat transfer experiments for rotational Reynolds numbers between 2.38 × 105 and 5.44 × 105 and for the jet's Reynolds numbers ranging from 16.5 × 103 to 49.6 × 103. A good agreement between the two approaches was obtained in the case of a single rotating disk, which confirms us in the choice of our numerical model. On the other hand, a numerical study of the flow and convective heat transfer in the case of an unconfined rotor–stator system with an eccentric air jet impinging and for a dimensionless spacing G = 0.02 was carried out. The results obtained revealed the presence of different heat transfer zones dominated either by rotation only, by the air flow only, or by the dynamics of the rotation flow superimposed on that of the air flow. Critical radii on the rotor surface have been identified.
“That’s What Friends Are For”: Children’s and Teenagers’ Perceptions of Peer Relationships in the Sport Domain
Authors: Weiss Maureen R. , Smith Alan L. , Theeboom Marc
Published: July 2019

The influence of peer groups on children’s psychosocial development is highlighted in the sport psychology literature in areas such as motivation, self-perceptions, and affect. However, scant research has been devoted to examining children’s and teenagers’ conceptions of friendships within the physical domain. Current and former sport program participants (N = 38) took part in an in-depth interview that concerned their best friend in sports. An inductive content analysis revealed the existence of 12 positive friendship dimensions: companionship, pleasant play/association, self-esteem enhancement, help and guidance, prosocial behavior, intimacy, loyalty, things in common, attractive personal qualities, emotional support, absence of conflicts, and conflict resolution. Four negative friendship dimensions were extracted: conflict, unattractive personal qualities, betrayal, and inaccessible. These conceptions of friendship were both similar and unique to friendship conceptions found in mainstream developmental research. Future research directions include measurement efforts, relationships among important constructs, and intervention techniques in the sport setting.
GP38-targeting monoclonal antibodies protect adult mice against lethal Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection
Authors: Golden Joseph W. , Shoemaker Charles J. , Lindquist Michael E. , Zeng Xiankun , Daye Sharon P. , Williams Janice A. , Liu Jun , Coffin Kayla M. , Olschner Scott , Flusin Olivier , Altamura Louis A. , Kuehl Kathleen A. , Fitzpatrick Collin J. , Schmaljohn Connie S. , Garrison Aura R.
Published: July 2019

An antibody targeting the CCHFV GP38 molecule protects adult mice against lethal infection in a severe disease model.
Acquisition of IgG to ICAM-1-Binding DBLβ Domains in the Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 Antigen Family Varies between Groups A, B, and C
Authors: Olsen Rebecca W. , Ecklu-Mensah Gertrude , Bengtsson Anja , Ofori Michael F. , Kusi Kwadwo A. , Koram Kwadwo A. , Hviid Lars , Adams Yvonne , Jensen Anja T. R.
Published: July 2019

Plasmodium falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is an important malaria virulence factor. The protein family can be divided into clinically relevant subfamilies. ICAM-1-binding group A PfEMP1 proteins also bind endothelial protein C receptor and have been associated with cerebral malaria in children. IgG to these PfEMP1 proteins is acquired later in life than that to group A PfEMP1 not binding ICAM-1.
Draft Genome Sequence of Xanthobacter tagetidis ATCC 700314
T
Authors: Fatima Syeda A. , Goen Abigail E. , MacLea Kyle S.
Published: July 2019

Xanthobacter tagetidis
is a thiophene-degrading bacterium associated with root balls of the plant genus
Tagetes
, which includes marigolds. It is a Gram-negative facultatively autotrophic bacterium with pleomorphic morphology exhibiting bent and branching rods. From strain TagT2C
T
(= ATCC 700314
T
), we report a genome assembly of 4,945,221 bp and a 69.5% G+C content.
Complete Genome Sequence of Kocuria indica CE7, Isolated from Human Skin
Authors: Lee Kyoung , Ganzorig Munkhtsatsral , Jung Ji Yoon , Badaya Sachin Kumar , Lim Jae Yun
Published: July 2019

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of
Kocuria indica
CE7, isolated from human skin. This strain possesses a 2,809-kbp chromosome and a 32-kbp plasmid with 2,507 coding sequences. In particular, the genome contains multiple genes potentially involved in adaptations in pH homeostasis and salt tolerance.
Legacy deposits, milldams, water quality, and environmental change in the Four Mile Creek watershed, southwestern Ohio
Authors: Rech Jason A. , Grudzinski Bartosz , Renwick William H. , Tenison* Christina N. , Jojola# Marvi , Vanni Michael J. , Workman T. Race
Published: July 2019

Streams in the Midwest of the United States have experienced major changes in their watersheds since European settlement that have altered sediment loads, runoff, nutrient concentrations, and the abundance of woody debris. Moreover, the near extirpation of keystone species such as beaver, and the construction of dams and impoundments (e.g., milldams, causeways, reservoirs, small ponds, etc.), have had impacts on the entrainment of sediments, the connectivity between tributaries, main channels, and floodplains, and channel form. As stream restoration efforts increase, how do we restore streams to their ‘natural’ state? Can streams restored to a pre–European settlement condition maintain equilibrium under current land use? Here we examine the impact of post-European settlement changes to a small (432 km2) watershed in southwestern Ohio that is largely representative of rural watersheds in the Midwest. We examine the impact of nineteenth-century milldams, report the results of a 21-year study of nutrient and sediment concentrations in the upper portion of the watershed during a shift from conventional to conservation tillage, and assess the potential impact of the return of beavers on stream sediment and nutrient concentrations. Our objective is to understand how streams have been impacted by humans over the past 250 years, and to identify strategies for ‘restoring’ streams in the Midwest.
Watch what you drink: Midwestern alluvial-outwash aquifers and the CV Theis Groundwater Observatory
Authors: Nash David B. , Townsend-Small Amy
Published: July 2019

The Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer system (GMBVAS) is a U.S. EPA–designated sole-source aquifer for most of the ~2.3 million residents of the Great Miami River basin. The aquifer system is similar to many of the glacial outwash–alluvial aquifers found throughout the southern Midwestern United States: a valley deeply incised into bedrock by meltwater from repeated glaciations, subsequently aggraded with glacial outwash, lake clays, tills, and post-glacial alluvium. These aquifers are often immediately adjacent to or below modern streams with which they are hydrologically connected. Because of the exchange of water between the aquifer and surface streams, they must be considered two parts of a single hydrogeologic system; anything impacting one part will impact the other.

Because virtually all water is recycled, public water suppliers, agricultural users, and industrial users withdraw water from the GMBVAS, then discharge the used water to the next downstream consumer. For example, agricultural runoff and municipal wastewater enter the Great Miami River. River water recharges the aquifer near well fields through induced infiltration. Municipalities, agriculture, and industry pump groundwater from the aquifer and discharge some of the water back into the river as a return flow. Sound water management requires balancing the needs of these diverse users. Agriculture, particularly in the upper Great Miami basin, is a major source of revenue and jobs but requires heavy application of nutrients and herbicides. Sand and gravel quarrying in the Great Miami basin is critical for construction and infrastructure but also removes vast amounts of aquifer material. Not only is healthy reliable groundwater important for the public water supply, it is also essential to bottling facilities, distilleries, pharmaceutical companies, and other water-dependent industries that have been attracted to the area.

This field trip explores the GMBVAS, its uses, its interaction with Great Miami River, and the contrasting needs of the people and businesses that depend on it.
Lake level, shoreline, and dune behavior along the Indiana southern shore of Lake Michigan
Authors: Argyilan Erin P. , Johnston John W. , Lepper Kenneth , Monaghan G. William , Thompson Todd A.
Published: July 2019

The Indiana Dunes is a name commonly used for the eastern part of the Calumet Lacustrine Plain, generally referring to the large dunes along the coast from Gary, Indiana, eastward to the Michigan state line. However, the Calumet Lacustrine Plain also contains complex coastal landscapes associated with late Wisconsin to Holocene phases of ancestral Lake Michigan (e.g., mainland-attached beaches, barrier beaches, spits), including those formed during quasi-periodic decadal and shorter-term waterlevel variability that characterize modern Lake Michigan (e.g., beach ridges, dunes, interdunal wetlands). Major industrial development and other human activities have impacted the Calumet Lacustrine Plain, often altering these landscapes beyond recognition. Today, geological and paleoenvironmental data are sought to inform regional environmental restoration and management efforts and to increase the resiliency of the coastal landscape to ongoing disturbances. During this field trip, we will examine the relict shorelines and their associated nearshore and onshore features and deposits across the Indiana portion of the Calumet Lacustrine Plain. These features and deposits record the dynamic interaction between coastal processes of Lake Michigan, lake-level change, and long-term longshore sediment transport during the past 15,000 yr. Participants will examine the modern beach, the extensive beach-ridge record of the Tolleston Beach strandplain, a relict dune field, and the large dunes of the modern shoreline, including Mount Baldy. At Mount Baldy, we will focus on the landscape response to human modification of the shoreline. We will also explore the science behind dune decomposition chimneys—collapse features that caused a 6-yr-old boy to become buried more than 3.5 m below the dune surface in 2013 and highlighted a previously unrecognized geologic hazard.
Salem Limestone (Valmeyeran, Mississippian)—A high-energy carbonate shoal model
Authors: Keith* Brian D. , Thompson* Todd A.
Published: July 2019

The Salem Limestone (Valmeyeran, Mississippian) is a preeminent dimensional limestone quarried in a two-county area of south-central Indiana for nearly 200 years. Advances in quarry technology in the past 30 years produce nearly smooth-sawn quarry walls that show the exquisite depositional details of the Salem carbonate shoal.

The Salem shoal is part of a large-scale shoaling sequence that produced a carbonate platform during the middle Mississippian that began at the end of Borden Group (Mississippian) delta deposition and culminated with the deposition of the Ste. Genevieve Limestone (Mississippian). The Salem was deposited as a high-energy, but subtidal shoal above fair-weather wave base. Four environments are recognizable within the shoal: active shoal, open lagoon, intrashoal channel, and intershoal channel. A shoal crest environment may also be present as a fifth environment. A hierarchy of bounding surfaces can be defined using the sawed quarry exposures. First-order surfaces are foreset laminae and appear as inclined or horizontal stratification. Second-order surfaces are the contacts between similar bedforms, and third-order surfaces truncate first- and second-order surfaces, representing breaks in sedimentation. Combined they define mesoforms within the shoal complex. Fourth-order surfaces, similar to third-order surfaces, represent a change from a shoal to lagoonal setting. Evidence of hard-ground development occurs along third-order surfaces, associated with encrusting bryozoan holdfasts, corals, and columnar subtidal stromatolites. Tracing surfaces on the quarry walls is vital to reconstructing the internal architecture of the shoal and the processes that operated within it. We will examine this shoal architecture by visiting quarries and an outcrop, and we will visit a mill where quarried stone blocks are fabricated into panels and shapes for buildings.