bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marże w przemyśle spożywczym krajów Unii Europejskiej a wahania koniunktury gospodarczej
Authors: Kufel Justyna
Published: January 2023

Marża gra obecnie kluczową rolę w wielu modelach makroekonomicznych, a określenie jej cykliczności jest jedynym z bardziej wymagających wyzwań stojących przed makroekonomią. Celem artykułu było oszacowanie wysokości i zmienności marż (przybliżonych zmienną PCM) w przemyśle spożywczym krajów Unii Europejskiej w latach 1995-2010, jak również poszukiwanie zależności między poziomem marż w przemyśle spożywczym państw Unii Europejskiej a koniunkturą makroekonomiczną i sektorową w tym okresie z zastosowaniem regresji panelowej. Okazało się, że w analizowanym okresie przemysł spożywczy nie dysponował znaczną siłą rynkową (0,12), natomiast zmienność między krajami (0,31) była wyższa niż w czasie (0,05). Wyniki wskazują na procykliczność marż w stosunku do cyklu sektorowego i ich antycykliczność w stosunku do cyklu makroekonomicznego.
Rynek gruntów rolnych w Polsce na tle rynku europejskiego
Authors: Laskowska Elwira
Published: January 2023

Celem pracy była próba określenia specyfiki rynku gruntów rolnych w Polsce na tle rynku europejskiego w zakresie czynników stymulujących i ograniczających jego rozwój. Wyniki analiz potwierdziły, że akcesję Polski do Unii Europejskiej należy zaliczyć do głównych katalizatorów zmian na rynku gruntów rolnych, polegających na wzroście dynamiki obrotu oraz cen ziemi. Zjawisko to notowane jest także w pozostałych państwach, zaliczanych do tzw. „nowych” w strukturze UE. Do czynników, które mogły i nadal mogą wpływać na wzrost wartości ziemi rolnej w Polsce, można też zaliczyć m.in. możliwość innego niż rolnicze wykorzystania gruntów, tendencję w kierunku zrównywania się cen ziemi w Polsce i krajach Europy Zachodniej, ograniczoną podaż gruntów, czy zniesienie od maja 2016 r. ograniczenia w nabywaniu ziemi przez cudzoziemców.
Rolnictwo ekologiczne na świecie
Authors: Ligenzowska Joanna
Published: January 2023

W ostatnich latach możemy zaobserwować wzrost znaczenia produkcji ekologicznej na świecie. Do niedawna tendencja ta była obserwowana tylko w krajach wysoko rozwiniętych obecnie najwięcej gospodarstw ekologicznych jest w Afryce i Azji. Zmiany te mają swoje podłoże głównie we wzroście popytu na produkty ekologiczne oraz we wzrastającym poziomie edukacji dotyczącej ochrony środowiska oraz bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego. W poniższym opracowaniu przedstawiono stan rozwoju rolnictwa ekologicznego na świecie na podstawie danych z międzynarodowych organizacji ekologicznych. Przytoczono powierzchnię i ogólną strukturę użytków rolnych zagospodarowanych metodami ekologicznymi. Ponadto dokonano porównania ilości ekologicznych producentów rolnych na poszczególnych obszarach, a także krótko scharakteryzowano światowy rynek żywności ekologicznej.
Rola przemysłu spożywczego w gospodarkach krajów UE
Authors: Poczta Walenty , Beba Patrycja
Published: January 2023

Celem artykułu jest określenie znaczenia przemysłu spożywczego w gospodarce narodowej w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Zbadano jego udział w zakresie zasobów produkcyjnych, struktury przedsiębiorstw, produkcji globalnej oraz wartości dodanej brutto. Analizy przeprowadzono w oparciu o dane pochodzące z bazy Eurostat.
Środowiskowe aspekty polityki rolnej UE i USA - wybrane problemy
Authors: Wieliczko Barbara
Published: January 2023

UE i USA pozostają największymi eksporterami produktów rolno-spożywczych. Kwestie ochrony środowiska i zabezpieczenia potencjału produkcyjnego obszarów wykorzystywanych rolniczo są od dawna przedmiotem zainteresowania w UE i USA. Konieczność zapewnienie zdolności produkcyjnej rolnictwa w obliczu zmian klimatycznych powoduje, iż aspekty środowiskowe polityki rolnej nabierają coraz większego znaczenia. W związku z tym należy określić, na ile polityka rolna największych eksporterów produktów tego sektora uwzględnia kwestie środowiskowe i czy odpowiada to potrzebom rolnictwa i środowiska naturalnego. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie różnic i podobieństw dotyczących środowiskowych aspektów polityki rolnej UE i USA oraz ocena wpływu przyjętych rozwiązań na sektor rolny i środowisko naturalne. Artykuł opiera się na analizie instrumentarium oraz danych o skali wsparcia i zakresie wdrożenia poszczególnych instrumentów.
Emisja gazów cieplarnianych a efektywność funkcjonowania polskich gospodarstw specjalizujących się w produkcji roślinnej
Authors: Zieliński Marek
Published: January 2023

Celem badań była ocena dwóch grup gospodarstw specjalizujących się w produkcji roślinnej w zależności od salda emisji gazów cieplarnianych z gleby. Pierwszą grupę gospodarstw stanowiły gospodarstwa z ujemnym saldem emisji gazów cieplarnianych z gleby, natomiast drugą grupę gospodarstwa z saldem dodatnim. Następnie analizie porównawczej poddano ich potencjał produkcyjny, strukturę produkcji, efektywność ekonomiczną oraz nasilenie inwestycyjne. Do realizacji tak rozumianego celu wykorzystano dane empiryczne z gospodarstw specjalizujących się w produkcji roślinnej, które prowadziły nieprzerwanie rachunkowość rolną dla potrzeb Polskiego FADN w latach 2005-2010. Stwierdzono, że gospodarstwa z ujemnym saldem emisji gazów cieplarnianych z gleby w porównaniu z gospodarstwami z saldem dodatnim były w lepszej sytuacji ekonomicznej i charakteryzowały się większym nasileniem inwestycyjnym.
The Impact of Intellectual and Social Capital on the Competitiveness of Polish Regions
Authors: Bronisz Urszula , Heijman Wim , Van Ophem Johan
Published: January 2023

This article looks at competitiveness from a regional perspective (NUTS-2). After the establishment of indicators for regional competitiveness in Poland, social and intellectual capital, the relations among the three were analysed for the 16 Polish regions using 2SLS. GDP per head is positively affected by the level of competitiveness. It was found that an increase in competitiveness by 1% increased the GDP per head by 0.53%.The analysis done here showed that there was not a significant correlation between the presence of social capital and regional competitiveness. However, intellectual capital had a highly significant impact on competitiveness: an increase in intellectual capital by 1% would increase competitiveness by 0.47%.
Ukrainian Prospects in the Space of European Agro-food Trade Based on Quantitative Economic Analysis
Authors: Dibrova Anatolii , Dibrova Larysa , Ryabchenko Oksana , Zhemoyda Oleksandr
Published: January 2023

The continuing process of global integration bears implications for the formation of food markets in the global and regional levels. According to the latest estimates, Ukraine is able to feed more than 200 million people currently. But this production should be effective not only from the standpoint of food security but also from a Growth position. Formation of trade policy is the most important way to achieve this one. This paper assessed the current state of the European trade ties of internal agro-food market based on Trade Density Econometric Models. We provide in this paper a comparative evaluation of alternative approaches to possible development scenario for Ukrainian agricultural market based on the European experience. The research includes theoretical modelling foundations, datasets employed and analytical comparison of previous studies. The results can be used to determine government agricultural policies and large agricultural companies.
The Developments and Trends of the Agricultural Sector in Greece
Authors: Papaelias Theodore , Hyz Alina , Panagou Vasilios
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the changes in the efficiency of Greek agriculture production in the period 1911-2011, and to estimate the trends that emerged, especially after the country joined the E.U. in 1981. The applied methodology uses both quantitative methods (econometric approach), as well as the social-historical interpretation of rural policy, as established in the last hundred years.
The paper is organized as follows: in the first section we review the evolutions in the accumulation of wealth and the income. In the second section we describe our methodology and data sources used in the analysis. Next, we present and discuss the results. We conclude with some proposals which stem from the analysis.
Ecological Development of Rural Areas in the European Union Member States in 2000-2012
Authors: Vashchyk Mariana , Siudek Tomasz
Published: January 2023

The purpose of research was to analyze ecological development in EU countries during 2000-2012. Six primary variables have been applied, namely: the share of forest area in total land area, emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) in agriculture, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in agriculture, electric power consumption per capita, the share of alternative and nuclear energy in total energy use and the share of area under organic farming in total agricultural land area. The authors have developed a synthetic index, which enabled the statement that Latvia, Finland, Austria, Sweden and Estonia are leading EU countries in terms of ecological development; the worst situation is in France, Poland, Malta, Spain and in the United Kingdom.
O sofrimento do “escravo” de Yahweh
Authors: Leite Francisco Benedito
Published: January 2023

Neste artigo refletimos sobre o tema bíblico do servo de Yahweh, discutimos a tradução do termo a partir das línguas originais, hebraico e grego, e as motivações que levaram à tradução eufemística “servo”. Em seguida, descrevemos os tipos de escravidão existentes na Bíblia Hebraica. Também estudamos o tema no livro do Deutero-Isaías e o apontamos no livro dos salmos e assim indicamos algo sobre o significado desse tema que está associado à condição da eleição de Yahweh, e assim desenvolvemos condições para entender o surgimento posterior de um messianismo do servo sofredor que permitirá a leitura retroativa de Jesus por meio dessa figura.
A REVELAÇÃO E A ECLESIOLOGIA COMO CHAVE DE INTERPRETAÇÃO DA OBRA DE DIETRICH BONHOEFFER
Authors: Ruthes Vanessa Roberta Massambani , Stigar Robson
Published: January 2023

O presente artigo objetiva apresentar os pressupostos teológicos que fundamentam a análise desenvolvida por Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Esse autor, cuja vida e reflexão são profundamente entrelaçadas, desenvolve um itinerário teológico que perpassa diversas fases. Essas, não podem ser consideradas como estanques, ou ainda contraditórias, por se fundamentam em diferentes perspectivas teórico-analíticas. Tal realidade pode ser compreendida por alguns como relativismo, o que se constituiria um problema teológico. Contudo, há uma unidade no pensamento de Bonhoeffer, que está presente em duas categorias: a revelação e a eclesiologia. Ambas, presentes em sua reflexão teológica, desde o início de sua atuação acadêmica, vão recebendo contornos diferenciados conforme as análises que o autor faz da vida e da fé na primeira metade do século XX. Dessa forma, essas características se constituem a chave de interpretação da obra de Bonhoeffer.
ENTRE JOSÉ E MOISÉS: DEUS VISITA SEU POVO
Authors: Silva Jackson Câmara
Published: January 2023

Deus sempre quis permanecer com sua criação. Mesmo que o ser humano se distancie do Criador e, muitas vezes, se depare com a aflição e o sofrimento, Deus o visita, intervindo com sua ação misericordiosa e salvífica. Este trabalho aborda a temática da visita de Deus ao seu povo perpassando a história de José do Egito e de Moisés. Inicialmente, será situada a história de José, apresentando sua origem, sua coesão, sua provável datação e a maneira de como foi inserida no livro do Gênesis e, posteriormente, se dispôs no conjunto do Pentateuco. Entre a fronteira da história dos patriarcas e o Êxodo, serão analisadas paralelamente as ações, os ambientes e os personagens dessas duas histórias, destacando a palavra “visitar”, que aparece de forma semelhante em Gn 50,24-25 e Ex 3,16, apontando para uma conexão entre elas. Por fim, será analisada a visita de Deus na pessoa de Jesus de Nazaré, destacando-se traços de José e Moisés, a ocorrência do verbo episképtomai no NT e uma hermenêutica do tema, na linha do papa Francisco, a fim de encontrar pistas para a caminhada cristã hoje.
função da partícula ΔE como conjunção copulativa no processo narrativo da perícope de at 2,1-13 e sua função pragmática
Authors: Rufino João Claudio
Published: January 2023

Este artigo apresenta, sob uma perspectiva do método da pragmática linguística, de que maneira a partícula δέ é utilizada como conjunção copulativa no processo narrativo de At 2,1-13, contribuindo tanto em sua cadência, como também na construção do processo da estratégia do autor cuja finalidade consiste em performar, colocando as bases para a condição de fortuna, em sua linguagem na afirmação da existência de uma nova realidade inaugurada com o evento de Pentecostes.
Raiz espiritual da Teologia da Libertação
Authors: Leite Pedro Igor
Published: January 2023

O presente artigo se propõe revisitar parte da obra de Gustavo Gutiérrez com o intuito de investigar, do ponto de vista epistemológico, o método próprio de sua teologia. Nesta empreitada, partimos da espiritualidade como raiz da grande Teologia da Libertação. É, de fato, na experiência místico-contemplativa, interpretada posteriormente como práxis cristã que acontecerá a intuição para uma metodologia estruturada em dois momentos intercruzados: de um lado, a práxis como ato primeiro, lugar da experiência, do silêncio, da compaixão e solidariedade; de outro, como ato segundo, a reflexão crítica, científica, elaborada à luz do silêncio primeiro. Todo este projeto para não cair em esterilidade teórica ou utópica precisa ser interpretado através da perspectiva do pobre, de duas formas: através da imersão em seu mundo próprio e com o auxílio das ciências sociais, mesmo que para isto seja necessário o aporte da análise marxista, lida de modo crítico e atento às incompatibilidades teóricas com a fé cristã. Este caminho metodológico-espiritual orienta a Igreja a fazer uma opção preferencial pelos pobres, a fim de uma libertação integral, capaz de dar autêntico testemunho da ressurreição.

 

Palavras-chave: metodologia; pobre; libertação; espiritualidade; Gutiérrez.
Electromyostimulation in sport
Authors: Sekereš Marcel
Published: January 2023

Electromyostimulation (EMS) is a widely used therapeutic tool of low-frequency electrotherapy in several areas of rehabilitation, with gradual use increasingly in sports as well. The main goal of our article is to approach the use of EMS in sports based on available studies. EMS can be called as a training method used to obtain muscle activation through externally applied electric currents to the muscles to achieve a functional increase in sports performance by training fast motor units. Even if, based on the available study database, there are no clear conclusions regarding the effectiveness and application of EMS in the sense of sports, we can say that EMS represents one of the means by which we can influence muscle functionality, not only in terms of rehabilitation, but also as a possible way of increasing sports performance.
Training load determining the sport performance of the woman race walker to 50 km
Authors: Broďáni Jaroslav , Katerinka - Czaková Mária
Published: January 2023

In the article, we point out the volume training indicators that determined the sports performance of the race walker at 20 and 50 km. The basis of the analysis were the training volume indicators and the annual sport performance. Nonparametric procedures were chosen according to the assessment of the normality of file layout. Differences between the completed volume were evaluated statistically (Z) and substantively (“r”). The nonparametric algorithm CHAID was used for the construction of the regression trees. By the trees method were selected training indicators which showed in the individual training cycles high tightness with race walking performance. The regression model in training cycles YTC 2017/2018 introduced the indicator of intense tempo endurance (walking 4:41-5:00 min.km-1), extensive aerobic endurance (walking 6:00 and more min.km-1) and the running volume indicator, Extended aerobic endurance (walking 5:41-6:00 min.km-1), extensive tempo endurance (walking 5:01-5:20 min.km-1), intense special endurance (walking 4:06-4:20 min.km-1), number of starts and regeneration have been enforced between the predictors of the walking performance in training cycles YTC 2018/2019. The analysis points to the training resources which were most involved in the improvement of the sport performance. Their exact identification will allow the rationalization of the training process in the future, coordinate the conceptual bases of sport preparation and to improve the system of shaping the top condition towards the 2021 Olympics in Tokyo.
Culture Ministry Meeting G20 Cultural Carnival as an Introduction to the Value of Borobudur Temple Relief
Authors: Tamba Rio Fernandez
Published: January 2023

The implementation of the Cultural Carnival at the 2022 G20 Culture Ministers Meeting Series was carried out by taking values from the Jataka of the Borobudur Temple. Not from the implementation of the Cultural Carnival using 20 Jataka reliefs by combining dances, costumes, props, and ogoh-ogoh to be performed. Jataka reliefs is a medium to introduce and instill the value of Jataka reliefs in everyday life. This study uses an approach of processing research data in a descriptive way to explain how to instill the value of the temple's jataka reliefs in implementing the G20 Cultural Carnival. Implementing the CMM G20 Cultural Carnival can be carried out well by presenting performances from 20 villages in Borobudur District using performances in the Cultural Carnival. The results of this study explain the planting of values from the Jataka Reliefs of Borobudur Temple in implementing the production of the Cultural Carnival. This activity gains a positive perspective from character by developing the abilities of local communities and increasing creativity so that it becomes a new type of art that instills value from the Jataka reliefs of Borobudur Temple. The values depicted from each of the fable reliefs of Borobudur Temple are expected to become cultural icons of the community in welcoming tourists visiting Borobudur Temple, Central Java, Indonesia.
Nurses´ Attitudes Towards Dying and Death
Authors: Đorđević Antonija , Takšić Iva , Smrekar Martina
Published: January 2023

Introduction. Death means the irreversible termination of the organism’s vital activities. Dying presents an irreversible state of an incurable disease from which death is expected in due time. The experience of meaning in life is defined as the degree to which an individual understands and sees significance in his life, how and to what extent he feels purpose in life. Aim. The aim of this research was to determine the role of demographic characteristics (gender, age, level of education, religiosity), their relationship with the experience of meaning in the life of nurses, and the relationship between the attitudes of nurses towards death and dying with the experience of meaning in life. Methods. The research was conducted in the period from May to June 2022. The survey was composed of three parts, and was posted on the Facebook social network in the group named Nurses together. A total of 240 participants took part in the research, of which 185 were female nurses and 55 were male nurses, with an average age of 33.05 years (SD=10.10). The instruments that were used in the research were the Purpose in Life Test and Death Attitude Profile – Revised. Results. The obtained results do not indicate that women perceive their life as more meaningful compared to men. Also, healthcare professionals with a higher level of education perceive their life to be significantly more meaningful compared to healthcare professionals with secondary education. Regarding the relationship between the experience of meaning in life and some concepts of acceptance of death, it has been proven that a greater experience of meaning in life can be found in respondents who consider death as a natural process of the journey towards the afterlife. The degree of religiosity was not significantly related to the perception of the meaning of life.Conclusion. Further research is needed to investigate the determinants of mortality in order to more scientifically determine the perception of the experience of meaning in life and attitudes towards death and dying among nurses. The importance of such research is reflected in the effort to raise awareness of the usefulness of the experience of meaning in life in the complete functioning of the individual and the quality of life.
The management of human resources in the knowledge management system
Authors:   Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania, Bucăța George , Rizescu Alexandru-Marius ,   Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania
Published: January 2023

The new theory of economic growth - human actions such as education and innovation, as well as economic behavior, affect long-term economic growth; limits the reduction in the utility of capital; and helps explain the transition from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy. The concept of the knowledge economy - depends on new growth theories that increase understanding of the role of new technologies in increasing productivity and growth through investment in research and development, education and training, new management structures.
Back to basics – grammar focus in teaching business negotiations
Authors:   Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Iași, Romania, Ciortescu Elena
Published: January 2023

Negotiations are generally acknowledged as a phenomenon pertaining to all aspects of life. Whether in relation to power and persuasion, to culture and non-verbal communication, falling into various categories, depending on their nature or purpose, negotiations will probably never cease to be a core topic in any Business Communication curriculum. Nonetheless, grammar focus has been rather overshadowed by LSP specialists’ growing interest in fluency, culture and emotional intelligence-related aspects. The aim of this paper is to mark a return to the importance of grammar in teaching negotiation skills by identifying some means to integrate it within the curriculum and to ensure its successful acquisition among business students.
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the deposits in the Romanian banking sector
Authors:   Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Fărcaș Ioana Georgiana , Făt Codruța Maria ,   Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Published: January 2023

The business cycle and a crisis period within an economy can influence significantly the level of Total Deposits to Total Assets (TA). We aim to assess this issue by studying the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the ratio of Total Deposits to TA in the Romanian banking sector in the span 2000-2022. Our findings show that Covid-19 pandemic influences significantly and positively the traditional activity of banks, depositing the savings of population. Further, we bring new insights regarding the effects of BET Index’ volatility on the Total Deposits to TA ratio. These results remain robust when we employ subcategories of deposits as dependent variables in our empirical models (e.g., households deposits, deposits granted to non-financial corporations, deposits granted to financial corporations, and deposits granted to government).
Effect of orchard site and climatic conditions on plant nematode density levels
Authors: Rutkowski Krzysztof
Published: January 2023

Phytoparasitic nematodes are commonly found in the soil and their presence can lead to plant diseases, weaker growth, reduced yields and lower fruit quality. A study conducted in 2006–2009, involving the monitoring of climatic conditions, identified the influence of precipitation and temperature on the number of nematodes, in 7 sites within a cherry orchard. Soil samples to assess nematode populations were taken from 7 sites that differed in terms of cultivation and age: 5 cherry orchards established in different years. Not all nematode taxa responded in the same way to temperature increase. Members of the families Belonolaimidae, Trichodoridae and the genus Aphelenchus increased in number with rising temperatures. The negative water balance limited the number of nematodes in the soil in the layer up to 30 cm, whereas the increase in soil moisture had a positive effect on the development of Paratylenchus spp., and mebers of the family Hoplolaimidae and Heterodera. The largest total number of nematodes was found on the strip cultivated with agricultural crops after orchard liquidation. However, parasitic nematodes accounted for were at low levels (17%). The size of fruits from trees growing on sites with a large number of nematodes decreased with a simultaneous increase in total soluble solids and fruit firmness.
Genetic variation of onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Thysanoptera Thripidae) populations in Lithuania and their link with host plants
Authors: Duchovskienė Laisvūnė , Bernotienė Rasa , Valiuškaitė Alma , Survilienė Elena , Rimšaitė Jolanta
Published: January 2023

Thrips tabaci Lindeman is one of the most important polyphagous horticulture crop pests in Lithuania. The aim of this work was to investigate new approach with the geographic distributions and host plant associations between different mtDNA COI haplotypes of T. tabaci. Specimens of T. tabaci were collected from different horticultural crops in the main horticulture regions across Lithuania, where sustainable plant protection practice is used. Four different haplotypes of T. tabaci were detected during investigation, and the greatest haplotype diversity was registered in the northern districts of Lithuania. The mean genetic distance between different haplotypes was 1.6%, and diversity was up to 2.9% comparing with sequences from other European countries (the Netherlands, UK and France) deposited in GenBank. Sequences obtained during this investigation differed by ≥10% comparing with sequences from other countries. Thrips tabaci COI gene differences partly reflect the geographic distribution, but results did not reveal the relationship between COI gene polymorphism of T. tabaci and different host plants.
El Maximato: una mirada desde la correspondencia privada de Plutarco Elías Calles
Authors: González Morfín Juan
Published: January 2023

Entre 1929 y 1934 el general Plutarco Elías Calles, quien había terminado su periodo presidencial en 1928, mantuvo una influencia decisiva en la esfera del poder público en México, misma que le permitió controlar no solo las decisiones trascendentes, como la elección del presidente en turno, sino hasta las más pequeñas actuaciones de los actores políticos. Es posible dimensionar el dominio que el general ejercía en la vida del país a través de correspondencia privada de la época. En este trabajo se ha buscado profundizar en las diferentes comunicaciones escritas para descubrir, por medio de ejemplos concretos, hasta dónde abarcó la capacidad de influencia de la que gozó Calles en la vida nacional. También, a través de esa misma correspondencia se ha buscado ilustrar cómo se vivió el momento de su declive.
Prolactinoma and pregnancy: a review article
Authors: Ajwah Ibrahim , Alremthi Fahad , Mirghani Hyder , Albalawi Mona , Saber Mohannad
Published: January 2023

Prolactinomas usually lead to infertility and medical treatment restores fertility. Prolactinoma size might increase during pregnancy (2.1% for microprolactinomas and 21% for macroprolactinomas). In this review article, multiple aspects of prolactinomas care during and before pregnancy were discussed. Dopamine agonists are the treatment of choice, if indicated during pregnancy (cabergoline and bromocriptine, while quinagolide is not recommended). It is recommended to stop dopamine agonists in patients with microprolactinoma during pregnancy and follow the patients for mass effect symptoms and visual disturbances every trimester. Dopamine agonists could be stopped as well in a patient with intra-seller macroprolactinomas with more frequent clinical follow ups during pregnancy. Magnetic resonance imaging without contrast is indicated for patients suspected to have tumor enlargement. Dopamine agonists (cabergoline or bromocriptine) are the treatment of choice for invasive/metastatic macroprolactinomas during pregnancy, and neurosurgery is rarely indicated.
ABOUT THE COVER
Authors: Anonymous Anonymous
Published: January 2023

The Cover of the current issue of the Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics (SJP) pays tribute to the late Dr. Asmaa Mohamed Al Haj, the Pediatric Resident from North Darfur who died after a short illness during her work in echocardiographic surveillance of rheumatic heart disease in school children in Al Fashir, North Darfur. The results of this study are published as Original Article in this issue.
Commodifiaction Of Workers On Esports Athletes In Digital Sports Industry
Authors: Anshari Faridhian , Evangelina Jane , Abbabil Syafira U.F.T
Published: January 2023

The Esports industry has begun to produce various media platforms that display interesting game content played by athletes, to attract viewers to join the platform through live streaming. The purpose of this study is to analyze the meaning of commodification of workers from the athlete's perspective, who are already involved as commodities. The expected benefits are recommendations to minimize the forms of commodification such as exploitation of workers. This study uses a review of media political economy theory that is associated with the movement of the esports industry ecosystem. The approach used in this research is qualitative by using a descriptive study. The data collection technique uses an in-depth interview method with esports athletes, virtual observation, and collecting documents. The findings are that esports athletes consciously feel that their identity as an athlete becomes a commodity that has a selling value to agencies and other actors in the digital sports industry. However, the good income and not being seriously regulated, allows them to reach as much profit as possible, although there are still revenue cuts from the agency. This profit also changes their early goals and mindset as esports athletes, from being a games players and start thinking about profit even though they realize are being exploited. The finding is the athlete's ability to conjure up their role as a commodity in the industry, by utilizing the athlete's identity as a valueable commodity for their own benefit.
Digital Communication & Socialization Using Media Video Content During Pandemic
Authors: Valentina Anny , Chrissandy Ruby , Jesslyn Brigitta , Setyanto Yugih
Published: January 2023

A continuation research about the media used by human to communicate during PSBB period. This content of this research is about type of creative contents that can be used on social media. From the previous research, it was found that, in order to survive during pandemic and to live their daily lives, human need socializing and entertainment. Those are two important things for them. The purpose of this research is to find out types of media and digital content that are not only interesting to the respondent but also effective in conveying the communication message and can be utilize as a socialization platform. The concept of "social-media forum" which is applied to the published contents is considered different from other content in general. When the speaker invited is a person who also experiencing the same problem, audience interprets them as a friend who understand the problem and their feelings deeply, and from this angle it is hoped that the speaker and the audience can start to bond to exchange stories and opinions, not particularly about the solutions but might be just a perspective from different angle. However, doing this in virtually because of pandemic is tiring, all parties involved felt extreme fatigue after the event was over. It is because virtual meetings force human brain and body to put more focus and more alert for a long time, in the end, even casual conversation feels tiring. The samples taken for this research are located in Jakarta, focused to 20-29 years old  men and women. Data collection method is using qualitative approach with observation techniques, literature study, FGD, and interviews. When situations force us to shift into the digital and virtual realms, a recommendation for creative content format for screen-based social media is needed to be studied further, resulting in all parties involved do not have to feel an extreme fatigue but can become a useful communicator who offers solutions to others.
Child Labor's Experience of Communication Behavior
Authors: Diniati Anisa , Suryana Asep , Bajari Atwar
Published: January 2023

Life as child labor is a compulsion that must be accepted for certain reasons. Some of the reasons why children in the Cibaduyut shoe industry center work as child laborers, including the living environment, which is indeed a home industry area, work that has been passed down from parents to children, to unmet needs from the family so that children have to look for jobs. own money to meet their needs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the experiences of child laborers regarding their communication behavior. The theory that underlies this research is the Phenomenological theory of Viktor Frankl, and the Symbolic Interaction theory of Mead. This study uses a qualitative approach with phenomenology as the research method. The results showed that the experience of child laborers regarding communication behavior is closely related to communication in shoe repair shops with bosses and employers, adult co-workers and fellow child laborers, peer groups, and family members. The communication of child laborers with the four environments encourages them to create distinctive cultural characteristics in the form of a world of symbols created together. The suffering they face is interpreted differently by child laborers, so that child laborers do not carry out the process of movements to lead to a better life.
relationship of deprivation and gender to perception of barriers, optimism and attachment during the postsecondary transition

Authors: Douglas Walter , Topping Keith
Published: January 2023

Introduction.  High school students’ self-reports about their perception of barriers, optimism and attachments in relation to the postsecondary transition were examined.Method. Factor analysis of an inventory administered to 1044 high school students (573 males and 471 females) who attended six urban schools identified three factors.Results.  ANOVA indicated that students living in areas of higher deprivation reported perception of more career barriers and fewer career scaffolding attachments. Males were more optimistic about their career prospects but reported fewer career scaffolding attachments. There was an interaction between deprivation and gender with regard to career optimism.Discussion and Conclusion.  These results contribute to an explanation of why failure to obtain a positive postsecondary destination is more prevalent in young people living in areas of greater social deprivation, and in males rather than females.  The implications for practice, policy and future research are discussed.
الحركة العمرانية والفنية في فرنسا على عهد لويس الرابع عشر1661-1715
Authors: AL-Tikrity Harith A. , Kadoori Al-Naserre Lekaa Monther
Published: January 2023

عرف عن الشعب الفرنسي رغبته الكبيرة في اظهار كل ما هو جديد ومبتكر في مجالي الاعمار والادب  وقد تزامن ذلك مع وجود شخصية لويس الرابع عشر فقد عرف عنه شغفه في اظهار مملكته بأبهى صورة في جميع المجالات ولاسيما العمرانية والفنية، لذلك تم اختيار عنوان البحث بـــــ " الحركة العمرانية والفنية في فرنسا على عهد لويس الرابع عشر 1661-1715" . وتم تقسيمه على ثلاثة محاور ناقش المحور الأول القصور والحدائق العامة، اما المحور الثاني فدرس فنون الأثاث والمقاعد في عهد الملك لويس الرابع عشر، في حين وضح المحور الثالث تطور الحياة الفنية مرحلة استلام العرش .
توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج اهمها:

لم تشغل الحروب الخارجية والصراعات الداخلية لويس الرابع عشر عن البناء والاعمار والاهتمام بالفنون والآداب .
اظهرت أعماله قوته وصلابته ووسع افقه في التفكير والابداع بطريقة نقلت عموم جماهير الشعب من تعدد الزعماء والقادة والسادة إلى طبيعة الرجل الواحد والسيد الاعلى .
كان حب الملك نفسه للموسيقى والرقص وباقي الفنون اثر اكبر من غيره وذلك لممارسته هو شخصياً لتلك الأعمال وتحديد نواقصها والاعناء بها .
اثبتت أعمال الملك بصورة عامة على مدى رغبته الحقيقية في نقل المملكة إلى مرحلة جديدة من البناء والتطور الفني والادبي .
الشراكة بين المدرسة والمجتمع المحلي وفق برنامج بناء القدرات
Authors: Khachi Thani Hussein
Published: January 2023

هدف البحث الى معرفة واقع الشراكة بين المدرسة والمجتمع المحلي بالاعتماد على مشروع بناء القدرات ، وهو مشروع ممول من الاتحاد الاوربي ويهدف الى تحسين جودة التعليم ومساواة الفرص في التعلم ويتم تنفيذه في العراق للمرحلتين الابتدائية والثانوية من قبل المجلس الثقافي البريطاني بالشراكة مع وزارة التربية ووزارة العمل والشؤون الاجتماعية ووزارة التخطيط في المركز واقليم كردستان للفترة من شباط 2017-مايس 2020، اعتمد الباحث المنهج الوصفي ،  تكونت عينة البحث من (80) مدرساً ومدرسة  ، و ( 80) طالبا وطالبة ، و (60 ) ولي امر تم اختيارهم عشوائياً من مجتمع البحث في قضاء بعقوبة التابع الى محافظة ديالى / العراق ولتحقيق هدف البحث اعتمد الباحث على الاستبانات التي تضمنها مشروع بناء القدرات الممول من الاتحاد الاوربي .اظهرت نتائج البحث ان واقع الشركة بين المدرسة والمجتمع المحلي كان في مستوى (جيد جدا) ، اذ بلغت نسبته (80%) ، واوصى الباحث بضرورة تفعيل الشراكة بين المدرسة والمجتمع المحلي لتحسين قدرات الطلبة المختلفة ، وهناك توصيات اخر.
فاعلية أًنموذج شوارتز في التحصيل ومهارات التفكير التوليدي لطلبة الاول المتوسط في تدريس الرياضيات
Authors: Thamer Abdulwahed Hmeed , Abdullah Hiba Jubair
Published: January 2023

يهدف البحث الى معرفة فاعلية أًنموذج شوارتز على:-

تحصيل طلبة الصف الاول المتوسط في دراسة الرياضيات.
مهارات التفكير التوليدي عند طلبة الصف الاول المتوسط في دراسة الرياضيات.

بلغت عينة البحث (62) طالباً توزعوا بالتساوي الى مجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة  وتم تكافؤ طلبة مجموعتي البحث إحصائيا وهذه المتغيرات(العمر، والمعدل العام و المعرفة السابقة من السنة الماضية، التفكير التوليدي، الذكاء).
تم صياغة (115) هدفاً سلوكياً وفق تصنيف بلوم في المجال المعرفي للمستويات (التذكر، والفهم، والتطبيق)،تم اعداد اختبار تحصيلي من (30) فقرة نوع اختيار من متعدد، وتم إعداد اختبار تفكير توليدي تكون من (30) فقرة من نوع الاختيار من متعدد ،وتم لاختبارين الصدق والثبات وبينت النتائج: وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية عند مستوى(0.05) بين متوسط اجابة المجموعتين في الاختبار التحصيلي واختبار التفكير التوليدي ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية.
القدرة على حل المشكلات لدى طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية(دراسة مقارنة بين الموهوبين و العاديين)
Authors: Sabir Niyan Namiq
Published: January 2023

لقد هدف البحث الى التعرف على: 
1- مستوى طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية في قدرتهم على حل المشكلات .
2- الفروق المعنوية بين الطلبة الموهوبين و العاديين في قدرتهم على حل المشكلات .
3- الفروق المعنوية بين الطلبة الموهوبين و العاديين في قدرتهم على حل المشكلات  بحسب متغيري النوع الاجتماعي و المرحلة الدراسية .
و تحدد البحث  بطلبة المرحلة الإعدادية (الموهوبين والعاديين – البنات و البنين) للسنة الدراسية (2017 – 2018) .
          لقد بنيت أداة لحل المشكلات متكونة من (38) فقرة بعد إتمام الإجراءات السايكومترية عليها . لقد تم استخدام الصدق الظاهري للتأكد من صلاحية فقرات ، و التجزئة النصفية للتأكد من  ثبات أداة  البحث .
          اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي المقارن ، وطبقت الأداة على عينة متكونة من (136) طالب و طالبة من الموهوبين والعاديين . وقد استخدمت الحقيبة الإحصائية  ( SPSS) لتحليل بيانات البحث. 
          وأهم نتائج البحث:
1- إن مستوى الطلبة – بشكل عام -  على حل المشكلات في مستوى دون المتوسط .
2- توجد فروق دالة إحصائياً في المجموع لعينة البحث (الموهوبين و العاديين ) في قدرتهم على حل المشكلات بحسب متغير
3-  لا توجد فروق دالة إحصائياً في درجات كلتا مجموعتي عينة البحث (الموهوبين و العاديين ) في قدرتهم على حل المشكلات بحسب متغير النوع الاجتماعي .
4- لا توجد فروق دالة إحصائياً في درجات كلتا مجموعتي عينة البحث (الموهوبين و العاديين ) في قدرتهم على حل المشكلات بحسب متغير المرحلة الدراسية .
Signs of a New Era: the "Female" Vocal Cycle during the Renewal of Russian Music of the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Shkirtil' Lyudmila Vyacheslavovna
Published: January 2023

The subject of the study is the "female" chamber vocal cycle in Russian music of the 1960s and 1970s, which, according to the author, became a special sign of the time of changes and renewal that came to the musical culture of the Soviet Union together with the Khrushchev "thaw". The article is devoted to the typology of the "female" vocal cycle, the appearance of a large number of works based on poems by A. Akhmatova and M. Tsvetaeva, music for children and youth, numerous vocal compositions in the spirit of the "new folklore wave", works dedicated to outstanding interpreters of vocal music by modern Soviet composers - Z. Dolukhanova, L. Davydova, G. Vishnevskaya, E. Obraztsova, E. Gorokhovskaya, N. Yureneva and others. The main conclusion of the study is the idea that there are several stable types of "female" chamber vocal cycles associated primarily with the modern poetic tradition, folk music, with the concert performance practice established in the country, with various vocal capabilities of singers, the width of their vocal range, flexibility, timbre characteristics etc. Russian chamber and vocal music is being studied for the first time in such a perspective and this direction must be recognized as fruitful. It is quite obvious that it was the "female" vocal cycle that became the most important sign of the time of the radical renewal of the national musical art in the 1960s and 1970s.
Profesors Georgs Andrejevs – ārsts, zinātnieks un politiķis
Authors:   Rīga Stradiņš University, Antonovičs Kaspars , Salaks Juris ,   Institute of the History of Medicine, Rīga Stradiņš University
Published: January 2023

Profesoru Dr. habil. med. G. Andrejevu (1932–2022) pelnīti var dēvēt par Latvijas anestezioloģijas un reanimatoloģijas celmlauzi un pamatlicēju. Viņš bijis viena no ievērojamākajām personībām Latvijas anestezioloģijā, reanimatoloģijā un medicīnā kopumā, neatsverams ir viņa ieguldījums Latvijas medicīnas un zinātnes attīstībā. Profesora Andrejeva vadībā anestezioloģija Latvijā kļuva par atsevišķu medicīnas nozari, pateicoties aktīvai viņa dalībai pasaules līmeņa zinātniskajās konferencēs, kur viņš ne tikai aktīvi apguva jaunāko pasaules praksi un pieredzi anestezioloģijā un reanimatoloģijā, bet arī prezentēja savus pētījumus, izgudrojumus un profesionālo pieredzi, gūstot starptautisku atzinību pasaules līmenī. Georgs Andrejevs bija ārsts, izgudrotājs, Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmijas īstenais loceklis, vairāk nekā 200 zinātnisko darbu un vairāk nekā 10 izgudrojumu autors. Paralēli aktīvai praktiskajai darbībai anestezioloģijas jomā viņš izglītoja jaunu Latvijas anesteziologu paaudzi. 1990. gada 4. maijā Georgs Andrejevs balsoja par Latvijas neatkarību un turpmāk nesa tās vārdu pasaulē gan kā politiķis un ārlietu ministrs, gan kā vēstnieks un diplomāts. Viņš bija Atmodas laika politiķis, diplomāts un valstsvīrs – bijis ārlietu ministrs, 5. Saeimas un Eiropas Parlamenta deputāts, aktīvs sabiedrisks darbinieks, divkāršais Trīszvaigžņu ordeņa kavalieris.
The Weight of the Decision: Just War Thinking in Congolese Armed Conflict as Seen Through the Lens of Lieve Joris’s The Rebels’ Hour
Authors: Buzard David
Published: January 2023

Ethnic violence and armed conflict continue to ravage the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), particularly its eastern provinces, nearly two decades after the official 2003 end of the Congolese ‘Wars of Liberation,’ which have cost over four million lives since 1996. Traditional Western mindsets—grounded in the doctrine of the just war theory, which informs much of international humanitarian law and international criminal law—find the ethical underpinnings of this violence extremely difficult, if not impossible, to fathom. Through her novel, The Rebels’ Hour, Belgian author and journalist Lieve Joris has, albeit unintentionally, graced us with an eloquent case study with which to explore the 1996–2003 Congo Wars through a just war theory lens. This article briefly describes the historical and doctrinal contexts of Joris’s novel, and traces in Just War terms the story she tells of its protagonist, a fictitious rebel commander. After discussing the implications of the just war theory posed by the situation Joris describes, this article concludes that the West can draw a moral lesson from Africa, and recommends Joris’s novel to Western readers as an excellent entrée to a better ethical understanding of African armed conflicts.
The Adoption of the Vienna Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1980 in Africa—A Critical Analysis
Authors: Eiselen Sieg
Published: January 2023

The adoption of the Vienna Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1908 in Africa has been slow in comparison to other regions of the world. The Convention is widely regarded as one of the most successful instruments of international commercial law harmonisation. It has been adopted by ninety-four countries from all regions of the world representing more than eighty per cent of international sales. Despite this, only fourteen African countries have adopted it so far. The research question in this article is why African countries have been reluctant to adopt the CISG, compared to countries from other regions around the world. The aim of the article is to establish and analyse the possible reasons why African countries have been so slow in adopting the CISG and to suggest solutions to improve the situation. The reasons include an ignorance about the Convention, apathy on the side of governments and business alike and the existence of other regional harmonisation instruments such as the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). It is argued that the impetus for greater acceptance lies within the pressure that might emanate from regional trading blocs such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the newly formed African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFT). It is also argued that greater awareness amongst practitioners may play a future role if the new generation of lawyers are educated on the Convention.
Property Rights Protection and Land Markets in the Context of Juridical Gaps between Municipal and SADC Systems
Authors: Ndlovu Philani L , Saurombe Amos
Published: January 2023

The protection of property rights is a sensitive issue in the SADC, leading to protracted legal battles and contestations. This article explores the factors engendering the present configurations of property relations in three selected states in the region. The intention of this article is to identify the factors necessary for the development of land markets and to analyse secondary sources on themes, arguments and factors shaping market development. Interrogating the major themes in the prevailing debates, this article identifies African customary rights as an important factor in the development of markets, by acknowledging the significance of the harmonisation of property laws in the region. Since there are cross-juridical gaps between the regulatory goals of states and those of regional communities, the article identifies limitations and opportunities associated with efforts to harmonise the law. Furthermore, proposing measures to narrow the juridical gaps between the municipal and SADC systems, and presenting the idea of a regional protocol as a prospective device to ensure legal convergence.