bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hearing Preservation Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation Depending on the Angle of Insertion: Indication for Electric or Electric-Acoustic Stimulation
Authors: Helbig Silke , Adel Youssef , Leinung Martin , Stöver Timo , Baumann Uwe , Weissgerber Tobias
Published: June 2018

Objective:

This study reviewed outcomes of hearing preservation (HP) surgery depending on the angle of insertion (AOI) in a cochlear implant (CI) patient population who used electric stimulation (ES) or combined electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS).

Study Design:

Retrospective case review.

Setting:

Tertiary referral university hospital.

Patients:

Ninety-one patients with different degrees of preoperative low-frequency residual hearing who underwent HP surgery with a free-fitting lateral-wall electrode array (MED-EL Flex) with lengths ranging from 20.0 to 31.5 mm.

Intervention:

Cochlear implantation using HP surgery technique and subsequent fitting with CI speech processor for ES, or combined CI and hearing aid speech processor for EAS.

Main Outcome Measures:

Individual AOI were estimated using modified Stenvers’ projection. Freiburg monosyllable test in quiet (free-field presentation at 65 dB SPL) and pure-tone averages for low frequencies (125, 250, and 500 Hz; PTAlow) were evaluated during a follow-up period of 12 months after implantation.

Results:

Estimated AOIs showed bimodal distribution: shallow insertion (SI) with mean AOI of 377 degrees and deep insertion (DI) with mean AOI of 608 degrees. Speech test scores after 12 months were comparable between AOI groups, however, they were significantly different between stimulation types with better scores for EAS. Only ES showed a positive correlation (r = 0.293) between speech test score and AOI. When HP was possible, both SI and DI showed significant postoperative PTAlow shifts with mean of 17.8 and 21.6 dB, respectively. These were comparable between AOI groups and no significant shifts were observed in follow-up intervals. Audiometric indication for HP and subsequent EAS is proposed up to 65 dB HL at 500 Hz, and up to 87 dB HL for HP.

Conclusions:

CI candidates can benefit from HP surgery with deep insertion when only using ES due to insufficient residual hearing. Conversely, candidates with preoperative threshold up to 65 dB HL at 500 Hz could perform significantly better with EAS which requires shallow insertion.
Automated Metrics in a Virtual-Reality Myringotomy Simulator: Development and Construct Validity
Authors: Huang Caiwen , Cheng Horace , Bureau Yves , Ladak Hanif M. , Agrawal Sumit K.
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop and implement a set of automated performance metrics into the Western myringotomy simulator, and 2) to establish construct validity.

Study Design:

Prospective simulator-based assessment study.

Setting:

The Auditory Biophysics Laboratory at Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Participants:

Eleven participants were recruited from the Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery at Western University: four senior otolaryngology consultants and seven junior otolaryngology residents.

Interventions:

Educational simulation.

Main Outcome Measure:

Discrimination between expert and novice participants on five primary automated performance metrics: 1) time to completion, 2) surgical errors, 3) incision angle, 4) incision length, and 5) the magnification of the microscope.

Methods:

Automated performance metrics were developed, programmed, and implemented into the simulator. Participants were given a standardized simulator orientation and instructions on myringotomy and tube placement. Each participant then performed 10 procedures and automated metrics were collected. The metrics were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction.

Results:

All metrics discriminated senior otolaryngologists from junior residents with a significance of p < 0.002. Junior residents had 2.8 times more errors compared with the senior otolaryngologists. Senior otolaryngologists took significantly less time to completion compared with junior residents. The senior group also had significantly longer incision lengths, more accurate incision angles, and lower magnification keeping both the umbo and annulus in view.

Conclusions:

Automated quantitative performance metrics were successfully developed and implemented, and construct validity was established by discriminating between expert and novice participants.
Evaluation of the Severity of Hyperlipidemia Pancreatitis Using CT-measured Visceral Adipose Tissue
Authors: Ji Ting , Li Xueliang , Zhang Xiangcheng , Hui Liangliang , Shang Futai , Zhu Xingxing , Guo Lili , Xu Yiming
Published: June 2018

Background:

Computed tomography–measured visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and the distribution of VAT are highly correlated with the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis (AP). To date, all available data are from the overall AP patient population; no subgroup analysis has been conducted to evaluate patients with moderately severe AP or patients with hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis (HLAP) as independent populations. Currently, studies on the relationship between VAT and HLAP are lacking.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 235 patients with moderately severe AP or severe acute pancreatitis were divided into 2 groups according to whether hyperlipidemia was present: the HLAP group and the non-HLAP group. The general inpatient information was collected, and computed tomography was used to measure VAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), total adipose tissue, and VAT/SAT (V/S). The data were subjected to t test, χ2 test, matrix scatter plot, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic analyses to evaluate the relationship between VAT and HLAP severity.

Results:

Significant differences were observed in VAT, SAT, total adipose tissue, and triglycerides (TGs) between the HLAP group and the non-HLAP group (P<0.001). Significant correlations were observed between VAT and body mass index (r=0.425, P=0.017) and between VAT and TG (r=0.367, P=0.042). In the HLAP group, VAT, V/S, TG, and local complications may have significant effects on disease severity. The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that VAT and V/S were more reliable than TGs in evaluating disease severity [area under the curve (AUC) of VAT: 0.819, P<0.001; AUC of V/S: 0.855, P<0.001; AUC of TG: 0.671, P=0.04]. Disease severity was reliably evaluated at 139 cm2, the cut-off value of VAT. The cut-off value of V/S was 1.145; high V/S was associated with extended intensive care unit stay. VAT and its distribution had no significant effects on mortality.

Conclusions:

For patients with moderately severe to severe HLAP, VAT was correlated with body mass index and TG. VAT and V/S were valuable factors for evaluating disease severity and prognosis. However, VAT had no effect on mortality, and VAT could not be used to evaluate patients with moderately severe to severe non-HLAP.
Usefulness of the 2-Devices-in-1-Channel Method in Case of Difficult Selective Biliary Cannulation Due to Parapapillary Diverticulum/Diverticular Papilla
Authors: Sakai Yuji , Tsuyuguchi Toshio , Sugiyama Harutoshi , Mikata Rintaro , Ohyama Hiroshi , Yasui Shin , Nakamura Masato , Takahashi Koji , Kumagai Junichjiro , Yamato Mutsumi , Kusakabe Yuko , Shingyoji Ayako , Iino Yotaro , Kato Naoya
Published: June 2018

Purpose:

To investigate whether the 2-devices-in-1-channel method is useful for selective biliary cannulation in patients with parapapillary diverticulum or intradiverticular papilla, where the papilla cannot be seen from the front.

Materials and Methods:

Biliary cannulation using the 2-devices-in-1-channel method was performed in 28 patients who presented difficulty due to parapapillary diverticulum or intradiverticular papilla. There were 15 men and 13 women whose mean age was 68.8 (58 to 88) years. There were 22 patients with common bile duct stones, 5 with pancreatic cancer, and 1 with gallbladder cancer.

Results:

Selective biliary cannulation was successful in all 28 patients. Common bile duct stones could be removed in all 22 patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy or endoscopic balloon dilation, and all 5 patients with pancreatic cancer as well as the patient with gallbladder cancer were successfully drained. There were no procedure-related complications.

Conclusions:

From these results, we consider the 2-devices-in-1-channel method is useful and safe to perform selective biliary cannulation when the papilla cannot be seen from the front due to parapapillary diverticulum, or intradiverticular papilla.
Ultrasound imaging for sarcopenia, spasticity and painful muscle syndromes
Authors: Özçakar Levent , Ata Ayşe Merve , Kaymak Bayram , Kara Murat , Kumbhare Dinesh
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review

On the basis of its various advantages and the relevant awareness of physicians, ultrasound imaging has overwhelmingly taken its place in the scientific arena. This is true both from the side of daily clinical applications and also from the side of research. Yet, ultrasound provides real-time (diagnostic) imaging and (interventional) guidance for a wide spectrum of muscle disorders. In this regard, this review aims to discuss the potential/actual utility of ultrasound imaging in particular muscle disorders, that is, sarcopenia, spasticity and fibromyalgia/myofascial pain syndrome.

Recent findings

Due to the aging population worldwide and the importance of functionality in the older population, mounting interest has been given to the diagnosis and management of sarcopenia in the recent literature. Likewise, several articles started to report that ultrasound imaging can be used conveniently and effectively in the early diagnosis and quantification of sarcopenia.

For spasticity, aside from ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections, intriguing attention has been paid to sonographic evaluation of muscle architecture, echogenicity and elasticity in the follow-up of these chronic conditions.

As regards painful muscle syndromes, quantitative ultrasound techniques have been shown to detect statistically significant differences between healthy controls and patients with myofascial pain syndrome.

Ultrasound imaging seems to be a promising tool that indisputably deserves further research in the management of a wide range of muscle disorders.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COSPC/A17.
Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: III. An interim analysis of the KETOCOMP study
Authors: Klement Rainer J. , Schäfert Gabriele , Sweeney Reinhart A.
Published: June 2018

Background

Ketogenic therapy (KT) in the form of ketogenic diets (KDs) and/or supplements that induce nutritional ketosis have gained interest as a complementary treatment for cancer patients. Besides putative anti-tumor effects, preclinical and preliminary clinical data indicate that KT could induce favorable changes in body composition of the tumor bearing host. Here we present first results of our ongoing KETOCOMP study (NCT02516501) study concerning body composition changes among rectal, breast and head & neck cancer (HNC) patients who underwent concurrent KT during standard-of-care radiotherapy (RT).

Methods

Eligible patients were assigned to one of three groups: (i) a standard diet group; (ii) a ketogenic breakfast group taking 50-250 ml of a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) drink plus 10 g essential amino acids in the morning of RT days; (iii) a complete KD group supplemented with 10 g essential amino acids on RT days. Body composition was to be measured prior to and weekly during RT using 8-electrode bioimpedance analysis. Longitudinal data were analyzed using mixed effects linear regression.

Results

A total of 17 patients underwent KT during RT thus far (rectal cancer: n=6; HNC: n=6; breast cancer: n=5). All patients consuming a KD (n=14) reached nutritional ketosis and finished the study protocol with only minor problems reported. Compared to control subjects, the ketogenic intervention in rectal and breast cancer patients was significantly associated with a decline in fat mass over time (−0.3 and −0.5 kg/week, respectively), with no significant changes in skeletal muscle mass. In HNC patients, concurrent chemotherapy was the strongest predictor of body weight, fat free and skeletal muscle mass decline during radiotherapy, while KT showed significant opposite associations. Rectal cancer patients who underwent KT during neoadjuvant RT had significantly better tumor response at the time of surgery as assessed by the Dworak regression grade (median 3 versus 2, p=0.04483).

Conclusions

While sample sizes are still small our results already indicate some significant favorable effects of KT on body composition. These as well as a putative radiosensitizing effect on rectal tumor cells need to be confirmed once the final analysis of our study becomes possible.
Getting more from heterogeneous HIV-1 surveillance data in a high immigration country: estimation of incidence and undiagnosed population size using multiple biomarkers
Authors: Giardina Federica , Romero-Severson Ethan , Axelsson Maria , Svedhem Veronica , Leitner Thomas , Britton Tom , Albert Jan
Published: June 2018

Background

Most HIV infections originate from individuals who are undiagnosed and unaware of their infection. Estimation of this quantity from surveillance data is hard because there is incomplete knowledge abouti)the time between infection and diagnosis (TI) for the general population andii)the time between immigration and diagnosis for foreign-born persons.

Development

We developed a new statistical method for estimating the number of undiagnosed people living with HIV (PLHIV) and the incidence of HIV-1 based on dynamic modeling of heterogenous HIV-1 surveillance data. We formulated a Bayesian non-linear mixed effects model using multiple biomarkers to estimate TI accounting for biomarker correlation and individual heterogeneities. We explicitly model the probability that an HIV-1 infected foreign-born person was infected either before or after immigration to distinguish between endogenous and exogeneous incidence. The incidence estimator allows for direct calculation of the number of undiagnosed persons.

Application

The model was applied to surveillance data in Sweden. The dynamic biomarker model was trained on longitudinal data from 31 treatment-naïve patients with well-defined TI, using CD4 counts, BED serology, polymorphisms in HIV-1polsequences, and testing history. The multiple-biomarker model was more accurate than single biomarkers (mean absolute error 1.01 vs ≥ 1.95). We estimate that 813 (95% CI 780-862) PLHIV were undiagnosed in 2015, representing a proportion of 10.8% (95% CI 10.4-11.3%) of all PLHIV.

Conclusions

The proposed methodology will enhance the utility of standard surveillance data streams and will be useful to monitor progress towards and compliance with the 90-90-90 UNAIDS target.

Key messages

Combined heterogeneous HIV-1 surveillance data and biomarker data can be used to estimate both local incidence and the number of undiagnosed people living with HIV.

Explicit modeling of the dynamics, heterogeneity, and correlation of multiple biomarkers over time improved estimation of time between infection and diagnosis.

Explicit modeling of the probability that foreign-born persons were infected before or after immigration improves accuracy of estimates of endogenous incidence and undiagnosed persons living with HIV.

The endogenous incidence of HIV-1 in Sweden is declining, despite continued immigration of HIV-1 infected persons.

The proportion of undiagnosed PLHIV decreased over 2010-2015 and was estimated to be 10.8% (95% CI, 10.4-11.3%) in 2015.
Joint inference of species histories and gene flow
Authors: Müller Nicola F. , Ogilvie Huw A. , Zhang Chi , Fontaine Michael C. , Amaya-Romero Jorge E. , Drummond Alexei J. , Stadler Tanja
Published: June 2018

When populations become isolated, members of these populations can diverge genetically over time. This leads to genetic differences between these populations that increase over time if the isolation persists. This process can be counteracted by gene flow, i.e. when genes are exchanged between populations. In order to study the speciation processes when gene flow is present, isolation-with-migration methods have been developed. These methods typically assume that the ranked topology of the species history is already known. However, this is often not the case and the species tree is therefore of interest itself. For the inference of species trees, it is in turn often necessary to assume that there is no gene flow between co-existing species. This assumption, however, can lead to wrongly inferred speciation times and species tree topologies. We here introduce a new method that allows inference of the species tree while explicitly modelling the flow of genes between coexisting species. By using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling, we co-infer the species tree alongside evolutionary parameters of interest. By using simulations, we show that our newly introduced approach is able to reliably infer the species trees and parameters of the isolation-with-migration model from genetic sequence data. We then use this approach to infer the species history of the mosquitoes from theAnopheles gambiaespecies complex. Accounting for gene flow when inferring the species history suggests a slightly different speciation order and gene flow than previously suggested.
Game theory of vaccination and depopulation for managing avian influenza on poultry farms
Authors: Delabouglise Alexis , Boni Maciej F
Published: June 2018

Highly pathogenic avian influenza is endemic in domestic poultry populations in East and South Asia and is a major threat to human health, animal health, and the poultry production industry. The behavioral response of farmers to the disease and its epidemiological effects are still poorly understood. We considered a symmetric game in a region with widespread smallholder poultry production, where the players are broiler poultry farmers and between-farm disease transmission is both environmental (local) and mediated by the trade of infected birds. Three types of farmer behaviors were modelled: vaccination, depopulation, and cessation of poultry farming. We found that the transmission level of avian influenza through trade networks had strong qualitative effects on the system’s epidemiological-economic equilibria. In the case of low trade-based transmission, when the monetary cost of infection is sufficiently high, depopulation behavior persists and maintains a disease-free equilibrium. In the case of high trade-based transmission, depopulation behavior has perverse epidemiological effects - as it accelerates the spread of disease via poultry traders - but has a high enough payoff to farmers that it persists at the system’s game theoretic equilibrium. In this situation, state interventions should focus on making effective vaccination technologies available at a low price rather than penalizing infected farms. Our results emphasize the need in endemic countries to further investigate the commercial circuits through which birds from infected farms are traded.
MobiSeq: De Novo SNP discovery in model and non-model species through sequencing the flanking region of transposable elements
Authors: Rey-Iglesia Alba , Gopalakrishan Shyam , Carøe Christian , Alquezar-Planas David E. , Nielsen Anne Ahlmann , Röder Timo , Pedersen Lene Bruhn , Næsborg-Nielsen Christina , Sinding Mikkel-Holger S. , Rath Martin Fredensborf , Li Zhipeng , Petersen Bent , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Bunce Michael , Mourier Tobias , Hansen Anders Johannes
Published: June 2018

In recent years, the availability of reduced representation library (RRL) methods has catalysed an expansion of genome-scale studies to characterize both model and non-model organisms. Most of these methods rely on the use of restriction enzymes to obtain DNA sequences at a genome-wide level. These approaches have been widely used to sequence thousands of markers across individuals for many organisms at a reasonable cost, revolutionizing the field of population genomics. However, there are still some limitations associated with these methods, in particular, the high molecular weight DNA required as starting material, the reduced number of common loci among investigated samples, and the short length of the sequenced site-associated DNA. Here, we present MobiSeq, a RRL protocol exploiting simple laboratory techniques, that generates genomic data based on PCR targeted-enrichment of transposable elements and the sequencing of the associated flanking region. We validate its performance across 103 DNA extracts derived from three mammalian species: grey wolf (Canis lupus), red deer complex (Cervus sp.), and brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). MobiSeq enables the sequencing of hundreds of thousands loci across the genome, and performs SNP discovery with relatively low rates of clonality. Given the ease and flexibility of MobiSeq protocol, the method has the potential to be implemented for marker discovery and population genomics across a wide range of organisms – enabling the exploration of diverse evolutionary and conservation questions.
Dietary protein and nutritional supplements in conventional hemodialysis
Authors: Sabatino Alice , Piotti Giovanni , Cosola Carmela , Gandolfini Ilaria , Kooman Jeroen P. , Fiaccadori Enrico
Published: June 2018

Protein energy wasting (PEW) is a condition commonly occurring among patients with ESRD on hemodialysis. PEW is characterized by depletion of protein and energy stores and is caused by multiple factors related to chronic kidney disease, acute and chronic comorbidities and by renal replacement therapy itself. Anorexia is central in the pathogenesis of PEW; it is frequently observed in these patients whose protein and energy intakes are typically lower than guidelines recommendations. If untreated, PEW invariably leads to major complications, and may activate a vicious circle with further worsening of nutritional status. Dietary counseling and nutritional status monitoring play a key role in the prevention and treatment of PEW, since they allow an early identification of high risk patients, as well as the assessment of the response to nutritional intervention. Different nutritional approaches can be implemented following thorough nutritional counseling. These are chosen on the basis of patients’ spontaneous dietary intake, severity of PEW and acute comorbidities. Initially, regular encounters with the dietitian allow patients to clarify doubts and strengthen basic concepts on nutrition to improve dietary intake and prevent PEW. When PEW is present or the patient is at high risk, the clinician may opt for the administration of oral intradialytic or daily supplements, aiming at increasing energy and protein intake, while in selected cases intradialytic parenteral nutrition may be used. This review addresses the main issues of nutritional status in ESRD patients on hemodialysis—its evaluation and monitoring, as well as at describing the available nutritional interventions.
Four-Input One-Output Voltage-Mode Universal Filter Using Simple OTAs
Authors: Kumngern Montree , Suksaibul Pichai , Khateb Fabian
Published: June 2018

This paper presents a new electronically tunable voltage-mode universal filter with four-input one-output employing six simple operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs), two grounded capacitors and two MOS resistors. The use of grounded passive components is beneficial for integrated circuit implementation. The proposed filter can realize low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-stop and all-pass filtering functions without active and passive component-matching conditions and inverting-type input signals requirements. The natural frequency and quality factor can be tuned independently and electronically by adjusting the bias currents. The voltage-mode filter offers the features of high-input impedance and low active and passive sensitivities. The characteristics of the proposed universal filter are verified using PSPICE simulators through 0.35[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS process. Experimental results are used to confirm the workability of proposed circuit through LM13600 commercially available OTAs. Also a digitally programmable filter is shown to confirm the advantage of multiple-input universal filter.
Finsler geometry as a model for relativistic gravity
Authors: Lämmerzahl Claus , Perlick Volker
Published: June 2018

We give an overview on the status and on the perspectives of Finsler gravity, beginning with a discussion of various motivations for considering a Finslerian modification of General Relativity. The subjects covered include Finslerian versions of Maxwell’s equations, of the Klein–Gordon equation and of the Dirac equation, and several experimental tests of Finsler gravity.
Encapsulation of Pd sub-nanoclusters in SiO2 nanospheres by a reverse microemulsion method
Authors: Ye Hongyang , Wang Jiasheng , Wang Wan-Hui , Bao Ming
Published: June 2018

Pd sub-nanoclusters (mean size 0.7[Formula: see text]nm) encapsulated in SiO2 nanospheres (mean size 37[Formula: see text]nm) with Pd@SiO2 core-shell configuration were synthesized using a reverse microemulsion method in a water/CTAB/n-butanol/cyclohexane system. The Pd sub-nanoclusters dispersed homogeneously throughout the SiO2 shell and the loading of Pd was as high as 4.03[Formula: see text]wt.%. The Pd sub-nanoclusters were successfully synthesized by controlling the nucleation and growth processes of Pd[Formula: see text]H2O precursor.
President Barack Obama’s response to the painfully familiar pattern of violence against African Americans
Authors: Stӑlniceanu Mӑdӑlina
Published: June 2018

This article examines President Obama’s public responses to three specific incidents that received national attention and sustained media coverage: the shooting of Trayvon Martin in February 2012 that was shortly followed by a series of tragic encounters between African Americans and police officers that made headlines during Obama’s second term; the shooting of Michael Brown in August 2014 that led to massive protests across the country; and the proliferation of racially motivated attacks such as the mass shooting at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, in June 2015. The article also analyses the policy-oriented or privately funded initiatives that President Obama has launched in response to these tragedies: My Brother’s Keeper, following the shooting of Trayvon Martin, and a plan to strengthen the relationship between police officers and the communities they serve following the incidents in Ferguson, Missouri, and the brutal response of the Ferguson Police Department.
Conflict then; trauma now: Reading Vietnam across the decades in American comics
Authors: Earle Harriet
Published: June 2018

This article will consider the shift in representations of the Vietnam War in American comics, concentrating specifically on the shift from gung-ho violence and patriotism to nuanced personal narratives of trauma and the psychological impact of conflict. I will compare and contrast three comics series: The ‘Nam, a Marvel series that ran from 1986 to 1993; The Punisher Invades the ‘Nam, a cross-over series that comprises two arcs over five issues in 1990 and 1992; and Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson’s The Punisher: Born ([2003] 2007), an origin story that positions trauma as a survival tool within theatre. Vietnam as a conflict event and a cultural touchstone has affected the way we view violence in the twenty-first century. I discuss how comics has measured and represented the shift in positioning of violence and conflict from earlier wars through Vietnam to the present day. I close by asking to what extent our tools and tropes for representation of violence have changed and ask if there remain some last strands of continuity from pre-Vietnam violence texts.
Counteraction to Crimes of a Sexual Nature against Minors in the Republic of Kazakhstan: International Practice and National Peculiarities
Authors: SHAIMERDENOV SorinBolat Erkenovich
Published: June 2018

The criminological and criminal law counteraction to criminal offences of a sexual nature against minors are studied in this article. The aim of the article is to analyze the methods of preventing crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors, and to study the legal norms on the crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors contained in the national criminal legislation of Kazakhstan and in the legislation of a number of foreign countries. The international organizational and legal experience of protecting minors from sexual assault, the norms of the criminal legislation of Kazakhstan and the legislation of a number of foreign countries on crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors are studied herein; the conclusions and recommendations for the further improvement of the preventive measures and the criminal legal protection of minors from encroachments on their sexual inviolability are formulated. Based on the study of the research materials on criminology and the experience of foreign countries in the field of counteracting crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors, the methods of eliminating the causes and conditions for criminal acts of the category in question are suggested, the proposals for further improvement of the criminal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of protection of minors from sexual assault are formulated by the author. In particular, the necessity of formulation of a number of independent norms on crimes of a sexual nature against minors, taking into account the age characteristics of victims, and also the necessity to increase the criminal liability for incest with the participation of a minor is substantiated. The main provisions and conclusions of this article can be used in scientific and pedagogical activities when considering the issues of crime prevention and the comparative characteristics of the norms on crimes against the sexual inviolability of minors in Kazakhstan and foreign countries, as well as in the course of subsequent reforming of the criminal legislation norms in the field of sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of the person.
Structural design and wear properties of TIG arc brazing tin-based babbit to mild steel
Authors: Zhou F.M. , Zhang Q.Y. , Shi M.X. , Li H. , Guo J.W.
Published: June 2018

The tin-based babbit with different layer thickness was bonded to mild steel via TIG arc brazing. The microstructure, microhardness, wear properties and phase formation mechanism near the interface of the arc brazed layer were investigated by the optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high temperature friction and wear testing machine (HTFWT), laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersion spectrum (EDS). It can be found that in the arc brazing seam region, the thinner layer made it possible to form larger size SbSn monotectic phase that connected together and some Fe-Sn IMCs were formed near the interface. So that when the layer thickness was 0.5 mm, the microhardness of arc brazing tin-based babbit layer was the largest and the antifriction property was the best. Moreover, on the brazing tin-based babbit interface, Fe elements were transited and diffused from mild steel into the brazing seam region. Element concentration of Fe was high near the steel interface and formed concentration gradient in the liquid metal layer, which was helpful to promote the metallurgical reaction. Phase constituents of the brazed joint interface were Fe, Fe3Sn, FeSn and FeSn2, formed in the metallurgy of Fe from mild steel and the Sn from tin-based babbit.
Crystal structure of 2-amino-4-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-3-cyano-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-4H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo-pyran, C18H16N4O6
Authors: Cui Li-Jing , Zhang Bin , Liu Chun-Yan , Bian Ming
Published: June 2018

C18H16N4O6, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 28.3976(19) Å, b = 10.5649(7) Å, c = 12.1155(10) Å, β = 97.662(7)°, V = 3602.4(5) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0470, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1247, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of 1,4-bis(2-azidoethyl)piperazine-1,4-diium dichloride, C8H18N8Cl2
Authors: Gao Fu Lei , Wang Ying Lei , Chen Bing , Liu Wei Xiao , Liu Ya Jing
Published: June 2018

C8H18N8Cl2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 6.5246(3) Å, b = 7.7090(4) Å, c = 13.9243(6) Å, β = 101.240(3)°, V = 686.93(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0320, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0878, T = 302(2) K.
The Short and Midterm Follow-Up of Transthoracic Device Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect in Adults
Authors: Lin Ze-wei , Chen Qiang , Cao Hua , Zhang Gui-can , Chen Liang-wan , Zhang Qi-liang , Hong Zhi-nuan
Published: June 2018

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the short- and mid-term follow-up results of transthoracic device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect (pmVSD) in adults.Methods: Sixty-one adults underwent transthoracic device closure of pmVSD at our institution from Jan. 2012 to Jan. 2016. All relevant clinical data were recorded and analyzed. All patients were invited to undergo contrast transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for 12 months to 60 months after VSD closure. Phone interviews were conducted to further evaluate the cardiac function status.Results: All patients were successfully occluded using this procedure. The most frequent complication was transient cardiac arrhythmia, which was easily treated during the perioperative period. During the follow-up period, we found no recurrence, malignant arrhythmia, thrombosis, device embolization, valve damage, device failure, or cases of death. The total occlusion rate was 100 percent in the 12 months of follow-up, and most of patients showed significant improvement in their clinical status. From the TTE data, the intracardiac structure and cardiac function were improved in the follow-up.Conclusion: Transthoracic device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect in adults is a safe and feasible technique. The short- and mid-term follow-up results were satisfactory, but long-term follow-up is required to better assess the safety and feasibility of this method in adults.
Delayed Presentation of Traumatic Pericardial Rupture: Diagnostic and Surgical Considerations for Treatment
Authors: Fiedler Amy G , Banka Puja , Zaleski Katherine , Fahey Michael C , Breitbart Roger E , Fynn-Thompson Francis
Published: June 2018

Traumatic pericardial rupture is a rare event with high mortality. We present the case of a 15-year-old boy who sustained thoracic and abdominal trauma secondary to motor vehicle collision, with a delayed diagnosis of traumatic pericardial rupture with cardiac herniation. Out of concern for torsion and hemodynamic collapse, surgical repair was advised. We have developed a novel surgical approach to this rare condition, utilizing a combination of thoracoscopic and open surgical techniques. The guiding principles of our repair include the utilization of fenestrated pieces of bovine pericardium to create a tension free repair, minimizing the likelihood of pericardial effusion, and returning the cardiac mass to normal anatomic position.
Гаражники: дым промежуточной техники и зеркала социологических концепций
Authors: Хаустов Дмитрий Сергеевич
Published: June 2018

Дмитрий Сергеевич Хаустов – кандидат экономических наук, доцент, кафедра «Финансы и бухгалтерский учет», ФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный университет путей сообщения». Адрес: 664074, Иркутск, ул. Чернышевского, д. 15. E-mail: dmitry.khaustov1982@mail.ru

Цитирование: Хаустов Д.С. (2018) Гаражники: дым промежуточной техники и зеркала социологических концепций // Мир России. Т. 27. № 3. С. 198–210. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-3-198-210

 

В последнее время в фокусе государственного, общественного и научного внимания оказались так называемые неформальная экономика и неформальная занятость. И если интерес государства объясняется фискальными соображениями, то широкая публика и научное сообщество пытаются ответить на вопрос «Какова Россия за пределами МКАД?». Один из возможных вариантов ответа дает монография С.С. Селеева и А.Б. Павлова «Гаражники», посвященная неформальным хозяйственным отношениям в гаражно-строительных кооперативах. Авторы книги проводили многочисленные полевые исследования гаражной экономики в ряде городов европейской части России, применяя по преимуществу методы социальной антропологии. В небольшой по объему книге А.Б. Павлова «Демон перемен» в публицистическом ключе рассмотрены проблемы неформализованного знания о том, как на самом деле функционируют низовые хозяйственные практики, демонстрирующие тенденцию к самодостаточности, к которым вплотную примыкает, сливаясь с ней, гаражная экономика. «Демон», вынесенный в заголовок, – это процесс воздействия государства на общество в попытке создать подходящую виртуальную социальную реальность, взаимодействовать с которой комфортнее, чем с гаражной экономикой.

В рецензии автор сфокусировал свое внимание на параллельном анализе концепций «гаражная экономика» и «промежуточная (подходящая) техника». Сделан вывод, что гаражная экономика является источником автохтонного аналога промежуточной техники Э. Шумахера. В целом можно сказать, что в российской экономике на протяжении достаточно продолжительного времени устойчиво функционирует ремесленно-промысловый уклад, примером которого является гаражная экономика.
Postcolonial Theory Meets the Portuguese-Speaking World: An Interview with Robert J. C. Young
Authors: Santos Emanuelle
Published: June 2018

In this interview Robert Young talks about both the current state of affairs and the future of postcolonial theory, while also addressing its potentiality and validity for understanding the diverse postcolonial realities of the Portuguese-speaking world.
A Conversation with Francisco Gomes de Matos About a Historical Milestone in the Teaching of Portuguese in the United States
Authors: Freitas de Luna José Marcelo
Published: June 2018

Francisco Gomes de Matos is considered one of the most productive Brazilian linguists. His involvement in the area of Portuguese as a Foreign Language, in particular, is recognized not only in Brazil but also in the United States.
Pessoa in an Intertextual Web: Influence and Innovation. Ed. David G. Frier. Oxford: Legenda, 2012.
Authors: Klobucka Anna
Published: June 2018

This collection of essays by ten contributors based mainly in the United Kingdom and Portugal extends the fruitful direction in pessoano scholarship that consists in exploring the writer’s intertextual connections, engagements, and repercussions, and which appears to be currently booming, as also evidenced, for example, by the just-published volume Fernando Pessoa’s Modernity without Frontiers: Influences, Dialogues and Responses, edited by Mariana Gray de Castro (Tamesis, 2013).
Mário de Andrade e Sérgio Buarque de Holanda: correspondência. Organização de Pedro Meira Monteiro. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras; Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros; Edusp, 2012.
Authors: Finazzi-Agrò Ettore
Published: June 2018

A questão prévia, diante dessa edição da correspondência entre Mário de Andrade e Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, é se a publicação das 31 cartas trocadas—algumas das quais não passam, aliás, de cartões postais—pode nos ajudar a entender melhor uma época e, no interior dela, o papel representado por dois dos mais importantes intelectuais que a habitaram e contribuíram para a tornar um ponto de virada na história cultural do Brasil.
Kenneth David Jackson. Adverse Genres in Fernando Pessoa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Authors: Vasconcelos Ricardo
Published: June 2018

In Adverse Genres in Fernando Pessoa, Kenneth David Jackson proposes a new understanding of Pessoa’s approach to literary genres. The study highlights the centrality of the figure of paradox in Pessoa’s works, which, as demonstrated, has also permeated the criticism of his texts. Jackson revisits influential conceptualizations of Pessoa and his heteronyms, such as Octavio Paz’s “the man who didn’t know himself,” Jorge de Sena’s “the man who never was,” or George Monteiro’s “empty labyrinth” of his inner-being.
Cousineau, Thomas J. An Unwritten Novel: Fernando Pessoa’s The Book of Disquiet. London: Dalkey Archive Press, 2013.
Authors: Beleza Fernando
Published: June 2018

Bernardo Soares’s remark that “anything and everything, depending on how one sees it, is a marvel or a hindrance, an all or nothing, a path or a problem” may serve to illustrate Thomas Cousineau’s critical move in his recent book An Unwritten Novel: Fernando Pessoa’s The Book of Disquiet. Without departing from major concerns and theoretical trends that have dominated much of pessoano scholarship around The Book of Disquiet since its first edition in 1982, Cousineau’s study nevertheless offers a significant change of perspective within this framework, and delivers what it promises: an Ariadne’s thread to orient the reader through Pessoa’s labyrinthine prose work.
Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de. Roots of Brazil. Trans. G. Harvey Summ. Ed. Daniel E. Colón. Foreword by Pedro Meira Monteiro. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012.
Authors: Newcomb Robert Patrick
Published: June 2018

Raízes do Brasil has been enormously influential in conditioning how Brazilians—and Brazilianists—understand the country. As Pedro Meira Monteiro observes in his Foreword, Raízes “is one of those works that shapes its readers’ imagination … serving as a mirror in which, while seeking their own image, Brazilian readers have also found their own attitudes and inclinations” (ix). Indeed, it is difficult to imagine discussions about Brazil and brasilidade without Buarque’s “cordial man,” his analysis of the country’s competing “work” and “adventure” ethics, or his melancholic observation that “we [Brazilians] remain exiles in our own land” (1).
SOSYAL BİLGİLER ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMINDA YER ALAN ARA DİSİPLİNLERE İLİŞKİN ÖĞRETMEN GÖRÜŞLERİ
Authors: Zayimoğlu Öztürk Filiz
Published: June 2018

Bu araştırmanın amacı,
ilköğretim 4.-5.-6.-7. sınıf Sosyal Bilgiler öğretim programında yer alan ara
disiplinlere yönelik sınıf öğretmenlerinin ve sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin
görüşlerini belirlemektir. Bu araştırma kapsamında ilköğretim okullarında
okutulan sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programında yer alan ara disiplinlerden
öğretmenlerin haberdar olma durumları ve araştırmaya katılan öğretmenlerin ara
disiplinlere derslerinde yer verme durumları ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.
Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Ordu ilinde bulunan ilkokulların 4. sınıflarında
görev yapan 4 sınıf öğretmeni ve ortaokulların 5.-6. ve 7. sınıflarında görev
yapan 8 sosyal bilgiler öğretmeninden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma
desenlerinden biri olan olgubilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Veriler gönüllülük
esasına dayanarak görüşme formları aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Daha sonra elde
edilen veriler fenomonolojik analiz ile çözümlenmiştir. Ara disiplin
uygulamalarının yapısını ve özünü ortaya koymak için görüşme formlarıyla
toplanan araştırma verileri her soru başlığı altında tüm katılımcıların
görüşleri dijital ortama aktarılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre
öğretmenlerin ara disiplinler konusunda sınırlı bilgiye sahip olduğu sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır. Öğretmenler programın yoğun olması, sınav odaklı çalışma, zaman kaygısı
ve sınıfların kalabalık olması gibi sebeplerden dolayı ara disiplinlere
derslerinde çok fazla yer veremediklerini belirtmişlerdir. Öğretmenlerin tamamı
ara disiplinlerin önemli ve gerekli olduğunu düşünmektedir; öğretim programı
hafifletilirse, süre sıkıntısı ortadan kaldırılırsa ve ara disiplinler
konusunda gerekli bilgilendirmeler yapılırsa, derslerinde ara disiplinleri işe
koşabileceklerini belirtmişlerdir.
MESLEK LİSESİ ÖĞRETMEN VE ÖĞRENCİLERİNE GÖRE OKUL: BİR METAFOR ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: Atalay Mazlum Ayşegül , Balcı Ali
Published: June 2018

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı meslek
liselerindeki öğrenci ve öğretmenlerin okul kavramına ilişkin mevcut imgelerini
açığa çıkarmaktır. Bu amaçla meslek lisesinde öğrenim gören öğrenci ve bu okul
türünde görev yapan öğretmenlere ulaşılmış ve meslek lisesine yönelik ürettikleri
kavramlar çözümlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin okuldaki ilk yılı ve son sınıftaki algılarında
bir değişiklik olup olmadığını anlamak için ise dokuz ve 12.sınıftaki
öğrencilerin görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Buna göre öğrencilerin ilk ve son
yıllarında okula dair metaforik algılarında önemli bir değişiklik gözlenmezken
ortaya çıkan imgeler çoğunlukla hapishane-cezaevi, kahvehane, arena ve hayvanat
bahçesi şeklindedir. Öğrencilerin meslek lisesine yönelik metaforik algılarının
genel olarak olumsuz yönde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Görüşleri alınan öğretmenlerden
ise kıdemi 1-5 yıl aralığında olanlar olumlu metaforlar üretirken 5 ve üzeri
olanlar okullarına dair daha olumsuz kavramlar ortaya koymuşlardır.
OKUL PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLARININ PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMA VE REHBERLİK HİZMETLERİNİN YÜRÜTÜLMESİNDE KARŞILAŞTIKLARI GÜÇLÜKLER
Authors: Parmaksız İzzet , Gök Ayşe
Published: June 2018

Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik çağdaş eğitimin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır
ve bu nedenle okul, bu hizmeti örgütlemek zorundadır. Öğrenciler eğitim
gördükleri okullarında güvendiği birine derdini anlatarak, problemleri ilgili
yeni bilgiler edinir ve soruna yeni bir açıdan bakabilirler. Böylece problemin
görünmeyen yönlerini daha iyi görmeye başlayabilir. Okullarda çalışan meslek
elemanlarının çok çeşitli sebeplerden kaynaklanan sıkıntıları vardır.. Bu
çalışma okul psikolojik danışmanlarının karşılaştığı güçlükleri belirlemek
amacıyla meslek elemanları ile yapılan görüşmeler sonucu alınan cevaplara göre
hazırlanmış nitel bir çalışmadır. Çalışma grubu Malatya ilinde bulunan 74 adet
okul psikolojik danışmanından oluşmaktadır. Güçlükleri belirlemek için “Okul
Psikolojik Danışmanlarının Karşılaştığı Güçlüklere İlişkin Görüşme Formu” ve
“Kişisel Bilgi Formu” kullanılmıştır. Tablolardaki frekans dağılım
ortalamalarına göre en çok güçlük kişilerle işbirliği ile ilgilidir. İkinci güçlük
alanı denetim yapanlarla ilgilidir. En az güçlük ise hizmetlerin yürütülmesiyle
ilgili olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen verilerle psikolojik
danışmanların yaşadıkları problemlere yönelik çözümler geliştirilebilir.
HOW CAN BLOGGING SUPPORT CRITICAL REFLECTIVITY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION?
Authors: Korkmazgil Sibel
Published: June 2018

This study was based on a belief grounded in the
literature that more authentic reflective approaches should be implemented in
order to encourage teachers to engage in many-way conversations with and within
themselves, and that blogs as a transformational technology for teaching and
learning can facilitate critical thinking and knowledge construction through
interaction and collaboration with others with a shared interest. Thus, this
12-week-long case study seeks to examine whether the use of blogs as support
for reflective practice in a Practicum course could enhance the level of
critical reflection that the pre-service English language teachers were
involved in. Data collection consisted of archival records of pre-service
teachers’ reflective blog posts and comments, pre- and post-study interviews
with pre-service teachers and field notes taken by the researcher. The results
of this study indicate that blogging supports the pre-service teachers’
reflectivity positively. All of the pre-service teachers are found to be
reflective to a certain extent in their blog postings. However, there are
differences in the degree of reflection they are engaged in. These results
reveal specific evidence that contribute to our understanding of how blogging
might be incorporated as to support for reflective practice in teacher
education programs.