bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tolerating Threat? The Independent Effects of Civil Conflict on Domestic Political Tolerance
Authors: Hutchison Marc L.
Published: March 2013

Research on civil conflict focuses primarily on identifying underlying and proximate causes while leaving many questions of subsequent social consequences unanswered. Few studies have systematically examined how these conflicts affect public opinion, especially tolerance attitudes. Additionally, cross-national comparisons reveal significant differences in political tolerance levels but few explanations accounting for this variation. In this study, I bring together these disparate literatures and demonstrate the negative, independent effects of civil conflict on political tolerance levels across thirty-two countries. Examining data from the 1995–97 World Values Survey using several statistical techniques to ameliorate problems with endogeneity and multilevel data, I find that civil conflict dampens the public’s willingness to extend basic civil liberties to nonconformist groups. By assessing the extent of domestic intolerance generated by various forms of civil conflict, this study makes important contributions to existing literatures and, more importantly, identify another obstacle to sustained peace in postconflict societies.
Autonomy in Family Decision Making for Chinese Adolescents
Authors: Chen Beiwen , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Beyers Wim , Soenens Bart , Van Petegem Stijn
Published: March 2013

The present study focused on the function of autonomy for individuals from a collectivistic culture, thereby differentiating between two prevailing conceptualizations of autonomy—namely, autonomy as independence and autonomy as self-endorsed functioning. Participants were 573 Chinese adolescents from both urban and rural regions. Autonomy as independence (versus dependence) was operationalized as the degree of independent decision making within the family, whereas autonomy as self-endorsed (versus controlled) functioning was operationalized in terms of the degree of self-endorsement reflected in motives underlying both independent and dependent decision making. Basic psychological need satisfaction was examined as an explanatory mechanism (i.e., mediator) of the association between autonomy and well-being. Results showed that relatively more self-endorsed motives for both independent and dependent decision making yielded a unique positive relation with psychological well-being, with psychological need satisfaction playing an intervening role in these associations. In contrast, the degree of independent decision making as such did not yield any significant relations with well-being or need satisfaction. Moreover, individual differences in collectivistic cultural orientation did not moderate any of the above associations. Discussion focuses on the distinction between the two viewpoints of autonomy and their meaning for Chinese adolescents.
Making Men Out of Boys? Ethnic Differences in Juvenile Violent Offending and the Role of Gender Role Orientations
Authors: Lahlah Esmah , Van der Knaap Leontien M. , Bogaerts Stefan , Lens Kim M. E.
Published: March 2013

This study examines the association of gender role orientations to juvenile violent offending in a sample of nearly 500 Dutch and Moroccan-Dutch adolescent boys. While results from this study support the hypothesis that an ethnic minority background is associated with higher prevalence rates in serious violent offending, direct examination of the effects of ethnicity on serious violent offending demonstrated the influential role of gender role orientations in the prevalence rates of serious violent offending. Specifically, lower class boys and Moroccan-Dutch boys reported more conventional gender role attitudes than their counterparts. The results highlight the importance of considering the need to provide positive male role models who provide concrete information about how to behave, as source of support and guidance, but also to provide concrete information to boys regarding what is possible for them as members of specific social groups. The psychosocial need for affirmation, convention, and support may be an important consideration in addressing violent offending.
Organo-Selenium-containing Dental Sealant Inhibits Bacterial Biofilm
Authors: Tran P. , Hamood A. , Mosley T. , Gray T. , Jarvis C. , Webster D. , Amaechi B. , Enos T. , Reid T.
Published: March 2013

Oral bacteria, including S treptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius, contribute to tooth decay and plaque formation; therefore, it is essential to develop strategies to prevent dental caries and plaque formation. We recently showed that organo-selenium compounds covalently attached to different biomaterials inhibited bacterial biofilms. Our current study investigates the efficacy of an organo-selenium dental sealant (SeLECT-DefenseTM sealant) in inhibiting S. mutans and S. salivarius biofilm formation in vitro. The organo-selenium was synthesized and covalently attached to dental sealant material via standard polymer chemistry. By colony-forming unit (CFU) assay and confocal microscopy, SeLECT-DefenseTM sealant was found to completely inhibit the development of S. mutans and S. salivarius biofilms. To assess the durability of the anti-biofilm effect, we soaked the SeLECT-DefenseTM sealant in PBS for 2 mos at 37°C and found that the biofilm-inhibitory effect was not diminished after soaking. To determine if organo-selenium inhibits bacterial growth under the sealant, we placed SeLECT-Defense sealant over a lawn of S. mutans. In contrast to a control sealant, SeLECT-DefenseTM sealant completely inhibited the growth of S. mutans. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of SeLECT-DefenseTM sealant against S. mutans and S. salivarius biofilms is very effective and durable.
Patterns of Internet Use and Risk of Online Victimization for Youth With and Without Disabilities
Authors: Wells Melissa , Mitchell Kimberly J.
Published: March 2013

Findings from a nationally representative telephone survey of 1,560 young Internet users revealed youth receiving special education services in schools were more likely to report receiving an online interpersonal victimization in the past year, even after adjusting for other explanatory factors. These findings suggest that special education staff and other professionals should assess students for risk of online victimization.
Studies on waterjet impact forces in the hydroentanglement process
Authors: Moyo Doice , Anandjiwala Rajesh D
Published: March 2013

In the hydroentanglement process, high velocity multiple waterjets are generated through the nozzles before impinging on the hydroentangling belt or fibre-web and exert an impact force. In this study, a technique to measure important characteristics of the waterjets, namely, the coefficient of velocity, Cv, and coefficient of discharge, Cd, is proposed. The technique offers a simple and practical method to determine the energy transfer efficiency from the manifold to the waterjets. The measured Cv and Cd values were observed to decrease with an increase in waterjet pressure, which implied higher energy losses at higher waterjet pressures. These results were then used in the next experiment to measure the waterjet impact force. The waterjet impact force was measured using a Tensiometer-R2000 fixed on a vibration-free stand at different waterjet pressures, varied from 30 to 120 bar. It was observed that the waterjet impact forces were equal across the width of the machine at a given pressure, but increased proportionally with the increase in the waterjet pressure. When the empirical relation was fitted between experimental and theoretical values of waterjet impact force, it was found that theoretical values were overestimated.
Prediction of bending rigidity for laminated weft knitted fabric with adhesive interlining
Authors: Kim KyoungOk , Inui Shigeru , Takatera Masayuki
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this study is to predict bending rigidity of laminated weft knitted fabric using three prediction methods and to determine their suitability for predicting. The methods are as follows: Method 1: the laminate theory using bending rigidities and thicknesses of components, Method 2: an equation derived from the laminate theory taken into account the tensile and in-plane compressive moduli of components, Method 3: an equation in consideration of the position of the neutral axis in bending on a face fabric. Six weft knitted fabrics and ten adhesive interlinings, sixty laminated composites with those combinations were used. Tensile properties and bending rigidities, thicknesses of samples were measured. The other necessary parameters for the prediction were obtained by additional experiments and calculation. It was found that the results by Method 3 showed the closest agreements with experimental ones. It is due to the relative positions of the neutral axes for all knitted fabric samples are not in the centroid. It became clear that the position must be taken into account for calculating bending rigidities of laminated knitted fabric with adhesive interlining.
Effects of fit on pressure distribution and momentum of ballistic body armor vest in jump
Authors: Lee Heeran , Hong Kyung Hi , Kim Soyoung , Lee Yejin
Published: March 2013

The current military ballistic vest, with its ceramic plates, weighs over 8 kg, and there is a gap between the body and clothing owing to the flat shape of the military ballistic vest. Moreover, since the weight is concentrated on the shoulders, it is likely to exacerbate musculoskeletal pains and fatigue. Although reducing the weight of the military ballistic vest is very important for military operations, it is difficult to decrease the weight because the selection of materials and textiles is limited to protecting the wearer against ballistic hazards. Therefore, this study proposes ways to distribute the weight of a ballistic vest more uniformly using three-dimensional (3D) technology, so that comfort is maximized under identical weight conditions. The impact from the military ballistic vest and its vector magnitude, depending on the fit of the military ballistic vest during jumping, were also analyzed. For the experiment, 3D-scanned body data of average Korean males were used to design a military ballistic vest that is well fitted to a real human body. A wear test was also performed to investigate how effectively a fitted military ballistic vest is able to evenly distribute the weight compared to a loosely fitted military ballistic vest. In addition, the pressure sensation of the wearer was analyzed to investigate the overall performance of developed military ballistic vests.
Cationic derivative of electrospun non-woven cellulose-chitosan composite fabrics for immobilization of aminoacylase-I
Authors: Devarayan Kesavan , Miyamoto Masahiro , Hachisu Masakazu , Araki Jun , Periasamy Viswanathamurthi , Ohkawa Kousaku
Published: March 2013

The chemical modification of cellulose (Cs)-chitosan (Ch)-electrospun non-woven (ESNW) composite fabrics is described. Since the as-spun Cs/Ch-composite ESNW (Cs : Ch = 4 : 6) deforms in water, an insolublilization procedure using an alkaline-ethanol solution was developed to extend the applications in an aqueous environment. The fine fiber surface was modified with bifunctional isocyanate in order to introduce the -NCO groups on the ESNW surfaces. The -NCO groups were condensed with N, N-(diethyl)ethylene diamine to generate a cationic diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-ESNW. An enzyme, aminoacylase-I, was immobilized onto the cationic matrix under mild conditions. The immobilized enzyme was subjected to the stereo-specific recognition of Nα-acetyl-methionines. The results suggest that the chemically modified Cs/Ch-ESNW is a useful support matrix for biological catalysts.
Thermal comfort properties of Viloft/cotton and Viloft/polyester blended knitted fabrics
Authors: Demiryürek Oğuz , Uysaltürk Derya
Published: March 2013

Viloft is a special regenerated cellulosic fiber with a flat cross-section and crenulated surface that maintains air gaps in the yarns that help to improve the thermal properties of the fabrics. This fiber is mainly used for underwear, socks and sportswear fabrics and blends of Viloft with polyester or cotton are commonly preferred in the market. In this study, thermal-related characteristics, such as the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal absorptivity, thermal resistance, moisture and air permeability, of Viloft/cotton and Viloft/polyester blended knitted fabrics were investigated. For this purpose, 100%–0%, 67%–33%, 50%–50%, 33%–67% and 0%–100% blends of Viloft/cotton and Viloft/polyester slivers were produced and spun as 19.7 tex on a ring spinning system. In addition, single-jersey and 1 × 1 rib fabrics were produced and the comfort properties of these fabrics were measured using the Alambeta, sweating guarded hotplate, Permetest and air permeability testing devices. A simplex lattice design for the blended fabric properties was also developed and statistical analyses were carried out. According to the results, Viloft-rich blends, in general, improved the thermal properties of the fabrics. However, the relative water vapor permeability of Viloft/polyester blended fabrics was found not to be significant and only small significances were present for cotton blended ones, statistically.
Reducing the pilling propensity of wool knits with a three-step plasma treatment
Authors: Wan Ailan , Dai Xiujuan J. , Magniez Kevin , Plessis Johan du , Yu Weidong , Wang Xungai
Published: March 2013

A three-step plasma treatment, including surface activation with argon, surface functionalization with oxygen and then thin film deposition using a pulsed plasma polymerization of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), was used in low-pressure plasma to improve the pilling resistance of knitted wool fabric. The pilling propensity of the treated samples was investigated and compared with the pilling propensity of untreated, argon activated and oxygen functionized samples and argon and oxygen plasma-treated samples that were afterwards subject to continuous wave plasma polymerization of HMDSO. With the three-step treatment, a pilling grade of four was achieved for the treated wool fabric, while that of untreated and other plasma-treated was two and three, respectively. For the three-step plasma-treated sample, a uniform HMDSO polymer coating of 300 nm thickness was obtained; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the presence of the silicone element, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the chemical structure of the coating. No apparent differences were found in the whiteness index between the treated and untreated wool knits, but there was deterioration in the bursting strength and handle of the plasma-treated wool samples.
Zinc oxide application in the textile industry: surface tailoring and water barrier attributes as parameters with direct implication in comfort performance
Authors: Rimbu Cristina , Vrinceanu Narcisa , Broasca Gianina , Farima Daniela , Ciocoiu Mihai , Campagne Cristine , Suchea Mirela Petruta , Nistor Alexandra
Published: March 2013

The present study focuses on surface tailoring and water barrier attributes of zinc oxide (ZnO)-polyester composite textile materials. The surface properties, such as surface topography and roughness, composite compositions as well as thermal stability of ZnO-100% polyester textile composite materials treated through a padding process with different concentrations of ZnO dispersions as active agent in water and methanol were studied. The results show that 3% ZnO-textile composite material have enhanced water barrier properties compared with the other compositions; a fact which promises improved properties in terms of comfort. ZnO modification of polyester surfaces leads to a dramatic decrease in their thermal stability.
Influence of the calender temperature on the crystallization behaviors of polylactide spun-bonded non-woven fabrics
Authors: Puchalski Michał , Krucińska Izabella , Sulak Konrad , Chrzanowski Michał , Wrzosek Henryk
Published: March 2013

In this paper the influence of calender temperature on the crystallization behavior of polylactide (PLA) non-woven fabrics during their manufacturing by the spun-bonding technique is described. Non-woven samples were studied by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and birefringence. In addition, physical–mechanical properties of the non-woven fabrics were determined. The results are discussed in terms of structural changes of PLA and meso-phase content during the calendering process in the temperature range 70–130℃. The rebuilding of the supermolecular structure of the investigated samples of PLA fabrics under the influence of increasing calender temperature is observed in terms of the disorder-to-order phase transition (ά to α form) during heating around 110℃, and increased degree of crystallinity up to 100℃. The presented structural rebuild of PLA explains observed changes of physical–mechanical properties of the non-woven fabrics obtained at different calendering temperatures. During calendering above 100℃, thermal degradation of PLA occurs at the point of contact between the non-woven fabrics and the calender rollers.
Potential of visible and near infrared spectroscopy in the determination of instrumental leaf grade in lint cottons
Authors: Liu Yongliang , Foulk Jonn
Published: March 2013

Existence of non-lint materials (or botanic trash) within commercial cotton bales degrades their market value, requires a further cleaning process, and compromises finished product quality. To meet the challenge of assessing the trash content, a number of approaches have been in practice. In the US, one term to assess the degree of trash amount is leaf grade, which was originally determined by qualified US Department of Agriculture’s AMS cotton classers via a visual inspection procedure. Recently, the AMS has revised the protocol for cotton leaf grade classification, by replacing the classer’s leaf determination with instrumental leaf measurement from cotton classification HVI™ system. In this study, visible/NIR spectra were acquired to explore the potential for the discrimination of cotton samples with various leaf grade categories. Seven-class classification models in different spectral regions were developed to optimize the identification efficiency. Results indicated that using the model in the 1105–1700 nm NIR region could reach an acceptable separation of ∼95.0%, with a 89.9% correct identification in validation set and a 100% success in calibration set. Furthermore, factors of influencing the correct classification were discussed briefly.
Progressive Nostalgia in Novel Living Arrangements: A Counterpoint to Neo-traditional New Urbanism?
Authors: Jarvis Helen , Bonnett Alastair
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the relationship between a desire to create novel living arrangements and yearning for a ‘better’ past. It is argued that a critical engagement with nostalgia can be used to open up issues of historical persistence and ambiguity. The paper draws on exploratory analysis carried out on examples of three emerging forms of residential space (the new urbanism, home zones and cohousing). The paper seeks to identify the contradictions and paradoxes that can be found in the material development of neo-traditional homes and communities. In contrast to dismissive or purely instrumental approaches, the analysis reveals the diverse and ambivalent ways in which nostalgia resides at the heart of belonging and attachment. In sum, the aim is both to expand the debate on novel living arrangements and to promote greater openness and honesty in acknowledging the role of attachments to the past in refiguring new forms of urban co-existence.
Jane Jacobs and the Cosmopolitan Metropolis
Authors: Teaford Jon C.
Published: March 2013

Since the death of Jane Jacobs in 2006 there has been a long list of tributes and retrospective evaluations of her work. This essay joins in the retrospection and questions the influence of Jacobs on actual metropolitan development as opposed to writing and talking about metropolitan development. The essay argues that most metropolitan residents have not shared Jacobs’s enthusiasm for diverse, dense, eyes-on-the-street, sidewalk-oriented residential life but instead have gravitated to suburbs, high-rise condominiums, or bland gentrified neighborhoods. Residents have preferred peace and tranquility over vitality and have zoned their lives, maintaining separate physical spheres for home, work, and amusement. The fascination of the great cosmopolitan metropolis is not the diversity and vitality that exists within each block and within walking distance of each residence. Instead, the greatness of the cosmopolitan metropolis is that it encompasses the full range of diverse zones of endeavor and life, all linked by modern means of transportation.
Battle of the Port
Authors: Foster Robin
Published: March 2013

The creation of the South Street Seaport Museum in 1967 represents a dynamic synthesis of urban development, civic memory, and the use of heritage in urban revitalization. The dominant narrative of midcentury urban renewal debates, which pits growth-oriented modernism against a street corner preservationism antagonistic to change, offers an incomplete analysis of the founding of South Street as a historic museum district. The Seaport plan imagined historic preservation and the use of civic memory as integral factors in the process of urban modernity, not as a resistance to it. Rather than simply rejecting urban development and the modernist architectural landscape that had come to dominate the tip of lower Manhattan, boosters of South Street, like Progressive Era preservationists before them, envisioned historic preservation as an integral part of the future cityscape. This article argues that South Street boosters were far more concerned with sustainability and building a new urban future than preservationists of this era are often credited. The emergence of the South Street Seaport Museum symbolizes the maturation of historic preservation in the 1960s and uncovers an allegiance to early twentieth-century Progressive conceptions of a new urbanism. Finally, this narrative exposes the common ground that Seaport boosters and urban development supporters shared regarding the use of heritage and collective memory as necessary elements in the city’s development.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Novel Treatment for Eating Disorders
Authors: Juarascio Adrienne , Shaw Jena , Forman Evan , Timko C. Alix , Herbert James , Butryn Meghan , Bunnell Douglas , Matteucci Alyssa , Lowe Michael
Published: March 2013

Eating disorders are among the most challenging disorders to treat, with even state-of-the-art cognitive-behavioral treatments achieving only modest success. One possible reason for the high rate of treatment failure for eating disorders is that existing treatments do not attend sufficiently to critical aspects of the disorder such as high experiential avoidance, poor experiential awareness, and lack of motivation. These variables are explicit targets of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The current study examined the efficacy of an ACT-based group treatment for eating disorders by examining whether the addition of ACT groups to treatment-as-usual (TAU) at a residential treatment facility for eating disorders would improve treatment outcomes. TAU patients received an intensive residential treatment, while ACT patients received these services but additionally attended, depending on diagnosis, either ACT for anorexia nervosa groups or ACT for bulimia nervosa groups. Although individuals in both treatment conditions demonstrated large decreases in eating pathology, there were trends toward larger decreases among those receiving ACT. ACT patients also showed lower rates of rehospitalization during the 6 months after discharge. Overall, results suggest that ACT is a viable treatment option for individuals with eating pathology and further outcome research is warranted.
Fatigue and Related Factors in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Singh Rupali , Kluding Patricia M.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the presence and severity of fatigue in people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), and Visual Analog Fatigue Scale (VAFS) were administered by anonymous survey of 37 individuals with and 33 individuals without diabetes to assess the presence of fatigue. Data on age, gender, weight, height, year of diagnosis, and number/type of complications were also collected. Nonparametric tests tested for differences in fatigue measures between the groups, and distribution characteristics of the FAS, FSS, and VAFS scores were examined. Spearman rank correlation coefficients examined the relationships between the variables.

Results

People with diabetes scored higher on all 3 fatigue assessment scales as compared to controls (FAS: 25.11 vs 19.94, P = .001; FSS: 4.30 vs 2.59, P = .000; VAFS: 4.64 vs 1.75, P = .000). Data were normally distributed for FSS in the group with diabetes and the group without diabetes, and scores of FAS, FSS, and VAFS showed no ceiling effects. A positive correlation was noted between fatigue measures and number of complications ( r = .482; P = .003).

Conclusions

Higher levels of fatigue were noted in people with type 2 diabetes as compared to healthy age-matched control; however, the cause and impact of these changes remain unclear. FSS is a recommended tool for measuring fatigue in this population. Further studies are needed to explore the contributing factors to fatigue in those with diabetes.
Race as a Factor for Intensification of Diabetes Medications
Authors: Bullock Katura C. , Edwards Krystal L. , Greene Ronald Shane , Shah Sachin R. , Blaszczyk Amie Taggart
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate if patients of nonwhite race are less likely to receive insulin therapy for treatment of poorly controlled diabetes than patients of white race.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of patients with an A1C >10%. The primary objective was to determine any difference in the initiation of insulin between white and nonwhite patients. Secondary outcomes measured the impact of clinic type and provider specialty on the initiation of insulin therapy. Exclusion criteria included those patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, those who were previously receiving insulin, and those without an outpatient clinic visit within 14 days of an A1C >10%.

Results

A total of 277 patients were included. Of these patients, 132 (47.7%) were white, followed by 95 (34.2%) black non-Hispanic patients and 30 (10.8%) Hispanic/Latino patients. No difference was found in receipt of insulin therapy for nonwhite patients as compared to white patients (12.5 vs 21.4, P = .117). Neither clinic type nor provider specialty impacted initiation of insulin therapy. No changes to medication regimen were made at 35% of clinic visits.

Conclusions

Failure to intensify diabetic medications was common in this outpatient setting. There were no disparities in the receipt of insulin therapy between white and nonwhite patients.
Shareholder Voting in Director Elections and Initial SOX Section 404 Reports
Authors: Ye Zhongxia (Shelly) , Hermanson Dana R. , Krishnan Jagan
Published: March 2013

A primary channel for shareholders to express their dissatisfaction with the board is by withholding their votes in director elections. This study examines the relation between shareholders’ voting in director elections and initial Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Section 404 reports on internal control. We find that the presence of material weaknesses is associated with shareholder voting, but the effect varies between manager directors and audit committee directors. In the manager sample, shareholders react negatively to the existence of material weaknesses by withholding votes. Additional analysis of companies with material weaknesses reveals greater shareholder dissatisfaction when the number of material weaknesses is higher but less dissatisfaction when the company provided early warning disclosure of internal control problems during the fiscal year. By contrast, audit committee directors are not penalized for material weaknesses, but instead these directors are penalized for accounting restatements. Overall, the results provide new insights into the effects of internal control strength and restatements on shareholder voting for directors, and can potentially motivate directors to be more proactive in ensuring the quality of internal controls and the reliability of financial reporting.
Plasma Arginine Levels and Blood Glucose Control in Very Preterm Infants Receiving 2 Different Parenteral Nutrition Regimens
Authors: Burgess Laura , Morgan Colin , Mayes Kelly , Tan Maw
Published: March 2013

Background: Improving parenteral nutrition (PN) amino acid (AA) intake in very preterm infants is associated with less hyperglycemia. AAs stimulate newborn insulin secretion with arginine, demonstrating a specific effect. We hypothesized that low arginine levels would be associated with increased insulin‐treated hyperglycemia and higher mean daily blood glucose levels in very preterm infants. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis on previous study data comparing high‐protein/calorie PN (HPC‐PN) and control groups in infants <29 weeks’ gestation. Infants were substratified (within original groups) according to high (highARG) and low (lowARG) plasma arginine levels on days 8–10 using a reference population‐derived threshold for high/low arginine (57 µmol/L). Daily protein, arginine, carbohydrate intake, mean daily blood glucose, and insulin treatment data from the first 15 days of life were collected. Results: Control group infants (n = 60) were stratified into lowARG (n = 41) and highARG (n = 19) groups. There were no differences in basic demographic data or carbohydrate intake. LowARG infants had higher mean daily blood glucose levels (P < .05) and a trend to more insulin treatment on days 6–10. HPC‐PN group infants (n = 55) were stratified into lowARG (n = 33) and highARG (n = 22) groups. LowARG infants had lower gestation and birth weight and were sicker than highARG infants. There were no differences in carbohydrate intake. LowARG infants had higher mean daily blood glucose levels (P < .01) and more insulin treatment (P < .01) on days 1–5 and 6–10. Insulin‐treated hyperglycemia was also associated with low plasma glutamine levels. Conclusion: Low plasma arginine levels (≤57 µmol/L) in very preterm infants are associated with poorer blood glucose control.
LDA-based online topic detection using tensor factorization
Authors: Guo Xin , Xiang Yang , Chen Qian , Huang Zhenhua , Hao Yongtao
Published: March 2013

In the information retrieval field, effective and efficient extraction of topics from large-scale online text streams is challenging because it is a fully unsupervised learning task without prior knowledge. Most previous studies have focused on how to analyse text corpus to extract topics, rarely considering time dimensions. In the present study, we approached topic detection as a temporal optimization problem. Here, we propose a novel approach to incremental topic detection, called online topic detection using tensor factorization (OTD-TF), which is based on latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). First, topics are obtained from the corpus in current time slices using LDA. Second, a topic tensor with a time dimension is constructed to identify the correlations between pairs of topics. Then, approximate topics are merged using TF. Finally, documents are reallocated to corresponding topic bins. By executing these steps continuously and incrementally, temporal topic detection can be achieved. In theoretical analyses and simulation experiments, OTD-TF outperformed other systems in terms of space and time complexity and achieved a high precision ratio. Our experimental evaluations also revealed interesting temporal patterns in topic emergence, development, extinction, burst and transience.
RADAR: An approach for helping students evaluate Internet sources
Authors: Mandalios Jane
Published: March 2013

The Internet has become an integral part of all aspects of the life of twenty-first-century learners. Yet research shows that students’ ease and familiarity with the mechanics of the medium are not matched by their ability to evaluate electronic sources critically. Both faculty and library professionals are acutely aware of this, and much help is available to students in the form of checklists and guides to evaluating Internet sources. Students still seem to be falling through the cracks, however. The author suggests the adoption of the ‘RADAR’ approach to evaluating Internet sources. Just as a ship’s captain needs electronic radar to navigate safely and efficiently through the ocean, so the information searcher needs a similar scanning device, that is, a critical, mental radar, when exploring the vast sea of information on the Internet. This device can help students develop a critical awareness of the need to establish the Relevance, Authority, Date, Appearance and Reason for writing of each web source that they encounter. Preliminary qualitative research amongst both native and non-native English-speaking college students suggests a positive user response to both the concept and the tool, providing grounds for further empirical investigation.
Fragile and failed states: Critical perspectives on conceptual hybrids
Authors: Nay Olivier
Published: March 2013

Over the last decade, Western government agencies and international organizations have increasingly turned their attention to the issue of state ‘fragility’ and ‘failure’ in developing countries that are confronted with war, violence and extreme poverty. They have presented this issue as a major international policy challenge in the fields of security and development assistance. Policy analysts and scholars have also played an instrumental role in the dissemination and legitimization of the two concepts. This article disputes the analytical underpinning of this new research agenda. It argues that the concepts of fragile and failed states are confusing, inherently superficial and unstable policy-oriented labels. First, it elaborates five critical ideas concerning the scientific dimension of this literature. Second, it interprets the analytical framework of fragile/failed states as a reactivation of developmentalist theories, primarily driven by a Western conception of the polity. Third, it encourages the rejection of the state-centric approach to security and development in fragile contexts, and advocates combining interest in government institutions with a multidimensional, context-based and historically grounded approach to society-wide vulnerabilities.
The Impact of Lifelong Exposure to IPV on Adult Children and Their Aging Parents
Authors: Band-Winterstein Tova
Published: March 2013

Most literature on exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) has focused on young children. However, adult children, who have witnessed IPV throughout their lives, bear the effects and continue to be affected by their parents’ ongoing IPV. The purpose of this article is to explore the “lived experiences” of adult children exposed to their parents’ IPV throughout a lifetime. This qualitative study was conducted based on the phenomenological perspective. In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 adults aged 30 to 55 years. Content analysis yielded four themes: (a) What type of family do I have: Normal or abnormal; (b) Once violent, always violent; (c) Once my parents, always my parents: To care or not to care; (d) What do I take along with me? Reflections over time. These themes are discussed and practical implications are suggested.
Expanding the Self
Authors: Laney Elizabeth K. , Carruthers Lisa , Hall M. Elizabeth Lewis , Anderson Tamara
Published: March 2013

Research on women’s identity development has indicated that women generally form and view their identities within the context of their relationships and connections to others. Previous research has looked at various aspects of motherhood identity including paradoxical, conflictual, and ambivalent components of motherhood. The current study contributes by exploring 30 university faculty women’s personal experiences of motherhood through a grounded theory framework to determine the contributions of motherhood to adult identity development. Mothering expanded the women’s selves and identities multivariously, by developing new personal qualities, by increasing relational capacity and concern for others, by creating a sense of lasting influence by contributing to younger generations, and by enhancing their engagement with their careers. In this way, motherhood was personally, relationally, generationally, and vocationally expansive. Implications for clinical work and research are included.
A Double-Edged Sword
Authors: Cichy Kelly E. , Stawski Robert S. , Almeida David M.
Published: March 2013

This study contributes to research on race and family ties by exploring racial differences in the direct effects of family support exchanges on daily well-being and the extent to which family support buffers/exacerbates stressor reactivity. African Americans and European Americans aged 34 to 84 years ( N = 1,931) from the National Study of Daily Experiences reported on family support exchanges (i.e., support received/support provided), daily stressors, and negative affect during 8 days of telephone interviews. On a daily basis, receiving family support was not associated with well-being, whereas providing family support was associated with compromised well-being among African Americans. As expected, receiving family support buffered reactivity to daily tensions for both races, whereas providing emotional support to family exacerbated African Americans’ reactivity to daily tensions. Together, our findings suggest that even after considering the benefits of receiving family support, providing family support takes an emotional toll on African Americans.
Father Involvement, Father–Child Relationship Quality, and Satisfaction With Family Work
Authors: Galovan Adam M. , Holmes Erin Kramer , Schramm David G. , Lee Thomas R.
Published: March 2013

Using family systems theory and an actor–partner interdependence model, we examine the influence of the division of family work (including fathers’ participation in child rearing) on father–child relationship quality, satisfaction with the family work division, and marital quality. The strongest effect on both spouses’ marital quality is wives’ perception of father–child relationship quality. Following this, wives’ perceptions of father participation in child rearing are positively associated with both spouses’ reports of marital quality. Furthermore, both husbands and wives report higher marital quality when they are more satisfied with the division of labor. When wives report their husbands have greater responsibility for family tasks, both spouses report higher satisfaction with the division of labor. Post hoc analyses revealed that wives are more satisfied with the division of labor when they work with their spouse rather than alone. All findings support a systemic relational orientation to family work, the division of roles, and relationship quality.
Interpreting Stress Responses during Routine Toxicity Studies
Authors: Everds Nancy E. , Snyder Paul W. , Bailey Keith L. , Bolon Brad , Creasy Dianne M. , Foley George L. , Rosol Thomas J. , Sellers Teresa
Published: March 2013

Stress often occurs during toxicity studies. The perception of sensory stimuli as stressful primarily results in catecholamine release and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis to increase serum glucocorticoid concentrations. Downstream effects of these neuroendocrine signals may include decreased total body weights or body weight gain; food consumption and activity; altered organ weights (e.g., thymus, spleen, adrenal); lymphocyte depletion in thymus and spleen; altered circulating leukocyte counts (e.g., increased neutrophils with decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils); and altered reproductive functions. Typically, only some of these findings occur in a given study. Stress responses should be interpreted as secondary (indirect) rather than primary (direct) test article–related findings. Determining whether effects are the result of stress requires a weight-of-evidence approach. The evaluation and interpretation of routinely collected data (standard in-life, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology endpoints) are appropriate and generally sufficient to assess whether or not changes are secondary to stress. The impact of possible stress-induced effects on data interpretation can partially be mitigated by toxicity study designs that use appropriate control groups (e.g., cohorts treated with vehicle and subjected to the same procedures as those dosed with test article), housing that minimizes isolation and offers environmental enrichment, and experimental procedures that minimize stress and sampling and analytical bias.

This article is a comprehensive overview of the biological aspects of the stress response, beginning with a Summary (Section 1) and an Introduction (Section 2) that describes the historical and conventional methods used to characterize acute and chronic stress responses. These sections are followed by reviews of the primary systems and parameters that regulate and/or are influenced by stress, with an emphasis on parameters evaluated in toxicity studies: In-life Procedures (Section 3), Nervous System (Section 4), Endocrine System (Section 5), Reproductive System (Section 6), Clinical Pathology (Section 7), and Immune System (Section 8). The paper concludes (Section 9) with a brief discussion on Minimizing Stress-Related Effects (9.1.), and a final section explaining why Parameters routinely measured are appropriate for assessing the role of stress in toxicology studies (9.2.).
Unexpected Thrombocytopenia and Anemia in Cynomolgus Monkeys Induced by a Therapeutic Human Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Everds Nancy , Li Nianyu , Bailey Keith , Fort Madeline , Stevenson Riki , Jawando Remi , Salyers Kevin , Jawa Vibha , Narayanan Padma , Stevens Erin , He Ching , Nguyen Mai Phuong , Tran Sam , Doyle Nancy , Poitout-Belissent Florence , Jolette Jacquelin , Xu Cen , Sprugel Katherine
Published: March 2013

Cynomolgus monkeys dosed with a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAbY.1) at ≥50 mg/kg had unexpected acute thrombocytopenia (nadir ∼3,000 platelets/µl), sometimes with decreases in red cell mass. Increased activated macrophages, mitotic figures, and erythrophagocytosis were observed in the spleen. Binding of mAbY.1 to cynomolgus peripheral blood cells could not be detected in vitro. mAbY.1 induced phagocytosis of platelets by peripheral blood monocytes from cynomolgus monkeys, but not from humans. mAbs sharing the same constant domain (Fc) sequences, but differing from mAbY.1 in their variable domains, bound competitively to and had similar biological activity against the intended target. None of these antibodies had hematologic liabilities in vitro or in vivo. Neither the F(ab’)2 portion of mAbY.1 nor the F(ab’)2 portion on an aglycosylated Fc (IgG1) framework caused phagocytosis of platelets in vitro. These data suggest that the hematologic effects of mAbY.1 in cynomolgus monkeys likely occurred through an off-target mechanism, shown to be driven by 1 to 3 amino acid differences in the light chain. The hematologic effects made mAbY.1 an unsuitable candidate for further development as a therapeutic agent. This example demonstrates that nonclinical safety studies may be essential for understanding off-target effects of mAbs prior to clinical trials.
STP Position Paper
Authors: Bolon Brad , Garman Robert H. , Pardo Ingrid D. , Jensen Karl , Sills Robert C. , Roulois Aude , Radovsky Ann , Bradley Alys , Andrews-Jones Lydia , Butt Mark , Gumprecht Laura
Published: March 2013

The Society of Toxicologic Pathology charged a Nervous System Sampling Working Group with devising recommended practices to routinely screen the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Good Laboratory Practice–type nonclinical general toxicity studies. Brains should be weighed and trimmed similarly for all animals in a study. Certain structures should be sampled regularly: caudate/putamen, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, choroid plexus, eye (with optic nerve), hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, midbrain, nerve, olfactory bulb (rodents only), pons, spinal cord, and thalamus. Brain regions may be sampled bilaterally in rodents using 6 to 7 coronal sections, and unilaterally in nonrodents with 6 to 7 coronal hemisections. Spinal cord and nerves should be examined in transverse and longitudinal (or oblique) orientations. Most Working Group members considered immersion fixation in formalin (for CNS or PNS) or a solution containing acetic acid (for eye), paraffin embedding, and initial evaluation limited to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections to be acceptable for routine microscopic evaluation during general toxicity studies; other neurohistological methods may be undertaken if needed to better characterize H&E findings. Initial microscopic analyses should be qualitative and done with foreknowledge of treatments and doses (i.e., “unblinded”). The pathology report should clearly communicate structures that were assessed and methodological details. Since neuropathologic assessment is only one aspect of general toxicity studies, institutions should retain flexibility in customizing their sampling, processing, analytical, and reporting procedures as long as major neural targets are evaluated systematically.
Spontaneous Cardiomyopathy in Young Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Chanut Franck , Kimbrough Carie , Hailey Rick , Berridge Brian , Hughes-Earle Angela , Davies Rhiannon , Roland Kimberly , Stokes Alan , Casartelli Alessandro , York Malcolm , Jordan Holly , Crivellente Federica , Cristofori Patrizia , Thomas Heath , Klapwijk Jan , Adler Rick
Published: March 2013

Cardiovascular safety signals in nonclinical studies remain among the main reasons for drug attrition during pharmaceutical research and development. Drug-induced changes can be functional and/or associated with morphological alterations in the normal heart histology. It is therefore crucial to understand the normal variations in histology to discriminate test article–related changes from background lesions. Rodent progressive cardiomyopathy is probably the most commonly encountered change in control animals of nonclinical toxicity studies. A multisite study mimicking standard short-term toxicity studies using young male Sprague-Dawley rats was performed to better characterize this finding. Using an enhanced sectioning method for this research study, it was observed that the incidence of background cardiomyopathy was 100%. The vast majority of the microscopic findings were inflammatory in nature, with associated necrotic changes (defined as necrosis/inflammatory cell infiltrate) and these changes were mainly located in the myocardium of the mid region of the ventricles (the left side being predominantly affected). The monitored environmental factors in this study (multiple facilities, study duration, handling) did not have an effect on the incidence or severity of the spontaneous cardiomyopathy. In addition, cardiac-specific serum troponin levels were measured and were within the published control range.