Разработка методики съёма сигналов электрической активности сердца для повышения достоверности диагностики аритмий
Authors: Галимзянов Э.Р. , Козлов С.В. 
Published: February 2025

В статье предложена теоретическая методика оценки вектора ЭДС сердца, на основе которой разработана скорректированная система отведения для задач анализа низкоамплитудных сигналов сердца. С использованием математического моделирования подтверждена корректность предложенной методики и показано, что скорректированная система отведения позволяет повысить отношение сигнал/шум за счёт уменьшения влияния электрических сигналов других органов на электрокардиосигнал, а следовательно, повысить достоверность выявления поздних потенциалов желудочков сердца в автоматических анализаторах аритмий.

Introduction. The identification and analysis of low amplitude potentials (LAPs) of the heart on the electrocardiosignal (ECG) is essential for the development of heart monitors. One of the LAPs types are ventricular late potentials (VLPs). The Simson’s method has been most widely used for the detection of VLPs in heart monitors. This method relies significantly on the signal to noise ratio. In the ECG, processing noise, in addition to noise from devices, includes noise produced by other organs and tissues. One of the directions in solving this challenge is improving the signal-to-noise ratio taking into account the impact of other organs and tissues on the signal. The goal of the work. Improving ECG signal-to-noise ratio taking into account the impact of other organs and tissues to enhance the accuracy of detection of VLPs. Fundamentals of Surface Electric Potentials on the Human Body. The baseline for analyzing LAPs is the amplitude of the EMF vector. However, measuring this in a non-invasive manner is not possible, so it is determined through potentials taken from the surface of the human body. The amplitude of these potentials is greatly influenced by the distance between the lead point and the EMF source, and in the human body, there are numerous organs with their own electrical activity. As a result, selecting an appropriate lead system is crucial in reducing noise levels. Selection and Modification of the Lead System. In diagnosing VLPs, the Frank lead system and the orthogonal lead system proposed by Dekhtyar, G.Ya. are the most commonly used methods. After conducting a comprehensive analysis of lead systems, this research proposes a modified orthogonal lead system in which all pairs of electrode application points are equidistant from the heart. Evaluation of the Proposed Lead System. The proposed modified lead system was evaluated for its efficiency in comparison to the Frank system. Through theoretical analysis, it was found that the components of the EMF vector in the proposed lead system are one and a half times larger than in the Frank system. To validate this result, mathematical modeling was conducted using the Altair Feko software to simulate heart signal propagation within the human body. The results of the simulation showed that the components of the EMF vector in the proposed bipolar lead system are indeed one and a half times larger than in the Frank system. Conclusion. The proposed theoretical method enables an accurate description of the EMF vector. Additionally, the proposed modified lead system enhances the signal-to-noise ratio for detecting VLPs in heart monitors by minimizing the effect of electrical signals from other organs. This leads to a more accurate detection of VLPs in automatic arrhythmia analyzers.