bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kristall-und Molekülstrukturen von Benzoato-pyridin-iod(I) und Phthalato-bis(pyridin-iod(I))/ Crystal and Molecular Structures of Benzoato-pyridine-iodine(I) and Phthalato-bis(pyridine-iodine(I))
Authors: Hartl Hans , Hedrich Martina
Published: February 2015

Benzoato-pyridine-iodine(I) and phthalato-bis(pyridine-iodine(I)) crystallize in the monoclinic spacegroup P21/c. In both cases iodine(I) shows an almost linear coordination towards the pyridine-N and one carboxylate-O donor atom. The I -N distances range from 228 to 232 pm, the I - O distances from 213 to 219 pm. The vibrational spectra contain frequencies in the range 136-145 and 164-175 cm- 1 assigned to the quasi-symmetric and quasi-antisymmetric N-I-O-vibrations. The IR and Ra spectra of the benzoate and phthalate ligands are similar to those of the crystalline benzoic and phthalic acids.
Substitutionsreaktionen von Tetracarbonyl(dihydrido)eisen mit Trimethylphosphit/Substitution Reactions of Tetracarbonyl(dihydro)iron with Trimethylphosphite
Authors: Berke Heinz , Huttner Gottfried , Zsolnai Laszlo
Published: February 2015

The reaction of H2Fe(CO)4 with trimethylphosphite in various stoichiometric ratios is reported. The compounds H2Fe(CO)2[P(OCH3)3]2 (stoichiometry of reactants 1:2), H2Fe(CO)3P(OCH3)3 (1:1), Fe3 (CO)11[P(OCH3)3], and H3Fe4 (CO)11[P(OCH3)2] (3.5:1) were obtained.
Inhibitoren der Korrosion 26 Die Struktur der bei der Korrosion von Kupfer in Gegenwart von 2-Aminopyrimidin (Sauerstoff, NaCl, pH 4,1, 22 °C) aufgebauten Schutzschicht/ Corrosion Inhibitors 26 The Structure of the Protecting Coating Formed During the Corrosion of Copper (Oxigen, NaCl, pH 4.1, 22 °C) in the Presence of 2-Aminopyrimidine
Authors: Horner L. , Pliefke E.
Published: February 2015

The analysis of the protective coating produced during the corrosion of copper in the presence of 2-aminopyrimidine (2-AP) is consistent with the composition [Cu1+-2-AP-Cl]n. The individual units form a three-dimensional macro-structure via chloride bridging and hydrogen bonding. The assignment of the structure was supported by NMR, IR, UV and magnetic susceptibüity measurements and an X-ray investigation using the Debye- Scherrer powder method. The thermal behaviour of the coating was studied by massspectral and DTA (differential thermal analysis) methods. Radiochemical experiments were carried out using active copper samples (i.e. containing 64Cu), or using added 64CuCl and 64CuCl2 in the corrosion of non-active copper both in the presence and absence of added 2-AP. The results elucidate the exchange reactions at the copper surface between dissolved and metallic components. The equilibrium between Cu2+ and metallic copper on the one hand and 2 Cu1+ ions on the other is central to the problem, as is also the dissociation of the [Cu1+-2-AP-Cl]n complex. The concepts here developed were confirmed by studies of the autoxidation of CuCl and CuO in the presence and absence of 2-AP.
Phenazine aus Pseudomonden/Phenazines from Pseudomonads
Authors: Römer A. , Scholl H. , Budzikiewicz H.
Published: February 2015

The structure elucidation of several minor phenazine pigments of Pseudomonads is described. 4-Hydroxyphenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester, 2,3-dihydroxyphenazine, 2,3,7-trihydroxyphenazine, 4-hydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylic acid, 2,6-dihydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylic acid and 2,3,7-trihydroxyphenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid are new phenazine derivatives. The distribution of phenazines in the genus Pseudomonas is investigated.
Magnetische Eigenschaften von AB2X2-Verbindungen im CaAl2Si2-Typ / Magnetic Properties of AB2X2 Compounds with the CaAl2Si2 Structure
Authors: Zwiener Gerhard , Neumann Hermann , Schuster Hans-Uwe
Published: February 2015

The magnetic susceptibilities of ternary rare earth compounds with the CaAl2Si2 structure were measured in the temperature range of 80 to 290 K. YbZn2Sb2 and the compounds YbZn2-x;CuxX2 (X = P, As) with x < 1 show intermediate valence behaviour, that is a nonintegral occupancy of the 4f shell. Of the compounds EuZn2X2 (X = P, As, Sb) the results for those with X = P or Sb show good agreement with the theoretical values for Eu(II). In LuZnCuAs2 and RELi2X2 (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb; X = P, As, Sb, Bi) the trivalent state of the rare earth atoms can be established. With the exception of LuZnCuAs2 the susceptibilities of all of the investigated compounds follow the CURIEWEISS law.
The Tetrabutylammonium Salt of 2-Thioxo-1,3-dithiol-4,5-dithiolate as a Starting Material for Preparation of Organometallic Conductors
Authors: Papavassiliou G. C.
Published: February 2015

The tetrabutylammonium salt of 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiol-4,5-dithiolate (TDD) was isolated and new one-dimensional conducting solids of the donor-acceptor type with TDD as a ligand were prepared.
New Stable Manganese(III) Chelates of Some Pyridine Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Ghosh Saktiprosad , Ray Pranab K. , Bandyopadhyay Tapas K. , Deb Amal K.
Published: February 2015

The syntheses of three new and unusually stable Mn(III) complexes of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and pyridine-2,4,6-tricarboxylic acid and their characterisation by various standard physicochemical methods is reported
Elf stabile C5H9+-Kationen in der Gasphase. Zur dissoziativen Ionisierung von 31 isomeren C6H9Br-Verbindungen / Eleven Stable C5H9+ Cations in the Gas Phase. On the Dissociative Ionization of 31 Isomeric C5H9Br Compounds
Authors: Franke Wilfried , Schwarz Helmut , Wesdemiotis Chrysostomos
Published: February 2015

Collisional activation mass spectrometry (CA) reveals the existence of 11 stable C5H9+ cations in the gas phase, e. g. the substituted allyl cations a, b, c, d,and e, the sub-stituted vinyl cations f, g, h, and i, the methyl cyclobutyl cation j and the cyclopentyl cation k, respectively. The ethyl substituted allyl cation a is formed via dissociative ionization of the isomeric precursors 1, 3, 4, 5, 18, 19, 20, 22, and 28 by means of various mechanistic processes, whereas the 1,3-dimethylallyl cation b is generated from both 2 (by allylic cleavage) and in part from the stereoisomeric cyclopropan derivatives 25, 26 and 27. 6+ -gives a mixture of the vinyl cations 1 and g. From 13 and 14 the main product generated is the 1,2-dimethylallyl cation d, which is formed directly from 11 and also by quite complicated processes from 13, 14 and to a certain extent from 25, 26 and 27. The dissociative ionization of 9, 15, 16, 21, 24 and (in part) 23 give rise to the formation of the substituted vinyl cation h. Decomposition of 23+ • results not only in formation of h but generates also the 1,1-dimethylallyl cation e. From 29+-and 30+-both the methylcyclo-butyl cation j and cyclopentyl cation k are produced, whereas the isomeric precursor 28 gives mainly the substituted allyl cation a and a second, as yet, unidentified C5H9 cation.

In general, it can be stated that the gas phase chemistry of cation radicals of substituted cyclopropanes is characterised by multistep-reactions, commencing with spontaneous ring opening. The so formed intermediates undergo various rearrangements (including hydrogen and alkyl shifts) prior to expulsion of Br·. Direct elimination of Br· from intact cyclopropan-like structures, followed by ring opening of the intermediate cyclopropyl cation, cannot compete with the above-mentioned multistep-sequences.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Bors, 124 [1] Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-borane und Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-borate / Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, 124 [1] Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Boranes and Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Borates
Authors: Biffar Werner , Nöth Heinrich
Published: February 2015

The reactions of several boron halides, methoxides, alkyls and hydrides with tris(tri-methylsilyl)silyllithium, which was isolated as the solvate [(CH3)3Si]3SiLi · 3C4H8O, 1(TMSSLi) have been studied. (CH3)2B−Si[Si(CH3)3]3 and 9−[(CH3)3Si]3Si-9-BBN, were isolated, while [(CH3)3Si]3Si-B(tC4H9)2 could only be detected by 11B NMR. In addition TMSS-B[N(CH3)2]2, (TMSS)2BNMe2 and (TMSS)2BOCH3 were prepared. The methoxy-boranes (CH3)3-nB(OCH3)n add to 1 forming silylborates; however, no OCH3/Si[Si(CH3)3]3 substitution occurs. The hydrogen bridge in 9-BBN is cleaved symmetrically. The results can be explained by the basicity and the steric requirements of the TMSS group. The TMSS group exhibits a deshielding effect at the boron nucleus relative to the (CH3)3Si group for silylboranes as well as for silylborates.
Phasenbeziehungen in Systemen In2X3−InY3 sowie Strukturbeziehungen, Kristallzucht und optische Absorption von Verbindungen InXY [X = Se, Te; Y = Cl, Br, I] / Phase Relations in Systems In2X3−InY3 and Structural Relations, Crystal Growth and Optical Absorption of Compounds InXY [X = Se, Te; Y = Cl, Br, I]
Authors: Kniep Rüdiger , Wilms Axel , Beister Jürgen , Syassen Karl
Published: February 2015

The systems In2X3-InY3 (X = Se, Te; Y = Cl, Br, I) are quasibinary and contain the intermediate ternary compounds InXY with incongruent melting behaviour. InSeCl and InSeBr show a significant phase width towards the respective trihalides. InTeCl is dimorphous with a stable α-and a metastable β-modification. Crystals of the ternary compounds are grown by Bridgman technique and their optical absorption behaviour is studied. Phase relations as well as optical absorption are discussed with respect to the various crystal structures of the intermediate ternary phases.
Structural Studies in the Systems ZrZn2-xAlx and HfZn2-xAlx
Authors: Drašner A. , Blažina Ž.
Published: February 2015

A great number of samples in the systems ZrZn2-xAlx and HfZn2-xAlx was prepared and investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction. In both systems hitherto unknown ternary Friauf-Laves structures of the MgCu2-type (S. G. Fd 3m) were identified. Their homogeneity regions were determined to be ZrZn0.6Al1.4−ZrZn0.4Al1.6 and HfZn1.25Al0.75-HfZn0.5Al1.5, respectively. The unit cell parameter of ZrZn0.5Al1.5 is a = 747.3 ± 0.3 pm, and for HfZn0.5Al1.5 a = 741.4 ± 0.3 pm. For the alloys of these particular compositions the atomic positions were determined using trial and error methods. In the investigated systems, depending on the composition and/or thermal treatment, alloys having the AuCu3 structure (S. G. Pm3m) were also observed. Structural correlations of these ternary Friauf-Laves phases with their corresponding binary prototypes were made in terms of stacking sequences.
Photolysis of Thiopurines in the Presence of Oxygen+
Authors: Wenska Grażyna , Paszyc Stefan
Published: February 2015

Irradiation (λ > 290 nm) of 6-thiopurine and some 9-substituted 6-thiopurines in oxygen saturated tert-butanol leads to hypoxanthine, purine and purine-6-sulfonic acid or their substituted derivatives. Purine and hypoxanthine formation can be sensitized with dyes. The reaction of 6-thiopurine with singlet oxygen has also been performed with purine and hypoxanthine among other products. It seems however that 1O2 is not an important intermediate in the photooxygenation. The photoreaction may have some synthetic value. Hypoxanthines (~50%) or purines (35-45%) were obtained depending on the solvent used.
Übergangsmetall-Schwefelylid-Komplexe, XXII [1] Zur Reaktivität von DicarbonylnitrosyI-η5-thiacyclohexadienyl-1-oxid- Chromkomplexen gegenüber Phosphor- und Schwefelyliden / Transition Metal Sulfur Ylide Complexes, XXII [1] Reactivity Studies of Dicarbonylnitrosyl-η5-thiacyclohexadienyl-1-oxide Chromium Complexes with Phosphorus and Sulfur Ylides
Authors: Weber Lothar
Published: February 2015

3a-d

η5-Thiacyclohexadienyl-1-oxide chromium complexes are generated by treatment of the 1-methyl-thiabenzene-1-oxide complexes 1a-d with Li[BHEt3] and successive nitrosylation of the intermediates 2a-d. 3a-d react with Me2S(O) = CH2 or Ph3P=CH2 at a carbonyl ligand in an additon/transylidation process to yield the very sensitive products 5, 6a-d.
Brain Amyloid-β Burden Is Associated with Disruption of Intrinsic Functional Connectivity within the Medial Temporal Lobe in Cognitively Normal Elderly
Authors: Song Zhuang , Insel Philip S. , Buckley Shannon , Yohannes Seghel , Mezher Adam , Simonson Alix , Wilkins Sarah , Tosun Duygu , Mueller Susanne , Kramer Joel H. , Miller Bruce L. , Weiner Michael W.
Published: February 2015

The medial temporal lobe is implicated as a key brain region involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and consequent memory loss. Tau tangle aggregation in this region may develop concurrently with cortical Aβ deposition in preclinical AD, but the pathological relationship between tau and Aβ remains unclear. We used task-free fMRI with a focus on the medical temporal lobe, together with Aβ PET imaging, in cognitively normal elderly human participants. We found that cortical Aβ load was related to disrupted intrinsic functional connectivity of the perirhinal cortex, which is typically the first brain region affected by tauopathies in AD. There was no concurrent association of cortical Aβ load with cognitive performance or brain atrophy. These findings suggest that dysfunction in the medial temporal lobe may represent a very early sign of preclinical AD and may predict future memory loss.
Depression of Excitatory Synapses onto Parvalbumin Interneurons in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Susceptibility to Stress
Authors: Perova Zinaida , Delevich Kristen , Li Bo
Published: February 2015

In response to extreme stress, individuals either show resilience or succumb to despair. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is required for coping with stress, and PFC dysfunction has been implicated in stress-related mental disorders, including depression. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the PFC participates in stress responses remain unclear. Here, we investigate the role of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the medial PFC (mPFC) in shaping behavioral responses to stress induced by the learned helplessness procedure, in which animals are subjected to an unpredictable and inescapable stressor. PV interneurons in the mPFC were probed and manipulated in knock-in mice expressing the Cre recombinase under the endogenousparvalbuminpromoter. Notably, we found that excitatory synaptic transmission onto these neurons was decreased in mice showing helplessness, a behavioral state that is thought to resemble features of human depression. Furthermore, selective suppression of PV interneurons in the mPFC using hM4Di, a DREADD (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug), promoted helplessness, indicating that activation of these neurons during stress promotes the establishment of resilient behavior. Our results reveal a cellular mechanism of mPFC dysfunction that may contribute to the emergence of maladaptive behavioral responses in the face of adverse life events.
Dynamics of Elongation Factor 2 Kinase Regulation in Cortical Neurons in Response to Synaptic Activity
Authors: Kenney Justin W. , Sorokina Oksana , Genheden Maja , Sorokin Anatoly , Armstrong J. Douglas , Proud Christopher G.
Published: February 2015

The rapid regulation of cell signaling in response to calcium in neurons is essential for real-time processing of large amounts of information in the brain. A vital regulatory component, and one of the most energy-intensive biochemical processes in cells, is the elongation phase of mRNA translation, which is controlled by the Ca2+/CaM-dependent elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K). However, little is known about the dynamics of eEF2K regulation in neurons despite its established role in learning and synaptic plasticity. To explore eEF2K dynamics in depth, we stimulated synaptic activity in mouse primary cortical neurons. We find that synaptic activity results in a rapid, but transient, increase in eEF2K activity that is regulated by a combination of AMPA and NMDA-type glutamate receptors and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathways. We then used computational modeling to test the hypothesis that considering Ca2+-coordinated MEK/ERK, mTORC1, and eEF2k activation is sufficient to describe the observed eEF2K dynamics. Although such a model could partially fit the empirical findings, it also suggested that a crucial positive regulator of eEF2K was also necessary. Through additional modeling and empirical evidence, we demonstrate that AMP kinase (AMPK) is also an important regulator of synaptic activity-driven eEF2K dynamics in neurons. Our combined modeling and experimental findings provide the first evidence that it is necessary to consider the combined interactions of Ca2+with MEK/ERK, mTORC1, and AMPK to adequately explain eEF2K regulation in neurons.
Vicarious Reinforcement Learning Signals When Instructing Others
Authors: Apps Matthew A.J. , Lesage Elise , Ramnani Narender
Published: February 2015

Reinforcement learning (RL) theory posits that learning is driven by discrepancies between the predicted and actual outcomes of actions (prediction errors [PEs]). In social environments, learning is often guided by similar RL mechanisms. For example, teachers monitor the actions of students and provide feedback to them. This feedback evokes PEs in students that guide their learning. We report the first study that investigates the neural mechanisms that underpin RL signals in the brain of a teacher. Neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) signal PEs when learning from the outcomes of one's own actions but also signal information when outcomes are received by others. Does a teacher's ACC signal PEs when monitoring a student's learning? Using fMRI, we studied brain activity in human subjects (teachers) as they taught a confederate (student) action–outcome associations by providing positive or negative feedback. We examined activity time-locked to the students' responses, when teachers infer student predictions and know actual outcomes. We fitted a RL-based computational model to the behavior of the student to characterize their learning, and examined whether a teacher's ACC signals when a student's predictions are wrong. In line with our hypothesis, activity in the teacher's ACC covaried with the PE values in the model. Additionally, activity in the teacher's insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex covaried with the predicted value according to the student. Our findings highlight that the ACC signals PEs vicariously for others' erroneous predictions, when monitoring and instructing their learning. These results suggest that RL mechanisms, processed vicariously, may underpin and facilitate teaching behaviors.
The PDZ-Domain Protein Whirlin Facilitates Mechanosensory Signaling in Mammalian Proprioceptors
Authors: de Nooij Joriene C. , Simon Christian M. , Simon Anna , Doobar Staceyann , Steel Karen P. , Banks Robert W. , Mentis George Z. , Bewick Guy S. , Jessell Thomas M.
Published: February 2015

Mechanoreception is an essential feature of many sensory modalities. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that govern the conversion of a mechanical force to distinct patterns of action potentials remain poorly understood. Proprioceptive mechanoreceptors reside in skeletal muscle and inform the nervous system of the position of body and limbs in space. We show here that Whirlin/Deafness autosomal recessive 31 (DFNB31), a PDZ-scaffold protein involved in vestibular and auditory hair cell transduction, is also expressed by proprioceptive sensory neurons (pSNs) in dorsal root ganglia in mice. Whirlin localizes to the peripheral sensory endings of pSNs and facilitates pSN afferent firing in response to muscle stretch. The requirement of Whirlin in both proprioceptors and hair cells suggests that accessory mechanosensory signaling molecules define common features of mechanoreceptive processing across sensory systems.
Alcohol Decreases Baseline Brain Glucose Metabolism More in Heavy Drinkers Than Controls But Has No Effect on Stimulation-Induced Metabolic Increases
Authors: Volkow Nora D. , Wang Gene-Jack , Shokri Kojori Ehsan , Fowler Joanna S. , Benveniste Helene , Tomasi Dardo
Published: February 2015

During alcohol intoxication, the human brain increases metabolism of acetate and decreases metabolism of glucose as energy substrate. Here we hypothesized that chronic heavy drinking facilitates this energy substrate shift both for baseline and stimulation conditions. To test this hypothesis, we compared the effects of alcohol intoxication (0.75 g/kg alcohol vs placebo) on brain glucose metabolism during video stimulation (VS) versus when given with no stimulation (NS), in 25 heavy drinkers (HDs) and 23 healthy controls, each of whom underwent four PET-18FDG scans. We showed that resting whole-brain glucose metabolism (placebo-NS) was lower in HD than controls (13%,p= 0.04); that alcohol (compared with placebo) decreased metabolism more in HD (20 ± 13%) than controls (9 ± 11%,p= 0.005) and in proportion to daily alcohol consumption (r= 0.36,p= 0.01) but found that alcohol did not reduce the metabolic increases in visual cortex from VS in either group. Instead, VS reduced alcohol-induced decreases in whole-brain glucose metabolism (10 ± 12%) compared with NS in both groups (15 ± 13%,p= 0.04), consistent with stimulation-related glucose metabolism enhancement. These findings corroborate our hypothesis that heavy alcohol consumption facilitates use of alternative energy substrates (i.e., acetate) for resting activity during intoxication, which might persist through early sobriety, but indicate that glucose is still favored as energy substrate during brain stimulation. Our findings are consistent with reduced reliance on glucose as the main energy substrate for resting brain metabolism during intoxication (presumably shifting to acetate or other ketones) and a priming of this shift in HDs, which might make them vulnerable to energy deficits during withdrawal.
Epiphytic and endophytic bacteria that promote growth of ethnomedicinal plants in the subtropical forests of Meghalaya, India
Authors: War Nongkhla Fenella Mary , Joshi S. R.
Published: February 2015

The present study was aimed to investigate the endophytic and epiphytic bacteria associated with selected ethnomedicinal plants from the pristine subtropical forests of Meghalaya and analyse them for plant growth promotion and antagonistic ability. This study is an attempt to explore plant associated bacteria which are beneficial to host plants, and thus aid in the conservation of ethnomedicinal plants of the studied subtropical forests, which are dwindling due to exploitation. The plant growth promotion parameters like indole acetic acid (IAA) production, mineral phosphate solubilisation, acid phosphatase activity, presence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACC) gene, nitrogen fixation, cellulose digestion, chitin and pectin were screened among the isolates. The study revealed significant differences in bacterial population not only between the epiphytic and endophytic microhabitats, but also amongst the host plants. Out of the 70 isolated plant associated bacteria, Bacillus sp., Serratia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pantoea sp., and Lysinibacillus sp. showed potent plant growth promotion properties. Bacillus siamensis C53 and B. subtilis cenB showed significant antagonistic activity against the tested pathogens. This study indicated the isolates inhabiting the plants prevalent in the subtropical sacred forests that could be explored for use as plant growth promoters while practising the cultivation and conservation of ethnomedicinal plants.
Identification of gene fragments related to nitrogen deficiency in Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)
Authors: Fu Minghui , Jiang Lihua , Li Yuanmei , Yan Guohua , Zheng Lijun , Peng Jinping
Published: February 2015

Eichhornia crassipes is an aquatic plant native to the Amazon River Basin. It has become a serious weed in freshwater habitats in rivers, lakes and reservoirs both in tropical and warm temperate areas worldwide. Some research has stated that it can be used for water phytoremediation, due to its strong assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the accumulation of heavy metals, and its growth and spread may play an important role in environmental ecology. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of E. crassipes to responses to nitrogen deficiency, we constructed forward and reversed subtracted cDNA libraries for E. crassipes roots under nitrogen deficient condition using a suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. The forward subtraction included 2 100 clones, and the reversed included 2 650 clones. One thousand clones were randomly selected from each library for sequencing. About 737 (527 unigenes) clones from the forward library and 757 (483 unigenes) clones from the reversed library were informative. Sequence BlastX analysis showed that there were more transporters and adenosylhomocysteinase-like proteins in E. crassipes cultured in nitrogen deficient medium; while, those cultured in nitrogen replete medium had more proteins such as UBR4-like e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein 8-like, as well as more cytoskeletal proteins, including actin and tubulin. Cluster of Orthologous Group (COG) analysis also demonstrated that in the forward library, the most ESTs were involved in coenzyme transportation and metabolism. In the reversed library, cytoskeletal ESTs were the most abundant. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis categories demonstrated that unigenes involved in binding, cellular process and electron carrier were the most differentially expressed unigenes between the forward and reversed libraries. All these results suggest that E. crassipes can respond to different nitrogen status by efficiently regulating and controlling some transporter gene expressions, certain metabolism processes, specific signal transduction pathways and cytoskeletal construction. 
Vascular flora of eight water reservoir areas in southern Italy
Authors: Croce Antonio
Published: February 2015

Artificial lakes play an important role in maintaining the valuable biodiversity linked to water bodies and related habitats. The vascular plant diversity of eight reservoirs and surrounding areas in southern Italy was inventoried and further analysed in terms of biodiversity. A total of 730 specific and subspecific taxa were recorded, with 179 taxa in the poorest area and 303 in the richest one. The results indicate a good richness of the habitats surrounding the water basins, with some species of nature conservation interest and only a few alien species.
The Use of Xanthates as Precursors for the Deposition of Nickel Sulfide Thin Films by Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition
Authors: Musetha P.L. , Revaprasadu N. , Malik M.A , O'Brien P.
Published: February 2015

Nickel sulphide (NiS) thin films have been deposited on glass by aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition(AACVD) using single source precursors of the type, ([Ni(S2COR2)2], R = C2H5 or C3H7). TGA analyses showed that the precursors are highly volatile, making them suitable for AACVD studies. As deposited NiS films were polycrystalline as confirmed by XRD. The films have been characterised by xray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX).
Design of the Padma road and rail bridge, Bangladesh
Authors: Robin Sham S. H.
Published: February 2015

The 6⋅15-km-long Padma road and rail bridge will become a landmark structure in Bangladesh and one of the largest river crossings in the world. The design encountered significant engineering challenges, particularly from the hostile site conditions and the merciless forces of nature. During the monsoon season the Padma River becomes fast flowing, and is susceptible to deep scour, demanding deep, piled foundations. The bridge site is also in an area of considerable seismic activity, leading to significant seismic loads being exerted on the structure. In the design, extensive engineering studies were conducted, advanced computational analyses were employed and innovative engineering solutions were developed to ensure that the bridge will be able to survive the challenges of nature in its long design working life. The project has accumulated a significant body of knowledge in seismic-resilient and scour-tolerant design, and it has advanced understanding of bridge behaviour in conditions of severe earthquake and deep riverbed scour.
Construction and Validation of the Clinical Judgment Skill Inventory: Clinical Judgment Skill Competencies That Measure Counselor Debiasing Techniques
Authors: Austin Bryan S. , Leahy Michael J.
Published: February 2015

Purpose:To construct and validate a new self-report instrument, the Clinical Judgment Skill Inventory (CJSI), inclusive of clinical judgment skill competencies that address counselor biases and evidence-based strategies.

Method:An Internet-based survey design was used and an exploratory factor analysis was performed on a sample of rehabilitation counselor educators’ (n= 126) ratings of clinical judgment skill importance for effective rehabilitation counseling practice.

Results:New knowledge of 7 empirically supported clinical judgment skill areas of debiasing techniques (scientific attitude, cultural bias, cognitive complexity, memory bias, confirmatory bias, negative bias, and evidence-based practice) was generated.

Conclusion:The 35-item CJSI has initial empirical evidence to support its reliability and validity and to assess clinical judgment skill competencies (debiasing techniques) of master’s students in rehabilitation counseling programs. However, follow-up studies and use of confirmatory factor analysis are needed to further test and substantiate the CJSI’s content and construct validity.
Seeding Date and Irrigation System Effects on Establishment of Warm‐Season Turfgrasses
Authors: Schiavon Marco , Serena Matteo , Leinauer Bernd , Sallenave Rossana , Baird James H.
Published: February 2015

The need for water conservation in urban landscapes requires research to investigate alternative irrigation methods that are more efficient than overhead sprinkler systems. A study was conducted in 2009 at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, and was repeated in 2013 at the University of California, Riverside, to compare the establishment of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) ‘Princess 77’ ] and seashore paspalum [Paspalum vaginatum (Sw.) ‘Sea Spray’] seeded on either 15 April or 15 May and irrigated at 100% reference evapotranspiration (ETos) with either an overhead sprinkler (OSI) or subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system. Higher germination rates were observed at both locations when OSI was used. All treatments reached full ground cover by the end of the growing season in California, whereas SDI plots seeded in May in New Mexico reached only 75% ground cover. May seeding resulted in slower establishment in New Mexico with 147 d to reach 75% ground cover, but not in California. Results suggest that loss of water by deep percolation may be the cause of slower establishment with SDI in New Mexico. Based on our results, warm‐season turfgrasses should be established earlier in the season if SDI is used in light textured soils.
Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer in a Targeted Way to Improve Grain Yield, Quality, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Authors: Hooper Peter , Zhou Yi , Coventry David R. , McDonald Glenn K.
Published: February 2015

Nitrogen fertilizer management in rainfed Mediterranean environments can be financially risky because of the strong interaction between N and water availability on yield. This study was conducted to investigate whether the use of split‐applications of N fertilizer that targeted specific growth stages could improve grain yield, grain protein concentration (GPC), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Experiments with 7 N‐application timings, two N‐rates, and two wheat varieties were conducted at two sites over two seasons. Despite the seasonal rainfall in both years being below the historic averages, delayed or split N applications were able to significantly increase grain yield (2.50 vs. 2.25 t ha−1), GPC (14.0 vs. 12.4%), N uptake (111.2 vs. 101.2 kg ha−1), N harvest index (70.7 vs. 61.7%), agronomic efficiency (4.6 vs. 1.7 kg kg−1), and apparent recovery (59.3 vs. 44.6%) compared with N applied only at sowing. No single N treatment was able to consistently produce the highest yield, GPC or NUE across the N rates, locations, and years because of the influence of timing and amount of rainfall during the season. Compared with applying all the N at sowing a targeted use of N, using split/delayed N applications at specific growth stages to manage canopy development in response to the seasonal pattern of rainfall, increased yield, quality, and NUE, even in years with below average rainfall, thus lessening exposure to financial risk with rainfed wheat in dry years.
Methods for microbiological quality assessment in drinking water: a comparative study
Authors: Helmi K. , Barthod F. , Méheut G. , Henry A. , Poty F. , Laurent F. , Charni-Ben-Tabassi N.
Published: February 2015

The present study aimed to compare several methods for quantifying and discriminating between the different physiological states of a bacterial population present in drinking water. Flow cytometry (FCM), solid-phase cytometry (SPC), epifluorescence microscopy (MSP) and culture method performances were assessed by comparing the results obtained for different water samples. These samples, including chlorinated and non-chlorinated water, were collected in a drinking water treatment plant. Total bacteria were quantified by using SYBR Green II (for FCM) and 4′,6′-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (for MSP), viable and non-viable bacteria were distinguished by using SYBR Green II and propidium iodide dual staining (for FCM), and active cells were distinguished by using CTC (for MSP) and Chemchrome V6 (for FCM and SPC). In our conditions, counts using microscopy and FCM were significantly correlated regarding total bacteria and active cells. Conversely, counts were not significantly similar using solid-phase and FCM for active bacteria. Moreover, the R2A medium showed that bacterial culturability could be recovered after chlorination. This study highlights that FCM appears to be a useful and powerful technique for drinking water production monitoring.
Bacterial composition in a metropolitan drinking water distribution system utilizing different source waters
Authors: Gomez-Alvarez Vicente , Humrighouse Ben W. , Revetta Randy P. , Santo Domingo Jorge W.
Published: February 2015

We investigated the bacterial composition of water samples from two service areas within a drinking water distribution system (DWDS), each associated with a different primary source of water (groundwater, GW; surface water, SW) and different treatment process. Community analysis based on 16S rRNA gene clone libraries indicated that Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium spp.) and α-Proteobacteria represented nearly 43 and 38% of the total sequences, respectively. Sequences closely related to Legionella, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio spp. were also identified. In spite of the high number of sequences (71%) shared in both areas, multivariable analysis revealed significant differences between the GW and SW areas. While the dominant phylotypes where not significantly contributing in the ordination of samples, the populations associated with the core of phylotypes (1–10% in each sample) significantly contributed to the differences between both service areas. Diversity indices indicate that the microbial community inhabiting the SW area is more diverse and contains more distantly related species coexisting with local assemblages as compared with the GW area. The bacterial community structure of SW and GW service areas were dissimilar, suggesting that their respective source water and/or water quality parameters shaped by the treatment processes may contribute to the differences in community structure observed.
Removal of bromide and bromate from drinking water using granular activated carbon
Authors: Zhang Yong-qing , Wu Qing-ping , Zhang Ju-mei , Yang Xiu-hua
Published: February 2015

Granular activated carbon (GAC) was used to remove bromide (Br−) and bromate (BrO3−) from drinking water in both bench- and pilot-scale experiments. The present study aims to minimize BrO3− formation and eliminate BrO3− generated during the ozonation of drinking water, particularly in packaged drinking water. Results show that the Br− and BrO3− levels in GAC-treated water decreased in both bench- and pilot-scale experiments. In the bench-scale experiments, when the empty bed contact time (EBCT) was 5 min, the highest reduction rates of Br− in the mineral and ultrapure water were found to be 74.9% and 91.2%, respectively, and those of BrO3− were 94.4% and 98.8%, respectively. The GAC capacity for Br− and BrO3− removal increased with the increase in EBCT. Reduction efficiency was better in ultrapure water than in mineral water. In the pilot-scale experiments, the minimum reduction rates of Br− and BrO3− were 38.5% and 73.2%, respectively.
Contribution of Ljubica and Danica Jankovic to establishment of ethnochoreology in Serbia as an academic scholarly discipline
Authors: Rakocevic Selena
Published: February 2015

The Jankovic sisters are pioneers of ethnochoreological research in Serbia.
Their scholarly methodology is based on intenisve field research and their
development of a unique system of dance notation, which enabled them to
evolve a system of dance analysis. The year 2014 celebrates multiple
anniversaries of Ljubica and Danica Jankovic, their lives and work, but most
importantly, it marks the publication of the first of eight volumes of
Narodne igre, beginning an eighty year tradition of scholarly investigation
of traditional dances in Serbia. The aim of this article is to draw attention
to the Jankovic sisters for their major contribution in developing
ethnochoreology in Serbia.
Toward Effective Big Data Analysis in Continuous Auditing
Authors: Zhang Juan , Yang Xiongsheng , Appelbaum Deniz
Published: February 2015

SYNOPSIS

Big Data now pervades every sector and function of the global economy. This paper focuses on the gaps between Big Data and the current capabilities of data analysis in continuous auditing (CA). It identifies four dimensions of Big Data and five subsequent gaps: namely, data consistency, integrity, aggregation, identification, and confidentiality. For each gap, the paper outlines challenges and possible solutions derived from traditional data systems, which can be further applied to CA systems in an era of Big Data.
Auditor Resignation and Risk Factors
Authors: Ghosh Aloke (Al) , Tang Charles Y.
Published: February 2015

SYNOPSIS

Although auditor litigation risk is considered as a leading explanation for auditor resignations, audit risk and business risk might also trigger resignations. Auditor litigation risk is defined as the risk of the auditor being involved in a lawsuit, audit risk is defined as the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated and, finally, business risk is defined as the risk associated with the client's survival and profitability. Because the three risk factors are not mutually exclusive, we examine their relevance and incremental importance using measures from the pre- and post-resignation periods. Using summary indices from the pre-resignation period, we find that all of the three ex ante risk indices are incrementally important for resignations, especially when the predecessor auditor is a Big 4 firm. Because the ex ante risk factors are prone to measurement errors and are less likely to capture the auditor's proprietary information about the client, we analyze data from the post-resignation period when the auditor's proprietary information is likely to become publicly known. We find that within a three-year period following an auditor's resignation, clients are more likely to (1) be involved in class-action lawsuits (ex post litigation risk), (2) have internal control problems (ex post audit risk), and (3) to be delisted from a national stock exchange (ex post business risk). Our research demonstrates that auditors consider all three risk factors, and not just litigation risk, in resignation decisions.
Audit Committee Incentives and the Resolution of Detected Misstatements
Authors: Keune Marsha B. , Johnstone Karla M.
Published: February 2015

We investigate the role of audit committee economic incentives in judgments involving the resolution of detected misstatements. The results reveal a positive association between audit committee short-term stock option compensation and the likelihood that managers are allowed to waive income-decreasing misstatements that, if corrected, would have caused the company to miss its analyst forecast. Complementary results reveal a positive association between the audit committee long-term stock option compensation and the likelihood that managers are allowed to waive income-increasing misstatements when the company reports just missing, meeting, or beating its analyst forecast. These findings illustrate agency conflicts that can arise when compensating audit committees with options. We obtain these results while controlling for CEO option compensation and audit committee characteristics, along with indicators of corporate governance, auditor incentives, and company characteristics.

Data Availability: Data used in the study are available from public sources
Simultaneous laser beam melting of multimaterial polymer parts
Authors: Laumer Tobias , Stichel Thomas , Amend Philipp , Schmidt Michael
Published: February 2015

By simultaneous laser beam melting (SLBM), parts consisting of different polymer powders can be additively manufactured within one building process. Besides the advantages of conventional LBM, e.g., not needing additional tools and being able to realize parts with almost any geometry, different product requirements can be achieved within a single part. Product requirements may be different chemical resistances or haptic material properties. Therefore, SLBM enlarges the application field for additive manufacturing in general. In the process, two different materials are deposited on the building platform and preheated a few degrees below the melting temperature of the lower melting polymer by infrared emitters. Afterward, a CO2 laser (λ = 10.6 μm) provides the energy for the temperature difference between the preheating temperatures of both materials. Finally, a digital light processing chip is used to achieve simultaneous and flexible energy deposition for melting both preheated polymers. By illuminating the chip with a laser, parts of the beam can be flexibly guided onto the powder bed or into a beam trap. As laser, a single mode thulium laser (λ = 1.94 μm) is used. After melting the layer, a new layer is deposited and the process starts anew. In this paper, polypropylene and polyamide 12 are used as materials. After analyzing the material and melting behavior during the process by a high-resolution thermal imaging system, the parts are qualified regarding their material compatibility at the boundary zone and porosity by cross sections.
Laser cutting of carbon fiber reinforced plastic using a 30 kW fiber laser
Authors: Herzog Dirk , Schmidt-Lehr Matthias , Canisius Marten , Oberlander Max , Tasche Jan-Philipp , Emmelmann Claus
Published: February 2015

Today, industrial usage of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is steadily increasing, with an amount of 67 000 ton/yr [“Carbon fibers and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP)—A global market overview,” Report, Research and Markets Ltd., Dublin, Ireland, 2013]. Products such as the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 in the aerospace sector, as well as the BMW i3 from the automotive industry consist of more than 50% of CFRP in their structural weight. At the same time, these products also have comparatively high production volumes, e.g., >10 000 cars/yr in the case of the BMW i3 [“BMW undertakes global launch of i3 EV,” see http://www.ihs.com/products/global-insight/industry-economic-report.aspx?id=1065981621, May 20, 2014]. Therefore, a higher degree in automation and cost-efficiency is needed in production. Due to the highly abrasive carbon fibers, conventional machining processes result in short tool life and high costs. Therefore, laser cutting of CFRP as a wear-free alternative has lately become the focus of several research groups. Two different approaches are commonly chosen: cutting by short- and ultra-short pulsed laser systems to reach a process regime of cold ablation and cutting with continuous wave (cw) lasers at high cutting speeds. For the latter approach, it has already been shown that by increasing power and cutting speed, the heat affected zone (HAZ) can be reduced due to less time allowed for heat conduction [Bluemel et al., “Laser machining of CFRP using a high power laser—Investigation on the heat affected zone,” in Proceedings of 15th European Conference on Composite Materials, Venice, Italy (2012)]. Graf and Weber introduced a perpendicular heat flow model, calculating that the required intensity to cut 2 mm of CFRP with a HAZ of 10 μm using a cw laser is 109 W/cm2. The required cutting speed is 8.3 m/s [T. Graf and R. Weber, “Laser applications from production to machining of composite materials,” in Proceedings of EALA, Bad Nauheim, Germany (2012), pp. 289–299]. In this paper, experiments using an ultra-high power fiber laser system of 30 kW to cut CFRP laminates are presented. Although it is not possible to fully achieve the intensities proposed by Graf and Weber, the intensities of approx. 108 W/cm2 of the setup still allow for a practical validation of the CFRP cutting at very high laser power. Due to the high intensities, high cutting speeds per laser pass are necessary. A special experimental setup is chosen with a rotational movement of the specimen, reaching a feed rate of 85 m/s. The heat affected zone was considerably reduced to 78 μm with the 30 kW system, 10% lower than with a 5 kW system under comparable conditions. Although today no scanner systems are available that could handle these high intensities at such high cutting speeds, the experiments still show that processing of CFRP with cw laser systems at highest power has a potential in order to reduce the heat damage to the material.
Laser-delayed double shock-wave generation in water-confinement regime
Authors: Courapied D. , Berthe L. , Peyre P. , Coste F. , Zou J.-P. , Sautivet A.-M.
Published: February 2015

This paper investigates the different physical processes involved during laser-delayed double shock-wave generation in water-confined geometry. With this technique, two laser pulses, separated by a Δt duration, irradiate a target immersed in water at an intensity of a few GW/cm2 and form a high pressure plasma which results in a double shock-wave generation. This 2 pulses configuration is currently being investigated as an attractive method for improving the LASer Adhesion Test (LASAT) [L. M. Barker and R. E. Hollenbach, J. Appl. Phys. 43, 4669–4674 (1972)] technique by adapting the time delay Δt to the position of interfaces. The LASAT technique is a noncontact adhesion test allowing to generate a high-level tensile stress near interfaces with the use of laser-driven shock wave. The generation of two delayed high-intensity shock waves by laser plasma in the water-confinement regime has been investigated at 10ns@532 nm with the new Nd:YAG laser GAIA from Thales Laser company in the new facility HEPHAISTOS. For each incident Gaussian laser impulsion, the characterization of the high-amplitude laser-plasma-generated shock wave and its propagation through the target has been performed using a velocity interferometer system for any reflector [L. Berthe et al., “State-of-the-art laser adhesion test (LASAT),” Nondestr. Test. Eval. 26(3–4), 303–317 (2011)]. The new laser facility allows us a nanosecond-control of the time delay between the two laser pulses and a precise control of each laser maximum-intensity. Therefore, the influence of the first laser-induced plasma, on the second shock-wave generation has been studied by modifying different parameters such as the delay Δt and the intensity I1 and 12 of each pulse and different aluminum plate thicknesses from 0.2 to 1.5 mm. Preliminary tests show that the maximum pressure level of the second generated shock wave is sensitive to the time delay between the two impulsions and influenced by the plasma generated by the first laser pulse.