bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dataset factors associated with age-related changes in brain structure and function in neurodevelopmental conditions
Authors: Vandewouw Marlee M , Ye Yifan J , Crosbie Jennifer , Schachar Russell J , Iaboni Alana , Georgiades Stelios , Nicolson Robert , Kelley Elizabeth , Ayub Muhammad , Jones Jessica , Arnold Paul D , Taylor Margot J , Lerch Jason P , Anagnostou Evdokia , Kushki Azadeh
Published: May 2024

With brain structure and function undergoing complex changes throughout childhood and adolescence, age is a critical consideration in neuroimaging studies, particularly for those of individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions. However, despite the increasing use of large, consortium-based datasets to examine brain structure and function in neurotypical and neurodivergent populations, it is unclear whether age-related changes are consistent between datasets, and whether inconsistencies related to differences in sample characteristics, such as demographics and phenotypic features, exist. To address this, we built models of age-related changes of brain structure (regional cortical thickness and regional surface area; N=1,218) and function (resting-state functional connectivity strength; N=1,254) in two neurodiverse datasets: the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental network (POND) and the Healthy Brain Network (HBN). We examined whether deviations from these models differed between the datasets, and explored whether these deviations were associated with demographic and clinical variables. We found significant differences between the two datasets for measures of cortical surface area and functional connectivity strength throughout the brain. For regional measures of cortical surface area, the patterns of differences were associated with race/ethnicity, while for functional connectivity strength, positive associations were observed with head motion. Our findings highlight that patterns of age-related changes in the brain may be influenced by demographic and phenotypic characteristics, and thus future studies should consider these when examining or controlling for age effects in analyses.
A mismatch between striatal cholinergic pauses and dopaminergic reward prediction errors
Authors: Duhne Mariana , Mohebi Ali , Kim Kyoungjun , Pelattini Lilian , Berke Joshua
Published: May 2024

Movement, motivation and reward-related learning depend strongly on striatal dopamine and acetylcholine. These neuromodulators each regulate the other, and disturbances to their coordinated signals contribute to human disorders ranging from Parkinson’s Disease to depression and addiction. Pauses in the firing of cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are thought to coincide with pulses in dopamine release that encode reward prediction errors (RPEs), together shaping synaptic plasticity and thereby learning. However, such models are based upon recordings from unidentified neurons, and do not incorporate the distinct characteristics of striatal subregions. Here we compare the firing of identified, individual CINs to dopamine release as unrestrained rats performed a probabilistic decision-making task. The relationships between CIN spiking, dopamine release, and behavior varied strongly by subregion. In dorsal-lateral striatum aGo!cue evoked burst-pause CIN spiking, quickly followed by a very brief (~150ms) dopamine pulse that was unrelated to RPE. In dorsal-medial striatum the same cue evoked only a CIN pause; this pause was curtailed by a movement-selective rebound in firing. Finally in ventral striatum a reward cue evoked slower, RPE-coding increases in both dopamine and CIN firing, without any distinct pause. Our results demonstrate a spatial and temporal dissociation between CIN pauses and dopamine RPE signals, and will inform new models of striatal microcircuits and their contributions to behavior.
Extensive MEG time-series phenotyping unveils neural markers predictive of age
Authors: Stier Christina , Balestrieri Elio , Fehring Jana , Focke Niels K. , Wollbrink Andreas , Dannlowski Udo , Gross Joachim
Published: May 2024

Understanding the evolving dynamics of the brain throughout life is pivotal for anticipating and evaluating individual health. While previous research has described age effects on spectral properties of neural signals, it remains unclear which ones are most indicative of age-related processes. This study addresses this gap by analyzing resting-state data obtained from magnetoencephalography in 350 adults (18-88 years). We employed advanced time-series analysis at the brain region level and machine learning to predict age. While traditional spectral features achieved low to moderate accuracy, over a hundred novel time-series features proved superior. Notably, temporal autocorrelation emerged as the most robust predictor of age. Distinct patterns of autocorrelation within the visual and temporal cortex were most informative, offering a versatile measure of age-related signal changes for comprehensive health assessments based on brain activity.
Effect of annealing treatment of hot-rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy on properties and stress corrosion resistance of MAO coatings
Authors: Zhou Feng , Lu S. S. , Jiang B. , Song R.G.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aims to study the formation mechanism of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy and how the annealing process affects its corrosion resistance.

Design/methodology/approach

This study involved immersion experiments, electrochemical experiments and slow strain rate tensile experiments, along with scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy observation and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Findings

The findings suggest that annealing treatment can refine the grain size of AZ31 magnesium alloy to an average of 6.9 µm at 300°C. The change in grain size leads to a change in conductivity, which affects the performance of MAO coatings. The MAO coating obtained by annealing the substrate at 300°C has smaller pores and porosity, resulting in better adhesion and wear resistance.

Originality/value

The coating acts as a barrier to prevent corrosive substances from entering the substrate. However, the smaller pores and porosity reduce the channels for the corrosive solution to pass through the coating. When the coating cracks or falls off, the corrosive medium and substrate come into direct contact. Smaller and uniform grains have better corrosion resistance.
Does social currency influence social media usage and brand experience: an empirical analysis
Authors: Mishra Yog , Singh Anurag
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Loading the work on social capital theory, we have tried to check the influence of social currency (SC) on social media usage (SMU) and its subsequent impact on the brand experience (BE). The study attempted to ascertain the mediation of loyalty (LT) between the SC and SMU as well as the moderation of perceived ease of use (PEU) in the SMU and BE relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected from 384 respondents employing snowball sampling technique by administering a questionnaire on seven-point Likert scale. The respondents were the active internet users, who devote the significant part of their daily routine to social media activities. Structural equation modelling was used to study the path of the considered variables.

Findings

The result of the study strengthened the findings of earlier studies on SC dimensions. This study elaborated about the positive impact of SC on SMU, SC on LT, LT on SMU, SMU on BE. The study also found the mediating effect of LT in the SC and BE relationship. The study did not identify a moderating role of PEU in the SMU and BE relationship.

Research limitations/implications

By taking into account SC, SMU, LT, PEU and BE, the study adds the knowledge to the social capital theory.

Practical implications

This study aids marketers in adjusting social media strategies for the effective use of SC aimed to deliver enhanced BE. Additionally, it demonstrates the value of customer LT in the context of SC and SMU by customers.

Originality/value

This study is among the few research on the SC of the Indian user and its impact on SMU and BE. Checking the mediation of LT and the moderation of PEU in the SC context makes this study novel and different from any study conducted earlier.
Governance dynamics and the human capital disclosure-engagement paradox: a Japanese perspective
Authors: Elamer Ahmed A. , Kato Misaki
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to delve into the nuanced relationship between corporate governance dynamics, human capital disclosure and their impact on the competitive positioning of Japanese listed companies. The study primarily examines how these factors influence employee engagement, a critical determinant of overall business competitiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

Panel data for Japanese listed companies for FY 2019 to FY 2021 were analysed using multiple regression analyses with two models.

Findings

The results indicate that the presence of independent and female board members has a positive impact on human capital disclosure. Surprisingly, employee engagement was found to be negatively related with human capital disclosure, signifying a potential trade-off between transparency and engagement.

Originality/value

Amidst the escalating emphasis on non-financial information and corporate social responsibility, this paper unveils a previously underexplored aspect of Japanese corporate competitiveness. Specifically, this study offers a fresh empirical perspective on the relationship between corporate governance, human capital disclosure and employee engagement in Japanese listed companies, a topic with limited academic research and no legal regulations in Japan. The findings have significant implications for companies seeking to enhance their human capital disclosure and employee engagement practices, especially in light of the growing focus on non-financial information and social responsibility.
A grasp of police research: characteristics of empirical research on police careers based on multiple scoping reviews
Authors: Stevens Anse , Mangelschots Axelle , Feys Yinthe , Verhage Antoinette
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This article provides an overview of the literature characteristics of empirical research on topics related to police careers from 2000 to 2021. Methodology, distribution in time and space and types of publication are presented. Recommendations for new research avenues are given.

Design/methodology/approach

Eight scoping reviews on specific topics were carried out by criminology students under the close guidance and supervision of the first author, an academic researcher. The reviews followed the same procedure, enabling an overarching reflection.

Findings

The scoping reviews resulted in 179 unique publications for analysis. It appears that the topic of police professional competencies is studied more often in the field of police careers (n = 55), in contrast to informal learning in police training (n = 4) which was studied the least frequently. Since 2012, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of publications. Publications in scientific journals are by far the most common (n = 153), as is a quantitative research design (n = 123). All topics have been studied in Europe and North America.

Research limitations/implications

More qualitative research and international dissemination of empirical results are recommended to gain a deeper understanding of police careers. As for the limitations, specific topics were selected, which limits the scope of the findings. Working with students for data collection has its benefits in terms of workload, but comes with potential limitations in terms of quality. It is recommended to conduct a screening using the four-eyed principle, as was done here by the first and second authors. Additionally, the review protocol (e.g. keywords and databases) has an influence on the outcome. Different choices may lead to different results.

Originality/value

A comprehensive analysis of police career literature is made based on eight scoping reviews that followed the same procedure. It allows to study the literature in a broad sense rather than studying one topic in depth.
A comparative and experimental study to evaluate the use of nanocontainer solutions for removing polymeric coatingsfrom glass artifacts
Authors: Eloriby Rania Abdel Gwad , Mohamed Wael Sabry , Mohamed Hamdy Mohamed
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of nanocontainer solutions in removing deteriorated and aged polymers commonly used in coating and consolidating archaeological glass.

Design/methodology/approach

This study focused on characterizing glass surfaces coated with two commonly used polymeric materials in archaeological glass preservation. Furthermore, the study evaluates the elimination of these coatings from the surfaces by using innovative aqueous systems composed of micellar solutions (MS) and oil-in-water (O/W) Texapon-P microemulsions (TEX). Glass samples coated with selected polymers were subjected to thermal and photochemical aging to simulate natural degradation conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of nanocontainer aqueous systems compared to acetone (Ac), a conventional solvent commonly used for removal procedures. The characterization procedures involved transmission electron microscopy, USB digital microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, color alteration and gravimetric measurement.

Findings

The findings indicate that the effectiveness of novel techniques using aqueous nanocontainer systems is quite promising when considering a “green approach” to preserving cultural heritage. Microscopic examination demonstrated the efficacy of MS in effectively removing acrylic and vinyl polymers from the glass surface. Furthermore, TEX proved effective in removing polyvinyl acetate (PVA) over Paraloid B72 (B-72). In addition, the measurement of color alteration values revealed a decrease after using MS compared to the standard sample before applying the polymers, with values of ΔE = 1.48 and 1.82 for B-72 polymer and PVA, respectively.

Originality/value

This research provides nanocontainer solutions for removing aged polymers from the glass surface. This makes the current study a promising step for treating archaeological glass.
In-service training for improving the quality of English language teaching in Zanzibar’s secondary schools
Authors: Abdala Jafari , Juma Sharifa
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate an in-service training (INSET) programme for improving the quality of English language teaching in Zanzibar’s secondary schools. Specifically, there were two objectives: i) to explore the teachers’ views on the zanzibar improvement students prospect (ZISP) training programme in improving the English language teaching techniques in secondary schools in Zanzibar and ii) to find out the organisational support provided to teachers when they are using the skills and knowledge acquired from the ZISP teaching programme.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a qualitative research approach, particularly the case-study design. It used interviews to collect qualitative data that was analysed thematically. Twelve English language teachers from seven secondary schools who had benefited from the ZISP teaching programme and five headmasters from five schools participated in the study as respondents.

Findings

The study found that the ZISP training programme equipped teachers with pedagogical skills useful for preparing lessons and materials, using technology in teaching and providing timely feedback to students. In terms of support, teachers receive materials and motivation from various organisations.

Research limitations/implications

This study focused on ordinary teachers and headmasters. Nevertheless, other studies could use classroom observation, focus group discussion, document review or survey questionnaire to evaluate the impact of the programme and look at how the skills obtained are used in the teaching and learning of the English language. In addition, this study involved 12 participants who were teachers and headmasters, respectively. Other studies could include students, their families, employers and non-teaching staff. This would provide a holistic view of how the stakeholders perceive the INSET programme.

Originality/value

The study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding the benefits and organisational support teachers receive after participating in the INSET training programme in Zanzibar. Thus, teachers need regular exposure to INSET so that they improve the quality of their teaching.
The impact of flaxseed oil on lipid profiles, weight loss, and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Tabrizi Reza , Azizi Zahra , Bazmi Sina , Keshavarzian Omid , Akbari Maryam , Karimimoghadam Zeinab , Haghpanah Abdolreza
Published: May 2024

Studies investigating the effects of flaxseed oil on lipid profiles, weight loss, and inflammatory markers have produced inconsistent results. This systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to explore the impact of flaxseed oil on these parameters in hemodialysis patients. The study protocol was registered online (PROSPERO number: CRD42023484076). The meta‐analyses showed a significant decrease in triglyceride (TG) levels (WMD = −85.78 mg/dL, 95% CI: −155.24 to −16.32, I2 = 98.32%) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels (WMD = −2.66 mg/L, 95% CI: −4.07 to −1.24, I2 = 92.26%) following consumption of flaxseed oil. Subgroup analyses revealed significant changes in LDL‐C, HDL‐C, and TC levels only in trials utilizing a dosage higher than 10 g per day and using ground flaxseed oil. Based on the results, flaxseed oil improves CRP and TG levels, and higher doses positively affect lipid profiles. However, it has no significant effect on anthropometric measures.
Heterogeneous effects of Medicaid expansion on food security measures
Authors: Byrne Anne T. , Katare Bhagyashree , Lowrey John
Published: May 2024

The 2014 Affordable Care Act (ACA) included state‐level Medicaid expansion programs, which have been credited with gains in food security for low‐income, able‐bodied, childless adults without dependents (ABAWDs). Yet, ABAWDs represent a diverse cohort who experience disparities along racial and ethnic lines, which could be partly responsible for differences in health‐related outcomes. This study uses data from the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement to estimate the heterogeneous effect of ACA Medicaid expansion on food security among ABAWDs by race, ethnicity, and income. We find that Medicaid expansion improved food security for households headed by White ABAWDs—particularly those with incomes above 50% of the federal poverty line—but we do not find similarly significant evidence of gains among some historically marginalized populations. We find weak evidence that suggests that households headed by Hispanic ABAWDs may have experienced gains. However, Black‐headed ABAWD households had significantly worse food insecurity relative to the pooled sample of all races and ethnicities. Our results suggest that the relationship between healthcare access and food security is complex and, although spillover effects from a change in healthcare policy can influence food security status, such effects may not be equitably distributed across race, ethnicity, or income.
Ecogeographic rules in a common Neotropical treefrog: No clinal variation along a mountain range
Authors: Escalona Moisés , Gelambi Mariana , Hoyos‐Díaz José M. , Biganzoli‐Rangel Alejandro J. , Simões Pedro Ivo
Published: May 2024

Body and limb size are associated with many aspects of the biology of animals. Geographic variation in morphological traits has often been investigated through ecogeographical rules. Bergmann's rule posits an inverse relationship between body size and temperature in homeotherms, while Allen's rule posits that endothermic animals inhabiting colder climates have relatively shorter protruding parts (e.g., limbs) in comparison to populations from warmer climates. However, the applicability and validity of these rules in poikilotherms are currently contentious. In this study, we aimed to test predictions of Bergmann's and Allen's rules in populations of the Neotropical frog Boana platanera. We analysed 142 adult male museum specimens from 17 localities along a mountain range in western Venezuela. We obtained six external morphological measurements and assessed the correlation of body size and limb size with temperature data for each locality. Our results were contrary to the expectations but consistent with previous studies. All this together indicates that exceptions to the Bergmann's and Allen's rules are frequent and idiosyncratic in anurans. We discuss alternative hypotheses that could explain geographic variation of body and limb size in future studies.
Incorporating calibration errors in oral reading fluency scoring
Authors: Qiao Xin , Kamata Akihito , Potgieter Cornelis
Published: May 2024

Oral reading fluency (ORF) assessments are commonly used to screen at‐risk readers and evaluate interventions' effectiveness as curriculum‐based measurements. Similar to the standard practice in item response theory (IRT), calibrated passage parameter estimates are currently used as if they were population values in model‐based ORF scoring. However, calibration errors that are unaccounted for may bias ORF score estimates and, in particular, lead to underestimated standard errors (SEs) of ORF scores. Therefore, we consider an approach that incorporates the calibration errors in latent variable scores. We further derive the SEs of ORF scores based on the delta method to incorporate the calibration uncertainty. We conduct a simulation study to evaluate the recovery of point estimates and SEs of latent variable scores and ORF scores in various simulated conditions. Results suggest that ignoring calibration errors leads to underestimated latent variable score SEs and ORF score SEs, especially when the calibration sample is small.
Demographic modeling of the endangered subtropical rainforest shrub Graptophyllum reticulatum
Authors: Richer Amaya , Shimizu Yoko , Shapcott Alison
Published: May 2024

The subtropical rainforest shrub Graptophyllum reticulatum (Acanthaceae) occurs in only a few populations within a 20‐kilometer range in the Sunshine Coast, south‐east Queensland, Australia. This endangered plant has been subject to habitat degradation and loss, mostly due to land clearing and urbanization. In the past decades, conservation measures such as land protection and translocation have been put in place to protect the species' wild populations. The aim of the study was to analyze the viability of the species' populations in the long term while assessing the effectiveness of land protection and translocation. Demographic data was collected every decade since 2000; for this study, we resurveyed all known populations including a translocated population and two recently discovered populations. We found that the average number of plants per population has doubled since 2000, except in one population that underwent land clearing. However, after being reduced by 70%, plant abundance in this population has been increasing, giving evidence of natural post‐clearing recovery. We developed population growth models for population viability analysis in best, average, and worst‐case scenarios to predict the species' viability over the next 100 years. All populations are expected to grow in the next 100 years, except in the worst‐case scenario in which removing land protection from the model led to an 80% decline in the total number of plants within 100 years, highlighting the importance of land protection for species' conservation. Overall, if current conservation efforts are maintained, this endangered species is likely to persist for the next 100 years.
Further characterisation of late somatosensory evoked potentials using electroencephalogram and magnetoencephalogram source imaging
Authors: Hssain‐Khalladi Sahar , Giron Alain , Huneau Clément , Gitton Christophe , Schwartz Denis , George Nathalie , Le Van Quyen Michel , Marrelec Guillaume , Marchand‐Pauvert Véronique
Published: May 2024

Beside the well‐documented involvement of secondary somatosensory area, the cortical network underlying late somatosensory evoked potentials (P60/N60 and P100/N100) is still unknown. Electroencephalogram and magnetoencephalogram source imaging were performed to further investigate the origin of the brain cortical areas involved in late somatosensory evoked potentials, using sensory inputs of different strengths and by testing the correlation between cortical sources. Simultaneous high‐density electroencephalograms and magnetoencephalograms were performed in 19 participants, and electrical stimulation was applied to the median nerve (wrist level) at intensity between 1.5 and 9 times the perceptual threshold. Source imaging was undertaken to map the stimulus‐induced brain cortical activity according to each individual brain magnetic resonance imaging, during three windows of analysis covering early and late somatosensory evoked potentials. Results for P60/N60 and P100/N100 were compared with those for P20/N20 (early response). According to literature, maximal activity during P20/N20 was found in central sulcus contralateral to stimulation site. During P60/N60 and P100/N100, activity was observed in contralateral primary sensorimotor area, secondary somatosensory area (on both hemispheres) and premotor and multisensory associative cortices. Late responses exhibited similar characteristics but different from P20/N20, and no significant correlation was found between early and late generated activities. Specific clusters of cortical activities were activated with specific input/output relationships underlying early and late somatosensory evoked potentials. Cortical networks, partly common to and distinct from early somatosensory responses, contribute to late responses, all participating in the complex somatosensory brain processing.
A multicenter, randomized, open‐label, phase 2 clinical study of telitacicept in adult patients with generalized myasthenia gravis
Authors: Yin Jian , Zhao Mingming , Xu Xianhao , Zhang Meini , Xu Zucai , Li Zunbo , Qin Xinyue , Li Zhuyi , Zhao Chongbo , Zhou Hongyu , Ma Ying , Cao Wenfeng , Wang Guoping , Lin Yongzhong , Zhang Jizhong , Zhang Xu , Cai Hongbin , Qian Weidong , Wang Yiqi , Zhang Xinghu , Liu Guangzhi , Wang Jiawei , Qiu Wei , Min Lianqiu , Li Jing , Deng Hui , Chu Lan , Zhang Yifan , Fang Jianmin
Published: May 2024

Background and purpose

This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of telitacicept in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) who tested positive for acetylcholine receptor antibodies or muscle‐specific kinase antibodies and were receiving standard‐of‐care therapy.

Methods

Patients meeting the eligibility criteria were randomly assigned to receive telitacicept subcutaneously once a week for 24 weeks in addition to standard‐of‐care treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change in the quantitative myasthenia gravis (QMG) score from baseline to week 24. Secondary efficacy endpoints included mean change in QMG score from baseline to week 12 and gMG clinical absolute score from baseline to week 24. Additionally, safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics were assessed.

Results

Twenty‐nine of the 41 patients screened were randomly selected and enrolled. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) reduction in QMG score from baseline to week 24 was 7.7 (± 5.34) and 9.6 (± 4.29) in the 160 mg and 240 mg groups, respectively. At week 12, mean reductions in QMG scores for these two groups were 5.8 (± 5.85) and 9.5 (± 5.03), respectively, indicating rapid clinical improvement. Safety analysis revealed no adverse events leading to discontinuation or mortalities. All patients showed consistent reductions in serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG and IgM levels throughout the study.

Conclusion

Telitacicept demonstrated safety, good tolerability and reduced clinical severity throughout the study period. Further validation of the clinical efficacy of telitacicept in gMG will be conducted in an upcoming phase 3 clinical trial.
Successful reconstruction of a bilateral comminuted mandibular fracture in a foal using 2.7 locking compression plates
Authors: Henriksson Sofie , Gorvy Dylan , Skärlina Elin
Published: May 2024

A 23‐day‐old foal presented to the hospital with difficulty nursing and closing the mouth 2 days after sustaining a kick to the head. Computed tomography revealed a bilateral, complete, closed, comminuted fracture of the vertical ramus of the mandible. The fractures were repaired using open reduction and internal fixation with two 2.7 mm locking compression plates (LCPs) applied to the caudal and ventral aspects of each mandibular ramus. The surgery resulted in excellent fracture healing without any long‐term complications. Facial nerve paralysis was noted postoperatively but resolved within 14 days. The implants were removed after six and a half weeks, and the foal made a full recovery.
Long‐time high‐pressure processing of a patatin‐rich potato proteins isolate: impact on aggregation and surface properties
Authors: Bahri Asma , Charpentier Claudine , Khati Paula , Parc Rozenn Le , Chevalier‐Lucia Dominique , Picart‐Palmade Laetitia
Published: May 2024

In this study, a 4% (w/w) dispersion of a commercial patatin‐rich potato protein isolate (Po‐PI) was pressurised at 400 MPa up to 48 h at 20 °C. Protein aggregation induced by high‐pressure processing (HHP) was followed by dynamic light scattering, intrinsic fluorescence (in‐situ or ex‐situ) or SAXS analysis. Surface properties (surface hydrophobicity and interfacial properties) of the HHP‐induced aggregates were also investigated. A gradual dimer dissociation/protein unfolding was observed under pressure. Po‐PI exhibited a slow relaxation time under pressure. Long‐time HHP (>4 h) induced significant modification of the Po‐PI protein structure with partial non‐reversible unfolding. After 48 h of pressurisation at 400 MPa, large aggregates (160 nm) were obtained and a monomodal distribution in intensity and in number frequency was observed indicating a controlled aggregation. Up to 24 h of pressurisation at 400 MPa, intermediate states were obtained after high‐pressure release. SDS‐PAGE profiles showed that HHP‐induced aggregation of Po‐PI was driven by non‐covalent interactions. All high‐pressure processed dispersions displayed a higher surface hydrophobicity as compared to non‐treated Po‐PI. Po‐PI dispersion treated for 8 h at 400 MPa presented the lowest adsorption rate, the highest final surface tension and formed the most rigid interfacial film. Po‐PI showed resistance to moderate pressure levels (400 MPa) and long pressure application times were required to induce significant protein denaturation/aggregation (≥24 h) and to optimally modify its interfacial properties (8 h).
The patient's perspective on participation in a multidisciplinary team meeting: A phenomenological study
Authors: Berben Kevin , Walgrave Emily , Bergs Jochen , Van Hecke Ann , Dierckx Eva , Verhaeghe Sofie
Published: May 2024

In mental health care settings, inpatients are increasingly engaged in their care process, allowing them to participate in multidisciplinary team meetings. Research into how mental health patients (MHPs) experience participating in such meetings is, however, limited. This study aimed to explore inpatients' experiences when participating in multidisciplinary team meetings in a Belgian inpatient mental health unit. This study used a phenomenological design with data collection including semistructured interviews. Twelve individuals participated in the study. Participants were MHPs admitted to a mental health unit that works according to the model of recovery‐oriented mental health practice. Findings were analysed utilising thematic analysis. Results showed that the MHPs' experiences were mainly positive but intense. Themes included: ‘Feeling honoured to be invited’, ‘Sense of obligation’, ‘Feeling nervous’, ‘Transparency in team members’ insights', ‘Feeling supported by the (primary) nurse’ and ‘Duality about the presence of relatives’. By taking these findings into account, (mental) healthcare workers gain insight into the patient's lived experiences, allowing them to provide more person‐centred care when inpatients participate in multidisciplinary team meetings. Moreover, these findings can support mental health units in implementing or optimising patient participation in multidisciplinary team meetings. Finally, other (mental health) patients can also benefit from these findings as it can help them to put feelings and thoughts into perspective when participating in a multidisciplinary team meeting during a hospital admittance.
Emergency department staff experiences of working with people who self‐harm: A qualitative examination of barriers to optimal care
Authors: Veresova Maria , Michail Maria , Richards Hannah , Witt Katrina , Lamblin Michelle , Bleeker Caitlin , Robinson Jo
Published: May 2024

For people who seek help for self‐harm, emergency departments (ED) are often the first point of contact, making them a suitable setting for intervention. In Australia, base rates of self‐harm presentations to ED are increasing, while the quality of care these people receive is often considered sub‐optimal. This study used qualitative interviews to explore potential barriers ED staff face in delivering best possible self‐harm care. Seventeen staff across two EDs in the state of Victoria, Australia, were interviewed regarding their perceptions of barriers to providing optimal self‐harm care and suggestions for improvement. Three themes were identified: (1) system‐related challenges when managing self‐harm in ED, including the shortage of hospital resources, challenges of ED as a physical environment, and insufficient education, training and guidelines about self‐harm care for staff; (2) human‐related challenges regarding management of self‐harm in ED, which encompassed the nature of a person's circumstances and presentation, and staff attitudes towards self‐harm; and (3) staff suggestions for improving self‐harm care in ED. Specific recommendations that were proposed based on these findings included introducing a separate ED area for mental health‐related presentations, provision of specialised education and training about self‐harm care to staff, better implementation of guidelines on treating self‐harm in ED, and employing mental health educators to provide on‐the‐floor mentoring to nurses. The relevance of these barriers and recommendations to the wider healthcare sector is also discussed. Together, these findings may inform improvements to the quality of care provided to those who engage in self‐harm.
Deep learning‐based detection of irreversible pulpitis in primary molars
Authors: Ma Tianyu , Zhu Junxia , Wang Dandan , Xu Zineng , Bai Hailong , Ding Peng , Chen Xiaoxian , Xia Bin
Published: May 2024

Background

Changes in healthy and inflamed pulp on periapical radiographs are traditionally so subtle that they may be imperceptible to human experts, limiting its potential use as an adjunct clinical diagnostic feature.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of an image‐analysis technique based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect irreversible pulpitis in primary molars on periapical radiographs (PRs).

Design

This retrospective study was performed in two health centres. Patients who received indirect pulp therapy at Peking University Hospital for Stomatology were retrospectively identified and randomly divided into training and validation sets (8:2). Using PRs as input to an EfficientNet CNN, the model was trained to categorise cases into either the success or failure group and externally tested on patients who presented to our affiliate institution. Model performance was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and F1 score.

Results

A total of 348 PRs with deep caries were enrolled from the two centres. The deep learning model achieved the highest accuracy of 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.96) in the internal validation set, with an overall accuracy of 0.85 in the external test set. The mean greyscale value was higher in the failure group than in the success group (p = .013).

Conclusion

The deep learning‐based model could detect irreversible pulpitis in primary molars with deep caries on PRs. Moreover, this study provides a convenient and complementary method for assessing pulp status.
Impact of diabetes on the prognosis of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Xu Wei , Chen Zhi , Zhang Laijian
Published: May 2024

Aims/Introduction

Diabetes has been related to an increased risk of oral cancer. Nevertheless, the impact of diabetes on the outcome of individuals with oral and oropharyngeal cancer is not clear. In this study, a meta‐analysis was carried out to assess the link between diabetes and the survival of individuals with oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

Materials and Methods

Relevant cohort studies for the meta‐analysis objective were obtained through searching electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science and Embase. The data were combined using a random effects model that accounted for differences between studies.

Results

A total of 10 cohorts involving 21,871 patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer were included. Pooled results suggest that compared with those with normoglycemia, oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients with diabetes were associated with a poor overall survival (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.29–2.22, P < 0.001; I2 = 69%). Subgroup analysis suggested a stronger association between diabetes and poor overall survival in patients aged ≥52 years as compared with those aged <52 years (hazard ratio 2.08 vs 1.34, P = 0.03). Other study characteristics, such as study country, tumor stage or follow‐up duration, did not seem to significantly affect the association (P for subgroup difference all >0.05). In addition, diabetes was also associated with a poor progression‐free survival of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer (hazard ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.30–1.99, P < 0.001; I2 = 9%).

Conclusions

Patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer might have a poor survival if they have pre‐existing diabetes.
Effect of pulsed ultraviolet light on the degree of antigenicity and hydrolysis in cow's milk proteins
Authors: Salazar Fernando , Pizarro‐Oteíza Sebastián , Kasahara Ismael , Labbé Mariela , Estay Camila , Tarnok María Elena , Aguilar Luis , Ibáñez Rodrigo A.
Published: May 2024

In order to reduce the quantity of allergens that are causing harm to consumer, it is imperative that the proteins found in cow's milk undergo controlled hydrolysis. Investigated were the effects of different pulsed UV light fluences (0.1–10 J/cm2) on samples of commercial cow's milk proteins (CCMP: casein (CN), α‐lactalbumin (α‐LA), and β‐lactoglobulin (β‐LG)) and reconstituted cow's milk proteins (RCMP). The degree of hydrolysis (DH) and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) profiles in RCMP and CCMP, as well as the degree of antigenicity in RCMP, were assessed for this purpose. The DH increased in CCMP and RCMP samples at the highest fluence applied. SDS PAGE profiles showed a decrease in the intensity of the bands of the CCMP samples for fluences of 5 and 10 J/cm2; however, this was not the case for α‐LA. Finally, the degrees of antigenicity measured with Elisa assay in CN and β‐LG were reduced by 24% and 47%, respectively, at a fluence of 10 J/cm2. Therefore, this nonthermal technology could be an alternative to conventional treatments to reduce the allergenic potential of cow's milk proteins; however, future clinical trials to confirm an anti‐allergenic effect on consumer are needed.

Practical Applications

Pulsed UV light is a nonthermal technology of great relevance in the dairy industry. The aim of this article was to generate knowledge of the effect of pulsed UV light on allergenic dairy proteins. Therefore, this article aimed to demonstrate that pulsed UV light can be a novelty compared with conventional methods of inactivation of commercial and reconstituted dairy allergenic proteins.
Prevalence, proportions of elevated liver enzyme levels, and long‐term cardiometabolic mortality of patients with metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease
Authors: Chen Yi‐Ting , Chen Tzu‐I , Yin Szu‐Ching , Huang Chia‐Wei , Huang Jee‐Fu , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Chung‐Feng , Dai Chia‐Yen , Chen Yu‐Wei , Chuang Wan‐Long , Yu Ming‐Lung , Lee Mei‐Hsuan
Published: May 2024

Background and Aim

This study estimated the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) according to cardiometabolic risk factors. The long‐term impacts of MASLD on all‐cause and cardiometabolic‐specific mortality were evaluated.

Methods

We enrolled 343 816 adults aged ≥30 years who participated in a health screening program from 1997 through 2013. MASLD was identified on the basis of abdominal ultrasonography and metabolic profiles. The participants were further categorized by liver enzyme elevation. Baseline cardiometabolic comorbidities were classified on the basis of self‐reported medication use and clinical seromarkers. All‐cause and cardiometabolic‐specific deaths were determined through computerized data linkage with nationwide death certifications until December 31, 2020.

Results

The overall prevalence of MASLD was 36.4%. Among patients with MASLD, 35.9% had abnormal liver enzyme levels. Compared with patients without MASLD, abnormal liver enzymes were positively associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities in patients with MASLD (Pfor trend < 0.001). After follow‐up, patients with MASLD had a 9%–29% higher risk of all‐cause, cardiovascular‐related, or diabetes‐related mortality. In the groups with MASLD and elevated and normal liver enzyme levels, the multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratios for cardiovascular deaths were 1.14 (1.05–1.25) and 1.10 (1.03–1.17), respectively, and those for diabetes deaths were 1.42 (1.05–1.93) and 1.24 (0.98–1.57), respectively, compared with those in the non‐MASLD group (Pfor trend < 0.001).

Discussion

Individuals with MASLD and elevated liver enzyme levels exhibited significantly higher risks of all‐cause and cardiometabolic deaths and should be monitored and given consultation on cardiometabolic modifications.
3D‐printed Multifunctional Guide Plate for Fenestration and Screws Drill in Proximal Femoral Benign Tumor
Authors: Zhang Yuxuan , Guo Yi , Li Zonghao , Wang Bing , Li Zhenfeng
Published: May 2024

The accurate fenestration, screw implantation and assisting stabilizing‐plate placement in surgery of benign tumors in the proximal femur needs be defined easily. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of 3D printed multifunctional guides plate (3D‐MGP) based on computer aided design. Between January 2020 and June 2022, 17 patients (nine females and eight males) with benign proximal femoral tumor had lesion curettage and allograft combined with internal plate fixation using 3D‐MGP. In this study, the patients had CT scans and a technician reconstructed the 3D images of tumor and the femur, a doctor designed the location and margin of the fenestration and screws, and integrated different functions into MGP for benign proximal femoral lesions, which assisted in precise localization, fenestration and screw drilling. Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring was used to evaluate lower extremity function. Bone healing and the screws location was assessed with the radiographs. All patients underwent successful surgery with complete resection of the tumor and internal fixation with using the 3D‐MGP. The mean follow‐up was 16.4 months. The operative time was 126.47 ± 18.44 min, intraoperative bleeding was 198.23 ± 67.94 mL, intraoperative fluoroscopy was 6.47 ± 0.62, postoperative drainage was 223.82 ± 119.51 mL, and MSTS score was 27.29 ± 1.31 points. There were no unplanned fenestration and improper screw fixation. The 3D‐MGP enabled personalized and accurate location of tumor, fenestration, screw placement and assisted stabilizing‐plate placement for the treatment of benign tumor of the proximal femur. This technique has the potential to shorten operative times, decrease intraoperative bleeding, and reduce radiation exposure to patients.
Methods for assessing and removing non‐specific photoimmunotherapy damage in patient‐derived tumor cell culture models
Authors: Timilsina Sudip , Saad Mohammad Ahsan , Lang Ryan T. , Hasan Tayyaba , Spring Bryan Q.
Published: May 2024

Tumor‐targeted, activatable photoimmunotherapy (taPIT) has been shown to selectively destroy tumor in a metastatic mouse model. However, the photoimmunoconjugate (PIC) used for taPIT includes a small fraction of non‐covalently associated (free) benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), which leads to non‐specific killing in vitro. Here, we report a new treatment protocol for patient‐derived primary tumor cell cultures ultrasensitive to BPD photodynamic therapy (BPD‐PDT). Based on free BPD efflux dynamics, the updated in vitro taPIT protocol precludes non‐specific BPD‐PDT by silencing the effect of free BPD. Following incubation with PIC, incubating cells with PIC‐free medium allows time for expulsion of free BPD whereas BPD covalently bound to PIC fragments is retained. Administration of the light dose after the intracellular free BPD drops below the threshold for inducing cell death helps to mitigate non‐specific damage. In this study, we tested two primary ovarian tumor cell lines that are intrinsically chemoresistant, yet ultrasensitive to BPD‐PDT such that small amounts of free BPD (a few percent of the total BPD dose) lead to potent induction of cell death upon irradiation. The modifications in the protocol suggested here improve in vitro taPIT experiments that lack in vivo mechanisms of free BPD clearance (i.e., lymph and blood flow).
Timing and responsiveness in American political advertising campaigns
Authors: Banda Kevin K.
Published: May 2024

Objective

Though candidates for political office use their campaigns to appeal to voters, they are unable to do so uninterrupted. Prior research suggests that they must respond to the advertising strategies employed by their opponents when determining their own strategies. How does this responsiveness vary across the campaign cycle?

Methods

I test how general election television advertising responsiveness varies over the course of the campaign cycle using data from 256 U.S. Senate and gubernatorial contests.

Results

The results of my analyses show that candidates' overall, negative, and (to an extent) issue‐based advertising strategies become less informed by their opponents' strategies as Election Day approaches.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that candidates use the early stages of their campaigns to find effective general advertising strategies and become less responsive to their opponents once they have done so. In other words, campaigns appear to stay on message to a greater extent as the campaign unfolds.