bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focusing on unlikely accented nominals: context, alternatives and implied expectations
Authors: Gillingham Gwendolyn
Published: August 2015

In English, accenting a pronoun occasionally switches its reference rela- tive to an unaccented pronoun: (1) John pushed Bill and... a. heb/# j fell. b. HEj/#b fell. However, accent does not always have this effect - it is not licit in (2) below: (2) John bought Bill a drink and then... a. hej/?b went home. b. # HE went home. This paper argues that the felicity of the accent in (1b) is dependent on a presupposition of relative unlikeliness, which is unfulfilled in (2b). The presence of this accent is due to a focus-sensitive operator, Opunlikely, which presupposes the existence of a likelier alternative to the asserted one. The reference and the distribution of accented pronouns is due to the satisfaction of this presupposition. Opunlikely not only accounts for accents on pronouns, but also on coreferential nouns and other types of constituents as well. Finally, this operator also accounts for the distribution of accent and unlikeliness associated with other focus-sensitive constructions.
Harmonic sluicing: Which remnant/correlate pairs work and why
Authors: Barros Matthew Veras
Published: August 2015

In this paper, I claim that two generalizations about sluicing in the recent literature are epiphenomenal, emerging from the interaction of independent properties of sluicing and answerhood. The primary focus is on the generalization in Dayal & Schwarzschild 2010, dubbed Antecedent-Correlate Harmony. The empirical pattern is shown to follow from how the semantics of Wh-phrases and correlates interact with Barker’s (in press) Answer Ban generalization, where the antecedent cannot be an answer to the sluiced question. In the latter part of the paper, I shift focus from ACH to the Answer Ban and show how the Answer Ban fills a previously unnoticed gap in Romero’s (1998) empirical coverage of inheritance of content effects in sluicing. The Answer Ban is, in turn, shown to follow straightforwardly from the recent semantic condition on sluicing proposed in AnderBois 2011.
Quantizing scalar change
Authors: Henderson Robert
Published: August 2015

This paper provides a new analysis of N-BY-N adverbials that captures their previously unrecognized close connection to verbs of scalar change. After providing a series of arguments that N-BY-N modification requires the VP to provide a scalar interval it can measure, we use this as novel evidence that incremental theme verbs, as well as inherently directed motion and change of state verbs, must make reference to scales. The analysis thus supports a unified scalar account of verbs of variable telicity (e.g., Hay, Kennedy & Levin 1999; Kennedy & Levin 2008; Kennedy 2012). Finally, we show that our analysis avoids empirical problems for previous approaches to these adverbials in both English (Beck & von Stechow 2007; Brasoveanu & Henderson 2009) and Russian (Braginsky & Rothstein 2008).
A semantic account of mirative evidentials
Authors: Rett Jessica , Murray Sarah
Published: August 2015

Many if not all evidential languages have a mirative evidential: an indirect evidential that can, in some contexts, mark mirativity (the expression of speaker surprise) instead of indirect evidence. We address several questions posed by this systematic polysemy: What is the affinity between indirect evidence and speaker surprise? What conditions the two interpretations? And how do mirative evidentials relate to other mirative markers? We propose a unified analysis of mirative evidentials where indirect evidentiality and mirativity involve a common epistemic component. A mirative interpretation requires a close temporal proximity between the speech event and the event of the speaker's learning the at-issue content.
Negative Polarity and General Statements
Authors: Jackson Eric
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Negative Polarity Item Licensing, Indefinites and Complex Predicates
Authors: Uribe-Etxebarria Myriam
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Part-Structure Modifiers
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Semantic and Pragmatic Context-Dependence: The Case of Reciprocals
Authors: Kim Yookyung , Peters Stanley
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Temporal Subordination and the English Perfect
Authors: Spejewski Beverly
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Twigs, Sequences and the Temporal Constitution of Predicates
Authors: Zucchi Sandro , White Michael
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
A Weak Theory of Strong Readings
Authors: Büring Daniel
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Complement Anaphora and Dynamic Binding
Authors: Kibble Rodger
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Dynamic Action Semantics and Deontic Operators
Authors: Gutiérrez-Rexach Javier
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
On Context Dependence In Modal Constructions
Authors: Frank Anette , Kamp Hans
Published: August 2015

This paper investigates a new representation format for dynamic discourse in DRT, where contextual dynamics is modeled in terms of update conditions. This new representation format is motivated by the study of context depen­dence in modal constructions, in particular by serious problems besetting ear­lier approaches to modality and modal subordination in DRT. We present an alternative DRT analysis that provides a unified analysis of relative modality and modal subordination, and which accounts for a wider range of data as regards modal subordination relative to negation and graded modal contexts.
The Present Perfect as an Epistemic Modal
Authors: Izvorski Roumyana
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
A Semantic Characterization of Locative PPs
Authors: Zwarts Joost , Winter Yoad
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Additive Particles under Stress
Authors: Krifka Manfred
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Identity, Modality, and the Candidate Behind the Wall
Authors: Büring Daniel
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
On the Semantics of Exclusion and Inclusion Phrases
Authors: Zuber R.
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Antiretroviral Activity and Safety of Once-Daily Etravirine in Treatment-Naive HIV-Infected Adults: 48-Week Results
Authors: Floris-Moore Michelle A , Mollan Katie , Wilkin Aimee M , Johnson Marc A , Kashuba Angela DM , Wohl David A , Patterson Kristine B , Francis Owen , Kronk Catherine , Eron Joseph J
Published: August 2015

Background

Etravirine (ETR), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved for 200 mg twice-daily dosing in conjunction with other antiretrovirals (ARVs), has pharmacokinetic properties which support once-daily dosing.

Methods

In this single-arm, open-label study, 79 treatment-naive HIV-infected adults were assigned to receive ETR 400 mg plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) 300/200 mg once daily to assess antiviral activity, safety and tolerability. ARV activity at 48 weeks was determined by proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml (intention-to-treat, missing = failure).

Results

Of 79 eligible subjects, 90% were men, 62% African-American and 29% Caucasian. At baseline, median (Q1, Q3) age was 29 years (23, 44) and HIV-1 RNA 4.52 log10 copies/ml (4.07, 5.04). A total of 69 (87%) completed a week 48 visit and 61 (77%, 95% CI 66%, 86%) achieved HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml at week 48. At time of virological failure, genotypic resistance-associated mutations were detected in three participants, two with E138K (one alone and one with additional mutations). Median (95% CI) CD4+ cell count increase was 163 (136, 203) cells/μl. Fifteen (19.0%) participants reported a new sign/symptom or lab abnormality ≥ Grade 3 and three participants (3.8%) permanently discontinued ETR due to toxicity. Two participants had psychiatric symptoms of any grade. There were no deaths.

Conclusions

In this study of ARV-naive HIV-positive adults, once-daily ETR with TDF/FTC had acceptable antiviral activity and was well-tolerated. Once-daily ETR may be a plausible option as part of a combination ARV regimen for treatment-naive individuals. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00959894.
The serotonin receptor mediates changes in autonomic neurotransmission and gastrointestinal transit induced by heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803
Authors: Horii Y. , Nakakita Y. , Misonou Y. , Nakamura T. , Nagai K.
Published: August 2015

Lactobacilli exhibit several health benefits in mammals, including humans. Our previous reports established that heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 (SBC8803) increased both efferent gastric vagal nerve activity and afferent intestinal vagal nerve activity in rats. We speculated that this strain could be useful for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. In this study, we examined the effects of SBC8803 on peristalsis and the activity of the efferent celiac vagal nerve innervating the intestine in rats. First, we examined the effects of intraduodenal (ID) administration of SBC8803 on efferent celiac vagal nerve activity (efferent CVNA) in urethane-anesthetised rats using electrophysiological studies. The effects of intravenous injection of the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist granisetron on changes in efferent CVNA due to ID administration of SBC8803 were also investigated. Finally, the effects of oral gavage of SBC8803 on GI transit were analysed using the charcoal propulsion method in conscious rats treated with or without granisetron. ID administration of SBC8803 increased efferent CVNA. Pretreatment with granisetron eliminated SBC8803-dependent changes in efferent CVNA. Furthermore, oral gavage of SBC8803 significantly accelerated GI transit, while pretreatment with granisetron inhibited GI transit. Our findings suggested that SBC8803 increased efferent CVNA and GI transit of charcoal meal via 5-HT3 receptors. Moreover, SBC8803 enhanced the activity of efferent vagal nerve innervating the intestine and promoted peristalsis via 5-HT3 receptors.
Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question
Authors: Cheli F. , Giromini C. , Baldi A.
Published: August 2015

The aim of this paper is to present examples ofin vitro andin vivo tests for mycotoxin mechanisms of action and evaluation of health effects, with a focus on the gut environment and toxicity testing.In vivo investigations may provide information on the net effects of mycotoxins in whole animals, whereasin vitro models represent effective tools to perform simplified experiments under uniform and well-controlled conditions and a suitable alternative toin vivo animal testing providing insights not achievable with animal studies. The main limits ofin vitro models are the lack of interactions with other cells and extracellular factors, lack of hormonal or immunological influences, and lack or different levels ofin vitro expression of genes involved in the overall response to mycotoxins. The translation ofin vitro data into meaningfulin vivo effects remains an unsolved problem. The main issues to be considered are the mycotoxin concentration range in accordance with levels encountered in realistic situations, the identification of reliable biomarkers of mycotoxin toxicity, the measurement of the chronic toxicity, the evaluation of single- or multi-toxin challenge. The gastrointestinal wall is the first barrier preventing the entry of undesirable substances. The intestinal epithelium can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated food and the amount of mycotoxin consumed via food does not always reflect the amount available to exert toxic actions in a target organ.In vitro digestion models in combination with intestinal epithelial cells are powerful tools to screen and predict thein vivo bioavailability and digestibility of mycotoxins in contaminated food and correctly estimate health effects. In conclusion,in vitro andin vivo tests are complementary approaches for providing a more accurate picture of the health impact of mycotoxins and improved understanding and evaluation of relevant dietary exposure and risk scenarios.
Jan A. du Rand, Nuwe-Testamentikus: ’n Lewenslange akademiese liefdesverhouding met die Johannese Nuwe-Testamentiese geskrifte
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Fika
Published: August 2015

In hierdie artikel word ’n oorsig van die akademiese bydrae van prof. Jan A. du Rand, emeritus professor in Nuwe Testament aan die Universiteit van Johannesburg en Buitengewone Professor van die Noordwes-Universiteit in Potchefstroom gebied. Ná ’n bondige biografiese oorsig, word Du Rand se akademiese bydrae onder die volgende opskrifte bespreek: Doktorale leiding, Publikasietendense, Griekse taalfase, Johannesevangelie- en -entolēfase, Openbaringfase, Paulusfase en ander publikasies, Hermeneutiese bydrae, Besondere boekpublikasies, Akademiese gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid, Bydrae tot vakverenigings, Bybelvertaling, Informele en kerklike bydraes en Toekennings.Jan A. du Rand, New Testament scholar: A lifelong love relationship with the Johannine New Testament writings. In this article an overview is presented of the academic contribution of Prof. Jan A. du Rand, emeritus Professor in New Testament Studies at the University of Johannesburg and Extraordinary Professor at the North-West University in Potchefstroom. After a brief biographic overview, his academic contribution is discussed under the following headings: Doctoral supervision, Publication trends, Greek language phase, John’s Gospel and entolēphase, Revelation phase, Pauline phase and other publications, Hermeneutical contributions, Special book publications, Academic community involvement, Contributions to academic societies, Bible translation, Informal and ecclesiastic contributions, and Awards.
Narrativa e escrita da história: sobre a não castidade do historiador
Authors: Benatte Antonio Paulo , Van Khan Saad César Leonardo
Published: August 2015

O artigo objetiva debater teoricamente a questão da narrativa histórica, problematizando a noção de verdade segundo o paradigma científico clássico e dialogando com os desafios lançados pelos “narrativistas”, que ressaltam a subjetividade inerente à tessitura textual e as fronteiras do discurso histórico com a ficção.
Monitoring Vaginal Electrical Impedance in Bangladeshi Water Buffaloes During Postpartum Period
Authors: Juyena Nasrin Sultana , Hassan Mahmudul , Mollah Habibur Rahman , Rabidas Shushanto Kumar
Published: August 2015

The achievement of early cyclicity and pregnancy after calving are of vital importance for sustainable buffalo farms, for which proper detection of oestrus and correct time of AI are necessary. Vaginal electrical impedance (VEI) observation using heat detector was used to identify estrus in buffalo cows during post-partum period. In the first group, 12 buffalo cows with post-partum>300 days were synchronized with OVSYNCH protocol and VEI was recorded at different stages of synchronization protocol. VEI values decreased significantly (P < 0.01) during second administration of GnRH in both pregnant and non-pregnant buffalo cows and it was indicative for the presence of oestrus. Higher VEI values were obvserved at second administration of GnRH and AI in non-pregnant group than the pregnant group. In second group, 8 buffalo cows with a post-partum period 40 to 96 days were used to record VEI daily. Lower VEI values (260-350Ω)  were observed during oestrus and then started to increase at higher level after oestrus. The day difference between two successive lower/higher values of “VEI waves” ranged from 17-25 days, which might indicate the oestrous cycle in buffalo cows. Moreover, physical signs such as colour of vulva, mucus were less intensive in buffalo cows of second experiment. The study suggests that the measurement of vaginal impedance could serve as an indicator of the oestrus in buffalo cows and daily impedance measurements are necessary to confirm the stages of the estrous cycle.
Triunia kittredgei P.M. Olde (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae: Roupaleae), a new name for Triunia robusta sensu D. Foreman misapplied.
Authors: Olde Peter Maurice
Published: August 2015

The name Triunia kittredgei P.M. Olde replaces Triunia robusta sensu D. Foreman (1986) following an invalid lectotypification. Triunia erythrocarpa Foreman is referred to synonymy under Triunia robusta, correctly applied. The lectotypes of T. robusta and T. montana were apparently not distributed to NSW as indicated by Sleumer (1955) and replacements are here redesignated from among the existing isolectotypes. The holotype of Triunia youngiana was not collected by Charles Moore as indicated by Moore and Mueller (1864), and Sleumer (1955) who typified the name with Moore’s collection number 4 at MEL. The evidence points to the collection Richards 4 as the holotype.
Combatting bacterial persister cells
Authors: Wood Thomas K.
Published: August 2015

Most bacterial cells lead lives of quiet desperation in biofilms, combatting stress; yet, their prevalence attests to their ability to alter gene regulation to cope with myriad insults. Since biofilm bacteria are faced with starvation and other environmental stress (e.g., antibiotics from competitors, oxidative stress from host immune systems), it behooves them to be able to ramp down their metabolism in a highly regulated manner and enter a resting state known as persistence to weather stress. Hence, persister cells are metabolically dormant cells that arise predominantly as a response to stress through elegant gene regulation that includes toxin/antitoxin systems. In this review, an analysis is made of the genetic pathways that lead to persistence, of cell signaling via the interspecies and interkingdom signal indole that leads to persistence, and the means found to date for combatting these cells which are frequently tolerant to a range of antibiotics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 476–483. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heteropentanuclear Oxalato‐Bridged nd–4f (n=4, 5) Metal Complexes with NO Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Aqueous Stability and Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Kuhn Paul‐Steffen , Cremer Laura , Gavriluta Anatolie , Jovanović Katarina K. , Filipović Lana , Hummer Alfred A. , Büchel Gabriel E. , Dojčinović Biljana P. , Meier Samuel M. , Rompel Annette , Radulović Siniša , Tommasino Jean Bernard , Luneau Dominique , Arion Vladimir B.
Published: August 2015

A series of heteropentanuclear oxalate‐bridged Ru(NO)‐Ln (4d–4f) metal complexes of the general formula (nBu4N)5[Ln{RuCl3(μ‐ox)(NO)}4], where Ln=Y (2), Gd (3), Tb (4), Dy (5) and ox=oxalate anion, were obtained by treatment of (nBu4N)2[RuCl3(ox)(NO)] (1) with the respective lanthanide salt in 4:1 molar ratio. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, while 1, 2, and 5 were in addition analyzed by X‐ray crystallography, 1 by Ru K‐edge XAS and 1 and 2 by 13C NMR spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction showed that in 2 and 5 four complex anions [RuCl3(ox)(NO)]2− are coordinated to YIII and DyIII, respectively, with formation of [Ln{RuCl3(μ‐ox)(NO)}4]5− (Ln=Y, Dy). While YIII is eight‐coordinate in 2, DyIII is nine‐coordinate in 5, with an additional coordination of an EtOH molecule. The negative charge is counterbalanced by five nBu4N+ ions present in the crystal structure. The stability of complexes 2 and 5 in aqueous medium was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The antiproliferative activity of ruthenium‐lanthanide complexes 2–5 were assayed in two human cancer cell lines (HeLa and A549) and in a noncancerous cell line (MRC‐5) and compared with those obtained for the previously reported Os(NO)‐Ln (5d–4f) analogues (nBu4N)5[Ln{OsCl3(ox)(NO)}4] (Ln=Y (6), Gd (7), Tb (8), Dy (9)). Complexes 2–5 were found to be slightly more active than 1 in inhibiting the proliferation of HeLa and A549 cells, and significantly more cytotoxic than 5d–4f metal complexes 6–9 in terms of IC50 values. The highest antiproliferative activity with IC50 values of 20.0 and 22.4 μM was found for 4 in HeLa and A549 cell lines, respectively. These cytotoxicity results are in accord with the presented ICP‐MS data, indicating five‐ to eightfold greater accumulation of ruthenium versus osmium in human A549 cancer cells.
Laminar flow of Non‐Newtonian thickened tailings slurry through an open channel
Authors: Javadi Sadegh , Gupta Rahul , Bhattacharya Sati , Slatter Paul
Published: August 2015

The flow of non‐Newtonian materials through open channels has been little‐studied compared to research on circular pipes. This paper presents a new Reynolds number to predict the flow of non‐Newtonian thickened mining tailings slurries in open channels. Our aim is to model the frictional forces caused by a material's rheology in the laminar regime. The flow behaviour predictions by this and previous models are discussed and validated against previously published experimental data. It is shown that the newly‐defined Reynolds number achieves an appropriate evaluation of the friction at the boundary and average velocities, when compared with the experimental data for Kaolin and Bentonite suspensions. The new model requires rheometer data to determine the fluid index (). It is preferred, as with tube viscometry, to set up a lab‐scale flume from which can be determined graphically or by numerical differentiation. Alternatively the fluid index can be obtained from conventional rotational viscometry results.
A Quantitative Framework to Evaluate Proarrhythmic Risk in a First‐in‐Human Study to Support Waiver of a Thorough QT Study
Authors: Nelson CH , Wang L , Fang L , Weng W , Cheng F , Hepner M , Lin J , Garnett C , Ramanathan S
Published: August 2015

The effects of GS‐4997 (apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 inhibitor) on cardiac repolarization were evaluated using a systematic modeling approach in a first‐in‐human (FIH) study. High quality, intensive, time‐matched 12‐lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained in this placebo‐controlled, single and multiple‐ascending dose study in healthy subjects. Model development entailed linearity and hysteresis assessments; GS‐4997/metabolite concentration vs. baseline‐adjusted QTcF (ΔQTcF) relationships were determined using linear mixed effects models. Bootstrapping was used to obtain 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of predicted placebo‐corrected ΔQTcF (ΔΔQTcF). The upper bound of 90% CI for predicted ΔΔQTcF was <10 msec at therapeutic and supratherapeutic GS‐4997/metabolite levels, indicating the absence of a QT prolongation effect. Model performance/suitability was assessed using sensitivity/specificity analyses and diagnostic evaluations. This comprehensive methodology, supported by clinical pharmacology characteristics, was deemed adequate to assess the proarrhythmic risk of GS‐4997/metabolite by the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency resulting in a successful waiver from a dedicated thorough QT (TQT) study.
China's International Investment and the United States
Authors: Tang Roger Y. W. , Chen Kuanchin
Published: August 2015

Chinese investment in the United States has grown from less than $1 billion in 2009 to about $13 billion in 2013. China and the United States are in the process of negotiating a bilateral investment treaty (BIT). The two sides have made significant progress, but some difficult issues remain. It is in the interests of both countries to reach a BIT soon. The new BIT will not only benefit China and the United States but will also promote global investment, trade, and economic growth in many other countries. The main purpose of this article is to examine the recent changes in foreign direct investment (FDI) in China and China's outward direct investment (ODI), and to review the bilateral investment relationships between China and the United States. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transfer Pricing: Factors to Consider
Authors: Cecchini Mark , Leitch Robert , Strobel Caroline
Published: August 2015

This article considers the many factors that must go into developing a transfer price to be used as products and services move between entities and divisions of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The discussion focuses on two different economic theories: resource‐based value and transaction cost economics. These two theories are integrated to better understand the multitude of factors that must be considered in developing a transfer price. The use of a well‐thought‐out transfer price has a positive effect on the value of a firm. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The New SEC Rules for Money Market Funds: Financial Reporting and Tax Consequences
Authors: Baril Charles P. , Betancourt Luis , Nichols Nancy
Published: August 2015

In this article, the authors explain the new Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules for money market mutual funds (MMFs), which are designed to improve their transparency and provide investor protection during periods of market stress. With their effective date just over one year away, it is clear that corporate accountants and financial executives need to understand the financial reporting and tax implications so that any changes needed to accounting and tax systems can be implemented in a timely manner. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring Different Types of Sharing: A Proposed Segmentation of the Market for “Sharing” Businesses
Authors: Hellwig Katharina , Morhart Felicitas , Girardin Florent , Hauser Mirjam
Published: August 2015

Sharing instead of buying is regaining traction among today's consumers. This study aims at identifying segments of sharing consumers to unearth potentially viable clusters of a consumer behavior that is a market of growing economic relevance. By means of a qualitative study and a survey with a roughly representative sample of 1121 Swiss‐German and German consumers, a set of trait‐related, motivational, and perceived socioeconomic variables is identified that can be used to group individuals into segments that differ with regard to their approach to sharing. A cluster analysis based on these variables suggests four potential clusters of sharing consumers—sharing idealists, sharing opponents, sharing pragmatists, and sharing normatives. Two sets of testable propositions are derived that can guide further research in this domain and pave the way to a more targeted approach to the growing market of “sharing” businesses.
The effect of initiators and oxidants on the morphology of poly [(±)‐2‐(sec‐butyl) aniline] a chiral bulky substituted polyaniline derivative
Authors: Movahedifar Fahimeh , Modarresi‐Alam Ali Reza
Published: August 2015

The nano and micro sphere synthesis of chiral bulky substituted polyaniline from monomer (±)‐2‐sec‐butylaniline in bulk and template‐free method (rapid mixing) was done successfully using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) and FeCl3·6H2O as oxidants. The effect of initiators such as p‐phenylendiamine and 1,4‐benzenediamine, temperature and concentration of monomer on morphology is demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The nano and micro sphere morphology was obtained using initiators. Smallest particles were achieved when 1,4‐benzenediamine was used as initiator in the presence of FeCl3·6H2O as oxidant. By increasing the concentration of monomer more uniform spheres were obtained. Characterization was made via FT‐IR, UV–Vis, 1H and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. Elemental analysis and electrical conductivity of products are also presented. All analysis data are in good agreement with nigraniline oxidation state of polyaniline. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitation of spatial working memory performance following intra-prefrontal cortical administration of the adrenergic alpha1 agonist phenylephrine
Authors: Hvoslef-Eide Martha , Oomen C. A. , Fisher B. M. , Heath C. J. , Robbins T. W. , Saksida L. M. , Bussey T. J.
Published: August 2015

Rationale

Spatial working memory is dependent on the appropriate functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). PFC activity can be modulated by noradrenaline (NA) released by afferent projections from the locus coeruleus. The coreuleo-cortical NA system could therefore be a target for cognitive enhancers of spatial working memory. Of the three classes of NA receptor potentially involved, the α2 and α1 classes seem most significant, though agents targeting these receptors have yielded mixed results. This may be partially due to the use of behavioural assays that do not translate effectively from the laboratory to the clinical setting. Use of a paradigm with improved translational potential may be essential to resolve these discrepancies.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of PFC-infused α2 and α1 adrenergic receptor agonists on spatial working memory performance in the touchscreen continuous trial-unique non-matching to location (cTUNL) task in rats.

Methods

Young male rats were trained in the cTUNL paradigm. Cannulation of the mPFC allowed direct administration of GABA agonists for task validation, and phenylephrine and guanfacine to determine the effects of adrenergic agonists on task performance.

Results

Infusion of muscimol and baclofen resulted in a delay-dependent impairment. Administration of the α2 agonist guanfacine had no effect, whilst infusion of the α1 agonist phenylephrine significantly improved working memory performance.

Conclusions

Spatial working memory as measured in the rat cTUNL task is dependent on the mPFC. Enhancement of noradrenergic signalling enhanced performance in this paradigm, suggesting a significant role for the α1 receptor in this facilitation.
Contributions of a global network of tree diversity experiments to sustainable forest plantations
Authors: Verheyen Kris , Vanhellemont Margot , Auge Harald , Baeten Lander , Baraloto Christopher , Barsoum Nadia , Bilodeau-Gauthier Simon , Bruelheide Helge , Castagneyrol Bastien , Godbold Douglas , Haase Josephine , Hector Andy , Jactel Hervé , Koricheva Julia , Loreau Michel , Mereu Simone , Messier Christian , Muys Bart , Nolet Philippe , Paquette Alain , Parker John , Perring Mike , Ponette Quentin , Potvin Catherine , Reich Peter , Smith Andy , Weih Martin , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael
Published: August 2015

The area of forest plantations is increasing worldwide helping to meet timber demand and protect natural forests. However, with global change, monospecific plantations are increasingly vulnerable to abiotic and biotic disturbances. As an adaption measure we need to move to plantations that are more diverse in genotypes, species, and structure, with a design underpinned by science. TreeDivNet, a global network of tree diversity experiments, responds to this need by assessing the advantages and disadvantages of mixed species plantations. The network currently consists of 18 experiments, distributed over 36 sites and five ecoregions. With plantations 1–15 years old, TreeDivNet can already provide relevant data for forest policy and management. In this paper, we highlight some early results on the carbon sequestration and pest resistance potential of more diverse plantations. Finally, suggestions are made for new, innovative experiments in understudied regions to complement the existing network.
Parental and emerging adult psychopathology: Moderated mediation by gender and affect toward parents
Authors: Walker Courtney S. , McKinney Cliff
Published: August 2015

Current research indicates that children tend to view parents with psychopathology more negatively and children who hold negative perceptions of parents are at a greater risk for psychopathology. Yet, less research examines how parental psychopathology influences offspring psychopathology through affect toward parents. The current study tested a model that examined the associations among parental psychopathology, positive affect toward parents, and emerging adult psychopathology. Associations were expected to be partly indirect via positive affect toward parents and emerging adult gender was expected to moderate these associations. Results indicated gender‐moderated mediation with significant effects found for males but not females. Results from the current study emphasize the importance of examining affect toward parents as a risk factor for emerging adult psychopathology. Additionally, results of the current study demonstrate the importance of examining the role of emerging adult gender as a potential moderator in these relationships.
Probable autoimmune hepatitis and systemic sclerosis complicated by reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: An unusual association
Authors: Chang Wen‐Han , Chen Chih‐Jen , Liu Chia‐Yuan , Chen Ming‐Jen , Wang Horng‐Yuan , Lin Ching‐Chung
Published: August 2015

Systemic sclerosis is a multisystem autoimmune rheumatic disorder characterized by fibrosis in the skin and internal organs but rarely with hepatic or brain involvement. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is characterized by a unique pattern of brain vasogenic edema in the setting of neurotoxicity predominantly in the parietal and occipital regions. We report a case of systemic sclerosis associated with probable autoimmune hepatitis that progressed rapidly to reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome with loss of vision, seizures, and coagulopathy. Brain computed tomography showed faint low density in the bilateral occipital lobes and posterior parietal lobes with edematous change. Fortunately, the patient's clinical condition considerably improved 2 days following the initiation of 100 mg intravenous hydrocortisone infusion.
Neurodevelopmental sequelae associated with gray and white matter changes and their cellular basis: A comparison between Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD and dyslexia
Authors: Bennett M.R. , Lagopoulos J.
Published: August 2015

Many psychiatric diseases, such as major depression and schizophrenia, are accompanied by patterns of gray matter and white matter changes in the cortex that may be due to structural pathologies of synapses and their dendrites in the gray matter on the one hand and to pathologies in myelinating oligodendrocytes on the other. Here the possibility has been briefly examined that such a generalization might also hold for Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Evidence is presented that gray matter changes that accompany ASD may in fact reflect changes in synapses and subsequently of their dendrites, whereas those in the white matter reflect changes in myelination due to pathologies of oligodendrocytes. It is proposed that such structural pathologies during development provide a coherent biological model not only for the onset and course of ASD but also provide the basis for development and systematic evaluation of new treatment strategies.
The Effects of Adopting and Using a Brand's Mobile Application on Customers’ Subsequent Purchase Behavior
Authors: Kim Su Jung , Wang Rebecca Jen-Hui , Malthouse Edward C.
Published: August 2015

Mobile applications (apps) have become an important platform for brands to interact with customers, but few studies have tested their effects on app adopters’ subsequent brand purchase behavior. This paper investigates whether adopters’ spending levels will change after they use a brand's app. Using a unique dataset from a coalition loyalty program with implementations of propensity score matching and difference-in-difference-in-difference methods, we compare the spending levels of app adopters with those of non-adopters. Specifically, we examine whether the use of the app's two main interactive features—information lookups and check-ins—influences adopters’ spending levels. We find that app adoption and continued use of the branded app increase future spending. Furthermore, customers who adopt both features show the highest increase. However, we also observe “the recency effect” – when customers discontinue using the app, their spending levels decrease. Our findings suggest that sticky apps which attract continuing uses can be a persuasive marketing tool because they provide portable, convenient, and interactive engagement opportunities, allowing customers to interact with the brand on a habitual basis. We recommend that firms should prioritize launching a mobile app to communicate with their customers, but they should also keep in mind that a poorly designed app, which customers abandon after only a few uses, may in fact hurt their brand experience and company revenues.
HARVARD MEETS THE CRISIS: THE MONETARY THEORY AND POLICY OF LAUCHLIN B. CURRIE, JACOB VINER, JOHN H. WILLIAMS, AND HARRY D. WHITE
Authors: Alacevich Michele , Asso Pier Francesco , Nerozzi Sebastiano
Published: August 2015

The paper discusses the interpretation of the Great Depression and the policy decision making by four Harvard economists: Lauchlin B. Currie, Jacob Viner, John H. Williams, and Harry D. White. All were eminent scholars in the field of monetary and international economics, and were deeply involved in policy decisions during the New Deal. We will discuss how their Harvard training provided them with a common methodological and analytical perspective, and how this common perspective translated into specific policies when they moved from the academia to public service in the US administration. Their interpretation of the causes of the Great Depression and their policy proposals show the eclectic approach that these four economists had to monetary, fiscal, and economic analysis, and the points of contact with both the US monetarist tradition and the work of John Maynard Keynes. At the same time, this very eclecticism, far from making them part of the monetarist or the Keynesian schools, characterized them as a group of their own: a network of scholars who, by virtue of their studies and the evolution of their professional careers, developed a style of analysis and policy prescriptions that deeply influenced the nature of the New Deal.
eIF2 interactions with initiator tRNA and eIF2B are regulated by post-translational modifications and conformational dynamics
Authors: Beilsten-Edmands Victoria , Gordiyenko Yuliya , Kung Jocky CK , Mohammed Shabaz , Schmidt Carla , Robinson Carol V
Published: August 2015

Translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins is key to eukaryotic gene expression and begins when initiation factor-2 (eIF2) delivers methionyl initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAiMet) to ribosomes. This first step is controlled by eIF2B mediating guanine nucleotide exchange on eIF2. We isolated eIF2 from yeast and used mass spectrometry to study the intact complex, and found that eIF2β is the most labile of the three subunits (eIF2α/β/γ). We then compared conformational dynamics of the ternary complex eIF2:GTP:Met-tRNAiMet with apo eIF2 using comparative chemical cross-linking. Results revealed high conformational dynamics for eIF2α in apo eIF2 while in the ternary complex all three subunits are constrained. Novel post-translational modifications identified here in both eIF2 and eIF2B were combined with established sites, and located within protein sequences and homology models. We found clustering at subunit interfaces and highly phosphorylated unstructured regions, at the N-terminus of eIF2β, and also between the eIF2Bε core and catalytic domains. We propose that modifications of these unstructured regions have a key role in regulating interactions between eIF2 and eIF2B, as well as other eIFs.
Mitotic redistribution of the mitochondrial network by Miro and Cenp-F
Authors: Kanfer Gil , Courthéoux Thibault , Peterka Martin , Meier Sonja , Soste Martin , Melnik Andre , Reis Katarina , Aspenström Pontus , Peter Matthias , Picotti Paola , Kornmann Benoît
Published: August 2015

Although chromosome partitioning during mitosis is well studied, the molecular mechanisms that allow proper segregation of cytoplasmic organelles in human cells are poorly understood. Here we show that mitochondria interact with growing microtubule tips and are transported towards the daughter cell periphery at the end of mitosis. This phenomenon is promoted by the direct and cell cycle-dependent interaction of the mitochondrial protein Miro and the cytoskeletal-associated protein Cenp-F. Cenp-F is recruited to mitochondria by Miro at the time of cytokinesis and associates with microtubule growing tips. Cells devoid of Cenp-F or Miro show decreased spreading of the mitochondrial network as well as cytokinesis-specific defects in mitochondrial transport towards the cell periphery. Thus, Miro and Cenp-F promote anterograde mitochondrial movement and proper mitochondrial distribution in daughter cells.
Human iPSC derived disease model of MERTK-associated retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Lukovic Dunja , Artero Castro Ana , Delgado Ana Belen Garcia , Bernal María de los Angeles Martín , Luna Pelaez Noelia , Díez Lloret Andrea , Perez Espejo Rocío , Kamenarova Kunka , Fernández Sánchez Laura , Cuenca Nicolás , Cortón Marta , Avila Fernandez Almudena , Sorkio Anni , Skottman Heli , Ayuso Carmen , Erceg Slaven , Bhattacharya Shomi S.
Published: August 2015

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) represents a genetically heterogeneous group of retinal dystrophies affecting mainly the rod photoreceptors and in some instances also the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells of the retina. Clinical symptoms and disease progression leading to moderate to severe loss of vision are well established and despite significant progress in the identification of causative genes, the disease pathology remains unclear. Lack of this understanding has so far hindered development of effective therapies. Here we report successful generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from skin fibroblasts of a patient harboring a novel Ser331Cysfs*5 mutation in the MERTK gene. The patient was diagnosed with an early onset and severe form of autosomal recessive RP (arRP). Upon differentiation of these iPSC towards RPE, patient-specific RPE cells exhibited defective phagocytosis, a characteristic phenotype of MERTK deficiency observed in human patients and animal models. Thus we have created a faithful cellular model of arRP incorporating the human genetic background which will allow us to investigate in detail the disease mechanism, explore screening of a variety of therapeutic compounds/reagents and design either combined cell and gene- based therapies or independent approaches.
Genetic data from algae sedimentary DNA reflect the influence of environment over geography
Authors: Stoof-Leichsenring Kathleen R. , Herzschuh Ulrike , Pestryakova Luidmila A. , Klemm Juliane , Epp Laura S. , Tiedemann Ralph
Published: August 2015

Genetic investigations on eukaryotic plankton confirmed the existence of modern biogeographic patterns, but analyses of palaeoecological data exploring the temporal variability of these patterns have rarely been presented. Ancient sedimentary DNA proved suitable for investigations of past assemblage turnover in the course of environmental change, but genetic relatedness of the identified lineages has not yet been undertaken. Here, we investigate the relatedness of diatom lineages in Siberian lakes along environmental gradients (i.e. across treeline transects), over geographic distance and through time (i.e. the last 7000 years) using modern and ancient sedimentary DNA. Our results indicate that closely-related Staurosira lineages occur in similar environments and less-related lineages in dissimilar environments, in our case different vegetation and co-varying climatic and limnic variables across treeline transects. Thus our study reveals that environmental conditions rather than geographic distance is reflected by diatom-relatedness patterns in space and time. We tentatively speculate that the detected relatedness pattern in Staurosira across the treeline could be a result of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions across the arctic boreal treeline, however, a geographically-driven divergence and subsequent repopulation of ecologically different habitats might also be a potential explanation for the observed pattern.
Identification of key neoculin residues responsible for the binding and activation of the sweet taste receptor
Authors: Koizumi Taichi , Terada Tohru , Nakajima Ken-ichiro , Kojima Masaki , Koshiba Seizo , Matsumura Yoshitaka , Kaneda Kohei , Asakura Tomiko , Shimizu-Ibuka Akiko , Abe Keiko , Misaka Takumi
Published: August 2015

Neoculin (NCL) is a heterodimeric protein isolated from the edible fruit ofCurculigo latifolia. It exerts a taste-modifying activity by converting sourness to sweetness. We previously demonstrated that NCL changes its action on the human sweet receptor hT1R2-hT1R3 from antagonism to agonism as the pH changes from neutral to acidic values and that the histidine residues of NCL molecule play critical roles in this pH-dependent functional change. Here, we comprehensively screened key amino acid residues of NCL using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and alanine scanning mutagenesis. We found that the mutations of Arg48, Tyr65, Val72 and Phe94 of NCL basic subunit increased or decreased both the antagonist and agonist activities. The mutations had only a slight effect on the pH-dependent functional change. These residues should determine the affinity of NCL for the receptor regardless of pH. Their locations were separated from the histidine residues responsible for the pH-dependent functional change in the tertiary structure. From these results, we concluded that NCL interacts with hT1R2-hT1R3 through a pH-independent affinity interface including the four residues and a pH-dependent activation interface including the histidine residues. Thus, the receptor activation is induced by local structural changes in the pH-dependent interface.
Coagulation of β-conglycinin, glycinin and isoflavones induced by calcium chloride in soymilk
Authors: Hsiao Yu-Hsuan , Yu Chia-Jung , Li Wen-Tai , Hsieh Jung-Feng
Published: August 2015

The coagulation of β-conglycinin (7S), glycinin (11S) and isoflavones induced by calcium chloride was investigated. Approximately 92.6% of the soymilk proteins were coagulated into the soymilk pellet fraction (SPF) after the addition of 5 mM calcium chloride. SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis indicated that most of the 7S (α’, α and β), 11S acidic (A1a, A1b, A2, A3 and A4) and 11S basic (B1a) proteins in the SSF were coagulated into the SPF after treatment with 5 mM calcium chloride. Isoflavones, including daidzein and genistein, were also coagulated into the SPF after the addition of 5 mM calcium chloride. The amounts of daidzein and genistein in the SSF decreased to 39.4 ± 1.6 and 11.8 ± 7.0%, respectively. HPLC analysis suggested that daidzein and genistein were bound with 7S and 11S proteins and then were coprecipitated into the SPF by 5 mM calcium chloride.
Two variables dominating the retention of intact proteins under gradient elution with simultaneous ultrafast high-resolution separation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography
Authors: Geng Xindu , Jia Xiaodan , Liu Peng , Wang Fei , Yang Xiaoming
Published: August 2015

The retention of proteins under gradient elution in HIC is dominated by two variables of steady and migration regions.
CFBSA: a novel and practical chlorinating reagent
Authors: Lu Zehai , Li Qingwei , Tang Minghua , Jiang Panpan , Zheng Hao , Yang Xianjin
Published: August 2015

A novel chlorinating reagent was synthesized from easily-obtained materials and it shows great reactivity to a large scope of substrates.
Biologically inspired non-heme iron-catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation; design principles and perspectives
Authors: Cussó Olaf , Ribas Xavi , Costas Miquel
Published: August 2015

This feature article collects the progress in the development of non-heme iron catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation.
Magnesium-catalysed hydroboration of isonitriles
Authors: Weetman Catherine , Hill Michael S. , Mahon Mary F.
Published: August 2015

A β-diketiminato magnesium alkyl complex is shown to be an effective pre-catalyst for the first reported catalytic hydroboration of organic isonitriles, RNC, with HBpin.
Reducing nitrogen crossover in microbial reverse-electrodialysis cells by using adjacent anion exchange membranes and anion exchange resin
Authors: Wallack Maxwell J. , Geise Geoffrey M. , Hatzell Marta C. , Hickner Michael A. , Logan Bruce E.
Published: August 2015

An additional low concentration chamber using two adjacent anion exchange membranes filled 50% with resin reduced nitrogen crossover to the anode.