bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patients’ Experience of Anxiety and Pain during Retrobulbar Injections prior to Vitrectomy
Authors: Mimouni Michael , Abualhasan Hamza , Mtanes Kamal , Mazzawi Fares , Barak Yoreh
Published: July 2019

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between pain associated with retrobulbar block and anxiety levels before the injection. Methods. This prospective observational, noninterventional study included consecutive patients who received a retrobulbar block by a single surgeon prior to undergoing 25G PPV at the Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, between April 2016 and August 2017. Patients plotted their anxiety levels (scale 0–10) using the visual analogue scale for anxiety (VASA), and immediately after receiving the injection, they plotted their experienced level of pain (scale 0–10) using the visual analogue scale for pain (VAS), with scores ≥7 defined as severe. Results. Overall, 48 eyes of 48 patients aged 68.4 ± 10.3 years were included, of which 62.5% were of male gender. Severe anxiety and pain were experienced by 10.4% and 12.5%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between VASA and VAS scores (r = 0.43, p=0.002) with no other preprocedural parameters demonstrating a significant association with the VAS score. In multivariate analysis, the VASA score was the only factor that was significant (p=0.01), and a patient with a severe VASA score was 20 times more likely of experiencing severe pain (p=0.006). The ROC curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.89 (p<0.001), and a VASA score >4 demonstrated a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 73.8% in predicting severe pain. Conclusions. Approximately 10% of patients experience severe anxiety and pain during retrobulbar blocks. Considering the importance of compliance, reducing anxiety and premedication may be considered, particularly in high-risk patients (VASA score > 4).
Generating a Spatiotemporal Dynamic Map for Traffic Analysis Using Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram
Authors: Li Yudi , Zhu Lei , Sun Jian , Tian Ye
Published: July 2019

Transportation simulation and analysis projects that utilize maps with inappropriate fidelity levels carry a significant risk of having poor runtime or poor prediction performance. To address this, researchers use map abstraction method to abstract out a simplified map with fewer links and nodes based on the original full detailed map. Traditional static abstraction methods produce analysis maps with a single fidelity across the entire planning horizon, which cannot reflect the dynamic changes of daily traffic. This paper proposes a spatiotemporal dynamic map abstraction approach that adopts a time series clustering method to segment the analysis time horizon adaptively based on a Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) curve, which describes network-wide dynamic traffic states. Time periods with similar macro-performance are grouped into one subinterval. A map with a dedicated fidelity is produced for each subinterval. Furthermore, a simulation is run on multiple abstracted maps with different fidelities in a sequence according to their temporal order. A numerical experiment ascertains that the proposed approach has promising results in both analysis accuracy and efficiency for resource-constrained modeling agents.
Prevalence and Overlap of Potential Embolic Sources in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Authors: Ntaios George , Perlepe Kalliopi , Lambrou Dimitrios , Sirimarco Gaia , Strambo Davide , Eskandari Ashraf , Karagkiozi Efstathia , Vemmou Anastasia , Koroboki Eleni , Manios Efstathios , Makaritsis Konstantinos , Vemmos Konstantinos , Michel Patrik
Published: July 2019

Background

We aimed to assess the prevalence and degree of overlap of potential embolic sources (
PES
) in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (
ESUS
).

Methods and Results

In a pooled data set derived from 3 prospective stroke registries, patients were categorized in ≥1 groups according to the
PES
that was/were identified. We categorized
PES
as follows: atrial cardiopathy, atrial fibrillation diagnosed during follow‐up, arterial disease, left ventricular disease, cardiac valvular disease, patent foramen ovale, and cancer. In 800 patients with ESUS (43.1% women; median age, 67.0 years), 3 most prevalent
PES
were left ventricular disease, arterial disease, and atrial cardiopathy, which were present in 54.4%, 48.5%, and 45.0% of patients, respectively. Most patients (65.5%) had >1
PES
, whereas only 29.7% and 4.8% of patients had a single or no
PES
, respectively. In 31.1% of patients, there were ≥3
PES
present. On average, each patient had 2
PES
(median, 2). During a median follow‐up of 3.7 years, stroke recurrence occurred in 101 (12.6%) of patients (23.3 recurrences per 100 patient‐years). In multivariate analysis, the risk of stroke recurrence was higher in the atrial fibrillation group compared with other
PES
, but not statistically different between patients with 0 to 1, 2, or ≥3
PES
.

Conclusions

There is major overlap of
PES
in patients with
ESUS
. This may possibly explain the negative results of the recent large randomized controlled trials of secondary prevention in patients with ESUS and offer a rationale for a randomized controlled trial of combination of anticoagulation and aspirin for the prevention of stroke recurrence in patients with
ESUS
.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02766205.
New species of Crotonia (Acari: Oribatida: Camisiidae) from Nothofagus and Eucalyptus forests in Victoria, Australia, with a redescription of the fossil species Crotonia ramus (Womersley, 1957)
Authors: COLLOFF MATTHEW , PERDOMO GISELLE
Published: July 2019

Six new species of oribatid mite belonging to the genus Crotonia are described from wet forests in Victoria, Australia. Crotonia alpina sp. nov., C. cornuta sp. nov. and C. victoriae sp. nov. belong to the Capistrata species-group, having the full complement of notogastral setae in the c series; whilst C. momitoi sp. nov., C. blacki sp. nov. and C. gadubanudi sp. nov. are members of the Cophinaria species-group, lacking setae c 2 . The fossil species Crotonia ramus (Womersley, 1957), also a member of the Cophinaria group, is redescribed from Tertiary Kauri pine resin (Agathis yallournensis). The new members of the Capistrata group share an unique combination of characters, including long flagelliform setae c 3 , shorter setiform c 2 and with setae c 3 the shortest of the c series; lateral strips of the notogastral shield ornamented with fields of tubercles; narrow, blunt bothridial auriculae and elongate parallel apophyses of setae h 2 projecting horizontally. The morphological homogeneity of this cluster of species is mirrored by the members of the Cophinaria species-group described herein which, together with C. pyemaireneri Colloff, 2009 and C. tasmanica Łochyńska, 2008 from Tasmania, plus C. jethurmerae Lee, 1985 from South Australia, share relatively well-developed setae d 2 , a porose notogastral shield with narrow lateral tuberculate strips; elongate, acute bothridial auriculae; long, flagelliform setae p 1 and relatively short apophyses of setae h 2 , divergent apically, and projecting posteriodorsally. The Victorian members of the Capistrata andCophinaria species-groups represent two homogeneous clusters of species associated with temperate rainforest refugia and wet sclerophyll forest in high-rainfall zones. An identification key is provided to the Australian species of Crotonia.
Cladistic analysis of the subfamily Arsenurinae (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) based on adult morphology
Authors: DE CAMARGO AMABÍLIO J. A. , MIELKE OLAF H. H. , CASAGRANDE MIRNA M.
Published: July 2019

The family Saturniidae is distributed on all continents except polar areas, and includes about 1528 species in 162 genera, being the group with the largest diversity among Bombycoidea. Approximately 970 species are known from the New World. However, recent molecular studies indicate 1861 species in 162 genera and nine subfamilies. The family Arsenurinae consists of 63 species distributed exclusively in ten Neotropical genera, with phylogenetic relationships poorly understood. The goal of this study was to test the monophyly of the subfamily, tribes and genera using cladistic analysis of adult morphological characters. The subfamily, tribes and genera were all recovered as monophyletic groups with the following relationships among genera: (Almeidaia ((Loxolomia, Copiopteryx) ((Rhescyntis) ((Grammopelta, Arsenura) ((Caio) ((Dysdaemonia, Titaea) Paradaemonia)))))). Both tribes, Arsenurini and Almeidaiini, share several characters, but morphological study of Almeidaiini demonstrates that it also presents significant differences.
Revision of the Derbidae of Seychelles Islands (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)
Authors: LÖCKER HOLGER , LÖCKER BIRGIT , HOLZINGER WERNER E.
Published: July 2019

The Derbidae fauna of the Seychelles is revised, providing redescriptions for the following species: Aquaelicium brunnescens Distant, 1917, A. elegantulum Distant, 1917, A. typicum Distant, 1917, Equirria phalaena Distant, 1917, Fordicidia robusta Distant, 1917, Paraphenice aurea (Distant, 1917), P. bimaculata (Distant, 1917), Proutista moesta (Westwood, 1851) and Sikaiana albomaculata (Distant, 1917). A new species, Vekunta bri sp. nov., increases the number of derbid taxa known from the Seychelles to 10 species in 7 genera. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: A. typicum, A. brunnescens, A. elegantulum, F. robusta and S. albomaculata. A key to derbid tribes and species of Seychelles is provided.
A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: Identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta)
Authors: RHODIN ANDERS G. J. , CARR JOHN L.
Published: July 2019

The turtle name Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 has variously and confusingly been used in association with nine different currently recognized nominal species in four separate families in both suborders of turtles. The name has not been recognized as valid since the early 1800s and has recently been synonymized as a nomen dubium under primarily two species: Emys trijuga Schweigger 1812 (= Melanochelys trijuga) and Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) (both Geoemydidae). Other earlier attributions of the name, T. scabra L. sensu Statius Müller 1774, Schneider 1783, Retzius in Schoepff 1792, Thunberg in Schoepff 1792, Say 1824, or Agassiz 1857, have variously been referred to seven other currently recognized nominal species: two species of Leguat’s tortoises (= both Testudo vosmaeri Suckow 1798 = Cylindraspis vosmaeri, and/or Testudo peltastes Duméril and Bibron 1835 = Cylindraspis peltastes) (Testudinidae), Perrault’s tortoise (= Testudo indica Schneider 1783 = Cylindraspis indica) (Testudinidae), Testudo europaea Schneider 1783 (= Testudo orbicularis L. 1758 = Emys orbicularis) (Emydidae), Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792 (= Testudo subrufa Lacépède 1788 = Pelomedusa subrufa) (Pelomedusidae), Testudo scripta Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta) (Emydidae), and Testudo insculpta LeConte 1830 (= Glyptemys insculpta) (Emydidae). The previously unidentified type specimens of both T. scabra L. 1758 and Testudo scripta Schoepff 1792 have been located in the Linnaean and Thunbergian collections in Uppsala, Sweden. The latter species was described by Schoepff both as Testudo scabra sensu Thunberg and Testudo scripta Thunberg. Based on our examination, the holotype of Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 is Rhinoclemmys punctularia. To promote nomenclatural stability, we designate Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 as a nomen oblitum and nomen rejectum synonymized under Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801, already a nomen protectum. The type specimen of Testudo scripta Schoepff 1792 has not previously been identified, but is also present in the collection and represents Trachemys scripta scripta. Based on the circumstances of the description, the proper authorship of the name should be given as Testudo scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792, rather than T. scripta Schoepff 1792, as currently done.
On Central Asian Castianeira arnoldii Charitonov, 1946 (Araneae, Corinnidae), earlier known from juvenile specimens
Authors: MARUSIK YURI M.
Published: July 2019

Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 is one of the largest corinnid genera. Currently it contains 131 species (Platnick, 2009) distributed all over the globe except for Australia and adjacent islands. In the Palaearctic Castianeira is restricted to the southern regions with subtropical climate. The northernmost localities lie in the Iberian Peninsula, Israel, Uzbekistan and South Korea. Four Castianeira species are known from juvenile specimens only. One of such species, Castianeira arnoldii Charitonov, 1946, was described from Uzbekistan. While studying some material collected by Alexander V. Gromov in Central Asia I found an adult female together with 3 juvenile specimens of Castianeira. These specimens were collected rather close to the type locality of C. arnoldii. The size and colour pattern of the juvenile specimens fit well the description provided by Charitonov (1946). Therefore I decided to describe the adult female of this species.
Taxonomy of Trigonocnera Reitter, with the description of a new species (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)
Authors: BA YI-BIN , REN GUO-DONG
Published: July 2019

The genus Trigonocnera Reitter is reviewed. One new species is described under the name T. granulata sp. nov., and one subspecies in China, T. pseudopimelia pseudopimelia, is redescribed. A key to the species of the genus Trigonocnera is included.
A taxonomic revision of the South Asian hump-nosed pit vipers (Squamata: Viperidae: Hypnale)
Authors: MADUWAGE KALANA , SILVA ANJANA , MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI KELUM , PETHIYAGODA ROHAN
Published: July 2019

The hump-nosed pit vipers of the genus Hypnale are of substantial medical importance in Sri Lanka and India, being included among the five snakes most frequently associated with life-threatening envenoming in humans. The genus has hitherto been considered to comprise three species: H. hypnale, common to Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of peninsular India; and H. nepa and H. walli, both of which are endemic to Sri Lanka. The latter two species have frequently been confused in the literature. Here, through a review of all extant name-bearing types in the genus, supplemented by examination of preserved specimens, we show that H. nepa is restricted to the higher elevations of Sri Lanka’s central mountains; that H. walli is a junior synonym of H. nepa; and that the endemic species widely distributed in the island’s south-western ‘wet-zone’ lowlands is H. zara. We also draw attention to a possibly new species known only from a single specimen collected near Galle in southern Sri Lanka. We illustrate all four species in colour, and provide a key to their identification and maps delineating their distribution.
Recent Brachiopoda from the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, with description of four new species
Authors: BITNER MARIA ALEKSANDRA
Published: July 2019

Twenty-two brachiopod species belonging to 19 genera have been recognized in the material collected during two cruises, Norfolk 1 and Norfolk 2, to the Norfolk Ridge south of New Caledonia, at depths of 180 to 1150 m. Thirteen species are reported for the first time from this locality, while four genera, Aulites, Septicollarina, Annuloplatidia and Campages, are noted for the first time from the New Caledonian region. Thecidellina minuta is recorded for the first time from the Pacific. Four new species are described ― Cryptopora norfolkensis sp. nov., Aulites crosnieri sp. nov., Septicollarina zezinae sp. nov. and Annuloplatidia richeri sp. nov. The distribution of the particular species and their abundance vary considerably between the 15 sampled seamounts, with Stenosarina crosnieri and Fallax neocaledonensis being most widely distributed, and the seamount Crypthelia having the highest biodiversity. The seamount brachiopods show considerable affinity to the brachiopods of adjacent regions, and only three species ― C. norfolkensis, A. crosnieri and A. richeri ― can be regarded as potential endemics. The brachiopod fauna is more similar to that in the area around Fiji than to that around Australasia.
A new sap beetle (Nitidulidae: Nitidulinae) genus from the Neotropics, with commentary on the Pocadius complex of genera
Authors: CLINE ANDREW R.
Published: July 2019

Neohebascus tishechkini, new genus/new species, is described based on three specimens, one from French Guiana and two from Ecuador. This new taxon is the first nitidulid known from the New World with a lamellate-like antennal club in both the male and female. The genus/species is illustrated and diagnosed from other Neotropical Nitidulinae. A discussion of Pocadius complex circumscription and classification also is provided.
A revision of the genus Paranarthrurella Lang, 1971a (Crustacea: Tanaidacea)
Authors: JÓŹWIAK PIOTR , STĘPIEŃ ANNA , BŁAŻEWICZ-PASZKOWYCZ MAGDALENA
Published: July 2019

The revised genus Paranarthrurella Lang, 1971a includes three species: P. caudata (Kudinova-Pasternak, 1965), the type species of the genus, P. dissimilis (Lang, 1972), and P. voeringi (G.O. Sars, 1877), which were all originally and subsequently classified in other genera (Leptognathia, Cryptocope, Robustognathia and Biarticulata). The genus is defined by a set of specific characters: a long and narrow labrum, a rounded molar, large lacinia mobilis widely separated from incisor; maxillule with eleven spiniform setae distally and numerous simple setae on outer margin; maxilliped with narrow endites and two flat setae on the distal margin; and a chela with well calcified ‘crushing margins’. The genus is most close related to Armatognathia Kudinova-Pasternak, 1987 and it is suggested that both genera may constitute a new family.
New familial assignments for three species of Neotropical harvestmen based on cladistic analysis (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores)
Authors: PINTO-DA-ROCHA RICARDO , HARA MARCOS RYOTARO
Published: July 2019

We herein propose transfer of the two monotypic genera Globibunus (type-species G. rubrofemoratus Roewer, 1912) and Rivetinus (type-species R. minutus Roewer, 1919) to the subfamily Zamorinae (Agoristenidae) and Ramonus (typespecies R. conifrons Roewer, 1956), previous placed in Agoristenidae, to the Prostygninae (Cranaidae) based on several characteristics of male genitalia. These transfers are corroborated by a cladistic analysis, which also recovered the three currently recognized agoristenid subfamilies.
Erratum: NG, N. K. & MCLAUGHLI, P. A. (2009) A new hermit crab (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea: Paguridae) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa, 2227, 63–68.
Authors: NG N. K. , MCLAUGHLI P. A.
Published: July 2019

(Erratum)
Two new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz, 1829 from the Arabian Peninsula and Mauritania (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Polycestinae: Acmaeoderini)
Authors: VOLKOVITSH MARK G.
Published: July 2019

Acmaeodera (Acmaeodera) strumiai sp. nov. from Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Mauritania, and A. (Acmaeotethya) dhofarica sp. nov. from Oman and Yemen are described, illustrated and compared with related species.
New insights to the taxonomy of Rhagodes eylandti (Walter, 1889): A remarkable sexually dimorphic species (Solifugae: Rhagodidae)
Authors: MADDAHI HASSAN , ALIABADIAN MANSOUR , MORADMAND MAJID , MIRSHAMSI OMID
Published: July 2019

The taxonomy of the widespread camel spider, Rhagodes eylandti (Walter, 1889), is herein updated and revised by proposing three nominal taxa as its junior synonyms. These are based on data from males of two taxa, Rhagodes melanopygus nigricans Birula, 1905 and R. plumbescens (Walter, 1889), and a female of R. melanochaetus Heymons, 1902. Consequently, both sexes of R. eylandti are re-described and the validity of their morphological diagnostic characters is evaluated. Detailed morphological and morphometrical characters, as well as data on sexual dimorphism and intraspecific variations, are provided. The illustrations of type material are given for the first time. Moreover, a distribution map and ecological notes are presented.
How Gender and Political Will Affect Employees’ Social Network Embeddedness
Authors: Yang Jun , Liu Chao , Wang Chenxi , Zhang Qinghong
Published: July 2019

We examined the interaction between motivation (political will) and gender in affecting employees’ embeddedness of advice network. We found, for males, these with high political will have higher out-degree centrality than those with low political will, but the opposite for in-degree centrality. Political will does not affect females’ network positions.
Weight-Related Selves and Their Relationship With Body Mass Index Among Young Individuals in Curaçao
Authors: Dijkstra Pieternel , Van Brummen-Girigori Odette , Barelds Dick P. H.
Published: July 2019

Based on the assumptions of self-discrepancy theory, the present study examined the degree of overweight, weight-related body images, and the relation between these images and body mass index (BMI) among two samples of young people from Curaçao (secondary school students, n = 176; undergraduate students, n = 205). In addition to BMI, participants reported their current, ideal, and most feared body sizes, the thinnest and largest body sizes still acceptable to them, and the body size they considered the healthiest by means of the Contour Drawing Rating Scale. We expected females to show a larger discrepancy between current and ideal body size than males (Hypothesis 1) and that this discrepancy (as an indicator of body dissatisfaction) would be related more strongly to BMI among females than among males (Hypothesis 2). Results yielded support for Hypothesis 1 among secondary school students only. Only in the undergraduate sample, BMI and body dissatisfaction were related, but equally so for males and females. Possible explanations are discussed as well as implications for weight management interventions.
Pain-Killer: A 19th Century Global Patent Medicine and the Beginnings of Modern Brand Marketing
Authors: Petty Ross D.
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the marketing of a so-called “patent medicine, Perry Davis’ Vegetable Pain-Killer, to suggest that many of its 19th century brand marketing practices were precursors to modern brand marketing tactics. Pain-Killer developed a distinctive brand identity through the creation and protection of several brand elements including the product itself, its name, packaging and advertising. The Pain-Killer brand also offered useful content marketing in terms of almanacs, “advertainment” consisting of a book of rhymes and pictures relating to Pain-Killer and a brand story centered in part on its inventor and founder Perry Davis. The Pain-Killer brand enjoyed decades of success reportedly selling 100 million bottles in 60 years (Bismarck Daily Tribune 1905). Ultimately, this brand disappeared because Pain-Killer became a generic product category name rather than a brand name and drug criticism and regulation limited its formulation and ability to advertise using cure-all claims.
Toward better learning opportunities for undergraduate mechanical engineering students: A case study
Authors: Ghommem Mehdi , Gunn Cindy
Published: July 2019

This paper presents an attempt to enhance the learning opportunities for undergraduate mechanical engineering students. We introduce a variety of interactive activities in a major elective course to encourage students’ engagement in the learning process, enable a better understanding of the course material, and promote critical thinking. To investigate the impact of these activities on learning, feedback was obtained directly from students via surveys, online discussions, and face-to-face meetings. Overall, students valued the teaching approach based on active learning. On completion of the course, the program outcomes were successfully achieved as per the students’ perceptions and direct measures calculated by the instructor from the different assessment tools. Group problem solving and out-of-class projects were the most beneficial activities to their learning. Some students raised some concerns related to time management and unclear roles in the group. Suggestions were also given to the instructor to improve further the learning process. The students requested mainly to have more time when solving illustrative problems in the class and add an experimental component to the course.
Health Related Quality of Life and Cognitive Decline in Older Populations: Preliminary Results From NeuroDemeNPsia Study
Authors: Onandia-Hinchado Iban , Diaz-Orueta Unai
Published: July 2019

Goal: To measure Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in people with different primary degenerative dementias and compare them with 50+ years old older individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls (HCs). Materials and Methods: In all, 45 participants suffered from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia, 27 from Lewy body dementia (LBD), 17 from frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 43 from MCI, and 31 HCs ( n = 163). The 12-Item Short Form Health Survey, version 2 (SF-12-v2) and Mini Mental State Examination were administered. Reisberg’s Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) was completed by a neurologist. HRQoL indices obtained via the SF-12-v2 were compared between different subgroups. Results: Physical Function, Physical Role, Emotional Role, and Physical Summary Composite scores showed the best scores for patients with AD, followed by HC and MCI, and finally FTD and LBD. Discussion: A differentiated profile in HRQoL is shown in dementia subgroups, and may be useful to support differential diagnosis.
Perceptions, People, and Places: Influences on Cycling for Latino Immigrants and Implications for Equity
Authors: Barajas Jesus M.
Published: July 2019

The recent growth in cycling in the United States has paralleled a growth in the diversity of cyclists, but what encourages people to bicycle is not the same across all demographic groups. This study uses intercept survey data from predominately Latino-immigrant neighborhoods to understand how social ecological motivations for cycling differ for immigrants and U.S.-born residents. Both perceptions of cycling and social relationships with cyclists are strong predictors of cycling, and more strongly so for immigrants. Planning that supports both social and physical infrastructure may help meet the needs of diverse cyclists and promote equity.
The impact of climate change and human activity on the ecological status of Bosten Lake, NW China, revealed by a diatom record for the last 2000 years
Authors: Fontana Luciane , Sun Mingjie , Huang Xiaozhong , Xiang Lixiong
Published: July 2019

We present a 2000-year high-resolution diatom record from Bosten Lake (Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang), which is the largest inland freshwater lake in China. Our aims were to investigate the influence of climate change and human activity on its aquatic ecology during the late Holocene. During AD 280–480, a low water level and high salinity occurred, based on the dominance of epipelic and brackish diatoms. In addition, the diatom stratigraphy, combined with records of mean grain size and carbonate content, suggests that the lake experienced a high level of eolian input from the surrounding dunes. We hypothesize that during this interval, Loulan Kingdom, an important city of the Han Dynasty, located downstream of Bosten Lake, was abandoned due to the increasing scarcity of water resources and related harsh environmental conditions, including stronger eolian activity, which were the consequences of climate change. The dominance of meso-eutrophic small fragilarioid diatoms coincides with warm and arid intervals which also correspond to intensified human activity. These intervals correspond to the development of the Tang Dynasty (from ~AD 600), the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ (AD 1000–1200), and the last ~200 years. A shift from meso-eutrophic/benthic diatoms to oligotrophic/planktonic diatoms occurred during an interval of enhanced precipitation throughout the humid ‘Little Ice Age’ (AD 1600–1800). A return to markedly eutrophic conditions and a decreasing lake level occurred after the ‘Little Ice Age’, reflecting the more arid regional environment of the last 200 years. The high variability of the proxies suggests that both climate change and human activity were the major drivers of the ecological status of Bosten Lake during the late Holocene. We suggest that both the continuous increase of human activity and ongoing global warming will cause the major eutrophication or salinization of the freshwater lakes in the arid zone of northwest China.
‘Suitable’ Locations for ‘State Private Universities’ in India: Anticipated Demand and State Regulatory Frameworks
Authors: Sengupta Anirban
Published: July 2019

In the last two decades, India has witnessed the establishment of a large number of private universities. While these institutions are spread across different parts of the country, one can observe certain locational patterns. Focused particularly on private universities legislated by state governments (as opposed to private deemed universities legislated by central government), this article examines the significance of anticipated demand and state regulatory frameworks in attempting to understand how private capital and state engage with the question of location of universities. This article is largely based on an analysis of data generated by University Grants Commission and All India Survey of Higher Education. It argues that while locational decisions of private universities are influenced by anticipated demand, state governments are often using careful customisation of regulatory frameworks as an instrument to facilitate the development of private capital in higher education.
Interactive Effects of Team Virtuality and Work Design on Team Functioning
Authors: Handke Lisa , Klonek Florian E. , Parker Sharon K. , Kauffeld Simone
Published: July 2019

This review study aimed to investigate how team work design shapes the impact of team virtuality on team functioning. Based on 48 studies, we identified key work design variables that influence both team functioning, that is, team performance and intermediary outcomes (i.e., team processes and emergent states), under conditions of high virtuality (or in interaction with virtuality). First, while outcome interdependence showed positive effects on the functioning of virtual teams, particularly via motivational increases, task interdependence showed mixed results. Second, high levels of knowledge characteristics (e.g., task complexity) appear to worsen team functioning within virtual contexts, likely because these characteristics add to the demands of an already demanding context. Third, job resources (e.g., feedback) showed positive associations with team functioning, suggesting these variables might buffer the high demands of virtual work. Given these results, more investigations that explicitly examine the interaction between work design and team virtuality are needed.
Evaluation of the Developmental Toxicity of Vedolizumab, an α4β7 Receptor Antagonist, in Rabbit and Nonhuman Primate
Authors: Crawford David , Friedman Mitchell
Published: July 2019

Vedolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease, targets α4β7 integrin and selectively blocks gut-specific lymphocyte trafficking. The potential effects of vedolizumab on development were assessed by standard preclinical toxicity studies in rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys. A single infusion of vedolizumab (0, 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to pregnant rabbits on gestational day 7; rabbits were monitored to gestational day 29. Vedolizumab (0, 10, or 100 mg/kg) was administered intravenously every 2 weeks to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys beginning on gestational day 20 with the last dose on gestational day 132 (9 doses total). In rabbits, vedolizumab did not affect maternal net body weight or net gains, gravid uterine weights, or mean maternal food consumption, nor did it affect intrauterine growth or fetal survival. There were also no vedolizumab effects on embryo–fetal development compared to controls. In cynomolgus monkeys, there was no increase in prenatal loss/death or stillbirth and no maternal toxicity associated with vedolizumab. On day 28 postpartum, low levels of vedolizumab were detected in the breast milk of 3 of 11 monkeys in the 100 mg/kg group. No vedolizumab-related effects on the number of infants born, infant development, or animal hematology or clinical chemistry were noted. Administration of vedolizumab to pregnant rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys did not show any potential for maternal or developmental effects.
Correlation of MARS MRI findings with cup position, metal ion levels and function in metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Koutalos Antonios A , Toms Andoni P , Cahir John G , Smith Evert J
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

Metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip arthroplasties (THAs) have been linked with increased incidence of pseudotumours and revision rate. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful in diagnosing adverse reaction to metal debris (ARMD) disease but it is not known if MRI findings correlate with cup position.

Patients and methods:

From a cohort of 79 MoM THA, 34 MRI studies were available. MRI was classified according to Anderson classification. Mean follow-up was 7.1 years. Evaluation included cup position including margin of safety, measurement of metal ion levels and evaluation of function.

Results:

44% of patients had definite ARMD. We did not find any correlation between MRI stage and Co, Cr, margin of safety (MOS) or functional scores. However, patients with a margin of safety angle < 21° had more severe findings in MRI.

Conclusions:

Patients with MoM THA experience high degree of ARMD. In our study, the disease did not correlate with metal ion levels but correlated with cup position, evaluated with the MOS angle.
Size-Competition-Productivity Nexus: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Satpathy Lopamudra D. , Mishra Bikash Ranjan
Published: July 2019

Over the years, researches have witnessed incongruence nature and direction of relationship among product market competition and firm size with the growth of firms’ productivity across the globe. Considering these gaps, this study aims to establish both short- and long-run relationships among these three characteristics of Indian manufacturing firms and intends to find their directions of causalities. This study uses firm-level data over a period of 1998–1999 to 2012–2013. Using Panel ARDL-PMG method, the results reveal the existence of a long-run association among product market competition, firm size and productivity growth for the full sample and for subsamples, categorizing relatively efficient and inefficient firms, and innovative and non-innovative firms. From the panel VECM Granger causality test, it has been observed that there is the long-run feedback relationship among these three variables. The empirical evidence suggests that as the intensity of competition becomes stronger and the firm-specific capabilities expand, they impart improved productivity via within and between firm effects. This draws some major implications for policymakers to embrace more competitive prone policies along with encouragement to firm specificities to realise value-added productivity.

JEL: C33, D24, L11, L60
Book review: Krishna, A. 2018. The Broken Ladder: The Paradox and Potential of India’s One-Billion
Authors: Rahman Andaleeb
Published: July 2019

Krishna, A. 2018. The Broken Ladder: The Paradox and Potential of India’s One-Billion. Cambridge University Press. 417 pp. $ 26.90 (Hardcover). ISBN: 978-1108415927
Long-term outcome and prognostic factors of posterior circulation ischemia patients: Results from a single center retrospective study
Authors: Han Yanfei , Xu Man , Zhao Yuan , Zhang Yongbo
Published: July 2019

Objective

This study was to assess the clinical features and prognostic factors of posterior circulation cerebral infarction (PCCI) patients.

Methods

A total of 165 PCCI patients who were admitted to the Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship hospital, Capital Medical University between January 2016 and December 2016 were included. Patients had complete medical record and received 12-month follow-up. The demographics, risk factors, clinical manifestations, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and imaging findings were collected and factors affecting their prognosis were further analyzed.

Results

The mean age was 59.5 ± 10.8 years and the mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission was 6.6 ± 2.8. The one-year recurrence rate of stroke was 6.7%; 84.8% of patients had good prognosis (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0–3) and 15.2% had poor prognosis (mRS score >3). The one-year mortality was 3.0%. Patients with ≥50% stenosis in the basilar artery and higher NIHSS score were more likely to have poor outcome.

Conclusion

The majority of PCCI patients have a good prognosis and a low mortality. The prognosis is poor in patients with ≥50% stenosis in the basilar artery and higher NIHSS score on admission.
Indications and outcomes of radial head excision: A systematic review
Authors: Hildebrand Alexandra H , Zhang Betty , Horner Nolan S , King Graham , Khan Moin , Alolabi Bashar
Published: July 2019

Background

Radial head excision has historically been a common surgical procedure for the operative management of radial head fractures and post-traumatic conditions. With recent advances in other surgical techniques, controversy exists regarding its indications. This review evaluates the indications and outcomes of radial head excision in traumatic and non-traumatic elbow pathology.

Methods

Multiple databases were searched for studies involving radial head excision. Screening and data abstraction were conducted in duplicate. Only studies reporting outcomes for radial head excision were included.

Results

Twenty-seven studies with 774 radial head excision patients were included. The most common indications involved acute excision of comminuted radial head fractures (n = 347) and rheumatoid arthritis (n = 201). Post-operative functional scores after acute excision were reported to be good to excellent. In the chronic setting of rheumatoid disease, radial head excision resulted in improved range of motion, although pain was not effectively relieved.

Discussion

Outcomes of radial head excision for acute fracture are good to excellent; however, it should not be performed when concurrent or ligamentous injuries are present. Although some studies compared excision to open reduction and internal fixation or replacement, more data are needed to make proper conclusions. The strength of these conclusions is limited by the quality of included literature.
2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure classification and incident peripheral artery disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Lu Yifei , Ballew Shoshana H , Tanaka Hirofumi , Szklo Moyses , Heiss Gerardo , Coresh Josef , Matsushita Kunihiro
Published: July 2019

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of blood pressure categorization based on the 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guideline with the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Methods

Among 13,113 middle-aged participants, we investigated the associations of 2017 blood pressure categories (systolic <120 and diastolic <80 mmHg (normal if no anti-hypertensive medications; reference), 120–129 and <80 (elevated), 130–139 and/or 80–89 (stage 1 hypertension), and ≥140 and/or ≥90 (stage 2 hypertension)) with incident PAD (hospitalizations with a diagnosis or leg revascularization) using Cox regression models. Analyses were separately conducted in individuals with and without anti-hypertensive medications.

Results

During a median follow-up of 25.4 years, 466 incident PAD occurred (271 cases in 9858 participants without anti-hypertensive medications). In participants without anti-hypertensive medications, we observed significant hazard ratios of PAD in elevated blood pressure (1.80 (1.28–2.51)) and stage 2 hypertension (2.40 (1.72–3.34)), but not in stage 1 hypertension. Analyzing systolic and diastolic blood pressure separately, higher systolic blood pressure categories showed significant associations with incident PAD in a graded fashion whereas, for diastolic blood pressure, only ≥90 mmHg did. Generally similar patterns were seen among participants on anti-hypertensive medication, while they had higher risk of PAD than those without at each blood pressure category.

Conclusions

Systolic blood pressure, including the category of 130–139 mmHg, showed stronger associations with incident PAD than did diastolic blood pressure. Consequently, elevated blood pressure conferred similar or even greater risk of PAD than stage 1 hypertension, with implications on how to interpret new blood pressure categories in terms of leg vascular health.
The Principle of Protecting the Best Interests of the Child in Shia Jurisprudence and Iran’s Legal System with Emphasis on Custody (New Understanding of a Traditional Legal Concept)
Authors: Noori Seyed Masoud , Torabi Maryamossadat
Published: July 2019

In this article, children’s rights will be studied in the Iranian legal system with remarks on its references in the Shia Jurisprudence. One of the main issues regarding children, is their guardianship, custody or tutorship. The Iranian legal system, same as the Shia Jurisprudence, has always kept the best Interest of the child as an essential ground for law making. Referring to court decisions; it is evident that control of the guardianship on the child is limited by the best interests of the child, because this interests is what we are sure to understand from the reason of custody of the child and that this system is designed only to secure child’s best interests since he/she might be incapable to secure his/her interests alone.

The Iranian legal system, especially in the family law section is based on the Islamic rules. The main documents in the Shia Jurisprudence in Islam are Quran, Hadith, Consensus and reasoning which will be defined herein.

In addition, a more recent review will be made in this study regarding the ratified laws regarding children’s rights and international treaties and conventions while focusing on the Convention on the Rights of the Child even though, Iran joined this convention by having several reservations.
Improving Access to Justice: Community-based Solutions
Authors: Selita Fatos
Published: July 2019

Inaccessibility to justice is a major issue internationally, and in some countries access to justice has decreased in recent years. For example, the growth of inequality and decline of state support have left access to justice in the UK and the USA in a worst state in decades. There is therefore an urgent need to find solutions to protect peoples’ rights. This article outlines key issues of access to justice and identifies a number of solutions from grassroots efforts to organizational changes. The article highlights the importance of community-based solutions, such as mass pro bono contributions from individuals, law service providers and other organizations. It also proposes, as a key solution, making legal professions more representative of societies, and calls for law schools and legal regulators to take the required steps. Another important contributor to improved access to justice is promotion of pro bono work by all lawyers and law organizations at their own initiative. The article also discusses enhancing existing law degrees with additional topics on access to justice, to help students gain an objective picture of the realities of the legal system, and on individual differences, to benefit from latest interdisciplinary science. Community-based solutions provide stability even in times of difficult economic circumstances and political turbulence, and therefore are relevant to all societies.
Epidemiology of Glenohumeral Instability Related to Sporting Activities Using the FEDS (Frequency, Etiology, Direction, and Severity) Classification System: A Multicenter Analysis
Authors: Wagstrom Emily , Raynor Brett , Jani Sunil , Carey James , Cox Charles L. , Wolf Brian R. , Gao Yubo , Kuhn John E. , Hettrich Carolyn M.
Published: July 2019

Background:

Glenohumeral instability is common in athletes. There are an estimated 0.12 episodes of instability per 1000 sporting exposures. Instability can lead to time away from sport and an increased risk of shoulder arthritis.

Purpose:

To determine the prevalence, demographic data, anatomic features, and likelihood of surgery for the different types of instability as defined by the FEDS (frequency, etiology, direction, and severity) classification system for different sports.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Databases at 3 institutions (University of Iowa, Vanderbilt University, and University of Pennsylvania) were searched for International Classification of Diseases--Ninth Revision codes related to shoulder instability in 2010. Demographic data, symptoms, causes, imaging findings, and operative reports were obtained. Data were entered into a custom-designed REDCap online survey. Patients with subjective instability related to sporting activities were included for analysis.

Results:

A total of 184 athletes had glenohumeral instability; 20.1% were female. The mean age at the time of the first instability episode was 19.0 years for both male and female patients. The most common sports were football (29.3%), basketball (19.0%), and wrestling (9.8%). The most common type of instability based on the FEDS system was occasional, traumatic, anterior dislocation. Surgery was performed on 69.6% of athletes, and 14.1% had a recurrence of instability after surgery overall. Football had the highest rate of recurrence postoperatively at 23.8%. There was no difference in surgery rates between athletes with subluxations versus dislocations ( P = .8458). Surgery was significantly more likely in those with frequent dislocations ( P < .0001) and posterior instability ( P = .027). There was a 10.7% recurrence rate overall with conservative treatment.

Conclusion:

Glenohumeral instability most commonly occurs in contact sports, affects male more than female patients, and is most frequently in the anterior direction. Recurrent instability is most common in football players. Attention should be turned to the specific characteristics of each type of instability to determine the best treatment for each athlete.
Residential Counselors and Self Care: A Retrospective Qualitative Study of Archival Interview Data
Authors: Lemmons Rebekah , Zanskas Steve
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

The purpose of this qualitative inquiry was to understand the barriers related to effective self-care for master’s level residential counselors.

Methods:

Archival interview transcripts of 77 residential counselors were analyzed utilizing a social constructivist lens to identify perceived barriers to effective self-care. Themes related to levels of self-care influences including individual, supervisory, and organizational barriers to effective self-care emerged.

Results:

Results reflected those themes specifically by indicating that counselors can take steps to actively engage in wellness pursuits to promote self-care. Similarly, supervisors and organizations can enhance or impede a counselor’s ability to engage in self-care.

Conclusions:

Counselors should select work settings that have both supervisory and organizational supports for self-care. This includes encouraging a culture of wellness through support, development, coverage for time off, and other related areas. Implications show that practices and policies are needed to promote effective self-care across individual, supervisory, and agency domains.