bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large‐Scale Diffusion Barriers from CVD Grown Graphene
Authors: Wirtz Christian , Berner Nina C. , Duesberg Georg S.
Published: August 2015

Graphene has been long thought of as a perfect barrier material due to its impermeability to all gases as well as mechanical and chemical durability. Moreover, graphene layers are transparent and conductive, significantly widening the field of potential applications beyond simple barrier coatings. However, it is very challenging to realize such barriers on a macro­scopic scale as immaculate large area films are not available. In this work, a highly effective oxygen gas barrier made from multiple layers of chemical vapor deposited graphene is presented. The individual graphene layers are stacked using a modified polymer‐assisted transfer method, avoiding polymer residue yielding an oxygen‐tight arrangement. A stack of three layers of graphene transmitted 6.9 cm3 m−2 d−1 of O2 which corresponds to 1.10 × 10−17 cm3 cm/cm2 s (cm Hg) when normalized to thickness and pressure. This is several orders of magnitude better than any macroscale graphene coating reported to date and performs on a level that can compete with most modern coatings while being much thinner and conductive.
Recent Progress in Flexible Electrochemical Capacitors: Electrode Materials, Device Configuration, and Functions
Authors: Kim Byung Chul , Hong Jin‐Yong , Wallace Gordon G. , Park Ho Seok
Published: August 2015

With increasing demand for portable, flexible, and even wearable electronic devices, flexible energy storage systems have received increasing attention as a key component in this emerging field. Among the options, supercapacitors, commonly referred to as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, are widely recognized as a potential energy storage system due to their high power, fast charge/discharge rate, long cycling life‐time, and low cost. To date, considerable effort has been dedicated to developing high‐performance flexible supercapacitors based on various electrode materials; including carbon nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, porous carbon materials, carbon paper, and textile), conducting polymers (e.g., polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene), and hybrid materials. A brief introduction to the field is provided and the state‐of‐the‐art is reviewed with special emphasis on electrode materials and device configurations.
Using short‐term resource scheduling for assessing effectiveness of CCS within electricity generation subsector
Authors: Alie Colin , Elkamel Ali , Croiset Eric , Douglas Peter L.
Published: August 2015

A new methodology for assessing the effectiveness of carbon capture and storage (CCS) that does explicitly consider the detailed operation of the target electricity system is proposed. The electricity system simulation consists of three phases, each one using a modified version of an economic dispatch problem that seeks to maximize the producers’ and consumers’ surplus while satisfying the technical constraints of the system. The economic dispatch is formulated as a dynamic mixed‐integer nonlinear programming problem and implemented in general algebraic modelling system (GAMS). The generating unit with CCS is designed and simulated using Aspen Plus®. In the first case study, the operation of the IEEE RTS ’96 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers One‐Area Reliability Test System—1996) is simulated with greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation implemented in the form of CO2 permits that generators need to acquire for every unit of CO2 that it is emitted. In the second case study, CCS is added at one of the buses and the operation of the modified IEEE RTS ’96 is again simulated with and without GHG regulation. The results suggest that the detailed operation of the target electricity system should be considered in future assessments of CCS and a general procedure for undertaking this for any GHG mitigation option is proposed. Future work will use the novel methodology for assessing the effectiveness of generating units with flexible CO2 capture. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4210–4234, 2015
On the threshold of adulthood: A new approach for the use of maturation indicators to assess puberty in adolescents from medievalEngland
Authors: Lewis Mary , Shapland Fiona , Watts Rebecca
Published: August 2015

Objectives

This study provides the first large scale analysis of the age at which adolescents in medieval England entered and completed the pubertal growth spurt. This new method has implications for expanding our knowledge of adolescent maturation across different time periods and regions.

Methods

In total, 994 adolescent skeletons (10–25 years) from four urban sites in medieval England (AD 900–1550) were analyzed for evidence of pubertal stage using new osteological techniques developed from the clinical literature (i.e., hamate hook development, cervical vertebral maturation (CVM), canine mineralization, iliac crest ossification, and radial fusion).

Results

Adolescents began puberty at a similar age to modern children at around 10–12 years, but the onset of menarche in girls was delayed by up to 3 years, occurring around 15 for most in the study sample and 17 years for females living in London. Modern European males usually complete their maturation by 16–18 years; medieval males took longer with the deceleration stage of the growth spurt extending as late as 21 years.

Conclusions

This research provides the first attempt to directly assess the age of pubertal development in adolescents during the 10th–17th centuries. Poor diet, infections, and physical exertion may have contributed to delayed development in the medieval adolescents, particularly for those living in the city of London. This study sheds new light on the nature of adolescence in the medieval period, highlighting an extended period of physical and social transition. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:48–56, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel 2q37 microdeletion containing human neural progenitors genes including STK25 results in severe developmental delay, epilepsy, and microcephaly
Authors: Imitola Jaime , Khurana Divya S. , Teplyuk Nadiya M. , Zucker Mark , Jethva Reena , Legido Agustin , Krichevsky Ana M. , Frangieh Michael , Walsh Christopher A. , Carvalho Karen S.
Published: August 2015

2q37 microdeletion syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by neurodevelopmental delay, bone, cardiovascular, and neurological alterations. This syndrome is typically associated with loss of genetic material of approximately 100 genes in the 2q37 band. However, the genes associated with neurodevelopmental phenotype in this syndrome are still unknown. We identified a deleted region of 496 kb by whole genome array CGH in a patient who fulfilled criteria for 2q37 microdeletion syndrome with developmental delay, microcephaly, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, hand wringing, toe walking, and seizures. The deleted segment contains genes that are highly expressed in the developing human cortical plate and the subventricular zone (SVZ) in vivo and human neural progenitors in vitro, including SEPT2, THAP4, ATG4B, PPP1R7, and STK25. Network analysis revealed that STK25 was the most interacting gene associated with neural development in this deletion. Our report narrows the likely causative genomic region for microcephaly and neurodevelopmental delay in 2q37 microdeletion syndrome to a small genomic region enriched with neural progenitor genes that may represent an important locus for the development of the human cortex and corpus callosum. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New insights into central nervous system involvement in FOP: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bertamino Marta , Severino Mariasavina , Schiaffino Maria Cristina , Garrè Maria Luisa , Bocciardi Renata , Ravazzolo Roberto , Rossi Andrea , Di Rocco Maja
Published: August 2015

Fibrodyspasia ossificans progressiva is an autosomal dominant disease due to activating mutations in activin receptor type IA and characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification. Recently, the same non‐synonymous heterozygous somatic mutations of ACVR1 have been identified in brain biopsies or autopsy of 24–27% of patients with a rare cerebral tumor, the diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. We report the first case of a patient with FOP with incidental findings of an abnormal soft tissue mass surrounding the brainstem and causing obstructive hydrocephalus, associated with bilateral dentate lesions. Clinico‐radiological course during 10 years of follow‐up was consistent with a benign lesion, excluding an oncogenic role of ACVR1 mutations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endocrinological correlates of male bimaturism in wild Bornean orangutans
Authors: Marty Pascal R. , van Noordwijk Maria A. , Heistermann Michael , Willems Erik P. , Dunkel Lynda P. , Cadilek Manuela , Agil Muhammad , Weingrill Tony
Published: August 2015

Among primates, orangutans are unique in having pronounced male bimaturism leading to two fully adult morphs that differ in both physical appearance and behavior. While unflanged males have a female‐like appearance, flanged males have the full suite of secondary sexual characteristics, including cheek flanges and a large throat sac. So far, hormonal correlates of arrested development in unflanged males and the expression of secondary sexual characteristics in flanged males have only been studied in zoo‐housed individuals. In this study, we investigated fecal androgen and glucocorticoid metabolites as hormonal correlates of male bimaturism in 17 wild adult Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. We predicted and found higher androgen levels in flanged males compared to unflanged males, probably due to ongoing strong competition among flanged males who meet too infrequently to establish a clear linear dominance hierarchy. Furthermore, we found no difference in fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations between flanged and unflanged males, indicating that social stress is unlikely to explain arrested development in unflanged wild orangutans. The only actively developing male in our study showed significantly higher androgen levels during the period of development than later as a fully flanged male. This supports earlier findings from zoo studies that elevated androgen levels are associated with the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1170–1178, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid Volatolomics and Disease Detection
Authors: Broza Yoav Y. , Mochalski Pawel , Ruzsanyi Vera , Amann Anton , Haick Hossam
Published: August 2015

This Review presents a concise, but not exhaustive, didactic overview of some of the main concepts and approaches related to “volatolomics”—an emerging frontier for fast, risk‐free, and potentially inexpensive diagnostics. It attempts to review the source and characteristics of volatolomics through the so‐called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from cells and their microenvironment. It also reviews the existence of VOCs in several bodily fluids, including the cellular environment, blood, breath, skin, feces, urine, and saliva. Finally, the usefulness of volatolomics for diagnosis from a single bodily fluid, as well as ways to improve these diagnostic aspects by “hybrid” approaches that combine VOC profiles collected from two or more bodily fluids, will be discussed. The perspectives of this approach in developing the field of diagnostics to a new level are highlighted.
Identification of a β1/β2‐Specific Sulfonamide Proteasome Ligand by Crystallographic Screening
Authors: Beck Philipp , Reboud‐Ravaux Michèle , Groll Michael
Published: August 2015

The proteasome represents a validated drug target for the treatment of cancer, however, new types of inhibitors are required to tackle the development of resistant tumors. Current fluorescence‐based screening methods suffer from low sensitivity and are limited to the detection of ligands with conventional binding profiles. In response to these drawbacks, a crystallographic screening procedure for the discovery of agents with a novel mode of action was utilized. The optimized workflow was applied to the screening of a focused set of compounds, resulting in the discovery of a β1/β2‐specific sulfonamide derivative that noncovalently binds between subunits β1 and β2. The binding pocket displays significant differences in size and polarity between the immuno‐ and constitutive proteasome. The identified ligand thus provides valuable insights for the future structure‐based design of subtype‐specific proteasome inhibitors.
Giant Magnetoresistance in the Half‐Metallic Double‐Perovskite Ferrimagnet Mn2FeReO6
Authors: Li Man‐Rong , Retuerto Maria , Deng Zheng , Stephens Peter W. , Croft Mark , Huang Qingzhen , Wu Hui , Deng Xiaoyu , Kotliar Gabriel , Sánchez‐Benítez Javier , Hadermann Joke , Walker David , Greenblatt Martha
Published: August 2015

The first transition‐metal‐only double perovskite compound, Mn2+2Fe3+Re5+O6, with 17 unpaired d electrons displays ferrimagnetic ordering up to 520 K and a giant positive magnetoresistance of up to 220 % at 5 K and 8 T. These properties result from the ferrimagnetically coupled Fe and Re sublattice and are affected by a two‐to‐one magnetic‐structure transition of the Mn sublattice when a magnetic field is applied. Theoretical calculations indicate that the half‐metallic state can be mainly attributed to the spin polarization of the Fe and Re sites.
MST radar observations of turbulent altocumulus layers
Authors: Worthington R. M.
Published: August 2015

Radar studies of turbulent layers have focused on Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities caused by vertical shear of horizontal wind, also breaking gravity waves. This study examines another type of turbulent layer, common but rarely studied. Aberystwyth Meso‐Strato‐Troposphere (MST) radar shows layers of turbulence where there is no unusual wind shear or breaking gravity waves. In three case studies, these layers have a common characteristic of saturated air, reducing the stability to cause possible convective or shear instability. The associated cloud may be already well‐known altocumulus. Another case study using the MU radar shows how three‐dimensional convective structure can be revealed using a 64‐beam method.
Classification of Chinese herbs based on the cluster analysis of delayed luminescence
Authors: Pang Jingxiang , Yang Meina , Fu Jialei , Zhao Xiaolei , van Wijk Eduard , Wang Mei , Liu Yanli , Zhou Xiaoyan , Fan Hua , Han Jinxiang
Published: August 2015

Traditional Chinese material medica are an important component of the Chinese pharmacopeia. According to the traditional Chinese medicinal concept, Chinese herbal medicines are classified into different categories based on their therapeutic effects, however, the bioactive principles cannot be solely explained by chemical analysis. The aim of this study is to classify different Chinese herbs based on their therapeutic effects by using delayed luminescence (DL). The DL of 56 Chinese herbs was measured using an ultra‐sensitive luminescence detection system. The different DL parameters were used to classify Chinese herbs according to a hierarchical cluster analysis. The samples were divided into two groups based on their DL kinetic parameters. Interestingly, the DL classification results were quite consistent with classification according to the Chinese medicinal concepts of ‘cold’ and ‘heat’ properties. In this paper, we show for the first time that by using DL technology, it is possible to classify Chinese herbs according to the Chinese medicinal concept and it may even be possible to predict their therapeutic properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosynthesis of D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate from D‐xylose and polyphosphate through a minimized two‐enzyme cascade
Authors: Kim Jae‐Eung , Zhang Y.‐H. Percival
Published: August 2015

Sugar phosphates cannot be produced easily by microbial fermentation because negatively‐charged compounds cannot be secreted across intact cell membrane. D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate (Xu5P), a very expensive sugar phosphate, was synthesized from D‐xylose and polyphosphate catalyzed by enzyme cascades in one pot. The synthetic enzymatic pathway comprised of xylose isomerase and xylulokinase was designed to produce Xu5P, along with a third enzyme, polyphosphate kinase, responsible for in site ATP regeneration. Due to the promiscuous activity of the ATP‐based xylulokinase from a hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima on polyphosphate, the number of enzymes in the pathway was minimized to two without polyphosphate kinase. The reactions catalyzed by the two‐enzyme and three‐enzyme pathways were compared for Xu5P production, and the reaction conditions were optimized by examining effects of reaction temperature, enzyme ratio and substrate concentration. The optimized two‐enzyme system produced 32 mM Xu5P from 50 mM xylose and polyphosphate after 36 h at 45°C. Biosynthesis of less costly Xu5P from D‐xylose and polyphosphate could be highly feasible via this minimized two‐enzyme pathway. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 275–282. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combinatorial pathway engineering for optimized production of the anti‐malarial FR900098
Authors: Freestone Todd S. , Zhao Huimin
Published: August 2015

As resistance to current anti‐malarial therapeutics spreads, new compounds to treat malaria are increasingly needed. One promising compound is FR900098, a naturally occurring phosphonate. Due to limitations in both chemical synthesis and biosynthetic methods for FR900098 production, this potential therapeutic has yet to see widespread implementation. Here we applied a combinatorial pathway engineering strategy to improve the production of FR900098 in Escherichia coli by modulating each of the pathway's nine genes with four promoters of different strengths. Due to the large size of the library and the low screening throughput, it was necessary to develop a novel screening strategy that significantly reduced the sample size needed to find an optimal strain. This was done by using biased libraries that localize searching around top hits and home in on high‐producing strains. By incorporating this strategy, a significantly improved strain was found after screening less than 3% of the entire library. When coupled with culturing optimization, a strain was found to produce 96 mg/L, a 16‐fold improvement over the original strain. We believe the enriched library method developed here can be used on other large pathways that may be difficult to engineer by combinatorial methods due to low screening throughput. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 384–392. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alkyne‐Protected AuPd Alloy Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen
Authors: Deming Christopher P. , Zhao Albert , Song Yang , Liu Ke , Khan Mohammad M. , Yates Veronica M. , Chen Shaowei
Published: August 2015

Dodecyne‐capped AuPd alloy nanoparticles of varying compositions were prepared through the co‐reduction of metal‐salt precursors with NaBH4. TEM measurements showed that the particles were largely in the range of 2–6 nm in diameter. XPS studies showed that the atomic Pd concentration varied from 65 to 100 %. Infrared spectroscopic measurements confirmed the bonding attachment of the dodecyne ligands on the nanoparticle surfaces, which rendered the nanoparticles readily dispersible in common organic media. Electrochemically, the resulting nanoparticles exhibited apparent catalytic activity in oxygen reduction with a volcano‐shaped variation with the metal composition. The best performance was identified with the sample composed of 91.2 at % Pd that exhibited a mass activity over eight times better than that of commercial palladium black, and almost twice as good in terms of specific activity. This remarkable performance was accounted for by both alloying with gold and surface functionalization with alkyne ligands that manipulated the electronic interactions between palladium and oxygen species.
Persistent Dialkylsilanone Generated by Dehydrobromination of Dialkylbromosilanol
Authors: Ishida Shintaro , Abe Takashi , Hirakawa Fumiya , Kosai Tomoyuki , Sato Katsuhiro , Kira Mitsuo , Iwamoto Takeaki
Published: August 2015

A persistent dialkylsilanone was synthesized by the dehydrobromination of a dialkylbromosilanol with tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl potassium in solution at −80 °C: It was characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and was tested in several reactions. In 29Si NMR spectrum in [D8]toluene, the signal due to the unsaturated silicon nuclei was observed at 128.7 ppm. Reactions of the dialkylsilanone with water and mesitonitrile oxide gave a silanediol and a [2+3] cycloadduct, respectively. The silanone remains intact in [D8]toluene below −80 °C for at least two days, while it undergoes unprecedented isomerization to give a siloxysilene by means of 1,3‐silyl migration at higher temperatures.
Delivery of Highly Active Noble‐Metal Nanoparticles into Microspherical Supports by an Aerosol‐Spray Method
Authors: Kan Erjie , Kuai Long , Wang Wenhai , Geng Baoyou
Published: August 2015

Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) with 1–5 nm diameter obtained from NaHB4 reduction possess high catalytic activity. However, they are rarely used directly. This work presents a facile, versatile, and efficient aerosol‐spray approach to deliver noble‐metal NPs into metal oxide supports, while maintaining the size of the NPs and the ability to easily adjust the loading amount. In comparison with the conventional spray approach, the size of the loaded noble‐metal nanoparticles can be significantly decreased. An investigation of the 4‐nitrophenol hydrogenation reaction catalyzed by these materials suggests that the NPs/oxides catalysts have high activity and good endurance. For 1 % Au/CeO2 and Pd/Al2O3 catalysts, the rate constants reach 2.03 and 1.46 min−1, which is much higher than many other reports with the same noble‐metal loading scale. Besides, the thermal stability of catalysts can be significantly enhanced by modifying the supports. Therefore, this work contributes an efficient method as well as some guidance on how to produce highly active and stable supported noble‐metal catalysts.
Functionalization of Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs by 1,1‐Carboboration with Conjugated Enynes
Authors: Feldmann Andreas , Kehr Gerald , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Erker Gerhard
Published: August 2015

The vicinal P/B frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2PCH2CH2B(C6F5)2 undergoes 1,1‐carboboration reactions with the Me3Si‐substituted enynes to give ring‐enlarged functionalized C3‐bridged P/B FLPs. These serve as active FLPs in the activation of dihydrogen to give the respective zwitterionic [P]H+/[B]H− products. One such product shows activity as a metal‐free catalyst for the hydrogenation of enamines or a bulky imine. The ring‐enlarged FLPs contain dienylborane functionalities that undergo “bora‐Nazarov”‐type ring‐closing rearrangements upon photolysis. A DFT study had shown that the dienylborane cyclization of such systems itself is endothermic, but a subsequent C6F5 migration is very favorable. Furthermore, substituted 2,5‐dihydroborole products are derived from cyclization and C6F5 migration from the photolysis reaction. In the case of the six‐membered annulation product, a subsequent stereoisomerization reaction takes place and the resultant compound undergoes a P/B FLP 1,2‐addition reaction with a terminal alkyne with rearrangement.
Polyphosphate im marinen Phosphorkreislauf
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: August 2015

Kettenförmig kondensierte Polyphosphate sind vor allem als Reagentien zur Wasserenthärtung oder stabilisierende Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe bekannt. Sie bilden sich beim Erhitzen von ortho‐Phosphat unter Wasserausschluss. Vulkanische oder hydrothermale Aktivitäten liefern abiogene Pyrophosphate mit 2–3 Phosphateinheiten. Da sich Polyphosphate in allen bislang untersuchten Lebewesen finden, von Bakterien bis hin zu mehrzelligen Organismen, werden sie mit der Entstehung des Lebens in Verbindung gebracht. Dass Planktonorganismen selbst im extrem nährstoffarmen Wasser der Sargasso‐See Polyphosphate bilden, weist auf eine regulatorische Bedeutung im Zellstoffwechsel.
Study on Crustal and Lithosphere Thicknesses of Tengchong Volcanic Area in Yunnan
Authors: Long ZHANG , Yi‐Li HU , Min QIN , Yi DUAN , Yuan‐Ze DUAN , Heng‐Chu PENG , Hong ZHAO
Published: August 2015

Teleseismic waveform data recorded by 9 broadband seismic stations of Tengchong volcanic seismic monitoring network were used to study crustal thickness, Poisson's ratio and the depth of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) using the P and S receiver functions method. The results are as follows: ➀ The Moho depth ranges from 33.5 to 38.0km beneath Tengchong volcanic area; ➁ The Poisson's ratios in Tengchong volcanic area mainly range from 0.26 to 0.32, and the Poisson's ratios beneath 6 stations are greater than 0.29, which may be caused by the increased mafic rocks in crust where may exist 2 magma chambers; ➂ The LAB depth beneath Tengchong volcanic area ranges from 78.2 to 88.0 km. There is an obvious rise of the LAB and lateral variations are very large. The obvious dome of lithosphere in Tengchong volcanic area is caused by asthenosphere upwelling (upsurge of thermal mantle material) as well as lithosphere extension and thinning.
Traveltime Tomography of qP Reflection Waves in Anisotropic TI Media
Authors: Guang‐Nan HUANG , Bing ZHOU , Ju‐Zhi DENG , Hong‐Xing LI , Ze‐Lin LI , Hua ZHANG
Published: August 2015

Seismic traveltime tomography is an effective method to invert underground anisotropic parameters. Research about tomography for anisotropic media is, however, relatively a little. And its techniques are still far from mature stage. In real applications, traveltime inversion of qP reflection waves has more extensive practical values, because the cost of surface survey is much cheaper than that of crosshole and vertical seismic profile surveys. The tomographic method suggested in this article combines the anisotropic reflected wave ray tracing, traveltime perturbation equation and nonlinear conjugate gradient method. It can be used to invert anisotropic media with arbitrary anisotropic degree. The main task in this article is to reconstruct the anisotropic parameters for TI media using qP reflection waves. In numerical simulation, traveltime of qP reflections wave was used to invert for the layered and block anomaly model, respectively. The elastic modulus parameters and Thomsen parameters were inverted separately, because the velocity sensitivity functions of them are different. The simulation results show that traveltime of qP reflection waves can be used to invert anisotropic parameters correctly. Iteration reaches a satisfactory convergence level for different anisotropic models. The tomographic method proposed here has a better capability in recovering theoretical models compared than isotropic traveltime tomography.
Polarization Transfer from Ligands Hyperpolarized by Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for Screening in Drug Discovery
Authors: Min Hlaing , Sekar Giridhar , Hilty Christian
Published: August 2015

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a valuable technique for ligand screening, because it exhibits high specificity toward chemical structure and interactions. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a recent advance in NMR methodology that enables the creation of non‐equilibrium spin states, which can dramatically increase NMR sensitivity. Here, the transfer of such spin polarization from hyperpolarized ligand to protein is observed. Mixing hyperpolarized benzamidine with the serine protease trypsin, a “fingerprint” of enhanced protein signals is observed, which shows a different intensity profile than the equilibrium NMR spectrum of the protein, but coincides closely to the frequency profile of a saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR experiment. The DNP experiment benefits from hyperpolarization and enables observation of all frequencies in a single, rapid experiment. Based on these merits, it is an interesting alternative to the widely used STD experiment for identification of protein–ligand interactions.
Significance of what is not sampled: Characteristics of thyroid nonmicrocarcinomas (>1.0 cm) that were not targeted
Authors: Schoedel Karen E. , Wolfe Jenna , Hodak Steven P. , Lebeau Shane O. , Yip Linwah , Carty Sally E. , Nikiforova Marina N. , Nikiforov Yuri E. , Ohori N. Paul
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

Although most unsuspected thyroid carcinomas qualify as microcarcinomas (≤1 cm), larger, nontargeted carcinomas may be found also. This study evaluated the significance of these nonmicrocarcinomas (>1 cm) in the setting of a large‐volume thyroid practice.

METHODS

Thyroid resection specimens from May 2007 to December 2012 were reviewed. For these cases, the pathologic characteristics of nontargeted carcinomas larger than 1.0 cm were evaluated. Those interpreted as intrathyroidal metastases were not included in this study. Specifically, the histologic classification, size, and molecular features were documented.

RESULTS

From a total of 4815 thyroid resections and 9279 thyroid fine‐needle aspiration procedures that were performed during the study period, 27 nontargeted nonmicrocarcinomas were identified (0.6% of resection cases) in 26 patients. The histologic classifications were as follows: follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (n = 19), classic papillary carcinoma (n = 3), papillary carcinoma with oncocytic features (n = 1), tall‐cell variant of papillary carcinoma (n = 2), and follicular carcinoma (n = 2). The size parameters were as follows: mean, 1.9 cm; median, 1.4 cm; and range, 1.1 to 7.0 cm. RAS and BRAF mutations were identified in 8 and 7 cases, respectively (71% of the cases tested with a 7‐gene panel), whereas 6 cases showed no mutation. Molecular information was not available for 6 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

In the authors' experience, nontargeted thyroid nonmicrocarcinomas (>1 cm) are rare (0.6%), and the majority are low‐grade carcinomas. The likelihood of finding one of the common mutations (71%) is comparable to the likelihood for thyroid carcinomas in general (∼70%). Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:678–683. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Developmental expression of the neuroligins and neurexins in fragile X mice
Authors: Lai Jonathan K.Y. , Doering Laurie C. , Foster Jane A.
Published: August 2015

Neuroligins and neurexins are transsynaptic proteins involved in the maturation of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Research has identified synaptic proteins and function as primary contributors to the development of fragile X syndrome. Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the protein that is lacking in fragile X syndrome, binds neuroligin‐1 and ‐3 mRNA. Using in situ hybridization, we examined temporal and spatial expression patterns of neuroligin (NLGN) and neurexin (NRXN) mRNAs in the somatosensory (S1) cortex and hippocampus in wild‐type (WT) and fragile X knockout (FMR1‐KO) mice during the first 5 weeks of postnatal life. Genotype‐based differences in expression included increased NLGN1 mRNA in CA1 and S1 cortex, decreased NLGN2 mRNA in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus, and increased NRXN3 mRNA in CA1, DG, and S1 cortex between female WT and FMR1‐KO mice. In male mice, decreased expression of NRXN3 mRNA was observed in CA1 and DG regions of FMR1‐KO mice. Sex differences in hippocampal expression of NLGN2, NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3 mRNAs and in S1 cortex expression of NRXN3 mRNAs were observed WT mice, whereas sex differences in NLGN3, NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3 mRNA expression in the hippocampus and in NLGN1, NRXN2 and NRXN3 mRNA expression in S1 cortex were detected in FMR1‐KO mice. These results provide a neuroanatomical map of NLGN and NRXN expression patterns over postnatal development in WT and FMR1‐KO mice. The differences in developmental trajectory of these synaptic proteins could contribute to long‐term differences in CNS wiring and synaptic function. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:807–828, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Motor organization of positive and negative emotional vocalization in the cat midbrain periaqueductal gray
Authors: Subramanian Hari H. , Arun Mridula , Silburn Peter A. , Holstege Gert
Published: August 2015

Neurochemical microstimulation in different parts of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the cat generates four different types of vocalization, mews, howls, cries, and hisses. Mews signify positive vocal expression, whereas howls, hisses, and cries signify negative vocal communications. Mews were generated in the lateral column of the intermediate PAG and howls and hisses in the ventrolateral column of the intermediate PAG. Cries were generated in two regions, the lateral column of the rostral PAG and the ventrolateral column of the caudal PAG. To define the specific motor patterns belonging to mews, howls, and cries, the following muscles were recorded during these vocalizations: larynx (cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid), tongue (genioglossus), jaw (digastric), and respiration (diaphragm, internal intercostal, external abdominal oblique, and internal abdominal oblique) muscles. Furthermore, the frequency, intensity, activation cascades, and turns and amplitude analyses of the electromyograms (EMGs) during these vocalizations were analyzed. The results show that each type of vocalization consists of a specific, circumscribed motor coordination. The nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) in the caudal medulla serves as the final premotor interneuronal output system for vocalization. NRA neurochemical microstimulation also generated vocalizations (guttural sounds). Analysis of the EMGs demonstrated that these vocalizations consist of only small parts of the emotional voalizations generated by neurochemical stimulation in the PAG. These results demonstrate that motor organization of positive and negative emotional vocal expressions are segregated in the PAG and that the PAG uses the NRA as a tool to gain access to the motoneurons generating vocalization. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1540–1557, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Cross‐Sectional Study of Psychological Comparison Processes That May Underlie the Acceptance of Chronic Pain
Authors: Orfgen Harald , Dijkstra Arie
Published: August 2015

Acceptance of chronic pain varies between patients but may also be expected to develop and change within patients. In this latter framework, the present study explored three psychological processes that may contribute to changes in acceptance: social comparisons, temporal comparisons and counterfactual comparisons. In general, these comparisons are used to cope with negative life events, and they may also play a role in acceptance of pain. In this study, the two subscales of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (Activity Engagement and Pain Willingness) were complemented with a scale of Affective Acceptance. Using linear regression analyses, data from these three acceptance scales were regressed on three scales of temporal comparison processes, four scales of social comparison processes and one scale of counterfactual comparisons. The results showed that the comparison processes explained up to 37% of the variance in acceptance, especially a higher frequency of thinking of one's present condition in relation to a condition in the past, and feeling bad when comparing with others who are doing better, were consistently related to lower acceptance. These explorative results may inspire experimental studies to influence comparison processes and, eventually, to address those comparison processes in interventions for patients with chronic pain to improve acceptance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

In addition to beliefs indicating Activity Engagement and Pain Willingness, Affective acceptance of pain may also be a relevant dimension and manifestation of acceptance

Social comparisons, temporal comparisons and counterfactual comparisons are related to acceptance of pain

In patients with pain psychological comparison processes can be relevant in diagnosing possible causes of non‐optimal acceptance of chronic pain

Practitioners may try to influence each of the three types of psychological comparison processes in individuals and observe the effects
Performance characterization of a microwave transistor subject to the noise and matching requirements
Authors: Güneş Filiz , Demirel Salih
Published: August 2015

In this paper, the gain GT of a microwave transistor is expressed analytically in terms of the mismatchings (Vin ≥ 1, Vout ≥ 1) at the ports, noise figure F ≥ Fmin and the [z]‐parameter and noise parameters. Firstly, because the input termination ZS determines the noise F ≥ Fmin, thus the input termination ZS is pre‐determined to lie on the tangent constant noise and available gain circles so that the maximum power delivery is ensured for the given noise. Then, a design configuration is constructed in the input impedance Zin‐ plane covering the gain and the required input and output mismatch circles within the Unconditionally Stable Working Area for the predetermined input termination ZS. Finally, the compatible (F ≥ Fmin, GT, Vin ≥ 1, Vout ≥ 1) quadrates for either required or optimum (Vin ≥ 1, Vout ≥ 1) couples are obtained with their (ZS, ZL) couples from the analysis of the design configuration. Furthermore, a case study is also presented for the full flexible performance characterization of a selected microwave transistor. It can be concluded that the near future microwave transistor is expected to be identified by performance data base built by its compatible (F ≥ Fmin, GT, Vin ≥ 1, Vout ≥ 1) quadrates and the (ZS, ZL) terminations within the device operation domain to overview all the possible low‐noise amplifier designs using the full device capacity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced MIH (media independent handover) for collaborative green wireless communications
Authors: Ameur Hocine , Esseghir Moez , Khoukhi Lyes , Merghem‐Boulahia Leïla
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we address the issue of energy saving in wireless communication networks; a special interest is given to heterogeneous networks (HetNets) which are supposed to be the key feature of the future communication networks, namely, the 5G cellular networks. In a HetNet, different communication technologies coexist; with the use of vertical handovers, the users could switch between the different operating ones. Our work aims to make the used protocols for vertical handover collaborative, in such a way to reduce the overall network energy consumption. Our study is based on Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol. We bring modifications into this later for energy saving purposes in order to create a green collaborative MIH protocol. The proposed enhancements on MIH protocol allow gathering detailed information about network state and using them as statistics and indicators to manage network density according to traffic load and users location. Our experiments are performed using NS2.29 with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) add‐on which implements the MIH protocol (802.21). By comparing the results while using our proposed contribution and the conventional MIH protocol, we can see that the modifications done allow a significant improvement in terms of energy saving while maintaining reliability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of water balance of a man‐made lacustrine ecosystem on the food web: does flushing affect the carbon signature of plankton and benthos?
Authors: Wilk‐Woźniak Elżbieta , Amirowicz Antoni , Pociecha Agnieszka , Gąsiorowski Michał
Published: August 2015

Reservoir ecosystems may be supported by considerable input of organic matter originating from the catchment. Thus, the current proportion of allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter available to reservoir biota will be affected by changes in the flushing rate. In a medium‐sized submontane reservoir, we examined reaction of the δ13C isotopic signature of fine (10–50 µm) and coarse (>50 µm) fractions of the seston, and of benthic invertebrates, to the reservoir flushing rate. The δ13C signatures of samples varied, and spatially δ13C increased significantly down‐reservoir in all instances, becoming less similar to the carbon signature of organic matter of terrestrial origin. Two distinct trends in the correlation between δ13C and flushing rate were identified as follows: (1) fine seston tended to become more 13C‐depleted and therefore similar to the carbon signature of terrestrial organic matter; and (2) the 13C signature of coarse seston became enriched with increasing flushing, and also tended to become closer to values of terrestrial organic matter. Benthic assemblages did not display any clear association with flushing rates. Such reactions in different components of the food web to allochthonous carbon input and the rate of reservoir flushing may be a common feature of other comparable Central European reservoirs and an important characteristic of their carbon cycles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective Thermal Reaction between Triethylamine and C60 Revisited: X‐ray Confirmation of the Pentane‐Fused Adduct and in Situ Mechanism Study
Authors: Chen Muqing , Shen Wangqiang , Bao Lipiao , Cai Wenting , Xie Yunpeng , Akasaka Takeshi , Lu Xing
Published: August 2015

We have made a systematic investigation of the regioselective reaction between triethylamine and C60 under thermal conditions, presenting X‐ray crystallographic results of the pentane‐fused adduct for the first time. In addition to finding the reaction conditions which gave the highest yield and the best regioselectivity, we captured with GC–MS the acetaldehyde and diethylamine intermediates that were involved in the reaction, thus clarifying the reaction mechanism.
Assessment of an Optimal Combined Heat Pump and Trigeneration System
Authors: Hajabdollahi Hassan
Published: August 2015

An optimal design of a cogeneration plant assisted by a heat pump is presented. The total annual profit ratio is selected as an objective function to find the best prime mover (PM) and its profit in triple loads. Two dimensionless parameters, electric and heating ratios, are introduced as decision variables. The results reveal that the best studied PM is a diesel engine followed by a gas engine and gas turbine. This system is more economical for a high heating and electricity load demand, whereas it is less economical for a low heating and electricity load demand. Furthermore, for low power and heating load demands, no PM is selected and all the demanded power is requested from the grid, whereas for the higher heating and lower electricity load demands, all the demanded power is provided by the PM and there is no need to buy electricity from the grid. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed on the change in the period of cooling and heating load demands.
Estimating trend from seasonal data: is daily, monthly or annual data best?
Authors: Withers Christopher S. , Nadarajah Saralees
Published: August 2015

We consider a model for time series whose mean has a component that is linear in time with slope b plus seasonal sinusoidal components. Suppose we have N years of observations and J observations per year. We answer the question: what is the loss in efficiency of estimating b if the J observations are grouped into weekly means, monthly means, annual means, and so on? We give answers for the cases of a single sinusoidal component and q sinusoidal components. We derive tests of hypotheses, confidence intervals, and power functions for the slope. Finally, an application of the results to daily minimum and daily maximum temperature data from Auckland is presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
University of Texas study underestimates national methane emissions at natural gas production sites due to instrument sensor failure
Authors: Howard Touché
Published: August 2015

The University of Texas reported on a campaign to measure methane (CH4) emissions from United States natural gas (NG) production sites as part of an improved national inventory. Unfortunately, their study appears to have systematically underestimated emissions. They used the Bacharach Hi‐Flow® Sampler (BHFS) which in previous studies has been shown to exhibit sensor failures leading to underreporting of NG emissions. The data reported by the University of Texas study suggest their measurements exhibit this sensor failure, as shown by the paucity of high‐emitting observations when the wellhead gas composition was less than 91% CH4, where sensor failures are most likely; during follow‐up testing, the BHFS used in that study indeed exhibited sensor failure consistent with under‐reporting of these high emitters. Tracer ratio measurements made by the University of Texas at a subset of sites with low CH4 content further indicate that the BHFS measurements at these sites were too low by factors of three to five. Over 98% of the CH4 inventory calculated from their own data and 41% of their compiled national inventory may be affected by this measurement failure. Their data also indicate that this sensor failure could occur at NG compositions as high as 97% CH4, possibly affecting other BHFS measurement programs throughout the entire NG supply chain, including at transmission sites where the BHFS is used to report greenhouse gas emissions to the United States Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (USEPA GHGRP, U.S. 40 CFR Part 98, Subpart W). The presence of such an obvious problem in this high profile, landmark study highlights the need for increased quality assurance in all greenhouse gas measurement programs.
Lattice Boltzmann method for the fractional sub‐diffusion equation
Authors: Zhang Jianying , Yan Guangwu
Published: August 2015

A lattice Boltzmann model for the fractional sub‐diffusion equation is presented. By using the Chapman–Enskog expansion and the multiscale time expansion, several higher‐order moments of equilibrium distribution functions and a series of partial differential equations in different time scales are obtained. Furthermore, the modified partial differential equation of the fractional sub‐diffusion equation with the second‐order truncation error is obtained. In the numerical simulations, comparisons between numerical results of the lattice Boltzmann models and exact solutions are given. The numerical results agree well with the classical ones. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Did the Millennium Development Goals Change Trends in Child Mortality?
Authors: French Declan
Published: August 2015

There has been little assessment of the role the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have had in progressing international development. There has been a 41% reduction in the under‐five mortality rate worldwide from 1990 to 2011 and an acceleration in the rate of reduction since 2000. This paper explores why this has occurred, and results for all developing countries indicate that it is not due to more healthcare or public health interventions but is driven by a coincidental burst of economic growth. Although the MDGs are considered to have played an important part in securing progress against poverty, hunger and disease, there is very little evidence to back this viewpoint up. A thorough analysis of the successes and failures of the MDGs is therefore necessary before embarking on a new round of global goals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.