bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamical analysis and localized waves of the n-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation with higher-order effects
Authors: Lou 娄 Yu 瑜 , Xu 许 Guoan 国安
Published: December 2024

Under investigation is the n-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation with higher-order effects, which describes the ultrashort pulses in the birefringent fiber. Based on the Lax pair, the eigenfunction and generalized Darboux transformation are derived. Next, we construct several novel higher-order localized waves and classified them into three categories: (i) higher-order rogue waves interacting with bright/antidark breathers, (ii) higher-order breather fission/fusion, (iii) higher-order breather interacting with soliton. Moreover, we explore the effects of parameters on the structure, collision process and energy distribution of localized waves and these characteristics are significantly different from previous ones. Finally, the dynamical properties of these solutions are discussed in detail.
Two-photon Dissociation of BeH+ with a Middle Ultraviolet Band Laser
Authors: Zhang Qian-Yu , Bai Wen-Li , Ao Zhi-Yuan , Peng Wen-Cui , He Sheng-Guo , Tong Xin
Published: December 2024

Two-photon dissociation of BeH+ ions is studied by detecting the fluorescence changes of Be+-BeH+ bi-component Coulomb crystal in a linear Paul trap. BeH+ ions generated by an exothermic reaction between electronically excited Be+ ions and residual H2 in the vacuum chamber are photon-dissociated with two photons scanning over the range of 201 nm to 208 nm. Our experiment provides a novel method to maintain the number of Be+ ions stable in a Coulomb crystal with a middle ultraviolet band dissociation laser. This two-photon dissociation method extends the wavelength range of the dissociation laser for BeH+ compared to the one-photon dissociation, and the method can be utilized to all alkaline earth atomic ions which require suppression of the reaction with residual H2 gas in vacuum.
Up to half of companies would be behind on their climate targets under stricter scope 2 accounting rules
Authors: Bjørn Anders , Lund Jens Friis , Brander Matthew
Published: December 2024

Companies have been accused of overstating their scope 2 emission reductions through purchases of ineffective renewable energy certificates (RECs). Therefore, several actors have proposed stricter accounting rules targeting additionality and deliverability. In this paper we explore how such restrictions would quantitatively affect the scope 2 emissions and target progress reported by companies. We consider three accounting restrictions: geographical proximity, facility age, and power purchase agreement. The study involves adjusting the market-based scope 2 emissions reported by 206 companies based on the portion of their purchased RECs that would become invalid under the proposed accounting restrictions. We find that the sample companies have more than doubled their purchases of RECs between their base year (typically 2019) and 2022, including an increase in RECs that would be invalid under the proposed accounting restrictions. The introduction of all three accounting restrictions would entail that the combined scope 2 emission reduction reported by the sample companies falls from 21% to 17%. Similarly, the share of sample companies that were behind on their climate target in 2022 would increase from 28% to 50% under all three accounting restrictions. However, a small subset of the company sample has over time replaced potentially invalid RECs with valid RECs, and the accounting restrictions would lead to improved target performance for these companies. Our findings can inform the revision of the greenhouse gas protocol and emerging accounting standards around renewable fuels.
Entry points for assessing ‘fair shares’ in national mitigation contributions
Authors: Pelz Setu , Ganti Gaurav , Pachauri Shonali , Rogelj Joeri , Riahi Keywan
Published: December 2024

Fairness considerations have long been central to the international climate change mitigation discourse, generating numerous scientific and philosophical debates. Yet, there remains a pressing need for practical guidance on developing assertions of fairness in national mitigation contributions. The Paris Agreement mandates that subsequent nationally determined contributions (NDCs) submitted under Article 4 represent a progression compared to previous NDCs. Further decisions under the Paris Agreement mandate that NDCs include clear and transparent considerations of fairness, as recalled in the first Global Stocktake. We propose a practical approach to this, comprising a set of ‘entry points’ that represent key stages where decisions are taken in ‘fair share’ quantifications, from interpreting foundational principles to selecting indicators and presenting results. By bridging the gap between scholarly debates and practical application, this work supports the integration of clear and transparent fairness considerations into climate policy commitments. We demonstrate the use of our approach through a case study.
Photocatalytic performance of sulfur-doped zinc oxide: green synthesis via matoa leaf extract mediation
Authors: Rini A Sulistyo , Syahrul M , Rati Y
Published: December 2024

The rapidly expanding industrial sector frequently generates hazardous waste for the environment. Semiconductor materials can be employed to remove contaminants in the photocatalyst process. In this paper, sulfur-doped ZnO (at 1%–5% S) has been prepared using matoa leaf extract as a biostabilizer. The synthesized sample was characterized using XRD, FESEM, EDX, UV–vis, and spectroscopy to study its crystallinity, morphology, elemental composition, absorption, and functional group. XRD analysis confirmed a wurtzite hexagonal-shaped crystal with a high purity of ZnO without other phases. Dopant S does not significantly affect the size of the crystal. Nanoflakes of ZnO have changed to nanospheres as dopant S increases. The S dopants reveal broadening absorption peaks with narrow bandgap energy from 2.82–3.08 eV. Sulfur-doped ZnO successfully degrades 4-nitrophenol by 98.79% after illumination under UV light for 120 min. Therefore, S-doped ZnO green synthesis has a great opportunity to be applied to degrade pollutants found in the aquatic environment.
The effects of leaching and pyrolysis on particle synthesis and their impact on thermal conductivity and cooling rates of waste PCB-dispersed quenchants
Authors: Putra Wahyuaji Narottama , Ariati Myrna , Siradj Eddy S , Suharno Bambang
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the effects of pre-treatment processes—leaching and pyrolysis—on synthesizing particle-dispersed quenchants derived from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) for enhanced heat treatment applications. The process begins with milling PCB powder with and without pre-treatment, followed by thermal conductivity and cooling rate analysis of synthesized quenchants. Findings reveal that full pre-treated particles, which undergo leaching and pyrolysis, achieve significantly smaller sizes, up to 80.4%, compared with the half-pre-treated particles. The better improvement was due to the breakdown of epoxy resin used in the PCB. The particle size reduction enhances the quenchant’s thermal conductivity up to 17.47% for the quenchant with 0.5% dispersed particle. Similarly, the maximum cooling rate was improved by 16.93% for the same quenchant. Quenching tests on S45C medium carbon steel demonstrate that particle-dispersed quenchants increase the hardness of the quenched steel, maximized at 57.8 HRC, because of the higher density of the Martensite phase developed by the higher cooling rate. This research highlights the value of pre-treatment in optimizing quenchant performance, with potential implications for improved efficiency in industrial heat treatments.
Effect of Al contents on the microstructure and cavitation erosion resistance of TiSiN/NiTiAlxCrCoN nanomultilayer films
Authors: Yan Hongjuan , Cheng Fangying , Dou Zhaoliang , Si Lina , Yang Ye , Liu Fengbin
Published: December 2024

The TiSiN/NiTiAl
x
CrCoN nanomultilayer films were grown on 304 stainless steels through magnetron sputtering system. The microstructure and cross-sectional and surface images, mechanical and cavitation erosion properties of the prepared films were explored in detail. The results of the study reveal that all TiSiN/NiTiAl
x
CrCoN nanomultilayer films exhibit a face-centered cubic structure with a preferential orientation in (200) plane. The cross-sectional images of films show the columnar structure. The values of elastic modulus, hardness, and adhesive strength for the TiSiN/NiTiAl
x
CrCoN nanomultilayer films initially increase and later decrease as the Al content is increased, whereas the mass loss for the TiSiN/NiTiAl
x
CrCoN nanomultilayer films initially decrease and later increase during the cavitation erosion experiment. The TiSiN/NiTiAl0.8CrCoN nanomultilayer film provides a maximum hardness value equal to 31.3 GPa, a maximum elastic modulus equal to 218.9 GPa, a highest adhesive strength equal to 38.8 N and a least mass loss equal to 0.8 mg. The study showed that the solid solution strength and the alternating stress field enhance the properties of the TiSiN/NiTiAl
x
CrCoN nanomultilayer films.
Minimal design of multi-stage reservoir based on small-world network
Authors: Kitayama Ken-ichi
Published: December 2024

We will present a methodology of dividing a large single reservoir into number of small reservoirs and concatenating them in a multi-stage architecture. Our goal is to pursue the minimal design of multi-stage reservoir in terms of the reservoir size and the number of stages, while the performance is equivalent to a single reservoir having much larger number of nodes than the total number of nodes of multi-stage reservoir. A motivation behind this is to explore a good balance between the computational capability and downsizing hardware of photonic reservoir computing (RC) so that advanced photonic integrated circuits (PICs) technology such as multi-chip module and chiplet can afford in near future. To this end, we will pick up one of the multi-stage reservoir models and introduce small-world network instead of conventional random network reservoir to enable a systematic approach to synthesis of the optimum reservoir model. To validate the proposed methodology, we conduct benchmark tests, including both predictions and classification of time series data. We demonstrate that the proposed minimal design for the RC hardware allows a substantial downsizing without any loss of the performance. Finally, we will present a conceptual design of the minimal multi-stage reservoir for the photonic chiplet.
An appraisal of the competence of mathematical fuzzy logic approach via adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in biodiesel production from algae oil
Authors: Sharma Divyangana , Goel Vivek , Kumar Sunil
Published: December 2024

The fuel crisis and environmental problems can be resolved using biodiesel from various basic materials. This paper uses the transesterification process and segregation to produce biodiesel from algal oil. According to the four input factors (power, methanol-to-oil percentage, catalyst utilized, and process time), 29 experiments have been conducted to manufacture biodiesel. This work focuses on modeling and estimating the processes involved in producing biodiesel, specifically from algal oil, using the (ANFIS) adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system methodology. The determination coefficient (R-square) and the mean root-mean-square error (RMSE) were employed to reconcile the ANFIS findings with the true results of the research. During training, the RMSE statistical variables were 1.209 and the R-squared was 0.9742. This instance, involves the ANFIS Framework additionally the Gaussian membership function was used and examined. This modeling approach shows promise for use in the biodiesel manufacturing process, potentially increasing the efficacy and efficiency of the generation of biodiesel from algal oil, given the high estimation accuracy shown by the ANFIS.
Partial discharge inception voltage in PCB defect samples under different frequencies of alternating sine wave voltage
Authors: Chang Chien-Kuo , Lyu Chong-Yi , Tsai Hua-Wen , Boyanapalli Bharath Kumar
Published: December 2024

As the application of power electronic components in renewable and green energy technologies continues to increase, there is an increasing trend in the utilization of higher voltage and frequency levels. This shift may result in more frequent partial discharge (PD) phenomena that can accelerate the degradation of insulation materials and shorten the lifespan of the components. Therefore, it is critical to ensure the reliability and durability of these components. This study investigated the effects of voltage magnitude and frequency on the PD and insulation degradation of printed circuit board (PCB) samples. Five different test samples were fabricated using a PCB as the substrate and an epoxy resin as the insulating coating. Two distinct testing configurations were employed: one for assessments based on a commercial frequency (60 Hz) and the other for assessments based on a high frequency (600 Hz). This study examined the behavior of PD within PCBs and the resulting insulation deterioration. The results demonstrated that all the samples exhibited significantly lower PD inception voltages (PDIV) at high frequencies compared with those at the commercial frequency. Specifically, the maximum decrease in the PDIV observed was 5 kV, while the minimum reduction was 3.3 kV. These findings highlight the critical impact of frequency on the PD behavior and underscore the importance of understanding these effects to enhance the reliability of electronic components in high-frequency applications.
Benchmarking artifact of selective laser sintering (SLS) components fabricated with flexible and rigid polymers
Authors: Shen Hor Zian , Muhayudin Nor Amalina , Basaruddin Khairul Salleh , Mohamad Khan Shah Fenner Khan , Tajul Liyana , Hoang Tien-Dat
Published: December 2024

This study aims to assess the performance of an Additive Manufacturing (AM) machine, specifically a Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) machine, through the design and evaluation of a benchmarking artifact. Drawing from insights gained in previous research, the artifact is meticulously crafted with two distinct materials to explore potential variations in geometric accuracy. The artifact comprises two types: one featuring straight geometries and another incorporating curved elements. The research methodology involves printing both artifact types at default machine settings, followed by precise measurements using a 3D scanner. The inclusion of straight and curved features facilitates a comprehensive examination of the machine’s ability to reproduce diverse geometries. The amalgamation of these features into a combined artifact provides a holistic assessment of the machine’s overall performance. To validate the benchmarking artifact, the final design is reproduced, and its output is compared not only with the original design but also with real-life parts. The results show that flexible polymers offer higher accuracy but lower resolution, while rigid polymers provide better resolution but with a greater number of defects. This comparative analysis serves to highlight the accuracy and reliability of the benchmarking artifact in reflecting the machine’s performance in practical scenarios. In conclusion, this study endeavours to advance the understanding of an SLS machine’s capabilities by leveraging a carefully designed benchmarking artifact.
Large language models for causal hypothesis generation in science
Authors: Cohrs Kai-Hendrik , Diaz Emiliano , Sitokonstantinou Vasileios , Varando Gherardo , Camps-Valls Gustau
Published: December 2024

Towards the goal of understanding the causal structure underlying complex systems—such as the Earth, the climate, or the brain—integrating Large language models (LLMs) with data-driven and domain-expertise-driven approaches has the potential to become a game-changer, especially in data and expertise-limited scenarios. Debates persist around LLMs’ causal reasoning capacities. However, rather than engaging in philosophical debates, we propose integrating LLMs into a scientific framework for causal hypothesis generation alongside expert knowledge and data. Our goals include formalizing LLMs as probabilistic imperfect experts, developing adaptive methods for causal hypothesis generation, and establishing universal benchmarks for comprehensive comparisons. Specifically, we introduce a spectrum of integration methods for experts, LLMs, and data-driven approaches. We review existing approaches for causal hypothesis generation and classify them within this spectrum. As an example, our hybrid (LLM + data) causal discovery algorithm illustrates ways for deeper integration. Characterizing imperfect experts along dimensions such as (1) reliability, (2) consistency, (3) uncertainty, and (4) content vs. reasoning are emphasized for developing adaptable methods. Lastly, we stress the importance of model-agnostic benchmarks.
Floral traits underlying mating system differentiation in the wind-pollinated sister species Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara
Authors: Grillo Michael , Gutiérrez Andrés
Published: December 2024

The shift from outcrossing to predominantly selfing is one of the most common transitions in plant evolution. This evolutionary shift has received considerable attention from biologists; however, this work has almost exclusively been focused on animal-pollinated systems. Despite the seminal ecological and economic importance of wind-pollinated species, the mechanisms controlling the degree of outcrossing in wind-pollinated taxa remain poorly understood. As a first step toward addressing this issue, we have conducted a comparative study of floral biology between two recently diverged sister species, Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara (Poaceae), that are wind-pollinated and possess distinct mating systems with O. rufipogon being outcrossing and O. nivara highly self-fertilized Therefore, these species present an ideal system for exploring mating system evolution in wind-pollinated taxa. We have identified key floral traits that differ between populations of these species and that are associated with mating system divergence including anther length, anther basal pore size, stigma papillae density, panicle shape, panicle exsertion, pollen viability, and early anther dehiscence. Of these traits, large anther basal pore size and early anther dehiscence are hypothesized to confer reliable autogamous selfing in O. nivara. Manipulations of floret number were conducted to partition the role of geitonogamy and autogamy in conferring self-fertilization. This experiment revealed that selfing in O. nivara is consistent with autogamous selfing, whereas O. rufipogon achieves selfing through geitonogamy. This study serves as a model for understanding the floral mechanisms controlling the outcrossing rate in other wind-pollinated systems, most notably other grasses.
VAREANT: a bioinformatics application for gene variant reduction and annotation
Authors: Narayanan Rishabh , DeGroat William , Peker Elizabeth , Zeeshan Saman , Ahmed Zeeshan
Published: December 2024

Motivation

The analysis of high-quality genomic variant data may offer a more complete understanding of the human genome, enabling researchers to identify novel biomarkers, stratify patients based on disease risk factors, and decipher underlying biological pathways. Although the availability of genomic data has sharply increased in recent years, the accessibility of bioinformatic tools to aid in its preparation is still lacking. Limitations with processing genomic data primarily include its large volume, associated computational and storage costs, and difficulty in identifying targeted and relevant information.

Results

We present VAREANT, an accessible and configurable bioinformatic application to support the preparation of variant data into a usable analysis-ready format. VAREANT is comprised of three standalone modules: (i) Pre-processing, (ii) Variant Annotation, (iii) AI/ML Data Preparation. Pre-processing supports the fine-grained filtering of complex variant datasets to eliminate extraneous data. Variant Annotation allows for the addition of variant metadata from the latest public annotation databases for subsequent analysis and interpretation. AI/ML Data Preparation supports the user in creating AI/ML-ready datasets suitable for immediate analysis with minimal pre-processing required. We have successfully tested and validated our tool on numerous variable-sized datasets and implemented VAREANT in two case studies involving patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Availability and implementation

The open-source code of VAREANT is available at GitHub: https://github.com/drzeeshanahmed/Gene_VAREANT
MeSS and assembly_finder: a toolkit for in silico metagenomic sample generation
Authors: Chaabane Farid , Pillonel Trestan , Bertelli Claire
Published: December 2024

The intrinsic complexity of the microbiota combined with technical variability render shotgun metagenomics challenging to analyze for routine clinical or research applications. In silico data generation offers a controlled environment allowing for example to benchmark bioinformatics tools, to optimize study design, statistical power, or to validate targeted applications. Here, we propose assembly_finder and the Metagenomic Sequence Simulator (MeSS), two easy-to-use Bioconda packages, as part of a benchmarking toolkit to download genomes and simulate shotgun metagenomics samples, respectively. Outperforming existing tools in speed while requiring less memory, MeSS reproducibly generates accurate complex communities based on a list of taxonomic ranks and their abundance.

Availability and implementation

All code is released under MIT License and is available on https://github.com/metagenlab/MeSS and https://github.com/metagenlab/assembly_finder.
Percolation in higher order networks via mapping to chygraphs
Authors: Vazquez Alexei
Published: December 2024

Percolation theory investigates systems of interconnected units, their resilience to damage and their propensity to propagation. For random networks, we can solve the percolation problems analytically using the generating function formalism. Yet, with the introduction of higher order networks, the generating function calculations are becoming difficult to perform and harder to validate. Here, I illustrate the mapping of percolation in higher order networks to percolation in chygraphs. Chygraphs are defined as a set of complexes where complexes are hypergraphs with vertex sets in the set of complexes. In a previous work, I reported the generating function formalism to percolation in chygraphs and obtained an analytical equation for the order parameter. Taking advantage of this result, I recapitulate analytical results for percolation problems in higher order networks and report extensions to more complex scenarios using symbolic calculations. The code for symbolic calculations can be found at github.com/av2atgh/chygraph.
SGLT2 expression in human vasculature and heart correlates with low-grade inflammation and causes eNOS-NO/ROS imbalance
Authors: Mroueh Ali , Algara-Suarez Paola , Fakih Walaa , Gong Dal-Seong , Matsushita Kensuke , Park Sin-Hee , Amissi Said , Auger Cyril , Kauffenstein Gilles , Meyer Nicolas , Ohlmann Patrick , Jesel Laurence , Pieper Michael Paul , Marchandot Benjamin , Morel Olivier , Mazzucotelli Jean-Philippe , Schini-Kerth Valérie B
Published: December 2024

Aims

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) show a cardioprotective effect in heart failure and myocardial infarction, pathologies often associated with low-grade inflammation. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate whether low-grade inflammation regulates SGLT2 expression and function in human vasculature, heart, and endothelial cells (ECs).

Methods and results

Human internal thoracic artery (ITA), left ventricle (LV) specimens, and cultured porcine coronary artery ECs were used. Expression of target molecules was assessed using RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) using fluorescent probes. The function of SGLT2 was investigated using empagliflozin and SGLT1 or 2 siRNA. SGLT2 mRNA and protein levels in ITA and LV specimens were correlated with the level of low-grade inflammation, markers of the angiotensin system, and EC activation. SGLT2 staining was observed in the ITA endothelium and smooth muscle, the coronary microcirculation, and cardiomyocytes. Elevated ROS formation in high SGLT2-expressing specimens was reduced by inhibition of the angiotensin system, SGLT2, and TNF-α. Exposure of ECs to IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α led to an increase in SGLT1 and SGLT2 mRNA and protein expression, up-regulation of components of the angiotensin system, enhanced ROS and decreased NO formation, and activation of NF-κB. The stimulatory effect of TNF-α was prevented by N-acetylcysteine and inhibition of the angiotensin system, SGLT2 but not SGLT1, and NF-κB.

Conclusion

Low-grade inflammation is closely associated with SGLT2 expression in human vasculature and heart, and this response contributes to a feedforward mechanism with the AT1R/NADPH oxidase pathway to cause eNOS-NO/ROS imbalance.
Anti-TNF nonresponse in ulcerative colitis: correcting for mucosal drug exposure reveals distinct cytokine profiles
Authors: van Oostrom Joep , Hanzel Jurij , Verstockt Bram , Singh Sharat , Smith Jeffrey , Gecse Krisztina , Mathot Ron , Vermeire Séverine , D’Haens Geert
Published: December 2024

Introduction

It remains unclear why up to 30% of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients do not respond to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). Validated biomarkers for nonresponse (N)R) are lacking. Most studies investigating underlying mechanisms do not differentiate between pharmacokinetic and inflammatory mechanisms. We therefore aimed to develop a framework to correct for mucosal drug exposure (MDE) and applied this to mucosal cytokine profiles previously linked to (N)R.

Methods

In a prospective international cohort, we studied patients with active moderate–severe UC starting TNFi treatment. Patients underwent endoscopy before (baseline) and after induction treatment (follow-up). NR was defined as the absence of Mayo endoscopic subscore improvement by central read or need for colectomy. The ratio of mucosal concentrations of TNFi/TNF was used to define high or low MDE. Mucosal concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), Oncostatin M (OSM), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-12/23p40 (IL-12/IL-23p40) were measured.

Results

Fifty-four UC patients were included (43 infliximab, 11 adalimumab) of whom 39 (72%) were endoscopic responders (after a median treatment of 62 days [48–96]). NR with high MDE had high IL-6 at both time points. R with low MDE exhibited low mucosal IL-10 at baseline. At follow-up, high OSM was associated with NR (irrespective of MDE) and high IL-12/IL-23p40 with R.

Conclusions

We incorporated MDE in mucosal cytokine research to avoid bias due to the insufficient presence of anti-TNF. When applied to mucosal cytokines previously linked to (N)R, IL-6 appears to drive inflammation in TNFi-resistant UC patients, while OSM seems to parallel inflammation and does not cause refractoriness.
Selecting the optimal candidates for percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty using multi-modality imaging
Authors: Lee Hee Jeong , Kim Na Young , Kim Dae-Young , Son Jang-Won , Choi Kang-Un , Lee SeonHwa , Kim In-Cheol , Ko Kyu-Yong , Ha Kyung Eun , Gwak Seo-Yeon , Kim Kyu , Seo Jiwon , Kim Hojeong , Shim Chi Young , Ha Jong-Won , Kim Hyungseop , Hong Geu-Ru , Cho Iksung , Suh Young Joo
Published: December 2024

Aims

This study compared echocardiography (echo) and cardiac computed tomography (CT) in measuring the Wilkins score and evaluated the potential added benefit of CT in predicting immediate percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) outcomes in rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) patients deemed eligible for PMV by echo.

Methods and results

From a multicentre registry of 3,140 patients with at least moderate MS, we included 96 patients (age 56.4 ± 11.5 years, 81% female) eligible for PMV based on echo Wilkins score (≤9) who underwent PMV and had measurable CT and echo images. We compared Wilkins scores from both modalities and analysed their relationship with unsuccessful procedural outcomes, defined as sub-optimal post-procedural mitral valve area (<1.5 cm2) or newly developed mitral regurgitation Grade ≥III. The mean CT score was higher than the echo score (8.0 ± 2.4 vs. 7.3 ± 1.2 points, P = 0.005). Procedural success was achieved in 65 (67.7%) patients. Unsuccessful results occurred in 31 patients, primarily in intermediate echo score (7–9 points) group. Among patients with intermediate echo scores, 90% had high CT scores (≥9), which were associated with significantly higher rates of unsuccessful PMV compared with lower CT scores (61.1 vs. 18.9%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

CT-derived Wilkins scores were higher than echo-derived scores, with the most significant discrepancy in the intermediate echo score group. CT identified a subgroup of patients at higher risk for unsuccessful PMV among those with intermediate echo-based feasibility. Patients with intermediate echo-based PMV feasibility may benefit from CT-based reclassification, potentially improving patient selection and procedural outcomes.
First whole-genome sequence of Triatoma sanguisuga (Le Conte, 1855), vector of Chagas disease
Authors: Peterson Jennifer K , MacDonald Madolyn L , Ellis Vincenzo A
Published: December 2024

Triatoma sanguisuga is the most widespread triatomine bug species in the United States. The species vectors the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease. Vector-borne Chagas disease is rarely diagnosed in the United States, but T. sanguisuga has been implicated in a handful of cases. Despite its public health importance, little is known about the genomics or population genetics of T. sanguisuga. Here, we used long-read sequencing to assemble the first whole-genome sequence for T. sanguisuga using DNA extracted from 1 adult specimen from Delaware. The final size of the genome was 1.162 Gb with 77.7× coverage. The assembly consisted of 183 contigs with an N50 size of 94.97 kb. The Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog complete score was 99.1%, suggesting a very complete assembly. Genome-wide GC content was 33.56%, and DNA methylation was 18.84%. The genome consists of 62.75% repetitive DNAs and 17,799 predicted coding genes. The assembled T. sanguisuga genome was very close in size and BUSCO score to that of Triatominae species T. dimidiata (1.16 Gb with 99.1% BUSCO score for T. sanguisuga vs 1.22 Gb with 98.7% BUSCO score for T. dimidiata) and slightly larger than that of T. infestans and Rhodnius prolixus (949 Mb with 90.4% BUSCO score and 706 Mb with 96.5% BUSCO score, respectively). The T. sanguisuga genome is the first North American triatomine species genome to be sequenced, allowing for deeper investigations into epidemiologically relevant aspects of triatomines in temperate climates, thus providing potential vector-borne disease management targets and strengthening public health preparedness.
Services and payments associated with the medicare new technology add-on payment program
Authors: Tsuruo Sarah , Schlacter Jamie , Dhruva Sanket S , Ross Joseph S , Horwitz Leora I
Published: December 2024

Lay Summary

In 2001, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) established the New Technology Add-On Payment (NTAP) program to help Medicare patients access costly new technologies. These technologies, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must show “substantial clinical improvement” when compared to existing technologies. Recently, the FDA introduced two fast-track approval pathways allowing technologies to skip the “substantial clinical improvement” requirement. In this study, we describe the technologies and payments associated with NTAPs after this policy change.
Molecular Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcus in South Africa, 2019–2020
Authors: Ntozini Buhle , Walaza Sibongile , Metcalf Benjamin , Hazelhurst Scott , de Gouveia Linda , Meiring Susan , Mogale Dineo , Mtshali Senzo , Ismail Arshad , Ndlangisa Kedibone , Du Plessis Mignon , Quan Vanessa , Chochua Sopio , McGee Lesley , von Gottberg Anne , Wolter Nicole
Published: December 2024

Background

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal meningitis and sepsis and an important cause of disease in adults. Capsular polysaccharide and protein-based GBS vaccines are currently under development.

Methods

Through national laboratory-based surveillance, invasive GBS isolates were collected from patients of all ages between 2019 and 2020. Phenotypic serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted, followed by whole-genome sequencing for analysis of population structure and surface protein and resistance genes.

Results

In total, 1748 invasive GBS cases were reported. Of these, 661 isolates underwent characterization, with 658 yielding both phenotypic and genotypic results. Isolates (n = 658) belonged to 5 clonal complexes (CC1, CC8/10, CC17, CC19, and CC23) and 6 serotypes were detected: III (42.8%), Ia (27.9%), V (11.9%), II (8.4%), Ib (6.7%), and IV (2.3%). Phenotypically, only 1 isolate exhibited reduced penicillin susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration 0.25 µg/mL). Phenotypic resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline was observed in 16.1%, 3.8%, and 91.5% of isolates, respectively. ermTR (34.9%) and mefA/E (30.1%) genes were most common among erythromycin-resistant isolates, while ermB predominated in clindamycin-resistant isolates (32.0%). tetM accounted for 95.8% of tetracycline resistance. All isolates carried at least 1 of the 3 pilus gene clusters, 1 of the 4 homologous alpha/Rib family determinants, and 98% harbored 1 of the serine-rich repeat protein genes. hvgA was found exclusively in CC17 isolates.

Conclusions

In our setting, β-lactam antibiotics remain appropriate for GBS treatment and polysaccharide and protein-based vaccines under development are expected to provide good coverage.
Phage-Encoded Virulence Factor, Gp05, Alters Membrane Phospholipids and Reduces Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Li Yi , Mishra Nagendra N , Chen Liang , Manna Adhar C , Cheung Ambrose L , Proctor Richard A , Xiong Yan Q
Published: December 2024

Background

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of endovascular infections. The prophage-encoded protein Gp05 has been identified as a critical virulence factor that contributes to MRSA persistence during vancomycin treatment in an experimental endocarditis model. However, the mechanisms underlying this persistence phenotype remain poorly understood.

Methods

This study investigated the genetic factors contributing to Gp05-associated MRSA persistence utilizing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on an isogenic MRSA strain set, including a clinical persistent bacteremia isolate, its chromosomal gp05 deletion mutant, and gp05-complemented strains.

Results

RNA-seq revealed significant downregulation of the GraSR two-component regulatory system and its downstream genes, mprF and dltABCD, in the gp05 deletion mutant compared to the wild-type and gp05-complemented strains. This downregulation led to a substantial shift in membrane phospholipid composition, with an increased phosphatidylglycerol and a corresponding decrease in lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol. These changes resulted in increased susceptibility of the gp05 deletion mutant to human cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) LL-37, neutrophils, and vancomycin. These results were confirmed in an isogenic gp05 overexpression strain set in MRSA JE2 background.

Conclusions

Gp05 modulates MRSA surface phospholipid components and charge, offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Gp05-mediated persistence in endovascular infections and potential therapeutic targets to combat these infections.
Exit from Regime Complexity? Regional International Organizations under Scrutiny
Authors: Panke Diana , Grundsfeld Lukas , Tverskoi Pawel
Published: December 2024

Regional regime complexity has long been on the rise and carries a series of potential negative effects, such as waste of resources or reduced effectiveness of regional governance. This article investigates a specific strategy of how states cope with regime complexity, namely by exiting regional international organizations (RIOs). We develop hypotheses on how different types of regional regime complexity influence the chances for exits to occur and theorize interaction effects. The analysis reveals that higher levels of membership- and competency-based regime complexity as well as RIO incompatibility increase the likelihood of state withdrawals. In addition, state characteristics moderate this effect and influence who leaves which organization. Most importantly, smaller rather are less able to shape RIO policies and activities and have fewer capacities to implement them and are thus more likely to exit one of the organizations when being member in many overlapping RIOs. By contrast, powerful states can better navigate regime complexity and avoid negative side-effects and are therefore less inclined to withdraw from RIOs in situations of high regional regime complexity.
Polymerization of dietary fructans differentially affects interactions among intestinal microbiota of colitis mice
Authors: Xiao Yaqin , Zhao Qianyun , Ni Dawei , Zhang Xiaoqi , Hao Wei , Yuan Qin , Xu Wei , Mu Wanmeng , Wu Dingtao , Wu Xu , Wang Shengpeng
Published: December 2024

The intestinal microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining human health and can be modulated by dietary interventions and lifestyle choices. Fructans, a dietary carbohydrate, are selectively utilized by the intestinal microbiota to confer health benefits. However, the specific effects of different fructan types on microbial changes and functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated how the intestinal microbiota responds to fructans with varying degrees of polymerization in the context of gut dysbiosis. Both low molecular weight fructo-oligosaccharides and high molecular weight levan suppressed intestinal inflammation in a colitis mouse model, mitigating intestinal fibrosis and dysbiosis. Although both the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides and levan are microbiota-dependent, distinct modulation patterns of the intestinal microbiota were observed based on the molecular weight of the fructans. Levan had a more pronounced and persistent impact on gut microbiota compared to fructo-oligosaccharides. Levan particularly promoted the abundance of Dubosiella newyorkensis, which exhibited preventive effects against colitis. Our findings highlight the importance of polymerization levels of dietary fructans in microbiota alterations and identify Dubosiella newyorkensis as a potential probiotic for treating inflammatory diseases.
Synergistic effects of colistin–rifampin-based triple antimicrobial combination therapy against Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a time-kill assay
Authors: Kim Si-Ho , Kim Hye Mee , Chung Doo Ryeon , Ko Jae-Hoon , Huh Kyungmin , Cho Sun Young , Kang Cheol-In , Peck Kyong Ran
Published: December 2024

Background

Our research aimed to investigate the potential of in vitro triple antimicrobial synergism against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) as a strategy to overcome antimicrobial resistance.

Methods

We used 12 CRPA blood isolates stocked in the Asian Bacterial Bank between 2016 and 2018. All isolates were tested by multi-locus sequencing and carbapenemase multiplex PCR. To assess the antimicrobial interactions, we performed time–kill assays using double or triple combination regimens. These regimens included CST and/or rifampin combined with IPM, MEM, or CZA. The assay was conducted at 1× and 0.5× MICs.

Results

Among the 12 CRPA isolates, nine produced metallo-beta-lactamases (6 IMP-6, 2 VIM-2 and 1 NDM-1). In the time–kill assay, the median viable bacterial count for CST–rifampin was the lowest among double combinations after 24 h incubation (2.25 log cfu/mL at 1× MIC and 3.71 log cfu/mL at 0.5× MIC). In contrast, all triple combinations achieved 0 log cfu/mL at both 1× MIC and 0.5× MIC. Compared with CST–rifampin (synergism: 25% at 1× MIC, 42% at 0.5× MIC; bactericidal: 50% at 1× MIC, 42% at 0.5× MIC), all triple combinations showed greater synergism and bactericidal activity at both 1× MIC (50%–75% for synergism, 75%–83% for bactericidal activity) and 0.5× MIC (58%–75% for both).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that CST–rifampin-based triple antimicrobial combinations exhibit greater synergy and bactericidal activity in eradicating CRPA compared with double antimicrobial combinations.
Critical assessment of commercially available microtitre panels for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of veterinary pathogens
Authors: Schwarz Stefan , Bäumer Wolfgang , Feßler Andrea T , Jung Arne , Kaspar Heike , Kehrenberg Corinna , Richter Angelika , Schwarz Christine , Verspohl Jutta , Werckenthin Christiane
Published: December 2024

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in the veterinary sector by broth microdilution is mainly based on commercially available microtitre plates with specific panels. A critical review of commercially available microtitre panels identified AST panels that fulfil the requirements for obtaining reliable AST results by covering the necessary antimicrobial concentrations for both clinical breakpoints as well as quality control (QC) ranges for approved QC strains. However, there are AST panels in which these prerequisites are only in part fulfilled, and some AST panels that do not fulfil the aforementioned criteria at all. Most customers believe that commercially available microtitre panels, which are used in microbiological diagnostic laboratories, reliably allow the identification of susceptible, intermediate or resistant bacteria in addition to sufficient QC ranges to validate the test system. Unfortunately, our findings revealed that this assumption is not always true, and thus it is time to reinforce the necessary requirements that microtitre panels must fulfil to give reliable AST data.
Lack of Association between Vitamin D Genetic Polymorphism and Virological Characteristics of Hepatitis B Infection
Authors: da Silva Jéssica C , Caetano Amanda R , Mendonça Ana C da F , Scalioni Leticia de P , Portilho Moyra M , Bezerra Cristianne S , Marques Vanessa A , Miguel Juliana C , Rodrigues Karis M P , Ivantes Cláudia A P , Lewis-Ximenez Lia L , Villar Livia M
Published: December 2024

Background

Exploring polymorphisms in vitamin D-related genes (VDR) within the Brazilian population provides a valuable model to contribute to the influence of the host genetic variants on chronic viral hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

126 CHB patients were enrolled in the current study and clinical, laboratory, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OD)D] level data were obtained. Four VDR (rs7975232, rs1544410, rs10735810, rs731236) and 2 vitamin D-binding protein/carrier globulin (GC) polymorphisms (rs4588 and rs7041) were determined using TaqMan assays and nucleotide sequencing. Association studies were conducted among viral infection parameters and the patient's genetic variants.

Results

Most patients were male (52.38%) with a mean age of 44.28 (±14.24) years, self-identified as White (32.54%), and exhibited vitamin D insufficiency status (42.06%). The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype A was predominant (50%) and 62.7% of the patients had detectable HBV DNA levels ≤log10 3 IU/mL. A significant association was observed between HBV genotype A with ApaI and FokI single nucleotide polymorphisms. However, no statistical association between VDR polymorphisms and viral load, viral polymerase mutations, or vitamin D status was found. Vitamin D concentration did not correlate to HBV viral load.

Conclusions

Most HBV-infected individuals presented vitamin D insufficiency, and VDR polymorphism was not associated with virological characteristics except with HBV genotype A, demonstrating that some human genetic signatures are related to HBV genotype distribution.
CMLsearch: Semantic visual search and simulation through segmented colour, material, and lighting in interior image
Authors: Jin Semin , Choi Jiin , Hyun Kyung Hoon
Published: December 2024

In product search systems, user behaviour changes according to their intentions, requiring adaptations in system requirements and information modelling. When purchasing home decor products, users must consider their existing home setting (EHS) and the need to pair multiple elements, not just a single product. However, no existing home decor search systems assist with varied search intents (target-finding and decision-making scenarios), nor have they focused on research that helps pair various elements of a user's EHS. Therefore, we introduce CMLsearch: a semantic visual search system that segments Colour, Material, and Lighting (CML), and includes light correlated colour temperature (CCT) simulation. In a user study (N = 44), CMLsearch significantly improved user satisfaction and purchasing decisions compared with conventional systems. The semantic visual search reflected user intent, offering object-level control that supported more focused searches in target-finding scenarios and broader exploration in decision-making scenarios. The light CCT simulation further boosted confidence by allowing users to visualize the products under different lighting conditions.
Business politics as a causal mechanism shaping uneven regional development across Romania’s automotive industry
Authors: Jipa-Muşat Ioana , Campling Liam , Prevezer Martha
Published: December 2024

We develop and deploy a business politics lens to examine the mechanisms and processes of negotiation through which multinational enterprises (MNEs) and various host country actors interact, leading to different regional trajectories of economic development. We assess two contrasting lead firms from differing home country contexts investing in the automotive industry in Romania, operating in two regions with distinct historical-spatial industrial organization and economic development. We advance a contribution on business politics as dynamic, relational, multi-scalar, and influenced by varied conjunctural factors—historical, geographical, political, institutional, and firm-driven—exposing how MNEs and territorial actors co-shape distinct processes of international economic (dis)integration.
Reservoir characterization: how broadband wide-azimuth and high-density seismic can help
Authors: Zhang Shaohua , Song Qianggong
Published: December 2024

This paper discusses how broadband wide-azimuth and high-density seismic exploration has been used to characterize deep-buried hydrocarbon reservoirs as well as fractured carbonate and tight sandstone reservoirs in complex areas. Deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs with complex structures can be delineated with improved seismic imaging results due to improved fold, azimuth, and offset coverage; fractured carbonate and tight sandstone reservoirs often exhibit strong anisotropy with fractures being the major fluid pathways, and examination of the resultant azimuthal changes in P-wave attributes can provide us with a better definition of their internal structures. In addition, the improved frequency bandwidth of broadband seismic data can provide us with higher seismic resolution than conventional data and better characterization of reservoir heterogeneity, such as lateral variations of sand channels and small slip fault systems. Current practice and various examples have shown that broadband wide-azimuth and high-density three-dimensional (3D) seismic exploration is the undoubted leading-edge tool for exploring the remaining oil in complex reservoirs, and it plays a crucial role in improving reserve growth and hydrocarbon recovery, to meet the ever-increasing energy demand worldwide.