bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CSR reporting: a review of the Pakistani aviation industry
Authors: Kemp Linzi J. , Vinke Jeannette
Published: August 2012

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) content on corporate web sites and in annual reports, to identify the prevailing CSR dimensions and themes employed by the aviation industry of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a qualitative content analysis of annual reports and corporate web sites to identify primary CSR dimensions and themes in the aviation companies in Pakistan. Findings – Only 13 out of 39 companies (or 33 per cent) clearly identified at least one CSR dimension in their financial reporting and/or on their web site. Overall content analysis revealed prevalence of two distinct CSR dimensions, including Social and Economic as well as Environment, and eight subsequent themes. Research limitations/implications – The present research is limited by a dearth of available CSR data in the aviation industry of Pakistan due to the lack of annual reporting and inconsistent web site information. An implication for future research is to support our rudimentary findings through in‐depth interviews and/or survey results. Practical implications – It is concluded that Pakistani aviation companies must increase CSR disclosure (CSD) in annual reports, in order to meet international requirements. Social implications – CSR information (in the aviation industry) is likely to raise public awareness about social, economic and environmental issues within the Pakistani society. It is subsequently likely to improve conditions for wider use of CSD within Pakistani companies. Originality/value – This is the first paper to analyze CSR disclosures within the aviation industry of Pakistan. The research adds value to the existing body of knowledge about CSR in developing countries, in particular within South Asia.
The Muscles of the Infrapubic Abdominal Wall of a 6‐month‐old Crocodylus niloticus (Reptilia: Crocodylia)
Authors: Fechner R. , Schwarz‐Wings D.
Published: August 2012

The muscles of the infrapubic abdominal wall of crocodilians play an important role in their ventilatory mechanism. Yet the anatomy and homology of these muscles is poorly understood. To gain new insights into the anatomy of the crocodilian infrapubic abdominal wall, we dissected a specimen of Crocodylus niloticus. Origin and insertion of the muscles, as well as their arrangement relative to each other was examined in great detail. The findings were compared with those of other crocodilian taxa to detect potential variability of the muscles of interest. The homology of the muscles was studied by comparing the muscles of the crocodilian infrapubic abdominal wall with those of other diapsids. In Crocodylus niloticus, the infrapubic abdominal wall consists of four muscles: Musculus truncocaudalis, M. ischiotruncus, and Mm. rectus abdominis externus and internus. The arrangement of the muscles of the infrapubic abdominal wall of Crocodylus niloticus is consistent with that found in most other crocodilian taxa. In some crocodilian taxa, an additional muscle, M. ischiopubis, is found. In the remaining diapsids, only M. rectus abdominis is present. The crocodilian M. truncocaudalis, M. ischiotruncus and, if present, M. ischiopubis appear to be derivates of M. rectus abdominis; the development of those might be related to the evolution of the unique crocodilian ventilatory mechanism.
Meta‐analysis: the safety and efficacy of vaptans (tolvaptan, satavaptan and lixivaptan) in cirrhosis with ascites or hyponatraemia
Authors: Dahl E. , Gluud L. L. , Kimer N. , Krag A.
Published: August 2012

Background

Vaptans may correct hyponatraemia and mobilise ascites through an increased excretion of water. The effect on clinical outcomes is debated.

Aim

To determine the effects of vaptans (tolvaptan, satavaptan and lixivaptan) on patients with cirrhosis and hyponatraemia or ascites.

Methods

Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The primary outcome measure was mortality. Electronic and manual searches were combined (April 2012). Data were extracted from published reports, online information from the Food and Drug Administration website or obtained through correspondence with authors and pharmaceutical companies. The primary meta‐analyses were performed using random effects models due to an expected clinical diversity.

Results

Twelve trials with a total of 2266 patients were included. Randomisation was adequate in all trials. Eight trials were double‐blind. Random effects meta‐analyses found no clear differences between vaptans and control groups regarding mortality (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.90–1.26, I2 = 0%), variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, or renal failure. Vaptans increased serum sodium levels (WMD = 1.8 mmol/L, 95% CI = 0.79–2.96) and lead to reductions in weight and the time to the first paracenthesis. Vaptans increased the risk of adverse events (RR = 3.97, 95% CI = 1.78–8.83), including an excessive urine volume (RR = 9.96, 95% CI = 1.38–71.68).

Conclusions

Vaptans have a small beneficial effect on hyponatraemia and ascites, but do not affect mortality, complications to cirrhosis or renal failure. The data do not support the routine use of vaptans in cirrhosis.
Donor lymphocyte infusions and second transplantation as salvage treatment for relapsed myelofibrosis after reduced‐intensity allografting
Authors: Klyuchnikov Evgeny , Holler Ernst , Bornhäuser Martin , Kobbe Guido , Nagler Arnon , Shimoni Avichai , Könecke Christian , Wolschke Christine , Bacher Ulrike , Zander Axel R. , Kröger Nicolaus
Published: August 2012

Thirty myelofibrosis patients (21 males, nine females) with relapse (n = 27) or graft‐rejection (n = 3) after dose‐reduced allografting underwent a salvage strategy including donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) and/or second allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Twenty‐six patients received a median number of three (range, 1–5) DLIs in a dose‐escalated mode starting with a median dose of 1·2 × 106 (range, 0·003–8 × 106) up to median dose of 40 × 106 T‐cells/kg (range, 10–130 × 106). 10/26 patients (39%) achieved complete response (CR) to DLIs. Acute (grade II‐IV) and chronic graft‐versus‐host (GvHD) disease occurred in 12% and 36% cases. Thirteen non‐responders to DLI and four patients who did not receive DLI due to graft‐rejection or acute transformation of the blast phase underwent a second allogeneic HSCT from alternative (n = 15) or the same (n = 2) donor. One patient (6%) experienced primary graft‐failure and died. Acute (II‐IV) and chronic GvHD were observed in 47% and 46% of patients. Overall responses after second HSCT were seen in 12/15 patients (80%: CR: n = 9, partial response: n = 3). The 1‐year cumulative incidence of non‐relapse mortality for recipients of a second allograft was 6%, and the cumulative incidence of relapse was 24%. After a median follow‐up of 27 months, the 2‐year overall survival and progression‐free survival for all 30 patients was 70% and 67%, respectively. In conclusion, our two‐step strategy, including DLI and second HSCT for non‐responding or ineligible patients, is an effective and well‐tolerated salvage approach for patients relapsing after reduced‐intensity allograft after myelofibrosis.
Input matching and patch use by native and invasive minnows
Authors: Wagner C. Michael , Grossman Gary D.
Published: August 2012

When members of a population choose patches that maximise individual net energy gain without interference, they are input matching, a strategy derived from the ideal free distribution (IFD) that results in equal rewards across all patches. We investigated the input matching abilities of yellowfin shiner, a recent invader, and rosyside dace, a common native minnow, found inCoweetaCreek,NorthCarolina,USA. To test the species' relative input matching abilities, we varied food abundance within the range found in the natural habitat in a two‐patch laboratory stream to document the distribution of foragers when food densities differed in the ratio of 2:1. We then applied simpleIFDmodel predictions to determine whether the observed distribution of foragers was best described by (i) theIFD, (ii) differing competitive abilities or (iii) the ideal despotic distribution and/or other unequal competitor models, and to ascertain whether the invader demonstrated a superior ability to track resource distributions. Yellowfin shiner was more likely to move between patches, which resulted in increased ability to match the distribution of food when prey abundance increased. The distribution of rosyside dace between patches did not change in response to increased food abundance. Despite a considerable range of competitive abilities within intraspecific groups, the ‘equal competitors’IFDwas as good at predicting fish distributions as ‘unequal competitor’ models. The ability to track local resource availability in highly variable environments facilitates maximising energy intake and likely promoted the establishment of yellowfin shiner in a southern Appalachian stream.
Optimisation of microwave‐assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from broccoli and its antioxidant activity
Authors: Jokić Stela , Cvjetko Marina , Božić Đurđica , Fabek Sanja , Toth Nina , Vorkapić‐Furač Jasna , Redovniković Ivana Radojčić
Published: August 2012

The effect of independent variables of microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE), extraction temperature (50–90 °C), microwave power (100–200 W), solvent concentration (methanol/water, 50–90%, v/v) and extraction time (1–27 min) on total phenolics and flavonoids contents as well as antioxidant activity of broccoli extracts was investigated. Response surface methodology was successfully applied for optimisation and the high correlation of the mathematical model indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be used for optimisation of investigated responses. Considering the maximum amount of extracted total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity expressed as ORAC value, the optimal conditions for all three investigated responses were obtained (temperature −71.11 °C; microwave power −167.03 W; solvent concentration −75.95%; and extraction time 16.34 min), which is in agreement with optimal conditions obtained for each investigated responses. The development of simultaneously MAE methods for total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of broccoli extracts might simplify assessment of broccoli as valuables source of antioxidants.
Effective diffusivities and energy consumption of daylily in microwave drying
Authors: Ding Shenghua , You Jia , An Kejing , Li Yuan , Wang Zhengfu
Published: August 2012

Drying kinetics of fresh daylily flower buds (Hemerocallis Citrine Baroni cv. Mengzihua) in a microwave oven at 60, 120, 180 and 240 W, respectively, were investigated. The results indicated that, drying rate increased at the initial time (a warm‐up period) and then decreased at the end time (a falling rate period) after reaching a plateau (a constant rate period). A third‐order polynomial model could well describe the relationships between effective diffusivity and moisture content, and the model's coefficients correlated linearly with microwave power level. A logistic model could well present the relationships between activation energy and moisture content. The curves of energy consumption vs. microwave power level indicated that in the initial phase of drying, the energy utilisation efficiency was almost the same at different microwave output power levels; however, at the end phase of drying, drying at lower microwave levels was worse in energy utilisation.
Optimising the ice cream formulation using basil seed gum (Ocimum basilicum L.) as a novel stabiliser to deliver improved processing quality
Authors: BahramParvar Maryam , Razavi Seyed M.A. , Mazaheri Tehrani Mostafa
Published: August 2012

Mixture design was used to determine the optimum ratio as well as concentration of basil seed gum (BSG), guar gum (GG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the formulation of ice cream stabilisers. Predicted equations and contour plots of physicochemical responses were also generated. Generally, increasing the ratio of BSG in gums mixture increased the apparent viscosity of ice cream mixes and decreased the melting rate. Increasing the proportion of GG at concentration of 0.35% enhanced overrun of samples. High ratios of BSG at concentration of 0.35% and CMC at concentration of 0.15% increased the fat destabilisation in ice creams. Combination of 84.31% BSG and 15.69% CMC at concentration of 0.35% proposed as optimum formulation which verified in practice. Introducing BSG as a novel source of stabiliser could be promising as alternative and improve the quality and diversity of ice cream and related products.
Response surface optimisation of osmotic dehydration ofChinese ginger (Zingiber officinaleRoscoe) slices
Authors: An Kejing , Ding Shenghua , HongyanTao  , Zhao Dandan , Wang Xiaoqing , Wang Zhengfu , Hu Xiaosong
Published: August 2012

Response surface methodology (RSM) ofBox–Behnken design with 27 experimental runs and the desirability function method were used in the osmotic dehydration process ofChinese ginger (ZingiberofficinaleRoscoe) slices in ternary solution of water, sucrose and sodium chloride for maximising water loss (WL), rehydration ratio (RR) and total phenolic content (TPC) and minimising solute gain (SG) and hunter colour change (HCC) of dehydrated product. The results indicated that the optimum operating conditions were found to be process duration of 102 min, solution temperature of 30 °C, solution concentration of 50Brix sucrose + 7.31% sodium chloride and solution to food ratio of 8:1 (w/w). Under this condition, theWL,SGandTPCwere 58.8% (wb), 12.56% (wb) and 1.46% (db), while itsRRandHCCwere 1.59 and 6.55, respectively. The immersion time was the most significant variable forWL,HCC,SGandRR, and forTPCit was temperature (P < 0.05).
Process development for spray drying a value‐added extract from aflatoxin‐contaminated peanut meal
Authors: Oakes Aaron J. , White Brittany L. , Lamb Marshall , Sobolev Victor , Sanders Timothy H. , Davis Jack P.
Published: August 2012

Peanut meal, the primary by‐product of commercial oil crushing operations, is an excellent source of protein although aflatoxin contamination often limits applications for this material. Naturally aflatoxin‐contaminated (59 ppb) peanut meal dispersions were adjusted to pH 2.1 or pH 9.1, with or without additional protease and/or a clay absorbent, and the resulting soluble extracts derived from these dispersions were spray dried. Clay addition during processing minimally affected spray‐drying yields, protein powder solubility or antioxidant capacities, whereas these properties were significantly altered by pH and protease treatments. Spray‐dried hydrolysates produced from peanut meal treated with clay contained significantly less aflatoxin than hydrolysates produced without clay; the effects of pH or enzyme on aflatoxin content were minimal. Peanut meal treated with Alcalase, and clay yielded spray‐dried hydrolysates with enhanced antioxidant capacity and increased solubility compared to unhydrolysed controls and had aflatoxin levels below 1 ppb.
Effects of storage conditions and cooking on colour and antioxidant activities of organic pigmented rice
Authors: Tananuwong Kanitha , Tangsrianugul Nuttinee
Published: August 2012

Influences of the conditions of raw rice storage and cooking on parameters related to colour and antioxidant activities of organic hulled red fragrant rice were investigated. Raw rice samples were vacuum‐packed in oriented polypropylene/aluminium/linear low‐density polyethylene or nylon/linear low‐density polyethylene pouches and stored at ambient temperature or 15 °C up to 12 months. Cooked samples were prepared from aged raw samples. Kernel colour, total anthocyanin content (TAC) of acidic methanolic extracts as well as total phenolic content (TPC), reducing power (RP) and radical scavenging activity (RSA) of methanolic extracts and enzymatically digested samples were maintained during 12‐month storage, regardless of packaging materials and storage temperatures. Cooked kernels had larger L value, lower a and b values, and greater TAC (dry basis), comparing with the raw rice. Cooking caused drastic decrease in TPC, RP and RSA of methanolic extracts. Nevertheless, less negative impacts of cooking were found for enzymatically digested samples.
Genome‐wide patterns of latitudinal differentiation among populations of Drosophila melanogaster from North America
Authors: Fabian Daniel K. , Kapun Martin , Nolte Viola , Kofler Robert , Schmidt Paul S. , Schlötterer Christian , Flatt Thomas
Published: August 2012

Understanding the genetic underpinnings of adaptive change is a fundamental but largely unresolved problem in evolutionary biology. Drosophila melanogaster, an ancestrally tropical insect that has spread to temperate regions and become cosmopolitan, offers a powerful opportunity for identifying the molecular polymorphisms underlying clinal adaptation. Here, we use genome‐wide next‐generation sequencing of DNA pools (‘pool‐seq’) from three populations collected along the North American east coast to examine patterns of latitudinal differentiation. Comparing the genomes of these populations is particularly interesting since they exhibit clinal variation in a number of important life history traits. We find extensive latitudinal differentiation, with many of the most strongly differentiated genes involved in major functional pathways such as the insulin/TOR, ecdysone, torso, EGFR, TGFβ/BMP, JAK/STAT, immunity and circadian rhythm pathways. We observe particularly strong differentiation on chromosome 3R, especially within the cosmopolitan inversion In(3R)Payne, which contains a large number of clinally varying genes. While much of the differentiation might be driven by clinal differences in the frequency of In(3R)P, we also identify genes that are likely independent of this inversion. Our results provide genome‐wide evidence consistent with pervasive spatially variable selection acting on numerous loci and pathways along the well‐known North American cline, with many candidates implicated in life history regulation and exhibiting parallel differentiation along the previously investigated Australian cline.
CRS–MIS in Candida glabrata: sphingolipids modulate echinocandin–Fks interaction
Authors: Healey Kelley R. , Katiyar Santosh K. , Raj Shriya , Edlind Thomas D.
Published: August 2012

Infections with the azole‐refractory yeast Candida glabrata are now commonly treated with the echinocandins caspofungin (CSF) or micafungin (MCF). True resistance (> 32‐fold decreased susceptibility) to these lipopeptide inhibitors of cell wall synthesis is rare and strictly associated with mutations in integral membrane proteins Fks1 or Fks2. In contrast, mutants exhibiting 4‐ to 32‐fold CSF reduced susceptibility (CRS) were readily selected in vitro, and surprisingly demonstrated 4‐ to 32‐fold MCF increased susceptibility (MIS). Sequencing and gene deletion demonstrated that CRS–MIS is Fks‐independent. To explore alternative mechanisms, we initially employed Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and observed that CRS was conferred by multiple mutations (fen1Δ, sur4Δ, cka2Δ and tsc10‐ts) disrupting sphingolipid biosynthesis. Following this lead, C. glabrata fen1Δ and cka2Δ deletants were constructed, and shown to exhibit CRS–MIS. Sphingolipid analysis of CRS–MIS laboratory mutants and clinical isolates demonstrated elevated dihydrosphingosine (DHS) and phytosphingosine (PHS) levels, and consistent with this sequencing revealed fen1, sur4, ifa38 and sur2 mutations. Moreover, exogenous DHS or PHS conferred a CRS–MIS phenotype on wild‐type C. glabrata. Exogenous PHS failed, however, to suppress CRS–MIS in a sur2 mutant blocked in conversion of DHS to PHS, implying that accumulation of these intermediates confers CRS–MIS. We conclude that membrane sphingolipids modulate echinocandin–Fks interaction.
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma: update on treatment
Authors: Wollina Uwe
Published: August 2012

Background  Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a myeloproliferative disease with pronounced epidermotropism. The major subtypes of CTCL are mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Survival is dependent on the histological subtype and clinical stage. Early CTCL has a normal life expectancy, therefore early disease recognition and stage adapted treatment might help to ensure a good prognosis.

Methods  This is a review of recent advances in CTCL treatment based on literature review.

Results  Skin targeted therapies are useful for patch and limited plaque disease with phototherapy as the cornerstone of such treatments. More advanced disease will benefit from systemic mono‐ or combined treatments including drug therapy, extracorporeal photopheresis, and radiotherapy. In practice combined treatments may reduce adverse events and improve response rates. For selected younger patients, stem cell transplantation seems a third‐line option.

Conclusions  The therapeutic spectrum for CTCL has been advanced during the last years, providing the opportunity of tailored treatment for patients.
Basal cell carcinoma on the dorsum of the foot with inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes metastases
Authors: Nakamura Yoshiyuki , Ishitsuka Yosuke , Ohara Kuniaki , Otsuka Fujio
Published: August 2012

Background  Although basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, the incidence of metastasis is exceedingly low.

Objective  Case presentation of a basal cell carcinoma arising on the dorsum of the foot with inguinal and pelvic lymph node metastases.

Method  Case presentation with literature review.

Result  On the basis of our review of Japanese literature, the risk factors for BCC metastasis are occurrence on the genitalia, diameter of more than 3 cm, deep invasion of tumor cells into extradermal structures, and infiltrative/morpheic histological type.

Conclusion  Although metastasis from BCC is extremely rare, the prognosis of metastatic BCC is often poor. Careful follow‐up is recommended in cases with high risk factors.
Blastomycosis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Motswaledi Hendrick M. , Monyemangene Francinah M. , Maloba Bonnie R. , Nemutavhanani Dick L.
Published: August 2012

Background  Blastomycosis is a chronic granulomatous and suppurative mycosis caused by the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. This is a dimorphic fungus, which exists as a non‐pathogenic mold in mycelial form in nature and converts to pathogenic yeast at body temperature. Infection is acquired by either inhalation or inoculation. We report a case of blastomycosis with severe involvement of the scalp, face, and neck, with no evidence of systemic involvement.

Methods  Biopsy specimen was stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS), PAS with diastase digestion, and Grocott. Culture was performed on a Sabouraud’s dextrose agar plate using an aseptic technique as per standard operating procedure for processing mycology specimens at our institution. A lactophenol cotton blue preparation from the cultured material was performed.

Results  Histopathologic examination showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and a granulomatous inflammation with round to oval organisms, with refractile cell walls in the cytoplasm of giant cells. PAS, PAS with diastase digestion, and Grocott stains enhanced the organisms. Cultured material showed growth after 10 days, and the lactophenol cotton blue preparation from the cultured material showed the organism to be Blastomyces dermatitidis. Sensitivity studies favored treatment with itraconazole. Radiological examination of the patient showed no evidence of systemic involvement.

Conclusions  Our case may represent the rare primary cutaneous inoculation blastomycosis as lesions started on an area of previous trauma. Treatment with itraconazole was successful.
Mycetomatoid infection of the penis by Candida albicans
Authors: Mastrolorenzo Antonio , Giomi Barbara , Cipollini Emanuele Maria , Tammaro Rosario , Decarli Nicola , Cammelli Daniele , Fabiani Tropeano Francesca , Tiradritti Luana , Difonzo Elisa Margherita , Zuccati Giuliano
Published: August 2012

Background  Mycetoma is generally understood to be a chronic suppurative infection involving the skin and the underlying tissue. Mycetomas may be classified as those produced by true fungi (eumycetoma) versus those due to aerobic bacteria Actinomycetales (actinomycetoma).

Methods  We report the atypical case of a mycetomatoid infection of the penile shaft and glans in a 36‐year‐old man, originally from Senegal, affected by Takayasu’s arteritis.

Results  Extensive investigations excluded any other causative pathogen other than Candida albicans, and the ailment accordingly healed after fluconazole monotherapy.

Conclusion  The authors discuss the unusual site of the disease and the singular clinical features related to the fungal etiology and put forward considerations on the pathogenic role of common microorganisms.
Exfoliative dermatitis: patterns of clinical presentation in a tropical rural and suburban dermatology practice in Nigeria
Authors: Salami Taofik A. T. , Enahoro Oziegbe Odigie , Omeife Henry
Published: August 2012

Background  Exfoliative dermatitis (ED) refers to a skin condition in which the skin is diffusely red and inflamed, with varying degrees and types of scaling. It is a serious medical condition and may require hospitalization.

Objectives  This study was conducted to establish the demographics, etiology, and clinical outcomes of patients presenting with ED at the dermatology outpatient clinic at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.

Methods  The study used a retrospective, cross‐sectional, descriptive design. The records of all dermatology patients attending the ISTH outpatient clinic were scrutinized for patients in whom ED was diagnosed and managed between March 1, 2004, and November 30, 2010. Relevant records were extracted and details subjected to statistical analysis. Main outcome measures were discharge and death.

Results  A total of 1422 dermatology patients were seen at the dermatology outpatient clinic during the study period. Of these, 39 were diagnosed with ED (hospital prevalence rate: 2.7%). The mean age of the ED patients was 60.0 ± 19.5 years (range: 21–90 years). Patients included 22 men and 17 women, giving a male : female ratio of 1.3 : 1. Of patients aged <40 years, 70% were HIV‐positive, and antiretroviral medications accounted for 5% of cases of ED, whereas 50% of elderly patients had a suspected underlying malignancy.

Conclusions  Erythroderma is an uncommon dermatologic presentation. Its recognized association with various internal malignancies makes it a diagnosis of significant clinical importance, particularly in resource‐poor rural and suburban centers across Africa. Its recognition and prompt treatment can prevent early mortality or reduce morbidity in elderly patients who present with this condition in the early stages, especially if it is the first harbinger of internal malignancy.
High‐dose isotretinoin in acne vulgaris: improved treatment outcomes and quality of life
Authors: Cyrulnik Amanda A. , Viola Kate V. , Gewirtzman Aron J. , Cohen Steven R.
Published: August 2012

Background  Isotretinoin, for acne treatment, is associated with high rates of permanent remission. However, at recommended doses of 0.5‐1.0 mg/kg/day for 5‐6 months [average cumulative dose: 120‐150 mg/kg], more than 20% of patients experience a relapse within two years that requires further medical management.

Objective  To examine outcomes of high‐dose isotretinoin in a cohort with cystic acne, as well as measuring its impact on quality of life (QOL).

Methods  A single dermatologist, single institution investigation within an academic tertiary care center in Bronx, NY. Eighty patients with nodulocystic acne, maintained on oral isotretinoin at a dose of 1.3 mg/kg/day or greater, were studied from 2006‐2009 while additionally participating in a QOL survey. Main outcome measures included documented events, acne clearance, presence of relapse, and quality of life parameters.

Results  The mean daily dose of isotretinoin was 1.6 mg/kg/day for an average time course of 178 days [cumulative dose: 290 mg/kg]. No side effects or laboratory abnormalities led to discontinuation of treatment. There were no psychiatric symptoms. One‐hundred percent (100%) of patients were disease‐free upon completion of treatment. During the three‐year study period, 10 patients (12.5%) developed a relapse that required an additional course of isotretinoin. Analysis of QOL domains (self‐perception, role‐social, symptoms) revealed significant improvement following isotretinoin therapy (p = 0.0124, p = 0.0066, p = 0.0265, respectively).

Conclusions  Isotretinoin prescribed at 1.5 mg/kg/day or greater for 5‐6 months [cumulative total dose of 290 mg/kg] is safe and effective compared to current standard dosing practices. We propose the use of high‐dose isotretinoin (>1.3 mg/kg/day) as a treatment option in severe nodulocystic acne and encourage larger, prospective, multicenter studies into this therapeutic approach.
The ATP2A2 gene in patients with Darier’s disease: one novel splicing mutation
Authors: Shi Bing‐Jun , Xue Mei , Zhong Gui‐Shu , Jiang Yang , Chen De‐Yu , Feng Jie , Hao Jing , Diao Qing‐Chun
Published: August 2012

Background  Darier’s disease (DD) is a rare, inherited skin disorder characterized by warty papules and plaques over the seborrheic area, such as central trunk, flexures, scalp, and forehead. Mutations in ATP2A2 gene encoding the enzyme sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase type 2 are responsible for the disease. Here we report two Chinese families affected by DD with two ATP2A2 mutations.

Materials and methods  DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples and then subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct automated DNA sequencing.

Results  A heterozygous G to T transition in the first nucleotide of intron 7 (c.630 + 1G > T) and G to A transversion at nucleotide 2898 in exon 20 of the ATP2A2 gene were identified in two pedigrees, respectively. The former mutation in the splice site is a novel mutation and is thought to lead to aberrant splicing and premature protein truncation. The latter has already been described, which leads to premature termination codons (PTC) (W966X).

Conclusion  The results will contribute to the expanding database of ATP2A2 mutations in patients with DD and be useful for inherited counseling and prenatal examination for affected families.
Mechanisms associated with Fe‐deficiency tolerance and signaling in shoots of Pisum sativum
Authors: Kabir Ahmad H. , Paltridge Nicholas G. , Roessner Ute , Stangoulis James C. R.
Published: August 2012

Mechanisms of Fe‐deficiency tolerance and signaling were investigated in shoots of Santi (deficiency tolerant) and Parafield (deficiency intolerant) pea genotypes using metabolomic and physiological approaches. From metabolomic studies, Fe deficiency induced significant increases in N‐, S‐ and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in Santi but not in Parafield. Elevated N metabolites reflect an increase in N‐recycling processes. Increased glutathione and S‐metabolites suggest better protection of pea plants from Fe‐deficiency‐induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, Fe‐deficiency induced increases in citrate and malate in leaves of Santi suggests long‐distance transport of Fe is promoted by better xylem unloading. Supporting a role of citrate in the deficiency tolerance mechanism, physiological experiments showed higher Fe and citrate in the xylem of Santi. Reciprocal‐grafting experiments confirm that the Fe‐deficiency signal driving root Fe reductase and proton extrusion activity is generated in the shoot. Finally, our studies show that auxin can induce increased Fe‐reductase activity and proton extrusion in roots. This article identifies several mechanisms in shoots associated with the differential Fe‐deficiency tolerance of genotypes within a species, and provides essential background for future efforts to improve the Fe content and deficiency tolerance in peas.
Alpha‐Gal detectors in xenotransplantation research: a word of caution
Authors: Naso Filippo , Gandaglia Alessandro , Iop Laura , Spina Michele , Gerosa Gino
Published: August 2012

Naso F, Gandaglia A, Iop L, Spina M, Gerosa G. Alpha‐Gal detectors in xenotransplantation research: a word of caution. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19: 215–220. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Xenogeneic tissues are currently employed in clinical practice to create biological substitutes (bioprosthetic heart valves) and in the repair of various damaged tissues (pericardium, gastric‐mucosa, nerves, cartilage). Many studies have shown that xenogeneic tissues express superficial epitopes as alpha‐Gal, capable of triggering hyperacute and acute vascular rejection phenomena. Currently, no tissue treatment has proven able to completely mask or inactivate such epitopes. In fact, neither glutaraldehyde fixation nor decellularisation procedures ensure a definitive solution because of the persistence of reactive xenoantigen residues. The ability to ascertain alpha‐Gal epitope removal from a xenogeneic tissue is closely related to the possibility of its quantitative determination. In the past, detection of the alpha‐Gal epitope relied on the use of alpha‐Gal reactive isolectin molecules and was limited to isolated cells. Recently, the quantitative evaluation of this antigen has been carried out in whole connective tissue through the use of the monoclonal antibody M86. This article provides an overview of the implications of the alpha‐Gal epitope in the current clinical scenario and a definitive comparison between the reliability and specificity of isolectines vs. M86 in alpha‐Gal determination.
Effect of Ascorbic Acid Concentrations, Methods of Cooling and Freezing on Boer Goat Semen Cryopreservation
Authors: Memon AA , Wahid H , Rosnina Y , Goh YM , Ebrahimi M , Nadia FM
Published: August 2012

Contents

To improve the Boer goat semen quality during cryopreservation process, three experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of (i) different concentration of ascorbic acid supplementation (ii) rate of cooling with chilled semen characteristics and (iii) method of freezing on post‐thaw Boer goat sperm using Tris‐based extender. Ascorbic acid at 8.5 mg/ml improved the sperm parameters (motility, integrity of membrane and acrosome, morphology and viability), compared to control in cooled samples (p < 0.05). With regard to other concentrations and post‐thawed parameters, ascorbic acid at 2.5–8.5 mg/ml led to higher percentages of sperm motility and integrities of membrane and acrosome when compared to control (p < 0.05). Slow cooling rises to higher percentages of sperm motility, acrosome integrity and viability, in comparison with fast cooling, in terms of cooled and frozen samples (p < 0.05). Programmable freezing method produced the higher percentages of sperm motility, integrities of membrane and acrosome and viability when compared to the freezing method of polystyrene box during goat sperm freezing (p < 0.05). In conclusion, chilled and post‐thawed sperm quality of Boer goat was improved when a Tris‐based extender supplemented with ascorbic acid was used at stages of different cooling rates and freezing methods.
Gastric mucosal healing: The role of the mTor pathway
Authors: Giraud Andrew S
Published: August 2012

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2012; 27: 397–405.
Comparison of pollination characteristics between the insular shrub Clerodendrum izuinsulare and its widespread congener C. trichotomum
Authors: Mizusawa Leiko , Takimoto Gaku , Yamasaki Michimasa , Isagi Yuji , Hasegawa Masami
Published: August 2012

Impact of pollinator shift on differentiation of floral morphology has attracted the interest of naturalists for many years. A comparative investigation was conducted for determining the pollination characteristics, including pollinator assemblage, floral morphology, flowering phenology, and self‐compatibility, of two closely related Clerodendrum species—insular C. izuinsulare and widespread C. trichotomum. Japanese black swallowtail butterflies were the predominant flower visitors in mainland Japan, whereas diurnal hawk moths were predominantly found on the Izu Islands, a chain of oceanic islands located off the southeastern coast of the main Japanese island of Honshu in the west Pacific Ocean. The corolla tube of C. izuinsulare was longer than that of C. trichotomum, whereas the filaments and petals of C. izuinsulare were shorter than those of C. trichotomum. The flowering season of C. izuinsulare was later than that of C. trichotomum. The self‐compatibility of C. izuinsulare was higher than that of C. trichotomum. These differences might be associated with the low density of Japanese black swallowtail butterflies and dominance of diurnal hawk moths on the Izu Islands.
Implementation of a clinical prediction tool for pulmonary embolism diagnosis in a tertiary teaching hospital reduces the number of computed tomography pulmonary angiograms performed
Authors: Ong C. W. , Malipatil V. , Lavercombe M. , Teo K. G. W. , Coughlin P. B. , Leach D. , Spanger M. C. , Thien F.
Published: August 2012

Aim

To evaluate the effect of implementing the Wells score clinical prediction tool (CPT) on rationalising the use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE).

Methods

Within a tertiary teaching hospital, a retrospective study was conducted applying Wells score to all CTPA ordered in the first quarter of 2007. Subsequently, an algorithm including Wells score and d‐dimer assay was developed to assist clinicians in rationalising their ordering of CTPA. A prospective study was performed from February to August 2009 to assess the impact of this algorithm. CTPA results, d‐dimer levels, referral sources and dates were recorded. The number of CTPA performed over a 7‐month period following implementation of the algorithm was compared with the same period during the previous year. PE prevalence within each risk category was compared with the published literature.

Results

Three hundred and thirty‐three patients were investigated with CTPA in the prospective study period. Two hundred and sixty‐eight patients (80.4% of cases) had complete data. The prevalence of PE in the present study was 13.8% with 57 (21.2%) patients stratified to low risk, 169 (63.0%) to intermediate risk and 42 (15.6%) to high risk. Subgroup prevalence was 8.8%, 11.8% and 23.8% respectively. Compared with the same period in 2008, 121 (26.6%) less CTPA were performed.

Conclusion

Institutional implementation of a clinical prediction tool into the decision‐making process is feasible and significantly reduces the number of CTPA being performed, with substantial cost savings and patient benefits.
Most individuals with treated blood pressures above target receive only one or two antihypertensive drug classes
Authors: Campbell D. J. , McGrady M. , Prior D. L. , Coller J. M. , Boffa U. , Shiel L. , Liew D. , Wolfe R. , Stewart S. , Reid C. M. , Krum H.
Published: August 2012

Background

A significant proportion of individuals taking antihypertensive therapies fail to achieve blood pressures <140/90 mmHg. In order to develop strategies for improved treatment of blood pressure, we examined the association of blood pressure control with antihypertensive therapies and clinical and lifestyle factors in a cohort of adults at increased cardiovascular risk.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 3994 adults from Melbourne and Shepparton, Australia enrolled in the SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New Heart Failure (SCREEN‐HF) study. Inclusion criteria were age ≥60 years with one or more of self‐reported ischaemic or other heart disease, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular disease, renal impairment or treatment for hypertension or diabetes for ≥2 years. Exclusion criteria were known heart failure or cardiac abnormality on echocardiography or other imaging. The main outcome measures were the proportion of participants receiving antihypertensive therapy with blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg and the association of blood pressure control with antihypertensive therapies and clinical and lifestyle factors.

Results

Of 3623 participants (1975 men and 1648 women) receiving antihypertensive therapy, 1867 (52%) had blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg. Of these 1867 participants, 1483 (79%) were receiving only one or two antihypertensive drug classes. Blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg were associated with increased age, male sex, waist circumference and log amino‐terminal‐pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide levels.

Conclusions

Most individuals with treated blood pressures above target receive only one or two antihypertensive drug classes. Prescribing additional antihypertensive drug classes and lifestyle modification may improve blood pressure control in this population of individuals at increased cardiovascular risk.
A Longitudinal Study of Age‐Related Differences in Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach
Authors: Bal P. Matthijs , De Lange Annet H. , Jansen Paul G.W. , Van Der Velde Mandy E.G.
Published: August 2012

The current paper investigated age‐related differences in the relations of psychological contract breach with work outcomes over time. Based on affective events theory, we expected job satisfaction to mediate the longitudinal relationship of contract breach with changes in job performance. Moreover, based on socio‐emotional selectivity theory, it was predicted that reactions to contract breach on job satisfaction and job performance would be stronger among younger workers than older workers. This two‐wave panel study among 240 employees investigated interactions of age with psychological contract breach in relation to changes in job satisfaction and job performance over time. Moderated structural equation modeling showed that job satisfaction partially mediated the longitudinal relationships between contract breach and job performance. Moreover, the analyses supported socio‐emotional selectivity theory; older workers reacted less intensely to psychological contract breach towards job satisfaction and job performance, indicating a general decreased responsiveness of older workers towards the psychological contract. It is concluded that age plays an important role in how contract breaches relate to changes in work outcomes over time.
Adverse cardiovascular events during treatment with glyburide (glibenclamide) or gliclazide in a high‐risk population
Authors: Juurlink D. N. , Gomes T. , Shah B. R. , Mamdani M. M.
Published: August 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1524–1528 (2012)

Aims  Sulphonylureas promote insulin release by inhibiting pancreatic potassium channels. Older sulphonylureas such as glyburide (glibenclamide), but not newer ones such as gliclazide, antagonize similar channels in myocardium, interfering with the protective effects of ischaemic preconditioning. Whether this imparts a higher risk of adverse cardiac events is unknown.

Methods  We conducted a population‐based cohort study of patients aged 66 years and older who were hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction or who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention between 1 April 2007 and 31 March 2010 while receiving either glyburide or gliclazide. We used a high‐dimensional propensity score matching process to ensure similarity of glyburide‐ and gliclazide‐treated patients. The primary outcome was a composite of death or hospitalization for myocardial infarction or heart failure.

Results  During the 2‐year study period, we matched 1690 patients treated with glyburide to 984 patients treated with gliclazide at the time of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention. We found no difference in the risk of the composite outcome among patients receiving glyburide (adjusted hazard ratio 1.01; 95% CI 0.86–1.18). We found similar results in secondary analyses of each outcome individually, and in two supplementary analyses (haemorrhage and pneumonia) in which we anticipated no difference between the two patient groups.

Conclusions  Among older patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention, treatment with glyburide is not associated with an increased risk of future adverse cardiovascular events relative to gliclazide, suggesting that the effect of glyburide on ischaemic preconditioning is of little clinical relevance.
Carbon storage in successional and plantation forest soils: a tropical analysis
Authors: Marín‐Spiotta Erika , Sharma Sapna
Published: August 2012

Aim

To analyse global patterns in soil carbon (C) in tropical successional and plantation forests based on climate, forest age, former land use and soil type to determine factors driving below‐ground C storage.

Location

Pantropical.

Methods

We conducted a synthesis of 81 studies reporting soil C stocks in more than 400 reforested and tree plantation sites. We used regression models and regression tree analyses to determine the importance of multiple predictor variables on soil C stocks standardized to three common depth ranges: 0–10, 0–30 and 0–100 cm.

Results

Mean annual temperature (MAT) was the most important predictor of soil C. Forest age explained little to no variability in soil C, in contrast with above‐ground studies. Data on long‐term trends in soil C are limited, as median time since forest growth was 15 years. Soil C stocks were similar between tropical secondary forests, tree plantations and reference forests. Differences between plantation and successional forests only appeared below 10 cm on sites with MAT < 21.3 °C. Former pastures and cultivated sites differed from each other only to depths of 30 or 100 cm. Climatic variables appeared multiple times across all layers of the regression trees, consistent with strong interactions between MAT and precipitation on soil C stocks.

Main conclusions

Climate explained greater variability in soil C in successional and plantation forests than former land use or forest age, despite the tropical location of all sites. Human management factors were more important for predicting soil C stocks in cooler and drier sites, while environmental variables were more important in hotter and wetter sites. The relative importance and interactions between soil type, previous land use and forest cover type differed with soil depth, highlighting the importance of comparing C across consistent depths. Climatic controls suggest sensitivity of soil C stocks in successional and plantation forests to future climate change.