bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the per-capita Income of Nepal with the help of the ARIMA model
Authors: Daman Bahadur Singh
Published: September 2024

Understanding the root causes that affect any given issue, event, or variable in great detail is necessary to forecast it. This is true for estimating Nepal's per capita income. In Nepal, several factors, including employment, international commerce, industrialization, political stability, and productivity, have a significant impact on per capita income. As the nation's per capita income serves as a gauge for its economy, predicting per capita income is therefore not just laborious but also essential. The main objective of this research was to study the trend of per capita income of Nepal and to forecast it for the coming years. In this investigation Three possible ARIMA models were (2,1,0), (1,1,0) and (9,1,0) identified. Out of them based on different popular criteria ARIMA (9,1,0) model was found best-fitted model for the foresting of the per capita income of Nepal Among the three identified models R2 value of the (9,1,0) model was found greater compared to other models, different kinds of errors value were lesser compared to other models, so based on ARIMA model selection criteria (9,1,0) model was chosen as the best model for forecasting per capita income of Nepal. Five years of per capita income was forecasted by the fitted model. Forecasted per capita income for the years, 2023,2024,2025,2026, and 2027were1274.57,1429.25,1497.33,1587.67and1744.77 (In American dollars) respectively. IBM SPSS,19 version was used to identify the best ARIMA model and foresting per capita income of Nepal. secondary source of data was used in this study.   Together 62 observed per capita income values recorded for different years were used to conduct this investigation. The accuracy of these predicted values, however, may be questioned because, frankly speaking, none of the components operate perfectly or in the desired direction; in this case, it might be wise to reevaluate a different forecasting model that would use more data to predict Nepal's per capita income. This is perhaps one of the paper's shortcomings.
Culturalism in Disturbing Current Drama
Authors: Kanchhi Maharjan
Published: September 2024

The research article explores how culturalism is depicted in Veda Kumari's play "Disturbed Present" (2058). The culture of Nepali society as expressed in the play is analyzed through both the dimensions of dramatic events and stage direction. Using a deductive research method and based on the theoretical concepts of culture and culturalism, the study examines the inherent cultural elements in the dramatic narrative and the reflected cultural aspects in stage direction. Primary and secondary sources have been collected to study and analyze the underlying culture in dramatic narratives, including lifestyle and popular beliefs, cultural concepts and behaviors related to women, class-differentiated cultural concepts, political behaviors and concepts, the use and behavior of folk songs, and socio-cultural customs. These materials are organized in an explanatory and analytical manner. The article focuses on the cultural behavior of Nepali society portrayed in the play, concluding that the cultural expression of Nepali society is strongly conveyed through both the dramatic narrative and stage direction in disturbed present.
COVID-19 Pandemic, Employment and Decent Work Conditions: the case of Industrial Estates
Authors: Parajuli Dilip , Shrestha Prakash
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study is to analyze how COVID-19 has affected employment and decent work conditions in Nepalese organizations. It also aims to examine the changes in employee behavior after the COVID-19 pandemic. Workers and employees of six industrial estates (namely, Balaju, Patan, Bhaktapur, Hetauda, Butwal, and Pokhara) were selected as the sample for this study. In total, 1,080 questionnaires (15 for each of the 72 companies) were distributed to the employees of these companies. Only 672 usable questionnaires were received, resulting in a 62.22 percent response rate. The COVID-19 pandemic has made social inequality and the lack of good work more apparent, which disproportionately affects the most underprivileged people. As the work of industries changes in response to the pandemic condition, new workplace norms and standards set by the industries in industrial estates related to decent work are having a growing impact on workers.
The Idea of a University in the Context of Nepal
Authors: Ayadi Arjun Bahadur
Published: September 2024

This paper aims to discuss the conceptual aspect of university, university education, and the challenges of university education in Nepal. Governments around the world view universities and other higher education institutions as essential to achieving a number of national agendas. Investments in higher education institutions are increasing continuously with the belief that universities can be the source of continuous ideas to develop a knowledge-based economy. The idea of a university has been changing over time due to globalization and the shift in the knowledge-based economy. Education is becoming more globally integrated as new models for higher education are developed. The system of modern university education is undergoing serious transformations. In this regard, this paper has a special focus on what the prospects for University education are; in what context Nepalese university education exists; and what issues have impeded Nepal’s university education system. This discussion is qualitative in nature and is based upon relevant literature review.
Self-postponement Vs. Visionary in Exile: Nepal’s Quest for Modernity in the 1960s
Authors: Phuyal Komal Prasad
Published: September 2024

Nepali modernity had encountered challenges in its development in the 1960s because King Mahendra Shah (1920-1972) had risen to power, thereby derailing the course of for modernity. He believed that democratic institutions and liberal values hindered the essential course of Nepali society and its traditional virtues. In the name of inventing a political system that suited the clime and soil of the nation, he dissolved the parliament, overthrew popularly elected Prime Minister B. P. Koirala (1914-1982), and implemented "partyless democracy" (?) in the name of the Panchayat system. This study has examined the tension, resulting from the tussle between the conservative camp and the liberal values in Nepal's quest for modernity in the 1960s. Mahendra Shah outlawed democracy to initiate the material transformation and industrialization in Nepal. Koirala and his associates were a group of visionaries who held liberal values. King Shah's project of modernity entailed self-postponement as it focused on achieving material transformation without transforming the consciousness of people and without allowing people's participation in the making of a nation by treating the visionary leaders as exiles from the political system. Methodologically, the paper applies new historicist reading of the texts to explore and analyze quest of modernity in Nepal in the 1960s. By analyzing Shah's speeches, and Koirala's speech and autobiographical writings, the paper rereads Nepal's quest for modernity in the 1960s.
A Study of Deep Ecology and Environmental Sustainability: Through an Eco-Feminist Lens
Authors: Islam Md Rafiqul
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates the root causes of contemporary environmental crises, attributing them to an anthropocentric perspective that views nature merely as a resource for human exploitation. This mindset has led to the depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, and widespread pollution, resulting in an unsustainable ecological balance. In response, the paper advocates adopting Arne Naess's "Deep Ecology" to restore harmony between humans and nature. Deep Ecology emphasizes that all life possesses intrinsic value, and humans must coexist within the interconnected web of life. To address these crises, a non-anthropocentric approach that allows nature to thrive without undue human intervention is essential. This interconnectedness can be sustained through the environmental ethic of care and love espoused by eco-feminist perspectives. To substantiate these claims, the paper critically analyzes Rabindranath Tagore's short story "Bolai - The Boy and the Tree" and Thomas Hardy's poem "The Darkling Thrush" to reveal the concept of double exploitation of nature, women, and children, as well as human "spiritual autism" and the inability to communicate with nature. Additionally, it examines the award-winning documentary "Honeyland" (2019), highlighting Haditze, the female protagonist, as a "guardian angel" who fosters a symbiotic relationship with nature based on care and love. Employing a qualitative research paradigm with close reading of texts and content analysis, the study incorporates relevant insights from researchers and scholars. By advocating for these philosophies, the paper aspires to a future where humans coexist harmoniously with the natural world, safeguarding Earth's ecosystems for future generations and emphasizing the need for further research into this vital connection.
AWARENESS TOWARDS WAQF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA
Authors: Nisful Laila  , Ririn Tri Ratnasari  , Shafinar Ismail  , Mohd Halim Mahphoth  , Putri Aliah Mohd Hidzir
Published: September 2024

Waqf is an Islamic financial instrument that can be utilised in helping various economic matters around the world. The growth of waqf in Malaysia and Indonesia has become ever more significant. The recognition of the importance of waqf to Malaysia and Indonesia’s economy is demonstrated by the utter value and breadth for entrepreneurs of the support structures and policies. The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the factors that influence the awareness of waqf entrepreneurship in Malaysia and Indonesia. Questionnaires were distributed to the 188 respondents, and the sampling procedure adopted in this research was purposive sampling. The result indicates that knowledge, promotion, and attitude become the essential factors influencing awareness towards waqf entrepreneurship. Besides, knowledge is identified as the best predictor to influence awareness. The findings contribute to the literature by identifying the determinants to impact awareness, particularly on waqf entrepreneurship. This is important because entrepreneurship can promote social change to innovation, therefore improving society's life. It will be very beneficial if the number of entrepreneurs can be increased without relying on the government budget to help the communities, particularly for countries like Malaysia and Indonesia.
Statue Controversies: Dred Scott v. Sanford, Chief Justice Taney and Gandhi
Authors: Majeske Andrew
Published: September 2024

Statute controversies ignite debates over the representation and commemoration of historical figures, revealing tensions between preserving heritage and acknowledging problematic legacies. Critical reflections on historical narratives prompt society to reevaluate the significance of commemorating certain figures, challenging conventional perceptions, and fostering dialogue about collective memory. Public memory becomes a battleground as communities grapple with the complexities of honoring historical figures amidst evolving societal values and interpretations of the past.
Berezovskaya formation: defining the hydrocarbon potential within the license area
Authors: Vakilova A. Z. , Skopinova L. V. , Alekseeva T. А. , Monakhova V. O. , Chikina M. I. , Grechneva O. M.
Published: September 2024

Today, the study of the Berezovskaya formation is a relevant task, since the search and confirmation of new gas sources will replenish the resource base and maintain the planned production capacity. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the hydrocarbon resource potential of the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Berezovskaya formation. The analysis was focused on the regional structure of the area, i.e. paleogeographic environments of the Upper Cretaceous interval formation, structural traps distribution within the interval. In addition, the thickness and paleorelief maps of the Lower Berezovskaya subformation were examined. The main features of the studied area, as well as the challenges faced within the interval, such as the high content of clay minerals swelling when in contact with water, low permeability, and lithological and mineralogical heterogeneity, were identified. The data obtained from well logging indicate that the NB1 reservoir interval of the Lower Berezovskaya subformation is characterized by high productivity within the studied area. Therefore, a detailed assessment of the resources and production potential has been initiated. Based on the results of the study, the prospects of the studied interval have been evaluated, and the potential of promising targets within NB1 reservoir has been assessed.
Different methods of Turonian hydrocarbon deposits shielding in case of fluid contacts clarification
Authors: Gorbacheva O. A. , Aksarin V. A. , Sukhorokova A. A.
Published: September 2024

The fluid model of a field frequently becomes more complex during the exploration improvement. When developing a 3D model, it is necessary to take into account all available geological information without losing the quality and speed of model update. Based on Turonian hydrocarbon deposits, the methods of geometrization of a reservoir producing part are described in detail, particularly, with tectonic or lithologic shields, by using non-horizontal surfaces and additional structural borders or by separating deposits blocks with different fluid contacts. The benefits and concerns of using these methods in the 3D geological model update and the certainty of their geological substantiation are analyzed. The best method to modify the field model, which is consistent with concept of the reservoir geological structure, is selected.
Hydrogeological research is a tool for understanding oil deposits
Authors: Lyalin A. A. , Vasiliev V. V.
Published: September 2024

In the analysis of the development of an oil field, all available geological and field information is employed. Given the constant interaction and coexistence of oil and water, it is evident that hydrogeological information, particularly its evolution throughout the process of oil field development, should exert a significant influence on the analysis outcomes. This article considers the potential of hydrogeological information as a means of enhancing our understanding of an oil deposit. An attempt is made t to classify this information. The effect of disparate hydrogeological information on particular decision-making processes is determined. It is observed that the most valuable hydrogeological information can be obtained exclusively during the drilling of an oil field. It is recommended that qualitative initial hydrogeological information on the location and movement of boundary and bottom waters of an oil field be used to create adaptive waterflooding systems. The proposal to establish a set of normative regulations governing the process of obtaining and utilizing hydrogeological information at all stages, from initial prospecting and exploration to the development of oil fields, has gained significant support.
Differences Platelets Count, IL-6, Aldosterone Level and Fatty Liver Occurrence Between Obese and Non-Obese Adult Young Women
Authors:   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, NINGRUM Farah Hendara , RIWANTO Ignatius ,   Department of Surgeon, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, SUKMANINGTYAS Hermina ,   Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, ADI Kusworo ,   Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, PEMAYUN Tjokorda Gde Dalem ,   Department of Internal medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, SANTOSO Antonius Gunawan ,   Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, KUNTJORO Rr. Lydia Purna Widyastuti Setjadiningrat ,   Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia, JANNAH Miftahul ,   Department of Radiology, Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia, HENDRIANINGTYAS Meita ,   Department of Clinical Pathology, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
Published: September 2024

Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is common liver disease often found and occurs in community. Prevalence of liver disease (NAFLD) has risen rapidly along with an increase obesity incidence in women. Inflammation condition in obese condition causing an increase in IL-6, Platelets Count (PLTC), and Aldosterone level increased risk of developing NAFLD. Aim: To analyze differences IL-6, PLTC, and Aldosterone level between Obese and Non-Obese Women. Methods: This study was an observational cross-sectional analytical study that conduct in NovemberJanuari 2021 at Diponegoro National Hospital (RSND) Semarang. Inclusion criteria for respondent in this study were being middle-aged women (30-49 years), healthy, and willing to take part in this study. Total respondent in this study was 60 people then divided into two groups that is Obese and Non-Obese Group. The degree of fatty liver was examined using the ultrasound method. Platelete count (PLTC) were measured by Indico Blood Analyzer. Meanwhile IL-6 and Aldosterone level analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Fatty liver was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound. Data were analyze using SPSS 18.0 that including normality, different test, and regression test. Result: Incidence of fatty liver in the obese group was significantly different from the non-obese group (p 0.005). No significant different average aldosterone serum, and AST between two group. Platelete Count (PLTC), IL-6 between two groups was showed significantly difference between two group. Conclusion: Obesity will trigger an increase in IL-6 and PLT which can increase the risk of fatty liver.
Massive Hemothorax by Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformation
Authors:   “Marius Nasta” Institute of Pneumophthisiology, Bucharest, Romania, CADAR Genoveva , RADU Otilia ,   Life Memorial Hospital, Medlife, Bucharest, Romania
Published: September 2024

Introduction and objectives: Osler Weber Rendu disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations involving parenchymatous organs, leading to hemorrhagic, sometimes life-threatening vascular complications. The most often involved regions are the central nervous system and lungs, but the disease can also manifest at hepatic, intestinal, splenic or urinary level. The objective of this article is to raise the awareness over an extremely severe complication of Osler Weber Rendu and the importance of an early diagnosis. Materials and methods: We present the case of a 65 years old woman with Osler Weber Rendu with many complications, who was hospitalized and surgically treated for massive hemothorax and hemorrhagic shock by rupture of a pulmonary vascular malformation. The patient presented for latero-thoracic and anterior chest pain with a sudden onset in the last 24 hours, which was followed by progressive dyspnea, being further diagnosed with massive right hemothorax. Results: After the emergency surgical treatment which consisted of inferior bi-lobectomy, the evolution was a difficult one, the recovery of the patient being slowed down by her altered neurological status and the presence of a persistent bronchial stump fistula. Her disease was complicated by a post transfusion syndrome which aggravated the respiratory failure and necessitated the initiation of cortico-therapy and also by the colonization and subsequent infection of the respiratory tract with multi resistant microorganisms. The patient died on the 32nd postoperative day. Conclusions: Our patient had in her personal medical history few complications of Osler Weber Rendu disease, but these manifested as non-specific symptoms which were not further investigated in order to early establish the diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, the importance of the disease was overridden as time passed and the diagnosis was delayed, which prevented any therapeutic measures of the associated life-threatening complications, as is in this case the massive hemothorax.
Exploring Sustainable Economic Strategies for Pakistan: Breaking Dependency on IMF Assistance
Authors: Afzal Rameen , Anwar Tayba , Sarfraz Iqra
Published: September 2024

The objective of this research is to find a viable and sustainable economic vision for Pakistan. Stresses the need to reduce dependence on assistance from the International Monetary Fund. This research acknowledges past dependence on the IMF and explores alternatives that support independence and stability in the financial system. This study looks at these countries that have successfully achieved independence with the ongoing support of the IMF to identify the key ideas and strategies that Pakistan can use. The study was conducted using quantitative assessment. Policymakers, economists, and stakeholders are expected to gain important insights from the results. This will help in the development of a strong economic framework that promotes freedom and resilience in the face of external financial challenges.
What are the Most Effective Economic Growth Engines: A Descriptive Study Focusing on Pakistan
Authors: Khan Hidayat Ullah
Published: September 2024

The growth of a country depends on the economic growth engines (EEGs). These EEGs vary from country to country and region to region, depending on the various factors. This study attempts to identify the most effective EEGs vis-à vis Pakistan. The study is descriptive in nature and uses the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) approach for a time span of the last 7 years. The results show that Pakistan is lagging behind in terms of a number of EEGs, particularly innovation, trade, and investment, for which it will not only accelerate its pace on the existing trajectory but also reorient its directions. The study suggests that Pakistan has to exploit its full potential of EEGs, where it has a comparative advantage, to ensure sustainable economic growth.
Exploring Thematic Concerns of the Magical Doors in Hamidâ€™s Exit West: A Magical Realist Perspective
Authors: Hashmi Jawad
Published: September 2024

This study addresses the thematic concerns of black doors in the novel Exit West. The study follows the constructivist paradigm. Purposive sampling of text has been made from the novel. Magical realism as a literary genre is taken as a central point to do a thematic analysis of the text and to show how supernatural elements coupled with realistic elements represent different themes. The analysis shows that the doors represent uncertainty and danger, aspirations of third world countries people to migrate to a better country, the concept of escape, the emotive role of reuniting people, and the concept of Islamophobia and Xenophobia associated with migrants.
Identity in Flux: A Marcian Study of Kachachiâ€™s The American Granddaughter
Authors: Khan Rabia , Naseem Aisha
Published: September 2024

This qualitative research investigates the protagonist, Zeina's identity development in the novel, The American Granddaughter (2010), written by Inaam Kachachi in the backdrop of the US occupation of Iraq. The investigation borrows James E. Marcia's identity status theory, postulating four statuses of identity development—identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. The study delves into how the protagonist moves from one identity status to another, experiencing and exploring her relationship with her own self, her family, and acquaintances, eventually arriving at a greater self-recognition and identity integration. The study will help individuals going through similar identity issues to understand the dynamics of identity development and achieve higher autognition. it will also benefit literary critics and scholars aspiring to work in this literary paradigm by applying psychological theories to literary representations. The findings of the study will solidify the applicability of Marcia's theory as a lens to literary interpretation and hermeneutics.
Economic Globalization Vs Nestor Kirchner's Economic Policies: Impact and Evaluation in Argentina
Authors: Waseem Bisma , Yasmin Tallat , - Shahida
Published: September 2024

Latin Americans saw little improvement after the debt crisis of the 1980s, voters began electing leaders who opposed economic globalization as they reckoned it as useless. These left-leaning leaders won elections in countries such as Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina. To determine if these leaders have found a successful alternative, look at Argentina as a case study, analyzing the presidency of Carlos Menem in the 1990s, who adhered to globalization policies. Then, looking at Kirchner, after the severe economic crisis of 2001-2002, enforced policies focused on increased state intervention, economic regulation, and social equity. While he has not entirely ignored economic globalization, he has introduced measures to support the poor and mitigate the side effects of globalization. Kirchner appears to establish striking a balance between global economic norms and prioritizing Argentina's interests. The purpose of this Qualitative research is to shed light on Kirchner's economic policies and their impact on Argentina.
Assessment Practices for the Students of Non-Formal and Basic Education in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Ghulam , Gul Fariha , Shah Amina
Published: September 2024

In order to better understand the assessment process, analyze the certificate awarding system in non-formal and basic education, and review the diagnostic, summative, and formative assessment strategies used by teachers, the study "Assessment Practices for the Students of Non-Formal and Basic Education in Punjab, Pakistan" was conducted. Fifteen teachers and five administrators from Punjab's non-formal and basic education departments participated in interviews for this phenomenological study. Through the use of purposive sampling, content analysis exposed conventional techniques for formative and diagnostic assessments. With an emphasis on students' lower cognitive abilities, a deficiency in pre-service and in-service teacher assessment training was found. The study discovered lost chances to hone higher-order thinking and skill sets. With an emphasis on the necessity of efficient assessment instruments, the single national curriculum seeks to promote these abilities. Prior to fifth grade, the distribution of result cards is emphasized as a tool for student motivation.
The Impact of Unplanned Housing Constructions on Environmental Degradation at Murree, Pakistan
Authors: Waheed Shamsa , Chaudhry Abid Ghafoor
Published: September 2024

Environmental degradation simply refers to the deterioration of an environment due to the depletion of resources that make our surroundings livable. The major factors behind environmental degradation involve humans who indulge in modern urbanization, industrialization, overpopulation growth, and deforestation. Nowadays, several kinds of human activities are the leading factors causing environmental degradation in Murree, Pakistan. Unplanned housing constructions threaten the existing environment and green spaces. This paper aims to address the neglect of environmental values and exceed the unplanned and growing residential and commercial buildings in rural areas. Moreover, all these things may become a big turn-off for most of the tourists. In order to achieve the long-term goal and bring about sustainable progress. Addressing this issue is crucial to preserving the natural beauty, greenery, and safety of Murree. The study offers recommendations for policy improvement and future research direction.
Assessment of community disaster resilience in Sri Lanka: methodological approach in developing an index
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Dharmadasa K.H.K. , Kulatunga U. , Thayaparan M. , Keraminiyage K.P. ,   School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK
Published: September 2024

Disasters threaten communities, causing immense damage to life, property, and overall well-being. In recent years, the frequency and impact of disasters have increased, highlighting the urgent need for enhancing Community Disaster Resilience (CDR). CDR refers to a community's ability to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from disasters. This research presents the proposed methodology to develop an index to measure community resilience to disasters in Sri Lanka. Based on the previous studies on resilience, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted to identify all possible proxy indicators of CDR across economic, social, institutional, physical, environmental, and human health dimensions. The primary data collection and analysis will be conducted using a systematic approach called Q-methodology. As the SLR results generated too many items in the first instance, a pilot study will be undertaken to reduce the number and to identify the most relevant indicators (Q-set) for measuring CDR in Sri Lanka. This Q-set data will be ranked based on how much each expert in the field of disaster management, who will be selected through the snowball technique, would agree with each identified indicator (Q-sort). Then, Q-sort data is subjected to factor analysis to determine the inter-correlation between the results of Q-sorting. The qualitative data gathered during Q-sorting is expected to be analysed using thematic analysis. Finally, the index will be constructed by deriving the weightage of each indicator based on the Q-sorting results. This paper provides an extensive illustration of the above methodology.
Challenges for commercial management in the construction industry: case for Sri Lanka
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Sepalage K.D. , Ranadewa K.A.T.O. , Wijerathna M.R.D.P. , Parameswaran A. ,   School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Australia, Weerasooriya D. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Published: September 2024

Commercial management significantly contributes to preserving the value of construction projects and sustaining the industry. The fundamental purpose of commercial management is creating and maximising value through informed decision-making and overseeing the project. However, despite its critical importance, there exists a significant research gap regarding the challenges faced in effectively managing the commercial aspects of construction projects. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the challenges of commercial management in construction projects. Quantitative research approach was adopted to fulfil the aim of the study. The questionnaire survey was conducted among professionals in the construction industry which were chosen using the snowball sample method. Accordingly, an online questionnaire form was distributed among the professionals and collected seventy responses. Findings indicate that commercial management plays a pivotal role in project success, with parameters such as cost performance and anticipated profit levels being strongly influenced by effective commercial practices. However, challenges such as poor communication, change management, and external market forces pose significant obstacles. The study underscores the importance of addressing these challenges to enhance project outcomes and advocates for the adoption of innovative approaches to bolster commercial management practices in the construction industry. By shedding light on the unique challenges faced by commercial managers in Sri Lanka, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how cultural, regulatory, and economic factors influence commercial management practices in different contexts. This knowledge expansion facilitates cross-contextual comparisons and strengthens the theoretical foundations of commercial management in the construction industry.
Challenges for project selection and execution of public-private partnership projects in Sri Lanka
Authors:   Quantity Surveyor, All Stop Fire Systems, Sri Lanka, Kavinda S.A.C. , Gallage S.D. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Published: September 2024

Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) have grown in popularity in developing countries as a means of engaging the private sector in the building of public infrastructure. Determining the most suitable PPP model for construction projects in Sri Lanka is challenging due to the unique economic, social, and political context of the country. To identify these challenges, the research adopted a mixed approach, with questionnaire surveys, and expert interviews utilised to obtain data. Six expert interviews with experts who have more than 15 years of expertise in the field were selected for the preliminary survey, and forty-three project managers, engineers, quantity surveyors, and procurement specialists who were involved with PPP projects were subsequently selected for the questionnaire survey. Manual content analysis was used to examine the interview results. Relative Importance Index (RII) and manual content analysis were both applied to evaluate the questionnaires. The results disclosed that selecting a PPP project depends on several factors. Those Selection factors were categorised under economical, technical, legal, financial, and environmental considerations. Additionally, ten challenges were identified with the selection and execution of PPP projects to implement a selection criterion for PPP projects. Overall, a comprehensive assessment of the project's economic, technical, legal, financial, and environmental implications should serve as the foundation for the selection criteria as the recommendation. These findings will aid industry professionals in selecting a PPP project that will promote long-term economic growth in Sri Lanka.
Design and development of a green roof substrate for the tropics
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, John G.K.P. , Munasinghe A.M.M.G. , Weerasinghe K.G.N.H. , Halwatura R.U.
Published: September 2024

Green roofs can be used as an effective climate change adaptation tool in South Asia. However, there is limited information on the type of substrate and the substrate depth best suited for extensive green roofs in this tropical climate. In this research, sixteen potential substrate mixtures were prepared using locally available materials and waste materials. The properties of these substrate mixtures were tested under laboratory and field conditions to identify the substrate mix best applicable for extensive green roofs for the tropical climate of Sri Lanka. Based on the results obtained from laboratory testing it was observed that substrate mixtures that contained coir and crushed recycled bricks displayed the properties most suited for a substrate in the tropical climate. Three different substrate depths (2.5cm, 5.0cm and 7.5cm) were also tested, in order to study their suitability for adequate plant development under tropical conditions. It was observed that the 2.5cm substrate depth had successful plant establishment and adequate plant coverage. Moreover, the 2.5cm depth substrate could be easily supported on an existing roof with little/no modifications. Therefore, for the tropical climate of Sri Lanka, a 2.5cm depth substrate composed of 10% compost, 5% coir, 5% rice husk, 40% sand and 40% crushed recycled bricks is recommended.
Design tolerance as a pedagogical tactic: the possible role of architectural design in facilitating on-site labour training
Authors:   Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Hettiarachchi Gayathmi , Pathiraja Milinda
Published: September 2024

This paper is the initial publication from a research project examining the role of architectural design in enhancing the skills of the construction workforce in Sri Lanka. For years, the country has faced challenges in implementing effective capacity-building initiatives, resulting in a proliferation of substandard buildings and hindering the socio-economic advancement of construction workers. Regretfully, the practice of architecture rarely develops pragmatic strategies to confront labour training as a design prerogative. Birthed off in such a context, this paper investigates the potential contribution of architectural design to labour upskilling by adopting the function of 'Design Tolerance' as a pedagogical tactic. Given the theory-driven nature of this inquiry, the paper first evaluates 'Design Tolerance' as a theoretical construct before elucidating its contextual significance within the scope of the broader investigation on labour upskilling, particularly on the use of real building projects as on-site training grounds. Placing 'Design Tolerance' at the crux of the dual objective of 'compromising precision' and 'accommodating error', the theoretical arguments then lead to a case-study analysis organised under three categories: (i) tolerance by the system, (ii) tolerance by detail, and (iii) tolerance by procurement. Subsequently, 13 design tactics attributing to the idea of 'Design Tolerance' are identified, offering a technical foundation to re-interpret and define the role of architectural design in on-site labour training.
Incorporating digital technologies for alternative dispute resolution in the Sri Lankan construction industry
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Abeywickrama A.P.T.M. , Abeynayake M.D.T.E. , Eranga B.A.I. , Illeperuma I.E.
Published: September 2024

The Construction Industry (CI) faces disputes that cause several negative impacts such as project delays and cost overruns. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods are often recommended in resolving disputes due to their time and cost efficiency. However, with the technological advancements of the CI, it is necessary to incorporate Digital Technologies (DT) for effective dispute resolution. Thus, the study aims to explore the applications of DT in ADR in the CI to address the challenges in the Sri Lankan context. The research aim was accomplished through a quantitative approach by conducting a questionnaire survey with the participation of 37 respondents. Collected data was analysed through descriptive analysis. The findings identified three major causes of construction disputes in the Sri Lankan context contract-related factors, financial and economic factors, and task factors. Further, negotiation was found the most commonly used ADR method in Sri Lanka followed by arbitration and adjudication. Findings indicated that DT such as MS Office Packages, Virtual Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), Building Information Modelling (BIM), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have high levels of effectiveness in enhancing ADR processes. BIM and Virtual ODR were highly valued for their ability to facilitate visualisation and remote dispute resolution respectively. The study suggests that DT applications can significantly improve ADR processes, enhancing efficiency and decision-making in dispute resolution, and calls for further research on global applicability and ethical implications.
Key parameters of lean construction maturity: a Delphi study
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Jayanetti J.K.D.D.T. , Perera B.A.K.S. , Waidyasekara K.G.A.S.
Published: September 2024

Lean construction has emerged as a transformative force, seeking to enhance efficiency, minimise waste, and streamline project delivery processes. Despite global recognition and adoption, lean construction maturation exhibits variances across diverse contexts. In Sri Lanka, lean construction remains at an early stage of development. Given the nation's challenges in the construction sector and evolving project management methodologies, Sri Lanka offers a distinctive setting for exploring the maturity of lean construction principles. However, insufficient methods of investigating lean construction maturity in the Sri Lankan context have led to limited adoption of lean practices within the construction sector. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relevant parameters for assessing lean construction maturity in the context of Sri Lanka. Adopting an interpretive stance, the study employed a qualitative research approach with semi-structured interviews using the Delphi technique. A total of 25 lean construction experts were selected through purposive sampling and 73 interviews were conducted in three Delphi rounds. Findings revealed 18 key lean construction parameters and definitions were developed conforming to Sri Lankan context. The study provides actionable insights for practitioners including identifying relevant lean practices and guidance on lean implementation, enabling them to enhance practices, improve efficiency, reduce waste, and make informed decisions through tailored initiatives and strategies. This study enhances the global understanding of lean construction maturity by identifying lean construction parameters conforming to Sri Lanka, contributing to the existing theory and filling a literature gap.
Misconceptions in heating, ventilation and air conditioning - airside strategy implementation of commercial buildings in Sri Lanka
Authors:   Department of Facilities Management, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Gajaba P.A.P.Y. , Dissanayake Piumi
Published: September 2024

To lower energy consumption and emission patterns in the building sector, discussions about climate change, the depletion of fossil fuels, and energy conservation are emphasised to create a more sustainable built environment. Thus, this paper examines common misconceptions regarding the implementation of HVAC airside strategies in commercial buildings, with a primary focus on Sri Lankan commercial buildings, where Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems account for a significant portion of electricity consumption. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature synthesis was conducted, a qualitative research approach was used to pursue the research aim, and an interview survey using semi-structured interviews was conducted targeting 17 experts. The collected data was then analysed using content analysis using the NVivo software. The findings of the research were discussed under three topics i.e., (i) adaptation of HVAC airside strategies to a tropical country, (ii) adaptation of HVAC airside strategies to coastal and highly humid areas, and (iii) sufficiency of prioritising waterside efficiency to gain overall HVAC system efficiency. In conclusion, it was derived that a balanced approach between airside and waterside HVAC systems should be maintained for optimal energy efficiency and the HVAC system can be tailored to diverse environmental conditions buildings are situated in. The knowledge gathered through this study can be used by industry professionals to enhance HVAC energy performance, while aiding academia in researching this sub-branch of HVAC systems in the Sri Lankan context.
Symptoms of occupational stress in construction professionals: a systematic literature review
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Gunasekara K.A. , Perera B.A.K.S , Ranadewa K.A.T.O
Published: September 2024

Construction professionals are particularly vulnerable to stress due to the demanding and high-risk nature of their work. However, they often remain unaware of their elevated stress levels, which can lead to negative consequences for both their personal well-being and overall job performance. Despite the significance, there has been limited research on stress among construction professionals. This study aims to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify stress symptoms among construction professionals. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method filtered the search from 216 articles to 22. The studies were screened based on inclusion criteria, and relevant data were categorised into psychological, behavioural, and physical/physiological symptoms. The analysis identified 41 psychological symptoms (such as anxiety, depression, and irritability), 44 individual behavioural symptoms (including changes in eating and sleeping patterns and increased substance use), nine organisational behavioural symptoms (such as absenteeism and high turnover rates), and 20 physical/physiological symptoms (including headaches, muscle tension, and fatigue). The findings highlight the extensive impact of stress on construction professionals' mental, emotional, and physical health. The paper contributes to the existing body of knowledge by categorising stress symptoms and emphasising the need for holistic stress management strategies. It offers practical insights for employers, policymakers, and healthcare providers to develop targeted interventions to enhance the well-being and productivity of construction professionals. The findings also provide a foundation for future research to explore the long-term effects of stress and evaluate the efficacy of interventions in this high-risk population.
Unveiling the benefits of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology for enhancing technological applications in Sri Lankan construction industry
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Wijerathna M.R.D.P. , Waidyasekara K.G.A.S. , Atapattu A.M.D.S.
Published: September 2024

The research delves into the underexplored realm of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology within the Sri Lankan construction industry. Although it is relatively new to the construction industry, sectors such as healthcare and agriculture have effectively adopted RFID. For Sri Lanka's construction industry, a developing sector, integrating RFID could substantially advance its technological applications. Despite its potential, RFID implementation has not commenced in Sri Lanka's construction sector. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the benefits of RFID technology for enhancing technological applications in the Sri Lankan construction industry. An exploratory mixed research approach was used. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted during the preliminary survey with RFID technology experts. Subsequently, a questionnaire was distributed among 110 professionals in the Sri Lankan construction industry who are familiar with RFID technology. A total of 96 responses were collected resulting 80% response rate. The research findings revealed that the implementation of RFID technology has a higher potential to enhance the product quality and safety of the Sri Lankan construction industry. Theoretically, this study demonstrates the potential of RFID technology to enhance technological applications within the Sri Lankan construction industry. The findings of this study offer practical insights that can aid Sri Lankan construction industry practitioners in the successful implementation of RFID technology.