bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Strength of Rigid Airships
Authors: Burgess C. P. , Hunsaker J. C. , Truscott S.
Published: February 2017

The rigid airship in its modern form is a German conception, but the nature of the strength calculations employed by the Germans has been a carefully guarded secret. When the U.S. Navy undertook the construction of rigid airships it was arranged to have one ship designed and built in the United States, the ZR. 1, and one ship designed and built in England, R.38 (ZR.2). Lacking practical information and experience, fundamental theory had to be resorted to in undertaking the design of ZR.i, and all available information had to be analysed,, compared and, so far as possible, tested. After the unfortunate loss of R.38 the calculations for ZR. 1 were reviewed and additional calculations and investigations undertaken.

The authors of this paper, under the direction of Rear-Admiral W. A. Moffett, Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, U.S. Navy Department, have been charged with the design of ZR.i and have had in the course of duty to make, or cause to be made, such studies and investigations as would assist in analysing and simplifying the problem as much as was possible in advance of full-scale experiments in flight.
Note on the Longitudinal Stability of Aeroplanes with Special Reference to Tail Plane Design
Authors: Laurence Le Page W.
Published: February 2017

The problems of aeroplane stability in flight have been studied very thoroughly, both practically and in theory. Extensive mathematical investigations have been carried out by such men as Bairstow, Bryan, etc., and it is largely due to this work that the numerous questions arising with regard to the stable flight and equilibrium of the aeroplane are so well understood.

Nevertheless, though the work of these investigators is undoubtedly of primary importance, a discussion of the more practical aspects of the subject will be more within the scope of the designer. It is proposed in the present paper to deal with but one form of stability, namely, longitudinal, and to discuss the requirements of practical design together with the methods of complying with these. The question, therefore, resolves itself into an investigation of the main points controlling the size and setting of the tailplane of the aeroplane.
The Practical Difficulties of Commercial Flying
Authors: Courtney F. T.
Published: February 2017

Since the commencement of commercial aerial transport very great results have been obtained in certain directions. In the first place, the mere fact of flying has been reduced from a great adventure to a commonplace method of travelling. In this respect it is interesting to notice, on Croydon terminal aerodrome, the very great variety in the classes and types of people travelling by air. Men and women, old and young, daring and nervous, calm and fussy, clergymen, commercial magnates, school children and nurses, babies and helpless invalids, and in fact every sort of persons that you will find on a railway, travel regularly and peacefully by air. And it is certain that a very large proportion of these persons would have told you four years ago that they would not go in an aeroplane for anything.
The Reaction of a Stream of Viscous Fluid on a Rotating Cylinder.
Authors: Low A. R.
Published: February 2017

In “Die Naturwissenschaften,” 6th February, 1925, p. 93, there appears an article by Prandtl entitled “ Magnuseffekt und Windkraftschiff,” giving the following explanation of the phenomena under consideration.

In a stream of viscous fluid a non-rotating cylinder builds up an accumulation of retarded fluid with considerable vorticity (Fig. 5). This fluid reaches the neighbourhood of the near dead water point with a loss of kinetic energy and velocity by dissipation. At the somewhat indeterminate boundary of the boundary layer it is in contact with fluid which has lost its kinetic energy and velocity in acquiring an increase of pressure approaching the dead water pressure. The retarded fluid is pushed away from the dead water point by the higher pressure fluid (Figs. 6, 7), and ultimately it breaks up into cylindrical masses which are detached and carried away by the stream (Fig. 8).
Some Materials in Aircraft Construction
Authors: North John D.
Published: February 2017

There are various considerations which govern the use of materials in engineering construction. The use of many of them is founded on precedent, and in the case of the older branches of engineering the original reason for their use is sometimes obscured.

From time to time as new classes of materials are developed they aregradually incorporated, often breaking their way with difficulty through the wall of prejudice with which engineering caution so often surrounds its designs.
Radial Air-Cooled Aero Engines
Authors: Fedden A. H. R.
Published: February 2017

Although the static air-cooled radial engine is by no means an innovation irr the history of aero-engine development, its career has been somewhat chequered. Some ten years ago several practical comparatively low-powered air-cooled radials were produced and successfully flown, but they were ousted by the rotary engine on the score of power/weight ratio.

When in 1917 it was found that the limit of the air-cooled rotary had been reached, a demand arose for an engine of the same characteristics of manoeuvrability, compactness and light weight as this type, but of much higher power, and with a general all-round performance and fuel consumption comparable with the water-cooled engine of that date.
Some Recent Work of the Aerodynamics Department, National Physical Laboratory
Authors: Southwell R. V.
Published: February 2017

No one who has the honour to serve on the Council of this Society, and can therefore be tackled in person once in every month, can long avoid the additional but more alarming honour of being called upon to lecture. When I in my turn was brought to bay, I cast about for a suitable subject, but could not satisfy myself that any of the work in which I happen personally to be engaged had a sufficiently general appeal. I therefore decided to take advantage of my association with the Aerodynamics Department of the National Physical Laboratory, and to base my lecture on the work of other men. I want to make this clear at the outset, because I may omit in some instances to attribute credit where credit is due, and at all events it must be understood that the credit does not belong to me.
Light Aeroplane Engine Development
Authors: Fell L. F. R.
Published: February 2017

It has frequently been stated and written that in order to popularise light aircraft the first essential is the production of a reliable engine capable of being easily maintained and having a long life, at the same time selling at a low figure. In the first part of this lecture it is desired to point out the difficulties in the way of realising this ideal before remarking on the claims of the various types for adoption.
Vortex Motion Behind a Circular Cylinder
Authors: Howland R. C. J.
Published: February 2017

The study of aerodynamics is still largely empirical, and there seems little hope at present that the gap between theory and practice will be sensibly diminished by any means at present known to the applied mathematician. Yet the light that would, in all likelihood, be thrown on a number of practical problems by the complete solution of even a single case of turbulent motion would be very great. Of the problems that can be attempted, that of the flow of a fluid past a circular cylinder is likely to prove the least intractable.
Some Considerations in the Design of a Light Aeroplane
Authors: Comper N.
Published: February 2017

It became apparent after the light aeroplane competition at Lympne in October, 1923, that the popularisation of the light aeroplane from the civil point of view demanded something more than the single-seater, although, in many respects, the considerations already aimed at and generally achieved must still form a definite controlling factor in design.
Aluminium Alloys for Aeroplane Engines
Authors: Lea F. C.
Published: February 2017

In the early days of the war the desirability of reducing the weight of areoplane engines to a minimum, consistent with reliability and efficiency, very soon led designers to consider the advisability of using alloys considerably lighter than cast iron or steel for all possible parts of aero engines. Aluminium alloy crank cases had been used for some years in connection with motor car engines, and it was natural, therefore, that such alloys should come into use for the crank cases of aeroplane engines.
The Rigid Airship in Relation to Full-Scale Experiment
Authors: Frazer R. A.
Published: February 2017

‘The Aerodynamical Characteristics of the Airship as Deduced from Experiments on Models’ was the subject selected by Dr. R. Jones for his R.38 Memorial Prize Paper. The essay surveys the present-day state of knowledge in airship research from the standpoint of the wind-tunnel.
Notes on the Flying Qualities of the Light Aeroplane Compared with Larger Types
Authors: Haig R. A. DE H.
Published: February 2017

At the request of the Secretary I have attempted to prepare some notes on the flying qualities of the light aeroplane as compared with those of its larger prototype.

I am indebted to the Air Ministry for the facilities granted me in preparing these notes, but at the same time it must be understood that in this paper I am expressing entirely my own personal views.
The Technical History of the Aeroplane
Authors: Green F. M.
Published: February 2017

The history and development of mechanical flight may be confined almost entirely to the present century. In the last century some success had been achieved in gliding flight, model aeroplanes had been made and flown, and at least two man-carrying aeroplanes had actually left the groundj but it was not until the year 1903 that the Wright Bros., having ended a painstaking research in gliding flight, earned for themselves the honour of being the first men to fly.

Directly the success of the Wright Bros, became known, or rather when people began to believe that what the Wright Bros, claimed was actually true, the development of flying became rapid in the extreme. To-day one is tempted to wonder why it was that it had taken man so many centuries of civilisation to do what now seems to most of us rather an ordinary thing.
The Manœuvres of Inverted Flight
Authors: Hill R. M.
Published: February 2017

In the following paper it will be convenient to adopt the definition of inverted flight used by the Accidents Committee in R. & M. 617 (Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), “Reports on the behaviour of aeroplanes when flying inverted, with special reference to some accidents on ‘A,’” which was as follows:—“ In normal straight flight the pressure of the pilot on his seat is equal to his weight. During inverted straight flight he would hang on his belt with an equal force. It is therefore considered useful to call inverted flight such flight only as occurs when the weight of the pilot no longer presses on his seat.”
Baptized but not Converted: The Vikings in Tenth–Century Francia
Authors: Walsh Christine
Published: February 2017

This essay focuses on one particular encounter between pagan and Christian in tenth–century Western Europe, namely the aftermath of the Viking settlement in Rouen and its environs in or around the year 911. There is little contemporary evidence for the early settlement and such as exists was written from a Christian perspective. The Vikings left no records, although their descendants wrote several romanticized accounts of their origins, again from a Christian perspective. Despite this bias in the sources, it is possible to use them to examine the interaction between the two groups. In particular, two letters survive, one from Pope John X (914–28/9) and one from Archbishop Hervé of Reims (900–22), which together give a unique perspective on what it was like at the sharp end of the Viking influx.
‘And our Muhammad goes with the Archangel Gabriel to Choir’: Sixteenth-Century German Accounts of Life under the Turks
Authors: Methuen Charlotte
Published: February 2017

In the German lands of the sixteenth century, the threat of Turkish invasion coloured perceptions of religious diversity. As the Turkish threat became more real to Western Europeans, the experiences of Christians under the Turks, and the responses of the Turks - who were of course Muslims - to encounters with the Christian faith became topics of considerable concern. In 1539, a pamphlet purporting to offer a German translation of a letter from Constantinople was printed in Augsburg, Magdeburg and possibly Nuremberg.
‘An extremely dangerous book’? James Hope Moulton's Religions and Religion (1913)
Authors: Wellings Martin
Published: February 2017

On 4 April 1917 the British steamship SS City of Paris was torpedoed by a German submarine in the Gulf of Lions, and sank with considerable loss of life. Among the passengers was the Wesleyan Methodist scholar James Hope Moulton.’ Paying tribute to his friend and colleague,Arthur Samuel Peake recorded the ‘tragic irony’ of the death under such circumstances of an eloquent advocate of peace and of a scholar whose international reputation in New Testament studies was signalled by plaudits from Harnack, a doctorate from the University of Berlin and a longstanding academic friendship with Adolf Deissmann. Moulton, however, was more than a New Testament scholar. His presence in the Mediterranean in the spring of 1917 came about through his expertise in the history and thought of Zoroastrianism, which had taken him to India for eighteen months’ work with the Parsee community under the auspices of the Indian YMCA.
Jerusalem's Empire State? The Context and Symbolism of a Twentieth-Century Building
Authors: Binfield Clyde
Published: February 2017

My theme is religious encounter in the crucible of three faiths. Its focus is a building and its impact. The encounter as yet has no conclusion. The faiths are Christianity, Islam and Judaism. The building is one of two belonging to the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) now in Jerusalem. It expresses the personalities who shaped it and the events which surrounded it. It is an essay in imperial Christian mission, inter-faith dialogue and the chemistry of human personality. Religious pluralism is the name of its game, community its watchword, as caught in a streamlined and golden expression of Bible-Land Deco. It is rich in the symbolism of faith, integrated in stone; but what does such pluralism signify?
Race, Religion and National Identity in Sixties Britain: Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his Encounter with other Faiths
Authors: Webster Peter
Published: February 2017

The twentieth century saw the opening of wider spaces in which the settled historic Christianity of the UK could encounter other faiths. By the time Michael Ramsey became archbishop of Canterbury in 1961, developments both in England and in the international Anglican Communion made the task more present and more urgent. Ramsey was enabled by the expansion of air travel to visit more of the countries of the former empire in which Anglicans still worshipped, as Geoffrey Fisher before him had begun to do. Added to this was his willingness to intervene in international affairs, whether the war in Vietnam or the apartheid regime in South Africa. As such, there were new opportunities for Ramsey to come into contact with leaders of the other world faiths, and with local conflicts in other nations that had religious elements to them.
Diatribe, Discourse and Dialogue: Reflections on Jesus in the History of Christian-Muslim Encounters
Authors: Siddiqui Mona
Published: February 2017

The history of Christian-Muslim encounter is a growing field in areas of Christian theology and Islamic Studies. While there is arguably no particular systematic discipline or approach, anyone who enters the history of the theological encounters between these two religions is met with a large body of work which reflects an unusual complexity and degree of nuance. These range from polemical and irenic approaches by those who were writing in response to critiques of their faith without any direct contact with one another, to those Muslim and Christian writers who lived and wrote within the shared culture and civilization of the Arab East.
Biopolitics: 1980–81 Update
Authors: Peterson Steven A. , Somit Albert , Slagter Robert
Published: February 2017

This article updates the Somit et al. (1980) survey of literature in biology and politics. The flow of work continues at a growing rate. In the period from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 1981, at least 125 items have appeared: six books; forty-four articles, chapters in books, or monographs; sixty-four conference papers; three unpublished, undelivered manuscripts; eight Ph.D. dissertations or master's theses. Over this twenty-four month span, there have been twenty-nine “new entrants,” persons who have not previously authored a work in biology and politics.
Biobehaviorism and Small Group Research
Authors: Emmert Mark A.
Published: February 2017

The small group is a major cause in the formation of attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. The group forms the primary reference for the individual in terms of the socialization of norms and values and the establishment of loyalties. This led Golembiewski (1978:28) to write:

In this elemental sense, the group is a medium of control. It is a major context in which people develop their concepts of who they are, or to say almost the same thing, of how they relate to others. If for no other reason, this role of the small group implies its centrality in Political Science. For the quality of civic life basically depends upon the kind and quality of behavioral control.
Biopolitics in 1983
Authors: Peterson Steven A. , Somit Albert
Published: February 2017

In this bibliographic essay, we continue our annual updating of the biopolitics literature (see Somit et al., 1980; Peterson, Somit, and Slagter, 1982; Peterson, Somit, and Brown, 1983). We have identified 81 items appearing in 1983 (down a bit from last year's total of 93): 2 books (Corning, 1983b; Flohr and Tbnnesmann, 1983a), 22 full articles published in journals, 18 chapters in books (excluding reprints of previously published materials), 25 conference presentations, 4 master's theses and doctoral dissertations, and 10 commentaries, review essays, etc. It seems worth noting that 12 of the 80 works appearing in 1983 were published in the journal of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Politics and the Life Sciences.
The Unteachables: Biopolitics Courses
Authors: Peterson Steven A.
Published: February 2017

Biopolitics can be taught as a curriculum, a “free standing course,” or as a component of mainstream political science courses. This essay contends that the free standing course is the most difficult of the three to do well. The problem lies in how to organize such a course. To introduce students to (a) biology, (b) politics, and (c) the union of the two, is asking a great deal of one course.
The Politics of Teaching Biopolitics
Authors: Gugin David A.
Published: February 2017

Curriculum change in colleges and universities depends in some situations on issues other than the substance or content of the proposed changes.

If introduction of courses such as those which incorporate the literature of biopolitics take the interdisciplinary form, the innovator must develop appropriate political strategies and tactics. The particular politics so developed must identify critical environmental constraints, including departmental jurisdiction, the prevailing reward structure within the institution, and relative importance of the formal and informal governance procedures.

Most critical in certain relatively small and not particularly “bureaucratized” institutions are the attitude of the institution's president toward academic innovation and the degree of threat posed by the new course to the traditional turf of relevant departments. If presidential and vice presidential support for academic innovation are widely perceived and if departmental concerns are satisfied, much latitude for the persistent academic politician exists.

It is entirely possible that a politics which understands and accepts the institution's formal and informal governance procedures is more critical than the content of proposed courses even when the course content is biopolitics.
Evolutionary International Relations: A Biopolitical Framework for Teaching World Politics
Authors: O'Neill Jack
Published: February 2017

This article pursues two goals. It sets forth a framework for incorporating life sciences materials into introductory or advanced courses in international relations. It also presents a format for processing these materials in the classroom. In pursuit of these aims, the article addresses problems commonly encountered when initially undertaking a more balanced biopolitical approach to international relations, and sets forth proposals designed to treat these problems.
Teaching Politics to Nurses
Authors: Bristol Terry
Published: February 2017

Nurses, as other life science students, have been prejudiced against politics, imagining that it only contaminates techno-scientific enterprises. However, the new, professional nurse is aware of the need for political understanding and political skills. The transformation of the socio-economic status of the health care industry from a social service to a business provides an excellent opportunity for introducing the nursing student to political thought in a positive conjunction with practical analysis.

To generate a credible metapolitical framework, I embrace rather than avoid the current problems about the nature of the subject matter of politics. An aggressive, philosophically informed attack on the myth of autonomous, objective science opens the student's intellectual map of reality, and lays the groundwork for a proposed (paradoxical) complementarity of the two traditional models: politics as a science and politics as a humanity. This uncomfortable, middle ground position, abandoning any global Rationalism, again makes historical and contemporary case studies a relevant—in fact essential—part of political education. This is an effective approach to introducing the nursing student, whose education is dominated by classical, rationalistic, scientific images, to political studies.
Teaching Biopolitics in Germany
Authors: Flohr Heiner
Published: February 2017

Due to the prevailing paradigms in the social sciences and humanities and due to some traditional reservations against biology in Germany, biopolitics is facing particular difficulties in German political science. At the University of Düsseldorf, the only place where biopolitics is taught in Germany, students take courses which deal explicitly with biopolitical topics or learn about biopolitics in seminars and lectures devoted to other aspects of political behavior. There are difficulties in teaching biopolitics; some will arise wherever biopolitics is taught, while some may be specific for Germany. These difficulties require special teching efforts in order to motivate the students; some experience in dealing with these problems has already been gained. As far as the desirable participation in research projects and the practical application of biopolitical knowledge in particular professions is concerned, there are some possibilities, but still too few. Besides working with students on biopolitical questions, there are useful opportunities of teaching biopolitics outside the university, especially in adult political education and in political consulting.
Teaching Biopolitics to Humanities Students
Authors: Caton Hiram
Published: February 2017

The article describes a course entitled “Biosocial Approaches to Political Theory,” which is currently being taught at Griffith University. Course orientation, pedagogy, assessment strategy, teaching aids, and course bibliography are described. The humanities milieu of the course produced collegial friction whose management by the instructor is discussed. The legitimacy dispute arising from the friction led to a public controversy in the national media. The politics of that dispute are analyzed.
Recombinant Reflections
Authors: Robin Stanley S. , Markle Gerald E.
Published: February 2017

One of the expectations of science, from both substantive and network perspectives, is its cumulative nature. It is a strong hope that scientific research and analysis promote an extension of knowledge as a function of critique and as a stimulus for extension. We are pleased that the comments of Curd, Duster, Lappé, and Mazur help us (and, we hope, others) better understand and appreciate our case study.
Aggression: Some Definition and Some Physiology
Authors: Davies James Chowning
Published: February 2017

Definitions being critical to systematic analysis, aggression is here defined as intentional injury to person or damage to property. The issue of consciousness of intent is considered. No claim is made that either conscious or unconscious aggression is necessarily wrongful, but that it is elicited with respect to the frustration of a variety of organically based physical and mental needs. Physiology has made progress toward understanding the two-way interaction between vertebrates and their environment, so that we have good hunches that aggressive behavior varies as a function of the level of several endocrines and of electrical charge in several parts of the brain. Suggestions are made for improving the utility of some basic political theory to physiological research and vice versa, so that social science can move beyond the speculations of the 18th century philosophers and can use some very relevant physiological findings.
Did Davies Go Far Enough?
Authors: McGuire Michael T.
Published: February 2017

Writing as someone outside the field of political science, but very much involved in studies of behavior-physiology interactions, James Davies' article seems to me to be compelling in its argument for a reorientation of much of political science to include biology. As Davies points out, there is clear and convincing evidence that different physiological states are associated with different probabilities of aggression. Moreover, he cited only a part of the available evidence. At this time, data strongly support two of his points: multiple factors (e.g., genetic, developmental) contribute to the long-run probability of aggression; and different levels of neurotransmitters and hormones contribute to the short-run probability of aggression. All higher animal forms (and lower forms insofar as is known) are capable of aggression, however, within-animal frequency and type of aggression differ. Thus, what factors alter the probability of aggression under different circumstances becomes a question of great interest. It is this issue that Davies addresses. Yet, he may not have gone far enough in his effort to alert readers about the importance of understanding physiological processes as an essential requisite for understanding aggression in particular and behavior in general.
Problems of Definition and of Identifying Appropriate Levels of Analysis
Authors: Pellis Sergio M.
Published: February 2017

Although the target article, which attempts to clarify how physiological knowledge may resolve and guide research into aggressive behavior at a political level, raises many important issues, and in particular, draws attention to several specific areas where analyses of physiology and social behavior may be fruitfully pursued, it fails, in my view, to provide a suitable framework for such an endeavor for two reasons: one, a truncated definition of aggression, and two, a confounding of levels of analysis. After examining these two problems, I will end this commentary by highlighting and expanding upon one of those issues raised by Davies which may provide a valuable source of research.
Developments in the Ethology of Law
Authors: Kort Fred
Published: February 2017

In a development parallel to the emergence of the biobehavioral orientation in political science, the ethology of law has become a prominent endeavor in the past ten years. That it is indeed a biobehavioral approach is a fact that received a cogent reminder at the Fifth International Conference on Human Ethology in Tutzing, West Germany, in 1986. In a major address at the conference, Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt defined human ethology as the biology of human behavior. Correspondingly, Wolfgang Fikentscher and Hagen Hof, in their respective presentations at the session on the ethology of law at the conference, emphasized that law is a particular form of human behavior, making it clear that the biobehavioral context for the study of law is imperative.
Recasting Mainstream Conceptions of Political Development
Authors: Chilcote Ronald H.
Published: February 2017

The plea of Corning and Hines to replace the concept of political development with that of political evolution addresses the conceptual obfuscation engendered by the plethora of definitions that pervade the literature on development. In a cogently argued paper they review the mainstream literature and briefly refer to alternative perspectives now wellentrenched in the mainstream of social science. They recast these perspectives through synthesis of abstract ideas and set forth the parameters in which a theory of political evolution might be utilized. Their push for interdisciplinary inquiry attempts to undermine ethnocentric and value-laden notions of political science. All these advances, however, merit critical assessment.
Commentary on Coming and Hines
Authors: Packenham Robert A.
Published: February 2017

Corning and Hines' assertions at the beginning of their article are correct. The political development literature is in “disarray.” There is dissensus on definitions and measures. The term ‘political evolution’ is seldom used in any technical or precise sense. Political scientists are mostly “unaware of the burgeoning literature… on the causal dynamics underlying the evolution of society in general and of politics and the state in particular,” and their “knowledge of pre-modern politics” does tend to be “sketchy.” The time is “ripe” (as always?) for “fresh approaches.” The introduction or reintroduction of “an evolutionary perspective” could be, depending on how it is defined, a “radical departure” from dominant frames of reference in political science.
Aristotelian Teleology and Aristotelian Reason: A Commentary
Authors: Bluhm William T.
Published: February 2017

In a time of nihilism, power determines political purpose-the power of a passion or of a pressure group. The American political community is suffering from nihilism. It is manifest in the erosion of our moral tradition and in the reduction of our political system to a weakly umpired struggle of interest groups for control of public policy. More frequently than not, policy represents simply the lowest common denominator of group demands, a compromise among the passions. The incipient erosion of civil liberties in the face of the long-term decay of the tradition signals the approach of the master passion.
History and Biological Teleology
Authors: Bokina John
Published: February 2017

Arnhart's timely and provocative article attempts to resolve the value crisis of the modern biological and sociobiological sciences by reconciling these sciences with Aristotle's biological teleology. The idea that modern biology, like modern science in general, will engender a value crisis is hardly new. By engaging in ostensibly objective, quantitative, valuefree inquiry into the character of human and nonhuman organic life, scientific biology strips these forms of life of their traditional values. Biological science itself has failed to generate a new set of qualitative values to replace the discredited notions of myth, religion, and philosophy. This value nihilism has become particularly ominous in the contemporary period as military, ecological, and biomedical developments undermine our traditional assumptions about the character of organic life-and indeed may threaten the existence of that organic life. Perhaps it is an inevitable twist in the history of ideas that Aristotle's biological teleology, the bete noire of modern biological science, should be offered as a possible source for a new biological value system. Arnhart contends that Aristotle's biological teleology-i.e., the notion that species have their own ends and purposes-is both compatible with the most up-to-date biological research and can serve as a source for qualitative biological values. By adopting a teleological perspective, the ends and purposes of species not only describe essential elements of these species, but also prescribe an inherent, biological foundation for value judgments about them.
Human Nature and Morality: A Sociobiological Perspective
Authors: Lopreato Joseph
Published: February 2017

“The philosophic attitude is a resolute attempt to enlarge the understanding of the scope of application of every notion which enters into our current thought” (Whitehead, 1938:233-34). There is probably no parallel in the history of thought either to Aristotle's breadth of scholarly attainment or to the historical reach of his intellectual influence. Sociobiologists, therefore, can only be enthusiastic about any attempt, such as Arnhart's, to bring such resources to bear on their still young endeavors.
The Effect of Drugs on Political Decisions
Authors: L'Etang Hugh
Published: February 2017

Chemical developments during the past one hundred years have filled domestic medicine cabinets as well as pharmacies. The widespread availability of medications has clearly transformed life and living in the twentieth century, with the healing benefits of antibiotics and chemotherapy countered by the destructive effects of addictive drugs both old and new. Even those medications prescribed and supervised by physicians are but one of hundreds of factors which may influence human behavior, decision making, and even international affairs. Half-way through this century even a relatively harmless drug was the scapegoat in an American book, The Aspirin Age (Leighton, 1949), whose contributors reviewed the “utterly fantastic news events of the gaudy and chaotic years that separated Versailles and Pearl Harbor.”
Presidential Disability: Past Experiences and Future Implications
Authors: Park Bert E.
Published: February 2017

In 1967 Congress passed the Twenty-fifth Amendment to rectify an apparent inadequacy in the U. S. Constitution dealing with one of the gravest dangers to executive function–disability in the presidency. For 180 years, imprecise wording had bound the public welfare beneath a constitutional sword of Damocles which threatened to sever the legal discovery of inability in our Chief Executive from its occurrence. On at least four occasions during the last 100 years alone, executive function has been paralyzed by medically defined presidential inability, while two perplexing questions restricted a satisfactory resolution to the problem. First, in such a circumstance, does the office of the presidency devolve to the vice-president, or does the vicepresident merely serve as an acting president, assuming only its powers and duties? Second, who shall determine when the president is disabled and, its corollary, when that disability has ended? In the first instance, the amendment's sponsors ultimately determined that the vice-president assumes the powers and duties, but not the office itself, when the president becomes disabled. In the second, the sponsors proposed that the vice-president and the cabinet are jointly responsible for determining the duration of inability when, for medical or other reasons, the president is unable to do so.
In the Matter of “Baby M”: Report from the Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research
Authors: Fox Robin
Published: February 2017

Since the Gruter Institute is interested in the mutual influence of law and behavioral science (in the broadest sense), it has evolved a policy of occasionally tackling ongoing cases as exemplars of this interaction at the “ground level” of case law. This is done partly to contrast such an approach with the more usual “philosopher king” pose adopted by scientists who wish to influence legislation. In common-law countries at least, the approach through case law merits experimental attention. To this end a working group1 of legal and scientific scholars was instituted to study the issues in the now notorious “Baby M” case, a case which was to set a precedent on the issue of surrogate mothering contracts and which would have wider implications for the legality of many of the new alternative birth technologies.
The Sierra Club and Immigration Policy: A Critique
Authors: Clarke Alice L.
Published: February 2017

In 1998, the Sierra Club membership voted in a contentious referendum to refrain from including restriction of U.S. immigration as part of its official club population policy. Club proponents of immigration reduction had declared the problem was simply the environmental impact of greater numbers of people; however, they failed to distinguish themselves from groups with much broader immigration-reduction agendas, leaving themselves open to charges of racism. The club faction calling for the exclusion of immigration issues from the policy, on the other hand, failed to acknowledge the demographic reality of the contribution of immigration (30%) to the growth of the U.S. population. As a result, current club policy is not credible, as it calls for a reduction in the U.S. population but ignores immigration. The Sierra Club's complex organizational structure and open, democratic political process make it particularly vulnerable to internal conflict during periods of changing perspectives within the organization.
An Integrative Evolutionary Perspective on Ethnicity
Authors: MacDonald Kevin
Published: February 2017

This paper integrates several different but mutually consistent evolutionary approaches to ethnicity: genetic similarity theory, social identity theory, individualism/collectivism, an evolved racial/ethnic human kinds module, and rational choice mechanisms relying on domain general cognitive mechanisms. These theories are consistent with each other, and together they illustrate the interplay of evolved cognitive and motivational systems with mechanisms of rational choice that are able to choose adaptive strategies in uncertain, novel environments.
In the Age of Bioterrorism, an Affair to Remember: The Silver Anniversary of the Swine Flu Epidemic That Never Was
Authors: Brandon William P.
Published: February 2017

Twenty-five years ago, in November 1976, a physician misunderstood a cassette-tape providing continuing education for family practitioners to say that the rare neurological complication called Guillain-Barré syndrome could be a side effect of flu vaccines. When a recently vaccinated patient developed the syndrome, the physician alerted public officials and thereby started the process that ultimately ended the government campaign to immunize all Americans against swine flu. The physician was right, but for the wrong reasons, as Neustadt and Fineberg point out in the introduction to the 1983 edition of their classic case study of the swine flu episode (1983:xxv).
U.S. Chemical Program: Purpose, Challenges, and Evolution
Authors: Funke Odelia
Published: February 2017

This article explores long-term issues and problems that have seriously undermined the U.S. Chemical Testing Program established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act. This program is meant to gather information needed to protect human health and the environment from damaging exposure to toxic chemicals. Despite seemingly broad and impressive authority under the statute, there are a number of inherent difficulties, as well as substantial political constraints, that impede comprehensive oversight of chemicals in U.S. commerce. The article discusses several approaches that EPA has adopted to overcome statutory and political limitations and increase chemical testing information. The most recent and promising of these efforts has involved international negotiations to harmonize testing approaches with OECD nations and to cooperate on an agenda that will better share the testing burden on an international level.
The Homeopathy of Kin Selection: An Evaluation of van den Berghe's Sociobiological Approach to Ethnic Nepotism
Authors: Brigandt Ingo
Published: February 2017

The present discussion of sociobiological approaches to ethnic nepotism takes Pierre van den Berghe's theory as a starting point. Two points, which have not been addressed in former analyses, are considered to be of particular importance. It is argued that the behavioral mechanism of ethnic nepotism—as understood by van den Berghe—cannot explain ethnic boundaries and attitudes. In addition, I show that van den Berghe's central premise concerning ethnic nepotism is in contradiction to Hamilton's formula, the essential principle of kin selection theory. It is further discussed how other approaches that make reference to ethnic nepotism are related to van den Berghe's account and its problems. I conclude with remarks on the evolutionary explanation of ethnic phenomena.
Cognitive requirements for hawk-dove games: A functional analysis for evolutionary design
Authors: Morikawa Tomonori , Hanley James E. , Orbell John
Published: February 2017

Like other social animals, humans play adaptively important games, and current evolutionary theory predicts special-purpose, domain-specific cognitive mechanisms for playing such games. We offer a functional analysis of the information requirements for successfully playing one important social game, the “hawk-dove” conflict-of-interest game, developing new graphic conventions for doing so. In particular, we address the orders of recognition necessary for successfully playing such games, showing that there are adaptive advantages of capacities for first, second, third, and fourth such orders, but no more. We suggest that first-order recognition is not only the most basic in analytic terms but is likely to have been the first to evolve, with subsequent orders added later in evolution.
Spatial and temporal patterns in civil violence: Guatemala, 1977–1986
Authors: Gulden Timothy R.
Published: February 2017

Civil violence is a complex and often horrific phenomenon whose characteristics have varied by era, setting, and circumstance. Its objective analysis has rarely been feasible at spatial and temporal scales great enough and resolutions fine enough to reveal patterns useful in prevention, intervention, or adjudication. An extraordinary data set simultaneously meeting scale and resolution criteria was collected during conflict in Guatemala from 1977 through 1986. Reported here is its spatial-temporal analysis; reported as well is a putatively novel method for estimating power-law exponents from aggregate data. Analysis showed that the relationship between ethnic mix and killing was smooth yet highly nonlinear, that the temporal texture of killings was rough, and that the distribution of killing-event sizes was dichotomous, with nongenocidal and genocidal conflict periods displaying Zipf and non-Zipf distributions, respectively. These results add statistical support to claims that the Guatemalan military operated under at least two directives with respect to killing and that one of these effected a genocidal campaign against an indigenous people, the Mayans. Implications for group-behavioral modeling, conflict prevention, peace-keeping intervention, human-rights monitoring, and transitional justice are noted.
Adolescent females' strategic behavior within romantic relationships
Authors: Cristiani Michelle
Published: February 2017

Three romantic strategies are inferred from an evolutionary life-history model of adolescence, in which girls must choose between beginning reproduction and acquiring skills. These strategies differ in the level of commitment sought and in the type of information gathered during relationships. I surveyed 158 heterosexual high school girls in New Mexico. The three strategies, as well as age, sexual maturity, parents' education, and father absence, were used as predictors of romantic relationship duration. Three significant results were obtained using the Cox Proportional Hazards Model. First, girls scoring high in the “committer” scale were less likely to have relationships end than were girls scoring higher on “information-gatherer” scales. Also, Anglo girls and Anglo-Hispanic multi-racial girls were more likely to have a relationship end than were Hispanic girls. Third, girls from a higher socioeconomic background were likely to have longer relationships. The implications of these results are discussed.
Biodefense crossing the line
Authors: Leitenberg Milton , Leonard James , Spertzel Richard
Published: February 2017

Last February, on Monday the ninth, Lieutenant Colonel George W. Korch, Jr, Ph.D., United States Army, speaking in his capacity as Deputy Director of the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), Fort Detrick, Maryland, addressed the 2004 Department of Defense Pest Management Workshop, meeting in Florida at the Jacksonville Naval Air Station. He spoke in the Main Ballroom of the River Cove Officers' Club. As of this writing the workshop's full schedule1 still shows a hypertext link to his remarks, but the link is no longer active. While it was active, as late as April, a copy of his remarks, presented as computer slides, could be downloaded to any computer, anywhere. It can still be found, unofficially.2
Biosecurity implications of the synthesis of pathogenic viruses
Authors: Rabodzey Aleksandr
Published: February 2017

Recent peer-reviewed reports of in vitro syntheses of small viruses raise the possibility of misapplying modern biotechnologies to the creation of new smallpox virus, not simply to the malicious manipulation of existing samples. While it would require great effort and significant financing, a smallpox-from-scratch project would seem likely to be feasible, as would some other pathogen-from-scratch projects. Efforts to prevent such work — or, failing prevention, to detect it — might be enhanced in a number of ways.
Fitness extraction and the conceptual foundations of political biology
Authors: Boari Mircea
Published: February 2017

In well known formulations, political science, classical and neoclassical economics, and political economy have recognized as foundational a human impulse toward self-preservation. To employ this concept, modern social-sciences theorists have made simplifying assumptions about human nature and have then built elaborately upon their more incisive simplifications. Advances in biology, including advances in evolutionary theory, notably inclusive-fitness theory, have for decades now encouraged the reconsideration of such assumptions and, more ambitiously, the reconciliation of the social and life sciences. I ask if this reconciliation is feasible and test a path to the unification of politics and biology, called here “political biology.” Two new notions, “fitness extraction” and “fitness exchange,” are defined, then differentiated from each other, and lastly contrasted to cooperative gaming, the putative essential element of economics.