bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waarom zorgorganisaties in Nederland fuseren
Authors: Postma Jeroen , Roos Anne-Fleur
Published: November 2016

Why healthcare providers merge

In many OECD countries, healthcare sectors have become increasingly concentrated as a result of mergers. However, detailed empirical insight into why healthcare providers merge is lacking. Also, we know little about the influence of national healthcare policies on mergers. We fill this gap in our knowledge by analyzing the results of a survey study among Dutch executives about mergers between healthcare organizations in the period from 2005 to 2012. During this period, Dutch healthcare providers faced a number of policy changes, including increased competition, more pressure from purchasers (health insurers), growing financial risks, de-institutionalization of long-term care and decentralization of healthcare services to municipalities. Our study shows that Dutch healthcare providers predominantly merge to improve the provision of healthcare services and to strengthen their market position. Efficiency and financial reasons are also important drivers of merger activity in healthcare. Motives for mergers seem to be related to changes in health policy, in particular to the increasing pressure from competitors, insurers and municipalities.
Smooth Rational Surfaces Of $d=11$ And $\pi=8$ In $\mathbb{P}^5$
Authors: Mohammad Abdul Moeed
Published: November 2016

We construct a linearly normal smooth rational surface $S$ of degree $11$ and sectional genus $8$ in the projective five space. Surfaces satisfying these numerical invariants are special, in the sense that $h^1(\mathscr{O}_S(1))>0$. Our construction is done via linear systems and we describe the configuration of points blown up in the projective plane. Using the theory of adjunction mappings, we present a short list of linear systems which are the only possibilities for other families of surfaces with the prescribed numerical invariants.
Individual and Co-occurring SNAP Risk Factors
Authors: Balto Julia M. , Ensari Ipek , Hubbard Elizabeth A. , Khan Naiman , Barnes Jennifer L. , Motl Robert W.
Published: November 2016

Background: Smoking, poor nutrition, excess alcohol consumption, and insufficient physical activity underlie most preventable causes of morbidity in the general population and may be associated with comorbidities and health outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the frequency of co-occurrence of these risk factors in people with MS remains unclear.

Methods: Sixty-nine individuals with MS completed self-report measures of smoking status, nutrition, alcohol use, physical activity levels, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The data were analyzed using t tests and χ2 analyses.

Results: Poor diet was the most common risk factor, with 85.5% of the sample not meeting dietary guidelines. Of participants with two risk factors, 90.3% were not meeting dietary and physical activity guidelines. Seventy-three percent of women were not meeting physical activity guidelines, compared with 38% of men (χ2 = 7.5, P < .01). There were also differential rates by sex of the most commonly co-occurring risk factors: 65% of women reported the co-occurrence of insufficient physical activity and poor diet, compared with 38% of men (χ2 = 4.2, P = .05).

Conclusions: These results indicate that 85.5% of the sample was not meeting nutrition guidelines, 90.3% of participants with two risk factors reported the co-occurrence of poor diet and insufficient levels of physical activity, and physical activity levels and the total number of risk factors varied across sex.
Transactional sex and risk for HIV infection in sub‐Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wamoyi Joyce , Stobeanau Kirsten , Bobrova Natalia , Abramsky Tanya , Watts Charlotte
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Young women aged 15 to 24 years in sub‐Saharan Africa continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV. A growing number of studies have suggested that the practice of transactional sex may in part explain women's heightened risk, but evidence on the association between transactional sex and HIV has not yet been synthesized. We set out to systematically review studies that assess the relationship between transactional sex and HIV among men and women in sub‐Saharan Africa and to summarize the findings through a meta‐analysis.

Methods

The search strategy included 8 databases, hand searches in 10 journals, and searches across 17 websites and portals for organizations as informed by expert colleagues. A systematic review of cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies was carried out for studies on women and men who engage in transactional sex published up through 2014. Random effects meta‐analysis was used to further examine the relationship between transactional sex and prevalent HIV infection across a subset of studies with the same exposure period. Analyses were conducted separately for men and women.

Results

Nineteen papers from 16 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these 16 studies, 14 provided data on women and 10 on men. We find a significant, positive, unadjusted or adjusted association between transactional sex and HIV in 10 of 14 studies for women, one of which used a longitudinal design (relative risk (RR)=2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22 –3.48). Out of 10 studies involving men, only 2 indicate a positive association between HIV and transactional sex in unadjusted or adjusted models. The meta‐analysis confirmed general findings from the systematic review (unadjusted meta‐analysis findings are significant for women (n=4; pooled odds ratio (OR)=1.54, 95% CI: 1.04–2.28; I2=42.5%, p=0.156), but not for men (n=4; pooled OR=1.47, 95% CI: 0.85–2.56; I2=50.8%, p=0.107).

Conclusions

Transactional sex is associated with HIV among women, whereas findings for men were inconclusive. Given that only two studies used a longitudinal approach, there remains a need for better measurement of the practice of transactional sex and additional longitudinal studies to establish the causal pathways between transactional sex and HIV.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Ultrasonographic Imaging and Pathologic Mechanisms of Median Nerve Compression
Authors: Sucher Benjamin M.
Published: November 2016

Median nerve compression is a well-known cause of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Yet, reasons why the most common idiopathic form of CTS develops in certain individuals are not well understood. To further understand the compressive mechanisms at work in CTS development, the authors used ultrasonographic imaging of the median nerve to evaluate 2 patients with CTS. Findings were compared to those of 2 control subjects who did not have CTS. In the patients who had CTS, the transverse carpal ligament was pulled taut by thenar muscle contraction as the flexor tendons tightened, compressing the median nerve between the ligament and tendons. No such compression was observed with the control subjects. Thus, a pathologic mechanism of median nerve compression was confirmed in the patients with CTS. Demonstration of such pathologic mechanisms during prehensile hand movement may improve understanding of how to treat patients with CTS and prevent nerve injury.
Comparing electrical performance of GaN trench-gate MOSFETs with a-plane

and m-plane

sidewall channels
Authors: Gupta Chirag , Chan Silvia H. , Lund Cory , Agarwal Anchal , Koksaldi Onur S. , Liu Junquian , Enatsu Yuuki , Keller Stacia , Mishra Umesh K.
Published: November 2016

GaN trench-gate MOSFETs with m- and a-plane-oriented sidewall channels were fabricated and characterized. The trench-gate MOSFET performance depended strongly on the sidewall-MOS-channel plane orientation. The m-plane-oriented MOS channel devices demonstrated higher channel mobility, higher current density, lower sub-threshold slope, and lower hysteresis with similar threshold voltage and on–off ratio compared to a-plane MOS channel devices. These results indicate that orienting trench-gate MOSFET toward the m-plane would allow for better on-state characteristics while maintaining similar off-state characteristics.
Near-field heat transfer between graphene monolayers: Dispersion relation and parametric analysis
Authors: Yin Ge , Yang Jiang , Ma Yungui
Published: November 2016

Plasmon polaritons in graphene can enhance near-field heat transfer. In this work, we give a complete parametric analysis on the near-field heat transfer between two graphene monolayers that allows transfer efficiencies several orders-of-magnitude larger than blackbody radiation. Influences of major parameters are conclusively clarified from the changes of the interlayer supermode coupling and their dispersion relations. The method to maximize the near-field heat flux is discussed. The generalized Stefan–Boltzmann formula is proposed to describe the near-field heat transfer dominated by evanescent wave tunneling. Our results are of practical significance in guiding the design of thermal management systems.
In vitro bactericidal efficacy of atmospheric-pressure plasma jet on titanium-based implant infected with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Park Young-Ouk , Lee Chang-Min , Kim Myung-Sun , Jung Sang-Chul , Yang Seong-Won , Kook Min-Suk , Kim Byung-Hoon
Published: November 2016

Staphylococcus aureus is a representative of gram-positive bacteria that causes skin infection, respiratory diseases, and burned tissue infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sterilizing efficiency of an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) on S. aureus adhered on a titanium surface. During the APPJ sterilization, the plasma gases used were Ar, Ar+N2, and Ar+O2. With increasing APPJ treatment time, the viability of S. aureus decreased. The addition of O2 gas to Ar gas resulted in a higher sterilizing efficiency than the addition of other groups. Plasma exposure induced bacterial oxidative stress, and it was confirmed that the cell membrane was seriously damaged by the production of reactive oxygen species. Our finding suggests that the APPJ is an effective tool for clinical antimicrobial therapy.
Comparison of the effectiveness of ISJ and SSR markers and detection of outlier loci in conservation genetics ofPulsatilla patenspopulations
Authors: Bilska Katarzyna , Szczecińska Monika
Published: November 2016

Background

Research into the protection of rare and endangered plant species involves genetic analyses to determine their genetic variation and genetic structure. Various categories of genetic markers are used for this purpose. Microsatellites, also known as simple sequence repeats (SSR), are the most popular category of markers in population genetics research. In most cases, microsatellites account for a large part of the noncoding DNA and exert a neutral effect on the genome. Neutrality is a desirable feature in evaluations of genetic differences between populations, but it does not support analyses of a population’s ability to adapt to a given environment or its evolutionary potential. Despite the numerous advantages of microsatellites, non-neutral markers may supply important information in conservation genetics research. They are used to evaluate adaptation to specific environmental conditions and a population’s adaptive potential. The aim of this study was to compare the level of genetic variation inPulsatilla patenspopulations revealed by neutral SSR markers and putatively adaptive ISJ markers (intron-exon splice junction).

Methods

The experiment was conducted on 14 Polish populations ofP. patensand threeP. patenspopulations from the nearby region of Vitebsk in Belarus. A total of 345 individuals were examined. Analyses were performed with the use of eight SSR primers specific toP. patensand three ISJ primers.

Results

SSR markers revealed a higher level of genetic variation than ISJ markers (He= 0.609,He= 0.145, respectively). An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that, the overall genetic diversity between the analyzed populations defined by parametersFSTand ΦPTfor SSR (20%) and ΦPTfor ISJ (21%) markers was similar. Analysis conducted in theStructureprogram divided analyzed populations into two groups (SSR loci) and three groups (ISJ markers). Mantel test revealed correlations between the geographic distance and genetic diversity of Polish populations ofP. patensfor ISJ markers, but not for SSR markers.

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest that ISJ markers can complement the analyses based on SSRs. However, neutral and adaptive markers should not be alternatively applied. Neutral microsatellite markers cannot depict the full range of genetic variation in a population because they do not enable to analyze functional variation. Although ISJ markers are less polymorphic, they can contribute to the reliability of analyses based on SSRs.
Elevational pattern of bird species richness and its causes along a central Himalaya gradient, China
Authors: Pan Xinyuan , Ding Zhifeng , Hu Yiming , Liang Jianchao , Wu Yongjie , Si Xingfeng , Guo Mingfang , Hu Huijian , Jin Kun
Published: November 2016

This study examines the relative importance of six variables: area, the mid-domain effect, temperature, precipitation, productivity, and habitat heterogeneity on elevational patterns of species richness for breeding birds along a central Himalaya gradient in the Gyirong Valley, the longest of five canyons in the Mount Qomolangma National Nature Reserve. We conducted field surveys in each of twelve elevational bands of 300 m between 1,800 and 5,400 m asl four times throughout the entire wet season. A total of 169 breeding bird species were recorded and most of the species (74%) were small-ranged. The species richness patterns of overall, large-ranged and small-ranged birds were all hump-shaped, but with peaks at different elevations. Large-ranged species and small-ranged species contributed equally to the overall richness pattern.

Based on the bivariate and multiple regression analyses, area and precipitation were not crucial factors in determining the species richness along this gradient. The mid-domain effect played an important role in shaping the richness pattern of large-ranged species. Temperature was negatively correlated with overall and large-ranged species but positively correlated with small-ranged species. Productivity was a strong explanatory factor among all the bird groups, and habitat heterogeneity played an important role in shaping the elevational richness patterns of overall and small-ranged species. Our results highlight the need to conserve primary forest and intact habitat in this area. Furthermore, we need to increase conservation efforts in this montane biodiversity hotspot in light of increasing anthropogenic activities and land use pressure.
Region-of-interest analyses of one-dimensional biomechanical trajectories: bridging 0D and 1D theory, augmenting statistical power
Authors: Pataky Todd C. , Robinson Mark A. , Vanrenterghem Jos
Published: November 2016

One-dimensional (1D) kinematic, force, and EMG trajectories are often analyzed using zero-dimensional (0D) metrics like local extrema. Recently whole-trajectory 1D methods have emerged in the literature as alternatives. Since 0D and 1D methods can yield qualitatively different results, the two approaches may appear to be theoretically distinct. The purposes of this paper were (a) to clarify that 0D and 1D approaches are actually just special cases of a more general region-of-interest (ROI) analysis framework, and (b) to demonstrate how ROIs can augment statistical power. We first simulated millions of smooth, random 1D datasets to validate theoretical predictions of the 0D, 1D and ROI approaches and to emphasize how ROIs provide a continuous bridge between 0D and 1D results. We then analyzed a variety of public datasets to demonstrate potential effects of ROIs on biomechanical conclusions. Results showed, first, thata prioriROI particulars can qualitatively affect the biomechanical conclusions that emerge from analyses and, second, that ROIs derived from exploratory/pilot analyses can detect smaller biomechanical effects than are detectable using full 1D methods. We recommend regarding ROIs, like data filtering particulars and Type I error rate, as parameters which can affect hypothesis testing results, and thus as sensitivity analysis tools to ensure arbitrary decisions do not influence scientific interpretations. Last, we describe open-source Python and MATLAB implementations of 1D ROI analysis for arbitrary experimental designs ranging from one-samplettests to MANOVA.
Efficacy of Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Tumors >4 cm: Comparison With Renal Tumors ≤4 cm
Authors: Kwon Ohseong , Byun Seok-Soo , Hong Sung Kyu , Ku Ja Hyeon , Kwak Cheol , Kim Hyeon Hoe , Lee Sang Eun
Published: November 2016

Partial nephrectomy has become a treatment of choice for clinical T1a renal masses. Some international guidelines suggest that partial nephrectomy can be applied also in clinical T1b tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of partial nephrectomy for tumors larger than 4 cm. We reviewed the medical records of 1280 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy and had pathologically confirmed malignancy. Patients were categorized into two groups by the size of tumors on computed tomography image, with a cutoff value of 4 cm. The oncologic and functional outcomes were compared between the two groups. Recurrence-free survival after surgery was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Of the 1280 patients, 203 patients (15.9%) had renal tumors larger than 4 cm. There were significantly more exophytic tumors (P < 0.001) and the R.E.N.A.L. scores were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in partial nephrectomy >4 cm. Mean ischemic times were significantly different (P < 0.001). After 24 months, mean creatinine level between partial nephrectomy >4 cm and partial nephrectomy ≤4 cm was not different significantly (P = 0.554). And the percent changes of glomerular filtration rate after partial nephrectomy were not different at last follow-up (P = 0.082). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were 96.6% in partial nephrectomy ≤4 cm, and 94.5% in partial nephrectomy >4 cm (P = 0.416). Based on the present findings, partial nephrectomy for tumors larger than 4 cm showed comparable feasibility and safety to partial nephrectomy for tumors ≤4 cm considering oncologic and functional outcomes, despite longer operative and ischemic time.
Emergency Cholecystectomy Versus Percutaneous Cholecystostomy for Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis in High-Risk Surgical Patients
Authors: Akarsu Cevher , Dural Ahmet Cem , Salik Aysun Erbahceci , Unsal Mustafa Gokhan , Kones Osman , Gok Ilhan , Gonenc Murat , Islim Filiz , Alis Halil
Published: November 2016

Our aim is to present our experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) in high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis (AC). The guidelines for AC are still debatable for high-risk patients. We aimed to emphasize the role of LC as a primary treatment method in patients with severe AC instead of a treatment after PC according to the Tokyo Guidelines (TG). AC patients with high surgical risk [American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) III-IV] who were admitted to our department between March 2008 and November 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Disease severity in all patients was assessed according to the 2007 TG for AC. Patients were either treated by emergency LC (group LC) or PC (group PC). Demographic data, ASA scores, treatment methods, rates of conversion to open surgery, duration of drainage, length of hospital stay, and morbidity and mortality rates were compared among groups. Age, ASA score, and TG07 severity scores in the PC group were significantly higher than that in the LC group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). Sex distribution (P = 0.33), follow-up periods (P = 0.33), and morbidity (P = 0.86) were similar. In the patients with early surgical intervention, mortality was significantly lower (P < 0.001). Length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the LC group compared with the PC group (P < 0.001). In high-risk surgical patients, PC can serve as an alternative treatment method because of its efficiency in the prevention of sepsis-related complications due to AC. However, LC still should be an option for severe AC with comparable short-term results.
Engineered Elastomer Substrates for Guided Assembly of Complex 3D Mesostructures by Spatially Nonuniform Compressive Buckling
Authors: Nan Kewang , Luan Haiwen , Yan Zheng , Ning Xin , Wang Yiqi , Wang Ao , Wang Juntong , Han Mengdi , Chang Matthew , Li Kan , Zhang Yutong , Huang Wen , Xue Yeguang , Huang Yonggang , Zhang Yihui , Rogers John A.
Published: November 2016

Approaches capable of creating 3D mesostructures in advanced materials (device‐grade semiconductors, electroactive polymers, etc.) are of increasing interest in modern materials research. A versatile set of approaches exploits transformation of planar precursors into 3D architectures through the action of compressive forces associated with release of prestrain in a supporting elastomer substrate. Although a diverse set of 3D structures can be realized in nearly any class of material in this way, all previously reported demonstrations lack the ability to vary the degree of compression imparted to different regions of the 2D precursor, thus constraining the diversity of 3D geometries. This paper presents a set of ideas in materials and mechanics in which elastomeric substrates with engineered distributions of thickness yield desired strain distributions for targeted control over resultant 3D mesostructures geometries. This approach is compatible with a broad range of advanced functional materials from device‐grade semiconductors to commercially available thin films, over length scales from tens of micrometers to several millimeters. A wide range of 3D structures can be produced in this way, some of which have direct relevance to applications in tunable optics and stretchable electronics.
Carbonized Cotton Fabric for High‐Performance Wearable Strain Sensors
Authors: Zhang Mingchao , Wang Chunya , Wang Huimin , Jian Muqiang , Hao Xiangyang , Zhang Yingying
Published: November 2016

Recent years have witnessed the booming development of flexible strain sensors. To date, it is still a great challenge to fabricate strain sensors with both large workable strain range and high sensitivity. Cotton is an abundant supplied natural material composed of cellulose fibers and has been widely used for textiles and clothing. In this work, the fabrication of highly sensitive wearable strain sensors based on commercial plain weave cotton fabric, which is the most popular fabric for clothes, is demonstrated through a low‐cost and scalable process. The strain sensors based on carbonized cotton fabric exhibit fascinating performance, including large workable strain range (>140%), superior sensitivity (gauge factor of 25 in strain of 0%–80% and that of 64 in strain of 80%–140%), inconspicuous drift, and long‐term stability, simultaneously offering advantages of low cost and simplicity in device fabrication and versatility in applications. Notably, the strain sensor can detect a subtle strain of as low as 0.02%. Based on its superior performance, its applications in monitoring both vigorous and subtle human motions are demonstrated, showing its tremendous potential for applications in wearable electronics and intelligent robots.
Hyaluronic Acid/PLGA Core/Shell Fiber Matrices Loaded with EGCG Beneficial to Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Shin Yong Cheol , Shin Dong‐Myeong , Lee Eun Ji , Lee Jong Ho , Kim Ji Eun , Song Sung Hwa , Hwang Dae‐Youn , Lee Jun Jae , Kim Bongju , Lim Dohyung , Hyon Suong‐Hyu , Lim Young‐Jun , Han Dong‐Wook
Published: November 2016

During the last few decades, considerable research on diabetic wound healing strategies has been performed, but complete diabetic wound healing remains an unsolved problem, which constitutes an enormous biomedical burden. Herein, hyaluronic acid (HA)/poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid, PLGA) core/shell fiber matrices loaded with epigallocatechin‐3‐O‐gallate (EGCG) (HA/PLGA‐E) are fabricated by coaxial electrospinning. HA/PLGA‐E core/shell fiber matrices are composed of randomly‐oriented sub‐micrometer fibers and have a 3D porous network structure. EGCG is uniformly dispersed in the shell and sustainedly released from the matrices in a stepwise manner by controlled diffusion and PLGA degradation over four weeks. EGCG does not adversely affect the thermomechanical properties of HA/PLGA‐E matrices. The number of human dermal fibroblasts attached on HA/PLGA‐E matrices is appreciably higher than that on HA/PLGA counterparts, while their proliferation is steadily retained on HA/PLGA‐E matrices. The wound healing activity of HA/PLGA‐E matrices is evaluated in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. After two weeks of surgical treatment, the wound areas are significantly reduced by the coverage with HA/PLGA‐E matrices resulting from enhanced re‐epithelialization/neovascularization and increased collagen deposition, compared with no treatment or HA/PLGA. In conclusion, the HA/PLGA‐E matrices can be potentially exploited to craft strategies for the acceleration of diabetic wound healing and skin regeneration.
Lithium Exfoliated Vanadium Dichalcogenides (VS2, VSe2, VTe2) Exhibit Dramatically Different Properties from Their Bulk Counterparts
Authors: Wang Yong , Sofer Zdenek , Luxa Jan , Pumera Martin
Published: November 2016

Ultrathin 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted widespread attention due to their excellent electrical, optical, and electrochemical properties. Ultrathin vanadium disulfide is a metallic member of two dimensional materials aside graphene which does not possess a bandgap in the electronic structure. Research on vanadium disulfide reveals its versatile application, such as supercapacitor, battery material, electrocatalyst, and moisture sensor. Considering the superior performance of vanadium disulfide, it is necessary and essential to study vanadium diselenide and vanadium ditelluride. In this study, an effort has been devoted to study the inherent electrochemistry of three vanadium dichalcogenides (VX2: VS2, VSe2, and VTe2) and explore their potential as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Following the exfoliation routes established for MoS2 and WS2, Li intercalation route, using n‐buthyllithium is utilized. Interestingly, upon exfoliation to single/few layer VX2 become partly converted to nonstoichiometric vanadium oxide and lithium vanadates, which is strikingly different when compared to group 6 TMDs, such as MoX2 and WX2.
Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual Monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes
Authors: Lipatov Alexey , Alhabeb Mohamed , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Boson Alex , Gogotsi Yury , Sinitskii Alexander
Published: November 2016

2D transition metal carbide Ti3C2Tx (T stands for surface termination), the most widely studied MXene, has shown outstanding electrochemical properties and promise for a number of bulk applications. However, electronic properties of individual MXene flakes, which are important for understanding the potential of these materials, remain largely unexplored. Herein, a modified synthetic method is reported for producing high‐quality monolayer Ti3C2Tx flakes. Field‐effect transistors (FETs) based on monolayer Ti3C2Tx flakes are fabricated and their electronic properties are measured. Individual Ti3C2Tx flakes exhibit a high conductivity of 4600 ± 1100 S cm−1 and field‐effect electron mobility of 2.6 ± 0.7 cm2 V−1 s−1. The resistivity of multilayer Ti3C2Tx films is only one order of magnitude higher than the resistivity of individual flakes, which indicates a surprisingly good electron transport through the surface terminations of different flakes, unlike in many other 2D materials. Finally, the fabricated FETs are used to investigate the environmental stability and kinetics of oxidation of Ti3C2Tx flakes in humid air. The high‐quality Ti3C2Tx flakes are reasonably stable and remain highly conductive even after their exposure to air for more than 24 h. It is demonstrated that after the initial exponential decay the conductivity of Ti3C2Tx flakes linearly decreases with time, which is consistent with their edge oxidation.
The Heaviest Possible Ternary Trihalogen Species, IAtBr−, Evidenced in Aqueous Solution: An Experimental Performance Driven by Computations
Authors: Guo Ning , Sergentu Dumitru‐Claudiu , Teze David , Champion Julie , Montavon Gilles , Galland Nicolas , Maurice Rémi
Published: November 2016

Evidencing new chemical species in solution is particularly challenging when one works at ultra‐trace concentrations, as is likely to happen with radioelements such as astatine (Z=85). Herein, quantum mechanical calculations were used to predict the narrow experimental domain in which it is possible to detect the presence of an exotic ternary trihalogen anion, IAtBr−, and thus to guide a series of experiments. By analyzing the outcomes of competition experiments, we show that IAtBr− exists and can even predominate in aqueous solution. The equilibrium constant associated with the reaction At++I−+Br−⇌IAtBr− was determined to be 107.5±0.2, which is in fair agreement with that predicted by density functional theory (106.9). This system not only constitutes the very first example of a ternary trihalogen species that involves the element astatine but is also the first trihalogen species reported to predominate in solution. Moreover, we show that the oxidation number of At is zero in this species, as in the other molecules and anions that At+ can form with Cl−, Br−, and I− ligands.
Indenylmetallkatalyse in der organischen Synthese
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Ryan Michael C.
Published: November 2016

Synthesechemiker wissen seit langem Übergangsmetallcyclopentadienylkomplexe zu schätzen, denn viele dieser Komplexe dienten und dienen als Katalysatoren für organische Transformationen. Deutlich weniger bekannt sind die Beiträge benzanellierter Cyclopentadienylliganden. Diese Indenylliganden verfügen über einzigartige Eigenschaften, die in vielen Fällen eine andere Reaktivität in katalytischen Prozessen zur Synthese niedermolekularer Produkte vermitteln. In diesem Aufsatz präsentieren wir Beispiele für Indenylmetallkomplexe in der Katalyse und vergleichen deren Reaktivität, soweit möglich, mit der ihrer Cyclopentadienylanaloga.
From Lead to Drug Utilizing a Mannich Reaction: The Topotecan Story
Authors: Bracher Franz , Tremmel Tim
Published: November 2016

Natural products are a rich source of bioactive compounds, and numerous natural compounds have found application in cancer chemotherapy. However, unfavorable physicochemical properties often prevent the use of the original natural product as a drug. A prominent example is camptothecin from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata, which shows extraordinary cytotoxic activity based on a specific molecular mode of action (inhibition of human topoisomerase I). Due to its extremely poor solubility, the original natural product cannot be used as a drug. The marketed drug topotecan was developed from this lead structure by semi‐synthesis utilizing a Mannich aminomethylation as the crucial step. In this review, the long‐distance run leading to this drug and further perspectives are summarized.
Innovation policies for advanced biorefinery development: key considerations and lessons from Sweden
Authors: Hellsmark Hans , Söderholm Patrik
Published: November 2016

This paper provides an innovation systems perspective on the combination of policy instruments that will be required to stimulate technological development in the advanced biorefinery field. We first consult the established innovation policy literature, and provide a general framework that can be used to identify the type of policy instruments needed to develop new sustainable technology. In a second step, we illustrate how these general principles can be applied in the context of future biorefineries based on either the thermochemical or biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. We draw heavily on the experiences of biorefinery development in Sweden. A central conclusion is that in Sweden, and elsewhere, there are few niche markets for advanced biorefineries and a lack of long‐term policy instruments for the more established renewable fuels. For this reason, there is a need for innovation policy instruments that create markets for renewable fuels and green chemicals, thus supporting technology development during a niche market phase and allowing for the first commercial‐scale plants to be built. The aim of such a policy would be to stimulate learning, form value chains, and experiment with various design options on a larger scale; this complements the use of technology‐neutral policy instruments such as carbon pricing, which primarily promotes the diffusion of mature technologies. The policy instruments that are candidates for the niche market phase include, for example, public procurement and various types of price guarantees. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Treatment of nonignorable missing data when modeling unobserved heterogeneity with finite mixture models
Authors: Lehmann Thomas , Schlattmann Peter
Published: November 2016

Multiple imputation has become a widely accepted technique to deal with the problem of incomplete data. Typically, imputation of missing values and the statistical analysis are performed separately. Therefore, the imputation model has to be consistent with the analysis model. If the data are analyzed with a mixture model, the parameter estimates are usually obtained iteratively. Thus, if the data are missing not at random, parameter estimation and treatment of missingness should be combined. We solve both problems by simultaneously imputing values using the data augmentation method and estimating parameters using the EM algorithm. This iterative procedure ensures that the missing values are properly imputed given the current parameter estimates. Properties of the parameter estimates were investigated in a simulation study. The results are illustrated using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Learning analytics for the development of adapted e‐assessment workflow system
Authors: Bendaly Hlaoui Yousra , Hajjej Fahima , Jemni Ben Ayed Leila
Published: November 2016

Learning analytics (LA) is a significant area of the enhanced learning technology that has been emerged during the last decade. In this paper, we present a Cloud Adapted Workflow e‐Assessment System, called Cloud‐AWAS. This system makes use of the learning analytics in order to turn learners into more effective and better learners. Hence, Cloud‐AWAS could be seamlessly integrated into any learning management system. This system provides a generic e‐assessment workflow which is adapted to learner's profiles. We have started by creating a learner profile ontology based on extraction data from e‐assessment activities, file log and personal information. Then, we have defined three adaptation actions: Add Activity, Edit Activity, and Delete Activity, applied on the workflow assessment and using information extracted from learner profile ontology instances. Each action is applied according to a number of conditions. Finally, we present some results of the empirical evaluation of Cloud_AWAS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:951–966, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21770
Use of synchronous e‐learning at university degrees
Authors: Fita Ana , Monserrat Jose F. , Moltó Germán , Mestre Eva M. , Rodriguez‐Burruezo Adrián
Published: November 2016

Different types of Course Management Systems (CMS) are fully integrated in conventional and online courses in many Universities degrees. Although they are suitable for lecturer‐student information sharing, their asynchronous nature prevents an efficient interaction, which may hamper the learning process. As an alternative, synchronous virtual learning platforms can help fill the gaps in traditional CMS. However, there is very little feedback regarding its use in higher education. The Universitat Politècnica de València introduced in 2010 a synchronous e‐learning platform, named Poli[ReunióN], an Adobe Connect‐based online service. Poli[ReunióN] provides virtual sessions where interaction between lecturers and students is enabled by means of audio/video‐conferences and software application sharing. By following this path, Poli[ReunióN] provides an opportunity for planning new educational experiences where technology may help to achieve new learning objectives. However, the implementation of this tool still needs to be explored. In order to check its usefulness, we have performed a multidisciplinary learning experience involving a wide range of subjects over several degrees: Private Telecommunication Systems (degree in Telecommunications Engineering), Algorithms and Data Structure (degree in Computer Sciences), English for International Tourism (degree in Tourism Management), Genetics and Plant Breeding (degree in Agricultural Engineering), and a specific course for teachers’ training. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of Poli[ReunióN] in tutoring and in different learning activities proposed in the aforementioned degrees are discussed from both perspectives—lecturers and students. These experiences may help lecturers and other education professionals to adopt similar e‐learning tools. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:982–993, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21773
Superparamagnetic Composites Based on Ionic Resin Beads/CaCO3/Magnetite
Authors: Bunia Ion , Socoliuc Vlad , Vekas Ladislau , Doroftei Florica , Varganici Cristian , Coroaba Adina , Simionescu Bogdan C. , Mihai Marcela
Published: November 2016

The preparation of superparamagnetic composites obtained by CaCO3 mineralization from supersaturate aqueous solutions is presented. The preparation was conducted in the presence of oleic acid stabilized magnetite nanoparticles as a water‐based magnetic fluid and insoluble templates as gel‐like cross‐linked polymeric beads. The presence of the magnetic particles in the composites provides a facile way for external manipulation using a permanent magnet, thus allowing the separation and extraction of magnetically modified materials. Two ion exchangers based on divinylbenzene/ethyl acrylate/acrylonitrile cross‐linked copolymer—a cation ion exchanger (CIE) and an amphoteric ion exchanger (AIE)—were used, as well as different addition orders of magnetite and CaCO3 crystals growth precursors. The morphology of the composites was investigated by SEM, the polymorphs content by X‐ray diffraction, and the thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis. Polymer, CaCO3, and magnetite in the composite particles were shown to be present by energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), XPS, and TEM. The sorption capacity for CuII ions was tested, as compared to samples prepared without magnetite.
Solvent‐Dependent Synthesis of Porous Anionic Uranyl–Organic Frameworks Featuring a Highly Symmetrical (3,4)‐Connected ctn or bor Topology for Selective Dye Adsorption
Authors: Hu Kong‐Qiu , Jiang Xiang , Wang Cong‐Zhi , Mei Lei , Xie Zhen‐Ni , Tao Wu‐Qing , Zhang Xiao‐Lin , Chai Zhi‐Fang , Shi Wei‐Qun
Published: November 2016

Two highly symmetrical (3,4)‐connected uranyl–organic frameworks (UOFs) were synthesized by a judicious combination of D3h‐symmetrical triangular [UO2(COO)3]− and Td symmetrical tetrahedral tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)methane (H4MTB). These two as‐synthesized UOFs possess similar structural units and coordination modes but totally different topological structures, namely ctn net and bor net. Solvent‐induced interpenetration and a morphology change are observed. The two compounds exhibit crystal transformation via a dissolution–crystallization process. Adsorption experiments in CH3OH solution indicate that both of them can selectively remove positively charged dyes over negatively charged and neutral dyes. Moreover, the electronic structural and bonding properties of the two compounds were systematically explored by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
A Short and Efficient Synthesis of Iminosugar 2‐Acyl Indolizidine
Authors: Chinthapally Kiran , Karthik Reshamina , Senthilkumar Soundararasu , Baskaran Sundarababu
Published: November 2016

A facile and convergent approach has been developed for the stereoselective construction of biologically important polyhydroxylated 2‐acyl indolizidine framework using aza‐Cope rearrangement–Mannich cyclization as a key step. The generality of this methodology is demonstrated with various lactol‐tosylates derived from carbohydrates. The presented method provides an easy access to indolizidine‐ and tetrahydroindolizine‐based iminosugar derivatives in good yields.
Direct Enzymatic Branch‐End Extension of Glycocluster‐Presented Glycans: An Effective Strategy for Programming Glycan Bioactivity
Authors: Bayón Carlos , He Ning , Deir‐Kaspar Mario , Blasco Pilar , André Sabine , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Rumbero Ángel , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Fessner Wolf‐Dieter , Hernáiz María J.
Published: November 2016

The sequence of a glycan and its topology of presentation team up to determine the specificity and selectivity of recognition by saccharide receptors (lectins). Structure–activity analysis would be furthered if the glycan part of a glycocluster could be efficiently elaborated in situ while keeping all other parameters constant. By using a bacterial α2,6‐sialyltransferase and a small library of bi‐ to tetravalent glycoclusters, we illustrate the complete conversion of scaffold‐presented lactoside units into two different sialylated ligands based on N‐acetyl/glycolyl‐neuraminic acid incorporation. We assess the ensuing effect on their bioactivity for a plant toxin, and present an analysis of the noncovalent substrate binding contacts that the added sialic acid moiety makes to the lectin. Enzymatic diversification of a scaffold‐presented glycan can thus be brought to completion in situ, offering a versatile perspective for rational glycocluster engineering.
Long‐term cardiovascular mortality after radiotherapy for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sardar Partha , Kundu Amartya , Chatterjee Saurav , Nohria Anju , Nairooz Ramez , Bangalore Sripal , Mukherjee Debabrata , Aronow Wilbert S. , Lavie Carl J
Published: November 2016

Background

Radiotherapy (RT) is frequently associated with late cardiovascular (CV) complications. The mean cardiac dose from irradiation of a left‐sided breast cancer is much higher than that for a right‐sided breast cancer. However, data is limited on the long‐term risks of RT on CV mortality.

Hypothesis

RT for breast cancer is associated with long term CV mortality and left sided RT carries a greater mortality than right sided RT.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Cochrane Central, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases from inception through December 2015. Studies reporting CV mortality with RT for left‐ vs right‐sided breast cancers were included. The principal outcome of interest was CV mortality. We calculated summary risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with the random‐effects model.

Results

The analysis included 289 109 patients from 13 observational studies. Women who had received RT for left‐sided breast cancer had a higher risk of CV death than those who received RT for a right‐sided breast cancer (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.07‐1.18, P < 0.001; number needed to harm: 353). Difference in CV mortality between left‐ vs right‐sided breast RT was more apparent after 15 years of follow‐up (RR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.08‐1.41, P < 0.001; number needed to harm: 95).

Conclusions

CV mortality from left‐sided RT was significantly higher compared with right‐sided RT for breast cancer and was more apparent after ≥15 years of follow‐up.
Synthesis and Antiangiogenic Properties of Tetrafluorophthalimido and Tetrafluorobenzamido Barbituric Acids
Authors: Ambrożak Agnieszka , Steinebach Christian , Gardner Erin R. , Beedie Shaunna L. , Schnakenburg Gregor , Figg William D. , Gütschow Michael
Published: November 2016

The development of novel thalidomide derivatives as immunomodulatory and anti‐angiogenic agents has revived over the last two decades. Herein we report the design and synthesis of three chemotypes of barbituric acids derived from the thalidomide structure: phthalimido‐, tetrafluorophthalimido‐, and tetrafluorobenzamidobarbituric acids. The latter were obtained by a new tandem reaction, including a ring opening and a decarboxylation of the fluorine‐activated phthalamic acid intermediates. Thirty compounds of the three chemotypes were evaluated for their anti‐angiogenic properties in an ex vivo assay by measuring the decrease in microvessel outgrowth in rat aortic ring explants. Tetrafluorination of the phthalimide moiety in tetrafluorophthalimidobarbituric acids was essential, as all of the nonfluorinated counterparts lost anti‐angiogenic activity. An opening of the five‐membered ring and the accompanying increased conformational freedom, in case of the corresponding tetrafluorobenzamidobarbituric acids, was well tolerated. Their activity was retained, although their molecular structures differ in torsional flexibility and possible hydrogen‐bond networking, as revealed by comparative X‐ray crystallographic analyses.
Cytological reporting on lung FNA and small biopsy specimens in the era of personalized medicine
Authors: Mino‐Kenudson Mari
Published: November 2016

Because of the advancement of personalized medicine in lung cancer, the subtyping of non–small cell lung cancer and predictive biomarker testing with fine‐needle aspiration and biopsy specimens have never been more important. The pathologist needs to efficiently handle these small specimens, report the diagnosis/subtype in a clinically relevant format, and evaluate the tissue adequacy for molecular testing.
Multifunctional Bionanocomposite Foams with a Chitosan Matrix Reinforced by Nanofibrillated Cellulose
Authors: Wang Yushu , Uetani Kojiro , Liu Shouxin , Zhang Xianquan , Wang Yucai , Lu Ping , Wei Tong , Fan Zhuangjun , Shen Jing , Yu Haipeng , Li Shuya , Zhang Qi , Li Qing , Fan Juanjuan , Yang Ningning , Wang Qingwen , Liu Yixing , Cao Jun , Li Jian , Chen Wenshuai
Published: November 2016

Multifunctional bionanocomposite foams with 3D interconnected networks showing advantageous mechanical properties, thermal insulation, underwater oleophobicity, and biocompatibility, were made from a chitosan matrix reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). The density of the NFC–chitosan nanocomposite foams can be controlled by varying the NFC/chitosan weight ratio and solid content of the suspension in the fabrication process. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of the nanocomposite foams were significantly improved by increasing the ratio of NFC, and effective thermal insulating performance was exhibited for temperature extremes at 0 °C and 70 °C. Moreover, the NFC–chitosan nanocomposite foams showed a highly efficient oil/water separation capacity even at a severe temperature of 90 °C. In addition, the nanocomposite foams possessed good biocompatibility toward L929 mouse fibroblasts. Therefore, the bionanocomposite foams are available for a number of applications, including as disposable and high‐performance filtration media for water purification, packaging, and biological scaffolds.