bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variation in the Absorption of Solar Radiation by Atmospheric Ozone at 9.6 Microns *
Authors: Adel Arthur
Published: August 2018

A record is presented of the absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric ozone in the interval 9.2 – 10.1 microns. Seventy-two independent observations made on seventy days are scattered over the various months of the year. The data are suitable for a first examination of the seasonal trend of stratospheric ozone as revealed by an infrared band. The absorptions are reduced to a quantity proportional to the amount of ozone, and the curve of seasonal change in this quantity is strikingly similar to the seasonal trend in ozone as revealed by the long accepted method of ultraviolet absorption. This further usefulness of the 9.6 micron band of ozone as an atmospheric parameter is thus established.
The Representativeness of Winds-Aloft Observations
Authors: Reed Jack W.
Published: August 2018

By using radar winds accurate to ± 2 fps the hourly turbulent wind variation is found to be approximately ± 6 fps. This limitation is then used to determine optimum procedures for both observing and forecasting accuracy.
Analysis and Data Problems in Relation to Numerical Prediction
Authors: Newton C. W.
Published: August 2018

Instantaneous height tendencies computed from different analyses of the same 500-mb chart illustrate that discrepancies in analysis or observations can have a serious effect on the accuracy of numerical forecasts. The present status of the Northern-Hemisphere aerological network is reviewed, stressing the inhomogeneity of the radiosonde network, the need for observations in fringe areas surrounding the present dense networks, and the desirability of more radio-wind stations. The suggestion is made that machine prognoses incorporating variations of fictitious observations could be used to evaluate the improvements needed and the desirability of setting up new aerological stations in particular locations.
Meteorological Problems in Forecasting Mountain Waves*
Authors: Colson DeVer
Published: August 2018

The standing-wave development to the lee of prominent mountain ridges presents not only an interesting meteorological phenomenon but also a definite hazard to certain aircraft operations.

An analysis of the mountain-wave observations in the Sierras indicates the presence of strong winds normal to the mountain range as well as large vertical wind shears; and an inversion or at least a stable layer near the level of the mountain crest. Changes in the pressure and temperature patterns at both the surface and 500-mb level are shown for two examples of more intense wave developments. Also, mean surface and upper-level pressure and temperature patterns are shown for the strong-wave days. The association between these mean patterns and surface frontal movements, upper-level troughs, strong temperature gradients, and the jet stream are discussed. An example of the effect of wind shear and static stability is shown using equations and methods developed by Scorer.

Data on the occurrence of mountain-wave activity in other mountainous areas of the West are now being collected. Two examples of these results are shown.
Radar Scope Interpretations of Wind, Hail, and Heavy Rain Storms Between May 27 and June 8, 1954 *
Authors: Stout G. E. , Hiser H. W.
Published: August 2018

Detailed field data and radar observations were studied for a period in which five out of eight storms produced considerable damage. It appears that in many cases the radar offers additional information so that it might be useful in short range forecasting. Certain limitations are noted. Additional data and research are needed before the complete utilization of radar in the detection of severe storms can be established.
An Evaluation of Some Condensation Trail Observations
Authors: Dunning Hal H. , La Seur N. E.
Published: August 2018

Observations made on ten routine B-47 training missions are used to evaluate present theoretical work on formation of exhaust condensation trails, and these observations are then correlated with the structure of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, to determine synoptic features typically associated with favorable and unfavorable conditions for trail formation

For the altitudes considered broad areas of trail formation were found to occur only between the polar front and the sub-tropical jet streams. Broad areas unfavorable to trail formation were found to be located on the cyclonic shear side of the polar front jet and on the anticyclonic shear side of the subtropical jet. Agreement between these observations and theory is good.
The Squall Line and Massachusetts Tornadoes of June 9, 1953
Authors: Penn Samuel , Pierce Charles , McGuire James K.
Published: August 2018

Some features of the squall line situation of June 9, 1953 and accompanying tornadoes in central and eastern Massachusetts are discussed. From radarscope photographs, it is pointed out (1) that the Worcester tornado and the Franklin-Wrentham tornado each occurred in the right-rear quadrant of a squall-line thunderstorm cell, and (2) that this relative position, with an associated tail or hook in the radar echo, is similar to that of the Illinois tornado of April 9, 1953. A tentative explanation is suggested for tornado formation in this position.
Applications of Meteorological Data to Indoor Climate in Buildings*
Authors: Parmelee George V.
Published: August 2018

Diurnal variations in outdoor air temperature, wind velocity and intensity of solar radiation cause a diurnal variation in the rate of heat flow into or out from a building. This variation is strongly influenced by the heat capacity of the structure and the ventilation rate. Thus it is difficult to estimate accurately the loads on heating and cooling systems or to predict the indoor climate of buildings not provided with such systems. This paper shows how the complex thermal system of building and outdoor environment can be represented by a thermal circuit. Analysis of such circuits by mathematical or analog methods provides a practical rational means of predicting the thermal performance of buildings.
A Possible High-Level Thunderstorm Mechanism in the Case of August 20, 1951 over New England
Authors: Penn Samuel
Published: August 2018

An explanation is offered for a case of violent and prolonged non-frontal thunderstorms in New England. The thunderstorms occurred in the vicinity of an upper level trough. An analysis of the situation points to the development of marked divergence in the upper troposphere and convergence at middle levels. The resulting vertical motions acted to decrease the stability of the air mass. The increased divergence-convergence aloft resulted from an intensification of the ridge to the west and not from any deepening of the trough in the thunderstorm area.
A Simple Low-Inertia Anemometer of the Three Cup Type
Authors: Kassander A. Richard , Stewart Robert M.
Published: August 2018

This report describes the development, testing, and use of a three-cup type anemometer, the cup-wheel assembly of which is constructed of “ping-pong” balls. The anemometer has certain superior qualities with respect to ease of construction, ease of recording, low starting speed, and rapid response. With certain simple modifications it should be considered as a general purpose micrometeorological research tool.
A Synoptic Study on the Formation of Squall Lines in the North Central United States
Authors: Porter John M. , Means L. L. , Hovde J. E. , Chappell W. B.
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study was to discover synoptic conditions which favored squall-line formation in the north-central United States. The squall lines over approximately a three-year period were classified into three types and studied using charts from the surface to 200 mb. Although the various parameters were not reduced to a strictly objective technique, a check list of significant parameters was prepared for the use and guidance of forecasters. It is believed that this check sheet will help the forecaster in forecasting squall-line development in the north-central United States.
Some Features of the Rainfall at Guam
Authors: Jordan Charles L.
Published: August 2018

Fairly detailed rainfall data, taken mainly during one year, form the basis for an examination of the character of the dry- and wet-season rainfall at Guam. Distribution charts of the rainfall show the importance of the topography and the relation of the rainfall patterns to the direction and persistence of the low-level flow. Time curves of the mean rainfall of the island illustrate the large day-to-day variability and point to the importance of synoptic disturbances. The frequency, duration and intensity of rain during the two seasons, as well as diurnal variations in these quantities, are also examined.
Mean Wind Flow at the 50- and 25-MB Levels†
Authors: Kochanski Adam , Wasko Peter E.
Published: August 2018

Mean 200-, 100-, 50-, and 25-mb contour maps with isotherms were constructed covering North America and the adjacent sections of the oceans for the four mid-seasonal months. The wind flow and temperature patterns at these levels are discussed and certain conclusions drawn.
A Hail Size Forecasting Technique
Authors: Foster Donald S. , Bates Ferdinand C.
Published: August 2018

A technique for forecasting the size of hailstones accompanying thunderstorms is presented. Hailstone size is related to its terminal velocity which in turn is related to the updraft velocity of a thunderstorm as derived from parcel buoyancy. This updraft velocity is approximated from positive area measurements on a thermodynamic diagram. The technique is tested on proximity soundings taken near the site and prior to known hail occurrences.
Wind Stress on Water Surfaces
Authors: Neumann Gerhard
Published: August 2018

Various attempts to estimate the total wind stress at the sea surface are briefly reviewed, and the difficulties in the application of the methods used in the past are discussed.

The results obtained under natural conditions, that is over larger bodies of water, such as the open sea or large lakes, agree fairly well with each other, whereas great discrepancies are observed with wind tunnel experiments. It is conceivable that the stress values obtained from wind tunnel experiments only hold for the special conditions encountered with small scale flow models. The most important hydrodynamical differences in the flow at both sides of the air-sea interfaces between small scale models and large scale natural bodies of water are pointed out.
A New Upper Air Data System—The Transosonde
Authors: Anderson Albert D. , Mastenbrook Henry J.
Published: August 2018

A new concept of upper-air data collection utilizes instrumented balloons controlled to float along given constant-pressure surfaces in the atmosphere. A system of instrumentation, named the transosonde (trans-oceanic-sonde) has been developed for implementing this concept. Field tests have established the technical and meteorological feasibility of the system. In the course of the tests, transosonde balloons were tracked over distances of thousands of miles using a network of shore-based high-frequency radio-direction-finder stations. Emphasis has been placed upon the trajectory of the balloon as the primary source of meteorological data. Wind velocities and accelerations can be derived directly from constant-pressure surface trajectories, providing valuable synoptic and research data. Balloon trajectories in passing through major troughs and ridges define these features, giving information of importance for synoptic analysis and long-range forecasting. In addition, a sequence of trajectories provides a measure of the acceleration and deceleration of these entities. The transosonde system has additional data-gathering potentials for temperature, lapse rate, wind shear and other parameters. It is concluded that the system can be employed over those regions of the globe where upper-air data are lacking at a cost competitive with present-day systems.
Sferics Readings on Windstorms and Tornadoes
Authors: Dickson Edwin B. , McConahy Raullo J.
Published: August 2018

Correlation of sferics readings with reported windstorms and tornadoes during two years of operation of Project Tornado-Sferics is made. Mean time curves are presented showing sferics count on windstorms and tornadoes during the inclusive period three hours prior to three hours after occurrence of the storms.
Variability of Wind Direction in Relation to Wind Speed*
Authors: Saucier W. J. , Brundidge K. C.
Published: August 2018

A simple principle of mechanics, as applied to wind variation, is used to clarify several important features of atmospheric flow patterns.
Estimating Vorticity Advection*
Authors: Bundgaard Robert C.
Published: August 2018

From an inspection of the ordinary upper tropospheric maps, it is possible to estimate fairly well their fields of vorticity advection. This estimating may be facilitated by considering some idealized examples relating the vorticity advection to the ordinary upper-air maps from which it is derived. Compared, incidentally, are two independent methods for mapping both the geostrophic and the actual vorticity advections from the independent variables, which have already been represented on the map. These typical examples are presented in a progressively developing sequence, each one more complex than the former, until a generalized model closely resembling a real jetstream major-wave is given. Finally, actual upper-air situations resembling these idealized models, individually and in various combinations, are shown along with the synoptic distribution of overcast cirrostratus, specially observed as a part of this study.
A Small-Scale Feature in the Field of Motion
Authors: Landers Holbrook
Published: August 2018

Simultaneous ascent of three balloons released at the vertices of a triangle with an area of about one-half square mile serves as a basis for determining small-scale vorticity and divergence. A section of one triple-balloon run showed divergence values much larger than any of the other runs. An investigation of this run showed that it was possible to justify the large values in terms of the small-scale local wind variations. Also the small-scale local wind variations could be shown to be consistent with the larger scale wind pattern over an extended area.
Outer Precipitation Bands of Hurricanes Edna and Ione
Authors: Kessler Edwin
Published: August 2018

Hurricanes Edna, 1954, and Ione, 1955 were observed by radar at South Truro, Massachusetts. Both storms are associated with convective shower bands near the northern extremities of their circulations. Shower characteristics in the two cases are virtually identical in most respects, but the bands which they comprise propagate in grossly dissimilar ways. The differences are attributed to the presence of a convergence line or zone (cold front) at the boundary between two large scale air streams in the case of Ione, and the absence of a corresponding feature in the case of Edna.

The Ione observations are in general accord with the Bjerknes cold frontal model, as recently modified by Sanders, in which warm air is entrained into the frontal zone and converges and rises there and above it. While the showers thereby formed move with the warm air in which they are embedded, the convergence zone moves with the winds northwest of the wind shift line. The Edna showers develop in an almost horizontally homogeneous wind field, and there is some question as to the persistence of the small scale lines of convergence which produce them.

This note also contains some brief discussion of banded structures associated with altostratus clouds and rain which occur in the outskirts of both Edna and Ione.
The Munitalp Cloud Theodolite
Authors: MacCready Paul B.
Published: August 2018

An inexpensive cloud theodolite has been developed to help an observer find cloud positions and movements. For velocity and direction measurements the observer notes the time and direction the cloud moves across a pattern which is optically superimposed on the sky. A chart is provided which simplifies the task of finding cloud speeds (if height is known), directions, and positions from the measurements.
Errors in Upper-Level Wind Forecasts
Authors: Ellsaesser Major Hugh W.
Published: August 2018

Errors in prognostic winds at standard pressure levels from 700 to 100 mb are investigated. Errors resulting from the use of conventional forecasting techniques (excluding Numerical Weather Prediction), persistence and climatology are compared and inherent errors due to operational techniques are discussed. Both published and manuscript data from American and British sources are used.
The Stress of Light Winds on the Sea
Authors: Deacon E. L.
Published: August 2018

Values of the stress of light winds on the sea put forward by Neumann [11] are questioned. They are inconsistent with other data and with some new observations of wind profiles made over the open sea.
Venting and Other Building Practices as Practical Means of Reducing Damage from Tornado Low Pressures
Authors: Reynolds George W.
Published: August 2018

Estimates of the pressure reduction in the tornado vortex run up to one-half an atmosphere. The greatest officially reported pressure drop associated with tornadoes has been 0.65 inch (mercury). There is an unofficially reported drop of around five inches. No one can say what the maximum pressure gradient in a tornado is. It is believed that a venting area of one square foot per 1000 cubic feet of air space should be enough to reduce the pressure gradient that most buildings will experience in tornadoes to a safe level. It is also believed that anchorage of the building to the foundation, anchorage of the roof to the building, and better connections at corners will make a house strong enough to resist most tornado forces successfully.
Movement of Large Convective Rainstorms in Relation to Winds Aloft
Authors: Newton C. W. , Katz Sey
Published: August 2018

By means of hourly rainfall data from the Hydroclimatic Network, the motions of large rainstorms, of the kind associated with squall lines, are examined in relation to the winds aloft. Very little correlation is found between the speed of movement of the rainstorms and the wind speed at any level, although the fastest moving storms were associated with strong winds aloft. Significant correlation is found between direction of motion of rainstorms, and wind direction at 700 mb or higher levels. On the average, the rainstorms move with an appreciable component toward right of the wind direction. The difference between these results, and those from other studies based on small precipitation areas, is ascribed to propagation. The mechanism involved is discussed briefly.
Tornado Proximity Soundings
Authors: Beebe Robert G.
Published: August 2018

Soundings near the time and site of tornado occurrences are examined to determine the air-mass structure ahead of or near the tornado. From the cases studied here, it is concluded that (a) the “typical” inversion was lifted with time such that it was completely absent at the time and site of the tornado and (b), at the same time, the low-level moisture was lifted to great heights. Examples of the conversion of the precedent sounding to the proximity sounding and of a post-tornado case are shown. Composite charts of the moist layer depth and of the Showalter Stability Index prior to and near the time of tornado occurrences are presented.
The Jet Chart
Authors: Lee Jean T. , Galway Joseph G.
Published: August 2018

In a previous paper [5] the authors have indicated the observed relationship between the jet at 200 mb, the −60C isotherm at 200 mb and tornado occurrences. The location of this jet has become important in severe local storm forecasting procedures. Often, the lack of a band of strong winds at 500 mb, especially during the summer months, made this level ineffective as an aid in locating the jet some height above. The 20-mb data are not transmitted until more than six hours after time of observation; thus, the formulation of a chart which is not a constant-pressure chart and called by SELS “The JET CHART” was conceived to remedy this situation. The preparation, analysis, and use of this chart in severe local weather forecasting are set forth here.
Meteorological Sounding Systems
Authors: Haig Thomas O. , Lally Vincent E.
Published: August 2018

A survey is presented of past and present systems for obtaining direct measurements of atmospheric wind, pressure, temperature, and water vapor. Estimates are included of the types of horizontal- and vertical-sounding systems which will be in field use within the next decade.
Development of an Objective Method for Forecasting Gulf Stratus Clouds at Bryan Air Base, Texas in the Summer Season
Authors: Jenrette James P.
Published: August 2018

An objective method of forecasting Gulf stratus clouds at Bryan Air Base, Texas in the summer season is developed using the scatter-diagram technique. The parameters used are (1) resultant wind direction, (2) resultant pressure-gradient magnitude, (3) Houston temperature-dew-point spread, (4) Bryan dew point, and (5) Bryan temperature-dew-point spread. Based on one year of independent data and four years of dependent data, the skill scores are 0.55 and 0.70 respectively.
A Relation Between the Mass Circulation Through Hurricanes and their Intensity
Authors: Krueger Daniel W.
Published: August 2018

Surface winds observed by ships in the vicinity of hurricanes are examined to determine if there is a relation between the mass circulation through a storm and its intensity. The available cases indicate that the central pressure is inversely proportional to the mass inflow.
A Radar Pattern Associated with Tornadoes
Authors: Nolen Robert H.
Published: August 2018

Radar-scope patterns at the time of known tornado occurrences were examined. There seems to be a good correlation between tornadoes and an echo pattern called a LEWP (Line Echo Wave Pattern). Many of these LEWP's were observed without reports of tornadoes or large hail. In about 75 per cent of the confirmed cases of tornadoes, their occurrence could be associated with a line of echoes. Individual echo trajectory convergence predominated in the remainer of cases.
Diurnal and Other Fluctuations in Atmospheric Radioactivity of Natural Origin
Authors: Delwiche C. C. , Stout P. R.
Published: August 2018

The radioactivity of the atmosphere resulting from natural sources has been monitored continuously for a period of two years. The method consists of collecting on moving strips of filter paper the daughter products of radon and thoron decay—principally Pb212 and Pb214. The highest activities found were 5 × 10−13 curies per liter of atmosphere and the lowest values in the order of 10−14 curies per liter. Changes in radioactivity may take place very rapidly so that a very high value may fall to one of the low values within an hour or less. Recent history of the air mass being sampled determines its content of these radioactive isotopes of natural origin. Maximal values are always characterized by still air held over land. Minimal values have been associated with air masses having been held over the sea where replenishment of radon is much reduced. The turbulence of winds causes mixing of radon with greater masses of air with correspondingly diluted levels of radioactivity.

In spite of the high degree of variability in atmospheric radioactivity from day to day or even from hour to hour, averages of the mean hourly activities when taken over a year in Berkeley, California show a well defined diurnal fluctuation. In this respect, data for 1955 are very close to those for the year 1956. On the yearly average, maximum activity occurs at 6 a.m. and minimum activity at 6 p.m. The averaged radioactivity of the atmosphere in the morning is about 40 per cent greater than the activity in the evening. This difference is probably a reflection of the tendency for offshore winds to migrate inland during the afternoon hours.

Samplings of stagnant air in wells and caves showed very high activity as compared to the open atmosphere. As much as 10−10 curies per liter of air have been observed in enclosed atmospheres.
Use of an Economical Thermal Transducer as a Net Radiometer 1
Authors: Fritschen Leo J. , van Wijk W. R.
Published: August 2018

An instrument used to measure net radiation is described. A number of these instruments, because of their size and inexpensiveness, can be used within an experiment when connected to a single recorder by a switching mechanism.
Duration of Tornadoes
Authors: Battan Louis J.
Published: August 2018

Statistics on tornado path lengths have been examined, and estimates are made of average path lengths and durations of individual tornadoes.
Long-Range Weather Forecasting in the Soviet Union
Authors: Baum Werner A. , Thompson Philip D.
Published: August 2018

Soviet developments in long-range weather forecasting are described and evaluated. Part I (by W. A. Baum), dealing with non-dynamical methods, is based entirely on a literature survey. Part II (by P. D. Thompson), dealing with dynamical methods, is based partially on direct contact with Russian colleagues.

Operational forecasts based upon the synoptic-empirical Multanovsky method, as modified during the last generation, appear to have been unsuccessful. This apparent failure, only very recently admitted, seems to stem in part from an almost blind adherence to the complex and somewhat mystical Multanovsky philosophy. There are definite indications that a sharp break with the past took place in the mid-fifties, but it is too soon to discern a clear trend or to estimate the impact of this break on operational capabilities. No attempts appear to have been made to apply modern statistical approaches to the problem.

Soviet understanding of the basic theory of dynamical long-range prediction does not seem to surpass ours. However, Russian meteorologists have been relatively forward-looking in the application of dynamical methods on an experimental or routine basis. Forecasts of surface mean monthly temperature anomalies, for the Eurasian continent, have been prepared by dynamical methods since 1952. Their accuracy appears not significantly different from that of subjective forecasts.
The Zone of Discontinuity Between the Land and Sea Breezes and Its Importance to Southern California Air-Pollution Studies
Authors: Kauper Erwin K.
Published: August 2018

The effect of the discontinuity in the wind field between land and sea breezes has been studied by means of analysis of meteorological and chemical data associated with a particular pollution attack. Observational evidence indicates that there are periodic vertical eddy motions associated with the discontinuity. Variations in air-pollution concentrations are thought to be due to the location, in space and time, of pollution-stagnation areas, modified by the intrusions of air from aloft.
The Delayed “Sea Breezes” in the Sacramento Valley and the Resulting Favorable Conditions for Application of Pesticides
Authors: Schultz H. B. , Akesson N. B. , Yates W. E.
Published: August 2018

Hourly wind recordings at Davis and Grimes, California, revealed that spraying operations by aircraft in summer can frequently be extended beyond the customary sunrise hours without damage by drift to adjacent crops susceptible to the spray material. The data permitted scheduling spraying according to wind types. These wind records also revealed noteworthy meteorological peculiarities. The influx of the marine air beginning in the afternoon lasts almost all night, only being replaced by the opposite flow after sunrise. This indicates that the often heard “land and sea breeze” term is not appropriate, and that rather a monsoon flow tendency prevails. It is suspected that the daily variation is primarily influenced by a daily cycle in strength and northward extension of the Arizona Low.
Cross-Section Analysis in the Study of Windflow over Mountainous Terrain
Authors: Cramer Owen P. , Lynott Robert E.
Published: August 2018

The application of atmospheric cross sections to a relatively small area is explored as a tool in the study of surface winds in mountainous terrain. Covering a distance of only 50 mi through the Oregon Coast Range, these charts help in tracing airflow over local obstacles and portray changes in stability and stratification. Evidence is presented that vertical patterns of potential temperature must be considered in the detailed analysis of wind structure in mountain areas.
Regular Motions in the Ionosphere: Electric and Magnetic Relationships
Authors: Chapman Sydney
Published: August 2018

Regular worldwide motions in the ionosphere produce daily varying currents there by dynamo action in association with the geomagnetic field. The changing field of these currents induces electric currents within the earth. At the earth's surface, the combined magnetic field of these currents is measured. The parts of primary and secondary origin can be determined separately. The form and intensity of the ionospheric currents can be found. Their height is inferred from the study of the ionospheric electron density and conductivity; it can also be measured by rockets.

The daily varying airflow in the layer bearing the electric current, at heights from about 90 to 125 km, can to some extent be inferred. The motion is due partly to the sun's thermal and tidal action and partly to the moon's tidal action. Many aspects of the magnetic variations and the inferred ionospheric motions are considered in some detail, especially their seasonal and sunspot-cycle changes and their variations from day to day.
The Meteorologist as an Expert Witness 1
Authors: Duckworth Fowler Spencer
Published: August 2018

The ethical and practical problems facing the “expert meteorological witness” are discussed, and the need for meticulous preparation is emphasized. Recommended procedures are described, and specific meteorological issues are given for selected cases.
Physical Methods and Instruments for Characterizing Hailstones
Authors: List Roland
Published: August 2018

All methods and instruments currently being used for the physical characterization of hailstones are listed and discussed. Apart from the simpler measurements of diameter, shape, roughness, surface temperature, etc., particular attention is paid to the aerodynamic forces acting on free-falling hailstones and to the way these forces are ascertained. Further paragraphs are devoted to the technique for obtaining thin sections and to their importance in explaining the growth of ice particles. The application of calorimeters and separators in demonstrating the presence of liquid water in the hailstones is also discussed.

All these methods can be used for investigating artificially produced ice particles.
The First Meteorological Rocket Network
Authors: Webb W. L. , Hubert W. E. , Miller R. L. , Spurling J. F.
Published: August 2018

The need for systematic, direct study of the atmospheric region above balloon level and below satellite level has led to the implementation of a Meteorological Rocket Network. A map of the rocket-firing stations is presented along with pertinent data relative to the individual stations. The various rocket vehicles and sensors which have been utilized are discussed, and the regions of their effectiveness are presented. Firing schedules are outlined, and the data acquired to date are indicated by lists of successful firings. The future need for such data is examined, and the experience gained thus far is applied in recommending and planning future meteorological rocket activities.
Down-Canyon Afternoon Winds 1
Authors: Schroeder Mark J.
Published: August 2018

In east-facing canyons in the coastal mountains of California, the daytime thermal up-canyon winds are frequently replaced, usually in early afternoon, by a moderately strong down-canyon wind. The same type of wind has also been noted in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada. This shift in the wind to down canyon is important in wildland fire control and has been a factor in some fire-fighting fatalities. Results of a fire-climate survey conducted in northwestern San Diego County to study these winds show that, in the summer and early fall of 1959, winds switched to down canyon in the afternoon on about one-quarter of the days. From the surface records and a few double-theodolite and airplane observations, a diagrammatic model of this phenomenon has been constructed. The stability of the lower atmosphere along the coast was closely related to the occurrence of down-canyon winds in the area studied. The possibility of making short-range predictions exists by using this relationship along with other considerations.
A Tornado-Producing Cloud Pattern Seen from Tiros I1
Authors: Whitney Linwood F. , Fritz Sigmund
Published: August 2018

A small, bright, isolated cloud mass was observed by TIROS I over the Central Plains near an area of known tornado activity. The rectification of the TIROS picture is shown; the meteorological situation is presented; and a comparison of the picture content is made with the synoptic events. Evidence is presented indicating that (1) the first intense convective activity was associated with the isolated cloud mass in the picture, (2) the cloud mass was located in an area possessing characteristics found in tornado development situations, and (3) the cloud mass later expanded and spread northeastward spawning hail and tornadoes in central Oklahoma.

Several other significant features were seen in the satellite picture; included among these was a prominent boundary separating a very dark area from a somewhat brighter area. This boundary corresponded to a dewpoint “front” or strong moisture gradient separating very dry air from moister air.
Smoke Observations on a 10-cm Radar 1,2
Authors: Hiser H. W.
Published: August 2018

Photographs are shown of smoke plumes observed on a 10-cm-wavelength radar at the University of Miami. Photographs of the smoke column taken from an aircraft are presented for one case. The smoke sources were grass fires in the Everglades and a trash disposal dump. The smoke echoes can usually be identified on an R scope.
Simulation Studies Related to GARP
Authors: Jastrow Robert , Halem Milton
Published: August 2018

A series of simulation studies has been conducted in an effort to obtain information relevant to the planning of the First GARP Global Experiment. Thus far, the studies have used only the Mintz-Arakawa 1969 model, and have been concerned mainly with the utilization of IR vertical sounding measurements. The initial results indicate that temperature profiles derived from these measurements can play a valuable role, provided they are used on a continuing, day-to-day basis over an extended period. Temperature data used in this way appear to have a controlling influence on all other meteorological variables in the model, including winds and pressure in particular. Assuming a mean error of 1C in the temperature data, and assuming the coverage provided by the planned GARP satellite configuration of two polar orbiting satellites containing IR sounders with full side-scan capability, the experiments indicate that winds are determined within an error of 2 m sec−1 and pressures within an error of 2 mb. The wind and pressure determinations are significantly improved if (i) IR sounders are added to the geostationary satellites, (ii) the number of polar orbiting satellites is increased, or (iii) the errors in the temperature data are decreased. If the side-scan capability is reduced, the wind and pressure determinations are substantially worsened, and may fail entirely. The validity of these results is limited by (i) the defects of the model, especially in the tropics, (ii) the use of simulated data in place of real observations, and (iii) the fact that the experiments use a comparison with the solutions to the model as a test of the accuracy of the results, in place of a comparison with actual observations of winds and pressures.

A second series of experiments has been concerned with the relationship between the error limits specified in the global observations and the accuracy of the forecasts that will be based on these observations. The results indicate that with the present GARP data specifications, i.e., ± 3 m sec−1 in winds, ± 1C in temperature, and ± 3 mb in pressure, the forecasts begin to deteriorate on the 5th day and are misleading in major respects after the 8th day. The limit of deterministic predictability is reached in three weeks in agreement with the results of other studies. Further experiments indicate that the accuracy of the forecasts is limited primarily by the errors in the wind components, and secondarily by pressure errors. If the error limits are tightened to 1.5 m sec−1 in winds and to 2 mb in pressure, the forecasts are accurate in all major respects for 7 or 8 days. In order to secure accurate forecasts for 12 to 14 days, the error limits must be tightened to 0.5 m sec−1, 0.5 mb and 0.5C. In all cases, the limit of deterministic predictability is two or three times greater than the range of accurate forecasts.
A Retrospective Surveillance of the Antibiotics Prophylactic Use of Surgical Procedures in Private Hospitals in Indonesia
Authors: Herawati Fauna , Yulia Rika , Hak Eelko , Hartono Adriaan H. , Michiels Timo , Woerdenbag Herman J. , Avanti Christina
Published: August 2018

Background: According to international guidelines, prophylactic antibiotics in elective surgery should be given as a single dose 30 to 60 minutes before the operation is conducted. Postoperative administration of antibiotics should be discontinued 24 hours after surgery to minimize bacterial resistance and to keep control over hospitalization costs. There is a lack of data on the actual antibiotic use around surgical procedures in Indonesia. Objective: This retrospective surveillance study aimed to obtain defined daily doses (DDD) and DDDs per 100 bed days (DDD-100BD) for prophylactically used antibiotics in two private hospitals in Surabaya, East Java. These hospitals are considered to be representative for the current situation in Indonesia. Method: Data from a total of 693 patients over a nearly 1-year period (2016) were collected and evaluated. Results: The overall DDD per patient was 1.5 for hospital A and 1.7 for hospital B. The overall DDD-100BD was 30 for hospital B. Of the 24 antibiotics given prophylactically, ceftriaxone was the most commonly used in both hospitals. Conclusion: There was a clear discrepancy between daily practice in both hospitals and the recommendations in the guidelines. This study shows that better adherence to antibiotic stewardship is needed in Indonesia. Substantial improvements need to be made toward guided precision therapy regarding quantity (dose and frequency), route of administration (prolonged intravenous), and choice of the type of antibiotic.
Physical–mechanical evaluation of a microhybrid and a nanofilled composite light activated by quartz-halogen tungsten and light-emitting diode
Authors: Ritto Fernanda P , da Silva Eduardo Moreira , Sampaio-Filho Hélio Rodrigues , Lacerda Raimundo A , Borges Márcio AP , Bastian Fernando L
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study was to characterize organic and disperse phase of a microhybrid (Mh – Filtek Z250) and a nanofilled (Nf – Filtek Z350) dental composite and analyze the influence of two LCUs (QHT-quartz-halogen tungsten and LED – light-emitting diode) on its physical–mechanical properties (degree of conversion, polymerization shrinkage, Vickers hardness and diametral tensile strength). Surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The disperse phase content was measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the organic fractions were qualitatively analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Physical–mechanical properties were analyzed varying dental composite and LCU: Mh-QHT, Nf-QHT, Mh-LED and Nf-LED. The degree of conversion was evaluated using Raman spectrophotometry and polymerization shrinkage was measured by water picnometry. Mechanical behavior was analyzed by Vickers microhardness and diametral tensile testing. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed similar microstructure of the materials mainly composed with different-sized particles dispersed within methacrylate matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis shows 80.13% of inorganic fraction for microhybrid composite and 75.29% for nanofilled. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed similar organic structure for composites and did not show the presence of the monomer TEGDMA. Different light sources did not influence the tested properties, but considering different composites, nanofilled showed the highest degree of conversion (Gr 2:77%, Gr 4: 79.4%). The study shows that when the optimum radiant exposure (24 J/cm2) was used for polymerization of composites, regardless of the polymerization source, the properties of these resin materials showed satisfactory and similar results in relation to the conversion of polymers, polymerization shrinkage and mechanical behavior.
What Shapes Civilian Beliefs about Violent Events? Experimental Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Silverman Daniel
Published: August 2018

Why do civilians in warzones often hold widely divergent beliefs about what is happening in the fighting? While there is a burgeoning literature on the micro-dynamics of armed conflict, variation in civilians’ factual beliefs has received scant attention. Yet such beliefs are critical, as they form the basis for wartime opinion and action. I argue that—particularly for civilians outside the direct “line of fire”—this variation comes not chiefly from an event’s empirical nature, but from civilians’ prior political orientations in the dispute. In order to investigate these dynamics, I fielded a survey experiment in Pakistan in which I manipulated the features of a reported counterinsurgent air strike and then measured civilians’ ensuing beliefs about it. The results show that these beliefs are most driven by the perpetrator’s identity and civilians’ own preexisting attachments. While actual casualty levels matter too, these findings suggest that civilians’ beliefs about conflict events are often deeply biased in nature.
Studying an Occupied Society: Social Research, Modernization Theory and the Early Israeli Occupation, 1967–8
Authors: Shafer Raviv Omri
Published: August 2018

In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Jordan and Egypt, and established a long-lasting military regime over their Palestinian population. In this article, recently declassified sources and published reports were used to demonstrate how the Israeli government initiated and funded academic research on Palestinian society to gain reliable, useful knowledge to inform its policies. The Israeli leadership was most specifically concerned with pacification of the occupied population, the Arab/Jewish demographic balance, and the status of the 1948 Palestinian refugees. By early 1968, the research team had produced a series of policy-oriented reports on Palestinian society, covering such subjects as employment, education, nationalism, migration, and general values. The team used surveys, questionnaires, and observations, with modernization theory providing the theoretical framework for analyzing their empirical findings and formulating policy recommendations. As the Israeli team had studied a population under military occupation, their recommendations differed from those reached by their US peers who studied traditional populations in the context of the Cold War. Israeli civil and military officials had great interest in this new knowledge, rendering social research an ongoing practice for the Israeli occupation regime in the years to come.
Suggested Sources of Revenue for Public Schools.
Authors: Foote Allen Ripley
Published: August 2018

[This is of such excellence that every teacher and school officer should read it. While it may at first appear local to Ohio, the reasoning and the inspiration are universal.]
Joseph Baldwin
Authors: Winship A. E.
Published: August 2018

[Kirksville, Missouri, on October 20, unveiled a wonderful statue of Joseph Baldwin, the creator of the Kirksville State Normal School, 1867 and 1870. This was the pioneer professional state institution for the training of teachers in the Southwest The editor of The Journal Of Education had the honor of making the memorial address, which is here published in part Dr. John R. Kirk, longtime president of the college, presided at the memorial services. Eugene Fair, president of the State Teachers College at Kirksville, made the address at the unveiling. A daughter of Joseph Baldwin graced the occasion with her presence, and a great-grandson of Dr. Baldwin unveiled the statue. The state superintendent of education, Dr. Charles A. Lee, brought the greetings of the state, and Miss Turk, president of the State Education Association, spoke for the profession of the state. It was in every way one of the most impressive educational functions of which we have known.]
Lizzie Moore Forgotten
Authors: Crabtree J. W.
Published: August 2018

An Address to Classroom Teachers
The Harkness Gift to Phillips Exeter
Authors: Cushwa Frank W.
Published: August 2018

“Sitting in a group about a table instead of in formal rows of seats has abolished almost completely the stiff duality which used to obtain between instructor and class,” says the writer.
Educational Crutches that Cripple
Authors: Patrick James R.
Published: August 2018

“Too often those of us who attempt to instruct are blinded by the idea of helping the student in his getting; we lose sight of the process or method of his getting.”
The Twentieth-Century Birch Rod
Authors: Smith Irving W.
Published: August 2018

While the battle rages over marks, Great Falls, Montana, is testing out a plan that would make marks seem superfluous.
Rural Adults Want to Learn
Authors: Anderson C. S.
Published: August 2018

Yet last year adult classes were available to less than four-tenths of one per cent of our rural adult population.
The Bugbear of Home Study
Authors: Lyon George W.
Published: August 2018

Decision may be up to the parent— but the author deems “home work” in moderation an aid to mental growth.
Africa Becomes Alive
Authors: Condon Alice G.
Published: August 2018

A seventh grade class in geography rediscovers the Dark Continent by following its animal trails.
In America
Authors: Castle Lynn E.
Published: August 2018

Awarded Seventh Prize in the Journal of Education's Second Annual Short Story Contest
Beauty in the Classroom
Authors: Packard Charles E.
Published: August 2018

“There are class halls in which one can find immediately clues to the happenings which go on there.
The Teaching Impulse
Authors: Brubacher A. R.
Published: August 2018

“Our first concern in teacher education should be the discovery of those plus-personalities, those choice spirits whose endowments predestinate them for intellectual leadership.”
What Makes a Great Teacher?
Authors: Clem Orlie M.
Published: August 2018

This is the fourth in Dr. Clem's series of inspiring articles. The concluding article will appear in our next issue
Of All the Joints, She Walks Into This One: Career Motivations of Women Corrections Executives
Authors: Collica-Cox Kimberly , Schulz Dorothy M.
Published: August 2018

While the number of female corrections executives is small, there is evidence that those moving up the ranks in this highly male-dominated field continue to grow. The present study, conducted with support from the Association of Women Executives in Corrections (AWEC), found that 18% of state corrections agencies were led by women. While women corrections executives’ motivations for entering the field were diverse, they centered primarily on pay and benefits. Notably, most women executives entered the corrections field unexpectedly and found they had an instant attraction to the work and did not regret their decision to stay.