bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subsurface Coal Fire Mapping using Magnetic Survey at East Basuria Colliery, Jharkhand
Authors: Vaish Jitendra , Pal S. K.
Published: October 2015

The present study deals with the mapping and understanding of sub-surface coal fire on the basis of magnetic susceptibility of materials that changes with the temperatures rise above or below the Curie temperature. The magnetic data acquisition has been carried out using high resolution GSM-19T proton precession magnetometer. The acquired magnetic data have been processed and analyzed to study magnetic field anomaly of East Basuria Colliery in Jharia coalfield, Jharkhand, India for mapping and understanding of sub-surface coal fire. Residual component of the total magnetic field anomaly map of the area has been calculated to enhance and delineate the coal fire region.
Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in undergraduate students: A cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Hamazaki K. , Natori T. , Kurihara S. , Murata N. , Cui Z.-G. , Kigawa M. , Morozumi R. , Inadera H.
Published: October 2015

Background

Emerging evidence suggests that fish consumption may have beneficial effects on mood disorders. However, no study has been reported on this issue in young adults to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between fish consumption and depressive symptoms in Japanese undergraduate students.

Methods

The 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms with a cut-off score of 16. A total of 4190 completed questionnaires (from 2124 men and 2066 women) were received for analysis.

Results

Multivariate logistic analysis showed that fish intake was inversely associated with risk of depressive symptoms in undergraduate students. After adjustment for possible confounders, the odds-ratios (95% confidence intervals) for fish intake 1–2 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, and almost every day (compared with “almost never”) were 0.78 (0.62–0.99), 0.70 (0.56–0.87), 0.67 (0.53–0.85) and 0.65 (0.46–0.92), respectively. This association tended to be stronger in women than in men.

Conclusions

Frequent fish consumption in undergraduate students seems to moderate depressive symptoms. Further research is warranted to clarify the causality.
Evaluation of phototherapy with reflectors
Authors: Hashim Mohammed El Sayed , Said Reem Nabil , Abdallah Enas Abdallah Ali , Elghafar Heba F. Abd
Published: October 2015

Background and objectives:

Neonatal jaundice is one of the most prevalent clinical conditions requiring evaluation and management within the first few days of life. Phototherapy is the single most common intervention used for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of phototherapy with reflectors compared to conventional phototherapy in controlling neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.

Patients and methods:

In this randomized controlled study, we studied neonates for one year (from June 2010 to June 2011) who were full term and healthy with uncomplicated jaundice and who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of El-Nasr General Hospital, Port-Said, Egypt. The subjects were randomized in two groups: group A (n = 30) received phototherapy with reflectors and group B (n = 30) received conventional phototherapy. Serum bilirubin levels were measured on admission and every 12 h thereafter. With declining read-ings, bilirubin was measured once daily until hospital discharge.

Results:

There was no significant difference in total serum bilirubin on admission between the two groups. On discharge, bilirubin levels significantly decreased in group A compared to group B. There was a reduction in the duration of the hospital stay in group A compared to group B. The only observed complication in the groups was hyperthermia, which was not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion:

The present study examined the efficacy and tolerability of phototherapy with re-flectors in comparison to conventional phototherapy and found that phototherapy with reflec-tors was significantly better at controlling bilirubin levels in neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinaemia and at shortening hospitalization time.
KNOWING OUR DEGREES OF BELIEF
Authors: Dogramaci Sinan
Published: October 2015

The main question of this paper is: how do we manage to know what our own degrees of belief are? Section 1 briefly reviews and criticizes the traditional functionalist view, a view notably associated with David Lewis and sometimes called the theory-theory. I use this criticism to motivate the approach I want to promote. Section 2, the bulk of the paper, examines and begins to develop the view that we have a special kind of introspective access to our degrees of belief. I give an initial assessment of the view by examining its compatibility with leading theories of introspection. And I identify a challenge for the view, and explain why I'm optimistic that the view can overcome it.
Exact two-dimensionalization of rapidly rotating large-Reynolds-number flows
Authors: Gallet Basile
Published: October 2015

We consider the flow of a Newtonian fluid in a three-dimensional domain, rotating about a vertical axis and driven by a vertically invariant horizontal body force. This system admits vertically invariant solutions that satisfy the 2D Navier–Stokes equation. At high Reynolds number and without global rotation, such solutions are usually unstable to three-dimensional perturbations. By contrast, for strong enough global rotation, we prove rigorously that the 2D (and possibly turbulent) solutions are stable to vertically dependent perturbations. We first consider the 3D rotating Navier–Stokes equation linearized around a statistically steady 2D flow solution. We show that this base flow is linearly stable to vertically dependent perturbations when the global rotation is fast enough: under a Reynolds-number-dependent threshold value$Ro_{c}(Re)$of the Rossby number, the flow becomes exactly 2D in the long-time limit, provided that the initial 3D perturbations are small. We call this property linear two-dimensionalization. We compute explicit lower bounds on$Ro_{c}(Re)$and therefore determine regions of the parameter space$(Re,Ro)$where such exact two-dimensionalization takes place. We present similar results in terms of the forcing strength instead of the root-mean-square velocity: the global attractor of the 2D Navier–Stokes equation is linearly stable to vertically dependent perturbations when the forcing-based Rossby number$Ro^{(f)}$is lower than a Grashof-number-dependent threshold value$Ro_{c}^{(f)}(Gr)$. We then consider the fully nonlinear 3D rotating Navier–Stokes equation and prove absolute two-dimensionalization: we show that, below some threshold value$Ro_{\mathit{abs}}^{(f)}(Gr)$of the forcing-based Rossby number, the flow becomes two-dimensional in the long-time limit, regardless of the initial condition (including initial 3D perturbations of arbitrarily large amplitude). These results shed some light on several fundamental questions of rotating turbulence: for arbitrary Reynolds number$Re$and small enough Rossby number, the system is attracted towards purely 2D flow solutions, which display no energy dissipation anomaly and no cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry. Finally, these results challenge the applicability of wave turbulence theory to describe stationary rotating turbulence in bounded domains.
Dynamics of non-circular finite-release gravity currents
Authors: Zgheib N. , Bonometti T. , Balachandar S.
Published: October 2015

The present work reports some new aspects of non-axisymmetric gravity currents obtained from laboratory experiments, fully resolved simulations and box models. Following the earlier work of Zgheib et al. (Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn., vol. 28, 2014, pp. 521–529) which demonstrated that gravity currents initiating from non-axisymmetric cross-sectional geometries do not become axisymmetric, nor do they retain their initial shape during the slumping and inertial phases of spreading, we show that such non-axisymmetric currents eventually reach a self-similar regime during which (i) the local front propagation scales as $t^{1/2}$ as in circular releases and (ii) the non-axisymmetric front has a self-similar shape that primarily depends on the aspect ratio of the initial release. Complementary experiments of non-Boussinesq currents and top-spreading currents suggest that this self-similar dynamics is independent of the density ratio, vertical aspect ratio, wall friction and Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}$, provided the last is large, i.e. $\mathit{Re}\geqslant O(10^{4})$. The local instantaneous front Froude number obtained from the fully resolved simulations is compared to existing models of Froude functions. The recently reported extended box model is capable of capturing the dynamics of such non-axisymmetric flows. Here we use the extended box model to propose a relation for the self-similar horizontal aspect ratio ${\it\chi}_{\infty }$ of the propagating front as a function of the initial horizontal aspect ratio ${\it\chi}_{0}$, namely ${\it\chi}_{\infty }=1+(\ln {\it\chi}_{0})/3$. The experimental and numerical results are in good agreement with the proposed relation.
Change and Continuity in Europe and the Mediterranean around 1600bc
Authors: Risch Roberto , Meller Harald
Published: October 2015

Based on recent evidence from both archaeological and natural sciences, in this paper we would like to sketch a historical geography of Europe and the Mediterranean around the year 1600bcand then discuss the changes observed during the 16th centurybcin relation to a possible correspondence with the Thera eruption. Our point of departure will be the sequence of events that took place during the months and years just before, during, and immediately after the Thera eruption. The available archaeological evidence permits us to explore the response of the local and regional communities, the logistics that were mobilised, and the political decisions adopted in light of these events. From this local and regional scenario we will move on to discuss the changes occurring in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East during the 16th centurybc. At least four different socio-economic and political scenarios can be sketched, showing that the responses of Bronze Age societies were highly variable. At that point, we can ask how different political structures existing at the time reacted or were affected by the ecological and/or social dynamics. Basically, our itinerary concludes that the Thera eruption did not cause a severe climatic or environmental change, but touched the ideological realm particularly of those socio-political entities which were more dependent on complex ideological superstructures in order to legitimate extreme economic exploitation.
Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults
Authors: Jun Shinyoung , Shin Sangah , Joung Hyojee
Published: October 2015

Epidemiological studies have suggested that flavonoids exhibit preventive effects on degenerative diseases. However, lack of sufficient data on flavonoid intake has limited evaluating the proposed effects in populations. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the total and individual flavonoid intakes among Korean adults and determine the major dietary sources of these flavonoids. We constructed a flavonoid database of common Korean foods, based on the food list reported in the 24-h recall of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007–2012, using data from the Korea Functional Food Composition Table, US Department of Agriculture flavonoid database, Phenol-Explorer database and other analytical studies. This database, which covers 49 % of food items and 76 % of food intake, was linked with the 24-h recall data of 33 581 subjects aged ≥19 years in the KNHANES 2007–2012. The mean daily intake of total flavonoids in Korean adults was 318·0 mg/d, from proanthocyanidins (22·3 %), flavonols (20·3 %), isoflavones (18·1 %), flavan-3-ols (16·2 %), anthocyanidins (11·6 %), flavanones (11·3 %) and flavones (0·3 %). The major contributing food groups to the flavonoid intake were fruits (54·4 %), vegetables (20·5 %), legumes and legume products (16·2 %) and beverages and alcohols (3·1 %), and the major contributing food items were apples (21·9 %), mandarins (12·5 %), tofu (11·5 %), onions (9·6 %) and grapes (9·0 %). In the regression analysis, the consumption of legumes and legume products, vegetables and fruits predicted total flavonoid intake the most. The findings of this study could facilitate further investigation on the health benefits of flavonoids and provide the basic information for establishing recommended flavonoid intakes for Koreans.
Effect of supplementation of fermented milk drink containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota on the concentrations of aflatoxin biomarkers among employees of Universiti Putra Malaysia: a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Mohd Redzwan Sabran , Abd Mutalib Mohd Sokhini , Wang Jia-Sheng , Ahmad Zuraini , Kang Min-Su , Abdul Rahman Nurul 'Aqilah , Nikbakht Nasrabadi Elham , Jamaluddin Rosita
Published: October 2015

Human exposure to aflatoxin is through the diet, and probiotics are able to bind aflatoxin and prevent its absorption in the small intestine. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a fermented milk drink containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) (probiotic drink) to prevent aflatoxin absorption and reduce serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct (AFB1-lys) and urinary aflatoxin M1 concentrations. The present study was a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study with two 4-week intervention phases. In all, seventy-one subjects recruited from the screening stage were divided into two groups – the Yellow group and the Blue group. In the 1st phase, one group received probiotic drinks twice a day and the other group received placebo drinks. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline, 2nd and 4th week of the intervention. After a 2-week wash-out period, the treatments were switched between the groups, and blood and urine samples were collected at the 6th, 8th and 10th week (2nd phase) of the intervention. No significant differences in aflatoxin biomarker concentrations were observed during the intervention. A within-group analysis was further carried out. Aflatoxin biomarker concentrations were not significantly different in the Yellow group. Nevertheless, ANOVA for repeated measurements indicated that AFB1-lys concentrations were significantly different (P=0·035) with the probiotic intervention in the Blue group. The 2nd week AFB1-lys concentrations (5·14 (sd 2·15) pg/mg albumin (ALB)) were significantly reduced (P=0·048) compared with the baseline (6·24 (sd 3·42) pg/mg ALB). Besides, the 4th week AFB1-lys concentrations were significantly lower (P<0·05) with probiotic supplementation than with the placebo. Based on these findings, a longer intervention study is warranted to investigate the effects of continuous LcS consumption to prevent dietary aflatoxin exposure.
Dietary patterns in Swedish adults; results from a national dietary survey
Authors: Ax Erika , Warensjö Lemming Eva , Becker Wulf , Andersson Agneta , Lindroos Anna Karin , Cederholm Tommy , Sjögren Per , Fung Teresa T.
Published: October 2015

Dietary patterns derived by statistical procedures is a way to identify overall dietary habits in specific populations. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise dietary patterns in Swedish adults using data from the national dietary survey Riksmaten adults 2010–11 (952 women, 788 men). Principal component analyses were used and two patterns were identified in both sexes: a healthy pattern loading positively on vegetables, fruits, fish and seafood, and vegetable oils, and negatively on refined bread and fast food, and a Swedish traditional pattern loading positively on potatoes, meat and processed meat, full-fat milk products, sweet bakery products, sweet condiments and margarine. In addition, a light-meal pattern was identified in women with positive loadings on fibre-rich bread, cheese, rice, pasta and food grain dishes, substitute products for meat and dairy products, candies and tea. The healthy pattern was positively correlated to dietary fibre (r0·51–0·58) andn-3 (r0·25–0·31) (allP<0·0001), and had a higher nutrient density of folate, vitamin D and Se. The Swedish traditional and the light-meal pattern were positively correlated to added sugar (r0·20–0·25) and the Swedish traditional also to SFA (r0·13–0·21) (allP<0·0001); both patterns were in general negatively correlated to micronutrients. Dietary pattern scores were associated with, for example, age, physical activity, education and income. In conclusion, we identified three major dietary patterns among Swedish adults. The patterns can be further used for examining the association between whole diet and health outcomes.
Reproductive traits and number of matings in males and females of Cerambyx welensii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) an emergent pest of oaks
Authors: Torres-Vila L.M. , Mendiola-Diaz F.J. , Conejo-Rodríguez Y. , Sánchez-González Á.
Published: October 2015

The longhorn beetle Cerambyx welensii is an emerging pest involved in oak decline episodes, whose damage is increasingly reported in dehesa open woodlands. Knowledge of the reproductive biology of C. welensii is a crucial goal due to its new pest status. In this study, we assess the reproductive traits of both sexes in the laboratory (25°C and 60% relative humidity ). In females, body length was 44.9 ± 0.9 mm (mean ± SE), fecundity 132 ± 12 eggs, fertility 70 ± 1 %, longevity 70 ± 3 days, preoviposition period 2 ± 0.2 days, oviposition period 44 ± 3 days and postoviposition period 19 ± 3 days. Fecundity was positively correlated with female size, longevity and oviposition period. Daily fecundity was 3.0 ± 0.2 eggs/day and showed a fluctuating synovigenic pattern with a slight decreasing trend over time. Egg length was 4.24 ± 0.01 mm and egg volume 8.14 ± 0.04 mm3. Egg size was correlated with female size but the relative size of eggs was larger in smaller females. Incubation time was 13.9 ± 0.1 days and hatching did not depend on egg size. Neonate size was positively correlated with egg length. Females were polyandrous (more than 20 lifetime matings) but multiple mating did not increase fecundity, fertility or longevity. In males, body length was 43.7 ± 0.6 mm and longevity 52 ± 3 days. Unlike with females, longevity was positively correlated with male size. Males were polygynous (up to 30 lifetime matings) but mating history did not affect male longevity. Rather to the contrary, long-lived males mated more times because they had more mating chances. Lastly, C. welensii reproductive traits were compared with those other Cerambycidae species and discussed from an adaptive perspective. Our data will be useful to improve management of C. welensii in order to prevent or mitigate its impact in dehesa woodlands and other oak forests.
Comparing staging by positron emission tomography with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and by pathology in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Qualliotine J R , Mydlarz W K , Chan J YK , Zhou X , Wang H , Agrawal N
Published: October 2015

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of positron emission tomography with contrast-enhanced computed tomography to correctly stage head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, in comparison with pathological staging.

Methods:

Positron emission tomography computed tomography was used to determine the tumour–node–metastasis classification and overall cancer stage in 85 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent pre-operative imaging using this modality and primary surgery between July 2010 and January 2013. Staging by positron emission tomography computed tomography was retrospectively compared with staging using pathological specimens. Agreement between imaging stage and pathological stage was examined by univariate and multivariate analysis both overall and for each primary tumour site.

Results:

This imaging modality was 87.5 per cent sensitive and 44.8 per cent specific in identifying regional cervical metastases, and had false positive and false negative rates of 18.8 per cent and 8.2 per cent, respectively. The positive predictive and negative predictive values were 75.4 per cent and 65.0 per cent, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed a significant agreement between positron emission tomography computed tomography and pathological node classification in older patients and for the oral cavity primary tumour site. There was significant agreement between both methods in the overall classification only for tumours classified as T3 or greater.

Conclusion:

Positron emission tomography computed tomography should be used with caution for the pre-operative staging of head and neck cancers because of its high false positive and false negative rates.
Risk of decline and chance of improvement in olfaction among patients with post-traumatic olfactory loss
Authors: Kuo C-L , Shu C-H
Published: October 2015

Objective:

To evaluate the chance of improvement and risk of decline in olfaction among patients with post-traumatic olfactory loss.

Methods:

This study comprised 80 patients. Changes in olfaction were determined using a visual analogue scale and the ‘Sniffin’ Sticks' test. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors for olfactory changes.

Results:

Olfactory changes were observed in 9–35 per cent of patients. The rates of improvement and decline according to visual analogue scale scores were 35 per cent and 10 per cent respectively, whereas those in the Sniffin’ Sticks test were 9 per cent and 11 per cent respectively. There was a predictive link between non-anosmia and decline in Sniffin’ Sticks test scores (odds ratio = 16.61,p= 0.003). A positive correlation was observed between the scores in the first and last examinations (rho = 0.532,p< 0.001).

Conclusion:

Patients should be informed that they may experience an improvement or decline in olfaction following post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction. This study provides evidence to support comprehensive counselling regarding prognosis as an integral part of management strategies.
Energetic electrons generated during solar flares
Authors: Mann Gottfried
Published: October 2015

The Sun is a giant particle accelerator. During solar flares, magnetic field energy stored in the corona is suddenly released and transferred to local heating of the coronal plasma, mass motions (e.g. jets) and the generation of energetic particles, i.e. electrons, protons and heavy ions. Basically, a flare occurs as a local enhancement of the emission of electromagnetic radiation from the radio up to the ${\it\gamma}$-ray range on the Sun. That indicates the production of energetic electrons during flares. NASA’s RHESSI mission has the aim to investigate electron acceleration processes by studying the Sun’s X-ray and ${\it\gamma}$-ray emission with high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution, i.e. by means of imaging spectroscopy. A substantial part of the energy released during a flare is carried by these energetic electrons. Apart from them, solar energetic particles, i.e. protons and heavy ions, and coronal mass ejections play an important role in the energy budget of a flare. Here, we focus on electron acceleration. The way in which $10^{36}$ electrons are accelerated up to energies beyond 30 keV is one of the open questions in solar physics. A flare is considered as the manifestation of magnetic reconnection in the solar corona. Which mechanisms lead to the production of energetic electrons in the magnetic reconnection region is discussed in this paper. Two of them are described in more detail.
Predominance of Clostridium difficile ribotypes 012, 027 and 046 in a university hospital in Chile, 2012
Authors: PLAZA-GARRIDO Á. , BARRA-CARRASCO J. , MACIAS J. H. , CARMAN R. , FAWLEY W. N. , WILCOX M. H. , HERNÁNDEZ-ROCHA C. , GUZMÁN-DURÁN A. M. , ALVAREZ-LOBOS M. , PAREDES-SABJA D.
Published: October 2015

In a 1-year survey at a university hospital we found that 20·6% (81/392) of patients with antibiotic associated diarrohea where positive for C. difficile. The most common PCR ribotypes were 012 (14·8%), 027 (12·3%), 046 (12·3%) and 014/020 (9·9). The incidence rate was 2·6 cases of C. difficile infection for every 1000 outpatients.
Serological survey in the Finnish human population implies human-to-human transmission of Ljungan virus or antigenically related viruses
Authors: JÄÄSKELÄINEN A. J. , VOUTILAINEN L. , LEHMUSTO R. , HENTTONEN H. , LAPPALAINEN M. , KALLIO-KOKKO H. , VAHERI A. , VAPALAHTI O.
Published: October 2015

Ljungan virus (LV) is a picornavirus related to human parechoviruses (HPeV). The virus has been found in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and several other rodent species, and suggested to have zoonotic potential. Thus far, seroepidemiological data on LV infections in humans are scarce. In this study, we aimed to characterize the demographic and geographical distribution of LV-reactive antibodies in Finland, and to investigate its occurrence in patients suspected of having a rodent-borne disease, nephropathia epidemica (NE) caused by Puumala hantavirus (PUUV). Using an immunofluorescence assay (LV strain 145SLG), we screened human sera (n = 1378) and found LV-reactive antibodies in 36% of samples. The probability of possessing LV-reactive antibodies peaked at age of 14 years, suggesting that most infections occur in childhood. The prevalence of LV-reactive antibodies was significantly higher in the urbanized area surrounding Helsinki than in more rural Central Finland. These findings are uncharacteristic of a rodent-borne pathogen, and therefore we consider human-to-human transmission of one or several Ljungan-like viruses as a likely cause for most of the observed antibody responses.
C'est ainsi que: grammaticalisation ou lexicalisation ou les deux à la fois ?
Authors: LAHOUSSE KAREN , LAMIROY BÉATRICE
Published: October 2015

Nous montrons dans cet article que les phrases introduites parc'est ainsi quecorrespondent à deux structures différentes: une vraie clivée avec l'adverbe de manière en focus et un connecteur à sens consécutif, récapitulatif ou illustratif. Nous décrivons le comportement syntaxique et sémantique dec'est ainsi quegrâce à une analyse de corpus. Pour rendre compte des emplois connectifs dec'est ainsi que, nous plaidons pour une double hypothèse : d'une part la grammaticalisation, à la fois de l'adverbeainsiet de la clivée, et d'autre part la lexicalisation dec'est ainsi que.
A late-antique fountain at Aphrodisias and its implications for spoliation practices
Authors: Öğüş Esen
Published: October 2015

In 1904–5, French railroad engineer Paul Gaudin conducted a campaign of excavation focusing on the SE sector of Aphrodisias where a villager had found a relief fragment. Gaudin there uncovered (fig. 1) the tetrastyle façade of a fountain, which he incorrectly designated a “gymnasium”. The intercolumniations were decorated with re-used relief panels, which are now on display in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. The structure was further excavated, studied and reconstructed in 1989 by K. Görkay, but has yet to be fully published. “Gaudin’s Fountain” was built in late antiquity entirely of spolia from other monuments. It thus provides insights into late-antique practices of spoliation and re-use; it also illustrates late-antique renovations undertaken in the city’s final, Christian phase.
The Palatine sanctuary of Apollo: the site and its development, 6th to 1st c. B.C.
Authors: Zink Stephan
Published: October 2015

Dedicated in 28 B.C., Octavian’s Palatine sanctuary of Apollo remained one of the most important religious sites throughout the empire. Textual sources suggest that its site, at least partly, was sacred ground beforehand, as it accommodated one or several earlier cult places, but the pre-Augustan construction phases, as well as the archaeology of its cultic prehistory, remain largely unknown. One of the main reasons is a lack of a comprehensive architectural documentation ever since G. Carettoni’s excavations between 1956 and 1984. In this preliminary field report I present the new architectural documentation of an area that is located in front (southwest) of the temple of Apollo, the sanctuary’s focal point (figs. 1–2). This documentation was produced during fieldwork campaigns conducted in 2009–13 by kind permission of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma. My architectural survey revealed the fragmentary remains of a previously-excavated but never-identified site of the Archaic period. I will first discuss the discovery of the Archaic site through on-site documentation and a possible reconstruction of its plan as a small shrine. Next, I analyze the long-term development and the spatial complexity of the site’s architectural context in a series of evidence-based digital models. In contrast to previous contentions, my analysis suggests that the assemblage of structural remains in this area was intentionally preserved on this spot over the course of centuries. Thus the evidence presented here sheds new light on the architectural history of the site of the Palatine sanctuary of Apollo.
Visualizing asperitas: Vitruvius (3.3.9) and the ‘asperity’ of Hermogenes’ pseudodipteral temple
Authors: Haselberger Lothar , Holzman Samuel
Published: October 2015

Asperitas, a key term of Hellenistic-Roman art criticism for the assessment of columnar architecture, is anchored in two passages in Vitruvius, which both point to ‘asperity’ as the decisive criterion for achieving an unparalleled, truly eye-catching visual effect. In the best known of the two passages (3.3.8–9), praise is piled on Hermogenes for having systematically established this effect in the design of temples. In fact, he is credited with the invention of the theory (ratio) of pseudodipteral temple colonnades. And this column arrangement, with ambulatories of greatly increased (double) depth around the cella, is supposed to have been invented to provide dignified grandeur (auctoritatem) in its appearance propter asperitatem intercolumniorum: 3.3.9. This visual effect came with the practical advantage that those deep pseudodipteral colonnades also provided rain-protected space for crowds to circumambulate around the temple’s cella (in aede circa cellam). Vitruvius’ other reference to asperitas, in a visual sense, appears in the context of wall-painting (7.5.5), where a certain Apaturios of Alabanda is reported to have created a deceptively dazzling effect propter asperitatem in his rendering of colonnades and temples, so much so that the visual effect of the painting outshone its deficiencies in logic (which, when pinpointed by the mathematician Likynos, the artist hastened to correct: 7.5.6–7). Here we will analyze a reconstructed 3D computer model of Hermogenes’ well-documented pseudodipteral temple at Magnesia in order to tease out the visual effect and on-site experience of that asperitas which is described by Vitruvius in such tantalizing terms.
Reconstructing population size in a Romano-British colonia: the case of Eboracum
Authors: McIntyre Lauren J.
Published: October 2015

The field of demography addresses the composition of human populations, their size, structure and development. The sources with which to conduct demographic analysis in archaeology can incorporate proxy data from areas of settlements, historical or ethnographic sources such as census data or parish burial registers, radiocarbon date densities, or human skeletal remains. The present study aims to use data from human skeletal remains to address questions relating to the size of the population of Roman York.
Aufidius Priscus, the cohors Secunda Galatarum, and Diocletian’s re-organization of Arabia and Palaestina: the new tetrarchic inscription from ‘Ayn Gharandal
Authors: Darby Robert
Published: October 2015

On June 17, 2013, the ‘Ayn Gharandal Archaeological Project found a large Latin inscription resting face-down directly above the collapsed arch stones of the main gate of the Late Roman fort (figs. 1–2). Once lifted, the inscribed face of the block was found caked with sand, obscuring any details save for the borders of a carved tabula ansata and one or two letters of its text which still bore traces of red paint, to preserve which the stone was transfered, by permission of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, directly to the conservation laboratory of the American Center of Oriental Research in Amman, where it has been consolidated (fig. 3).
An 850 nm SiGe/Si HPT with a 4.12 GHz maximum optical transition frequency and 0.805A/W responsivity
Authors: Tegegne Zerihun Gedeb , Viana Carlos , Rosales Marc D. , Schiellein Julien , Polleux Jean-Luc , Grzeskowiak Marjorie , Richalot Elodie , Algani Catherine
Published: October 2015

A 10 × 10 μm2SiGe heterojunction bipolar photo-transistor (HPT) is fabricated using a commercial technological process of 80 GHz SiGe bipolar transistors (HBT). Its technology and structure are first briefly described. Its optimal opto-microwave dynamic performance is then analyzed versus voltage biasing conditions for opto-microwave continuous wave measurements. The optimal biasing points are then chosen in order to maximize the optical transition frequency (fTopt) and the opto-microwave responsivity of the HPT. An opto-microwave scanning near-field optical microscopy (OM-SNOM) is performed using these optimum bias conditions to localize the region of the SiGe HPT with highest frequency response. The OM-SNOM results are key to extract the optical coupling of the probe to the HPT (of 32.3%) and thus the absolute responsivity of the HPT. The effect of the substrate is also observed as it limits the extraction of the intrinsic HPT performance. A maximum optical transition frequency of 4.12 GHz and an absolute low frequency opto-microwave responsivity of 0.805A/W are extracted at 850 nm.
Pre-gestational overweight in guinea pig sows induces fetal vascular dysfunction and increased rate of large and small fetuses
Authors: Krause B. J. , Herrera E. A. , Díaz-López F. A. , Farías M. , Uauy R. , Casanello P.
Published: October 2015

In humans, obesity before and during pregnancy is associated with both fetal macrosomia and growth restriction, and long-term cardiovascular risk in the offspring. We aimed to determine whether overweighted pregnant guinea pig sows results in an increased fetal weight at term and the effects on the vascular reactivity in fetal systemic and umbilical arteries. Pregnant guinea pigs were classified as control (n=4) or high weight (HWS, n=5) according to their pre-mating weight, and their fetuses extracted at 0.9 gestation (~60 days). Segments of fetal femoral and umbilical arteries were mounted in a wire myograph, where the contractile response to KCl (5–125 mM), and the relaxation to nitric oxide synthase-dependent agents (insulin, 10−10–10−7 and acetylcholine, 10−10–10−5) and nitric oxide [sodium nitroprusside (SNP), 10−10–10−5] were determined. Fetuses from HWS (HWSF) were grouped according to their body weight as low (<76 g) or high (>85 g) fetal weight, based on the confidence interval (76.5–84.9 g) of the control group. No HWSF were observed in the normal range. Umbilical arteries from HWSF showed a lower response to KCl and insulin compared with controls, but a comparable response with SNP. Conversely, femoral arteries from HWSF showed an increased response to KCl and acetylcholine, along with a decreased sensitivity to SNP. These data show that overweight sows have altered fetal growth along gestation. Further, large and small fetuses from obese guinea pig sows showed altered vascular reactivity at umbilical and systemic vessels, which potentially associates with long-term cardiovascular risk.
Morphometrical and production traits of Bengal sheep in West Bengal, India
Authors: Banerjee Sandip
Published: October 2015

The study was conducted to phenotypically characterize the Bengal (Desi) sheep in some purposively selected villages of Nadia and Murshidabad districts of West Bengal, India. The Bengal sheep is reared as mutton sheep and has not been studied or characterized. Qualitative (coat colour and tail type) and quantitative (height at withers, height at rump, chest circumference, paunch girth, oblique body length, head length, head width, ear length, horn length, shoulder width, ear width, pelvic width, canon length, length of the fore leg, length of the hind leg, fore canon circumference, neck circumference, neck length, body weight) traits were included in the study. Phenotypic traits indicated that the sheep is of a small, thin tailed type adapted to grazing in water logged areas and lowly to moderately prolific. The structural indices indicate that the sheep is forward aligned, robust and rectangular in shape; it is well balanced and adapted for humid climates. The wool is coarse and hairy type, used for making blankets and durries. The reproductive parameters indicate that the age at first service was 295 days for ewes and 252 days for rams while the age at first lambing averaged around 425 days. Conservation efforts and genetic characterization are needed to maintain the breed purity and further studies regarding the carcass and mutton quality traits need to be carried out
Epidemiologie und Pathogenese der Komorbidität von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) und Sucht – Die Rolle der Exekutivfunktionen
Authors: Barth Beatrix , Kroczek Agnes , Deppermann Saskia , Dresler Thomas , Fallgatter Andreas J. , Ehlis Ann-Christine
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter tritt sehr häufig gemeinsam mit Störungen des Substanzkonsums (SUD) auf. Es gibt Befunde, dass beide Erkrankungen mit veränderten neuronalen Prozessen in frontalen Netzwerken assoziiert sind, was im Einklang mit aufgezeigten Beeinträchtigungen in Exekutivfunktionen (EF) steht. Dieser Übersichtsartikel wird den aktuellen Forschungsstand darstellen und darauf eingehen, inwiefern EF einen verbindenden Faktor zwischen beiden Störungen und ihrer zugrundeliegenden Pathogenese darstellen könnten. Methodik: Für diese narrative Übersicht wurde eine pubmed-Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Neben dem gehäuften gemeinsamen Auftreten von ADHS und SUD zeigt sich insbesondere, dass aus der Störungskombination eine stärkere Beeinträchtigung der EF resultiert. Betroffene Patienten weisen frühzeitige, persistierende und besonders starke EF-Störungen auf. Außerdem finden sich EF-Veränderungen bereits in Risikopopulationen für ADHS und SUD und sagen eine spätere SUD zum Teil voraus. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass exekutive Dysfunktion einen neurokognitiven intermediären Phänotypen darstellen könnte, der sowohl bei der Pathologie der ADHS als auch der SUD eine Rolle spielt. Dies sollte beim diagnostischen und therapeutischen Vorgehen beachtet werden. Bei EF-Störungen im Kindes-/Jugendalter können präventive Therapiemaßnahmen zur Stärkung dieser Funktionen frühzeitig eingeleitet werden.
Konzeptualisierung der Psychotherapie bei ADHS und Sucht
Authors: Groß Samira , Philipsen Alexandra
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Das komorbide Auftreten der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) und substanzbezogener Störungen (SUD) ist häufig und hat einen negativen Einfluss auf den Behandlungserfolg. Studien zur Wirksamkeit ADHS-spezifischer Medikamente bei dem komorbiden Auftreten beider Störungen kommen zu uneinheitlichen Ergebnissen. Einheitlich wird allerdings eine psychotherapeutische Behandlung bei dieser Patientengruppe empfohlen, während bislang jedoch kein evaluiertes Behandlungskonzept veröffentlich wurde. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist ein Überblick zu psychotherapeutischen Ansätzen bei beiden Störungsbildern und einen Ausblick auf psychotherapeutische Ansätze für das gemeinsame Auftreten beider Störungen zu geben. Methodik: Die Zusammenstellung der Literatur erfolgte auf Basis einer Medline-, PsycINFO- und Google Scholar-Recherche (Schlüsselwörter: substance abuse, adhd, psychotherapy, therapy, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, bupropion, CBT, relapse prevention, mindfulness, MBRP, DBT). Ergebnisse: Psychotherapeutische Ansätze zur Behandlung der ADHS im Erwachsenenalter und von SUD überschneiden sich inhaltlich. Als wirksam erweisen sich CBT- und achtsamkeitsbasierte Verfahren sowie die DBT. Schlussfolgerung: Eine Kombination der oben dargestellten therapeutischen Ansätze könnte bei der Behandlung einer komorbid auftretenden ADHS und SUD sinnvoll sein. Hier bedarf es weiterer Forschungsarbeit.
Psychische Belastung von Jugendlichen
Authors: von Lersner Ulrike , Pleger Mareike , Baschin Kirsten , Morina Nexhmedin , Fydrich Thomas
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das psychische Belastungsniveau von Migranten wird seit einigen Jahren verstärkt diskutiert. Jugendliche der zweiten Einwanderergeneration sollten besondere Berücksichtigung finden, da sie bereits ein Drittel aller Personen dieser Altersgruppe in Deutschland darstellen. Fragestellung: Wie hoch ist die psychische Belastung von türkischen und deutschen Jugendlichen? Welchen Einfluss haben hierbei Akkulturationsstress und Diskriminierungswahrnehmung? Methode: N1 = 522 bzw. N2 = 91 Jugendliche (14 – 17 Jahre) wurden zu psychischer Belastung (Studie 1 & 2), Akkulturationsstress und Diskriminierungswahrnehmung (Studie 2) untersucht. Ergebnisse: Mädchen berichteten signifikant häufiger internalisierende Probleme als Jungen, im Interviewmodus galt dies für türkische Jugendliche insgesamt. Diskriminierungswahrnehmung wirkte als Mediatorvariable zwischen psychischer Gesundheit und Akkulturationsstress. Schlussfolgerungen: Der kulturelle Hintergrund von Jugendlichen in Deutschland hat in Form wahrgenommener Diskriminierung indirekt einen Einfluss auf deren psychische Gesundheit.
Fragebogen zum Problem-Monitoring für Eltern, Lehrer und Jugendliche–eine deutsche Fassung des Brief Problem Monitor (BPM)
Authors: Rodenacker Klaas , Plück Julia , Döpfner Manfred
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Der Brief Problem Monitor (BPM) ist eine, in den USA bereits psychometrisch überprüfte, Kurzform der Child Behavior Checkliste (CBCL) und der davon abgeleiteten Verfahren. Wie die US-Version, umfasst die deutsche Übersetzung drei Skalen (Internale Probleme-INT, Aufmerksamkeitsprobleme-AP und Externale Probleme-EXT) und liegt ebenfalls in drei Perspektiven (Eltern, Lehrer und Jugendliche) vor. Methode: Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften (Reliabilität und Validität) der deutschen Übersetzung des BPM wurden sowohl anhand von Klinik- als auch Feldstichproben von Kindern im Alter zwischen 6 und 18 Jahren überprüft. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse weisen auf gute Reliabilität und, mit einigen Einschränkungen, auf eine gute Validität hin. Schlussfolgerung: Mit wenigen Einschränkungen kann der deutsche BPM/6 – 18 daher sowohl als reliables als auch valides Instrument bewertet werden.
Great Lakes Hold Sway over Water and Carbon Cycling
Authors: Strelich Lily
Published: October 2015

The largest body of fresh water on Earth governs the exchange of gases between water and the atmosphere that makes it a carbon sink for the entire region.
The RCAN1 inhibits NF-κB and suppresses lymphoma growth in mice
Authors: Liu C , Zheng L , Wang H , Ran X , Liu H , Sun X
Published: October 2015

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has a vital role in cell survival. Inhibition of NF-κB has been proven to be an efficient therapeutic pathway for various cancers. Activation of NF-κB is mainly through serine residues’ phosphorylation of inhibitor of κBα (IκBα) by IKK complex. Phosphorylation at tyrosine 42 is an alternative pathway in regulation of IκBα and NF-κB signaling, though little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here we identified regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) as a novel endogenous inhibitor of NF-κB signaling pathway. RCAN1 can interact with IκBα and affect the phosphorylation of IκBα at tyrosine 42. Overexpression of RCAN1 by adenovirus reduced cell viability in lymphoma Raji cells and restrained the growth of lymphoma transplants in mice. We further found that N terminus 1–103aa of RCAN1 is sufficient to inhibit NF-κB and reduce cell viability of lymphoma cells. Our study implicated a novel therapeutic approach for lymphoma by RCAN1 through inhibition of NF-κB signaling.
Activation of surrogate death receptor signaling triggers peroxynitrite-dependent execution of cisplatin-resistant cancer cells
Authors: Seah S , Low I C C , Hirpara J L , Sachaphibulkij K , Kroemer G , Brenner C , Pervaiz S
Published: October 2015

Platinum-based drugs remain as the cornerstone of cancer chemotherapy; however, development of multidrug resistance presents a therapeutic challenge. This study aims at understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to cisplatin and unraveling surrogate signaling networks that could revert sensitivity to apoptosis stimuli. We made use of three different sets of cell lines, A549 and H2030 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and A2780 ovarian cancer cells and their cisplatin-resistant variants. Here we report that cisplatin-resistant cell lines displayed a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism and defective mitochondrial signaling were unraveled in the resistant cells. More interestingly, a marked increase in sensitivity of the resistant cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis, in particular TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)-mediated execution, was observed. Although this was not associated with an increase in gene transcription, a significant increase in the localization of TRAIL death receptor, DR4, to the lipid raft subdomains of plasma membrane was detected in the resistant variants. Furthermore, exposure of cisplatin-resistant cells to TRAIL resulted in upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increase in nitric oxide (NO) production that triggered the generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Scavenging ONOO− rescued cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis, thereby suggesting a critical role of ONOO− in TRAIL-induced execution of cisplatin-resistant cells. Notably, preincubation of cells with TRAIL restored sensitivity of resistant cells to cisplatin. These data provide compelling evidence for employing strategies to trigger death receptor signaling as a second-line treatment for cisplatin-resistant cancers.
Observation of a two-dimensional liquid of Fröhlich polarons at the bare SrTiO3 surface
Authors: Chen Chaoyu , Avila José , Frantzeskakis Emmanouil , Levy Anna , Asensio Maria C.
Published: October 2015

The polaron is a quasi-particle formed by a conduction electron (or hole) together with its self-induced polarization in a polar semiconductor or an ionic crystal. Among various polarizable examples of complex oxides, strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is one of the most studied. Here we examine the carrier type and the interplay of inner degrees of freedom (for example, charge, lattice, orbital) in SrTiO3. We report the experimental observation of Fröhlich polarons, or large polarons, at the bare SrTiO3 surface prepared by vacuum annealing. Systematic analyses of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectra show that these Fröhlich polarons are two-dimensional and only exist with inversion symmetry breaking by two-dimensional oxygen vacancies. Our discovery provides a rare solvable field theoretical model, and suggests the relevance of large (bi)polarons for superconductivity in perovskite oxides, as well as in high-temperature superconductors.
Correction: Corrigendum: Rh D blood group conversion using transcription activator-like effector nucleases
Authors: Kim Young-Hoon , Kim Hyun O. , Baek Eun J. , Kurita Ryo , Cha Hyuk-Jin , Nakamura Yukio , Kim Hyongbum
Published: October 2015

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 7451 (2015); Published: 16 June 2015; Updated: 22 October 2015 The original version of the Supplementary Information attached to this Article contained errors in the sequences of plasmids presented in Supplementary Note 1. The HTML has now been updated to include a corrected version of the Supplementary Information.