bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS IN THE PENITENTIARY-CORRECTIONAL FACILITY IN NIS
Authors: Mijalković Olivera
Published: December 2017

The main objective and purpose of imprisonment sentence is to enable an offender to comply with social norms and values, and become a useful member of the society. In order to achieve this goal it is necessary to rehabilitate the convict, thus making the imprisonment sentence an effective measure of social protection. Successful re-socialization is achieved by providing institutional treatments adapted to individual prisoners, given the characteristics of their personality. In order to achieve the purpose of punishment, this treatment should meet particular requirements, particularly in terms of continuous improvement of individual treatment, developing modern methods of treating and working with prisoners, continuous improvement of living conditions in prisons, and respecting prisoners’ human rights. This paper includes research results on different forms of treatment applied in the Penitentiary-Correctional Facility in Niš, their importance and impact on convicted offenders who are serving a prison sentence. The author underscores the significance of continuing theoretical and empirical research on this topic.
PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN INDIA: LEGAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Sood Geetika
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we examine the parliamentary democracy in India. The Constitution makers adopted the British model of parliamentary democracy but democratic institutions had existed in many parts of ancient Vedic India. In this historical context, we explore the concepts of ‘Sabha’ and ‘Samiti’, the ancient institutions of representative democracy in India. Under the Constitution, the people of India exercise their sovereignty through Parliament at the central level and through State Legislatures in each State. The executive power is vested in the President, who is the highest dignitary in the realm, the symbol of the statehood, and the embodiment of the unity of the country. He represents the sovereign will of the nation and exercises his functions by acting on the advice and aid of the Council of Ministers. Different cases have been discussed regarding the judicial approach to parliamentary democracy, the concept of independence of the judiciary, and its power to amend the Constitution. After discussing the the parliamentary privileges and freedom of speech in Parliament, the author casts more light on the concepts of election and adult suffrage in India, and focuses on the role and position of the Speaker/Chairman in the House of People and respective State Legislatures. In the end, the author identifies specific problems observed in practice and discusses the challenges facing the Indian parliamentary democracy.
Aplicación de la nanobiotecnología con el sistema CRISPR-cas
Authors: Sáenz-Castiblanco Liceth Xiomara , Angarita-Merchán Maritza , Lopez-Velandia Diana Paola
Published: December 2017

Introducción: La nanobiotecnología y la biología sintética son ciencias que impactan en la actualidad con el lanzamiento de aplicaciones innovadoras y beneficiosas para el ser humano, estas ciencias se han fusionado para fabricar nuevos componentes para la construcción de células totalmente artificiales y la creación de biomoléculas sintéticas. Objetivo: Conocer las aplicaciones de la nanobiotecnología relacionadas con el uso del sistema CRISPR/Cas en el almacenamiento de información en el ADN bacteriano y alternativas terapéuticas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre las principales aplicaciones de la nanobiotecnología, en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed y en revistas como: Nature biotechnology, Biochemistry, Science y Journal Microbiology. Resultados: La revisión de literatura describe y analiza las nuevas aplicaciones nanobiotecnológicas utilizadas para escribir información en el código genético de las células bacterianas, en el que se emplean el sistema basado en repeticiones palindrómicas cortas agrupadas y regularmente interespaciadas (CRISPR/Cas) y la producción de ADN sintético, así como las alternativas terapéuticas relacionadas con la terapia génica. Conclusión: Entre las aplicaciones nanobiotecnológicas se han demostrado dos métodos para grabar información en el ADN de células bacterianas, de Escherichia coli y Sulfolobus tokodai vinculados con el empleo del sistema CRISPR/Cas y la producción de ADN sintético, así como el uso del CRISPR/Cas en la terapia génica y celular.
Relación entre obesidad, adipocitoquinas y osteoatrosis: Una revisión
Authors: Quenan Yoccner Edilson , Osorio José Henry
Published: December 2017

Introducción: Algunas adipocitoquinas expresadas por osteoblastos, condrocitos y sinoviocitos son responsables de la inflamación y degradación de la matriz extracelular en las articulaciones, generando osteoartrosis. Objetivo: Revisar el estado actual del conocimiento en torno a la relación que existe entre obesidad, adipocitoquinas y osteoartrosis. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos de BBCS-LILACS, PubMed, IB-PsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus y Science Direct en inglés y español, sin limitar la búsqueda por fecha. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos, metaanálisis, revisiones, reportes de casos y artículos clásicos, relacionados con la obesidad y sus implicaciones, osteoartrosis, adipocitoquinas, tejido adiposo e inflamación articular. Resultados: Se encontró 822 artículos, 78 documentos cumplieron los criterios de selección por la pertinencia de la información.  El presente trabajo se dividió en tres secciones a saber: osteoartrosis y obesidad, osteoartrosis e inflamación y osteoartrosis y adipocitoquinas. Conclusión: En la actualidad, la obesidad está asociada con el desarrollo de la osteoartrosis, ya que se desencadena una serie de procesos inflamatorios mediados por las adipocitoquinas. Varios estudios recomiendan el desarrollo de investigaciones clínicas para entender el comportamiento de las adipocitoquinas antes y durante el desarrollo de la osteoartrosis.
THE INTERNET AS A SITE OF LEGAL EDUCATION AND COLLABORATION ACROSS CONTINENTS AND TIME ZONES: USING ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION AS A TOOL FOR STUDENT LEARNING
Authors: Simmons Martha E , Thompson Darin
Published: December 2017

Increasingly, digital technologies are influencing and impacting dispute resolution, particularly in the emerging field of online dispute resolution (ODR). ODR holds the potential to increase access to justice by engaging disputants in dramatically new ways. As a relatively new subject, ODR is unlikely to form part of the traditional curriculum at law schools. Aside from the question of whether it will become a mainstream part of tomorrow’s legal or dispute resolution landscape, ODR does show us that a familiarity with technology is becoming more important for tomorrow’s lawyers. As educators, how can we expose law students to these new forces of change in a meaningful way? How can we help students understand the benefits and drawbacks technology holds for the challenge of access to justice? This article describes a unique pilot project of an ODR simulation involving three universities in three cities, two continents, and three time zones. The main objectives of the project were to expose law students to ODR from the perspective of a disputant or client; expose clinical mediation students to a range of technology-based dispute resolution processes; demonstrate the potential for technology to support collaboration across vast distances; and promote experiential education by giving students “hands-on” ODR experience. This article will describe the simulation from an educator’s perspective.
Los principios didácticos constructivistas como prácticas inclusivas en el aula de primaria
Authors: Palma Rojas Karen
Published: December 2017

El sistema educativo costarricense se distingue por atender grupos heterogéneos. Ignorar la pluralidadde los escenarios educativos crea tolerancia a la exclusión porque resta importancia a las necesidadese intereses individuales del estudiantado. La educación inclusiva instaura saberes haciala diversidad y la expone como una característica propia del ser humano. Promueve prácticas quetransforman las metodologías de enseñanza en acciones que se sustentan de lo particular, aumentandoen la persona su motivación por aprender y pertenecer a un contexto educativo. Los principiosdidácticos constructivistas se consideran prácticas inclusivas que articulan las acciones pedagógicasal nivel y ritmo de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. El objetivo del artículo es analizar la metodología deenseñanza inclusiva que se establece a partir del uso constante de principios didácticos constructivistasen un cuarto año de la Escuela José Figueres Ferrer, San José, Costa Rica. Los cinco principios didácticosincluidos fueron: aprendizaje cooperativo, enseñanza explícita, activación de los conocimientosprevios, estrategias de metacognición y modelaje cognitivo. Se concluye que los principios didácticosreconocen la diversidad como una oportunidad y no una desventaja; las diferencias individuales noson notorias durante el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje porque cada persona aporta desde susposibilidades. Su uso reveló características de liderazgo, creatividad y autonomía en el estudiantadoal asumir aspectos clave en su proceso de construcción del aprendizaje.
Dental anomalies in different growth and skeletal malocclusion patterns
Authors: Fernandez Clarissa Christina Avelar , Pereira Christiane Vasconcellos Cruz Alves , Luiz Ronir Raggio , Vieira Alexandre Rezende , De Castro Costa Marcelo
Published: December 2017

Objectives:

To evaluate prevalence, distribution, and sexual dimorphism of dental anomalies (DA) among different skeletal malocclusions (SM) and growth patterns (GP) under the hypothesis that specific clinical patterns exist and may indicate common etiological roots.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 1047 orthodontic records of patients older than 8 years were evaluated. The SN-GoGn angle was used to classify GP (hypodivergent, normal, and hyperdivergent), and the ANB angle was used to verify SM (Angle Classes I, II, and III). These assessments were done from lateral cephalometric radiographs. DA were diagnosed using panoramic radiographs by one calibrated investigator. Odds ratios, chi-square, and Student's t-tests were used.

Results:

Of the subjects, 56.7% were female, with mean age of 16.41 (±10.61) years. The prevalence of DA was 15.7%. Impaction and tooth agenesis were the most prevalent DA, with relative frequencies of 14.4% and 9.7%, respectively. DA were most prevalent in Class III SM (80.8%) and in hypodivergent GP (82.5%), although this was not statistically significant. Tooth agenesis (P < .01) and microdontia (P = .025) were significantly more common among hypodivergent GP and Class III SM, respectively.

Conclusions:

The results of this study support the idea that DA are preferentially associated with certain patterns of malocclusion.
Excitatory GABAergic Action and Increased Vasopressin Synthesis in Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurosecretory Cells Underlie the High Plasma Level of Vasopressin in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Kim Young-Beom , Kim Woong Bin , Jung Won Woo , Jin Xiangyan , Kim Yoon Sik , Kim Byoungjae , Han Hee Chul , Block Gene D. , Colwell Christopher S. , Kim Yang In
Published: December 2017

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased plasma levels of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), which may aggravate hyperglycemia and nephropathy. However, the mechanisms by which DM may cause the increased AVP levels are not known. Electrophysiological recordings in supraoptic nucleus (SON) slices from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM rats and vehicle-treated control rats revealed that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions generally as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the AVP neurons of STZ rats, whereas it usually evokes inhibitory responses in the cells of control animals. Furthermore, Western blotting analyses of Cl− transporters in the SON tissues indicated that Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter isotype 1 (a Cl− importer) was upregulated and K+-Cl– cotransporter isotype 2 (KCC2; a Cl− extruder) was downregulated in STZ rats. Treatment with CLP290 (a KCC2 activator) significantly lowered blood AVP and glucose levels in STZ rats. Last, investigation that used rats expressing an AVP-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion gene showed that AVP synthesis in AVP neurons was much more intense in STZ rats than in control rats. We conclude that altered Cl− homeostasis that makes GABA excitatory and enhanced AVP synthesis are important changes in AVP neurons that would increase AVP secretion in DM. Our data suggest that Cl− transporters in AVP neurons are potential targets of antidiabetes treatments.
Longitudinal Analysis of Genetic Susceptibility and BMI Throughout Adult Life
Authors: Song Mingyang , Zheng Yan , Qi Lu , Hu Frank B. , Chan Andrew T. , Giovannucci Edward L.
Published: December 2017

Little is known about the genetic influence on BMI trajectory throughout adulthood. We created a genetic risk score (GRS) comprising 97 adult BMI-associated variants among 9,971 women and 6,405 men of European ancestry. Serial measures of BMI were assessed from 18 (women) or 21 (men) years to 85 years of age. We also examined BMI change in early (from 18 or 21 to 45 years of age), middle (from 45 to 65 years of age), and late adulthood (from 65 to 80 years of age). GRS was positively associated with BMI across all ages, with stronger associations in women than in men. The associations increased from early to middle adulthood, peaked at 45 years of age in men and at 60 years of age in women (0.91 and 1.35 kg/m2 per 10-allele increment, respectively) and subsequently declined in late adulthood. For women, each 10-allele increment in the GRS was associated with an average BMI gain of 0.54 kg/m2 in early adulthood, whereas no statistically significant association was found for BMI change in middle or late adulthood or for BMI change in any life period in men. Our findings indicate that genetic predisposition exerts a persistent effect on adiposity throughout adult life and increases early adulthood weight gain in women.
The Age of Auden
Authors: Wasley Aidan
Published: December 2017

W. H. Auden's emigration from England to the United States in 1939 marked more than a turning point in his own life and work—it changed the course of American poetry itself. This book takes, for the first time, the full measure of Auden's influence on American poetry. Combining a broad survey of Auden's midcentury U.S. cultural presence with an account of his dramatic impact on a wide range of younger American poets—from Allen Ginsberg to Sylvia Plath—the book offers a new history of postwar American poetry. For Auden, facing private crisis and global catastrophe, moving to the United States became, in the famous words of his first American poem, a new “way of happening.” But his redefinition of his work had a significance that was felt far beyond the pages of his own books. This book shows how Auden's signal role in the work and lives of an entire younger generation of American poets challenges conventional literary histories that place Auden outside the American poetic tradition. The book pays special attention to three of Auden's most distinguished American inheritors, presenting major new readings of James Merrill, John Ashbery, and Adrienne Rich. The result is a persuasive and compelling demonstration of a novel claim: In order to understand modern American poetry, we need to understand Auden's central place within it.
American Religion
Authors: Chaves Mark
Published: December 2017

Most Americans say they believe in God, and more than a third say they attend religious services every week. Yet studies show that people do not really go to church as often as they claim, and it is not always clear what they mean when they tell pollsters they believe in God or pray. This book presents up-to-date information about religious trends in the United States, in a succinct and accessible manner. The book provides essential information about key developments in American religion since 1972, and is the first major resource of its kind to appear in more than two decades. The book looks at trends in diversity, belief, involvement, congregational life, leadership, liberal Protestant decline, and polarization. It draws on two important surveys: the General Social Survey, an ongoing survey of Americans' changing attitudes and behaviors, begun in 1972; and the National Congregations Study, a survey of American religious congregations across the religious spectrum. The book finds that American religious life has seen much continuity in recent decades, but also much change. It challenges the popular notion that religion is witnessing a resurgence in the United States—in fact, traditional belief and practice is either stable or declining. The book examines why the decline in liberal Protestant denominations has been accompanied by the spread of liberal Protestant attitudes about religious and social tolerance, how confidence in religious institutions has declined more than confidence in secular institutions, and a host of other crucial trends.
After Cloven Tongues of Fire
Authors: Hollinger David A.
Published: December 2017

The role of liberalized, ecumenical Protestantism in American history has too often been obscured by the more flamboyant and orthodox versions of the faith that oppose evolution, embrace narrow conceptions of family values, and continue to insist that the United States should be understood as a Christian nation. This book examines how liberal Protestant thinkers struggled to embrace modernity, even at the cost of yielding much of the symbolic capital of Christianity to more conservative, evangelical communities of faith. If religion is not simply a private concern, but a potential basis for public policy and a national culture, does this mean that religious ideas can be subject to the same kind of robust public debate normally given to ideas about race, gender, and the economy? Or is there something special about religious ideas that invite a suspension of critical discussion? These essays, collected here for the first time, demonstrate that the critical discussion of religious ideas has been central to the process by which Protestantism has been liberalized throughout the history of the United States, and shed light on the complex relationship between religion and politics in contemporary American life. The book brings together in one volume the author's most influential writings on ecumenical Protestantism. It features an informative general introduction as well as concise introductions to each essay.
Agent_Zero Toward Neurocognitive Foundations for Generative Social Science
Authors: Epstein Joshua M.
Published: December 2017

This book introduces a new theoretical entity: Agent_Zero. This software individual, or “agent,” is endowed with distinct emotional/affective, cognitive/deliberative, and social modules. Grounded in contemporary neuroscience, these internal components interact to generate observed, often far-from-rational, individual behavior. When multiple agents of this new type move and interact spatially, they collectively generate an astonishing range of dynamics spanning the fields of social conflict, psychology, public health, law, network science, and economics. The book weaves a computational tapestry with threads from Plato, David Hume, Charles Darwin, Ivan Pavlov, Adam Smith, Leo Tolstoy, Karl Marx, William James, and Fyodor Dostoevsky, among others. This transformative synthesis of social philosophy, cognitive neuroscience, and agent-based modeling will fascinate scholars and students of every stripe. Computer programs are provided in the book or available online. This book is a signal departure in what it includes (e.g., a new synthesis of neurally grounded internal modules), what it eschews (e.g., standard behavioral imitation), the phenomena it generates (from genocide to financial panic), and the modeling arsenal it offers the scientific community. For generative social science, this book presents a ground-breaking vision and the tools to realize it.
Valheen lähteillä – Valemedian lähteistö ja sen luotettavuus
Authors: Haasio Ari , Ojaranta Anu , Mattila Markku
Published: December 2017

Artikkeli analysoi erään keskeisen suomalaisen valemedian – MV-lehden (MV-lehti, 2017) – käyttämiä lähteitä lähdeanalyysin avulla. Aineisto koostuu ajanjaksolla 13.–26.2.2017 lehdessä julkaistuista verkkokirjoituksista lähteineen (N=525). Tutkimuksessa lähteet tyypiteltiin ja niiden luotettavuutta sekä käyttötapaa analysoitiin niin määrällisesti kuin laadullisesti. Verkkokirjoitusten suosiota analysoitiin lukukertojen sekä kirjoitusten sosiaalisessa mediassa saamien jakokertojen perusteella. MV-lehti käyttää lähteenään vain sähköisessä muodossa olevaa materiaalia. Joka seitsemännessä kirjoituksessa lähteistöä ei ole lainkaan merkitty näkyviin. Kun lähdeviitteet oli merkitty, viittaukset olivat usein puutteellisia tai epätäsmällisiä. Kirjoituksissa käytettyjen valokuvien yhteydessä lähde oli merkitty kymmenesosaan kuvista ja videoiden yhteydessä kolmeen neljäsosaan. Käytetty lähdemateriaali oli tasoltaan hyvin vaihtelevaa. Sosiaalisen median palvelujen, etenkin Facebookin, käyttö oli runsasta. Lähteinä käytettiin myös voimakkaasti asenteellisia ja jopa rasistisia sivustoja sekä valemediaa. Viranomaislähteiden ja valtamedian käytössä havaittiin myös tiettyä tarkoitushakuisuutta: MV-lehti käytti näitä lähteitä valikoiden oman maahanmuuttovastaisen agendansa pönkittämiseksi. MV-lehden lähteiden käytössä havaittiin tekijänoikeudellisesti ja eettisesti kyseenalaisia ratkaisuja. Esimerkiksi rikoksesta epäiltyjen kuvia ja nimiä julkaistiin vastoin journalistista käytäntöä ja yksityishenkilöiden Facebook- profiilissa olleita kuvia oli kopioitu verkkokirjoitusten kuvitukseksi. Aiempi tutkimus ei ole kiinnittänyt huomiota siihen, miten lähteiden käyttö voi mahdollistaa disinformaation: sen sijaan informaation totuusarvoa ja oikeellisuutta on pohdittu. Uutena näkökulmana tuomme esiin disinformaation näennäisen reliabilisoinnin, joka tehdään epäkorrektin, mutta uskottavalta näyttävän lähteiden käytön avulla.
Arquitectura del dosel en yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) en el bosque seco tropical en Colombia
Authors: Salcedo M Jairo , Chavarria A Bernardo , Pérez B Jhonys
Published: December 2017

El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la influencia de la disponibilidad hídrica del suelo sobre la arquitectura del dosel de yuca. El trabajo se realizó en la zona de bosque seco tropical del departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Las parcelas experimentales se establecieron en octubre de 2015, registrándose datos de altura de planta, cantidad de ramificaciones, ángulo de inserción foliar y de ramificación a los doce meses de edad, bajo un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar, con arreglo factorial. Como factores fijos se tuvo la variedad de yuca (MCOL 2066, CM 4919-1, SM 1411 y SM 2775) y el riego (riego complementario y sin riego complementario). Se encontraron patrones de inserción foliar favorecidos por la ausencia de riego, siendo estos de tipo plagiófilos en el tercio superior y planófilos en los tercios medio e inferior, lo que permite mayor eficiencia en la captura de la radiación. La altura de planta fue influenciada por la oferta hídrica, evidenciando superior crecimiento en alrededor de 17,9% bajo la aplicación de una lámina de 17 mm de riego durante los primeros meses de crecimiento del cultivo. El factor riego promueve de forma diferenciada la respuesta arquitectónica del dosel.
Frecuencia de papilomatosis en bovinos (Bos taurus) del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia
Authors: Violet L Lina , Montes V Donicer , Cardona A José
Published: December 2017

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de pailomatosis cutánea que ocurren en bovinos (Bos taurus) en el Departamento de Córdoba. De los casos dermatológicos atendidos en ese periodo (1184), 117 (9,9%) fueron casos clínicos de papilomatosis cutánea en bovinos de diferentes explotaciones ganaderas del Departamento. El 42,7% (50/117) fueron machos y el 57,3% (67/117) fueron hembras. El grupo etario más afectado fue el de 12 a 24 meses con mayor número de casos (74/117 (63,2%)), seguido de los menores de 12 meses (22/117 (18,8%)) y los mayores de 24 meses (21/117 (17,9%)). Con respecto a la ubicación de lesiones, la ubicación más común en orden descendente fue a nivel de cuerpo (69/117 (59,0%)), Cabeza (23/117 (19,6%)), extremidades (14/117 (12,0%)) y genitales (11/117 (9,4%)) respectivemente. No fueron observadas diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de papilomatosis (p>0,05) con respecto a la edad, sexo y ubicación de las lesiones en los animales del estudio. Se puede concluir que la papilomatosis cutánea bovina es una de las principales causas de consulta clínica de atención en bovinos del departamento de Córdoba.
Estudio diagnóstico del bienestar de bovinos durante el transporte a una planta de beneficio de la región caribe de Colombia
Authors: Pérez –Viloria Juan , Roqueme-Blanco Wilberto , Patiño –Pardo René , Botero-Arango Luz
Published: December 2017

Se realizó un estudio diagnóstico de bienestar animal (BA) durante el transporte terrestre de vacunos hacia una planta de faenado de la región Caribe de Colombia. Se hizo un estudio transversal analítico a 20 transportistas, evaluando variables demográficas, de actitud frente a los bovinos y del manejo dado. Se analizaron datos de 59 viajes (588 vacunos), evaluando las condiciones de los vehículos y determinando densidad de carga, heterogeneidad en peso, distancia recorrida, tiempo de espera antes del desembarque y el empleado en el desembarque. Parte de vehículos no se usan exclusivamente para el transporte de vacunos y no cumplen totalmente con lo dispuesto por el ICA. Las densidades de carga fueron inferiores a las recomendadas, con valores de 320,5 kg/m2 (DE=6,3) y 285,2 kg/m2 (DE=83,48), para vehículos pequeños y grandes, respectivamente y la distancia recorrida fue de 21,6 km, en promedio. Los tiempos promedios de espera total y de descargue fueron de 11,1 y 2.8 min., respectivamente. La distancia recorrida, la densidad de carga y el tiempo de descargue se correlacionaron con el número de hematomas y el pH de la canal fría. Se evidenciaron fallas que repercuten negativamente en el bienestar de vacunos durante el transporte y descargue en la planta de faenado y sobre la calidad de la canal, aunado a la falta de capacitación de los conductores en el tema del BA.
Reproducción asexual, sexual y vigor en semillas de caracolí Anacardium excelsum (Bertero ex Kunth) Skeels en el departamento de Sucre
Authors: Salcedo M Luis , Pérez P Yesica , Millán R Euriel
Published: December 2017

El bosque seco tropical en Colombia se encuentra en disminución y deforestación constante de su cobertura, Anacardium excelsum es un representante en este tipo de bosque, sin embargo se encuentra casi amenazada a nivel nacional. Teniendo en cuenta este aspecto y su importancia como especie maderable, el objetivo de la investigación fue hallar la mejor forma de reproducción, sexual o asexual, y determinar el vigor y el mejor tratamiento pre-germinativo para romper la latencia de las semillas. Se realizaron siete tratamientos pre-germinativos y tres con solución de hormona para enraizamiento de estacas. La escarificación con bisturí e inmersión en HCl por 5 minutos presentaron un mayor porcentaje de germinación, la mayor parte de las plantas germinaron antes de los 4 días de haber sido sembradas, y presentaron una tasa de crecimiento entre 3 y 4 cm por día en la primera semana. Con respecto a la reproducción asexual, en ninguna de las estacas se obtuvo formación de raíces y yemas. La reproducción sexual resultó ser el mejor método, y el tratamiento pre-germinativo de escarificación con bisturí fue el que presento mayor porcentaje de germinación.
El Correo de Zamora. Confesión religiosa y orientación política de un diario tradicionalista (1897-1916)
Authors: Hernández Fuentes Miguel-Ángel
Published: December 2017

En 1897 se fundó El Correo de Zamora cuyo encabezado tildaba al periódico de diario católico tradicionalista. Dos apelativos que marcaban su orientación política y religiosa. Con este artículo analizamos sus primeros veinte años de existencia, atendiendo principalmente a la conjunción de intereses políticos y religiosos habidos en el periódico, hasta 1916 en que perdió su carácter de diario tradicionalista, permaneciendo desde entonces como un proyecto periodístico exclusivamente católico. El análisis de sus páginas nos ayudará a conocer un poco más la prensa tradicionalista local, el arraigo del carlismo en una provincia como Zamora, sus líderes de opinión y sus redes sociales y religiosas.
Pola Pemukiman Komunitas Budaya Megalitik Di Desa Muak, Dataran Tinggi Jambi
Authors: Budisantosa Tri Marhaeni S.
Published: December 2017

The dispersion of archaeological sites at Muak Village in Jambi Highland forms a spatial grouping of sites of a community in the past. However, the settlement pattern and local geographical condition, which influenced it, has yet to be recognized. To solve the problem, three phases of analyses were performed. First, specific or descriptive was carried out to identify artifacts. Second, the contextual analysis was conducted to know the functions of the artifacts and sites. Third, the semi-micro spatial analysis was done to reveal the site to site relationships as well as a relation between a site and the surrounding geographical environment. Based on those analyses can be identified that the megalithic settlement at Muak Village consisted of ritual, habitation, and urn burial sites. The layout of those sites is a ritual site encircled by the habitation site, while the urn burial site is located outside the habitation area. Moreover, the relation between the sites and the surrounding environment is that the ritual and habitation sites are located on hill ridges, while the urn burial site is on hill slope or valley.
Land, Agrarian Reform in Zimbabwe Viewed from a Transformative Social Policy Perspective
Authors: Mazwi Freedom , Muchetu Rangarirai Gavin , Chibwana Musavengana
Published: December 2017

Much of the scholarly work on Zimbabwe’s land and agrarian reform has largely been premised on the “livelihoods”, “political economy” and the “neo-patrimonial” approaches; much to the neglect of other frameworks. This article attempts to analyse Zimbabwe’s post-2000 land reform experience from a transformative social policy perspective, utilising empirical data obtained from the 2013/14 Sam Moyo African Institute for Agrarian Studies’ six-district-baseline survey. The article argues that although the Fast Track Land Reform Programme has met the redistributive element of the transformative social policy agenda, the productive, protection and social cohesion potentials of the programme are still to reach their maximum potential due to a number of factors. Although a fraction of surveyed households is accumulating, the majority of the peasantry is shown to be struggling due to fundamental, domestic macro-economic challenges; constrained capacity of the state and external factors such as international isolation, which the country continues to face. Primary data utilised for this article was collected by distributing questionnaires in 1090 households in the districts of Chipinge, Chiredzi, Goromonzi, Kwekwe, Mangwe and Zvimba, which represent the country’s five agro-ecological zones. The data utilised was also collected from all the three settlement models (A1, A2 and Communal Areas).
Structure and Stability of Molecular Crystals with Many Body Dispersion Inclusive Density Functional Tight Binding
Authors: Mortazavi Majid , Brandenburg Jan Gerit , Maurer Reinhard J. , Tkatchenko Alexandre
Published: December 2017

Accurate prediction of structure and stability of molecular crystals is crucial in materials science and requires reliable modeling of long-range dispersion interactions. Semi-empirical electronic structure methods are computationally more efficient than their ab initio counterparts, allowing structure sampling with significant speed-ups. Here, we combine the Tkatchenko-Scheffler van-der-Waals method (TS) and the many body dispersion method (MBD) with third-order density functional tight-binding (DFTB3) via a charge population-based method. We find an overall good performance for the X23 benchmark database of molecular crystals, despite an underestimation of crystal volume that can be traced to the DFTB parametrization. We achieve accurate lattice energy predictions with DFT+MBD energetics on top of vdW-inclusive DFTB3 structures, resulting in a speed-up of up to 3000 times compared to a full DFT treatment. This suggests that vdW-inclusive DFTB3 can serve as a viable structural prescreening tool in crystal structure prediction.
Succession in harvestman (Opiliones) communities within an abandoned sand quarry in Belgium
Authors: De Smedt Pallieter , Van de Poel Sam
Published: December 2017

Sand mining strongly alters the existing landscape, transforming an area into a mosaic of native (sand deposits) and foreign soils, strongly influencing biotic development. The method of restoration of such excavated areas is often debated: natural succession or active restoration. We investigated how natural succession shapes harvestman communities, as part of the soil-dwelling community. We sampled harvestmen over a continuous period of 14 months in 25 plots in an abandoned sand quarry in Belgium using pitfall traps. We found significant increases in harvestman activity-density, species richness and diversity with time since abandonment of the various sections of the quarry. After about 15 years, a drastic change in species composition was observed with the establishment of forest species that more strongly depend on humid conditions to complete their life cycle. Colonisation of harvestmen closely followed vegetation succession despite their limited mobility. We argue that natural succession could be a good management tool for restoring harvestman communities as well as those of other soil-dwelling invertebrates in abandoned sand quarries.
Analyzing Indonesia’s NCICD Project to Stop the Capital City Sinking
Authors: Widodo Aris
Published: December 2017

Jakarta is hit by a tidal flood every year and cause some loss for the city. Beside that flood caused by sea level rise, the city risk on sinking is higher because of land subsidence problem. Without any significant action, it is predicted that Jakarta will face USD 521 million loss risks on 2050 caused by flood. To overcome the sinking problem, Indonesian government plays an active role on the international action to combat climate change. In addition, Indonesian government also implements NCICD project, in which create giant sea wall and land reclamation on the Jakarta Bay.  However, the land reclamation raises an argument that it would create an environment disaster for the city. Because of that, it is suggested that Jakarta should only create a sea wall without land reclamation. Moreover, Jakarta government also should ensure that Spatial City Planning and New Rule on ground water extraction are well implemented so the land subsidence in the city is stopped.
An Ethical investigation of State and the Management of Internally Displaced Persons: Nigeria as a case study
Authors: Abada Ifeanyichukwu M. , Okafor Nneka Ifeoma , Duru Nkemjika C.
Published: December 2017

The decision among human beings to change their places of residence has remained an age-long strategy of survival practiced for a very long time. However, the migratory activities associated with internal population displacement are often propelled by forced migration occasioned by natural or anthropogenic forces or a combination of both. The upsurge of internal population displacement in the Nigerian state is incontrovertible given the maniacal campaign of the Boko Haram insurgency in the North-east region. The dilemma of internally displaced persons and the imperative management have proven a formidable challenge to the Nigerian state. The aim of this paper therefore is to ethically investigate whether the ineffective control of the Boko Haram insurgency by the state is implicated in the rising incidence of internally displaced persons and evident vulnerabilities. The study adopted qualitative research which relied heavily on the documentary method of data collection and, guided by the ‘Marxist theory of the post-colonial state’ as a theoretical underpinning. The findings of this paper showed that the ineffective control of Boko Haram insurgency by the state was implicated in the rising incidence of internal population displacement in the North-east. The paper critically observed that the state and its agencies like the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), State Emergency Management Agencies (SEMAs), National Commission for Refugees, Migration and Internally Displaced Persons (NCFRMI), Presidential Initiative for the North East (PINE), Presidential Committee on the North-East Initiative (PCNI), among others have become the main instruments for the advancement of the interests of the dominant class. The study however recommends amongst other things that the state should ethically rethink its narrow strategy against Boko Haram insurgency through the adoption of a broader approach according to the dictates of Nigeria’s Countering Violent Extremism framework.
МОЖЛИВОСТІ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ ЩОДО ОБМЕЖЕННЯ ОРГАННИХ ПОРУШЕНЬ У РАННІЙ ФАЗІ ГОСТРОГО НЕКРОТИЧНОГО ПАНКРЕАТИТУ
Authors: Petrushenko V. V. , Stolyarchuk О. V. , Pankiv К. М. , Bilyk О. М.
Published: December 2017

У дослідження включені 49 хворих, у яких діагностований гострий некротичний панкреатит (ГП). У 26 пацієнтів (контрольна група) антиоксидантну терапію не проводили, у 23 (основна група) в комплексі інтенсивної терапії ранньої фази ГП застосовували мексидол. Досліджували стан оксидантної системи у хворих на 7-му добу від початку захворювання, показники синдрому системної запальної відповіді (ССЗВ), частоту органних порушень. Використання мексидолу сприяло зменшенню тяжкості ССЗВ, що корелювало з зменшенням інтенсивності перекисного окиснення білків (ПОБ, r=0,441, p=0,035) та ліпідів (ПОЛ, r=0,564, p=0,005), вираженості депресії функціонального стану глутатіонзалежної системи антиоксидантного захисту (АОЗ) (р < 0,05). Включення мексидолу в комплекс інтенсивної терапії хворих з приводу некротичного ГП сприяло зменшенню частоти органних порушень у ранній фазі захворювання на 32,9% порівняно з такою в контролі (р = 0,022), зокрема, дихальної системи - на 23,7% (р = 0,028), серцево-судинної - на 27,7% (р = 0,014), печінки на 31,3% (р = 0,012).
РОЛЬ ПРОЦЕСІВ ПЕРОКСИДАЦІЇ В МЕХАНІЗМАХ ПАТОГЕНЕЗУ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ЦИРОЗУ ПЕЧІНКИ
Authors: Dzygal О. F. , Novikova Zh. О. , Коkorina Yu. E. , Vastyanov R. S.
Published: December 2017

Вступ. Лікування хворих з приводу цирозу печінки (ЦП), печінкової недостатності та їх ускладнень, а також запального і фіброзного ураження паренхіми печінки є актуальною проблемою хірургічної гастроентерології. Ефективність діагностики й лікування дифузних захворювань печінки недостатня. Нами проведені фундаментальні дослідження для з’ясування механізмів патогенезу некрозу гепатоцитів.
Матеріали і методи. На експериментальній моделі ЦП досліджені зміни концентрації проміжних продуктів ліпопероксидації та активності антиоксидантних ферментів у крові, еритроцитах, паренхімі підшлункової залози та печінки щурів.
Результати. Встановлено, що формування ЦП в експерименті супроводжується накопиченням малонового діальдегіду, а також пригніченням активності антиоксидантних ферментів в крові, еритроцитах, а також паренхімі підшлункової залози та печінки щурів.
Обговорення. Дисбаланс у функціональній системі ліпопероксидація – система антиоксидантного захисту - один з провідних механізмів патогенезу синдрому поліорганної недостатності при ЦП.
Висновок. В комплекс патогенетично обґрунтованої корекції ЦП або печінкової недостатності слід включати препарати з антиоксидантними властивостями.
ВПЛИВ ДЕКОМПРЕСІЇ ЖОВЧОВИВІДНИХ ШЛЯХІВ НА ДИНАМІКУ ПРОЦЕСІВ ЖОВЧОУТВОРЕННЯ І ЖОВЧОВИДІЛЕННЯ ПІСЛЯ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ХОЛЕСТАЗУ РІЗНОЇ ТРИВАЛОСТІ
Authors: Dzyubanovskyi О. І. , Gudyma А. А.
Published: December 2017

Мета. Дослідити вплив декомпресії жовчовивідних шляхів на жовчоутворювальну і жовчовидільну функції печінки після експериментального холестазу різної тривалості.
Матеріали і методи. В експерименті на нелінійних білих щурах моделювали обтураційну жовтяницю і вивчали показники жовчоутворення і жовчовиділення.
Результати. Після холестазу протягом 3 діб і реканалізації спільної жовчної протоки (СЖП) відновлення жовчоутворювальної і жовчовидільної функцій печінки відзначали через 5 діб; після 7 діб холестазу – через 7 діб; після 14 діб холестазу - пригнічення функціонального стану печінки в усі строки після реканалізації СЖП з тимчасовим покращенням через 9 діб.
Обговорення. Реканалізація СЖП супроводжується зменшенням вмісту в жовчі загальних жовчних кислот і холестеролу, збільшенням літогенних властивостей жовчі та уповільненням її відтоку. Динаміка та інтенсивність виявлених порушень залежать від тривалості обтурації, максимальні – після 14 діб холестазу.
Висновок. Інтенсивність порушення функціонального стану печінки залежить від тривалості холестазу і прогресує від 3-ї до 14-ї доби холестазу.
Genetically Diverse Soybean Cyst Nematode–Resistant Full‐Sib Soybean Germplasm Lines AR4SCN, AR5SCN, AR6SCN, AR7SCN, and AR8SCN
Authors: Cianzio S. R. , Arelli P. R. , Swaminathan S. , Lundeen P. , Gebhart G. , Rivera-Velez N. , Guilherme S. R. , Soares I. O. , Diers B. W. , Knapp H. , Westgate M. , Hudson M. E.
Published: December 2017

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields will be protected by introgressing pathogen resistance, an objective of soybean breeding for pathogen resistance at Iowa State University (ISU). Germplasms AR4SCN (Reg. No. GP‐410, PI 684651), AR5SCN (Reg. No. GP‐411, PI 684652), AR6SCN (Reg. No. GP‐412, PI 684653), AR7SCN (Reg. No. GP‐413, PI 684654), and AR8SCN (Reg. No. GP‐414, PI 684655), are resistant to soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines [HG] Ichinohe) HG type 0 (Race 3) and HG type 1.3.6.7 (Race 14). In 2007, ISU Projects 3722 of the Agronomy Department and Project 3384 of the Plant Pathology Department, the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, and the ISU Research Foundation released the lines. Each line is an F12:13 bulk of 60 agronomically uniform plants from the cross of the genetically diverse SCN parents PI 88788 and ‘Columbia’. The cross made at the Isabela Substation, Puerto Rico, underwent generation advances in Puerto Rico and Iowa. Phenotyping/molecular characterizations of lines at Arelli's, Cianzio's and Diers’ labs confirmed the presence of high copy numbers of the full‐length sequence repeat of the highly important major PI 88788‐type rhg1‐b gene, conferring high levels of SCN resistance on each germplasm. In Iowa, average seed yield of the maturity group (MG) II line AR4SCN was 57% of the check ‘Dwight’. For MG III lines (AR5SCN, AR6SCN, AR7SCN, AR8SCN), yield was 77% of ‘Macon’. The germplasms will serve in the development of SCN‐resistant genotypes adapted to northern US regions where SCN HG type 0 and/or 1.3.6.7 may be prevalent. Lines may also serve as research genetic stocks.
A Computational Study on Mixed Convection Heat Transfer in an Inclined Rectangular Channel under Imposed Local Flow Modulation
Authors: Hasan Mohammad Nasim , Chowdhury Clinton , Jewel Kawser Ahmed , Saha Sumon
Published: December 2017

Numerical investigation of mixed convection heat transfer in an inclined 2D rectangular channel provided with partially heated bottom wall and a constant low temperature upper wall has been performed. The heated section of the bottom wall i.e. the heaters are maintained with constant heat flux and separated from each other by adiabatic segments. A fully developed parabolic velocity profile at constant low temperature is induced at the inlet. To enhance the heat transfer from the heaters, local flow field in the channel is modulated by placing circular cylinders rotating in counterclockwise direction (aiding flow) above each heater along the channel centerline. The fluid and the thermal fields within the rectangular channel are governed by the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes and Energy equations that have been solved by adapting Galerkin finite element method. The governing parameters of the present problem such as Reynolds number (Re) and Grashof number (Gr) are varied in the range of 1 ≤ Re ≤ 100 and 103 ≤ Gr ≤ 105. Air has been considered as working fluid having a Prandtl number, Pr = 0.71. In addition to these governing parameters, the inclination angle of the channel (α) and the speed ratio (ξ) that is the ratio of peripheral speed of the rotating cylinder and the maximum inlet flow velocity is also varied in the range of 0° ≤ α ≤ 90° and 0.5 ≤ ξ ≤ 2.0 respectively. The thermal and the fluid fields are visualized via the isotherm and the streamline plots. The efficacy of local flow modulation with rotating cylinder for heat transfer enhancement has been estimated in terms of normalized average Nusselt number over the heaters as Nu/Nunc, where Nu and Nunc represents the average Nusselt number with and without flow modulation respectively. Results obtain in the present study reveals that, for very weak flow (Re = 1), flow modulation results in lower heat transfer particularly at lower values of Gr on the contrary for moderate and higher values of Re (10, 100), flow modulation has been found to result in higher heat transfer particularly at lower values of Gr. For example, at Re = 100 and α= 0°, about 32% to 55% enhancement in heat transfer has been obtained for 103≤ Gr ≤ 105. Variation in heat transfer enhancement through flow modulation has also been noticed for different channel inclination angle (α) for various system configurations.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2017: 43-50
An Assessment of Gasification of Lipid-Extracted Algae by Thermodynamic Simulation
Authors: Kabir Kazi Bayzid , Kirtania Kawnish
Published: December 2017

Thermodynamic simulation of gasification of Nannochloropsis gaditana (after lipid extraction and before lipid extraction) over a wide range of temperatures (800 – 1400 oC) was performed in this study. The reactor temperature variation with respect to the O2 to fuel ratio and the syngas composition with temperature were evaluated for gasification performance. The results showed the H2/CO ratio for lipid-extracted algae (LEA) was very similar to the gasification behavior of raw algae (RA) before lipid extraction. Only a slight variation was observed for the lower heating value (9.2 MJ/Nm3 for RA and 8.9 MJ/Nm3 for LEA at 1000 oC) of the syngas from the two feedstocks. The H2/CO ratio for both RA and LEA remained almost the same over the range of temperatures (800-1400 oC) under consideration. The cold gas efficiency was found between 82 % to 75 % for RA and 75 % to 69 % for LEA at 1000 oC and 1400 oC respectively. As the overall gasification performance did not degrade significantly after extraction of lipid from algae, the LEA holds remarkable potential as a gasification feedstock in a biorefinery set up.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2017: 59-63