bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profiling Patterned Transcripts in Drosophila Embryos
Authors: Simin Karl , Scuderi Anne , Reamey James , Dunn Diane , Weiss Robert , Metherall James E. , Letsou Anthea
Published: July 2002

Here we describe a high-throughput screen to isolate transcripts with spatially restricted patterns of expression in early embryos. Our approach utilizes robotic automation for rapid analysis of sequence-selected cDNAs in a whole-mount in situ hybridization assay. We determined the spatial distribution of a random collection of 778 different genes from an embryonic cDNA library and show that a significant fraction of these exhibit patterned profiles of expression. In addition, gene ontology studies revealed groups of gene products exhibiting shared expression patterns, providing new insights into the largely overlooked effector molecules that function in development. As described in this paper, automated hybridization to whole-mount embryos in situ proved to be straightforward and provided us with a very powerful method for the global survey of gene expression in early embryos. From the perspective of biological significance, our finding that many spatially restricted transcripts correspond to loci encoding novel transcripts that have not been previously identified in nearly saturating genetic screens for maternal effect and zygotic lethals is particularly notable.

[Supplementary material available online at http://www.genome.org. The following individuals kindly provided reagents, samples, or unpublished information as indicated in the paper: N. Brown]
The Effect of Similarity between Elemental Stimuli and Compounds in Olfactory Patterning Discriminations
Authors: Deisig Nina , Lachnit Harald , Giurfa Martin
Published: July 2002

We studied the ability of honeybees to discriminate between single odorants and binary olfactory mixtures. We analyzed the effect of the number of common elements between these two stimulus classes on olfactory discrimination. We used olfactory conditioning of the honeybees' proboscis extension reflex (PER), a paradigm in which odors can be associated with a reinforcement of sucrose solution. Bees were asked to discriminate reinforced from nonreinforced olfactory stimuli. They were trained with two elemental odors (A and B) versus a binary olfactory mixture. The mixture was either AB (group 2CE, two common elements), AC (group 1CE, one common element A), or CD (group 0CE, no common element). Three groups followed a positive patterning schedule (mixture reinforced and elements nonreinforced: groups 2CE+, 1CE+, and 0CE+) and three other groups a negative patterning schedule (mixture nonreinforced and elements reinforced: groups 2CE−, 1CE−, and 0CE−). We showed that a reduction of similarity (number of common elements) between elemental odors and compounds enhanced the ability to discriminate elements from compounds and that the kind of compound processing used by the bees supports theories that assume nonelemental compound processing (i.e., that exclude the mere summation of the elemental associative strengths upon compound presentation).
The Time Course of Neural Changes Underlying Auditory Perceptual Learning
Authors: Atienza Mercedes , Cantero Jose L. , Dominguez-Marin Elena
Published: July 2002

Improvement in perception takes place within the training session and from one session to the next. The present study aims at determining the time course of perceptual learning as revealed by changes in auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) reflecting preattentive processes. Subjects were trained to discriminate two complex auditory patterns in a single session. ERPs were recorded just before and after training, while subjects read a book and ignored stimulation. ERPs showed a negative wave called mismatch negativity (MMN)—which indexes automatic detection of a change in a homogeneous auditory sequence—just after subjects learned to consciously discriminate the two patterns. ERPs were recorded again 12, 24, 36, and 48 h later, just before testing performance on the discrimination task. Additional behavioral and neurophysiological changes were found several hours after the training session: an enhanced P2 at 24 h followed by shorter reaction times, and an enhanced MMN at 36 h. These results indicate that gains in performance on the discrimination of two complex auditory patterns are accompanied by different learning-dependent neurophysiological events evolving within different time frames, supporting the hypothesis that fast and slow neural changes underlie the acquisition of improved perception.
Heat Stress- and Heat Shock Transcription Factor-Dependent Expression and Activity of Ascorbate Peroxidase in Arabidopsis
Authors: Panchuk Irina I. , Volkov Roman A. , Schöffl Friedrich
Published: July 2002

To find evidence for a connection between heat stress response, oxidative stress, and common stress tolerance, we studied the effects of elevated growth temperatures and heat stress on the activity and expression of ascorbate peroxidase (APX). We compared wild-type Arabidopsis with transgenic plants overexpressing heat shock transcription factor 3 (HSF3), which synthesize heat shock proteins and are improved in basal thermotolerance. Following heat stress, APX activity was positively affected in transgenic plants and correlated with a new thermostable isoform, APXS. This enzyme was present in addition to thermolabile cytosolic APX1, the prevalent isoform in unstressed cells. In HSF3-transgenic plants, APXS activity was detectable at normal temperature and persisted after severe heat stress at 44°C. In nontransgenic plants, APXS was undetectable at normal temperature, but could be induced by moderate heat stress. The mRNA expression profiles of known and three new Apx genes were determined using real-time PCR. Apx1 and Apx2 genes encoding cytosolic APX were heat stress and HSF dependently expressed, but only the representations of Apx2 mRNA met the criteria that suggest identity between APXS and APX2: not expressed at normal temperature in wild type, strong induction by heat stress, and HSF3-dependent expression in transgenic plants. Our data suggest thatApx2 is a novel heat shock gene and that the enzymatic activity of APX2/APXS is required to compensate heat stress-dependent decline of APX1 activity in the cytosol. The functional roles of modulations of APX expression and the interdependence of heat stress and oxidative stress response and signaling mechanisms are discussed.
Regulation of Squalene Synthase, a Key Enzyme of Sterol Biosynthesis, in Tobacco
Authors: Devarenne Timothy P. , Ghosh Anirban , Chappell Joe
Published: July 2002

Squalene synthase (SS) represents a putative branch point in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway capable of diverting carbon flow specifically to the biosynthesis of sterols and, hence, is considered a potential regulatory point for sterol metabolism. For example, when plant cells grown in suspension culture are challenged with fungal elicitors, suppression of sterol biosynthesis has been correlated with a reduction in SS enzyme activity. The current study sought to correlate changes in SS enzyme activity with changes in the level of the corresponding protein and mRNA. Using an SS-specific antibody, the initial suppression of SS enzyme activity in elicitor-challenged cells was not reflected by changes in the absolute level of the corresponding polypeptide, implicating a post-translational control mechanism for this enzyme activity. In comparison, the absolute level of the SS mRNA did decrease approximately 5-fold in the elicitor-treated cells, which is suggestive of decreased transcription of the SS gene. Study of SS in intact plants was also initiated by measuring the level of SS enzyme activity, the level of the corresponding protein, and the expression of SS gene promoter-reporter gene constructs in transgenic plants. SS enzyme activity, polypeptide level, and gene expression were all localized predominately to the shoot apical meristem, with much lower levels observed in leaves and roots. These later results suggest that sterol biosynthesis is localized to the apical meristems and that apical meristems may be a source of sterols for other plant tissues.
The Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transaminase Gene Family in Arabidopsis Encodes Plastid and Mitochondrial Proteins
Authors: Diebold Ruth , Schuster Joachim , Däschner Klaus , Binder Stefan
Published: July 2002

Branched-chain amino acid transaminases (BCATs) play a crucial role in the metabolism of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. They catalyze the last step of the synthesis and/or the initial step of the degradation of this class of amino acids. In Arabidopsis, seven putative BCAT genes are identified by their similarity to their counterparts from other organisms. We have now cloned the respective cDNA sequences of six of these genes. The deduced amino acid sequences show between 47.5% and 84.1% identity to each other and about 30% to the homologous enzymes from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mammals. In addition, many amino acids in crucial positions as determined by crystallographic analyses of BCATs from Escherichia coli and human (Homo sapiens) are conserved in the AtBCATs. Complementation of a yeast Δbat1/Δbat2 double knockout strain revealed that five AtBCATs can function as BCATs in vivo. Transient expression of BCAT:green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplasts shows that three isoenzymes are imported into chloroplasts (AtBCAT-2, -3, and -5), whereas a single enzyme is directed into mitochondria (AtBCAT-1).
Salt Induction of Fatty Acid Elongase and Membrane Lipid Modifications in the Extreme Halotolerant Alga Dunaliella salina
Authors: Azachi Malkit , Sadka Avi , Fisher Morly , Goldshlag Paulina , Gokhman Irena , Zamir Ada
Published: July 2002

In studies of the outstanding salt tolerance of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina, we isolated a cDNA for a salt-inducible mRNA encoding a protein homologous to plant β-ketoacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthases (Kcs). These microsomal enzymes catalyze the condensation of malonyl-CoA with acyl-CoA, the first and rate-limiting step in fatty acid elongation. Kcs activity, localized to a D. salina microsomal fraction, increased in cells transferred from 0.5 to 3.5 m NaCl, as did the level of thekcs mRNA. The function of the kcsgene product was directly demonstrated by the condensing activity exhibited by Escherichia coli cells expressing thekcs cDNA. The effect of salinity on kcsexpression in D. salina suggested the possibility that salt adaptation entailed modifications in the fatty acid composition of algal membranes. Lipid analyses indicated that microsomes, but not plasma membranes or thylakoids, from cells grown in 3.5 mNaCl contained a considerably higher ratio of C18 (mostly unsaturated) to C16 (mostly saturated) fatty acids compared with cells grown in 0.5m salt. Thus, the salt-inducible Kcs, jointly with fatty acid desaturases, may play a role in adapting intracellular membrane compartments to function in the high internal glycerol concentrations balancing the external osmotic pressure.
Differential Accumulation of Dimethylallyl Diphosphate in Leaves and Needles of Isoprene- and Methylbutenol-Emitting and Nonemitting Species
Authors: Rosenstiel Todd N. , Fisher Alison J. , Fall Ray , Monson Russell K.
Published: July 2002

The biosynthesis and emission of volatile plant terpenoids, such as isoprene and methylbutenol (MBO), depend on the chloroplastic production of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). To date, it has been difficult to study the relationship of cellular DMAPP levels to emission of these volatiles because of the lack of a sensitive assay for DMAPP in plant tissues. Using a recent DMAPP assay developed in our laboratories, we report that species with the highest potential for isoprene and MBO production also exhibit elevated light-dependent DMAPP production, ranging from 110% to 1,063%. Even species that do not produce significant amounts of volatile terpenoids, however, exhibit some potential for light-dependent production of DMAPP. We used a nonaqueous fractionation technique to determine the intracellular distribution of DMAPP in isoprene-emitting cottonwood (Populus deltoides) leaves; approximately 65% to 70% of the DMAPP recovered at midday occurred in the chloroplasts, indicating that most of the light-dependent production of DMAPP was chloroplastic in origin. The midday concentration of chloroplastic DMAPP in cottonwood leaves is estimated to be 0.13 to 3.0 mm, which is consistent with the relatively high K  ms that have been reported for isoprene synthases (0.5–8 mm). The results provide support for the hypothesis that the light dependence of isoprene and MBO emissions is in part due to controls over DMAPP production.
NPSN11 Is a Cell Plate-Associated SNARE Protein That Interacts with the Syntaxin KNOLLE
Authors: Zheng Haiyan , Bednarek Sebastian Y. , Sanderfoot Anton A. , Alonso Jose , Ecker Joseph R. , Raikhel Natasha V.
Published: July 2002

SNAREs are important components of the vesicle trafficking machinery in eukaryotic cells. In plants, SNAREs have been found to play a variety of roles in the development and physiology of the whole organism. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a novel plant-specific SNARE, NPSN11, a member of a closely related small gene family in Arabidopsis. NSPN11 is highly expressed in actively dividing cells. In a subcellular fractionation experiment, NSPN11 cofractionates with the cytokinesis-specific syntaxin, KNOLLE, which is required for the formation of the cell plate. By immunofluorescence microscopy, NSPN11 was localized to the cell plate in dividing cells. Consistent with the localization studies, NSPN11 was found to interact with KNOLLE. Our results suggest that NPSN11 is another component of the membrane trafficking and fusion machinery involved in cell plate formation.
Combinatorial Interaction of Cis Elements Specifies the Expression of the Arabidopsis AtHsp90-1Gene
Authors: Haralampidis Kosmas , Milioni Dimitra , Rigas Stamatis , Hatzopoulos Polydefkis
Published: July 2002

The promoter region of the ArabidopsisAtHsp90-1 gene is congested with heat shock elements and stress response elements, as well as with other potential transcriptional binding sites (activating protein 1, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein element, and metal regulatory element). To determine how the expression of this bona fideAtHsp90-1 gene is regulated, a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative promoter deletion analysis was conducted under various environmental conditions and during development. The promoter induces gene expression at high levels after heat shock and arsenite treatment. However, our results show that the two stress responses may involve common but not necessarily the same regulatory elements. Whereas for heat induction, heat shock elements and stress response elements act cooperatively to promote high levels of gene expression, arsenite induction seems to require the involvement of activating protein 1 regulatory sequences. In stressed transgenic plants harboring the full-length promoter, β-glucuronidase activity was prominent in all tissues. Nevertheless, progressive deletion of the promoter decreases the level of expression under heat shock and restricts it predominantly in the two meristems of the plant. In contrast, under arsenite induction, proximal sequences induceAtHsp90-1 gene expression only in the shoot meristem. Distally located elements negatively regulate AtHsp90-1gene expression under unstressed conditions, whereas flower-specific regulated expression in mature pollen grains suggests the prominent role of the AtHsp90-1 in pollen development. The results show that the regulation of developmental expression, suppression, or stress induction is mainly due to combinatorial contribution of the cis elements in the promoter region of the AtHsp90-1gene.
Role of a Heterotrimeric G Protein in Regulation of Arabidopsis Seed Germination
Authors: Ullah Hemayet , Chen Jin-Gui , Wang Shucai , Jones Alan M.
Published: July 2002

Seed germination is regulated by many signals. We investigated the possible involvement of a heterotrimeric G protein complex in this signal regulation. Seeds that carry a protein null mutation in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the G protein in Arabidopsis (GPA1) are 100-fold less responsive to gibberellic acid (GA), have increased sensitivity to high levels of Glc, and have a near-wild-type germination response to abscisic acid and ethylene, indicating that GPA1 does not directly couple these signals in germination control. Seeds ectopically expressingGPA1 are at least a million-fold more responsive to GA, yet still require GA for germination. We conclude that the GPA1 indirectly operates on the GA pathway to control germination by potentiation. We propose that this potentiation is directly mediated by brassinosteroids (BR) because the BR response and synthesis mutants,bri1-5 and det2-1, respectively, share the same GA sensitivity as gpa1 seeds. Furthermore,gpa1 seeds are completely insensitive to brassinolide rescue of germination when the level of GA in seeds is reduced. A lack of BR responsiveness is also apparent in gpa1 roots and hypocotyls suggesting that BR signal transduction is likely coupled by a heterotrimeric G protein at various points in plant development.
Endogenous and Silencing-Associated Small RNAs in Plants[W]
Authors: Llave Cesar , Kasschau Kristin D. , Rector Maggie A. , Carrington James C.
Published: July 2002

A large set of endogenous small RNAs of predominantly 21 to 24 nucleotides was identified in Arabidopsis. These small RNAs resembled micro-RNAs from animals and were similar in size to small interfering RNAs that accumulated during RNA silencing triggered by multiple types of inducers. Among the 125 sequences identified, the vast majority (90%) arose from intergenic regions, although small RNAs corresponding to predicted protein-coding genes, transposon-like sequences, and a structural RNA gene also were identified. Evidence consistent with the derivation of small RNAs of both polarities, and from highly base-paired precursors, was obtained through the identification and analysis of clusters of small RNA loci. The accumulation of specific small RNAs was regulated developmentally. We propose that Arabidopsis small RNAs participate in a wide range of post-transcriptional and epigenetic events.
Distance learning and LIS professional development
Authors: Robinson Lyn , Bawden David
Published: July 2002

The nature of distance learning in general, and for the specific case of LIS professional development, is reviewed in the context of wider changes in the learning environment. This leads to an analysis of the kind of materials and activities which may be required to support this form of education, and to proposals for categories of activities, which are to be tested in a part distance learning multinational LIS summer school.
Corrosion inhibition of copper in 3 per cent NaCl solution by new bipyrazolic derivatives
Authors: Dafali A. , Hammouti B. , Touzani R. , Kertit S. , Ramdani A. , El Kacemi K.
Published: July 2002

The inhibition of the copper corrosion in aerated 3 per cent sodium chloride solution was studied by using electrochemical polarisation, weight loss and impedance measurements in the presence of different concentration of synthesised bipyrazolic compounds: N,N‐bis (3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) butylamine (bipy1); N,N‐bis (3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) allylamine (bipy2); N,N‐bis (3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) ethanolamine. (bipy3); N,N‐bis (3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) cyclohexylamine (bipy4); N,N‐bis (3‐carbomethoxy‐5‐methylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) cyclohexylamine (bipy5); N,N‐bis(3‐carboethoxy‐5‐methylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) cyclohexylamine (bipy6). The inhibition efficiencies obtained from cathodic Tafel plots, polarisation resistance and weight loss are in good agreement with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. All these additives were found to be excellent inhibitors of copper corrosion. The difference in inhibition efficiencies of these inhibitors was not big, but the optimum concentration for maximum efficiency was slightly dependent on the substitution of each molecule. The studied molecules act as mixed‐type inhibitors. Detailed study of bipy1 shows that the maximum inhibition efficiency revolves around 99 per cent from 5×10−4 M of inhibitor. This latter adsorbs on the copper surface according to the Frumkin isotherm model. The inhibition efficiency of bipy1 decreases with the rise of temperature in the range 25 – 60°C.
The good, the bad and the ugly of butchers’ shops’ licensing in England – one local authority’s experience
Authors: Walker Elizabeth , Jones Nicola
Published: July 2002

Butchers Licensing Regulations have been in force for two years. They require premises which handle unwrapped raw meat and sell raw meat alongside ready to eat foods to operate fully documented food safety management systems. These management systems are in keeping with the seven principles of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) as detailed by the Codex and are aimed at ensuring food safety and at improving consumer protection. This article focuses on the initial first year work undertaken by Derby City Council to get its 29 butcher’s shops successfully licensed. Data collated and evaluated is presented which gives a clear picture of standards in premises before and after licensing. Standards in the majority of the premises significantly improved and butchers attitudes in general appear to be more positive towards food safety. However substantial costs have been associated with licensing. There are important implications from these costs if the government is to consider licensing the rest of the UK food businesses.
Distribution channels for Greek organic food in the domestic and international market
Authors: Eisenbach Johannes
Published: July 2002

Focuses on the growth in production and consumption of organic food. Uses the example of this growth in Greece to suggest a four‐stage model, relevant across Europe, that governs the creation and development of virgin organic markets.
Perceptions of Meat and Food:
Authors: Maguire Kevin
Published: July 2002

As part of a larger food safety study, the perceptions of food in
general and meat in particular were investigated among 94 householders
in the City of Norwich UK, using respondent ratings on a number of
dimensions. Food and meat were seen as similar on more subjective
criteria (e.g. sociability) and different on more objective criteria
(e.g. moisture content). The importance of cheapness was found, for
some, to override other important criteria such as freshness when buying
food. Discusses the health promotion implications of the findings.
The Carrageenan Connection IV
Authors: Bixler H.J.
Published: July 2002

Carrageenans are extracted from red algae and, depending on their types
and applications, function as potent thickeners, effective stabilizers
and excellent gelling agents. At the same time they are convenient and
economical to use. Categorizes and specifies them by their chemistry,
origin, manufacturing process and by their applications. Suggests and
explains common nomenclature, numbering and identification for purposes
of regulatory control, food labelling and identification in the
marketplace.
Consumer Preferences for Quality and Freshness Attributes of Eggs
Authors: Ness Mitchell R. , Gerhardy Hubert
Published: July 2002

Illustrates the use of conjoint analysis, a multivariate technique for
the analysis of consumer preferences for multiple attribute products
with an application to freshness and quality attributes of eggs.
Establishes general and specific background issues and explains the
technique of conjoint analysis. Discusses aspects of research design.
Summarizes the empirical results with emphasis on the interpretation of
the model and its use for simulation analyses.
Marketing of Imported Food Products in Germany:
Authors: Hagen Meyer Alfred , Jewell Stephen Mark
Published: July 2002

Under the principle of mutual recognition any product from a Community
member state that is legally produced and sold can be marketed in any
other member state. This principle was developed by the European Court
in the Cassis jurisdiction. The German legislature has taken this
principle into account in implementation of the new paragraph 47(a) in
the Lebensmittel – und Bedarfsegenstandegesetz (German Food Law). Gives
an overview of the judicial developments which preceded the passing of
this new section.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: A “Progress” Report
Authors: Lacey R.W.
Published: July 2002

Considers recent developments in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
and their relation to Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD). Sheep scrapie is
now known to be irrelevant to the cause of both BSE and CJD. The range
of species of animals acquiring novel spongiform encephalopathies
continues to broaden. The failure to find infectivity in many tissues of
BSE cattle has been due to the use of an inappropriate and insensitive
assay method. The occurrence of vertical transfer of BSE from dam to
calf is now accepted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
(MAFF), as shown by the recent removal from the human food chain of
intestines and the thymus from young calves. During the last year, the
probability that CJD is caused by BSE has increased.
The food product development process
Authors: Rudolph Marvin J.
Published: July 2002

The current process for developing new food products is seriously
flawed. Of the 8,077 new food products (stock keeping units or SKUs)
introduced to US retail markets in 1993, only about one‐quarter of them
were novel – not simply line extensions. Although there are no published data on successes and failures
of new food products, it is estimated that 80 to 90 per cent of them
fail within one year of introduction. These are just the products that
made the retail cut; consider all the products whose efforts fell short
and retail introduction never took place. This means that only about 200
novel food products introduced in 1993 will make it after their first
year on US retail shelves in 1994. The failure cost to the US food
industry is estimated at $20 billion. This cost results from missed sales targets, lost revenues and
postponed profits in addition to wasted development resources.
Food safety: the final solution for the hotel and catering
industry?
Authors: Adams Alan
Published: July 2002

The 1995 Food Hygiene Regulations can be seen either as a problem
for the hotel and catering industry or as an opportunity to put into
place an acceptable hygiene model that is going to remove the confusion
caused by the 1990s legislation. However, to achieve this, the proposals
must be founded on scientific data and the Joint Hospitality Industries
Congress must be prepared to take on the appropriate government body if
it finds that its recommendations are being subjected to unacceptable
modifications. It is also important for the hotel and catering industry
to maintain a recognized forum to influence future legislation.
CIS and eastern Europe
Authors: Cunliffe Andrew
Published: July 2002

While all the global food manufacturers are in evidence across the
CIS and eastern Europe, all have different reasons for entering the
market. Classifies the food manufacturers into: volume seekers;
followers; and raw material seekers. Also classifies their market entry
strategies as exporters, joint‐venturers and manufacturers. Goes on to
analyse the countries of the CIS and eastern Europe in terms of their
attractiveness to food manufacturers. Classifies them into four groups
on the basis of their scores on key market criteria. Identifies positive
and negative factors for each group.
The challenge of operating in the new Europe
Authors: Grant Helen
Published: July 2002

Describes the composition of the fresh produce supply industry,
including the organizations involved in this sector, such as marketing
boards, integrated fruit companies, and specialist importers. Identifies
the “new” groups which will emerge as: producer groups; and
service‐driven distributors. Suggests strategies for survival and
success in the new Europe for each group.
The challenge of operating in the new Europe
Authors: Grant Helen
Published: July 2002

Suggests that one of the keys to success within the European dairy
industry over the next decade will be the development of an ability to
react quickly to change. Identifies the groupings within the industry
as: industry drivers; industry agitators; and industry followers.
Proposes strategies for survival and success for each grouping.
Never mind the quantity, investigate the depth!
Authors: Milburn Kathryn
Published: July 2002

Illustrates how qualitative methods can illuminate social and
cultural contexts which affect food choice in the domestic situation.
Argues that these contexts are best uncovered by the exploratory,
inductive and less structured approaches offered by qualitative methods.
Describes some analytical strengths of these methods: complexity, depth,
context and dynamics. Illustrates these with examples drawn from a
multi‐interview study of whole family groups carried out in Edinburgh in
the late 1980s. Suggests that qualitative methods are best suited to
investigating the social processes and dynamics which underpin the
statistical picture presented in quantitative nutritional surveys.
BSE: an update on the statistical evidence
Authors: Dealler S.F. , Kent J.T.
Published: July 2002

BSE has now been transmitted orally to 16 species, and appears to have infected over 50 per cent of UK dairy herds, these representing over 85 per cent of UK dairy cattle. It now seems that BSE may be passed from cow to calf and hence the banning of infected feed in 1988 has only had a minor effect in stopping infection of calves, which, as they reach the age of three to six years are the cattle we see with clinical symptoms. Presents evidence that BSE is not derived from scrapie. Approximately 1,800,000 infected cattle will be eaten by humans by 2001. Discusses the human risk.
Technology transfer in the Northern Ireland food processing sector
Authors: Bradley Aileen , McErlean Seamus , Kirke Alan
Published: July 2002

Technical progress and its adoption are recognized as probably the
most important source of improvement in the productivity and
competitiveness of firms in any industry. While progress is an essential
prerequisite for the transfer of technology, focuses on the process of
transfer itself prompted by a lack of research in this area within the
Northern Ireland food‐processing industry. The analysis investigated
innovation and identified a diffusion pattern for the uptake of
innovations. It also obtained a measure for the rate of technology
transfer and identified the principal factors influencing the process.
The results indicated factors that could be used to accelerate the
diffusion of new technologies as being the education levels of managers;
R&D expenditure; and the profitability of the innovation. There was
also a suggestion that the poultry and dairy sectors were more
progressive than the others in their approach to business.
Catering for the fish consumer – a UK perspective
Authors: Maddock Sarah , Young James A.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the highly fragmented UK catering market and its response
to the requirements of fish consumers. Investigates the contemporary
trends within the catering sector′s leading players. Finds that the
public is becoming increasingly sophisticated in its choice of foods and
is spending more when eating away from home. Argues that, despite some
exceptions, many outlets, especially among hotels and restaurants, leave
much to be desired. Suggests that too frequently fish is being served to
sections of the catering public without any real attempt to match the
offering to consumers′ wants. Indicates that alternative cuisines are
growing in popularity and pose a significant threat to fish caterers
who, if they do not improve their product offerings, may sink rather
than swim.
A transaction cost analysis of quality, traceability and animal welfare issues in UK beef retailing
Authors: Hobbs Jill E.
Published: July 2002

Presents a study of the procurement of beef by UK supermarkets. Investigates the hypothesis that a retailer’s choice of beef supplier is influenced by the transaction costs incurred in different supply relationships. Measures the relative importance of the transaction costs incurred by retailers as a result of concerns over quality consistency, traceability and farm animal welfare using conjoint analysis. Data for the conjoint analysis were collected through a postal survey of UK supermarket retailers. From the results, suggests that the information and monitoring costs arising from the need to ensure that beef supplies are of a consistent quality are relatively important influences on the choice of supplier, followed by the traceability of cattle, whether the beef originates from a farm assurance scheme and the price paid by the retailer. Also analyses procurement preferences of individual respondents, revealing some interesting differences between the retailers. Concludes that strategic alliance partnerships between retailers, processors and marketing groups composed of farmers may emerge as the method of vertical co‐ordination which minimizes transaction costs.
Reversing market trends: the challenge for the UK fresh fruit sector
Authors: Hughes David
Published: July 2002

Notes that fresh fruit consumption in the UK is low, relative to most other EU countries, and static. Also that fruits which can be grown commercially in the UK, such as apples and strawberries, show a declining trend. Observes that in an increasingly competitive market‐place, fresh fruit does not meet the evolving wants of key consumer groups. concludes fruit marketing organizations must invest in research and development to produce strong consumer‐orientated proprietary products and, then, provide them with the promotional support that premium products warrant if they are to survive and prosper in markets which will come under increasing competitive pressure in the next decade and century.
Food assembly markets in Africa: lessons from the horticultural sector of Kenya
Authors: Dijkstra Tjalling
Published: July 2002

Notes that in Africa, food assembly markets are a key part of the institutional framework in which efficient and effective food marketing channels can develop. Examines existing assembly markets for horticultural commodities in Kenya, showing that they evolve in surplus areas with relatively poor farm accessibility and low supply concentration. Observes that under these circumstances, the markets serve to reduce transport and/or information costs to suppliers and buyers and that “dual systems” and “first‐ and second‐level assembly markets” may evolved. Anticipates that rural assembly markets will gain in importance, or at least maintain their current importance, in the coming decade and advises African policymakers who intend to develop such markets for horticultural commodities or grains to focus on areas with a surplus production, low supply concentration and poorly accessible farms. Concludes that the assembly markets should be better accessible by road or rail than their hinterland.
An international perspective on food and cooking skills in education
Authors: Stitt Sean
Published: July 2002

The imposition of the National Curriculum on schools in England and Wales took place without any substantive consultation with professional practitioners in education and other intersectoral groups. One of the consequences of this imposition has been the “optionalization” of food skills in the curriculum. The result, it is feared, will be an even greater reliance on precooked, convenience foods which are, in general, nutritionally inferior to home‐cooked meals ‐ and generally much more expensive, a major consideration for low income families. Therefore the concern is that the nation’s diet will be adversely affected which, in turn, will have a detrimental influence on the nation’s health. Looks at the validity of these concerns in Britain but also calls on material gathered in consultations with health and education professionals in other countries. Aims to strengthen the argument for prioritizing food cookery skills in schools as one of the most effective health promotion strategies in protecting the means which families and individuals have to determine what they eat, rather than forfeiting this to the mass processed food industries.
Time, food shopping and food preparation: some attitudinal linkages
Authors: Davies Gary
Published: July 2002

Time is a multidimensional entity and research into how we allocate our time is still at an early stage of development. Food shopping and meal preparation are two related activities which involve a significant consumption of time. Reports on research into attitudes to time and investigates three different aspects of people’s attitudes towards food shopping and preparation: an enjoyment of cooking; and a traditional orientation and a modern (role‐sharing) attitude to the linked activities. Identifies two clearly defined groups. No differences between the groups existed on demographic factors such as age, gender, whether the respondent had paid work and housing type. No differences existed in their ownership of time‐saving consumer durables. One group clearly saw mealtimes as significant activities and found cooking enjoyable. It did not matter whether the people in this group were time‐pressured or not ‐ they chose to allocate time to these activities and they differed in their attitudes to time. A substantial group in society still do see food shopping and meal preparation as important activities. Contends that while such individuals may be subject to modern‐day pressures they still appear to organize their time to maintain a traditional perspective. Considers the implications for food retailers and other marketers.
An exploratory study into the adoption of capital budgeting techniques by agricultural co‐operatives
Authors: White John B.
Published: July 2002

Finds that agricultural co‐operatives have not been as sophisticated in their utilization of capital budgeting as a planning and financial management tool as have traditional corporations. Suggests that this may be due to the differences in the organizational objectives of the co‐operatives and the for‐profit corporations.
Complaints handling and staff training by UK food retailers
Authors: Leighton Caroline , Bent Richard
Published: July 2002

Complaints handling is now a marketing tool for retailers. Intense competition within the food retail sector makes it an area for retailers to gain competitive advantage. However, the commitment to complaints handling through employee training is a largely unexplored area. Describes how an in‐depth questionnaire was used to survey UK multiple food retailers regarding the existence of complaints procedures; aspects of training such as prevalence, frequency, hours and methods; and the authority to resolve complaints in relation to employee status. Customer and staff communication, as part of the complaints handling process, was also investigated. Seven retailers took part in the survey and included a cross‐section of retailers (including one of the major multiples), based on number of branches. Reports the results, which showed that all the food retailers had some form of training. However, this varied with employee status. Generally, training was not given frequently in a formal manner, but on an ad hoc basis. Authority to resolve complaints appears to lie still with senior staff, although customer and staff communication facilities appear to exist. Argues that complaints handling can be effective only with appropriate staff training at all levels.
Consumer attitudes to nutrition labelling
Authors: Shine Angela , O’Reilly Seamus , O’Sullivan Kathleen
Published: July 2002

Research findings have suggested that today’s consumers view nutrition in a positive light. The findings of this survey support such evidence. The majority of consumers consider diet to be a very important component of their lifestyles and regard nutrition as a positive attribute of food products. A high level of awareness of nutrition labelling is evident among consumers, and 58 per cent of respondents use nutrition labels. However, consumers have to deduce information from nutrition labels in their current format. This proves rather difficult as knowledge of a balanced diet is quite low. Therefore, consumers find it difficult to implement current dietary advice through the use of nutrition labels, and only 17 per cent of the sample surveyed use labels for this purpose. Social networks and the “popular” media were found to be the most used sources of nutrition information, the medical profession was seen as a source of “cure” rather than prevention and a negligible percentage of the sample used official government information channels. Concludes that nutrition labels have a role to play; however, the food industry needs to respond to consumer needs and education/information provision needs to be improved.
Customers’ perception of and actual nutritional status of their lunch‐time sandwiches
Authors: Adams Alan , Ferrett Vanessa
Published: July 2002

States that sandwiches purchased by customers from an outlet in the centre of Manchester (UK) were analysed and a comparison was made between the actual nutritional status of the sandwiches and customers’ perceptions of the same. Customers selected, on average, sandwiches which were below the standard nutrient requirement for energy and non‐starch polysaccharide. However, they were adequate on other criteria such as iron and saturated fatty acid. Customers with relatively higher nutritional knowledge were no better at judging the nutritional content of their sandwiches, which suggests that customers generally should benefit from clearly presented, easy to understand, nutritional information.
Relationship between diet and obesity in Chinese groups
Authors: Lukman H. , Dye L. , Blundell J.E.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of obesity in China is currently one of the lowest in the world, but it is increasing, particularly in urban areas. The incidence of obesity in China is approximately four to five times lower than in the UK and USA respectively. Several dietary studies have found that dietary fat consumption in China is lower than in Western countries, but is currently increasing. In addition, Chinese in more affluent countries such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, and Chinese immigrants in the USA are consuming greater amounts of dietary fat than Chinese in China. This increased intake of fat in Chinese is probably due to transition from the traditional Chinese eating patterns to those typical of Westerners. The change in overall dietary intake is likely to have an impact on obesity, health and economy of these nations. This is an appropriate time to examine the relationship between diet and obesity with special reference to Chinese communities in different parts of the world.
Internet food retailing: the UK in context
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

How fast will Internet shopping grow? Many retailers are currently developing a presence in the Internet shopping arena because they wish to be, and to be seen to be, at the forefront of technological innovation. Before electronic retailing takes a significant market share from traditional retailing there are a number of issues that need to be addressed. This article explores these issues in the context of food shopping and retailing. Current developments in Internet retailing and shopping and specifically in food retailing are reviewed.
Dunkin’ Donuts ‐ the birth of a new distribution and franchising concept
Authors: Schmidt Ruth A. , Oldfield Brenda M.
Published: July 2002

Dunkin’ Donuts is a global retailer of coffee and bakery products. The company is 99 per cent franchised and has used the franchising system as a route to market entry and expansion worldwide. The original historic roots of the company are in the USA and despite wide international expansion since the 1970s, the US market continues to serve as a testing ground for innovations prior to international roll‐out. Based on observation and key informant interviews with core members of the management team during a visit to Richmond Project in 1994, the case explores the initial phase of the introduction of a central production facility as an innovative route to pre‐eminence in one test market. Strategic and operational issues are discussed, highlighting the differences and efficiency gains of the central production facility cum satellite store approach compared to the traditional stand‐alone on‐site production approach. Implications for future developments are discussed.
Chapatis and chips: encountering food use in primary school settings
Authors: Burgess Robert G. , Morrison Marlene
Published: July 2002

This article focuses on a case study of food and eating practices in a co‐educational, multi‐ethnic primary school. It illustrates discrepancies between the formal curriculum for food and the actual food consumed in school. Themes to be explored further are children’s understandings about meals and snacks and the cultural significance attached to each.
Learning enters the boardroom: making the connection between strategy and enterprise‐wide learning
Authors: Henry Paul
Published: July 2002

Companies today are working on strategies to expand their businesses globally, establish strong brands, integrate after mergers/acquisitions, cut costs, streamline processes, launch products faster and improve the customer experience. However, learning has historically been relegated to point‐driven activities undertaken by the HR or training departments. Successful execution of strategy requires a change in behaviors and operations. To that end, true business transformation means equipping employees with actionable knowledge and skills to achieve business results. Explores the e‐learning programs of organizations that are making the connection between learning and strategy to achieve their business goals.
How an effective project culture can help to achieve business success: establishing a project culture in Kimberly‐Clark Europe
Authors: Palmer Mike
Published: July 2002

Organisations use project management to bring key people together to achieve specific goals. Yet many struggle to achieve this effectively because the culture does not support the disciplines involved. Offers some insights into the strategy used to deliver a new steps and gates product development process at Kimberly‐Clark in Europe – and to achieve a change in culture to support it. This initiative, stimulated by poor business results, sought to model good project practice throughout. In so doing, it motivated project members to act as effective change agents when the time came to roll the process out. The project was highly successful – it remains a powerful tool and has helped the business become more successful. Key points for change projects emerge as the importance of getting the politics right; gaining commitment from team members; and ensuring that new processes fit organisational practice and culture.
The use of case studies in management training and development. Part 2
Authors: Rees W. David , Porter Christine
Published: July 2002

This is the second of two articles about the use of case studies in management training and development. In the first article the authors explained the potential benefits of using this method as well as some of the dangers. They also explained the methodology of running cases effectively. In this second article they draw on their extensive experience of writing and using case studies in the UK and abroad to deal with important further aspects. These are the skills involved in writing cases studies, their use in assessment and cross‐cultural issues.