bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A GIS‐Based Framework for Hazardous Materials Transport Risk Assessment
Authors: Verter Vedat , Kara Bahar Y.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a methodology for assessment of the hazardous materials transport risk in a multicommodity, multiple origin – destination setting. The proposed risk assessment methodology was integrated with a Geographical Information System (GIS), which made large‐scale implementation possible. A GIS‐based model of the truck shipments of dangerous goods via the highway network of Quebec and Ontario was developed. Based on the origin and destination of each shipment, the risk associated with the routes that minimize (1) the transport distance, (2) the population exposure, (3) the expected number of people to be evacuated in case of an incident, and (4) the probability of an incident during transportation was evaluated. Using these assessments, a government agency can estimate the impact of alternative policies that could alter the carriers’ route choices. A related issue is the spatial distribution of transport risk, because an unfair distribution is likely to cause public concern. Thus, an analysis of transport risk equity in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario is also provided.
Estimation of Metabolic Rate Constants in PBPK‐Models from Liver Slice Experiments: What Are the Experimental Needs?
Authors: Van Eijkeren Jan C. H.
Published: March 2003

A mechanistic model is presented describing the clearance of a compound in a precision‐cut liver slice that is incubated in a culture medium. The problem of estimating metabolic rate constants in PBPK models from liver slice experiments is discussed using identifiability analysis. From the identifiability problem analysis, it appears that in addition to the clearance, the compound's free fraction in the slice and the diffusion rate of the exchange of the compound between culture medium and liver slice should be identified. In addition, knowledge of the culture medium volume, the slice volume, the compound's free fraction, and octanol‐water‐based partition between medium and slice is presupposed. The formal solution for identification is discussed from the perspective of experimental practice. A formally necessary condition for identification is the sampling of parent compound in liver slice or culture medium. However, due to experimental limitations and errors, sampling the parent compound in the slice together with additional sampling of metabolite pooled from the medium and the slice is required for identification in practice. Moreover, it appears that identification results are unreliable when the value of the intrinsic clearance exceeds the value of the diffusion coefficient, a condition to be verified a posteriori.
Responsibility, Passion, and Sin: A Reassessment of Abelard's Ethics
Authors: Porter Jean
Published: March 2003

This article reassesses Peter Abelard's account of moral intention,or, better, consent, in light of recent work on his own thought and on the twelfth‐century background of that thought. The author argues (1) that Abelard's focus on consent as the determining factor for morality does not rule out, but, on the contrary, presupposes objective criteria for moral judgment and (2) that Abelard's real innovation does not lie in hisdoctrine of consent as the sole source of merit or guilt, but, rather, in his exploration of the ways in which this doctrine affects our understanding of the objective criteria for moral judgment. In particular, Abelard is led by his doctrine of consent to a thoroughgoing reassessment of the moral significance of the passions, which, in turn, leads him to reject the view that actions should be evaluated in terms of the praiseworthy or vicious character of the passions they express.
Sweet Gifts: A Jewish Response to Gilbert Meilaender
Authors: Spitz Elie
Published: March 2003

Judaism, like Gilbert Meilaender, analogizes food and sex. Traditionally, Judaism saw the primary purpose of sex as procreation, the fulfillment of a Biblical mandate. It did not, however, link sex to the Garden of Eden story, and it acknowledged that sex was also important for couples' bonding. While Meilaender sees bonding as a value co‐equal with procreation, Judaism traditionally kept procreation as the primary goal. Couples were encouraged to have sex when infertile and were permitted contraception when pregnancy endangered life, but whenever possible, they were directed to also have sex for procreation. Many modern rabbis, in agreement with Meilaender, permit contraception in order to foster bonding as a separate goal of sex. However, reproductive technology is seen, in Judaism, as partnership with God, allowing for a process of birth that is as natural as the process of producing food by farming. Last, when sex is permitted, Judaism celebrate the joy attendant to sex as a Divine gift.
Using Augustine in Contemporary Sexual Ethics: A Response to Gilbert Meilaender
Authors: Sowle Cahill Lisa
Published: March 2003

In response to Gilbert Meilaender's innovative interpretation of Augustine and of Roman Catholic teaching, the author suggests (1) that Meilaender attributes to Augustine a more positive view of sexual pleasure than the texts will support, (2) that modern Roman Catholic teaching suggests that love should have priority over procreation as a meaning of sex; and (3) that the moral logic of Meilaender's argument does not require a rejection of all reproductive technologies. Nonetheless, the author agrees that a more critical attitude should be adopted toward the reasons for which technologically assisted reproduction is promoted and undertaken, as well as toward its social impact.
Divine Action and the Natural Sciences
Authors: Crain Steven D.
Published: March 2003

The Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences and the Vatican Observatory have jointly sponsored a series of conferences exploring the overarching question: How can we conceive a personal God creating and active within the universe described by the natural sciences? The volumes include significant contributions to the field, although I highlight two important weaknesses: (1) theology is not adequately respected as an active conversation partner capable of advancing the agenda under discussion; and (2) insufficient attention is paid to the many scientific and philosophical uncertainties that plague the overall project.
Chaos and God's Abundance: An Ontology of Variety in the Divine Life
Authors: Huchingson James E.
Published: March 2003

The primordial chaos of Genesis 1 may be understood as the Pandemonium Tremendum (or PT), the infinite field of variety or abundance within God. The concept of variety is taken from Claude Shannon's theory of communication. Especially significant is Shannon's notion that communication is the limitation of variety through decision processes. In one model of the divine life suggested by the theory, the PT is the boundless source of potential reaped by an agential God in the act of creation as a communication process. Other models for creation include the PT in a biased mode and creatures themselves as decision agents.
Polanyi's Finalism
Authors: Haught John F. , Yeager D. M.
Published: March 2003

Although Michael Polanyi's model of science and his construal of the nature of the real are usually thought to be congenial to religion and although Polanyi himself says that “the stage on which we thus resume our full intellectual powers is borrowed from the Christian scheme of Fall and Redemption” (Polanyi 1958, 324), theologians have given little attention to the model of God he presents. The metaphysical and theological vision unfolded in part 4 of Personal Knowledge is a thoughtful alternative to materialist versions of neo‐Darwinism and provides a platform for revisiting four long‐standing controversies at the interface of science and religion: whether life and mind can be completely specified in terms of physical analysis, whether nature can be adequately understood without appeal to final causes, whether natural selection adequately explains life's diverse forms, and whether knowledge can be fully objectified. Through an exploration of Polanyi's contribution to these discussions, we undertake to show not only that his treatment of God as a cosmic field is strikingly original but also that in reinstating activity as a metaphysical category, he reconstructs our understanding of our creaturely hope and calling.
The Theology of the Cross and God's Work in the World
Authors: Murphy George L.
Published: March 2003

Ian Barbour has distinguished eight theologies of God's role in nature, together with corresponding models of divine activity. This essay examines these ideas in the light of a theology of the cross. Three of Barbour's approaches—the neo‐Thomist, the kenotic, and the existentialist—are able to provide different aspects of a theology of divine action that is consistent with belief that God's definitive revelation takes place in the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. These approaches encourage attention to a part of traditional doctrines of Providence, the idea that God acts by “cooperation” with natural processes. The kenotic character of divine involvement in the world means that the regularities of the basic interactions of physics are maintained. The idea of cooperation can be extrapolated into the past, to give some insight into ways of understanding God's activity in originating the universe.
Cog Is to Us as We Are to God: A Response to Anne Foerst
Authors: Gerhart Mary , Russell Allan Melvin
Published: March 2003

Foerst says that a robot must have human features if it is to learn to relate to human beings. She argues that the image of God (imago dei) represents no more than a promise of God to relate to us. In our view, however, the principle of embodied artificial intelligence (AI) in the robot suggests some kind of embodiedness of the image of God in human beings if they are to learn to relate to God.

Foerst's description of how people react to a humanoid robot reads like Otto's description of the divine as mysterium fascinans et tremendum (awesome and alluring mystery). Her description makes robot‐human interaction seem more religious than human‐God interaction.
The Evolutionary Roots of Morality in Theological Perspective
Authors: Pope Stephen J.
Published: March 2003

Theological ethics can interpret the relation between evolution and morality in at least three ways. The reductionist approach holds that morality emerges because it is adaptive. The independent approach maintains that morality develops without registering the influence of evolution. Finally, the interdependence position holds that morality reflects the influence of evolution to the extent that the latter shapes human emotional capacities and predispositions, for example, those regarding reciprocity and kin preference. The third approach is more suitable for theological ethics, which attends to ways in which natural desires can be ordered to serve morality, for example, to be habituated to virtue, and to ways in which we must strive to curb or minimize their disruptive effects on human communities.
Between Addition and Difference: A Place for Religious Understanding in a World of Science
Authors: Schoen Edward L.
Published: March 2003

Among contemporary religious believers, some follow in the footsteps of Newton, allowing their religious understanding to fill in gaps left by the sciences. Others take a more Wittgensteinian approach, discretely separating religious from scientific ways of thinking. Because neither of these relatively irenic positions captures the important element of cultural reform that is prevalent in so much of the religious life of the past, George Lakoff's recent work in cognitive studies is used to suggest ways that religious ideas may be used to challenge and enrich scientific thought. A scrutiny of Richard Dawkins's biological analyses of human behavior reveals the distorting limitations of exclusively scientific understanding, thereby clearing conceptual space for genuinely religious values, actions, responsibilities, and forms of human life.
Theology and Science within a Lakatosian Program
Authors: Murphy Nancey
Published: March 2003

The writings of Ian Barbour and Arthur Peacocke can be construed as initial contributions to a Lakatosian research program on the relation between theology and science, the core theory of which is the thesis that theology belongs at the top of a nonreducible hierarchy of sciences. The positive heuristic of this program involves showing that theology and the sciences have enough in common epistemologically to be so related and arguing for nonreducibility. The author in this essay “rationally reconstructs” some of her philosophical work as a contribution to these tasks.
Pragmatism, Critical Realism, and the Cognitive Value of Religion and Science
Authors: Robbins J. Wesley
Published: March 2003

Pragmatism and critical realism are different vocabularies for talking about the cognitive value of religion and science. Each can be, and has been, used to make the case for cognitive parity between religious and scientific discourse. Critical realism presupposes a particular form of cognitive psychology that entails general skepticism about the external world and forecloses scientific inquiry in the name of a preconceived idea of what the nature of human cognition must be. Thus, of the two, pragmatism is the better vocabulary for fostering mutual understanding between religion and science.
The Three Crises: Science, History, and Plurality
Authors: Peterson George R.
Published: March 2003

Modern religions are confronted by three crises: the scientific evolution, the historical revolution, and the pluralistic revolution. The development of each of these diverse revolutions in Western intellectual history has posed serious challenges to traditional conceptions of religious authority. This paper seeks to briefly elucidate the nature of each of these revolutions and their significance for religious traditions. While the specific challenges posed are separate, the revolutions share common traits. Additionally, it is not enough for a religious tradition to deal with only one of the crises; to proceed into the next stage of religious reflection, it must deal with them all.
Reflections on Scientific and Religious Metaphor
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: March 2003

The importance of scientific conflicts for theology and philosophy is difficult to judge. In many disputes of significance, prominent scientists can be found on both sides. Profound philosophical and religious implications are sometimes said to be implied by the new theory as well. This article examines the dispute over natural selection between Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould as a contemporary instance of such a conflict. While both claim that profoundphilosophical conclusions flow from their own alternative account of evolution, I suggest that the implication is not as great as is claimed and that the alleged implications have as much to do with their own perceptions of theology as with the actual theories themselves. Nevertheless, evolutionary theory is not irrelevant for theology. Theologians should be aware of the possible implications of evolutionary theory and at the same time the extent and limits of such implications.
All on the Same Side: Reflections on the Dialogue Between Science and Religion
Authors: Byers David M.
Published: March 2003

The ‘war’ between religion and science is winding down, creating new opportunities for fruitful dialogue. The foundations of indirect religion‐science dialogue, where the perspectives of the two disciplines illuminate some third subject, are not well established. A detailed comparison of the Roman Catholic bishops' dialogues and a similar program within the American Association for the Advancement of Science illustrates the variety in formalscience‐religion interactions and reveals much about the promise, achievements, and limitations of different approaches. Success depends in large part on controlling the diversity of the dialogue group, choosing topics carefully, and adopting positive and cooperative attitudes.
Vajrayāna Art and Iconography
Authors: Andresen Jensine
Published: March 2003

Iconographic imagery in the Indo‐Tibetan Buddhist Tantric (i.e., Vajrayāna) tradition is replete with polymorphic symbolic forms. Tantric texts themselves are multivalent, addressing astronomy, astrology, cosmology, history, embryology, physiology, pharmacology, alchemy, botany, philosophy, and sexuality. The Sr? Kaālacakra, a medieval Indo‐Tibetan manuscript of great import, de‐scribes ritual visualization sequences in whichpractitioners visualize elaborate manidialadesigns and deified yab‐yum (father‐mother) consort couples. The Kālacakra system is the preeminent conduit for the globalization of Tibetan Buddhism, and contemporary enactments of its initiation ceremony incorporate a variety of aesthetic genres, including sand manidiala construction and ritual dance.
Supervenience and Basic Christian Beliefs
Authors: Bracken, S.J. Joseph A.
Published: March 2003

A field‐oriented interpretation of Whiteheadian societies of actual occasions, when used to explain the notion of “strong supervenience” as applied to the mind‐brain problem, allows one to claim that not only higher‐level properties such as consciousness but even higher‐level entities such as the mind or soul are emergent from lower‐level systems of neuronal interaction. Moreover, it also explains the preexistence of God to the world and Christian belief in eternal life with the triune God in a way that is impossible within the limits of a theory of strong supervenience.
Psychology of Religion: What One Needs to Know
Authors: Reich K. Helmut
Published: March 2003

This essay is an introduction to systematic nonsectarian psychology of religion—its nature and scope, and its history. Among major issues, the study of motivation for being religious and stages of religious development are discussed, as well as counseling and psychotherapy. I summarize current trends.
What Every Teacher of Science and Religion Needs to Know about Pedagogy
Authors: Clayton Philip , Railey Mark S.
Published: March 2003

This essay provides practical tips for effective teaching in science‐and‐religion courses. It offers suggestions for dealing with difficult questions and creating a climate of shared learning. Along with pedagogical advice, it covers fundamental principles for teaching broadly integrative religion‐and‐science courses. Instructors are encouraged to reflect on their purpose(s) in offering their course and to formulate specific objectives using the techniques and resources outlined here.
Religion and Science in America: Struggling for Coherence
Authors: Miller James B.
Published: March 2003

James Gilbert has provided fascinating and valuable historical sketches of the interactions of science and religion in American culture in this century, especially those taking place between 1945 and 1962. Yet, taken together, it is unclear what conclusion is to be drawn from these interactions. Ambiguity about the variety of forms of the science‐and‐religion relationship and about the referent of the termreligion make the task of apprehending a coherent pattern among these sketches very difficult.
Autopoiesis: Less than Self‐Constitution, More than Self‐Organization: Reply to Gilkey, Mcclelland and Deltete, and Brun
Authors: Gregersen Niels Henrik
Published: March 2003

Replying to the variegated responses by theologian Langdon Gilkey, philosophers Richard McClelland and Robert Deltete, and biologist Rudolf B. Brun, I emphasize three elements of my theological use of autopoietic theory: (1) Autopoietic systems are less than self‐constitutive, since they do not create themselves from scratch, but more than self‐organizing, since they are capable of producing new elements inside the local system. Correspondingly, the theological importance of autopoietic theory is not found within the doctrine of a creation out of nothing but within the doctrine of non‐uniform continuous creation. (2) Locating the concept of autopoiesis within third‐generation systems theory, I underline the pluriform character of type‐different systems; the possibility of giving a full causal account from the purview of any privileged single systems (including physics) is thus denied. (3) I distinguish between two complementary roles of theology in the dialogue between science and religion: whereas theology1 offers a participatory second‐order description of the internal meaning of particular traditions of faith, theology2 provides a third‐order inquiry into the external coherence between religious and nonreligious worlds of meaning. Theology2, however, always presupposes the internal descriptions of theology1. On this basis, my use of autopoietic theory is related to the theologies of creation and providence of Paul Tillich and Langdon Gilkey; likewise, I discuss various theological strategies for relating a theology of creation to standard interpretations of evolution.
How Religious tradition Survives in the World of Science: John Polkinghorne and Norbert Samuelson
Authors: Moore James F.
Published: March 2003

The Faith of a Physicist: Reflections of a Bottom‐Up Thinker John Polkinghorn

Judaism and the Doctrine of Creation Norbert Samuelson
Global Population Equilibrium: A Model for the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Cavanaugh Michael
Published: March 2003

In his prophetic book Amythia, Loyal Rue calls for the construction of bold new myths. Responding to his call in light of scientific arguments for global population equilibrium, this article proposes a model that may function as a surrogate form of myth, one that can motivate our age and future ages. Fortunately, the model is not only powerful but achievable, because policy makers have finally begun to realize how thoroughly the human population impacts on other world dynamics. The problem is reviewed, the relevance of scientific and theological studies bearing on it is shown, and the new model is described. Above all, an effort is made to show how global equilibrium can support Rue's twin requirements for the myth he commissions: namely, a foundation in plausible descriptions of reality, and a compelling normative status.
Ecofeminism: What One Needs to Know
Authors: Howell Nancy R.
Published: March 2003

Ecofeminism refers to feminist theory and activism informed by ecology. Ecofeminism is concerned with connections between the domination of women and the domination of nature. Although ecofeminism is a diverse movement, ecofeminist theorists share the presuppositions that social transformation is necessary for ecological survival, that intellectual transformation of dominant modes of thought must accompany social transformation, that nature teaches nondualistic and nonhierarchial systems of relation that are models for social transformation of values, and that human and cultural diversity are values in social transformation. Ecofeminist theology, ethics, and religious perspectives are particularly concerned with the integration of science and religion. Examples of religious or spiritual ecofeminisms are North American Christian ecofeminism, North American womanist Christian theology, neopagan Wiccan ecofeminism, Native American ecofeminism, and Third World ecofeminism.
The Paradox of Democratic Regimes: Fragility and Transformability
Authors: Eisenstadt S. N.
Published: March 2003

In most of the vast scholarly literature on constitutional-democratic regimes, the major emphasis has been on the broader social, economic, or cultural conditions conducive to their development, breakdown, or consolidation and continuity (Diamond 1993b; Diamond, Linz, and Lipset 1989, 1990). The major thesis of this essay is that fragility and instability are inherent in the very constitution of modern constitutional-democratic regimes, and are rooted in (1) the tensions between the different conceptions of democracy (especially between constitutional and participatory democracy) and (2) the central aspects of the political and cultural program of modernity. The common core of these premises is the openness of the political process (particularly with regard to protest) and the concomitant tendency toward continual redefinition of the political realm. Openness is an important contributor to the fragility of modern democratic regimes; paradoxically, it also allows for their continuity. The key question, then, is how and under what conditions non-zero-sum conceptions of the “game” of politics develop. The second part of this essay takes up this question, with special emphasis on the development and reproduction of trust among different sectors of society, the relationships between such sectors and the centers of society, and the construction of different types of collective identity.
Life‐Cycle Engineering of Bridges
Authors: Wilson J. L. , Wagaman S. J. , Veshosky D. A. , Shi C. G. , Adury P. , Beidleman C. R.
Published: March 2003

Life‐cycle engineering, as being developed at Lehigh University's Engineering Research Center for Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems (ATLSS), is a comprehensive, systematic methodology which treats each stage in the life of a structure as part of an integrated process. It considers both performance and cost throughout the life of a structure, thus supporting a more balanced view of investment based on construction, operation, renewal, replacement and decommission issues. Consideration of all phases of the life‐cycle supports intelligent and informed decision‐making. Lehigh has an on‐going program of research on methodologies and information systems embodying the life‐cycle engineering approach which is being incorporated into a decision support system for life‐cycle engineering of bridges. The authors describe a prototype model which provides bridge engineers and owners with analytical information to more effectively integrate life‐cycle considerations into engineering decisions concerning bridge decks.
A Geographic Information System (GIS)–Based Bridge Management System
Authors: She T. H. , G. Aouad  , Sarshar M.
Published: March 2003

Many bridge authorities responsible for the management and maintenance of bridges in their road networks use computer‐based databases or bridge management systems (BMSs) as data management and analysis tools to aid them in performing many important bridge management functions and decisions. Due to superior spatial data handling capabilities, geographic information system (GIS) technology is increasingly being considered for implementation in many infrastructure planning and management systems, including bridge management systems. This article describes the use of a hybrid business and information modeling approach to develop a model to support the development of a geographic information system (GIS)–based bridge management system. It presents the architecture for implementing such a system for the Bridge Unit of the Public Works Department (JKR) in Malaysia. Most GIS systems are technology‐based. The methodology used here captures organizational processes as well as information systems requirements. This facilitates business decision making and business process change. Using this hybrid modeling approach, first the organization's business objectives, functions, and processes are modeled. These business requirements form the basis of detailed information requirement analysis. Object‐oriented methods are then employed to define object models and show the relationships between objects and the operations performed on them. Finally, the software architecture and interface for developing such a prototype GIS‐based BMS is described and some sample screen outputs of the system to analyze and visualize over 2500 actual Malaysian bridge structures in the road network are presented. Future developments of the infrastructure set out here are capable of providing a BMS that supports business processes and facilitates business process change.
Bridge Management System and Maintenance Optimization for Existing Bridges
Authors: Miyamoto Ayaho , Kawamura Kei , Nakamura Hideaki
Published: March 2003

Recently, the maintenance of bridges has become a major social concern, and thus the development of a practical bridge management system is required. The present study is an attempt to develop a new bridge management system (BMS) for deteriorated concrete bridges by evaluating the output results from a bridge rating expert system that is currently under development. The proposed BMS offers various maintenance plans based on a combination of maintenance cost minimization and quality maximization. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are adopted for solving the optimization problem. These algorithms, which are based on the theory of evolution, create a suitable individual (optimal) solution through the repetition of three operators: selection, crossover, and mutation. Furthermore, applications to several existing concrete bridges are presented so as to demonstrate the validity of the proposed bridge management system.
Web‐Based Interactive Courseware for Structural Steel Design Using Java
Authors: Adeli Hojjat , Kim Hongjin
Published: March 2003

The recent resurgence of the World Wide Web and Internet technologies has provided fresh opportunities to enhance the educational environment. Issues in developing courseware for Web‐based education and potential solutions are discussed. Building on the synergistic human‐machine approach of interactive computer‐aided design developed by Adeli in 1987, a new Web‐based approach and courseware are presented to complement teaching of structural steel design. The courseware has been developed in Java, an object‐oriented, platform‐independent computer language. Example applets for interactive design of beams and different types of connections are presented. The user can modify or limit any design parameter and request a new design without the need to start all over again. This is an effective tutorial feature considering the open‐ended nature of the design problems. The student can find the answers to a lot of what‐if scenarios in a very short period of time. Not only does this boost the learning experience in the design course significantly, but it also makes it more interesting.
Teaching Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities to Recruit Peer Assistance During Cooperative Learning Group Activities
Authors: Wolford Patricia L. , Heward William L. , Alber Sheila R.
Published: March 2003

Four 8th graders with learning disabilities were taught to recruit assistance from peers during cooperative learning activities in two general education classrooms. The students were taught to show their work to a peer and make statements such as:“Can you help me?” or “How am I doing so far?” Training was conducted in the special education classroom and consisted of modeling, role playing, corrective feedback, and praise. A multiple baseline across students design showed that recruitment training increased (1) the rate of recruiting responses by the students, (2) the rate at which the students received instructional feedback and praise from peers, and (3) the productivity and accuracy with which the students completed their language arts assignments.
An Experimental Analysis of the Impact of Intermediaries on the Outcome of Bargaining Games
Authors: Yavas Abdullah , Miceli Thomas J. , Sirmans C.F.
Published: March 2003

We conduct an experimental analysis of the bargaining between a buyer and a seller of the exchange of a single good by means of an intermediary or broker. We examine how an intermediary affects the price, the likelihood of a successful negotiation, and the time it takes to complete a negotiation. We first examine the impact of the intermediary as a pure middleman, and then as an information source about the distribution of seller and buyer reservation prices. The results show that an intermediary, whether or not informed, increases the sale price, reduces the likelihood of an agreement, and increases the time to reach an agreement (though the number of bargaining rounds declines). The results suggest that the benefits of brokerage may be predominantly in the matching of buyers and sellers rather than in facilitating bargaining.
Stable Provision vs. Cournot–Nash Equilibria in Pure Public Good Economies
Authors: Shitovitz Benyamin , Spiegel Menahem
Published: March 2003

Shitovitz and Spiegel (1998, Journal of Economic Theory83, pp. 1–18) demonstrated that in pure public good economies, for some consumers the Lindahl consumption bundles can be inferior (utility‐wise) to their Cournot–Nash allocation. In this paper, we prove that in any finite pure public good economy there exists a core allocation that is unanimously preferred, utility‐wise, by all consumers over their Cournot–Nash consumption bundles.
Common Agency and Partial Cooperation
Authors: Siqueira Kevin
Published: March 2003

A modified common agency model is used to investigate the impact of partial cooperation on agent incentives. In the case where principals move simultaneously, it is shown that partial cooperation is self‐defeating from the organizing principals' perspective despite a strengthening of agent incentives and effort. In the second scenario, where the organizing principals have a first‐mover advantage, it is demonstrated that not only are individual cooperating principals better off but the outcome in terms of agent incentives and effort is constrained Pareto efficient. This latter scenario illustrates the possibility that partial cooperation, when coupled with a strategic advantage, improves efficiency.
Baptism and the Soteriology of Forgiveness
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: March 2003

This article examines the relation of Christian baptism to the saving work of God in Christ. In critical conversation with the later work of Barth, the article argues that baptism, as visible word, both attests and mediates divine forgiveness. Consequently, baptism with water and baptism with the Holy Spirit are not to be bifurcated from each other. Believer’s baptism is the norm, although infant baptism is not excluded. Baptism exemplifies the koinonia of divine and human action without falling into synergism, and without appealing to inappropriate notions of causality.
Response to Donald Kalsched
Authors: Morrison Andrew
Published: March 2003

I have attempted to focus this discussion by looking at three interrelated matters. There is the issue of Sue's final dream – the enigma with which Don Kalsched leaves us. I first have a go at that, from my own, as well as some other, perspectives. Then, there is the question central to this presentation of the archetypal defense itself. What, in fact, arethese defenses, and how is the author using the concept of the ‘archetypal’? Finally, I wouldn't be me if I didn't rise to the bait of Sue's shame, more prevalently peppered throughout the first draft than the present one.
The infant with a depressed mother: destruction and creation
Authors: Lemaitre‐Sillère Véronique
Published: March 2003

From the hypothesis that vitality and creativity in the individual depend on the quality of the dialogue between the ego and the unconcious, the author seeks to show from observations of infant‐parent interactions how this dialogue develops. The notion of the experience of the self helps us to describe the way in which mother and baby act upon each other like living mirrors, each reflecting for the other an image of the self. Maternal care, as long as it is disengaged from the sexual excitation, both erotic and aggressive, with which it is charged for each of the partners in the interaction, allows the self to be projected on to the infant's body; the ego–self dialogue then develops its roots in the bodily experience of the infant as it interacts with the world. Post‐natal depression, which is frequent, affecting 15–20% of births, is a cause of major distortion in the establishment of the ego–self dialogue. An account of a clinical observation helps us to understand the process as it occurs
The Baldwin effect: a neglected influence on C. G. Jung's evolutionary thinking
Authors: Hogenson George B.
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the claim that C. G. Jung used a Lamarckian model of evolution to underwrite his theory of archetypes. This claim is challenged on the basis of Jung's familiarity with and use of the writings of James Mark Baldwin and Conway Lloyd Morgan, both of whom were noted and forceful opponents of neo‐Lamarckian theory from within a neo‐Darwinian framework. The paper then outlines the evolutionary model proposed by Baldwin and Lloyd Morgan, which has come to be known as Baldwinian evolution or the Baldwin effect. This model explicitly views psychological factors as central to the evolutionary process. Finally, the use of Baldwinian thinking in contemporary theorizing regarding language and other symbolic systems is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding the implications of Baldwinian models for theory building in analytical psychology.
Second Generation Models of Currency Crises
Authors: Rangvid Jesper
Published: March 2003

Until the beginning of the 1990s, currency crises were typically analyzed within the framework of a generation of models that assumed that the foreign exchange reserves of a country that was running a fixed exchange rate policy were falling (because the government was running a deficit on its budget that was financed by printing money). When the foreign exchange reserves reached a lower bound, a speculative attack on the fixed exchange rate was launched. Today, this theory is no longer the benchmark when explaining the occurrence of a currency crisis. Actually, a new generation of models that seeks to take explicitly into account the costs and benefits associated with the maintenance of a fixed exchange rate has emerged. This paper surveys these ‘second generation models of currency crises’. This generation of models emphasizes that it is an endogenous decision if a government chooses to abandon a policy of fixed exchange rates. The survey pays special attention to the fact that the second generation of currency crises models often generates multiple equilibria for the rate of devaluation given one state of the economic fundamentals. A currency crisis can thus occur even if no secular trend in economic fundamentals can be identified, as in recent currency crises.
Notes on the Tenacity of Therapeutic Presuppositions in Process Research: Examining the Artfulness of Blamings in Family Therapy
Authors: Stancombe John , White Susan
Published: March 2003

In their recent contribution to the Journal of Family Therapy, Frosh et al. apply discourse analytic methods to the study of ‘process’ in family therapy. While we welcome this contribution, we suggest that the authors’ reading of the data has been affected by a number of fundamental presuppositions, which have led them to neglect the skilful rhetorical work taking place in the session. In this paper, we have undertaken an alternative analysis of the data, examining its rhetorical features and suspending judgement on the efficacy of the therapeutic project and on the truth status of statements made by participants in the session. While acknowledging that our microanalytic method has some shortcomings, we contend that attention to the situated and strategic nature of ‘therapy talk’ has exposed the primacy of notions of responsibility and blame in family work, and has shown how these issues are artfully negotiated by therapist and family in the cut and thrust of the therapeutic interview.
Families’ Perceptions of the One‐way Screen in the First Meeting
Authors: Knott Fiona , Espie Colin
Published: March 2003

A survey was conducted of family members’ perceptions of the initial family interview using a one‐way screen with live consultation. There was a high response rate (95%, n = 43 families) and the majority of respondents (80%) perceived the overall experience as useful. Those who read the clinic’s information leaflet in advance and felt able to share concerns about the process with the interviewer tended to forget about the screen more quickly. Those who read the leaflet were more likely to find the overall meeting useful. The survey generated a number of suggestions to make this first meeting more ‘user friendly’.
Honesty is Still the Best Policy
Authors: Cade Brian
Published: March 2003

This paper reconsiders a case study written two decades ago which demonstrated restraint from change as a therapeutic technique. Rather than the ‘power’ of paradox, validation and the recognition of ambivalance are proposed as different ways of understanding the effects of the intervention.
Communication of Private Information and the Valuation of Initial Public Offerings in Singapore
Authors: Eng Li Li , Khoo Tan Andrew, Ruth
Published: March 2003

This study examines a sample of 108 initial public offerings in Singapore between 1987 and 1993, and documents the effects of four channels of entrepreneurial communication, that is, retained ownership, audited report, auditor choice and underwriter choice on the valuation of new issues. Our results indicate that retained ownership and book value of equity are significantly and positively associated with the valuation of initial public offerings in Singapore. Underwriter choice and auditor choice are not significant in explaining the valuation of initial public offerings. Issues listed on the Main Board are valued higher than those on Sesdaq (Stock Exchange of Singapore Dealing and Automated Quotation). Firms choosing the auction system are valued higher than those choosing the fixed system.

This paper provides evidence on the valuation of new issues in an emerging market in the Asia‐Pacific region. The results are of interest to investors, investment bankers and companies seeking a listing on the Singapore Stock Exchange. We provide some insights on how new issues in the Singapore market are valued.
Governing after the Rights Revolution
Authors: Harvey Colin
Published: March 2003

In this paper I explore the relevance of neo‐republican thinking for current debates in constitutional law. In particular, I am interested in how deliberative forms of law and democracy might be grounded in real‐world institutional contexts. My thesis is that the neo‐republican model, underpinned as it is by the values of equality, participation, and accountability, has both explanatory and critical potential when exploring the voices, spaces, and processes of constitutionalism. I test this argument with reference to constitutional change in Northern Ireland. It is evident that equality is the core value in the settlement reached but it is in the combination of values that the potential and tensions will arise in the future. The provisions of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 on equality are useful examples of how law might be shaped to include the voices of affected groups in the process of enforcing change in public administration. Law’s role in this process is, however, more problematic than is often assumed. In this, and in other aspects of the settlement, there are lessons for others who are presently reflecting on the constitutional future in the new devolutionary contexts.
The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea? A Critique of the Ability of Community Mediation to Suppress and Facilitate Participation in Civil Life
Authors: Mulcahy Linda
Published: March 2003

This article revisits debate between academics and practitioners about the potential of community mediation. While mediation evangelicals make bold claims about the possibility of mediation helping to rebuild communities, academic critics have been suspicious of such contentions and claimed instead that mediation has provided just another route through which the state can interfere in the life of its citizens. It is argued here that debate on the topic has been clouded by unduly high expectations of disputes as agents of social change. Their importance has been understood by reference to their ability to rebuild communities or their potential to become test cases. It is argued here that mediated disputes make much more modest challenges to state authority but that they can be aided in this by the intervention of mediators prepared to take a pragmatic approach to the unachievable ideal of neutrality. The article does not conceive of community mediation as an alternative of the state or its agent. Rather, it suggests that mediators can be embedded within both worlds and act as message‐bearers between them.
Law in Film: Globalizing the Hollywood Courtroom Drama
Authors: Machura Stefan , Ulbrich Stefan
Published: March 2003

The courtroom drama is a prominent film genre. Most of the movies in this category are Hollywood productions, dealing with the legal system in the United States of America. What they have in common is that essential parts of their stories take place in court. These movies have a tremendous influence on the public’s concept of justice even though very few of them accurately reflect legal reality. Anyone with legal training who watches films of this sort will notice in them all sorts of absurdities which are not thoroughly investigated in this paper. Our concern here is to inquire why even movies that take place in continental Europe follow patterns of the American system and also why certain elements from American movies are repeated over and over again.
Hierarchy, Bureaucracy, and Ideology in French Criminal Justice: Some Empirical Observations
Authors: Hodgson Jacqueline
Published: March 2003

Using observational and interview data from my own empirical study of the investigation and prosecution of crime in France, this article examines critically the extent to which three features generally considered central to inquisitorial procedure – hierarchy, bureaucracy, and ideology – exist within the structures and procedures of the French criminal process and the constraining impact they have upon the decision‐making of the procureur, the judicial officer responsible for supervising the majority of criminal investigations. A broad degree of discretion is found to exist at the local and individual level and the unavailability of resources further increases disparities in practice. Nevertheless, the conventional ‘ideals’ retain a continuing force and relevance for procureurs, who describe their work (both as they understand it to be and as they would wish it to be) in these terms and whose crime control orientation is shielded by redefining it in terms of ‘representing the public interest’.
An Analysis of Corporate Donations: United Kingdom Evidence
Authors: Adams Mike , Hardwick Philip
Published: March 2003

Drawing a framework from stakeholder theory, this study uses 1994 data drawn from 100 United Kingdom listed companies to test empirically whether the level of discretionary donations made by companies to charitable, social and political causes is related to four company‐specific factors, namely leverage, company size, profitability and ownership structure. Consistent with our hypotheses, the results indicate that the decision to contribute funds to charities and other bodies is positively related to company size and profitability and negatively related to leverage. However, the study provides no support for the view that there is a link between discretionary donations and a company's ownership structure.
Board Composition and Organizational Performance: Two Studies of Insider/outsider Effects
Authors: Wagner III John A. , Stimpert J. L. , Fubara Edward I.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents two studies that examine the commonly held belief that corporate boards are more likely to have positive effects on organizational performance when composed of outside directors. The first study – a meta‐analysis of 63 correlations – indicates that, on average, the greater presence of outsiders is associated with higher performance, but so too is the greater presence of insiders. Instead of providing evidence of a positive outsider effect, these results suggest the existence of a curvilinear homogeneity effect in which performance is enhanced by the greater relative presence of either inside or outside directors. The second study – a hierarchical polynomial regression analysis of data from 259 large US companies – confirms the existence of a curvilinear relationship between insider/outsider composition and performance measured as return on assets.