bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction in Weight and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:   The Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—The effectiveness of intentional weight loss in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in type 2 diabetes is unknown. This report describes 1-year changes in CVD risk factors in a trial designed to examine the long-term effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention on the incidence of major CVD events.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This study consisted of a multicentered, randomized, controlled trial of 5,145 individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged 45–74 years, with BMI >25 kg/m2 (>27 kg/m2 if taking insulin). An intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) involving group and individual meetings to achieve and maintain weight loss through decreased caloric intake and increased physical activity was compared with a diabetes support and education (DSE) condition.

RESULTS—Participants assigned to ILI lost an average 8.6% of their initial weight vs. 0.7% in DSE group (P < 0.001). Mean fitness increased in ILI by 20.9 vs. 5.8% in DSE (P < 0.001). A greater proportion of ILI participants had reductions in diabetes, hypertension, and lipid-lowering medicines. Mean A1C dropped from 7.3 to 6.6% in ILI (P < 0.001) vs. from 7.3 to 7.2% in DSE. Systolic and diastolic pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio improved significantly more in ILI than DSE participants (all P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS—At 1 year, ILI resulted in clinically significant weight loss in people with type 2 diabetes. This was associated with improved diabetes control and CVD risk factors and reduced medicine use in ILI versus DSE. Continued intervention and follow-up will determine whether these changes are maintained and will reduce CVD risk.
Les femmes dans la gestion des ressources naturelles et l'évolution des politiques d'aide dans les pays en développement: étude bibliographique | Women's Role in the Management of Natural Resources and the Development of Aid Policy in Emergent Countries: a Bibliographical Study
Authors: Gambetta Isabelle
Published: May 2007

A bibliographic study is made to analyse the role of women in emergent countries and in development projects. It appears that women, through their work, are far more dependent on natural resources and environmental conditions than men. They should therefore be more strongly involved in development projects.
Reduction of resistance artery stiffness by treatment with the AT1-receptor antagonist losartan in essential hypertension
Authors: Jeong Bae Park  , Intengan Hope D , Schiffrin Ernesto L
Published: May 2007

In spontaneously hypertensive rats resistance artery structure, endothelial dysfunction and geometry-independent wall stiffness were reduced by an angiotensin AT1-receptor antagonist. In previous studies of human hypertension, interruption of the renin-angiotensin system corrected small artery structure and endothelial dysfunction, whereas the β-blocker atenolol did not. We hypothesized that the AT1R antagonist losartan, but not the β-blocker atenolol, would reduce stiffness of gluteal subcutaneous small arteries in essential hypertensive patients. Seventeen untreated mild essential hypertensive patients (47±2years; 75% male) were randomly assigned in double-blind fashion to losartan or atenolol treatment for one year. Small, resistance size arteries were studied on pressurized myographs. Blood pressure (mmHg) was reduced (p<0.01) from 145±4/101±2 and 147±6/98±2 to 128±4/86±2 and 131±3/84±1 by losartan and atenolol, respectively.The media/lumen ratio of small arteries was unaffected by atenolol (8.3±0.3% before and 8.8±0.5% after treatment). In contrast, losartan reduced media/lumen ratio from 8.4±0.4% to 6.7±0.3% (p<0.01). Whereas isobaric elastic modulus was unaffected by either treatment, geometry-independent stiffness (slope of elastic modulus vs. stress) was reduced from 9.7±1.2 to 6.1±0.9 (P<0.05) under losartan treatment, but was unchanged by atenolol (8.2±1.3 to 7.8±0.6). In conclusion, treatment with losartan reduced stiffness and structural alterations of subcutaneous resistance arteries of previously untreated essential hypertensive patients, whereas atenolol failed to do so.
Blunted suppression of plasma renin activity in diabetes
Authors: Gordon Michael S , Price Deborah A , Hollenberg Norman K
Published: May 2007

We have documented, contrary to expectation, that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is stimulated normally by restriction of sodium intake in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. Conversely, plasma renin activity (PRA) is suppressed less than in normal subjects by a high-salt diet in these patients. Increasing plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) concentration through intravenous Ang II infusion also suppresses renin release, via the short feedback loop. In this study, we sought to ascertain whether the limited renin suppression in Type 2 diabetes mellitus via high-salt intake is a unique defect or part of a more generalised abnormality of PRA suppression. We studied 38 patients with Type 2 DM and hypertension, 158 hypertensive control patients, and 61 normotensive controls. All patients were studied while in metabolic balance on a 10 mEq sodium (Na) diet. The response to the Ang II infusion at 3 ng/kg/min for 45 minutes was measured. We found that PRA fell significantly in normal subjects, from 4.0±0.33 to 2.5±0.23 ng AngI/ml/hr (p=0.0056). In patients with essential hypertension, the Ang II infusion also led to a fall in PRA from 3.51±0.23 to 2.76±0.17 ng AngI/ml/hr (p=0.014). In patients with DM, despite a similar basal PRA (3.7±0.40 ng AngI/ml/hr), the infusion of Ang II did not influence PRA significantly (3.43±0.42 ng AngI/ml/hr; p>0.77), though these patients had the most robust mean arterial pressure response. Our data are in complete accord with the concept of high intrarenal Ang II in DM and suggest lower systemic Ang II despite comparable PRA.
The HF epidemic: The need for new treatment strategies
Authors: Carson Peter E
Published: May 2007

The incidence of heart failure is increasing, particularly in older patients. Clinical trials often do not reflect community practice where patients are older and have more co-morbid conditions. Therapeutic agents need to be at least neutral in their effects on these other conditions. Current therapy in heart failure includes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers and diuretics, with advanced heart failure patients receiving spironolactone and possibly digitalis. Ongoing clinical trials are testing more effective inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) with highly selective angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blockers (ARBs) such as valsartan. Future trials should study diverse racial groups and the elderly, particularly those with preserved systolic function. These should ideally be large multicentre studies with internal substudies to examine mechanisms of heart failure.
Cellular targets for angiotensin II fragments: pharmacological and molecular evidence
Authors: Vauquelin Georges , Michotte Yvette , Smolders Ilse , Sarre Sophie , Ebinger Guy , Dupont Alain , Vanderheyden Patrick
Published: May 2007

Although angiotensin II has long been considered to represent the end product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), there is accumulating evidence that it encompasses additional effector peptides with diverse functions. In this respect, angiotensin IV (Ang IV) formed by deletion of the two N terminal amino acids, has sparked great interest because of its wide range of physiological effects. Among those, its facilitatory role in memory acquisition and retrieval is of special therapeutic relevance. High affinity binding sites for this peptide have been denoted as `AT4receptors' and, very recently, they have been proposed to correspond to the membrane-associated OTase/ IRAP aminopeptidase. This offers new opportunities for examining physiological roles of Ang IV in the fields of cognition, cardiovascular and renal metabolism and pathophysiological conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Still new recognition sites may be unveiled for this and other angiotensin fragments. Recognition sites for Ang-(1-7) (deletion of the C terminal amino acid) are still elusive and some of the actions of angiotensin III (deletion of the N terminal amino acid) in the CNS are hard to explain on the basis of their interaction with AT1-receptors only. A more thorough cross-talk between in vitro investigations on native and transfected cell lines and in vivo investigations on healthy, diseased and transgenic animals may prove to be essential to further unravel the molecular basis of the physiological actions of these small endogenous angiotensin fragments.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: increased frequency and association with preserved haemodynamics
Authors: Abraham William T , Raynolds Mary V , Badesch David B , Wynne Kristine M , Groves Bertron M , Roden Robert L , Robertson Alastair D , Lowes Brian D , Zisman Lawrence S , Voelkel Norbert F , Bristow Michael R , Perryman M Benjamin
Published: May 2007

Hypothesis/introduction

A polymorphic marker within the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with circulating and tissue ACE activity and with a variety of forms of cardiovascular disease. Since angiotensin II (Ang II) causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular and myocardial remodelling, we postulated a role for the renin-angiotensin system and the ACE DD genotype in the pathophysiology of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and in the right ventricular response to pressure overload in these patients.

Methods and results

The incidence of the ACE DD genotype was evaluated in 60 patients with severe PPH compared with two normal control populations, a group of healthy population-based controls (n=158) and subjects found suitable for cardiac organ donation (n=79). Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction to detect polymorphic markers. Haemodynamics were determined by right heart catheterisation in a subset of the PPH patients. The frequency of the ACE DD genotype was 45% in the patients with PPH, compared with 24% in the organ donors, and 28% in populationbased healthy controls (p=0.01 for chi-square test). Of the 32 PPH patients with baseline haemodynamics, 12 exhibited the ACE DD genotype and 20 were non-DD. While the mean pulmonary artery pressure and the duration of symptoms attributable to pulmonary hypertension was not different between the DD and non-DD groups, cardiac output was significantly lower (3.29±0.27 vs. 5.07±0.37 L/minute, p=0.002) and the trouvemean right atrial pressure tended to be higher (8.85±1.29 vs. 4.92±1.27 mmHg, p=0.08) in the non-DD group. The reduction in cardiac output seen in the non-DD group was not due to a difference in heart rate, but to a significant reduction in stroke volume, consistent with a decreased contractile state. In addition, non-DD patients exhibited a significantly worse functional capacity (NYHA Class 3.14±0.12 vs. 2.40±0.28, p=0.02).

Conclusions

1) The ACE DD genotype is significantly increased in patients with severe PPH compared with normal controls, suggesting that certain individuals may be genetically predisposed to developing pulmonary hypertension. 2) The ACE DD genotype is associated with preserved right ventricular function in PPH patients, supporting a compensatory myocardial or inotropic role for Ang II in the pressure overloaded right ventricle.
Review: Potential of renin inhibition in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Stanton Alice
Published: May 2007

Since renin catalyses the first and rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) cascade, interruption of the generation of angiotensin II (Ang II) by renin inhibitors at this highly specific initial step of the cascade has long been a therapeutic goal. The early development of renin inhibitors was hampered by problems with bioavailability and high costs of synthesis. However, more recently a potent non-peptidic inhibitor of renin, aliskiren, with acceptable oral bioavailability, has been synthesised. Aliskiren effectively reduces Ang II levels in normal volunteers and has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension.

Renin inhibitors would be expected to have similar, but not identical effects to those of the established RAS antagonists. Due to the lack of effective alternative enzyme pathways, blockade of Ang II production may be more effective with renin inhibition than with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition.

Furthermore, because renin has high specificity for only one substrate, angiotensinogen, side-effects would be expected to be less frequent. It is currently unclear whether blockade of Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors, leaving other Ang II receptors (AT2, AT3 and AT4) unblocked, is preferable to the reduction in plasma and tissue Ang II levels achieved with either ACE or renin inhibition.

Pharmacological suppression of the RAS, through ACE inhibition, or blockade of AT1, β-adrenoceptor or mineralocorticoid receptors, has been proven to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, heart failure and nephropathy. While, to date, aliskiren has only been shown to reduce BP, it appears likely that orally-active renin inhibitors could prove useful in the management of a wide range of cardiovascular pathologies.
Toward a broader understanding of aldosterone in congestive heart failure
Authors: Weber Karl T , Yao Sun  , Wodi Linus A , Munir Ahmad , Jahangir Eiman , Ahokas Robert A , Gerling Ivan C , Postlethwaite Arnold E , Warrington Kenneth J
Published: May 2007

Discovered some 50 years ago, aldosterone (ALDO) has come to be recognised as a mineralocorticoid hormone with well-known endocrine properties in epithelial cells that contribute to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. This includes Na + resorption at the expense of K+ excretion in classic target tissues: kidneys, colon, sweat and salivary glands. Though less well known, Mg2+ excretion is likewise enhanced by ALDO, while adrenal ALDO secretion is regulated by extracellular Mg2+ ([Mg2+ ]o). An emerging body of information has and continues to identify other endocrine actions of ALDO receptor-ligand binding. They include: promoting an efflux of cytosolic free Mg2+, or [Mg2+]i, in exchange for Na+ in such non-epithelial cells as peripheral blood mononuclear cells; its influence on endothelial cell function; and its central actions that involve regulation of cerebrospinal fluid composition produced by epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, activity of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus involved in Na+ appetite, Na+ and H2O excretion and sympathetic nerve activity, and the regulation of TNF-α production from central and/or peripheral sources. Extra-adrenal steroidogenesi and auto/paracrine properties of ALDO generated de novo in the cardiovasculature are now under investigation and preliminary findings suggest they contribute to tissue repair. The past decade has witnessed a revival of interest in this steroid molecule. In years to come, an even broader understanding of ALDO's contribution to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure will undoubtedly emerge.
New-onset diabetes and antihypertensive therapy: comments on ALLHAT trial
Authors: Sierra Cristina , Ruilope Luis M
Published: May 2007

The development of new-onset diabetes is frequent during the follow-up of treated hypertensive patients. The prevalence of such an event seems to differ depending on the type of antihypertensive therapy used to control blood pressure. Diuretics and -blockers and their association are particularly harmful in this regard. On the contrary, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, alone or in association with diuretics, are associated with a lower prevalence of this metabolic complication. These statements are confirmed by data from the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) study. Longterm studies are required to determine the relevance of development of new-onset diabetes in treated hypertensive patients.
The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in heart failure
Authors: Unger Thomas , Li Jun
Published: May 2007

Activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is increased in patients with heart failure, and its maladaptive mechanisms may lead to adverse effects such as cardiac remodelling and sympathetic activation.

Elevated renin activity has been demonstrated in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. (Third-generation synthetic non-peptide renin inhibitors, with more favourable properties than earlier renin inhibitors, lower ambulatory blood pressure and may have a role to play in other cardiovascular disease.)

Chymase, a protease inhibitor stored in mast cells that generates angiotensin II (Ang II) (in addition to angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]), has been linked to extracellular matrix remodelling in heart failure. Again, chymase inhibitors have been developed to investigate its functions in vitro and in vivo.

Bradykinin is thought to contribute to the cardioprotective effect of ACE inhibition through modification of nitric oxide release, calcium handling and collagen accumulation.

Ang II is believed to influence a number of molecular and structural changes in the heart, mostly mediated through the AT1-receptor. The importance of the RAAS in heart failure is shown by the survival benefit conferred by treatment with ACE inhibitors.
Are Multiple Angiotensin Receptor Types Involved in Angiotensin (1-7) Actions on Isolated Rat Portal Vein?
Authors: Gurzu Bogdan , Costuleanu Marcel , Slatineanu Simona Mihaela , Ciobanu Aurica , Petrescu Gheorghe
Published: May 2007

Angiotensin (1-7) [Ang (1-7)] is a bioactive component of the renin angiotensin system. Ang (1-7) may interact with angiotensin type 1 (AT1) or type 2 (AT2) receptors and with Ang (1-7) — specific receptors. We examined the interactions between different doses of Ang (1-7) (1nM-1microM) and angiotensin II (Ang II) (10 and 100nM) on isolated rat portal vein. In endothelium-denuded portal vein rings, Ang (1-7) inhibited contractile effects induced by Ang II. The effects of Ang (1-7) were modified by indomethacin, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), (D-Ala7)-Angiotensin (1-7) (H-2888) and losartan. Our results suggest that on rat isolated portal vein rings without endothelium, Ang (1-7) reduces Ang II—induced contractions by acting mostly on Ang (1-7) specific receptors, and this effect is mediated by vasodilatatory prostaglandins. At high concentrations, Ang (1-7) effects are mediated by AT1-receptors, though to a lesser extent than by Ang (1-7) specific receptors.
Differences Between Cardiac and Arterial Fibrosis and Stiffness in Aldosterone-Salt Rats: Effect of Eplerenone
Authors: Nehme Johnny , Mercier Nathalie , Labat Carlos , Benetos Athanase , Safar Michel E , Delcayre Claude , Lacolley Patrick
Published: May 2007

Background. Previous experiments have studied separately the development of either cardiac or aortic fibrosis and stiffness in aldosterone (Aldo)-salt hypertensive rats. Our aim was to determine in vivo the effects of Aldo and the Aldo receptor antagonist eplerenone (Epl) on simultaneous changes in cardiac and arterial structure and function and their interactions.

Methods and Results. Aldo was administered in uninephrectomised Sprague-Dawley rats receiving a high-salt diet from 8 to 12 weeks of age. Three groups of Aldo-salt rats were treated with 1 to 100 mg/kg-1. d-1 Epl by gavage. Arterial elasticity was measured by elastic modulus (Einc)-wall stress curves using medial cross-sectional area (MCSA). The cardiac and arterial walls were analysed by histomorphometry (elastin and collagen), immunohistochemistry (EIIIA fibronectin, Fn), and Northern blot (collagens I and III). Aldo caused increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), carotid Einc, MCSA, and EIIIA Fn with no change in wall stress or elastin and collagen densities. No difference in collagen mRNA levels was detected between groups. During the same period, cardiac mass and collagen mRNA and protein levels increased markedly in the myocardial tissue. Epl normalised collagen in the myocardium, Eincwall stress curves, MCSA, and EIIIA Fn in Aldo rats. These dose-dependent effects were not accompanied by a consistent reduction in SBP and cardiac mass.

Conclusions. In exogenous hyperaldosteronism in the rat, Aldo causes independently myocardial collagen and arterial Fn accumulation, the latter being responsible for increased intrinsic carotid stiffness. Epl prevents both cardiac and arterial effects but does not reduce consistently SBP.
Use of Valsartan in Post-Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Liu Peter P , Maggioni Aldo , Velazquez Eric J
Published: May 2007

Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and/or heart failure (HF) are frequent complications of hypertension and myocardial infarction (MI), placing affected patients at increased risk of significant morbidity and premature death. Given that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated and of pathophysiological importance in such patients, a strong therapeutic rationale exists to target the main effector mechanism (that is, angiotensin II [Ang II]) in order to lessen the associated morbidity and mortality burden.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to reduce mortality and LV dysfunction and to slow disease progression in patients with HF, including high-risk, post-MI patients. However, ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) may not provide optimal long-term RAAS blockade (a finding that is associated with a worse prognosis) and many patients are unable to tolerate such therapy (because of troublesome dry cough, for example) In contrast, Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) may block the RAAS more completely than ACE-Is and appear to be better tolerated. Several large-scale trials have evaluated the efficacy of ARBs in patients with LV dysfunction and/or HF (including high-risk, post-MI patients), and have confirmed their utility as an efficacious and well-tolerated alternative to ACE-Is in this setting.
Interactions between apelin and angiotensin II on rat portal vein
Authors: Gurzu Bogdan , Cristian Petrescu Bogdan , Costuleanu Marcel , Petrescu Gheorghe
Published: May 2007

Apelin (AP), an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. Regardless the multiple similarities between AP and angiotensin II (Ang II), their roles seem to be different. We studied both the interactions between Apelin 13 (AP13) and Ang II and to what extent, if any, nitric oxide (NO) is involved.The experiments were performed in endothelium-denuded or endothelium-intact rat portal vein in the presence of 10 µM N(G)-nitro L-arginine methyl ester or 10 µM aminoguanidine. AP13 did not modify the isolated rat portal vein tone by itself, but inhibited the Ang II-induced contractions acting mainly by a NO-dependent mechanism. Our results sustain the hypothesis that AP13 could increase the activity of both constitutive and inducible NO synthase on either endothelium intact or endothelium denuded rat portal vein rings.
Cardiac aldosterone in subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wenxia Chai  , Hoedemaekers Yvonne M , van Schaik Ron HN , van Fessem Marianne , Garrelds Ingrid M , Saris Jasper J , Dooijes Dennis , ten Cate Folkert J , Kofflard Marcel MJ , Danser AH Jan
Published: May 2007

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is variable, suggesting a role for modifying factors. Here, we determined whether aldosterone modulates hypertrophy in HCM. Cardiac and/or plasma aldosterone were measured in organ donors and HCM patients.The effect of the aldosterone synthase ( CYP11B2 ) C-344T polymorphism on LV mass index (LVMI) and interventricular septum thickness (IVS) was determined in 79 genetically independent subjects with HCM. Aldosterone in HCM hearts and plasma was similar to that in normal hearts and plasma. In HCM women, no associations between CYP11B2 genotype and any of the measured parameters were observed, whereas in HCM men, LVMI increased with the presence of the T allele. Similar T allele-related increases were observed for IVS. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the T allele-related effect on IVS occurred independently of renin, the ACE I/D polymorphism, the AT1-receptor A/C 1166 polymorphism and the AT -receptor A/C 3123 polymorphism. In conclusion, circulating and cardiac aldosterone are normal in HCM, thereby arguing against selectively increased cardiac aldosterone production in HCM.Thus, the association between the CYP11B2 C-344T polymorphism and hypertrophy in HCM most likely relates to the T allele-related increases in circulating aldosterone.This finding raises the need for studies determining the benefit of aldosterone blockade in HCM.
The transition form theory to therapy: Test of two instructional methods
Authors: Michael Ann L. , Klee Thomas , Bransford John D. , Warren Steven F.
Published: May 2007

This study compared college students' understanding of the role of three language learning theories (operant, sociolinguistic, cognitive) in language theory through two instructional methods: video‐based anchored instruction and traditional classroom instruction. Results indi‐cated no significant difference between the performance of students in the two instructional groups on the post‐test while students who received anchored instruction scored significantly higher on two transfer tests than students who received the traditional instruction. Video‐based anchored instruction was found to be a valuable instructional tool which increased students' understanding of theoretical principles; through observations they experienced abstract theoretical principles as the foundation for clinicians' actions and interactions with language‐impaired children.
The importance of genetic counseling for individuals with schizophrenia and their relatives: Potential clients' opinions and experiences
Authors: Lyus Vicki L.
Published: May 2007

Genetic counseling is a health service, which has been indicated for individuals with psychiatric conditions in their families. However, little is known about the awareness and/or experiences of genetic counseling of this group. This study was designed to assess the awareness and perceptions of genetic counseling among individuals affected by schizophrenia and their relatives. Data was collected via two online surveys. Study participants either had schizophrenia or had a relative with schizophrenia and were recruited via links from schizophrenia web sites. This study was granted IRB approval. Sixty‐eight individuals with schizophrenia and 145 relatives completed the surveys. Ninety‐four percent of all respondents had not been offered genetic counseling. Zero percent of affected individuals and only 5% of relatives had received genetic counseling. Forty‐four percent of affected individuals and 41% of relatives indicated that their family planning decisions were influenced by the presence of schizophrenia in their family. Seventy four percent of relatives and 72% of people with schizophrenia thought genetic counseling would be useful to them. Respondents indicated that they felt genetic counseling would be useful for them and that they would like to see a genetic counselor. However, few individuals are being offered genetic counseling services. The awareness of genetic counseling needs to be raised among physicians and families affected by schizophrenia. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meta‐analyses suggest association between COMT, but not HTR1B, alleles, and suicidal behavior
Authors: Kia‐Keating Brett M. , Glatt Stephen J. , Tsuang Ming T.
Published: May 2007

Several studies have suggested that suicidal behavior is at least partially determined by genetic factors, supporting a search for related genes. Two genes that have been highlighted in the literature as being involved areHTR1B, which codes for the serotonin 1B receptor, andCOMT, which is related to the inactivation of catecholamines. In order to assess the combined evidence for the numerous studies that have been published relating suicidal behavior to these two genes, two different random effects meta‐analyses were conducted utilizing seven studies related toHTR1Band six studies related toCOMT. ForHTR1B, the combined evidence from 789 case and 1,247 control subjects/participants, suggested that there was no significant association between theHTR1BG861C polymorphism and suicidal behavior. ForCOMT, based on the combined data from 519 cases and 933 control subjects, there was evidence of a significant association between theCOMT158Met polymorphism and suicidal behavior. Although the results forCOMTwere not influenced by publication bias, the significance of the combined results was not robust and was related to the gender of the case and control subjects. The results forCOMTsupport past literature that has found a relationship between suicidal behavior andCOMT, and has also found that the relationship differs for males and females. Given that in the United States a higher proportion of females attempt suicide, and the higher proportion of males successfully commit suicide, it is possible that COMTis related to the lethality of suicide attempts. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familiality and diagnostic patterns of subphenotypes in the National Institutes of Mental Health Bipolar sample
Authors: Saunders Erika H. , Scott Laura J. , McInnis Melvin G. , Burmeister Margit
Published: May 2007

Bipolar‐related subphenotypes that cluster within families may help identify subsets of patients that are more genetically homogeneous. Environmental or assessment factors that segregate by family may influence estimates of familiality. We aimed to determine familiality of subphenotypes of bipolar disorder (BP), accounting for effects of age, sex, diagnosis, and site/wave of ascertainment. We studied 589 sibships with 1416 siblings affected with bipolar I (BPI), schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type (SAB), bipolar II (BPII), or recurrent unipolar depression (RUDD). Sibships were from families with ≥2 BPI cases collected by the NIMH Bipolar Genetics Initiative (NIMHBGI). Rapid cycling showed the strongest evidence for familiality [odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) = 2.02 (1.43, 2.85), P = 6.0 × 10−5] in a model including age, sex, diagnosis, and site/wave of ascertainment. Additional significantly familial traits were comorbid alcohol abuse/dependence (P = 2 × 10−4) and comorbid panic disorder (P = 8 × 10−3), as well as psychosis, suicidal thoughts, and rapid mood switching (P = 6 × 10−3 − 0.03). Omission of the effect of site/wave of ascertainment from the model inflated the significance level of the apparent familial association of almost all subphenotypes from one to four orders of magnitude. We have found evidence of familiality for subphenotypes of BP. In multicenter samples, familiality may be overestimated if variability in diagnosis of subphenotypes between site/wave of ascertainment is not considered. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodegradable poly(L‐lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate‐co‐adipate) blends: Miscibility, morphology, and thermal behavior
Authors: Wang Yaming , Mano João F.
Published: May 2007

Blends of two biodegradable and semicrystalline polymers, poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(butylene succinate‐co‐adipate) (PBSA), were prepared by solvent casting in different compositions. The miscibility, morphology, and thermal behavior of the blends were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. PLLA was found to be immiscible with PBSA as evidenced by two independent glass transitions and biphasic melt. Nonisothermal crystallization measurements showed that fractionated crystallization behavior occurred when PBSA was dispersed as droplets, evidenced by multiple crystallization peaks at different supercooling levels. Crystallization and morphology of the blends were also investigated through two‐step isothermal crystallization. For blends where PLLA was the major component, different content of PBSA did not make a significant difference in the crystallization mechanism and rate of PLLA. For blends where PBSA was the major component, the crystallization rate of PBSA decreased with increasing PLLA content, while the crystallization mechanism did not change. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of cationic guar gum: A high performance flocculating agent
Authors: Pal Sagar , Mal D. , Singh R. P.
Published: May 2007

Among various water‐soluble polysaccharides, guar gum is one of the most important polysaccharide, which is having a wide variety of applications. By grafting a cationic moiety onto the backbone of guar gum, a modified naturally occurring polysaccharide can be developed, which used to be use as high performance flocculating agent and viscosifier (Singh et al.).15 Various grades of cationic guar gums have been synthesized by varying the synthesis parameters. All these polysaccharides have been characterized by various characterization techniques, such as elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, intrinsic viscosity measurement, molecular weight determination, thermal analysis, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. From all of these characterization studies, it has been confirmed that the cationic moiety has been grafted onto the backbone of polysaccharide. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Thermal conductivity models for carbon/liquid crystal polymer composites
Authors: Keith Jason M. , King Julia A. , Lenhart Kara M. , Zimny Bridget
Published: May 2007

Thermally conductive resins are needed for bipolar plates in fuel cells. Currently, the materials used for these bipolar plates often contain a single type of graphite in a thermosetting resin. In this study, varying amounts of four different types of polyacrylonitrile carbon fillers (Ketjenblack carbon black, Thermocarb synthetic graphite, Fortafil 243 carbon fiber, and Panex 30 carbon fiber) were added to a thermoplastic matrix (Vectra A950RX Liquid Crystal Polymer), with the resulting resins tested for through‐plane and in‐plane thermal conductivity. There are two unique contributions of this work. The first contribution is the use of the Nielsen model for the through‐plane thermal conductivity as a function of the single filler volume fraction. The model fits the data for all composites well. The second contribution is the development of a new, accurate, empirical model to predict the in‐plane thermal conductivity for all resins containing synthetic graphite or carbon fiber. Both of these models will form the basis for the development of new thermal conductivity models for composites with multiple fillers for fuel cell bipolar plate applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Evolution of hyperphalangy and digit reduction in the cetacean manus
Authors: Cooper Lisa Noelle , Berta Annalisa , Dawson Susan D. , Reidenberg Joy S.
Published: May 2007

Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have a soft tissue flipper that encases most of the forelimb, and elongated digits with an increased number of phalanges (hyperphalangy). In addition, some cetaceans exhibit a reduction in digit number. Although toothed cetaceans (odontocetes) are pentadactylous, most baleen whales (mysticetes) are tetradactylous and also lack a metacarpal. This study conducts a survey of cetacean metacarpal and phalangeal morphologies, traces the evolution of hyperphalangy in a phylogenetic context, optimizes characters onto previously published cetacean phylogenies, and tests various digit loss hypotheses. Dissections were performed on 16 cetacean flippers representing 10 species (8 mysticetes, 2 odontocetes). Phalangeal count data were derived from forelimb radiographs (36 odontocetes, 5 mysticetes), osteological specimens of articulated forelimbs (8 mysticetes), and were supplemented with published counts. Modal phalangeal counts were coded as ordered and unpolarized characters and optimized onto two known cetacean phylogenies. Results indicate that digital ray I is reduced in many cetaceans (except Globicephala) and all elements of digital ray I were lost in tetradactylous mysticetes. Fossil evidence indicates this ray may have been lost approximately 14 Ma. Most odontocetes also reduce the number of phalangeal elements in digit V, while mysticetes typically retain the plesiomorphic condition of three phalanges. Results from modal phalangeal counts show the greatest degree of hyperphalangy in digits II and III in odontocetes and digits III and IV in mysticetes. Fossil evidence indicates cetacean hyperphalangy evolved by at least 7–8 Ma. Digit loss and digit positioning may underlie disparate flipper shapes, with narrow, elongate flippers facilitating fast swimming and broad flippers aiding slow turns. Hyperphalangy may help distribute leading edge forces, and multiple interphalangeal joints may smooth leading edge flipper contour. Anat Rec, 290:654–672, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stomach anatomy and use in defining systemic relationships of the cetacean family ziphiidae (beaked whales)
Authors: Mead James G.
Published: May 2007

Members of the Cetacean family Ziphiidae (Beaked whales) exhibit surprising diversity in stomach anatomy, particularly in the number of connecting chambers between the main and pyloric stomachs. Sixty‐one stomachs of five beaked whale species were examined, including Berardius, Hyperoodon, Mesoplodon, Tasmacetus, and Ziphius. Specimens were obtained post mortem from beach‐stranded individuals, with the exception of 30 Berardius specimens that were taken at a whaling station in Japan. Most specimens were collected by the Marine Mammal Program of the National Museum of Natural History, with the exception of one specimen of Mesoplodon steinegeri, which from the Los Angeles County Museum and one specimen of Tasmacetus from the Museum of New Zealand. Additional data are included from published accounts. A single species was examined for all of the genera but Mesoplodon, where there was material for 7 of 13 known species. The sample of Berardius bairdii was sufficient (n = 30) to determine species‐specific variation in compartment counts. Chamber anatomy was explored by means of manual palpation. Results indicate that ziphiid stomachs can be separated into at least three principal groups: generalized ziphiid stomach (one main stomach, one pyloric stomach), derived stomach type I (two main stomachs, one pyloric stomach), and derived stomach type II (two main stomachs, two pyloric stomachs). Generalized stomachs are found in Hyperoodon, Tasmacetus, Ziphius, Mesoplodon densirostris, M. perrini, and M. stejnegeri. Derived stomachs of type I are found in Berardius, and of type II are found in Mesoplodon bidens, M. europaeus, and M. mirus. The ziphiids clearly form a distinct group of cetaceans in their utilization of differences in stomach morphology. These anatomical differences may serve to elucidate systematic relationships among the ziphiids. Further study is necessary to establish whether these differences correlate with specialized adaptations related to an aquatic environment. Anat Rec, 290:581–595, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals
Authors: Reidenberg Joy S.
Published: May 2007

This special issue of the Anatomical Record explores many of the anatomical adaptations exhibited by aquatic mammals that enable life in the water. Anatomical observations on a range of fossil and living marine and freshwater mammals are presented, including sirenians (manatees and dugongs), cetaceans (both baleen whales and toothed whales, including dolphins and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), the sea otter, and the pygmy hippopotamus. A range of anatomical systems are covered in this issue, including the external form (integument, tail shape), nervous system (eye, ear, brain), musculoskeletal systems (cranium, mandible, hyoid, vertebral column, flipper/forelimb), digestive tract (teeth/tusks/baleen, tongue, stomach), and respiratory tract (larynx). Emphasis is placed on exploring anatomical function in the context of aquatic life. The following topics are addressed: evolution, sound production, sound reception, feeding, locomotion, buoyancy control, thermoregulation, cognition, and behavior. A variety of approaches and techniques are used to examine and characterize these adaptations, ranging from dissection, to histology, to electron microscopy, to two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D computerized tomography, to experimental field tests of function. The articles in this issue are a blend of literature review and new, hypothesis‐driven anatomical research, which highlight the special nature of anatomical form and function in aquatic mammals that enables their exquisite adaptation for life in such a challenging environment. Anat Rec, 290:507–513, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of marine mammals: Back to the sea after 300 million years
Authors: Uhen Mark D.
Published: May 2007

The fossil record demonstrates that mammals re‐entered the marine realm on at least seven separate occasions. Five of these clades are still extant, whereas two are extinct. This review presents a brief introduction to the phylogeny of each group of marine mammals, based on the latest studies using both morphological and molecular data. Evolutionary highlights are presented, focusing on changes affecting the sensory systems, locomotion, breathing, feeding, and reproduction in Cetacea, Sirenia, Desmostylia, and Pinnipedia. Aquatic adaptations are specifically cited, supported by data from morphological and geochemical studies. For example, analysis of oxygen isotopes incorporated into fossil tooth enamel indicates whether these mammals foraged in (and, therefore, ingested) fresh water or sea water. Comparisons between groups are made to see if there are any common patterns, particularly relating to adaptations to aquatic life. Results show that aquatic characteristics evolved in mosaic patterns and that different morphological solutions to aquatic conditions were achieved separately in each of these groups. Changes in the axial and appendicular skeleton assist with locomotion for aquatic foraging. Nostril and eye placement modifications accommodate wading versus underwater foraging needs. All groups exhibit aquatic adaptations directly related to feeding, particularly changes in the dentition and rostrum. The earliest representatives of these clades all show morphological features that indicate they were feeding while in the water, suggesting that feeding ecology is a key factor in the evolution of marine mammals. Anat Rec, 290:514–522, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examination of the three‐dimensional geometry of cetacean flukes using computed tomography scans: Hydrodynamic implications
Authors: Fish Frank E. , Beneski John T. , Ketten Darlene R.
Published: May 2007

The flukes of cetaceans function in the hydrodynamic generation of forces for thrust, stability, and maneuverability. The three‐dimensional geometry of flukes is associated with production of lift and drag. Data on fluke geometry were collected from 19 cetacean specimens representing eight odontocete genera (Delphinus, Globicephala, Grampus, Kogia, Lagenorhynchus, Phocoena, Stenella, Tursiops). Flukes were imaged as 1 mm thickness cross‐sections using X‐ray computer‐assisted tomography. Fluke shapes were characterized quantitatively by dimensions of the chord, maximum thickness, and position of maximum thickness from the leading edge. Sections were symmetrical about the chordline and had a rounded leading edge and highly tapered trailing edge. The thickness ratio (maximum thickness/chord) among species increased from insertion on the tailstock to a maximum at 20% of span and then decreasing steadily to the tip. Thickness ratio ranged from 0.139 to 0.232. These low values indicate reduced drag while moving at high speed. The position of maximum thickness from the leading edge remained constant over the fluke span at an average for all species of 0.285 chord. The displacement of the maximum thickness reduces the tendency of the flow to separate from the fluke surface, potentially affecting stall patterns. Similarly, the relatively large leading edge radius allows greater lift generation and delays stall. Computational analysis of fluke profiles at 50% of span showed that flukes were generally comparable or better for lift generation than engineered foils. Tursiops had the highest lift coefficients, which were superior to engineered foils by 12–19%. Variation in the structure of cetacean flukes reflects different hydrodynamic characteristics that could influence swimming performance. Anat Rec, 290:614–623, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Host‐induced ecdysteroids in the stop‐and‐go oogenesis in a synovigenic parasitoid wasp
Authors: Bodin Aurélie , Jaloux Bruno , Mandon Nicole , Vannier Fabrice , Delbecque Jean‐Paul , Monge Jean‐Paul , Mondy Nathalie
Published: May 2007

Eupelmus vuilleti (Hymenoptera; Eupelmidae) is a solitary ectoparasitoid producing yolk‐rich eggs. The female oviposits mainly on the fourth larval instar of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera; Bruchidae), which develop within pods and seeds of Vigna unguiculata (Fabacae). Parasitoid females are synovigenic, i.e., they are born with immature eggs and need to feed from the host to sustain egg production during their entire lifetime. However, eggs are rapidly resorbed in unfavourable conditions and an efficient stop‐and‐go mechanism controls oogenesis in such animals. In this study, the possible involvement of ecdysteroids in the regulation of parasitoid oogenesis is examined. In a first step, the identity and titre of ecdysteroids in reproductively active and inactive female parasitoids were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography followed by enzyme immuno‐assay (EIA/HPLC). A larger secretion of ecdysone was found in female during their reproductive period compared with inactive females. In a second step, both the secretion of ecdysteroids into the medium of in vitro incubated ovaries and the ecdysteroid content of females reared with or without host were measured (EIA). The presence of the host, which represents both the oviposition site and the nutritional source, induced an active biosynthesis of ecdysone. This synthesis started at a slow rate after host introduction and reached a maximum after 48 h. When hosts were available, this synthesis was cyclic and continuous during the entire female lifetime. These results showed that host presence triggered ovarian synthesis of ecdysteroids, which are involved in a stop‐and‐go regulation of egg production linked to host availability. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:103–111, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesen mit Cyanessigsäure, III. Zur Reaktion von 2‐Hydroxy‐benzaldehyd mit Cyanacetamid und Malodinitril
Authors: Schiemenz Günter Paulus
Published: May 2007

Bei den bisher als 2‐Hydroxy‐α‐cyan‐zimtsäure‐amid und ‐nitril formulierten Verbindungen handelt es sich um das Amid und Nitril der Cumarinimid‐carbonsäure‐(3).
Phosphororganische Verbindungen, XXXII. Enthalogenierung von Phenolen und aromatischen Aminen. Austausch phenolischer hydroxylgruppen gegen Chlor
Authors: Horner Wippel Hellmut Hoffmann, Leopold Hans G. , Michael Dieter
Published: May 2007

Aromatische o‐und p‐Bromamine bilden mit Triphenylphosphin Phosphinimidhydrobromide. Aus o‐und p‐Brom‐phenolen und Triphenylphosphin werden Aryloxy‐triphenyl‐phosphoniumsalze erhalten, welche hydrolytisch außerordentlich leicht in Phenole und Triphenylphosphinoxyd aufgespalten werden. Bei ihrer thermischen Spaltung entstehen Arylhalogenide. Arylchloride bilden sich daher auch beim Erhitzen aromatischer hydroxyverbindungen mit Triphenylphosphin‐dichlorid oder Diphenyltrichlorphosphoran.