bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-electroforming and high-performance complementary memristor based on ferroelectric tunnel junctions
Authors: Yan Z. B. , Yau H. M. , Li Z. W. , Gao X. S. , Dai J. Y. , Liu J.-M.
Published: August 2016

Complementary resistive switching (CRS) has potential applications in ultra-high density three-dimensional crossbar arrays for resistive random access memories and Logic-in-Memories. For real applications, the good stability and electroforming-free character have become essential pre-requisites. In this work, we investigate the resistance switching behaviors of a CRS device based on two anti-serial Au/BaTiO3/Nb:SrTiO3 ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs). This FTJ-based CRS device shows a stable butterfly-like resistance-voltage hysteresis, as well as self-electroforming, multi-switching, and good performance complementary switching behaviors. The present work presents a convincing demonstration of the complementary multi-switching states modulated by remnant ferroelectric polarization, making the FTJ structure good potentials for high-performance CRS memristors.
Active voltage contrast imaging of cross-sectional surface of multilayer ceramic capacitor using helium ion microscopy
Authors: Sakai C. , Ishida N. , Masuda H. , Nagano S. , Kitahara M. , Ogata Y. , Fujita D.
Published: August 2016

We studied active voltage contrast (AVC) imaging using helium ion microscopy (HIM). We observed secondary electron (SE) images of the cross-sectional surface of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) with and without a voltage applied to the internal electrodes. When no voltage was applied, we obtained an image reflecting the material contrast between the Ni internal electrode region and the BaTiO3 dielectric region of the cross-sectional surface of the MLCC. When a voltage was applied, the electrical potential difference between the grounded and the positively biased internal electrodes affected the contrast (voltage contrast). Moreover, attenuation of the SE intensity from the grounded to the positively biased internal electrodes was observed in the dielectric region. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements of the contact potential difference (CPD) were performed on the same sample. By using the AVC image from the HIM observation and the CPD image from the KPFM measurement, we could quantitatively evaluate the electrical potential. We think that the results of this study will lead to an expansion in the number of applications of HIM.
Highly anisotropic electronic transport properties of monolayer and bilayer phosphorene from first principles
Authors: Jin Zhenghe , Mullen Jeffrey T. , Kim Ki Wook
Published: August 2016

The intrinsic carrier transport dynamics in phosphorene is theoretically examined. Utilizing a density functional theory treatment, the low-field mobility and the saturation velocity are characterized for both electrons and holes in the monolayer and bilayer structures. The analysis clearly elucidates the crystal orientation dependence manifested through the anisotropic band structure and the carrier-phonon scattering rates. In the monolayer, the hole mobility in the armchair direction is estimated to be approximately five times larger than in the zigzag direction at room temperature (460 cm2/V s vs. 90 cm2/V s). The bilayer transport, on the other hand, exhibits a more modest anisotropy with substantially higher mobilities (1610 cm2/V s and 760 cm2/V s, respectively). The calculations on the conduction-band electrons indicate a comparable dependence while the characteristic values are generally smaller by about a factor of two. The variation in the saturation velocity is found to be less pronounced. With the anticipated superior performance and the diminished anisotropy, few-layer phosphorene offers a promising opportunity particularly in p-type applications.
Carbon dots decorated vertical SnS2 nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic oxygen evolution
Authors: Cheng Zhongzhou , Wang Fengmei , Shifa Tofik Ahmed , Liu Kaili , Huang Yun , Liu Quanlin , Jiang Chao , He Jun
Published: August 2016

Metal sulfides are highly desirable materials for photocatalytic water splitting because of their appropriate energy bands. However, the poor stability under light illumination in water hinders their wide applications. Here, two-dimensional SnS2 nanosheets, along with carbon dots of the size around 10 nm, are uniformly grown on fluorine doped tin oxide glasses with a layer of nickel nanoparticles. Significantly, strong light absorption and enhanced photocurrent density are achieved after integration of SnS2 nanosheets with carbon dots. Notably, the rate of oxygen evolution reached up to 1.1 mmol g−1 h−1 under simulated sunlight irradiation featuring a good stability.
Low resistance Ohmic contact to p-type crystalline silicon via nitrogen-doped copper oxide films
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Wan Yimao , Bullock James , Allen Thomas , Cuevas Andres
Published: August 2016

This work explores the application of transparent nitrogen doped copper oxide (CuOx:N) films deposited by reactive sputtering to create hole-selective contacts for p-type crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. It is found that CuOx:N sputtered directly onto crystalline silicon is able to form an Ohmic contact. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy measurements are used to characterise the structural and physical properties of the CuOx:N films. Both the oxygen flow rate and the substrate temperature during deposition have a significant impact on the film composition, as well as on the resulting contact resistivity. After optimization, a low contact resistivity of ∼10 mΩ cm2 has been established. This result offers significant advantages over conventional contact structures in terms of carrier transport and device fabrication.
Corrigendum to: Altered mixed-severity fire regime has homogenised montane forests of Jasper National Park
Authors: Chavardès Raphaël D. , Daniels Lori D.
Published: August 2016

Fire suppression has altered the historical mixed-severity fire regime and homogenised forest structures in Jasper National Park, Canada. We used dendrochronology to reconstruct fire history and assess forest dynamics at 29 sites in the montane forests. Based on fire scars and even-aged post-fire cohorts, we determined 18 sites had mixed-severity fire histories through time, and 11 sites had evidence of high-severity fires only – yielding a mixed-severity fire regime for the study area. Lodgepole pine, hybrid spruce and Douglas-fir established simultaneously after low- and high-severity fires. Regardless of fire history, forest canopies were mixed in composition and subcanopies were strongly dominated by shade-tolerant hybrid spruce. Despite their size, subcanopy trees were similar in age to the canopy trees. Current stand composition and age structures largely reflect the effects of high-severity fires that burned ~110 years ago at 18 of 29 sites. In the absence of fires after 1905, forests have matured simultaneously, homogenising the landscape and resulting in forest structures that are more conducive to high-severity fire than are fires of a range of severities. Proactive fire management is justified to restore fire as a vital ecological process and promote forest resilience by countering the effects of a century of fire suppression.
Pacemaker-neuron–dependent disturbance of the molecular clockwork by a
Drosophila
CLOCK mutant homologous to the mouse
Clock
mutation
Authors: Lee Euna , Cho Eunjoo , Kang Doo Hyun , Jeong Eun Hee , Chen Zheng , Yoo Seung-Hee , Kim Eun Young
Published: August 2016

Significance

The circadian clock drives ∼24-hour rhythms in behavior and physiology of organisms, and is dependent on transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFLs) at the cellular level. Pacemaker neurons in the brain control specific circadian behaviors in response to environmental timing cues such as light and temperature cycles. We show here that flies expressing dCLOCK (dCLK) lacking amino acids 657–707, homologous to the mouse
Clock
mutation, display pacemaker-neuron–dependent disturbance of the molecular clockwork. Specifically, the molecular rhythms in light-sensitive pacemaker neurons were significantly disrupted, but the molecular rhythms in temperature-sensitive pacemaker neurons were robust. Our results suggest that the dCLK-controlled TTFL operates differently in subsets of pacemaker neurons, which contributes to their specific functions, such as differential sensitivity to entraining cues.
Structural basis of HIV inhibition by translocation-defective RT inhibitor 4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA)
Authors: Salie Zhe Li , Kirby Karen A. , Michailidis Eleftherios , Marchand Bruno , Singh Kamalendra , Rohan Lisa C. , Kodama Eiichi N. , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Parniak Michael A. , Sarafianos Stefan G.
Published: August 2016

Significance

4′-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA), a potent antiviral with an unusually long half-life, is currently in phase I clinical trials. It inhibits reverse transcriptase (RT) through a mechanism of action different from all approved anti-HIV drugs: After incorporation in the nascent DNA chain, it suppresses the rate of viral replication by diminishing RT translocation on the nucleic acid substrate. Here, we present four crystal structures of various inhibition intermediates. The structures provide insight into the structural basis of the unusual mechanism of inhibition and the exceptional potency of this promising antiviral.
microRNA-309 targets the Homeobox gene
SIX4
and controls ovarian development in the mosquito
Aedes aegypti
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zhao Bo , Roy Sourav , Saha Tusar T. , Kokoza Vladimir A. , Li Ming , Raikhel Alexander S.
Published: August 2016

Significance

We report here that microRNA-309 (miR-309) plays a critical role in ovarian development of female
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes. The genetic disruption of miR-309 by CRISPR/Cas9 system displays a failure of ovarian primary follicle formation, and several pathways associated with ovarian development are down-regulated after miR-309 depletion. Comprehensive screening and functional identification have revealed that SIX homeobox 4 protein (SIX4) is a direct target of miR-309. miR-309–targeted degradation of
SIX4
mRNA is required for appropriate commencement of the preparatory phase and initiation of the blood feeding-triggered phase of ovarian development. Thus, miR-309 serves as a regulatory switch permitting a stage-specific degradation of the ovarian
SIX4
mRNA, allowing a shift from previtellogenic to postvitellogenic phases of ovarian development.
Effect of light exposure on linalool biosynthesis and accumulation in grape berries
Authors: Sasaki Kanako , Takase Hideki , Matsuyama Shuhei , Kobayashi Hironori , Matsuo Hironori , Ikoma Gen , Takata Ryoji
Published: August 2016

Linalool is an important compound that contributes to the floral aroma in wines. This study showed the effect of light exposure on linalool accumulation in berries. The grape bunches were covered with films that block the full light spectrum (Shade) and the UV spectrum (UV-block), and a transparent film (Control). The linalool content was significantly higher in juice from Control-covered berries than in juice from Shade- and UV-block-covered berries, and the expression levels of the representative genes in linalool biosynthesis in Shade- and UV-block-covered berries were markedly lower than in Control-covered berries. These findings suggest that exposing berries to light is essential for linalool biosynthesis. To reflect sunlight onto grape clusters, reflective sheets were placed on the ground of a vineyard. The linalool content in berries exposed to sunlight reflected from the reflective sheets was higher than those in the control.
Risk of inbreeding: problem of mate choice and fitness effects?
Authors: Ylӧnen Hannu , Haapakoski Marko
Published: August 2016

Mating with close kin may cause inbreeding depression with negative consequences to offspring and local populations. There exist mechanisms like kin-recognition or sex-specific dispersal to avoid mating with kin. In fluctuating population densities, like in many small mammals, both very low and very high densities provide conditions for inbreeding, if kin males are prone to stay in their natal area. Females are choosy and male dominance is thought to be the key feature when selecting mating partners. The aim of this study was to test the possible discrepancy in mate choice and negative fitness effects of inbreeding in two experiments, one in the laboratory and one in field enclosures. We asked (1) how the quality of the potential mating partners affects female choice regardless of relatedness and (2) how inbreeding affects the field populations created either from inbred or outbred individuals. Our results show that primiparous females in post-partum oestrus mated preferably with a dominant male, measured with their urine-marking behaviour, regardless if the selected male was brother or not. Only if the two males offered were of same dominance rank, the female mated with the non-kin male. However, the field experiment verified a negative effect of inbreeding in the bank vole. Thus, there seems to be a mismatch between female mate choice when selecting for dominance among resident males and population viability through long-term inbreeding depression. The study suggests the high importance of sex-biased dispersal as a mechanism to avoid kin individuals to meet in mate choice situations.
The sequential activation of the mitotic microtubule assembly pathways favors bipolar spindle formation
Authors: Cavazza Tommaso , Malgaretti Paolo , Vernos Isabelle
Published: August 2016

Centrosome maturation is the process by which the duplicated centrosomes recruit pericentriolar components and increase their microtubule nucleation activity before mitosis. The role of this process in cells entering mitosis has been mostly related to the separation of the duplicated centrosomes and thereby to the assembly of a bipolar spindle. However, spindles can form without centrosomes. In fact, all cells, whether they have centrosomes or not, rely on chromatin-driven microtubule assembly to form a spindle. To test whether the sequential activation of these microtubule assembly pathways, defined by centrosome maturation and nuclear envelope breakdown, plays any role in spindle assembly, we combined experiments in tissue culture cells and Xenopus laevis egg extracts with a mathematical model. We found that interfering with the sequential activation of the microtubule assembly pathways compromises bipolar spindle assembly in tissue culture cells but not in X. laevis egg extracts. Our data suggest a novel function for centrosome maturation that determines the contribution of the chromosomal microtubule assembly pathway and favors bipolar spindle formation in most animal cells in which tubulin is in limiting amounts.
Smoking, physical inactivity and obesity as predictors of healthy and disease-free life expectancy between ages 50 and 75: a multicohort study
Authors: Stenholm Sari , Head Jenny , Kivimäki Mika , Kawachi Ichiro , Aalto Ville , Zins Marie , Goldberg Marcel , Zaninotto Paola , Magnuson Hanson Linda , Westerlund Hugo , Vahtera Jussi
Published: August 2016

Background: Smoking, physical inactivity and obesity are modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which the co-occurrence of these behaviour-related risk factors predict healthy life expectancy and chronic disease-free life expectancy in four European cohort studies.

Methods: Data were drawn from repeated waves of four cohort studies in England, Finland, France and Sweden. Smoking status, physical inactivity and obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) were examined separately and in combination. Health expectancy was estimated by using two health indicators: suboptimal self-rated health and having a chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease and diabetes). Multistate life table models were used to estimate sex-specific healthy life expectancy and chronic disease-free life expectancy from ages 50 to 75 years.

Results: Compared with men and women with at least two behaviour-related risk factors, those with no behaviour-related risk factors could expect to live on average8 years longer in good health and 6 years longer free of chronic diseases between ages 50 and 75. Having any single risk factor was also associated with reduction in healthy years. No consistent differences between cohorts were observed.

Conclusions: Data from four European countries show that persons with individual and co-occurring behaviour-related risk factors have shorter healthy life expectancy and shorter chronic disease-free life expectancy. Population level reductions in smoking, physical inactivity and obesity could increase life-years lived in good health.
Local expectation violations result in global activity gain in primary visual cortex
Authors: Kok Peter , van Lieshout Lieke L.F. , de Lange Floris P.
Published: August 2016

During natural perception, we often form expectations about upcoming input. These expectations are usually multifaceted – we expect a particular object at a particular location. However, expectations about spatial location and stimulus features have mostly been studied in isolation, and it is unclear whether feature-based expectation can be spatially specific. Interestingly, feature-based attention automatically spreads to unattended locations. It is still an open question whether the neural mechanisms underlying feature-based expectation differ from those underlying feature-based attention. Therefore, establishing whether the effects of feature-based expectation are spatially specific may inform this debate. Here, we investigated this by inducing expectations of a specific stimulus feature at a specific location, and probing the effects on sensory processing across the visual field using fMRI. We found an enhanced sensory response for unexpected stimuli, which was elicited only when there was a violation of expectation at the specific location where participants formed a stimulus expectation. The neural consequences of this expectation violation, however, spread to cortical locations processing the stimulus in the opposite hemifield. This suggests that an expectation violation at one location in the visual world can lead to a spatially non-specific gain increase across the visual field.
Conservation of co-evolving protein interfaces bridges prokaryote-eukaryote homologies in the twilight zone
Authors: Rodriguez-Rivas Juan , Marsili Simone , Juan David , Valencia Alfonso
Published: August 2016

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for the proper functioning of the cell. As a result, protein interaction surfaces are subject to strong evolutionary constraints. Recent developments have shown that residue co-evolution provides accurate predictions of heterodimeric protein interfaces from sequence information. So far these approaches have been limited to the analysis of families of prokaryotic complexes for which large multiple sequence alignments of homologous sequences can be compiled. We explore the hypothesis that co-evolution points to structurally conserved contacts at protein-protein interfaces, which can be reliably projected to homologous complexes with distantly related sequences. We introduce a novel domain-centred protocol to study the interplay between residue co-evolution and structural conservation of protein-protein interfaces. We show that sequence-based co-evolutionary analysis systematically identifies residue contacts at prokaryotic interfaces that are structurally conserved at the interface of their eukaryotic counterparts. In turn, this allows the prediction of conserved contacts at eukaryotic protein-protein interfaces with high confidence using solely mutational patterns extracted from prokaryotic genomes. Even in the context of high divergence in sequence, where standard homology modelling of protein complexes is unreliable, our approach provides sequence-based accurate information about specific details of protein interactions at the residue level. Selected examples of the application of prokaryotic co-evolutionary analysis to the prediction of eukaryotic interfaces further illustrates the potential of this novel approach.

Significance statement

Interacting proteins tend to co-evolve through interdependent changes at the interaction interface. This phenomenon leads to patterns of coordinated mutations that can be exploited to systematically predict contacts between interacting proteins in prokaryotes. We explore the hypothesis that co-evolving contacts at protein interfaces are preferentially conserved through long evolutionary periods. We demonstrate that co-evolving residues in prokaryotes identify inter-protein contacts that are particularly well conserved in the corresponding structure of their eukaryotic homologues. Therefore, these contacts have likely been important to maintain protein-protein interactions during evolution. We show that this property can be used to reliably predict interacting residues between eukaryotic proteins with homologues in prokaryotes even if they are very distantly related in sequence.
Habits without Values
Authors: Miller Kevin J. , Shenhav Amitai , Ludvig Elliot A.
Published: August 2016

Habits form a crucial component of behavior. In recent years, key computational models have conceptualized habits as arising from model-free reinforcement learning (RL) mechanisms, which typically select between available actions based on the future value expected to result from each. Traditionally, however, habits have been understood as behaviors that can be triggered directly by a stimulus, without requiring the animal to evaluate expected outcomes. Here, we develop a computational model instantiating this traditional view, in which habits develop through the direct strengthening of recently taken actions rather than through the encoding of outcomes. We demonstrate that this model accounts for key behavioral manifestations of habits, including insensitivity to outcome devaluation and contingency degradation, as well as the effects of reinforcement schedule on the rate of habit formation. The model also explains the prevalent observation of perseveration in repeated-choice tasks as an additional behavioral manifestation of the habit system. We suggest that mapping habitual behaviors onto value-free mechanisms provides a parsimonious account of existing behavioral and neural data. This mapping may provide a new foundation for building robust and comprehensive models of the interaction of habits with other, more goal-directed types of behaviors and help to better guide research into the neural mechanisms underlying control of instrumental behavior more generally.
Pollutants and insecticides drive local adaptation in African malaria mosquitoes
Authors: Kamdem Colince , Fouet Caroline , Gamez Stephanie , White Bradley J.
Published: August 2016

TheAnopheles gambiaecomplex contains a number of highly anthropophilic mosquito species that have acquired exceptional ability to thrive in complex human habitats. Thus, examining the evolutionary history of this Afrotropical mosquito may yield vital information on the selective processes that occurred during the adaptation to human-dominated environments. We performed reduced representation sequencing on 941 mosquitoes of theAnopheles gambiaecomplex collected across four ecogeographic zones in Cameroon. We find evidence for genetic and geographic subdivision withinAn. coluzziiandAn. gambiaesensu stricto – the two most significant malaria vectors in the region. Importantly, in both species, rural and urban populations are genetically differentiated. Genome scans reveal pervasive signatures of selection centered on genes involved in xenobiotic resistance. Notably, a selective sweep containing detoxification enzymes is prominent in urban mosquitoes that exploit polluted breeding sites. Overall, our study suggests that recent anthropogenic environmental modifications and widespread use of insecticides are driving population differentiation and local adaptation in vectors with potentially significant consequences for malaria epidemiology.
Crystal structure of [tris(4,4′-bipyridine)]diium bis(1,1,3,3-tetracyano-2-ethoxypropenide) trihydrate
Authors: Setifi Fatima , Valkonen Arto , Setifi Zouaoui , Nummelin Sami , Touzani Rachid , Glidewell Christopher
Published: August 2016

The title hydrated salt, C30H26N6
2+·2C9H5N4O−·3H2O, was obtained as an unexpected product from the hydrothermal reaction between potassium 1,1,3,3-tetracyano-2-ethoxypropenide, 4,4′-bipyridine and iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate. The cation lies across a twofold rotation axis in the space group I2/a with the other components all in general positions. In the cation, the H atom linking the pyridine units is disordered over two adjacent sites having occupancies of 0.66 (4) and 0.36 (4), i.e. as N—H...N and N...H—N. The water molecules of crystallization are each disordered over two sets of atomic sites, having occupancies of 0.522 (6) and 0.478 (6) for one, and 0.34 (3) and 0.16 (3) for the other, and it was not possible to reliably locate the H atoms associated with these partial-occupancy sites. In the crystal, four independent C—H...N hydrogen bonds link the ionic components into a three-dimensional network.
Synthesis and crystal structure of calcium dizinc iron(III) tris(orthophosphate), CaZn2Fe(PO4)3
Authors: Khmiyas Jamal , Assani Abderrazzak , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: August 2016

Single crystals of the title compound, CaZn2Fe(PO4)3, were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction. In the asymmetric unit, all atoms are located in fully occupied general positions of the P21/c space group. The zinc atoms are located on two crystallographically independent sites with tetrahedral and distorted triangular-based bipyramidal geometries. Two edge-sharing triangular bipyramidal ZnO5 units form a dimer, which is linked to slightly deformed FeO6 octahedra via a common edge. The resulting chains are interconnected through PO4 tetrahedra to form a layer perpendicular to the b axis. Moreover, the remaining PO4 and ZnO4 tetrahedra are linked together through common vertices to form tapes parallel to the c axis and surrounding a chain of Ca2+ cations to build a sheet, also perpendicular to the b axis. The stacking of the two layers along the b axis leads to the resulting three-dimensional framework, which defines channels in which the Ca2+ cations are located, each cation being coordinated by seven oxygen atoms.
Crystal structure of methyl 3′-benzamido-4′-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-methylspiro[indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline-11,2′-pyrrolidine]-3′-carboxylate
Authors: Chandralekha Kuppan , Sureshbabu Adukamparai Rajukrishnan , Gavaskar Deivasigamani , Lakshmi Srinivasakannan
Published: August 2016

In the title compound, C35H30N4O3, the spiro C atom connects the five-membered pyrrolidine ring and the indenoquinoxaline ring system. The pyrrolidine ring adopts a twist conformation. An intramolecular N—H...N interaction between the amino group and the pyrazine ring is observed. In the crystal, molecules are linked by a pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.
Does social media matter for post typology? Impact of post content on Facebook and Instagram metrics
Authors: Coelho Ricardo Limongi França , Oliveira Denise Santos de , Almeida Marcos Inácio Severo de
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to measure the impact of post type (advertising, fan, events, information, and promotion) on two interaction metrics: likes and comments. The measuring involved two popular social media, Facebook and Instagram, and in business profiles of five different segments (food, hairdressing, ladies’ footwear, body design, fashion gym wear).

Design/methodology/approach

– The method used was multiple regression analysis with an estimator of the ordinary least squares for 1,849 posts from five different companies posted on Facebook (680 posts) and Instagram (1,169 Instagram) over an eight-month posting period. Regression analysis was used to identify the relationship between the dependent variables (likes and comments), and the independent variables (post typology, segments, week period, month, characters and hashtag).

Findings

– It was seen that the post types events and promotion led to a greater involvement of followers in Instagram, in particular. In Facebook, the events post type was only significant in the like’s interaction. Another finding of the research is the relevance of the food and body design segment which was significant in both virtual social media. This indicates a user preference involving their day-to-day lives, in this case, having a tattoo done or seeing a photo of a dessert.

Originality/value

– With the findings of this study, academics and social media managers can improve the return indicators of interactions in posts and broaden the discussion on the types of post and interaction in different virtual social media.
Understanding the determinants of human computation game acceptance
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Goh Dion Hoe-Lian , Lim Ee-Peng , Vu Adrian Wei Liang
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– Human computation games (HCGs) that blend gaming with utilitarian purposes are a potentially effective channel for content creation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the driving factors behind players’ adoption of HCGs through a music video tagging game. The effects of perceived aesthetic experience (PAE) and perceived output quality (POQ) on HCG acceptance are empirically examined.

Design/methodology/approach

– An integrative structural model is developed to explain how hedonic and utilitarian factors, including PAE and POQ, working with another salient factor – perceived usefulness (PU) – affect the acceptance of HCGs. The structural equation modeling method is used to verify the proposed model with data from 124 participants.

Findings

– Results show that PAE is the strongest predictor of HCGs adoption. PU has a significant impact on individuals’ attitude toward HCGs. POQ is a salient predictor of PU and PAE, and its indirect effect on attitude is significance.

Originality/value

– From an academic point of view, this study provides a good understanding of the driving factors behind player acceptance of HCGs and adds new knowledge to games with utilitarian purposes. It is also one of the first to describe the components of game enjoyment with a taxonomy of aesthetic experiences. From the practical perspective, the investigation of the specific factors behind adoption of HCGs provides specific guidelines for their design and evaluation.
A low frequency persistent reservoir of a genomic island in a pathogen population ensures island survival and improves pathogen fitness in a susceptible host
Authors: Neale Helen C. , Laister Robert , Payne Joseph , Preston Gail , Jackson Robert W. , Arnold Dawn L.
Published: August 2016

The co‐evolution of bacterial plant pathogens and their hosts is a complex and dynamic process. Host resistance imposes stress on invading pathogens that can lead to changes in the bacterial genome enabling the pathogen to escape host resistance. We have observed this phenomenon with the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola where isolates that have lost the genomic island PPHGI‐1 carrying the effector gene avrPphB from its chromosome are infective against previously resistant plant hosts. However, we have never observed island extinction from the pathogen population within a host suggesting the island is maintained. Here, we present a mathematical model which predicts different possible fates for the island in the population; one outcome indicated that PPHGI‐1 would be maintained at low frequency in the population long term, if it confers a fitness benefit. We empirically tested this prediction and determined that PPHGI‐1 frequency in the bacterial population drops to a low but consistently detectable level during host resistance. Once PPHGI‐1‐carrying cells encounter a susceptible host, they rapidly increase in the population in a negative frequency‐dependent manner. Importantly, our data show that mobile genetic elements can persist within the bacterial population and increase in frequency under favourable conditions.
The cosmopolitan contradictions of planetary urbanization
Authors: Millington Gareth
Published: August 2016

This paper explores the empirical, conceptual and theoretical gains that can be made using cosmopolitan social theory to think through the urban transformations that scholars have in recent years termed planetary urbanization. Recognizing the global spread of urbanization makes the need for a cosmopolitan urban sociology more pressing than ever. Here, it is suggested that critical urban sociology can be invigorated by focusing upon the disconnect that Henri Lefebvre posits between the planetarization of the urban – which he views as economically and technologically driven – and his dis‐alienated notion of a global urban society. The first aim of this paper is to highlight the benefits of using ‘cosmopolitan’ social theory to understand Lefebvre's urban problematic (and to establish why this is also a cosmopolitan problematic); the second is to identify the core cosmopolitan contradictions of planetary urbanization, tensions that are both actually existing and reproduced in scholarly accounts. The article begins by examining the challenges presented to urban sociology by planetary urbanization, before considering how cosmopolitan sociological theory helps provide an analytical ‘grip’ on the deep lying social realities of contemporary urbanization, especially in relation to questions about difference, culture and history. These insights are used to identify three cosmopolitan contradictions that exist within urbanized (and urbanizing) space; tensions that provide a basis for a thoroughgoing cosmopolitan investigation of planetary urbanization.
AUDIODESCRIÇÃO E INCLUSÃO NA EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA: EXPERIÊNCIA DO NÚCLEO DE EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA DA UNESP
Authors: Rios Gabriela Alias , Schlünzen Junior Klaus , Vigentim Uilian Donizeti , Magri Carina Morais
Published: August 2016

O Núcleo de Educação a Distância (NEaD) da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) tem se preocupado em produzir os cursos oferecidos na modalidade a distância acessíveis, sendo desde o Portal que oferece acesso ao Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA), o próprio AVA e até os materiais didáticos digitais acessíveis. Os materiais contam com Libras, legendas e audiodescrição. O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar o processo de elaboração e implementação da audiodescrição nos materiais didáticos e AVA, visto que os materiais são validados sob o viés da ergonomia cognitiva, que leva em conta os processos mentais (percepção, memória, raciocínio etc.) e como eles afetam a interação entre homem e sistema. A audiodescrição é um recurso de tecnologia assistiva que consiste na tradução de imagens e palavras e na Educação a Distância, é preciso inseri‐la de forma que o usuário tenha autonomia na navegação e consiga realizar as atividades, sem prejuízo no entendimento.
AVALIAÇÃO DA FORMAÇÃO CONTÍNUA ‐ EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL
Authors: Pires Giovana Rodrigues Oliveira
Published: August 2016

A presente pesquisa tem como principal objetivo identificar como se processam mudanças nas conceções e práticas dos professores participantes em ações de formação. O estudo centrou‐se na ação de formação inserida no Programa de Formação Contínua de Professores em Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE), realizada na cidade de Fortaleza‐CE (Brasil). Do ponto de vista metodológico, o estudo estrutura‐se na utilização de diferentes métodos de pesquisa, como a entrevista semiestruturada dos quinze formandos que frequentaram a ação de formação, a observação participante às aulas de duas das entrevistadas e da análise dos incidentes críticos relativos às mesmas duas professoras. Os resultados mostram ainda que, apesar de uma apreciação favorável e positiva da formação, a prática dos professores evidenciam contradições que dependem dos contextos da ação educativa, como, a organização do trabalho docente, a cultura da escola, como, também, o comportamento, às características e respostas dos alunos frente as atividades propostas em aula.
AVALIAÇÃO E EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL EM SÃO CARLOS
Authors: Tannús‐Valadão Gabriela , Mendes Enicéia Gonçalves , D'Affonseca Sabrina Mazo , Aragon Carmelina Aparecida , Ripari Rebeca
Published: August 2016

A política educacional brasileira prevê que a escolarização de estudantes com deficiência seja realizada em classes comuns de escolas regulares e que esses alunos tenham direito ao atendimento educacional especializado (AEE) nas salas de recursos multifuncionais (SRM). A investigação chamada “Observatório Nacional de Educação Especial (Oneesp) de um estudo em rede nacional sobre o programa de implementação das SRM, 2010 a 2014, enfocou três eixos para avaliar essa política: (a) o processo de avaliação do aluno da SRM (para identificação, planejamento e desempenho), (b) a formação inicial e continuada dos professores que atuam nas SRM, e (c) organização e funcionamento das SRM. A partir da metodologia de pesquisa colaborativa, 203 pesquisadores de 16 estados brasileiros desenvolveram um estudo baseado em: (a) Sessões de entrevistas com grupos focais formado por professores de SRM de 56 municípios, (b) entrevistas com 36 gestores municipais da educação inclusiva e uma (c) pesquisa on‐line nacional preenchida por cerca de 1200 professores de SRM. Este artigo é um recorte da pesquisa realizada no município brasileiro chamado São Carlos localizado no estado de São Paulo sobre o eixo a). No total foram realizados 8 encontros temáticos sobre as políticas públicas de AEE nas SRM sendo que este excerto descreve, analisa e discute dois encontros sobre avaliação pelo qual foram utilizadas as técnicas de pesquisa colaborativa de descrição, informação e confrontação sobre o tema. Os resultados indicam, ainda, que muito do que se faz a título de Plano de AEE nesta rede centra‐se no planejamento das ações do professor da SRM, ou no AEE, enquanto que não aparece a relação com o ensino ofertado em classe comum. A avaliação do desempenho do aluno, por outro lado, também sofre com esse divórcio entre o ensino na SRM e na classe comum, e as práticas adotadas de avaliação para atribuir conceitos, para aferir desempenho em avaliações de larga escala, e para decidir se o aluno deve ou não ser promovido, são muito variadas, o que indica a falta de diretrizes claras sobre como monitorar o desempenho do aluno na escola comum. Neste contexto, onde muito ainda precisa ser definido e discutido, pretendeu‐se mostrar que as estratégias de formação devem impulsionar a reflexão crítica dos professores sobre suas práticas, sendo que a pesquisa colaborativa, quando bem conduzida, pode atingir esses objetivos de mobilizar crenças, saberes e opiniões que embasam as práticas dos professores.
DEALING WITH ADHD IN A GREEK PRIMARY SCHOOL
Authors: Pantaleon Anastasia
Published: August 2016

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic developmental disorder with symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. The developmental course of the disorder shows that symptoms may be present even from infancy. The aetiology of the disorder may result from many factors, genetic and neurological playing the leading role. Studies have shown that ADHD can coexist with other disorders, mainly learning difficulties. This case study concentrates on a Year 4 pupil of a Greek primary mainstream school, who displayed symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity and impulsivity) that affected greatly his behaviour inside and out of the classroom, as well as his academic performance (learning difficulties). An Individual Educational Plan was structured by the class teacher and targeted his behaviour. The findings showed that high levels of appropriate behaviours were achieved by the creation of conditions inside the classroom that enforced these forms of acceptable behaviour. Furthermore, a significant reduction in hyperactivity and impulsivity was observed.
DEFICIÊNCIA E LINGUAGEM CINEMATOGRÁFICA
Authors: Amaral Mateus Henrique do , Monteiro Maria Inês Bacellar
Published: August 2016

O presente trabalho, orientado pela perspectiva histórico‐cultural, que compreende o desenvolvimento humano em seu caráter biológico, histórico e social, tem o intuito de observar como o cinema representa as pessoas com algum tipo de deficiência e que contribuições a reflexão sobre essa representação pode trazer para professores de escolas que possuem esses alunos. A importância do estudo justifica‐se pelo modo como a linguagem cinematográfica se configura hoje como uma das principais disseminadoras de comportamentos e representações culturais, colocando‐se, assim, como um meio pertinente de observação e discussão. Para isso, realizamos um levantamento dos filmes produzidos nos últimos 20 anos sobre a temática, com o intuito de analisar as características e principais concepções veiculadas nas obras, a fim de refletir sobre como o individuo com deficiência é representado e a maneira como as relações com ele em âmbito escolar são influenciadas por isso. Foram encontradas 246 obras cinematográficas, produzidas entre 1994 e 2014, que trazem a deficiência como temática. Diante disso, classificamos esses filmes quanto ao tipo de deficiência focalizada, gênero, local e ano de produção. Em relação ao tipo de deficiência, encontramos: autismo (34), auditiva (70), intelectual (34), física (42), síndrome de down (22) e visual (44). Quanto ao gênero, notamos que o mais difundido é o drama (68,7%). Dentre os países de produção mais encontrados, pode‐se destacar Estados Unidos da América, Brasil, Reino Unido, França e Índia. Após assistir uma amostra de três filmes de diferentes países, identificamos que a representação mais comum e difundida da pessoa com deficiência hoje é de alguém triste e retraído, que tem a deficiência como um empecilho para estabelecer relações sociais. A partir disso, consideramos que se possa propor discussões com professores, que permitam refletir sobre a imagem da pessoa com deficiência e, principalmente, a maneira como essa imagem pode influenciar o relacionamento do professor com o aluno com deficiência em sala de aula.
DEFICIÊNCIA INTELECTUAL: COMPREENSÃO DE PROFESSORES
Authors: Ghedini Simone Gomes , Giroto Cláudia Regina Mosca , Felisberto Lara Tainah Santos
Published: August 2016

O trabalho avaliou o conhecimento e a compreensão dos professores acerca da deficiência intelectual (DI), bem como as condições das escolas para atender os alunos com essa condição nas salas regulares e de recursos multifuncionais. Foi aplicado um questionário que investigou a compreensão dos professores sobre a DI, possibilidades de atuação e o diagnóstico da condição. Após análise dos dados verificamos que a maioria dos entrevistados tem conhecimento sobre a DI e alunos com essa condição em suas escolas. Referiram que suas escolas não estão preparadas para receber alunos com DI e não possuem as salas de recursos multifuncionais destinadas ao atendimento especializado. Há uma necessidade premente de conhecimento acerca da DI, uma vez que permitirá aos professores compreender melhor seus alunos, suas caractercaracterísticas, manifestações e, principalmente, identificar seu potencial de aprendizagem, oferecendo condições para que este aprendizado aconteça nas escolas, permitindo a real inclusão dos alunos com DI.
DIALOGUES OF DISADVANTAGE – DEPRIVATION IMPACTS
Authors: Ryan David
Published: August 2016

For many years educational practitioners have tended to focus on issues within the child for the causes of special educational needs and or disabilities. However, as the field has developed in professional maturity, a more inclusive approach has now tended to look beyond the child themselves, and recognise that often the cause of the child's educational struggle is more to do with within school factors, and factors from the home. In some instances, researchers have suggested that the home‐based factors can account for around 80% of the difficulties experienced by children. In this paper, the overview of the research carried out with four Belfast schools will be provided, along with the key findings, including the impact of teacher aspiration, parental struggles with their own education and community influences. Belfast has a unique history, and divisions remain between Protestant and Catholic schools as to their outcomes for pupils. The research crossed the religious divide and findings will be presented as to the differences in educational aspiration and engagement from the two communities.
EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL: AS REDES DE SIGNIFICADOS
Authors: Iop Cíntia Aline Schlindweis , Possa Leandra Bôer , Rodrigues Martiéli de Souza , Rosa Denise Ferreira da
Published: August 2016

O trabalha analisa narrativas de experiências de estágios, por acadêmicas do Curso de Educação Especial da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria‐UFSM/RS, que organizadas por um conjunto de práticas, operam sentido e significados. Assim, identificaram‐se as redes de significados que se caracterizam pela: secundarizarão do trabalho considera a categoria “sujeito da falta”, no sentido das dificuldades, daquilo que ele não consegue realizar/produzir e pela busca de bons resultados, é necessário a ajuda de outros profissionais, especialistas para se inseri‐lo na escola e no processo de ensino‐aprendizagem; anulação do sujeito considera a categoria “sujeito anulado”, valorização da limitação do aluno. Sem investimento de suas potencialidades, não enxergando o aluno na sala; potencialização dos sujeitos considera a categoria “sujeito potencializado”, no sentido de potencializado, mesmo diante de suas limitações. Portanto, a inclusão movimenta na escola redes discursivas que exercem condutas de controle e de normalização dos sujeitos da educação especial.
EQUITY AND INCLUSION OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL'S WALLS
Authors: Anderson Ange
Published: August 2016

Over the last 30 years, controversy has reigned over the rights of children with learning disabilities to be educated alongside their peers in a mainstream classroom. Whether this is called integration or inclusion has been another hotly debated discussion among professionals. There have been calls for the abolition of special schools. This paper does not look at the rights of children with learning disabilities to an education in an inclusive setting but the rights of adults with severe or profound learning disabilities to lifelong education and well‐being. This paper does not seek for the abolition of special schools but for the extension of their use by their local communities. In 2014, a landmark report on the future of services for people with learning disabilities was launched by Sir Stephen Bubb for NHS England. This was in direct response to the Winterbourne scandal in 2011 and the ensuing years in between with the failure to move people out of inappropriate institutional care. Only by the use of already available community provision can we achieve a move from institution to community. There is no pot of money available to build necessary centres and facilities. The health service, social services and education as well as local councils need to work together to achieve a dramatic turnaround for local communities where everybody is treated equally. In tackling this challenge, we need people to grasp the true meaning of community delivery and the empowerment of people with severe or profound and multiple learning disabilities and their families. Reinders argues for a paradigm shift in our relation to people with profound and multiple disabilities and their parents (Reinders, ). While I agree wholeheartedly with him I also believe there needs to be a paradigm shift in how we view and use special schools.