bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When the Experts Are Wrong
Authors: Nichols Tom
Published: February 2024

Experts make mistake all the time. This chapter explains the various kinds of expert failure and how they influence public perceptions of expertise. The chapter covers the problems of misconduct, error, and misrepresentation of credentials. It also discusses the problem of prediction, a function the public expects of experts. Finally, it discusses the important distinction between experts and policymakers.
Introduction
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah
Published: February 2024

The Introduction lays out the several meanings of the ‘choice of Odysseus’ explored by The Choice of Odysseus, and traces their development through four centuries of letters, prefaces and paratexts, marginalia, commonplace books, treatises, and translations. Renaissance humanists choose Odysseus as an exemplary figure of prudence or practical wisdom and a model for navigating difficult or dangerous experiences in contemporary life. Renaissance poets choose Odysseus and the Odyssey as models for imitation over the more normative models of Aeneas and the Aeneid, reorienting the epic tradition for readers who were not Aeneas, nor were meant to be. Odysseus himself chooses to return to Ithaca and Penelope rather than marry Nausicaa and begin a new life on Scheria, a choice that takes on enormous importance in Renaissance readings and rewritings. In Renaissance epic, Odysseus’ choice becomes paradigmatic for the Odyssey as Achilles’ choice is for the Iliad. It sums up the values that Renaissance readers found in the Odyssey and Renaissance poets explored through their rewritings of it: the emphasis on recovery from a catastrophic rupture in both personal and civic life, the attempt to take control of romance wandering and direct it towards an epic purpose. It validates experience as heroic matter and marriage and homecoming as epic closure. And, against the Iliad and the Aeneid alike, it argues that a heroic life can encompass both public duty and private desire—and that true heroism lies not in sacrificing one for the other, but in reconciling both.
Towards a Dynamic Developmental and Life Course Criminology
Authors: Wikström Per-Olof H. , Treiber Kyle , Roman Gabriela Diana
Published: February 2024

This chapter reviews key limitations of current approaches in Developmental and Life Course criminology (DLC) and advocates the advantages of moving towards a more dynamic DLC: one which promotes a true ecological perspective that, coupled with an adequate action theory, can explain how the person–environment interaction moves people to engage in acts of crime and hence how patterns of continuity and change in those interactions can explain people’s criminal careers. To achieve this requires dynamic theory to account for, and dynamic methodologies (and adequate data) to test key propositions regarding, the role of people and places in the explanation of continuity and changes in people’s crime involvement. This chapter argues that Situational Action Theory’s Developmental Ecological Action Model (DEA) and the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study (PADS +) can help meet these needs. It discusses how they address key theoretical and empirical limitations of DLC, including: the challenge and importance of establishing causation and the inadequacy of a risk factor approach; the seminal issue of temporal ordering; the necessity of explanation for effective crime prevention; the centrality of the person-environment interaction in explaining all acts, including crime events; and the need to effectively address and study change. Subsequent chapters present the DEA model in detail, describe the PADS+ study, and present many varied tests of the DEA’s core propositions about the causes, and causes of the causes, of people’s crime and criminal careers.
The Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study (PADS+)
Authors: Wikström Per-Olof H. , Treiber Kyle , Roman Gabriela Diana
Published: February 2024

Criminological research often lacks strong scientific theoretical guidance, adopting a descriptive, at best probabilistic, and often atheoretical approach. This chapter showcases a theory-guided research design developed to better study crime and its causes, and their patterns of change over time, at the level of the person-environment interaction. To explain changes in crime involvement, one must study changes in its key drivers and their influence on criminal behaviour. These drivers have been identified in Situational Action Theory’s Developmental Ecological Model; subsequently, the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study (PADS+) has been designed to study them and their changes over time, as well as the social context in which they are embedded. This chapter presents the PADS+ study in detail and how it handles key challenges for developmental and life-course criminological research, including the challenge of acquiring appropriate samples of people and places; maintaining participation in longitudinal research; and collecting detailed high quality data about people and their social experiences as well as the social environments in which they spend their time and, crucially, the unique constellation of settings and circumstances to which each person is specifically exposed. Methods and data detailed include interviewer-led questionnaires, cognitive tasks tapping into executive functioning, space-time budgets which measure person-hours (over 500,000 across the studied period) spent by participants in specific settings and circumstances (geographically, temporally, and experientially); large scale, small area community surveys; UK Census data; event calendars; and criminal justice records.
Trajectories of Crime
Authors: Wikström Per-Olof H. , Treiber Kyle , Roman Gabriela Diana
Published: February 2024

Key questions in developmental and life-course criminology are whether particular kinds of people exhibit particular patterns of crime involvement over time (e.g. adolescence-limited, life-course persistent, etc.), and if different patterns of crime involvement require different explanations. This chapter analyses pathways in crime from adolescence into young adulthood, identifying three crime trajectory groups—infrequent, adolescence-limited, and persistent—and exploring what makes them unique in terms of their offending. It discusses key theoretical and methodological challenges in analysing these patterns of crime involvement, including questions regarding their real-world significance. It examines if different kinds of people follow different crime trajectories, and if this indicates their crime is driven by distinct causal factors or different degrees of exposure to the same casual factors. The chapter concludes that while particular trajectory groups emerge from particular data reflecting the population from which it is drawn and their personal and social circumstances and experiences, the groups that emerge differ quantitatively (more than qualitatively) in these characteristics and experiences, implying that the causes of their crime may be the same, although their experiences of those causes are distinct. Subsequent chapters explore these causes to further delineate how and why the distinct patterns of crime observed emerge.
CODA
Authors: Wikström Per-Olof H. , Treiber Kyle , Roman Gabriela Diana
Published: February 2024

In this final chapter we summarise the key theoretical and empirical contributions this book has made to Developmental and Life-Course Criminology. Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers makes an argument for a more dynamic Developmental and Life-Course Criminology (DLC) by exploring the relationship between childhood predictors, such as social disadvantage and social adversity, and different trajectories of crime involvement. It also presents a special analysis of the age–crime curve and its explanation. An original theory, a uniquely detailed contemporary longitudinal study, and novel research methods and analytical techniques derive innovative findings about the relationship between individual and environmental factors across a critical developmental period.
Introduction
Authors: O’Brien Nanette
Published: February 2024

Reading definitions of ‘civilization’ and ‘barbarism’ through the lens of history and sociology, the introduction shows how these concepts are interlinked with food behaviours and associations in the early twentieth century. Following the German sociologist Norbert Elias and the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, it is the human body that forms the basis for the discussion of civilization. Social norms across history shape this discussion. Modernists exploring the boundaries of the body also have reflected on the aesthetic movement of modernist primitivism, which derives from ideas about accessing an authentic, liberated self, parallel with the state of so-called ‘primitive’ man. The taboo of the body’s limits, what it contains, and what it consumes also play a role in the modernist conception of civilization and eating.
Culinary Impressionism
Authors: O’Brien Nanette
Published: February 2024

Chapter 2: ‘Culinary Impressionism: Ford Madox Ford’s Agrarianism and Cookery’ connects Ford’s literary Impressionism with cookery, forging an integrated culinary/literary path in his writing. Culinary Impressionism illustrates the ways in which cookery and local agriculture contain the potential to establish individual creativity and international exchange, as represented in Ford’s memoir It Was the Nightingale and the novels The Good Soldier, Parade’s End tetralogy, and his late prose works, Provence and Great Trade Route. As a technique, culinary Impressionism creates a channel between both Ford’s creative fiction and life-writing and his cooking and cookery-writing. Following Ford in his travels, this chapter also addresses the transatlantic alimentary connections between England, France, and America, and also from the Far East to the West, which he explores in Great Trade Route. It is particularly through emphasis on the mobility of food and its possibility of uniting diverse cultures that Ford develops his theories of ‘civilization’ and ‘barbarism’.
Apples and Kitchens
Authors: O’Brien Nanette
Published: February 2024

Chapter 4: ‘Apples and Kitchens: The Aesthetics and Politics of Modern Dining in Virginia Woolf’ returns the focus to Britain, contending that Woolf explored the gendered role of food in everyday life in order to reshape the aesthetics that were part of her ‘civilized’ Victorian heritage. Examining Bloomsbury definitions of civilization and barbarism, Woolf’s extra-national view of women’s social position aids her in thinking through civilization in her fiction like Jacob’s Room, and her more polemical works, A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas. In a section on institutional food, archival research shows that the cost of Cambridge food in 1928 reveals that Woolf’s representation of the quality of the Cambridge food for women was most likely understated in A Room of One’s Own. The second part of the chapter focuses on representations of the pressures on unmarried or poor women dining in urban settings. Finally, reading Between the Acts and ‘Sketch of the Past’ in light of Woolf’s exploring of women’s societal positions, this chapter concludes that Woolf’s vision of civilization, while still rooted in a classist framework, aims to provide women with a sense of access to an equal intellectual and culinary community.
Pathways to Development
Authors: Sen Kunal , Hickey Samuel
Published: February 2024

Under what conditions do governments become committed to and capable of delivering development? How can these processes be conceptualized and researched? And what (if anything) can be done to ‘get the politics right’ for development? This book draws on a major comparative research effort to present new answers to the question of how politics shapes development. It develops and applies a ‘power domains’ framework across multiple countries in the global south to uncover the political drivers of development across a wide range of policy areas, including economic growth, gender equity, health, and education. We find that a country’s pathway to development is shaped less by institutional type than by the nature of the politics and power relations that underpin these institutions and that shape how they actually function in practice within different policy domains. Our comparative analysis reveals two alternative pathways to developmental outcomes, each of which is defined by different configurations of power. The first involves a dominant ruling coalition with a strong developmental vision that faces an existential threat from social forces; the second involves competitive settlements within which the short-term vision of ruling elites and the politicization of the public bureaucracy are offset by the presence of strong and coherent coalitions within particular policy domains. We use these insights to generate innovative, practical suggestions for policy actors seeking to promote inclusive development that are aligned to critical differences in political context, the importance of state capacity, and the critical role played by reform coalitions.
Disrupting Shadow Banking or Crypto Shadow Banking
Authors: Dell'Erba Marco
Published: February 2024

A general question about the cryptoeconomy and decentralized finance (DeFi) is whether these new ecosystems rely on different mechanisms or are rather an imitation of the existing traditional economic and financial paradigms. In trying to answer this question, this chapter proposes the new label of crypto shadow banking. This chapter analyses the main characteristics of crypto shadow banking and identifies specific commonalities with the shadow banking system, specifically at the level of financial institutions and financial products. Finally, this chapter considers the systemic risks associated with crypto shadow banking and posits some policy considerations to address such risks. In particular, this chapter concludes that a better understanding of crypto shadow banking is essential to design some ex ante policy response, based on the problems experienced with traditional shadow banking. These ex ante measures may be helpful to mitigate the risks related to potential financial shocks and financial crises.
Criminalizing Intimate Image Abuse
Authors: Caletti Gian Marco , Summerer Kolis
Published: February 2024

In contemporary societies the abuse of intimate or sexual imagery has become one of the most relevant concerns. It is not surprising that criminal law has been invoked as one of the solutions to the problem: the harm experienced by victims of intimate image violence is particularly serious and involves diverse legal interests. Nevertheless, the criminal law role and limits in responding to intimate image abuse are still unclear. Criminalizing intimate image abuse raises multiple legal issues and presents a challenge for traditional institutions of law and justice. The nature of this phenomenon requires coping with all the traditional complexities of regulating privacy, sexual offences, and cybercrimes. The chapter introduces the foundations of the criminalization of intimate image abuse, its problems, and limits. At the same time, the chapter outlines the structure of the volume and some of the cross-cutting issues which emerge throughout the collection.
Cautions against Criminalization
Authors: Gruber Aya
Published: February 2024

This chapter advances three cautions against the programme to criminalize non-consensual intimate image distribution, drawing from the United States’ experience with crime preoccupations and public punitiveness. The first caution is about the American punitive impulse, which was instilled though decades of neoliberal politics designating criminal punishment as the only acceptable form of state governance. This impulse transmogrifies feminist justice-seeking into passionate support for state-centric carceral intervention. The second caution is that, because of this, criminalization proponents are often careless governors. They tend to adopt backward-looking justifications, rehashing the details of the horrible crimes that provoked their efforts, instead of carefully examining how their newly minted penal laws actually operate in discriminatory policing and prison systems. The third caution is that such an examination reveals that high-profile revenge-porn stories produce over-broad criminalization programmes that sweep in defendants who bear little resemblance to the egregious actors highlighted in popular media.
Patterns of Criminalization of Intimate Image Abuse
Authors: Meliá Manuel Cancio
Published: February 2024

There is no uniform ‘continental approach’ to the criminalization of intimate image abuse. Rather, very different approaches can be observed, especially with regard to the coordination of specific criminalizations based on the newer digital phenomenology and the older privacy protection offences. In this chapter, first, the possible factual scenarios of possibly relevant behaviour are briefly described. Then an attempt is made to establish some normative starting points for criminalization: the refusal to follow medialized hypes on specific cases in this area, highlighting the relevance of wrong and harm, and the relevance of consent and assumption of risk in the definition of the relevant offences. After these preliminary ideas, an outline of the legal situation in the representative legal systems of Germany, Italy, and Spain is provided. Finally, the chapter attempts to identify the decisive problems of criminalization of intimate image related abuses in the European-continental tradition.
Fourth Conversation
Authors: Pattison George
Published: February 2024

Dostoevsky visits the narrator in the Christmas season and admires a card showing Raphael’s Madonna della Seggiola. He explains his admiration for the Renaissance painter. The conversation turns to Christmas and to Dostoevsky’s story ‘The Little Boy at Christ’s Christmas Tree’, which ends with the death of a homeless boy, excluded from the middle-class Christmas celebrations of St Petersburg but dying with a vision of the heavenly Christmas tree. Dostoevsky suggests the boy himself could be seen as a Christ figure, by analogy with the parable of the sheep and the goats. Again, this returns the conversation to the question of Christ’s weakness and whether a weak Christ can save.
Commentary on the First Conversation, Part Two
Authors: Pattison George
Published: February 2024

This commentary discusses the two main themes of the second part of the first Conversation: guilt and dialectics. It explores the difference between Dostoevsky’s conception of guilt and the understanding of guilt characterizing psychotherapeutic practice and theological ideas of guilt and sinfulness. This includes discussion of the translation of the relevant Russian terms and it is argued that guilt involves but is more than responsibility. For Dostoevsky, guilt is a necessary step to realizing human solidarity and a comparison is drawn with the philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, who frequently cited Dostoevsky on this point. With regard to dialectics, the connection to Hegel is explored with reference to the influence of Hegelian ideas in Russia in Dostoevsky’s time and his own interest in the German philosopher. The differences between Dostoevsky’s open-ended dialectics and the Hegelian notion of dialectical opposites leading to a final synthesis is explored as is Dostoevsky’s opposition to any idea of determinism.
Butterflies and Binders’ Shops
Authors: Reynolds Anna
Published: February 2024

Chapter 3 attends to the manuscript waste that flooded the English landscape after the dissolution of the monasteries in the middle of the sixteenth century, and tells the stories of two antiquarians and how they thoughtfully apprehended such waste. The first is the reformer John Bale who fantasized about the possibility of wasting the popish books that were suddenly released from their monastic confines, but, at the same time, hoped to collect and preserve the historical chronicles that might prop up Protestant narratives of the English past. In the face of the indiscriminate waste practices of the sixteenth century, Bale’s encounters with fragments of waste in binders’ and grocers’ shops came instead to be absorbed into his eschatological understanding of how the world was rapidly decaying and nearing its end. The second part of the chapter considers the continued material and imaginative presence of monastic waste in seventeenth-century England, focusing on John Aubrey and the national, local, and personal history he tells through the lens of discarded and repurposed materials. Conceiving of these materials as the flotsam in the shipwreck of time, Aubrey reads in waste emblems of antiquarian labour and his own identity as an antiquarian.
Mature NPM
Authors: Hood Christopher , Piotrowska Barbara
Published: February 2024

Governing public service provision by high-consequence metrics designed to improve performance tends to produce unexpected or unintended effects, in the form of creative application of, or responses to, the performance metrics by service providers. Such creative responses can sometimes constitute useful workarounds but to the extent that they amount to undesirable ‘gaming’ how can such behaviour be kept in check? Any institutional arrangements to limit gaming of performance metrics need either to limit motives for creative categorisation or classification, or to limit the opportunities to do so, or both. This chapter outlines four such arrangements to keep gaming in check: two familiar ones (the use of authority and the use of contestation or rivalry), and two less frequently discussed ones (here termed ‘bafflement’ and ‘togetherness’). It suggests that those four approaches roughly map onto the various worldviews identified by the way-of-life analysis developed by Mary Douglas and others and concludes that there is no single wonder-drug antidote to the gaming of high-consequence metrics. Nevertheless, there may be scope for ‘cocktails’ combining different approaches and for changing the mix over time without aiming for a stable formula.
Lean in Public Services
Authors: McCann Leo
Published: February 2024

Most famous for its use in the global auto industry, lean manufacturing (or simply ‘lean’) has become a widely-adopted management system in public services. It promises to deliver world-class, customer-driven, flexible services while using resources more efficiently than in traditional forms of public administration. In an era where public services are under-funded through austerity measures and demands for greater value for money, lean can be an attractive proposition for governments and public sector managers. Lean connects to the NPM premise that ‘private is better’ and policymakers’ desire to encourage the adoption of private sector ‘best practice’ and ‘gold standards’ from world-leading corporations such as Toyota or GE. This chapter comments on the emergence of lean as a public services technology and analyses the often-excited claims of its proponents. Research on lean in public services features fundamental disagreements about the nature, impact, and appropriateness of lean. There have been heated and ugly disagreements, mirroring current debates around ‘post-truth’ and ‘alternative facts’. The chapter discusses the controversies that can erupt when heavily promoted managerial ideologies are challenged or resisted, linking the lean public services debate into broader ‘post-truth’ concerns around the fragmentation and politicisation of expert knowledge.
NPM, Accounting Information, and Politicians
Authors: ter Bogt Henk J.
Published: February 2024

In the Netherlands, local government started to take NPM initiatives since the 1980s. This chapter focuses on how output and outcome budgets, and the performance information included, were introduced and valued by the members of the Municipal Council, i.e. the councillors. The task of the councillors, who are elected politicians, is to democratically steer and control the municipal organisation. An important objective of output budgets and performance information was to strengthen the council’s role as the principal in the democratic control process. The output budgets did help councillors to think and discuss more in terms of clients, results and transparency. In that sense they contributed to changing habits and culture in local government. It seems, however, that more and more local politicians gradually lost faith in the value of numbers and further technical improvements in the planning and control documents. Councillors still wanted ‘better’ information, but this didn’t have to be numerical information. The more recent findings presented in this chapter also indicate that councillors are not really that interested in ‘figures’; many of them prefer to discuss ‘policies’ and to hear about the needs and feelings of the citizens and stakeholders. They also have little enthusiasm for the tasks of monitoring and controlling the Executive on the basis of the information in planning and control documents. So, the research suggests that the council does not really act as the principal in the municipal organisation. And it certainly doesn’t in a homogeneous and univocal way.
Understanding Value Creation from a Public Service Logic
Authors: Strokosch Kirsty , Osborne Stephen P.
Published: February 2024

Under New Public Management (NPM) value creation has traditionally been associated with the internal organisational efficacy of public service organisations and their ability to achieve efficient service delivery and value for money. This chapter argues that the pre-eminence of the NPM has been at the expense of a deeper understanding of value and the processes through which it is created. It proposes that by understanding value creation from a service perspective, public service production may be understood as a relational process, which is influenced by various actors, resources, and interactions. To support this discussion, we draw on the service research by exploring both its insights and limitations in a public service context.
From Voluntary Association to Professionalized Voluntary Organization
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: February 2024

This chapter returns to NAPA, SAS, and GPEW, with a focus on the continuity and alteration of central goals (i.e. their core identities) and their political engagement pattern from their formation onwards. To go beyond the quantitative analyses, the case studies distinguish functional goal reorientation from substantive goal orientation. Furthermore, changes in their political engagement are assessed considering several complementary dimensions at different stages of the three CSOs’ developments: the evolving specialization of the three CSO’s human resources, the changing breadth of their political action repertoires and the relative intensity of different types of strategies employed. Essentially, the analysis shows that managers proactively support politicization and the broadening of political action repertoires, without this development necessarily coming at the cost of more confrontational or participatory outsider strategies. Also, managers support change in CSO goals to broaden and diversify their organization’s external support (i.e. favour flexible adaptation) but also try to balance this endeavour with maintaining sufficient continuity to avoid alienating traditional supporters whose contributions to CSO maintenance they value.
Property Law and Property Rights
Authors: von Bar Christian , Allen Jason Grant
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces the concept of property rights as monopoly rights that govern the relative position of persons in relation to objects of value—quintessentially, ‘things’. It presents the idea that a ‘thing’ is any object in which a property right can arise. This wide definition frees us from the particularities of individual jurisdictions and their conceptual framework, and to perceive the reflexive relationship between property rights and their objects accurately.
Objects, Not Persons
Authors: von Bar Christian , Allen Jason Grant
Published: February 2024

This chapter explains the distinction between objects and persons, being the holders of property rights. In particular, it explores the boundary between objects and persons, which can be difficult to draw in the case of (for example) prostheses, human body products, and juristic persons. Exploring the boundary between persons and objects sheds light on both concepts, and on the relation between them. In so doing, it contributes to our explication of the role of property law granting persons right to objects in order to govern their access to the resources of the outside world. Understanding this distinction and its conceptual basis is fundamental to identifying the objects of property rights and, by extension, the borders of ‘property law’ itself.
Anti-Communist Epics
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses on two writers who lent their literary prestige to National Review in the magazine’s early years: Whittaker Chambers and John Dos Passos. Chambers and Dos Passos were refugees from the 1930s left who joined the conservative movement in the 1950s. They adapted a Depression-era, Marxist analysis of the American middle class for right-wing purposes, influencing conservatives’ notion of the liberal establishment. This chapter explores Chambers’s Witness (1952), his memoir of his years as a Communist spy, and Dos Passos’s Midcentury (1961), a late-career novel in which he revisits the aesthetics of his U.S.A. trilogy (1930–1936). Both books chronicle the rise of the American welfare state, tracing the class fault lines that gave rise to it; both imagine a post–World War II alliance between the working-class and property-owning entrepreneurs, at odds with the professional managerial class that ostensibly dominates that state. At the same time, both writers express unease about the role of literary intellectuals within the conservative movement, prefiguring the tensions that would characterize later writers’ association with National Review.
Conclusion
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: February 2024

The conclusion traces the culmination of National Review’s efforts to institute conservative counter-circuits during the presidency of Donald Trump. These efforts led to the triumph of Fox News and the Federalist Society, the conservative law society that recommended most of Trump’s federal judges. National Review’s promotion of conservative counter-circuits also culminated in the magazine’s near obsolescence; today, the magazine is increasingly cut off from the Republican Party because of its eschewal of far-right conspiracy theory. This obsolescence is dramatized by the career of Christopher Buckley, William F. Buckley, Jr.’s son, who broke with the Republican Party and conservative movement in 2008. Focusing on Make Russia Great Again (2020), Christopher Buckley’s satire of the Trump administration, I argue that his work distils the aesthetic that National Review’s literary network cultivated in the 1960s and 1970s. At the same time, it shows how that aesthetic is no longer compatible with conservative politics.
A ‘Model Framework’ for Applying Consumption Taxes to International Services and Intangibles
Authors: Millar Rebecca
Published: February 2024

Since the release of the International VAT/GST Guidelines in 2017, the work of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on consumption taxes has focused on the effective collection of VAT. Subsequent publications (on collecting VAT from foreign suppliers, the role of platforms in collecting VAT on online sales, and the impact of the sharing and gig economies) are firmly grounded in the principles and guidance set out in the 2017 Guidelines, and none of them recommends any change to, or clarification of, the guidance set out therein. This chapter revisits the original reasons for developing the Guidelines, as set out in a 2004 Report issued by the OECD’s Committee on Fiscal Affairs, and examines whether the 2017 Guidelines achieved those objectives. The focus is on business-to-business (B2B) transactions, and the effect of the Guidelines is illustrated by reference to three examples discussed in the 2004 Report and a further example given by the author at a conference in 2007.
The Origins of Destination-Based Income Taxation
Authors: Avi-Yonah Reuven S
Published: February 2024

Value-added taxes are destination based; that is, tax is imposed on imports and exports are zero-rated (so that the exporter can receive a refund on VAT collected in previous stages of production). Income taxes, on the other hand, are typically origin based; that is, imports are deductible and exports are taxed. However, from the very beginnings of the international tax regime, it was recognized that this treatment of income for tax purposes is unfair to destination countries which contribute to the profit created by the market. The introduction of the permanent establishment (PE) threshold and the arm’s-length standard (ALS) for dividing the income among related taxpayers significantly limited the ability of destination countries to tax cross-border business income. As early as the start of the 1990s, critics were arguing that formulary apportionment including a sales factor was a better alternative for international taxation than PE and the ALS. Pillar One of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) 2.0 (2018) provided a partial solution that discards the PE and ALS limits on 25 per cent of the residual income of the largest multinationals. This solution may be adopted unilaterally even if Pillar One fails.
The Future of Indirect Taxation in a Digital World
Authors: Wolfers Lachlan , Stephanny Philippe
Published: February 2024

Indirect tax measures targeting the digital economy spread at a rapid pace globally in the period from 2015 to 2020. In many jurisdictions, they have been very successful in raising revenues, with the policy aim of collecting value-added tax (VAT) in the place where final private consumption occurs. However, the authors raise concerns that tax policymakers are now at risk of overreach. This chapter puts forward eight key future focused propositions to demonstrate the potential turbulence which lies ahead. These include policy gaps leading to over- and under-taxation, new forms of digital products which may require specific solutions, an over-reliance on collecting VAT from intermediaries, and likely practical challenges ahead with tax audits. There is a growing sense of concern that these measures will be ill suited to apply to traditional businesses which are digitalizing.
Introduction
Authors: Ivanova Mirela
Published: February 2024

The introduction situates this inquiry within the history of written culture on the one hand, and the historiography of Central and Eastern Europe on the other. It demonstrates how, despite the fact the invention of Slavonic would fit well into the wider debates about the history of writing, these two scholarly inquiries have remained disconnected largely due to the nationalised significance of Slavonic in Eastern Europe today. The introduction then offers a summary of the book’s argument, as well as important contextual information on the region under question and its political history in the ninth century. Finally, it offers a chapter summary and a methodological section, where it expands the historical method used in this book, and the influence of intellectual history on the author’s historical practice.
Constantine-Cyril Today
Authors: Ivanova Mirela
Published: February 2024

This chapter offers a critical assessment of the historiography on Constantine-Cyril, and its relationship to the readings of the text. More specifically, it posits that the ubiquitous celebrations of Cyril and Methodios and their alphabet have emerged from certain ways of reading our medieval sources. But that these often methodologically problematic readings have produced a climate of celebration which has then structured the context, from within which the sources have subsequently been read. It has become impossible therefore to read the Life of Constantine without already knowing and expecting it to be a text imbued with Slavonic patriotism and celebrating an apostle to the Slavs. By unpicking this context, and the consequences it has had for textual analysis, this chapter lays the groundwork for a new reading of the Life of Constantine-Cyril.
Cyril, Slavonic, and the Pope in the Life of Methodios
Authors: Ivanova Mirela
Published: February 2024

Chapter 5 offers a new reading of the Life of Methodios on its own terms and not as an extension of the Life of Cyril. In doing so it demonstrates that the VM is a radical reinvention of Slavonic, but also of its main actors. The text diminishes the significance of Cyril, learning, and rhetoric, and makes the role of Byzantine imperial power appear distant and mythical. In so doing, it redistributes the agency of Cyril, as it is found in the Life of Cyril, to the pope and the institution of the (Latin) church, through its more general promotion of papal primacy. This transformation of the alphabet also marks its institutionalisation. Finally, the Life of Methodios forges two bonds absent in the Life of Cyril but ubiquitous in scholarship: a bond between Cyril and Methodios as a sacred pair with one shared purpose, and another between Methodios and the Slavic peoples.
Where Not to Start
Authors: Ivanova Mirela
Published: February 2024

Chapter 7 opens this third phase of the invention of Slavonic with a historiographical critique. Having moved from Central Europe to the context of the Balkans, this chapter traces the particularities of the historiography on the alphabet found in the histories of Bulgaria in particular. It highlights two key problems with scholarship which have produced a rather simplistic account of the arrival of the alphabet in the Balkans. The first is the fetishisation of the state, in particular the medieval Bulgarian state, as an actor in the preservation of the Slavonic alphabet. The second problem has been the assumption of the teleological success of the Slavonic alphabet, as an unequivocally liberating force in Slavonic history. This chapter problematises both, to lay the groundwork for a new reading of the Slavonic alphabet’s history in the Balkans.
A Case for Slavonic
Authors: Ivanova Mirela
Published: February 2024

Chapter 8 offers a reading of how Slavonic was invented anew in On Letters, the first text explicitly concerned with the alphabet, rather than the Byzantine philosopher saint who invented it, or the papally aligned clerics in Moravia who inherited it. The text marked the return of the Slavonic alphabet into a cultural sphere dominated by Byzantine–Greek hegemony, but it is also the first version of the invention of Slavonic targeted specifically at Slavonic speakers: it is therefore the first such Byzantino-Slavic text. In it, the author puts Cyril front and centre, but strips him of his Greek identity, and dislocates the event of the invention from its historical specificity in Moravia. The invention becomes an event in the universal history of the Slavonic peoples, whose identity the author seeks to mobilise, against the use of Greek.
“Like a Flood or an Earthquake”
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul
Published: February 2024

Chapter 3 examines works that emerge from the midst of the Great Crash of 1929. It begins by considering William Faulkner’s desire to connect his drafting of As I Lay Dying (1930) to the financial crisis with which it coincided, and how the novel’s portrayals of disastrously rising waters mirror descriptions of a deluged stock market. It next examines the crash’s most iconic depiction by a visual artist, James N. Rosenberg’s lithograph Dies Irae (Oct 29) (1929), and shows how—for Rosenberg—the work was both an immediate inscription of the “day of wrath” he had witnessed on Wall Street, and a harbinger of the still greater global catastrophes that the financial collapse portended. Turning to the hallucinatory depictions of a panic-stricken Wall Street in the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca’s Poet in New York (1940), the chapter indicates how a poetic persona that is at once eyewitness to the crash and prophesier of its devastating future repercussions casts the event in surrealist form. The following section considers press photographs of crowds massing on Wall Street: it offers an innovative analysis of “panic crowd” images, arguing not only that such images constitute a distinct (and previously untheorized) visual genre, but also that the panic crowd should itself be understood as shaped by the iterative and mimetic logic of genre. Finally, the chapter reflects on a very different set of images—by the photographer Margaret Bourke-White—which are simultaneously among the least dramatic and most evocative documents of the Great Crash.
Coda
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul
Published: February 2024

This concluding Coda considers the ways in which the “shadow of 1929” has extended into our own present, examining how—in the United States and elsewhere—the Great Crash and Great Depression have been the privileged points of historical reference in discussions of a recent past defined by financial crisis, economic recession, political polarization, and anti-Black violence. The Coda explores how readers looking back to the culture of the early to mid-twentieth-century United States have found insights in texts discussed in this book, and suggests that such works’ contemporary appeal lies not simply in their powerful engagements with persistently vexing economic and political structures and antagonisms, but also precisely in their speculative openness to rereading in future moments of crisis.
People, Skills, and Employment
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh
Published: February 2024

‘People’ are supposed to be at the heart of Society 5.0 and ‘new capitalism’, but that has not been reflected in investment, either by the government, or by companies. Efforts to expand the workforce in an age of population decline mean attracting more women, elderly, and non-Japanese into the workforce, but this poses significant challenges. It also requires the participation of labour market intermediaries. The second section looks at the corollary of increasing labour market diversity, namely reforming ‘Japanese style employment’, encompassing Abe’s work-style reforms, and the ‘new trinity’ labour market reforms (2023) of reskilling, mobility, and job-based wages and employment, as well as a fourth element—‘respect for diversity and addressing disparity’. Covid-19 and telework is briefly considered, and the final section looks at Keidanren’s proposal to rebuild the middle class, government investment in reskilling, and preparing the education system for Society 5.0.
Economic Conditions, the COVID-19 Pandemic Recession, and Implications for Disability Insurance in the US
Authors: Maestas Nicole , Mullen Kathleen J.
Published: February 2024

Previous economic downturns have led to increases in applications for and, eventually, receipt of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits. In the pandemic-induced recession of 2020 and its aftermath, however, SSDI applications did not increase. One important reason may have been the prolonged closure of Social Security Administration (SSA) field offices, since previous research finds that field office closures lead to persistent declines in SSDI beneficiaries in the surrounding communities. As a result, there may be pent-up demand for SSDI benefits as normal operations resume in areas where the economy has not fully recovered. Nevertheless, unemployment insurance and other government support program expansions were materially different than in past recessions, which appears to have enabled people to weather the downturn and avoid applying for SSDI benefits. We draw on prior research and recent federal statistics to discuss the unfolding effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the SSDI program and its beneficiaries.
Warlike Effigies
Authors: Barnden Sally
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses royal individuals’ engagements with Shakespeare’s Henry V during times of war from the 1750s to the Second World War. I show that Shakespearean actors have often helped to mediate the relationship between Henry V and modern would-be warrior kings, functioning as effigies for idealized models of royal identity. Considering different periods of war, the chapter draws attention to repetitions and echoes, and especially to the associations drawn between the battles of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the French battlefields of the First and Second World Wars. The chapter concludes with a reading of a screening of Laurence Olivier’s Henry V for George VI and family in 1944 which considers the collaboration between Olivier’s projected body and the inanimate properties of the room where the screening took place, the Waterloo Chamber, to accentuate the film’s propagandist ambitions and transform it into a premature memorial for victory in Europe.
Athenian Decrees, Negotiation, and Negotiators
Authors: Lazar Leah
Published: February 2024

Chapter 1 looks at the political relationships between the Athenians and their allies, and argues that they were flexible and negotiated. It provides a synthetic analysis of inscribed Athenian decrees, arguing that they preserve traces of the underlying bilateral negotiations with allied communities. It contends that the Athenians used various means to circumscribe how allied communities could negotiate, and that they increasingly limited opportunities for negotiation in the final decades of the century. In the second half of the chapter, it is suggested that a network of elite individuals, with wealth, experience of mobility, and personal connections, supported the operation of such community-level negotiations. The Athenians’ use of this network was not in opposition to the functioning of their democracy, which still maintained importance in the negotiation process, but tensions could potentially arise between communal and individual interests.
Theorising reading, writing and society
Authors: Reza Alexandra
Published: February 2024

This chapter gives a diachronic account of the changing ideas about reading and writing from the founding of Présence Africaine in 1947 to the closure of Mensagem by the Salazar regime in 1964. Firstly, it argues that both journals had demonstrate a high level of consensus about the connections between literature, pedagogy, and questions of epistemology. It discusses the early editions of Présence Africaine and the founding in Lisbon of the Centro de Estudos Africanos by African students and writers. Secondly, the chapter goes on to argue that after 1955, writers in French and Portuguese sought to steer a middle path between political engagement and individual artistic freedom, focusing on a major debate about these questions in Présence Africaine in 1956. Turning to Mensagem, the chapter suggests that under the weight of censorship and repression, some poets developed a poetics of constraint and obliqueness that itself redefined what ‘political poetry’ might comprise.
Questions of method
Authors: Reza Alexandra
Published: February 2024

This chapter puts the histories discussed in the first three chapters into conversation with a contemporary body of critical work on the relationships between literature, literary particularity, politics, and theory in postcolonial studies. Drawing on the dialectical—rather than hierarchical—nature of the relationship between the literary and the political that we see in the very form of Mensagem and Présence Africaine reorients the debate away from a paralysingly stratified vision that reads culture and literature as secondary. The chapter discusses why and how we should read the literary texts of African anticolonialism not as subordinate to theoretical work but as forms of thought in themselves. The chapter acts as a bridge between the Part I, which focusses on the changing resonance of the literary and the ensuing discussion of literary contestations of the political in Part II.