bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Démocratie, stabilité politique et croissance économique : estimation à partir d’un modèle en panel dynamique
Authors: Ben Doudou Makrem , Rahali Faycel
Published: January 2020

La revue de la littérature suggère que la relation entre démocratie et croissance est ambigüe. D’une part les études théoriques sont divisées sur l’impact de la nature du régime politique sur la croissance. D’autre part, les travaux empiriques sur la question aboutissent à des résultats qui restent souvent perplexes sur l’existence d’une corrélation entre les deux concepts. L’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner la nature de cette relation sur un échantillon de 79 pays sur la période 1984-2008 et de vérifier si elle dépend de la stabilité politique. Ce travail débouche sur les principaux résultats suivants : (i) la stabilité politique est une variable clé déterminant de la croissance, (ii) l’effet de la démocratie sur la croissance est statistiquement insignifiant en l’absence d’un cadre politique stable, (iii) finalement, la démocratie menée dans un environnement politiquement stable est d’effet significativement positif sur la croissance.
Extra-Territorial “Fiduciary” Obligations and Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Trapp Kimberley N. , Robinson Edmund
Published: January 2020

Respect for human rights is often understood to be in tension with a robust approach to protecting human security (both within a single state’s territory and across territorial boundaries). Principles like those which form the basis of Fox and Criddle’s fiduciary theory of sovereignty—such as non-instrumentalization and non-domination—may suggest an approach to balancing these competing interests, but not necessarily with the specificity and detail required of particular legal contexts. This article seeks to explore an alternative route to balancing these competing interests—one which draws on positive international law. The context for this exploration is that of ‘asymmetrical self-defence,’ taking the quintessential threat to both human rights and human security, in the form of armed conflict, as its case study. Where states provide support to participants in armed conflicts occurring on the territory of other states, they potentially increase the risks to those caught up in the conflict, raising important questions as to the nature, basis and content of the international legal duties associated with their support. It is argued that Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions, risk related human rights obligations (like that of non-refoulement) and the Arms Trade Treaty are the positive law basis for obligations Fox and Criddle otherwise characterize as fiduciary. These frameworks provide much more of the detail required for effective regulation, such as obligations to be informed, the permissibility or otherwise of balancing other interests against the risk of IHL breaches, and the differentiated treatment of risks to jus cogens compliance.
The Private Law State
Authors: Davis Seth
Published: January 2020

What legal duties do states owe those subject to their power? Typically, we look to public law to answer this question, defining the powers and duties of governments through constitutional law, administrative law, and international law, which we distinguish from the private law of contracts, property, and tort. It was not always this way, however. Recently, moreover, scholars are again looking to private law doctrines, concepts, and techniques to think about the powers and duties of states. It is a particularly promising moment for private law thinking about the state. The emergence of the “new private law,” as well as the “new legal criticism,” have enriched conceptual analysis and normative debate in private law. Against this backdrop, scholars have turned to private law to think about the powers and duties of states in public law.

This Article, occasioned by a symposium on Evan Criddle and Evan Fox-Decent's groundbreaking Fiduciaries of Humanity, takes stock of the private law state. It offers a qualified defense of private law theorizing about state powers and duties. The defense is that private law provides a set of lawyerly techniques for principled normative judgment in a plural world. The qualification is that private law cannot itself determine the solution to normative problems that it itself contains. Thinking about the state in terms of private law offers a way of recapturing normativity for public law, that is, a way of developing a moral brief against conceptions that place state sovereignty outside the rule of law. This transformation is as much as cultural and political as it is doctrinal and conceptual. The project of the private law state would, therefore, be significantly enriched by a critical engagement with the culture of legal practice and the limits of its political vision.
Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium in soybean crop: a meta-analysis of studies from 1987 to 2018
Authors: Zeffa Douglas M. , Fantin Lucas H. , Koltun Alessandra , de Oliveira André L.M. , Nunes Maria P.B.A. , Canteri Marcelo G. , Gonçalves Leandro S.A.
Published: January 2020

Background

The co-inoculation of soybean with Bradyrhizobium and other plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is considered a promising technology. However, there has been little quantitative analysis of the effects of this technique on yield variables. In this context, the present study aiming to provide a quantification of the effects of the co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium and PGPR on the soybean crop using a meta-analysis approach.

Methods

A total of 42 published articles were examined, all of which considered the effects of co-inoculation of PGPR and Bradyrhizobium on the number of nodules, nodule biomass, root biomass, shoot biomass, shoot nitrogen content, and grain yield of soybean. We also determined whether the genus of the PGPR used as co-inoculant, as well as the experimental conditions, altered the effect size of the PGPR.

Results

The co-inoculation technology resulted in a significant increase in nodule number (11.40%), nodule biomass (6.47%), root biomass (12.84%), and shoot biomass (6.53%). Despite these positive results, no significant increase was observed in shoot nitrogen content and grain yield. The response of the co-inoculation varied according to the PGPR genus used as co-inoculant, as well as with the experimental conditions. In general, the genera Azospirillum, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas were more effective than Serratia. Overall, the observed increments were more pronounced under pot than that of field conditions. Collectively, this study summarize that co-inoculation improves plant development and increases nodulation, which may be important in overcoming nutritional limitations and potential stresses during the plant growth cycle, even though significant increases in grain yield have not been evidenced by this data meta-analysis.
Genetic structure of Australian glass shrimp,Paratya australiensis,in relation to altitude
Authors: Rahman Sharmeen , Schmidt Daniel , Hughes Jane M.
Published: January 2020

Paratya australiensisKemp (Decapoda: Atyidae) is a widely distributed freshwater shrimp in eastern Australia. The species has been considered as an important stream organism for studying genetics, dispersal, biology, behaviour and evolution in atyids and is a major food source for stream dwelling fishes.Paratya australiensisis a cryptic species complex consisting of nine highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages. Previous studies in southeast Queensland showed that “lineage 4” favours upstream sites at higher altitudes, with cooler water temperatures. This study aims to identify putative selection and population structure between high elevation and low elevation populations of this lineage at relatively small spatial scales. Sample localities were selected from three streams: Booloumba Creek, Broken Bridge Creek and Obi Obi Creek in the Conondale Range, southeast Queensland. Six sample localities, consisting of 142 individuals in total were sequenced using double digest Restriction Site Associated DNA-sequencing (ddRAD-seq) technique. Among the 142 individuals, 131 individuals shared 213 loci. Outlier analysis on 213 loci showed that 27 loci were putatively under selection between high elevation and low elevation populations. Outlier analysis on individual streams was also done to test for parallel patterns of adaptation, but there was no evidence of a parallel pattern. Population structure was observed using both the 27 outliers and 186 neutral loci and revealed similar population structure in both cases. Therefore, we cannot differentiate between selection and drift here. The highest genetic differentiation was observed between high elevation and low elevation populations of Booloumba Creek, with small levels of differentiation in the other two streams.
New mammalian and avian records from the late Eocene La Meseta and Submeseta formations of Seymour Island, Antarctica
Authors: Davis Sarah N. , Torres Christopher R. , Musser Grace M. , Proffitt James V. , Crouch Nicholas M.A. , Lundelius Ernest L. , Lamanna Matthew C. , Clarke Julia A.
Published: January 2020

The middle–late Eocene of Antarctica was characterized by dramatic change as the continent became isolated from the other southern landmasses and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current formed. These events were crucial to the formation of the permanent Antarctic ice cap, affecting both regional and global climate change. Our best insight into how life in the high latitudes responded to this climatic shift is provided by the fossil record from Seymour Island, near the eastern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. While extensive collections have been made from the La Meseta and Submeseta formations of this island, few avian taxa other than penguins have been described and mammalian postcranial remains have been scarce. Here, we report new fossils from Seymour Island collected by the Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project. These include a mammalian metapodial referred to Xenarthra and avian material including a partial tarsometatarsus referred to Gruiformes (cranes, rails, and allies). Penguin fossils (Sphenisciformes) continue to be most abundant in new collections from these deposits. We report several penguin remains including a large spear-like mandible preserving the symphysis, a nearly complete tarsometatarsus with similarities to the large penguin cladePalaeeudyptesbut possibly representing a new species, and two small partial tarsometatarsi belonging to the genusDelphinornis. These findings expand our view of Eocene vertebrate faunas on Antarctica. Specifically, the new remains referred to Gruiformes and Xenarthra provide support for previously proposed, but contentious, earliest occurrence records of these clades on the continent.
Temporal dynamics of the hummingbird-plant interaction network of a dry forest in Chamela, Mexico: a 30-year follow-up after two hurricanes
Authors: Díaz Infante Sergio , Lara Carlos , Arizmendi Maria del Coro
Published: January 2020

Background

Interactions among species are a driving force of community structure. The species composition of animal-plant interaction networks can be highly dynamic on a temporal scale, even though the general network structure is usually not altered. However, few studies have examined how interaction networks change over long periods of time, particularly after extreme natural events. We analyzed herein the structure of the hummingbird-plant interaction network in a dry forest of Chamela, Mexico, comparing the structure in 1985–1986 with that in 2016–2017 following the passage of two hurricanes (category 2 Jova in 2011 and category 4 Patricia in 2015).

Methods

The fieldwork was carried out in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve in Jalisco, Mexico. In the last 30 years, three severe drought events and two hurricanes have affected this region. Previously, from 1985–1986, hummingbird-plant interactions were recorded monthly for one year in the study area. Then, from 2016–2017, we replicated the sampling in the same localities. We compared the network parameters describing the plant-hummingbird interactions of each period using adjacency matrices.

Results

We found differences in the number and identity of interacting species, especially plants. The plant species missing in 2016–2017 were either the least connected in the original network (1985–1986) or belonged to groups such as cacti, epiphytes, or trees. The new plant species incorporated in the 2016–2017 network were herbs, vines, and shrubs, or other species barely connected. These changes in the composition are consistent with reports on vegetation damage after strong hurricanes at other study sites. Conversely, all hummingbird species remained in the network, with the exception of Heliomaster constantii, which was primarily connected to a plant species absent in the 2016–2017 network. Migratory and habitat generalist species (i.e., Archilochus spp.) showed higher abundances following the disturbance events.

Conclusions

Most of the parameters describing the hummingbird-plant network structure remained unchanged after 30 years, with the exception of an increase in plant robustness and hummingbird niche overlap. However, the network’s generalist core was affected by the loss of some species. Also, core plant species such as Ipomoea bracteata, Combretum farinosum, and Justicia candicans were found to be important for maintaining the hummingbird-plant interaction network. The temporal perspective of this study provides unique insights into the conservation of plant-hummingbird networks across time and extreme natural events.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ПУЛЬСАЦИЙ ИСТОЧНИКА НА СТРУКТУРУ И ВНУТРЕННЮЮ ДИНАМИКУ ИНТРУЗИОННОГО ТЕЧЕНИЯ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Исаченко И. А. , Кочетков Е. С.
Published: January 2020

Структура и внутренняя динамика интрузионного течения изучалась при помощи двумерной численной модели стратифицированных по плотности течений в вертикальной плоскости. Течение в модельном пространстве формировалось за счет притока жидкости промежуточной плотности в двухслойную среду. Приток осуществлялся в виде двух импульсов фиксированного объема с заданным интервалом времени между ними. Начальная стратификация определялась перепадом плотности между слоями равной толщины и толщиной промежуточного слоя. Для идентификации водных масс отдельных импульсов в расчетах использовались индивидуальные поля пассивной примеси. Предложен набор безразмерных параметров, определяющих начальные и граничные условия задачи. Численные эксперименты показали существенное влияние пульсаций расхода источника на эволюцию интрузионного течения. В зависимости от параметров затока может происходить как ускорение, так и замедление горизонтального распространения объема второй интрузии. Приведены примеры различной динамики объема второго импульса при закритических и докритических начальных числах Фруда. Расчеты показывают, что импульсный характер источника в наибольшей степени модифицирует течение при коротком интервале времени между импульсами.
ОЦЕНКА РЕСУРСОВ ВОЛНОВОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ БАЛТИЙСКОГО МОРЯ И ПРИБРЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЫ КАЛИНИНГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Мысленков С.А. , Медведева А. Ю. , Кочетков Е. С.
Published: January 2020

На основе данных ретроспективных расчетов параметров ветрового волнения проведена оценка ресурсов энергии ветровых волн в Балтийском море. Расчеты параметров волнения выполнены с помощью спектральной модели SWAN и данных о ветре из реанализа NCEP/CFSR (CFS2) 1979-2015 гг. Расчеты проводились на прямоугольной сетке 0.05°. Были получены карты распределения среднемноголетней мощности энергии ветровых волн на метр фронта волны за период 1979-2015 гг. Ее максимальные значения достигают 6-6.5 кВт/м и расположены в центральной и юго-восточной частях Балтийского моря, для прибрежной зоны Калининградской области они составляют 3-4 кВт/м. Произведен анализ сезонной и межгодовой изменчивости мощности волновой энергии для двух точек, расположенных в открытом море и в прибрежной зоне юговосточной Балтики. Наибольшие показатели приурочены к осенне-зимнему периоду, наименьшие - к весеннелетнему. Рассчитаны показатели среднемноголетней обеспеченности волновой энергии для нескольких пороговых критериев. Так, обеспеченность волновой энергии с пороговым значением 1 кВт/м для центральной части моря составляет 55-60%.
СТРУКТУРА ПРИВОДНОГО СЛОЯ АТМОСФЕРЫ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Чаликов Д.В. , Булгаков К.Ю.
Published: January 2020

Сформулирована одномерная модель пограничного слоя над волнами. Модель основана на результатах ранее проведенных численных экспериментов с объединенной двумерной моделью волнового пограничного слоя. Пограничный слой над волнами отличается от пограничного слоя над твердой поверхностью появлением дополнительного механизма вертикального волнового потока импульса, созданного непосредственно искривленной и движущейся поверхностью. Одномерные уравнения волнового пограничного слоя могут быть выведены только в следующей поверхности системе координат. В этом случае уравнения явно содержат дополнительные члены, отражающие специфику взаимодействия ветра и волн. Обмен импульсом между ветром и волнами рассчитывается в спектральном пространстве как сумма отдельных потоков создаваемых волновыми модами. Традиционно предполагается, что поток импульса пропорционален спектральной плотности волновой энергии с коэффициентом пропорциональности, зависящим от возраста моды. Проведены расчеты, иллюстрирующие особенности волнового пограничного слоя: профили скорости ветра, энергии турбулентности, волновых и турбулентных потоков импульса. Обсуждается соотношение внешнего (на верхней границе волнового пограничного слоя) и внутреннего (у поверхности) параметров шероховатости. Показывается, что коэффициент сопротивления зависит от скорости ветра и от параметров волнения, в частности, от формы спектра, что объясняет большой разброс данных для этой величины. Сформулированы перспективы дальнейшего развития подхода и его применения в задачах геофизической гидродинамики. Модель такого рода предназначена для объединения атмосферных и океанических моделей с моделями поверхностных волн.
ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ НЕГИДРОСТАТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЛИННОВОЛНОВОЙ ДИНАМИКИ НА ГИДРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ СООРУЖЕНИЯ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Вольцингер Н.Е. , Клеванный К. А.
Published: January 2020

Для моделирования длинноволнового воздействия на гидротехнические сооружения ставится краевая задача в трехмерной области для уравнений движения, неразрывности, конституентов плотности и характеристик турбулентности. Задача решается разностным методом поэтапно на каждом временном шаге; негидростатическая компонента давления определяется на заключительном этапе решением краевой задачи для уравнения Пуассона. Расчеты выполняются с помощью программного комплекса CARDINAL. Используется гранично-зависимая криволинейная сетка, по вертикали о-преобразование. Характеристики турбулентности рассчитываются с помощью k-e модели. Численный метод тестируется на модельных примерах. Для оценки влияния негидростатического модуля приводятся результаты расчета экстремального цунами на водозаборе атомной электростанции Эль-Дабаа, Египет, проектируемой на побережье Средиземного моря, и расчет поля скорости при штормовом нагоне в судопропускном сооружении комплекса сооружений защиты Санкт- Петербурга от наводнений. Обнаружено, что в негидростатической постановке при входе в узость, на поднятии дна увеличение вертикальных скоростей во всей толще воды до поверхности вызывает здесь локальный подъем уровня. Приводимые приложения метода показывают, что динамическая компонента давления может заметно модифицировать структуру течений на элементах гидротехнического сооружения.
ПРЯМЫЕ ЗАДАЧИ РАССЕЯНИЯ СВЕТА В РАБОТАХ К.С. ШИФРИНА, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Ильин В.Б. , Фарафонов В.Г.
Published: January 2020

Рассматриваются исследования К.С. Шифрина, посвященные развитию и непосредственному применению точных и приближенных методов решения проблемы рассеяния света малыми частицами. Обсуждается роль монографии «Рассеяние света в мутной среде» (ГИТТЛ, 1951) и пятитомного издания «Таблиц по светорассеянию» (ГИМИЗ, 1966-73). Отмечены работы, рассматривающие очень большие или очень малые рассеивающие частицы, частицы с относительным показателем преломления близким к 1, двуслойные частицы и частицы с показателем преломления, непрерывно меняющимся вдоль радиуса, а также ряд иных работ, связанных с решением прямых задач светорассеяния.
НАУЧНЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ НАУЧНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ДЕТСКО-ПОДРОСТКОВОГО ОТДЕЛА ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ» (к 100-летию детско-подростковой клиники ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ»), "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Овсянкина Елена Сергеевна , Эргешов Атаджан Эргешович , Губкина Марина Федоровна , Панова Людмила Владимировна , Юхименко Наталия Валентиновна
Published: January 2020

В статье в историческом аспекте представлены основные научные направления в работе детско-подросткового отдела ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ» начиная с 1919 года. Представлены все руководители клиники, основные направления и достижения противотуберкулезной работы в каждом временном периоде. Подробно представлены современные направления противотуберкулезной работы. Освещены вопросы диагностики и дифференциальной диагностики, особенности лечения туберкулеза (ТБ), психологические, факторы этиопатогенеза ТБ и участие в этих научных разработках сотрудников клиники. Определены цели каждого из этих направлений и новые технологии, используемые для их достижения. Все направления научных исследований в детско-подростковой клинике института являются актуальными и перспективными во фтизиатрии детей и подростков, представляют интерес для научных сотрудников и практикующих врачей.
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ СКРИНИНГОВЫХ МЕТОДОВ ОБСЛЕДОВАНИЯ ДЕТЕЙ В ВЫЯВЛЕНИИ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Губкина Марина Федоровна , Стерликова Светлана Сергеевна
Published: January 2020

Цель исследования: оценить значение массовых и индивидуальных скрининговых обследований в выявлении туберкулеза (ТБ) у детей из известных и неизвестных очагов туберкулезной инфекции. Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 72 ребенка (3-12 лет) с активным ТБ органов дыхания, обследованных в 2012-2017 гг. Было выделено две группы: 1 группа - 43 пациента, до выявления у них ТБ по контакту с больным ТБ не наблюдались; 2 группа - 29 пациентов, до выявления у них ТБ наблюдались в диспансере по контакту с больным ТБ. Результаты. Выявлены дефекты в организации проведения массовой туберкулинодиагностики: реже 1 раза в год пробу Манту с 2 ТЕ PPD-Л проводили у 43,1% пациентов, пропуск «виража» туберкулиновых реакций отмечен в 71,9% случаев. Выявлены дефекты диспансерного наблюдения за детьми 2 группы: 1) обследование 2 раза в год проведено в 17,2% случаев на 1-м году наблюдения по контакту, в остальных случаях (82,8%) как минимум 1 раз в год; 2) пробу с аллергеном туберкулезным рекомбинантным (АТР) проводили при взятии на учет у 86,2% детей, через 1 год наблюдения у 85,7%, через 2 года - 71,4%. Среди детей 2 группы ТБ был выявлен через 1 год у 51,7%, через 2 года - 10,3%, в более поздние сроки у 38,0% детей, у всех методом компьютерной томографии (КТ) органов грудной клетки (ОГК). Срок и показания для проведения КТ ОГК в большинстве (80,0%) случаев определялись произвольно. Симптомы заболевания у детей, выявленных методом КТ ОГК, отсутствовали или были стертыми. Выявление ТБ у детей при проведении скрининговых обследований превалировало в обеих группах: 1 группа - 74,4% (при обследовании по контакту одновременно с источником инфекции - 37,2%, по результатам массовой туберкулинодиагностики (ТД) - 37,2%), 2 группа - 89,7% (при обследовании по контакту - 75,9%, по результатам массовой ТД - 13,8%). В то же время у 25,6% детей в 1 группе и 10,3% во 2 группе ТБ был выявлен при обращении за медицинской помощью и сопровождался острым началом. Различий между группами по методам выявления не выявлено (% = 5,684, р > 0,05). Заключение. Основными причинами выявления ТБ у детей после появления симптомов заболевания являлись организационные дефекты скрининговых обследований и диспансерного наблюдения. Алгоритм обследования (показания, сроки проведения) с использованием КТ ОГК детей из групп риска по заболеванию ТБ должен быть расширен и ориентирован не только на положительную реакцию на пробу с АТР, но также на характер изменений кожных иммунологических тестов в динамике, социальный статус семьи, клиническую форму и характер течения туберкулезного процесса у источника инфекции
НОВЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ХИМИОТЕРАПИИ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА ОРГАНОВ ДЫХАНИЯ С МЛУ/ШЛУ МБТ У ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ ПОСЛЕ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Панова Людмила Владимировна , Овсянкина Елена Сергеевна , Хитева Антонина Юрьевна
Published: January 2020

В когортное проспективное исследование включены 50 пациентов в возрасте 13-17 лет, которым в ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ» с 2015 по 2017 гг. было проведено хирургическое лечение по поводу туберкулеза (ТБ) органов дыхания (ОД). Данные о лекарственной чувствительности при поступлении получены в 35 из 50 случаев, из них в 18 (51,4%) выявлена множественная/широкая лекарственная устойчивость (МЛУ/ШЛУ) микобактерий туберкулеза (МБТ). В результате микробиологического исследования операционного материала МЛУ МБТ впервые определена в 3 случаях. Разработанные критерии для определения длительности химиотерапии (ХТ) могут применяться у пациентов с МЛУ/ШЛУ МБТ. Из 21 пациента после операции 3 получали противотуберкулезную ХТ в течение 3 месяцев, 8 - в течение 6 месяцев, 9 - более 6 месяцев. В одном случае ХТ не проводилась в связи с развитием панкреатита. Эффективность и безопасность разработанных режимов доказана отсутствием рецидивов заболевания через год после завершения основного курса ХТ.
СЛУЧАЙ СПОНТАННОГО ЗАЖИВЛЕНИЯ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА ВНУТРИГРУДНЫХ ЛИМФАТИЧЕСКИХ УЗЛОВ У РЕБЕНКА РАННЕГО ВОЗРАСТА, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Петракова Ирина Юрьевна , Губкина Марина Федоровна , Стерликова Светлана Сергеевна , Грецов Евгений Михайлович , Семенова Людмила Алексеевна
Published: January 2020

Представлено клиническое наблюдение, демонстрирующее скрытое течение туберкулеза (ТБ) у ребенка, вакцинированного против ТБ, при наличии множественных факторов риска развития ТБ (социальных, медицинских, эпидемических). Цель демонстрации: показать эффективность иммунизации против ТБ, позволившей предотвратить генерализацию ТБ у ребенка, оказавшегося в контакте с больным ТБ отцом с первых месяцев жизни, и способствовавшей скрытому течению и спонтанному излечению ТБ.
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КОНТИНГЕНТА БОЛЬНЫХ ФИБРОЗНО-КАВЕРНОЗНЫМ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ ЛЕГКИХ И ТАКТИКА ИХ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Пунга В.В. , Якимова Марина Арутюновна , Русакова Лариса Ивановна , Садовникова Светлана Сергеевна , Измайлова Тамара Викторовна
Published: January 2020

Цель исследования: изучить эпидемиологическую ситуацию и факторы, влияющие на формирование фиброзно-кавернозного туберкулеза легких (ФКТЛ), дать характеристику пациентам, получившим хирургическое лечение в ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ». Материалы и методы. В работе проведен анализ данных единовременного статистического наблюдения, отчетные формы № 33 и № 8, где содержится информация о числе зарегистрированных случаев туберкулеза (ТБ) с деструкцией легочной ткани и ФКТЛ за 2014-2017 гг., полученная из некоторых регионов РФ. Проведен ретроспективный анализ 436 историй болезни пациентов с ФКТЛ, поступивших в ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ» в 2014-2017 гг. для хирургического лечения. Результаты. Позднее выявление больных с ФКТЛ зависит от качества проведения профилактических осмотров, методов диагностики, применяемых в территориях по выявлению ТБ среди населения, от работы системы общей лечебной сети (ОЛС). Показатель распространенности ФКТЛ колеблется в широких пределах в различных территориях, что связано с региональными особенностями и разной организацией работы противотуберкулезной службы. Эффективность лечения больных ФКТЛ невысока, что связано с: высокой долей лиц, прерывающих курс терапии; высокой долей лиц с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ) возбудителя; неполным соблюдением стандартов лечения и слабой организацией лечения под непосредственным наблюдением медицинских работников. Хирургическая активность в отношении ФКТЛ имеет тенденцию к росту и увеличилась за последнее время в 2 раза, но она недостаточна. При использовании хирургических методов эффективность лечения достигает 91,5%.
Estimation of Parameters of Two Non-linear Regression Models Using Assumed Values: Reciprocal Power Regression Models
Authors: Biu Emmanuel O. , Wonu Nduka
Published: January 2020

Fitting nonlinear models is not a single-step procedure but it involved a process that requires careful examination of each individual step. Depending on the objective and the application domain, different priorities are set when fitting nonlinear models; these include obtaining acceptable parameter estimates and a good model fit while meeting standard assumptions of statistical models. We propose steps in fitting nonlinear models in this research work. Two reciprocal power regression models were considered with a non-linear data set. Then, the following steps are considered (i) fit the models to the data collected using iterative steps, (ii) to develop a linear model to estimate the parameter β1 and β2 when the initial value (or growth rate β3) lies between -1.0 ≤ β3 ≤1.0 ); using the transform models of the reciprocal power regression model (iii) to find the “best” model between the two models using R2, AIC and BIC. The results show Model B is better than Model A, using the model selection criteria.
Elaborating Factors Affecting Maternal Nutritional Behavior; A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed , Jowzi Fatemeh , Mozaffari-Khosravi Hassan , Vaezi Aliakbar , Fallahzade Hosein
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Excessive consumption of confectionary can contribute to a high intake of sugar, fat and energy which lead to tooth decay, weight gain or obesity and related metabolic diseases. This study conducted to identify the effective factors on mothers’ nutrition behavior (reduction of confectionary consumption) on the basis of health action process approach.

Methods: This qualitative research has been conducted through Directed Content Analysis. Data were collected through semi structured interviews. Participants were mothers who had at least one child over 6 months and consumed all sorts of confectionary. The collected data were analyzed according to Granheim and Landman's method.

Results: The analysis of the interviews data resulted in 87 codes. The codes were organized into 6 categories and 26 subcategories and the 5 main themes are as follows: action planning, coping planning, action control, maintenance self-efficacy and social support

Conclusion: Our study suggested that one of the community supports is media education and it should be considered in implementing community-based educational programs
Efficient Optimization of Electron/Oxygen Pathway by Constructing Ceria/Hydroxide Interface for Highly Active Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Xia Jiale , Zhao Hongyang , Huang Bolong , Xu Lingling , Luo Meng , Wang Jianwei , Luo Feng , Du Yaping , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: January 2020

Owing to the unique electronic properties, rare‐earth modulations in noble‐metal electrocatalysts emerge as a critical strategy for a broad range of renewable energy solutions such as water‐splitting and metal–air batteries. Beyond the typical doping strategy that suffers from synthesis difficulties and concentration limitations, the innovative introduction of rare‐earth is highly desired. Herein, a novel synthesis strategy is presented by introducing CeO2 support for the nickel–iron–chromium hydroxide (NFC) to boost the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, which achieves an ultralow overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 of 230.8 mV, the Tafel slope of 32.7 mV dec−1, as well as the excellent durability in alkaline solution. Density functional theory calculations prove the established d–f electronic ladders, by the interaction between NFC and CeO2, evidently boosts the high‐speed electron transfer. Meanwhile, the stable valence state in CeO2 preserves the high electronic reactivity for OER. This work demonstrates a promising approach in fabricating a nonprecious OER electrocatalyst with the facilitation of rare‐earth oxides to reach both excellent activity and high stability.
NIR‐II/III Luminescence Ratiometric Nanothermometry with Phonon‐Tuned Sensitivity
Authors: Jia Mochen , Fu Zuoling , Liu Guofeng , Sun Zhen , Li Panpan , Zhang Anqi , Lin Fang , Hou Bofei , Chen Guanying
Published: January 2020

Luminescence nanothermometers are promising for noninvasive, high resolution thermographics ranging from aeronautics to biomedicine. Yet, limited success has been met in the NIR‐II/III biological windows, which allow temperature evaluation in deep tissues. Herein, a new type of phonon‐based ratiometric thermometry is described that utilizes the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) between holmium (Ho3+) emission at ≈1190 nm (NIR‐II) and erbium (Er3+) emission at ≈1550 nm (NIR‐III) from a set of oxide nanoparticles of varying host lattices. It is shown that multi‐phonon relaxation in Er3+ ions and phonon‐assisted transfer process in Ho3+ ions play a significant role in LIR determination through channeling the harvested excitation energy to the corresponding emitting states. As a result, temperature sensitivity can be tuned by the dominant phonon energy of host lattice, thus endowing aqueous yttrium oxide (Y2O3, 376 cm−1) nanoparticles to have a relative temperature sensitivity of 1.01% K−1 and absolute temperature sensitivity of 0.0127 K−1 at 65 °C in a physiological temperature range (25–65 °C). And their temperature sensing for biological tissues is further explored and the influence of water and chicken breast on thermometry is discussed. This work constitutes a solid step forward to build sensitive NIR‐II/III nanothermometers for biological applications.
Heavily Doped Semiconductor Metamaterials for Mid‐Infrared Multispectral Perfect Absorption and Thermal Emission
Authors: Barho Franziska B. , Gonzalez‐Posada Fernando , Cerutti Laurent , Taliercio Thierry
Published: January 2020

A metamaterial perfect absorber based on layered, doped and undoped semiconductors is experimentally and theoretically investigated. Design rules are given to control the multispectral, narrow, strong absorption features (>98% absorption) in the mid‐IR spectrum. The proposed sub‐wavelength grating structures support localized surface plasmons and photonic resonances associated to the quarter wavelength optical thickness of the undoped spacer layer. The resonances hybridize depending on the geometric setup of the metamaterial and the material properties of the heavily doped semiconductor. The angular response of the resonances is studied to determine the acceptance angle. While the absorption is best at near‐normal incidence, the spectral position of the absorption bands is weakly dependent on the angular incidence up to angles of 45°. Complementary to the polarization‐dependent grating design of the metamaterial, an alternative based on a crossed grating nanopattern is also investigated for polarization insensitivity. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the metamaterial perfect absorber provides a tailored thermal emission spectrum. Based on the heavily doped InAsSb/GaSb metamaterial platform, integrable and miniaturized perfect absorbers and thermal sources can be built.
cis‐Selective Transfer Semihydrogenation of Alkynes by Merging Visible‐Light Catalysis with Cobalt Catalysis
Authors: Tian Wan‐Fa , He Yong‐Qin , Song Xian‐Rong , Ding Hai‐Xin , Ye Jing , Guo Wen‐Jie , Xiao Qiang
Published: January 2020

Herein, the first example of visible‐light‐driven, cobalt‐catalyzed transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes is reported. It is carried out by using Ir[dF(CF3)ppy]2(dtbbpy)]PF6 as photosensitizer, CoBr2/n‐Bu3P as proton‐reducing catalyst, and i‐Pr2NEt/AcOH as the hydrogen source. Under the established catalytic system, the semihydrogenation proceeds with Z as the major selectivity and with inhibition of over‐reduction. Under mild reaction conditions, both internal and terminal alkynes, as well as reducible functional groups such as halogen, cyano, and ester, are tolerated. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed the dual role of the photosensitizer in initiating the reaction via a single‐electron transfer process and controlling the stereoselectivity via an energy transfer process.

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Bioinspired Molecular Factories with Architecture and In Vivo Functionalities as Cell Mimics
Authors: Einfalt Tomaž , Garni Martina , Witzigmann Dominik , Sieber Sandro , Baltisberger Niklaus , Huwyler Jörg , Meier Wolfgang , Palivan Cornelia G.
Published: January 2020

Despite huge need in the medical domain and significant development efforts, artificial cells to date have limited composition and functionality. Although some artificial cells have proven successful for producing therapeutics or performing in vitro specific reactions, they have not been investigated in vivo to determine whether they preserve their architecture and functionality while avoiding toxicity. Here, these limitations are overcome and customizable cell mimic is achieved—molecular factories (MFs)—by supplementing giant plasma membrane vesicles derived from donor cells with nanometer‐sized artificial organelles (AOs). MFs inherit the donor cell's natural cytoplasm and membrane, while the AOs house reactive components and provide cell‐like architecture and functionality. It is demonstrated that reactions inside AOs take place in a close‐to‐nature environment due to the unprecedented level of complexity in the composition of the MFs. It is further demonstrated that in a zebrafish vertebrate animal model, these cell mimics show no apparent toxicity and retain their integrity and function. The unique advantages of highly varied composition, multicompartmentalized architecture, and preserved functionality in vivo open new biological avenues ranging from the study of biorelevant processes in robust cell‐like environments to the production of specific bioactive compounds.
Significantly Improved Morphology and Efficiency of Nonhalogenated Solvent‐Processed Solar Cells Derived from a Conjugated Donor–Acceptor Block Copolymer
Authors: Park Su Hong , Kim Youngseo , Kwon Na Yeon , Lee Young Woong , Woo Han Young , Chae Weon‐Sik , Park Sungnam , Cho Min Ju , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: January 2020

A highly crystalline conjugated donor (D)–acceptor (A) block copolymer (PBDT2T‐b‐N2200) that has good solubility in nonhalogenated solvents is successfully synthesized. PBDT2T‐b‐N2200 shows a broad complementary absorption behavior owing to a wide‐band gap donor (PBDT2T) present as a D‐block and a narrow‐band gap acceptor (N2200) present as an A‐block. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) with conjugated block copolymer (CBCP) are fabricated using a toluene solution and PSC created with an annealed film showing the highest power conversion efficiency of 6.43%, which is 2.4 times higher than that made with an annealed blend film of PBDT2T and N2200. Compared to the blend film, the PBDT2T‐b‐N2200 film exhibits a highly improved surface and internal morphology, as well as a faster photoluminescence decay lifetime, indicating a more efficient photoinduced electron transfer. In addition, the PBDT2T‐b‐N2200 film shows high crystallinity through an effective self‐assembly of each block during thermal annealing and a predominant face‐on chain orientation favorable to a vertical‐type PSC. Moreover, the CBCP‐based PSCs exhibit an excellent shelf‐life time of over 1020 h owing to their morphological stability. From these results, a D–A block copolymer system is one of the efficient strategies to improve miscibility and morphological stability in all polymer blend systems.
The in‐season nitrogen concentration in the potato tuber as the yield driver
Authors: Grzebisz Witold , Potarzycki Jarosław
Published: January 2020

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber sink strength is determined by the maximum nitrogen concentration (Ncmax) in the tuber within the growing season. This hypothesis was verified based on data from two seasons with contrasting weather conditions, that is, the wet 2007 and the dry 2008. A field experiment, including four levels of nutrients: absolute control (AC), NP, NPK, and NPKMgS, was the basis of the hypothesis evaluation. Vines and tubers were collected periodically at 10–11 d intervals in 10, and nine consecutive samplings, respectively. Tuber yield growth was described by the linear and polynomial functions under favorable and unfavorable growth conditions, respectively. The polynomial functions indicated lower tuber yields (+20 t ha–1 for NPK vs. NP in 2007). The Ncmax of the growing tuber is the key yield driver, defining the tuber sink capacity. As compared to the in‐season variability in Na (N accumulated in vines–source capacity), the Ncmax was a conservative trait, up‐regulating the source activity. The narrowed N/P from 5.9 to 2.1, but from 4.6 to 1.9 and for N/Mg from 26 to 12, but from 22 to 14, respectively in 2007 and 2008, increased the steepness of the Nc during its descending course. The tuber sink capacity can be fulfilled, provided there is a good supply of K during potato bulking. It can be concluded that the higher the Ncmax, the higher the potato requirement for K. Any factor lowering the Ncmax simultaneously decreases the potato requirement for K, subsequently leading to yield losses.
Risk and returns from grazing beef cattle on warm‐season grasses in Tennessee
Authors: Boyer Christopher N. , Zechiel Katelynn , Keyser Patrick D. , Rhinehart Justin , Bates Gary E.
Published: January 2020

Beef cattle production in the southeastern United States is forage‐based, relying primarily on tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus [Schreb.] Dumort; TF). While TF has many desirable characteristics for forage, physiological traits can create forage management challenges for producers during the summer. Managing forage production is necessary for producers to maximize profits and reduce feed costs. A possible way to extend grazing in this region is to use warm‐season grasses (WSGs) during summer to complement tall fescue. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the profitability and risk associated with grazing beef stocker cattle on five WSGs: a combination of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman) and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.; BI), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.; SG), eastern gamagrass, (Tripsacum dactyloides; EG), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.; BG), and crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis; CG). Data comes from a 3‐yr (2014–2016) grazing experiment at two locations in Tennessee. The results show that CG had the lowest expected net returns to grazing due to its high production cost, and a profit‐maximizing and risk averse producer would select grazing SG relative to the other forages. The study extends the literature by comparing the profitability and risk of native WSGs (BI, SG, EG), traditional WSG (BG), and annual WSG (CG). Furthermore, these results will be important in educating southeastern US beef cattle producers on using WSGs.
Impact of tillage practices on soil aggregation and humic substances under double‐cropping paddy field
Authors: Tang Haiming , Xiao Xiaoping , Li Chao , Tang Wenguang , Pan Xiaochen , Cheng Kaikai , Guo Lijun , Wang Ke , Li Weiyan , Sun Geng
Published: January 2020

The effects of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil aggregation, soil fulvic acid (C‐FAF), soil humic acid (C‐HAF), and soil humin (C‐HUM) contents at 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm layers under double‐cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in southern China were explored. The experiment included four tillage treatments: conventional tillage and crop residues incorporation (CT), rotary tillage and crop residues incorporation (RT), no‐tillage and crop residues incorporation (NT), and rotary tillage without crop residues as a control (RTO). The results showed that SOC content under RT and CT treatments were significantly higher than that of RTO treatment. The percentage of soil aggregates of <0.001 mm, 0.005–0.001 mm, and 0.01–0.005 mm at 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm layers under CT treatment were significantly higher than that of RTO treatment. The C‐HUM, C‐FAF, and C‐HAF contents were increased by combined application of tillage with crop residues practices. The results showed that C‐HUM, C‐FAF, and C‐HAF contents under CT and RT treatments were significantly higher than those under the RTO treatment at 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm layers. As a result, it is an appropriate soil practice for increasing SOC content, soil aggregation, and humic substances under double‐cropping rice fields in southern China under conventional tillage and rotary tillage.
Irrigation and tillage effects on soil nitrous oxide emissions in maize monoculture
Authors: Franco‐Luesma Samuel , Cavero José , Plaza‐Bonilla Daniel , Cantero‐Martínez Carlos , Tortosa Germán , Bedmar Eulogio J. , Álvaro‐Fuentes Jorge
Published: January 2020

Irrigation and soil management can impact soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Flood and sprinkler irrigation systems together with conventional tillage are the main practices used in the high yielding maize systems in Mediterranean Spain. The objective of this field work was to quantify the effect of the irrigation system (i.e., flood, F; and sprinkler, S) and the soil tillage system (i.e., conventional tillage, CT; no‐tillage maintaining the maize stover, NTr; and no‐tillage removing the maize stover, NT) on the N2O emissions from the soil during 3 yr (2015, 2016, and 2017). S irrigation, with mean values of 1.35 kg N2O‐N ha−1 yr−1 throughout the 3 yr, obtained 42% lower N2O emissions than F irrigation. On average of the three growing seasons, yield‐scaled N2O emissions by grain yield and by grain N uptake in F irrigation were two‐fold higher than in S irrigation. Moreover, in one out of three growing seasons (2017), no‐tillage systems (i.e., NTr and NT) showed greater yield‐scaled N2O emissions compared with CT. The higher maize grain yield with the S irrigation compared to F irrigation, as well as the lower N2O emissions reported under S irrigation resulted in the reduction of the yield‐scaled N2O emissions. Our findings highlight the role of sprinkler irrigation decreasing N2O emissions in comparison to flood irrigation in Mediterranean agroecosystems.