bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative efficacy of Hanifin and Rajka's criteria and the UK working party's diagnostic criteria in diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in a hospital setting in North India
Authors: De D , Kanwar AJ , Handa S
Published: July 2006

Background  Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) depends on clinical features because no definitive diagnostic test exists. Criteria proposed by Hanifin and Rajka (Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1980; Suppl 92: 44–47) were acceptable for hospital‐based studies but were found not to be suitable for field studies. A UK working party formulated clinical diagnostic criteria that could be used in both hospital and epidemiological settings. Validation studies of the criteria showed widely variable results, probably due to different clinical settings and ethnicity.

Aim and objective  This study was undertaken to validate Hanifin and Rajka's criteria and to assess the comparative efficacy of their criteria and the UK working party's diagnostic criteria in the diagnosis of AD in a hospital setting in North India.

Subjects and methods  This study serially included 101 patients with AD and 48 controls of paediatric age group. The study period was from July 2003 to December 2004.

Results  Hanifin and Rajka's criteria [sensitivity 96%, specificity 93.75%, positive predictive value 97% (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) 91.84%] had a statistical advantage over the UK working party's diagnostic criteria (sensitivity 86%, specificity 95.83%, PPV 97.75% and NPV 76.67%), with a P‐value < 0.005.
Polymerase chain reaction primers for polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Korean sandfish, Arctoscopus japonicus
Authors: PARK JUNG YOUN , LEE SANG‐JUN , LEE HAE WON , LEE YONG GUG , JUNG SO JUNG , KANG YONG JOO
Published: July 2006

We developed 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers from Arctoscopus japonicus by screening an enriched genomic library using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The average of alleles size was 16.2, and the average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.59 and 0.78, respectively. The observed genotypic frequencies in five loci were significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg expectations. The high variability revealed in this study suggested that these microsatellite loci should provide useful markers for population genetics of A. japonicus.
Early Labor Market Experiences of Youth and Subsequent Wages
Authors: Smith Marvin M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. High youth unemployment continues to be a major concern to policymakers in the United States. In view of the many studies that have documented a perpetuation of the relatively high jobless rates for youth in the postwar period whether disaggregated by age, sex, or race, the debate on the youth employment‐unemployment problem has begun to focus more recently on its socioeconomic consequences. One of the overriding concerns is that early labor market unemployment experiences might carry over into later labor force performance. The cumulative effects of prolonged periods of unemployment and intermittent unemployment (i.e., duration and spells of unemployment) on the subsequent wages of a cohort of young men are examined. Spells of unemployment experienced early in the labor market careers of the cohort tended to have an increasing effect on their later wages, while spells occurring later and the duration of unemployment then serve to lower their subsequent wages.
The Community Demand for Police Officers
Authors: Mathis Edward J. , Zech Charles E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The nature and elasticity of the demand function for police officers is a major concern of local officials and police union leaders. Analysis of this demand function takes place within the context of the median voter model. The economics of clubs approach is employed to develop a theoretical model which is concerned with determining the utility maximizing number of police officers for a community. The empirical results indicate that the demand for police officers tends to be elastic relative to maximum base salary, which may be indicative of increased citizen sensitivity to salaries of municipal employees.
Measuring Socioeconomic Effects When Using Income as Quality of Life Indicator
Authors: Lee Maw Lin , Liu Ben‐chieh
Published: July 2006

Abstract. By generalizing Stigler and Becker's idea of maintaining the “capital stock intact,” and incorporating it with other contributions to welfare economic analysis, this paper presents a modified conceptual framework for measuring and adjusting impacts of socioeconomic and environmental factors when income or consumption expenditure is used solely as a quality of life indicator. Such measurements and adjustments are made for differences in public needs and in the process of satisfying these needs. Application of this conceptual framework is illustrated, using statistics on police protection and crime rates.
Development Rights and the Differential Assessment of Agricultural Land: Fractional Valuation of Farmland is Ineffective for Preserving Open Space and Subsidizes Speculation
Authors: Blewett Robert A. , Lane Julia I.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The relative fiscal efficacy of using differential assessment as a means of preserving agricultural land is examined. A simple model of land use and land rent determination is developed and tested. An implication is that differential assessment merely delays or retards, but does not prevent, the conversion of land to developed uses. Differential assessment is viewed as a tax expenditure, or special tax reduction, that in essence leases development rights, Landowners are also shown to be overcompensated for the development rights implicitly acquired by the public sector. The fee simple purchase of development rights or regulatory control over the use of development rights can be employed to preserve farm land at a lower fiscal cost.
Henry George and the Classical Scientific Research Program: The Economics of Republican Millennialism
Authors: Petrella Frank
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George's classicism was evident in his acceptance of “hard core” assumptions inherent in classical economic analysis, notably that rational self‐interested behavior exercise in competitive markets maximized economic welfare. However, George's “stage theory,” the “Law of Human Progress,” led him to reject the classical nexus between social and economic welfare. The emergence of an exchange economy improved efficiency and economic welfare, but institutional changes lagged behind, particularly the redefinition of property rights. Consequently, economic growth based on land as a private rather than public good widened the gap between economic efficiency and social welfare. Hence George's paradox of poverty amidst progress. George resolved the equity efficiency conflict by treating land as a public good. Then, the sale of monopoly rights to land through the “single tax” on land rents captured the difference between the private and social costs of land use.
A Keynesian Defense of the Reagan Deficit
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The argument of Professor R. J. Alexander that the Reagan deficit had little impact upon interest rates is attacked on the basis of a lack of empirical analysis and its reliance upon the non‐market prime rate of interest. Procedures used follow Hoelscher, Barth, Iden, Russek, and others and relate to the expected inflation rate.
The Archaic, the Obsolete and the Mythical in Neoclassical Economics
Authors: Hosseini Hamid
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The assumptions of omniscient rationality and of optimizing behavior of neoclassical economics are serious flaws in that theoretical system. By imitating Newtonian mechanics, by going back to 18th century psychology and philosophy and to Benrtham's rationalism and hedonism, and by assuming the ideal world of perfect competition, neoclassical economics had to ignore its psychological dimension and thus focus on the behavior of a simple and abstract “economic man”, who lacks social, ethical and political dimensions, and who is not a creature of habit, hunches, impulses, etc. The rationality postulate cannot be tested empirically and economic behavior is much too complicated to warrant use of the classical optimization techniques of Newtonian mechanics. Economics, dealing with open systems and being an evolutionary science, once again is not logically consistent with the application of classical Newtonian optimization techniques.
Annual Estimates of California's Poor: 1959 Through 1990
Authors: Mogull Robert G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Smoothed transition estimates of the counts and incidences of poverty from 1959 to 1990 are constructed for various segments of the California resident population. These estimates use the decennial censuses and the Survey of Income and Education as benchmarks lo develop annual linkages. It is presumed that smoothed estimates yield a charting of true time series trends. The segments of the population consist of all residents, whites, blacks, Hispanics, female family beads, and the elderly. The resulting estimates and a description of methodology, assumptions, and limitations are presented.
Wage and Nonwage Discrimination in Professional Basketball: Do Fans Affect It?
Authors: Brown Eleanor , Spiro Richard , Keenan Diane
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Recent research suggests there is substantial wage discrimination against blacks in professional basketball, and that fans are the source of this discrimination. The use of multiple regression analysis does indicate a salary shortfall for black players of fourteen to sixteen percent compared with salaries of white players with comparable on‐court performance. To see whether this shortfall is likely to be due to fan discrimination as the relatively scarce white talent is bid into cities with many white fans, the racial composition of teams is related to the proportion of black residents among the populations of franchise cities. There is statistically significant evidence of geographical sorting by race. Evidence of racial bias is less obvious in contexts where a team's performance would be jeopardized, however. Thus, no evidence is found that fan attendance moves inversely with the percentage of playing time accorded black players, and only weak evidence is found that black players have to be better than white players to enter the National Basketball Association (NBA).
Site Value Taxation in a Declining City
Authors: Kochanowski Paul S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The relationship is analyzed between the economic decline of a central city and the likelihood that a site value tax will be politically acceptable. Public choice and land use models are combined to generate a scenario of land use changes and changes in improvements to land ratios which determine whether a specific property owner will gain or lose from a revenue‐neutral site value tax. A case study is presented which substantiates many of the effects suggested by the model. In general, private and public sector responses to a city's decline result in an atmosphere that is relatively hostile to site value taxation.
Lethal Police Response as a Crime Deterrent:
Authors: Cloninger Dale O.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Since Gary Becker's article on the economics of crime and punishment, economists have explored extensively the possible deterrence effect of standard enforcement variables, not only for their public policy implications but to test the hypothesis that illegitimate behavior is sensitive to measures of risk and reward (loss) as well as social, psychological and cultural forces. Research has been needed on the probability of death to the offender caused by official police action—“lethal response.” To measure the criminal reaction to intercity variations in the rate of civilian killings of police in the line of duty, a cross‐sectional study of 57 cities was undertaken. Variations in non‐homicide violent crime rate were found to be inversely related to variations in the intercity lethal response rate. this suggests the presence of a deterrence effect, a one Sixth of one percent decrease in the rate of non‐homicide violent crime being associated with a one percent increase in the lethal response rate.
Resource Mobilization and Political Opportunity in the Nicaraguan Revolution:
Authors: Cuzán Alfred G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A previous paper in this Journal presented a resource mobilization‐political opportunities paradigm about violent revolution in the Third World. Key propositions put forward in the previous paper find empirical support in a study of the Nicaraguan revolution. In keeping with the paradigm, the Nicaraguan revolution occurred after a period of economic growth during which urbanization, school enrollments, and the size of the middle class increased. Also consistent with the paradigm was the existence of an organization of professional revolutionaries espousing a Marxist‐Leninist ideology which received resources from abroad, especially from Castro's Cuba. The Sandinista National Liberation Front put into practice a number of strategems which the paradigm considers to be promising in a revolution, including staging paralyzing acts of institutional disruption, enlisting the aid of social and economic elites, and deceiving the public and its allies about the true goals of the organization. Also, the FSLN was adept at exploiting political opportunities and realignments which left the Somoza regime weakened and vulnerable.
The Wilderness as a Source of Recreation and Renewal:
Authors: Hendon William C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Data from a National Endowment for the Arts survey done by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1982 and 1985 (n = 2,678) reveal the modern wilderness lover is better educated, more affluent, and more heavily engaged in leisure activities than the less frequent visitor to the wilderness. Today's frequent wilderness user is also more likely to participate in out‐of‐home activities including movies, sports events, museums, and amusement parks, than is the generally less active infrequent visitor. Frequent users are almost exclusively white; with nearly equal participation rates for men and women; they reside in the suburbs and work as professionals. They are better educated and pursue more intellectual leisure‐time interests such as reading, reading poetry, and attending cultural events. Less educated infrequent users were poorer, participated in less challenging pursuits, and were predominantly male. However, the two groups exhibited only minor differences in their preference orderings, suggesting that the groups may move towards similarity if their opportunities change.
Welfare Spending and Poverty: Cutting Back Produces More Poverty, Not Less
Authors: Schram Sanford F.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

The “New Consensus” on welfare expresses the idea that the major problem in social welfare is dependency, not poverty Much of the evidence for this perspective has come from trend line data indicating that over time poverty did not evaporate in the face of increases in social welfare spending Using various measures of the “dependent” poor, the empirical analysis presented suggests that reducing welfare expenditures relative to need does not produce less poverty and dependency
The Neoclassical Model Enriched by the Structure of Control:
Authors: Evensky Jerry
Published: July 2006

Abstract Traditional neoclassical theory treats the economic sphere as if it can be detached from its surrounding social and political environment. It assumes connections between the social/political spheres and the economic sphere are weak, and no change of significance occurs in the social and political environment during the period considered Social and political conditions are treated as “given” and, more often than not, the conditions of this given environment are neither specified nor studied A broader economics is needed

The Virginia School has represented a connection between political control and distributive outcomes with its rent‐seeking analysis The flaw in their argument, that exposes their ideological bent, is their failure to extend the analysis to the distributive impact of control in the social sphere. This piece is an attempt to make that extension, and to demonstrate that a specific historical case, women s experience in World War II, cannot be fully understood without bringing that social dimension into the analysis
Third Party Effects of Groundwater Law in the United States:
Authors: Bruggink Thomas H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Groundwater is an increasingly important component in the nation's total water supply. Although groundwater is one of this nation's most abundant resources, falling water tables and contamination episodes have caused localized water shortages. This has led to news media accounts describing water supply as our nation's next natural resource crisis. The problem with groundwater supply can be attributed in part to the current system of incomplete property rights. This, in combination with the common pool characteristics of underground water and other third party effects, has resulted in technical and allocative inefficiency. Groundwater hydrology, common property, contamination, and other third party effects are examined in seeking the causes of the current water crisis.
Greek Lessons for Property Right Arrangements:
Authors: Ackroyd Peter
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Private property rights are often considered as being incompatible with justice, and similarly with protection for nature. Yet the coercive redefinition of property rights to provide explicitly for nature protection cannot be justified simply on the basis that there is now a social consensus favoring protection for nature. Lessons from the ancient Greeks show that justice follows the recognition of just conduct towards people and that there can be no certain knowledge of what arrangements best provide protection for nature. The use of public power to enforce rights determined through societal consensus is incompatible both with just conduct and the growth in knowledge necessary to protect nature.
Modernization in Mainland China:
Authors: Chen Chen‐Hsun
Published: July 2006

Abstract. After 1949, mainland China, a developing socialist country, adopted an inward‐looking policy with emphasis on self‐reliance and economic independence. However, in their drive for economic reform that began in 1978, mainland China drifted to the new doctrine of “taking self‐reliance as the principal means and external assistance as a subsidiary.” A version of the two‐gap model is constructed to test the hypothesis that both domestic capital accumulation and foreign capital inflows affect economic development in mainland China, the latter being an indicator of modernization. Due to insufficient data, pooled cross‐section and time‐series data for the period 1984–1986 are employed. The quantitative evidence suggests that foreign capital inflows, instead of domestic capital accumulation, have importantly affected the modernization drive of mainland China. The recent political turmoil in mainland China has slowed down foreign capital inflows which in turn may retard its modernization.
Henry George's Contribution to Modern Environmental Policy:
Authors: Backhaus Jürgen , Krabbe J. J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Many natural resources are inefficiently used in advanced western economies. Overuse of common property resources such as air occurs. The assignment of property rights through grandfathering established uses can have disincentive effects as an entry barrier to new industry and allow the continuation of pernicious uses. A Henry George type alternative remedial system of legal and tax treatment is developed. It systematically covers all natural resources and their deteriorations, as well as improvements. This updating will be extremely useful to everyone concerned with ecology. Also the task of industrial siting can be accomplished so as to ensure an efficient use of natural resources. Present problems of dealing with pollution and hazardous waste sites under tort law would be avoided. This part of the two‐part paper covers the application of the theory. The last issue of this Journal presented the basic theoretical considerations.
Towards A Professional Rationalization
Authors: Mossé Ph. R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The French health care delivery system is characterized, on the one hand, by a centralized and socialized decision making process as far as financing is concerned, yet on the other hand, the regulation of activities is highly decentralized and governed mainly by individual physicians on a private basis.

Today, the health care scene seems to be stuck in a process within which each new reform leads to yet another reform, In this movement, the role played by academic health economists is increasing.

The French health care delivery system and its dynamics are described and two major topics which wilt be at stake in the years to come, the remuneration of physicians and the financing of hospitals are considered. The challenge facing health economists who have to consider the system as a system, is examined. The relationships between the political arena and the researcher's ivory tower appears to be is one of the keys for the future of the health care system. It is demonstrated that, in this area too, few barriers have fallen.
Russian Sociology
Authors: Gray David J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Russian sociology, while significant before the 1917 revolution and into the mid‐1920s, was non‐existent for a quarter of a century under Stalin. His death and subsequent political liberalization under Krushchev allowed sociology to re‐emerge under the protective wing of economics. Curtailed by a “period of stagnation” during the Brezhnev reign, greater sociological freedom accompanied the Gorbachev glasnost period including access to Western sources and ideas previously “forbidden.” Totalitarian history and structure has conditioned Russian sociology; made it quite applied and wedded to social reform. Tatiana Zaslavskaia provided leadership for sociological endeavors during former Soviet years, and continues to do so. Her orientation and the reactions of her Novosibirsk State University colleagues to the ideas of various Western social theorists provide some insight into the state of contemporary Russian sociology.
The Structure and Growth of the Credit Union Industry in the United states: Meeting Challenges of the Market
Authors: Kaushik Surendra K. , Lopez Raymond H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Credit Unions in the United States have grown significantly in recent years. This paper identifies and analyzes the unique characteristics of the credit union industry contributing to this growth. The consolidation of smaller institutions and product diversification among larger credit unions in the environment of financial deregulation in recent years has resulted in enhanced services for credit union members. The industry is expected to continue its growth in membership and assets relative to other depository intermediaries.
T.H. Huxley's Critique of Henry George
Authors: Jones Lamar B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In 1890 Thomas Henry Huxley launched an extremely harsh attack against Henry George. The basis for the attack has until now remained unclear. The opening in 1959 of Charles Darwin's research journals, has led derivatively to reconsideration of Huxley's position as an advocate of evolutionary biology and proponent of science and scientists in Britain, and thereby offers new perspective on the roots of the Huxley‐George controversy. The reasons for the conflict are to be found in Huxley's attempt to attract British workers to acceptance of evolutionary science, and to market scientists to employers as defenders of order and progress, who should be supported by the public and the public purse. The challenge George made was to appeal for social reform and fairer treatment for workers through more traditional, non‐science based appeals. Thus, George accepted the concept of natural order and religion as valid. The heart of the science Huxley propounded had a Malthusian beat, but George, perhaps unknowingly, turned the primary argument of evolutionary science—Malthusian dynamics—against Huxley. George was not only a threat to Huxley personally but also to the enormous efforts Huxley had invested in attempting to professionalize science through the vehicle of having British workers accept the cosmic kaleidoscope and concepts of biological man. George, holding the older human self‐image was triumphant in appealing to British workers since his message.
What Can Regulators Regulate
Authors: Mixon Franklin G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract.An examination of urbanwarming trendsin the United States offers a statistical model that points out that theurban areascited most heavily by theEnvironmental Protection Agencyfor violatingozone standardsare not the areas with the greatest warming trends. After accounting for environmental and geometric characteristics of the urban landscape, a negative relationship is found between ozone standard violations (by an urban center) and a measure for the urban area'stemperature.The simultaneous system of equations also suggests that industrial firms located in these centers employ lobbyists (successfully) to minimize the degree of an EPA citation. Much of the evidence adds some support to the theory of economicregulation, the capture theory of regulation, and the rent seeking model in thepublic choiceliterature.
Henry George and Europe
Authors: Silagi Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The kingdom of Hungary still faced an unsolved land question as the 20th century dawned. More than half the land belonged to latifundia, large estates, archaically mismanaged with sweated labor. Unrest among the 6 million rural poor, a third of the population, brought forth embryonic land reform aspirations. The founder of the first farmers’party, Andras Achim, sought their expropriation and parcelling out. Publication of Henry George's writings in Hungarian by the sociologist Robert Braun and especially the activities of the physician and statistician Julius J. Pikler made the Georgist proposals known. In 1917 and 1918, Dr. Pikler's ingenious lobbying succeeded in winning over the city councils of Budapest and eight other Hungarian towns. The leaders of the 1918 republican revolution included land value taxation in their program. But the turmoil of 1919, Horthy's counter‐revolution and torrential currency inflation destroyed the Georgist advance.
Economic Sociology
Authors: Davern Michel E. , Eitzen D.Stanley
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Economic sociology covers the gray area between the disciplines of economics and sociology brings scholars from both disciplines together to communicate over topics of interest. This communication provides debate that stimulates and strengthens social theory, which in turn, allows for better policy recommendations. A major area for concern in the development of economic sociology has been the presence of economic imperialism combined with economic bubris, the effects of which could suffocate economic sociology. These phenomena arc examined along with the trends over the past twenty years in the development of economic sociology and the relative impact that “economic sociologists” from both disciplines are having on their respective fields. Observing these trends will allow for an analysis of the developments in economic sociology and a assessment of where It is going in the future.
Burglar and Fire Alarms
Authors: Hakim Simon , Rengert George F. , Shachmurove Yochanan
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The alarm industry has been estimated at 8‐11 billion dollars in 1993. There are approximately 17 million alarms installed nationwide. The annual growth of installations has been 8 percent over the last five years. At the same time, the number of false activations per system is 1.1 to 1.4 per year, with 20 to 30 percent of police manpower devoted to false activations. 94‐98 percent of all activations are false. Indeed, false activations pose a severe problem for local police departments which respond with stiff fines for false activations and reduced response to alarm activations in general which are not high risk such as jewelry stores, banks or government facilities. This paper identifies the social benefits and costs which result from burglar and fire alarms in a given community. Included benefits are reduced burglary, assault, and rape incidents as well as fewer incidents of fire which are detected early and controlled. Costs include police response to alarms, costs of installation and monthly monitoring fees. The‐results demonstrate that, indeed, burglar and fire alarms provide a net social benefit to the locality. The paper suggests that charges for false alarms should be allocated directly to the police which service them. Such users’ fee method will improve resource allocation, and prevent a situation where alarms become useless.
Telecast Deregulation and Competitive Balance
Authors: Bennett Randall W. , Fizel John L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In 1984 the Supreme Court granted individual schools the right to negotiate football telecasts, a privilege previously held by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of that decision on competitive balance in college football. Although changes in team and league winning percentages varied among conferences, the average effect indicates greater competitive balance in the post‐decision period. These results support the Supreme Court's contention that restrictions on television appearances are not needed to equalize competitive success.
The Optimal Size of a Religious Congregation: An Economic Theory of Clubs Analysis
Authors: Zaleski Peter , Zech Charles
Published: July 2006

Abstract

The economic theory of clubs model is applied to determine the optimal size of a religious congregation. The optimal size is specified to be where total contributions are maximized. This occurs where the marginal benefits of adding a new member (in terms of contributions gained from that new member) equal the marginal costs of that new member (in terms of contributions lost from existing members). Benefits from adding members include enhanced fellowship opportunities and the spreading of fixed costs across a broader base. Costs include the congestion of facilities and a greater tendency to free ride. The model is empirically tested for four denominations. The average Catholic parish is found to be much larger than its optimal size, while the average Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Methodist congregations are all found to be smaller than their optimal size.
Henry George and Nineteenth‐Century Economics
Authors: Perelman Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Despite Henry George's great gifts as an economist and a social critic, he failed to take into account the momentous changes that were underway. As a result, his quaint faith in a combination of land reform and competition was unwarranted.
The Economic Effects (Neutrality) of Taxes on Land
Authors: Bentick Brian L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract A recent review of the economic effects of land taxation by Steven Bourassa created the misleading impression that a tax on land will have pro‐development or non‐neutral effects where there are non pecuniary returns from land or where there are capital market imperfections preventing developers from obtaining all the land that they want for development This note argues that a tax on land value is generally neutral, and that this will be the case whether or not there are non pecuniary returns and capital market imperfections, provided that the existence and extent of the imperfections are independent of the tax
An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Government Tax and Auditing Policies on the Size of the Underground Economy:
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

.

This study empirically examines the impact of federal income tax rates, IRS penalties on unpaid tax liabilities, and audit rates of the Internal Revenue Service on the size of the underground economy in the United States, Recent data generated by Edgar Feige are used to measure the size of the underground economy. Based on ordinary least squares estimates, it is found that the maximum marginal personal income tax rate raises the size of the underground economy. In addition, the size of the underground economy is found to be a decreasing function of both the percentage of tax returns audited and the penalties imposed by the IRS on unpaid taxes.
Female Labor Supply: Adoption and the Labor Force Participation Decision
Authors: Waddoups C. Jeffrey
Published: July 2006

Abstract It is well established that the existence of children in the household reduces female labor force participation. This study seeks to determine if different methods of acquiring children (adoption versus procreation) affect participation decisions. Empirical results indicate that, other things being equal, women with one or more adopted children residing in their household are less likely to participate in the labor force than their nonadoptive counterparts.
Jevons, and Mender Re‐homogenized, Jaffé 20 Years: A Comment on Peart
Authors: Comim F. V.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Response to Sandra J. Peart, “Jevons and Menger Re‐homogenized?: Jaffé After 20 Years,” 1998. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57(July): 307‐325.
In Search of the “Right Stuff”:
Authors: Mencken F. Carson , Winfield Idee
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper explores a topic of much speculation but relatively little empirical investigation: How those in charge of recruiting and hiring new employees assess the advantages and disadvantages of various recruiting techniques. We also examine how organizational characteristics shape hiring managers’perceptions of the primary advantages and disadvantages of recruiting techniques. A sample of hiring managers in a major metropolitan labor market identified the primary advantage of informal recruiting to be the quality of applicants and of formal recruiting to be the volume of applicants. Our analysis also shows that hiring managers in smaller firms and in the private sector more often cite quality as an advantage of informal recruiting, while hiring managers in the public sector more often identify volume of applicants as an advantage of formal recruiting.
An Alternative Tale of Two Tax Jurisdictions: A Comment
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT In a recent issue of this journal, Galles and Sexton (1998) evaluated California's Proposition 13 and Massachusetts' Proposition 2‐1/2. Galles and Sexton (1998, p. 123) conclude that

Both initially succeeded. However, following a brief lag… governments made up lost revenues primarily through increased non‐tax fees and charges; within a decade, real per capita revenues and expenditures exceeded their pre‐revolt peaks.

The present Note offers an alternative view of Propositions 13 and 2‐1/2 which, using data from Galles and Sexton (1998, Tables 1, 2), concludes that these Propositions not only yielded short‐term success for several years in terms of reduced real per capita revenues and expenditures but also may have yielded longer‐term success in terms of reducing the growth rate of real per capita revenues and expenditures. This Note also raises questions about the way in which Galles and Sexton (1998) performed their computations.
Two Views on Social Stability: An Unsettled Question
Authors: Birner Jack , Ege Ragip
Published: July 2006

Abstract Emil Durkheim published The Division of Labour in Society as part of his strategy to create a place for sociology as a science independent from economics. The book describes how social cohesion and cooperation evolve spontaneously in the course of the process of the division of labour. Friedrich Hayek developed a theory of markets and competition which was later extended into a theory of society, in which spontaneous evolution is a central element. The main force behind this process is competition and the evolution of coordination. Both authors address the problem of social stability. Hayek rejects Durkheim's analysis as constructivistic, but his criticism is unjustified. Further analysis reveals many similarities between the two authors theories of societal evolution. A striking point of convergence is that Hayek's theory of markets is a network theory, and that sociological network theory is directly inspired by Durkheim's work. The main differences are Hayek's emphasis on the division of knowledge and on coordination as the fundamental stabilising forces as opposed to Durkheim's stress on the division of labour and cooperation. The network approach, together with an elaboration of Hayek's psychology, offer perspectives for integrating coordination and cooperation into a unified theory of social stability.
An Exploration of the Beckerian Theory of Time Costs
Authors: Ekelund Robert B. , Ritenour Shawn
Published: July 2006

Abstract The passage of time has long been known to have economic effects The most important effect in the arts has heretofore been the so‐called “cost disease” whereby productivity in manufacturing and even service activities outstrips those in cultural pursuits notably the performance arts Naturally, a positive income effect on demand would tend to mitigate this supply effect. This paper posits yet another side to wage and income increases ‐ the Beckerian notion that such increases also raise the opportunity cost of time, potentially adding to the effect of the “cost disease” The implication of this effect are discussed in this paper and a preliminary statistical test for significance is developed and conducted. The results support the economic significance suggested for the suggested for the aggregate demand for symphony concerts
Beyond Twin Deficits
Authors: Pixley J. F.
Published: July 2006

Abstract This paper outlines new developments in the sociology of money. It highlights certain aspects of Post Keynesian monetarism and explores Keynesian concepts of emotions relative to economics and economic sociology. Gunnar Myrdal's work on time and money contributes to the discussion. Underdeveloped areas of discourse in both sociology and economics are identified and the resulting superficiality of references to money are examined. Sociology, for example, has historically neglected concepts of future time and money, while economics has paid little attention to emotions and organizations. Removing these orthodox barriers allows economics to be informed by concepts previously relegated to sociology, such as emotions of trust and confidence. This process may induce the disaffected from both disciplines to draw from each other, creating an alternative, and ultimately more satisfactory understanding of money.
Lack of association between ADAM33 gene and asthma in a Chinese population
Authors: Wang P. , Liu Q. J. , Li J. S. , Li H. C. , Wei C. H. , Guo C. H. , Gong Y. Q.
Published: July 2006

Asthma is a complex polygenic disease with gene–environment interactions being important. It has been previously suggested that ADAM33, which is a member of a gene family that encodes membrane‐anchored proteins with a disintegrin and a metalloprotease domain, is primarily expressed in lung fibroblasts and bronchial smooth muscle cells and has been associated with airway remodelling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. A significant association has previously been demonstrated between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the ADAM33 and asthma in ethnically diverse populations. To assess whether SNPs or haplotypes of ADAM33 are related to asthma in a Chinese Han population, we genotyped three SNPs of ADAM33 (7575G/A in intron 6, 11188A/T in intron 19, and 12433T/C in exon 20) in a case‐control study involving 296 patients with asthma and 270 healthy controls. No significant association was detected between these three SNPs and asthma susceptibility in the Chinese population.
The Role of the Nonhomologous End-Joining DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathway in Telomere Biology
Authors: Riha Karel , Heacock Michelle L. , Shippen Dorothy E.
Published: July 2006

Double-strand breaks are a cataclysmic threat to genome integrity. In higher eukaryotes the predominant recourse is the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) double-strand break repair pathway. NHEJ is a versatile mechanism employing the Ku heterodimer, ligase IV/XRCC4 and a host of other proteins that juxtapose two free DNA ends for ligation. A critical function of telomeres is their ability to distinguish the ends of linear chromosomes from double-strand breaks, and avoid NHEJ. Telomeres accomplish this feat by forming a unique higher order nucleoprotein structure. Paradoxically, key components of NHEJ associate with normal telomeres and are required for proper length regulation and end protection. Here we review the biochemical mechanism of NHEJ in double-strand break repair, and in the response to dysfunctional telomeres. We discuss the ways in which NHEJ proteins contribute to telomere biology, and highlight how the NHEJ machinery and the telomere complex are evolving to maintain genome stability.
Molecular Profiling of Laser-Microdissected Matched Tumor and Normal Breast Tissue Identifies Karyopherin α2 as a Potential Novel Prognostic Marker in Breast Cancer
Authors: Dahl Edgar , Kristiansen Glen , Gottlob Kathrin , Klaman Irina , Ebner Elke , Hinzmann Bernd , Hermann Klaus , Pilarsky Christian , Dürst Matthias , Klinkhammer-Schalke Monika , Blaszyk Hagen , Knuechel Ruth , Hartmann Arndt , Rosenthal André , Wild Peter J.
Published: July 2006

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to identify human genes that might prove useful in the diagnosis and therapy of primary breast cancer.

Experimental Design: Twenty-four matched pairs of invasive ductal breast cancer and corresponding benign breast tissue were investigated by a combination of laser microdissection and gene expression profiling. Differential expression of candidate genes was validated by dot blot analysis of cDNA in 50 pairs of matching benign and malignant breast tissue. Cellular expression of candidate genes was further validated by RNA in situ hybridization, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray analysis of 272 nonselected breast cancers. Multivariate analysis of factors on overall survival and recurrence-free survival was done.

Results: Fifty-four genes were found to be up-regulated and 78 genes were found to be down-regulated. Dot blot analysis reduced the number of up-regulated genes to 15 candidate genes that showed at least a 2-fold overexpression in >15 of 50 (30%) tumor/normal pairs. We selected phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 domain containing 1A (PPAPDC1A) and karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) for further validation. PPAPDC1A and KPNA2 RNA was up-regulated (fold change >2) in 84% and 32% of analyzed tumor/normal pairs, respectively. Nuclear protein expression of KPNA2 was significantly associated with shorter overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Testing various multivariate Cox regression models, KPNA2 expression remained a highly significant, independent and adverse risk factor for overall survival.

Conclusions: Gene expression profiling of laser-microdissected breast cancer tissue revealed novel genes that may represent potential molecular targets for breast cancer therapy and prediction of outcome.
Functional analysis and molecular modeling show a preserved wild-type activity of p53C238Y
Authors: Ferrone Marco , Perrone Federica , Tamborini Elena , Paneni Maria Silvia , Fermeglia Maurizio , Suardi Simona , Pastore Elisa , Delia Domenico , Pierotti Marco A. , Pricl Sabrina , Pilotti Silvana
Published: July 2006

In human tumors, p53 is often disabled by mutations in its DNA-binding domain and is thus inactive as a transcription factor. Alternatively, MDM2 gene amplification or up-regulation represents a mechanism of p53 wild-type inactivation, mainly reported in soft tissue sarcomas. In a previous TP53 analysis carried out on sporadic and NF1-related malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, in two cases, we observed the occurrence of C238Y missense mutation, leading to p53 stabilization unexpectedly coupled with immunophenotypic MDM2 overexpression. To investigate this TP53 missense mutation not yet functionally characterized in mammalian cell, we did MDM2 Southern blot and p53C238Y/MDM2 biochemical and functional analyses followed by molecular modeling. The results showed a lack of MDM2 gene amplification, evidence of p53-MDM2 protein complexes, and presence of a p53 that retains the ability to become phosphorylated on Ser15 and to induce the transcription of p21waf1. Additional molecular modeling data highlighted the structural similarities between p53C238Y and wild-type p53, further supporting that the p53C238Y mutant still retains functional wild-type p53 properties. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1467–73]
A two-tiered physiologically based model for dually labeled single-chain Fv-Fc antibody fragments
Authors: Ferl Gregory Z. , Kenanova Vania , Wu Anna M. , DiStefano Joseph J.
Published: July 2006

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are being used at an increasing rate in the treatment of cancer, with current efforts focused on developing engineered antibodies that exhibit optimal biodistribution profiles for imaging and/or radioimmunotherapy. We recently developed the single-chain Fv-Fc (scFv-Fc) mAb, which consists of a single-chain antibody Fv fragment (light-chain and heavy-chain variable domains) coupled to the IgG1 Fc region. Point mutations that attenuate binding affinity to FcRn were introduced into the Fc region of the wild-type scFv-Fc mAb, resulting in several new antibodies, each with a different half-life. Here, we describe the construction of a two-tiered physiologically based pharmacokinetic model capable of simulating the apparent biodistribution of both 111In- and 125I-labeled scFv-Fc mAbs, where 111In-labeled metabolites from degraded 111In-labeled mAbs tend to become trapped within the lysosomal compartment, whereas free 125I from degraded 125I-labeled mAbs is quickly eliminated via the urinary pathway. The different concentration-time profiles of 111In- and 125I-labeled mAbs permits estimation of the degradation capacity of each organ and elucidates the dependence of cumulative degradation in liver, muscle, and skin on FcRn affinity and tumor mass. Liver is estimated to account for ∼50% of all degraded mAb when tumor is small (∼0.1 g) and drops to about 35% when tumor mass is larger (∼0.3 g). mAb degradation in residual carcass (primarily skin and muscle) decreases from ∼45% to 16% as FcRn affinity of the three mAb variants under consideration increases. In addition, elimination of a small amount of mAb in the kidneys is shown to be required for a successful fit of model to data. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1550–8]
Genotoxic-activated G2-M checkpoint exit is dependent on CDC25B phosphatase expression
Authors: Bugler Béatrix , Quaranta Muriel , Aressy Bernadette , Brezak Marie-Christine , Prevost Grégoire , Ducommun Bernard
Published: July 2006

Cell cycle arrest at the G2-M checkpoint is an essential feature of the mechanisms that preserve genomic integrity. CDC25 phosphatases control cell cycle progression by dephosphorylating and activating cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin complexes. Their activities are, therefore, tightly regulated to modulate cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage exposure. Here, we report that overexpression of CDC25B affects viability, reduces clonogenic efficiency, and increases sensitivity of cancer cells to a genotoxic agent. We show that ectopic expression of CDC25B results in bypass of a genotoxic-induced G2-M checkpoint. In addition, cancer cells constitutively expressing high level of CDC25B are shown to be prone to exit prematurely from the G2-M checkpoint arrest and to enter mitosis. Finally, we show that this exit is dependent on CDC25B expression. Together with previous results, our data strongly support a model in which CDC25B is the key phosphatase that controls entry into mitosis after DNA damage, thus emphasizing the relevance of its overexpression in many human tumors. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1446–51]