bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Images and Immigration: China and Canada
Authors: Roy Patricia E.
Published: August 2013

Long before most Canadians ever saw a Chinese person, they heard from travellers, traders, diplomats, and missionaries of a country suffering from uprisings and wars, corruption and vice, intellectual stagnancy, and huge overpopulation. Such images influenced Canada’s immigration policy toward Chinese that began with the imposition of a head tax in 1886 and became an exclusionary policy in 1923. The perceived inability of weak and divided Chinese governments to regulate emigration thwarted Canadian efforts to devise less humiliating methods of restricting immigration. Sympathy for China in its war against Japan after July 1937 boosted China’s image in Canada. That, along with greater concern in Canada for human rights, contributed to the beginning of an easing of restrictions on Chinese immigration in 1947. For humanitarian reasons, after the formation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Canada admitted a handful of refugees. An estimated 11,000 Chinese entered Canada illegally during the first decade of the PRC. By the 1960s, China was a world power and a significant market for Canadian products. Thus, when Canada reformed its immigration policies it judged potential Chinese immigrants, along with others, more on their skills than on their country of origin.
Keeping up Appearances
Authors: McDonnell Mary-Hunter , King Brayden
Published: August 2013

This paper explores the extent to which firms targeted by consumer boycotts strategically react to defend their public image by using prosocial claims: expressions of the organization’s commitment to socially acceptable norms, beliefs, and activities. We argue that prosocial claims operate as an impression management tactic meant to protect targeted firms by diluting the negative media attention attracted by the boycott. We test our hypotheses using a sample of 221 boycotts announced between 1990 and 2005. Results suggest that boycotted firms do significantly increase their prosocial claims activity after a boycott is announced. Firms are likely to react with a larger increase in prosocial claims when the boycott is more threatening (it receives more media attention), when the firm has a higher reputation, or when the firm engaged in more prosocial claims before the boycott. We demonstrate that firms fall back on their established impression management strategies when they face a reputational threat and will increase these previously perfected performances as the threat increases. In this way, the severity of a threat positively moderates the relationship between a firm’s prior performance repertoire and future performance repertoire, a mechanism we refer to as “threat amplification.” When an organization with high reputational standing has bolstered its position by using prosocial claims in its past performance repertoire, however, it will perceive itself to be shielded from movement attacks, decreasing the likelihood of any defensive response, a mechanism we call “buffering.” Our findings contribute to impression management by exploring the use of impression management in response to a movement attack and highlighting the important role that a firm’s pre-threat positioning plays in its response to an image threat.
The Effects of Prism Adaptation on Egocentric Metric Distance Estimation
Authors: Colombo Allyson R. , Jones Keith S.
Published: August 2013

Objective:

The present experiment evaluated whether training involving throwing transferred to metric distance estimation (i.e., describing in feet and inches the distance between oneself and targets).

Background:

In prior work, we found that metric estimation training negatively transferred to throwing. We explained our results in terms of cognitive intrusion. The present study tested that possibility by swapping our training and transfer tasks.

Method:

During pretesting, participants verbally estimated the metric distances between themselves and targets, or they threw a beanbag to targets. During training, participants donned goggles that distorted their vision. While wearing the goggles, they threw a beanbag to targets. Half received feedback. During posttesting, participants removed the distorting goggles and completed the same task that they performed during pretesting.

Results:

The results indicated that the distorting goggles degraded throwing at the beginning of training, visual feedback improved throwing during training, the effects of training with feedback persisted into the throwing posttest, and the effects of training with feedback did not transfer to the verbal metric estimation posttest.

Conclusion:

Training involving throwing was effective, but did not transfer to verbal metric distance estimation. This supports our argument that the negative transfer observed in our previous study stemmed from cognitive intrusion.

Application:

The present experiment suggests that the creation of distance estimation training should begin with a careful analysis of the transfer task, and that distance estimation training programs should explicitly teach trainees that their training will not generalize to all distance estimation tasks.
Evaluation of a Configural Vital Signs Display for Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Authors: Drews Frank A. , Doig Alexa
Published: August 2013

Objective:

The objective was to evaluate a configural vital signs (CVS) display designed to support rapid detection and identification of physiological deterioration by graphically presenting patient vital signs data.

Background:

Current display technology in the intensive care unit (ICU) is not optimized for fast recognition and identification of physiological changes in patients. To support nurses more effectively, graphical or configural vital signs displays need to be developed and evaluated.

Method:

A CVS display was developed based on findings from studies of the cognitive work of ICU nurses during patient monitoring. A total of 42 ICU nurses interpreted data presented either in a traditional, numerical format ( n = 21) or on the CVS display ( n = 21). Response time and accuracy in clinical data interpretation (i.e., identification of patient status) were assessed across four scenarios.

Results:

Data interpretation speed and accuracy improved significantly in the CVS display condition; for example, in one scenario nurses required only half of the time for data interpretation and showed up to 1.9 times higher accuracy in identifying the patient state compared to the numerical display condition.

Conclusion:

Providing patient information in a configural display with readily visible trends and data variability can improve the speed and accuracy of data interpretation by ICU nurses.

Application:

Although many studies, including this one, support the use of configural displays, the vast majority of ICU monitoring displays still present clinical data in numerical format. The introduction of configural displays in clinical monitoring has potential to improve patient safety.
Perceptual Grouping Effects on Cursor Movement Expectations
Authors: Dorneich Michael C. , Hamblin Christopher J. , Lancaster Jeff A. , Olofinboba Olu
Published: August 2013

Objective:

Two studies were conducted to develop an understanding of factors that drive user expectations when navigating between discrete elements on a display via a limited degree-of-freedom cursor control device.

Background:

For the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle spacecraft, a free-floating cursor with a graphical user interface (GUI) would require an unachievable level of accuracy due to expected acceleration and vibration conditions during dynamic phases of flight. Therefore, Orion program proposed using a “caged” cursor to “jump” from one controllable element (node) on the GUI to another. However, nodes are not likely to be arranged on a rectilinear grid, and so movements between nodes are not obvious.

Method:

Proximity between nodes, direction of nodes relative to each other, and context features may all contribute to user cursor movement expectations. In an initial study, we examined user expectations based on the nodes themselves. In a second study, we examined the effect of context features on user expectations.

Results:

The studies established that perceptual grouping effects influence expectations to varying degrees. Based on these results, a simple rule set was developed to support users in building a straightforward mental model that closely matches their natural expectations for cursor movement.

Conclusion:

The results will help designers of display formats take advantage of the natural context-driven cursor movement expectations of users to reduce navigation errors, increase usability, and decrease access time.

Application:

The rules set and guidelines tie theory to practice and can be applied in environments where vibration or acceleration are significant, including spacecraft, aircraft, and automobiles.
Revisiting the Great Game in Asia: Rudyard Kipling and popular history
Authors: Hamm Geoffrey
Published: August 2013

The history of the Great Game in Asia, the contest between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for control of Central Asia, is dominated by popular writers attempting to uncover the “true” story of Rudyard Kipling’s Kim, the story of the an orphaned Anglo-Irish son of a British soldier growing up in the streets and bazaars of British India. These books, often lacking any sense of historical context or a broader political narrative, tend to forego judicious historical analysis in favour of salacious adventure stories.
At the limit of acceptable risk: The Canadian Operational Mentor and Liaison Team, 2006–2011
Authors: Burtch Andrew
Published: August 2013

Canada’s first fighting season in Kandahar was traumatic. More than 40 soldiers were killed and several hundred injured. The unexpected strength of the insurgents’ offensive was, in the Canadian experience, made worse by the extremely disappointing performance of the Afghan National Army and Afghan National Police. Improving the capabilities of the Afghan National Security Forces soon became an urgent concern and possible exit strategy. Part of Canada’s answer was the Operational Mentor and Liaison Team (OMLT), which consisted of small groups of soldiers working side by side with Afghan forces to build their capability. This paper, based on interviews with former OMLT mentors, examines the origins and expansion of the Canadian OMLT, and offers an initial assessment of its impact.
Explaining Canada’s practices of burden-sharing in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) through its norm of “external responsibility”
Authors: Zyla Benjamin
Published: August 2013

While Canadian burden-sharing practices within NATO in the 1990s are well documented, the data in the literature raise two central questions: (1) was the practice of Canadian burden-sharing a one-time event, or was it part of a larger pattern of practices? and (2) what factors motivated Canada to shoulder the burden to the extent that it did? This article studies the extent of Canada’s burden-sharing practices in the context of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan. The article makes two arguments: first, Canada’s commitment to NATO continued to be strong post-9/11; second, Canada’s practices of sharing Atlantic burdens can be explained by its adherence to the norm of “external responsibility,” which guided its foreign policy by appealing to Canada’s humanitarian responsibilities to contribute at an extraordinary level to the promotion and maintenance of international peace and security.
Canada, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan
Authors: Fitzsimmons Dan
Published: August 2013

This article analyzes the Government of Canada’s decision to lobby the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to lead the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan in 2003. Although studies have been conducted on Canada's choice to deploy to Kandahar province, the decision to lobby NATO, and the diplomatic efforts that resulted, have been given little attention. In addition, Ottawa’s decision to propose joint leadership of the mission with Germany in 2003 warrants further study. This article considers three key motivations evident in the Canadian government’s thinking—first, its view of deployment to Afghanistan as an alternative to deployment to Iraq; second, its interest in developing relations with Germany; and finally, its more general motivation to return to the conflict.
Bentham’s Sanction Typology and Restrictive Deterrence
Authors: Jacques Scott , Allen Andrea
Published: August 2013

Restrictive deterrence is the process whereby offenders limit the frequency, magnitude, or seriousness of their offenses to avoid pain. Prior research on drug dealing and restrictive deterrence largely focuses on the effect of formal control, or political sanction. Bentham, however, suggests there are four other types of sanction that may deter offenses: moral, sympathetic, religious, and physical. This paper explores whether and how each sanction type restricts drug sales among a sample of 29 young, suburban, middle-class drug sellers. We conclude by discussing the usefulness of studying interconnections between the sanctions and by outlining the reasons to choose Bentham’s sanction typology in future work.
Impulsive frotteurism: A case report
Authors: Patra Ambika Prasad , Bharadwaj Balaji , Shaha Kusa Kumar , Das Siddhartha , Rayamane Anand P , Tripathi Chandra Sekhara
Published: August 2013

Frotteurism is a perverted sexual behaviour wherein the person tends to rub or bring about physical contact between his genitals and an unrelated female or male to derive sexual pleasure. Moreover, frotteurism is a common phenomenon among the general population which usually goes unnoticed or overlooked. Nevertheless, public frottage has legal implications in almost all countries over the world. But, when frotteurism manifests on the backdrop of psychiatric illness or as a developmental abnormality then it is worth discussing what the legal liability would be. The present case report is based on hypersexual frotteuristic behaviour manifested on the background of a concealed psychiatric illness, featuring depression and obsessive compulsive disease. The hypersexual behaviour manifested in the form of masturbation with features of frotteurism and subsequent development of depression. Nevertheless, compulsive manifestation of frotteuristic behaviour and subsequent development of morbid depression is rare. This paper describes a 12-year-old boy having unrestrained impulsive frotteurism with his peers, school mates and with his younger brother. He was conscious of the fact and feeling guilty of what he was doing but unable to restrain himself. It was followed by the development of symptoms of depression which was treated with Sertraline. Concurrent psychiatric counseling and rehabilitation measures were taken too. There was complete remission of the symptoms 6 months after the onset of treatment and without relapse thereafter. The paper discusses the differential diagnosis and management of hypersexual behaviour.
Key Issues in Local Job Accessibility Measurement: Different Models Mean Different Results
Authors: Bunel Mathieu , Tovar Elisabeth
Published: August 2013

This methodological paper shows that using different local job accessibility models (LJAs) leads to significantly different empirical appreciations of job accessibility. Matching several exhaustive micro data sources on the Paris region municipalities, the paper benchmarks a representative set of LJA measurement models used in the recent literature and an original model where job availability is fully estimated according to a set of individual characteristics, job competition is fully modelled on the local labour market and frontier effects are controlled for. We show that the model-induced empirical differences are spatially differentiated across the Paris region municipalities, and that failing to fully estimate job availability may lead to overestimation of the job accessibility levels of underprivileged municipalities.
Comparing Group Dehumanization and Intra-Sexual Competition Among Normally Ovulating Women and Hormonal Contraceptive Users
Authors: Piccoli Valentina , Foroni Francesco , Carnaghi Andrea
Published: August 2013

Two studies address the role of hormonal shift across menstrual cycle in female dehumanization of other women. In Study 1, normally ovulating women (NOW) and women who use hormonal contraceptives (HCW) are compared in terms of how much they dehumanize other women and two other control targets (men and elderly people). In NOW, the level of dehumanization of other women, but not of men and elderly people, increases as the conception risk is enhanced. HCW do not show this pattern of results. In Study 2, we investigate the level of dehumanization of other women and of intra-sexual competition. Findings concerning dehumanization replicate those of Study 1. Intra-sexual competition increases with the rise of conception risk only in NOW. In addition, dehumanization is significantly associated with intra-sexual competition in NOW but not in HCW. Together, these studies demonstrate that dehumanization of women is elicited by menstrual cycle–related processes and associated with women’s mate-attraction goals.
Back to the Future
Authors: Cheung Wing-Yee , Wildschut Tim , Sedikides Constantine , Hepper Erica G. , Arndt Jamie , Vingerhoets Ad J. J. M.
Published: August 2013

This research examined the proposition that nostalgia is not simply a past-oriented emotion, but its scope extends into the future, and, in particular, a positive future. We adopted a convergent validation approach, using multiple methods to assess the relation between nostalgia and optimism. Study 1 tested whether nostalgic narratives entail traces of optimism; indeed, nostalgic (compared with ordinary) narratives contained more expressions of optimism. Study 2 manipulated nostalgia through the recollection of nostalgic (vs. ordinary) events, and showed that nostalgia boosts optimism. Study 3 demonstrated that the effect of nostalgia (induced with nomothetically relevant songs) on optimism is mediated by self-esteem. Finally, Study 4 established that nostalgia (induced with idiographically relevant lyrics) fosters social connectedness, which subsequently increases self-esteem, which then boosts optimism. The nostalgic experience is inherently optimistic and paints a subjectively rosier future.
Comparison of Laser Ablation Using Multidirectional and Forward‐Firing Fiber in Human Thyroid Gland: Experimental Study
Authors: Park Ho Yong , Choi Hyang Hee , Lee Jung Ju , Hwang Seung Ook , Jung Jin Hyang , Sohn Ik‐Bu , Lee Ho , Kim Wan Wook
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences between forward‐firing and multidirectional lasers and to evaluate the effects of exposure times and power on laser ablation of thyroid tissue. This is an experimental, ex vivo study. The experiments were conducted on 3 thyroid glands using 2 power levels (3 and 5 W) and exposure times (3 and 5 minutes) with forward‐firing and multidirectional lasers. The length and width of the demarcated zone were measured to assess the size of thermal effect. NADPH staining was performed to determine tissue viability. Thermal transformation caused by the forward‐firing laser produced oval necrotic zones, whereas thermal transformation caused by the multidirectional‐firing laser produced clear round necrotic zones, which clearly demarcated in both hematoxylin and eosin staining and NADH staining.
Posterior root of lateral meniscus: the detailed anatomic description on 3T MRI
Authors: You M-W , Park JS , Park SY , Jin W , Ryu KN
Published: August 2013

Background

Although there have been some attempts to reveal the anatomy of the posterior root of the lateral meniscus (PRLM) through cadaver studies, arthroscopy, or imaging, it has not yet been described fully.

Purpose

To describe clearly the unique features of the PRLM, including its course, configuration, and size, using 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Material and Methods

A total of 105 knee 3.0-T MR examinations of 103 patients with arthroscopically proven intact PRLM were reviewed retrospectively. Based on fat-saturated, proton-density-weighted (PDW) axial/coronal images and PDW sagittal images, the course, configuration, and attachment sites of the PRLM were evaluated.

Results

The majority of PRLM (76.2%) had two attachment sites: the medial tubercle along the intertubercular crest, just posteromedial to the tibial attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the posterior slope of the lateral tubercle. The remaining cases (23.8%) had a solitary insertion on the intertubercular area (17 cases), or the posterior slope of the lateral tubercle (eight cases). The PRLM of the intertubercular area appeared as a dark signal line parallel to the tibial plateau on the mid-sagittal image and dark signal foci traversing the intertubercular crest on contiguous coronal images.

Conclusion

The PRLM inserts mainly in the intertubercular area with a thin, long anterior extension to the point just posteromedial to the tibial attachment of the ACL. It is well delineated on PDW 3.0-T MRI as a dark signal line parallel to the tibial plateau on mid-sagittal images and dark signal foci traversing the intertubercular crest on contiguous coronal images.
From Violence to Hope
Authors: Enosh Guy , Buchbinder Eli , Shafir Orly
Published: August 2013

The treatment of incarcerated batterers has not been as thoroughly studied as that of men who take part in community treatment programs. The current study describes and analyzes the “practice wisdom” of professionals in a special unit that focuses on treating batterers in an Israeli prison. The analysis is based on in-depth semistructured interviews aimed at facilitating a self-reflective process among the participating social workers. In understanding the construction of tacit knowledge by the social workers, we observe four major dialectical themes in their construction of their practice knowledge: (a) the dialectics of behavior modification and psychodynamic change, (b) the paradoxical use of authority in the service of treatment, (c) the multiple meanings of gender, and (d) the question of change—what really makes the difference? While such opposites might never be fully reconciled, the tension and changes can contribute to construction of professional knowledge.
Autograft Versus Nonirradiated Allograft Tissue for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Mariscalco Michael W. , Magnussen Robert A. , Mehta Divyesh , Hewett Timothy E. , Flanigan David C. , Kaeding Christopher C.
Published: August 2013

Background:

An autograft has traditionally been the gold standard for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), but the use of allograft tissue has increased in recent years. While numerous studies have demonstrated that irradiated allografts are associated with increased failure rates, some report excellent results after ACLR with nonirradiated allografts. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine whether the use of nonirradiated allograft tissue is associated with poorer outcomes when compared with autografts.

Hypothesis:

Patients undergoing ACLR with autografts versus nonirradiated allografts will demonstrate no significant differences in graft failure risk, laxity on postoperative physical examination, or differences in patient-oriented outcome scores.

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed to identify prospective or retrospective comparative studies (evidence level 1, 2, or 3) of autografts versus nonirradiated allografts for ACLR. Outcome data included graft failure based on clinical findings and instrumented laxity, postoperative laxity on physical examination, and patient-reported outcome scores. Studies were excluded if they did not specify whether the allograft had been irradiated. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed by 2 examiners.

Results:

Nine studies comparing autografts and nonirradiated allografts were included. Six of the 9 studies compared bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autografts with BPTB allografts. Two studies compared hamstring tendon autografts to hamstring tendon allografts, and 1 study compared hamstring tendon autografts to tibialis anterior allografts. The mean patient age in 7 of 9 studies ranged from 24.5 to 32 years, with 1 study including only patients older than 40 years and another not reporting patient age. The mean follow-up duration was 24 to 94 months. Six of 9 studies reported clinical graft failure rates, 8 of 9 reported postoperative instrumented laxity measurements, 7 of 9 reported postoperative physical examination findings, and all studies reported patient-reported outcome scores. This review demonstrated no statistically significant difference between autografts and nonirradiated allografts in any outcome measure.

Conclusion:

No significant differences were found in graft failure rate, postoperative laxity, or patient-reported outcome scores when comparing ACLR with autografts to nonirradiated allografts in this systematic review. These findings apply to patients in their late 20s and early 30s. Caution is advised when considering extrapolation of these findings to younger, more active cohorts.
Who Bought the Drinks? Juror Perceptions of Intoxication in a Rape Trial
Authors: Lynch Kellie Rose , Wasarhaley Nesa E. , Golding Jonathan M. , Simcic Theresa
Published: August 2013

In this study, the perceptions of victim intoxication and the drinking context (i.e., who purchased the drinks) were investigated. Men and women mock jurors ( N = 158) read a rape trial summary in which the victim was intoxicated or sober, and either the victim or the perpetrator purchased the drinks. Overall, participants who perceived a victim as intoxicated were less likely to render guilty verdicts and made lower ratings of victim credibility. In addition, when the perpetrator purchased the drinks, participants were more likely to render guilty verdicts and made more negative judgments about the defendant than when the victim bought the drinks. Mediation analyses explained the relationship between the independent variables and verdict. The results are discussed in terms of the factors that influence juror perceptions of rape cases in court.
Novel and feasible method for synthesis of monodispersed hollow silicon dioxide submicrospheres
Authors: Kuo Yu-Cheng , Wang Shi-Sheng , Chang Kuei-Chian , Chen Hui
Published: August 2013

This study presents a simple approach to the preparation of hollow silica spheres via template-sacrificial techniques. The hard poly(styrene) (PS) template was prepared by soap-free emulsion polymerization in the boiling state for a specified period, followed by introduction of silane into the reaction system to generate the core–shell PS/silicon dioxide (SiO2) spheres without the use of structure-directing agents or surface modification. The SiO2 shell was constructed by co-hydrolysis/condensation of mixed silane containing various weight ratios of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and triethoxymethylsilane. The degree of compatibility between PS and SiO2 was shown to be affected by the composition of the silane mixture, and increasing the proportion of TEOS in the silane mix enhanced the mechanical robustness of the SiO2 shell. Based on the residual weight percentage from thermogravimetric analysis, the portion of SiO2 in the PS/SiO2 spheres prepared using various compositions of silane was about 10 wt%. Furthermore, hollow SiO2 spheres were obtained by calcination of the PS/SiO2 spheres prepared using an appropriate formulation of silane at 400°C. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the size of the hollow spheres was about 200 nm, and the spheres displayed a high degree of monodispersity. Observation of certain cavities on the surface of the spheres also demonstrated the hollow structure of the SiO2 spheres.
Suppressing water hammer of ship steering systems with hydraulic accumulator
Authors: Qiu Yankai , Li Baoren , Fu Xiaoyun , Yang Gang , Hu Junhua
Published: August 2013

This article is a contribution to the design of the hydraulic steering system with an accumulator of different parameters on suppressing water hammer. The accurate model taking account of the characteristics of the entrance of the hydraulic accumulator, which have great influence on the frequency characteristics of the accumulator is developed. In addition, this article proposes a more comprehensive distributed parameter model of the hydraulic steering system with an accumulator installed before the proportional directional valve, which takes into account both the relief valve and the pipeline between the hydraulic accumulator and the proportional directional valve. The dynamic characteristics of the hydraulic steering system were analyzed both in the frequency and time domain. The numerical simulation of water hammer which used a holistic unsteady-friction model has been performed by the method of characteristics and finite difference method with spatial interpolation using Fortran language. The law that the natural frequency of the accumulator which is equal or approximate to the frequency of water hammer in pipeline has good effect on suppressing water hammer is validated by analytical and numerical simulations as well as experimental results, for the design of the nominal volume and charged pressure of the hydraulic accumulator in the hydraulic steering system.
Are teachers at higher risk of HIV infection than the general population in Burkina Faso?
Authors: Kirakoya-Samadoulougou Fati , Nagot Nicolas , Yaro Seydou , Fao Paulin , Defer Marie-Christine , Ilboudo François , Langani Youssouf , Meda Nicolas , Robert Annie
Published: August 2013

In order to assess the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among teachers in Burkina Faso, we carried out a national survey in 336 primary and secondary schools from urban and rural areas. Among 2088 teachers who agreed to participate, 1498 (71.7%) provided urine for HIV testing. The crude prevalence of HIV among teachers was 2.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0–3.6), with no difference between teachers from primary schools (2.9%, 95%CI: 2.1–4.0) and those from secondary schools (2.5%, 95%CI: 0.5–4.5). Age- and area-standardized HIV prevalence was 1.0% (95%CI: 0.4–1.2) in male teachers, 2.5 times lower than among men in the general population (as assessed from a concomitant Demographic Health Survey), and it was 3.5% (95%CI: 2.5–5.2) in female teachers, 1.7 times higher than in Demographic Health Survey women.

This finding calls for the implementation of specific HIV prevention programmes in the education sector targeting women more specifically.
Trust, talk and the dictaphone: Tracing the discursive accomplishment of trust in a surgical consultation
Authors: O’Grady Catherine , Dahm Maria R , Roger Peter , Yates Lynda
Published: August 2013

Using discourse analytical methods, this article examines the interactional accomplishment of trust. Focusing on a case study drawn from a corpus of 28 surgical consultations collected in a gastro-intestinal clinic, it traces the trust-building process in a specific, communicatively challenging encounter where the patient is seeking a second opinion following an operation that she deems unsuccessful. Discourse analytical findings make visible the doctor’s strategic interactional work to build interpersonal trust with the patient and to regain her trust in the surgical profession. This work extends beyond interaction with the patient to include dictation of a letter to the referring doctor in the patient’s presence. Close analysis of the encounter reveals how this co-constructed consultation letter is deployed to strengthen the fragile patient–doctor trust engendered thus far. The article therefore provides insights into the discursive processes of trust building that could potentially be of considerable practical relevance to the medical profession.
Chemopreventive effects of aloin against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of Wistar rats
Authors: Hamiza OO , Rehman MU , Khan R , Tahir M , Khan AQ , Lateef A , Sultana S
Published: August 2013

Chemoprevention opens new window in the prevention of all types of cancers including colon cancer. Aloin, an anthracycline in plant pigment, can be utilized as a protective agent in cancer induction. In the present study, we have evaluated the chemopreventive efficacy of aloin against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of Wistar rats. DMH-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depleted foci (MDF) have been used as biomarkers of colon cancer. Efficacy of aloin against the colon toxicity was evaluated in terms of biochemical estimation of antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, ACF, MDF, histopathological changes, and expression levels of molecular markers of inflammation and tumor promotion. Aloin pretreatment ameliorates the damaging effects induced by DMH through a protective mechanism that involved reduction in increased oxidative stress enzymes ( p < 0.001), ACF, MDF, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-6, proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression, and tumor necrosis factor-α ( p < 0.001) release. From the results, it could be concluded that aloin clearly protects against chemically induced colon toxicity and acts reasonably by inducing antioxidant level, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative markers.
In vivo ozone exposure does not increase DNA single-strand breaks in human peripheral lymphocytes
Authors: Finkenwirth C , Roßbach B , Schröder HC , Muttray A
Published: August 2013

In this randomized parallel study, we examined whether an acute ozone (O3) exposure leads to increased DNA strand breaks in human lymphocytes. The groups were exposed to 0.21 ppm O3 or filtered air for two hours. 30min and 4.5 h after exposure, DNA damage was determined in isolated lymphocytes using the Fast Micromethod. There was no detectable effect after O3 exposure. We conclude that an acute O3 exposure at the tested concentration does not lead to persistent DNA damage.
Voices across the fence: commonality, difference and respectful practice across a half century of change
Authors: Hunter Ernest , Milroy Helen
Published: August 2013

Objective:

To describe changes that have occurred in the field of indigenous mental health over the last 50 years.

Conclusions:

The last half-century has seen major advances in psychiatry and in the roles and capacities of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. Over the same period, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australia has been transformed by social and political forces that have brought both benefits and disappointments to Indigenous Australians. Indigenous mental health has evolved from a marginal interest in an ‘exotic’ area to a recognised field with its own issues, competencies and training needs. In this paper, two College Fellows consider these decades of change, presenting their reflections through voices that reflect different vantages despite a common destination.
Revisiting Perceptions of Quality of Hospice Care
Authors: Churchman Richard , York Grady S. , Woodard Beth , Wainright Charles , Rau-Foster Mary
Published: August 2013

Hospice services provided in the final months of life are delivered through complex interpersonal relationships between caregivers, patients, and families. Often, service value and quality are defined by these interpersonal interactions. This understanding provides hospice leaders with an enormous opportunity to create processes that provide the optimal level of care during the last months of life. The authors argue that the ultimate referral is attained when a family member observes the care of a loved one, and the family member conveys a desire to receive the same quality of services their loved one received at that facility. The point of this article is to provide evidence that supports the methods to ultimately enhance the patient’s and family’s experience and increase the potential for the ultimate referral.
Buckling-resistant thin annular plates in tension
Authors: Coman Ciprian D , Liu Xiang
Published: August 2013

Motivated by the localized nature of elastic instabilities in radially stretched thin annular plates, we investigate the resistance to buckling of such configurations in the case when their mechanical properties are piecewise constant. By considering a plate consisting of two sub-annular regions perfectly bonded together and with different linear elastic properties, the neutral stability envelope corresponding to the case when radial constant displacement fields are applied on the inner and outer edges of the plate is investigated numerically in considerable detail. These results are complemented by an asymptotic reduction strategy that provides a greatly simplified eigenproblem capable of describing the original buckling problem in the limit of very thin plates.
Fractional order generalized thermoelasticity in an infinite elastic solid with an instantaneous heat sources
Authors: Gupta N Das , Lahiri A , Das NC
Published: August 2013

By applying the eigenvalue approach methodology, a general solution scheme has been developed for a one dimensional problem on a fractional order generalized thermoelasticity in a half space containing an instantaneous heat source. The solution has been achieved in closed form in the Laplace transform domain for the perturbed temperature field and other field variables. The analysis on the numerical results and graphs has been presented for the space-time domain.
Group Marginalization
Authors: Betts Kevin R. , Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: August 2013

An extensive research literature has examined the reactions of individuals facing interpersonal rejection. Small groups can also be rejected, but current research tells us little about the experiences of groups and their members directly. We integrate findings from various literatures to gain insight into shared rejection experiences and their outcomes. Of most practical importance, we argue that groups can be expected to react with more hostility than individuals when rejected. Four existing models that account for how group processes might alter such reactions are examined: a need-threat model, a rejection-identification model, a multimotive model, and a dual attitudes model. Aspects of these models are then integrated into a unifying framework that is useful for understanding hostile reactions to group marginalization. Implications for natural groups such as terrorist cells, school cliques, racial and ethnic minorities, and gangs are discussed.
A study of two lobe non recessed worn journal bearing operating with non-Newtonian lubricant
Authors: Kushare Prashant B , Sharma Satish C
Published: August 2013

The present paper is aimed to investigate theoretically the effect of non-linear behavior of the lubricant on the performance of an orifice compensated two lobe non recessed worn hybrid journal bearing. A non-linear behavior of lubricating oil is modeled by using the cubic shear stress law. Dufrane’s abrasive model has been used for the analysis of wear damage on the bearing surface. A modified form of Reynolds' equation is solved by using finite element method (FEM) taking into account the relation between shear stress and shear strain rate. The influence of non-linearity factor ([Formula: see text]) and the wear depth parameter ([Formula: see text]) on the bearing performance of a two lobe non recessed hybrid journal bearing is presented for the different values of the offset factor ( δ = 0.80, 1.0 and 1.20). The numerically simulated results indicate that the direct fluid-film stiffness coefficients [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of worn symmetric bearing configuration ( δ = 1.20) operated with non-Newtonian lubricant are reduced about 30% and 18%, respectively, vis-à-vis the circular unworn hole entry journal bearing lubricated with Newtonian lubricant. Further, it is also noticed that two lobe non recessed worn hybrid journal bearing with offset factor greater than one results in an enhancement by the order of 11% in the value of [Formula: see text] and 6% in the value of [Formula: see text] as compared to circular worn symmetric hybrid journal bearing operated with non-Newtonian lubricant. The bearing with offset factor less than one is prevailingly suffering by the non-linear behavior of lubricant and wear defect.
‘Are you still on that stupid diet?’: Women’s experiences of societal pressure and support regarding weight loss, and attitudes towards health policy intervention
Authors: Whale Katie , Gillison Fiona B , Smith Paula C
Published: August 2013

This study investigated how people’s attitudes and motivations towards losing weight are influenced by societal pressures surrounding weight loss, their interaction with the obesogenic environment and individuals’ attitudes and motivations towards weight. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 women currently attending commercial weight-loss programmes. Participants experienced conflicting messages regarding weight norms, with the media portraying powerful social norms relating to thinness and beauty, and changes to the food environment and interactions with family and friends commonly undermining weight-loss activities and promoting increased consumption. Providing social and environmental support for the behaviours needed to produce weight loss may need to be a primary focus for obesity policy.
An empirical test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour applied to contraceptive use in rural Uganda
Authors: Kiene Susan M , Hopwood Sarah , Lule Haruna , Wanyenze Rhoda K
Published: August 2013

There is a high unmet need for contraceptives in developing countries such as Uganda, with high population growth, where efforts are needed to promote family planning and contraceptive use. Despite this high need, little research has investigated applications of health-behaviour-change theories to contraceptive use among this population. This study tested the Theory of Planned Behaviour’s ability to predict contraceptive-use-related behaviours among post-partum women in rural Uganda. Results gave modest support to the theory’s application and suggest an urgent need for improved theory-based interventions to promote contraceptive use in the populations of developing countries.
Unacknowledged cities: Modernity and acknowledgement in China Miéville’s The City & The City and Marc Isaacs’ All White in Barking
Authors: Martin Niall
Published: August 2013

Acknowledgement names a peculiar, and frequently uneasy, relation to knowledge. For example, when one acknowledges as one’s own an act or deed with which one wishes to dissociate oneself, one is simultaneously owning and disowning that act. Through accounts of China Miéville’s novel The City & the City, and Marc Isaacs’ documentary All White in Barking, this article asks what that sort of knowledge can tell us about the relationship between modernity (articulated around the myth of rupture) and the 21st-century city which seems to be held in thrall by modernity’s loss. Miéville’s novel sets out a parable of what Slajov Žižek terms the post-ideological condition, in which the categories of the known and unknown have been replaced by the acknowledged and unacknowledged. The implications of that paradigm shift are then examined through Marc Isaacs’ exploration of what acknowledgement might mean in the supposedly post-racist city proclaimed by the multicultural narrative of urban modernity.
Religious communities and the marketplace
Authors: Karataş Mustafa , Sandıkcı Özlem
Published: August 2013

Sociopolitical analyses of religion evidence the increasing prominence of religious communities across the world. However, existing work on religion–consumption interaction focuses mostly on the personal effects of religion and examines how religion and religious ideologies influence individual decision making, choice, and purchase and shopping behaviors. In this study, we focus on the collective experiences of religion and unpack the multiple ways consumption shapes and is shaped by a communal religious ethos. Through an ethnographic study of a Turkish-based Islamic community, we show that consumption plays important roles in attracting individuals to the community, socializing them to the communal ethos, and drawing symbolic boundaries between the community members and outsiders. We also discuss how the communal religious ethos shapes consumption practices and brand relationships of members and influences the marketplace dynamics.
Islamic marketing at the Nexus of global markets–religions–politics and implications for research
Authors: Ger Güliz
Published: August 2013

This essay explores Islamic marketing at the intersection of global capitalism and global Islam and argues that Islamic marketing is one case in point that global capitalism lives and thrives with religions rather than replace them. I review briefly the global rise of religions and the different accounts of that resurgence and point to the political nature of religions. Besides politics, the global search for community bolsters the value of religion and the opportunity for Islamic marketing. Given the multiplicity of capitalisms and the embeddedness of marketing in the nexus of global markets, religions, and politics, I suggest that the emergent arena of Islamic marketing is ripe for studies grounded in the particular context and history as well as in recent social theory. Research can potentially generate theory about markets and marketing if and only if marketing scholars regard the phenomena of Islamic marketing as part and parcel of the logics of the market, capitalism, and globalization and examine the locally specific links among religion (and communality), markets, and politics. Critical ethnography and political economy analyses are some of the promising approaches for that end.
Pregnancy and pulmonary hypertension: a practical approach to management
Authors: Kiely David G , Condliffe Robin , Wilson Vicki J , Gandhi Suarabh V , Elliot Charlie A
Published: August 2013

Pulmonary hypertension remains a major cause of cardiac maternal death in the developed world. Over the last two decades, effective therapies for pulmonary hypertension have been developed, improving symptoms and survival. Consequently, increasing numbers of women with pulmonary hypertension and childbearing potential exist, with a number considering pregnancy. Patients with pulmonary hypertension may also present for the first time during pregnancy or shortly following delivery. The last decade has seen increasing reports of women with pulmonary hypertension surviving pregnancy using a variety of approaches but there is still a significant maternal mortality at between 12% and 33%. Current recommendations counsel that patients with known pulmonary hypertension should be strongly advised to avoid pregnancy with the provision of clear contraceptive advice and termination of pregnancy should be considered in its eventuality. In patients who are fully informed and who have been counselled regarding the risks of continuing with pregnancy, there is growing evidence that a multi-professional approach with expert care in pulmonary hypertension centres may improve outlook, although the mortality remains high.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and pregnancy: A review of maternal, fetal and neonatal risks and benefits
Authors: Marchocki Zbigniew , Russell Noirin E , Donoghue Keelin O’
Published: August 2013

Depression is common in women of childbearing age. Whereas non-pharmacological interventions are recommended as first line interventions, pharmacological treatment may be required. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants in pregnancy. Ideally, discussion of the risks and benefits of SSRI use in pregnancy should occur prior to pregnancy. The potential risks of psychotropic medications need to be balanced against the risks associated with untreated psychiatric conditions and the discontinuation of necessary medications.