bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of climate change impacts on the hydrology of the Lech Valley in northern Alps
Authors: Dobler C. , Stötter J. , Schöberl F.
Published: January 2011

The objective of this investigation is to assess the impacts of climate change on the hydrology of the Lech Valley (1,000 km2), a sub-catchment of the Danube River basin located in the northern Alps. An ensemble of nine climate projections is used to simulate the climate of a mid-21st-century scenario period (2040–2069) and an end-21st-century scenario period (2070–2099). The delta change approach overcame the gap between regional climate models (RCMs) and the hydrological model. An observed 30-year time series (1971–2000) of precipitation and temperature was perturbed according to mean monthly changes between the RCM runs. The hydrological simulations have been employed with the semi-distributed model HQsim in an off-line mode. The climate scenarios show an increase in monthly temperatures and accompanying significant changes in the seasonal precipitation patterns, including an increase in the precipitation during winter and spring and a considerable decrease in the precipitation during summer. The resulting effects on the runoff indicate large, seasonal varying changes. A decrease in monthly runoff during summer and increases in winter minimize the inter-annual disparities between low runoff in winter and high runoff in spring and summer. The overall agreement of RCM runs suggests confidence in the projections.
A decade of compact vertical flow constructed wetlands
Authors: Weedon C. M.
Published: January 2011

Compact vertical flow constructed wetlands (1–2 m2/pe, down-flow, single bed, >500 mm sand depth) were first installed in the UK in 1998, since when over 40 such beds have been implemented. After ten years of experience, this approach to wastewater treatment is reviewed with respect to operation and maintenance, and water quality improvement. Despite considerable accumulation of organic solids on the surface of some beds after several years' operation, effluent distribution over and permeability of the bed surface, as well as oxygen transfer rates within the bed matrix, have remained satisfactory. Six years of data relating to a 432 m2 bed treating combined settled sewage and abattoir effluent have demonstrated consistently high performance. Suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia removal averaged 80, 98 and 91%, respectively, even at a hydraulic loading rate of 340 mm/d. At 12 mm/d, removal was even more thorough. In contrast, accumulation of iron-rich organic solids on the bed's surface, which led to the bed becoming completely flooded, markedly decreased nitrification, although percentage total nitrogen removal was double that of the non-flooded bed. Flow rate analysis through the bed allowed calculation of percentage matrix saturation by effluent during operation, and operational hydraulic residence time (3.83 h), the implications of which are discussed.
Feasibility of an electrochemically assisted Fenton method using Fe2 +/HOCl system as an advanced oxidation process
Authors: Kishimoto N. , Sugimura E.
Published: January 2011

The feasibility of an electrochemically assisted Fenton treatment using a Fenton-type reaction of ferrous iron (Fe2 + ) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is discussed in this research. The reactor used was composed of an undivided single cell with a ruthenium dioxide-coated titanium anode and a stainless steel cathode, in which Fe2 +  and HOCl were catalytically regenerated from ferric iron at the cathode and chloride ion at the anode, respectively. Although the reactor functioned well, the degradation rate of 1,4-dioxane as a hydroxyl radical probe decreased at the current density more than 6.92 mA cm−2. The decrease in degradation rate was inferred to be caused by the vain consumption of hydroxyl radicals by excess HOCl and the deposition of ferric hydroxide on the cathode at relatively high current density. The current efficiency of 1,4-dioxane removal remained more than 90% at the current density less than 6.92 mA cm−2 and the iron concentration not less than 1.0 mmol L−1. Consequently, this technique is thought to be applicable to the treatment of wastewater containing high concentration of chloride ion such as landfill leachate, scrubber wastewater from incineration plants, etc.
Modelling a full scale membrane bioreactor using Activated Sludge Model No.1: challenges and solutions
Authors: Delrue F. , Choubert J. M. , Stricker A. E. , Spérandio M. , Mietton-Peuchot M. , Racault Y.
Published: January 2011

A full-scale membrane bioreactor (1,600 m3 d−1) was monitored for modelling purposes during the summer of 2006. A complete calibration of the ASM1 model is presented, in which the key points were the wastewater characterisation, the oxygen transfer and the biomass kinetics. Total BOD tests were not able to correctly estimate the biodegradable fraction of the wastewater. Therefore the wastewater fractionation was identified by adjusting the simulated sludge production rate to the measured value. MLVSS and MLSS were accurately predicted during both calibration and validation periods (20 and 30 days). Because the membranes were immerged in the aeration tank, the coarse bubble and fine bubble diffusion systems coexisted in the same tank. This allowed five different aeration combinations, depending whether the 2 systems were operating separately or simultaneously, and at low speed or high speed. The aeration control maintained low DO concentrations, allowing simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. This made it difficult to calibrate the oxygen transfer. The nitrogen removal kinetics were determined using maximum nitrification rate tests and an 8-hour intensive sampling campaign. Despite the challenges encountered, a calibrated set of parameters was identified for ASM1 that gave very satisfactory results for the calibration period. Matching simulated and measured data became more difficult during the validation period, mainly because the dominant aeration configuration had changed. However, the merit of this study is to be the first effort to simulate a full-scale MBR plant.
Receiving water quality assessment: comparison between simplified and detailed integrated urban modelling approaches
Authors: Mannina Giorgio , Viviani Gaspare
Published: January 2011

Urban water quality management often requires use of numerical models allowing the evaluation of the cause–effect relationship between the input(s) (i.e. rainfall, pollutant concentrations on catchment surface and in sewer system) and the resulting water quality response. The conventional approach to the system (i.e. sewer system, wastewater treatment plant and receiving water body), considering each component separately, does not enable optimisation of the whole system. However, recent gains in understanding and modelling make it possible to represent the system as a whole and optimise its overall performance. Indeed, integrated urban drainage modelling is of growing interest for tools to cope with Water Framework Directive requirements. Two different approaches can be employed for modelling the whole urban drainage system: detailed and simplified. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Specifically, detailed approaches can offer a higher level of reliability in the model results, but can be very time consuming from the computational point of view. Simplified approaches are faster but may lead to greater model uncertainty due to an over-simplification. To gain insight into the above problem, two different modelling approaches have been compared with respect to their uncertainty. The first urban drainage integrated model approach uses the Saint-Venant equations and the 1D advection-dispersion equations, for the quantity and for the quality aspects, respectively. The second model approach consists of the simplified reservoir model. The analysis used a parsimonious bespoke model developed in previous studies. For the uncertainty analysis, the Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) procedure was used. Model reliability was evaluated on the basis of capacity of globally limiting the uncertainty. Both models have a good capability to fit the experimental data, suggesting that all adopted approaches are equivalent both for quantity and quality. The detailed model approach is more robust and presents less uncertainty in terms of uncertainty bands. On the other hand, the simplified river water quality model approach shows higher uncertainty and may be unsuitable for receiving water body quality assessment.
Managed aquifer recharge: rediscovering nature as a leading edge technology
Authors: Dillon P. , Toze S. , Page D. , Vanderzalm J. , Bekele E. , Sidhu J. , Rinck-Pfeiffer S.
Published: January 2011

Use of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) has rapidly increased in Australia, USA, and Europe in recent years as an efficient means of recycling stormwater or treated sewage effluent for non-potable and indirect potable reuse in urban and rural areas. Yet aquifers have been relied on knowingly for water storage and unwittingly for water treatment for millennia. Hence if ‘leading edge’ is defined as ‘the foremost part of a trend; a vanguard’, it would be misleading to claim managed aquifer recharge as a leading edge technology. However it has taken a significant investment in scientific research in recent years to demonstrate the effectiveness of aquifers as sustainable treatment systems to enable managed aquifer recharge to be recognised along side engineered treatment systems in water recycling. It is a ‘cross-over’ technology that is applicable to water and wastewater treatment and makes use of passive low energy processes to spectacularly reduce the energy requirements for water supply. It is robust within limits, has low cost, is suitable from village to city scale supplies, and offers as yet almost untapped opportunities for producing safe drinking water supplies where they do not yet exist. It will have an increasingly valued role in securing water supplies to sustain cities affected by climate change and population growth. However it is not a universal panacea and relies on the presence of suitable aquifers and sources of water together with effective governance to ensure human health and environment protection and water resources planning and management. This paper describes managed aquifer recharge, illustrates its use in Australia, outlining economics, guidelines and policies, and presents some of the knowledge about aquifer treatment processes that are revealing the latent value of aquifers as urban water infrastructure and provide a driver to improving our understanding of urban hydrogeology.
Tracking biological pollution sources using PCR-DGGE technology at Ta-An Beach
Authors: Shen Shu-Min , Hwang Hoei-Yuan , Fang Hung-Yuan
Published: January 2011

The environmental authority of Taiwan has announced that ocean quality standard A, with E. coli less than 1,000 CFU/100 mL is safe for swimming. Ta-An Beach in central Taiwan was found to have exceeded 1,000 CFU/100 mL, which is 51% of the total monitoring records. Sewage, piggery and duck wastewater are discharged directly into this area. The traditional pollution source trace methods did not clearly identify the pollution source. This study used PCR-DGGE technology to establish micro-organisms fingerprints from water samples using comparative analysis with microbiological composition, and then determined the possible sources of biological contamination. The E. coli colonies at all samples were processed using linear regression analysis and compared with each other. The R2 is 0.4102–0.7387 for the livestock farm and beach. This shows a positively relation. The piggery impact is more obvious. The beach microbial communities exhibited high similarity with piggery wastewater from the upstream region. We confirmed that the major pollution source for Ta-An Beach comes from piggery wastewater. The proposed method has high stability and reliability. It can be used as the basis for rapid identification of pollution sources at other beach water sites in the future.
A performance indicators system for urban wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Quadros Sílvia , João Rosa Maria , Alegre Helena , Silva Catarina
Published: January 2011

A performance assessment system (PAS) is an important instrument to provide a cost-effective and sustainable management of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Despite the fact that many PASs have been developed in recent years, important aspects of WWTP evaluation have not yet been considered. This paper presents the framework and the overall performance indicators of a PAS developed for urban WWTPs.
Co-epuration of winery and pesticides effluents, activated sludge with tertiary nanofiltration, two new technologies for pesticides effluents treatment
Authors: Massot A. , Esteve K. , Poupot C. , Mietton-Peuchot M.
Published: January 2011

Wine-related activities produce significant volumes of wastewater characterized by high concentrations in organic matter. The term of pesticides effluents defines the water coming from the emptying and the rinsing of the equipment used to pulverize the phytosanitary products on the vines. Pesticide pollution of surface waters from vineyards applications represents a considerable hazard for the aquatic environment. The nature of these wastes is very variable, indeed more than 150 active molecules can be employed. So, the main characteristic of these effluents is their toxicity towards the environment. In this study, an approach was developed to estimate the possibility of developing two biological wastewater treatment process for pesticides effluents treatment. The first one is particulary designed for small vineyard and is a co-epuration process combining winery wastewater treatment with pesticides effluents treatment. The second one is an activated sludge with tertiary nanofiltration and is particulary suited for large vineyards or regroupings of wine growers.
Energy efficient aeration of wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry
Authors: Sandberg M.
Published: January 2011

More than 50% of the electrical power needed to treat pulp and paper industry effluents is used for aeration in biological treatment stages. A large share of the oxygen that passes through the wastewater is not consumed and will be found in the off-gas. Energy can be saved by aerating under conditions where the oxygen transfer is most efficient, for example at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen Consider the sludge as an energy source; electricity can be saved by avoiding sludge reduction through prolonged aeration. High oxygen transfer efficiency can be retained by using the oxygen consumption of biosolids. Quantified savings in the form of needed volumes of air while still achieving sufficient COD reduction are presented. The tests have been made in a bubble column with pulp mill process water and sludge from a biological treatment plant. These were supplemented with case studies at three pulp and paper mills.
Well (and Better) Quasi-Ordered Transition Systems
Authors: Abdulla Parosh Aziz
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we give a step by step introduction to the theory ofwell quasi-orderedtransition systems. The framework combines two concepts, namely (i) transition systems which aremonotonicwrt. awell-quasi ordering; and (ii) a scheme for symbolicbackwardreachability analysis. We describe several models with infinite-state spaces, which can be analyzed within the framework, e.g., Petri nets, lossy channel systems, timed automata, timed Petri nets, and multiset rewriting systems. We will also presentbetter quasi-orderedtransition systems which allow the design of efficient symbolic representations of infinite sets of states.
The club principle and the distributivity number
Authors: Mildenberger Heike
Published: January 2011

We give an affirmative answer to Brendle's and Hrušák's question of whether the club principle together withis consistent. We work with a class of axiomAforcings with countable conditions such thatis determined by finitely many elements in the conditionspandqand that all strengthenings of a condition are subsets, and replace many names by actual sets. There are two types of technique: one for tree-like forcings and one for forcings with creatures that are translated into trees. Both lead to new models of the club principle.
Mad families, splitting families and large continuum
Authors: Brendle Jörg , Fischer Vera
Published: January 2011

Let κ < λ be regular uncountable cardinals. Using a finite support iteration (in fact a matrix iteration) of ccc posets we obtain the consistency of . If μ is a measurable cardinal and μ < κ < λ, then using similar techniques we obtain the consistency of .
On the generic type of the free group
Authors: Sklinos Rizos
Published: January 2011

We answer a question raised in [9], that is whether the infinite weight of the generic type of the free group is witnessed inFω. We also prove that the set of primitive elements in finite rank free groups is not uniformly definable. As a corollary, we observe that the generic type over the empty set is not isolated. Finally, we show that uncountable free groups are not ℵ1-homogeneous.
Euler characteristics for strongly minimal groups and the eq-expansions of vector spaces
Authors: Lopes Vinicius Cifú
Published: January 2011

We find the complete Euler characteristics for the categories of definable sets and functions in strongly minimal groups. Their images, which represent the Grothendieck semirings of those categories, are all isomorphic to the semiring of polynomials over the integers with nonnegative leading coefficient. As a consequence, injective definable endofunctions in those groups are surjective. For infinite vector spaces over arbitrary division rings, the same results hold, and more: We also establish the Fubini property for all Euler characteristics, and extend the complete one to the eq-expansion of those spaces while preserving the Fubini property but not completeness. Then, surjective interpretable endofunctions in those spaces are injective, and conversely. Our presentation is made in the general setting of multi-sorted structures.
On the non-confluence of cut-elimination
Authors: Baaz Matthias , Hetzl Stefan
Published: January 2011

We study cut-elimination in first-order classical logic. We construct a sequence of polynomial-length proofs having a non-elementary number of different cut-free normal forms. These normal forms are different in a strong sense: they not only represent different Herbrand-disjunctions but also differ in their prepositional structure.

This result illustrates that the constructive content of a proof in classical logic is not uniquely determined but rather depends on the chosen method for extracting it.
Hindman's theorem: an ultrafilter argument in second order arithmetic
Authors: Towsner Henry
Published: January 2011

Hindman's Theorem is a prototypical example of a combinatorial theorem with a proof that uses the topology of the ultrafilters. We show how the methods of this proof, including topological arguments about ultrafilters, can be translated into second order arithmetic.
Experimental Validation of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) Greenhouse Dryer under Forced Mode
Authors: Barnwal P. , Tiwari G.N.
Published: January 2011

In this communication, a thermal model has been developed to predict the performance of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) greenhouse (roof type even span) dryer under forced mode. Based on energy balance, analytical expressions for temperatures of greenhouse air and produce (grape) surface as a function of design and climatic parameters have been developed. The analytical expressions for instantaneous and overall thermal efficiencies have also been developed. The experimental validations have also been carried out for greenhouse room air temperature, crop produce temperature and moisture evaporated etc. under composite climate of New Delhi (28°35'N, 77°12'E, 216 m above MSL). It has been observed that the developed thermal model was in well agreement with experimental data. It has been found that the overall thermal efficiency of hybrid PV/T greenhouse dryer varies from 33 percent to 37.8 percent.
Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Lysozyme Protein Crystals
Authors: Farhadian Nafiseh , Shariaty-Niassar Mojtaba , Malek Kourosh , Maghari Ali
Published: January 2011

Many biological phenomena of interest occur on a time scale that is too great to be studied by atomistic simulations. The use of coarse-graining methods to represent a system can alleviate this restriction by reducing the number of degrees of freedom thus extending the time and length scale in molecular modeling.

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) technique was employed to simulate diffusion of water in the nanopores of lysozyme protein crystals. Good agreement was obtained between the atomistic and CG simulations in view of the stability of the protein crystal structure and water transport properties. Our simulations demonstrate that the CG method is a suitable technique for simulation the solvent diffusion process in the lysozyme protein crystal and also can be a good technique to predict the behavior of solvent and solutes in the biological systems at longer length and time scales.
The Income Elasticity of the Value per Statistical Life: Transferring Estimates between High and Low Income Populations
Authors: Hammitt James K. , Robinson Lisa A.
Published: January 2011

The income elasticity of the value per statistical life (VSL) is an important parameter for policy analysis. Mortality risk reductions often dominate the quantified benefits of environmental and other policies, and estimates of their value are frequently transferred across countries with significantly different income levels. U.S. regulatory agencies typically assume that a 1.0 percent change in real income over time will lead to a 0.4 to 0.6 percent change in the VSL. While elasticities within this range are supported by substantial research, they appear nonsensical if applied to populations with significantly smaller incomes. When transferring values between high and lower income countries, analysts often instead assume an elasticity of 1.0, but the resulting VSL estimates appear large in comparison to income. Elasticities greater than 1.0 are supported by research on the relationship between long-term economic growth and the VSL, by cross-country comparisons, and by new research that estimates the VSL by income quantile. Caution is needed when applying these higher elasticities, however, because the resulting VSLs appear smaller than expected future earnings or consumption in some cases, contrary to theory. In addition to indicating the need for more research, this comparison suggests that, in the interim, VSL estimates should be bounded below by estimates of future income or consumption.
The Effect of Director Monitoring on Bid and Ask Spreads
Authors: Levesque Terrence J. , Libby Theresa , Mathieu Robert , Robb Sean W. G.
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT: We examine whether the market assesses a lower level of information asymmetry to firms that are perceived to be monitored more intensely by members of the board of directors. We use changes in bid-ask spreads as proxies for changes in information asymmetry between the firm and the market around the time earnings are announced. Our study is innovative in its association of director monitoring with levels of information asymmetry as reflected in quoted spreads.

Our sample includes 145 firms included in the Toronto Stock Exchange 300 Index (TSX-300). The TSX’s hybrid market structure provides a unique international setting in which to examine the effects of governance on information asymmetry. Results indicate that the market attributes a lower level of information asymmetry to firms with a larger proportion of outside directors on the board. Contrary to our predictions, we find the larger the proportion of voting rights held by directors, the higher the level of information asymmetry attributed to the firm. We provide some evidence that a separate CEO/Chair leadership structure is associated with reduced information asymmetry. From a practice perspective, we are able to provide some preliminary insight into the potential value attributed by market participants to the imposition of regulation surrounding certain director monitoring activities.
Future Directions of Luminescence Dating of Quartz
Authors: Wintle A.
Published: January 2011

Recent developments in our understanding of the limitations of optically stimulated luminescence as a dating tool are presented alongside summaries of results obtained on other luminescence signals measured in sedimentary quartz grains.
The Grain Size Influence on the E1' Centre Observed in Quartz of Atmospheric Deposition at Two Japanese Cities: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Yamamoto Yuya , Toyoda Shin , Nagasima Kana , Igarashi Yasuhito , Tada Ryuji
Published: January 2011

The grain size influence on the number of oxygen vacancies in quartz was investigated by ESR in atmospheric deposition collected at two Japanese cities, Fukuoka and Akita, in 1969 and 1971. The finer grain size fraction shows the highest value of concentration of oxygen vacancies, most closely resembling dust originating in the Taklamakan desert. Month to month and year to year variation of the dependence was also observed which could possibly be attributed to the variation of the mixture ratio of at least two dust sources in China, A conclusive statement can not be made at this stage.
Palaeoflood Records from Upper Kaveri River, Southern India: Evidence for Discrete Floods During Holocene
Authors: Kale Vishwas , Achyuthan Hema , Jaiswal Manoj , Sengupta Somasis
Published: January 2011

A record of six discrete middle Holocene floods has been established based on sedimentological and stratigraphical studies in the upper Kaveri catchment at Siddapur. The flood events are represented by six discrete, sharp-bounded, sand-silt couplets. Texturally and geochemically the suite of couplets is quite distinct from the overlying and underlying structureless fluvial deposits. Based on OSL ages the suite of couplets cover the Holocene from ~8 to ~2 ka. Such evidence is not present or reported from any other river originating in the Western Ghat in the Indian Peninsula. We argue that the six couplets represent short-term, high discharge events or flash floods. The initiation of this phase of flash floods broadly corresponds with the southward migration of ITCZ and a gradual decline in Indian summer monsoon precipitation starting at ~7.8 ka. Comparison of the elevation of the highest couplet with the high flood level (HFL) of the 1961 extraordinary flood on Kaveri demonstrates that the 20th century flood was higher than the mid-Holocene palaeofloods.
Phosphorus release from the bottom sediments of Lake Rusałka (Poznań, Poland)
Authors: Kowalczewska-Madura Katarzyna , Gołdyn Ryszard , Dondajewska Renata
Published: January 2011

Experimental research conducted on bottom sediments from the eutrophic Lake Rusałka (Poznań, Poland) indicated that the phosphorus release process has a significant influence on the functioning of the ecosystem. Internal loading was very intense in the deepest part of the lake, where it reached up to 29.84 mg m-2 d-1 P under anaerobic conditions. This part of the lake, however, was insignificant to overall internal loading. The highest loading was from the lake shallows, which covered 92% of the bottom area. Total mean annual loading to the ecosystem was 1214.5 kg year-1 P, i.e., 3.31 g m-2 year-1 P.
Changes in the spatial structure of submerged macrophytes in Lake Rotcze (Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland)
Authors: Lorens Bogdan , Sugier Piotr
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study is to present short-term changes in the spatial structure of water vegetation in Lake Rotcze. Field studies were carried out during the growing seasons of 2000 and 2005. The obtained results allowed to estimate the following parameters that characterize the spatial structure of macrophytes: species frequency in particular ecological groups, the average vegetation cover in these groups, the average cover of particular species, both in the whole reservoir and in different depth ranges, as well as the PVI (Percent Volume Infested) coefficient for ecological groups. The frequency and cover of some species and ecological groups of macrophytes changed during the study period.
The influence of emergent and submerged macrophyte beds on ciliate communities in a shallow lake
Authors: Mieczan Tomasz
Published: January 2011

Relationships between ciliates and the presence of emergent and submerged vegetation were studied in a shallow lake in eastern Poland. Samples were collected in zones of Phragmites, Typha, Batrachium, Elodea, Stratiotes and from the open water zone. The abundance and biomass of ciliates were significantly higher at sites with structurally most complex plants than in the open water or sparsely vegetated sites. The redundancy analysis indicated that bacterial abundance and total organic carbon were the most influential variables that determine the distribution of ciliates. However, chlorophyll a and Ptot have a lesser influence on the distribution of these microorganisms. Based on differences in macrophyte structure, two groups of habitats with similar patterns of size-related ciliate distribution were distinguished. The first group consisted of three vegetation zones of sparse stem structure and the open water zone, the second group comprised submerged macrophyte species, which were more complex.
Habitat variability and fish species structure in the Kończak stream
Authors: Golski Janusz , Przybył Antoni , Mazurkiewicz Jan , Andrzejewski Wojciech , Trawiński Jakub
Published: January 2011

In the year 2008, studies on ichthyofauna were carried out in the Kończak stream. The stream was divided into four sections representing the variability of the water course. In each section, a research segment (100-150 meters long) was defined. In the ichthyofauna structure analysis, the indices of quantitative biocenotic domination and biomass were used. Furthermore, on the basis of the obtained data, the Shannon-Wiener indices of species diversity (H), as well as the abundance and the biomass (ABC index) were calculated. Altogether, in all research localities, 667 fish specimens were collected, with a total weight of 8,760 g and classified into 19 species. The caught fish were classified into 8 reproductive groups. Significant differences in the species composition and the number of fish were recorded between the particular sections. The number of species occurring in the studied sections oscillated between 2 and 17. The richest ichthyocenoses were recorded in the transitional and forest sections characterized by a comparatively small transformation of the habitats and good environmental conditions. In the remaining two sections, located in the middle and in the upper stream course, there was a distinct impoverishment of ichthyocenoses caused by the decreased attractiveness of the habitats.
Short-term study on the early succession stages of fouling communities in the coastal zone of Puck Bay (southern Baltic Sea)
Authors: Dziubińska Anna , Szaniawska Anna
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to distinguish the early succession stages of the fouling community in Puck Bay at depths of 3-7 m, to evaluate its biodiversity and to find the point at which the biodiversity of the assemblages achieved similarity. The depth at the study site was 8 m. The investigation lasted from 24 July to 22 September 2008 (61 days) when the colonisation and succession process of fouling communities is most intensive. During this period five sets of samples were collected. The investigations were focused on sessile organisms that established themselves on 105 PVC settlement panels (15 × 15 cm, 0.2 cm thick), 21 panels being deployed at each of five depths - 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 m. A total of twelve sessile taxa and eight mobile (accompanying) taxa were identified over the course of the experiment. The panels became overgrown with fouling organisms in a characteristic manner - a layer of barnacles became covered with a layer of mussels. This type of community development created a double-layered structure (multi-strata growth). Assemblages reached a thickness of 2 cm as a result of the stratified fouling process. The species diversity was highest on 12 August (the first sampling day) at 7 m depth. Biodiversity differences during the study indicated that communities from all examined depths in Puck Bay became similar after a two-month colonisation period. By the end of the study Balanus improvisus and Mytilus trossulus were dominant in the communities at all depths.
Toxin-producing blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in rainwater ponds in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Shehri Abdulrahman
Published: January 2011

The present study describes for the first time the toxin production by Microcystis aeruginosa blooms in three rainwater ponds in Saudi Arabia. The cell density of M. aeruginosa correlated with chlorophyll-a, temperature and nutrient concentrations. Microcystis blooms produced the hepatotoxin microcystin (MCYST) with concentrations of 0.988-3.04 mg g-1 dry weight, and a toxin profile consisting mainly of MCYST-RR, -YR and -LR. MCYSTs were also detected in pond waters at levels exceeding the WHO guideline value (11.2-34.6 μg l-1). The study suggests the monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria in such potable water sources to protect the public from potent toxins.
Phytoseston and heterotrophic bacteria in the assessment of the waters in the Wełna and Nielba Rivers
Authors: Messyasz Beata , Szczuka Ewa , Kaznowski Adam , Burchardt Lubomira
Published: January 2011

The phytoseston flora and heterotrophic bacteria from the two intersecting rivers were studied during the intensive water flow (from October 2006 to May 2007). The physical and chemical measurements indicated that the water quality in the rivers regarding their purity, had slightly improved in the Nielba River and deteriorated in the Wełna River, at the sites behind the intersection zone. It was in the agreement with the studied phytoseston diatom communities (dominated by eutraphentic taxa). Phytoplankton during the winter months was dominated by Aulacoseira granulata. The importance of species from the genera Oscillatoria, Planktolyngbya, Tychonema, Planktothrix, Scenedesmus/Desmodesmus, Nitzschia and Fragilaria increased in spring and autumn. Heterotrophic bacteria occurred in considerably higher numbers in the Wełna River than in the Nielba River, with a significant decrease in the waters of the Wełna River behind the river-intersection. All analyses revealed that the waters in the Wełna River were more polluted with organic compounds than in the Nielba River locations.
Vector Functions and their Differentiation Formulas in 3-dimensional Euclidean Spaces
Authors: Liang Xiquan , Zhao Piqing , Bai Ou
Published: January 2011

Vector Functions and their Differentiation Formulas in 3-dimensional Euclidean Spaces

In this article, we first extend several basic theorems of the operation of vector in 3-dimensional Euclidean spaces. Then three unit vectors: e1, e2, e3 and the definition of vector function in the same spaces are introduced. By dint of unit vector the main operation properties as well as the differentiation formulas of vector function are shown [12].
Banach Algebra of Continuous Functionals and the Space of Real-Valued Continuous Functionals with Bounded Support
Authors: Kanazashi Katuhiko , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari
Published: January 2011

Banach Algebra of Continuous Functionals and the Space of Real-Valued Continuous Functionals with Bounded Support

In this article, we give a definition of a functional space which is constructed from all continuous functions defined on a compact topological space. We prove that this functional space is a Banach algebra. Next, we give a definition of a function space which is constructed from all real-valued continuous functions with bounded support. We prove that this function space is a real normed space.
A Model of Mizar Concepts - Unification
Authors: Bancerek Grzegorz
Published: January 2011

A Model of Mizar Concepts - Unification

The aim of this paper is to develop a formal theory of Mizar linguistic concepts following the ideas from [6] and [7]. The theory presented is an abstraction from the existing implementation of the Mizar system and is devoted to the formalization of Mizar expressions. The concepts formalized here are: standarized constructor signature, arity-rich signatures, and the unification of Mizar expressions.
Abstract Simplicial Complexes
Authors: Pąk Karol
Published: January 2011

Abstract Simplicial Complexes

In this article we define the notion of abstract simplicial complexes and operations on them. We introduce the following basic notions: simplex, face, vertex, degree, skeleton, subdivision and substructure, and prove some of their properties.
Second-Order Partial Differentiation of Real Ternary Functions
Authors: Inoué Takao
Published: January 2011

Second-Order Partial Differentiation of Real Ternary Functions

In this article, we shall extend the result of [17] to discuss second-order partial differentiation of real ternary functions (refer to [7] and [14] for partial differentiation).
Integrability Formulas. Part II
Authors: Li Bo , Ma Na , Liang Xiquan
Published: January 2011

Integrability Formulas. Part II

In this article, we give several differentiation and integrability formulas of special and composite functions including trigonometric function, and polynomial function.
On the Continuity of Some Functions
Authors: Korniłowicz Artur
Published: January 2011

On the Continuity of Some Functions

We prove that basic arithmetic operations preserve continuity of functions.
The Geometric Interior in Real Linear Spaces
Authors: Pąk Karol
Published: January 2011

The Geometric Interior in Real Linear Spaces

We introduce the notions of the geometric interior and the centre of mass for subsets of real linear spaces. We prove a number of theorems concerning these notions which are used in the theory of abstract simplicial complexes.
Sperner's Lemma
Authors: Pąk Karol
Published: January 2011

Sperner's Lemma

In this article we introduce and prove properties of simplicial complexes in real linear spaces which are necessary to formulate Sperner's lemma. The lemma states that for a function ƒ, which for an arbitrary vertex υ of the barycentric subdivision B of simplex K assigns some vertex from a face of K which contains υ, we can find a simplex S of B which satisfies ƒ(S) = K (see [10]).
Probability Measure on Discrete Spaces and Algebra of Real-Valued Random Variables
Authors: Okazaki Hiroyuki , Shidama Yasunari
Published: January 2011

Probability Measure on Discrete Spaces and Algebra of Real-Valued Random Variables

In this article we continue formalizing probability and randomness started in [13], where we formalized some theorems concerning the probability and real-valued random variables. In this paper we formalize the variance of a random variable and prove Chebyshev's inequality. Next we formalize the product probability measure on the Cartesian product of discrete spaces. In the final part of this article we define the algebra of real-valued random variables.
Performance of Environmental T-shape Noise Barriers Covered with Primitive Root Diffusers
Authors: Monazzam Mohammad , Naderzadeh Mahdiyeh , Nassiri Parvin , Fard Samaneh
Published: January 2011

There is a considerable increase in the use of noise barriers in recent years. Noise barriers as a control noise solution can increase the insertion loss to protect receivers. This paper presents the results of an investigation about the acoustic efficiency of primitive root sequence diffuser (PRD) on an environmental single T-shape barrier design. A 2D boundary element method (BEM) is used to predict the insertion loss of the tested barriers. The results of rigid and with a different sequence diffuser coverage are also predicted for comparison. Employing PRD on the top surface of T-shape barrier has been found to improve the performance of barriers in comparison with the use of rigid and QRD coverage at the examined receiver locations. It has been found that decreasing the design frequency of PRD shifts the frequency effects towards lower frequencies, and therefore the overall A-weighted insertion loss is improved. It was also found that using wire mesh with reasonably efficient resistivity on the top surface of PRD improves the efficiency of the reactive barriers; however utilizing wire meshes with flow resistivity higher than the specific acoustic impedance of air on the PRD top of a diffuser barrier significantly reduces the performance of the barrier within the frequency bandwidth of the diffuser. The performance of a PRD covered T-shape barrier at 200 Hz was found to be higher than that of its equivalent QRD barriers in both the far field and in areas close to the ground. The amount of improvement compared made by PRD barrier compared with its equivalent rigid barrier at far field is about 2 to 3 dB, while this improvement relative to the barrier model "QR4" can reach up to 4-6 dB.
Challenges for NGOs Partnering with Corporations: WWF Netherlands and the Environmental Defense Fund
Authors: van Huijstee Mariette , Pollock Leo , Glasbergen Pieter , Leroy Pieter
Published: January 2011

As the market and civil society sectors reflect different core logics, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that partner with companies need strategies to cope with these differences. This paper seeks to provide insight into the coping strategies of environmental NGOs that partner
with corporations. We present an assessment framework to analyse the strategies of the Environmental Defense Fund and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature Netherlands as case studies. The analysis demonstrates that the strategic options for a partnering NGO are guided and constrained by the
choices the NGO makes with regard to its action strategy towards companies. Although individual NGOs manage to cope adequately with the challenges that the partnership trend poses to their organisations, we argue that the partnering trend also creates challenges for the NGO field as a whole.
Constraint of Complex Trace Analysis for Seismic Data Processing
Authors: Rahman S. M.
Published: January 2011

Time frequency representation is a powerful tool for studying seismic reflection patterns and can thus provide useful information for stratification of the subsurface. Complex trace analysis, one of the geophysical techniques, is being employed for the time frequency analysis of seismic traces as analytic signal for the interpretation of seismic data. The applicability of the complex trace analysis in seismic data processing has been studied in this paper with few synthetic signals. The signals are analyzed with complex trace analysis for time frequency representations and compared with the spectral energy distributions. It is shown that complex trace analysis is not suitable for accurate estimation of time frequency representation of the signals having simultaneous frequencies.Keywords: Time frequency; Complex trace; Analytic signal; Spectral analysis.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.2106                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 65-73 (2011)
Report on Optical Absorption, Steady-state Emission and Time-resolved Emission Spectroscopy of Carbazole-based Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Dey R. K. , Chowdury M. A. H. , Chawdhury N. , Monkman A. P.
Published: January 2011

Opto-electronic properties of three new carbazole based co-polymers were investigated. The decay kinetics of triplet emission of the co-polymers was observed. Several findings such as optical band-gap, singlet to singlet transition energies, triplet to singlet transition energies, exchange energies (?EST) have been presented. In comparison to the other material carbazole-oxadiazole based polymer with OMe, P1, H21C10, P2 and H12C10O, P3 exchange energy is below 0.5 eV and triplet energy is significantly higher. The energy gaps between singlet and triplet excited states are 0.44-0.47 eV. From decay kinetics the triplet excited state life-times were found to be several orders of ms at 10-13 K that reduces to less than 3 ms at room temperature.Keywords: Time resolved emission spectroscopy; Carbazole; Conjugated polymers.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.4666                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 13-24 (2011)
An Effective Image Contrast Enhancement Method Using Global Histogram Equalization
Authors: Yousuf M. A. , Rakib M. R. H.
Published: January 2011

Image enhancement is one of the most important issues in low-level image processing. Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques. In this paper, we present a simple and effective method for image contrast enhancement based on global histogram equalization. In this method, at first input image is normalized by making the minimum gray level value to 0.  Then the probability of each grey level is calculated from the available ROI grey levels. Finally, histogram equalization is performed on the input image based on the calculated probability density (or distribution) function. As a result, the mean brightness of the input image does not change significantly by the histogram equalization. Additionally, noise is prevented from being greatly amplified. Experimental results on medical images demonstrate that the proposed method can enhance the images effectively. The result is also compared with the result of image enhancement technique using local statistics.Keywords: Histogram equalization; Global histogram equalization; Image enhancement; Local statistics.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.5299                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 43-50 (2011)
Exact Solution of Schrödinger Equation with Inverted Woods-Saxon and Manning-Rosen Potentials
Authors: Ikot A. N. , Akpabio L. E. , Umoren E. B.
Published: January 2011

We have analytically solved the radial Schrödinger equation with inverted Woods-Saxon and Manning-Rosen Potentials. With the ansatz for the wave function, we obtain the generalized wave function and the negative energy spectrum for the system.Keywords: Inverted Woods-Saxon Potentials; Manning-Rosen Potential; Schrödinger Equation.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.5310                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 25-33 (2011)
Chemical Compositions of Different Extracts of Ocimum basilicum Leaves
Authors: Dev N. , Das A. K. , Hossain M. A. , Rahman S. M. M.
Published: January 2011

The chemical compositions of essential oil of Oscimum basilicum extracted by hydrodistillation and different solvent extractions were analyzed by GC-MS. Qualitative analysis of the essential oil as well as other extracts showed that majority of these are mono and sesquiterpenes. Most of the identified compounds are biologically important. Further the Oscimum basilicum leaf possesses certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation.Keywords: Ocimum basilicum; Essential oil; Hydrodistillation; Different extracts; GC-MS.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.5409                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 197-206 (2011)