bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive cell lineage during murine late lung development
Authors: Ntokou Aglaia , Klein Friederike , Dontireddy Daria , Becker Sven , Bellusci Saverio , Richardson William D. , Szibor Marten , Braun Thomas , Morty Rory E. , Seeger Werner , Voswinckel Robert , Ahlbrecht Katrin
Published: August 2015

A reduced number of alveoli is the structural hallmark of diseases of the neonatal and adult lung, where alveoli either fail to develop (as in bronchopulmonary dysplasia), or are progressively destroyed (as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). To correct the loss of alveolar septa through therapeutic regeneration, the mechanisms of septa formation must first be understood. The present study characterized platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive (PDGFRα+) cell populations during late lung development in mice. PDGFRα+cells (detected using a PDGFRαGFPreporter line) were noted around the proximal airways during the pseudoglandular stage. In the canalicular stage, PDGFRα+cells appeared in the more distal mesenchyme, and labeled α-smooth muscle actin-positive tip cells in the secondary crests and lipofibroblasts in the primary septa during alveolarization. Some PDGFRα+cells appeared in the mesenchyme of the adult lung. Over the course of late lung development, PDGFRα+cells consistently expressed collagen I, and transiently expressed markers of mesenchymal stem cells. With the use of both, a constitutive and a conditional PDGFRαCreline, it was observed that PDGFRα+cells generated alveolar myofibroblasts including tip cells of the secondary crests, and lipofibroblasts. These lineages were committed before secondary septation. The present study provides new insights into the time-dependent commitment of the PDGFRα+cell lineage to lipofibroblasts and myofibroblasts during late lung development that is needed to better understand the cellular contribution to the process of alveolarization.
Discriminatory Social Attitudes and Varying Gender Pay Gaps within Firms
Authors: Janssen Simon , Tuor Sartore Simone , Backes-Gellner Uschi
Published: August 2015

This study analyzes the relationship between discriminatory social attitudes toward gender equality and firms’ pay-setting behavior by combining information about regional votes on constitutional amendments on equal rights for women and men with a large data set of multi-establishment firms and workers. The results show a strong relationship between discriminatory social attitudes toward gender equality and gender pay gaps within firms across regions. The results remain robust, even when the authors account for detailed worker and job characteristics and for regional sorting of firms. Overall, the results suggest that gender pay gaps are larger in regions where more people oppose gender equality rights. In other words, in the same firm women earn lower wages than their male coworkers in regions where more people have discriminatory social attitudes toward gender equality.
Cross-cultural crisis intervention training via videoconferencing
Authors: Wyatt Jeannette , Silver Paula
Published: August 2015

This article describes the training of Chinese social work faculty and professionals in crisis intervention in order to assist them in applying crisis intervention skills to their work with earthquake victims in their region and develop the capacity for future relief efforts. The training included three modules on working with individuals, children, and families and was conducted via videoconferencing over three sessions. Assessment of learning needs and collaborative curriculum development are described. Opportunities, challenges, and strategies for cross-cultural training via videoconferencing are discussed.
Participation and other ethical considerations in participatory action research in post-earthquake rural Haiti
Authors: Pyles Loretta
Published: August 2015

This article offers reflections on work with rural peasant organizations in Haiti to build capacities to engage in participatory action research (PAR) and sustainable community recovery and development after the 12 January 2010 earthquake. Specifically, it is based on the perspectives of an engaged scholar who has conducted ongoing research and transnational recovery and development projects in collaboration with rural disaster survivors. Drawing from Pretty’s framework for participation, the researcher engages in a retrospective analysis using critical ethnographic methods to problematize the processes seeking to make transparent the ethical tensions around participation, power, language, gender/race/class, outcomes, and institutions.
Social issues and post-disaster recovery: A qualitative study in an Iranian context
Authors: Alipour Fardin , Khankeh Hamidreza , Fekrazad Husain , Kamali Mohammad , Rafiey Hassan , Ahmadi Shokoufeh
Published: August 2015

The physical impacts of a disaster are usually the most obvious impacts, and they are easily measured. However, there is not sufficient in-depth understanding of social issues arising after disasters. This qualitative study explored three main concepts regarding social issues after an earthquake in an Iranian context: social vulnerability, social uncertainty and confusion, and ignorance of local social capital. Negligence of social issues after disasters leads to delays in returning back to normal life. Policymakers are encouraged to take a comprehensive plan into account which considers these issues and facilitates the process of returning to normal life after earthquakes.
Liquid disaster and frigid response: Disaster and social exclusion
Authors: Jha Manish K
Published: August 2015

Based on the author’s engagement with humanitarian response after massive floods in the Kosi region in Bihar, this article highlights that the disaster caused by floods is not an accidental interruption but is linked to the socio-political structure of the state. Through an examination of the processes of social exclusion in times of disaster, the article situates the role of state and society in the context of recent floods. This article deals with the discrimination and exclusion of weaker sections of the society during rescue, relief and rehabilitation process. Individual and communities’ powerlessness, as was encountered immediately after floods, were put in the perspective of the structural situation in the region.
The opportunities and challenges of social work interventions in disaster situations
Authors: Dominelli Lena
Published: August 2015

Professional social workers’ positive contributions to humanitarian aid are seldom publicly acknowledged. If unaware of cultural sensitivities, locally defined needs and power relations, they are decried as oppressive. I use a research project to examine opportunities and challenges social workers have in developing empowering practices with victim–survivors of the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka. Whether reducing risks, mitigating disaster, providing relief or long-term reconstruction, social workers have much to offer. I suggest that the United Nations should include social workers more centrally within its humanitarian remit because social workers are professionally responsible for enhancing human well-being holistically.
Global Economic Impact of Dental Diseases
Authors: Listl S. , Galloway J. , Mossey P.A. , Marcenes W.
Published: August 2015

Reporting the economic burden of oral diseases is important to evaluate the societal relevance of preventing and addressing oral diseases. In addition to treatment costs, there are indirect costs to consider, mainly in terms of productivity losses due to absenteeism from work. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the direct and indirect costs of dental diseases worldwide to approximate the global economic impact. Estimation of direct treatment costs was based on a systematic approach. For estimation of indirect costs, an approach suggested by the World Health Organization’s Commission on Macroeconomics and Health was employed, which factored in 2010 values of gross domestic product per capita as provided by the International Monetary Fund and oral burden of disease estimates from the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study. Direct treatment costs due to dental diseases worldwide were estimated at US$298 billion yearly, corresponding to an average of 4.6% of global health expenditure. Indirect costs due to dental diseases worldwide amounted to US$144 billion yearly, corresponding to economic losses within the range of the 10 most frequent global causes of death. Within the limitations of currently available data sources and methodologies, these findings suggest that the global economic impact of dental diseases amounted to US$442 billion in 2010. Improvements in population oral health may imply substantial economic benefits not only in terms of reduced treatment costs but also because of fewer productivity losses in the labor market.
Exploring the Schizoid Defense of the Closet Through the Existential–Phenomenology of R. D. Laing
Authors: Gupta Nisha
Published: August 2015

This article applies the existential–phenomenological analysis of schizoid persons in R. D. Laing’s The Divided Self to the phenomenology of closeted gay individuals, as described by various autoethnographies and memoirs about the lived experience of being in the closet. It explores how schizoid and closeted gay individuals employ similar defenses and suffer similar traumas as they attempt to survive within a persecutory social world. The purpose of this comparison is to help psychologists gain understanding of what being-in-the-world is like for members of a marginalized population who lack a world in which it is safe to really be. Psychologists are thereby invited to question mainstream assumptions about clinical diagnoses and to consider reframing individual psychopathology as social pathology, particularly among patients whose psychic distress may be symptomatic of the daily trauma of trying to conform to hostile sociocultural contexts that enforce oppressive social norms.
Wage determination in Australia: The impact of qualifications, awards and enterprise agreements
Authors: Oliver Damian
Published: August 2015

A prevailing assumption in labour market policy is that workers have a powerful incentive to acquire new skills and qualifications, as this should lead to higher wages. However, the process of rewarding qualifications with higher wages is not automatic, determined solely by market principles, or consistent across all qualification types and fields. Whereas human capital theory struggles to explain why greater human capital (in the form of higher qualifications) may not always lead to higher wages, institutional approaches can better accommodate a more nuanced relationship between education and training institutions, industrial relations institutions and wage outcomes. This article examines the role that awards and enterprise agreements play in the recognition of workers’ qualifications and in so doing demonstrates the ongoing relevance of industrial relations to skills policy. Using data from the longitudinal Australia at Work survey, this article reveals that workers with vocational and university qualifications who were employed on awards report higher wages over and above the qualification premium received by workers on other wage-setting arrangements. This finding did not extend to workers on enterprise (collective) agreements. The article confirms the positive role of awards in promoting skill acquisition, especially among the low-paid, award-reliant workforce.
Development of First-Graders’ Word Reading Skills
Authors: Cho Eunsoo , Compton Donald L. , Gilbert Jennifer K. , Steacy Laura M. , Collins Alyson A. , Lindström Esther R.
Published: August 2015

Dynamic assessment (DA) of word reading measures learning potential for early reading development by documenting the amount of assistance needed to learn how to read words with unfamiliar orthography. We examined the additive value of DA for predicting first-grade decoding and word recognition development while controlling for autoregressive effects. Additionally, we examined whether predictive validity of DA would be higher for students who have poor phonological awareness skills. First-grade students ( n = 105) were assessed on measures of word reading, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, and DA in the fall and again assessed on word reading measures in the spring. A series of planned, moderated multiple regression analyses indicated that DA made a significant and unique contribution in predicting word recognition development above and beyond the autoregressor, particularly for students with poor phonological awareness skills. For these students, DA explained 3.5% of the unique variance in end-of-first-grade word recognition that was not attributable to autoregressive effect. Results suggest that DA provides an important source of individual differences in the development of word recognition skills that cannot be fully captured by merely assessing the present level of reading skills through traditional static assessment, particularly for students at risk for developing reading disabilities.
A Meta-Analysis of Video-Modeling Based Interventions for Reduction of Challenging Behaviors for Students With EBD
Authors: Losinski Mickey , Wiseman Nicole , White Sherry A. , Balluch Felicity
Published: August 2015

The current study examined the use of video modeling (VM)–based interventions to reduce the challenging behaviors of students with emotional or behavioral disorders. Each study was evaluated using Council for Exceptional Children’s (CEC’s) quality indicators for evidence-based practices. In addition, study effects were calculated along the three main categories of VM-based interventions (VM with other as model, video self-modeling, and video-feedback) using a response rate (calculated from visual analysis) and the percentage of non-overlapping data. None of the 12 included studies met all the quality indicators set forth by CEC. Overall effects were large for reducing challenging behaviors, though results should be taken with caution due to the small number of studies. Finally, implications for practice and future research are presented.
Positive Person–Environment Factors as Mediators of the Relationship Between Perceived Burden and Quality of Life of Caregivers for Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Chronister Julie , Johnson Eboneé T. , Chan Fong , Tu Wei-Mo , Chung Yi-Chieh , Lee Gloria K.
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine whether personal (caregiving mastery and problem-solving coping) and environmental (social support and professional and community support) caregiver resources mediate the relationship between caregiver perceived burden and quality of life (QOL). The sample consisted of 108 caregivers recruited from support groups who were predominantly White women. The majority of care-recipients had a severe head injury. Measures administered were the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, the COPE, Family Needs Questionnaire, Modified Caregiving Appraisal Scale, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life–Brief Version. Results showed that social, professional, and community supports mediate the link between perceived burden and QOL. Caregivers of persons with traumatic brain injury frequently face elevated levels of burden, stress, and depression. Positive personal and environmental support, particularly social support, professional/community supports, and mastery, could lessen the negative impact of caregiving burden on QOL of the caregiver.
Metropolitan Growth Along the Nation’s River: Power, Waste, and Environmental Politics in a Northern Virginia County, 1943-1971
Authors: Baker Andrew C.
Published: August 2015

Post–World War II population growth outside Washington, D.C., brought the Potomac River’s watershed under metropolitan oversight. This article examines the history of Loudoun County, Virginia, an agricultural area thirty miles upstream from the District of Columbia, as it faced six proposed urban infrastructure projects between the 1940s and late 1970s. Tracing the history of these proposals reveals the complex interplay between the federal government and its agencies, urban interest groups, local governments, and grassroots environmentalists as each shaped this hinterland’s integration into the Washington metropolis. By underscoring the persistent conflicts between environmental activism, rural boosterism, and metropolitan development within one particular region, this article argues that this process of urban and suburban expansion was often fragmentary, and ultimately dependent as much on national political trends as it was on fragmented regional power structures.
Two Birds With One Myth-Debunking Campaign
Authors: LaCaille Rick A.
Published: August 2015

Misconceptions of psychological phenomena are widespread and often not easily eliminated—even among students completing college-level psychology courses. As part of a research methods psychology course, students developed public-service-announcement-style posters as part of a psychology myth-debunking campaign and presented these to students enrolled in introductory psychology courses on campus. Results revealed that both the introductory students who were exposed to the myth-debunking campaign and the research method students who created the campaign endorsed significantly fewer myths than their respective comparison groups. The research methods students viewed their experiences with the myth-debunking campaign as enjoyable and valuable in developing scientific inquiry skills.
The competence gap in community care: Imbalance between expected and actual nursing staff competence
Authors: Bing-Jonsson Pia Cecilie , Foss Christina , Bjørk Ida Torunn
Published: August 2015

Research that examines nursing staff competence that is necessary in order to provide safe community care is called for. This literature review examines Norwegian policy documents and international research with the aim to assess whether there is a match between expected and actual nursing staff competence in community care. Twelve policy documents and ten research articles were included in the review, of which key themes were identified. The Norwegian government expects a wide range of competence ranging from specific tasks in medical management to adhering to safe practice and care guidelines. Major discrepancies were identified between the advanced competence expected in policy documents and the actual competence as described by the research literature, which was mainly concerned with assistance with activities of daily living, medical knowledge, and personal abilities. There is a general lack of opportunities for competence development in the sector, implying that a general development of nursing staff competence is a pressing need in community care.
Patient and Family Caregivers’ Experiences of Living With a Jejunostomy Feeding Tube After Surgery for Esophagogastric Cancer
Authors: Halliday Vanessa , Baker Melanie , Thomas Anne L. , Bowrey David
Published: August 2015

Background:Jejunostomy feeding tubes (JFTs) can be used to provide nutrition support to patients who have had surgery for esophagogastric cancer. Although previous research reports how patients cope with a gastrostomy tube, little is known about the impact of having a JFT. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how patients and their informal caregivers experience living with a JFT in the first months following surgery. Methods: Participants were purposively sampled from a cohort of patients recruited to a trial investigating home enteral nutrition vs standard care after esophagogastric surgery for cancer. The sampling framework considered age, sex, and marital status. Informal caregivers were also invited to participate. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and anonymized. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify key themes related to living with a JFT. Results: Fifteen patient interviews were conducted; 8 also included a family caregiver. Analysis of the data resulted in 2 main themes: “challenges” and “facilitators” when living with a JFT. While “physical effects,” “worries” and “impact on routine” were the main challenges, “support,” “adaptation” and “perceived benefit” were what motivated continuation of the intervention. Conclusion: Findings suggest that participants coped well with a JFT, describing high levels of compliance with stoma care and the feeding regimen. Nonetheless, disturbed sleep patterns and stoma‐related problems proved troublesome. A better understanding of these practical challenges, from the patient and family caregiver perspective, should guide healthcare teams in providing proactive support to avoid preventable problems.
Social exclusion: Continuities and discontinuities in explaining local patterns
Authors: Weck Sabine , Lobato Isabel Ramos
Published: August 2015

This article analyses place-specific and common social exclusion patterns and trends in a wide variety of European localities from a comparative case study perspective. The local level is where the interrelationship of multiple factors leading to social exclusion becomes obvious, and at the same time where policies responding to it are most directly needed. In our analysis, we focus on the national and local policy environment, the economic environment, and individual and territorial characteristics as generally accepted factors causing or contributing to social exclusion. Based on our empirical findings, we discuss connections/disconnections between these and locally specific patterns and trends of social exclusion. Though the results point to the highly contextual nature of social exclusion, there are nevertheless clear continuities and discontinuities in explaining local patterns.
The Evolution of Retailing
Authors: McArthur Ellen , Weaven Scott , Dant Rajiv
Published: August 2015

The evolution of retailing has interested academics across a range of disciplines including economics, history, geography, and marketing. Due to its interdisciplinary appeal, the corpus of knowledge on retailing is composed of many disparate variables of analysis – from transaction costs and entrepreneurs, to environmental factors and the dispersion of stores. In consequence, the literature that attempts to explain retailing evolution presents as a patchwork, and extant theories remain disconnected because of their narrowness of focus. This literature review applies a macro and systems theory approach to the multi-discipline literature, and links together bodies of work that, until now, have remained conceptually unconnected. This provides a meta typology of six factors that could explain change in retailing: economic efficiencies, cyclical patterns, power inequities, innovative behavior, environmental influences, and interdependent parts of the system in co-evolution.
Unilateral Renal Ischemia as a Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Fibrosis in Cats
Authors: Schmiedt C. W. , Brainard B. M. , Hinson W. , Brown S. A. , Brown C. A.
Published: August 2015

The objectives of this study were to define the acute and chronic effects of 1-hour unilateral in vivo renal ischemia on renal function and histology in cats. Twenty-one adult purpose-bred research cats were anesthetized, and 1 kidney underwent renal artery and vein occlusion for 1 hour. Serum creatinine and urea concentrations, urine protein:creatinine ratio, urine-specific gravity, glomerular filtration rate, hematocrit, platelet concentration and function, and white blood cell count were measured at baseline and variable time points after ischemia. Renal histopathology was evaluated on days 3, 6, 12, 21, 42, and 70 postischemia; changes in smooth muscle actin and interstitial collagen were examined. Following ischemia, whole animal glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced (57% of baseline on day 6; P < .05). At the early time points, the ischemic kidneys exhibited severe acute epithelial necrosis accompanied by evidence of regeneration of tubules predominantly within the corticomedullary junction. At later periods, postischemic kidneys had evidence of tubular atrophy and interstitial inflammation with significantly more smooth muscle actin and interstitial collagen staining and interstitial fibrosis when compared with the contralateral control kidneys. This study characterizes the course of ischemic acute kidney injury in cats and demonstrates that ischemic acute kidney injury triggers chronic fibrosis, interstitial inflammation, and tubular atrophy in feline kidneys. These late changes are typical of those observed in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease.
Exocrine Pancreas in Cats With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Zini E. , Ferro S. , Lunardi F. , Zanetti R. , Heller R. S. , Coppola L. M. , Guscetti F. , Osto M. , Lutz T. A. , Cavicchioli L. , Reusch C. E.
Published: August 2015

Pancreatitis has been described in cats with diabetes mellitus, although the number of studies currently available is very limited. In addition, ketoacidosis has been hypothesized to be associated with pancreatitis in diabetic cats. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether diabetic cats have pancreatitis and to determine if pancreatitis is more frequent with ketoacidosis. Samples of pancreas were collected postmortem from 37 diabetic cats, including 15 with ketoacidosis, and 20 control cats matched for age, sex, breed, and body weight. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, double-labeled for insulin/CD3, insulin/CD20, insulin/myeloperoxidase, insulin/PCNA, and glucagon/Ki67, and single-labeled for Iba1. A previously proposed semiquantitative score was used to characterize pancreatitis, along with counts of inflammatory cells. Scores of pancreatitis and the number of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes in the exocrine pancreas did not differ between diabetic and control cats or between diabetic cats with and without ketoacidosis. Of note, PCNA-positive acinar cells were increased ( P = .002) in diabetic cats, particularly near islets ( P < .001). Ki67-positive acinar cells were increased only near islets ( P = .038). Ketoacidosis was not linked to proliferation. The results suggest that histopathologic evidence of pancreatitis may not be more frequent in diabetic cats and that ketoacidosis may not be associated with it at the time of death. Augmented PCNA-positive acinar cells might indicate increased proliferation due to chronic pancreatitis. The reason behind the prevalent proliferation of acinar cells surrounding pancreatic islets deserves further investigation.
A Relationship Between Visual Complexity and Aesthetic Appraisal of Car Front Images: An Eye-Tracker Study
Authors: Chassy Philippe , Lindell Trym A. E. , Jones Jessica A. , Paramei Galina V.
Published: August 2015

Image aesthetic pleasure (AP) is conjectured to be related to image visual complexity (VC). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether (a) two image attributes, AP and VC, are reflected in eye-movement parameters; and (b) subjective measures of AP and VC are related. Participants ( N = 26) explored car front images ( M = 50) while their eye movements were recorded. Following image exposure (10 seconds), its VC and AP were rated. Fixation count was found to positively correlate with the subjective VC and its objective proxy, JPEG compression size, suggesting that this eye-movement parameter can be considered an objective behavioral measure of VC. AP, in comparison, positively correlated with average dwelling time. Subjective measures of AP and VC were related too, following an inverted U-shape function best-fit by a quadratic equation. In addition, AP was found to be modulated by car prestige. Our findings reveal a close relationship between subjective and objective measures of complexity and aesthetic appraisal, which is interpreted within a prototype-based theory framework.
Gender and Programming
Authors: Crittenden Courtney A. , Koons-Witt Barbara A.
Published: August 2015

The current study examines U.S. prison programming availability and participation by gender on a national level. The authors build upon previous literature by using national-level data, something that has been done in very limited cases previously. The main concern of this study is gender and its effects on programming availability and participation. The U.S. corrections field has undergone major changes in regard to population trends, fiscal constraints, policies, and research over the last few decades without a large-scale examination of the effects of these changes on programming across the United States. In this study, multiple types of programming areas were examined and results indicated that often female prisons (i.e., prisons housing only females) were more likely to offer programs (e.g., mental health options) and women were more likely to participate in many programming options compared with male prisons and men, respectively. We discuss the possible reasons for this and implications for future research.
Development geography 1
Authors: Mawdsley Emma
Published: August 2015

In this report I examine two of the most important trends bearing down on the international development regime in 2015, a landmark year. The first is the consolidation of South–South development cooperation (acknowledging the problematic nature of this designation), materially, ontologically and ideationally. The second is the response of the (so-called) ‘traditional’ donors to the opportunities and challenges provided by the ‘rise of the South’, in the context of the uneven reverberations of the post-2007/8 global financial crisis. Together, these interpolated trends have contributed to an unprecedented rupture in the North–South axis that has dominated post-1945 international development norms and structures – an axis that has also provided the focus for radical and critical approaches to the geographies of development. The resulting development landscape is complex and turbulent, bringing stimulating challenges to theorists of aid and development.
Epidemiology of Injuries in Major League Baseball Catchers
Authors: Kilcoyne Kelly G. , Ebel Brian G. , Bancells Richard L. , Wilckens John H. , McFarland Edward G.
Published: August 2015

Background:

In part because of the perception that many injuries occur during collisions with the catcher at home plate, Major League Baseball (MLB) officials recently implemented rule changes to prevent these injuries. There is little research on the rate, type, and severity of injuries in MLB catchers.

Purpose:

To (1) determine the types and severity of injuries to catchers, (2) determine catchers’ athlete exposure (AE) rate of injuries, and (3) assess the perception that catchers are at risk for career-ending injuries caused by home plate collisions.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

The MLB Electronic Baseball Information System was queried for injuries in catchers during the 2001-2010 seasons categorized by cause (collision vs noncollision), diagnosis, and severity. All collision injuries were confirmed by reviewing publicly accessible records and news media. The injury exposure rate per 1000 AEs was calculated, and the rate of injury, associated days on the disabled list (DL), and injury severity were determined on the basis of cause and location of injury. Poisson regression was used to compare rates among seasons, and significance was set at P < .05.

Results:

During the study period, 134 injuries were sustained, resulting in 6801 days lost. The mean time on the DL was 50.8 days (range, 15-236). The average injury rate was 2.75 injuries per 1000 AEs (range, 0.82-5.14). Of those 134 injuries, 20 were collision injuries. Collision injuries resulted in a mean of 39 days (range, 15-93) of DL time, compared with 53 days for noncollision injuries (range, 15-236), which was not a significant difference. No collision injury was career ending. Noncollision injuries more commonly resulted in >100 days on the DL compared with collision injuries ( P = .049).

Conclusion:

Study findings indicated that (1) the most common type of injury to catchers was noncollision injury, (2) the rate of injuries to catchers is lower than previously reported rates for other player positions, and (3) this study did not support the perception that collision injuries are a frequent cause of career-ending injury to catchers.
Polyurethane composite foams with β-tricalcium phosphate for biomedical applications
Authors: Szczepańczyk Piotr , Pielichowska Kinga , Chłopek Jan
Published: August 2015

Biocompatibility, bioactivity, bioconductivity and injectability are the most valuable features of biodegradable polyurethanes for orthopaedic applications. Injectable biomaterials may be used in bone tissue engineering for minimally invasive therapies and other medical applications. Polyurethane composites have been synthesized with concentration of β-tricalcium phosphate in the range of 0–30 wt%. Incorporation of β-tricalcium phosphate leads to an increased glass temperature of soft segments while a decrease of glass temperature was observed for hard segments. Moreover, addition of β-tricalcium phosphate caused an increase in the thermal stability of polyurethane matrix. Porosity has ranged between 27 and 53%. The mechanical and thermal properties of the polyurethane/β-tricalcium phosphate composite samples have been investigated. In vitro degradation tests have been carried out in water, Ringer’s solution and phosphate buffered saline. After 2 weeks incubation in simulated body fluid, scanning electron microscopy observations showed the presence of an inorganic phase deposition which might indicate good bioactivity of the composites. The relationships between their properties and bone regeneration quality were discussed as the composites demonstrate vast potential to be used as injectable scaffolds for bone repair.
Local buckling of composite beams with edge-stiffened flanges subjected to axial load
Authors: Tarján Gabriella , Kollár László P
Published: August 2015

Local buckling analysis of thin walled composite beams is presented, where the flanges are stiffened at their free edges. The web and the flanges are modelled by rotationally restrained long orthotropic plates. Explicit expressions are developed for the calculation of the lowest buckling load. For the stability of the flange distortional buckling, plate buckling (or local buckling) and their interaction are considered, while the stabilizing effect of the web is taken into account by elastic constraint. Web buckling is modelled with a long plate, whose edges are constrained by stiffeners with warping stiffness. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated through numerical examples.
Recent Legal Developments
Authors: Hemmens Craig , Walker Andrea
Published: August 2015

In this paper we review and analyze the criminal justice-related decisions of the 2014 term of the United States Supreme Court. We also provide a summary of the Court’s voting patterns and opinion authorship. Eighteen of the Court’s 74 decision touched on criminal justice. There were significant decisions in the areas of search and seizure, the confrontation clause, corrections law, and the death penalty.
Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of flumetralin in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Kocaman Ayşe Yavuz , Bucak Sevcan
Published: August 2015

Flumetralin, a synthetic plant growth regulator with herbicidal activity belonging to the 2,6-dinitroaniline class of chemicals, has been evaluated for its ability to induce genotoxicity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of flumetralin were investigated in vitro by chromosome aberration (CA) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays. Human PBLs were treated with 125, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL flumetralin for 24 and 48 h. Flumetralin statistically significantly increased the frequency of structural CAs at the three highest concentrations (250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL) for both treatment periods (24 and 48 h) when compared with both the negative and solvent controls. In addition, micronucleus formation was significantly induced at higher concentrations (250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL) for 24 h and at 125 and 500 µg/mL of flumetralin for the 48-h treatment period compared with the controls. Because of the excessive cytostatic effects of flumetralin, binuclear cells could not be detected sufficiently at the highest two concentrations (500 and 1000 µg/mL) for the 48-h treatment period. Furthermore, flumetralin significantly decreased the mitotic index and nuclear division index for all concentrations and treatment times compared with the control groups. The present results indicate that flumetralin was clastogenic and cytotoxic/cytostatic to human PBLs. This study presents the first report of the genotoxic and cytotoxic properties of flumetralin.
The Impact and Statistical Analysis of a Multifaceted Anticoagulation Strategy in Children Supported on ECMO
Authors: Kessel Aaron D. , Kline Myriam , Zinger Marcia , McLaughlin Dawn , Silver Peter , Sweberg Todd M.
Published: August 2015

Background:

We sought to determine whether the introduction of a new anticoagulation protocol improved the frequency with which target anticoagulation parameters were met in children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Additionally, we sought to correlate the results of various tests of anticoagulation with the heparin infusion dose (HID) for patients on ECMO and to evaluate the utility of these anticoagulation monitoring tests for the titration of the HID.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of 18 patients who received ECMO at an academic tertiary care children’s hospital. Nine patients who were managed using a new anticoagulation protocol were matched by age and diagnosis with 9 patients managed with the old protocol. We collected data relating to patient demographics, type of extracorporeal support, disease process, and incidence of bleeding or thrombosis. Anticoagulation parameters collected include the activated clotting time (ACT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time/international normalized ratio, anti-factor Xa level, and antithrombin 3 level along with the HID at each time point. Patient groups were compared using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model, a mixed model analysis of variance, and correlational studies.

Main Results:

The percentage of in-range ACT values was not different between the 2 protocols, whereas the percentage of in-range aPTT values was higher in the new anticoagulation protocol (ACT: 37.7% vs 39.5%; aPTT: 25.1% vs 39.8%). After accounting for repeated and variable measures within patients, the probability of obtaining an in-range ACT and aPTT did not differ significantly between the 2 protocols (ACT: P = .3488; aPTT: P = .16). The mean HID did not differ between the 2 groups (35.0 unit/kg/h vs 37.6 unit/kg/h, P = .56). Correlation coefficients demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between the ACT and the HID in both the groups (old: r = −.22, P < .0001; new: r = −.26, P < .0001). We observed a significant positive correlation between the aPTT and the HID in the historical group ( r = .25, P < .0001), but no correlation between the aPTT and the HID in the current group ( r = −.02, P = .71). The anti-factor Xa level showed a significantly positive correlation with the HID in the current group ( r = .62, P < .0001).

Conclusions:

A multipronged monitoring regimen slightly increased the amount of time that anticoagulation parameters were within range. Correlations between the HID and the aPTT differed based on anticoagulation protocol, with a positive correlation in the older protocol and no correlation in the new protocol. This may highlight a problem in study design and analysis that requires further examination. Further trials are needed to assess the most useful markers with which anticoagulation protocols for ECMO can be created, adjusted, and evaluated.
Out in the Open: The Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence for Victims in Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Relationships
Authors: Gehring Krista S. , Vaske Jamie C.
Published: August 2015

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health problem in the United States. While our understanding of this form of violence has grown substantially over the past several decades, the majority of research involving victims of IPV has focused almost exclusively on female heterosexual victims. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to how this form of violence affects specific populations, such as gay and lesbian victims. It is possible that gay and lesbian victims may experience more maladaptive outcomes as a result of unique components of same-sex IPV, their sexual minority status in American society, and the lack of appropriate services tailored to victims of this violence. Using data from the second wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study contributes to the research on gay and lesbian victims of IPV by investigating same-sex and opposite-sex adolescent victims’ experiences with depression, alcohol-related problems, marijuana use, violent delinquency, and property delinquency. Results indicate that opposite-sex victims experienced more depressive symptoms, alcohol problems, and marijuana use than non-victims and engaged in higher levels of violent and property delinquency than non-victims. IPV within the context of same-sex relationships led to more depressive symptoms and greater involvement in violent delinquency, with the impact of IPV on violent delinquency being greater for victims of same-sex IPV compared with opposite-sex IPV. The implications of this study could inform interventions for victims of same-sex IPV and lead to more comprehensive services to address the needs of gay and lesbian victims of this violence.
Breastfeeding Self-efficacy
Authors: Tuthill Emily L. , McGrath Jacqueline M. , Graber Melanie , Cusson Regina M. , Young Sera L.
Published: August 2015

Increasing breastfeeding rates in the United States is a national priority. Yet, initiation and duration of breastfeeding remains below national targets. Breastfeeding self-efficacy has been shown to be a strong predictor of both breastfeeding initiation and duration and is therefore an important characteristic to be able to measure. However, there is currently a myriad of instruments for measuring breastfeeding self-efficacy, which makes selection of an appropriate instrument difficult. Thus, our aim was to identify, compare, and critically review available breastfeeding self-efficacy instruments. In a systematic review, 6 breastfeeding self-efficacy instruments were identified. The instruments’ purposes, theoretical framework, final scale development, and application in 5 most recent settings were analyzed. The 6 breastfeeding self-efficacy instruments apply a number of theoretical and conceptual frameworks in their development, with Bandura’s social cognitive theory being most common. Content, construct, and predictive validity were strong for most scales. Some, but not all, have been successfully adapted to novel settings. In sum, there are several measurements of breastfeeding self-efficacy that can and should be employed to better understand reasons for suboptimal breastfeeding rates and the effects of interventions on breastfeeding self-efficacy. Instrument selection should be based on domains of primary interest, time available, peripartum timing, and assessment of previous adaptations. Failure to apply appropriate measures in research may garner results that are inconclusive, inaccurate, or nonrepresentative of true study effects.
Suck-Swallow-Breathe Dynamics in Breastfed Infants
Authors: Sakalidis Vanessa S. , Geddes Donna T.
Published: August 2015

Despite the importance of the suck-swallow-breathe reflex during breastfeeding, a large proportion of our understanding is derived from bottle-feeding studies. Given the differences in the delivery of milk during breast and bottle feeding, it is imperative that a more general view of the suck-swallow-breathe and milk removal process during breastfeeding is available. This systematic review aimed to assess the evidence for the mechanism of milk removal during breastfeeding; evaluate how the term infant coordinates sucking, swallowing, breathing (SSwB) and cardiorespiratory patterns; and how these patterns change with maturation during breastfeeding. A literature search of PubMed and MEDLINE was performed to assess the mechanism of milk removal and patterns of sucking, swallowing, breathing, and cardiorespiratory control during breastfeeding in healthy term infants. Seventeen studies were selected and a narrative synthesis was performed. Nine studies assessing the infant sucking mechanism consistently provided evidence that vacuum is essential to milk removal from the breast. The limited data on swallowing and breathing and cardiorespiratory control showed mixed results. Overall, results highlighted the high variability in breastfeeding studies and suggested that swallowing, breathing, and cardiorespiratory patterns change with maturation, and within a breastfeed. These findings show potential for devising breastfeeding interventions for populations at risk of SSwB problems. However, consistent methods and definitions of breastfeeding parameters are required before interventions can be adequately developed and tested.
The effect of 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene- 10-oxide on liquid oxygen compatibility and cryogenic mechanical properties of epoxy resins
Authors: Li Jialiang , Liu Xin , Wu Zhanjun , Wang Zhi
Published: August 2015

In the present study, 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (ODOPB) was chemically incorporated into bisphenol A epoxy resin (EP) to improve liquid oxygen compatibility of the EP. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy verified that ODOPB was successfully introduced into the molecular chain of bisphenol A EP. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that the ODOPB-modified EPs exhibited much better thermal stability than the pristine ones during the whole decomposition process under oxygen atmosphere. The 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS)-cured resins showed higher initial degradation temperature, and the 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM)-cured resins demonstrated better thermal stability at high temperature. The results of limited oxygen index measurements indicated that the modified EPs also possessed much improved flame retardancy. Furthermore, the enhanced liquid oxygen compatibility of the modified EPs characterized by the liquid oxygen impact test implied that improving thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs was beneficial to enhance their liquid oxygen compatibility. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results demonstrated that the DDS-cured modified EPs had much higher reactivity with liquid oxygen compared to the DDM-cured ones. Mechanical performance tests indicated that the introduction of ODOPB could simultaneously improve the tensile properties and fracture toughness of the EPs at cryogenic temperature. Summarily, it can be considered that the ODOPB-modified EPs have the application prospect in the fabrication of the composite liquid oxygen tanks.