bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhodopila
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Madigan Michael T.
Published: May 2021

Rho.do.pi'la. Gr. neut. n.
rhodon
the rose; N.L. fem. n.
pila
a ball or sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Rhodopila
red sphere.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Rhodopila

Rhodopila globiformis
is one of the very few anaerobic phototrophic purple bacteria that can grow below pH 6 with an optimum depending on the organic carbon substrate from 4.8 to 5.6. Growth occurs preferably photoheterotrophically under anoxic conditions in the light. Cells are sensitive to oxygen but grow by respiration under microoxic conditions in the dark. Growth factors are required. They are acidophilic freshwater bacteria that inhabit acidic warm sulfur springs. Cells are spherical to ovoid, motile by means of polar flagella, and divide by binary fission. They stain Gram‐negative and have internal photosynthetic membranes of the vesicular type.
Rhodopila
is classified within the
Acetobacteraceae
family and
Rhodospirillales
order of the
Alphaproteobacteria
. The photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids. The major fatty acids are C
18:1
(∼75%) and C
16:0
. Ubiquinones, menaquinones, and rhodoquinones with 9 and 10 isoprene units are produced.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67.1 (genome analysis).

Type species:
Rhodopila globiformis
Imhoff et al. 1984
VP
(basonym:
Rhodopseudomonas globiformis
Pfennig 1974
AL
).
Methylomagnum
Authors: Knief Claudia
Published: May 2021

Me.thy.lo.mag'num, N.L. neut. n.
methylum
the methyl group; N.L. pref.
methylo
‐ pertaining to the methyl radical; L. adj.
magnus ‐a ‐um
big, large, great; N.L. neut. n.
Methylomagnum
a large methylotroph.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylomagnum

The genus
Methylomagnum
represents a group of aerobic obligately methanotrophic bacteria within the class
Gammaproteobacteria
. Their cells are Gram‐negative, motile short thick rods that are noticeably larger than those of other aerobic methanotrophic bacteria. Cells occur singly in young cultures and in short chains in older cultures on solidified media. They reproduce by binary fission. Colonies are opaque white, large, circular, and smooth. Cells have an intracellular membrane system and contain granules of different storage compounds including poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate. Members of this genus are mesophilic and neutrophilic and use only methane or methanol as carbon and energy source. Methane oxidation is performed by the particulate or soluble methane monooxygenase. Formaldehyde is assimilated via the ribulose‐monophosphate pathway. In addition, CO
2
assimilation via ribulose‐bisphosphate carboxylase is possible. The major fatty acids are C
14:0
, C
16:0
, and C
16:1
ω7
c
. A typical habitat of the genus is paddy soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 63.6–64.1 (HPLC and genome sequence analysis).

Type species
:
Methylomagnum ishizawai
Khalifa et al. 2015
VP
emend. Frindte et al. 2017a.
Flexible Polydopamine Bioelectronics
Authors: Jin Zhekai , Yang Lei , Shi Shun , Wang Tianyou , Duan Gaigai , Liu Xianhu , Li Yiwen
Published: May 2021

Flexible bioelectronics have attracted increasing research interests due to their wide range of potential applications in human motion detection, personal healthcare monitoring, and medical diagnosis. Recently, design and fabrication strategies integrated with mussel‐inspired polydopamine (PDA) have demonstrated many appealing properties, which meet the structural and functional requirements of high‐performance flexible bioelectronics. The inherent multiple reactive sites and hierarchical interactions within PDA can promote the total electrochemical activities, self‐healing, surface activation, and biocompatibility of the composite system. This review paper strives to provide a comprehensive overview on this emerging area, including the fabrication methodology, the structural and functional contributions of PDA on the whole composites, and various applications of PDA‐based flexible bioelectronics. The current challenges and future outlook in this field are also extensively discussed at the end. This paper aims to serve as a guideline in this emerging area and provide new inspirations toward next‐generation integrated multifunctional flexible PDA bioelectronics with a broad range of healthcare applications.
Photopatterned Designer Disclination Networks in Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Guo Yubing , Jiang Miao , Afghah Sajedeh , Peng Chenhui , Selinger Robin L. B. , Lavrentovich Oleg D. , Wei Qi‐Huo
Published: May 2021

Linear defect‐disclinations are of fundamental interest in understanding complex structures explored by soft matter physics, elementary particles physics, cosmology, and various branches of mathematics. These defects are also of practical importance in materials applications, such as programmable origami, directed colloidal assembly, and command of active matter. Here an effective engineering approach is demonstrated to pattern molecular orientations at two flat confining surfaces that produce complex yet designable networks of singular disclinations of strength 1/2. Depending on the predesigned director patterns at the bounding plates, the produced disclinations are either surface‐anchored, connecting desired sites at the boundaries, or freely suspended in bulk, forming ordered arrays of polygons and wavy lines. The capability is shown to control the radius of curvature, size, and shape of disclinations by varying uniform alignment orientation on one of these confining plates. The capabilities to precisely design and create highly complex 3D disclination networks promise intriguing applications in stimuli‐responsive reconfigurable materials, directed self‐assembly of molecules, micro‐ and nanoparticles, and transport and sorting in microfluidic applications.
Engineering Chemical Vapor Deposition for Lead‐Free Perovskite‐Inspired MA3Bi2I9 Self‐Powered Photodetectors with High Performance and Stability
Authors: Vuong Van‐Hoang , Pammi S. V. N. , Pasupuleti Kedhareswara Sairam , Hu Weiguang , Tran Van Dang , Jung Jang Su , Kim Moon‐Deock , Pecunia Vincenzo , Yoon Soon Gil
Published: May 2021

Lead‐free perovskite‐inspired materials (PIMs) have attracted great interest in optoelectronics, as they feature electronic properties similar to mainstream lead‐based perovskites but are not burdened by the same toxicity issues. However, PIM photodetectors to date have not delivered efficiencies and stability on par with benchmark technologies. With a focus on methylammonium bismuth iodide (MA3Bi2I9)—a prominent lead‐free PIM—this study overcomes this challenge by growing the photoactive material through an engineered chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach. While the commonplace one‐tube (1T)‐CVD approach delivers films with disconnected grains and large pinholes, a two‐tube (2T)‐CVD approach is developed that enables the growth of smoother films with superior, compact morphology. The considerable optoelectronic potential of 2T‐CVD MA3Bi2I9 films is demonstrated by realizing high‐performance self‐powered photodetectors, which deliver a responsivity and specific detectivity as high as 0.28 A W–1 and 8.8 × 1012 Jones, respectively, under UV illumination—i.e., approximately twice as large as the 1T‐CVD counterparts. Further, nonencapsulated 2T‐CVD devices exhibit considerable long‐term moisture stability, with an attenuation of their photoresponse of ≤3% over 100 days. These results demonstrate that 2T‐CVD offers a promising platform that can catalyze the development of high‐performance lead‐free perovskite‐inspired optoelectronics.
High‐Efficiency Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters with High Horizontal Orientation and Narrow Deep‐Blue Emission
Authors: Lee Youngnam , Hong Jong‐In
Published: May 2021

Highly efficient 10‐(5,9‐dioxa‐13b‐boranaphtho[3,2,1‐de]anthracen‐7‐yl)‐10H‐dispiro[acridine‐9,9′‐anthracene‐10′,9″‐fluorene] (OBOtSAc) and 10‐(2,12‐di‐tert‐butyl‐5,9‐dioxa‐13b‐boranaphtho[3,2,1‐de]anthracen‐7‐yl)‐10H‐dispiro[acridine‐9,9′‐anthracene‐10′,9″‐fluorene] (tBuOBOtSAc) emitters, comprising almost perpendicularly linked rigid 5,9‐dioxa‐13b‐boranaphtho[3,2,1‐de]anthracene (OBO) electron acceptors and a rigid and linear tri‐spiral acridine electron donor, are reported here. OBOtSAc and tBuOBOtSAc show deep‐blue emission (λmax = 452 and 446 nm) with narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of 50 and 48 nm, respectively. Due to the rigid and twisted structures, and the appropriate singlet and triplet energy levels of both emitters, 10 wt% doped films of OBOtSAc and tBuOBOtSAc in a bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether oxide (DPEPO) host show efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emission and photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 97% and 90%, respectively. Moreover, linear‐shaped OBOtSAc and tBuOBOtSAc lead to excellent horizontal emitting dipole orientations (88% and 90%, respectively). Consequently, organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices using OBOtSAc and tBuOBOtSAc exhibit maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 31.2% and 28.2%, respectively, and Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.147, 0.092) and (0.149, 0.061), respectively.
Luminescence and Stability Enhancement of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots through Surface Sacrificial Coating
Authors: Huang Dong , Bo Jun , Zheng Ronghong , Luo Chengzhao , Sun Xiaojuan , Li Qinyi , Shen Dongyang , Zheng Zhishuai , Chen Mengyu , Yang Yixing , Tang Aiwei , Chen Song , Chen Yu
Published: May 2021

All‐inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a new category of low‐cost semiconducting luminescent materials for optoelectronic applications. However, their poor stability has become the main challenge that impedes their potential applications. Herein, Ni‐doped CsPbBr3 QDs with lead phosphate (Pb3(PO4)2) shell through surface sacrificial coating (c‐Ni‐CsPbBr3) have been developed based on a modified thermal injection approach. The synergistic effect of Ni doping and Pb3(PO4)2 coating effectively improves the stability and optical performances of CsPbBr3 QDs, including photoluminescence (PL) intensity, the average lifetime, and PL quantum yield (QY). Thus, the c‐Ni‐CsPbBr3 QDs demonstrate the full width at half maxima (FWHM) and PLQY being 18.42 nm and 90.77%, respectively. The PL intensity of c‐Ni‐CsPbBr3 can be maintained at 81% of its original value after being heated at 100 °C for 1 h. No phase transformation can be observed after being stored under ambient conditions (25 °C, 60% relative humidity (RH)) for 21 days. In addition, by combining green c‐Ni‐CsPbBr3 QDs, red CdSe‐based QDs and the blue GaN chip, a QD enhancement film (QDEF) is fabricated to form a liquid crystal display (LCD) backlit with a wide color gamut covering cover 121% of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard.
Current status of IBD and surgery of Crohn's disease in Thailand
Authors: Riansuwan Woramin , Limsrivilai Julajak
Published: May 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of two diseases: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The incidence of IBD is much higher in Western countries compared to Asian countries, especially in Thailand. The incidence of UC in Thailand is quite low and seems less aggressive than in Western countries. Over the past two decades, the evolution of UC management in Thailand has led to a reduction in hospitalization and colectomy rate. Regarding CD, the majority of patients have an inflammatory phenotype at diagnosis. Diagnosis of CD remains challenging in Thailand as the time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis is quite delayed, possibly due to unawareness and difficulty in the differential diagnosis between CD and other infectious entero‐colitis such as intestinal tuberculosis. With a significant trend to early initiation of immunomodulators and biologics, the cumulative rate of surgery after diagnosis has been improved. To improve the outcomes of CD treatment in Thailand, physicians need more awareness to recognize the disease, which results in early diagnosis, prevention of long‐term complications, and reduction in the rate of surgery.
A rapid scoping review of COVID‐19 and vulnerable workers: Intersecting occupational and public health issues
Authors: Côté Daniel , Durant Steve , MacEachen Ellen , Majowicz Shannon , Meyer Samantha , Huynh Ai‐Thuy , Laberge Marie , Dubé Jessica
Published: May 2021

Background

This article reports the results of a rapid scoping review of the literature on COVID‐19 transmission risk to workers in essential sectors such as retail, health care, manufacturing, and agriculture, and more particularly the experiences of workers in precarious employment and social situations.

Methods

Following scoping review methods, we included 30 studies that varied in terms of methodology and theoretical approaches. The search included peer‐reviewed articles and grey literature published between March and September 2020.

Results

Based on the studies reviewed, we found that COVID‐19 infection and death rates increased not only with age and comorbidities, but also with discrimination and structural inequities based on racism and sexism. Racial and ethnic minority workers, including migrant workers, are concentrated in high‐risk occupations and this concentration is correlated to lower socioeconomic conditions. The COVID‐19 pandemic appears in the occupational health and safety spotlight as an exacerbator of already existing socioeconomic inequalities and social inequalities in health, especially in light of the intersection of issues related to racism, ethnic minority status, and sexism.

Conclusions

This review provides early evidence about the limitations of institutions' responses to the pandemic, and their capacity to provide a safe and decent working environment for all workers, regardless of their employment status or the social protections they may enjoy under normal circumstances. It is also important to think about these issues in the postpandemic context, when conditions of precariousness and vulnerability persist and possibly worsen.
De novo variants in TCF7L2 are associated with a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder
Authors: Dias Caroline , Pfundt Rolph , Kleefstra Tjitske , Shuurs‐Hoeijmakers Janneke , Boon Elles M. J. , van Hagen Johanna M. , Zwijnenburg Petra , Weiss Marjan M. , Keren Boris , Mignot Cyril , Isapof Arnaud , Weiss Karin , Hershkovitz Tova , Iascone Maria , Maitz Silvia , Feichtinger René G. , Kotzot Dieter , Mayr Johannes A. , Ben‐Omran Tawfeg , Mahmoud Laila , Pais Lynn S. , Walsh Christopher A. , Shashi Vandana , Sullivan Jennifer A. , Stong Nicholas , Lecoquierre Francois , Guerrot Anne‐Marie , Charollais Aude , Rodan Lance H.
Published: May 2021

TCF7L2 encodes transcription factor 7‐like 2 (OMIM 602228), a key mediator of the evolutionary conserved canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Although several large‐scale sequencing studies have implicated TCF7L2 in intellectual disability and autism, both the genetic mechanism and clinical phenotype have remained incompletely characterized. We present here a comprehensive genetic and phenotypic description of 11 individuals who have been identified to carry de novo variants in TCF7L2, both truncating and missense. Missense variation is clustered in or near a high mobility group box domain, involving this region in these variants' pathogenicity. All affected individuals present with developmental delays in childhood, but most ultimately achieved normal intelligence or had only mild intellectual disability. Myopia was present in approximately half of the individuals, and some individuals also possessed dysmorphic craniofacial features, orthopedic abnormalities, or neuropsychiatric comorbidities including autism and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We thus present an initial clinical and genotypic spectrum associated with variation in TCF7L2, which will be important in informing both medical management and future research.
A case of migraine treatment in a patient with a clinical diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome using onabotulinum toxin A
Authors: Morrison Julia B. , Fisher Bradley M. , Arra Angela , Bezuhly Michael , Blake Kim
Published: May 2021

CHARGE syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects multiple organ and sensory systems. Cranial nerve involvement is one of the key clinical diagnostic criteria. We present the case of an 8‐year‐old girl with CHARGE syndrome, associated right‐sided facial palsy, and chronic severe migraines, that were intractable to medical treatment. At age 6, onabotulinum toxin A was used to weaken the contralateral non‐paralyzed side of her face to address her stigmatizing asymmetry. Onabotulinum toxin A chemodenervation was performed on the left lower lip depressors to relax the muscles and improve left lower lip position. Coincidentally, it was noted that with these treatments, migraine symptoms resolved. As the chemodenervation subsided over the next 3–4 months, the severe migraines returned. Continued treatment with onabotulinum toxin A injections every 3 months has resulted in ongoing improvements in facial symmetry and migraine control. Onabotulinum toxin A is a well‐known treatment of chronic migraine. Injections are usually directed to the occipitalis, frontalis, and corrugator muscles. The literature has no reports of injections to the lower lip depressors as a useful therapy for migraine, making the results from this case unique.
Social network characteristics moderate associations between cortical thickness and cognitive functioning in older adults
Authors: Sharifian Neika , Zaheed Afsara B. , Morris Emily P. , Sol Ketlyne , Manly Jennifer J. , Schupf Nicole , Mayeux Richard , Brickman Adam M. , Zahodne Laura B.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Prior research suggests that the strength of association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and lower cognitive performance is influenced by modifiable psychosocial factors, such as social network size. However, little is known about distinct social relationship types.

Methods

The current cross‐sectional study used data from the Washington Heights‐Inwood Columbia Aging Project to examine whether social network characteristics (i.e., total size, spouse/partner, number of children, other relatives, friends) moderate associations between cortical thickness in regions implicated in AD and cognitive performance.

Results

Lower cortical thickness was associated with worse global cognition among individuals with smaller friend networks, but not among individuals with larger friend networks. This pattern of results was most prominent for language and speed/executive functioning.

Discussion

Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to determine whether these cross‐sectional findings reflect a protective effect of later‐life friendships for maintaining cognitive performance in the context of poorer brain health.
Family Therapy for Conduct Disorder: Parent/Caregiver Perspectives on Active Ingredients
Authors: McDonald Rosemary J , Signal Tania , Canoy Doreen
Published: May 2021

Youth with conduct disorder and their families are difficult to treat and remarkably unresponsive to therapy. A main challenge is treatment engagement. This study’s aim was to explore the family’s evaluation of active ingredients in family therapy for conduct disorder and discover if those ingredients correspond with the research literature. The intention was to gain more insight into currently known active ingredients and identify any not yet recognised to promote treatment improvement. The study was a qualitative design, using semi‐structured interviews with parents/caregivers, to explore the experiences of families. Four families who had successfully completed Family Centred‐Feedback Informed Therapy, a therapy for youth with conduct disorder, in a regional area of Queensland were involved. A six‐step‐framework thematic analysis was applied whereby the data were analysed and interpreted through the lens of current research (and foundational models and theory). The parents/caregivers who participated in this study endorsed the six known active ingredients of successful family therapy for conduct disorder: therapist adherence, therapeutic alliance, creating a family focus, improved family communication, parenting skills, and delivery in the home. Additional parent/caregiver key ingredients were: putting the problem into words, recognising and adjusting expectations, responding with sensitivity, and youth sees parent/family commitment. Considering a main challenge to successful treatment of conduct disorder is the early engagement of youth and their families, these findings are important. Eliciting parent/caregiver views can add to a more complete investigation of change processes to help obtain maximum gains for families and youth. With this knowledge program developers and therapists may recognise and target specific client factors, including relational factors and beliefs to optimise engagement and change across treatment. The current study results support qualitative research methods in further treatment development including cultural adaptations to programs.
Enhanced swelling using photothermal responsive surface‐immobilized microgels
Authors: Ou Charly , Wang Chang‐Sheng , Giasson Suzanne
Published: May 2021

Unprecedented quantitative assessment of the swelling behavior of surface‐immobilized photothermal responsive microgels (PTRM) is reported. The PTRM were prepared by incorporating plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in thermo‐responsive cationic microgels based on poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (BM). The stimuli‐responsive behavior of the microgels was investigated in aqueous suspensions using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and on surfaces using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM‐D) as well as with the Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA). Both the BM and PTRM in aqueous suspensions underwent a similar temperature‐induced volume phase transition at around 35°C. The complexation of AuNPs with the BM led to a decrease in the surface charge allowing to increase the surface grafting density. This favored a unidirectional upward swelling of the surface immobilized PTRM. The study reports significant photo‐triggered swelling responses on surface with decreases in film thickness up to 82%.
Modernisierung U‐Bahnhof Sendlinger Tor
Authors: Weizenegger Michael , Schmid Andreas , Bentrup Ralph , Schneider Michael
Published: May 2021

Rund 250.000 Fahrgäste/d und 13 kreuzende U‐Bahn‐, Tram‐ und Buslinien machen die Station Sendlinger Tor zu einem der wichtigsten Verkehrsknotenpunkte im Münchner Nahverkehrsnetz. Die 1971 eröffnete Station wird aktuell umfassend erneuert und zu einem modernen Zukunftsbahnhof umgestaltet. Ziel der Maßnahmen ist es, die Leistungsfähigkeit und Sicherheit für Fahrgäste zu erhöhen – denn das heutige Fahrgastaufkommen bringt den Bahnhof an seine Kapazitätsgrenze. Täglich bilden sich lange Staus der Fahrgäste an den zentralen Treppenanlagen. Insbesondere ist auch im Falle eines Brands zu befürchten, dass die knappen Treppenkapazitäten im Bestand zu langen Entfluchtungszeiten führen. Zentrale Maßnahmen sind daher die Erweiterung des Bauwerks, die Neugestaltung der Durchgänge sowie die Verbreiterung der bestehenden Ausgänge und die Verlängerung der Lifte an die Oberfläche. Gleichzeitig werden bei notwendigen Sanierungsarbeiten die Schäden an Betonsubstanz und Bauwerksfugen, die in den letzten 50 Jahren durch Feuchtigkeit und Streusalz entstanden sind, behoben. Das Konzept zur gestalterischen Erneuerung ging aus einem europaweiten Planungswettbewerb hervor. Im Ergebnis erhält der Bahnhof eine kräftige Farbgebung, die auf den beiden Bahnsteigebenen die ursprünglichen Farben aufgreift, der Verteilerebene eine moderne aufgeräumte Optik verleiht und die Ausgangsbereiche akzentuiert. Modernisiert wird auch die gesamte technische Ausrüstung des Bahnhofs. Dies geschieht wie der gesamte Umbau unter laufendem Betrieb. Entstehen wird ein moderner, barrierefreier U‐Bahnhof mit attraktivem Erscheinungsbild und höchsten Sicherheitsstandards. Zentrale Herausforderung sind neben den technischen Aspekten die extrem beengten Platzverhältnisse sowie das Bauen im Bestand mit möglichst geringen Einschränkungen für sämtliche Verkehrsteilnehmer.
Enhancing environmental information transparency through corporate social responsibility reporting regulation
Authors: Caputo Fabio , Pizzi Simone , Ligorio Lorenzo , Leopizzi Rossella
Published: May 2021

This research aims to contribute to the scientific debate about the lack of interlinkages between mandatory non‐financial reporting and sustainable business models. For our purposes, a counter‐accounting analysis was conducted on the non‐financial reports of a sample of 145 Italian firms interested by the Directive 2014/95/EU effects. Specifically, the study adopts an empirical approach to evaluate environmental information transparency, which represents one of the main critical issues concerning the non‐financial declarations prepared by European Italian Public Interest Entities (PIEs) to comply with Directive 2014/95/EU. The results highlight that corporate governance and report characteristics affect environmental transparency. Furthermore, the results confirm the overall attitude to avoid the disclosure of unfavourable or unavailable environmental information through impression management strategies. Finally, the analysis underlines the opportunities for policymakers to rethink mandatory non‐financial reporting to sustain the ecological transition of European PIEs.
Computed tomography study of the relationship between pelvic incidence and bony contribution to lumbar lordosis in children
Authors: Baker Joseph F.
Published: May 2021

There is little data regarding the relationship in children and how it may change with aging. The aim of this radiographic study was to define the relationship between pelvic incidence (PI) and segmental vertebral body lordosis through childhood. In 150 children, CT scans of the lumbar spine and pelvis were analyzed measuring PI, sacral table angle (STA), sacral kyphosis (SK), and segmental lordosis (SL) individually L1–L5. Children were grouped by age: (1) 0–60 months; (2) 61–120 months; (3) 121–185 months. Mean PI for the entire cohort was 40.4, mean SL for L1–0.6, L2 0.0, L3 1.8, L4, 4.7, and L5 11.4. There were 40 children in Group 1, 63 in Group 2 and 37 in Group 3. SL differed between age groups at all levels except at L2. L1 and L2 became more kyphotic with increasing age; L3, L4, and L5 became more lordotic with increasing age. The correlation between PI and SL at each level became stronger with increasing age. Similarly, the correlation between PI and STA and between PI and SK also became stronger with increasing age. As children mature, the relationship between PI and segmental lordosis at each level of the lumbar spine becomes stronger—the relationship between PI and lordosis trends toward that seen in the adult. Future work should aim to define when the adult PI‐LL relationship is realized.
The global burden of thyroid cancer and its attributable risk factor in 195 countries and territories: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Authors: Zhai Mimi , Zhang Dan , Long Jianhai , Gong Yi , Ye Fei , Liu Sushun , Li Yamin
Published: May 2021

Background

Thyroid cancer is a growing threat to human health. Few studies have explored trends of thyroid cancer and relationships with social development factors. In this study, we explored the trend and relationship based on GBD.

Methods

By using GBD study, we obtained detailed data of thyroid cancer. Incidence, mortality and DALY were used to assess epidemiological characteristics. ASR and EAPC were used to estimate the trend.

Results

Globally, the incidence significantly increased from 1990 to 2017, especially in high‐income regions. Males and middle SDI region demonstrated a higher increase of age‐standardized incidence rates. Unlike incidence trend, mortality trend showed a minor increase, and even showed a decreasing trend in some regions such as Eastern Sub‐Saharan Africa. Additionally, the DALY trend also demonstrated a slightly increase with an EAPC of 0.77 (95% CI 0.73–0.81). More significant increase of DALY was found in males, middle SDI region and high‐income Asia Pacific. The incidence of thyroid cancer peaked in middle‐aged people, while the mortality and DALY peaked in elder‐aged. Moreover, the proportion of thyroid cancer deaths contributable to high BMI was highest in developed countries and middle‐aged people.

Conclusions

Thyroid cancer is a public health problem worldwide. Over‐diagnosis might be partly responsible for its rising trend. It remains us to revise the guidelines to avoid unnecessary burdens. Moreover, we should pay attention to the risk factors of thyroid cancer. More targeted measures should be formulated to improve potential environmental and lifestyle‐related factors which might contribute to rising trend of thyroid cancer.
Lesbian mothers' perceptions and experiences of their school involvement
Authors: Iraklis Grigoropoulos
Published: May 2021

Lesbian‐parented families challenge the heteronormative dominant discourse of family in major social institutions such as schools. This study explores Greek lesbian mothers' experiences and perceptions of their interaction with the school personnel and other parents. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse the data obtained through in‐person interviews with 14 lesbian mothers. The study revealed three overarching themes: (a) anticipating teachers' rejection, (b) non‐traditional family models are not addressed in school curricula, and (c) Managing disclosure. Participants' experiences of anticipated rejection, of hiding and concealing their family structure and sexual identity confirm that LGBTQ+ individuals live in a macro‐ and micro‐environmental context which adds to minority stress and produces essential new challenges. The findings of this study are discussed in the light of the institutional sources of minority stress that affect lesbian mothers.
Dipyrrolyldiketone PtII Complexes: Ion‐Pairing π‐Electronic Systems with Various Anion‐Binding Modes
Authors: Kuno Atsuko , Hirata Goki , Tanaka Hiroki , Kobayashi Yoichi , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: May 2021

A variety of π‐electronic ion‐pairing assemblies can be constructed by combining anion complexes of π‐electronic systems and countercations. In this study, a series of anion‐responsive π‐electronic molecules, dipyrrolyldiketone PtII complexes containing a phenylpyridine ligand, were synthesized. The resulting PtII complexes exhibited phosphorescence emission, with higher emission quantum yields (0.30–0.42) and microsecond‐order lifetimes, and solution‐state anion binding, as revealed by our spectroscopic analyses. These PtII complexes displayed solid‐state ion‐pairing assemblies, exhibiting various anion‐binding modes, which derived from pyrrole‐inverted and pyrrole‐non‐inverted conformations, and packing structures, with the contribution of charge‐by‐charge assemblies, which were dependent on the substituents in the PtII complexes and the geometries and electronic states of their countercations.
Functional Carbazole‐Fullerene Complexes: A New Perspective of Carbazoles Acting as Nano‐Octopus to Capture Globular Fullerenes
Authors: Liu Xitong , Wang Wei , Fan Zhenqiang , Huang Wanning , Luo Lixing , Yang Canglei , Zhang Jing , Zhao Jianfeng , Zhang Lei , Huang Wei
Published: May 2021

Fullerene host‐guest constructs have attracted increasing attention owing to their molecular‐level hybrid arrangements. However, the usage of simple carbazolic derivatives to bind with fullerenes is rare. In this research, three novel carbazolic derivatives, containing a tunable bridging linker and carbazole units for the capturing of fullerenes, are rationally designed. Unlike the general concave‐convex interactions, fullerenes could interact with the planar carbazole subunits to form 2‐dimensional hexagonal/quadrilateral cocrystals with alternating stacking patterns of 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 stoichiometry, as well as the controllable fullerene packing modes. At the meanwhile, good electron‐transporting performances and significant photovoltaic effects were realized when a continuous C60⋅⋅⋅C60 interaction channel existed. The results indicate that the introduction of such carbazolic system into fullerene receptor would provide new insights into novel fullerene host‐guest architectures for versatile applications.
A Cryogenic Test Rig for Dynamically Operated Plate‐Fin Heat Exchangers
Authors: Fritsch Philipp , Hoffmann Rainer , Flüggen Rainer , Haider Patrick , Rehfeldt Sebastian , Klein Harald
Published: May 2021

Flexible operation of air separation units may lead to enhanced thermal stress on the main heat exchanger, typically an aluminum plate‐fin heat exchanger. Hence, a large, cryogenic test rig has been built to investigate fatigue effects of dynamic operation. Nitrogen streams at –175 °C and 50 °C are applied to induce a highly repetitive series of temperature changes in two plate‐fin heat exchangers, which are extensively equipped with measurement technology to collect 3D temperature and strain data and to detect the provoked fatigue damages. Results of the measurements will be used to improve computational lifetime estimation tools.
A comparative analysis between late fusion of features approach and ensemble of multiple classifiers approach for image classification
Authors: Choudhury Khanjan , Murugan R. , Azharuddin Laskar Mohammad , Laskar Rabul Hussain
Published: May 2021

In recent times the late fusion of features approach for high‐level features extracted by multiple deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) has proven to be very effective in the computer vision field, especially for object classification problems. Pretrained DCNNs DenseNet‐121 and ResNet‐18 are retrained, keeping the number of output nodes equal to the number of classes present in the dataset. The last fully connected layers of these networks thereby get adapted to transform the high‐level features to a low‐dimensional feature map. Then these maps are fused to improve the performance of the model. On the other hand, an ensemble of multiple classifiers reduces the overfitting problem by combining multiple models prediction matrices. In this work, the prediction matrices of two Logsoftmax multiclass classifiers are combined. The feature maps for these two classifiers are extracted using pretrained DenseNet and ResNet. This study compares the late fusion of high‐level features approach and ensemble of multiple classifiers approach for object classification problems. Experimentation has been carried out on two benchmark datasets, such as CIFAR‐10 and CIFAR‐100, and it achieves 96.48% and 83.33% of test accuracy for ensemble of multiple classifiers and the late feature fusion approach. The proposed method has been compared with other deep architectures and datasets.
Detection and Analysis of Proteins Modified by O‐Linked N‐Acetylglucosamine
Authors: Fahie Kamau , Narayanan Bhargavi , Zahra Fiddia , Reeves Russell , Fernandes Steve M. , Hart Gerald W. , Zachara Natasha E.
Published: May 2021

O‐GlcNAc is a common post‐translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. Dysregulation of O‐GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. These protocols cover simple and comprehensive techniques for detecting proteins modified by O‐GlcNAc and studying the enzymes that add or remove O‐GlcNAc. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Increasing the stoichiometry of O‐GlcNAc on proteins before analysis

Basic Protocol 2: Detection of proteins modified by O‐GlcNAc using antibodies

Basic Protocol 3: Detection of proteins modified by O‐GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA

Support Protocol 1: Control for O‐linked glycosylation

Basic Protocol 4: Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA‐agarose

Support Protocol 2: Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase

Alternate Protocol: Detection of proteins modified by O‐GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase

Support Protocol 3: Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase

Support Protocol 4: Assay of galactosyltransferase activity

Basic Protocol 5: Characterization of labeled glycans by β‐elimination and chromatography

Basic Protocol 6: Detection of O‐GlcNAc in 96‐well plates

Basic Protocol 7: Assay for OGT activity

Support Protocol 5: Desalting of O‐GlcNAc transferase

Basic Protocol 8: Assay for O‐GlcNAcase activity
P‐tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 ratios in CSF are equally predictive of amyloid PET status
Authors: Campbell Michelle R. , Ashrafzadeh‐Kian Susan , Petersen Ronald C. , Mielke Michelle M. , Syrjanen Jeremy A. , van Harten Argonde C. , Lowe Val J. , Jack Clifford R. , Bornhorst Joshua A. , Algeciras‐Schimnich Alicia
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Measurement of amyloid beta (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and tau (phosphorylated tau [p‐tau] and total tau [t‐tau]) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be utilized to differentiate clinical and preclinical Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD) from other neurodegenerative processes.

Methods

CSF biomarkers were measured in 150 participants from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. P‐tau/Aβ42 (Roche Elecsys, Fujirebio LUMIPULSE) and Aβ42/40 (Fujirebio LUMIPULSE) ratios were compared to one another and to amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) classification.

Results

Strong correlation was observed between LUMIPULSE p‐tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40, as well as Elecsys and LUMIPULSE p‐tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 (Spearman's ρ = –0.827, –0.858, and 0.960, respectively). Concordance between LUMIPULSE p‐tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 was 96% and between Elecsys p‐tau/Aβ42 and both LUMIPULSE ratios was 97%. All ratios had > 94% overall, positive, and negative percent agreement with amyloid PET classification.

Discussion

These data suggest that p‐tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 ratios provide similar clinical information in the assessment of amyloid pathology.
Spindle cell neoplasms of the upper gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary tract, and pancreas by fine needle aspiration: A single institutional experience of 15 years with follow‐up data
Authors: McHugh Kelsey E , Odronic Shelley I , Smith Amber , Springer Bridgette , Aramouni Ghada , Chute Deborah J , Reynolds Jordan P
Published: May 2021

Background

The diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasms (SCN) of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, hepatobiliary tract, and pancreas detected by fine needle aspiration (FNA) is challenging. We describe a single‐center experience of these samples with follow‐up data and characterization of the morphologic findings.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed pathology records for all FNAs diagnostic for or suggestive of SCN on esophagus, stomach, small bowel, liver, and pancreas in a 15 year period. All cases with at least 6 month follow‐up were included. Surgical material (biopsy or resection) was the diagnostic gold standard. All FNAs with subsequent surgical specimens were reviewed and assessed for cellularity, architectural features, and nuclear features.

Results

In 15 years, 5101 FNAs of the upper GI tract, hepatobiliary tract, and pancreas were performed. SCN was diagnosed in 98 (2%) patients. Seventy‐two patients had definitive pathologic diagnoses: 68 were neoplastic and four were non‐neoplastic. Cytomorphologic review in relationship to final diagnosis revealed three statistically significant features: low cellularity favors a benign process (P = .00544), epithelioid nuclear morphology favors malignancy (P = .00278), and identification of perinuclear vacuoles favors a diagnosis of GIST over non‐GIST SCN (P = .04236).

Conclusions

Among cases with follow‐up, final pathologic diagnoses were SCN in 94% of cases diagnosed as SCN on FNA of upper GI, hepatobiliary tract, and pancreas. Although some cytomorphologic criteria are more suggestive of malignancy, arriving at a specific diagnosis relies on collaboration of clinical, radiologic, cytomorphologic, and immunohistochemical data.
Cryptic species and hidden ecological interactions of halictine bees along an elevational gradient
Authors: Mayr Antonia V. , Keller Alexander , Peters Marcell K. , Grimmer Gudrun , Krischke Beate , Geyer Mareen , Schmitt Thomas , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf
Published: May 2021

Changes of abiotic and biotic conditions along elevational gradients represent serious challenges to organisms which may promote the turnover of species, traits and biotic interaction partners. Here, we used molecular methods to study cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, biotic interactions and phylogenetic relationships of halictid bees of the genus Lasioglossum along a 2,900 m elevational gradient at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. We detected a strong species turnover of morphologically indistinguishable taxa with phylogenetically clustered cryptic species at high elevations, changes in CHC profiles, pollen resource diversity, and a turnover in the gut and body surface microbiome of bees. At high elevations, increased proportions of saturated compounds in CHC profiles indicate physiological adaptations to prevent desiccation. More specialized diets with higher proportions of low‐quality Asteraceae pollen imply constraints in the availability of food resources. Interactive effects of climatic conditions on gut and surface microbiomes, CHC profiles, and pollen diet suggest complex feedbacks among abiotic conditions, ecological interactions, physiological adaptations, and phylogenetic constraints as drivers of halictid bee communities at Mt. Kilimanjaro.
Automatic detection of fish and tracking of movement for ecology
Authors: Lopez‐Marcano Sebastian , L. Jinks Eric , Buelow Christina A. , Brown Christopher J. , Wang Dadong , Kusy Branislav , M. Ditria Ellen , Connolly Rod M.
Published: May 2021

Animal movement studies are conducted to monitor ecosystem health, understand ecological dynamics, and address management and conservation questions. In marine environments, traditional sampling and monitoring methods to measure animal movement are invasive, labor intensive, costly, and limited in the number of individuals that can be feasibly tracked. Automated detection and tracking of small‐scale movements of many animals through cameras are possible but are largely untested in field conditions, hampering applications to ecological questions.

Here, we aimed to test the ability of an automated object detection and object tracking pipeline to track small‐scale movement of many individuals in videos. We applied the pipeline to track fish movement in the field and characterize movement behavior. We automated the detection of a common fisheries species (yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis) along a known movement passageway from underwater videos. We then tracked fish movement with three types of tracking algorithms (MOSSE, Seq‐NMS, and SiamMask) and evaluated their accuracy at characterizing movement.

We successfully detected yellowfin bream in a multispecies assemblage (F1 score =91%). At least 120 of the 169 individual bream present in videos were correctly identified and tracked. The accuracies among the three tracking architectures varied, with MOSSE and SiamMask achieving an accuracy of 78% and Seq‐NMS 84%.

By employing this integrated object detection and tracking pipeline, we demonstrated a noninvasive and reliable approach to studying fish behavior by tracking their movement under field conditions. These cost‐effective technologies provide a means for future studies to scale‐up the analysis of movement across many visual monitoring systems.
Range‐wide breeding habitat use of the critically endangered Yellow‐breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola after population collapse
Authors: Beermann Ilka , Thomas Alexander , Anisimov Yury , Bastardot Marc , Batbayar Nyambayar , Davaasuren Batmunkh , Gerasimov Yury , Hasebe Makoto , Nakul Gleb , Nergui Jugdernamjil , Ktitorov Pavel , Kulikova Olga , Heim Wieland
Published: May 2021

The population of the Yellow‐breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola, a formerly widely distributed and abundant songbird of northern Eurasia, suffered a catastrophic decline and a strong range contraction between 1980 and 2013. There is evidence that the decline was driven by illegal trapping during migration, but potential contributions of other factors to the decline, such as land‐use change, have not yet been evaluated. Before the effects of land‐use change can be evaluated, a basic understanding of the ecological requirements of the species is needed. We therefore compared habitat use in ten remaining breeding regions across the range, from European Russia to Japan and the Russian Far East. We also assessed large‐scale variation in habitat parameters across the breeding range. We found large variation in habitat use, within and between populations. Differences were related to the cover and height of trees and shrubs at Yellow‐breasted Bunting territories. In many regions, Yellow‐breasted Buntings occupied early successional stages, including anthropogenic habitats characterized by mowing, grazing, or fire regimes. We found that the probability of presence can be best predicted with the cover of shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Highest probabilities were found at shrub cover values of 40%–70%. Differences in habitat use along a longitudinal gradient were small, but we found strong differences across latitudes, possibly related to habitat availability. We conclude that the remaining Yellow‐breasted Bunting populations are not limited to specific habitat types. Our results provide important baseline information to model the range‐wide distribution of this critically endangered species and to guide targeted conservation measures.
Simulating seasonal drivers of aphid dynamics to explore agronomic scenarios
Authors: Thierry Hugo , Monteil Claude , Parry Hazel , Vialatte Aude
Published: May 2021

With the regulation of pesticides in European agricultural landscapes, it is important to understand how pest populations respond to climate and landscape variables in the absence of pesticides at different spatial–temporal scales. While models have described individual biological processes, few have simulated complete life cycles at such scales. We developed a spatially explicit simulation model of the dynamics of the bird cherry–oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) in a pesticide‐free simulated landscape using data from an agricultural landscape located in southwest France. Using GLMMs, we ran two statistical methods, one at the crop level, focusing on aphid densities within each crop individually (wheat and its regrowth, corn, and sorghum), and another at the landscape level where aphid densities were not differentiated by crops. For each season, we analyzed how temperature, immigration, and habitat availability impacted on aphid densities. Predictors of aphid densities varied between crops and between seasons, and models for each individual crop resulted in better predictions of aphid densities than landscape‐level models. Aphid immigration and temperature were important predictors of aphid densities across models but varied in the directionality of their effects. Moreover, landscape composition was a significant predictor in only four of the nine seasonal crop models. This highlights the complexity of pest–landscape interactions and the necessity of considering fine spatial–temporal scales to identify key factors that influence aphid densities, essential for developing future regulation methods. We used our model to explore the potential effects of two agronomic scenarios on aphid densities: (1) replacement of corn with sorghum, where increases in available sorghum led to the dilution of aphid populations in sorghum in spring and their concentration in summer, and (2) abandonment of pastures for wheat fields, which had no significant effect on aphid densities at the landscape scale. By simulating potential future agronomic practices, we can identify the risks of such changes and inform policy and decision‐makers to better anticipate pest dynamics in the absence of pesticides. This approach can be applied to other systems where agronomic and land cover data are available, and to other pest species for which biological processes are described in the literature.