bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluación de unidades familiares rurales y los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible uno y dos, planteados al 2030, en Leoncio Prado-Huánuco
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Arévalo Arévalo Carlos E. , Robles Rodríguez Rafael René ,   Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Saavedra Rodríguez Hugo ,   Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Pérez Mendoza Guder E.
Published: May 2024

El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la relación de aporte de la agricultura familiar para el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS) uno y dos al 2030, asimismo de caracterizar y tipificar la agricultura familiar en la provincia de Leoncio Prado, región Huánuco. Investigación descriptivo cualitativo-explicativo, en el que se trabajó con tamaño de muestra n= 84 (fundos familiares). Se utilizó el modelo estadístico que corresponde a un diseño completamente al azar, asimismo la prueba de media DGC para determinar diferencias significativas entre los tipos de sistemas. Los resultados muestran que la agricultura familiar aporta al cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible uno y dos al 2030 en los distritos evaluados. Los sistemas de producción son integrales, tipificado como un agroecosistema biodiverso, constituida por componentes agrícola, forestal y pecuario, y el funcionamiento del sistema, está instalado en un área de terreno cuya superficie trabajada promedio va de 1 a 5,00 ha manejada por la familia, dando soporte a la disminución de la pobreza y el hambre con una mejor nutrición y promoción de una agricultura con un enfoque agroecológico, diferenciándose en tres conglomerados, el primero con el 33.33%, el segundo con 47.62 y el tercero con 19.05% del total de fundos evaluados, sobresaliendo el grupo1, 2 y 3, con diferencias estadísticas entre los conglomerados pero sin diferencias entre los fundos de cada grupo. Las características de las unidades productivas familiares son biodiversas y contribuyen con los ODS uno y dos, que promueven una agricultura de subsistencia sostenible en el ámbito del estudio.
Efecto de abonos orgánicos en el crecimiento inicial de plantaciones de bolaina “guazuma crinita” en Tulumayo
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Puerta Tuesta Ronald Hugo , Vargas Clemente Ytavclerh ,   Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Palomino Vera Frits ,   Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Reátegui Díaz Fernando ,   Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva
Published: May 2024

El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de dos abonos orgánicos en el crecimiento inicial de una plantación de Guazuma crinita (bolaina) establecida en el centro experimental CIPTALD - Tulumayo, Huánuco. Se aplicó por única vez en campo definitivo el compost Wanuchasca en cantidades de 0, 500, 1 000 y 1 500 g y el biol M&F Biofertilizantes aplicado mediante aspersión en cantidades de 0, 0,50, 1,00 y 1,50 L diluidas en 20 L. Para determinar la interacción de ambos abonos se utilizó el diseño de bloques completamente al azar con arreglo factorial de 4 x 4. Como resultados se determinó que a los 18 meses de aplicado los abonos no existió diferencias significativas en cuanto al incremento del diámetro y la altura total de las plantas de G. crinita, sin embargo; las plantas a los 22 meses de instaladas alcanzaron una altura promedio de 6,4 cm y un diámetro promedio de 8,6 cm, por lo que se recomienda incrementar las dosis y las veces de aplicación de los abonos.
ثراء الموروث وإغراء التمسرح قراءة في جماليات التوظيف في مسرحية ( العشبة ) لهيثم بهنام بردى
Authors: م . د فرح أدور حنا م . د فرح أدور حنا
Published: May 2024

لقد عالج البحث، مسألة استدعاء الموروثات وآلية توظيفها داخل النص المسرحي، وذلك نظرًا للعلاقة التفاعلية المتينة القائمة بين النص المسرحي من جهة، وبين المادة التراثية من جهة ثانية، تلك المادة التي تعمل بوصفها مصدراُ خامًا يصلح للتعبير الدرامي، ومن ثم الوصول إلى مساحة جمالية تتجسد من خلال دمج الموروث القديم، برؤية جديدة معاصرة، محققًا بذلك أعلى درجات التوظيف الفني. لقد اختار البحث مسرحية ( العشبة ) للكاتب هيثم بهنام بردى، واتخاذها عيّنة اجرائية للتطبيق ، ذلك أنها تضمنت مؤهلات درامية ملائمة لعملية التوظيف الفني للموروث، ولا سيما في مستواه الشعبي. كما تكون البحث من محوريين أساسين : الأول، تناول مرجعيات العتبات النصية كونها موجهًا قرائيًا فاعلًا في الكشف عن مدلولات النص، أما المحور الثاني، فقد عالج مرجعيات النص عبر دراسة المادة التراثية المرجوع إليها في هذه العيّنة، والتي توزّعت بين ثلاثة أشكال هي: الأسطورة والحكاية الشعبية والقصص الديني. وقد استعان البحث بمنهج ذات طبيعية سيميائية، اعتمد نموذج ( غريماس) العاملي في رصد وتتبع حالة الشخصية المحورية ومحطات انتقالها وفق محور الفاعل والموضوع ومراحل انجاز البرنامج السردي المتصل به
ВИРУС НЕКРОЗА ПОБЕГОВ ХРИЗАНТЕМЫ (CHRYSANTHEMUM STEM NECROSIS VIRUS): РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬ, БИОЛОГИЯ, МЕТОДЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ
Authors: Корнилаева О.Н. , Белошапкина О.О. , Приходько Ю.Н.
Published: May 2024

Вирус некроза побегов хризантемы Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), распространенный в Южной Корее, Бразилии, Иране и Японии, при сильном заражении вызывает отмирание растений-хозяев, основными из которых являются хризантема крупноцветковая и томат. К эффективным переносчикам вируса относятся калифорнийский и томатный трипсы. Существует реальная опасность интродукции и широкой акклиматизации данного вируса как в теплицах, так и в открытом грунте в южных регионах Российской Федерации, что вызывает необходимость его достоверной диагностики лабораторными методами. Экспериментально на базе ВНИИКР доказано, что метод полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) в режиме реального времени оказался более чувствительным методом по сравнению с классической ПЦР. В проанализированных методом ПЦР образцах растений хризантемы из нескольких оранжерейных хозяйств вирус некроза побегов хризантемы не был обнаружен.
Некоторые результаты исследований насекомых – фитофагов повилик Cuscuta spp. (Cuscutaceae), проведенных сотрудниками ВНИИ карантина растений
Authors: Волков О.Г.
Published: May 2024

Представлены результаты исследований насекомых, являющихся фитофагами карантинных сорных растений – повилик Cuscuta spp. (Cuscutaceae). Исследования были проведены сотрудниками ВНИИ карантина растений на территории Российской Федерации и некоторых сопредельных государств с конца 1980-х до начала 2000-х годов. Список выявленных на повиликах и идентифицированных фитофагов составил 26 видов насекомых из отрядов Homoptera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera и Diptera. Изучена биология ряда видов фитофагов и некоторых их паразитов из отряда Hymenoptera. Приведены подробные данные о биологии наиболее значимых фитофагов – галловых повиликовых долгоносиков рода Smicronyx и повиликовой мухи Melanagromyza cuscutae, а также об их воздействии на повилики. Сделаны выводы о незначительном регуляторном воздействии выявленных фитофагов на популяции повилик.
Карантинные для Российской Федерации бактериозы видов Ralstonia
Authors: Шнейдер Е.Ю. , Дренова Н.В. , Каримова Е.В.
Published: May 2024

В ФГБУ «ВНИИКР» в 2018–2019 гг. подготовлены анализы фитосанитарного риска по возбудителям бактериальных болезней, входящих в видовой комплекс Ralstonia solanacearum sensu lato. Данный видовой комплекс включен в перечни Европейской и Средиземноморской организации по карантину и защите растений (ЕОКЗР) и Европейского союза (ЕС) и реклассифицирован в 2018 г. в 3 различных вида: R. solanacearum (А2), R. pseudosolanacearum (А2) и R. syzygii (А1). В процессе подготовки анализов фитосанитарного риска проведено изучение таксономического положения данных видов, сбор, обобщение и анализ данных по их географическому распространению, фитосанитарному статусу, растениям-хозяевам в странах распространения, биологическим особенностям, методам выявления и идентификации, способам распространения данных видов, а также их вредоносности, в том числе в экономическом измерении. По результатам исследований биологии рассмотренных видов, анализа условий, способствующих проникновению и акклиматизации возбудителей, а также их потенциальной вредоносности определен их фитосанитарный риск для территории Российской Федерации. Установлено, что все рассмотренные виды отвечают критериям карантинных организмов и могут распространиться на территории Российской Федерации, принося значительный ущерб поражаемым культурам.
Dialog Pemahaman Perkawinan antara Katolik dan Protestan
Authors: Sugandi Pera Arif
Published: May 2024

The concept and understanting of marriage in Christianity (Catholic and Protestant churches) based on the marriage of the couple that cannot be separated. Yet the approach of moral influence how the marriage application should eventually divorce. Moral approach is input for each of the Church, considering a case by case basis, so that marriage law should be able to answer in a new language and relevant to the context at hand. Dialogue to discuss and share about the application of this moral approach is treasures in the Church of Christ. This wealth should be marked humility, a willingness to learn from each other and away from judgment. Each party must have the humility to be amazed by the other as a gift from God, which sometimes are not discussed in detail by each church. The dialogue on the concept of marriage is indissoluble, reinforces the identity of each church without fear of being threatened by the other. The laws are not seen normatively but in situation of compassion and deep meaning.
Tinjauan Buku
Authors: Tanggung Yosef Feroni
Published: May 2024

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Tinjauan Buku
Authors: Siagian Joan Nami Pangondian
Published: May 2024

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Makna Nilai Silas dalam Perkawinan Katolik Sunda
Authors: Alfrianto Kristoforus
Published: May 2024

Artikel tersebut menyoroti salah satu kearifan lokal etnis Sunda, yaitu Silih Asih, Silih Asah, Silih Asuh (SILAS). Silih Asih diartikan sebagai saling mencintai dari lubuk hati yang paling dalam. Silih Asah artinya saling meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia. Sedangkan Silih Asuh dianggap sebagai pendidikan bersama di antara anggota masyarakat untuk kehidupan yang harmonis. Dengan nilai-nilai luhur tersebut, orang Sunda diharapkan dapat membangun keluarganya sesuai dengan itu. Dengan demikian masyarakat dapat mewujudkan kehidupan yang harmonis dalam masyarakatnya. Orang Sunda pada umumnya, serta umat Katolik pada khususnya, sudah begitu akrab dengan nilai-nilai Silas. Penulis kemudian berpendapat bahwa umat Katolik sangat diharapkan untuk menginternalisasi nilai-nilai dalam kehidupan perkawinan mereka dan sebagai bagian dari mereka sebagai orang Sunda.
Urology pathways for the primary care physician
Authors: John J
Published: May 2024

Urology provides critical medical treatment that has the potential to save lives and greatly improve quality of life. Although there is a growing need for urological care, South Africa (SA) now faces an unmet need for these services, and junior doctors have limited exposure to urology. SA has a total of 347 urologists who are actively practising and registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa. This means that there is a ratio of only 0.56 urologists per 100 000 people in the population. The ratio is even more dire if we only include urologists in the public sector. This article offers pragmatic strategies for addressing common urological conditions. These guidelines adhere to international standards and can be adopted at all levels of healthcare, with the exception of a few advanced imaging needs.
The utility of artificial intelligence in identifying radiological evidence of lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis in a high-burden tuberculosis setting
Authors: Nxumalo Z Z , Irusen E M , Allwood B W , Tadepalli M , Bassi J , Koegelenberg C F N
Published: May 2024

Background. Artificial intelligence (AI), using deep learning (DL) systems, can be utilised to detect radiological changes of various pulmonary diseases. Settings with a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) and people living with HIV can potentially benefit from the use of AI to augment resource-constrained healthcare systems.
Objective. To assess the utility of qXR software (AI) in detecting radiological changes compatible with lung cancer or pulmonary TB (PTB).
Methods. We performed an observational study in a tertiary institution that serves a population with a high burden of lung cancer and PTB. In total, 382 chest radiographs that had a confirmed diagnosis were assessed: 127 with lung cancer, 144 with PTB and 111 normal. These chest radiographs were de-identified and randomly uploaded by a blinded investigator into qXR software. The output was generated as probability scores from predefined threshold values.
Results. The overall sensitivity of the qXR in detecting lung cancer was 84% (95% confidence interval (CI) 80 - 87%), specificity 91% (95% CI 84 - 96%) and positive predictive value of 97% (95% CI 95 - 99%). For PTB, it had a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI 87 - 93%) and specificity of 79% (95% CI 73 - 84%) and negative predictive value of 85% (95% CI 79 - 91%).
Conclusion. The qXR software was sensitive and specific in categorising chest radiographs as consistent with lung cancer or TB, and can potentially aid in the earlier detection and management of these diseases.
Community-led monitoring and the role of Ritshidze in improving the quality of primary healthcare in South Africa
Authors: Govender K , Rambau N , Barron P , Setshogelo B , Vallabhjee K , Nyathi M , Schneider H , Xaba S , Mpofu N , Yawa A
Published: May 2024

Community-led monitoring (CLM) of health services is a mechanism of community participation and accountability that is increasingly advocated across the globe. In South Africa (SA), a large-scale community-led monitoring initiative called Ritshidze (‘saving our lives’) was established in 2019. Steered by a coalition of civil society organisations representing people living with HIV, Ritshidze monitors just over 400 primary healthcare (PHC) facilities in 8 provinces on a quarterly basis. In this piece we describe the purposes and design features and the five-step approach to CLM of the Ritshidze model. We also highlight some of the positive changes achieved, and reflect on possible reasons for successes. In doing so, we aim to draw attention to this significant national initiative and its potential as a mechanism of social accountability in SA.
DPIF-Net: a dual path network for rural road extraction based on the fusion of global and local information
Authors: Sun Yuan , Gu Xingfa , Zhou Xiang , Yang Jian , Shen Wangyao , Cheng Yuanlei , Zhang Jin Ming , Chen Yunping
Published: May 2024

Background

Automatic extraction of roads from remote sensing images can facilitate many practical applications. However, thus far, thousands of kilometers or more of roads worldwide have not been recorded, especially low-grade roads in rural areas. Moreover, rural roads have different shapes and are influenced by complex environments and other interference factors, which has led to a scarcity of dedicated low level category road datasets.

Methods

To address these issues, based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and tranformers, this article proposes the Dual Path Information Fusion Network (DPIF-Net). In addition, given the severe lack of low-grade road datasets, we constructed the GaoFen-2 (GF-2) rural road dataset to address this challenge, which spans three regions in China and covers an area of over 2,300 km, almost entirely composed of low-grade roads. To comprehensively test the low-grade road extraction performance and generalization ability of the model, comparative experiments are carried out on the DeepGlobe, and Massachusetts regular road datasets.

Results

The results show that DPIF-Net achieves the highest IoU and F1 score on three datasets compared with methods such as U-Net, SegNet, DeepLabv3+, and D-LinkNet, with notable performance on the GF-2 dataset, reaching 0.6104 and 0.7608, respectively. Furthermore, multiple validation experiments demonstrate that DPIF-Net effectively preserves improved connectivity in low-grade road extraction with a modest parameter count of 63.9 MB. The constructed low-grade road dataset and proposed methods will facilitate further research on rural roads, which holds promise for assisting governmental authorities in making informed decisions and strategies to enhance rural road infrastructure.
Caracterización de indicadores productivos de los terneros de la raza maremmana en el centro genético de Alberese, Italia, durante 32 años (1982-2013)
Authors:   , Silva Pérez Juan Eduardo
Published: May 2024

This study examines productive indicators of Maremmana breed calves at the Alberese genetic center in Italy, over 32 years (1982-2013). In response to the challenges of climate change and risks to native breeds, were analyzed indicators such as average Birth Weight (BWp), average Weaning Weight (WWp), Weaning Weight adjusted to 205 days (WW205), Total Weaning Weight (TWW), Average Daily Weight Gain (ADGp), the Male and Female ratio (M/F), and the percentage of Twins (%T) were analyzed. The effect of variables such as y(Y), Birth Date (BD), Weaning Date (WD), First Calving Date (FCD), and Last Calving Date (LCD) on these indicators was evaluated over the analyzed period. With 3,313 calves born, means, medians, standard deviations, and minimum and maximum values were analyzed, using SAS/STAT 9.4 for linear regression statistical analysis. The findings show a reduction in BWp, and increases in AWW, WW205, ADGp, and TWW, the latter due to more animals weaned; the M/F ratio was maintained, and a significant increase in the %T was found. When analyzing the data in relation to the breed average, the indicators within the expected range for the breed include BWp, M/F, and %T, while the ADGp was below average and the WWp was above. The most relevant variables for the model were Y, LCD, BD, WD, and FCD in decreasing order, indicating adaptations and the influence of management on productivity and genetic conservation in the face of environmental changes.
Sistemas agroalimentarios: Integrando filtros socioecológicos y diversidad funcional nutricional en ferias libres del sur de Chile
Authors:   , Pla Carlin Isadora
Published: May 2024

Esta investigación evaluó cómo los filtros socioecológicos modelan la diversidad taxonómica y diversidad funcional nutricional en ferias libres. El estudio muestra una relación positiva significativa entre de la diversidad taxonómica y diversidad funcional nutricional, la que se satura a altos niveles de diversidad taxonómica debido a una redundancia en rasgos funcionales nutricionales. Los modelos confirman que, el hecho de tener un puesto fijo en la feria, la orientación de producción y venta, y los intercambios de semillas filtran especies influyendo en los rasgos funcionales nutricionales en ferias libreas del sur de Chile. Esto contribuye a entender mejor cómo las dinámicas socioecológicas de las ferias libres están influyendo en las dietas de las personas. Los resultados sugieren que los sistemas de gobernanza, el uso del espacio y las diferentes orientaciones de producción y venta (i.e., revendedores y/o productores) podrían ser puntos de apalancamiento importante si se busca impulsar la agrobiodiversidad y diversidad funcional nutricional. Esto se vuelve especialmente importante en contextos posteriores a la pandemia dado el incremento de la inseguridad alimentaria en el país. Es por esto que, este estudio destaca la importancia de incorporar métricas de diversidad funcional nutricional y se suma al campo en rápida expansión de proyectos enfocados en repensar nuestros sistemas agroalimentarios a diseños más resilientes en contexto de cambio global.
Studies of the Induction Phase of the Hydrochlorination of Metallurgical Silicon
Authors: Demin Anton , Montsch Thomas , Klemm Elias
Published: July 2011

Die Induktionsphase der Hydrochlorierung von metallurgischem Silicium wurde mittels einer oszillieren Mikrowaage untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass während dieser Phase neben der Adsorption von HCl auf der Silicium‐Oberfläche die Diffusion des Chlors in die Bulk‐Phase stattfindet. Die Dauer der Induktionsphase kann mittels der Temperatur und HCl‐Konzentration beeinflusst werden.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of a quadrupole magnetic sorter flow channel: Effect of splitter position on nonspecific crossover
Authors: Sajja V. S. K. , Kennedy David J. , Todd Paul W. , Hanley Thomas R.
Published: July 2011

In the quadrupole magnetic sorter (QMS) magnetic particles enter a vertical flow annulus and are separated from nonmagnetic particles by radial deflection into an outer annulus where the purified magnetic particles are collected via a flow splitter. The purity of magnetically isolated particles in QMS is affected by the migration of nonmagnetic particles across transport lamina in the annular flow channel. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to predict the flow patterns, pressure drop and nonspecific crossover in QMS flow channel for the isolation of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Simulation results were compared with the experimental results to validate the CFD model. Results of the simulations were used to show that one design gives up to 10% less nonspecific crossover than another and this model can be used to optimise the flow channel design to achieve maximum purity of magnetic particles.
Geometrical triple phase boundary length measurement using focused ion beam tomography
Authors: Rivard Tony , Gitzhofer François , Abatzoglou Nicolas
Published: July 2011

In multi‐component materials, triple phase boundary (TPB) is the location where reactions occur. A typical example is the TPB encountered in solid oxide fuel cells at the cathode–electrolyte interface. We proposed a tomographic approach that was developed based on serial sectioning using a focused dual ion beam (FIB) system. For image capture, FIB tomography was coupled with scanning electron microscopy, and differentiation of the composite cathode materials was possible through image contrast adjustment. An algorithm, built on the Hoshen–Kopelman theory, was then applied to measure TPB length. The percentage of the connected TPB line was also calculated with the algorithm for 3D computation. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
History and principles of patient navigation
Authors: Freeman Harold P. , Rodriguez Rian L.
Published: July 2011

Patient navigation is a patient‐centric health care service delivery intervention, the principal purpose of which is to eliminate barriers, which may occur across the health care continuum, to timely diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases. This intervention, which was pioneered in Harlem, NY, is being widely replicated nationally and is receiving considerable support for demonstration projects and research to test its effectiveness. This article reviews the history of the development of patient navigation and outlines the basic principles of this intervention based on two decades of experience.
Metrics for evaluating patient navigation during cancer diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh , Dohan Daniel , Raich Peter
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Racial and ethnic minorities as well as other vulnerable populations experience disparate cancer‐related health outcomes. Patient navigation is an emerging health care delivery innovation that offers promise in improving quality of cancer care delivery to these patients who experience unique health‐access barriers. Metrics are needed to evaluate whether patient navigation can improve quality of care delivery, health outcomes, and overall value in health care during diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

METHODS:

Information regarding the current state of the science examining patient navigation interventions was gathered via search of the published scientific literature. A focus group of providers, patient navigators, and health‐policy experts was convened as part of the Patient Navigation Leadership Summit sponsored by the American Cancer Society. Key metrics were identified for assessing the efficacy of patient navigation in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

RESULTS:

Patient navigation data exist for all stages of cancer care; however, the literature is more robust for its implementation during prevention, screening, and early diagnostic workup of cancer. Relatively fewer data are reported for outcomes and efficacy of patient navigation during cancer treatment. Metrics are proposed for a policy‐relevant research agenda to evaluate the efficacy of patient navigation in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:

Patient navigation is understudied with respect to its use in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Core metrics are defined to evaluate its efficacy in improving outcomes and mitigating health‐access barriers. Cancer 2011;117(15 suppl):3563–572. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Numerical modelling of the fibre–matrix interaction in biaxial loading for hyperelastic soft tissue models
Authors: Lu Y. T. , Zhu H. X. , Richmond S. , Middleton J.
Published: July 2011

This paper assumes that a neo‐Hookean matrix with neo‐Hookean fibres is representative of soft tissue. Under this assumption, a unit cell model is proposed to investigate the fibre–matrix interfacial stress field for biological soft tissue under biaxial loadings. In this unit cell model, the soft tissue is treated as a composite where the matrix is unidirectionally reinforced with a single family of aligned fibres. The results are compared with the model of Guo et al., which accounts for the fibre–matrix interfacial stress field, and Qiu and Pence's model, which does not proceed from the assumption that the fibres are themselves neo‐Hookean. It is found that the stress representative of the fibre–matrix interface plays an important role in the deformation of the composite, and the model of Guo et al. underestimates this stress under large biaxial deformation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EEG power and coherence during preschoolers' performance of an executive function battery
Authors: Swingler Margaret M. , Willoughby Michael T. , Calkins Susan D.
Published: July 2011

The current study investigated a set of abilities collectively referred to as executive function (EF). Substantial improvement in EF ability occurs between 3 and 6 years of age (e.g., Carlson [2005] Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2):595–616). This improvement is thought to reflect changes in brain development, especially in areas of prefrontal cortex and frontal cortex, which occur during this time period (e.g., Luu & Posner [2003] Brain 126:2119–2120). Little work has examined preschoolers' cortical activity during EF tasks, despite the frequent use of performance on such tasks as indirect measures of (pre)frontal functioning. The current study measured continuous EEG activity in 104 preschool aged children as they completed a battery of EF tasks. Changes from baseline to task performance in EEG activity (power, coherence) were used as predictors of EF ability. Results indicated that changes from baseline to task engagement in EEG coherence, but not EEG power, were significantly related to performance on the EF battery in our sample. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:771–784, 2011.
14‐3‐3 proteins regulate retinal axon growth by modulating ADF/cofilin activity
Authors: Yoon Byung C. , Zivraj Krishna H. , Strochlic Laure , Holt Christine E.
Published: July 2011

Precise navigation of axons to their targets is critical for establishing proper neuronal networks during development. Axon elongation, whereby axons extend far beyond the site of initiation to reach their target cells, is an essential step in this process, but the precise molecular pathways that regulate axon growth remain uncharacterized. Here we show that 14‐3‐3/14‐3‐3ς proteins—adaptor proteins that modulate diverse cellular processes including cytoskeletal dynamics—play a critical role in Xenopus retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon elongation in vivo and in vitro. We have identified the expression of 14‐3‐3/14‐3‐3ς transcripts and proteins in retinal growth cones, with higher levels of expression occurring during the phase of rapid pathway extension. Competitive inhibition of 14‐3‐3/14‐3‐3ς by expression of a genetically encoded peptide, R18, in RGCs resulted in a marked decrease in the length of the initial retinotectal projection in vivo and a corresponding decrease in axon elongation rate in vitro (30–40%). Furthermore, 14‐3‐3/14‐3‐3ς (R1) co‐localized with Xenopus actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin (XAC) in RGC growth cones. Inhibition of 14‐3‐3/14‐3‐3ς function with either R18 or morpholinos reduced the level of inactive pXAC and increased the sensitivity to collapse by the repulsive cue, Slit2. Collectively, these results demonstrate that14‐3‐3/14‐3‐3ς participates in the regulation of retinal axon elongation, in part by modulating XAC activity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 600–614, 2012
Oosorption in response to poor food: complexity in the trade‐off between reproduction and survival
Authors: Moore Patricia J. , Attisano Alfredo
Published: July 2011

Plasticity in reproductive physiology is one avenue by which environmental signals, such as poor quality food, can be coordinated with adaptive responses. Insects have the ability to resorb oocytes that are not oviposited. Oosorption is proposed to be an adaptive mechanism to optimize fitness in hostile environments, recouping resources that might otherwise be lost, and reinvesting them into future reproductive potential. We tested the hypothesis that oosorption is an evolved mechanism by which females can reallocate resources from current reproductive effort to survival and future reproduction, when conditions for reproduction are poor, by examining the reproductive physiology and life‐history outcome under poor quality food in populations of the milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus) that have adapted to live on sunflower seed. Females fed a diet of pumpkin seeds, known to be a poor host food, had higher levels of ovarian apoptosis (oosorption), lower reproductive output, but no reduction in life span under poor nutrition, as predicted under the oosorption hypothesis. However, the schedule of reproduction was surprising given the “wait to reproduce” assumption of oosorption as early fecundity was unaffected.
Synthetic Methods for Fluorinated Olefins
Authors: Yanai Hikaru , Taguchi Takeo
Published: July 2011

Fluoro‐olefin compounds, because of their favorable physicochemical properties, have been used as key materials in the fields of medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and materials sciences. A number of the synthetic methodologies for applications of fluoro‐olefin compounds were developed simultaneously. This review article provides an overview not only of recent progress in syntheses of fluoro‐olefin compounds but also of some classical but still valuable synthetic reactions.
Nonlinear multi‐index coordinated control of generator excitation and battery energy storage system
Authors: Li Kang , Wang Jie
Published: July 2011

The strong nonlinear nature of the generator and system behavior following a severe disturbance precludes the use of classical linear control techniques. The integration of an energy storage system, such as battery energy storage system (BESS), into a flexible alternating current transmission system device can provide dynamic decentralized active power capabilities and much needed flexibility for mitigating transmission level power flow problems. A model of power system with BESS compensation devices that integrate classic third‐order model of generator and BESS model was deducted and established in this paper. The BESS unit is located near the generator bus terminal in a power system. Using multi‐index nonlinear control design method, BESS and generator excitation were designed by coordinate control scheme for the model above. The controller proposed in this paper is good in improving the dynamic characteristics of state variables, so as to enhance the stable operation capacity of the system. The simulation on single‐machine infinite‐bus power system demonstrates the effectiveness and the practicality of the controller. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation‐runoff processes in Shimen hillslope micro‐catchment of Taihang Mountain, north China
Authors: Han Shumin , Yang Yonghui , Fan Tong , Xiao Dengpan , Moiwo Juana Paul
Published: July 2011

Precipitation runoff is a critical hillslope hydrological process for downslope streamflow and piedmont/floodplain recharge. Shimen hillslope micro‐catchment is strategically located in the central foothill region of Taihang Mountains, where runoff is crucial for water availability in the piedmont corridors and floodplains of north China. This study analyzes precipitation‐runoff processes in the Shimen hillslope micro‐catchment for 2006–2008 using locally designed runoff collection systems. The study shows that slope length is a critical factor, next only to precipitation, in terms of runoff yield. Regression analysis also shows that runoff is related positively to precipitation, and negatively to slope length. Soil mantle in the study area is generally thin and is therefore not as critical a runoff factor as slope length. The study shows a significant difference between overland and subsurface runoff. However, that between the 0–10 and 10–20 cm subsurfaces is insignificant. Runoff hardly occurs under light rains (<10 mm), but is clearly noticeable under moderate‐to‐rainstorm events. In the hillslope catchment, vertical infiltration (accounting for 42–84% of the precipitation) dominates runoff processes in subsurface soils and weathered granite gneiss bedrock. A weak lateral flow (at even the soil/bedrock interface) and the generally small runoff suggest strong infiltration loss via deep percolation. This is critical for groundwater recharge in the downslope piedmont corridors and floodplains. This may enhance water availability, ease water shortage, avert further environmental degradation, and reduce the risk of drought/flood in the event of extreme weather conditions in the catchment and the wider north China Plain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of adipose tissue volume quantification with IDEAL fat–water separation
Authors: Alabousi Abdullah , Al‐Attar Salam , Joy Tisha R. , Hegele Robert A. , McKenzie Charles A.
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To validate iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation (IDEAL) for adipose tissue volume quantification. IDEAL allows MRI images to be produced only from adipose‐containing tissues; hence, quantifying adipose tissue should be simpler and more accurate than with current methods.

Materials and Methods:

Ten healthy controls were imaged with 1.5 Tesla (T) Spin Echo (SE), 3.0T T1‐weighted spoiled gradient echo (SPGR), and 3.0T IDEAL‐SPGR. Images were acquired from the abdomen, pelvis, mid‐thigh, and mid‐calf. Mean subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue volumes were compared between the three acquisitions for each subject.

Results:

There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the three acquisitions for subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes. However, there was a significant difference (P = 0.0002) for visceral adipose tissue volumes in the abdomen. Post hoc analysis showed significantly lower visceral adipose tissue volumes measured by IDEAL versus 1.5T (P < 0.0001) and 3.0T SPGR (P < 0.002). The lower volumes given by IDEAL are due to its ability to differentiate true visceral adipose tissue from other bright structures like blood vessels and bowel content that are mistaken for adipose tissue in non‐fat suppressed images.

Conclusion:

IDEAL measurements of adipose tissue are equivalent to established 1.5T measurement techniques for subcutaneous depots and have improved accuracy for visceral depots, which are more metabolically relevant. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recovery of saltwater crocodiles following unregulated hunting in tidal rivers of the Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Fukuda Yusuke , Webb Grahame , Manolis Charlie , Delaney Robyn , Letnic Mike , Lindner Garry , Whitehead Peter
Published: July 2011

Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia were protected in 1971, after a severe population decline resulting from 26 yr of intense commercial hunting. By that time wild saltwater crocodiles were rarely sighted anywhere and they were commercially extinct in areas where they had once been abundant. Standardized monitoring by spotlight surveys started in 1975 and provided relative density indices over time (1975–2009) as a unique record of the post‐protection recovery of a wild crocodilian population. We examined the survey data for populations at 12 major tidal rivers, individually and as a single subpopulation. The pattern of recovery in the subpopulation in both abundance and biomass was approximated by logistic curves, predicting 5.26 non‐hatchling crocodiles weighing 387.64 kg sighted per kilometer of river in 2010. We predicted potential carrying capacity as 5.58 non‐hatchling crocodiles (5.73% higher than 2010) weighing 519.0 kg (25.31% higher than 2010). Individual rivers showed largely different abundance and biomass among rivers. The statistical model that best described the recovery in individual rivers was not always logistic. However, where it was logistic, expected carrying capacity of different rivers showed considerable variation in abundance and biomass. The variation indicates different habitat quality among the rivers. Recovery occurred despite various consumptive uses, particularly a widespread egg‐harvest program, which has been an integral part of the incentive‐driven conservation program for saltwater crocodiles in the Northern Territory since 1983. We suggest that the saltwater crocodile population of the Northern Territory is achieving full recovery from uncontrolled hunting in 1945–1971. Although saltwater crocodiles are considered an important natural resource, their increase in number, size, and distribution is posing management issues for public safety. Continuation of human–crocodile conflict management through public education and strategic removal of problem crocodiles will be essential. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Endoscopic maxillary antrostomy: Not just a simple procedure
Authors: Kennedy David W. , Adappa Nithin D.
Published: July 2011

The endoscopic middle meatal maxillary antrostomy is one of the most commonly performed endoscopic procedures. Despite this, at our tertiary institution, we commonly see failed antrostomies requiring revision surgery. Accordingly, we describe in a stepwise fashion strategies helpful in creating a patent and naturally function maxillary antrostomy.
Wearing‐off scales in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations
Authors: Antonini Angelo , Martinez‐Martin Pablo , Chaudhuri Ray K. , Merello Marcelo , Hauser Robert , Katzenschlager Regina , Odin Per , Stacy Mark , Stocchi Fabrizio , Poewe Werner , Rascol Oliver , Sampaio Cristina , Schrag Anette , Stebbins Glenn T. , Goetz Christopher G.
Published: July 2011

Wearing‐off occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson's disease after a few years of dopaminergic therapy. Because a variety of scales have been used to estimate wearing‐off, the Movement Disorder Society commissioned a task force to assess their clinimetric properties. A systematic review was conducted to identify wearing‐off scales that have either been validated or used in Parkinson's patients. A scale was designated “Recommended” if it had been used in clinical studies beyond the group that developed it, if it had been specifically used in Parkinson's disease reports, and if clinimetric studies had established that it is valid, reliable, and sensitive. “Suggested” scales met 2 of the above criteria, and those meeting 1 were “Listed.” We identified 3 diagnostic and 4 severity rating scales for wearing‐off quantification. Two questionnaires met the criteria to be Recommended for diagnostic screening (questionnaires for 19 and 9 items), and 1 was Suggested (questionnaire for 32 items). Only the patient diaries were Recommended to assess wearing‐off severity, with the caveat of relatively limited knowledge of validity. Among the other severity assessment tools, the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale version 3 and the version revised from the Movement Disorders Society were classified as Suggested, whereas the Treatment Response Scale was Listed. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
A novel numerical method of high‐order accuracy for flow in unsaturated porous media
Authors: Zambra C.E. , Dumbser M. , Toro E.F. , Moraga N.O.
Published: July 2011

We construct finite volume schemes of very high order of accuracy in space and time for solving the nonlinear Richards equation (RE). The general scheme is based on a three‐stage predictor–corrector procedure. First, a high‐order weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) reconstruction procedure is applied to the cell averages at the current time level to guarantee monotonicity in the presence of steep gradients. Second, the temporal evolution of the WENO reconstruction polynomials is computed in a predictor stage by using a global weak form of the governing equations. A global space–time DG FEM is used to obtain a scheme without the parabolic time‐step restriction caused by the presence of the diffusion term in the RE. The resulting nonlinear algebraic system is solved by a Newton–Krylov method, where the generalized minimal residual method algorithm of Saad and Schulz is used to solve the linear subsystems. Finally, as a third step, the cell averages of the finite volume method are updated using a one‐step scheme, on the basis of the solution calculated previously in the space–time predictor stage. Our scheme is validated against analytical, experimental, and other numerical reference solutions in four test cases. A numerical convergence study performed allows us to show that the proposed novel scheme is high order accurate in space and time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the Phase Distribution in Sintered TRIP‐Matrix / Mg‐PSZ Composites using EBSD
Authors: Berek H. , Yanina A. , Weigelt C. , Aneziris C. G.
Published: July 2011

Metal matrix composites (MMC) containing TRIP‐steel/Mg‐PSZ were processed by cold pressing and conventional sintering in different atmospheres. The MMC was based on austenitic steel in the system Fe‐Cr‐Mn‐Ni showing transformation induced plasticity (TRIP). Depending on the sintering temperature, the sintering atmosphere and the steel composition the phase compositions of MgO partially stabilized zirconia (Mg‐PSZ) were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) as well as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The interactions between the alloying elements of austenitic stainless steel and the ceramic stabilizer (MgO) as well as the technological parameters lead to a significant change in the phase composition of the Mg‐PSZ. The changes can be analysed by EBSD due to the high spatial resolution.
Dissimilar Spot Welds of AISI 304/AISI 1008: Metallurgical and Mechanical Characterization
Authors: Pouranvari M. , Marashi S. P. H.
Published: July 2011

This paper aims at investigating structure‐properties relationships in dissimilar resistance spot welding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel (SS) and AISI 1008 low carbon steel (CS). Microstructural characterization, microhardness test and the tensile‐ shear test were conducted. It was shown that the shape of the SS/CS fusion zone (FZ) is unsymmetrical and the final fusion line shifts from sheet/sheet interface into the higher resistivity side (i.e. AISI 304). FZ microstructure was ranged from ferrite‐austenite to full martensite depending on the dilution ratio of the base metals. The variation of SS/CS dissimilar welds failure mode was explained in terms of hardness/microstructure characteristics. It was concluded that to ensure pullout failure mode, welding parameters needed to adjust so that the FZ size is sufficiently large and dilution is sufficiently high to produce a martensite FZ. Fusion zone size at CS side proved to be the most important controlling factor of SS/CS peak load and energy absorption. Finally, the mechanical properties of SS/CS dissimilar welds were compared with SS/SS and CS/CS similar welds.
Literary Education
Authors: Gribble James
Published: July 2011

This book is an attempt to offer a justification for the teaching of literature in schools and universities, and is intended as a contribution to the philosophy of literary education. The issues which Dr Gribble discusses could all be bracketed under the general heading of the relationship between literature and life. The book is written for those readers and teachers of literature who step back from their immediate engagement with a novel, play, or poem and ask such questions as 'What knowledge or understanding, if any, have I gained from the work? Of what significance is the author's intention to my view of the work? What moral value does the work possess? What kinds of feelings or emotions did I experience? How did my identification with certain characters influence my response? In what way did the moral significance or emotional impact depend upon the quality of the writing? What part does critical analysis play in determining the answers to any of these questions?'. Dr Gribble's treatment of these issues is neither technical nor abstract but advanced on the basis of particular examples drawn from a wide range of literature. Written in a lively and lucid style the book will interest all serious readers of literature, although it is primarily directed at those who teach literature in schools, colleges, and universities and who are necessarily concerned with the educative value of reading and discussing literature.
Weberian Sociological Theory
Authors: Collins Randall
Published: July 2011

Randall Collins convincingly argues that much of Max Weber's work has been misunderstood, and that many of his most striking and sophisticated theories have been overlooked. By analysing hitherto little known aspects of Weber's writings, Professor Collins is able both to offer a new interpretation of Weberian sociology and to show how the more fruitful lines of the Weberian approach can be projected to an analysis of current world issues. Professor Collins begins with Weber's theory of the rise of capitalism, examining it in the light of Weber's later writings on the subject and extending the Weberian line of reasoning to suggest a 'Weberian revolution' in both medieval Europe and China. He also offers a new interpretation of Weber's theory of politics, showing it to be a 'world-system' model; and he expands this into a theory of geopolitics, using as a particular illustration the prediction of the future decline of Russian world power. Another 'buried treasure' in the corpus is Weber's conflict theory of the family as sex and property, which Professor Collins applies to the historical question of the conditions that led to the initial rise in the status of women. The broad view of Weber's works shows that Weberian sociology remains intellectually alive and that many of his theories still represent the frontier of our knowledge about large-scale social processes.