bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a silicon based polarimeter for the low energy prototype proton EDM ring
Authors: Gooding J. , Bowcock T. , Casse G. , Price J. , Rompotis N. , Vilella E. , Vossebeld J.
Published: September 2022

This article details the design of a silicon based polarimeter for use in a prototype storage ring for proton EDM (Electric Dipole Moment) studies. The polarimeter consists of layers of LGAD (Low Gain Avalanche Diode) sensors for a low material budget, time-of-flight measurement and complemented with HV-CMOS (High Voltage CMOS) sensors for accurate scattering angle measurement and tracking. This design has the objective to optimize the polarization measurement of protons with energy 30–45 MeV. Simulations show that the excellent time resolution of LGAD sensors provides a sufficient energy resolution to meet the experiment specifications. HV-CMOS sensors are included to provide complementary spatial resolution with minimal additional material budget. The simulations show that the detector configuration is capable of measuring the scattering angle of a proton scattered off a carbon target to just a few hundredths of a degree. The time-of-flight measurement performance is demonstrated with lab experiments using electrons from a Sr90 source.
Design of AC-coupled low gain avalanche diodes (AC-LGADs): a 2D TCAD simulation study
Authors: Zhang X. , Zhao M. , Zhang L. , Yang T. , Guimarães da Costa J. , Liang Z. , Shi X. , Jia X.
Published: September 2022

AC-Coupled Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (AC-LGADs) are a new type of silicon sensors which conceived for experiments at future colliders. As an evolution of the standard Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs), AC-LGADs have similar fast timing performance. The innovation is that AC-LGADs are available to provide fine temporal and spatial resolution simultaneously, thanks to two key features: AC-coupled readout through the dielectric layer and a continuous resistive n+ implant. The Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) High-Granularity Timing Detector group is developing its first version of AC-LGAD sensors. This paper present the impact of following parameters on AC-LGAD sensor performance: n+ dose, dielectric material and thickness, pad/pitch ratio and the distance between pad and cathode. All data are obtained from 2D Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulations. The simulations will benefit future design and optimization.
Anomalies in fluid dynamics: flows in a chiral background via variational principle
Authors: Abanov A G , Wiegmann P B
Published: September 2022

We study flows of barotropic perfect fluid under the simultaneous action of the electromagnetic field and the axial–vector potential, the external field conjugate to the fluid helicity. We obtain the deformation of the Euler equation by the axial–vector potential and the deformations of various currents by two external fields. We show that the divergence of the vector and axial currents are controlled by the chiral anomaly known in quantum field theories with Dirac fermions. We obtain these results by extending the variational principle for barotropic flows of a perfect fluid by coupling with the external axial–vector potential.
Preface: The 4th International Conference on Environmental Resources Management (ICERM) 2021
Authors: Haryono Eko , Keller Lars , Stötter Johann , Takahashi Makoto , Gomez Christopher , Lassa Jonatan
Published: September 2022

Landscape is very dynamic [1,2,3]. In line with the development of an increasingly climate change [4] and high population, the dynamics of the landscape have also changed due to an increase in the intensity of the population in utilizing land. The condition of the corona virus pandemic since the beginning of 2020 has resulted in two impacts to the environment. On the one hand it has provided a positive impact in the form of improving environmental conditions due to reduction on population mobility and natural resources exploitation, but on the other hand it has also increased the number of dangerous waste, e.g. increasing mask waste accumulation.

The Faculty of Geography Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta-Indonesia, notably the Department of Environmental Geography has been working for a long time on environmental issues. In order to highlight the topic of environmental resource management in the global region and to broaden perspectives on this subject, the Faculty will organize the 4th International Conference on Environmental Resources Management in Global Region (ICERM).

List of ICERM 2021 Committee are available in this pdf.
The Origin of Groundwater on The East Slope of Sumbing Vulcano Using Isotopic Methode
Authors: Erlinawati Dina , Putra Doni Prakasa Eka , Titisari Anastasia Dewi
Published: September 2022

The eastern slope of Sumbing Vulcano, Central Java, Indonesia has many springs that causes most people use springs as a source of raw water. This area is part of the Magelang Temanggung Groundwater Basin which abundant groundwater potential. However water demand will continue to increase along with population growth. Therefore, conservative efforts to protect the recharge area are important. This study aims to determine the characteristics of groundwater recharge area on the eastern slope of Sumbing Vulcano using the isotope method. The research method was carried out by taking rainfall samples at 6 different elevations to obtain the meteoric water line (MWL) and the groundwater samples were taken from 11 stations consist of 10 springs and one deep well. The result shown that the recharge area was coming from local recharge with elevation around 273 masl to 1.208 masl.
Coastal hazards mapping using high-resolution UAV image and DEM. A Case study in Siung Beach, Gunungkidul, Indonesia
Authors: Fatchurohman H , Handayani W
Published: September 2022

The southern coast of Gunungkidul, which is adjacent to the subduction zone, is prone to various coastal hazards. The increasing number of visitors to the beach leads to more exposure and increases the risks. This study aims to determine the coastal hazards in Siung Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. A high-resolution aerial image and DEM were acquired using a low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The acquired images were processed using Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to generate an orthomosaic image with 5cm spatial resolution. A worst-case tsunami hazard scenario (12 m) was executed using raster filtering on the generated UAV-DEM. Based on the tsunami inundation model, most of the buildings are affected by the worst-case tsunami scenario. According to orthomosaic interpretation, rip current hazard is also spotted on the eastern part of the beach. The rip current is considered a channel rip, a stationary rip current affected by the bathymetric condition. Potential rockfall due to slope instability might be occurred on the southern part of the beach, as a former enormous mass movement can be delineated from the orthomosaic image. Siung Beach is formed by the combination of volcanic origin and karst process, resulting in undulating topography. Due to various coastal hazards in Siung beach, disaster management planning should be established to reduce the risks.
System Dynamics Modeling for Demographic Bonus Projection In Indonesia
Authors: Ulhaq M D , Wahid A
Published: September 2022

Statistics Indonesia has released the result of the 2020 census. The outcome of the 2020 census is principal as it becomes the basic data for the latest projection of Indonesia’s population. This research about the population projection using system dynamic is conducted to know the population proportion and demographic bonus. The researchers use system dynamics modeling to project Indonesia’s demographic bonus. This modeling is conducted by projecting Indonesia’s population based on three age groups: young (0-14 years old), adult (15-39 years old), middle-aged (40-64 years old), and old (65+ years old). The projection using system dynamics modeling shows that in 2025, we have a better result than the previous year. In 2025, it is predicted that the working-age population has the highest percentage, which is 69.38%, and the dependency ratio will be at its lowest percentage, which is 44.13%. Therefore, the peak of demographic bonus is projected to happen in 2025.
Pandemic COVID-19: An Analysis of Impact on Demographic Bonus Through Population Characteristics Based on 2016-2020 Data (Case Study in Sleman Regency, DIY)
Authors: Haq A A , Awalia N N , Wijaya R A , Nugroho S F
Published: September 2022

Demographic bonus is a condition when productive force is more than non-productive force. The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has affected many areas, including Sleman Regency, DIY. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of COVID-19 on demographic bonus and the steps to maximize the demographic bonus to improve the development of Sleman Regency. The method used is population data collection for 2016-2020 from Badan Pusat Statistik of Sleman Regency and quantitative descriptive analysis based on trends in population statistics. This study found that the dependency ratio increased in 2019, followed by a significant decline in 2020. It was because the number of the productive population declined drastically in 2019 (114,276 people) and increased again in 2020 (85,854 people). The number of heads of poor families and the poor increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2020 because many formal-informal sectors weren’t running due to government policies. It can be concluded that the demographic bonus of Sleman Regency isn’t affected by COVID-19 from the population structure point of view. Utilization of the demographic bonus can be done by increasing soft skills and hard skills to compete competitively and increasing the number of jobs.
Population Pressure on Agricultural Land due to Land Conversion in the Suburbs of Yogyakarta
Authors: Ariani R D , Susilo B
Published: September 2022

The agricultural sector is one of the sectors that has a multiplier effect on others in which ultimelty affects the regional economy. The uncontrolled development of urban areas will threaten the existence of the agricultural sector due to the conversion of agricultural land into built-up areas and trigger an acceleration of migration which results in high population growth rates. The increasing rate of population growth will also increase the need for land for settlements, industry or services which leads to population pressure on agricultural land so that it affects the carrying capacity of the land. This study aimed to determine the level of population pressure on agricultural land and the level of carrying capacity of agricultural land on the suburbs of Yogyakarta City. The method used in this research was descriptive quantitative with the research location was on the suburbs of Yogyakarta and the main data source was secondary data. Population pressure on agricultural land was analyzed using the Otto Soemarwoto Model I formula which is presented in the form of tables and maps. The results of the analysis showed that population pressure on agricultural land on the suburbs of Yogyakarta exceeded the threshold (TP>1). Meanwhile, the carrying capacity of the land was very low in which the area was no longer able to carry out food self-sufficiency to meet the food needs of the population (α<1). Efforts that can be done to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land are conservation, prevention and rehabilitation of agricultural resources.
The Impact of Southern Cross Road (JJLS) Development on the Contribution of Regional Original Income (PAD) from the South Coast Tourism Sector in Bantul Regency 2014-2019
Authors: Widiana A , Prakoso B S E
Published: September 2022

The economic disparity between the North and South Coast of Java is due to uneven infrastructure development. The impact of Southern Cross Road (JJLS) on the development of South Coast tourism (Pansela) Bantul Regency is expected to be able to increase Regional Original Income (PAD). The purpose of this study is 1)Comparing tourist visits number, tourism service entrepreneurs number, and PAD before and after JJLS, 2)Analyzing the effect of tourist visits and tourism service entrepreneurs on PAD, and 3)Calculating the contribution of Pansela’s PAD to Bantul Tourism’s PAD and Bantul’s PAD. This study uses quantitative methods and secondary data from related agencies. The analytical technique uses comparison two correlated samples test (Paired Sample T-Test and Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test), panel data regression Random Effect Model, and quantitative descriptive. The results showed that PAD experienced a significant difference but not in tourist visits number and tourism service entrepreneurs number before and after JJLS. Furthermore, Pansela’s PAD is significantly affected by tourist visits number but not by tourism service entrepreneurs number. Pansela’s PAD is able to make a dominant contribution to Bantul Tourism’s PAD, which is 3-7% of its total contribution to Bantul’s PAD 4-12%.
Governing Landscape in Way Khilau Micro-Catchment, Lampung Province
Authors: Widyaningsih Y , Setiawan M A , Samodra G
Published: September 2022

Indonesia has strived to combat land degradation towards viable watershed management. Watershed management at a regional scale confronts many challenges as well as socio-ecological conditions. Landscape is defined as physical boundary, a system and a holon. Landscape approach has been recognized as a multiscale mapping unit that reflects the socio-ecological dynamics within the system. Landscape services assessment offers a broader understanding of socio-ecological dynamics for local stakeholders. This study aims to provide a better understanding of building spatial decision-making through the landscape approach at Way Khilau micro-catchment scale. The study area is about 1.162 Ha and is located in the upper basin of Way Bulog, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Driver-Pressure-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was used to map the landscape services within the watershed qualitatively. The result showed major physical drivers such as relief configuration took control on the hydrological services. Way Khilau micro-catchment arranged by parallel-narrow ridge, undulating to very steep slope, and valley. Both ridge and slope played a role for the hydrological regulation services and the lowest part provided water resources for the socio-economic activity. Further research of environmental changes needs to be assessed quantitatively to determine the impact of stakeholder’s responses on socio-ecological issues.
Estimation of Slip Rate and the Opak Fault Geometry Based on GNSS Measurement
Authors: Nurmufti Adam Jiyon Ataa , Widjajanti Nurrohmat , Pratama Cecep
Published: September 2022

GNSS observations are usually used in periodic deformation monitoring. The Opak fault, which was in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, became a concern after the 2006 earthquake. The horizontal velocity values of each observation station are needed to estimate the slip rate and locking depth values of the Opak fault. The magnitude of the velocity vector is computed by the linear least square method, then translated into the Sunda Block reference frame. The creep of fault assumption is used in analyzing the potential for the earthquake in the Opak fault region. The velocity is done by reducing the Sunda Block using the Euler pole method, and it produces a velocity vector value on the east component is -6.08 to 5.25 mm/year while the north component is -3.38 to 5.74 mm/year. Meanwhile, in the northern segment of the Opak fault, the estimated slip rate is around 3.5 to 10.5 mm/year, with the locking depth obtained of 1.1 to 8 km, while in the southern segment of the Opak fault, the estimated slip rate is 4 to 5.5 mm/year, with a locking depth obtained of 0.6 to 1.2 km. The creep of the fault effect is predominantly in the southern segment of the Opak fault. This case indicates that the potential for earthquake hazards is smaller in the south segment than in the north segment.
Quality of urban settlements around the University of Jenderal Soedirman (unsoed) Purwokerto
Authors: Puspaningrani F C , Giyarsih S R
Published: September 2022

This study aims to determine the quality conditions of settlements in Karangwangkal Village. The study conducted using a quota sampling technique with a total sample of 210 household heads. Quality of settlement data obtained from observations and interviews with respondents were processed using a scoring method and classified using Sturges rule into classes of settlement quality, namely low, medium, and high. The analysis used is quantitative descriptive and presented in the form of a single frequency table and pie diagrams to determine the quality conditions of settlements in Karangwangkal. The results showed that the research area was medium-quality settlements dominated (47%). This study also found that the smaller distance between settlements and campus, the higher the quality of settlements.
Circular Material Systems: anticipating whole-system design in architecture and construction
Authors: Hubmann G , van Maaren V
Published: September 2022

The construction sector is one of the most resource intense and environmentally damaging industries in the world. A promising approach to counteract this is to use principles of the Circular Economy (input reduction, reuse, and recycling) to ensure the continuity of value of a building’s materials. Thus, we translated the learnings of an in-depth case study analysis including four buildings and their construction processes into a definition and framework for circular construction. We conceptualise buildings as circular systems that produce reusable components or biodegradable materials by practices operating across a building’s lifecycle. These practices do not only include material and design aspects to close biological and technological loops, but also immaterial practices such as knowledge and expertise, locality, management and skills, and information. We argue that these organisational aspects that go beyond the current state of the art are critical enablers for circularity in construction. This perspective is relevant for practitioners in the field and allows for a new and holistic look at buildings as ‘waste generators’ or, in a positive scenario, as ‘material depots’. Designing for recycling and reuse will require architects to build collaborations and knowledge across and beyond material value chains.
An urban hospital base79,2d on the principles of circular economy: the case of Joseph Bracops hospital
Authors: Scialpi G , Declercq J , Grisay L , Perrotti D
Published: September 2022

The building industry has mainly focused on improving operational energy consumption to minimise the environmental impacts of buildings which are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). However, considering the full life cycle of buildings, energy use and GHG emissions occur for reasons that extend beyond the operational phase and involve the embodied impacts of construction and disassembly. Circular building design can provide a holistic approach where the building’s whole life cycle is considered in a manner consistent with circular economy principles, minimizing global material consumption, reducing waste and insuring a more circular building material stock. To date, research on the wide-scale adoption of circular design and construction strategies in public projects is still lacking. On this basis, the case study of the new Joseph Bracops hospital in Brussels shows that circular building design principles can be applied in the healthcare sector within the framework of a public tender. The project integrates circular economy principles at different scales (city, site, building, element), optimises different material and energy flows and takes into account different timespans (short and long term). The study also offers insight and guidance for future research into how the urban hospital of tomorrow will be a resilient public venue. Such a venue can enable a more comprehensive approach of health promotion, reflected by the qualitative integration of circular economy principles both with a social and technical focus, connected to the community and capable to mutate over time.
GMIT and the systematic environmental assessment of secondary materials
Authors: Ordóñez I , Rotter S , Scholz J
Published: September 2022

This article reviews the development of a digital inventory tool developed specifically for secondary material markets. Unlike other available inventory tools, this tool aimed at including environmental assessment features, that would allow warehouse managers to have an estimation of their environmental contribution associated to their sales performance without having to engage environmental experts regularly. The resulting open source software allows to keep an inventory of items available at the warehouse, export to an online shop and generate reports of the sales and environmental benefits of reusing some of the secondary materials sold. This article explains how the tool was developed, how the simplified LCA calculations were done and integrated to the tool, the difficulties encountered when compromising ease of use with the need for reliable data to do the environmental calculations, and reflects on the reliability and scalability of the developed tool.
Life cycle GHG emissions of the Austrian building stock: A combined bottom-up and top-down approach
Authors: Truger B , Nabernegg S , Lackner T , Röck M , Alaux N , Hoxha E , Ruschi Mendes Saade M , Passer A
Published: September 2022

Construction and operation of buildings are responsible for 37% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In contrast, the Austria’s National Inventory Report attributes a mere 10% of national emissions to buildings – including only direct operational emissions of residential and service sector buildings. This narrow definition of the buildings sector neglects important environmental hotspots attributable to building-related life cycle emissions and calls for a comprehensive analysis of GHG emissions of Austrian buildings. In this study, we assess annual building related GHG emissions for the Austrian building stock from a full life cycle perspective (i.e. including operational and embodied emissions). For embodied emissions, we model emissions using both a process-based and an input-output based life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Building LCA case studies and statistical building stock data are used to estimate embodied emissions from a bottom-up perspective, which are complemented by estimated emissions from the input-output based LCA approach. Our work illustrates the importance of adopting a life-cycle perspective on building-related emissions to inform the different stakeholders and advance climate action in the built environment. While both the chosen system boundaries and methods significantly determine the results, we argue that emission reduction measures should be based on a comprehensive system boundary of building-related emissions to contribute towards the achievement of a climate-neutral built environment and the stringent climate targets. By adding indirect emissions and non-residential buildings to the officially reported building emissions, the operational emissions alone increase by a factor of 2.4. As expected, the process-based LCA yields lower embodied emissions than the input-output based approach. Depending on the method, they can be responsible for up to 40% of total buildings related emissions. Summing up, total buildings related emissions rise by a factor of 3 to 4 when extending the system boundaries to comprise the whole area of action buildings, and go from 7 Mt CO2-eq/a (direct operational emissions, 10% of national emissions), to 22-31 Mt CO2-eq/a for the case of Austria.
Comparison of building thermography approaches using terrestrial and aerial thermographic images
Authors: Mayer Z , Epperlein A , Volk R , Vollmer E , Schultmann F
Published: September 2022

Thermography is commonly used for auditing buildings. Classical manual terrestrial thermography records images of individual buildings at a short distance. When auditing a large number of buildings (e.g. whole city districts) this approach reaches its limits. Using drones with thermographic cameras allows images to be recorded automatically from different angles, with faster speed and without violating property rights. However, an airborne camera has a significantly greater distance and more varied angles to a building compared to terrestrial thermography. To investigate the influence of these factors for building auditing, we perform a study evaluating seven different drone settings of varying flight speed, angle, and altitude. A comparison is drawn to manually recorded terrestrial thermographic images. While we find that a flight speed between 1m/s and 3m/s does not influence the thermographic quality, high flight altitudes and steep viewing angles lead to a significant reduction of visible details, contrast, and to falsified temperatures. A flight altitude of 12m over buildings is found to be the most suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of rooftops and a qualitative analysis of façades. A flight altitude of 42m over buildings can only be used for qualitative audits with little detail.
Effect of neighbourhood courtyard design on the outdoor thermal comfort in a tropical city
Authors: Ngo H N D , Motoasca E , Versele A , Pham H C , Breesch H
Published: September 2022

In the tropical city of Ha Tinh (Vietnam), the number of new developed neighbourhoods in the courtyard layout is increasing while the city is experiencing annual severe heat stress. The paper quantitatively analyses, by means of ENVI-Met simulation, the effect of neighbourhood courtyard landscape on the outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in the tropical city of Ha Tinh (Vietnam). A sample 9-ha residential block was at first experimentally configured with four scenarios of courtyard, including (1) bare grass and perimetry location of high plants, (2) grass ground, fully occupied high trees, (3) water body and perimetry location of high plants, and (4) mixed ground surfaces of water, hard pavement and grass, and partly occupied high trees. The adding of tree canopies to the entire courtyard, consequently sufficient shades, as in case 2, contributes to the better OTC among the chosen scenarios by triggering the reduction of mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) (2.9°C) and physiological equivalent temperature (PET) (3.5°C) at the hottest hours as compared to the original configuration (case 1) during the summer days. Application of perimetry plants with either water (case 1) or bare grass (case 3) results in higher PET though full occupation of water body lowers the air temperature by roughly 1°C. The limited impact on OTC of local water body is counter-intuitive, yet important result to the practice of urban design. The worst OTC was observed in case 4 where almost half of the garden was sun-exposed and intended for hard-paved playground and water body. Increasing shades against solar radiation is the most important measure to deal with intensive heat problem. The study is an essential part of translating academic knowledge on urban climate into interventions on urban design for better climate resilience of neighbourhoods in Vietnam and by extend in other tropical countries.
Stochastic Solar Irradiance from Deep Generative Networks and their Application in BIPV Design
Authors: Zhang Y , Waibel C , Schlüter A
Published: September 2022

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is a promising technology to decarbonize urban energy systems via harnessing solar energy available on building envelopes. Nevertheless, handling the trade-off between effort, speed and spatial-temporal resolution for 3D BIPV solar potential evaluation in a complex urban context has always been a challenging task. Existing physics-based solar simulation engines require significant manual modelling effort and computing time to obtain high-resolution deterministic results. Yet, solar irradiation is highly intermittent and representing its inherent uncertainty may be required for designing robust energy systems. Targeting these drawbacks, this paper proposes a data-driven model based on Deep Generative Networks (DGN) to efficiently generate high-fidelity stochastic ensembles of annual hourly urban solar irradiance time-series data with uncompromised spatial-temporal resolution at the urban scale. It requires only easily accessible data inputs, i.e., simple fisheye images as categorical masks, such as captured from Level of Details (LOD) 1 urban geometry models. Our validations exemplify the high fidelity of the generated solar time series when compared to the physics-based simulator. To demonstrate the model’s relevance for urban energy design, we apply it to the resilient design of a district multi-energy system (MES) with several hundreds of BIPV surfaces. Furthermore, we showcase the models’ potential for generative design by parametrically altering the urban environment and producing corresponding irradiation time-series in real-time.
The Cost-Optimal Optimization of public buildings in cold and warm climates: two case-studies in Germany and Italy
Authors: Ascione F , Bianco N , Boettcher O , Iovane T , Mastellone M , Mauro G M , Muehle J
Published: September 2022

Directive EU 844/2018, in the matter of energy performance of buildings and future goals of energy efficiency for the EU Member Countries, extends the standard of nearly zero-energy building goals to the existing building stock, with the mandatory aim of almost complete decarbonization of the whole sector within 2050, and thus a strong reduction of greenhouse gas pollution of about 80-95% compared to the levels of ’90s. In this frame, the present study purposes the multi-objective optimizations of two office buildings, located in Berlin (Germany, European backcountry, “Cfb” climate in the classification of Köppen and Geiger) and Naples (Italy, Mediterranean coast, “Csa” climate classification), with the aim of finding the best trade-off between two couples of contrasting targets, representative of private and public interests, respectively: minimization of indoor thermal discomfort and operational costs, and minimization of indoor thermal discomfort and environmental impact. In addition, an investment cost analysis is performed by optimizing operational costs and total construction costs. The explored and investigated energy conservation measures, to apply during the building retrofit, involve the main levers of energy efficiency, and thus the building envelope, and the active energy systems. The results underline that the cost-optimal energy measures to apply during the building refurbishments deeply differ based on the building usage, the intensity of required indoor comfort, and depending on the climatic peculiarities and building construction technologies.
FutureBuilt Zero - A simplified dynamic LCA method with requirements for low carbon emissions from buildings
Authors: Resch E , Wiik M K , Tellnes L G , Andresen I , Selvig E , Stoknes S
Published: September 2022

FutureBuilt is a voluntary program for ambitious low-carbon construction projects. To incentivize measures that lead to the lowest climate change impact from all aspects of buildings and according to national Paris agreement pledges, FutureBuilt Zero introduces an ambition level and a novel calculation methodology for net climate change impacts over the life of a building. The ambition level is tightened over time to help Norway achieve its climate goals. A comprehensive simplified calculation method is introduced, which considers how the timing of emissions during the building life affects the contribution to global warming. Both direct and indirect emissions throughout the lifetime are included; energy use in operation and at the construction site, material production and transport of materials to the construction site, and waste management (incineration). In addition, the climate-positive effects of biogenic carbon uptake, carbonation of cement, potential for future reusability, and exported energy are included. This paper presents the criteria, describes the method and the scientific basis as well as the principles and logic behind the choices made.
Plus minus zero: carbon dioxide emissions of plus energy buildings in operation under consideration of hourly German carbon dioxide emission factors for past, present and future
Authors: Studniorz A , Wolf D , Kiessling N , Fahrich R , Banhardt C , Tsatsaronis G
Published: September 2022

The energy supply of private household buildings accounted for 16 % of the total German CO2-emission in 2020. To fulfil the targets of a climate neutral building sector in 2045, both, energy efficiency as well as on-site use of Renewable Energies in buildings are needed. One concept of a climate neutral building is the so-called Efficiency House Plus, that features large photovoltaic systems making it seemingly energy self-sufficient and CO2-negative by feeding in more electric energy into the grid than needed for its operation on a yearly basis. In fact, houses of this type are highly grid dependent especially during winter months due to their solely electrically based energy supply and a missing long term energy storage. This paper analyses the CO2 -emission of Energy Efficiency Plus houses more in detail on a timely resolved basis for the German electric supply system of the year 2013, 2021 and a perspective one 2030. An alternative calculation approach for simplified normative evaluation of such buildings is proposed.
Cards for Circularity (CFC): Reflections on the use of a card-based circular design tool in design education
Authors: Dokter G , Jansen B W , Thuvander L , Rahe U , Duijghuisen J A
Published: September 2022

The transition to a Circular Economy (CE) requires designers to, more than ever, concurrently develop a circular design, supply chain and business model, and anticipate how products and buildings function over time. To address these challenges, recent studies identified specific knowledge and competencies for designers. However, it remains unknown to what extent future designers (students) are prepared to address the CE in design practice. Therefore, this study investigates how architecture students currently interpret the CE concept and whether that aligns with how they apply the concept in a design assignment. For two years, a workshop was organized with a total of 320 architecture students. The students utilized a card-based circular design tool to conceptualise circular solutions for cases varying in scale and context. According to the students, the main challenge of design for a CE relates to holistic perspectives and systems thinking. The students associate the CE strongly with the reuse of existing (waste) materials, yet results of the design assignment show holistic and diverse approaches of incorporating CE principles. The study identified slight discrepancies between experienced challenges and reported necessary knowledge of designing for a CE, which could relate to the changing role of architects in a CE.
The Astysphere - a concept to overcome the polarity between cities and nature and to develop sustainable urban raw material fluxes
Authors: Norra S
Published: September 2022

The lion’s share of anthropogenic material and energy consumption is caused by cities. Some global chemical element fluxes are already more influenced by human beings as by non-human biological and geological forces. Climate change is produced to a large portion by urban processes. Worldwide, the surface morphology is currently determined by anthropogenic activities. Urbanization has become a major global exogenic geological factor. Nevertheless, catastrophes such as the flooding in the Ahr valley, Germany, or the lava emission on La Palma, Spain, in 2021 are reminding human beings of their vulnerability. The concept of the Astysphere is a further development of the concepts of global spheres such as the lithosphere and the biosphere as it was invented by the Geochemists V. M. Goldschmidt and V.I. Vernadsky. This concept describes the global urban system as balancing zone for chemical element and energy fluxes. Within this concept, cities are reservoirs of specific chemical elements in ratios never occurred in natural history before only created by human activity. It is one of the main tasks of geochemistry to understand why which chemical element occurs where. This knowledge enables to identify raw material resources. Transferring this concept to urban systems is meaning to identify the chemical element resources in urban systems accumulated here by human beings and to explore whether these resources are worth to be extracted. Currently, there is some knowledge available on the amounts of construction materials used in urban systems, such as gravel, asphalt, steel or concrete. Only little knowledge is available on the amounts and speciations of specific chemical elements in urban systems such as e.g. molybdenum, germanium, neodymium or mercury, just to mention some of those. But sustainable development of cities means to know, which chemical elements occur in cities and whether they can be recycled or whether they are a danger for human health. The concept of the Astysphere provides an approach to understand the meaning of cities for global chemical element fluxes and to raise the awareness to control these for a sustainable development of the earth.
Wood as a carbon mitigating building material: A review of consequential LCA and biogenic carbon characteristics
Authors: Hansen R N , Rasmussen F N , Ryberg M , Birgisdottir H
Published: September 2022

Buildings can potentially be carbon sinks by use of wood under correct circumstances because wood sequesters CO2 i.e., biogenic carbon, from the atmosphere by photosynthesis during growth. Consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) works as a decision support tool to assess consequences from a change in demand by including only the processes that are affected by this demand through market-based modelling. This study aims to review current research about CLCA on wood in buildings. First, by examining methodological approaches linked to CLCA modelling and biogenic carbon accounting of wood in buildings. Second, to evaluate conclusions of studies using CLCA on wood in buildings. We conducted a literature review of 13 articles that fulfilled the criteria of stating to conduct a CLCA concerning either buildings, components, or materials where wood is one of the materials.

The application of the reviewed studies include: method development, reuse, testing end of life aspects, CLCA inventory modelling, and comparison of ACLA and CLCA. The CLCA inventory of small-scale studies comprise a wide spectrum of methods ranging from simplistic to advanced methods, often retrospective. All large-scale studies integrate sophisticated modelling of prospective analysis. Dynamic time-dependent biogenic carbon accounting and indirect land use change (iLUC) are rarely represented. Although, both aspects have an impact on whether wood buildings respectively work as carbon sinks or provide net GHG emissions. Wood multi-storey buildings generally perform environmentally better than concrete and steel buildings due to wood displaces these materials and residues substitute fossil energy. End of life scenarios, choice of substituted production, retro- and prospective data, and the share of recycled steel further influence carbon mitigating potential of wood in buildings.

Research of CLCA on wood in buildings are many-fold. Some studies partially evade inclusion of some CLCA aspects i.e., market delimitation, market trend, affected suppliers, and substitution. A simultaneously high integration of both CLCA, time-dependent biogenic carbon accounting, and iLUC in the same study is almost absent. Consequently, more empirical and methodological CLCA studies are needed while including dynamic time-dependent biogenic carbon accounting to improve understanding of implications of policy decisions in transitions towards increased use of wood in buildings.
Implementation strategies for renovation concepts based on participative planning
Authors: Haase M
Published: September 2022

The potential for reducing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by district renovation is largely untapped. It not only requires a thorough Energy Master Planning (EMP) of the district but also support of the decision-making processes. This can not only contribute significantly to reducing energy consumption and securing the location of energy infrastructure (generation, distribution, storage), but also to long-term sustainable development and climate neutrality. Understanding the different solutions for district renovation which include combinations with energy supply and consumption is important in districts. A technical as well as economical analysis is proposed that combines reduction of GHG emissions potential with an economic appraisal. A district near Winterthur, Switzerland was analyzed in respect to the aforementioned aspects. Site visits and structured interviews with key stakeholders were used to collect data which was then analyzed. Different renovation options were simulated, and investment and energy costs were calculated. The results show that the technical potential for a decarbonization is large. However, financial and social aspects are significant and lead to a delay in implementation.
Effects of Sustainability Policy – Evaluating Social Consequences of Carbon Targets using Trip Completion Rates
Authors: Somanath S , Hollberg A , Thuvander L
Published: September 2022

Sustainability is widely recognised as having social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Strategies to combat global climate change inherently have an environmental focus. However, in line with the sustainability agenda, the social and economic dimensions must also be addressed. Evaluating the social consequences of decisions is often challenging due to a lack of relevant tools and indicators to measure and track them. This paper presents the Trip Completion Rate (TCR) as an indicator currently under development to evaluate the social consequences of climate change policies such as Personal Carbon Allowances (PCA). TCR is an accessibility indicator that evaluates the proportion of a population that can perform their daily activities against a performance metric. Two examples demonstrate the sensitivity of social impacts based on the geographic and demographic variations in different locations, one at the region level and another at the municipal level, through a national household travel survey (NHTS). The Västra Götaland region of Sweden is taken as a test case to illustrate how the indicator may be used, comparing TCR on the entire region and then comparing it to TCRs calculated at the municipal level. The greenhouse gas emissions of the trips are calculated based on assumptions for different modes of transport. Finally, the results are evaluated against a hypothetical PCA based on the climate goals for the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. The results show that the ability to satisfy one’s daily travel needs depends on individual characteristics such as behavioural patterns of travel, travel mode choices and access to local amenities. We find that PCAs may disproportionately affect certain groups more than others. Policymakers must understand who is most affected by sustainability targets to ensure that disproportionately affected groups have an equal opportunity to achieve their daily needs and that adequate measures are taken to mitigate the local policy effects on social equity.
How Transport Modelling affects the building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results: A Case Study Analysis
Authors: Soust-Verdaguer B , Hoxha E , Llatas C , Passer A
Published: September 2022

The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a building involves the use of various types of information about the building, including the products, processes, and services related to the building throughout its life cycle. The modelling of the transport process can be complex and may be performed based on a variety of approaches and assumptions. With existing approaches, the most accurate results those closest to the real scenario, are calculated once the building has already been built. Other approaches are based on estimations at the design stage using generic scenarios and data sources. The variation of the LCA results when employing different modelling options for transport modules is studied herein. To this end, and to identify the possible errors or dispersion of the LCA results related to the various transport modelling options, transport impacts are calculated using a case study, whereby five different modelling options are compared. The results show that the transport impact difference between the lowest values (the real scenario) and the highest values (normalised detailed scenario) is approximately 30%. To conclude, efforts should be made to better define the default scenarios, especially regarding transport distances and the correction for volumetric capacity of the transport vessels, adapted to the real scenario.
Developing an integrated BIM/LCA framework to assess the sustainability of using earthen architecture
Authors: Estève P , Beckett C , Pedreschi R , Bosche F , Morel J C , Charef R , Habert G
Published: September 2022

The construction industry is responsible for one-quarter of the solid waste generated globally, much of which is excavated soil. Repurposing this soil for the use of earthen architecture (EA) will reduce a considerable amount of this waste. However, little research has been conducted on how to assess the use of EA within the architectural, engineering, environmental and economic context, and in comparison with other construction system solutions. This paper presents the development of an integrated building information modelling (BIM) and life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to explore what advantages EA may have, based on the client’s needs and the building’s requirements. The decision-making conditions and criteria for the use of EA are firstly identified in an extensive literature review supported by interviews with decision-makers. A workflow is secondly proposed to apply a LCA evaluating the decision criteria in a BIM tool at the early-design stages. This method allows for the evaluation and comparison of choice criteria as functional requirements of the building and objectives set by the decision-makers. The flexibility of setting input parameters in this tool increases the visibility of the potential benefits of EA over other construction systems. Along with this approach, upcoming applications on case studies will aim to be replicable by designers, based on their practices and design tools, to support clients in their choice of using EA.