bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UPDATING THE LONEA MINE VENTILATION NETWORK USING THE VENTSIM VISUAL ADVANCED PROGRAM
Authors: Boanta Corneliu , Gherghe Ion , Radoi Florin , Ianc Nicolae , Camarasescu Alexandru
Published: October 2023

The ventilation network related to a mining unit for the exploitation of the useful mineral substance aims to ensure optimal microclimate conditions in underground. An ventilation network is made up of nodes and branches in order to establish its structure. In this sense, the mine ventilation must be seen as a source of life, in which the ramifications represent at the same time the arteries that transport the air to the working fronts and the evacuation of the poluted air to the surface. In order to establish the optimal air flows at the level of ventilation networks, specialized programs are used with the help of which it is possible to model, solve and optimize them. The solution or calculation of the ventilation system consists in establishing the quantitative distribution of air flow, in terms of network elements and the characteristics of depression sources. The Ventsim Visual Advanced program was developed to respond to the requirements regarding the simulation and design of underground environmental conditions, to ensure adequate conditions for miners and equipment. Primarily, it was designed as a ventilation tool, which can work independently of other mine planning software, but ensures a high level of compatibility. The analysis carried out on the ventilation network of the Lonea mine leads to the conclusion that the ventilation network of the mine is particularly complex, complexity amplified by the large number of ventilation constructions. In the framework of this work, the update of the ventilation network of the Lonea mine will be treated with the help of the Ventsim Visual Advanced program.
CHECKING THE STANDS OF THE CONTINUOUS CASTING MACHINE WITH A TOTAL STATION
Authors: Adamenko Oleksandr , Martynov Oleksiy
Published: October 2023

The use of a total station for carrying out high-precision work on the alignment of the stands of a continuous casting machine is an urgent task that directly affects the quality of steel. Modern devices such as laser trackers are used to carry out such work, but their use is limited due to the high cost of equipment, the need for knowledge and experience with such equipment. The use of classical techniques and equipment is subject to a huge influence of the human factor, thereby reducing the quality of work. Similar studies were carried out with a continuous casting machine, the primary source of setting up such equipment are stands, namely checking the parallelism of the base planes. Different equipment manufacturers, but the basic principles are the same.
The authors of the study were faced with the task of creating a methodology for checking the parallelism of the base planes of the stands using a total station, which will reduce the response time and geometric control of equipment, as well as expand the range of use by specialists in the field.
CONSEQUENCES ON PEOPLE AND THE BUILDING STOCK OF A STRONG EARTHQUAKE FOR THE CITY OF VARNA
Authors: Stefanov Dimitar , Solakov Dimcho , Milkov Jordan
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the question of what the possible consequences will be on people and the building stock of a strong earthquake for the city of Varna. A seismic risk assessment methodology is used, which was approved by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works of the Republic of Bulgaria. The seismic impact is determined based on a detailed deterministic study of the seismic hazard. Initially, an assessment of the seismic vulnerability of the building stock is made based on the detailed information for each building from the cadastre. The building stock is divided into three main groups, taking into account the specificity of the building and the available information on the function and occupancy of the buildings. The assessment of the consequences of strong earthquakes is based on procedures for integration of seismic hazard and seismic vulnerability of the bearing structures of the building stock. Based on the collected information for the building stock and the analysis carried out, the assessment of direct damages and destruction is obtained. The distribution of the buildings, respectively by number and by total floor area, at the different damage levels is presented in graphical form. Economic losses are calculated based on the results obtained for damages and destruction in the three main groups of buildings. Social losses expressed as number of dead, number of injured (slightly and moderately injured people) and severely injured requiring hospital treatment are calculated.
DEPLOYMENT OF OBS IN THE ARCTIC SEAS: APPLYING FINDINGS TO THE STUDY OF MARINE GEOHAZARDS
Authors: Krylov Artem A. , Roginskiy Konstantin A.
Published: October 2023

The Arctic Seas are of particular interest now in connection with the prospects for their development. At the same time, the construction of critical and industrial infrastructure at sea must be preceded by a thorough assessment of possible geohazards, including dangerous landforms, earthquakes, geofluid outflows, marine landslides, soil liquefaction, tsunamis, etc. The purpose of the study is to highlight various seismological applications of the records obtained recently in the Laptev Sea and other Arctic Seas of the Russian sector by OBS network based on broadband MET sensors, including the analysis of ambient seismic noise, registering the signals of large remote earthquakes and weak local microearthquakes, instrumental approach of the site response assessment. The Laptev Sea is of particular interest as the most seismically active water area of the Russian Arctic. The main characteristics of the OBS architectures turned out to be suitable for obtaining high-quality records under the Arctic conditions to solve seismological problems. For example, the OBS data confirm a general shift of the epicenters cloud towards the eastern part of the Laptev Sea, which was observed according to regional catalogs. This shift can serve as an argument in favor of the hypothesis of the existence of the transcurrent fault zone in this area. The approximate location of this shift is also characterized by a significant number of methane seeps. The confinement of the provinces of gas seeps to large fault areas is possibly also characteristic of other Arctic seas.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAPELINHOS VOLCANO (AZORES ISLANDS, PORTUGAL) AS A NEW PLANETARY ANALOG SITE AIMED AT SPACE EXPLORATION RESEARCH
Authors: Moura Rui , Pires Ana Cristina , Pinto Marina Cabral , Nunes Joao Carlos
Published: October 2023

Volcanic sites on Earth provide valuable insights into the geological processes that shape our planet and can also serve as effective analogs for studying similar volcanic activity on other celestial bodies, such as the Moon. This work aims to discuss the general characterization of the Capelinhos volcanic site, in the archipelago of Azores in Portugal, showing the potential as a planetary analog. It�s barren landscape, covered with pyroclastic rocks can lend itself the purpose of becoming a lunar planetary analog site, possibly even a Martian site. This geological site was formed during an eruption that occurred in 1957-58, thus the vegetation is practically absent. By examining the physical and chemical properties of its pyroclastic rocks, as well as the associated volcanic landforms, researchers of different fields can better understand lunar volcanic activity and its implications for many aspects of future lunar exploration. Although its origin is different from most of the locations on the lunar surface, since it doesn�t contemplate the impactism originated regolith characteristics and associated geomorphology, it does resemble this setting for a broad range of research objectives.
A PARALLEL BETWEEN THE TYPES OF PROTECTION FLAMEPROOF ENCLOSURE �d� AND INCREASED SAFETY �e� IN THE CONTEXT OF HYDROGEN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Moldovan Lucian , Magyari Mihai , Moldovan Clementina , Zsido Sorin
Published: October 2023

A type of protection represents specific measures applied to equipment to avoid ignition of a surrounding explosive atmosphere.
Flameproof enclosure �d� consists in placing the parts that could ignite an explosive atmosphere inside of an enclosure that can withstand the pressure developed during an internal explosion of an explosive mixture and which prevents the explosion transmission to the explosive atmosphere surrounding the enclosure.
Increased safety �e� represents a type of protection that consists in applying additional measures to give increased security against the possibility of excessive temperatures and against the occurrence of arcs and sparks.
The purpose of the paper is to consider some specific issues related to the design of an explosion-proof equipment (to choose the adequate type of protection flameproof enclosure or increased safety when these can be applied for the same equipment) and selection of the proper equipment and type of protection in the design phase of an installation, because sometimes, in practice, the designer of an installation must indicate the equipment parameters (including the type of protection).
The method to address the identified issues is to analyze and compare some specific requirements of the two types of protection (level of protection, tests in explosive mixtures, group classification, applicability to equipment and maximum surface temperature), considering also the hydrogen-air explosive atmospheres.
INFLUENCE OF INDEPENDENT EVALUATION OF INTERVAL VELOCITY MODEL ON QUALITY OF SEISMIC PRESDM IMAGE. CASE STUDY FROM EASTERN PART OF POLISH CARPATHIAN
Authors: Cygal Adam , Stefaniuk Michal , Mackowski Tomasz , Martus Michal , Pieniadz Krzysztof
Published: October 2023

The subject this research is presentation of the seismic processing procedure focused on creating and validating interval velocity models typically used in PreStack Depth Migration (PreSDM). For the validation of interval velocity, simultaneous inversion has been applied. All geophysical and geological data were used as constraints. The survey area is located in the Carpathian overthrust in close proximity to well-known hydrocarbon deposits. In the research, the method of simultaneous inversion (SJI) of gravity and seismic data was used. By utilizing independent procedures, it was possible to control the process of creating a spatial interval velocity model in locations where no boreholes are present. These models were utilized to conduct PreSDM for improving the imaging of geological strata associated with oil and gas deposits. This problem is considered crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of oil and gas exploration efforts in the transition zone between the Carpathian orogen and the Miocene foredeep.
THE DESIGN AND USE OF EQUIPMENT WITH INTRINSIC SAFETY �i� TYPE OF PROTECTION FOR DEVELOPING INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS USED FOR INSPECTIONS IN POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Colda Cosmin , Pupazan Gabriela , Beldiman Alexandru , Marc Gheorghe
Published: October 2023

Directive 2014/34/EU ATEx regulates the placement on the European market of equipment and technical installations for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. The current work aims to describe the design and use of low current equipment in the development of industrial robots used for the inspection of hard-to-reach areas with explosion hazard. Documentation evaluation and testing of equipment with intrinsic safety �i� type of protection (SR EN 60079-11 Equipment protection by intrinsic safety "i") according the Directive 2014/34/EU ATEx is of is of particular importance for the designed equipment to be safe from the point of view of using it in areas with explosion hazard. Installations in which flammable materials are handled or stored must be designed, operated and maintained so that all releases of flammable materials, and consequently the extent of hazardous areas, are kept to a minimum in terms of frequency, duration and quantity, whether the operation is normal or not. Due to the risk to which workers are exposed during inspections in areas with explosive hazard, it is necessary in certain cases to use robots to reduce the risk of accidents. The work aims to develop industrial robots for inspection in areas with danger of potentially explosive atmospheres and to implement in them measuring and control equipment with intrinsic safety protection type �i�.
APPROACH TO THE VISUALIZATION OF TIMELINES OF IMAGES GENERATED BY FORECASTING MODELS
Authors: Somnathe Vedanta , Branzov Todor
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we address some challenges of protracted loading times and reduced performance when managing large image sets delivered as output by popular meso-scale weather and air-quality models when used in graphic engines of associated software applications. Following an examination of several distinguished models' output, we introduce an innovative approach centered on a three-tier software system architecture, supplemented by strategies including lazy-loading, image compression, and load stream prioritization. This design is fully compatible with contemporary software technologies, enabling efficient implementation. We validate our proposed architecture through the development of a prototype web application using React and Next.JS, offering a comparative analysis of its performance. Additionally, we delve into the some noteworthy implementation issues encountered and contemplate the potential application of the concept suggesting alternative suites of app development technologies.
COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURES AND PRE-TRAINED NEURAL NETWORKS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST FLORA AND FAUNA
Authors: Prusak Witold , Skrzypiec Aleksander , Turlej Tymoteusz
Published: October 2023

The aim of this project is to compare the effectiveness of different neural network architectures and pre-trained models for the classification of forest flora and fauna. Experiments were conducted on a dataset containing images of selected plants and animals found in the forest. The project covers the basics of convolutional neural networks, and compares the architectures of the networks used in the study. The results of the experiments compare the effectiveness of different convolutional neural network architectures and pre-trained models, such as EfficientNet or ResNet50. The study includes the training times of selected neural networks, classification times of individual images, and their effectiveness. Additionally, the impact of pre-training networks on the ImageNet dataset on the quality of neural network classification was compared. The purpose of this project was to determine the neural network with the most optimal parameters for use in our robot, �Rumcajs�, which is to be used for monitoring and mapping forest flora and fauna by classifying the segmented images with Segment Anything Model from our advanced camera systems.
COMPUTING PLATFORM FOR INTEGRATING WIRELESS HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS INTO INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS SYSTEMS
Authors: Kolchurin Maxim , Platunov Alexey , Pinkevich Vasiliy
Published: October 2023

Wireless data transmission interfaces have advantages that ensure their wide and almost inevitable application in a number of tasks of creating modern automation systems, cyber-physical systems, Industrial Internet of Things, and sensor networks.
However, there is a certain methodological gap between radiophysicists who are engaged in the design of wireless networks, and IT specialists who need to implement them into various computing systems. The gap is caused by the insufficiently high quality of documentation, software stacks and tools, especially in terms of conceptual and microarchitectural descriptions. The situation is aggravated by the high complexity, closeness and poor compatibility of hardware and software components of different standards provided by vendors. This situation does not always allows to find and use optimal solutions that fully utilize the capabilities of existing network technologies, forcing us to limit ourselves only to standard configurations and application scenarios imposed by vendors.
The article reasons the possibility and prospects of building a heterogeneous wireless communications platform that allows using several wireless communication technologies in one system at once and flexibly configuring their parameters. This will expand the range of solved applied tasks in the field of the Industrial Internet of Things.
The principles of designing and implementing the proposed platform are considered using the original methodology of high-level design of custom computing systems based on cross-level design entities called kernels and microarchitectural patterns. The results of prototyping the main components of a wireless heterogeneous network platform are presented.
CONTROL SYSTEM REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF MANIPULATOR DRIVES BASED ON REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
Authors: Balazy Patryk , Knap Pawel , Turlej Tymoteusz , Stefanczyk Artur
Published: October 2023

Determining the optimal trajectory of a manipulator is a mathematically complex part of control due to the time-consuming determination of inverse kinematics, the complexity of which increases as the manipulator's degrees of freedom increase. The control of manipulator actuators is based on algorithms focusing on the shortest possible control time and zero position deviation. Values such as power consumption, which affect the growth of the carbon footprint, are not taken into account. For this reason, alternative control methods are being investigated, some of which can be used to determine the optimal trajectory in an uncertain and variable environment paying attention to instantaneous power consumption. This paper examines the capabilities of an artificial neural network algorithm for determining the trajectory of a four-axis manipulator with special emphasis on power consumption. The chosen method for learning artificial neural networks was reinforcement learning. Unlike the classical approach to determining inverse kinematics, the solution presented in the paper is based on model output signals. The artificial neural network determines the control policy based on the angular position, angular velocities, power consumption of the manipulator's actuators, and feedback, which is the reward function. The network was trained to reach a desired point from a fixed and random initial state of the robotic arm in optimal time and effective power requirements in such a way as to maintain a set distance from periodically moving obstacles. A three-dimensional representation of the manipulator designed in a CAD environment and mathematical models of the manipulator's drives were used for training. This approach accelerated the learning process of the algorithm, and the steps taken guarantee very similar, if not identical, performance on a real object.
THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CASTING PROCESS OF CAST MADE FROM AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE IRON (ADI)
Authors: Futas Peter , Pribulova Alena , Petrik Jozef , Blasko Peter , Sabik Vladimir
Published: October 2023

Computer simulation has a significant application in the field of metallurgy. It is primarily an issue that deals with the issue of casting. The simulation of casting and solidification makes visible the foundry phenomena that take place in the gating system and the casting when the mold is filled with liquid metal and during its solidification.
The article deals with the design of the gating system and the simulation of the filling and solidification of a real casting made of ductile iron. In the next production process, this casting is thermally treated (isothermal hardening) and ADI cast iron is obtained. Ductile iron EN-GJS-700-2 is used in the foundry as the basic material for ADI cast iron.
The design of the gating system for a specific casting was designed in the CATIA V5R20 CAD system, and the computer simulation of casting and solidification was realized in the NovaFlow & Solid program. The correct design of the gating system is important mainly because of the resulting internal quality of the casting, the elimination of possible defects (shrinkages, micro shrinkages), as well as the increase in the use of liquid metal.
ASCERTAINMENT OF URBANIZED WATERSHEDS PARAMETERS FOR EVALUATION OF BIOGENIC ELEMENTS OUTFLOW
Authors: Tretyakov Victor , Klubov Stepan , Dmitriev Vasiliy , Nikulina Anna , Orazalin Adilkhan
Published: October 2023

All the affluent countries are characterized by urbanization. Increase of the urbanized areas leads to change of total nitrogen and phosphorus unit discharges from the catchment areas. Therefore, there is necessity of the watersheds parameters ascertainment for usage of them at the biogenic elements outflow calculation. For that reason, we must determine the watersheds boundaries and types of surface within the watersheds. The considered methodology includes the watersheds boundaries ascertainment by means of digital terrain model processing. The models can be produced on the base of global terrain models SRTM or ASTER GDEM, or by digitalization of hypsographic curves of topographic maps. Urban areas do not allow directly usage of the global terrain models for the watersheds boundaries ascertainment because the altitude values of the models have distortions due to the radar signal reflection from roofs, structures, trees, scrubs, and so on. There is considered method of the precise altitude values selection and producing of correct digital terrain model. The other way for the terrain models making consists in interpolation of altitude values of a point layer produced by topographic map digitalization. There is presented methodology for ascertainment of various surface types within urbanized watersheds by supervised classification of composite images in the Quantum GIS module �Dzetsaka classification dock�.
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF THE PRINCIPAL STRAINS IN DEFORMATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Bannikov Anton , Gordeev Viktor
Published: October 2023

Research Object and Relevance. The main components of the strain tensor and their accuracy assessment are the research objects in this work. When conducting monitoring using geodetic methods, it is usually not enough to determine only the displacements of reference points; it is also necessary to determine the presence and magnitude of deformations. This task is directly related to the accuracy assessment of such characteristics as principal strains, dilatation, shear strains, and rotation.
Research Methods. In conducting this research, the authors used a system of equations arising on a local subdomain of triangular shape in the finite element method for a twodimensional deformation model. The parametric principle of accuracy assessment was applied, where the components of the strain tensor were taken as parameters.
Results. More rigorous formulas for the mean square error functions of principal strains have been found. The influence on their accuracy assessment of both the triangle shape and the directions of principal strains is shown. Based on geodynamic monitoring data of a tailings dam, mathematical modeling of the influence of the finite element shape on the possible error in the accuracy assessment of principal strains was carried out.
Discussion. The results of analyzing the influence of covariances that arise naturally between the components of the strain tensor show the most interesting results when assessing the accuracy of principal strain components. The non-symmetry of principal strain accuracy estimates for a triangular element shape other than an equilateral triangle is convincingly shown.
Conclusion. This study demonstrates the need for more rigorous approaches to assessing the accuracy of deformation characteristics. Incorrect interpretation of monitoring results can lead to both unnecessary labor and financial costs, as well as fatal consequences due to incorrect assumptions in calculations.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF MILITARY OPERATIONS: INTEGRATION OF SPECTRAL INDICES AND REMOTE SENSING TO ASSESS AFFECTED AREAS
Authors: Molikevych Roman S.
Published: October 2023

This article is devoted to the analysis of the consequences of military actions using the integration of spectral indices and remote sensing to assess the affected areas. Military conflicts have significant impacts on the natural and human environment, and accurately quantifying the extent of damage is an important task for recovery and humanitarian assistance. This paper examines the role of spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) in damage detection based on remote sensing. These indices provide information on the state of vegetation, changes in the water regime, and fire damage. The use of remote sensing, in particular high-resolution images, as an effective tool for obtaining data on affected areas is also considered. Combining spectral indices with other geographic data and machine learning algorithms allows for the creation of a detailed damage map and the classification of areas by degree of damage. The examples of analysis given in the article are based on the Kherson region in Ukraine. The use of spectral indices and remote sensing made it possible to identify affected areas, establish the level of damage, and direct resources for recovery. The article presents the importance of integrating spectral indices and remote sensing for effective analysis of the consequences of military operations. This will help ensure a quick and accurate assessment of affected areas, which can be used to develop recovery strategies and provide humanitarian assistance.
USING SELF-PROPELLED SPRAYERS FOR THE TARGETED APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES
Authors: Elbl Jakub , Lukas Vojtech , Mezera Jiri , Hunady Igor , Kintl Antonin
Published: October 2023

The presented paper deals with the targeted application of pre-emergent herbicides. The field experiment was established in 2022 and 2023; two plots sized 26 ha and 30 ha were selected and the accuracy of the application was tested. There were local outbreaks of weeds on selected plots of land, which had to be eliminated before sowing the main crop - soybeans. Both plots were monitored using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) � Mavic 3M with the multispectral camera. After the end of the monitoring, spectral analysis of images taken by UAV was made using the Pix4D software and vegetation indexes were calculated. The weed outbreaks were identified based on multispectral maps using the MagicTooll algorithm. The final application map was prepared in the QGIS program - two zones with and without herbicide application were defined. The application was carried out by the JD 4150i machine (9 sections per 30 m), the regulatory map was transferred to the machine terminal (4600) via the MyJD link. Subsequently, the entire application process was monitored and analysed using the MyJD programme. The accuracy of the application was analysed by comparing the prescription map and the actual dose applied. The accuracy of application was found to be significantly greater than 90%.
COMPARISON OF NATIONAL, EUROPEAN AND BLACK SEA REGION FLASH FLOOD FORECASTING PRODUCTS FOR THE TERRITORY OF BULGARIA
Authors: Stoyanova Vesela , Koshinchanov Georgy , Stoyanova Silviya
Published: October 2023

Flash floods occur in small areas and in a short time after an extreme precipitation event - generally less than six hours. The intensity of the precipitation, the location and distribution of the precipitation, the land use and topography, soil type, etc. determine just how quickly Flash Flooding can occur. These types of floods are extremely dangerous and it is very important to pay special attention to their forecasting.
Due to the complex nature of flash floods, in addition to the qualification and experience of the hydrologist involved in forecasting this type of extreme event, it is important to analyze and compare the results of different forecasting products.
This article presents the analyses and comparison of the results of three different products related to the forecasting of flash floods over the territory of Bulgaria. The forecast products considered are Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) of the Black Sea Middle East Flash Flood Guidance System (BSMEFFGS), ERIC - Numerical weather prediction based flash flood indicator of the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) and the flash flood product of the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) - Bulgaria for forecasting flash floods in small watersheds based on the Rational Method (RM). Forecast information for several significant events in 2022 on the territory of the country were analyzed.
GROWTH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN STURGEON ( POLYODON SPATHULA ) DURING THE POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT PERIOD IN PROTECTED AREAS
Authors: Costache Mioara , Radu Daniela , Marica Nino , Costache Mihail , Arcade Mariana Cristina
Published: October 2023

The article includes the results obtained in the growth experiments during the postembryonic development period of the North American sturgeon species Polyodon spathula. The experiments took place in the years 2020 and 2021. Sturgeon larvae aged 5 days old, obtained through artificial reproduction at SCDP Nucet, were stocked and raised until the age of 35 days in two variants, in concrete tanks (useful volume -120 m3 /tank), located in the pilot station intended for fish culture experiments from the SCDP Nucet genetic library. The experimental variants consisted in testing the support capacity of the tanks when stocked with sturgeon larvae in densities of 40,000 ex/tank, respectively 333 specimens/m3 (V1); and 20,000 ex/tank respectively, 166 ex/m3 (V2). The sturgeon larvae were fed with zooplankton ( Moina sp., Daphnia sp.) and artificial feed. Feeding regime was found to contribute significantly to final size and growth rate. In variant 1 (V1) sturgeon fry with an average mass of 7.4 g/ex. were obtained (survival rate of 30.3 %) and in the second variant the sturgeon fry recorded an average mass of 9.8 g/ex. (survival rate 48.4%). The differences in survival between the two variants of the rearing experiments were due to the fact that the adaptation to artificial feed was made more difficult. Also, overcrowding causes typical manifestations that consist in the appearance of large differences between individuals that favor cannibalism.
MAXIMUM FLOWS OF RIVERS IN THE CENTRAL DANUBE PLAIN
Authors: Ninov Plamen , Bojilova Elena
Published: October 2023

The present material demonstrates appliance of regional studies on the area of Central Danube Plain in Bulgaria for determination the characteristic maximum flows at nonobserved river sections with focusing on for flood risk areas. River flow is characterized by annual variability in maximum runoff caused by climatic factors and anthropogenic impacts. For this reason, in most cases, information from hydrometric stations cannot be used directly. One of the main tasks of hydrological research is the transfer of information from observed river sections to unobservable ones based on the recorded flows from the monitoring network.
In the present study, the statistical maximum estimates used are the time series of annual maximum flows for the period 1961-2018, which are composed of instantaneous absolute values of the maximum runoff recorded within one calendar year for each hydrometric station. For the adopted period, there are complete time series of annual maximums for almost all stations in the country, which ensures comparability of results. The used regionalization approach is based on the correlation between the specific flows (in this case the annual maximums for the hydrometric stations) and one of the main characteristics of the catchments. These links are established after detailed analysis and justification. The regression relationship used is proven to be appropriate for determining maximum runoff at non monitored stations in multiple developments. For further refinement and analysis of the regression relationships, information from closed and frozen stations from the hydrometric network was used with shorter rows but providing additional clarity for areas with fewer hydrometer stations.
Regional studies were conducted for the area of the central Danube Plain, where three large watersheds are located - the Vit, Ossam and Yantra. All available hydrological information at the National Institute of Meteorology and Meteorology has been used to estimate the characteristic maximum flows at the gauging stations and afterwards their spreading at non-observed sections. The material is illustrated with maps and graphics of the hydrological zones and regional relationships in the three river systems.
ON SEA WAVES� PROPERTIES MEASURED IN BURGAS BAY TRANSITIONAL WATERS, BLACK SEA
Authors: Andreeva Nataliya , Valchev Nikolay , Eftimova Petya
Published: October 2023

The study presents results and discuss statistical properties of wind-generated sea waves measured in transitional waters of the Burgas Bay at the Bulgarian Black Sea. Wave measurements were acquired by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler at two locations offshore Kraymorie and Chernomorets at water depths of approx. 15 m and 18 m, respectively. At each location, data were recorded for about three and a half months in winter seasons of 2021-2022 in front of Chernomorets and in 2022-2023 offshore Kraymorie, when storm activity intensifies posing higher risk of flooding, erosion and the threat to human activities along the coast. The study examines in statistical terms variability of significant wave height, peak wave period, mean wave direction and their interdependence. It also explores the storm activity during both periods of data collection in terms of wave height, storm duration and direction. Analysis includes clustering wave parameters as joint frequency of occurrence as percentage across predefined intervals to reveal their distribution in the time-span of measurements.
SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS ALONG DIVERSE SHALLOW LAKES FROM THE LOPATNA-MATITA-MERHEI INTERDISTRIBUTARY DEPRESSION, DANUBE DELTA, ROMANIA
Authors: Catianis Irina , Constantinescu Adriana Maria , Grosu Dumitru , Pavel Ana Bianca , Stanescu Ion
Published: October 2023

The Danube Delta is a wetland of global importance, providing several ecosystem services. The sustainable development (i.e., economic, social and environmental) in the area depends on the health, quality and quantity of the natural resources. Water is one of the most important resources. Largely, the Danube Delta, which receives the input of water and sediment flux from the Danube River, gathered form its entire basin, may experiences lower water quality due to natural and anthropogenic factors, from basin to local level. The physical-chemical parameters are a subsequent part of the environmental metrics (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions, energy-generation mix, water use, water pollution and waste generation). To understand water quality patterns, several physical-chemical parameters as depth (m), transparency(m), water temperature (oC), dissolved oxygen content (mg/L and saturation), pH (units), electrical conductivity (?S/cm), total dissolved solids (mg/L), turbidity (mg/L) and total suspended solids (mg/L) were surveyed at 77 sites along different shallow lakes belonging to the Lopatna-Matita-Merhei interdistributary depression, Danube Delta, Romania. The water samples were collected during May 2023, a period characterized by high water level of the Danube River. The obtained results within this study will contribute to baseline information necessary for short, -medium and long-term database for environmental studies, to ensure conservation of the unique Danube Delta's aquatic ecosystems.
THE EFFECT OF THE SLATINA ALUMINUM FACTORY OPERATION ON THE WATER TABLE IN THE VICINITY OF THE OLT RIVER
Authors: Radulescu Victorita
Published: October 2023

The largest aluminum factory in Eastern Europe is located near Slatina. Before Romania acceded to the EU in 2007, many environmental protection rules were omitted in this area. The paper analyzes the water table pollution along the Olt River for about 15 km. There are considered the tributary flows on the river, the concentration of discharged pollutants, and the pumping regime from the catchment front. It is built at about 500 m from the river, on the left bank, parallel to the river, and consists of 44 wells, of which only 34 are functional today. The flow from the phreatic aquifer is analyzed for a measured hydraulic conductivity of 35 m/day and transmissivity 350 m2/day. The main directions of pollutant flow and transmission were determined. The mathematical and numerical modeling of the water pollution in the water table is illustrated and compared with the experimental results obtained based on the measurements of the flow rates and concentration of pollutants on the Olt River during one year. The results are presented in 3 variants: tributary flow on the river at average values with pollutant concentrations below 10 mg/l and continuous pollutions, average flow on the river with higher pollutant concentrations between 15-35 mg/l and continuous pollution, and the variant with concentrated pollution, step type of 100-150 mg/l, for 8 hours. Finally, some conclusions are presented.
DYNAMICS OF GRASSLANDS SOIL PRODUCTIVITY UNDER THE ALTITUDINAL INFLUENCE. CASE STUDY OF THE SUREANU MOUNTAINS AREA IN ROMANIA
Authors: Samfira Ionel , Horablaga Nicolae Marinel , Barliba Costel , Istrate-Schiller Christiana , David Gheorgeh
Published: October 2023

The study aimed to identify the influence of the altitudinal difference on the fertility characteristics of grasslands soils and implicitly on the production and quality of plant associations intended for grazing with animals. For that, the study material was represented by the soils of the grasslands in the region of the ?ureanu Mountains, part of the Southern Carpathians of Romania. From a geographical point of view, distinct formations were identified in the studied area with altitudes between 250 m and 1800/1850 m as high plains, high hills; subalpine and alpine areas.
In the research, the area identified three types of predominate grassland soils: dystric leptosol (21%), albic stagnic luvisol (18%), and moderately eroded albic stagnated luvisol (17%). In general, all these soils from the permanent grasslands have as common characteristics: pseudo-gleysation, moderately to strongly acidic reaction, and moderate humus content, which causes low nutrition of the grassland species, especially those with high fodder value (grasses and legumes).
As a result, it can be observed that depending on the altitude, the productive characteristics of the soil fertility indicators also evolve. Thus, at average altitudes of 300 m, the soil of the stagnated luvisol type dominates, towards 1000 m altitude, the dystric leptosol appears, and around the altitude of 1850 meters, the soil of the dystric cambisol overshadowed the gleyic type dominates.
EFFECT OF HERBICIDE APPLICATION ON THE PRODUCTION OF SHOOT AND ROOT BIOMASS AND ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION IN WHITE SWEET CLOVER (MELILOTUS ALBUS MEDIK.)
Authors: Kintl Antonin , Hunady Igor , Sobotkova Julie , Kubikova Zuzana , Elbl Jakub
Published: October 2023

White sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik.) is a plant species from the group of legumes, and this is why it has a capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen on the basis of symbiosis with bacteria of the genus Rhizobium that is not available for most plants.The species is used primarily for the production of biomass and for soil remediation. Biomass of white sweet clover can be used in biogas plants. It is also one of important producers of nectar for pollinators. The aim of the experiment was to find out whether the application of herbicide can influence the effectiveness of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in the white sweet clover. The influence of herbicide with active substances bentazone and imazamox in varying concentrations on the production of root and shoot plant biomass and on the concentration of ethylene in root tubercles indicating BNF effectiveness was studied in greenhouse experiments. Tested variants were as follows: V1 � 50 % of recommended rate (RR), V2 -100 % RR, V3 � 200 % RR and control variant without herbicide. Compared with the control, the herbicide reduced the yield of shoot fresh matter (FM) in Variants V1, V2 and V3 by 7.1 %, 24.9 % and 43.7 %, respectively. The decrease was statistically significant in V2 and V3. As to the root biomass, the decrease in FM yield was statistically significant in all three experimental variants as compared with the control. In the yield of dry matter (DM), all variants exhibited decreased DM of both shoot and root biomass, V3 at all times statistically significantly in the shoot biomass and all variants statistically significantly in the root biomass as compared with the control. The concentration of ethylene in samples of root tubercles did not show any significant differences between the control and variants with the applied herbicide. Therefore, there was no demonstrable reduction in the effectiveness of BNF.
ELEMENTS OF CORRECT FERTILIZATION OF THE MEADOWS IN THE HIGH PLAIN AREA OF BANAT ROMANIA
Authors: Samfira Ionel , Horablaga Nicolae Marinel , David Gheorghe , Barliba Costel , Agapie Alina Laura
Published: October 2023

The highly diversified structure of the vegetal carpet in permanent grasslands, made up of numerous plant species from various botanical families, also influences a strong differentiation in the consumption of nutrients by these plant species. Thus, species with high fodder value, are high consumers of nitrogen, and meadow leguminous species require higher consumption of phosphorus, calcium, and potassium.
The area of permanent grasslands studied is located in the Banat Plain Romania, more precisely at the contact between the Banat-Crisana Plain and the Western Piedmont Hills. The general aspect of the relief is given by the presence of numerous steps of intense relief fragmented by a series of valleys that descend towards the Barzava river. A variety of grassland soils have been identified and the dominant soils are: eutricambosols, gleyosols and leptosols. The vegetation of meadow ecosystems develops in the moderate continental climate at the interference between the climate province sector with oceanic influence and the climate province sector with sub- Mediterranean influences.
LIGNIN AND LIGNOCELLULOSE-BASED ORGANOMINERAL COMPLEX FOR ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
Authors: Andersone Anna , Janceva Sarmite , Zaharova Natalija , Svarta Agrita , Telysheva Galina
Published: October 2023

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of low rates (20-40 kg ha-1) of siliconcontaining organo-mineral complex (LignoCel-Si) application on potatoes "Imanta" and summer wheat �Vinjet� productivity and quality, under conditions of organic farming. The LignoCel-Si organo-mineral complex was obtained on the basis of the residues of hydrolysis lignin and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) agro-waste lignocellulosic biomass after water-ethanol extraction, and enriched with silicon (Si)- containing inorganic oligomer. The field experiments were carried out at a certified biological field intended for scientific purposes. It was shown that LignoCel-Si has a favorable influence on the harvest volume and product quality at low application rates of 20-40 kg ha-1. In comparison with the control, the additional yield of wheat achieved on the background of LignoCel-Si (20 and 40 kg ha-1) was from 10 to 27 %, and for potatoes from 8 to 21%, correspondingly. The application of 40 kg ha-1 of LignoCel-Si complex also contributed to an increase in the quality of potatoes, which was reflected as an increase in the yield of ware potatoes (potato tubers > 75 mm in diameter). The results confirm the value of the LignoCel-Si complex as a soil biologically active additive and the possibility of its application in biological agriculture.
STUDIES ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN SOIL PROPERTIES IN SAG, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA
Authors: Duma Copcea Anisoara Claudia , Mihut Casiana Doina , Sirbu Corina Constanta , Okros Adalbert , Mazare Romina
Published: October 2023

The village of Sag has an area of 8,664 ha, of which 8,419 ha is agricultural land. The deterioration of soil quality has negative repercussions on either one or all soil functions. From a geomorphological point of view, the territory of the village is located in the Banat- Crisana Plain, part of the Western Plain of Romania, the eastern extremity of the Tisza Plain, in the Timis-Bega interfluvium, a unit formed exclusively by the cumulative action of the Timis River. The sustainable use of the soil involves measures to maintain the potential productivity of the resources and to follow their evolution based on parameters and indicators to monitor the changes produced on the quality of the soil. The agricultural land of the village with an area of 8,419 ha has the following uses: arable land 7,693 ha (91,4%), pastures 636 ha (7,5%), haymaking fields 39 ha (0,5%), orchards 1 ha, and vineyards 50 ha (0,6%). The most cultivated plants are winter wheat, barley, sunflower, soy, and alfalfa. The purpose of this paper is to present useful information in the design and implementation of policies that protect and maintain the sustainable use of the soil as well as the rational use of the financial resources of the village of Sag, while allowing the soil to provide long-term goods and services. The objectives of the paper are to establish the values of the physical, hydro-physical, and chemical properties of the soils of Sag, as well as their classification in quality classes. There are 7 types and subtypes of soil. The soils with the highest distribution are eutricambosols � 55,15% of the total area and the soils with the lowest distribution are solonetzes � 0,20% of the total area.
THE SOILS OF THE REMETEA MARE LOCALITY FOR A SUSTAINABLE USE
Authors: MIHUT Casiana , DUMA COPCEA Anisoara , MAZARE Veaceslav , OKROS Adalbert , MAZARE Romina
Published: October 2023

The paper presents the cover of soils, their characteristics and the way of use according to the fertility and favorability of the soils identified in the Remetea Mare locality in Timis county. For this, a series of analyzes and field observations were carried out as well as comparisons of the initial data taken from previous studies and researches. Soil profiles were dug, 14 soil samples were collected in a disturbed structure to determine the main physico-mechanical, chemical and water indices, after which the degree of fertility of each soil was established for a more sustainable use. Following the results obtained, it was observed that out of the total of 7284 hectares, the cultivated area is 6526 ha, respectively 89.59%, the most common crops are wheat, corn, soy, rapeseed, barley, oats, alfalfa and potato. Among the soils, Faeziomes predominate with 38.3%, followed by Gleiosols with 19.2% and Aluviosols with 11.9%. Among the soils, Faeziomes predominate with 38.3%, followed by Gleiosols with 19.2% and Alluviosols with 11.9%. Knowing the properties of these soils are important not only for land owners but especially for farmers, helping them to make the most appropriate decisions regarding the way of use, the assortment of crops and the kind and amount of fertilizers to apply for a sustainable use.