bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development
Authors: Nguyen Thuy , Thomas Brian F. , Zhang Yanan
Published: July 2019

The Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor (CB1R) is involved in a variety of physiological pathways
and has long been considered a golden target for therapeutic manipulation. A large body of evidence in
both animal and human studies suggests that CB1R antagonism is highly effective for the treatment of
obesity, metabolic disorders and drug addiction. However, the first-in-class CB1R antagonist/inverse
agonist, rimonabant, though demonstrating effectiveness for obesity treatment and smoking cessation,
displays serious psychiatric side effects, including anxiety, depression and even suicidal ideation, resulting
in its eventual withdrawal from the European market. Several strategies are currently being pursued
to circumvent the mechanisms leading to these side effects by developing neutral antagonists, peripherally
restricted ligands, and allosteric modulators. In this review, we describe the progress in the development
of therapeutics targeting the CB1R in the last two decades.
Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Synthesized 5-Substituted-2-chlorophenyl-4-chloro Derivatives Bearing Pyridazinone Moiety
Authors: Saini Minaxi , Mehta Dinesh Kumar , Das Rina
Published: July 2019

Chemical modification of pyridazinone may lead to a potent therapeutic agent. In this study,
biological properties of pyridazinone derivatives were evaluated by assessing their antimicrobial and
in-vitro antioxidant activities. The reaction of a mucochloric acid and 3-chloro-phenylhydrazine hydrochloride
led to the formation of 5-aryl-4-chloro-2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one derivatives
2(a-j). The target compounds were synthesized using nucleophilic substitution reaction. In-silico molecular
docking studies of the synthesized compounds were carried out with the help of V-Life Science
MDS 4.6 software using GRIP batch docking method to find out which derivative had a better docking.
The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13C-NMR, MS, and elemental
analysis. Antimicrobial and in-vitro antioxidant activity study of the novel synthesized compounds
were screened. Compounds 2f and 2g showed good antimicrobial having an MIC 12.5 μg/mL
against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and in-vitro antioxidant activities having an IC50
50.84. The experimental results were further supported by molecular docking analysis with better interaction
patterns.
Facile Access to 2-Substituted Benzoxazoles Using Sawdust Supported N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Ni Complex via C-H Activation
Authors: Kale Dolly , Rashinkar Gajanan , Patil Audumbar , Kumbhar Arjun , Salunkhe Rajashri
Published: July 2019

Sawdust supported N-heterocyclic carbene-nickel complex has been prepared by covalent
grafting of 1-methyl imidazole in the matrix of chloropropyl modified sawdust followed by reaction
with nickel acetate. The resultant NHC-Ni complex was employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the
synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles from benzoxazole and aryl boronic acids following C-H activation
strategy. The recycling experiments showed that the complex could be reused for five consecutive
runs without significant loss in the yield of products.
Simultaneous Determination of Alogliptin, Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, and Sitagliptin in Bulk Drug and Formulation by UPLC Q-TOF-MS
Authors: Rathod Ramji , Ali Faraat , Chandra Amrish , Kumar Robin , Dahiya Meenakshi , Singh Gyanendra Nath
Published: July 2019

Background:

A simple and sensitive Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method was developed and validated to measure the concentrations of Alogliptin (ALO), Linagliptin (LIN), Saxagliptin (SAX), and Sitagliptin (SIT) using Pioglitazone (PIO) as an internal standard.

Methods:

Chromatographic separation of six gliptins was achieved on a C-18 column (100×2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of formic acid in water, 0.1%v/v: acetonitrile in gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was operated in the positive ion mode. Targeted MS/MS mode on a QTOF MS was used to quantify the drug utilizing the transitions of 340.1(m/z), 473.2 (m/z), 316.2 (m/z), 408.1 (m/z), and 357.1 (m/z) for ALO, LIN, SAX, SIT and PIO respectively.

Results:

As per ICH Q2R1 guidelines, a detailed validation of the method was carried out and the standard curves were found to be linear over the concentration ranges of 1516.0-4548.1 ng mL-1, 519.8- 1559.4 ng mL-1, 1531.4-4594.3 ng mL-1and 1519.6-4558.8 ng mL-1for ALO, LIN, SAX and SIT respectively. Precision and accuracy results were within the acceptable limits. The mean recovery was found to be 98.8 _ 0.76 % (GEM), 102.2 _ 1.59 % (LIN), 95.3 _ 2.74 % (SAX) and 99.2 _ 1.75 % (SIT) respectively.

Conclusions:

The optimized validated UPLC QTOF-MS/MS method offered the advantage of shorter analytical times and higher sensitivity and selectivity. The optimized method is suitable for application in quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms for QC laboratory.
Evaluation of Occupational Exposure to Silica Dust in Mining Workers in Eastern Iran
Authors: Golbabaei Farideh , Gholami Abdollah , Teimori-Boghsani Gholamheidar , Yaseri Mehdi , Kianmehr Mojtaba
Published: July 2019

Background and Objective:

Silica dust is present in almost all mining operations and can cause various health problems such as silicosis in workers. The present study aimed to determine the total and respirable dust levels and the crystalline silica content of the soil in the breathing zone of workers in Iranian mines.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016-2017 on six Iranian silica mines. Dust sampling was performed according to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method No. 0600. The samples were collected from the respiratory zone of workers at 114 stations in different units of the mines. The silica content was measured using the standard NIOSH method No. 7601. The crystalline silica content in bulk samples collected from the soil was determined by using the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy method.

Results:

The highest concentration of crystalline silica dust was 2.81±0.49 mg/m3 and was observed in the air of crushing unit of mine no. 6, and the lowest was 0.08±0.208 mg/m3 and was measured in the management/administration unit of mine no.1. The mean silica content in the solid surface of the mines was 91%. The total and respirable dust levels in all units of the mines except management/administration were higher than the permissible limit. The free silica content of all collected samples was substantially higher than the permissible limits, and in some cases, it was as much as 100 times above the standard level, which reflects the extremely high risk of working in these mines.

Conclusion:

Exposure of workers with crystalline silica dust in all units was higher than the standard recommended limits. It is imperative to adopt immediate measures based on technical, managerial, and personal protection solutions to reduce the exposure of workers to silica.
Synthesis of NIR Emitting Rare Earth Doped Fluorapatite Nanoparticles for Bioimaging Applications
Authors: Girija E.K. , Karthi S. , Karthickraja D. , Kumar G.A. , Sardar D.K. , Santhosh C.
Published: July 2019

Aim:

To synthesize biocompatible nanoparticles of FAp co-doped with Yb/Er
and Nd/Yb for bioimaging applications.

Methods:

Yb/Er FAp and Nd/Yb FAp was synthesized using microwave assisted wet precipitation
and hydrothermal method respectively. Trisodium citrate was used as an organic
modifier for the synthesis and then subjected to heat treatment for optical activation. For
optical studies, Yb/Er FAp system was excited at 980 nm and Nd/Yb FAp at 800 nm.

Results:

In the case of Nd/Yb FAp the host matrix absorption and emission was observed,
hence Nd/Yb was synthesized without citrate. On heat treatment of this for optical activation
studies, when the Yb3+ concentration was increased to 10 mol%, the YbPO4 secondary
phase was found to appear. Although, the Yb/Er FAp system resulted in large grain
growth, no such grain growth was observed in Nd/Yb FAp and the grains were within the
nano size regime even after heat treatment.

Conclusion:

Both the systems showed successful energy transfer from sensitizer to activator
with a quantum yield of 74% for Yb/Er FAp and energy transfer efficiency of 71% for
Nd/Yb FAp system. Both the samples were found to be cytocompatible and has the potential
for using as probes for bioimaging applications.
Surface modification as a technique to improve inter-layer bonding strength in 3D printed cementitious materials
Authors: Van Der Putten Jolien , De Schutter Geert , Van Tittelboom Kim
Published: July 2019

The structural capacity of 3D printed components mainly depends on the inter-layer bonding strength between the different layers. This bond strength is affected by many parameters (e.g. moisture content of the substrate, time gap, surface roughness,..) and any mismatch in properties of the cementitious material may lead to early failure. A common technique to improve inter-layer bonding strength between a substrate and a newly added layer is modifying the substrate surface. For the purpose of this research, a custom-made 3D printing apparatus is used to simulate the printing process and layered specimens with a different delay time (0 and 30 minutes) are manufactured with different surface modification techniques (wire brushing, addition of sand or cement and moisturizing substrate layer). The surface roughness was measured and the effect of the modification technique on the inter-layer-bonding strength was investigated. Results showed that the most effective way to increase the inter-layer bonding is increasing the surface roughness by a comb. This creates a kind of interlock system that will provide a higher inter-layer strength. The compressive strength is most influenced by the addition of cement, where the changing W/C-ratio will create a higher degree of hydration and consequently a higher strength.
Observaciones del rascón pinto, Pardirallus maculatus (Aves: Rallidae) en el centro-occidente de Veracruz
Authors: Fuentes-Moreno Axel , Fernández-Popo Macario , Vásquez-Cruz Víctor , Mora-Reyes Abigail , Cid-Mora Oscar
Published: July 2019

Presentamos los primeros registros del rascón pinto (Pardirallus maculatus) en el centro-oeste de Veracruz, su presencia en esta área puede explicarse por la gran capacidad de dispersión o vagabundeo de la especie o bien, por sesgos en el conocimiento de su distribución. Asimismo, reportamos el consumo de lenteja de agua (Lemnaceae) para este rascón.
Identification of Electric Power Losses on the Basis of Systematization of Registration Data
Authors: Stepanov I. I. , Ganyukova N. P. , Khanova A. A.
Published: July 2019

Purpose of research. is cost reduction of electric grid companies due to development of information management system of commercial losses. Implementation of an information system provides information systematization and formation of electric power balances capable to output information about losses on various sites of network structure such as 0.4 kV air and cable power lines.

Methods.Losses estimate method which uses summarized information about network schemes and loadings. This method includes calculation of electric power losses on the basis of losses dependence on total length and lines, total power and equipment received on the basis of technical parameters of lines and equipment or statistical data.

Results.There is a problem with losses tracking of electric power on various voltage levels in many power supply organizations. It is connected as with lack of functionality in existing information systems of cuts formation on various levels of network structure and also with network structure maintenance on each connected subscriber. Electric power supply organizations have no opportunity to trace electric power transport systemically from supplying elements (tires of substations) to 0.4 kV air and cable lines of low voltage transfer. It happens due to hierarchy lack in existing structures of supplying elements. It is impossible to define on what network sites losses exceed admissible norms and manage them without registration data systematization.

Conclusion.Information system was implemented on the basis of an objective which systematizes registration data and forms electric power balances on various levels of network structure. Review results (data collection) have information about alleged commercial losses on definite electric network sites.
Integration of Mobile Robot Control System Data Using the Extended Kalman Filter
Authors: Bezmen P. A.
Published: July 2019

Purpose of research. The article deals with the adaptation of the algorithm of the extended Kalman filter for the integration of data from sensors of physical values of a mobile robot

Methods. Integration of data is the process of information (data) fusion for determination or prediction of the state of an object. Integration provides increased robustness of robot control and accuracy of machine perception of information. This process is similar to repeated experiments in order to determine in direct and/or indirect ways the value of a physical quantity with the required accuracy. In the control system of a mobile robot, the integration of sensor data is carried out by one or more computing devices (for example, processors or microcontrollers) [1-5].

Results. Advances in digital signal processing and image processing are based on new algorithms, increasing the speed of data processing by computing devices and increasing the speed of access to data stored in storage (storage devices) and the capacity of the latter. Computing devices also perform averaging and filtering of signals of individual sensors and their further matching. The problem of sustainable integration and processing of information from different measuring devices can be solved with the help of the Kalman filter algorithm. The Kalman linear filter algorithm and, in particular, the extended Kalman filter algorithm perform a large amount of computation in the course of their work. In comparison with the linear Kalman filter, the extended Kalman filter significantly increases the requirements for the computing power of the onboard computer (computing device, computer) of amobile robot.

Conclusion. The main effect of integration is to obtain fundamentally new information that cannot be obtained from individual sensors. This approach relieves data channels of large (excessive) data flows coming directly from the sensors, and reduces the requirements for computing power of the computing device of the upper level of the structure of the mobile robot control system.
Study of Porosity of Sintered Samples of Electroerosive Powder Copper
Authors: Ageeva Ye. V. , Lоktionova O. G. , Kuts V. V. , Кhorkova N. M.
Published: July 2019

Purpose of research. Powder copper is widely used in various fields of machine engineering for the production of electrical contact and antifriction products. The quality of sintered products is estimated by density and porosity. One of the main methods for determining the porosity of formed and sintered products is a metallographic method with elements of qualitative and quantitative analysis of pore geometry.

The properties of sintered products made of electroerosive copper powder have not been studied up to the present, which makes it impossible to predict their properties and scope of practical application.

The purpose of the work is to study porosity and pore-size distribution of sintered samples of electroerosive copper powder.

Methods. To perform the planned studies, waste of electrical copper wire (GOST 859-2001) was used. As a working fluid distilled water was used. To obtain a powder of copper a unit to produce powders of conductive materials (patent for invention RF № 2449859) was applied. Dispersion parameters were: voltage 220 V, capacity 45.5 µF, pulse repetition rate 100 Hz.

Isostatic pressing of electroerosive copper powder obtained in water was carried out in isostatic press "EPSI" CIP 400-200*1000Y. The compacted samples were sintered in a high-temperature furnace "Nabertherm" VHT 8/22 in vacuum at a temperature of 900 °C and 1000 °C for 1 hour.

The porosity of the sintered samples of electroerosive copper powder obtained in the water was determined by metallography using optical inverted microscope OLYMPUS GX51 .

Results. Based on the results of the conducted studies, it was experimentally proved that the porosity of a sintered sample of electroerosive copper powder at 900 °C is 5.8 %, the porosity of a sintered sample of electroerosive copper powder at 1000 °C is 2.16 %.

Conclusion. The obtained experimental data can be used to create resource-saving processes for processing metal alloys and composite materials.
'The Event', 'the Archive', and 'Realms That Are Yet to Come' in Paul Scott's The Raj Quartet
Authors: Al-Khafaji Areej M.J.
Published: July 2019

Two enigmas remain unsolved in the four novels of Paul Scott's the Raj Quartet: the engineer/performer of Daphne's rape which opens the whole tale and the engineer/performer of Merrick's murder which closes it. Both are ritualistic events engineered/performed patiently and carefully almost with the same scenario which gives confidence that the second is a vengeful sequence of the first. If we interrogate the Quartet in the light of postmodern discourses, some bizarre results can be found concerning these two crimes. Dealing with the Quartet as a detective story, reversing the narrative linear structure, and following the discourses of the event, the archive, and realms that are yet to come/the posthuman, reveal the scandalous superiority of the Eastern subject over the Western object which Scott dares not to say or avoids saying directly in the long course of his novels.
STUDIES ON EFFECT OF FORMULATION AND PROCESSING PARAMETERS ON STABILITY OF KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE ORALLY DISSOLVING FILMS
Authors: SAPKAL NIDHI P. , BONDE MINAL N. , GAWANDE MANGESH , DAUD ANWAR S.
Published: July 2019

Objective: The objective of the proposed work was to study the effect of various formulation and process parameters of solvent casting method on the physical and chemical stability of Ketorolac Tromethamine (KT) in the orally dissolving film dosage form.

Methods: KT-excipient interaction study was carried out both in solid state and by processing samples through the solvent casting technique. The samples were evaluated using IR spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Solvent casting method was used to prepare KT films using different film-forming polymers, and solvents. The drying temperature and pH of the dispersion were also varied to study the effect of these parameters on the stability of KT. All the formulations were analysed chemically initially and after one month of storage at 40 °C/75% RH.

Results: During KT-excipient interaction study in solid state KT was found to be stable. No significant changes were observed in its impurity profile. Interaction between different polymers and KT was observed after the solvent casting process as revealed by IR and XRD analysis. The interaction was further confirmed in the film formulations upon chemical analysis. The polymers showing interaction with KT in XRD and IR were making it unstable chemically and were responsible for its chemical degradation as revealed by chemical analysis. It was also revealed that KT is most stable when processed using water as the solvent. KT was found to be stable when processed at a higher temperature and at acidic pH during film formation. It was found that chemical stability is more when Polyethylene oxide (PEO) and water under acidic pH are used and films are dried at a higher temperature.

Conclusion: Both formulation parameters and processing conditions of the solvent casting technique affects the stability of drugs and hence should be studied as part of pre-formulation studies while developing orally dissolving films of drugs.
HPLC QUANTIFICATION OF LACTOPEROXIDASE IN THERAPEUTIC DAIRY WASTE ENRICHED BY BUBBLESEPARATION
Authors: Datta Prabir Kumar , Mukhopadhayay Goutam , Ghosh Amitavo
Published: July 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to enrich therapeutic proteins and remove pollutants from dairy wastewater for establishing foam fractionation as a lucrative unit operation.

Methods: Dairy wastewater collected from dairy industry was processed to fat-free dried protein waste mass diluted to 1-liter feed by distilled water in different concentrations and foam fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulphate (surfactant) to enriched proteins extract (foamate) in a foam fractionator. Foamate were analysed to quantify total proteins and lacto peroxidase respectively. The efficiency was evaluated by varying parameters like pH, initial waste and ionic concentrations, the waste-surfactant mass ratio of feed and flow rate of gas (N2) through feed solution by several experiments. Heat of desorption (λ) and mass transfer coefficient (K) were determined as indicators of adsorptive bubble separation to foam phase governed by Gibb’s equation of adsorption isotherm.

Results: The process was optimized at pH 5.5, initial feed concentration 500μg/ml, waste–surfactant mass ratio (1.5:1), gas flow rate (350 ml/min) and ionic concentration 0.1 gram-mole of NaCL per litre of feed with enrichment factor (49.09), percent recovery (98.18%) observed in foamate. One natural preservative specifically lactoperoxidase was quantified by RP-HPLC analysis as 0.49% (w/w) of total proteins at optimal condition. Heat of desorption(λ), mass transfer coefficient(K)were determined 3140cal/mol and 12.68* 10-9 mol/cal/cm2/s respectively at pH 8.5, initial feed concentration 500μg/ml and gas flow rate 350 ml/min.

Conclusion: The method may be a useful unit operation for recovery of biomolecules and removal of toxic pollutants from industrial wastewater for coming days.
DEVELOPMENT OF MUCOADHESIVE TABLET OF PENTOXIFYLLINE USING A NATURAL POLYMER FROM MANILKARA ZAPOTA LINN
Authors: SELVARAJ GNANASEKARAN JOHN , BALASUBRAMANIAN ARUL , RAMALINGAM KOTHAI
Published: July 2019

Objective: The present study was designed to develop a mucoadhesive tablet of pentoxifylline using the mucoadhesive natural polymer from the plant Manilkara zapota Linn.

Methods: The tablets were formulated with three different concentrations of the isolated polymer and evaluated for thickness, weight variation, friability, hardness, swelling index, mucoadhesive strength and in vitro drug release. The swelling index was indirectly proportional to the mucoadhesive polymer of Manilkara zapota (MAPMZ) concentration.

Results: The tablets formulated with a high concentration of MAPMZ showed good mucoadhesion strength in 5 min contact time. The in vitro drug release studies indicated that the drug release was directly proportional to MAPMZ concentration. The release kinetics indicated that the drug release was followed the zero-order.

Conclusion: The MAPMZ showed the controlled release of pentoxifylline for a period of 12 h.
ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF SOME ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS FROM THE GROUP OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS IN DRUGS AND BIOLOGICAL LIQUIDS
Authors: Logoyda Liliya
Published: July 2019

The quantity of medication brought into the marketplace is growing each year. Analytical method development is increasingly being introduced into fundamental pharmaceutical research and pharmaceutical analysis practice, taking into account their high sensitivity, accuracy, specificity and expressiveness. Search criteria was analytical method development for medicines from group of ACE inhibitors. Literature survey has been done in range of years 1990-2018 to make the review updated and comprehensive and to show the new approacheches to the development of the methods of analysis ACE inhibitors. The sources were world recognized journals and key words used as filter were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, captopril, enalapril, method development, spectrophotometry, HPLC, UHPLC. The current review is created with an intended to focus on the advantage of HPLC. Literature survey revealed that a number of methods have been reported for estimation of ACE inhibitors individually or in combination with other drugs. However, there is very few analytical methods reported for the simultaneous analysis of these drugs in a combined dosage formulation by HPLC. In additional, analysis of approaches to the development of the methods of analysis of ACE inhibitors in drugs and biological liquids has been shown that HPLC is the most suitable method for analyses ACE inhibitors in substances, drugs, biological liquids to performe routine analysis of medicines, pharmacokinetic (bioequivalence in vivo), dissolution test for final dosages forms (bioequivalence in vitro, biowaiver procedure).
IN VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF LESS PAINFUL PROPOFOL NANOEMULSION USING PALM OIL FOR INTRAVENOUS DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: PRASETYO BAYU EKO , AZMI NORAZRINA , SHAMSUDDIN AHMAD FUAD
Published: July 2019

Objective: The objective of present work was to evaluate the effectiveness of propofol in nanoemulsion based palm oil that called as NEMS™, which was a choice of anesthetic drug to induce and maintenance general anesthesia to reduce pain on injection activity and also to evaluate the in vivo characterization of propofol in NEMS™.

Methods: Preparation of propofol nanoemulsion using NEMS™ technology has been performed for propofol 1% in NEMS™ (P1%), and propofol 2% in NEMS™ (P2%). Determination of free propofol concentration in aqueous phase was conducted using HPLC and rat paw lick test was evaluated as in vivo test to assay the intensity of pain on injection site. The sleep recovery test was conducted to evaluate the pharmacological effect and erythrocyte hemolysis test also conducted to ensure the safety of propofol in NEMS™. All of the test results were compared with Diprivan®1% as a positive standard.

Results: The contents of free propofol in formulation P1% and Diprivan®1% in aqueous-phase were 6.20±0.03 µg/ml and 15.02±0.33 µg/ml, respectively (*P<0.05). The rat paw lick test showed that the formulation P1% was significantly (*P<0.05) less painful when compared to Diprivan®1%. There were no significant differences in pharmacological effect for all of the formulations (*P>0.05). The erythrocyte haemolysis test show that all formulation still safe for our blood.

Conclusion: Palm oil can be used as a carrier for propofol and it was successfully reduced the free propofol contents and the intensity of pain on injection site in rats.
IN SITU OPTHALMIC GEL WITH ION ACTIVATED SYSTEM
Authors: Kurniawansyah Insan Sunan , Rusdiana Taofik , Wahab Habibah A. , Subarnas Anas
Published: July 2019

In situ gel with ion activated system which occurs as triggered by a change in the ionic strength. Osmotic gradient is a factor that determines the rate of gelation on the surface of the gel. Polymers play an important role in drug delivery from their dosage forms. Polymeric in gelling systems provides longer drug release compared to conventional delivery systems. The use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for in situ gel formulation makes the drug delivery system acceptable and controlled. Thus the continuous and prolonged release of the drug, biocompatibility characteristics makes the dose gel form in situ reliable. Polymers that are used in ion activated in situ gelation can be various, such as gelrite gellan gum, alginates, deacetylated gellan gum, anionic polymers (carbopol), cationic polymer (chitosan), non-ionic polymers (HPMC, Methylcellulose), thiolated polymer (thiomers), carbomer (polymer used in ophthalmic), polycarbophil (polymer used in ophthalmic). This review is written based on the data or information obtained by using several search engines and several scientific journals, using the keywords in situ gel with polymers, ion activated the system, and limited search years in 2010 and above.
STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC ASSAY OF HYDROCODONE AND IBUPROFEN IN TABLETS
Authors: Kandula Rama Kumar , Sundararajan Raja
Published: July 2019

Objective: The combination of hydrocodone and ibuprofen is prescribed to temporarily relieve severe pain. A new selective, precise and accurate stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique was developed for identification and estimation of hydrocodone and ibuprofen in tablets.

Methods: The analysis of hydrocodone and ibuprofen was executed on phase Zodiac C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with sodium dihydrogen phosphate (0.1M, pH5.0) and methanol (60:40, v: v) as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detection and measurement was done at 234 nm. The stability of hydrocodone and ibuprofen was examined under different conditions recommended by ICH, including alkaline, acidic, neutral, oxidative, photolytic and thermal.

Results: Hydrocodone and ibuprofen are eluted at 4.019 min and 4.999 min, respectively. The assay method was linear (range: 3.75-11.25 µg/ml and 100-300 μg/ml) with R2values of 0.9996 and 0.9999 for hydrocodone and ibuprofen, respectively. Method was accurate (recovery: 99.65% and 99.37% for hydrocodone and ibuprofen, respectively), precise (RSD: 0.262% and 0.261% for hydrocodone and ibuprofen, respectively), selective and robust. In degradation studies, peaks of degradants did not interfere with the peaks of hydrocodone and ibuprofen. This validated method was applied to assay the content of hydrocodone and ibuprofen in tablets.

Conclusion: This method can be opted in the routine quality control test of fixed dose tablet combination comprising of hydrocodone and ibuprofen.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLIBENCLAMIDE-SACCHARIN COCRYSTAL TABLET FORMULATIONS TO INCREASE THE DISSOLUTION RATE OF THE DRUG
Authors: BUDIMAN ARIF , HUSNI PATIHUL , SHAFIRA  , Alfauziah Tazyinul Q.
Published: July 2019

Objective: Cocrystallisation is a promising method in order to increase the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to prepare, formulate and evaluate glibenclamide (GCM) cocrystal in direct compress tablet dosage form using saccharin (SAC) as the coformer.

Methods: GCM cocrystal with various stoichiometric ratios were prepared by the solvent drop grinding method. The co-crystal was characterized by a saturated solubility test and dissolution rate test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). The tablet dosage form of GCM was formulated and evaluated compare with the conventional dosage form.

Results: The solubility and disso­lution rate of GCM-SAC cocrystals increased significantly compared with pure GCM, especially for 1:2 of ratio. The dissolution rate of cocrystal with ratio 1:2 increased by almost 91.9% compared with pure GCM. Based on the FTIR analysis, it showed the shifting of characteristic bands of GCM in the spectrum and there was no chemical reaction in GCM cocrystal. In PXRD measurement, the new crystalline peak was detected in the crystal habit of cocrystal compared with pure GCM and coformer. The new single melting of GCM-SAC cocrystal also was detected in DSC measurement. The tablets of GCM-SAC cocrystal were successfully prepared by direct compression method which rapidly disintegrated (1 min) and has higher dissolution compared with its pure form (32.36% greater than glibenclamide after 45 min).

Conclusion: The tablet dosage form of GCM cocrystal with SAC as coformer was successfully prepared, formulated and improved its solubility and dissolution rate.
SIFAT MEKANIK RUBBER SEAL KATUP TABUNG GAS LPG PADA VARIASI UKURAN DAN DOSIS SILIKA
Authors: Handayani Hani , Faturrohman Muhammad Irfan , Prastanto Henry , Ramadhan Arief , Kinasih Norma Arisanti
Published: July 2019

Keputusan PT. Pertamina (Persero) untuk mengganti warna karet perapat (rubber seal) pada katup tabung gas LPG dari hitam menjadi merah menimbulkan permasalahan tersendiri.  Pemakaian warna merah pada karet perapat berpengaruh terhadap desain kompon karena menggunakan silika sebagai bahan pengisi. Berbeda dengan carbon black, silika yang beredar di pasar memiliki keterbatasan ukuran partikel. Ukuran partikel bahan pengisi berpengaruh terhadap sifat mekanik dari produk karet. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mempelajari pengaruh jenis dan dosis silika dengan ukuran partikel yang berbeda terhadap sifat fisika dari vulkanisat karet perapat gas LPG. Silika dengan 3 variasi ukuran partikel (luas permukaan 55, 115, dan 175 m2/g) dan 5 variasi dosis (5, 10, 15, 25, dan 30 bsk) digunakan sebagai bahan pengisi untuk pembuatan kompon karet perapat gas LPG. Kompon yang dirancang kemudian diuji sifat fisikanya sesuai persyaratan di dalam SNI 7655:2010. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar ukuran partikel silika delta torsinya semakin rendah. Adapun perbedaan dosis silika yang digunakan menunjukkan bahwa penambahan silika di atas 15 bsk untuk jenis 115 m2/g, dan di atas 10 bsk untuk jenis 175 m2/g menyebabkan nilai pampatan tetapnya tidak lagi memenuhi persyaratan SNI. Sementara itu pengaruhnya terhadap nilai perpanjangan putus tidak terlalu signifikan untuk silika 115 m2/g, sedangkan untuk silika 175 m2/g, perpanjangan putus naik sampai dosis silika 15 bsk dan turun kembali pada penambahan silika di atas 15 bsk.
STUDI KINERJA KOMPON KARET ALAM TANPA BAHAN PENGISI SEBAGAI BAHAN PEMODIFIKASI ASPAL PANAS
Authors: Prastanto Henry , Firdaus Yusep , Puspitasari Santi , Ramadhan Arief , Falaah Asron Ferdian
Published: July 2019

Karet alam berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan aditif dalam pembuatan aspal modifikasi polimer. Dalam penelitian ini telah diujicobakan penambahan kompon karet alam berbasis karet SIR 20 pada konsentrasi 3%, 5%, 7% dan 9% dalam aspal penetrasi 60 pada suhu 150oC sebagai upaya dalam pembuatan aspal karet. Sedangkan kecepatan pengaduk pada mesin pencampurkan divariasikan pada 1000 rpm, 2000 rpm, 4000 rpm, 6000 rpm, 8000 rpm, dan 10000 rpm. Kompon karet SIR diformulasikan berdasarkan sistem vulkanisasi yaitu konvensional (KP1) dan semi effisien (KP2). Penilaian mutu aspal karet ditentukan berdasarkan pengujian sifat fisik aspal karet tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diketahui bahwa kecepatan pengaduk pada mesin pencampur aspal karet yang teroptimal sebesar 6000 rpm.  Selanjutnya menurut hasil karakterisasi sifat fisik aspal karet diperoleh bahwa kompon karet SIR 20 yang dihasilkan dari sistem vulkanisasi semi effisien (KP2) dengan dosis 5-7% dapat membentuk aspal karet dengan kualitas terbaik ditunjukkan oleh penurunan penetrasi yang diikuti dengan peningkatan nilai titik lembek, indeks penetrasi dan elastic recovery serta sifat kestabilan aspal karet selama penyimpanan dan akibat pengaruh pemanasan berulang yang relatif baik.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ANHIDRIDA MALEAT TERHADAP MUTU TEKNIS KARET ALAM TERMODIFIKASI
Authors: Vachlepi Afrizal , Purbaya Mili
Published: July 2019

Pemaduan (blending) polimer karet alam dengan pati alam yang mempunyai sifat dan karakteristik berbeda dapat menghasilkan polimer dengan karakteristik baru. Polimer karet alam yang non polar perlu dimodifikasi agar dapat berinteraksi secara baik dengan pati alam yang bersifat polar. Penggunaan aditif anhidrida maleat dapat  meningkatkan interaksi dengan pati alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan memperoleh dosis terbaik penggunaan aditif anhidrida maleat dalam memodifikasi sifat polimer karet alam. Dengan dosis ini diharapkan dapat menghasilkan karet alam termodifikasi dengan karakteristik dan mutu teknis yang berbeda sehingga dapat dipadukan dengan pati alam. Perlakuan berupa penambahan anhidrida maleat dengan dosis 5% berat per berat (b/b) karet kering, 10% b/b, 15% b/b dan kontrol (karet tanpa anhidrida maleat). Parameter pengamatan terdiri dari analisa spektrometri fourier transform infrared (FTIR), plastisitas awal (Po), indeks ketahanan plastisitas (PRI), viskositas Mooney, indeks kestabilan viskositas (SVI), kadar abu dan kadar zat menguap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan penambahan aditif anhidrida maleat terbaik dalam memodifikasi sifat dan karakteristik polimer karet alam adalah dosis 10% b/b karet kering. Dari analisa spektrometri FTIR, gugus anhidrida maleat dalam karet alam sudah terlihat pada dosis ini. Mutu teknis karet alam yang sudah dimodifikasi menggunakan maleat anhidrida 10% b/b karet kering, yaitu Po 27; PRI 54,95; viskositas Mooney 78; SVI 4; kadar abu 0,51% dan kadar zat menguap 0,26%.
Los sinuosos caminos de la etnografía política
Authors: Auyero Javier
Published: July 2019

El texto pasa revista a la extensa y productiva trayectoria del autor en el difícil oficio de la etnografía política. Mediante un relato reflexivo de su propia experiencia etnográfica, se destaca la relevancia y complejidad del oficio, razón por la que nos remite a los hallazgos, los obstáculos, problemas, limitacionesy proyecciones del ejercicio etnográfico en lo político. El escrito se divide en cinco apartados, correspondientes a los temas de investigación abordados por la trayectoria etnográfica del autor, en los que se revisan la relación y utilidad de la etnografía política en el estudio de las redes clientelares, de la acción colectiva, el estudio de la zona gris de la política, el sufrimiento ambiental y el tema de la espera como una expresión de las relaciones de dominación social. El escrito cierra con una invitación y advertencia en torno al oficio etnográfico.
PENGARUH DOSIS DAN LAMA WAKTU PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica) TERHADAP KADAR GULA DARAH DAN DERAJAT INSULITIS TIKUS MODEL DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2
Authors: Palupi Fitria Dhenok , Waskita Brian , Nuhriawangsa Adi Magna Patriadi
Published: July 2019

Latar Belakang. Diabetes melitus merupakan masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat dengan prevalensi yang meningkat tiap tahun. Insulitis merupakan keadaan patofisiologis inflamasi dari pulau langerhans pankreas yang berperan penting dalam mempertahankan homeostasis glukosa darah dan berkorelasi dengan perkembangan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Centella asiatica merupakan tanaman yang mengandung antioksidan jenis pentacyclic triterpenes yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan antimikroba. Tujuan. Menganalisis pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol pegagan terhadap kadar gula darah dan derajat insulitis tikus Wistar jantan induksi sreptozotocin-nicotinamide. Metode. Penelitian ini terdiri atas enam perlakuan yaitu kontrol normal (K-), kontrol diabetes (K+), ekstrak etanol pegagan dosis 300 mg/kg BB (P1), ekstrak etanol pegagan dosis 600 mg/kg BB (P2), ekstrak etanol pegagan dosis 1.200 mg/ kg BB (P3), dan pemberian obat metformin dosis 45 mg/kg BB (P4), tikus diterminasi pada lama pemberian 28 hari dan 35 hari di laboratorium PSPG UGM Yogyakarta. Analisis statistik menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan uji lanjut menggunakan Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Hasil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol pegagan mengandung zat aktif asiaticoside dan aktivitas antioksidan 86,81%. Pemberian ekstrak etanol pegagan menurunkan kadar gula darah pada lama pemberian 28 hari (p=0,001) dan 35 hari (p=0,001). Pemberian ekstrak etanol pegagan menurunkan derajat insulitis pada lama pemberian 35 hari (0,008), namun tidak signifikan pada lama pemberian 28 hari (p=0,368).  Kesimpulan. Esktrak etanol pegagan dosis 600 mg/kg BB paling efisien dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah dan derajat insulitis sehingga mencegah kondisi hiperglikemia dan inflamasi dibandingkan obat oral antidiabetes dengan efek samping yang ditimbulkannya.
La educación ante el enfoque sistémico
Authors: Zárate Arguedas Nestor
Published: July 2019

El artículo  valora el enfoque sistémico dentro del quehacer científico y propositivo de la educación, tomando como referencia las diversas aportaciones de Mario Bunge y Fritjof Capra.  En consecuencia, se plantean tópicos donde la educación se vincula con los sistemas sociales, económicos, políticos, culturales y ambientales para que, finalmente se focalice el papel de los estudios sociales dentro de la idea de sistema social mundial y el futuro humano.
Diagnóstico sobre las potencialidades pedagógicas para el posible desarrollo de un glosario multimedia sobre herramientas tecnológicas para una Escuela Normal en Chontales, Nicaragua
Authors: Castillo Valverde José Pablo , Hernández González Sonia , Pacheco Urbina Adela
Published: July 2019

Los docentes en los países en desarrollo, por diversas razones, tanto políticas como económicas, tienen limitaciones para impartir sus lecciones en el aula. Esto debido a la falta de buenas instalaciones físicas, de recursos didácticos y tecnológicos o por el escaso nivel de capacitación en el ámbito pedagógico y respecto al uso de terminología de aplicaciones informáticas.El presente artículo muestra el caso dela Escuela NormalRegional Gregorio Aguilar Barea en Juigalpa, Chontales, Nicaragua. El estudio investiga los posibles beneficios para los profesores de esta escuela de formación docente, del desarrollo de una herramienta multimedia interactiva sobre términos básicos relacionados con la informática para la educación. También en el trabajo se explora la posibilidad de integrar, aparte de las definiciones, algunos ejemplos, animaciones y posibles usos pedagógicos, en un eventual desarrollo del producto.
Situación actual de la población adolescente en Costa Rica. Estudio realizado en centros educativos de Guanacaste, Puntarenas y Limón
Authors: Morales Bejarano Alberto , Chaves Víquez Rocío , Ramírez Mora Walter , JJiménez Rodríguez Xiomara , Vargas Acosta Dalyana , García Borbón Adriana , Yock Cabezas Isabel
Published: July 2019

En 1991 y 2006, los profesionales de la Clínica de Adolescentes del Hospital Nacional de Niños realizaron dos investigaciones sobre población escolarizada de la provincia de San José, con el objetivo de identificar un perfil de adolescentes, dada la escasa información existente. Posteriormente, en el año 2013, se aplicó un instrumento similar a estudiantes de la Gran Área Metropolitana. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la investigación desarrollada en 2015 con estudiantes de las provincias de Guanacaste, Puntarenas y Limón; se compararán los resultados previos para actualizar el estado de la situación integral de la población adolescente, explorando conocimientos y prácticas en sexualidad, violencia, consumo de drogas, nutrición, protección y riesgo. Se aplicó una encuesta a estudiantes de secundaria, hombres y mujeres, en edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años, en 31 colegios públicos y privados, para un total de 3074 estudiantes. Los resultados evidencian conocimientos deficientes en temas de desarrollo puberal y en información protectora en sexualidad; prácticas alimentarias de riesgo; incremento significativo en el consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas; exposición elevada a la pornografía; porcentaje bajo de inicio de actividad sexual coital; cifras altas de agresión, desesperanza e ideación suicida; elevado porcentaje de portación de armas, percepción positiva del papel del grupo de pares, la familia y el colegio. Asimismo, carencias en la formación integral y la adquisición de hábitos saludables, mediadas por la presión social que los promueve y debilidades significativas de sectores que deben brindar contención, apoyo y protección.
Implicaciones académicas del conocimiento metacognitivo: estudio de caso con estudiantes de Diplomado en Enseñanza del Inglés
Authors: Quirós Vargas Emilia María
Published: July 2019

La UNED es la única universidad costarricense que ofrece la Carrera de Enseñanza del Inglés a través de la modalidad a distancia. El artículo presenta los aspectos más destacados de un estudio sobre la naturaleza del conocimiento metacognitivo (CMC) de estudiantes de primer año y las implicaciones en su rendimiento académico. Siete estudiantes de la cohorte de 2017 participaron en un estudio de caso múltiple para evaluar su CMC basándose en cuatro categorías de conocimiento descritas en el modelo de Flavell-Pintrich: persona, tarea, estrategia y contexto. Además, de una entrevista semiestructurada y dos encuestas en línea para recolección de datos, se analizó el desempeño de los participantes durante el cuatrimestre, sus calificaciones, las características de su contexto instruccional y la evaluación cualitativa desde la perspectiva de sus tutores. Los resultados indicaron el valor del conocimiento de la persona en el proceso formativo. Este constituye el filtro de la información que llega al individuo y, por lo tanto, determina, en gran medida, su percepción del tipo de tarea que se le presenta, así como las estrategias que se utilizarán para su resolución. Se concluye que, aunque un estudiante tiene facilidades y acceso para el uso de la tecnología, es el autoconocimiento el que concentra los recursos cognitivos de una manera particular para abordar y resolver problemas de aprendizaje.
Genetic heterogenety of tumour-like lesions of bones in maxillofacial area
Authors: Sviridov E. G , Kadykova A. I , Redko N. A , Drobyshev A. Yu , Deev R. V
Published: July 2019

Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the bones are rare. At present, their diagnosis is based on radiation and pathological methods. However, the genetic etiology of this group of diseases is being actively studied in order to search for molecular markers with high diagnostic and prognostic potential.
Role of FLT3 gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: effect on course of disease and results of therapy
Authors: Radzhabova A. M , Voloshin S. V , Martynkevich I. S , Kuzyaeva A. A , Shuvaev VA. , Motyko E. V , Kuvshinov A. Y , Fominykh M. S , Schmidt A. V , Polushkina L. B , Bakay M. P , Tiranova S. A , Zenina M. N , Potihonova N. A , Kudryashova SA. , Balashova V. A , Chubukina J. V , Uspenskaya O. S , Karyagina E. V , Bogdanov A. N , Chechetkin A. V
Published: July 2019

Detection of FLT3 gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia is now recognized as an unfavorable factor that affects the disease course, emerging the risk of relapses and overall survival shortening and disease-free survival of patients. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of mutations of the gene FLT3 and to assess their impact on clinical indicators, overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. We compared complete blood count parameters, karyotype, duration of overall survival and disease-free survival in 199 patients with acute myeloid leukemia depending on the presence or absence of mutations of the FLT3 gene. Significant differences across these groups were discovered only in WBC and blasts between the group of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (FLT3+) and without mutations in the FLT3 gene (FLT3-). The differences between two groups were also identified in patients chromosomal aberrations. Significant differences (p=0,00024) in the duration of overall survival between groups of patients with acute myeloid leukemia with mutations of FLT3-ITD+, FLT3-TKD+ and FLT3- were demonstrated. Median overall survival was: 1 6 months for patients with mutation FLT3-ITD+ and 17 months for FLT3-TKD+ patients and not achieved for FLT3- patients. The use of modern molecular genetic methods of research in acute myeloid leukemia allows to improve the diagnosis of the disease, as well as to carry out risk stratification and individualize therapy. The use of targeted therapy for FLT3-positive patients who are not candidates for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will increase the effectiveness of the treatment and improve the performance of overall survival and disease-free survival.