bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justification of the effectiveness of organized summer recreation under different climatic and geographical conditions for normalizing the organism functional state in veterans of extreme activities
Authors: Pyatibrat E. D.
Published: February 2019

Relevance. Participation in military conflicts, long-term vital threat, irregular working hours, frequent moving to new places of residence impose negative imprints in the form of various functional disorders and even the formation of psychogenic diseases on employees of various law enforcement agencies.

Intention. To assess the impact of organized summer holidays under different climatic conditions on the functional state of the veterans of law enforcement agencies previously engaged in activities under extreme conditions.

Methodology. 65 retired men soldiers of different law enforcement agencies aged 45 to 54 years were examined before and after organized summer holidays under different climatic conditions. Hemodynamic parameters, mobility of nervous processes and current mental state were assessed.

Results and Discussion. After a river cruise in the North-West and mid-latitudes of Russia, decreased tension of the functional circulatory system as well as improved mobility of nervous processes and current mental state were reported. On the contrary, increased tension of the functional circulatory system, decreased mobility of nervous processes, well-being, activity, mood and increased anxiety were reported after holidays at low-latitude resorts.

Conclusion. Thus, the functional state of veterans of law enforcement agencies who survived repeated mental trauma and vital threat, was effectively restored after a river cruise in the North-West and mid-latitudes of Russia.
Experience of studying the health status of personnel of rescue military units of EMERCOM of Russia
Authors: Sannikov M. V. , Astafjev O. M. , Mukhina N. A. , Makarova N. V.
Published: February 2019

Relevance.Health maintanance and professional longevity are primary objectives of medical and psychological support for personnel of EMERCOM of Russia. Information about the state of health of military personnel and civilian personnel of rescue military units of Emercom of Russia, as well as military units for radiation, chemical and biological protection was not found in the available literature.

Intention. Clarify data on the state of health of military personnel and civilian personnel of rescue military units of Emercom of Russia for developing evidence-based preventive and rehabilitation measures in the future.

Methodology.The health status of the personnel of rescue military units of Emercom of Russia was studied on the model of the Federal State-Owned Institution Nevsky Rescue Center of Emercom of Russia (Kolpino, St. Petersburg) based on the results of periodic medical examinations in 2015–2016.

Results and Discussion.The overall prevalence of diseases revealed in military and civilian personnel during the annual medical examination was similar, including the main classes of diseases, and averaged 2 diseases per 1 person. The overall prevalence of diseases in the older age group (30–44 years) of military personnel 1.2–1.4-fold (p = 0.021) exceeded that of the younger (18–29) age group of military personnel as well as of both age groups of civilian personnel. No convincing impact of professional experience on the prevalence of diseases was revealed.

Conclusion. The levels and structure of pathology revealed during periodic medical examinations in military personnel and civilian personnel of the Nevsky Rescue Center had no statistically significant differences, suggesting the fundamental similarity of the nature and intensity of occupational factors. At the same time, age rather than the duration of professional activities influenced the frequency of the revealed pathology in the studied sample. Weighted indicators of public health over a longer period of time (5+ years) will help eliminate stochastic effects and make reasonable conclusions about the prevalence of diseases in various military rescue specialists.
New approaches to biological dosimetry: development of complex biodosimetric systems (review of foreign literature)
Authors: Sotnik N. V. , Rybkina V. L. , Azizova T. V.
Published: February 2019

Relevance. In case of emergency due to large-scale radiation accidents, biological dosimetry becomes a critical tool for early radiation dose assessment and enables identification of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation and facilitates further medical follow-up decisions.

Intention. To assess the feasibility of a number of biological markers for bioindication and biodosimetry purposes based on literature data.

Methodology. Literature sources were searched in MEDLINE databases, PubMed, CyberLeninka, elibrary.ru, using the terms: radiation, irradiation, biodosimetry. The review presents the results of studies from full-text sources of literature in English.

Results and Discussion. Depending on an accidental exposure scenario, various biodosimetry techniques should be used to assess radiation doses with optimal accuracy and speed. In addition to physical methods and clinical techniques used to assess radiation doses, biological dosimetry defines a level of ionizing radiation exposure for certain individuals and is useful in making decisions about medical treatment strategy. To date, combined use of several biological markers within a biodosimetry system providing reliable radiation dose estimates.

Conclusion. Analysis of the data presented in the review showed that combined use of several biological markers and development of a complex biodosimetric system will provide a more accurate estimate of doses, which is especially important in case of radiation accidents and incidents when physical dosimetry data are not available.
Cofactor Analogues as Active Site Probes in Lysine Acetyltransferases
Authors: Simon Roman P. , Rumpf Tobias , Linkuvienė Vaida , Matulis Daumantas , Akhtar Asifa , Jung Manfred
Published: February 2019

Here we present the synthesis of two functional cofactor-based chemical probes and their usage as mechanistic tools in a broadly applica-ble assay platform for histone acetyltransferases (HATs). In this platform, a fluorescence polarization (FP) based binding assay was combined with biolayer interferometry (BLI) competition analysis and a FP competition activity immunoassay to enable easy, reliable, and pro-found evaluation of ligands that target the KAT cofactor binding site.
Cereblon vs VHL: Hijacking E3 Ligases Against Each Other Using PROTACs
Authors: Girardini Miriam , Maniaci Chiara , Hughes Scott J. , Testa Andrea , Ciulli Alessio
Published: February 2019

The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and cereblon (CRBN) proteins are substrate recognition subunits of two ubiquitously expressed and biologically important Cullin RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. VHL and CRBN are also the two most popular E3 ligases being recruited by bifunctional Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to induce ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of a target protein. Using homo-PROTACs, VHL and CRBN have been independently dimerized to induce their own degradation. Here we report the design, synthesis and cellular activity of VHL-CRBN hetero-dimerizing PROTACs featuring diverse conjugation patterns. We found that the most active compound 14a induced potent, rapid and profound preferential degradation of CRBN over VHL in cancer cell lines. At lower concentrations, weaker degradation of VHL was instead observed. This work demonstrates proof of concept of designing PROTACs to hijack different E3 ligases against each other, and highlights a powerful and generalizable proximity-induced strategy to achieve E3 ligase knockdown.
Los árboles que esconden al bosque: Miguel Ángel de Quevedo y los orígenes de la ciencia forestal en México
Authors: Delgado Juan-Luis
Published: February 2019

This article describes the role of civil engineer Miguel Ángel de Quevedo(1862-1946) in the origins of forestry in Mexico. The guiding issue is to determine whether the critiques of some of his contemporaries regarding his project, which prioritised attention to the tree rather than the forest, were well-founded. Particular emphasis will be placed on the first encounters between the state and forestry, the development of ideas that guided the growth of forestry and the training of forestry workers. The principal sources are the texts published by Quevedo himself. The author concludes that Quevedo’s project favoured the tree over the forest, especially after Mexican revolution. However, despite his conceptual shortcomings, his scant scientific legacy in silvicultural matters, his insistence on forest hydrology and his strong conservationist inclinations, Quevedo was undeniably responsible for introducing forestry science to Mexico and making it a state concern. Given the endemic deforestation and the socio-political weight of agriculture in Mexico, this cannot be considered a minor contribution.
The Effect of the Constants and Variables of the Architecture of the Holy Shrines in the Adjacent Urban Fabric
Authors: Hamid Mahmood Rezooky , Hamza Almamoori
Published: February 2019

Among the constants of holy attba building is the connection of its architecture with the values of the Islamic religion and the number of visits and the number of visitors to it. Time has passed and visitors are in a state of increasing, so their founders have taken the decision of change and development previously, which was compatible with the increase in numbers and maintaining the constants of the sacred architecture. The adjacent fabric changes according to the change in its holly architecture, and the adjacent fabric forms one unit with its attba, maintaining its shape for centuries. In the 1930s, its fabric was affected by the decision to demolish the walls of cities in general, including the holy cities, to open roads to facilitate the traffic movements of cars and the arrival of visitors with high speed as planned at the time. The Research problem despite  the development of master plans for the Holy City cities because of the increase in the number of visitors, but did not solve the problem required. The aim of the research is to identify the visitor, the activities of the visitors, the spaces occupied by the activities, the religious and ideological activities, as well as the cultural and social activities, an important criterion in the holy attba building and its adjacent fabric, which has been affected by the increase of visitors and which is no longer sufficient for the activities generally been done throughout the year.
The Robust Stream Cipher for Securing Data in the Smartphones
Authors: Abid Abdullah S. , Zaiter Mohammed J. , Atia Tayseer S.
Published: February 2019

With the development of network and communication systems in large areas in the world, this leads to increase security problems in transmission of data such as data leakage, modification, unauthorized access, and attacks. There are many types of techniques that are used to prevent these problems and protect data. One of these techniques is a stream cipher which considered the strongest and fastest method used in encryption and decryption process. In this study presented a new design for the stream cipher to protect mobile data. The strength of stream cipher depends on it is' key. There are several methods to generate key. We used three types of generator. Then, it used the combiner to convert them into a nonlinear Boolean function in order to make the generator key more secure. To implement a new generator key by using these three kinds, we used four LFSRs and one of NLFSRs or FCSRs to produce five variables Boolean function. These variables will be as an input to the combiner function. Finally, we tested the generator and submitted it to the randomness tests that is publicly available in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
hk THE EFFECT OF DROUGHT STRESS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SEVERAL OKRA GENOTYPES (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
Authors: Khotimah Husnul
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of horticulture crop that contain high nutrition. Growth and yield of this crop determined by genetic and environment factor especially water. The objective of this research was to know the effect of drought stress toward growth and yield of several okra genetypes. This research was undertaken in plastic house, Batu Kuta village Sub regency of Narmada using Split Plot design with drought stress as main plot and genotype as sub plot. Main plot consist of drought stress and without drought stress. Sub plot consist of Dompu genotype, Hybrid genotype, Red genotype and Long genotype. Every treatment combination was replicated three times. Result of this study showed that interaction between treatment and genotype of okra effected on canopy wet weight, canopy dry weight, plant height at 60 days after planting, number of leaf at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting, number of flower becoming fruit and number of good fruit. Treatment of okra genotype effected on almost all parameters except wet weight of root, dry weight of root and diameter of stem 30 days after planting. While, treatment of drought stress only effected on canopy wet weight and plant height at 60 and 90 days after planting. Long genotype had the best growth on the condition of drought. Red genotype had the best number of good fruit on the condition of drought stress and without drought stress.
T-Abso and T-Abso Quasi Primary Fuzzy Submodules
Authors: Hanoon Wafaa H. , Khalaf Hatem Y.
Published: February 2019

Let á¸¾ be a unitary R-module and R is a commutative ring with identity. Our aim in this paper  to study the concepts T-ABSO fuzzy ideals, T-ABSO fuzzy submodules and T-ABSO quasi primary fuzzy submodules, also we discuss these concepts in the class of multiplication fuzzy modules and relationships between these concepts. Many new basic properties and characterizations on these concepts are given.
Novel Co-Precipitation method for synthesis of Nanostructured Nickel Oxide in accordance to PH: Structural and Optical Properties as an Active optical filter
Authors: Abdul-Ameer Zehraa N.
Published: February 2019

Low cost Co-Precipitation  method was used for Preparation of novel nickel oxide (NiO) nano particle thin films with Simple, with two different PH values 6, 12 and its effect on structural and optical properties as an active optical filter. Experimental results of structural properties X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that both Nickel oxide nanoparticles with (PH=6 and 12) have polycrystalline structure smaller average particle size about 8.5 nm for PH=6 in comparison with PH=12. Morphological studies using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and  atomic force microscope (AFM)  show uniform nano rod distribution for PH=6 with smaller average diameter, average roughness as compared with NiO with PH=12 that showed larger diameter ,grain size , spherical shape with scope of excellent sensing applications due to high roughness .Optical properties results  Show blue shift for PH=6 as compared with PH=12m leading to potential of optoelectronic applications and as active optical
Estado, Ejército y Monopolio Fiscal
Authors: López Villagra Edgardo Darío
Published: February 2019

El sociólogo británico Morris Ginsberg en su artículo denominado “Social Change”, publicado por la British Journal o f Sociology, definía el concepto de cambio social como una transformación en la estructura social, como por ejemplo el tamaño de una sociedad, la composición o el equilibrio de sus partes o el tipo de su organización. Peter Burke sostiene que la definición de Ginsberg engloba el proceso de cambio económico, político y cultural. Es decir, cualquier modificación de la estructura. Burke también afirma que existen distintos modelos referidos al cambio social. Algunos son cíclicos como el modelo de Sorokin y de las fluctuaciones sociales y culturales, o el de Toynbee o el de Spengler. Asimismo existen modelos lineales como la filosofía de la historia judeo-cristiana y marxista. Burke además, refiriéndose a los modelos lineales, resalta los factores internos del cambio (crecimiento, evolución) o los factores externos (difusión, préstamo e imitación).1 2
Reconocimiento internacional de la ampliación de la Plataforma Submarina argentina
Authors: Mariño Fages Jorge R.
Published: February 2019

Para comprender el tema que se trata, se cree conveniente contextualizarlo en el ámbito más amplio del derecho internacional del mar, sus antecedentes y evolución. La navegación y el aprovechamiento de las riquezas del mar por el hombre y los pueblos, con el transcurso del tiempo fue gestando por la costumbre internacional el reconocimiento de dos espacios marítimos: el mar territorial, en donde la unidad política costera ejerce dominio, y el alta mar o mar libre, donde no hay jurisdicción de ninguna unidad política y se puede navegar y pescar libremente
Solve et repete y su incidencia en el derecho del obligado tributario a la tutela judicial efectiva
Authors: Medina María del Rosario
Published: February 2019

La locución latina solve et repete es utilizado por la doctrina nacional para referirse a la exigencia que impone la legislación fiscal, del pago del tributo como requisito previo para cuestionar en la órbita jurisdiccional o administrativa la legitimidad de la determinación de oficio de la obligación tributaria
ANALISIS TINGKAT BERPIKIR DAN MINAT BELAJAR TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP DASAR MATA KULIAH TRIGONOMETRI
Authors: Indrawati Farah
Published: February 2019

The survey research entitled "Analysis of Thinking Levels and Interest in Learning on the Ability of Understanding the Concept of Trigonometry Subjects" was motivated by the importance of the ability to understand basic concepts in mathematics learning, and the difficulties of mathematics education study students in learning trigonometry because they came from vocational high schools ( SMK). The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the level of thinking and interest in learning together on the ability to understand the basic concepts of trigonometric courses, the influence of the level of thinking on the ability to understand the basic concepts of trigonometry courses, and the influence of learning interest on the ability to understand basic concepts . The number of samples in this study were 44 people drawn from the student population who took trigonometry courses. Processing data from samples taken using a random sampling technique based on Roscoe's formula, was carried out using the SPSS 20-multiple regression program. The results of data processing show that the resulting multiple regression equation is Y = 8.595 + 2.129 X1 - 0.069 X2. The conclusion of this study is the level of thinking and interest in learning together have a significant effect on the ability to understand the basic concepts of trigonometry courses, the level of thinking has a significant influence on the ability to understand basic concepts of trigonometry subjects, while learning interest does not have a significant effect on ability understanding the basic concepts of trigonometry courses.

Keywords: Thinking Level, Learning Interest, Basic Concept Understanding Ability
PENGARUH PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK BERBASIS LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF MAHASISWA
Authors: Fatkhiyani Kiki
Published: February 2019

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the applying scientific approach based on environment for improving the cognitive abilities of the basic concepts of biology at STKIP NU Indramayu PGSD 2017/2018 academic year. Environment in this research means the utilizing of Karangsong beach. The low level of understanding of the concept of students and the use of Karangsong beach as a learning resource have not been optimally the background of this research. The research method used was a pre-experiment design with the design of one group pretest-posttest design. In this design, the sample is given a pretest and then given treatment and at the end of the learning activity is given a posture. The data for applying the scientific approach was taken by distributing questionnaires. The next step is processing test data and application questionnaires to determine their influence on students' cognitive abilities. From the results of the study, there was a significant (significant) effect of the application of the scientific approach based on environment for improving cognitive abilities of students with a significance value of 0.034
Why is cyanide acutely lethal at very low doses?
Authors: Manoj Kelath Murali
Published: February 2019

Cyanide is conventionally perceived as a binder of heme-Fe centers, disrupting oxygen transport by blood hemoglobin and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase function. This explanation of toxicity would require millimolar (g/Kg dosage) concentration of cyanide, whereas it is lethal even at micromolar (mg/Kg dosage) ranges. It is long known that oxygen consumption by cells leads to the production of diffusible reactive oxygen species (DROS). Recently, DROS mediated catalytic/metabolic roles were proposed as a physiological source of heat and phosphorylation of ADP within mitochondria. In this purview, it is hypothesized herein that cyanide uses the catalytic DROS via futile cycles, stopping ATP-synthesis and thus killing cells. A quantitative mechanistic perspective delineating the old and new explanations is provided herein. Further, experimental modalities and predictable outcomes are detailed to test the new hypothesis.
Using Dominance Analysis to Decompose Narcissism and its Relation to Aggression and Externalizing Outcomes
Authors: Vize Colin , Collison Katherine , Crowe Michael L , Campbell William Keith , Miller Josh , Lynam Donald
Published: February 2019

Research on narcissism has shown it to be multidimensional construct. As such, the relations the larger construct bears with certain outcomes may mask heterogeneity apparent at the more basic trait level. The present paper used the Five Factor Narcissism Inventory, a FFM-based measure of narcissism that allows for multiple levels of analysis, to examine the relative importance of narcissistic traits in relation to aggression, externalizing behavior, and self-esteem outcomes in two independent samples. The relative importance of the narcissism factors was determined through the use of dominance analysis—a relatively underused method for determining relative importance among a set of related predictors. The results showed that antagonism, compared to agentic extraversion and neuroticism, was the dominant predictor across all forms of aggressive behavior. Additional analyses showed that subscales within the broader factor of antagonism also showed differential importance relative to one another for certain aggression outcomes. The results are discussed in the context of the relation between narcissism and aggression and highlight the utility of using extensions of regression based analyses to explore the heterogeneity within personality constructs.
PERKEMBANGAN PERBANKAN SYARIAH DI INDONESIA (2009-2018) DAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIANYA
Authors: Alhamid Thalha
Published: February 2019

Perkembangan industri perbankan syariah di Indonesia mengalami pasang surut seiring denganperkembangan industri perbankan konvensional.. Hingga saat ini perbankan syariah masih terusberjuang mempertahankan eksistensinya dalam industri keuangan, dengan proses perkembangannyayang cukup menakjubkan meskipun bila dibandingkan dengan negara-negara yang tercatat dalamIslamic Finance Country Index, Indonesia terbilang berjalan ditempat. Potret kualitas SDM perbankan syariah yang kerap dikatakan sebagai kendala ternyata hanya dariaspek kompetensi yang belum mumpuni baik secara teoritis maupun praktisinya. Bagaimanapun, industri perbankan syariah sudah berusaha seoptimal mungkin untuk mencapai visi misi dalampengembangan SDM nya.
MANAJEMEN REFERENSI DAN GAYA PENULISAN PUSTAKA
Authors: Muntama Susi , Miswatunkhasanah
Published: February 2019

MANAJEMEN REFERENSI DAN GAYA PENULISAN PUSTAKA
Tugas akhir
Authors: ahyunina Nurul
Published: February 2019

Tugas akhir metodologi kualitatif
FENOMENOLOGI
Authors: Azharini Endah , Nency
Published: February 2019

Untuk memenuhi tugas akhir mata kuliah Metode Kualitatif
INSTRUMEN PENGUMPULAN DATA
Authors: Anufia Budur , Alhamid Thalha
Published: February 2019

Tugas ini adalah untuk memenuhi nilai mata kuliah metodologi penelitian kualitatif
Children are sensitive to mutual information in intermediate-complexity face and nonface features
Authors: Balas Benjamin , Auen Amanda , Saville Alyson , Schmidt Jamie , Harel Assaf
Published: February 2019

Uncovering when children learn to use specific visual information for recognizingobject categories is essential for understanding how experience shapes recognition.Research on the development of face recognition has focused on children’s use oflow-level information (e.g. orientation sub-bands), or on children's use of high-levelinformation, namely, configural or holistic information. Do children also useintermediate complexity features for categorizing faces and objects, and if so, atwhat age? Intermediate-complexity features bridge the gap between low- and high- level processing: they have computational benefits for object detection and segmentation, and are known to drive neural responses in the ventral visual system.Here, we asked when children develop sensitivity to diagnostic category information in intermediate-complexity features. We presented children (5-10 years old) and adults with image fragments of faces (Experiment 1) and cars (Experiment 2) varying in their mutual information, which quantities a fragment's diagnosticity of a specific category. Our goal was to determine whether children were sensitive to the amount of mutual information in these fragments, and if their information usage is different from adults’. We found that despite better overall categorization performance in adults, all children were sensitive to fragment diagnosticity in both categories, suggesting that intermediate representations of appearance are established early in childhood. Moreover, children's usage of mutual information was not limited to face fragments, suggesting the extracting intermediate complexity features is a process that is not specific only to faces. We discuss the implications of our findings for developmental theories of face and object recognition.
Integration of Forest and Climate Change Policies in Nepal
Authors: Paudel Ganesh , Adhikari Shankar , Bhusal Prabin
Published: February 2019

Climate change poses threats to forest ecosystems, forest dependent communities and society as a whole. Incorporation of climate change in forest policy and vice-versa is essential to effectively deal with climate change impacts while managing forest. Review of climate change and forest policies, incorporating forestry and climate change issues has not been substantially discussed and analyzed yet in Nepal. In this paper we aim to review the climate change and forest policies in terms of its content, relevancy and adequacy. We reviewed five forest policies and three climate change related plans and policies regarding integration of forest and climate change issues in respective policies. Our review reveals that forest policies contain notable provisions in regard to the contribution of forestry to climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, new and emerging issues such as climate refugia and invasive species are least concerned in forest policies. Climate change policies also contain provisions for forest management focusing on the mobilization of forest user groups for carrying out adaptation activities at the local level. However, the implementation of both polices seems poor due to lack of legal framework. Therefore, formulation of legal framework for implementation of these policies is essential. Similarly, we suggest both policies need to be revised incorporating the provisions based on scientific findings and field experience.
Impacts of Climate Change on Water Availability and Reservoir Based Hydropower
Authors: Ghimire Suman , Dhungana Nabin , Upadhaya Suraj
Published: February 2019

The impacts of climate change (CC) are observed in several sectors, and water resource is one of them. This study explored the impacts of CC on water availability and reservoir based hydropower. It determined the impacts of CC in the reservoir water level and major watershed characteristics and has explored the perception of people on CC impacts in the reservoir. The primary data were collected through questionnaire and field survey and secondary data were gathered from different literatures. The analysis of meteorological data generated from meteorological station. temperature and rainfall data, discharge of Kulekhani River, monthly data of reservoir level and annual energy generation revealed increasing pattern of temperature and decreasing seasonal and annual precipitation in the study area. Similarly, because of the increased sedimentation, the water level of the reservoir has been increasing though the precipitation has been observed declining. Consideration could be taken while designing such hydropowers to hold water year-round, resulting minimal power shortage. A clear institutional direction and strategies could make reservoir based hydropower climate resilient and enable sustainable generation of electricity.
Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika di SATRES Narkoba Polres Tebing Tinggi
Authors: Silalahi Dian Herdian
Published: February 2019

Permasalahan yang diteliti disini adalah upaya penanggulangan, hambatan dan upaya ke depan pada tindak pidana narkotika di wilayah Polres Tebing Tinggi, Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian tesis ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif atau doktriner, peneliti menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif atau doktriner yang juga disebut sebagai penelitian perpustakaan atau studi dokumen. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah melalui dua pendekatan, yaitu: Pendekatan yuridis normtif dan Pendekatan yuridis empiris. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat diketahui bahwa penanggulangan tindak pidana terhadap penyalahgunaan narkoba melalui tiga cara yaitu preemtif, prefentif, dan refresif.
Analisis Yuridis Perjanjian Usaha Waralaba Berdasarkan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata
Authors: Nasution Rina Suryana
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perkembangan usaha waralaba dan karakteristik bisnis waralaba, sehubungan dengan menjamurnya bisnis waralaba di Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa bisnis waralaba masih belum banyak dikenal oleh masyarakat Indonesia sebagai suatu usaha yang lebih menguntungkan dan relatif membutuhkan lebih sedikit modal dibandingkan jika harus memulai bisnis baru. Bisnis waralaba ini dapat segera dijalankan setelah disepakatinya perjanjian antara pihak pemilik hak waralaba dengan pemegang hak waralaba, dengan hak dan kewajiban tertentu yang diemban oleh masing-masing pihak, dengan berpedoman pada syarat-syarat perjanjian yang ditetapkan dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata Indonesia. Namun selain peraturan dasar perjanjian tersebut, peraturan perundang-undangan spesifik yang disediakan oleh Pemerintah sebagai payung hukum bagi berkembangnya bisnis waralaba ini masih relatif kurang memadai, sehingga banyak pengusaha yang masih merasa “takut” untuk memulai bisnis semacam ini, dan lebih memilih mengembangkan bisnisnya sendiri.
Disfagija u populaciji starijih osoba smještenih u ustanovama za starije i nemoćne
Authors: Kolundžić Zdravko , Vodanović Dinah , Premuž Hrvoje
Published: February 2019

Većina autora navodi povećanu učestalost poremećaja gutanja starijih osoba smještenih u ustanovama, u Hrvatskoj do sada nema sličnih podataka. Uzorak čine 164 osobe (prosječna dob 81 godinu) smještene u domovima za starije i nemoćne i 30 kontrolnih ispitanika (prosječna dob 46 godina). Probir na poremećaje gutanja učinjen je pomoću EAT-10 ljestvice koja je, uz dopuštenje autora i vlasnika licencije, prevedena i prilagođena hrvatskom jeziku.
Rezultati pokazuju da 46 % ispitanika ima značajnih teškoća s gutanjem, koje upućuju na moguću disfagiju. Samo 4,6 % njih je hranjeno pomoću NG-sonde. Prema diskriminativnoj funkciji, kašalj je varijabla koja dobro odjeljuje ispitanike s teškoćama gutanja i bez njih. Kašalj je, prema regresijskoj funkciji i dobar prediktor ukupnog rezultata na ljestvici, a u tumačenju rezultata treba biti oprezan zbog moguće tihe aspiracije ili oslabljenog refleksa u starijoj dobi. Potvrđena je prediktivnost ukupnog rezultata na ljestvici s tjelesnom masom, zbog kronično smanjenog unosa hranjivih tvari u organizam.
Zaključak: Kod osoba starije životne dobi smještenih u ustanove povećan je rizik za disfagiju koja, najčešće, ostaje neprepoznata. Zbog toga dolazi do smanjenja kvalitete života, učestalijih upala donjih dišnih putova, slabljenja imuniteta, pothranjenosti i dehidracije, što može ugroziti život starijih osoba. Istraživanje bi trebalo biti putokaz logopedima i ostalim stručnjacima, koji se bave disfagijom, da svoj rad usmjere i na stariju populaciju.
Solving the Socratic Problem—A Contribution from Medicine
Authors: Muramoto Osamu
Published: February 2019

This essay provides a medical theory that could clarify enigmas surrounding the historical Socrates. It offers textual evidence that Socrates had temporal lobe epilepsy and that its two types of seizure manifested as recurrent voices and peculiar behaviour, both of which were notorious hallmarks of Socrates. Common and immediate criticisms against the methodology of retrospective diagnosis are addressed first. Next, the diagnostic reasoning is presented in detail. The possibility of temporal lobe personality in Socrates is also considered. The important implication of this theory is that one of the charges against Socrates, introducing new divinities, was a now well-known neurologic symptom.
Socrates’ Trial and Execution in Xenophon’sHellenica
Authors: Pownall Frances
Published: February 2019

Xenophon provides the historical background to Socrates’ trial and execution in the Hellenica, but notoriously does not mention these events anywhere in it. Nevertheless, a re-examination of specific episodes from the early part of the Hellenica reveals that he does offer very pointed political commentary on the trial and execution of Socrates, even without mentioning them explicitly. In addition, deliberate parallels with and verbal echoes of Xenophon’s apologetic Socratic works suggest that the Hellenica is intended to be read as a defence of Socrates and a condemnation of the Athenian democracy.
Le procès et l’exécution de Socrate chez trois auteurs de l’époque impériale
Authors: Karavas Orestis
Published: February 2019

Although the trial of Socrates happened in the IVth century BC, the impression of the injustice that the great philosopher had suffered remained alive during the early centuries of our era. In this article, we examine how the trial and execution of Socrates through the eyes of three authors of the imperial era, specifically Plutarch, Dion Chrysostome and Lucien. Each author reacts to Socrates’ trial and execution according to his own style and temperament. Plutarch testifies to the hatred of the Athenians against Anytos, Meletos and Lycon and their tragic end, while Dion informs us of the poor reputation that the Athenians retain because of the condemnation of Socrates since then and until the imperial era. Finally, Lucien exploits the rich material provided by the end of the great philosopher in many ways. However, all three agree that it was an unjust death and a shameful condemnation, as well as an event that casts a shadow over the ideal image that we have of Athenian democracy in the classical era.
The Hippias Major and Political Power
Authors: Ramos Santiago
Published: February 2019

This article asks whether we can say something philosophical about the trajectory that leads Socrates to stand trial. It investigates whether Socrates’ comportment as a philosopher constitutes a necessary threat to established political authority, and whether there is something intrinsic in being a philosopher that makes one especially vulnerable to political authority. The question is addressed within the context of the Hippias Major, which pits Socrates against a man who is both a sophist and a politician, and which contains a foreboding speech about the possible trouble that Socrates might run into at the hands of the state.
Development of an Aluminium-Reduced Niobium-Microalloyed Case Hardening Steel for Heavy Gear Manufacturing
Authors: Kripak G. , Sharma M. , Kohlmann R. , Clausen B. , Prahl U. , Zoch H.-W. , Bleck W.
Published: February 2019

Fatigue strength is a key mechanical property for heavy transmission components, which are subjected to dynamic loading conditions. Oxidic steel cleanliness is known to greatly influence the fatigue strength of steel. The underlying research project work aimed to improve the oxidic cleanliness of the case hardening steel grade 18CrNiMo7-6 (DIN EN ISO 10084), whilst maintaining a fine austenite grain size during high temperature carburising. The hypothesis thereby is to lower the aluminium content of steel in order to reduce the probability of formation of aluminium oxide inclusions. In the absence of aluminium nitride precipitates, the prevention of undue austenite grain coarsening has been ensured in this work by alloying the steel with the appropriate amount of niobium. The optimum content of niobium was selected based on thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-Calc®. The results indicate the basic feasibility of obtaining fine grain stability on an industrial scale for application to high temperature carburising at 995°C for 14.4 hours.
Deep Cryogenic Treatment and Nitriding of 42CrMo4 Steel*
Authors: Ciski A. , Wach P. , Jeleńkowski J. , Nawrocki P. , Hradil D.
Published: February 2019

The paper presents the combination concept of a deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) with a nitriding process of 42CrMo4 steel. The DCT process at −180 °C was carried out immediately after the steel quenching, before subsequent tempering and nitriding. As a reference mode, an involving conventional heat treatment process as hardening, tempering and nitriding was carried out. A multi-stage gas nitriding process at 520 °C/32 h was used.

Properties of nitrided steel subjected to DCT differed significantly from the properties of steel subjected to conventional nitriding process. After heat and thermo-chemical treatment involving DCT, samples had a higher surface hardness (increase of approx. 17 %), higher impact strength (increase of approx. 15 %) and higher wear resistance (a 25 % reduction of max. wear in a 3 rolls-cone system). The properties of deep cryogenically treated and nitrided steel resulted from the forming of a thicker white layer on the steel surface. In comparison with the layer thickness obtained after the conventional treatment, the white layer was thicker by about 160 % (6.5 μm vs. 2.5 μm). The thickness of the diffusion zone for both treatment variants was similar (approx. 300 μm). It was stated that deep cryogenic treatment by causing, among others, the refinement of the matrix grain and increasing the dislocations density, affects the number of nucleation sites of nitrides and carbonitrides during forming of the white layer, which increases the layer thickness.
Experimental and Simulative Studies on Residual Stress Formation for Laser-Beam Surface Hardening*
Authors: Kiefer D. , Schüssler P. , Mühl F. , Gibmeier J.
Published: February 2019

The results of high spatially resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of residual stresses in laser-line hardened 42CrMo4 tempering steel samples are comparedwith the results of numerical process simulations and carefully discussed. Samples were locally line hardened at different maximum temperatures (950 °C, 1150 °C) and with different laser-beam feeds (200 mm/min, 800 mm/min) for the investigations. In addition to X-ray diffraction analyses, the effect of the process parameters on the formation of local microstructures was also examined. The results show that experimentally determined compressive residual stresses in process zones transverse and parallel to the laser track increase as temperatures decrease and feed increases. The dimensions of hardened zones (width, depth) affected by laser hardening at lower maximum temperatures are clearly smaller than those affected by laser hardening at higher temperatures, whilst the impact of laser-beam feed is less pronounced. A new model was developed for numerical simulation of laser-line hardening processes, showing good agreement between numerically calculated and experimentally determined microstructures in the process zones. The results of residual stresses calculated by simulation also exhibit good qualitative and largely also quantitative agreement with experimentally determined residual stresses. Partly, the simulation predicts some local deviations in the distribution of residual stresses.
Turgenev’s depictions in contemporary cultural studies
Authors: Rebel G. M.
Published: February 2019

A review of S. Volkov’s History of Russian Culture during the Romanovs Rule. 1613–1917 [Istoriya russkoy kultury v tsarstvie Romanovykh. 1613–1917] and A. Davydov’s Neopolitical Liberalism in Russia [Neopoliticheskiy liberalism v Rossii], the article is concerned with depiction of I. Turgenev’s personality and creative legacy. Both historians set ambitious culturological goals for themselves, yet their interpretations of the subject betrays their very tentative knowledge of historical and cultural realia, as well as poor grasp of art’s aesthetic nature. Volkov chooses to build his story around a para-literary gossip verging on an abusive lampoon, with Turgenev’s character downgraded and distorted, and the scale of his work completely overlooked. In his search of ‘neopolitical liberalism’ in Russian literature, Davydov finds it in unexpected places, while missing it altogether in Turgenev’s works, where it constitutes an ideological foundation and key element of their meaning and poetics. The studies by Volkov and Davydov tend to sacrifice historical-literary and artistic material in favour of prejudice and subjectivity, as well as arbitrary concepts.
The bridge as a symbolic detail in Crime and Punishment [Prestuplenie i nakazanie]
Authors: Kladova N. A.
Published: February 2019

The article analyzes the significance of the ‘bridge’ detail in F. Dostoevsky’sCrime and Punishment[Prestuplenie i nakazanie]. The bridge is not a mere landscape feature, but a means of subtextual expression of the protagonist’s inner drama. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the detail’s artistic significance in the novel.

Examination of the plot sequences and the context for the mention of a bridge helps to establish its compositional role as a connector between two existential dimensions: the true one, inspired by realization of God’s design, and the false one, generated by Raskolnikov’s theory. The symbolic meaning of a bridge in the aesthetic universe can explain the character’s internal struggles and acute spiritual controversy.

The study of the functions of the ‘bridge’ detail in Dostoevsky’s novel clarifies the writer’s artistic intent and the book’s philosophical background.
Osip Mandelstam between Vecherniy Kiev and Leningrad’s Rezets (1927—1929) On the real-life sources of the poet’s verse and prose
Authors: Katsis L. F.
Published: February 2019

The search method demonstrated in the discovery and examination of the new sources of O. Mandelstam’s poems and prose is the subject of this article. The author suggests consistent analysis of the mentions of Mandelstam and his works in the newspaper Vecherniy Kiev in the years from 1927 up to 1929. Among them is the poet’s name mentioned in the article by the Leningrad-based ideologist A. Stetsky, attacking the local literary journal Rezets. The study of the two publications reveals a number of real-life sources of the pivotal images in the poems Down the Streets of Kiev, the Viy... [Kak po ulitsam Kieva-Viya...], I’m not Quite a Patriarch Yet... [Eshcho dalyoko mne do patriarkha...], The Fourth Prose [Chetvyortaya proza], etc. More new sources are uncovered to explain the ties of Mandelstam and his works with D. Zaslavsky, I. Selvinsky, M. Tarlovsky, N. Ushakov, etc. A special emphasis is placed on the changing perception of Acmeism by the Leningrad bureau of RAPP [Russian Association of Proletarian Writers], as well as different perceptions of Mandelstam as an active Soviet writer, on the one hand, and àn acmeist, on the other. The study also looks into the roles played by K. Tokar and B. Rosenzveig (the editor and a contributor of Vecherniy Kiev, respectively) in the poet’s life, and discusses the episodes related to B. Lecache, whose novel Mandelstam was translating.
Review of Perlina, N. (2017). Picture-texts and ekphrases in F. Dostoevsky’s ‘The Idiot’. St. Petersburg: Aleteya. 288 pages.
Authors: Podosokorsky N. N.
Published: February 2019

The review discusses N. Perlina’s monograph about the problem of ekphrasis in Dostoevsky’s ‘most mysterious’ novel The Idiot [Idiot] (1868) and highlights advantages and disadvantages of her study. The review contains a summary of key Russian bibliography about ekphrasis in literature (L. Geller, R. Poddubtsev, E. Novikova, O. Dzhumaylo, etc.). It is noted that, despite studying ekphrasis, many philologists may not actually use the term in their research. The review touches on Perlina’s polemic with another renowned scholar of the novel, T. Kasatkina. Perlina’s monograph is structured into six discernable parts: Excursus into the Theory of Ekphrasis, Meetings with People and Portraits, Pictures of Executions and Conversations about Faith, Cervantes – Dostoevsky, Myshkin – Don Quixote, The Triangle Nastasya Filippovna – Myshkin – Aglaya: Pictures of Struggling Hearts, and Implied Ekphrasis Stories in the Novel’s Fourth Part. A vague authorial position is deemed the biggest downside of Perlina’s book.
Threats and challenges of the modern dystopia. The linguistic reality of Elena Chizhova’s novel ‘The Sinologist’ [‘Kitaist’]
Authors: Lutsenko E. M.
Published: February 2019

The article is devoted to reconstruction and analysis of the mental and linguistic models of Elena Chizhova’s dystopian novel The Sinologist [Kitaist]. A thesaurus of the novel is compiled in order to study its core concepts, and none more important than ‘ideology’, semantically linked with other entries in the thesaurus. It is in the novel’s dystopian dimension that the author models modern society’s biggest scares and challenges, focusing the reader’s attention on the social calamities of the 20th century, including the aftermath of World War II. The mentality of the dystopians is perceived as a threat to the nation’s psychological and social-cultural wellbeing. The totalitarian regime, shown by Chizhova at the moment of its bleak decline, is ruining society’s integrity, causing national extremism and social inequality, and provoking a new linguistic reality to the detriment of the true linguistic identity.
Феномен художньої творчості в епістолярному дискурсі Олеся Гончара
Authors: Prylipko Iryna
Published: February 2019

У статті розглядаються особливості розуміння О. Гончарем сутності та значення художньої творчості. На основі аналізу листування письменника простежено специфіку тлумачення ним питань, що стосуються чинників літературної творчості, явища художнього стилю, ролі реципієнта тощо. З’ясовано, що епістолярний дискурс О. Гончара репрезентує його як людину, письменника й критика, сприяє глибшому осмисленню світоглядно-естетичних основ його творчості.