bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Global Justice
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

We do not live in a just world. This may be the least controversial claim one could make in political theory. But it is much less clear what, if anything, justice on a world scale might mean, or what the hope for justice should lead us to want in the domain of international or global institutions and in the policies of states that are in a position to affect the world order. By comparison with the perplexing and undeveloped state of this subject, domestic political theory is very well understood, with multiple highly developed theories offering alternative solutions to well defined problems. By contrast, concepts and theories of global justice are in the early stages of formation, and it is not clear what the main questions are, let alone the main possible answers. I believe that the need for workable ideas about the global or international case presents political theory with its most important current task, and even perhaps with the opportunity to make a practical contribution in the long run—though perhaps only the very long run.
Wiggins on Human Solidarity
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

In Ethics David Wiggins sets out to describe morality as a human phenomenon in a way that avoids the unreality he finds in most contemporary ethical theory. “What a fully grown-up moral philosophy might attempt,” he says, is an account of morality that embraces the full gamut of moral predications, seeing them as mutually irreducible and mutually indispensable, allowing no primacy to character traits or virtues or practices or acts or states of affairs—or allowing primacy to all at once. Such a philosophy being neither consequentialist nor virtue-centred, might take on some of the subtlety of the moral phenomena themselves and of our moral deliverances upon them. Wiggins resists without difficulty the common philosophical urge to seek understanding in simplicity and generality, and to unify morality under a single governing principle or value. He is especially opposed to consequentialist theories, which hold that the only things that matter for morality, ultimately, are better and worse overall outcomes, and to utilitarianism, the form of consequentialism that says the only outcomes that matter are pleasure and pain, or happiness and unhappiness.
The Schiavo Maelstrom’s Potential Impact on the Law of End-of-Life Decision Making
Authors: Cerminara Kathy L
Published: November 2023

More than 15 years elapsed between the date Theresa Marie Schiavo suffered a cardiac arrest, leaving her in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) because of brain damage, and the date she took her last breath. The conflict between her parents and her husband regarding her medical care lasted for more than 11 of those 15 years. The litigation over her care lasted for more than 6. It is difficult to keep track of the multiple court cases filed in Schiavo, let alone to pinpoint the highlights of their many twists and turns. It is possible, however, to trace the way Schiavo developed by examining the statutes and cases governing end-of-life decision making in Florida. In addition, it may be possible to predict how Schiavo will affect the law of end-of-life decision making, both in Florida and nationally or even internationally. Schiavo’s lingering effects will be bitter and may leave important rights of self-determination and privacy battered, much as hurricanes ripping through Florida leave her shores.
Crossing the Borderlands at Nightfall: New Issues in Moral Philosophy and Faith at the End of Life
Authors: Zoloth Laurie
Published: November 2023

There was a time in the spring of 2005, the week of Passover and Easter, as it happened, when all there was to talk about was the case of Mrs. Terri Schiavo. We spoke about her as if we knew her, casually calling her “Terri” and arguing about her marriage and how her mother touched her face, as if it were our business (which, of course, if you were a bioethicist, it oddly was), her image cast before our gaze on 24-hour news shows, on pop talk shows. It was on the TV in the airport, on the front page of every newspaper. It was on TV when I checked into a tiny motel in North Carolina, and the nightshift desk clerk and I, the Baptist and the Jewish traveler, watched for hours on the night that the United States Congress debated the issue, improbably, into the early morning. We saw brain scans that were posted (HIPAA rules notwithstanding) on the Internet. We talked about advance directives and surrogates with strangers on elevators and checkout lines and, suddenly, the obscuranta of bioethics was vividly displayed: this idea that families could withdraw treatment and allow their loved ones to die was a staple of our work, but here we were, with the entire process broken down, failed, on national television, and the idea itself was challenged.
Terri Schiavo and Televised News: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Black Robert M Walker Jay
Published: November 2023

In the early years of the Terri Schiavo case, there was little to distinguish it from earlier cases that had made their way into courts across the country. The issue of tube feeding patients in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) had already been addressed by a number of state courts, including Florida’s Supreme Court. The tube feeding issue was also at the center of the U.S. Supreme Court case involving Nancy Cruzan. Indeed, the Schiavo case mirrored the Cruzan case in many respects. Both cases involved young married women who suffered anoxic encephalopathy; both were left in a PVS; neither had an advance directive; and both cases involved deciding whether to discontinue tube feeding. In addition, both women came from Catholic families, and both had parents who were actively involved in their legal cases. The only difference seems to have been that Nancy Cruzan’s parents fought to have their daughter’s feeding tube removed, while Terri Schiavo’s parents struggled to keep their daughter’s tube in place.
Caveats Enough in their Own Walks
Authors: Hill Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

AN apophthegm of Cicero claims that it is an error of judgement for statesmen to think and act as if they were living ‘in Platonis π ο λ └ ┬ and not ‘in Romuli face’. Bacon, in The Advancement of Learning, and Clarendon in his portrayal of Lord Falkland find it apposite to their didactic purposes, as docs Pound in his sixty-fifth Canto. Bacon concedes that it may be a fault of ‘learned men’ to ‘contend sometimes too farre, to bring thinges to perfection; and to reduce the corruption of manners, to honcstie of precepts, or examples of too great height’. Yet, as he says, ‘they haue Caueats ynough in their owne walkes’. Clarendon records that Falkland’s friends ‘did believe that he was of a temper and composition fitter to lyve in Republica Platonis then in face Romuli; but this rigidnesse was only exercised towards himselfe, towards his frends infirmityes no man was more indulgent’. Between the self-imposed sanctions of a vulnerable ‘rigidnesse’ and the magnanimous tolerance for what Clarendon terms ‘the common practice of men’ the ethical terrain is ill defined but negotiable. One may distinguish broadly between those authors who, while concurring with Bacon’s ‘Caueats ynough in their owne walkes’, none the less treat the caveat itself as one of many pertinent commonplaces and those whose concurrence is embodied in the contexturc of the style itself.
The Structure of Ulysses and the Experience of Time
Authors: Kumar Udaya
Published: November 2023

‘Proteus’ is dominated by the mode of interior monologue. In the passage cited above, the ‘closing of the eyes’ functions as a transition, as an opening to the world of interior experience. This world obeys a different logic for its articulation compared to the narrative that views events and objects from outside. The connections between the sentences here are associational. ‘I am, a stride at a time’ leads to ‘A very short space of time through very short times of space.’ The use of the word ‘time’ in these two sentences is not exactly identical. In the first, it forms part of the phrase ‘at a time’. But it is disengaged from that context and made the topic of general philosophical reflection in the next sentence. This kind of associational connection is not peculiar to Stephen’s monologues.
Ulysses and the Notion of the Sign
Authors: Kumar Udaya
Published: November 2023

There is a fundamental ambiguity about the sign that Joyce manipulates throughout his fiction. It can be described in two ways: (i) by pointing to the function of the sign, and (2) by pointing to its origin. If one describes the ambiguity in terms of function, it can be characterized as a tension between the denotative and the expressive; in terms of origin it is a tension between the public and the private. The sign could represent something in accordance with the public discursive context into which it is inserted. At the same time, it could be expressive of a private intention at variance with the public context of enunciation.
Art, Language, and Tradition: Some Remarks On ‘Proteus’ and Joyce’s Aesthetic Theories
Authors: Kumar Udaya
Published: November 2023

The image of Proteus invokes an opposition between appearance and truth. One learns from the Homeric analogue that Menelaus, to learn the truth concerning his future, both worldly and other-worldly, had to capture Proteus and hold him fast while the old sea-god went through all forms of appearances. The Protean transformations, for Stephen, signify the perennial flux of the objects of perception. They constitute ‘the ineluctable modality of the visible’. It is nearing noon-time when the world of vision is most accessible and most displayful in its variety. And it is also at noon-time that the old sea-god comes to laze in the sun. Against this realm of appearance and change, against this realm of sensible intuition, is contrasted the realm of concepts, knowledge, and truth. We know from Stephen’s history about his Aristotelianism, about his ‘penny worth of Thomist wisdom’. Concepts and theories of form point towards a search for an immutable truth, something permanent and unchanging under the surface of changing appearances.
If This Be Not a Good King
Authors: Gasper Julia
Published: November 2023

If King James was the ‘Dego of Diuels’, Dekker’s If This Be Not A Good Play, The Devil Is In It (written c. 1611, printed 1612) offers some explanation of how that might have come about. The known source-material for this play is rather scant, and its most important source is in contemporary events. Jones-Davies noted that it draws on the old tale of Friar Rush and it may possibly also have been influenced by Machiavelli’s story Belfagor (or Belphegor), which had been translated into English by Barnabe Riche and printed in 1581. But Dekker has extended the idea to cover Court and City as well as Church, and so most of the plot is original.
The Nature of the Comic Drama
Authors: Hume Robert D
Published: November 2023

A Good many attempts to characterize Restoration comedy have been produced in the last sixty years. Amidst the welter of contradictory opinion, the basic puzzle remains: what sorts of plays are these? We need to determine what subjects the plays have, how the dramatists utilize their materials, and toward what ends. As a beginning, we can usefully do two things: survey recent characterizations, and analyse some key plays. We will find that although the comedies are quite formulaic, there are too many variables to allow rigorous classification. Nonetheless, we can readily identify the basic modes favoured during any given part of the period. The dramatists ring a wide variety of changes on these types, and the results, when considered all together, look like chaos. But by returning to elementary questions and attending to chronology, the Gordian knot can be circumvented, if not cut or untied.
The Establishment of Carolean Drama 1660-1669
Authors: Hume Robert D
Published: November 2023

The object of this chapter, and of the remainder of this book, is to investigate closely and chronologically the directions taken by English playwrights. My concern is basically with the kinds of new plays written at each stage in the half-century under consideration. Even a somewhat selective consideration involves about five hundred plays: necessarily then, theatre history and the productions of earlier English drama can receive only peripheral attention. For theatre history, one must turn to The London Stage; for an account of the fortunes of Renaissance drama in this period we have Sorelius’s excellent study. My focus will be on the way generic types appear, change, and interact—that is, on fad and fashion in the new plays. Where possible, the springs and motives of change will be sought, though we may have far greater confidence in the possibility of determining what happened than why it did so.
The Political Eighties
Authors: Hume Robert D
Published: November 2023

The eighties are a watershed. The Exclusion Crisis, the death of Charles, and the ousting of James contribute to drastic changes in theatrical conditions. The drama was changing its character anyway: signs of the disintegration of the Carolean synthesis in heroic drama and social sex comedy are plain by the later seventies. But extrinsic factors, especially the end of playhouse competition, help cause rapid shifts in play fashions, followed by stagnation. A flood of political drama (1680-2) is succeeded by the virtual cessation of playwriting. Even with the King’s Company very shaky, the first three years of the decade average twelve new plays a year; the next six produce only four per annum—almost all of them from established authors, or actors. Play types change quickly at the beginning of the decade: tragedy, so dominant initially, soon almost disappears. Apart from the end of competition, there is never any sharp discontinuity: Court interest continues even after Charles’s death—James and Mary were both play-goers. But the Court focus of the theatre world is waning, and, to an increasingly obvious extent, new pressures of audience taste are being felt. ‘The Ladies’ turn up more and more often in prologues and epilogues. Theatre audiences change constantly of course; by the later eighties a full generation has passed since the reopening of the theatres; and after a decade of upheaval, distraction, and stasis, new directions had to be sought. There is a false dawn of sorts in the spring of 1688, culminating in The Squire of Alsatia, a play remarkably prophetic of the new wave. And when the theatre revives a year later, following the Revolution, the play types—considered against those of the mid-seventies—turn out to have altered to a surprising degree.
The Double Tradition of the Nineties
Authors: Hume Robert D
Published: November 2023

Emerging from virtual paralysis in the later 1680s, the theatre strikes out vigorously in contradictory directions during the busy and increasingly stormy nineties. In play types two trends are obvious: (1) initially the comedy splits sharply between the hard and humane schools; (2) simultaneously, serious drama enjoys a considerable resurgence—in quantity if not in quality. After 1688 the United Company doubles, trebles, and once nearly quadruples its annual quota of new plays, which had been averaging only about three per year. Following the Lincoln’s Inn Fields breakaway in 1695 the total soars. In 1695 (a partial year, owing to Queen Mary’s death) there are 15 new plays; in 1696 and 1697 we will find 21 each year. Despite this tremendous activity the theatre is far from healthy. Management problems and internal dissension are part of the trouble. Alexander Davenant (a crook) partially supplanted the stable, competent, and successful Betterton—Smith management in 1687, ran himself and the company into financial trouble, and fled the country in 1693, leaving the actors to the tender mercies of his money-lender, Christopher Rich. Rich’s attempt to squeeze out expensive star actors and replace them with inexpensive beginners was one of the major causes of the Lincoln’s Inn Fields secession. The competition which followed was bitter and cut-throat in a fashion never before experienced in this period. There was genuine ill will between the two houses, and neither was ever secure and profitable.
Burke ‘s Dunciad: The Letters on a Regicide Peace and Scriblerian Satire
Authors: Bruyn Frans De
Published: November 2023

This morning [was] publish ‘d Burke ‘s primitive Thoughts On a Regicide Peace, and its palpable faults; These Thoughts to be sure are grown musty and stale, And may justly be clas ‘d with a Gulliver ‘s tale; With a Tale of a Tub, with a Fable of Greece, But yet I will give you, the Regicide Peace. The rage of Juvenil, and the playful levity of Horace, are not sufficient; and Billingsgate and the shambles are forced into alliance with the muses, the classics, and the sciences, to supply him with terms and metaphors sufficiently forcible to express the mighty hatred with which he labours.
Constructing a National Cinema in Britain: Some Conclusions
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: November 2023

My starting-point in this book was the dominant presence of Hollywood in British cinema since at least the First World War. The construction of a national cinema in Britain inevitably involves coming to terms with this presence. British cinema has done that in various ways: by competing with Hollywood on its own terms and in its own markets; by colluding with Hollywood in the distribution and exhibition of American films in the British market; by trying to protect British producers from the immense power and penetration of the American film industry; and by various forms of product differentiation. It is this question of product differentiation which is of most interest in the end and which has been my central concern in the preceding chapters. Even so, the case-study method has enabled me to capture something of the cultural and economic diversity of British cinema across several decades. Thus, although I have had much to say about the formation of intellectual film culture in Britain and its role in promoting particular types of cinema, there has also been the space to explore some aspects of popular cinema. In other words, I have tried to show how both the critically valued and the critically despised—as well as the critics themselves—have played their part in constructing a national cinema in Britain.
I Henry IV
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

4294 Ames, J. Carlowilz. | — |.MS [1914 whereabouts unknown ]. Incidental music. First performed His Majesty’s Theatre, London, I.J. November 1914 (Basil Gill, Henry IV; Owen Nares, Prince Henry; Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Falstaff; Dilys Jones, Lady Mortimer; Adolf Schmid, music director; Beerbohm Tree, director). According to the programme, music by Raymond R6ze was also employed [i.e., music which Roze composed for Beerbohm Tree’s 1 89b production (see 44141? |
2 Henry IV
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

452l Abady, H. Temple. | — | MS [circa 1926, whereabouts unknown]. Incidental music. First performed New Theatre, Oxford, y February I y26 (Oxford University Dramatic Society: Harman Crisewood, l lenry IV; Leslie A. ;Nye, Prince Henry; Robert W. Speaight, Falstaff; composer, music director; William Bridges-Adams, director). Comments on Abady’s music are included in ,MT (March 1926), p. 262. This music was also used for Bridges-Adams’ production of 2 Henry I\’ which opened at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avion, 12 April I y26.
Love’s Labour’s Lost
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

6191 Adams, James Alan. [—]. MS [circa 1982]. Incidental music (pre-recorded): [a rec, t rec, t cornemuse, 2 hn, hpchd, vln, vcl]. First performed B. Iden Payne Theatre, University of Texas at Austin, 15 February 1980 (Michael Crisp, Ferdinand; Carol Keis, Princess of France; Rick Peeples, Berowne; Lawrence Mota!, Boyet; Stacy Smith, Rosaline; Steve Thomas, Moth; Dell Hollingsworth, a rec; composer, t rec; Jack Blanton, t cornemuse; Bruce Kyle and Curt Davis, hns; Bonnie Harris, hpchd; Michael Wheeler, vln; Lawrence Bramlette, vcl; Michael Finlayson, director).
Titus Andronicus
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

16389 Amram, David. [—]. MS [1956 (composer)]. Incidental music: [ch orch]. First performed New York Shakespeare Festival, Emmanuel Presbyterian Church, 27 November 1956 (Leonard Stone, Titus; Roscoe Lee Browne, Aaron; Peggy Bennion, Lavinia; Colleen Dewhurst, Tamara; Frederick Rolf, director). 16390 Barton, Todd. —. MS 1986 (composer). Incidental music: syn. First performed Oregon Shakespearean Festival, Elizabethan Stage, Ashland, rr June 1986 (Henry Woronicz, Titus; Peter Temple, Aaron; Nancy Carlin, Lavinia; Joan Stuart-Morris, Tamora; Pat Patton, director).
The Winter’s Tale
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

18667 Adam, Fritz. [Das Winterm ä rchen]. MS [1943]. Incidental music. First performed Theater der Stadt StraBburg, January 1944 (Gerhard Just, Leontes; Else Knott, Hermione; Richard Weichart, director). 18668 Adamic, Bojan. [Zimska pravljica = The Winter’s Tale]. MS [1946]. Incidental music. First performed Slovensko narodno gledalisce, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, 8 March 1946 (Ivan Levar, Leontes; Bojan Stupica, Autolycus; Mira Danilova, Hermione; Alenka Svetelova, Perdita; Mila Kaciceva, Mopsa; Tina Leonova, Dorcas; Slavko Jan, director), in Oton Zupancic’s translation. [Musically unrelated to the following work?]
‘The Hero’: Auden and Flaubert
Authors: Fuller John
Published: November 2023

Auden’s earliest references to Flaubert occur in two letters to his brother, John Auden, written probably in 1927. They both make very much the same point (and quote the identical dictum from Flaubert) about the artist’s withdrawal from participation in the life that he must none the less write about. Auden’s context is the trouble that marriage would entail in terms of financial and sexual compromise. The answer, he believes, is celibacy. A passage from one of the letters runs: As to sex I am becoming convinced that for myself, asceticism is the only thing … qua writer, I think celibacy’s indicated. Flaubert wrote ‘You shall paint wine, women and glory, on condition my good man that you are neither husband nor lover, drunkard nor cuckold.’ This of course does not I expect apply to the heterosexual, yet personally if I discover a heterosexual trait in myself, I shall not marry, as it makes the demand for money so imperative, that one will write anything to get it. As you may imagine, I shall not enjoy asceticism, even if I achieve it. I have anyway for the last year.
Marginalia Obsceniora Some Problems in Aristophanes’ Wasps
Authors: Bowie Ewen
Published: November 2023

Wasps is a middle-brow play: so says a slave in its prologos(65-6). The claim may be as delusory as those he has just made, that Cleon and Euripides will not be satirized, or as the disclaimers of the revised Nub. 534ff. Certainly sexuality and obscenity appear in a number of contexts throughout the play, so that when the last scenes reveal Philocleon to be just as vehement in his pursuit of sexual gratification (1341-87) as he was in his eros for jury-service, we do not feel that this jars with Philocleon’s character or with the play as a whole. In this essay I wish to examine some passages where phallic imagery or sexual excitement may have escaped scholars‘ attention. If my suggestions are accepted, then Aristophanes‘ characters in Wasps repeatedly confront the audience with images of sexuality: one could not say that these images form a pattern, but they prepare the ground for that last scene.
Epops in the Erchian Sacred Calendar and the Aetia of Callimachus
Authors: Hollis Adrian
Published: November 2023

Who was Epops, and why did the inhabitants of the Attic deme Erebia sacrifice two pigs to him? David Whitehead despairs of an answer; earlier G. Daux had been equally mystified. This is the kind of topic on which the poet Callimachus might have sought enlightenment from the Muses, and I think it conceivable that a badly damaged papyrus from Aetia bk. I or 2 (Supplementum Hellenisticum 238=P.Ant. II3, fr. I (a) ‘recto‘) may contain something which is relevant at least in part:
Thucydides I. 23. 6 and the Debate about the Peloponnesian War
Authors: Richardson John
Published: November 2023

Of all the sentences in Greek literature, Thucydides‘ famous statement about the π ρ ó ϕ αcic and the αiτ αi for the breaking of the Thirty-year Peace must be among the most discussed by modern scholars. My excuse for adding to an already formidable tally is twofold: first, it seems appropriate to offer this new attempt at exposition to one of the foremost expositors of Thucydides, and moreover one who has given perhaps the clearest account of this particular passage currently available; and second, some of the ideas which originally led to this attempt were first formulated some sixteen years ago for a lecture given jointly by Kenneth Dover and myself. OF all the sentences in Greek literature, Thucydides‘ famous statement about the π ρ ó ϕ αcic and the αiτ αi for the breaking of the Thirty-year Peace must be among the most discussed by modern scholars. My excuse for adding to an already formidable tally is twofold: first, it seems appropriate to offer this new attempt at exposition to one of the foremost expositors of Thucydides, and moreover one who has given perhaps the clearest account of this particular passage currently available; and second, some of the ideas which originally led to this attempt were first formulated some sixteen years ago for a lecture given jointly by Kenneth Dover and myself.
Bithys Son of Kleon ofLysimacheia Formal Dating Criteria and IG ii.808
Authors: Henry Alan
Published: November 2023

Long ago (IG ii. 320) Koehler argued that the Bithys son of Kleon of Lysimacheia honoured in the citizenship decree ii. 808 should be identified with the courtier of Lysimachos who appears twice-albeit without patronymic or ethnic-in Athenaeus (6, 246E; 14, 6I4F), and hence urged a date in the 280s, or even earlier, when Athens and Lysimachos were on good terms. In 1903, however, Wilhelm‘ advocated a date some fifty years later, in the 230s, identifying Bithys with the Macedonian general who, as we know from Plutarch (Aratus 34), was active around Athens between 239 and 235. Until very recently this latter view has tended to prevail, and was strongly championed by Michael Osborne in his comprehensive study of Athenian citizenship decrees.
The Case of Homicide in Plato’s Euthyphro
Authors: Kidd Ian
Published: November 2023

Plato’s Euthyphro begins with Euthyphro and Socrates comparing notes on the coming trials in which they are to play major roles, Euthyphro as prosecutor, Socrates as defendant. Socrates‘ trial has luxuriated with attention. Euthyphro‘s case against his father for homicide (4B 4-E 8) presents a legal puzzle which was for long ignored by both Platonic scholars and legal experts. However, in 1963 Douglas MacDowell confronted the problem in a new way which has provoked much discussion. Nevertheless, the problem, to my mind, has remained unsolved, although it is of some importance both for Athenian homicide law and for Platonic dialogue form.
The Practice of Purism
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

I want now to turn to some practical effects of the atticizing movement and to explore how key individuals reacted to it or promoted it. I have already noted that atticism looked to a mythically pure standard. There was an inherent instability because exact reproduction of classical Attic was an unattainable ideal. Just as no one could ever agree as to what precisely constituted katharevousa or demotic in modern times, so in the second sophistic the rhetorical-grammatical academy could never establish exactly how or how far the style of Xenophon or the vocabulary of the orators might and should be isolated and made one’s own. The result was an ever-increasing amount of advice and competition between the experts as to who prescribed and who followed the rules best, a contentiousness brilliantly captured by Philostratus in his Lives of the Sophists. Philostratus’ association of prestige in atticizing culture and high political and civic status, often involving contacts with the Roman elite, is easily confirmed.
Arrian and Appian
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

A complete contrast with Dio of Prusa is offered by his much younger contemporary Flavius Arrian of Nicomedia, who successfully combined Greek politics and literature with the exercise of Roman power. Arrian will not be discussed in detail here because in the main his several literary works do not touch on Greek perceptions of Rome. However, there are a number of key passages which are relevant to this subject and which may be examined to determine Arrian’s self-perception between Greek culture and the Roman Empire. For Arrian, the first Greek senator we know of from Bithynia, seems to be as perfect an example as we could want of the integration of the Greek elite into the highest levels of Roman government.
Cassius Dio
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

I want finally to amplify some of the attitudes of the Greek intellectuals I have been considering by turning very briefly to the historian Cassius Dio and his view of the place of Greek culture in the Roman Empire. Coming from Nicaea in Bithynia Cassius Dio was a slightly older contemporary of Philostratus and lived from around 163/4 to after 229. Politically he was fully committed to the Roman empire and enjoyed a distinguished senatorial career, being consul II ordinarius with the emperor Severus Alexander in 229. His first consulship was certainly under Septimius Severus. Dio’s relations with Severus show tensions similar to those felt by Galen. He had brought himself to the attention of the emperor by publishing and presenting to him a short work on ‘the dreams and portents which gave Severus hopes of the imperial power’. Severus acknowledged this in complimentary terms (Roman History lxxii. 23. 1–2).
Symbiosis of Male and Female Ascetics and the Demise of the Homoiousian Model
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

One of the central questions driving much of the preceding dis cussion is encapsulated in two words: orthodox and heretical; that is, norm and deviation as defined by the party which ultimately succeeded. What constitutes the norm, on what grounds are certain issues seen as heretical, how are heresies constructed both at the time of struggle and ex post facto, and how does this process affect the development of institutions? Are institutions used to exclude deviations? How do they, by definition designed for continuity, react and adapt themselves to the fluid, rapidly and constantly changing notions of ‘heresy’? Or, to rephrase the question, given a set number of existing organizational models, what types of models last and which ones are superseded, and how and on what grounds is the notion of orthodox and heterodox utilized to justify this process of selection? One model which exemplifies the reconstruction of processes obscured after the fact by a skilful construction and arrangement of events employing notions of orthodox and heretical, is the communal ascetic life led by men and women in all its recognizable forms.
The Arabic Vowels
Authors: Mitchell T F
Published: November 2023

Concern in this chapter will be with the three positive vowel-units or h@r@kaát. Though the vocalic qualities associated with them greatly exceed three, in response mainly to consonantal context, nevertheless systematic differentiation is never more than threefold. This regular distinction of three vowel phonemes is typical of Classical Arabic and does not always apply to the spoken language, in which certain vernaculars distinguish for the most part only two short vowels, others again four, and distinctions between short and long vowels, in contrast with CA, are rarely congruent. At the sonant level, too, it is a widespread feature of vernacular Arabic that close vowels are subject to elision in contexts where open vowels are not.
Junctions
Authors: Mitchell T F
Published: November 2023

Another important category of morphological junctions entailing assimilation, this time progressive for the most part and notably less frequent than the article, involves the infixed -t- of derived form VIII of the verb. Assimilations of this type are more widespread in the vernacular language, in which other derived forms are also concerned, but these need not detain us. The following implications of -Ct- junction appertain to Classical Arabic.
Accentuation
Authors: Mitchell T F
Published: November 2023

Reference was earlier made to the availability to educated speakers of more than one Classical pronunciation (p. 77). The measures of morphology and syntax will, of course, at once reveal whether the language used is Classical or a variety of spoken language which includes vernacular forms. In general, from a phonetic standpoint, the degree of divergence from vernacular practice may be used to assess the ‘grade’ of Classical pronunciation—the greater the divergence, the more Classical the performance. Public address, for example, especially of a non-political kind, will be ‘more Classical’ than the reading aloud of a newspaper article, and the latter style will reveal greater or less ‘vernacular influence’ in response to the degree of education of any listener. The basis of pronunciation differences is not, however, solely stylistic but importantly also regional. Arabs of every Arab country, and even of districts within them, have their own idea of how, for instance, certain consonants should be pronounced, yet different pronunciations, if used systematically, may still be used without invalidating the description ‘Classical’ as applied to the rendering of a given text. The fact that the Libyan, for example, does not distinguish between I) and D does not render his ‘Classical’ vernacular, nor is the same text any less Classical for being spoken by an Egyptian with his notably different speech habits.
The Films of Luis Buñuel
Authors: Evans Peter William
Published: November 2023

This is a major new study of the films of Luis Bunuel, surrealist scourge of the bourgeoisie and enduring influence on European cinema. Uniquely, the book offers an extended analysis of Buñuel's films in the context of contemporary debates in film studies, focusing in particular on questions of subjectivity and desire. Throughout, Buñuel's films are viewed as both the brilliant, subversive expressions of the director's fantasies and obsessions and as reflections of wider cultural norms and preoccupations. Making use of psychoanalysis and gender theory, Peter Evans explores Buñuel's characteristic thematics of transgression and his status as exile or outsider. The whole range of his work is discussed, from the critically neglected `bread and butter' Mexican melodramas of the 1950s to such classics of European cinema as The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie, That Obscure Object of Desire, and Belle de Jour. Accessible, lively, and compelling, The Films of Luis Buñuel provides a much-needed revaluation of one of the world's greatest film-makers.
Roads to and from the Abyss: Le Charme discret de la bourgeoisie and the Comedy of Desire
Authors: Evans Peter William
Published: November 2023

Like the Sade of the poem ‘El prisionero’ (1949) by Octavio Paz (Buiiuel-admirer and fellow Mexican Surrealist), the sextet of friends in Le Charme discret de la bourgeoisie are both liberated and trapped: liberated by Sadean appeals to self-gratifying desires and by economic and social privilege, trapped by le hasard and by culture-their brisk stroll along an anonymous country road suggesting urgent flight from rational urbanity. Though this image often acts as a sort of counterpoint to the atmosphere of claustrophobia elsewhere built up in the film, the road seems to be leading the friends nowhere, and we are never allowed to see their journey’s end. The open road remains an interminable blind alley, its phantom travellers’ destination, like Pedro Páraamo’s Comala, only the dream of a vanished world (Rulfo 1973).
Male Desire
Authors: Evans Peter William
Published: November 2023

Even though women provide the main narrative focus in various films (e.g. Tristana, Viridiana, Susana, Una mujer sin amor), Buiiuel more regularly prioritizes masculinity and the orientations of male desire. From the earliest ones to the very last, the films dramatize the highs and lows of male subjection to the vicissitudes of desire. Less lyrical than some of the other celebrants of amourJou—because more familiar with the traditions of desengaiio associated with the work of the great Spanish writers, especially his fellow-Aragonese mentor Gracian-Buñuel leans towards narratives exposing the dangers as well as the rewards of sexuality. His males usually suffer from a common affliction, defined by Peter Middleton in a general discussion of masculinity (1992) as a failure to direct their gaze inwardly, towards a healthy introspection of their motivating forces. Suffering for love and seduction by the temptations of ‘obscure’ (partly because un-investigated) desires are not in these films patterns of behaviour restricted to the young. Middle-aged and even elderly, as well as youthful, lovers are condemned to endure the torments of raging passions.
Postscript: Borges, or the Essayistic Spirit
Authors: De Obaldia Claire
Published: November 2023

Borges, a writer of poems, essays, and short stories continues after his death to be hailed as one of the greatest masters of modern fiction; yet in relation to his production of poems and essays, the short stories form a relatively small part of his work. Moreover, the short story, far from being the genre of’modern fiction’, has conventionally been considered as a rather archaic or at least ‘minor’ genre, especially when conspicuously deriving from the traditional (folk-)tale, as it does in Borges. In contradistinction, the scarce attention paid to the essay in the already vast and ever-growing corpus of critical studies on Borges is striking, given the crucial role it plays in the writer’s career.
Art and Intellect: Conflicts in German culture, 19w
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

Self-Justification and self-criticism mingle uneasily in Mann’s writing throughout the decade following Buddenbrooks. This is the most complex phase of his work to unravel, although perhaps for this reason not the most happy artistically. If we grasp its essentials, we have grasped not only Der Zauberberg, the first work to treat the conflicts of this period with artistic freedom and thus transcend them, but also Doktor Faustus, which returns to them to pass a final judgement, coloured by the experience of later political events which had their roots in that decade.
Unpolitics
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

What Thomas Mann wrote during the First World War has frequently been excused and extenuated, or romanticized, or explained away as a kind of play-acting, or appreciated for the piecemeal value of certain ideas taken from context. These approaches are wrong, because they trivialize an episode which Thomas Mann himself was unable to dispose of so easily. Only by taking his war writings seriously as what they clearly were—the expression of a whole-hearted emotional commitment desperately seeking to rationalize itself—can we make sense fully of the novels that refer back to them, critically and tragically: Der Z,auberberg and Doktor Faustus.
Republic Politics 191g-1933
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

The wartime commitment of the ‘unpolitical’ Thomas Mann typified the highly political consequences of ideals which Germans who cherished them believed were purely cultural. Mann’s political involvement after the First World War is not typical in this way, but it is in another. What he experiences and struggles with in the years of the Weimar Republic is a recurrent problem of German political history, in the particular form it took at that time. His response is not that of the majority of Germans, but it is, mutatis mutandis, that of a distinguished minority in the past.
‘Narrative Accrual’ in the Australian Semiosphere
Authors: Hartley John , McKee Alan
Published: November 2023

In the academic, government, and media coverage of Indigenous issues, a distinction operates between different discursive places within an overall (universe of Indigeneity’ created in the stories and by the narratives that comprise the coverage.
‘The Meeting is the Polity’: The National Media Forum
Authors: Hartley John , McKee Alan
Published: November 2023

The idea was simply to get journalists and Indigenous people into better contact with each other, to promote excellence in the reporting of Indigenous issues, and to promote Aboriginal media organizations themselves. This seemed like something media academics might properly take on, since of course neither state nor federal governments could directly implement Royal Commission recommendations relating to private and editorially independent media.
Telling the Stories: Indigenous Media, lndigenizing Australian Media
Authors: Hartley John , McKee Alan
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present the last of the material from the 1996 National Media Forum. It follows two sessions: the first on Indigenous media, focusing in this instance on Aboriginal broadcasting, especially radio stations that are part of the National Indigenous Radio Service (NIRS), a world-class example of a nascent ‘broadcast public sphere’ for dispersed, remote, and impecunious communities. The second session brought together contributions by Indigenous people working in the ‘mainstream’-that is, largely non-Aboriginal-Media.
Introduction: Time, Space, Subjectivity
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

Contemporary Spanish culture is a uniquely rich and varied field. Yet Spanish cultural studies is still in its infancy.1 Academic scholars have rarely ventured beyond literature and, more recently, cinema;2 and popular commentators are unversed in critical theory. The aim of this book is thus twofold: to change the object of contemporary Hispanism, by incorporating new media, such as photography, town planning, and popular music; and to analyse that new object by engaging for the first time with (mainly French) cultural theory on such themes as (post)modernity, urbanization, and everyday life.
Mapping the Terrain: Symbolism in Vienna in the Early 1890s
Authors: Vilain Robert
Published: November 2023

In both published works and private letters, Hofmannsthal had a tendency to slip into a distinctive ‘manifesto’ mode, characterized by categorical statements describing himself and his function as a poetically creative individual in relation to the world.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Rachel , Reader Keith
Published: November 2023

No case in the annals of everyday crime in France has had so powerful and widespread an impact as that of the Papin sisters-Christine and Lea, two housemaids who savagely slew their mistress and her daughter in 1933. The ‘everyday’ is there in order to exclude crimes with an explicitly political dimension to them-from Ravaillac’s assassination of Henri IV in 1610 through the Terror to the Occupation years. Among what may rather cynically be described as the ‘competition’ might figure the names of Lacenaire, the nineteenth-century fraudster and would-be poet who allegedly served as inspiration for Raskolnikov in Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment; Marcel Petiot, the doctor who robbed and murdered at least twenty-seven Jews under the Occupation on the pretext that he would help them to freedom; and Thierry Paulin, who with his accomplice Jean-Thierry Mathurin killed twenty-one old ladies in northern Paris between 1984 and 1987. Celebrated female killers include Violette Nozieres, who poisoned her father and mother in the same year that the Papins murdered their mistresses (the mother survived). Christine Villemin was finally cleared in 1993 of the murder of her young son more than eight years before, despite a luridly lyrical article by Marguerite Duras strongly implying her guilt.
‘The Place of a Musicon in Ordinary’ Place and Patronage at Court
Authors: Holman Peter
Published: November 2023

Tudor England was one of the most centralized countries in Europe. Most of her wealth and perhaps a fifth of her population (about 4,000,000 in 1600) was concentrated in the home counties. London, with a population of over 200,000, was more than ten times the size of her nearest rivals, Norwich, Bristol, and York; an extraordinarily large proportion of the nation’s commercial, intellectual, and artistic life was conducted in her noisy and crowded streets. Above all, London was the seat of England’s highly centralized form of government, organized around the court and the person of the monarch.
The Development of Ornamentation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Badura-Skoda Paul , Clayton Alfred
Published: November 2023

If we study the development of ornamentation symbols in the two centuries in which Bach lived, it becomes apparent that the same ornaments sometimes had different names in different provinces or countries, and that, vice versa, the same name could designate ornaments executed in a variety of different ways. This was the state of affairs in the Renaissance, and it did not change significantly in the Baroque era.
Introduction
Authors: Schroeder David P
Published: November 2023

The advent of an Austrian Enlightenment occurred much later than in most other nations, and until recently there has been no agreement on the very existence of such a phenomenon in the Habsburg empire. Scholarship of the last two decades has confirmed, however, that the existing social order was challenged by a new outlook on issues such as education, religion, and social justice. Literature played a major role in the process since it was the most effective means of satirizing the old order or providing concrete demonstration of the new sense of morality. Haydn reached his own artistic mastery at the time of this intellectual and social ferment in Austria (c. 1 770-90), and it seems highly unlikely that the man who ultimately gained an international reputation as the greatest living composer would have been immune to these powerful forces.
Symphonic Ascent Pre-Paris to the Loge Olympique
Authors: Schroeder David P
Published: November 2023

Haydn wrote symphonies over a period of about forty years, and during that time theories about music as well as approaches to composition went through extraordinary changes. In the r 750s, the symphony was just beginning to emerge as a genre, and a concert public had scarcely become visible. By the end of the century, the symphony was considered by some to be the most significant of all artistic achievements, and there was a large public eagerly awaiting the arrival of new, highly individual works. Haydn was the composer most responsible for the high estimation in which the symphony was held in the r 790s, and it is useful to note some of the steps he took during these four decades. His ultimate arrival was not a haphazard or fortuitous achievement, since he appears to have had a singular, clearly envisaged goal from the very beginning which allowed him to reach the summit. While his changing approaches reflect new musical possibilities, they are also related to the larger changes through which thinking on aesthetics was moving as writers and theorists sought to illuminate more effective means of expression.