bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta regulation in data protection law: the risk-based approach
Authors: Gellert Raphaël
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 studies in depth the risk-based approach to data protection, including its rationale and its scope. It shows that it is only a partial implementation of meta regulation. Contrary to meta regulation, it refrains from delegating the regulatory function of standard setting to the regulatees. Instead of addressing all of the issues associated with the “diagnosis-prescription”diagnosis-prescription| flaw associated with command and” control (ie the selection of standards that will lead to satisfactory regulatory outcomes, and the adequate implementation/compliance with the latter), it only focuses on the better implementation of the data protection provisions. In any case, it is also predicated upon the responsibilisation, and hence, the risk transformation of data controllers’ activities. Such responsibilisation is to be found in the modern principle of accountability. Beyond the GDPR, many contemporary statutes have adopted a similar risk-based approach (even though not explicitly named as such). These include Canada’s PIPEDAPIPEDA|, Council of Europe Convention 108+Convention 108+|, etc. These various statutes are discussed and contrasted. Key to the discussion are issues such as the safeguards and type of regulatory collaboration these statutes provide for (eg data protection impact assessment), or how the risk management obligations fare in comparison to the ISO 31000 risk management StandardISO:31000 risk management Standard 2009|, which can be considered the canon in this matter. Finally, this chapter also examines a number of policy proposals that featured a different type of risk-based approach. Namely, one that espouses meta regulation’s delegation of the standard setting function to the regulatees.
Risk and the risk-based approach
Authors: Gellert Raphaël
Published: October 2020

The goal of this chapter is to understand the notion of risk at play in the risk-based approach. As was alluded in Chapter 5 already, the risk-based approach to data protection is only a piecemeal implementation of meta regulation, which focuses primarily on how to better comply with the existing data protection framework. Because meta regulation relies by definition upon risk management (and the risk transformation of regulated organisations), and thus ends-up transforming the whole data protection framework as risk-based, it is not clear what notion of risk underpins the risk-based approach. As demonstrated, the risk-based approach is predicated upon a notion of compliance risk, which is the only one able to reconcile the piecemeal implementation of meta regulation with the risk transformation of the regulatees. The present chapter will therefore explore this notion of compliance risk. It proceeds in three steps. GDPR: risk-based|risk-based approach: partial implementation of meta regulation|First, it uses the technical notion of risk put forth by the ISO as a description tool in order to show the differences between the competing understandings of risk. Second, it will define the notion that should have featured in the risk-based approach had it been a full implementation of meta regulation, namely a so-called “data protection risk”.standard setting: as risk management| Third, and in contrast, it will analyse the compliance risk at the heart of the risk-based approach.
The risk-based approach in practice
Authors: Gellert Raphaël
Published: October 2020

The goal of this chapter is to analyse some of the main caveats associated with the risk-based approach in practice, that is, with the use of meta regulation. The risk-based approach is an attempt to address some of the issues that data protection as command and control regulation has faced. However, in trying to address these issues, and in particular (but not only) through the use of risk management as the main tool of regulation, the risk-based approach creates a number of new problems. More in particular, one can distinguish between three different issues. Methodological issues concerning techniques for assessing and managing risks; regulatory issues in particular as far as the collaboration between regulators and regulatees is concerned; and implementational issues, that is, concerning the way in which risk management is actually implemented in practice, “on the ground”.
Linguistic intuitions again
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: October 2020

Linguistics takes speakers’ intuitions about the syntactic and semantic properties of their language as good evidence for a theory of that language. Why are these intuitions good evidence? The received Chomskyan answer is that they are the product of an underlying linguistic competence. In Devitt’s Ignorance of Language, this Voice of Competence answer (VoC) was criticized and an alternative view, according to which intuitions are empirical theory-laden central-processor responses to phenomena, was defended. After summarizing this position, the chapter responds to Steven Gross and Georges Rey, who defend VoC. It argues that they have not provided the sort of empirically based details that make VoC worth pursuing. In doing so, it emphasizes two distinctions: (1) between the intuitive behavior of language processing and the intuitive judgments that are the subject of VoC; and (2) between the possible roles of structural descriptions in language processing and in providing intuitions.
Byzantium in the Eleventh Century
Authors: Howard-Johnston James
Published: October 2020

The various studies of Byzantium’s social history in the eleventh century presented in this volume, each with its specific topic (regional, thematic, archaeological), are placed in a wider context. A head-on challenge is made to the long-standing view, promulgated by George Ostrogorsky, that Byzantium’s rapid descent from its apogee in the middle of the eleventh century had two prime causes, a deliberate run-down of the military by the ascendant civil party in the administration, and the absorption of the peasantry into large, aristocratic estates with a consequent weakening of a fiscal and military system founded in the peasant village. Different aspects of eleventh-century history are covered: (1) the accelerating cultural revival, sponsored by emperors, and an attendant growth in numbers and importance of the intelligentsia; (2) evidence, primarily numismatic and archaeological, for demographic and economic growth, and its beneficent effect on town life; (3) a re-examination of the documentary and other evidence for the decline of the independent peasantry, which concludes that predatory landowners encountered serious resistance from tight-knit village communities and the justice system and that the process of social change in the countryside had not advanced as far as Kostis Smyrlis suggests; (4) finally, it is accepted that attitudes changed, that the interior provinces were demilitarized, but not that there was a deliberate attempt to reduce spending on the army, now confined to the imperial periphery—the defeats and losses suffered are attributed primarily to the strengths of Byzantium’s chief adversaries, Turks and Turkmen in the east, Normans in southern Italy.
Modern Risk Quantification in Complex Projects
Authors: Raydugin Yuri G.
Published: October 2020

There are multiple complaints that existing project risk quantification methods—both parametric and Monte Carlo—fail to produce accurate project duration and cost-risk contingencies in a majority of cases. It is shown that major components of project risk exposure—non-linear risk interactions—pertaining to complex projects are not taken into account. It is argued that a project system consists of two interacting subsystems: a project structure subsystem (PSS) and a project delivery subsystem (PDS). Any misalignments or imbalances between these two subsystems (PSS–PDS mismatches) are associated with the non-linear risk interactions. Principles of risk quantification are developed to take into account three types of non-linear risk interactions in complex projects: internal risk amplifications due to existing ‘chronic’ project system issues, knock-on interactions, and risk compounding. Modified bowtie diagrams for the three types of risk interactions are developed to identify and address interacting risks. A framework to visualize dynamic risk patterns in affinities of interacting risks is proposed. Required mathematical expressions and templates to factor relevant risk interactions to Monte Carlo models are developed. Business cases are discussed to demonstrate the power of the newly-developed non-linear Monte Carlo methodology (non-linear integrated schedule and cost risk analysis (N-SCRA)). A project system dynamics methodology based on rework cycles is adopted as a supporting risk quantification tool. Comparison of results yielded by the non-linear Monte Carlo and system dynamics models demonstrates a good alignment of the two methodologies. All developed Monte Carlo and system dynamics models are available on the book’s companion website.
Modeling the Meanings of Pictures
Authors: Kulvicki John
Published: October 2020

Pictures are important parts of communicative acts, along with language, gesture, facial expressions, and props. They express wide ranges of thoughts, make assertions, offer warnings, instructions, and commands. Pictures are also representations. They have meanings, which help explain the range of communicative uses to which they can be put. Modeling the meanings of pictures is accounting for the ways in which pictures manage to be meaningful, with an eye toward how those meanings let us use them as we do. The philosophy of language is the most obvious place to look for tools that model meanings. This book offers an account of the many ways in which pictures can be meaningful, which is inspired by the philosophy of language. Its aim is to do justice to the range of communicative uses to which pictures are put. Two main threads run through the book. The first is the meaning thread: Chapters 2, 4, 5, and 6. It unpacks and models many kinds of pictorial meaning. The other is the parts thread: Chapters 3, 7, and 8. This explains how pictures have meaningful parts, why this matters for understanding their uses in communication, and also how this offers a new way to understand what makes pictorial representations so different from language.
Dangerous Fruit
Authors: da Costa Alexandra
Published: October 2020

Chapter 2 examines the unique challenges printers faced in publishing evangelical material by writers like William Tyndale and John Frith: first, because it was potentially heretical or seditious and second, because the readers cultivated by printers until this point had been deeply enmeshed in traditional ways of thinking. The chapter takes issue with the assumption that there was a pre-existing market for evangelical works and demonstrates that printers, in particular Thomas Godfray, created demand by appealing to a wide range of religious sensibilities. By disguising or ameliorating evangelical material they overcame readers’ anxieties over purchasing and possessing it and created opportunities for readers to engage with different beliefs. It was this ability of printers to make controversial material attractive to tentative readers that facilitated the spread of Reformation thinking in England.
Wide-Ranging Appetites
Authors: da Costa Alexandra
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 focuses on pilgrimage guides and accounts that, like printed news, gave the reader a wider understanding of the world and their place within it, but for which demand was already well established in manuscript. It argues that Pynson’s innovative printing of guides for domestic shrines, which could also function as advertisements and souvenirs, placed new kinds of ephemera—in addition to indulgences—on a similar footing to more durable pilgrimage mementoes, like badges and ampullae. This gave the printed word an important function in the memorial reconstruction of a visit. Although the changing religious climate brought a temporary end to pilgrimage in England by the 1540s, this had the effect of creating an association between text and travel for many more readers than had been the case before and prepared the ground for the success of secular travel literature.
Child Health in Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Takeo , Nawa Nobutoshi , Matsuyama Yusuke
Published: October 2020

We discuss child health in Japan over recent decades and consider some of the important public health problems for children and adolescents which remain to be solved. The maternal and child health system, school lunch programme, and improvements in quality and diversity of children’s diets led to increased growth and taller adults. Prevalence of dental caries has declined although water fluoridation is not used in Japan. Contemporary problems include increase in incidence of low birth weight, vaccination hesitancy, including human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. Economic recession has had an impact on levels of poverty and inequality, and on child health, especially weight-gain and obesity. There have been recent increases in the child suicide rate, and reports of child maltreatment and bullying.
Political Power and Othello
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

This chapter sets out and considers political readings of Othello, which is more commonly interpreted in an ethical or psychological frame. The plot puts sovereign state power into contradistinction and competition with patriarchal authority, with social antagonisms and oppressions, notably racism, with the political and moral claims of open frank speech, and with the ‘machiavellian’ strategies of hypocrisy, trickery, and ruthlessness. Shakespeare’s dramatizations of these powers and structures both emphasizes how ethical inter-personal and intimate relationships are shaped by political and social factors and forces, and also brings into question the claims of sovereignty and patriarchy vis-à-vis the forces of social antagonism. The claims of frank public speech in relation to political power are ambiguous: free public speech is a necessary condition of political life properly speaking, but is always risky and often compromised.
Politics and Theatre
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

The plot and action of Hamlet include dramatization of dilemmas of sovereignty, patriarchy, supernatural forces, political strategy, political violence, regicide, kinship, popular sovereignty—all forms of power and modes of conduct which are juxtaposed and intertwined. This chapter focuses on the play’s treatment of the theatrical nature of politics, and the way that the play can be interpreted as an exemplification of political theatre, treating as it does contemporary allusions to matters of succession and legitimate rule, in particular the rights and wrongs of women and power. The plot of a theatrical performance as a device to reveal wrongdoing raises the more general question of uses of theatre for political purposes.
Ancient Algorithms
Authors: Bleakley Chris
Published: October 2020

Chapter 1 traces the origins of algorithms from ancient Mesopotamia to Greece in the 2th century BC. The oldest known algorithms were inscribed on clay tablets by the Babylonians more than 4,000 years ago. The clay tablets document algorithms ranging from geometry to accountancy. One tablet in particular - YBC 7289 - indicates knowledge of the Pythagorean Theorem thousands of years before its supposed invention by the ancient Greeks. The Greeks made other advances in algorithms. Euclid’s algorithm determines the greatest common divisor of two numbers. The Sieve of Eratosthenes finds prime numbers. Both algorithms proved to be important stepping stones to modern cryptography - the mathematics of secret messages.
Introduction
Authors: Bleakley Chris
Published: October 2020

The Introduction explains what an algorithms is, provides three examples, and exposes the relationship between algorithms and computers. An algorithm is a sequence of well-defined steps which solve an information problem. The chapter begins with the simple example of an algorithm for sharing sweets. The chapter highlights the elegance of effective algorithms and shows how they are written down. It then moves on to explain a straight-forward algorithm for sorting books. An alternative algorithm for more quickly sorting books is presented and contrasted. By definition, a computer is a machine that performs algorithms. The chapter explains how algorithms are the underlying methods that computers follow to process data and make decisions.
Motion of a particle in three-dimensional fields
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G.
Published: October 2020

In the central field, the energy and angular momentum are conserved. It allows for the reduction of this problem to the problem of the motion of the particle in the effective one-dimensional field. Here the motion of a particle in Coulomb field or in the field of the isotropic harmonic oscillation with small perturbations are the most important ones. The authors discuss how the motion of a particle in the given central field can be described qualitatively for different values of the angular momentum and of the energy. Several problems deal with the motion of a particle in the Coulomb field under influence of weak constant uniform electric or magnetic fields (the classical analog of the Stark or Zeeman effect). In addition, the authors consider the motion of a charged particle in the field of the magnetic monopole and magnetic dipole. The motion of the Earth–Moon system in the field of the Sun is considered in some approximation. The displacement of the Coulomb orbit under the influence of a small force of radiation damping.
Small oscillations of systems with one degree of freedom
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G.
Published: October 2020

This chapter addresses the small free oscillations for particle moving near the minimum of the potential energy, an oscillator with friction under action of a given force, and the stable oscillations of an oscillator which is acted upon by a periodic force. The authors also discuss the differential cross section for the oscillator which excited to an given energy by a fast particle and a harmonic oscillator in the field of the travelling wave.
Land Law
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

This book is an account of the land law of England and Wales written in the Clarendon style: as a letter to a friend, with a minimum of footnotes and statutory material. It explains the origins of land law in the feudal system, its transformation by the legislation of 1925, and the modern regime in which registration is the key to the validity and enforceability of interests in land. The unique role of the trust in English law is explored, and the many complications that can arise where ownership of land is shared (whether concurrently or consecutively). Themes of the book include the management of complexity in land law, and the tension between dynamic and static security. The law of mortgages, leases, easements, and covenants is explained. Recent decisions of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court are discussed, as are reform proposals by the Law Commission.
Property Rights in Land
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces the origins of land law in the feudal system and the concepts of tenure and estate. It considers freehold, leasehold, and commonhold ownership and explains the beginnings of law and equity and the distinction between law and equity. The chapter also introduces the trust and its development as a way of organizing entitlement to land. Non-ownership rights are explained, and the pre-1925 rules of enforceability of legal and equitable property rights are described in preparation for the next chapter.
Investigate to Prevent Post-close Surprises
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: October 2020

Caveat emptor (buyer beware) is important advice to acquirers. Therefore, conducting thorough investigation (due diligence) of priority targets can mitigate, but not eliminate, the risk. Due diligence should be conducted in both traditional and non-traditional areas, in order to prevent surprises after the deal is done. This chapter addresses the key areas to examine during due diligence, how to manage the due diligence process, the perils of limited due diligence, cultural due diligence and the often-overlooked aspect of self-due diligence. The tools, templates, best practices, potential pitfalls, and a case example of how to go about effective due diligence are also addressed, along with the main participants, core activities, buyer’s and seller’s perspectives, and key cross-border considerations.
Motivate for Maximum Workforce Productivity
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: October 2020

A survey of 124 executives and mid-level managers from 21 different industries discovered that 3 core issues dominate the “human side” of M&A as being most important to deal success: communication (90%), retention and “re-recruitment” of key talent (86%), and cultural comparison and integration (81%). However, the Oxford M&A Insights Project found that activities to address these aspects account for just 15%of the activities respondents feel their firms do well: communication (6%), talent management and retention (5%), and cultural analysis and integration (4%). This chapter presents proven pragmatic approaches to M&A communications, retention and “re-recruitment” of key talent, and organizational cultural comparison and integration. The tools, templates, best practices, potential pitfalls, and a case example of how to effectively address the “human side” of M&A are also addressed, along with the main participants, core activities, buyer’s and seller’s perspectives, and key cross-border considerations.
Seeking the Invisible
Authors: Duckworth Chloë N.
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, the results of a large-scale programme of glass chemical data collation and analysis are presented to argue that glass recycling in the Roman period was far more extensive than has been realized to date. Over 6,000 samples of glass from published analyses since 1999 are interrogated in order to produce a long-term and large-scale data set for recycling evidence. In addition, literary evidence, and data from shipwrecks and other archaeological sites are summarized and considered, and basic modelling is used to suggest the sorts of patterns we should be looking for in compositional data for glass. It is argued that the quantity of Roman glass that was recycled has been underestimated due to several factors, including a lack of consideration of ‘like with like’ mixing, a lack of consideration of the formation processes of the archaeological record, and analytical sampling bias towards colourless vessel glass.
Reuse of Roman Artefacts in Late Antiquity and the Early Medieval West
Authors: Swift Ellen
Published: October 2020

In Late Antiquity, reuse and recycling has mainly been considered in relation to spolia and to precious metal artefacts such as silver plate and coins. Yet there is much evidence for reuse behaviour across a wide range of artefact types in more everyday materials. Some of this is connected to ordinary habits of reuse and recycling found throughout the Roman and late antique periods, although it is in part also a response to prevailing economic and social conditions. Since these may vary from one place to another or across different social groups, interpretations must take account of the particular contexts within which objects were used. This chapter addresses reuse behaviour from the late antique and early medieval periods in the West, with a case study drawn from the author’s detailed studies of particular non-ferrous metal objects from Britain, including objects newly produced in the fifth century.
When the Statue is both Marble and Lime
Authors: Duckworth Chloë N. , Wilson Andrew , Van Oyen Astrid , Alexander Catherine , Evans Jane , Green Christopher , Mattingly David J.
Published: October 2020

Although many of the chapters in this volume focus on a single class of object or material, it is clear that recycling and reuse activities frequently occur together, regardless of the material in question, or its provenance. The picture we can currently offer of Roman recycling and reuse is necessarily partial, but it is also profoundly important for wider understanding of Roman society, technology, and culture. Recycling and reuse are embedded in the social and cultural as well as the economic, and may be constrained or enabled by technology. In this concluding chapter, we sketch out some of the most prominent parts of this emerging picture, from the chaîne opératoire, to scales and methods of analysis, labour, organization, knowledge and skills, and value, and make recommendations for future work in this promising and rich field of inquiry.
Cultivating Custom
Authors: Elsky Stephanie
Published: October 2020

Could women and non-elite writers participate in the poetics of custom? This chapter responds with a resounding “yes” by showing how Isabella Whitney’s 1573 A Sweet Nosgay immersed itself in the conceptual and philosophical world of common law. In particular, Whitney’s poetry draws upon and responds to the increased dissemination and popularization of knowledge about common law’s status as custom, while also posing challenges to that process. While nowhere in her volume does she mention the term custom, it is powerfully present in both the volume’s structure and in its poetics of the commonplaces and common places of Renaissance London in her mock last will and testament. Perhaps appropriately, it is a lower-class writer who is able to realize poetically the democratizing possibilities of custom’s literary properties.
Conclusion
Authors: Elsky Stephanie
Published: October 2020

The conclusion explores the implications of custom’s centrality to Renaissance literature, as well as to the discipline of law and literature. First, it shows us that literary writers viewed their productions as a collective rather than singular endeavor over a long duration of time. Second, attending to custom requires us to see the political realm as indispensable to law and literature. Finally, it leads to a reconsideration of literary history and poetic and political periodization. That is, instead of modernity’s singular focus on novelty, custom’s vivid sense of the presence of the past demonstrates that different kinds, modes, and tempos of change can open rather than foreclose radical literary and political possibilities.
Introduction
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

In recent years, I have written a number of articles that all circle around two key questions—first, how do we define the so-called ‘wisdom’ corpus in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament on both a literary and a contextual level, and second, how do we characterize and evaluate the influence of a distinctive ‘wisdom’ worldview upon other books in the canon? My unease with the categorization of the three main biblical wisdom books as ‘wisdom literature’—Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes, which are usually considered as a distinct group...
The ‘Wisdom’ Continuum of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes (without Job)
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

Job and Ecclesiastes are commonly classed together as ‘wisdom in revolt’, i.e. as breaking away, with their questioning stance, from the more traditional proverbial wisdom as found in Proverbs. In this Chapter 1 argue that in fact Ecclesiastes is more mainstream, following in the wake of Proverbs, rather than Job and that, on many levels, Proverbs and Ecclesiastes form the nucleus of the biblical wisdom corpus. The Solomonic attribution is not literal but makes a particular connection between Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs (Canticles Rabbah). Job on the other hand is not attributed to Solomon. Biblical (I would now say ‘Solomonic’) wisdom has Proverbs as its mainspring and Ecclesiastes as its continuation.
Kinematical Theory of Scattering
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

The chapter introduces the kinematical theory of scattering, which is based on the Born approximation. It is shown that the neutron scattering response function can be written as the time Fourier transform of a correlation function, or intermediate scattering function. Several general properties of the correlation function are derived, and the response function is shown to satisfy the Principle of Detailed Balance. The distinction between static and dynamic correlations is explained, and their correspondence to elastic and inelastic scattering is established. The meaning of the static approximation is explained, and the link between the dynamical part of the response function and the absorptive part of the generalized susceptibility via the Fluctuation-Dissipation theorem is established. Some general sum rules are proved, and a spectral-weight function is defined. Response functions are obtained for some simple models.
The Interaction Potential
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

The interaction potentials and their spatial Fourer transforms are derived for nuclear and magnetic scattering, as well as for interactions with atomic electric fields. For the nuclear interaction, the Fermi pseudopotential is introduced and the scattering length operator is defined. The neutron spin dependence of the nuclear and magnetic interaction is calculated, and general expressions for spin-dependent scattering are obtained. The longitudinal and XYZ polarization analysis methods are described, and the technique of spherical neutron polarimetry is explained. The Blume-Maleev equation which gives the final neutron polarization for an arbitrary incident polarization are derived.
Nuclear Scattering
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

This chapter contains an overview of the different types of structural dynamics found in condensed matter, and the associated neutron scattering cross-sections. The scattering dynamics of the harmonic oscillator is discussed, and an expression for the Debye-Waller factor is obtained. In the case of crystalline solids, the vibrational spectrum in the harmonic approximation is described, including the phonon dispersion and the cross-sections for one-phonon coherent and incoherent scattering. Multi-phonon scattering is discussed briefly. For non-crystalline matter, the time-dependent van Hove correlation and response functions are introduced, and their relation to the scattering cross-section established. An approximate expression for the correlation function is obtained from the classical form. Partial correlation and response functions are defined for multicomponent systems. The technique of neutron Compton scattering as a probe of single-particle recoil dynamics is described. Quasielastic and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy are introduced, as well as examples of relaxational dynamics which these techniques can measure.
Domain Walls
Authors: Meier Dennis , Seidel Jan , Gregg Marty , Ramesh Ramamoorthy
Published: October 2020

Technological evolution and revolution are both driven by the discovery of new functionalities, new materials and the design of yet smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient components. Progress is being made at a breathtaking pace, stimulated by the rapidly growing demand for more powerful and readily available information technology. High-speed internet and data-streaming, home automation, tablets and smartphones are now ‘necessities’ for our everyday lives. Consumer expectations for progressively more data storage and exchange appear to be insatiable. In this context, ferroic domain walls have attracted recent attention as a completely new type of oxide interface. In addition to their functional properties, such walls are spatially mobile and can be created, moved, and erased on demand. This unique degree of flexibility enables domain walls to take an active role in future devices and hold a great potential as multifunctional 2D systems for nanoelectronics. With domain walls as reconfigurable electronic 2D components, a new generation of adaptive nano-technology and flexible circuitry becomes possible, that can be altered and upgraded throughout the lifetime of the device. Thus, what started out as fundamental research, at the limit of accessibility, is finally maturing into a promising concept for next-generation technology.
Introduction to Domain Boundary Engineering
Authors: Salje E. K. H. , Lu G.
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces research on functional domain boundaries. Ever since the discovery of superconducting twin boundaries in the 1990s, highly conducting, polar, photovoltaic, magnetic, and so on, domain boundaries have been discovered while the same bulk material displays none of these properties. Domain boundaries constitute planar templates for device applications with thicknesses of ca. 1 nm. Domains within domains are then the next step in miniaturization with Bloch lines within domain walls and Bloch points between Bloch lines. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the geometrical template for the functional domain boundaries stems from the ferroelastic domain structure, while antiphase boundaries are equally potential template providers. Complex structures are a particular case because they add vortices and skyrmions to the template topology. Correlations between such sub-structures maintain features like polarity and piezoelectricity in randomized samples where structural averages would not allow macroscopic polar effects. The dynamics of the change of functionality is often much faster than the speed with which twin boundaries move. The novel information carrier is the kink inside twin walls, which moves with supersonic speed.
Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire Theory for Domain Wall Conduction and Observation of Microwave Conduction of Domain Walls
Authors: Tselev A. , Ievlev A. V. , Vasudevan R. , Kalinin S. V. , Maksymovych P. , Morozovska A.
Published: October 2020

This chapter concerns DW electrical conduction. It first addresses the phenomenology of charged domain walls in the context of a Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) model for the ferroelectric semiconductor with analysis of the DW conductivity associated with accumulation of charge carriers near domain walls. It is revealed that there exists an interplay between the wall type — head-to-head or tail-to-tail — and conduction type of the semiconductor ferroelectric with a strong dependence of the domain wall conductivity on the wall orientation. The chapter then reviews observations of high-frequency — in the gigahertz frequency range — ac conductivity along the nominally uncharged 180-degree domain walls in a uniaxial Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 epitaxial film. Measurements of the conduction at high frequencies are insensitive to presence of a Schottky barrier and the electrode-ferroelectric interface.
Electronics Based on Domain Walls
Authors: Seidel J. , Ramesh R.
Published: October 2020

This chapter reviews some of the initial developments and recently introduced potential application concepts related to domain walls in ferroelectrics and multiferroics. It gives a special (non-exclusive) focus on the heavily investigated bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 system as one of the rare examples of a single phase room-temperature multiferroic system that can be widely tailored in application relevant epitaxial thin films. Here, DWs as well as other topological structures reveal new ways to novel tailored states of matter with a wide range of electronic properties. Domain wall electronics, particularly with ferroelectrics and multiferroics, provides new nanotechnological concepts for identifying, understanding, and designing new material properties. However, this chapter observes that there has been very little work done on controlling electronic correlations.
Cryptographic Primitives in Blockchain Technology
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

Many online applications, especially in the financial industries, are running on blockchain technologies in a decentralized manner, without the use of an authoritative entity or a trusted third party. Such systems are only secured by cryptographic protocols and a consensus mechanism. As blockchain-based solutions will continue to revolutionize online applications in a growing digital market in the future, one needs to identify the principal opportunities and potential risks. Hence, it is unavoidable to learn the mathematical and cryptographic procedures behind blockchain technology in order to understand how such systems work and where the weak points are. The book provides an introduction to the mathematical and cryptographic concepts behind blockchain technologies and shows how they are applied in blockchain-based systems. This includes an introduction to the general blockchain technology approaches that are used to build the so-called immutable ledgers, which are based on cryptographic signature schemes. As future quantum computers will break some of the current cryptographic primitive approaches, the book considers their security and presents the current research results that estimate the impact on blockchain-based systems if some of the cryptographic primitive break. Based on the example of Bitcoin, it shows that weak cryptographic primitives pose a possible danger for the ledger, which can be overcome through the use of the so-called post-quantum cryptographic approaches which are introduced as well.
Introduction
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

This chapter gives an outline of Nakamoto’s main idea when introducing Bitcoin as first blockchain system in history of computer sciences. The scope of the book and its outline is described.
Preliminaries
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

Blockchains are heavily based on mathematical concepts, in particular on algebraic structures. This chapter starts with an introduction to the main aspects in number theory, such as the divisibility of integers, prime numbers and Euler’s totient function. Based on these basics, it follows a very detailed introduction to modern algebra, including group theory, ring theory and field theory. The algebraic main results are then applied to describe the structure of cyclic groups and finite fields, which are needed to construct cryptographic primitives. The chapter closes with an introduction to complexity theory, examining the efficiency of algorithms.
Information Security in Software Systems
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

The rapid progress of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) continuously intensifies the interest in the two disciplines of security and privacy. This chapter introduces the most important concepts of information security, which essentially include the three major security mechanisms identification, authentication and authorization. These mechanisms are used to obtain the most important security goals, namely confidentiality, integrity, availability and non-repudiation, which are standardized by many international organisations. The next section deals with the possible attacks against distributed systems, which are mainly the Denial-of-Service (DoS) and the Sybil attack. The chapter then concludes by introducing one possible defense mechanism against such attacks, which is now publicly known as Proof-of-Work (PoW).
Introduction to Blockchain Technology
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

This chapter gives an introduction to blockchain technology which was proposed by the pseudonymous Nakamoto (2008) with his well-known Bitcoin paper to enable online payments in a decentralized digital cash system, solving the double-spending problem where someone can make two payments with the same coin. The chapter starts with an informal outline of the application of a blockchain and a brief explanation of how a blockchain network is able to reach consensus about the common state of a transaction history. Furthermore, it introduces the Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithmwhich needs to be donein order to extend the blockchain with new blocks. Since the PoW is a very costly computational algorithm, the transaction data is stored in previous blocks resistant to modification, and thus the PoW safeguards the order of blocks, forming a tamper-proof history of transactions. As a last step, it examines the double-spending attack, which is a fundamental attack to the integrity of a blockchain based system.
The photons of Dirac
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 presents the joining of quantum theory to electromagnetism and radiation associated with Dirac, particularly noting the variety of photons that are consistent with the choice of radiation field modes that still form the working definition of photons for many physicists, and which ofiers a possible resolution to the seeming paradox of wave-particle duality.
Manipulating photons
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 7 discusses ways of creating, altering, and subsequently detecting single photons – possibilities for ultimately demonstrating the quantum nature of particular radiation sources and putting those properties to work.
From Kinship to Consumerism
Authors: Butler Lise
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the intellectual context for the Consumers’ Association, which Young operated from the headquarters of the Institute of Community Studies from 1956 onwards, and the way in which Young, Townsend, and other members of the Institute of Community Studies grappled with the social changes associated with increased affluence such as suburbanization and increasing identification with the middle class. It argues that Young’s concern with consumerism was informed by ethical concerns about quality of life, and challenges conceptual divisions between the Labour ‘revisionist’ tradition concerned with distributive questions and the more humanistic or ethical socialism associated with Young and other left-wing sociologists. Drawing on the Institute of Community Studies’ work on suburban communities in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and Young’s sociology lectures at Cambridge delivered between 1961 and 1963, I show that Young’s consumerism derived from his evolving view of the family. While Young had argued that the extended family had represented an important site of mutual aid and solidarity for working-class women in industrial society, he now suggested that suburbanization and affluence had returned the nuclear family to a position of social and economic pre-eminence.
Facing the Future
Authors: Butler Lise
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines Young’s work as founding chair of the Social Science Research Council between 1965 and 1968 in the Labour government led by Harold Wilson. It describes how Young responded to increasing anxieties about the nature of planning and expertise in the British civil service by arguing that the social sciences should play a more prominent role in government policy making. The chapter focuses mainly on Young’s Committee on the Next Thirty Years, and his proposals for an Institute of Forecasting Studies, which he unsuccessfully sought to develop as part of a transnational forecasting movement with the support of foreign intellectuals such as the American sociologist Daniel Bell and the French futurologist Bertrand de Jouvenel. The chapter also discusses the intellectual networks associated with the popular social science journal New Society, showing that this group promoted libertarian and state-critical perspectives on urban planning, and radical economic ideas like negative income tax. While the Next Thirty Years Committee was short-lived, it reflected Young’s career-long conviction that public policy should be guided by interdisciplinary social science.
Rule-Making for a Digital Court Process
Authors: Etherton Terence
Published: October 2020

This chapter sets out the challenges of developing procedural rules for digital court processes, which will become a significant feature of the civil justice landscape in the coming years. The present HMCTS Reform Programme is to deliver a more efficient, effective and high performing courts system through the use of new technology. Experience to date in developing digital dispute resolution initiatives in each of the individual existing jurisdictions—Civil, Family and Tribunal—has made clear the need for a different way of approaching rule making. On the one hand, there must be proper judicial oversight of, and input into, the technical design work of the programmers designing the new digital processes. On the other hand, these processes are constantly being refined in light of testing and user feedback and it would be unworkable if every change required a new rule. There are also considerable technical challenges in developing digital processes. We must be careful not to be overly ambitious in developing such processes, or forget the needs of those who struggle to use them. However, early experience in this jurisdiction, particularly with the Online Civil Money Claims project, and other jurisdictions around the world, suggests that this initiative will provide a great improvement to access to justice for the many tens of thousands of people with small or modest claims and for those with limited resources.
Lord Woolf, Multi-Party Situations, and Limitation Periods
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: October 2020

More than twenty years ago, Lord Woolf MR recommended the implementation of a regime which could cater for opt-in or opt-out class actions. It was not until 1 October 2015 that such a regime was enacted—and solely for competition law grievances of either a follow-on or a stand-alone nature. A key aspect of any class action design is how to handle limitation periods for the representative claimant and for class members. In his seminal report, Lord Woolf flagged up that appropriate provisions for limitation periods would be a proper subject for primary, rather than secondary, legislation. Accordingly, limitation periods duly became the subject of careful drafting in the 2015 regime, courtesy of section 47E of the Competition Act 1998. This chapter reflects upon some of the key comparative drafting lessons of class action regimes elsewhere which were helpful and instructive for that drafting exercise.
Introduction Surely You Jest
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: October 2020

In October 2001, Apple’s Steve Jobs unveiled the iPod, a revolutionary hand-held music player with a built-in hard drive: “To have your whole CD library with you at all times is a quantum leap when it comes to music. You can fit your whole music library in your pocket.” Despite the $399 price tag, sales were phenomenal, hitting thirty-nine million in 2006, before being eclipsed by the 2007 introduction of the iPhone....
Seeing Things for What They Are
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: October 2020

Patterns need not be combinations of numbers. For example, employees—ranging from clerks to CEOs—who do their jobs extremely well are often less successful when they are promoted to new positions—a disappointment immortalized by the Peter Principle: “managers rise to the level of their incompetence.” Patterns in observational data can be misleading because of self-selection bias, in that observed differences among people making different choices may be due to the type of people making such choices. When compelled to use observational data, it is important that the theories to be tested are specified before looking at the data. Otherwise, we are likely to be fooled by phantom patterns.