bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XXVII. METHYLATION AND STRUCTURE OF METHANOL LIGNIN (SPRUCE)
Authors: Compton Jack , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The composition of spruce methanol lignin prepared by the action of anhydrous methanol-hydrogen chloride on spruce meal was found to vary with the temperature and time of extraction. The reaction mixture contains two products, having methoxyl contents of 21.6 and 24%, respectively. Higher temperatures and longer time of heating favor formation of the latter. Long continued extraction of the crude methanol lignin with ether removed the second product (OCH3, 24%). This showed that this was a true "ether-soluble" fraction, but it was not found possible to isolate the pure methanol lignin (OCH3, 21.6%) by this process. The two substances can be separated either by solvent extraction or, as now shown, by use of 8–10% sodium hydroxide. Methylation of methanol lignin with dimethyl sulphate and alkali gives rise to the formation of new hydroxyl groups, the extent of the changes increasing markedly with rise in temperature of methylation and with increase in concentration of alkali used.A methanol lignin (OCH3, 22.3%) on repeated methylation yields a methylated lignin containing 37.2% methoxyl. Degradation during methylation is restricted by the use of acetone as solvent and only a slight excess of alkali (5–10%) at 20 °C. The results indicate the necessity for caution in the interpretation of data based on methylation experiments involving the use of alkali, and point to the presence of heterocyclic oxygen rings, non-furane in type, as part of the lignin structure. When refluxed for 48 hr. with 65 % aqueous methyl alcohol containing 9% sulphuric acid, ether-insoluble methanol lignin (OCH3, 22.3%) yielded a product with methoxyl content 21.3% which decreased to 20.9% when the product was treated for a further 52 hr.
DERIVATIVES OF SUBSTITUTED SUCCINIC ACIDS: II. THE CONVERSION OF αα′-DIARYLSUCCINAMIDES INTO DIARYLACETIC ACIDS
Authors: McRae John A. , Conn William R. , Platt Kenneth J.
Published: April 2011

p-Methyl-, p-chloro- and p-bromodiphenylsuccinamides have been prepared, and their behavior toward alkaline sodium hypobromite under the conditions of the Hofmann reaction has been investigated. The three amides yield as principal products p-methyl-, p-chloro- and p-bromo-diphenylacetic acids. It may be concluded that this behavior is characteristic of αα′-diarylsuccinamides.
THE NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF ACETYL-ORNITHINE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The tap-roots of Corydalis ochotensis were found to contain a relatively large amount (10%) of an amino-acid, the chemical examination of which disclosed it to be the hitherto unknown mono-acetyl-d-ornithine. Although acyl and aroyl derivatives of amino-acids have long been recognized as animal catabolites, such derivatives do not appear to have been previously observed as plant anabolites.
THE INFLUENCE OF PENETRATION IN THE ALKALINE DELIGNIFICATION OF WOOD
Authors: Larocque Gerard L. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The effect of various factors that might possibly influence the penetration of soda liquor into spruce wood has been examined. It was found that the rate of delignification was the same irrespective of the size of the sample, from a wood-meal of 0.005 mm. particle size up to a limiting chip thickness of about 10 mm. The density of the wood had no influence on the delignification other than that which would be expected from the higher original lignin content of the more dense wood. The presence of moisture in the chips was without result other than that of diluting the liquor, and the addition of wetting agents for facilitating the penetration rate was without significant effect.
STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: III. THE CHANNEL PROCESS—PRODUCTION FROM PYROLYSIS WASTE GASES
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

The waste gases obtained during the pyrolysis, in baffled metal tubes, of 70:30 propane-butane mixtures at temperatures between 800° and 850 °C., with the object of producing liquid aromatics, have been used to produce carbon black in an experimental channel plant. The hydrocarbon mixture if utilized directly to produce carbon black yielded up to 4.9 lb. per 1,000 cu. ft. When the mixture was subjected to pyrolysis about 33 lb. of liquids (23 lb. in the gasoline range) was produced, while the off-gas yielded 5.4 lb. of carbon black. Yields of carbon black up to 10 lb. per 1000 cu. ft. were obtained with lower yields of liquid. Experiments on synthetic gas mixtures showed that the olefines were largely responsible for the production of carbon black from the pyrolysis off-gas. A large number of tests on rubber indicated that the carbon reinforces rubber in a manner as good as or better than that of the commercial gas blacks at present used in the rubber industry.
A FURTHER STUDY OF THE PRETREATMENT OF WOOD IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Corey A. J. , Calhoun J. M. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The study of the pretreatment of wood has been continued. Wood-meal was heated in buffer solutions at constant temperature for periods of time up to 96 hr. This extreme pretreatment was found to cause the formation of a substance which is determined as lignin by the ordinary methods of analysis. It was found that wood, heated in a buffer solution at pH 3 for 36 hr. at 140 °C., could be completely delignified, though at a reduced rate of pulping. Jack pine is shown to give results similar to those obtained with spruce. A physical agglomeration of the lignin particles is proposed as an explanation of the results.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS OXIDE ON A SILVER CATALYST
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Folkins H. O.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of nitrous oxide on a silver catalyst has been investigated. The rate of the reaction can be expressed by the equation[Formula: see text]It may therefore be concluded that the nitrous oxide is slightly adsorbed by the catalyst, while oxygen is fairly strongly adsorbed and retards the reaction. Added oxygen affects the reaction in the manner predicted by the rate equation, in contrast to its behavior on a platinum catalyst as previously found by Steacie and McCubbin.
THE REACTION OF DEUTERIUM ATOMS WITH METHANE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
Authors: Steacie E. W. R.
Published: April 2011

Using the Wood-Bonhoeffer method, an investigation has been made of the reaction of deuterium atoms with methane at temperatures up to 500 °C. Owing to the difficulties involved in poisoning the walls to prevent atom recombination at high temperatures, the atom concentration was very variable. The results are therefore only approximate, but they serve to establish definitely the presence of a reaction at the temperatures under investigation, and enable the estimation of the activation energy of the reaction[Formula: see text]viz., 12.9 ± 2 Kcal. This is in good agreement with values obtained in other investigations.
THE OCCURRENCE OF "MOTTLED ENAMEL" OF TEETH IN ALBERTA AND ITS RELATION TO THE FLUORINE CONTENT OF THE WATER SUPPLY
Authors: Walker Osman James , Spencer Elvins Yuill
Published: April 2011

A partial survey of the Province of Alberta shows that mottled enamel of the teeth in a mild form is endemic in several parts of the province, especially in the area surrounding Lethbridge and in the area south of Red Deer. From an examination of more than 250 samples of water from different parts of the province, a relation has been found to exist between high fluorine in the water supply and the prevalence of mottled enamel.
HYSTERESIS OF WATER VAPOR ON CELLULOSE: INFLUENCE OF AIR
Authors: Walker F. , Campbell W. Boyd , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The amount of water sorbed from vapor by cellulose which had been previously dried was compared with that retained in equilibrium with the same atmosphere by the same sample after having been saturated. The difference between the two values was constant regardless of the presence of air within the limits 10−2 to 10−5 mm. air pressure.
THE HEATS OF WETTING OF CELLULOSE BY ALCOHOLS AND THEIR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Morrison J. L. , Campbell W. Boyd , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The heats of wetting of dry cotton cellulose by several pure and aqueous alcohols have been measured for the first time. The rate at which the wetting occurred was also determined. The results indicate a preferential sorption of water from the aqueous alcoholic solutions. This conclusion is supported by similar measurements in experiments in which absolute alcohols were allowed to wet cellulose containing various amounts of previously adsorbed water.
THE PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE SOLUTION
Authors: Spinks J. W. T. , Taube H.
Published: April 2011

Insolation of carbon tetrachloride solutions of chlorine dioxide initiates a thermal decomposition, the magnitude of which may exceed that for the photoreaction with low light intensity. This thermal decomposition is inhibited by keeping the solutions at 3 °C. or by adding water.In contradiction to the findings of other investigators, it is found that chlorine and oxygen are not the only products of photodecomposition. As products of the photodecomposition of chlorine dioxide at the wave-lengths 3650 and 4360 Å, the oxides Cl2O, Cl2O6, and Cl2O7 as well as chlorine and oxygen appear. The quantum efficiency at λ 3650 Å is 2, and at 4360 Å, 1.In the unsensitized decomposition, concentration effects are observed which are greatly decreased when the solutions are stirred.In the bromine sensitized decomposition with 5460 Å, there is less chlorine monoxide but relatively as much Cl2O6 and Cl2O7 formed as in the unsensitized reaction.In the sensitized decomposition the quantum yield is independent of the concentration of chlorine dioxide, but depends on the light intensity. The observed quantum yield for the sensitized reaction is 0.2 to 0.3.Mechanisms for the photo-reactions have been proposed.
THE DELIGNIFICATION OF WOOD BY STRONG ALKALINE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Lusby G. R. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The delignification of wood by means of sodium, potassium, and lithium hydroxides has been determined with alkaline concentrations from 1.4 to 14.3 molar, and at temperatures from 120° to 180 °C. A small-scale experimental technique was used by means of which the time, temperature, and concentration variables could be closely controlled.It was found that delignification increased with concentration. A 2.9 M solution reacted about twice as fast as a 1.4 M solution of sodium hydroxide at 160 °C. The difference in rate of reaction is less for solutions of concentrations of 2.9 and 4.5 M. Potassium hydroxide of 1.4 M concentration reacts only slightly more readily than sodium hydroxide of the same concentration, but the difference in reaction rate becomes more marked with increase in concentration. Lithium hydroxide reacts much more slowly than either of the other two hydroxides. There is a marked increase in reaction rate with increase in temperature. A ten degree rise in temperature somewhat more than doubles the rate of delignification. The rate of reaction is considerably diminished by the presence of sodium chloride or of reaction products in the cooking liquor.
THE SYNTHETIC PRODUCTION OF OAT VARIETIES RESISTANT TO RACE 6 AND CERTAIN OTHER PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF OAT STEM RUST
Authors: Welsh J. N.
Published: April 2011

At the present time, oat varieties that are classed as resistant to Puccinia graminis Avenae Erikss. & Henn. are only resistant to a certain number of the ten physiologic races. With the object of combining in a single variety resistance to as many races as possible, a cross was made between the varieties Hajira Strain and Joanette Strain. Hajira Strain is susceptible to Races 4, 6, 8, and 10, and Joanette Strain to Races 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The latter variety gives an indeterminate reaction to Races 5 and 10. Both parents are susceptible to Races 6 and 8.From this cross 93 pure lines were obtained. Under greenhouse conditions, 71 were resistant at the seedling stage to Race 6 at 60° F. At 65°–70° F., approximately one-third of these were resistant to Race 6, one-third semi-resistant, and one-third susceptible. At more advanced stages of growth, namely, fifth-leaf, boot, and heading, representative lines from each of these classes were resistant to Race 6 at 60° F. At 65°–70° F. all showed regional resistance: at the fifth-leaf stage, the tip end of the uppermost leaf only was susceptible; at the boot stage, numerous pustules were present on the uppermost node and internode but the remaining parts were free from infection; at the heading stage, only one or two fairly large pustules occurred on the uppermost node or internode.Six lines that were consistently resistant to Race 6 at 60° F. and 65°–70° F. were tested at the seedling stage at 60°, 65°–70° F., and 75°–80° F., to Races 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10. At the low and intermediate temperatures, these lines were resistant to the nine races. At the high temperature, they were susceptible to Race 6, gave an indeterminate reaction to Races 1, 4, and 5, and were resistant to all the other races.Under field conditions, six lines classed as resistant at 65°–70° F., five classed as semi-resistant, and four as susceptible, were tested to Race 6. All these lines behaved similarly: infections of a semi-resistant type appeared on the uppermost internodes, while other parts of the plants were free from infection.The standard varieties used as checks, namely, Hajira Strain, Joanette Strain, White Russian, and Victory, were susceptible to Race 6 in all the greenhouse experiments, and, with the exception of White Russian, in the field test. In the latter test, White Russian was semi-resistant.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN POTATO VIRUS DISEASES
Authors: Putnam Donald F.
Published: April 2011

This paper is an account of an investigation into the identity of a hitherto undescribed mosaic disease of President potato. Both a mild and a severe form of the disease were observed, but both forms were characterized by a yellow mottling not found in the previously reported potato mosaics.The mild form of the disease has been shown to be caused by a single virus, while the severe form is due to a combination of this virus and one of the vein-banding" group. Because of the yellow color associated with the symptoms produced on a number of host plants, the name "yellow mottle" is proposed for the newly described virus.The "yellow mottle" virus of President mosaic has been compared with the "mottle" and "ringspot" viruses from rugose mosaic, both as to behavior under certain physical and chemical tests and with respect to the symptomatological reaction of a number of solanaceous host plants.Tabulated results of the differential property studies are given, and descriptions of the symptoms caused by each of the three viruses on eight different host plants are presented.From these studies it is concluded that the newly described "yellow mottle" virus is distinct from both "mottle" and "ringspot", but it is closely related to the "X-virus" or "latent virus" group.
RESISTANCE OF WINTER WHEATS TO HESSIAN FLY
Authors: Foster W. R. , Jeffery C. E.
Published: April 2011

Stage of growth at the time of the spring emergence of the Hessian fly appears to account for the differential resistance of varieties of winter wheat at Saanichton, British Columbia. Varieties more advanced in growth appear to be more resistant or freer from infestation than varieties less advanced. There was a positive correlation (r = + 0.84) between the number of days to maturity and infestation, and a negative correlation (r = − 0.63) between the height of the wheat and infestation on April 1, about the time the fly emerges.The varieties of winter wheat grown on the Dominion Experimental Station at Saanichton, B.C. showed culm infestation as follows: (i) Practically free from infestation (0–4%) Dawson's Golden Chaff O. 24, Dawson's Golden Chaff (O.A.C. 61) Kanred × Dawson's Golden Chaff, Kharkov × Dawson's Golden Chaff Imperial Amber, O.A.C. 104, Red Rock and Triplet; (ii) Moderately infested (30–80%) Crail Fife, Forty-fold, Hybrid 128, Hussar, Oro, Yanward, and Yaroslav; (iii) Heavily infested (85–100%) Albit, Golden Sun, Jenkins × Ridit, Kharkov, Marshal Foch, Martin, Ridit, Sun, Victor, White Odessa and Yeoman.Nitrate of soda, superphosphate, and a complete fertilizer broadcast or drilled had no significant effect on Hessian fly damage.
THE TREATMENT OF GLASSHOUSE SOILS WITH CHLOROPICRIN FOR THE CONTROL OF HETERODERA MARIONI (CORNU) GOODEY, AND OTHER SOIL PATHOGENS
Authors: Newton William , Bosher J. E. , Hastings R. J.
Published: April 2011

Chloropicrin in 1 cc. doses is lethal to bulb nematodes at six inches from the point of injection or within a soil volume of one cubic foot. It is also lethal to fungi. The vegetative stages are destroyed at 1:195,000, and certain sclerotia at 1:90,000.The injection of chloropicrin into greenhouse soils lowered the incidence and pathogenicity of a root-knot infection on both a summer and winter crop of tomatoes and greatly increased the yields of fruit. The chloropicrin costs $1.65 per pound or $8.50 to treat 2000 sq. ft. of soil.
EFFICIENCY IN FIELD TRIALS OF PSEUDO-FACTORIAL AND INCOMPLETE RANDOMIZED BLOCK METHODS
Authors: Goulden C. H.
Published: April 2011

Uniformity data for eight different crops were studied with the object of making comparisons of the efficiency of Incomplete and Randomized Block methods. Altogether 26 different comparisons were made.In general the Incomplete Block method gives increases in efficiency, such increases being partially correlated with soil heterogeneity. If the field is very uniform there may be a loss in efficiency but this is rather unlikely on the average field and with careful planning of the experiment. The increases in efficiency due to the use of Incomplete Block methods would appear to vary on the average from 20 to 50%. In view of the greater adaptability of these methods to irregularly shaped fields, in addition to greater efficiency, their use can be generally recommended.The relative efficiency of Incomplete and Complete Block methods was studied in relation to the size and shape of plots and blocks. The former method gives the greatest gains in efficiency when the Incomplete Blocks are nearly square and are made up of long narrow plots.
A STUDY OF BACTERIUM GLOBIFORME CONN IN SOILS DIFFERING IN FERTILITY
Authors: Taylor C. B. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

Observations were made of the abundance of Bacterium globiforme Conn in three soils that had been subjected to different fertilizer treatments. It was found that the organism was as numerous in a soil of low fertility which had been cropped continuously for 25 years without application of fertilizer as in plots of greater crop-producing power receiving farmyard manure and artificial fertilizer. Freezing of the soil under field and artificial conditions had no significant effect on the numbers of the organism.From the soils, 110 cultures of Bad. globiforme were isolated; ten strains were studied in detail. All showed characteristic metamorphosis from rod to coccus though variations in cell size and time-rates of change were observed. The change of shape is not merely a shortening of the rod until the organism becomes spherical, but involves a swelling of the rod followed by a fragmentation leaving ovoid bodies which become cocci.
CHEMICAL WEED KILLERS: II. FACTORS AFFECTING ESTIMATION OF TOXICITY OF LEAF SPRAYS
Authors: Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Chemicals applied to annual weeds frequently gave dosage-mortality curves that were not of the usual sigmoid shape. These departures appear to be attributable to the method of application, as the spray is only partly retained by the leaves and stems. The proportion of the applied quantity of poisonous constituent retained by the plant decreases as the volume of spray is increased, and increases as the concentration of the spray solution is increased. Leaf sprays will therefore be most effective if the minimum volume of solution required for coverage is used, and the effective dosage of the chemical obtained by adjusting the concentration.A few indices sometimes used for estimating the efficacy of herbicides were compared with the mortality criterion. The number of leaves left, and the height of the living plants after treatment are of little or no value for estimating the effect of the chemical. The weight per unit area of the living plants remaining after treatment may be of some value.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY: SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR TEMPERATURE IN ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

A five-year moving average of mean temperature for the period April 1 to August 31 has a range of variation of about 4° F. over the years 1893–1933 at Edmonton and Calgary (central and southern Alberta), and Battleford and Swift Current (central and southern Saskatchewan). The general trend over the 41 years is slightly upward at the last three stations; there are also shorter irregular cycles of above- and below-average values of both mean temperature and mean daily range at all four stations. Short-term fluctuations of the former are most pronounced in April and May; those of the latter are equally in evidence in all five months. The annual averages of daily mean temperature (April 1–August 31) tend at all four stations to fall more frequently above than below the general average for the 41 years. Annual variation in monthly mean temperature is greatest in April and least in July, but the mean daily range is as variable for the summer as for the spring months. There is a fairly close correlation between the annual variations in mean monthly temperature at the four stations, but no significant association between the mean temperature of successive months at the same station. Below-average monthly temperatures tend to be associated with above-average precipitation, particularly in July and August.During 1916–1933, the intra-monthly variation of both daily maximum and minimum is greatest in April and least in July and August. Within any of the five months, the daily maxima are more variable than the minima. There is a significant correlation between the daily maxima and minima within months (which however diminishes progressively from April to August), and between the mean maximum and mean minimum of April, May and August in different years. The frequency distributions of the 18 years' daily maxima and minima have individual characteristics for each of the five months, which show a generally similar seasonal trend at the four stations. Seasonal trend in the daily range is much less than that in the mean temperature.The hourly temperature at Swift Current, averaged over four years, attains its maximum at 3 p.m. in all five months studied. The hour of average minimum varies from 6 a.m. in April to 4 a.m. in June. In each month the hours with below-average are in excess of those with above-average temperatures, but this inequality is more pronounced in spring than in summer. The mean of the daily maximum and minimum may sometimes deviate considerably from the mean of the 24 hourly observations.
HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON: III. CROSSING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Johnson L. P. V. , McLennan A.
Published: April 2011

Crossing technique is discussed with respect to coincidental flowering of parental plants, emasculation, bagging, tagging, marking, collection of pollen and pollination.Data are presented which demonstrate that stigmas of emasculated wheat florets retain their receptivity, and may be successfully pollinated, a week or more after the normal time of flowering. It is also shown that wheat and Agropyron pollen may be stored under room conditions for a day or two without appreciable reduction in viability. These points are discussed in relation to crossing technique.
OVERWINTERING OF CERTAIN CEREAL PATHOGENS IN ALBERTA
Authors: Foster W. R. , Henry A. W.
Published: April 2011

Helminthosporium sativum, Fusarium culmorum, Ophiobolus graminis, Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides, Wojnowicia graminis, Erysiphe graminis, Tilletia caries, and Tilletia foetens readily overwinter under natural conditions at Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The first five of these overwinter at Edmonton in both spore and vegetative stages and are highly resistant to cold. Even in a non-hardened condition several of them survived severe frost. Young germ tubes of H. sativum for instance continued growth after being frozen solid overnight. Fresh agar cultures of H. sativum, F. culmorum and O. graminis grew vigorously after exposure to sub-zero temperatures. Agar cultures of H. sativum and F. culmorum were viable after a 17-day exposure to temperatures ranging from about 0° F. to —50° F.Conidia of H. sativum proved less resistant to freezing and thawing than to continuous freezing. They survived longer than conidia of F. culmorum and F. graminearum. Mycelia of all foot-rot fungi grown on sterilized barley seeds were viable in one case after three months of continuous freezing, and in another after 40 alternate freezings and thawings. H. sativum and F. culmorum growing in soil survived 61 alternate freezings and thawings.H. sativum, F. culmorum and L. herpotrichoides, retained their viability more readily on the soil surface than when buried at depths of from 2 to 12 in. Well aerated soil seemed to favor the survival of H. sativum, although other factors besides aeration probably are involved. Strains of H. sativum from high latitudes were not better adapted to low temperatures than strains from lower latitudes.The bunt fungi, T. caries and T. foetens, are shown to be capable of overwintering at Edmonton in the form of mycelia in winter wheat. Infection of winter wheat from soil-borne spores may occur in western Canada, but in these experiments soil-borne spores did not survive to infect wheat in the spring.Erysiphe graminis overwinters in the perithecial stage at Edmonton. In the studies made, ascospores were differentiated in the spring, when favorable conditions prevailed and before the first infections of winter wheat were observed.
THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF LIQUID HELIUM I AND HELIUM II
Authors: Johns H. E. , Wilhelm J. O.
Published: April 2011

The refractive indices of liquid Helium I and Helium II were measured by means of a Wollaston cell. The value obtained with λ5461 Å for He I at 4.2° K was 1.0206 ± 0.0012; for He I at 2.26° K, 1.0269 ± 0.0004; and for He II at 2.18° K, 1.0269 ± 0.0004. It was also shown that the index changed by less than ± 0.00007 in passing from a point in He I to a point with the same density in He II. It was concluded, therefore, that there is no change in the molecular refractivity in passing from He I to He II.
A NEW FORM OF GAS THERMOMETER FOR USE AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Woodcock A. H.
Published: April 2011

A new form of helium gas thermometer is described, which is designed for permanent installation in low temperature equipment in order to cover the difficult region between the temperatures of liquid hydrogen and of liquid helium. The device departs radically from the usual gas thermometer practice by having the volume of gas which remains at room temperature considerably larger than that of the thermometer bulb proper. It is shown theoretically that by this means the sensitivity, as compared with that of an ordinary gas thermometer with the same initial pressure and temperature, is greatly increased at the lowest temperatures. Thus it is possible to construct a thermometer which is sufficiently sensitive in the region below 20° K. to read temperatures to within 0.1° with the aid of an ordinary mercury manometer, and yet have a pressure only of the order of one atmosphere at room temperature. An experimental test has shown that the device is entirely practicable.
WATER AND WATER-ALCOHOL INJECTION IN A SUPERCHARGED JAGUAR AIRCRAFT ENGINE
Authors: Kuhring M. S.
Published: April 2011

Tests have been carried out in order to determine the effect of water injection on the operation of a full-scale aircraft engine. A Jaguar Mk IV supercharged aircraft engine was used and quantities of water as great as 83 lb. per 100 lb. of fuel were injected. As would be expected, the use of water permitted large gains in power without increase in cylinder temperature and apparent detonation. An increase of approximately 90 b.hp. was obtained. Quite appreciable cooling of the air-fuel charge was noted. The specific fuel consumption remained the same or slightly better with injection. From the results it would appear that alcohol does not improve the operation of the engine appreciably, although tests were conducted only at full rich mixtures.
THE ISOLATION OF GUAIACOL FROM WASTE SULPHITE LIQUOR
Authors: Léger Frank , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

not available
THE STRUCTURE OF LIGNIN
Authors: Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

not available
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE D'ACER SACCHARUM : III. ACTIVITÉ DES AMYLASES DE LA SÈVE D'ÉRABLE
Authors: Bois Elphège , Nadeau Aristide
Published: April 2011

not available
LINOLEIC ACID AND ITS ISOMERS
Authors: McCutcheon J. W.
Published: April 2011

Linoleic acid has been prepared from sunflower seed oil by a modification of Rollett's method. The melting point of the solid tetrabromostearic acid is placed at 115.2 °C. The boiling point, specific gravity, iodine value, and refractive index of the ethyl ester and the melting point of the free acid were determined. Linoleamide was prepared, and its melting point is placed at approximately 58 °C. Through rebromination of the prepared linoleic acid, the isomeric liquid tetrabromostearic acid was isolated, and is described. Its reduced acid is shown to be identical with that derived from the solid isomer. From these data and additional data from the literature, it was concluded that bromination and debromination cause no cis-trans isomerization, and that the two pairs of optically active enantiomorphous bromo derivatives exist, not because of their derivation from different acids, but rather because of the four asymmetric carbon atoms which they contain. Therefore, only one naturally occurring linoleic acid is at present known which is identical with that produced through reduction of the tetrabromide that melts at 115.2 °C. or the corresponding liquid derivative. No attempt is made to assign any particular cis-trans configuration to this acid, or to exclude the theoretical existence of three others.
THE REACTION OF OXYGEN ATOMS WITH METHANE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Parlee N. A. D.
Published: April 2011

The reaction of oxygen atoms, produced by the discharge tube method, with methane has been investigated at temperatures from 30° to 330 °C. The products of the reaction are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water. Ethane is absent. The activation energy is approximately 8 Kcal. It is concluded that either(a) The reaction postulated by Norrish[Formula: see text]does not occur to any great extent, or(b) The reaction[Formula: see text]has an activation energy greater than 11 to 12 Kcal.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STRUCTURE OF DISTYRENES
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

Dehydration of αγ-diphenylbutyl alcohol with potassium bisulphate yields 1,3-diphenyl-3-butene which can be oxidized to β-phenylpropiophenone. This 3-butene isomerizes on standing to a crystalline 1,3-diphenyl-1-butene which forms a dibromo-derivative and gives benzaldehyde and hydratropic aldehyde when ozonized. If αγ-diphenylbutyl alcohol is dehydrated with 20% sulphuric acid, it also yields 1, 3-diphenyl-3 butene, but this isomerizes to 1,3-diphenyl-2-butene from which acetophenone is obtained on oxidation.Staudinger's proof of the identity of the pyrolytic distyrene with 1,3-diphenyl-3-butene is not valid since αγ-diphenylpropane, present with the distyrene, produces β-phenylpropiophenone when oxidized.
THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM-BASE SULPHITE-LIQUOR COMPOSITION ON THE RATE OF DELIGNIFICATION OF SPRUCE WOOD AND YIELD OF PULP
Authors: Calhoun J. M. , Cannon J. J. R. , Yorston F. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The rate of delignification of resin extracted spruce wood-meal in magnesium base sulphite liquor has been determined at 130 °C. over the concentration range 0.5 to 4% combined, and 2 to 10% free, sulphur dioxide. The rate of reaction is roughly proportional to the concentration of free sulphur dioxide when the combined is constant, but decreases with increase in the concentration of combined when the free is constant. The relation of the rate of delignification to the liquor composition cannot be expressed by any simple equation of the type:[Formula: see text]where K and n are constants. The rate of cooking is somewhat greater in magnesium base sulphite liquor than in calcium base liquor of the same mole percentage composition.The yield of pulp at any given lignin content is independent of the free sulphur dioxide over the whole concentration range, but increases with increase in the concentration of the combined to a maximum at about 3%, and decreases at slightly higher concentrations. When the concentration of combined sulphur dioxide is greater than 1% the yield of pulp obtained from magnesium base cooks is slightly higher than that from corresponding calcium base cooks.
THE MERCURY PHOTOSENSITIZED DECOMPOSITION OF ETHANE: III. THE REACTION IN THE PRESENCE OF ADDED DEUTERIUM
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Alexander W. A. , Phillips N. W. F.
Published: April 2011

The mercury photosensitized reactions of ethane-deuterium mixtures have been investigated. The products of the reaction were separated by low-temperature fractional distillation, and the deuterium content of each was determined. It was found that the methane produced was highly deuterized, while the residual ethane was only slightly deuterized. Propane and butane were also considerably deuterized. It is concluded:(a) That rapid exchange of methyl radicals and deuterium atoms occurs, as previously suggested by Morikawa, Benedict, and Taylor;(b) That ethyl radicals are rapidly exchanged in a similar way;(c) That the reactions[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]do not occur to any great extent, and hence the low quantum yield of the reaction cannot be ascribed to re-formation of ethane.
THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: III. PROPANE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of propane has been investigated over a temperature range from 551° to 602 °C. The limiting high pressure first order rate constants are given by[Formula: see text]The first order rate constants fall off strongly with increasing percentage decomposition, and the rate decreases with decreasing pressure in a manner similar to the rate decrease in the decomposition of the butanes.Analyses of the products of reaction at various stages show them to be independent of temperature over the range examined, but to be affected by the initial pressure. This effect is undoubtedly due to the secondary hydrogenation of some of the initial products. The analytical results are in excellent agreement with those of Frey and Hepp.
A STUDY OF THE DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN A BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND BY PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETRY
Authors: McFarlane W. D. , Sutherland A. J.
Published: April 2011

A comparison has been made of the determination of vitamin A in cod-liver oils and concentrates of vitamin A by means of (a) extinction coefficient measurements at 3280 Å, and (b) photoelectric colorimetry. Both methods are shown to yield results of equal accuracy, but with cod-liver oils special precautions have to be taken in the preparation and purification of the unsaponifiable fraction. No significant difference was found between the means of the quotients, blue value/E value, for low potency cod-liver oils and those for concentrates.The estimation of vitamin A by direct spectrophotometric measurements before and after its destruction by intense ultra-violet irradiation has been investigated. The conditions are described which permitted the complete destruction of vitamin A in a concentrate with apparently no significant effect on the other absorbing constituents of the oil except carotene. The residual absorption after irradiation amounted to about 5% of the initial absorption. With cod-liver oils the values obtained by this method are 20 to 30% lower than those obtained by absorption measurements on the unsaponifiable fraction. The results obtained with the concentrate indicate that a correction may be applied which reduces the discrepancy to about 10 to 15%.
CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF WHEAT AND BARLEY IN RELATION TO BREEDING
Authors: Neatby K. W. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

High yielding varieties of wheat and barley have a marked tendency to be constitutionally low in protein content. While varieties characterized by moderately high yield and high protein content are known, it is doubtful whether the maximum possible yield can be combined with maximum possible protein. The problem of breeding hard red spring wheats is complicated by this relation, while breeding soft wheats and low protein malting barleys is simplified.
STUDIES ON RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KÜHN.: III. RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN PATHOGENICITY
Authors: Sanford G. B.
Published: April 2011

Pathogenicity tests on potato stems were made of 133 isolates of Rhizoctonia Solani Kühn. Of these, 114 were from random sclerotia on random tubers from four fields, 13 from lesions on potato stems, and 8 from single basidiospores. A number of tests were made in the laboratory at 17° and 23 °C., in two contrasting types of artificially infested, unsterilized, virgin soil, which was maintained at optimum moisture content for disease expression.More of the isolates were pathogenic in the infertile podsol soil than in the fertile black loam. Eighteen per cent of the isolates were of virulent rank in the latter soil, in contrast to 34% of them in the former one.Indications from the study were that, under average soil conditions, approximately 20 to 50% of the isolates of R. Solani from sclerotia on random tubers may be assigned to the zero and marginal classes of pathogenic rank. The data also indicated that certain isolates were inherently very deficient in pathogenicity to potato stems, while others characteristically possess a high degree of virulence. Thus, with regard to the effect of soil type and racial differences in pathogenicity, it would appear that the results of this study help to explain why the stems of a high percentage of plants from sclerotia-infested sets often escape with little or no infection under field conditions.
INFLUENCE OF AIR TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE SUBSEQUENT TO FLOWERING ON THE NITROGEN CONTENT OF WHEAT
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Marquis wheat plants were grown in soil in the greenhouse under uniform conditions until the flowering stage, when six differential treatments, viz., 15, 20 or 25% soil moisture in combination with a diurnal air temperature cycle of 45–70° or 55–80° F., were imposed.The effect of the higher air temperature in increasing nitrogen content through accelerated respiration was evident in grain collected when in the early dough stage (about 50% dry matter). By the late dough stage there were also significant differences attributable to soil moisture under both temperature regimes. However, the nitrogen content of the completely ripe grain was practically the same for all six treatments. This is attributed to a retardation of maturity by both increased soil moisture and lower air temperature, which would permit additional dissipation of carbohydrate through prolonged respiration, and also possibly to differences in the extent of tillering.Compensatory effects of this magnitude would hardly be expected under field conditions, but might occur on a reduced scale, thus increasing the difficulty of correlating nitrogen content with meteorological observations.
QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS: I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Taylor C. B.
Published: April 2011

Soil microbiological research has been directed for the most part towards a study of processes in which micro-organisms are known to participate rather than towards an objective study of soil micro-organisms themselves. While organisms concerned with known processes have been given much study, relatively little attention has been paid to groups of bacteria whose functions are as yet unknown or but little understood, but which are believed to comprise a very large proportion of the micro-population of arable soils. A review is made of investigations based on the biological, as contrasted with the biochemical (or functional) approach to soil microbiology. Qualitative studies of the general soil microflora are regarded as essential to a better understanding of microbiological activity in soil and its relation to practical problems of crop growth, soil borne plant diseases, and general soil fertility.
STUDIES ON FOOT- AND ROOT-ROT OF WHEAT: VI. METHODS OF SECURING INFECTION OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS FOR STUDY IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS
Authors: Broadfoot W. C. , Tyner L. E.
Published: April 2011

The two foot-rot diseases of wheat caused by Helminthosporium sativum P. K. & B. and Fusarium culmorum W. G. Sm. were studied in nutrient culture solutions instead of in the usual substrates of soil or sand. The most satisfactory results were obtained by first germinating the grains in a specially designed tray, then securing infection of the young plants by adding inoculum to the tray, after which the seedlings were transplanted to the nutrient culture solution. Infection of the seedlings was distinctly increased when sucrose was added to a nutrient solution infested previous to the time of transplantation. Infection was less satisfactory when the seed was immersed in a spore suspension, dried, and germinated on the tray. Very unsatisfactory infection was secured by adding a spore suspension in water, with or without sugar, to the nutrient solution at the time of transplanting the seedlings. Inoculating the seedlings with a spore suspension by means of a hypodermic needle produced practically no infection. Length of shoot, and particularly the dry and the green weight of the entire plant were reliable quantitative criteria for the evaluation of disease. The first method indicated appears to offer several important advantages in that the degree of infection can be controlled.
FRACTIONATION OF NITROGEN IN DEVELOPING WHEAT KERNELS
Authors: McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Total nitrogen in developing wheat kernels was fractionated to give non-protein nitrogen and three protein fractions. Each fraction was hydrolyzed and analyzed for amide and arginine nitrogen.All fractions increased in amide and decreased in arginine nitrogen during kernel development. The main portion of the water-soluble protein is static in nature, and is considered to play no part in the metabolism of the endosperm proteins. The trend, with time, of amide in the two other protein fractions (soluble and insoluble in normal potassium iodide) was closely parallel to the trend of amide in non-protein nitrogen. The chemical nature of each of the gluten fractions in flour from the most insoluble to the most soluble is determined by the chemical nature of successive portions of the non-protein nitrogen in the wheat kernel at progressive stages of maturity.
THE NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN ALFALFA HAY CUT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH
Authors: Clarke M. F.
Published: April 2011

Analyses were made of alfalfa hays cut at six different stages of growth during the course of one growing season. For the determination of the soluble forms of nitrogen encountered in this study, the method developed by Wasteneys and Borsook for the fractional analysis of incomplete protein hydrolysates was applied. This procedure ensured the securing of more definite information concerning the exact gradations of protein synthesis and breakdown than is obtained by the usual amino and amide nitrogen determinations.The data for total nitrogen show a relatively steady decrease with advancing maturity of the harvested material. Also, the second and third cuttings of hay exhibit a distinctly higher total nitrogen content than the first cutting.Total soluble nitrogen tends to exhibit considerable fluctuation throughout the growing period. Cuts made later in the season show a progressive decrease in the proportionate amounts of this fraction. Particularly striking is the finding that, in all cuttings, total soluble nitrogen tends to be present in very large amounts during the early part of flowering.Results obtained from the application of the method of Wasteneys and Borsook make possible the presentation of a relatively clearly defined pictur of protein synthesis and degradation throughout the growing period. These data further strengthen the assumption that the period between bud formation and the commencement of flowering represents a very critical stage in the life history of the plant.
THE APPLICATION OF SEROLOGICAL METHODS TO THE DIFFERENTIATION OF CLOSELY RELATED SMUT FUNGI
Authors: Beck E. C.
Published: April 2011

Serological methods were applied in an attempt to differentiate a number of closely related members of the family Ustilaginaceae. The results of two series of reciprocal precipitin-ring tests showed that different genera and species of the same family were satisfactorily differentiated by this technique; so also were compatible cultures of the same species, where no detectable differences existed, other than the necessity of the haploid counterparts being brought together on the appropriate host plant to induce the diploid phase, and subsequent infection of the host. A parent culture and its mutant that were different morphologically but alike in their pathogenicity, were the only ones that could not be differentiated by this technique. Reciprocal absorption tests were applied to these two fungi, but the powder of either culture absorbed the antibodies of both from the immune sera. Optimal proportions of antigen and antibody were determined, but could not be applied in absorption tests because of the dilution of antisera. Agglutination tests were attempted but were unfruitful.
HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON: IV. FURTHER CROSSING RESULTS AND STUDIES ON THE F1 HYBRIDS
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

Results are given of hybridization work involving 27 Triticum forms and 18 Agropyron species. Only two Agropyron species, A. glaucum and A. elongatum, crossed successfully with Triticum. Several hundred F1 plants have been obtained.Hybrid seeds varied greatly in size; some were deficient in endosperm, others lacked the embryo. Seed germination and seedling nutrition were materially aided by use of 2 to 5% glucose solutions.In general, Agropyron characters tended to be dominant in inheritance, particularly in crosses involving A. elongatum. The dominance relations for important characters are: Agropyron dominance in perenniality, vegetative vigor, and extent of mature root; partial Agropyron dominance in general morphological type, shattering of rachis, adherence of glumes to seeds, and winter hardiness; intermediate inheritance in texture of mature root, size of seed, rigidity of leaf, and leaf pubescence.A method of root extraction is described in which plants are grown in special containers that permit reasonably normal root development and greatly facilitate extraction.F1 plants of crosses involving A. glaucum are completely sterile, while in A. elongatum crosses a fair proportion are moderately fertile. Chromosomal associations and relative proportions of functional and non-functional pollen are discussed in relation to fertility.The more important results from similar work in Russia are outlined and discussed in relation to present results and future prospects of the investigation.