bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removing Castro
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie cugan revolution of late 1958, when Fidd Castro marched into Havana and overthrew the old dictator Fulgcncio Ilatista, was a curiosity. Castro’s alkgiann:s at the time were by no nu:ans clear: his later claim to long-standing .i\farxist-Lcninist sympathies was n:trospcctivc. He had come to power as the only available leader of a broadly based coalition, having received some support rrom liberal opinion in the United States. 1 lowever, this support dispersed as Castro dashed with U.S. economic interests and showed no interest in elections. 1t was reared that Cuba would ffigger similar uprisings throughout the Americas and so e.,tend Soviet influence. As l,atin America was the United States’ narnral sphere of influence, any communist foothold :ippcarcd :ls Ml :iffront. \\1icn the foothold w:is Cuh:i. so dose to the coast of Floricb, :md perso1ulized hy such <l charismatic and homhastic figure :ls Fidel. the :iffront w:is all the g-rc:iter.
A C’risis Managed
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Kennedy iiad aciiieved his con: political objective of removing the mis siks. By avoiding making Castro the issue, it was easier to agree to a deal that n:quin:d a promise not to invade Cuba. If the OVl.Hhrow of Castro had been the issue, he would have found it more difficult to hack down. It was this, as much as the more often quoted ksson of allowing Khru shchev t(l “save race,” that made the final deal possible. Moscow was never in any doubt about what was required, the only question was what could they extract llom \Vashington in return. 1r the crisis had been concluded in less or a panic, then the actual deal might have served as the roundation ror a more general reassessment or American relations with Cuba.
The Sino-Soviet Split
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie missile crisis stn:ngthcncd Kennedy personally. His approval ratings in opinion polls, hdow 60 percent prior to the crisis, now shot up to 76 percent. The November ckctions had given the Democrats a net gain of four scats in the Senate and a net loss of four scats in the House. They had been hdpcd by Cuba hut hindered by Kennedy’s firmer commitment to civil rights. America’s international position also appeared smmger. Kennedy soon saw the crisis as a possible mrning point, the conclusion or a period in the cold war that had begun with S’purnik 1 in late 1957, when Khrushchev boasted that the world’s correlation or rorces was mov ing in communism’s direction. Five years later, the contradictions within the \Vcstcrn cnnp, the military tedmology of the Soviet Union, :md the opportunities in the undenkvdoped world Jud all turned into dis:ippomt ments for Khrushchev. Kennedy wondered whether the “glow” Jud gone out of the “bubble ... the concept of communism as Ml :ilmost meviuhlc development in history.”‘ During 1963 he ceruinly found Khrushchev more accommodating, hut this was not soldy heciuse of Cuh:L The Kremlin’s postcrisis appraisal or its strategic choices became bound up with the developing Sino-Soviet dispute. Indeed, the missile crisis’s greatest geopolitical signilicance may lie in its aggravation or the rracture in the communist alliance.
Counterinsurgency
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Where kennedy really wanted fkxihk response was not at the nuclear or conventional kvds, but with counterinsurgency. He disliked and feared nuclear weapons and sought measures that would pn:vcnt them from being used. By contrast, he found special forces and counterinsurgency fas cinating and was convinced that they represented the future way of war. 1 le was also convinced that Khrushchev took the same view. The clinch ing evidence was round in a short section or a long speech given on 6 January 1961, two weeks be(ore Kennedy’s inauguration.
The Influence of Laos
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

It ilas neen claimed that when confronting the various options for Viet nam presented to him in November l 961 Kcnm:dy “turned his back on the route toward a negotiated scttkim:nt.”1 Given what we know about Kcrnu:dy’s rcadim:ss to enter into negotiations on Ikrlin, Laos, and even Cuba, such a posture in this case would have been surprising. In fact Kennedy demonsffated the same interest in a negotiated outcome over \’ietnam. 1t is important, however, to clariry what he saw to be the role or negotiations in such conllicts.
Sabahaddin Bey and His Leaque of Private Initiative and Decentralization, 1905–1907
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

Following the so-called majority’s failure in staging a coup d’état with the help of the British in 1902 and 1903, its leader, Sabahaddin Bey, assumed a low profile for almost two years. As we have seen, Edhem Ruhi and Abdullah Cevdet could not induce Sabahaddin Bey to work with them. Apparently the prince had no desire to work with members of the old CUP organization and thus adopted a wait-and-see policy before launching a new campaign against both the Ottoman government and the coalition. In the meantime he became interested in the doctrine of Science sociale.
The 1907 Congress of “Ottoman Opposition Parties”
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

Following the CPU’s merger with the Ottoman Freedom Society,1 the new CPU and the two other main opposition organizations, namely Sabahaddin Bey’s League of Private Initiative and Decentralization and the Dashnaktsutiun Committee, organized a second congress of “Ottoman opposition parties” in order to unite all of these organizations in a program of revolutionary action. Although this meeting, which the organizers labeled a “congress,” took place after the merger, the CPU central committee in Paris, now renamed the CPU External Headquarters, had in fact taken the first initiatives and had worked toward a congress on its own during the early negotiations. It was only during the final preparations for the gathering that the CPU External Headquarters received feedback from the CPU Internal Headquarters in the form of an approval of its action.
Conclusion
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

The 1908 Young Turk Revolution even though not a popular constitutional movement, was a watershed in the history of the late Ottoman Empire. It not only put an end to the long-lived Hamidian regime, but also identified an ancien régime in Ottoman politics in the strongest terms and attempted to replace old institutions and policies with new ones. Abdülhamid II’s carefully created regime, refined and revamped by its founder over more than three decades, simply vanished from the scene, and no one who possessed any weight in politics, even among the opponents of the CUP, either defended it or yearned for its return. The Young Turk Revolution not only established a new power center in Ottoman politics, namely the CUP, but also gave rise to a dynamic opposition that disputed the political program of the CUP. Another result of the revolution was the gradual creation of a new governing elite, which had consolidated and cemented its control over the Ottoman civil and military administration by 1913.
Time Sampling Diary: An Ecological Approach to the Study of Emotions in Everyday Life Situations
Authors: Brandstaätter Hermann
Published: November 2023

Following the flow of a person’s daily activities over a long period of time is not just difficult, it is virtually impossible. A person moving around all the time, pursuing simultaneously several goals, entering inaccessible private settings, protecting thoughts and feelings against unwanted detection by partners in interactions or from observers—, all this makes observation and recording extremely cumbersome. As a viable substitute, we may rely on people’s narratives, accepting their reconstruction of their experience from memory. No doubt, narratives are important sources of information on people’s lives. They can extend over long periods of time, are flexible with respect to the variety of topics and settings, and provide a structure of personal meaning by relating single events and actions to the world-view, leading strivings, and action plans of a person. There is, however, a long way from real life to the subjects’ narratives and from there to the researcher’s reconstruction of a life history or some part of it. Much imaginative and creative transformation is going on, the conditions and rules of which are not well understood yet (Berscheid, 1994).
Optimism
Authors: Scheier Charles S , Carver Michael F
Published: November 2023

Optimists are people who expect good things to happen to them; pessimists are people who expect bad things to happen to them. Folk wisdom has long held that this difference among people is important in many, if not all, aspects of living. Folk wisdom is not always accurate. However, this particular belief has received much support in contemporary research. As we describe in this chapter, optimists and pessimists differ in several ways that have a big impact on their lives. They differ in how they approach problems and challenges, and they differ in the manner—and the success—with which they cope with adversity.
Setting Goals for Life and Happiness
Authors: Locke Edwin A
Published: November 2023

I begin with the egoistic premise that one’s highest moral purpose is the achievement of one’s own happiness. I am basing this on the philosophy of Ayn Rand (for an overview, see Gotthelf [2000]; for the validation, see Peikoff [1991]; Rand [1957, 1964]). In this chapter I will discuss some guidelines for achieving happiness, focusing primarily on psychological issues. I will assume a requisite political context of freedom. Totalitarian dictatorships and, to a considerable extent, “benevolent” dictatorships disallow the freedom to think and to act on the basis of one’s thinking, and thus prevent the individual from acting to achieve the values that make happiness possible.
Women in Intimate Partner Violence: Major Advances and New Directions
Authors: Dutton Mary Ann , El-Khoury Mai , Murphy Megan , Somberg, Rachel , Bell Margret E
Published: November 2023

Understanding women in intimate partner violence (IPV) is necessary for developing ecologically valid and effective interventions to prevent further harm and to reduce the harm already incurred. Most of this chapter focuses on women’s response to IPV, although we also include a section addressing women’s own use of violence. Recognizing women as both victims of IPV and agents in the use of violence against their partners is complex, both politically and scientifically. Consideration of violent acts alone fails to do justice to the complex terrain of intimate partners’ interactions, since most forms of violence can have quite different meanings depending on the social context. For example, when one partner initiates physical assault or a verbal threat and the other responds in kind, the two acts may differ in terms of the level of motivation to control or dominate the partner, injury, and fear or other psychological reactions by the partner. Assessing violent acts in ways that distinguish very different contexts is a noteworthy scientific challenge.
Partner Violence and Children
Authors: Jouriles Ernest N , McDonald, Renee , Skopp Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Physical violence between partners in the context of an intimate relationship (referred to in this chapter as partner violence) is a prevalent problem in the United States (Schafer, Caetano, & Clark, 1998; Straus & Gelles, 1990; Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). Although women may be the most obvious victims of such violence, it has become increasingly clear that the impact of partner violence extends to children as well. In fact, children of battered women (women who have experienced frequent and severe partner violence) appear to be at considerable risk for a wide range of adjustment difficulties (Jouriles, Norwood, McDonald, & Peters, 2001; Margolin, 1998; Wolfe & Korsch, 1994). Given the large number of children in the United States projected to be exposed to partner violence, there is a growing concern about the effects of such violence on children (Holden, Geffner, & Jouriles, 1998). In this chapter, we discuss several key aspects of the empirical literature on partner violence and children. We first review some of the epidemiological findings on partner violence and children, including estimates of the number of children in the United States exposed to partner violence. We then review findings suggesting that children’s exposure to partner violence is associated with short- and long-term adjustment difficulties. The focus of our chapter, however, is on gaps in our knowledge pertaining to children’s exposure to partner violence. These include the disconnect between studies on the prevalence of partner violence and those on the link between partner violence and child problems, the lack of knowledge on processes linking partner violence with child problems, and the dearth of research on interventions for children in families characterized by partner violence.
A Relational Perspective on Depressed Children:Family Patterns and Interventions
Authors: Kaslow Nadine J , Jones Claudia A , Palin Frances
Published: November 2023

Childhood depression is a growing public health problem. Despite the fact that depressed children are overrepresented among high utilizers of health care services (Glied & Neufeld, 2001), few of these young people receive the appropriate mental health services (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). Depressive symptoms and associated deficits in biological, cognitive, affective, and interpersonal functioning can skew normal development and may result in significant short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Depression is on the in- crease among young people (Burke, Burke, Rae, & Regier, 1991), a finding attributable to an interaction of genetic and environmental factors (Gershon, Hamovit, Guroff, & Nurnberger, 1987). Changing familial and societal trends create increased stress on children and reduce available coping resources, thereby resulting in more depressions among children. As such, depression does not reflect a problem with the child, but rather is a disorder that is embedded within a social context. Not only does depression run in families, but family dynamics and adverse family environments may be associated particularly with the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms and disorders in prepubertal children (Duggal, Carlson, Sroufe, & Egeland, 2001; Harrington, Rutter, & Fombonne, 1996). In addition, a child’s depression significantly impacts the family system. Further, protective factors within the family system can reduce a child’s risk for depression and can be associated with a more positive course and prognosis for a depressed child. Thus, family interventions may be ideally suited for depressed youth and their families. Of course, these interventions must take into account contextual influences.
Toward Culturally Centered and Evidence-Based Treatments for Depressed Adolescents
Authors: Bernal Guillermo , Saez-Santiago Emily
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss issues involved in considering culture and ethnicity in treatments. We present some of the recent developments in mental health within a framework that incorporates culturally sensitive criteria and aims to strengthen the ecological validity of treatment and intervention studies. Also, we discuss recent findings concerning depressed adolescents in Puerto Rico to reflect on the next steps in developing and evaluating culturally centered family interventions for this population. Our primary goal in this chapter is to contribute to the identification ‘‘of treatments that work for whom and under what circumstances, and why, to aid in improving mental health services and reducing disparities in mental health care’’ (p. 46), a recommendation of the recent National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) report ‘‘Translating Behavioral Science into Action’’ (National Advisory Mental Health Council’s Clinical Treatment and Services Research Workgroup, 2000).
The Role of Play in the Recovery Process
Authors: Raynor Carol M
Published: November 2023

My personal experience in working with children in Missouri after the flood of 1993 reaffirmed my conviction that children gain some control over their lives after disaster through play. Virginia Axline, pioneer in play therapy, developed the theory that repetitive play helps children cope with trauma and change in their lives (Axline, 1969). Quite recently, Karen Olness (1999), a pediatrician with 30 years of experience working with children who have escaped wars or natural disasters, has emphasized the importance of play in refugee camps. The stress relief afforded by play is a priority when working with children, according to Olness, along with concerns for malnutrition and dehydration.
Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

This book presents the statistical methods that are useful in the study of molecular evolution and illustrates how to use them in actual data analysis. Molecular evolution has been developing at a great pace over the past decade or so, driven by the huge increase in genetic sequence data from many organisms, the improvement of high-speed microcomputers, and the development of several new methods for phylogenetic analysis. This book for graduate students and researchers, assuming a basic knowledge of evolution, molecular biology, and elementary statistics, should make it possible for many investigators to incorporate refined statistical analysis of large-scale data in their own work. Nei is one of the leading workers in this area. He and Kumar have developed a computer program called MEGA, which has been sold for about $20 to over 1900 users. For the book, the authors are thoroughly revising MEGA and will make it available via FTP. The book also included analysis using the other most popular programs for phylogenetic studies, including PAUP, PHYLIP, MOLPHY, and PAML.
In Search of a Theory of Aphasia Therapy
Authors: Basso Anna
Published: November 2023

The Purpose of this Chapter is to propose a working model of a theory of aphasia therapy. However, I will argue that, for the time being, a theory of aphasia rehabilitation that can explain known facts and predict new ones is beyond our reach, and a conscious effort to collect meaningful and organized data is a necessary prerequisite. To define the word theory is not easy. A theory comprises the general principles of a science, a system of ideas explaining something; it should account for the existing data and predict outcomes that have not yet been tested. A theory gains support as the predictions made are confirmed and it loses support when its predictions are not confirmed, making it necessary to revise the theory or develop a new one. Aphasia therapy has not progressed sufficiently to support the development of a fully articulated theory of aphasia rehabilitation. Mitchum et al. (2000), for instance, write, “In our view, it is premature to attempt to propose a theory of therapy, especially in light of the limited detail presented in the models of language processing that are available” (p. 312). However, merely collecting data and refining models of language processing will not lead to the foundation of a theory. Empirical data and detailed models are of assistance in formulating a theory, but an important body of empirical data and sufficiently detailed models (at least for single-word processing) are already available.
Severe Aphasia and Pragmatics
Authors: Basso Anna
Published: November 2023

Thus far the Level of Pragmatics has been neglected. The modern use of the term pragmatics can be traced back to Charles Morris (1938) and his syntax-semantics-pragmatics trichotomy. tax refers to the study of the relations among signs, semantics to the study of the relations between signs and the objects they refer to, and pragmatics to the study of the relations between signs and their users.
The Argument for the Originalist Approach to Judicial Review
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

The practice of judicial review involves, centrally, the Court interpreting the Constitution in the course of resolving constitutional conflicts. What approach to the interpretation of the constitutional text, among the approaches that have been recommended to it, should the Supreme Court follow? What approach to constitutional interpretation should inform the practice of judicial review?
Constitutional Adjudication: Law and Politics
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

I left a question hanging at the end of chapter 6: With respect to which indeterminate constitutional directives regarding rights or liberties, if any, does the minimalist approach to the specification of constitutional indeterminacy make sense? In chapter 9, in partial response to that question, I suggested that although the minimalist approach to the specification of the reasonableness directive represented, or arguably represented, by section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment makes good sense, the minimalist approach to the specification of the antidiscrimination directive of section I is ill advised: The proper question for the Court is not whether, depending on where one stands in the religiously and morally pluralistic American political community, one can reasonably conclude that this or that trait is relevant to a person’s status or worth as a human being, but whether the trait is, in the Court’s own view, relevant.
The Interaction of Passive, Causative, and “Restructuring” in Romance
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

As Aissen and Perlmutter (1983:390ff) observed, in “clause reduction” contexts the object of the embedded verb should quite generally become the subject of the matrix verb when the latter is passivized. This is indeed the case in Spanish, with such verbs as terminar and acabar ‘finish’ (cf. (1) and (2), their (P32) and (P33)), but is, unexpectedly, not possible with the majority of”clause reduction” triggers (see, for example, (3) and (4), their (P36) and (P37)): This is all the more surprising as the embedded object has no difficulty in becoming the matrix subject in the corresponding “se-passives.”
Enclitic Subject Pronouns in the Romance Languages
Authors: Salvi Giampaolo
Published: November 2023

On the basis of these and other syntactic facts, he claims that in French, subject pronouns are phonological clitics: in the syntax they occur in subject position and are therefore in complementary distribution with lexical subjects (cf. (2b,c)); when lexical and pronominal subjects apparently co-occur, as in (2a), the lexical subject is in reality left dislocated, and only the pronoun occupies the subject position. Thus, in the case of DPs that cannot be left dislocated (e.g., some negative quantifiers), the co-occurrence of lexical and pronominal subject is barred (cf. (2d,e)). Furthermore, Rizzi claims that in the Northern Italian dialects considered here, the subject pronouns are syntactic clitics: they are generated as part of Inflection and can freely co-occur with a lexical subject in subject position (cf. (1 a,d)); as part of the verbal inflection, their expression is obligatory (lb,e), but they represent a strong agreement type, so the subject position may remain unfilled (lc).
Understanding the Lake-Groundwater System: Just Follow the Water
Authors: Webster Katherine E , Bowser Carl J , Anderson Mary P , Lenters John D
Published: November 2023

The availability, quality, and flux of water within and among compartments of the hydrologic system shape lake ecosystems. The hydrologic template for northern Wisconsin was set about 10,000 years ago when the glaciers retreated and left behind a thick layer of glacial drift dotted with kettle lakes, the remnants of ice blocks. The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) lakes in northern Wisconsin are among the thousands that make up one of the densest lake districts in the world; water covers 12% of the land surface in the Northern Highlands (Fig. 2.1). A striking feature of this population of lakes is the rarity of stream connections and the apparent hydrologic isolation of many lakes. In reality, this surface perspective hides a second legacy of the glaciers, that is, the conductive sands deposited so many years ago that form the matrix for saturated groundwater flow that links lakes across the landscape. Despite their surficial abundance, these kettle lakes in northern Wisconsin constitute less than 5% of the total water moving through the lake-groundwater system. These lakes are but a small, visible outcrop of the larger volume of water that moves through the landscape. Groundwater is the dominant flowpath that links lakes and that has provided a central organizing theme for understanding long-term change and temporal behavior of the multitude of lakes in the region.
Making Sense of the Landscape: Geomorphic Legacies and the Landscape Position of Lakes
Authors: Kratz Timothy K , Webster Katherine E , Riera Joan L , Lewis David B , Pollard Amina I
Published: November 2023

At first thought, one might expect that lakes within a lake district, such as the Northern Highlands Lake District, would be relatively similar to one another. These lakes were formed by the same processes, share a similar geologic setting, have access to the same regional species pool, and experience nearly identical climate and weather. Yet, our experience suggests that lakes that are within a few hundred meters of each other can differ dramatically, not only in average values of individual variables but also in the dynamics of these variables. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to these differences provides insight into the relative importance of the various processes influencing lake characteristics and dynamics. In this chapter, we explore how landscape-level processes lead to predictable spatial patterns in some lake characteristics. In short, we try to understand how location in the landscape provides a basis for predicting general relationships among lakes. We attempt to make sense of the landscape.
Lakes as Islands: Biodiversity, Invasion, and Extinction
Authors: Arnott Shelley E , Magnuson John J , Dodson Stanley I , Colby Alison C C
Published: November 2023

Lakes are like islands (Fig. 4.1), that is, they can be thought of as islands of water surrounded by large areas of inhospitable land (Barbour and Brown 1974, Keddy 1976, Magnuson 1976). Because of the island nature of lakes, theories that have been developed for islands and island-like habitats may also apply to lakes (MacArthur and Wilson 1967, Gilpin and Hanski 1991, Gotelli and Kelley 1993). Given the relative isolation of islands, these theories emphasize the importance of regional population processes, suggesting that the number of species that occupy a habitat is a function of processes that control immigration as well as extinction of local populations. On the basis of these theories, we expect species composition in lake-islands to be dynamic in nature, that is, the species present at any given time will be influenced by the immigration of new species and the extinction of some species previously established in the lake.
Generalization from Intersite Research
Authors: Riera Joan L , Kratz Timothy K , Magnuson John J
Published: November 2023

A hallmark of the Lter network is that it provides the data, the expertise, and the infrastructure to encourage scientists studying diverse ecosystems to seek ecological principles. In attempting to understand similarities and differences among disparate ecosystems (forests, grasslands, deserts, lakes, estuaries, and so on), we are led to ask new and unorthodox questions. Given the scope of LTER data sets, these questions necessarily place emphasis on temporal and spatial variability, address issues of scale, and are informed by nonequilibrium concepts. If we ask the right questions, the reward is ecological synthesis through greater generality, greater integration, and new levels of understanding. The challenges are to transgress disciplinary boundaries, migrate concepts and theories, and compare patterns and trends associated with disparate ecosystems and landscapes (Allen and Hoekstra 1992, Picket et al. 1994).
Breaking the Data Barrier: Research Facilitation through Information Management
Authors: Benson Barbara J , Hanson Paul C , Chipman Jonathan W , Bowser Carl J
Published: November 2023

Complex questions, interdisciplinary collaboration, analyses over larger spatial and temporal scales, and pressing issues for policy makers have generated a need for sophisticated information management for ecological research projects. The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program funded by the National Science Foundation represents a paradigm shift for information management (Fig. 13.1). Under the old practices, a scientist’s data might reside in poorly documented files in paper or electronic form that often would become unusable upon his or her death or departure. The magnitude of effort required to assemble data sets such as these across investigators, disciplines, and scales often has meant that access to the data was, and in many cases still is, a major barrier to synthetic research. Under the LTER paradigm, information management has been an integral part of the research process. This shift in the importance of information management was driven by the scope of the research and by the recognition that LTER data would be an invaluable resource for scientists in the future if the data were managed well. Significant advances in computer and information technology accelerated this shift. The network of LTER information managers has been playing a central role in defining for the ecological community what constitutes good information management (Ingersoll et al. 1997, Michener et al. 1998, Michener and Brunt 2000).
The Road to Entropy
Authors: Clausius Rudolf
Published: November 2023

The history of thermodynamics is a story of people and concepts. The cast of characters is large. At least ten scientists played major roles in creating thermodynamics, and their work spanned more than a century. The list of concepts, on the other hand, is surprisingly small; there are just three leading concepts in thermodynamics: energy, entropy, and absolute temperature.
The Scientist as Magician
Authors: ClerkMaxwell James
Published: November 2023

“There are three ways of learning props [propositions]—the heart, the head, and the fingers; of these the fingers is the thing for examinations, but it requires constant thought. Nevertheless the fingers have fully better retention of methods than the heart has. The head method requires about a mustard seed of thought, which, of course, is expensive, but then it takes away all anxiety. The heart method is full of anxiety, but dispenses with the thought, and the finger method requires great labor and constant practice, but dispenses with thought and anxiety together.” This is James Clerk Maxwell offering advice, characteristically concise, cryptic, and profound, to his young cousin Charles Cay. We can translate by identifying the fingers as memory and technique, the head as reason, and the heart as intuition.
Physics and Friendships
Authors: Meitner Lise
Published: November 2023

So far, we have met twenty-two of the great physicists. Have you wondered how entertaining it would be to spend a few hours with one of them in casual conversation? Might Newton be too neurotic to engage in a satisfying conversation? Might Einstein be too detached? Heisenberg too formal? Rutherford too loud? Faraday too busy? Maxwell too ironic? Boltzmann too distracted? Schro¨ dinger too self centered? About our next subject, Lise Meitner, you would have no such reservations. An evening spent with her would be pleasant and stimulating. She was good company.
Beyond the Galaxy
Authors: Hubble Edwin
Published: November 2023

Edwin Hubble was a man with grand aspirations, and to a remarkable degree he attained his goals. As a pioneer in the observation of realms lying beyond our galaxy, he became the preeminent astronomer of his time, and indeed of the twentieth century. His astronomical observations gave us the first glimpse of our modern cosmology based on a universe whose space is expanding. He married into a wealthy southern California family, and counted among his friends many from the California intellectual elite.
Introduction
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

Geostatistical tools are being increasingly used for the modeling of petroleum reiservoirs and yet the theoretical descriptions of those tools, case studies, and tradecraft details are widely dispersed in a variety of technical journals, books, and software not all related to petroleum geostatistics. This work aims at collecting that dispersed information into a handbook for production geologists, reservoir geophysicists, and reservoir engineers involved in building and using numerical reservoir models.
Cell-Based Facies Modeling
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

Facies are often important in reservoir modeling because the petrophysical properties of interest are highly correlated with facies type. Knowledge of facies constrains the range of variability in porosity and permeability. More­ over, saturation functions depend on the facies even when the distributions of porosity and permeability do not. This chapter presents cell-based approaches to modeling facies.
Evolutionary Importance and Pattern of Phenotypic Plasticity: Insights Gained from Development
Authors: Frankino W Anthony , Raff Rudolf A
Published: November 2023

Phenotypic plasticity in morphological traits is fundamentally a developmental phenomenon; developmental pathways are expressed differently in response to specific environmental factors to produce continuously varying traits or discrete, alternative phenotypes. Although the study of phenotypic plasticity currently enjoys a renaissance in evolutionary biology, it is generally considered a substantially less interesting topic in developmental biology (Raff 1996) for two reasons. First, the goals of developmental biology are largely concerned with determining how proximate mechanisms regulate and integrate trait ontogeny and how alterations of these mechanisms produce changes at a macro evolutionary scale; developmental biology seldom considers how proximate mechanisms generate the phenotypic variation among individuals that is important in microevolution. Second, phenotypic variation among individuals, especially environmentally induced variation, is usually viewed as noise in developmental studies-something to be minimized when the research goal is to understand the proximate mechanisms regulating ontogeny. Consequently, the organisms chosen as models of development share several characteristics and are raised in ways that may generate bias, suggesting widespread conservation of developmental mechanisms across taxa and typically canalized development that generates invariant phenotypes within taxa (Bolker 1995; Grbi and Strand 1998). Such perceived absence of developmental (phenotypic) plasticity in the laboratories of developmental biologists, coupled with a lack of focus on variation among individuals, may have contributed substantially to the lack of information on, or even interest in, the proximate bases of plasticity.
Deep Play
Authors: Turner Mark
Published: November 2023

EARLY in April of 1996, my wife and I arrived, curious and invisible, at a research institute we intended, as prospective residents, to study. A small place, about two hundred people, and relatively remote, it was its own world. We were intruders, professional ones, uninvited and unannounced, but also practically unnoticed, since the Institute for Advanced Study’s annual purge of most of its population and replenishment with fresh recruits makes it a gathering of inter-changeable anonymities. Their status, the only one necessary, is that they are “at the Institute.” To all appearances, we were at the Institute, too, where outsiders, to a comfortable degree, become insiders exactly by being there. Uninvited visitors have no place in this world, so there are few signs to direct them, but the pattern of the Institute buildings is conventional, and the receptionist, conditioned to look right through anything resembling an absent-minded professor, dealt with us as though we were not there. Nobody greeted us, but nobody scowled or said anything unpleasant to us either, and that was fine.
Measurement in Health Psychology Research
Authors: Smith Timothy W
Published: November 2023

Health psychology has always held the promise of both a methodologically rigorous basic science and applications for the improvement of health and well-being. Early in the development of the field, book-length discussions illustrated convincingly that scientifically sound approaches to measurement were essential in health psychology’s basic and applied agendas (Karoly, 1985; Keefe & Blumenthal, 1982). With increasing methodological sophistication, there has been remarkable progress in fulfilling this dual promise of health psychology (Smith, Kendall, & Keefe, 2002; Smith & Suls, 2004).
Personality, Disease, and Self-Healing
Authors: Friedman Howard S
Published: November 2023

Why do some people become sick, whereas other seemingly similar people remain healthy or quickly recover from disease? Is it true that people with “hurry sickness” suffer heart attacks, and worriers develop ulcers, and shy people face cancer? Is relaxation an elixir, and will having a smile on your face make you live longer? The relationships among individual differences, disease, and health have been investigated scientifically for more than 100 years, and many thousands of findings have been reported. The general verdict (subject to numerous exceptions and qualifications) is that a person who is chronically irritated, depressed, hostile, impulsive, bored, frustrated, lonely, or powerless is indeed more likely to develop illnesses and to die prematurely than is someone who generally feels emotionally balanced and effective, is in a satisfying job, has stable and supportive social relationships, and is well integrated into the community (Booth-Kewley & Friedman, 1987; Cohen & Williamson, 1991; Friedman & Booth-Kewley, 1987; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988; Kiecolt-Glaser, Glaser, Cacioppo, & Malarkey, 1998; Miller, Smith, Turner, Guijarro, & Hallett, 1996; Repetti, Taylor, & Seeman, 2002; Smith & Gallo, 2001). Yet the various efforts to measure and characterize such people have often led to a muddle of weak and hard-to-replicate findings.
Uncertainty, Variability, and Resource Allocation in the Health Care Decision Process
Authors: Kaplan Robert M
Published: November 2023

Health psychology has played a tentative role in the enterprise of health care. Health psychologists have concerned themselves with how patients adapt to illness or how psychological factors might contribute to a medical diagnosis (Friedman, 2002; Sarafino, 2002; Taylor, 1999). They have also studied how diagnosis affects mood, cognitive functioning, and other psychological variables. It is typically assumed that diagnoses are correct and that all patients placed in diagnostic categories should receive treatment. Considerable effort has been devoted to training patients to adhere to physician orders or instructions. It is assumed that physician orders describe the most likely path to positive patient outcomes. Rarely has the patient’s perspective been given equal consideration. For example, health psychology devotes insufficient attention to whether treatment results in improved health, damaged health through side effects, or reduced financial resources, or to how patients can gain equal partnership in decisions concerning their medical care.
Beam
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

Beam is the story of the three intense years from the birth of the laser idea to its breakthrough demonstration in a California laboratory. The quest was a struggle against physics, established wisdom, and the establishment itself. It is a fascinating tale of a remarkable and powerful invention that has become a symbol of modern technology.
The laser race
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

THE RACE THAT TED MAIMAN WON to make the laser was neither simple nor easy. The starting line for the laser race was not obvious, and the course was undefined. Even the finish line—the world’s first laser beam—was not clearly defined. Such is the quest for knowledge. You don’t know where you’re going until you get there, and if the goal looks interesting, you may have a lot of company heading in the same general direction.
Introduction
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: November 2023

The literature on the three concepts named in the title of this book is vast. In this introduction, I simply provide a sketch (in§1-3) of the issues that set the scene for the chapters in the volume. My discussion is judiciously larded at appropriate points with brief references to those chapters, and each chapter is summarized in §4. In §5, I discuss the chapters in relation to each other, and then summarize some of their shared assumptions.
Follicle Development in Vitro
Authors: Spears Norah , Telfer Evelyn E , Murray Alison A
Published: November 2023

The mammalian ovary is endowed by birth or shortly after with a lifetime supply of oocytes. These oocytes are surrounded by somatic cells (forming ovarian follicles) and separated from the interstitial tissue and from each other by a basement membrane. As the ovarian follicles form, the first stage of development is called the primordial follicle. These primordial follicles are in a resting stage, with oocytes surrounded by flattened somatic cells. Between 1 and 2 million primordial follicles are contained within the human ovary at birth. A small proportion of these is continually leaving the resting pool and starting to grow, although only a tiny percentage of these will grow to maturity and release their oocytes for fertilization: the fate of most follicles is to undergo follicular atresia and die (usually during the later stages of development). Growing follicles are characterized by an increase in oocyte size, an increase in the layers of somatic granulose cells surrounding the oocyte and, later, by the formation of a fluid-filled antral cavity. Prenatal growth is slow, whereas the antral phase proceeds more rapidly. Our ability to support follicular and oocyte development in vitro has advanced greatly over recent years. Although technologies have been developed to culture the follicles of large mammalian species, including primates, the majority of this work has used rodent ovaries.
Assessment of Preimplantation Embryo Development and Viability
Authors: Sakkas Denny , Lane Michelle , Gardner David K
Published: November 2023

The need to identify the most viable embryo is of fundamental importance. In particular, human IVF clinics have faced this problem because stimulation protocols (1) generate more embryos to choose from and because of the increase in IVF-related multiple births (2, 3). Many methods have been suggested to evaluate embryo viability in both animal models and in human IVF programs. In human IVF clinics, a limiting factor is that these measurements need to be noninvasive and not time consuming. Routinely, the embryos selected for transfer are chosen on the basis of their morphology and rate of develop- ment in culture. In this chapter we discuss a series of assessment methods, which in combination will facilitate the selection of those embryos in a given cohort with the highest viability. Criteria used are the assessment of morphological markers at different stages of development at critical time points. Developmental indices include the assessment of the pronuclear stage embryo, cleavage rate, and development to the blastocyst stage. Finally, we also elaborate on more complex techniques that have proved beneficial in animal models and in the future may further assist in selection of the most viable embryos. Although the examples given in this chapter are from humans, the embryo assessment and scoring systems described can be readily adapted for different laboratory or domestic species.
Micromanipulation of Gametes
Authors: Palermo Gianpiero D , Neri Queenie V , Takeuchi Takumi , Veeck Lucinda L , Rosenwaks Zev
Published: November 2023

Since the first human birth following in vitro fertilization (IVF) in 1978, this procedure has been used extensively to treat infertility. However, in many cases of male-factor infertility spermatozoa cannot fertilize, and a number of micromanipulation techniques have been developed to overcome this inability. Micromanipulation of human gametes has not only allowed fertilization in cases of severe oligozoospermia, even by defective spermatozoa, but has provided a powerful tool for exploring the basic elements of oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early development. Micromanipulation techniques also now permit the diagnosis and sometimes even the correction of genetic anomalies, as well as optimization of implantation in certain cases.
Micromanipulation: Biopsy
Authors: Harper Joyce C , Doshi Alpesh
Published: November 2023

IVF and the biopsy of polar bodies from oocytes, blastomeres from cleavage-stage embryos, or trophectoderm cells from blastocysts followed by single cell diagnosis has enabled us to help couples who are at risk of transmitting inherited diseases to their children and to improve pregnancy rates for certain groups of IVF patients. These procedures are used in a technique called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) (1). PGD was developed in 1990 to offer an alternative treatment for couples at risk of transmit- ting an inherited disease to their offspring. The main option for such couples is to be- come pregnant naturally and undergo prenatal diagnosis between 12 and 16 weeks of pregnancy (either by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis). The main drawback of prenatal diagnosis is that if the fetus is affected by the disease, the couple have to decide whether to continue the pregnancy or terminate the pregnancy. This is obviously not an ideal option for any couple trying to have a healthy family. With PGD, the couples go through IVF so that embryos are generated in vitro, and one or two cells are removed and used for the genetic diagnosis. Only unaffected embryos are transferred, so that the pregnancy is started with an unaffected fetus. The embryo biopsy is relatively easy to perform for an experienced embryologist. However, the single cell diagnosis is a highly specialized technique and is technically challenging, even for experienced molecular or cytogenetic biologists.
Confocal Imaging of Structural Molecules in Mammalian Gametes
Authors: Simerly Calvin , Moreno Ricardo , Ramalho-Santos João , Hewitson Laura , Schatten Gerald
Published: November 2023

The fields of cellular, developmental, molecular, and reproductive biology and genetics emerged from studies on eggs at fertilization (1). These early studies relied on systems like frogs and sea urchins, in which fertilization in vitro and embryo culture occurred using simple solutions like seawater or pond water at room temperature. The recent design of methods for routinely and reliably obtaining excellent in vitro fertilization of many mammals now permits detailed experimentation on molecular and structural features of their development. These investigations have led to many important and unexpected basic discoveries including genomic imprinting (2–4); gametic recognition involving unique receptors and galactosyltransferases (5–7); atypical maternal inheritance pattern of the centrosome in mice (8, 9); both paternal and maternal inheritance of mitochondria (10); and unexpected signal transduction pathways for fertilization and cell cycle regulation (11–13), to name but a few.
Microscale RNA Isolation from Mammalian Embryos
Authors: Wrenzycki C , Watson A J , Calder M
Published: November 2023

Many different microscale techniques have been developed to study gene expression in samples of small numbers of cells or rare tissues. Gene expression analysis includes the study of RNA and protein levels. Alterations in mRNA levels are often associated with the corresponding protein level modification. Presence or absence of specific mRNAs could be associated with the presence or absence of the protein. Therefore, the use of RNA analysis techniques is directed at screening the entire RNA pool before an investigation of protein levels and synthesis.