bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Filosofia Árabo-Islâmica (Breve Relance Histórico)
Authors: Sidarus Adel ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Dans cet aperçu historique de la philosophie arabo-islamique, après avoir rappelé le mode de transmission de la philosophie et des sciences grecques dans la société musulmane, à travers notamment du mouvement de traduction surgi à Baghdad entre le IXe et le Xe siècles, nous exposons les présupposés épistémologiques qui ont présidé à la naissance des grands courants de la pensée philosophique musulmane, partant principalement des trois grandes figures que furent al-Kindi, al-Farâbî et Ibn Sînâ (Avicenne). Nous passons, par la suite, à la diffusion multiforme des idées philosophiques dans la société musulmane (milieux des lettrés et des hauts fonctionnaires, théologie scholastique, etc.) et à la réaction d'Al-Ghazâlî et du sunnisme orthodoxe, laquelle a figé pour toujours la pensée musulmane arabe, mais non iranienne, à partir du Xlle siècle. Dans ce siècle, toutefois, avec l ’iranien Sohravardi et, au XIIIe, avec l’andalous Ibn ’Arabî, la philosophie de la lumière (ishrâq) ou gnoséologie mystique, issue du monde iranien et développée un moment par Avicenne, ainsi que la mystique spéculative et cosmo-anthropologique ont connu un essor extraordinaire dont la portée et les prolongements en Iran et en Turquie doivent encore être découverts. Entre temps, la philosophie ibéro-arabe suivait un autre parcours. Ayant démarré véritablement vers la fin du Xle siècle, elle a mené à la découverte du vrai Aristote, par le grand Averroès (Ibn Rushd), et donné naissance, de la sorte, à l’aristotélisme qui a fécondé non pas la société islamique, qui entrait en déclin et se figeait au niveau de la pensée créatrice, mais l ’Europe du Bas Moyen-Âge et de la Renaissance.
Viragem para a Retórica e Conflito entre Filosofia e Retórica no Pensamento dos Séculos XV e XVI
Authors: Ribeiro dos Santos Leonel ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

La plus récente historiographie philosophique de la Renaissance ne cesse de mettre en relief l’importance qui a eu la rhétorique dans les programmes d ’études des studia humanitatis et de reconnaître comme ressort fondamental des humanistes la poursuite de l’éloquence. Cette orientation de la pensée humaniste vers la rhétorique et l’éloquence a eu une influence décisive sur toutes les manifestations de la culture et de la pensée, notamment sur la philosophie et la théologie. Dans cet article on essaye de comprendre, dans le cadre de la pensée de la Renaissance, les aspects du rapport complexe entre rhétorique et philosophie, à savoir: le projet de réduction de la philosophie à la rhétorique, poursuivi de Lorenzo Valla à Mario Nizolio; le conflit entre philosophie et rhétorique, qui a eu comme principaux protagonistes le philosophe florentin Giovanni Pico della Mirandola et l’humaniste vénitien Ermolao Barbaro, mais qui prolonge son écho dans la pensée de Vives, de Melanchthon, de Patrizi; le reculement de la rhétorique devant la nouvelle dialectique humaniste de Rudolphe Agricola et de Pierre de La Ramée. Ce long procès entre la rhétorique et la philosophie (ou entre la rhétorique et la dialectique) ne doit pas être envisagé comme un aspect de mince signification, mais comme expression même d ’un débat essentiel entre paradigmes de rationalité, qui à cette époque a atteint une notable dimension et une portée exemplaire.
Estética e Ética em Monroe C. Bearsdley
Authors: Silva Victor ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Monroe C. Beardsley is an American philosopher who argues for the relative independence of aesthetic value and moral value in the artistic field. The key concept of aesthetic experience provides the basis for his definition of artwork and much of the analysis of the value issue.
J. L. Borges: Los Precursores de Kafka por una Historiografía Literaria no Historicista
Authors: Pellejero Eduardo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

In a general way, the concept of forerunner is understood in the sense of someone who comes before another, preceding and announcing his coming; it is a category of history, its ascendant works from the past towards the future. The critic category that corresponds to it is that of “influence”. By 1951, J. L. Borges publishes a small article around certain singularities in Kafka’s work that claimed to reverse this perspective, rethinking the problem of forerunners in the dominion of literature history. Borges’s article strictly opposes to this classic conception of forerunner, almost like the nietzschean’s conception of history opposes to that of the German 19th century’s historicism. In Borges’s conception, history it’s not accomplished - it isn’t a result, a bill - , but it is played every moment, with every event. A text, an author, a work, sometimes just a new reading, are enough to realise an event able to completely resettle their essential relations. Retroactive effect of actuality over the past, the work puts in action a set of transformations that take place in literature history and are attributed to the works and the authors. In a sense, works and authors, as singularities, do not change, but became part of new series, of a new plan, of a new perspective; it is changed what it turns them exceptional, or minor, or simply irrelevant. It is in this sense that every writer create their forerunners - his labour changes our conception of the past as well as it will change the future’s - and that the historicist problem of influence can be replaced or fulfilled by a certain idea of resonance.
Contraponto. Klee e Kandinsky - Diálogos numa Terra Fértil
Authors: Mantero Ana ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Klee and Kandinsky, companions in adventure both in the world of painting and music, opened the paths of creation and built the beginning of an epistemology of art. From this intense intellectual and artistic exchange sprang a strong inspiration that heard the echoes of the cosmological order as reflected in the mysteries of nature and the sounds of the human soul. It is worth finding the counterpoint of their investigations, carefully written down at the time they taught together at the Bauhaus. Explorers of secret worlds, listeners of inaudible sounds, they discovered the profound similarities between the laws of nature and the arts.
Juízo Estético e Filologia Musical
Authors: Ferreira Manuel Pedro ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

The author defines his view of music in the Western classical tradition as an evanescent, phenomenological object dependent both on written parameters and an adequate interpretative framework. For him, this implies, on the one hand, that philological reasoning should not ignore hermeneutics (thus rejecting positivism) and on the other, that an aesthetical judgement of a historical object should aim at historical adequacy (thus rejecting subjectivism). Against current musicological undervaluation of editorial tasks, he proposes to dignify their intellectual reach, demonstrating how philological reasoning and aesthetical judgement converge in the edition of polyphonic music, namely, three songs in MS. 714 of the Oporto Public Library, recently published in facsimile (Porto, Campo das Letras, 2001), newly transcribed in the Appendix. He painstakingly describes the steps that lead to editorial corrections, interpretation of variants, suggestions of musica ficta, and text underlay in Joye’s “Poy che crudel fortuna” and anonymous’ “Hélas!, n’aray-je jamais mieux?”. Then he discusses the technical, aesthetical, and rhetorical significance of implied E-flats in “Fortune, laisse moy la vie”. The conclusion draws the reader’s attention to the fact that a good musical edition depends as much on sound philological reasoning, as on pure musicianship.
Henologia e Constituição Espiritual do Princípio
Authors: Blanc Mafalda de Faria ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Dans un premier temps, l’Hénologie, entendue au sens néo-platonicien d’une interprétation méontologique du fondement de l’étant, est présentée dans son développement historique comme une possibilité qui toujours se présente à la réflexion philosophique sur le Principe en alternative à l’Onto-théo-logie. Dans un deuxième moment, l’Hénologie est entendue comme une pensée de la génèse et de la justification de l’existence, où l’homme, compris comme liberté et action - dans la tradition spéculative de l’Idéalisme Allemand - est pris dans son rôle central comme le médiateur universel de l’esprit, le rédempteur même de l ’Absolu dans sa volonté d’existence.
Justiça e Produção de Verdade
Authors: Sardinha Diogo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Cette étude traite de l’approche foucaldienne de la psychiatrie criminelle. Elle montre d’abord comment la justice y est soupçonnée de se prononcer sur la base d’une production problématique de vérité. Elle explique ensuite comment les concepts de champ et d’engrenage contribuent à décrire l’existence de l’ordre et sa transformation dans les liens entre la psychiatrie et le système judiciaire. Enfin, elle s’intéresse au danger comme valeur cruciale pour comprendre ces liens.
Estética e Paisagem - Algumas Referências Legais
Authors: Delfino Ângela ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This paper analyses the legal treatment of the concepts of “aesthetics” and “landscape” in the areas of Zoning, Planning and Environmental Law, both in domestic and public international law. References are made to the World Charter for Nature, Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, European Landscape Convention and several Portuguese Statutes. In the absence of a common agreed definition of the terms, several proposals of interpretation are provided and discussed taking into account the relevant values of law, i.e. justice and certainty.
Hegel: Sobre o Prosaico e o Poético
Authors: Pequito Maria de Lurdes ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

À partir de l’image du chevalier de laver tu exposée dans la Phénoménologie de l'esprit de Hegel, on s’interroge sur le sens du prosaïque et de la prose du monde dans sa pensée, surtout dans le contexte des Leçons d'esthétique. Le chevalier de la vertu, sa noblesse et son aveuglement permettent de apercevoir un cours du monde dynamique dont la résolution est indifférente à la volonté singulière. Dans ses Leçons d'esthétique Hegel montre une autre dimension de cette prose du monde enregardant la peinture hollandaise comme expression d’un monde plein de sérénité et de secrets, une poésie du quotidien présente dans les détails des objects traversés par la lumière. On explore dans cet article cette apparente ambiguïté dans la pensée de Hegel.
Nietzsche et Pessoa
Authors: Braz Adelino ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

O pensamento do poeta português cruza-se com o filósofo alemão sobre o tema da busca da verdade. Criticando o dualismo metafísico e a posição de uma verdade absoluta, Pessoa retoma a transmutação dos valores par a concluir uma verdade múltipla e relativa, ou seja a linguagem do mundo como metáfora. No entanto, ao contrario de Nieztsche que admite a morte de Deus par a poder reconsiderar completamente o conhecimento e o sentido da tragédia, Pessoa limita-se a reconhecer unicamente a sua ausência. A partir dessa divergência, a metáfora apresenta-se na reflexão do poeta como um fingimen to contemplativo, abdicando assim do projecto nieztscheano de instituir a metáfora como acção criativa.
Calibration of hygrometers with the hybrid humidity generator
Authors: Meyer C W , Herman T , Miller W W
Published: September 2021

We describe here the calibration of customer hygrometers using the NIST Hybrid Humidity Generator (HHG). This generator produces humidified air with water amount fractions (water mole fractions) ranging from 1.0 10?7 to 0.57 using calibration gas flows up to 150 standard liters per minute. At ambient pressure these amount fractions correspond to dew/frost points ranging from 90 C to +85 C. The HHG may be used to calibrate instruments measuring water amount fraction, such as cavity ring-down hygrometers. It may also be used to calibrate chilled-mirror hygrometers measuring dew/frost-point temperature when an additional pressure measurement is made at the inlet of the hygrometer. Finally, the HHG may be used to provide humidified air for the calibration of relative humidity sensors in a temperature-controlled test chamber; for this, an additional temperature measurement is made in the chamber. These sensors may be calibrated over the range 2 % to 98 % for temperatures between ?34 C and 85 C. The HHG combines the two-pressure and divided-flow humidity generation methods (hence the name hybrid ). The centerpiece of the HHG is a heat exchanger/saturator that is immersed in a temperature-controlled bath stable to within 1 mK. For dew/frost-point temperatures that are above 10.3 C, the two-pressure method is employed. For frost points at or below 10.3 C, the water-vapor/air mixture is produced by mixing metered streams of moist air produced by the two-pressure method with purified, dry air. In this special publication, we describe the design of the generator and its test chamber. We also describe a series of performance and validation tests on the HHG and its test chamber and use the results of these to construct an uncertainty budget for the generator when used in two-pressure mode and when used in the divided-flow mode. These tests include measurements of temperature gradients and pressure stability in the generator under various operating conditions, and comparison of the humidity generated by the HHG to that generated or measured by the other NIST humidity standards. For dew/frost-point temperatures, the uncertainty budget yields a total expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of less than 0.025 C for dew/frost-point temperatures above 60 C. For amount fraction, the budget yields a total expanded relative uncertainty of less than 0.2 % for amount fractions above 2 10?5. For relative humidity in the test chamber, the budget yields a total expanded relative uncertainty of less than 0.3 %.
Certification of Standard Reference Material 1936 Great Lakes sediment
Authors: Bangma Jacqueline T , Ellisor Debra , Ellisor Michael B , Heckert N Alan , Hoguet Jennifer , Huncik Kevin , Ness Jennifer , Reiner Jessica L
Published: September 2021

Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1936 Great Lakes Sediment is intended for 1) use in validating calibration and validation materials for sediment analysis methods and 2) value assigning in house produced control materials analyzed using those methods. A unit of SRM 1936 consists of one bottle containing approximately 50 g of radiation-sterilized, dried sediment from Milwaukee Bay, WI, USA. This publication documents the production, analytical methods, and statistical evaluations used to characterize this material.
Mei’s symmetry theorems for non-migrated Birkhoffian systems on a time scale
Authors: Zhang Yi ,   College of Civil Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215011, China
Published: September 2021

The Mei symmetry and its corresponding conserved quantities for non-migrated Birkhoffian systems on a time scale are proposed and studied. Firstly, the dynamic equations of non-migrated Birkhoffian systems (including free Birkhoffian systems, generalized Birkhoffian systems and constrained Birkhoffian systems) on a time scale are derived based on the time-scale Pfaff-Birkhoff principle and time-scale generalized Birkhoff principle. Secondly, based on the fact that the dynamical functions in the non-migrated Birkhoff’s equations still satisfy the original equations after they have been transformed, the definitions of Mei symmetry on an arbitrary time scale are given, and the corresponding criterion equations are derived. Thirdly, Mei’s symmetry theorems for non-migrated Birkhoffian systems on a time scales are established and proved, and Mei conserved quantities of Birkhoffian systems on a time scale are obtained. The results are illustrated by three examples.
A novel low-RCS antenna array based on integration of electromagnetic metasurface and conventional antenna
Authors: Feng Kui-Sheng , Li Na , Yang Huan-Huan ,   College of Artificial Intelligence, Yango University, Fuzhou 350015, China,   Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
Published: September 2021

Aiming at obtaining low scattering antenna array, in this paper a novel method of integrating electromagnetic metasurface with conventional antenna is proposed. The theoretical analysis and practical implementation of this method are presented. Using this method, a novel antenna array is obtained by connecting partial unit cells of metasurface with transmission line and adopting coaxial excitations. In the radiation mode, the metasurface is excited and radiates effectively. Besides, the array has almost the same performance as the conventional array. In the scattering mode, this array demonstrates low in-band RCS due to the scattering cancellation of middle metasurface and other surrounding structures. Using this method, a 2 × 1 array, as an example, is designed and numerically analyzed. The results show that the array has the well-behaved radiation performance and low RCS property. The working principle of the proposed array is illustrated by investigating the current and resultant field. Further analysis also reveals the effecting law of metasurface unit cells in antenna's radiation and scattering performance. Therefore, flexible designs can be obtained to fit different requirements. Finally, experiments are conducted. And the good agreement between computations and measurements further verifies the validity of the proposed design. Moreover, the proposed method also features easy implementation and high integrity and can be extended to the designing of large scale array antennas.
Fire and Water
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with the author's experience when she presented her proposal of the floating pool to the Waterfront Committee on July 29, 2004. It recounts her meeting with the State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) in 1998 and how she convinced regulators that a floating pool was a water-dependent use. It also details how the author presented the concept of a floating pool to a panel at a Waterfront Center Conference in 2001 and discussed methods to open up urban riverfronts for recreation. The chapter mentions the influential book The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, which argued that municipal governments were no longer able to govern effectively. It talks about Jacobs' recommendation of more inclusiveness in the political and administrative processes by creating a subdivision within every public agency whose portfolio affected a locality.
The Eureka Moment
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the historic Battery Maritime Building, which contains the archives of the New York City Department of Docks (DD) that dated back to 1880. It mentions how the author sought documents in the building to confirm her theory that recreational facilities played a role in the primarily industrial New York City waterfront. It also highlights that the idea of floating baths captured the author' imagination after she proved her theory, solidifying her conviction to introduce floating baths to late twentieth-century readers through magazine articles and her book, Manhattan Water-Bound. The chapter discusses how the author's eureka moment started the twenty-seven-year-long campaign to reintroduce the floating baths to New York City and give the recreationally underserved urban public a place to swim on the city's riverfront. It details how the author convinced others of the historical appropriateness and modern-day desirability of creating a twenty-first-century “Floating Pool Lady.”
Tree-Building Algorithms and Philosophies
Authors: Brower Andrew V. Z. , Schuh Randall T.
Published: September 2021

This chapter evaluates “quantitative cladistics” in detail, including the issues of fit, parsimony algorithms, and character weighting. Although systematists have long associated characters with taxa, the relationship between character data and “phylogeny” has not always been obvious. The ideas of Willi Hennig clarified this relationship, and the formalization of these concepts in a quantitative method, via the parsimony criterion, allowed for computer implementation of phylogenetic inference and the feasible solution of previously intractable problems. It is this computational capability that took the study of taxonomic relationships from an almost purely qualitative and speculative enterprise to one dominated by the use of computer software and “objective” methodologies. The chapter then discusses the use, advantages, and disadvantages of maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques as alternative approaches to the application of parsimony.
Introduction
Authors: Wang Y. Yvon
Published: September 2021

This chapter documents the shaping power of everyday economic markets on cultural politics in China. It examines how sellers, producers, and consumers of sexual representations shifted the boundaries of what counts as erotically transgressive: in other words, which kinds of depictions of sexuality should be condemned and controlled. The chapter then asserts that, about a century ago, China and many other societies around the world entered a new and ongoing pornographic stage in the history of such boundary drawing. In China, this phase built on, but is distinct from, an earlier vocabulary of licentiousness. Ultimately, the chapter argues, from a Chinese empirical basis, that key early-twentieth-century changes in conceptions of eroticism around the world were at least as rooted in the activities of historically anonymous people making, selling, and buying depictions of desire and sexuality as they were generated by intellectual discourse, elite cultural production, and state initiatives around sexuality and media.
Commodifying Licentiousness in a Time of Flux
Authors: Wang Y. Yvon
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on material changes in print markets at the turn of the twentieth century that moved beyond the early modern challenge to yin. Between the end of the Qing Empire and the early Republican period, imported European erotic representations and domestically produced representations using state-of-the-art technologies appeared on the Chinese market. The chapter analyses how these transformations made desire itself a valid subject for open discourse and led to the globalized modern pornography. New mediums introduced new genres of sexual content. Books and images propagated the new ideas of sexual science, which was materially backed by broadening access to reliable contraception. The chapter details, however, these new genres did not displace — nor dispel the erotic charge — of older forms. Changes on the market for sexual representations were intertwined with and helped reinforce larger material and ideological developments of the era. The chapter also shows a complex market in flux, changes in the marketplace, and the ideas and representations that it made materially available. Ultimately, the chapter displays the changes in Beijing's markets for titillating media.
Sex(ology) Sells
Authors: Wang Y. Yvon
Published: September 2021

This chapter points out the persistence of early modern genres and technologies in turn-of-the-century markets for sexual depictions. It shows that existing ways of thinking about licentiousness among urban Chinese consumers, merchants, and law enforcement helped novel media content and forms take root in early twentieth-century China. The chapter focuses on the simultaneity of novel material developments and long-standing trends in the markets for and regulation of sexual representations. It also describes the distance between the letter of the law and its enforcement, arguing that grassroots law enforcement's definitions of transgressiveness directly, powerfully shaped what counted as pornographic. The chapter dissects the most dramatic example of Chinese early modern sexual culture's enduring power: its assimilation of the self-consciously modern genre of sexual science. Existing sexual discourse and print economies absorbed sexological treatises so that, in the eyes of buyers, sellers, producers, and police, sexology became difficult to separate from licentious xiaoshuo and lyric books. It then examines continuities and changes in the perceptions and lived experiences of those on the demand and supply sides of the market. Ultimately, the chapter discusses the case of Zhang Jingsheng's rebranding as “Dr. Sexology,” and the assimilation of sexology into existing markets and vocabularies for eroticism.
Introduction
Authors: Dan-Cohen Talia
Published: September 2021

This chapter takes synthetic biology as the latest permutation in a history of mutual incursions between nature and culture. It explains the “synthetic” in synthetic biology as a reference to the synthesis of new life-forms and the tenuous gluing together of disparate sorts of stuff that accompanies efforts to bring new techno-epistemic projects into existence. It also talks about concepts, rationalities, expert practices, institutions, materials, techniques, aesthetics, forms, and values as a highly curated selection of disparate stuff that is seen at a moment of extraordinary uncertainty and viewed at ethnographic close range. The chapter shows the tackiness of the glue that holds together a hastily synthesized field. It looks at various techno-epistemic practices and forms of reason with which practitioners attempt to maneuver by leveraging different relations between knowledge and intervention.
The Virtues of the Naïve View
Authors: Dan-Cohen Talia
Published: September 2021

This chapter approaches the relationship between knowledge and intervention in synthetic biology by considering the uses of ignorance among practitioners. It introduces the notion of an “epistemic wager” in order to articulate the element of conjecture at the heart of synthetic biologists' attempts to refigure relations between making and not knowing. It also argues that practitioners adjust relations between knowledge and intervention, as both means and ends on the go. The chapter takes the destabilization of knowledge in the postgenomic era to mean that the question concerning how not knowing will shape the century of biology is as pressing as the one that takes relations between knowledge and intervention as its starting point. It mentions James Collins, a prominent synthetic biologist and originator of the ground-breaking genetic switch, who mythologizes “naïveté” among an early crop of parts-based practitioners.
To the Editor
Authors: Dan-Cohen Talia
Published: September 2021

This chapter unpacks an unsuccessful attempt to publish a key paper from a highly respected peer-reviewed journal devoted to noteworthy and general scientific work. It analyzes the rebuttal from an anthropological perspective, which constitutes a rare documentary artifact of modern knowledge practices. It also explains how the rebuttal provides some insight into the ways authors read and interpret peer reviews at face value, an insight that must be filtered through some general communicative constraints. The chapter refers to the Academics in many fields, such as chemistry and synthetic biology, who write for different readers and adopt different styles and genres. It highlights fairly practiced affairs of papers, review articles, grant applications, peer reviews, tenure letters, and recommendation letters.
Epilogue
Authors: Dan-Cohen Talia
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights day-to-day hiccups and impasses on the way to synthetic biology. It looks at the overall result as a set of descriptions and analyses that are hard to assimilate into the work of objectification or into triumph of doom narratives. It also explores the question of the field's coherence as an object, an openness well-suited to a study of preliminary experimental steps in an uncertain field. The chapter reviews the choices of scope and sites in terms of the particular descriptive challenges and links the choices to broader problems of anthropological relevance. It analyzes a particular way of framing relevance, which takes the urgency of subjects and objects as its measure and has a kind of parasitic structure that further amplifies an existent ecology of relevance, urgency, and attention.
Discrimination, Advocacy, and Collective Identity
Authors: Cury Emily
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with the links between discrimination, identity formation, and minority advocacy. It examines how Muslim minorities and immigrants from disparate ethnic, national, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds think of themselves, and act, as members of a collective group with a unified set of interests. It also highlights the impact of Muslim advocacy organizations in their ability to frame and communicate a particular Muslim American collective identity. The chapter recounts anti-Muslim prejudice that has deep roots in American history and the European Orientalist discourse that has been adopted by the American nation since the inception of that prejudice. It discusses the construction of Islam as a false religion and how Muslims from around the world are racialized as Arab, non-white, and therefore biologically and morally inferior.
From the Patriot Act to the “Muslim Ban”
Authors: Cury Emily
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines counterterrorism policy as one of the major sites through which American Muslims are framed as an out-group against which American identity can be measured and defined. It cites the reading of the War on Terror that presents hate crimes, bias incidents, and discriminatory state policy as a productive discourse through which certain groups are constituted as outside the boundaries of the national community. It looks at the rise of Muslim American advocacy organizations and the domestic and foreign policy issues at the core of their lobbying efforts. The chapter covers surveillance and profiling, protection of religious freedom, Islamophobia, countering violent extremism, the Palestinian—Israeli conflict, the Arab Spring, and human rights in the Muslim-majority world. It also clarifies how US Muslim organizations navigate their entry into the policy process while negotiating their community's place in the American mosaic.
Domestic Advocacy
Authors: Cury Emily
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at some of the domestic and foreign policy issues driving Muslim American interest groups. It examines how US Muslim organizations have relied on a rights-based discourse to access the political process and make claims on the state. It also highlights the varied strategies through which Islamophobia has been framed as a civil rights issue and incorporated into the historical trajectory of the movement for minority rights. The chapter mentions that the civil rights movement proved to be a watershed moment in the history of collective claims-making in the United States, which sets the standard for what targeted groups could attain by reclaiming the very institutions that had been used to legitimize their oppression. It refers to the Constitution and Bill of Rights as among the most powerful weapons in the struggle for full citizenship rights.
Reconfiguring Local Authority Through Land Reform
Authors: Beban Alice
Published: September 2021

This chapter shows how the land titling reform worked to wrest power away from local-level officials into the hands of the central government. It talks about local officials that managed to amass land by clearing forest in expectation of the land reform, while in other areas local people mobilized to prevent the elite's capture of the reform and produce new relationships with local officials. It also examines the relationships between local state officials and their constituencies during the Order 01 land reform. The chapter reviews the leopard skin land reform, which can be seen as the prime minister's attempt to wrest control over land distribution from local authorities in upland areas. It analyzes the rural people's narratives that suggest multiple strategies local authorities and other elites used to grab land, such as clearing forestland in advance of the land survey.
Life in the Leopard Skin
Authors: Beban Alice
Published: September 2021

This chapter follows the experiences of several hundred land title recipients one year after the leopard skin campaign. It considers the ways in which the recipients living in leopard skin landscapes within agribusiness concessions use and give meaning to land title. It also reveals how the production of subjectivities through land titling is explicitly racialized and gendered heteronormatively, which has deepened cleavages of class relations in rural areas. The chapter focuses on four key benefits that the land title was expected to provide according to the discourse on land titling from international agencies and the Cambodian Ministry of Land: tenure security, poverty reduction, women's empowerment, and plantation employment. It examines the trajectories of land claimants who had land surveyed versus those who did not have any land surveyed during the Order 01 land reform.
An Ontology of Land Beyond State-Capital Formations
Authors: Beban Alice
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at successful cases in which people have reclaimed land under dispute and highlights prospects for land and property relations that move beyond the primacy of state-capital formations and the idea of a singular social contract between citizens and an unaccountable state system. It outlines an alternative feminist ontology of land that seeks to re-establish the agency of nature through building a human relationship with lands and resources beyond the imperatives of commodification. It also describes how the long shadow of the repressive state shaped how mobilization developed in Cambodia. The chapter analyzes people's attempts to hold onto the traces of the land reform by mobilizing their land titles, survey receipts, and the promises of the reform in their direct appeals to the powerful state elite. It discusses the resistance among collectives of rural people that are fractured between those who received land title and those who did not.
Fictions of Surplus
Authors: Christophers Brett , Whiteside Heather
Published: September 2021

This chapter, focusing comparatively on the Canadian and UK experiences, explores one particular component of the wide-ranging work involved in privatizing and commodifying public land: the discursive component. It turns to a context where land commodification is driven less by extra-economic force and more by the lure of economic efficiency. The chapter examines the land “fictions” or legitimizing narratives — not just about land per se but about the different types of owners it can have — to rationalize and justify the process of commodification. It reveals that the kernel of these fictions is the particular idea invoked by the state that public land is often “surplus” land, and thus free to be commodified. The chapter details how surplus labels are readied, and land released to the private sector, through techniques of (dis)incentivization, the normalization of public land disposal practices, and the transfer of authority to different actors. Ultimately, the chapter presents three main sections: some essential preparatory material, the pivotal concept of “surplus,” considering its distinctive articulation and coloring in each national context, and the ways in which these fictions of surplus are brought to life.
Rental Fictions
Authors: Teresa Benjamin F.
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with a review of twentieth-century rent regulation in New York City, which enables the section to show how the erosion of rent regulation in the 1990s paved the way for the financialization of housing in the 2000s. It shows how historically devalued lands can become new sources of profit without requiring wholesale regulatory transformation. While protective countermovements against housing market liberalization have tended to operate through an individualistic logic of consumer protection, the chapter explicates how such efforts have tacitly accepted commodity housing as an inevitable future, with the result that speculative investment in rent-regulated housing has emerged as a major growth sector. Parallel fictions of “undervalued assets” focused on core, upmarket Manhattan districts and “mismanaged assets” focused on lower-income, mostly outer-borough neighborhoods have helped financial institutions engineer the facts of rising rent. Ultimately, the chapter investigates how these narratives of undervalued assets and mismanaged resources operate as fictions driving housing financialization.
The State of Land Grabs
Authors: Hausermann Heidi , Ferring David
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates the regulatory fictions underpinning foreign investment in “small-scale” gold mining in Ghana. It explores the shifting practices and subjectivities of big men, frontmen, and secretaries who, in relation with others, mediate foreign mining. In Ghana, big men, frontmen, and secretaries are key agents who help Chinese miners procure official paperwork and concession. The chapter contributes to understandings of the state vis-à-vis land grabs by directing attention to the actual conditions under which foreigners control concessions. Detailing the shifting performances and practices facilitating foreign gold mining, the chapter reveals how unremediated mining landscapes and associated environmental impacts are enabled by fictions of mining's developmental benefits and of rational environmental regulation. It also shows how key state and nonstate intermediaries maintain both the appearance of legality as well as the fictional neutrality of the state as public servant, reproducing the historic and problematic narrative that farmers and traditional authorities “giving away land” are ignorant of existing laws.
Introduction
Authors: Agathocleous Tanya
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter introduces James Long, an Anglo-Irish missionary who was active in schoolbook production and fascinated by Bengali literature, who published A Catalogue of Bengali Newspapers and Periodicals from 1818 to 1855. As the author of this text, he was in a good position to argue, two years later, that had the British paid more heed to the discontent on view in Indian periodicals, they might have prevented the 1857 Rebellion. With such argument, the chapter unveils the impact of the 1857 Rebellion into the Press and Registration of Books Act of 1867, an official acknowledgment of the power of the Indian press, and how it metastasized into a full-fledged culture of surveillance. It investigates how politics and affect became “officially” (legally) coupled at a crucial historical juncture, and the wide-ranging effects of this coupling on politics, literary culture, and ideas of criticism. The chapter also focuses on what British administrators thought Indian affect was, how they sought to control it and the effects this had on print culture and the colonial public sphere. For this reason, the chapter uses the words “affect” and “emotion” interchangeably, reflecting the way they were used in colonial courtrooms, as prosecutors sought to find evidence and proof of disaffection. Ultimately, it analyses the way censorship influenced conceptions of the public sphere and of the politics of empire.
Parody
Authors: Agathocleous Tanya
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the relationship between three journals that circulated within the imperial public sphere which united Britain with its colonies: Punch, the Indian Charivari, a British-run magazine based in Calcutta, and Hindi Punch, an Indian journal based in Bombay and published in Gujarati and English. It analyses the overlap between colonial mimicry and colonial parody by exploring the ways that parody, inversion, and caricature, in both visual and verbal forms, played a central role in Indian responses to their representation in the British press. The chapter focuses in particular on Hindi Punch, an illustrated journal that was explicitly in dialogue with British Punch and the Anglo-Indian periodical the Indian Charivari. In its responses to racist cartoons in these journals, and in its counternarrative of contemporary political events, the chapter illustrates how Hindi Punch used parody to reveal the ways that negative affect — in the form of distrust, paranoia, and racial contempt — far from being an external threat to the colonial public sphere, was, in fact, its guiding logic.
Introduction
Authors: Fujiwara Gideon
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter sheds light on the ways in which intellectuals from diverse social backgrounds studied, imagined, and experienced a multiplicity of community, which included but was not limited to the “nation” of “Japan.” It tells the story of intellectuals on the periphery of the nation trying to secure a place for their community in a transforming Japan. The chapter also bridges the gaps between separate bodies of scholarship on nation, multilayered community, and kokugaku by demonstrating how a diverse group of intellectuals not only studied and imagined Japan as a monolithic entity, but how they studied and engaged multiple “countries” — local, national, and foreign — while experiencing the transformation of community in nineteenth-century Japan. Ultimately, the chapter takes a fresh new perspective on examining the dynamic interplay between “countries” in transition from early modern to modern times as expressed through poetry and prose, artwork, historical writing, armed combat, and the carrying out of both religious ritual and reform.
Seeing the “Country” of Tsugaru in Northeastern Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Gideon
Published: September 2021

This chapter chronicles the history of Hirosaki domain to late-Tokugawa times, charting rule by the Tsugaru clan and developments in the local politics, economy, society, and military defense of Ezo, which was inhabited by the Indigenous Ainu. Hirosaki domain represents a fascinating case of a “country” that underwent transformation within an evolving Japanese state. In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the Tsugaru family asserted its dominance over its conquered territory on the northeastern edge of Japan's main island. They ingratiated themselves with the rulers of Japan by forming political alliances. The chapter also follows the story of how two merchant-class scholars navigated history: Hirao Rosen established himself as a painter and ethnographic researcher, and Tsuruya Ariyo made his name as a poet in local literati circles. The chapter traces how these young men learned from notable teachers, while yearning for the advanced scholarship of Edo. Through their artistic and scholarly works, Rosen and Ariyo expressed visions of their local “country” of Tsugaru embedded in a larger Japan.
Hirata Kokugaku and the National Network
Authors: Fujiwara Gideon
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces Hirata Atsutane and his thought. Atsutane was a disciple of the late kokugaku scholar Motoori Norinaga, and was recognized as a “Great Man” of the same philosophical tradition. It discusses Atsutane contributions to kokugaku thought, which included new theories on spirits, the spirit realm, the afterlife, as well as the assertion of Japan's place of greatness in the world due to the favor and blessings of the gods of the Japanese pantheon. The chapter also examines the Ibukinoya academy, its succession by his descendants, and the national network of disciples. It highlights Hirata kokugaku through the lens of the Tsugaru disciples and their common interests, which included ethnographic research, attention to the north and spirits, and faith in the gods. Ultimately, it illustrates how Atsutane's concern for commoners in the “countries” as well as his religiosity drew a large following of disciples who formed a national network based around the academy. The chapter then describes the key figures and activities of disciple groups in Shimōsa, Shinano, and Akita to demonstrate social diversity within the academy.
Supporting the Restoration in War and Ritual
Authors: Fujiwara Gideon
Published: September 2021

The chapter tells the history of the Meiji Restoration in Hirosaki domain. Amid the turmoil and uncertainty of the Boshin civil war, Hirosaki domain transferred allegiance from the shogunal forces to the new government and demonstrated its loyalty to the court by fighting rival Morioka. Hirata disciple Yamada Yōnoshin (1843–68) died in this battle. This chapter examines how the Tsugaru group of kokugaku scholars impacted by the domain's decision to support the emperor. It also highlights Hirao Rosen and Tsuruya Ariyo's records on a ritual, shōkonsai (“call back the soul”), which honor the soldiers who died for the emperor. The chapter then reviews Rosen's political documents about how the Boshin War affected his domain, while celebrating Tsugaru's role in the “Imperial” victory of the new Meiji government over the defeated Tokugawa shogunate.
Modern Society and the Tsugaru Disciples
Authors: Fujiwara Gideon
Published: September 2021

The final chapter illustrates how the Tsugaru group experienced modernity in the early Meiji period, including the transformation of their “country” into a prefecture within the modern nation of Imperial Japan. The astonishing growth of the Hirata academy followed by its precipitous decline reflect failed attempts to make Shinto and kokugaku the central ideology of the Meiji state, which increasingly adopted Western thought and institutions for modernizing society. The chapter illustrates the Shinto priests' struggles to implement the state directive for the Separation of Shinto and Buddhism and to preserve a “pure” Shinto. Following Tsuruya Ariyo's death in 1871, the chapter introduces Shimozawa Yasumi (1838–96), who memorialized the legacy of the Tsugaru family and domain through commissioned histories and poetry collections. Ultimately, it looks at Hirao Rosen's life in the Imperial nation of Japan ruled by the monarch, a period beyond what the kokugaku scholars had envisioned.
In Search of Common Happiness
Authors: Jones Brad A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates how, in the absence of a shared discourse of Loyalism, Britons in the Atlantic were confronted with a crisis of identity in the late 1760s and early 1770s. Britons were reared in a shared political culture that regularly framed political controversies as a struggle between popish tyranny and Protestant liberty. This was certainly true during celebrations of the repeal of the unpopular Stamp Act, which many perceived as detrimental to the political and economic well-being of their empire. But by 1773, the inhabitants of New York City, Glasgow, Kingston, and Halifax had begun to pursue different and often competing paths in the ongoing crisis, which demonstrated the tenuous nature of popular British loyalty in the latter half of the eighteenth century. In the absence of a common shared enemy, these same subjects reverted to far more local and conflicting understandings of Britishness, which were defined most crucially by events that directly concerned their communities.