bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative and functional myology of the prehensile tail in new world monkeys
Authors: Lemelin Pierre
Published: February 2005

The caudal myology of prehensile‐tailed monkeys (Cebus apella, Alouatta palliata, Alouatta seniculus, Lagothrix lagotricha, and Ateles paniscus) and nonprehensile‐tailed primates (Eulemur fulvus, Aotus trivirgatus, Callithrix jacchus, Pithecia pithecia, Saimiri sciureus, Macaca fascicularis, and Cercopithecus aethiops) was examined and compared in order to identify muscular differences that correlate with osteological features diagnostic of tail prehensility. In addition, electrophysiological stimulation was carried out on different segments of the intertransversarii caudae muscle of an adult spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) to assess their action on the prehensile tail.

Several important muscular differences characterize the prehensile tail of New World monkeys compared to the nonprehensile tail of other primates. In atelines and Cebus, the mass of extensor caudae lateralis and flexor caudae longus muscles is more uniform along the tail, and their long tendons cross a small number of vertebrae before insertion. Also, prehensile‐tailed monkeys, especially atelines, are characterized by well‐developed flexor and intertransversarii caudae muscles compared to nonprehensile‐tailed primates. Finally, Ateles possesses a bulkier abductor caudae medialis and a more cranial origin for the first segment of intertransversarii caudae than do other prehensile‐tailed platyrrhines. These myological differences between nonprehensile‐tailed and prehensile‐tailed primates, and among prehensile‐tailed monkeys, agree with published osteological and behavioral data. Caudal myological similarities and differences found in Cebus and atelines, combined with tail‐use data from the literature, support the hypothesis that prehensile tails evolved in parallel in Cebus and atelines. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological, histochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of the salivary glands and proboscises of three species of glossiphoniid leeches (Hirudinea: Rhynchobdellida)
Authors: Moser William E. , Desser Sherwin S.
Published: February 2005

Morphological and ultrastructural features of the salivary glands and proboscises of Placobdella ornata, Placobdella parasitica, and Desserobdella picta were studied by light and electron microscopy. Chemical composition of the salivary cells was investigated using a variety of histochemical techniques. Placobdella ornata and P. parasitica have compact salivary glands with discrete pairs of anterior and posterior glands, while the salivary cells contain one mucous and three proteinaceous secretions. Salivary glands of D. Picta are diffusely arranged and contain two mucous and two proteinaceous secretions. A cobalt‐lysine forward‐filling technique revealed that individual salivary cells consist of a roughly spherical soma and an elongated ductule. The majority of the internal space in a salivary soma is densely packed with spherical secretory granules which displace the cytoplasm to the periphery of the cell. Bundles of individual ductules enter the base of the proboscis on opposite sides and extend anteriorly. The ductules, also packed with secretory granules, are surrounded by microtubules associated with agranular endoplasmic reticulum, and merge with deep invaginations of the proboscis cuticle. The secretory granules are released at the end of these invaginations or pores. Pores were found on the tip, along the body, and on the luminal wall of the proboscises in all three species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rhinokinetic snout of thamnophiine snakes
Authors: Cundall David , Shardo Judith
Published: February 2005

Radiographic and cinegraphic behavioral data, combined with anatomical evidence, indicate that the snout inNerodiaandThamnophisconsists of four movable elements (1, premaxilla; 2, paired nasals; 3, right septomaxilla and vomer; and 4, left septomaxilla and vomer), a condition we refer to as rhinokinetic. In thamnophiine snakes, movements of the snout bones allow the teeth of the right and left sides to separate further and increase the effective stroke distance of each palatomaxillary cycle during swallowing.

Histological and microdissectional analyses suggest that snout movement is keyed to the placement of the cartilaginous nasal septum and associated nasal capsules relative to the surrounding bones. The nasal septum separates the paired septomaxillae and is surrounded by loose connective tissues that extend ventrally between the vomers. The nasal capsules separate the nasal bones from the underlying septomaxillae, and also surround the anterior ends of the septomaxillae, providing a cartilaginous cushion between these bones and the premaxilla. The extraordinary rotations of the snout tip seen during swallowing in thamnophiine snakes are thus due to motion at the prokinetic joint between snout and braincase, and at all rhinokinetic joints connecting the four functional elements of the snout. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrodynamic design of the humpback whale flipper
Authors: Fish Franke E. , Battle Juliann M.
Published: February 2005

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is reported to use its elongate pectoral flippers during swimming maneuvers. The morphology of the flipper from a 9.02‐m whale was evaluated with regard to this hydrodynamic function. The flipper had a wing‐like, high aspect ratio plan‐form. Rounded tubercles were regularly interspersed along the flipper's leading edge. The flipper was cut into 71 2.5‐cm cross‐sections and photographed. Except for sections near the distal tip, flipper sections were symmetrical with no camber. Flipper sections had a blunt, rounded leading edge and a highly tapered trailing edge. Placement of the maximum thickness placement for each cross‐section varied from 49% of chord at the tip to 19% at mid‐span. Section thickness ratio averaged 0.23 with a range of 0.20–0.28. The humpback whale flipper had a cross‐sectional design typical of manufactured aerodynamic foils for lift generation. The morphology and placement of leading edge tubercles sugges that they function as enhanced lift devices to control flow over the flipper and maintain lift at high angles of attack. The morphology of the humpback whale flipper suggests that it is adapted for high maneuverability associated with the whale's unique feeding behavior. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fiber‐type composition of hindlimb muscles in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans
Authors: Laidlaw Douglass H. , Callister Robert J. , Stuart Douglas G.
Published: February 2005

A description is provided of the fiber‐type composition of several hindlimb muscles of the adult turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans. In addition, cross‐section areas of each fiber type and an estimation of the relative (weighted) cross‐section area (wCSA) occupied by the different fiber types are also provided. Seven muscles were selected for study, based on their suitability for future neurophysiological analysis as components of the segmental motor system, and on their homologies with muscles in other vertebrates. The test muscles were iliofibularis (ILF), ambiens (AMB), external gastrocnemius (EG), extensor digitorum communis (EDC), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and peroneus anterior (PA). Serial sections of these muscles were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), NADH‐diaphorase, and alpha‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α‐GPDH), thereby enabling fiber‐type classification on the basis of indirect markers for contraction speed and oxidative (aerobic) vs. glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolism. All muscles contained three fiber types: Slow oxidative (SO; possibly including some non‐twitch tonic fibers); fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG); and fast glycolytic (Fg). There were at least 30% FOG and 50% FOG + Fg fibers in the seven muscles, the extreme distributions being the predominantly glycolytic ILF vs. the predominantly oxidative FDL muscle (ILF—15.5% SO, 35.2% FOG, 49.3% Fg vs. FDL—49.1% SO, 41.1% FOG, 9.8% Fg). As in other species, the test muscles exhibited varying degrees of regional concentration (compartmentalization) of the different fiber types. This feature was most striking in ILF. Pronounced compartmentalization was also observed in AMB, EG, PA, TA, and EDC, whereas the distribution of fiber types in the highly oxidative FDL was homogeneous. In five of the seven muscles, fiber size was ranked with Fg > FOF > SO. In terms of wCSA, which provides a coarse‐grain measure of the different fiber types' potential contribution to whole muscle peak force, all muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross‐section area than suggested by their corresponding fiber‐type composition. The largest relative increases in wCSA vs. fiber‐type composition were in the ILF and AMB muscles. We conclude that the turtle hindlimb provides some interesting possibilities for testing for a division of labor among different muscles during different movements (e.g., sustained vs. ballistic), and for study of the behavior of the different fiber (and motor unit) types under normal and perturbed conditions. The relationships between the present results and previous findings on homologous muscles of the mammalian (cat, rat) and reptilian (lizard) hindlimb are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of ampulla in the ductus deferens of the Indian garden lizard Calotes versicolor daudin
Authors: Akbarsha M. A. , Meeran M. M.
Published: February 2005

During the breeding season, the terminal end of the ductus deferens of Calotes versicolor appears swollen and is comparable to the ampulla of the mammalian ductus deferens. Its anatomy was studied from paraffin sections. It differentiates along its length into five zones. The first has thick smooth muscle and pesudostratified epithelium; the second has luminal trabeculae with an epithelium showing evidence of secretory activity; the third has the epithelial mucosa abutting against the smooth muscle in the form of pocketlike indentations; the fourth has crypts between epithelial folds; and the fifth zone is a sphincter. The anatomy of this ampullary region is indicative of secretory as well as spermatophagous roles. It undergoes seasonal change and appears to be androgen‐dependent. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ampullary organs, pit organs, and neuromasts of the chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus
Authors: Hong Cheng , Shi‐Qiang Huang , Heatwole Harold
Published: February 2005

The lateral‐line sense organs in the skin of larval, juvenile and adult salamanders (Andrias davidianus) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. In addition to mechanoreceptive neuromasts, there are electroreceptive ampullary organs. Anatomically, the latter are similar to the ampullary organs of some other urodeles. In the giant salamander they occur only in larvae and disappear after metamorphosis. Neuromasts are arranged in lines and in different orientations that apparently maximize directionality. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The opisthonephros of Rana esculenta (Anura). I. Nephron development
Authors: Richter Susanne
Published: February 2005

The development of opisthonephric nephrons in Rana esculenta generally follows the vertebrate scheme: mesenchymal cells from a blastemal cap that develops into an epitheloid, a comma‐shaped, then an S‐shaped body. The S‐shaped body stage is followed by nephron stages I–IV. A standard pattern of nephrogenesis is maintained up to nephron stage I. In later stages (nephron stages II–IV) the arrangement of tubule loops and the position of the renal corpuscle depends on the space available in the kidney. As in mammals, anuran nephrogenesis is determined by coordinated differentiation processes: (1) induction, (2) cell polarization and proliferation, (3) morphogenetic processes, and, finally, 4) segmentation. It is further supported by growth processes of renal blood vessel analagen adjoining the nephron analoge. Ingrowth of glomerular capillary sprouts into the capsule analage is important for glomerulogenesis and differentiation of the adhesive zone. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of cranial and rostral spinal nerves in tadpoles of the frog discoglossus pictus (Discoglossidae)
Authors: Scholsser Gerhard , Roth Gerhard
Published: February 2005

We studied the peripheral nervous system of early tadpoles of the frog Discoglossus pictus using whole‐mount immunohistochemistry. Double‐labeling of muscles and nerves allowed us to determine the innervation of all cranial muscles supplied by the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and hypoglossal nerves. The gross anatomical pattern of visceral, cutaneous, and lateral‐line innervation was also assessed. Most muscles of the visceral arches are exclusively supplied by posttrematic rami of the corresponding branchiomeric nerves, the only exceptions being some ventral muscles (intermandibular, interhyoid, and subarcual rectus muscles). In the mandibular arch, the pattern of motor ramules of the trigeminal nerve prefigures in a condensed form the adult pattern, but the muscles of the hyoid arch are innervated by ramules of the facial nerve in a pattern that differs from that of postmetamorphic frogs. With respect to the nerves of the branchial arches, pretrematic visceral rami, typical of other gnathostomes, are absent in D. pictus. Instead, we find a separate series of posttrematic profundal visceral rami. Pharyngeal rami of all branchial nerves contribute to Jacobson's anastomosis. We provide a detailed description of the lateral‐line innervation and describe a new ramus of the middle lateral‐line nerve (ramus suprabranchialis). We confirm the presence of a first spinal nerve and its contribution to the hypoglossal nerve in D. pictus tadpoles. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dorsal lingual epithelium of Platemys pallidipectoris (Pleurodira, Chelidae)
Authors: Beisser Christian J. , Weisgram Josef , Splechtna Heinz
Published: February 2005

Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the flat tongue of Platemys pallidipectoris has shallow grooves and no lingual papillae. The surface of the tongue is covered with dome‐shaped bulges, each corresponding to a single cell. Short microvilli are distributed over the cell surface. Light microscopy shows a stratified cuboidal epithelium with an underlying strong connective tissue. Transmission electron microscopy indicates four layers. The basal cells of the epithelium are electron‐translucent and have a large central nucleus and a cytoplasm with keratin tonofilaments. Plasma cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria occur in the basal layer. Production of secretory granules begins in the more electron‐dense intermediate layers and increases as the cells move toward the surface. The membranes of the cells of the deep intermediate layer form processes that project into relatively wide intercellular spaces. In the superficial intermediate layer, the cytoplasm of the cells contains numerous fine granules; these increase in number but not in size in more distal layers. The cells of the surface layer are electron‐translucent with a round nucleus. Contents of their fine granules are secreted into the oral cavity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the geometry and mechanics of tooth position in the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias
Authors: Powlik James J.
Published: February 2005

The teeth of captured specimens, of prepared museum specimens, and of high‐speed videotape images of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, were compared with respect to (1) deviation of each tooth from the animal's midline and (2) the crown angle of the functional teeth along the jaw margin. Tooth position was measured either directly using a meter stick apparatus or derived from tracings of the video footage. Tooth positions were not statistically unique in any region of the upper or lower jaw but demonstrated less variability in crown angle within 30° of the midline (71.48° ± 10°). Videotape analysis of feeding sharks indicated an 8.7° increase in crown angle of the centermost teeth during bites where the jaws were closed through an angle of 20–35° and a 15.7° reduction in this same parameter during jaw adduction through 35° or more. Such changes in tooth orientation (relative to the rear of the buccal cavity) are ascribed to flexure of the cartilaginous jaws and cranium by the cranial musculature and possibly also to sliding of the tooth bed over the jaw. Outward rotation of the teeth and jaw rami describes a plucking action during feeding or prey sampling, while larger bites rotate the frontmost teeth inward towards the gullet. Functionally, this may make the teeth more effective at grasping small prey items or gouging chunks from larger prey. However, testing of the load required to remove teeth showed no significant increase in tensile resistance with reduced crown angle. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological examination of the effects of corticosterone in larvae of the western toad, Bufo boreas (Anura: Bufonidae), and the oriental fire‐bellied toad, Bombina orientalis (Anura: Discoglossidae)
Authors: Hayes Tyrone B.
Published: February 2005

The effects of corticosterone (CORT)‐treatment on various tissues were examined in two species of anuran larvae, the discoglossid Bombina orientalis, and the bufonid Bufo boreas. Corticosterone was administered directly into aquarium water for 15 days. After treatment, histological analyses were conducted on skin, gut, spleen, thymus, and neural and muscle tissue. Corticosterone treatment prevented sloughing of the skin, which resulted in a build‐up of stratum corneum, and inhibited the development of gland nests and the subsequent formation of dermal granular and mucous glands in both species. Corticosterone treatment also decreased epithelial folding in the gut and caused vesiculation of the gut epithelial cells. The thymus of CORT‐treated animals was significantly reduced in size (P < .05) and cell density (P < .05), and the spleen of CORT‐treated animals was completely involuted. The brain and pituitary of CORT‐treated animals had a decreased cell density (P < .05) and many pyknotic cells. An examination of muscle revealed that muscle fibers of CORT‐treated animals had a decreased cross‐sectional area (P < .05). The dose of CORT used (1.1 μM) was within the range used in other studies in the literature and resulted in tissue levels within the range experienced by larvae at metamorphic climax. Thus, this study is appropriate to address the histological effects of CORT in experimental manipulations and the role of increasing CORT at metamorphic climax. The data suggest that increasing endogenous CORT at metamorphosis may be involved in degeneration of larval tissue, prior to regeneration, which is stimulated by thyroid hormones. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early changes in material properties of rabbit articular cartilage after meniscectomy
Authors: Hoch D. H. , Grodzinsky A. J. , Koob T. J. , Albert M. L. , Eyre D. R.
Published: February 2005

We have correlated early material and biochemical changes in articular cartilage in a surgical model for cartilage degeneration. Medial meniscectomy was performed on the left knee of 17 adult, female New Zealand white rabbits. The equilibrium Young's modulus of cartilage was assessed by an indentation test in situ at defined sites on the medial and lateral tibial plateaus of the operated and control knees; the cartilage was then excised and analyzed biochemically. Focal changes were consistently observed in the medial surface of the operated knee. The equilibrium modulus and the glycosaminoglycan content fell rapidly, reaching a minimum by 2 weeks after surgery; the lateral tibial surface was essentially unaffected. Six months after surgery, the glycosaminoglycan content had returned to normal and the modulus to near normal. Independent measurements on cored plugs from the medial surface 2 weeks after surgery revealed a significant decrease in both the dynamic stiffness and the streaming potential in the operated knee compared with the control. The findings suggest that normal ambulatory loads in vivo will deform the affected medial cartilage much more than normal. It remains to be seen if altered mechanical stresses are solely responsible for initiating and sustaining matrix remodeling by the chondrocytes.
In vivo growth plate stimulation in various capacitively coupled electrical fields
Authors: Brighton Carl T. , Pfeffer Glenn B. , Pollack Solomon R.
Published: February 2005

The right proximal tibial growth plates of adolescent New Zealand white rabbits were stimulated with various capacitively coupled electrical fields. Capacitor plates attached to plastic jigs placed over the proximal tibiae were connected to function generators which supplied sine wave signals of 60 kHz frequency and various voltages (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 V peak‐to‐peak). At 0 hand at 48 h, each animal was labeled with intravenously injected oxytetracycline. For the next 48 h, each right proximal tibial growth plate was stimulated with one of the above electrical signals. At the end of the 48 h of stimulation, the animals were sacrificed, and the tibiae were excised; histological sections of the proximal growth plate in each tibia were made, and the distance the labels moved away from the bone‐cartilage junction down into the metaphysis was measured under fluorescent microscopy. Results indicate that the rabbit growth plate can be consistently stimulated to statistically significant accelerated growth in a capacitively coupled electrical field. A dose‐response effect was noted, with 5 V peak‐to‐peak exhibiting maximum growth acceleration. Thus, the application of the proper capacitively coupled electrical field significantly stimulated the rabbit growth plate at voltage and current levels that are safe for human use.
Comparison of growth‐induced resorption and denervation‐induced resorption on the release of [3H]tetracycline, 45calcium, and [3H]collagen from whole bones of growing rats
Authors: Klein L. , Heiple K. G. , Stromberg B. V.
Published: February 2005

The major effect of immobilization during growth is a smaller bone mass induced by either an increased bone resorption or a decreased bone formation. Using a method of analyzing radioisotopic loss of [3H]tetracycline and [3H]collagen from bone prelabeled in vivo, we compared the amount of bone resorption due to immobilization with bone resorption induced by growth. One hind limb was denervated in growing male rats, 6 weeks of age, that had been chronically prelabeled with [3H]tetracycline, 45calcium, and [3H]proline. The total radioactivity of the whole femur and tibia/fibula from the denervated limb was compared with that from bones of the control limb at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after denervation. The effect of growth on bone formation was measured by net increases in bone length, volume, and mass of matrix and mineral. Experimental bones had a significantly smaller volume and mass. Bone resorption was much greater during growth modeling than during denervation. The additional bone resorption induced by denervation was a small fraction (one‐fourth) of the resorption induced by growth. Denervation during growth resulted in less bone being formed due to a smaller gain in matrix and mineral mass as a result of a reduction in bone formation.
Joint flexibilities in structurally normal girls and girls with idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Mattson Gunilla , Haderspeck‐Grib Karol , Schultz Albert , Nachemson Alf
Published: February 2005

Seven clinical measurements of joint flexibilities were made in 51 girls with untreated mild idiopathic scoliosis and 65 girls with structurally normal spines. Subject ages ranged from 10 to 16 years. Abilities to have the index finger passively extended, the wrist bent, and the elbow and the knee hyperextended, along with abilities to bend the trunk voluntarily forward and to the right and left sides, were measured. The girls with scoliosis in the mean either had the same flexibilities or were less flexible than the normal girls. The study provided no evidence that untreated mild idiopathic scoliosis occurs or progresses because of increased joint flexibilities.
Comparison of cartilage destruction between infectious and adjuvant arthritis
Authors: Smith R. Lane , Schurman David J.
Published: February 2005

The timing and molecular profile of cartilage destruction in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus infectious arthritis and killed Mycobacterium butyricum adjuvant arthritis are presented. Infectious arthritis was studied for 3 weeks; cartilage samples were analyzed at 2, 10, and 21 days. At 48 h postinfection, glycosaminoglycan content was reduced by 20% (p < 0.05) in E. coli infected knees and by 42% (p < 0.05) in tibial plateau cartilage of S. aureus infected knees. By the 3rd week of infection, glycosaminoglycan losses amounted to as much as 73% (p < 0.005). In comparison, collagen losses were not significant prior to the 3rd week of infection, at which time 42% (p < 0.05) was lost. Adjuvant arthritic tibial plateau cartilage was examined at 1, 3 and 12 weeks. Glycosaminoglycans decreased by 42% the 1st week, plateauing at 62% by the 3rd and 12th weeks. Collagen degradation began at 3 weeks (28% loss, p < 0.10) and by the 12th week was reduced by 49% (p < 0.005). Analysis of the individual species of glycosaminoglycan showed a parallel loss of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate. Fractionation of glycosaminoglycans with respect to size produced no evidence of shortened chains in cartilage from infected joints. Hyaluronic acid losses were greatest when collagen was significantly decreased. The pattern by which chondroitin and keratan sulfates are lost demonstrates that a prominent feature of infectious and noninfectious inflammatory arthritis is a rapid loss of proteoglycan subunits that precedes collagen loss.
Compressive loads in the lumbar vertebral column during normal level walking
Authors: Cappozzo Aurelio
Published: February 2005

The longitudinal compressive load acting on the L3–L4 spinal motion segment was investigated during normal level walking for a range of speeds of progression. Forces were predicted using experimental data from photogrammetric measurements of upper body segmental motion and inertial properties, along with a biomechanical model of the trunk. A partial validation of the results was obtained using records of the electrical activity of the trunk muscles and intradiscal pressure information available in the literature. Experiments were carried out in five normal young male subjects. Results showed that the L3–L4 motion segment is subjected to cyclic compressive loads. The maximum and minimum values of this load vary with walking speed from approximately 1.0 to 2.5 and from 0.8 to 0.2 times body weight, respectively. Relevant peaks occur with a frequency ranging approximately from 1.3 to 2.5 Hz. Muscular action is mostly concentrated in the trunk extensors, which show a burst of activity at the time of ipsilateral toe‐off.
Correlation of histopathology and sulfated proteoglycans in human osteoarthritic hip cartilage
Authors: Goldberg Victor M. , Norby David P. , Sachs Barton L. , Moskowitz Roland W. , Malemud Charles J.
Published: February 2005

The histopathologic characteristics, in vitro proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, and proteoglycan content of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage tissue types from human femoral heads obtained at the time of total joint replacement were compared. Articular cartilage from fibrillated or discolored cartilage surfaces demonstrated overlapping histopathologic patterns, while cartilage from osteophytic areas was distinct. 35SO4 from each of these three tissue types was found in two peaks of radioactivity on a Sepharose CL‐2B column. The average partition coefficient (Kav) of the first peak (peak I) was 0.07, while that of the second (peak II) was 0.63. Proteoglycan monomer predominated in discolored, fibrillated, and osteophytic OA cartilage in peak I. The hydrodynamic size on Sepharose CL‐2B of the synthetic proteoglycan monomer was the same for discolored, fibrillated, and osteophytic samples (Kav, 0.25–0.28). Discolored and fibrillated tissues showed a similar percentage of proteoglycan monomer in peak II, whereas osteophyte was reduced in proteoglycan monomer content in peak II. In addition, the endogenous proteoglycans extracted from each cartilage area were generally of a smaller hydrodynamic size than the newly synthesized peak I or proteoglycan monomer. Glycosaminoglycans were predominantly chondroitin 6‐sulfate. These results indicated that OA discolored and fibrillated cartilage tissue types from defined topographical areas of human femoral heads possessed neither unique histopathologic nor synthetic or endogenous proteoglycan characteristics. Osteophytic cartilage appeared more histopathologically distinct than either discolored or fibrillated OA cartilage, but synthesized proteoglycan monomer with similar hydrodynamic size to the other cartilage tissue types.
Articular cartilage deformation following experimental synovitis in the rabbit hip
Authors: Gershuni David H. , Kuei Steven C.
Published: February 2005

The development of transient synovitis in the hips of young children occurs quite frequently. This experiment examined the effects of a model synovitis on the deformability of articular cartilage of the immature rabbit hip. At 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks following synovitis, there was an increase of cartilage deformability on both the acetabular and femoral sides of the joint. This increased deformability may alter force transmission to the underlying bone and its contained vascular structures.
Clinical application of basic research on continuous passive motion for disorders and injuries of synovial joints: A preliminary report of a feasibility study
Authors: Salter Robert B. , Hamilton Henry W. , Wedge John H. , Tile Marvin , Torode Ian P. , O'Driscoll Shawn W. , Murnaghan John J. , Saringer John H.
Published: February 2005

Since 1970, when the concept of continuous passive motion (CPM) was originated by one of the authors (R.B.S.), he and a succession of his research fellows have investigated its biological effects on the healing and regeneration of articular tissues in a wide variety of experimental models in rabbits. From this basic research he concluded that CPM is well tolerated, seems to be painless, stimulates the healing and regeneration of articular tissues, prevents joint stiffness, and permits the normal healing of arthrotomy incisions. Beginning in 1975, one of the authors (H.W.H.), and in 1978, the remaining authors, (from two additional Canadian cities) applied the knowledge from the basic research on CPM to the orthopaedic care of human patients. The CPM devices for humans (CPM Mobilimbs®), which have been designed in collaboration with University of Toronto engineers, include, to date, devices for the ankle‐knee‐hip, the elbow, and the finger. Indications for CPM in patients have been the immediate postoperative management following such operative procedures as open reduction and internal fixation of fractures, arthrotomy and arthrolysis for post‐traumatic arthritis, synovectomy, surgical drainage for septic arthritis, release of extraarticular contractures, metaphyseal osteotomies, total joint replacement, and ligamentous reconstruction. The case reports of nine selected patients are presented as examples of the clinical application of CPM. These patients have been relatively free of pain, have maintained the increased motion gained at operation, and have accepted the application of CPM well. There have been no complications of CPM; the operative wounds have healed well and the period of hospitalization has not been prolonged. The authors believe that the clinical application of CPM is feasible and that the clinical and radiographic results of CPM in these patients are encouraging. Long‐term, prospective clinical investigations (including control patients in whom CPM is not used) will be requited to assess the efficacy of CPM in relation to the various stated indications.
Ligamentous structures of the metacarpophalangeal joint: A quantitative anatomic study
Authors: Minami Akio , An Kai‐Nan , Cooney William P. , Linscheid Ronald L. , Chao Edmund Y. S.
Published: February 2005

The ligamentous structure of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the index finger in human cadavers was studied by gross examination and quantitative measurement. Anatomically, the collateral ligament is separable into two layers, with the precise origin arising from the metacarpal head and inserting on the proximal phalanx. Quantitatively, the change in length of the collateral ligament was studied with biplanar radiographic techniques. The distance between the origin and insertion of the collateral ligament changed in different portions of the ligament when the joint was moved from a position of hyperextension to that of flexion. When the MCP joint was flexed from 0° to 80°, the dorsal portions of both the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments were lengthened (3–4 mm). The middle portions of both ligaments were slightly elongated (0.4–1.0 mm), and the volar portions of the ligaments were shortened (1–2 mm). When the MCP joint extended into hyperextension, the dorsal portions of the ligaments shortened 2–3 mm, the middle thirds of the ligaments shortened slightly, and the volar thirds of the ligaments lengthened. The results of this study suggest that the dorsal and volar portions of the collateral ligament provide MCP joint constraint at the flexed and extended positions, respectively.
Carrying angle of the human elbow joint
Authors: An K. N. , Morrey B. F. , Chao E. Y. S.
Published: February 2005

Previous elbow kinematic studies have created some controversy because of conflicting and contradictory results. The lack of consistent results may be traced to the limitations and definitions of the specific measurement techniques, as well as individual variations in the specimens. To resolve this issue, a rigorous theoretical analysis of elbow kinematics was performed based on available anatomic and geometric data of the skeleton with consideration of anthropometric variations. Three definitions have been adopted previously for the measurement of the carrying angle of the elbow joint. The relationships of these three definitions of the carrying angle as a function of the elbow joint flexion angle were evaluated. Clinically, the dynamic change of carrying angle may have little practical significance. However, the variation is reflected in differences in design criteria of the resurfacing and semiconstrained elbow replacement implants.
Effects of freezing and freeze‐drying on the biomechanical properties of rat bone
Authors: Pelker Richard R. , Friedlaender Gary E. , Markham Thomas C. , Panjabi Manohar M. , Moen Clinton J.
Published: February 2005

The effects of various preservation techniques on the biomechanical properties of bone have been investigated in a rat model. Freezing of the specimens to −20°C, −70°C, and −196°C did not adversely affect the strength of long bones tested in torsion or of vertebral bodies tested in compression. Freeze‐drying did not markedly affect the compression properties of the vertebral specimens; however, it did produce a significant deleterious reduction in the torsional strength of the long bones.
Metal ion release from titanium‐based prosthetic segmental replacements of long bones in baboons: A long‐term study
Authors: Woodman J. L. , Jacobs J. J. , Galante J. O. , Urban R. M.
Published: February 2005

Forty‐five baboons that had received titanium‐based fiber metal composite segmental bone replacements were studied along with 13 controls without implants. Thirty‐eight baboons with implants were sacrificed, and titanium, aluminum, and vanadium levels were assayed in homogenized lung, kidney, spleen, liver, adjacent muscle, and regional lymph nodes. In seven living baboons with implants, blood and urine samples were obtained for trace metal analysis as well as for biochemical and hematological profiles. In the 38 sacrificed baboons with implants, increased titanium levels were noted in the lungs, spleen, adjacent muscle (quadriceps, soleus, and triceps), and regional lymph nodes (inguinal, axillary, and popliteal) in comparison to those of six sacrificed controls without implants. In addition, vanadium was significantly elevated in the lungs of some animals, while aluminum increases were noted in adjacent muscle (quadriceps, soleus, and triceps), lung, and regional lymph nodes (inguinal, axillary, and popliteal). In the seven living baboons with implants, a sixfold increase (p < 0.0005) in the urine titanium level was noted in comparison to that of seven living controls without implants. Additionally, elevated aluminum levels were found in the serum (p < 0.0005) of the group with implants. Biochemical and hematological studies did not indicate statistically significant differences in serum electrolytes, in liver and renal function tests, or in complete blood counts between the seven living baboons with implants and their controls.
Electrostimulation of rat callus cells and human lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Aro H. , Eerola E. , Aho A. J. , Penttinen R.
Published: February 2005

Asymmetrical pulsing low voltage current was supplied via electrodes to cultured rat fracture callus cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The [3H]thymidine incorporation of the callus cells and 5‐[125I]iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporation of the lymphocytes were determined. The growth pattern of callus cells (estimated by cellular density) did not respond to electrical stimulation. However, the uptake of [3H]thymidine was increased at the early phase of cell proliferation and inhibited at later phases of proliferation. The [3H]thymidine uptake of confluent callus cell cultures did not respond to electrical stimulation. Lymphocytes reacted in a similar way; stimulated cells took up more DNA precursor than control cells at the early phase of stimulation. During cell division, induced by the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin‐A, the uptake of DNA precursor by stimulated cells was constantly inhibited. The results suggest that electrical stimuli affect the uptake mechanisms of cell membranes. The duality of the effect seems to be dependent on the cell cycle.
Flexor tendon repair in vitro: A comparative histologic study of the rabbit, chicken, dog, and monkey
Authors: Gelberman Richard H. , Manske Paul R. , Berg Jerry S. Vande , Lesker Peggy A. , Akeson Wayne H.
Published: February 2005

Flexor tendon healing in four different animal species was explored in a tissue culture system. Ninety percent transverse lacerations were made in 88 tendon segments obtained from rabbits, chickens, dogs, and monkeys. The tendons were removed from culture and studied by light and electron microscopy at intervals of 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. A characteristic sequence of repair including epitenon thickening, cellular differenctiation, cell migration, and phagocytosis was seen in each of the repaired tendons. The endotenon cells of several animal tendons appeared to be synthesizing collagen. There was a consistent difference in the rate of healing between the four species. The rabbit tendons demonstrated nearly complete closure of the repair site by 12 weeks. A lesser response was seen in the chicken, followed by the dog and monkey. The differences in healing rate appeared to be due to the non‐species‐specific in vitro culture media. The in vitro flexor tendon culture system is particularly useful in studying the tendon repair responses of various species with the contributions of vascularity and synovial cells excluded.
Sequential changes in the mechanical properties of viable articular cartilage stored in vitro
Authors: Thomas Victor J. , Jimenez Sergio A. , Brighton Carl T. , Brown Norman
Published: February 2005

Viable articular cartilage from the medial femoral condyles of rabbits was stored in vitro in tissue culture medium with various additives and the same site of each specimen was mechanically tested sequentially throughout a 12‐day storage period. Indentation testing was performed with instantaneous and sustained loads. Preservation of sustained‐load carrying capacity was observed in the condyles stored with additives, indicating maintenance of an intact cartilage matrix. However, initial testing with small sustained loads (preload) showed changes not observed at higher load levels. The changes noted at small sustained initial loads may reflect alterations in cartilage surface structure and may be an early indicator of its mechanical integrity. Chondrocyte viability and proteoglycan content, as measured by 35S incorporation and hexosamine concentration, were unchanged in comparison to fresh articular cartilage.
Radiation‐induced alterations of fracture healing biomechanics
Authors: Pelker Richard R. , Friedlaender Gary E. , Panjabi Monahar M. , Kapp Daniel , Doganis Andrew
Published: February 2005

The effects of irradiation on the normal temporal progression of the physical properties of healing fractures were studied in a rat model. Fractures were surgically produced in the femur, stabilized with an intramedullary pin, and irradiated. One group of rats was exposed to 2,500 rads in divided doses over 2 weeks, beginning 3 days after fracture, and compared to a control group with fractures which were not irradiated. Animals were sacrificed at periodic intervals and the bones were tested to failure in torsion. The torque, stiffness, and energy increased and the angle decreased for the nonirradiated specimens in the expected fashion. This progression was deleteriously altered in the irradiated femurs.
Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone
Authors: Bonnarens Frank , Einhorn Thomas A.
Published: February 2005

To develop a technique for the production of a standard closed experimental fracture, a new apparatus was designed and tested on 40 male Sprague‐Dawley rats. First, the femur was treated with an intramedullary Steinmann pin. The femoral diaphysis was then fractured by means of a blunt guillotine driven by a dropped weight. Radiographically, this technique resulted in a highly reproducible transverse fracture. There was minimal comminution and minimal angulation of the intramedullary pin. Histologically, there was minimal soft tissue damage. Mechanical testing showed that all fractures healed. Pin removal was accomplished with ease and without disturbance of the healed fracture site. The apparatus is simple to use and inexpensive to build. Through its use, a highly reproducible closed fracture model is established.
Biosynthesis and processing of collagens in different cartilaginous tissues
Authors: Sussman Michael D. , Ogle Roy C. , Balian Gary
Published: February 2005

The distribution, structure, and biosynthesis of various collagen types have been studied in growth and structural cartilage from young rabbits. The major collagen of cartilage is α1(II); however, all cartilage matrix also contains 1α, 2α, 3α (Type Cm), as well as a high molecular weight disulfidelinked collagen (Type M). Cartilage fragments in organ culture demonstrate synthesis of precursors of collagen α chains and processing to their final forms. Although Type Cm collagen is present in the same proportion in the matrix of growth and structural cartilage, in vitro radiolabeling of rabbit cartilage showed that only growth cartilage is capable of actively synthesizing Type Cm, except in the newborn period when synthesis of Type Cm does occur in structural cartilage. A low molecular weight collagen (designated G collagen) is synthesized in vitro by growth cartilage but not by structural or articular cartilage. Preferential distribution of these minor collagens in growth cartilage suggests a role in development during normal cartilage growth.
Keratan sulfate content and articular cartilage maturation during postnatal rabbit growth
Authors: Zirn Jon R. , Schurman David J. , Smith R. Lane
Published: February 2005

This article describes the macromolecular changes in keratan sulfate and proteoglycan that occur in rabbit articular cartilage during postnatal development. Articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan from femoral condyles and the tibial plateaus of rabbits at 8, 12, 18, and 26 weeks and 2 years of age were extracted, fractionated, and quantified. The predominant glycosaminoglycan present in articular cartilage at 8 weeks was chondroitin sulfate. During subsequent maturation the relative proportions of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate varied inversely. The greatest increase in the amount of keratan sulfate present in cartilage was observed between 12 and 26 weeks of age. Hyaluronic acid content was measurable at 12 weeks; afterward the amount remained relatively constant with age. Proteoglycans, extracted from 6‐, 12‐, and 22‐week‐old rabbit femoral and tibial cartilage in the presence of protease inhibitors, were analyzed on columns of Sepharose CL‐2B. Cartilage proteoglycans decreased in hydrodynamic size between 12 and 22 weeks, corresponding to the period of maximal change in content of keratan and chondroitin sulfate.
Labeling of articular cartilage surface with cationized ferritin: Aged human normal and osteoarthritic cartilage
Authors: Stanescu Ritta , Stanescu Victor , Peyron Jacques
Published: February 2005

The labeling of the articular surface with cationized ferritin (CF), an electron–dense marker, visualizes the anionic sites and may disclose abnormal penetration of the large CF molecule into the subsurface layers. Various areas of cartilage selected by unaided eye examination were taken from femoral heads excised in three cases of osteoarthritis and two cases of hip fracture. The fragments were examined by optical microscopy and by electron microscopy after labeling with CF. The labeling with and the penetration of CF were correlated with the morphological features of the surface. The surfaces belonging to the erosion border were disrupted and the CF penetrated approximately 2 μm into the matrix along the collagen fibers and in areas containing a patchy dense material. Prefixation with Karnovsky's fixative prevents CF penetration. The fragments taken at a distance from the erosion border showed at electron microscopical examination either an intact appearance of the surface that was labeled without penetration or a disrupted surface with penetration of the label. The osteophytes and the regeneration buds surface were labeled showing little or no penetration. The fragments from cartilage of hip fractures had either an intact surface regularly labeled or a slightly or moderately disrupted surface with moderate penetration of CF. The penetration of large molecules of CF in damaged cartilage demonstrates important permeability changes that may be significant for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoarthritis. Similar permeability changes were previously shown in mice femoral heads treated in vitro with collagenase or trypsin and labeled with CF.
Effects of mechanical loading on the tissues of the rabbit knee
Authors: Radin Eric L. , Martin R. Bruce , Burr David B. , Caterson Bruce , Boyd Robert D. , Goodwin Claudia
Published: February 2005

We studied changes in subchondral bone and articular cartilage in an animal model of osteoarthrosis. In this model we applied repetitive impulsive loads to rabbits' knees. Their legs were held in short leg splints so the rabbits were unable to dampen the peak applied load with ankle flexion. After sacrifice, at 1 day to 6 weeks, we studied proximal tibial load‐bearing cartilage histologically, biochemically, and with radioactive sulfate uptake. We also studied the subchondral bone under that cartilage histologically, histomorphometrically, with bone scan (99mTc pyrophosphate), and by tetracycline labeling. An increase in 99mTc labeling of the subchondral bone was the first reliable change observed. This was followed by an increase in tetracycline labeling, bone formation, and a decrease in porosity, which has been associated with relative stiffening of bone. Horizontal splitting and deep fibrillation of the overlying articular cartilage followed the early bone changes. All of these changes preceded changes in content and characterization of cartilage proteoglycans or increased chondrocyte activity as manifested by incorporation of radioactive sulfate. In this model the early bone changes preceded changes in the articular cartilage. The deep splitting of articular cartilage occurred prior to metabolic alteration of that tissue.