bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological characteristics and genetic diversity of Burmese long‐tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea)
Authors: Bunlungsup Srichan , Imai Hiroo , Hamada Yuzuru , Gumert Michael D. , San Aye Mi , Malaivijitnond Suchinda
Published: December 2015

Macaca fascicularis aurea (Mfa) is the only macaque which has been recorded to use stone tools to access encased foods. They live in close contact with M. fascicularis fascicularis (Mff) in southwestern Thailand and the hybrids were reported [Fooden, 1995]. Although Mff and Mfa can be seen in the same habitat types, tool‐use behavior has never been reported in Mff. Thus, comparing the morphological characteristics and genetics between Mfa and Mff should help elucidate not only the morphological differences and genetic divergence between these subspecies but also potentially the relationship between genetics and their tool use behavior. We surveyed Mfa and Mff in Myanmar and Thailand, ranging from 16° 58′ to 7° 12′ N. Fecal or blood samples were collected from eight, five, and four populations of Mfa, Mff, and Mff × Mfa morphological hybrids along with three individuals of captive Chinese M. mulatta (Mm), respectively, for mtDNA and Y‐chromosome (TSPY and SRY genes) DNA sequence analyses. In addition, eight populations were captured and measured for 38 somatometric dimensions. Comparison of the somatic measurements revealed that Mfa had a statistically significantly shorter tail than Mff (P < 0.05). Based on the mtDNA sequences, Mfa was separated from the Mm/Mff clade. Within the Mfa clade, the mainland Myanmar population was separate from the Mergui Archipelago and Thailand Andaman seacoast populations. All the morphological hybrids had the Mff mtDNA haplotype. Based on the Y‐chromosome sequences, the three major clades of Mm/Indochinese Mff, Sundaic Mff, and Mfa were constructed. The hybrid populations grouped either with the Mm/Indochinese Mff or with the Mfa. Regarding the genetic analysis, one subspecies hybrid population in Thailand (KRI) elicited tool use behavior, thus the potential role of genetics in tool use behavior is raised in addition to the environmental force, morphological suitability, and cognitive capability. Am. J. Primatol. 78:441–455, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concise Total Synthesis of Dehaloperophoramidine
Authors: Popov Kirill , Hoang Anita , Somfai Peter
Published: December 2015

Perophoramidine, dehaloperophoramidine, and communesin F are structurally related alkaloids having intriguing polycyclic structures. A strategy for the synthesis of dehaloperophoramidine has been developed. In this synthesis all skeletal atoms and all functional groups required to reach the target molecule are incorporated early in the sequence. This approach led to the discovery of two novel substrate‐specific domino processes, one encompassing four steps and the other comprising five steps, thus resulting in an eight‐step synthesis of dehaloperophoramidine.
Die komplexe Dielektrizitätskonstante wäßriger Lösungen einiger 1‐1‐wertiger Elektrolyte (Salze) im Frequenzbereich 0,5 bis 38 GHz
Authors: Pottel Reinhard , Lossen Ortwin
Published: December 2015

Aus interferometrischen Messungen der Dämpfung und Phase elektromagnetischer Wellen in Frequenz‐bereich 0,5‐38 GHz wurde die komplexe Dielektrizitätskonstante (DK) wäßriger Lösungen der Elektrolyte (CnH2n+1) NBr, n = 1 bis 4, CsJ, LiBr und LiJ bestimmt. Mittels einer genauen Analyse des Frequenzgangs der DK von Lösungen verschiedener Salzkonzentration wird die Änderung folgender Daten des Lösungswassers durch die gelosten Salze festgestellt: der auf Frequenz Null extrapolierten DK, der dielektrischen Hauptrelaxationszeit sowie der Breite und Form des Relaxationszeitspektrums. Diese Daten ermöglichen einige Angaben über die Beeinflussung der Wasserstruktur durch die gelösten Teilchen. Im Frequenzgang der DK aller untersuchten Lösungen deutet sich unterhalb des Wasser‐Dispersions‐Absorptions‐Bereichs ein schwächerer Polarisationsprozeß an, der sich der Wechselwirkung zwischen den lonen zuordnen läßt.
Über den Tunneleffekt des Protons im Doppelminimumpotential von Wasserstoff brückenbindungen: 3. Mitteilung: Protonenübertragung durch Protonensprung und Tunneleffekt
Authors: Brickmann J. , Zimmermann H.
Published: December 2015

In einem symmetrischen Doppelminimumpotential einer Wasserstoffbrückenbindung kann Protonenübertragung zwischen den beiden Potentialmulden (a) und (b) durch Protonensprung über oder durch Tunneleffekt durch den Potentialwall stattfinden. Die beiden Protonenübertragungsmechanismen werden diskutiert. Insbesondere werden die energetischen Verhältnisse eines Systems erörtert, bei dem Protonensprung‐ und Tunneleffektmechanismus nebeneinander ablaufen.

Bei genügend tiefen Temperaturen ist die Protonenübertragung durch Tunneleffekt im allgemeinen schneller als die durch Protonensprung. Das Termschema des Systems ist durch paarweise aufgespaltene Protonenzustände charakterisiert. Die Termaufspaltung †E12 der Zustände niedrigster Energie E1, E2 beschreibt die mittlere Tunnelfrequenz des Protons zwischen (a) und (b).

Bei mittleren Temperaturen können die Geschwindigkeiten der Protonenübertragungen durch Tunneleffekt bzw. durch Protonensprung annähernd gleich sein. Durch den Protonensprungmechanismus werden die Lebensdauern der stationären Zustände E1, E2 verkürzt. Die Unschärferelation erzeugt eine Verbreiterung von E1 bzw. E2 um IR, †E1 bzw. †E2. Die Energieunschärfen †E1, †E2 haben die gleiche Größenordnung wic †E12. Die Terme E1, E2 verschmelzen zu einem Zustand.

Der Protonentransport wird bei genügend hohen Temperaturen schließlich vorwiegend durch Protonensprünge bestimmt. In diesem Fall werden die Energieunschärfen Δ, Δ großer als ΔE12. An Stelle der getrennten Terme E1, E2 beobachtet man nur noch einen, jedoch stark verbreiterten Zustand.
IR‐Intensitätsmessungen der aromatischen CH‐Valenzschwingungen monosubstituierter Pyridinderivate in flüssiger Phase und in Tetrachlorkohlenstofflösung
Authors: Joeckle R. , Mecke R.
Published: December 2015

Die Absorptionsdaten der aromatischen CH‐Valenzschwingungen monosubstituierter Pyridinderivate sind unterschiedlich, je nachdem ob die Messungen in flüssigem Aggregatzustand oder in CCl4‐Lösung vorgenommen wurden. In flüssiger Phase verschieben sich sowohl die Einzelbanden als auch der Bandenschwerpunkt ins Langwellige, während die Intensitäten im allgemeinen größer sind als die in CCl4‐Lösung gemessenen Werte. Mit zunehmender elektronensaugender Wirkung der Substituenten verstärken sich die Unterschiede zwischen den Intensitäten IB und I, Dies deutet auf eine Zunahme der intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen hin. Eine Beziehung zwischen ICH und den Taftschen Substituentenparametern ß1, wie sie in CCl4‐Lösung besteht, findet sich auch noch in flüssiger Phase, wenngleich sie durch das sich ständig ändernde Reaktionsfeld bedingt nicht mehr streng erfüllt ist.
Die Differential‐Thermoanalyse zur Bestimmung der Schmelzenthalpien von Metallen und Legierungen bei Temperaturen bis 1200 °C
Authors: Lugscheider Walter
Published: December 2015

Nach der Beschreibung der apparativen Lösung einer Hochtemperatur‐Differential‐Thermoanalyse (OTA) für hochreaktive Legierungen wird eine quantitative Auswertung der DTA‐Kurven zur Bestimmung von Schmelzenthalpien diskutiert. Es werden die bei der DTA auftretenden Fehlermöglichkeiten dargestellt und unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der Temperaturstrahlung der Proportionalitätswert zur quantitativen Auswertung berechnet und durch Eichmessungen kontrolliert. Die entsprechend dem T1‐Gesetz starke Zunahme des Proportionalitätswertes verursacht bei 1100°C bereits eine Verdoppelung des Meßfehlers, weshalb eine Bestimmung von Reaktionswarmen auf differentialthermoanalytischem Weg nur bis etwa 1000 °C sicher erscheint. Bei höheren Temperaturen, vor allem über 1200 °C, müßten die Ergebnisse jedoch als Abschätzungen gewertet werden.

Die Eigenart der Meßmethode ergibt eine hohe Trennschärfe für Reaktionen innerhalb sehr kleiner Temperaturintervalle, wodurch auch die Bestimmung von Schmelzenthalpien inkongruent schmelzender intermetallischer Phasen gelingt.

Als Beispiele sind thermochemische Daten peritektisch reagierender Verbindungen in den Systemen Samarium‐Quecksilber und Gadolinium‐Mangan gemessen worden.
New Methods for Measurement of Complex Permittivity up to 13 GHz and their Application to the Study of Dielectric Relaxation of Polar Liquids Including Aqueous solutions
Authors: Loeb H. W. , Young G. M. , Quickenden P. A. , Suggett A.
Published: December 2015

High frequency dielectric measurements, until recently the exclusive prerogative of point‐by‐point frequency domain methods, can now be made with very reasonable precision in the time domain. These novel methods which are an extension of the earlier reported Time Domain Reflectometry technique yield dielectric information over a range equivalent in frequency to about 10 MHz to 13 GHz. The theoretical basis of these methods is given and their accuracy demonstrated by reference to measurements on water and ethanol. An example of their application to aqueous systems is also given.
Excess Volumes of Mixtures of Cycloalkanes and Methylcycloalkanes
Authors: Siddiqi M. A. , Götze G. , Kohler Friedrich
Published: December 2015

Excess volumes vE have been obtained for mixtures of cyclopentane, methylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane + n‐heptane, n‐decane, n‐tetradecane, carbon tetrachloride: methylcyclopentane + benzene, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and methylcyclo‐hexane + cyclopentane at 293.15 K and 313.15 K, and cyclohexane + benzene at 293.15 K. The excess volumes of cyclopentane mixtures are much smaller than those of cyclohexane mixtures. Addition of a methyl group to cyclopentane enhances vE, to cyclohexane decreases vE. This behaviour seems to be caused by packing effects due to molecular structure, as yet not sufficiently accounted for by theories of mixtures.
Thermodynamic Data of Equilibrium Reactions of Solvated Electrons in Ammonia and the Dissociation Constant of Ammonia — an Electrochemical Study
Authors: Werner M. , Schindewolf U.
Published: December 2015

With an electrochemical cell (without transference) responding reversible to Na+ ‐ions and solvated electrons e− or NH4+‐ions resp. in liquid ammonia the thermodynamic data were obtained for the following reactions: 1) Nas ⇌ Na+ + e−, 2) Nas + NH4+ ⇌ Na+ + 1/2 H2 + NH3, 3) e− + NH4+ ⇌ 1/2 H2 + NH3, 4) 1/2 H2 + NH2− ⇌ e− + NH3. The data are combined to yield the dissociation constant of ammonia 6) 2NH3 ⇌ NH4+ + NH2−: K = 9 · 10−31 (+25°C) and δH° = 94 kJ/mol. The excellent agreement of δH0 for reaction 3) and 6) determined here by electrochemical means with those from direct calorimetric determinations proves the high reliability of the reported data.
Spectrofluorimetric determination of thioridazine and flupentixol in dosage forms; application to content uniformity test
Authors: Attia Tamer Z. , Omar Mahmoud A.
Published: December 2015

A reliable, sensitive, cheap and non‐extractive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for determination of thioridazine and flupentixol based on ternary complex formation with eosin and lead(II) in the presence of methylcellulose as surfactant at pH 3.2. Under the optimum conditions, the quantitative quenching effect of investigated drugs on the native fluorescence of eosin has been investigated. The quenching of the eosin fluorescence was measured at 517 nm after excitation at 462 nm. The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the reaction products were carefully studied and optimized, and the results were satisfactory. The calibration plots were constructed over the range of 0.5–3.0 µg mL−1. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of investigated drugs in commercial tablets without interference from common excipients. It was further applied for content uniformity testing of flupentixol in its tablets. Statistical comparisons of the results with those of the reference methods revealed excellent agreement and indicated no significant difference in accuracy and precision. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of Pyrimidine‐Based Diboron Complexes with Donor–π–Acceptor Structures
Authors: Kubota Yasuhiro , Kasatani Kouhei , Niwa Takahiro , Sato Hiroyasu , Funabiki Kazumasa , Matsui Masaki
Published: December 2015

Pyrimidine‐based diboron complexes bearing β‐iminoenolate ligands and phenyl groups as bulky substituents on the boron atoms were synthesized as novel fluorescent dyes, and their fluorescence properties were investigated in solution and in the solid state. The diboron complexes with donor–π–acceptor structures showed positive solvatochromism in the fluorescence spectra. The cyano derivative exhibited the most dramatic redshift of the fluorescence maximum Fmax with increasing solvent polarity (from 551 nm in n‐hexane to 710 nm in acetonitrile). The diboron complexes showed solid‐state fluorescence in the range of 578–706 nm with fluorescence quantum yields of 0.06–0.28. Additionally, the trifluoromethyl derivative exhibited solvent‐inclusion solid‐state fluorescence. The trifluoromethyl derivative formed toluene‐inclusion and ethyl acetate‐inclusion crystals. The toluene‐inclusion crystal (Fmax=668 nm, Φf=0.16) showed a blueshifted Fmax and higher Φf value compared to the original trifluoromethyl derivative (Fmax=694 nm, Φf=0.08) in the solid state. On the other hand, the Fmax (709 nm) and Φf (0.04) values of the ethyl acetate‐inclusion crystal were redshifted and lower, respectively.
Structural Control of Cell Permeability with Highly Emissive Europium(III) Complexes Permits Different Microscopy Applications
Authors: Starck Matthieu , Pal Robert , Parker David
Published: December 2015

Four anionic europium complexes are described based on triazacyclononane tris‐carboxylate or phosphinate ligands. In each case, the three sensitising chromophores comprise a substituted aryl–alkynyl pyridine group, with complex brightness in water falling in the range 4 to 23 mM−1 cm−1. para‐Substitution of the aryl ring with carboxymethyl groups gives complexes that are taken into cells, stain the lysosomes selectively and unexpectedly permit lifetime measurements of lysosomal pH. In contrast, the introduction of sulfonate groups inhibits cell uptake enabling the Eu complex to be used as an extracellular donor for FRET applications at the membrane surface. Using time‐gated FRET microscopy, the cell membrane structure was highlighted, in which Cell Mask Deep Red was used as a membrane‐ localized FRET acceptor.
Tunable and Specific Formation of C@NiCoP Peapods with Enhanced HER Activity and Lithium Storage Performance
Authors: Bai Yuanjuan , Zhang Huijuan , Liu Li , Xu Haitao , Wang Yu
Published: December 2015

The superior properties of nanomaterials with a special structure can provide prospects for highly efficient water splitting and lithium storage. Herein, we fabricated a series of peapodlike C@Ni2−xCoxP (x≤1) nanocomposites by an anion‐exchange pathway. The experimental results indicated that the HER activity of C@Ni2−xCoxP catalyst is strongly related to the Co/Ni ratio, and the C@NiCoP got the highest HER activity with low onset potential of ∼45 mV, small Tafel slope of ∼43 mV dec−1, large exchange current density of 0.21 mA cm−2, and high long‐term durability (60 h) in 0.5 m H2SO4 solutions. Equally importantly, as an anode electrode for lithium batteries, this peapodlike C@NiCoP nanocomposite gives excellent charge–discharge properties (e.g., specific capacity of 670 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 350 cycles, and a reversible capacity of 405 mAh g−1 at a high current rate of 10 A g−1). The outstanding performance of C@NiCoP in HER and LIBs could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the rational design of peapodlike nanostructures and the introduction of Co element.
Non‐isolated large step‐down voltage conversion ratio converter with non‐pulsating output current
Authors: Hwu K.I. , Jiang W.Z.
Published: December 2015

A non‐isolated dual half‐bridge large step‐down voltage conversion ratio converter with non‐pulsating output current, utilizing one coupled inductor, one energy‐transferring capacitor, and one output inductor, is presented herein. The coupled inductor is connected between the input voltage and the output inductor and plays a role to step down the input voltage. Furthermore, the output inductor is used not only to further step down the voltage but also to provide a non‐pulsating output current. Moreover, the proposed converter can achieve zero‐voltage switching. In this study, detailed theoretical deductions and some experimental results of a prototype with 48 V input voltage, 3.3 V output voltage, and 10 A output current are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomaly Detection Method Based on Fast Local Subspace Classifier
Authors: SHIBUYA HISAE , MAEDA SHUNJI
Published: December 2015

An anomaly detection method based on multidimensional time‐series sensor data and using normal state models has been developed. The local subspace classifier (LSC) method is employed to handle the various normal states and the fast LSC method is proposed to reduce the computation time. Clustering is utilized to reduce the amount of data when searching in the fast LSC (FLSC) method. The effectiveness of the FLSC method is confirmed against data from real equipment. The FLSC method is 1 to 10 times as fast as the LSC method.
Economic Analysis of Hybrid Battery Energy Storage Systems Applied to Frequency Control in Power System
Authors: TAMURA SHIGERU
Published: December 2015

The battery energy storage system (BESS) is prospective energy storage in the smart grid, and the hybrid energy storage system (HESS), using two different kinds of battery, is also being studied to achieve better performance and the lower cost than the single‐battery‐type BESS. However, the cost issue has not yet been evaluated explicitly. On the other hand, BESS has been studied and offers promise for ancillary service, although HESS has not been applied to frequency control in power systems. This paper focuses on the application of HESS to frequency control and its economic analysis. In this paper, the important battery characteristics in the application to a power system are introduced and two kinds of HESS are evaluated in terms of their cost when applied to frequency control. In addition, the cost HESS is used for peak shift as well as frequency control is analyzed.
Regioselective Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Reaction of α‐Cyanoacet­ates Catalyzed by a Heterobimetallic Platina‐/Palladacycle
Authors: Weiss Marcel , Holz Julia , Peters René
Published: December 2015

Allylic substitution reactions provide a valuable tool for the functionalization of CH acidic pronucleophiles. Often, control over the stereocenter generated at the nucleophilic reactant is still a challenge. The majority of studies that address this issue employ metal complexes with a low metal oxidation state (e.g. Pd0) to form allyl complexes through oxidative addition. In this article we describe the use of heterobimetallic PtII/PdII complexes, which probably activate the olefinic substrates through an SN2′ pathway. The reaction of α‐cyanoacetates delivers linear allylation products with exclusive regioselectivity and high E/Z‐selectivity for the new C=C double bond. Although the enantioselectivities attained are moderate, they are significantly higher than with related mono‐PdII or ‐PtII catalysts or the corresponding bis‐PdII complex, which indicates cooperation of the different metals. Control experiments suggest simultaneous activation of both reaction partners.
Rapunzel & the Pumpkin‐Eater: Marital Systems of Agoraphobic Women*
Authors: Quadrio Carolyn
Published: December 2015

A fairy tale character and a nursery rhyme are used to dramatize the marital systems of women with agoraphobia. This systems perspective emphasizes that the disorder is more than an individual or intrapsychic one, that it is an interpersonal or marital adjustment and that the phobic symptoms of the wife also provide a defence for her husband. Rapunzel characterizes an agoraphobic woman with severe dependency and separation problems. Her husband may be a Rescuing Prince — protective of her and denying of his own problems; or, a Pumpkin‐Eater — sexually inadequate and withdrawn. The marriages involve unconscious transactions promising mutual protection.

Finally, some aspects of psychotherapy, both individual and conjoint are examined.
“Daddy Come Home Soon!” Intermittent Father Absence and the Family*
Authors: Adler Robert G.
Published: December 2015

Little has been written about the impact on children and families of the intermittent absence, through work, of one or other parent. This article explores some aspects of the interaction between the family and the workplace, using the experiences of the family of an offshore oil rig worker to illustrate some of the problems. Some modes of adaptation are discussed.
Classroom‐Centered Research in Language Teaching: Two Articles on the State of the Art: Introduction
Authors: SELIGER HERBERT W.
Published: December 2015

The following two articles were originally presented at the TESOL Research Committee's yearly session on the state of the art at the 16th Annual TESOL Convention in Honolulu in May, 1982. A third presentation at this session, on the role of instruction in second language learning, was given by Michael Long. Due to constraints on time, that article is not presented here and will appear in a future issue of the TESOL Quarterly.
Alternatives in Second Language Research: Three Articles on the State of the Art: Introduction
Authors: EISENSTEIN MIRIAM
Published: December 2015

Research is just a set of conventions—the most rigorous way to ask a question and look for answers. … Research is people‐run. And it can be as flexible as the people who run it.

(Hatch & Farhady, 1982, p. xv)
Family Belongingness, Gang Friendships, and Psychological Distress in Adolescent Achievement
Authors: Baskin Thomas W. , Quintana Stephen M. , Slaten Christopher D.
Published: December 2015

The authors investigated connections among social, psychological, and academic functioning of ethnically diverse urban youth. Participants included 310 seventh graders (mean age = 12.10 years) from an ethnically diverse middle school in which no ethnic group was a majority. Social engagements with family and gang members were predictive of academic achievement in the expected directions, with psychological distress mediating the effects of these social engagements on academic achievement. Implications for counselors’ work with ethnically diverse urban youth are discussed.
Amoxapine — An Antidepressant With Some Neuroleptic Properties?: A Review of Its Chemistry, Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Human Pharmacology, and Clinical Efficacy
Authors: Lydiard R. Bruce , Gelenberg Alan J.
Published: December 2015

Amoxapine, a new antidepressant, exhibits both antidepressant and neuroleptic effects in laboratory animals and in humans. Evidence from human studies (extrapyramidal reactions, hyperprolactinemia, and galactorrhea), animal screening tests, and neurochemical experiments support the contention that amoxapine or a metabolite occasionally produces neuroleptic‐like effects. Amoxapine's neuroleptic activity may derive from 7‐hydroxy‐amoxapine, a minor metabolite in humans, which exhibits significant dopamine receptor‐blocking activity. Evidence for an early antidepressant effect of amoxapine in the treatment of depressive illness has not been consistently demonstrated. In comparable doses (roughly twice the dose of imipramine or amitriptyline), amoxapine appears to be similar to reference antidepressants in efficacy, unwanted effects, and acute toxicity.
Medical Management of Antimicrobial‐Associated Diarrhea and Colitis
Authors: Gotz Vincent P. , Rand Kenneth H.
Published: December 2015

Gastrointestinal complications, including diarrhea, may occur with virtually all antimicrobial agents. Such diarrhea may represent either a common, nonspecific adverse effect, or it may be one of the manifestations of antimicrobial‐associated colitis (AAC), a potentially fatal complication. Clostridium difficile and a cytotoxin neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin has been isolated from the stools of nearly all patients with antibiotic‐associated pseudomembranous colitis, many patients with AAC, and approximately 20% of those with antimicrobial‐induced diarrhea. Demonstration that C. difficile is responsible for cytotoxin production has allowed for specific therapy for these disorders. General treatment measures include discontinuation of the causative antimicrobial agent(s), bowel rest, and supportive care with fluids, electrolytes and colloids, if necessary. Antiperistaltic agents and corticosteroids are not recommended. Various antimicrobials demonstrate potential efficacy in treating AAC in humans. Oral vancomycin is the most widely tested and is currently the treatment of choice. It achieves high concentrations in the feces and is very active against C. difficile in doses of 125–500 mg by mouth every six hours. Other potentially useful but inadequately tested antimicrobials include metronidazole (500 mg by mouth every eight hours) and bacitracin (25,000 units by mouth every six hours). Tetracycline has been employed with some success in nonspecific antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, although it is as yet untested in humans with AAC and may induce diarrhea itself. Both miconazole and rifampin are highly effective against C. difficile in vitro but have not been evaluated in AAC. Anion‐exchange resins bind the cytotoxin found in stools of patients with AAC. Cholestyramine has been used with variable response in oral doses of 4 g every six to eight hours. Since these resins may also bind vancomycin, resulting in lowered vancomycin concentrations in the stool, combination therapy should be used cautiously. With specific therapy directed against the toxin and aggressive supportive therapy, surgical intervention is rarely necessary. More recently, investigations have been directed at using bacterial preparations to suppress C. difficile by restoring the normal flora. The development of immunological agents (i.e., vaccines, toxoids, antitoxins) for the prevention or treatment of AAC would be a significant advance in therapy.
Trazodone Hydrochloride: A Wide Spectrum Antidepressant with a Unique Pharmacological Profile
Authors: Georgotas Anastase , Forsell Thomas L , Mann John J. , Kim Mary , Gershon Samuel
Published: December 2015

Trazodone is a new antidepressant agent that was recently introduced in the United States. It has a unique pharmacological profile that is not typical of either tricyclic or monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants. As such it represents a new class of antidepressant drugs. The efficacy of trazodone has been clearly established in comparative studies with imipramine and amitriptyline. Major depression is the principal indication for its use, but good results have been shown in a wide variety of depressive subtypes. Of particular importance is the low frequency of adverse reactions seen with this drug.
Ceforanide: Antibacterial Activity, Pharmacology, and Clinical Efficacy
Authors: Barriere Steven L. , Mills John
Published: December 2015

Ceforanide is a new cephalosporin with a longer elimination half‐life than any currently available cephalosporin. Its activity is very similar to that of cefamandole, a second‐generation cephalosporin, except that ceforanide is less active against most gram‐positive organisms. Many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus, are susceptible to ceforanide, as are most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species. However, most strains of Serratia marcescens and all Pseudomonas aeruginosa are resistant to this compound. Peak serum concentrations in excess of 100 μg/ml are achieved after a 1 g intravenous dose. The elimination half‐life of ceforanide is about 3 hrs in patients with normal renal function; this allows twice daily dosing for the majority of patients. As renal excretion amounts for 85–90% of drug elimination, the serum half‐life increases to approximately 20 hours in anuric patients. Tissue penetration studies demonstrate inhibitory concentrations in cardiac tissue, bone, and joint fluid. Minor adverse effects have been reported after large doses of ceforanide. Clinical trials indicate that ceforanide is effective in the treatment of skin and soft tissue, pulmonary and urinary tract infections, bone and joint infections, and endocarditis. Ceforanide also has been shown to be as effective as cephalothin or cephaloridine when given prophylactically for vaginal hysterectomy.
Verapamil Hydrochloride: Pharmacological Properties and Role in Cardiovascular Therapeutics
Authors: Baky Ms. Sherrin H. , Singh Bramah N.
Published: December 2015

Verapamil hydrochloride, a prototype calcium antagonist, is now marketed in the United States for the acute treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and for chronic management of vasospastic and chronic stable angina. It inhibits the slow inward channel in the heart and blocks calcium influx in smooth muscle. Its intrinsic negative inotropic action, which is apparent in isolated tissues, is offset in vivo by peripheral vasodilation. It has a mild, noncompetitive sympathetic antagonist effect; its most important electrophysiologic action is a depression of AV nodal conduction, accounting for its effect in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Its hemodynamic actions are characterized by a complex interplay of changes in preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate, and coronary blood flow. It does not depress cardiac function, except in severe heart failure. The drug has a mild dilator action on coronary arteries and reverses ergonovine‐induced vasoconstriction. Controlled trials have established its role in Prinzmetal's variant angina, unstable angina, and chronic stable angina. It has also been found to be effective in obstructive cardiomyopathies. The potential role of verapamil in such conditions as hypertension, cardioprotection, and Raynaud's phenomenon needs further evaluation; at present these indications have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The most common side effects include constipation, skin rash, and dizziness; AV block, heart failure, and sinus arrest may occasionally be encountered, especially when ventricular function is compromised or conduction system disease is present.
Analgesic Efficacy of an Ibuprofen‐Codeine Combination
Authors: Cooper Stephen A. , Engel Jerome , Ladov Marvin , Precheur Harry , Rosenheck Arnold , Rauch David
Published: December 2015

Subjects who had undergone dental impaction surgery and who had moderate to severe postoperative pain were given, under double‐blind, randomized conditions, a single dose of either codeine 60 mg, aspirin 650 mg, ibuprofen 400 mg, aspirin 650 mg + codeine 60 mg, ibuprofen 400 mg + codeine 60 mg, or placebo. A total of 249 subjects were included in the statistical analysis. On a report form, subjects recorded pain intensity, pain relief, and side effects hourly for four hours. They also gave an overall impression at the end of the observation period. Analysis of variance and pairwise contrasts were used to analyze the data. For the sum of pain intensity differences, the total of the hourly pain relief scores, and overall impression, there was a significant analgesic effect for codeine, aspirin, and ibuprofen and no significant interaction when they were used in combination, Ibuprofen alone was statistically superior to aspirin and also achieved higher mean scores than the aspirin‐codeine combination. The ibuprofen‐codeine combination was the most effective treatment for every analgesic parameter, but it was not statistically superior to ibuprofen alone. The possibility exists that the ibuprofen‐codeine combination peaked out the sensitivity of the model. There was no notable difference in the frequency or intensity of side effects among the treatment groups, and no subject had to withdraw due to an adverse effect. This study again confirms the superiority of ibuprofen to aspirin and suggests that ibuprofen is at least as effective as an aspirin‐codeine combination. Codeine added a small amount of additional analgesia when used in combination with ibuprofen.
The Use of Beta‐Adrenergic Blocking Agents in Anxiety Disorders and Schizophrenia
Authors: Hayes Peggy E. , Schulz S. Charles
Published: December 2015

In the 1960s, several studies reported that propranolol and other beta‐blocking drugs appeared especially useful in patients with physical symptoms of anxiety. However, subsequent reports produced conflicting findings, and at this time the efficacy of propranolol in anxiety disorders is not clearly established. Propranolol's utility in anxiety states may be entirely restricted to those anxiety patients whose physical symptoms have not adequately responded to benzodiazepine therapy. This places the beta‐blockers among the least useful drugs in treating anxiety disorders. A major problem in assessing propranolol's antianxiety properties has been a virtual lack of well‐designed studies addressing the issue; the studies reviewed here contained a surprising number of study design problems. Several guidelines regarding study design are included to assist the reader in evaluating studies of antianxiety agents.

High dose (e.g., 2,000 mg) propranolol may have a role as an alternative to traditional antipsychotic therapy in neuroleptic‐resistant patients. During the last decade a number of studies have demonstrated symptomatic improvement in schizophrenic patients using propranolol alone or combined with neuroleptics. However, four recent double‐blind reports have failed to replicate this finding. Future research should focus on possible identification of propranolol‐responsive patients and their characteristics. The use of propranolol and other beta‐blockers in schizophrenia should remain in the research or medical center setting.
Acyclovir: Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Clinical Applications
Authors: Gnann John W. , Barton Nancy H. , Whitley Richard J.
Published: December 2015

Acyclovir is a new antiviral drug that acts as a specific inhibitor of herpesvirus DNA polymerase. It shows good in vitro activity against herpes simplex and varicella‐zoster viruses. The drug may be administered topically to the skin, intravenously, orally, or topically to the eye (only topical and intravenous preparations are currently available). Acyclovir kinetics are described by a two‐compartment open model. The drug and its metabolites are excreted by the kidney via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Dosage adjustment is required in patients with renal failure. Safety and tolerance studies in animals and humans have shown acyclovir to be very well tolerated. The most important adverse effect is crystalluria and elevated serum creatinine related to bolus intravenous administration. Other reported adverse effects include infusion site inflammation and rash. Topical acyclovir is effective for treating initial genital herpes and mucocutaneous herpes in the compromised host, but has not been shown to be clinically useful for recurrent labial or genital herpes. Intravenous acyclovir is effective for mucocutaneous herpes infections in the compromised host and initial genital herpes in the normal host; it is being evaluated for the treatment of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and varicella‐zoster infections. An investigational oral preparation may prove to be effective therapy for both initial and recurrent genital herpes. Acyclovir therapy does not eliminate latent virus or prevent subsequent recurrences.
Effect of Captopril and Propranolol, Alone and in Combination, on the Responses to Isometric and Dynamic Exercise in Normotensive and Hypertensive Men
Authors: Ferguson Roger K. , Vlasses Peter H. , Koffer Harris , Clementi Regina A. , Koplin Janice R. , Willcox Christel M.
Published: December 2015

This study evaluated the effects of single doses of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril and the beta‐adrenergic blocking agent propranolol, alone or in combination, on the blood pressure, heart rate and humoral responses to both isometric (handgrip) and dynamic (ergometric) exercise in normotensive and hypertensive men. Single oral doses of either placebo, captopril 50 mg, propranolol 80 mg, or the latter two in combination were administered to age‐matched groups (n = 5) of normotensive and hypertensive men in a random, double‐blind manner. Captopril alone was indistinguishable from placebo after both isometric and ergometric exercise. Propranolol suppressed heart rate after both types of exercise and tended to decrease systolic blood pressure only in the hypertensive group; combination with captopril did not alter these responses. These data suggest that in sodium‐replete subjects undergoing short‐term vigorous exercise, the renin‐angiotensin system, as measured by captopril inhibition, is less important than the sympathoadrenal system, as measured by propranolol inhibition, in the reflex cardiovascular adjustments accompanying acute isometric and dynamic exercise in both normotensive and hypertensive men.
Ceftizoxime: A Beta‐Lactamase‐Stable, Broad‐Spectrum Cephalosporin
Authors: Neu Harold C.
Published: December 2015

Ceftizoxime is an iminomethoxy aminothiazolyl cephalosporin that inhibits a wide variety of aerobic, anaerobic gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. The majority of Enterobacteriaceae are inhibited by ≤ 1 μg/ml as are streptococcal species with the exception of Streptococcus faecalis. Staphylococcus aureus are inhibited by 3–8 μg/ml, while methicillin‐resistant S. aureus are resistant. Bacteroides fragilis are inhibited by 16–64 μg/ml. It inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa at usually achievable concentrations. Ceftizoxime is overall similar in antibacterial activity to cefotaxime and moxalactam. Ceftizoxime is not hydrolyzed by common plasmid and chromosomal β‐lactamases. Serum levels of ceftizoxime after intramuscular and intravenous injection are similar to those of cefotaxime and moxalactam. The half‐life is 1.6 to 1.9 hours in normal individuals. The compound is not metabolized and is cleared from the body by glomerular filtration. Ceftizoxime enters most body fluids, including the cerebrospinal fluid, to produce therapeutic concentrations against clinically important bacteria. Ceftizoxime accumulates in the presence of renal failure, but it is removed from the body by hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Ceftizoxime has proved to be an effective chemotherapeutic agent when used as treatment for pneumonia, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, meningitis, peritonitis, gonorrhea, including penicillinase‐producing isolates, and gynecological infections. No major adverse reactions have been associated with the use of ceftizoxime and it has produced neither disulfram‐like reactions nor bleeding.
Community‐Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia in the Elderly
Authors: Gleckman Richard A. , Roth Robert M.
Published: December 2015

Pneumonia remains the leading infectious disease‐related cause of death among the elderly. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent pathogen isolated from aged individuals with community‐acquired pneumonia. Other common bacteria that cause this disease include Haemophilus influenzae and Legionella pneumophila. Manifestations of pneumonia in the elderly can be subtle and result in delayed recognition and treatment. Gram stain evaluation and culture of non‐contaminated expectorated sputum remain the conventional techniques to guide initial antibiotic selection. While the presence of a new infiltrate on chest X‐ray confirms the clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, the radiographic appearance of the infiltrate cannot accurately define the etiologic agent. Specific therapeutic measures include administration of appropriate antibiotics, correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, nutritional support and treatment of concomitant disorders. Preventive measures include use of influenza vaccine, amantadine and pneumococcal vaccine.
Cefonicid: A Long‐acting, Second‐generation Cephalosporin; Antimicrobial Activity, Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Efficacy and Adverse Effects
Authors: Pontzer Raymond E. , Kaye Donald
Published: December 2015

Cefonicid is a new second‐generation cephalosporin with a broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity and a prolonged serum elimination half‐life. It has good in vitro activity against methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, nonenterococcal streptococci, Hemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria meningitidis and many of the commonly isolated Enterobacteriaceae. Organisms usually resistant to cefonicid include species of Pseudomonas, Serratia, Acinetobacter and Providencia, and Bacteroides fragilis. The drug is 98% protein bound in human serum, which probably contributes to its significant reduction of antimicrobial activity measured in serum. Limited clinical trials have demonstrated it to be effective for surgical prophylaxis and for treating infections of the urinary tract, lower respiratory tract and bone. Failures have been reported in treatment of soft tissue infections and endocarditis caused by S. aureus. A potential cost reduction may be achieved by administering a single daily dose of cefonicid for established infections or a single preoperative dose for effective surgical prophylaxis instead of multiple‐dose regimens of other, similar agents.
Analgesic Effect of Fendosal, Ibuprofen and Aspirin in Postoperative Oral Surgery Pain
Authors: Forbes James A. , Barkaszi Billie A. , Ragland Robert N. , Hankie John J.
Published: December 2015

The analgesic efficacy of a single 200‐mg dose of fendosal, a nonnarcotic, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory analgesic, was compared, in a double‐blind study, with aspirin 650 mg, ibuprofen 400 mg and placebo in outpatients who had moderate or severe pain after the surgical removal of impacted third molars. Using a self‐rating record, patients rated their pain and its relief hourly for up to 12 hours after medicating. Each active medication was significantly superior to placebo. The peak analgesic effect of fendosal 200 mg was similar to that of the aspirin 650‐mg standard. Although fendosal's onset of action was slow (3 hours), its effect persisted for 8 hours, substantially longer than that of aspirin. Ibuprofen 400 mg was statistically significantly superior to aspirin 650 mg and fendosal 200 mg for most measures of peak and total analgesia, and its effect persisted for 8 hours. The results of this study raise some questions concerning the comparability of data from studies that employ different criteria for remedication and/or different criteria for the inclusion of data in the analyses of efficacy.
Glipizide: A Second‐generation Sulfonylurea Hypoglycemic Agent; Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Use
Authors: Lebovitz Harold E.
Published: December 2015

Glipizide is a second‐generation sulfonylurea in which the substitutions on the arylsulfonylurea nucleus are large, relatively nonpolar groups. This chemical change increases the intrinsic hypoglycemic activity of the molecule 100‐fold on a weight basis compared to first‐generation agents. In addition, the pharmacokinetic properties, spectrum and severity of side effects and metabolism of this agent are somewhat different from those of first‐generation sulfonylureas. The most important component of the antidiabetic action of glipizide is its effect in potentiating insulin action. Glipizide‐mediated increases in nutrient‐stimulated insulin secretion may contribute to its antidiabetic action. The drug is effective in controlling the blood glucose in patients with noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. It is at least as effective as and probably more effective than first‐generation sulfonylureas in controlling hyperglycemia in diabetes. Glipizide is relatively free of serious side effects and is contraindicated principally in patients with significant liver or kidney disease.
Fenoterol: A Beta2‐adrenergic Agonist for Use in Asthma; Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Efficacy and Adverse Effects
Authors: Svedmyr Nils
Published: December 2015

Fenoterol (hydroxyphenylorciprenaline) is chemically closely related to metaproterenol (orciprenaline). It has a higher bronchodilating potency than metaproterenol, albuterol (salbutamol in Europe) or terbutaline. The β2 selectivity of fenoterol at normal oral and inhaled doses is the same as for albuterol and terbutaline. Its pharmacodynamic effects are similar to those of other selective β2‐adrenoceptor agonists. It has a high first‐pass metabolism. The long half‐life previously reported in the literature (7 hours) is mainly the half‐life of inactive fenoterol metabolites. The duration of action at equipotent bronchodilating doses seems to be the same as for albuterol and terbutaline, and not longer, as previously reported. Inhalation of β‐adrenoceptor agonists is the superior route of administration. Side effects do not usually occur at normal therapeutic doses. One puff of fenoterol (200 μg) is about equipotent to 2 puffs of albuterol (2 × 100 μg) or 2 puffs of terbutaline (2 × 250 μg) with the same duration of effect. In patients who overdose with the metered‐dose inhaler (MDI), side effects occur at half the number of puffs with fenoterol. Dosage for an acute attack in children is 1 puff (200 μg), repeated within 5 minutes if necessary; in adults 1–3 puffs can be given. For maintenance therapy, the dose in adults is 1–2 puffs 2–4 times daily, while in children 1 puff at night and 1 in the morning may be sufficient. The usual oral dosage has been 5–10 mg 3 times daily.
Antibiotic Irrigations A Plea for Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Roth Robert M. , Gleckman Richard A. , Gantz Nelson M. , Kelly Neal
Published: December 2015

Although the medical literature describes the perioperative use of antibiotic irrigations in abdominal, pelvic, orthopedic and vascular surgery, the lack of well‐designed and executed, controlled clinical studies often precludes a definitive assessment of the value of this technique. Future randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical trials are required to establish its merit. In this age of cost consciousness, lavages with antibiotic solutions cannot at present be regarded as conventional medical therapy.
Evaluation of Intravenous Amrinone: The First of a New Class of Positive Inotropic Agents with Vasodilator Properties
Authors: Bottorff Michael B. , Rutledge David R. , Pieper John A.
Published: December 2015

Amrinone is the first noncatecholamine inotropic agent with substantial vasodilating properties to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Its use in acute congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with significant increases in cardiac index, reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance and little or no change in mean arterial pressure. Pharmacokinetic studies of amrinone report an elimination half‐life of 2.6–8.3 hours, with slower elimination more likely in patients with compromised renal or hepatic function. Intravenous bolus doses of 0.75–3.5 mg/kg followed by infusions of 5–20 μg/kg/min produce hemodynamic improvements similar to those with dobutamine. Side effects with amrinone therapy are usually mild, but thrombocytopenia occurs in 2.4% of patients. Amrinone appears equally as efficacious as dobutamine in the management of acute CHF, but its role in therapy depends on efficacy and side effect data in greater numbers of patients.