bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Austerity Media and Human Flourishing
Authors: Petro Patrice
Published: November 2022

In this chapter, I explore the ideology, economics, and aesthetics of what I call “austerity media.” I focus on texts that tell unconventional stories about people often ignored—hoarders, street hustlers, and transgender people, all living on the edge in an increasingly austere age. The ideology of austerity is often linked to the ideology of self-help that suggests that individuals rather than systems of power require modification. In the context of the loss of public resources, popular culture attempts to make cultural sense of these complex developments. But the economics of austerity media also encompasses the proliferation of cheap media productions, which, in turn, provide compelling examples of austere economic practices. Reality TV is one example, but so are neo-documentaries, made on extreme micro-budgets, and shot in a neo-neorealist style, such as Sean Baker’s recent Tangerine and The Florida Project. Through an analysis of reality television shows about hoarding and these two recent films, I aim explore the ideology, economics, and aesthetics of austerity, as well as distinct scholarly approaches to understanding austerity’s impact and reach. I am interested in these media texts because they tell us a lot about how life is lived today in the context of over-consumption, planned obsolescence, and vast mountains of disavowed waste. They tell us about dwelling and dispossession, but also reveal impulses to hope and prospects for human flourishing.
Legalizing God-Optional Religion
Authors: May Isaac Barnes
Published: November 2022

This chapter addresses how God-optional religion spread into the American legal system. It focuses on conscientious objection, which had traditionally required objectors to believe in God. In the 1965 Supreme Court case United States v. Seeger, Quakers and other liberal religious groups backed the case of an agnostic man who sought to challenge the restriction of conscientious objection to theists. This was partly an effort to protect their own theological convictions. In the religious upheaval of the 1960s, these efforts found a sympathetic audience with the Supreme Court, which expanded legal protections beyond theists. The legal acceptance of God-optional views indicates just how widespread the ideas first taught in these small religious communities eventually became.
The Rome Statute Creating a New Legal Field
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes how Moreno Ocampo studied the Rome Statute system to plan its implementation. It refers to the Versailles Treaty establishing the basic ideas and Stalin’s role promoting a jus ad Curiam decision creating Nuremberg. During the Rome Conference, the opposition to an Office of the Prosecutor with proprio motu authority was the primary US delegation’s objection. One hundred twenty states decided to contradict the US proposal and provided independent power to the Office of the Prosecutor to trigger the court’s jurisdiction creating an autonomous international criminal justice system. The book distinguishes between two coexisting and interrelated models of international criminal justice: a system integrated by 193 states UN members, led by UN Security Council, and a subsystem under the Rome Statute integrated by two-thirds of those states combined with the ICC. International criminal justice in the UN system is a state or a Council’s choice. In the Rome Statute system, justice is mandatory. The Rome Statute redefined the limits between crimes under the national authorities’ exclusive jurisdiction and those of “concern to the international community as a whole.” The Rome Statute provided a global model to manage violence with some similarities to the one proposed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1910.
The Prosecutor’s Authority in the Jus ad Curiam Phase
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno
Published: November 2022

The concept of “power conferring” norms developed by H.L.A. Hart and Hans Kelsen explains the innovation created by the Rome Statute in the jus ad Curiam phase. The Rome Statute included a new judicial actor in a political arena conferring power to the ICC prosecutor to trigger independently the court jurisdiction. The chapter describes the preliminary examination standards developed by the Office of the Prosecutor, summarizes its jus ad Curiam decisions and the chambers’ rulings.
The Uganda Preliminary Examination
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno
Published: November 2022

This chapter analyzes the jus ad Curiam decisions adopted by the Office of the Prosecutor and the Ugandan government to open an investigation in Uganda. It presents the distinction between situation and case, the meaning of the interest of the victims under Article 53 (1) (c), and the consolidation of the policy to invite states to refer their own situations to the International Criminal Court (ICC). It also describes the Article 53 report evaluating crimes against humanity and war crimes committed by different parties in Uganda since July 2002. The chapter details how the office obtained a referral under confidentiality focused exclusively on LRA crimes. The prosecution clarified to the Ugandan authorities that the referral included the entire situation of Northern Uganda and that the office would select the cases. The chapter also presents the critical views of different groups: local leaders, peace negotiators, humanitarian workers, and legal experts.
Preliminary Examinations in Honduras, Nigeria, Korea, Georgia, and Guinea
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno
Published: November 2022

This chapter details how the Office of the Prosecutor conducted preliminary examinations in Honduras, Korea, Nigeria, Georgia, and Guinea. The geographical dispersions and the variety of the circumstances help to perceive the functioning of the autonomous criminal justice system established by the Rome Statute. The Office of the Prosecutor respected its legal frame and the decisions of other actors reduced or increased its contribution to the prevention of future crimes. Except for North Korea, all the states involved cooperated with the Office of the Prosecutor. The Rome Statute was a constraint for different actors in Georgia and Nigeria and played a suggestive preventive role in Honduras and Guinea.
Jus ad Curiam Decisions in Colombia
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes Colombia’s preliminary examination: different groups committing crimes against humanity, while there were thousands of judicial investigations. Colombia’s decision-makers, including the president, members of Congress, NGOs, the army, and judges took the Rome Statute into consideration. Colombia demobilized more than 30,000 paramilitaries and sent more than 1,500 to prisons. After the end of Moreno Ocampo’s tenure, Colombia produced an even more complex peace agreement with the FARC considering the Rome Statute requirements. Colombia’s preliminary examination lasted more than fifteen years and became the best example of “positive complementarity.”
The UN Security Council Resolution Referring the Darfur Situation to the ICC
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno
Published: November 2022

This chapter explains the UN Security Council referral of the Darfur situation to the ICC. It exposes NGOs, activists, and experts promoting activities to investigate and stop the crimes. It also shows the leadership of international and national officers like Colin Powell and Kofi Annan. The US adopted a restricted interpretation of the Genocide Convention obligation to prevent the commission of genocide. The Rome Statute changed the UN Security Council’s functioning without changing the UN Charter. French permanent representative mobilized the “ICC-9” forcing the United States to accept the referral while respecting the American Service Patriot Act (ASPA). Before opening an investigation, the Office of the Prosecutor produced an Article 53 report analyzing the Darfur situation in terms of jurisdiction, complementarity, gravity, and the interest of justice.
War and Justice in the Gaddafi Case
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno
Published: November 2022

This chapter analyzes the UN Security Council jus ad Bellum decision in Libya highlighting the substantial differences with the decisions adopted in Afghanistan and Iraq. It also presents the Office of the Prosecutor reevaluation of “the interest of justice,” confirming that the situation was admissible. The prosecution presented to the UN Security Council its plans to request arrest warrants receiving strong support. The chapter summarizes the request and the pre-trial chamber’s decision to issue three arrest warrants. The court was able to act decisively before the conflict ended. The Gaddafi regime collapsed. A group of rebels executed Muammar Gaddafi. Al-Sennusi escaped, was arrested in Mauritania, and extradited to Libya, where he was prosecuted. Saif Gaddafi tried to escape, but a Zintan militia arrested him. Libya challenged the admissibility of both cases before the ICC. The court accepted Libya’s position in the Al-Sennusi case and rejected it in the case against Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi. For the first time in the history of the court, an admissibility challenge was successful. In 2014, a new civil war started, and a separate Congress was established in Tobruk. It provided a general amnesty in 2015, and the Zintan militia released Saif Gaddafi. He challenged his case’s admissibility before the ICC, arguing that he was already prosecuted and convicted in absentia for the same crimes. The chambers rejected his arguments because there was not a final judgment of conviction. The 2011 UN Security Council’s jus ad Curiam and jus ad Bellum decisions were implemented. Still, Libya’s national political system could not manage the new conflicts, and new actors committed more crimes. Highlights Muammar Gaddafi forces that were still advancing to Benghazi after Luis Moreno Ocampo’s jus ad Curiam decision that opened an investigation into Libya. To protect civilians, in March 2011, the UN Security Council adopted a jus ad Bellum decision, which had substantial differences with the decisions adopted in Afghanistan and Iraq. It details how the Office of the Prosecutor had to investigate ongoing crimes committed in Libya in a highly politically charged scenario. The chapter looks at evidence that is collected for protecting witnesses and investigators and re-evaluated for the interest of justice, confirming that the situation was admissible. It recounts how Luis Moreno Ocampo warned the UN Security Council about planning to request arrest warrants during the briefing and was able to receive strong support.
Writing a Jewish Bioethics
Authors: Zoloth Laurie
Published: November 2022

The introduction sets out the concept of the book itself, describes the public hospital where it takes place, and considers the need in the field of bioethics for a different sort of book in Jewish bioethics. It sets in place the story of Esther as the first proof text of my method, which is to use close textual reasoning to illuminate classic narrative, from Hebrew Scripture or the Talmudic literature, and use the logic of that text as a way of thinking about a particular issue or case in clinical ethics. I explore a detail at the end of the Biblical story of Esther, which notes that Esther writes a second account of the story itself, in addition to the account made by Mordechai, and argue that this shows the importance of a “second scroll” or second text in Jewish ethics. This chapter introduces the way that memory about a clinical case, and reflective consideration of the case, can add much to our thinking about bioethics.
The Full Onus of Mercy
Authors: Zoloth Laurie
Published: November 2022

What is the status of miracle in Jewish thought? Here, the source text is not a selection from the Talmud, but a poem by Israeli poet Yehuda Amachai, referencing God’s promise to Abraham about his children. We think about a case of a newborn baby with a fatal neurological condition born to a religious Jewish family. A full discussion of futility, as written about by my colleague, Susan Rubin, is part of the chapter. We will consider the details of how a case is considered within the traditional remit of Orthodox Jewish law in the United States, which follows the classic form of a shilah, or question, and a responsa from an expert in halacha and medicine. We will see how the dynamics of pediatric medicine work when legacy and progeny are at stake. Then we return to Talmudic text about miracles and reflect on their role in religious belief.
The Best Excavation Ever
Authors: Brier Bob
Published: November 2022

This chapter elucidates how Howard Carter’s excavation of Tutankhamun’s tomb set the standard for future Egyptian expeditions. Working together, Carter and photographer Harry Burton photographed every object in situ so they would have an exact record of where everything was found. Later, when the objects had been removed from the tomb, Burton photographed the objects from various perspectives, so there would be a definitive record of each object. In addition to these archaeological photographs, Burton also took a series of staged, well-lit photos of important and dramatic moments in the excavation’s history—taking down the wall, opening the shrines, examining the mummy, and so on. To this photographic record, Carter added hundreds of his own drawings on index cards to record details that might be lost in the photographs. Not only did Carter set standards for recording, but the laboratory he established in an empty tomb also set new standards for the conservation of objects on-site, enabling the fragile objects to be moved safely to Cairo. The chapter ends with a discussion of Tutankhamun’s legacy: how his tomb changed archaeological excavations, the antiquities trade, Egyptian politics, and the museum world.
The Nature of Chinese Writing
Authors: Demattè Paola
Published: November 2022

This chapter highlights the peculiarities of Chinese writing arguing that although the script records efficiently the underlying language, it operates differently from alphabetic or syllabic systems. As both neurolinguistic and reading apprehension studies show, Chinese writing relies more on semantic (originally pictographic) signs rather than on phonetic elements.
Early and Middle Neolithic Signs to the Fourth Millennium BCE
Authors: Demattè Paola
Published: November 2022

This chapter summarizes the graphic evidence from Early to Middle Neolithic contexts in the core areas of the Yellow and Yangzi River valleys during the fifth and fourth millennium BCE. These marks and pictorial symbols played a role in the creation of the cultural and visual vocabulary of the pre-historic period. Given their simplicity and lack of widespread use they are unlikely to be directly related to the origin of Chinese writing, however they probably provided the foundation for the eventual development of more complex signs during the Late Neolithic.
The Second Millennium BCE: Early and Middle Bronze Age Writing
Authors: Demattè Paola
Published: November 2022

This chapter concentrates on the archaeological and paleographic evidence of the Early and Middle Bronze Age, the time when prehistoric communities transitioned towards an organized state and began making a more systematic use of graphic recording. It introduces archaeological and paleographic evidence from the Early to Middle Bronze Age, beginning with graphs and material remains from the Early Bronze Age Erlitou culture (ca. 2000–1600 BCE), following with Early and Middle Shang graphs and ending with the mature writing on bronze, bone, and jade of the Late Shang. This is not an in-depth study of shell and bone and bronze inscriptions, but a paleographic analysis of certain graphs in relation to Neolithic ones, and a comparative study of archaeological and cultural evidence (to assess if during the Late Neolithic there were similar ritual conditions as in the Bronze Age).
The Origins of Chinese Writing
Authors: Demattè Paola
Published: November 2022

This chapter concludes the volume with an assessment of the processes that brought Chinese writing into being in the early second millennium BCE and led to its expansion in the Late Shang. The focus is on archeological evidence, paleography, and anthropological theories concerning the origin and development of state power.
Introduction
Authors: Dyer John
Published: November 2022

This chapter introduces the history of Bible software and explores the most recent statistics on usage from organizations like Barna, the American Bible Society, and digital religion scholars. It begins with previous technological shifts around the Bible including the move from scrolls to the codex and from handwritten texts to the printing press, leading to the digital era. In this era, as people around the world have become increasingly reliant on computers, phone, and the internet, their appetite for digital religion has increased. This chapters begins the argument that as these shifts were taking place, evangelical entrepreneurs were uniquely positioned to adapt the Bible to the digital age, and become the primary shapers of how Christians and non-Christians alike encounter the scriptures on screen.
Four Waves of Bible Software Development
Authors: Dyer John
Published: November 2022

This chapter traces the development of Bible software across four eras—the preconsumer academic era (1950s–1970s), the desktop pastoral era (1980 onward), the popular internet era (1995 onward), and the mobile app era (2000s onward)—showing how Hopeful Entrepreneurial Pragmatism enabled evangelicals to adapt to each successive wave of technology. (The appendix includes a corresponding list of nearly one hundred desktop and mobile apps created since the 1980s.) Most of these applications are no longer offered, but this chapters shows that the most successful evangelical developers and entrepreneurs are those who have the deepest connections to the web of evangelical ministries, universities, and institutions.
A Portrait of Evangelical Bible Readers
Authors: Dyer John
Published: November 2022

This chapter analyzes the people who use Bible software, looking at how they think about the Bible and which Bible apps are influencing their religious behavior. The Bible can be understood as religious content, but “the Bible” can also function as conceptual category and powerful cultural and relational symbol. This chapter draws on focus groups conduced at several churches to explore how that symbolic meaning changes when the Bible migrates from a printed book to an app. It also explores how users choose between the print and digital forms of the Bible. The interviewees portray modern Bible reading as a multimedia experience, one where they use a combination of print, screen, and even audio, shifting between them sometimes based on distinct goals and other times on what is convenient, comfortable, or socially acceptable.
Conclusions
Authors: Dyer John
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers a summary of the book and its argument, showing how the Hopeful Entrepreneurial Pragmatism model of evangelical technological engagement works both in the production and in the consumption sides of Bible software development. Though evangelicals are aware of risks with technology, a class of them tends to hopefully embrace new media for its missional potential. They also display remarkable entrepreneurial savvy, moving fluidly between spiritual and business matters, and making pragmatic decisions based on what works. The chapter also summarizes how reading the Bible on screen affects average readers including the Nearest Available Bible phenomenon, where readers understand the unique value system of each medium, but tend to read whatever is most convenient or nearby, as well as interpretive differences that may be derived from behaviors we associate with screens vs. the printed page. Finally, this chapter offers some recommendations to fellow developers on the future of digital Bibles.
Bibliotherapy and Human Flourishing
Authors: Price Leah
Published: November 2022

Early in this millennium, as scientific journals moved online, their pages began to fill with studies comparing reading with nonreading, print-reading with screen-reading, book-reading with magazine-reading, fiction-reading with non-fiction-reading, literature-reading with the reading of whatever literature is defined against, and even—drilling yet further down—the reading of critically acclaimed fiction with the reading of popular fiction. Some studies measured effects on health; others on wealth; yet others on theory of mind. Policymakers have seized on their findings, “prescribing” self-help books; sponsoring lists of novels, memoirs, and poems for people with anxiety and depression; enlisting reading aloud to combat isolation; and advocating discussing, or simply exchanging, books to combat isolation. All these programs share one thing. Their rhetoric pairs advocacy of reading with distrust of the literary critics who practice it for a living. This chapter asks whether the professionals who use the objects of literary criticism to further human flourishing can make use of debates among its methods. Reciprocally, what can those debates take from competing accounts of the worldly work done by literature, or print, or books, or reading?
Flourishing Spirits
Authors: Castiglia Christopher
Published: November 2022

“Flourishing Spirits” asserts that belief is necessary to any project to foster human flourishing. Drawing on nineteenth-century Spiritualism and the philosophy of William James, the chapter contends that the power to see what might be, but what is only immanent in the visible world (social conditions as they exist) constitutes belief. Spiritualism, the chapter shows, instilled a belief in belief that enabled its followers, many of whom were social reformers, to fight for a possible world in defiance of truth claims about the inevitability of present conditions. Belief in the possible is what James called “a new zest which adds itself like a gift to life.” That “zest,” for James, was synonymous with “passional” faith, which, rather than ignoring conditions in the real world, becomes flexible and adaptable to them, generating a critical well-being. Contemporary theories of social reassemblage, the chapter shows, rely on this concept of belief, as does a program of literary study that, rather than ignoring the fictional qualities of literature in order to discover the ideological “real,” uses imagination as a key skill in the attainment of belief and therefore of human flourishing.
Me vs. Us
Authors: Stein Michael D.
Published: November 2022

People’s fears about health have always been cleaved: Each person worries about themself (the Me perspective of medical health) and they worry about others (the Us perspective of public health). Even before Covid-19, people understood that what is best for the individual may not be feasible for the group, and vice versa. Medical care and public health represent distinct dispositions and attitudes, competing views of health. The author, a primary care doctor trained that the individual patient matters most, fears this attitude has become so dominant in the way people think about health that it endangers the health of all. In this deeply personal narrative, it is argued that the public health perspective—the disorienting idea that people are all connected and therefore dependent on broad social policies—holds the solutions to today’s most concerning health crises, from Covid-19 to obesity and climate change. The book offers eight explanations for why public health has continually “lost” in the conflict with medical care—from a loss in funding and resource allocation to how people view their personal priorities. The divide between Me and Us will be the pressing issue in the debate about health care and public health during the coming years, an expression of societal values.
We Are Not Sure Who Public Health Is For
Authors: Stein Michael D.
Published: November 2022

“Public health” is now sometimes referred to “population” health. A population is countable, and the people in it share characteristics. Public health has historically involved a series of fitful, episodic responses to local threats, such as smallpox or measles, as well as larger societal threats such as obesity. People recognize the effect of their neighbors’ health on their own during an infectious outbreak, but they also see that health in a population presents as a continuum; severe obesity is riskier than mild excess weight. Continuums across a population make people consider larger societal forces that affect the public, that, for instance, move obesity rates.
There Is Little Private Money to Be Made in Public Health
Authors: Stein Michael D.
Published: November 2022

Starting in the 1960s, dollars flowed into health care at a rate that far outpaced inflation. Interest in public health planning faded because attention shifted to the growing costs of the medical system. Public health’s share of total health expenditures in the United States reached a high of only 3.2% in 2002. In the years before Covid-19, it was estimated that the country would need an additional $4.5 billion annual investment in public health to protect national security and create conditions in which people could be as healthy as possible. Discussions of health care versus public health seem to be zero sum, and health care spending, with its focus on individual health, seems more consistent with an American adherence to the notion of individual capacity for limitless achievement. But prevention, the deterrence work of public health, has an excellent return on investment.
Public Health Can Only Infrequently Perform Randomized Trials and Therefore Seems Less Rigorous
Authors: Stein Michael D.
Published: November 2022

Why are randomized trial results considered the gold standard for proving an intervention works? Randomization gives the best chance for a fair comparison of groups. However, not every health question can be answered through a randomized trial. For example, it is not possible to randomize some drivers to a road with a higher speed limit and other drivers to a road with a lower speed limit. Some research depends on natural experiments of policies or events which produce large (or small) cultural changes that find their way into the health of populations. If randomized clinical trials are the only acceptable way to provide proof, both researchers and the general population are limited to a Me world.
Public Health Is Thought of as Government Work, Primarily for the Sake of the Poor
Authors: Stein Michael D.
Published: November 2022

To address health, society-wide arguments must be made about the food people eat, the water they drink, the air they breathe, the buildings they sleep and work in, the schools they send their children to, and the transportation networks they utilize. Public health is an argument for how to live. Because of their scale, public health changes are necessarily slow. Improvements are difficult to see in real time, again making public health invisible. There are seemingly innumerable steps to produce change, so it is natural to turn toward the power of government policy to improve health. The public health perspective since Edwin Chadwick has included a corrective consciousness and argued that health depends on progress against poverty, which requires government. But for a generation, voters have moved to make government smaller; public health disinvestment is a symptom of disinvestment in governmental spending more generally.
Overview
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H.
Published: November 2022

America’s retirement landscape has changed. Traditionally, financial support for retirees came from workplace pensions, Social Security retirement benefits, and family savings. Medicare also provided vital support. Not everyone had all these sources of support, but this was the model of retirement. Today’s retirement outlook has changed: private-sector pensions have all but disappeared, while Social Security and Medicare lack adequate long-term funding. At the same time, retirees face greater pressures due to longer lifespans and rising health costs. To ensure a more secure retirement for all Americans, policymakers, companies, and families must all act. This book lays out a new paradigm for retirement in which families take greater responsibility for supporting their own retirement and governments and employers help them much more, including by putting Social Security and Medicare on a firm financial footing and ensuring that private insurance markets work better.
Entitlements
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H.
Published: November 2022

Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid form the foundation of retirement. They have transformed the lives of millions of Americans, reducing the elderly poverty rate, covering medical expenses, and providing nursing home care. In total, entitlements account for just under half of all federal spending, and, with large budget deficits, there is pressure to cut these programs. This chapter reviews the accomplishments and failings of entitlement programs. Both Social Security and Medicare built up substantial trust funds, but these funds are now expected to be exhausted within years. No Congress or administration will let the programs collapse, but the budgetary problems point to the need for immediate actions to put these programs on a firmer footing. Policymakers of the past have taken steps to cut costs, and more cost saving is possible, but sustaining these foundational programs will also require raising contributions through the payroll tax.
How Are Families Planning for End-of-Life Care?
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H.
Published: November 2022

Retirees run the risk of outliving their assets and facing large medical expenses at the end of life. Nursing home care costs more than $100,000 a year in some places. Dementia care can last for several years if the person contracts Alzheimer’s while young. The most common form of end-of-life care is from a family member, either a spouse or adult child. That can place a heavy burden on the caregiver and mean sub-par care for the patient. Insurance policies can cover part of the cost of full-time care but are very expensive. Medicaid pays for nursing home care for those who have exhausted their financial resources, but the quality of these nursing homes varies. This chapter discusses the problem and why the long-term care insurance market has not thrived.
Reforming Private Insurance Markets
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H.
Published: November 2022

One retirement challenge is how retirees can spend down their assets (or “decumulate”) to manage the risks described in earlier chapters. The markets for insurance-like products—such as annuities, reverse mortgages, and long-term care insurance—currently do not work well. This chapter explores ways to increase the use of insurance products by bringing more providers into the system. Policymakers should offer incentives to encourage companies to include annuities and long-term care insurance in their standard portfolio of retirement products. Employers should set up information sessions so employees learn the value of insurance and make good decisions. The chapter suggests improving reverse mortgages by, for instance, allowing small-dollar loans with low fees and interest rates and permitting homeowners to convert traditional mortgages to reverse mortgages. Combined, these reforms would better enable savers to obtain insurance against various risks and raise their standard of living in retirement.
Bronx Cheers
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

The theme of Chapter 2 is the convergence of Bob’s two talents: music and technology. The hobbyist and ham radio culture of the 1940s is influential, and Bob discovers a Radio and Television News article showing how to build your own theremin, an electronic musical instrument invented by Leon Theremin. He knows little about the history of the instrument or its inventor, and is unaware of Clara Rockmore, the reigning diva of the theremin. But he builds the theremin, a project that will define the rest of his life. He attends the elite Bronx High School of Science. His aunt, Florence Moog, a scientist and university professor, is introduced in this chapter; she will remain one of his biggest lifelong influences, encouraging his scientific and intellectual development. Socially ostracized at Bronx Science, Bob finds acceptance at the Free Synagogue of Flushing. He applies to the Ivy Leagues despite their known discrimination against Jews.
The Island of Electronicus
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

The Minimoog D was in production, but Bob’s business was being severely tested. Customers like Paul Bley had defected to ARP; Eric Siday became a scofflaw; and Herb Deutsch threatened a suit over Project Pulse, an educational initiative he had hoped to launch with Bob. Just when things couldn’t get worse, a new competitor showed up on the scene—one who had defected from Bob’s own ranks. Gene Zumchak had signed on with Bill Waytena to design a new synth, the Sonic V, under the Musonics name. Waytena was now competing directly with Bob, though without much success, as Tom Gullo, one of his engineers, remembered. Waytena made preliminary plans to assume Bob’s debts and take over R. A. Moog. Meanwhile, the owner of Taco Bell helped David Van Koevering start “The Island of Electronicus,” a quasi-night-club—sans alcohol—where kids could try out Minimoogs and hopefully buy them.
I Bought Bob Moog
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

The Moog mystique was untouchable, but the synthesizer industry had evolved into a dog-eat-dog business. CBS had dropped the Buchla, and ARP was gaining on Moog with a small preset synth called the Soloist, and placing its instruments with prestigious retailers like Sam Ash in New York. After Bill Waytena officially bought out Moog on May 28, 1971, he saw the need for a good salesman like David Van Koevering. Van Koevering had been traveling across the United States with his family, landing Moog distributors and selling Minimoogs faster than the factory could produce them. It was Waytena who broke the news to Van Koevering: “I bought Bob Moog.” Bob later confessed to Van Koevering that he’d had no choice but to sell. The homey Trumansburg factory was about to close; operations would be consolidated in Williamsville, New York.
Vexations
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

Outside the company, Bob was esteemed, and was featured in TWA’s Ambassador magazine, on television’s To Tell the Truth, and in a USIA film, The Visionaries. But Bill Waytena hired David Luce as top engineer. Luce’s polyphonic keyboard design (the Apollo), and pedal device (the Taurus), joined Bob’s small keyboard (the Lyra), as a three-instrument set: the Constellation. Bob developed the “Maxolin,” a one-off electronic violin started by Bell Labs’ Max Matthews. Waytena wouldn’t produce it. A Moog engineer discovered an illegal copy of Bob’s filter in an ARP instrument. In 1973, Waytena sold the company to Chicago Musical Instruments, a division of Norlin Corporation. Bob was “sold” as part of the deal. Bob attended a concert on ELP’s Brain Salad Surgery tour, and for psychological release, performed Satie’s piano piece Vexations at a public concert. The miniKORG and SH-1000, inspired by Bob’s work, signaled Japan’s entry into the synth industry.
The Military, Gender, and Liberal Political Obligation
Authors: Millar Katharine M.
Published: November 2022

This chapter sets out the theoretical basis of the book, critically examining the relationship between military violence, gender, and liberalism. It outlines the innocent version of liberalism as pacific, rational, and universalistic, and so forth, before unpacking the ways in which liberalism is, in fact, dependent upon gendered, sexualized, and racialized violence. The chapter demonstrates that the idea of militarism, as an ideological escape valve, is key to upholding the good version of liberalism. It revisits the classic liberal understanding of political obligation to argue that the idealized social contract is underwritten by a second, gendered agreement. In exchange for civil and political rights, male/masculine citizens are expected to kill and die for the state: the liberal military contract. The chapter then develops the analytic of discursive martiality, which brings together the “politics” of war with the way solidaristic, martial violence makes up and bounds liberal social order: the political.
Astaire by Numbers
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: November 2022

Astaire by Numbers: Time & the Straight White Male Dancer looks at every second of dancing Fred Astaire committed to film in the studio era—all six hours, thirty-four minutes, and fifty seconds. Using a quantitative digital humanities approach, as well as previously untapped production records, this book takes the reader onto the set and into the rehearsal halls and editing rooms where Astaire created his seemingly perfect film dances. Looking closely in this way reveals how Astaire used the technically sophisticated resources of the Hollywood filmmaking machine to craft a singular career in mass entertainment as a straight white man who danced on screen across a quarter century of film history. Astaire by Numbers dissects Astaire’s work at the level of the shot, the cut, and the dance step to reveal the aesthetic and practical choices that yielded Astaire’s dancing figure on screen. How Astaire secured his masculinity (by dancing noisily and aggressively) and his heterosexuality (by dancing most of the time with a female partner) comes in for close examination, as does the content of Astaire’s whiteness, which emerges in both the sheer extent of his work and the larger implications of his famous “full figure” framing of his dancing body. Astaire by Numbers rethinks this towering straight white male figure from the ground up by digging deeply into questions of race, gender, and sexuality and offering a complete reassessment of a twentieth-century icon of American popular culture.
Frames, Sets, Cuts
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: November 2022

This part details Astaire’s default aesthetic for the dancing body on screen as flat, whole, as large as possible, seen in sustained fashion from a level view, and precisely synchronized to the music and body sounds. Astaire created his dances to keep the entire dancing body within the frame, an aesthetic that required precise and preplanned coordination between the dancing body and the camera. Astaire’s early practice of filming an entire routine in one shot is discussed beside his use of cuts to isolate tricky or difficult moves and to reposition himself and his partners in the space of the movie set. His pervasive use of objects helps naturalize Astaire’s dancing as not really dancing but just fooling around. The virtuosity of this approach to filmmaking is offset by attention to moments when Astaire’s perfection fails and the seams show.
Carrying the Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: November 2022

Adding magistrates and quasi-magistrates to the roster of imperium holders meant more fasces, and more lictors, which in turn stimulated their awareness as a professional class. The numbers of lictors ballooned further in the later Republic, when certain individuals not holding imperium start to get the fasces, and especially in the early Empire. A new inscription from ca. 76 ce, during the reign of the emperor Vespasian, notes that the pool of lictors at Rome available for duty now numbered 370. These figures underline how common the frightening spectacle of fasces must have been in all historical eras, especially in the city of Rome, which served as both the seat of government and the point of departure for regular commands. Fortunately a sizable corpus of (mostly) imperial-era inscriptions that commemorate lictors offers a corrective on the biases of the literary sources against members of this class of public employee. The epigraphic evidence shows that these attendants enjoyed a privileged status in which they took considerable pride, and some were able to amass enough wealth to become patrons of corporations or whole communities.
The Pursuit of Dominance
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J.
Published: November 2022

How do great countries stay that way? The United States is the most powerful actor in the international system, but it is facing a set of challenges that might lead to its decline as this century unfolds. This book looks to the past for guidance, examining the grand strategy of previous superpowers to see how they maintained, or failed to maintain, their status. Over the course of six cases, from ancient Rome to the British Empire, it seeks guidance from the past for present U.S. policymakers. How did previous empires, regional hegemons, or simply dominant powers forge grand strategy? How did they define their interests, and then assemble the tools to address them? What did they do right, and where did they err? What—if anything—can current U.S. strategists learn from the experience of earlier superpowers?
Introductions
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: November 2022

The book begins with a description of the central role played by Catholic prison chaplain Edward Hartigan in a hostage situation at the Charlestown State Prison in 1955 and the work of chaplains during the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013. This topic is then more recently situated in media descriptions of chaplains during the COVID-19 pandemic and names the questions central to the book. It outlines the conceptual approach the study adopted to answer these questions, addresses the vagueness of the term chaplain and the book’s approach to it, explains Boston as the choice of the case study, and then briefly frames the research questions in relevant scholarly conversations about American religious life. The chapter includes relevant national data and addresses questions about generalizations from Boston as a case before concluding with outlines of the chapters to come.
Brokering Deaths
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: November 2022

All chaplains, regardless of their settings and backgrounds, work around death. This chapter describes how chaplains engage when a death is sudden or more expected, and then pays particular attention to how they broker death through relationships, mostly improvised ritual, and reflective listening. I show how the institutions where chaplains work shape their engagements around death and how they broker end-of-life issues, all while serving as midwives to death and as the first steps in chains of memory that help loved ones and institutions remember those that are lost. As they help people die, most chaplains care for those who are religiously like and different from themselves and do so in diverse settings comprised of staff and family members who are pluralistic in spirituality and religion as well as race, ethnicity, age, and other factors.
Conclusions Can Be Beginnings
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: November 2022

This chapter concludes by briefly summarizing the findings: who chaplains are, what they do, and how they are organizationally integrated into public and religious organizations. It then outlines how these findings can inform the work of theological educators, religious leaders, and chaplains, and how their work matters for scholars and the general public. The chapter describes the social factors that could lead chaplaincy and spiritual care to expand in scope and presence in the future, as well as factors that could lead to decline. I think much of what happens going forward will depend on how quickly and in what ways religious organizations—from congregations to national religious bodies to theological institutions—are willing to adapt or change. Chaplains and spiritual care providers could be central to the future of spiritual and religious life in the United States. As this chapter concludes the book, it explains how.
Disrupting Disruption
Authors: Kirp David , Wechsler Marjorie , Gardner Madelyn , Ali Titilayo Tinubu
Published: November 2022

Are American public schools dinosaurian organizations run by paper-pushers, staffed by teachers who are preoccupied with their salary and job security, not their students’ welfare? Is disruption—whether by inflicting a discipline-and-punish regime on our nation’s schools, or replacing them with charter schools or vouchers—the only way forward? With vivid narratives buttressed by solid quantitative research, Disrupting Disruption demonstrates that this diagnosis is wrong and the prescriptions more harmful than helpful. The success of three seemingly ordinary school districts—Roanoke, Virginia; Union, Oklahoma; and Union City, New Jersey—shows the way forward. Their students do not resemble those in high-flying, predominantly White and well-off places like Willamette, Illinois, or Lexington, Massachusetts, with their off-the-charts test scores and graduation rates. They look like many districts across the country, where White students don’t constitute a majority and many students come from low-income families. These districts deserve a shout-out because they have dramatically boosted graduation rates and closed the opportunity gap for Black and Latino students—not with flash and dazzle but through steady work, setting high expectations, and weaving a safety net of supports for each student. It doesn’t require a genius administrator or a potful of money to accomplish these results. Every school system can, and should, do as well.
The gene’s eye view that forged a neo-Darwinian synthesis
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J.
Published: November 2022

The gene’s eye view of adaptive evolution was conceptualized in the 1960s by W.D. Hamilton and G.C. Williams, inspired primarily by R.A. Fisher’s theoretical genetics and David Lack’s and Niko Tinbergen’s empirical research. In the decades that followed, the new inclusive fitness view of individuals as optimizing agents facing trade-offs, opportunity costs, and reproductive conflicts was further developed and disseminated mainly by Robert Trivers, Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith, and Helena Cronin. Because neo-Darwinism originally arose in the UK and the modern synthesis was forged in the US, differences in emphasis on adaptive versus non-adaptive evolution persisted across the Atlantic throughout the 20th century. The gene’s eye theory of adaptation offered groundbreaking and often counterintuitive understanding of the evolution of somatic senescence, parent–offspring conflict, clutch-size optimization, and the costs and benefits of animal aggression—shedding general light on how cooperation and conflict are shaped by natural selection. In this chapter I explain the fundamental logic of Hamilton’s rule as it emerged from inclusive fitness theory, using the most general notation possible, and I briefly review the principle of co-replication as a key concept for understanding how potentially conflicting social and life-history traits are maintained by natural selection. I also highlight the two major assumptions behind the gene’s eye view of adaptation: optimality principles as drivers of naturally selected adaptive design and the simplification of genetics to breeding values for complex phenotypic traits. I then summarize theoretical advances and empirical research efforts that were instrumental for completing a neo-Darwinian synthesis of organismal biology towards the end of the 20th century.