bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dutch String-of-Pearls Stroke Study: Protocol of a Large Prospective Multicenter Genetic Cohort Study
Authors: Nederkoorn Paul J. , van Dijk Ewoud J. , Koudstaal Peter J. , Luijckx Gert-Jan , van Oostenbrugge Robert J. , Visser Marieke C. , Wermer Marieke J. H. , Ruigrok Ynte M. , Algra Ale , Kappelle L. Jaap
Published: August 2014

Background

In the last couple of years, genome-wide association studies have largely altered the scope in genetic research in diseases in which both environmental and genetic risk factors contribute to the disease. To date, the genetic risk loci identified in stroke have lagged behind those in other complex diseases, possibly because of the heterogeneity of stroke phenotypes. Sufficiently large cohorts with well-defined and detailed phenotyping of stroke patients are needed to identify additional genetic risk loci.

Design

The String-of-Pearls Institute is a unique partnership between all eight University Medical Centers in the Netherlands. It was established in 2007 by the Netherlands Federation of University Medical Centers, and it conducts a large prospective cohort study in which comprehensive clinical data, detailed phenotyping of stroke, imaging data, and biomaterials are collected in a large cohort of stroke patients.

Aims

The study aims ( 1 ) to collect a sufficiently large prospective cohort of stroke patients, with well-defined phenotypes; ( 2 ) to collect blood samples and DNA in a standardized infrastructure, allowing for storing and analyzing the samples in a uniform way; ( 3 ) to investigate associations between genetic risk loci and stroke; ( 4 ) to create possibilities to perform epidemiological studies in a well-defined hospital-based cohort of stroke patients; and ( 5 ) to allow for pooling data with other large ongoing genetic stroke studies.
Efficiency of pretreatment risk stratification systems for prostate cancer in a Japanese population treated with radical prostatectomy
Authors: Koie Takuya , Mitsuzuka Koji , Narita Shintaro , Yoneyama Takahiro , Kawamura Sadafumi , Tsuchiya Norihiko , Tochigi Tatsuo , Habuchi Tomonori , Arai Yoichi , Ohyama Chikara
Published: August 2014

Objective

To determine whether the currently available pretreatment risk classification systems are applicable in Japanese prostate cancer patients.

Methods

Using data obtained from 1264 consecutive patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy at four hospitals in Japan, biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates were estimated and compared between the D'Amico, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urological Research Endeavor, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and the European Society of Medical Oncology risk groups by using the Kaplan–Meier method and log–rank test.

Results

The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates in the D'Amico low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups were 88.3%, 84.7% and 66.9%, respectively (low and intermediate risk vs high risk, P < 0.001). The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates in the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, and European Society of Medical Oncology low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups were 88.3%, 84.3%, and 60.3%, respectively (low and intermediate risk vs high risk, P < 0.001). The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urological Research Endeavor low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups were 90%, 83.5% and 60.3%, respectively (low and intermediate risk vs high risk, P < 0.001). Low‐ and intermediate‐risk groups according to any of the risk stratification systems did not show significant differences in biochemical recurrence‐free survival.

Conclusion

Current risk stratification systems do not discriminate between low‐ and intermediate‐risk groups in the Japanese population. A novel, pretreatment risk stratification system including other prognostic factors is necessary for an adequate prostate cancer risk assessment in the Japanese population.
Urinary reconstruction in vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, trachea‐esophageal, renal abnormalities and limb defects association with chronic renal failure and penile duplication
Authors: Muramatsu Masaki , Shishido Seiichiro , Nihei Hiroshi , Hamasaki Yuko , Hyodo Yoji , Kawamura Takeshi , Aikawa Atsushi
Published: August 2014

Various urological complications in VATER association require careful management. A 15‐year‐old boy with VATER association, including a hypoplastic lower urinary tract and diphallia, presented with chronic kidney disease and incontinence after a right loop ureterostomy. In order to acquire urinary continence without renal function impairment, an ileocecal reservoir with umbilical catheterizable stoma was created as a urinary reconstruction. The ectopic posterior penis was resected for cosmetic reasons, and the stump of the hypoplastic urethra was opened at the perineal skin. Clean intermittent self‐catheterization through the umbilicus using disabled bilateral limbs was then achieved. This report describes the management of VATER association in a patient with complicated urological anomalies.
Akaike's Information Criterion, Cp and Estimators of Loss for Elliptically Symmetric Distributions
Authors: Boisbunon Aurélie , Canu Stéphane , Fourdrinier Dominique , Strawderman William , Wells Martin T.
Published: August 2014

In this article, we develop a modern perspective on Akaike's information criterion and Mallows's Cp for model selection, and propose generalisations to spherically and elliptically symmetric distributions. Despite the differences in their respective motivation, Cp and Akaike's information criterion are equivalent in the special case of Gaussian linear regression. In this case, they are also equivalent to a third criterion, an unbiased estimator of the quadratic prediction loss, derived from loss estimation theory. We then show that the form of the unbiased estimator of the quadratic prediction loss under a Gaussian assumption still holds under a more general distributional assumption, the family of spherically symmetric distributions. One of the features of our results is that our criterion does not rely on the specificity of the distribution, but only on its spherical symmetry. The same kind of criterion can be derived for a family of elliptically contoured distribution, which allows correlations, when considering the invariant loss. More specifically, the unbiasedness property is relative to a distribution associated to the original density.
Structures and Properties of Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3−Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3− Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramics for Energy Harvesting Devices
Authors: Yuan Dewang , Yang Ying , Hu Querui , Wang Yiping
Published: August 2014

Piezoelectric ceramics with large energy density coefficient d33·g33 value have been found suitable for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications. In this study, the phase structures and piezoelectric properties of xPb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3−yPb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3−(1−x−y)Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 (xPZT−yPZN−(1−x−y)PNN) ceramic were investigated with systematically varying PZN and PNN components. The ternary phase diagram of PZT−PZN−PNN system was illustrated and the composition region of morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was determined. Piezoelectric and dielectric measurements verify that the materials in MPB region all present large d33 and d33·g33 values. In particular, very high d33·g33 coefficients of 20162.2 × 10−15 m2/N and 21026.3 × 10−15 m2/N are observed from samples 0.75PZT−0.15PZN−0.1PNN and 0.8PZT−0.05PZN−0.15PNN with compositions located on the rhombohedral phase side near MPB because the dielectric coefficient ε33T/ε0 decreases faster than the d33 coefficient at this side.
Regulating Photocatalytic Selectivity of Anatase TiO2 with {101}, {001}, and {111} Facets
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Sheng , Qian Lisha , Tao Xi , Yang Lingxia , Wang Hongbo , Li Yangyang , Zhang Erpan , Xi Junhua , Ji Zhenguo
Published: August 2014

In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach to control the photocatalytic selectivity of TiO2 though different dominant crystal facets. {101}, {111}, and {001} facets exposed nanoscale anatase TiO2 were obtained by a simple hydrothermal route with different ratio of NH4+ and F−, then a calcined progress to clear surface adsorbent atoms. Results reveal that {101} exposed TiO2 has some remain binding N with a mode of unsaturated N3c exhibits selectively photocatalytic degradation of methylene orange (MO) in a methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) mixed solution, whereas TiO2 with exposed {111} and {001} facets exhibits photocatalytic selectivity for MB. The {111} facets of anatase TiO2 exhibit a better photocatalytic selective ability than {001} facets. It confirms that the photocatalytic selectivity can be affected by different dominant crystal facets. In a deeper analysis, there are many unsaturated O2c on the surface of {001} and {111} facets, which enhances adsorbent selectivity and relevant photocatalytic activity of MB, at the same time, the unsaturated O2c on the surface of {111} facets is much more than that on the surface of {001} facets results in a better photocatalytic selectivity of {111} facets. This research hopes that developing a new strategy for photocatalytic selectivity and providing a deeper understanding of different crystal facets of TiO2.
Supporting multimedia learning with visual signalling and animated pedagogical agent: moderating effects of prior knowledge
Authors: Johnson A.M. , Ozogul G. , Reisslein M.
Published: August 2014

An experiment examined the effects of visual signalling to relevant information in multiple external representations and the visual presence of an animated pedagogical agent (APA). Students learned electric circuit analysis using a computer‐based learning environment that includedCartesian graphs, equations and electric circuit diagrams. The experiment was a 2 (visual signalling, no visual signalling) × 2 (visualAPApresence, no visualAPApresence) between‐subjects design, resulting in four experimental conditions: visual signalling withAPApresence (APA + S), visual signalling withoutAPApresence (S), no visual signalling withAPApresence (APA) and no visual signalling withoutAPApresence (C). Signalling was provided via gestures of theAPAin theAPA + Scondition and via dynamic arrows in theScondition. To investigate potential moderating effects of prior knowledge onAPApresence and visual signalling factors, middle school students were grouped into low prior knowledge (LPK) and high prior knowledge (HPK) groups using scores on a domain pre‐test. Results revealed thatLPKstudents had higher post‐test scores after learning with visual signalling, resulting in equivalent post‐test performance to theirHPKcounterparts.LPKstudents also had higher post‐test scores, higher ratings of graphics understanding and lower perceived difficulty ratings in conditions that included the visual image of theAPA. Conversely,HPKstudents had better post‐test scores after learning without theAPA. These results indicate that the effectiveness of visual signalling techniques and the visual presence of anAPAis dependent on learner characteristics, including prior domain knowledge.
Diffusion Tensor Tractography in Hypothyroidism and its Correlation with Memory Function
Authors: Singh S. , Trivedi R. , Singh K. , Kumar P. , Shankar L. R. , Khushu S.
Published: August 2014

Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) was performed to determine the microstructural changes in the white matter fibre tracts of hypothyroid patients compared to controls and to correlate these changes with memory dysfunction scores.DTTand Postgraduate Institute Memory Scale test were performed in eight hypothyroid patients and eight healthy controls. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures [fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD)] from all of the major cerebral tracts were calculated and a comparison was made between the patient group and controls. Pearson's correlation was performed between Memory Dysfunction score andDTImeasures. Significant changes inDTImeasures were observed in various white matter fibre tracts in hypothyroid patients compared to controls. In hypothyroid patients, an inverse correlation of Memory Dysfunction score withFAwas observed in the right and left inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, whereas a positive correlation withMDwas observed in the right anterior thalamic radiation among all white matter tracts. These findings suggest that microstructural changes in white matter fibres may contribute to the underlying dysfunction in memory in hypothyroid patients.
RETAIL AMENITIES AND URBAN SPRAWL
Authors: Dodds Stefan , Dubrovinsky Mati
Published: August 2014

This paper examines the interaction between local retail markets and population density in cities. We demonstrate that welfare costs of urban sprawl need not come only from road congestion or environmental externalities, as often suggested in the literature. A city also forgoes potential agglomeration economies in retail when it settles into a spatially sprawling equilibrium. Our theory predicts an additional spatial equilibrium where the city is inefficiently dense, characterized by strong retail agglomeration economies within the core.
Novel tricyclic[2,1-f]theophylline derivatives of LCAP with activity in mouse models of affective disorders
Authors: Partyka Anna , Jarosz Jakub , Wasik Anna , Jastrzębska-Więsek Magdalena , Zagórska Agnieszka , Pawłowski Maciej , Wesołowska Anna
Published: August 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the central activity of the two new imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione derivatives behaved as presynaptic 5HT1A receptor agonists and postsynaptic 5HT1A, 5HT2A and D2 receptors antagonists. The compounds were examined using animal tests towards antipsychotic, antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like properties and then compared with effects evoked by an atypical antipsychotic drug ziprasidone.

Methods

D-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity test was used to determine antipsychotic-like activity of compounds 7 and 9. The forced swim test (FST) and the four-plate test were conducted to investigate antidepressant- and antianxiety-like activity, respectively, of studied agents. The investigated compounds 7, 9 and ziprasidone were administered intraperitoneally 60 min before the tests. Diazepam and imipramine were used as standard anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, respectively.

Key findings

The obtained results demonstrate that new synthesized compound 9 evokes antipsychotic-like activity alike ziprasidone and, in contrary to the antipsychotic drug, shows antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like properties in behavioural tests in mice.

Conclusions

The present preclinical results indicate that one of the two investigated imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione derivatives, compound 9, with methyl group at 7 position of imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione fragment and the ortho-OCH3 substituent in the aryl moiety, acts as an antipsychotic drug with additional antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.
The Object of Sexual Desire: Examining the “What” in “What Do You Desire?”
Authors: Mark Kristen , Herbenick Debby , Fortenberry Dennis , Sanders Stephanie , Reece Michael
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Over the past two decades, sexual desire and desire discrepancy have become more frequently studied as have potential pharmaceutical interventions to treat low sexual desire. However, the complexities of sexual desire—including what exactly is desired—remain poorly understood.

Aims

To understand the object of men's and women's sexual desire, evaluate gender differences and similarities in the object of desire, and examine the impact of object of desire discrepancies on overall desire for partner in men and women in the context of long-term relationships.

Methods

A total of 406 individuals, 203 men and 203 women in a relationship with one another, completed an online survey on sexual desire.

Main Outcome Measures

Reports of the object of sexual desire in addition to measures of sexual desire for current partner were collected from both members of the couple.

Results

There were significant gender differences in the object of sexual desire. Men were significantly more likely to endorse desire for sexual release, orgasm, and pleasing their partner than were women. Women were significantly more likely to endorse desire for intimacy, emotional closeness, love, and feeling sexually desirable than men. Discrepancies within the couple with regard to object of desire were related to their level of sexual desire for partner, accounting for 17% of variance in men's desire and 37% of variance in women's desire.

Conclusions

This research provides insights into the conceptualization of sexual desire in long-term relationships and the multifaceted nature of sexual desire that may aid in more focused ways to maintain desire over long-term relationships. Future research on the utility of this perspective of sexual desire and implications for clinicians working with couples struggling with low sexual desire in their relationships is discussed.
The War on Drugs Comes to the Pharmacy Counter: Frontline Work in the Shadow of Discrepant Institutional Logics
Authors: Chiarello Elizabeth
Published: August 2014

Increasingly punitive attempts to curb prescription drug misuse constitute an expansion of the “War on Drugs” into mainstream medicine, leaving frontline health care providers caught between competing institutional logics of treatment and punishment. This study brings an institutional approach to frontline work by empirically examining how pharmacists manage discrepant logics while deciding whether to provide abusable medications and devices. Analyses of semistructured interviews with seventy‐one retail pharmacists in the United States reveal that pharmacists manage discrepant logics by engaging in two gatekeeping processes—medical and legal—that lend themselves to different identities, epistemologies, field foci, patterns of action, and interpersonal orientations. Pharmacists' decisions have implications for patients' access to care and exposure to the criminal justice system. Findings advance theories of frontline work by systematically examining the interplay between elements of institutional environments and decision making and yield policy considerations as states increasingly monitor patients and providers through prescription monitoring programs.
The biology of Mur ligases as an antibacterial target
Authors: Kouidmi Imène , Levesque Roger C. , Paradis‐Bleau Catherine
Published: August 2014

With antibiotic resistance mechanisms increasing in diversity and spreading among bacterial pathogens, the development of new classes of antibacterial agents against judiciously chosen targets is a high‐priority task. The biochemical pathway for peptidoglycan biosynthesis is one of the best sources of antibacterial targets. Within this pathway are the Mur ligases, described in this review as highly suitable targets for the development of new classes of antibacterial agents. The amide ligases MurC, MurD, MurE and MurF function with the same catalytic mechanism and share conserved amino acid regions and structural features that can conceivably be exploited for the design of inhibitors that simultaneously target more than one enzyme. This would provide multi‐target antibacterial weapons with minimized likelihood of target‐mediated resistance development.
Two types of genetic carrier, the IncP genomic island and the novel IncP‐1β plasmid, for the aac(2′)‐IIa gene that confers kasugamycin resistance in Acidovorax avenae ssp. avenae
Authors: Yoshii Atsushi , Omatsu Tsutomu , Katayama Yukie , Koyama Satoshi , Mizutani Tetsuya , Moriyama Hiromitsu , Fukuhara Toshiyuki
Published: August 2014

A unique aminoglycoside antibiotic, kasugamycin (KSM), has been used to control many plant bacterial and fungal diseases in several countries. The emergence of KSM‐resistant Acidovorax avenae ssp. avenae and Burkholderia glumae, which cause rice bacterial brown stripe and rice bacterial grain and seedling rot, respectively, is a serious threat for the effective control of these diseases. Previously, we have identified the aac(2′)‐IIa gene, encoding a KSM 2′‐N‐acetyltransferase, from both KSM‐resistant pathogens. Although all KSM‐resistant isolates from both species possess the aac(2′)‐IIa gene, only A. avenae strain 83 showed higher resistance than other strains. In this research, kinetic analysis indicates that an amino acid substitution from serine to threonine at position 146 of AAC(2′)‐IIa in strain 83 is not involved in this increased resistance. Whole draft genome analysis of A. avenae 83 shows that the aac(2′)‐IIa gene is carried by the novel IncP‐1β plasmid pAAA83, whereas the genetic carrier of other strains, the IncP genomic island, is inserted into their chromosomes. The difference in the nucleotides of the promoter region of aac(2′)‐IIa between strain 83 and other strains indicates an additional transcription start site and results in the increased transcription of aac(2′)‐IIa in strain 83. Moreover, biological characterization of pAAA83 demonstrates that it can be transferred by conjugation and maintained in the host cells. These results demonstrate that acquisition of the aac(2′)‐IIa gene takes place in at least two ways and that the gene module, which includes aac(2′)‐IIa and the downstream gene, may be an important unit for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance.
Statistical Form amongst the Darmstadt School
Authors: Iverson Jennifer
Published: August 2014

This article analyses the Darmstadt composers' discourse around the concept of ‘statistical form’ in the mid‐ to late 1950s and early 1960s. Stockhausen introduced this terminology in a 1954 analysis of Debussy's Jeux, but the real inspiration lies in the nascent electronic music studio. Using score and sketch analysis, published writings and correspondence, I show how Ligeti, Boulez and Pousseur also made critical contributions to the definition and application of statistical form in music. Along the way I introduce foundational concepts from information theory and show how they were disseminated in Moles's and Meyer‐Eppler's teachings and writings. Via information theory, I investigate how Xenakis's early stochastic sound‐mass music and Cage's aleatory techniques are related to statistical form. Ultimately, I show that a network of shared ideas underlies statistical form, even when debate characterises the discourse and each composer's musical rendering of the concept is distinct. In closing, the article suggests that statistical form represents a second stage of serialism, precipitating a move towards density and texture in sound that was shared by many in the Darmstadt circle.
Membrane pathology and microglial activation of mice expressing membrane anchored or membrane released forms of Aβ and mutated human Alzheimer's precursor protein (APP)
Authors: Jeffrey Martin , McGovern Gillian , Barron Rona , Baumann Frank
Published: August 2014

Aims

Alzheimer's disease and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases accumulate misfolded and aggregated forms of neuronal cell membrane proteins. Distinctive membrane lesions caused by the accumulation of disease‐associated prion protein (PrPd) are found in prion disease but morphological changes of membranes are not associated with Aβ in Alzheimer's disease. Membrane changes occur in all prion diseases where PrPd is attached to cell membranes by a glycosyl‐phosphoinositol (GPI) anchor but are absent from transgenic mice expressing anchorless PrPd. Here we investigate whether GPI membrane attached Aβ may also cause prion‐like membrane lesions.

Methods

We used immunogold electron microscopy to determine the localization and pathology of Aβ accumulation in groups of transgenic mice expressing anchored or unanchored forms of Aβ or mutated human Alzheimer's precursor protein.

Results

GPI attached Aβ did not replicate the membrane lesions of PrPd. However, as with PrPd in prion disease, Aβ peptides derived from each transgenic mouse line initially accumulated on morphologically normal neurite membranes, elicited rapid glial recognition and neurite Aβ was transferred to attenuated microglial and astrocytic processes.

Conclusions

GPI attachment of misfolded membrane proteins is insufficient to cause prion‐like membrane lesions. Prion disease and murine Aβ amyloidosis both accumulate misfolded monomeric or oligomeric membrane proteins that are recognized by glial processes and acquire such misfolded proteins prior to their accumulation in the extracellular space. In contrast to prion disease where glial cells efficiently endocytose PrPd to endolysosomes, activated microglial cells in murine Aβ amyloidosis are not as efficient phagocytes.
The floral morphospace – a modern comparative approach to study angiosperm evolution
Authors: Chartier Marion , Jabbour Florian , Gerber Sylvain , Mitteroecker Philipp , Sauquet Hervé , von Balthazar Maria , Staedler Yannick , Crane Peter R. , Schönenberger Jürg
Published: August 2014

Morphospaces are mathematical representations used for studying the evolution of morphological diversity and for the evaluation of evolved shapes among theoretically possible ones. Although widely used in zoology, they – with few exceptions – have been disregarded in plant science and in particular in the study of broad‐scale patterns of floral structure and evolution. Here we provide basic information on the morphospace approach; we review earlier morphospace applications in plant science; and as a practical example, we construct and analyze a floral morphospace. Morphospaces are usually visualized with the help of ordination methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) or nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). The results of these analyses are then coupled with disparity indices that describe the spread of taxa in the space. We discuss these methods and apply modern statistical tools to the first and only angiosperm‐wide floral morphospace published by Stebbins in 1951. Despite the incompleteness of Stebbins’ original dataset, our analyses highlight major, angiosperm‐wide trends in the diversity of flower morphology and thereby demonstrate the power of this previously neglected approach in plant science.
Different responses of the melanin index to ultraviolet irradiation in relation to skin color and body site
Authors: Shin Jung Won , Yoon Sung Whan , Jeong Jeong Bok , Park Kyung Chan
Published: August 2014

Background/Purpose

Few reports describe UVB irradiation‐induced pigmentation responses from different skin colors or from different body sites. This study determined pigmentation changes in skin with different colors and from different body sites following 308‐nm excimer laser irradiation.

Methods

Ten healthy Korean adults were divided into light‐ and dark‐skin groups, and irradiated body sites were divided into unexposed zones (UZ), intermittently exposed zones (IEZ), and frequently exposed zones (FEZ). Twenty‐four areas were irradiated with a single 300‐mJ/cm2 shot delivered by an excimer laser. MIs were measured before irradiation, immediately after irradiation, and then 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days after irradiation.

Results

MIs declined significantly on day 1 after irradiation, particularly in light‐colored skin. In the light‐skin group, the MI increased from day 3 after irradiation and continued to increase for 21 days, whereas in the dark‐skin group, the peak MI was reached at 7 days and declined thereafter. The peak MIs were reached at 7 days in the IEZ and FEZ and at 14 days in the UZ.

Conclusion

Following UVB irradiation, MIs decreased, particularly in light‐colored skin, before delayed tanning developed. UVB‐induced pigmentation varied according to different skin colors and the body sites irradiated.
From Planning to Implementation: Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Approaches for Collaborative Watershed Management
Authors: Koontz Tomas M. , Newig Jens
Published: August 2014

Collaborative approaches are increasingly used to address challenging environmental problems in theUnitedStates and around the world. The inclusion of multiple stakeholders and sources of information is expected to solve such problems. Prior research has highlighted the importance of collaborative process characteristics in reaching agreements and building social capital, but less is known about what factors affect the implementation of such agreements. A parallel stream of research in policy implementation theory has developed variables and frameworks to explain the implementation of authoritative policy prescriptions. Drawing on the top‐down/bottom‐up perspectives on implementation, this study examines implementation of collaborative recommendations along a continuum of top‐down/bottom‐up approaches. A comparison of six cases in two states (LowerSaxony,Germany andOhio,UnitedStates) indicates important differences in perceptions of implementation and environmental improvements, although whether an effort was more top down or more bottom up was not a key determinant of results. In both states, stakeholder collaborative planning efforts included substantial involvement from stakeholders and multiple government agencies and levels. Participants in theOhio cases perceived higher levels of implementation and environmental improvements. Key factors promoting implementation of plan recommendations were resources (funding and a full‐time coordinator), willing land owners, and networks. In theLowerSaxony cases, collaborative plans were seen as less impactful, but nevertheless the process of plan development did foster networks for implementing some actions to improve water quality.
Modeling nonlinear relationships in ERP data using mixed‐effects regression with R examples
Authors: Tremblay Antoine , Newman Aaron J.
Published: August 2014

In the analysis of psychological and psychophysiological data, the relationship between two variables is often assumed to be a straight line. This may be due to the prevalence of the general linear model in data analysis in these fields, which makes this assumption implicitly. However, there are many problems for which this assumption does not hold. In this paper, we show that, in the analysis of event‐related potential (ERP) data, the assumption of linearity comes at a cost and may significantly affect the inferences drawn from the data. We demonstrate why the assumption of linearity should be relaxed and how to model nonlinear relationships between ERP amplitudes and predictor variables within the familiar framework of generalized linear models, using regression splines and mixed‐effects modeling.
The Underrepresentation of Women in Leadership Positions in Rural Russia
Authors: O'Brien David J. , Wegren Stephen K.
Published: August 2014

Numerous studies have documented the persistence of gender inequality in rural Russia, including the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions. A survey (N = 169) conducted in two rural Russian regions examined residents' explanations of gender inequality and their support for various remedies to ameliorate this situation. Both male and female respondents downplay outright discrimination in accounting for gender‐based occupational inequalities. Instead, respondents are more likely to agree with explanations that are embedded in cultural notions of a traditional gender‐based division of labor, in which the home responsibilities for women and a “natural” advantage of masculinity make it less likely that women become leaders. With respect to strategies for encouraging women to be leaders, both men and women support “more training” and “more husband help at home,” with women being slightly more positive on the latter item.
ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATION‐INDUCED DISPLACEMENT OF CANINE ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN DORSAL AND VENTRAL RECUMBENCY USING MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Oliveira Cintia R. , Henzler Margaret A. , Johnson Rebecca A. , Drees Randi
Published: August 2014

Respiratory‐induced organ displacement during image acquisition can produce motion artifacts and variation in spatial localization of an organ in diagnostic computed tomography (CT) examinations. The purpose of this prospective study was to quantify respiratory‐induced abdominal organ displacement in dorsal and ventral recumbency using five normal dogs. All dogs underwent CT examinations using 64 multidetector row CT (64‐MDCT). A “3‐dimensional (3D) apneic CT exam” of the abdomen was acquired followed by a “4‐dimensional (4D) ventilated CT exam.” The liver, pancreas, both kidneys, both medial iliac lymph nodes, and urinary bladder were delineated on the 3D‐apneic examination and the organ outlines were compared to the maximum alteration in organ position in the 4D‐ventilated examination. Displacement was measured in dorsal‐to‐ventral (DV), right‐to‐left (RL), and cranial‐to‐caudal (CC) directions. Respiratory‐induced displacement of canine abdominal organs was not predictable and showed large variability in the three directions evaluated. For most canine abdominal organs, dorsal recumbency provided overall the least amount of displacement among all directions evaluated except for liver and urinary bladder. For liver, a large variability was found for all directions and a statistically significant difference was found only in the RL direction with ventral recumbency exhibiting less displacement (P = 0.0099). For the urinary bladder, ventral recumbency also provided less displacement but this was statistically significant only in the RL direction (P < 0.0001). Findings from this study indicated that dorsal recumbency may be preferred for minimizing respiratory motion artifacts in whole abdomen studies, but ventral recumbency may be preferred for liver and urinary bladder studies when respiration cannot be controlled.
The dynamics of multilingualism in contemporary Singapore
Authors: BOLTON KINGSLEY , NG BEE CHIN
Published: August 2014

Historically, Singapore was home to a heterogeneous and highly multilingual population from across the Asian region and elsewhere in the world. In contrast with its historical past, or even the early days of the post‐colonial period, Singapore's earlier diverse and linguistically heterogeneous society has evolved into a multi‐ethnic nation state, with four official languages, of which three are recognised ‘mother tongues’. This paper reviews the historical and contemporary dynamics of multilingualism in the Singapore community, and also serves as an introduction to the five other papers in this symposium on ‘English in multilingual Singapore’.
Singapore Colloquial English: Issues of prestige and identity
Authors: CAVALLARO FRANCESCO , NG BEE CHIN , SEILHAMER MARK FIFER
Published: August 2014

Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) or ‘Singlish’ is a variety very distinct from Singapore Standardised English (SSE), and its use is a polarising issue in Singaporean society. In stark contrast to the results of most language attitude studies in which non‐standardised varieties are rated positively along solidarity dimensions, participants of matched‐guise studies investigating Singaporean attitudes toward SCE have assigned lower solidarity ratings for SCE than for SSE. This is in stark contrast to anecdotal and public opinion that SCE is a language of solidarity and identity for most Singaporeans. By including participants from non‐tertiary sectors and a wider range of stimulus guises as well as supplementing matched‐guise results with interview data, this study seeks to reveal the covert prestige that SCE does, in fact, appear to enjoy in Singaporean society. While the matched‐guise results of this study largely conform to previous findings, the interview data suggest that many participants were basing their ratings on perceptions of SCE use in the public domain rather than the private domain. The study has implications for the extent to which we can extrapolate results from matched‐guise studies, a widely used instrument for the study of language attitudes in the last 50 years.
Singlish can and speech accommodation in Singapore English
Authors: NG BEE CHIN , CAVALLARO FRANCESCO , KOH DAPHNE SHU PING
Published: August 2014

For Singaporeans it is very natural to switch between ‘Singapore Standard English’ (SSE) and Singapore Colloquial English (SCE), namely, Singlish,. The employment of different varieties of a language between speaker turns can be accounted for using the communication accommodation theory. Are Singaporeans responsive to the varieties of English used by people around them? Does language convergence or divergence in a SSE‐SCE conversation affect a speaker's perceived social image? Participants were asked to listen to different variations of a SSE‐SCE service encounter dialogue before rating the traits of the featured salesman and customer. Generally, Singaporeans awarded higher ratings to the customer when he/she complied with the language standards set by the salesman rather than when he/she deviated from that set by the salesman. These results were contrary to the common belief that ‘the customer is always right’.
An EBP Mentor and Unit‐Based EBP Team: A Strategy for Successful Implementation of a Practice Change to Reduce Catheter‐Associated Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Magers Tina L.
Published: August 2014

This column shares the best evidence‐based strategies and innovative ideas on how to facilitate the implementing of EBP principles and processes by clinicians as well as nursing and interprofessional students. Guidelines for submission are available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741‐6787
A Spatial Translational Cable Robot
Authors: Saber Omid
Published: August 2014

In this paper, a novel design has been presented for a spatial translational cable-driven robot. The original design of this robot was introduced by Bosscher et al. (2005, “A concept for rapidly-deployable cable robot search and rescue systems,” DETC2005: ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Long Beach, CA). In this paper, a structure has been proposed to enhance the workspace of the robot. This has been done by using more cables in the mechanism. However, no extra actuator has been added to the robot. Additionally, a method has been proposed to obtain the workspace of the presented robot by calculating the available moment (AM) set in each point of space. The results imply that the workspace of the robot has been enhanced significantly by using the new design.
A New Approach to Design of a Lightweight Anthropomorphic Arm for Service Applications
Authors: Zhou Lelai , Bai Shaoping
Published: August 2014

This paper describes a new approach to the design of a lightweight robotic arm for service applications. A major design objective is to achieve a lightweight robot with desired kinematic performance and compliance. This is accomplished by an integrated design optimization approach, where robot kinematics, dynamics, drive-train design and strength analysis by means of finite element analysis (FEA) are generally considered. In this approach, kinematic dimensions, structural dimensions, and the motors and the gearboxes are parameterized as design variables. Constraints are formulated on the basis of kinematic performance, dynamic requirements and structural strength limitations, whereas the main objective is to minimize the weight. The design optimization of a five degree-of-freedom (dof) lightweight arm is demonstrated and the robot development for service application is also presented.
Steps per Day, Daily Peak Stepping Cadence, and Walking Performance in Older Adults
Authors: Gonzales Joaquin U. , Shephard Jordan , Dubey Neha
Published: August 2014

We tested the hypothesis that the intensity of daily ambulation would relate with functional walking capacity in older adults. Forty-three women (n = 25) and men (n = 18) between the ages of 60-78 years wore an accelerometer for measurement of average daily steps and 30-min peak stepping cadence. A 400-m walk test was used to measure walking speed. No sex difference was found for average daily steps (p = .76), average peak cadence (p = .96), or walking speed (p = .89). Daily steps (women: r = .68, p < .01; men: r = .04) and peak cadence (women: r = .81, p < .01; men: r = −.16) were positively correlated with walking speed in women but not in men. After controlling for daily steps, peak cadence remained significantly associated with walking speed in women (partial r = .61, p < .01). Walking intensity during daily ambulation is independently related to functional walking capacity in older adults, albeit this relation may be more significant for women than men.
Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee
Authors: Thompson Simon M. , Jones Mary , Lavelle Jonathon R. , Williams Andy
Published: August 2014

The etiology of osteochondritis dissecans is hypothesized as repetitive microtrauma, resulting in an interruption of blood supply. Due to the location of the most common lesions on the medial femoral condyle, impingement of either the medial tibial spine or inferior pole of the patella against the adjacent medial femur may be responsible. It is much more common in athletic males than other groups. This article reviews the current treatment options for lesions around the knee.
Glycan Degradation (GlyDeR) Analysis Predicts Mammalian Gut Microbiota Abundance and Host Diet-Specific Adaptations
Authors: Eilam Omer , Zarecki Raphy , Oberhardt Matthew , Ursell Luke K. , Kupiec Martin , Knight Rob , Gophna Uri , Ruppin Eytan
Published: August 2014

Glycans form the primary nutritional source for microbes in the human gut, and understanding their metabolism is a critical yet understudied aspect of microbiome research. Here, we present a novel computational pipeline for modeling glycan degradation (GlyDeR) which predicts the glycan degradation potency of 10,000 reference glycans based on either genomic or metagenomic data. We first validated GlyDeR by comparing degradation profiles for genomes in the Human Microbiome Project against KEGG reaction annotations. Next, we applied GlyDeR to the analysis of human and mammalian gut microbial communities, which revealed that the glycan degradation potential of a community is strongly linked to host diet and can be used to predict diet with higher accuracy than sequence data alone. Finally, we show that a microbe’s glycan degradation potential is significantly correlated (
R
= 0.46) with its abundance, with even higher correlations for potential pathogens such as the class
Clostridia
(
R
= 0.76). GlyDeR therefore represents an important tool for advancing our understanding of bacterial metabolism in the gut and for the future development of more effective prebiotics for microbial community manipulation.

IMPORTANCE
The increased availability of high-throughput sequencing data has positioned the gut microbiota as a major new focal point for biomedical research. However, despite the expenditure of huge efforts and resources, sequencing-based analysis of the microbiome has uncovered mostly associative relationships between human health and diet, rather than a causal, mechanistic one. In order to utilize the full potential of systems biology approaches, one must first characterize the metabolic requirements of gut bacteria, specifically, the degradation of glycans, which are their primary nutritional source. We developed a computational framework called GlyDeR for integrating expert knowledge along with high-throughput data to uncover important new relationships within glycan metabolism. GlyDeR analyzes particular bacterial (meta)genomes and predicts the potency by which they degrade a variety of different glycans. Based on GlyDeR, we found a clear connection between microbial glycan degradation and human diet, and we suggest a method for the rational design of novel prebiotics.
Taphonomy of the Danek Bonebed: a monodominant Edmontosaurus (Hadrosauridae) bonebed from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta
Authors: Bell Phil R. , Campione Nicolás E.
Published: August 2014

The Danek Bonebed (Horsethief Member, Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Late Campanian) is dominated by the remains of at least 12 Edmontosaurus regalis. Skeletal remains of a tyrannosaurid and ceratopsid are also known. The predominantly disarticulated remains were interred on a periodically inundated floodplain and, although the cause of death is unknown, a sudden, catastrophic death explains the demographic spread, faunal diversity, rare greenstick fractures, and homogeneous weathering/abrasion categories of the assemblage. The Danek Bonebed shares a similar taphonomic signature to the Liscomb Bonebed (Prince Creek Formation, Alaska), but it is unique among all other described hadrosaurid bonebeds in the unusually high proportion of bite-marked bones (∼30%), suggesting scavenging played a major role in the reworking of the assemblage. The highest frequency of bite marks is found on small, often unidentifiable (and commonly ignored) bone fragments, underscoring the role that such fragments can play in taphonomic interpretation. Finally, the recognition of E. regalis from central Alberta is an important datum linking contemporaneous occurrences in southern Alberta with slightly older records of this species from the Wapiti Formation in northwestern Alberta.
Heat and mass transfer analysis in unsteady titanium dioxide nanofluid between two orthogonally moving porous coaxial disks: a numerical study
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Farooq , Ali Kashif , Ashraf Muhammad
Published: August 2014

Study of heat and mass transfer in an unsteady hydromagnetic viscous electrically conducting incompressible water-based nanofluid (containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles) between two orthogonally moving porous coaxial disks with suction and viscous dissipation effects. A combination of iterative and a direct method is employed for solving the sparse systems of linear algebraic equations arising from the finite difference discretization of the quasi-linearized self-similar ordinary differential equations. It has been noticed that the rate of mass transfer at the disks decreases with the permeability Reynolds number; either the disks are approaching or receding. Moreover, the external magnetic field remarkably reduces the fluid velocity and therefore may be used as a controlling agent for the flow.
Threshold effects and renormalization group evolution of neutrino parameters in TeV scale seesaw models
Authors: Goswami Srubabati , Khan Subrata , Mishra Sasmita
Published: August 2014

We consider the threshold effect on the renormalization group (RG) evolution of the neutrino masses and mixing angles in TeV scale seesaw models. We obtain the analytic expressions using the factorization method in the presence of threshold effects. We also perform numerical study of RG effects in two specific low scale seesaw models following the bottom-up approach and ascertain the role of seesaw thresholds in altering the values of masses and mixing angles during RG evolution.
Words with unbounded periodicity complexity
Authors: Holub Štěpán
Published: August 2014

If an infinite non-periodic word is uniformly recurrent or is of bounded repetition, then the limit of its periodicity complexity is infinity. Moreover, there are uniformly recurrent words with the periodicity complexity arbitrarily high at infinitely many positions.
On the extra force in brane world scenario
Authors: Bejancu Aurel , Farran Hani Reda
Published: August 2014

In the study of the dynamics in a 5D bulk from brane world scenario, an extra force with abnormal properties was detected (cf. [D. Youm, Extra force in brane worlds, Phys. Rev. D62 (2000) 084002; D. Youm, Null geodesics in brane world universe, Mod. Phys. Lett. A16 (2001) 2371; L. F. Zhang and Y. Z. Zhang, Null geodesics in brane world scenarios, Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing)41 (2004) 48]). In this paper, by using the Riemannian horizontal connection introduced in [A. Bejancu, A new point of view on general Kaluza–Klein theories, Progr. Theor. Phys.128 (2012) 541], we give a new definition for the extra force in a 5D bulk, and show that it does not contradict the 4D physics. In particular, we show that this force appears very rarely along geodesics in a warped 5D bulk.