bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four‐dimensional phase‐contrast vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction (4D PC‐VIPR) MR evaluation of the renal arteries in transplant recipients: Preliminary results
Authors: Motoyama Daisuke , Ishii Yasuo , Takehara Yasuo , Sugiyama Masataka , Yang Wang , Nasu Hatsuko , Ushio Takasuke , Hirose Yuko , Ohishi Naoki , Wakayama Tetsuya , Kabasawa Hiroyuki , Johnson Kevin , Wieben Oliver , Sakahara Harumi , Ozono Seiichiro
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To assess the performance of four‐dimensional phase‐contrast vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction (4D PC‐VIPR) at 3.0T in depicting intrarenal arteries compared with computed tomography angiography (CTA), and its correlation with arterial flowmetry in comparison with Doppler ultrasonography (DUS).

Materials and Methods

In our prospective single‐arm study, subjects were 25 patients who underwent renal transplant‐related surgery at our hospital between July 2011 and June 2015. In the morphological study, depictions of renal artery branches delineated by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)/4D PC‐VIPR without gadolinium contrast agent were compared in seven living transplant recipients with the same kidney delineated by CTA in seven living transplant donors. In the flowmetric study, flow velocities in the renal (main stem), segmental, and interlobar arteries during systole and diastole were measured in 12 recipients using noncontrast MRA/4D PC‐VIPR, and were compared with those obtained from DUS.

Results

Concerning MRA, average confidence levels of delineation rated by six observers for secondary to third level renal artery branches were 82.9–100% and for the fourth to fifth branches were 60.8–89.7% (average kappa value of 0.588 [95% confidence interval: 0.522–0.653]). Total flow velocities measured using 4D PC‐VIPR and DUS demonstrated significant correlations during both systole and diastole with acceptable bias (r = 0.902; P < 0.001 in systole and r = 0.734; P < 0.001 in diastole).

Conclusion

4D PC‐VIPR was useful in generating both morphological and hemodynamic information for evaluation of transplant intrarenal arteries without the need for contrast media.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:595–603
Chronic inhibition of brain glycolysis initiates epileptogenesis
Authors: Samokhina Evgeniya , Popova Irina , Malkov Anton , Ivanov Anton I. , Papadia Daniela , Osypov Alexander , Molchanov Maxim , Paskevich Svetlana , Fisahn André , Zilberter Misha , Zilberter Yuri
Published: February 2017

Metabolic abnormalities found in epileptogenic tissue provide considerable evidence of brain hypometabolism, while major risk factors for acquired epilepsy all share brain hypometabolism as one common outcome, suggesting that a breakdown of brain energy homeostasis may actually precede epileptogenesis. However, a causal link between deficient brain energy metabolism and epilepsy initiation has not been yet established. To address this issue we developed an in vivo model of chronic energy hypometabolism by daily intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) and also investigated acute effects of 2‐DG on the cellular level. In hippocampal slices, acute glycolysis inhibition by 2‐DG (by about 35%) led to contrasting effects on the network: a downregulation of excitatory synaptic transmission together with a depolarization of neuronal resting potential and a decreased drive of inhibitory transmission. Therefore, the potential acute effect of 2‐DG on network excitability depends on the balance between these opposing pre‐ and postsynaptic changes. In vivo, we found that chronic 2‐DG i.c.v. application (estimated transient inhibition of brain glycolysis under 14%) for a period of 4 weeks induced epileptiform activity in initially healthy male rats. Our results suggest that chronic inhibition of brain energy metabolism, characteristics of the well‐established risk factors of acquired epilepsy, and specifically a reduction in glucose utilization (typically observed in epileptic patients) can initiate epileptogenesis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of an urban canopy and anthropogenic heat fluxes on Sydney's climate
Authors: Ma Shaoxiu , Pitman Andy , Hart Melissa , Evans Jason P. , Haghdadi Navid , MacGill Iain
Published: February 2017

We use the Weather Research and Forecast model and estimate anthropogenic heat (AH) fluxes based on fine‐scale energy consumption data for Sydney, Australia, to investigate the effects of urbanization on temperature. We examine both the impact of urban canopy effects (UCE) and AH which in combination causes the urban heat island effect. Sydney's urban heat island (UHI) varies from −1 to >3.4 °C between day and night and between seasons. UHI intensity is highest at night and an urban cool island is often experienced during the day. UCE contributes 80% of the UHI during summer nights because of the release of stored heat from urban infrastructure that has been absorbed during the day. During the day for UCE, the reduced net radiation and greater heat storage by urban infrastructure combine to slightly cool. In contrast, AH contributes 90% of the UHI during winter nights because it does not dissipate into the higher levels of the boundary layer efficiently. The opposite applies during summer nights and during daytime in both summer and winter where heat mixes effectively into the atmosphere. Our results show contrasting impacts of UCE and AH by time of day and time of year and point to major simulation biases if only one of these phenomena is represented, or if their seasonal contributions are not accounted for separately.
Unexpected decline in a population of speckled tortoises
Authors: Loehr Victor J. T.
Published: February 2017

Long‐lived, iteroparous species exhibit various mechanisms to overcome temporary unfavorable conditions and promote adult survival and population persistence. Consequently, populations may appear relatively stable while subtle and slow‐progressing threats cause their decline. The speckled tortoise (Homopus signatus) is a long‐lived, iteroparous species in South Africa that is thought to be secure in areas that meet the species’ known requirements. To verify its stability, I monitored a dense speckled tortoise population, integrating 2 mark‐recapture studies (2000–2004 and 2012–2015) in long‐term joint live and dead encounters and POPAN population models. From 2000 to 2015, the study site remained fenced, ungrazed, and was not modified in any way, yet the size‐class frequency distribution, sex ratio, and abundance of speckled tortoises drastically changed. Population numbers decreased 66%, mainly because of the disappearance of juveniles and males. Modeling results identified a reduction in the number of entrants into the population (via births and immigration) as the likely cause of population changes, whereas apparent survival remained high. Observations, in part anecdotal, of increasing numbers of pied crows (Corvus albus) on the study site suggest that increased predation on speckled tortoise hatchlings contributed to the population decline. Examination of rainfall data for 1990–2015 did not reveal evidence of aridification in the study area, a documented cause of reduced reproduction in speckled tortoises. The results of this study caution against the assumption that areas in the range of the speckled tortoise that meet its known requirements can maintain healthy populations. © 2017 The Wildlife Society
Safety and efficacy of transhepatic and transsplenic access for endovascular management of portal vein complications after liver transplantation
Authors: Ohm Joon‐Young , Ko Gi‐Young , Sung Kyu‐Bo , Gwon Dong‐Il , Ko Heung Kyu
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this article is to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of endovascular management of the portal vein (PV) via percutaneous transsplenic access versus percutaneous transhepatic access in liver transplantation (LT) recipients. A total of 18 patients who underwent endovascular management of PV via percutaneous transhepatic (n = 8) and transsplenic (n = 10) access were enrolled. Transsplenic access was chosen if the spleen was located in a normal position, the splenic vein (SpV) was preserved, and the target lesion did not involve confluence of the superior mesenteric and SpVs. Accessibility of the percutaneous transsplenic puncture was confirmed via ultrasound (US) in the angiography suite. All procedures were performed under local anesthesia. Percutaneous transhepatic or transsplenic access was performed using a 21‐gauge Chiba needle under US and fluoroscopic guidance, followed by balloon angioplasty, stent placement, or variceal embolization. The access tract was embolized using coils and a mixture (1:2) of glue and ethiodized oil. Transhepatic or transsplenic access was successfully achieved in all patients. A total of 12 patients underwent stent placement; 3 had balloon angioplasty only; 2 had variceal embolization only; and 1 had variceal embolization followed by successful stent placement. Regarding major complications, 1 patient experienced a SpV tear with extravasation during transsplenic balloon angioplasty, which was successfully managed using temporary balloon inflation, followed by transfusion. Clinical success was achieved in 9 of 11 (82%) patients who exhibited clinical manifestations. The remaining 7 patients who underwent prophylactic endovascular management were healthy. In conclusion, endovascular management of PV via percutaneous transsplenic access is a relatively safe and effective alternative that does not damage the liver grafts of LT recipients. Liver Transplantation 23 1133–1142 2017 AASLD.
Polymorphism in ANRIL is associated with relapse in patients with multiple myeloma after autologous stem cell transplant
Authors: Poi Ming J. , Li Junan , Sborov Douglas W. , VanGundy Zachary , Cho Yu Kyoung , Lamprecht Misty , Pichiorri Flavia , Phelps Mitch A. , Hofmeister Craig C.
Published: February 2017

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells and overproduction of monoclonal immunoglobins. Treatment with melphalan is currently standard of care for younger and fit patients when followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and in transplant ineligible patients when used in combination regimens. It has been previously shown that changes in the p53 pathway are associated with melphalan efficacy, but the regulatory role of the p14ARF‐MDM2‐p53 axis has yet to be fully explored. Recently, a non‐coding RNA, ANRIL (antisense non‐coding RNA in the INK4‐ARF locus) has been shown to negatively regulate the transcription of the entire INK4‐ARF locus and simultaneously modulate the p53 and pRb pathways. Moreover, some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ANRIL have previously been associated with susceptibility to several malignancies. Here we investigated select ANRIL SNPs in DNA from patient‐derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 108 MM patients treated with high‐dose melphalan followed by HSCT. Our results show that the rs2151280 (CàT) SNP in ANRIL was associated with worse progression‐free survival (TC/CC vs TT: HR = 0.53, 95%CI, [0.26, 1.07], P = 0.07; adjusted HR = 0.39, 95%CI, [0.18, 0.84], P = 0.016), and the TT variant had higher ANRIL expression and lower p15, p14ARF, and p16 expression compared to the TC/CC variants. Our results indicate that ANRIL may be involved in melphalan‐mediated apoptosis via down‐regulating p14ARF and subsequent p53, and that the rs2151280 polymorphism may be a potential prognostic biomarker for relapse in melphalan‐treated MM patients.
Polyurethane cationomers modified by polysiloxane
Authors: Król Bożena , Pielichowska Kinga , Król Piotr , Chmielarz Paweł
Published: February 2017

The synthesis of waterborne polyurethane cationomers was successfully carried out. Different proportions of α,ω‐di(hydroxyl)polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) modifier (0–7.3% by weight) were applied. Analysis of IR spectra confirmed the structure of obtained polyurethane cationomers and the incorporation of a modifier into the polyurethane structure. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method was employed for the microstructural assessment of the obtained materials. A clear decrease of the degradation temperature with increasing amounts of incorporated PDMS indicates immiscibility part of the polysiloxane segments with soft segments derived from polyethylene glycol. Changes were discussed in the free surface energy and its components, as calculated independently according to the method suggested by Owens–Wendt, in relation to chemical and physical structures of cationomers as well as morphology of coating surfaces obtained from those cationomers. Test results of contact angle measurements indicated that with increasing content of the polysiloxane in the analyzed films, the contact angles increase. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of the electrospinning processing‐window to fabricate nanostructured PE‐b‐PEO and hybrid PE‐b‐PEO/EBBA fibers
Authors: Carrasco‐Hernandez Sheyla , Gutierrez Junkal , Peponi Laura , Tercjak Agnieszka
Published: February 2017

An electrospinning technique is used to obtain poly(ethylene‐b‐ethylene oxide) block copolymer (PE‐b‐PEO) fibers. Optimization of the electrospinning processing‐window is carried out by varying the concentration of the block copolymer solution and playing with three different electrospinning parameters, applied voltage, solvent and block copolymer solution flow rate. The influence of the concentration of the block copolymer solution over the length and diameter of the fibers is mainly studied and results indicate that the optimum conditions to fabricate PE‐b‐PEO block copolymer fibers are concentrations between 45 and 47 wt% of PE‐b‐PEO block copolymer and chloroform/DMF mixture ratio of 4:1 and 5:1. Moreover, low solvent and block copolymer solution flow rates led to the longest and widest fibers. Hybrid fibers are also fabricated modifying PE‐b‐PEO block copolymer fibers with low molecular weight N‐(4‐ethoxybenzylidene)−4‐butylaniline (EBBA) nematic liquid crystal using coaxial electrospinning technique. The morphology of the fabricated fibers is investigated from micro to nanoscale. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results show self‐organization of investigated PE‐b‐PEO and hybrid PE‐b‐PEO/EBBA fibers on the nanometric scale, which make them interesting from the point of view of novel applications as template materials. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:1157–1167, 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Human fetal lung morphometry at autopsy with new modeling to quantitate structural maturity
Authors: Lipsett Jill
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVES

To demonstrate a simplified morphometric procedure, including a new model for acinar structural maturity, applicable to autopsy fetal lung and present reference values for these parameters.

STUDY DESIGN

Cases with autopsy consent for research were studied. To simplify analysis only critical morphometric parameters were measured to allow calculation of gas‐exchange surface area.

SUBJECT SELECTION

A total of 58 fetuses, 16‐40 weeks were included. Subjects were rejected with any condition predisposing to pulmonary hypo/hyperplasia, significant maceration, or if lung weight/bodyweight or microscopy identified pulmonary hypoplasia or lung growth disorders.

METHODOLOGY

Lungs were inflation fixed, weights and volumes determined, sampled, then returned to the body. Volume densities (VV) of parenchyma/non‐parenchyma and air‐space/gas‐exchange tissue, gas‐exchange surface density (SV), and total surface area (SA) were determined. The number, mean radius, and septal thickness of modeled airspace‐spheres were calculated. Equations were generated for each parameter function of gestation and bodyweight.

RESULTS

From 16 to 40‐week weights and volumes increased as power functions from ∼4 g/mL to ∼90 g/mL. Parenchyma/non‐parenchyma changed little—75:25 (16 weeks) to 71:29 (term). Parenchyma was 10% airspace:90% tissue early and 50:50 by term. Gas‐exchange SV increased from 175 to 450 cm2/cm3 and total SA increased from 0.059 to 4.793 m2. There were 3.31 × 106 airspace‐spheres, 12 µ radius, septal thickness 30 µ at 16 weeks, increasing to 56.92 × 106, 26 µ radius, septal thickness 13 µ by term.

CONCLUSIONS

Morphometry can feasibly be performed at autopsy, providing more informative quantitative data on lung structural development than current methods utilized. This reference data set compares well with published data.
The role of hydroxyl groups in interchain interactions in cellulose Iα and Iβ
Authors: Feng Qingguo , Noumbissi Raoul , Biswas Koushik , Koizumi Hideya
Published: February 2017

Complex networks of hydrogen bonds within the cellulose Iα and Iβ contribute greatly to cellulose's anisotropic physical properties such as material stiffness. The interchain hydrogen bonding interactions through hydroxyl groups are isolated in each of the three lattice planes of the adjacent chains within the unit cell of two allomorphs of natural cellulose. In our density function theory study with dispersion corrected Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE‐D2) functional, these hydroxyl groups participate in strong hydrogen bonding interactions (−24.8 and −24.8 kcal/mol for cellulose Iα and Iβ, respectively) in the side‐to‐side lattice plane. Unexpectedly, the hydroxyl groups also participate significantly in hydrogen bonding interactions (−11.0 and −12.4 kcal/mol for cellulose Iα and Iβ, respectively) in one of the diagonal lattice planes in both cellulose Iα and Iβ. Both PM7 and PBE‐D2 method predict that the overall interaction is asymmetric and stronger in the right diagonal lattice plane. While hydrogen bonding interactions are strongest in side‐to‐side lattice plane as expected, the role of hydrogen bonding interactions for keeping the sheet together is more significant than previously thought.
Aminated Graphene Oxide Impregnated with Photocatalytic Polyoxometalate for Efficient Adsorption of Dye Pollutants and Its Facile and Complete Photoregeneration
Authors: Liu Yiwei , Luo Fang , Liu Shumei , Liu Shuxia , Lai Xuying , Li Xiaohui , Lu Ying , Li Yangguang , Hu Changwen , Shi Zhan , Zheng Zhiping
Published: February 2017

Contamination of industrial sewage by organic dye pollutants is one of the most common challenges to the daily life. De‐contamination can be achieved by adsorption and photodegradation of the pollutants. However, the former technique is generally limited by the poor loading capacity of the adsorbent and/or the difficulty in its regeneration for reuse, while the latter often suffers from sluggish reaction kinetics and thus requires long reaction time and powerful light source to be successful. Herein, a solution to these challenges by creating nanocomposites featuring porous diamine‐functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) impregnated with photocatalytically active polyoxometalates (POMs) is presented. Cross‐linking of GO via diamination not only generates porous structures with positively charged interior that attracts and stabilizes the anionic POM guests, but also modulates the GO bandgap. The introduction of POMs improves loading capacity of FGO for cationic dyes and promotes effective separation of electron–hole pair by trapping and transferring photogenerated electron. Thus, the two components act in synergy to result in much improved adsorption of certain common organic dyes as well as enhanced oxidative degradation by both the GO host and the POMs that lead to complete regeneration of the adsorbents without compromising their performance in multiple rounds of reuse.
Temperature‐Related Morphological Evolution of MoS2 Domains on Graphene and Electron Transfer within Heterostructures
Authors: Wan Wen , Zhan Linjie , Xu Binbin , Zhao Feng , Zhu Zhenwei , Zhou Yinghui , Yang Zhilin , Shih Tienmo , Cai Weiwei
Published: February 2017

Other than the well‐known sulfurization of molybdate compound to synthesize molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layers, the dynamic process in the whole crystalline growth from nuclei to triangular domains has been rarely experimentally explored. Here, a competing sulfur‐capture principle jointly with strict epitaxial mechanism is first proposed for the initial topography evolution and the final intrinsic highly oriented growth of triangular MoS2 domains with Mo or S terminations on the graphene (Gr) template. Additionally, potential distributions on MoS2 domains and bare Gr are presented to be different due to the charge transfer within heterostructures. The findings offer the mechanism of templated growth of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, and provide general principles in syntheses of vertical 2D heterostructures that can be applied to electronics.
Sphere-Induced Rejuvenation of Swine and Human Müller Glia Is Primarily Caused by Telomere Elongation
Authors: Xu Ni , Chen Yao , Dean Kevin C. , Lu Xiaoqin , Liu Xiao , Wang Wei , Dean Douglas C. , Kaplan Henry J. , Gao Ling , Dong Fangtian , Liu Yongqing
Published: February 2017

Müller cells are the major supportive and protective glial cells in the retina with important functions in histogenesis and synaptogenesis during development, and in maintenance of mature neurons as they show to secrete various cytokines and manifest potentials of self-renewal and transdifferentiation into retinal neurons following injury in the vertebrate retinas. The swine retina has a visual streak structure similar to the human macular where cone photoreceptors are highly concentrated, thereby can serve as a better model for studying retinal diseases and for formulating cell-based therapeutics than the rodent retinas. Like most differentiated somatic mammalian cells, the isolated swine and human Müller glia become senescent over passages in culture, which restricts their potential application in basic and clinic researches. Here, we demonstrate that the senescence of swine and human Müller cells is caused by telomere attrition upon multiplications in vitro; and the senescent cells can be rejuvenated by sphere suspension culture. We also provide evidence that sphere-induced extension of telomeres in swine and human Müller glia is achieved by alternative lengthening of telomeres or/and by telomerase activation.
Effects of cognition, function, and behavioral and psychological symptoms on out‐of‐pocket medical and nursing home expenditures and time spent caregiving for persons with dementia
Authors: Jutkowitz Eric , Kuntz Karen M. , Dowd Bryan , Gaugler Joseph E. , MacLehose Richard F. , Kane Robert L.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Clinical features of dementia (cognition, function, and behavioral and psychological symptoms) may differentially affect out‐of‐pocket medical and nursing home (NH) expenditures and informal care received (outcomes).

Methods

We used cross‐sectional data (Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study) to estimate probabilities of experiencing outcomes by clinical features. For those experiencing an outcome, we estimated effects of clinical features on the amount of the outcome.

Results

No clinical feature predicted the probability of having out‐of‐pocket medical expenditures. For those with medical expenditures, higher cognition and poorer function were associated with more spending. Poorer function predicted having out‐of‐pocket NH expenditures. For those with NH expenditures, no clinical feature predicted the amount. Poorer function and a greater number of behavioral and psychological symptoms predicted the probability of receiving caregiving. For those receiving care, poorer function was associated with more caregiving.

Conclusions

Clinical features differentially impact outcomes with poorer function associated with all types of costs and caregiving received.
A First Step Toward a Practice-Based Theory of Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Secondary Economics
Authors: Ayers Cheryl A.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to gain an in-depth understanding of how three award-winning secondary economics teachers demonstrated their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), specifically horizon content knowledge, specialized content knowledge, knowledge of content and teaching, and knowledge of content and students. The teachers consistently connected economic content to other grades, subjects, and economic concepts and skills. Economic content was also regularly used to prepare students for citizenship, including casting more informed votes and understanding current events. However, authentic discussions, including ones about controversial issues, were mostly lacking. An emphasis was placed on developing students’ economic reasoning skills, including real-world applications of the economic way of thinking and decision-making models. Additionally, active learning instructional practices were frequently incorporated, and economic content was almost always related to students’ interests and experiences. A detailed description of a first step toward a practice-based theory of PCK in secondary economics concludes the article.
Perturbations of quadratic Hamiltonian systems with symmetry
Authors: Horozov Emil Ivanov , Iliev Iliya Dimov
Published: February 2017

It is proved that arbitrary quadratic perturbations of quadratic Hamiltonian systems in the plane possessing central symmetry can produce at most two limit cycles.

Nous prouvons que les perturbations quadratiques arbitraires des systèmes hamiltoniens quadratiques et symétrie sur la plane peut produire au plus deux cycles limites.
Decomposition of homogeneous vector fields of degree one and representation of the flow
Authors: Ancona Fabio
Published: February 2017

We first give a characterization for the set of real analytic diffeomorphisms which transform homogeneous vector fields of certain degree into homogeneous fields of the same degree with respect to an arbitrary dilation

\delta _{\varepsilon }^{r}

. Such a set is constituted by the invertible analytic maps that are homogeneous of degree one with respect to

\delta _{\varepsilon }^{r}

and can be endowed with the structure of a Lie Group whose Lie algebra is the space

H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

of the homogeneous fields of degree one with respect to

\delta _{\varepsilon }^{r}

. Then we prove a decomposition theorem for the elements of the non semisimple Lie algebra

H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

. This result is a non linear analog of the Jordan decomposition of a linear field,
i.e
. for

X \in H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

, we can write

X = S + N

, with

S

linear semisimple and

[S,N] = 0

. We also give an explicit representation formula for the flow generated by a field in

H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

. Finally we apply this result to obtain a simple representation for the trajectories of a class of affine control systems

\.{x} = X_{0}(x) + B\:u

, with

X_0 \in H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

and

В

a constant field, that constitute a natural extension of the linear control systems.

Tout d’abord, nous donnons une caractérisation de l’ensemble des difféomorphismes analytiques réels qui transforment des champs de vecteurs homogènes d’un certain degré en champs de vecteurs homogènes de même degré relativement à une dilatation arbitraire

\delta _{\varepsilon }^{r}

. Un tel ensemble est constitué par des applications analytiques inversibles homogènes de degré 1 relativement à

\delta _{\varepsilon }^{r}

, et il peut être doté d’une structure de groupe de Lie. L’espace

H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

des champs de vecteurs homogènes de degré 1 relativement à

\delta _{\varepsilon }^{r}

est l’algèbre de Lie de cet ensemble. Ensuite, nous démontrons un théorème de décomposition pour les éléments de l’algèbre de Lie non-semisimple

H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

. Ce résultat est l’analogue non linéaire de la décomposition de Jordan d’un champ linéaire,
i.e
., pour

X\in H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

, nous pouvons écrire

X = S + N

, où

S

est un champ linéaire semisimple et

[S, N] = 0

. Nous donnons aussi une formule explicite de représentation pour le flux d’un champ de

H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

. Finalement, nous utilisons ce résultat pour obtenir une représentation simple des trajectoires d’une classe du système affines de contrôle

\.{x} = X_{0}(x) + B\:u

, où

X_0 \in H^{1,r}(ℝ^n)

et

В

est un champ constant, qui constitue une extension naturelle des systèmes linéaires de contrôle.
Uniform rectifiability and singular sets
Authors: David Guy , Semmes Stephen
Published: February 2017

Under what conditions can one say something about the geometric structure of the singular set of a function? A famous result of this type states that the singular set (= set of non-Lebesgue points) of a function of bounded variation on

\mathbf R^n

is (countably) rectifiable. In this paper we shall be concerned with quantitative forms of rectifiability, and we give a quantitative version of this theorem. We also give uniform rectifiability results for the singular sets of minimizers of higher-dimensional versions of the Mumford–Shah functional. Along the way we shall encounter some generalizations of the usual topological notion of a set “separating” points in the complement, including one which is based on the failure of Poincaré inequalities on the complement of the given set.

Que peut-on dire de la structure géométrique de l’ensemble de singularités d’une fonction

f

définie sur

\mathbf R^n

? Un théorème classique dit que si

f

est à variation bornée, alors l’ensemble singulier de

f

(c’est-à-dire le complémentaire de l’ensemble des points de Lebesgue de

f

) est dénombrablement rectifiable. Dans cet article, on donne une version quantifiée de ce théorème utilisant la notion de rectifiabilité uniforme. On donne également un résultat de rectifiabilité uniforme des ensembles singuliers associés aux sections minimisantes pour la fonctionnelle de Mumford–Shah en dimension quelconque. L’une des idées directrices de l’article est que la rectifiabilité d’un ensemble de codimension 1 est en rapport étroit avec la manière dont il sépare localement

\mathbf R^n

en composantes. On y trouve en particulier une notion de séparation basée sur l’absence de bonnes inégalités de Poincaré dans le complémentaire.
Existence and uniqueness of entropy solutions for nonlinear elliptic equations with measure data
Authors: Boccardo Lucio , Gallouët Thierry , Orsina Luigi
Published: February 2017

We consider the differential problem

\tag{$\ast$}
\begin{cases}
A\left(u\right) = \mu & \mathrm{i n}\:\mathrm{\Omega }, \\
u = 0 & \mathrm{on }\:∂\mathrm{\Omega },
\end{cases}

where

Ω

is a bounded, open subset of

\mathbf R^N

,

N ≥ 2

,

A

is a monotone operator acting on

W_{0}^{1,p}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }\right)

,

p > 1

, and

μ

is a Radon measure on

Ω

that does not charge the sets of zero

p

-capacity. We prove a decomposition theorem for these measures (more precisely, as the sum of a function in

L^1(Ω)

and of a measure in

W^{−1,p'}(Ω)

), and an existence and uniqueness result for the so-called entropy solutions of (

\ast

).

On considère le problème différentiel

\tag{$\ast$}
\begin{cases}
A\left(u\right) = \mu & \mathrm{dans }\:\mathrm{\Omega }, \\
u = 0 & \mathrm{sur }\:∂\mathrm{\Omega },
\end{cases}

où

Ω

est un ouvert borné de

\mathbf R^N

,

N ≥ 2

,

A

est un opérateur monotone défini sur

W_{0}^{1,p}\left(\mathrm{\Omega }\right)

,

p > 1

, et

μ

est une mesure de Radon sur

Ω

qui ne charge pas les ensembles de

p

-capacité nulle. On démontre un théorème de décomposition pour ces mesures (plus précisément, comme une fonction de

L^1(Ω)

et une mesure dans

W^{−1,p'}(Ω)

), et on prouve l’existence et l’unicité d’une solution entropique pour (

\ast

).
CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUBSISTENCE EXCHANGE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: WAS WESTERN SEA-PURSLANE A CHANNEL ISLAND TRADE GOOD?
Authors: Fauvelle Mikael , Esch Ellen , Somerville Andrew
Published: February 2017

A popular model for social evolution in the Santa Barbara Channel region holds that, during times of resource stress, islanders would trade with mainlanders for plant foods in order to supplement island diets. Recently, western sea-purslane (Sesuvium verrucosum) has been suggested as a primary food product involved in this exchange. This report presents new caloric values forSesuvium verrucosumand other plant foods that have been indicated as possible cross-channel trade goods. We argue that western sea-purslane is unlikely to have been a major trade item and suggest an alternate possibility for the presence of sea-purslane seeds in archaeological middens on Santa Cruz Island. While climate change may indeed have impacted social histories in the Channel Region, we argue that current data do not support the transportation of plant foods as having been a major component in this process.
BACHEEISHDÍIO (PLACE WHERE MEN PACK MEAT)
Authors: Herrmann Edward W. , Nathan Rebecca A. , Rowe Matthew J. , McCleary Timothy P.
Published: February 2017

Bacheeishdíio (“Place Where Men Pack Meat”), now called Grapevine Creek in English, is the subject of Crow oral traditions that document the cultural significance of the landscape and celebrate centuries of bison hunting in the drainage. We report an ongoing, community-based project that integrates archaeological field training and research goals into a collaborative indigenous archaeology project supporting the expressed goal of the Crow Tribal Historic Preservation Office to prepare a district-level nomination for the Grapevine Creek drainage basin. This paper describes findings from field investigations that document buffalo jump locales, a previously unreported bison bonebed, and associated archaeological features in the drainage, grounding Crow oral traditions that document buffalo jumps and large-scale bison hunts firmly into the landscape. We take a holistic approach that incorporates multiple lines of evidence to assess the archaeological record associated with bison jumps and bison hunting on the Crow Reservation in southern Montana. Results of this project include an enriched understanding of the Grapevine Creek archaeological record, greater awareness of buffalo hunting strategies on the northwest Plains, and, through field training, enhanced cultural resource management capabilities for the Crow Tribal Historic Preservation Office.
Identifying Current Practices and Supports in Behaviour Management Following ABI in South Australian Community Settings: A Delphi Study
Authors: Fisher Alinka , Bellon Michelle , Lawn Sharon , Lennon Sheila
Published: February 2017

Objectives: To consider the strategies currently used by family care givers to manage challenging behaviour in the community following ABI, and to identify what supports are available that support family care givers in addressing this issue.

Research design: Delphi study.

Methods: Service providers (n = 8) and family care givers (n = 3) completed a three-round Delphi process with the aim of reaching consensus (75% agreement) regarding research objectives. Round 1 consisted of an open-ended questionnaire in which items were identified; these items were then rated in Round 2 and 3 using a Likert scale. Statistical aggregation then allowed for quantitative analysis.

Results: The findings suggest a number of behaviour management approaches are being used by family care givers, including basic antecedent strategies, agreeing with the person's demands, and medication. Consensus was reached that only two services in SA provide specific support to family care givers regarding behaviour management in the community: Families4Families Inc. (a peer support network) and Private Specialists (e.g., [neuro]psychologists and [neuro]psychiatrists).

Conclusions: Findings emphasise the need for more specialised services specific to educating and supporting family care givers in the management of challenging behaviours following ABI. These services should be accessible, centralised, and easy for family care givers to navigate.
Mapping the evolving definitions of translational research
Authors: Fort Daniel G. , Herr Timothy M. , Shaw Pamela L. , Gutzman Karen E. , Starren Justin B.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Systematic review and analysis of definitions of translational research.

Materials and methods

The final corpus was comprised of 33 papers, each read by at least 2 reviewers. Definitions were mapped to a common set of research processes for presentation and analysis. Influence of papers and definitions was further evaluated using citation analysis and agglomerative clustering.

Results

All definitions were mapped to common research processes, revealing most common labels for each process. Agglomerative clustering revealed 3 broad families of definitions. Citation analysis showed that the originating paper of each family has been cited ~10 times more than any other member.

Discussion

Although there is little agreement between definitions, we were able to identify an emerging consensus 5-phase (T0–T4) definition for translational research. T1 involves processes that bring ideas from basic research through early testing in humans. T2 involves the establishment of effectiveness in humans and clinical guidelines. T3 primarily focuses on implementation and dissemination research while T4 focuses on outcomes and effectiveness in populations. T0 involves research such as genome-wide association studies which wrap back around to basic research.

Conclusion

We used systematic review and analysis to identify emerging consensus between definitions of translational research phases.
Patient-Centered Network of Learning Health Systems: Developing a resource for clinical translational research
Authors: Finney Rutten L. J. , Alexander A. , Embi P. J. , Flores G. , Friedman C. , Haller I. V. , Haug P. , Jensen D. , Khosla S. , Runger G. , Shah N. D. , Winden T. , Roger V. L.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

The Learning Health System Network clinical data research network includes academic medical centers, health-care systems, public health departments, and health plans, and is designed to facilitate outcomes research, pragmatic trials, comparative effectiveness research, and evaluation of population health interventions.

Methods

The Learning Health System Network is 1 of 13 clinical data research networks assembled to create, in partnership with 20 patient-powered research networks, a National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network.

Results and Conclusions

Herein, we describe the Learning Health System Network as an emerging resource for translational research, providing details on the governance and organizational structure of the network, the key milestones of the current funding period, and challenges and opportunities for collaborative science leveraging the network.
Two-layer electrified pressure-driven flow in topographically structured channels
Authors: Dubrovina Elizaveta , Craster Richard V. , Papageorgiou Demetrios T.
Published: February 2017

The flow of two stratified viscous immiscible perfect dielectric fluids in a channel with topographically structured walls is investigated. The flow is driven by a streamwise pressure gradient and an electric field across the channel gap. This problem is explored in detail by deriving and studying a nonlinear evolution equation for the interface valid for large-amplitude long waves in the Stokes flow regime. For flat walls, the electrified flow is long-wave unstable with a critical cutoff wavenumber that increases linearly with the magnitude of the applied voltage. In the nonlinear regime, it is found that the presence of pressure-driven flow prevents electrostatically induced interface touchdown that has been observed previously – time-modulated nonlinear travelling waves emerge instead. When topography is present, linearly stable uniform flows become non-uniform spatially periodic steady states; a small-amplitude asymptotic theory is carried out and compared with computations. In the linearly unstable regime, intricate nonlinear structures emerge that depend, among other things, on the magnitude of the wall corrugations. For a low-amplitude sinusoidal boundary, time-modulated travelling waves are observed that are similar to those found for flat walls but are influenced by the geometry of the wall and slide over it without touching. The flow over a high-amplitude sinusoidal pattern is also examined in detail and it is found that for sufficiently large voltages the interface evolves to large-amplitude waves that span the channel and are subharmonic relative to the wall. A type of ‘walking’ motion emerges that causes the lower fluid to wash through the troughs and create strong vortices over the peaks of the lower boundary. Non-uniform steady states induced by the topography are calculated numerically for moderate and large values of the flow rate, and their stability is analysed using Floquet theory. The effect of large flow rates is also considered asymptotically to find solutions that compare very well with numerical computations.
Numerical investigation of the water entry of cylinders without and with spin
Authors: Kiara Areti , Paredes Ruben , Yue Dick K. P.
Published: February 2017

We consider the water entry of horizontal cylinders with vertical impact velocity, either kept constant or freely falling, without and with spin, into quiescent water under the effect of gravity. We focus on the flow and cavity forming stages with non-dimensional submergence time$t$, Froude numbers$Fr$, spin ratios$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$and mass ratios$m$, all of$O(1)$. We develop numerical simulations using a modified smoothed particle hydrodynamics method to obtain predictions for the impact kinematics and dynamics. These are in detailed agreement with available experiments. We elucidate the evolutions of the free surface, contact point positions, flow field, forces and trajectories and their dependence on$Fr$,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$and$m$. We define and quantify the contact point location$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}(t)$as a function of$Fr$, clarifying the qualitative difference between sub- and supercritical$Fr$and the observed absence of air-entrained trailing cavities at low$Fr$. By subtracting the buoyancy associated with$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}(t)$, we show that, unlike the total drag, the remaining dynamic components are qualitatively similar for all$Fr$. For a freely falling cylinder, we show that the total drag can be predicted from the constant velocity case with the same instantaneous velocity, providing a simple way to predict its trajectory based on the latter. The presence of spin results in lift, even when the asymmetry in$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$is small. For fixed$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, lift increases with subcritical$Fr$. For a freely falling cylinder, the lateral motion causes an appreciable asymmetry in$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$and a reduction in lift.
Impact of developing a multidisciplinary coded dataset standard on administrative data accuracy for septoplasty, septorhinoplasty and nasal trauma surgery
Authors: Nouraei S A R , Hudovsky A , Virk J S , Saleh H A
Published: February 2017

Objective:

This study aimed to develop a multidisciplinary coded dataset standard for nasal surgery and to assess its impact on data accuracy.

Method:

An audit of 528 patients undergoing septal and/or inferior turbinate surgery, rhinoplasty and/or septorhinoplasty, and nasal fracture surgery was undertaken.

Results:

A total of 200 septoplasties, 109 septorhinoplasties, 57 complex septorhinoplasties and 116 nasal fractures were analysed. There were 76 (14.4 per cent) changes to the primary diagnosis. Septorhinoplasties were the most commonly amended procedures. The overall audit-related income change for nasal surgery was £8.78 per patient. Use of a multidisciplinary coded dataset standard revealed that nasal diagnoses were under-coded; a significant proportion of patients received more precise diagnoses following the audit. There was also significant under-coding of both morbidities and revision surgery.

Conclusion:

The multidisciplinary coded dataset standard approach can improve the accuracy of both data capture and information flow, and, thus, ultimately create a more reliable dataset for use outcomes and health planning.
An examination of L2-L1 noncognate translation priming in the lexical decision task: insights from distributional and frequency-based analyses
Authors: NAKAYAMA MARIKO , LUPKER STEPHEN J. , ITAGUCHI YOSHIHIRO
Published: February 2017

The main fact that is currently known about the nature of masked L2-L1 noncognate translation priming effects in the lexical decision task is simply that those effects are significant in some studies but not in others. In an effort to better understand these effects, we examined the data pattern for very proficient Japanese–English bilinguals using RT distributional analyses. We also examined the impacts of prime and target frequency on the priming effect. Significant priming was present even on the fastest trials, becoming larger on slower trials. Nonetheless, priming effects were generally constant across prime and target frequency with the only exception being when very high frequency L2 primes were used. In that situation, priming and target frequency were negatively related, a result that essentially produced the observed pattern of increasing priming on slower trials. Implications of these results and potential reasons for the presence/absence of L2-L1 priming effects are discussed.
Augmented trophoblast cell death in preeclampsia can proceed via ceramide-mediated necroptosis
Authors: Bailey Liane Jennifer , Alahari Sruthi , Tagliaferro Andrea , Post Martin , Caniggia Isabella
Published: February 2017

Preeclampsia, a serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, is characterized by elevated ceramide (CER) content that is responsible for heightened trophoblast cell death rates via apoptosis and autophagy. Whether trophoblast cells undergo necroptosis, a newly characterized form of regulated necrosis, and the potential role of CER in this process remain to be established. Herein, we report that exposure of both JEG3 cells and primary isolated cytotrophoblasts to C16:0 CER in conjunction with a caspase-8 inhibitor (Q-VD-OPh) promoted necroptotic cell death, as evidenced by increased expression and association of receptor-interacting protein kinases RIP1 and RIP3, as well as phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein. MLKL activation and oligomerization could be abrogated by pretreatment with the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1). CER+Q-VD-OPH-treated primary trophoblasts displayed striking necrotic morphology along with disrupted fusion processes as evidenced by maintenance of E-cadherin-stained membrane boundaries and reduced glial cell missing-1 expression, but these events were effectively reversed using Nec-1. Of clinical relevance, we established an increased susceptibility to necroptotic cell death in preeclamptic placentae relative to normotensive controls. In preeclampsia, increased necrosome (RIP1/RIP3) protein levels, as well as MLKL activation and oligomerization associated with necrotic cytotrophoblast morphology. In addition, caspase-8 activity was reduced in severe early-onset preeclampsia cases. This study is the first to report that trophoblast cells undergo CER-induced necroptotic cell death, thereby contributing to the increased placental dysfunction and cell death found in preeclampsia.