bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy and Driving: A Survey of Automobile Accidents Attributed to Seizure
Authors: Hasegawa Seiichi , Kumagai Keiichi , Kaji Shizuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: From results of a survey of 72 epileptic car drivers who had a mean driving history of 8.6 years, 18 (25%) had experienced one or more automobile accidents ascribed to a seizure while driving, with the total number of accidents of the surveyed group amounting to 35. All the drivers were known to have partial epilepsy, 13 of them having temporal lobe epilepsy. The main characteristics of these 35 accidents were as follows: (1) Fifty‐seven percent were caused by complex partial seizure without an aura in which consciousness was immediately impaired at onset, while about 10% were attributed to simple partial seizure in which the conscious state was not altered. No accident was caused by a first seizure; (2) Fifty‐one percent occurred on an empty road with little pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic; (3) In about half the accidents, the driver's vehicle collided against an immovable object, and only 20% involved crashing into another car; (4) Most accidents caused damage to only the driver's car and/or mild physical injury; and (5) Fifty‐four percent of the accidents were not reported to the police, and many that were reported were ascribed to driving while asleep, to careless driving or to similar behavior.
Usefulness of the Newly Proposed International Classification of Epilepsies, Epileptic Syndromes, and Related Seizure Disorders (1989): A Trial on Adult Patients in a Neuropsychiatric Clinic
Authors: Kido Hideki , Hiramatsu Shigeru , Sakamoto Hiroshi , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The utility of the “International Classification of Epilepsies, Epileptic Syndromes, and Related Seizure Disorders,” proposed by ILAE in 1989, was investigated in a neuropsychiatric clinic with a patient population numbering 300. Two hundred and three patients (67.7%) had localization‐related epilepsies (LRE), including one idiopathic case. Sixty‐six patients (22%) had generalized epilepsies, 50 idiopathic, 2 Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, and 14 symptomatic. Thirty‐one patients (10.3%) with generalized tonic‐clonic seizures occurring only during sleep had the epilepsies undetermined whether they are focal or generalized. In the symptomatic LRE cases, 34 cases could not be classified, and 7 of the cases with frontal lobe epilepsies were difficult to subtype. Eleven of the symptomatic LRE cases had some independent seizures, multiple foci in surface EEGs and were intractable. These cases may be defined as “multifocal epilepsies.”
Biochemical Abnormalities in Developing El Mouse
Authors: Sashihara Shunsuke , Aramaki Ikuho , Murai Yoshiyuki , Mita Takashi
Published: March 2008

Complex biochemical abnormalities were found in the early developmental stage of the El mouse. First, the El mouse has abnormal levels of specific amino acid concentration within a week from birth. Second, an unusual expression of poly(A)+ RNA from the one‐day newborn liver of the El mouse was detected by use of Cot 100 DNA as a probe. Third, sodium channels are increased in synaptosomes and at the mRNA expression level of the 3 or 4‐week‐old El mouse brains, compared with the ddY mouse. These results suggest that the biochemical abnormalities described in this study may affect greatly the epileptogenesis of El mouse.
Roles of a Subependymal Nodule of Tuberous Sclerosis on Pathophysiology of Epilepsy
Authors: Nezu Atsuo , Uetake Kimiaki , Nomura Yoshiko , Segawa Masaya
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Polysomnographies (PSG) were performed on two cases with tuberous sclerosis (TS), both having subependymal nodules on the medial wall of the caudate nucleus adjacent to the thalamostriatal sulci. Clinically one had suffered from infantile spasm and which later turned out to be complex partial seizure with a rotation toward the right. The other had developed tonic seizure on the right with a rotation toward the left in early childhood. Clinico‐pharmacological studies revealed the existence of synaptic supersensitivity of the dopamine (DA) receptor in the left caudate and PSG confirmed the synaptic supersensitivity of the former, while in the latter case, it suggested a decrease in DA activity on the left. Subependymal nodules in the caudate nucleus could cause a reduction in the DA transmission and develops synaptic supersensitivity after suffering from TS.
Effects of Intraamygdaloid Injection of Taurine and Valyltaurine on Amygdaloid Kindled Seizure in Rats
Authors: Uemura Shuji , Ienaga Kazuharu , Higashiura Kunihiko , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Antiepileptic effects of intracerebral injections of taurine and valyltaurine were examined in amygdaloid kindled rats. The effects were assessed whether the animals can evoke generalized seizures by a 10,μA higher stimulation intensity than triggering thresholds. In all fully‐kindled animals that have received intraamygdaloid injection of 500 nmol taurine, the kindled seizure was completely abolished. Such a significant seizure suppression (p < 0.05) was observed 12–24 h after the taurine injection. Valyltaurine (500 nmol) also suppressed the seizure in 60% of animals tested, but the effect was not statistically significant. The results indicate that taurine may effectively suppress epileptic seizures when it acts directly at the stimulation site amygdala.
Why Are Most GABA Agonists Not Effective Antiepileptic Drugs?
Authors: Nakata Munetomo , Mukawa Jiro , Fromm Gerhard H.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The role of the GABAergic system in the induction and control of seizures remains elusive despite considerable research. In this report, the action of GABA agonists and antagonists is investigated both iontophoretically and intravenously on the trigeminal nucleus model. This technique permitted us to differentiate the direct effect of these drugs on the trigeminal neurons from the action on neurons elsewhere in the central nervous system which impinge on the trigeminal neurons.
Afferent Connections of the Neurons in the Foreapos;s Field of H in Cat
Authors: Miyazato Hiroshi , Mukawa Jiro , Miyagi Koichi , Nakata Munetomo , Sakuta Osamu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An anatomicophysiological analysis was made to elucidate afferent connections of the neurons in the Fore's field of H (FFH) by horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing technique and by evoked potential technique. 1) The FFH neurons receive fibers from the neocortex (layer V) and brainstem reticular formations. 2) Physiological projections from the mesencephalic reticular formation to the FFH as well as to the motor cortex were ipsilateral, but those from the pons and medulla oblongata were bilateral. 3) These data will suggest that the FFH neurons are in junction of the corticoreticular connections and play an important role in the maintenance of an epileptic excitability of the neocortical system as suggested by Jinnai and Mukawa.
A Morphological Study on MRI in 100 Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Uetsuhara Koichi , Tomosugi Tetsuzou , Makamura Katsumi , Asakura Tetsuhiko
Published: March 2008

In summary, this study suggests that MRI is an effective tool for imaging the epileptogenic lesions of the patients with epilepsy and the specified axial image is useful in the investigation of the temporal lobe structure.
Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy Presenting Eyelid Myoclonic Seizures Induced by Closing of Eyes
Authors: Inagaki Masumi , Suzuki Noriko , Koeda Tatsuya , Kamuro Kazuhiro , Ohtani Kyoichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A male infant with myoclonic astatic epilepsy showed myoclonic seizures of the eyelids by closing of the eyes. There was no photosensitivity in EEG with flash‐stimulation and he could induce seizures even in total darkness. The latency between a lid closure and onset of seizure discharges on EEG was relatively long (0.3‐0.5 second). Epileptic seizures in this patient may be induced via a brainstem reticular formation, and elevated Bell's position seems to be the necessary stimulus to produce seizures.
Teratogenicity of Antiepileptic Drugs: Is the Prevention Possible?
Authors: Kaneko Sunao , Otani Koichi , Hirano Takayuki , Kondo Tsuyoshi , Fukushima Yutaka , Nakamura Yukio , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Saito Yoshiharu , Kan Rumiko , Kumashiro Hisashi , Takeda Akio , Nakane Yoshibumi , Tsuiki Hitoshi , Tsurusaki Masahiro , Teranishi Takashi , Goto Masashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To assess the relative contribution of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) toward the occurrence of congenital malformation, two prospective studies (previous and present) were compared. In the present subjects of 145 cases, the total daily dose of AEDs (drug score) in each case was decreased as much as possible, and polypharmacy was changed to monopharmacy before conception where it was possible. The incidence of malformations significantly decreased from 13.5% to 6.2% (p = 0.031) by the change in drug regimen. The drug score, number of AEDs, maternal age at delivery, seizure type, and etiology of epilepsy were statistically different between the two study groups. Even after the correction of the data by the last three factors, the difference in the incidence of malformation did not disappear, while it disappeared if data were corrected either by the drug score or number of AEDs. These results suggest that the possibility of prevention of AED related malformations is possible by an improvement in AED therapy.
A Case of Epilepsy Characterized by Spike‐Wave Stupor Followed for Long Period
Authors: Period A Case of Epilepsy Characterized by Spike‐Wave Stupor Follow , Sano Joh , Furuta Hisakazu , Maeda Yoshiki , Ueno Katsuhiko , Yamamori Shoji , Nakagawa Keiko , Kido Hideki , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 34‐year‐old housewife with nonconvulsive status epilepticus was followed up for 20 years since the initial fit. She maintained some contact with reality during the stupor and recalled the episode to some extent, while the EEG showed continuous spike‐wave complexes. During the clinical course, the main type of seizures was spike‐wave stupor, of which the maximum frequency was several times a week in the hospital and the duration was many minutes to several hours, and also secondarily generalized convulsive seizures occurred approximately once a month. The lasting control of spike‐wave stupor was not achieved in spite of the various medications for the long follow‐up period. The ictal EEGs of spike‐wave stupor always showed the frontal origin. The meaning of the term “nonconvulsive status epilepticus” in this case was briefly discussed.
Differences between Two Questionnaires for Assessment of Typus Melancholicus, Zerssen's F‐List and Kasahara's Scale: The Validity and Relationship to DSM‐III‐R Personality Disorders
Authors: Sato Tetsuya , Sakado Kaoru , Sato Satoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We examined the validity in various settings of two questionnaires for assessment of Typus melancholicus, F‐list and Kasahards scale, and characterological differences between the questionnaires, based on data in 69: patients with unipolar depression and 386: normal controla without a history of depression. The questionnaires were performed on both groups. In addition, a diagnosis of DSM‐III‐R personality disorders was done for the patient group. Our results demonstrated that Kasahara's scale has much more stable validity in various settings for distinction between personalities of the two groups, and that high scorers in Kasahara's scale have more obsessionality and less personality instability than those in F‐list. Such differences between the questionnaires suggested that a direct international comparison of premorbid personality of unipolar depressive patients is needed.
Relevance of Ethology to Psychiatry
Authors: Saku Motohiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The interactions between ethology and psychiatry were reviewed. The ethological methods have provided more objective and theory‐free observation techniques than the traditional psychiatric methods. The evolution‐based ethological viewpoints afford some fundamentally new and more comprehensive approaches in understanding psychiatric conditions. The ethological theory has many concepts in common with various other schools of psychiatry, and thus is expected to act as a bridge to integrate them to lead to a more comprehensive psychiatric theory system. Ethology has not explored its potential in therapy, but may be useful, especially in terms of prevention and social psychiatry.
Three‐Year Follow‐Up Studies on Heart Rate Variability in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Nagatomo Itsugi , Nomaguchi Mitsuo , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The coefficient of variation of the R‐R interval (CV value) of nursing home residents was investigated twice during a three‐year period. The initial CV value of the deceased during the period was significantly lower than that of the survivors. Among the survivors, residents without chronic cerebrovascular disease mainly showed a decrease in their CV values during the period.
Left Hypofrontality Correlates with Blunted Affect in Schizophrenia
Authors: Suzuki Michio , Kurachi Masayoshi , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Kiba Kiyoko , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during the resting state was measured using the 133Xe inhalation technique in 39: patients diagnosed as having schizophrenic disorder according to the DSM‐III criteria and 30: age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers. All the patients were receiving neuroleptic medication. The bilateral hemispheric mean flow values in the schizophrenic patients decreased significantly and the relative flow distribution reduced significantly only in the left frontal region compared to the controls. The lower the left frontal blood flow in schizophrenics, the more pronounced were the negative symptoms including blunted aflect, avolition‐apathy and inattention. These results suggest that the negative symptoms in schizophrenics are related to left frontal lobe dysfunction.
Multivariate Analyses of CT Findings in Typical Schizophrenia and Atypical Psychosis
Authors: Hayashi Takuji , Watanabe Toyonobu , Kitoh Hiroshi , Sekine Takeo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to investigate the brain morphological differences between typical schizophrenia and atypical psychosis, the brain CTs of 41: patients with typical schizophrenia, 27: patients with atypical psychosis (ATP), and 20: controls were examined. The schizophrenics had larger values for 9: CT indices, i.e., interhemispheric fissure UHF) index, VBR, 2: lateral ventricles (GV) and 3rd ventricle (III‐V) indices, and 4: sylvian fissure (SF) indices, while the values of ATP patients for 3: SF indices were greater than for the controls. Moreover, the schizophrenics had greater III‐V and L‐V indices than the ATP patients. The correlation matrix of CT indices indicates that the III‐V Index correlated well with the other Cl' indices, whereas the VBR, IHF and right SF indices did not. Therefore, it was speculated that there might be 3: subgroups, each of which has a main focus of alteration in the above‐mentioned regions. Therefore, all the cases were divided by means of a cluster analysis into 5: groups. Group I, which contained mainly normal controls, and Group II, which consisted mainly of atypical psychosis patients, had no abnormal CT findings. Group III, which comprised mainly ATP patients and paranoid type schizophrenics, had right SF enlargement. Group IV, which showed signillcant IHF enlargement, and the residue group, which had larger VBR and significant left SF enlargement, consisted mostly of schizophrenics. Thus, our results suggest that the classiflcation by CT data corresponds on the whole to our clinical diagnosis, according to which schizophrenic psychosis is divided into typical schizophrenia and atypical psychosis, and that each of the two psychosis groups may be further classified into distinct subgroups.
Usefulness of Antiparkinsonian Drugs during Neuroleptic Treatment and the Effect of Clonazepam on Akathisia and Parkinsonism Occurred after Antiparkinsonian Drug Withdrawal: A Double‐Blind Study
Authors: Horiguchi Jun , Nishimatsu Ohichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Antiparkinsonian drugs used for 117: chronic schizophrenic patients receiving long‐term neuroleptic treatment were withdrawn. Seventy‐eight (66.7%) of the 117: patients were without akathisia and/or parkinsonism at least for 6: weeks after the antiparkinsodan drug withdrawal. A double‐blind study of clonazepam was carried out for 22: patients and clonazepam was effective on 8: patients (100%) with akathisia and on 3: patients (75%) with parkinsonism. The authors conclude that these data support the need for discontinuous use of antiparkinsonian medication during the long‐term neuroleptic therapy of chronic schzophrenic patients and the effectiveness of clonazepam in managing antiparkinsonian drug withdrawal‐induced akathisia and parkinsonism.
An Autopsied Case of Dentatorubropallidoluysian Atrophy with Atypical Pathological Features
Authors: Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Sasaki Megumi , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junzo , Ogata Takesaburo , Kosaka Kenji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report of an autopsied case of dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) with atypical neuropathological Andings. The patients was a 31‐year‐old female. Her clinical symptoms were epileptic seizures, cerebellar ataxia, choreoathetosis and dementia. A neuropathological examination revealed the Abrillary gliosis in various areas of the CNS and severe degeneration in the cerebellar cortex and nucleus fwiculi dorsalis in addition to a marked degeneration of the dentatorubropallidoluysian systems. The present case is diagnosed neuropathologically as DRPLA associated with the flndings of chronic diphenylhydantoin intoxication and epileptic brain damage.
Antiepileptic Effects of MK‐801, a Noncompetitive NMDA‐Receptor Antagonist, in the Low‐Frequency Kindling Model of Epilepsy
Authors: Minabe Yoshio , Emori Kenji , Shibata Ryoko , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We assessed the acute effect of MK‐801 (0.05–0.7 mg/kg), a noncompetitive NMDA‐receptor antagonist, on hippocampus‐kindled seizures induced with low‐frequency (2 Hz) electrical stimulations. MK‐801 dose‐dependently increased the seizure threshold (PNT, the number of stimulating pulses required for the triggering of epileptic dterdischarge), whereas most of the previous studies which assessed the effect of MK‐801 on kindled seizures could not detect the elevation of seizure threshold by MK‐801. In addition MK‐801 decreased the severity of induced seizures at low doses at which previous studies could not detect the antiepileptic effect of MK‐801, suggesting that the low‐frequency kindling technique might be a more sensitive and reliable model of epilepsy than the conventional high‐frequency kindling technique.
Collaborative Multicenter Field Trial of the Draft of ICD‐10 in Japan ––– Interdiagnostician Reliability and Disagreement: A Report from the WHO Project on “Field Trials of ICD‐10, Chapter V”
Authors: Okubo Yoshiro , Komiyama Minoru , Nakane Yoshibumi , Takahashi Tooru , Yamashita Itaru , Nishizono Masahisa , Takahashi Ryo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The Draft of “ICD‐10, Chapter V, Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines” was tested in a multicenter field trial in Japan. We have previously reported good results in suitability, confidence and ease of diagnosis, and adequacy of descriptions of the Draft. In this paper, the interdiagnostician reliability of the Draft is reported. Among the two‐character categories, “Schizophrenia, Schizotypal States and Delusional Disorders (F2)” (ICC = 30) and “Mood Disorders (F3)” (ICC =.80) proved reliable. “Neurotic, Stress‐Related, and Somatoform Disorders (F4)” was less reliable (ICC =.65). The ICCs of the 17 major categories (three‐character code) and the 21 subcategories (four‐character code) were also calculated. The finding that in Japan subtyping schizophrenia with ICD‐10 was more reliable than that made using DSM‐III Diagnostic Criteria supports the need to use a descriptive version of ICD‐10 as the basis for several versions serving different purposes. The nature of disagreements with unreliable categories was also investigated. The results are discussed with special reference to the changes in the final Draft of Chapter V, which contained a feedback of the results from field trials from all over the world.
Klinefelter's Syndrome and Epileptic Psychosis: A Case Report
Authors: Miyamoto Ayumu , Kitawaki Kimio , Koida Hidenori , Nagao Kihachiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We present here a case of Klinefelter's syndrome with epileptic psychosis. The patient was a 30‐year‐old male, who suffered from epilepsy for 23 years. He showed auditory hallucination, delusion of reference and delusion of grandeur. At present there are some cases of Klinefelter's syndrome with various psychiatric symptoms, but there are few cases of Klinefelter's syndrome with epileptic psychosis. These various neuropsychiatric symptoms of the present case are thought to be associated with a specific effect of chromosomal abnormality through the cerebral dysfunction.
A Case of Tardive Tourette‐Like Syndrome
Authors: Kuniyoshi Masahiro , Inanaga Kazutoyo , Arikawa Katsuyoshi , Maeda Yoshiko , Nakamura Jun , Uchimura Naohisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have had experience in treating tardive Tourette‐like syndrome on a chronic schizophrenic patient. The patient was a 38‐year‐old woman. A diagnosis of schizophrenia was made in 1971 and she received repeated medications for 17 years. In 1989, she began to show vocal tic with coprolalia and motor tic. The medications were haloperidol 18 mg, zotepine 200 mg, levomepromseine 100 mg, biperiden 3 mg and nitrazepam 10 mg at the beginning of Tourette‐like syndrome. We have tried to change the medications but this tardive Tourette‐like syndrome continued to hang on. However, the symptoms gradually improved after a change in drugs; cessation of biperiden 3 mg and the administration of clonazepam 3 mg. The present case suggested that tardive Tourette‐like syndrome might be a subtype of neuroleptic‐associated tardive syndromes which might be treated with clonazepam.
Regression in Schizophrenia and Its Therapeutic Value
Authors: Yazaki Naoto
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Using the regression evaluation scale, 25 schizophrenic patients were classified into three groups of Dissolution/autism (DAUG), Dissolution +attachment (DATC) and Non‐regression (NRG). The regression of DAUG was of the type in which autism occurred when destructiveness emerged, while the regression of DATG was of the type in which attachment occurred when destructiveness emerged. This suggests that the regressive phenomena are an actualized form of the approach complex. In order to determine the factors distinguishing these two groups, I investigated psychiatric symptoms, mother‐child relationships, premorbid personalities and therapeutic interventions. I believe that these factors form a continuity in which they interrelatedly determine the regressive state. Foremost among them, I stressed the importance of the mother‐child relationship.
Nocturnal Myoclonus Observed in a Patient with Neuroleptic‐Induced Akathisia
Authors: Nishimatsu Oh‐ichi , Horiguchi Jun , Inami Yasushi , Innami Toshihiko , Sasaki Akira , Kondo Keiji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An all‐night polysomnogram was twice recorded in a patient with neuroleptk‐induced akathisia (NIA). The polysomnogram revealed nocturnal myoclonus. After disappearance of akathisia by the administration of clonazepam, we recorded the second polysomnogram. At the second examination, sleep efficacy increased and the total number of nocturnal myoclonus decreased remarkably. The mean inter‐movement interval of nocturnal myoclonus prolonged. These findings suggest a close relationship between the mechmisms of neuroleptic‐induced akathisia and nocturnal myoclonus.
A Study of Clinical Response to Different Kinds of Neuroleptics in First Time Medicated Schizophrenics
Authors: Kadota Kazunori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Clinical responses to different kinds of neuroleptics in fresh schizophrenics were prospectively investigated. The scales used were the Globd Assessment Scale (GAS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Psychiatric Evaluation Scale (PES). The 48 subjects were classified into three groups, 16 in the phenothiazine response group, 19 in the butyrophenone response group and 13 in the nonresponse group. For the schizophrenics who displayed negative symptoms such as motor retardation and blunted affect, while displnying milder positive symptoms, phenothiazine drugs were effective, Contrarily, for the schizophrenics who displayed severe positive symptoms such as hallucination and delusion while displaying milder negative symptoms, butyrophenone drugs were effective. Large dosages of the drug did not enhance the curative effect in most cases.
Convulsive Seizures in Schizophrenic Patients Induced by Zotepine Administration
Authors: Hori Masashi , Suzuki Toshihito , Sasaki Megumi , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: One hundred twenty‐nine schizophrenic inpatients who were administered zotepine were studied to see if they had zotepine‐induced convulsive seizures. Twenty‐two patients had grand mal seizures during the administration periods. The incidence of the seizure was 17.1%and was higher than that in previous reports. The average duration of zotepine administration before the seizure was 48.3 days. The incidence of the seizure was closely related to the daily dosage of zotepine, but there was no significant correlation between the daily dosage of zotepine and the duration of administration before the onset of the seizure. The patients who received a combined administration with the higher dose of zotepine and other phenothiazines were revealed to be more likely to have the seizure. In addition, young pateints and patients with a past history of head injuries showed a high incidence of the seizure with the administration of zotepine.
5HT2 Receptor‐Mediated Function in Depressed Patients: Investigation by Measuring SHT‐Induced Shape Change of Blood Platelets
Authors: Kaneko Motohisa , Mashiko Hirobumi , Yagiuchi Tsutomu , Ohsuka Nobuyoshi , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The SHT‐induced shape change (SHT‐SC) of blood platelets, which had been suggested to reflect the SHTs receptor‐mediated function of the central nervous system (CNS), was examined in patients with depression before or after antidepressant therapy. The degree of SHT‐SC did not differ between patients before treatment (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 26). In patients after treatment (n = 12), in whom depression had been improved but drug therapy was continued, SHT‐SC in a concentration of 10–5 M SHT was observed more potently than that in healthy controls or untreated patients (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). In 4 patients in whom SHT‐SC was measured before and after mianserin treatment, SHT‐SC increased after the treatment. These results suggest that the SHT2 receptor‐mediated function in the CNS may not be demaged in patients with depression, and that the 5HT2 receptor‐mediated function in the CNS may be enhanced by antidepressants.
Serial Changes of SPECT in Periodic Synchronous Discharges in a Case with Creutzfeldt‐Jakab Disease
Authors: Kan Rumiko , Takahashi Yukio , Sato Koji , Watabe Manabu , Tago Hisao , Yashima Yuko , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We conducted serial EEG and SPECT studies on one female with Creutz‐feldt‐Jakob disease (CJD). In an analysis of EEG, a periodic synclmnons discharge WD) was observed in the middle of the third stage (terminal stage) of Bernonlli's classification. “he frequency of PSD was the highest at the begiMing of the third stage, followed by a gradual decrease and disappeared at the end of the third stage. In the middle of the third stage, SPECT disclosed blood flow differences between the cerebrum and other regions (the cerebellum amd the brainstem), while no such difference was observed by SPECT at the end of the third stage. It was snggested that the appearance of PSD requires the presence of a pathological change in the cerebrum precedent to other regions.
Voiding Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Hattori Takamichi , Yasuda Kosaku , Kita Kohei , Hirayama Keizo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A micturitional history of unselected 110 patients with Parkinson's disease revealed that 66 (60%) had urinary symptoms such as irritative in 28%, obstructive in 11%, and both symptoms in 21%. The frequency of urinary symptoms statistically correlated with severity of the disease, but not with the duration of illness and no sexual difference was noted. A urodynamic study was conducted in 39 patients and 7 had residual urine of 30 ml or more, 19 had detrusor hyperreflexia, 19 had a small bladder capacity and only 1 had detrusor‐sphincter dyssynergia. The results indicate that the disturbed urine storage is more frequent and to a severer degree than that of urine evacuation in Parkinson's disease.
Voluntary Intake of Alcohol Is Attenuated by Ipsapirone in Mice and Role of 5–HT1A Receptor
Authors: Chen Chiao‐Chicy , Fujiwara Yutaka , Akiyama Kazufumi , Ujike Hiroshi , Moriya Fumio , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Emerging evidences have suggested that the brain serotonin (5‐hydroxy‐tryptamine, 5‐HT) neurotransmitter system is involved in the compulsive alcohol‐seeking behaviors in humans and animal models. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of ipsapirone, which is a specific 5‐HT1A, agonist with a pyrimidinylpiperazine structure, on alcohol consumption in mice (C57BL/6J) by a voluntary alcohol intake paradigm. When the consumed 8, kohol was expressed as g/kg B.W., the total 12‐day amount was significmtly lower in the ipsapirone‐treated mice than in the saline‐treated mice. However, 5‐HT1A receptor binding sites labeled with [3H]8‐OH‐DPAT in hippocampal membranes did not differ significantly in either the total number of binding sites (Bmax) or dissociation constant (Kd) between the two groups. The possible mechanism regarding the role of ipsapirone that attenuated the alcohol consumption, and its relationship to the subtyping 5‐HT receptors are further discussed.
The Seizure Prognosis of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Authors: Matsuoka Hiroo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Thirty‐two patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) were studied to evaluate the seizure prognosis. The response to antiepileptic drugs ww excellent in 68%, but the patients, who had much more focal discharges on EEG and were sensitive to neuropsychological EEG activations at the beginning of treatment, had an unfavorable outcome. A combination of absence seizure alone resulted in the excellent prognosis for both absence and myoclonic seizures, and a combination of generalized tonic‐clonic seizure on awakening related to rare myoclonic seizures. These findings suggest that the outcome of JME would be predicted by the EEG abnormality and the combination of the other types of seizures, which are probably determined by the pathophysiology at the beginning of treatment.
A Long‐Term Follow‐Up Study of First Episodes of Idiopathic Status Convulsivus in Childhood: In Relation to Subsequent Epilepsy (Second Report)
Authors: Awaya Yutaka , Iwamoto Hiroko , Fukuyama Yukio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Fifty‐four idiopathic status convulsivus (SC) cases were followed prospectively for a period between 5:and 21:years, the average being 13:years. Three‐fourths of the cases had no residuals. There were two patterns of subsequent epilepsy; 1) complex partial seizures (CPS) with or without secondarily generalization (GTS) developed 4.3 ± 3.5 years after febrile SC, 2) unilateral seizures or CPS ± GTS developed 1.2 ± 1.0 years after afebrile SC. The seizure prognosis of these cases was good except for some cases in the former group. There have been two kinds of theories regarding SC and epilepsy until now. One was derived from retrospective studies: SC and/or complex febrile convulsion (FC) were considered the main causes of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) producing mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Another was derived from prospective studies, in which the relation between FC and TLE was considered weak. Our results revealed that 6:cases (15%) out of 30:febrile SC developed epilepsy, and that five of those six cases were diagnosed as CPS. Three of 5:CPS cases were diagnosed as TLE. Recently the seizure prognosis of operative therapy for TLE—especially the MTS type—has been very favorable. Furthermore, it has become easy to And MTS by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). So, we emphasize that a precise follow‐up study of SC using MRI, EEG, etc., is important in deciding the appropriate therapy for TLE, as well as in the study of the pathogenesis of TLE.
Conditions for Omitting Invasive Long‐Term Monitoring before Surgical Resection in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Mihara Tadahiro , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Baba Khoichi , Inoue Yushi , Hiyoshi Toshio , Watanabe Yutaka , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The omission of invasive long‐term monitoring before surgical resection in patients with epilepsy should be permitted only for those in whom the epileptogenic focus is presumed to localize unilaterally in the mesial aspect of the temporal lobe. The localization may well be confirmed through noninvasive measures. Retrospective analyses of data obtained from noninvasive investigations (scalp‐recorded and sphenoidal EEG, neu‐rolmages, and electroclinical seizure manifestations) were carried out in 58:patients. The localization of their epileptogenic focus was subsequently confirmed by the implantation of both intracerebral and subdural electrodes; the focus had an amygdalohippocampal origin in 41:patients and a lateral temporal origin in 17:patients. From the comparison of noninvasive Andings between these two groups, we propose the following indispensable conditions for omitting an invasive evaluation: 1. Appearance of focal epileptic discharges unilaterally in the sphenoidal lead observed during the simple phase of partial seizures, or unilateral discharges with predominancy in the sphenoidal lead during the early phase of complex partial seizures. 2. Interictal spikes on scalp‐recorded EECs localizing unilaterally in the anterior region of the temporal lobe, and if bilaterally independent, presenting with unilateral predominancy in a ratio of greater than 41. 3. Presence of autonomic signs in the initial phase of signal symptoms. 4. Neuroimaging Andings in the mesial temporal region: elongated T2 on MRI and hippocampal atrophy, or a tumorous lesion. The lateralhation conforms to interictal and ictal paroxysmal EEC findings. There were 8:patients with seizures of amygdalohippocampal origin who satisfied all the indispensable condition, but not a single patient with seizures of lateral temporal origin. Thus, the conditions we propose are surely useful for determining whether patienta with lateral temporal seizures should be excluded from invasive long‐term monitoring before surgical resection.
Surgical Treatment for Convexity Focal Epilepsy
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Fifty‐four cases with intractable convexity focal epilepsy were analyzed with regard to surgical treatment. To acquire satisfactory results, preoperative precise localization of focus and selection of relevant operative methods are indicated.
Temporal Lobe CO2 Vasoreactivity in Patients with Complex Partial Seizures
Authors: Katayama Shigemasa , Momose Toshimitsu , Sano Iwao , Nakashima Yoshifumi , Nakajima Tohru , Niwa Shin‐Ichi , Matsushita Masaaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The topography of CO, vasoreactivity during hyperventilation in 8 patients with complex partial seizure (CPS) was visualized using the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as measured by H215O‐PET (positron emission tomography) and compared with that of 10 normal volunteers. In the normal volunteers, the vascular response to CO2 (VrCO2=ΔCBF%/APaCO2) in the temporal lobe was 2.46±10.56 (%/mmHg). In the patients with CPS, VrCO2 in the temporal lobe of the affected side was 2.08±0.40 (%/mmHg), while VrCO2 on the contralateral side was 2.30 ± 0.46 (%/mmHg). There was a significant difference in VrCO2 between the affected side of the temporal lobes and the temporal lobes of the normal volunteers. Furthermore, there was a tendency for VrCO2 to be lower in the affected than in the contralateral side of the temporal lobe in patients with CPS. As CO2 is the main regulator of CBF, this impaired vasoreactivity may reflect the brain dysfunction in the seizure focus and adjacent areas.
Sleep Grand Mal—All‐Night Polygraphic EEG Recordings in 20:Cases
Authors: Wu Liwen , Liu Xiuqing , Feng Yingkun
Published: March 2008

Abstract: All‐night polygraphic EEG recordings were carried out in 20:epileptic patients who are characterized as follows; 1) clinical attacks took the form of generalized tonic‐clonic seizure (GTCS), which occurred only or at least 90% during sleep without other seizure types in awakening, 2) no epileptic discharges were revealed in routine EEG examinations, also including sphenoidal electrode deriving during daytime, 3) recognizable organic brain damage in these patients had been excluded by neurological examinations and CT‐scan. Interictal records showed epileptiform abnormalities in 5:of the 20:patients, which were all related with NREM sleep. Four patients exhibited bilateral synchronous paroxysms of 3–3.5 Hz spike‐wave short burst and only one patient had temporal‐localized discharges. The results of this study demonstrated that although there was a difference compared with other reports, the most characteristic features seen in our patients diagnosed as idiopathic generalized epilepsy (ICE) were as follows: 1) less frequent SGM seizures within a year, 2) SZ onset around teen age, 3) seizures were easily evoked by some precipitating factors and 4) no recognizable organic lesions. As a conclusion, patients with an uncertain or unknown type of epilepsy should always be examined with sleep recordings and all‐night sleep recordings if necessary.
Some Nosological Considerations on “Borderline Case”
Authors: Koide Hiroyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The so‐called “borderline cases” are classified nowadays into Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) or Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) according to DSM‐III‐R. We discussed them as follows: The common pathology to them is their imaginary relationship to the object of identification. The difference between them is the distance from patients to their object. After presenting a case who is situated midway between the borderline case and neurosis, the pathology of borderline case can be described as a failure of repression. After classifying borderline cases in Japan into hysterical borderline or obsessional borderline, their relationship to hysterical neurosis and to obsessional neurosis are respectively discussed.
Social Integration and Suicide/Homicide in Japan and the United States
Authors: Lester David , Abe Kazuhiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In Japan, economic factors were associated with the regional variations in suicide rates, unlike the United States where domestic factors (divorces and births) were associated with the regional variations in suicide rates. Homicide rates also had different social correlates in the two nations, indicating the importance of cross‐cultural studies for the identification of reliable phenomena.
An Epidemiological Study on Hyponatremia in Psychiatric Patients in Mental Hospitals in Nara Prefecture
Authors: Ohsawa Hiroyoshi , Kishimoto Toshifumi , Hirai Motoharu , Shimayoshi Norito , Matsumura Kazuya , Oribe Hiroaki , Hirao Fumio , Ikawa Genro , Nakai Takashi , Miyake Masakazu , Kurata Setsuko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Hyponatremia occurs often in mental illness. The frequency was not noticed because of the uncharacteristic symptoms of mild hyponatremia. Of the 1,114 psychiatric inpatients retrospectively surveyed, 10.5% had hyponatremia. Not only patients with schizophrenia, but also patients with other mental illness, especially with epilepsy, having hyponatremia were confirmed. An early onset, a long duration of psychiatric disorder and a prolonged admission were statistically significant factors. Nicotine abuse was not a significant factor. It was suggested that the pathogenesis of hyponatremia in psychiatric patients might be involved in a chronic course of psychiatric disorders and poor response to psychopharmacotherapy.
Comparison of Thyroid Function between Responders and Nonresponders to Thyroid Hormone Supplementation in Depression
Authors: Nakamura Toyonori , Nomura Junichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The serum levels of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3′,5′‐triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) were examined from 8 depressed patients who did not maximally benefit from conventional antidepressant therapy. Four of the 8 depressed patients showed significant clinical improvement after thyroid hormone was added to their ongoing antidepressant drugs. The T4 and rT3 levels prior to thyroid hormone supplementation were significantly lower in responders than in nonresponders, although within the normal range. Furthermore, all of the patients who had both their rT3 levels less than 200 pg/ml and T4 levels less than 7 μ/dl responded to the thyroid hormone treatment. These data suggest that the lower T4 and rT3 levels can predict the treatment response to the thyroid hormone supplementation in depressed patients.
Effects of Thienodiazepine Derivatives, Etizolam and Clotiazepam on the Appearance of Fm θ
Authors: Nakamura Jun , Mukasa Hirokazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of new thienodiazepine anxiolytics, etlzolam and clotiazepam, on the appearance of frontal midline theta activity (Fm θ) were studied by the double‐blind crossover method. The results were 88 follows: 1) Both clotiazepam and placebo tended to increase the Fm θ appearance in all subjects, but etlzolam showed no such tendency. 2) Clotlazepaam significantly increased the Fm θ appearance as compared with placebo in subjects with a high neurotic tendency (N‐scale of MPI above 19). 3) Clotiazepam tended to increase the Fm θ appearance as compared with placebo and etlzolam in subjects with a high anxiety level (MAS score above 14). 4) Apparently more subjects complained of drowsiness after the administration of etlzolam than after clotiazepam or placebo.
Validity of Electrode Placement at Fpz to Detect Alpha Wave
Authors: Kawada Tomoyuki , Kiryu Yasuo , Aoki Shigenobu , Suzuki Shosuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The possibility on placing electrodes at Fpz‐A2 instead of C3‐A2 was investigated to obtain a more stable configuration avoiding obstruction by the hair. Our original system of alpha wave detection by a microcomputer was used, and a total of 22 all‐night hypnograms of five healthy young students waa recorded. Pearson's moment correlation coefficients of alpha wave % between the two positions were 0.780–0.948. Except for one subject, alpha wave % taken at Fpz‐A2 tended to be 3–5% lower than that at C3‐A2. The above analysis indicates that using EEG electrode position of Fpz‐A2 is valid and useful as a stable electrode configuration for a long‐time monitoring.
Lack of Effect of Haloperidol or Methamphetamine Treatment on the mRNA Levels of Two Dopamine D, Receptor Isoforms in Rat Brain
Authors: Sora Ichiro , Fujiwara Yutaka , Tomita Hiroaki , Ishizu Hideki , Akiyama Kazufumi , Otsuki Saburo , Yamamura Henry I.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to investigate whether changes of the two mRNAs encoding the D2 receptor isoforms were induced by chronic haloperidol or methamphetamine treatment in rats, we measured the brain mRNA levels using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH). We used two oligonucleotide probes, an “insert” probe to hybridize with the longer D, receptor, D2(444), mRNA, and a “spanning” probe to hybridize with the shorter D2 receptor, D2(415), mRNA. Both D2 mRNAs were detected by ISHH in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, pars compacta and ventral tegmental men. The distributions and the amounts of the mRNAs for the two D2 isoforms did not change after chronic administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day for 14 days, ip) or methamphetamine (4 mg/kg/day for 14 days, ip). These results suggest that the changes of D2 receptor density induced by chronic neuroleptic and psychostimulant treatment are not due primarily to receptor expression.
Object Images of Eating Disorder Patients
Authors: Nishizono‐Maher Aya , Ikuta Norimasa , Ogiso Yozo , Moriya Naoki , Miyake Yuko , Minakawa Kuninao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The authors investigated images held by eating disorder patients toward selected stimulus words using the semantic differential method. The concept “object image” was introduced here to designate the images which any person has about the mother, the father, etc. A comparison was made between 22 eating disorder patients with concurrent borderline personality disorder, 20 patients without borderline pathology, and 48 controls. The eating disorder patients were found to have a “weaker” image of “motherliness” and “womanliness” compared to the control group. Another characteristic of eating disorder patients was their unfavorable image of children. The authors also studied the images held by fathers and mothers. In the families with borderline patients, the discrepancies between what we term “object images” held by fathers, mothers, and daughters were conspicuous. The importance of a tripartite (daughter‐mother‐father) relationship in the psychopathology of eating disorder is discussed.
Long‐Term Course of Adult Patients with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Authors: Ito Akinori , Ando Katsuhisa , Hayakawa Toshiji , Iwata Tokihisa , Kayukawa Yuhei , Ohta Tatsuro , Kasahara Yomishi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A response to treatment and long‐term course of 14 adults with delayed sleep phase syndrome were investigated with the use of their hospital records and mailed questionnaires. Six patients treated with chronotherapy showed full recovery just after the treatment. In three of them the delay of sleep phase relapsed one year afterwards. Four of five patients treated with pharmacotherapy alone showed partial recovery. Six of nine patients followed for periods of longer than three years after treatment showed good prognoses, though all of them still had a mild phase delay and had to shorten their sleep time in order to work full‐time. The three others had poor prognoses and one of them was under psychiatric treatment for affective instability. These findings suggest that a long‐term follow‐up is needed to judge the effect of the treatment.
Clinicopathological Correlations of Visual Depth Perception in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Tsuda Mitsunori , Miyazaki Masao , Tanaka Yutaka , Uda Noriyuki , Kuzuhara Shigeki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Visual depth perception in 100 patients with cerebrovascular disease was evaluated using the Titumus stereotest. Twelve patients showed depth perception impairment. CT scans revealed that the lesion was located on the right hemisphere in 6 patients and on the left hemisphere in 3 patients, and that the remaining 3 patients had multiple infarctions. 123I SPECT was performed in 7 patients with moderate to severe depth perception impairment, of whom 6 patients showed a reduced blood flow in the posterior half of both the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Moderate to severe impairment of depth perception was more frequently observed in patients with a lesion in the right hemisphere or in the posterior half of either hemisphere.