bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell cycle regulation of mammary epithelial cell detachment byStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Zavizion Boris , Bramley Andrew J. , Politis Ioannis
Published: June 2009

The effect ofStaphylococcus aureuson detachment of bovine mammary epithelial cells in culture was examined. Mammary epithelial cells became detached from fresh monolayers following a 3 h incubation in the presence ofStaph. aureusM60. Two different procedures indicated that cell detachment coincided with the S-phase of the cell cycle. The roles of proteinases, toxins and Ca availability in inducing cell detachment were examined. Addition of the proteinase inhibitor phenyl-methylsulphonyl fluoride (1 mM) to the culture medium prevented cell detachment. Addition of a combination of purified staphylococcal proteinases XVI and XVII-B to the culture medium of mammary epithelial cells induced cell detachment in the absence ofStaph. aureus. Cell detachment may be caused by a staphylococcal proteinase. However, addition of Ca (10 mM) to the culture medium abolishedStaph. aureus-induced cell detachment, despite the fact that proteinase activity was still apparently present. Isogenic mutants ofStaph. aureusM60, expressing either ± or β toxins but not both, induced cell detachment, but to a lesser extent than the wild type. Thus, Ca and toxins play some role during cell detachment. Clones established from detached cells that were washed and replated showed the same susceptibility toStaph. aureus-induced cell detachment as the parental cells. This indicated that there is no subclone of mammary epithelial cells more sensitive to this effect.
316. Temperature control in the H.T.S.T. pasteurization process
Authors: Hall J. A.
Published: June 2009

An investigation has been made into the accuracy and speed of response of temperature-measuring instruments suitable for use in the control of H.T.S.T. pasteurization. Thermocouples used in conjunction with a ‘d.c. amplifier’ recorder system are shown to be markedly superior to both vapour-pressure and mercury-in-steel thermometers. The accuracy of temperature measurement is about ±0.3°F. as against ±1°., while the lag constant is about 0.2 sec. as against about 3 sec. Response to small, rapid and transient changes of temperature is also shown to be greatly improved. The operation of control contacts by the thermocouple recorder was found to be reliable to well within the limit of accuracy of calibration, but the other types showed variations of the order of ±1°F., in addition to the uncertainties of calibration.

The work described in this paper was undertaken at the request of the National Institute for Research in Dairying as part of the research programme of the National Physical Laboratory, and is published by permission of the Director of the Laboratory. The author wishes to acknowledge the help he has received from Dr A. T. R. Mattick and Miss E. R. Hiscox of the National Institute for Research in Dairying and from his colleagues Mr C. Wigley and Miss V. M. Leaver. Dr Mattick and Miss Hiscox supplied the experimental results given in the introduction, for the drafting of which they are largely responsible. Mr Wigley derived the equations used in computing the theoretical curves of Text-fig. 6 and Miss Leaver assisted with the observational work.
321. Reactions and properties of annatto as a cheese colour. Part II
Authors: Barnicoat C. R.
Published: June 2009

Further work on the standardization of annatto for cheese colouring supports the author‘ earlier conclusions (l), viz.

(1) The colouring power of annatto extracts in cheese can be estimated by their tinctorial power in dilute alkaline solution.

(2) A simple tintometer of the ‘Limitester’ type is suitable for this work, a standard orange disk, or Lovibond yellow and orange glasses being used as the standard.
327. Spray-dried milk powder. Commercial observations over two years of the effect of high temperature pre-heating
Authors: Crossley E. L.
Published: June 2009

The beneficial effects of high-temperature pre-heating of the milk before spray drying constitute the main features which emerged from previous experimental work (1). The bacteriological advantages became obvious during the experimental period, and high-temperature pre-heating at 190°F. was introduced as standard practice following the experimental runs. Further observations have been made during two complete drying seasons, in ordinary commercial operation wherein the milk was collected once daily without special selection and pre-heated to 190°F. without preliminary clarification. This work has afforded opportunity to discover any possible practical difficulties, and also to examine a much wider range of samples than was possible during the experimental period.
330. The technique of the bacteriological examination of dried milks
Authors: Higginbottom Constance
Published: June 2009

1. A technique (B) for the reconstitution of both roller- and spray-dried milks is described which yields a liquid which is more satisfactory to handle, and gives clearer plates, higher counts and better replicates than the technique (A) at present recognized. The most important improvement in the new technique involves reconstitution, with a short holding period, at 50° C.

2. For spray-dried full-cream milks the mean increases in the counts obtained by technique B as compared with technique A were: for 3 days at 37°C, slightly more than a three-fold increase; for 5 days at 30°C, slightly more than a two-fold increase; and for 3 days at 55° C. an 86% increase. The corresponding increases for spray-dried separated milk were for 3 days at 37°C, a two-fold increase, for 5 days at 30°C. a three- fold increase, and for 3 days at 55°C, a 23% increase. For roller-dried full-cream milk the increases were markedly smaller, i.e. 44, 41 and 29 %.

3. After 6 months' storage spray-dried full-cream milks showed a slightly greater difference between counts by technique B than by technique A.

4. A mean increase in plate count of about 10% was obtained by incubating plates for 5 instead of 3 days at 37° C. Although this increase was statistically significant, it is not considered that 5 days' incubation offers any practical advantage over 3 days' incubation.

5. At 30°C. incubation for 5 days is essential. Thus the mean count after 5 days at 30° C. showed, for spray-dried powders, at least a two-fold increase over that at 3 days, though for roller-dried powders the increase was only 20 %. The percentage increase for spray-dried milks varied for individual samples and for samples from different plants.
Use of lyophilized skin for testing the bactericidal activity of teat disinfectants
Authors: Bramley A. John , Hogben Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2009

The bactericidal activities of various concentrations of 3 disinfectants commonly used for teat disinfection were compared in vitro using small discs of pig skin previously contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. Solutions containing 40 g/1 Na hypochlorite, 25 or 50 g/1 chlorhexidine digluconate or iodophor containing 5 g/1 iodine were found to have equivalent or superior bactericidal activity to a solution containing 10 g/1 Na hypochlorite. This in vitro technique offers a convenient alternative to in vivo tests for teat disinfectants and with minor modifications could be applicable to the testing of skin antiseptics in general.
Physicochemical transformation of milk components and release of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Blackwell John H. , McKercher Peter D. , Kosikowski Frank V. , Carmichael Leland E. , Gorewit Ronald C.
Published: June 2009

Possible mechanisms for protective roles of milk components on footand-mouth disease virus present in the milk of infected cows were examined. Light scattering bands collected from Ficoll-sucrose gradient fractions of skim-milk contained membrane-limited structures but these were non-infectious for bovine kidney cells, lnfectivity titres in buttermilk higher than those of the original cream or butter suggested association of virus with milk fat globules. Increased infectivity titres in skim-milk after treatment with SDS suggested release of virus particles from dissociated casein micelle subunits. Chelating agents, de-emulsifying agents and trypsin, which alter the structure of the individual milk components casein, lipid and milk fat globule membrane were without effect on infectivity titres.
Phagocytosis ofStaphylococcus aureusby bovine mammary gland macrophages and intracellular protection from antibiotic actionin vitroandin vivo
Authors: Craven Neil , Anderson James C.
Published: June 2009

Macrophages isolated from the involuted bovine mammary gland were culturedin vitro. Phagocytosis of opsonizedStaphylococcus aureusoccurred rapidly, but intracellular killing of bacteria was slow. Many intracellular staphylococci survived for up to 4 d exposure to extracellular cloxacillin and emerged from within the macrophages to multiply extracellularly when the antibiotic was inactivated. Rifampicin was significantly more efficient than cloxacillin in killing intracellularS. aureusafter 18 h incubation, but it too failed to sterilize the cultures within 3 d. Staphylococci, which had remained viable within macrophages during 20 h incubation with extracellular cloxacillin, showed an increased sensitivity to dilute lysostaphin on subsequent exposure. A 3 d course of intramammary therapy with cloxacillin, commencing simultaneously with an infecting inoculum of ∼108colony forming units (c.f.u.)S. aureus, apparently eliminated the infection from one quarter of the udders of each of three lactating cows, but bacteria were re-isolated from two cows after a delay of several days. However, when other quarters of the same cows were infected with ∼108c.f.u.S. aureuswhich had been phagocytosed by autologous mammary macrophages, similar simultaneous antibiotic therapy failed to affect these infections. Thein vitroandin vivofindings indicate the significance of intracellular survival ofS. aureusas a factor contributing to failure of antibiotic therapy.
Projection of lactation milk yield from part records in crossbred dairy cows
Authors: Yadav Sutej B. S. , Sharma Jai S. , Dutta Om P.
Published: June 2009

First lactation records of a total of 242 Jersey (JH), Brown Swiss (BH) and Holstein-Friesian (FH) halfbreeds from Hariana cows were studied for projecting 300 d milk yield from 12,14,16,18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40 weeks’ milk yield. The correlation coefficients between 300 d milk yield and part records ranged from 0·84 to 0·9 in the JH, 0·80 to 0·90 in the BH and 0·72 to 0·86 in the FH groups. Prediction equations and standard errors of estimation for prediction of 300 d milk yield for an individual animal are presented. It is suggested that part records up to 16, 22 and 22 weeks may be used for projecting 300 d yield with sufficient accuracy in the JH, BH and FH groups respectively.
Fixation of bovine casein micelles for chromatography on controlled pore glass
Authors: Anderson Malcolm , Griffin Mary C. A. , Moore Carolyn
Published: June 2009

Glutaraldehyde was used to fix the size distribution of casein micelles in skim milk before their fractionation by permeation chromatography on controlled pore glass. The effect of fixation was assessed by comparing the size and absorption profile for column fractions obtained from samples which were fixed before fractionation with those of unfixed samples and of samples that were fixed only after completion of chromatography. Micelle size was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. Column profiles were obtained from absorption measurements at 340 nm and after pronase digestion at 280 nm to determine relative protein concentration. For comparative purposes the elution profile was divided into 4 peak areas, of which I-III contained most of the casein micelles, and IV consisted of the smallest micelles, soluble casein and whey protein. Average micelle size was unaltered by fixation but was larger in fractions from prefixed skim milk than those from unfixed samples. Fixation increased the absorbance readings but the elution profile at 340 nm for peak areas I-III was essentially the same for unfixed fractions and those obtained when fixation was applied after chromatography. However, areas I-III accounted for a much larger proportion of the total profile area when the latter procedure was followed. Total profile area increased with fixation time and temperature but this did not affect the elution profile. The results indicate that fixation with glutaraldehyde does not induce artefactual changes in casein micelle size.
Effects of colloidal calcium phosphate content and free calcium ion concentration in the milk serum on the dissociation of bovine casein micelles
Authors: Holt Carl , Davies D. Thomas , Law Andrew J. R.
Published: June 2009

The strength of binding of the individual caseins and the nature of the bonding within bovine casein micelles were examined through dissociation of the micelles by dialysis of skim milk either against phosphate-free buffers containing 3 or 6 mm-CaCl2, or against buffers that were nearly saturated with respect to micellar calcium phosphate, but which had a free Ca2+ concentration in the range 0·4–5·9 mm. Dissociation was followed by ultracentrifuging the dialysed milks and determining the partition of the total and the individual caseins between the pellet and serum. During dialysis against the phosphate-free buffers both colloidal Ca and Pi in the milks decreased and about 30 % of the Pi could be removed without significant casein dissociation. With further loss of Pi, however, increasing dissociation occurred and the proportions of the individual caseins retained in the casein pellet were in the order αs2- > αs1- > β- ≈ κ-casein. Dialysis against the calcium phosphate buffers resulted in no loss of colloidal Pi but colloidal Ca increased with the free Ca2+ concentration of the buffer. Little change in the casein partition occurred in the presence of more than 1 mm free Ca2+, but serum casein increased markedly at lower levels, and the strength of binding of the individual caseins in the pelleted casein was in the order αs2-> αs1- > β- > κ-casein. In both types of buffer, dissociation is considered to occur through the breaking of linkages between the caseins and inorganic constituents. Analysis of the amino acids in a calcium phosphate-rich material obtained after exhaustive proteolytic digestion of casein micelles suggests that these linkages involve the phosphate centres of the caseins.
Improved milking characteristics of teatcups fitted with non-return valves
Authors: Andrews R. Jeffrey , Mein Graeme A. , Brown Murray R.
Published: June 2009

The milking characteristics of conventional clusters were compared with individual teatcups or clusters fitted with valves in the short milk tubes without external air admission to the liners. Individual teatcups fitted with non-return valves had peak milk flow rates 13% higher than conventional teatcups. A daily cross-over experiment involving 36 cows compared clusters fitted with non-return valves to conventional clusters. Valved clusters milked 18% faster, showed significantly better teatcup stability and 3% higher machine milk yields, but 48% higher strip yields were recorded. Clusters with non-return valves were difficult to remove after milking because the valve closed when the vacuum supply was shut off, thereby maintaining the vacuum level under the teats. When the nominal plant vacuum level for teatcups with non-return valves was reduced by 10 kPa to compensate for the higher effective milking vacuum level, the valved teatcups had peak flow rates 20% lower than the conventional teatcups. Clusters fitted with a modified valve, which allowed some reverse flow when closed (a ‘leaky’ valve), milked significantly faster than conventional clusters, had 33% lower strip yields and were easy to remove after milking.
Production of concentratedStreptococcus salivariussubsp.thermophilusby coupling continuous fermentation and ultrafiltration
Authors: Prigent Claudine , Corre Christian , Boyaval Patrick
Published: June 2009

Continuous production of concentrated cells ofStreptococcus salivariussubsp.thermophiluswas achieved in a continuous stirred tank reactor coupled with an ultrafiltration module. A cellular productivity nine times higher than that obtained by conventional methods was observed. The viability of the cells produced was as satisfactory as that obtained by classical culture, but an increase in latency time and a slight decrease in acidification rate during downstream tests in milk were observed. Specific lactic acid productivity decreased as biomass increased. This process produced concentrated starters and lactic acid which could be purified by a downstream processing such as electrodialysis.
Use ofN-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase to detect teat canal inflammations
Authors: Kaartinen Liisa , Jensen Niels E.
Published: June 2009

Infections of the bovine mammary gland are considered to be ascending infections through the teat canal (Forbes & Hebert, 1968). With respect to skin and wound infections, staphylococci in particular adhere to and colonize traumatized areas (Mertzet al.1987).Staphylococcus aureusand coagulase-negative staphylococci can colonize the teat canal for weeks before they invade upper parts of the mammary gland (Forbes & Hebert, 1968). Such teat canal infections predispose the mammary gland to mastitic infections, particularly with the so-called ‘contagious’ mastitis pathogens, namelyStaph. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiaeandStr. dysgalactiae.
Lack of effect of epidermal growth factor treatment in late-pregnant ewes on subsequent lactation
Authors: Gow Christine B. , Singleton Debbi J. , Silvapulle Mervyn J. , Moore G. Philip M.
Published: June 2009

Twin-bearing ewes were treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) to determine its effect on mammogenesis and resultant milk production and composition. The EGF was infused intravenously at a dose rate of O5 mg/d in 300 ml saline between days 117 and 139 of gestation; control animals received placebo infusions of saline. All animals then received continuous infusions of 300 ml/d saline on days 139–144. Following parturition 1–5 d later, ewes were milked by hand for 10 d and thereafter were machine-milked until day 16 of lactation. At this level of treatment, EGF was not detected in the circulation during infusion and feed intake was not affected. All ewes gave birth to healthy twin lambs. There were no effects of EGF on birth weights of lambs, live weights of ewes or lengths of gestation. An EGF immunoreactive material was detected in the mammary secretions of control ewes at a mean concentration of 2 μg/l on day 1 of lactation. Two ewes had detectable levels on day 2, but none was found in the milk thereafter. In the EGF-infused group, concentrations of EGF in colostrum were ñ 10 times higher than in the control ewes on day 1 of lactation and EGF was detected in mammary secretions on day 2 but not in subsequent milk samples. A range of 0·3–0·5% of the EGF infused appeared in mammary secretions over the first 2 d of lactation. No other differences were observed for colostrum composition, subsequent milk yield or composition between the two groups of ewes indicating that mammary gland development and function were unaffected. The levels of EGF observed in the mammary secretions of treated and control ewes indicate that the mammary glands accumulate and store EGF in the pre partum period.
Influence of liner design on mouthpiece chamber vacuum during milking
Authors: Newman Janthea A. , Grindal Robert J. , Butler M. Clare
Published: June 2009

Three types of liner (wide bore tapered, wide bore and narrow bore) were compared in a change-over design experiment comprising three 3-d periods and using six lactating Holstein Friesian cows with a wide range in milk flow rate and teat dimensions. Vacuum levels measured within the liner showed a characteristic pattern of three distinct phases: 1, a mouthpiece chamber (MPC) vacuum that fluctuated with vacuum beneath the teat; 2, a stable MPC vacuum that coincided with the period of peak milk flow and 3, a MPC vacuum that fluctuated with pressure changes in the pulsation chamber and coincided with the period of no or reduced flow. Of the three liners examined, the Gascoigne 1030A (wide bore tapered) induced the highest MPC vacuum (29·4 ± 2·23 kPa, mean ± s.e.m), significantly higher (P < 0·01) than the Alfa-Laval 960000–01 wide bore (23·5 ± 2·32), regardless of teat size and milk flow rate. The Alfa-Laval 7275737–01 (narrow bore) gave a significantly lower value (16·5 ± 1·96) than either of the others (P < 0·001). It was not possible to link absolutely raised MPC vacuum to cow discomfort and teat trauma but circumstantial evidence encourages this view. Narrow teats in combination with slow flow rate appeared to exacerbate MPC vacuum and, because milking time for such animals was protracted, teats were exposed for longer periods.
Polyclonal antibodies to human milk caseins
Authors: Šimíčková Marta , Lang Bohumír A. , Slepička Ladislav
Published: June 2009

Preparations of total human casein and its individual fractions were isolated for production of specific polyclonal antibodies. Immunization procedures used differed in the schedule for antigen administration, antigen concentrations, degree of additional purification, and modification of the size of molecules. Immunoprecipitation techniques failed to provide an unambiguous proof of the presence of antibodies to human milk caseins in antisera even after immunization of animals phylogenetically considerably different from man. Immunoblotting, however, allowed antibodies to β-casein to be identified and compared with available monoclonal antibodies.
Effects of abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate, a hydrolysate of casein or a corresponding mixture of free amino acids on milk yield and composition in dairy cows
Authors: Choung Jai-Jun , Chamberlain David G.
Published: June 2009

The effects of the form in which amino acids are presented to the abomasum on the milk production of dairy cows receiving a basal diet of grass silage and a barley-based supplement were examined in two experiments. Effects of abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate were compared with the effects of corresponding levels of either an enzymic hydrolysate of casein (Expt 1) or a corresponding mixture of free amino acids (FAA; Expt 2). In Expt 1, although the yield of protein in milk increased progressively with each level of infusion, the yields of protein were greater for the caseinate than for the hydrolysate. Again, in Expt 2, for milk protein yield, sodium caseinate was superior to FAA at the lower level of infusion. In both experiments, the hydrolysate and FAA treatments were associated with higher concentrations of fat in the milk. There were indications of differences in the pattern of secretion of glucagon between the caseinate and FAA treatments. It is concluded that the differences between treatments relate either to the kinetics of absorption of amino acid residues or to the action of bioactive peptides released during digestion of casein.
Infra-specific Variations ofSchistosoma haematobium
Authors: Webbe G. , James C.
Published: June 2009

The varying susceptibility of local races of bulinid snails to different strains ofSchistosoma haematobiumhas been recorded by many workers including Le Roux, 1954; Cridland, 1955, 1957; McCullough, 1957, 1962; Wright, 1962, 1963; Cowper, 1963; Pitchford, 1965 and Paperna, 1968. The respective species groups of snails referred to are those created by Mandahl-Barth (1958). As a result of his experiments Le Roux (1958) suggested that there are two separate species of parasite, the form transmitted in North Africa by thetruncatesgroup of snails being known asS. haematobiumand that developing in Africa south of the Sahara in theafricanusspecies group asS. capense(Harley, 1864), a view which has been supported by many workers.
Desiccation survival of populations of the entomopathogenic nematodesSteinernema feltiaeandHeterorhabditis megidisfrom Greece and the UK
Authors: Menti H. , Wright D.J. , Perry R.N.
Published: June 2009

The desiccation survival and ability to control water loss during drying of individual infective juveniles (IJs) of populations ofSteinernema feltiaeandHeterorhabditis megidisfrom Greece and the UK were examined at different relative humidities. Survival at all relative humidities was for minutes only and there was no evidence of enhanced survival of the populations of either species from Greece compared with those from the UK. The survival of individuals of both populations ofH. megidiswas superior to that ofS. feltiaeand the rate of drying ofH. megidiswas significantly slower. The sheath surrounding the IJs ofH. megidisappears to be involved in slowing the rate of water loss of the enclosed nematodes.
Growth and development of Gnathostoma spinigerum early third-stage larvae in vitro
Authors: Maleewong W. , Intapan P.M. , Ieamviteevanich K. , Wongkham C. , Morakote N.
Published: June 2009

Early third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 25mM NaHCO3,100 units/ml penicillin G, 100 μg/ml of streptomycin, 5 μg/ml of amphotericin B and 10% foetal calf serum at 37°C under 5% CO2 in air for 60 days. After 3 days of cultivation, the larvae moulted. Body sizes increased from 0.49 ± 0.09 × 0.07 ± 0.01 mm in length and width to 4.08 ± 0.48 × 0.32 ± 0.04 mm after 60 days of cultivation. The maximum body length and width of these larvae were 4.94 mm and 0.35 mm, respectively. The survival rate (67.5 %) of the worms was observed at the end of cultivation. The addition of foetal calf serum was found to be essential for growth and development.
Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Libya
Authors: Ibrahem M.M. , Craig P.S.
Published: June 2009

In an abattoir study, 514 camels, slaughtered for meat production in different areas of northern Libya were examined for the presence of cystic echinococcosis (CE). In addition, 367 sheep and 184 goats were examined. The overall prevalence of infection with CE was 48% in camels, 15.8% in sheep and 3.8% in goats. The infection rate, number and size of cysts were significantly higher in older camels. In six city abattoirs across northern Libya, i.e. Zawia, Tripoli, ElKhumes, Mesurata, Sirt and Benghazi, the prevalence rate of infection in camels ranged from 38.7% to 55.2%, in comparison with sheep and goat rates which were between 0% and 37.9% and 0% and 8.2%, respectively. In camels, the lungs were the most frequently infected organs (85.4%) with liver cysts occurring at a significantly lower rate (33%). In contrast, the liver was the predominant infected site with prevalence values of 86% and 100% in sheep and goats, respectively. More than 90% of camel hydatid cysts were fertile. The possible role of camels in the transmission of CE in Libya is discussed.
Histopathology of Sanguinicola inermis infection in carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Kirk R.S. , Lewis J.W.
Published: June 2009

The histopathological response of carp to Sanguinicola inermis was investigated by serial sectioning laboratory infected fish up to 90 days post infection (d p.i.). Juvenile flukes and adults caused mechanical damage to tissues during invasion and migration up to 28 d p.i. Adults partially occluded blood vessels and may have reduced blood circulation. In the initial phase of egg production (28–42 d p.i.), eggs and emigrating miracidia in gill tissue caused breakdown of vascular integrity, necrosis, hyperplasia, haemorrhage and eosinophilic infiltration of epithelial tissue. After 42 d p.i. the host granulomatous inflammatory response encapsulated eggs lodged in the gills, visceral sites and connective tissue displacing normal tissue. Encapsulation and subsequent degradation of eggs and miracidia within granulomata was highly developed by 90 d p.i. Laboratory infections of S. inermis can induce respiratory distress and therefore impair respiration of fish. The parasite also caused pathological changes in osmoregulatory, excretory and haemopoietic tissue and may impair function in these organ systems.
Oxyuris Stroma Linstow, 1884
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

It has been held for many years that the species of Syphacia found in the field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) and originally described by von Linstow (1884) under the name of Oxyuris stroma is the same as Syphacia obvelata (Rud., 1802)—a common parasite of rats and mice and occasionally found in man.
Lung nematodes of chamois in the Low Tatra National Park, Slovakia
Authors: Štefančíková A.
Published: June 2009

Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica) in the Low Tatra National Park are largely infected with the lungworms Mullerius capillaris and M. tenuispiculatus and sporadically with Dictyocaulus viviparus. The mean number of first stage larvae (Ll) per gram of faeces collected at chamois stands over the years 1981–1988 varied between 28.2 ( ± 11.9) and 61.6 ( ± 35.9). The degree of infection in chamois herds was significantly higher in the spring and autumn months, except for the spring of 1981, than in the summer season. The mean number of Ll per gram found in the dissected chamois (lung and intestinal content) varied between 64.53 ( ± 32.7) and 97.5 ( ± 36.4).
On a New Species of Enterobius from the Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Solomon S. Gladstone
Published: June 2009

The material upon which this addition to the ever-growing genus Enlerobius is based, was collected from the cæcum and large intestine of two marmosets which died at the London Zoological Gardens during the winter of 1931–32. The material came to me in the course of the routine examination of Helminthological material from the Prosectorium, and as the genus is one of importance in relation to human hygiene, this species seems to the writer to merit a brief description.
A Review of the Members of the Genus Streptopharagus Blanc, 1912
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: June 2009

Since Blanc created the genus Streptopharagus in 1912 for the reception of a nematode parasite from the stomach of Macacus cynomolgus (India ?) which he named S. armatus, three papers have appeared from different sources, each of which deals with what its author took to be examples of S. armatus Blanc. The first of these papers is by Vevers (1922), in which he records and figures some specimens obtained from Macacus nemestrinus (India). The second is by Baylis (1923), describing and figuring specimens obtained from Papio langheldi (Tanganyika Territory). The third is by Mönnig (1924), in which specimens obtained from Papio porcarius and Cercopithecus pygerythrus (Transvaal) are described and figured.
A Survey of Welsh Helminthology
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: June 2009

Although it was known that certain diseases of domestic animals in wales were caused by parasitic worms, the systematic study of the economic importance of these worms did not begin until 1874, when Dr. Cobbold and a Mr. Rees Lloyd from Brecon investigated the “disastrous epizoöty” in the case of welsh mountain ponies.
A New Nematode Species of the Genus Viannaia from the Mole (Talpa europœa).
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

A Few specimens of the Trichostrongyle, described in this paper, were obtained from the intestine of moles caught on the experimental farm of the Institute of Agricultural Parasitology, St. Albans.
An Account of a Survey of the parasitic helminths of some Domestic Animals in Mid-West Wales
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: June 2009

This survey is a continuation of that carried out by Morgan (1924–25). The area covered, however, is more extensive, and the investigation extends over a period of four years (October, 1924 to October, 1928).
The Species of Subulura Molin in Primates
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: June 2009

The genus Subulura was established in 1860 by Molin for a nematode from Scops brasiliannus and at the present day includes some forty species, mostly in birds. Five species have been reported from primates. Three of these are little known and are still only provisionally retained within this genus. These are S. sarasinorum (from Loris), S. otolicni (from Galago) and S. perarmata (from Tarsius). They are discussed below. The remaining species S. distans (from Cercopithecidæ) and S. jacchi (from Cebidæ and Hapalidæ) are of sufficient importance to merit fuller consideration. The first-mentioned is only incompletely known although the second has been recently re-described by Barreto (1919). During an expedition in 1928 to the Lesser Antilles, I was able to collect a large number of specimens of Subulura from the African Monkeys in St. Kitts. These, together with specimens of S. distans and S. jacchi in the collections of the Department of Helminthology of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, provided the material on which this paper is based.
On the Longevity of Fasciola hepatica in Experimentally Infected Rabbits
Authors: Montgomerie R. F.
Published: June 2009

During recent years the writer has had occasion to infest many rabbits with cercarial cysts of Fasciola hepatica. In all but three instances the infested rabbits have been killed within about ten weeks of the commencement of the experiment. These three rabbits remained infested over a long period and are the subjects of this note. They were kept under conditions which appeared to exclude all opportunity for further fluke infestation and no accidental infestation has been observed among the considerable number of similar rabbits used in other experiments during these years.
Necator americanusand the Domestic Pig
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

The occurrence of Ankylostomes resembling human hookworms in the domestic pig has been the subject of several recent papers, the most noteworthy being the contributions of Ackert and Payne (1922 and 1923) and Gordon (1922 and 1923).
On the biology of the infective Larva ofMonodontus trigonocephalus(Rud.) of Sheep
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

The biology of the infective larva of the Sheep Hook-wormMonodontus trigonocephaluswould be expected on general grounds to resemble that ofAncylostoma duodenale, to which it is closely related. Two facts in the biology of the adults must, however, be borne in mind. In the first place, the normal temperature of man is about 37° C, while the normal temperature of the sheep is 39°–40° C. Secondly, both Looss (forA. duodenale) and Hesse (forM. trigonocephalus) have shown that the pre-infective larvæ feed actively on faecal matter. Looss has drawn attention to the fact that cultures of Ancylostomes made from the fæces of a host living on an exclusively herbivorous diet, were very much poorer in the resultant crop of larvae than those made from fæces of a host living on a partly carnivorous diet. Now the adultMonodontuslives in a host which is purely herbivorous, and the larvæ are reared in fæces entirely of a vegetable nature. One might therefore expect differences in the biology of the ensheathed stage.
The Anatomy and Life-History of the Nematode Rhabdias fuscovenosa (Railliet) from the Grass Snake Tropidonotus natrix
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

The members of the nematode genus Rhabdias present many features of great interest to the parasitologist. They are usually found inhabiting the lungs of amphibians and reptiles where their eggs or larvæ are produced. They have the general appearance of females and are either hermaphroditic or parthenogenetic in function (vide Goldschmidt, 1923, p. 176, on “Unisexual Monœcism”). Seurat (1920), p. 121, considers that the parasitic forms of R. dujardini and R. entomelas from the Slow worm Anguis fragilis are parthenogenetic females and not protandrous hermaphrodites because they lay an enormous number of eggs, whereas the hermaphroditic forms produce comparatively few eggs. Moreover, in R. entomelas he has been unable to find either receptacula seminis or spermatozoa.
The Treatment of Gapeworm Disease
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

In a note in the British Medical Journal for February 3rd, 1934, there is mention of the anthelmintic action of garlic oil. One paragraph says that good results have been obtained in the treatment of threadworm in children while a second is more specific and quotes the case of a woman who was cured of Ascaris lumbricoides in 36 hours. She passed a male, 13¾ inches long, a female and a bunch of newly hatched young.
On Nodules occasioned by Gapeworm in Pheasants
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

For many years past, Syngamus has been recognised as a serious trouble in both avian and mammalian hosts, and the course of the disease has been closely followed in several birds of economic importance. The symptoms are well known and have often been cited. Clinically the first symptom to appear is a characteristic sneezing and coughing in the affected bird. This is followed later by the best known symptom—the actual gaping—when the bird stretches its neck and opens its beak widely in its endeavour to ease respiration. There are minor signs such as a general debility with ruffled feathers but these are secondary and not specific to this disease. Internally in the trachea there is an increase in the secretion of mucus, which coupled with the presence of the gapeworms is sufficient to cause asphyxiation and the bird dies.
On Cylindrogaster curzii n. sp., a saprophagous Nematode
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Early in 1934 the writer received from Prof. Mario Curzi of Rome an agar tube culture on which were growing, in addition to bacteria and a fungus belonging to the genus Fusarium, a number of nematodes which Prof. Curzi wished to have identified. The majority of the nematodes proved to belong to the genus Cylindrogaster whilst the others were found to be Aphelenchus avenae Bast.
Brevibucca saprophaga gen et sp. nov., a nematode from a rotting lily bulb-scale
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Mr. L. Ogilvie, Mycologist, of the Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol, recently sent the writer some bulbs of Lilium longiflorum Thunb., var. takesima, requesting an opinion on the eelworms occurring in the brownish tips of some of the scales. These turned out to be chiefly a species of Rhabditis and Diplogaster nudicapitatus Steiner. There was one thoroughly decomposed bulb scale, dark brown in colour and of a soft consistency throughout which, on teasing in water, was found to contain several insect larvae, mites and numerous nematodes including specimens of Diplogaster longicauda and D. striatus. In addition, about 25 adults of each sex of a new genus of nematode were found which, though somewhat resembling Rhabditis in buccal and oesophageal characters, differed from that genus in certain important features the most outstanding of which was the short buccal cavity. On this character the generic name has been based and because the worms were found in a thoroughly decayed organic medium a specific name has been chosen which denotes their probable feeding habits. Mr. Ogilvie has informed the writer that the bulbs were from stocks imported from Japan. Such bulbs arrive in this country in cases packed with Japanese soil but as the bulbs examined had already been planted in English soil it is impossible to determine from the material available whether the newly discovered nematodes were originally inhabitants of Japanese or English soil.
On Moniezia monardi Fuhrmann and Avitellina buechneri sp.nov. from Adenota kob thomasi (P. L. Sclater)
Authors: Dinnik J. A.
Published: June 2009

Fourteen species of parasitic worms recovered from Adenota kob thomasi (P. L. Sclater) in Uganda, Africa, are recorded.

The morphology of two tapeworms, Moniezia monardi Fuhrmann, 1931 and Avitellina buechneri sp. nov., is described in detail and discussed.
On Acanthostomum gymnarchi (Dollfus, 1950), with Notes on the Genera Acanthostomum Looss, 1899, Atrophocaecum Bhalerao, 1940, Gymnatotrema Morosov, 1955 and Haplocaecum Simha, 1958
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

1. Acanthostomum gymnarchi (Dollfus, 1950) is redescribed and the atrophy of the right caecum and the presence of an anal pore at the end of the left caecum were observed in this species.

2. The genera Atrophocaecum Bhalerao, 1940; Gymnatotrema Morosov, 1955; and Haplocaecum Simha, 1958 are considered synonyms of the genus Acanthostomum Looss, 1899 which is here divided into four subgenera.

3. Acanthostomum bagri Thomas, 1958 is considered a synonym of A. absconditum (Looss, 1901).

4. A key to the five species of Acanthostomum found in the Sudan is provided.
Paramonostomum signiensisn.sp. (Trematoda: Notocotylidae) from the Sheathbill,Chionis alba(Gmelin), at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands
Authors: Jones N. V. , Williams I. C.
Published: June 2009

Through the generous co-operation of the British Antarctic Survey twelve Sheathbills were collected in April, 1967 at Signy Island, preserved in deep freeze, and made available to us for parasitological examination. Five of the Sheathbills were found to be infected with a new species of notocotylid trematode, namelyParamonostomum signiensisn.sp., which is described below and considered in relation to other species ofParamonostomumLühe, 1909.
Studies on Tissue Responses in Primary and Subsequent Infections with Heterakis gallinae in Chickens and on the Process of Formation of Caecal Nodules
Authors: Kaushik R. K. , Deorani V. P. Sharma
Published: June 2009

1. In primary infections of chicks with 300 or 600 H. gallinae infective eggs, no clinical signs were apparent. Nodules were absent in all the experimental chicks as well as controls. Microscopically, few juveniles were observed in the caecal mucosa and the usual changes were mild congestion, few haemorrhages, and desquamation of superficial lining epithelial cells. Sections through a few thickened areas revealed a breached muscularis mucosa through which proliferated mucosal tissue had just invaginated into submucosa. The liver showed no changes.

2. With primary infection of chicks with 300 or 600 infective H. gallinae eggs, and their subsequent infection after 25 days with 1,000 infective eggs, there were no clinical signs after either primary or secondary infections. Nodules of varying sizes were present on the caecal wall of infected birds only, their size and number varying with age of infection. Histopathologically, the types of nodules observed were, one associated with juveniles and the other with their absence; and nodules were present both in the invaginated mucosa and in the submucosa. It was confirmed that these caecal nodules were due to irritation by H. gallinae juveniles and their metabbolites, and that these nodules were more a reaction of already sensitised caeca to subsequent infections, a fact hitherto unreported. The liver showed nothing abnormal, and there was not much difference between the haematological values of experimental and control chicks.

3. The actual process of formation of caecal nodules is demonstrated for the first time. The feasible explanation seems to be that on irritation of the already sensitised caeca by H. gallinae juveniles and their metabolites, hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue and epithelial cells results, which leads to a breach of the muscularis mucosa through which proliferated tissue of the mucosa invaginates. Later the muscularis mucosa constricts off and closes the nodule, the mucosa over it regenerates and becomes continuous. The present observations also indicate that the sterile nodular lesions usually found in natural infections may be the result of frequent infections, thus sensitising the chicks to subsequent infections.
Some Monogenoideans of the Family Diplectanidae Bychowsky, 1957 from Australian Teleost Fishes
Authors: Young P. C.
Published: June 2009

1. Four new species of the genus Diplectanum Diesing, 1858 are described. These are D. cupatum sp.nov. from the gills of both Epinephelus merra Bloch and E. fasciatus (Forskål), D. plectropomi sp.nov. from the gills of Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch), D. summanae sp. nov. from the gills of E. summana (Forskål), and D. vagampullum sp.nov. from the gills of E. merra Bloch.

2. Latericaecum gen.nov. and Monoplectanum gen.nov. are proposed to contain L. pearsoni sp.nov. and M. australis sp.nov. collected from the gills of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier & Vallenciennes and Sillago ciliata respectively. Calydiscoides gen.nov. is proposed to contain C. australis sp.nov. from the gills of Lethrinus chrystostomu Richardson together with C. difficilis (Yamaguti, 1953) comb.nov., C. duplicostatus (Yamaguti, 1953) comb.nov. and C.flexuosus (Yamaguti, 1953) comb.nov.

3. Lepidotrema angusta (Johnston & Tiegs, 1922) Price, 1937 and L. bidyana Murray, 1931 are redescribed from fresh materials from the type hosts and the generic diagnosis is emended from a study of these specimens, new specimens of L. tenue Johnston & Tiegs, 1922, and named material of L. therapon Johnston & Tiegs, 1922.
A Note on the Description of Dibothriocephalus medius Fahmy, 1954
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: June 2009

An examination of the type material of Dibothriocephalus medius Fahmy, 1954, was made possible by the kind co-operation of Professor Swann of the Zoology Dept., Universityof Edinburgh, where the specimens are lodged.
On Three Known Trematodes from African Birds, with Notes on the Genera Typhlocoelum, Paryphostomum and Petasiger
Authors: Bisseru B.
Published: June 2009

In the Summer of 1943 Dr. P. L. leRoux, to whom I am very grateful for the material, madea collection of worm parasites of ducks and waterbirds, shot near the Kalunga River, Chunga Farm, Chinsali District, Northern Rhodesia. Three genera of Trematodes are represented in this material, two of which, as far as records show, viz. Typhlocoelum and Paryphostomum, whose members are widely distributed in Asia, Europe and America, are here recorded for the first time from the African Continent. Petasiger variospinosus is recorded from a new host and a new locality.
Two New Genera of Amphistomes from Sudanese Freshwater Fishes
Authors: McClelland W. F. J.
Published: June 2009

1. Sandonia sudanensis gen. et sp. nov. obtained from the intestine of the freshwater fishes Synodontis schall and Distochodus niloticus in the Nile is described and its affinities with the members of the subfamily Schizamphistominae are discussed.

2. Brevicaecum niloticum gen. et sp. nov. from the intestine of Citharinus citharus from the Nile is described and placed in the subfamily Kalitrematinae.
A Preliminary Note on the Bacteriostatic Properties of Some Helminths of Animals
Authors: Gharib H. M.
Published: June 2009

Studies were made on the bacteriostatic action of the parasitesF. giganilcaandA. vilulorumagainst some animal micro-organisms. From the result of this work, it would appear that both parasites possessed some bacteriostatic action against certain organisms while others had none.
On the Capture and Destruction of Miracidia by Chaetogaster limnaei (Oligochaeta)
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

In an attempt to demonstrate experimentally the life cycle of Fasciola gigantica, the snails Lymnaea natalensis were exposed to newly hatched miracidia of this trematode.
On Cardiofilaria nilesi in Experimentally Infected Chickens with a Note on the Morphology and Periodicity of the Microfilariae
Authors: Gooneratne Brendon W. M.
Published: June 2009

The course of infection of chickens experimentally infected with C. nilesi suggested an immune response against the microfilariae. Autopsy findings of 6 experimentally infected chickens are given. In a chicken which received 32 infective larvae, when the peripheral blood was microfilaria negative for a period of 10 days, autopsy revealed 2 live active female and 3 live active male adult worms. These, when implanted in a clean 3 week old experimental chicken, produced a peripheral microfilaraemia for a further 63 days. When no peripheral microfilariae were detected for a period of 17 days, the recipient chicken was autopsied and microfilariae were found in the lung impression smears, although none of the implanted adult worms were found.

The morphology, structure and nocturnal subperiodicity of the microfilariae are described.