bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Autoantibody with Activity Dependent on Red Cell Age in the Serum of a Patient with Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia and a Negative Direct Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Herron R. , Clark M. , Smith D.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A red cell IgM autoantibody with anti‐e specificity was identified in the serum of a rhesus‐negative (rr) patient presenting with haemolytic anaemia and a negative direct antiglobulin test. The autoantibody strongly agglutinated normal allogeneic rhesus‐negative (rr) red cells in saline at 37°C but had only weak activity for autologous red cells. Incubation of the patient's serum with subpopulations of normal allogeneic red cells obtained by density fractionation, demonstrated that the strong agglutinating activity of the autoantibody was for red cells with density greater than 1.090 g/ml. Young red cell subpopulations of lower density gave weak reactions and low titration scores equivalent to those obtained with autologous red cells during the haemolytic episode. The patient's red cells during remission however, when the patient's haemoglobin level had returned to normal, were strongly agglutinated by serum samples taken during the haemolytic episode; as was the case with normal allogeneic red cells, the strong activity was for patient red cells with density greater than 1.090 g/ml, red cell populations of lower density giving low titration scores. The findings in this case indicate that the patient's red cells which had survived haemolysis during the haemolytic episode were young red cells (density <1.090 g/ml), the weak sensitization of these cells being insufficient to cause their destruction by macrophages. Furthermore, these findings, together with observations that IgG autoantibodies may also bind less strongly to young red cells [Gray et al., Br. J. Haemat., 55: 335–345, 1983; Branch et al., Blood 63: 177–180, 1984], imply that quantitative assays of cell‐bound antibody during haemolytic episodes may provide an erroneous measure of the red cell antibody load required to effect in vivo haemolysis.
Murine Monoclonal Antibody Suitable for Use as an Rh Reagent, Anti‐e
Authors: Bourel D. , Lecointre M. , Genetet N. , Gueguen‐Duchesne M. , Genetet B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The production by the hybridoma technique of a monoclonal antibody which behaves as an anti‐e agglutinin is described. A reagent was made from ascitic fluid diluted in RPMI 1640 culture medium and bovine serum albumin. All red blood cells bearing the e antigen were agglutinated; no reactivity was recorded with untreated EE red cells suspensions. However, cross‐reactivity was observed with enzyme‐pretreated EE cells. The characteristics of this monoclonal antibody are described and are in accordance with the standard references.
Swa: a Subdivision
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Teesdale Phyllis , Moulds Marilyn , Moulds John , Green Carole , Tippett Patricia , Kaita Hiroko , Lewis Marion
Published: March 2009

Abstract. For some time, anomalous serological reactions have been observed when the same anti‐Swa sera are tested against red cells from different individuals reported as Sw(a+). A comparative collaborative study using the same collection of Sw(a+) cells and anti‐Swa sera was undertaken by 4 reference laboratories, and it was found that Swa represents a heterogeneous group of antigens that can be subdivided into two categories. Both categories, Sw(a+) 700:41 and Sw(a+) 700:‐41, were shown to be inherited.
The Role of Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration in Limiting the Storage Life of Human Blood
Authors: Turner Susan , Williams A.R. , Rees J.M.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human erythrocytes stored for more than 21 days in citrate phosphate dextrose with adenine (CPDA‐1) at +4 °C had a decreased cell volume, an increased cell density, an elevated mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and hence an elevated internal viscosity. These changes are normally masked by the reversible cell swelling which accompanies storage in CPDA‐1. Incubation of stored cells for 24 h at 37 °C in fresh autologous plasma mimics the effects of reinfusion and causes the artificially swollen cells to shrink to their true volume. Thus, incubated cells which had been stored in CPDA‐1 for more than 21 days exhibited a decreased filterability through Nuclepore membranes in vitro, which is apparently correlated with a decreased survival time in vivo.
The Effects of Reinflation on the Survival of Time‐Expired Stored Rabbit Erythrocytes in vivo1
Authors: Turner Susan , Williams A. R. , Rees J.M.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Rabbit blood cells stored for prolonged periods in citrate phosphate dextrose with adenine (CPDA‐1) at +4 °C show the same decreased volume, increased cell density and decreased filterability as human cells stored under similar conditions. As with human erythrocytes, the stored rabbit cells had to be incubated with autologous fresh plasma for 24 h at 37 °C before these changes could be observed (this incubation process apparently mimics the effects of reinfusion). These shrunken stored rabbit cells could also be reinflated using nystatin, so that their mean cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, average cell densities and filterabilities were restored to normal values. This in vitro reinflation of the stored cells significantly prolonged their in vivo survival rate as determined by radiochromium labelling studies. This reinflation technique may therefore have an application in the prolongation of the useful storage life of human blood.
Excess of Blood Group B in Primary Myelofibrosis
Authors: Jaff M.S. , O'Briain D.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The distribution of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood groups was studied retrospectively in 40 patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Only patients with a leukoerythroblastic peripheral blood, splenomegaly and marrow fibrosis in whom chronic myeloid leukemia and secondary myelofibrosis was absent were included in the study. In 14 patients (35%), PMF was preceded by another myeloproliferative disorder (polycythemia rubra vera, essential thrombocythemia or unclassified myeloproliferative disorder), while 26 patients (65%) represented agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM). Comparison with Hospital and Irish blood group distribution showed a significant increase in blood group B (p<0.01) in PMF. This increase remained statistically significant for both the AMM and the non‐AMM subgroup of PMF when each subgroup was considered separately. This finding supports previous suggestions that the various myeloproliferative disorders which proceed to myelofibrosis are a closely related group rather than a heterogeneous collection of diseases.
In vitro and in vivo Evaluation of a Factor VIII Concentrate Heat‐Treated to Inactivate HTLV‐III/LAV Viruses
Authors: Mazurier Claudine , de Romeuf Christophe , Parquet‐Gernez Armelle , Jorieux Sylvie , Goudemand Maurice
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We report here the results of our evaluation of the effects of a dry heat treatment (96 h at 68 °C) to eliminate LAV/HTLV‐III virus on factor VIII (FVIII) and von Willebrand factor (vWf) present in an intermediatepurity concentrate. This thermal inactivation appears to have little effect on FVIII. There is an acceptable loss (12.3±3.6%; n = 25) in FVIII coagulant activity (FVIII: C) and a good in vivo performance in haemophilia A patients. A precise analysis of vWf indicates that whereas the vWf antigen and its ristocetin cofactor activity decrease during heating, there is an increase in potentially functional forms of vWf. Heat treatment induces an increase in high molecular weight forms of vWf and an enhancement in platelet adhesion to collagen. These changes probably explain the correcting effect on the bleeding time of the heated FVIII concentrate in patients with von Willebrand's disease. Thus, this heat‐treated concentrate appears to be equivalent to the untreated product in haemophilia A, with the additional benefit of being efficient for the treatment of von Willebrand's disease.
Biochemical and Biological Properties of an α1‐Antitrypsin Concentrate
Authors: Burnouf T. , Constans J. , Clerc A. , Descamps J. , Martinache L. , Goudemand M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. aL1‐Antitrypsin (AAT) has been purified from human plasma supernatant A (equivalent to COHN fraction II + III) by a large‐scale chromatographic procedure involving anion‐exchange adsorption on DEAE Sepharose CL‐6B fast flow and size‐exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl S‐200. Before freeze‐drying, the liquid concentrate was heat‐treated at 60°C for 10 h to reduce the risk of transmission of blood‐born viral diseases. Using this procedure, AAT is recovered with 80–90% purity in 65–75% yield from supernatant A. The heterogeneity of AAT is preserved across the purification steps. In addition, purified AAT exhibits inhibitory activities against trypsin and elastase equivalent to that of the serum protein. The mean association rate constant for elastase was found as high as 2.15 times 105 M‐1 s‐1. Thus, purifying active AAT from supernatant A contributes to improving the availability of this protein which may be potentially useful in the treatment of hereditary emphysema.
Plasma Exchange Treatment in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia of the Warm Antibody Type with Renal Failure
Authors: von Keyserlingk H. , Meyer‐Sabellek W. , Arntz R. , Haller H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the warm antibody type developed a hyperacute hemolytic crisis with acute renal failure under conventional treatment with corticosteroids. Because of the life‐threatening situation it was decided to start a combined treatment with immunosuppression and plasmapheresis. Already after the first plasma exchange the direct antiglobulin test became weakly positive, the hemoglobin level rose from 4.1 to 8.1 g/dl, and the hemolytic crisis subsided. Four more exchanges were performed; thereafter, the patient's clinical condition and laboratory data stabilized.
Biochemistry of Packed Red Blood Cell Concentrates Stored in PAGGS‐Sorbitol Solution for 42 Days1
Authors: Fagiolo E. , Littarru G. P. , Lippa S. , Pelliccetti A. , Mores N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We investigated metabolic, blood gas and acid‐base balance modifications of erythrocyte concentrates resuspended in PAGGS‐sorbitol solution during 6 weeks of storage. Glucose utilization was impaired during the last 2 weeks, while the intraerythrocytic ATP level decreased only 50% from the 1st to the 6th week. The K+ and Hb concentration in the medium showed a progressive increase which was more pronounced during the last 2 weeks. The decrease in pH progressed to reach 6.27 at the 6th week of storage. Intraerythrocytic 2,3‐DPG dropped rapidly in the course of the 1st week and the percentage of oxyhemoglobin showed a remarkable increase after the 1st week (90%). Our data suggest that erythrocyte concentrates in PAGGS‐sorbitol should be transfused, for optimal efficacy, within 4 weeks.
Post‐Transfusion Purpura Associated with Anti‐Baka and Anti‐PlA2 Platelet Antibodies and Delayed Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction
Authors: Chapman J.F. , Murphy M.F. , Berney S.I. , Ord J. , Metcalfe P. , Amess J.A.L. , Waters A.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The occurrence of post‐transfusion purpura (PTP) in a 16‐year‐old girl with sickle/β‐thalassaemia is described. Clinically this was a typical case of PTP, but it was unusual serologically. Anti‐Baka and anti‐PlA2 platelet‐specific antibodies were identified and the patient's platelets were typed as homozygous PlA1‐positive and Baka‐negative. The patient also developed red‐cell, granulocyte and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in response to the blood transfusion and had a delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction.
Severe Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn due to Anti‐Vw and Detection of Glycophorin A Antigens on the Miltenberger I Sialoglycoprotein by Western Blotting
Authors: Rearden A. , Frandson S. , Carry J.B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐Vw detecting an antigen on Miltenberger I (Mi I) variant glycophorin A (GPA) has rarely been reported as a cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). We report an infant with severe HDN due to anti‐Vw. Examination of the Vw+ erythrocytes of the father and paternal grandmother by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed an extra trypsin‐sensitive, periodic‐acid‐Schiff staining band, consistent with Mi I variant GPA. Staining of Western blots by monoclonal antibodies showed that normal paternal GPA expressed blood group M, while Mi I variant GPA expressed blood group N. Mi I variant GPA expressed the trypsin‐sensitive antigenic determinant detected by MoAb 10F7, indicating that the alterations known to occur in the trypsin‐sensitive fragment of Mi I variant GPA do not affect expression of the antigen detected by 10F7.
Heat Stability of Lyophilized C1 Inactivator Concentrates1
Authors: Wickerhauser Milan , Williams Craigenne , Kolen Billy L. , Busby Thomas F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Heat stability of lyophilized C1 inactivator (C1‐INA) concentrates of intermediate and high purity has been investigated under several heat treatment protocols that include heating for 96 and 192 h at 68°C and for 10 h at 80, 90 and 100°C. Both types of concentrate showed high stability in functional activity, with not more than 5% loss in any of the time‐temperature combinations evaluated. However, the C1‐INA antigen from both concentrates showed small but progressive changes in crossed immunoelectrophoretic pattern, in proportion to the intensity of heat treatment. High‐pressure size‐exclusion chromatography revealed only minimal signs of aggregation in the high‐purity concentrate, but a significant and progressive aggregation of nonspecific protein contaminants present in the intermediate‐purity concentrate, making the high‐purity concentrate preferable for heat treatment.
Detection of Early Anti‐p24 HIV Responses in EIA‐ and Immunoblot‐Negative Individuals
Authors: Huisman J.G. , Winkel I.N. , Lelie P.N. , Tersmette M. , Goudsmit J. , Miedema F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoprecipitation assay was developed for the detection and analysis of anti‐HIV antibody response in human sera with the use of 125I‐labelled purified HIV proteins with subsequent sodium‐dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis (125I‐RIPA). The 125I‐RIPA was shown to be as specific but at least 1 log more sensitive with respect to the detection of gp41env and p24gag than the immunoblot analysis as tested in serum samples from several risk groups. Sequential sera were obtained from 9 individuals who seroconverted for HIV antibodies. In 4 individuals, antibody to p24gag was detected in earlier serum samples by the I25I‐RIPA than by EIA or immunoblot; in the other 5 individuals, the detection of p24gag concorded in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (EIA), immunoblot and 125I‐RIPA. Moreover, in one of 78 randomly chosen EIA‐negative sera from individuals at high risk, antibodies to p24gag could be detected by the 125I‐RIPA. This early seroconversion was confirmed 3 months later by means of immunoblotting and EIA. The specificity of the 125I‐RIPA was further demonstrated by analyzing sequential EIA‐negative serum samples from 10 individuals at risk for AIDS, collected during 2 years at 3‐monthly intervals. All 80 serum samples were found to be negative in the 125I‐RIPA and the individuals revealed no signs of HIV infection. The I25I‐RIPA technique may be a valuable confirmatory assay in the serology of HIV infections. The sensitivity of this test provides a reliable measure of effective sensitivity when new‐generation screening tests are evaluated. In addition, this technique appears to be a specific and sensitive assay to detect antibodies to p24gag at very early stages of HIV infection.
Estimation of the Number of Binding Sites for a Murine Monoclonal Anti‐Lub on Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Merry A. H. , Gardner B. , Parsons S. F. , Anstee D. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The number of Lub antigen sites on the human erythrocyte membrane, as recognised by the murine monoclonal antibody BRIC‐108, has been determined. The number of antibody molecules bound per cell on one example of cells of the phenotype Lu(a‐b‐) with recessive inheritance was an average of around 200 in replicate determinations, which probably represents non‐specific antibody binding. A similar number of antibody molecules to this bound to trypsin‐ or pronase‐treated normal cells or cells of the Lu(a‐b‐) phenotype associated with the inheritance of the X‐borne gene, XS2. The number of binding sites on three examples of cells of the phenotype Lu(a‐b‐) with dominant inheritance was from 440 to 690. A variation in the number of binding sites per cell from 1,640 to 4,070 was found in five individuals with the phenotype Lu(a‐b+) and from 850 to 1,820 in four individuals with the phenotype Lu(a+b+). Four individuals with the Lu(a+b‐) phenotype had an average of 480 binding sites per cell. The Lub antigen therefore appears to a have low‐site density and a variable level of expression on the erythrocyte surface.
Amount and Type of Leukocytes in ‘Leukocyte‐Free’ Red Cell and Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Vakkila Jukka , Myllylä Gunnar
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The exact number of leukocytes remaining in ‘leukocyte‐free’ red cell and platelet concentrates cannot be measured by standard methods. We have therefore developed methods to harvest all the leukocytes from blood components. The leukocytes were then counted and identified using monoclonal antibodies. The leukocyte‐free red cell concentrates were prepared by combining buffy coat removal and filtration through a Cellselect filter. The mean number of leukocytes per unit was 1.0 times 105. Most of the leukocytes were granulocytes and T cells. Only a few B cells or monocytes could be detected. Leukocyte‐free platelets were prepared by filtering 4 units of PC through a cotton‐wool (Imugard) filter. The mean number of leukocytes per PC unit was 0.4 times 105 of which 85–95% were T cells.
Heterogeneity of Anti‐A and Anti‐B Monoclonal Reagents
Authors: Gane P. , Vellayoudom J. , Mollicone R. , Breimer M.E. , Samuelsson B.E. , Rouger P. , Gérard G. , Le Pendu J. , Oriol R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Eight anti‐A and seven anti‐B monoclonal reagents were tested in parallel, with normal and weak ABH red cell phenotypes. A whole range of different reactivity patterns was found, but by making a comparison with the results obtained using polyclonal standard reagents, two major categories of reagents were distinguished: (a) stronger and more specific reagents, and (b) reagents similar to, or weaker than, the standard polyclonal controls. The analysis of the specificity of the reagents by tissue fluorescence staining and reactivity with synthetic oligosaccharides and purified glycolipids confirmed the existence of broad and restricted specificities. Two kinds of anti‐A1 reagents are described. One related to type 3/4 structures, which stains the Golgi apparatus, and another with broad anti‐A specificity which cross‐reacts with ‘A‐like’ structures. The inhibition of anti‐A reagents with salivas and synthetic oligosaccharide antigens gave parallel results for the secretor salivas and the difucosylated A antigens.
Post‐Transfusion Purpura: Initiation by Leukocyte‐Poor Red Cells in a Polytransfused Woman
Authors: Kalish Robert I. , Jacobs Barry
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An elderly, multiparous, multiply transfused woman developed post‐transfusion purpura (PTP) after the transfusion of 2 units of leukocyte‐poor red cells and was successfully treated by plasmapheresis and corticosteroids. Her pre‐PTP transfusion history was characterized by frequent, multiple transfusions of platelet antigen‐containing blood products 12 to 5.5 years prior to the onset of disease and, apart from the initiating transfusion, only frozen red cells in the 5.5 years immediately preceding the onset of thrombocytopenia. Leukocyte‐poor red cells thus appear capable of initiating PTP. Use of a few units of frozen red cells may result in a shorter than normal refractory period, after which time PTP may occur upon exposure to sufficient platelet antigen.
Extended Storage of Single‐Donor Apheresis Platelets in CLX® Blood Bags: Effect of Storage on Platelet Morphology, Viability and in vitro Function
Authors: Kenney D.M. , Peterson J.J. , Smith J.W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A CLX® (Cutter Laboratories, Berkeley, Calif.) bag system was evaluated for storage of single‐donor apheresis platelets collected with the Haemonetics V‐50 blood processor. Concentrates (n=21) containing 3.9–5.2×1011platelets in 292 (±41.8) ml were stored in two 1‐liter bags for 7 days at 22 °C. pH was well maintained, declining from an initial pH of 7.0 (±0.04) to 6.92 (±0.20) after 7 days. Platelet morphology, response to a hypotonic stimulus and aggregation induced by paired agonists (epinephrine and ADP, or collagen) were also well‐preserved. Concentrates with a wide variation of platelet yields (2.0≥5.2× 1011, n=43) also maintained pH (6.96 ±0.26), morphology and aggregation when stored for 7 days. All platelet concentrates (n = 64) were sterile at collection. Single‐donor apheresis platelets may be stored in this bag system for up to 7 days.
Gamma‐Glutamyltransferase as a Potential Surrogate Marker for Detection of the Non‐A, Non‐B Carrier State
Authors: Brotman Betsy , Prince Alfred M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is currently widely used as a surrogate marker for detection of blood having a higher risk of transmission of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANBH). Studies in the chimpanzee model, in which the NANBH carrier state is well defined, have revealed gamma‐glutamyltransferase to be considerably more sensitive for the detection of NANBH carrier blood. Further study is required to determine whether this marker is also more sensitive for detection of the chronc NANBH carrier state in man.
Relation between Donor Transaminase and Recipient Hepatitis Non‐A, Non‐B in Sweden
Authors: Widely A. , Sundström G. , Hansson B.G. , Fex G. , Moestrup T. , Nordenfelt E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The relation between donor alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and recipient post‐transfusion hepatitis (PTH) non‐A, non‐B was studied in patients tested before and 6 and 12 weeks after transfusion. The minimum ALT criterion for PTH was 105 IU/1 (> 2.5 times the upper normal of 42 IU/1). In 8.8% of donors, ALT was > 42 IU/1, and in 2.3% ALT was > 63 IU/1, i.e., 1.5 times elevated. PTH non‐A, non‐B occurred in 14 of 742 recipients. The PTH incidence increased when donor ALT was above 63 IU/1 (1.5 vs. 5.6%; p < 0.05). However, if the confounding factor of volume variations was compensated for, elevated donor ALT and PTH were only statistically linked among recipients < 70 years (p < 0.02; Mantel‐Haenszel test).
Reduced Immune Phagocytosis of Monocytes from Neonates Whose Mothers Produce HLA Antibodies
Authors: Neppert J. , Mueller‐Eckhardt G. , Heine O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In vivo immune phagocytosis of neonatal monocytes was significantly correlated to the extent of maternal HLA immunization. Monocytes from all 15 neonates of mothers with HLA antibodies show reduced immune phagocytosis. In contrast, this holds true for monocytes from only 6 out of 13 neonates of mothers without detectable HLA antibodies. We infer the hypothesis that maternal HLA antibodies bind to mononuclear phagocytes of the fetus and of the fetal part of the placenta and thus cause inhibition of immune phagocytosis. Thereby, activation and secondary cell or tissue injury will not ensue and rejection of the fetal allograft is prevented in those pregnancies in which maternal alloimmunization occurs.
Separable Anti‐T and Anti‐Tk Lectins from the Seeds of Vicia hyrcanica
Authors: Liew Yew Wah , Bird G.W.G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Separable anti‐T and anti‐Tk lectins can be extracted from the seeds of Vicia hyrcanica. The anti‐T lectin is similar to that of the peanut, Arachis hypogaea; the anti‐Tk lectin compares favourably with that of Griffonia simplicifolia II.
Immunogenic and Antigenic Epitopes of Immunoglobulins Binding of Human Monoclonal Anti‐D Antibodies to FcRI on the Monocyte‐Like U937 Cell Line
Authors: Walker M.R. , Kumpel B.M. , Thompson K. , Woof J.M. , Burton D.R. , Jefferis R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Seventeen human monoclonal IgGl‐ or IgG3 anti‐D‐secreting clones have been examined for their ability to sensitise O+ red cells for Fc‐receptor‐mediated rosette formation with U937 cells. IgG3 but not IgGl anti‐D antibodies were able to mediate stable rosette formation with unstimulated U937 cells via interaction with the FcRI receptor. Decreasing FcRI density by incubating U937 cells with di‐butyryl cAMP almost completely abolished rosette formation, whilst increasing FcRI density by incubating U937 cells with interferon‐γ increased the percentage of cells forming rosettes with IgG3‐ and IgGl‐sensitised red cells. These data suggest that rosette formation between IgG anti‐D‐sensitised red cells and FcRI‐expressing cells is dependent upon the density of IgG3 on the red cell surface, the density of FcRI on the effector cell, multiple FcRI/IgG interactions are required for stable rosette formation and that more FcRI/IgGl than FcRI/IgG3 interactions are required.
Immunoglobulin Preparations for HIV‐Infected Patients
Authors: Yap P.L. , Williams P.E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) suffer from a deficiency of cellular immunity. However, some HIV‐infected children and adults suffer from recurrent upper respiratory tract infections suggestive of a failure to synthesise specific antibodies, despite the hypergammaglobulinaemia that is present. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IV IgG) appears to benefit HIV‐infected children with recurrent infections, in doses similar to those used for treating patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia. In some HIV‐infected adults, IV IgG also appears to reduce bacterial respiratory infections but the treatment schedules remain to be defined. In patients with life‐threatening bleeding due to immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with HIV infection, high dose IV IgG treatment (1–2 g/kg) also increases platelet counts but unlike other therapies for ITP, is not immunosuppressive and has no other serious adverse effects. It is likely that over the next few years, specific anti‐HI V preparations will be evaluated. Neutralising antibody has been demonstrated in HIV‐infected patients and a specific antibody preparation against HIV might either prevent HIV infection after initial exposure to the virus or slow the progression of HIV‐related disease. However, the development of a specific, effective, neutralising anti‐HIV immunoglobulin preparation (whether polyclonal or monoclonal) will require information about which HIV antigens elicit protective immunity and the role played by neutralising antibody in HIV‐related disease.
Effect of Centrifugation on the Storage Properties of Platelets
Authors: Solberg C. , Moen P. , Little C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Some of the recommended centrifugation methods for the preparation of platelet concentrates may cause accelerated deterioration of platelets stored in second‐generation containers. The deterioration is characterized by increasing pH, pO2 and decreasing pCO2, a high discharge of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increasing amounts of small particles which have recently been shown to have platelet factor 3 activity [Solberg, C.; Østerud, B.; Little, C.: Thrombosis Res. 48: 559–565, 1987]. A short first centrifugation (3,270g, 2 min 15 s) yielded platelets with better storage properties than platelet‐rich plasma prepared with longer centrifugation times (2,200 g, 4 min 30 s and 1,100 g, 6 min). By using multivariate data analysis the effect of different platelet concentrations and metabolic parameters can be used to predict the discharge of LDH or the change in morphology.
Evidence for the Occurrence of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Sialoglycoproteins in Human Kidney Endothelial Cells
Authors: Harvey J. , Parsons S.F. , Anstee D.J. , Bradley B.A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Several mouse monoclonal antibodies recognising different epitopes on human erythrocyte sialoglycoproteins a and β (syn: glycophorins A and C, respectively) react with human renal endothelium. Those monoclonal anti‐blood group M and anti‐blood group N antibodies which recognised the M/N epitopes on sialidase‐treated human erythrocytes also reacted with human renal endothelium whilst those which recognise the M/N epitopes on native, but not on sialidase‐treated human erythrocytes were not reactive with human renal endothelium. These results provide evidence for the occurrence of α and β molecules in renal endothelium and suggest that α in renal endothelium is incompletely sialylated.
Sustained Cytopenia after Leukapheresis for Collection of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells in Small Children
Authors: Takaue Y. , Watanabe T. , Kawano Y. , Koyama T. , Abe T. , Suzue T. , Shimokawa T. , Ninomiya T. , Kuroda Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Marked and persistent cytopenia was observed in two 3‐year‐old children with cancer, after lymphopheresis to collect peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) for autotransplantation after high‐dose chemotherapy. This finding suggests that PBSC are a major component of the hematopoietic cells in small children and, hence, that special care is necessary in the construction of a protocol for collection of stem cells from young children.
Autoantibodies against CD4‐ and CDS‐Positive T Lymphocytes in HIV‐Infected Hemophilia Patients
Authors: Daniel V , Weimer R. , Schimpf K. , Opelz G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of IgG, IgM, C3d, or gp120 on the surface of T lymphocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry in blood samples from 73 hemophilia patients and 56 healthy controls. IgG and IgM autoantibodies against CD4+ lymphocytes were found in HIV+ patients but not in HIV‐ patients or healthy controls (p<0.001). IgM autoantibodies were more frequent than IgG autoantibodies. Autoantibody formation increased with disease progression. However, within the same disease risk category, patients with autoantibodies were not ‘more immunologically abnormal’ than patients without autoantibodies. HIV+ patients who possessed autoantibodies had similar CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts as HIV+ patients without autoantibodies. There was no significant difference in the number of patients with abnormal CD4/CD8 ratios, serum neopterin levels, or in vitro responses to allogeneic stimulator cells or mitogens between autoantibody‐positive or ‐negative patients of the same risk category. Our data suggest that autoantibodies against CD4+ lymphocytes may be helpful as indicators of disease progression, however, their immunopathogenetic role remains unclear.
Rifampin‐Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kakaiya Ram M. , Dehertogh Deborah , Walker Frederick J. , Cummings Elizabeth , Uzdejczyk Martha
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In this report, a case of rifampin‐induced immune thrombocytopenia with the following characteristics is described: (a) thrombocytopenia follows intermittent drug administration; (b) onset occurs within hours of drug ingestion; (c) IgG antirifampin antibody binds in vitro to normal platelets only in the presence of rifampin; (d) thrombocytopenia resolves quickly in the absence of rifampin; (e) using immunofluorescence microscopy, IgG binding to normal platelets was seen with the patient's serum only in the presence of rifampin, and (f) using fluorescence spectrofluorometry, an absence of rifampin binding to normal platelets was demonstrated. Although the serological studies are not definitive, the mechanism of thrombocytopenia in the patient can best be explained by the formation of immune complexes composed of rifampin‐antirifampin antibody binding to platelets causing their rapid clearance from the circulation.
Properties of a Highly Punified Human Plasma Factor IX:c Therapeutic Concentrate Prepared by Conventional Chromatography
Authors: Burnouf T , Michalski C. , Goudemand M. , Huart J. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have characterized a highly purified (HP) factor IX concentrate intended for therapy of hemophilia B. The product has been prepared from pooled human plasma using a large‐scale procedure combining three conventional chromatographic steps based on DEAE ion exchange and affinity on immobilized heparin. The specific activity of the product was 119±10 IU factor IX:c/mg protein (n = 15), corresponding to a purification factor of about 9,000. The concentrate was free of the vitamin K‐dependent clotting factors II, VII and X and of proteins C and S. Most of the contaminants found in factor IX complex concentrate (PCC) were absent in this new product. High‐molecular‐weight kininogen, factors VIII, XI, XII or prekallikrein were not detected. There were no activated factors, such as factors IXa, and Xa, no thrombin and no phospholipids. Only two contaminants could be detected: C4 and inter‐alpha‐trypsin inhibitor (about 0.8 and 1.2mg/1,000 IU factor IX:c, respectively). The purity of the product, as compared to PCC, was confirmed by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, Grabar‐Williams immunoelectrophoresis, and bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Thrombogenicity tests in rabbits revealed that the HP factor IX tested had a lower thrombogenic power than the PCC tested. The concentrate has been subjected to a 0.3% tri(n‐butyl) phosphate‐1% Tween 80 treatment for 6 h at 25°C during its production to reduce or eliminate the risk of transmission of plasma‐borne lipid‐enveloped viruses. These conditions inactivated more than 3.8 log10 of vesicular stomatitis virus and more than 4.3 log10 of sindbis virus within 1 and 2 h of treatment, respectively. These data demonstrate that a highly purified therapeutic clotting factor IX concentrate can be prepared from human plasma by conventional chromatographic methods.
Pasteurisation of a Factor I (C3b Inactivator) Concentrate from Human Plasma
Authors: Alsøe Karina Østergaard , Kihl Jesper
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method of pasteurising a concentrate of factor I (C3b inactivator) prepared from human blood plasma is described. As well as obtaining a high yield of factor I by this virus inactivation procedure it is furthermore possible, by adjustment of the stabiliser concentration, to obtain a very pronounced reduction in the concentration of factor B, a component of the complement system which is unwanted in the treatment of factor I deficiency. The product so produced is in two respects superior to plasma infusions for factor I replacement therapy: it has been submitted to virus inactivation and factor B depletion.
Donor Safety and Plasma Quality in Automated Plasmapheresis
Authors: Aeschbache B. , Haeberli A. , Nydegger U. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The level of blood cells and differential counts as well as of selected clotting and complement system components and breakdown products were measured in donor plasma of 42 polycarbonate filter (group I) and 7 nylon filter (group II) plasmapheresis procedures. Three different sampling time points were considered: (1) 1 min prior to connecting the donor to the machine (sample A); (2) 1 min after donation by a repeat venipuncture (sample B), and (3) in collected plasma (sample C). The better biocompatibility of the newly introduced nylon filters became evident on the basis of blood cell counts with significant drops of total white blood cell counts, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets in sample B of group I, but not of group II. Similarly, complement studies revealed significant decrease of CH 50, C4 and C3 in samples B and C of group I, but only in samples C of group II. Coagulation studies showed significant increases of fibrinopeptide A and β‐thromboglobulin in samples B and C of group I; in group II β‐thromboglobulin was significantly increased in sample C compared to sample A. Plasminogen levels were decreased in samples B and C of group I but not of group II. Nonactivated partial thromboplastin time remained normal in group I. Factor VIII:C determinations in group II revealed a recovery of 86% in sample C.
The Liverpool Chimaera
Authors: Bromilow Imelda M. , Duguid Jennifer
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A dispermic human chimaera is described who is a fertile female XX/XY chimaera. The chimaera was discovered due to anomalies found during routine antenatal testing. The patient had two red cell populations differing in three blood group sysems; ABO, Rh and MN. Analysis of cultured lymphocytes showed 70% of cells to have the 46, XY male karyotype and analysis of cultured skin cells showed 30% of cells to have the 46, XY karyotype.
Hemophilia: State of the Art of Hematologic Care 1988
Authors: Kasper C.K. , Graham J.B. , Kernoff P.B.A. , Larrieu M.J. , Rickard K.A. , Mannucci P.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Since 1982, when the World Federation of Hemophilia first published a document on the state of the art of hemophilia diagnosis and care, there have been lights and shadows in this field. Although the widespread infection of hemophiliacs with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contaminating clotting factor concentrates is still a threatening and formidable shadow, the gloomy picture brought about by the AIDS epidemic is partially lightened by spectacular improvements in therapy and diagnosis. Carrier detection and first‐trimester prenatal diagnosis can now be performed accurately in most kindreds by analysis of DNA of the factor VIII or IX genes. An important step forward towards the elimination of the risk of blood‐borne infections transmitted by plasma products was recently made through the application of virucidal methods to clotting factor concentrates. Since HIV appears more vulnerable to such methods than the hepatitis viruses, currently available concentrates can be considered substantially free from the risk of transmitting HIV infection. Even though transmission of hepatitis is much reduced but not totally abolished, virucidal methods are continuously being improved, so that it can be foreseen that concentrates will become safer and safer. Finally, factor VIII produced by recombinant DNA technology is undergoing the first clinical trials in hemophiliacs. Hopefully, it will free from the risk of transmitting infections and will be available in sufficiently large amounts to meet the need of hemophiliacs worldwide.

In 1982, the World Federation of Hemophilia published a message [1] on the status of diagnosis and treatment of hemophilia. Since then, hemophilia care has been complicated by widespread infection of hemophiliacs with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Improvements have been made since 1982 in (1) diagnosis, especially carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis, and (2) treatment, especially with the development of safer clotting factor concentrates.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis Produced by Anti‐k
Authors: Bowman J.M. , Harman F.A. , Manning C.R. , Pollock J.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We report an instance of transfusion‐induced anti‐k so severe that three intrauterine intravascular fetal transfusions were required. The pretransfusion circulating hemoglobin level in the fetus was 60 g/l and hematocrit was 0.19. This, to our knowledge, is the first example of the rare alloantibody, anti‐k, producing erythroblastosis so severe that fetal transfusions were required in order to prevent hydrops fetalis from developing. Anti‐k alloimmunization, which in a period of 20 years and 8 months occurred only once in 3,246 alloimmunized pregnancies in Manitoba, can cause severe fetal disease. The k‐alloimmunized pregnant woman should be managed in the same manner as the D‐, c‐, or K‐alloimmunized pregnant woman.
Use of a High‐Purity Factor VIII Concentrate (Hemate P) in von Willebrand's Disease1
Authors: Berntorp Erik , Nilsson Inga Marie
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In previous studies, we have found Hemate P (Behring) to be the only commercial virus‐inactivated high‐purity factor VIII concentrate that contains native von Willebrand factor. In the present study, Hemate P was given to 7 patients with the severe recessive form of von Willebrand's disease, to 2 patients with type Ia, to 1 patient with type IIB, and to 1 patient with type IIC von Willebrand's disease. A correction of the hemostatic defect was seen in all patients. Satisfactory hemostasis was also obtained in clinical situations, 1 patient undergoing major surgery and another being delivered, both without undue loss of blood. We conclude that Hemate P is an efficacious and safe product for use in cases of von Willebrand's disease when pharmacological correction of the hemostatic defect is not possible.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Coagulation Proteins
Authors: Kitchen A.D. , Mann G.F. , Harrison J.F. , Zuckerman A.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of gamma irradiation on HIV and plasma coagulation factors F VIII:C, F VIII:vWF and FIX was studied. Donor plasma was harvested from single donations, frozen and irradiated in the frozen state at target doses from 0 to 40 kGy (0–4 mRad). HIV was inoculated into human plasma and irradiated in a similar manner. A range of other viruses, not suspended in plasma, were also irradiated to establish viral inactivation. An inactivation rate of 0.164 TCID50 dose/ml/kGy was demonstrated for HIV compared to rates of 0.00173, 0.00526 and 0.00286 log10 units/ml/kGy for F VIII:C, F VIII:vWF and FIX respectively. The use of gamma irradiation to inactivate infectious agents present in human plasma may eliminate the need for any post‐production viral inactivation methods and provide a means of assuring the safety of as yet untreated products such as cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma.
A New HLA‐B Antigen, BHT: Definition by Serological and Biochemical Means
Authors: Hajek‐Rosenmayr Agathe , Jungl Lisi , Kirnbauer Mia , Gruber Gerhard , Mayr Wolfgang R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In 3 unrelated individuals, a new, so far unknown HLA‐B‐locus antigen was found. This HLA‐B antigen, provisionally termed ‘BHT’, is recognized by extra reactions with alloantisera against the B5 cross‐reactive group. BHT can be clearly discerned from all cross‐reactive antigens by one‐dimensional isoelectro focusing (1D IEF), as it reveals, on IEF gels, a characteristic, rather neutral double‐banding pattern different from all known HLA class I bands. The BHT banding pattern, which is identical in all 3 BHT‐positive individuals, segregates with the haplotype A28, BHT, Cw7, DRw6.
Anti‐Aub: The Antithetical Antibody to Anti‐Aua
Authors: Frandson S. , Atkins C.J. , Moulds M. , Poole J. , Crawford M.N. , Tippett P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐Aub, the first example of the antithetical antibody to anti‐Aua, was identified in the serum of a blood donor who had been transfused 16 years previously. Aub has a gene frequency of 0.4326 in an American black population and 0.2994 in a southern English donor population. The expression of Aub is suppressed by In(Lu). XS2 also suppresses Auberger antigen expression.
Additive Solution for the Suspension and Storage of Deglycerolized Red Blood Cells
Authors: Ross D.G. , Heaton W.A.L. , Holme S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The additive solution, ADSOL, was evaluated for its suitability in the extended storage of previously frozen, deglycerolized red blood cells. In vitro comparison with red cells suspended in 0.2% dextrose 0.9% saline showed that ADSOL allowed for significantly enhanced adenosine triphosphate preservation throughout the storage period (>2.2 μmol/g Hb beyond 14 days) and for significantly reduced hemolysis (<1% beyond 14 days). After 10 days of storage in ADSOL the mean recovery after transfusion was 90% (index of therapeutic effectiveness, 77%). No bacterial contamination was observed. The results suggest that this currently approved additive solution could be used to store red cells for 14 days following thawing, thus avoiding one of the principal drawbacks of frozen red cells.
Computerized Threshold Determination for Automated AB0/Rh Tests
Authors: Severns M.L. , Kline L.M. , Epley K.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Automated microplate blood‐grouping systems rely on a pair of thresholds to determine whether reactions are positive or negative. The determination of these thresholds is a critical step in the quality control process for automated microplate blood grouping. A simple method has been developed for automatically setting these thresholds. A more sophisticated method, which required substantial computational complexity, was also tried. The more complex method did not perform better than the simple method described here.
Two BF F Subtypes, but no BF S, BF F1 or BF S07 Subdivision, Are Found by Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Segurado Oscar G. , Arnaiz‐Villena Antonio
Published: March 2009

Abstract. When studied by immunoelectrophoresis the factor B (BF)*F allele is a monomorphic protein, but by using isoelectric focusing (IEF), it turns out to be polymorphic. Two BF*F allelic subdivisions, BF*FA and BF*FB, were detected in samples from unrelated Spanish donors; *FA and *FB are in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, segregate as autosomal codominant alleles in families, and BF*FA (but not BF*FB) is found to be in linkage disequilibrium with B44 and DR7 and is within the A29, B44, Bw4, Cx, CFA31, DR7, DRw53, DQ2 haplotype. Furthermore, BF FA individuals have a higher BF serum concentration than the BF FB individuals. The subdivision of BF S observed with IEF was found to be due to nonspecific BF S cleavage by serum proteases in inadequately collected or aged samples. Thus, the subdivision of BF S is spurious and was not found in our sera. BF F1 and BF S07 could not be further subdivided by IEF in our subjects. The BF F1 banding pattern was characterised by the presence of a cathodal band which corresponds to the Bb activation fragment. Finally, IEF combined with immunoblotting and monoclonal Ba and Bb antibodies may be used for accurately distinguishing BF phenotypes and doubtful bands.
Transmission of Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis by pH4‐Treated Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Williams P.E. , Yap P.L. , Gillon J. , Crawford R.J. , Urbaniak S.J. , Galea G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four patients (2 with X‐linked, one with common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia, and 1 with ulcerative colitis) developed non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANBH) following administration of a specific batch of intravenous immunoglobulin (IV IgG) manufactured by the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service using the pH4/mild pepsin method. Each patient had normal serum ALT levels over a preceding period of 12–67 months, with raised values developing within 4–18 weeks of first administration of the implicated batch. Two patients had very mild symptoms of hepatitis, the other 2 being asymptomatic. Over a follow‐up period of 8–12 months, ALT levels returned to normal in 3 patients, but biopsy‐proven chronic NANBH developed in the fourth. The level of NANBH virus in the starting plasma used to manufacture this batch may have exceeded the capacity of the process to inactivate the virus. The transmission of NANBH by one of approximately 110 batches administered demonstrates the importance of continued close surveillance of recipients of IV IgG, even if asymptomatic, by regular monitoring of liver function tests and recording of all batches received.