bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining multi‐scale socio‐ecological approaches to understand the susceptibility of subsistence farmers to elephant crop raiding on the edge of a protected area
Authors: Guerbois Chloé , Chapanda Eunice , Fritz Hervé
Published: October 2012

Coexistence between subsistence farmers and elephants leads to problems for conservation and food security, especially on the edge of protected areas. Crop‐raiding patterns have been investigated for decades, but understanding both social and ecological determinants remains a key challenge to defining realistic management options in a context of increasing human and elephant densities.

Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, and its periphery, hosts one of the highest densities of free‐ranging elephants. As scale is a critical element of ecological systems, we analysed the determinants of crop raiding at three spatial scales: the study area (217 households in 200 km²), the village (30 fields in 14 km²) and the edge of the refuge area (30 fields in less than 3 km²). We combined foraging ecology with sociological approaches, including a participatory experiment, to understand the processes behind the susceptibility of subsistence farmers to crop raiding.

Distance to refuge area was the most influential determinant in decreasing crop‐raiding risk, with no damage occurring further than 4·4 km. We obtained consistent models between the three scales with high explanatory power for field damage at village and edge scales (94% and 68% respectively). Household density acted as an obstacle to elephants. Millet patches seemed to provide refuges, and thus promoted damage.

The participatory experiment allowed rigorous testing of the efficiency of traditional guarding practices. The presence of people was crucial for guarding efficiency. More innovatively, we demonstrated the role of neighbours and the importance of cohesive guarding as a promising strategy of reducing crop loss at the edge, primarily in areas with a high density of elephant paths.

Synthesis and applications. This paper provides evidence that multi‐scale multidisciplinary approaches can unravel endogenous processes shaping human–elephant coexistence on the edge of protected areas. We believe that manipulating perceived risks for elephants, through mitigation methods based on the ‘ecology of fear’, and spatial organization of households, could create a ‘soft fence’ which, when combined with adequate incentives to farmers, promotes a better integration of the protected area in its territory.
Carry‐over effects of spring hunt and climate on recruitment to the natal colony in a migratory species
Authors: Juillet Cédric , Choquet Rémi , Gauthier Gilles , Lefebvre Josée , Pradel Roger
Published: October 2012

In long‐lived species, temporal variation in recruitment, defined as the entry of new individuals into the breeding population, can have a large effect on population growth rate. While hunting, as a management tool, is generally expected to control population size via increased mortality, it may also act by affecting recruitment. Although the impact of hunting on survival is well studied, less attention has been paid to the non‐lethal impacts of hunting on recruitment.

To control the population size of the greater snow goose Chen caerulescens atlantica, an overabundant arctic‐nesting species, a spring hunting season was implemented from 1999 onwards in addition to the traditional autumn and winter hunting seasons. We investigated the potential carry‐over effect of spring hunting on recruitment of females to their natal colony on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada from 1992 to 2005 while accounting for other potential confounding factors, primarily climatic effects.

We applied a multistate capture‐Mark‐Recapture recruitment model to a dataset of known‐age individuals (n = 12 100), combining live recaptures at the breeding colony with dead recoveries from hunters.

Annual variation in recruitment probability was best explained by spring hunt and a synthetic variable combining the climatic conditions experienced during migration (extreme values of the North Atlantic Oscillation index) with conditions upon arrival at the breeding grounds (snow cover). This model accounted for 58% of the temporal variation in recruitment, while the harvest rate or the climatic index taken alone accounted for 38% each. In the year with the highest spring hunting pressure (adult harvest rate ≈6%), recruitment was reduced by up to 50% compared to years with no hunt and similar average climatic conditions.

Synthesis and applications. We conclude that there was a negative impact of the spring hunt not only on survival but also on recruitment in greater snow geese. These non‐lethal effects of hunting must be considered in management decisions aimed at controlling overabundant populations where recruitment is an important driver of population growth, as occurs in geese. Our study is also relevant to other situations such as in threatened species still exposed to hunting, as consideration of non‐lethal effects of hunting may be critical for their conservation.
Epiphytic bryophytes near forest edges and on retention trees: reduced growth and reproduction especially in old‐growth‐forest indicator species
Authors: Löbel Swantje , Snäll Tord , Rydin Håkan
Published: October 2012

Epiphytes are an important component in many forest ecosystems. The proportion of threatened epiphyte species is high, and the impact of clearcuts on key demographic processes via edge‐influence is still poorly understood. There are few studies on epiphyte growth, and even less is known about how reproduction is affected by proximity to forest edges. For retention trees, demographic studies are even scarcer.

Based on the results from a 6‐month transplant experiment and a 3‐year study of natural colonies, we modelled growth and reproduction of epiphytic bryophytes used as indicators of old‐growth forests and widespread epiphytes in relation to distance from the forest edge. We also modelled growth and reproduction on retention trees within the clearcut. Species responses were linked to variation in canopy openness.

Unlike the widespread species, the old‐growth‐forest indicators grew exponentially with distance from the edge, and this response was more pronounced at the south‐east than north‐west forest edge. In one red‐listed species, reproduction was thoroughly inhibited near the edge, whereas the reproductive rate of the widespread species tended to increase. However, the widespread species also showed reduced shoot lengths on the retention trees.

Reduced growth and inhibited reproduction of sensitive epiphytes near edges decrease the number of dispersing diaspores and may, in combination with lower local connectivity and increased tree fall rates close to edges, increase the risk of metapopulation extinction.

Synthesis and applications. Two general management implications for boreal forests are drawn. First, retention trees may not have the capacity to act as a ‘lifeboat’ for epiphytic bryophytes and support their populations during the regeneration phase. Second, the creation of buffer zones is a useful conservation strategy for bryophytes. The exact width of zones depends on the forest structure and should be orientated in relation to the requirements of the most sensitive species. For the rather dense experimental forest, a width of at least 30 m was required for the south‐facing buffer, whereas for the north‐facing buffer 10 m was sufficient.
The role of dispersal levels, Allee effects and community resistance as zooplankton communities respond to environmental change
Authors: Gray Derek K. , Arnott Shelley E.
Published: October 2012

Worldwide, freshwater zooplankton communities have been subjected to multiple environmental stressors including acidification, invasive species introductions, habitat alteration and climate change. Understanding the factors that affect zooplankton community responses in the face of environmental change is an important goal if ecologists expect to make predictions regarding the impact of current and future stressors. The acidification and recovery of lakes provides a well‐studied example of the impacts of environmental change.

For this study, we conducted a field enclosure experiment using zooplankton communities that are recovering from the effects of acidification to determine whether dispersal levels, Allee effects and biotic interactions could influence comˋmunity responses as pH levels increase. The experiment involved the introduction of four acid‐sensitive colonist species (Daphnia retrocurva, Skistodiaptomus oregonensis, Epischura lacustris and Tropocyclops extensus) into enclosures stocked with recipient communities. The experiment was a factorial design with colonists introduced at three starting densities (low, medium and high) and enclosures being stocked with either diverse communities typical of neutral lakes or relatively depauperate communities dominated by the acid‐tolerant copepod Leptodiaptomus minutus. Per capita growth rates (r) for colonist species were measured by sampling communities in enclosures over a 10‐week period. Factorial anovas were conducted to determine whether r differed according to starting densities, recipient community type or their interaction.

Our results indicated that r for the copepods E. lacustris and S. oregonensis were greater when introduced at high initial densities, suggesting an Allee effect based on mate limitation. In addition, r for S. oregonensis was lower when introduced to acid communities, suggesting biotic interactions with the resident community were important for this species. Per capita growth rates for T. extensus and D. retrocurva did not differ among treatments.

Synthesis and applications. These results suggest that community response to environmental change can be influenced by dispersal, Allee effects and community interactions. Studies evaluating the ongoing recovery of zooplankton communities from acidification, or their response to other stressors, should take these factors into account. If rapid community responses are desired, dispersal rates for sexual zooplankton species (copepods) may need to be artificially increased.
Supporting deployed operations: are military nurses gaining the relevant experience from MDHUs to be competent in deployed operations?
Authors: Beaumont Steven P , Allan Helen T
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectives

To explore how peacetime employment of military nurses in the UK National Health Service Medical Defence Hospital Units prepares them to be competent to practise in their role on deployment.

Background

Military secondary care nurses are employed within UK National Health Service Trusts to gain clinical experience that will be relevant to their military nursing role.

Design

A two‐stage grounded theory study using mixed methods: postal questionnaire survey and in‐depth interviews.

Methods

In stage one a postal questionnaire was distributed to all serving military nurses. Stage two involved 12 semi‐structured interviews. The data from both parts of the study were analysed using grounded theory.

Results

Four categories and one core category were identified, which suggested that participants did not feel fully prepared for deployment. Their feelings of preparedness increased with deployment experience and decreased when the nature of injuries seen on deployment changed. Respondents argued that even when unprepared, they did not feel incompetent. The findings suggest that the peacetime clinical experience gained in the National Health Service did not always develop the necessary competencies to carry out roles as military nurses on deployment. This study highlights the unique role of military nurses. We discuss these findings in the light of the literature on competency and expertise.

Conclusion

The military nurses in this study did not feel fully prepared for deployed operations. We propose a new model for how military nurses could gain relevant experience from their National Health Service placements.

Relevance to clinical practice

National Health Service clinical placements need to be reassessed regularly to ensure that they are meeting military nurses' clinical requirements. Experiences of nurses returning from deployment could be shared and used as a basis for reflection and learning within National Health Service Trusts and also inform decisions regarding the appropriateness of clinical placements for qualified military nurses.
A survey of the awareness, use and attitudes of women towards Down syndrome screening
Authors: Yanikkerem Emre , Ay Semra , Çiftçi Alev Y , Ustgorul Sema , Goker Asli
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectives

To determine awareness, use and attitudes of Turkish women towards prenatal screening tests (PST) for Down syndrome (DS).

Background

The technology of screening and diagnosing congenital diseases and abnormalities of foetuses has rapidly developed in the past few decades and prenatal screening for DS in early pregnancy is a valued component representing a cost‐effective public health intervention in modern developed countries.

Design

Cross‐sectional and descriptive study.

Methods

The study was carried out in 518 women in the early postpartum period at the Maternity and Children's Hospital between 1 September 2010 and 1 March 2011 using a questionnaire developed by the researchers.

Results

Awareness about the first‐ and second‐trimester PST [nuchal translucency (NT), triple test] was 21·6 and 59·7%, whereas use of them was 13·7 and 44·8%, respectively. Women who had lower education, were unemployed, had a patriarchal family type, had a low income status, were unmarried, had consanguineous marriage and did not have a private doctor were less aware and had less use of NT and/or triple test. Women who did not have a genetic disease in their family, were multiparous, had an unplanned pregnancy and did not receive antenatal care were less aware and had less use of the triple test. In case, the foetus was diagnosed as DS, women made the following decisions: continuing the pregnancy, terminating the pregnancy, leaving the decision to the doctor and being not sure 34·9, 12·0, 29·9 and 23·2%, respectively.

Conclusion

Women's knowledge about and attitudes towards PST are important. This study shows that Turkish women have limited knowledge about and use of PST. Therefore, health professionals play a significant role in improving patients’ information about PST. They should dedicate more time to discussions with women, provide appropriate and understandable information tailored to women's socio‐economical level and should emphasise the indications, purposes and limitations of PST.

Relevance to clinical practice

Discovering women's opinions and knowledge about PST will help healthcare providers determine their information needs.
Achieving eatwell plate recommendations: is this a route to improving both sustainability and healthy eating?
Authors: Harland J. I. , Buttriss J. , Gibson S.
Published: October 2012

By using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling programme, the objective was to determine the extent to which consumers meet the nutrition guidelines implicit in the eatwell plate; to profile those eating healthily and gain insight on how they achieved the recommendations and whether in doing so, their eating pattern was also potentially more sustainable.

Only 4% of adults simultaneously met five targets related to fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), 5 A DAY fruit and vegetables, fibre (non‐starch polysaccharide; NSP) and protein intake and, with the exception of target protein intake, the majority of people (51%) achieved none of the guidelines. The addition of the oil‐rich fish recommendation reduces those meeting all six targets to 1%. Just 12% of the population (n = 94) met the three targets for fat, SFA and fruit and vegetable intake. These were designated achievers, who tended to be older by 5 years and to have a degree (P < 0.05), while non‐achievers were more likely to smoke (P < 0.05). Energy intakes were slightly lower in achievers (non‐significant), who had significantly lower fat and SFA intakes and higher intakes of protein. Intakes of NSP were significantly higher among achievers, who on average met the dietary reference value for NSP. The main NDNS food groups with a significantly higher intake in achievers were skimmed milks, chicken and turkey dishes, white fish (not fried) and shellfish and wholemeal breads, while non‐achievers consumed more coated chicken, meat pies and pastries, cheese, whole milks and white bread. It appears that the achievers have reduced the fat content of their diet by focussing on lower fat/higher fibre alternatives within the same category of foods rather than introducing more plant foods such as legumes, nuts and seeds.

There is growing interest in the future sustainability of current dietary patterns in light of expected climate change and an expanding global population. Although only one facet of a very complex picture, plant foods are typically associated with fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than those of animal origin. On this limited basis, achievers were not necessarily eating more sustainably. It is suggested, by reference to literature values (primarily for potential GHG emissions of food production), that with some rebalancing and through the inclusion in current UK dietary patterns of more plant foods, particularly more plant proteins and starchy foods, the existing eatwell plate could not only provide the basis of a cost‐effective healthy diet, but also a potentially more sustainable one too. However, in order to meet these joint objectives, improved consumer understanding and practical advice on how to use the eatwell plate in this way is clearly required.
CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVE LONG‐RUN EVENT‐STUDY TECHNIQUES
Authors: Dionysiou Dionysia
Published: October 2012

This paper reviews the long‐run event‐study debate by outlining the strengths and weakness of the most commonly used alternative techniques. The fist part of the discussion highlights that prior literature has failed to provide a single risk‐adjusted model of long‐run abnormal returns with no biases. Subsequently, the paper provides guidance on how one can choose among pertinent alternative techniques. As a conclusion, researchers ought to choose among alternative techniques after considering issues such as (i) the nature of dataset and market of interest, (ii) the event type (regulatory or corporate), (iii) returns’ time‐interval, (iv) association of the event with accounting data, (v) sample characteristics and prior evidence regarding similar events, as well as (vi) risk changes following the event. Robustness tests are essential, while the road for further research regarding the appropriate technique(s) is open.
The COMT Val/Met polymorphism is associated with reading‐related skills and consistent patterns of functional neural activation
Authors: Landi Nicole , Frost Stephen J. , Mencl W. Einar , Preston Jonathan L. , Jacobsen Leslie K. , Lee Maria , Yrigollen Carolyn , Pugh Kenneth R. , Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: October 2012

In both children and adults there is large variability in reading skill, with approximately 5–10% of individuals characterized as having reading disability; these individuals struggle to learn to read despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. Although it is well established that a substantial portion of this variability is attributed to the genetic differences between individuals, specifics of the connections between reading and the genome are not understood. This article presents data that suggest that variation in the COMT gene, which has previously been associated with variation in higher‐order cognition, is associated with reading and reading‐related skills, at the level of both brain and behavior. In particular, we found that the COMT Val/Met polymorphism at rs4680, which results in the substitution of the ancestral Valine (Val) by Methionine (Met), was associated with better performance on a number of critical reading measures and with patterns of functional neural activation that have been linked to better readers. We argue that this polymorphism, known for its broad effects on cognition, may modulate (likely through frontal lobe function) reading skill.
Simulation Guided Hair Dynamics Modeling from Video
Authors: Zhang Qing , Tong Jing , Wang Huamin , Pan Zhigeng , Yang Ruigang
Published: October 2012

In this paper we present a hybrid approach to reconstruct hair dynamics from multi‐view video sequences, captured under uncontrolled lighting conditions. The key of this method is a refinement approach that combines image‐based reconstruction techniques with physically based hair simulation. Given an initially reconstructed sequence of hair fiber models, we develop a hair dynamics refinement system using particle‐based simulation and incompressible fluid simulation. The system allows us to improve reconstructed hair fiber motions and complete missing fibers caused by occlusion or tracking failure. The refined space‐time hair dynamics are consistent with video inputs and can be also used to generate novel hair animations of different hair styles. We validate this method through various real hair examples.
Performance Capture of High‐Speed Motion Using Staggered Multi‐View Recording
Authors: Wu Di , Liu Yebin , Ihrke Ivo , Dai Qionghai , Theobalt Christian
Published: October 2012

We present a markerless performance capture system that can acquire the motion and the texture of human actors performing fast movements using only commodity hardware. To this end we introduce two novel concepts: First, a staggered surround multi‐view recording setup that enables us to perform model‐based motion capture on motion‐blurred images, and second, a model‐based deblurring algorithm which is able to handle disocclusion, self‐occlusion and complex object motions. We show that the model‐based approach is not only a powerful strategy for tracking but also for deblurring highly complex blur patterns.
Wake Synthesis For Shallow Water Equation
Authors: Pan Zherong , Huang Jin , Tong Yiying , Bao Hujun
Published: October 2012

In fluid animation, wake is one of the most important phenomena usually seen when an object is moving relative to the flow. However, in current shallow water simulation for interactive applications, this effect is greatly smeared out. In this paper, we present a method to efficiently synthesize these wakes. We adopt a generalized SPH method for shallow water simulation and two way solid fluid coupling. In addition, a 2D discrete vortex method is used to capture the detailed wake motions behind an obstacle, enriching the motion of SWE simulation. Our method is highly efficient since only 2D simulation is required. Moreover, by using a physically inspired procedural approach for particle seeding, DVM particles are only created in the wake region. Therefore, very few particles are required while still generating realistic wake patterns. When coupled with SWE, we show that these patterns can be seen using our method with marginal overhead.
Two‐Finger Gestures for 6DOF Manipulation of 3D Objects
Authors: Liu Jingbo , Au Oscar Kin‐Chung , Fu Hongbo , Tai Chiew‐Lan
Published: October 2012

Multitouch input devices afford effective solutions for 6DOF (six Degrees of Freedom) manipulation of 3D objects. Mainly focusing on large‐size multitouch screens, existing solutions typically require at least three fingers and bimanual interaction for full 6DOF manipulation. However, single‐hand, two‐finger operations are preferred especially for portable multitouch devices (e.g., popular smartphones) to cause less hand occlusion and relieve the other hand for necessary tasks like holding the devices. Our key idea for full 6DOF control using only two contact fingers is to introduce two manipulation modes and two corresponding gestures by examining the moving characteristics of the two fingers, instead of the number of fingers or the directness of individual fingers as done in previous works. We solve the resulting binary classification problem using a learning‐based approach. Our pilot experiment shows that with only two contact fingers and typically unimanual interaction, our technique is comparable to or even better than the state‐of‐the‐art techniques.
Isotropic Surface Remeshing Using Constrained Centroidal Delaunay Mesh
Authors: Chen Zhonggui , Cao Juan , Wang Wenping
Published: October 2012

We develop a novel isotropic remeshing method based on constrained centroidal Delaunay mesh (CCDM), a generalization of centroidal patch triangulation from 2D to mesh surface. Our method starts with resampling an input mesh with a vertex distribution according to a user‐defined density function. The initial remeshing result is then progressively optimized by alternatively recovering the Delaunay mesh and moving each vertex to the centroid of its 1‐ring neighborhood. The key to making such simple iterations work is an efficient optimization framework that combines both local and global optimization methods. Our method is parameterization‐free, thus avoiding the metric distortion introduced by parameterization, and generating more well‐shaped triangles. Our method guarantees that the topology of surface is preserved without requiring geodesic information. We conduct various experiments to demonstrate the simplicity, efficacy, and robustness of the presented method.
The Contemporary Relationship of ‘New Left’ and ‘New Right’ Parties with Interest Groups: Exceptional or Mainstream? The Case of Norway's Socialist Left and Progress Party
Authors: Allern Elin Haugsgjerd
Published: October 2012

Allegedly, the new green and left parties that were established in Western Europe during or after the 1960s tend to be characterized by informal but significant links with social movement organizations. In contrast, weak links or virtual lack of such connections is often seen as one of the enduring characteristics of the new populist (radical) right parties. However, there are both empirical and theoretical reasons for examining these conventional wisdom(s) more closely. To date, only limited evidence is available on this aspect of new European parties in general. Examining Norway's successful new left and populist right party, and based on rich original data, this case study adds to our knowledge in several ways. The analysis reveals that the socialist left has even closer and more wide‐ranging relationships with interest groups than traditionally suggested and that the Progress Party enjoys organized contact with various interest groups. Since these parties are only two, and not necessarily quintessential examples of the party families in question, the results cannot overturn the conventional wisdom, but they nonetheless question and supplement it by throwing light on the conditions favouring the development of stronger, and more varied, links to interest groups. Together with other presumably ‘atypical’ party examples mentioned in scholarly literature, the case of Norway calls for further empirical investigation. Finally, with an eye to future comparative research, the possible explanations for these findings are briefly discussed.
Learning to doctor: tinkering with visibility in residency training
Authors: Wallenburg Iris , Bont Antoinette , Heineman Maas‐Jan , Scheele Fedde , Meurs Pauline
Published: October 2012

Medical doctors in teaching hospitals aim to serve the two central goals of patient care and medical training. Whereas patient care asks for experience, expertise and close supervision, medical training requires space to practise and the ‘invisibility’ of medical residents. Yet current reforms in postgraduate medical training point to an increasing emphasis on the measurable visibility of residents. Drawing on an ethnographic study of gynaecology training in The Netherlands, this article demonstrates that in daily clinical routines multiple practices of residents’ visibility (visibilities) coexist. The article lists four visibilities: staging residents, negotiating supervision, playing the invisibility game and filming surgical operations. The article shows how attending physicians and medical residents tinker with these visibilities in daily clinical work to provide good care while enacting learning space, highlighting the increasing importance of visualising technologies in clinical work. Moreover, the article contributes to traditional sociological accounts on medical education, shifting the focus from medical education as a social institution to the practices of medical training itself. Such a focus on practice helps to gain an understanding of how the current reform challenges clinicians’ educational activities.
Why the French did not choose to panic: a dynamic analysis of the public response to the influenza pandemic
Authors: Sherlaw William , Raude Jocelyn
Published: October 2012

To understand the French public’s response to the 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza health threat a sequence analysis framework has been employed mobilising different theoretical strands such as innovations diffusion theory, surprise theory and social representation theory. These tend to suggest that disease episodes, public health policy and the public’s response should be considered within a larger socio‐cognitive frame incorporating representations anchored by prior disease episodes and campaigns. It is suggested in this article that the public’s response was greatly influenced by the pervasive anchoring of the social representations of the pandemic threat to the 1918 Spanish flu in the lay and scientific media. These representations were eventually seen not to match the reality of the disease and consequently the French public did not panic during the 2009 pandemic. This hypothesis has been tested empirically by examining retrospective media, bibliographical data and an analysis of risk perception carried out through three cross‐sectional studies prior to and during the pandemic episode and one month after the launch of the vaccination campaign. These findings suggest that alarmist framings of health threats may be counterproductive since they may reduce the capacity of public health organisations to mobilise the public in the case of more serious emerging disease.
Variation in grainy texture of commercial ghee in relation to laboratory ghee and its blends†
Authors: RACHANA CHANDRIKA RAVINDRAN , NATH BATTULA SURENDRA , RESHMA MULLAN VELANDY , ARMUGHAN CHAMI
Published: October 2012

Ghee, a major Indian dairy product, has unique pleasing flavour and granular texture. Ten samples of commercial ghee were analysed for grainy texture, fatty acid composition and melting and crystallisation behaviour. These were compared with laboratory ghee and its blends with high melting fraction (HMF) or low melting fraction (LMF). Grain size and quantity of commercial ghee ranged from 0.200 to 0.330 mm and 1 to 40%, respectively, when incubated at 29 °C for 24 h. Laboratory ghee samples showed a grain size and quantity of 0.241 mm and 42%, respectively. Commercial samples with poor granularity had a lower level of saturated fatty acids, while those with bigger grains had a higher level of palmitic acid (>35%). The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids showed significant variation in these samples. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of the samples also showed variation in melting and crystallisation behaviour. In general, the characteristics of commercial ghee with poor granularity resembled those of laboratory ghee blended with LMF while commercial ghee with bigger grains compared well with the ghee blended with HMF.
A Comparison of Chemical Enhancements for the Detection of Latent Blood,,
Authors: Seashols Sarah J. , Cross Heather D. , Shrader Danielle L. , Rief Ashley
Published: October 2012

Luminol, Bluestar®, and Hemascein® were tested to compare detection sensitivities to latent blood. Untreated, EDTA‐treated human blood, and a catalytically similar blood substitute were diluted (neat to 1:1,000,000) and pipetted onto a variety of substrates. Luminol and Bluestar® performed similarly on all surfaces and fabrics. Hemascein® yielded poor results on wood surfaces, but performed well in the detection of latent blood on fabrics. Results from untreated, EDTA‐treated, and synthetic blood results indicate that EDTA‐treated blood is similar or slightly less sensitive than untreated blood at all dilutions and on all substrates, and the synthetic blood is less sensitive than real blood, but consistent in detection threshold and thus is useful as a training aid. Additionally, some foods and household chemicals that have previously been shown to cross‐react were tested with Bluestar®, Hemascein®, and luminol. Hemascein® cross‐reacted with many substances, while both luminol reagents were more discriminating.
Microwave Dielectric Properties of Fused Silica Prepared by Different Approaches
Authors: Li Lei , Fang Yong , Xiao Qing , Wu Yong Jun , Wang Nan , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: October 2012

Fused silica was prepared by different approaches, and the microwave dielectric properties were investigated. For the fused silica sintered at 1100°C by solid‐state sintering, the dielectric constant (εr) and Qf value increased with increasing the sintering time up to 5 h, while the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) decreased. The optimal properties with low εr of 3.72, high Qf value of 44,300 GHz, and low τf of −14.4 ppm/°C were achieved when sintered at 1100°C for 5 h. The microwave dielectric properties could be further improved by other preparing approaches, as listed below: εr = 3.90, Qf = 63,500 GHz, τf = −5.7 ppm/°C for spark plasma sintering, and εr = 3.83, Qf = 122,100 GHz, τf = −8.3 ppm/°C for melting method. The results showed that fused silica was a good candidate as a microwave substrate material.
A Galactic O2 If*/WN6 star possibly ejected from its birthplace in NGC 3603
Authors: Roman-Lopes A.
Published: October 2012

In this work we report the discovery of a new Galactic O2 If*/WN6 star, a rare member of the extremely massive hydrogen core-burning group of stars that, because of their high intrinsic luminosity (close to the Eddington limit), possess an emission-line spectrum at the beginning of their main-sequence evolution, mimicking the spectral appearance of classical Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars. The new star is named WR 42e and is found in isolation at 2.7 arcmin (∼6 pc) from the core of the starburst cluster NGC 3603. From the computed E(B−V) colour excess and observed visual magnitude it is possible to estimate its absolute visual magnitude as MV=−6.3 mag, which is a value similar to those obtained by other researchers for stars of similar spectral type both in the Galaxy and in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Considering the derived absolute visual magnitude, we compute a bolometric stellar luminosity of about 3.2 × 106 L⊙. Finally, we estimate the mass of the new O2 If*/WN6 star by comparing its observed magnitudes and colours with those of other probable NGC 3603 cluster members, finding that the initial mass of WR 42e possibly exceeds 100 M⊙.
Culpable Control and Causal Deviance
Authors: Alicke Mark D. , Rose David
Published: October 2012

Actions that are intended to produce harmful consequences can fail to achieve their desired effects in numerous ways. We refer to action sequences in which harmful intentions are thwarted as deviant causal chains. The culpable control model of blame (CCM) is a useful tool for predicting and explaining the attributions that observers make of the actors whose harmful intentions go awry. In this paper, we describe six types of deviant causal chains; those in which: an actor’s attempt is obviated by the intervention of another person or the environment; the intended effects could not have been produced regardless of the actor’s behavior; other causes diminish the actor’s causal role; the actor brings about foreseen but undesired consequences as a result of pursuing his or her focal goal; the focal action produces a chain of increasingly remote causal events; and the actor derives unforeseen benefits from his or her nefarious actions. A basic assumption of the CCM in these cases is that attributions for the participants’ actions will depend on positive and negative evaluations of their intentions and behaviors. We describe empirical findings that are consistent with this assumption, and predict other findings for causal deviance phenomena that have not yet been investigated empirically.
Making Interpersonal Meaning: Significant Others in Mind in Transference
Authors: Przybylinski Elizabeth , Andersen Susan M.
Published: October 2012

The social cognitive process of transference may serve as a means of constructing interpersonal meaning. Support for this proposition is presented through a review of evidence on the relational self in transference, reframed in terms of meaning construction, as well as new investigations of the ways precise ways in which transference can serve this function. In the underlying theory, knowledge one has about each of the various significant others in one’s life is represented in memory and linked to a distinct relational self in memory by means of the relationship with that other. Significant‐other knowledge can be activated in an interpersonal encounter and, when transference occurs, used to go beyond the information given about a new person and also influences affect, motivation, and self‐regulation (Andersen & Glassman, 1996). Distinct relational selves also arise in transference depending on which significant other is triggered by the situation. These processes allow the individual to imbue the interpersonal encounter with personalized meaning. Further, recent evidence suggests that whole meaning systems shared with the significant other are constructed in that relationship and are thus evoked and pursued in the transference encounter.
A General Model of Preventive and Interventive Self‐Control
Authors: Hofmann Wilhelm , Kotabe Hiroki
Published: October 2012

The field of self‐control has witnessed an unprecedented boom, not least due to the immense implications of successful and unsuccessful self‐control for people’s lives. However, successful and unsuccessful self‐control can take many different forms, and many conceptual problems have been raised as to what self‐control is about and how to best study it. Integrating different literatures, we provide a general model of self‐control which distinguishes between preventive (i.e., anticipatory) and interventive (i.e., momentary) forms of self‐control. The proposed Preventive‐Interventive Model (PI‐Model) of Self‐Control combines seven basic components: preventive strategies, desire, conflict, control motivation, volition, opportunity constraints, and behavior enactment. The resulting taxonomy helps to distinguish self‐control from standard motivational processes, to define the concept of temptation, and to identify different types of self‐control failure including self‐monitoring failure, motivational self‐control failure, and volitional self‐control failure. Further, the model helps to outline five broad mechanisms through which people may be able to proactively boost self‐control success.
TheNorth, the Desert, and the NearEast:LudwigFerdinandClauß and the Racial Cartography of the NearEast
Authors: Wiedemann Felix
Published: October 2012

The term ‘anti‐Semitism’ indicates how far the anti‐Jewish literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was charged with themes, figures, and stereotypes from contemporary discourses on theOrient. An increasing tendency to ‘orientalise’ theEuropeanJews had raised questions about the supposed origin of theJewish people in the NearEast and its relationship to other – current or historical – peoples. Focusing on theNazi racial scientistLudwigFerdinandClauß, the article draws attention to the impact of NearEastern anthropology, ethnology, and archaeology in the Age of Empire on modern anti‐Semitism and sheds light on structural convergences and differences between colonial or ‘Orientalist’ discourses and anti‐Semitism in general. With reference to the scholarly literature of the time,Clauß made a sharp distinction between ‘Oriental’ or ‘Semitic’Arabs and ‘NearEastern’Jews. Thereby, the romanticisedArabOrient served as an antipole to a ‘Nordic’Europe, and as such was finally able to advance to a positive alternative. TheJewishOrient, on the other hand, embodied a threatening ambivalence and contrariety, which from the very beginning precluded romanticisation and identification.
Developing a Multiethnic Ethos: How Colonial Legacies, National Policies, and Local Histories Converged in a Gambian Village Charter
Authors: Thomson Steven
Published: October 2012

This examination of local government reform in The Gambia asserts that – contra Mamdani's (1996) generalisations that colonial policies of indirect rule in Africa universally determined that ethnicity is the master code through which ordinary people interact with local manifestations of the state – in some cases colonial administration contributed to more pluralist local politics. Further, I argue that the logics of developmentalism have joined with local models of political legitimacy to generate communities that actively choose to define themselves explicitly as multiethnic entities. My case study focuses on the process conducted in one village of drafting a constitution for its Village Development Committee in anticipation of the Local Government Act of 2000. That a local community took advantage of such a critical juncture to reassert its own moral order is not surprising; however, that this local moral order explicitly recognises and protects ethnic diversity runs counter to dominant narratives about Africa that equate ethnic diversity with conflict.
The Legitimation of Ethnicity: The Case of the Cornish
Authors: Husk Kerryn , Williams Malcolm
Published: October 2012

In this article we examine the complex processes involved in small‐scale ethnicity emergence and legitimation, and highlight the multi‐dimensional elements present in moving from a strong regional identity to an externally legitimate ethnic group. We use Cornwall as a case study: administered as an English county, there has been a historic ethno‐cultural movement for recognition alongside recent inclusion in national statistics; however, legitimation by external elites has been problematic. The first sections outline the Cornish as a group; we argue that however one conceptualises ‘ethnicity’, the people of Cornwall must constitute such a group. We examine the dichotomous effects of the interplay between strong regional assertion and a Cornish ethnicity more formally. In the latter sections we apply these arguments to broader sociological discussions around the legitimation of particular groups, and show that the Cornish are indicative of the wider theoretical literature. In conclusion, we assert that the Cornish are representative of the push/pull mechanisms felt acutely in any core/periphery power relations, and should be seen as central to emerging small‐scale ethnic groups more generally.
Images of the Self and the Other in the Nationalist Writing of Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Authors: Rash Felicity
Published: October 2012

Houston Stewart Chamberlain is best known as an anti‐Semite; however, the British‐born independent scholar was also a fervent German nationalist. His major anti‐Semitic work, Die Grundlagen des 19. Jahrhunderts (The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century), was first published in 1899 and masqueraded as a history of Europe. His most important nationalist works were his Kriegsaufsätze (war essays), published beginning in 1914. This article examines the discursive methods used by Chamberlain to create images of the German Self and its enemy Other in both Die Grundlagen and the war essays. The enemy Other in Die Grundlagen was portrayed as the destructive force represented by Jews; the Self was the creative or regenerative will and abilities of Aryans. In the war essays, the enemy Other was, to start with, the Russians, French, and English, and, later on, just the English (Chamberlain did not refer to the British). The war essays were subject to censorship and so could only make negative references to Jews ‘between the lines’; Chamberlain, however, was careful to point out to his readers that they should look for hidden messages.
Michelia xianianhei sp. nov. (Magnoliaceae) from northern Vietnam
Authors: Vu Quang Nam
Published: October 2012

Michelia xianianhei Q. N. Vu, a new species of Michelia from Dien Bien Province, northern Vietnam is described and illustrated. Michelia xianianhei is closely related to M. balansae (Aug. DC.) Dandy but differs mainly in the young twigs, petioles, terminal buds and brachyblasts being densely greyish silky hairy, 9–11 yellowish tepals, bigger fruit, and shorter fruiting gynophore.
Macrochondrules in chondrites—Formation by melting of mega‐sized dust aggregates and/or by rapid collisions at high temperatures?
Authors: WEYRAUCH Mona , BISCHOFF Addi
Published: October 2012

Abstract– Seventy‐four macrochondrules with sizes >3 mm were studied. Considering the extraordinary size of the chondrules (occasionally achieving a mass of 1000 times (and more) the mass of a normal‐sized chondrule), the conditions in the formation process must have been somewhat different compared with the conditions for the formation of the common chondrules. Macrochondrules are typically rich in olivine and texturally similar to specific chondrule types (barred, radial, porphyritic, and cryptocrystalline) of normal‐sized chondrules. However, our studies show that most of the macrochondrules are fine‐grained or have elongated crystals (mostly BO, RP, and C), which lead to the assumption that they were once totally molten and cooled quite rapidly. Porphyritic chondrules belong to the least abundant types of macrochondrules. This distribution of chondrule types is highly unusual and just a reverse of the distribution of chondrule types among the typical‐sized chondrules in most chondrite groups except for the CH and CB chondrites. New chondrule subtypes (like radial‐olivine [RO] or multi‐radial [MR] chondrules) are defined to better describe the textures of certain large chondrules. Macrochondrules may have formed due to melting of huge precursor dust aggregates or due to rapid collisions of superheated melt droplets, which led to the growth of large molten spherules in regions with high dust densities and high electrostatic attraction.
Paired nakhlites MIL 090030, 090032, 090136, and 03346: Insights into the Miller Range parent meteorite
Authors: UDRY Arya , McSWEEN Jr Harry Y. , LECUMBERRI‐SANCHEZ Pilar , BODNAR Robert J.
Published: October 2012

Abstract– Miller Range (MIL) 03346 is the most oxidized and least equilibrated nakhlite known and displays the highest amount of intercumulus phase. The discovery of three new nakhlites, MIL 090030, MIL 090032, and MIL 090136, in the Miller Range, Antarctica, geographically close to the location of MIL 03346, suggests that they may come from the same parent meteorite. In this study, we investigate the mineralogy and texture of cumulus and intercumulus phases, in situ major and trace element compositions for the cumulus phases, as well as pyroxene crystal size distribution patterns and spatial distribution patterns of MIL 090030, 090032, and 090136. Using these combined results, we conclude that the three nakhlites studied here are paired with MIL 03346. However, modal mineral abundances of MIL 090030, 090032, 090136, and 03346 exhibit variations indicating that a single sample of a Miller Range nakhlite is not modally representative of the parent meteorite and that analyses of multiple samples for a single nakhlite may be necessary to obtain representative modal data for placement in the cumulate pile. Our calculated parental melt composition based on all the paired samples confirms a previous study suggesting that the nakhlite parent melt crystallized as a closed system.