bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consensus-Based Guidance on Opioid Management in Individuals With Advanced Cancer-Related Pain and Opioid Misuse or Use Disorder
Authors: Fitzgerald Jones Katie , Khodyakov Dmitry , Arnold Robert , Bulls Hailey , Dao Emily , Kapo Jennifer , Meier Diane , Paice Judith , Liebschutz Jane , Ritchie Christine , Merlin Jessica
Published: June 2022

Importance

Opioid misuse and opioid use disorder (OUD) are important comorbidities in people with advanced cancer and cancer-related pain, but there is a lack of consensus on treatment.

Objective

To develop consensus among palliative care and addiction specialists on the appropriateness of various opioid management strategies in individuals with advanced cancer-related pain and opioid misuse or OUD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

For this qualitative study, using ExpertLens, an online platform and methodology for conducting modified Delphi panels, between August and October 2020, we conducted 2 modified Delphi panels to understand the perspectives of palliative and addiction clinicians on 3 common clinical scenarios varying by prognosis (weeks to months vs months to years). Of the 129 invited palliative or addiction medicine specialists, 120 participated in at least 1 round. A total of 84 participated in all 3 rounds.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Consensus was investigated for 3 clinical scenarios: (1) a patient with a history of an untreated opioid use disorder, (2) a patient taking more opioid than prescribed, and (3) a patient using nonprescribed benzodiazepines.

Results

Participants were mostly women (47 [62%]), White (94 (78 [65%]), and held MD/DO degrees (115 [96%]). For a patient with untreated OUD, regardless of prognosis, it was deemed appropriate to begin treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone and inappropriate to refer to a methadone clinic. Beginning split-dose methadone was deemed appropriate for patients with shorter prognoses and of uncertain appropriateness for those with longer prognoses. Beginning a full opioid agonist was deemed of uncertain appropriateness for those with a short prognosis and inappropriate for those with a longer prognosis. Regardless of prognosis, for a patient with no medical history of OUD taking more opioids than prescribed, it was deemed appropriate to increase monitoring, inappropriate to taper opioids, and of uncertain appropriateness to increase the patient’s opioids or transition to buprenorphine/naloxone. For a patient with a urine drug test positive for non-prescribed benzodiazepines, regardless of prognosis, it was deemed appropriate to increase monitoring, inappropriate to taper opioids and prescribe buprenorphine/naloxone.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this qualitative study provide urgently needed consensus-based guidance for clinicians and highlight critical research and policy gaps.
Low‐Dimensional Semiconductor Material‐Based Optoelectronic Devices and Their Applications
Authors: Retamal José Ramón Durán
Published: June 2022

Over the past three decades, bottom‐up low‐dimensional semiconductor materials became a high class of materials owing to their superior electronic and optical properties than their bulk counterparts. Accordingly, semiconducting nanostructures have gained a great deal of attention as building blocks for multifunctional optoelectronic devices that control all aspects of light, ranging from absorption, propagation, emission to modulation. Therefore, the article gives a comprehensive review of the intriguing properties of distinct nanostructured semiconducting materials ranging from silicon, III–V compounds, metal oxides, halide perovskites, carbon nanotubes to two‐dimensional (2D) transitional metal dichalcogenides. More specifically, we explore the size dependence, quantum‐confinement effects, structural phase, material composition, surface effects, high surface‐to‐volume ratio, radial or axial structures, 2D in‐plane and out‐of‐plane structures, junction type, energy band alignment, and graded refractive index profile, among others. Accordingly, we next look on how to exploit such properties to build high‐performance optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, waveguides, LEDs, and lasers. Special emphasis is given to nanowire‐based plasmonic lasers for their ability to deliver subwavelength coherent light at the nanoscale. Finally, we survey a large number of applications to display the great potential of semiconducting nanostructures toward the next generation of photonic‐integrated circuits and quantum devices.
Laser Metal Deposition of a Near‐Eutectic Al‐Ni Alloy
Authors: Oeser Sabine , Preußner Johannes , Rödler Georg , Pirch Norbert , Weisheit Andreas
Published: June 2022

Most of the aluminum‐based components produced today by additive manufacturing (AM) are based on the Al–Si eutectic system due to its outstanding processability. The mechanical properties of these alloys, however, are well below comparable wrought alloys. Even though successful modifications of the cast and wrought alloys have been performed in the literature, the widespread application is still missing for various reasons. Herein, new alloys of the Al–Ni eutectic system with the composition Al–7.5wt%Ni are manufactured by laser metal deposition (LMD), and the microstructure and properties are described. The microstructure shows a different appearance over the track height: A coarse microstructure can be found at the interlayer boundary. The adjacent fibrous eutectic is followed by a microstructure of twinned dendrites, which only appear at certain process parameters. The appearance of the twinned dendrites is explained via simulations of the local cooling rate of the LMD process. The mechanical properties of samples manufactured by LMD are examined via tensile testing.
Tailoring Coordination Microenvironment of Cu(I) in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhancing Electroreduction of CO2to CH4
Authors: Zhang Ya , Zhou Qiang , Qiu Zhao‐Feng , Zhang Xiao‐Yu , Chen Jia‐Qi , Zhao Yue , Gong Feng , Sun Wei‐Yin
Published: June 2022

The coordination microenvironment of metal active sites in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) plays a crucial role in its performance for electrochemical CO2reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, it remains a challenge to clarify the structure–performance relationship for CO2RR catalyzed by MOFs. Herein, a series of MOFs with different coordination microenvironments of Cu(I) sites (CuCl, CuBr, and CuI) to evaluate their performances for CO2RR is synthesized. With the increasing radius of halogen atom, the CO2adsorption capacity increases and d‐band center of Cu positively shifts to the Fermi level, leading to enhance the selectivity of CO2to CH4conversion. CuI gives the highest total Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 83.2%, with a FE of CH4up to 57.2% and CH4partial current density of 60.7 mA cm−2at −1.08 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Theoretical calculations reveal that the shifted d‐band center of Cu site contributes to reduced formation energies of *CH2O and *CH3O intermediates, which is the potential‐determining step of CO2RR and thus facilitates the electrocatalytic CO2reduction to CH4. This study opens a new avenue for studying the relationship between the coordination microenvironment of active site and electroreduction reaction performance of MOFs.
Vapor Lubrication for Reducing Water and Ice Adhesion on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Brushes
Authors: Li Shuai , Hou Youmin , Kappl Michael , Steffen Werner , Liu Jie , Butt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: June 2022

Fast removal of small water drops from surfaces is a challenging issue in heat transfer, water collection, or anti‐icing. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) brushes show good prospects to reach this goal because of their low adhesion to liquids. To further reduce adhesion of water drops, here, the surface to the vapor of organic solvents such as toluene or n‐hexane is exposed. In the presence of such vapors, water drops slide at lower tilt angle and move faster. This is mainly caused by the physisorption of vapor and swelling of the PDMS brushes, which serves as a lubricating layer. Enhanced by the toluene vapor lubrication, the limit departure volume of water drop on PDMS brushes decreases by one order of magnitude compared to that in air. As a result, the water harvesting efficiency in toluene vapor increases by 65%. Benefits of vapor lubrication are further demonstrated for de‐icing: driven by gravity, frozen water drops slide down the vertical PDMS brush surface in the presence of vapor.
A Dual‐Responsive Magnetoactive and Electro–Ionic Soft Actuator Derived from a Nickel‐Based Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Mahato Manmatha , Hwang Won‐Jun , Tabassian Rassoul , Oh Saewoong , Nguyen Van Hiep , Nam Sanghee , Kim Ji‐Seok , Yoo Hyunjoon , Taseer Ashhad Kamal , Lee Myung‐Joon , Zhang Huapeng , Song Tae‐Eun , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: June 2022

There is growing demand for multiresponsive soft actuators for the realization of natural, safe, and complex motions in robotic interactions. In particular, soft actuators simultaneously stimulated by electrical and magnetic fields are always under development owing to their simple controllability and reliability during operation. Herein, magnetically and electrically driven dual‐responsive soft actuators (MESAs) derived from novel nickel‐based metal–organic frameworks (Ni‐MOFs‐700C), are reported. Nanoscale Ni‐MOFs‐700C has excellent electrochemical and magnetic properties that allow it to be used as a multifunctional material under both magnetoactive and electro‐ionic actuations. The dual‐responsive MESA exhibits a bending displacement of 30 mm and an ultrafast rising time of 1.5 s under a very low input voltage of 1 V and also exerts a bending deflection of 12.5 mm at 50 mT under a high excitation frequency of 5 Hz. By utilizing a dual‐responsive MESA, the hovering motion of a hummingbird robot is demonstrated under magnetic and electrical stimuli.
Organic Hole‐Transport Layers for Efficient, Stable, and Scalable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yao Yiguo , Cheng Caidong , Zhang Chenyang , Hu Hanlin , Wang Kai , De Wolf Stefaan
Published: June 2022

Hole‐transporting layers (HTLs) are an essential component in inverted, p–i–n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) where they play a decisive role in extraction and transport of holes, surface passivation, perovskite crystallization, device stability, and cost. Currently, the exploration of efficient, stable, highly transparent and low‐cost HTLs is of vital importance for propelling p–i–n PSCs toward commercialization. Compared to their inorganic counterparts, organic HTLs offer multiple advantages such as a tunable bandgap and energy level, easy synthesis and purification, solution processability, and overall low cost. Here, recent progress of organic HTLs, including conductive polymers, small molecules, and self‐assembled monolayers, as utilized in inverted PSCs is systematically reviewed and summarized. Their molecular structure, hole‐transport properties, energy levels, and relevant device properties and resulting performances are presented and analyzed. A summary of design principles and a future outlook toward highly efficient organic HTLs in inverted PSCs is proposed. This review aims to inspire further innovative development of novel organic HTLs for more efficient, stable, and scalable inverted PSCs.
Noble Metal Construction for Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection
Authors: He Chaohui , Asif Muhammad , Liu Qingqing , Xiao Fei , Liu Hongfang , Xia Bao Yu
Published: June 2022

Precise glucose monitoring is needed to meet the growing demand of blood glucose determination in diabetes diagnosis. In spite of good selectivity and high sensitivity of enzyme‐based glucose sensors, the activity of enzyme is sensitive to pH and temperature, which makes them unstable in detecting glucose level. Alternatively, nonenzymatic electrocatalysts have attracted intensive attention because of their chemical and thermal stability. Noble metal (NM) electrocatalysts based on Pt, Au, and Pd exhibit high activity and stability for the oxidation of glucose in both neutral and alkaline environments, further showing promising potential in the field of nonenzymatic glucose sensors. Since the electrocatalytic ability of NM nanomaterials directly depends on the surface and interface states, it is very important to effectively control the surface and interface state of nanomaterials for preparing NM nanocatalysts with optimized catalytic performance. In this review, the fundamentals and development of glucose sensors are briefly introduced. Then, the modification strategies of NM nanomaterials and their applications in enzyme‐free glucose detection are discussed from the surface construction and interface modification. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for NM materials in electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose detection are proposed.
Diffusion of Zirconium (IV) Ions from Coated Thick Zirconium Oxide Shell to the Bulk Structure of Ni‐Rich NMC811 Cathode Leading to High‐Performance 18650 Cylindrical Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tubtimkuna Suchakree , Phattharasupakun Nutthaphon , Bunyanidhi Panyawee , Sawangphruk Montree
Published: June 2022

Herein, Ni‐rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 or NMC811 cathode material, which is expected to be widely used soon, is coated by crystalline ZrO2 nanoparticles using green and scalable mechanofusion technique with an annealing process. A controllable synergistic effect of ZrO2 coating, as a spherical core–shell morphology with low surface energy, which is ideal for the process of electrode fabrication, and Zr4+ doping is carefully investigated. For the first time, the mechanofusion with the post‐annealing at 800 °C used in this work can finely tune the shell thickness and doping gradient by the diffusion of Zr4+ from the coated ZrO2 shell to the bulk structure of NMC811. The optimized material, namely NMC@Zr‐800 used as the cathode of 18650 cylindrical Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), can provide excellent capacity retention over 1000 cycles at a severe 100% state‐of‐charge (SOC) at 1.0 C. Postmortem analysis shows that the material is stable with less crack formation and transition metal (TM) dissolution than the pristine NMC811 material owing to a synergistic effect of the surface protection by ZrO2 coating and Zr4+ doping. The results demonstrate the practical and scalable approach that will be beneficial for technological advancement in the high‐energy 18650 cylindrical LIBs.
Micropipette‐Based Fabrication of Free‐Standing, Conducting Polymer Bilayer Actuators
Authors: Zhang Peikai , Zhu Bicheng , Luo Yu , Travas‐Sejdic Jadranka
Published: June 2022

Electrically driven actuators have found widespread applications in biomimetics and soft robotics. Among different actuation materials, conducting polymers (CPs) have stood out due to their unique doping‐based actuation mechanism. Fabricating actuators at the microscale is particularly important, not only in the manufacturing of delicate biomimetic/robotic devices but also in advanced microphysiological studies. However, the choice for microfabrication techniques is limited, with the reported CP microactuators being mainly planar. To overcome this issue, a new micropipette‐based method is developed for the fabrication of free‐standing 3D CP actuators. The two‐layer actuator consists of a layer of PPy:CF3SO3, fabricated by localized electropolymerization, and a layer of PEDOT:PSS, fabricated by a “direct writing” technique. Due to the opposite contraction and expansion behavior of these two CPs, determined by the size of dopants, the electrically driven bending actuators have been demonstrated. This fabrication approach provides unprecedented capability for fabricating high aspect ratio microactuators: the 360° bending orientation of the actuators can be controlled by the relative position of the two layers. As a proof‐of‐principle, we demonstrate CP “micro‐tweezers” and the manipulation of a PDMS microsphere. The technique developed in this work opens exciting opportunities to manufacture advanced artificial muscles and sophisticated soft microrobotics.
Metal Phosphides as Promising Electrode Materials for Alkali Metal Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors: A Review
Authors: Tan Hankun , Sun Li , Zhang Yuanxing , Wang Ke , Zhang Yihe
Published: June 2022

The growing demand for mobile electrical devices such as electric vehicles has led to more extensive and in‐depth research on alkali metal ion batteries and supercapacitors. Various metal phosphides have the advantages of large natural reserves of raw materials and low pollution. More importantly, metal phosphides have high theoretical capacity as alkali metal ion batteries and exhibit extremely high capacitance as pseudocapacitive electrode materials, making them potential electrode materials for next‐generation alkali metal ion batteries and supercapacitors. In this paper, the recent research on metal phosphide‐based electrode materials for alkali metal ion batteries and supercapacitors is reviewed. First, the basic principles of alkali metal ion batteries and supercapacitors are introduced. Then, various modification strategies and effects for metal phosphides are summarized. Finally, the problems and prospects of metal phosphide electrode materials are put forward.
Significant positive impact of duodenum‐preserving pancreatic head resection on the prevention of postoperative nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and acute cholangitis
Authors: Kato Hiroyuki , Asano Yukio , Ito Masahiro , Arakawa Satoshi , Shimura Masahiro , Koike Daisuke , Hayashi Chihiro , Kamio Kenshiro , Kawai Toki , Horiguchi Akihiko
Published: June 2022

Aim

This study aimed to compare the incidence of postoperative nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), postoperative cholangitis, and fibrosis‐4 (FIB)‐4 index in patients who underwent duodenum‐preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for low‐grade malignant tumors and verify the usefulness of DPPHR in preventing the occurrence of these disorders.

Methods

This retrospective study included 70 patients who underwent PD (n = 39) and DPPHR (n = 31) between 2006 and 2018 for benign or low‐grade malignant tumors. The present study compared the preoperative background, cumulative incidence of postoperative NAFLD and cholangitis, and other biochemical markers, including the FIB‐4 index. Subanalysis by propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was conducted to minimize treatment selection bias.

Results

In terms of the cumulative incidence of NAFLD, the 5‐y incidence was significantly lower in the DPPHR group than in the PD group both before (10% vs 38%, P = .002) and after (13% vs 38%, P = .008) matching. Multivariate analyses identified DPPHR as the only independent preventive factor for postoperative NAFLD (hazard ratio: 0.160, 95% confidence intervals: 0.034–0.76, P = .021). The 5‐y cumulative incidence of postoperative cholangitis was significantly higher in the PD group than in the DPPHR group before (51% vs 3%, P < .001) and after (49% vs 4%, P < .001) matching. The FIB‐4 index at 12 mo postoperatively was significantly better in the DPPHR group than in the PD group (1.45 vs 2.35, P = .006) before matching.

Conclusion

Preservation of the duodenum and bile duct may contribute to preventing long‐term postoperative NAFLD and cholangitis, and liver fibrosis for benign or low‐grade malignant pancreatic head tumors.
Cell‐friendly regulation of ice crystals by antifreeze organism‐inspired materials
Authors: Yang Jing , Liu Min , Zhang Tiantong , Ma Jianfan , Ma Yiming , Tian Shu , Li Ruiqi , Han You , Zhang Lei
Published: June 2022

There is a dilemma between ice growth inhibition and cell‐threatening sharp‐edged ice formation, dominating an unfavorable efficiency of cell cryoprotection using ice control materials (ICMs). Herein, we design different‐type antifreeze organism‐inspired ICMs and show the cell‐friendly regulation of ice crystals by a synergistic effect for cell cryoprotection. Preferred rapid adsorption of “high‐diffusivity ICM” on the curved ice crystal surface induced by “ice‐binding ICM,” owing to the Gibbs–Curie–Wulff theorem, promotes smooth‐shaped and small ice crystal formation during the freeze–thaw cycle. Meanwhile, their intracellular and extracellular osmotic balance well protects the cryopreserved cells. All‐round protection benefits cell survival to achieve a cryopreservation efficiency of 97%. After cryopreservation, ice‐binding ICM exhibits double thermosensitive behaviors to directly encapsulate post‐thaw cells by gels, to further support cell‐based therapies. This work provides an in‐depth understanding of cell cryoprotection, and paves the road to the development of even better ICMs for biospecimen cryopreservation.
Community detection based process decomposition and distributed monitoring for large‐scale processes
Authors: Yin Xunyuan , Qin Yan , Chen Hongtian , Du Wenli , Liu Jinfeng , Huang Biao
Published: June 2022

Distributed architectures wherein multiple decision‐making units are employed to coordinate their decision‐making/actions based on real‐time communication have become increasingly important for monitoring processes that have large scales and complex structures. Typically, the development of a distributed monitoring scheme involves two key steps, that is, the decomposition of the process into subsystems, and the design of local monitors based on the configured subsystem models. In this article, we propose a distributed process monitoring approach that tackles both steps for large‐scale processes. A data‐driven process decomposition approach is proposed by leveraging community structure detection to divide variables into subsystems optimally via finding a maximal value of the metric of modularity. A two‐layer distributed monitoring scheme is developed where local monitors are designed based on the configured subsystems of variables using canonical correlation analysis. Inner‐subsystem interactions and inter‐subsystem interactions are tackled by the two layers separately, such that the sensitivity of this monitoring scheme to certain types of faults is improved. We utilize a numerical example to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. It is then applied to a simulated wastewater treatment process.
Genome‐wide association and multi‐omics studies identify MGMT as a novel risk gene for Alzheimer's disease among women
Authors: Chung Jaeyoon , Das Anjali , Sun Xinyu , Sobreira Débora R. , Leung Yuk Yee , Igartua Catherine , Mozaffari Sahar , Chou Yi‐Fan , Thiagalingam Sam , Mez Jesse , Zhang Xiaoling , Jun Gyungah R. , Stein Thor D. , Kunkle Brian W. , Martin Eden R. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Mayeux Richard , Haines Jonathan L. , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Nobrega Marcelo A. , Lunetta Kathryn L. , Pinto Jayant M. , Wang Li‐San , Ober Carole , Farrer Lindsay A.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Variants in the tau gene (MAPT) region are associated with breast cancer in women and Alzheimer's disease (AD) among persons lacking apolipoprotein E ε4 (ε4–).

Methods

To identify novel genes associated with tau‐related pathology, we conducted two genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) for AD, one among 10,340 ε4– women in the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) and another in 31 members (22 women) of a consanguineous Hutterite kindred.

Results

We identified novel associations of AD with MGMT variants in the ADGC (rs12775171, odds ratio [OR] = 1.4, P = 4.9 × 10–8) and Hutterite (rs12256016 and rs2803456, OR = 2.0, P = 1.9 × 10–14) datasets. Multi‐omics analyses showed that the most significant and largest number of associations among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), DNA‐methylated CpGs, MGMT expression, and AD‐related neuropathological traits were observed among women. Furthermore, promoter capture Hi‐C analyses revealed long‐range interactions of the MGMT promoter with MGMT SNPs and CpG sites.

Discussion

These findings suggest that epigenetically regulated MGMT expression is involved in AD pathogenesis, especially in women.
Georg Joos’ Experimentum Crucis in Jena 1930 and the Fall of the Ethereal Aether
Authors: Bussemer Peter , Müller Jürgen
Published: June 2022

After 1910, the triumph of Einstein's theory of relativity almost came to an unexpected end when Dayton Miller published his measurements in 1922 indicating an ether drift in contrast to all former Michelson–Morley experiments. This attack on Einstein's fundamental principle of the constancy of the vacuum speed of light independently of spatial direction was countered by Georg Joos who found no “Aether wind” using the best optical equipment of the company Carl Zeiss in Jena in 1930. His precision record sealed the fate of the “Ethereal Aether,” against all attempts in Nazi Germany and the Communist Soviet Union to save the ether on ideological grounds.
Fluorescent Probes for Sensing and Imaging Biological Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Guo Lan‐Ying , Zhao Jin‐Song , Peng Hong‐Shang
Published: June 2022

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important endogenous biological signal molecule that plays an essential role in various pathological and physiological processes. Abnormal expression of H2S in vivo is associated with the occurrence and development of many diseases. Therefore, sensing biological H2S level and distribution is significant and has been extensively studied presently. A few reviews about H2S sensing and imaging have been reported, most of which focus on the sensing mechanisms and construction of probes. In this review, we firstly summarized and classified the H2S‐activated fluorescent probes over the past 5 years according to sensing modality and then mainly discussed their biological applications, including detection of physiological and pathological processes, diagnosis of diseases, and disease treatments. It is expected that this review can deepen the readers′ understanding of the biological role of H2S and provide them with biomedical background knowledge for the construction of the H2S probes.
The link between sustainable business models and Blockchain: A multiple case study approach
Authors: Calandra Davide , Secinaro Silvana , Massaro Maurizio , Dal Mas Francesca , Bagnoli Carlo
Published: June 2022

The paper investigates the relationship between Blockchain technology and new sustainable business models (SBMs). The literature notes a lack of empirical classifications and successful case studies. Using a multiple case studies methodology, our research article aims to answer the research question (RQ): How can Blockchain enable new SBMs and support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? We present 20 business stories extracted from a combined analysis of the databases coinmarketcap.com and icobench.com, demonstrating how Blockchain can be used for environmental management. Notably, our analysis finds out four broad research clusters related to (i) smart energy management, (ii) climate change, (iii) waste management, and (iv) sustainable production. Mainly, an actual application of Blockchain toward SBMs is related to supply chain cost reduction. Finally, the research includes investments and their social scalability with Blockchain. Then, the final research cluster discovers social and proof sustainability. This study adds to the empirical literature evidence of SBMs offering a connection with the SDGs.
Expansion of the quality of care index on breast cancer and its risk factors using the global burden of disease study 2019
Authors: Azadnajafabad Sina , Saeedi Moghaddam Sahar , Keykhaei Mohammad , Shobeiri Parnian , Rezaei Negar , Ghasemi Erfan , Mohammadi Esmaeil , Ahmadi Naser , Ghamari Azin , Shahin Sarvenaz , Rezaei Nazila , Aghili Mahdi , Kaviani Ahmad , Larijani Bagher , Farzadfar Farshad
Published: June 2022

Background

Breast cancer (BC), as the top neoplasm in prevalence and mortality in females, imposes a heavy burden on health systems. Evaluation of quality of care and management of patients with BC and its responsible risk factors was the aim of this study.

Methods

We retrieved epidemiologic data of BC from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 1990–2019 database. Epidemiology and burden of BC and its risk factors were explored besides the Quality of Care Index (QCI) introduced before, to assess the provided care for patients with BC in various scales. Provided care for BC risk factors was investigated by their impact on years of life lost and years lived with disability by a novel risk factor quality index (rQCI). We used the socio‐demographic index (SDI) to compare results in different socio‐economic levels.

Results

In 2019, 1,977,212 (95% UI: 1,807,615–2,145,215) new cases of BC in females and 25,143 (22,231–27,786) in males was diagnosed and this major cancer caused 688,562 (635,323–739,571) deaths in females and 12,098 (10,693–13,322) deaths in males, globally. The all‐age number of deaths and disability‐adjusted life years attributed to BC risk factors in females had an increasing pattern, with a more prominent pattern in metabolic risks. The global estimated age‐standardized QCI for BC in females in 2019 was 78.7. The estimated QCI was highest in high SDI regions (95.7). The top countries with the highest calculated QCI in 2019 were Iceland (100), Japan (99.8), and Finland (98.8), and the bottom countries were Mozambique (16.0), Somalia (8.2), and Central African Republic (5.3). The global estimated age‐standardized rQCI for females was 82.2 in 2019.

Conclusion

In spite of the partially restrained burden of BC in recent years, the attributable burden to risk factors has increased remarkably. Countries with higher SDI provided better care regarding both the condition and its responsible risk factors.
Progression of precancerous lesions of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas in a high‐risk, rural Chinese population
Authors: Gao Dongqing , Lu Peipei , Zhang Nan , Zhao Li , Liu Jinhui , Yang Jia , Liu Jingmin , Zhao Deli , Wang Jialin
Published: June 2022

Background and aims

This study investigated the natural history of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in rural Chinese. We sought to help provide more data to support ESCC screenings.

Methods

This study was based on an existing Screening Program in Feicheng, China. Esophageal precancerous lesions were identified in 1753 cases, diagnosed from esophageal cancer screenings from 2006 to 2016. We followed up with them through endoscopic screening until October 1, 2017. Pathology results from various grades of precancerous lesions were recorded and the annual transition probabilities and incidence density of ESCC were calculated.

Results

As of October 1, 2017, a total of 4055.8 person‐years has been observed. The ESCC incidence density of mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia (SD) was 0.17, 0.79, and 1.77 per 100 person‐years, respectively. The median follow‐up time of mild, moderate, and SD was 3.5, 2.3, and 2.2 years, respectively. The annual transition probability of mild, moderate, and SD to the next pathological level was 0.025, 0.038, and 0.016, respectively. The ESCC incidence density of males was 2.6 times higher than females (0.58 vs. 0.22), and the older age group (56–69 age group) had a ESCC incidence density 1.2 times higher than the younger group (40–55 age group) (0.45 vs. 0.39).

Conclusions

The higher the grade of precancerous lesions, the higher the incidence density of ESCC. Screening of esophageal cancer in males and the elderly should be strengthened. It is recommended to reinforce follow‐up management for untreated patients with SD/carcinoma in situ. For patients with mild and moderate dysplasia in high‐risk rural Chinese populations, endoscopic follow‐up intervals can be appropriately adjusted to once every 2 years.
Comparison of DNA stability and its related genes of neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and primary retinal neurons
Authors: Yu Na , Qiu Jin , Li Kaijing , Luo Qian , Liu Xuan , Yang Ying , Jiang Zihua , He Shengyu , He Anqi , Chen Shuilian , Chen Xi , Li Yan , Ge Jian , Zhuang Jing , Yu Keming
Published: June 2022

Maintaining DNA stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSCs‐derived neurons is a challenge in their clinical application. In the present study, we compared DNA stability between primary retinal neurons and differentiated neurons. We found that the basal level of γ‐H2AX phosphorylation, a specific marker of DNA breaks, was notably higher (~26‐folds) in human iPSCs compared to iPSCs‐derived neurons. However, iPSCs‐derived neurons are more sensitive to UV treatment compared to primary rat retinal neurons (postnatal Day 1). UV treatment induced a significantly decreasing in the cell viability of iPSCs‐derived neurons by ~76.1%, whereas ~20.8% in primary retinal neurons. After analyzing the expression levels of genes involved in DNA stability, such as Brca1, Ligase IV, Ku80, and Mre11, we found that Ku80 and its heterodimeric partner, Ku70 were positive in iPSCs‐derived neurons. However, both Ku80 and Ku70 are not expressed in primary retinal neurons and cerebellar neurons. Similarly, both Ku80 and Ku70 are also expressed in 3D retinal organoids from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), except for a few Map2‐negative cells and the hyaloid vessels of mice E12.5 retinas. Hence, Ku80, and Ku70 are specifically expressed in stem cell‐derived neurons. Moreover, using the Ku80 inhibitor Compound L, our data showed that Ku80 promotes the DNA stability and cell viability of iPSCs‐derived neurons. Thus, our results demonstrated that iPSCs‐, ESCs‐derived neurons have specific characteristics of DNA stability. This study provides new insights into the neural differentiation of stem cells but might also warrant the future clinical application of stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases.
Effective online teaching: Voices of experience
Authors: James Bridget R. , Leinbach Adrianne A. , MacDonald Alyssa M.
Published: June 2022

Online education has increased rapidly since its inception and will likely continue this upward trend post‐pandemic. Strategies of successful online instructors include incorporating active learning, effectively communicating with students, and using universal design and backwards design principles in course development. Additionally, online instructors need institutional support in the form of: professional development opportunities to foster their continued growth and course improvement; student support for online learning through training modules and technological support; and facilities, such as testing centers. This chapter presents examples from experienced online educators to help faculty and administrators support effective online instruction for students.
Roadmap to emergency remote teaching
Authors: Daneshmand Angela , Harris Michelle , Viviani Donn A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter captures the authors’ voices as faculty who were abruptly required to learn how to teach courses remotely in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. They share how they successfully made changes and stayed committed to maintaining high standards in an online environment. Based on these experiences, they present recommendations for adaptations of active learning techniques from face‐to‐face (F2F) courses to online equivalents. Their roadmap to success focuses on key factors that contributed to increased student success and retention including: flexibility, a commitment to active learning methodologies, and fostering strong classroom communities.
Diversity by design: Broadening participation through inclusive teaching
Authors: Goering Andrea E. , Resnick Cheryl E. , Bradford Kristie D. , Othus‐Gault Shannon M.
Published: June 2022

Although community colleges are increasingly diverse, student outcomes across demographics are not necessarily equitable, nor does the representation of student demographics in a given class always reflect the diversity of the greater institutional student population. To achieve colleges’ stated diversity and equity goals, we must broaden participation in our classrooms through inclusive teaching practices. This chapter shares the stories of four community college faculty change agents in STEM who have implemented inclusive teaching and broadening participation strategies. Specifically, the authors discuss how to build a sense of belonging, support classroom conversations on diversity, incorporate diverse perspectives into curricula, and broaden the participation and success of all students. Finally, the authors recommend actions for individual faculty, faculty communities of practice, institutions, and surrounding communities to spur culture change and help achieve diversity and equity through inclusion.
Supporting transfer students in the geosciences from two‐year colleges to university programs
Authors: DiLeonardo Christopher , James Bridget R. , Ferandez Dan , Carter Deron
Published: June 2022

Providing pathways that support geoscience transfer students from two‐year colleges (2YC) to four‐year colleges and universities (4YCU) addresses enrollment challenges, diversity, equity, and inclusion issues, and helps build the 21st‐century geoscience workforce. Building bridges between 2YC‐4YCU programs can happen in various ways, all of which support students, strengthen geoscience programs, and help 2YC geoscience faculty feel less isolated. We present three regional examples of how 2YC geoscience programs have developed bridges with 4YCU partners. While these examples are geoscience‐specific, they are broadly applicable to all STEM fields looking to engage and support transfer students.
Better together: Using course outcome data and learning communities to foster institutional change
Authors: Colosimo Amanda B. , Barone Jessica L. , Flick Lisa
Published: June 2022

Inspired by the SAGE 2YC project, we, the authors, examined course outcome data by demographics, which led to engagement of faculty across campus. Although our introductory‐level geology course had one of the highest “C or better” rates in the institution, when we examined course success by demographics, significant racial inequities emerged. As part of our mission to reduce inequities college‐wide, we encouraged faculty across our institution to examine their own course success rates and adopt pedagogical techniques that have demonstrated results at minimizing or eliminating inequities in course outcomes. We engaged faculty in a departmental equity group, a panel of cross‐college departmental equity groups, a workshop series for STEM instructors, and a college‐wide workshop on syllabus revision. Interdisciplinary faculty learning communities can effectively create systemic, bottom‐up change by engaging faculty across disciplines to identify inequities within their sphere of influence.
The role two‐year colleges play in unlearning racism in the geosciences (URGE)
Authors: Guertin Laura , Johnson Beth A. , van der Hoeven Kraft Kaatje J.
Published: June 2022

As one of the STEM disciplines with the lowest percentages of minoritized students and professionals, faculty and administrators in the geosciences have an opportunity to address racism within the context of their classrooms and campuses. In response, a group of community college geoscience faculty from disparate institutions across the U.S. came together to participate in the Unlearning Racism in Geoscience (URGE) program. This chapter describes how the group explored instructional, curricular, and institutional changes in practice and policies for a more inclusive geoscience community and gathered best practices into a resource document (https://bit.ly/2YCURGE).
Supporting biology education research at community colleges: Implementing and adapting evidence‐based practices
Authors: Cotter Robin , Kiser Stacey , Rasmussen Jed , Vemu Sheela
Published: June 2022

Biology education research (BER), currently conducted mostly at four‐year colleges and universities, is changing the culture of teaching biology and improving student success. We are community college faculty participating in the NSF‐funded CC Bio INSITES network, getting training and support in BER to ask questions to improve student success in our highly diverse classes. Our research adapts and validates existing BER surveys and interventions in Hispanic‐serving college settings, with pre‐health professions’ students, and with traditionally underserved populations in STEM. BER projects serve assessment and program review goals common across many community colleges, and when implemented with high‐impact practices, BER measures the gains in student retention and success. We call for support to continue changing the culture of discipline‐based education research at community colleges.
Ultralow‐Loading and High‐Performing Ionic Liquid‐Immobilizing Rhodium Single‐Atom Catalysts for Hydroformylation
Authors: Wei Xinjia , Jiang Yongjun , Ma Yuan , Fang Jian , Peng Qingpo , Xu Wen , Liao Huiying , Zhang Fengxue , Dai Sheng , Hou Zhenshan
Published: June 2022

We have developed a Keggin polyoxometalate (POM)‐based ionic‐liquid (IL)‐immobilizing rhodium single‐atom Rh catalyst (MTOA)5[SiW11O39Rh] (MOTA=methyltrioctylammonium cation) that can afford exceptionally high catalytic activity for the hydroformylation of alkenes to produce aldehydes at an ultralow loading of Rh (ca. 3 ppm). For styrene hydroformylation, both the conversion and the yield of the aldehyde can reach almost 99 %, and a TOF as high as 9000 h−1 was obtained without using any phosphine ligand in the reaction process. Further characterization by FTIR, ICP and ESI‐MS analysis revealed that the single Rh atom was incorporated in the lacunary POM anions. In particular, the bulky IL cation can play an additional role in stabilizing Rh species and thus prevent aggregation and leaching of Rh species. The IL catalyst was miscible with n‐hexane at temperatures; this contributed to exceptionally high activity for hydroformylation even at ultra‐low loading of IL catalyst.
Iron‐Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis: Recent Theoretical and Experimental Advances
Authors: Grau Benedikt W. , Neuhauser Alexander , Aghazada Sadig , Meyer Karsten , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: June 2022

The “metathesis reaction” is a straightforward and often metal‐catalyzed chemical reaction that transforms two hydrocarbon molecules to two new hydrocarbons by exchange of molecular fragments. Alkane, alkene and alkyne metathesis have become an important tool in synthetic chemistry and have provided access to complex organic structures. Since the discovery of industrial olefin metathesis in the 1960s, many modifications have been reported; thus, increasing scope and improving reaction selectivity. Olefin metathesis catalysts based on high‐valent group six elements or Ru(IV) have been developed and improved through ligand modifications. In addition, significant effort was invested to realize olefin metathesis with a non‐toxic, bio‐compatible and one of the most abundant elements in the earth′s crust; namely, iron. First evidences suggest that low‐valent Fe(II) complexes are active in olefin metathesis. Although the latter has not been unambiguously established, this review summarizes the key advances in the field and aims to guide through the challenges.
From Nanoparticle Ensembles to Single Nanoparticles: Techniques for the Investigation of Plasmon Enhanced Electrochemistry
Authors: Liang Zerong , Li Jian , Zhou Yi‐Ge
Published: June 2022

Plasmon enhanced electrochemistry (PEEC), where specific electrochemical reactions are promoted due to the reduced energy barrier of the reaction processes by the light excited “hot carriers” of the plasmonic nanoparticles, has aroused tremendous interest in recent years. A deep understanding of the PEEC process becomes a key issue for facilitating PEEC catalyst design and improving PEEC performance. This concept article begins with a brief discussion of the macroscopic electrochemical method of PEEC study of the plasmonic nanoparticle ensembles. Following that, we highlight two electrochemical techniques that may possess single nanoparticle sensitivity, i. e., scanning electrochemical microscope and nano‐impact electrochemistry. The pros and cons of each technique are discussed and an outlook is given. We hope to provide the readers with the current status of PEEC to evoke reflections regarding the reaction mechanisms, performance improvement, and the utilizations to important systems.
Development of an Allenyne‐Alkyne [4+2] Cycloaddition and its Application to Total Synthesis of Selaginpulvilin A
Authors: Le Anh , Gupta Saswata , Xu Man , Xia Yuanzhi , Lee Daesung
Published: June 2022

A new [4+2] cycloaddition of allenyne‐alkyne is developed. The reaction is believed to proceed with forming an α,3‐dehydrotoluene intermediate. This species behaves as a σπ‐diradical to react with a hydrogen atom donor, whereas it displays a zwitterionic reactivity toward weak nucleophiles. The efficiency of trapping α,3‐dehydrotoluene depends not only on its substituents but also the trapping agents. Notable features of the reaction are the activating role of the extra alkyne of the 1,3‐diyne that reacts with the allenyne moiety and the opposite mode of trapping with oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles. Oxygen nucleophiles result in the oxygen‐end incorporation at the benzylic position of the α,3‐dehydrotoluene, whereas with amine nucleophiles the nitrogen‐end is incorporated into the aromatic core. Relying on the allenyne‐alkyne cycloaddition as an enabling strategy, a concise total synthesis of phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitory selaginpulvilin A is realized.
PROTOCOL: Effects of virtual reality exposure therapy versus in vivo exposure in treating social anxiety disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Polak Martin , Tanzer Norbert , Carlbring Per
Published: June 2022

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows: (a) to quantify the effect sizes for virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD), targeting primary social anxiety symptoms, comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms and improvements in quality of life, when compared to WL, information control, care‐as‐usual and placebo; (b) to compare VRET to in vivo cognitive and cognitive‐behavioral interventions in treating SAD, at posttest and follow‐up, using between‐group design; (c) to identify the key features which are linked to beneficial outcomes in the two formats in treating SAD and (d) to collect and interpret information on differences in treatment uptake, adherence and attrition, as well as clinical significance and therapist‐time in both treatment formats.
PROTOCOL: Informal social support interventions for improving outcomes for victim‐survivors of domestic violence and abuse: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Schucan Bird Karen L. , Stokes Nicola , Rivas Carol , Tomlinson Martha
Published: June 2022

This is the protocol for a Campbell Evidence Gap Map. The main objectives of the EGM are: establish the nature and extent of the primary empirical evidence on informal social support interventions, identify interventions and clusters of evidence suitable for systematic review/evidence synthesis and identify gaps in the evidence on informal social support interventions.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Artemisinin‐Piperazine‐Phosphoramide Mustard Hybrids as Potential Anticancer Agents
Authors: Wei Meng‐Xue , Zhang Si‐Si , Sun Xuanrong , Ji Yang , Yang Pei‐Wen , Li Xue‐Qiang
Published: June 2022

A series of novel artemisinin‐piperazine‐phosphoramide mustard (PPM) hybrids were designed and synthesized by incorporating phosphoramide mustard (PM) into dihydroartemisinin (DHA) via an efficient, catalyst‐free two‐step sequential substitution. Artemisinin‐PPM hybrids showed better cytotoxic potency against HepG2 cells than both the parent DHA and the reference, vincristine (VCR). Structure‐activity relationship (SAR) studies showed that the cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced by the introduction of a thiazole moiety. Hybrid 7 h, the most potent compound with the highest selectivity index IC50 (HEK‐293T)/IC50 (HepG2)=16, displayed 7.4‐fold stronger potency than VCR against HepG2 cells. In addition, hybrid 7 h was substantially more cytotoxic on all human cancer cells tested than on the corresponding non‐cancerous cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that 7 h significantly blocked the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner.