bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basic Command Units (BCUs) and Local Authorities: Future Mechanisms of Police Accountability and Service Delivery
Authors: Loveday Barry
Published: December 2007

This article considers the origin and growth of the police Basic Command Unit (BCU) and its impact on the internal management of police forces. It assesses the changing perception of appropriate manpower levels for BCUs and the impact of this on the size of these police units. It evaluates the absence of any fixed professional criteria in the determination of viability of the BCU and notes the similarity between this and the determination of size of police forces. It notes that the effectiveness of the BCU as measured by HMIC has not included civilian staff even though these now make up a third of BCU personnel and contribute to the overall efficiency of this unit of policing. Finally it reflects on the statutory basis planned for BCUs within the Police and Justice Act 2006 and the Home Secretary's requirement made in 2005 that in future all BCU boundaries should be made coterminous with those of the local authority. It also considers the current debate concerning the determination of viability of BCUs in terms of manpower levels and responsibilities. It presents some current viewpoints relating to factors that influence the overall efficiency and effectiveness of BCUs and potential developments that could serve to encourage local police governance within a local government framework designed to deliver effective community safety and local joint crime reduction strategies.
The Meaning of Criminal Intelligence
Authors: Brown Steven David
Published: December 2007

The concept of intelligence has outgrown the confines of State activity aimed at foreign powers. Intelligence-led policing is now officially part of the EU Hague Programme for establishing an area of freedom, security and justice, but there is little consensus on what the word ‘intelligence’ actually means. This article seeks to arrive at a practical and comprehensive definition which is applicable to both security and law enforcement. Different interpretations of the word lead to differing emphases and misunderstandings. Divisive and confused debate detracts from the efficiency of the business process. A better approach establishes intelligence as a subset of information defined by significance. If information is significant, it has value and relevance. Intelligence is information which is significant or potentially significant for an enquiry or potential enquiry.
The Civil Nuclear Constabulary: Accountability and Policing Post 9/11
Authors: Rogers Colin
Published: December 2007

Britain now appears to be a legitimate target for terrorists who may use a variety of tactics and devices to cause as many casualties, disruption and as much panic in society as possible. One way to achieve this would be through the acquisition of nuclear or biological material in order to create a ‘dirty’ weapon. The organisation responsible for guarding civil nuclear sites is a recently formed police agency called the Civil Nuclear Constabulary. The CNC is an armed police force which is the first response for any attempt to unlawfully obtain or tamper with nuclear material. This article raises the question of whether the CNC can be considered as a police organisation and raises some anomalies regarding the accountability and governance of such a vital organisation.
Muslim Youths, Islam and Violent Radicalisation: Addressing Some Myths
Authors: Bux Shahid
Published: December 2007

Since the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, it is generally accepted by many that the world confronts a ‘new’ and qualitatively distinct type of security challenge from an equally ‘new’ kind of terrorism. While earlier instances of political violence by non-state actors were geographically constrained, and generally directed towards unambiguous political objectives, the ‘new’ networks of terrorist violence function across a global dimension whose goals are more dispersed. An example of this is to be found in the London attacks on 7 July 2005. Public and political discourse throughout the West often describes the ‘new’ problems of global political violence partly in terms of ‘radicalisation’ process (es) among Muslim groups in different parts of the world. This article addresses the UK government response to the radicalisation phenomenon and shows how existing policies and measures have failed to gauge the complexity of the radicalisation process, and risk creating further community divisions.
Re-constructing semantic maps: the comitative-instrumental area
Authors: Narrog Heiko , Ito Shinya
Published: December 2007

Semantic maps are tools which represents cross-linguistic regularities in the mapping of meaning on form. Although they have become increasingly popular in semantic studies since the late 1990s, they have been associated with a number of methodological problems, including the reliance on the preferences and intuitions of the individual researcher. In this paper, we argue for the systematic use of large databases to improve the validity of semantic maps. We do so by presenting a study of instrumental and comitative markers based on a sample of 200 languages, and comparing the results with previous research in this area.
Natural Syntax: the grammatical person of personal pronouns
Authors: Orešnik Janez
Published: December 2007

Natural Syntax is a developing deductive theory, a branch of Naturalness Theory. The naturalness judgements are couched in naturalness scales, which follow from the basic parameters (or “axioms”) listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in the deductions, whose chief components are a pair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignments are distinguished, in complementary distribution. Chiastic alignment is mandatory in derivations limited to unnatural environments.

The paper deals with the grammatical person of personal pronouns. The basic naturalness scale is >nat (1st, 2nd, 3rd) / grammatical person. Parallel alignment is used, except when the language data are restricted to the 3rd person, which demarcates an extremely unnatural environment and thus requires chiastic alignment.
Primary Varicella and Herpes Zoster Among HIV-Infected Children From 1989 to 2006
Authors: Wood Sarah M. , Shah Samir S. , Steenhoff Andrew P. , Rutstein Richard M.
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVES. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of herpes zoster in perinatally HIV-infected children. Secondary objectives included assessing the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy and varicella zoster virus immunization on primary varicella and herpes zoster incidence and identifying risk factors for herpes zoster. We hypothesized that the incidence of herpes zoster has decreased in this population as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy and routine varicella zoster virus immunization.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. This retrospective cohort study included HIV-infected children at a pediatric HIV clinic from 1989 to 2006. Incidence rates for 3 intervals (1989–1996, 1997–1999, and 2000–2006) were compared on the basis of introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (1996) and varicella zoster virus vaccination (1999). A Cox proportional-hazards regression model was developed for the time to herpes zoster among the subset of patients with primary varicella infection.

RESULTS. In 356 patients followed for 1721 person-years, the incidence of herpes zoster according to period was 30.0 per 1000 person-years in 1989–1996, 31.9 per 1000 person-years in 1997–1999, and 6.5 per 1000 person-years in 2000–2006. There was no difference in incidence-rate ratio between 1989–1996 and 1997–1999. However, there was a significant difference in herpes zoster incidence when comparing 1989–1999 with 2000–2006. The incidence of primary varicella zoster virus infection and herpes zoster in the 57 patients who received the varicella zoster virus vaccine was 22.3 per 1000 and 4.5 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Highly active antiretroviral therapy at the time of primary varicella zoster virus infection was protective against herpes zoster and increased herpes zoster-free survival.

CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of herpes zoster has decreased since 1989. The decline occurred after 2000, likely representing the combined effect of immunization and highly active antiretroviral therapy. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy at the time of primary varicella zoster virus infection decreased the risk of herpes zoster and increased herpes zoster-free survival. Varicella zoster virus immunization was effective in preventing both primary varicella zoster virus and herpes zoster in this cohort.
Composição mineral de diversas hortaliças
Authors: Furlani A. M. C. , Furlani P. R. , Bataglia O. C. , Hiroce R. , Gallo J. R. , Bernardi J. B. , Fornasier J. B. , Campos H. R. de
Published: December 2007

Objetivou-se conhecer, na época normal de colheita, as quantidades de matéria seca acumuladas, as concentrações dos elementos essenciais às plantas, mais as de cobalto, alumínio e sódio na matéria fresca e seca de 50 cultivares de hortaliças num total de 35 espécies. As amostras, normalmente constituídas de produtos da colheita, foram na sua maioria procedentes da região de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo e separadas em: melancia - em casca + polpa branca, polpa vermelha e semente; melão - em casca + polpa e semente; ervilha - em vagem e grão; berinjela - em fruto e pedúnculo; couve-flor - em folha e inflorescência; beterraba, cenoura, nabo e rabanete - em folha e raiz; alcachofra - em folha + caule e inflorescência. Das demais hortaliças foram utilizados o fruto todo, as folhas ou os bulbos sem separação. Verificou-se que as leguminosas extraíram maiores quantidades de N, P, K, Mg, Cu, Mo, Zn e Co; as tuberosas, de Cl, Fe e Mn; as amarilidáceas, de S, B e Al; as folhosas, de Ca e Na. As cucurbitáceas extraíram menores quantidades da maioria dos nutrientes.
Seca da mangueira: VII. Resistência de cultivares de mangueira ao fungo Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst.
Authors: Ribeiro Ivan José Antunes , Lourenção Andre Luiz , Paradela Filho Osvaldo , Soares Nilberto Bernardo
Published: December 2007

Estudou-se o comportamento de nove cultivares de mangueira quando inoculados com o fungo Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst. O patógeno foi isolado de mangueira com sintomas da doença e as inoculações realizadas em ramos através de estilete, com o qual se colocou uma porção de estruturas do fungo no ponto de inserção de uma folha. Avaliações dos sintomas foram efetuadas periodicamente, medindo-se a partir do ponto de inoculação o desenvolvimento do fungo, mostrado pelo escurecimento externo do tecido. Observou-se que nos cultivares Coquinho, Haden 2H, Adams e Manila I o fungo se desenvolveu rapidamente, atingindo o topo e causando a morte do ponteiro. Em 'Keitt', 'Sensation', 'Irwin' e 'Kent', o fungo apresentou desenvolvimento reduzido sendo que neste último cultivar o mesmo não foi além do ponto de inoculação. Para 'Tommy Atkins', os resultados não foram conclusivos, pois algumas plantas se mostraram suscetíveis e, outras não.
Diferenças entre linhagens de milho cultivadas em solução nutritiva quanto à absorção e utilização de nitrogenio
Authors: Furlani Angela Maria Cangiani , Bataglia Onaino Cleante , Lima Marlene
Published: December 2007

Foram conduzidos dois ensaios em casa de vegetação, no período de outubro de 1982 a fevereiro de 1983, no Centro Experimental de Campinas, para o estudo diferencial de trinta e nove linhagens de milho (Zea mays L.) quanto ao crescimento, absorção e utilização de N, em solução nutritiva. No primeiro ensaio, cinco linhagens foram cultivadas com 30, 60, 120, 180 e 240 mg/litro de N, em vasos de 2,8 litros, até aos trinta dias de idade, a fim de se definir o nível mais adequado para diferenciação das plantas. No segundo ensaio, as linhagens foram selecionadas com 120 mg/litro de N, no mesmo sistema de crescimento. Ambos os ensaios foram dispostos em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As soluções nutritivas, continuamente arejadas, não foram renovadas e o pH foi periodicamente reajustado para o valor inicial (5,0), durante os experimentos. Observaram-se diferenças entre as linhagens na produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes, nos teores de N, nos conteúdos totais de N e nas relações de eficiência (matéria seca produzida por unidade de N absorvida). A variação nos conteúdos totais de N (CV das médias =8,7%) foi correlacionada com os pesos de matéria seca total (r= 0,87). A variação nas relações de eficiência (CV das médias = 16,1%) também foi correlacionada com os pesos de matéria seca total (r = 0,92). Portanto, os processos de absorção e de utilização de N limitaram o desenvolvimento das plantas, sendo, entretanto, este último, o principal fator de variação entre as linhagens. Estas foram classificadas de acordo com a produção de matéria seca total em eficientes, medianamente eficientes e ineficientes.
Substituição dos parâmetros do modelo de Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson para estimativa da infiltração em alguns solos do Brasil
Authors: Cecílio Roberto Avelino , Martinez Mauro Aparecido , Pruski Fernando Falco , Silva Demetrius David da , Ataíde Wendy Fonseca
Published: December 2007

A partir de uma análise detalhada do processo de infiltração de água no solo, foram propostas alternativas para adequação dos parâmetros de entrada do modelo de Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson (GAML), na tentativa de melhorar a eficiência da estimativa da infiltração em alguns solos brasileiros. As adequações consistiram em substituir a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K0) pela taxa de infiltração estável (Tie) e o teor de água do solo saturado (q s) pelo teor de água na zona de transmissão (q w), além de estabelecer uma equação para estimativa do potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento (y f) com base nos parâmetros do modelo de curva de retenção de água de Brooks & Corey. Avaliou-se o desempenho do conjunto de adequações propostas (GAML-t) para estimativa da infiltração de água em três solos: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho e Argissolo Vermelho. O desempenho do GAML-t foi comparado com o obtido pelo GAML aplicado em sua forma original e adequado segundo cinco diferentes formas, evidenciando-se que o primeiro obteve melhor desempenho nos três solos estudados.
Estudantes e avaliação da universidade: um estudo conjunto Brasil-Portugal
Authors: Leite Denise , Santiago Rui , Leite Maria Cecília Loréa , Genro Maria Elly Herz , Braga Ana Maria , Polidori Marlis , Broilo Cecilia , Sarrico Claudia , Santos Isabel
Published: December 2007

Este artigo trata da percepção dos estudantes sobre avaliação das universidades. Origina-se da segunda fase de estudo desenvolvido ao abrigo da cooperação internacional CNPq-ICCTI. Dele participaram 476 alunos de duas universidades públicas brasileiras e uma portuguesa. As respostas a um questionário com questões abertas foram organizadas em categorias segundo o seu significado, com apoio de dispositivo informático para análise de dados qualitativos, e permitiram entender que, em geral, os estudantes pesquisados reconhecem a importância dos processos de avaliação e formam seus próprios conceitos sobre o tema. Para os alunos brasileiros, a avaliação parece ter sentido de avaliação institucional. Para os estudantes portugueses, a avaliação parece ter um significado de avaliação institucional e da aprendizagem. As culturas estudantis de repúdio à avaliação única de uma prova nacional, no caso brasileiro, parecem ter influenciado suas percepções sobre formatos avaliativos. As culturas estudantis relativas à competitividade do mercado, no caso português, valorizaram a avaliação como regulação. Em ambos os casos, os estudantes destacaram tanto a legitimidade da avaliação para a sociedade e os sistemas educativos (cultura englobante) quanto para o cotidiano das universidades (cultura englobada).
Qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de butiá em função do estádio de maturação na colheita e do manejo da temperatura
Authors: Amarante Cassandro Vidal Talamini do , Megguer Clarice Aparecida
Published: December 2007

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do estádio de maturação na colheita, da temperatura de armazenamento e do tempo para o resfriamento na preservação da qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de butiá. Os frutos foram colhidos em três estádios de maturação (verde, verde-amarelo e amarelo) e armazenados a 0±2°C e 20±2°C. Frutos armazenados a 0±2°C apresentaram melhor retenção de firmeza, de cor verde da epiderme, de acidez total titulável (ATT) e de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), em relação àqueles armazenados a 20±2°C. Os benefícios da refrigeração na preservação pós-colheita foram maiores para frutos colhidos em estádio verde, apesar da sua qualidade inferior, caracterizada pelos altos valores de ATT e baixos valores de SST em relação aos colhidos nos estádios verde-amarelo e amarelo. Frutos armazenados a 0±2°C não apresentaram sintoma de injúria por frio. Durante todo o período de armazenamento, não foi possível observar a ocorrência de climatério respiratório. Não houve diferença significativa nas taxas respiratórias pós-colheita entre os estádios de maturação dos frutos na colheita. O incremento na temperatura de armazenamento de 0 a 30°C ocasionou um aumento significativo nas taxas respiratórias de 50,26 a 658,35 nmol CO2 kg-1 s-1, segundo um modelo sigmoidal, ou seja, um rápido incremento entre 0 a 10°C, seguido de um aumento gradual, tendendo a um equilíbrio na temperatura de 30°C. Houve efeito positivo da imediata refrigeração dos frutos após a colheita na preservação da firmeza, da cor verde da epiderme e da ATT, mas não dos teores de SST. A alta perecibilidade de butiá requer o imediato resfriamento a 0°C, de frutos colhidos no estádio de maturação verde-amarelo, visando a preservar a sua qualidade pós-colheita.
Ração suplementada com vitaminas C e E influencia a resposta inflamatória aguda em tilápia do Nilo
Authors: Martins Maurício Laterça , Miyazaki Danilo Makoto Yamaguchi , Moraes Flávio Ruas de , Ghiraldelli Luciana , Adamante Washington de Barros , Mouriño José Luiz Pedreira
Published: December 2007

Este estudo avaliou o hemograma e a resposta inflamatória aguda em tilápia do Nilo alimentada com 500mg de vitamina C e 500mg de vitamina E/kg de ração. Após 30 dias de alimentação com a dieta suplementada com as vitaminas, 500µg de carragenina, 3mg de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS)/kg de peixe e 0,5ml de solução salina estéril (controle) foram injetados na bexiga natatória dos animais. Seis horas após, os peixes foram anestesiados para coleta de amostras sangüíneas e análise da resposta inflamatória. Peixes injetados com carragenina e LPS apresentaram as maiores contagens totais de leucócitos no sangue, sendo que a suplementação vitamínica na ração provocou redução no número total de trombócitos nos injetados com carragenina. A taxa de glicose, o número de eritrócitos, o hematócrito e o cortisol não sofreram influência da suplementação vitamínica na ração. A suplementação vitamínica provocou redução no número de neutrófilos no sangue dos animais injetados com LPS. Nos peixes injetados com carragenina e LPS alimentados com vitaminas, houve maior migração de células para o sítio inflamado. O LPS provocou maior migração de células em comparação com os demais tratamentos, principalmente por macrófagos. A suplementação vitamínica provocou aumento no número de trombócitos no exsudato em peixes injetados com carragenina e LPS.
Eleitorado e partidos políticos no Brasil
Authors: Paiva Denise , Braga Maria do Socorro S. , Pimentel Jr. Jairo Tadeu Pires
Published: December 2007

O artigo verifica em que medida os partidos políticos brasileiros têm sido instrumentos balizadores na formação da preferência eleitoral e na estruturação do voto. Para tanto, explora variáveis do ESEB 2002 e do ESEB 2006 que possibilitam analisar como os eleitores avaliam os partidos enquanto organizações, os vínculos afetivos entre o eleitorado e os partidos e o papel das variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas na explicação do impacto dos partidos na conformação da escolha eleitoral, representatividade e sentimentos partidários. Os resultados mostram a negativa avaliação dos partidos em 2002 e 2006 e, que, em 2006 a clivagem governo X oposição não mais diferenciou os partidos no quadro da escolha eleitoral.
Avaliação da presença de monazita em concentrado de ilmenita produzido na mina do Guaju (PB)
Authors: Ferreira Karime Ribeiro e Silva , Sabedot Sydney , Sampaio Carlos Hoffmann
Published: December 2007

A ilmenita é um mineral fonte de dióxido de titânio, matéria-prima utilizada como pigmento branco na fabricação de tintas e vernizes, principalmente. O concentrado de ilmenita, avaliado nesse estudo, provém da Mina do Guaju, no Estado da Paraíba, operada pela empresa Millennium Inorganic Chemicals do Brasil S/A. Esse concentrado contém monazita, que, mesmo presente em baixa quantidade, é caracterizada como um contaminante indesejado no processo metalúrgico de fabricação do pigmento. Esse estudo avalia a maneira como a monazita está associada no concentrado de ilmenita. Análises com lupa e Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura indicaram que a monazita se encontra como partículas liberadas no concentrado de ilmenita, em baixíssima concentração.
Indicadores em nível de sistema para avaliar o desenvolvimento e a qualidade da educação superior brasileira
Authors: Bertolin Júlio C. G.
Published: December 2007

Este artigo propõe um sistema de indicadores para avaliar o desenvolvimento e a qualidade da educação superior brasileira em nível de sistema. Inicialmente, são abordados aspectos conceituais da qualidade em ES e é apresentado um entendimento de qualidade em nível de SES. Logo após são apresentados alguns dos principais sistemas de indicadores internacionais de avaliação de SES, tais como os da Unesco e da OCDE. Por fim, considerando-se as especificidades brasileiras, se desenvolve uma proposta de sistema de indicadores com aspectos de entradas, processo e resultados para avaliar o desenvolvimento e a qualidade da educação superior brasileira em nível de sistema.
Two new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the rio Ribeira de Iguape Basin, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Wosiacki Wolmar Benjamin , Oyakawa Osvaldo Takeshi
Published: December 2007

Two new species of the trichomycterid catfish genus Trichomycterus from the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, southeastern Brazil, are described. Trichomycterus tupinamba differs from the other species of the Trichomycterinae in having the first pectoral-fin ray not prolonged as a filament, the caudal fin is truncate with attenuated edges, two paired supraorbital pores s6, eye oriented dorsally, a subterminal mouth, anal and urogenital openings mid-way between the pelvic-fin margin and anal-fin origin, a dark spot at the base of the nasal barbel, a longitudinal row of dark spots along the midline of the flank from the opercle to the caudal-fin base, a pectoral-girdle width of 13.1-17.7 % of standard length, and a caudal-peduncle depth of 8.7-10.3 % of standard length. Trichomycterus jacupiranga differs from all other species of the Trichomycterinae in having the first pectoral-fin ray prolonged as a short filament, one fused supraorbital pore s6, a pelvic fin that covers the anal and urogenital openings, anal and urogenital openings that are closer to the anal-fin origin than to the pelvic-fin base, a truncated caudal fin with attenuated edges, and the following morphometric characteristics: head length 20.7-22.4 % standard length, preanal length 57.1-70.9 % standard length, pectoral girdle width 17.4-20.6 % standard length, trunk length 33.6-37.5 % standard length, pectoral-fin length 16.8-22.7 % standard length, dorsal-fin base length 12.8-14.1 % standard length, anal-fin base length 8.4-10.8 % standard length, head width 90.6-104.6 % head length, snout length 40.0-46.9 % head length, mouth width 27.0-37.3 % head length, and eye diameter 10.4-16.5 % head length. Distribution, ecological data and diagnostic features are presented for both new species.
Reconstructing Validity
Authors: Moss Pamela A.
Published: December 2007

In response to Lissitz and Samuelsen (2007) , the author reconstructs the historical arguments for the more comprehensive unitary concept of validity and the principles of scientific inquiry underlying it. Her response is organized in terms of four questions: (a) How did validity in educational measurement come to be conceptualized as unitary, and why? (b) What is construct validity, and how does it provide the basis for a unitary concept of validity? (c) Why has the focus of validity been on the interpretations and uses of test scores rather than on the test itself? and (d) What sort of guidance for test developers and evaluators has been provided within a unitary concept of validity, and how might it be enhanced? The author highlights the role that cases of programmatic validity research can play in representing validity theory and guiding validity inquiry.
On Validity Theory and Test Validation
Authors: Sireci Stephen G.
Published: December 2007

Lissitz and Samuelsen (2007) propose a new framework for conceptualizing test validity that separates analysis of test properties from analysis of the construct measured. In response, the author of this article reviews fundamental characteristics of test validity, drawing largely from seminal writings as well as from the accepted standards. He argues that a serious validation endeavor requires integration of construct theory, subjective analysis of test content, and empirical analysis of item and test score data. He argues that the proposals presented by Lissitz and Samuelsen require revision or clarification to be useful to practitioners for justifying the use of a test for a particular purpose. He discusses the strengths and limitations of their proposal, as well as major tenets from other validity perspectives.
Evolution of ice crystal microstructure during creep experiments
Authors: Hamann Ilka , Weikusat Christian , Azuma Nobuhiko , Kipfstuhl Sepp
Published: December 2007

Results of laboratory uniaxial compression tests over the stress range 0.18–0.52 MPa and the strain range 0.5–8.6% at approximately –5 and –20°C are presented. Grain-size analysis and comparisons with annealing tests confirm that grain-growth reducing processes are active during deformation. Microstructural observations reveal that subgrain-rotation recrystallization and grain-shape changes due to strain-induced grain-boundary migration are the causes of the grain-growth deceleration. Further results from microstructural observations show that obstacle formation by dislocation walls and subgrain boundaries is the reason for isotropic hardening during creep. Subgrainboundary types that are likely to be relevant for studies on the activity of different dislocation types are described.
Determination of firn density in ice cores using image analysis
Authors: Sjögren Björn , Brandt Ola , Nuth Chris , Isaksson Elisabeth , Pohjola Veijo , Kohler Jack , Van De Wal Roderik S.W.
Published: December 2007

This study presents a simple and inexpensive method for deriving a high-resolution density proxy record for the firn part of an ice core using digital images. The image data have better resolution and are less sensitive to core quality than is density derived through dielectric profiling (DEP). Simple image analysis is thus suitable to derive a density proxy record in the firn section of ice cores drilled in the percolation or wet snow zone, and to better interpret the results of a DEP record. The images may be used as a permanent record when evaluating other types of ice-core data. Suggestions are provided to improve data quality and decrease post-processing time of the image analysis in future studies.
Antarctic iceberg distribution and dissolution from ship-based observations
Authors: Jacka Tim H. , Giles A. Barry
Published: December 2007

The Australian Antarctic Program’s iceberg dataset (from ship-based observations), including information from the austral summer seasons 1984/85 to 1999/2000, is examined and used to extend earlier studies. Using ‘snapshots’ of the iceberg population to provide an idea of the iceberg life cycle, the distribution of icebergs between 60 and 150° E is discussed in terms of calving regions and ocean currents. Temporal changes are also examined. The discussion leads us to the point where we can define an area, bounded to the north by the maximum sea-ice limit and to the south by the Antarctic Divergence, in which icebergs are confined as they drift eastward. This allows estimation of total dissolution, in terms of iceberg numbers and volume, within 10° longitudinal sectors and, with knowledge of drift speeds, iceberg movement rates and freshwater input across the sector. Iceberg dissolution rates are found to be ~0.03–0.05 m d–1 and the total mass contribution of fresh water to the ocean as the icebergs traverse our 30° of longitude study sector is ~32 Gt. This amounts to a contribution equivalent to precipitation of ~15.5 cm a–1, accounting for ~2% of the total iceberg discharge from the Antarctic ice sheet.
Structural and Superconducting Property Variations with Nominal Mg Non‐Stoichiometry in MgxB2 and Its Enhancement of Upper Critical Field
Authors: Chen S. K. , Serquis A. , Serrano G. , Yates K. A. , Blamire M. G. , Guthrie D. , Cooper J. , Wang H. , Margadonna S. , MacManus‐Driscoll J. L.
Published: December 2007

By applying a combination of characterisation tools, changes in structural and superconducting properties with nominal Mg non‐stoichiometry in MgxB2 are found. The non‐stoichiometry produces enhanced in‐field critical current densities (Jc's) and upper critical field / irreversibility field (Hc2/Hirr(T)) values. Upper critical fields of ∼ 21 T (4.2 K) were obtained in nominal Mg‐deficient samples compared to ∼ 17 T (4.2 K) for near‐stoichiometric samples.
Autonomic Healing of Epoxy Vinyl Esters via Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Wilson G. O. , Moore J. S. , White S. R. , Sottos N. R. , Andersson H. M.
Published: December 2007

A materials system for autonomic healing of epoxy vinyl esters is demonstrated. The system is comprised of wax microspheres containing Grubbs' catalyst and microcapsules containing exo‐dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) embedded together in an epoxy vinyl ester matrix. Healing is triggered when damage in the form of a crack ruptures the microcapsules, causing DCPD to be released into the crack plane where it comes in contact and mixes with the catalyst microspheres initiating ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The chemical compatibility of the catalyst with the matrix is investigated and wax protection of the catalyst via microspheres of a sufficient size (34–98 μm) is shown to provide a suitable barrier for protecting the catalyst from free radicals generated in situ during the curing of the epoxy vinyl ester resin. Wax protection of the catalyst also allows uninhibited curing of the matrix to proceed at room temperature. Concentration of self‐healing components is varied with a view towards optimization of the recovery of virgin mechanical properties. Efficient self‐healing is observed with microspheres that are smaller than those used in previous polymer matrices. Significant recovery of virgin mechanical properties is observed within 2.5 min of healing time at room temperature and the mechanical properties of healed samples after 24 h of healing time match those of existing ROMP‐based self‐healing systems.
Inverted Solution Processable OLEDs Using a Metal Oxide as an Electron Injection Contact.
Authors: Bolink H. J. , Coronado E. , Repetto D. , Sessolo M. , Barea E. M. , Bisquert J. , Garcia‐Belmonte G. , Prochazka J. , Kavan L.
Published: December 2007

A new type of bottom‐emission electroluminescent device is described in which a metal oxide is used as the electron‐injecting contact. The preparation of such a device is simple. It consists of the deposition of a thin layer of a metal oxide on top of an indium tin oxide covered glass substrate, followed by the solution processing of the light‐emitting layer and subsequently the deposition of a high‐workfunction (air‐stable) metal anode. This architecture allows for a low‐cost electroluminescent device because no rigorous encapsulation is required. Electroluminescence with a high brightness reaching 5700 cd m–2 is observed at voltages as low as 8 V, demonstrating the potential of this new approach to organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices. Unfortunately the device efficiency is rather low because of the high current density flowing through the device. We show that the device only operates after the insertion of an additional hole‐injection layer in between the light‐emitting polymer (LEP) and the metal anode. A simple model that explains the experimental results and provides avenues for further optimization of these devices is described. It is based on the idea that the barrier for electron injection is lowered by the formation of a space–charge field over the metal‐oxide–LEP interface due to the build up of holes in the LEP layer close to this interface.
Silica‐supported perchloric acid as a recyclable catalyst for efficient trimethylsilyl cyanide addition to aldehydes
Authors: Heydari Akbar , MáMani Laila
Published: December 2007

HClO4SiO2 (0.6 mol%) acts as a highly effective catalyst for cyanation of various aldehydes to the corresponding O‐trimethylsilyl cyanohydrins, in high yields and short reaction times. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LibraryFind: System design and usability testing of academic metasearch system
Authors: Jung Seikyung , Herlocker Jonathan L. , Webster Janet , Mellinger Margaret , Frumkin Jeremy
Published: December 2007

Using off‐the‐shelf search technology provides a single point of access into library resources, but we found that such commercial systems are not entirely satisfactory for the academic library setting. In response to this, Oregon State University (OSU) Libraries designed and deployed LibraryFind, a metasearch system. We conducted a usability experiment comparing LibraryFind, the OSU Libraries Web site, and Google Scholar. Each participant used all three search systems in a controlled setting, and we recorded their behavior to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of each search system. In this article, we focus on understanding what factors are important to undergraduates in choosing their primary academic search system for class assignments. Based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results, we found that mimicking commercial Web search engines is an important factor to attract undergradu‐ates; however, when undergraduates use these kinds of search engines, they expect similar performance to Web search engines, including factors such as relevance, speed, and the availability of a spell checker. They also expected to be able to find out what kinds of content and materials are available in a system. Participants' prior experience using academic search systems also affected their expectations of a new system.
Effects of the opioid analgesic oxymorphone hydrochloride on reproductive function in male and female rats
Authors: Shuey Dana L. , Stump Donald G. , Carliss Richard D. , Gerson Ronald J.
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND: Endogenous opioids seem to regulate hypothalamic gonadotropin release in both males and females, as evidenced by the effects of opioid agonists and antagonists on LHRH release and reproductive hormone levels. The effects of long‐term oral administration of opioid analgesics on reproductive function have not been well characterized. METHODS: The reproductive effects of oxymorphone, a potent opioid agonist, were investigated in male and female Crl:CD(SD) IGS BR rats at oral doses of 0, 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg/day (25 animals/sex/group). Males were treated for approximately 9 weeks (mated after 4 weeks of dosing). Females were treated for 14 days before mating, and through Gestation Day (GD) 7. Estrous cycling was evaluated during the premating period. On GD15, pregnancy status and the numbers of corpora lutea, implantation sites, live and dead embryos were determined. Epididymal and testicular sperm counts and epididymal sperm motility and morphology were evaluated in males. RESULTS: Two males given 25 mg/kg/day died. Behavioral changes and deficits in body weight gain occurred at all doses. There were no effects of oxymorphone on reproductive function or sperm parameters in males. The estrous cycle was prolonged in females given 25 mg/kg/day (mean of 5.3 vs. 4.3 days in controls). A small, but consistent decrease in the numbers of corpora lutea (with associated decreases in implantation sites and embryos) occurred in females given ≥10 mg/kg/day. There were no effects on mating or fertility in females. CONCLUSIONS: Oxymorphone seems to partially inhibit ovulation in female rats, with no significant effects on male reproductive outcome. Birth Defects Res (Part B) © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applied anatomy of the superficial branch of the radial nerve
Authors: Robson A.J. , See M.S. , Ellis H.
Published: December 2007

The superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) is highly vulnerable to trauma and iatrogenic injury. This study aimed to map the course of the SBRN in the context of surgical approaches and identify a safe area of incision for de Quervain's tenosynovitis. Twenty‐five forearms were dissected. The SBRN emerged from under brachioradialis by a mean of 8.31 cm proximal to the radial styloid (RS), and remained radial to the dorsal tubercle of the radius by a mean of 1.49 cm. The nerve divided into a median of four branches. The first branch arose a mean of 4.92 cm proximal to the RS, traveling 0.49 cm radial to the first compartment of the extensor retinaculum, while the main nerve remained ulnar to it by 0.64 cm. All specimens had branches underlying the traditional transverse incision for de Quervain's release. A 2.5‐cm longitudinal incision proximal from the RS avoided the SBRN in 17/25 cases (68%). In 20/25 specimens (80%), the SBRN underlay the cephalic vein. In 18/25 (72%), the radial artery was closely associated with a sensory nerve branch near the level of the RS (SBRN 12/25, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm (LCNF) 6/25.) A longitudinal incision in de Quervain's surgery may be preferable. Cannulation of the cephalic vein in the distal third of the forearm is best avoided. The close association between the radial artery and first branch of the SBRN or the LCNF may explain the pain often experienced during arterial puncture. Particular care should be taken during radial artery harvest to avoid nerve injury. Clin. Anat. 21:38–45, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of 1‐(substituted phenoxyacetoxy)alkylphosphonate herbicides
Authors: Li Ling , Zhou Shanshan , Zhao Meirong , Zhang Anping , Peng Hao , Tan Xiaosong , Lin Chunmian , He Hongwu
Published: December 2007

A series of organophosphorous compounds (OPs), 1‐(substituted phenoxyacetoxy)alkylphosphonates containing a chiral carbon atom, show notable herbicidal activities. In this study, the enantioselective separation and biological toxicity of all these compounds were investigated. The enantioselective separation on the columns of Chiralpak AD, Chiralpak AS, Chiralcel OD, and Chiralcel OJ were compared under various chromatographic conditions. All the analytes investigated obtained baseline resolution (Rs > 1.5) on Chiralpak AD column, which showed best chiral separation capacity. Further investigation was carried out on Chiralpak AD to evaluate the influence of the mobile phase composition and column temperature. The effect of the structural features on discrimination was also examined. The resolved enantiomers were distinguished by their signs of circular dichroism. The acute aquatic toxicity of enantiomers and racemate to Daphnia magna (D. magna) were assessed. The in vivo assays showed that compound 3 was about 2‐148.5 times more toxic than the other four analogues to D. magna. The racemates of compounds 3 and 5 showed intermediate toxicity compare to their enantiomers, while those of compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed synergistic or antagonistic effect. These results suggest that the biological toxicity of chiral OPs to nontarget organisms is enantioselective and therefore should be evaluated with their pure enantiomers. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Database Management System for Model Coefficients Used in Modeling the Fate of Nutrients in Surface Waters
Authors: Gurel Melike , Cilek Armagan Salabas , Gonenc I. Ethem
Published: December 2007

Surface water quality models contain kinetic and stoichiometric coefficients, which vary upon aquatic ecosystems. Model coefficients may have a broad range of values and different model coefficients may be defined depending on the specific models. In order to establish a reliable model, the representative values of these coefficients must be determined. However, this is a time consuming and laborious work. Within the scope of this study, model coefficients used for analysis and prediction of the fate of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems are compiled. A generic model is created by taking into account the processes which were commonly and intensively used by modelers. This formed a basis during the development of the model coefficients database. This Information Technology (IT) based infrastructure has the ability to store model coefficients data and can transform the compiled data into information easily. Besides, the model coefficients data become available for statistical analyses. For efficient user interaction with the database, design of support software had also been made. This enables users to make queries either through selection of the ecosystem by its name or selection through aquatic ecosystem properties. Consequently, model coefficients systematically stored in the database will enable modelers a narrower distribution range of values and query options.
Evolution of migraine drugs
Authors: Diamond Seymour
Published: December 2007

Headache is an ancient malady that has affected every age and country. As such, the quest for relief has been recorded for more than 6,000 years. In modern times, new remedies as well as those based in ancient herbal remedies have been investigated and initiated into the regimen of headache therapies. During the past five decades, several breakthroughs, such as the approval of propranolol for the indication of migraine prophylaxis, have empowered headache research. The introduction of the triptans during the 1990 s spearheaded a resurgence of interest in headache by researchers and clinicians, and the pharmaceutical industry. It is hoped that this renewed quest for headache relief will flourish, benefiting the millions of sufferers throughout the world. Drug Dev Res 68:270–275, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine antagonists and migraine
Authors: McGeeney Brian E.
Published: December 2007

Migraine is common impairing disorder resulting from activation of the trigeminovascular system. Evidence suggests that dopaminergic mechanisms are important in migraine, including the premonitory phase. Dopamine antagonists have been used successfully as a primary therapy for migraine in urgent care settings and as adjuvant therapy on an outpatient basis. Experience and clinical studies have shaped the current use of dopamine antagonists, in particular prochlorperazine and metoclopromide. All commonly used dopamine antagonists have other receptor affinities that may also be important for efficacy and side effects. This review outlines the main dopamine antagonists used to treat migraine with supportive evidence and typical side effects. Drug Dev Res 68:341–345, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Triptans in children and adolescents
Authors: Gladstein Jack
Published: December 2007

The advent of triptans in the 1990 s changed the approach to treating the migraine sufferer. Before triptan drugs, an acute attack of migraine was treated with drugs to put the patient to sleep until the migraine passed. This rendered the patient unable to resume activities such as school or work. Migraineurs had significant morbidity from treated as well as untreated attacks. With the use of this class of medications, headache could be treated quickly without the accompanied sedation from the medications. This has allowed people to get back to their busy lives, and migraine disability from medications has been lowered. Unfortunately, pediatric triptan trials have for the most part failed to demonstrate efficacy when compared to placebo. Nevertheless, these drugs are used for children and adolescents without FDA approval. Study design and consent adapted form adult studies may have made the placebo response rate higher than it needed to be. Drug Dev Res 68:346–349, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro Antagonism of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Coffea arabica L. against Emerging Fungal Coffee Pathogens
Authors: Muleta D. , Assefa F. , Granhall U.
Published: December 2007

In vitro antagonistic effects of rhizobacteria associated with Coffea arabica L. against some fungal coffee pathogens were studied. The aims were to screen indigenous coffee‐associated isolates for their inherent antagonistic potential against major coffee wilt diseases induced by Fusarium spp. Antagonistic effects, siderophore, HCN and lytic enzyme production were determined on standard solid media. Chemical methods were employed to categorize the major types of siderophores. From a total of 212 rhizobacterial isolates tested, over 10 % (all Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp.) exhibited remarkable inhibition against Fusarium spp. One isolate AUPB24 (P. chlororaphis) showed maximum inhibition of mycelial growth against all fungal pathogens tested, whereas other isolates were mostly inhibitory to F. stilboides and F. oxysporum. The isolate AUBB20 (B. subtilis) was most antagonistic to F. xylarioides. Of the rhizobacterial isolates tested, 67 % produced siderophores and 35 % produced HCN. Many strains (all Pseudomonas spp.) produced siderophores of the hydroxamate type and only a small proportion produced those of the catecholate type. Few antagonists showed chitinase activity. The production of siderophores and HCN by Pseudomonas spp., lipase and protease by all antagonists and β‐1,3‐glucanase by several Bacillus spp. could be considered the major mechanisms involved in the inhibition of fungal growth. The in vitro results provide the first evidence of an antagonistic effect of coffee‐associated rhizobacteria against the emerging fungal coffee pathogens F. stilboides and F. xylarioides and indicate the potential of both bacterial groups for biological control of coffee wilt diseases.