bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapidly formed quinalphos complexes with transition metal ions characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Keller Bernd O. , Esbata Abdelhamid A. , Buncel Erwin , van Loon Gary W.
Published: May 2013

RATIONALE

Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) offers the unique opportunity to characterize complexes of the organophosphorus pesticide (OP) quinalphos (PA‐Q) with transition metal ions immediately formed after contact. This study complements research looking at longer term kinetics of quinalphos hydrolysis in the presence of transition metal ions and gives insights into the structural features of the initial complex formation in solution. (Hydrolysis reaction: PA‐Q + H2O → PA‐OH + HQ, where PA‐OH is the diethyl phosphate product and HQ is hydroxyquinoxaline.)

METHODS

Low micromolar PA‐Q solutions with an approximately 3‐fold molar excess of transition metal ions were immediately analyzed after mixing. Fragmentation of the transition metal ion complexes with PA‐Q was accomplished in two different ways: first, in‐source fragmentation by elevating the declustering potential and second, low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID).

RESULTS

For Ag+, the [PA‐Q – Ag+] and respective Ag+‐containing degradation product ions are readily observed. For Cu2+, we observed the [PA‐Q + Cu2+ + NO3–] complex ion with weak intensity and strong signals from both the [2PA‐Q + Cu+] and the [PA‐Q + Cu+] ions, the latter two attributable to charge‐state reduction in the gas phase from Cu(II) to Cu(I), indicating that PA‐Q fulfills specific structural requirements of the formed complex for charge‐state reduction during transition from solution to the gas phase. For Hg2+, the [PA‐Q + Hg2+ + (PA‐OH – H)–] ion was the largest observed species containing one Hg2+ ion. No 1:1 species ([PA‐Q] or other degradation products:Hg2+) was observable.

CONCLUSIONS

ESI‐MS/MS of complexes formed from PA‐Q and transition metal ions is a formidable technique to probe initial formation of these complexes in solution. Previous work from other groups established structural requirements that enable charge‐state reduction from Cu(II) to Cu(I) in ligand complexes during transition into the gas phase, and these rules allow us to propose structural features of PA‐Q complexes with copper ions in solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural elucidation of a new sildenafil analogue using high‐resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Kee Chee‐Leong , Ge Xiaowei , Low Min‐Yong , Koh Hwee‐Ling
Published: May 2013

RATIONALE

One new phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE‐V) inhibitor, propoxyphenyl homohydroxysildenafil (PP‐HHS), has been isolated from one health supplement, and analyzed using high‐resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is useful to elucidate unknown substances at low concentrations.

METHODS

Two isolated compounds, propoxyphenyl thiohomohydroxysildenafil (PP‐THHS) and propoxyphenyl homohydroxysildenafil (PP‐HHS), were infused into the Thermo Fischer Scientific LTQ Orbitrap XL™ hybrid FTMS system at a flow rate of 3 μL per min. The high‐resolution MS2 spectra were acquired using different high‐energy collision dissolution (HCD) mode; 40 V for PPT‐HHS and 45 V for PP‐HHS. The accurate mass measurement was assisted with the aid of Mass Frontier software, version 5.0.

RESULTS

The fragmentation pattern of PP‐HHS in the MS2 spectrum is very similar to that of PP‐THHS except the product ions at m/z 519, 501, 325, 299 and 283 are less than PP‐THHS by 16 m/z units. This is a result of the replacement of sulfur atom by oxygen at the thiolactam moiety. All the mass errors are below 5.0 ppm.

CONCLUSIONS

High‐resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry is an alternative method to determine unknown compounds like PDE‐V inhibitor analogues unambiguously by analyzing the product ions at high mass accuracy. PP‐HHS is an unapproved drug and no pharmacological study has been reported. Hence, it could be harmful to unknowing consumers with undesirable side effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flexible model for the mean and variance functions, with application to medical cost data
Authors: Chen Jinsong , Liu Lei , Zhang Daowen , Shih Ya‐Chen T.
Published: May 2013

Medical cost data are often skewed to the right and heteroscedastic, having a nonlinear relation with covariates. To tackle these issues, we consider an extension to generalized linear models by assuming nonlinear associations of covariates in the mean function and allowing the variance to be an unknown but smooth function of the mean. We make no further assumption on the distributional form. The unknown functions are described by penalized splines, and the estimation is carried out using nonparametric quasi‐likelihood. Simulation studies show the flexibility and advantages of our approach. We apply the model to the annual medical costs of heart failure patients in the clinical data repository at the University of Virginia Hospital System. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buckling analysis of thin‐walled steel structures using generalized beam theory (GBT): state‐of‐the‐art report
Authors: Camotim Dinar , Basaglia Cilmar
Published: May 2013

This paper addresses the use of generalized beam theory (GBT) to analyse the local and global buckling behaviour of thin‐walled steel members and structural systems. After a brief historical perspective of GBT developments, the main concepts and procedures involved in performing buckling analyses are summarized in a systematic fashion. That is followed by a state‐of‐the‐art report concerning the most recent GBT formulations and applications that have been developed to assess the buckling behaviour of members, frames and trusses with various loading and support conditions. In order to illustrate the unique modal features and show the potential of the GBT approach to buckling analysis, numerical results and a few practical applications are presented and discussed; for validation purposes, most of these results are compared with values yielded by shell finite element analyses, performed in the ABAQUS and ANSYS programs. The paper closes with a few words on the future perspectives of GBT‐based buckling analysis.
Axial capacity of perforated steel columns
Authors: Leach Philip , Weekes Laurence
Published: May 2013

A research group has recently been formed at the University of Salford with the general aim of investigating lightweight structures. The first task of the group is to look at the behaviour of perforated steel columns used for storage racking.

The steel columns used in storage racking are made from perforated light gauge steel, with the perforations facilitating the connection of the storage racking beams. Recent work by Casafont et al. [1] has investigated the axial capacity of such members by a combination of testing and calculation, whereas another approach has been reported by Dinis et al. [2].

This paper describes the initial work of the group, investigating the possibility of assessing such capacity by using Eurocode 3 [3] equations to calculate the failure load of the column, using a critical buckling load that allows for the perforations in the column [4]. Critical buckling loads are calculated using both generalized beam theory and finite element analysis.

The use of generalized beam theory is illustrated for problems of varying complexity, from a very simple uncoupled solution with one equation up to the final coupled finite difference eigenvalue solution.

The paper concludes that it is currently possible to predict the capacity within a 15 % margin, and that further work could indeed improve this.
Sound and mechanised compositional verification of input‐output conformance
Authors: Sampaio Augusto , Nogueira Sidney , Mota Alexandre , Isobe Yoshinao
Published: May 2013

This paper mechanises conformance verification in the setting of the CSP process algebra. The verification strategy is captured by a theorem stated as a process refinement expression, which can be verified by a model checker such as FDR. The conformance relation,cspio, distinguishes input and output events. The process algebraic framework of CSP is used to address compositional conformance verification by establishing compositionality properties forcspiowith respect to the CSP operators. Althoughcspiohas been defined in the standard CSP traces model, one can address quiescence situations using a special output event, in which case it is formally established thatcspiois equivalent to Tretmansioco. All the results have been mechanically proved using the CSP‐Prover. The proposed testing theory has been adopted in an industrial context involving collaboration with Motorola, on testing mobile applications. Several examples and a case study are presented to illustrate the overall approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of magnetic nanoparticles with U87MG cells studied by synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence techniques
Authors: Gianoncelli A. , Marmorato P. , Ponti J. , Pascolo L. , Kaulich B. , Uboldi C. , Rossi F. , Makovec D. , Kiskinova M. , Ceccone G.
Published: May 2013

Synchrotron radiation (SR) X‐ray microscopy combined with X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) microspectroscopy provides unique information that have pushed the frontiers of biological research, particularly when investigating intracellular mechanisms. This work reports an SR‐XRF microspectroscopy investigation on the distribution and the potential toxicity of Fe2O3 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in U87MG glioblastoma‐astrocytoma cells. The U87MG cells exposed to NPs concentrations ranging from 5 to 250 µg/ml for 24 h were analyzed in order to monitor both morphological and chemical changes. The SR‐XRF maps complemented with XRM absorption and phase contrast images have revealed different intracellular distribution patterns for the two nanoparticles types allowing different mechanism of toxicity to be deduced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐quantitative analysis of the formation of a calcium oxalate protective layer for monumental limestone using combined micro‐XRF and micro‐XRPD
Authors: Vanmeert F. , Mudronja D. , Fazinic S. , Janssens K. , Tibljas D.
Published: May 2013

A current method for the protection of cretaceous limestone present in various monuments consists of performing a passivating treatment with ammonium oxalate (AmOx). A calcium oxalate protective layer is formed on the surface and enhances the acid resistance of the stone. The in‐depth formation of the calcium oxalate layer was investigated on cross sections by using combined micro X‐ray fluorescence and micro X‐ray powder diffraction (µXRF/µXRPD). XRPD showed the presence of both whewellite and weddellite in the calcite stone matrix. A correction was made for sample misalignment, which was visible in both the fluorescence and the diffraction line measurements. A semi‐quantitative analysis was performed on the basis of Klug's equation for a two‐phase mixture (the presence of weddellite was neglected) without the need for a known reference sample. By assuming two extreme compositions for a reference weight fraction (1 and 99 wt%), it was possible to obtain whewellite concentration profiles, which can be used for comparing the effectiveness of different methods for the application of AmOx to the stone surface and the effect of treatment time and AmOx concentration used. It is shown that for the relative amounts of whewellite formed, the differences due to the assumed weight fractions are smaller than the errors due to sample heterogeneity and preferred orientation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective Study Examining Clinical Outcomes Associated with a Negative Pressure Wound Therapy System and Barker’s Vacuum Packing Technique
Authors: Cheatham Michael L. , Demetriades Demetrios , Fabian Timothy C. , Kaplan Mark J. , Miles William S. , Schreiber Martin A. , Holcomb John B. , Bochicchio Grant , Sarani Babak , Rotondo Michael F.
Published: May 2013

Background

The open abdomen has become a common procedure in the management of complex abdominal problems and has improved patient survival. The method of temporary abdominal closure (TAC) may play a role in patient outcome.

Methods

A prospective, observational, open‐label study was performed to evaluate two TAC techniques in surgical and trauma patients requiring open abdomen management: Barker’s vacuum‐packing technique (BVPT) and the ABTheraTM open abdomen negative pressure therapy system (NPWT). Study endpoints were days to and rate of 30‐day primary fascial closure (PFC) and 30‐day all‐cause mortality.

Results

Altogether, 280 patients were enrolled from 20 study sites. Among them, 168 patients underwent at least 48 hours of consistent TAC therapy (111 NPWT, 57 BVPT). The two study groups were well matched demographically. Median days to PFC were 9 days for NPWT versus 12 days for BVPT (p = 0.12). The 30‐day PFC rate was 69 % for NPWT and 51 % for BVPT (p = 0.03). The 30‐day all‐cause mortality was 14 % for NPWT and 30 % for BVPT (p = 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that patients treated with NPWT were significantly more likely to survive than the BVPT patients [odds ratio 3.17 (95 % confidence interval 1.22–8.26); p = 0.02] after controlling for age, severity of illness, and cumulative fluid administration.

Conclusions

Active NPWT is associated with significantly higher 30‐day PFC rates and lower 30‐day all‐cause mortality among patients who require an open abdomen for at least 48 h during treatment for critical illness.
Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Rahman Shamima
Published: May 2013

Inherited defects of oxidative phosphorylation lead to heterogeneous, often multisystem, mitochondrial diseases. This review highlights those mitochondrial syndromes with prominent gastrointestinal and hepatic symptoms, categorised according to underlying disease mechanism. Mitochondrial encephalopathies with major gastrointestinal involvement include mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy and ethylmalonic encephalopathy, which are each associated with highly specific clinical and metabolic profiles. Mitochondrial hepatopathies are most frequently caused by defects of mitochondrial DNA maintenance and expression. Although mitochondrial disorders are notorious for extreme clinical, biochemical and genetic heterogeneity, there are some pathognomonic clinical and metabolic clues that suggest a specific diagnosis, and these are highlighted. An approach to diagnosis of these complex disorders is presented, together with a genetic classification, including mitochondrial DNA disorders and nuclear‐encoded defects of mitochondrial DNA maintenance and translation, OXPHOS complex assembly and mitochondrial membrane lipids. Finally, supportive and experimental therapeutic options for these currently incurable diseases are reviewed, including liver transplantation, allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy.
Current Lynch Syndrome Tumor Screening Practices: A Survey of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Cohen Stephanie A.
Published: May 2013

An electronic survey of the National Society of Genetic Counselors Cancer Special Interest Group was conducted in July 2011 to assess Lynch syndrome tumor screening programs and identify barriers to implementation. Over half of respondents (52.8 %) reported having a routine Lynch syndrome tumor screening protocol for newly diagnosed colon and/or endometrial cancers, and approximately half of these used a universal approach. There was an increase in the number of those screening over time, especially in the past 3 years. Tumor screening methods varied; 34/53 (64.2 %) started with immunohistochemistry, 11/53 (20.8 %) started with microsatellite instability testing and 8/53 (15.1 %) performed both on newly diagnosed colorectal tumors. Just 21.7 % (23/106) of respondents indicated they have a tumor screening program in place for newly diagnosed endometrial cancers. Written consent is rarely obtained (7.1 %) and the method of how results were returned to the patient was variable among respondents. Prevalent barriers to implementation were concern about cost, bringing key players together and convincing medical staff of the necessity. Use of Lynch syndrome tumor screening is in clinical practice, but protocols vary widely. This survey provides a glimpse of current practices and common barriers, and identifies the need for tumor screening algorithms with outcomes data.
Oxidized Lipoprotein(a) Increases Endothelial Cell Monolayer Permeability via ROS Generation
Authors: Wei Deng‐heng , Zhang Xiao‐lei , Wang Ren , Zeng Jun‐fa , Zhang Kai , Yang Jian , Li Shuang , Lin Xiao‐long , Jiang Zhi‐sheng , Wang Gui‐xue , Wang Zuo
Published: May 2013

Oxidized lipoprotein(a) (oxLp(a)) is a more potent marker of atherogenesis than native Lp(a). However, the molecular mechanisms of oxLp(a) activity are not clear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have recently been suggested as acting as intracellular second messengers. In this study, the effects of oxLp(a) on endothelial cell monolayer permeability and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in these effects were investigated. Our results showed that oxLp(a) inhibited desmoglein‐1 (DSG1) and desmocollin‐2 (DSC2) expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, and increased the generation of cellular ROS. Down‐regulation of DSG1 and DSC2 was strengthened by pretreatment with H2O2 and attenuated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) treatment. Furthermore, oxLp(a) increased endothelial cell monolayer permeability, and this effect was enhanced by H2O2 and blunted by SOD. Taken together, these results demonstrate that oxLp(a) increases endothelial cell monolayer permeability, which is mediated at least in part via ROS generation.
Expression and roles of CCN2 in dental mesenchymal cells in primary culture—With findings in a case of odontogenic myxofibroma
Authors: Shimo Tsuyoshi , Koyama Eiki , Horikiri Yuu , Okui Tatsuo , Kurio Naito , Katase Naoki , Yoshida Shoko , Takebe Yuichiro , Kishimoto Koji , Yoshioka Norie , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Sasaki Akira
Published: May 2013

Purpose of the research: Tooth germ development involves multiple events, including cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a signaling protein involved in tooth germ development, and we investigated how it is expressed and what roles it may have in primary cultures of mesenchymal cells derived from the developing tooth germ. We also examined the expression of CCN2 in a human odontogenic myxofibroma, a benign tumor of odontogenic mesenchymal origin, and considered the possible roles of CCN2 in the development of myxofibromas.

Materials and methods: Mesenchymal cells of early bell‐stage tooth germs were isolated from Day‐90 bovine embryos and placed in primary culture. A resected specimen from a patient with odontogenic myxofibroma was prepared for immunohistochemical studies.

Principal results: The CCN2 expression level in proliferating odontogenic mesenchymal cells freshly isolated from the early bell stage of developing bovine tooth germs and placed in primary culture was 3 times higher than that in the confluent non‐proliferating cells. Recombinant CCN2 significantly increased the proliferation and type I collagen expression in odontogenic mesenchymal cells in primary culture. Immunohistochemical analysis on myxofibroma case revealed that CCN2 was detectable in MIB‐1, a cellular marker of proliferation‐positive odontogenic mesenchymal cells adjacent to capillary blood vessels and in the endothelial cells of the vessels in the tumor.

Major conclusion: CCN2 signaling would influence the proliferation of and extracellular matrix production by dental mesenchymal cells. Our results suggest that the same mechanisms of CCN2 action toward dental mesenchymal cells would also be operative in the odontogenic myxofibroma microenvironment.
Sensitivity of stratified turbulence to the buoyancy Reynolds number
Authors: Bartello P. , Tobias S. M.
Published: May 2013

In this article we present direct numerical simulations of stratified flow at resolutions of up to $204{8}^{2} \times 513$, to explore scalings for the dynamics of stably stratified turbulence. Recent work suggests that for strong enough stratification, the vertical integral scale of the turbulence adjusts to yield a vertical Froude number, ${F}_{v} $, of order unity at high enough Reynolds number, whilst the horizontal Froude number, ${F}_{h} $, decreases as stratification is increased. Our numerical simulations are consistent with predictions by Lindborg (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 550, 2006, pp, 207–242), and with numerical simulations at lower resolution, in that the horizontal kinetic energy spectrum follows a Kolmogorov spectrum (after replacing the wavenumber with the horizontal wavenumber) and that the horizontal potential energy spectrum similarly follows the Corrsin–Obukhov spectrum for a passive scalar. Most importantly, we build upon these previous results by thoroughly exploring the dependence of the horizontal spectrum of horizontal kinetic energy on both the stratification and the relative size of the vertical dissipation terms, as quantified by the buoyancy Reynolds number. Our most important result is that variations in the power-law exponent scale entirely with the buoyancy Reynolds number and not with the stratification itself, lending considerable support to the Lindborg (2006) hypothesis that horizontal spectra are independent of stratification at large Reynolds numbers. We further demonstrate that even at the large numerical resolution of this study, the spectrum and hence the dynamics are affected by the buoyancy Reynolds number unless it is larger than $O(10)$, indicating that extreme care must be taken when assessing claims made from previous numerical simulations of stratified flow at low or moderate resolution and extrapolating the results to geophysical or astrophysical Reynolds numbers.
Inviscid Faraday waves in a brimful circular cylinder
Authors: Kidambi R.
Published: May 2013

We study inviscid Faraday waves in a brimful circular cylinder with pinned contact line. The pinning leads to a coupling of the Bessel modes and leads to an infinite system of coupled Mathieu equations. For large Bond numbers, even though the stability diagrams and the subharmonic and harmonic resonances for the free and pinned contact lines are similar, the free surface shapes can be quite different. With decreasing Bond number, not only are the harmonic and subharmonic resonances very different from the free contact line case but also interesting changes in the stability diagram occur with the appearance of combination resonance tongues. Points on these tongue boundaries correspond to almost-periodic states. These do not seem to have been reported in the literature.
A simplified vortex model of propeller and wind-turbine wakes
Authors: Segalini Antonio , Alfredsson P. Henrik
Published: May 2013

A new vortex model of inviscid propeller and wind-turbine wakes is proposed based on an asymptotic expansion of the Biot–Savart induction law to account for the finite vortex core size. The circulation along the blade is assumed to be constant from the blade root to the tip approximating a turbine with maximum power production for given operating conditions. The model iteratively calculates the tip-vortex path, allowing the wake to expand/contract freely, and is afterward able to evaluate the velocity field in the whole domain. The ‘roller-bearing analogy’, proposed by Okulov and Sørensen (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 649, 2010, pp. 497–508), is used to determine the vortex core size. A comparison of the main outcomes of the present model with the general momentum theory is performed in terms of the operating parameters (namely the number of blades, the tip-speed ratio, the blade circulation and the vortex core size), demonstrating good agreement between the two. Furthermore, experimental data have been compared with the model outputs to validate the model under real operating conditions.
A note on relative equilibria in a rotating shallow water layer
Authors: Ait Abderrahmane Hamid , Fayed Mohamed , Ng Hoi Dick , Vatistas Georgios H.
Published: May 2013

Relative equilibria of two and three satellite vortices in a rotating shallow water layer have been recorded via particle image velocimetry (PIV) and their autorotation speed was estimated. This study shows that these equilibria retain the fundamental characteristics of Kelvin’s equilibria, and could be adequately described by the classical idealized point vortex theory. The same conclusion can also be inferred using the experimental dataset of Bergmann et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 679, 2011, pp. 415–431; J. Fluid Mech., vol. 691, 2012, pp. 605–606) if the assigned field’s contribution to pattern rotation is included.
Experimental Study on Aerodynamics of Micro-Wind Turbines with Large-Tip non-Twisted Blades
Authors: Chen T. Y. , Hung C. W. , Liao Y. T.
Published: May 2013

This research experimentally investigates the rotor aerodynamics of horizontal-axis, micro-wind turbines. Specifically, the aerodynamic characteristics of large-tip, non-twisted blades are studied. The study is conducted in a wind tunnel system to obtain the relations between the power coefficient (CP) and tip speed ratio (TSR), the torque coefficient (CT) and TSR. Effects of rotor position inside a flanged diffuser, rotor solidity and blade number on rotor performance are investigated. The blade cross-section is NACA4415 airfoil. The pitch angle of the blades is fixed at 30°, and the chord length ratio between the blade root and tip (Cr / Ct) is fixed at 0.3. Results show that larger power output is obtained when the rotor placed closer to the diffuser inlet. The 60%-solidity rotor, in general, achieves better power and torque outputs among the test rotor solidities. The higher the blade number is, the larger the power output is, but the difference is small. Comparisons between the present and previous relatively short-tip blades (Cr / Ct = 0.5) show that the present blades have better power and torque outputs at lower rotor rotational speed. These results suggest that the large-tip blades are suitable for micro-wind turbine applications, and make rotor-generator matching more flexible.
Daggers in the West: Early Bronze Age Daggers and Knives in the South-west Peninsula
Authors: Jones Andy M. , Quinnell Henrietta
Published: May 2013

This paper describes the results from a project to date Early Bronze Age daggers and knives from barrows in south-west England. Copper alloy daggers are found in the earliest Beaker associated graves and continue to accompany human remains until the end of the Early Bronze Age. They have been identified as key markers of Early Bronze Age graves since the earliest antiquarian excavations and typological sequences have been suggested to provide dating for the graves in which they are found. However, comparatively few southern British daggers are associated with radiocarbon determinations. To help address this problem, five sites in south-west England sites were identified which had daggers and knives, four of copper alloy and one of flint, and associated cremated bone for radiocarbon dating. Three sites were identified in Cornwall (Fore Down, Rosecliston, Pelynt) and two in Devon (Upton Pyne and Huntshaw). Ten samples from these sites were submitted for radiocarbon dating. All but one (Upton Pyne) are associated with two or more dates. The resulting radiocarbon determinations revealed that daggers/knives were occasionally deposited in barrow-associated contexts in the south-west from c. 1900 to 1500 calbc.

The dagger at Huntshaw, Devon, was of Camerton-Snowshill type and the dates were earlier than those generally proposed but similar to that obtained from cremated bone found with another dagger of this type from Cowleaze in Dorset: these dates may necessitate reconsideration of the chronology of these daggers
SOCIAL HISTORY, BIOLOGY, AND THE EMERGENCE OF HIV IN COLONIAL AFRICA
Authors: Giles-Vernick Tamara , Gondola Ch. Didier , Lachenal Guillaume , Schneider William H.
Published: May 2013

This essay considers how historians of Africa can draw from and critically contribute to biomedical debates. Recent virological research has established that the HIV/AIDS pandemic began with the passage of simian immunodeficiency viruses into human populations in the first half of the twentieth century. Current debates on the emergence of HIV are an opportunity for historians to engage with biomedical research to rethink social, political, and environmental histories of Africa. While biomedical writings focus on HIV ‘origins’, we propose a broader look at the historical changes associated with the beginnings of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
FREED SLAVES, MISSIONARIES, AND RESPECTABILITY: THE EXPANSION OF THE CHRISTIAN FRONTIER FROM ANGOLA TO BELGIAN CONGO
Authors: Maxwell David
Published: May 2013

This article extends the history of freed slaves from the well-studied areas of West Africa to the frontier between Angola and Belgian Congo. Originally enslaved by Ovimbundu traders in what became south-eastern Belgian Congo, these enslaved people became Christians through contact with Euro-American missions while labouring in Angola. Following the abolition of slavery in the Portuguese Empire in the 1910s, they returned to their home areas as Christian evangelists. In Belgian Congo, they helped to spread Christianity but clashed with missionaries over authority and respectability. Some struggled with the trauma of enslavement while others sought alternative routes to status and authority through participating in Independent Christian movements or assuming positions of traditional leadership.
HISTORICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE PROCESSES IN AFRICA
Authors: Webb James L. A.
Published: May 2013

This article outlines the historical development in African studies of the sub-discipline of historical epidemiology and the contemporary challenges of understanding infectious disease processes that require integrating biomedical and historical knowledge. It suggests that Africanist historians can play a significant role in collaborative and multidisciplinary research in this field by exploring the histories of disease processes and interventions, and thereby contributing to improvements in public health practice and outcomes.
AFRO-CHRISTIAN SYNCRETISM IN THE KINGDOM OF KONGO
Authors: THORNTON JOHN K.
Published: May 2013

This article examines the way in which Christianity and Kongo religion merged to produce a syncretic result. After showing that the Kongo church grew up under the supervision and direction of Kongo authorities rather than missionaries, it will track how local educational systems and linguistic transformations accommodated the differences between the two religious traditions. In Kongo, many activities associated with the traditional religion were attacked as witchcraft without assigning any part of the traditional religion to this category. It also addresses how Kongo religious thinkers sidestepped questions of the fate of the dead and the virginity of Mary when harmonizing them would be too difficult.
Effect of non-extensivity during the collision between inward and outward ion acoustic solitary waves in cylindrical and spherical geometry
Authors: GHOSH UDAY NARAYAN , CHATTERJEE PRASANTA
Published: May 2013

The head-on collision between two cylindrical/spherical ion acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) in un-magnetized plasmas comprising inertial ions and q-non-extensive electrons and positrons is investigated using the extended version of the Poincaré–Lighthill–Kuo perturbation method. How the interactions are taking place in cylindrical and spherical geometry are studied, and the collision is shown at different times. The non-planar geometry can modify analytical phase shifts following the head-on collision are derived. The effects of q-non-extensive electrons and positrons on the phase shift are studied. It is shown that the properties of the interaction of IASWs in cylindrical and spherical geometry are very different.
Beyond ritual and economics: Maasai lion hunting and conservation politics
Authors: Goldman Mara J. , de Pinho Joana Roque , Perry Jennifer
Published: May 2013

Populations of the African lionPanthera leoare declining dramatically, with the species’ survival in some areas closely linked to levels of tolerance by rural communities. In Tanzania and Kenya several of the remaining lion populations outside protected areas reside adjacent to rural communities, where they are hunted. As many of these communities are Maasai, research and conservation efforts have focused on understanding and curbing Maasai lion hunting practices. Much of this work has been informed by a dichotomous explanatory model of Maasai lion hunting as either a ‘cultural’ ritual or a ‘retaliatory’ behaviour against predation on livestock. We present qualitative data from interviews (n = 246) in both countries to illustrate that lion hunting by Maasai is related to overlapping motivations that are simultaneously social, emotional and political (in response to conservation initiatives). Additional case study material from Tanzania highlights how politics associated with conservation activities and age-set dynamics affect lion hunting in complex and overlapping ways. Our findings contribute an ethnographic perspective on Maasai lion hunting, people–predator relations, and how these relations are linked to conservation politics.
Population dynamics of Ascaridia galli following single infection in young chickens
Authors: FERDUSHY TANIA , LUNA-OLIVARES LUZ ADILIA , NEJSUM PETER , ROEPSTORFF ALLAN KNUD , THAMSBORG STIG MILAN , KYVSGAARD NIELS CHRISTIAN
Published: May 2013

The population dynamics of Ascaridia galli was studied in 70 ISA Brown layer pullets, 42 of them were each experimentally infected with 500 embryonated A. galli eggs and 28 chickens were kept as uninfected controls. Six chickens from the infected group and 4 from the control group were necropsied at 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days post-infection (d.p.i.). The mean worm recovery varied from 11–20% of the infection dose with the highest recovery at 3 d.p.i. and the lowest at 21 and 42 d.p.i. (P < 0·05). More larvae were recovered from the intestinal wall than from the content (P < 0·0001) and intestinal content larvae were longer than those from the wall (mean length 1·6 and 1 mm, respectively, P < 0·0001). Although larvae were growing over time, a population of small-sized larvae (length  < 1 mm) was recovered at all d.p.i. During the first week of infection most of the larvae were located in the anterior half of the jejunoileum but they moved posteriorly with the age of infection. Thus, a subpopulation of larvae mainly in the lumen grew with time while another subpopulation remained small and associated with the mucosa. During the infection both subpopulations moved to a more posterior localization in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Father absence and depressive symptoms in adolescence: findings from a UK cohort
Authors: Culpin I. , Heron J. , Araya R. , Melotti R. , Joinson C.
Published: May 2013

Background

Previous studies suggest a link between parental separation or divorce and risk of depression in adolescence. There are, however, few studies that have prospectively examined the effects of timing of biological father absence on risk for depressive symptoms in adolescence while controlling for a range of confounding factors.

Method

We examine the association between father absence occurring in early (the first 5 years) and middle childhood (5–10 years) and adolescent depressive symptoms in a sample comprising 5631 children from the UK-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Self-reported depressive symptoms at 14 years were assessed using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ). Father absence was assessed from maternal questionnaires completed at regular intervals from the birth of the study child up to 10 years.

Results

There was evidence for an association between father absence in early childhood and increased odds of depressive symptoms at 14 years. This association was stronger in girls than in boys and remained after adjusting for a range of socio-economic, maternal and familial confounders assessed prior to the father's departure. Conversely, there was no evidence for an association between father absence in middle childhood and depressive symptoms at 14 years.

Conclusions

Father absence in early childhood increases risk for adolescent depressive symptoms, particularly in girls. Future research should be aimed at identifying possible biological and psychosocial mechanisms linking father absence to depressive symptomatology to enable the development of family-based early prevention and intervention programmes targeting young children at risk.
Wittgenstein, Wittgensteinianism, and magic: a philosophical tragedy?
Authors: PHILLIPS D. Z.
Published: May 2013

This paper takes issue with remarks by Brian Clack on the manner in which Wittgensteinian philosophers have interpreted religion. Clack attributes an expressivist interpretation of religion to Wittgensteinians. By reference to my own writings, and to those of Rush Rhees, I show how wide of the mark is this gloss on the Wittgensteinian tradition's approach to religion. In particular, the view that magico-religious rituals are cathartic is demonstrated to be one that Wittgensteinians have been keen to attack, rather than defend. The conclusion of the paper emphasizes the point that Wittgenstein and Wittgensteinians have been concerned with denying the appropriateness of producing a general theory of religion or magic. Hence, they have no need of an expressive theory.
Competing ideologies of linguistic authority amongst new speakers in contemporary Galicia
Authors: O'Rourke Bernadette , Ramallo Fernando
Published: May 2013

While in many indigenous minority-language situations traditional native speaker communities are in decline, new speakers are emerging in the context of revitalization policies. Such policies, however, can have unforeseen consequences and lead to tensions between newcomers and existing speakers over questions of ownership, legitimacy, and authenticity. This article examines these tensions in the case of Galician in northwestern Spain, where “new speakers” have emerged in the context of revitalization policies since the 1980s. The subsequent spread of the language outside traditional Galician strongholds and into what were predominantly Spanish spaces complicates the traditional ideology about sociolinguistic authenticity and ownership and raises questions about who are the legitimate speakers of Galician, who has authority, and the potential tensions that such questions generate. To illustrate the tensions and paradoxes thatnewandnativespeakers face in this postrevitalization context, we draw on three discussion groups consisting of sixteen young Galicians. (New speakers, authority, authenticity, minority languages, Galician)*
Can quantum probability provide a new direction for cognitive modeling?
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel M. , Busemeyer Jerome R.
Published: May 2013

Classical (Bayesian) probability (CP) theory has led to an influential research tradition for modeling cognitive processes. Cognitive scientists have been trained to work with CP principles for so long that it is hard even to imagine alternative ways to formalize probabilities. However, in physics, quantum probability (QP) theory has been the dominant probabilistic approach for nearly 100 years. Could QP theory provide us with any advantages in cognitive modeling as well? Note first that both CP and QP theory share the fundamental assumption that it is possible to model cognition on the basis of formal, probabilistic principles. But why consider a QP approach? The answers are that (1) there are many well-established empirical findings (e.g., from the influential Tversky, Kahneman research tradition) that are hard to reconcile with CP principles; and (2) these same findings have natural and straightforward explanations with quantum principles. In QP theory, probabilistic assessment is often strongly context- and order-dependent, individual states can be superposition states (that are impossible to associate with specific values), and composite systems can be entangled (they cannot be decomposed into their subsystems). All these characteristics appear perplexing from a classical perspective. However, our thesis is that they provide a more accurate and powerful account of certain cognitive processes. We first introduce QP theory and illustrate its application with psychological examples. We then review empirical findings that motivate the use of quantum theory in cognitive theory, but also discuss ways in which QP and CP theories converge. Finally, we consider the implications of a QP theory approach to cognition for human rationality.
Uncertainty about the value of quantum probability for cognitive modeling
Authors: Behme Christina
Published: May 2013

I argue that the overly simplistic scenarios discussed by Pothos & Busemeyer (P&B) establish at best that quantum probability theory (QPT) is a logical possibility allowing distinct predictions from classical probability theory (CPT). The article fails, however, to provide convincing evidence for the proposal that QPT offers unique insights regarding cognition and the nature of human rationality.
Cold and hot cognition: Quantum probability theory and realistic psychological modeling
Authors: Corr Philip J.
Published: May 2013

Typically, human decision making is emotionally “hot” and does not conform to “cold” classical probability (CP) theory. As quantum probability (QP) theory emphasises order, context, superimposition states, and nonlinear dynamic effects, one of its major strengths may be its power to unify formal modeling and realistic psychological theory (e.g., information uncertainty, anxiety, and indecision, as seen in the Prisoner's Dilemma).
On the quantum principles of cognitive learning
Authors: de Castro Alexandre
Published: May 2013

Pothos & Busemeyer's (P&B's) query about whether quantum probability can provide a foundation for the cognitive modeling embodies so many underlying implications that the subject is far from exhausted. In this brief commentary, however, I suggest that the conceptual thresholds of the meaningful learning give rise to a typical Boltzmann's weighting measure, which indicates astatistical verisimilitudeof quantum behavior in the human cognitive ensemble.
Does quantum uncertainty have a place in everyday applied statistics?
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Betancourt Michael
Published: May 2013

We are sympathetic to the general ideas presented in the article by Pothos & Busemeyer (P&B): Heisenberg's uncertainty principle seems naturally relevant in the social and behavioral sciences, in which measurements can affect the people being studied. We propose that the best approach for developing quantum probability models in the social and behavioral sciences is not by directly using the complex probability-amplitude formulation proposed in the article, but rather, more generally, to consider marginal probabilities that need not be averages over conditionals.
Cognitive architectures combine formal and heuristic approaches
Authors: Gonzalez Cleotilde , Lebiere Christian
Published: May 2013

Quantum probability (QP) theory provides an alternative account of empirical phenomena in decision making that classical probability (CP) theory cannot explain. Cognitive architectures combine probabilistic mechanisms with symbolic knowledge-based representations (e.g., heuristics) to address effects that motivate QP. They provide simple and natural explanations of these phenomena based on general cognitive processes such as memory retrieval, similarity-based partial matching, and associative learning.
What are the mechanics of quantum cognition?
Authors: Navarro Daniel Joseph , Fuss Ian
Published: May 2013

Pothos & Busemeyer (P&B) argue that quantum probability (QP) provides a descriptive model of behavior and can also provide a rational analysis of a task. We discuss QP models using Marr's levels of analysis, arguing that they make most sense as algorithmic level theories. We also highlight the importance of having clear interpretations for basic mechanisms such as interference.
A quantum of truth? Querying the alternative benchmark for human cognition
Authors: Newell Ben R. , van Ravenzwaaij Don , Donkin Chris
Published: May 2013

We focus on two issues: (1) an unusual, counterintuitive prediction that quantum probability (QP) theory appears to make regarding multiple sequential judgments, and (2) the extent to which QP is an appropriate and comprehensive benchmark for assessing judgment. These issues highlight how QP theory can fall prey to the same problems of arbitrariness that Pothos & Busemeyer (P&B) discuss as plaguing other models.
Quantum modeling of common sense
Authors: Noori Hamid R. , Spanagel Rainer
Published: May 2013

Quantum theory is a powerful framework for probabilistic modeling of cognition. Strong empirical evidence suggests the context- and order-dependent representation of human judgment and decision-making processes, which falls beyond the scope of classical Bayesian probability theories. However, considering behavior as the output of underlying neurobiological processes, a fundamental question remains unanswered: Is cognition a probabilistic process at all?
What's the predicted outcome? Explanatory and predictive properties of the quantum probability framework
Authors: Pleskac Timothy J. , Kvam Peter D. , Yu Shuli
Published: May 2013

Quantum probability (QP) provides a new perspective for cognitive science. However, one must be clear about the outcome the QP model is predicting. We discuss this concern in reference to modeling the subjective probabilities given by people as opposed to modeling the choice proportions of people. These two models would appear to have different cognitive assumptions.
If quantum probability = classical probability + bounded cognition; is this good, bad, or unnecessary?
Authors: Rakow Tim
Published: May 2013

Quantum probability models may supersede existing probabilistic models because they account for behaviour inconsistent with classical probability theory that are attributable to normal limitations of cognition. This intriguing position, however, may overstate weaknesses in classical probability theory by underestimating the role of current knowledge states and may under-employ available knowledge about the limitations of cognitive processes. In addition, flexibility in model specification has risks for the use of quantum probability.
Utile forms: power and knowledge in small war
Authors: ANSORGE JOSEF TEBOHO , BARKAWI TARAK
Published: May 2013

This article introduces the concept of ‘utile forms’ and analyses the effects of these forms in imperial rule and contemporary counterinsurgency. Utile forms are media that enable bureaucracies to disseminate specialised knowledges to officials operating in the field. Examples include smart cards, field manuals, and handheld biometric devices. We argue that utile forms have significant social and political effects irrespective of the ‘truth value’ of the knowledge they contain. We analyse these effects in terms of world-ordering and world-making properties: utile forms both embody a particular worldview or ideology (world-ordering) and they facilitate official attempts to remake the world in accordance with this vision (world-making). We draw on examples of utile forms from British India and more recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The article concludes by reflecting on the relations between truth, knowledge, and power in times of war and imperialism.