bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of cutaneous and articular sensory neurons
Authors: da Silva Serra Ines , Husson Zoé , Bartlett Jonathan D. , Smith Ewan St. John
Published: March 2016

Background

A wide range of stimuli can activate sensory neurons and neurons innervating specific tissues often have distinct properties. Here, we used retrograde tracing to identify sensory neurons innervating the hind paw skin (cutaneous) and ankle/knee joints (articular), and combined immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology analysis to determine the neurochemical phenotype of cutaneous and articular neurons, as well as their electrical and chemical excitability.

Results

Immunohistochemistry analysis using RetroBeads as a retrograde tracer confirmed previous data that cutaneous and articular neurons are a mixture of myelinated and unmyelinated neurons, and the majority of both populations are peptidergic. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons, voltage-gated inward currents and action potential parameters were largely similar between articular and cutaneous neurons, although cutaneous neuron action potentials had a longer half-peak duration (HPD). An assessment of chemical sensitivity showed that all neurons responded to a pH 5.0 solution, but that acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) currents, determined by inhibition with the nonselective acid-sensing ion channel antagonist benzamil, were of a greater magnitude in cutaneous compared to articular neurons. Forty to fifty percent of cutaneous and articular neurons responded to capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, and menthol, indicating similar expression levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), respectively. By contrast, significantly more articular neurons responded to ATP than cutaneous neurons.

Conclusion

This work makes a detailed characterization of cutaneous and articular sensory neurons and highlights the importance of making recordings from identified neuronal populations: sensory neurons innervating different tissues have subtly different properties, possibly reflecting different functions.
Experiences of occupational stress and social support in Australian Football League senior coaches
Authors: Knights Sophie , Ruddock-Hudson Mandy
Published: March 2016

Sports coaching has evolved into a recognizable occupation that requires multiple roles and responsibilities. The Australian Football League is considered one of the highest profile sports in Australia, and as a result, Australian Football League coaches are perceived to operate in a complex and stressful environment; yet, there is no evidence to support this notion. The purpose of this research was, therefore, to examine the experiences of occupational stress and social support of Australian Football League senior coaches. A total of 12 senior Australian Football League coaches were involved in one semi-structured interview. Five themes emerged from the findings. These included: (i) pressurized workplace environments; (ii) development and improvement of others and self; (iii) accountabilities and responsibilities to others; (iv) advice, support and comfort from others and (v) stress and adversity—the ramifications. This research has contributed to the Australian sports coaching industry and is a critical step in gaining a richer and broader understanding of stress and social support among elite coaches globally.
Speed control of the V2 skating technique in elite cross-country skiers
Authors: Ohtonen Olli , Linnamo Vesa , Lindinger Stefan J
Published: March 2016

The aim was to examine how skiers control skiing speed using V2-skating. Subjects skied with three submaximal and maximal speeds on 100 m 4° uphill. Cycle variables and force parameters form the arms and legs were analysed. Cycle rate increased up to the maximum speed. Cycle length increased from the slowest speed to the all other speeds. Pole force and delta leg force increased up to the maximum speed. Ranges of motions and angular velocities of kick flexion and extension with knee and hip joints increased till highest submaximal speed. Speed was regulated with cycle length and rate while the latter was dominant after ∼5.0 m/s. Higher speed was reached with higher forces from arms and legs while legs were emphasized with faster speeds. Higher forces were partly generated with greater vertical movement of the body, which might have elicited stretch-shortening cycle type of movement leading to greater force output.
Career facilitators and obstacles of Australian football development coaches
Authors: Dawson Andrew , Dioth Talei , Gastin Paul B
Published: March 2016

Career development is considered integral to the success of individuals, organisations and professions. Coaches play a vital role in the success of sport, yet little is known about their career development. Despite the advances in career development for athletes, there has been very little scholarly attention, nor resources provided for coach career development, especially for coaches working outside elite and professional sport. This pilot study explored the career development facilitators and obstacles of junior development Australian football coaches. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data on the career development of six practicing junior development Australian football coaches. These six (of only 12 employed) coaches worked in the main elite junior development league for Australian football, the Transport Accident Commission Cup. The themes that emerged from the data revealed that the career development of junior development Australian football coaches was facilitated first by their high motivation to coach because of their enjoyment of seeing young players develop and transition into the elite competition. The second facilitator was the coach’s awareness of their career development needs and their willingness to do their own career development despite limited opportunity, guidance or support. The key obstacles to Transport Accident Commission Cup coach career development included a lack of opportunity to spend time at elite clubs to observe and interact with elite coaches; a lack of time due to having a non-coaching job to financially support their coaching work and their family as well; the high demands of the coaching role had a negative impact on their work –life balance and often conflicted with time they would rather spend with their families; and finally, the lack of institutional support for coaches who were asked to work long hours for low wages and little reward despite their vital role in the elite player development pathway for the Australian Football League. This research suggests that junior development Australian football coaches have a clear understanding of their role and how it changes as their career develops; however, the coaches are limited by external forces in their career development. Junior development Australian football coaches are vital for Australian Football League development; however, there is disconnection between Australian Football League goals and their capacity to nurture elite athletes into the sport’s system due to part-time coaching roles, limited resources and few opportunities for coaches to develop their careers.
Flipping the classroom in an undergraduate sports coaching course
Authors: Reddan Gregory , McNally Brenton , Chipperfield Janine
Published: March 2016

There are increasing concerns in higher education for the need to move away from the traditional lecture format in order to more effectively prepare students as future leaders. Research in active learning has encouraged many tertiary educators to experiment with the flipped classroom approach that has been used extensively in K-12 educational programs. This descriptive paper outlines the design, implementation, and outcomes of a ‘flipped classroom’ approach that was put into practice in an undergraduate course in Sports Coaching. The students reported that they experienced more constant and positive interactions with lecturers/peers than in other courses. Overall, a high level of commitment to the course was indicated, while group work, discussions, and practical applications were also identified as positive aspects of the course. The most common suggestions for improvement included providing more time for group tasks to allow more interaction between classmates. Responses demonstrated a significant difference ( p < 0.05) in the responses of the 12 female and 23 male students, supporting the literature that females prefer cooperative learning environments. However, no significant difference was noted between those students with English as their first language and non-English speaking background students. The authors conclude that the flipped classroom approach is a very effective teaching and learning strategy that can be employed to enhance the effectiveness of coach education programs.
Hyperventilation-related hyperlactataemia in a case of paroxysmal vocal cord dysfunction
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed M , Sturman Jon
Published: March 2016

Paroxysmal Vocal Cords Dysfunction(PVCD), also known as paradoxical vocal cord motion, is abnormal adduction of the vocal cords during inspiration. Like asthma, PCVD can be triggered by breathing in lung irritants, upper respiratory infection or exercise. However, unlike asthma, PCVD is not an immune system reaction and does not involve the lower airways. Treatment for the two conditions differs. Plasma lactate levels are usually associated with acidosis and an increased risk of poor outcome and are described in a number of disease states of circulatory and/or respiratory failure. In patients with psychogenic hyperventilation, high lactates are associated with hypocapnia and alkalosis and should not necessarily be considered as an adverse sign. We describe a case of a young patient with PCVD mimicking asthma with high plasma lactate and discuss the mechanisms involved.
Exploration of the barriers of reporting nursing errors in intensive care units: A qualitative study
Authors: Peyrovi Hamid , Nikbakht Nasrabadi Alireza , Valiee Sina
Published: March 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to reporting nursing errors in intensive care units in Iranian hospitals.

Methods

A descriptive qualitative analysis design was used. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 16 nurses working in four general intensive care units in Kurdistan province, Iran. Interviews were transcribed and finally analysed through conventional content analysis.

Results

There are four major barriers to the reporting of errors by nurses working in Iranian critical care units: (a) saving professional reputation and preventing stigma; (b) fear of consequences – punishment, legal problems and organisational misconduct; (c) feelings of insecurity – pointing a finger at nurses and lack of managerial support and (d) not investigating the root cause of error.

Conclusions

The findings revealed the need to support and provide security to nurses and to consider and find the cause of error occurrence. Managers must provide the required personal, professional and legal support for nurses to encourage them to effectively report errors, discover the root cause of errors and take measures to prevent them.
The interplay between the microbiome and the adaptive immune response in cancer development
Authors: Russo Edda , Taddei Antonio , Ringressi Maria Novella , Ricci Federica , Amedei Amedeo
Published: March 2016

The data from different studies suggest a bacterial role in cancer genesis/progression, often modulating the local immune response. This is particularly so at the mucosal level where the bacterial presence is strong and the immune system is highly reactive. The epithelial surfaces of the body, such as the skin and mucosa, are colonized by a vast number of microorganisms, which represent the so-called normal microbiome. Normally the microbiome does not cause a proinflammatory response because the immune system has developed different strategies for the tolerance of commensal bacteria, but when these mechanisms are impaired or new pathogenic bacteria are introduced into this balanced system, the immune system reacts to the microbiome and can trigger tumor growth in the intestine. In this review, we discuss the potential role of the bacterial microbiome in carcinogenesis, focusing on the direct and indirect immune adaptive mechanisms, that the bacteria can modulate in different ways.
Are campus food environments healthy? A novel perspective for qualitatively evaluating the nutritional quality of food sold at foodservice facilities at a Brazilian university
Authors: Pulz Isadora Santos , Martins Paula Andréa , Feldman Charles , Veiros Marcela Boro
Published: March 2016

Aims:

The purpose of this novel study was to evaluate the food environment at a Brazilian university, encompassing 6 restaurants and 13 snack bars. The investigation uniquely analyses the food environment (barriers, facilitators, type of foods and prices). This was a food-based analysis of the nutritional quality of the products sold on campus.

Methods:

A cross-sectional descriptive design was used, applying the classic Nutrition Environment Measures Survey–Restaurants (NEMS-R) adapted for Brazil and an original methodology to evaluate and classify qualitatively the nutritional quality and characteristics of the food. A census of all campus food environments was applied.

Results:

The main results show most food and beverage products were made with processed ingredients and had a lower nutritional quality and price when compared with similar products made on premises, that is, processed iced tea compared with fresh tea ( p < .001), fried refined flour salgados compared with baked wholegrain flour salgados ( p < .001) and refined flour biscuits compared with those made with whole grains ( p = .028). Only 16% of the outlets provided food ingredients or nutritional information of products available.

Conclusion:

The overall options for healthy food choices and good nutritional quality on campus were mostly limited by the availability and higher prices of products. These findings could be used to develop new policy perspectives for the offering of healthy food items and to facilitate better food choices among students in a healthier food environment.
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs improve cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Syngle Ashit , Verma Inderjeet , Krishan Pawan , Syngle Vijaita
Published: March 2016

Background:

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a significant risk predictor for sudden cardiac death in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. As yet, there is no therapeutic treatment of CAN in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Even now, the impact of the most commonly employed disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy on CAN in PsA is not known. Hence, we investigated the impact of DMARDs on CAN in PsA.

Methods:

In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 20 patients of PsA and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. CAN was diagnosed by applying the five cardiovascular reflex tests according to Ewing. Parasympathetic dysfunction was established by performing three tests: heart-rate response to deep breathing, standing, and Valsalva tests. Sympathetic dysfunction was examined by applying two tests: blood pressure response to standing, and handgrip tests. Disease severity was assessed by the 28-joint-count disease activity score (DAS-28) and the disease activity score in psoriatic arthritis (DAPSA).

Results:

Cardiovascular reflex tests were impaired significantly among the PsA patients compared with well-matched healthy subjects ( p < 0.05). Parasympathetic dysfunction was more prominent than sympathetic dysfunction. After 12 weeks treatment, parasympathetic dysfunction (heart rate response to deep breath and standing) significantly ( p < 0.05) improved in patients with PsA, while there was no significant improvement in sympathetic function.

Conclusion:

These study results suggests parasympathetic autonomic dysfunction is more prominent than sympathetic dysfunction in PsA. Synthetic DMARDs improved parasympathetic dysfunction in PsA.
Care of the Student With Special Healthcare Needs
Authors: DuChateau Teresa A. , Wolff Marie
Published: March 2016

Care of the Student With Special Healthcare Needs is a free resource that can assist school nurses in ensuring they are providing the most up-to-date, evidence-based care to children. Although the training module was developed to improve the care provided to Wisconsin children, the module can be accessed by school nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) across the United States and internationally. School nurses in other states would need to review their state’s nurse practice act and school district policies to evaluate which procedures they are allowed to delegate.
Can Grit Be Nurtured in Undergraduate Nursing Students?
Authors: McCabe Ellen M.
Published: March 2016

Grit, a positive psychological trait, is a character trait of great benefit to the practice of nursing. Nurses who exemplify a combination of excellence, determination, and compassion in their practice are often described as having grit. This article discusses the five major traits of grit and the development and nurturing of these traits in both nursing students and novice nurses. The topic of the development of grit is relevant to school nurses who find themselves in mentor roles with nursing students and with nurses new to school nursing.
A PPAR‐gamma agonist protects from radiation‐induced intestinal toxicity
Authors: Mangoni Monica , Sottili Mariangela , Gerini Chiara , Desideri Isacco , Bastida Cinzia , Pallotta Stefania , Castiglione Francesca , Bonomo Pierluigi , Meattini Icro , Greto Daniela , Cappelli Sabrina , Di Brina Lucia , Loi Mauro , Biti Giampaolo , Livi Lorenzo
Published: March 2016

Objective

Because of its anti‐inflammatory, anti‐fibrotic, anti‐apoptotic and anti‐neoplastic properties, the PPAR‐γ agonist rosiglitazone is an interesting drug for investigating for use in the prevention and treatment of radiation‐induced intestinal damage. We aimed to evaluate the radioprotective effect of rosiglitazone in a murine model of acute intestinal damage, assessing whether radioprotection is selective for normal tissues or also occurs in tumour cells.

Methods

Mice were total‐body irradiated (12 Gy), with or without rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg/day). After 24 and 72 hours, mice were sacrificed and the jejunum was collected. HT‐29 human colon cancer cells were irradiated with a single dose of 2 (1000 cells), 4 (1500 cells) or 6 (2000 cells) Gy, with or without adding rosiglitazone (20 µM) 1 hour before irradiation. HT‐29‐xenografted CD1 mice were irradiated (16 Gy) with or without rosiglitazone; tumour volumes were measured for 33 days.

Results

Rosiglitazone markedly reduced histological signs of altered bowel structures, that is, villi shortening, submucosal thickening, necrotic changes in crypts, oedema, apoptosis, and inflammatory infiltrate induced by irradiation. Rosiglitazone significantly decreased p‐NF‐kB p65 phosphorylation and TGFβ protein expression at 24 and 72 hours post‐irradiation and significantly decreased gene expression of Collagen1, Mmp13, Tnfα and Bax at 24 hours and p53 at 72 hours post‐irradiation. Rosiglitazone reduced HT‐29 clonogenic survival, but only produced a slight reduction of xenograft tumour growth.

Conclusion

Rosiglitazone exerts a protective effect on normal tissues and reduces alterations in bowel structures and inflammation in a radiation‐induced bowel toxicity model, without interfering with the radiation effect on HT‐29 cancer cells. PPAR‐γ agonists should be further investigated for their application in abdominal and pelvic irradiation.
Researchers’ Adoption of an Institutional Central Fund for Open-Access Article-Processing Charges
Authors: Pinfield Stephen , Middleton Christine
Published: March 2016

This article analyzes researchers’ adoption of an institutional central fund (or faculty publication fund) for open-access (OA) article-processing charges (APCs) to contribute to a wider understanding of take-up of OA journal publishing (“Gold” OA). Quantitative data, recording central fund usage at the University of Nottingham from 2006 to 2014, are analyzed alongside qualitative data from institutional documentation. The importance of the settings of U.K. national policy developments and international OA adoption trends are considered. Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) is used as an explanatory framework. It is shown that use of the central fund grew during the period from covering less than 1% of the University’s outputs to more than 12%. Health and Life Sciences disciplines made greatest use of the fund. Although highly variable, average APC prices rose during the period, with fully OA publishers setting lower average APCs. APCs were paid largely from internal funds, but external funding became increasingly important. Key factors in adoption are identified to be increasing awareness and changing perceptions of OA, communication, disciplinary differences, and adoption mandates. The study provides a detailed longitudinal analysis of one of the earliest central funds to be established globally with a theoretically informed explanatory model to inform future work on managing central funds and developing institutional and national OA policies.
Health Literacy and Older Adults
Authors: Chesser Amy K. , Keene Woods Nikki , Smothers Kyle , Rogers Nicole
Published: March 2016

Objective: The objective of this review was to assess published literature relating to health literacy and older adults. Method: The current review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses. Results: Eight articles met inclusion criteria. All studies were conducted in urban settings in the United States. Study sample size ranged from 33 to 3,000 participants. Two studies evaluated health-related outcomes and reported significant associations between low health literacy and poorer health outcomes. Two other studies investigated the impact of health literacy on medication management, reporting mixed findings. Discussion: The findings of this review highlight the importance of working to improve health care strategies for older adults with low health literacy and highlight the need for a standardized and validated clinical health literacy screening tool for older adults.
Aging With HIV in the Era of Antiretroviral Treatment
Authors: Nideröst Sibylle , Imhof Christoph
Published: March 2016

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the living conditions and the quality of life of people aged more than 50 who were living with HIV in Switzerland. Participants were consecutively sampled through different HIV-specific sites. Seventy-two HIV-positive persons filled in an anonymous standardized questionnaire, either paper-pencil or online. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. Quality of life was rated quite high ( M = 14.9, SD = 4.14). The multivariate regression analyses showed that mental and physical health problems, long-term living with HIV, having a high degree of needed support, and financial problems decreased quality of life, and perceived available social support was an important predictor in maintaining quality of life. In addition to current offers to support mental health and social networks, efforts to integrate people of working age into the labor market and efforts to reduce stigma and the social marginalization of older HIV-positive people should be fostered.
Phases in the Ni–Sb–As system which occur in the Bon Accord oxide body, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa
Authors: Tredoux M. , Zaccarini F. , Garuti G. , Miller D. E.
Published: March 2016

An oxide-silicate occurrence, containing >40 wt.% NiO whole rock and showing enrichment in the platinum-group elements and antimony, was investigated at high magnification. Many phases with grain sizes generally <100 μm were observed; electron microprobe analysis indicated that, although some of these are known minerals in Ni–Sb–As space (such as breithauptite and orcelite), most of them cluster around the following compositions: Ni3Sb, Ni3(Sb,As), Ni3As, Ni5(Sb,As)2, Ni7(Sb,As)3 and Ni11(Sb,As)8. Such phases have been observed in synthetic systems, but up to now not in nature. The data reported here therefore probably represent the compositions of new minerals.
Long-term multilineage engraftment of autologous genome-edited hematopoietic stem cells in nonhuman primates
Authors: Peterson Christopher W. , Wang Jianbin , Norman Krystin K. , Norgaard Zachary K. , Humbert Olivier , Tse Collette K. , Yan Jenny J. , Trimble Richard G. , Shivak David A. , Rebar Edward J. , Gregory Philip D. , Holmes Michael C. , Kiem Hans-Peter
Published: March 2016

Key Points

This study is the first to show that genome-editing approaches can modify multilineage, long-term repopulating cells in a large animal model. We demonstrate that the persistence of genome-edited hematopoietic stem cells can be tracked in vivo in a mutation-specific manner.
Targeted Rho-associated kinase 2 inhibition suppresses murine and human chronic GVHD through a Stat3-dependent mechanism
Authors: Flynn Ryan , Paz Katelyn , Du Jing , Reichenbach Dawn K. , Taylor Patricia A. , Panoskaltsis-Mortari Angela , Vulic Ante , Luznik Leo , MacDonald Kelli K. P. , Hill Geoffrey R. , Nyuydzefe Melanie S. , Weiss Jonathan M. , Chen Wei , Trzeciak Alissa , Serody Jon S. , Aguilar Ethan G. , Murphy William J. , Maillard Ivan , Munn David , Koreth John , Cutler Corey S. , Antin Joseph H. , Ritz Jerome , Waksal Samuel D. , Zanin-Zhorov Alexandra , Blazar Bruce R.
Published: March 2016

Key Points

The ROCK2 inhibitor, KD025, decreases chronic GVHD pathology in multiple murine models. KD025 inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation to decrease RORγt and Bcl6 expression in both murine and human cells.
Stability of Syk protein and mRNA in human peripheral blood basophils
Authors: MacGlashan Donald
Published: March 2016

In human basophils, Syk expression is 10-fold lower than most other types of leukocytes. There are indirect studies that suggest that Syk protein is highly unstable (a calculated half-life less than 15 min) in human peripheral blood basophils. Therefore, in these studies, Syk stability was directly examined. Purified basophils were metabolically labeled and a pulse–chase experimental design showed Syk protein to be stable in the time frame of 12 h (95% likelihood that half-life is more than 12 h). However, its synthetic rate was very slow (∼10-fold slower) compared with CD34-derived basophils, which have been shown to express levels of Syk consistent with other mature circulating leukocytes. Syk mRNA expression was found to be 5–30-fold lower than other cell types (CD34-derived basophils, peripheral blood eosinophils, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells). Syk protein and mRNA levels, across cell types, were relatively concordant. Syk mRNA in basophils showed a half-life of 3.5 h, which was greater than that of interleukin-4 or Fc epsilon receptor I-α mRNA (∼2 h), but somewhat shorter than Fc epsilon receptor I-β mRNA (8 h). A comparison of miR expression between CD34-derived and peripheral blood basophils demonstrated only 1 significant increase, in miR-150 (77-fold). Transfection in human embryonic kidney cells of a stabilized form of miR-150 showed that it modified expression of c-Myb mRNA but not of Syk mRNA or protein. These results suggest that low Syk expression in basophils results, not from protein instability and perhaps not from mRNA stability. Instead, the results point to the transcriptional nature of an important point of regulation.
Intestinal paracellular absorption is necessary to support the sugar oxidation cascade in nectarivorous bats
Authors: Rodriguez-Peña Nelly , Price Edwin R. , Caviedes-Vidal Enrique , Flores-Ortiz Cesar M. , Karasov William H.
Published: March 2016

We made the first measurements of the capacity for paracellular nutrient absorption in intact nectarivorous bats. Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (20 g mass) were injected with or fed inert carbohydrate probes l-rhamnose and d(+)-cellobiose, which are absorbed exclusively by the paracellular route, and 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (3OMD-glucose), which is absorbed both paracellularly and transcellularly. Using a standard pharmacokinetic technique, we collected blood samples for 2 h after probe administration. As predicted, fractional absorption (f) of paracellular probes declined with increasing Mr in the order of rhamnose (f=0.71)>cellobiose (f=0.23). Absorption of 3OMD-glucose was complete (f=0.85; not different from unity). Integrating our data with those for glucose absorption and oxidation in another nectarivorous bat, we conclude that passive paracellular absorption of glucose is extensive in nectarivorous bat species, as in other bats and small birds, and necessary to support high glucose fluxes hypothesized for the sugar oxidation cascade.
Maximum-speed curve-running biomechanics of sprinters with and without unilateral leg amputations
Authors: Taboga Paolo , Kram Rodger , Grabowski Alena M.
Published: March 2016

On curves, non-amputees' maximum running speed is slower on smaller radii and thought to be limited by the inside leg's mechanics. Similar speed decreases would be expected for non-amputees in both counterclockwise and clockwise directions because they have symmetric legs. However, sprinters with unilateral leg amputation have asymmetric legs, which may differentially affect curve-running performance and Paralympic competitions. To investigate this and understand the biomechanical basis of curve running, we compared maximum curve-running (radius 17.2 m) performance and stride kinematics of six non-amputee sprinters and 11 sprinters with a transtibial amputation. Subjects performed randomized, counterbalanced trials: two straight, two counterclockwise curves and two clockwise curves. Non-amputees and sprinters with an amputation all ran slower on curves compared with straight running, but with different kinematics. Non-amputees ran 1.9% slower clockwise compared with counterclockwise (P<0.05). Sprinters with an amputation ran 3.9% slower with their affected leg on the inside compared with the outside of the curve (P<0.05). Non-amputees reduced stride length and frequency in both curve directions compared with straight running. Sprinters with an amputation also reduced stride length in both curve-running directions, but reduced stride frequency only on curves with the affected leg on the inside. During curve running, non-amputees and athletes with an amputation had longer contact times with their inside compared with their outside leg, suggesting that the inside leg limits performance. For sprinters with an amputation, the prolonged contact times of the affected versus unaffected leg seem to limit maximum running speed during both straight running and running on curves with the affected leg on the inside.
The Rtr1p CTD phosphatase autoregulates its mRNA through a degradation pathway involving the REX exonucleases
Authors: Hodko Domagoj , Ward Taylor , Chanfreau Guillaume
Published: March 2016

Rtr1p is a phosphatase that impacts gene expression by modulating the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Here, we show that Rtr1p is a component of a novel mRNA degradation pathway that promotes its autoregulation through turnover of its own mRNA. We show that the 3′UTR of the RTR1 mRNA contains a cis element that destabilizes this mRNA. RTR1 mRNA turnover is achieved through binding of Rtr1p to the RTR1 mRNP in a manner that is dependent on this cis element. Genetic evidence shows that Rtr1p-mediated decay of the RTR1 mRNA involves the 5′-3′ DExD/H-box RNA helicase Dhh1p and the 3′-5′ exonucleases Rex2p and Rex3p. Rtr1p and Rex3p are found associated with Dhh1p, suggesting a model for recruiting the REX exonucleases to the RTR1 mRNA for degradation. Rtr1p-mediated decay potentially impacts additional transcripts, including the unspliced BMH2 pre-mRNA. We propose that Rtr1p may imprint its RNA targets cotranscriptionally and determine their downstream degradation mechanism by directing these transcripts to a novel turnover pathway that involves Rtr1p, Dhh1p, and the REX family of exonucleases.
Nanoparticle-Based Antimicrobials: Surface Functionality is Critical
Authors: Gupta Akash , Landis Ryan F. , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: March 2016

Bacterial infections cause 300 million cases of severe illness each year worldwide. Rapidly accelerating drug resistance further exacerbates this threat to human health. While dispersed (planktonic) bacteria represent a therapeutic challenge, bacterial biofilms present major hurdles for both diagnosis and treatment. Nanoparticles have emerged recently as tools for fighting drug-resistant planktonic bacteria and biofilms. In this review, we present the use of nanoparticles as active antimicrobial agents and drug delivery vehicles for antibacterial therapeutics. We further focus on how surface functionality of nanomaterials can be used to target both planktonic bacteria and biofilms.
TRENDS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STATES IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Authors: Тихомиров Юрий , Tikhomirov YUriy , Нанба Сария , Nanba Sariya
Published: March 2016

Constitutional processes in the contemporary world are flowing slowly, then quickly, then subside. This is due to a real role in the lives of states and their impact on social processes. The strongest influence is achieved in terms of preparation and holding of the constitutional reform, when there are qualitative changes in the structure of political power, legislation, institutes for economic and social development. Therefore careful preparation of the reform allows to anticipate and eliminate risk, and ensure flexible regulation of course of constitutional reforms. The intended purposes of the reform as for the experience of various countries are achieved when “constitutional cycles” are taken into account, when on a systematic basis institutional, legal and other elements of the reform are prepared and implemented, when civil society supports the constitutional reforms. Conversely, failure to follow these requirements inevitably can reduce the potential for constitutional reforms. Therefore, the current value is to study the dynamics of the constitution as “a legal growth” between national and international law.
NONPROFIT LEGAL ENTITIES IN THE LEGISLATION OF CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA
Authors: Сакович Ольга , Sakovich Olga
Published: March 2016

The author observes different stages of legal regulation of nonprofit organization activities from 1990 till our days in Czech Republic and Slovakia in presented article. The author attends the reforms of civil legislation, which were carried out in this states, and notes the differences in methods of carrying out the reforms in Czech Republic and Slovakia, in spite of existing dualism of private law in both countries. The article reveals the results of Czech reforms of legislation, regulating nonprofit legal persons. The author examines the established system of common and special laws, regulated nonprofit organizations in Czech Republic and Slovakia and points out their identity and differences. Author reviews the law terms which are used in legislation and science literature of both states. Also author underlines that in the civil codes of Czech Republic and Slovakia legal persons are not divided into commercial legal entities and nonprofit legal entities. The types of nonprofit organizations in Czech Republic and Slovakia are examined in the present article and the main attention author pays to government legal persons and their structure. Author explores legislative regulation of commercial activities of nonprofit organization. Also author of the article pays attention to fundraising of nonprofit organizations and their taxation. On the basis of the research the author defines the trends of legal regulation of this category of legal persons, and underlines the importance of the nonprofit sector in social and economic life in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF INTEGRATION ASSOCIATIONS FUNCTIONING IN EURASIA
Authors: Лукьянова Влада , Lukyanova Vlada , Плюгина Инна , Plyugina Inna
Published: March 2016

The article deals with the institutional organization of integration associations of the Eurasian space. On the example of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Union State the main problems arising in connection with the activities of integration associations administration is shown, the gaps that hinder the implementation of the taken decisions are highlighted. The effectiveness of the operation of any integration association, including the integration associations of the Eurasian region, depends not only on external factors, but also on the quality of the research of institutional mechanisms. Specific types of bodies that construct the institutional system of integration associations, their competence, order of formation and functioning will depend on the chosen form of integration, its actually achieved level, the degree of political influence and economic development of States parties. The increasing complexity of integration relations from the move from one stage to another, expanding the scope of integration interaction causes the need to improve the institutional framework, expand the competence of the individual organs, optimization mechanism for implementing the adopted decisions of bodies of integration associations, increase of the quantity of these bodies, the number and diversity of acts adopted by them. In addition, the transition to more complex forms of integration associated with the transfer to the supranational level of regulation specific range of issues which are the subject of exclusive jurisdiction of the bodies of integration associations.
FEATURES OF REALIZATION OF CITIZENS’ RIGHTS TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND INDIA: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Белокрылова Екатерина , Belokrylova Ekaterina , Кологерманская Екатерина , Kologermanskaya Ekaterina
Published: March 2016

The article describes the role and importance of comparative legal research methodology on the example of the institute of the right to a healthy environment and ways to protect it in the Russian Federation and India. The works of leading legal scholars who have made a significant contribution to the development of modern comparative law are analyzes. The provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and India, enshrining the right to a healthy environment are studied by the authors. The status of the public authorities involved in the process of protection of the right to a healthy environment in Russia and India is analyzed. The special role of the judiciary in the legislative branch of government, as well as the value of judgments in the environmental legislation of India is emphasized. Common and distinctive features of legal principles aimed at protecting the environment in the Russian Federation and India are allocated. The authors conclude that, with respect to the object of study, the use of comparative legal methodology makes it possible to identify the characteristics and the basic directions of the development of the right to a healthy environment in Russia and India, in addition, the possibility of a holistic disclose of major institutions in various aspects and application of experience in different areas of the right to a healthy environment for its further improvement is appeared.
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF LEGAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Клишас Андрей , Klishas Andrey
Published: March 2016

The article reveals the essence and importance of constitutional reforms at the present stage of legal development of Russia. According to the author, the success of constitutional reform depends on the choice of adequate implementation mechanisms, taking into account possible legal risks. In this regard, the article examines the main mechanisms and directions of constitutionallegal development and reformation. Among them the author emphasizes the active use of the interpretation of the Constitution that allows to adequately respond to public demands for constitutional reform, to further improve domestic remedies, and the establishment of effective cooperation mechanisms for the use of domestic remedies of protection of the rights and freedoms of man and subsidiary institutions for the protection of rights and freedoms. Accordingly, the important areas of constitutional and legal development are the implementation of judgments of international courts on the territory of the Russian Federation, primarily the European Court of Human Rights. The author substantiates the idea that the purpose of constitutional reforms is to increase the security of fundamental rights.
CONSTITUTIONAL LEGAL REFORMS: OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE FACTORS
Authors: Авакьян Сурен , Avakyan Suryen
Published: March 2016

This article analyzes objective and subjective factors, which influence on appearance of constitutions and on current constitutional legal reforms. The author makes a conclusion that such development often features a significant role in ensuring action of constitutional norms of processes in sub-constitutional regulation. Key factors in appearance of new constitutions and constitutional reforms overall are economic and especially political crisis. Objective factors of importance of constitutional legal reforms may totally depend on subjective circumstances. The author also discusses the idea of “live constitution”, which becomes more actual in Russian Federation together with the role of Russian Constitutional Court in ensuring this idea. The author makes a general conclusion: constitutional reforms are not being in possession of objective approaches, based on necessary development of constitutional aspects of economy, social relationships and political organization of state, but depend heavily from subjective reluctance to implement constitutional reforms.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE 104th PLENARY SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION)
Authors: Белялова Асия , Belyalova Asiya , Шведкова Ольга , Shvedkova Olga , Курбанов Рашад , Kurbanov Rashad , Демина Анна , Demina Anna
Published: March 2016

В статье представлен краткий обзор деятельности Европейской комиссия за демократию через право (Венецианской комиссии) в ходе проведения 104-й пленарной сессии, прошедшей в Венеции в октябре 2015 года, где был рассмотрен ряд заключений, касающихся законодательства Украины, Армении, Болгарии, Черногории, Грузии и других стран. Особое внимание членами Венецианской комиссии было уделено конституционным реформам Армении и Украины.
REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH “RUSSIAN WATER LAW: DEBATABLE PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS”. D. O. SIVAKOV. MOSCOW, 2015. 548 p.
Authors: Авхадеев Владислав , Avkhadeev Vladislav
Published: March 2016

The monograph is devoted to the most actual problems of modern water law. D. O. Sivakov, guided by a very significant scientific and practical materials, analyzed the controversial issues of legal regulation of water relations, which until recent time have not been studied sufficiently. The author made a comparative analysis of the Russian and foreign experience of legal regulation of water relations. In the presented monograph were found existing in the current trend of development of water legislation. The author also analyzed the legal aspects of water management. Consistently analyzed the legal regime of use and protection of water bodies. Separately analyzed the characteristics of the different legal entities of water relations. In addition, D. O. Sivakov studied right of property and other rights to water bodies. Scientific research conducted by the author, performed at a high theoretical and practical level, and accordingly, can be implemented both in sphere of scientific research and in practice.
SELECTION OF BLACK-AND-WHITE MOTLEY BREED OF CATTLE USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF BREEDING SELECTION
Authors: Любимов  , Lyubimov Aleksandr , Юдин  , Yudin Vitaliy , Никитин  , Nikitin Konstantin
Published: March 2016

The purpose of research is improving the efficiency of the breeding process with the planned inbreeding. Based on the works of Russian and foreign authors it is necessary to more closely approach the implementation of this method in practice. Many farms in the breeding of cattle meets application-related selection, often this phenomenon is spontaneous mean mass selection without studying the ancestry of individual animals or the proper documentation for the selection of the herd, and sometimes livestock-breeders deliberately form a related pair, despite the fact that in the literature there is still no clear conventional wisdom about the dangers of inbreeding or positive development. To properly assess the effectiveness of inbreeding it should be primarily studied the results of the use of inbred animals. The studies were conducted in a herd of Black-Motley breed cattle AIC «LUCH» Vavozhsky District of Udmurt Republic. The material for the study were pedigree card form 2-MOL, the data records, zootechnical and breeding records. Among outbreed animals were selected animals obtained by using the in-line selection and cross- line one. Inbreed individuals were classified depending on the degree and type of inbreeding. Cows resulting from the use of inbreeding, outbreeding outperform their half relative by yield of milk at 187.1 kg (3.5%). Between the calving, the longest period was detected in the group of cows resulting moderate inbreeding - 421.2 (R≥0.95) of the day, which is above the average for the group of outbreed and inbreed animals by 22.6 and 11.1 days, respectively.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF DAIRY COWS FEEDING STANDARDS BASED ON THE FACTORIAL METHOD
Authors: Головин  , Golovin Aleksandr
Published: March 2016

The aim of the study is to justify the improvement of dairy cows feeding standards with productivity 8000 kg of milk per year and live weight of 600 kg for the periods of lactation. In developing the standards it was used a new approach to determine the need for energy and nutrients through a combination of scientific and economic experiments with factorial method, which takes into account the physiological needs of the animals, to identify the relationship of the standards feeding with productivity. The scheme of the energy balance in the body of cows that when calculating the standards requirements of the metabolic energy can further take into account the factors of changes in body weight and activity. Developed regression equations and model calculation needs highly productive cows in the exchange of energy and essential nutrients using factorial method, which includes factors need to maintain life, milk production, pregnancy, gain (loss) in body weight and activity of the animals. The effect of feeding for improved standards on nutrient digestibility and utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, as well as indicators of rumen metabolism and biochemical status of cows blood with a yield of 8,000 kg of milk per year in the period calved. As a result, feeding cows for improved rate of growth in milk production for 305 days of lactation was 6.0%, with a significant increase in yield of milk fat and protein, and the cost of feed per 1 kg of milk fat standard expressed in the exchange energy were lower than controls at 3.6% in obtaining additional revenue from the sale of dairy products.