bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composition of the surface lipids of pea leaves (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Kolattukudy P. E.
Published: November 2006

Surface lipid of pea leaves (Pisum sativum var. Frosty) was analyzed with column, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. It contained 42%n‐hentriacontane and 7.3%n‐hentriacontan‐16‐ol. About 5% was wax esters, C40–C50 consisting of primarily C26 and C28 alcohols and C16–C22 acids. Almost 5% was aldehydes, mainly C26 and C28. Primary alcohols, chiefly C26 and C28, made up 20% of the surface lipid.
Incorporation of 1,2‐14C‐ethanolamine into subfractions of rat liver phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines
Authors: Tinoco J. , Sheehan G. , Hopkins S. , Lyman R. L.
Published: November 2006

The incorporation of 1,2‐14C‐ethanolamine into the liver phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and phosphatidylcholines (PC) in female rats was studied. These phosphatides were fractionated according to their degrees of unsaturation and the specific activities of monoenoic, dienoic, tetraenoic and hexaenoic fractions were measured at intervals of 1, 20, 60 and 300 min after injection of the labeled precursor. Hexaenoic and dienoic PE incorporated and lost the label rapidly. Although the labeled precursor was incorporated into tetraene PE at a similar rate, this fraction attained a relatively low specific activity that remained essentially constant between 10 and 300 min after injection of the label. Hexaenoic PC had the highest specific activity among the PC fractions at all time periods. Estimations of the rate of loss of radioactivity in the hexaenoic PE fraction and its appearance in hexaenoic PC indicate that the docosahexaenoic acid is conserved, possibly by being reincorporated into PE after becoming a part of the hexaenoic PC species. The high rate of turnover of the hexaenoic PE also suggests that this fraction might have some special role in endogenous choline synthesis.
Analyses of fatty acids from Newfoundland copepods and sea water with remarks on the occurrence of arachidic acid
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Hooper S. N.
Published: November 2006

Comparisons of the total fatty acids from some North Atlantic (Newfoundland) spring copepods (mostlyTemora longicornis) and from associated sea water have been made. The animal fatty acids were similar in composition to published data for other copepods and this suggests a basic differentiation among planktonic crustacea by which species and genus fatty acid compositions may be compared. The fatty acids recovered from sea water unexpectedly showed a high proportion (∼9%) of arachidic acid, which is normally a very minor component in marine lipids of either plant or animal origin. The evidence bearing on widespread occurrence of this acid in sea water and sediments is reviewed.
Fatty acid biosynthesis and incorporation into lipid classes in seeds and seed tissues of flax
Authors: Dybing C. Dean , Craig B. M.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid metabolism in developing flaxseeds was studied by incubating whole seeds or isolated seed tissues in buffered solutions of 1‐14C‐acetate, 2‐14C‐malonate and14CO2. Lipid classes were separated by thin layer chromatography, and fatty acid labeling in phospholipids, diglycerides and triglycerides was determined by combined thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic techniques. Incorporation of14C from acetate into embryo lipids was very rapid with phospholipids and 1,2‐diglycerides becoming highly labeled in treatment times as short as 5 min. Triglycerides were labeled more slowly. Phospholipid radioactivity was largely associated with the phosphatidyl choline fraction. Oleic acid had the highest specific activity of all major fatty acids in short treatment periods. This was followed in decreasing order of activity by palmitic, linoleic, stearic and linolenic acids. As the treatment period was lengthened to 90 min or longer, linoleic and linolenic activities were markedly increased. Use of malonate or CO2 rather than acetate as the substrate increased the labeling of the saturated acids. Incorporation of14C from acetate into lipids of endosperm tissues and whole flax seeds was slower than incorporation into embryo lipids. Stearate had the highest specific activity of the fatty acids in endosperm and whole seeds.
Glyceride studies: Part IX: Intraglyceride distribution of vernolic acid and of five conjugated octadecatrienoic acids in seed glycerides
Authors: Conacher H. B. S. , Gunstone F. D. , Hornby G. M. , Padley F. B.
Published: November 2006

Vernolic (epoxyoleic) acid, present in six seed oils over the range 19–72%, appears to be preferentially attached to the secondary glycerol hydroxyl group. The distribution of five isomeric conjugated octadecatrienoic acids (8, 10, 12 and 9, 11, 13) in 18 seed oils has been examined by lipase‐catalyzed deacylation. The results are not entirely consistent and more species must be examined before a rational distribution pattern becomes apparent.
The effect of peroxidized arachidonic acid upon human platelet aggregation
Authors: Mickel Hubert S. , Horbar Jeffrey
Published: November 2006

Human platelet aggregation was studied in vitro following exposure to free arachidonic acid and peroxidized arachidonic acid. A slow aggregation response was caused by free arachidonic acid, whereas a rapid, marked response resulted from exposure to peroxidized free arachidonic acid. Aggregation resulting from peroxidized arachidonic acid was not counteracted by adenosine nor by prostaglandin E1, both in high concentrations. Peroxide‐induced platelet aggregation required the presence of added calcium ions in vitro. The aggregation resulting from exposure to peroxidized arachidonic acid was abolished by prior treatment of the lipid peroxide with tocopherol and butylated hydroxy toluenne.
Inhibition of phospholipase C by isosteric phosphinic acid analogues of lecithin
Authors: Rosenthal Arthur F. , Chodsky Sergei V.
Published: November 2006

Four synthetic diether phosphinate analogues of lecithin were studied for inhibitory activity againstClostridium perfringens phospholipase C. An order of inhibitory effectiveness of phosphonate and phosphinate was, thereby, developed. The inhibitions seem relatively independent of specific structural features; this is discussed with emphasis on physical effects which complicate the inhibition kinetics.
Oral contraceptive‐α‐tocopherol interrelationships
Authors: Aftergood L. , Alfin‐Slater R. B.
Published: November 2006

After observing that some of the side effects of the administration of oral contraceptive drugs to rats resemble those resulting from vitamin E deficiency, a possibility of an increased requirement for vitamin E during oral contraceptive therapy was considered. Female rats were kept on the following diets all of which contained 15% stripped corn oil: (A) basal (no tocopherol), (B) basal + α‐tocopherol to provide 1 mg/rat/day, (C) basal+butylated hydroxytoluene, and (D) basal with the α‐tocopherol given only during drug administration. At 13 weeks of age, Enovid E was administered orally at a level corresponding to 0.002 mg mestranol and 0.05 mg norethynodrel/day for either 4 or 28 days, at which time the rats were sacrificed. In addition to previously shown changes, lowering of plasma tocopherol levels was observed in rats receiving the drug. On the other hand, the effects of an oral contraceptive were not as drastic in vitamin E deficient rats. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of ethanol upon lipid metabolism
Authors: Lieber Charles S.
Published: November 2006

Ethanol abuse produces fatty liver which cannot be prevented by supplementation in protein, minerals, vitamins, and choline. In rats, protein and choline deficiencies potentiate the effect, whereas replacement of dietary fat by medium chain triglycerides or carbohydrates decreases the capacity of ethanol to produce steatosis. Administration of a single dose of ethanol to rats represents a stressful condition associated with moderate hepatic accumulation of fatty acids derived from adipose tissue. By contrast, chronic ethanol administration produces more pronounced steatosis with a predominance of endogenously synthesized and, when available, dietary fatty acids. These accumulate because of decreased fat oxidation. Ethanol also stimulates hepatic lipogenesis. These various effects can be explained by the increase in the hepatic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ratio secondary to the oxidation of ethanol via the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway. In addition there are more lasting changes in intermediary metabolism, such as increased hepatic ketogenesis which could be linked to the persistent alteration in mitochondrial function and structure found after chronic ethanol ingestion. The ultrastructural changes also are characterized by proliferation of the hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The latter was documented by subfraction. This led to the description of a new pathway for ethanol metabolism, the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, which doubles in activity after ethanol feeding. The existence of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system may contribute to our understanding of increased cholesterol and lipoprotein synthesis. Other effects upon lipid metabolism include decreases in free fatty acids and glycerol concentrations and free fatty acid turnover which result from inhibition of peripheral fat mobilization by acetate, a metabolite of ethanol.
Effects of anabolic and progestational agents upon triglycerides and triglyceride kinetics in normals and hyperlipemic patients
Authors: Fallat Ronald , Glueck Charles J.
Published: November 2006

Progestational and anabolic‐androgenic compounds may have extensive effects upon plasma triglycerides, triglyceride clearing enzymes, and upon mechanisms of triglyceride clearing from the plasma. This article centers upon recent advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these compounds, both in normals and in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
Effect of (−)‐hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: II. Appetite
Authors: Sullivan Ann C. , Triscari Joseph , Hamilton James G. , Miller O. Neal
Published: November 2006

These studies were designed to determine the effect of (−)‐hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat by examining appetite, wt gain, and total body lipid profiles. The chronic oral administration of a nontoxic dose of (−)‐hydroxycitrate to growing rats for 11–30 days caused a significant reduction in body wt gain, food consumption, and total body lipid. The administration of equimolar amounts of citrate did not alter wt gain, appetite, or body lipid. No increase in liver size or liver lipid content occurred with either treatment. Pair feeding studies demonstrated that the reduction in food intake accounted for the decrease in wt gain and body lipid observed with (−)‐hydroxycitrate treatment.
Acyl‐CoA acyl‐sn glycerol‐3 phosphorylcholine acyl transferase of bovine mammary tissue
Authors: Kinsella J. E. , Infante J. P.
Published: November 2006

Microsomal material from lactating bovine mammary tissue possess very active acyl‐CoA:1‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphorylcholine acyl transferase (EC2.3.1.‐1). Oleyl‐CoA was the preferred substrate and rates of 6.3, 6.4, 1.8, 21.0, and 0.1 nmoles acylated/min/mg were obtained for myristyl‐, palmityl‐, stearyl‐, oleyl‐ and linoleyl‐CoA, respectively, when 1‐oleyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphorycholine was used compared to 5.2, 4.1, 1.0, 3.5, and 0.2 nmoles/min/mg with 1‐palmityl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphorylcholine as acyl acceptor. Apparent Km values of 4.5 and 5.2 μM for oleyl‐CoA and 6.5 and 4.6 μM for palmityl‐CoA were obtained with 1‐oleyl‐ and 1‐palmityl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphorylcholine, respectively. The Km values of 1‐oleyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphorylcholine were 20 and 50 μM using oleyl‐CoA and palmityl‐CoA as acyl donors. The possible involvement of this enzyme in membrane dynamics during lipid secretion is discussed.
Total glycerophospholipid fatty acid and phospholipid class composition of nerve ending and related fractions from fetal and adult pig cerebellum and adult pig whole brain cortex
Authors: Geison R. L. , Flangas A. L. , Kornguth S. E.
Published: November 2006

Membrane fractions derived from crude mitochondrial fractions of pig cerebellums were separated on a continuous CsCl‐sucrose gradient. Fetal and adult brains were used as starting material. The major differences in total glycerophospholipid fatty acid composition between fetal and adult membranes were an increase with maturation in docosahexaenoic acid and a decrease in palmitic acid which occurred in all membranes, including nerve ending and smooth membrane fractions. Phosphatidylcholine levels decreased, and ethanolamine phosphatide levels increased with maturation in all adult membrane fractions. Phosphatidylserine levels increased primarily in nonmitochondrial fractions in adult tissues. The results indicate that both hydrophobic and hydrophylic characteristics of several membrane fractions, including nerve endings, change with development. The developmental changes in pig cerebellums are similar to those reported for whole brain or brain regions from other species. Mitochondrial enriched fractions derived from adult pig whole brain cortex had significantly reduced palmitate levels and significantly elevated oleate levels compared with nerve ending and smooth membrane fractions.
Behavior of biliary phospholipids in intestinal lumen during fat digestion in rat
Authors: Nalbone G. , Lairon D. , Lafont H. , Domingo N. , Hauton J. , Sarda L.
Published: November 2006

The phospholipids present in the intestinal lumen of rats following ingestion of triglycerides are of biliary origin. They consist of lecithins accompanied by a small proportion of lysolecithins. Their behavior in comparison with the other lipid constituents of the intestinal content was studied by subjecting the latter to gel filtration on an agarose column in the presence of a solution of 6 mM sodium taurocholate in 0.1 M NaCl. Part of the phospholipids is present with the triglycerides and diglycerides in the emulsified phase excluded from the gel where pancreatic lipase and colipase also are found. The remainder is found in optically clear fractions containing fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts. These fractions are eluted at 2.0 column volumes, while mixed fatty acids, monoglycerides, bile salts micelles emerge from the column at 2.4 column volumes in the same chromatographic conditions. This difference in behavior may be explained by the presence of biliary lecithins. This presence could have an important bearing upon the mucosal uptake of the lipolysis products of triglycerides.
Altered stearoyl‐CoA desaturase activities in Morris hepatomas 5123C and 7800
Authors: Raju Pullarkat K.
Published: November 2006

The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form, dependent microsomal stearoyl‐CoA desaturase activities were determined in Morris hepatomas 5123C and 7800 and compared with those of the host livers. In hepatoma 5123C, the desaturase activity was ca. one‐third that of the host liver. One week on a fat‐free high‐carbohydrate diet did not alter the desaturase activities of the hepatomas, whereas the host liver desaturase activities increased ca. three times. Fatty acid synthetase activity of the hepatoma 5123C was ca. one‐fourth and that of hepatoma 7800 was ca. the same as that of the host liver, suggesting that the decreased desaturase activity of the hepatoma 5123C is mainly due to the decreased overall lipogenesis.
Search for Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with higher lipid content
Authors: Parsons John G. , Price Phil B.
Published: November 2006

The search for a barley with a higher lipid content was concentrated on the USDA Barley World Conllection. Seeds of 14,000 entries were examined visually for an embryo size: total seed size ratio greater than the cultivated barley variety Prilar, and 60 entries were selected. Seeds of the 60 entries were assayed for lipid content by NMR spectroscopy, and the 7 entries with the highest oil content, along with Prilar, were prepared for further analysis. Barley lipids were solvent extracted, classified by silicic acid column chromatography, and separated by thin layer chromatography, and the fatty acid composition was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Total lipid contents of the 8 barleys ranged from 3.4% for Prilar to 4.6% for CI 12116. The seven selections had lipid contents which ranged from 9–35% higher than Prilar. Only slight qualitative differences were noted among the lipid classes of the eight barleys analyzed.
Earthworm lipids: Occurrence of phytanic, pristanic and 4,8,12‐trimethyltridecanoic acids
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Czochanska Zofia
Published: November 2006

Phytanic, pristanic, and 4,8,12‐trimethyltridecanoic acids were found to comprise from 2.7% (winter) to 13.3% (spring) of the fatty acids of the neutral lipids of earthworms collected in different seasons from agricultural pasture land. Only small proportions of these isoprenoid acids were present in the phospholipids and glycolipids. It is postulated that these acids originated by microbial action on phytol and were assimilated in the gut of the earthworms from living and dead microorganisms and other fauna in ingested soil.
Tumor lipids: Long chain dienoic acid in sphingomyelin
Authors: Wood Randall
Published: November 2006

The fatty acids derived from sphingomyelin fractions of 10 rat and mouse tumors were examined quantitatively. All tumors, except a nontransplantable fibroadenoma, contained significant levels of a C‐24 dienoic acid which is absent from sphingomyelin of normal tissues or present in only trace amounts. The data suggest an abnormality in the metabolism of sphingolipids of tumor cells.
Studies of unsaponifiables in several vegetable oils
Authors: Gutfinger Tamar , Letan A.
Published: November 2006

The unsaponifiable fractions of soybean, cottonseed, coconut, olive, and avocado oils have been studied in detail. The oils differed in the contents of total unsaponifiables, squalene, tocopherols, and sterols and also in the composition of the tocopherol and sterol fractions. The presence of absence of individual unsaponifiable components may help in establishing the identity of each of the investigated oils and in detecting of admixture by another oil.
Leaf wax ofPortulaca oleracea
Authors: Tulloch A. P.
Published: November 2006

Wax coating the leaves and stems ofPortulaca oleracea consists of hydrocarbons (21%), esters (53%), acids (2%), alcohols (4%), diol monoesters (2%), and unidentified material (15%). Lesser amounts of esterified and free β‐amyrin and lupeol, stigmast‐4‐en‐3‐one and free diols also are present. The principal component of the hydrocarbons is C33. The C40‐C56 esters are C22‐C28 alcohol esters of C20‐C26 acids; free alcohols are C22‐C30; free acids are C16‐C36; diols of diol monoesters and free diols are C20‐C26.
Characterization of branched chain fatty acids from subcutaneous triacyglycerols of barley‐fed lambs
Authors: Duncan W. R. H. , Lough A. K. , Garton G. A. , Brooks P.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acids of subcutaneous triacylglycerols (containing ca. 11% of branched chain components) from lambs fed on barley‐rich diets were fractionated by treatment with mercuric acetate and by urea adduct formation to yield concentrates rich in the branched chain components, all of which were saturated. The concentrates were subjected to analysis by high resolution gas liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. The branched chain fatty acids consisted of a complex mixture of mono‐, di‐, and trimethyl substituted components. The greater part of the mixture comprised monomethyl substituted acids of chain length 10–17 carbon atoms. Within each of these molecular species, a number of positional isomers was identified, notably in respect of methyltetradecanoic acid (methyl substituent on carbon 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12) and methylhexadecanoic acid (methyl substituent on carbon 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 14). Homologous series also could be recognized of one of which all eight members from 4‐methyldecanoic acid to 4‐methylheptadecanoic acid were identified; together they accounted for ca. 39% of the branched chain fatty acids which were sampled for mass spectrometry. The dibranched acids identified consisted of five members of a homologous series, ranging in chain length from 11–15 carbon atoms and with substituent methyl groups at positions 4 and 8. Though the identity of only one tribranched acid (2,6,10‐trimethyltetradecanoic acid) was established, others also apparently were present in the mixture. The probable involvement of methylmalonate in the biosynthesis of these branched chain acids is discussed briefly, with particular reference to the availability of vitamin B12 in relation to the activity of methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase.
Fatty acid composition of monkey milk lipids
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Hardjo Suhadi
Published: November 2006

Milk from 6 species of monkeys contained 2.2–8.5% total lipids, and 11.5–16.5% total solids. The fatty acid composition of the milks, as determined by an improved gas liquid chromatographic techniques, was generally similar among the six species. The predominant fatty acids (by wt) were capric (7.5–14.6%), palmitic (19.4–23.3%), oleic (22.4–30.3%), and linoleic (13.6–15.2%). Small amounts of butyric (0.1–1.2%) and caproic (0.5–0.8%) acids were present in all samples. The averaged data were compared with the fatty acid compositions of primate and cow milks. Milks of the nonhuman primates contained less myristic, but more caprylic and capric acids, than did human or cows' milk.
Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols and major phosphoglycerides fromLipomyces lipoferus
Authors: Haley James E. , Jack R. Cecil
Published: November 2006

The stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines ofLipomyces lipoferus was determined. Position sn‐1 of the triacylglycerols had a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids of which C18∶1 (61%) was the major component. Position sn‐2 of the triacylglycerols contained 88% C18∶1 and was more unsaturated than position sn‐1 by 24.6%. Position sn‐3 had equal proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Phosphatidylcholine had a quantitatively distinctive fatty acid distribution in that position sn‐2 was 26.7% more unsaturated than position sn‐1. In phosphatidylethanolamine, position sn‐2 was 10.8% more unsaturated than position sn‐1. Positions sn‐1 and sn‐2 of these phosphoglycerides had a different fatty acid profile from positions sn‐1 and sn‐2 of the triacylglycerols. These results suggest a nonrandom distribution of fatty acids in the triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. Because triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides are both derived from 1,2‐diacylglycerols, these data suggest two possibilities: some selectivity in utilization of species of diacylglycerols to form triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides or modification of the triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides after they are formed or both. This study is the first of its kind in a yeast.
Structure and composition of aliphatic constituents of potato tuber skin (suberin)
Authors: Kolattukudy P. E. , Agrawal V. P.
Published: November 2006

Potato tuber skin (suberin), isolated enzymatically, was depolymerized with BF3‐CH3OH, and the structure and composition of the aliphatic monomers were determined by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. 18‐Hydroxyoctadec‐9‐enoic acid and octadec‐9‐ene‐1,18‐dioic acid were the major components. Products of epoxidation and subsequent hydration of the Δ9 double bond of these compounds, 10,16‐dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid, and much smaller quantities of 9,16‐dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and 8,16‐dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid also were present. The other significant feature of the monomer composition of potato skin was that it contained substantial quantities of C20−C28 fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and ω‐hydroxy acids. Based upon these studies, a method of distinguishing between suberin and cutin and a biosynthetic pathway for suberin monomers are suggested.
Homolytic decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide: Identification of fatty acid products
Authors: Gardner H. W. , Kleiman R. , Weisleder D.
Published: November 2006

An isomeric mixture of linoleic acid hydroperoxides, 13‐hydroperoxy‐cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid (79%) and 9‐hydroperoxy‐cis‐12,trans‐10‐octadecadienoic acid (21%), was decomposed homolytically by Fe(II) in an ethanol‐water solution. In one series of experiments, the hydroperoxides were decomposed by catalytic concentrations of Fe(II). The 10−5 M Fe(III) used to initiate the decomposition was kept reduced as Fe(II) by a high concentration of cysteine added to the reaction in molar excess of the hydroperoxides. Nine different monomeric (no detectable dimeric) fatty acids were identified from the reaction. Analyses of these fatty acids revealed that they were mixtures of positional isomers identified as follows: (I) 13‐oxo‐trans,trans‐(andcis,trans‐) 9,11‐octadecadienoic and 9‐oxo‐trans,trans‐ (andcis,trans‐) 10,12‐octadecadienoic acids; (II) 13‐oxo‐trans‐9,10‐epoxy‐trans‐11‐octadecenoic and 9‐oxo‐trans‐12, 13‐epoxy‐trans‐10‐octadecenoic acids; (III) 13‐oxo‐cis‐9,10‐epoxy‐trans‐11‐octadecenoic and 9‐oxo‐cis‐12, 13‐epoxy‐trans‐10‐octadecenoic acids; (IV) 13‐hydroxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic and 9‐hydroxy‐10,12‐octadecadienoic acids; (V) 11‐hydroxy‐trans‐12, 13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic and 11‐hydroxy‐trans‐9, 10‐epoxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acids; (VI) 11‐hydroxy‐trans‐12, 13‐epoxy‐trans‐9‐octadecenoic and 11‐hydroxy‐trans‐9,10‐epoxy‐trans‐12‐octadecenoic acids; (VII) 13‐oxo‐9‐hydroxy‐trans‐10‐octadecenoic acids; (VIII) isomeric mixtures of 9, 12, 13‐dihydroxyethoxy‐trans‐10‐octadecenoic and 9, 10, 13‐dihydroxyethoxy‐trans‐11‐octadecenoic acids; and (IX) 9, 12, 13‐trihydroxy‐trans‐10‐octadecenoic and 9, 10, 13‐trihydroxy‐trans‐11‐octadecenoic acids. In another experiment, equimolar amounts of Fe(II) and hydroperoxide were reacted in the absence of cysteine. A large proportion of dimeric fatty acids and a smaller amount of monomeric fatty acids resulted. The monomeric fatty acids were examined by gas liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy. Spectra indicated that the monomers were largely similar to those produced by the Fe(III)‐cysteine reaction.
Cholesterol and bile acid turnover in miniature swine
Authors: Dupont Jacqueline , Oh Suk‐Yon , O'Deen Louise , McClellan Mary Anne , Lumb William V. , Butterfield Arthur B. , Clow Duane J.
Published: November 2006

Miniature swine were fitted with indwelling cannulae at two sites in the gut and catheters in the aorta and portal vein. Ring labeled cholesterol was administered via jejunum and portal vein and various parameters of disappearance measured over 17–66 days. Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and their subsequent disappearance from gut lumen were measured. Cholesterol disappearance was found to follow a two component exponential in serum and three components in gut. The serum curves were similar to those reported for humans. It was concluded that the minipig is an advantageous model for cholesterol turnover studies and that serum and gut cholesterol dynamics are different.
Synthesis of spin‐labeled neutral lipids: Nitroxyl derivatives of triglycerides and sterol esters
Authors: Morrisett Joel D.
Published: November 2006

Methods for the preparation of useful spin‐labeled neutral lipids are described. A spin‐labeled triglyceride has been prepared by acylation of 1,3‐distearoylglycerol with stearic acid anhydride bearing the 4′,4′‐dimethyloxazolidine‐N‐oxyl ring at carbon‐12. The same fatty acid anhydride has been used to acylate the 3‐hydroxy group of cholesterol to obtain a cholesteryl ester with the nitroxyl function in the fatty acyl chain. The 4′,4′‐dimethyloxazolidinyl‐1‐oxyl derivative of 5α‐an drostan‐3‐one‐17β‐ol has been esterified with stearic acid anhydride to obtain a steroid ester with the paramagnetic center in the steroid nucleus.
Composition of uropygial gland secretions of birds of prey
Authors: Jacob Jürgen , Poltz Jens
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the uropygial gland secretion of five species of birds of prey was investigated by gas liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy technique, and the results are discussed from the chemotaxonomical point of view. The secretion is a complex mixture of monoester waxes, the fatty acids of which are mainly dimethyl‐branched, with the first substituent in 2 position and the other near the methyl end of the molecule. Mono‐, trimethyl‐, and unbranched fatty acids also are observed. The wax alcohols are mainly mono‐ and dimethyl‐substituted. Unbranched alcohols and traces of trimethyl‐substituted alcohols also were detected. Chemotaxonomically, the birds of prey differ from all orders hitherto investigated. The degree of substitution increases from theFalconidae to theAccipitridae.
Inhibition of enzymatic reduction of Δ14‐double bond of 5α‐cholesta‐8,14‐dien‐3β‐ol and 5α‐cholesta‐7,14‐dien‐3β‐ol by AY‐9944
Authors: Lutsky B. N. , Hsiung Hansen M. , Schroepfer G. J.
Published: November 2006

AY‐994 (trans‐1,4‐bis‐[2‐chlorobenzyl‐aminomethyl] cyclohexane dihydrochloride), a potent inhibitor of the enzymatic reduction of the Δ7‐double bond of Δ5,7‐sterols, has been shown to inhibit, at higher concentrations (10−4 M), the enzymatic reduction of the Δ14‐double bond of cholesta‐8,14‐dien‐3β‐ol and cholesta‐7,14‐dien‐3β‐ol.
Presence of phytosphingosine combined with 2‐hydroxy fatty acids in sphingomyelins of bovine kidney and intestinal mucosa
Authors: Breimer M. E. , Karlsson K. A. , Samuelsson B. E.
Published: November 2006

A minor part of sphingomyelins of bovine kidney and small intestine has been shown by mass spectrometry to contain phytosphingosine in the earlier unknown combination with 2‐hydroxy fatty acids.
Triglyceride composition ofSapindus mukorossi seed oil
Authors: Sengupta A. , Basu S. P. , Saha S.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition ofSapindus mukorossi seed oil was determined by spectrophotometry, urea complexation, and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The percentages of individual acids were found to be: palmitic, 4.0; stearic, 0.2; arachidic, 4.4; oleic 62.8; linoleic, 4.6; linolenic, 1.6; and eicosenoic, 22.4. Triglyceride composition was calculated from the fatty acid compositions of the native oil and of the monoglycerides produced from it by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. The oil is composed of 0.1, 2.1, 22.0, and 75.8% trisaturated, monounsaturated disaturated, diunsaturated monosaturated, and triunsaturated glycerides, respectively. The special characteristic of theSapindus mukorossi seed oil is its content of 26.3 and 26.7% triolein and eicoseno‐di‐oleins, respectively.
Development of hyperbetalipoproteinemia in pigs fed atherogenic diet
Authors: Hill Eldon G. , Silbernick C. L. , Lindgren Frank T.
Published: November 2006

Hormel miniature pigs were studied over a period of 24 weeks to observe the changes in serum lipoprotein pattern, cholesteryl ester, free cholesterol, and triglyceride in the atherogenic‐fed pigs. These pigs were compared to age‐related control animals in our breeding herd. Pigs fed the atherogenic diet (20% tallow, 3% cholesterol, and a bile supplement) exhibited a heterogeneous response but showed mean increases in cholesteryl ester (571 mg/dl) and free cholesterol (226 mg/dl), a slight increase in triglyceride (58 mg/dl), and a severe hyperbetalipo proteinemia. Three animals with the highest cholesteryl ester (all above 600 mg/dl) had resolvable β components in their 1.006 g/ml very low density lipoprotein fraction (type III), as well as huge increases in the Sf 12–20 low density lipoprotein fraction. The other four animals had substantial increases in Sf 0–20, and the three highest had much of their low density lipoprotein in the Sf 12–20, or “remnant” fraction. The test pigs all showed gross lesions in the aorta with an increase in cholesteryl ester and free cholesterol in the tissue as compared with control animals.
Lipids of freshwater dolphinSotalia fluviatilis: Comparison of odontocete bioacoustic lipids and habitat
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Eaton C. A. , Kinneman John , Litchfield Carter
Published: November 2006

The melon and jaw lipids of the freshwater dolphinSotalia fluviatilis are composed mainly of isovaleroyl wax esters and diisovaleroyl triglycerides. The blubber fat contains only a trace of wax ester and is mostly tri‐ (long chain) and monoisovaleroyl triglycerides. Detailed gas liquid chromatographic analyses of the intact wax esters and triglycerides and of the derived fatty acids and fatty alcohols indicate common compositional patterns in the wax esters and triglycerides of the respective head lipids. Both odd and even long chain (C12−C16) iso‐structures are prominent in the melon and jaw lipids, but only higher odd chain length iso‐acids are major components in the blubber.Sotalia fluviatilis (family Delphinidae) andInia geoffrensis (family Platanistidae) share the same freshwater habitat in the upper Amazon River, and both utilize echolocation to navigate and to find food. Comparison of their respective bioacoustical lipid compositions shows distinctive types of head fats,Sotalia being rich in iso‐5∶0 andIndia lacking iso‐5∶0. This indicates that isovaleric acid per se has no obligatory role in dolphin echolocation.
Location of double bonds in long chain esters by mass spectroscopy of methoxyhalogeno derivatives prepared from methoxymercuriacetate adducts
Authors: Minnikin D. E.
Published: November 2006

Methyl esters of mono‐, di‐, and triunsaturated long chain fatty acids react quantitatively with mercuric acetate in methanol to produce methoxyacetoxy‐mercuri derivatives. Demercuration of these products with solutions of bromine or iodine in methanol yields methoxybromo or methoxyiodo derivatives readily isolable by thin layer chromatography. Mass spectra of the methoxyhalogeno derivatives of monounsaturated esters are characterized by intense peaks due to loss of halogen and cleavage adjacent to methoxy functions; the latter fragmentation allows the position of the original double bond to be established. The mass spectra of the methoxyhalogeno derivatives of polyunsaturated esters are more complex.
Synthesis of prostaglandins in platelets of hypercholesterolemic rabbits
Authors: Srivastava K. C.
Published: November 2006

As a continuation of previous studies on the synthesis of prostaglandins in platelets of human venous blood, the present communication describes the synthesis of prostaglandins in experimental hypercholesterolemia induced in rabbits by dietary means. In such a condition, high serum level of cholesterol did not change the rate of prostaglandin synthesis.
Animal endogenous triglycerides: I. Swine adipose tissue
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Bottino Nestor R. , Reiser Raymond
Published: November 2006

The objective of this study was to define the composition of endogenous glycerides of swine adipose tissues as a basis for further studies on the influences of diet and other environmental factors. It was also hoped that the endogenous triglyceride composition might suggest a fresh approach to the problem of the biosynthetic pathway of natural triglyceride mixtures. Swine were fed a fat‐free diet from the age of 17 days to 5 months, and the triglycerides of their mesenteric, perirenal and inner and outer back adipose tissues analyzed by silver ion thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography. Four silver ion fractions were found, S3, S2M, SM2 and M3 (S, saturated; M, monounsaturated fatty acids). Corresponding fractions from different adipose tissues had identical fatty acid composition. The fatty acid compositions of the 2 position of the fractions were also identical. However, the fatty acid composition of the unfractionated triglycerides varied from tissue to tissue. It is concluded therefore, that the various adipose tissues of swine contain the same triglycerides in varying concentrations. Stearic and oleic acids were located mainly in the combined 1 and 3 positions. Myristic, palmitoleic and palmitic were in the 2 position, with almost 90% of the saturated acids being palmitic. This specific distribution of the major fatty acids can explain the marked simplicity of swine endogenous triglycerides.
Animal endogenous triglycerides: II. Rat and chicken adipose tissue
Authors: Bottino Nestor R. , Anderson Robert E. , Reiser Raymond
Published: November 2006

The endogenous adipose tissue triglycerides of rat and chicken differ markedly in composition from those of swine although all three contain the same major fatty acids. The main difference is that the swine triglycerides have saturated fatty acids in the middle position, whereas in rat and chicken that position is preferentially occupied by unsaturated acids. In swine adipose tissue triglycerides the order of preference for the middle position is 16∶0>16∶1>18∶0>18∶1, whereas in rat and chicken triglycerides the order is 18∶1>16∶1>18∶0>16∶0. Generalizing, in swine the order of preference for the 2 position is chain length over unsaturation, shorter chains over longer chains, and saturation over unsaturation. In rat and chicken, the degree of unsaturation prevails over chain length, longer chains over shorter chains, and unsaturation over saturation.
The effect of temperature on the in vitro formation of methyl esters in mouse liver
Authors: Mueller Etienne , Kabara Jon J.
Published: November 2006

The appearance of methyl esters of fatty acids in lipid extracts was studied. Experimental evidence indicates that these esters are both natural components of tissues as well as products of technical manipulation. Effect of temperature on the latter process was studied. The results of these experiments show that the post‐mortem increase of fatty acid methyl esters could best be explained by postulating an enzymatic rather than a chemical process.
Antioxidant properties of α‐tocopherol derivatives and relationship of antioxidant activity to biological activity
Authors: Skinner W. A. , Parkhurst R. M.
Published: November 2006

A series of α‐tocopherol analogs substituted at the 5‐methyl group were evaluated for their ability to protect β‐carotene dissolved in hydrogenated, tocopherol‐stripped corn oil from air oxidation. These results were compared with the ability of these compounds to prevent the development of dietary necrotic liver degeneration in rats and vitamin E deficiency‐induced muscular dystrophy in rabbits. Although a good correlation was seen between the antioxidant activities of some of the compounds and their biological activities, in the case of other compounds the correlation was poor. The importance of the phytyl side chain of the tocopherols and their derivatives for their antioxidant activities was evident from these studies.
Characterization of the nonvolatile compounds formed during the thermal oxidation of 1‐linoleyl‐2,3‐distearin: II. The acidic fraction
Authors: Wantland L. R. , Perkins E. G.
Published: November 2006

Four compounds were isolated from the acidic fraction of 1‐linoleyl‐2,3‐distearin which was heated at 200 C for 24 hr with aeration. Following saponification of the oxidation mixture, the fatty acids were partitioned between ethanol and pentane‐hexane (Skellysolve F). The ethanol soluble acids were subsequently esterified with methanol and subjected to further separation by preparative thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. A combination of chemical and instrumental analyses as well as a comparison with standard compounds was used to determine the structures. Substances characterized were isomeric C18 aromatic esters, isomeric methyl keto‐octadecanoates, isomeric methyl keto‐octadecenoates and dimethyl undecane‐1,11‐dioate.
The stereochemistry of phytanic acid in Refsum's Syndrome
Authors: Lough A. K.
Published: November 2006

Phytanic acid has been isolated from the total lipids of the liver of a human suffering from the disease, Refsum's Syndrome (Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis). Optical rotation measurements were made on the acid, and on the ketone 6,10,14‐trimethylpentadecan‐2‐one which resulted from the oxidative degradation of the acid and the reductive ozonolysis of phytol. From a comparison of the optical rotatory dispersion curves of the ketone and from the optical rotation data for the acid it is concluded that the phytanic acid isolated has the configuration 3‐dl 7‐d 11‐d 15 tetramethylhexadecanoic acid with the 3‐l diastereoisomer predominating.
Metabolic control in isolated brown fat cells
Authors: Lindberg Olov , Prusiner Stanley B. , Cannon Barbara , Ching Te May , Eisenhardt R. H.
Published: November 2006

Experiments with brown fat cell preparations from the adult hamsters are described. The mitochondria of brown adipose tissue were shown to have a classical electron transport system. The basal respiration of brown fat cells was demonstrated to be coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. Evidence is presented for partial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation as a mechanism for controlling respiration during norepinephrine stimulation. Exogenously added fatty acids were found to mimick the norepinephrine stimulation of respiration. Norepinephrine and cyclic AMP were shown to have no effect on brown fat mitochondria. Experiments with labeled oleate showed that the triglyceride reesterification cycle does not control respiration in brown adipose tissue.
A mechanism for hormonal activation of lipolysis and respiration in free brown fat cells
Authors: Fain John N. , Reed Nora
Published: November 2006

Free brown fat cells were obtained by digestion of minced brown adipose tissue with bacterial collagenase. Electron micrographs have shown many mitochondria with tightly packed cristae in free brown fat cells. Lipolysis was activated in free brown fat cells was lipolysis accompanied by a marked stimulation of respiration. Insulin inhibits the catecholamine‐induced respiration in the complete absence of glucose. Catecholamines, theophylline and dibutyryl 3′,5′‐AMP all appear to activate lipolysis and respiration by a process dependent upon energy derived from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Uncoupling agents such asm‐chlorocarbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone stimulated respiration. The addition of oligomycin prior to that of catecholamine inhibited the increase in respiration to a much greater extent than if it was added after the catecholamine. The increase in respiration due to lipolytic agents appears to be the result of increased free fatty acid release mediated through activation of lipolysis by cyclic 3′,5′‐AMP, since the addition of octanoate or palmitate to brown fat cells mimicked the effects of lipolytic agents on respiration. The activation of energy metabolism may be the result of a large increase in the energy‐dependent cyclic transport of K+, as a result of alterations in the mitochondrial membrane by free fatty acids. This hypothesis is based on the following findings. The activation of respiration by fatty acids or lipolytic agents was dependent upon the presence of K+ in the medium. The addition of K+, Rb+ or Cs+, but not NH4+, to fat cells isolated and incubated in K+‐free buffer restored the ability of lipolytic agents to increase respiration. Valinomycin, an antibiotic which stimulates uptake of K+ by mitochondria and increases the permeability of lipid membranes to K+, was a potent stimulator of respiration in free brown fat cells in the presence of K+. The stimulation of respiration by theophylline or valinomycin was blocked by nigericin which also increases the K+ permeability of membranes but blocks the uptake of K+ by mitochondria. The lipolytic action of theophylline was virtually unaffected by K+ or nigericin.
Effects of insulin and norepinephrine added in vitro on the metabolism of brown adipose tissue in the absence of added glucose
Authors: Joel Cliffe D.
Published: November 2006

Rat interscapular brown adipose tissue slices incubated with succinate as substrate can be stimulated by norepinephrine to exhibit a rate of oxygen consumption that appears to exceed by a wide margin that reported for any other rat tissue under any conditions in vitro. This further supports the concept of brown adipose tissue as a specialized site of heat production. Brown adipose tissue slices under maximal stimulation by norepinephrine and incubated in the absence of added substrate consume oxygen linearly and at a high rate for at least 14 hr. This is taken as further evidence that stored lipid can act as the major fuel to support the vigorous oxidative metabolism of which this tissue is capable. This unusually stable preparation appears to be attractive as a system for the study of relatively long‐term effects of hormones in vitro. Brown resembles white adipose tissue in that insulin exerts an antilipolytic effect on both types of tissue in Krebs‐Ringer phosphate buffer in the absence of added glucose. On the other hand, insulin stimulates the oxygen consumption of brown but not white adipose tissue under these conditions. A procedure is described for the rapid and nearly quantitative removal of the interscapular brown adipose tissue from a rat, virtually free of contamination by muscle or white adipose tissue.
The composition and metabolism of developing brown and white fats
Authors: Smalley R. L. , Minor J. J. , Rowe L.
Published: November 2006

This investigation was concerned with analysis of the composition and metabolism of developing adipose tissues in the postnatal hamster. Particular attentions were given to the development of brown fat and the relationship of brown and white fats to each other. Correlations with previous histological studies are stressed. The parameters studied were water content, total lipid content, glycogen content, fatty acid compositions of total lipid extracts, malic dehydrogenase activity as assayed from oxaloacetate to malate, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity and aldolase activity.
The composition of beeswax and other waxes secreted by insects
Authors: Tulloch A. P.
Published: November 2006

This review deals, with waxes of members of two quite different groups of insects, the bees and the scale insects, which secrete large amounts of wax. The former use was as a structural material and the latter as a protective material. The compositions of waxes from some of these insects are described and particular attention is paid to the compositions of the unhydrolyzed waxes and to the presence of hydroxy acids. New analyses of beeswax and of wax of a species of bumble bee are reported. The structures of the diesters, hydroxyesters and diols of beeswax are elucidated. The bumble bee wax contains major proportions of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and of long chain saturated, mono‐ and diunsaturated esters. The relationship between structure and function of the waxes is discussed.
Binding of14C‐phosphatidylcholine to sodium chloride crystals
Authors: Green F. A.
Published: November 2006

14C‐Phosphatidylcholine in benzene was found to bind to sodium chloride crystals. The magnitude of this binding was greatest when the crystal size was the smallest, namely when the crystals were prepared from frozen and lyophilized aqueous solution.
Fatty acids of the alkane diol diesters of vernix caseosa
Authors: Ansari M. N. A. , Fu H. C. , Nicolaides N.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid monoenes esterified to the alkane diol diesters of vernix caseosa lipid form two patterns of homologues starting from either C16Δ9 or C16Δ6 and adding (or subtracting) an integral number of C2 units at the carboxyl group. Although components of the Δ6 pattern are the predominant monoenes of sebaceous gland ester lipid classes, for these diol diesters Δ9 pattern components are preferentially used.