bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6. The Albigensian Crusade and the Death of Fin’amor in Medieval French and English Poetry
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

This chapter deals with the history of the Albigensian Crusade, especially the siege and slaughter at Béziers in 1209, and the almost immediate turn in the subject matter of poetry that resulted. Beginning with the work of Guilhem Montanhagol, Occitan poetry switched its focus from human love to divine love, redirecting the person-to-person passions of fin’amor to a sublimated and spiritualized eros directed toward the heavens. At the same time, the fashion for highly allegorical treatments of love comes to the fore, most notably in La Roman de la Rose, a 13th-century French poem by two different authors which provides some fascinating insight into the changed dynamics of the post-Crusade environment. From thirteenth-century France, the chapter moves to thirteenth-century England with a consideration of two Romances of the period—Havelok the Dane, and King Horn, arguing that in these works, passionate human love is redirected less toward the heavens and more toward the developing concept of the English nation itself. Finally, the chapter concludes with fourteenth-century England, where Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale and Miller’s Tale are analyzed as a kind of satirical pair, with the Knight’s Tale serving as the ‘courtly’ and allegorical take on love that the Miller’s Tale mocks with merciless hilarity.
Internally Generated and Externally Forced Multidecadal Oceanic Modes and Their Influence on the Summer Rainfall over East Asia
Authors: Si Dong , Hu Aixue
Published: July 2017

Interdecadal oceanic variabilities can be generated from both internal and external processes, and these variabilities can significantly modulate climate on global and regional scales, including the warming slowdown in the early twenty-first century and rainfall in East Asia. By analyzing simulations from a unique Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) project, it is shown that the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) is primarily an internally generated oceanic variability, while the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) may be an oceanic variability generated by internal oceanic processes and modulated by external forcing in the twentieth century. Although the observed relationship between IPO and the Yangtze–Huaihe River valley (YHRV) summer rainfall in China is well simulated in both the preindustrial control and the twentieth-century ensemble simulation, none of the twentieth-century ensemble members can reproduce the observed time evolution of both the IPO and YHRV rainfall because of the unpredictable nature of IPO on multidecadal time scales. On the other hand, although CESM-LE cannot reproduce the observed relationship between the AMO and Huanghe River valley (HRV) summer rainfall of China in the preindustrial control simulation, this relationship in the twentieth-century simulations is well reproduced, and the chance of reproducing the observed time evolution of both AMO and HRV rainfall is about 30%, indicating the important role of the interaction between the internal processes and the external forcing to realistically simulate the AMO and HRV rainfall.
‘Good Gamesumli Pley’, Games of Love in the Cloud of Unknowing
Authors: Tixier René
Published: July 2017

Actyues, actyues! (…) medel yow not of contemplatyues. Ye wote not what hem eyleth. Lat hem sit in here rest & in here pley, with the thrid & the best partye of Marye ( Cloud 30, 24-29).
Jobs, Jobs, Jobs!
Authors: Jacobson Linda
Published: July 2017

Launching yourself into an education career isn't as simple as it used to be. Learn some tips to ease the way.
Counterbalance Assessment: The Chorizo Test
Authors: Cabrera Nolan L. , Cabrera George A.
Published: July 2017

Just like all the high-stakes tests that determine students' futures nowadays, The Chorizo Test is a standardized test rooted in the culture of the test makers. Try taking the test to find out how much of a baboso you can feel like when that culture isn't yours.
“I Learned to Believe in Me”
Authors: Olson Kirsten
Published: July 2017

Become a great learner by embracing these seven habits of mind.
Tips for Working with Cooperating Teachers
Authors: Woika Shirley
Published: July 2017

Your cooperating teacher can help you make the most of your student teaching experience. Follow these tips to build a good relationship and get a great recommendation for your job hunt.
Collaborating with Parents of Students with Disabilities
Authors: Cianca Marie , Wischnowski Michael
Published: July 2017

Instead of reading case studies, these preservice students worked with volunteer parents of students with disabilities to learn how to build productive relationships with students' families.
Engaging Students Depends on Finding Causes They Care about
Authors: Ferriter Bill
Published: July 2017

Thanks to microlending websites, your students can put lessons into practice by helping people on the other side of the world start businesses, go to college, or buy livestock.
Asking for Help: The Key to Career Success
Authors: Beaudette Donald J. , Nolan Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2017

You've waited a long time to have your own classroom, but what do you do when you have a question — or several? Find out how you can set yourself up to succeed.
A Journey to Find What's Working in America's Schools
Authors: Healy Michelle
Published: July 2017

Three educators take a yearlong road trip to see what teachers are doing right. See what they found.
The Dance of Elementary School Classroom Management
Authors: Powell Pamela
Published: July 2017

Sometimes classroom management is a challenge even for experienced teachers. Find out how to deal with seven common dilemmas that might pop up in your K-5 classroom.
Building Resilient Students: Three Strategies for Success
Authors: Davis Janine S.
Published: July 2017

Teachers can help students learn how to deal with problems they encounter outside the classroom. Use these three teaching strategies to help your students build resilience.
Microf racture Mechanisms of Dental Resin Composites Containing Spherically-shaped Filler Particles
Authors: Kim K.H. , Park J.H. , Imai Y. , Kishi T.
Published: July 2017

The effects of spherically-shaped filler particles on bending strength, bending elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of resin composites were studied. The filler content was changed by 0, 20, 40, 60, and 70 wt%. Bending properties and fracture toughnesses were determined on three-point bending specimens. Acoustic Emission (AE), i.e., the elastic wave released from a localized source in the material, was detected by sensors of a high-sensitivity and low-noise resonance type during the fracture toughness test. Detected acoustic emission signals were analyzed for parameters such as amplitude, events, and locations. The fractured surf ace was examined by a scanning electron microscope.

The bending strength and the fracture toughness showed almost the same trend in their increasing rates by filler content, but the elastic modulus showed a much higher increasing rate. A microfracture mechanism of the dental resin composites containing spherically-shaped filler particles is proposed based on the results obtained from the AE-releasing pattern, two-dimensional AE location, and fracture surface findings. In addition to the toughening effects of crack pinning and crack branching, which are observed in the usual commercial resin composites, crack-deflecting effects are confirmed in this new type of dental resin composites.
A Re-analysis of Caries Rates in a Preventive Trial using Poisson Regression Models
Authors: Hujoel P.P. , Isokangas P.J. , Tiekso J. , Davis S. , Lamont R.J. , DeRouen T.A. , Makinen K.K.
Published: July 2017

The analysis of caries incidence in clinical trials has several challenging features: (1) The distribution of the number of caries onsets per patient is skewed, with the majority of patients having few or no cavities; (2) the number of surfaces at risk varies (i) over time and (ii) between patients, due to eruption and exfoliation patterns, dental diseases, and treatments ; (3) surfaces within a patient differ in their caries susceptibility, and (4) caries onsets within a patient are correlated due to shared host factors. Recent statistical developments in the area of correlated data analyses permit incorporation of some of these characteristics into the analyses. With Poisson regression models, the expected number of caries onsets can be related to the number of surfaces at risk, the time they have been at risk, and surface- and subject-specific explanatory variables. The parameter estimated in these models is an epidemiological measure of disease occurrence: the disease incidence rate (caries rate) or the rate of change from healthy (sound) to diseased (carious). Differences and ratios of these rates provide standard epidemiological measures of excess risk. To illustrate, Poisson regression models were used for exploratory analyses of the Ylivieska xylitol study.
The Lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis is not Antigenically Cross-reactive with that of Other Species
Authors: Ni Eidhin D. , Mouton C.
Published: July 2017

Large numbers of Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Bacteroides strains were screened by 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and 8 rabbit antisera raised against Porphyromonas gingivalis, in order to detect any possible recognition of non-P. gi ngivalis surf ace antigens by these immunoreagents. All three MAbs, which were LPS-specific, extensively recognized LPS from 10 P. gingivalis strains in immunoblotting, whereas they recognized none of the 34 non- P. gingivalis strains. Rabbit antisera were similarly specific for P. gingivalis cells in immunofluorescence and with LPS in grid-blotting, but several of them recognized LPS from one Prevotella melaninogenica and 5 Prevotella intermedia strains in Western blotting. Since several pre-immune sera and an irrelevant serum raised to a Streptococcus species recognized up to 5 of these preparations, we exclude that the reactions were due to antigens shared by P. gingivalis and Prevotella. Rather, we consider that they were false-positive reactions due to natural antibodies, stimulated in a non-specific manner upon immunization with P. gingivalis, in animals whose immune systems were sensitized to Prevotella species before immunization.
Criteria for the Assessment of Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy on the Oral Microflora
Authors: Sandham H.J.
Published: July 2017

Any assessment of an antimicrobial agent for the prevention of dental caries must include a consideration of its possible adverse effects on the oral flora. It must include an examination of the resistance developed by the target pathogens and either developed by, or inherently present in, microorganisms that are known to cause opportunistic infections (yeasts, enteric organisms, Pseudomonas, clostridia, and Staphylococcus aureus). Streptococcus pyogenes should also be included. Insofar as possible, these assessments should be done in preliminary experiments, both in vitro and clinical, rather than in caries trials, so that the large numbers of subjects will not be submitted to unnecessary exposure to the formulation. It must be recognized that some combinations of agent, vehicle, and frequency are more prone than others to cause adverse effects on the oral flora, and will also influence the length of the test period that should be utilized. The microbial assessments should be done on subjects prior to use of the agent, at appropriate frequencies during therapy, and approximately 2 months after the cessation of therapy. Currently, requirements to assess the state of gingival or periodontal health by microbiological examination seem unjustified, because of the relative lack of strong evidence for their diagnostic or predictive value (Ranney, 1989) and because of the ease with which direct measurements of clinical signs and symptoms can be made. Consequently, only the latter should be required.
Change of Salivary IgA Secretion and Caries Development in Irradiated Rats
Authors: Takei T. , Aono W. , Nagashima S. , Yoshida T. , Hashida T. , Sobue S. , Ooshima T.
Published: July 2017

Xerostomia is a serious side-effect of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and often enhances caries activity. However, the relationship between caries induction and the IgA level in saliva in rats subjected to irradiation of the salivary glands is unclear. The effect of salivary gland irradiation on salivary function was examined in specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats infected with or without Streptococcus mutans MT8148R (serotype c). The flow rate of saliva and the protein concentration in saliva were significantly reduced in irradiated rats, regardless of infection of S. mutans. The caries activity was enhanced in these rats, and an irradiation level of 50 Gy significantly increased the caries score. However, longitudinal study indicated that the salivary concentration of IgA reactive with S. mutans whole cells maintained similar or significantly higher levels in irradiated rats, when compared with those of nonirradiated rats. In addition, there was no negative correlation between the caries score and the salivary concentration of IgA reactive with S. mutans. These findings suggest that the secreted IgA against S. mutans may not play a significant role in the caries induction of hyposalivated rats.
Effects of Dentin Surface Treatments on the Fracture Toughness and Tensile Bond Strength of a Dentin-Composite Adhesive Interface
Authors: Tam L.E. , Pilliar R.M.
Published: July 2017

It has been proposed that the fracture toughness test provides an appropriate method for assessing the fracture resistance of the dentin-composite interface. The plane-strain fracture toughness test was therefore applied to a dentin-composite interface, with use of a specific dentinal adhesive, so that the effects of various dentin surface treatments on dentin-bond integrity could be studied. Interfacial fracture toughness (KIC) values were determined following 24 h and 180 days of specimen aging in distilled water at 37*C. Tensile bond strength (TBS) results following 24-hour aging were also obtained for comparison with the 24-hour KIC results.

In general, the fracture resistance of the dentin-composite interface was highest when the dentin surface was conditioned with acid but not air-dried, intermediate when the dentin surface was conditioned with acid and subsequently air-dried, and lowest when the dentin was not conditioned with acid. The tensile bond strength results differed from the fracture toughness results in indicating differences in surface preparation effects and the type of interfacial failure observed.
Effects of Creep Value and Occlusal Force on Marginal Adaptation of Amalgam Filling
Authors: Asaoka K.
Published: July 2017

Creep of amalgam is thought to be a factor determining poor marginal adaptation. Clarification of the relationship between creep of amalgam in the cavity and creep value (American Dental Association specification no. 1; ADA #1) is essential to an understanding of the mechanism of marginal fracture and service life. However, only elastic stress analyses of amalgam in a cavity have been reported in the dental field. Therefore, the creep of amalgam in a class I cavity was simulated by an axisymmetric elastic creep finite-element method. The stress and time dependencies of the creep rate of amalgam were incorporated into this calculation. Creep values of 1.0 and 3.0% (ADA #1) were selected as amalgam properties. When the occlusal force on the amalgam filling was assumed in the vertical direction along the axis of the tooth, the rate of extrusion and rate of opening of the gap at the cavity margin were revealed by the simulation. The computed results show that the gap and extrusion were developed in direct proportion to the creep value and proportionally with the square of the occlusal force. Simulated results are in agreement with clinical findings of the service lives of restorations, i.e., a poor adaptation to the margin can be seen for 4-to-10-year-old amalgam fillings.
Emergence in Human Dental Plaque and Host Distribution of Amylase-binding Streptococci
Authors: Scannapieco F.A. , Solomon L. , Wadenya R.O.
Published: July 2017

Salivary amylase is known to bind specifically to several species of oral streptococci. To assess the importance of this interaction in bacterial colonization of the oral cavity, we determined the proportion and identity of amylase-binding bacteria (ABB) in dental plaque of humans and various salivary amylase-secreting and non-secreting mammalian species. The numbers of ABB in undisturbed plaque collected over time from tooth surfaces of six human volunteers or from 14 other mammalian species were determined by means of a replica-plating assay. The mean proportion of ABB cultured aerobically from human teeth at 2 h was 10.5% (SD 10), at 8 h 7.9% (8), at 24 h 13% (11), and at 48 h 12% (9). The mean proportion of anaerobically cultured ABB found at 2 h was 3% (SD 4), at 8 h 5% (5), at 24 h 12% (9), and at 48 h 16% (12). Amylase-binding bacteria cultured from these samples resembled Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus crista, or unidentified streptococci. In addition, only animals exhibiting salivary amylase activity in their saliva harbored ABB (ranging from 2 to 31% of the total flora), with the exception of the pig, where no ABB were found to colonize, despite considerable amylase activity in saliva. Only strains resembling S. mitis and S. salivarius and unspeciated strains were isolated from these mammals. These results suggest that amylase-binding streptococci are the predominant ABB in human plaque, and their numbers generally increase as plaque develops. Since ABB colonized only the oral cavities of hosts demonstrating salivary amylase activity, the ability to bind amylase may play an important role in oral colonization by these bacteria.
Hg Emission from Dental Amalgam as Related to the Amount of Sn in the Ag-Hg (γ1) Phase
Authors: Mahler D.B. , Adey J.D. , Fleming M.A.
Published: July 2017

Previous studies have shown that: (1) different dental amalgams emit different amounts of Hg vapor after surface films have been removed by abrasion (Boyer, 1988); (2) Sn oxide may be the predominant factor in these surface films that inhibit Hg vapor loss (Okabe et al., 1989); and (3) Sn in the Ag-Hg (γ1) phase may influence the vapor pressure of γ 1 (Reynolds, 1974). The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between Hg vapor emission and the Sn content of the Ag-Hg (γ1) phase in dental amalgam. Eleven commercial amalgams were selected whose γ 1 phases contain different amounts of Sn. Amalgam specimens were ground on 600-grit carborundum paper and immediately placed into an apparatus designed around a gold film Hg vapor detector. Hg vapor loss in air over a 30-minute period was determined, and the log10 Hg loss/volume fraction γ 1 was plotted vs. the Sn content of the γ1 phase for the 11 test amalgams. A linear regression of these data, showing that of the higher the Sn content in γ1, the lower the Hg vapor loss, produced a highly significant R2 = 0.94 (p < 0.001). To examine for differences in vapor pressure among alloys, we eliminated the oxidation effect by conducting these same tests in an argon atmosphere. Although the Hg loss was significantly greater in argon than in air, the same differences among alloys were observed. Thus, from the standpoint of both vapor pressure and oxidation, the amount of Sn in the γ1 phase of dental amalgam has a significant and specific influence on the potential for Hg vapor emission.
An Investigation into the Pressure Transmitted to the Pulp Chamber on Crown Cementation: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Wylie S.G. , Wilson P.R.
Published: July 2017

Pressure changes in the pulp chamber resulting from crown cementation have not been previously quantified. An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of smear layer removal on the peak pressure transmitted to the pulp chamber with crown cementation. Ten matched pairs of single-rooted premolar teeth were collected from adolescents and prepared for full-coverage crowns. The pulp tissue from each tooth was removed. One tooth from each pair had the smear layer removed with the application of 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s. The null hypothesis states that the removal of the dentinal smear layer will not change pressure in the pulp chamber resulting from the cementation. Before cementation, a hydrostatic head of pressure was used to perfuse the tooth, and the perfusion rate was recorded. Crowns were cemented with zinc phosphate cement with a seating force of 100 N. The mean peak pressures recorded were 85 Pa (SE 12 Pa) with the smear layer intact, and 194 Pa (SE 49 Pa) when the dentin was etched. The difference in the peak pressures transmitted to the pulp chamber with the two groups was significant (p ≤ 0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between dentin thickness and the peak pressure transmitted to the pulp chamber (r = -0.5531, p ≤ 0.01). We have shown that the pressure transmission to the pulp chamber during crown cementation can be measured. Since smear layer removal significantly influences the peak pressure, it is concluded that the pressure detected is at least partially dependent on the fluid flow through the dentin.
Orientational Micro-Raman Spectroscopy on Hydroxyapatite Single Crystals and Human Enamel Crystallites
Authors: Tsuda H. , Arends J.
Published: July 2017

Single crystals of synthetic hydroxyapatite have been examined by orientational micro-Raman spectroscopy. The observed Raman bands include the PO4 3-/OH- internal and external modes over the spectral range from 180 to 3600 cm-1. The Raman-active symmetry tensors (A, E1, and E2) of crystal-class C6 have been assigned to these bands. Intensities of the Raman bands are invariant to the orientation of the a- or b-axis of a single crystal, but depend solely on the c-axis orientation. Changes in the spectral profile thus reflect changes in the c-axis orientation, which, with respect to the known excitation/observation coordinates, can be determined through the angular dependencies of Raman bands due to A and E2 symmetries. The useful bands are those of the PO43- v4 vibrational mode, which contains relatively well-defined bands due to E2 (581 cm-1) and A (593 cm-1) symmetries. A preliminary Raman study on crystallites near the intact outer surface of human enamel has also been carried out. Strong orientational dependencies similar to those of hydroxyapatite single crystals have been observed among the bands in enamel spectra. This suggests that the crystallites in the region investigated are highly oriented. The results were consistent with an averaged orientation of the crystallite c-axis being perpendicular to the outer surface.
Human Salivary Acidic Proline-rich Protein Polymorphisms and Biosynthesis Studied by High-performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Hay D.I. , Ahern J.M. , Schluckebier S.K. , Schlesinger D.H.
Published: July 2017

Human salivary acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) constitute a significant fraction of the total salivary protein and possess important biological activities. Different genetic and post-translationally processed forms of the PRPs exhibit significant quantitative variations in several of these activities, especially the modulation of salivary calcium phosphate chemistry and oral bacterial adhesion. To quantify and understand these differences, we have developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to identify and measure individual PRPs in saliva. The data obtained permit the identification of PRP polymorphisms and phenotypes, the determination of the relative amounts of PRPs derived from the two loci, PRH1 and PRH2, and the measurement of the extent of post-translational cleavage of the primary polypeptide products. Substantial inter-gland and inter-individual variations were found in relative amounts of PRPs derived from the two loci (at least two-fold), and in post-translational cleavage (greater than two-fold), both of which are likely to be biologically significant. Also in this study, the presence of what appear to be minor amounts of numerous variant PRPs in glandular secretions was observed, and two uncommon PRP polymorphisms were identified in the 127 subjects studied.
Ethics and Dental Research
Authors: Gillett G.R.
Published: July 2017

Dentistry is a Hippocratic profession and is therefore committed to ongoing research into the causes and treatments of disease. This research embodies ethical standards which place a high value on a respect for persons. Those standards emphasize that we obtain informed consent from individuals selected to participate in research. The relevant information required for informed consent varies from situation to situation but should take into account the need for participants to make a reasoned decision about their involvement. Where community research is involved, there should be consultation with appropriate representatives. In all contemporary medical research, there is an inherent conflict between the ethical requirement that we share information which will help those who are suffering and the need to preserve rights to competitively sensitive information related to product development and academic funding. These various pressures on research emphasize the need for an active and lively appreciation of ethical issues in contemporary biomedical sciences.
Ethical Use of Animals
Authors: Bowen W.H.
Published: July 2017

Based on old nursery rhymes, which are still in vogue, it is apparent that children from an early age receive ambivalent messages concerning relationships with animals. It is also apparent that we as a society have placed a hierarchical structure on animals; it is clear that we value a dog or a cat more than a mouse or a rat.

Enormous strides in the prevention and treatment of disease have been made directly or indirectly as a result of experiments carried out on animals. Persons who conduct investigations using animals have an obligation to ensure that valid scientific questions are being explored, and that the minimum numbers of animals are used compatible with achieving a valid scientific result. Animals must always be cared for properly. Research involving induction of pain must receive particular attention. Finally, it is incumbent upon all scientists who use animals in their investigations to ensure that the public is kept fully informed of all scientific advances made by the use of animals.
Publication of Research: The Ethical Dimension
Authors: Lynch A.
Published: July 2017

If science is to achieve its goal, i.e., advancement of human well-being, the results of scientific research must be made available. When such results are presented, that presentation must be 'ethical'; it must conform to recognized standards of honesty, originality, and fairness. Unfortunately, not all such presentations conform to these standards; the public and scientific community alike are becoming ever more concerned about duplication in publication, about illegitimate claims to authorship, and about misleading use of statistics in presentation of experimental results. Certain of these 'unethical' practices can be eliminated or minimized by education, institutional practice, and requirements set by scientific journals. In the end, however, 'ethical publication' will depend on the 'ethical investigator'-an individual who has professed dedication to truth and the well-being of mankind.
Fracture Surface Characterization of Clinically Failed All-ceramic Crowns
Authors: Thompson J.Y. , Anusavice K.J. , Naman A. , Morris H.E.
Published: July 2017

The goal of this study was to establish a protocol for the retrieval and fractographic analysis of failed restorations, and to compare the fracture surface features of clinically failed ceramic restorations and with those of controlled laboratory test specimens fabricated from the same materials. Ten fractured Dicor® crowns and 12 fractured Cerestore® crowns were retrieved and analyzed. Optical microscopy of the failed crowns revealed that the critical segments of nine of the 10 (90%) Dicor® crowns and nine of the 12 (75%) Cerestore® crowns were acceptable for fractographic analysis. Twelve disks of each material were fabricated as controls and fractured by bi-axial flexure for analysis of the similarities and/or differences between the fractographic features of fractured clinical crowns and the disks. Each of the 10 Dicor® crowns was observed to fail along the internal surface. For 78% of the Cerestore® crowns, failure initiation occurred at the porcelain/core interface or inside the core material. Critical flaw sizes of the failed Dicor® crowns ranged from 127 to 272 μm. Failure stresses of the Dicor® crowns, estimated by fractographic techniques and fracture mechanics relationships, ranged from 65 to 94 MPa. Estimated failure stresses for two of the Cerestore® crowns which had failure initiation sites in the porcelain layer were 15 and 68 MPa. It is concluded that the fracture initiation sites of dental ceramics are controlled primarily by the location and size of the critical flaw, and not by specimen thickness.
Dye-enhanced Ablation of Enamel by Pulsed Lasers
Authors: Jennett E. , Motamedi M. , Rastegar S. , Frederickson C. , Arcoria C. , Powers J.M.
Published: July 2017

Laser removal of dental hard tissue has been proposed as a replacement for or augmented approach to the dental handpiece. The main limitation for widespread usage of lasers in dentistry has been inefficient ablation of dental hard tissue, accompanied by potential laser-induced damage to the surrounding tissue. The research focuses on a novel approach for enhancement of tissue ablation and confinement of laser interaction to a small tissue volume by controlled placement of an exogenous dye on the enamel surface. Studies were done with both pulsed alexandrite and pulsed Nd:YAG lasers, with indocyanine green and India ink, respectively, used as photo-absorbers. These dye-enhanced laser processes demonstrated the feasibility of this technique for cavity preparation. While control studies produced little or no appreciable crater, average preparation depth for the dye-enhanced ablation was from 1 to 1.5 mm, with a diameter of approximately 0.6 mm.

Knoop hardness measurements show that, surrounding the crater, there is a small annular region slightly softened by the laser action. SEM studies of the interior structure of the tooth did not show significant damage to the surrounding tissue. Temperature measurement studies indicated that the pulsed nature of the laser, combined with the photoabsorbing dye, effectively prevented significant temperature rise at the pulp.

The remarkable effectiveness of this technique in creating cavity preparations and the absence of any notable collateral damage to the surrounding tissue suggest that dye-enhanced pulsed-laser ablation could be used as an alternative to the dental handpiece in selected procedures.
Periodontal Status in the United States, 1988–91: Prevalence, Extent, and Demographic Variation
Authors: Brown L.J. , Brunelle J.A. , Kingman A.
Published: July 2017

This paper reports estimates of the periodontal status of US population derived from data from Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Institute of Dental Research from 1988 to 1991. A total of 7,447 dentate individuals 13 years of age and older, representing approximately 160.3 million civilian non-institutionalized Americans, received a periodontal assessment. Measurements of gingival bleeding, gingival recession level, periodontal pocket depth, and calculus were made by dental examiners. Assessments were made at the mesiobuccal and mid-buccal sites of all fully erupted permanent teeth present in two randomly selected quadrants, one maxillary and one mandibular. All data were weighted and standard errors calculated by special software to adjust for the effect of sample design. Although over 90% of persons 13 years of age or older had experienced some clinical loss of attachment (LA), only 15% exhibited more severe destruction (LA ≥ 5 mm). Prevalence of moderate and severe LA and gingival recession increased with age, while prevalence of pockets ≥ 4 mm or ≥ 6 mm did not. These data suggest that the increasing prevalence of LA with age is more associated with increasing prevalence of recession than with changes in the prevalence of pockets or age. The extent or number of affected sites with advanced conditions for loss of attachment, pocket depth, or recession was not large for any age group. Differences in prevalence of moderate and severe loss of attachment, moderate and deep pockets, and recession were found among gender and race-ethnicity groups. Females exhibited better periodontal health than males, and non-Hispanic whites exhibited better periodontal health than either non-Hispanic blacks or Mexican-Americans.
Prevalence and Distribution of Selected Occlusal Characteristics in the US Population, 1988–1991
Authors: Brunelle J.A. , Bhat M. , Lipton J.A.
Published: July 2017

The inclusion of occlusal traits as part of the oral health component of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988–91, provided an opportunity to assess several occlusal characteristics in the US population: diastema ≥ 2 mm, alignment of lower and upper anterior teeth, posterior crossbite, overbite, and overjet. Household questionnaires asked whether the individual had ever received orthodontic treatment. Prevalence of clinical measures of occlusal characteristics and orthodontic treatment was estimated for over 7,000 sample persons from 8 to 50 years of age, representing approximately 150 million non-institutionalized people in the United States. These findings present the first estimates of occlusal status of the US non-institutionalized population in more than 25 years.

Eight percent of the population had severe overbite of 6 mm or more. The average overbite was 2.9 mm. Maxillary diastemas ≥ 2 mm were observed in 19% of 8-11-year-olds, 6% of 12-17-year-olds, and 5% of adults 18-50 years old. Twenty-five percent and 22% of persons had zero mm of malalignment in maxillary and mandibular incisors, respectively. Conversely, 11% and 15% of persons had 6 mm or more displacement of maxillary and mandibular molars, respectively. Posterior crossbite affects less than 10% of this population, and less than 10% had overjet of 6 mm or more. Non-Hispanic black adults had the least amount of malalignment in mandibular incisors. Three times as many non-Hispanic blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites and Mexican-Americans had diastemas ≥ 2 mm. Comparisons with published data from the National Health Examination Survey (1966–70) indicated a 20% increase of 12-17-year-olds with overbite in the normal range (0-3 mm). Almost 20% of adults ages 18-50, as well as 18% of children, have had orthodontic treatment.
Religion versus Darwin
Authors: Astley Jeff
Published: July 2017

The paper critically reviews a range of contemporary versions of ‘evolution denial’, before rehearsing evidence from opinion surveys of the support for such positions being taught in schools. Empirical studies of the relationship between creationist views and attitudes to both science and religion among young people are reported, together with recent data showing a positive association between personal dissatisfaction and the embracing of creationism. An explanation for this relationship is offered. The paper concludes with a call to resist the campaign for teaching creationism as part of school science.
HER2 status in breast cancer–an example of pharmacogenetic testing
Authors: Kroese Mark , Zimmern Ron L , Pinder Sarah E
Published: July 2017

The development of new drugs and associated pharmacogenetic tests will provide an increasing number of challenges to health care systems. In particular, how to evaluate their benefits, prioritize for commissioning purposes and implement a service to provide them in a timely manner. This paper presents an overview of HER2 testing for trastuzumab (Herceptin) treatment in breast cancer cases. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization laboratory techniques are described and their HER2 testing performances are compared. Future options for the national provision of HER2 testing by the National Health Service in the UK are also discussed.
Developmental and Sex Differences of Gifted Children's Perception of Liquid Horizontally
Authors: Kelly Ronald R. , Witters Lee A.
Published: July 2017

Gifted students at both primary and junior high levels were examined for their ability to use external frames of reference, as measured by their perception and understanding of the principle that still water remains invariantly horizontal. Developmentally, the gifted appear to be similar to non-gifted normal populations in regard to both acquisition of this cognitive task and sex differences. Giftedness is evidently not sufficient to prevent sex differences from developing for this type of cognitive task. Moreover, specific training involving discussion of the task enabled the gifted primary level students to verbalize the rule or principle of liquid horizontality, but it did not influence their ability to apply it functionally. For the junior high students the training was sufficient to erase the sex differences on both the application and verbalization phases of the task. Potential instructional implications of these results are discussed for gifted learners.
Independent Study Process: They Can Think, Can't They?
Authors: Doherty Edith , Evans Louise
Published: July 2017

One of the basic tenets of a defensible gifted program is to provide students with an opportunity to investigate real problems using methods of inquiry employed by experts. At the elementary level gifted students have the ability and interest but not the skills to conduct their own investigations. They also lack the systematized training exercises in critical thinking necessary for idea production. The Independent Study Process (ISP) shifts the student from factual-oriented productivity to idea-oriented productivity. The ISP has three phases: Teacher-Led, Independent Study (IS), and Seminar. After a general exploratory introduction to a subject in the Teacher-Led phase, the student selects a topic for investigation in the IS phase. The seminar phase consists of process workshops. This article chiefly discusses the nine steps of the second phase, Independent Study.
A Validation Study of Davis's how do you Think (Hdyt) Test with Middle School Students
Authors: Lees-Haley Paul R. , Swords Mary
Published: July 2017

Davis's How Do You Think (HDYT) Test and the Basic Research, Inc. Creative Behavior Inventory (CBI) were administered to 27 males and 43 female middle school students to explore the possibility that the HDYT is associated with actual, real world creative behavior. Correlations of r=.51 (alpha<.01) for males, r=.51 (alpha<.001) for females and r=.48 (alpha<.001) for the combined group suggests that the HDYT can contribute to the differentiation of creative middle school students. The authors suggest the possibility of using the HDYT as a screening device for programs for creatively-gifted students.
A Functional Approach to Lateral Fixation in Bilateral Abductor Cord Paralysis
Authors: Amedee Ronald G. , Mann Wolf J.
Published: July 2017

A modification of the Clerf arytenoldopexy treatment for bilateral vocal cord paralysis is described; It consists of an external approach with complete unilateral division of the posterior cricoarytenoid and Interarytenold muscles. The entire arytenoid Is next mobilized and tilted laterally, then fixed Into position along the posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage by two or three permanent retention sutures. Careful placement of these sutures renders the laryngeal mucosa maximally undisturbed and Is largely responsible for the predictable results achieved with this technique. During the past 2 years, 18 patients received this static procedure, and 17 of 18 (94%) required a tracheotomy as part of the treatment because of a uniformly severe degree of glottic obstruction. All tracheotomy patients have been permanently decannulated (on an average) 14 days after surgery. The evaluation of each patient Included pre‐ and postoperative measurements of airway resistance that correlated well with the width of the posterior commissure, and proved Invaluable in successful decannulation efforts.
Comparison of Tympanic Membrane to Promontory Electrode Recordings of Electrocochleographic Responses in Patients with Meniere's Disease
Authors: Ruth Roger A. , Lambert Paul R.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate ECoG recordings obtained simultaneously from a transtympanic electrode and a tympanic membrane electrode In 26 patients with unilateral Meniere's disease. The ECoG recordings were examined quantitatively with regard to absolute amplitude of the summating potential and action potential. Recordings were examined qualitatively in terms of overall waveform quality and ease of component wave Identification. All patients demonstrated a clear response with both electrodes. Although the transtympanlc electrode resulted in the most robust responses in overall amplitude, the tympanic membrane electrode provided recordings equal to or, In most cases, superior to other noninvasive, extratympanic methods currently available. Furthermore, In our patient population, the likelihood of a positive (upward‐going) summating potential was less for the tympanic membrane electrode recordings than for the TT electrode recordings. The major advantages of the TM electrode system are Its unique method of stimulus delivery and Its ease of application.
Antibiotic Iontophoresis in the Treatment of Burn Perichondritis of the Rabbit Ear
Authors: Macaluso Russell A. , Kennedy Thomas L.
Published: July 2017

Perichondritis of the pinna Is a serious late Infection of bums Involving the ear. The avascular nature of this Injury renders systemic antibiotic therapy Ineffective in delivering adequate levels of drug to the area to provide antimicrobial activity. Treatment has traditionally been surgery in some form, resulting in further disfigurement of the damaged cartllagenous framework. Iontophoresis, a method of dispersing charged particles through a relatively Impermeable membrane by a light electrical field, appears to be a feasible method of antibiotic delivery. This Initial pilot study Investigated the development of perlchondrltlc‐like burns in ten rabbit ears, and techniques for gentamlcln iontophoresis and assay in devitalized cartilage. Five rabbits, with ear bums simulating perichondritis, were treated with gentamlcln Iontophoresis on one ear and gentamlclnsoaked gauze on the other. Resulting assays of the ear cartilages, after four treatments over a 2‐day period, demonstrated a nearly twentyfold Increase in gentamlcln levels in the Iontophoresis‐treated ears, compared to low levels in the soaked ears. Systemic absorption was negligible in all rabbits.
Voice Restoration after Laryngopharyngoesophagectomy
Authors: Wenig Barry L. , Keller Alex J. , Levy Joan , Mullooly Virginia , Abramson Allan L.
Published: July 2017

Although various methods of alaryngeal communication after laryngectomy have been described, little attention has been given to voice restoration after laryngopharyngoesophagectomy. This article deals with our experience reconstructing the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus in five patients by the use of microvascular free tissue grafts. Voice restoration procedures with use of a Blom‐Singer prostheses were used uniformly and resulted in the attainment of functional voice in each patient, it is our feeling that this method should be used equally in patients undergoing both traditional laryngectomy and laryngopharyngoesophagectomy.
Mucosal Regeneration of the Maxillary Sinus after Surgery
Authors: Benninger Michael S. , Sebek Bruce A. , Levine Howard L.
Published: July 2017

The postsurgical effects of the removal of the maxillary sinus mucosa were studied in an animal model. Ten rabbits underwent Caldwell‐Luc procedures with the removal of all the maxillary sinus mucosa from one sinus, while the other sinus in each animal was used as a control. After allowing time for postsurgical healing, animals were examined for mucociliary transport and sections for histologic examination were obtained. Respiratory ciliated epithelium was present in seven of the postsurgical sinuses. Marked increases in acute and chronic inflammation, granulation, fibrosis, and ulcerations were noted.
Prognosticating Speech Performance in Multichannel Cochlear Implant Patients
Authors: Parkin James L. , Stewart Bruce E. , Dankowski Korine , Haas Leonard J.
Published: July 2017

Twenty patients received multichannel cochlear implants between April 1984 and May 1986 at the University of Utah Medical Center. All patients have been followed for at least 1 year postimplant. Preimplant screening included audiometric testing, electronystagmogram (ENG), promontory stimulation, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and psychological evaluation. Based on postimplant audio‐only CID sentence discrimination scores, these patients were divided into three groups: good (CID > 79%), Intermediate (CID, 21% to 79%), and poor (CID < 21%). Preimplant factors that correlated with CID scores were hearing loss duration, previous use of hearing aids, lip‐reading ability, tinnitus, positive ENG calorics, preimplant pure‐tone average, promontory stimulation threshold, and understanding of the project. Only previous hearing aid usage approached statistical significance (p = 0.05). A larger patient sample is needed to verify these results.
Nonsurgical Treatment of Aggressive Fibromatosis in the Head and Neck
Authors: West Charles B. , Shagets Frank W. , Mansfield Michael J.
Published: July 2017

Aggressive fibromatosis is a poorly defined, locally aggressive, yet histologically benign fibroblastic proliferative lesion that may occur in the head and neck. The lesion is highly cellular and locally infiltrative and has a propensity to invade and erode bone, compromising vital structures within the head and neck. However, it is not a true malignancy because it does not have malignant cytologic characteristics nor does it metastasize. We present two cases of aggressive fibromatosis occurring in young adult men. The first case involved a rapidly enlarging mass of the anterior maxilla that involved the upper lip, nasal alae, nasal septum, inferior turbinates, and hard palate. The patient underwent incisional biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Because of difficulty in determining the actual margins of this extensive lesion and the significant morbidity that would have resulted from surgical resection, we elected to treat this patient with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The second case was an extensive lesion involving the right temporal bone, pterygomaxillary space, and infratemporal, temporal, and middle cranial fossae. Incisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Because of the lack of functional and cosmetic deficits and the unavoidable morbidity of a surgical resection, this patient was treated with radiation therapy. Although wide field resection is the most satisfactory form of treatment, in situations in which this modality would result in unacceptable morbidity or if surgical margins are positive, then radiation therapy and chemotherapy should be considered. Support for these therapeutic modalities is found in larger series of cases outside the head and neck.