bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrocele of the Canal of Nuck as a Result of a Rare Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Complication
Authors: Yuksel K.Z. , Senoglu M. , Yuksel M. , Ozkan K.U.
Published: April 2006

Patients with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts may have multiple complications. Migration of the peritoneal catheter into some anatomical or congenitally open cavities can cause inguinal or genitourinary manifestations such as hernia, hydrocele or acute scrotum, and these are common in male infants. We report a very rare complication of VP shunt encountered in a female infant, manifesting as hydrocele of the canal of Nuck, the female counterpart of hydrocele of the spermatic cord. It is emphasized that VP shunts may also cause clinical inguinal manifestations in female infants, and groin or external genital organ swelling in these patients may be an important sign of shunt malfunction.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Various Screening Methods for Osteoporosis in Perimenopausal Thai Women
Authors: Panichkul Suthee , Panichkul Prisana , Sritara Chanika , Tamdee Decha
Published: April 2006

Objective: To perform a health economics analysis of 5 screening programs for osteoporosis in perimenopausal Thai women comparing two alternatives; without intervention and universal treatment without screening. Design: A decision analysis was performed to evaluate five screening strategies: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), Quantitative ultrasound sonography (QUS), risk index (clinical risk factors), two-step screening with QUS followed by DXA, and screening with risk index followed by DXA, comparing outcomes without intervention and universal treatment without screening. Results: The costs for universal treatment, screening by DXA with treatment, screening by QUS with treatment, screening by Risk index with treatment, screening by QUS and DXA with treatment, and screening by Risk index and DXA with treatment strategies to prevent one fracture were 207.82, 88.42, 147.05, 127.67, 71.33, and 60.30 USD, respectively. The cost for no intervention to prevent one fracture is 8.49 USD (1 USD = 40 Thai baht). Conclusion: At present, no intervention is the most cost effective strategy. However, screening with risk index and DXA with treatment became the most cost effective when the patients reached the postmenopausal period and had a high risk index, for which the prevalence of osteoporosis will increase. Cost effective screening guidelines still cannot be explicitly established until further data addressing the association between bone mass measurements in the hip and hip fracture risk, are available.
Maternal and Cord Blood Ghrelin in the Pregnancies of Smoking Mothers: Possible Markers of Nutrient Availability for the Fetus
Authors: Bouhours-Nouet Natacha , Boux de Casson Florence , Rouleau Stéphanie , Douay Olivier , Mathieu Elisabeth , Bouderlique Claude , Gillard Philippe , Limal Jean Marie , Descamps Philippe , Coutant Régis
Published: April 2006

Aims: To investigate the role of ghrelin in maternal and fetal metabolism, we determined its value in maternal smoking, a specific cause of reduced placenta function and fetal growth. Methods: In 85 normal term pregnancies, 42 in smoking and 43 in non-smoking mothers, we measured ghrelin in the maternal blood at the onset of labor and in the cord blood of their 85 singletons immediately after birth. We determined the relationships between ghrelin and placental GH (PGH), pituitary GH (pitGH), and IGF-I. Results: The newborns of smoking mothers weighed 0.24 kg less (p < 0.05) than those of non-smoking mothers. Cord blood ghrelin was 71% higher and PGH and cord blood IGF-I were 34% and 32% lower, respectively, in the pregnancies of smoking compared with non-smoking mothers (p < 0.05). Cord blood ghrelin was unrelated to pitGH and cord blood IGF-I. Maternal ghrelin was unchanged in smoking mothers, increased with maternal fasting duration (r = 0.26, p < 0.05), showed no correlation with PGH and negative correlation with cord blood IGF-I (r = –0.42, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The decrease in placental function and fetal growth in smoking mothers is associated with an increase in cord blood ghrelin, and no change in maternal ghrelin. Maternal ghrelin concentration increases with fasting, and is negatively correlated with cord blood IGF-I: it may signal a reduction in the level of nutrients available for placental transfer. No correlation supports a role for ghrelin in PGH or pitGH secretion.
A New Method for Constructing an Ileal J Pouch without an Enterotomy
Authors: Takeyama Hiromitsu , Akamo Yoshimi , Funahashi Hitoshi , Sawai Hirozumi , Sato Mikinori , Yamamoto Minoru , Manabe Tadao
Published: April 2006

The conventional methods of making an ileal J pouch require an enterotomy to introduce a linear stapler. We devised a new surgical technique that removes any need for this enterotomy by using both circular and linear staplers. We applied this method to two patients who underwent a total colectomy for ulcerative colitis and succeeded in making a J pouch without difficulty. This procedure may represent an improved method of making a J pouch.
Axl, A Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Mediates Flow-Induced Vascular Remodeling
Authors: Korshunov Vyacheslav A. , Mohan Amy M. , Georger Mary A. , Berk Bradford C.
Published: April 2006

Intima-media thickening (IMT) in response to hemodynamic stress is a physiological process that requires coordinated signaling among endothelial, inflammatory, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, whose ligand is Gas6, is highly induced in VSMC after carotid injury. Because Axl regulates cell migration, phagocytosis and apoptosis, we hypothesized that Axl would play a role in IMT. Vascular remodeling in mice deficient in Axl (Axl
−/−
) and wild-type littermates (Axl
+/+
) was induced by ligation of the left carotid artery (LCA) branches maintaining flow via the left occipital artery. Both genotypes had similar baseline hemodynamic parameters and carotid artery structure. Partial ligation altered blood flow equally in both genotypes: increased by 60% in the right carotid artery (RCA) and decreased by 80% in the LCA. There were no significant differences in RCA remodeling between genotypes. However, in the LCA Axl
−/−
developed significantly smaller intima+media compared with Axl
+/+
(31±4 versus 42±6×10
−6
μm
3
, respectively). Quantitative immunohistochemistry of Axl
−/−
LCA showed increased apoptosis compared with Axl
+/+
(5-fold). As expected, p-Akt was decreased in Axl
−/−
, whereas there was no difference in Gas6 expression. Cell composition also changed significantly, with increases in CD45
+
cells and decreases in VSMC, macrophages, and neutrophils in Axl
−/−
compared with Axl
+/+
. These data demonstrate an important role for Axl in flow-dependent remodeling by regulating vascular apoptosis and vascular inflammation.
Rates of Delayed Rebleeding From Intracranial Aneurysms Are Low After Surgical and Endovascular Treatment
Authors:   The CARAT Investigators*
Published: April 2006

Background and Purpose—

Although results of the randomized International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial suggested that coil embolization was superior to surgical clipping 1 year after treatment, a paucity of data on long-term outcomes has been a major concern.

Methods—

In an ambidirectional cohort study, 9 institutions with expertise in intracranial aneurysm treatment identified all ruptured saccular aneurysms treated 1996 to 1998. After an initial medical record review, all patients meeting entry criteria were contacted by postal questionnaire or telephone. Possible reruptures were adjudicated independently by a neurologist, a neurosurgeon, and a neurointerventional radiologist. Rates of delayed (>1 year) and early rerupture and retreatment were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test.

Results—

A total of 1010 patients (711 surgically clipped, 299 treated with coil embolization) were included. Patients treated with coil embolization were older, more likely to have smaller aneurysms arising from the posterior circulation, and less likely to have middle cerebral artery aneurysms. Rerupture of the index aneurysm after 1 year occurred in 1 patient treated with coil embolization during 904 person-years of follow-up (annual rate 0.11%) and in no patients treated with surgical clipping during 2666 person-years (
P
=0.11). Aneurysm retreatment after 1 year was more frequent in patients treated with coil embolization (
P
<0.0001), but major complications were rare during retreatment.

Conclusions—

Rerupture of aneurysms treated by either coil embolization or surgical clipping is rare after the first year. Late retreatment is more common after coil embolization than after clipping but complication rates are low. Thus, late events are unlikely to overwhelm differences between procedures at 1-year follow-up.
Association of Traditional and Nontraditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Coronary Artery Calcification
Authors: Folsom Aaron R. , Evans Gregory W. , Carr J. Jeffery , Stillman Arthur E. ,   Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators
Published: April 2006

Coronary artery calcification assessed by computed tomography is an emerging marker of coronary atherosclerosis. The authors examined the association of coronary calcium scores with traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. In 1999-2000, they measured coronary artery calcium in 360 participants free of known coronary artery disease who had participated in 2 centers of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. They related coronary calcium scores to risk factors measured in 1987-1989. Most traditional risk factors were associated with the coronary calcium score. For example, the multivariately adjusted odds ratio for an elevated score (≥100 versus <100) was 3.5-fold greater per 10 years of age, 3.2-fold greater in men than in women, 3.1-fold greater with diabetes (statistically nonsignificant), and 1.4- to 1.7-fold greater per standard deviation greater increments of plasma cholesterol and pack-years of cigarettes smoked. Carotid artery intima-media thickness also was positively associated with coronary calcification. In contrast, a wide variety of hemostatic and inflammatory markers and serum chemistry values were unrelated to calcium scores. These findings reaffirmed the established role of traditional risk factors in the etiology of coronary artery disease, as assessed by computed tomography, but did not identify any important nontraditional risk factors.
Salmonella Aortic Aneurysm: Suggestions for Diagnosis and Therapy Based on Personal Experience
Authors: Cicconi Valerio , Mannino Stefano , Caminiti Giuseppe , Cuoco Lucio , Gasbarrini Antonio , Vecchio Fabio , Snider Francesco , Gentiloni Nicolò Silveri , Gasbarrini Giovanni
Published: April 2006

Infectious aneurysm is a rare event, especially after the introduction of antibiotic therapy. However, its early detection is very important for timely treatment with antibiotics and surgical intervention. This pathology may generally be due to mycotic endocarditis or septic embolization, prevailing in the preantibiotic era, and to aortitis, whose incidence is actually increasing, mainly in subjects with preexisting large-vessel atherosclerosis and intimal defects. This clinical entity is usually defined as microbial arteritis and recognizes Salmonella spp as the microorganism most frequently isolated from blood or vascular tissue cultures. The authors present the case of a 56-year-old man with a history of hypertension that some weeks before admission manifested as hyperpyrexia and episodic lumbar pain, associated with hepatosplenomegaly and with a pulsing mass in the periumbilical region. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan documented a voluminous infrarenal aortic aneurysm with a markedly reduced and irregular vessel wall. The patient underwent surgical excision of the aneurysm, during which marked periaortic inflammation phenomena, complete absence of the posterior aortic wall for a length of 5-6 cm, and the exposure of the correspondent vertebral bodies were observed. Histopathologic examination of the aneurysmal tissue showed atheromatous and thrombotic aspects and confirmed strong signs of inflammation. This case may suggest that the occurrence of microbial aortitis, especially from Salmonella spp, should be taken into account in the presence of a septic status associated with back, abdominal, or thoracic pain.
Exposure to Community Violence
Authors: Salzinger Suzanne , Ng-Mak Daisy S. , Feldman Richard S. , Kam Chi-Ming , Rosario Margaret
Published: April 2006

An ecologically framed model is presented describing processes accounting for early adolescents’ exposure to community violence in high-risk neighborhoodsas a function of risk factors in four ecological domains assessed in the prior year. The model was tested for hypothesized pathways along which the combined domains of risk might operate. The children were interviewed about their exposure to community violence. Data on the risk factors were obtained from the children themselves and their parents, classmates, and teachers. All four domains—family and household context, negative parenting, deviant behavior of friends, and the children’s own behavioral characteristics and cognition—contributed to the children’s risk for exposure 1 year later. As hypothesized, deviant behavior of friends and the children’s own behavior and cognition were found to mediate the effects of stressful family and household context and negative parenting on later risk for exposure.
Effect of a Structured Arts Program on the Psychosocial Functioning of Youth From Low-Income Communities
Authors: Wright Robin , John Lindsay , Ellenbogen Stephen , Offord David R. , Duku Eric K. , Rowe William
Published: April 2006

This study reports on the longitudinal examination of a structured arts program for Canadian youth, aged 9 to 15 years, from low-income communities. Evaluated were the extent to which community-based organizations successfully recruited and retained youth in the program and whether they demonstrated improvement with respect to artistic ability (combination of theatre, visual, and media arts) and psychosocial indicators. The results suggest successful recruitment and good retention rates. Multilevel growth curve analyses of observational and behavioral outcomes are presented. Observer ratings showed significant gains in artistic and social skills. Comparisons with matched controls using estimated linear propensity scores revealed a significant reduction in emotional problems for the intervention group. The overall conclusion is that youth from low-income communities benefit from structured arts programs.
Family Processes Mediating the Relationship of Neighborhood Disadvantage to Early Adolescent Internalizing Problems
Authors: Deng Shiying , Lopez Vera , Roosa Mark W. , Ryu Ehri , Burrell Ginger Lockhart , Tein Jenn-Yun , Crowder Sakina
Published: April 2006

The objective of the current study was to examine the relationships among neighborhood disadvantage, perceived neighborhood quality, family processes, and child internalizing problems within the framework of social disorganization theory. The sample consisted of 189 low-income, European American and Mexican American children and their mothers. The data analyses partially supported our hypotheses that mothers’ perceptions of neighborhoods mediated the relation of neighborhood disadvantage to family processes, which in turn were associated with child internalizing problems. The value of contextual factors and social disorganization theory in studying the development of child adjustment problems was supported by the current study. Research issues and practical implications were discussed.
Style over substance?
Authors: Annison Jill
Published: April 2006

The implementation of the What Works agenda within probation has brought about the development and delivery of a suite of accredited programmes in relation to work with offenders. The accreditation criteria emphasize the evidence-based nature of these interventions and outline a number of key principles. An integral tenet of this approach has been ‘relevance to offenders’ learning style’. While most of the other aspects have been explored in research studies and publications, this element has tended to become a ‘given’ and while mentioned, has not been subjected to a similar level of critique. The recent publication of an evaluation of learning styles by the Learning and Skills Research Centre has provided an important overview and appraisal of this area, which is relevant to probation practice. This article draws together these various strands by outlining the changing situation in probation, reviewing the findings concerning learning styles and then developing an analysis of the wider implications for probation policy and practice.
Genes contributing to minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic significance of CASP8AP2
Authors: Flotho Christian , Coustan-Smith Elaine , Pei Deqing , Iwamoto Shotaro , Song Guangchun , Cheng Cheng , Pui Ching-Hon , Downing James R. , Campana Dario
Published: April 2006

In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), early response to treatment is a powerful prognostic indicator. To identify genes associated with this response, we analyzed gene expression of diagnostic lymphoblasts from 189 children with ALL and compared the findings with minimal residual disease (MRD) levels on days 19 and 46 of remission induction treatment. After excluding genes associated with genetic subgroups, we identified 17 genes that were significantly associated with MRD. The caspase 8–associated protein 2 (CASP8AP2) gene was studied further because of its reported role in apoptosis and glucocorticoid signaling. In a separate cohort of 99 patients not included in the comparison of gene expression profiles and MRD, low levels of CASP8AP2 expression predicted a lower event-free survival (P = .02) and a higher rate of leukemia relapse (P = .01) and were an independent predictor of outcome. High levels of CASP8AP2 expression were associated with a greater propensity of leukemic lymphoblasts to undergo apoptosis. We conclude that measurement of CASP8AP2 expression at diagnosis offers a means to identify patients whose leukemic cells are highly susceptible to chemotherapy. Therefore, this gene is a strong candidate for inclusion in gene expression arrays specifically designed for leukemia diagnosis.
In silico identification and comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes in human and mouse tissues
Authors: Pao Sheng-Ying , Lin Win-Li , Hwang Ming-Jing
Published: April 2006

Background

Screening for differentially expressed genes on the genomic scale and comparative analysis of the expression profiles of orthologous genes between species to study gene function and regulation are becoming increasingly feasible. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are an excellent source of data for such studies using bioinformatic approaches because of the rich libraries and tremendous amount of data now available in the public domain. However, any large-scale EST-based bioinformatics analysis must deal with the heterogeneous, and often ambiguous, tissue and organ terms used to describe EST libraries.

Results

To deal with the issue of tissue source, in this work, we carefully screened and organized more than 8 million human and mouse ESTs into 157 human and 108 mouse tissue/organ categories, to which we applied an established statistic test using different thresholds of the p value to identify genes differentially expressed in different tissues. Further analysis of the tissue distribution and level of expression of human and mouse orthologous genes showed that tissue-specific orthologs tended to have more similar expression patterns than those lacking significant tissue specificity. On the other hand, a number of orthologs were found to have significant disparity in their expression profiles, hinting at novel functions, divergent regulation, or new ortholog relationships.

Conclusion

Comprehensive statistics on the tissue-specific expression of human and mouse genes were obtained in this very large-scale, EST-based analysis. These statistical results have been organized into a database, freely accessible at our website http://gln.ibms.sinica.edu.tw/product/HMDEG/EST/index.php, for easy searching of human and mouse tissue-specific genes and for investigating gene expression profiles in the context of comparative genomics. Comparative analysis showed that, although highly tissue-specific genes tend to exhibit similar expression profiles in human and mouse, there are significant exceptions, indicating that orthologous genes, while sharing basic genomic properties, could result in distinct phenotypes.
Prenatal origin of childhood AML occurs less frequently than in childhood ALL
Authors: Burjanivova Tatiana , Madzo Jozef , Muzikova Katerina , Meyer Claus , Schneider Bjoern , Votava Felix , Marschalek Rolf , Stary Jan , Trka Jan , Zuna Jan
Published: April 2006

Background

While there is enough convincing evidence in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the data on the pre-natal origin in childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are less comprehensive. Our study aimed to screen Guthrie cards (neonatal blood spots) of non-infant childhood AML and ALL patients for the presence of their respective leukemic markers.

Methods

We analysed Guthrie cards of 12 ALL patients aged 2–6 years using immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements (n = 15) and/or intronic breakpoints of TEL/AML1 fusion gene (n = 3). In AML patients (n = 13, age 1–14 years) PML/RARalpha (n = 4), CBFbeta/MYH11 (n = 3), AML1/ETO (n = 2), MLL/AF6 (n = 1), MLL/AF9 (n = 1) and MLL/AF10 (n = 1) fusion genes and/or internal tandem duplication of FLT3 gene (FLT3/ITD) (n = 2) were used as clonotypic markers. Assay sensitivity determined using serial dilutions of patient DNA into the DNA of a healthy donor allowed us to detect the pre-leukemic clone in Guthrie card providing 1–3 positive cells were present in the neonatal blood spot.

Results

In 3 patients with ALL (25%) we reproducibly detected their leukemic markers (Ig/TCR n = 2; TEL/AML1 n = 1) in the Guthrie card. We did not find patient-specific molecular markers in any patient with AML.

Conclusion

In the largest cohort examined so far we used identical approach for the backtracking of non-infant childhood ALL and AML. Our data suggest that either the prenatal origin of AML is less frequent or the load of pre-leukemic cells is significantly lower at birth in AML compared to ALL cases.
Polyphyly and gene flow between non-sibling Heliconius species
Authors: Bull Vanessa , Beltrán Margarita , Jiggins Chris D , McMillan W Owen , Bermingham Eldredge , Mallet James
Published: April 2006

Background

The view that gene flow between related animal species is rare and evolutionarily unimportant largely antedates sensitive molecular techniques. Here we use DNA sequencing to investigate a pair of morphologically and ecologically divergent, non-sibling butterfly species,Heliconius cydnoandH. melpomene(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), whose distributions overlap in Central and Northwestern South America.

Results

In these taxa, we sequenced 30–45 haplotypes per locus of a mitochondrial region containing the genes forcytochrome oxidasesubunits I and II (CoI/CoII), and intron-spanning fragments of three unlinked nuclear loci:triose-phosphate isomerase(Tpi),mannose-6-phosphate isomerase(Mpi) andcubitus interruptus(Ci) genes. A fifth gene,dopa decarboxylase(Ddc) produced sequence data likely to be from different duplicate loci in some of the taxa, and so was excluded. Mitochondrial andTpigenealogies are consistent with reciprocal monophyly, whereas sympatric populations of the species in Panama share identical or similarMpiandCihaplotypes, giving rise to genealogical polyphyly at the species level despite evidence for rapid sequence divergence at these genes between geographic races ofH. melpomene.

Conclusion

Recent transfer ofMpihaplotypes between species is strongly supported, but there is no evidence for introgression at the other three loci. Our results demonstrate that the boundaries between animal species can remain selectively porous to gene flow long after speciation, and that introgression, even between non-sibling species, can be an important factor in animal evolution. Interspecific gene flow is demonstrated here for the first time inHeliconiusand may provide a route for the transfer of switch-gene adaptations for Müllerian mimicry. The results also forcefully demonstrate how reliance on a single locus may give an erroneous picture of the overall genealogical history of speciation and gene flow.
Violons en basse as Musical Allegory
Authors: KAUFFMAN DEBORAH
Published: April 2006

An unusual type of orchestration sometimes called violons en basse is encountered in arias by French Baroque composers, including Couperin, Campra, and Rameau. In such pieces, the basse continue line is played by violins or violas notated in a high clef; the solo voice and any additional obbligato instruments remain in the treble register as well. This phenomenon has gone practically unnoticed by modern scholars and was seemingly unremarked upon by writers of the time, despite the striking color and lightness that it entails. A study of the texts of the arias in which violons are used en basse suggests that there are identifiable allegorical associations implicit in such pieces, and that they were clear to listeners of the time. Perhaps the most important and most frequent reference is to the pastoral, which is invoked by the texts and musical settings of a number of the airs. The pastoral can also be linked to the themes of peace and quiet delights present in other texts. Another important association shared with the pastoral is innocence, which is often conjoined with the idea of youth; youth is directly referred to in some texts, and also through several personages who sing them, such as Cupid (a boy), Diana (depicted in mythology as eternally young), and Hebe (the personification of youth). By identifying the allegorical use of violons en basse, we are able to add another texture and sonority to the common musical language of topics that was central to 18th-century musical rhetoric.
Guido Casoni on Love as Music, A Theme "for All Ages and Studies"*
Authors: Harrán Don
Published: April 2006

Onde sappiamo non esser etade,

o studio, che sia separato dal canto.

In an essay onLa magia d'amore, Guido Casoni (d. 1642) demonstrated how music, along with other arts and sciences, is generated by love. On the surface, the essay strikes one as a hodgepodge of fact and fantasy in which the credibility of the data is vitiated by their often whimsical interpretation. But there is more to music than historically or logically verifiable acts or events. Casoni's musical hermeneutics reflects conceptual tendencies inherent in his own times, yet derivative from a long tradition of commentary on musicalmirabilia. The present study is an attempt to contextualize these tendencies. It follows through the equation of love with music as a parable, of a plainly Neoplatonist stamp, for the relevance of music to all forms of scholarly discourse.
“Fiery toungues:” Language, Liturgy, and the Paradox of the English Reformation
Authors: Rosendale Timothy
Published: April 2006

This essay examines the conflicted double logic of vernacularization in the English Reformation — specifically in theBook of Common Prayer, and more specifically in its Pentecost service — and argues that the transition to the vernacular in public worship simultaneously served the state's political ends and worked against those very ends by devolving religious authority to individuals. Understanding this dynamic, the author suggests, not only clarifies the role of language and text in the early modern constitution of nation and subject, but may also indicate a synthetic way out of a 400-year-old historiographical stalemate.
Racking the Body, Shaping the Text: The Account of Anne Askew in Foxes “Book of Martyrs”*
Authors: Freeman Thomas S. , Wall Sarah Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Current scholarship on Anne Askew has tended to disparage the editorial tactics of John Bale, her first editor, as intrusive and distorting. In contrast, the reprinting of her text by John Foxe, in his “Book of Martyrs, “ has been commended for its lack of editorial intervention. Yet afresh consideration of Foxes work with Askew's narrative suggests that Foxe's shaping force in the text was as strong as Bale's, if more subtle. Furthermore, attempts to locate Askew's authorial agency within one text or the other impose modern ideas about authorship on a period in which such ideas were still being formed.
“Your Dove-Eyes Among Your Hairlocks:” Language and Authority in Fray Luis De León's Respuesta Que Desde Su Prisón da a sus Émulos*
Authors: Girón-Negrón Luis M.
Published: April 2006

This essay examines a 16th-century classic of Spanish humanist apologetics: the extant portion of fray Luis de Ledn 's defense of his Spanish translation of theSong of Songsagainst the Inquisition. The analysis highlights a Christian hebraist's contribution to contemporary debates on the applicability of humanist philology to biblical scholarship. An English translation of fray Luis’ famousrespuestaaccompanies the article.
Women in the Fourteenth-Century Venetian Scuole
Authors: Guzzetti Linda , Ziemann Antje
Published: April 2006

This article examines the presence of women in fourteenth-century Venetianscuole piccoleand describes their participation. According to surviving confraternity statutes, women seldom shared in the governance of the entire confraternity. But female office holders were often responsible for their sisters in matters of illness, death, burial, and sometimes moral conduct. They also made contributions and left numerous legacies to their scuole. Membership lists sometimes reveal the social and occupational status of women. Information on one confraternity for women only, the Scuola d'Umiltà, survives.
Citing Petrarch in Naples: The Politics of Commentary in Cariteo's Endimione
Authors: Kennedy William J.
Published: April 2006

Cariteo'sEndimione(1509), a lyric sequence published in Naples shortly after the Spanish takeover of the Aragonese kingdom, advertises a prominent debt to Petrarch'sRime sparse. Commentaries in the earliest printed editions of the latter suggest politically charged models for this sequence. They represent Petrarch, like Cariteo, as a skilled rhetorician, a foreigner in the service of lords and aristocracy outside his ancestral domain, and an ardent proponent of monarchism with a pan-Italian sensibility. These qualities befitted Cariteo at a time when he was articulating his loyalty to the newly installed Spanish viceregal government as a defense against French invasion.
Competing Visions of the State and Social Welfare: The Medici Dukes, the Bigallo Magistrates, and Local Hospitals in Sixteenth-Century Tuscany
Authors: Terpstra Nicholas
Published: April 2006

In 1542, Florence's Duke Cosimo I established a magistracy to supervise territorial hospitab and consolidate poor relief. Tense relations between the magistracy and these hospitab demonstrate the barriers to bureaucratic centralization in the sixteenth-century state, and underscore the fact that the shift from traditional charity to ‘new philanthropy’ was as much geographical and cultural as temporal. Tensions between the magistracy and successive Medici Dukes also demonstrate how in negotiations between bureaucrats and local communities territorial rulers could play both sides to advance their personal authority, and could learn from the difficulties of one magistracy how better to design another.
Whose Saint Crispins Day Is It?: Shoemaking, Holiday Making, and the Politics of Memory in Early Modern England
Authors: Chapman Alison A.
Published: April 2006

This article demonstrates an early modern association between the trade of shoemaking and the act of altering the festal calendar. It traces this link through a series of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English literary texts including Thomas Deloney'sGentle Craft, Thomas Dekker'sShoemaker's Holiday, and Shakespeare'sJulius Caesarand — most notably —Henry V.The article argues that the depictions of cobblers making holidays resonated with the early modern English politics of ritual observance, and its concluding discussion of the Saint Crispin's Day speech inHenry Vshows how the play imagines king and cobblers vying for control of England's commemorative practice.
Dante as Piagnone Prophet: Girolamo Benivienis "Cantico in laude di Dante" (1506)
Authors: Roush Sherry
Published: April 2006

If imitation is the highest form of praise, then Girolamo Benivienis canto describing his otherworldly encounter with Dante's spirit is certainly a tribute to the author of the Divine Comedy. Despite its title, however, Benivieni's project is not simply epideictic. In it, Benivieni represents Dante in a highly anachronistic way, as a kind of spokesman for the piagnoni, the ardent supporters of Girolamo Savonarola's program of moral austerity and Florentine republican politics between the 1490s and the first decades of the Cinquecento. This study argues that Benivieni articulates his controversial, ideological vision in a necessarily prudent way by appropriating Dante as a safe and authoritative cultural icon and adopting a deliberately ambiguous symbolic language, which lauds himself and his politics as much as it does Dante.
Perché non si usa allegare i Romani: Machiavelli and the Florentine Militia of 1506
Authors: Hörnqvist Mikael
Published: April 2006

This article explores the motivations behind the Florentine militia ordinance of 1506 and Niccolò Machiavelli's involvement. A major problem with regard to contemporary discourse on the militia is its complete, or almost complete, absence of references to the military system of the ancient Roman republic. It is here argued that this silence was a conscious strategy on the part of Machiavelli and his collaborators who, in a cultural climate extremely hostile to the ancient Roman model, chose to adopt a pragmatic step-by-step approach to the militia, downplaying its true inspiration.
The Customary International Law Game
Authors: Norman George , Trachtman Joel P.
Published: April 2006

Customary international law (CIL) is under attack as behaviorally epiphenomenal and doctrinally incoherent. In this article, we reject both claims. To be sure, CIL is a feat of levitation; it rests not on a rock-solid natural law basis of divine principles, but on a fabric of rational acts, woven through a multiplicity of relations over time. And while there are limits on, and variations in, the effectiveness of CIL, we argue that there are circumstances where it may independently affect the behavior of states. There is no reason in theory, or in data adduced by others, to believe CIL to be generally epiphenomenal. Since certain components of CIL serve as the foundation of all international law, this article suggests the circumstances under which one would expect international law to affect state behavior.
The Convention of 1907 Between the United States and the Dominican Republic
Authors: Hollander Jacob H.
Published: April 2006

On February 15, 1905, the president of the United States transmitted to the senate, with an accompanying message, the protocol of an agreement, signed eleven days earlier, between the United States and the Dominican Republic, providing for the collection and disbursement by the United States of the customs revenues of the Dominican Republic. On February 25, 1907, a little more than two years later, the senate ratified an independent convention between the United States and the Dominican Republic, signed at Santo Domingo City by the plenipotentiaries on the 8th inst. preceding, providing for the assistance of the United States in the collection and application of the customs revenues of the Dominican Republic. At this time of writing the new convention awaits only the approval of the Dominican congress to become operative.
International Arbitration
Authors: Penfield William L.
Published: April 2006

The distinctive features of human progress in the nineteenth century were the advancement of natural science, discovery and invention, the growth of human freedom and political liberty, the unifying and nationalization of races into independent states and the development of the principle and the extension of the practice of international arbitration.
The Development of International Law
Authors: Olney Richard
Published: April 2006

In his letter asking me to make the opening address this morning, the secretary of the Society describes the topic as “ The Second Hague Conference and the Development of International Law as a Science.”

There is certainly nothing small and narrow about this text for a discourse, while at first blush it would seem to be made up of two parts not particularly related. Any impression of that sort is dispelled, however, by a little reflection.
Concerning the Interpretation of Treaties
Authors: Hyde Charles Cheney
Published: April 2006

The interpretation of treaties is a part of the procedure of carrying out or realizing the act of contracting. This work would not be necessary if agreements between states were bare expressions of international good-will, like the arrangements of friendly monarchs to interchange visits. Because, however, treaties are deemed capable of realization and performance, the process is essential.

The method of interpretation consists in finding out the connection made by the parties to an agreement, between the terms of their contract and the objects to which it is to be applied. This involves two steps. One is to ascertain what has been called the “ standard of interpretation; ” that is, the sense in which various terms are employed. The other is to learn what are the sources of interpretation; this is, to find out where one may turn for evidence of that sense.
History of the State Department III
Authors: Hunt Gaillard
Published: April 2006

During the interval between the inauguration of the President and the formation of the Executive Departments, the old Departments performed such executive duties as were indispensable. On July 11, 1789, for example, “ by the hands of Mr. Jay,” Washington sent to the Senate for ratification a consular convention with France. On July 22 the Senate —

Resolved, that the Secretary of Foreign Affairs under the former Congress be requested to peruse the said convention and to give his opinion how far he conceives the faith of the United States to be engaged, either by former agreed stipulations or negotiations entered into by our minister at the court of Versailles, to ratify in its present sense or form the convention now referred to the Senate.
The Doctrine of Continuous Voyages
Authors: Elliott Charles Burke
Published: April 2006

The doctrine of continuous voyages was
developed by the English courts to defeat the
devices by which American merchantmen endeavored
to avoid the rule denying to neutrals in time of
war the right to engage in a commerce from which
they were excluded in time of peace. Under the
system of colonial monopoly which then prevailed
the trade with colonial possessions was confined
to the ships of the home country. Colonists were
regarded as the property of the mother country and
as existing exclusively for her use and benefit.
They were expected to supply markets for her
manufactured goods and products for her markets.
With respect to other countries colonies in a
commercial sense had no existence. In theory, it
has been said, the English colonies were no more
to France than as if they were settlements in the
mountains of the moon. For commercial purposes
they were not on the same planet. Had they been
annihilated it would have left no chasm in the
commercial map of Germany. Had they been submerged
the fact would have found its way into the
chronicles of other countries as an interesting
event but nothing more.
Fortification at Panama
Authors: Davis George W.
Published: April 2006

In the very able paper appearing in a previous issue of this Journal, discussing the question of whether the United States should or should not fortify the Panama Canal, the writer states his conclusion that we are legally and morally bound to abstain from fortifying, that the advantages which fortifications might give are more than offset by their disadvantages, and, irrespective of the question of legality, it is bad public policy and strategy to fortify.
Prescription
Authors: Ralston Jackson H.
Published: April 2006

Of the two kinds of prescription, acquisitive (acquisition by usucaption) or extinctive, the latter has more frequently received the consideration of claims commissions and to it we desire first to particularly address ourselves.
The Peace Conference of Central America
Authors: Anderson Luis
Published: April 2006

So much has already been said about the Peace Conference of Central America, which recently met in Washington, that some may deem it unnecessary to say anything more about its aims and projects; but we feel that, very important as all its plans are, one of them is so particularly momentous that we can not help devoting to it a few serious observations.
Early Cases on the Doctrine of Continuous Voyages
Authors: Woolsey Lester H.
Published: April 2006

So much has been written on the doctrine of continuous voyages as a principle of international law, and the authorities, especially those in English, have been so thoroughly exhausted, that another article upon the same subject should not be intruded upon readers except perhaps by reason of a novel treatment of the subject or the presentation of new facts. The latter will, it is hoped, furnish sufficient excuse for the appearance of this paper.
American Ideals of International Relations
Authors: Hart Albert Bushnell
Published: April 2006

Because of the many contributions made by America to the world's ideals of government, the nation has the feeling that it is quite adequate to work out its own principles on all other subjects without the aid of any other people. “ What have we to do with abroad ? ” said a United States senator from Ohio, only thirty years ago; and the word “ un-American ” covers a multitude of virtues. In fact the roots of American institutions of all kinds, social, economic, and political, are in the traditions of the English race; and American ideals have been modified by the experience of other European nations. Nor has the western hemisphere been separated from the great current of world affairs. Its destinies have been closely interwoven with those of Europe; and since 1895 the United States has awakened to the fact that it not only is a part of the sisterhood of nations, but is destined to be one of the half dozen states which will powerfully influence the future of all the continents. The world is no longer round about America; America is part of the world.
The Second Peace Conference at the Hague
Authors: Hill David J.
Published: April 2006

In his address to the First Peace Conference on May 20, 1899, President De Staal remarked:

The name “ Peace Conference,” which the instinct of the peoples, outstripping in this respect the decision taken by the governments, has given to our reunion, well indicates the essential object of our labors. The “ Peace Conference ” cannot fail in the mission incumbent upon it. It must produce from its deliberations a tangible result which the whole of humanity awaits with confidence.

Such was the keynote of the salutation with which doubt and pessimism were greeted upon their arrival at The Hague in 1899. Certainly, in 1907 the nations, after the impressive lessons taught by two terrible wars, whether anxious participants or silent witnesses, have a still more ardent desire for permanent peace, and the duty owed by the governments to humanity is not less solemn or less evident.
The History of the Department of State
Authors: Hunt Gaillard
Published: April 2006

The library of the Department was founded by Thomas Jefferson. In his estimates of expenses of June 17, 1790, he included subscriptions to fifteen American newspapers at an average of four dollars per year for each; $200 to begin a collection of the laws of the States, and twenty-five dollars for the purchase of foreign gazettes, this amount including also payment for American papers to be sent to our agents abroad. To this basis for a library should be added the laws and public documents deposited with the Department under various statutes, and books under the copyright law.

It was inevitable that some works on government and international law should find their way into an office occupied by such men of books as Jefferson and Madison. When the British invaded the city in 1814, no attempt was made to save the library and it was burned with the Department building. The work of collecting was taken up again as soon as the office was reestablished. The Department was dependent upon its own library resources and did not have the privilege of drawing books from the Library of Congress, until it was granted by law January 30, 1830; but probably it had the larger collection of the two. By 1831 the documents and laws had become so numerous that Congress appropriated $340 to pay for their storage.
Pacific and Asiatic Doctrines Akin to the Monroe Doctrine
Authors: Hart Albert Bushnell
Published: April 2006

The late Professor Edward Bourne, of Yale, used to say that the Philippine Islands were attached to the Spanish West Indies till after 1823, and therefore it ought to be presumed that Monroe intended his doctrine to apply to that Asiatic archipelago. The quip leads the mind to the important fact that the relations of the Pacific Coast of America, the Pacific Ocean, and the nations of Asia, are all bound together. The first Asiatic trade went from Philadelphia, Boston, Providence, and other Atlantic ports via the Northwest Coast to China. The relation of the original Monroe Doctrine to Oregon is familiar to all students of the Monroe Doctrine. It is curious that the objection to “colonization” which was intended to block the way of Russia, has been applied almost entirely to the West Indies and the eastern coast of North and South America. The clause in Monroe’s declaration had little to do with the process by which the United States came to have a Pacific front.
The Diplomatic Correspondence Leading up to the War
Authors: Dennis William Cullen
Published: April 2006

The recent appearance of the Austrian Red Book and Servian Blue Book completes the history of the breaking out of the war, as told in the official diplomatic correspondence of the belligerent nations, so far as they have seen fit to make this correspondence public.

It is the purpose of this article to attempt to summarize the story told by this correspondence, and at the same time to indicate the conclusions which in the opinion of the writer may properly be drawn therefrom, with respect to the immediate causes of the war. The dispatches are so numerous, and the action they record was crowded into such a short space of time that it is difficult to keep this summary within reasonable limits. And this difficulty is increased by the fact that those who sympathize with the viewpoint of the belligerents on the one side or the other, are apt to differ radically as to which parts of the correspondence are important, therefore making it necessary for anyone desirous of summarizing the documents in a way to afford a basis for a fair consideration of the arguments advanced on either side, to go into the correspondence much more fully than would be necessary if there were a greater agreement as to the relative importance of the issues which it presents. It will be the effort of the writer, while confining himself—with such exceptions as are specifically noted—strictly to the diplomatic correspondence, to set out impartially the portions of the correspondence especially emphasized, on the one side and on the other, with full references to the original documents. If he is successful in this, his readers can be relied on to correct any errors in his comments and conclusions.