bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Continuous Monitoring of Particulate Emissions
Authors: Lucas D H , Snowsill W L , Crosse P A E
Published: November 2015

Particulate emission from the combustion of fuel must be monitored by two types of instrument. The fine end of the spectrum, which causes visibility problems in the atmosphere, can be checked by smoke recorders. The inherent inaccuracies of these instruments can be greatly reduced by the use of a steel tube to maintain alignment, by the use of Everclean Windows, and by the automatic use of purging air to record the effective instrument zero (British Patent Application No. 44785/69). The coarse end of the spectrum, which tends to pollute surfaces at ground level, can be checked by the CERL Flue Dust Monitor which is particularly sensitive to the coarser dust. This instrument has been made extremely simple and reliable by intensive development. It is particularly suitable for checking the performance of electrostatic precipitators.
Flow Control by Pulso Width Modulation
Authors: Beck M S , Gough N E , Smithies J N
Published: November 2015

A novel method of controlling the flow rates of fluids has been devised which is particularly suitable for highly erosive fluids and slurries. The width of pulses in a pulse train actuating an on-off valve is modulated according to the error between the desired and measured flow rates and thus the ratio of the total times the valve spends in its ‘on’ and ‘off’ states is varied. The method has been tested with an on-line computer which was used to measure the flow rate of water by a cross-correlation method to determine the transit time of temperature fluctuations between two thermocouples in the pipe, and to implement the pulse width modulation control. Satisfactory results have been obtained for start-up, set-point changes and load disturbances for flow rates in the turbulent region (Re > 3 600). Future development includes the use of a fluidic diverter as the on-off device.
Correlation Techniques Applied to Gas Chromatography: A Re-Appraisal
Authors: Moss G C , Godfrey K R
Published: November 2015

The case for applying correlation techniques to gas chromatography has been re-examined following the introduction of on-line cross-correlators, and it is concluded that there is still little scope for these techniques in a normal chromatograph situation. A series of experiments designed to demonstrate the feasibility of applying cross-correlation to trace analysis by gas chromatography is reported and, from these experiments, it is concluded that correlation offers considerable advantages over the conventional single-sample injection method when minute quantities of a component in a sample gas are being sought. With the continuing interest in environmental pollution, there appears to be much scope for correlation techniques in this area.
Calibration of High Pressure Gas Meters with Sonic Nozzles
Authors: Peignelin M G
Published: November 2015

At present, gas meters are calibrated under low pressure with standard Bell provers. As the meters can be used under high pressure on the network, the pressure effect upon the error curve must be determined. To avoid this drawback, we have been searching for another standard of gas flow rate at the Gaz de France test station which disposes of a natural gas having steady characteristics and capable of operating at a pressure of 50 bar and a flow rate about 12 000 m3/h (N). This study led us to the working out of a new technique based upon a critical flow meter: the venturi nozzle with a cylindrical throat.

This paper presents:

the results of the sonic nozzles calibration a description of the equipment composed of sonic nozzles to calibrate meters and some examples of the use of this standard of flow rate.
Instrumentation for Automatic Monitoring of Traffic Pollution
Authors: Derwent R. G. , Stewart H. N. M.
Published: November 2015

Part of the instrumentation for measurement of pollution from motor vehicles is described. The methods are selected for sensitivity and selectivity and will give a continuous record. Calibration is important and selected example procedures are described. The data-handling problem is overcome by inclusion of a 10-channel logger with punched paper tape output.
Identification of Non-Linear Multi-Variable Systems Subjected to Random Input Signals
Authors: Bell Donald
Published: November 2015

In the optimal control of any physical process about its operating point, a requirement of prime importance is the identification of the process parameters. This requires the realisation of both the static and dynamic characteristics of the control system. A method of identifying multi-variable non-linear systems is presented in this paper. The method uses correlation techniques around the tracked operating point of the system.

The correlation method uses several uncorrelated maximal length (pseudo-random) sequences of small amplitude as test signals. This facilitates on-line identification during the normal process operation. A further advantage of this method is that a system identification may be made in the presence of noise and other inherent disturbances. The technique is first applied to a multi-variable system containing cubic non-linearities and then to one containing four hysteresis elements. Finally, an identification was made of the non-linear cross-coupling dynamics between the roll and yaw axes of an aircraft.
A Research Facility for the Investigation of Computer Control of Large-Scale Industrial Processes
Authors: Sterling M. J. H. , Bennett S.
Published: November 2015

The implementation of multi-level control schemes for large industrial processes is discussed, with particular emphasis on the problems of data transmission between computers operating at various levels in the system. The operation of one type of inter-processor data link is considered in detail and its relevance as a research facility for hierarchical control systems is demonstrated. Applications which make use of this facility are presented illustrating the diverse data transmission requirements of multi-level systems.
Stable Maximum Descent: An Improved Method of Reference Model Adaptive Control
Authors: Green J. W. , Walker P. H.
Published: November 2015

An improved method of reference model adaptive control is developed which provides fast adaptation of system parameters. Application of the theory is demonstrated on a practical example with three adaptive variables.
The Future of the Engineering Profession
Authors: Coales J. F.
Published: November 2015

The 1975 Annual Lecture of the West Country Section of the Institute of Measurement and Control was given by Professor J. F. Coales, CBE, MA, FRS, CEng, FIEE, Hon FInstMC, on Thursday, 6 November, 1975, at St Austell, Cornwall. He took as his subject “The future of the engineering profession”. Prof Coales, who is a Past-President of the Institute of Measurement and Control, was speaking as Chairman of the Council of Engineering Institutions.
Optimisation of an Amplidyne Speed Control System
Authors: Rashwan A. , Attia H.
Published: November 2015

The optimal-linear-regulator theory is used to optimise an amplidyne speed control system subjected to a constant load disturbance.

As such a regulatory system tends to a steady state in response to a step disturbance. To be able to use a quadratic performance index as an optimisation criterion, three different techniques of variable transformation which moved the steady state to the origin of co-ordinates were employed.

The first modification technique yielded an optimal control proportional to the state and to the load disturbance, ie, Feedforward Control. The second method led to an optimal control proportional to the state and the time-integral of the speed error, ie, Integral Feedback Control, while the third resulted in an optimal control proportional to the state and to both the load disturbance and to the time-integral of the speed error. This third control may be described as Integral Feedback/Feedforward Control.

The transient responses of the system in the three cases to a step load disturbance were calculated, and the Integral Feedback/Feedforward Control gave the best results.
Measurement of the Opacity of Smoke and Suspensions under Ambient Lighting Conditions
Authors: Churchley A. R.
Published: November 2015

An entirely solid state photoelectric meter for the measurement of optical density is described. No light sealing arrangements are required, greatly simplifying the cleaning of the optical cell and facilitating the entry and exit of material when measurements are taken on flowing systems.

Ambient light reaching the detector does not interfere with the measurements since the reference beam is coded. This beam is generated by a light emitting diode, avoiding many of the problems of conventional sources. The system has a wide application and its robustness should assure it a position in the field as well as the laboratory. Any change in the intensity of the reference beam can be measured, so the properties of transmissive, reflective or scattering systems may be measured.
The Analogue Recursive Computer as a Process Controller
Authors: Duckenfield M. J. , Madar M. K.
Published: November 2015

The Analogue Recursive Computer, a uniquely structured computer, is briefly described. The use of the computer as an on-line controller is exemplified by a series of tests carried out with its controlling a pilot scale distillation column. The results are very satisfactory, showing not only its capability as a flexible controller but also demonstrating the ease of programming and the simple interface with the plant.
Application of Schroeder-Phased Harmonic Signals to Practical Identification
Authors: Flower J. O. , Knott G. F. , Forge S. C.
Published: November 2015

A multi-frequency identification scheme employing low peak-factor test signals is described. These signals may be designed using a simple formula originally due to Schroeder and may, additionally, be tailored to suit, most conveniently, signal processing based on the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. The use of method in practice is shown by presenting results from a hydrodynamic experiment.
The Measurement and Analysis of Pulse Radiolysis Kinetic Oscillograms
Authors: Sehmi D. S.
Published: November 2015

The technique of pulse radiolysis used in radiation chemistry is briefly described and some methods for analysing the kinetics of the data obtained are discussed. An X — Y reader, developed for digitising pulse radiolysis oscillograms, is described. The digitiser is interfaced to a Hewlett-Packard 9100B desk top calculator and plotter for simple kinetic analysis. Data can also be transferred to a CDC 6400 for more complex analysis.
Process Chromatography
Authors: Huyten F. H.
Published: November 2015

Process chromatography has become the most important on-line analytical technique in process industry and there is little doubt that in the near future its position will become even more outstanding.

New developments, especially the application of microprocessors, will lead to a further increase in reliability, capabilities and sophistication. The paper discusses the reasons why expensive analysers such as process chromatographs are installed to such an extent. It examines their advantages and shortcomings and indicates future needs and trends.
Flow Characteristics of Vortex Shedding Flowmeters
Authors: Inkley F. A. , Walden D. C. , Scott D. J.
Published: November 2015

Experiments were carried out on three 2in diameter, commercial vortex shedding flowmeters using a gravimetric flow rig with flows up to 22 l/s. Water, kerosine and a kerosine/spindle oil blend were used at test liquids and accuracy curves of meter factor against flow rate were obtained at temperatures between 20° and 50°C, covering a kinematic viscosity range of 0.5 to 4.3 cSt. This paper presents a discussion of these experimental results and shows that the accuracy of the various flowmeters is not significantly affected by changes in liquid properties over the range of conditions investigated.
Once Bitten — Twice Shy
Authors: Wilson Joe
Published: November 2015

Outlines the problems and self-questioning facing the process control engineer when deciding to replace the computer control system which he has found difficult to justify over the last decade. Should he return to conventional analogue instrumentation or choose a microprocessor based control system? Having highlighted in his mind the problems with his computer based system, has he missed the majority of the advantages which a digital system brings? Does he realise that a major manufacturer has been acutely aware of his problems and has sought to eliminate them with the design of any new system? Can his faith be restored?
The Use of Ultrasonic Techniques for Non-Invasive Instrumentation on Chemical and Process Plant
Authors: Asher R. C.
Published: November 2015

Ultrasonic techniques can be used non-invasively on chemical and process plant because it is often possible to penetrate the walls of the plant with ultrasound. Ultrasonic transmitters and receivers typically make use of the piezo electric effect. Application at high temperatures and in hazardous environments is possible. Ultrasonic techniques are very briefly described for detecting the presence or absence of liquid, or precipitate; determining density or concentration of solutions or dispersions; detecting liquid surfaces and liquid/liquid interfaces; measuring flowrates; providing warning of high or low level or overflow.
The Reproducibility of RF Susceptibility Measurements of Electronic Equipment Using a Simple Stripline Circuit
Authors: Kollewijn W. R.
Published: November 2015

The susceptibility of five instruments to radio-frequency (RF) fields has been measured by three laboratories in the frequency range of 27–470 MHz using a simple stripline equipment. There was little systematic difference between the results of the three laboratories. The standard deviation of measurement is estimated to be about 5 dB.
The Techniques of Flow Measurement
Authors: Medlock R. S.
Published: November 2015

Flow measurement has a long history extending over a period of about 3000 years, but it was only just over 200 years ago that the subject was first studied on a scientific basis and it was only 20 years ago that a surge of new techniques became available. Today there is a wide selection of methods and equipment to enable flow to be measured whether the medium is in the form of a liquid, gas, vapour or solid, or any combination thereof. According to the application, volumetric flow rate can be measured over a range exceeding 10−5m3/h to 106m3/h which in everday terms is equivalent to a cupful per day to the flow of a very large river. The price of a flowmeter can be as small as a few pounds or in excess of £1 million depending on the accuracy and capacity required. References are made to about 50 types of flow metering devices which can be classified into 11 groups.
Computer Aided Design Applications in Control and Electrical Engineering
Authors: Hinkins A J
Published: November 2015

This paper was originally presented at a meeting of the Chester Branch of the Institute of Measurement and Control on 23rd February 1984, and was awarded the BIMCAM Ardley Award for the best paper presented to a Local Section in the 1983/84 Session.
The Basis of Temperature Measurement
Authors: Rusby R L
Published: November 2015

Measurement activity in the UK is estimated to cost about £18,000 million per annum, and yet the principles which underlie measurement processes are frequently ignored or misunderstood. In the case of temperature, one of the four or five most important parameters in industrial process control, the difficulties are compounded by the obscure nature of the quantity that is being measured. Starting with the definition of the unit, this article outlines how the temperature scale is built up and how the standards are established which form the basis of temperature measurement in the UK and internationally. Progress with improvements for the future, including the revision of the International Practical Temperature Scale, are discussed.
Study on Compression Transfer Molding
Authors: Young Wen-Bin , Chiu Cheng-Wey
Published: November 2015

Resin transfer molding (RTM) finishes the resin impregnation and composite fabrication at the same time. It simplifies the process for composites fabrication and has the advantages of automation, low cost, and versatile design of fiber reinforcement. Therefore, the RTM process is widely used in the architecture, automotive, and aerospace industries. However, in the RTM process, resin must flow through the fiber reinforcement in the planar direction, which, in some cases such as fabrications of large panels, may need a long time for the mold filling. If the part dimension is too large or the fiber permeability is too low, the mold filling process may not be able to complete before the resin gels. Therefore, some modification for the RTM process is necessary in order to reduce the mold filling time. In the compression transfer molding, the mold opens a small gap for the resin to fill in between fiber mats and the mold, and then compresses the fiber reinforcement to be impregnated by the resin in the thickness direction. In this way, since resin is forced into the fiber reinforcements in the thickness direction, the damage of the fibers will be minimized. In addition, the mold filling time will be reduced due to the different flow path of the resin inside the mold. This study explored the possibility of using the compression transfer molding process and also identified the key parameters regarding the process.
Systemic Biomarkers in 2-Phase Antibiotic Periodontal Treatment
Authors: Giannopoulou C. , Cionca N. , Almaghlouth A. , Cancela J. , Courvoisier D.S. , Mombelli A.
Published: November 2015

Accumulating evidence suggests that periodontal infections may have an impact on systemic health. In patients with untreated periodontitis, very high values for several inflammatory markers in serum are expressed simultaneously. We investigated to what extent these peak values change after nonsurgical and surgical periodontal treatment, with adjunctive antibiotics administered during the first or the second treatment phase. In a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-masked clinical trial, 80 patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis were randomized into 2 treatment groups: group A, receiving systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole during the first, nonsurgical phase of periodontal therapy (phase 1), and group B, receiving the antibiotics during the second, surgical phase (phase 2). Serum samples were obtained at baseline (BL), 3 mo after phase 1 (M3), and 6 and 12 mo after phase 2 (M6, M12). Samples were evaluated for 15 cytokines and 9 acute-phase proteins using the Bio-Plex bead array multianalyte detection system. For each analyte, peak values were defined as greater than mean +2 SD of measurements found in 40 periodontally healthy persons. Sixty-six patients showed a peak value of at least 1 analyte at BL. At M12, the number of these patients was only 36 ( P = 0.0002). This decrease was stronger in group A (BL: 35, M12: 19, P = 0.0009) than in group B (BL: 31, M12: 17, P = 0.14). Twenty patients displayed peak values of at least 4 biomarkers at BL. The nonsurgical therapy delivered in the first phase reduced most of these peaks (group A, BL: 9, M3: 4, P = 0.17; group B, BL: 11, M3: 2, P = 0.01), irrespective of adjunctive antibiotics. The reductions obtained at M3 were maintained until M12 in both groups. Initial, nonsurgical periodontal therapy reduced the incidence of peak levels of inflammatory markers. Antibiotics and further surgical therapy did not enhance the effect ( Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02197260).
Management of Oral Sequelae
Authors: Wright W.E.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to enumerate and describe the oral complications that are associated with salivary gland dysfunction. The significance of these oral problems and their related adverse impact on the patient's quality of life are presented. Palliative and therapeutic agents and regimens are discussed, and a suggested protocol for managing the deleterious oral sequelae of salivary gland dysfunction is outlined.
Kinetics of Fluoride in the Oral Fluids
Authors: Dawes C. , Weatherell J.A.
Published: November 2015

The normal concentration of fluoride in saliva is about 1 μmol/L, which is somewhat less than that in plasma, and the salivary concentration is relatively independent of flow rate. Even this low concentration appears to be significant in terms of maintaining the integrity of tooth mineral. After fluoride consumption, the level in plasma peaks within less than an hour, and this produces a corresponding increase in salivary levels, which achieve baseline values usually within a few hours.

At low concentrations (<4 mmol/L) in oral fluids, fluoride undergoes only slight reaction with tooth mineral to form fluorohydroxyapatite. However, at higher concentrations calcium fluoride is formed on the tooth surface. Although this mineral is sparingly soluble in saliva, the process of dissolution is retarded for periods of up to a week or longer by surface deposition of salivary phosphate and pyrophosphate.

The rate of clearance of exogenous fluoride from saliva is prolonged when initial concentrations are high, due to the deposition of CaF2 on the tooth surface and its gradual dissolution. The clearance rate is also not constant throughout the mouth, but shows considerable site-specificity. In general, clearance is much more rapid lingually than buccally. This appears to be due to the greater lingual exposure to secretions from the major salivary glands, principally the submandibular, whereas buccally, mainly minor mucous gland secretions are present, and these are very viscous and flow at a slow rate.
An Evaluation of the Effects of Interviewer Characteristics in an RDD Telephone Survey of Drug Use
Authors: Johnson Timothy P. , Fendrich Michael , Shaligram Chitra , Garcy Anthony , Gillespie Samuel
Published: November 2015

Although a small number of studies are available that evaluate the effects of interviewer characteristics in substance use surveys conducted in person, none have done so using information collected via telephone interviews. We address this issue by examining the utility of social attribution and social desirability models for detecting the presence of interviewer effects in a large statewide telephone survey concerned with substance use. The specific outcome variables of interest were reports of lifetime and 18-month composite drug use. Analyses focus on the direct effects of individual interviewer characteristics (to assess social attribution) and a summary measure of interviewer-respondent similarity (to assess social distance) and employ random effects regression models to control for respondent clustering by interviewer. Results are most consistent with a social distance model and suggest that social distance between respondent and interviewer may decrease the probability of respondents reporting substance use behavior.
Identifying Pregnant Substance Abusers and Studying Their Treatment Using Birth Certificates, Medicaid Claims, and State Substance Abuse Treatment Data
Authors: Howell Embry M. , Heiser Nancy , Cherlow Ann , Mason Mei-Ling , Ewell Daisy , Rotwein Suzanne
Published: November 2015

A substantial body of recent research has focused on the prevalence of substance abuse among pregnant women, Its effects on maternal and infant health, ways to identify and effectively treat pregnant women, and the cost of care for pregnant women and their infants. However, this research has been hampered by a lack of data, particularly at the state and local levels. The potential benefits of such research for improving treatment and other services to this high-risk group make it important to continue to develop accurate and timely data sources. This study builds on previous work that investigated the quality of birth certificate and Medicaid data as well as previous efforts to merge these two data sources by augmenting the merged birth certificates and Medicaid data with data on a group of known substance abusers - those in substance abuse treatment. The purpose of merging these records is to improve the identification of pregnant substance abusers and, more importantly, to provide an enriched data source of variables from all three sources. Using merged data from two example states, we show that linked birth certificates, Medicaid claims, and state substance abuse treatment files provide a useful source of information for studying the birth outcomes and costs for pregnant women in substance abuse treatment. However, certain groups, such as women who do not obtain any health care or substance abuse treatment, will be underrepresented in such a database. Consequently, efforts at more complete surveillance of pregnant substance abusers should be undertaken, perhaps through increased efforts to improve reporting on the birth certificate, which is a universal document.
Reassessing the Need for Urinalysis as a Validation Technique
Authors: Yacoubian George S.
Published: November 2015

Urinalysis is utilized routinely as a tool to validate self-reported drug use. Past research has been inconclusive, however, in confirming strong correlations between urinalysis and self-reported drug use. In the current study, correlation estimates for cocaine and heroin use are derived from adult arrestees surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program between 1990 and 1997. While the strength of agreement between urinalysis and self-report data varies by both substance and jurisdiction, correlation estimates are consistent over time. These findings suggest that the need for urinalysis should be reassessed.
Women Injection Drug Users Who Have Sex with Women Exhibit Increased HIV Infection and Risk Behaviors
Authors: Young Rebecca M. , Friedman Samuel R. , Case Patricia , Asencio Marysol W. , Clatts Michael
Published: November 2015

This article is a comprehensive review of published research on HIV seroprevalence and HIV-related risk behaviors among women injection drug users (IDUs) who have sex with women (WSW). At least 14 studies since the late 1980s converge into a consistent pattern: compared to other IDUs, WSW IDUs report higher levels of HIV-related risk behaviors and in many cases exhibit higher rates of HIV seroconversion or seroprevalence. Data from these and additional studies also indicate that large numbers of women IDUs are WSWs. Since information regarding WSW IDUs are widely collected but infrequently analyzed and reported, we suggest promising research and analysis strategies for exploring the meaning behind this pattern of increased vulnerability to HIV. Finally, we assert that enough is currently known to warrant significant investment in targeted prevention and intervention programs to address the critical HIV-related needs of lesbian, bisexual, and other WSW IDUs.
The Addicted-Self Model: An Explanation of “Natural” Recovery?
Authors: Fiorentine Robert , Hillhouse Maureen P.
Published: November 2015

This investigation examines whether the Addicted-Self Model of cessation of alcohol and drug dependent behavior (Fiorentine & Hillhouse, 2000b; in press) is able to predict unassisted or “natural” recovery. Four hypotheses are tested using a prospective investigation of individuals who drop out in the First week of outpatient treatment, do not re-enter any type of treatment or aftercare, and attend no Twelve-step meetings during the study period (n =78). Consistent with the assumptions of the model, acknowledgement of loss of control over alcohol and drug use, or low controlled use self-efficacy, predicts greater acceptance of the need for life-long abstinence. A decrease in controlled use self-efficacy is associated with an increase in abstinence acceptance. High and increasing abstinence acceptance predicts higher levels of alcohol and drug abstinence. Consistent with the Addicted-Self Model, but contrary to the Relapse Prevention Approach (Marlatt & Gordon, 1980,1985), high controlled use self-efficacy does not predict less severe relapse or lower levels of alcohol and drug use for those who continue to use these substances. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
The Addict and Alcoholic in Treatment: Some Comparisons
Authors: Huberty David J.
Published: November 2015

In the past decade there have been dramatic increases in narcotic addiction. Figures from the Bureau of Narcotics range from a low of 46,000 addicts in the early 1960's* to a current estimate by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs of 375,000 narcotic addicts. ** Correspondingly, the need for drug treatment programs, personnel and methods has risen. One way to meet the epidemic has been through increased use of the ex-addict and ex-alcoholic as direct treatment personnel. This use of the paraprofessional has altered the role of the professional away from direct counseling and more in the direction of program planning and supervision. In this role, it is the responsibility of the professional to search out new modalities or combinations of treatment approaches and to retain sufficient flexibility in supervision and training so that a given patient is not limited to the exact method or philosophy of treatment that helped his ex-addict or ex-alcoholic counselor.

Since social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists and other professionals are generally more familiar with the dynamics and treatment process of alcoholism than they are with narcotic addiction, a comparison of the two chemical dependencies provides a bridge of understanding that may assist the professional in becoming more familiar with the process of narcotic addiction rehabilitation and thereby assist him in his developing role as supervisor and program developer.
Better Living without Chemistry Some Program Alternatives to Drug Abuse
Authors: Carp Joel M. , Goldstein Melvin
Published: November 2015

The paper described the conceptual underpinnings of two community based programs designed to serve drug users and abusers. Differences and similarities between the two programs, which are located in distinctly different socio-economic neighborhoods, are explored. The authors describe through actual excerpts from case material how the programs work, and the key role of young people as primary helping agents. Both are multi-modality programs. One is designed as a therapeutic community project, while the other uses a community building model. The authors examine some core issues in both programs and discuss the implications of these concerns.
Scientific Evaluations Dispute Advertising Claims
Authors: Wolfe Sidney M.
Published: November 2015

Dr. Wolfe compares recent advertising claims of drug manufacturers with the National Academy of Sciences' drug efficacy studies. He stresses the need for several major revisions of drug advertising techniques and urges the FDA to assume surveillance over the content of material and presentations used by drug detail men. He also advocates that people should be encouraged to ask their doctors why a particular drug is being prescribed.
The Role of the Food and Drug Administration in Regulating Drug Advertising
Authors: Simmons Henry
Published: November 2015

Dr. Simmons presents some of the problems and reactions within the FDA's Division of Drug Advertising regarding drug promotional activities. These include consumer labelling of over-the-counter and prescription drugs, the issue of monitoring the activities of drug detail men and reviewing advertising claims and campaigns. One of the problems in monitoring drug advertising is due to the division of responsibility between the FDA and FTC. Outlining their distinct functions, it is pointed out that more and more these two agencies are collaborating to bring some measure of unity and decisive action in this area. While drug advertising appears to have a profound effect upon the increased use of drugs, particularly psychotropic agents within our society, research is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.
The Probation Officer and the Alcoholic Client
Authors: Soden Edward W.
Published: November 2015

Alcoholism in the caseloads of probation and parole officers throughout the country presents many problems. This article directs attention to the need for probation and parole officers to be informed and knowledgeable. Suggestions are made as to the use of constructive coercion, group counseling within the officer's base of operation, the enlisting of the cooperation of Alcoholics Anonymous, Al-Anon and Alateen, as well as other helping agencies within the community.
Advertising and the National Health
Authors: Nelson Gaylord
Published: November 2015

As leading Congressional critic of the pharmaceutical industry, Senator Nelson finds the misuse of drugs in our society directly attributable to advertising and other forms of promotion. His criticism of detailmen, in particular, leads him to question their continuance as a method of marketing drugs Discounting arguments that advertising is educational, he believes that drug promotion is primarily designed to sell—“to motivate the physician to prescribe and the consumer to buy.” The results of such activity pose a threat to the public health of the nation.
Addiction and Criminal Behavior: A Continuing Examination of Criminal Addicts
Authors: Weissman James C. , Marr Samuel W. , Katsampes Paul L.
Published: November 2015

The study proposed to examine the relationship between opiate addiction and criminal behavior. The study group was composed of general arrestee population subjects who were identified as regular opiate users. The subjects were interviewed to determine demographic, drug use, and self-report criminal history data; arrest data were collected from official records.

The study addressed three research questions: (1) the general effect of addiction upon criminal activity; (2) the effect of addiction upon specific offense categories; and (3) the variations of the effects of addiction upon criminal activity relative to the age of onset of addiction, race, and gender. Study results showed dramatic increases in criminal activity associated with the onset of addiction. The criminal activity increase was displayed in violent crime categories, as well as property acquisitive and drug offense categories. Some differences were apparent according to age of onset of addiction, race, and gender, but the study design did not warrant the drawing of definitive conclusions regarding the differences.
Sequence and Process: A Discussion of the Requirements for Analyzing Movement into and Out of Alcoholism
Authors: Britt David W. , Taylor Rebecca
Published: November 2015

It is argued that the definitions contained in the disease-concept and problem-drinking approaches to alcoholism have suffered from a common weakness, the confounding of cause and effect. The utility of alternative ways of measuring movement into and out of an “alcoholic role” is discussed by comparing the assumptions upon which such measurement options would be based. Specifically, we ask whether greater involvement implies increasing complexity with continuity of behavior, or non-continuous behavior patterns such that greater involvement is characterized by different behavior than lesser involvement, or whether greater involvement implies nothing more than covarying but differentially sensitive indices. Finally, the theoretical advantages of assuming conceptual discreteness among the phenomena of alcoholism are discussed.
Drug Abuse and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Bogomolny Robert L.
Published: November 2015

In this article the author explores the major responses of the law and criminal justice system to drug abuse in the last decade by examining in turn legislative actions, important court decisions, law enforcement agency activities and problems, and a changing public view of the drug abuser.
The Legislative Response to Marihuana: When the Shoe Pinches Enough
Authors: Rosenthal Michael P.
Published: November 2015

The emergence of marihuana in the United States from an obscure drug used mainly by members of minority groups and fringe elements, to the third most widely used recreational drug in the country (after tobacco and alcohol) and the most widely used illicit drug, was one of the major drug developments of the last decade. Similarly, the quick legislative response in reducing penalties for possession of marihuana for personal use (and in some cases for distribution also) is one of the most important legal developments of the decade.1 Legislative change—particularly major penalty reductions in criminal statutes—often proceeds at a glacial pace, but in the case of marihuana possession drastic changes in penalties came remarkably quickly, demonstrating that when the shoe pinches enough legislatures can and will respond. This article will examine the process of change in marihuana possession penalties in the last decade.
Religion, Parental Influence, and Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Use
Authors: Burkett Steven R.
Published: November 2015

This article reports and analyzes the results of surveys which indicate the extent to which parents' religiosity is related to the acquisition of religious and moral values by adolescents, and the extent to which parents' religious involvement is differentially related to marijuana and alcohol use by adolescents. The discussion focuses on two general propositions: First, the greater the extent of involvement in religious activities by both the child and his/her parents, the greater the likelihood that the youth will maintain religious beliefs which oppose the use of alcohol and marijuana. Second, to the extent that a child adheres to those beliefs the less likely he/she is to use these substances.
Practical Problems of Heroin Maintenance
Authors: Kaplan John
Published: November 2015

Although many people argue that heroin maintenance is the best solution to minimize the total social costs of heroin use and the enforcement of laws aimed at preventing it, there are serious practical problems in any heroin maintenance scheme. Any scheme that makes it convenient for addicts to get their heroin will make diversion of legally supplied heroin a serious social problem. Similarly, any system which reduces heroin diversion to manageable proportions will prove to be too cumbersome for most addicts. Finally, the cost and other disadvantages of heroin maintenance have been grossly underestimated in the past.
Partial Prohibition of Non-Medical Drug Use: A Proposal
Authors: Rosenthal Michael P.
Published: November 2015

This article will examine partial prohibition of non-medically sanctioned use (“non-medical use”) of mind-altering drugs as a method of controlling and regulating non-medical use of these substances. Partial prohibition is a policy under which non-medical (1) simple possessions,1 and use, (2) importation, production and cultivation for personal use, and less certainly, (3) small gifts, and (4) even small sales, of mind-altering drugs would not be criminalized or prohibited.2 However, non-medical importation, production, and cultivation for the purpose of distribution; non-medical commercial distribution, and possibly all non-medical distribution; and operating a vehicle under the influence of a mind-altering drug, would be prohibited and criminalzied. Mind-altering drugs, as the term is used in this article, are the “controlled substances”:3 cocaine, amphetamines, and similar stimulants; barbiturates, non-barbiturate sedatives and hypnotics (for example, Quaalude), and minor tranquilizers such as Valium and Librium; strong hallucinogens such as LSD and PCP (“angel dust”); marihuana; and the opiate narcotics.

It is the argument of this article that partial prohibition is a better method of control over most of “the controlled substances” than either the total prohibition of their non-medical distribution and use (prohibition of importation, production and cultivation regardless of their purposes, of distribution and of all possession) that prevails almost entirely today in this country, or than legalization of non-medical use of these drugs. Specifically, I view partial prohibition as the preferred method of control over all controlled substances other than marihuana ( i.e., heroin and other opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, and similar stimulants; barbiturates, non-barbiturate sedatives and hypnotics, and minor tranquilizers; and hallucinogens such as LSD and PCP). For marihuana, I see partial prohibition (which we are beginning to approach in “decriminalization” of possession and sometimes small gifts also) as better than total prohibition. But weighing the potential for harm of marihuana against the social costs of both total and partial prohibition, I submit that it would be preferable if marihuana were legalized or regulated.4 In addition, I propose that we institute carefully controlled experimental outpatient programs in which heroin addicts are lawfully maintained on heroin or injectable methadone.
Changes in Reactions to Deviance: The Issue of Legalization of Marijuana
Authors: Singh B. Krishna , Knezek LaVerne D. , Adams Larry D.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the changes in societal reactions to deviance and some of the factors which might propt such changes. As an example, the issue of legalization of marijuana is examined. Data used are from two national sample surveys conducted in 1973 and 1976. It is found that factors which promote tolerance of nonconformity are also important in promoting changes in societal reactions to deviance. Generally, younger, better educated, less religious, and more tolerant respondents are more likely than others (although substantial gains have been made in most social categories) to favor legalization of marijuana. It is suggested that changes in reactions to deviance occur partly depending upon the exposure to a given deviant act and the situated context, and partly on the basis of those factors which promote tolerance of nonconformity.
Human Nature, Addictions, and the Geography of Disorder in Three Cultures
Authors: Frankel Barbara
Published: November 2015

This paper compares social and cultural handling of addicted persons in three large-scale nation states: Russia, China and the United States—all three of which have defined alcoholism, opiate addiction or both as serious social problems calling for social control, and persons who abuse such substances as deviants.

Implicated in all frameworks for classification of deviants are fundamental cultural images of “human nature,” and underlying these are notions of order and disorder in human existence. Cognitive mapping of the territory of Disorder in many cultures—including those considered here—draws an important boundary between “disordered” and “disorderly” behavior. Disordered persons are “sick,” hence blameless and in need of help, while disorderly persons are “criminals” or “evildoers,” hence culpable and requiring punishment. They fall, consequently, under the dominion of different sorts of agents of social control.

Though the “topography” of the territory of disorder (i.e., features specifying the locus of the problem, given the nature of man as a species) remains rather stable within each cultural tradition, the “political” boundaries whereby deviants are assigned to various agents of social control (such as police or physicians) respond more readily to other social and historical changes. The addictions occupy an ambiguous position on the socio-cultural “maps” of all three cultures considered here, with addicts on the borderline of both “sick” and “criminal” territories. One function of modernization, however, seems to be to enlarge the population within the region inhabited by the “sick” as opposed to the “criminal.” In the United States, which has progressed to the post-industrial age, both addicts and alcoholics are increasingly assigned to the care of medical personnel, a trend far less advanced in the USSR and virtually absent in China. The test of this hypothesis, perhaps, is to witness what will now occur in China as she moves toward industrialization in the post-Mao era.
An Historical Fable for Our Time: The Illicit Traffic in Morphine in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Parssinen Terry , Kerner Karen
Published: November 2015

In the early twentieth century, British pharmaceutical manufacturers produced a massive amount of morphia, almost all of which ended up as a part of the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs between Europe and the Far East. This traffic became so immense that a reluctant British government was embarrassed into placing the manufacture and trade of narcotic drugs under regulation in the Dangerous Drugs Act (1920). The DDA reduced, but did not halt, the flow of drugs between Britain and the Far East. The trial and conviction of an international drug smuggler, H.M.F. Humphrey, in 1923, revealed some of the details of this illicit traffic, as well as the links between the smugglers and the drug manufacturers. The issues raised by this study have significance for a number of contemporary drug issues.
Theological Reflections on Pain
Authors: Sheehan John F. X.
Published: November 2015

It is commonly believed that the Christian religion is opposed to the use of strong analgesics because suffering is good and prepares the way for us to enter Heaven. It this really true? Is Christianity opposed to the use of Heroin to alleviate the pain of the terminally ill? A careful reading of Scripture indicates that there is a great deal of ambivalence in attempting to answer these questions. The Book of Job in the Old Testament deals in part with the problem of pain. There, as well as in the New Testament, there are readings which seem to suggest that pain should be endured. However, the conclusion of this paper is that the legalization of Heroin is not contrary to religious beliefs and does not violate the tenets of Roman Catholicism.
The Production and Detection of Fraud in Street Studies of Crime and Drugs
Authors: Inciardi James A.
Published: November 2015

Fraud in science is an issue that has been rarely discussed in the literature, due, primarily, to the belief that it rarely occurs and to the difficulties in its detection. Yet fraud does occur through the suppression, manipulation, and fabrication of data. The fabrication of data is seemingly the most serious form of fraud since it involves the outright production of fictitious information. In the natural and experimental sciences, fraud may be detected through replication, but in the social sciences alternative findings do not necessarily suggest fraud. In some types of survey research involving studies of self-reported deviant behavior, fraud has occurred through the fabrication of data by dishonest interviewers. In an attempt to detect such data fabrication, an experiment was performed comparing valid and fictitious data, resulting in statistical differences between the two types.
James M. Barrie and the Expanding Definition of Addiction
Authors: Alexander Bruce K.
Published: November 2015

In the recent literature, the term, “addiction”, has been defined as overwhelming involvement with the use of any drug (Jaffe, 1980) or with any other activity (Peele, 1981). These broad definitions accurately reflect current research trends, but also create problems of clearly distinguishing addiction from healthy involvement and of explaining why “overwhelming involvement” should be considered pathological at all.

A study of Sir James M. Barrie's life is used to address these issues. Barrie had several “overwhelming involvements” which make him ideal for a biographical study of addiction in the expanded sense. His life suggests two basic principles. First, that addiction entails intense involvement for the purpose of evading a crucial difficulty or conflict. Second, that addictive involvements tend to form an “addictive complex” in which no particular habit is essential. Should these concepts be borne out, they would help to clarify how addiction differs from other kinds of involvement and why it is properly considered pathological even when illicit drugs are not involved.