bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1H MRI of pneumococcal pneumonia in a murine model
Authors: Marzola Pasquina , Lanzoni Anna , Nicolato Elena , Di Modugno Vincenza , Cristofori Patrizia , Osculati Francesco , Sbarbati Andrea
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To detect and quantify pulmonary lesions due to pneumococcal pneumonia in a murine model by 1H MRI.

Materials and Methods

Pneumonia was induced in mice (N = 5) by intranasal administration of about 1 × 106 colony‐forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus pneumonie. A group of noninfected animals (N = 5) was used as a control group. MRI was performed, 48 hours after infection induction, at 4.7 T. ECG‐gated gradient‐echo (GRE) sequences with TE = 5 msec were used. After MRI examination, the animals were sacrificed for histological examination.

Results

Lungs appeared at MRI as regions with signal intensity (SI) at the level of the noise. Lesions appeared as hyperintense regions over the background and were localized mainly in the apical part of the lungs, in the medial and peribronchial regions. The anatomical localization of the lesions was confirmed by histology. The total lesion volume quantified by MRI data correlated with the total lesion volume quantified by histology.

Conclusion

This work shows that standard 1H MRI allows detection and quantification of lesions due to pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:170–174. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast and high‐resolution MR sialography using a small surface coil
Authors: Takagi Yukinori , Sumi Misa , Van Cauteren Marc , Nakamura Takashi
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To establish a fast and high‐resolution MR sialographic technique that provides fast and high‐resolution imaging.

Materials and Methods

MR sialography was performed on a 1.5‐T MR imager using a small (47‐mm) surface coil. We determined appropriate sequence parameters, and then applied the technique to the salivary glands of 143 patients with xerostomia (including those with Sjögren's syndrome or hyperlipidemia) or salivary gland inflammation. We compared the high‐resolution MR sialography with conventional x‐ray sialography in the patients with xerostomia to evaluate the effectiveness of the MR sialography technique.

Results

We found that a single‐shot, single‐slice MR sialography (TR/TR/number of signal acquisitions [NSA] = 8000 msec/1000 msec/6) using a small surface coil provides excellent duct images that are clinically feasible with fast (imaging time of 56 seconds) and high‐resolution images. An alternative three‐dimensional MR sialography technique provided better details of the branches at the expense of imaging time. The MR sialography technique using a small surface coil depicted effectively the ductal changes in the salivary glands in patients with or without Sjögren's syndrome, reflecting the severity of the diseases.

Conclusion

We conclude that MR sialography can be performed using a fast and high‐resolution sequence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:29–37. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of 15 different stents in superficial femoral arteries by high resolution MRI ex vivo and in vivo
Authors: Adams Gareth J. , Baltazar Ulises , Karmonik Christof , Bordelon Cassius , Lin Peter H. , Bush Ruth L. , Lumsden Alan B. , Morrisett Joel D.
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To evaluate the MRI compatibility of 15 different commercially available, new generation, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved stents suitable for deployment in superficial femoral arteries (SFAs), and to identify the ones that permit MRI to visualize the wall and lumen of stented arteries with sufficient spatial and contrast resolution to quantify restenosis after stent placement.

Materials and Methods

A total of 13 nitinol stents and two stainless‐steel stents were placed in excised cadaveric SFAs and imaged by MRI at 1.5 T ex vivo. The images were evaluated qualitatively for the presence of artifacts and for the effects of the stent on image contrast, and quantitatively for the effect on signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the lumen of the artery inside the stent compared to the SNR of the fluid outside the artery. A nitinol stent was placed in the SFA of a 60‐year‐old man and imaged at 1.5 T in vivo.

Results

Both the vessel wall and the lumen could be visualized in cadaveric SFAs containing either the Absolute nitinol stent, the Dynalink nitinol stent, or the aSpire nitinol‐covered stent. Their inside stent/outside stent SNR was 0.7, 0.8, and 0.8, respectively. The other 10 nitinol stents tested obscured the lumen but did not cause major image shape artifacts. Both stainless‐steel stents tested, the WallGraft and WallStent, completely obscured the lumen and caused significant distortion of the image shapes. When the Dynalink stent was inserted into a highly stenosed SFA in vivo, the image showed a dark expanded eccentric lumen, circumscribed by a medium intensity band containing the stent.

Conclusion

MRI can be used to visualize both the lumen and wall of SFAs containing selected nitinol stents ex vivo and in vivo. These results suggest that MRI can be used to monitor restenosis in stents placed in the femoral arterial bed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:125–135. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeatability of a novel technique for in vivo measurement of three‐dimensional patellar tracking using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Fellows Robert A. , Hill Nick A. , MacIntyre Norma J. , Harrison Mark M. , Ellis Randy E. , Wilson David R.
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To determine the repeatability of a novel noninvasive MRI‐based technique for measuring patellofemoral kinematics in vivo.

Materials and Methods

The patellar kinematics measurement method relies on registering bone models (with associated coordinate systems) developed from a high resolution MRI scan to loaded bone positions derived from fast, low resolution MRI scans. The intrasubject variability, high resolution to low resolution registration error, and interexperimenter repeatability were quantified in experiments on three healthy subjects.

Results

The intrasubject variability and registration error were within range of the accuracy of our procedure; specifically, less than or equal to 1.40° for orientation and 0.81 mm for translation. The interexperimenter repeatability was less than or equal to 1.28° for orientation, with the exception of patellar spin, and 0.68 mm for translation.

Conclusion

Our novel measurement technique can measure three‐dimensional patellar tracking noninvasively during loaded flexion in a repeatable manner. Our results compare well to another noninvasive tracking protocol, fast phase‐contrast MRI, which has a reported subject interexam variability of 2.4° or less for patellar orientation. A particular strength of our method is that axes and high‐resolution bone models need only be determined once for intrasubject comparisons. The method is sufficiently accurate and repeatable to detect clinically significant changes in patellofemoral kinematics. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:145–153. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatially‐confined arterial spin‐labeling with FAIR
Authors: Zhang Yan , Song Hee Kwon , Wang Jiongjiong , Techawiboonwong Aranee , Wehrli Felix W.
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To investigate the effectiveness of slab‐selective inversion in pulsed arterial spin labeling with body coil excitation as a means to reduce large vessel contamination of the perfusion signal.

Materials and Methods

Studies were conducted by varying the tagging width in multislice flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) in conjunction with body coil excitation on a Siemens Sonata whole‐body 1.5‐T scanner. The results of spatially‐confined tagging were then compared with conventional nonselective tagging in the presence and absence of a bipolar gradient crusher pair in order to determine the effectiveness of suppressing vascular signal and to estimate the bolus width that reaches the capillary bed.

Results

It is shown in five volunteers, ages 23–38 years, that depending on the average velocity of the arterial blood flow in the tagging region, a bolus of 6–8 cm in width reaches the capillary bed at a fixed inversion time TI of 1.4 seconds, while a bolus of 11.2–16.5 cm in width enters the imaging region. Further, noticeable velocity differences have been found among the participating subjects, with averages ranging from 10.1 to 13.9 cm/second.

Conclusion

The data suggest that it is advantageous to replace nonselective global tagging in FAIR perfusion imaging with body coil excitation by spatially‐confined tagging to reduce undesired residual tagged blood in large vessels. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:119–124. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological and cytochemical investigations on the fœtal and adult hypophysis in various physiological and pathological states
Authors: Pearse A. G. Everson
Published: June 2005

In two previous papers (Pearse, 1952aandb) the cytochemistry of the anterior hypophysis and its normal cytology as shown by the trichrome‐periodic acid‐Schiff method were described. The second of these dealt with the use of a primarily histochemical method by which three cell types—mucoid cells, acidophils and chromophobes—can be recognised. The first class includes all cells which contain mucoprotein in diffuse, granular or vesiculate form, and it was shown that all the basophils (cyanophils) of the older terminology and up to 30 per cent. of the chromophobes belonged to the mucoid‐cell series, all of which may reasonably be supposed to be concerned witht he production of the gonadotropic and thyrotropic (mucoprotein) hormones. The mucoid cells were divided into eight types and a differential count of 500–1000 cells was made the basis of a rapid method for estimating the amount of mucoprotein storage and production in the gland. This “Maximal‐Intermediate (M/I) count” usually considers only four or five of the eight cell types, the others being included with the second type as intermediate cells.
Oesophageal epithelial ultrastructure after incubation with gastrointestinal fluids and their components
Authors: Bateson M. C. , Hopwood D. , Milne G. , Bouchier I. A. D.
Published: June 2005

Oesophageal biopsies from endoscopically normal patients were incubated in the following for up to 30 min—Ham's F10 medium:isotonic saline:0.1 N HCl:20, 2 and 0.2 mM bile acids:trypsin: pepsin:lipase; autologous gastric and duodenal juices. The biopsies were then examined by electron microscopy. No morphological change was produced by Ham's F10 or saline. HCl caused little damage. Gastric juice produced widespread severe damage, as did pepsin. Duodenal juice and the enzymes tested caused lysis and internalisation of desmosomes and peripheral cytoplasmic vacuolation. Bile acids split desmosomes and induced microvesiculation of the cell membranes. Similar microvesiculation was also induced by duodenal juice. All media except hydrochloric acid eventually produced organelle damage and leaky and disrupted cells. The functional and superficial cells appeared to be able to withstand attack from these experimental media better than did prickle and basal cells. Membrane coating granules were secreted in the presence of hydrochloric acid, but not with enzymes.
Ultrastructural changes in spontaneous rupture of mitral chordae tendineae
Authors: Scott‐Jupp Wendy , Barnett N. L , Gallagher P. J. , Monro J. L. , Ross J. K.
Published: June 2005

Mitral valves from ten patients with spontaneous rupture of mitral chordae were examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Changes identified at rupture sites included oedema and necrosis of collagen, endothelial loss and, in some cases, partial or complete re‐endothelialisation of the disrupted ends. With a solitary exception these abnormalities were confined to chordae which had actually ruptured. Some nonruptured chordae were irregularly thinned and stretched but were normal by light and electron microscopy. Mucoid degeneration was almost invariable in mitral valve leaflets.

These results suggest that spontaneous chordal rupture is more likely to be the result of abnormal mechanical strain rather than a diffuse connective tissue abnormality affecting multiple chordae. They may also provide theoretical justification for reconstruction rather than replacement of mitral valves in this condition.
A prospective study of 1152 hospital autopsies: I. Inaccuracies in death certification
Authors: Cameron H. M. , McGoogan E.
Published: June 2005

Comparison of certified clinical diagnoses with autopsy findings showed that, while the major cause of death was confirmed in 61 per cent. of cases, many diagnoses—both major and contributory—were wrong; many clinical diagnoses were either disproved or relegated to a less important role, and many autopsy findings had not apparently been anticipated. Accuracy was particularly poor in some clinical categories: notably cerebro‐vascular disease and infections. In these, the diagnosis was more often wrong than right. Thus, death certificates are unreliable as a source of diagnostic data.

The clinician's confidence in his major diagnosis bore a fairly close relationship to the frequency of its confirmation. Nevertheless, even when certified as “fairly certain”, the major diagnosis was wrong in about one‐quarter of these cases.

An attempt was made to assess the significance of incorrect diagnoses; one half of these might be clinically significant.

Diagnostic accuracy did not improve with the time spent in hospital, and it bore an inverse relationship to the patient's age.
A prospective study of 1152 hospital autopsies: II. Analysis of inaccuracies in clinical diagnoses and their significance
Authors: Cameron H. M. , McGoogan E.
Published: June 2005

A further analysis of 1152 hospital autopsies provides data on inaccuracies of specific diagnoses; there are many examples of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. All were encountered in a routine hospital autopsy service and their frequency confirms the importance of the hospital autopsy in medical audit. A knowledge of the misdiagnoses which recur frequently could provide guidance in the selection of cases for autopsy.
The effect of tobacco smoke, with or without phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO), on rat bronchial epithelium: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Jeffery Peter K. , Reid Lynne M.
Published: June 2005

The effect of whole cigarette smoke on rat airway epithelium and of the addition of an anti‐inflammatory drug, phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO), to the tobacco, was studied in experiments extending up to 6 weeks. Two airway levels were studied, the left main extrapulmonary bronchus and a distal intrapulmonary bronchiolus.

After cigarette smoke alone, the greatest change was found in the main extrapulmonary bronchus where there was an increase in epithelial thickness due to cell hypertrophy and a change in cell shape. The number of cells increased in proportion to the duration of exposure. Hyperplasia was not preceded by epithelial degeneration or necrosis. In the animals exposed to tobacco smoke alone, ciliated, mucous and basal cells increased whilst intermediate and epithelial serous cells decreased in number.

The appearance of cells intermediate in structure suggests that epithelial serous cells transformed into mucous cells. The change involved an increase in secretory granule size, number and electronlucency, the last probably reflecting a chemical alteration in the glycoprotein. In ciliated cells, mitochondria increased in length. The concentration of dividing cells increased, notably at days 1 and 7.

Addition of PMO to the tobacco, 2 per cent. by weight, diminished the increase in bronchial epithelial thickness, cell size, mucous cell number and percentage of dividing cells seen after tobacco smoke alone: the shift in proportion of the various cell types was similar except that the increase in ciliated cell number was much greater than the increase seen with tobacco smoke alone.
Macrophages in non‐hodgkin lymphomas and hairy cell leukaemia
Authors: Katz D. R.
Published: June 2005

Methods used in the study of human mononuclear phagocytes in vitro were applied to surgical specimens from 49 patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphomas and eight patients with hairy cell leukaemia.

Two of the tumours (both classified as “true histiocytic” neoplasms by the Kiel criteria) were distinguished by the presence of atypical macrophages in the in vitro system. In one the atypical cells were adherent; In the other example they were non‐adherent. These tumours were the only examples of mononuclear phagocyte neoplasia identified in this series. All the remaining 47 cases of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma were judged to be of lymphoid origin.

While initial observations on hairy cell leukaemia‐derived spleen cells suggested macrophage neoplasia, this impression does not stand up to more detailed analysis. The findings are more in keeping with a B lymphoid cell lineage.

In hairy cell leukaemias and low grade lymphoma the proportion of macrophages per gram weight of tissue is diminished. This suggests a deficiency of macrophage functional activity compared with normal; the nature of this defect is not clear.
Hypersecretion of mucus glycoprotein by the gallbladder epithelium in experimental cholelithiasis
Authors: Lee S. P.
Published: June 2005

In three models of cholelithiasis (dihydrocholesterol‐fed rabbits, cholesterol‐cholic acid‐fed mice, and Lincomycin‐treated guinea pigs), the quantity and chemical composition of gallbladder epithelial mucin have been studied using (1) a spectrum of histochemical glycoprotein stains, and (2) biochemical extraction, purification and analysis of the carbohydrate components of epithelial mucin. Despite the diverse mechanism of stone induction and difference in stone composition, a common pattern of response by the epithelial mucin was observed in all three models. There was a quantitative increase in epithelial mucus production at a time before stones were formed and this increase persisted till stones were formed. There was no difference, qualitatively, between mucus produced by normal and stone‐forming gallbladders.
The ultrastructural morphology of the mesangial cell in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Ng Wing ‐Ling
Published: June 2005

By means of electron microscopy, three types of mesangial cell change were identified in IgA nephropathy. They represented proliferative, phagocytic and resting mesangial cells. The proliferative mesangial cells were characterised by the presence of centrioles, numerous free ribosomes, well developed Golgi apparatus and SER. They were found in the proliferative forms of IgA nephropathy. Phagocytic mesangial cells had numerous spinous cytoplasmic processes, better differentiated RER and numerous dense bodies and lipid inclusions. They were found in all histological forms of IgA nephropathy. The resting mesangial cells were unusual and were occasionally present in cases with normal numbers of mesangial cells.
Vasculotoxic effects of dietary testosterone, estradiol, and cholesterol on chick artery
Authors: Toda Takayoshi , Leszczynski Dennis , Kummerow Fred
Published: June 2005

Five‐day‐old female chicks were fed diets containing testosterone, estradiol, and cholesterol for 2 months. Cholesterol supplementation of 1 per cent. resulted in production of lipid vacuoles in the interlamellar connective tissue cells and to a lesser extent in the smooth muscle cells in the aorta; cholesterol had no effect on the coronary artery. The vasculo‐toxic nature of estrogen was indicated when 0·05 per cent, dietary estradiol produced more accumulations of lipid vacuoles in smooth muscle cells, more extracellular lipid, and more smooth muscle cell death than cholesterol feeding. A dietary combination of cholesterol plus estradiol produced severe lipid deposition throughout the entire thickness of ascending aorta, and degenerative atherosclerotic changes in the coronary artery. Combined testosterone and estradiol supplementation resulted in peculiar dwarf chickens which exhibited increased vascular smooth muscle cell mitosis and degeneration.
The influence of experimental hypo‐ and hyperthyroid states on acute and chronic inflammatory reactions: Modified response to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents
Authors: Sena Luigi , Torrielli Mario V. , Franzone Josè , Curzio Marina , Cirillo Rocco
Published: June 2005

Hyperthyroid and hypothyroid states were induced in rats by administration of triiodothyronine or surgical thyroparathyroidectomy. The anti‐inflammatory activity of Indomethacin, Oxametacine and Phenylbutazone was evaluated in these animals using paw oedema provoked by carrageenan granulomas induced by cotton pellets and polyarthritis induced by Freund complete adjuvant.

Our results indicate that the hyperthyroid state leads to a significant inhibition of the acute inflammatory response to carrageenan, while hypothyroidism has no effect. There was a marked increase in the anti‐inflammatory activity of Indomethacin and Phenylbutazone in hyperthyroid rats. By contrast, in thyroparathyroidectomised animals the anti‐inflammatory effect of these drugs appeared less than in euthyroid rats.

The hyperthyroid state slightly inhibited the development of the cotton pellet‐induced granuloma, while hypothyroidism enhanced it. Treatment of hypothyroid animals with the anti‐inflammatory drugs resulted in a significant decrease in the size of the granuloma. In the hyperthyroid state, the activity of the compounds appeared similar to that detected in euthyroid rats.

Neither hyperthyroidism, nor hypothyroidism affected the inflammatory response to mycobacterial adjuvant, or the effect of anti‐inflammatory drugs on the response.

These results suggest that thyroid hormones may influence, to various degrees the development of acute inflammation due to carrageenan, and chronic inflammation due to implanted cotton pellets. Our results indicate also that hyper‐ and hypothyroid states can modify the response of the rat to some non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.
Sudden death and myocardial necrosis in cattle
Authors: Bradley R. , Markson L. M. , Bailey J.
Published: June 2005

Sudden death in cattle, especially calves, is a common problem of farm practice. Some cases are associated with significant cardiac lesions; in others, although necropsy suggests cardiac failure to be the cause of death, histological examination of H & E sections fails to demonstrate conclusively the site and nature of the lesion. We have studied 26 animals which died suddenly and in which the only pathological abnormalities detected were definite or equivocal myocardial necrosis. Three types of necrosis were identified: myodegeneration, contraction band necrosis and coagulation necrosis. Vacuolation of myocytes occurred in control hearts only in the sub‐endocardial myocardium, but was found more extensively in diseased hearts. Paraffin sections of myocardium stained by von Kòssa's method or by haematoxylin‐basic fuchsin‐picric acid improved the detection of myocardial necrosis. Some myocardium was examined by electron microscopy which detected early myocardial necrosis in some equivocal cases and defined the nature of the lesion in more advanced cases. Early changes were an increase in the number of type A mitochondrial inclusions which did not contain significant quantities of calcium but which increased in number after death, albeit to a lesser degree, even in control material. This was followed by deposition of electron‐dense granules and spicules (Type B inclusions) and totally electron‐opaque mitochondria in association with contraction band necrosis. X‐ray microanalysis showed type B inclusions and electron‐opaque mitochondria to have peaks for calcium. It is suggested that myocardial cell death in animals having such lesions resulted from mitochondrial calcium overload. The findings are discussed in relation to nutritional myopathies of ruminants and human myocardial disease associated with sudden death, and to experimental myocardial ischaemia.
Fat accumulation in the rat heart during fasting
Authors: Adams M. G. , Barer R. , Joseph S. , Om'iniabohs F.
Published: June 2005

Following a short period of fasting, with free access to water, lipid droplet accumulation (LDA) occurs in many glandular organs as well as in the heart of several species. The present work describes the changes in the hearts of male and female rats of different ages (6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks) deprived of food for 1, 2 and 3 days. LDA was demonstrated by staining with Oil Red O and a special “scoring” system was developed based on sections arbitrarily divided into five regions for each ventricle and two for each atrium. Three standard section were studied from each heart. This system largely avoided problems arising from the uneven distribution of fats in different parts of the heart.

In control animals very little fat was seen in any part of the heart. The pattern of changes was similar in males and females but the degree of LDA was usually much greater in the male. In both sexes LDA increased after 1 day and usually reached a peak by the second day, followed by a sharp decrease, returning to almost normal. However in both sexes the response in the 18‐week‐old animals was minimal, with no clear peak.

The LDA was always maximal in the R Ventricle, followed by the L ventricle. The heaviest deposition occurred in the superior parts of the ventricles, close to the atria. LDA was comparatively rare in the atria. Fat appeared to be longest in the most heavily loaded regions. Recovery from LDA was rapid, being almost complete 24 hr after returning to a normal diet. Again the most heavily loaded regions retained longest.

These findings are discussed in relation ot possible anatomical factors such as the distribution of blood vessels. It It unlikely that such factors offer an adequate explanation and it is suggested that since the uptake of fats into the heart is probably controlled by lipoprotein lipase the distribution of this enzyme in different parts of the heart should be investigated. The histochemical changes are also discussed in relaion to previous biochemical work. Finally it is pointed out that it is common procedure to fast experimental animals overnight and even such a brief period could bring about considerable histological and metabolic changes.
Age‐specific incidence of neoplasms in untreated NZR/Gd rats: An inbred strain with cardiovascular tumours and liver glycogen storage disease
Authors: Goodall C. M. , Doesburg R. M. N.
Published: June 2005

NZR/Gd is a new inbred strain of albino rats subject to epithelial mesotheliomas of the heart and also to hepatic glycogen storage disease. The age‐specific incidences of neoplasms in 650 untreated NZR rats are tabulated by sex and histopathologic type. In males the most common neoplasms were atrio‐caval mesotheliomas (12 per cent.) and lung adenomas (10 per cent.), while in females most were pituitary adenomas (23 per cent.), lung adenomas (10 per cent.) or tumours of breast (7 per cent.), heart (4 per cent.) or liver or uterine cervix (3 per cent.). Uncommon tumours (less than 2 per cent.) were pancreas islet cell adenomas, lymphoma, hemangioma, fibroma or tumours of kidney, ovary or bile ducts. The detailed histopathology of the atrio‐caval tumours reported earlier was confirmed, but it now appears there is a male preponderance (4:1), and larger tumours showed their malignancy by invasion of adjacent structures and occasionally by distant metastasis. In males the primary site was evenly divided between right atrium and inferior vena cava. Metastasis of tumours of all types was uncommon, but multiple primary tumours were frequently found, especially in the endocrine system of female rats. Almost one‐third of the tumours were associated with at least one other neoplasm arising in a different tissue.

Overall tumour statistics in NZR/Gd rats were quite similar to other inbred strains for which quantitative reports are available, and the virtual absence of other diseases and long life‐span (up to 1250 days) indicated no serious effect of the hepatic glycogen storage disease on survival. The NZR rats seem to be unique in producing atrio‐caval mesotheliomas. and they have a much higher incidence of alveolar lung adenomas (10 per cennt.) tham other reported strains.
Uric acid crystal‐induced nephropathy: Evidence for a specific renal lesion in a gouty family
Authors: Farebrother D. A. , Pincott J. R. , Simmons H. A. , Warren D. J. , Dillon M. J. , Cameron J. S.
Published: June 2005

Gout is principally a disease of middle‐aged men. There has been a lot of discussion over the cause of the renal lesion, whether it is age, hypertension or crystal induced, as single factors or in combination.

We have recently been able to study renal biopsies from three related young women with an hereditary gout, and another girl with 2,8‐dihydroxyadenine crystal nephropathy. All were normotensive. These findings were compared with the findings of a crystal‐induced nephropathy in pigs. In the renal biopsies many stages of acute and chronic nephritis were found which were similar to the crystal nephropathy in the pigs. We concluded that the cause of the original lesion in the women was crystal deposition in the tubules, that crystals were not necessary to keep a non‐specific nephritis active and that age and hypertension need not be contributory factors.
Hepatic collagen synthesis in a rat model of cirrhosis, and its modification by colchicine
Authors: Tanner M. S. , Jackson D. , Mowat A. P.
Published: June 2005

Carbon tetrachloride inhalation in phenobarbitone‐treated rats caused a rapid rise in hepatic prolyl hydroxylase activity which was followed by an increase in hepatic collagen and free proline concentrations. Colchicine in a dose of 5 μg/day largely prevented the increase in hepatic collagen. This effect was not mediated by impairment of prolyl hydroxylase activity. Colchicine is of potential therapeutic value in preventing the progression of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis.
The lining of branchial cysts studied by electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry
Authors: Howie A. J. , Crocker J.
Published: June 2005

The lining of five branchial cysts from patients aged from 17 to 51 was studied by histochemical methods for non‐specific acid esterase and acid phosphatase and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The stratified squamous epithelium was shown to be a specialised structure, with a few microvillous cells on the surface and an intra‐epithelial network of channels containing lymphocytes, notably T cells, and mononuclear phagocytic cells. The appearance of the cyst lining was similar to that of the epithelium lining the crypts of palatine tonsils. The demonstration of a complex lympho‐epithelial lining of the cysts does not settle the controversial question of their origin, but it must be taken into account by hypotheses explaining the development of branchial cysts.
Curved striated and round bodies in glomerulopathies of children; an ultrastructural study
Authors: Yoshikawa N. , Cameron A. H. , White R. H. R. , Standring Dorothy M.
Published: June 2005

Extracellular curved striated bodies and round bodies were found in 62 and 41 per cent. respectively of 360 renal biopsies performed in children with a variety of nephropathies. They were observed in the basal lamina and mesangial matrix. The fact that they commonly occurred together appears to suggest a common aetiology and they are probably derived from altered protein of the basal lamina and mesangial matrix, or from proteins of immune deposits.
Resorption of bone by mouse peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Chambers T. J.
Published: June 2005

An experimental system is described in which mononuclear phagocytes are shown to cause contact‐dependent resorption of bone powder in vitro. Endotoxin, which is known to stimulate macrophage functions, and which has also been shown to increase bone resorption in organ culture, increased bone dissolution by mononuclear phagocytes. On the other hand, parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2, hormones which increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, had no effect on resorption of bone powder by monnuclear phagocytes. This suggests that the osteoclast, which is probably derived from mononuclear phagocytes, is induced to respond to these hormones indirectly, following a primary hormonal effect on osteoblasts.
The mesothelium: A cytochemical study of “activated” mesothelial cells
Authors: Whitaker D. , Papadimitriou J. M. , Walters M. N.‐I.
Published: June 2005

The cytochemical profile of activated mesothelial cells differs from resting cells. The reaction products of enzymes associated with oxidative mechanisms of cell respiration were easily displayed in activated mesothelial cells; in resting mesothelial cells, only enzymes of the pentose pathway were readily demonstrable. Acid hydrolases were detected in greater quantity than in resting cells, possibly reflecting an increased potential for endocytosis. In addition, the cytochemical assays indicated increased Golgi activity as reflected by the demonstration of thiamine pyrophosphatase, while the content of ribonucleic acid was also increased. These cytochemical features compare well with the ultrastructure of active mesothelial cells which possess abundant ergastoplasm and a well‐developed Golgi apparatus. In comparison with peritoneal macrophages, activated mesothelial cells differ mainly in the quantity of reaction product, there being more in macrophages. The results were significantly different only in the demonstration of lipids which were never found in mesothelial cells, but were invariably present in macrophages. It is still unclear whether the acid mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid is produced by or merely transported through the mesothelium from the subserosal site.
Endothelial pavement patterns in human arteries
Authors: Helliwell Timothy , Smith Paul , Heath Donald
Published: June 2005

The endothelium of the carotid arteries, pulmonary trunk and aorta from twelve human subjects aged between 42 and 86 yr was examined en face after staining of the cell borders with a silver nitrate solution. The three vessels each showed similar features with a background pattern of fusiform, mononuclear cells orientated in the longitudinal axis of the vessel. Superimposed on this was a highly variable pattern of small and large polygonal cells and, less commonly, giant cells. Many examples of an abrupt transition from one pattern to another were observed. Preparations which were also stained with haematoxylin showed that large polygonal cells and giant cells contained many nuclei, often arranged into one or more nuclear clusters. The endothelial pattern was related to the underlying intimal structure by taking transverse sections of selected arterial segments. Although a specific endothelial pattern could not be related to a particular intimal morphology, there was a tendency for increasing intimal fibrous thickening and lipid deposition to be associated with more disorganised endothelial patterns and with the presence of large, multinucleate endothelial cells.
The enzyme responsible for the respiratory burst in elicited guinea pig peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Berton Giorgio , Bellavite Paolo , Dri Pietro , de Togni Piero , Rossi Filippo
Published: June 2005

The enzymatic basis of the respiratory burst induced by phorbol myristate acetate in elicited peritoneal macrophages of the guinea‐pig has been studied. The following evidence suggests that a membrane‐bound oxidase that preferentially uses NADPH as substrate is the main enzyme responsible for activation of the oxidative metabolism: (1) The supernatant of postnuclear fractions of resting macrophages oxidises NADH and NADPH with formation of O. The activity with both substrates is very low and does not change in the supernatant obtained from activated cells. (2) The cell‐free particles of resting macrophages also oxidise both NADH and NADPH with formation of O. The activity of the cell‐free particles from activated macrophages does not change when NADH is the substrate. By contrast, the activity of the cell‐free particles from activated cells is markedly increased when NADPH is the substrate. (3) In cell‐free particles from activated macrophages the Km for NADPH is about one order of magnitude lower than that for NADH and the Vmax with NADPH is double that with NADH. (4) The NADPH oxidase of cell‐free particles is insensitive to azide, cyanide, antimycin A and rotenone and is sensitive to the sulphydryl reagent PCMB. All these drugs have the same effect on the respiratory response of intact macrophages. (5) A direct correlation is found between the degree of activation of the respiratory metabolism of intact macrophages and the extent of activation of the NADPH oxidase. A new approach designed to measure the activity of the oxidase soon after the activation of the enzyme has taken place, shows that the NADPH oxidase can account for the respiratory burst of intact macrophages.
The mesothelium: Its fibrinolytic properties
Authors: Whitaker D. , Papadimitriou J. M. , Walters M. N.‐I.
Published: June 2005

We have investigated the fibrinolytic properties of the mesothelium by developing a test system in which standard tissue samples can be assessed in a comparative and semiquantitative manner. The problem whether plasminogen activators were generated by the mesothelium itself or were transported from a subserosal site was also studied. A standard system was developed by using a uniform gelatin disc to obtain a monolayer imprint of mesothelium and subsequently incorporating several of these samples on a fibrin plate. Pure cultures of mesothelial cells were able to induce fibrinolysis.
Berakdown of articular cartilage by vascular tissue
Authors: Jubb R. W.
Published: June 2005

A study has been made with porcine tissues in organ culture of th effect of vascular tissue on articular cartilage. Isolated explants of cartilage were maintained alive for 14 days without breakdown of the matrix. Contact with vascular tissue produced extensive loss of proteoglycan and collagen wth fibroblastic transformaton of te chondrocytes. The breakdown was partly dur to a direct effect on te matrix and partly to activation of catabolic processes in the chondrocytes. Vascular tissue produced exactly the same loss of matrix as synovial tissue.
Skeletal muscle calcergy
Authors: McClure John
Published: June 2005

The subcutaneous injection of mast cell degranulators in the mouse is followed by calcification of fibres of the Panniculus Carnosus muscle. This reaction is seen in damaged fibres adjacent to a central zone of complete necrosis. Calcification of muscle fibres is also seen after the injection of KMnO4 but this uniformly affects the fibres at the site of reaction. Quantitative studies of the latter model and qualitative studies of the former show that treatments with the diphosphonates EHDP and Cl2MDP do not influence the calcific responses. It is suggested that the inducing chemicals interact with the muscle fibre membrane causing membrane dysfunction and a resultant influx of calcium ions. It has been proposed that this is a pathogenetic mechanism in various myopathies and that prevention of net calcium ion influx might form a basis for treatment. In this context, the results of the present experiments suggest that the diphosphonates would be unlikely to efficacious in this regard.
An immunocytochemical study of α‐lactalbumin in human breast tissue
Authors: Balley A. J. , Sloane J. P. , Trickey B. S. , Ormerod M. G.
Published: June 2005

The distribution of the milk protein, lactalbumin, has been studied in human breast tissue by the indirect immuno‐peroxidase technique on formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections. It was found in all lactating breasts examined and in all breasts from subjects who were more than 18 weeks pregnant. It was also seen in a small proportion of non‐pregnant, non‐lactating patients usually confined to small focal secretory lobular lesions known as lactational foci but also occasionally in morphologically normal lobules. Previous pregnancy does not appear to be a pre‐requisite for lactalbumin secretion and our study suggests a possible relationship with usage of hormonal preparations. A wide variety of benign and malignant breast lesions were studied and none was found to contain the protein, except for fibroadenomas from patients who were pregnant or who harboured lactional foci. The absence of lactalbumin from all the 44 breast carcinomas studied suggests that it has no role to play as a marker in the histopathological diagnosis or clinical monitoring of this disease.
The reaction of xenogeneic and monoclonal antisera with Reed‐Sternberg cells
Authors: Stuart A. E. , Jackson Elizabeth , Morris Christine S.
Published: June 2005

Xenogeneic antisera have been prepared against human monocytes, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. The reactivity of these antisera against a variety of normal and neoplastic cells is described. Reed‐Sternberg cells from three cases of Hodgkin's disease failed to react with xenogeneic anti‐T and anti‐monocyte sera, but reacted with an anti‐B serum. A further three cases were examined with monoclonal antibodies. Negative results were obtained with monoclonal anti‐T and positive results were given by monoclonal antibodies directed against DR and HLA antigens.
An immunoperoxidase study of immunological factors in high immune and low resistance granulomas in leprosy
Authors: Ridley Marian J. , Russell Deborah
Published: June 2005

The epithelioid cell granuloma in high resistant tuberculoid (TT) leprosy was contrasted with the pure macrophage granuloma of anergic lepromatous leprosy (LL) by evaluating various immunological factors operating in these lesions. The immunoperoxidase technique using antisera to immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, complement C3, C3d and C1q and other products of macrophage secretion, lysozyme, plasminogen, a1 antitrypsin and C‐reactive protein and of la antigens revealed peak levels in tissues of most of these factors in both types of granuloma. The tuberculoid response was linked to low antigenic load and Ia‐like antigen and the lepromatous response was secondary to a high antigenic load in the absence of Ia antigen.

Complement and other mediators were found intracellularly in both tuberculoid and lepromatous granulomas, but extracellilarly only in tuberculoid lesions. This may indicate local hypersensitivity in the tuberculoid granuloma. It is suggested that the mediators in LL macrophages remain bound to the lipids of mycobacterial degeneration in the phagocytic vacuole.

Secretory cells were differently sited in the two types of granulomas: peripheral in epithelioid cell lesions and central around capillaries over the whole lesion in pure macrophage granulomas of LL. In tuberculoid leprosy many of the central vessels in the granuloma were obliterated.

C1q was found in fibroblasts. However, the marked absence of fibrosis in any of the lesions of leprosy, except following severe reactions, casts some doubt on the link which has been postulated between epithelioid cells and fibroblasts as an explanation of fibrosis in granulomas.
The response of isolated rat heart cells to cardiotoxic concentrations of isoprenaline
Authors: Steen E. M. , Noronha‐Dutra A. A. , Woolf N.
Published: June 2005

Isolated beating rat heart myocytes were incubated with the sympathomimetic amine isoprenaline at concentrations which are known to induce myocardial necrosis in vivo. Incubation with isoprenaline did not induce changes in cell morphology nor impair the ability of the cells to take up and retain fluorescein diacetate. These results suggest that myocardial cells are not the main target in isoprenaline‐induced necrosis and that some alternate indirect mechanism must be involved.
Alleviation of diabetic microangiopathy in rats by pancreatic islet cell transplantation
Authors: Lauder I. , Abascal J. , Cartwright R. A. , Farndon J. R. , Johnston I. D. A.
Published: June 2005

Diabetes was induced in female WAG rats by an injection of streptozotocin. The resultant diabetic microangiopathy was studied in the kidney and other organs and the effectiveness of pancreatic islet cell transplantation in preventing and reversing the microvascular complications was assessed. It was found that intraportal transplants of more than 1000 islets produced metabolic normality in most animals and successful transplants prevented the development of diabetic microangiopathy. Very early lesions could be completely restored to normal. The findings strongly support the necessity of good metabolic control of human diabetic patients to prevent microangiopathic damage.
Anatomical variation and quantitative histology of the normal and enlarged carotid body
Authors: Smith Paul , Jago Ross , Heath Donald
Published: June 2005

The carotid bodies from 150 consecutive cases coming to necropsy were examined to determine the degree of anatomical variation of the organ. Single, double and bilobed variants were found. The origin of the carotid body was variable, the angle of the carotid bifurcation being the most typical, but a minority were encountered on the internal or external carotid arteries, the common carotid artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. Carotid bodies which were enlarged had no preferred site of origin, but some showed early or pronounced nodularity.

Both carotid bodies from 100 of these cases were subjected to detailed qualitative and quantitative histological study. From these measurements we were able to define hyperplasia of the organ as a differential sustentacular cell count in excess of 47 percent., a lobular diameter over 565 μ, and a combined carotid body weight over 30 mg. Carotid body hyperplasia occurred in cases of myocardial hypertrophy secondary to both hypoxaemia and systemic hypertension.
Factors influencing the severity and progress of ethylenimine‐induced papillary necrosis
Authors: Davies D. J. , Tange J. D.
Published: June 2005

The severity of the renal papillary necrosis produced in rats by ethylenimine is dependent both on dose and urinary concentration within the medulla. When this is reduced by diuresis, the severity of the lesion is effectively reduced. Increasing urinary concentration has a reverse effect, but of less magnitude. When the concentrating power of the renal medulla is impaired by a single dose of ethylenimine, insufficient to cause necrosis of the whole papilla, further doses of ethylenimine do not cause progressive damage to the papilla.
Cytophotometric assessment of phagocytosis and pinocytosis on single resident and exudate murine peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Papadimitriou J. M. , van Bruggen Ivonne
Published: June 2005

Computerised scanning cytophotometry was used to evaluate the phagocytic and pinocytic performance of single resident and exudate macrophages. The results indicate that both receptor mediated phagocytosis and fluid phase pinocytosis are more efficiently performed by activated than resident murine peritoneal macrophages. Exudate macrophages phagocytise at approximately twice the rate of resident macrophages while pinocytosis is five times more prominent in exudate than in resident macrophages. The results are consistent with other published investigations and in addition reflect individual cellular variation in macrophage populations.
Small‐scale isolation and characterisation of human peripheral blood monocytes
Authors: Wynne Katherine M. , Moore M.
Published: June 2005

A technique is described for the isolation and characterisation of monocytes from 15 ml of human peripheral blood. After density gradient centrifugation over Ficoll‐Hypaque, monocytes are purified further by substrate adherence under carefully defined conditions. The use of a simple microwell slide system permits the production of multiple small‐scale monolayer populations which can be characterised further in terms of their histochemical reactivity (combined stain for chloroacetate and non‐specific esterases); endocytic capacity (latex particles); Fc (sensitised ox erythrocytes) and C3 (serum‐coated yeast) receptor expression; and precursor maturation potential (7‐day cultures). Evidence of considerable cellular heterogeneity is presented.