bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhizopus sexualis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizopus sexualis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soft fruit and cherries. DISEASE: Causes a soft rot of soft fruit particularly strawberries (54, 4573; 55, 1873). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, UK. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Lophodermium conigenum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium conigenum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mainly Diploxylon (two-three needle) pines, including
Pinus brutia, P. densiflora, P. montana, P. mugo, P. nigra
,
P. resinosa, P. sylvestris, P. tabuliformis, P. contorta, P. halepensis, P. pinea
and
P. radiata
. Has also been recorded from Haploxylon (five needle) pines. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines.
Lophodermium conigenum
inhabits green needles on the tree, producing no symptoms. When a branch bearing such needles is killed by an agent other than the fungus,
L. conigenum
fruits seprophytically on the needles. It causes no significant damage to the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, a couple of records from the USA (east coast and Michigan) where it is apparently not common, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Fusarium semitectum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium semitectum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: avocado, banana, coffee, cotton, flax, maize, marrow,
Phaseolus
, soyabean, rice, water melon, wheat. DISEASE: Its major economic importance is as a storage rot of tropical crops. However, there are many references to its occurrence as a parasite or wound parasite: avocado (46, 2289), banana (50, 1898; 54, 22c; 4051), coffee (52, 410), cotton (54, 1754), flax (47, 3457; 48, 1198), maize (55, 3133), marrow (50, 3353),
Phaseolus
(52, 1325), soyabean (52, 1330), water melon (51, 980), wheat (46, 2132) and rice (55, 218). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Extremely widespread and common in the tropics and subtropics but also found in Mediterranean and occasionally in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne and seed-borne (46, 456), and by harvesting knives.
Dothiora ribesia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Dothiora ribesia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ribes
spp. ; common on redcurrant, less frequent on blackcurrant and occasionally on gooseberry. DISEASE: Black pustule of currant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, also in Canada, Morocco, New Zealand and USA (New England states, N.W. Alaska); CMI Map 180, ed. 2, 1971. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores wind dispersed.
Nectria aurantiicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria aurantiicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: scale insects (on
Aleurites, Citrus, Coffea, Pyrus
) and on the insect, e.g.
Adelgespiceae on Abies balsaminea
(51, 1088). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Malawi, New Zealand, Sabah, Tanzania, West Indies, Zambia, Australia (56, 3828), Quebec (Canada). TRANSMISSION: Not recorded, but slime spored
Fusarium
conidia must require moisture whereas the ascospores can be ejected directly into the atmosphere.
Tilletia caries
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia caries
[Tilletia tritici]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Aegilops, Agropyron, Bromus, Elymus, Hordeum, Poa, Secale, Sitanion, Triticum, Triticale
. DISEASE: Causes common bunt (stinking or covered smut) of wheat.
Tilletia foetida
(CMI Descriptions 720) causes a virtually identical disease known by the same name. The grain tissues inside the pericarp are converted to a mass of black teliospores producing a 'bunt ball' as the head matures. Diseased plants may be slightly stunted, infected ears ripen slower and the glumes project more than in healthy ears. Losses are caused both by direct loss of grain and by spoilage of grain and flour by contamination with the bunt spores which are released when the crop is harvested. Bunt spores release trimethylamine which has an odour of decaying fish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, occurs in most countries where wheat is arown (CMI Map 294, ed. 3, 1978). TRANSMISSION: Spores are released when the grain is harvested and are dispersed by air to contaminate healthy grain and soil. Spores germinate in moist soil to produce a basidium and acicular basidiospores (primary sporidia). These fuse to produce a dikaryotic mycelium which may directly infect host seedling coleoptiles or produce further secondary sporidia.
Cochliobolus cymbopogonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus cymbopogonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Andropogoneae
. DISEASE: Seed and seedling blights; leaf spots of citronella (
Cymbopogon nardus
) and lemon grass (
C. citratus
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: Splash dispersal of ascospores (60, 2421); through seed.
Coniothyrium minitans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Coniothyrium minitans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum
and, under laboratory conditions, can attack sclerotia of
Botrytis cinerea, B
.
fabae, B. narcissicola, Sclerotinia minor
and
Sclerotium cepivorum
. DISEASE: Hyperparasite of sclerotia of phytopathogenic fungi such as
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
and S.
trifoliorum
(55, 4614, 4972). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Britain, Finland, East Germany, Hungary, Poland); North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: By conidia and mycelia dispersed in the soil from disintegrating infected sclerotia which are covered with numerous pycnidia releasing abundant conidia. It has also been suggested that disintegrating infected sclerotia could be dispersed with the mycoparasite by fungus gnats (
Mycetophilidiae
) (Turner & Tribe, 1976).
Didymella applanata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Didymella applanata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rubus idaeus
(raspberry),
R. fruticosus
(blackberry) and
R. ursinus
var.
loganobaccus
(loganberry). Also on
R
.
australis
. DISEASE: Spur blight (in USA) and sometimes referred to as cane blight (in Europe). Early symptoms are purplish blotches mainly on the epidermis at the nodes round the base of leaves and sometimes between the nodes on the lower portions of the stems. As the disease progresses the blotches increase in size extending upward and downward along the cane and sometimes the lesions coalesce to form a discoloured cane.
Didymella applanata
has been reported to cause dieback (2, 457; 32, 572; 41, 353) and witches' brooms (2, 457). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia & Oceania, Europe and North America (CMI Map 72, ed. 3, 1977). New records not mapped are: Europe (Czechoslovakia). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores and conidia released during wet or extremely moist conditions (10, 530; 55, 1875; Wormald, 1939; Converse, 1966). In the UK small numbers of ascospores have been trapped in raspberry plantations throughout the summer and early autumn when RH exceeded 70% and temperatures above 12°C prevailed for at least 12 h (37, 201). It invades both unwounded and wounded tissues (9, 117-118; 10, 531). Entry into canes is also achieved through wounds created by
Diplosis
(gall fly) in Germany (11, 381) and by
Thomasiniana theebaldi
(midge) (28, 340; 32, 86; 34, 728; 39, 120; 43, 519). As a rule the fungus invades all regions of the cortex except the cork which acts as a barrier (9, 117-118; 10, 531; 11, 381) but it has been known to cause deeper lesions on midge larval feeding areas and frequently penetrates the stem to the pith and kills the cane (32, 86).
Gnomonia comari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gnomonia comari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fragaria vesca, F. chilonensis
var.
ananassa and Fragaria
cvs. Also on
Agrimonia, Alchemilla, Comarum
,
Epilobium, Geum, Potentilla
and
Sanguisorba
. DISEASE: Leaf blotch, dry necrosis of sepal tips, fruit rot and dying of strawberry plants. Also rotting of strawberry runners in cold storage (50, 189). Although the disease is economically unimportant in Switzerland, Bolay (1972) claims in Germany, UK and North America yield losses can reach 70%. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Zimbabwe); Asia (Israel); Australasia & Oceania (New Zealand); Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, British Columbia, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec; USA, California, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire). TRANSMISSION: By conidia and ascospores disseminated by water splash during humid conditions (Bolton, 1954). The fungus overwinters on leaves left in the field and in nature perithecia occur on overwintered leaves in early spring. Infection starts early in the season (Bolton, 1954; 51, 2693) by the entry of the fungus through stomata and wounds (33, 737; Bolay, 1972). Once the fungus has entered the leaf it penetrates the parenchyma cells and progessses towards the vascular bundles and enters the vessels producing profuse mycelium and subsequently numerous pycnidia (Bolton, 1954). In Western Spain under laboratory conditions pycnidia have been produced on infected plants in 4-5 days and perithecia in 8-10 days (52, 3776). In Canada pycnidia were observed in the cortex of petioles 4 weeks after inoculation and leaves with pycnidia kept in a moist chamber were found to develop perithecia in 4-6 days (Bolton, 1954). Perithecia developed in this way took 10-12 days to mature.
Septoria cucurbitacearum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria cucurbitacearum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita ficifolia
(=
C. melanosperma
),
C. maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo
and
Bryonia dioica
(=
B. cretica
). DISEASE: Leaf spot of cantaloupe, cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash and vegetable marrow. The visible symptoms are circular, olive brown lesions, prominent on the upper surface of the leaves. With the progress of the disease the spots enlarge, usually reaching 3-5 mm diam., occasionally 8 mm wide and soon dry up. Older lesions tend to turn white revealing several pycnidia embedded within the tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia); Australasia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Rumania, USSR); North America (USA, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia disseminated by water splash in wet weather or heavy dews.
Tilletia holci
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia holci
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Holcus
spp. and
Anthoxanthum odoratum
. DISEASE: Covered smut on
Holcus
and
Anthexanthum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Chile and Falkland Isles. TRANSMISSION: There are no records of significant work on this aspect. Presumably by seed- and soil-borne teliospores as with other
Tilletia
spp.
Synchytrium macrosporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Synchytrium macrosporum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Karling (1964) lists the following hosts:
Amaranthus berlandia, Ambrosia aptera, A. psilostachya, A. trifida, Ammi majus, Croton monanthogynus, Erigeron canadensis, Helenium tenuifolium, Iva ciliata, Modiola caroliniana, Nandina dornestica, Oenothera laciniata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phyla incisa, Ratibida pinata, Riccinus communis, Rubus trivialis, Solanum elaegnifolium, Specularia perfoliata, Torilis japonica, Vicia faba, Vigna sinensis, Xanthium strumarium
. However, experimentally infected hosts total over 1483 species in more than 933 genera of 185 families (57, 2425). DISEASE: Lavender-red galls develop on the leaves and stems of hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Texas). TRANSMISSION: No reports, but presumably by dissemination of resting spores, with local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films.
Peronospora hariotii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora hariotii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Buddleja davidii
cv. White Profusion,
B. globosa
and cultivars, especially cv. Lemon Ball. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Buddleja
. This is a disease of nursery stock and there are no reports of the fungus infecting mature plants. Young plants 1-2 ft. high bear conspicuous brown lesions on their leaves. These begin as a yellow area on the upper surface which soon turns brown and brittle. Leaves affected in this way usually drop off. The leading shoot and terminal bud may also die. The down, which develops on the lower surface of infected leaves, is pale to medium brown depending on age and weather conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Britain, France). TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Stagonospora sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Stagonospora sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum, Miscanthus japonicus
and
M. sinensis
. By inoculation on
S. barberi
and
S. sinense
(44, 828). DISEASE: Leaf scorch of sugarcane. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Japan, Panama, Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. TRANSMISSION: By water borne conidia.
Exobasidium vexans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Exobasidium vexans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: Blister blight of tea; by far the most serious disease of tea and apparently confined to this host. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Endemic throughout the tea growing areas of Asia- Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia (W.), Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam but not at present recorded from Africa, CMI Distribution Map 45. TRANSMISSION: By basidiospore discharge from mature blisters and wind-borne; only the younger leaves are susceptible to infection. Basidiospore discharge occurs during humid conditions for 7-10 days, spores being released in vast numbers. In Sri Lanka most air borne basidiospores were trapped during the S.W. & N.E. monsoons (May-June and November).
Exobasidium japonicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Exobasidium japonicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rhododendron
'
indicum
' group (Azaleas). DISEASE: Most horticultural azaleas are susceptible to
E. japonicum
and it may be economically serious when azaleas are glasshouse grown (58, 720). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Origin unknown; the disease first became known in Europe in the early years of this century and it has now spread, or been recorded, wherever azaleas are grown. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne basidiospores, as demonstrated for
E. vaccinii
, which land on the developing buds or young leaves is the most likely method of infection. Although, as basidiospores germinate in culture to produce conidia (53, 3060) and presumably do so in nature under moist conditions, infection may also occur by rain-splash.
Lophodermium pini-excelsae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium pini-excelsae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus ayacahuite, P. banksiana, P. cembra, P. excelsa, P. kesiya, P. koraiensis, P. longifolia, P. palustris, P
.
parviflora, P. patula, P. pentaphylla, P. peuce, P. pumila, P. strobus, P. tueda, P. wallichiana
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Ascocarps of this species occur predominantly on dead needles in the litter; they may also, however, occur on dead needles still attached to twigs, including twigs which have died because of suppression. The pathogenic status of this species is not clear, but it is important to distinguish it from other more strongly pathogenic pine inhabiting species of the same genus, such as
L. seditiosum
Minter, Staley & Millar (
CMI Descriptions
568). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir; Japan, West Pakistan), Europe (Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland), North America (Canada: Ontario). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Entyloma calendulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Entyloma calendulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Calendula officinarum
, also
C. aegyptiaca, C. algeriensis, C. arvensis, C. persica
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Calendula
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Europe including Scandinavia and USSR (Latvia); around the Mediterranean (Algeria, Israel, Tunisia, Turkey); North America (USA), South America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay); Australia (New South Wales, Western Australia), New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive on infected plant remains in soil and germinate to infect the new crop. Overwintering on self-sown seedlings is also possible.
Tilletia sphaerococca
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia sphaerococca
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Agrostis
, including
A
.
stolonifera
and
A. vulgaris
. DISEASE:
Agrostis
smut. Infected plants are often stunted. Dwarfed plants of
A. tenuis
were at one time known as A.
pumila
, see Phillipson (1935, 1937) who states that infected plants can recover and revert to their normal habit. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia); Azores; Morocco; Pakistan; New Zealand; USA; Falkland Islands. TRANSMISSION: Seed borne; but no detailed investigation reported.
Conidiobolus obscurus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Conidiobolus obscurus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae); one record also from
Philaenus spurnarius
(Homoptera: Cercopidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America, Asia, Australia. DISEASE: Infection is by germ tubes issuing from the conidia and penetrating the integument of the aphid. Dead insects characteristically hang from stems and leaves of the host plant by the proboscis inserted in the plant tissues. They are clothed in conidiophores bearing the large conidia that sparkle in bright light. In N. Europe
C. obscurus
occurs most frequently in the autumn and spring in relatively cool, moist weather.
Hirsutella kirchneri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hirsutella kirchneri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The mites
Tarsonemus spirifex
on
Avena sativa
(Rostrup, 1916) and
Abacarus hystrix
on
Lolium perenne
(Minter, Brady & Hall, 1983). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Denmark; Berkshire, UK. DISEASE: Little is known of the course of the disease and its spread. Some living mites bear externally sterile mycelium which sporulates when they die.
Neozygites fresenii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Neozygites fresenii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) especially species of the genus
Aphis
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread, including Europe, N. & S. America, Asia, Africa, Polynesia. DISEASE: Capilloconidia adhere to the aphid by the sticky apical droplet. A germ tube is produced which forms an appressorium on the insect cuticle and a tube from the appressorium then penetrates it. Aphids killed by
N. fresenii
characteristically hang from the stems and the underside of leaves of the host plant by the proboscis inserted in the plant tissues.
Aphis fabae
killed by this species are orange in colour when dry and grey in moist conditions as the fungus begins to sporulate. This fungus is most frequently associated with dense populations of aphids in warm seasons and is unusual in attacking aphid populations in the tropics.
Chaetoseptoriawellmanii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Chaetoseptoriawellmanii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phaseolus vulgaris
and
Vigna unguiculata (=Vigna sinensis
). DISEASE: Brown leaf spot of
Phaseolus
and
Vigna
. At first lesions appear as small purplish brown or chocolate spots with distinct margins. With the progress of infection spots enlarge, occasionally coalesce, turn reddish-brown and become rounded or irregular reaching up to 1 cm wide with lighter or whitish centres. Older lesions become distinct on both surfaces with distinct margins prominent on the upper surfaces with pycnidia scattered within the spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador) South America (? Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Little information exists on natural infection and how the disease spreads in the field. It is possible that conidia could be dispersed by water splash and the fungus might survive in crop debris left from previous years.
Phytophthora capsici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora capsici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A fairly wide range including
Capsicum
, aubergine, tomato and members of the Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Stem and fruit rot of
Capsicum
, soft rot of tomato and cucurbit fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Bulgaria, France, Italy, Greece, Spain, USSR), Asia (China India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey), North America (Canada, USA, Mexico), Central and South America and West Indies. (CMI Map 277, ed. 4, 1977). TRANSMISSION: By water splash, soil-borne. By direct contact between melon fruits during marketing (19, 513).
Phaeoisariopsis chonemorphae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis chonemorphae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Chonemorpha macrophylla
. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India (Madhya Pradesh)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.
Ramularia oxyria-digynae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia oxyria-digynae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oxyria digyna
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Oxyria digyna
. Lesions round-oval, dark brown border with buff centre, size varies from 2-5 mm (usually 3-4 mm) diam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Europe
: Norway, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia sphaeroidea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia sphaeroidea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Lotus corniculatus, L. major, L. uliginosus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Lotus
spp., causing severe damage to
L. major
in Australia (48, 2711) and to
L. uliginosus
in New South Wales (49, 3738). On the upper side of the leaf the brown spots bear scattered minute reddish brown speckles. The conidiophores on the underside give the spots a white frosted or woolly appearance. Sporulation is known to occur from June to September. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (Australia: New South Wales), Europe (England, Germany, Guernsey, Ireland). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Ovularia karelii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ovularia karelii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Onobrychis heliobrychis
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
O. heliobrychis
. The irregular lesions on the upper side of the leaf consist of numerous minute dark brownish black speckles. Sporulation is known to occur in July. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Germany). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Ramularia galegae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia galegae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Galega officinalis
: Goat's rue. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
G. officinalis
. Lesions tend to be elongated, being restricted by larger veins, but several infections together can give the lesions an irregular appearance. Small tufts of conidiophores can be seen on either leaf surface. Sporulation is known to occur in October. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Italy, Romania). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Ramularia psoraleae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia psoraleae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Psoralea machrostachya
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of P.
machrostachya
. The lesions are mainly circular, sometimes merging to give an irregular appearance. Small tufts of white conidiophores can be seen on either leaf surface, but predominantly on the underside. Sporulation is known to occur in May. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA: California). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Ramularia deusta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia deusta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae: Lathyrus hirsutus, L. latifolius, L. maritimus, L. monatus, L. niger, L. palustris, L. pratensis, L
.
roseus, L. Silvester, L. sylvestris, L. tuberosus, Lotus corniculatus, L. siliquosus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Lathyrus
and
Lotus
spp. In the case of
Lathyrus latifolius
, perennial pea, lesions have been recorded on leaflets, petioles, stipules, tendrils, stems peduncles and pods (30, 41). Sporulation is known to occur in August and September. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Germany, Ireland, Sweden), South America (Brazil), North America (USA: California, Washington). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia. Baker
et al.
(1950) also noticed that lesions extended through pod walls infecting perennial pea seeds, but did not investigate this mode of transmission.
Cochliobolus bicolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus bicolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Andropogon, Apluda, Brachiaria, Cymbopogon, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Melanocenchris, Oryza, Panicum
,
Paspalum, Pennisetum, Setaria, Sorghum, Triticum, Urochloa, Zea, Zizania
. Also isolated from a wide variety of other host plants and soil. DISEASE: Foot rot of wheat, zonate leaf spot of
Pennisetum
and seedborne (34: 324, 55: 1788, 60: 4427, 62: 4281). The disease is associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Canada, East and West Africa, Ethiopia, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, USA, Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia.
Cercospora circumscissa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora circumscissa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Prunus amygdalus, P. avium, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. persica, P. spinosa
. DISEASE: Leaf spot or 'shot hole' of stone fruit trees. The disease first appears early in the season on the younger leaves as yellowish spots with dark centres. The margin of the spots then becomes thickened and dark or reddish-brown, while the centre becomes grey, dries, shrinks and ultimately falls out. Eventually most of the leaves on the tree become riddled with holes. Shallow circular leaf spots may also form on the branches and the fruit (McAlpine, 1902). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Morocco, Zimbabwe; Asia: Cyprus, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Palestine, Australasia: Australia (Queensland), Europe: Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Romania Turkey, USSR (Russia), Yugoslavia; North America: USA (Alabama, California, Florida); South America: Argentina. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne and water splash-dispersed conidia (McAlpine, 1902). The fungus survives adverse conditions in the fallen foliage as stromatic cells or as the teleomorph.
Cylindrocarpon effusum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon effusum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Herb. IMI records on
Ananas, Callitris, Camellia, Cocos, Dracaena
and
Grevillea
, the nematode
Radopholus similis
, fruit bat guano and soil. DISEASE: Root rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Mauritius; Asia: Hong Kong, India, Vietnam; Australasia: Australia; North America: Honduras, West Indies. TRANSMISSION: Water-borne conidia.
Acremonium acutatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams Michèle A. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Acremonium acutatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pseudocercospora atromarginalis
, Man. DISEASE: The type was isolated as a parasite of the fungus
P. atromarginalis
(CMI Description 940) on
Solanum nigrum
and has also been isolated from the skin scrapings of a man with clinical eczema. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India; Europe: The Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Aphanomyces cochlioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aphanomyces cochlioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Amaranthus blitoides, A. retroflexus, Beta lomatogona, B. patellaris, B. patula, B. trigyna, B. vulgaris, B. vulgaris
var.
cicla, Celosia argentea, Chenopodium album, Dianthus chinensis, Echinocloa crus-gallii, Escholtzia californica, Gomphrena globosa, Kochia scoparia, K. scoparia
var.
culta, Lychnis alba, Mollugo verticillata, Papaver rhoeas, Portulaca oleracea, Salsola kali, Saponaria ocymoides, Spinacia oleracea, Tetragonia tetragonioides
. DISEASE: Blackroot of sugar beet; the fungus is a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. There is an early acute phase of short duration (causing pre-emergence and post-emergence damping off) and a later chronic phase which may persist throughout the life of the plant. Infection during seed germination is indicated by poor stands with killed seeds remaining in the soil to infect young seedlings emerging elsewhere. Seedling hypocotyls are infected at ground level, a water-soaked area extending up and down the hypocotyl or the upper part of the young taproot from the point of entry. The invaded root or hypocotyl rapidly becomes brownish and then assumes the characteristic jet black discoloration from which the disease derives its name. Soon after, the cortex of the hypocotyl dries, and the stem and hypocotyl shrink, leaving a thin strand of tissue. Oospores are easily seen in the collapsed root and hypocotyl tissue on microscopic examination. The chronic phase first appears on plants in late June to August. A greenish-yellow discoloration of the swollen hypocotyl develops, affected root tissues becoming dark brown, soft, water-soaked, splitting apart and eventually shrivelling. Plants are stunted and lower leaves turn yellow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan. Australasia & Oceania: Australia (Qld). Europe: Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany (GDR & GFR), Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Sweden, USSR (Russia). North America: Canada (Alberta, NS, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, Maine, MT, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Texas, Washington State, Wisconsin). South America: Chile. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 596. TRANSMISSION: Presumably in soil by oospores originating from sloughed-off root tissues and germinating to produce zoospores. The conditions favouring oospore germination are however largely unknown. Survival may occur on alternative hosts present in the crop, so the disease may be difficult to eliminate. The disease is particularly severe in warm, wet conditions, less so in cool, wet weather.
Phomopsis asparagi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis asparagi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Asparagus officinalis, A. plumosus, A. verticillatus
. DISEASE: Stem blight of
Asparagus
species. The first symptom is a discolouration of the stem tissue followed by the appearance of brown, elliptical lesions. As infection progresses the affected areas become shrivelled and turn into well defined spots surrounded by dark brown margins. The centre of these spots become ashy-white with numerous immersed pycnidial conidiomata which later become erumpent. As disease advances the growth of the lateral branches is frequently arrested. All parts of the plant except the berries are susceptible to infection. In severe cases needles turn yellow, the plants are partially or completely defoliated and finally wither (16, 12; 55, 2446; 67, 1628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia), Asia (India, China-Shanghai, Malaysia, Pakistan, Siberia, Taiwan); Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia); North America (Eastern U.S.A., Alabama, Arkansas, New Jersey). TRANSMISSION: Through plant debris in soil (67, 4258; Kheswalla, 1936). Infection occurs rapidly through wounds. It has been found that conidia are discharged from pycnidial conidiomata by immersion in water, spraying with water and saturated high humidity. Longevity of conidial ooze was affected by spore cone., and undiluted spore ooze retained 41% germination after desiccation for 1 month (67, 4259). Survival of conidia in soil is affected by temperature and moisture. It has been reported that all conidia were destroyed after exposure to 35°C for 2 d; only 14% remained viable after 30 d at 10°C. At 28°C, conidia survived longer in dry than in wet soil. The fungus survived on infected stems buried in the soil during ploughing or in the ground for 3-4 months. On diseased stems at soil surface the pathogen survived > 6 months (67, 4258).
Phyllachora yapensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora yapensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Derris elliptica, D. lianoides, D. philippinensis
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brunei, Caroline Islands, India, Malaysia, Philippines. TRANSMISSION: This almost certainly occurs by airborne dispersal of ascospores, though no confirmatory research is available. The conidia are almost certainly spermatial in function.
Monosporascus eutypoides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Monosporascus eutypoides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Achyranthes aspera, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis melo, Sesamum indicum, Triticum
sp. DISEASE: Root rot of melon and watermelons. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Israel, Libya, Pakistan.
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Euphorbia pulcherrima
. DISEASE: Bacterial canker of poinsettia. The early symptoms are usually watersoaked streaks on green stems. These may extend into petioles and leaves giving spots, blotches or defoliation, and downwards into the woody stem where it produces yellowing of the cortex and browning of vascular tissue. Golden brown bacterial ooze may be seen on ruptured stems and on leaf lesions. The disease is systemic and cuttings from infected stock plants may develop poorly or not at all. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand (N. Island), USA (Florida, New Jersey, New York, MD, Pennsylvania; also Alabama (40: 310)); possibly UK (isolated in 1984, but still regarded as non-indigenous) (
IMI Distribution Map
550, ed. 1, 1982). TRANSMISSION: This disease is spread in infected cuttings and probably by water splash as infection can be artificially induced by spray inoculation without wounding (41: 604).
Spiroplasma phoeniceum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Spiroplasma phoeniceum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Catharanthus roseus
is the natural host. The aster,
Calistephus chinensis
, has been infected artificially. DISEASE: Periwinkle plants are yellowed and growth retarded, but with aster, symptoms are more severe and include yellowing and malformation of leaves, rosetting of plants and dwarfing of flowers. GEOGRAPICAL DISTRIBUTION: Syria. TRANSMISSION: The natural insect vectors and plant reservoirs are unknown, but the leafhopper
Macrosteles fascifrons
[Macrosteles quadrilineatus]
has been used in experimental transmissions. After injection the insects successfully transmitted the pathogen to periwinkle and aster.
Apiospora montagnei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Apiospora montagnei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acer, Agropyron, Ammophila, Andropogon, Arachis, Areca, Aristida, Arundinaria, Bambusa, Brassica, Capsicum, Carex, Chrysanthemum, Cicer, Cinnamomum, Coffea, Colocasia, Coriandrum, Cortaderia, Cucumis, Cupressus, Cynodon, Cyperus, Dactylis, Dendrocalamus, Desmostachya, Deschampsia, Dioscorea, Dolichos, Donax, Elaeis, Elymus, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Fagus, Ficus, Fragaria, Fraxinus, Gossypium, Hippocratea, Holcus, Hordeum, Hyparrhenia, Ilex, Lactuca, Lens, Leucaena, Lycopersicon, Malus, Manihot, Musa, Myrica, Nectandra, Nicotiana, Ochlandra, Oryza, Oxytenanthera, Phalaris, Phenacoccus, Phragmites, Pinus, Pisum, Prunus, Psamma, Pseudotsuga, Pyrus, Ricinus, Rottboellia, Saccharum, Sambucus, Sesamum, Solanum, Sorindeia, Spartinia, Spiraea, Stylosanthes, Themeda, Theobroma, Triticum, Urtica, Vigna, Vitis, Zea
; also from air, animals, hay, food (bread, dried peas), molasses, soil and plant debris. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprophyte. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Portugal (Azores), Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Burma, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, USA (Hawaii). EUROPE: Belgium, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Eire, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK, USSR. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES: Cuba, Jamaica, Windward Islands. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: By unknown means.
Stachybotrys atra
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Stachybotrys atra
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies, Acer, Albizzia, Allium, Amaranthus, Angelica, Avena, Bambusa, Brassica, Bromus, Cassia, Centaurea, Cicer, Citrus, Corchorus, Coriandrum, Costus, Crotalaria, Dasylirion, Dendrocalamus, Dianthus, Glycine, Gmelina, Gossypium, Lathyrus, Lepidium, Lolium, Lupinus, Lycopersicon, Mentha, Oryza, Parkinsonia, Pastinaca, Pennisetum, Petasites, Phaseolus, Phlox, Phoenix, Phormium, Pinus, Piper, Ricinus, Robinia, Saccharum, Sesamum, Sesbanea, Solanum, Sorghum, Spartina, Tagetes, Tithonia, Tragopogon, Trifolium, Trigonella, Triticum, Ulex, Viola, Yucca, Zinnia
; also from animals (including man), paper, textiles, soil and plant debris, and straw. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader (of cotton roots) or as a saprophyte. Causes stachybotryotoxicosis in animals, including man. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Bahrain, India, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka. AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA: Australia. EUROPE: Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, U.K. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES: Jamaica TRANSMISSION: By unknown means.
Phytophthora lateralis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora lateralis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. lawsoniana
var.
ellwoodii, Rhododendron
spp.,
Thuja orientalis
[Platycladus orientalis]
. DISEASE: Root rot of Lawson's cypress; a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. The first symptom seen is wilting and fading of the bright green foliage at the branch tips nearest the soil (36, 505), followed by a colour change in the inner bark tissue from white to red-brown. There is a sharply distinct margin between infected and healthy tissue, usually found on the stem above the ground line, which disappears as the disease progresses. Dying trees are rapidly invaded by
Phleosinus
bark beetles, which may confuse correct disease diagnosis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America; Canada (British Columbia), USA (California, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington State). See IMI Distribution Map No. 473. TRANSMISSION: By zoospores which move rapidly in surface water, or more slowly in saturated soils, to infect fine rootless. They produce hyphae which grow in the inner bark near the cambium and ascend the roots until the stem is girdled. Sporangia were also produced on leaves at 2-25°C when water was present (36, 505, 36, 800), and so zoospores may also be dispersed by rainsplash. Intraspecific grafting of forest tree roots may also provide a pathway for vegetative spread of the mycelium (56, 2248). Spread of the disease is most rapid where trees are planted together closely, along streams or by roadside ditches. Inoculum may be transported from infected soils in mud on vehicles. Survival is probably by oospores or resting spores, which remain viable for a few years after root death.