bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wildlife Tourism, Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism – Problems with Classification
Authors: Adamski Paweł , Ciapała Szymon
Published: September 2017

Purpose. Clarification of the relationship between the three title related concepts – wildlife tourism, ecotourism, and sustanaible tourism

Method. A review of definitions related to the discussed concepts in literature was performed. Based on this, main groups of the criteria used by researchers were distinguished. It enabled determination of the optimization space, defined by three axis: (i) the axis of the level of respect for the environment, (ii) the axis of the naturalness of visited places, and (iii) the level of tourists' interest in nature. In such defined optimization space, areas corresponding with wildlife tourism, ecotourism and sustainable tourism were designated.

Findings. It was found that the existing inconsistency in the definition of nature tourism and ecotourism in the literature results from the usage of the different criteria, which are not always congruent to each other.These criteria are, to a large extent, represent the axes of the defined optimization space. In the mentioned space, three-dimensional areas corresponding to the discussed concepts were identified. Due to the partial overlapping of those areas when defining the relationship between them, a disjunctive approach cannot be used . Some forms of nature tourism meet the criteria for ecotourism, whereas others do not. On the other hand, not all forms of tourism that meet the criteria for "eco-tourism" can be considered as "wildlife tourism".

Research and conclusion limitation. The main constraints of the proposed concept are limitation to three criteria, as well as problems with quantitative estimation of the position on axes for particular tourist activity.

Practical implications. The proposed approach to the classification of sustainable tourism, ecotourism and wildlife tourism may be useful in the process of preparing managementplans for the protected areas (e.g. Natura 2000 sites), because it reduces the risk of confusion with a different interpretation as to what the prefered form of tourism in this areas really means.

Originality. The paper presents a new, original, method for the classification of forms of tourism related to the natural environment.

Paper type: methodological/review.
Controversial Travels of Medical Tourism
Authors: Kowalska Klaudyna
Published: September 2017

Purpose. Description - based on the review of Polish and English literature - of some controversial categories of travel included in medical tourism and known as circumvention tourism. The following types of “tourism” were analyzed: abortion, fertility, suicide, FGM (female genital mutilation) as well as transplant and surgical reassignment surgery tourism. We also undertook an attempt to outline the profile and the motives of participants of such trips. Method. A critical literature review. Findings. Circumvention tourism is a category of medical tourism and includes the abroad travel of patients (medical tourists) for services that are illegal in the country of the medical tourist. The most important factors of circumvention tourism development are: legal regulations, advances in transport and ICT, the development of medicine and changing consumer lifestyles. The participants are usually from developed countries and have a stable financial situation. On the other hand, the profile differs according to the type of travel (subcategory) in which they participate. The main motivations of tourists are: circumvention of legal restrictions, privacy, long waiting lists and fear of stigmatization. Practical implications. The analysis can determine further research regarding circumvention tourism. Originality. The analysis concerns circumvention tourism, which despite an increase in research on the phenomenon of medical tourism is still unexplored and a difficultly assessed area. Type of paper. A review article.
Differentiation of Bovine, Porcine, and Fish Gelatins by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIRS) Coupled with Pattern Recognition
Authors: Aloglu Ahmet Kemal , Harrington Peter de B
Published: September 2017

Bovine, porcine, and fish gelatins have been differentiated based on their spectra collected by attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy (ATR-FTIRS) coupled with pattern recognition. Three tree-based classification methods, a fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES), support vector machine classification trees (SVMTreeG and SVMTreeH), and one reference model, super partial least-squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA), were evaluated with and without two preprocessing techniques, namely standard normal variate (SNV) and principal component orthogonal signal correction (PC-OSC). Validation of these methods was obtained with 95% confidence intervals with 10 bootstraps and 4 Latin partitions (10:4). The ATR-FTIR spectra were used with four different ranges: full spectra (4000–650 cm–1), fingerprint region (1731–650 cm–1), specified spectra (4000–800 cm–1), and narrow fingerprint region (1731–800 cm–1). Classification rates for the methods were improved with SNV and PC-OSC when they were used separately or together. The highest classification rates were obtained from the narrow fingerprint region with SNV and PC-OSC at 97.4 ± 1.6% for FuRES, 100 ± 0% for sPLS-DA, and 99.3 ± 0.5% for both SVMTreeG and SVMTreeH. ATR-FTIRS combined with pattern recognition is a potential analytical technique for differentiating the sources of bovine, porcine, and fish gelatins with fast and reliable results.
PSSI – Inventář stylů osobnosti a poruch osobnosti: Recenze metody
Authors: Klocek Adam , Máchová Jana
Published: September 2017

Celkově můžeme o PSSI říci, že se nejedná pouze o výzkumný nástroj a má svůj potenciál pro použití v diagnostice, zejména v oblasti terapie, kde výsledky z PSSI mohou sloužit např. jako otevírací téma k terapeutickému rozhovoru. Individuální diagnostika by však měla být prováděna expertním uživatelem za pečlivě kontrolovaných podmínek, který současně rozumí teorii PSI a dokáže PSSI začlenit do kontextu dalších metod.
Gonococcal Prosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Gassiep Ian , Gilpin Bradley , Douglas Joel , Siebert David
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Neisseria gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Disseminated gonococcal infection is an infrequent presentation and rarely can be associated with septic arthritis. Incidence of this infection is rising, both internationally and in older age groups. We present the first documented case of N. gonorrhoea prosthetic joint infection which was successfully treated with laparoscopic debridement and antimicrobial therapy.
Simultaneous activation of parallel sensory pathways promotes a grooming sequence in Drosophila
Authors: Hampel Stefanie , McKellar Claire E , Simpson Julie H , Seeds Andrew M
Published: September 2017

A central model that describes how behavioral sequences are produced features a neural architecture that readies different movements simultaneously, and a mechanism where prioritized suppression between the movements determines their sequential performance. We previously described a model whereby suppression drives a Drosophila grooming sequence that is induced by simultaneous activation of different sensory pathways that each elicit a distinct movement (Seeds et al., 2014). Here, we confirm this model using transgenic expression to identify and optogenetically activate sensory neurons that elicit specific grooming movements. Simultaneous activation of different sensory pathways elicits a grooming sequence that resembles the naturally induced sequence. Moreover, the sequence proceeds after the sensory excitation is terminated, indicating that a persistent trace of this excitation induces the next grooming movement once the previous one is performed. This reveals a mechanism whereby parallel sensory inputs can be integrated and stored to elicit a delayed and sequential grooming response.
The landscape of fear conceptual framework: definition and review of current applications and misuses
Authors: Bleicher Sonny S.
Published: September 2017

Landscapes of Fear (LOF), the spatially explicit distribution of perceived predation risk as seen by a population, is increasingly cited in ecological literature and has become a frequently used “buzz-word”. With the increase in popularity, it became necessary to clarify the definition for the term, suggest boundaries and propose a common framework for its use. The LOF, as a progeny of the “ecology of fear” conceptual framework, defines fear as the strategic manifestation of the cost-benefit analysis of food and safety tradeoffs. In addition to direct predation risk, the LOF is affected by individuals’ energetic-state, inter- and intra-specific competition and is constrained by the evolutionary history of each species. Herein, based on current applications of the LOF conceptual framework, I suggest the future research in this framework will be directed towards: (1) finding applied management uses as a trait defining a population’s habitat-use and habitat-suitability; (2) studying multi-dimensional distribution of risk-assessment through time and space; (3) studying variability between individuals within a population; (4) measuring eco-neurological implications of risk as a feature of environmental heterogeneity and (5) expanding temporal and spatial scales of empirical studies.
Awareness about antibiotic resistance in a self-medication user group from Eastern Romania: a pilot study
Authors: Topor Gabi , Grosu Ionela-Alina , Ghiciuc Cristina Mihaela , Strat Aurel Lulu , Lupuşoru Cătălina Elena
Published: September 2017

Background

Awareness about antibiotic resistance depends on the attitudes and information about antibiotic resistance of both patients and physicians. Persons who practice self-medication are at high risk of also self-medicating with antibiotics. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the awareness about antibiotic resistance by investigating the practice in a group of self-medication users in a sample of adults in Romania and the variables associated with such practice.

Material and Methods

A cross-sectional self-filled questionnaire based study was conducted from December 2016 through January 2017 amongst 218 self-medication users (SMUG). The attitudes, the level of knowledge, the perceptions, about antibiotic use (ABU) and about antibiotic resistance (ABR) were compared to a reference group represented by medical residents group in their specialty training (MRG) considered to have a higher level of knowledge and awareness about ABU and ABR.

Results

The response rate was 87.2% in the SMUG group and 100% in the MRG group. The SMUG group reported self-medication practices for antibiotics with a high frequency at any time in life (72%), but with a very low frequency from the month previous to the date of the study (12%), comparative with the MRG group (75% and 7%, respectively). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that self-medication with antibiotics at any time in life in the SMUG group could be predicted by the answers to two questions regarding the practices and knowledge about ABU (Q13 and Q20). On the other hand, in the MRG group, a question about ABR perception (Q23), could be predictor for self-medication with antibiotics. Self-medication with antibiotics in the month previous to the date of the study in the SMUG group could be predicted with three questions: one about ABU practice (Q14), one about ABR perception (Q26) and one referring to ABR knowledge (Q28). On the other hand, in the MRG group, a question about ABR knowledge (Q32) could be predictor for self-medication with antibiotics. The reduced awareness about ABR in the SMUG group, is revealed by the reduced number of subjects (38%), who did not know that missing an antibiotic dose during a medical treatment contributes to ABR, comparative with the MRG group (84%). Indirectly, low ABR awareness in the SMUG group is revealed by the confusion about the appropriate use of antibiotics in bacterial or viral infections (that antibiotics are not used against viruses).

Conclusions

The findings from our study on the awareness about antibiotic resistance in the SMUG group might help the policy makers and regulatory authorities to develop educational programs directed to change the perceptions and attitudes about the appropriate use of antibiotics in order to diminish self-medication practices with antibiotics.
Review of Tropical‐Extratropical Teleconnections on Intraseasonal Time Scales
Authors: Stan Cristiana , Straus David M. , Frederiksen Jorgen S. , Lin Hai , Maloney Eric D. , Schumacher Courtney
Published: September 2017

The interactions and teleconnections between the tropical and midlatitude regions on intraseasonal time scales are an important modulator of tropical and extratropical circulation anomalies and their associated weather patterns. These interactions arise due to the impact of the tropics on the extratropics, the impact of the midlatitudes on the tropics, and two‐way interactions between the regions. Observational evidence, as well as theoretical studies with models of complexity ranging from the linear barotropic framework to intricate Earth system models, suggest the involvement of a myriad of processes and mechanisms in generating and maintaining these interconnections. At this stage, our understanding of these teleconnections is primarily a collection of concepts; a comprehensive theoretical framework has yet to be established. These intraseasonal teleconnections are increasingly recognized as an untapped source of potential subseasonal predictability. However, the complexity and diversity of mechanisms associated with these teleconnections, along with the lack of a conceptual framework to relate them, prevent this potential predictability from being translated into realized forecast skill. This review synthesizes our progress in understanding the observed characteristics of intraseasonal tropical‐extratropical interactions and their associated mechanisms, identifies the significant gaps in this understanding, and recommends new research endeavors to address the remaining challenges.
Stress State in the Kumano Basin and in Slope Sediment Determined From Anelastic Strain Recovery: Results From IODP Expedition 338 to the Nankai Trough
Authors: Oohashi Kiyokazu , Lin Weiren , Wu Hung‐Yu , Yamaguchi Asuka , Yamamoto Yuhji
Published: September 2017

Three‐dimensional, in situ stresses in the Kumano Basin and slope sediment (IODP Sites C0002 and C0022) in the Nankai Trough, southwest Japan, have been determined using the anelastic strain recovery (ASR) of core samples. Two samples taken from Hole C0002J, located in the bottom of the Kumano Basin, indicate that the maximum principal stress, σ1, is vertical. The intermediate principal stress, σ2, is oriented ENE–WSW, parallel to the trench axis. These stress orientations are similar to those obtained using ASR and borehole breakout methods in previous expeditions. In contrast, a sample from the lower section of the slope sediment (Hole C0022B), located beneath the megasplay fault, is characterized by σ1 plunging moderately to the ESE and σ3 oriented near‐horizontally, trending NNE–SSW. The direction of maximum horizontal stress obtained from ASR (WNW–ESE) is similar to that inferred from borehole breakouts in an adjacent hole (NW–SE). Trench‐normal compression and a near‐vertical σ2 are also inferred from focal mechanisms of very‐low‐frequency earthquakes within the Nankai accretionary prism, and from borehole breakouts in the hanging wall of the megasplay fault. These observations suggest that the horizontal compressional regime extends to a shallower level than previously thought, likely due to the shallow portion of the megasplay fault accumulating tectonic stress in response to plate convergence.
The Warm Plasma Composition in the Inner Magnetosphere During 2012–2015
Authors: Jahn J.‐M. , Goldstein J. , Reeves G. D. , Fernandes P. A. , Skoug R. M. , Larsen B. A , Spence H. E.
Published: September 2017

Ionospheric heavy ions play an important role in the dynamics of Earth's magnetosphere. The greater mass and gyroradius of ionospheric oxygen differentiates its behavior from protons at the same energies. Oxygen may have an impact on tail reconnection processes, and it can at least temporarily dominate the energy content of the ring current during geomagnetic storms. At sub‐keV energies, multispecies ion populations in the inner magnetosphere form the warm plasma cloak, occupying the energy range between the plasmasphere and the ring current. Lastly, cold lighter ions from the midlatitude ionosphere create the corotating plasmasphere whose outer regions can interact with the plasma cloak, plasma sheet, ring current, and outer electron belt. In this paper we present a statistical view of warm, cloak‐like ion populations in the inner magnetosphere, contrasting, in particular, the warm plasma composition during quiet and active times. We study the relative abundances and absolute densities of warm plasma measured by the Van Allen Probes, whose two spacecraft cover the inner magnetosphere from plasmaspheric altitudes close to Earth to just inside geostationary orbit. We observe that warm (>30 eV) oxygen is most abundant closer to the plasmasphere boundary, whereas warm hydrogen dominates closer to geostationary orbit. Warm helium is usually a minor constituent but shows a noticeable enhancement in the near‐Earth dusk sector.
A Three‐Dimensional Model of Pluto's Interaction With the Solar Wind During the New Horizons Encounter
Authors: Feyerabend Moritz , Liuzzo Lucas , Simon Sven , Motschmann Uwe
Published: September 2017

We apply a hybrid (kinetic ions and fluid electrons) simulation model to study Pluto's plasma environment during the New Horizons encounter on 14 July 2015. We show that Pluto's plasma interaction is dominated by significant north‐south asymmetries, driven by large pickup ion gyroradii on the order of 200 Pluto radii. The transition region from the ambient solar wind to the population of plutogenic ions (called the “Plutopause”) also shows considerable asymmetries that cannot be explained by a fluid picture. Since the New Horizons spacecraft does not carry a magnetometer, we use our model to estimate the strength and direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) at the time of the flyby by comparing output from the hybrid simulation to the plasma signatures observed during the New Horizons encounter. We find that an IMF strength of at least 0.24 nT is required to generate the observed plasma signatures. An IMF orientation either parallel or antiparallel to Pluto's orbital motion is able to explain the observed plasma densities and velocities along the New Horizons trajectory. Our simulations are able to quantitatively reproduce all key features of the plasma observations, specifically the gradual slowing of the solar wind, as well as the location and thickness of the Plutopause and bow shock.
Observation of Three‐Dimensional Magnetic Reconnection in the Terrestrial Magnetotail
Authors: Zhou Meng , Ashour‐Abdalla Maha , Deng Xiaohua , Pang Ye , Fu Huishan , Walker Raymond , Lapenta Giovanni , Huang Shiyong , Xu Xiaojun , Tang Rongxin
Published: September 2017

Study of magnetic reconnection has been focused on two‐dimensional geometry in the past decades, whereas three‐dimensional structures and dynamics of reconnection X line are poorly understood. In this paper, we report Cluster multispacecraft observations of a three‐dimensional magnetic reconnection X line with a weak guide field (~25% of the upstream magnetic field) in the Earth's magnetotail. We find that the X line not only retreated tailward but also expanded across the tail following the electron flow direction with a maximum average speed of (0.04–0.15) VA,up, where VA,up is the upstream Alfvén speed, or (0.14–0.57) Vde, where Vde is the electron flow speed in the out‐of‐plane direction. An ion diffusion region was observed by two spacecraft that were separated about 10 ion inertial lengths along the out‐of‐plane direction; however, these two spacecraft observed distinct magnetic structures associated with reconnection: one spacecraft observed dipolarization fronts, while the other one observed flux ropes. This indicates that reconnection proceeds in drastically different ways in different segments along the X line only a few ion inertial lengths apart.
Dominant Controls of Downdip Afterslip and Viscous Relaxation on the Postseismic Displacements Following the Mw7.9 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake
Authors: Zhao Bin , Bürgmann Roland , Wang Dongzhen , Tan Kai , Du Ruilin , Zhang Rui
Published: September 2017

We analyze three‐dimensional GPS coordinate time series from continuously operating stations in Nepal and South Tibet and calculate the initial 1 year postseismic displacements. We first investigate models of poroelastic rebound, afterslip, and viscoelastic relaxation individually and then attempt to resolve the trade‐offs between their contributions by evaluating the misfit between observed and simulated displacements. We compare kinematic inversions for distributed afterslip with stress‐driven afterslip models. The modeling results show that no single mechanism satisfactorily explains near‐ and far‐field postseismic deformation following the Gorkha earthquake. When considering contributions from all three mechanisms, we favor a combination of viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip alone, as poroelastic rebound always worsens the misfit. The combined model does not improve the data misfit significantly, but the inverted afterslip distribution is more physically plausible. The inverted afterslip favors slip within the brittle‐ductile transition zone downdip of the coseismic rupture and fills the small gap between the mainshock and largest aftershock slip zone, releasing only 7% of the coseismic moment. Our preferred model also illuminates the laterally heterogeneous rheological structure between India and the South Tibet. The transient and steady state viscosities of the upper mantle beneath Tibet are constrained to be greater than 1018 Pa s and 1019 Pa s, whereas the Indian upper mantle has a high viscosity ≥1020 Pa s. The viscosity in the lower crust of southern Tibet shows a clear trade‐off with its southward extent and thickness, suggesting an upper bound value of ~8 × 1019 Pa s for its steady state viscosity.
On Space Weather During a Total Eclipse
Authors: Knipp Delores J.
Published: September 2017

Space weather during a total solar eclipse.
Tectonic Stacking of HP/LT Metamorphic Rocks in Accretionary Wedges and the Role of Shallowing Slab‐Mantle Decoupling
Authors: Aygül Mesut , Oberhänsli Roland
Published: September 2017

High‐pressure/low‐temperature (HP/LT) chloritoid‐bearing micaschists crop out widely in the central part of northern Turkey and represent deep‐seated subduction‐accretionary complexes. Three peak metamorphic assemblages are identified in the area studied: (1) garnet‐chloritoid‐glaucophane with pseudomorphs after lawsonite; (2) chloritoid with pseudomorphs after glaucophane; and (3) chloritoid with pseudomorphs after jadeite in addition to phengite, paragonite, quartz, chlorite, rutile, and apatite. The latter is interpreted as transformation of a chloritoid + glaucophane assemblage to chloritoid + jadeite with increasing pressure; PT modeling indicates ~17 and 22–25 kbars for the two peak parageneses. The diversity of peak metamorphic assemblages and the PT estimates suggest that basal accretion occurred at different depths within the wedge. The depth of the basal accretion is possibly controlled by the slab‐mantle decoupling depth. Stretching and thinning of the lithospheric fore arc induced by the slab rollback possibly caused shallowing of the slab‐mantle decoupling depth which limited depth of the basal accretion from 70–80 km to ~55 km within the subduction channel. A slab‐mantle coupling depth‐controlled basal accretion may also explain the scarcity of eclogite and high‐grade blueschist facies metamorphic rocks in active intraoceanic subduction zones. Because the overriding plate is young and hot in intraoceanic subductions, the slab and mantle are coupled at a relatively shallow depth before eclogitization of the oceanic crust. This prevents accretion and exhumation of eclogite along the subduction channel.
The Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model: A Dynamic Approach for Predicting Soil Loss on Rangelands
Authors: Hernandez Mariano , Nearing Mark A. , Al‐Hamdan Osama Z. , Pierson Frederick B. , Armendariz Gerardo , Weltz Mark A. , Spaeth Kenneth E. , Williams C. Jason , Nouwakpo Sayjro K. , Goodrich David C. , Unkrich Carl L. , Nichols Mary H. , Holifield Collins Chandra D.
Published: September 2017

In this study, we present the improved Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model (RHEM V2.3), a process‐based erosion prediction tool specific for rangeland application. The article provides the mathematical formulation of the model and parameter estimation equations. Model performance is assessed against data collected from 23 runoff and sediment events in a shrub‐dominated semiarid watershed in Arizona, USA. To evaluate the model, two sets of primary model parameters were determined using the RHEM V2.3 and RHEM V1.0 parameter estimation equations. Testing of the parameters indicated that RHEM V2.3 parameter estimation equations provided a 76% improvement over RHEM V1.0 parameter estimation equations. Second, the RHEM V2.3 model was calibrated to measurements from the watershed. The parameters estimated by the new equations were within the lowest and highest values of the calibrated parameter set. These results suggest that the new parameter estimation equations can be applied for this environment to predict sediment yield at the hillslope scale. Furthermore, we also applied the RHEM V2.3 to demonstrate the response of the model as a function of foliar cover and ground cover for 124 data points across Arizona and New Mexico. The dependence of average sediment yield on surface ground cover was moderately stronger than that on foliar cover. These results demonstrate that RHEM V2.3 predicts runoff volume, peak runoff, and sediment yield with sufficient accuracy for broad application to assess and manage rangeland systems.
FeSCluster Assembly:ISCSystem in Bacteria and Eukarya
Authors: de Choudens Sandrine Ollagnier , Puccio Hélène
Published: September 2017

Iron–sulfur clusters are key cofactors in proteins involved in a large number of conserved cellular processes, including gene expression, DNA replication and repair, ribosome biogenesis, tRNA modification, central metabolism, and respiration. Fe–S proteins can perform a wide range of functions, from electron transfer to redox and nonredox catalysis. In all living organisms, Fe–S proteins are first synthesized in an apoform. However, as the Fe–S prosthetic group is required for correct folding and/or protein stability, Fe–S clusters are inserted co‐translationally or immediately after translation by specific assembly machineries. These systems have been extensively studied over the last decade, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This chapter covers the basic principles of the Fe/S biogenesis ISC (iron–sulfur cluster) machinery and the most exciting recent highlights relating to this system. These advances enhance our understanding of the Fe–S cluster assembly mechanism.
FeSCluster Assembly: Role of MonothiolGrxsandNfuProteins
Authors: Przybyla‐Toscano Jonathan , Roret Thomas , Couturier Jérémy , Rouhier Nicolas
Published: September 2017

The cellular maturation of iron–sulfur (Fe–S) proteins necessitates dedicated assembly machineries. In eukaryotes, the ISC (iron–sulfur cluster) and SUF (sulfur mobilization) machineries are autonomous biogenesis systems for mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins respectively, whereas the cytosolic CIA (cytosolic iron–sulfur cluster assembly) machinery operates for cytosolic and nuclear proteins and depends on the ISC machinery for obtaining the required labile sulfur atoms. Owing to their capacity to incorporate Fe–S clusters alone or in complex with BOLA proteins, class II glutaredoxins (GRXs) play some key roles in this maturation process, although the precise roles have yet to be clearly delineated. Organellar GRXs likely serve as Fe–S transfer proteins, accepting preformed Fe–S clusters from scaffold proteins used for theirde novosynthesis before delivering them to other ISC or SUF targeting factors such as ISCA proteins or to final client proteins. The cytosolic/nuclear localized GRXs seem to have at least three different crucial roles, likely originating from their key position connecting the ISC machinery to the cytosolic compartment. Indeed, the molecular analysis of yeast mutants suggests that it could be the primary recipient protein of the unknown sulfur compound exported from the mitochondria and which could serve to assemble its Fe–S cluster. The presence of the cluster seems mandatory for all identified functions, serving (i) for the maturation of Fe–S clusters in the CIA electron donor DRE2, (ii) for the regulation of iron homeostasis in conjunction with BOLA and the Aft1/2 transcriptional regulators, and (iii) for the proper distribution of iron and correct functioning of all iron‐dependent proteins. These roles might not all be evolutionary conserved, notably in plants. In addition to providing an overview of the known physiological roles of class II GRXs, we describe their biochemical and structural properties focusing in particular on their interaction with other maturation factors of the BOLA, DRE2, and ISCA families.
Assembly of Hemea3‐CuBandCuAin CytochromecOxidase
Authors: Nyvltova Eva , Barrientos Antoni , Hosler Jonathan
Published: September 2017

Theaa3‐type cytochromecoxidase (CcO) is a heme–copper terminal oxidase present in many bacteria, particularly theα‐proteobacteria, and in all mitochondria, which arose from theα‐proteobacteria. CcO is a multimeric enzyme, but all of its redox‐active metal centers are located within subunits 1 and 2, termed COX1 and COX2. The structure of the redox‐active metal centers is completely conserved fromα‐proteobacteria to humans. Assembly of the metal centers of CcO requires a group of proteins dedicated to the process, the numbers of which always exceed the number of CcO structural subunits. Five key assembly proteins from theα‐proteobacteria are also present in mitochondria, but the assembly machinery in mitochondria is much more elaborate and thus requires many more assembly factors. In addition, copper homeostasis in mitochondria is highly regulated and coupled to metal incorporation into CcO. Although investigations over the last 50 years have disclosed the sophistication of the pathways involved in the assembly of the redox‐active metal centers of CcO, numerous questions remain. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of the biogenesis and assembly of the catalytic core of CcO and examine the mechanisms of metal center assembly operating in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Assembly ofCuZandCuAin Nitrous Oxide Reductase
Authors: Pauleta Sofia R. , Moura Isabel
Published: September 2017

Nitrous oxide (N2O) reductase is a copper enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of N2O to dinitrogen, the last step of the denitrification pathway. This enzyme has two copper centers: a CuA center that is the electron transfer center and the “CuZ center” where the catalysis occurs. This enzyme has been the center of several studies over the last 20 years, and many of its spectroscopic and catalytic properties have been determined, as well as its structure in different oxidation states. These studies have also revealed that the CuA center is similar to the one present in cytochromecoxidase, being a binuclear copper center, while the CuZ center is unique in biology, being a tetranuclear copper center bridged by a sulfur atom. Moreover, these studies have also identified that the CuZ center can exist in two forms, CuZ*(4Cu1S) and CuZ(4Cu2S). The first has a high turnover number in the fully reduced state, while the CuZ(4Cu2S) form of CuZ center has a very small turnover number and cannot explain the high capacity of the whole cells in reducing N2O, from which the enzyme is isolated with CuZ center mainly in that form. This fact envisages an activation mechanism still to be unraveled that might involve one or more enzymes/proteins encoded by thenosgenes and a putative sulfur‐displacement mechanism.

The biogenesis of these two centers has not been extensively studied, and at least with respect to the copper insertion, it has been postulated that there are alternative routes. The apo‐N2OR is synthesized in the cytoplasm in the apo form and is transported to the periplasmic space by either the Sec (unfolded state) or Tat system (dimer folded state), where the centers are assembled. Thus, CuA assembly has been proposed to be dependent on a copper chaperone, pCuAC, and Sco, a thiol‐disulfide reductase that reduces the disulfide bridge between the two cysteines in the apo‐CuA center. Relative to the CuZ center, the delivery of copper atoms is by NosL, an outer‐membrane protein, while the sulfur atoms are transported by the ABC transporter encoded bynosDFYgenes. The other accessory proteins NosR and NosX have been assigned broader functions. NosR has been implicated innosZexpression, as well as in maintaining the activity of N2OR, a function that has been shared by NosX.

In this chapter the main biochemical properties of N2OR, as well as the biogenesis of its two copper centers, will be reviewed.
Heme Biosynthesis and Insertion
Authors: Medlock Amy E. , Dailey Harry A.
Published: September 2017

Protoheme IX (heme) is a versatile cofactor that is required and synthesized by most organisms. It is a member of the tetrapyrrole family of cofactors that also includes siroheme, factor F
430
, heme d
1
, chlorophyll, and cobalamin. Heme is a porphyrin with a central iron atom bound by the nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. The versatility of heme is apparent in the diverse reactions that it can participate in as a protein cofactor. Recently studies on the biosynthesis of heme have been rejuvenated with the discovery and description of two pathways by which some organisms synthesize heme. The oldest and best studied heme biosynthetic pathway is the protoporphyrin‐dependent (PPD) pathway, previously called the classic pathway. This is used by eukaryotes and most Gram‐negative bacteria. A second pathway has siroheme as an intermediate to produce heme. This pathway, called the siroheme‐dependent (SHD) or alternate heme biosynthesis pathway, is present in sulfite‐reducing bacteria and some Archaea. The most recently described pathway is the coproporphyrin‐dependent (CPD) pathway. It is present in Gram‐positive bacteria and some transitional Gram‐negative bacteria. Each of these pathways begins with the synthesis of aminolevulinic acid, the first committed intermediate in heme synthesis, and proceeds to the cyclic tetrapyrrole uroporphyrinogen III. At this point, the SHD pathway branches, while the PPD and CPD pathways proceed through an additional common step to produce coproporphyinogen III. The PPD and CPD pathways then branch to produce heme in three additional steps each. In contrast to our knowledge of the individual enzymes of the biosynthetic pathways, less is known about pathway regulation for most organisms. This chapter presents an overview of what is currently known about heme biosynthesis and its regulation in diverse organisms.
F430 Biosynthesis and Insertion
Authors: Mansoorabadi Steven O. , Zheng Kaiyuan , Ngo Phong D.
Published: September 2017

Methyl‐coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is the key enzyme of methanogenesis and the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). MCR catalyzes the reversible conversion of methyl‐coenzyme M (MeS‐CoM) and coenzyme B (CoB‐SH) to the mixed heterodisulfide, CoB‐S‐S‐CoM, and methane. The methane forming and oxidizing activities of MCR are dependent on the unique, nickel‐containing tetrapyrrole, coenzyme F430. In addition to housing F430, the active site regions of MCR from both methanogens and anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) contain several unusual posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Given the unique ability of MCR to catalyze the AOM, there is much interest in the mechanism and formation ofholoMCR for potential applications in gas‐to‐liquid (GTL) conversion strategies (seeMethane‐to‐Methanol Conversion). This chapter details current progress in the understanding of coenzyme F430 biosynthesis, the maturation of MCR, and differences in structural features of methanogenic and methanotrophic MCR that may be important for the AOM.
Formation of Crosslinked
Cys–Tyr
Free Radical Redox Cofactor
Authors: Whittaker James W.
Published: September 2017

The cysteinyl–tyrosine (Cys–Tyr) amino acid dimer is one of the simplest redox cofactors in biology, essential for the activity of a phylogenetically diverse family of copper metalloradical oxidase enzymes, including galactose oxidase. Formation of the Cys–Tyr cofactor is programmed into the structure of the protein, which undergoes spontaneous self‐processing to crosslink two amino acids (Cys, Tyr) in the polypeptide chain. The covalent crosslink alters the properties of the tyrosine side chain and creates an intrinsic redox cofactor in the protein capable of undergoing a 1‐electron redox cycle, stabilizing a modified phenoxyl free radical for catalysis. Although it is unusual, the crosslinking reaction reflects fundamental aspects of protein chemistry, and it is likely that this type of cofactor has arisen multiple times in evolution. A related Cys–Tyr crosslink feature has been found in the outer sphere of non‐heme iron oxygenases, but in that context it appears to have a different function and is not essential for catalysis. The mechanism of Cys–Tyr biogenesis has been most extensively investigated for galactose oxidase, where biochemical, structural, spectroscopic and kinetic approaches have been used to provide insight into the elementary steps responsible for creation of the redox cofactor. The experimentally defined pathway for efficient cofactor biogenesis involves protein folding, coordination of reduced (Cu
I
) metal ion, and dioxygen activation.
Small Molecule Activation with FrustratedLewisPairs
Authors: Wilkins Lewis C. , Melen Rebecca L.
Published: September 2017

This article highlights the revolution in main group chemistry that was ignited through the advent of frustrated Lewis pairs, a term coined in 2006 to describe the combination of sterically demanding Lewis acids and Lewis bases. This pairing was extremely effective in heterolytic hydrogen cleavage, with further applications in the activation of various other small molecules. These advancements are described herein, highlighting the application of both main group and transition metal‐centered frustrated Lewis pairs in the capture and recycling of small molecules focusing onH2,CO2,CO,N2O,NO, andSO2activation.
Children and the News
Authors: Matthews Julian
Published: September 2017

Academic studies have discussed young people and their relationship to news programs in different ways. Early studies examined the information that young people could learn from watching the → news, for example. These viewed young people as underdeveloped and needy would‐be citizens. By contrast, other studies have considered the ways in which news programs designed specifically for young people shape their cultural citizenship (→ Political Socialization Through the Media). Journalists and their views about age‐appropriate news content define, these studies suggest, young people's access to, and understanding of, serious issues. Elsewhere, those young people whom the news media is often assumed to have informed or influenced in research are introduced to voice their experiences of news. Studies describe children and young people as discerning news audiences and as actively performing forms of citizenship through their online activities (→ News Audience; Audience Research; Media Use across the Life‐Span; Developmental Communication; Personality Development and Communication).
Fantasy–Reality Distinction
Authors: Lemish Dafna
Published: September 2017

The ability of young children to distinguish between fantasy and reality with regard to television, and the changes that occur in those perceptions have significant implications for their preferences in television content, their comprehension of such content, and their emotional responses (e.g., fear reactions; → Fear Induction through Media Content in Children). By applying developmental psychology theories, researchers primarily in the field of communication studies have found that developing the ability to distinguish fantasy from reality may influence the tendency to imitate dangerous behaviors, to expect unrealistic solutions to problems, and to hold misconceptions about the nature of social life. It may also have an impact on purchasing decisions.
Supervisor–Subordinate Relationships
Authors: Sias Patricia M.
Published: September 2017

Hierarchy is a defining characteristic of organizations. The earliest formal theories of organization – bureaucratic theory and administrative management – held hierarchy at the core of management processes, emphasizing chain of command, order, control, and discipline (→ Bureaucracy and Communication; Control and Authority in Organizations). These processes occur in the context of supervisor–subordinate relationships.
Changes in Physical Activity After Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Six‐ and Twelve‐Month Outcomes
Authors: Hammett Thomas , Simonian Aram , Austin Monica , Butler Robert , Allen Kelli D. , Ledbetter Leila , Goode Adam P.
Published: September 2017

Objective

Little is known about the extent to which physical activity (PA) levels change following total knee or hip joint replacement relative to pain, physical function, and quality of life. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis on changes in PA relative to pain, quality of life, and physical function after total knee or hip joint replacement.

Methods

We searched the PubMed (Medline), Embase, and CINAHL databases for peer‐reviewed, English‐language cohort studies measuring PA with an accelerometer from presurgery to postsurgery. Random‐effects models were used to produce standardized mean differences (SMDs) for PA, quality of life, pain, and physical function outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2.

Results

Seven studies (336 participants) met the eligibility criteria. No significant increase in PA was found at 6 months (SMD 0.14 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) −0.05, 0.34]; I2 = 0%) and a small to moderately significant effect was found for increasing PA at 12 months (SMD 0.43 [95% CI 0.22, 0.64]; I2 = 0%). Large improvements were found at 6 months in physical function (SMD 0.97 [95% CI 0.12, 1.82]; I2 = 92.3%), pain (SMD −1.47 [95% CI −2.28, −0.65]; I2 = 91.6%), and quality of life (SMD 1.02 [95% CI 0.30, 1.74]; I2 = 83.2%).

Conclusion

Physical activity did not change at 6 months, and a small to moderate improvement was found at 12 months postsurgery, despite large improvements in quality of life, pain, and physical function. Reasons for the lack of increased PA are unknown but may be behavioral in nature, as a sedentary lifestyle is difficult to change. Changing sedentary behavior should be a future focus of research in this subgroup.
Electronic Textile by Dyeing Method for Multiresolution Physical Kineses Monitoring
Authors: Li Yudong , Li Yanan , Su Meng , Li Wenbo , Li Yifan , Li Huizeng , Qian Xin , Zhang Xingye , Li Fengyu , Song Yanlin
Published: September 2017

Multimodal, multipoint sensing and wearability are the impending pursuits of next‐generation flexible electronics. Electronic textiles (e‐textile), known as the convergence of traditional textile technology and burgeoning electrical engineering, have been rapidly exploited evolving fields in electronics, light‐emitting diodes, energy harvesting, and storage devices. Benefiting from their mechanical compliance, comfortable, lightweight, and economically viable features, e‐textiles are attractive for wearing on the soft and curved human body. This study fabricates a textile‐based stretchable sensor by using an electronic dyeing method and the sensor is used for human motion monitoring and analysis. With specific precursor selection and texture regulation, the conductive textile shows good flexibility and adaptable strain–electric response. Combined with the commendable mechanical performance and high durability, the electronic textile sensor can capture and monitor various human activities and distinguish similar motions, which have great potential in biomonitoring, soft co‐robotics, and human–machine interaction.
Protecting and Leaving Functions of Trimethylsilyl Groups in Trimethylsilylated Silicates for the Synthesis of Alkoxysiloxane Oligomers
Authors: Yoshikawa Masashi , Tamura Yasuhiro , Wakabayashi Ryutaro , Tamai Misa , Shimojima Atsushi , Kuroda Kazuyuki
Published: September 2017

The concept of protecting groups and leaving groups in organic synthesis was applied to the synthesis of siloxane‐based molecules. Alkoxy‐functionalized siloxane oligomers composed of SiO4, RSiO3, or R2SiO2 units were chosen as targets (R: functional groups, such as Me and Ph). Herein we describe a novel synthesis of alkoxysiloxane oligomers based on the substitution reaction of trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups with alkoxysilyl groups. Oligosiloxanes possessing TMS groups were reacted with alkoxychlorosilane in the presence of BiCl3 as a catalyst. TMS groups were substituted with alkoxysilyl groups, leading to the synthesis of alkoxysiloxane oligomers. Siloxane oligomers composed of RSiO3 and R2SiO2 units were synthesized more efficiently than those composed of SiO4 units, suggesting that the steric hindrance around the TMS groups of the oligosiloxanes makes a difference in the degree of substitution. This reaction uses TMS groups as both protecting and leaving groups for SiOH/SiO− groups.
Multiphotonenabsorption in Metall‐organischen Gerüstverbindungen
Authors: Medishetty Raghavender , Nemec Lydia , Nalla Venkatram , Henke Sebastian , Samoć Marek , Reuter Karsten , Fischer Roland A.
Published: September 2017

Multiphotonenabsorption (MPA) ist eine der wichtigsten nichtlinear‐optischen (NLO) Effekte und hat verschiedene Anwendungen, z. B. in Telekommunikation, Verteidigung, Photonik und Biomedizin. Bekannte MPA‐Materialien sind Farbstoffe, Quantenpunkte, metallorganische Verbindungen und konjugierte Polymere, die oft als Dispersion in Lösung verwendet werden. Wir zeigen wie Metall‐organische Gerüsteverbindungen (MOFs), eine neuartige NLO‐Festkörpermaterialklasse, so entworfen werden können, dass sie außergewöhnlich starkes MPA‐Verhalten zeigen. MOFs, die aus Zirconium‐ und Hafnium‐Oxo‐Clustern bestehen und einen Tetraphenylethen(TPE)‐basierten Chromophor‐Linker beinhalten, zeigen rekordverdächtig hohe Zweiphotonenabsoptionsquerschnitte mit bis zu 3600 GM. Das einzigartige, modulare Baukastenprinzip von MOFs erlaubt eine Optimierung und Verbesserung ihrer MPA‐Eigenschaften, gestützt auf einen theoriebasierten Ansatz, durch die Berücksichtigung von maßgeschneiderter Ladungspolymerisation, konformativer Spannung, dreidimensionaler Anordnung und Ausrichtung der Chromophore im Kristall.