bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW OF BOND DURATION MEASURE IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Authors: Kulkarni Mukund S.
Published: November 2014

The last two decades were characterised by uncertainty in financial markets due to volatile interest rates. Consequently bond and money managers were interested in minimising interest rate risk. This was accomplished by developing immunisation strategies derived from the concept of duration. Consequently, almost all the relevant literature is limited to bond portfolio management. In this paper duration and immunisation concepts are discussed in the context of financial management: working capital management and capital budgeting techniques. In Section I, a brief review of bond duration measure is made. Section II describes the application of duration measures in bond immunisation strategies. In Section III, a duration measure is developed for working capital management technique. Section IV contains some secondary capital budgeting technique based on duration measure.
Explaining Earnings Forecasts with Accounting, Industry, and Economic Variables
Authors: Westcott Shari , Khumawala Saleha
Published: November 2014

This paper looks at the importance of forecasted information as a key input to investors decision models. The research design uses accounting variables suggested by financial accounting theory, industry variables and economic variables. Analysis of the data indicated that only return on investment yield and capital intensity were associated with earnings. In an environment of rapidly changing economic conditions and attendant uncertainty, the scrutiny of forecast accuracy has is crucial. For a firm, the allocation of resources is based upon forecasts of financial information that may affect its survival. Earnings and dividends forecast, and the growth rates in these forecast are key informational inputs in investor decision models (Chang and Most, 1980). In addition, Securities and Exchange Commission, recognizing the importance of this subjective and non‐verifiable information, permits and encourages firms to include financial forecasts in their annual reports by granting them a “safe harbor”. The accounting profession responded to this demand for forecasted information by producing audit guidelines for these forecasts. Accounting‐based financial forecasts are used in a variety of ways. Banks and non bank financial institutions use forecasts to evaluate credit. Earnings forecasts are useful to financial analysts who attempt to isolate a firm's intrinsic characteristics such as residual income after removing the effect of economy and industry conditions through the use of index models. Auditors use accounting forecasts as a basis for expectations concerning reported items to determine the extent of detailed tests (Stringer, 1975; Kinney, 1978). Lev (1980, p.525) stated that the “… crucial stage of the analytical review process is the generation of expected, or reasonable, values of financial statement items.” Managers use internally generated earnings forecasts for resource allocation decisions concerning present operations as well as future operations and expansions/contractions.
Implicit Volatility and the Pricing of Stock Index and Interest Rate Options in US Markets
Authors: Philippatos George C. , Gressis Nicolas , Baird Philip L.
Published: November 2014

The Black‐Scholes (B‐S) model in its various formulations has been the mainstay paradigm on option pricing since its basic formulation in 1973. The model has generally been proven empirically robust, despite the well documented empirical evidence of mispricing deep‐in‐the‐money, deep out‐of‐the‐money and, occasionally, at‐the‐money options with near maturities [see Galai (1983)]. Research on explaining the observed pricing anomalies has focused on the variance of the return of the underlying asset, which, in the case of the B‐S model, is assumed to remain invariant over time. The variance term is not directly observable, leading researchers to speculate that pricing discrepancies may be caused by misspecification of this variable. More specifically, interest in the volatility variable has centered about the implied standard deviation (ISD).
Evaluating On‐going Projects and Divisions
Authors: Howard Finch J. , Fulmer John G.
Published: November 2014

There are techniques available for deciding on initial project viability. Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) and other techniques are well known and widely used in an effort to estimate a project's initial profitability and feasibility. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the use of two of these techniques to evaluate in‐progress projects and to measure the financial performance of an entire group of projects in a division over a specified time period. Many managers would like a system that allows them to evaluate on‐going projects and a system that allows them to state, for example, how one entire division performed, on all of its projects, over the 1990–1995 time period. Among other things, this will allow management to evaluate the performance of one division relative to other divisions.
MAHER v. HURST AND OTHERS
Authors: Denning  , Davies Edmund , Phillimore L.J.
Published: November 2014

February 10, 1969 Master and Servant — Negligence — Safe system of work — Roadworks — Workman in gang resurfacing carriageway injured by lorry driving too fast — Warning signs in position — Whether employers negligent in not erecting barriers against passing traffic — No evidence of common practice of erecting barriers — Effect of suggested barriers to reduce traffic to one lane — Need to balance public interest against risk to workers on carriageway — Whether lorry wholly to blame.
KEYS AND ANOTHER v. BOULTER AND OTHERS
Authors: Denning M.R. , Phillimore L.J. , Goff.J.
Published: November 2014

October 21, 1970 Trade Union — Trustees — Powers — Internal union dispute v Action concerning property of union — Whether trustees authorised to instruct solicitors for union — Trade Union Act, 1871 (348 35 Vict. c.31) S.9.
BROMBY & HOARE LTD. v. EVANS AND ANOTHER
Authors: Donaldson John , Briggs H. , Robinson C.G.
Published: November 2014

December 8, 1971 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Dismissal for redundancy — Uneconomic work of painters and decorators — Work more economically performed by self‐employed workers — Employees dismissed because cheaper to use self‐employed workers — Whether dismissed “by reason of redundancy” — Redundancy Payments Act 1965 (c.62) s.l (2) (b).
C.A. PARSONS & CO. LTD. v. AMALGAMATED UNION OF ENGINEERING WORKERS (TECHNICAL AND SUPERVISORY SECTION) AND OTHERS
Authors: Donaldson John , Arkell J.H. , Robinson C.G.
Published: November 2014

February 29, 1972 Industrial Relations — Commission on Industrial Relations — Reference to — Recognition of sole bargaining agents — Dispute between unions as to bargaining agents — Whether adequate conciliation attempts — Whether reference to commission appropriate — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72) ss.45, 46(1).
HEATONS TRANSPORT (ST. HELENS) LTD. v. TRANSPORT AND GENERAL WORKERS' UNION CRADDOCK BROTHERS v. SAME PANALPINA SERVICES LTD. AND ANOTHER v. SAME AND OTHERS
Authors: Denning  , Buckley L.J. , Roskill L.J.
Published: November 2014

June 13,1972 Industrial Relations — Unregistered trade union — Unpaid shop stewards elected by fellow members with union authority to negotiate at local level with dock employers — Shop stewards initiating campaign of blacking container lorries after blacking by unregistered union knowingly inducing breaches of contract made “unfair industrial practice” by statute — Industrial Court orders to union to stop specified blacking — Union advice to shop stewards to obey court orders rejected — Court finding union in contempt and liable to fines and to compensate complainants for unfair industrial practices — Shop stewards agents, not servants of union — Whether evidence of implied authority from union to agents to black — Union not responsible for conduct of shop stewards acting outside scope of express or implied authority — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72) ss. 96(1), 101,167(1) (9).
JAMES v. WALTHAM HOLY CROSS URBAN DISTRICT COUNCIL
Authors: Donaldson John , Arkell J.H. , Brooks A.C.
Published: November 2014

June 11, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Reasonableness of dismissal — Building officer employed by council — Diminution of responsibilities — Complaint to department‐head — Employee's refusal to particularise complaint — No specific warning of risk of dismissal — Employee dismissed — Whether employer acted reasonably — Complaint of unfair dismissal — Error by tribunal — Whether material error.
LANGSTON v. AMALGAMATED UNION OF ENGINEERING WORKERS AND ANOTHER (No. 2)
Authors: Donaldson John , Boyfield R. , Brooks A.G.
Published: November 2014

Industrial Relations — Unfair industrial practice — Complainant — Complainant's resignation from union — Threats of industrial action by union against employers — Whether complainant had right to work — Nature of right — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c 72), ss. 5, 33 (3), 96 (1).
Procedures of Third‐Party Intervention — the Australian System
Authors: Mackie K.J.
Published: November 2014

Research into third‐party intervention in Australian industrial relations.
The Marilyn Project: Avoiding the soldier blues
Authors: Byrne Mick , Delaney  , Fletcher  , Slaymaker  , Delaney  , Bozell  , Langmaid Roy
Published: November 2014

Like many organisations, the Army is preparing itself for significant population changes in the 1990s. The demographic trough means that there will be something like 25% fewer 16–19 year olds in 1995 than there were in 1985. These statistics have a significant bearing on the recruiting environment for the Army, because it will continue to need large numbers of young men and women to consider the armed forces as a career choice throughout this period.
Implementing Relationship Marketing
Authors: Dunn Dan T. , Thomas Claude A.
Published: November 2014

Relationship marketing is a powerful new business approach, but an implementation framework is required. This article discusses how six corporations collaborated in an exercise to develop step‐by‐step guidelines. The framework is illustrated in fields ranging from high tech to consumer products. An important trend in marketing centers on the concept of relationship marketing, a firm's effort to develop long term, mutually beneficial links with customers. It involves a partnership approach with an account to solve complex problems. General Electric and Union Carbide were early adopters of the concept, noting that relationships go far beyond price since buyers share internal company data with suppliers and expect reciprocal commitments and loyalty. Although discussed as a general marketing approach, less is known about implementation (Copulsky and Wolf, 1990; Gronroos, 1994; Morgan and Hunt, 1994). Indeed relationship marketing can backfire if customers perceive that it is only a supplier's latest buzzword. This article reports the results of an exercise conducted by six well known corporations which collaborated to articulate exactly what elements may be involved when implementing a relationship marketing program.
Anti‐fouling compositions for large tankers
Authors: Banfield T.A.
Published: November 2014

Overall costs of £20,000 a day for operating the very largest tankers make it important to extend the period between drydockings as much as possible, to keep the time spent in port to a minimum, and to avoid even small losses of speed in service.
Review of applications of G.P.C.
Authors: Ellis R.A.
Published: November 2014

Pedersen and Lyngaae‐Jorgensen have reported the fractionation of five P.V.C. samples by G.P.C., and have produced curves which fitted the data obtained independently by osmometry and light scattering. These authors used G.P.C. to monitor the fractionation of P.V.C. samples. In one experiment P.V.C. samples were extracted with a range of solvents and, in another case, the acetone extract was dissolved in T.H.F. and fractionated by precipitation using methanol. The G.P.C. analyses were achieved using four columns (3 by 104, 104, 3 by 103 and 1·5 by 103nm porosities) at room temperature with a solvent flow rate of 1ml per minute and a sample concentration of 4·5mg per ml.
Pollution in the paint industry
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The lead content of paint continues to be a hotly discussed issue in the industry. Water pollution and air pollution also continue to be worrisome problems. A large amount of literature is accumulating in these areas, some of which will be reviewed here.
A review of new raw materials
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Each year the paint chemist avidly watches the literature for announcements of new raw materials with which he can extend the functionality of his products. Following are brief descriptions of some of the newer raw materials introduced recently.
The electro‐deposition of paint
Authors: Gopala K. , Gupta A.C.
Published: November 2014

In an aqueous solution, salts of electrolyte separate into ions. This separation needs no external source of electrical potential, so no electrical energy is expended. When two electrodes are immersed in such a solution and connected to a D.C. potential, a potential gradient exists in the solution between them. Under its influence ions in the vicinity are discharged and there is movement of cations and anions in the bulk of the electrolyte, with the cations moving and getting discharged at the cathode and the anions likewise at the anode. This is now a well‐accepted fact which has been exploited industrially in electrolysis process, electrophoresis, metal electroplating, etc.
The use of epoxy resins in civil engineering
Authors: LOWREY K.W.
Published: November 2014

Over the past decade the use of high‐performance resin systems in the civil engineering field has greatly increased. This is no doubt due, in part at least, to the rising cost of labour, scaffolding and the like which make it imperative to keep maintenance and repair charges to a minimum. And, as the en‐vironment becomes more polluted with chemical waste and other aggressive elements, the need for an effective long‐term protection is becoming more apparent.
Coatings update: Pollution and the paint industry
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

That pollution is very much with us, not only in the paint industry but in practically all of the industrial enterprises in the world, goes without saying. Acute shortages which highlighted 1973 and 1974 raised the interesting philosophical question of how much pollution might we be willing to endure if that pollution is necessary in order to assure adequate raw material supplies. Perhaps the most critical point in this area relates to the use of coal versus oil, both as an energy source and as a source of chemicals. There are a number of disadvantages to coal as opposed to oil including its solid form. If it is to be taken from the ground by strip mining, the land is defaced. Its use involves the evolution of fumes, some of which at least contain sulphur and nitrogen compounds. The containment of these fumes is an expensive and technologically demanding problem. Similar problems arise relative to the achievement of optimum performance from gasoline. Pollution control devices on automobiles may lead to lower mileage with increased gasoline consumption. What kind of concessions can be made in view of the fact that gasoline is essential to a automobile‐oriented lifestyle whereas a clean atmosphere is basic to any decent lifestyle is a moot question. These are the kinds of problems that require the utmost in judgmental capability on the part of both the electorate and the elected relative to the passing and enforcement of laws in these important areas.
Coatings Update:
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

There is no question but that the paint industry is responding to the pollution problems associated with its activities. That pollution can reach a state of hysteria, however, is indicated by the fact that the Philadelphia City Council Committee on Health and Welfare held a public hearing on a bill introduced by a councilman to outlaw epoxy paints in Philadelphia. This is not quite on a level with the story, probably apocryphal, that the Indiana legislature many years ago entertained a bill to establish the value of the mathematical constant pi at 3.0 rather than at the more complex and difficult to deal with figure of 3.1416. It does demonstrate the critical lack of understanding on the part of the layman, however, who in this instance has confused the effects of solvent and vehicle and, in so doing, has created economic loss for those who must take time to testify at hearings.
Improvements in paint manufacture
Authors: Aarons B.L.
Published: November 2014

The evolution of polymers and similar organic compounds has literally revolutionised the paint industry, as witness the variety of types of paint manufactured today, compared with not so very long ago when only high gloss paint, undercoat and distemper were available.
Coatings update: recent scientific studies
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Industrial progress is in large measure a function of the scientific understandings inherent in a given body of technology. It is, of course, true that technology can be developed empirically and much of it has been. It is also true, however, that technology based on scientific understandings is in practically every instance more effective. If only empiricism is involved there inevitably comes a time when technological progress ceases. It is for this reason that scientific studies in the coatings industry must be continually encouraged.
Coatings update: Trends and economic progress in the coatings industry
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Marketing is the name of the game for any manufacturing industry, for it is marketing and sales that make the greatest contribution to “the bottom line”. Thus, the coatings literature abounds with articles on this subject. An interesting one by Willner [Modern Paint and Coatings, 66, June (1976) p. 39] makes the point that new end uses are difficult to come by and, accordingly, growth for a paint company must come either by taking sales away from competitors or by the acquisition of other companies. Willner then proceeds to demonstrate by means of profit and loss statements and balance sheets what the pros and cons are of these alternatives, analysing the results, finally, in terms of a “rewards‐versus‐costs” ratio. All such analyses are, of course, based on certain assumptions. If one is going to acquire a company, it is possible perhaps to make more valid assumptions than it is of the strategy calls for developing a new product to gain market share; for inherent in the technology required for the new products are many variables which frequently cannot be handled quantitatively. Even so, what Willner proposes is an excellent exercise that well‐deserves the attention of managers of coatings companies.
Colloid chemistry: the key and the challenge to aqueous coatings' formulation and properties
Authors: Athey R.D.
Published: November 2014

The abbreviated review touches upon the colloid science detail in multiple industrial usages. The inter‐relation of the paint chemist, the paper chemist and the textile chemist, or engineers in those fields, as colloid scientists is stressed. The commonality of the systems containing pigment/ filler solids, binders and rheology controllers (albeit in different ratios) is noted. The challenges offered on these systems minor constituents (surfactants, oligomers and salts) are approximated in simple models studied by the academic colloid scientists, but pose real problems to the formulators of commercial systems. The final statements call for more interaction and mutual learning from these varied industrial systems' researchers.
Coatings update: Scientific studies
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

It is heartening to observe the large amount of basic research carried out around the world which has a bearing on the problems of the coatings industry. Some of the recent aspects of this work will be described here. At the same time the point can also be made that it is not well‐organized basic research. There are not, for example, basic co‐operative programmes between universities and industry whose objective is to solve some of the key problems with which the coatings industry is confronted. This is not to say that work of this sort does not go on. It is to say that this work does not go on in a way which can bring a number of forces together in the most efficient fashion.
Coatings update: 1977 developments
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The past twelve months have comprised a period in which the coatings industry is evolving a new profile. Not that any great new coating development emerged. The developments have been around for at least a decade; some for more. Powder coatings, electrocoating, radiation‐curable systems, chemically cured systems, water‐based maintenance coatings and product finishes—these come as no surprise to the coatings industry. What is new in the past twelve months is the realization that three environmental factors are here to stay and that the coatings industry's profile must reflect these. The first is accommodation to expensive energy and to energy shortages. The second is the need to avoid pollution and the third is the need to be ever mindful of toxic considerations.
Coatings update: Scientific studies 1977: Part 2
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Appleby and Mayne [Journal of the Oil & Colour Chemists' Association, 59, 2 (1976) p.69] have studied the relative protection provided by red lead to linseed oil, tung oil, oiticia oil and a long oil ,alkyd varnish. The degradation products have been identified by gas liquid chromatography, the corrosion properties on mild steel having been compared by partial immersion tests. Linseed oil proved to be the most protective material; oiticia oil was next and the alkyd last. The authors concluded that lead azelate formed in the linseed oil paint and had strong corrosion‐inhibiting properties. These same authors [British Corrosion Journal, 10, 4 (1975) p. 201] have studied the effect of cations on the auto‐oxidation of linseed oil fatty acids and the inhibitive properties of the degradation products. Again, they found that alkaline earth azelates might be useful corrosion‐inhibiting additives for non‐soap forming vehicles.
Coatings update: Coating film studies
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Since the film and its formation is basic to the performance of a coating there are, as might be expected, many studies published yearly on film formation and film properties. Following are typical reports.
Coatings update: recent studies on corrosion and adhesion
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

An article by Carra and Cavallotti [L'Industria della Vernice, 30, 11 (1976) p. 9] discussed the fundamental aspects of corrosion protection by organic coatings with emphasis on two parameters, adhesion and permeability to corrosive agents. Included is a mathematical treatment of the thermodynamics of adhesion.
Coatings update: a look at economics and statistics
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The Sinai Desert has figured prominently in the news because of its basic association with peace in the Mid‐East. That it is of some interest to coatings chemists has been less well‐publicized. In fact, a French artist was reported to have purchased six tons of paint which he proposed to spread over certain mountains in the desert to paint them blue. Needless to say, Israel's Nature Protection Society objected vigorously and seemingly their objections have been upheld.
A novel use of gel permeation chromatography in the determination of the composition of resin blends
Authors: Ellis R.A.
Published: November 2014

A novel technique to determine the composition of two‐component resin blends using G.P.C. in conjunction with an iterative curve‐fitting computer program is described. The method is particularly suitable for calculating the composition of resin blends where chemical differences between the constituent resins are small, but where the individual components differ considerably in their molecular size distributions. In the case of resin blends where other analytical techniques are suitable for the determination of their composition, the G.P.C. approach affords an independent means to confirm these results. Good agreement between the actual and calculated compositions of two‐component blends was achieved in 14 out of 16 cases.
Coatings update: Scientific studies
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The science of the paint industry has never been more highly developed than it is today. Yet there has never been a time when it is necessary to develop more basic information to solve the difficult technical problems that face the coatings industry.
A simple method for assessing fineness and stability of pigment and dye dispersions
Authors: Smith E.A. , Pemberton E.W.
Published: November 2014

In recent work on the preparation of small samples of dye dispersions, a simple method has been developed of quantifying particle sizes and stability in dispersion. A method sometimes used by laboratories is to spot a filter paper with a dilute dispersion and observing the lateral spread of the dye or pigment. Particles lacking adequate stabilisation will tend to be precipitated near the centre of the spot, the carrier medium spreading out to leave a translucent halo. It is considered that precipitation is caused by the electrostatic charges on the fibres of the filter paper. This method can, in many instances, offer a guide to the quality of the dispersion, but an objection is that the results embody variable causative factors, making the test subjective and unless great care is taken, the test may fail to answer the criterion of repeatability and reproducibility. The authors have found that a dispersion with particles of dye with a medium size of one micron show vigorous Brownian motion over several hours of storage time and yet the sample offers anomalous results with a spot test on filter paper.
Coatings update: trends in raw materials
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

From Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. (Box 538, Allentown, PA 18105) comes a new low‐cost polyvinyl acetate emulsion with the wet adhesion properties of the more expensive acrylics. This has been achieved, according to the manufacturer, through the use of a special wet adhesion promoter. Thus it is recommended for the formulation of premium and first‐line interior and exterior paints.
A review of UV‐cured printing inks
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

The introduction of inks that cured, rather than dried, brought a completely new solution to the problem of drying. Ink is physically a liquid and will only dry when excited by some form of radiation. This is available in two forms.
Coatings update: new proprietary products, part 2
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The number of new alkyd resin‐based coatings introduced decreases yearly. To be sure, alkyd resins are the most important vehicles used for solvent‐based paints. On the other hand, the technology is mature and the major variations in the products are those which must be made to accommodate needs of the user. For the most part, these do not lead to completely new types of compositions.
Luminescent and fluorescent pigments for printing inks
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: November 2014

Luminescent pigments have the property of absorbing light which falls upon them and re‐emitting it over a period of some hours, on a different wave‐length. They should not be confused with fluorescent pigments which will only emit light whilst receiving excitation, such as visible or ultraviolet light. The colour of the emission from these pigments is independent of the type of excitation.
Flame resistant and intumescent paints and compounds — a review
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: November 2014

The growth in the development of flame resistant and intumescent paints has been brought about by successive legislation and by the increasing awareness in recent years of the problem that paints can cause. The importance of developing these paints was highlighted during the Second World War when the Navy found that steel ships were no guarantee against fire loss. This was due to the accumulation of multiple layers of paint material providing material that was sufficiently flammable to spread fire from one sealed compartment to another by heat transmitted through the bulkhead. Fire remains an ever‐present hazard on ships and consequently it becomes commonsense to paint the internal structure and fitments wherever possible with a paint that will tend to resist flames. In this article we examine the various factors involved and the pigments that will enhance this property in any paint specification.
Coatings update: review articles on related technology—Part I
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Where does the coatings industry look for technology which borders on its own and from which it might derive useful leads and ideas? The coatings industry basically depends on the formation of films. Basic to the idea of coatings is the concept that there must be a film and that this film must derive from the vehicle in the coating. To be sure, the film does not represent the entire coating, but it is the sine qua non; and without a film the coating will neither decorate nor protect. There are a host of other technologies that depend on film formation. When the word ‘film’ is mentioned, adhesives and printing inks come to mind, for these technologies also could not exist without the all‐important phenomenon of film formation.
Coatings update: new proprietary products — part I
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The introduction of new products becomes increasingly more expensive, and the newer the product the greater the risk. In the chemical industry generally, there appears to be no real incentive these days to take large risks. Indeed, several of the large chemical companies have indicated that they will not undertake dramatically new programmes in the foreseeable future. Rather they will concentrate on the products and lines of business with which they are familiar and will try to do a better job in product control, technical service, marketing, and distribution. The general feeling, in the coatings industry, is that there will be many variations on old themes but very few new paints.
Trends in aluminium paint finishes
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: November 2014

It appears that the demand for metallic coat finishes will be maintained at a high level in the foreseeable future. Over the years these finishes have had their detractors who saw it as a passing phase, but they now have a well established share of the automarket. The market for metallic coats started mainly in the United States to attract the younger drivers of the larger automobiles. However, it transpired that they were to have an appeal to all age groups. They convey a feeling of freshness as the viewing angle changes and the colours of gold and silver psychologically convey value.
A review of yellow pigments for coatings and inks
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

It is necessary to go back 30,000 years to the time that the early cavemen were creating works of art with pigments from natural deposits to have our first glimpse of these pigments in use. When we think of modern art we realise just how much the use of these pigments has degenerated since then. As with many other pigments used in that era, their high level of stability has enabled us to see displayed today everyday life of that period. There have been spasmodic developments since then and written comments in Roman times illustrate that a degree of understanding of their properties was evolving. In the 18th century Schee's chrome yellow was successfully synthesised and particularly over the last hundred years an increasing understanding of the chemical and physical relationships governing the pigment's use have been more understood.
A review of inks for offset printing
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: November 2014

There are a variety of different inks now available for the wide range of applications which utilise offset printing techniques.
Coatings update: feedstocks for the paint industry
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The petroleum shortage of the 1970s (1984 is the tenth anniversary of the OPEC embargo!) motivated tremendous interest in finding alternative raw materials for chemicals. Indeed, in 1975 it was predicted that by 1990, huge and expensive coal gasifiers would be producing CO and hydrogen for synthesis gas, from which the chemical industry would derive many of its raw materials. In 1983 it was apparent that this prediction was far from accurate. To be sure, eventually there will be a shift from petroleum to coal, but it most surely will not be before the end of the century and perhaps not even then. Coal will, however, continue to find increasing use as an energy source. The vast amount of research that has been done on converting synthesis gas to chemicals will continue, although with considerably less intensity. When the time comes, the shift will be made. But that time will be delayed as far as possible because the shift will require tremendous capital investment. Coal gasifiers can cost as much as US$500,000, and the return on such an investment must be assured before it is made. Certainly, coal is a cheap raw material. Thus, its use for chemicals represents a trade‐off between a cheap raw material and a very high capital investment.
Some developents in fluorescent pigments for paints and inks
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: November 2014

The growing interest in the use of fluorescent pigments has been partly brought about by an increasing awareness of safety considerations, and also because pigments in either paints or inks provide a striking contrast to the normal range of paints on which they may be superimposed. This feature can be utilised in advertising posters where eyecatching appeal can be particularly rewarding.
Coatings update: maintenance coatings
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Maintenance coatings have several functions but certainly one of their most important is to combat corrosion. Corrosion protection is important in both maintenance and industrial coatings and this is stressed in an article in Chemical Marketing Reporter (June 6 (1983) p. 5, 20). According to this article, which quotes results from a marketing research firm, Margolis Marketing and Research, corrosion resistance will provide the objectives for an important segment of the coatings industry in highway construction and in the automotive industry. The use of salt on highways to melt snow and ice is increasing and this causes billions of dollars of damage to iron and steel each year. U.S. roads are covered with over 10 million tons per year of salt. In the industrial area galvanised steel has become an important component of items subject to rust such as the automobile.
Water‐borne paints for exterior wood
Authors: Miller E.R. , Boxall J.
Published: November 2014

Water‐borne paint systems intended for exterior wood are being reintroduced onto the British market. They constitute a radical departure from traditional painting practice and many users lack confidence in their suitability. Results of testing at the Princes Risborough Laboratory show that water‐borne paint systems offer important advantages, including high durability, a degree of moisture permeability and ease of use. This Information Paper summarises the main requirements for successful use.
Coatings Update: Pollution, toxicity, regulation and the paint industry: Part 2
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

An interesting article in the American Paint & Coatings Journal [February 18 (1980) p. 55] describes for the consumer how his choice of paints will change because of the desire of the California Air Resources Board to decrease the air polluting aspects of these products. The article points out that the consumer will either use more waterborne paints or he will use oil‐based paints with higher solids. One of the immediate observations the consumer will make about higher solids paints is that they cost more. This is to be expected, of course, since the vehicle is generally more expensive than the solvent. On the other hand, the consumer is cautioned not necessarily to expect better performance associated with higher price. For sure, it will probably cover more surface but, in fact, it may dry more slowly and be less durable, and the fact that it is thick will adversely affect smooth flow and tend to inhibit the disappearance of brush marks. Furthermore, the high‐solids paints will tend to have a hard, glassy, smooth finish which is difficult to reproduce in low‐solids paints. Also, the low solvent paints will not cover greasy and chalky surfaces as well nor will they adhere as well. Thus, surface preparation becomes very important. This is indeed an interesting article, for all too often the role of the consumer is neglected in the mad scramble for compliance.
Coatings update: Pollution, toxicity, regulation and the paint industry, Part 3
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

In addition to asbestos, numerous other materials of interest to the paint industry have been subjected to toxicological inquiry. Thus, glycidyl ethers, representative of which are epoxy resins and reactive diluents and plasticizers such as phenyl glycidyl ether or butyl glycidyl ether may be health hazards according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. This has been pointed out in an article in Modern Paint & Coatings [69,3 (1979) p. 66].
Solvents (external recycling): history and development
Authors: Greatorex Neville H.
Published: November 2014

Solvents, as the name implies, may be considered as the inert components of chemical reactions, purification, or cleaning processes, emerging chemically unchanged but contaminated with dissolved impurities and unsuitable for re‐use without subjection to a recovery process.
Coatings update: specialty coatings
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

As technology becomes more complex, the need for coatings of specialised functions continues to increase. The electronics industry, for example, makes demands on the coating industry for both conductive and insulation coatings. Highly temperature‐resistant coatings played a key role in the aerospace industry. Fire retardants contribute to consumer safety and coatings for plastics serve a number of protective and decorative functions.
The United States coating industry — a review
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

To say that the coatings industry in the United States has been in the doldrums is an understatement. The value of shipments in 1972 dollars was $3.8 billion and in these same constant dollars, £3.7 billion in 1983. To be sure, in actual dollars, the $3.8 billion figure of 1972 increased to almost nine billion dollars in 1983. But the constant dollar figure is obviously the significant one. What all this means is that the industry was “running in order to stand still”. In other words, despite the increase in inflated dollars, there was no increase when these actual dollars were discounted for inflation.
Letter from America USA
Authors: Paintman
Published: November 2014

Advanced Software is among the U.S. companies providing software to help the paint and coatings industry take advantage of new computing firepower. It is also now possible to take advantage of less expensive software solutions to the coatings industry's needs says Christy Hudson, vice‐president of sales and marketing for Pacific Micro Software Engineering, Seal Beach, California, another software supplier to the paint industry.
Intelligent Multimedia Computer Systems: Emerging Information Resources in the Network Environment
Authors: Bailey Charles W.
Published: November 2014

A multimedia computer system is one that can create, import, integrate, store, retrieve, edit, and delete two or more types of media materials in digital form, such as audio, image, full‐motion video, and text information. This paper surveys four possible types of multimedia computer systems: hypermedia, multimedia database, multimedia message, and virtual reality systems. The primary focus is on advanced multimedia systems development projects and theoretical efforts that suggest long‐term trends in this increasingly important area.
Title‐by‐Title Review in Reference Collection Development
Authors: Adalian Paul T. , Rockman Ilene F.
Published: November 2014

Keeping a reference collection current and useful can be an arduous task. It is necessary to establish principles of collection development and determine a method for periodically reviewing the titles in the collection. This review, if systematically conducted on a title‐by‐title basis for all reference sources, can have far‐ranging benefits. Among these are a reduction in the size of the collection in terms of titles, volumes, and linear shelving space; an increase in the manageability of serial and non‐serial titles; a staff more proficient and knowledgeable concerning the scope and depth of the collection; and a clientele better served through improved reference assistance.
Reverse engineering a service product
Authors: Scbmid Robert E.
Published: November 2014

The ability to use a competitor's product as a benchmark for measuring the design efficiency, marketability, and cost effectiveness of one's own product has made “reverse engineering” in the manufacturing industries an effective tool of product planners. In that context, a competitor's product is literally pulled apart. It is analyzed for performance, costed out, and thoroughly evaluated as a profit generator. This data becomes a base — a benchmark — against which internal planning and production efforts are measured in minute detail. This process assumes three basic things:
How battle‐tested managers assess strategic alliances
Authors: Pekar Peter
Published: November 2014

This survey of joint venture managers asked what they were doing light and doing wrong. By striving to avoid their mistakes, you can increase the potential value of your strategic alliance.
Personnel Management in a Changed Environment
Authors: van Ham Jan , Paauwe Jaap , Philips  , Williams Roger
Published: November 2014

Many of the techniques and procedures used in our current work in personnel were developed and refined during the economic growth years after the Second World War. The present authors feel that we should reconsider the current relevance of these techniques and procedures, in the light of major changes occurring in Western Society. In this article, we outline, firstly, what these changes are, secondly, we point out how they affect personnel management, and, finally, we suggest some possible new approaches.
Perspectives in Organisational Analysis and the Management of Change
Authors: S  , Smith D.
Published: November 2014

Recently some organisation analysts have drawn attention to the assumptions underlying their discipline, differentiating, for example, subjectivist from objectivist, and political regulation from radical positions, macro from micro and determinist from voluntarist positions. Such differentiation of theoretical assumptions signals that the discipline is avoiding not only the “lure of the universal theory” but also the “lure of universal method”, if we may so describe it.
synthetic and artificial food
Authors: Pyke Magnus
Published: November 2014

The taboos which constrain our diet and prevent the European — but not the Chinese — from enjoying a meal of roast puppy and the Hindu from eating beef are an indication of the special beliefs we still hold about eating, as indeed do the initial prejudices which are so commonly expressed at the first mention of synthetic or artificial food.
EMERALD CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD. v. LOWTHIAN AND OTHERS
Authors: Denning  , Diplock L.J. , Russell L.J.
Published: November 2014

March 18, 1966 Trade Dispute — Acts in furtherance of — Procuring breach of contract — Sub‐contract for “labour only” — Trade union objection in principle to “labour only” contracts — Industrial action to procure termination of sub‐contract continued after opportunity to learn terms on which sub‐contract terminable — Application by sub‐contractors for interim injunction — Whether industrial action prima facie unlawful interference with sub‐contract — Whether “labour only” contract “contract of employment”, Trade Disputes Act, 1906 (6 Edw. VII, c.47),s.3 — Trade Disputes Act, 1965 (c.48),s.1.
Books and Bookmen
Authors: Ivanhoe
Published: November 2014

Readers may remember that library education, and the syllabus on which the Library Association's scheme is based, was the subject of symposia and of articles in this magazine about ten years ago, when the syllabus was under revision. At that time heavy attack on the syllabus was made by some of the most constructive librarians of the younger school; but unfortunately very little resulted from their criticisms, and I have no hope that under present circumstances, any revision of the syllabus may be expected. It will be gathered from what has already been published, that the feeling is general that the acquirement of book knowledge should play a considerable part in the education of the librarian, and that generally the scope of the librarian's training should be broadened. Notwithstanding warning, some of my correspondents in the controversy have written letters at great length, and I regret having had to cut mercilessly.
Books and Bookmen
Authors: Ivanhoe
Published: November 2014

Some years ago at the invitation of Mr. William Will and the late Dr. J. M. Bulloch the writer addressed the Caledonian Society of London on the subject of Scottish magazines. The information presented was received with much interest and the result was no doubt effective. It was shown that Scotland was producing a wide range of attractive magazines. It was indicated, however, that many of these were in need of all the support that Scotsmen and others could give them. While the large majority were being produced from the Scottish angle, their nature was such as should make their appeal general.
The development of dative agreement in Berber: beyond nominal hierarchies
Authors: Souag Lameen
Published: November 2014

Diachronically, agreement commonly emerges from clitic doubling, which in turn derives from topic shift constructions (Givón 1976) – a grammaticalisation pathway termed the Agreement Cycle. For accusatives, at the intermediate stages of this development, doubling constitutes a form of Differential Object Marking, and passes towards agreement as the conditions for its use are relaxed to cover larger sections of the Definiteness and Animacy Scales. Berber, a subfamily of Afroasiatic spoken in North Africa, shows widespread dative doubling with substantial variation across languages in the conditioning factors, which in one case has developed into inflectional dative agreement. Examination of a corpus covering eighteen Berber varieties suggests that low Definiteness/Animacy datives are less likely to be doubled. However, since most datives are both definite and animate, these factors account for very little of the observed variation. Much more can be accounted for by an unexpected factor: the choice of verb. “Say” consistently shows much higher frequencies of doubling, usually nearly 100 per cent. This observation can be explained on the hypothesis that doubling derives from afterthoughts, not from topic dislocation.