bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turist Rehberlerinin İş-Aile ve Aile-İş Çatışması, Kişilik Özellikleri ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkileri Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma
Authors: BOZ Mustafa , EŞİTTİ Bekir , ÖZKAN Çiğdem
Published: February 2021

Günümüzde çalışma koşulları iyileşmesine rağmen bazı sektörlerde sektörün yapısı gereği yoğun mesai gerektirmektedir. Turist rehberliği mesleği, yoğun çalışma gerektiren, mesai saatleri uzun bir meslek olarak bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle turist rehberlerinin iş-aile ve aile-iş dengesini sağlamaları konusunda daha fazla çaba sarf etmesi gerektiği düşünülebilir. Bireylerin yaşamında, kişilik özellikleri, kişinin tüm yaşamı boyunca sosyal ilişkilerini, seçeceği mesleği ve iş yaşamını etkileyen önemli bir faktördür. Turist rehberlerinin mesleğini severek ve isteyerek yapabilmesi için de bazı kişilik özelliklerine sahip olmaları gerektiğini ifade eden çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada amaç, turist rehberlerinin kişilik özellikleri, iş-aile ve aile-iş çatışma boyutları ile örgütsel bağlılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bunun için, kişilik özellikleri, iş-aile, aile-iş çatışması, örgütsel bağlılık düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik bir anket formu hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlan anket formu Haziran-Eylül 2020 tarihleri arasında katılımcılara gönderilmiştir. Araştırmaya 246 kişi katılmıştır. Araştırmada örnekleme yöntemi olarak kolayda örnekleme metodu tercih edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; katılımcıların cinsiyet bakımında eşit dağılım gösterdiği, yarısının 36-55 yaş aralığında ve evli olduğu, yarısında fazlasının çocuğunun olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Katılımcıların çoğunluğunun 1-5 yıl aralığında mevcut işyerinde çalıştığı, çalışma saati bakımından katılımcıların çoğunun 9-12 saat aralığında çalıştığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmada, örgütsel bağlılık ile kişilik özellikleri arasında, kişilik özellikleri ile aile-iş ve iş aile çatışması arasında, örgütsel bağlılık ile aile-iş ve iş-aile çatışması arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Ayrıca sonuçlara göre; turist rehberlerinin örgütsel bağlılık düzeylerindeki artış iş-yaşam ve yaşam-iş çatışması, kişilik özellikleri tarafından açıklanmaktadır.
Yerli ve Yabancı Turistlerin Her Şey Dahil Sistemini Tercih Nedenleri ve Memnuniyet Düzeyleri: Antalya Örneği
Authors: BOZ Mustafa , BULUK EŞİTTİ Buket
Published: February 2021

Özellikle Antalya ilinde yer alan konaklama işletmelerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan her şey dahil sistemi, yerli ve yabancı turistlerin bu bölgeyi tercih etmelerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu anlamda bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Antalya’yı ziyaret eden ve her şey dahil sistemi ile konaklayan yerli ve yabancı turistlerin her şey dahil sistemini tercih nedenlerini, her şey dahil sistemini tercih ederken önem verdikleri konuları ve bu sistemden memnuniyet düzeylerini tespit edebilmektir. Bu amaçla çalışmanın saha araştırması, tatillerini her şey dahil paket tur satın alarak Antalya’da geçiren yerli ve yabancı turistler ile 1 Nisan-30 Mayıs 2018 tarihleri arasında kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile yüz yüze anket uygulanarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, her şey dahil paket tur alırken turistler için en önem verdikleri konulardan “otelin sosyal medyadaki genel değerlendirmesi”, “aile ve arkadaş tavsiyeleri” ve “tatilin güvenli olması” unsurlarının ilk üç sırada yer aldığı görülmüştür. Turistlerin memnun kaldıkları konular arasında ise ilk üç sırada “fiyat”, “yiyecek ve içeceklerin çeşitliliği” ve “yiyecek ve içeceklerin kalitesi” unsurlarının yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, her şey dahil sistemde yer alan konaklama işletmeleri yöneticilerine stratejik fikirler sağlayabileceği düşüncesinden hareketle birtakım önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Pengembangan Media Cartoon Strips dalam Pembelajaran Kosakata Bahasa Inggris di Smk
Authors: Syahadati Elly , Astuti Desi Sri , Darajat Ageung
Published: February 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan pengembangan kosakata Bahasa Inggris dan kualitas penggunaan cartoon strips sebagai media dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Penelitian adalah penelitian RnD (Penelitian dan Pengembangan). Sebanyak 37 siswa kelas X SMKN 1 Sanggau sebagai subyek penelitian ini. Penelitian pengembangan ini mengikuti tujuh langkah penelitian, meliputi : 1) penelitian dan pengumpulan data,  2) perencanaan,  3) pengembangan produk awal,  4) uji coba awal,  5) revisi desain,  6) uji coba lapangan, dan  7) revisi dan penyempurnaan produk. Hasil analisis kebutuhan mengungkapkan bahwa subjek membutuhkan media yang nyata dengan warna yang menarik. Temuan lainya menunjukkan bahwa produk media pembelajaran kosakata bahasa Inggris berupa cartoon strips layak digunakan bagi siswa SMK. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa cartoon strips dapat diaplikasikan sebagai media dalam proses pembelajaran kosakata Bahasa Inggris di kelas.

 

Abstract

The purpose of this research was  to describe the development of English vocabulary and the quality of cartoon strips for media in English teaching learning process. This research was  a  Research and Development (RnD). The subjects were 37 students in the X  grade state of SMKN 1 Sanggau. This research development followed seven steps including: 1) researching and collecting data, 2) planning, 3) initial product development, 4) initial trial, 5) revision, 6) field trial, 7) revision and completion of product. Based on need analysis, students need colorfull and interesting media. Therefore,  it could be concluded  that cartoon strips was applicable as a media in English vocabulary teaching learning process in the classroom..

Keywords: Cartoon Strips, English Vocabulary, SMK, Research and Development

 
Analisis Bentuk, Jenis, Faktor Terjadinya Alih Kode antara Penjual dan Pembeli di Pasar Kuala Singkawang
Authors: Susanto Heru , Sunarsih Eti
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini betujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk alih kode dan faktor terjadinya alih kode atara penjual dan pembeli di Pasar Kuala Singkawang. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan bentuk penelitian kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah penjual dan pembeli di Pasar Kuala Singkawang. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah penggalan tuturan penjual dan pembeli di Pasar Kuala Singkawang. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini adalah teknik sadap. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bentuk alih kode pada masyarakat multietnis di Pasar Kuala Singkawang berjumlah 20 tuturan sedangkan untuk jenis alih kode  dalam peristiwa tutur penjual dan pembeli di Pasar Kuala Singkawang dibedakan menjadi alih kode antarbahasa dan alih kode antarragam bahasa. Untuk faktor-faktor yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya peristiwa alih kode dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) mitra tutur, (2) pokok pembicaraan, dan (3) maksud dan tujuan tutur.
Kajian Kata Khusus dan Islamisasi Melalui Mantra Makan dalam Kelambu Masyarakat Bugis Dendreng Segedong Mempawah
Authors: Djarot Muchammad
Published: February 2021

Salah satu suku yang mendiami wilayah Kecamatan Segedong ialah suku Bugis Dendreng. Mantra Makan dalam Kelambu sudah lama dipertahankan menjadi kepercayaannya.. Tradisi tersebut harus dilakukan karena menurut kepercayaan masyarakat tersebut upacara ritual kehidupan sakral dan merupakan bentuk kepercayaan yang masih dipercayai hingga kini. Secara metodologis, penelitian ini tergolong penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan pragmatik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, dengan bentuk penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi serta alat pengumpulan data yaitu lembar observasi, pedoman wawancara, perekam suara  dan kamera. Kata khusus dalam sastra lisan mantra Makan dalam Kelambu memainkan peranan penting dalam masyarakat Bugis Dendreng dan merupakan bentuk ungkapan masyarakat Bugis Dendreng agar dalam setiap pelaksanaan pesta perkawinan dapat berjalan dengan lancar. Mantra menjadi pilihan para pendakwah karena masyarakat praIslam sangat percaya dengan hal-hal yang bersifat mistik dan kekuatan gaib.
Kontra Feminis dalam Novel Ratu Kecantikan “Harga Sebuah Martabat” karya Langit Kresna Hariadi
Authors: Uli Indriyana
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk kontra feminis dalam Novel Ratu Kecantikan “Harga Sebuah Martabat” karya Langit Kresna Hariadi. Adapun metode yang digunakan berupa metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan feminisme. Penelitian ini dimenggunakan teknik analisis data kajian isi dengan teknik studi dokumenter. Adapun temuan dalam penelitian ini berupa bentuk kontra feminis dalam novel Ratu Kecantikan “Harga Sebuah Martabat” berupa penganiayaan fisik terhadap kaum perempuan, penganiayaan non fisik terhadap kaum perempuan, pelecehan seksual kaum laki-laki terhadap kaum perempuan dan pelecehan seksual kaum perempuan (lesbian) terhadap perempuan. Penganiayan-penganiayan tersebut di alami oleh Novi tokoh utama perempuan yang menjadi cerita utama novel Ratu Kecantikan “Harga Sebuah Martabat”.
Realita Profetik dalam Cerpen Robohnya Surau Kami Karya A.A Navis dan Relevansinya dalam Pembelajaran Sastra
Authors: Kusnita Sri
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan  wujud realita profetik  dalam cerpen Robohnya Surau Kami Karya A.A Navis. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah deskrpsi dengan teknik studi dokumenter. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah cerpen Robohnya Surau Kami karya A.A Navis. Dengan  demikian data penelitian ini berupa data yang menyangkut fokus penelitian yaitu realita profetik  dalam cerpen tersebut. Deskripsi verbal simbol-simbol kebahasaan yang menjelaskan adanya pemaparan realita profetik  yang  dijadikan data penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data yang dilaku­kan dapat disimpulkan beberapa hal sebagai berikut. Pertama, realitas profetik pada asepk humanisasi mencakup aspek (a) manusia yang merasa telah menjadi Tuhan, (b)manusia yang merasa telah menyerahkan nasibnya kepada Tuhan (Tuhan Manusia). Kedua, realitas pro­fetik pada aspek liberasi meliputi aspek, (a) relasi kehidupan spiritual dan realitas sosial, (b) relasi iman, ilmu, dan amal. Ketiga, realitas profetik pada aspek transendensi meliputi aspek pengakuan tentang ketergantungan manusia pada Tuhan.
Covid-19 Sürecinde Depresyon, Stres, Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusu ve Zorlayıcı Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Arasındaki İlişkiler
Authors: ÇELİK Fatih , DİKER Ersin
Published: February 2021

Aralık 2019’da Çin’in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkan yeni tip Koronavirüs (Covid-19) hızlı bir şekilde dünyanın birçok yerine yayılmış ve binlerce kişinin yaşamını yitirmesine yol açmıştır. Bu virüsün fiziksel ve biyolojik etkisinin yanı sıra, önemli psikolojik etkileri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu etkilerin başında, depresyon, stres ve kaygı gibi bazı psikolojik rahatsızlıklar gelmektedir. Bu süreçte, insanlar özellikle bilgi edinme ve sosyal destek ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla sosyal medya platformlarını daha çok kullanmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Covid-19 sürecinde insanların depresyon ve stres yaşantıları ile zorlayıcı sosyal medya kullanımları (ZSMK) arasındaki ilişkide gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun (GKK) aracılık rolünü bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (YEM) çalışmasıyla incelemektir. Bunun için Türkiye genelinde (N = 871, %60,7 kadın, Ortyaş = 28.70, S.S. = 9.99), 14-20 Haziran 2020 tarihleri arasında kolayda örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak verilerin toplandığı çevrimiçi bir anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, depresyonun ZSMK ile pozitif yönde doğrudan bir ilişkisi varken, stres ile ZSMK arasında bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Öte yandan, depresyon ve stres ile GKK arasında ve GKK ile ZSMK arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca depresyon ve stres ile ZSMK arasındaki ilişkide GKK’nin aracılık rolünün olduğu araştırmada belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularının, Covid-19 ile ilgili kriz yönetimini gerçekleştiren resmî kurumların, sosyal medya üzerinden kamuoyu ile gerçekleştirdiği etkin iletişime katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.
PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF THE STATE OF SNOWPACK IN NORILSK
Authors: Karmanovskaya N. V. , Nosova O. V. , Kaverzin A. V.
Published: February 2021

It is considered that Norilsk ranks second in terms of atmospheric contamination. Industrial enterprises annually emit large amounts of sulphur dioxide, phenols, and heavy metal particles. The city is located within the Far North and is distinguished by the harsh climate of the subarctic type. The snow cover can lie from 244 to 277 days. Snow is a good sorbent; therefore, the snow cover accumulates solid and gaseous pollutants that enter it from the atmosphere with precipitation or are absorbed from it. The purpose of this study was to analyse the snow cover in the Norilsk industrial region and assess the state of atmospheric air in the winter. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: conduct a literature review on a given topic; take samples of snow in various industrial districts of Norilsk; study the dependence of the qualitative characteristics of snow on the sampling site; draw conclusions on the quality of snowpack in different areas of the industrial districts of Norilsk. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: organoleptic, visual, methods for determining water transparency, titrimetric analysis, etc. Heavy metal ions and sulphate ions were not detected in the thawed snow, so no industrial gas pollution was noted in the residential area. Most of the particulate contamination was caused by slagging of roads to improve vehicle traction.
PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE CITY OF NORILSK
Authors: Karmanovskaya N. V.
Published: February 2021

According to UN estimates, the shortage of safe drinking water can become one of the most acute and pressing problems. The specificity of this problem for Russia is not a shortage of water resources, but their pollution and ongoing degradation of water bodies. The quality of water is understood as the totality of its properties associated with the nature and concentration of impurities in the water. Water analysis is the only tool for monitoring its condition and properties. During the experiment, a team of researchers took samples of drinking water from the water supply network in various districts of the Norilsk industrial region, studied the dependence of the quality characteristics of water on the location and sampling method. Based on the findings, conclusions on the quality of drinking water were drawn. During the experiment, the authors found that in terms of organoleptic indicators, drinking water in all areas of the NIR meets the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations and GOST. Taking samples at three control points of the Norilsk industrial region, it has been proven that the water is soft and its salt content is mainly due to the presence of hardness salts. Having made the necessary analyses, the authors found that the presence of microorganisms in the water supply network of the NIR is not significant, the permanganate oxidisability indicator does not exceed the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations.
FRUIT-BERRY FILLERS IN THE PRODUCTION OF KAZAKH NATIONAL FERMENTED MILK DRINKS
Authors: Shunekeyeva А. А. , Alimardanova M. K. , Majorov A. A.
Published: February 2021

This paper offers investigation of fruit and berry fillers on the rheological properties of fermented milk drinks. The research was conducted as part of a scientific research effort. Local wild plants were used as fillers. This type of research allowed expanding the range of products at the enterprise and improving the organoleptic and nutritional properties of products. The purpose of this article is to find additional local vegetable raw materials as filler for fermented milk products. The importance of the results is that the data obtained can be used by specialists of dairy farms. During the period of coronavirus infection, when there were interruptions in the supply of raw materials, such directions it sets for future research as the development and improvement new food products by using local plant raw materials were revealed. The experimental samples of fermented milk drink from goat’s milk with various fillers (tayberry, shadberry, black chokeberry and blackcurrant). The pH of the samples were measured with a pH meter (Exspert-рН, Russia). Total solids, protein, fat, ash, and titratable acidity were determined according to the methods described by the standard method. Goat's milk is subjected to ozonization for 10 minutes at an ozone concentration of 80 mg/m3 before entering the container. The pasteurized goat milk (at 37 °C) was inoculated with freeze-dried culture bacterial starter culture (thermophilic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria (Breve B 10, Bifidobacterium adolescentis B 14, Bifidobacterium adolescentis B 37) in the ratio 2:1 at 5 % inoculation level. The sensory aspects were undertaken using 10 panellists. The degree of influence of the introduced bacterial starter culture on the duration of fermentation of fermented milk beverages was studied by taking into account the rheological characteristics and structural and technological parameters. A mathematical model of the dependence of the strength and acidity of a fermented milk clot on the dose of fruit and berry fillers is constructed.
FLAVONOIDS OF POPULUS BALSAMIFERA PLANTS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Таkibayeva А. Т. , Amirchan A. A. , Kalkenova A. T. , Kulakov I. V.
Published: February 2021

The work is devoted to the chemical studying of the composition of flavonoids of Populus balsamifera, the isolation of individual compounds, and the establishment of their structure. Balsamic poplar plants are a promising source of many biologically active substances, and in particular, flavonoids. From the buds of Populus balsamifera L. identified four flavonoids with antifungal, antimicrobial antioxidant properties and hepatoprotective activity. Data of flavonoids were isolated by extraction on the soxlet apparatus with 95% ethanol by triple thermal extraction at a temperature of 60 °C, followed by thickening on a rotary evaporator. For isolation from the buds of balsamic poplar, the resulting extract was chromatographed on a column with silica gel of the KSK brand 0.31-0.63 microns, using petroleum ether as eluents petroleum ether-ethyl acetate in various ratios and ethyl acetate. The structure of the isolated compounds was determined by IR, UV, NMR 13C, 1H spectroscopy. The biological activity of the isolated flavonoids was also studied.
MODIFICATION OF COPOLYMERS BASED ON OLEFIN AND MALEIC ANHYDRIDE AS POUR POINT DEPRESSANT FOR WAXY OILS
Authors: Kozhabekov S. S. , Zhubanov A. A. , Makhmetova A. R. , Abaev T. B.
Published: February 2021

In this work, we investigated a modification of a copolymer based on α-olefin (octadecene-1) (ODC) and maleic anhydride (MA) synthesized by the method of initiated radical polymerization. In the studies carried out, it was revealed that of all the synthesized copolymers based on maleic anhydride, the copolymer with α-octadecene was the most effective copolymer in reducing the viscosity of oil and TPT. In this work, a copolymer based on maleic anhydride and octadecene-1 (ODC – MA) was modified with primary amines – butylamine (BA), hexylamine (HA), hexadecylamine (HDA), octadecylamine (ODA), benzylamine (BzA). The copolymer was modified in a xylene solution with a Dean – Stark packing; the ratio of the ODC – MA copolymer to amines was 1:1.2 mol. Tololsulfonic acid (TSC) 0.5 wt% was used as a catalyst. Synthesis temperature 140°C, time 8 hours. The degree of completion of the reaction was evaluated by the amount of water formed in the Dean Stark packing. Modified copolymers ODC – MA with amines (ODC – MA – BA, ODC – MA – HA, ODC – MA – HDA, ODC – MA – ODA, ODC – MA – BzA) were characterized by Fourier IR spectroscopy and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, which indicates the transformation of the original anhydride rings into imide ones. Modified copolymers were tested on waxy oil as depressants. Moreover, all modified copolymers exhibit the properties of depressants – they reduce the viscosity and TPT of oil relative to oil without an PPD. The morphology of waxy crystals formed in oil during a decrease in temperature was determined by microscopy; it was shown that modified waxy crystals of small sizes are formed compared to the original oil without PPDs, which indicates the dispersing effect of modified copolymers based on ODC – MA.
ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF CUPRONICKEL ELECTRODE IN ACIDIC MEDIA
Authors: Nurdillayeva R. N. , Abdilda N. Sh. , Bayeshov A. B.
Published: February 2021

The electrochemical properties of the cupronickel electrode polarized by an alternating current in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid were studied for the first time. The electrochemical dissolution of cupronickel was carried out in a polarization mode with a frequency of 50 Hz in pairs with a titanium electrode. The current efficiency of dissolution of Cu-Ni alloys dependence on the current density at the titanium (20-120 kA/m2) and cupronickel (200-1200 A/m2) electrodes, the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution (0.5-5.0 M), the electrolysis duration (0.5-1.75 h) and the alternating current effect (50-300 Hz) were considered. It was observed that the current efficiency of the alloy dissolution decreases linearly with increasing current density at the cupronickel electrode, while the current density at the titanium electrode passes through a maximum value at 60 kA/m2. The dependence of the alloy dissolution on the acid concentration was studied, and the reaction order was calculated. The reaction orders for the formation of copper (I) and nickel (II) ions accounted for 0.95 and 0.85, respectively. As the frequency of the alternating current increased, the current efficiency of the cupronickel electrode dissolution changed significantly. It has been shown that high current frequencies do not provide the required anodic half-cycle duration for the oxidation reaction of the metals, as the periods change very rapidly. It was found that electrolysis is effective at a frequency of 50 Hz AC. It was observed that the dissolution rate of the copper-nickel alloy increases with increasing solution temperature. It was found that the dissolution of cupronickel in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid by the temperature-kinetic method takes place in the diffusion-kinetic mode. Ideally, the current efficiency values were 59% for Cu (I) ions and 15% for Ni (II) ions.
SYNTHESIS OF THALLIUM SULPHATE IN A SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION AT POLARIZATION BY CURRENT
Authors: Baeshov A. B. , Sarbayeva G.T. , Tuleshova E. Zh. , Ozler M. A. , Sarbayeva M.T.
Published: February 2021

Nowadays, the one of the actual problems is the recycling of metal waste and its provision to consumers. However, it is known that there are a number of difficulties with the recycling of thallium waste. By using new recycling methods, it's possible to increase thallium resources and lower prices for thallium-derived products. Therefore, some work was carried out to extract its compounds from thallium waste by studying the electrochemical properties of thallium in our research work. The experimental results showed that thallium electrodes dissolve in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid under alternating current polarization with the formation of thallium (I) sulfate.
In this work, the kinetics of electrochemical oxidation-reduction of thallium in aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid is studied by potentiometry. To characterize the mechanism of thallium electrooxidation, the following parameters were calculated: the order of the reaction and the effective activation energy of the process. The impact of electrolysis modes: current density, concentration and temperature of the electrolyte on the dimensional charac-teristics of the obtained thallium (I) sulfate was investigated.
PROCESSING OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES OVER MONO-AND BIMETALLIC CATALYSTS
Authors: Orynbassar R. O. , Aubakirov Y. A. , Zhumabekova A. K. , Tastanova L. K. , Zakumbayeva G. D. , Tuktin B. T.
Published: February 2021

The reserves of liquefied petroleum gas in the production zones and fields are briefly characterized in present paper. The scope of liquefied petroleum gases application, catalytic transformation and their importance in obtaining products are described. Widespread use of nanostructured and nanoscale catalysts in catalysis processes and their properties are given in literature review. Chemical transformations of С3-С4-alkanes in the presence of mono- and bimetallic catalysts based on Cr/SiO2 are studied. By method of electron microscopy, it was determined that various highly dispersed oxides of chromium in lanthanum – modified catalyst interact with each other and with carrier. According to electronic paramagnetic resonance data, chromium is contained in a five- and three-valence state. Mono - and bimetallic catalysts were studied by physical and chemical methods: IR spectroscopy, electron microscopy (EM) using micro diffraction, EPR. Monometallic catalysts with a chromium content of 2-10 wt. % and bimetallic lanthanum-chromium-containing catalyst in the form of 5% La-Cr/SiO2 in a ratio of 1/1 were prepared in the work; the process temperature was varied in the range of 400 to 650°С.
Introduction of lanthanum leads to the formation of LaCrO3, LaCrO4 compounds with low activity in dehydro-genation reaction of C3-C4 – alkanes. The maximum yield of C2-C4-olefins - 39.2%, i.e. the formation of propylene in high doses was observed in the presence of 5% Cr/SiO2.
OBTAINING BIOCHAR FROM RICE HUSK AND STRAW
Authors: Appazov N. O. , Bazarbayev B. M. , Assylbekkyzy T. , Diyarova B. M. , Kanzhar S. A. , Magauiya S. , Zhapparbergenov R. U. , Akylbekov N. I. , Duisembekov B. A.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the results of research on obtaining biochar from agricultural plant waste such as rice husk and straw. The selection of the optimal conditions for thermolysis, such as the duration and temperature of the process, has been conducted. The thermolysis products are characterized for iodine adsorption activity, cumulative water pore volume, and for bulk density. The porous structure of the obtained products has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results of the research conducted, it has been found that biochars obtained from husk and straw with a thermolysis duration of 30 minutes have low iodine sorption characteristics and water pore volumes. With an increase in the duration of thermolysis, the sorption characteristics improve, the optimal for the husk is the thermolysis duration of 60 minutes at a temperature of 500°C, and for straw, the optimal thermolysis duration is 60 minutes at a temperature of 300°C. The best option is biochar obtained from rice straw at a duration of 60 minutes and a thermolysis temperature of 300°C, having an iodine adsorption activity of 54.61%, a cumulative water pore volume of 0.941 cm3/g and a bulk density of 169.29 g/dm3. The obtained biochars from rice husk and straw have been studied by scanning electron microscopy at 4300 and 5000 times magnification, and they have a developed porous structure.
According to the literature, it is known that biochar can also be used as a renewable energy source. Research has been carried out to determine the calorific value of the obtained biochars. To compare the calorific value of rice husk, straw and the obtained biochars, their heating values have been determined on a calorimeter. The highest heating value has a biochar obtained from husk at a duration of 60 minutes and at a thermolysis temperature of 400°C with a value of 17.520 kJ/g, the optimal for biochar obtained from straw is a duration of 60 minutes and a thermolysis temperature of 400°C with a value of 16.451 kJ/g.
The experimental data obtained make it possible to use the obtained biochar from rice straw in the future as a biofertilizer to improve the characteristics of soils, as well as to use biochar obtained from rice husk to produce renewable fuel.
Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 and Cognitive Decline: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study
Authors: Grande Giulia , Wu Jing , Ljungman Petter L.S. , Stafoggia Massimo , Bellander Tom , Rizzuto Debora
Published: February 2021

Background: A growing but contrasting evidence relates air pollution to cognitive decline. The role of cerebrovascular diseases in amplifying this risk is unclear. Objectives: 1) Investigate the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and cognitive decline; 2) Test whether cerebrovascular diseases amplify this association. Methods: We examined 2,253 participants of the Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). One major air pollutant (particulate matter ≤2.5μm, PM2.5) was assessed yearly from 1990, using dispersion models for outdoor levels at residential addresses. The speed of cognitive decline (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) was estimated as the rate of MMSE decline (linear mixed models) and further dichotomized into the upper (25%fastest cognitive decline), versus the three lower quartiles. The cognitive scores were used to calculate the odds of fast cognitive decline per levels of PM2.5 using regression models and considering linear and restricted cubic splines of 10 years exposure before the baseline. The potential modifier effect of cerebrovascular diseases was tested by adding an interaction term in the model. Results: We observed an inverted U-shape relationship between PM2.5 and cognitive decline. The multi-adjusted piecewise regression model showed an increased OR of fast cognitive decline of 81%(95%CI = 1.2–3.2) per interquartile range difference up to mean PM2.5 level (8.6μg/m3) for individuals older than 80. Above such level we observed no further risk increase (OR = 0.89;95%CI = 0.74–1.06). The presence of cerebrovascular diseases further increased such risk by 6%. Conclusion: Low to mean PM2.5 levels were associated with higher risk of accelerated cognitive decline. Cerebrovascular diseases further amplified such risk.
Age-Related Hearing Loss, Neuropsychological Performance, and Incident Dementia in Older Adults
Authors: Brewster Katharine K. , Hu Mei-Chen , Wall Melanie M. , Brown Patrick J. , Zilcha-Mano Sigal , Roose Steven P. , Stein Alexandra , Golub Justin S. , Rutherford Bret R.
Published: February 2021

Background: Age-related hearing loss (HL) has been associated with dementia, though the neurocognitive profile of individuals with HL is poorly understood. Objective: To characterize the neurocognitive profile of HL. Methods: N = 8,529 participants from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center ≥60 years and free of cognitive impairment who were characterized as Untreated-, Treated-, or No HL. Outcomes included executive function (Trail Making Test [TMT] Part B), episodic memory (Immediate/Delayed Recall), language fluency (Vegetables, Boston Naming Test), and conversion to dementia. Regression models were fit to examine associations between HL and neurocognitive performance at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models examined the links between HL, neurocognitive scores, and development of dementia over follow-up. Results: At baseline, those with Untreated HL (versus No HL) had worse neurocognitive performance per standardized difference on executive function (TMT Part B [mean difference = 0.05 (95% CI 0.00, 0.10)]) and language fluency (Vegetables [mean difference = –0.07 (95% CI –0.14, –0.01)], Boston Naming Test [mean difference = –0.07 (95% CI –0.13, –0.01)]). No differences in these neurocognitive performance scores were demonstrated between Treated HL and No HL groups other than MMSE [mean difference = –0.06 (95% CI –0.12, 0.00)]. Through follow-up, executive dysfunction differed by hearing group (χ2(2) = 46.08, p < 0.0001) and was present among 39.12% in No HL, 44.85% in Untreated HL, and 49.40% in Treated HL. Worse performance across all cognitive domains predicted incident dementia. Conclusion: The observed association between Untreated HL and lower cognitive ability that improved when hearing aids were worn may reflect an inability to hear the test instructions. Future studies using cognitive assessments validated for use in HL are needed to evaluate the neuropsychological profile of HL and identify individuals at risk for dementia.
α-Synuclein Heteromers in Red Blood Cells of Alzheimer’s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia Patients
Authors: Daniele Simona , Baldacci Filippo , Piccarducci Rebecca , Palermo Giovanni , Giampietri Linda , Manca Maria Laura , Pietrobono Deborah , Frosini Daniela , Nicoletti Valentina , Tognoni Gloria , Giorgi Filippo Sean , Lo Gerfo Annalisa , Petrozzi Lucia , Cavallini Chiara , Franzoni Ferdinando , Ceravolo Roberto , Siciliano Gabriele , Trincavelli Maria Letizia , Martini Claudia , Bonuccelli Ubaldo
Published: February 2021

Background: Red blood cells (RBCs) contain the majority of α-synuclein (α-syn) in blood, representing an interesting model for studying the peripheral pathological alterations proved in neurodegeneration. Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of total α-syn, amyloid-β (Aβ1–42), tau, and their heteroaggregates in RBCs of Lewy body dementia (LBD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients compared to healthy controls (HC). Methods: By the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, RBCs concentrations of total α-syn, Aβ1–42, tau, and their heteroaggregates (α-syn/Aβ1–42 and α-syn/tau) were measured in 27 individuals with LBD (Parkinson’s disease dementia, n = 17; dementia with Lewy bodies, n = 10), 51 individuals with AD (AD dementia, n = 37; prodromal AD, n = 14), and HC (n = 60). Results: The total α-syn and tau concentrations as well as α-syn/tau heterodimers were significantly lower in the LBD group and the AD group compared with HC, whereas α-syn/Aβ1–42 concentrations were significantly lower in the AD dementia group only. RBC α-syn/tau heterodimers had a higher diagnostic accuracy for differentiating patients with LBD versus HC (AUROC = 0.80). Conclusion: RBC α-syn heteromers may be useful for differentiating between neurodegenerative dementias (LBD and AD) and HC. In particular, RBC α-syn/tau heterodimers have demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy for differentiating LBD from HC. However, they are not consistently different between LBD and AD. Our findings also suggest that α-syn, Aβ1–42, and tau interact in vivo to promote the aggregation and accumulation of each other.
Total Plasma Homocysteine and Depressive Symptoms in Older Hispanics
Authors: Castro Fernando , Melgarejo Jesús , Chavez Carlos A. , de Erausquin Gabriel A. , Terwilliger Joseph D. , Lee Joseph H. , Maestre Gladys E.
Published: February 2021

Background: Very few studies have investigated the association between total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and depressive symptoms in older Hispanics. Objective: To test the hypothesis that high tHcy associates with depressive symptoms in older Hispanics. Methods: A total of 1,418 participants .55 years old from the Maracaibo Aging Study (MAS) underwent standardized neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cardiovascular assessments. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Depression Subscale (NPId) was used to assess the burden of depressive symptoms. The tHcy levels and other biochemical parameters in blood samples were measured. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied. Results: Participants with depressive symptoms had higher levels of tHcy than those without (15.1 versus 13.9 µmol/L; p = 0.009). Elevated tHcy levels were associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, alcohol intake, stroke, and dementia (OR = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.18–2.12). Conclusion: Elevated levels of tHcy were associated with depressive symptoms in older Hispanics living under the nutritional and environmental conditions of a developing country.
Different Cognitive Profiles Are Associated with Progression Rate and Age at Death in Probable Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sood Ajay , Pavlik Valory , Darby Eveleen , Chan Wenyaw , Doody Rachelle
Published: February 2021

Background: Cognitive profiles characterized by primarily language or visuospatial deficits have been documented in individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but their association with progression rate or overall survival is not well described. Objective: To compare time from diagnosis to severe disease stage and death in probable AD patients classified into three groups based on neuropsychological test performance: marked verbal impairment (Verb-PI) with relatively preserved visuospatial function, marked visuospatial impairment with preserved verbal function (Vis-PI), and balanced verbal and visuospatial impairments (Bal-PI). Methods: This prospective cohort study included 540 probable AD patients attending an academic memory clinic who were enrolled from 1995–2013 and followed annually. Eligible individuals had a Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score ≥10 at baseline, and at least one annual follow up visit. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to analyze the association of cognitive profiles with time to decline in MMSE and CDR Global Score. Results: Sixty-one (11.3%) individuals had a Verb-PI profile, 86 (16%) had a Vis-PI profile, and 393 (72.8%) a Bal-PI profile. MMSE decline to <10 was faster in Verb-PI than Vis-PI (HR 2.004, 95%CI, 1.062–3.780; p = 0.032). Progression to CDR-GS = 3 was faster in Verb-PI individuals compared to Bal-PI (HR 1.604, 95%CI, 1.022–2.515; p = 0.040) or Vis-PI (HR 2.388, 95%CI, 1.330–4.288; p = 0.004) individuals. Baseline cognitive profile did not affect mortality. Conclusion: A recognition of different AD profiles may help to personalize care by providing a better understanding of pathogenesis and expected progression.
Assessing the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease in Real-World Settings in Three European Countries
Authors: Lladó Albert , Froelich Lutz , Khandker Rezaul K. , Roset Montserrat , Black Christopher M. , Lara Nuria , Chekani Farid , Ambegaonkar Baishali M.
Published: February 2021

Background: There exists considerable variation in disease progression rates among patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: The primary objective of this observational study is to assess the progression of AD by characterizing cognitive, functional, and behavioral changes during the follow-up period between 6 and 24 months. Methods: A longitudinal prospective study with community-dwelling patients with an established clinical diagnosis of AD of mild to moderate severity was conducted in Germany, Spain and the UK. A sample of 616 patients from 69 sites was included. Results: Patients had a mean of 1.9 years (SD = 1.9) since AD diagnosis at study inclusion. Cognitive symptoms were reported to have first occurred a mean of 1.1 years (SD = 1.7) prior to AD diagnosis and 1.4 (SD = 1.8) years prior to AD treatment. Patients initially diagnosed with mild and moderate AD spent a median (95%CI) of 3.7 (2.8; 4.4) and 11.1 (6.1, ‘not reached’) years until progression to moderate and severe AD, respectively, according to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. A mixed model developed for cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric scores, obtained from study patients at baseline and during follow-up period, showed progressive deterioration of AD patients over time. Conclusion: The study showed a deterioration of cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric functions during the follow-up period. Cognitive deterioration was slightly faster in patients with moderate AD compared to mild AD. The duration of moderate AD can be overestimated due to the use of retrospective data, lack of availability of MMSE scores in clinical charts and exclusion of patients at time of institutionalization.
DAla2-GIP-GLU-PAL Protects Against Cognitive Deficits and Pathology in APP/PS1 Mice by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation and Upregulating cAMP/PKA/CREB Signaling Pathways
Authors: Yuan Li , Zhang Jun , Guo Jun-Hong , Holscher Christian , Yang Jun-Ting , Wu Mei-Na , Wang Zhao-Jun , Cai Hong-Yan , Han Ling-Na , Shi Hui , Han Yu-Fei , Qi Jin-Shun
Published: February 2021

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for AD. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been identified to be effective in T2DM treatment and neuroprotection. Objective: The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects and possible mechanisms of DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL, a novel long-lasting GIP analogue, in APP/PS1 AD mice. Methods: Multiple behavioral tests were performed to examine the cognitive function of mice. In vivo hippocampus late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) was recorded to reflect synaptic plasticity. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to examine the Aβ plaques and neuroinflammation in the brain. IL-1β, TNF-α, and cAMP/PKA/CREB signal molecules were also detected by ELISA or western blotting. Results: DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL increased recognition index (RI) of APP/PS1 mice in novel object recognition test, elevated spontaneous alternation percentage of APP/PS1 mice in Y maze test, and increased target quadrant swimming time of APP/PS1 mice in Morris water maze test. DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL treatment enhanced in vivo L-LTP of APP/PS1 mice. DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL significantly reduced Aβ deposition, inhibited astrocyte and microglia proliferation, and weakened IL-1β and TNF-α secretion. DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL also upregulated cAMP/PKA/CREB signal transduction and inhibited NF-κB activation in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Conclusion: DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL can improve cognitive behavior, synaptic plasticity, and central pathological damage in APP/PS1 mice, which might be associated with the inhibition of neuroinflammation, as well as upregulation of cAMP-/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. This study suggests a potential benefit of DAla2GIP-Glu-PAL in the treatment of AD.
Screening Traditional Chinese Medicine Combination for Cotreatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Network Pharmacology
Authors: Wang Yi-Zhen , Meng Lei , Zhuang Qi-Shuai , Shen Liang
Published: February 2021

Background: In recent years, the efficacy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has attracted extensive interest owing to the close associations between the two diseases. Objective: Here, we screened traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and multi-target ingredients that may have potential therapeutic effects on both T2DM and AD from T2DM prescriptions. Methods: Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used. Results: Firstly, the top 10 frequently used herbs and corresponding 275 active ingredients were identified from 263 T2DM-related TCM prescriptions. Secondly, through the comparative analysis of 208 potential targets of ingredients, 1,740 T2DM-related targets, and 2,060 AD-related targets, 61 common targets were identified to be shared. Thirdly, by constructing pharmacological network, 26 key targets and 154 representative ingredients were identified. Further enrichment analysis showed that common targets were involved in regulating multiple pathways related to T2DM and AD, while network analysis also found that the combination of Danshen (Radix Salviae)-Gancao (Licorice)-Shanyao (Rhizoma Dioscoreae) contained the vast majority of the representative ingredients and might be potential for the cotreatment of the two diseases. Fourthly, MAPK1, PPARG, GSK3B, BACE1, and NR3C1 were selected as potential targets for virtual screening of multi-target ingredients. Further docking studies showed that multiple natural compounds, including salvianolic acid J, gancaonin H, gadelaidic acid, icos-5-enoic acid, and sigmoidin-B, exhibited high binding affinities with the five targets. Conclusion: To summarize, the present study provides a potential TCM combination that might possess the potential advantage of cotreatment of AD and T2DM.
The Utility of Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life to Predict Cognitive Decline and Dementia
Authors: Phyo Aung Zaw Zaw ,   on behalf of the ASPREE Investigator Group, Gonzalez-Chica David A. , Stocks Nigel P. , Storey Elsdon , Woods Robyn L. , Murray Anne M. , Orchard Suzanne G. , Shah Raj C. , Gasevic Danijela , Freak-Poli Rosanne , Ryan Joanne
Published: February 2021

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been shown to predict adverse health outcome in the general population. Objective: We examined the cross-sectional association between HRQoL and cognitive performance at baseline. Next, we explored whether baseline HRQoL predicted 5-year incident cognitive decline and dementia and whether there were gender differences. Methods: 19,106 community-dwelling participants from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial, aged 65–98 years, free of major cognitive impairments, and completed the HRQoL 12-item short-form (SF-12) at baseline (2010–2014), were followed until June 2017. The physical (PCS) and mental component scores (MCS) of SF-12 were calculated. The cognitive tests were assessed at baseline, year 1, 3, 5, and 7 or close-out visit. Cognitive decline was defined as > 1.5 SD drop from baseline on any of the cognitive tests. Dementia was adjudicated according to DSM-IV criteria. Linear and Cox proportional-hazards regressions were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations respectively. Results: At baseline, higher PCS and MCS were associated with better cognition. Over a median 4.7-year follow-up, higher MCS was associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia (12% and 15% respectively, per 10-unit increase) and a 10-unit higher PCS was associated with a 6% decreased risk of cognitive decline. PCS did not predict dementia incidence. Findings were not different by gender. Conclusion: Our study found that higher HRQoL, in particular MCS, predicted a reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia over time in community-dwelling older people.
Evaluation of Fluorinated Cromolyn Derivatives as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Shoup Timothy M. , Griciuc Ana , Normandin Marc D. , Quinti Luisa , Walsh Lindsay V. , Dhaynaut Maeva , Moon Sung-Hyun , Guehl Nicolas J. , Brugarolas Pedro , Elmaleh David R. , Fakhri Georges El , Tanzi Rudolph E.
Published: February 2021

Background: Cromolyn is an anti-neuroinflammatory modulator with a multifactorial mechanism of action that has been shown to inhibit amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation and enhance microglial uptake and clearance of Aβ. Objective: We report the effects of fluoro-cromolyn derivatives on microglial cell toxicity and microglial clearance of Aβ42. Methods: Microglial cell toxicity for cromolyn derivatives were determined in naive BV2 microglial cells. Microglial clearance assays were performed with Aβ42 in naive BV2 microglial cell line and single cell clone BV2 line expressing CD33WT. PET imaging was performed for three F-18 analogs in a rhesus macaque. Results: All compounds but derivative 8 exhibited low microglial cell toxicity. Cromolyn 1 and derivatives 2, 4, and 7 displayed an increased uptake on Aβ42 in naïve BV2 microglial cells. Derivative 4 increased Aβ42 uptake in a dose-dependent manner and at 75μM resulted in a one-fold increase in Aβ42 uptake in BV2-CD33WT. PET imaging for three [18F]cromolyn analogs revealed the order of brain tracer penetration to be 4a > 10 > 2a. Tracer 4a exhibited enhanced uptake in areas of high perfusion (putamen, grey matter, and cerebellum) and lower signal in areas of lower perfusion (caudate, thalamus, and white matter). Conclusion: Substantial uptake of Aβ42 in both naïve BV2 and BV2-CD33WT cells observed with 4 indicate conversion of microglial cells from a pro-inflammatory to an activation state favoring Aβ phagocytosis/clearance. These findings suggest that a fluoro-cromolyn analog could reduce fibril-prone Aβ42 in vivo and thereby serve as a therapeutic for the treatment and prevention of AD.