bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nitrogen Concentration on Plant Growth and Yield of Black Ginger Cultivated in Soilless Culture System
Authors: Mohd Yaseer Suhaimi , Salahuddin Mirfat Ahmad Hasan
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the influence of nitrogen concentration on the growth, yield, and phytochemical profile of black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) cultivated in a soilless culture system. Black ginger, widely recognized for its medicinal properties and high domestic demand, faces production challenges that limit its supply. To address this, the experiment employed a completely randomized block design using 8‐month-old rhizomes subjected to five nitrogen treatments (50, 100, 150, 250, and 300 ppm) while maintaining constant phosphorus and potassium levels. Morphological parameters such as plant height, vegetative fresh weight, number of tillers, SPAD value, fresh rhizome yield, and the rhizome-to-shoot ratio were measured to assess growth performance. Although plant height was statistically similar across treatments, both vegetative fresh weight and fresh rhizome yield increased with higher nitrogen levels, peaking at 250 ppm before declining at 300 ppm. The optimal rhizome-to-shoot ratio was also achieved at this intermediate concentration, indicating effective biomass partitioning toward the valuable storage organs. Phytochemical analyses were conducted to quantify total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and the concentration of 4,5,7‐trimethoxyflavone, a key methoxyflavone linked to various therapeutic activities. Interestingly, while the highest TPC and TFC were observed at 50 ppm nitrogen, the level of 4,5,7‐trimethoxyflavone was maximized at 250 ppm. Antioxidant activities measured via DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays supported these findings, suggesting that both low and moderate-high nitrogen supplies benefit the plant’s secondary metabolism. Overall, the study demonstrates that optimizing nitrogen fertilization in a soilless culture system can significantly enhance both the yield and medicinal quality of black ginger.
Unveiling the Power of Epigenetics in Seed Dormancy and Germination
Authors: Baliyan Ayush , Serto Eunice Suoneiyang , Panda Debadatta , Anmol  , Kushwaha Jeetendra Singh , Singh Kundan Veer , Mishra Suchismita , Mandal Swati
Published: February 2025

Germination is the process by which a seed absorbs water and begins to grow, eventually emerging as a seedling.  Seed dormancy and germination are crucial stages in the life cycle of a plant, determining its ability to survive and reproduce. These processes are influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Recent advances in the field of epigenetics have revealed that changes in gene expression associated with these processes are not solely driven by genetic alterations, but are also regulated by epigenetic modifications. These modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNA pathways, play pivotal roles in regulating seed dormancy, germination, and post-germination growth. This paper highlights the latest findings in the role of epigenetic regulation in seed dormancy and germination, exploring the mechanisms involved and the potential for leveraging epigenetic knowledge for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture. Additionally, we will highlight the potential of manipulating epigenetic modifications to improve seed quality and crop yield.
Domesticating modernity: the Electrical Association for Women, 1924–86
Authors: PURSELL CARROLL
Published: July 2002

For over half a century, from 1924 to 1986, the Electrical Association for Women (EAW) worked to modernize the British home by bringing the blessings of labour-saving appliances to the aid of British women. Adopting a strategy of facilitation, the EAW sought, on the one hand, to educate women about electricity and its advantages in the home, encourage them to demand greater access to that electricity and keep them abreast of new developments in appliances and the infrastructure (from a national grid to sufficient outlets) necessary for enjoying them. On the other hand, the organization sought to discover the real needs and desires of the women themselves, and to bring this forcibly to the attention of the electrical industry in Great Britain ; to make the ‘women's point of view’, as it was called, a factor in the production, distribution and application of electricity in the home.

Although the very masculine electrical industry was a decisive part of both the EAW's context, and of its financial and advisory structure, the group proudly insisted that it was a women's organization in which women addressed other women about women's concerns and well-being. In its early years, the excitement of women coming together in a modern cause was palpable, but as the leadership aged and electricity turned from modern vision to commonplace reality, the almost religious zeal and pace of activities began to falter. A late-hour attempt to highlight nuclear power plants as evidence of a renewed and equally exciting modern moment fell short, and in 1986 the EAW quietly dissolved itself, the casualty of large social changes, some of which it had proudly helped to bring about.
Probing historiographical boundaries: analysing contexts employing specific narratives
Authors: Hessenbruch Arne
Published: July 2002

The three books reviewed in this essay all cross disciplinary boundaries. The first book
illustrates, and argues for, the importance of history of technology and science for general
history, for instance by looking at the linkages between technology transfer and
agricultural reform in the late eighteenth century. The second book combines art history
with history of technology: a painting is examined with a view to learning about networks
among men of industry. The third book could be said to argue for the relevance of the
private in the history of science by rendering theoretical innovation dependent upon
resources gained outside public scientific life.

I have been careful not to mention the most important commonality of these books first,
because I am aware of the general disinterest which reigns about most peripheral places.
The three books are all about Denmark and written in Danish. But they should not be
placed in the drawer labelled ‘ethnographic oddity’. Quite apart from their relevance
under the rubric of centre and periphery, each one has a historiographical point rendering
them more generally relevant. They probe historiographical boundaries and provide
incentives for thinking about historical resources that have not been tapped. It should also
be mentioned that all three books are beautifully illustrated. Danish academic books are
cushioned from the stringencies of the market through the existence of a variety of funds.
The market of Danish readers is too small to sustain a market of its own and so the
infrastructure for the support of books which will inevitably make a loss is substantial. By
tapping into these resources, the authors have managed to make all three books more
appealing than an anglophone reader has come to expect.
Casper Hakfoort (1955–99)
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey
Published: July 2002

Dominated by its medieval moated castle, the small Dutch market town of ’s-Heerenberg stands a few miles from Arnhem close to the German border. Casper Hakfoort was born into this rural community on 6 January 1955 and he returned to it to be buried shortly after his death on 4 March 1999. In the intervening forty-five years Casper had travelled far from his roots in this small agricultural town and played a significant – but tragically curtailed – role in the international history of science community.

As a bright pupil at school in ’s-Heerenberg he was attracted to the study of physics. Deciding to pursue further studies in this area he registered at the Catholic University of Nijmegen in 1973, transferring to the University of Utrecht two years later and obtaining his first degree in 1980. However, physics did not fully satisfy his intellectual strivings and he sought answers to fundamental questions that are not engaged in most physics courses. This dissatisfaction prompted him to forsake the study of physics and instead to register for a Ph.D. in the history of science under the supervision of Professor H. A. M. Snelders at the University of Utrecht, where he studied from 1980 to 1985. In the following year he successfully defended his dissertation, entitled ‘Optica in de eeuw van Euler’, later published in Amsterdam, in 1986.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF GRAIN LEGUMES ON RAINY-SEASON SORGHUM PRODUCTIVITY IN A SEMI-ARID TROPICAL VERTISOL
Authors: REGO T. J. , NAGESWARA RAO V.
Published: July 2002

In southern and central India, farmers crop Vertisols only in the post-rainy season, to avoid land management problems in the rainy season. In 1983 ICRISAT established a long-term trial seeking to intensify cropping. The trial included intercrops, sequential crops and appropriate Vertisol management technology to allow consecutive rainy-season and post-rainy season crops to be grown. Benefits provided by legumes to succeeding rainy-season sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were analysed in relation to a non-legume system of sorghum + safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Rainy-season sorghum grain yield production was sustained at about 2.7 t ha−1 over 12 years within a continuous sorghum–pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercrop system. With a cowpea–pigeonpea intercrop system, succeeding sorghum benefitted each year by about 40 kg N ha−1 (fertilizer nitrogen (N) equivalent). Without N fertilizer application the sorghum grain yield was around 3.3 t ha−1. Legume benefits were less marked in the chickpea (Cicer arietinum)-based rotation than in the pigeonpea system, in which a 12-year build up of soil total N (about 125 μg g−1) was observed. Although sorghum benefitted from this system, pigeonpea yields declined over time due to soil-borne fungi and nematodes. Wider rotations of crops with pigeonpea may help to overcome these problems, while sustaining sorghum production.
Selective sweep near the In(2L)t inversion breakpoint in an African population of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: DEPAULIS FRANTZ , BRAZIER LIONEL , MOUSSET SYLVAIN , TURBE ANNE , VEUILLE MICHEL
Published: July 2002

Chromosomal inversions largely inhibit recombination and may be associated with selective forces,
such as hitch-hiking effects: the effect of positive selection on linked loci. A West African
population of Drosophila melanogaster showed a high frequency (0·61) of the In(2L)t inversion.
Departure from neutrality statistically associated with the inversion polymorphism was previously
recorded at Su(H), a locus distant from the proximal breakpoint of the inversion. These results
were consistent with hitch-hiking effects with recombination. The present sequence polymorphism
survey involves a 1 kb fragment of the Vha68-1 locus located closer to the proximal breakpoint of
the inversion. It shows a significant deficit of polymorphism with respect to divergence when
compared with other loci studied in the same population, thus suggesting selective effects. Only 11
polymorphic sites are present in a sample of 20 chromosomes and these sites present a significant
excess of rare-frequency variants. The major haplotype shows an unexpectedly high frequency. Our
estimate of the background selection effect is not sufficient to account for the observed reduction
of polymorphism. Intraspecific variation is structured between inverted and standard
chromosomes; there are no shared polymorphisms but also no fixed differences between them. This
pattern, together with that found on other loci previously studied near this inversion breakpoint,
suggests hitch-hiking effects enhanced by the inversion.
Characterization of natural populations of Drosophila
melanogaster with regard to the hobo system:
a new hypothesis on the invasion
Authors: BONNIVARD ERIC , HIGUET DOMINIQUE , BAZIN CLAUDE
Published: July 2002

Until now, with regard to the hobo system of hybrid
dysgenesis, natural populations of Drosophila
melanogaster have been investigated using only two criteria: at
the molecular level, the presence or
absence of XhoI fragments 2·6 kb long or smaller;
and/or at the genetic level, the ability to induce
gonadal dysgenesis sterility in crosses A (females of an E reference
strain crossed with males under
test) and A* (females under test crossed with males of an H
reference strain). Recently, analyses of
laboratory strains using these criteria as well as the mobilization of
two reporter genes, the male
recombination and the number of ‘TPE’ repeats in the
S region, revealed a lack of correlation
between the different dysgenic parameters themselves, and also
between these parameters and the
molecular characteristics of the strains. Thirteen current strains
derived from world populations
were therefore investigated with regard to all these dysgenic traits,
to determine discriminating
criteria providing a robust method of classifying natural populations
and deducing the dynamics of hobo elements in these populations. We show, as in laboratory
strains, a lack of correlation
between the parameters studied. Therefore, the significance of each of
them as well as the nature
of hobo hybrid dysgenesis are discussed, to propose an analysis
method of the hobo system
applicable to natural populations. According to the geographical
distribution of hobo activities in
world populations and to the variable polymorphism of the number of
‘TPE’ repeats, we propose
a new scenario for the invasion of D. melanogaster by hobo elements.
Inheritance of litter size at birth in the house musk shrew
(Suncus murinus, Insectivora, Soricidae)
Authors: AULCHENKO YU. S. , ODA S.-I. , ROGATCHEVA M. B. , BORODIN P. M. , AXENOVICH T. I.
Published: July 2002

In this research we estimated the contribution of a major-gene

effect to the control of litter size in
hybrids between two local populations of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Segregation
analysis was performed on the basis of a mixed polygene and major-gene
model. The model
presumes that two parental populations may differ from each other
in gene frequencies and in the
values of polygenic effects but not in the major-gene contribution of the
trait. Moreover, the
peculiarity of the trait – litter size – is taken into account.

This trait is not an individual attribute.
It characterizes the parental couple and may depend on the genotypes of

both parents. Results of
segregation analysis of a large hybrid pedigree of Suncus murinus

indicate that the parental
populations differ in the allele frequency of the major gene (one
population is homozygous, while
the other contains the two alleles in approximately equal proportions)
and
in the values of average
polygenic effects. Both major-gene and polygenic components are necessary
for the correct
description of litter size inheritance in interracial hybrids of
S. murinus, inasmuch as the exclusion
of either of them leads to a significant drop in likelihood. The
Elston–Stewart criterion also
confirms the Mendelian inheritance of the major gene.
A new Palaeoproterozoic clastic-facies microbiota from the

Changzhougou Formation, Changcheng Group, Jixian, north China
Authors: ZHONGYING ZHANG
Published: July 2002

Abundant microfossils have recently been discovered in the

late Palaeoproterozoic Changzhougou Formation, Changcheng Group,

Jixian, north China. The Changzhougou microbiota consists dominantly

of sphaeromorph acritarchs and some osillatoriacean cynobacterial

filaments. The micro-fossils were recovered from shales and are

compressed on bedding surfaces. The sphaeromorph acritarchs, ranging

from 8.4 to 237.8 μm in diameter, are morphologically simple.

On the basis of their dimensions and morphological considerations,

the sphaeromorph acritarchs are interpreted as probably representing

the resistant, reproductive cysts of unicellular protists. This

assemblage is evidently among the oldest known clastic-facies

microbiotas in the geological record and provides evidence of protist

eukaryotes being extant at 1848 Ma.
Unidirectional to bidirectional subtidal sandwaves influenced by

gradually decreasing steady flow velocity
Authors: NAKAYAMA KATSUHIRO
Published: July 2002

Miocene subtidal sandwave deposits in southwest Japan were

influenced by periodic flow and steady flow. The sandwave

deposits can be divided into five units, based on lithofacies and

thickness. In order of accretion, unit 1 consists of unidirectional

sand bedforms without mud drapes, unit 2 of unidirectional

sand bedforms with thin, discontinuous mud drapes, unit 3 of

bidirectional sand bedforms with thin continuous mud drapes,

and units 4 and 5 of relatively thinner and smaller bidirectional

sand bedforms with continuous mud drapes. The thickness of

units 1 to 3 increase progressively to 2.6 m, and units 4 to 5 subsequently

decrease from 2.0 to 1.0 m. Variations between the

units are due to differing combinations of periodic and steady

flow velocities. Palaeoflow velocity is estimated from grain size

and unit thickness. Depth-mean velocities of steady flow components

gradually decrease from 0.72 ms−1 to 0.16 ms−1

with unit accumulation.
Fluvial sedimentology and revised stratigraphy of the

Triassic Flagstone Bench Formation, northern

Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica
Authors: MCLOUGHLIN STEPHEN , DRINNAN ANDREW N.
Published: July 2002

The Flagstone Bench Formation ranges in age from earliest

Triassic to Norian (Late Triassic)

and is exposed in the Beaver Lake area of the northern Prince Charles

Mountains. This sandstone-dominated

formation rests conformably on the Bainmedart Coal Measures and represents
the

upper part of the

Permian–Triassic Amery Group. It is divisible into three members:
the

Ritchie, Jetty and McKelvey members

(in ascending order). Nine sedimentary facies assignable to three facies

associations (major channel,

crevasse/fan and flood-basin deposits) are recognized within the formation.

Ritchie Member sedimentation

took place during a transition from consistently hygric to seasonally

dry conditions and the unit comprises

sandstone-dominated, sheet-like channel deposits interspersed with few,

thin, mottled, haematite-rich flood-basin

siltstones. Deposition took place under fluctuating discharge conditions

chiefly within the channel

tracts of axially (northwesterly/northeasterly) flowing, low-sinuosity

braided rivers. The Jetty Member

shows a gross upward-fining profile dominated in the lower part by poorly

sorted pebbly sandstones and in

the upper part by ferruginous mudcracked siltstones, mottled palaeosols,

calcrete and thin massive sandstone

sheets. This unit reflects deposition of easterly directed alluvial

fans and extensive flood-basin silt

under a semi-arid climatic regime. The Upper Triassic sandstone-dominated
McKelvey

Member shows a

return to axial drainage along the Lambert Graben with sedimentation occurring

primarily within low-sinuosity

braided channel tracts under wetter climatic conditions.
Graptolite biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian

(Llandovery) shelf deposits of the Western Iberian Cordillera,

Spain
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ-MARCO JUAN CARLOS , šTORCH PETR
Published: July 2002

Eight Lower Silurian graptolite biozones

(triangulatus, convolutus, linnaei,

turriculatus, crispus,

griestoniensis, tullbergi and spiralis)

and three subzones (runcinatus–gemmatus,

palmeus and hispanicus)

have been recognized in the Sierra Menera, Nevera, and Tremedal

massifs in the Castilian Branch of

the Iberian Cordillera (Western Iberian Cordillera). Early

Silurian, Rhuddanian low-diversity normalograptid

faunas are also present and these, together with the rich

graptolite faunas of the Aeronian triangulatus

and convolutus biozones, come from black, shaly

intercalations within the quartzose sandstones of the upper

part of the Los Puertos Quartzite. Telychian graptolite biozones

have been recognized in the succeeding

black-shale sequence of the Bádenas Formation. Diachroneity

of the transition from sandstones to black

shales is dated by graptolites. It ranges from about the base to

at least the top of the linnaei Biozone. We suggest

that the Lower Silurian black shales of the Western Iberian

Cordillera were deposited in a shallow, shelf

environment, not much deeper than that of presumably

storm-influenced sandstones of the Los Puertos Quartzite.
THE ‘SCHOOL FOR MODESTY AND
HUMILITY’: COLONIAL AMERICAN
YOUTH IN LONDON AND THEIR
PARENTS, 1755–1775
Authors: FLAVELL JULIE M.
Published: July 2002

Despite the growing conflict between Britain and her colonies, a metropolitan education
remained a popular choice for the sons of elite colonial Americans in the late colonial period. This
article explores the attitudes of the youths themselves, and of their parents, towards their London
education during a period when political conflict was engendering a growing sense of separateness.
American youths typically underwent a status crisis upon reaching the metropolis. Their insecurities
related to the usual pitfalls of genteel London life: the prospect of social isolation and vulgarity, and
the opportunities for debauchery. The parents of these colonial youths, however, shared the view of elite
British parents of the period that a public education was a necessary social apprenticeship for their
children. They regarded personal experience of the metropolis, and familiarity with its social and
political systems, as important attributes for elite colonists. Parental views on the advantages of a
metropolitan education for their sons were unaffected by the imminent breach with Britain. The status
crisis experienced by colonial youths in London was age-related; their visiting parents were
acculturated to the metropolitan environment. The article concludes by suggesting that the polarized
provincial mentality so long attributed by historians to the colonial presence in London should be
replaced by a more integrationist model which reflects the real complexity of the relationship between
colonial American elites and their mother country.
GÜNTER SEUFERT, Politischer Islam in der Türkei. Islamismus als symbolische Repräsentation einer sich modernisierenden muslimischen Gesellschaft, Beiruter Texte und Studien 67, Türkische Welten 3 (Istanbul: Deutschen Morgenländischen Institut, 1997). Pp. 598.
Authors: Raudvere Catharina
Published: July 2002

The national elections in Turkey this April were not the expected success for the Islamist Fazilet Partisi (Virtue Party). Under its former name, Refah Partisi (Welfare Party), the party was the actual winner of the elections in late 1995, and many supporters were deeply disappointed at the result this spring. Why was the party weakened? Commentators inside and outside Turkey speculated from different points of view. Many of them portrayed issues in Turkish Islamism as questions relating to the party as an organization and with an apparent disinclination to regard the party as an umbrella for quite conflicting interests.
Currents of Italian Syndicalism before 1926
Authors: Levy Carl
Published: July 2002

This article discusses four areas of research essential for a measured evaluation of Italian syndicalism before the fascist dictatorship. The first section presents a synoptic historical account. The second section critically summarizes the literature on the sociology of Italian syndicalism. The third section disentangles the ideological influences upon Italian syndicalism. The fourth evaluates the uniqueness or otherwise of Italian syndicalism within prefascist industrial relations. The conclusion explains the marginalization of Italian syndicalism after 1918 using international comparisons. This article provides a detailed critical bibliography of the literature on Italian syndicalism published since the 1960s.
Anarcho-Feminism in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain, 1880–1914
Authors: Thomas Matthew
Published: July 2002

This article seeks to interpret the synthesis between anarchism and feminism as developed by a group of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century British women. It will demonstrate that the woman who embraced anarchism made a clear contribution to the growth of feminism. They offered a distinctive analysis of the reasons for female oppression, whether it was within the economic sphere or within marriage. The anarcho-feminists maintained that if an egalitarian society was ever to be built, differences in roles – whether in sexual relationships, childcare, political life or work – had to be based on capacity and preference, not gender. By combining these questions they developed a feminism that was all embracing at a time when the struggle for the vote was becoming the main question for women.
GLOBAL SWEEP Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical

Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism,

1600–1860. By RICHARD H. GROVE.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xiv + 540. £45

(ISBN 0-521-40385-5).
Authors: GIBLIN JAMES L.
Published: July 2002

Finding that very little of Richard Grove's history of

European environmental thought deals with continental Africa,

historians of Africa may decide against immersing themselves in its

complex global sweep and intricate detail. They can absorb

Grove's crucial lessons, however, by turning to his final one

hundred pages, where he surveys colonial environmental thought and

policy in India during the first half of the nineteenth century, and

presents his conclusions about environmentalism and empire. In these

pages, Grove draws together the numerous threads of his earlier

chapters, which discuss European thinking about environmental change

in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries on the islands of St

Helena, Mauritius and the Caribbean. Having followed his discussion of

island environmentalism by tracing the evolution of British

environmental thought in India during the period of East India Company

rule, Grove concludes by arguing that ‘modern environmentalism

... emerged as a direct response to the destructive social and

ecological conditions of colonial rule’ (p. 486).
Land Law in Lesotho: The Politics of the 1979 Land Act.

By ANITA SHANTA FRANKLIN. Aldershot:

Avebury, 1995. Pp. ix + 206. £39.50; $67.95 (ISBN

1-85628-976-1).
Authors: AMBROSE DAVID
Published: July 2002

Lesotho's 1979 Land Act was, at least in conception, a

major innovative piece of legislation. This book therefore arouses

expectations. In some areas the book does indeed fulfill expectations,

but in others it will unfortunately leave the reader disappointed or

misled.
Optimizing wheat grain yield: effects of Rht

(gibberellin-insensitive) dwarfing genes
Authors: FLINTHAM J. E. , BÖRNER A. , WORLAND A. J. , GALE M. D.
Published: July 2002

Four sets of near-isogenic lines carrying different

combinations of the alleles Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and

Rht-B1c for gibberellin-insensitive dwarfism in hexaploid

wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were compared with tall

controls in a series of yield trials in eastern England and central

Germany. In all four varietal backgrounds the effects of

Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b were similar (plant height ≈

86 and 83% of tall controls respectively) and in combination reduced

plant height to c. 58%. The Rht-B1c allele caused

more severe dwarfism (c. 50%) and, when combined with

Rht-D1b, reduced plant height still further to c.

41%.

Data from the trials were consistent with a model for

height/yield relationships in which the pleiotropic effects of

the Rht alleles on yield can be inferred from their primary

function: insensitivity to gibberellin limits stem extension

growth, decreasing assimilate demand for this organ and diverting it

to the developing ear (which is not itself dwarfed). The net balance

between the resulting increase in harvest index and the curvilinear

relationship observed between plant height and total shoot yield

results in optimum grain yields at intermediate plant heights.

Yield advantages of shorter plants over tall controls were evident

over several trials with mean grain yields ranging from 200 to 760 g

m−2. The optimum plant height for yield improvement in

different genetic backgrounds was achieved by different Rht

alleles according to the background varietal height, such that

intrinsically taller genotypes required more potent Rht

alleles to achieve maximum potential grain yield.

Ear yield components showed increases in grain number due to

Rht pleiotropy, from which it is inferred that the number of

grains per ear is limited by supply of assimilates pre-anthesis.

Increases in grain number were associated with decreases in mean weight

per grain which varied according to severity of dwarfism and varietal

background, so that the net effect on grain yield per ear was sometimes

positive, sometimes negative, and sometimes neutral in different

Rht/variety combinations.
Influence of sowing date and irrigation on the growth
and yield of pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in a sub-humid temperate environment
Authors: DAPAAH H. K. , McKENZIE B. A. , HILL G. D.
Published: July 2002

The growth and yield of pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Othello in response to a total of six
sowing dates (from October to December) and irrigation was examined over two seasons in
Canterbury, New Zealand. In 1994/95, two irrigation treatments (nil and full) were combined with
two sowing dates (27 October and 24 November). In 1995/96, Othello was examined under two
irrigation treatments (nil and full) and four sowing dates (1 November, 15 November, 29 November
and 13 December). The total rainfall for the two seasons was 50% and 60% of the long-term average,
respectively. The mean temperatures for the seasons were similar to the long-term average. Both
irrigation and sowing date had a marked effect on growth and seed yield. Averaged over both seasons,
seed yield for fully irrigated crops was 337 g/m2, c. 50% higher than the yield of unirrigated crops.
The irrigated crops yielded more than the unirrigated crops because they attained greater canopy
closure, intercepting 84–95% of incident radiation. They also had on the average 47% higher leaf
area duration (LAD), 72% higher maximum leaf area index (LAI) and greater utilization coefficient.
The mid- to late November-sown crops yielded more than the late October to early November and
December-sown crops because the leaf area of the former increased most rapidly, achieved a higher
maximum LAI and LAD and consequently intercepted more photosynthetically active radiation
(PAR). They also had faster pod growth rates and 26% of stored assimilates contributed to pod
growth compared with 13% in late October to early November and 5% in December-sown crops.
The results showed that pinto beans can grow and yield well in Canterbury, and that a yield
advantage could be obtained when sown in mid- to late November and with irrigation.
A note on the effect of air temperature during
gestation on birth weight and neonatal mortality of kids
Authors: MELLADO M. , VERA T. , MEZA-HERRERA C. , RUÍZ F.
Published: July 2002

Analyses were made on birth weight of 2706 kids (six genetic groups) under confinement conditions
in the arid zone of northern Mexico, to study the effect of air temperature (mean annual temperature
= 21·1 °C) during gestation on this trait. The relationship of environmental temperature at kidding
and survival of kids was also studied. Birth weight was significantly negatively related to mean dry
bulb air temperature during gestation (reduction of 40±3 g for 1 °C increase in mean air temperature
during gestation; r = −0·22; P < 0·01), although
temperature only explained 5% of the variance of
kid birth weight. Mean minimum temperatures (< 4 °C) 5 days after birth significantly reduced kid
survival (83% v. 89–93% for kids born when temperatures were above 4 °C; P < 0·01). Air
temperatures between 30 and 41 °C during the perinatal period did not affect (P > 0·05) survival rate.
These results suggest that newborn kids seem to be relatively resistant to high air temperature, but
are fairly susceptible to cold stress. Also, birth weight of kids from goats exposed to high air
temperature during pregnancy was marginally reduced, although this was of limited economic
significance.
Making History and Making the United States
Authors: THELEN DAVID
Published: July 2002

In the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson became the
first
American to put history to work to create a nation. He blazed a path that

historians have been following ever since. Consider the difficulty Jefferson

faced. Different events were happening in thirteen intensely local and

isolated colonies among people with different traditions, languages,
religions, and circumstances. Jefferson turned these scattered events into

a national narrative. Behind these individual acts by agents of the British

Crown aimed at different colonies was a single menace, Jefferson insisted,

that should inspire these isolated individuals to discover and act upon

what they shared as bearers of the traditional liberties of Englishmen.
To
introduce his stunning attempt to fit isolated events into a single narrative,

Jefferson began by boldly declaring that it was “necessary for one
people
to dissolve the political bonds that have connected them with another.”

The colonists, Jefferson proclaimed, were “one people.” Jefferson
knew
that the colonists were not “one people.” But in order to invent
one
nation, Jefferson had to invent one people, and in order to invent one

people Jefferson had to invent one history that might unite that “one

people.” It has been hard work ever since.

From 1776 until sometime in the 1960s or 1970s, it was possible to
believe – indeed, it was hard to question – that nations were,
or even
should be, the embodiment of people's destinies – that nations
could
express their identities, solve their problems, and be entrusted with their

dreams and fates. The modern practice of history was born a couple of
centuries ago to serve this process, to invent narratives and persuade

peoples to interpret their personal experiences within national terms and

narratives.
COSTS OF FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES IN FOURTEEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BY METHOD
OF SERVICE DELIVERY
Authors: BARBERIS M. , HARVEY P. D.
Published: July 2002

The cost effectiveness of several modes of family planning service
delivery based on the cost per couple-year of protection (CYP), including
commodity costs, is assessed for 1991–92 using programme and project data from
fourteen developing countries (five in Africa, four in Asia, three in Latin
America and two in the Middle East). More than 100 million CYP were provided
through these family planning services during the 12 months studied.
Sterilisation services provided both the highest volume (over 60% of total)
and the lowest cost per CYP ($1.85). Social marketing programmes (CSM),
delivering almost 9 million CYPs, had the next lowest cost per CYP on average
($2.14). Clinic-based services excluding sterilisation had an average cost of
$6.10. The highest costs were for community-based distribution projects (0·7
million CYPs), which
averaged $9.93, and
clinic-based services with a community-based distribution component (almost 6
million CYPs), at a cost of $14.00 per CYP. Based on a
weighted
average, costs were lowest in the Middle East ($3.37 per CYP for all modes of delivery combined) and highest in
Africa ($11.20).
A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUB-ADULT MORTALITY AND MODE OF SUBSISTENCE
Authors: SELLEN DANIEL W. , MACE RUTH
Published: July 2002

The hypothesis that measures of sub-adult mortality rates in natural fertility populations are associated with subsistence practices in a selected cross-cultural sample (n=39) was tested. After controlling for both distance from the equator and the general likelihood of cultural similarities between genetically closely related cultures using phylogenetic comparative methods, it was found that dependence on extractive modes of subsistence (hunting, gathering and fishing) was a significant positive correlate of total child mortality (15q0). Both increases in dependence on foraging and permanent settlement were associated with increases in child mortality between pairs of historically related cultures. The results indicated little association between infant mortality (1q0) and either dependence on foraging or settlement.
Lipolysis and oxidative stability of soft ripened cheeses containing vegetable oils
Authors: DURING ALEXANDRINE , MAZETTE STEPANE , COMBE NICOLE , ENTRESSANGLES BERNARD
Published: July 2002

In response to nutrition guidelines recommending a reduction in saturated fats in
human diets, the dairy industry has developed new products containing unsaturated
fats to satisfy the demand of the more health conscious consumer. The fatty acid
composition of milk, naturally rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA), can be modified
either through genetic selection of dairy cows or by changing feed composition
(Palmquist et al. 1993). For example, a number of dairy products including butter
(Wood et al. 1975; Badings et al. 1976), Gouda (Badings et al. 1976) and Cheddar
(Wong et al. 1973; Lightfield et al. 1993) containing increased amounts of linoleic acid
(18[ratio ]2n–6) have been made from the milk of cows given diets supplemented with
unsaturated lipids. However, dairy farmers would prefer to produce milk as cheaply
as possible, leaving it to food technologists to modify milk components at the post-
production stage (Banks, 1987). Therefore, dairy products made from skim milk
combined with a fat mixture could be attractive, but little information is available
on this type of modified product. One major problem related to the introduction of
unsaturated fats into dairy products is the possible alteration of their properties.
Indeed, Badings (1970) reported that butter enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) has reduced flavour quality and shelf life. It is well known that PUFA are
easily oxidized and can form undesirable compounds such as peroxides and
aldehydes. Moreover, PUFA are more likely to be oxidized as free fatty acids (FFA)
than to be integrated into a triacylglycerol structure. Therefore, when a dairy
product is made by recombining skim milk with unsaturated fats, such as the soft
ripened cheese in this study, it is important to consider both lipolysis and oxidative
stability of the lipid fraction. This was our objective in this study.
Heat-treated whole cottonseed: effect of dietary protein
concentration on the performance and amino acid utilization by the
mammary gland of dairy cows
Authors: MABJEESH SAMEER J. , BRUCKENTAL ISRAEL , ARIELI AMECHAI
Published: July 2002

The effects of replacing whole cottonseed by heated whole cottonseed
at
two levels of crude protein on amino acid (AA) utilization by the bovine
mammary
gland were investigated. Four Israeli Holstein cows were used in a 4×4
Latin square
design with 2×2 factorial arrangements. Diets were formulated to
contain two levels
of crude protein (CP), normal (160 g CP/kg dry matter) and low (140
g CP/kg dry
matter), and two levels of rumen undegradable protein (UDP), high (380
g UDP/kg
CP) and low (350 g UDP/kg CP). Whole cottonseed was quantitatively
substituted
by heated whole cottonseed to formulate the high UDP diets. Intakes of
dry matter
and organic matter were similar for all treatments and averaged 15·9
and 14·4 kg/d
respectively. Yields of milk and its constituents were similar for all
treatments. Milk
yield averaged 23·1 kg/d and this contained (per kg) 32·3
g CP, 25·4 g total casein
and 47·5 g lactose. The milk fat content was lower in the cows given
the high UDP
diets, averaging 34·6 g/kg compared with 38·9 g/kg
in the cows fed on the diets with
low UDP. Plasma AA concentrations were similar for all treatments apart
from Leu
and Ile, which were higher in the cows given the high CP diets: 152 and
103 μm
compared with 183·8 and 131·5 μm for the low
CP diets. Net extraction and balance
of essential AA across the half udder suggested that essential AA were
supplied in
amounts sufficient to meet milk protein requirements for all treatments.
The surplus
AA supplied as a result of feeding the high dietary CP were probably catabolized
via
an enhanced oxidative pathway, possibly in the liver, presumably as a passive
response to their disposal.
Purely erosional cyclic and solitary steps created by flow over a cohesive bed
Authors: PARKER GARY , IZUMI NORIHIRO
Published: July 2002

An erodible surface exposed to supercritical flow often devolves into a series of steps
that migrate slowly upstream. Each step delineates a headcut with an associated
hydraulic jump. These steps can form in a bed of cohesive material which, once
eroded, is carried downstream as washload without redeposition. Here the case of
purely erosional, one-dimensional periodic, or cyclic steps in cohesive material is
considered. The St. Venant shallow-water equations combined with a formulation
for sediment erosion are used to construct a complete theory of the erosional case.
The solution allows wavelength, wave height, migration speed and bed and water
surface profiles to be determined as functions of imposed parameters. The analysis
also admits a solution for a solitary step, or single headcut of self-preserving form.
On the breakdown of boundary layer streaks
Authors: ANDERSSON PAUL , BRANDT LUCA , BOTTARO ALESSANDRO , HENNINGSON DAN S.
Published: July 2002

A scenario of transition to turbulence likely to occur during the development of
natural disturbances in a flat-plate boundary layer is studied. The perturbations at
the leading edge of the flat plate that show the highest potential for transient energy
amplification consist of streamwise aligned vortices. Due to the lift-up mechanism
these optimal disturbances lead to elongated streamwise streaks downstream, with
significant spanwise modulation. Direct numerical simulations are used to follow the
nonlinear evolution of these streaks and to verify secondary instability calculations.
The theory is based on a linear Floquet expansion and focuses on the temporal,
inviscid instability of these flow structures. The procedure requires integration in the
complex plane, in the coordinate direction normal to the wall, to properly identify
neutral modes belonging to the discrete spectrum. The streak critical amplitude,
beyond which streamwise travelling waves are excited, is about 26% of the free-stream
velocity. The sinuous instability mode (either the fundamental or the subharmonic,
depending on the streak amplitude) represents the most dangerous disturbance.
Varicose waves are more stable, and are characterized by a critical amplitude of about
37%. Stability calculations of streamwise streaks employing the shape assumption,
carried out in a parallel investigation, are compared to the results obtained here
using the nonlinearly modified mean fields; the need to consider a base flow which
includes mean flow modification and harmonics of the fundamental streak is clearly
demonstrated.
Partial cavity flows. Part 2. Cavities forming on test objects with spanwise variation
Authors: LABERTEAUX K. R. , CECCIO S. L.
Published: July 2002

Partial cavitation forming on the vertex of a wedge and on the leading edge of a
stationary hydrofoil was experimentally examined. The geometry of these test objects
varied in the spanwise direction (i.e. three-dimensional test objects). Closed cavities
formed on these test objects. The interface of the closed cavities curved smoothly
to form a re-entrant jet at the cavity terminus, and the re-entrant flow was directed
spanwise, thus preventing its impingement on the cavity interface. The cavity shape
and the pressure gradients near the closure of the closed cavities were qualitatively
similar to those predicted with the two-dimensional free-streamline theory. These
cavities had a steady, laminar flow reattachment. The flow around the closed cavity
was largely irrotational.
Non-breaking and breaking solitary wave run-up
Authors: LI YING , RAICHLEN FREDRIC
Published: July 2002

The run-up of non-breaking and breaking solitary waves on a uniform plane beach
connected to a constant-depth wave tank was investigated experimentally and numerically.
If only the general characteristics of the run-up process and the maximum
run-up are of interest, for the case of a breaking wave the post-breaking condition
can be simplified and represented as a propagating bore. A numerical model using
this bore structure to treat the process of wave breaking and subsequent shoreward
propagation was developed. The nonlinear shallow water equations (NLSW)
were solved using the weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) shock capturing
scheme employed in gas dynamics. Wave breaking and post-breaking propagation
are handled automatically by this scheme and ad hoc terms are not required. A computational
domain mapping technique was used to model the shoreline movement.
This numerical scheme was found to provide a relatively simple and reasonably good
prediction of various aspects of the run-up process. The energy dissipation associated
with wave breaking of solitary wave run-up (excluding the effects of bottom friction)
was also estimated using the results from the numerical model.
Crest instabilities of gravity waves. Part 3.

Nonlinear development and breaking
Authors: LONGUET-HIGGINS MICHAEL S. , DOMMERMUTH DOUGLAS G.
Published: July 2002

The ‘almost-highest wave’, which is the asymptotic
form of

the flow in a steep

irrotational water wave of less than the limiting height, was recently
shown to be

unstable to infinitesimal disturbances (see Longuet-Higgins & Cleaver
1994).

It was

also shown numerically that the lowest eigenfrequency is asymptotic to
that of the

lower superharmonic instability of a progressive wave in deep water

(Longuet-Higgins,

Cleaver & Fox 1994). In the present paper these calculations are revised,

indicating the

presence of more than one such instability, in agreement with recent calculations
on

steep periodic and solitary waves (Longuet-Higgins & Tanaka 1997).

The nonlinear development of the fastest-growing instability is also
traced by a

boundary-integral time-stepping method and the initial, linear growth rate
is

confirmed. The subsequent, nonlinear stages of growth depend as expected
on the sign

of the initial perturbation. Perturbations of one sign lead to the familiar

overturning

of the wave crest. Perturbations of the opposite sign lead to a smooth
transition

of the

wave to a lower progressive wave having nearly the same total energy, followed
by a

return to a wave of almost the initial wave height. This appears to be
the

beginning of a nonlinear recurrence phenomenon.
Experimental assessment of fractal scale similarity
in turbulent flows. Part 3. Multifractal scaling
Authors: FREDERIKSEN RICHARD D. , DAHM WERNER J. A. , DOWLING DAVID R.
Published: July 2002

Earlier experimental assessments of fractal scale similarity in
geometric properties of turbulent flows are extended to assess the applicability
of multifractal
scale-similarity in the conserved scalar field ζ(x, t)
and in the true scalar energy
dissipation rate field ∇ζ·∇ζ(x, t).
Fully resolved four-dimensional spatio-temporal
measurements from a turbulent flow at Reλ≈41 and
Reδ≈3000 are analysed. The
utility of various classical constructs for identifying multifractal scale
similarity in data
records of finite length is examined. An objective statistical criterion
based on the
maximum allowable scale-to-scale variation L1(ε) in
multiplier distributions 〈P(Mε)〉
obtained from multifractal gauge fields is developed to allow accurate discrimination
between multifractal and non-multifractal scaling in finite-length experimental data
records. Results from analyses of temporal intersections show that for scales greater
than 0.03 λν/u, corresponding to
1.4 λD/u, the scalar dissipation field
clearly
demonstrates a scale-invariant similarity consistent with a multiplicative cascade
process that can be modelled with a bilinear multiplier distribution. However, the
conserved scalar field from precisely the same data does not follow any scale
similarity consistent with a multiplicative cascade at scales below
0.5 λν/u. At larger scales, there
are indications of a possible scale-invariant similarity in the scalar field,
but with a fundamentally different multiplier distribution.