bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reference Ranges for 2‐Dimensional Sonographic Lung Measurements in Healthy Fetuses
Authors: Britto Ingrid Schwach Werneck , Júnior Edward Araujo , Sangi-Haghpeykar Haleh , Bussamra Luiz Cláudio Silva , Deter Russell L. , Belfort Michael A. , Lee Wesley , Ruano Rodrigo
Published: October 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to establish reference ranges for 2‐dimensional sonographic measurements of fetal lungs from longitudinal data.

Methods

A total of 214 fetal lung measurements were longitudinally evaluated in 62 healthy fetuses between 20 and 36 weeks’ menstrual age. Both right and left lung areas were measured in the heart 4‐chamber view using lung area tracing and axis diameter methods. Multilevel modeling was used to evaluate the expected values and variability with respect to menstrual age and to generate reference ranges for the lung area, lung‐to‐head ratio, quantitative lung index, and observed‐to‐expected lung‐to‐head ratio for both lungs.

Results

The expected values varied with menstrual age for all parameters. Variance was menstrual age dependent for all parameters except the longest diameter area measurements and their lung‐to‐head ratios.

Conclusions

Models are presented for expected 2‐dimensional sonographic lung size parameters and their variance as a function of menstrual age. These data have been used to generate age‐specific reference ranges for both measurements and indices.
The Tram Track Sign
Authors: Jang Ji Hye , Jin Wook , Chun Young Soo , Rhyu Kee Hyung , Park So Young , Lee Ka Eun , Park Ji Seon , Ryu Kyung Nam
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Polyethylene liner dissociation from an acetabular component is a complication of total‐hip arthroplasty (THA) caused by slippage of the liner, which causes pain and requires a revision. The aim of this study was to evaluate sonographic features of liner dissociation and detect useful sonographic findings compared to conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT).

Methods

Among a total of 226 patients who underwent revision THA at our institution between September 2008 and June 2012, 10 patients (6 male and 4 female; mean age, 56.2 years) who showed severe narrowing of the superior joint space on the THA side and underwent sonography were retrospectively reviewed by evaluating radiographic, CT, and sonographic findings. In evaluation of the images, we put more emphasis on the “radiographic crescent sign,” “CT crescent sign,” and “sonographic tram track sign.”

Results

At surgery, 7 patients showed liner dissociation, and 3 showed severe liner wear. On radiography, 8 of 10 patients (80%) had a correct diagnosis of the presence or absence of liner dissociation; on sonography, all 10 patients (100%) had a correct diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosis of liner dissociation by pelvic radiography and sonography were 100% (7 of 7), 33% (1 of 3), and 80% (8 of 10) and 100% (7 of 7), 100% (3 of 3), and 100% (10 of 10), respectively.

Conclusions

Liner dissociation can be easily and well visualized by sonography, especially compared to pelvic radiography and CT. The sonographic tram track sign should be a very useful feature in the early diagnosis of liner dissociation.
Evaluation of the Impact of Passive Smoke on Arterial Elasticity via Echo‐Tracking Technology in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Qiang Yong , Ruijun Guo , Zhen Chen , Zhian Li , Changyan Lin , Xiaohui Yang , Shu Liu , Jie Lin , Yuanfeng Meng , Ruobing Zhang , Yan Cao , Qiao Ma , Shuang Zhang , Zhu Yuping
Published: October 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the elasticity of the abdominal aorta in passively smoking rabbits using echo‐tracking technology and pathologic examination.

Methods

Fifty‐four male New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into a passive smoking group and a normal control group. The elasticity indicators for the abdominal aorta of the rabbits were measured by means of echo tracking, which was performed before and 1, 2, and 3 months after passive smoking. Measured indicators included the pressure‐strain elastic modulus, stiffness, arterial compliance, augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity. After the completion of the in vivo measurements, rabbits were euthanized randomly, and the corresponding arterial sites were resected for pathologic examination and in vitro measurement of vascular elasticity.

Results

The echo‐tracking technology used in our research proved that the elastic modulus, stiffness, and pulse wave velocity gradually increased with time by passive smoking, whereas arterial compliance decreased by passive smoking. Pathologic examination and in vitro measurements were performed and further confirmed the observed in vivo results.

Conclusions

Passive smoking can injure arteries and reduce arterial elasticity. Echo‐tracking technology is an accurate, noninvasive, and reliable method for analysis of the impact of passive smoking on arterial elasticity and detection arterial injury, which also can provide a new instructional basis for prevention and treatment of several arterial diseases.
Community Care of the Chronic or Long Term Psychiatric Patient
Authors: Pomeroy Edward
Published: October 2014

The shift to community treatment of psychiatric patients appears to have led to the serious neglect of some chronic or long term patients. Features of both the chronic patient and the community treatment system appear to contribute to this neglect. Consideration is give to features of effective intervention with the long term patient. The need for a flexible pattern of assertive follow-up over extremely long periods of time is emphasized.
Alcoholics in Ontario: Where Do they Go for Help and What Happens when they Get there?
Authors: Rush Brian , Brook Robert , Graham Kathryn
Published: October 2014

This research examined services in Ontario for persons with alcohol-related problems. The sample included 152 alcohol-specific agencies and 670 general health, social and correctional resources. It was found that alcohol-related problems figure prominently in most community resources and incur large costs. However, many more people are identified than actually receive services for their drinking problem. Although some resources (notably those classified as Social Assistance) see large numbers of persons with alcohol problems, few are referred to other resources for management of these problems. When clients are referred to other resources they go primarily to residential alcohol programs or to self-help groups. Finally, assessment procedures are generally very minimal with only hospital-based resources using comprehensive, standardized measures to any extent. The data suggest a number of ways in which the health and social service network in Ontario could more efficiently manage clients with alcohol-related problems.
The Clergy's Attitudes About Mental Illness, Counselling, and the Helping Professions
Authors: Wright P.G. , Moreau M.E. , Haley G.M.
Published: October 2014

The clergy are often referred to as gatekeepers of the mental health system. In this capacity, the clergy's attitudes assume considerable importance since they are likely to affect the working relationships between pastors and professional mental health workers. A questionnaire was therefore developed to assess the clergy's attitudes about mental illness, counselling, and the helping professions, and delivered to 163 pastors in British Columbia; 102 (62.6%) returned the completed questionnaire by mail. It was found that the clergy: (a) most commonly selected psychological reasons (e.g., “stress in living”) rather than spiritual reasons (e.g., “stunted spiritual growth”) for mental illness; (b) were strongly in support of the aims of community mental health; (c) felt that counselling was effective when it corrected maladaptive thought patterns and allowed the expression of feelings; (d) ranked pastoral counselling as more effective than psychology, psychiatry, or social work; and (e) were more likely to be sympathetic towards community mental health if they were non-fundamentalistic in theology. Overall, results showed the clergy to be a highly promising resource for the community mental health movement and its workers.
The Retrieval of Subjectivity
Authors: Baum Gregory
Published: October 2014

Thanks to the impact of Critical Theory (Frankfort School), Christian theology has come to criticize its own ideological heritage. In particular it wrestles against the privatistic orientation encouraged by dialogue with existentialism and psychotherapy. Pietism has also helped to privatize the Christian self-understanding. The task of theology today is to ‘deprivatize’ Christian teaching, to move beyond private man to the recognition of political man, and to recover the radical social meaning of the gospel. Yet after the assimilation of these neo-marxist principles and the elaboration of a politically responsible theory of man, human subjectivity does not disappear. People still search for the meaning in life, people still have depressions and are in need of therapeutic counseling, and people still have a life of interiority. This article is concerned with the recovery of a politically responsible subjectivity, especially in the context of a psychotherapeutic practice aware of the political reality.
Issues in Rural Community Psychology: Implications for Practice and the Development of a Model
Authors: Ritchie Pierre L.-J.
Published: October 2014

A rationale for the development of rural community psychology in Canada is presented. It focuses on salient issues and basic characteristics of Canadian rural communities. Principles for an applied model emphasize the importance of cultural and linguistic identities, knowledge of rural value systems, an informed approach to change, and utilization of current strengths and resources. Implications for practice include characteristics of rural community psychologists, the need for peer supports, roles and decision-making, coping with bureaucracy, intergroup relations, and ethical problems.
Resource Exchange: A Case Study
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey , Bennett Edward M. , Dudeck James , Mason Richard V.
Published: October 2014

This paper describes a resource exchange program between two human service organizations: a public school board and a university. This case study illustrates the utility of the concept of resource exchange as a response to pressures for the effective management of limited human resources. With an emphasis on mutual goals, needs, and strengths, the resource exchange program expanded resources available to both organizations. For the public school board, new services in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs were developed. For the university, research and training opportunities were created. Finally, the fragmentation between and within the organizations was reduced in correspondence with their increased mutual interdependence.
Primary Prevention: Another Perspective
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey , Potasznik Harry , Bennett Edward M.
Published: October 2014

This paper is a response to the British Columbia mental health planning report's position on primary prevention. The report adopts the position of Lamb and Zusman (1979) that research and service aimed at primary prevention should not be funded with money allocated for mental health, and arguments are presented to support this viewpoint. This paper critically reviews the ideological underpinnings, the research base, and the action implications of these arguments, and provides another paradigm for mental health policy in Canada. It is proposed that a spirit of open inquiry is needed so that alternative paradigms can be explored and innovations in both rehabilitation and primary prevention can be allowed to develop.
Psychiatric Stigma: Two Studies of Behaviour When the Chips are Down
Authors: Page Stewart
Published: October 2014

Ever since the research of Goffman (1961) the lot of the former mental patient has been of special import. Unfortunately, several aftereffects of mental hospitalization may occur, in which the disposition of the general public toward the ex-patient may be prejudiced, and, possibly, discriminatory. Except for that of Farina and colleagues, relatively little research has studied these aftereffects. Using a method developed by Page (1977), the present studies investigated a unique aspect of these, namely, problems experienced in obtaining accommodation. Persons identified as former patients experienced significantly greater difficulty in obtaining accommodation that when no such information was given. Comparisons are made with other types of stigma, involving speech impediments, and results are discussed in light of recent work by Farina and others.
Cross-Cultural Counselling in Perspective with Recommended Areas for Training
Authors: Rinfret-Raynor Maryse , Raynor Thomas E.
Published: October 2014

Based on a review of the literature, this article presents different elements one must be sensitive to when entering into a counselling relationship with individuals who do not share North American cultural heritage and values. More specifically, the authors review ten factors and attitudes which they believe have a significant impact on the counselling process and outcome. In addition, the article recommends training areas for professional counsellors planning to provide counselling services to ethnics and minorities. Finally, the article stresses that providing services to cultural and minority groups is a complicated and involved process. Not only is it necessary to provide services in the language of the clients but it is also essential to examine and possibly change counsellor attitudes and behavior in order to provide efficient counselling services.
Legal Aspects of Parenthood for Mentally Retarded Persons
Authors: Czukar Gail
Published: October 2014

Many mentally retarded people want to marry and have children. However, unsupported assumptions about their fitness for parenthood, and prejudicial attitudes, have caused them to be denied these activities. Research shows that some retarded persons make good parents, particularly with the aid of parent training courses and early stimulation programs for their children. Unfortunately, these supports are not widely available. Equal treatment of mentally handicapped parents under child protection laws will require reforms in law and in practices of children's services agencies. Recommendations are made to ensure that the option of keeping the family together is fully considered.
Psychosocial Adjustment of Women Who were Sexually Victimized in Childhood or Adolescence
Authors: Jehu Derek , Gazan Marjorie
Published: October 2014

As many as one third of all women have experienced sexual victimization as juveniles, and a range of emotional, inter-personal, and sexual problems appear to be frequent among these victims. On the current evidence, it is not possible to determine the extent to which these problems are a direct result of the exploitive sexual encounter or of other circumstances in the victims' lives. Nor can the incidence rates for various problems among victimized and non-victimized women be stated with any certainty, the samples on which estimates are made being biased and limited in many ways. Emotionally, the problems of guilt, low self-esteem, and depression, are extremely common among victims, especially those who seek treatment. The interpersonal relationships of many victims are characterized by feelings of isolation, alienation, and difference from other people, together with much mistrust and insecurity. There is some conflict of evidence over the prevalence of hostile or fearful attitudes towards men. Some victims do appear to avoid a lasting relationship with a man and many engage in a series of more transient and casual relationships. Prostitution also seems to be associated with sexual victimization in childhood. Among victims there appear to be tendencies to oversexualize all relationships with men, to engage repeatedly in ill-matched and punitive partnerships, and to exhibit a fear of intimacy. The evidence is contradictory on the incidence of homosexuality among women victims. Sexual problems, and more particularly sexual dysfunctions, appear to be more frequent among victimized compared to non-victimized women, The dysfunctions exhibited include lack of motivation, sexual phobias, vaginismus, impaired arousal, difficulty in reaching climax, dyspareunia, and sexual dissatisfaction. There is wide variation in adjustment between women victims, and among the factors that may contribute to these individual differences are the age of the child victim, the duration of the victimization, the nature of the sexual activity involve, and the perception of the woman concerning her feelings at the time of the victimization and its effects on her.
Fermeture D'usine et Santé: Analyses de Séries Chronologiques Chez Les Femmes de 30 À 39 Ans de la Région Sept-Iles/Port Cartier
Authors: Bouchard Camil , Perreault Robert
Published: October 2014

The utilization of medical services is analysed before and after the closing of the Rayonnier-Québec plant in Port Cartier. The analysis of a 5 year time series suggests a specific association between the plant closing and the increase of complete physical examinations among women in the 30 to 39 year age group.
Impact Monitoring and Mitigation: The Case of Ontario Hydro's Atikokan Generating Station
Authors: Hardy David
Published: October 2014

Before construction began on the Ontario Hydro generating station at Atikokan in Northwestern Ontario, a Community Impact Agreement between the Township and Ontario Hydro was signed. This agreement provides for: a) the prediction and monitoring of the effects of the construction program; b) the arbitration of disputes over the source and responsibility for undesirable community changes occurring; and, c) the advancing of services and provision of compensation for effects for which Ontario Hydro is responsible. An impact prediction, monitoring and mitigation program was required as part of the impact agreement to plan for and manage the social changes expected during construction. To date, this program has provided funds to assist crisis housing facilities, monitor alcohol and drug abuse, supplement library facilities and plan for changes in housing demand and municipal finance. In effect, this monitoring program facilitates preventive planning for communities hosting resource development projects.
Overview—Implications of the Symposium for Children and Youth
Authors: McConville Brian
Published: October 2014

Commenting on the relevance of the Symposium to the needs of children and youth, several key issues were identified. Among them were: the challenges faced by native children in circumstances of rapid change, particularly their educational experiences in schools caught between conflicting philosophies of life; the impacts on family life of prolonged absences of fathers during extended work cycles; the difficulty in bonding for small children whose fathers come and go; the need for child care services and the stresses on mothers in resource development towns. In summary, research and intervention with children and families in rapidly changing resource areas must be tailored to the specific situations, appropriate to the communities' own perceived needs and strengths, and modelled on preventive values as much as possible.
Reporting Child Abuse in the Province of Ontario: Interpretational Problems in the Legislation and Associated Government Guidelines
Authors: King Paul R.
Published: October 2014

The present paper examines the child abuse reporting laws for the province of Ontario, and the associated interpretation of this legislation provided by the Ministry of Community and Social Services, from the perspective of whether or not these documents provide an adequate set of guidelines for the professional who encounters child abuse in the context of carrying out his or her duties. It is concluded that both documents suffer from important deficiencies of interpretation and definition, and the possible implications of these are discussed.
Admissions to Institutional Settings Revisited
Authors: Cyr J. J. , Haley G. A.
Published: October 2014

The admission rate for a centre for the developmentally handicapped was examined for the year of its official opening. Contrary to Saunders and Silverman (1982), who report an approximate 100% increase in admissions for the county containing this facility in the same time period, only 1.2% of admissions were found to be true first admissions from the same county in which the new facility was located. These striking differences of percentage can be attributed to their inaccurate definition of the admission rate variable. These results refute their hypothesis that increases in admissions to a facility is a function of proximity.
Entraînement Aux Habiletés Sociales et Prévention en Milieu Scolaire
Authors: Royer Nicole
Published: October 2014

Between preschool years and adolescence, social life among peers requires different skills (cognitive, emotional and behavioral). Promoting the adequate skills according to age levels may lead to social adjustment, which is a mental health core dimension. Furthermore, it may lead to improved academic achievement. Many social skills training programs from varied orientations have been implemented: the main characteristics of a few of them are presented, followed by a discussion concerning conditions that could facilitate the implementation of such a program and its effects.
Training Peer Counsellors and Professionals in Human Sexuality and Family Life Education
Authors: Nagge Robert J.
Published: October 2014

The training of peer counselors and family life educators has shifted from a medical-biological orientation to the social sciences. In the process the related curriculum has developed from “the facts of life” to the concerns of everyday living. And, the teaching has changed from information giving lectures in a telling style of teaching to an experiential format in a participative, student-centered style of teaching. Important milestones during the past three decades are described to indicate the trend leading to the use of human sexuality education as a vehicle for personal growth and self actualization.
Quality Circles in Quality of Work Life Projects: Problems and Prospects for Increasing Employee Participation
Authors: Bushe Gervase R.
Published: October 2014

Improving the quality of work life in order to reduce alienation, anomie, physical and mental stress has been a focus of human service professionals for many decades. In the past twenty years much of this work has been in Quality of Work Life and Quality Circles (Theory Z) designed to increase worker participation. These efforts have centered around increasing the participation and involvement of lower level employees in decisions that affect their daily working lives. This paper takes the position that good training is not enough. If employee participation is to really take hold, it must be supported by appropriate organizational structures and procedures. Human service professionals who want to increase their influence on organizations must augment their knowledge and skills in social relations with an understanding of organization theory and design. The paper concludes by suggesting directions for the 1980s, pointing out the need for techno-structural intervention strategies and highlighting potential entry levers for those concerned with improving the quality of work life in organizations.
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Implications for Involuntary Admission
Authors: Newman Elaine
Published: October 2014

The paper poses a challenge to the medical and legal professions. Our Charter of Rights and Freedoms defines the standard for government intervention in the lives of the citizens of Canada. It has an immediate and significant impact upon involuntary admissions to psychiatric facilities, in as much as those admissions constitute a deprivation of liberty to the individual. The challenge to our professions is one of reviewing present practice in the field, and of reconciling the need for effective administration of health care systems with the protective standards set by the Charter.
The Employment Support Initiatives Projects: A Participatory Approach to Evaluation
Authors: Love Arnold J. , Hagarty Stephen L.
Published: October 2014

This article describes the key features of the evaluation of a welfare reform program, the Employment Support Initiatives Projects (ESIP), designed to improve employment for mothers receiving social assistance. The first section describes the scope of the initiatives, and the dilemmas posed for its evaluation by the variety of program models, caseload turnover, and confounds between policy initiatives. The second section outlines the major evaluation strategies, including the use of evaluability assessment and a developmental approach to ensure participation from the diverse groups involved in the evaluation. The third section briefly describes the results of the evaluation, and the major lessons for evaluation practice that emerged from this evaluation project.
An Action-Oriented Assessment of the Housing and Social Support Needs of Long-Term Psychiatric Clients
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey , Earls Mary
Published: October 2014

This paper describes the context and process, as well as the content, of an assessment of the housing and social support needs of long-term psychiatric clients in a community. The principles of the ecological perspective were used as a framework for conceptualizing and analyzing the data. Using key informant interviews, community forums, and a survey of the clients, it was found that a visible minority of the population has significant housing problems and lacks adequate aftercare and supervision. The ways in which the data have been utilized are described, along with directions for further action.
Évaluation Des Prédispositions À L'Action Sociale
Authors: O'Neill Patrick , Thibeault Rachel
Published: October 2014

Citizen participation in social change may depend, in part, on certain beliefs about the world and about the power of the citizen to change social conditions. To evaluate the belief in personal power and the belief that social conditions are often unjust, two scales were created. The multi-trait multi-method matrix of Campbell and Fiske was used to establish convergent and divergent validity of the English version of the scales. The scales predicted results in relevant experiments and distinguished among community groups that were, or were not, involved in social action. This article presents French versions of the two scales and reliability data from two studies. In the first study, data were gathered from a sample of 100 Acadians in Nova Scotia. The results indicated that the scales have both convergent and divergent validity. In the second study, we administered both the English and the French versions of the scales to a bilingual sample. The correlations between the English and French versions were sufficiently high for the versions to be considered equivalent.
Psychosocial Helping Processes in a Heterogeneous Sample of Self-Help Groups
Authors: Wollert Richard W.
Published: October 2014

To adequately conceptualize the potential that self-help groups hold for delivering human services it is important to know about the helping ex-changes between members. Only a few quantified comparative studies of this issue have been completed, and the extent of their generalizability is not known. This paper reports a replication of one of these studies. Rating patterns on a group process questionnaire for the thirteen groups participating in this replication study were robustly correlated with those for the eight groups in the original study. The results also suggested that patterns of helping activities are affected by such organizational factors as meeting format and level of professional involvement. To clarify the nature of these mediating factors and their impact on group functioning it will be useful to explicate the dimensions of heterogeneity between groups in the future and to further refine existing techniques for the measurement of helping exchanges.
Covert Incest in Women's Lives: Dynamics and Directions for Healing
Authors: Hyde Naida D.
Published: October 2014

The pervasiveness of incest in our culture is now being recognized. yet covert incest is rarely discussed or focused on as having harmful effects on its victims. This paper examines the concept of covert incest from a feminist theoretical perspective and discusses several of its forms, namely father-daughter, mother-daughter, and therapist-client covert incest. Issues related to healing are briefly presented.
Using Social Network Therapy to Create Support Systems for the Chronically Mentally Disabled
Authors: Gottlieb Benjamin H. , Coppard Anne E.
Published: October 2014

This paper describes a novel approach to the creation of a stable and responsive support system for the chronically mentally disabled living in the community. It begins with an explanation of the clinical relevance of social network and support analysis, and then concentrates on the goals and the methods of assessment and intervention that have been pursued by a team of occupational therapists who have been conducting social network therapy in Metropolitan Toronto. The article concludes with a discussion of the promise, obstacles, and limitations of this approach.
Vers La Conceptualisation D'Un Modele D'Intervention En Psychologie
Authors: Morency Joanne , Couture Christiane , Johnson Claire , Kiely Margaret C.
Published: October 2014

Dans un but de clarification des champs d'intervention, une grille d'analyse met en paralléle les valeurs et méthodes caractérisant quatre types d'intervention en psychologie: la psychologie clinique, la santé mentale communautaire, la psychologic communautaire, et la psychologie des politiques sociales. Chaque type de pratique y est défini par ses modalités d'intervention ainsi que par les composantes de l'approche conceptuelle sous-jacente. Quel-ques exemples démontrent l'utilité de cet outil. Une réflexion finale invite à une prise de conscience des forces et limites inhérentes á tout cadre de référence, ainsi qu'à l'ouverture sur un échange basé sur la complémentarité des approches.
Perspectives: An Exchange of Ideas For Scholars And Practitioners: Is Psychiatry Asleep?
Authors: Jones Maxwell
Published: October 2014

We commonly use the term mental health as thought it were synonymous with mental illness. Maybe the time has arrived to accept the new-age dietum that everything in our world is connected in some way with everything else. Are we as psychiatrists willing to leave our arbitrary world labelled “illness” and risk adopting a holistic view of illness/wellness as inseparable parts of one whole? In this context the word “mental” would then extend beyond the psychological and organic to include higher levels of consciousness and the spiritual. This paper describes how a treatment orientation identified with an open system has evolved over four decades and become one example of a holistic approach to wellness including the spiritual, which has a universal significance.
Evaluation D'Un Programme De Visiteurs Benevoles Pour Adultes Souffrant De Problemes Psychiatriques Chroniques
Authors: O'Loughlin Jennifer , Laurendeau Marie-Claire , Gagnon Gilbert
Published: October 2014

Le programme de visiteurs bénévoles Amitié/Friendship offre des visites amicales hebdomandaires à des adultes qui ont des problèmes chroniques de santé mentale et qui sont socialement isolés. Chaque bénéficiaire du programme est jumelé quant à son âge, son sexe, et ses intèrèts à un bénévole qui réside dans la měme communauté. Le but de ces visites hebdomadaires est de promouvoir le développement d'une relation amicale non professionnelle entre le client et le bénévole, afin de stimuler la confiance en soi du client et d'augmenter ses compétences sociales. L'objectif de cette recherche était d'évaluer l'impact du programme de visiteurs bénévoles Amitié/Friendship sur la socialisation du bénéficiaire. L'évaluation a porté plus spécifiquement sur le degré de satisfaction du client face à ses relations sociales, ainsi que sur la fréquence et la diversité de ses activités de loisir. Le devis expérimental d'évaluation était l'essai randomisé. Durant les neuf mois de recrutement à l'étude, 74 personnes sur 83 participants potentiels ont été inscrites au programme de visiteurs bénévoles Amitié/Friendship. Trente-neuf ont été assignées alèatoirement au groupe expérimental et 35 à un groupe témoin. Un questionnaire initial a été administré à la maison avant le début de l'intervention et des questionnaires de suivi ont été administrés trois et six mois après la première visite bénévole. Les résultats ne démontrent pas d'effet significatif du programme de visiteurs bénévoles Amitié/Friendship sur la satisfaction des participants face à leurs relations sociales, ni sur la fréquence de leurs activités de loisir. La discussion porte sur les aspects de l'intervention et de la recherche qui peuvent contribuer à expliquer ces résultats, notamment la faible intensitè de l'intervention et le choix d'un essai randomisé.
Client Satisfaction and Normalization of Residential Services For Persons With Developmental Handicaps
Authors: Bowd Alan D.
Published: October 2014

This study reports perceptions of residential services in larger group homes and smaller, integrated housing for 24 developmentally handicapped adults and 29 members of their families. Criteria employed in judging quality of life and community integration differ in some cases from those used by professionals. The data indicate the enhancement of individual dignity and increased community involvement are more successfully realized in smaller, integrated settings.
Psychiatric Challenges to the Asylum: A Theme in the Development of Canadian psychiatry, 1918-1963
Authors: MacLennan David
Published: October 2014

This paper examines the relation between psychiatric challenges to the asylum and the professionalization of psychiatry in twentieth century Canada. It is argued that psychiatry established a presence outside the asylum through two somewhat conflicting strategies. The first strategy involved a convergence with medicine. In seeking the scientific credibility associated with medicine and medical specialties psychiatrists struggled to establish institutional arrangements parallel to those of medicine. The second strategy involved a divergence from medicine. Many psychiatrists refused to allow their occupation to be seen as just another medical specialty and promoted a more global view of health and health care than that characteristic of mainstream medicine. The paper analyzes the origins and influence of these two strategies between 1918 and the 1950s. It also identifies the circumstances which led psychiatrists to reaffirm their ties with medicine in the 1960s.
The Sustainable Outport: A Model for Community Development?
Authors: House J. Douglas
Published: October 2014

Within an “alternative development” approach to social and economic development—an approach that suggests an alternative to both of the mainstream theories of development, modernization, and dependency—the main aim of this article is to describe a model of small community development, the “sustainable outport.” The model is an abstraction based on small coastal fishing communities in Newfoundland and Labrador called “outports.” Real outports display some of the features of the model, but the model also incorporates a number of changes that would make outports more economically viable, self-reliant, and capable of sustainable long-term development.

The model proposed here takes off from the work of a recent Newfoundland Royal Commission on Employment and Unemployment. The title of the Commission's Report, Building on Our Strengths (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986), reflects a bottom-up alternative approach to development, and the idea of the sustainable outport is implicit in the Report's general philosophy as well as its discussion of rural development. The aims of this article are: (a) to make the model of the sustainable outport explicit; (b) to compare the ideal model to the real situation of Newfoundland outports, and thereby show what changes would be needed to bring them in line with the model of sustainability; and, (c) to discuss in a tentative and exploratory way the applicability of the model to other small communities in Canada, especially native communities.
The Response of Community Mental-Health Professionals to Clients' Rights: A Review And Suggestions
Authors: Tutty Leslie M.
Published: October 2014

Client's rights is an issue which resurfaces periodically in professional journals, but which is ever-present in the minds of consumers of mental-health facilities. While some of the most striking pleas for adherence to rights have centred in the past on inpatient mental-health facilities, similar issues related to client treatment continue to exist in community mental-health centres. This paper reviews the literature on outpatient clients' rights from the perspective of both clients and professionals. The paper provides suggestions for mental-health professionals to more adequately address the rights of their clients in terms of the workplace, the organization of their agencies, and through legal/legislated means.
La Vie Au Sein D'Appartements Surveilles Pour Patients Psychiatriques Chroniques
Authors: Cyr Mireille , Hodgins Sheilagh , Gaston Louise , Viens Louise
Published: October 2014

Quatre projets d'appartements surveillés sont évalués sur une période de deux ans. La description de leur fonctionnement quotidien permel d'observer I'implantation de ces programmes communautaires et de mieux comprendre leur impact. Les données recucillies indiquent que plusieurs evenements difficiles se produisent au sein de ces ressources et que ces appartements surveillés représentent un milieu de vie stressant. Ces résultats peuvent en partie s'expliquer par les écarts observés entre la philosophie de base du programme et son implantation. Ces écarts concernent la durée de séjour au sein des appartements surveillés, les critiéres de sélection des résidents, le ratio bénéficiaire/animateur, les programmes de traitements et l'intégration de ces residences communautaires dans le réseau existant des services de santé et sociaux, Des recommandations concernant le fonctionnement clinique et administratif sont proposées.
Acceptance of the “Mentally Ill” in Canadian Society: Reality and Illusion
Authors: Page Stewart , Day David
Published: October 2014

Recent research on community acceptance and rejection of persons believed to be present or former mental patients is reviewed, largely in a Canadian context. The evidence indicates generally that such persons appear to be accepted in some types of situations although the underlying image of the mentally ill has remained largely negative. In other types of situations, use of unobtrusive measures in research has shown that such persons face the likelihood of avoidance or rejection.
L'Intervention Communautaire: Une Alternative A L'Intervention Sociale
Authors: Ninacs William A.
Published: October 2014

Le développement communautaire dans la région des Bois-Francs illustre de fačon concréte la pratique de l'intervention communautaire. Ce type d'intervention se distingue de l'intervention sociale par une vision globale de la situation, la prise en charge individuelle et collective, et la mise sur pied d'organisations démocratiques pour répondre aux besoins. Elle est axée sur des valeurs alternatives et une recherche de justice sociale. L'article décrit les caractéristiques particuliéres du développement communautaire dans cette région et de l'intervention qui lui est propre, et identifie son impact tant au niveau social qu'économique. Il conclut en exposant les enjeux auxquels le mouvement communautaire se voit actuellement confronté.
Suicide and Careless Death in Young Males: Ecological Study of an Aboriginal Population in Canada
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Wood Michael , Khumar Helda
Published: October 2014

Problems in estimating rates of suicide in North American Native populations are considered. Despite many problems of research, there does appear to be evidence that suicide rates are much higher in Native groups. An ecological method of calculating rates of suicide and careless death (including open and many accident verdicts) in males aged 15 to 34 is described. This method indicates that in Alberta Native reserves have substantially higher rates of suicide and careless death than adjacent rural areas. There is a south to north trend in these rates. Economic development (more common in the central and southern region of the province) is associated with lower death rates. It appears from these data that modernization and increased economic opportunities among Native communities is associated with decreased rates of suicide and of alcohol-related rates of careless death.
Support To Older Parents By Middle-Aged Children
Authors: Bond John B. , Baril Marcel R. , Axelrod Sara , Crawford Lynn
Published: October 2014

This survey examined aspects of the support provided by 388 middle-aged respondents to their parents and parents-in-law independently residing in the same city. Burden was found to be relatively low (mean = 8.19 on a 33-point scale), and generally not associated with demographic characteristics of the care provider (sex, age, marital status, number of children, employment status, income, etc.). Higher burden was associated with provision of more support and lower emotional closeness to the parent. More help was provided to women and persons with higher dependency needs. When comparing the most and least burdened caregivers, frail and deteriorating health of the parent seemed to be the critical factor. The relationship between parent and most burdened children was neither as satisfying nor as open as for the least burdened children. Parents of those who were most burdened already were in receipt of more formal services than the parents of the least burdened. Given the relatively low burden reported by the middle-aged offspring, formal programs were not instituted by the social-service agency. However, agencies responsible for providing formal care to the elderly might query the nature of the relationships between their clients and offspring, seeking particular sources of stress and burden which might be alleviated.
Families of the Hospitalized Elderly: Untapped Resources
Authors: Hall Barry L.
Published: October 2014

Many acute-care hospital beds are increasingly being occupied by chronically ill older persons. The hospital health-care team must begin to view the family of elderly patient along with their community contacts as an important resource in the delivery of services. A questionnaire was mailed to 27 adult children to determine the type of help they provide to their hospitalized chronically ill elderly parents. The results indicate that adult children are a major resource for the older person. Despite the formal caregiving structures of the hospital the adult child provides the most amount of help in the areas of psychological support, personal care, and bureaucratic mediation services. Not only do adult children provide help to the parent inside the hopsital, but through tasks carried out on behalf of the parent outside of the hospital they are able to maintain the elderly parent's link to their community network. This involvement offers many therapeutic opportunities for professional staff to link hospital resources with the resources of the community-based family.
Perception Par Les Equipes Soignantes De L'Approche Communautaire EN Psychiatrie
Authors: Renaud Claude , Mercier Celine , Tempier Raymond
Published: October 2014

Dans cette enquête, les auteurs ont voulu mesurer les orientations communautaires d'équipes de santé mentale en région éloignée. Un questionnaire à deux voicts a permis de noter les opinions des intervenants à l'égard de l'approche communautaire en psychiatrie. Les résultats montrent qu'une très grnde importance est accordée au travail en équipe multidisciplinaire, que l'approche individualisée prime sur le travail de mobilisation de l'environnement social et que l'on accorde la priorité à la prévention secondaire et tertiaire. Les équipes considèrent l'approche communautaire comme très importante, progressiste, pertinente, et très nécessaire, mais reconnaissent aussi qu'elle est complexe et controversée.
A Study of Criminal Justice System Contacts of Former Inpatients
Authors: Hodgins Sheilagh , Cyr Mireille , Gaston Louise
Published: October 2014

There is increasing evidence that persons suffering from major mental disorders are entering the criminal justice system. It was hypothesized that inadequate community care may be a contributing factor. The present investigation followed 112 chronically mentally disabled persons for two years. Half the participants resided in supervised apartments, half on their own. Groups were matched for risk of criminal justice system contact and for risk of readmission to hospital. During the course of the study, four subjects from each group were arrested for minor criminal offenses. The provision of supervision and housing appeared to have no effect on frequency of contact with the criminal justice system. Alternate explanations for this finding are discussed.
Etat De Sante Et Reseau De Soutien Social De Soignantes Naturelles D'Une Personne Atteinte De Trouble Mental
Authors: Ricard Nicole
Published: October 2014

Studies of the health and family situation of natural caregivers of the mentally ill do not indicate the gender of the principal caregiver. Consequently, they do not provide details about the health or the social support networks of women, who, in general, are the ones who assume the caregiving role. The purpose of this study of 61 female natural caregivers living with mentally ill patients was to describe the state of health of these natural caregivers as well as their social support from both neighbours and professionals. Another purpose was to verify the existence of relationships among these variables. Four health variables are studied: emotional distress, well-being, perception of general health, and number of health problems. Support from both neighbours and professionals is examined from the point of view of the caregivers' needs and the satisfaction felt by the caregivers, and according to several functions of social support, Descriptive analyses show that at least half of the natural caregivers suffer from emotional distress, diminished well-being, and various health problems. When support from neighbours is considered, the caregivers express numerous needs; two thirds of the caregivers declare themselves satisfied except in regard to their need to socialize. Regarding professional support, caregivers express fewer needs and seem less satisfied by the support received. Regression analyses demonstrate that two of the four predictors of neighbour support contribute significantly, though modestly, to the variations in emotional distress; one of those predictors also contributes to variations in the perception of general health. No significant relation was found for professional support. Recommendations are made for future research and for preventive interventions with women who are natural caregivers.
Physical and Sexual Violence in the Lives of Homeless Women
Authors: Breton Margot , Bunston Terry
Published: October 2014

The majority of the women in this study had been physically or sexually assaulted; overwhelmingly, this happened in their own homes, at the hands of a close relative, usually a father or step-father, and prior to becoming homeless. Even for the minority of women who were assaulted after becoming homeless, the assailant usually was not a stranger and the location not a public place. Although repeated incidents of assault were the rule rather than the exception, very few of the women who had been assaulted by their father or step-father while living at home, were later assaulted by a husband, common-law partner, or boyfriend. These findings support other research which discredit the myth that abused women set themselves up for further abuse. The findings also seem to indicate that dealing with the problem of family violence should be part of any policy dealing with women's homelessness.