bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in bladder neck angles between female patients with overactive bladders and healthy peers
Authors: Yoldas Mehmet , Keskin Mehmet Zeynel
Published: June 2024

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the differences between angles of bladder neck in girls with overactive bladder and those in healthy ones using transabdominal ultrasonography.Materials and Methods: This study consists of 28 girls complicated with overactive bladder (Group I) and 40 healthy girls (Group II). The anteroposterior vesical wall angle (APVA), urethroposterior vesical wall angle (UPVA), urethroanterior vesical wall angle (UAVA), thickness of bladder mucosa, distance of urethral orifices, and distance between ureter and urethra orifice were measured in supine position using transabdominal ultrasonography. The results were compared between the two groups.Results: UAVA in Group I was higher than Group II (135.2 ± 12.2 mm vs. 117.4 ± 14.0 mm; p = 0.009). UPVA was smaller in Group I than Group II (114.6 ± 19.5 mm vs. 135.3 ± 16.5 mm; p = 0.014). The distance between the ureteral orifices was 31.8 ± 8.5 mm in Group I and 17.0 ± 4.1 mm in Group II (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of APVA, bladder mucosa thickness, and distance between ureter and urethra orifice (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Bladder neck dynamics may play an important role in overactive bladder pathophysiology due to differences in UPVA, UAV, and location of ureteral orifices in this patient population.
Negative biopsy histology in men with PI-RADS score 5: is it useful PSMA PET/CT evaluation?
Authors: Pepe Pietro , Pepe Ludovica , Pennisi Michele
Published: June 2024

Introduction: To evaluate the accuracy of PSMA PET/CT in men with mpMRI PI-RADS score 5 negative biopsy histology.Materials and methods: From January 2011 to January 2023, 180 men with PI-RADS score 5 underwent systematic plus mpMRI/TRUS biopsy; 25/180 (13.9%) patients had absence of cancer and six months from biopsy were submitted to: digital rectal examination, PSA and PSA density exams, mpMRI and 68GaPSMA PET/CT evaluation (standardized uptake value “SUVmax” was reported).Results: In 24/25 (96%) patients PSA and PSA density significantly decreased, moreover, the PI-RADS score was downgraded resulting < 3; in addition, median SUVmax was 7.5. Only 1/25 (4%) man had an increased PSA value (from 10.5 to 31 ng/ml) with a confirmed PI-RADS score 5, SUVmax of 32 and repeated prostate biopsy demonstrating a Gleason score 9/ISUP Grade Group 5 PCa.Conclusions: The strict follow up of men with PI-RADS score 5 and negative histology reduce the risk of missing csPCa especially if PSMA PET/CT evaluation is in agreement with downgrading of mpMRI (PI-RADS score < 3).
Surgeon’s point of view in vesico-vaginal fistula management
Authors: Santosa Kadek Budi , Marta Stacia Novia , Sugianto Ronald , Widia Fina , Nababan Parsaoran , Rahardjp Harrina Erlianti
Published: June 2024

Objectives: Vesicovaginal fistulas (VVF) are the most commonly acquired fistulas of the urinary tract. The management of VVF is mainly based on expert opinion and surgeon experience. This study aims to provide the practice patterns and outcomes of vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) management in Indonesia.
Methods: This study utilizes the results of a survey among the surgeons who performs VVF repair in referral hospitals throughout Indonesia between June and July of 2021. Data analysis was carried out with SPSS descriptively by displaying the relative frequency of the answers to each question of the questionnaire form.
Results: We collected responses from 93 respondents consisting of 68 urologists and 25 gynecologists. The most commonly reported cause of VVF was obstetric (50.5%). Most respondents confirmed the diagnosis of VVF by cystoscopy (81.7%). Waiting time to repair VVF was generally 12 weeks (79.6%), while the transvaginal approach repair was more often performed (77.4%). An additional procedure, such as tissue interposition was performed in 50.5% of cases. Tissue interposition was mostly indicated in recurrent VVF (81%), with omentum being the most selected tissue interposition (71%). When indicated, the most selected method of transabdominal approach was open transvesical (54,84%). A laparoscopic approach was performed only in 7.5% of cases. Overall, the success rate for VVF repair in Indonesia was 70-100% at first attempt.
Conclusions: The transvaginal approach is preferred, either with or without an interposition tissue flap. The success rate at the first attempt is satisfactory.
An unusual “linitis plastica” like breast cancer bladder metastasis
Authors: Farci Riccardo , Tolu Simona , Trombetta Matilde , Murgia Alessandro , Solinas Andrea
Published: June 2024

Breast cancer (BrC) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in woman and most BrC related deaths are due to metastasis. BrC frequently metastasizes to the lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone and brain while the urinary bladder is considered as an unusual site for breast metastasis. We report a case of bladder metastasis identified in a patient with past BrC history, presenting with hematuria, low urinary tract symptoms, and hydronephrosis.
Die 'Cape Regiment', 1806-1817: 'n koloniale regiment in Britse diens uit Argiefjaarboek vir Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis 52(1)
Authors: Bredekamp H.C.
Published: June 2024

No abstract available.
The rise and decline of apartheid: A study of political movements among the coloured people of South Africa, 1800-1985
Authors: Jooste N.J.
Published: June 2024

No abstract available.
The dead will arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856-7
Authors: Maylam Paul
Published: June 2024

No abstract available.
Historical buildings in South Africa
Authors: Van der Waal, G-M.
Published: June 2024

No abstract available.
Cape Town and the Cape Peninsula post 1806: A working bibliography
Authors: Verwey E.
Published: June 2024

No abstract available.
'But only we Black men die': The 1929-1933 malaria epidemics in Natal and Zululand
Authors: Brain J.B.
Published: June 2024

The malaria epidemics in parts of Natal and in Zululand during the period under review were unusually severe and thousands of blacks died. Drought and malnutrition resulted in debility, particularly in children, while the economic depression brought unemployed workers home to the reserves. They and the thousands of foreign workers employed on the sugar estates had no immunity to malaria, which was not endemic to the region. In addition, many Zulus refused to take quinine because of their distrust of the government and the health authorities. The combination of these factors made these the most virulent malaria epidemics in living memory.
Grondtoekenning en landlike vestiging in die Oranjerivierkolonie/Oranje-Vrystaat, 1900-1912
Authors: Le Roux C.J.P.
Published: June 2024

This article refutes the misconception that Lord Alfred Milner's land settlement scheme in the Orange River Colony was a financial and agricultural disaster. The British settlers probably received more privileges, financially and materially, than did the Afrikaner farmers who were ruined by the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899 - 1902). It should be conceded, however, that Milner's imperialistic motive to increase the British element by way of the land settlement scheme to prevent the rural areas from remaining solely in Afrikaner hands, did not materialize to the extent envisaged by him. By 1912 the settlers numbered 546, in comparison with the approximately 40 000 Afrikaner farmers in the districts concerned.
Race, class and comfort on rural buses, 1925-1955
Authors: Pirie G.H.
Published: June 2024

In the country areas where sparse settlement and light traffic did not warrant the construction of railways, the South African Railways operated a road transport service for passengers and small freight since 1912. White passengers were accommodated more comfortably than blacks, and protected their privilege fiercely. Educated, middle-class black passengers in particular objected to the rough physical conditions under which they travelled, and requested superior facilities that would reflect their higher social standing. The Railways struggled to operate a service that would satisfy its critics, yet be financially viable in the face of fluctuating demand.
Dorpsontwikkeling in die huidige munisipale gebied van Carletonville, 1937-1948
Authors: Van Eeden Elize S.
Published: June 2024

Ever since the pioneering days of white settlement in the Transvaal, the ward of Gatsrand has assumed an important position. Up to the time of the inception of the gold mining industry in the northern parts of the area, by 1937, the population was still largely agrarian. After that the gold mines there began to make an important contribution to the proclamation and development of towns. The article in particular emphasizes the manner in which one of these towns, Carletonville (established in 1948), developed as the main centre of the gold mining area. It also shows to what extent a lack of support by the gold mining industry as well as a town's distance from the goldmines, could influence the growth of certain towns.
Steenkoolvervoer langs die Natalse hoofspoorlyn, 1910-1927
Authors: Heydenrych D.H.
Published: June 2024

By 1910 the Natal coal mines were almost entirely dependent on the shipment coal market at Durban. This market gradually expanded, reaching its climax by 1926-1927. To satisfy the demands of the market the collieries depended on reliable railway transport. Therefore efforts were initially made to improve the main line by means of deviations. Eventually it was decided to electrify the line. The significance of this was that it acted as a catalyst for the establishment of ESCOM (now ESKOM).
Aspects of hawking in the Transkei, 1920-1945
Authors: Morrell Robert
Published: June 2024

During the 20th century Transkei became a place of migrant workers, old people, women and children. The gradual impoverishment of the region and its African population paradoxically was accompanied by economic opportunities for whites, particularly in the towns. Poor whites fleeing the harsh economic climate of white South Africa were able to succeed as hawkers in Transkei largely because local authorities had discriminatory policies towards black competition. In the countryside African maize traders attempted without much success to gain direct access to the market and thus evade the financial power of the vested white traders.
Bandgap Tuning and Quenching Effects of In(Zn)P@ZnSe@ZnS Quantum Dots
Authors: Lee Sang Yeon , Park Su Hyun , Byun Gyungsu , Kim Chang-Yeoul
Published: June 2024

InP quantum dot (QDs) have attracted researchers’ interest due to their applicability in quantum dot light-emitting displays (QLED) or biomarkers for detecting cancers or viruses. The surface or interface control of InP QD core/shell has substantially increased quantum efficiency, with a quantum yield of 100% reached by introducing HF to inhibit oxide generation. In this study, we focused on the control of bandgap energy of quantum dots by changing the Zn/(In+Zn) ratio in the In(Zn)P core. Zinc incorporation can change the photoluminescent light colors of green, yellow, orange, and red. Diluting a solution of as-synthesized QDs by more than 100 times did not show any quenching effects by the Förster resonance energy transfer phenomenon between neighboring QDs.
TiO2 Thin Film Coating on an Nb-Si–Based Superalloy via Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Park Ji Young , Eun Su Min , Byun Jongmin , Choi Byung Joon
Published: June 2024

Nano-oxide dispersion–strengthened (ODS) superalloys have attracted attention because of their outstanding mechanical reinforcement mechanism. Dispersed oxides increase the material’s strength by preventing grain growth and recrystallization, as well as increasing creep resistance. In this research, atomic layer deposition (ALD) was applied to synthesize an ODS alloy. It is useful to coat conformal thin films even on complex matrix shapes, such as nanorods or powders. We coated an Nb-Si–based superalloy with TiO2 thin film by using rotary-reactor type thermal ALD. TiO2 was grown by controlling the deposition recipe, reactor temperature, N2 flow rate, and rotor speed. We could confirm the formation of uniform TiO2 film on the surface of the superalloy. This process was successfully applied to the synthesis of an ODS alloy, which could be a new field of ALD applications.
Comparison and Characterization of Silodosin-loaded Solid Dispersions Prepared by Various Solid Dispersion Preparation Methods
Authors: Lee Su Man , Song Da Young , Kim Kyeong Soo
Published: June 2024

This study focused on improving the solubility of silodosin, a drug poorly soluble in water, by utilizing solid dispersions. Three types of dispersions were examined and compared against the drug powder: surface-attached (SA), solvent-wetted (SW), and solvent-evaporated (SE). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was identified as the most effective polymer in enhancing solubility. These dispersions were prepared using spray-drying techniques with silodosin and PVA as the polymer, employing solvents such as water, ethanol, and a water-acetone mix. The physicochemical properties and solubility of the dispersions were evaluated. The surface-attached dispersions featured the polymer on a crystalline drug surface, the solvent-wetted dispersions had the amorphous drug on the polymer, and the solvent-evaporated dispersions produced nearly round particles with both components amorphous. Testing revealed that the order of improved solubility was: solvent-evaporated, solvent-wetted, and surface-attached. The results demonstrated that the preparation method of the solid dispersions significantly impacted their physicochemical properties and solubility enhancement.
Trends in Materials Modeling and Computation for Metal Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Jeon Seoyeon , Choi Hyunjoo
Published: June 2024

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a process that fabricates products by manufacturing materials according to a three-dimensional model. It has recently gained attention due to its environmental advantages, including reduced energy consumption and high material utilization rates. However, controlling defects such as melting issues and residual stress, which can occur during metal additive manufacturing, poses a challenge. The trial-and-error verification of these defects is both time-consuming and costly.Consequently, efforts have been made to develop phenomenological models that understand the influence of process variables on defects, and mechanical/electrical/thermal properties of geometrically complex products. This paper introduces modeling techniques that can simulate the powder additive manufacturing process. The focus is on representative metal additive manufacturing processes such as Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), Direct Energy Deposition (DED), and Binder Jetting (BJ) method.To calculate thermal-stress history and the resulting deformations, modeling techniques based on Finite Element Method (FEM) are generally utilized. For simulating the movements and packing behavior of powders during powder classification, modeling techniques based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) are employed. Additionally, to simulate sintering and microstructural changes, techniques such as Monte Carlo (MC), Molecular Dynamics (MD), and Phase Field Modeling (PFM) are predominantly used.
Non-operative management of rectal cancer: Highlighting the controversies
Authors: Emile Sameh Hany , Wignakumar Anjelli
Published: June 2024

There remains much ambiguity on what non-operative management (NOM) of rectal cancer truly entails in terms of the methods to be adopted and the best algorithm to follow. This is clearly shown by the discordance between various national and international guidelines on NOM of rectal cancer. The main aim of the NOM strategy is organ preservation and avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention, which carries its own risk of morbidity. A highly specific and sensitive surveillance program must be devised to avoid patients undergoing unnecessary surgical interventions. In many studies, NOM, often interchangeably called the Watch and Wait strategy, has been shown as a promising treatment option when undertaken in the appropriate patient population, where a clinical complete response is achieved. However, there are no clear guidelines on patient selection for NOM along with the optimal method of surveillance.
Current considerations for the surgical management of gallbladder adenomas
Authors: Pavlidis Efstathios T , Galanis Ioannis N , Pavlidis Theodoros E
Published: June 2024

Gallbladder adenomas are rare lesions (0.5%) associated with potential malignant transformation, particularly with gallbladder adenomas that are ≥ 1 cm in size. Early detection and management are crucial for preventing lethal carcinoma development. These polyps can often be distinguished from the more often nonneoplastic cholesterol pseudopolyps (5%-10%), which are benign. Ultrasonography is the first-line tool for initial diagnosis and follow-up when indicated. The question is whether cholecystectomy is always necessary for all adenomas. The management of gallbladder adenomas is determined according to the size of the tumor, the growth rate of the tumor, the patient’s symptoms and whether risk factors for malignancy are present. Adenomas ≥ 1 cm in size, an age > 50 years and a familial history of gallbladder carcinoma are indications for immediate laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Otherwise, ultrasound follow-up is indicated. For adenomas 6-9 mm in size, the absence of ≥ 2 mm growth at 6 months, one year, and two years, as well as an adenoma sized < 5 mm without existing risk factors indicates that no further surveillance is required. However, it would be preferable to individualize the management in doubtful cases. Novel interventional modalities for preserving the gallbladder need further evaluation, especially to determine the long-term outcomes.
Immunotherapy in gastric cancer with liver metastasis: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Bardakçi Murat , Ergun Yakup
Published: June 2024

In this editorial, we review the article by Liu et al published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery investigating the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in patients with gastric cancer (GC) and liver metastasis. GC, the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide, presents a significant challenge due to its multifactorial etiology and a grim prognosis for unresectable or recurrent cases. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized oncology; yet liver metastasis has been associated with reduced response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival in various malignancies. The CheckMate-649 and KEYNOTE-859 trials demonstrated promising results with ICIs in advanced GC, particularly in patients with liver metastasis. However, a meta-analysis of liver metastatic solid tumors revealed worse outcomes with ICIs, highlighting the need for further investigation. While combined therapies, including ICIs with local treatments, show promise in improving outcomes, the nuanced landscape of ICIs in liver metastatic GC necessitates continued research for robust conclusions. The current contradictions in the literature underscore the importance of cautious interpretation and the exploration of tailored approaches to enhance clinical efficacy in this challenging patient population.
From the mathematical model to the patient: The scientific and human aspects of artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal surgery
Authors: Arredondo Montero Javier
Published: June 2024

Recent medical literature shows that the application of artificial intelligence (AI) models in gastrointestinal pathology is an exponentially growing field, with promising models that show very high performances. Regarding inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), recent reviews demonstrate promising diagnostic and prognostic AI models. However, studies are generally at high risk of bias (especially in AI models that are image-based). The creation of specific AI models that improve diagnostic performance and allow the establishment of a general prognostic forecast in IBD is of great interest, as it may allow the stratification of patients into subgroups and, in turn, allow the creation of different diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for these patients. Regarding surgical models, predictive models of postoperative complications have shown great potential in large-scale studies. In this work, the authors present the development of a predictive algorithm for early post-surgical complications in Crohn's disease based on a Random Forest model with exceptional predictive ability for complications within the cohort. The present work, based on logical and reasoned, clinical, and applicable aspects, lays a solid foundation for future prospective work to further develop post-surgical prognostic tools for IBD. The next step is to develop in a prospective and multicenter way, a collaborative path to optimize this line of research and make it applicable to our patients.
Perioperative outcomes of transvaginal specimen extraction laparoscopic total gastrectomy and conventional laparoscopic-assisted total gastrectomy
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Cao , Wang Wen-Sheng , Chen Jiang-Hong , Ma Yuan-Hang , Luo Qi-Fa , Li Yun-Bo , Yang Yang , Ma Dan
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) has emerged as a promising alternative compared to conventional laparoscopic-assisted total gastrectomy (LATG) for treating gastric cancer (GC). However, evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of NOSES for GC surgery is limited. This study aimed to compare the safety and feasibility, in addition to postoperative complications of NOSES and LATG.

AIM

To discuss the postoperative effects of two different surgical methods in patients with GC.

METHODS

Dual circular staplers were used in Roux-en-Y digestive tract reconstruction for transvaginal specimen extraction LATG, and its outcomes were compared with LATG in a cohort of 51 GC patients with tumor size ≤ 5 cm. The study was conducted from May 2018 to September 2020, and patients were categorized into the NOSES group (n = 22) and LATG group (n = 29). Perioperative parameters were compared and analyzed, including patient and tumor characteristics, postoperative outcomes, and anastomosis-related complications, postoperative hospital stay, the length of abdominal incision, difference in tumor type, postoperative complications, and postoperative survival.

RESULTS

Postoperative exhaust time, operation duration, mean postoperative hospital stay, length of abdominal incision, number of specific staplers used, and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire score were significant in both groups (P < 0.01). In the NOSES group, the postoperative time to first flatus, mean postoperative hospital stay, and length of abdominal incision were significantly shorter than those in the LATG group. Patients in the NOSES group had faster postoperative recovery, and achieved abdominal minimally invasive incision that met aesthetic requirements. There were no significant differences in gender, age, tumor type, postoperative complications, and postoperative survival between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

The application of dual circular staplers in Roux-en-Y digestive tract reconstruction combined with NOSES gastrectomy is safe and convenient. This approach offers better short-term outcomes compared to LATG, while long-term survival rates are comparable to those of conventional laparoscopic surgery.
Machine learning prediction model for gray-level co-occurrence matrix features of synchronous liver metastasis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Yang Kai-Feng , Li Sheng-Jie , Xu Jun , Zheng Yong-Bin
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Synchronous liver metastasis (SLM) is a significant contributor to morbidity in colorectal cancer (CRC). There are no effective predictive device integration algorithms to predict adverse SLM events during the diagnosis of CRC.

AIM

To explore the risk factors for SLM in CRC and construct a visual prediction model based on gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features collected from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

METHODS

Our study retrospectively enrolled 392 patients with CRC from Yichang Central People’s Hospital from January 2015 to May 2023. Patients were randomly divided into a training and validation group (3:7). The clinical parameters and GLCM features extracted from MRI were included as candidate variables. The prediction model was constructed using a generalized linear regression model, random forest model (RFM), and artificial neural network model. Receiver operating characteristic curves and decision curves were used to evaluate the prediction model.

RESULTS

Among the 392 patients, 48 had SLM (12.24%). We obtained fourteen GLCM imaging data for variable screening of SLM prediction models. Inverse difference, mean sum, sum entropy, sum variance, sum of squares, energy, and difference variance were listed as candidate variables, and the prediction efficiency (area under the curve) of the subsequent RFM in the training set and internal validation set was 0.917 [95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.866-0.968] and 0.09 (95%CI: 0.858-0.960), respectively.

CONCLUSION

A predictive model combining GLCM image features with machine learning can predict SLM in CRC. This model can assist clinicians in making timely and personalized clinical decisions.
Gastroesophageal signet ring cell carcinoma morbidity and mortality: A retrospective review
Authors: Grinlinton Megan , Furkert Chris , Maurice Andrew , Angelo Neville , Booth Michael
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) signet ring cell carcinomas (SRCC) confer a poor prognosis. The benefit of operative intervention for this patient group is controversial in terms of overall survival.

AIM

To investigate factors relating to survival in patients with upper GI SRCC.

METHODS

A retrospective, tertiary, single-centre review of patients who were diagnosed with oesophageal, gastroesophageal junction and gastric SRCC was performed. The primary outcome was to compare mortality of patients who underwent operative management with those who had nonoperative management. Secondary outcomes included assessing the relationship between demographic and histopathological factors, and survival.

RESULTS

One hundred and thirty-one patients were included. The one-year survival for the operative group was 81% and for the nonoperative group was 19.1%. The five-year survival in the operative group was 28.6% vs 1.5% in the nonoperative group. The difference in overall survival between groups was statistically significant (HR 0.19, 95%CI (0.13-0.30), P < 0.001). There was no difference in survival when adjusting for age, smoking status or gender. On multivariate analysis, patients who underwent surgical management, those with a lower stage of disease, and those with a lower Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) had significantly improved survival.

CONCLUSION

Well-selected patients with upper GI SRCC appear to have reasonable medium-term survival following surgery. Offering surgery to a carefully selected patient group may improve the outcome for this disease.
Lung ultrasound score evaluation of the effect of pressure-controlled ventilation volume-guaranteed on patients undergoing laparoscopic-assisted radical gastrectomy
Authors: Tan Jian , Bao Cheng-Ming , Chen Xiao-Yuan
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic-assisted radical gastrectomy (LARG) is the standard treatment for early-stage gastric carcinoma (GC). However, the negative impact of this procedure on respiratory function requires the optimized intraoperative management of patients in terms of ventilation.

AIM

To investigate the influence of pressure-controlled ventilation volume-guaranteed (PCV-VG) and volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) on blood gas analysis and pulmonary ventilation in patients undergoing LARG for GC based on the lung ultrasound score (LUS).

METHODS

The study included 103 patients with GC undergoing LARG from May 2020 to May 2023, with 52 cases undergoing PCV-VG (research group) and 51 cases undergoing VCV (control group). LUS were recorded at the time of entering the operating room (T0), 20 minutes after anesthesia with endotracheal intubation (T1), 30 minutes after artificial pneumoperitoneum (PP) establishment (T2), and 15 minutes after endotracheal tube removal (T5). For blood gas analysis, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) were observed. Peak airway pressure (Ppeak), plateau pressure (Pplat), mean airway pressure (Pmean), and dynamic pulmonary compliance (Cdyn) were recorded at T1 and T2, 1 hour after PP establishment (T3), and at the end of the operation (T4). Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) were recorded. Pre- and postoperative serum interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Compared with those at T0, the whole, anterior, lateral, posterior, upper, lower, left, and right lung LUS of the research group were significantly reduced at T1, T2, and T5; in the control group, the LUS of the whole and partial lung regions (posterior, lower, and right lung) decreased significantly at T2, while at T5, the LUS of the whole and some regions (lateral, lower, and left lung) increased significantly. In comparison with the control group, the whole and regional LUS of the research group were reduced at T1, T2, and T5, with an increase in PaO2, decrease in PaCO2, reduction in Ppeak at T1 to T4, increase in Pmean and Cdyn, and decrease in Pplat at T4, all significant. The research group showed a significantly lower incidence of PPCs than the control group within 3 days postoperatively. Postoperative IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α significantly increased in both groups, with even higher levels in the control group.

CONCLUSION

LUS can indicate intraoperative non-uniformity and postural changes in pulmonary ventilation under PCV-VG and VCV. Under the lung protective ventilation strategy, the PCV-VG mode more significantly improved intraoperative lung ventilation in patients undergoing LARG for GC and reduced lung injury-related cytokine production, thereby alleviating lung injury.
Effect of high-protein peptide-based formula compared with isocaloric isonitrogenous polymeric formula in critically ill surgical patient
Authors: Sumritpradit Preeda , Shantavasinkul Prapimporn Chattranukulchai , Ungpinitpong Winai , Noorit Pinit , Gajaseni Chotip
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Malnutrition is common in critically ill patients, and it is associated with an increased risk of complications. Early enteral nutrition with adequate caloric and protein intake is critical nevertheless it is difficult to achieve. Peptide-based formulas have been shown to be beneficial in patients with feeding intolerance. However, there are limited studies showing the efficacy and safety of high-protein peptide-based formula in critically ill surgical patients.

AIM

To determine the effects of a high-protein peptide formulation on gastrointestinal tolerance, nutritional status, biochemical changes, and adverse events in patients in the surgery intensive care unit (SICU) compared to an isocaloric isonitrogenous standard polymeric formulation.

METHODS

This study was a multi-center double-blind, randomized controlled trial. We enrolled adult patients in the surgical intensive care unit, age ≥ 15 years and expected to receive enteral feeding for at least 5-14 d post-operation. They were randomly assigned to receive either the high-protein peptide-based formula or the isocaloric isonitrogenous standard formula for 14 d. Gastric residual volume (GRV), nutritional status, body composition and biochemical parameters were assessed at baseline and on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14.

RESULTS

A total of 19 patients were enrolled, 9 patients in the peptide-based formula group and 10 patients in the standard formula group. During the study period, there were no differences of the average GRV, body weight, body composition, nutritional status and biochemical parameters in the patients receiving peptide-based formula, compared to the standard regimen. However, participants in the standard formula lost their body weight, body mass index (BMI) and skeletal muscle mass significantly. While body weight, BMI and muscle mass were maintained in the peptide-based formula, from baseline to day 14. Moreover, the participants in the peptide-based formula tended to reach their caloric target faster than the standard formula.

CONCLUSION

The study emphasizes the importance of early nutritional support in the SICU and showed the efficacy and safety of a high-protein, peptide-based formula in meeting caloric and protein intake targets while maintaining body weight and muscle mass.
Global geoepidemiology of gastrointestinal surgery rates in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Weissman Simcha , Aziz Muhammad , Bangolo Ayrton , Nagesh Vignesh K , Aung Htat , Mathew Midhun , Garcia Lino , Chandar Shiva A , Karamthoti Praveena , Bawa Harinder , Alshimari Aseel , Kejela Yabets , Mehdi Nazish , Joseph Chrishanti A , Kodali Athri , Kumar Rohan , Goyal Priya , Satheesha Sanya , Nivedita Fnu , Tesoro Nicole , Sethi Tanni , Singh Gurpreet , Belal Areej , Intisar Alina , Khalid Hirra , Cornwell Samuel , Suresh Suchith B , Ahmed Kareem , Marole Karabo K , Anand Om P , Reshi Rahat B , Mehta Tej I , Elias Sameh , Feuerstein Joseph D
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Data regarding the worldwide gastrointestinal surgery rates in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) remains limited.

AIM

To systematically review the global variation in the rates of surgery in CD.

METHODS

A comprehensive search analysis was performed using multiple electronic databases from inception through July 1, 2020, to identify all full text, randomized controlled trials and cohort studies pertaining to gastrointestinal surgery rates in adult patients with CD. Outcomes included continent based demographic data, CD surgery rates over time, as well as the geoepidemiologic variation in CD surgery rates. Statistical analyses were conducted using R.

RESULTS

Twenty-three studies spanning four continents were included. The median proportion of persons with CD who underwent gastrointestinal surgery in studies from North America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania were 30% (range: 1.7%-62.0%), 40% (range: 0.6%-74.0%), 17% (range: 16.0%-43.0%), and 38% respectively. No clear association was found regarding the proportion of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery over time in North America (R 2 = 0.035) and Europe (R 2 = 0.100). A moderate, negative association was seen regarding the proportion of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery over time (R 2 = 0.520) in Asia.

CONCLUSION

There appears to be significant inter-continental variation regarding surgery rates in CD. Homogenous evidence-based guidelines accounting for the geographic differences in managing patients with CD is prudent. Moreover, as a paucity of data on surgery rates in CD exists outside the North American and European continents, future studies, particularly in less studied locales, are warranted.
Compare clinical efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant therapy and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: Meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Ying , Yang Yan , Liu Qi-Qi , Wang Shao-Zhao
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

To compare the efficacy and safety of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in the treatment of middle and low locally advanced rectal cancer. Our study will systematically collect and integrate studies to evaluate the ability of these two treatments to improve tumor shrinkage rates, surgical resection rates, tumor-free survival, and severe adverse events.

AIM

To provide clinicians and patients with more reliable treatment options to optimize treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the two treatment options.

METHODS

A full search of all clinical studies on the effectiveness and safety of TNT and nCRT for treating locally advanced rectal cancer identified in Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang, China Biomedical Literature Database) and English (PubMed, Embase) databases was performed. Two system assessors independently screened the studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality evaluation and data extraction were performed for the included literature. We used RevMan 5.3 software to perform a meta-analysis of the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate, T stage degradation rate, resection 0 (R0) rate, anal grade 3/4 acute toxicity rate, perioperative complications, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) in the TNT and nCRT groups.

RESULTS

Finally, 14 studies were included, six of which were randomized controlled studies. A total of 3797 patients were included, including 1865 in the TNT group and 1932 in the nCRT group. The two sets of baseline data were comparable. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the pCR rate [odds ratio (OR) = 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30-1.90, P < 0.00001], T stage degradation rate (OR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.63-2.57, P < 0.00001), and R0 resection rate (OR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.09-1.85, P = 0.009) were significantly greater in the nCRT group than in the nCRT group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of grade 3/4 acute toxicity or perioperative complications between the two groups. The 5-year OS [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.69-1.02, P = 0.08] and DFS (HR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.03-1.39, P = 0.74) of the TNT group were similar to those of the nCRT group.

CONCLUSION

TNT has greater clinical efficacy and safety than nCRT in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer.
Lightning Effects on Hydraulic Transport Elements on Aircraft
Authors:   A-6A1 Commercial Aircraft Committee
Published: June 2024

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes the aspects of hydraulic system design and installation to minimize the effects of lightning. Techniques for effective electrical bonding, hydraulic system lightning protection, and lightning protection verification techniques are discussed.
Aluminum Alloy Sheet, 5.7Zn - 2.2Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.22Cr (7475-T761), Solution Heat Treated and Overaged
Authors:   AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Published: June 2024

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet 0.040 to 0.249 inch (1.02 to 6.32 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.5).
Titanium Alloy Forgings, 8Al - 1Mo - 1V, Solution Heat Treated and Stabilized
Authors:   AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Published: June 2024

This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of forgings up to 4.000 inches (101.60 mm), inclusive, and forging stock (see 8.6).
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 17Cr - 7.1Ni - 1.1Al (Alloy 17-7) Solution Heat Treated and Cold Rolled, Precipitation Hardenable
Authors:   AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Published: June 2024

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip 0.0015 to 0.100 inch (0.038 to 2.54 mm) in nominal thickness in the solution heat-treated and cold-rolled condition.
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 73Ni - 15.5Cr - 2.4Ti - 0.7Al - 7.0Fe (Alloy 722) Annealed
Authors:   AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Published: June 2024

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of sheet and strip 0.010 to 0.250 inch (0.25 to 6.25 mm), inclusive, in thickness.
Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 72Ni - 15.5Cr - 0.95Cb(Nb) - 2.5Ti - 0.70Al - 7.0Fe (X750) Annealed
Authors:   AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Published: June 2024

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of sheet and strip up to 0.1874 inch (4.76 mm), inclusive, in thickness and plate up to 4.000 inches (101.6 mm), inclusive, in thickness.
Steel, Bars and Forgings, and Forging Stock 3.1Cr - 11.5Ni - 13.5Co - 1.2Mo (0.21 - 0.25C) Vacuum Melted, Normalized and Overaged Precipitation Hardenable
Authors:   AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Published: June 2024

This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings 100 square inches (645 cm2) and under in cross-sectional area, and forging stock of any size.
Instrumentation Requirements for Turboshaft Engine Performance Measurements
Authors:   S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Published: June 2024

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance on the engine performance parameters that may be selected by airframe and engine manufacturers, and used by a pilot or operator, to monitor the thermodynamic health of a turboshaft engine installed in a rotorcraft and the measurement system accuracies desired. Different accuracies may be required for in-flight operations such as engine control.
Aerospace Standard Test Methods for Aerospace Sealants Methods for Preparing Aerospace Sealant Test Specimens
Authors:   AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Published: June 2024

This standard describes the accepted methods used for preparing aerospace sealant test specimens for qualification and quality conformance or acceptance testing. AS5127/1 and AS5127/2 are to be used in conjunction with this document and the applicable AMS specifications.
Explicit instructional moves in teaching reading in grade one: Observations from four Amharic classrooms
Authors: Hunegnaw Nigist Gedife , Tkachenko Elena , Andersson-Bakken Emilia
Published: June 2024

In response to the recurring poor literacy achievement among learners in various mother tongue languages in Ethiopian schools, this study investigated teaching practices of four Amharic teachers at three government schools in Hawassa city, focusing on how the instructional content is implemented and what explicit instructional moves the teachers used in teaching early reading. Through a qualitative case study approach, utilizing video-recordings and checklist-based observations as data collection tools, the study revealed variations in implementation among all four teachers. Modelling, discussion, feedback and guided practice have been found to be the explicit instructional moves most prominently used by the teachers. Elements of explicit instruction seemed to be implemented simultaneously, albeit randomly, and the lesson content was delivered systematically from simple to more complex. The instructional content was found to be primarily grapho-phonological, where the fidäl was the minimal content unit of the instruction. Finally, the findings indicate that teaching practices are influenced by external factors such as lack of literacy materials and inadequate Amharic language competence among some teachers. The results might suggest the need for future policy changes and practical interventions aimed at enhancing teachers’ competence and improving the provision of adequate literacy instructional materials.
Evaluation of Two Newcastle Vaccination Regimes Commonly Used for Commercial Layer Production in Ghana
Authors: Boasiako P.A , Boakye O.D , Adusei K.A , Hamidu J.A , Amponsah P.M , Emikpe B.O
Published: June 2024

The main control strategy against Newcastle disease in most endemic countries is to routinely vaccinate birds at various stages of their developmental life cycle. This study was conducted to compare the immune response in chicks vaccinated using the Old (1980) and New (2017) vaccination regimes for Newcastle disease in commercial layer production in Ghana. The study also evaluates the mortality rate and cost involved associated with both vaccination regimes. Clinical features, mortality and cost involved were recorded while blood samples were collected at weeks 1, 4, 8, and 18 of age for birds in group A and weeks 1, 4, 6, 12 and 18 of age for birds in group B. Antibody titres of the birds were determined using haemagglutination-Inhibition test and the geometric mean titres were calculated. There was no significant difference in antibody titres between the two groups. Antibody titres increased appreciably from week 1 to week 18 in both groups. The mortality was higher (41) in the old vaccination regime as compared to the new vaccination regime (35). The cost involved in vaccinating birds using the old (1980) vaccination regime was lower (by week 16) than the new (2017) vaccination regime. In conclusion, there was no appreciable advantage of the new vaccination regime over the old in terms of antibody titre, mortality except the cost involved.
Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of E. Coli Recovered from Healthy Captive Non-Human Primates In Nigeria
Authors: Okunlade A.O , Ogunro B.N , Olugasa B.O
Published: June 2024

Escherichia coli is one of the members of the family Enterobacteriacea. The cells appear rod like in shape and are Gram-negative bacteria. It is part of micro flora of animals with non-human primates (NHPs) inclusive. E. coli is pathogenic and is causal organism of diarrhea all over the world. The aims of this study are to determine whether non – human primates are reservoirs for E. coli, to investigate the relatedness of E. coli with others in some regions and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity as well as resistance of the isolates. Escherichia coli were recovered from 5 (11%) out of the 43 NHPs. All the isolates appeared non-haemolytic. Findings of this study revealed that the isolates showed high level resistance to Amoxicillin/clavulanic (80%), Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (80%), Gentamycin (60%), Cefoxitin (60%) and Ciprofloxacin (60%). Most of the isolates are multidrug resistant, showing resistance to two, three or more antibiotics. There are similar genetic backgrounds within E. coliisolates identified from Cercopithecus mona and Cercopithecus sebaeus. Clustering shows that isolates from Cercopithecusmona and Papio Anubis clustered together within the same clade. Wild monkeys usually interact with humans through activities such as domestication and tourism. Through these interactions, pathogenic bacteria are transmitted from humans and animals, particularly wild monkeys. This is a potential source of infections in man. Isolation of E. coli in this study shows that NHPs are natural reservoirs of the organisms, the isolates are genetically related to each other and are multidrug resistant.
Effect of Bitter Kola Seed Supplemented Diet on Ageing, Cholinesterase Activities and Redox Status in Drosophila melanogaster Model
Authors: Ogunsuyi O.B , Oluokun O.O , Özek G , Göger F , Oboh G
Published: June 2024

This research evaluated the effect of bitter kola (Garcinia kola) seed on ageing and ageing-related biochemical modulations such as critical neural enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers in Drosophila melanogaster. Experimental flies were fed diet supplemented with Bitter kola (BK) throughout their life span. Treated flies were also homogenised 10-days post-treatment and assayed for the activities of cholinesterase and catalase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) contents. An LC/MS/MS phenolic analysis, as well as reducing property of BK seed was also determined. Results showed that flies raised on diet supplemented with BK seed exhibited significantly improved lifespan, locomotor performance and amelioration of impaired biochemical markers of ageing when compared with control. BK seed also modulated activities of cholinesterase. The LC/MS/MS analysis revealed abundance of Garcinia bioflavonoids. Therefore, BK seed could be considered a potential functional food candidate for reducing ageing and ageing-related biochemical impairments.