bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deceleration of droplets that glide along the free surface of a bath
Authors: Hale Jacob , Akers Caleb
Published: August 2016

A droplet obliquely impacting a bath surface of the same fluid can traverse along the interface while slowing at an exponential rate. The droplet rests on a thin film of air, deforms the bath surface creating a dimple and travels along the surface similarly to a wave pulse. Viscous coupling of the droplet and bath surfaces through the air film leads to viscous drag on the bath and perturbs the wave motion of the otherwise free surface. Even though the Reynolds numbers are greater than unity ($\mathit{Re}\,O(10{-}100)$), we show that the droplet’s deceleration is only due to viscous coupling through the air gap. The rate of deceleration is found to increase linearly with droplet diameter.
Modal Characteristics of Planar Multi-Story Frame Structures
Authors: Lin H.-P. , Chang S.-C. , Chu C.
Published: August 2016

In linear system, in-plane motions are decoupled from out-of-plane motions for planar frame structures. A theoretical method is proposed that permits the efficient calculations of modal characteristics of planar multi-story frame structures. There are 3 × m beam components for a planar m-story frame structure. By analyzing the transverse and longitudinal motions of each component simultaneously and considering the compatibility requirements across each frame joint, the undetermined variables of the entire m-story frame structure system can be reduced to six, regardless of the number of stories, and that can be determined by the application of the boundary conditions. The main feature of this method is to decrease the dimensions of the matrix involved in the finite element methods and certain other analytical methods.
On the Approximate Evaluation of the Integral for the Compound Survivorship Annuity
Authors: Todhunter Ralph
Published: August 2016

In the various references in the Journal to the subject of the approximate evaluation of compound survivorship annuities and assurances, the possibility of using Mr. Emory McClintock's expression for the continuous annuity (J.I.A. xviii, 242) does not appear to have been noticed. By substituting Mr. McClintock's expression for the annuity under the integral sign, and integrating by parts, many compound survivorship benefits can be expressed more or less approximately in terms of simple survivorship benefits; but it may be admitted that the labour necessary to obtain a result as accurate as that obtainable by a summation formula would not in general recommend the method. There is, however, one case—that of the compound survivorship annuity involving three lives—in which the special interest that has always been taken in the function may be considered a sufficient apology for a result which is both complicated and limited in its range of practical applicability; that case it is proposed to investigate in this note.
The Mathematical Law of Mortality
Authors: Wittstein Theodor , Bumsted D. A.
Published: August 2016

In applying the method of Least Squares a peculiar difficulty is often experienced whenever the function, of which we have a series of observed values, is not linear with respect to the unknown constants to be determined and is therefore either of a higher algebraic order or is transcendental.
Some further suggestions on the subject of Approximate Valuations
Authors: Henry Alfred
Published: August 2016

The present Note deals with a modification of the method described in vol. li, pp. 118-126.

The method suggested in the original Note necessitated the finding of the values of the first, second and third continuous summations of the data to be valued. These summations in some cases were laborious, and the object of the present contribution is to demonstrate how the arithmetical work can be curtailed without material loss of accuracy, firstly, by reducing the number of continuous summations, and secondly, by summing in quinary groups instead of by individual terms.
The Census of 1921. Some Remarks on Tabulation
Authors: Menzler F. A. A.
Published: August 2016

It will be recalled that the President remarked in his recent Address that a paper of modest scope on the tabulation of the coming Census would be welcome as a means of promoting a discussion at this Institute. The present paper has accordingly been written in the hope that it may serve to elicit suggestions, for possible submission to the authorities, as to points in censal tabulation in which actuaries are specially interested. The fact that important data as to ages of children in relation to the ages of parents will be available for the first time as a result, of the forthcoming Census seems to make it specially advisable that the actuarial profession should consider the subject of tabulation while there is yet time to give effect to practicable proposals. For this reason the present paper is confined to questions of tabulation. Presumably there will be opportunity later for consideration of the many interesting questions that arise upon the subjects of graduation and adjustment and with regard to the National life Tables.
Report on the results of an investigation of the mortality experience of life annuitants during the period 1900–1920
Authors: Elderton W. Palin , Oakley H. J. P.
Published: August 2016

We are now able to give the first results obtained from the investigation into the mortality of annuitants since 1900. It may be well at the outset to recall a few points affecting the investigation which have been acted upon throughout.
Some Approximations from Valuation Statistics
Authors: Elderton W. Palin , Rowell A. H.
Published: August 2016

The following notes deal with methods which, although they have been used in various forms for some time, derive special interest from the consideration of the Assurance Companies Act by a Committee appointed by the Board of Trade. In view of the appointment of this Committee, the Council of the Institute felt that a general study of the Act should be made from the point of view of the Actuary, and, in due course, it put forward, among other recommendations, suggestions for improving and simplifying the Schedules. With trifling exceptions, of which, we understand, the particular point under review was not one, there was unanimity among the members of the Council present on the occasions when the Schedules were discussed.
Casualty Insurance in the United States of America
Authors: Baker J. G. , Stockman G. D.
Published: August 2016

It is impossible in a short space to cover the whole ground suggested by the title of this paper. It is therefore proposed briefly to give an indication of the growth and scope of casualty insurance business in the United States of America, and then to examine the methods adopted there for calculating reserves, paying special attention to reserves in connection with workmen's compensation insurance.
War-time Finance — A Résumé of Financial Conditions during and after the War as they affected Life Insurance Companies
Authors: Crump P. C.
Published: August 2016

It will, I think, be admitted by all who have given this matter any serious thought that it is impossible to deal adequately with the subject indicated by the above title, as in the first place the paper would run to an inordinate length, and in the second place the time is not yet when the effect of the war on the operations of insurance companies can be correctly measured. It may be that many years must elapse before things can be seen in their true perspective, and incidentally, I suppose, there will always be a certain difference of opinion as to how far any particular results can be attributed to the war itself, or to what extent they were influenced by other factors.
Partnership
Authors: Cottrell H. C.
Published: August 2016

It would be ungracious not to admit in the first lines of this paper that the idea of writing it was generated by the Presidential Address to the Faculty of Actuaries, delivered by J. L. Anderson on 19th October 1964. That address was largely concerned with the problems of senior (but non-technical) management of a life office, and it was at once apparent that those problems differed substantially from the management problems of a partnership.
The Bayesian Controversy in Statistical Inference
Authors: Barnard G. A.
Published: August 2016

When I was invited to read this paper I felt not only honoured but particularly pleased to be given the opportunity to set forth for your criticism the views I have come to hold concerning the complex of problems centred round the use of Bayes's theorem. For what body of people has for longer been engaged in the application of the mathematical doctrine of probabilities to the affairs of life? And so, what body could be better fitted to judge the merits and the faults of any attempt to clarify the principles of the subject? It is no accident that the original publication of Bayes's famous paper was brought about by the author of the Northampton Life Table; and in the modern period, in dealing with the criticisms of Bayes's postulate stemming from Boole, the credit for a major advance is shared between Sir Harold Jeffreys and Mr Wilfred Perks, independent originators of the theory of invariant prior distributions. And, to anticipate a point I shall develop in more detail later on, it appears to me that the experience of actuaries in the formation of categories as, for instance, by occupational group, as abstainers or non-abstainers, and so on, can be highly relevant to the effective use of Bayes's theorem in many wider contexts; and an examination of the principles underlying the formation of categories should improve our insight into problems of statistical inference in general.
Particle trajectories in Weibel magnetic filaments with a flow-aligned magnetic field
Authors: Bret Antoine
Published: August 2016

For a Weibel shock to form, two plasma shells have to collide and trigger the Weibel instability. At saturation, this instability generates magnetic filaments in the overlapping region with peak field$B_{f}$. In the absence of an external guiding magnetic field, these filaments can block the incoming flow, initiating the shock formation, if their size is larger than the Larmor radius of the incoming particles in the peak field. Here we show that this result still holds in the presence of an external magnetic field$B_{0}$, provided it is not too high. Yet, for$B_{0}\gtrsim B_{f}/2$, the filaments become unable to stop any particle, regardless of its initial velocity.
Differences in behaviour of the nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) during foraging in forest versus in agricultural land
Authors: Bayani Abhijeet , Watve Milind
Published: August 2016

The nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is a widespread species in India that forages in forest as well as on agricultural lands. In Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve, India, it typically takes to crop-raiding at night, while it rests and forages in forest during the daytime. We studied changes in herding and vigilance behaviour during foraging in forest versus in agricultural lands and monsoon versus post-monsoon in the years 2012–2015. We recorded number of individuals (herd size), sex-age composition and number of individuals per unit area of herd's spread (compactness) for every herd under observation using instantaneous scan sampling in forest (176 herds) and farms (321 herds), while spatial trends in herd size on agricultural lands were studied using transect sampling at night. Vigilance behaviour was studied using focal-animal sampling in forest (n = 91) and farms (n = 52) by choosing a single individual per herd under 15 min of observation. Herd sizes were significantly larger in forest (monsoon, median = 3, interquartile range (IQR) = 2–6, post-monsoon, median = 5, IQR = 3–8) than on farms adjacent to forest (monsoon = 3, IQR = 1–5, post-monsoon = 4, IQR = 2–5) and further decreased non-linearly with distance from the forest edge. Herds were more compact, i.e. with smaller inter-individual distance in forests than on farms. Crop-raiding was found to be female-biased, and adult males as well as newborn calves were observed on agricultural lands significantly less frequently. The median vigilance frequency was significantly higher on farms (1.4 min−1) as compared with forests (0.205 min−1) but the median unit scan duration was significantly less in farms (6 s) compared with forest (60 s). The observed differences are likely to be due to difference in the nature of risk faced in the two habitats. In forest, detection of ambush predators such as tigers that occur at a low density, requires careful watch and larger herds increase the chances of detection. In contrast, detection of guarding farmers on agricultural lands who are present at a higher density and make their presence conspicuous to drive away crop raiders would need a glance of smaller time duration. As crop-raiding occurs at night, moonlight is likely to affect the frequency of crop-raiding but we did not find evidence for any deterrent effect of moonlight on the frequency of crop-raiding. The data suggest that the nilgai exhibits substantial behavioural plasticity in response to different nature and levels of risks faced in the two habitats.
An Adverse Consensus Questioned: Does Sidonius's Euchariston (Carmen XVI) Show That He Was Scripturally Naïve?
Authors: Daly William M.
Published: August 2016

Sidonius Apollinaris needs no introduction as by far our best informant for the history of Roman Gaul in the late fifth century and as one of the most accomplished practitioners of the complicated literary style so admired in his age and so often contemned in ours. Because his poems and letters provide abundant evidence for political and social history, most historians have until recently tended to see him as a predominantly secular figure. That impression is heightened by the literary genres he chose for his writings and whose accepted rules and forms he meticulously followed. However, a handful of studies since mid-century, and recently a political biography, have drawn attention to one or another neglected religious dimension of his life. Gradually a hidden Sidonius has been emerging from between the lines of reluctant sources that are not autobiographical by nature or by his intent.
Modi Rerumand Materialism: A Note on a Quotation of a CondemnedArticulusin Some Fourteenth-Century ParisianDe AnimaCommentaries
Authors: Caroti Stefano
Published: August 2016

The importance of the commentaries on Aristotle's works in late medieval philosophy cannot be overestimated; they are in many cases the only witnesses to contemporary debates on philosophical topics. They are nonetheless very difficult to use: not only have different versions of the same commentary sometimes been preserved but also different commentaries on the same works, such as the differentlecturaeof some of Buridan's commentaries. There is also the highly standardized form of the commentaries themselves, where the same questions on a given Aristotelian work are often discussed in the same order. This uniformity is not limited to the titles of thequestionesbut affects the arguments too, which gives rise to doubts about the originality of the authors. It is easy to think of them as slavishly following an established tradition and so to fail to appreciate the real importance of their commentaries.
I Sigilli cosiddetti arnaldiani
Authors: Vescovini Graziella Federici
Published: August 2016

Si presenta qui l'edizione critica del breve testoDe sigillisattribuito dalla tradizione ad Arnaldo di Villanova. Esso fu pubblicato insieme agli altri suoi scritti per la prima volta nell'Opera omnia Arnaldia Lione nel 1504.
Grace and Freedom in the Soteriology of John Wyclif
Authors: Levy Ian Christopher
Published: August 2016

The popular portrayal of John Wyclif (d. 1384) is that of the inflexible reformer whose views of the Church were driven by a strict determinism that divided humanity into two eternally fixed categories of the predestined and the damned. In point of fact, however, Wyclif's understanding of salvation is quite nuanced and well worth careful study. It may be surprising to find that Wyclif's soteriology has not received a thoroughgoing analysis, one that would pull together the many facets involved in medieval conceptions of the salvific process. Instead, one finds some insightful, but abbreviated, analyses that tend to focus more on specific aspects, rather than offering a comprehensive view. The best sources are Lechler, Robson, and Kenny, all three of whom offer valuable appraisals. Actually, Lechler comes the closest to a broad view within his study of Wyclif, but well over a century has passed since it was first published. Needless to say, there has been an enormous amount of research done on late medieval thought since then, research that enables us to situate Wyclif more thoroughly within the discussions of his day. Even Robson's work is more than forty years old by now. And, while Kenny's treatment is comparatively recent at twenty years old, he tackles the subject only as part of a more strictly philosophical discussion of necessity and contingency. We will, of course, consider the views of each of these scholars in the course of this essay, the purpose of which is to offer a full appraisal of Wyclif's soteriology in its many facets. This means that we will first discuss the related questions of divine will and human freedom, and their impact upon his soteriology. Then we will examine his views on sin, grace, merit, justification, faith, and predestination, all within the larger medieval context. What we should find is that Wyclif's soteriology makes quite a lot of room for human free will even as he insists on the leading role of divine grace in all good works. Futhermore, Wyclif will emerge as a subtle thinker who most often presents a God who is at once just and merciful, extending grace and the possibility of salvation to all.
Astrology, Astral Influences, and Occult Properties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Weill-Parot Nicolas
Published: August 2016

The notion of natural “occult” is usually viewed by modern scholars as a tautological way of dealing with phenomena for which there was no current explanation. Consider how Molière mocks scholastic medicine in the “Intermède” ofLe malade imaginairewhen he gives the Bachelierus a silly answer to the question of why opium makes one sleep: “quia est in eo virtus dormitiva / Cujus est natura / Sensus assoupire.” Opium makes one sleep because it has a sleep-inducing power; its nature is to make “the senses drowsy.” The words of Molière's Bachelierus are strikingly similar to what Augustine writes in theCity of God(21, 7) concerning natural things that are endowed with extraordinary properties: “So for the other cases, irksome to rehearse, in which an unusual power seems to be present contrary to nature, yet no other explanation is given except to say such is their nature. No doubt their explanation is short, and still it answers enough.” Obviously, however, the very meaning of Augustine's statement is just the opposite of Molière's. In Augustine's view, the answer is “short,” because the real and only cause is God himself; nature is only an illusory cause. For Molière, the Bachelierus's answer is inane, because it seems to give a scientific explanation but in fact says nothing and certainly does not look for the true natural causes. But between Augustine and Molière there was scholastic science, in which thevirtus occultawas not a mere tautological statement but a real explanation based on a coherent conception of nature.
La recepción de Sidonio Apolinar en los albores del Humanismo: Petrarca y Salutati como intérpretes y transmisores de la cultura tardoantigua
Authors: Lobato Jesús Hernández
Published: August 2016

Es asunto de sobra conocido que la obra del autor galorromano Sidonio Apolinar (430/431–c. 487 d. C.) gozó de una amplísima e ininterrumpida difusión durante todo el Medievo, reflejo palmario de su éxito e influencia a lo largo de dicho período. Sin embargo, los sofisticados textos de este poeta lionés, tan admirados e imitados durante siglos, pronto habrían de enfrentarse a una nuevaforma mentis, que avanzaba poco a poco por la escena intelectual europea, hasta llegar a hacerse hegemónica: se trata, como es obvio, del primer Humanismo, que apenas comenzaba a despuntar sobre el solar itálico delTrecento.De ahí que la opinión que sobre este autor tardoantiguo se forjase un personaje tan influyente como Petrarca (1304–1374), auténtico abanderado de ese cambio de paradigma intelectual, habría de condicionar sobremanera el modo en que sus obras iban a ser juzgadas y percibidas a lo largo de todo el Renacimiento. La fortuna de Sidonio Apolinar y la propia pervivencia de su trabajo, hasta entonces libres de toda amenaza, entraban en una fase problemática, que habría de ser determinante para explicar sus futuros vaivenes.
The Date, Purpose, and Historical Context of the Original Greek and the Latin Translation of the So-calledExcerpta Latina Barbari
Authors: Burgess R. W.
Published: August 2016

TheExcerpta Latina barbari, also known as theBarbarus Scaligeri, is a peculiar and unfairly neglected text that has been compared to a Russian nested doll. It survives alone in Parisinus latinus 4884 of the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, a manuscript of sixty-three folios, usually dated to the late seventh or early eighth century. The nature of the text demonstrates that it was translated from a Greek exemplar, usually dated to the second half of the first quarter of the fifth century, which was lavishly illustrated. Although spaces were left for illustrations in the Latin translation, no attempt was ever made to undertake them. Little is generally known about the origins or purpose of this Latin translation or the Greek original, in spite of a magisterial study by Carl Frick in 1892, and recent renewed interest in this text makes it imperative that it be subjected to a careful analysis in the light of modern paleographical research and a better understanding of the sources of its Greek exemplar.
Abbas qui et scriptor?The Handwriting of Robert of Torigni and His Scribal Activity as Abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel (1154–1186)
Authors: Pohl Benjamin
Published: August 2016

This article investigates a specific twelfth-century hand that occurs in a group of manuscripts connected to the Norman abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel and identifies it as the hand of Robert of Torigni, the famous Anglo-Norman historian who became abbot of that monastery in 1154. The manuscripts used as evidence all contain corrections and interlinear glosses in what I contend constitutes Robert's own hand, and have neither been studied comparatively nor had their relationships scrutinized. Indeed, scholarship to date has actually argued for different examples of handwriting altogether as belonging to Robert and has not inquired as to whether the glosses and annotations contained within the codices discussed here could be indicative of Robert's scribal activity in the scriptorium of Mont-Saint-Michel during the period of his abbacy (1154–86). This article, therefore, seeks to challenge the prevailing notions concerning Robert's characteristic handwriting, both in terms of its supposed shape and character, and with regard to the manuscripts in which it is thought to survive. This fundamental reassessment of previous scholarship will be achieved by combining, for the first time, a comprehensive paleographical analysis of the manuscripts with a discussion of their broader historical and institutional contexts. Furthermore, and perhaps more significantly, in identifying Robert's hand and the contexts in which it survives, this article aims to enhance our knowledge concerning the person behind the script. It will present new and important insights into Robert's activities as head of his monastic community, as well as into his methods as a monastic historian who, as will be shown, was intimately involved in the processes of manuscript production at Mont-Saint-Michel during the second half of the twelfth century. Ultimately, this article argues that Robert, despite being the author and intellectual architect of complex and influential historical works, had in fact very little training as a book scribe, which is evidenced by his handwriting.
The Trinity, Universals, and Particular Substances: Philoponus and Roscelin
Authors: Erismann Christophe
Published: August 2016

During late antiquity, an interesting doctrinal shift can be observed: Aristotelian logic and its Neoplatonic complements, in particular the teachings of Aristotle'sCategoriesand Porphyry'sIsagoge, were progressively accepted as a tool in Christian theology. This acceptance met drawbacks and was never unanimous. Among the authors who used concepts that originated in logic in order to support their theological thinking, we can mention, on very different accounts, Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, Cyril of Alexandria, John Philoponus, Leontius of Byzantium, Maximus the Confessor, Theodore of Raithu, and John of Damascus, the author of an importantDialectica. In the Byzantine context, handbooks of logic were written specifically for Christian theologians, showing that logic was perceived to be an important tool for theological thinking.
Proprietas: Las propiedades ocultas según Arnau de Vilanova
Authors: Giralt Sebastià
Published: August 2016

Entre las prácticas y creencias varias que compartieron el nombre de magia en la baja edad media descollan la nigromancia y la magia natural como las dos principales corrientes de la magia medieval de tradición escrita. La nigromancia era conceptualmente más próxima a la religión, en el sentido de que pretendía obtener la ayuda de unos poderes sobrenaturales — espíritus, demonios — por medio de ritos, si bien − o quizás por esto mismo — era la más combatida por la Iglesia. En cambio, la magia natural resultaba más próxima a las ciencias medievales, puesto que su finalidad era conocer y explotar los mecanismos de la naturaleza. Aún así los escolásticos medievales distinguian entre un conocimiento racional bien explicado en el marco de su concepción física del universo y un conocimiento, a menudo también muy útil, que solo se podía adquirir por experiencia porque escapaba a la razón, Es de este tipo de conocimiento del que se ocupaba la magia natural, fundamentada en las propiedades ocultas existentes en la na turaleza.
Ela Longespee's Roll of Benefits: Piety and Reciprocity in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Amt Emilie
Published: August 2016

Ipsa autem, bonorum temporalium liberalissima ac spiritualium avida beneficiorum…

— 1293 charter of Oxford University, describing Ela Longespee

In 1293, the elderly and twice-widowed Ela Longespee, countess of Warwick, or someone acting on her behalf, gathered together eighteen charters that had been issued to her over the past dozen years and sent them to the bishop of Lincoln, to be confirmed and copied into a single roll. The original charters have long since vanished, but the enrolled copy survives in The National Archives at Kew. Its component documents, all of them detailed grants to Ela by religious institutions in the Oxford area, are highly unusual; even when compared to the few surviving parallels, they stand out for their specific content. The roll itself, comprising eighteen such documents in a private archive created for a thirteenth-century laywoman, is unique. And when it is examined along with other surviving evidence of Ela's religious activities, it provides us with an extraordinary perspective on the reciprocal nature of religious patronage at this time. What is especially unusual about Ela's case is that we know much more about what the religious promised to Ela than what she granted to them. Thus Ela Longespee's records tell us the side of the story that is seldom told when we look at records of religious patronage; they reveal the return that donors expected in the late thirteenth century, with increasing precision and urgency. Using a chronological framework, this essay will examine the surviving documents, tell the story of Ela's life, and explore the most interesting dimension of that story: her startlingly explicit reciprocal relationships with religious institutions.
Poeta arte christianus: Pomponius's Cento Versus ad Gratiam Domini as an Early Example of Christian Bucolic
Authors: McGill Scott C.
Published: August 2016

Critics have amply considered how Christian authors in late antiquity adapted the forms, language, and themes of classical poetry to create an ecclesiastical poetic tradition. Studies related to this topic have largely focused upon biblical epic and the carmina of well-known poets like Prudentius and Paulinus of Nola. In this paper, I wish to proceed into the less trodden area of Christian bucolic poetry, and specifically to one of the first examples of the form, Pornponius's Versus ad Gratiam Domini. This text, dating to the late fourth or early fifth century, is a 132-line Virgilian cento (with a concluding lacuna), or a work created out of unconnected verse units of varying length taken from the Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid that an author pieces together to compose a new narrative. These units can be up to three lines long, but usually consist of a segment of a hexameter line. Sixteen centos ranging in date from ca. 200–ca. 530 survive from antiquity, with four handling Christian topics. Because the ecclesiastical centonists reuse Virgilian verses directly, their texts serve as extreme examples of how Christian authors created poems by reworking the classical past. It is this transformative gesture that will concern me in this paper. I will investigate how Pomponius redeploys Virgil's language to compose his Christian Versus ad Gratiam Domini and, in the process, endows his text with specific features manifesting the continuity with and change of classical bucolic that is so fundamental to the development of the Christian pastoral form.
The Limited Impact of the Usatges de Barcelona in Twelfth-Century Catalonia
Authors: Kosto Adam J.
Published: August 2016

The twelfth-century legal compilation known as the Usatges de Barcelona holds an important place in the history of Catalonia. Recognized as authoritative by kings and parliaments alike from at least the thirteenth century, the Usatges were integrated into the official collection of Catalan law commissioned by the Corts and the new king of Aragón, Fernando de Antequera, in 1412–13. The work of the jurists who carried out this task was eventually fixed in print (in Catalan) in 1495 as the Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya, which was reissued in 1588–89 and again in 1704. The Usatges thus formed part of the law of the region for over 500 years, until the suppression of Catalan local law in the Decreto de Nueva Planta of 1716; thereafter, they survived — and still survive — as a focus of Catalan nationalism and regional pride. For medieval historians, the Usatges usefully supplement Catalonia's abundant documentary evidence, evidence unaccompanied before the thirteenth century by significant narrative sources. Individual articles cover such diverse topics as composition payments for injuries, guidelines for judicial proceedings, inheritance rules, military obligation, the status of Jews and Muslims, marriage, rape, treason, and public highways. Drawn from and influenced by a wide variety of sources — including the Visigothic code, Roman law, comital charters, and royal decrees — they provide valuable information about legal traditions and reasoning in Catalonia.
Gentile of Foligno Interprets the Prophecy “Woe to the World,” with an Edition and English Translation
Authors: Kaup Matthias , Lerner Robert E.
Published: August 2016

If a diary of a prominent late-medieval religious figure were to be discovered that revealed his thoughts about the present and the future, such a discovery would seem to be too good to be true. But if labeled differently, such a document does exist: not a diary, but a prophetic commentary. The commentary by the fourteenth-century Augustinian friar Gentile of Foligno on the prophecy “Ve mundo in centum annis,” has never been the subject of sustained attention. Consequently the following presentation aims to examine it carefully within the context of the author's career and to show how it reveals some intriguing working habits as well as Gentile's firm hopes for the advent of angelic popes and ecclesiastical renewal.
Anselm and theArticella
Authors: Gasper Giles E. M. , Wallis Faith
Published: August 2016

Sometime between 1070 and 1077, Anselm, then prior of the monastery of Bec in Normandy, wrote to his friend Maurice, a former Bec monk residing at Christ Church, Canterbury, and asked him to seek out copies of various texts, including Bede'sDe temporibusand theRegulaof St. Dunstan — presumably theRegularis concordia, the platform-document of the English Benedictine reform of the tenth century. Shortly thereafter, Anselm wrote again to Maurice, indicating that another text had been added to his desiderata:

Should it come to pass that, with [Archbishop Lanfranc's] favor always embracing us, you return to us (as is expedient for you, and as you and I desire), bring with you what you will have copied of theAphorisms. In the meantime, however, do as much of the text as you can without inconvenience to yourself, and then, if you are free, of the commentary, giving heed above all that whatever you will have brought with you has been corrected with the utmost diligence. If after your return any of it still remains to be done, and if Dom Gundulf is able to finish it through someone else, leave it to the person whom he designates. But it would be much better if Dom Gundulf were able to obtain by request the exemplar itself, so that it could be lent to me.
Corrigenda and Addenda to Diels'Galenicaby Richard J. Durling: III. Manuscripts and Editions
Authors: Fortuna Stefania , Raia Annamaria
Published: August 2016

Richard Jasper Durling (1932–1999) made many important contributions to the study of the Latin tradition and critical edition of the works of Galen (AD 129–216), the Greek physician who was a notable figure in the history of medicine from late antiquity to the eighteenth century.
The Olympic Victor List of Eusebius: Background, Text, and Translation
Authors: Christesen Paul , Martirosova-Torlone Zara
Published: August 2016

Sometime around 400 BC Hippias of Elis assembled the first cumulative list of victors in the Olympic Games. In the centuries that followed the victor list was regularly updated and widely circulated. The enduring popularity of Olympic victor lists, which the Greeks called Olympionikai, was due to the fact that, by the fourth century BC, numbered Olympiads and the names of Olympic stadion victors became a standard means of identifying individual years. (The stadion, a footrace over a distance of roughly 200 meters, was the signature event of the ancient Olympics.) The Olympic victor list thus became a basic chronological referent that was used by Greeks across much of the Mediterranean basin.
Anonymous on Alchemy, Aristotle, and Creation: An Unedited Thirteenth-Century Text
Authors: Clark John R.
Published: August 2016

Around the year 1200 there appeared a Latin translation of Pseudo-Aristotle's De mineralibus, in which the author denied the possibility of the transmutation of metals. This statement, especially when placed in the mouth of the revered Aristotle, was a severe blow to the aim of the alchemists. Indeed it had been Aristotle's theory of the generation of metals in his Meteorologica and his theory of a common origin of all metals that had encouraged the alchemists in their efforts to transmute base metals into gold. This pseudo-Aristotelian challenge to the truth of alchemy seems to have elicited at least one previously unrecognized response. In a short treatise, tucked away in a sixteenth-century manuscript of alchemical miscellany, an anonymous author quotes “Aristotle” saying that the species of metals cannot be transformed or transmuted, but includes the proviso, also taken from Aristotle: unless they be reduced to their primary matter. This materia prima is identified by our author as the moistness that comes from water, water whose creative power our author grounds in Holy Scripture, especially in the hexaemeral tradition of the story of creation from the book of Genesis.
Drei unedierte Festpredigten aus der Zeit der nestorianischen Streitigkeiten
Authors: Baur P. Chrysostomus
Published: August 2016

Der Codex Berolinensis 77 (Phillips 1481, xii. Jahrhdt.) enthält fol. 233r-235r und fol. 246v-249v drei unedierte Homilien unter dem viel missbrauchten Namen des hl. Chrysostomus. Schon die erstmalige Lektüre zeigt klar, dass Chrysostomus hier nicht in Frage kommt. Inhalt, Stil und Sprache weisen in andere Richtung. Ein genaueres Studium der Texte zeigt eine ziemlich weitgehende Verwandtschaft mit den Gedanken und Redewendungen der christologischen Diskussionen, die mit Eustathius von Antiochien und Diodor von Tarsus ihren Anfang nahmen, durch Theodor von Mopsuestia eine gewisse Verschärfung erfuhren und mit Nestorius ihren Höhepunkt erreichten. Man wird also zunächst bei diesen Namen, die alle der antiochenischen Schule angehören, stehen bleiben dürfen. Die ausdrückliche und einmütige Bezeugung der Handschriften für Chrysostomus, der ebenfalls Antiochener war, legt den Gedanken nahe, dass man die Homilien schon sehr frühe, wohl nicht ohne bestimmte Absicht, unter die schützende Obhut eines anerkannt gefeierten Namens gestellt hat. So ist z.B. gerade von Nestorius bekannt, dass seine Anhänger früher oder später dessen Schriften unter falschem Namen zu erhalten und zu verbreiten suchten. Bekanntlich hatte Kaiser Theodosius II. im Jahre 435 den Befehl gegeben, sämtliche Schriften des Nestorius zu verbrennen. Dem kaiserlichen Befehl ist ohne Zweifel in weitgehendem Maasse entsprochen worden, denn es hat sich unter des Nestorius eigenem Namen, ausser grösstenteils vorephesinischen Fragmenten und Zitaten, ganz wenig erhalten; anderes nur unter fremdem Namen und zwar hauptsächlich unter dem seines grossen Landsmannes und Vorgängers Chrysostomus. Ähnlich erging es später auch Diodor und Theodor.
Arezzo as a Center of Learning and Letters in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Wieruszowski Helene
Published: August 2016

The variety of cultural patterns that marks the Italian scene in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries is a historical phenomenon as familiar to the general historian as to the student of all the special fields to which Italy made its contributions at that time. Inquiry into the conditions determining the characteristics of some of the cities will point in different directions : to leading artists and scholars and their ‘schools’; to the taste and interest of individual or collective patrons; to outside influences, and so forth. Very often such an inquiry will uncover strands that lead back deep into the medieval past of the city. Yet medievalists, in writing monographs on one or another city, have found themselves mostly involved in the political and economic problems of the Italian scene, and indeed in the diversity that marked each city, but have paid little attention to local culture. Still, as shown by one brilliant example — the analysis by Robert Davidsohn of Florentine culture in the time of Dante — the task is an extremely rewarding one. For not only medieval Florence — thirteenth-century Florence which gave birth to Dante and the art of Giotto and Arnolfo da Cambio—but many other cities of northern and central Italy, great and small, wove the general influences and ideas of the age into their own pattern of culture, each with a design of its own. To be sure, many cities show similarities in their cultural growth just as they do in their political and economic development, but a more thorough analysis will reveal differences in the pace of their development as well as in the ‘selection’ of trends that determine their character. Potentialities and dispositions for leadership were apparent in several centers of Tuscany and northern Italy, and it would have been difficult at that time to predict which among them was to achieve a leadership that would last longer and extend over larger areas than that of one of its rivals.
Das Fragment ‘De paenitentia’; ein Teil der klementinischen Schrift ‘Quis dives salvetur’
Authors: Recheis P. Athanas
Published: August 2016

Des Klemens von Alexandrien Schrift Quis dives salvetur (QDS) schildert am Schluss (42.16ff : ed. Stählin, GCS 3.190.20-191.10) das Schicksal der guten Menschen: Engel öffnen ihnen freudig und mit Lobgesang die Himmel, allen voran kommt der Heiland ihnen entgegen und führt sie zum Vater. Die Schilderung ist aber nur als Bruchstück überliefert, der erste Satz ist nur teilweise erhalten:
‘Iocus amoris’: the Poetry of Baudri of Bourgueil and the Formation of the Ovidian Subculture
Authors: Bond Gerald A.
Published: August 2016

The poetry of Baudri, Abbot of Bourgueil (ca.1078–1107) and Archbishop of Dol (1107–1130), has attracted little critical attention. As is the case with other figures of the ‘Loire School’ or ‘School of Angers’ such as Marbod of Angers or even Hildebert of Le Mans, Baudri of Bourgueil remains largely unknown outside of a small circle of specialists. Yet his voluminous poetic production, most of which was completed by around 1100, should be particularly attractive for students of High Medieval culture, both Latin and vernacular, since literary and amatory concerns form its dominant topics. His plea for unrestrained reading, his decriminalization of desire, his mastery of Ovid, his radical treatment of friendship, his allegorization of myth, his sense of the individual, his defense of poetry — all these are especially significant at such an early date. In this paper, I propose to survey the poetry and assess its overall achievement in order to facilitate future research on more restricted and detailed levels.
‘Peregrinatio’ and ‘Peregrini’ in Augustine's ‘City of God’
Authors: Claussen M. A.
Published: August 2016

To most people inclined, in the late twentieth century, to think in such terms, the idea of pilgrimage as a metaphor for the Christian life seems natural and almost perfect — natural and perfect to the extent that it is often assumed to have been the metaphor for such a life from the beginnings of the religion. This is not the case. Although the image of pilgrimage —peregrinatio— can be found occasionally in earlier fathers, it did not receive a full theological exposition until Augustine'sCity of Godin the early fifth century. There,peregrinatiois linked directly to the theme of the two cities, the essential and basic conceit of the book. Even in the very first sentence, Augustine says that he will seek to defend
The Parishes of Toulouse from 1150 to 1250
Authors: Mundy John Hine
Published: August 2016

Some twenty years ago Canon Étienne Delaruelle and Janine Povill wrote a history of the parishes of Toulouse from their origins to 1160. My design is to review their findings for the mid-twelfth century and carry the history forward until about 1250. The limitation of 1250 is imposed essentially by a change in the nature of the documentation of Toulousan local history, which among other things involved a great diminution in preserved private documents.
Looking Gravely at Dominican Puns: The Sermons' of Robert Holcot and Ralph Friseby
Authors: Tachau Katherine H.
Published: August 2016

‘It will sigh like a thing that is deeply distressed:And it always looks grave at a Pun’LEWIS CARROLL

The name of the English Dominican Robert Holcot was still familiar to European intellectuals in the seventeenth century, thanks in part to the wide diffusion of his challenging Questions on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, but even more to the ready availability of his lectures on the biblical book of Wisdom.1 The latter commentary clearly was, as Fr. Joseph Wey observed, a ‘medieval best seller’;2 but few historians investigating late medieval thought or early modern access to it have recently studied the work. One who has done so, the late Beryl Smalley, has drawn attention to the verbal ‘pictures’ (Holcot's term) and extended plays on words that were surely among the pleasures that scribes and readers found in the book for at least three centuries.3 Any reader inclined to ‘look grave at a pun’ and not yet aware that the authors of Sentences commentaries commonly embedded their own cognomens implicitly (and often obscurely) in the biblical tags they chose as their incipits must have found cause for distress with the opening words of Holcot's Wisdom commentary.
The ‘Pistola’ of Cerveri de Girona
Authors: Lewent Kurt
Published: August 2016

Cerveri was decidedly no poetical genius, and often enough he follows the trodden paths of troubadour poetry. However, there is no denying that again and again he tries to escape that poetical routine. In many cases these attempts result in odd and eccentric compositions, where the unusual is reached at the cost of good taste and poetical values. On the other hand, it must be admitted that Cerveri's efforts in this respect were not always futile. His is, e.g. an amusing satire upon bad women. One of his love songs, characteristically called libel by the MS (Sg), assumes the form of a complaint submitted to the king as the supreme earthly judge, in which the defendant is the lady whose charms torture the lover and have made him a prisoner. This poem combines the traditional praise of the beloved and a flattery addressed to the king. Its slightly humoristic tone is also found in a song entitled lo vers del vassayll leyal. Here Cerveri, basing himself on a certain legend connected with St. Mark, gives the king advice in his love affair. Again the poet kills two birds with one stone, flattering the sovereign and pointing, for obvious purposes, to his own poverty. The latter is the only topic of a remarkably personal poem in which the author complains bitterly that, while many of his playmates have become rich in later years, the only wealth he himself did amass were the chans gays and sonetz agradans which he composed for other people to enjoy. Cerveri even tries to renew the traditional genre of the chanson de la mal mariée by adding motifs of—presumably—his own invention. This tendency towards a more independent way of thinking and greater originality in its poetical presentation could not be better illustrated than by the two poems which the MS calls Lo vers de la terra de Preste Johan and Pistola The one puts the poet's moral argumentation against the background of the medieval legend of Prester John, the other, which forms the subject of the present study, sets its teachings in a still more solemn framework, the liturgy of the Mass.
Alde Manuzio l'Ancien, éditeur de S. Catherine de Sienne (1500)
Authors: Laurent M. H.
Published: August 2016

Parmi les livres contenant des écrits d'auteurs italiens qui furent édités par AIde Manuzio I' Ancien de 1500 á 1514, le volume, renfermant les Lettres et les Oraisons de S. Catherine de Sienne, occupe une place de choix, car aussi bien par sa facture que par sa noble ordonnance, il se présente comme un monument typographique digne de la Sainte que, moins d'un siecle auparavant, Pie II avait placee sur les autels. Connue de Hain, dècrite plus largement par Renouard, Proctor, Pellechet, Polain et Ie Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke,‘l’édition de 1500 a été étudiée pour sa gravure par le due de Rivoli et, au point de vue catherinien, par MM. Fawtier et Dupré Theseider. Or, bien que dus à des spécialistes, ces différents travaux laissent subsister un certain nombre de problèmes. C'est pour hâter leur solution que la présente note a été rédigée. Elle fournira, croyons-nous, diverses précisions tant pour la description typographique que pour l'histoire de cette importante édition.