bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SURVEY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND EGG QUALITY IN FOUR GEOGRAPHIC AREAS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DIFFERING IN POPULATION DENSITY OF POULTRY
Authors: BUCKLAND R. B. , ALLEN A. B. , BJERRING J. H.
Published: March 2010

Egg quality in British Columbia has been below the Canadian average for a number of years. A study, using regression procedures, on the relationship between 17 environmental factors calculated on a weekly basis and weekly grading station reports (proportion of grades A, B, C and cracks) was conducted using 1968 and 1969 data. It was concluded that there was very little relationship within a geographic area between the environmental factors and egg quality as determined in this study. Also, an analysis of variance was performed on the proportion of each grade to determine the effect of geographic area (Vancouver Island, Fraser Valley, Southern Interior, Central Interior), volume of eggs handled by a grading station, grading station, season and year and their interactions on egg quality. It was found, particularly with respect to the proportion of Grade A and cracks, that geographic area was the most important main effect, and grading station was the next most important. The Fraser Valley, which had the poorest egg quality, also had a very high population density of chickens. Therefore, it was hypothesized that population density may be associated with higher levels of disease, which would have deleterious effects on egg quality.
CROSSBREEDING SWINE: REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SEVEN BREEDS OF SOWS BRED TO PRODUCE CROSSBRED PROGENY
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , BERNARD C. S. , HOLTMANN W. B.
Published: March 2010

Data were obtained from 57 Yorkshire (Y), 44 Landrace (LD), 39 Lacombe (LC), 34 Hampshire (H), 21 Duroc (D), 19 Berkshire (B), and 7 Large Black (LB) gilts farrowing crossbred litters by LD, LC, H, D, B, LB and Tamworth (T) boars in a half polyallel mating design. The traits studied were weight at puberty, number of normal teats, number of services per conception, gestation period, litter size and weight at birth, 21 days and weaning (35 days), average pig weight, mortality rate at birth and during suckling, and change in dam’s weight during nursing. The effect of breed of dam was significant (P < 0.01) on all traits studied except weight at puberty, number of services per conception and mortality rates at birth and during suckling. Gestation period was significantly longer for B, LB and Y than for sows of other breeds. LB sows had the smallest and B the lightest litters, while the largest and heaviest litters at birth, 21 days and weaning were those from LC and Y sows. LC, LD and Y sows had more teats and lost more weight during nursing than other sows. The effect of breed of sire was nonsignificant for all the characters studied. Length of gestation was 0.08 days shorter, weaned litters 0.32 larger and 5.9 kg heavier, and weaned pigs 0.51 kg heavier for sows farrowing their second litter than for gilts. The partial regressions on age of dam at farrowing were not significant except for mortality rate during the suckling period, litter size, litter weight and average pig weight at birth. The crosses with the heaviest litters at weaning were T × LC, T × Y, LB × LD and D × Y, in that order.
UTILIZATION OF FORMIC ACID TREATED SORGHUM-SUDAN SILAGE BY DAIRY COWS
Authors: FISHER L. J. , LESSARD J. R. , LODGE G. A.
Published: March 2010

Four methods of ensiling sorghum-sudan grass were compared: A, field wilted to an average moisture content of 69% prior to chopping; B, direct cut and chopped; C, direct cut and chopped with 0.5% w/w of 90% formic acid added at time of ensiling; and D, direct cut and chopped with 1.5% w/w molasses added during the ensiling process. The four silages were fed successively to each of 16 lactating cows over periods of 56 days according to a changeover design. Mean silage dry matter intakes (kg/day) were 10.0a, 9.1b, 9.2b and 9.5ab, and mean milk yields (kg/day) were 16.2a, 16.5a, 17.2b and 16.4a for treatments A, B, C, and D, respectively (where means followed by the same letter were not significantly different; P < 0.05). Digestibilities of dry matter, fiber and energy were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the formic acid-treated than for the wilted silage. The efficiency of energy utilization for milk yield plus body gain was greater (P < 0.05) for formic acid silage than for any other treatment.
EFFECT OF SOYBEAN TRYPSIN INHIBITOR, DIARRHEA AND DIET ON FLOW RATE, pH, PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES, AND NITROGEN FRACTIONS IN CALF INTESTINAL DIGESTA
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

The exocrine response of the pancreas to soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), diarrhea and composition of liquid diet was studied in calves. Digesta collected from four calves, each with one reentrant intestinal cannula, were analyzed for trypsin (T) and chymotrypsin (ChT) esterase activity, total nitrogen (TN), and non-protein nitrogen (NPN). Compared with whole milk alone, the addition of 1 mg of partially purified SBTI/ml of milk reduced the average T and ChT activity of digesta collected 2 and 5 hours after feeding from 32 and 18 units/ml to 3 and 1.8 units/ml, respectively; TN increased from 1.5 to 5 mg/ml, and the proportion of TN as NPN decreased from 73 to 43 percentage units. Lower levels of SBTI had a less marked effect on the calves. SBTI increased the flow rate of digesta in one of two calves used. During the first 15 min after treatment with neostigmine methyl sulfate (0.04 mg/kg body weight), the flow rate of digesta increased 2.7-fold, and total activity of T and ChT increased 2.3-fotd. Magnesium sulfate (0.05 M in die diet) caused profuse diarrhea, but had little effect on enzyme activity in the intestinal contents. It appears, then, that diarrhea per se has little or no effect on exocrine pancreatic secretion. Therefore, it is not the diarrhea induced by SBTI but some other effect of the inhibitor which reduces enzyme secretion from the calf pancreas.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR DRY MATTER DETERMINATION OF HIGH MOISTURE GRAIN CORN
Authors: JONES G. M. , LARSEN R. E. , ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

Comparisons were made between methods of determining the dry matter (DM) content of high moisture (HM) ground ear corn, preserved five months earlier with volatile fatty acids (VFA), and HM shelled corn at harvest. The effect of fine grinding (1 mm diameter screen) of HM shelled corn samples prior to DM determination also was examined. There were no differences in DM content of HM shelled corn between toluene distillation, oven-drying, or semi-automatic moisture testing. With HM ground ear corn, DM values obtained by toluene were greater (P < 0.01) than for the other methods. Fine grinding of the samples resulted in increased DM content (P < 0.01). However, differences between methods were apparently confounded by the presence of VFA. Air-drying HM shelled corn at 65 C for 24 hr, prior to DM determination, resulted in a 3% (P < 0.01) increase in DM content. However, there was a significant interaction (P < 0.01) with the effect of fine grinding; hence, the most accurate DM determinations were obtained when the samples were finely ground after air-drying. The least accurate sample preparation was from finely ground corn which had not previously been air dried. Moisture was apparently lost during grinding due to equilibration with atmospheric moisture.
SOME FACTORS INVOLVED IN SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE TOXICOSIS: ESOPHAGEAL LESIONS IN HEIFERS TREATED WITH COUMAPHOS, CRUFOMATE AND TRICHLORFON
Authors: KHAN M. A.
Published: March 2010

Esophagitis was discovered on necropsy in every heifer whose esophagus was infested with Hypoderma lineatum (de Vill.) larvae at the time of treatment with systemic insecticides coumaphos (Co-Ral, 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin O-ester with O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate), crufomate [Ruelene, O-(4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl) O-methyl methylphosphoramidate], or trichlorfon [Neguvon, dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate]. The lesions were more severe in animals treated with trichlorfon or crufomate than in those treated with coumaphos. A positive correlation (r = 0.784) existed between the severity of esophageal lesions and the degree of cholinesterase inhibition in the esophageal larvae, but not between the severity of lesions and the number of esophageal larvae. Because of cholinesterase inhibition, particularly after trichlorfon or crufomate treatment, the larvae probably became hyperactive and discharged excessive amounts of their proteolytic enzymes in the esophageal tissues and left their usual location in the esophagus. The vertebral canals of the treated heifers contained H. bovis larvae with depressed cholinesterases but no significant lesions in the spinal tissues. Other factors affecting the toxicity of systemic insecticides to cattle are discussed.
EFFECT OF METHOD OF DETERMINATION ON DIGESTIBLE ENERGY AND NITROGEN AND ON METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF RAPESEED MEAL AND SOYBEAN MEALS FED TO GROWING PIGS
Authors: SABEN H. S. , BOWLAND J. P. , HARDIN R. T.
Published: March 2010

Commercial samples of solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (RM), 44% crude protein soybean meal (SM) and 50% crude protein SM were evaluated for digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) and digestible nitrogen (DN), using two methods of evaluation. A comparison of results from feeding the test meals for two different lengths of time prior to conducting the determinations was also made. Sixteen castrate male pigs were allotted to each of the two evaluation methods, with four pigs assigned to each of three treatment groups, and four pigs assigned to the basal control group for each method. The two SM samples had higher DE, ME, MEn and DN than the RM sample. The DE, ME and MEn values in kcal/g dry matter for RM were 3.37, 3.13 and 2.76, and for SM they we’re 4.42, 4.21 and 3.71, respectively. The overall mean coefficient for DN was 79.2% for RM and 92.8% for SM. There were no significant differences observed between methods or between the two time periods. The values for the basal diets were uniform throughout the trial, as indicated by low standard errors.
CONSUMPTION OF DIGESTIBLE ENERGY BY SHEEP AS PREDICTED FROM THE CONCENTRATION OF IN VITRO DIGESTIBLE ENERGY, CELL-WALL CONSTITUENTS, AND CRUDE FIBER IN COARSE ROUGHAGE
Authors: TROELSEN J. E.
Published: March 2010

Six forage species were harvested at four to seven maturity stages annually for four years to provide 102 lots of hay. Each lot was fed to four sheep in the year after harvest to determine the voluntary consumption of digestible energy (kcal daily/kg0.75 of body weight). Samples of each hay were assayed for in vitro digestible energy, cell-wall constituents, and crude fiber. The consumption of digestible energy was correlated (P < 0.01) with each of the three assay measures within each species of hay. The regressions were generally linear (P < 0.05), and were similar in homogeneity of variance, and slope and elevation or regression between two alfalfa cultivars, and between the four grass species. Pooled regressions for the alfalfas and for the grasses differed (P < 0.05) only in elevation of regression. This was caused by a greater consumption of alfalfa hay than of grass hay at similar concentrations of digestible energy and cell-wall fiber. The in vitro digestible energy assay was superior to either of the fiber assays for the prediction of consumption of digestible energy for the grass hays, the coefficients of variation from regression (CV) being 18% for the in vitro assay and 24% for each fiber assay. Neither of the fiber measures affected the CV when included as secondary independent variables in a multiple regression. In the alfalfa hays the three assays each had a CV of 16%. The CV was reduced to 15 and 12%, respectively, when cell-wall constituents or crude fiber were included as a secondary independent variable. The accuracy of the laboratory assay was comparable with that of animal feeding experiments, in which the CV of feed consumption has been reported as 16 to 18% between sheep and 10 to 12% between cattle.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE METABOLISM IN SWINE: II. INFLUENCE OF ENERGY LEVEL AND ASCORBATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON HYDROXYPROLINE EXCRETION
Authors: BROWN R. G. , SHARMA V. D. , YOUNG L. G. , BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G.
Published: March 2010

The influence of the level of energy and ascorbate supplementation on hydroxyproline excretion in swine was studied in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment using 36 weanling, male Yorkshire swine. There were three levels of energy, 140, 240 and 340 kcal per kg W0.75 of metabolizable energy (ME) per day and three levels of ascorbate, nil, 500 and 1000 mg per day. An apparent complex interaction between energy level and level of ascorbate supplementation on hydroxyproline excretion was found. When ascorbate intake levels were increased to 1000 mg per day, there was a significant increase in total hydroxyproline excretion per kg of body weight with increased energy intake. This was not observed at ascorbate levels of 0 and 500 mg per day. When the influence of ascorbate supplementation within energy groups was examined, it was found that hydroxyproline excretion decreased significantly when the animals received 240 kcal per kg W0.75 of ME per day, and increased when the level of energy intake was 340 kcal per kg W0.75 of ME per day. Since urinary hydroxyproline is derived mainly from bone, these data suggest that 1000-mg levels of ascorbate, when combined with a high level of energy, in this case 340 kcal per kg W0.75, may increase the catabolism of bone matrix; on the other hand, when energy is limited, supplementary ascorbate may increase polymerization of precursor collagen into stable forms.
CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS OF TWO BREEDS OF CHICKENS AS INFLUENCED BY LEVEL OF DIETARY PHOSPHORUS
Authors: GARDINER E. E.
Published: March 2010

Two factorial experiments were conducted to compare the dietary calcium requirements of two breeds of chickens and to determine the relationship between breed, dietary phosphorus level, and dietary calcium levels. Both experiments used two breeds of chickens (broiler crossbreds and Single Comb White Leghorns), two levels of added dietary phosphorus (0.18 and 0.36%), and six levels of added dietary calcium (experiment 1: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.4%; experiment 2: 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%). Criteria observed included body weight (4-week), feed efficiency, mortality, and percent bone-ash. Breed and calcium level had a consistent significant effect on body weight, feed efficiency, and percent bone-ash. The breed × calcium interaction was significant for all the criteria measured, indicating that the Leghorn and broiler-type chickens differ in their dietary calcium requirements.
METABOLISM OF THE TOXIC PRINCIPLE OF ASTRAGALUS MISER VAR. SEROTINUS IN RUMINANTS AND NON-RUMINANTS
Authors: MOSHER G. A. , KRISHNAMURTI C. R. , KITTS W. D.
Published: March 2010

Rats and mice fed timber milk vetch (TMV) developed symptoms within 36 hours and died approximately 24 hours later. The rapidity of the onset of symptoms depended on the amount of TMV consumed. The symptoms included a loss of equilibrium, staggered gait and a characteristic arching of the back. Extensive hemorrhages were seen in the gastric mucosa. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the activity of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum isocitrate dehydrogenase of rats fed TMV. By paper chromatographic procedures it is shown that miserotoxin is hydrolyzed to glucose and 3-nitropropionic acid under the acidic conditions of the stomach in monogastric animals. In ruminants, miserotoxin is hydrolyzed to glucose and 3-nitro-1-propanol.
MASS SELECTION FOR POST-WEANING GROWTH IN SWINE: II. RESPONSE TO SELECTION
Authors: RAHNEFELD G. W.
Published: March 2010

Recurrent mass selection for post-weaning average daily gain was practiced for seven generations in a population of Lacombe swine. Response to selection was positive, but the observed response was estimated to be only 0.33 of the predicted. The pooled estimate of additive genetic variance was 0.0013 ± 0.0002. Realized heritability was 0.126 ± 0.029. The pooled estimate of heritability obtained from components of variance and parent-offspring regression was 0.377 ± 0.058. Litter size was positively correlated with average daily gain (0.14 piglet per generation). No significant effects of selection in reducing additive genetic variance were observed.
AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL MEASUREMENTS OF BEEF COW SIZE AS RELATED TO PROGENY PERFORMANCE
Authors: JEFFERY H. B. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

A study with 173 cows from the University of Alberta beef breeding herd (1969–1970 data) was conducted to investigate the interrelation of cow body-size variables and the effect of selected cow-size variables on calf performance. The cows were classified into two breed categories: Hereford and Angus–Galloway crosses (HEAG) and hybrid and other breed crosses (HYC). Measurements of cow body-size included: postcalving weight (PCW), weight when calves were weaned (WCW), height at withers (HW), height at sacrum (HS), and average wither-sacral height (H), body length (L), and heart girth (G). Heart girth was more highly correlated with body weight than either length or height measurements, indicating that G reflects condition of animal, whereas L and H measurements tend to reflect skeletal size. Body weight was highly correlated with both PCW/H and WCW/H ratios. Weight–height ratios appeared to reflect condition; WCW/H was considerably higher than PCW/H (4.13 vs. 3.32 for HEAG and 4.02 vs. 3.15 for HYC). Across breed and age of dam a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in a 0.7-kg increase in weaning weight of calf. A 1-cm increase in H resulted in a 0.97-kg increase in weaning weight of calf. Within breeds, preweaning performance of calves was more closely associated with H than with PCW in HEAG dams and about equal to H and PCW in HYC dams. Postweaning average daily gain was positively associated with both PCW and H for HYC dams but negatively associated with PCW for HEAG dams. For HEAG dams a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in a 0.47-kg decrease in final weight of male calves and a 1-cm increase in H resulted in a 3.7-kg increase. For HYC cows, a 10-kg increase in PCW resulted in a 1.91-kg increase in final weight of male calves and a 1-cm increase in H resulted in a 0.82-kg increase in final weight of male calves.
BONE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE AS INFLUENCED BY LIVEWEIGHT, BREED, SEX, AND RATION
Authors: RICHMOND R. J. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

Individual bones of the skeleton, dissected from one-half of the carcass were weighed and expressed as a percentage of total bone for 23 Duroc × Yorkshire, 42 Hampshire × Yorkshire, and 27 Yorkshire × Yorkshire barrows and gilts fed either low energy (LE) (2757 kcal DE/kg and 15.3% protein) or high energy (HE) (3652 kcal DE/kg and 19.9% protein) rations and slaughtered at either 68, 91, or 114 kg liveweight. To determine bone measurements at the start of the experiment bone data were collected from seven barrows and seven gilts of the same breed groups slaughtered at 23 kg liveweight. The scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna, femur, and tibia bones, in addition to being weighed, were measured to determine length and circumference. Increases in bone length were proportionate to liveweight up to 91 kg, after which growth rate decreased for all measured bones except the humerus. Growth in circumference increased rapidly for all measured bones up to 68 kg liveweight, after which increases were of lesser magnitude. Between 23 and 68 kg liveweight, increases in bone circumference were slightly greater than those in length. Weight for each measured bone increased linearily relative to liveweight. Among breed groups Duroc × Yorkshire pigs had the greatest radius and ulna circumference and Hampshire × Yorkshire the smallest tibia weight (P < 0.05). Gilts had a greater scapula length and weight and a greater femur and tibia length than did barrows (P < 0.05). Pigs fed the low energy ration exceeded those fed the high energy ration in scapula length (19.67 vs. 19.08 cm) and weight (171.52 vs. 157.25 g). Sex-liveweight and sex-ration interactions occurred for femur weight and percent scapula, respectively. Percentage bone in the carcass decreased as liveweight increased but percent bone within the hind and front quarters remained relatively constant after 68 kg liveweight. The influence of breed, sex, and ration on percentages of individual bones were observed only for the scapula, radius, and ulna and sternum and rib cartilage. A decrease in percent thoracic vertebrae and increase in percent ribs and lumbar vertebrae indicated an anterior-posterior pattern of skeletal development. Differentiation in bone distribution appeared to be essentially complete at or before 23 kg liveweight.
RESPONSE OF RATS TO DIETS CONTAINING 250 PPM SUPPLEMENTAL COPPER: GROWTH, FOOD CONVERSION, LIVER COPPER ACCUMULATION, AND FAT COMPOSITION
Authors: ELLIOT J. I. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two weanling rats were used to study the effects on food intake, average daily gain, food conversion, accumulation of copper in the liver, and fatty acid composition of body fat when 250 ppm supplemental copper was added to a barley–fish meal or barley–soybean meal diet. Rats were killed at either 4 or 8 weeks following the start of the experiment. Supplemental dietary copper did not influence food intake, reduced daily gain (P < 0.10 for 0–4 weeks only), depressed food conversion (P < 0.05 for 0–4 weeks only), increased liver copper concentration (P < 0.05), and did not alter the composition of body fat in comparison with control animals receiving either of the nonsupplemented diets. Based on these results the rat does not appear to be a suitable pilot species for investigating metabolic responses in pigs to high level copper supplementation of diets.
BLOOD SERUM AND TISSUE FREE AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS OF GILTS FED DL- OR L-METHIONINE
Authors: KNIPFEL J. E. , OWEN B. D. , CHRISTENSEN D. A.
Published: March 2010

A semipurified ration containing 0.55% DL-methionine was fed to two gilts from each of two litters, and 0.55% L-methionine was fed to an additional two gilts from each litter. Duodenal, liver, and serum methionine levels were higher when DL-methionine was fed, indicating differences in the abilities of the test gilts to utilize the D- and L-isomers. Serum and muscle methionine levels were higher for litter 2, suggesting possible methionine requirement differences between the two litters. Histidine, isoleucine, and leucine appeared to accumulate in muscle, serum, and liver, respectively, suggesting some form of short-term storage. The accumulation of histidine in muscle tissue was thought to partially explain the fluctuations often associated with serum histidine levels that have not been explainable in terms of diet. A need for further research into factors affecting amino acid requirements was indicated.
HEAT TREATMENT OF FULL-FAT SOYBEANS
Authors: SIMOVIC R. , BILANSKI W. K. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to investigate optimum time–temperature relations in an endeavor to minimize the time required for processing whole soybeans. Temperatures varying from 288 to 357 C and times from 3 min to 30 sec were investigated. An optimum treatment time was found at each temperature used, indicating that shorter treatment times could be used providing the total heat input was similar. It was not possible to reduce the treatment time to less than 30 sec since treatment temperatures beyond 357 C would then be required, which would char the beans. At the high temperatures used, moisture level of the beans had little or no influence on processing treatment as measured by weight gain and feed utilization of chicks.
CONTRIBUTION TO MINERAL NUTRITION OF CATTLE FROM DRINKING WATER
Authors: SODER E. M. , DYER I. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
A DEVICE AND PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN SERIAL BACKFAT BIOPSY CORES FROM PIGS
Authors: NEWELL J. A. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

not available
LAMB GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF ROMNELET, COLUMBIA, SUFFOLK, AND N.C. CHEVIOT BREEDS AND ALL SINGLE AND THREE-BREED CROSSES AMONG THEM
Authors: VESELY J. A. , PETERS H. F.
Published: March 2010

Growth performance is presented of 470–1297 purebred and crossbred lambs from several breeding trials conducted during the years 1964–70. The Suffolk breed significantly surpassed all the other breeds in weaning weight, feedlot gain, and final market weight. Least squares analyses revealed that weaning weight and final market weight were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by year, age of dam, sex, rearing type, breed of dam, and breed of sire. Total feedlot gain was affected significantly (P < 0.01) only by year, sex, breed of dam, and breed of sire. Suffolk breed was superior in maternal ability in purebred as well as in crossbred females on the dam’s or sire’s side. Suffolk sires also improved significantly (P < 0.01) the performance in weaning weight, total feedlot gain, and final market weight. Single cross and three-breed cross lambs represented a 5 and 14.6% superiority in weaning weight over purebreds. In feedlot gain, both the single cross and three-breed cross lambs gained about 7% more than the purebred lambs. In final market weight, the single cross lambs were 7.3% and three-breed cross lambs 11.4% heavier than the purebred lambs.
COMPARISON OF THREE BLOAT-PREVENTING COMPOUNDS FOR CATTLE GRAZING CLOVER
Authors: DAVIS J. D. , ESSIG H. W.
Published: March 2010

Eighteen steers that had previous records of bloat susceptibility were used to compare the effectiveness of two defaunating agents, copper sulfate (CuSO4) and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), with a nonionic surfactant, poloxalene (POE), for preventing bloat in steers grazing Regal clover (Trifolium repens). All compounds were equally effective in preventing bloat following the morning grazing period. Steers in all three treatments had a greater (P <.05) incidence and severity of bloat after the afternoon grazing period than after the morning grazing. Combined morning and afternoon incidence of bloat was highest (P <.05) for the POE-treated steers. Rumen content from CuSO4-treated steers had a lower (P <.05) acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and total VFA (volatile fatty acids) concentration change than the rumen content from other groups of steers. VFA concentration change of rumen content from DOSS-treated steers was similar to POE-treated except for propionic, which was negative and lower (P <.05). Protozoa were present in the CuSO4-treated steers, though the mean count before and after grazing appeared to be lower than in the other two treatments. DOSS-treated steers also appeared to have lower mean counts of protozoa than the POE-treated steers. In vitro gas production by CuSO4-treated steers was less (P <.01) than the DOSS and POE-treated animals. Protozoa appear to be important contributors to legume bloat in ruminants.
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AS A NITROGEN SOURCE FOR STEERS
Authors: ELY D. G. , BRETHOUR J. R. , THRIFT F. A. , LITTLE C. O.
Published: March 2010

Two feedlot trials were conducted to measure the effects on steer performance when supplementing finishing rations with different levels of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Feedlot performance of steers supplemented with 37.4 g NH4Cl per head daily, which replaced equivalent amounts of cottonseed meal nitrogen in the basal ration, was equal to that of steers fed the basal ration. However, when 75.5, 113.3, and 133.5 g NH4Cl were fed daily, steer gains were significantly reduced. Steers receiving 75.5, 113.3, or 133.5 g NH4Cl consumed only 96.4, 90.3, or 85.6%, respectively, of the total ration as those receiving 37.4 g NH4Cl daily. Rumen pH and plasma urea levels increased slightly as the level of dietary NH4Cl increased. Plasma threonine and phenylalanine decreased and plasma arginine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid increased as the level of NH4Cl in the diet increased. Total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations were highest when cottonseed meal was fed and lowest when the highest level of NH4Cl (133.5 g/head per day) was fed.
MILK FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION OF BEEF COWS AND THE INCIDENCE OF NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN THEIR CALVES
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , JENKINS K. J.
Published: March 2010

Milk fatty acid composition of 14 cows fed alfalfa–timothy hay (group 1) and 14 cows (both groups of the Shorthorn breed) fed oat hay (group 2) was determined at intervals from parturition to 2 months post-partum. Milk from group 2 cows contained higher levels of oleic and lower levels of palmitic, myristic, and pentadecanoic acid than the milk from group 1 cows. Two calves in the oat hay group and five in the alfalfa–timothy group died from nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD), with the number of calves with elevated serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase levels (indicative of NMD) significantly greater in the alfalfa–timothy than in the oat hay group. The milk consumed by dystrophic calves contained less oleic but more myristic and palmitic acids than consumed by healthy calves.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DUCKS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS IN TISSUE MERCURY RETENTION, DEPLETION, AND TOLERANCE TO INCREASING LEVELS OF DIETARY MERCURY
Authors: GARDINER E. E.
Published: March 2010

Ducks, pheasants, and broiler-type chickens were fed from 5 days of age diets containing four levels of added mercury (0.0, 0.33, 3.3, and 33 ppm) from methyl mercury dicyandiamide. At 35 days of age, heart, liver, kidney, and breast tissues were taken for mercury analyses. Birds receiving 0.33 and 3.3 ppm of mercury were changed to the 0.0 ppm diet after 35 days and the four tissues were removed weekly for 9 weeks. Body weight at 35 days was lower in all three species on the 33 ppm diet than on the other three diets. Mortality on the 33 ppm diet was 90, 85, and 7.5% for pheasants, ducks, and chickens, respectively. Background tissue mercury levels (0.0 ppm added mercury diet) were higher in liver and kidney than in heart and breast. Relative tissue mercury levels for the other three treatments at 35 days of age were: heart < breast < liver < kidney. Tissue mercury levels were generally higher in ducks than in pheasants and higher in pheasants than in chickens. Ducks retained more mercury in their tissues over time after they were placed on the 0.0 ppm diet than pheasants, and pheasants retained more than chickens.
EFFICACY OF CRUFOMATE ON CATTLE GRUBS IN RELATION TO METHOD, RATE, AND TIME OF APPLICATION
Authors: RICH G. B.
Published: March 2010

The effectiveness of crufomate against cattle grubs (Hypoderma spp.) was studied in 83 specific tests involving 3247 treated and 2304 untreated cattle, using four methods of application. Spray application was the least effective and the most wasteful of crufomate, with high contamination of the external environment. Intramuscular injection was the most consistently effective method, and was the most economical of crufomate. Feed-additive application was effective and economical of crufomate, but high numbers of grubs survived in some slow-feeding animals. Pour-on was less economical of crufomate, but was the most efficient method of application, with little contamination of the environment. Pour-on efficacy increased rapidly up to 90% reduction of grubs as application rate increased up to 20 mg crufomate per kg animal, and then increased slowly to 96.5% at 50 mg per kg. Applications late in the season were significantly more effective than those early in the season. Two applications, with an interval of 3–4 weeks, gave the highest reductions of grubs, with two applications at 18 mg per kg giving higher reductions of grubs than single applications at 37 mg per kg. Posttreatment reactions were insignificant when animals were treated with relatively empty rumens and extensive exercise. Additional information is desirable on low-level repeated applications by intramuscular injection and pour-on.
ASCORBIC ACID METABOLISM IN LAMBS AND THE EFFECTS OF VITAMIN E OR ETHOXYQUIN AND RUMEN DEVELOPMENT
Authors: deMILLE F. , BROWN R. G. , BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
FEEDING VALUE OF "FORAGE" OATS
Authors: BURGESS P. L. , GRANT E. A. , NICHOLSON J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF NEUTRALIZING ACID WHEY POWDER IN MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS ON PERFORMANCE AND ABOMASAL AND INTESTINAL DIGESTION IN CALVES
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Milk replacers with relatively low pH result from the inclusion of acid whey powder in the formula. Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of adjusting the pH of milk replacers containing different levels of acid whey and milk (M) or milk and soybean proteins (MS) on calf performance. Weight gains of calves to 8 weeks of age were increased by 15% (P < 0.20) in two experiments when the pH of the M diet with 23% whey powder was adjusted from about 5.7 to 6.8 with NaOH. Digestible nutrient intakes per unit weight gain decreased by about 15% (P < 0.10), but digestion coefficients were not significantly affected. Results from four calves with abomasal or reentrant intestinal cannulas indicated that the beneficial response to pH adjustment was due to a slower rate of abomasal emptying. Compared with the unadjusted diets, pH adjustment resulted in a greater drop in pH and higher nitrogen content (mg/ml) in abomasal digesta, and reduced volume flow, nitrogen, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in intestinal digesta. The calf responses to pH adjustment were less with the MS compared with the M diets containing 23% whey powder. Adjusting the pH of the M diet containing 52% acid whey powder from 5 to 6.8 had no effect on calf growth or nutrient utilization. The nitrogen supplied by the whey powder was calculated to be only 50% digestible by calves at 3–4 weeks of age. Proteolytic enzyme secretion from the pancreas was about 2.5 times less on the 52% compared with the 23% whey formula. We conclude that acid whey powder can be added to milk replacers at levels of about 23 % and that adjusting the pH improves calf performance.
WOOL PRODUCTION OF RANGE EWES AT THREE INTENSITIES OF GRAZING
Authors: SMOLIAK S. , SLEN S. B.
Published: March 2010

Mature, white-faced ewes grazed mixed prairie range at the rate of 1.7, 2.0, and 2.5 ha per animal unit month (AUM) for 9 months annually over an 18-year period at the Canada Agriculture Research Substation, Manyberries, Alberta. As intensity of grazing decreased, production of raw and clean wool and body weight at shearing increased significantly. The average regressions of fleece weight on body weight at shearing were 0.034, 0.031, and 0.026 kg of raw fleece and 0.024, 0.020, and 0.018 kg of clean fleece for ewes on the heavy, moderate, and light rates of grazing, respectively. There were no differences in the wool characteristics measured or in body weight at shearing of two subgroups of ewes, one receiving phosphorus supplement and salt and another salt alone, when alfalfa hay was fed during 3 winter months. To obtain maximum production of wool per ewe, the stocking rate should be set at not less than 2.0 ha per AUM.
EFFECTS OF PHYTOL AND ETHANOL ON THE FATE OF RADIOTOCOPHEROL IN SHEEP
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , JENKINS K. J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of orally administered phytol or ethanol on the metabolism of tritium-labelled tocopherol was studied in 12 sheep fed hay ad libitum. Significantly higher levels of radioactivity were found in the liver, adrenals, rumen tissues, and heart of the two alcohol-treated groups than in the corresponding tissues of the unsupplemented group. In the nontreated sheep specific activities of their blood lipids inclined to be higher than those in the ethanol- or phytol-treated sheep. The higher tritium levels in the livers of the ethanol- and phytol-administered groups may have been related to the reported increase in tocopherol requirement resulting from alcohol-induced stress.
CONTROL OF NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN LAMBS BY VITAMIN E IMPLANTATIONS
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , JENKINS K. J. , CORNER A. H.
Published: March 2010

An implantation technique utilizing slow-release vitamin E pellets was evaluated as a means of controlling nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD). Seventy-eight pregnant ewes were fed a dystrophy-producing hay, and implantations were made on 36 ewes at mid-pregnancy with four pellets, each containing 665 mg D-α-tocopherol; the remainder (42 ewes) were kept as control. Twenty-seven lambs from the control ewes and 21 from the implanted ewes were also implanted with two pellets, each containing 665 mg D-α-tocopherol. Several muscles were examined for NMD lesions. Implantation of D-α-tocopherol to the Iambs prevented almost completely the occurrence of NMD. Plasma vitamin E levels in both groups of implanted lambs were significantly higher than in untreated lambs from the untreated ewes during the 4-month period of biweekly blood sampling. Large variability was encountered in the plasma vitamin E levels of implanted lambs. Implantation of the ewes provided only partial protection to the offspring but implantation of lambs was almost completely effective against NMD.
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID LEVELS AND SEQUENCE IN SWINE DIETS: EFFECTS ON GAIN, FEED CONVERSION, AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: PIERCE A. B. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments with a total of 176 pigs were conducted to assess the effects of dietary protein level and amino acid balance on performance of starting, growing, and finishing pigs and carcass quality at market weight. Diets offered in the three stages of growth contained 20, 17, or 14% protein, 14% protein + 0.2% L-lysine HCl (L), or 14% protein + L + 0.1% DL-methionine (M). Feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion were inferior in the starting period for pigs fed the 14% protein diet, with less effect as the pigs aged. A compensatory feed conversion effect in later growth stages was observed in pigs fed 14% protein diets throughout. However, age to market averaged 2–3 weeks longer for pigs fed the 14% protein sequence throughout compared with other treatments. L or L plus M supplements improved feed intake, rate of gain, and feed conversion, with less effect as the pigs aged. The sequences of 20, 17, 14; 20, 14, 14; or 17, 17, 17% protein resulted in an average overall daily gain of 0.70 kg. Digestible energy and nitrogen coefficients were not influenced by diet, breed, or sex. In experiment 1, treatment had no effect on carcass measurements but in experiment 2, loin area was reduced in pigs fed 14% protein diets throughout and was improved with amino acid supplements. Although gilts generally had lower feed intakes and slower gains than barrows, they had equal feed conversion and superior carcasses. Hampshire × Yorkshire pigs gained more slowly but had superior carcasses in comparison with Landrace × Yorkshire pigs in experiment 2. The experiments demonstrate that there is considerable flexibility allowable in levels and sequence of protein that may be fed during starting, growing, and finishing periods to allow similar performance of market pigs.
PERFORMANCE, CARCASS COMPOSITION, AND FAT COMPOSITION OF BOARS, GILTS, AND BARROWS FED TWO LEVELS OF PROTEIN
Authors: NEWELL J. A. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Forty-eight pigs, 16 each of boars, barrows, and gilts, were allotted at an average age of 41 days to two treatment groups based on dietary protein level, either 18% protein throughout or 16% protein in the growing period (start to 50 kg) and 13% protein in the finishing period (50–90 kg). Feed intake during the growing period was influenced by sex with boars eating less (P < 0.05) than barrows. No significant differences in feed intake were observed for the overall experiment but the trend established in the growing period still existed. In the overall experiment sex did not influence rate of gain, which averaged 0.72 kg/day. Higher dietary protein level improved (P < 0.01) gain in comparison with the lower levels. A significant interaction existed between sex and protein, boars responding more to high protein than barrows, and gilts being intermediate. Feed conversion was influenced (P < 0.05) by sex and protein level, boars being superior to barrows or gilts and pigs fed the higher protein diet (3.16 kg feed per kg gain) superior to those fed the lower protein diet (3.36 kg feed per kg gain). Barrows dressed 79.6% and gilts 79.3% both higher (P < 0.01) than boars, which dressed 75.9%. Boars had a grade index of 102.6 and gilts 101.4, both of which were higher (P < 0.01) than barrows with 97.9. Other carcass measurements generally ranked the sexes in order of superiority as boars, gilts, and barrows. Boar carcasses had more muscle and less fat (P < 0.01) than barrows, gilts being intermediate. Dietary protein level did not significantly influence carcass composition. Six muscles were analyzed for protein, fat, and ash. No significant differences between sexes were found, but higher protein level increased (P < 0.05) the percentage protein in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Fatty acid analyses of backfat showed no significant differences except in linoleic and linolenic acids, for which boars and gilts had higher percentages than barrows. Detectable sexual odor on cooking was judged to be present in 56% of boar carcasses. If procedures to eliminate sexual odor can be developed, boars offer promise as market animals, particularly if they are fed relatively high protein diets.
UNPROCESSED RAPESEED TREATED WITH PROPIONIC ACID IN DIETS OF GROWING PIGS: PERFORMANCE, ENERGY AND PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY, AND NITROGEN RETENTION, CARCASS MEASUREMENT, AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BACKFAT
Authors: BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Forty-two crossbred weanling pigs, equalized between gilts and barrows, were fed ad libitum in two replicates of seven dietary treatments. Diets contained 0, 5, or 10% unprocessed ground rapeseed of Brassica campestris type with or without propionic acid (PA) at a level of 10% of the rapeseed. Rapeseed was treated with PA prior to grinding. Additional pigs were fed diets containing 1 or 4% PA. Feed intake decreased, but not significantly when the diet contained rapeseed or 4% PA. Pigs fed the diet without rapeseed or PA gained 0.65 kg/day and required 2.79 kg feed/leg gain. Daily gain (0.47 kg) was lowest (P < 0.01) for pigs receiving 10% rapeseed with those receiving 5% rapeseed being intermediate between those fed 0 or 10% rapeseed. The addition of PA to a diet containing 10% rapeseed improved (P < 0.01) gain. Digestible energy (DE) in the diet containing 10% rapsseed was less efficiently (P < 0.01) utilized than DE in the basal diet with 0% rape-seed, even though digestibility studies suggested no depression in DE or metabolizable energy values from rapeseed addition. Nitrogen digestibility (DN) was higher (P < 0.05) at 88.5% for pigs fed 10% rapeseed plus PA than for the control pigs in which DN averaged 83.5% with other treatments being intermediate. Carcass measurements were not significantly influenced by treatment. Addition to the diet of 5 or 10% rapeseed, which provided 2.1 or 4.2% oil and 0.65 or 1.3% C 22:1 (erucic acid), respectively, increased C 18:2, 18:3, and 22:1 and decreased C 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 fatty acids in the backfat. C 22:1 reached a maximum of 3.7 weight percent of the total fatty acids. PA had no influence on backfat composition.
FEEDING VALUE OF RAPESEED FOR LAYING HENS
Authors: LESLIE A. J. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding diets containing 0, 5, 10, and 15% ground raw rapeseed to three replicates of 14 laying hens each. Isocaloric isonitrogenous diets were fed for a 28-day experimental period and performance and egg quality parameters were measured. Egg production was depressed at the two higher levels of rapeseed inclusion but was not affected at the 5% level of inclusion. Haugh unit, albumen height, and shell deformation were not affected significantly (P > 0.05) but egg weight decreased progressively as rapeseed inclusion increased. Feed consumption was significantly depressed (P < 0.05) at the 15% level of rapeseed and slightly reduced at the other levels.
EFFECTS OF POSTWEANING LEVEL OF FEEDING ON RETURN TO ESTRUS IN SOWS
Authors: DYCK G. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
MUSCLE, BONE, AND FAT AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS IN FIVE BREEDS OF LAMB
Authors: VESELY J. A. , PETERS H. F.
Published: March 2010

Carcasses of 80 wethers of the Rambouillet, Romnelet, Columbia, Targhee, and Suffolk breeds randomly chosen within four weight ranges (14.5–21.0; 21.5–24.0; 24.5–26.0; 26.5–33.0 kg) were used for studying interrelations of carcass constituents by complete separation of muscle, bone, and fat. The carcass traits studied were: area of rib eye; depth of rib eye; circumference of metacarpus bone; backfat depth; muscle-to-bone ratio; percent muscle; percent bone; percent fat; muscle, bone, and fat weights; and muscle-plus-bone weight. Depth of backfat differed significantly (P < 0.01) among the weight classes. This source of variation represented almost 50% of the total sums of squares. Depth of backfat increased from the lightest (7.9 mm) to the heaviest (15.7 mm) carcasses. Rambouillet lambs produced the leanest carcasses (50.5% of muscle) and significantly more lean meat than Columbia (46.5%, P < 0.01) or Romnelet (47.9%, P < 0.05). Breed effect on total variation of percent muscle was substantial (16%). Two-way and three-way interactions of the three factors (year, breed, and weight range) represented an important source of variation (20–30%) in backfat depth, muscle-to-bone ratio, and percent muscle. Simple correlation coefficients estimated within breed × weight range subclasses were statistically proved to be heterogeneous in nine relations. Backfat depth seemed to be the best single predictor of the percentage or the amount of fat in the carcass.
A COMPARISON OF ULTRASONICS WITH THE RULER PROBE FOR THE PREDICTION OF CARCASS YIELD IN SWINE
Authors: GILLIS W. A. , BOWMAN G. H. , GREIGER H. , RAHNEFELD G. W.
Published: March 2010

A total of 550 pigs were used in a study to examine the accuracy and precision of ultrasonics and the ruler probe for the estimation of carcass yield. Three experiments were conducted that involved collecting data under test station and farm conditions. Various ultrasonic and ruler probe measurements were made on the live animals as well as carcass measurements in each of the three different experiments. Experiment 1 included 156 boars in a central test station; in experiment 2, measurements were collected from 304 boars on 20 farms under field conditions; and experiment 3 consisted of a cut-out test on 59 R.O.P. test pigs as well as obtaining live measurements similar to those collected in experiments 1 and 2. In addition, off-midline fat and lean probes were taken. Results of the study indicate that the ruler probe method and the ultrasonic method are comparable with each other, and quite accurate, for the measurement of backfat thickness in live swine. Furthermore, loin eye area can be accurately measured with ultrasonics. Variability in accuracy and precision of both techniques was found between experiments. Significant increases of approximately 20 and 10% in degree of precision were found for the prediction of carcass yield by including ultrasonic measurements of loin eye area and loin lean:fat ratio, respectively, with measurements of backfat thickness. The ultrasonic technique was found to be quite satisfactory for field and test station application.