bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying, Understanding, and Working with Grieving Parents in the NICU, Part I: Identifying and Understanding Loss and the Grief Response
Authors: Dyer Kirsti
Published: November 2011

The admission of an infant to an NICU is an unexpected event for the parents and one often not predicted by health care professionals. This highly stressful and overwhelming hospitalization is likely to be one of the greatest life challenges that parents of newborns face. Parents need support from NICU professionals, among others, to cope with the losses that occur in the hospital setting. This article provides NICU professionals with general information about loss and the subsequent grief response, focusing on losses from sources other than death. Common emotional and physical responses are provided so these can be recognized in affected parents. By increasing their awareness of the topics of loss and grief, health care professionals can help ensure that grieving parents get the support needed to assimilate their loss into a life forever changed.
Myelomeningocele, Avocados, and Rubber Tree Plants
Authors: Pilcher Jobeth , Sogard Lisa
Published: November 2011

Infants with myelomeningocele and the nurses who care for them have something in common. Both are at higher risk than the general population for developing latex allergies. This article provides a review of the literature regarding latex production, latex allergic responses in children and adults, types of latex allergic reactions, and prevention of latex allergies.
Newborn Screening Guidelines for the Critically Ill Infant
Authors: Balk Katherine
Published: November 2011

The use of mass spectrometry in newborn screening has made possible the early diagnosis of various metabolic diseases. However, because aminoglycosides, blood transfusions, nothing by mouth status, and the presence of heparinized solutions all affect the results of newborn screens, neonates in critical care units who receive such treatments ought to be screened under specific practice guidelines. Many of the devastating sequelae of metabolic diseases are preventable if diagnosed early, making the development of such practice guidelines for use in the NICU especially important.

Additionally, no standardized practice guidelines presently exist for determining who, whether birth hospital or primary care provider, is responsible for notifying the parent of a positive result and thus ensuring invaluable follow-up care. Such standardized guidelines for screening practice are needed to prevent devastating neurologic sequelae for children whose condition may otherwise escape unaddressed. Newborn screening guidelines developed at Johns Hopkins Hospital and Memorial Regional Hospital provide a helpful starting point.
Embracing Bioethics in Neonatal Intensive Care, Part I: Evolving Toward Neonatal Evidence-Based Ethics
Authors: Purdy Isabell
Published: November 2011

Ethical treatment dilemmas are not new to the NICU. With technologic advances over the past 20 years, NICU care has developed rapidly, and survival rates have improved for some of the tiniest and most critically ill infants. In guiding clinical practice, however, standards in evidenced-based medicine have often superseded standards in evidence-based ethics. Part I of this article presents a historical review of neonatal care and an overview of cases that have set precedents in neonatal ethical debate. It also includes recommendations for enhancing the skills of neonatal nurses as patient advocates in NICU ethical issues, an area that is, at times, controversial and baffling to clinicians.
Car Seat Safety for High-Risk Infants
Authors: Howard-Salsman Kimberly
Published: November 2011

Most neonates discharged from the hospital are able to go home in a standard car safety seat. Some infants, though, require special devices to ensure their safe travel. NICU nurses must have the knowledge and skills to comfortably and competently give vital information to parents preparing to take their infant home. This article is intended to increase awareness among NICU nurses of the potential dangers babies face when placed in a car seat. It provides a basic overview of car seat safety for infants being discharged home from an NICU and includes references for those who seek further information on this topic.
Evidence-Based Practice: How Much, How Strong, How Fast?
Authors: Askin Debbie Fraser
Published: November 2011

EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE (EBM) HAS BEEN DEFINED as “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”1
Understanding Neonatal Bowel Obstruction: Building Knowledge to Advance Practice
Authors: de Silva Nicole , Young Jennifer , Wales Paul
Published: November 2011

Providing care to neonates with bowel obstruction requires a basic understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) anatomy and functional landmarks as well as knowledge of the pathophysiology associated with intestinal blockage. Early recognition and prompt diagnosis necessitate astute assessment of common presenting symptoms and accurate interpretation of diagnostic investigations. Initial medical management is focused primarily on gastric decompression and maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. This article describes features of the neonatal GI tract and discusses common causes of neonatal bowel obstruction.
Caput Succedaneum and Cephalohematoma: The Cs that Leave Bumps on the Head
Authors: Nicholson Lisa
Published: November 2011

Caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma are conditions that rarely evoke much concern in the NICU but deserve more attention. This article examines the two conditions, reviews the literature, discusses possible complications, and leaves the reader with a heightened awareness of these seemingly benign lesions.
Neonatal Mortality: A Critical Global Health Issue
Authors: Ogbolu Yolanda
Published: November 2011

Almost all of the millions of babies who die worldwide in the first four weeks of life are in low- and middle-income countries. The socioeconomic status of developing countries adversely affects maternal-child health because it limits access to adequate nutrition, quality health care, medications, safe water, adequate sanitation, and other basic social services. The factors associated with high infant mortality rates transcend national boundaries, making infant mortality a critical global health problem. Poverty is one of the most important factors affecting the infant mortality rate in Nigeria. This examination of infant mortality in Nigeria exemplifies the multifactorial national and international issues underlying infant mortality in developing countries. Infant mortality in these countries will not improve without global attention and intervention. By finding creative ways to share expert knowledge about caring for neonates, neonatal nurses can contribute to global improvements in maternal-child health care.
News of The Academy of Neonatal Nursing
Authors: Brott Shirley
Published: November 2011

Through your generous donations, ANN’s contribution of $2,500 to the Council of International Neonatal Nurses (COINN) enabled two neonatal nurses to attend the 6th International Neonatal Nursing Conference in New Delhi, India, organized by the National Neonatal Forum of India. The recipients of the scholarships are Shobha Nepali and Shela Akbar Ali Hirani. Ms. Nepali is from Nepal and currently is the president of the Nepal Australia Maitri Sangh Association. Ms. Hirani is an instructor at the Aga Khan University School of Nursing in Karachi, Pakistan. According to Ms. Nepali, “I was so excited; it was my first trip to New Dehli, India. At the conference, there was a common feeling among neonatal nurses that their voices were not being heard and they have no influence on budget decisions. I can clearly see the discontent among nurses in developing countries who have advanced skills. Nonetheless, nurses from India have pursued recognition of their rights, as shown by the inauguration of the Indian Association of Neonatal Nurses. During the COINN conference we prioritized the following action points: (1) better nurse education and clinical training, (2) an exchange program for global unity, and (3) research focus on evidence. I am grateful to COINN for providing me with such a great opportunity to attend the 6th International Neonatal Nursing Conference 2007. I refreshed my knowledge and expertise, and I will try my best to share this among the people of Nepal.”
New Year’s Thoughts and Thanks
Authors: Rait Suzanne
Published: November 2011

AS THE YEAR ENDS AND THE NEW ONE BEGINS, MANY of us are introspective. We begin to think back on the past year and into the future, and review our life’s journey. We question, how did we get where we are? And, do we like where we are? We begin to wonder, what kind of changes should we make in our lives now?
Hypothermia and Hypoxic- Ischemic Encephalopathy: Guideline Development Using the Best Evidence
Authors: Mathur Amit Mohan , Smith Joan Renaud , Donze Ann
Published: November 2011

BABY AVA WAS DELIVERED AT 39 weeks gestation by emergency cesarean section following a prolapsed cord. Her mother was 23 years old, and this was her first pregnancy, which had been uneventful. She was Group B Streptococcus negative. The mother’s membranes ruptured one hour prior to arrival at the hospital, and she presented in labor. She was afebrile with stable vital signs. When initially examined, the cord was found prolapsed in the vaginal canal. She was immediately placed in a knee-chest posture and rushed to the operating room.
Transition to an Individual-Room NICU Design: Process and Outcome Measures
Authors: Milford Cheryl , Zapalo Barbara , Davis Glenda
Published: November 2011

Redesign of a neonatal intensive care unit is a major budget undertaking, demanding accountability for its equipment and feasibility of design. It must be philosophically based and driven by research supporting best practice. The NICU at the Magee-Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, a Level III, 74-bed unit, has made the change from a ward design to an individual-room design suitable for family-centered, developmentally supportive care. This article presents the design process as it occurred. Unique to this process are the involvement of NICU-graduate families and the use of transition teams. Guidelines and recommendations are offered to others interested in designing and practicing in an individual-room NICU. Outcome data demonstrate staff adjustment to the new design and practice model. A comparison of this NICU design is made with the Recommended Standards for Newborn ICU Design.
Cerebellar Hemorrhage in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Impact on Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Maddalena Patricia , Gibbins Sharyn
Published: November 2011

Improvements in neuroimaging technology and techniques have contributed to the increased recognition of cerebellar hemorrhage (CBH) in the preterm infant. Studies have indicated that the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant (<1,000 g) is at highest risk for this injury. Associated risk factors include a constellation of antenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors, with immaturity, fetal distress, and cardiorespiratory instability in the early neonatal course as significant contributors. The long-term impact of CBH for the ELBW infant is not fully understood, but recent reports suggest that, in addition to motor impairments, deficits in cognitive, language, and social-behavioral function are also apparent. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of cerebellar development, risk factors for injury, and long-term developmental consequences of injury. Implications for nursing practice, education, and research are discussed.
The Relationship Between Feeding and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Schurr Patti , Perkins Esther
Published: November 2011

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in the NICU, with often devastating consequences. The etiology of NEC is probably multifactorial, with preterm infants at the highest risk. The relationship between feeding and NEC was identified in the 1970s, leading to delayed feeding becoming standard treatment in NICUs. More recent research suggests that early feedings not only are safe, but reduce other morbidities associated with prematurity. Standardized feeding guidelines seem to confer some benefits in decreasing NEC, despite a wide variability in feeding practices within the published guidelines. A standardized approach to the management of feeding problems may be the key. This article briefly reviews the pathogenesis of NEC and examines studies of various feeding practices for their relationship to the development of NEC. It also highlights the potential benefits of breast milk in NEC prevention.
Findings from the National Institute of Nursing Research Related to Neonatal Care: 2008 Update
Authors: Bingham Raymond J.
Published: November 2011

A new program designed to help nurses teach parents, family members, and child care providers about risks and protective practices for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is now available from the National Institutes of Health. The Continuing Education Program on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Risk Reduction was developed by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), in collaboration with national nursing and infant health organizations. (Represented by Jeanette Xaichkin, RNC, MSN, The Academy of Neonatal Nursing Participated in the process.)
Letters
Authors: Sharpe Elizabeth
Published: November 2011

Ms. Shirland raises a valid concern regarding safe securement of the neonatal PICC catheter and its role in preventing catheter fracture and catheter embolism. Ms. Paulson and Ms. Miller’s response is appreciated [see the author’s response in Neonatal Network, November/December 2008, p. 427]. In Dislodgement Rates and Impact of Securement Methods for Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICCs) in Children, Frey and Schears report methods of PICC securement include transparent dressings, skin closure strips, sutures, and catheter-specific securement devices.1 However, a specific procedure for the appropriate placement of the skin closure strips is not delineated. In PICC Complications in Neonates and Children, Frey describes catheter fracture, where the damage was caused by a “sterile-tape thread” in a skin closure strip.2 Given the extended dwell time expected with PICC catheters, placement of skin closure strips including sterile tape fibers directly overlying the catheter would, in combination with infant mobility, support the possibility of external forces (fibers, adhesive agent, activity) causing severance of the catheter over time, which cannot be discounted. In cases of catheter embolism, catheter fragments required cardiac catheterization for retrieval.2
Cesarean Delivery by Maternal Request: What Neonatal Nurses Need to Know
Authors: Michaluk Cynthia Acuff
Published: November 2011

The rate of cesarean deliveries by maternal request (CDMRs) is rising in the U.S. This article explains why women choose this type of delivery, notes the risks of CDMR for the infant, and suggests ways neonatal nurses can minimize the risks for well infants, as well as for those who must be admitted to the NICU.
Neonatal Advanced Practice Nurses as Key Facilitators in Implementing Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Smith Joan Renaud , Donze Ann , Cole F. Sessions , Johnston Judy , Giebe Jeanne
Published: November 2011

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP) is a process that utilizes the best available evidence, expert opinion, and patient preference to guide clinical practice decisions. Although the process itself is relatively straightforward and understandable (See Five Steps of Evidence-Based Practice), implementation requires an infrastructure and knowledge base that can support all five steps of the EBP process.
Clinical Practice Guidelines: What Are They? Where Are They? How Good Are They?
Authors: Smith Joan Renaud , Donze Ann
Published: November 2011

PREVIOUS COLUMNS HAVE FOCUSED on utilizing evidence-based practice to incorporate the best evidence into clinical practice. This column builds upon that knowledge and describes a specific type of presynthesized evidence meant to guide and inform practice: clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Clinical practice guidelines have been in existence for years, and their development is based on the desire to move research into practice and promote consistency among practitioners.1 Clinical practice guidelines are tools for health care team members to use to enhance their knowledge and skill in integrating evidence into the clinical decision making process. This column defines CPGs and the significance they have in the practice setting and provides tools and resources necessary to locate, develop, and critically appraise them.
Nursing Liability and Chain of Command
Authors: Smalls Harriett Twiggs
Published: November 2011

SCENARIO: A FIVE-DAY-OLD INFANT is diagnosed with systemic Candida albicans (yeast). During rounds, the resident physician is told to start 5FC (flucytosine). When the order is written, it is for 5FU (fluorouracil, a cancer drug). The medication arrives on the unit; the nurse checks it against the order and determines that it is for the right patient, right dose, right route, right time, and, according to the order, right drug. The infant receives the drug from nurses on two shifts. The nurse on the night shift, a new nurse, asks why the infant is receiving a cancer drug. She calls the pharmacy to question it, then calls the resident physician and is told that it was what the attending physician said to order. Despite the nurse’s insistence that this is not the right drug, the resident demands that she give the drug as ordered. She gives the drug. The next morning the infant dies. A lawsuit is brought in which the resident, attending physicians, and hospital are named as defendants. The hospital is sued because of the negligence of its nurses who failed to question the order to give 5FU.
Are Supine Chest and Abdominal Radiographs the Best Way to Confirm PICC Placement in Neonates?
Authors: Sneath Nicole
Published: November 2011

Background: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are commonly used in NICUs. Although they have many benefits, they also have many potential complications. Confirming catheter tip position is essential to decreasing complications, but the best method to achieve confirmation is unclear.

Objectives: Literature review for studies that address line position confirmation to assist health care providers in evaluating the available research and to identify gaps in the literature.

Method: A literature search of four major databases followed by an ancestry approach was performed. Articles reviewed specifically discuss PICC lines and PICC line placement confirmation.

Results: Data on confirming PICC placement were lacking. Fluoroscopic placement is ideal, but cannot be done at the bedside and is costly. Supine chest radiograph is the most widely used method and is convenient, but when line tip position is unclear, contrast or ultrasound confirmation can be used. When PICC lines are placed in the saphenous vein, infants may benefit from supine and lateral abdominal radiographs to ensure placement in the inferior vena cava.

Discussion: More studies are needed to generalize findings. PICC line tips should be located in the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava close to the junction with the right atrium (0.5–1 cm outside of the cardiac chambers in premature infants and 1–2 cm outside of the cardiac chambers in larger infants). Arm position is very important when performing radiographs for placement because movement of the arm can cause migration of the catheter. There is also significant inter-observer variability when identifying line tip position.
Urinalysis Interpretation
Authors: Hardy Paige
Published: November 2011

DURING INTRAUTERINE LIFE, the placenta is primarily responsible for electrolyte management in the fetus. The most important function of the kidney before birth is its role in formation and excretion of urine to maintain and promote an adequate amount of amniotic fluid.1 However, postnatally, the kidneys are responsible for fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The kidneys mature at a rate proportional to gestational age. Thus, the kidneys of preterm infants are at a significant disadvantage.
Complementary and Alternative Methods of Increasing Breast Milk Supply for Lactating Mothers of Infants in the NICU
Authors: Jackson Pamela
Published: November 2011

“Breastfeeding” an infant in the NICU means that the mother must manually pump her breasts for milk for weeks to months until the infant is physiologically mature enough to suckle at the breast. Complementary and alternative therapies have been proposed to assist with lactation in NICU mothers. These methods for increasing breast milk supply include herbal galactagogues, kangaroo mothering, and relaxation therapies.

A review of the literature was performed using PubMed and CINAHL databases. Twenty-four sources were chosen for inclusion in this article. Search terms included the following:galactagogues, breastfeeding, kangaroo care, andlactation, among others. The state of the science of alternative therapies in the management of inadequate breast milk supply is summarized here. The evidence is discussed and adverse side effects related to these therapies is addressed.
Neonatal Cardiac Tamponade and Pleural Effusion Resolved with Chest Tube Placement
Authors: Alabsi Samir
Published: November 2011

Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade secondary to umbilical venous catheterization are rare complications but potentially fatal. This article reports a case of cardiac tamponade and right pleural effusion secondary to transudation of hyperosmolar fluid from an appropriately placed umbilical venous catheter. The infant survived as a result of early diagnosis by echocardiography and urgent chest tube placement that drained both pleural and pericardial effusions. Cardiac tamponade should be highly suspected in any neonate with a central venous catheter who develops sudden, unexplained clinical deterioration in cardiopulmonary status even when the line is properly placed, and urgent echocardiography or pericardiocentesis should be considered early in management of such patients. Umbilical venous catheterization should be considered only for a select group of sick neonates due to risks involved with these lines. When an umbilical venous catheter is placed, special precautions should be taken and maintenance guidelines followed.
An Ounce of Prevention: Decreasing Painful Interventions in the NICU
Authors: Mountcastle Keitha
Published: November 2011

Despite a proliferation of literature relative to pain physiology, assessment, and treatment, pain management in NICUs remains inconsistent—most often focused on assessment and treatment rather than prevention. The acceptance of pain as an inevitable part of NICU hospitalization is part of the culture in many NICUs. This article is intended to encourage discussion of pain prevention in the NICU, with a goal of creating a new “minimal-pain” NICU culture. The focus of NICU pain management programs should be on decreasing the number of painful events the NICU patient experiences. Areas for consideration include assessing the performance of procedures by novice versus experienced NICU personnel, reevaluating the role of pediatric residents in the treatment of NICU patients, evaluating the use of umbilical lines and peripherally inserted central catheters to reduce the frequency of peripheral punctures, and evaluating the admission process for ways to reduce neonatal pain and stress. This article discusses the physiology of pain in the neonate, identifies adverse outcomes related to repeated pain, and proposes practice changes that can prevent unnecessary pain in neonatal care.
Mothers’ Breastfeeding Experiences in the NICU
Authors: Boucher Camille A. , Brazal Paola M. , Graham-Certosini Cynthia , Carnaghan-Sherrard Kathryn , Feeley Nancy
Published: November 2011

Purpose: There is extensive literature on the physical and physiologic benefits of breastfeeding premature infants. Less is known about mothers’ perceptions of their own breastfeeding experience. This study explored the maternal experience of breastfeeding initiation and progression in the NICU.

Design: A qualitative, descriptive design.

Sample: A convenience sample of ten mothers was recruited from a Level III NICU. The sample included mothers of infants between 33 and 36 weeks gestational time at the time of the interview who had been in the NICU for at least five days.

Main Outcome Variable: Mothers’ breastfeeding experiences with preterm infants in an NICU.

Results: Mothers described their breastfeeding experiences in terms of maintaining milk production, the regimen of the NICU, mother as learner, personal motivation, and forming attachments.
Resurgence of Congenital Syphilis: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Follett Tara , Clarke Denise F.
Published: November 2011

Despite comprehensive antenatal screening recommendations and inexpensive treatment, congenital syphilis has long been and continues to be a public health concern, causing substantial morbidity and adverse outcomes. The following article reviews syphilis etiology and presentation, clinical disease, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of congenital syphilis. A case will be presented describing a 31-week male infant exposed to infectious syphilis in utero. The neonate presented with classic signs of infection at birth. After initial serology testing of the infant, appropriate treatment was commenced. The infant received crystalline penicillin G for a period of ten days in consultation with pediatric infectious disease specialists. As expected, the infant’s rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titers declined by three and six months of age. An interdisciplinary approach provided safe and optimal care for this infant. He was discharged, stable, and thriving at 38 weeks corrected age. Long-term multidisciplinary management and follow-up were arranged.
Characterization of Unconventional Gas Play in the Lower Beluga
Authors: Gorney David , Jebutu Segun , Li Weidong , Cairo Rolando Del , Woods James , Manuel Ela
Published: November 2011

The response of NMR in the unconventional gas play in the Beluga formation of the Cook Inlet basin at Ninilchik Gas Field does not match the conventional predicted pressure and temperature model, because the zones are at a relatively shallow depth of 1500 to 3200 vertical feet and the pressure gradient is approximately 0.44 psi/ft. This paper presents insights and results of applications of NMR in these unconventional low-pressure hydrocarbon formations. The integration of NMR with other LWD logs, including density, neutron, and acoustic, showed the need for combined petrophysics and petrofacies interpretation.

NMR measurements exhibited that the free-fluid T2 cutoff was around 110 ms, well above the usual 33 ms for sandstone. Low pressure gas produces an NMR signal that not only is weaker but one that also relaxes faster than it does at high pressure. This is because of reduced hydrogen index and enhanced diffusion effects as pressure reduces.

The crossover of density and NMR porosity curves was used to identify the pay zones. The difference of the porosities is due to the gas hydrogen index effect, resulting in a crossover similar to density and neutron crossover. Unlike neutron, NMR porosity is mineralogy independent. Therefore, it may be more reliable than neutron-density crossover to identify gas. Porosity and gas saturation were computed based on the differences between apparent density porosity and apparent NMR porosity - the density and NMR crossover methodology (DMR).

Density and neutron logs were acquired while drilling and in the presence of dissolved gas trapped in formation porous space. Using the equations summarizing density and NMR porosity log sensitivities, the DMR method was applied to correct for the gas effect. The DMR method, with the help of additional logs such as neutron and density, enhances the understanding of NMR responses on these formation conditions. Once DMR porosity is computed, the free-fluid index can be recomputed to its actual value after gas correction; and gas-corrected permeability can now be estimated from the calibrated Coates-Timur model. Gas-corrected porosity and NMR permeability improved accuracy in determining the actual lithology.
Superior Quality Diamond Heel Inserts Improve Cutting Structure and Seal Life in Abrasive and Directional Applications
Authors: Cobb Tyler , Scott Dan , Nelms Derek
Published: November 2011

Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit technology and the application of PDC bits continues to improve and consequently, the window of application for roller-cone bits is being narrowed. This paper will demonstrate how in this narrowed window of tougher application focus, operators can gain additional performance and economic benefits by employing the latest design methods and materials including a new generation of diamond enhanced inserts.

The primary applications of focus where roller-cone bits are still predominantly used in achieving high buildup rates and for drilling through difficult formations such as highly abrasive sections, high interfacial severity (interbedded), and conglomerates. With increasing demands on roller-cone bit technology to handle damaging side and cyclical loading in directional applications, traditional roller-cone cutting structures exhibit premature rates of wear and damage on the outermost (heel row) tungsten carbide inserts (TCI). The loss of useable heel inserts allows for more direct formation contact, resulting in heat and wear in the seal area leading to premature seal failures. The development of improved designs and use of a new generation of superior quality diamond inserts has resulted in extended cutting structure life and consequently, longer seal life for operators.
A Practical Numerical Model to Optimize the Productivity of Multistage Fractured Horizontal Wells in the Cardium Tight Oil Resource
Authors: Sennhauser Eric S. , Wang Shunyi Jimmy , Liu Xiangping Mike
Published: November 2011

The technology to multi-stage fracture horizontal wells has opened up development of tight hydrocarbon resources world wide. One such resource in Canada is the Cardium Formation which extends over 3.5 million acres and has an estimated OOIP of over 10 billion barrels. The new technology has allowed accessing these tight resources which were previously uneconomic to develop with vertical wells. For the Cardium it is particularly true for the halo (or periphery) where reservoir quality was insufficient for economic depletion with vertical wells. This paper demonstrates an efficient model and methodology to optimize multi-stage fractured horizontal wells and provides production forecasts. A quarter of a fracture numerical simulation method (Quarter-Frac Model) with multi-phase and multi-dimensional characteristics is utilized in this paper to simulate the fluid flow from the repetitive drainage element in a full field development. The model uses an accurate description of the reservoir in terms of geology, fluid characteristics, and pressure profile. The overall performance of the multi-stage fractured horizontal well is determined by a range of completion variables that include well spacing, fracture spacing, fracture dimensions and characteristics, and placement of first and last fracture. The simulations are carried out for a range of completion and development variables. The results are then translated into the performance of the whole horizontal well. The optimum completion and development scenario depends on economic considerations.

It is realized that the first and last fractures (toe and heel) will have different drainage areas compared to those of the inside fractures. This is demonstrated by comparing the Quarter-Frac Model to an All-Frac Model simulating an actual horizontal well length with multiple fractures simulated with local grid refinement. A penetration ratio is introduced that describes the effect of placing fractures nearer to the section boundaries. The quarter-fracture model is shown to be efficient and provides reservoir engineers with a practical and accurate tool to design and optimize multi-stage fractured horizontal wells.

The quarter-fracture model has applications for primary and secondary recovery. Simulation results for the Cardium Formation have shown rapid pressure decline with primary depletion in full field development. An improvement in recovery can be achieved with pressure maintenance. Some preliminary simulation results are provided that show the effect of water injection which will be piloted in the field to demonstrate the feasibility.
A New Classification Plot for Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Gilman James R. , Wang Huabing , Fadaei Sepehr , Uland Michael J.
Published: November 2011

The classic Nelson plot (Nelson, 2001) has been widely used to illustrate the geologic characteristics of various NFR types ranging from matrix dominated flow with some fracture enhancement to purely fracture dominated systems (e.g. basement reservoirs). However, for many reservoirs, there is significant overlap in model types and different parts of the reservoirs may fit into different classifications. In fact, the choice of characterization and modeling approaches depends on other considerations such as the fluid system, matrix geologic characteristics, and recovery processes. For example, for gas-oil gravity drainage processes, the rate of vertical oil drainage in the matrix may dominate oil recovery and dual-permeability may be the desired modeling approach even in a highly fractured reservoir. Alternatively in pure depletion processes, we might be able to model a highly fractured system with an effective single-porosity representation because of rapid matrix-fracture pressure equilibration. However, in all fractured reservoirs, of special concern is the rate of matrix-fracture fluid transfer which is directly related to the fracture intensity of the open connected fractures.

In this paper we present a new classification plot that highlights the importance of fracture-matrix fluid transfer. This consideration is not directly incorporated in the Nelson plot. Our new classification concept can be used to understand differences in dynamic performance of NFR for purposes of analogue selection or screening of potential recovery processes. In this paper, several characterized NFR reservoirs (including unconventional systems) are compared via the new classification plot and their differences and performance are discussed. Additionally we provide some discussion of naturally fractured reservoir (NFR) characteristics for the purpose of illustrating the controls on matrix-fracture fluid transfer.
Pseudo-Component, Thermal, Reservoir Simulation Study of a Proposed, Low Pressure, Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Pilot Project In Northeast Alberta
Authors: Uwiera-Gartner M. M. , Carlson M. R. , Palmgren C. T.
Published: November 2011

Bitumen production from the Athabasca Oil Sands in northeast Alberta, Canada typically uses steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) techniques. For shallow bitumen resources, low pressure, SAGD (LP-SAGD) and expanding solvent, LP-SAGD (SLP-SAGD) techniques are viable options for such developments as these methods maximize bitumen production and control steam-oil ratios (SORs), while maintaining asset integrity throughout the life of the project.

In Alberta, applications requesting approval for pilot-scale, thermal exploitation of bitumen resources are submitted to the Energy Resources Conservation Board for review. As part of the application process, thermal reservoir simulation studies are often conducted, forecasting 10 years of asset development using SAGD.

The authors recently completed a 3D, pseudo-component, thermal, reservoir simulation study of the proposed Clearwater West, Phase 1 Pilot Project located southeast of Fort McMurray, Alberta. The simulation program, STARS™, was used for this investigation. Three potential development strategies for the Pilot Project were evaluated. These strategies included LP-SAGD, where 100% coldwater equivalent (CWE) steam is continuously injected into the reservoir for 10 years. The other cases were SLP-SAGD, where the injection stream consists of 75% CWE steam and 25% solvent is continuously injected into the reservoir for either 10 years or for 7 years, followed by wellpair blowdown and the termination of solvent injection. Comparisons of key modelling parameter results, such as steam chamber development, bitumen production and recovery, SORs and solvent loss, were completed for all development strategies. A sensitivity study was also conducted.
Why Not to Base Economic Evaluations on Initial Production Alone
Authors: Taylor Robert S. , Barree Robert , Aguilera Roberto , Hoch Ottmar , Storozhenko Ken
Published: November 2011

If one is repeatedly conducting the exact same completion in the same lithology of the same reservoir, then initial production (IP) rates might be a good indicator of relative long-term well performance or estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). This technique is tempting to use because it is quick and simple, and allows for easy comparison. However, use of this method alone assumes the shape of production decline curves will remain consistent from one well to the next. This method can especially be fallible when different numbers of fractures are placed along a lateral with possibly variable length. In this case, the relation between IP and EUR becomes much less defined.

Basing key economic decisions on IP alone can be misleading. This paper examines situations in which IP is not only a poor indicator of ultimate well performance, but in fact shows a reverse correlation. Sizing and spacing of fracturing treatments along a horizontal wellbore as well as vertical placement of the lateral in the zone can all be key variables. In many cases, one can choose high IP or optimized economic return, but not always both. Assuming that high IP equates to greater economic return can be a critical error. It is therefore essential to those involved in well-completion design as well as financial analysts to understand the variables involved as well as their impact. A lack of understanding could lead to poor completion and/or stimulation decisions that could severely impact the return on investment (ROI).
Shale Gas Modeling Workflow: From Microseismic to Simulation -- A Horn River Case Study
Authors: Novlesky Alex , Kumar Anjani , Merkle Stefan
Published: November 2011

Recent success of commercial shale gas developments in a number of basins throughout North America can be attributed to the application of advanced technologies used to drill horizontal wellbores, stimulate the shale reservoir, and optimize productivity of shale-bearing formations. Many of the drilling and completion techniques learned from the thousands of wells drilled and stimulated in more mature shale basins, such as the Barnett, have been applied to newer shale discoveries such as the Marcellus and Haynesville in the United States, and both the Montney and the remarkable Horn River Basin in Canada. The unique properties of each shale, however, preclude a "cookie-cutter" development approach from being applied. Each play must be optimized as a unique reservoir.

In order to utilize numerical simulation as a tool in optimizing well design, one needs to develop a model that appropriately represents the complex process of gas flow from the native reservoir to the hydraulic fractures and subsequently to the wellbore. This is challenging due to poor understanding of variables such as pressure dependent permeability variation, fluid cleanup, relative permeability effects, non-Darcy flow, methane desorption in a nano-Darcy shale matrix, and fracture conductivity variations from the dominant hydraulic fractures to the secondary induced and natural fractures. Another challenge is accurate representation of the hydraulic fracture. Is the fracture planar or complex? What is the fracture geometry? What is the fracture intensity within the stimulated volume? What is effectively propped? What is the proppant distribution within the fracture system? How does this tie to effective conductivity and does it vary with distance from the wellbore (three dimensionally)?

Finding a unique match to historical production is very challenging. Shale gas operators collect a large amount of data including cores and logs (specialized for nano-Darcy rock), micro seismic, diagnostic fracture injection testing (DFIT), fluid and proppant tracers and more. This data is used to better characterize the reservoir and the natural and hydraulic fractures and can help to constrain model inputs.

This paper discusses a workflow used in developing a numerical shale gas model for Nexen’s Horn River shale gas reservoir. Presented is a practical and systematic approach to using surveillance data; specifically microseismic data in construction of the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and the network of hydraulic fractures in the model. Discussions will also focus on accurately modeling complexities such as non-Darcy flow in the hydraulic fractures, pressure-permeability dependencies, variations in hydraulic fracture conductivity and fluid cleanup. The objective is to gain understanding and insight into the uncertainties that have the greatest impact on well performance.
SAGD Pair Performance Optimization: A Field Case of Recovery Enhancement
Authors: Jorshari Kamran R. , O’Hara Brendan , Jones Ramsey W.
Published: November 2011

Performance of fields under thermal recovery processes has been considerably improved by experimenting with new techniques and innovative operational solutions in heavy-oil and extra heavy-oil fields. By far, steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) and cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) methods have been the most compelling and have proven a successful history in these oil fields. At the Celtic heavy-oil field, Husky Energy experienced three phases of optimization over the course of ten years of recovery. The Celtic field consists of 28 SAGD pairs located in the Lloydminster heavy-oil region that have been in service since 2001. Among these pairs, there are three SAGD pairs (F-pad east) with early productivity challenges in addition to down-time caused by sand production. Following new geological realization and reservoir studies, the injector wells were converted to production wells performing horizontal CSS process. In 2008, and in an effort to maintain production, a detailed numerical simulation study was conducted to compare different steam support configurations and the result was justified for field execution. The outcome resulted in four directional steam-injection wells (G-Pad) permanently started to support the current horizontal producers.

In 2009, the new configuration commenced and is still in operation today. Communication with horizontal wells has been completed on one side of the pattern and it has been gradually extending to other side. Recently acquired field data suggest that the process is exceeding the expected oil profile and its steam consumption is less than that was anticipated. The geological review, history of the F-Pad East pairs, results of numerical simulation study, and recommendations are presented in this paper.
Analysis of Production Data Using the Beta-Derivative
Authors: Idorenyin E. , Okouma V. , Mattar L.
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a new insight into rate transient analysis using the beta-derivative function (β-derivative). Production rates and flowing pressures from tight gas and shale gas wells were analyzed using various implementations of the betaderivative to emphasize different features of the data and, as a result, reveal characteristic information about flow regimes and the extent to which the reservoir has been drained. The beta-derivative was applied to rate, pressure and normalized rate, and the effect of skin on the β-derivative was also investigated. The intent was to determine which format is the most useful for diagnosing the dominant flow regimes or the sequence of flow regimes that have occurred while producing from an unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs (tight gas, shale gas and light tight oil).

It was found that the classic signature of the β-derivative is altered by the presence of skin. Also, the derivative based on constant rate is different from that based on constant pressure. The beta-derivative's diagnostic value was compared to that of the Bourdet Derivative and the Primary Derivative

The β-derivative has significant diagnostic value for identifying power-law type of flow regimes (such as wellbore storage, linear flow, bilinear flow, boundary-dominated flow, etc) because it possesses a recognizable unique character for each of these flow regimes. For instance, the β-derivative is 0.5 for linear flow, 0.25 for bilinear flow and 1.0 for boundary dominated flow. In addition, since the β-derivative is dimensionless, it can be used to differentiate the performance of wells producing from the same field or from different resource plays. The new plotting functions presented in this paper are not intended to replace existing diagnostic functions but can be used in conjunction with them to enhance production data analysis.
New Type Curves for Shale Gas Wells with Dual Porosity Model
Authors: Abdulal Haider J. , Samandarli Orkhan , Wattenbarger Robert A.
Published: November 2011

As interest in exploiting shale gas/oil reservoirs with multiple stage fractured horizontal wells increased, complexity of production analysis and reservoir description have also increased. The main objective of this paper is to present and demonstrate type curves for production data analysis of shale gas/oil wells using a Dual Porosity model.

Dual Porosity model is based on Bello and Wattenbarger’s (2010) mathematical model where hydraulic fractures act as a secondary porosity system where matrix is the primary porosity system. Samandarli et al. (2011) showed application of this model on history matching and forecasting of shale gas wells with multiple fractures by doing regression on effective fracture and matrix permeability and half length. This type of regression is as rigorous as simulation, however much faster than it. On the other hand for "quick look interpretation" having type curves will make the production analysis even more convenient for practical purposes.

With this method production of shale gas/oil well can be matched with developed type curves which vary with effective permeability. Once the production data is matched with one of the type curves, effective permeability and match points are recorded. By using dimensionless equations developed for Dual Porosity model fracture half-length can be determined. In order to use type curves, good estimate for effective porosity and matrix permeability should be predetermined.

Type curves developed in this paper were applied to synthetic and field data examples. Early results show that method works well in determining effective fracture half-length which is the most important parameter in evaluation of stimulated reservoir volume (SRV).