bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross-sectoral coordination and regulation of wage determination in northern Europe: Divergent responses to multiple external pressures
Authors: Dølvik Jon Erik , Marginson Paul
Published: August 2018

We examine changes in collective wage regulation in five northern European countries since 2000, with a focus on coordination across sectors, articulation between levels and determination of wage floors. Earlier change in the functioning of wage bargaining arrangements in Germany placed pressure on other northern countries. In Finland, employers recently instigated a shift from tripartite incomes policy to manufacturing-led pattern bargaining, with increased scope for decentralized negotiations. This made Finnish arrangements more similar to their Nordic counterparts, which have been marked by modest adaptations. Divergence continues in wage floor regulation. Increased statutory generalization of collectively agreed minimum wages has moved Germany and Norway closer to Finland, while Denmark and Sweden still rely solely on collective bargaining. The multi-faceted employer and state approaches to wage regulation are not consistent with recent claims of a neoliberal transformation across the northern coordinated economies.
Impact of Participation in School-to-Work Programs on Postsecondary Outcomes for Youth With Disabilities From Low-Income Families
Authors: Enayati Hassan , Karpur Arun
Published: August 2018

Individuals with disabilities who also live in poverty face a double jeopardy. Disability and poverty are each separately associated with poorer education and employment outcomes. One approach to ameliorate these poorer outcomes is to improve the transition from high school to adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this article examines the role of school-to-work training programs on adult outcomes for individuals with disabilities who live in welfare receiving households. A linear probability model identifies the differences in outcomes for youth by disability and welfare status. Participation in school-to-work programs for youth with disabilities from welfare receiving homes was found to predict higher rates of employment, lower rates of conviction, and lower wages. Implications of these results and recommendations for future research design are included.
Numerical analysis for design of bioinspired ceramic modular armors for ballistic protections
Authors: González-Albuixech VF , Rodríguez-Millán M , Ito T , Loya JA , Miguélez MH
Published: August 2018

The exigent requirements for personal protections in terms of energy absorption and ergonomics have led to increasing interest in bioinspired protections. This work focuses on the numerical analysis of ballistic behavior of different bioinspired geometries under impact loadings. Ceramic armors based on ganoid fish scales (the type exhibited by gars, bichirs and reedfishes), placoid fish scales (characterizing sharks and rays) and armadillo natural protection have been considered. Different impact conditions are studied, including perpendicular and oblique impacts to surface protection, different yaw angle, and multiple impacts. Main conclusion is related to the improved efficiency of modular armors against multiple shots exhibiting more localized damage and crack arrest properties. Moreover, its potential ergonomic is a promising characteristic justifying a deeper study.
The McElroy Brothers, New Media, and the Queering of White Nerd Masculinity
Authors: Fine Leigh E.
Published: August 2018

Nerd masculinity is in the midst of a cultural rebirth. Podcasters the McElroy Brothers—Justin, Travis, and Griffin—are exemplars of how nerds queer contemporary masculinity discourse. Their podcasts’ multidimensional characters, bodily practices, and inclusive language reconstruct a nerd masculinity that does not pine for hegemonic masculinity as nerd media of the past. However, while the Brothers’ performance of masculinity may illuminate new frontiers for the inclusion of gender and sexual diversity, it yet retains an inextricable connection to their Whiteness. Thematic analysis of 41 episodes across three of the McElroy’s properties shows how the Brothers reconceptualize nerd masculinity while highlighting their lack of transformative attention to matters of race.
EE-RJMTFN: A novel manufacturing risk evaluation method for alternative resource selection in cloud manufacturing
Authors: Zhu Li-Nan , Li Peng-Hang , Yang Xi , Shen Guo-Jiang , Zhao Yan-Wei
Published: August 2018

Cloud manufacturing is a new service-oriented smart manufacturing paradigm, and it provides a new product development model in which users are enabled to configure, select, and utilize customized manufacturing service on demand. Cloud manufacturing is fully recognized as one of the most important manufacturing modes yet created and has received considerable attention in recent years. In practical scenarios, due to the diversity and uncertainty of manufacturing resource, the cloud manufacturing platform should have the ability of manufacturing risk evaluation to search a suitable alternative resource when certain original manufacturing nodes failed suddenly. Such ability may reduce the probability of the alternative resource failing to the lowest and avoid the manufacturing process/system from complete collapse. It ensures the cloud manufacturing be a reliable, robust and flexible manufacturing system with strong self-repair ability. In this article, a new risk evaluation method termed Extension Evaluation based on Reciprocal Judging Matrix with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers (EE-RJMTFN) is proposed. According to the frame of extension theory, the proposed method provides not only the risk level but also the related correlation degree that describes the deviation from the standard risk level. Moreover, the risk index weight definition based on reciprocal judging matrix with triangular fuzzy numbers can better meet user’s customized demand. The results of a case study illustrate the implementation of the proposed method.
Islam, Religious Outlooks, and Support for Democracy
Authors: Ciftci Sabri , Wuthrich F. Michael , Shamaileh Ammar
Published: August 2018

Despite a wealth of studies examining Muslim religiosity and democracy, uncertainty regarding Islam and attitudes toward democracy remains. Although the claims concerning the incompatibility of Islam and democracy are generally discarded, public opinion scholarship has yet to build much further from this important first step or incorporate a strong theoretical framework for analysis beyond this basic foundation. This paper seeks to integrate literature in social theory on religious worldviews with novel conceptualizations and measurement of distinct religious outlooks among the religious faithful to explain patterns in attitudes toward democracy. We construct a theory with clear expectations regarding these relationships and use the largest and best available survey data (Arab Democracy Barometer, Wave III) to test our predictions using latent class analysis and a series of multivariate regression estimations. The results of our empirical analysis reveal that there are important differences among practicing Muslims regarding the role that religion should play in the social realm and that these differences are relevant to the analysis of how faith shapes preferences for regime type and democracy. The analysis makes a significant contribution to the study of religion and political attitudes.
Pulled-Over Rates, Causal Attributions, and Trust in Police
Authors: Mullinix Kevin J. , Norris Robert J.
Published: August 2018

A growing literature documents racial disparities throughout the American criminal justice system. Yet, even as this evidence accumulates and garners increasing media attention, we know relatively little about the consequences of this type of information for public opinion. We incorporate insights from attribution theory to suggest that people differ in the cause they attribute to racial disparities in the justice system, and these different causal attributions profoundly affect attitudes and responses to information. Using two survey experiments, we find that attributions for the cause of racial disparities in pulled-over rates have a substantial impact on trust in police, and perhaps more importantly, alter susceptibility to persuasion and attitude change. Learning about racial disparities in pulled-over rates reduces trust in police, but only for predictable subsets of the citizenry.
Reciprocal Associations Between Career Self-Efficacy and Vocational Identity: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study
Authors: Li Mengting , Fan Weiqiao , Cheung Fanny M. , Wang Qian
Published: August 2018

We examined the changes in career decision-making self-efficacy (CDSE) and vocational identity (VI) and their reciprocal associations among 1,026 senior high school students, comprising 493 from Hong Kong (age in 10th grade: M = 16.31, SD = 0.65; 238 girls) and 533 from Shanghai (age in 10th grade: M = 16.50, SD = 0.56; 237 girls). They completed measures for assessing their CDSE and VI annually from 10th to 12th grades. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that both CDSE and VI significantly increased over time in the Hong Kong sample. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that the reciprocal positive effects between CDSE and VI over time were supported in both samples. These findings indicated that CDSE and VI are generally dynamic and interrelated dimensions for Chinese adolescents’ career development with some regional differences.
Proximal Medial Gastrocnemius Recession and Stretching Versus Stretching as Treatment of Chronic Plantar Heel Pain
Authors: Molund Marius , Husebye Elisabeth Ellingsen , Hellesnes Jan , Nilsen Fredrik , Hvaal Kjetil
Published: August 2018

Background:

Plantar heel pain is a common disorder that can lead to substantial pain and disability. Gastrocnemius recession has been described as an operative treatment option, but there is a lack of prospective clinical and biomechanical outcome data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and biomechanical outcomes of gastrocnemius recession and stretching compared with a stretching exercise protocol for patients with plantar heel pain lasting more than 12 months.

Methods:

Forty patients with plantar heel pain lasting more than 1 year were randomized to a home stretching exercise program only or to surgery consisting of a proximal medial gastrocnemius recession in addition to stretching exercises. The main outcome was the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score at 12 months. Secondary clinical outcomes were the Short Form–36 (SF-36) and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores. The biomechanical outcome parameters were ankle dorsiflexion, Achilles function evaluated by a test battery with 6 independent tests, and plantar pressure evaluated by pedobarography. All data were obtained at baseline and at 12-month follow-up.

Results:

The AOFAS score increased from 59.5 (42-76) to 88.0 (50-100; P < .001) for the operative group and from 52.5 (37-73) to 65.5 (31-88; P = .138) for the nonoperative group. The AOFAS, VAS pain, and SF-36 scores were significantly better in the operative compared with the nonoperative group at 12-month follow-up ( P < .05). Ankle dorsiflexion increased from 6 degrees (–3 to 15) to 10.5 degrees (0 to 23; P < .001). No between-group difference was observed for Achilles function at follow-up. The average forefoot plantar pressure for the operative group increased from 536 KPa (306-708) to 642 KPa (384-885) at follow-up ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Proximal medial gastrocnemius recession with a stretching program was a safe and efficient method of treating chronic plantar heel pain.

Level of Evidence:

Level 1, randomized clinical trial.
The Affect-Responsive Interview and In-Depth Interviewing: What We Can Learn From Therapy Research
Authors: Minikel-Lacocque Julie
Published: August 2018

Qualitative researchers who conduct in-depth interviews about sensitive topics can often find themselves in an interaction that mimics psychotherapy in some ways. Many researchers, however, are not prepared to navigate such an interaction. In this article, I examine in-depth interviewing and introduce the notion of the affect-responsive interview. Specifically, I explore the various conceptions of in-depth interviewing, interrogate the relationship the interview can create, and examine the ethics of in-depth interviewing. Through examining literature on therapy efficacy and training, I introduce the affect-responsive interview and offer implications for the ways in which we prepare future qualitative researchers.
A Systematic Process for Selection of a Crisis Prevention/De-Escalation Training Program in the Hospital Setting
Authors: Spears Syreeta , McNeely Heidi
Published: August 2018

INTRODUCTION: The current de-escalation program utilized in this organization was not adequately meeting the needs of all the pediatric populations served. AIMS: Identify a de-escalation program, which is evidenced-based and able to be effective across all sizes and ages of patients served at this organization. METHOD: The work described in this article displays the thorough systematic process used to select a new behavioral health crisis prevention/de-escalation training program within a large children’s hospital. RESULTS: Fourteen de-escalation programs were initially identified, nine of them were further analyzed based on curriculum, cost, training requirements, emphasis on verbal de-escalation, ability to address needs of those with Autism Spectrum Disorders, and overall fit for this organization. One final program was selected for implementation after a robust selection process. CONCLUSIONS: The team used a comprehensive approach during program selection to attempt to decrease or limit potential resistance to change from affected employees.
A Single Institution Experience of Incorporation of Cisplatin into Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer of Unknown BRCA Mutation Status
Authors: Su Ying-Wen , Hung Chia-Yen , Lam Hung-Bun , Chang Yuan-Ching , Yang Po-Sheng
Published: August 2018

The clinical benefit of adding platinum to adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has not been well investigated, although it was associated an improved response rate in neoadjuvant setting. We retrospectively analyzed the time to tumor progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) of patients with resected stage I-III TNBC who were treated with or without cisplatin-containing chemotherapy (CisCT or noCisCT) during 2004 and 2010. Of 129 patients, 25 received CisCT. In univariate analysis, the mean TTP for CisCT and noCisCT was 4.42 and 5.88 years, respectively ( P = .004). The mean OS for CisCT and noCisCT was 6.76 and 9.63 years, respectively ( P = .24). After adjusting for other clinicopathologic factors, only clinical stage II/III disease was independently associated with worse OS. The adjusted hazard ratio for CisCT was 1.48 ( P = .46) and was not statistically significant. In this small retrospective study, adding cisplatin to adjuvant chemotherapy for early TNBC with unknown BRCA mutation status did not benefit OS.
Netherton syndrome; neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning of child and adult patients and their parents
Authors: Versteegh Josette JWM , Dulfer Karolijn , Stuvel Kira , Pasmans Suzanne GMA , Utens Elisabeth MWJ
Published: August 2018

Background:

Netherton syndrome is a rare severe skin disease. Clinical experience showed considerable psychosocial burdens among Netherton syndrome patients/families. Their (neuro)psychological functioning has never been investigated.

Objective:

To investigate neuropsychological/psychosocial functioning of Netherton syndrome patients and parents.

Methods:

A total of 12 Netherton syndrome patients and/or parents completed neuropsychological tests, semi-structured-interviews, and psychological-questionnaires.

Results:

Intelligence results showed disharmonic profiles, with below-average scores on processing speed. Neuropsychological problems and unfavorable outcomes on health-related quality of life, illness-appearance-related problems, and negative social consequences among patients/parents were found. Psychopathological (emotional) problems were reported; stigmatization, bullying was common among Netherton syndrome patients.

Conclusion:

Compared with normative data, Netherton syndrome patients showed neuropsychological and psychosocial problems. Standard follow-up is necessary to identify problems at early stage.
China-to-UK Student Migration and Pro-environmental Behaviour Change: A Social Practice Perspective
Authors: Tyers Roger , Berchoux Tristan , Xiang Kun , Yao Xu Yi
Published: August 2018

Significant life-course changes can be ‘windows of opportunity’ to disrupt practices. Using qualitative focus group data, this article examines whether the life-course change experienced by Chinese students migrating to the UK has an effect on environmentally impactful practices. It does so by examining how such practices are understood and performed by Chinese and UK students living in their own countries, and contrasting them with those of Chinese students in the UK. Using a social practice framework, these findings suggest that practices do change, and this change can be conceptualised using a framework of competences, materials, and meanings. The findings show meanings – the cultural and social norms ascribed to pro-environmental behaviour – to be particularly susceptible to the influence of ‘communities of practice’ where immigrants and natives mix, with pro-environmental behaviour change resulting from assimilation and mimesis rather than normative engagement.
If you’ve employed one person with autism …: An individual difference approach to the autism advantage at work
Authors: Bury Simon M , Hedley Darren , Uljarević Mirko , Dissanayake Cheryl , Gal Eynat
Published: August 2018

In this letter to the editor, we comment on the ‘autism advantage’ – the idea that superior skills associated with autism (e.g. attention to detail) present a talent in employment – an example of which is a recent discussion by Austin and Pisano. We welcome advocacy that raises awareness around the strengths and capabilities of people with autism, and also the need to reform human resource management processes that disadvantage them. However, we are concerned that, by highlighting certain stereotypes (e.g. the ‘talented nerd lacking social graces’), the heterogeneity of autism may be overlooked and support needs downplayed. Furthermore, not appreciating individual differences might result in a misalignment between work-profile and employment, pressure to outperform peers without autism and a failure to appreciate the diverse interests of people with autism. We argue that an individual differences approach will prove more sustainable for improving long-term employment outcomes.
Acculturative Stress, Social Problem Solving, and Depressive Symptoms among Korean American Immigrants
Authors: Lee Minsun , Nezu Arthur M. , Nezu Christine Maguth
Published: August 2018

The present study examined the relationship among acculturative stress, social problem solving, and depressive symptoms among 107 Korean American immigrants. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that acculturative stress significantly predicted depressive symptoms controlling for different domains of acculturation. With regard to the role of social problem solving, among the five dimensions of social problem solving (i.e., positive problem orientation, negative problem orientation, rational problem solving, impulsive/careless style, and avoidant style), negative problem orientation and impulsive/careless style significantly predicted depressive symptoms. Avoidant style significantly interacted with acculturative stress, indicating that avoidant style is associated with depressive symptoms when acculturative stress is high. The study underscores the impact of culture as well as severity of stress on the relationship among acculturative stress, coping, and depressive symptoms among Korean American immigrants.
Research on mechanical behavior of L-shaped multi-cell concrete-filled steel tubular stub columns under axial compression
Authors: Liu Jiepeng , Song Hua , Yang Yuanlong
Published: August 2018

A total of 11 L-shaped multi-cell concrete-filled steel tubular stub columns were fabricated and researched in axial compression test. The key factors of width-to-thickness ratio D/ t of steel plates in column limb and prism compressive strength of concrete fck were investigated to obtain influence on failure mode, bearing capacity, and ductility of the specimens. The test results show that the constraint effect for concrete provided by multi-cell steel tube cannot be ignored. The ductility decreases with the increase of width-to-thickness ratio D/ t of steel plates in column limb. The bearing capacity increases and the ductility decreases with the increase in prism compressive strength of concrete fck. A finite element program to calculate concentric load–displacement curves of L-shaped multi-cell concrete-filled steel tubular stub columns was proposed and verified by the test results. A parametric analysis with the finite element program was carried out to study the influence of the steel ratio α, steel yield strength fy, prism compressive strength of concrete fck, and width-to-thickness ratio D/ t of steel plates in column limb on the stiffness, bearing capacity and ductility. Furthermore, the design method of bearing capacity was determined based on mainstream concrete-filled steel tubular codes.
Orthotopic renal autotransplantation for young-onset and medical treatment-requiring complex renovascular hypertension
Authors: Li Fang-Da , Ji Zhi-Gang , Liu Chang-Wei , Shao Jiang , Xie Yi , Zheng Yue-Hong
Published: August 2018

Objective:

In this article, we aim to prove the safety and effectiveness of orthotopic renal autotransplantation using ex vivo repair for the treatment of complex renovascular hypertension (RVH).

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed five consecutive patients (three women, two men) with young-onset RVH from January 2009 to August 2014. Orthotopic renal autotransplantation using ex vivo repair was performed and perioperative data were collected for statistical analysis.

Results:

The median age at diagnosis was 20 years (range, 11 to 27 years). Technique success was achieved in all the patients with no in-hospital or late deaths. During a median follow-up of 3.4 years (range, 1.5 to 6 years), the postoperative blood pressure was decreased compared with preoperative level (204 ± 8/133 ± 8 mm Hg vs 129 ± 3/78 ± 5 mm Hg; p < 0.0001). The postoperative anti-hypertensive medications number was reduced (3.4 ± 0.4 vs 0.2 ± 0.2; p < 0.0001). Early and late renal functions were both well preserved as measured by no changes in serum creatinine level ( p > 0.05). The primary patent rate was 100% (5/5) at one-year follow-up.

Conclusion:

In our small series, orthotopic renal autotransplantation using ex vivo repair was safe and effective for the resolution of complex young-onset RVH.
Improving Health Behaviors Through Community Engagement: Challenge for a Healthier Louisiana
Authors: Broyles Stephanie T. , Gollub Elizabeth A. , Tohme Allison , Katzmarzyk Peter T.
Published: August 2018

There is increasing recognition that community-based approaches may have merit in improving physical activity and healthy eating behaviors. The “Challenge for a Healthier Louisiana” program supported twelve projects that addressed the root causes of obesity through integrated community-level changes. Partnerships provided community-based obesity prevention by promoting healthier eating and/or physical activity through enhanced infrastructure, policy changes, and programming. To evaluate whether the program resulted in changes in healthy eating and/or physical activity among adults, surveys were conducted pre- and postintervention among participants. Participants who were exposed to physical activity programs were more likely to adopt the consumption of fruits (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [1.1, 3.6]), were more likely to eat vegetables once per day ( p = .028), and were more likely to participate in physical activity ( p = .053). Participants who were exposed to healthy eating programs were more likely to eat fruit once per day ( p = .035), were more likely to eat vegetables at least once per day ( p = .008), and were more likely to participate in physical activity ( p = .018). In conclusion, there is some indication that the Challenge for a Healthier Louisiana program produced changes in health behaviors among program participants; however, the sustainability of these changes will require further evaluation.
Chronic Disease Self-Management Program in American Sign Language: Evaluation and Recommendations
Authors: Havercamp Susan M. , Gjessing Rosalind , Whalen Smith Cara N.
Published: August 2018

The Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) is an evidence-based program that is affective in managing chronic conditions and improving health outcomes in diverse populations; however, the program may not effectively reach the Deaf community. Deafness is associated with chronic health conditions and low health literacy, making a health education program such as CDSMP a good fit for this population. This study adapted and evaluated CDSMP in American Sign Language (ASL). The aims of this study were to (1) adapt the CDSMP curriculum for Deaf participants; (2) evaluate the program fidelity, participant satisfaction, and qualitative feedback; and (3) provide recommendations for improving the accessibility of CDSMP for the Deaf community. We evaluated the CDSMP program offered by lay leaders in ASL to Deaf participants. Program fidelity and participant satisfaction were high (93% and 88.9%, respectively). Qualitative feedback from participants and lay leaders informed implementation recommendations. Based on these findings, we offer 10 recommendations for offering CDSMP to the Deaf community. This study demonstrates that CDSMP can be successfully offered in ASL to Deaf participants with minimal adaptations. Offering CDSMP in ASL to accommodate Deaf learners promises to improve health outcomes in this vulnerable population.
The 21st-Century CEO: Intrinsic Attributes, Worldview, and Communication Capabilities
Authors: Gordon Vicky , Martin Donald
Published: August 2018

This article analyzes interview data from 20 CEOs—drawing on their combined experiences to illuminate both the challenges that will face CEOs in the 21st century and the knowledge, competencies and skills they will need to succeed. The results of the qualitative analysis suggested the importance of a Global IQ, the ability to recognize talent, both the knowledge of global strategies as well as both vision and execution. CEOs must possess both global experience and an acute understanding of cultural differences to build a global company. The 21st-century CEO must have global talent acquisition capabilities that not only embrace diverse populations but also understand the cultures represented in the workforce. The CEO must be able to manage global growth and be comfortable in a broad cross-section of international markets and settings. And finally, they must possess the breadth necessary to be visionaries but understand the details that contribute to successful organizational functioning. The analysis of data not only reinforces traditional values that remain important but also identifies how perspectives on organizational functioning must change to embrace the future.
The Lifestyle Medicine Team: Health Care That Delivers Value
Authors: Lacagnina Salvatore , Moore Margaret , Mitchell Sarah
Published: August 2018

Most chronic illnesses in developed nations are largely preventable. Lifestyle Medicine adds tremendous value to traditional methods for the delivery of healthcare by focusing on preventing, reversing and treating chronic illness. By helping individuals focus on nutrition, physical activity, stress management, quality sleep, mental health and purposeful living, the risk and incidence of chronic illness decreases dramatically. This article describes the team approach to preventive health care including the value of Wellness Coaching and how the Group Visit model of health care improves access to care and quality outcomes.
Applying Meta-Theory to Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research
Authors: Allana Saleema , Clark Alexander
Published: August 2018

Meta-theory refers to broad perspectives, which make claims regarding the nature of reality. Meta-theories philosophically underpin research and practice. Despite this centrality of meta-theory to research and practice, research studies seldom have a strong articulated philosophical basis. There are persuasive philosophical arguments for invoking meta-theory in qualitative and mixed-methods research. We argue that selecting and applying a particular meta-theory is a matter of personal expression and historicity. In this article, we describe the meta-theory of critical realism (CR), which underpins our research around complex heart failure disease management interventions. CR posits that reality is mind independent and views this reality via a stratified ontology. Its explanatory focus, generative logic, multifactorial and open systems approach, and its openness to a variety of methods make it a viable meta-theory for research in a variety of disciplines, utilizing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. CR hermeneutics, ethnographies, grounded theories, mixed-methods studies, and critical realist reviews follow the meta-theoretical assumptions of CR; these are extremely useful in exploring complex interventions holistically, including their components, contexts, and mechanisms.
Reflections on Using Participant-Generated, Digital Photo-Elicitation in Research With Young Canadians About Their First Part-Time Jobs
Authors: Raby Rebecca , Lehmann Wolfgang , Helleiner Jane , Easterbrook Riley
Published: August 2018

Participant-generated photo-elicitation usually involves inviting participants to take photographs, which are then discussed during a subsequent interview or in a focus group. This approach can provide participants with the opportunity to bring their own content and interests into research. Following other child and youth researchers, we were drawn to the potential of participant-generated photo-elicitation to offer a methodological counterweight to existing inequalities between adult researchers and younger participants. In this article, we reflect on our use of one-on-one, participant-generated photo-elicitation interviews in a Canadian-based research project looking at young people’s earliest paid work. We discuss some of the challenges faced when it came to gaining institutional ethics approval and also report on how the method was unexpectedly but productively altered by participants’ use of publicly accessible Internet images to convey aspects of their work. Overall, we conclude that participant-generated photo-elicitation democratized the research process and deepened our insights into young people’s early work and offer some recommendations for future photo-elicitation research.
Attitude-constrained reorientation control for spacecraft based on extended state observer
Authors: Cheng Yu , Ye Dong , Sun Zhaowei
Published: August 2018

This article investigates the spacecraft attitude reorientation control problem in the presence of attitude constraint, actuator saturation, parametric uncertainty, and external disturbance. First, a nonlinear tracking law based on a strictly convex potential function is proposed to generate the virtual control angular velocity which has only one global minimum. Then, utilizing the auxiliary system governed by the difference between the upper bound of actuator torque and the untreated command torque, a novel backstepping controller is presented, which is able to satisfy the constraint of actuator saturation and guarantee the stability of control system. In addition, an extended state observer with the uniformly ultimately bounded estimation error and finite-time stability is put forward to realize the real-time compensation of the compound disturbance consisting of parametric uncertainty and external disturbance. Therefore, it enhances the robustness and improves the accuracy of the extended state observer–based backstepping controller. Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed schemes.
Donald Trump, perceptions of justice, and populism
Authors: Goethals George R
Published: August 2018

The populism of Donald Trump and his supporters can be viewed as rooted in feelings of relative deprivation, whereby people feel that they are getting less than they deserve in exchanges with other groups, and perceptions of unfair procedures, whereby elites are seen to allocate outcomes in an unethical, biased, and/or disrespectful manner. Populist leaders can boost people’s self-esteem and hence their sense of what they deserve and how they should be treated by establishment decision makers. Populist leaders make intergroup comparisons salient and thereby exacerbate intergroup hostility. In the United States, populist politics has shifted from emphasizing unfair economic outcomes to exploiting racist and nativist sentiments as well as cultural antagonisms. Donald Trump’s populism can be traced most directly to George Wallace’s racist populist campaigns in the 1960s. Trump has also focused on unfair decisions made about political allies. His presidency is arguably the first to ride these elements in American politics to the White House.
Social conflict, civil society, and maternal mortality in African countries
Authors: Obasanjo Iyabo
Published: August 2018

This study looks at the association between social conflicts, civil society freedom, and democracy, and how social conflicts impact maternal mortality in African countries as a first step toward understanding how to use civil society to pressure Sub-Saharan African governments into improving maternal mortality ratios and other human development indicators. Pro-Government riots were negatively associated with civil society freedom. Organized Demonstrations and Organized Riots were positively associated with civil society freedom when North African countries were included in the data, but when they were excluded, only Organized Riots were associated with civil society freedoms. The period under study included the Arab Spring, which was characterized by high numbers of Organized Demonstrations in North African countries. I theorized that Organized Demonstrations occur less often in Sub-Saharan African countries due to lower levels of internet connectivity (used to organize) or because government forces use severe suppression, which escalates demonstrations into riots more in Sub-Saharan Africa. The fewer Pro-Government riots there are, the freer the civil society, and the more Organized Demonstrations and Organized Riots, the freer the civil society. This indicates that Pro-Government riots tend to be organized as part of the government repression of civil society. The analyses used democratization levels of countries as a control variable and found that as autocracy level increases, the level of civil society freedom decreases. Organized Demonstrations were the only form of social conflict associated with maternal mortality. It was a negative association, with rising maternal mortality associated with fewer Organized Demonstrations. The finding therefore suggests that democratic governance, with associated civil society freedom, that allows Organized Demonstrations provides the best scenario for health outcomes in African countries.
Inter(acting)
Authors: Donaldson Lucy Fife , Walters James
Published: August 2018

In placing synthesis as a central dynamic, this article seeks to identify and value the occasions where the work of the television actor manages a delicate balance between functional requirements of an environment and their potential to establish a more developed set of interrelationships within it, disclosing intricacies of character interiority through expressive interactions with commonplace tasks and spaces. In response to their dual potential for expressivity and significance, we choose to focus on performances that occur within modes of transport, using detailed moments from 24 (Fox, 2001–2014), The Sopranos (HBO, 1999–2007), Happy Valley (BBC, 2014–) and Broad City (Comedy Central, 2014–).
Health Technology Assessments for Flash Glucose Monitoring and How to Use Them in Everyday Clinical Practice
Authors: Stueve Magnus , Schnell Oliver
Published: August 2018

Background:

Various health technology assessment (HTA) agencies review new medical devices worldwide, and their recommendations can be useful in guiding clinical decision making. However, different agencies use different processes and methodologies, resulting in variation in recommendations.

Objectives:

The objectives were to review full HTAs for a new technology for diabetes management, flash glucose monitoring (FGM), with the aim of summarizing similarities/differences in processes, methodologies, and recommendations from the perspective of everyday clinical practice.

Methods:

A literature review was conducted using online HTA resources.

Results:

Four full HTAs were identified (Canary Islands, France, Catalunya, and Norway); one issued a conditional recommendation for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with controlled glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (Spain; Canary Islands), one issued a broader recommendation for patients with T1DM and T2DM (France), and two reported that there was insufficient evidence to support a recommendation (Spain [Catalunya] and Norway). The most comprehensive and stringent of the available HTAs were those in the Canary Islands and Norway, which included systematic literature reviews (SLRs), consultation with patient groups and clinicians, GRADE evidence quality assessments, and full economic models. Comprehensive HTAs either did not recommend FGM (Norway) or restricted the recommendation to a small subpopulation of the overall diabetes population (Canary Islands).

Conclusion:

HTAs represent a valuable additional resource for clinicians to consider alongside clinical evidence, guidelines, and consensus papers; however, interpreting recommendations requires an understanding of the processes behind these recommendations. In this review, comprehensive HTAs either recommended for a selected subpopulation based on RCT evidence or found insufficient evidence for a recommendation.
Effects of Land-Use Modifications in the Potential Distribution of Endemic Bird Species Associated With Tropical Dry Forest in Guerrero, Southern Mexico
Authors: Almazán-Núñez R. Carlos , Sierra-Morales Pablo , Rojas-Soto Octavio R. , Jiménez-Hernández Javier , Méndez-Bahena Alfredo
Published: August 2018

Land-use changes are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. It would be expected that species with restricted habitats and distribution should experience the main negative effects of the modification of natural environments. To exemplify the potential effect of land transformation on restricted species, we focused on the potential habitat loss of six endemic and quasi-endemic species to Mexico ( Ortalis poliocephala, Melanerpes chrysogenys, Trogon citreolus, Pheugopedius felix, Uropsila leucogastra, and Arremonops rufivirgatus) whose distributions include the state of Guerrero, in southern Mexico. Species distribution models were generated for each species, and potential habitat loss was evaluated using three temporal vegetation and land-use maps (1997, 2003, and 2013). These analyses were then repeated only for tropical dry forest, one of the most dominant ecosystem in the state of Guerrero and with the most severe transformation rates. The potential habitat of all species decreased considerably, particularly for the last periods; the habitats for M. chrysogenys and T. citreolus were reduced by 78% in 2013. The potential habitats of U. leucogastra and P. felix decreased to a lesser extent during the three periods. The reduction tendencies were higher for dry forest than for the remaining habitats, which were ranged from 88% to 93% for U. leucogastra and M. chrysogenys, respectively. These results suggest major negative potential effects of land transformation on the endemic species’ habitat.
The Role of the Pupil, Corneal Reflex, and Iris in Determining the Perceived Direction of Gaze
Authors: Anstis Stuart
Published: August 2018

In specially constructed movies depicting moving eyes, the pupils, irises, and corneal reflexes moved independently and sometimes in opposite directions. We found that the moving pupils or the corneal reflex, not the moving irises, determined the perceived direction of gaze (online Movie 1). When the pupils and irises moved in opposite directions, the one with the higher Michelson contrast determined the perceived direction of gaze (online Movie 2).
The THRIVE model: A framework and review of internal and external predictors of coping with chronic illness
Authors: White Katherine , Issac Marianne SM , Kamoun Claire , Leygues Jessica , Cohn Simon
Published: August 2018

This article explores the ways in which people cope with social and clinical dimensions of their chronic conditions. Existing literature was reviewed to categorize factors identified as being key. They were sorted into six groupings which are reflected by the acronym THRIVE: therapeutic interventions, habit and routine, relational-social, individual differences, values and beliefs, and emotional factors. We found little evidence to suggest different conditions prompt unique coping responses; rather, a range of common factors were observed across diverse conditions. The THRIVE framework not only summarizes current literature but provides a starting point for further research and development of future interventions.
An Analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness of Spinal Versus General Anesthesia for Lumbar Spine Surgery in Various Hospital Settings
Authors: Morris Matthew T. , Morris Jonathan , Wallace Camari , Cho Woojin , Sharan Alok , Abouelrigal Manal , Joseph Vilma
Published: August 2018

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Objective:

To determine the relative cost-effectiveness of spinal anesthesia and general anesthesia for lumbar laminectomy and microdiscectomy surgery performed in an academic versus private practice hospital setting.

Methods:

The authors retrospectively reviewed charts of 188 consecutive patients who underwent lumbar laminectomy or microdiscectomy by a single surgeon from 2012 to 2016 at either an academic or a private practice hospital setting. Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes were recorded and direct variable costs were calculated.

Results:

At the academic institution, the direct cost of a lumbar laminectomy or microdiscectomy surgery under general anesthesia was determined to be 9.93% greater than with spinal anesthesia ( P = .040). The greatest difference was seen with operating room costs, in which general anesthesia was associated with 18.74% greater costs than spinal anesthesia ( P = .016). There was no significant difference in cost at the private practice hospital setting.

Conclusions:

We conclude that use of spinal anesthesia for lumbar laminectomy leads to less operating room, postanesthesia care unit, and anesthesia times, lower levels of postoperative pain, and no increased rate of other complications compared with general anesthesia at an academic institution as compared to a private practice setting. Spinal anesthesia is 9.93% less expensive than general anesthesia, indicating substantial cost-saving potential. With no sacrifice of patient outcomes and the added benefit of less pain and recovery time, Spinal anesthesia represents a more cost-effective alternative to general anesthesia in lumbar spine surgery in the academic hospital setting.
Mechanical Properties of an Adjustable-Loop Cortical Suspension Device for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Iuchi Ryo , Mae Tatsuo , Tachibana Yuta , Shino Konsei , Nakagawa Shigeto , Yoshikawa Hideki , Nakata Ken
Published: August 2018

Background:

Various biomechanical properties of adjustable-loop cortical suspension devices have been observed among previous studies in which different experimental conditions were used to test each of these devices. However, no studies have investigated the biomechanical properties of single adjustable-loop cortical suspension devices under different cyclic loading protocols. It is necessary to clarify the problems associated with using this device and detect the best method of using it in the clinical setting.

Hypothesis:

The elongation of the loop of an adjustable-loop cortical suspension device with cyclic loading would be smaller with (1) an increase in the lower force limit and (2) lower speeds of cyclic loading.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Eighteen anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) adjustable-loop cortical suspension devices were tested under the following 3 cyclic loading protocols in a device-only model. Protocol A included cyclic loading between 10 and 50 N at 50 mm/min for 500 cycles. The upper force limit was then increased by 25-N increments every 500 cycles up to 250 N, for a total of 4500 cycles. Protocol B included cyclic loading between 30 and 50 N at 50 mm/min for 500 cycles. The upper force limit was then increased to 250 N, for a total of 4500 cycles, in the same manner as protocol A. Protocol C included cyclic loading between 30 and 50 N at 25 mm/min for 500 cycles. The upper force limit was then increased to 250 N, for a total of 4500 cycles, in the same manner as protocol A.

Results:

The elongation after 4500 cycles was 36.1, 18.5, and 8.6 mm for protocols A, B, and C, respectively. There were significant differences among the 3 protocols, with protocol C showing the smallest elongation with cyclic loading. The elongation in each group progressed with each 25-N cyclic load increment.

Conclusion:

The adjustable-loop cortical suspension device showed a smaller elongation of the loop with increases in the lower force limit and with lower cyclic loading speeds.

Clinical Relevance:

Care should be taken during rehabilitation after anatomic ACL reconstruction using adjustable-loop cortical suspension devices with a low initial tension at graft fixation. Slow and less intense exercises may be more desirable in the early stages of healing.
Cognitive Theory and Plea-Bargaining
Authors: Helm Rebecca K.
Published: August 2018

Convictions in the criminal justice system now overwhelmingly occur by guilty plea. This is largely due to the “plea-bargaining” system in which the charge and sentence defendants receive as a result of pleading guilty is frequently much less severe than the charge and sentence that they would receive if convicted at trial. In this context, defendants must make complex decisions about whether to plead guilty or go to trial. This article draws on cognitive theory and empirical research to identify three potential weaknesses in the current plea system: (a) incentives offered to plead are likely to override considerations of factual guilt or innocence in a way that may be psychologically coercive; (b) groups that are cognitively disposed to pleading guilty when innocent are being offered insufficient protection; and (c) heuristics and biases are likely to influence plea decisions. Potential policy change to reduce these problems, informed by cognitive theory and decision-making research, then follow.