bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE GEOLOGY AND HYDROCARBON HABITAT OF THE SARIR SANDSTONE, SE SIRT BASIN, LIBYA
Authors: Ambrose G.
Published: December 2007

The Jurassic — Lower Cretaceous Sarir Sandstone Cformerly known as the Nubian Sandstone) in the SE Sirt Basin is composed of four members which can be correlated regionally using a lithostratigraphic framework. These synrift sandstones unconformably overlie a little known pre‐rift succession, and are in turn unconformably overlain by post‐rift marine shales of Late Cretaceous age.

Within the Sarir Sandstone are two sandstone‐dominated members, each reflecting a rapid drop in base level, which are important oil reservoirs in the study area. Between these sandstones are thick shales of continental origin which define the architecture of the reservoir units. This four‐fold lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Sarir Sandstone contrasts with previous schemes which generally only recognised three members.

The sandstones below the top‐Sarir unconformity host in excess of 20 billion barrels of oil in‐place. The dominant traps are structural (e.g. Sarir C field), stratigraphic (e.g. Messla field), hanging‐wall fault plays (e.g. UU1–65 field) and horst‐block plays (e.g. Calanscio field). Three Sarir petroleum systems are recognised in the SE Sirt Basin. The most significant relies on post‐rift (Upper Cretaceous) shales, which act as both source and seal. The Variegated Shale Member of the Sarir Sandstone may also provide source and seal; while a third, conceptual petroleum system requires generation of non‐marine oils from pre‐rift (?Triassic) source rocks in the axis of the Sarir Trough.

The intrabasinal Messla High forms a relatively rigid block at the intersection of two rift trends, around which stress vectors were deflected during deposition of the syn‐rift Sarir Sandstone. Adjacent troughs accommodated thick, post‐rift shale successions which comprise excellent source rocks. Palaeogene subsidence facilitated oil generation, and the Messla High was a focus for oil migration. Wrenching on master faults with associated shale smear has facilitated fault seal and the retention of hydrocarbons. In the Calanscio area, transpressional faulting has resulted in structural inversion with oil entrapment in “pop‐up” horst blocks. Elsewhere, transtensional faulting has resulted in numerous fault‐dependent traps which, in combination with stratigraphic and truncation plays, will provide the focus for future exploration.
PORE FLUID EVOLUTION WITHIN A HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR: YACORAITE FORMATION (UPPER CRETACEOUS), NORTHWEST BASIN, ARGENTINA
Authors: Cesaretti N. N. , Parnell J. , Dominguez E. A.
Published: December 2007

Hydrocarbon and aqueous fluid inclusions in quartz and anhydrite cements in sandstones and carbonates in the upper part of the Yacoraite Formation (Upper Cretaceous) were studied in wells in the Lomas de Olmedo Sub‐basin, Northwest Basin, Argentina.

Intergranular, mouldic and vuggy primary porosity in these rocks was reduced by quartz overgrowths, anhydrite cement and bitumen, and was increased by dolomite recrystallization and fracturing. High porosities are thought to reflect high pore fluid pressures; the highest porosities are associated with a greater abundance of secondary fluid inclusions, reflecting healing of microfractures produced by the release of overpressured fluids.

Paraffinic (light) and asphaltic (heavy to medium?) hydrocarbon fluid inclusions are recognized by their light‐blue and yellow‐greenish fluorescence colours. In the stratigraphically lower levels of the Yacoraite Formation, reddish‐fluorescent asphaltic fluid inclusions with lower cloud points predominate, whereas in the upper levels, lighter hydrocarbons with higher cloud points, propane, ethane and methane occur in the inclusions.

For aqueous fluid inclusions, data from freezing experiments indicate that NaCl‐MgCl2‐Na2SO4‐NaHCO3‐NaCO3 brines were present during cementation with 17equiv. wt. % NaC1. Temperatures during cementation were in the range 121–137°C, indicating that the samples are in the oil and gas window.

The petrographic data indicate that a hydrocarbon fluid has been present since early diagenesis began. An increase in burial depth is correlated with an increase in the temperature and pressure in the pore fluids. This caused the maturation of organic matter in the carbonates, generating CO2 and carboxyl ions, which in turn caused carbonate dissolution and anhydrite and dolomite precipitation. In the sandstones, the maturation of oil resulted in bitumen pore‐fillings and secondary fluorescing inclusions.
A GEOCHEMICAL REVIEW OF CARBONATE SOURCE ROCKS IN ITALY
Authors: Katz B. J. , Dittmar E. I. , Ehret G. E.
Published: December 2007

Field sampling of potential source rock units in Italy, and detailed geochemical characterization of Italian petroleum (surface seeps and reservoired oils), have provided insights into the origins of the resource base. Organic‐rich, oil‐prone intervals have been identified in Middle to Upper Triassic, lower Toarcian, Lower Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous and Oligo‐Miocene strata. The hydrocarbon generation potential of these intervals can be signipcant. For example, the weighted mean generation potential of the Upper Triassic in southern Italy is ˜47 mg HC/g rock, with the net source rock representing about 20% of the exposed stratigraphic sequence. Comparable richnesses exist in the other intervals noted above, although the Toarcian and Late Cretaceous intervals, including those associated with the “Bonarelli Event” (a brief period straddling the Cenomanian‐Turonian which is thought to represent an oceanic anoxic event) appear to be much more volumetrically restricted.

There is sedimentological evidence that these organic‐rich intervals were deposited in both shallow‐water intraplatformal settings, and in deep‐water interplatformal basinal settings. The stacking of sequences as a result of evolving platform bathymetly and changes in sea level enhanced the volumetric importance of intraplatformal source rocks, and may explain some of the minor geochemical differences observed among the region s oils.

There is a sharp contrast in the stable isotope composition of the organic matter contained in the different source intervals. The Triassic and Toarcian organic matter is isotopically light (δ13Cbitumen lighter than ‐26%o), while Cretaceous and Oligo‐Miocene OM is isotopically heavy (δ13Cbitumen heavier than ‐26%o).

Although the oils share characteristics associated with carbonate source rock systems, two distinct populations exist. These are an isotopically light population (δ13 Coil, lighter than ‐26%o, typically lighter than ‐27. 5%o), which includes the oils at Rospo Mare, Malossa and the degraded oil at Maiella; and an isotopically heavier (δ13 Coil heavier than ‐26%o) population, including the oils at Monte Alpi, Bagnolo and at the Tramutola seep. The stable carbon isotopic compositions provide the strongest evidence for stratigraphic affinity. Biomarker data permits further refinement of these two “mega‐families”.
INTERPRETING BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL DATA USING FUZZY LOGIC: THE IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONAL MUDSTONES WITHIN THE FLEMING FIELD, UK NORTH SEA
Authors: Wakefield M. I. , Cook R. J. , Jackson H. , Thompson P.
Published: December 2007

The Fleming gas‐condensate field, located on the eastern flank of the Central Graben, UK North Sea, is an elongate stratigraphic pinch‐out whose reservoir is composed of stacked turbidite sandstones of the lower Palaeogene Maureen Formation. The sandstones have a sheet‐like geometry with each sandstone lobe being partially offset into the swales of the preceding lobes. In such depositional environments, the understanding of lateral and vertical sandstone connectivity, a major uncertainty in reservoir modelling and well planning and production strategies, depends upon the choice of depositional model that is applied and the lateral continuity of pelagic mudstones.

Previously published work defined a model, based on variations in the composition of agglutinated foraminiferal populations, that could be used to derive a qualitative measure of the level of pelagic influence within mudstones interbedded with turbidite sandstones. It was considered that mudstones with a high pelagic influence are likely to be more laterally extensive than those with a low pelagic index. A fuzzy logic workflow was constructed using this model and was applied to the Fleming field in order to identify laterally persistent mudstones. This approach was combined with high‐resolution correlation of bioevents using graphic correlation. A detailed layering scheme for the Fleming field was defined and this predicted the presence of a field‐wide mudstone.

Initial attempts at history matching during reservoir simulation using a simple six‐layer lithostratigraphical scheme were not successful. A revised layering scheme defined by biofacies modelling and graphic correlation was used to produce a 13‐layer model; this was later simplified by combination with the six‐layer model to produce a ten‐layer model. This layering scheme is shown to provide a better understanding of both net‐to‐gross distribution and the dynamic behaviour of the field, and also improved history matching against production data. The biostratigraphical model applied using a fuzzy logic approach is authenticated by the reservoir simulation (fluid flow) and pre‐ and post‐maintenance well pressure tests of well 22/5b‐A3 which showed that the perforated interval in that well is isolated from the perforated intervals in the other producing wells. While history matching during reservoir simulation is important, the predictive capability of the fuzzy logic model proved to be critical to our understanding of the field.
The breeding and maintenance of marmbsets at Jersey Zoo
Authors: MALLINSON JEREMY J. C.
Published: December 2007

There are four species of Hapalidae listed in the IUCN Red Data Book (Simon, 1966); Goeldi's monkey Cullimico goeldii, Golden lion marmoset Leontideus rosuliu, Golden‐rumped marmoset Leontideus chrysopygus, and Golden‐headed marmoset Leotztideus chrysomelas. From the Jersey Zoo's experiences with this family, it is felt that if marmosets are fed a well balanced diet and are provided with an exercise potential more in keeping with their activities in the wild state, zoos would have more success with their maintenance and breeding.
Maintenance and captive breeding of the Brush‐tailed phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa at Healesville Sanctuary
Authors: HALLEY MERRIL
Published: December 2007

The rare status of P. tapoatafa in the wild makes it an important species for captive management. It can be maintained easily and bred in captivity if the correct techniques are applied. Due to its unusual life history strategy, the species needs to be consistently bred each year if a captive population is to be maintained. Two different techniques, monogamous pairs and round robin, have been applied at Healesville Sanctuary with a 100% breeding success rate. It is difficult to assess which technique is most appropriate as each has been attempted with relatively few ♀♀ in a single breeding season. In both cases, it is thought that an important aspect of the breeding protocol has been that animals are paired just prior to the breeding season and not earlier.

Phascogale tapoatafa are easily maintained. The major components of the diet are insects, meat mix, cheese and Lead‐beater's mix, all of which are offered throughout the year. Animals typically maintain their weight on this diet, though on occasion ♀♀lose condition during the breeding season. Large groups of animals (up to eight) have been maintained together outside of the breeding season. If necessary, hand‐rearing techniques can be applied to animals that have been orphaned and fostering of young animals is also an option depending on age.
Considerations on the husbandry of sharks for display purposes
Authors: SABALONES JUAN
Published: December 2007

The National Aquarium in Baltimore has successfully maintained and exhibited several species of shark for a number of years. Based on the experience of NAIB and others, the information in this paper is intended primarily for institutions contemplating the building or renovation of shark exhibits. It gives an overview of life‐support systems (flow‐through or closed systems), exhibit focus (open‐water or near‐shore exhibits, tank configuration), suitability of species (acquisition, hardiness, compatibility) and husbandry (feeding, acclimatization, quarantine).
Marine World Africa USA Shark Experience
Authors: DEMETRIOS MICHAEL B. , DENARDO DAVID
Published: December 2007

The philosophy, design and technical aspects of Shark Experience, an exhibit that was created to educate the public about sharks and the importance of their conservation, are outlined in this paper. Details are given of the physical aspects of the exhibit, the specimens selected and a description of the methods of disseminating information about sharks and their role in the natural world.
Use of ozone to improve water quality in aquatic exhibits
Authors: AIKEN ANDREW
Published: December 2007

The use of ozone technology in life‐support systems for marine animals has several advantages. This paper defines the role of ozone in life‐support systems, its basic chemistry, application and control and describes the system components and instrumentation available. The necessity for adequate staff training and system safety are emphasized.
Beyond Noah's Ark: the evolving role of modern zoological parks and aquariums in field conservation
Authors: HUTCHINS MICHAEL , CONWAY WILLIAM G.
Published: December 2007

Arguments are presented that zoological institutions and aquariums should take a broader view of their conservation responsibilities. The current emphasis on captive breeding and public education should be expanded to include a greater commitment to involvement in field conservation. Examples are given of various ways in which members of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) are already contributing to a more holistic approach to conservation in the field. Examples include the use of public relations, local education, political action, scientific research, development of relevant technologies, training wildlife personnel and fund raising. Also covered are the organizational changes developed by AZA within the last three years to promote the Association's collective field‐conservation efforts. Among these are the establishment of the Field Conservation Committee (FCC) and several Fauna Interest Groups (FIGS), the formation of a set of guidelines for international conservation programmes and the further development of projects by existing conservation and scientific committees such as SSPs, Taxon Advisory Groups (TAGS) and Scientific Advisory Groups (SAGS).
Post‐occupancy modification of a Lowland gorilla Gorilla g. gorilla enclosure at Zoo Atlanta
Authors: HOFF MICHAEL P. , MAPLE TERRY L.
Published: December 2007

The Gorilla Gorilla g. gorilla enclosures at Zoo Atlanta were designed to provide a complex and naturalized habitat which allowed the animals ‘flight distance’. A minor modification to one enclosure was made when it was recognized that both the educational and recreational functions of the Zoo were being compromised because the Gorillas spent the majority of time out of view. An electric fence was used to section off two small areas where the Gorillas spent a large part of each day. This successfully increased the amount of time that the animals were visible without significantly changing their other behaviours or compromising their welfare.
Effective conservation in the twenty‐first century: the need to be more than a zoo. One organization's approach
Authors: KELLY J. D.
Published: December 2007

Endangered species which need special protection reflect our fundamental failure to maintain the habitats in which those species occur. In order to stem the loss of biodiversity, which is a direct result of global environmental mismanagement, improvements need to made in several areas, such as education, health, welfare and conservation. In 1968 the Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales was the first zoological institution in Australasia to establish a dedicated education facility and world class veterinary centre. Since then the major emphases have been on the development of education and research through the establishment of a Conservation Research Centre (CRC) and the Australasian Conservation Training Initiative (ACTI), and the creation of an Animal Gene Storage Resource Centre and a Marine Mammal Centre. Since the late 1980s increased emphasis has been placed on substantial programmes of in situ conservation. Effective commercial operations are the key to ensuring financial stability for long‐term conservation programmes. Improved co‐operation between conservation organizations and the establishment of an international conservation fund need to be addressed to ensure that complimentary in situ and ex situ programmes are effective. In the 21st century whole biotas may need to be assembled from remnant and/ or reintroduced endemic species in habitats that have been preserved or reconstructed. If zoological organizations are to continue their work to preserve biodiversity it is critical that they continue to adapt and develop, otherwise they run the risk of becoming extinct themselves (Kelly, unpubl.).
The status of cats in the wild
Authors: JACKSON PETER
Published: December 2007

Although increasingly sophisticated methods have been used to research the ecology of felids, such as radio‐telemetry and photo‐traps, the conservation status of many species is not known. The destruction, fragmentation and erosion of natural habitats poses a serious threat to cat populations. A review by the Cat Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) has indicated that information on the natural history of most felid species is limited. This paper summarizes the status of big cats and lesser cats, and includes species for which there is limited information. It describes some of the conservation measures, such as the control of poaching and the illegal fur trade, and the development and maintenance of nature reserves, which incorporate the interests of humans and felids, which will need to be implemented if felids are to survive.
Breeding and observations on the behaviour of Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus at Wassenaar Wildlife Breeding Centre
Authors: BEEKMAN SYLVIE P. A. , WIT MARTINE DE , LOUWMAN JAN , LOUWMAN HANNEKE
Published: December 2007

The Wassenaar Wildlife Breeding Centre was formerly a part of Wassenaar Zoo but has been an independent institution since 1984. The Centre, which is not open to the public, has established a breeding protocol for Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus which has resulted in 58.54 births since 1980. This paper describes the husbandry and breeding of Cheetahs and the development of cubs. Behavioural comparisons on Cheetahs at Wassenaar and five other institutions, and observations on the behaviour of two ♀♀' and the breeding behaviour of one ♂ are also described.
Management of CheetahAcinonyx jubatusat Saint Louis Zoological Park
Authors: BIRCHER J. STEPHEN , NOBLE GARY A.
Published: December 2007

In 1974 the Cheetah Survival Center at Saint Louis Zoological Park was developed to exhibit and breed CheetahAcinonyx jubatusin a naturalistic environment. Between 1978 and 1992 32 Cheetahs were born to ten litters. The exhibit design, husbandry, diet and reproductive‐management programme are described. To determine oestrus in 92 more accurately a number of research programmes have been undertaken at the Zoo, including vaginal cytology, hormone analysis and a biotelemetry project to investigate the relationship between oestrus and increases in body temperature and activity levels. Behavioural observations of oestrous 9? and changes in behaviour of ♂♂ around them are also described. Weekly hormone data reveal a correlation between serum oestradiol and the percentage of anuclear cells which may indicate oestrus. Details of the hand‐rearing protocol developed to counteract feline rhinolracheitis in cubs, including formula, weaning technique and medical treatment, are also given.
Species Survival Plan (SSP) surveillance of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in Cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus in North America
Authors: GRISHAM JACK , KILLMAR LARRY
Published: December 2007

In 1995 the North American Species Survival Plan for Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus held a workshop on feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to discuss the information currently available on the disease and the possible effects on the captive population of Cheetah. FIV was first documented in 1986 in domestic cats and since then it has been reported in 16 non‐domestic species. This paper highlights the protocols and recommendations concerning FIV that have been made by the SSP.
Husbandry and breeding of the Asiatic golden cat Catopuma temminckii at Melbourne Zoo
Authors: BROCKLEHURST MIKE
Published: December 2007

The Asiatic golden cat Catopuma temminckii is rarely maintained in captivity and only moderate breeding success has occurred. This paper outlines the captive history, management and husbandry of the species at Melbourne Zoo which has resulted in the birth of 23 young over 23 years, 18 of which survived to 30 days. Information on reproductive parameters is also given.
Small felid breeding project at Sao Paulo Zoo
Authors: SIMON FAIα , CASSARO KATIA , QUILLEN PAT
Published: December 2007

Small South American felids are threatened in their natural environment mainly because of habitat loss. In order to protect the animals restrictive laws, which outlaw the killing of small felids, have been developed in Brazil. In 1994 a specialized breeding facility was completed at Sao Paulo Zoo and this paper describes the facility and the first steps being taken to develop a co‐operative conservation programme, aimed at protecting and breeding threatened felids by building up a gene pool, carrying out field studies, rehabilitating injured animals and possibly, in the future, reintroduction into the primary forests of Brazil.
Review of reproduction of Monitor lizards Varanus spp in captivity II
Authors: HORN HANS‐GEORG , VISSER GERARD J.
Published: December 2007

As a follow‐up to the first overview published in the International Zoo Yearbook in 1989, new data have been collected on the breeding of varanid lizards (Reptilia: Sauria: Varanidae) and these are presented in the form of a table. Taxonomic problems, husbandry techniques and some of the physiological aspects of reproduction are discussed. In general, it is concluded that our knowledge and understanding of varanid reproduction is increasing and the number of successful hatchings is growing accordingly. Further research is needed to enable us to learn more about the influence of certain factors, such as diet and light, on reproduction and to understand better the taxonomy of varanid lizards so that hybridization can be avoided.
Management of gibbons Hylobates spp at the International Center for Gibbon Studies, California: with a special note on Pileated gibbons Hylobates pileatus
Authors: MOOTNICK ALAN
Published: December 2007

The International Center for Gibbon Studies, which was established in 1977, is involved in the conservation and breeding of gibbon species and behavioural, reproductive and nutritional research. This paper provides an overview of the management techniques used at the Center, including diet, housing, introductions, veterinary care and handling techniques. The breeding history of one cJ Pileated gibbon Hylobates pileatus and behavioural observations on two breeding pairs are also described.
Parental behaviour in Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus at Belo Horizonte Zoo
Authors: VEADO BERNADETTE VENTURA
Published: December 2007

There is limited information on the reproductive behaviour of the Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus. Although it is a monogamous species, little is known about the ♂'s role in the rearing of pups. In 1994 a comparative study of the behaviour of two ♀♀ with new‐born pups was carried out at Belo Horizonte Zoo to try to establish the ♂'s role in rearing: one ♀ was housed alone with her pups throughout the observation period; the other ♂ was housed with the ♀ and pups for the first month and alone with the pups for the second month of observation. The applied methodology for behaviour evaluation was instantaneous sampling (scan). The behaviour of each adult was recorded at one‐minute intervals. Location in the enclosure and spatial proximity were also recorded. The results suggest that Maned wolves are inactive for large parts of the day and that they prefer secluded areas within an enclosure. The results also suggest that only the ♂ is directly involved in rearing the offspring and that ♀ participation is limited to protection only. The time that the ♂ stays with the pups is at a maximum on the days immediately following birth, but this time decreases considerably as the pups grow. At around day 50, when lactation has ceased, contact between the ♂ and pups is minimal and the pups have their own resting places within the enclosure. These resting places, inside the burrows or thick vegetation, are rarely shared with others.
New graphic design and information system at Zoological Garden Decin
Authors: MOUDRÝ LUBOMÍR
Published: December 2007

A new graphic design and information system was developed at Decin Zoological Garden to improve the way in which information was presented to visitors and to raise the public profile of the Zoo. A system of ‘logotypes’, which can be understood internationally, is now in use for letterheads, posters and any material used to publicize the Zoo outside its perimeter, as well as species graphics, signage and the Guidebook for visitors.
The role of museums and zoos in conservation biology
Authors: KITCHENER ANDREW C.
Published: December 2007

The taxonomic problems which affect the management of captive and wild populations of threatened species may offer an opportunity for a renaissance in the relationship between museums and zoos. As historical archives, museum collections may reflect former variation in what are now fragmented populations. Some species are poorly represented in museum collections and zoos can offer material which can be used for research into taxonomy, anatomy, pathology, functional morphology, reproductive biology and ageing. This paper discusses the ways in which zoo and museum collections complement and assist each other and describes current museum‐based research in conservation biology.
The establishment of a biomedical reference collection for a captive‐breeding and restoration programme
Authors: BAILEY TOM A. , SAMOUR JAIME H. , NALDO JESUS L. , COOPER JOHN E. , NICHOLLS PHIL K.
Published: December 2007

Biomedical data and material are invaluable in research and allow those managing captive‐breeding and restoration programmes to build up accurate biological profiles of free‐living and captive populations. This paper describes the establishment of a collection of biomedical reference material for the Houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii at the National Avian Research Center, Abu Dhabi. The numerous practical uses of the material are also described.
CBSG Regional Networks as conservation engineers: India as a case study
Authors: WALKER S.
Published: December 2007

The greater proportion of species diversity is situated in what is known as the ‘developing’ world, most of which is in the tropics. The need for identification, assessment, and intensive management and monitoring of threatened and near‐threatened taxa is critical for an ever‐increasing number of species. Yet the individuals and even institutions responsible for identification and assessment in tropical countries often suffer from poor communication facilities, low‐value currency, and vexing administrative, bureaucratic and political scenarios, which thwart efforts to forward conservation action. A variety of skills and a flexible approach are required to address these scenarios, fill lacunas in information and communication, and give impetus to action. The Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG), Species Survival Commission (SSC), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has evolved a dynamic set of tools and processes in both conservation and communication, and people management, which can cut through administrative and political hierarchies, facilitate dissemination of information and clarify conservation problems and solutions. Regional or national networks of the CBSG, operating at the grass‐roots level, can make maximum use of these tools and processes to catalyse conservation action where it is most required. These tools are ideal for helping countries fulfil their commitment to the Convention on Biodiversity. This essay describes the work of the Indian National Network of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group and its Utopian dream for Indian conservation breeding facilities and zoos.
Globally threatened parrots: criteria, characteristics and cures
Authors: COLLAR N.J.
Published: December 2007

Ninety (26%) of the world's parrot species are threatened with extinction. While this figure will vary with deteriorating circumstances, taxonomic insight and assessment of new evidence, the great majority (currently 93%) of threatened parrots are forest species, most (75 species, 83%) have populations estimated at less than 10 000 mature individuals, and many (37 species, 41%) have ranges %%20 000km2. Habitat destruction (notably the loss of nest‐sites), trade, hunting and introduced species are significant threats. Indonesia, Australia, Brazil, the Philippines, Colombia and Mexico support two‐thirds (60 species) of all threatened parrots. Conservation of sites with sympatric threatened parrots is required, alongside research and awareness programmes that enable site and species management.
A breeding history of the Collared lorikeet and Blue‐crowned lorikeet Phigys solitarius and Vini australis at San Diego Zoo and Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg
Authors: RIMLINGER D. , LEWINS E. , KING P.
Published: December 2007

The Collared lorikeet Phigys solitarius and the Blue‐crowned lorikeet Vini australis axe rare in captivity, probably as a result of the protection they receive in their native South Pacific countries. In 1991 San Diego Zoo and Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, imported these two species. Ten Collared lorikeets were received from Fiji, of which 4.2 were kept at San Diego and 3.1 went to Assiniboine. All but two of the imported birds have produced offspring with a total of 32 hatches at San Diego and four at Assiniboine. Eight Blue‐crowned lorikeets were received from the Kingdom of Tonga with two pairs going to each institution and all but two of the imported birds producing offspring. As of February 1998, 75 chicks (68 at San Diego and seven at Assiniboine) have hatched. Husbandry techniques are summarized for both species.
Natural history, behaviour and captive management of the Palm cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus in North America
Authors: TAYLOR M. R.
Published: December 2007

Habitat destruction, hunting and poaching for illegal trade are threatening the long‐term survival of the Palm cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus. In 1983 the confiscation of 103 Palm cockatoos by the US Fish and Wildlife Service led to the formation of a breeding consortium, which in 1988 was formalized as an American Zoo and Aquarium Association SSP (Species Survival Plan). Details of the natural history, physical traits and behaviour of Palm cockatoos are given. Enclosure design, captive management and the development and goals of the Palm cockatoo SSP are also described.
Management and husbandry of black cockatoos Calyptorhynchus sppin captivity
Authors: KING C. E. , HEINHUIS H. , BROUWER K.
Published: December 2007

Black cockatoos Calyptorhynchus spp have been uncommon in European zoos because of Australian wildlife export restrictions but recently several of these birds have been loaned to European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) member zoos after their confiscation by national government officials. Management guidelines, based on the literature and on a questionnaire sent to zoos which have maintained black cockatoos, are being developed to aid zoos with little or no experience with these species. Questionnaire responses were received from 15 zoos (50% of those surveyed). Results from the survey and information from the literature relevant to management guidelines are presented here, although information which is included in the guidelines that can be easily found in other publications is not included.
The European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for Red‐tailed amazon
Authors: LÜCKER H.
Published: December 2007

In 1994 the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for the Red‐tailed amazon Amazona brasiliensis was founded to facilitate captive‐breeding in the face of increasing threats to the species in the wild from deforestation, tourism and poaching. There are c. 300 captive A. brasiliensis in Brazil and the EEP is collaborating on the development of a Brazilian studbook in order to co‐ordinate captive‐breeding and establish a self‐sustaining captive population. The EEP founder members also developed the ‘Amazon Connection’ to support collaborative in situ conservation projects, for example, ‘Project Cara‐Roxa’. The education programmes, public‐awareness campaigns, ecological surveys and threats which have been identified are discussed.
Behaviour of Red‐tailed amazons
Authors: WAUGH D. R. , ROMERO G. S.
Published: December 2007

The Endangered Red‐tailed amazon Amazona brasiliensis has had limited breeding success in captivity to date. Pair incompatibility may be a contributory factor and stronger pair bonds might be achieved by placing a group of birds in a communal aviary where they are free to choose their own mates. At Loro Parque Fundación 2.3 adult Red‐tailed amazons, two of which had been maintained as a pair but not produced fertile eggs, were placed in an aviary together and specific behaviours were recorded during free mate choice. Interactive behaviours and inter‐individual distances clearly indicate that four individuals formed bonded pairs, one soon after introduction and the other immediately following removal of the first pair. The results also show that, when offered a free choice of mate, the original pair did not re‐form.
Situation‐dependant management of large parrots by manipulation of the social environment
Authors: KING C. E.
Published: December 2007

Further exploration of alternative methods of managing large parrots in captivity, that will allow natural behaviours to be expressed, is desirable. Examples of social behavioural management of large parrots at Rotterdam Zoo and other institutions are provided in this article. The topics discussed include group pair selection, group housing and breeding, leaving the young with the parents during successive breeding efforts, managing aggression, foster incubation and foster parenting.
A review of the most common viruses affecting Psittaciformes1
Authors: RITCHIE B. W. , GREGORY C. R. , LATIMER K. S. , PESTI D. , CAMPAGNOLI R. , LUKERT P. D.
Published: December 2007

Four of the most common viral infections affecting psittacine birds have been studied in detail: (1) avian polyomavirus, (2) proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), (3) Pacheco's disease and (4) psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD). The Psittacine Disease Research Group, University of Georgia, has been actively involved in this research. Proventricular dilatation disease has been reported in more than 50 psittacine species and in species in other families, while PBFD affects over 40 psittacine species. The acute and chronic clinical characteristics of the diseases, pathological features, diagnosis, and transmission prevention and control, including vaccination, are described. The vaccine for avian polyomavirus is safe and effective in captive birds, and, when used in high‐risk situations, vaccination against Pacheco's disease (a psittacine herpesvirus) can prevent high mortality. A safe vaccine for PBFD is being evaluated. Specific tests for viral nucleic acid (DNA probe tests) for avian polyomavirus and PBFD virus, and anti‐virus antibody assays for avian polyomavirus and Pacheco's disease have been developed which will facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of disease. The benefits and limitations of screening psittacines for disease are also discussed.
Longevity records for Psittaciformes in captivity
Authors: BROUWER K. , JONES M. L. , KING C. E. , SCHIFTER H.
Published: December 2007

Psittaciformes are generally believed to be long‐lived birds and are frequently said to reach ages of 100 years old or more. In reality, however, life spans rarely exceed 50 years of age, although a few reliable records exist of parrots aged up to 65–70 years. Cockatoos appear to have the highest longevities and the longest reproductive life spans. Larger psit‐tacines are generally longer‐lived than smaller ones, although there seem to be some exceptions to this trend and quite remarkable differences in longevity between some similar‐sized parrot genera. Some particularly interesting longevity histories, information on maximum breeding ages and trends in longevity are discussed.
Husbandry and breeding of Kerry spotted slug
Authors: WISNIEWSKI P. J.
Published: December 2007

The Kerry spotted slug Geomalacus maculosus has a restricted European range and may be threatened by loss of habitat. Since 1990 the species has been maintained at the Endangered Species Breeding Unit, Martin Mere, under a low‐maintenance husbandry regime. From 1991 to 1999 between 44 and 328 eggs hatched each year allowing a number of animals to be distributed to British zoos. Various aspects of husbandry, breeding and longevity of the Kerry spotted slug are discussed in this article.
Sea anemones of the north‐eastern Pacific: the flowers of the sea
Authors: ANDERSON R. C.
Published: December 2007

Aquarium husbandry and distinguishing features of sea anemones of the north‐eastern Pacific are described, based on 20 years of experience at The Seattle Aquarium. Anemones are relatively easy to maintain in aquariums, one having lived for more than 66 years following standard aquarium practices. The reproduction, food requirements, predators and symbionts of anemones are described together with some intriguing aspects of the biology of sea anemones.
Genetic analyses in support of conservation efforts for the California condor
Authors: CHEMNICK L. G. , KUMAMOTO A. T. , RYDER O. A.
Published: December 2007

The Critically Endangered California condor Gymnogyps californianus has been a focus of intensive conservation efforts for several decades. Genetic studies have played an integral part in these efforts, beginning in 1981 with cytogenetic sexing of all birds. A protocol was optimized for culturing condor lymphocytes and 84 individuals were subsequently sexed through chromosomal analysis. More recently the molecular genetic techniques of DNA‐probe hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of sex‐specific DNA fragments have been used for sex determination, using blood samples taken opportunistically and eggshell membrane material collected non‐invasively. In addition, the data obtained by DNA fingerprinting and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA have provided insights into the relatedness of the founder birds and the amount of genetic diversity in the entire extant California condor population. Three genetically distinct groups were identified within the founder population using a statistical model to analyse data from multi‐locus DNA fingerprints. A mitochondrial DNA probe identified four distinct maternal lineages in the condor population but only two of these lineages remain in the extant ♀♀. As a result of the collaborative efforts of the recovery programme, by mid‐1999 the California condor population comprised 162 birds including 50 condors living in the wild.
A review of hand‐reared Goeldi's monkey
Authors: SODARO V.
Published: December 2007

Since 1977 a breeding group of Goeldi's monkey Callimico goeldii has been maintained at Brookfield Zoo. Between 1977 and 1997 there were 291 births of which 78 infants did not survive. Ninety per cent of the surviving infants have been parent‐reared and hand‐rearing is only carried out after maternal illness or rejection, or if injuries or other problems affect the infants. At Brookfield Zoo successful hand‐rearing of Goeldi's monkey began in about 1979 and has been attempted for 66 (36.30) infants, 20 (10.10) of which survived and 46 (26.20) which did not. Changes to the hand‐rearing procedures first outlined in 1982 are described and data are presented on birth mass and patterns of mass gain for successfully hand‐reared infants. The circumstances relating to infants that did not survive hand‐rearing are also documented.
The International Zoo Yearbook: past, present and future
Authors: Olney P. J. S.
Published: December 2007

The International Zoo Yearbook was first published in 1960 by The Zoological Society of London to provide an authoritative channel for the international exchange of information about zoos. Although the general style and layout of the Yearbook were established in Volume 1, the articles in the first two sections have developed from short notes and short articles, to longer, peer‐reviewed manuscripts that are more in line with the style of scientific journals. The data reported in section 3 have also been refined and augmented over the 40 years of publication. This article describes the historical beginnings of the Yearbook, details the processes by which it has developed and looks to the future of this reference book, which is indispensable to anyone concerned with the care and conservation of wild animals.
Reintroductions: whence and whither?
Authors: PRICE M. R. STANLEY , SOORAE P. S.
Published: December 2007

This paper reviews the occurrence and quality of reintroductions of plants and animals, and the use of reintroduction as a tool in conservation biology. The Re‐introduction Specialist Group (RSG) of the IUCN/Species Survival Commission (SSC) was created in 1988 and the activities of the Group are described. Illustrations of innovative processes and practices, developed within improved frameworks of policies and legislation, including the Convention on Biological Diversity, show that reintroduction has become a more rigorous discipline with the potential to contribute to community‐restoration programmes. The activities of the RSG have contributed to this achievement.
Ethics in zoos
Authors: STEVENS P. M. C. , McALISTER E.
Published: December 2007

Animals have been kept in captivity since around the time of the ancient Egyptians. Over the centuries people have captured and maintained groups of wild animals for numerous reasons, ranging from the display of wealth to education and conservation. However, Homo sapiens has not always treated its fellow creatures well and this has led, more recently, to the development of legislation and codes of ethics in order to improve the welfare of animals in human care. This article describes some historical attitudes to captive wild animals and reports on the development of the WAZA Code of Ethics in 1999.
Genetic studies in zoological parks and their application to conservation: past, present and future
Authors: RYDER O. A.
Published: December 2007

The development of new scientific techniques has led to significant advances in our understanding of biodiversity and the threats facing animal populations. Zoos have been at the forefront of the application of these techniques, ranging from cytogenetics to the analysis of small‐population biology, with the aim of improving animal management and facilitating in situ conservation. Many of the key applications of genetic analysis are discussed; for example, assessing species diversity, utilizing studbook data, understanding genetic diseases and the related implications for captive‐breeding and reintroduction, together with the latest technological developments. The increasing power of genetic analysis will offer fundamental insights into aspects of biology that are of direct concern to zoos.
A co‐ordinated captive‐breeding programme for Rothschild's or Mountain peacock pheasant: Polyplectron inopinatum
Authors: BRUNING D.
Published: December 2007

In the late 1980s a coordinated captive‐breeding programme was initiated for Rothschild's or Mountain peacock pheasant Polyplectron inopinatum after it was discovered that the species was probably being smuggled from Malaysia to Singapore and being sold on from there. Under a captive‐breeding agreement that was set up in 1991, ownership of wild‐caught birds would remain with the Malaysian government as would 50% of any progeny: the other 50% would be owned by the holder of the birds as long as they continued to participate in the programme. Thirty‐two Mountain peacock pheasants were removed from the wild over a number of years and c. 450 birds have hatched and been reared in captivity from sixteen of these original founders. This article describes basic husbandry and breeding procedures for P. inopinatum, as well as the success achieved by the co‐ordinatcd captive‐breeding programme.
Husbandry and breeding of the Eastern pygmy possum Cercartetus nanus: at Healesville Sanctuary
Authors: MURPHY J. A. , PHILLIPS B. T. , MACREADIE B.
Published: December 2007

In 1998 6.4 Eastern pygmy possums Cercartetus nanus were placed in a large communal outdoor enclosure at Healesville Sanctuary. After 4 months two ♀♀ each had litters of four pouch young and a third ♀ had a single pouch young. The husbandry conditions which resulted in successful breeding in 1998 and 1999 are described and goals for future husbandry and research are outlined. At time of writing, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first published record of C. nanus breeding in captivity.
Parturition and lactation in a Bornean orang‐utan
Authors: ABELLó M. T. , FERNáNDEZ J.
Published: December 2007

On 29 November 1997 a ♀ Bornean orang‐utan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus was born at Barcelona Zoo. The mother, a 15 year‐old, primiparous, hand‐reared ♀ born at Duisburg Zoo, Germany, had difficulty positioning the infant correctly to enable nursing. After 48 hours the adult ♀ was anaesthetized to facilitate the infant's access to the breasts. This procedure was carried out twice, after which the infant was able to nurse successfully and remain with its mother. It was not necessary to remove the newborn orangutan for hand‐rearing nor supplement its feeds.
Development of CAPTIVE, a computerized record system for the bustard captive‐breeding programme at the National Avian Research Center, Abu Dhabi
Authors: BAILEY T. A. , SLEIGH I. M. , ANDERSON S. J. , TARR D. B. , NALDO J. L.
Published: December 2007

A user‐friendly database, captive, was developed to store and manipulate veterinary and aviculture records for the bustard captive‐breeding programme at the National Avian Research Center, Abu Dhabi. The system was based on access version 2.0 (Microsoft Corporation) which is a comparatively inexpensive commercial database program, for use on microcomputers. captive was designed as a management tool, producing standard aviculture and veterinary reports from a scheduled input of data, and as a versatile research tool to answer ad hoc enquiries about the data. Paper forms were designed to allow aviculture and veterinary personnel to record the data, and non‐technical staff to input the information into the computer program. Standard reports were designed so that staff who are unfamiliar with the database program can retrieve a menu of routine records. An additional series of ‘attached’ databases were linked to the main database, allowing personnel who are more familiar with the program to retrieve and manipulate complex data sets. The advantages and disadvantages of customizing a system in‐house are discussed.
VARIABLE COSTING: AN AID TO MANAGEMENT
Authors: GURZYNSKI Z. S.
Published: December 2007

“Empirical research has the dual responsibility of adapting theoretical constructions to the character of the data and of adjusting the arrangement of the statistical and accounting material in such a way as to make it applicable to economically significant questions.”*