bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis of the Effects of Acetylcysteine on the Pig Gut Microbiome
Authors: Fu Shulin , Tian Xinyue , Li Jingyang , Yuan Yuzhen , He Jing , Peng Chun , Guo Ling , Ye Chun , Liu Yu , Zong Bingbing , Qiu Yinsheng
Published: November 2023

The gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health, and gut dysbiosis can lead to many diseases. However, the effects of acetylcysteine (NAC) on the gut microbiome composition in pigs using metagenomic sequencing have not been reported. In this study, we used metagenome sequencing to study the effects of NAC on the pig gut microbiome. Sequencing results showed that microbial diversity was changed after NAC treatment. Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database (ARDB) analysis demonstrated that the main genes modified were macb, tsnr, norm, bl2be-per, vansb and pbp1b in the NAC group. Our data showed that NAC could affect microbial distribution at the phylum, gene and species levels. At the species level, NAC significantly increased the abundances of Megasphaera, Lactobacillus reuteri and Megasphaeraelsdenii and reduced the abundances of Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Prevotellacopri and Selenomonasbovis compared with the control group. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that in the NAC group, cellular process, metabolic process and single-organism process were the dominant terms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis demonstrated that RNA transport, MAPK signaling pathway, cell cycle, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis and VEGF signaling pathway were the dominant signaling pathways in the NAC group. In conclusion, our results suggest that NAC may modify the piglet gut microbiome composition and these findings might provide a new strategy for maintaining animal and human health in the future.
Development and Evaluation/Verification of a Fully Automated Test Platform for the Rapid Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Produce Matrices
Authors: Zhu Hui , Kim Beum Jun , Spizz Gwendolyn , Rothrock Derek , Yasmin Rubina , Arida Joseph , Grocholl John , Montagna Richard , Schwartz Brooke , Trujillo Socrates , Almeria Sonia
Published: November 2023

Cyclosporiasis, caused by the coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, has emerged as an increasing global public health concern, with the incidence of laboratory-confirmed domestically acquired cases in the US exceeding 10,000 since 2018. A recently published qPCR assay (Mit1C) based on a mitochondrial target gene showed high specificity and good sensitivity for the detection of C. cayetanensis in fresh produce. The present study shows the integration and verification of the same mitochondrial target into a fully automated and streamlined platform that performs DNA isolation, PCR, hybridization, results visualization, and reporting of results to simplify and reduce hands-on time for the detection of this parasite. By using the same primer sets for both the target of interest (i.e., Mit1C) and the internal assay control (IAC), we were able to rapidly migrate the previously developed Mit1C qPCR assay into the more streamlined and automated format Rheonix C. cayetanensisTM Assay. Once the best conditions for detection were optimized and the migration to the fully automated format was completed, we compared the performance of the automated platform against the original “bench top” Mit1C qPCR assay. The automated Rheonix C. cayetanensis Assay achieved equivalent performance characteristics as the original assay, including the same performance for both inclusion and exclusion panels, and it was able to detect as low as 5 C. cayetanensis oocysts in fresh produce while significantly reducing hands-on time. We expect that the streamlined assay can be used as a tool for outbreak and/or surveillance activities to detect the presence of C. cayetanensis in produce samples.
An Improved Understanding of Chalcopyrite Leaching Mechanisms: The Influence of Anisotropic Crystal Planes
Authors: Wei Zhenlun , Yang Xu , Li Wanqing , Ma Qiang , Wu Xiaoyong , Li Yubiao
Published: November 2023

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) particles, exposing anisotropic crystal planes during the grinding process, possess comprehensive surface properties that affect their leaching behaviors. In order to investigate the influence of anisotropic crystal planes on the leaching mechanisms, CuFeS2 particles with anisotropic crystal planes were produced by employing three-head laboratory grinder mill (TM), rod mill (RM), and ball mill (BM) and were then leached in a sulfuric acid solution at pH = 1. Based on the XRD, SEM, XPS, and simulation results, (112), (102), (312), (110), (116), (100), and (001) planes were mainly exposed on the CuFeS2 surface during the crushing and grinding process. In addition, fewer (112), (102), (312), and (110) planes but more (116), (100), and (001) planes were exposed on the CuFeS2 samples in the TM method than in the RM and BM methods. Since the leaching rates were in the order of (001) > (100) > (116) > (110) > (312) > (102) > (112) planes, the Cu extractions followed an order of TM > RM > BM. This study, therefore, provides an excellent theoretical basis for the effect of anisotropic crystal planes on CuFeS2 leaching, further improving the understanding of CuFeS2 leaching mechanisms.
Strategies for the Preparation of Chitosan Derivatives for Antimicrobial, Drug Delivery, and Agricultural Applications: A Review
Authors: Shrestha Rajeev , Thenissery Anusree , Khupse Rahul , Rajashekara Gireesh
Published: November 2023

Chitosan has received much attention for its role in designing and developing novel derivatives as well as its applications across a broad spectrum of biological and physiological activities, owing to its desirable characteristics such as being biodegradable, being a biopolymer, and its overall eco-friendliness. The main objective of this review is to explore the recent chemical modifications of chitosan that have been achieved through various synthetic methods. These chitosan derivatives are categorized based on their synthetic pathways or the presence of common functional groups, which include alkylated, acylated, Schiff base, quaternary ammonia, guanidine, and heterocyclic rings. We have also described the recent applications of chitosan and its derivatives, along with nanomaterials, their mechanisms, and prospective challenges, especially in areas such as antimicrobial activities, targeted drug delivery for various diseases, and plant agricultural domains. The accumulation of these recent findings has the potential to offer insight not only into innovative approaches for the preparation of chitosan derivatives but also into their diverse applications. These insights may spark novel ideas for drug development or drug carriers, particularly in the antimicrobial, medicinal, and plant agricultural fields.
Evolution Mechanism of Sputtered Film Uniformity with the Erosion Groove Size: Integrated Simulation and Experiment
Authors: Zhu Guo , Yang Yutong , Xiao Baijun , Gan Zhiyin
Published: November 2023

In this work, Cu thin films were experimentally fabricated at different target–substrate distances by 2-inch and 4-inch circular planar magnetron targets. Meanwhile, the sputtering deposition of Cu thin films was investigated via an integrated multiscale simulation, where the magnetron sputtering discharge was modeled using the Monte Carlo (MC) method, and the sputtered particle transport was simulated using a coupled Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) method. Experimental results indicated that, as the target–substrate distance increased from 30 to 120 mm, the film thickness distribution of the 2-inch target sputtering changed from a bell-shaped curve to a line-shaped curve, while that of the 4-inch target sputtering varied from a saddle-shaped curve to a line-shaped curve. The simulation results were accordant with the experimental results. The simulation results revealed that, at a target–substrate distance of 30 mm, the sputtering particle flow from the 2-inch target overlapped strongly near the substrate center, leading to a bell-shaped film thickness distribution, while the increased diameter of the erosion groove on the 4-inch target reduced the superposition effect of the sputtering particle flow near the substrate center, resulting in a saddle-shaped film thickness distribution. In addition, when the target–substrate distance ranged from 30 to 120 mm, the film thickness uniformity of 4-inch target sputtering was superior to that of 2-inch target sputtering, and the underlying mechanism was discussed in detail.
Chromium Picolinate Protects against Testicular Damage in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats via Anti-Inflammation, Anti-Oxidation, Inhibiting Apoptosis, and Regulating the TGF-β1/Smad Pathway
Authors: Zheng Hongxing , Hu Yingjun , Shao Mengli , Chen Simin , Qi Shanshan
Published: November 2023

Chromium picolinate (CP) is an organic compound that has long been used to treat diabetes. Our previous studies found CP could relieve diabetic nephropathy. Thus, we speculate that it might have a positive effect on diabetic testicular injury. In this study, a diabetic rat model was established, and then the rats were treated with CP for 8 weeks. We found that the levels of blood glucose, food, and water intake were reduced, and body weight was enhanced in diabetic rats after CP supplementation. Meanwhile, in CP treatment groups, the levels of male hormone and sperm parameters were improved, the pathological structure of the testicular tissue was repaired, and testicular fibrosis was inhibited. In addition, CP reduced the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines, and decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis in the testicular tissue. In conclusion, CP could ameliorate testicular damage in diabetic rats, as well as being a potential testicle-protective nutrient in the future to prevent the testicular damage caused by diabetes.
High-Entropy Lead-Free Perovskite Bi0.2K0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2TiO3 Powders and Related Ceramics: Synthesis, Processing, and Electrical Properties
Authors: Surdu Vasile-Adrian , Marinică Mariana-Andreea , Pătru Roxana-Elena , Oprea Ovidiu-Cristian , Nicoară Adrian Ionuț , Vasile Bogdan Ștefan , Trușca Roxana , Ianculescu Adelina-Carmen
Published: November 2023

A novel high-entropy perovskite powder with the composition Bi0.2K0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2TiO3 was successfully synthesized using a modified Pechini method. The precursor powder underwent characterization through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The resultant Bi0.2K0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2TiO3 powder, obtained post-calcination at 900 °C, was further examined using a variety of techniques including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Ceramic samples were fabricated by conventional sintering at various temperatures (900, 950, and 1000 °C). The structure, microstructure, and dielectric properties of these ceramics were subsequently analyzed and discussed. The ceramics exhibited a two-phase composition comprising cubic and tetragonal perovskites. The grain size was observed to increase from 35 to 50 nm, contingent on the sintering temperature. All ceramic samples demonstrated relaxor behavior with a dielectric maximum that became more flattened and shifted towards lower temperatures as the grain size decreased.
Interplay between Vitamin D and Adipose Tissue: Implications for Adipogenesis and Adipose Tissue Function
Authors: Lu Shiqi , Cao Zhen-Bo
Published: November 2023

Adipose tissue encompasses various types, including White Adipose Tissue (WAT), Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue, each having distinct roles in energy storage and thermogenesis. Vitamin D (VD), a fat-soluble vitamin, maintains a complex interplay with adipose tissue, exerting significant effects through its receptor (VDR) on the normal development and functioning of adipocytes. The VDR and associated metabolic enzymes are widely expressed in the adipocytes of both rodents and humans, and they partake in the regulation of fat metabolism and functionality through various pathways. These encompass adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis, inflammatory responses, and adipokine synthesis and secretion. This review primarily appraises the role and mechanisms of VD in different adipocyte differentiation, lipid formation, and inflammatory responses, concentrating on the pivotal role of the VD/VDR pathway in adipogenesis. This insight furnishes new perspectives for the development of micronutrient-related intervention strategies in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
The Intuitive Eating Scale-2 Adapted for Mexican Pregnant Women: Psychometric Properties and Influence of Sociodemographic Variables
Authors: Flores-Quijano María Eugenia , Mota-González Cecilia , Rozada Guadalupe , León-Rico Jacqueline Citlalli , Gómez-López María Eugenia , Vega-Sánchez Rodrigo
Published: November 2023

A weight-inclusive approach to health involves the promotion of intuitive eating, i.e., the individual’s ability to be aware of their physiological hunger and satiety cues to determine when and how much to eat, while paying attention to how certain foods affect their body. The second version of the Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2) evaluates four interrelated traits of intuitive eating: Unconditional Permission to Eat (UPE), Eating for Physical rather than emotional Reasons (EPR), Reliance on internal Hunger/Satiety Cues (RHSC), and Body–Food Choice Congruence (BFCC). In this study, our aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Mexican Spanish adaptation of the IES-2 for pregnant women and examine the relationship between intuitive eating traits and maternal sociodemographic characteristics. A sample of 514 pregnant women answered our IES-2 adaptation and a sociodemographic questionnaire. We determined the quality, validity, and reliability of our adaptation through descriptive measures, frequency distributions, intra-class correlations, and extreme answer group comparison for each item, eliminating those with weak technical properties. We then performed an exploratory principal component analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Last, we analyzed the association between intuitive eating and maternal sociodemographic and reproductive variables through correlation tests and multivariable linear regressions. Psychometric tests confirmed the validity and reliability of our IES-2 adaptation, which comprised 18 out of the 23 original items. Notably, both the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded not four but five factors, due to the EPR subscale splitting in two (the “emotional” and “physical” components of EPR). We attribute this novel finding to the emotional manifestations that naturally accompany pregnancy, which may incline pregnant women to base their eating behaviors more on the emotional than the physical component that would otherwise dominate their EPR trait. Further research is also needed about the UPE subscale during pregnancy, due to item removal and subtle changes in meaning. Finally, the influence of sociodemographic variables on the IES-2 score was extremely low, suggesting that other variables, possibly of a psychological nature, may have greater influence on a pregnant woman’s intuitive eating.
Does Co-Supplementation with Beetroot Juice and Other Nutritional Supplements Positively Impact Sports Performance?: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ferrada-Contreras Elida , Bonomini-Gnutzmann Romina , Jorquera-Aguilera Carlos , MacmiIlan Kuthe Norman , Peña-Jorquera Humberto , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Fernando
Published: November 2023

In the pursuit of enhanced athletic prowess in different disciplines, athletes constantly look for strategies to increase their physical performance, encompassing technical skills and dietary components, which inevitably, in most cases, include the incorporation of sports supplements. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of athletes using ergogenic aids. In this context, scientific evidence must play a prominent role in either endorsing or warning against the use of these products, ensuring the preservation of health while promoting the theoretically established positive benefits. In this vein, beetroot juice (BJ) stands out as a key supplement as an ergogenic aid to improve sports performance, given its demonstrated influence on both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. However, despite widespread global demand, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the potential synergistic effects of combining BJ with other supplements. Consequently, our study aims to determine whether the combination of BJ with another nutritional supplement can enhance its beneficial effects and, therefore, optimize physical performance in humans. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in two major databases—Web of Science and PubMed—from 1 January 2018 to 29 January 2023, using specific keywords. After the exclusion criteria, six articles were selected for analysis. Therefore, our study shows that the effectiveness of combining BJ with another supplement mainly depends on the duration of the chronic intervention, which is where the greatest benefits have been observed.
Are Supplements Consumed by Middle-Distance Runners Evidence-Based? A Comparative Study between Level of Competition and Sex
Authors: Del Arco Asier , Martinez Aguirre-Betolaza Aitor , Malchrowicz-Mośko Ewa , Gogojewicz Anna , Castañeda-Babarro Arkaitz
Published: November 2023

Background: Middle-distance running events have special physiological requirements from a training and competition point of view. Therefore, many athletes choose to take sport supplements (SS) for different reasons. To date, few studies have been carried out that review supplementation patterns in middle-distance running. The aim of the present study is to analyze the consumption of SS in these runners with respect to their level of competition, sex and level of scientific evidence. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data was collected from 106 middle-distance runners using a validated questionnaire. Results: Of the total sample, 85.85% responded that they consumed SS; no statistical difference was found regarding the level of competition or sex of the athletes. With respect to the level of competition, differences were observed in the total consumption of SS (p = 0.012), as well as in that of medical supplements (p = 0.005). Differences were observed between sexes in the consumption of medical supplements (p = 0.002) and group C supplements (p = 0.029). Conclusions: Higher-level athletes consume SS that have greater scientific evidence. On the other hand, although the most commonly consumed SS have evidence for the performance or health of middle-distance runners, runners should improve both their sources of information and their places of purchase.
Evaluation of Validity and Reliability of a German General and Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes and Coaches (GSNKQ-AC)
Authors: Bauhaus Helen , Jensen Pia Malin , Braun Hans , Thevis Mario
Published: November 2023

Despite the availability of nutritional recommendations, studies have reported inadequate nutrition in athletes. The existing literature highlights the importance of the nutritional knowledge of both athletes and coaches in influencing athletes’ food choices and behavior, as well as its direct and indirect impact on athletes’ performance and health. To adequately assess nutritional knowledge, monitoring via valid and reliable questionnaires is required. As no questionnaire tailored to German-speaking athletes and coaches exists, this study aimed at developing a new General and Sports Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes and Coaches (GSNKQ-AC). The development followed a literature-based, ten-step validation approach. The initial questionnaire (63 items) was revised and reduced to 29 items in the final version after conducting construct verification in the target group (n = 84 athletes and coaches), evaluating content validity by a panel of nutrition experts (n = 8), verifying face validity by think-out-loud interviews in the target group (n = 7), and conducting classical test theory for item reduction analysis (n = 53). For the final GSNKQ-AC, internal consistency, calculated as Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.87. Students with a focus on sports nutrition (n = 31) scored significantly higher than athletes and coaches (n = 53), revealing good construct validity (77% vs. 62%, p < 0.001). Test–retest reliability (n = 42, matched pairs) showed a Spearman’s correlation coefficient of r = 0.61 (p < 0.01). The brief GSNKQ-AC can be used for status quo or longitudinal assessment of nutritional knowledge among athletes and coaches to reveal gaps and ensure purposeful planning of educational interventions.
Lactate Conversion by Lactate Dehydrogenase B Is Involved in Beige Adipocyte Differentiation and Thermogenesis in Mice
Authors: Guo Bin , Shu Hui , Luo Ling , Liu Xiangpeng , Ma Yue , Zhang Jie , Liu Zhiwei , Zhang Yong , Fu Lei , Song Tongxing , Qiao Yixue , Zhang Chi
Published: November 2023

Adipose tissue (AT) is the primary reservoir of lipid, the major thermogenesis organ during cold exposure, and an important site for lactate production. However, the utilization of lactate as a metabolic substrate by adipocytes, as well as its potential involvement in the regulation of adipocyte thermogenesis, remain unappreciated. In vitro experiments using primary stromal vascular fraction preadipocytes isolated from mouse inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) revealed that lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), the key glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate, is upregulated during adipocyte differentiation, downregulated upon chronic cold stimulation, and regained after prolonged cold exposure. In addition, the global knockout of Ldhb significantly reduced the masses of iWAT and epididymal WAT (eWAT) and impeded the utilization of iWAT during cold exposure. In addition, Ldhb loss of function impaired the mitochondrial function of iWAT under cold conditions. Together, these findings uncover the involvement of LDHB in adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis.
Child and Maternal Factors Associated with Feeding Practices in Children with Poor Growth
Authors: Almaatani Dina , Cory Emma , Gardner Julie , Alexanian-Farr Mara , Hulst Jessie M. , Bandsma Robert H. J. , Van Den Heuvel Meta
Published: November 2023

The development of adequate growth and healthy eating behaviors depends on nutritious food and responsive feeding practices. Our study examined (1) the relationship between maternal concern about child weight or perceived feeding difficulties and their feeding practices, and (2) the moderating role of child temperament and maternal mental health on their feeding practices. A cross-sessional study included mother–child dyads (n = 98) from a tertiary growth and feeding clinic. Children had a mean age of 12.7 ± 5.0 months and a mean weight-for-age z-score of −2.0 ± 1.3. Responsive and controlling feeding practices were measured with the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire. Spearman correlation and moderation analysis were performed. Maternal concern about child weight and perceived feeding difficulties were negatively correlated with responsive feeding (r = −0.40, −0.48, p < 0.001). A greater concern about child weight or perceived feeding difficulties was associated with greater use of pressure feeding practices when effortful control was low (B = 0.49, t = 2.47, p = 0.01; B = −0.27, p = 0.008). Maternal anxiety had a significant moderation effect on the relationship between feeding difficulty and pressure feeding (B = −0.04, p = 0.009). Higher maternal concern about child weight and perceived feeding difficulties were associated with less responsive satiety feeding beliefs and behaviors. Both child effortful control and maternal anxiety influenced the relationship between weight and feeding concerns and the use of pressure feeding practices.
Dental Age Estimation Methods Tested in a Sample of the Pakistani Population: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Khan Amber , Manica Scheila , Franco Ademir
Published: November 2023

Forensic dentistry is still an emerging field in Pakistan. The lack of scientific literature on the topic may lead to difficulties in situations where age estimation has a significant part such as in criminal and civil litigation. In mass disasters such as earthquakes and accidents, the correct investigation of the chronological age can be less troublesome if population-specific evidence is available. This is the rationale that justifies dedicated dental age estimation studies. This cross-sectional study aimed to test the time efficiency, validity and applicability of four dental age estimation methods: two invasive (Bang and Ramm and Lamendin) and two non-invasive (Kvaal and Cameriere) in an adult Pakistani population. A total of 37 teeth collected from a dental hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan, were used. Teeth included the central and lateral incisors, canines, and first and second premolars of males and females. Results were calculated using a Microsoft Office 2007 excel spreadsheet. Overall, Kvaal’s method mean absolute error between chronological and estimated ages (MAE: 12.33) showed the highest variation and Bang and Ramm showed more accurate results in comparison with other methods (MAE: 4.80). It was both time-efficient and practical to use. It can be stated that these were preliminary cross-sectional outcomes and that studies with larger samples are necessary.
Correction: Solano-Barquero et al. Metazoan Marine Parasites of Costa Rica: A Review. Parasitologia 2023, 3, 116–141
Authors: Solano-Barquero Alberto , Rojas Alicia , Cortés Jorge
Published: November 2023

There was a small error in the fifth sentence of the Abstract in the original publication [...]
Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Mauritania: A Literature Review
Authors: El Ghassem Abdallahi , Abdoullah Bedia , Deida Jemila , Ould Lemrabott Mohamed Aly , Ouldabdallahi Moukah Mohamed , Ould Ahmedou Salem Mohamed Salem , Briolant Sébastien , Basco Leonardo K. , Ould Brahim Khyarhoum , Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary Ali
Published: November 2023

During the past four decades, recurrent outbreaks of various arthropod-borne viruses have been reported in Mauritania. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the epidemiology of the major arboviruses circulating in Mauritania. Online databases including PubMed and Web of Science were used to retrieve relevant published studies. The results showed that numerous arboviral outbreaks of variable magnitude occurred in almost all 13 regions of Mauritania, with Rift Valley fever (RVF), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and dengue (DEN) being the most common infections. Other arboviruses causing yellow fever (YF), chikungunya (CHIK), o’nyong-nyong (ONN), Semliki Forest (SF), West Nile fever (WNF), Bagaza (BAG), Wesselsbron (WSL), and Ngari (NRI) diseases have also been found circulating in humans and/or livestock in Mauritania. The average case fatality rates of CCHF and RVF were 28.7% and 21.1%, respectively. RVF outbreaks have often occurred after unusually heavy rainfalls, while CCHF epidemics have mostly been reported during the dry season. The central and southeastern regions of the country have carried the highest burden of RVF and CCHF. Sheep, cattle, and camels are the main animal reservoirs for the RVF and CCHF viruses. Culex antennatus and Cx. poicilipes mosquitoes and Hyalomma dromedarii, H. rufipes, and Rhipicephalus everesti ticks are the main vectors of these viruses. DEN outbreaks occurred mainly in the urban settings, including in Nouakchott, the capital city, and Aedes aegypti is likely the main mosquito vector. Therefore, there is a need to implement an integrated management strategy for the prevention and control of arboviral diseases based on sensitizing the high-risk occupational groups, such as slaughterhouse workers, shepherds, and butchers for zoonotic diseases, reinforcing vector surveillance and control, introducing rapid point-of-care diagnosis of arboviruses in high-risk areas, and improving the capacities to respond rapidly when the first signs of disease outbreak are identified.
Novel Immunotherapies and Combinations: The Future Landscape of Multiple Myeloma Treatment
Authors: Morè Sonia , Corvatta Laura , Manieri Valentina Maria , Morsia Erika , Poloni Antonella , Offidani Massimo
Published: November 2023

In multiple myeloma impressive outcomes have improved with the introduction of new therapeutic approaches, mainly those including naked monoclonal antibodies such as daratumumab and isatuximab. However, moving to earlier lines of therapy with effective anti-myeloma drugs led to an increase in the number of patients who developed multi-refractoriness to them early on. Currently, triple- or multi-refractory MM represents an unmet medical need, and their management remains a complicated challenge. The recent approval of new immunotherapeutic approaches such as conjugated monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and CAR T cells could be a turning point for these heavily pretreated patients. Nevertheless, several issues regarding their use are unsolved, such as how to select patients for each strategy or how to sequence these therapies within the MM therapeutic landscape. Here we provide an overview of the most recent data about approved conjugated monoclonal antibody belantamab, mafodotin, bispecific antibody teclistamab, and other promising compounds under development, mainly focusing on the ongoing clinical trials with monoclonal antibody combination approaches in advanced and earlier phases of MM treatment.
Discovery and Characterization of a Dual-Function Peptide Derived from Bitter Gourd Seed Protein Using Two Orthogonal Bioassay-Guided Fractionations Coupled with In Silico Analysis
Authors: Hung Wei-Ting , Sutopo Christoper Caesar Yudho , Wu Mei-Li , Hsu Jue-Liang
Published: November 2023

The hydrolysate of bitter gourd seed protein, digested by the combined gastrointestinal proteases (BGSP-GPs), exhibited the most potent inhibition on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) with an IC50 value of 48.1 ± 2.0 µg/mL. Using two independent bioassay-guided fractionations, fraction F5 from reversed-phase chromatography and fraction S1 from strong cation exchange chromatography exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory (ACEI) activity. Three identical peptides were simultaneously detected from both fractions and, based on the in silico appraisal, APLVSW (AW6) was predicted as a promising ACEI peptide. Their dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP4) inhibitory (DPP4I) activity was also explored. The IC50 values of AW6 against ACE and DPP4 were calculated to be 9.6 ± 0.3 and 145.4 ± 4.4 µM, respectively. The inhibitory kinetics and intermolecular interaction studies suggested that AW6 is an ACE competitive inhibitor and a DPP4 non-competitive inhibitor. The quantities of AW6 in BGSP-GP hydrolysate, fractions F5 and S1, were also analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Notably, AW6 could resist hydrolysis in the human gastrointestinal tract according to the result of the simulated gastrointestinal digestion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first discovery and characterization of a dual-function (ACEI and DPP4I activities) peptide derived from bitter gourd seed protein.
Quercetin as a Therapeutic Product: Evaluation of Its Pharmacological Action and Clinical Applications—A Review
Authors: Mirza Mohd Aamir , Mahmood Syed , Hilles Ayah Rebhi , Ali Abuzer , Khan Mohammed Zaafar , Zaidi Syed Amir Azam , Iqbal Zeenat , Ge Yi
Published: November 2023

Quercetin is the major polyphenolic flavonoid that belongs to the class called flavanols. It is found in many foods, such as green tea, cranberry, apple, onions, asparagus, radish leaves, buckwheat, blueberry, broccoli, and coriander. It occurs in many different forms, but the most abundant quercetin derivatives are glycosides and ethers, namely, Quercetin 3-O-glycoside, Quercetin 3-sulfate, Quercetin 3-glucuronide, and Quercetin 3′-metylether. Quercetin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. It is found to be beneficial against cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neuro-degenerative diseases, allergy asthma, peptic ulcers, osteoporosis, arthritis, and eye disorders. In pre-clinical and clinical investigations, its impacts on various signaling pathways and molecular targets have demonstrated favorable benefits for the activities mentioned above, and some global clinical trials have been conducted to validate its therapeutic profile. It is also utilized as a nutraceutical due to its pharmacological properties. Although quercetin has several pharmacological benefits, its clinical use is restricted due to its poor water solubility, substantial first-pass metabolism, and consequent low bioavailability. To circumvent this limited bioavailability, a quercetin-based nanoformulation has been considered in recent times as it manifests increased quercetin uptake by the epithelial system and enhances the delivery of quercetin to the target site. This review mainly focuses on pharmacological action, clinical trials, patents, marketed products, and approaches to improving the bioavailability of quercetin with the use of a nanoformulation.
In Vitro/In Vivo Preparation and Evaluation of cRGDyK Peptide-Modified Polydopamine-Bridged Paclitaxel-Loaded Nanoparticles
Authors: Yun Dan , Liu Dengyuan , Liu Jinlin , Feng Yanyi , Chen Hongyu , Chen Simiao , Xie Qingchun
Published: November 2023

Cancer remains a disease with one of the highest mortality rates worldwide. The poor water solubility and tissue selectivity of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents contribute to their poor efficacy and serious adverse effects. This study proposes an alternative to the traditional physicochemically combined modifications used to develop targeted drug delivery systems, involving a simpler surface modification strategy. cRGDyK peptide (RGD)-modified PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with paclitaxel were constructed by coating the NP surfaces with polydopamine (PD). The average particle size of the produced NPs was 137.6 ± 2.9 nm, with an encapsulation rate of over 80%. In vitro release tests showed that the NPs had pH-responsive drug release properties. Cellular uptake experiments showed that the uptake of modified NPs by tumor cells was significantly better than that of unmodified NPs. A tumor cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the modified NPs had a lower IC50 and greater cytotoxicity than those of unmodified NPs and commercially available paclitaxel formulations. An in vitro cytotoxicity study indicated good biosafety. A tumor model in female BALB/c rats was established using murine-derived breast cancer 4T1 cells. RGD-modified NPs had the highest tumor-weight suppression rate, which was higher than that of the commercially available formulation. PTX-PD-RGD-NPs can overcome the limitations of antitumor drugs, reduce drug toxicity, and increase efficacy, showing promising potential in cancer therapy.
The Potential Roles of Pharmacists in the Clinical Implementation of Pharmacogenomics
Authors: Maruf Abdullah Al , Aziz Md. Abdul
Published: November 2023

The field of pharmacogenomics is at the forefront of a healthcare revolution, promising to usher in a new era of precision medicine [...]
A Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Casparian Strip Membrane Domain Protein-like Gene Family in Pogostemon cablin in Response to p-HBA-Induced Continuous Cropping Obstacles
Authors: Su Yating , Zeeshan Ul Haq Muhammad , Liu Xiaofeng , Li Yang , Yu Jing , Yang Dongmei , Wu Yougen , Liu Ya
Published: November 2023

Casparian strip membrane domain protein-like (CASPL) genes are key genes for the formation and regulation of the Casparian strip and play an important role in plant abiotic stress. However, little research has focused on the members, characteristics, and biological functions of the patchouli PatCASPL gene family. In this study, 156 PatCASPL genes were identified at the whole-genome level. Subcellular localization predicted that 75.6% of PatCASPL proteins reside on the cell membrane. A phylogenetic analysis categorized PatCASPL genes into five subclusters alongside Arabidopsis CASPL genes. In a cis-acting element analysis, a total of 16 different cis-elements were identified, among which the photo-responsive element was the most common in the CASPL gene family. A transcriptome analysis showed that p-hydroxybenzoic acid, an allelopathic autotoxic substance, affected the expression pattern of PatCASPLs, including a total of 27 upregulated genes and 30 down-regulated genes, suggesting that these PatCASPLs may play an important role in the regulation of patchouli continuous cropping obstacles by affecting the formation and integrity of Casparian strip bands. These results provided a theoretical basis for exploring and verifying the function of the patchouli PatCASPL gene family and its role in continuous cropping obstacles.
Residue Analysis and Dietary Risk Assessment of Pymetrozine in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat)
Authors: Chen Yuting , Ye Hui , Fang Nan , Luo Yuqin , Wang Xiangyun , Li Yanjie , He Hongmei , Cheng Youpu , Zhang Changpeng
Published: November 2023

Pymetrozine is used on potato (S. tuberosum) and Chrysanthemum morifolium (C. morifolium) to obtain greater yield and quality. However, pesticide use carries the potential for residues to remain and be detected on harvested crops. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate pesticide residues in S. tuberosum and C. morifolium products that are commercially available for human consumption and to assess the associated dietary risks. For this study, a total of 340 samples (200 S. tuberosum samples and 140 C. morifolium samples) were collected randomly from supermarkets and farmer’s markets. Residues of pymetrozine in S. tuberosum and C. morifolium were detected by using an established and validated QuECHERS-HPLC-MS / MS method, while a dietary risk assessment of pymetrozine in S. tuberosum and C. morifolium was performed using these data. The detection rates of pymetrozine in S. tuberosum and C. morifolium samples were 92.31% and 98.17%, respectively, with residues not more than 0.036 and 0.024 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these results, the dietary risk assessment indicated that the intake of pymetrozine residues in S. tuberosum and C. morifolium does not pose a health risk. This work improved our understanding of the potential exposure risk of pymetrozine in S. tuberosum and C. morifolium.
Morpho-Anatomical, Physiological and Biochemical Adjustments in Response to Heat and Drought Co-Stress in Winter Barley
Authors: Jampoh Emmanuel Asante , Sáfrán Eszter , Babinyec-Czifra Dorina , Kristóf Zoltán , Krárné Péntek Barbara , Fábián Attila , Barnabás Beáta , Jäger Katalin
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of high temperatures 10 °C above the optimum and water withholding during microgametogenesis on vegetative processes and determine the response of winter barley genotypes with contrasting tolerance. For this purpose, two barley varieties were analyzed to compare the effect of heat and drought co-stress on their phenology, morpho-anatomy, physiological and biochemical responses and yield constituents. Genotypic variation was observed in response to heat and drought co-stress, which was attributed to differences in anatomy, ultrastructure and physiological and metabolic processes. The co-stress-induced reduction in relative water content, total soluble protein and carbohydrate contents, photosynthetic pigment contents and photosynthetic efficiency of the sensitive Spinner variety was significantly greater than the tolerant Lambada genotype. Based on these observations, it has been concluded that the heat-and-drought stress-tolerance of the Lambada variety is related to the lower initial chlorophyll content of the leaves, the relative resistance of photosynthetic pigments towards stress-triggered degradation, retained photosynthetic parameters and better-preserved leaf ultrastructure. Understanding the key factors underlying heat and drought co-stress tolerance in barley may enable breeders to create barley varieties with improved yield stability under a changing climate.
Enhancing Soybean Yield: The Synergy of Sulfur and Rhizobia Inoculation
Authors: Hu Yiao , Chen Yulin , Yang Xu , Deng Lansheng , Lu Xing
Published: November 2023

Sulfur deficiency severely limits soybean growth, inhibiting the rhizobia nitrogenase and soybean protein synthesis. This study assessed the impact of sulfur fertilization and rhizobia inoculation on soybean growth and nitrogen fixation through bacterial culture and hydroponic experiments. We selected three rhizobia strains for bacterial cultures and used six sulfur levels. The test demonstrated severe inhibition of Rhizobium USDA110 growth without sulfur. In hydroponic experiment, we employed five sulfur levels with USDA110 as the inoculum strain. Soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, yield, and root morphology-related parameters, and root nodule growth, were significantly inhibited without sulfur. Following Rhizobium inoculation, low sulfur concentrations (0.15–0.60 mM) stimulated early-stage (V9) root growth and increased shoot nitrogen accumulation, but inhibited root growth at R5 stage. Furthermore, Rhizobium inoculation notably enhanced soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, and yield, especially within the recommended low sulfur concentration range (0.15–0.30 mM). The maximum nodule nitrogenase activity at R5 stage and highest yield was recorded at a 0.3 mM sulfur concentration with Rhizobium inoculation, which was 9.51–1222.07% higher than other treatments. These findings highlight that low sulfur concentration and rhizobia inoculation enhance soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, and yield but reduce soybean root efficacy, increasing reliance on root nodules.
The Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation in the Subrange of the Altai Mountains, Xinjiang
Authors: Cao Qiumei , Wei Yan , Li Wenjun , Feng Ying , Abduraimov Ozodbek S.
Published: November 2023

The Altai Mountains are an important center of biodiversity and are a major habitat for threatened and endemic species in Asia. Moreover, the Altai Mountains are a valuable site for the study of the evolution of central Asian vegetation. The Xinjiang Altai subrange represents the largest part of the southern Altai Mountains and has many unique plant communities. After conducting a thorough literature review and field investigation, we utilized the Chinese vegetation categorization system to identify the dominant plant communities in the Xinjiang Altai subrange and report their composition and distribution characteristics. Our results show that (1) the natural plant communities present in the Xinjiang Altai subrange can be divided into eight vegetation types, eighteen vegetation subtypes, and 50 communities. Among these, two communities—Form. Calligonum rubicundum and Form. Seriphidium borotalense-Festuca valesiaca—are present only in the Xinjiang Altai subrange. (2) The Xinjiang Altai subrange is located at the junction of three major biomes containing unique vegetation types (coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, and desert). Thus, the Xinjiang Altai subrange is distinct in its staggered transition from mountainous boreal taiga to temperate desert. This research provides textual data to contextualize the cultural heritage of the Xinjiang Altai subrange and also provides a scientific basis for the protection and sustainable management of natural resources found in the Xinjiang Altai.
Enhancing Railway Track Stabilization with Epoxy Resin and Crumb Rubber Powder-Modified Cement Asphalt Mortar
Authors: Lee Sang-Yum , Yun Young-Man , Le Tri Ho Minh
Published: November 2023

This research investigates the quantitative impact of incorporating epoxy resin and crumb rubber powder (CRP) into cement asphalt mortar (CAM) for railway track stabilization. The study reveals significant improvements in various key parameters compared to conventional CAM. The modified CAM exhibits a 12.7% reduction in flow time, indicative of enhanced flowability, and a substantial 62.4% decrease in the mixing stability gap, demonstrating superior mixing stability. Additionally, the modified CAM displays remarkable early-age compressive strength, with increases of up to 15.3% compared to traditional CAM formulations. Importantly, the modified CAM showcases robust resistance to challenging environmental conditions, with only a 6.7% strength reduction after exposure to sulfuric acid, highlighting its acid resistance, and exceptional freeze–thaw resistance, with a mere 1.5% strength reduction after undergoing six cycles. In a mock-up test simulating real-world conditions, the modified CAM effectively prevents ballast layer settlement, underscoring its potential to enhance the durability of railway track infrastructure. These quantitative findings not only endorse the practical feasibility of epoxy resin and CRP-enhanced CAM but also suggest its potential to contribute significantly to railway track longevity, reduce maintenance expenditures, and ensure operational reliability.
Polymer-Based Self-Assembled Drug Delivery Systems for Glaucoma Treatment: Design Strategies and Recent Advances
Authors: Sun Hao , Wang Guangtong , Feng Qingying , Liu Shaoqin
Published: November 2023

Glaucoma has become the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness, and one of its main characteristics is high intraocular pressure. Currently, the non-surgical drug treatment scheme to reduce intraocular pressure is a priority method for glaucoma treatment. However, the complex and special structure of the eye poses significant challenges to the treatment effect and safety adherence of this drug treatment approach. To address these challenges, the application of polymer-based self-assembled drug delivery systems in glaucoma treatment has emerged. This review focuses on the utilization of polymer-based self-assembled structures or materials as important functional and intelligent carriers for drug delivery in glaucoma treatment. Various drug delivery systems, such as eye drops, hydrogels, and contact lenses, are discussed. Additionally, the review primarily summarizes the design strategies and methods used to enhance the treatment effect and safety compliance of these polymer-based drug delivery systems. Finally, the discussion delves into the new challenges and prospects of employing polymer-based self-assembled drug delivery systems for the treatment of glaucoma.
Controlling a Below-the-Elbow Prosthetic Arm Using the Infinity Foot Controller
Authors: Bishay Peter L. , Wilgus Jack , Chen RunRun , Valenzuela Diego , Medina Victor , Tan Calvin , Ittner Taylor , Caldera Miguel , Rubalcava Cristina , Safarian Shaghik , Alfaro Gerbert Funes , Gonzalez-Martinez Alfredo , Gosparini Matthew , Fuentes-Perez Jose , Lima Andy , Villalobos Jonnathan , Solis Abrahan
Published: November 2023

Nowadays there are various prosthetic arm designs in the literature, the market, and CAD design websites, with different shapes, sizes, and degrees of freedom. Only limited options are available for controlling such prostheses. Prosthetic arm users reported muscle fatigue and unreliability when using the market-dominated myoelectric sensors. This work presents the “Infinity Foot Controller” as a new approach to control a five-finger below-the-elbow prosthetic arm with wrist rotation and bending capabilities. This foot control system receives user input from a custom insole and a sensor-controller unit placed alongside the user’s shoe to perform various hand grips, gestures, and/or rotations. To demonstrate the new foot controller, a design of a 3D-printed below-the-elbow prosthetic arm, called the “Infinity Arm”, is presented. This arm is suitable for gripping relatively lightweight objects and making hand gestures. It includes a wrist actuation system that permits 120° wrist rotation and 70° wrist extension and flexion. It also includes a haptic feedback system that utilizes fingertip force sensors to relay a vibratory response in an armband placed on the user’s arm, giving the user a sense of touch. A proof-of-concept model was built to demonstrate the system and a testing procedure was proposed.