bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on fatigue reliability prediction model and structural improvement of welded drive axle housing based on master S‐N Curve method
Authors: Tan Xiufeng , Wang Chunlin , Xie Kai , Xie Liyang , Wang Ping
Published: November 2022

Fatigue reliability prediction of welded structures is mainly based on nominal stress or hot spot stress method, but there are some problems such as grid sensitivity and joint geometry dependence. The Master S‐N curve method can solve these problems well, but the corresponding reliability model needs to be studied. In this paper, the fatigue reliability model of welded structures based on the Master S‐N curve method is studied. Considering the randomness of life and the correlation of failure, a reliability model is proposed, which reduces the computational burden by establishing a median damage‐random threshold rule. Taking the welded drive axle housing as an object, the system reliability is analyzed under the bench test condition, and verified by the experimental data. After the verification, this method is used to predict the reliability of the axle housing under variable amplitude loading collected in the test field, and the results are verified by Monte Carlo (MC) method. When the P‐S‐N curves are parallel, the model is accurate, which is the characteristic of the Master S‐N curve method. This method only needs to input the median damage value of the weak part, which is easy to be applied. This method can speed up the reliability prediction cycle of welded structures, which is beneficial to product innovation and optimal design. Finally, an improved design scheme is proposed for the weak parts of welding, and the effects of welding leg width, welding depth, and closed weld on fatigue life are revealed.
Designing a stabilizing controller for discrete‐time nonlinear feedforward systems with unknown input saturation
Authors: Chang Le , Fu Cheng
Published: November 2022

This article aims to design a low gain feedback controller for a class of discrete‐time feedforward nonlinear systems (DFNSs) with unknown input saturation. Although the design of the low gain feedback control can be converted into the choosing of a parameter, it is difficult to design the control due to the inherent nonlinear dynamics and the unknown input constants. To solve this problem, we first show that the low gain feedback control can be found to stabilize the DFNSs when the saturation is known. Then, by analyzing the dynamics of DFNSs under the saturating input, the relation is built between the parameter and the system state. Finally, we introduce a technology to update the parameter based on different performance, whose effectiveness is illustrated through considering a numerical example.
Focus on student‐centered strategies to boost student success
Authors: Felix Elliot
Published: November 2022

College is where students forge their identities, find their communities, chart the course of their careers, and learn the knowledge and skills to succeed. With tuition rising and student loan debt looming, the pandemic brought the question of the value of higher education to the forefront for students, parents, and institutions.
Adjusting for treatment selection in phase II/III clinical trials with time to event data
Authors: Khan Josephine N. , Kimani Peter K. , Glimm Ekkehard , Stallard Nigel
Published: November 2022

Phase II/III clinical trials are efficient two‐stage designs that test multiple experimental treatments. In stage 1, patients are allocated to the control and all experimental treatments, with the data collected from them used to select experimental treatments to continue to stage 2. Patients recruited in stage 2 are allocated to the selected treatments and the control. Combined data of stage 1 and stage 2 are used for a confirmatory phase III analysis. Appropriate analysis needs to adjust for selection bias of the stage 1 data. Point estimators exist for normally distributed outcome data. Extending these estimators to time to event data is not straightforward because treatment selection is based on correlated treatment effects and stage 1 patients who do not get events in stage 1 are followed‐up in stage 2. We have derived an approximately uniformly minimum variance conditional unbiased estimator (UMVCUE) and compared its biases and mean squared errors to existing bias adjusted estimators. In simulations, one existing bias adjusted estimator has similar properties as the practically unbiased UMVCUE while the others can have noticeable biases but they are less variable than the UMVCUE. For confirmatory phase II/III clinical trials where unbiased estimators are desired, we recommend the UMVCUE or the existing estimator with which it has similar properties.
Domino Intramolecular Ring‐Closing Metathesis/Cross‐Metathesis Reaction: Total Synthesis of Putative Structure of Cryptopyranmoscatone A2
Authors: Kundeti Lakshmi Srinivasa Rao , Chinnam Vijaya Vardhan , Sharada Ambati , Sarma Akella Venkata Subrahmanya , Kommu Nagaiah , Yadav Jhillu Singh
Published: November 2022

The stereoselective total synthesis of Putative structure of the Cryptopyranmoscatone A2 is presented, starting from epichlorohydrin. Key step in the synthesis involved a domino intramolecular ring‐closing metathesis/cross‐metathesis reaction to provide styryllactone.
Synthesis, in vitroandin silicoBiological Studies of Sulfonamide Chalcones as Esterase Inhibitors
Authors: Arslan Tayfun , Senturk Murat , Karagoz Lütfi , Karagoz Yalcin , Ekinci Deniz , Efe Asiye , Türkoğlu Emir Alper , Uras Fikriye
Published: November 2022

Inhibition profiles of synthesized 4‐methyl benzene sulfonamide derivatives on carbonic anhydrase I (CA I) and II (CA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were investigated in this study. All sulfonamide based compounds showed the inhibition profiles with KIvalues in the range 0.39–2.46 nM for CA I, 4.81–14.43 nM for CA II, 52.10–58.83 nM AChE and 50.78–57.38 nM for BChE, respectively. CA Isoenzymes are essential therapeutic targets and their inhibitors have been used for pharmacological purposes particularly in the remedy of diseases such as glaucoma, edema, cancer, etc. Cholinesterase inhibitors are important compounds that can be used in many diverse therapeutic applications, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 4‐methyl benzene sulfonamides examined here and acetazolamide, the clinically used CA Inhibitor, showed similar results for CA I and II. Similarly, synthesized compounds demonstrated close inhibition ranges with neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, on AChE and BChE enzymes. These results indicate that these molecules can be used as potential inhibitors for these esterase enzymes. In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of the observed activities of the potent compounds.
Heterogeneous Pd/C‐Catalyzed Ligand‐Free Direct C‐2 Functionalization of Indoles with Aryl Iodides
Authors: Konwar Dipika , Bora Porag , Chetia Bolin , Bora Utpal
Published: November 2022

The C‐2 selective direct functionalization of N‐methylindole derivatives with aryl iodides catalyzed by Pd supported on carbon is developed. This methodology exclusively results in C‐2 arylated indoles in the absence of any ligand or directing group. The catalyst is easily recoverable from the reaction mixture and can be reused up to four cycles without any significant loss of its catalytic efficiency. Without using any additive, the current protocol is applicable for a wide range of substrates.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization, Antiproliferative Activity, and In Silico Studies of Novel Alkyl Ether Derivatives Containing 1H‐1,2,4‐Triazole Ring
Authors: Yilmaz Osman , Capanlar Seval , Akkoc Senem , Alici Hakan , Ozcan Ibrahim , Tahtaci Hakan
Published: November 2022

In this study, starting from 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole, a new series of aliphatic ether derivatives containing phenyl and 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole groups together were synthesized using reduction and Williamson ether synthesis mechanisms, respectively. The molecular structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR), mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. All synthesized compounds were screened against three different human cancer cell lines, including colon, lung, and liver cancer cells. Some of the compounds showed exceptionally high antiproliferative effects against all three cancer cell lines, with IC50 values much lower than the positive control drug bendamustine. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed to support the in vitro results and the interaction types and amino acids that play key roles in the binding of the compounds to enzymes were identified. Finally, the potential of these compounds to be drugs and their drug‐likeness properties were evaluated by absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion‐toxicity (ADMET) calculations and it was determined that the compounds could be drug candidates with the capacity to be effective and safe drugs for use in the treatment of different diseases.
N‐(9‐Oxo‐9H‐thioxanthen‐2‐yl) acrylamide as a Versatile Photoinitiator for Photopolymerization
Authors: Wu Qingqing , Yang Guiqin , Guo Jingdong , Li Fushao , Deng Mingsen
Published: November 2022

Thioxanthone (TX) and its derivatives have broad application prospects for their excellent absorption properties in the near UV range, high hydrogen scavenging capacity and ease of adjusting with LED light source. Herein,N‐(9‐oxo‐9H‐thioxanthen‐2‐yl)acrylamide (TXAM) was designed and synthesized as a LED‐sensitive photoinitiator. TXAM exhibited a maximum absorption band matched with the LED emission spectra (e. g., 385–405 nm). Its properties were investigated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments. The results suggested that TXAM could efficiently initiate free radical polymerization as a sole‐component photoinitiator upon LED irradiation; Meanwhile, a two‐component system with an iodonium salt could initiate cationic polymerization and free radical/cationic hydric photopolymerization. It also could be used for deep curing system to make the interpenetrated polymer network materials.
Overcoming AZD9291 Resistance and Metastasis of NSCLC via Ferroptosis and Multitarget Interference by Nanocatalytic Sensitizer Plus AHP‐DRI‐12
Authors: Wang Liting , Fu Hao , Song Liwei , Wu Zhihua , Yu Jian , Guo Qianqian , Chen Chuanrong , Yang Xupeng , Zhang Jiali , Wang Quan , Duan Yourong , Yang Yunhai
Published: November 2022

The acquired resistance to Osimertinib (AZD9291) greatly limits the clinical benefit of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), whereas AZD9291‐resistant NSCLCs are prone to metastasis. It's challenging to overcome AZD9291 resistance and suppress metastasis of NSCLC simultaneously. Here, a nanocatalytic sensitizer (VF/S/A@CaP) is proposed to deliver Vitamin c (Vc)–Fe(II), si‐OTUB2, ASO‐MALAT1, resulting in efficient inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis of NSCLC by synergizing with AHP‐DRI‐12, an anti‐hematogenous metastasis inhibitor by blocking the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/death receptor 6 (DR6) interaction designed by our lab. Fe2+ released from Vc–Fe(II) generates cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) through Fenton reaction. Subsequently, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is consumed to sensitize AZD9291‐resistant NSCLCs with high mesenchymal state to ferroptosis due to the glutathione (GSH) depletion caused by Vc/dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) conversion. By screening NSCLC patients’ samples, metastasis‐related targets (OTUB2, LncRNA MALAT1) are confirmed. Accordingly, the dual‐target knockdown plus AHP‐DRI‐12 significantly suppresses the metastasis of AZD9291‐resistant NSCLC. Such modality leads to 91.39% tumor inhibition rate in patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models. Collectively, this study highlights the vulnerability to ferroptosis of AZD9291‐resistant tumors and confirms the potential of this nanocatalytic‐medicine‐based modality to overcome critical AZD9291 resistance and inhibit metastasis of NSCLC simultaneously.
Tailoring the Cs/Br Ratio for Efficient and Stable Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Cao Jiali , Fang Zhimin , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: November 2022

Wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskites are promising candidates for front cells in tandem devices. Taking advantage of composition engineering, most WBG perovskites are successfully obtained by heavy Br or Cs doping. However, the role of Cs/Br ratio in crystallization, phase homogeneity, and stability are fuzzy. Herein, three perovskites with a bandgap of 1.68 eV via tailoring the Cs/Br ratio are systematically studied, that are Cs0.15FA0.85PbI2.5Br0.5, Cs0.3FA0.7PbI2.7Br0.3, and Cs0.4FA0.6PbI2.8Br0.2. It is found that the Br‐rich precursor film undergoes ultrafast crystallization, forming a 3D structure with random crystal orientation, while Cs‐rich systems demonstrate a 2D‐dominated intermediate phase. After annealing, all the precursor films transform into (100)‐oriented perovskite films, and Cs0.3FA0.7PbI2.7Br0.3 perovskite presents the highest crystallinity, lowest microstrain, and best‐phase homogeneity. As the Cs/Br ratio changes, both Cs and Br ions show the ability of arising phase segregation in the perovskite films. Increasing Cs content significantly improves the thermal stability, but heavy Cs content also sacrifices the air stability. Among the three systems, Cs0.3FA0.7PbI2.7Br0.3 solar cells offer the highest efficiency of 20.17% with superior air, light, and thermal stability. The findings highlight the importance of rational composition design to achieve high‐quality WBG perovskite films for tandem applications.
Reduced Surface Hydroxyl and Released Interfacial Strain by Inserting CsF Anchor Interlayer for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jintao , Wang Zhenyu , Chen Shuming , Jiang Ning , Yuan Long , Zhang Jian , Duan Yu
Published: November 2022

Defects passivation strategy for the atop perovskite films is widely investigated, while the buried interface between the tin oxide electron transport layer and the perovskite active layer should gain more attention since the interfacial strains and surface hydroxyl are inevitable during the fabrication process which would affect the efficiency and stability of the fabricated perovskite devices. Herein, the CsF interlayer between SnO2 and perovskite film is adopted to release the interfacial strain and decrease the surface hydroxyl through the atomic interaction and chemical doping. Furthermore, the CsF can tailor the energy level of SnO2 for a more favorable alignment to reduce the energy loss and improve charge extraction. Correspondingly, the perovskite photovoltaic devices with the efficiency of 23.13% are achieved. Moreover, CsF‐doped devices demonstrate enhanced stability, which could maintain 87% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h under environmental storage. The developed CsF interfacial engineering provides a promising strategy for the interfacial modulation.
Comparative analysis of floc characteristics and microbial communities in anoxic and aerobic suspended growth processes
Authors: He Huanqi , Carlson Avery L. , Nielsen Per Halkjær , Zhou Jizhong , Daigger Glen T.
Published: November 2022

A fully anoxic suspended growth process is an appealing alternative to conventional activated sludge (AS) due to considerable aeration reduction and improved carbon processing efficiency for biological nutrient removal (BNR). With development of the hybrid membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) technology, implementation of a fully anoxic suspended growth community in BNR facilities became practical. To better understand potential limitations with the elimination of aeration, we carried out microscopic examination and 16S rRNA gene‐based microbial community profiling to determine how an anoxic suspended growth would differ from the conventional aerobic process in floc characteristics, microbial diversity, microbial temporal dynamics, and community assembly pattern. Fewer filamentous populations were found in the anoxic mixed liquor, suggesting easily sheared flocs. The anoxic microbial community had distinct composition and structure, but its diversity and temporal dynamics were similar to the conventional aerobic community. A variety of well‐studied functional guilds were also identified in the anoxic community. The anoxic microbial community assembly was more stochastic than the conventional aerobic community, but deterministic assembly was still significant with a large core microbiome adapted to the anoxic condition.

Practitioner Points

Flocs developed under the anoxic conditions had less filamentous backbones, implying reduced flocculation capacity and easily sheared flocs.

Knowledge about the ecophysiology of Thauera, Thiothrix, and Trichococcus can help achieve good properties of the anoxic flocs.

A diverse microbial community sustainably adapted to the fully anoxic condition, containing a variety of filaments, denitrifiers, and PAOs.

The anoxic microbial community displayed a similar degree of diversity and temporal dynamics compared to the aerobic counterpart.

The anoxic community's assembly was more stochastic, so it may be less subject to changes in environmental variables.
Die Auswirkungen guter Subsidiary Governance auf relevante Resultatgrößen
Authors: Renz Patrick , Böhrer Nikola , Peter Marc K.
Published: November 2022

Was ist der Nutzen guter Subsidiary Governance? Im vorhergehenden Kapitel wurden die sogenannten Inhaltsmodule beschrieben. Diese schaffen – wie im Kap. 2 aufgezeigt – Voraussetzungen für mehrere zentrale Eigenschaften erfolgreicher Unternehmen, nämlich für Wettbewerbsstärke, Innovationsfähigkeit, Nachhaltigkeit, Führung (im Sinne von Führungsstärke), digitale Reife und Umsetzungsexzellenz. Im Subsidiary Governance Modell (vgl. Abb. 2.1) sind dies die sogenannten Resultatmodule. Mit anderen Worten: Die Inhaltsmodule liefern zentrale Grundlagen für die Resultatmodule, weshalb erstere auch Grundlagenmodule genannt werden. In diesem Kapitel werden nun die Resultatmodule vorgestellt und die Verbindungen zu den bisherigen Konzepten aufgezeigt.
Background of the Guangdong–Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin
Authors: Zhou Long , Li Bin , Li Sihong , Lei Ngan Leng , Cheong Kengfong
Published: November 2022

Since the handover of Macao, its economy has grown rapidly under the success and advantages of the ‘One Country, Two Systems’ policy. However, gaming is the single most crucial income source of Macao’s economy, and the progress of Macao’s economic diversification has been limited by its geographic and demographic limitations. The ‘Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area’ is a national strategic development plan that included Macao as one of the key cities to help develop the Greater Bay Area (GBA) and helped Macao break through its development bottleneck. As the ‘Hengqin Overall Development Plan’ released in 2009, Hengqin has developed rapidly, with increasing population growth which transformed itself from a small town to a developed city with comprehensive infrastructure, high-rise buildings and supporting utilities. Later in 2021, the ‘General Plan for Construction of the Guangdong–Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin’ was released to lay out the foundation and goals of utilising Hengqin to supplement Macao in incorporating into the strategic development of the GBA. Both Hengqin and Macao would benefit mutually via in-depth strategic cooperation at a national level. However, this opportunity also comes with various challenges to overcome.
Influence of working conditions and salary on agency work for intermediate and intensive care units
Authors: Hermes C. , Gaidys U. , Blanck-Köster K. , Rost E. , Petersen-Ewert C.
Published: November 2022

Background

Agency work in nursing is used as a form of labor to counter vacant staff positions in hospitals. Both hospital owners and nurses view this critically for different reasons.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess what personal net income nurses in German intensive care units and intermediate care units consider “fair and sufficient” for their work (addressed in Part 1 of the survey) and what influence—aside from the salary—the working conditions have on the willingness to change to temporary work or back to a permanent position.

Methods

From September to October 2020, an anonymous online survey was conducted among nurses of intermediate care units, intensive care units, and special care units in German-speaking countries. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis.

Result

Of 1203 participants, 86% (n = 1036) could be evaluated. None of the job satisfaction factors queried received four or five stars (maximum five stars) from those participating in the survey. The most unsatisfied group proved to be regularly employed nurses with an additional part-time job. Key job satisfaction factors differed markedly between the groups, with regular employees favoring consistency and stability. Agency workers prefer gaining experience in a broader range of tasks. Unreliable duty rosters and poor nurse to patient ratios were common points of criticism.

Conclusion

For job satisfaction, making nurses feel appreciated and respected is essential. This includes a guaranteed nurse to patient ratio and reliable duty rosters that also include tasks outside direct patient care. In order for nurses to leave agency work, it is necessary to take into account the differences in interests in terms of the focus of activity.
A commentary on Weisberg’s critique of the ‘structural conception’ of chemical bonding
Authors: Scerri Eric R.
Published: November 2022

Robin Hendry has presented an account of two equally valid ways of understanding the nature of chemical bonding, consisting of what the terms the structural and the energetic views respectively. In response, Weisberg has issued a “challenge to the structural view”, thus implying that the energetic view is the more correct of the two conceptions. In doing so Weisberg identifies the delocalization of electrons as the one robust feature that underlies the increasingly accurate quantum mechanical calculations starting with the Heitler-London method and moving on to such approaches as the valence bond and molecular orbital theories of chemical bonding. The present article provides a critical evaluation of Weisberg’s article and concludes that he fails to characterize the nature of chemical bonding in several respects. I claim that Hendry’s structural and energetic views remain as equally viable ways of understanding chemical bonding. Whereas the structural view is more appropriate for chemists, the energetic view is preferable to physicists. Neither view is more correct unless one subscribes to the naively reductionist view of considering that the more physical energetic view is the more correct one.
Conceptual Structuralism
Authors: Ferreirós José
Published: November 2022

This paper defends a conceptualistic version of structuralism as the most convincing way of elaborating a philosophical understanding of structuralism in line with the classical tradition. The argument begins with a revision of the tradition of “conceptual mathematics”, incarnated in key figures of the period 1850 to 1940 like Riemann, Dedekind, Hilbert or Noether, showing how it led to a structuralist methodology. Then the tension between the ‘presuppositionless’ approach of those authors, and the platonism of some recent versions of philosophical structuralism, is presented. In order to resolve this tension, we argue for the idea of ‘logical objects’ as a form of minimalist realism, again in the tradition of classical authors including Peirce and Cassirer, and we introduce the basic tenets of conceptual structuralism. The remainder of the paper is devoted to an open discussion of the assumptions behind conceptual structuralism, and—most importantly—an argument to show how the objectivity of mathematics can be explained from the adopted standpoint. This includes the idea that advanced mathematics builds on hypothetical assumptions (Riemann, Peirce, and others), which is presented and discussed in some detail. Finally, the ensuing notion of objectivity is interpreted as a form of particularly robust intersubjectivity, and it is distinguished from fictional or social ontology.
The role of testosterone, the androgen receptor, and hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis in depression in ageing Men
Authors: Hauger Richard L. , Saelzler Ursula G. , Pagadala Meghana S. , Panizzon Matthew S.
Published: November 2022

Considerable research has shown that testosterone regulates many physiological systems, modulates clinical disorders, and contributes to health outcome. However, studies on the interaction of testosterone levels with depression and the antidepressant effect of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men with depression have been inconclusive. Current findings indicate that low circulating levels of total testosterone meeting stringent clinical criteria for hypogonadism and testosterone deficiency induced by androgen deprivation therapy are associated with increased risk for depression and current depressive symptoms. The benefits of testosterone replacement therapy in men with major depressive disorder and low testosterone levels in the clinically defined hypogonadal range remain uncertain and require further investigation. Important considerations going forward are that major depressive disorder is a heterogeneous phenotype with depressed individuals differing in inherited polygenic determinants, onset and clinical course, symptom complexes, and comorbidities that contribute to potential multifactorial differences in pathophysiology. Furthermore, polygenic mechanisms are likely to be critical to the biological heterogeneity that influences testosterone-depression interactions. A genetically informed precision medicine approach using genes regulating testosterone levels and androgen receptor sensitivity will likely be essential in gaining critical insight into the role of testosterone in depression.
A Systematic Review of Intervention Programs Promoting Peer Relationships Among Children and Adolescents: Methods and Targets Used in Effective Programs
Authors: Pollak Isabella , Mitic Marija , Birchwood James , Dörfler Sylvia , Krammer Ina , Rogers Jack C. , Schek Esther Judith , Schrank Beate , Stiehl Katharina A. M. , Woodcock Kate Anne
Published: November 2022

Children’s peer relationships are crucial for their social-emotional development, mental and physical health. To identify effective strategies to facilitate peer relationships among 8–14-year-olds, a systematic review of intervention programs was conducted. Electronic databases ERIC, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Collection Library and grey literature sources were searched for intervention studies with general or clinical populations published between 2000 and 2020. Interventions had to assess quantity or quality of peer relationships as an outcome measure, thus focusing on helping children to establish more positive relationships or improving their self-reported relationship quality. Sixty-five papers were identified and grouped into universal prevention programs, selective interventions for typically developing children and indicated interventions for children with clinical diagnosis. Prevention programs and interventions for typically developing children facilitated peer relationships by targeting mental wellbeing and self-concepts. Clinical interventions focused on social-emotional skills, symptoms and peer behaviors. Successful programs showed a close alignment of methods and targeted program effects. Practitioners should also be aware of realistic goals for each population. Programs for a general population showed potential to decrease loneliness, whereas clinical populations achieved high increases in play dates, peer acceptance and sociometric status.
Bullying Victimization Due to Racial, Ethnic, Citizenship and/or Religious Status: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sapouna Maria , de Amicis Leyla , Vezzali Loris
Published: November 2022

A resurgent climate of nationalism, racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia in many parts of the world has drawn attention to the risk of bullying victimization among racial, ethnic and/or religious minority youth. However, no attempt has yet been made to synthesize the literature on this topic to derive better understanding and guide future prevention and intervention efforts. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on individual, school, family, and community -level factors and outcomes associated with racist bullying victimization. Systematic searches of EBSCOhost, Scopus, ASSIA and Web of Science databases identified 73 articles that included quantitative and qualitative analyses on this topic. Overall, this review found that negative stereotypes and discrimination operating in school and community contexts put racial/ethnic minority, immigrant, and refugee youth at an increased risk of racist bullying victimization. The review also found that racist bullying victimization is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes including poor mental health, lower academic engagement, and an increased risk of involvement in delinquent behaviours, especially among older pupils. The review identified several gaps in the research, including the lack of adequate theorization and the infrequent consideration of potential mediators and moderators. Finally, the review outlined future directions, such as the need to study how intergroup processes influence racist bullying victimization.
Observations of cross scale energy transfer in the inner heliosphere by Parker Solar Probe
Authors: Parashar Tulasi N. , Matthaeus William H.
Published: November 2022

The solar wind, a continuous flow of plasma from the sun, not only shapes the near Earth space environment but also serves as a natural laboratory to study plasma turbulence in conditions that are not achievable in the lab. Starting with the Mariners, for more than five decades, multiple space missions have enabled in-depth studies of solar wind turbulence. Parker Solar Probe (PSP) was launched to explore the origins and evolution of the solar wind. With its state-of-the-art instrumentation and unprecedented close approaches to the sun, PSP is starting a new era of inner heliospheric exploration. In this review we discuss observations of turbulent energy flow across scales in the inner heliosphere as observed by PSP. After providing a quick theoretical overview and a quick recap of turbulence before PSP, we discuss in detail the observations of energy at various scales on its journey from the largest scales to the internal degrees of freedom of the plasma. We conclude with some open ended questions, many of which we hope that PSP will help answer.
What Happens After a Fast Versus Slow Error, and How Does It Relate to Evidence Accumulation?
Authors: Damaso Karlye A. M. , Williams Paul G. , Heathcote Andrew
Published: November 2022

It has traditionally been assumed that responding after an error is slowed because participants try to improve their accuracy by increasing the amount of evidence required for subsequent decisions. However, recent work suggests a more varied picture of post-error effects, with instances of post-error speeding, and decreases or no change in accuracy. Further, the causal role of errors in these effects has been questioned due to confounds from slow fluctuations in attention caused by factors such as fatigue and boredom. In recognition memory tasks, we investigated both post-error speeding associated with instructions emphasising fast responding and post-error slowing associated with instructions emphasising the accuracy of responding. In order to identify the causes of post-error effects, we fit this data with evidence accumulation models using a method of measuring post-error effects that is robust to confounds from slow fluctuations. When the response-to-stimulus interval between trials was short, there were no post-error effect on accuracy and speeding and slowing were caused by differences in non-decision time (i.e. the time to encode choice stimuli and generate responses). In contrast, when the interval was longer, due to participants providing a confidence rating for their choice, there were also effects on the rate of evidence accumulation and the amount of evidence required for a decision. We discuss the implications of our methods and results for post-error effect research.
No Evidence for Biased Attention Towards Emotional Scenes in Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Laméris D. W. , van Berlo E. , Roth T. S. , Kret M. E.
Published: November 2022

Attention may be swiftly and automatically tuned to emotional expressions in social primates, as has been demonstrated in humans, bonobos, and macaques, and with mixed evidence in chimpanzees, where rapid detection of emotional expressions is thought to aid in navigating their social environment. Compared to the other great apes, orangutans are considered semi-solitary, but still form temporary social parties in which sensitivity to others’ emotional expressions may be beneficial. The current study investigated whether implicit emotion-biased attention is also present in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). We trained six orangutans on the dot-probe paradigm: an established paradigm used in comparative studies which measures reaction time in response to a probe replacing emotional and neutral stimuli. Emotional stimuli consisted of scenes depicting conspecifics having sex, playing, grooming, yawning, or displaying aggression. These scenes were contrasted with neutral scenes showing conspecifics with a neutral face and body posture. Using Bayesian mixed modeling, we found no evidence for an overall emotion bias in this species. When looking at emotion categories separately, we also did not find substantial biases. We discuss the absence of an implicit attention bias for emotional expressions in orangutans in relation to the existing primate literature, and the methodological limitations of the task. Furthermore, we reconsider the emotional stimuli used in this study and their biological relevance.
The Effect of a 12 Week Mixed-Modality Training Intervention on the Cardio-Metabolic Health of Rotational Shift Workers
Authors: Collins Blake E. G. , Hartmann Tegan E. , Marino Frank E. , Skein Melissa
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To assess the effect of a 12 week resistance or aerobic training intervention on markers of cardio-metabolic function and sleep among male rotational shift workers.

Method

Thirty-eight sedentary, apparently healthy, male rotational shift workers were recruited and randomly allocated to a non-exercise control (CON) group, 3 sessions/week of moderate intensity continuous (MICT), or resistance training (RT) for 12 weeks in a semi-supervised setting. Pre- and post-testing assessed markers of cardio-metabolic function including peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, body composition, inflammatory markers, and 14 day actigraphy sleep assessment.

Results

Mean session attendance across the intervention was 25 (± 7) of a possible 36 sessions. A significant group by time interaction was observed for MICT, with lower c-reactive protein (CRP) values observed post-training (P = 0.049). A significant effect for time was observed for both MICT (n = 9; P = 0.04) and RT (n = 10; P = 0.021), increasing total sleep time (TST) following a night shift post-intervention. Data redistribution regarding exercise adherence: < 24 (N-ADHERE) or ≥ 24 (ADHERE) resulted in significant pre-to-post reduction in body fat (P = 0.024) and fat mass percentage (P = 0.014) among ADHERE. No differences were observed for any intervention group on insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism or oxygen uptake.

Conclusion

The results of the current study support exercise as a valid intervention to improve the cardio-metabolic health of rotational shift workers. Average sessional attendance suggests shift workers face barriers to exercise that may need to be addressed to improve health outcomes.
A quest for global psychology
Authors: Tateo Luca , Marsico Giuseppina
Published: November 2022

In this article we discuss the decolonisation of psychology by constructing a project that is open to diversity and transdisciplinarity, rather than providing hyper-fragmented technical knowledge. In the iconic Manifesto antropófago (1928), the poet Oswald de Andrade (1890–1954) claimed the original and creative capability of Brazilian modernist culture to elaborate in original ways the European, Indio and African heritage. We discuss the anthropophagic metaphor to elaborate on human phenomena that take place in “arenas” where complementary and (often) opposing views are at stake; where the people make their own personal synthesis through coordinated “processes of creating, managing, demolishing and rebuilding” meanings about themselves and the world. Research cannot be reduced to a competition between views that strive to prevail and occupy academic niches. Instead, it should be aimed at being a collective effort of understanding through dialogue.

An innovative epistemology shall not reject any emerging idea because it belongs to a different “species” or “perspective”. It is not hegemonic, rather, it is open to the construction of knowledge through dialogue and complementarity of views. The idea of Anthropophagic Psychology rejects a “monological” epistemology and instead allows for the development of a polyphonic psychology, an arena, i.e. a local ecosystem, where the polyphony of perspectives can lead to a rich epistemic orchestration.
Failing the Test: The Countervailing Attitudinal Effects of Civil Service Examinations
Authors: KUIPERS NICHOLAS
Published: November 2022

I surveyed the universe of recent applicants to the Indonesian civil service to study the effects of high-stakes examinations on political attitudes. Leveraging applicants’ scores on the civil service examination, I employ a regression discontinuity design to compare the attitudes of applicants who narrowly failed with those who narrowly passed. I show that the simple fact of failure on the civil service examination decreased applicants’ belief in the legitimacy of the process and levels of national identification while increasing support for in-group preferentialism. Next, I find that applicants who were offered—and accepted—employment in the civil service reported higher satisfaction with the process, greater amity toward out-groups, and higher national identification. Because more applicants fail than pass, these results suggest that civil service examination outcomes may have unintended consequences for social cohesion—particularly in contexts where successful applicants disproportionately hail from specific ethnic, racial, or religious groups.
Stock Comovement and Financial Flexibility
Authors: Huang Teng , Kumar Anil , Sacchetto Stefano , Vergara-Alert Carles
Published: November 2022

We develop a dynamic model of corporate investment and financing, in which shocks to the value of collateralizable assets generate variation in firms’ debt capacity. We show that the degree of similarity among firms’ financial flexibility forecasts cross-sectional variation in return correlation. We test the implications of the model with firm-level data in two empirical analyses using i) an instrumental variable approach based on shocks to the value of collateralizable corporate assets and ii) the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis as an event study. We find that firms in the same percentile of the cross-sectional distribution of financial flexibility have 62% higher correlation in stock-return residuals than firms 50 percentiles apart.
Clause types, intonation and stranded embedded clauses
Authors: AN DUK-HO
Published: November 2022

In this paper, I examine the properties of a construction in Korean speech that has not received much attention in the literature. I refer to the construction in question as the ‘stranded embedded clause’ (SEC). SECs are a special type of echoed utterance, where an utterance in the form of an embedded clause is repeated for various reasons. The characteristic properties of the SEC involve the fact that there can be a mismatch between the type of the clause indicated by the clause type marker that they contain and the actual illocutionary force of the utterance that is indicated by its prosody. The complementizer is also obligatory, despite the fact that no matrix clause element shows up—hence, the name stranded embedded clause. I propose a deletion-based analysis of SECs, where they start out as a full-fledged embedded clause in a complex sentence and undergo movement, followed by deletion of the rest of the clause. It should be noted that this is essentially how fragment answers (and some other ellipsis constructions) have been analysed in the literature. Indeed, I show that there is a parallelism between SECs and fragment answers, which I argue provides support for the deletion-based approach to the former.
The Role of Atmospheric Transport for El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Teleconnections
Authors: Baier K. , Duetsch M. , Mayer M. , Bakels L. , Haimberger L. , Stohl A.
Published: November 2022

The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of Earth's main modes of climate variability, having huge impacts on weather, agriculture, and people worldwide. Although these impacts and teleconnections have been studied for decades, the role of atmospheric transport is not completely understood. We analyze the atmospheric transport outgoing from the Equatorial Pacific with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART driven by reanalysis data. Our results demonstrate the interocean‐basin exchange via the atmosphere: anomalously energetic air from the ENSO region mainly remains within the Tropics and Subtropics, while more air is transported toward the east during El Niño. Transport of anomalous moist air can directly be linked to several observed teleconnections, for example, droughts in the Amazon Basin and precipitation in Southeastern U.S. during El Niño. These results show that atmospheric transport plays a role in several ENSO teleconnections.
Accelerated Accumulation of Anthropogenic CO2 Drives Rapid Acidification in the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water During 1993–2020
Authors: Li Cheng‐long , Wu Yingxu , Wang Xuchen , Feely Richard A. , Cai Wei‐Jun , Han Lei , Lin Xiaopei , Qi Di
Published: November 2022

Recent studies suggest that the formation and motion of the North Pacific subtropical mode water (STMW) play an important role in oceanic uptake, transport and storage of anthropogenic CO2 (CANT). However, the variability of STMW acidification rate and its control mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that the STMW acidification rate during 2005–2020 is about two times of that during 1993–2005, which is due to the cooling‐driven enhanced CANT accumulation in the formation waters in the recent period. The rapid rates of CANT accumulation and acidification are consistently observed in the entire region across 137°–149°E regulated by STMW transport. Moreover, the tracer‐based (Δ14C and δ13C) analyses also indicate that the accelerated accumulation of CANT could be traced back to the surface formation waters via STMW formation. The vertical and horizontal consistencies imply the memory function of mode waters in retaining the anthropogenic carbon fingerprint during its formation and transport.
Recent Trends in Transport of Surface Carbonaceous Aerosols to the Upper‐Troposphere‐Lower‐Stratosphere Linked to Expansion of the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone
Authors: Lau William K. M. , Kim Kyu‐Myong
Published: November 2022

Using Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version‐2 (MERRA‐2) re‐analyses, we have examined recent trends (2000–2019) in transport of surface carbonaceous aerosols (CAs), that is, organic carbon and black carbon, to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) during the Asian summer monsoon (ASM). We find a significant increased concentration of UTLS CA, linked to a linear trend in an expansion of the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone (ASMA). Over core monsoon latitudes (25°–35°N), the trends in UTLS CA are enabled by increased upward transport from surface sources via an intensified monsoon meridional circulation, with increased latent heating over the southern Tibetan Plateau and foothill regions, enhanced by feedback processes associated with radiative heating by UTLS CA. In the extra‐tropics, increased UTLS CA stems primarily from an extended source of increased wildfire emissions over eastern Siberia and northern Asia, coincident with a large‐scale anomalous anticyclone with enhanced surface warming and drying near (80°–120°E, 55°–70°N). Here, CAs are transported upward from the surface to the ULS, likely by increased pyro‐convection associated with enhanced wildfires, and enter the tropical UTLS via increased equatorward transport on the eastern flanks of anomalous upper‐level anticyclones, coupled to the expanded ASMA. Overall, the increasing UTLS CA trends associated with expansion of the ASMA are consistent with a hydrostatic expansion of a warming troposphere, reflected in a rise in the tropical tropopause and consequential dynamical adjustments of the ASM subtropical jetstream, modulating the climate of the greater ASM region.
Structure- and computational-aided engineering of an oxidase to produce isoeugenol from a lignin-derived compound
Authors: Guo Yiming , Alvigini Laura , Trajkovic Milos , Alonso-Cotchico Lur , Monza Emanuele , Savino Simone , Marić Ivana , Mattevi Andrea , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: November 2022

Various 4-alkylphenols can be easily obtained through reductive catalytic fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. Selective dehydrogenation of 4-n-propylguaiacol results in the formation of isoeugenol, a valuable flavor and fragrance molecule and versatile precursor compound. Here we present the engineering of a bacterial eugenol oxidase to catalyze this reaction. Five mutations, identified from computational predictions, are first introduced to render the enzyme more thermostable. Other mutations are then added and analyzed to enhance chemoselectivity and activity. Structural insight demonstrates that the slow catalytic activity of an otherwise promising enzyme variant is due the formation of a slowly-decaying covalent substrate-flavin cofactor adduct that can be remedied by targeted residue changes. The final engineered variant comprises eight mutations, is thermostable, displays good activity and acts as a highly chemoselective 4-n-propylguaiacol oxidase. We lastly use our engineered biocatalyst in an illustrative preparative reaction at gram-scale. Our findings show that a natural enzyme can be redesigned into a tailored biocatalyst capable of valorizing lignin-based monophenols.
Chemistry-driven changes strongly influence climate forcing from vegetation emissions
Authors: Weber James , Archer-Nicholls Scott , Abraham Nathan Luke , Shin Youngsub Matthew , Griffiths Paul , Grosvenor Daniel P. , Scott Catherine E. , Archibald Alex T.
Published: November 2022

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) affect climate via changes to aerosols, aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI), ozone and methane. BVOCs exhibit dependence on climate (causing a feedback) and land use but there remains uncertainty in their net climatic impact. One factor is the description of BVOC chemistry. Here, using the earth-system model UKESM1, we quantify chemistry’s influence by comparing the response to doubling BVOC emissions in the pre-industrial with standard and state-of-science chemistry. The net forcing (feedback) is positive: ozone and methane increases and ACI changes outweigh enhanced aerosol scattering. Contrary to prior studies, the ACI response is driven by cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) reductions from suppression of gas-phase SO2oxidation. With state-of-science chemistry the feedback is 43% smaller as lower oxidant depletion yields smaller methane increases and CDNC decreases. This illustrates chemistry’s significant influence on BVOC’s climatic impact and the more complex pathways by which BVOCs influence climate than currently recognised.