bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of necrotic core with intraplaque hemorrhage in atherosclerotic carotid artery plaque by MR imaging with 3D gradient-echo sequence in patients with high-grade stenosis
Authors: Hishikawa Tomohito , Iihara Koji , Yamada Naoaki , Ishibashi-Ueda Hatsue , Miyamoto Susumu
Published: April 2010

Object

The aim of this study was to assess the histopathological differences between advanced atherosclerotic carotid artery (CA) plaques with signal hyperintensity on T1-weighted MR images and those without, focusing on necrotic core size and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH).

Methods

Thirty-five patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy underwent preoperative CA MR imaging using 3D inversion-recovery-based T1-weighted imaging (magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo [MPRAGE]). The signal intensity of the CA plaque on MPRAGE sequences was classified as “high” when the intensity was more than 200% that of adjacent muscle. A total of 96 axial MR images obtained in 35 patients were compared with corresponding histological sections from 36 excised specimens. The area of the necrotic core in histological sections was compared between specimens with and without high signal intensity on MPRAGE sequences. The IPH was histopathologically graded according to the size of the area positive for glycophorin A as revealed by immunohistochemical staining. The difference between plaques with and without high signal intensity was investigated with respect to the degree of IPH. The relationship of the severity of IPH to size of the necrotic core was also evaluated.

Results

The area of the necrotic core in plaques with high signal intensity on MPRAGE sequences was significantly larger than that in plaques without high signal intensity (median 51.2% [interquartile range 43.3–66.8%] vs 49.0% [33.2–57.6%], p = 0.029). Carotid artery plaques with high signal intensity had significantly more severe IPH than plaques with lower signal intensity (p < 0.0001). The severity of IPH was significantly associated with the size of the necrotic core (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Atherosclerotic CA plaques with high signal intensity on MPRAGE sequences had large necrotic cores with IPH in patients with high-grade stenosis; MPRAGE is useful for the evaluation of CA plaque progression.
Median nerve branches to the pronator teres: cadaveric study with potential use in neurotization procedures to the radial nerve at the elbow
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Beckman Joshua M. , Loukas Marios , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A.
Published: April 2010

Object

Various donor nerves have been used for brachial plexus neurotization procedures. To the authors' knowledge, neurotization of median nerve branches to the pronator teres to the radial nerve at the elbow have not been explored.

Methods

In an attempt to identify an additional nerve donor candidate for neurotization procedures of the upper limb, 20 cadaveric upper limbs underwent dissection of the cubital fossa and identification of branches of the median nerve to the pronator teres. Measurements were made of such branches, and distal transection was then performed to determine the appropriate length so that the structure could be brought to the laterally positioned radial nerve via tunneling deep to the biceps brachii muscle.

Results

All specimens were found to have a median nerve branch to the pronator teres that was long enough to reach the radial nerve in the cubital fossa. Neural connections remained tension free with full pronation and supination. The mean length of these branches to the pronator teres was 3.6 cm. The overall mean diameter of these nerves was 1.5 mm. The mean proximal, midpoint, and distal diameters were 2.0, 1.8, and 1.5 mm, respectively. The mean distance between the origin of these branches to the pronator teres and the medial epicondyle of the humerus was 4.1 cm.

Conclusions

Based on the results of our cadaveric study, the use of the branch of the median nerve to the pronator teres muscle may be considered for neurotization of the radial nerve in the cubital fossa.
The relevance of Simpson Grade I and II resection in modern neurosurgical treatment of World Health Organization Grade I meningiomas
Authors: Sughrue Michael E. , Kane Ari J. , Shangari Gopal , Rutkowski Martin J. , McDermott Michael W. , Berger Mitchel S. , Parsa Andrew T.
Published: April 2010

Object

In 1957, Simpson published a seminal paper defining the risk factors for recurrence following surgical treatment of intracranial meningiomas. Given that Simpson's study was published more than 50 years ago, preceding image guidance technology and MR imaging, the authors reviewed their own experience with surgical treatment of Grade I meningiomas to determine if Simpson's grading scale is still relevant to modern neurosurgical practice.

Methods

From this cohort, the authors evaluated all patients undergoing craniotomy for resection of a histologically proven WHO Grade I meningioma as their initial therapy. Clinical information was retrospectively reconstructed using patient medical records and radiological data. Recurrence analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

The 5-year recurrence/progression-free survival for all patients receiving a Simpson Grade I, II, III, or IV resection was 95, 85, 88, and 81%, respectively (p = not significant, log-rank test). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant difference in recurrence-free survival between patients receiving a Simpson Grade I, II, III, or IV resection. Analysis limited to meningiomas arising from the skull base (excluding the cavernous sinus) similarly found no significant benefit to Simpson Grade I or II resection, and the survival curves were nearly superimposed.

Conclusions

In this study of a cohort of patients undergoing surgery for WHO Grade I meningiomas, the authors demonstrate that the benefit of more aggressive attempts to resect the tumor with dura and underlying bone was negligible compared with simply removing the entire tumor, or even leaving small amounts of tumor attached to critical structures. The authors believe that these data reflect an evolution in the nature of meningioma surgery over the past 2 decades, and bring into question the relevance of using Simpson's grading system as the sole predictor of recurrence.
Registration of Arblick and Ecoturf Rhizoma Peanut Germplasms for Ornamental or Forage Use
Authors: Prine Gordon M. , French Edwin C. , Blount Ann R. , Williams Mary J. , Quesenberry Kenneth H.
Published: April 2010

Arblick (Reg. No. GP‐128; PI 658528) and Ecoturf (Reg. No. GP‐129; PI 658529) are rhizoma peanut (RP) (Arachis glabrata Benth.) germplasms released by the Univ. of Florida in 2008. These plant introductions were identified as lower growing “ground cover” type plants. These lines are being released as germplasm to document the dual purpose ornamental and forage characteristics of the lines. Arblick was collected near the town of Bela Vista, Brazil, located on the border of Brazil and Paraguay. It has green group leaves (RHS 137B), with an orange group standard petal (RHS 24A and a yellow orange group wing petal (RHS 14B). Arblick generally is somewhat slower to establish than other forage type cultivars, has limited forage potential, and has not been widely planted. Ecoturf was collected along the Brazil–Paraguay border on the same collection expedition as Arblick, not far from where Arblick was collected. Flower color of Ecoturf is similar to Arblick, but it has yellow green group leaves (RHS 144A). Arblick and Ecoturf are lower growing types that flower profusely during the growing season. Ecoturf has gained acceptance by the commercial landscape industry for use as an ornamental ground cover. These germplasms will benefit specialty users of “ornamental” types of RP but also because of their dual‐use potential will diversify the RP plantings to avoid the near monoculture of ‘Florigraze’
‘Latitude 34’, a Perennial Peanut for Cool, Dry Climates
Authors: Muir James P. , Butler Twain J. , Ocumpaugh William R. , Simpson Charles E.
Published: April 2010

‘Latitude 34’ (Reg. No. CV‐109; PI 658497) rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth. var. glabrata) was selected by Texas AgriLife Research personnel and released in 2009. It was originally collected in 1959 near Trinidad, Paraguay (27° 8′S 55°37′ W, elevation 50 m). It was selected for persistence and early spring production under cold, dry climatic conditions in response to the need for an adapted, freeze‐tolerant perennial legume forage for cattle, horse hay, small ruminant, and wildlife production. It was compared with other accessions and cultivars at multiple sites within Texas and Oklahoma and has proven persistent over 15 yr at Texas and Oklahoma locations near 34°N latitude when air temperatures reached −15°C and 10 cm subsoil temperatures reached 1°C with as little as 450 mm rainfall yr−1. Forage yields of Latitude 34 in south Texas were comparable to other releases, up to 11.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1; long‐term yields in north Texas are likely lower but persistence is superior to currently available cultivars. Latitude 34 shows promise as a perennial warm‐season legume forage for subhumid regions with cold winters and hot dry summers.
Registration of ‘ND‐307’ Pinto Bean
Authors: Osorno Juan M. , Grafton Kenneth F. , Rojas-Cifuentes Gonzalo A. , Gelin Jean R. , Vander Wal Albert J.
Published: April 2010

ND‐307 (Reg. no. CV‐296, PI655297) is a new medium‐early maturing, high‐yielding pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar adapted to the northern Great Plains. This cultivar was developed by North Dakota State University (NDSU) and released in 2008 by the North Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station (NDAES). ND‐307 has a Type IIIa growth habit, but it may show a type IIb growth habit in some environments. ND‐307 possesses intermediate lodging resistance and exhibits good and synchronous plant dry‐down prior to harvest. ND‐307 has commercially acceptable visual seed traits (size, shape, and appearance). However, one particular feature of ND‐307 is the absence of the yellow seed corona. Instead, the corona is light‐orange and its color intensity is slightly variable among seeds. Although the yellow corona is sometimes considered an important quality indicator for the dry bean market, it is not critical for other end‐uses. ND‐307 has intermediate resistance to the rust races commonly found in the region, with the exception of the new, recently discovered, race (20‐3). ND‐307 is also resistant to Bean common mosaic virus, but it is susceptible to the necrotic strain (NL‐3). When averaged across 21 yield trials in which ND‐307 was grown along with three commercial checks, ND‐307 produced yields similar to Buster but out‐yielded Maverick and GTS‐900 by 7 and 9%, respectively. This cultivar represents a new and better alternative for pinto bean growers of the northern Great Plains.
Registration of USG 3209/Jaypee Wheat Recombinant Inbred Line Mapping Population
Authors: Hall M. D. , Tucker D. , Griffey C. A. , Liu S. , Sneller C. , Guttieri M. , Van Sanford D. , Costa J. , Marshall D. , Brown-Guedira G. L.
Published: April 2010

‘USG 3209’/‘Jaypee’ (Reg. No. MP‐3, NSL 465777 MAP), is a soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and submitted to the USDA–ARS National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility in Aberdeen, ID, in 2008. This mapping population is composed of 130 F11:12 RILs and has been used to study the genetics of adult plant resistance to powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC) E.O. Speer] and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.), and soft winter wheat milling and baking quality. Genetic linkage maps of this population were created to identify quantitative trait loci governing these traits. The genetic marker data collected on this population has been submitted to the GrainGenes database (http://wheat.pw.usda.gov) and includes data from both microsatellite and Diversity Array Technology markers.
Registration of Seven Sugarbeet Germplasms Selected from Crosses between Cultivated Sugarbeet and Wild Beta Species
Authors: Campbell L. G.
Published: April 2010

Seven sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm lines, F1017 (GP‐265, PI 656591), F1018 (GP‐266, PI 658401), F1019 (GP‐267, PI 656592), F1020 (GP‐268, PI 656593), F1021 (GP‐269, PI 658402), F1022 (GP‐270, PI 656594), and F1023 (GP‐271, PI 656595), were released 23 Feb. 2009 by the USDA‐ARS and the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. These lines were developed to introduce genetic diversity into the narrow base of sugarbeet. The original populations were produced by crossing male‐sterile plants of a cultivated line with wild relatives of sugarbeet. The pollinators for F1017, F1018, F1019, and F1020 were B. v. subsp. maritima accessions originally collected in Denmark, Belgium, Ireland, and the Middle East, respectively. The pollinators for F1021, F1022, and F1023 were based on species (F1021, B. atriplicifolia Rouy; F1022, B. macrocarpa Guss.; F1023, B. patula Aiton). Six‐year mean root yield of the germplasm lines was 32.63 Mg ha−1 or 63% of the yield of an adapted hybrid. Average sucrose concentrations of the lines ranged from 114 to 122 g kg−1, compared with 136 g kg−1 for a commercial hybrid. These lines will contribute to the broadening of the genetic diversity of the crop, and the infusion of genes from these and other exotic sources may result in unique gene combinations that expand the limits of improvement through selection and enhance combining ability.
Synthesis, Antimicrobial, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Novel 5-(1-Adamantyl)-4-arylideneamino-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles and Related Derivatives
Authors: Al-Omar Mohamed A. , Al-Abdullah Ebtehal S. , Shehata Ihsan A. , Habib Elsayed E. , Ibrahim Tarek M. , El-Emam Ali A.
Published: April 2010

The reaction of 5-(1-adamantyl)-4-amino-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (5) with various aromatic aldehydes in ethanol or acetic acid yielded the corresponding 4-arylideneamino derivatives 6a–v. Treatment of the 4-(2,6-difluoro- and dichlorobenzylideneamino) derivatives 6o and 6q with 1-substituted piperazines, and formaldehyde solution in ethanol afforded good yields of the corresponding 5-(1-adamantyl)-4-(2,6-dihalobenzylideneamino-2-(4-substituted-1-piperazinylmethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones 7a–p. 5-(1-Adamantyl)-4-arylideneamino-2-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-1-piperidylmethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones 8a–n, were similarly prepared via the reaction of the corresponding arylideneamino derivative with ethyl 4-piperidinecarboxylate and formaldehyde solution in ethanol. Compounds 6a–v, 7a–p and 8a–n were tested for in vitro activities against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Several derivatives showed good or moderate activities, particularly against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of 21 compounds was determined using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method in rats. Compounds 7d, 7g, 7i, 7j, 7l, 8c, 8e and 8l showed good or moderate dose-dependent activity in this area.
High-Throughput Behavioral Screens: the First Step towards Finding Genes Involved in Vertebrate Brain Function Using Zebrafish
Authors: Gerlai Robert
Published: April 2010

The zebrafish has been in the forefront of developmental biology for three decades and has become a favorite of geneticists. Due to the accumulated genetic knowledge and tools developed for the zebrafish it is gaining popularity in other disciplines, including neuroscience. The zebrafish offers a compromise between system complexity (it is a vertebrate similar in many ways to our own species) and practical simplicity (it is small, easy to keep, and prolific). Such features make zebrafish an excellent choice for high throughput mutation and drug screening. For the identification of mutation or drug induced alteration of brain function arguably the best methods are behavioral test paradigms. This review does not present experimental examples for the identification of particular genes or drugs. Instead it describes how behavioral screening methods may enable one to find functional alterations in the vertebrate brain. Furthermore, the review is not comprehensive. The behavioral test examples presented are biased according to the personal interests of the author. They will cover research areas including learning and memory, fear and anxiety, and social behavior. Nevertheless, the general principles will apply to other functional domains and should represent a snapshot of the rapidly evolving behavioral screening field with zebrafish.
Peritoneal Total Protein Transport Assessed from Peritoneal Equilibration Tests Using Different Dialysate Glucose Concentrations
Authors: Gomes Ana Marta , Pérez–Fontán Miguel , Rodríguez–Carmona Ana , López–Muñiz Andrés , Fernández–Villar Marcos , Peteiro–Cartelle Javier , García–Falcón Teresa
Published: April 2010

Background

The peritoneal equilibration test (PET) permits assessment of peritoneal protein transport, but this potential marker of outcome in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients lacks adequate standardization.

Objectives

To assess various approaches for estimation of peritoneal protein transport in PD patients during 2.27% and 3.86% glucose-based PETs, and to uncover the demographic, clinical, and biochemical correlates of this phenomenon.

Patients and Methods

We studied 90 PD patients who underwent 2.27% and 3.86% PETs in random order, and we used multivariate analysis to compare assessments of peritoneal protein transport in both tests, searching for correlations between D240′ – D0′ protein concentration (PETΔPConc), total peritoneal protein excretion (PET-PPE), or total protein clearance (PET-PC) on the one hand (the main study variables), and PET-derived markers of peritoneal function and selected demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables on the other.

Results

The PETΔPConc was higher during the 2.27% PET (mean: 45.2 mg/dL vs 37.0 mg/dL for the 3.86% test; p = 0.003); the PET-PPE and PET-PC were comparable (1121.8 mg vs 1168.9 mg, p = 0.52, and 17.1 mL vs 17.8 mL, p = 0.66, respectively). All three variables sustained a significant, yet moderate correlation (all r2 values < 0.30) with the 24-hour PPE rate. Multivariate analysis identified dialysate-to-plasma ratio (D/P240′) of creatinine, end-to-initial dialysate ratio (D240′/D0′) of glucose, current daily peritoneal glucose load, ultrafiltration during PET, systolic blood pressure, and previous cardiovascular events (3.86% test only) as independent predictors of protein transport during PET.

Conclusions

Either PET-PPE or PET-PC seems preferable to PETΔPConc for characterization of peritoneal protein transport. Small-solute transport characteristics, ultrafiltration, and current peritoneal glucose load sustain independent correlations with peritoneal protein transport. The latter variable shows also a moderate association with markers of cardiovascular disease in PD patients.
Physical and mechanical appraisal of two carbonatic stones widely used in the architectural heritage of eastern Andalusia, Spain
Authors: Urosevic Maja , Sebastián Pardo Eduardo , Ruiz-Agudo Encarnación , Cardell Carolina
Published: April 2010

We present a detailed characterization of two calcareous stones from Andalusia (Southern Spain), namely Escúzar calcarenite and Olivillo travertine. Both materials can replace two stones extensively used in the architectural heritage of Andalusia, i.e. La Escribana calcarenite and Alfacar travertine. To establish the suitability of the replacement of ancient materials, detailed examination was performed. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, optical and scanning electron microscopy, hydric tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, gas adsorption, ultrasounds and colorimetry were applied. The Escúzar calcarenite has large pore cavities and higher open porosity than La Escribana calcarenite. From a chromatic point of view both calcarenites are rather similar. The Olivillo travertine is a massive well cemented and heterogeneously colored rock. The ultrasounds velocities for this material are very homogeneous and elevated, indicating excellent mechanical properties. However the hydric and chromatic differences between both travertines point to reduced adequacy of Olivillo travertine as substitutive material for Alfacar.
Breastfeeding and the mother–child relationship: A case study of Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki
Authors: Okeh Uche M.
Published: April 2010

Background: The relationship between a mother and child is extremely important, especially with regard to breastfeeding habits. These affect the lives of children and mothers at an early stage and have become a source of concern for health workers and non-professionals alike.Objectives: This study was aimed at determining the relationships that exist between a mother and child and various breastfeeding habits.Method: The primary method of data collection was the design and use of a comprehensive questionnaire, which was distributed to women at the post-natal unit of the Gynaecology Department of Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria (EBSUTHAI). These women were civil servants, traders, students and housewives. A simple random sampling procedure of data collection was adopted in selecting the sample of 190 women. A chi-square method of analysis was used to test for independence of association. A 5% level of significance was considered.Results: At a 5% level of significance, a significant relationship existed between the category/occupation of mothers and the time intervals at which mothers breastfed their children (χ2cal= 20.53). Given the same level, exclusive breastfeeding was found to be dependent on a woman’s occupation (χ2cal= 8.49); however, at the same significance level, analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between a mother’s decision to feed her child breast milk as well as semi-solid food and those who chose to breastfeed exclusively (χ2cal= 12.168). No significant relationship (χ2cal= 3.14) was found in determining whether children who are fed breast milk only are more intelligent than children who are fed semi-solid food as well.Conclusion: Mothers were expected to breastfeed their children at will because the time intervals at which they should breastfeed were not fixed. It seems that breastfeeding does not determine the intelligence of a child. Although it is generally recommended that mothers should practise exclusive breastfeeding, the findings of this study suggested that mothers should be equally recommended to alternate between feeding their children both semi-solid food and breast milk and breast milk exclusively, because a significant relationship exists between a mother’s decision to feed breast milk and semi-solid food as well as breastfeeding exclusively.
Comparative genomic analysis of Korean and Japanese green tea trees by using molecular markers
Authors: Cho K -H. , Lee E -J. , Tsuge T , Jo A , Kim J C , Cheong G -W. , Yoon H -S. , Kim G T
Published: April 2010

Although green tea is one of the most popular beverages in many countries, the evolutionary origin of Korean and Japanese green tea trees has not been extensively elucidated in a molecular level. Lineages of the five Korean green tea populations and cultivars growing in Hadong area were examined in comparison with the six Japanese and one Chinese cultivars using phylogenetic analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using the non-transcribed region (NTS) region of the 5S rRNA suggested that the Korean Hadong cultivar was a minor variant of the Korean Hadong Cheon-nyeon wild tea plant, which has grown in the Hadong area more than 800 years. RFLP analysis with CAPS markers of the genes in phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway showed that all of the Korean Hadong wild tea populations and cultivar had unique polymorphism patterns, when compared with those of the six Japanese and one Chinese cultivars. In addition, Hadong Cheon-nyeon wild tea showed unique CAPS patterns in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) locus, indicating that the three CAPS markers in the PAL gene are sufficient to distinguish Hadong Cheon-nyeon wild tea from the others. Thus, our genetic analyses suggested that the Korean Hadong Cheon-nyeon wild tea plant might have evolved as a different lineage from the other wild green tea populations in the Hadong area or the Japanese tea cultivars. Key words: Restriction fragment length polymorphism, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker, green tea, Hadong wild tea, evolutionary origin
Effect of form, placement and rate of N fertilizer, and placement of P fertilizer on wheat in Saskatchewan
Authors: Mooleki S P , Malhi S S , Lemke R L , Schoenau J J , Lafond G , Brandt S , Hultgreen G E , Wang H , May W E
Published: April 2010

On the Canadian prairies, the one-pass seeding and fertilizing no-till system is very common. However, the close proximity of the fertilizer to the seed can cause damage to the emerging seedlings due to a combination of a salt effect and/or ammonia toxicity. Manufacturers have responded by developing openers that allow placement of seed and fertilizer in separate bands. A 3-yr study was initiated in 2000 to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) form [urea (U) and anhydrous ammonia (AA)], placement [broadcast (Br), side-band (SB) or mid-row band (MRB)], timing (fall or spring) and rate (0 to 90 or 120 kg N ha-1), and phosphorus (P) placement (7 to 10 kg P ha-1) on plant density, seed and straw yield, seed protein content, and N uptake of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under no-till at four sites representing different agro-ecological zones in Saskatchewan. Rate of applied N had the most dominant effect on agronomic variables, while form, placement, and timing of application of N had minor effects. Generally, SB and MRB were comparable in terms of seed yield, N uptake and seed protein content. From a practical perspective, SB and MRB could be used with equal success with either U or AA. Side banding P produced responses similar to seed-placed P, except under very dry conditions where side banding was superior. In general, placement of urea in soil in a band was more effective than broadcasting, while fall banding can be less effective than spring banding.Key words: Anhydrous ammonia, N application timing, N form, N and P placement, N uptake, protein content, urea, wheat, yield
Superb hard red spring wheat
Authors: Townley-Smith T F , Humphreys D G , Czarnecki E , Lukow O M , McCallum B M , Fetch T G , Gilbert J A , Menzies J G , Brown P D
Published: April 2010

Superb is a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adapted to the wheat-growing regions of the Canadian prairies, and meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Hard Red Spring wheat class. Superb was evaluated in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Registration Test in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Superb yielded significantly more than the cultivars Neepawa, Roblin, AC Majestic, and 5500HR and slightly more than McKenzie. Superb was resistant to leaf and stem rust. Its disease reaction was “intermediate” to loose smut and common root rot, and moderately resistant to common bunt. Leaf spot reaction of Superb was similar to the checks and its reaction to Fusarium head blight was intermediate. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Canada Western Hard Red, hard red spring wheat, cultivar description, yield, pre-harvest sprouting tolerance, disease resistance
Chemical and mechanical weed management strategies for grain pearl millet and forage pearl millet
Authors: Cuerrier M -E , Vanasse A , Leroux G D
Published: April 2010

There are limited options for controlling weeds in grain and forage pearl millet production in eastern Canada. Field studies were conducted near Quebec City in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicidal treatments (s-metolachlor/benoxacor and pendimethalin) and harrowing to control weeds and maximize yield in grain and forage pearl millet cultivation. s-Metolachlor/benoxacor and pendimethalin were applied either preemergence or early postemergence at the full dose recommended for corn and at half of that dose. Harrowing was evaluated at the three- and the five-leaf stage of pearl millet. In both types of pearl millet, s-metolachlor/benoxacor applied preemergence reduced plant density and yield. All other herbicidal treatments caused no visual injury to pearl millet and adequately controlled annual weeds, leading to grain and forage yields similar or slightly lower than those of the hand-weeded control. Better barnyard grass control resulted from early postemergence application of s-metolachlor/benoxacor compared with that of pendimethalin. Preemergence application of pendimethalin was more effective at controlling barnyard grass than early postemergence application. Harrowing was not effective at controlling annual weeds, resulting in important millet yield losses.Key words: Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum, s-metolachlor/benoxacor, pendimethalin, mechanical weed control, weed harrowing
Naked oat response to soil type and herbicides applied at two growing stages
Authors: Lanoïe N , Vanasse A , Collin J , Frégeau-Reid J , Pageau D , Lajeunesse J , Durand J
Published: April 2010

Naked oat (Avena sativa L.) harvested in the province of Quebec, Canada, develops on average 10% covered grains and sometimes more. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil type, herbicides and their application stages on the proportion of covered grains in naked oat genotypes. Three genotypes were evaluated over 2 yr at two experimental sites. At each site, trials were seeded on two different soil types and each entry was treated with one of three types of herbicides: bromoxynil/MCPA, dicamba/MCPA and thifensulfuron methyl/tribenuron methyl, and compared with a weed-free check. The herbicides were applied at Zadoks 12-13 and 22-23. Results showed that dicamba/MCPA herbicide, applied at Zadoks 12-13, increased covered grains compared with the weed-free check and more covered grains were produced with the application made at Zadoks 22-23. However, differences in genotype reactions were observed. Few differences were found among the other weed control treatments. The application of dicamba/MCPA at Zadoks 22-23 decreased yield and test weight, but increased kernel weight. The other weed control treatments had no effect on agronomic characteristics.Key words: Avena sativa, herbicide, dicamba/MCPA, soil type, covered grains
ACS-C12 summer turnip rape
Authors: Falk K C
Published: April 2010

CS-C12 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality, two-parent population-synthetic (Syn1) cultivar adapted to the short-season growing areas of western Canada. On average, it yielded 17% more than the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RRC) checks over 3 yr of testing and has high seed oil content.Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description.
Inheritance of seed coat color of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun)
Authors: Rahman M , Tahir M
Published: April 2010

The inheritance of seed coat color was investigated in Brassica carinata in F1, F2, F3 and backcross progenies of crosses between brown- and yellow-seeded pure lines. Seed coat color in B. carinata was not influenced by xenia effect. Segregation pattern followed a mono-genic incomplete dominance inheritance model The occurrence of yellow/light yellow-brown seed trait in B. carinata may be due to an interaction between brown seed coat color gene and dominant repressor (Rp) genes. Key words: Brassica carinata, inheritance, seed coat color, dominant repressor
Effect of hexanal vapor to control postharvest decay and extend shelf-life of highbush blueberry fruit during controlled atmosphere storage
Authors: Song J , Fan L , Forney C , Campbell-Palmer L , Fillmore S
Published: April 2010

Postharvest disease control has become more challenging due to the limited number of registered fungicides, fungicide resistance, consumers' desire for reduced fungicide residues and demand for blemish-free, high-quality product. The interest in the use of natural alternatives to prevent fungal growth has markedly increased. Many biologically active volatile compounds, including hexanal, a natural plant volatile with antifungal properties, have been reported to reduce postharvest diseases. In this study, highbush blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum 'Duke', 'Brigitta' and 'Burlington') were treated with hexanal vapor at 900 µL L-1 for 24 h either once immediately before storage or repeated after 1 and 2 wk of CA storage (10-12 kPa O2 and 12-15 kPa CO2 ) at 0.5°C for up to 15 wk. Fruit removed from storage after 3, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 15 wk were evaluated following 1 or 7 d at 10°C. Decayed fruit were significantly reduced by 50-70% in treated fruit compared with the control. A 17% reduction of split Duke fruit was also found in hexanal treated fruit after 9 wk CA storage followed by 7 d at 10°C. Marketable fruit in all three cultivars was 20-40% greater in hexanal treatments after 12 wk of storage as compared with controls. Fruit firmness increased during storage in Burlington. No significant changes in weight loss were found. These results indicate that postharvest application of hexanal vapor can reduce fruit decay, maintain fruit quality and extend storage life. It has potential as an alternative fungicide to reduce postharvest decay in highbush blueberry fruit.Key words: Postharvest, fungi, decay control, quality
Spatial niche partitioning in epibiont rotifers on the waterlouse Asellus aquaticus
Authors: Fontaneto Diego , Ambrosini Roberto
Published: April 2010

Habitat partitioning is assumed to allow coexistence in natural communities. We analyzed the spatial partitioning in the species assemblages of epibiont rotifers living on the waterlouse Asellus aquaticus. We defined the spatial localization of individual rotifers on each waterlouse host, controlling for differences between waterlice and within and between waterbodies. Using hierarchical linear models on the whole species assemblage and on each species separately, patterns of spatial segregation were found for rotifers. Different species partition the available space on the waterlouse consistently within and between waterbodies. Both habitat selection and interactions between species seem to be the mechanisms driving the observed patterns.
Role of sulfate reduction and methane production by organic carbon degradation in eutrophic fjord sediments (Limfjorden, Denmark)
Authors: JØrgensen Bo Barker , JØrgensen Bo Barker , Parkes R. John
Published: April 2010

The anaerobic mineralization of buried organic matter through sulfate reduction and methanogenesis was studied in 2‐m‐long piston cores of organic‐rich, silty‐clay sediment from two sites in Limfjorden, Denmark. An extended sulfate‐methane transition (SMT) zone was found at 1–1.5‐m sediment depth, accompanied by peaks in sulfide (4–6 mmol L−1) and high dissolved inorganic carbon (30–50 mmol L−1). Pore‐water acetate concentrations were 2‐10 µmol L‐1. 14C‐acetate was oxidized to 14CO2 in the sulfate zone and reduced to 14CH4 at and below the SMT. CO2 reduction was the predominant pathway of methanogenesis below the sulfate zone. Sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) determined by 35S tracer experiments decreased with depth throughout the sulfate zone from > 100 nmol cm−3 d−1 near the sediment surface to < 1 nmol cm−3 d−1 at depth. The depth trend of rates was equally well described by a power law function and a reactive continuum model. Only a small percentage of the total 35S‐SRR was due to anaerobic oxidation of methane. In contrast, diffusion‐reaction modeling of pore‐water sulfate indicated that sulfate reduction was insignificant throughout the sulfate zone and that most of the activity occurred at the SMT. A comparison of the burial flux of organic carbon below the sulfate zone and the returning flux of methane indicated that the diffusion modeling of pore‐water sulfate strongly underestimated in situ SRRs, whereas the 35S data may have overestimated the rates at depth. Modeled and measured SRR could be reconciled provided that bioirrigation reached to at least 20–40‐cm sediment depth, which appears realistic given the predominant burrowing polychaete fauna.
Cross‐sectional comparison of extended anteroposterior and posteroanterior fixed flexion positioning to assess radiographic osteoarthritis at the knee: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project
Authors: Nelson Amanda E. , Renner Jordan B. , Shi Xiaoyan A. , Shreffler Jack H. , Schwartz Todd A. , Jordan Joanne M.
Published: April 2010

Objective

To compare values for Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) scale grade, joint space narrowing (JSN), and osteophytes in anteroposterior (AP) extended and fixed flexion posteroanterior (PA) radiographs obtained during a single clinic visit (the first followup of the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project).

Methods

All films (n = 1,664 bilateral knees) were read by an experienced musculoskeletal radiologist. For each subject, AP and PA fixed flexion films were read in one sitting. K/L scale grades (range 0–4) and JSN and osteophytes (ranges 0–3) were assessed using standard atlases. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic and clinical variables. AP and PA fixed flexion results were compared by contingency table methods to obtain frequencies for K/L scale, JSN, and osteophyte grades using percent agreement and kappa coefficients. Results from the right and left knees were similar; data for the right knee are presented.

Results

There was substantial agreement between AP and PA fixed flexion reads for radiographic osteoarthritis, defined as a K/L scale grade ≥2 (89% agreement; κ = 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.69–0.76). Substantial agreement was also seen for tibial osteophytes and medial JSN; slightly lower kappa values were observed for femoral osteophytes and lateral JSN.

Conclusion

The requirements of large observational cohort studies are different than those of clinical trials, and sensitivity is less of an issue because of longer followup times. In cohort studies such as the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, there is substantial agreement by K/L scale grade for AP and PA fixed flexion radiographs, allowing incorporation of older films in longitudinal analyses.
Frequency and effectiveness of dose increase of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab in daily clinical practice
Authors: Blom M. , Kievit W. , Kuper H. H. , Jansen T. L. , Visser H. , den Broeder A. A. , Brus H. L. M. , van de Laar M. A. F. J. , van Riel P. L. C. M.
Published: April 2010

Objective

To describe the frequency and effectiveness of dose increase of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in daily clinical practice.

Methods

All RA patients with a dose increase of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–blocking therapy between January 1997 and January 2008 were selected from a register including data from RA patients starting a first TNF‐blocking agent (the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring registry). The primary outcome was change in Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) at 3 months after dose increase. Secondary outcomes were the change in DAS28 at 6 months after dose increase, the European League Against Rheumatism response rates, and the percentages of patients reaching a DAS28 of ≤3.2 at 3 and at 6 months after dose increase. Furthermore, the effectiveness of dose increase was assessed for the different reasons for dose increase: nonresponse, loss of response, and partial response.

Results

During the study period, the dose was increased in 44 (12%) of the 368 adalimumab patients, 32 (8%) of the 420 etanercept patients, and 115 (36%) of the 323 infliximab patients. The change in DAS28 at 3 months and 6 months after dose increase was limited and only significant in etanercept patients at 3 months (−0.51; P = 0.035). Disease activity decreased significantly at 3 months from dose increase in the nonresponders and patients with loss of response (−0.66 and −0.99, respectively; both P = 0.001), but not in the partial responders.

Conclusion

Although dose increase was applied in all 3 TNF‐blocking agents in daily clinical practice, these results suggest that the effectiveness of dose increase is limited.
Role of the R92Q TNFRSF1A mutation in patients with familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Marek‐Yagel Dina , Berkun Yackov , Padeh Shai , Lidar Merav , Shinar Yael , Bar‐Joseph Ifat , Reznik‐Wolf Haike , Langevitz Pnina , Livneh Avi , Pras Elon
Published: April 2010

Objective

To define the frequency of the R92Q tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) mutation in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and to study the role of this mutation in FMF.

Methods

Ninety‐two FMF patients and 250 controls were genotyped for the R92Q mutation. The frequency of R92Q was assessed among 5 groups of FMF patients.

Results

R92Q was found in 6% of the controls, with an especially high carrier rate among Moroccan Jews (8%). R92Q was found in 3 (3.2%) of the 92 FMF patients, 1 homozygous for the MEFV M694V mutation and 2 heterozygous for M694V. All 3 patients showed partial response to colchicine. R92Q was not found in patients unresponsive to colchicine, nor was it found in patients with amyloidosis or in patients with FMF‐like disease without MEFV mutations.

Conclusion

The frequency of the R92Q mutation in FMF patients is comparable with that of controls. Despite the fact that TRAPS and FMF share common biochemical pathways, we found no evidence for an interaction between these two genes.
Life strain–related tiredness and illness‐related fatigue in individuals with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Mengshoel Anne Marit
Published: April 2010

Objective

To examine the nature of fatigue and how it is managed in daily life situations by individuals with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods

Twelve informants, 8 women and 4 men ages 30–59 years, who had lived with the diagnosis of AS for 6 months to 36 years, participated in qualitative interviews. They were asked to describe their daily life during good and bad days of AS, and to give examples of everyday situations where they experienced fatigue and what they did to recover. The text analysis consisted of identifying and coding meaningful statements, sorting the codes into categories, and condensing themes.

Results

Two separate conditions of fatigue were identified. One consisted of comprehensible, manageable tiredness related to a life strain that was exacerbated by having AS. Life strain–related tiredness indicated to the respondents that they should rest or temporarily slow down, and this protected them from overexertion. The other condition was an unfamiliar and unmanageable fatigue that was related to their illness. Illness‐related fatigue was accompanied by unbearable pain, severe stiffness, and heaviness of the body that could not be alleviated by the individual. This condition was considered a sign of the onset or a flare up of inflammation.

Conclusion

Fatigue in the individuals with AS varied over time, and took the form of 2 different conditions. Life strain–related tiredness had a positive aspect in that it protected against overstrain and guided life strain regulation. In contrast, illness‐related fatigue was nonpurposive for the individuals and seems to call for medical therapy.
A General Electrochemical Strategy for Synthesizing Charge‐Transfer Complex Micro/Nanowires
Authors: Ren Liang , Xian Xiaojun , Yan Kai , Fu Lei , Liu Yuwen , Chen Shengli , Liu Zhongfan
Published: April 2010

Universal strategies for synthesizing one‐dimensional organic nanomaterials are of fundamental importance in the development of more flexible, cheaper and lighter electronics. Charge‐transfer (CT) complexes, the major kind of organic conductors, are in the long‐term attractive materials owing to their unique crystal structures and conductive properties. In this article, a general strategy for the synthesis of CT complex micro/nanowires based on the localized nanoelectrochemistry using tiny carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes is presented. This strategy is successfully demonstrated over 12 typical CT complexes, and a general rule for the preparation of various kinds of CT complex micro/nanowires is summarized. The CT complex micro/nanowires thus synthesized have high aspect ratios and long lengths as compared with traditional macroscopic planar electrodes, originating from the one‐dimensional structural feature with fewer or no defects and the ultrasmall surface area of the CNT. This work provides a more versatile material basis for the fundamental and application studies of low‐dimensional organic conductor materials.
Liposome‐bound APO2L/TRAIL is an effective treatment in a rabbit model of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Martinez‐Lostao Luis , Garcí´a‐Alvarez Felí´cito , Basáñez Gorka , Alegre‐Aguarón Elena , Desportes Paula , Larrad Luis , Naval Javier , Martí´nez‐Lorenzo Marí´a José , Anel Alberto
Published: April 2010

Objective

We previously observed that T lymphocytes present in synovial fluid (SF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were sensitive to APO2L/TRAIL. In addition, there was a drastic decrease in the amount of bioactive APO2L/TRAIL associated with exosomes in SF from RA patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of bioactive APO2L/TRAIL conjugated with artificial lipid vesicles resembling natural exosomes as a treatment in a rabbit model of antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA).

Methods

We used a novel Ni2+‐(N‐5‐amino‐1‐carboxypentyl)‐iminodiacetic acid)–containing liposomal system. APO2L/TRAIL bound to liposomes was intraarticularly injected into the knees of animals with AIA. One week after treatment, rabbits were killed, and arthritic synovial tissue was analyzed.

Results

Tethering APO2L/TRAIL to the liposome membrane increased its bioactivity and resulted in more effective treatment of AIA compared with soluble, unconjugated APO2L/TRAIL, with substantially reduced synovial hyperplasia and inflammation in rabbit knee joints. The results of biophysical studies suggested that the increased bioactivity of APO2L/TRAIL associated with liposomes was due to the increase in the local concentration of the recombinant protein, augmenting its receptor crosslinking potential, and not to conformational changes in the protein. In spite of this increase in bioactivity, the treatment lacked systemic toxicity and was not hepatotoxic.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that binding APO2L/TRAIL to the liposome membrane increases its bioactivity and results in effective treatment of AIA.