bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Searching for Large Raindrops: A Global Summary of Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer Observations
Authors: Gatlin Patrick N. , Thurai Merhala , Bringi V. N. , Petersen Walter , Wolff David , Tokay Ali , Carey Lawrence , Wingo Matthew
Published: March 2015

A dataset containing 9637 h of two-dimensional video disdrometer observations consisting of more than 240 million raindrops measured at diverse climatological locations was compiled to help characterize underlying drop size distribution (DSD) assumptions that are essential to make precise retrievals of rainfall using remote sensing platforms. This study concentrates on the tail of the DSD, which largely impacts rainfall retrieval algorithms that utilize radar reflectivity. The maximum raindrop diameter was a median factor of 1.8 larger than the mass-weighted mean diameter and increased with rainfall rate. Only 0.4% of the 1-min DSD spectra were found to contain large raindrops exceeding 5 mm in diameter. Large raindrops were most abundant at the tropical locations, especially in Puerto Rico, and were largely concentrated during the spring, especially at subtropical locations. Giant raindrops exceeding 8 mm in diameter occurred at tropical, subtropical, and high-latitude continental locations. The greatest numbers of giant raindrops were found in the subtropical locations, with the largest being a 9.7-mm raindrop that occurred in northern Oklahoma during the passage of a hail-producing thunderstorm. These results suggest large raindrops are more likely to fall from clouds that contain hail, especially those raindrops exceeding 8 mm in diameter.
A Link between the Hiatus in Global Warming and North American Drought
Authors: Delworth Thomas L. , Zeng Fanrong , Rosati Anthony , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Wittenberg Andrew T.
Published: March 2015

Portions of western North America have experienced prolonged drought over the last decade. This drought has occurred at the same time as the global warming hiatus—a decadal period with little increase in global mean surface temperature. Climate models and observational analyses are used to clarify the dual role of recent tropical Pacific changes in driving both the global warming hiatus and North American drought. When observed tropical Pacific wind stress anomalies are inserted into coupled models, the simulations produce persistent negative sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern tropical Pacific, a hiatus in global warming, and drought over North America driven by SST-induced atmospheric circulation anomalies. In the simulations herein the tropical wind anomalies account for 92% of the simulated North American drought during the recent decade, with 8% from anthropogenic radiative forcing changes. This suggests that anthropogenic radiative forcing is not the dominant driver of the current drought, unless the wind changes themselves are driven by anthropogenic radiative forcing. The anomalous tropical winds could also originate from coupled interactions in the tropical Pacific or from forcing outside the tropical Pacific. The model experiments suggest that if the tropical winds were to return to climatological conditions, then the recent tendency toward North American drought would diminish. Alternatively, if the anomalous tropical winds were to persist, then the impact on North American drought would continue; however, the impact of the enhanced Pacific easterlies on global temperature diminishes after a decade or two due to a surface reemergence of warmer water that was initially subducted into the ocean interior.
How Climate Model Complexity Influences Sea Ice Stability
Authors: Wagner Till J. W. , Eisenman Ian
Published: March 2015

Record lows in Arctic sea ice extent have been making frequent headlines in recent years. The change in albedo when sea ice is replaced by open water introduces a nonlinearity that has sparked an ongoing debate about the stability of the Arctic sea ice cover and the possibility of Arctic “tipping points.” Previous studies identified instabilities for a shrinking ice cover in two types of idealized climate models: (i) annual-mean latitudinally varying diffusive energy balance models (EBMs) and (ii) seasonally varying single-column models (SCMs). The instabilities in these low-order models stand in contrast with results from comprehensive global climate models (GCMs), which typically do not simulate any such instability. To help bridge the gap between low-order models and GCMs, an idealized model is developed that includes both latitudinal and seasonal variations. The model reduces to a standard EBM or SCM as limiting cases in the parameter space, thus reconciling the two previous lines of research. It is found that the stability of the ice cover vastly increases with the inclusion of spatial communication via meridional heat transport or a seasonal cycle in solar forcing, being most stable when both are included. If the associated parameters are set to values that correspond to the current climate, the ice retreat is reversible and there is no instability when the climate is warmed. The two parameters have to be reduced by at least a factor of 3 for instability to occur. This implies that the sea ice cover may be substantially more stable than has been suggested in previous idealized modeling studies.
Intercomparison of Attenuation Correction Methods for the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar
Authors: Seto Shinta , Iguchi Toshio
Published: March 2015

A new attenuation correction method has been developed for the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on the core satellite of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The new method is based on Hitschfeld and Bordan’s attenuation correction method (HB method), but the relationship between the specific attenuation k and the effective radar reflectivity factor Ze (k–Ze relationship) is modified by using the dual-frequency ratio (DFR) of Ze and the surface reference technique (SRT). Therefore, the new method is called the HB-DFR-SRT method (H-D-S method). The previous attenuation correction method, called the HB-DFR method (H-D method), results in an underestimation of precipitation rates for heavy precipitation, but the H-D-S method mitigates the negative bias by means of the SRT. When only a single-frequency measurement is available, the H-D-S method is identical to the HB-SRT method (H-S method).

The attenuation correction methods were tested with a simple synthetic DPR dataset. As long as the SRT gives perfect estimates of path-integrated attenuation and the adjustment factor of the k–Ze relationship (denoted by ε) is vertically constant, the H-S method is much better than the dual-frequency methods. Tests with SRT error and vertical variation in ε showed that the H-D method was better than the H-S method for weak precipitation, whereas the H-S method was better than the H-D method for heavy precipitation. The H-D-S method did not produce the best results for both weak and heavy precipitation, but the results are stable. Quantitative evaluation should be done with real DPR measurement datasets.
Harmonic Analysis in the Simulation of Multiple Constituents: Determination of the Optimum Length of Time Series
Authors: Cao An-Zhou , Wang Dao-Sheng , Lv Xian-Qing
Published: March 2015

To investigate the optimum length of time series (TS) for harmonic analysis (HA) in the simulation of multiple constituents, a two-dimensional tidal model is used to simulate the M2, S2, K1, and O1 constituents in the Bohai and Yellow Seas. By analyzing the HA results of several nonoverlapping TS of the same length, which varies from 15 to 365 days, a field-average deviation of HA results is calculated. A deviation that is sufficiently small means that HA results are independent of the choice of TS, and the corresponding TS length is regarded as the optimum. Results indicate that the range of 180–195 days is the optimum length of TS for HA in the simulation of the four principal constituents. To investigate what determines the optimum length, experiments with different computed area and model settings are carried out. Results indicate that the optimum length is independent of advection, nodal corrections, and computed area, and only depends on bottom friction. Nonlinear bottom friction results in the appearance of higher harmonics and explains why the optimum length of TS for HA is 180–195 days.
Adaptive Localization for the Ensemble-Based Observation Impact Estimate Using Regression Confidence Factors
Authors: Gasperoni Nicholas A. , Wang Xuguang
Published: March 2015

The goal of this study is to improve an ensemble-based estimation for forecast sensitivity to observations that is straightforward to apply using existing products of any ensemble data assimilation system. Because of limited ensemble sizes compared to the large degrees of freedom in typical models, it is necessary to apply localization techniques to obtain accurate estimates. Fixed localization techniques do not guarantee accurate impact estimates, because as forecast time increases the error correlation structures evolve with the flow. Here a dynamical localization method is applied to improve the observation impact estimate. The authors employ a Monte Carlo “group filter” technique to limit the effects of sampling error via regression confidence factor (RCF). Experiments make use of the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) with a simple two-layer primitive equation model and simulated observations. Results show that the shape, location, time dependency, and variable dependency of RCF localization functions are consistent with underlying dynamical processes of the model. Application of RCF localization to ensemble-estimated impact showed marked improvement especially for longer forecasts and at midlatitudes, when systematically verified against actual impact in RMSE and skill scores. The impact estimates near the equator were not as effective because of large discrepancies between the RCF function and the localization used at assimilation time. These latter results indicate that there exists an inherent relationship between the localization applied during the assimilation time and the proper localization choice for observation impact estimates. Application of RCF for automatically tuned localization is introduced and tested for a single observation experiment.
Multivariate Ensemble Sensitivity with Localization
Authors: Hacker Joshua P. , Lei Lili
Published: March 2015

Ensemble sensitivities have proven a useful alternative to adjoint sensitivities for large-scale dynamics, but their performance in multiscale flows has not been thoroughly examined. When computing sensitivities, the analysis covariance is usually approximated with the corresponding diagonal matrix, leading to a simple univariate regression problem rather than a more general multivariate regression problem. Sensitivity estimates are affected by sampling error arising from a finite ensemble and can lead to an overestimated response to an analysis perturbation. When forecasts depend on many details of an analysis, it is reasonable to expect that the diagonal approximation is too severe. Because spurious covariances are more likely when correlations are weak, computing the sensitivity with a multivariate regression that retains the full analysis covariance may increase the need for sampling error mitigation. The purpose of this work is to clarify the effects of the diagonal approximation, and investigate the need for mitigating spurious covariances arising from sampling error. A two-scale model with realistic spatial covariances is the basis for experimentation. For most problems, an efficient matrix inversion is possible by finding a minimum-norm solution, and employing appropriate matrix factorization. A published hierarchical approach for estimating regression factors for tapering (localizing) covariances is used to measure the effects of sampling error. Compared to univariate regressions in the diagonal approximation, skill in predicting a nonlinear response from the linear sensitivities is superior when localized multivariate sensitivities are used, particularly when fast scales are present, model error is present, and the observing network is sparse.
Protest Campaigns and Movement Success
Authors: Biggs Michael , Andrews Kenneth T.
Published: March 2015

Can protest bring about social change? Although scholarship on the consequences of social movements has grown dramatically, our understanding of protest influence is limited; several recent studies have failed to detect any positive effect. We investigate sit-in protest by black college students in the U.S. South in 1960, which targeted segregated lunch counters. An original dataset of 334 cities enables us to assess the effect of protest while considering the factors that generate protest itself—including local movement infrastructure, supportive political environments, and favorable economic conditions. We find that sit-in protest greatly increased the probability of desegregation, as did protest in nearby cities. Over time, desegregation in one city raised the probability of desegregation nearby. In addition, desegregation tended to occur where opposition was weak, political conditions were favorable, and the movement’s constituency had economic leverage.
Responses of Preterm Pigs to an Oral Fluid Supplement During Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Berding Kirsten , Makarem Patty , Hance Brittany , Axel Anne Marie Dixen , Nolan Vikki , Buddington Karyl K. , Buddington Randal K.
Published: March 2015

Background: Nutrients and electrolytes in amniotic fluid swallowed by fetuses are important for growth and development. Yet, preterm infants requiring parenteral nutrition (PN) receive minimal or no oral inputs. With the limited availability of amniotic fluid, we evaluated the responses of preterm pigs receiving PN to an oral fluid supplement (OFS) based on the electrolyte and nutrient composition of amniotic fluid. Materials and Methods: Preterm pigs (92% of term) received a combination of PN (6 mL/kg‐h) and 4 mL/kg‐h of supplemental fluid as an experimental OFS (n = 9), lactated Ringer's either enterally (n = 10) or intravenously (n = 8). Outcome measures after 96 hours were weight gain, blood chemistry, organ weights, and small intestine mass and brush‐border membrane carbohydrases. Results: The OFS did not improve weight gain compared with providing lactated Ringer's orally or intravenously, or increase serum urea nitrogen values, but resulted in higher serum total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as improved glucoregulation and heavier intestines, livers, kidneys, and brains and lighter lungs. Conclusions: Providing supplemental fluid and electrolytes during PN either intravenously or orally increases weight gain after preterm birth. An oral fluid supplement based on amniotic fluid may accelerate development and maturation of organs critical for extrauterine life after preterm birth and may enhance neurodevelopment.
Japanese Kampo Saireito Has a Liver‐Protective Effect Through the Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Induction in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: Miki Hirokazu , Tokuhara Katsuji , Oishi Masaharu , Nakatake Richi , Tanaka Yoshito , Kaibori Masaki , Nishizawa Mikio , Okumura Tadayoshi , Kon Masanori
Published: March 2015

Background: Japanese herbal medicine, Kampo saireito, is used for treatments in patients with digestive diseases, including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. However, few studies demonstrate scientific evidence for liver‐protective effects of saireito. In inflamed liver, proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α and interleukin (IL)–1β stimulate the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production. Excessive levels of NO synthesized by iNOS have been implicated as one of the factors in liver injury, so it is essential to reduce the induction of iNOS for the prevention of liver injury. In this study, we examined IL‐1β–stimulated hepatocytes as a simple “in vitro injury model” to investigate liver‐protective effects of saireito. Method: Primary cultured rat hepatocytes were treated with IL‐1β in the presence or absence of saireito. The induction of NO production and iNOS and its signaling pathway were analyzed. Results: Saireito inhibited the production of NO dose and time dependently and reduced the expression of iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) and its protein. Saireito had no effect on IκB degradation but inhibited the translocation of nuclear factor (NF)–κB to the nucleus and its DNA binding. Saireito also inhibited the activation of Akt, resulting in the reduction of type I IL‐1 receptor (IL‐1RI) mRNA and protein expression. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that saireito suppresses iNOS gene expression through the inhibition of NF‐κB and IL‐1RI–dependent pathways, leading to the reduction of NO production. Saireito may have therapeutic potential for organ injuries, including liver.
Occurrence of Pineal Gland Tumors in Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies in Wistar Rats
Authors: Treumann Silke , Buesen Roland , Gröters Sibylle , Eichler Jens-Olaf , van Ravenzwaay Bennard
Published: March 2015

Pineal gland tumors are very rare brain lesions in rats as well as in other species including humans. A total of 8 (out of 1,360 examined) Wistar rats from 3 different combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity or mere carcinogenicity studies revealed pineal gland tumors. The tumors were regarded to be spontaneous and unrelated to treatment. The morphology and immunohistochemical evaluation led to the diagnosis malignant pinealoma. The main characteristics that were variably developed within the tumors were the following: cellular atypia, high mitotic index, giant cells, necrosis, Homer Wright rosettes, Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes and pseudorosettes, positive immunohistochemical reaction for synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase. The pineal gland is not a protocol organ for histopathological examination in carcinogenicity studies. Nevertheless, the pineal gland can occasionally be encountered on the routine brain section or if it is the origin of a tumor protruding into the brain, the finding will be recorded. Therefore, although known to be a rare tumor in rats, pineal neoplasms should be included in the list of possible differential diagnoses for brain tumors, especially when the tumor is located in the region of the pineal body.
Reduction of Bone Dust with Ultrasonic Bone Aspiration
Authors: Weber Jon D. , Samy Ravi N. , Nahata Amit , Zuccarello Mario , Pensak Myles L. , Golub Justin S.
Published: March 2015

Objective

Postoperative headache is not uncommon after retrosigmoid vestibular schwannoma removal. Bone dust dispersed into the subarachnoid space during drilling may be responsible. If dispersion could be reduced, headache incidence might be decreased. An ultrasonic bone aspirator (UBA) containing an integrated suction at the tip may more effectively suction bone dust created during bone removal. The objective is to determine whether a UBA results in less bone dust dispersion than a standard otologic drill.

Study Design

Cadaveric temporal bone quantitative model.

Setting

Laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

Temporal bone blocks were placed in a watertight enclosure. Under irrigation, bone was removed by use of either a drill or a UBA. The settings of the UBA were varied. The irrigant containing bone dust was microfiltered, and bone dust was weighed. Differences were compared across groups (n = 2‐9 per group). Ablation times were also recorded (n = 3 per group).

Results

Only 3% (SD = 1.6%, n = 7) of the drilled bone mass was re‐collected as bone dust with the UBA under optimized settings (power = 15%, suction = 100%, irrigation = 15 mL/min) compared with 81% (SD = 10%, n = 4) with the drill and external suction (P <. 001). Increasing UBA power and reducing suction led to significantly more bone dust dispersal than with optimized settings. Varying irrigation did not have a significant effect. Bone ablation time was 1.4 times longer with the UBA at 50% power compared with the drill at maximum power.

Conclusions

The UBA resulted in approximately 25 times less bone dust dispersion than the otologic drill at optimized settings.
Factors Affecting the Gender Difference in Dream Sharing Frequency
Authors: Schredl Michael , Kim Eugenia , Labudek Sarah , Schädler Anna , Göritz Anja S.
Published: March 2015

Numerous studies have shown that women tend to share dreams more often than men. However, research looking at factors that might explain this gender difference is scarce. The present online study ( N = 1,808) clearly showed that gender differences in frequency of sharing emotional experiences and sex role orientation (femininity/expressivity) did affect the gender difference in dream sharing whereas dream-related variables such as dream recall frequency and attitude towards dreams did not. Many of the factors associated with dream sharing indicate that the socialization processes might have an effect on dream variables in adulthood. To pursue this line of research, it would be fruitful to study dream sharing within the family.
The efficacy of fat emulsion and normal saline for bile leakage tests during hepatic resection: A randomized trial
Authors: Liu Ming , Liu Zhiyi , Jin Hu , Jiao Yonggeng
Published: March 2015

Objective

A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the use of fat emulsion and normal saline for bile leakage tests during hepatic resection.

Methods

Patients were randomized to undergo intraoperative bile leakage tests with saline then fat emulsion (Group A), or fat emulsion then saline (Group B). All patients received both tests.

Results

In group A ( n = 64), saline revealed 53 leakage points in 27 patients, and fat emulsion revealed 42 additional points in a further nine patients. In group B ( n = 64), fat emulsion revealed 87 leakage points in 37 patients, and saline revealed three additional points in three patients. There were no significant between-group differences in the number of leakage points detected by the first test, total number of leakage points or postoperative complications. Significantly more leakage points were detected by the second test in Group A (fat emulsion) than in Group B (saline).

Conclusions

Fat emulsion then saline identifies more leakage points after the first test than saline then fat emulsion. There is no difference in the total number of leakage points detected, regardless of which method is used first.
Infantile colic associated with childhood migraine: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Sillanpää Matti , Saarinen Maiju
Published: March 2015

Purpose

To explore the association between infantile colic and adolescent migraine.

Method

In a randomized general population sample, families expecting their first child were prospectively followed for infantile colic and adolescent migraine.

Results

Colic was diagnosed in 160 (13%) of 1267 infants until the age of 3 months. Migraine was ascertained in 129 (16%) of 787 adolescents at age 18 years. History of infantile colic was identified in 96 (12%) of 787 adolescents and no such history in 658 (88%) of 787 adolescents. Migraine was present in 22 (23%)/96 adolescents who had a history of infantile colic, but in only 74 (11%)/658 ones who had no such history. Of the 22 adolescents, 14 (64%) had migraine without aura and eight (36%) had migraine with aura. Infants with colic had an almost three-fold risk (risk ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.2–6.5) for adolescent migraine without aura, but no increased risk for migraine with aura (0.8, 0.3–2.2).

Discussion and conclusions

Infantile colic seems to be associated with an increased risk for migraine without aura, but not for migraine with aura. Whether infantile colic per se is a type of infantile migraine or an antecedent of future migraine remains to be answered by further research.
Evaluation of Muscle and Fat Loss as Diagnostic Criteria for Malnutrition
Authors: Fischer Marianne , JeVenn Andrea , Hipskind Peggy
Published: March 2015

According to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics criteria, the diagnosis of malnutrition includes an evaluation of muscle and fat. The role of inflammation not only enhances the catabolism of muscle and fat loss but also interferes with anabolism. Dietitians and other nutrition professionals need to understand techniques to appropriately identify losses of muscle and fat to incorporate them into a malnutrition diagnosis. Proper training is imperative to correctly identify muscle and fat wasting in a consistent and reliable manner. Nutrition clinicians should begin incorporating these practices into patient assessments and care plans. The application of these techniques and assessment tools is challenging and continues to be a work in progress. Various scenarios do not allow for clearly defined methods that would lead to a reliable conclusion for diagnosing malnutrition indicating the need for further research.
WAND
Authors: Grace Marty , Malone Jennifer , Murphy Angela
Published: March 2015

Rooming houses are often considered last resort accommodation for people affected by homelessness. However, some rooming houses aspire to provide safe, affordable, good-quality accommodation. This article reports on research into an activity program Women Achieving New Directions (WAND) in one such rooming house for women in Melbourne, Australia. Women-only homelessness programs are important because of women’s specific, gendered experiences of homelessness. Five main themes relating to program impact and structure were identified from the data, namely, reducing isolation, the importance of leaving choice to the women, the vital role of staff support, the emerging sense of program ownership, and experiences of building community connection.
Drillability study of pultruded and sheet moulding compound thick polymeric composites
Authors: Ramesh B , Elayaperumal A , Satishkumar S
Published: March 2015

This article discusses the effects of process parameters (feed and spindle speed) on quality characteristics (thrust force, torque, surface roughness and ovality) for standard and special geometric design of a drill body in dry drilling of pultruded and sheet moulding compound thick composites. Pultruded (non-laminated) and sheet moulding compound (laminated) thick glass fibre–reinforced plastic composites with a higher percentage of fibre weight fraction are extensively used in construction of bridges, prefabricated platforms, ballistic applications, structural applications, instrument bases and automotive load floors, and therefore, prediction of better performance drill helps the fabrication industry in making good quality holes. The drilling experiments using coated tungsten carbide drills, twist drill (standard geometry) and ratio drill (special geometry) of diameter of 10 mm were conducted using response surface methodology. Analysis of variance of the experimental results reveals that for both twist drill and ratio drill, feed is more significant in influencing the quality characteristics. The experimental values obtained for quality characteristics are empirically related to process parameters by developing response surface models using Design-Expert software. Analysis of the experimental results reveals that ratio drill performs better in pultruded composites and twist drill performs better in sheet moulding compound composites. The optimal process parameter levels within the selected range for minimizing all the quality characteristics together were determined.
The Influence of Nursing Unit Characteristics on RN Vacancies in Specialized Hospice and Palliative Care
Authors: Lindley Lisa C. , Mixer Sandra J. , Cozad Melanie J.
Published: March 2015

The nursing shortage is projected to intensify in the United States. Organizations providing specialized hospice and palliative care will be particularly hard hit. The purpose of our study was to examine the influence of the nursing unit on registered nurse (RN) vacancies and test the moderating role of recruitment strategies in perinatal hospices. We estimated the association between the nursing unit and RN vacancies and tested the interaction effects of recruitment strategies (signing bonus and recruitment bonus). Our findings showed that increasing RN unit size and nursing leadership directly affected vacancies and that recruitment bonuses had stronger influence on reducing vacancies than signing bonuses. The findings offer critical insights for hospice administrators in attracting nurses among specialized hospice and palliative care providers.
Parental Involvement in CBT for Anxiety-Disordered Youth Revisited: Family CBT Outperforms Child CBT in the Long Term for Children With Comorbid ADHD Symptoms
Authors: Maric Marija , van Steensel Francisca J. A. , Bögels Susan M.
Published: March 2015

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of child cognitive-behavioral therapy (CCBT) versus family CBT (FCBT) in anxiety-disordered youth with high and low comorbid ADHD symptoms. Method: Youth with anxiety disorders ( n = 123, aged 8-18) were classified in four groups according to (a) the type of CBT received (child vs. family) and (b) their comorbid ADHD symptoms, measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Attention Problems syndrome scale level (normal vs. [sub]clinical). Severity of anxiety disorders was assessed with Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule–Child and Parent (ADIS-C/P) version and anxiety symptoms via a 71-item anxiety symptom questionnaire, the Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-71), before and after CBT, and at 3 months and 1-year follow-ups. Results: Based on the severity of anxiety disorders, children with high ADHD symptoms profit more from FCBT than CCBT in the long term. For children low on ADHD symptoms, and for anxiety symptoms and attention problems, no differences between CCBT and FCBT occurred. Conclusion: Family involvement seems a valuable addition to CBT for children with comorbid anxiety and ADHD symptoms.
How Careless Responding and Acquiescence Response Bias Can Influence Construct Dimensionality
Authors: Kam Chester Chun Seng , Meyer John P.
Published: March 2015

We investigated the effects that careless responding and acquiescence response bias have on analyses conducted to assess construct dimensionality. Using job satisfaction/dissatisfaction as the focal construct, we measured and controlled for careless responding and acquiescence bias in data obtained from an online survey of employees ( N = 666) from different organizations and occupational groups. We found that the negative correlation between factors defined by job satisfaction and dissatisfaction items, respectively, was attenuated by careless responding and acquiescence bias, and was not significantly different from –1.0 when both were controlled. Moreover, the correlations between the two factors and measures of other constructs were similar when careless responding and acquiescence were controlled. These findings challenge recent research purporting to demonstrate that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are distinct constructs. Recommendations for future investigations of construct dimensionality are provided.
Infective endocarditis in pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Connolly Catherine , O’Donoghue Keelin , Doran Helen , McCarthy Fergus P
Published: March 2015

Infective endocarditis in pregnancy is associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality and is estimated to complicate approximately 1 in 100,000 pregnancies. We report the case of a 33-year-old patient who presented at 30 weeks and 3 days gestation in her third pregnancy. The patient described a 3 week history of feeling generally unwell, an episode of temporary speech disturbance, right shoulder tip pain, left subscapular pain on inspiration and chest discomfort. Investigations included an echocardiogram, which revealed a large mobile mass on the aortic coronary cusp and a small mass on the non-coronary cusp. There was significant aortic regurgitation. Blood cultures were positive for staphylococcus lugdunensis. A diagnosis of infective endocarditis was made. The patient deteriorated, with worsening cardiac function, and proceeded to have a caesarean section on day 7 of admission. Her baby had multiple limb abnormalities, subsequently diagnosed as arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Aortic valve replacement with a mechanical valve was then performed on day 3 post partum. The patient recovered well post operatively and was discharged home with her baby on day 45 post partum. The commonest complications of IE are congestive cardiac failure, perivalvular extension and systemic embolization. The management of infective endocarditis in pregnancy is similar to that of the non-pregnant however there is high foetal mortality associated with cardiopulmonary by-pass for cardiac surgery. The patient described here developed staphylococcus lugdunensis infective endocarditis, which is a rare but aggressive causative organism in infective endocarditis. Infective endocarditis in pregnancy is a rare but serious condition with significant fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis with a multidisciplinary team approach is essential to improve outcomes.
School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Lingenfelter Nannette , Hartung Sheila
Published: March 2015

School refusal behaviors go beyond a child’s dislike or disinterest in school. This article investigates the underlying anxiety, depression, and social phobias that often accompany these behaviors and the importance of early recognition and treatment. Successful treatment and resolution of school refusal behaviors need to be a multidisciplinary approach. Teachers, administrators, guidance counselors, school nurses, and parents need to be involved in the diagnostic, treatment, and readmission processes. School nurses are in a unique position to be able to help identify and provide support for students exhibiting school refusal behaviors.
Inequality in children’s well-being and development: Evidence from a national panel study
Authors: Xu Hongwei , Liu Airan , Zhang Yueyun
Published: March 2015

China’s rapid socio-economic and demographic changes have raised concerns about growing socio-economic inequalities in children’s well-being. Drawing on the data from the 2010 and 2012 waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study systematically examines the socio-economic inequalities in children’s objective and subjective well-being as well as differentials in children’s growth trajectories. We find strong evidence of persistent urban advantage in an array of child development indicators, despite the overall economic boom since the beginning of the reform era. However, we also find that children from families of low socio-economic status (SES) attained certain non-cognitive advantages relative to those from better-off families, which may help offset certain negative impacts of low SES. Furthermore, the experience of rural-to-urban migration appears to be beneficial to rural-origin children as their exposure to a novel urban environment likely raises their educational aspiration, among other measures, which in turn is related to increased educational investment.
Self-Esteem in Children and Adolescents With Hearing Loss
Authors: Warner-Czyz Andrea D. , Loy Betty A. , Evans Christine , Wetsel Ashton , Tobey Emily A.
Published: March 2015

Children with hearing loss are at risk for lower self-esteem due to differences from hearing peers relative to communication skills, physical appearance, and social maturity. This study examines the influence of generic factors unrelated to hearing loss (e.g., age, gender, temperament) and specific factors associated with hearing loss (e.g., age at identification, communication skills) on how children with hearing loss wearing cochlear implants or hearing aids appraise self-esteem. Fifty children with hearing loss wearing cochlear implants or hearing aids participated (Mean age: 12.88 years; mean duration of device use: 3.43 years). Participants independently completed online questionnaires to assess communication skills, social engagement, self-esteem, and temperament. Children with hearing loss rated global self-esteem significantly more positively than hearing peers, t = 2.38, p = .02. Self-esteem ratings attained significant positive correlations with affiliation ( r = .42, p = .002) and attention ( r = .45, p = .001) temperaments and a significant negative association with depressive mood ( r = − .60, p < .0001). No significant correlations emerged between self-esteem and demographic factors, communication skills, or social engagement. Because successful communication abilities do not always co-occur with excellent quality of life, clinicians and professionals working with children with hearing loss need to understand components contributing to self-esteem to improve identification, counseling, and external referrals for children in this population.
Gabapentin in Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Greutman Morgan D. , Gales Mark A. , Gales Barry J.
Published: March 2015

Objective: To review the literature related to the use of gabapentin in alcohol dependence following acute alcohol withdrawal. Data Sources: Searches of MEDLINE (1946-January 2015) and Cochrane Database (2005-January 2015) were performed using gabapentin, alcohol, and alcoholism as MeSH terms and keywords. Results were limited to human trials in English-language journals. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials with a minimum 4 weeks of gabapentin therapy and at least one alcohol dependence related outcome measure (ie, cravings, abstinence, percent days abstinent, or heavy drinking days). Six randomized clinical trials were identified. Data Synthesis: Four trials identified beneficial effects of gabapentin on at least one alcohol-related outcome measure. Two smaller studies, which enrolled patients with minimal withdrawal symptoms, failed to demonstrate beneficial effects on primary outcomes related to heavy drinking or abstinence. Gabapentin at doses up to 1800 mg daily was well tolerated with no serious adverse drug reactions being reported. Conclusions: Clinical trials have shown gabapentin is a well-tolerated adjunctive therapy in the management of alcohol dependence. The strongest efficacy evidence occurred in patients experiencing moderate to severe withdrawal when gabapentin was administered early in or concurrently during acute withdrawal and continued for up to 12 weeks.
How I treat hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the adult patient
Authors: Schram Alison M. , Berliner Nancy
Published: March 2015

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a devastating disorder of uncontrolled immune activation characterized by clinical and laboratory evidence of extreme inflammation. This syndrome can be caused by genetic mutations affecting cytotoxic function (familial HLH) or be secondary to infectious, rheumatologic, malignant, or metabolic conditions (acquired HLH). Prompt recognition is paramount and, without early treatment, this disorder is frequently fatal. Although HLH is well described in the pediatric population, less is known about the appropriate work-up and treatment in adults. Here, we review the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of HLH in adults.
Fixed point theorems for Kannan-type maps
Authors: Ume Jeong Sheok
Published: March 2015

We introduce the new classes of Kannan-type maps with respect to u-distance and prove some fixed point theorems for these mappings. Then we present several examples to illustrate the main theorems.
Stem-Cell Transplantation in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Prospective International Multicenter Trial Comparing Sibling Donors With Matched Unrelated Donors—The ALL-SCT-BFM-2003 Trial
Authors: Peters Christina , Schrappe Martin , von Stackelberg Arend , Schrauder André , Bader Peter , Ebell Wolfram , Lang Peter , Sykora Karl-Walter , Schrum Johanna , Kremens Bernhard , Ehlert Karoline , Albert Michael H. , Meisel Roland , Matthes-Martin Susanne , Gungor Tayfun , Holter Wolfgang , Strahm Brigitte , Gruhn Bernd , Schulz Ansgar , Woessmann Wilhelm , Poetschger Ulrike , Zimmermann Martin , Klingebiel Thomas
Published: March 2015

Purpose

Although hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is widely performed in children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the influence of donor types is poorly understood. Thus, transplantation outcomes were compared in the prospective multinational Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (BFM) study group trial: ALL-SCT-BFM 2003 (Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Children and Adolescents with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia).

Patients and Methods

After conditioning with total-body irradiation and etoposide, 411 children with high-risk ALL received highly standardized stem-cell transplantations during the first or later remissions. Depending on donor availability, grafts originated from HLA-genoidentical siblings or from HLA-matched unrelated donors who were identified and matched by high-resolution allelic typing and were compatible in at least 9 of 10 HLA loci.

Results

Four-year event-free survival (± standard deviation [SD]) did not differ between patients with transplantations from unrelated or sibling donors (0.67 ± 0.03 v 0.71 ± 0.05; P = .405), with cumulative incidences of nonrelapse mortality (± SD) of 0.10 ± 0.02 and 0.03 ± 0.02 (P = .017) and relapse rates (± SD) of 0.22 ± 0.02 and 0.24 ± 0.04 (P = .732), respectively. Among recipients of transplantations from unrelated donors, no significant differences in event-free survival, overall survival, or nonrelapse mortality were observed between 9/10 and 10/10 matched grafts or between peripheral blood stem cells and bone marrow. The absence of chronic graft-versus-host disease had no effect on event-free survival. Engraftment was faster after bone marrow transplantation from siblings and was associated with fewer severe infections and pulmonary complications.

Conclusion

Outcome among high-risk pediatric patients with ALL after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation was not affected by donor type. Standardized myeloablative conditioning produced a low incidence of treatment-related mortality and effective control of leukemia.
Plant stem cell maintenance by transcriptional cross-regulation of related receptor kinases
Authors: Nimchuk Zachary L. , Zhou Yun , Tarr Paul T. , Peterson Brenda A. , Meyerowitz Elliot M.
Published: March 2015

The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)-CLAVATA1 (CLV1) ligand-receptor kinase pair negatively regulates shoot stem cell proliferation in plants. clv1 null mutants are weaker in phenotype than clv3 mutants, but the clv1 null phenotype is enhanced by mutations in the related receptor kinases BARELY ANY MERISTEM 1, 2 and 3 (BAM1, 2 and 3). The basis of this genetic redundancy is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the apparent redundancy in the CLV1 clade is in fact due to the transcriptional repression of BAM genes by CLV1 signaling. CLV1 signaling in the rib meristem (RM) of the shoot apical meristem is necessary and sufficient for stem cell regulation. CLV3-CLV1 signaling in the RM represses BAM expression in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. In clv1 mutants, ectopic BAM expression in the RM partially complements the loss of CLV1. BAM regulation by CLV1 is distinct from CLV1 regulation of WUSCHEL, a proposed CLV1 target gene. In addition, quadruple receptor mutants are stronger in phenotype than clv3, pointing to the existence of additional CLV1/BAM ligands. These data provide an explanation for the genetic redundancy seen in the CLV1 clade and reveal a novel feedback operating in the control of plant stem cells.
Visualizing the global secondary structure of a viral RNA genome with cryo-electron microscopy
Authors: Garmann Rees F. , Gopal Ajaykumar , Athavale Shreyas S. , Knobler Charles M. , Gelbart William M. , Harvey Stephen C.
Published: March 2015

The lifecycle, and therefore the virulence, of single-stranded (ss)-RNA viruses is regulated not only by their particular protein gene products, but also by the secondary and tertiary structure of their genomes. The secondary structure of the entire genomic RNA of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) was recently determined by selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE). The SHAPE analysis suggested a single highly extended secondary structure with much less branching than occurs in the ensemble of structures predicted by purely thermodynamic algorithms. Here we examine the solution-equilibrated STMV genome by direct visualization with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), using an RNA of similar length transcribed from the yeast genome as a control. The cryo-EM data reveal an ensemble of branching patterns that are collectively consistent with the SHAPE-derived secondary structure model. Thus, our results both elucidate the statistical nature of the secondary structure of large ss-RNAs and give visual support for modern RNA structure determination methods. Additionally, this work introduces cryo-EM as a means to distinguish between competing secondary structure models if the models differ significantly in terms of the number and/or length of branches. Furthermore, with the latest advances in cryo-EM technology, we suggest the possibility of developing methods that incorporate restraints from cryo-EM into the next generation of algorithms for the determination of RNA secondary and tertiary structures.
The functional significance and place of tourist legends in creating attractive destination properties
Authors: Афанасьев Олег , Afanasiev Oleg , Афанасьева Александра , Afanaseva Aleksandra
Published: March 2015

The paper proposes the concept of substantiation for the notion of "tourist legend" and describes its place in the modern tourist and sightseeing industry. Tourist legends are important intangible resources, attracting tourists even in those cities where "nothing to see and nothing to show". Tourist legends are an integral part of the tourist areas in terms of branding, attracting tourists and creating a positive tourist image for individual cities and entire countries. Despite the long tradition of using tourist legends in recreational areas, in theory this subject remains poorly understood. Therefore, this article represents a theoretical generalization, which results in a definition of the concept of "tourist legend", marks its basic properties: a plot and tourist excursion value, territorial binding to a tourist site (area), the implementation of social and tourist functions (attractant, didactic, motivational, information, entertainment, warning) and a positive influence on the formation of geographical and tourist cognitive and attractive images of a territory. All variety of tourist legends can be classified according to the principles of: case-with a plot (or style of presentation), chronological, territorial, ethnic, cultural and social, the object of "legend creation " degree of reliability and autochthonous. The article presents the classification scheme of tourist legends which describes various groups and gives examples from world practice. The paper describes the experience of studying tourism legends and creating a tourist guide for the city of Dnepropetrovsk, which is selected as an example of a typical post-Soviet industrial center with an underdeveloped tourism industry and a significant tourist and recreational potential.