bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2.6 K VCSEL data link for cryogenic computing
Authors: Wu Haonan , Fu Wenning , Feng Milton , Deppe Dennis
Published: July 2021

Cryogenic computing requires an energy-efficient optical data link from 4 K to the end-user at room temperature. Laser spectra and light–current–voltage family curves over a wide temperature range from 2.6 to 295 K are reported on oxide-vertical cavity surface emitting lasers coupled with OM4 fiber. Non-linear shifting of the lasing wavelength vs junction temperatures is measured with the wavelength shifting coefficients <0.005 nm/K at 2.6 K. 12.5 Gb/s non-return-to-zero error-free data transmission at 2.6 K to the error detector at 295 K is demonstrated as a viable solution for cryo-computing.
Path integrals: From quantum mechanics to photonics
Authors: Robson Charles W. , Tamashevich Yaraslau , Rantala Tapio T. , Ornigotti Marco
Published: July 2021

The path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, i.e., the idea that the evolution of a quantum system is determined as a sum over all the possible trajectories that would take the system from the initial to its final state of its dynamical evolution, is perhaps the most elegant and universal framework developed in theoretical physics, second only to the standard model of particle physics. In this Tutorial, we retrace the steps that led to the creation of such a remarkable framework, discuss its foundations, and present some of the classical examples of problems that can be solved using the path integral formalism, as a way to introduce the readers to the topic and help them get familiar with the formalism. Then, we focus our attention on the use of path integrals in optics and photonics and discuss in detail how they have been used in the past to approach several problems, ranging from the propagation of light in inhomogeneous media to parametric amplification and quantum nonlinear optics in arbitrary media. To complement this, we also briefly present the path integral Monte Carlo method, as a valuable computational resource for condensed matter physics, and discuss its potential applications and advantages if used in photonics.
Structure, energy, and bonding in anionic water tetramers obtained by exhaustive search
Authors: Moreno Norberto , Restrepo Albeiro , Hadad Cacier Z.
Published: July 2021

An analysis of the structures, some energy related properties, and key aspects of the bonding nature of the microsolvated electron with four water molecules is presented. The study is based on an exhaustive potential energy surface scan of the ground state of (H2O)4− at the UCCSD(T)/6-311(3+,4+)G(d,p)//UMP2/6-311(3+,4+)G(d,p) level. A total of 18 structures, most of them not reported before, spanning in an energy range of 8.8 kcal mol−1 were found. The energetic stability of the clusters is dictated by the effect of the excess electron on their structures, on their partial fragmentation, and on the hydrogen bonds’ framework. Vertical detachment energies depend on the number of water molecules holding the excess electron in “direct contact” to their two protons at the same time and, to a lesser extent, also depend on the hydrogen bond sequence in the rest of the structure. In general, hydrogen bonds in (H2O)4− are of closed shell character, and there are other less common interactions assisted by the excess electron.
Phase behavior of a binary mixture of patchy colloids: Effect of particle size and gravity
Authors: Braz Teixeira Rodrigo , de las Heras Daniel , Tavares José Maria , Telo da Gama Margarida M.
Published: July 2021

We study theoretically the effect of size difference and that of gravity in the phase behavior of a binary mixture of patchy particles. The species, 2A and 3B, have two A and three B patches, respectively, and only bonds between patches A and B (AB bonds) are allowed. This model describes colloidal systems where the aggregation of particles (3B) is mediated and controlled by a second species, the linkers (2A) to which they bind strongly. Thermodynamic calculations are performed using Wertheim’s perturbation theory with a hard sphere reference term that accounts for the difference in the size of the two species. Percolation lines are determined employing a generalized Flory–Stockmayer theory, and the effects of gravity are included through a local density approximation. The bulk phase diagrams are calculated, and all the stacking sequences generated in the presence of gravity are determined and classified in a stacking diagram. The relative size of the particles can be used to control the phase behavior of the mixture. An increase in the size of particles 3B, relative to the size of the linkers 2A, is found to promote mixing while keeping the percolating structures and, in certain cases, leads to changes in the stacking sequence under gravity.
Adaptive friction compensation robust control for permanent magnet spherical actuator under compound disturbance
Authors: Zhang Rui , Li Guoli , Wang Qunjing , Wang Xiuqin , Wen Yan
Published: July 2021

The permanent magnet spherical actuator (PMSA) is a multi-variable featured and strongly coupled nonlinear system, and its motion control will unavoidably be affected by various factors. In order to reduce the influence of model uncertainty, friction, and external disturbance on the actual control during the position tracking of PMSA, this paper proposes a novel adaptive friction compensation robust control method under compound disturbance to improve the motion stability of PMSA. In this method, an adaptive compensator is designed to compensate for the unmodeled friction with unknown but constant parameters, and a robust compensator is used to deal with friction parameter variation and non-parametric interference factors that cannot be modeled. The combination of the two controllers can achieve better friction compensation and interference suppression with smaller feedback gain, thus reducing the trajectory tracking errors. In addition, in order to add the smoothness of the velocity value during the experiment, a first-order filter is introduced into the controller. Finally, the stability of the designed controller for the closed-loop system is proved by the Lyapunov method. Furthermore, a simulation model is established and experiments are conducted on the research prototype, and the feasibility and effectiveness under compound disturbance of the proposed control method are verified by comparing with the simulation and experimental results of other controllers.
Effect of the metallicity on the capacitance of gold–aqueous sodium chloride interfaces
Authors: Serva Alessandra , Scalfi Laura , Rotenberg Benjamin , Salanne Mathieu
Published: July 2021

Electrochemistry experiments have established that the capacitance of electrode–electrolyte interfaces is much larger for good metals, such as gold and platinum, than for carbon-based materials. Despite the development of elaborate electrode interaction potentials, to date molecular dynamics simulations are not able to capture this effect. Here, we show that changing the width of the Gaussian charge distribution used to represent the atomic charges in gold is an effective way to tune its metallicity. Larger Gaussian widths lead to a capacitance of aqueous solutions (pure water and 1 M NaCl) in good agreement with recent ab initio molecular dynamics results. For pure water, the increase in the capacitance is not accompanied by structural changes, while in the presence of salt, the Na+ cations tend to adsorb significantly on the surface. For a strongly metallic gold electrode, these ions can even form inner sphere complexes on hollow sites of the surface.
Simulating the potential effects of a carp virus fish kill on water quality and phytoplankton in lentic environments
Authors: Pera Joseph B. , Davie Alec W. , Rohlfs Ann-Marie , Mitrovic Simon M.
Published: July 2021

Decaying fish play an important role in delivering nutrients into rivers and lakes but can create water quality issues. The release of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) in Australia with an associated mass common carp mortality may have serious effects on water quality in lakes. To evaluate the effect of a virus-induced fish kill, different biomasses of dead common carp (250–6000 kg ha–1) were placed into 2000-L mesocosms within Prospect Reservoir, Australia, for up to 40 days. Decaying carp created anoxic conditions within all treatments except the 250 kg ha–1 treatment, in which oxygen saturation dropped to 30%. A higher biomass of carp led to longer periods of anoxia. Total nitrogen (TN) increased from a baseline of 0.25 to 1.5–30 mg L–1 in the different treatments, whereas total phosphorus (TP) increased from 0.01 to 0.05–5.0 mg L–1. Chlorophyll-a levels increased from <5 µg L–1 to levels between 100 and 1000 µg L–1 in the different treatments. Mean nutrient levels (TN and TP), chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton biovolume all showed a significant (P < 0.05) linear relationship with carp biomass. This relationship can be used to support the quantification of water quality risk from a known biomass of carp. Our experiment suggests that carp mortality may significantly reduce water quality in shallow lakes where the biomass of dead carp is above moderate levels (250 kg ha–1).
Imperfect comb construction reveals the architectural abilities of honeybees
Authors: Smith Michael L. , Napp Nils , Petersen Kirstin H.
Published: July 2021

Significance

Honeybees are renowned for constructing perfect hexagonal lattices, but this paper showcases them as similarly skilled architects when fitting perfect lattices is impossible. Using automated image analysis, we quantified building challenges that bees face during natural construction and the methods they use to solve them. We found that workers preemptively change their building behavior in constrained geometries to make space for larger hexagonal cells, that irregular cell shapes come in regular combinations, and that bees change both tilt, size, and number of walls to meet different building challenges. Model comparisons, serving as upper and lower bounds for the efficacy of honeybees as building agents, showed that workers perform remarkably well given their lack of global sensing and central planning.
Rare crested rat subfossils unveil Afro–Eurasian ecological corridors synchronous with early human dispersals
Authors: Lazagabaster Ignacio A. , Rovelli Valentina , Fabre Pierre-Henri , Porat Roi , Ullman Micka , Davidovich Uri , Lavi Tal , Ganor Amir , Klein Eitan , Weiss Keren , Nuriel Perach , Meiri Meirav , Marom Nimrod
Published: July 2021

Significance

The extent and timing of paleoenvironmental connections between Africa and Eurasia during the last glacial and interglacial periods are key issues in relation to early dispersals of
Homo sapiens
out of Africa. However, direct evidence of synchronous faunal dispersals is sparse. We report the discovery near the Dead Sea of subfossils belonging to an ancient relative of the eastern African crested rat dated to between ∼42,000 and at least 103,000 y ago. Morphological comparisons, ancient DNA, and ecological modeling suggest that the Judean Desert was greener in the past and that continuous habitat corridors connected eastern Africa with the Levant. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that early human dispersals were prompted by climatic changes and Late Pleistocene intercontinental connectivity.
Microsporum canis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Microsporum canis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of the cat and dog, frequently transmitted to man. Also recorded from the chimpanzee, chinchilla, fox, lion, monkey, pig, rabbit, sheep and tiger. Experimental animals are susceptible to infection. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). Infected hairs and animal claws usually fluoresce bright green under Wood's light and hairs are surrounded by ectothrix sheaths of small spores in a mosaic arrangement. In cats the lesions are usually inconspicuous. They may occur on any part of the body, but particularly the face and paws, and the whiskers and claws may be involved. In dogs infection is more noticeable, and is characterized by small circular areas of scaling and alopecia, sometimes with oedema and crust formation, on any part of the body. The claws may also be infected. Infections in dogs have a well defined seasonal incidence with a peak in Oct. -Feb., but the incidence in cats is poorly defined (Kaplan & Ivens,
Sabouraudia
1: 91-102, 1961). In man the scalp (tinea capitis), glabrous skin (tinea corporis), and rarely the beard (tinea barbae), foot (tinea pedis) and nails (tinea unguium, onychomycosis) may be infected (mycoses). Children are most susceptible, particularly to scalp infection which is very rare in adults. Scalp lesions are scaling, inflammatory areas containing broken hairs or with total hair loss. Pustulation and kerion formation are not uncommon. Skin lesions are circinate, with a scaling centre and vesicular border. Kligman (RMVM 1, 2510; 2, 2484) studied the pathogenesis of tinea capitis caused by
M. canis
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Angola, Cape Verde Islands, Egypt, French W. Africa, Sahara, Tunisia, Union of S. Africa); Asia (Ceylon, India, Philippines, Turkey); Australasia & Oceania (Australia (N.S.W.), New Zealand); Europe, North America, Central America and West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico); South America (Argentina, Brazil (south of Pernambuco), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela).
Microsporum ferrugineum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Microsporum ferrugineum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded only from man. Experimental animals are not susceptible to infection. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). Primarily affecting the scalp (tinea capitis) and less frequently the glabrous skin, particularly of the face (tinea corporis) of children. Scalp lesions are usually non-inflammatory, scaling patches of alopecia. Infected hairs are surrounded by sheaths of small spores in a mosaic arrangement, and usually fluoresce under Wood's light, but Germeraad & Klokke (
E. Afr. med. J
. 39: 515-519, 1962) saw no distinct fluorescence in 22 cases in Uganda. Skin lesions are usually scaly, with little or no inflammation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Cameroons, Cape Verde Islands, Congo, French West Africa, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ruanda-Burundi, Uganda); Asia (China, Formosa, Hawaii, India, Indo-China, Israel, Japan, U.S.S.R.); Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia (Macedonia)); North America (? Texas); South America (? Brazil,? Uruguay).
Rigidoporus lignosus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rigidoporus lignosus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Hevea
and over 40 other tropical genera icluding cacao, coconut, coffee, tea and bamboo. DISEASE: White root rot. Common on rubber where it destroys the tap root so that diseased trees are easily blown over. The foliage turns yellow and this is accompanied by die-back in Asia, but these symptoms are absent in West Africa (45, 1166). Also parasitic on other perennial crops. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Fernando Po I., 'French Equatorial Africa', Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda), Asia (Brunei, Burma, Ceylon, India, Indo- China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand); Australasia & Oceania (New Guinea, New Hebrides); North America (Mexico); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Dominica); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Guyana). (CMI Map 176, ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION:
Rigidoporus lignosus
is a rhizomorphic root-infecting fungus with an ectotrophic growth habit. The rhizomorph requires a food base, generally the tree stump on which it originated, until it encounters other dead wood or living or moribund tree roots which it can invade. Epiphytic growth of rhizomorphs may extend 5-15 feet ahead of actual penetration of live rubber roots (Napper, 1938) and descend the full length of the tap root to a depth of 181 feet (45, 1161d). Air-borne spores may also infect tree stumps immediately after felling (45, 201) and thus provide foci for the spread of rhizomorphs, as was earlier postulated by Petch (1921). This source of infection, however, is regarded as less important than root-infection (46, 1089).
Phragmidium rubi-idaei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phragmidium rubi-idaei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rubus idaeus
(raspberry) and a few wild
Rubus
species. DISEASE: Cane rust or western yellow rust of raspberry, infecting canes, leaves, petioles and fruiting laterals. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout temperate areas in North America, Europe, U.S.S.R. and Japan. Also in Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By wind-blown spores. Basidiospores arise from teliospores on dead leaves on the ground in early spring and infect through both leaf surfaces; aeciospores and urediospores apparently infect only through the lower surface (Zeller & Lund, 1934).
Valsa eugeniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Valsa eugeniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On clove (
Eugenia aromaticd
), rose apple (
E. jambos
), cashew (
Anacardium occidentale
) and pimento (
Pimenta dioica
). DISEASE: Sudden death of cloves in Zanzibar and Pemba (32: 278). Also reported causing the death of cashew (35: 496) but is not pathogenic to pimento in Jamaica, where dieback is attributed to
Ceratocystis fimbriata
(45, 2918, CMI Descript. 141). On clove the classical symptoms occur only in mature trees. A barely discernible yellowing of the foliage is followed by a heavy green-leaf fall and wilt of the remaining leaves which wither to a russet colour. A few days after death, a yellow stain in the wood is seen at the collar. This spreads up the trunk and is generally distributed 9 months later but occurs much earlier in the roots. The stain is often separated from healthy wood by a sharp black zone line and a narrow bluish-grey zone. Tyloses and gum occur in the vessels. Some 3-4 months after death of the tree the perithecia appear, through cracks in the bark, at ground level, and fructification moves upwards. Fruiting can continue for several years on trunk and branches. The pycnidia, which appear before the perithecia, are abundant on cut, split or broken woody surfaces in moist conditions. Where new plantings of clove are made in areas killed off by sudden death, young trees up to nearly 20 years old exhibit a slow decline and unthrifty appearance with yellowish and sparse foliage accompanied by a slow but progressive root rot. Seedlings are immune from infection by
V. eugeniae
and plants up to 4 years old are very resistant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica, Malaysia (W.), Tanzania and Thailand. Its presence in the Malagasy Republic seems doubtful. TRANSMISSION: Not known. In mature trees natural infection probably begins in the absorbing roots spreading into larger roots and thence to the collar.
Valsa eugeniae
can also cause a stem dieback functioning as a wound parasite. Yellow stain is formed as in the root disease.
Pseudomonas striafaciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas striafaciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Avena sativa, A. byzantina
and
Hordeum vulgare
are also susceptible (Elliott, 1951). Tessi (1953) showed that
Briza maxima, Bromus catharticus, B. hordeaceans
and
B. rubens
are all slightly susceptible to artificial inoculation. DISEASE: Bacterial stripe blight of oats. Lesions appear mainly on the leaves as sunken, water-soaked spots, which grow or coalesce forming long water-soaked stripes. Bacterial exudate is often seen, especially under humid conditions. Older lesions become a translucent brownish colour. Sheaths, culms, pedicels and glumes are sometimes affected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N. America, Argentine, U.S.S.R. Australia (CMI Map 363, 1959) and Japan (47, 2693). TRANSMISSION: As for
P. coronafaciens
.
Alternaria crassa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria crassa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Datura stramonium
(Jimson weed, thorn apple) and other species of
Datura
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Datura. Irregular, straw-coloured, zonate spots occur first on the lower leaves, spreading upwards until later in the growing season the seed pods develop dark, sunken lesions. Heavily infected leaves are often shed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Cyprus, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Germany, Ghana, India, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Rhodesia, Rumania, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Alternaria macrospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria macrospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On cotton (
Gossypium
spp.) and possibly on other hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cotton. On leaves a small, necrotic spot, with a purplish halo, expands to about 1 cm diam., the centre becoming grey and cracked; the zonation is more clearly defined on the upper surface. Defoliation can be severe, especially where the peduncle becomes infected (28: 65). Stem lesions begin as a small sunken spot which develops into a canker, the tissue splitting and cracking to cause a break. The glandular areas on the receptacle are also attacked and this can result in failure of the boll to develop. Flowers and bolls may be shed; the latter become mummified and the fibre attacked (20: 461; 30: 37). Boll rots can also be caused by
A. gossypina
(Thum.) Hopkins (17: 674; 26: 14). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Central African Republic, Ceylon, China, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Formosa, France, French Sudan, Ghana, Guadeloupe, India, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rhodesia, Rumania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad, Uganda, Venezuela, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: No observations appear to have been reported; seed transmission is possible.
Alternaria porri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria porri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Allium
spp. including chive, garlic, leek, onion and shallot. DISEASE: Purple blotch of onion. The first symptoms are small, white lesions on the leaves; these, under wet conditions, develop into elliptical purplish areas, spreading to several centimetres long and with a yellowish border. Sporulation on these results in the formation of dark and light concentric zones. If conditions, after the initial appearance of symptoms, become dry (RH < 70%) then the white fleck lesions do not develop into the typical purple blotch. After 3
-
4 weeks the leaves collapse and infection can spread to the bulb, causing a deep yellow to reddish watery rot. The scales become desiccated and dark. Bulbs may be small or fail to develop. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, CMI Map 350, ed. 3; two new records not mapped are Nepal and S. Africa (47, 964). TRANSMISSION: The air-borne conidia increase with rain and wind and have a diurnal periodicity with a max. concentration between 0800 and 1400 hr, few being released between 2000 and 0600 hr (45, 1596). The pathogen is carried over from season to season in crop debris (40: 717).
Verticillium nigrescens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Verticillium nigrescens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Solanum tuberosum, Lycopersicon esculentum
; more rarely on
Antirrhinum, Beta, Gramineae
and
Pteridium aquilinum
. DISEASE: Only weakly or not pathogenic (usually saprophytic). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Canada. TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Puccinia granularis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia granularis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pelargonium
spp. DISEASE: Rust of pelargonium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, South Africa).
Hendersonula toruloidea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hendersonula toruloidea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts including
Acacia
spp.,
Agave sisalana, Ananas comosus, Arachis hypogaea, Citrus
spp.,
Dioscorea
spp.,
Ficus carica, Furcraea
spp.,
Hevea brasiliensis, Ipomoea batatas, Juglans regia, Juglans hindsii, Malus pumila, Mangifera indica, Manihot utilissima, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Musa
spp.,
Liriodendron bipinnatifidum, Pithecolobium dulce, Plumeria acutifolia, Populus alba, Prunus
spp.,
Psidium guajava, Sansevieria
spp.,
Solanum tuberosum, Trifolium alexandrinum, Trigonella
spp.,
Vitis vinifera
(Browne, 1968 and Herb. IMI). Also pathogenic to man (Gentles & Evans, 1970). DISEASE:
On plants
: Causing branch wilt of fig, grapevine and walnut; dieback of apple, grapefruit, mulberry, stone fruit and walnut; canker of grapefruit, mandarin orange and mulberry; gummosis of apple, fig, grapefruit, mandarin orange, poplar and walnut; fruit rot of Cavendish banana and orange (on inoculation); associated with a rot of potato tubers (
Solanum tuberosum
) in U.K. following inoculation with roots of potato naturally infected with
Phoma exigua
(Herb. IMI) and a storage rot of yam (
Dioscorea
spp.) in Nigeria (45, 3254).
On man
: The fungus has been isolated in U.K. from infections of feet and/or toe-nails of former residents of the tropics (Gentles & Evans, 1970). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania), Asia (Cyprus, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Pakistan); North America (U.S.A. : California); Central America and the West Indies (Jamaica); Europe (U.K.). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne spores. A wound parasite of fig (43, 2007), grapefruit (34: 365), grapevine (46, 2590), mulberry (35: 647) and of banana and orange fruit (43, 1716). Germinating conidia penetrate walnut branches only through breaks in the periderm (43, 884u) especially cracks caused by sun scorch (35: 495; 44, 1757b). Hail damage also predisposes fig to branch wilt (43, 2007).
Cerotelium fici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cerotelium fici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several species of
Ficus
, especially
F. carica
; also recorded on species of
Broussonetia, Maclura
and
Morus
including
Morus alba
and
M. nigra
(mulberry), though there are doubts as to whether the
Morus
rust is conspecific (Sydow,
Monogr. Ured
. 3: 324, 1915; Boedijn (39: 556) p. 471). Some records on
Ficus
spp. other than
F. carica
may refer to
Uredo ficina
. DISEASE: Fig rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics (CMI Map 399). Some records may be errors for
Uredo ficina
. TRANSMISSION: The life-cycle of this rust is not completely known. In southern USA it is believed to overwinter on fallen leaves from which urediospores infect the young developing leaves in the spring (Krezdorn & Adriance, 1961). The incubation period has been reported to be 14 days (12: 551).
Puccinia pittieriana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia pittieriana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
(tomato),
Solanum tuberosum
(potato) and
S. demissum
; also on various wild species of
Solanum
. DISEASE: Potato and tomato rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: America (Mexico, Costa Rica, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela) (CMI Map 113). TRANSMISSION: By wind-blown basidiospores; germination and infection studies have been undertaken (48, 905). Presumably a prolonged if not continuous potato cropping period, combined with susceptible native plants, ensures a carry-over of inoculum from one crop to another (47, 3189).
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. pruni-spinosae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. pruni-spinosae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia systemic on species of
Anemone
, especially
Anemone ranunculoides
; also recorded on species of
Hepatica, Ranunculus
and
Thalictrum
. Uredia and telia on species of
Prunus
, especially on wild species (17: 756), but also on
Prunus domestica
(plum) (38: 705). DISEASE: Rust of plum and wild species of
Prunus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Europe and USA. Probably not present in Central and South America, Africa, Asia and Australasia but uncertain owing to confusion with var.
discolor
.
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus miyabeanus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
and other species of
Oryza
. DISEASE: Brown spot and seedling blight of rice. Oval leaf spots up to 1 cm long, at first usually brown, sometimes purplish, later forming white to grey centres, spots may coalesce and leaves wither. Glumes may be spotted, becoming velvety with sporulation. Infected seed is shrivelled and discoloured; coleoptiles bear lesions which can also occur on the roots of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 92, ed. 3, 1966). Records not yet mapped: Angola, Cambodia, Chad, France (S.), French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Laos, Malawi, Nepal, Rhodesia. TRANSMISSION: Seed infection is important (mycelium remaining viable for up to 3 yr) and is probably responsible for most of the primary infection in young crops (9: 556; 34: 104). Grain is directly attacked and kernels in the flowering and milk stages are more susceptible than those in the soft dough and mature stages (45, 2834; 46, 317). Conidia are air-dispersed showing a diurnal periodicity with a max. in the late afternoon (43, 1017; 48, 3486).
Drechslera stenospila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechslera stenospila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum
. DISEASE: Brown stripe of sugarcane. The linear spots turn reddish and elongate parallel to the long axis of the leaf; usually 2-10 mm long, often reach 25 mm and may be up to 75 mm but the streaks and runners characteristic of eye spot of sugarcane (
D. sacchari
, CMI Descript. 305) are absent. The spots may coalesce producing large necrotic areas. Comparisons between these 2 pathogens have been made (7: 401; 8: 134; 29: 477). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Has been reported from many sugarcane growing areas (CMI Map 483, ed. 1, 1971). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-dispersed conidia although no studies have been reported. No natural infection on other hosts occurs.
Rhynchosphaeria cupressi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhynchosphaeria cupressi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cupressus macrocarpa, C. lusitanica, C. arizonica, C. torulosa, Cupressocyparis lawsoniana, Juniperus procera, Thuja orientalis
. DISEASE: Stem and branch canker of young trees. Cankers are associated with profuse resin flow and in advanced states, a flattened, winged condition of the tissue may be produced. Cankers may girdle and kill young trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA); Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa); Australia and Oceania (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, New Zealand); Asia (India (Bakshi
et al.
, 1970)). TRANSMISSION: Conidia and ascospores are released under moist conditions and dispersed by a splash take-off mechanism, after which they have a limited air-borne range (33: 191). Long distance spread is probably effected by human agencies.
Mycosphaerella pinodes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella pinodes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pisum sativum, Lathyrus, Phaseolus
and
Vicia
. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod spot and foot rot of pea (
Pisum sativum
). Lesions on the above-ground parts begin as very small purplish spots which enlarge and becoming more or less zonate and dark brown without a definite margin; they may be circular or irregular in shape with a darker centre. Infection spreads via the petiole to the stem causing girdling lesions; the tap root and proximal parts of the lateral roots can be attacked. Flowers become spotted and pods poorly filled. Infection leads to post-emergence and pre-emergence damping-off, death or dwarfing of older plants and discoloration and shrinkage of seed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, especially in temperate and sub-tropical areas (CMI Map 316, ed. 2, 1967). New records not yet mapped are: Ethiopia, Greece, Haiti, Iraq, Lebanon, Mexico, Salvador. TRANSMISSION: By water (conidia), air (ascospores), soil and host debris (in which
M. pinodes
survives between crops) and through seed. Chlamydospores and sclerotia occur and, in the soil, conidia can be transformed into the former. There is some saprophytic ability (20: 441; 44, 2658; 47, 1721; 48, 1389).
Xylaria polymorpha
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xylaria polymorpha
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mostly gregarious on stems of deciduous trees, including
Acer rubrum, Coffea arabica, Platanus acerifolia
and
Shorea robusta
. DISEASE: Causes decay of stumps and fallen timber of hardwoods. At most a weak pathogen which enters through wounds. It has been associated with
Acer rubrum
(17: 357).
Coffea arabica
(7: 538),
Platanus acerifolia
(36: 288) and
Shorea robusta
(33: 58), as well as other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cryptodiaporthe populea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S. , Sutton B. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cryptodiaporthe populea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Poplar, willow. A wide range of poplar species are more or less susceptible, with members of the
tacamahacca
and
algeros
groups principally affected.
Populus alba
var.
pyramidalis
is very susceptible in Britain and
P. alba
and
P
.
tremula
are tolerant; complete resistance is unknown in the genus: The fungus has been recorded on cricket bat willow in Belgium. DISEASE:
Dothichiza
canker,
Dorhichiza
dieback, poplar canker. The conidial state is the form of this fungus most commonly found associated with the dieback or canker of poplar. The fungus is a wound parasite unable to invade sound bark tissues, although very small wounds, such as scars left by bud scales, may permit infection (38, 341). Infection usually occurs in the winter, when bark moisture and turgor are lowest (36, 673; 37, 684). First signs are a discoloration of the cortex under the bark, which develops to a sunken, dead patch of bark, often at the base of twigs or at the junction of first-year and second-year wood. The lesion may have an unpleasant odour and later develops black, globular, pycnidia on the surface. The lesion may heal over in a single season but it can spread to cause severe damage or death of the host. Injury is believed to be due to toxin formation as well as physical girdling by the canker (35, 797; 38, 103). The crowns of old trees or young plants in nurseries and plantations are mainly affected. The disease may be distinguished from that caused by
Valsa sordida
Nits. by its larger conidia and larger and less frequent stromata in infected tissues. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (all western Europe excluding Portugal, Norway, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Ukraine and south-east Russia). Near East (Turkey, Cyprus). North America (east Canada, north-east USA). South America (Argentina) (CMI Map 344, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by airborne splash-dispersed conidia.
Pseudomonas alboprecipitans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas alboprecipitans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Setaria lutescens, S. italica
and
Zea mays
. Goto & Starr (1971) and Tominaga (1971) report natural infection of
Euchlaena mexicana
in Japan, while the latter author also reports natural infection of
Agropyron pubescens, Bromus catharticus, B. inermis
and
B. marginatus
in Japan, and
Hordeum vulgare
and
Oryza sativa
in the Philippines. The following are recorded as susceptible to spray inoculation:
Agropyron intermedian ?, Alopecurus pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Avena sativa, Echinochloa frumentacea, Festuca elatior, Holcus lanatus, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, Phalaris arundinacea, Secale cereale, Setaria geniculata, Sorghum vulgare, S. vulgare
var.
sudanense, Triticum aestivum
. Goto & Starr (1971) also report slight infection of
Phaseolus vulgaris
with wounding. DISEASE: Bacterial leaf blight and stalk rot of maize and teosinte; bacterial brown stripe of foxtail and various other grasses. On leaves and sheaths spots and streaks are produced. They vary in size and in colour from yellowish or pale brown to dark brown, depending on the host and conditions. On maize, if the stalk rot occurs it is on the upper part of the stem, often at the level where the ears are produced. The top of the plant dies and bleaches. The ears are usually sterile and sometimes become rotted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Texas, Virginia), Brazil, Japan, Philippines. TRANSMISSION: Presumably transmitted mainly by wind and rain. Entry into the plant is through stomata and hydathodes and, although bacterial exudate is not seen, large numbers of bacteria can emerge on to wet leaf surfaces, especially on damaged leaves.
Nectria hederae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria hederae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Hedera helix
. DISEASE: A minor disease. Brown irregular patches are produced on leaves, stems and rootless. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: England, France. TRANSMISSION: This probably occurs mainly by wind-borne conidia.
Sclerotinia fuckeliana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sclerotinia fuckeliana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs both as a parasite and a saprophyte on a very wide range of host plants. DISEASE: Causes 'grey mould' or 'botrytis disease', a blight or rot of immature, fleshy or senescent tissues. Lesions develop as tan or brown water soaked areas, which may become greyish on drying out. The profuse grey brown sporulation of the fungus on old diseased tissue is characteristic. Rotting of perishable plant produce at harvest or in store causes large losses; can be particularly severe on soft fruit such as strawberries and grapes and vegetables such as cabbage, lettuce etc. Damping-off and basal leaf and stem rot result in severe damage to lettuce and flax. Blights of buds, blossom, leaves and stems may also occur on a wide range of hosts and the fungus has been implicated in dieback and canker formation on woody plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, but most prevalent as a disease in humid temperate or sub-tropical areas. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are air-borne, but may be carried on the surface of rain splash droplets (41, 436). Diseased plant parts, on which sporulation is profuse in wet weather, are important sources of inoculum in disease epidemics. The fungus overwinters as sclerotia or as mycelium in old plant debris and may be seedborne as spores or mycelium on e.g. flax (37, 720).
Botrytis fabae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Botrytis fabae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vicia
spp. especially
Vicia faba
(field or broad bean); also reported from
Phaseolus
beans, pea and lentil (11, 346). DISEASE: Causes chocolate spot of field (broad) beans. Two phases of this disease are usually recognised. The non-aggressive phase, in which discrete reddish or chocolate brown spots occur on the foliage, is common in winter and early spring, while the aggressive phase in which lesions coalesce to cause a black blight of much of the shoot may occur in late spring-early summer when conditions are favourable. The disease may cause large losses to field crops when epidemics of the aggressive phase occur. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Middle East, N.E. and S. Africa, S.E. Asia, Australasia, S. America (CMI Map 162, ed. 3, 1972). More recent records are from Korea, India, S. Australia, Canada (Nova Scotia) and Norway. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne conidia are readily produced on dead bean foliage during wet weather. The fungus perennates in bean debris and as sclerotia in the soil and is also seed-borne (Noble & Richardson,
Phytopathological Paper
8, 1968).
Ganoderma boninense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyaert R. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ganoderma boninense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mainly palms:
Elaeis guineensis, Cocos nucifera, Livistona subglobosa, Casuarina torulosa, Areca
spp., and
Albizia
spp. DISEASE: Very frequent on palm trees. Cause of basal rot of the stipe of
Elaeis guineensis
and
Cocos nucifera
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: From Sri Lanka in the west through Malaysia and Indonesia to the Philippines and the Japanese Island of Kyushyu and Bonin in the north east, Samoa to the east, through eastern Australia to Tasmania in the south east. Apparently widespread throughout the Indonesian and Pacific Islands and at least the eastern states of Australia. TRANSMISSION: Either by air-borne basidiospores or root contact with infected debris in the soil (Turner, 1965).
Trichoscyphella willkommii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Buczacki S. T.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Trichoscyphella willkommii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Larches (
Larix
and
Pseudolarix
). Alpine provenances of
L. decidua
are very susceptible. East European ones less so.
Larix kaempferi
, while often resistant, is very badly affected when attack does occur (53, 295). Records on other conifers (e.g. Hopkinson,
Quarterly Journal of Forestry
, 1913) are almost certainly erroneous. DISEASE: Larch canker and the girdling dieback resulting from it. Not epidemic dieback (52, 3089). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N America (from where it has probably been eradicated (32, 651) after almost certainly being introduced from W. Europe), Japan (where it has been recently shown to be native (50, 2536)). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores.
Phialophora parasitica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phialophora parasitica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man,
Vitis vinifera, Prunus armeniaca, Quercus virginiana, Nectandra
sp.,
Cupressus
sp.,
Phoenix dactylifera
,
Aquilaria agallocha
[Aquilaria malaccensis]
. DISEASE: Associated with wilting of date palm and apricot (
P. armeniaca
), a dieback of
Nectandra
sp. causing the death of whole tree and chlorosis and dieback of
Quercus virginiana
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Tunisia); America (USA, Costa Rica); Asia (Iraq, Bangladesh); Europe (Cyprus). TRANSMISSION: Probably by splash-distributed conidia.
Mortierella wolfii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mortierella wolfii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On rotten silage, rotten hay, silage casing soil, coal spoil tips and is pathogenic for cattle and experimentally pathogenic to mice and sheep. DISEASE: A cause of bovine mycotic abortion and post partum pneumonia in cattle in New Zealand and of mycotic abortion in Canada and UK. It is the main fungus causing bovine mycotic abortion in the North Island of New Zealand. Experimental infections have caused mycotic pneumonia and placentitis in cattle, sheep and mice. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada, UK, India, New Zealand, USA. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. The source of infection of cattle is thought to be rotting hay, straw and silage (Austwick, 1976).