bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Novel Situation and Modification in Sexual Drive on Rate of Oxygen Consumption in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Gerall Arnold A. , Berg William S.
Published: September 2011

The normal rate of O2 consumption of 10 mature male guinea pigs was compared with that produced during the first several days in the novel situation and by sexual satiation and frustration. A higher than normal rate of O2 consumption recorded on the first day was followed by a lower than normal rate on the second and third days. Neither sexual satiation derived from ejaculation nor frustration produced by interrupting the copulatory pattern after the first intromission was found to modify significantly the normal rate of metabolism. In an attempt to explain these results, several hypotheses were suggested based on either the tendency of the guinea pig to crouch when frightened or the nature of the stimuli in the chamber of the metabolism apparatus.
Effect of Altered Likelihood Values upon Information Use
Authors: Hoffeld Donald R. , Webster Ronald L.
Published: September 2011

60 Ss were run in a 2 × 2 design, in which Ss were given three successive 20-trial blocks of choice alternatives for which the probability of the cue provided being correct was markedly different during the second 20-trial block, being high if the first and third were low, or vice versa. The other major independent variable was number of alternatives. Data were compared with Ss run under identical conditions without any interpolated changes in cue probability. The following conclusions were reached. The effect of experience is to shift behavior in the direction of a statistically more advantageous strategy. This effect is relatively small in the present situation because of the low risk nature of the experimental situation.
Pacing, Problem-Solving Instructions, and Hypothesis Testing in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Sidowski Joseph B. , Naumoff Harold
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to investigate the influence of pacing, problem-solving instructions, and hypothesis testing on the conditioning of plural verbal responses. Ss were assigned to a Paced or Nonpaced group. Within each of the above conditions, Ss were assigned to one of four instruction subgroups: Task, Nontask, Random, and Control. Ss in all groups were merely told to say words. E said “good” following plurals emitted by the Task and Nontask groups. The Task group was also instructed to make E say “good” as many times as possible. “Good” was presented randomly for the Random condition, and nothing was said by E during the control treatment. The results indicated a significant increase in the number of plurals emitted by the Task and Nontask groups over trials but no statistically significant pacing effects.
All-or-None Style of Thinking as a Source of Test Bias
Authors: Cantor Joel M.
Published: September 2011

Twenty of 40 MMPI items worded in “all-or-none” style were found to differentiate high-scorers and low-scorers on the MMPI Sc scale. The discrimination does not appear to be a function of other psychopathological variables, gross intellectual differences, or chance clustering of items. The possibility of “cognitive set” should be considered as a variable influencing test responding behavior.
Complex Behavior in “Old” and “Young” Rats
Authors: Corke Patricia Perry
Published: September 2011

A group of albino rats aged 600 to 640 days was compared with four animals aged 90 to 130 days with regard to their performance on a sequential three-lever chain. The older animals gave significantly more total responses than the younger rats. Mean number of correct responses as well as percentage of accurate responses, on the other hand, favored the younger animals. Increased deprivation did not enhance performance of older animals.
Verbal Learning and Anxiety Drive
Authors: Sassenrath Julius M. , Kight Howard R. , Athey Irene
Published: September 2011

Four paired-associate lists of English words were constructed: non-difficult, non-competitive; non-difficult, competitive; difficult, non-competitive; and difficult, competitive. In Exp. I 90 Ss formed a 2 by 2 design. The results indicated that the main effects of competition and difficulty were significant. Exp. II tested hypotheses relating (1) scores on the Manifest Anxiety Scale to response competition, and (2) scores on the Test Anxiety Questionnaire to task difficulty. A 3 (MAS) by 3 (TAQ) design with 90 Ss and a covariate of denotative meaning showed no significant differences on any of the four lists. These results raise questions about anxiety drive and denotative meaning in verbal learning.
Effects of Success and Instructions on Verbalized Expectancies and Amount Bet in a Two-Choice Situation
Authors: Slovin Theodore , Schumer Harry , Myers Jerome L.
Published: September 2011

Ss were told that their success in a two-choice situation would depend on either chance or skill. Their predictions of success on future trials, as well as their willingness to gamble on their performance, were studied as functions both of instructions and of actual level of success as manipulated by E. The major findings were: (a) Ss who were more successful during the training trials had significantly greater verbalized expectancies and bet significantly more chips than those Ss who were less successful during the training trials; (b) Ss who were presented with the skill-orienting instructions had significantly greater verbalized expectancies than those Ss presented the chance-orienting instructions regardless of percentage previous success.
A Suggested Use and Non-Use for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with the Retarded Child
Authors: Allen Robert M. , Haupt Thomas D. , Jones R. Wayne
Published: September 2011

From a population of public school, educable, retarded children two groups, a high-perceiver and a low-perceiver group who were similar in CA, were selected using Frostig Test scores as the criteria. All Ss were administered the WISC and the PPVT. Results indicate significant differences between groups for mean WISC Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs and for PPVT IQs and MAs. From the point of view of the level of visual perceptual development, the PPVT is a satisfactory estimate of intellectual efficiency for retarded children whose visual perceptual development is appropriate for their MAs. However, the PPVT significantly overestimates the intellectual efficiency in retarded children with severe impairment in visual perceptual development.
Word Associations and Meaningfulness Values for Grade-School-Aged Children
Authors: Shapiro Sydelle Stone
Published: September 2011

Multiple word associations to 65 words, 52 of which were CVCs, were obtained from 100 boys and 100 girls in Grades 4, 6, and 8, aged respectively, 9 and 10, 11 and 12, 13 and 14. Conventional word-association norms were developed for each of these grade-sex groups for first, second, and third responses, separately and pooled. Meaningfulness values for each word, defined as the mean number of associations, were also determined for each group. Analysis of the primaries disclosed that approximately half the set of words had primaries which were the same across all groups and that such primaries were on the average of much higher frequencies than primaries which differed among groups. Primaries which differed among groups very often occurred as secondaries or tertiaries of the other groups. Frequency of primaries did not vary between sexes or across grade-age levels. While m values for the set of words increased with grade and age, the rank ordering of these values was essentially the same within each grade-age-sex group. Sex was not related to m values. Values of m when compared with Noble's m′ showed significant agreement both for rank-order comparisons and values dichotomized into high and low categories.
Comments on the Relative Value of Observational and Laboratory Studies of Psychotherapy
Authors: Auld Frank
Published: September 2011

Because the variables in the psychotherapy situation have different effects in different contexts, observational as well as laboratory studies are needed in our present state of knowledge. Observational studies are also of value in leading us to the right variables and in helping us to assess the relative importance of variables. Observation of therapy often makes us aware of the importance of experimenter-subject relationships. Good laboratory studies need not be simulations of therapy; the laboratory can lift out and study in isolation, variables found to be pertinent to therapy.
Behavioral Changes Observed during Remotivation Sessions
Authors: Long Ralph S. , Ferrel Elizabeth T.
Published: September 2011

As rated by both the Remotivation Technicians (RmTs) and the Ward Attendants (WAs) the patients on a 64-bed female disturbed ward showed a significant increase in scores on a Likert-type behavior rating scale between the first and last sessions in a series of Remotivation group meetings. Although they seem somewhat ambiguous, the Initial Evaluation Rating Scale and the Progress Report Rating Scale appear to have adequate reliability and validity as measures of behavioral change when used by ward personnel. Modifications of this scale to include areas which reflect changes in participation of a non-verbal nature would increase its value and appears to be the next logical step. As presently used these scales provide an index of change that can be used to compare results obtained in various hospitals using the Remotivation Technique.
Social Concept Attainment and Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Rigney Joan , Bieri James , Tripodi Tony
Published: September 2011

Using behavioral stimuli, a method for studying social concept attainment was developed which required S to articulate differences within dimensions as well as differentiate between dimensions. While no over-all performance differences on this task were found as a function of cognitive complexity, the high-complexity judges tended to identify non-exemplars more accurately than low-complexity judges. No relation between performance on the physical concept attainment task and performance on the social concept attainment task was found.
Construct Validation of the Barron Ego Strength Scale
Authors: Teter Jean T. , Dana Richard H.
Published: September 2011

One component of an MMPI Ego Strength Scale (Es) definition, personal adaptability, was investigated by behavioral, conscious, and fantasy measures of persistence. Male and female, high and low Es subjects, did not differ on these measures. Measures of persistence alone may be inadequate samples of the personal adaptability component of Es.
Variation of Inter-Item Associative Strength and Some Measures of Free Recall
Authors: Pollio Howard R. , Christy Edward G.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 20 Ss each were asked for the free recall of three different lists of 28 meaningful English words. Each list contained the associative responses evoked by a different Kent-Rosanoff stimulus word, and differed in the amount of its inter-item associative strength (IIAS). The words in a given list also differed in terms of the number of other words (Nc) in that list producing or cueing that word as an associate. Results showed that the number of items appearing in free recall was a non-monotonic function of IIAS. For two of the three word sets, Nc was positively correlated with the frequency of recall of individual items; while for the third set Nc value and frequency of recall were negatively correlated. The relationship between Nc and order of recall was non-linear, and some tendency toward alternating the recall of high and low Nc words appeared in the data. Thus, IIAS produced both facilitation and interference effects on free recall, the latter being the result of a factor similar to verbal satiation.
Reminiscence and Verbal Learning
Authors: Roy R. K.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation concerns the effect of interpolation of a short period of color naming on learning of two lists of paired-associates in immediate succession. The response period was increased at various stages during post-rest learning. The results indicate that the difference between the rest and the non-rest groups was abolished whenever the response period was increased, and the speed of responding was greater for post-rest List 1 than List 2 responses. Other results suggest that the test group was less capable of inhibiting and identifying an inappropriate (but previously correct) response than the control, although the responses from both the lists were almost equally available to the two groups.
A Species Difference in Conditioned Emotional Response
Authors: Henderson Norman D.
Published: September 2011

A technique to produce a quantitative measure of CER without pretraining is presented. The response, a change in S's exploratory activity during the CS, occurs rapidly in even 3-wk. old rats and mice. Species differences occur in the reaction to CS, US, and CS-US pairings. Although rats tend to suppress activity during CS as a result of CS-US pairings, the shock or buzzer alone increases activity level; while the opposite is true of mice.
Discrimination Behavior and Conditioned Suppression (CER) following Localized Lesions in the Amygdala and Putamen
Authors: Thompson Joseph B. , Schwartzbaum J. S.
Published: September 2011

In an effort to localize and interrelate amygdaloid functions in the rat required for (a) suppression of response during nonreinforced components of a discrimination and in extinction of response, and (b) those required for development of a conditioned emotional response (CER), lesions were prepared in different parts of the amygdaloid complex and overlying putamen. Large lesions of the amygdala blocked formation of the CER and interfered with response suppression under nonreinforced conditions but not to the extent of seriously disrupting discrimination performance. Putamen lesions, on the other hand, seriously disrupted discrimination performance but had no reliable effect upon CER. Results on subtotal amygdaloid lesions implicated the medial region in the area of basomedial and cortical and perhaps central nuclei in both the control of nonreinforced behavior and formation of the CER. The more lateral components of the amygdala appear less essential for these functions.
Existing Familiarity and Order of Presentation of Persuasive Communications
Authors: Lana Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Groups who have been familiarized with the topic of a communication or who have had their opinion on a topic tapped by questionnaire, have yielded primacy effects when confronted with opposed communications on the same topic. Two intact groups of Ss, both of which were familiar with the two topics of the communications, were exposed to opposed arguments on various aspects of these topics. There were no significant order effects, nor did either group change opinion regarding their position on the topic. Since no primacy effect resulted, it is concluded that intact groups familiar with a topic may also be committed to a particular position or opinion regarding that topic and hence yield no order effects of any kind.
Tracking Card Plays in a Card Game Biased by “Marked Cards”
Authors: Linker Eugene , Ross Bruce M.
Published: September 2011

The experiment is concerned with individual choice-behavior in resolving discrepancies in a three-choice card game between long-term (a priori) probabilities and immediate outcomes maximally biased by E‘s use of “marked” cards. S's ability to track changes in outcomes was indicated by within-condition card play strategy. Despite S‘s ability to track outcome changes, results show S's choice-behavior is only partially affected by immediate outcomes as maximal bias does not repeal the control exerted by long-term probabilities. The discussion considers the appropriateness of explanations derived from game theory in characterizing choice-behavior. It is suggested that game theory predicts boundary conditions for card play use rather than a normative strategy.
Response Intensity and Stimulus Generalization with Neutral Verbal Stimuli
Authors: Buss Arnold H. , Cohen Martin
Published: September 2011

Mediated stimulus generalization was studied with words connoting animal size. Half the Ss trained on large animals and generalized to smaller animals; the other half trained on small animals and generalized to larger animals. The response alternatives were shouting and whispering; half the Ss were reinforced for shouting and the other half, for whispering. When generalizing from large to small animals, shouting yielded a steep gradient and whispering, a flat gradient of generalization. When generalizing from small to large animals, whispering yielded a steep gradient and shouting an inverse gradient of generalization. These results extend the generality of a Matching Principle: there is a strong tendency to make an intense response to stimuli of large magnitude and a moderate tendency to make a weak response to stimuli of small magnitude.
Supplementary Report: Backward Learning and Stimulus Familiarization Inhibition in Children
Authors: Simon Seymore , Cerekwicki Louise
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was concerned, in part, with assessing the generality of findings obtained by Simon and Wood (1964) concerning the relative facilitation and inhibitory effects of prior PA stimulus familiarization on subsequent PA learning. Ss were 52 6th and 7th grade children. Results essentially supported those previously obtained with college students. The large attrition rate of Ss failing to reach familiarization list criterion suggests the fairly selected nature of the population of children to which these results can be generalized.
The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale: Independent of Psychopathology?
Authors: Katkin Edward S.
Published: September 2011

200 Ss were administered the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale ( M-C SD) and a modified form of the MMPI, in order to evaluate the contention that the M-C SD is statistically independent of MMPI indices of psychopathology. Significant negative correlations were obtained between the M-C SD and 8 of the 10 MMPI indices of psychopathology employed.
Relationship of Ego Identity to Psychosocial Effectiveness
Authors: Rasmussen John E.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to examine systematically the relationship of Erikson's concept of ego identity to psychosocial effectiveness as actually demonstrated in daily living. Two groups of Navy recruits, one composed of individuals making a highly adequate psychosocial adjustment and the second containing persons demonstrating minimally adequate adjustment, served as Ss. Highly significant differences were obtained on an operational measure of ego identity. Evidence of construct validity was adduced in terms of the predicted relationship of ego identity and a self-concept measure as well as through inter-correlation of subscores on the ego identity instrument. The results lend support both to the value of Erikson's theory in the systematic study of personality and his position that an adequate ego identity is necessary for a person to cope effectively with his social and cultural environment.
Response Time as a Cue in Person Perception
Authors: Strickland Lloyd H. , Gruder Charles L. , Kroupa Kenneth W.
Published: September 2011

The information conveyed by the delay preceding response of stimulus persons ( SPs) to problem solutions offered by S was evaluated in terms of S‘s imputations of competence or compliance to the SP. It was observed that induction of a “set” in S in which one of the above traits was relevant resulted in S's preference for an SP whom he inferred to possess the relevant trait from SP‘s response time. It was also observed that the nature of these inferences varied with the difficulty of the problems for which SP's rapid or delayed responses were relevant.
Effects of Repeated VI Reinforcement and Extinction upon Operant Behavior
Authors: Clark Fogle C.
Published: September 2011

Four pigeons trained on a 1-min. VI schedule were reinforced, extinguished, and reconditioned under each of two stimulus conditions for 20 daily sessions. The average rate in extinction decreased significantly as a function of the number of extinctions. A concurrent increase in rate occurred during VI reinforcement periods. Extinction occurred more rapidly as it was repeated. Assuming an exponential decay in rate of responding during extinction, the effects of repetition upon the parameters of fitted curves was examined. The decay constant (ratio of deceleration to rate) increased linearly as a function of the number of extinctions, while the log initial rate decreased linearly. These changes in extinction parameters were in the same direction as previously obtained in an experiment involving another species and procedure, but which did not permit determination of the form of relations between extinction parameters and the number of extinctions. The empirical grounds for the exponential decay assumption are discussed in connection with the effects of the principal independent variables influencing the course of operant extinction.
Effect of Electric Shock as a Reinforcer of the Behavior of Children
Authors: Nelson Frank B. , Reid Ian E. , Travers Robert M. W.
Published: September 2011

Three rote-learning tasks were administered to 180 children. Reinforcement was given either on right responses or on wrong responses and consisted either of the words “right” or “wrong,” a 400-cps tone, or an electric shock. Each task was given either in a long or a short form and was always run to 12 trials. No significant effect was found for reinforcement mode. Significantly more learning occurred when the feedback was contingent on a wrong response than on a right response.
Tumor Susceptibility in Rats: Role of Infantile Manipulation and Later Exercise
Authors: Newton Grant
Published: September 2011

Rat pups were removed from the nest briefly each day during the first week of life. Later experience with forced ambulation before and after implantation with the Walker carcinoma 256 was assessed for its effect on tumor size and survival of the animal. Exercise slowed tumor growth. Change in survival time resulting from exercise was not demonstrated in non-manipulated rats. Among manipulated animals, the group exercised both before and after implantation lived longer than rats exercised only after implantation. Infantile manipulation enhanced the exercise effect on tumor growth, and delayed mortality.
Relationship between Two Measures of Verbal Relatedness: Preliminary Report
Authors: Garskof Bertram , Marshall George R.
Published: September 2011

Two measures of associative overlap between word pairs, the Mutual Relatedness Index (MR) and the Relatedness Coefficient (RC), computed from group single response free word associations and continued word associations from individual Ss, respectively, were computed from norms obtained from the same Ss for two samples of word pairs. The correlation between MR and RC for the two samples, was .540 and .504. With correction for attenuation, the correlation between MR and RC is .76. MR was highly correlated with direct association ( r = .88) while RC was not ( r = .43). It is tenable that MR and RC do not reflect the same aspects of verbal relatedness even though they are both considered measures of the associative overlap between a pair of words.
Intelligence-Anxiety Relationships as a Function of Intelligence Test Difficulty
Authors: Rankin Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The Henmon Nelson Test of Mental Ability College level, the Minnesota Paper Form Board and the ETS Verbal Cognitive Tests were administered to 1,100 freshman students. Small negative relationships between these scales and TMAS were found most notably for the verbal tests and females. Significant differences were found between high- and low-anxious groups. It is suggested that previous negative results for female Ss may have resulted from the use of easy verbal tests.
Points of Origin for Infant Ecologies: Religion and Purchase of Devices Affecting Pre-Verbal Mobility
Authors: Wendt H. Werner
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that religious affiliation would influence families in their purchases of different types of devices designed to control infant mobility. Sales data of chain store outlets were correlated with proportions of Protestants and Catholics in 30 cities. Significant relationships were found between % Catholic and the purchases of both playpens and walking harnesses (positive) and sleeping sacks (negative).
Effects of Hippocampal, Amygdala, Hypothalamic and Parietal Lesions on a Classically Conditioned Fear Response
Authors: Goldstein Melvin L.
Published: September 2011

Experiments investigating the effects of limbic system lesions in a modified classical conditioning situation were performed on 68 rats. Pre- and post-operative tests were given to parietal and amygdalectomized Ss. Postoperative tests were given to parietal, hippocampal, and amygdalectomized Ss. Hypothalamic and amygdaloid Ss showed no evidence of learning the test response. Contrary to previous reports, it was found that animals with small hippocampal lesions were able to learn the test response. The observed learning deficits were discussed in terms of possible receptor mechanisms for painful stimuli controlled by basolateral amygdaloid nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamus.
Relation between Judged Meaning Similarity, Associative Probability, and Associative Overlap
Authors: Garskof Bertram E. , Houston John P.
Published: September 2011

With a list of 24 word pairs it was found that judged similarity is highly related to normative associative overlap with the effects of normative word association probability partialled out but that similarity is not related to word association probability when the effect of normative overlap is partialled out.
The Configurative Method for Surer Identification of Personality Dimensions, Notably in Child Study
Authors: Cattell Raymond B.
Published: September 2011

The strategy of using short tests at the exploratory stages of determining personality factors in young children has one drawback: it leads to difficulties in factor matching unless a rigorous test is used. However, by using what is here defined as the configurative method of matching, the greater number of tests employed in this approach can compensate for their unreliability through brevity. A formula is given for obtaining the correlations among factors from two studies with common variables, to determine the degree of matching.
Relationship between Free Associational and Judgmental Measures of Word Relatedness
Authors: Bousfield W. A. , Puff C. R.
Published: September 2011

Judgments of degree of associative relatedness were obtained for the members of S-R pairs selected from free associational norms. Each of 13 pairs, designated as taxonomic, represented a different conceptual category. The individual members of each of 13 pairs, designated as associative, were not taxonomically similar. The inter-item free associational strengths of the two types of pairs varied from high to low. A separate group of 20 Ss was assigned to each list to give judgments of the forward and reverse associative strengths of the individual pairs. The correlations between the free associational and judgmental measures of the relatedness of the members of the pairs were highly significant.
Comparison of how Two Content Variables are Changed by the Special Format of the Epps
Authors: Heilizer Fred , Gerdine Philip V.
Published: September 2011

This study compares the changes of the two content variables, social desirability (SD) and compatibility-incompatibility (CI), in response to the paired comparisons format of the EPPS, a special format which was intended to minimize the importance of one variable, SD, but not the other. The simple linear SD effect is greatly and consistently reduced. However, the males and females show an increased differential curvilinear response to the reduced SD content. The CI changes are more moderate and selective, generally consisting of increased responsivity to the CI content on the nine compatible needs. The method of analysis of this study occasions a rebuttal to a previous study on SD changes.
A Factorial Determination of Points of View in Poetic Evaluation and Their Relation to Various Determinants
Authors: Rees Richard D. , Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

A factor analytic study designed to yield “points of view” or “idealized individuals” with respect to the evaluation of poetry. The poems used as stimuli were selected as representative of 11 poetic periods and were rated by 74 Ss on 15 evaluative semantic differential scales. An obverse factor analysis was completed which resulted in 49 bipolar factors. These factors were rotated orthogonally by the normal varimax method. Six of these rotated factors were determined to be significant and were then correlated with a number of outside variables to assist in their interpretation. This procedure resulted in the identification of four of these six factors. The identified factors which represented different points of view regarding the evaluation of poetry were labeled “familiarity,” “masculine uncooperativeness,” “extraversion,” and “sophistication.”
Cardiac Rate as a Function of Changes in Respiration
Authors: Deane George E.
Published: September 2011

Cardiac activity was recorded while 6 male Ss inhaled sharply for 1 sec. and then exhaled for 6 sec. The mean cardiac rate taken over 15 trials showed an initial marked acceleration followed by a deceleration during the inhale-exhale cycle. Since these cardiac changes are similar to those which have been considered attributable to the conditioning procedure, in future cardiac conditioning studies respiration needs to be controlled or recorded.
Peer Ratings and Leaderless Group Discussions for Evaluation of Classroom Performance
Authors: Prien Erich P. , Lee Robert J.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to evaluate the internal consistency, temporal reliability, and validity of peer ratings as used in a classroom situation. Twenty-six Ss were divided into four small groups as part of a 6-wk. course in industrial psychology. Ss designed the rating device along four performance-related dimensions. Ratings of self and group peers were obtained at 2-wk. intervals; intelligence and class grades were used as validation criteria. It was found that internal consistency was low, but did not vary as exposure increased over time. The reliability of the four scales (Coordination and Organization; Ideas, Information and Resources; Effort; and Interpersonal Relations) did not vary appreciably. Factor analysis of the final ratings yielded Halo, Interpersonal Effectiveness, and Productivity factors. Several explanations for the high correlation (.77) between the Interpersonal Relations scale and class grades are offered.
Play Preference and Play Behavior: A Validity Study
Authors: Sutton-Smith Brian
Published: September 2011

Studies are reported which compare children's responses to the masculine and feminine items on a play inventory with ratings of the masculinity and femininity of their free play behavior. Systematic but indirect relationships are reported.
Recall of Reinforcement and Conative Activity in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: de Nike L. Douglas
Published: September 2011

Ss in a verbal conditioning experiment were afterwards required to indicate their motivation to receive reinforcement and to make quantitative estimates of their trying for reinforcement and of E's giving reinforcement. These interview responses were fairly closely postdictive of mean actual performance gains. The pattern of results is consistent with a cognitive interpretation of verbal conditioning.
Specificity-Generality of Early Experience Effects
Authors: Gauron Eugene F.
Published: September 2011

Animals which had been exposed to water traumatization in infancy were more emotional and made more errors on a water escape maze, but not on avoidance conditioning, than did non-traumatized control animals. The results, in conjunction with previous findings, suggest that early experience effects are trauma-relevrnt and do not generalize to all stressful situations experienced in adulthood.
Multiple Achievement Battery and Repeated Measurements: A Postscript to Three Studies on Creative Thinking
Authors: Yamamoto Kaoru
Published: September 2011

The data from the author's three earlier studies on the interrelationships among creative thinking, intelligence, and school achievement among secondary and elementary students were re-analyzed. The assumption in the earlier reports of statistical independence among subtest scores on multiple achievement batteries was questioned in the present paper and, thus, the data were treated as repeated measurements. In three out of four analyses involved, the original findings were upheld even when the assumption of dependence was applied. Implications of the findings for both research in creative thinking and psychological measurement in general were discussed.
Comparison of the Correction and the Rerun Noncorrection Methods in Maze Learning
Authors: Towart Eileen M. , Boe Erling E.
Published: September 2011

The relative efficiency of learning under the correction and rerun noncorrection methods was studied in 2 experiments. In both experiments, rats first acquired, and then reversed, a position response in a parallel alley maze. The results of Exp. I and II showed no difference between training methods during acquisition. However, the rerun noncorrection method was superior to the correction method in a series of six position reversals in Exp. II. In view of the results of previous research on this problem, it was tentatively concluded that the superiority of one method over the other during acquisition depends on the nature of the task.
Own Attitude and Thurstone Scale Judgments
Authors: Robinson W. P.
Published: September 2011

Various explanations have been given of the relationships between S's own attitude and the category judgments he makes when constructing a Thurstone attitude scale. This study shows that variables other than own attitude are relevant, in particular, S's level of information about the issue. The number of ‘anchors’ he uses for his judgments and the logical form of the opinion statements should also be considered.
Originality Responses in Academically Talented Male University Freshmen
Authors: Whittemore Robert G. , Heimann Robert A.
Published: September 2011

10 Ss in an Original group received significantly higher scores than the 10 Non-original Ss on certain scales of personality inventories. One possible interpretation of these scores would be that the Original group is “dominant,” “intuitive,” “perceptive,” “impulsive,” “self-centered,” “self-accepting,” with a “tolerance for complexity.” The Non-original group, on the other hand, received significantly higher scores on scales which measure “tolerance for others,” “self-control,” and “masculinity.” Rather interesting differences between the responses of these Original Ss and those of “Original” Ss in previous studies were found on the scales used to measure “introversion,” “theoretical,” and “economic” constructs.
Pebble Picking versus Boulder Building
Authors: Royce Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

Contemporary psychology is suffering from an empirical overload which defies our scientific understanding. While scientific advancement requires a sound observational foundation, it also requires integrating theory. Psychology has not yet achieved full scientific stature; but it has matured sufficiently to readmit the arm-chair, including the deliberation of philosophical issues as well as attempts to evolve theoretical structures.
Supplementary Report: Influence of Inter-Item Associative Strength upon Immediate Free Recall in Children
Authors: Simon Seymore , Hess Jonathan L.
Published: September 2011

Indices of inter-item associative strength were obtained on the basis of word association norms for 15 free recall lists consisting of 12 items each. Recall performance on these lists was found to be reliably related to the index of inter-item associative strength for 4th, 5th, and 6th grade children. Consistent with results reported by Deese (1959), it was found that, for all Ss, inter-item associative strength was positively related to the number of words recalled, negatively related to the number of extra-list intrusions, and positively related to the commonality of intrusions. In agreement with the experimental hypothesis, most of the coefficients reported by Deese for college Ss were higher than those obtained for grade school Ss.
Correlations between the Quick Test (QT) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) as Used in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Ogilvie Robert D.
Published: September 2011

30 patients in a D. V. A. hospital were given both the QT and the WAIS. Correlations between the QT and the Full Scale WAIS, Verbal WAIS, Performance WAIS, and Vocabulary subtest of the WAIS were all significantly different from zero. Examination of the correlation coefficients suggested that the QT measures much the same abilities as does the WAIS, although the QT is predominantly a vocabulary comprehension test. Because the QT is easier to give, it was felt that the QT might often be used instead of the WAIS when one is interested in quickly assessing IQ in an applied setting.
Place Alternation in Satiated Rats
Authors: Oconnell Richard H.
Published: September 2011

When tested in a +-maze in which response and place alternation could be opposed, 20 non-deprived rats displayed a significant place alternation tendency. This appears contrary to one of M. E. Thompson's theoretical assumptions.
Conditioning and Transfer of Therapist Operations
Authors: Kanfer F. H. , Pomeranz D. M.
Published: September 2011

Thirty-six Ss listened to a series of recorded “patient's” statements simulating excerpts from therapeutic sessions of a female patient. Following each statement Ss chose one of two “therapist's” comments presented on cards. The two therapist's comments were either directive or interpretive in content. Following an operant block, one group was reinforced for choosing directive (D) therapist's comments, a second group for interpretive (I) comments, while a third group received no reinforcement. After 30 acquisition trials, all groups were tested on a transfer task in which they had to devise their own comments in response to additional patient statements. Both experimental groups conditioned, increasing their choice of reinforced therapist's comments over acquisition trials. The group reinforced for interpretive comments conditioned at a faster rate than the group reinforced for directive comments. The results suggested that on the transfer task the groups continued to differ in their use of the two response classes for which they had been reinforced.
Relationship of Personality Factors to Conceived Values in Male University Students
Authors: Butt Susan Dorcas , Signori Edro I.
Published: September 2011

This study is an extension of a project published by Mortis (1956). The “Ways to Live Questionnaire” and the “Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire, Form A” were administered to a random sample of 201 undergraduate university male students. The hypothesis, that students who like a certain philosophy towards life will have personality traits different from those of students who do not like it, was supported. However, the statistical results as well as the interpretation of the relationships in this study differ from those reported by Morris.
Learning of Prose as Affected by Extra-Experimental Transfer
Authors: Coleman E. B.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments investigated the learning of sentences whose words differed in their pre-experimental strength of association. Exp. I ( N = 12) compared the short-term retention of 2 synonymous, noun-is-adjective sentences, one having a strong association between noun and adjective ( Knife is sharp) with one having a weaker association ( Knife is cutting). Sentences having strong associations were better retained ( p < .01). Exp. II ( N = 22) compared noun-is-adjective sentences having wider ranges of pre-experimental associative strengths. A significant relation between short-term retention and associative strength was found, and the magnitude of the differences seemed surprisingly large.
Functional vs Nominal Antonymy in Semantic Differential Scales
Authors: Mordkoff Arnold M.
Published: September 2011

12 nominally opposite adjective-pairs were tested for functional antonymy by having each of them serve as concepts and rated on a 10-scale Semantic Differential. Eleven of the 12 adjective-pairs departed significantly from functional antonymy operationally defined as deviations from a neutral average rating. The results were contrasted with those of a previous study and the implications of the method as a screening device discussed.
“Power to Reinforce” as a Determinant of Communication
Authors: Butler Donald C. , Miller Norman
Published: September 2011

“Power to reinforce” was defined as the conditional probability of completing an attempt to reward another person and was manipulated by controlling the content of messages without the knowledge of the sender. To explore its effects on communication, 5 different group patterns of power were investigated. Five-man groups passed 100 messages at a fixed rate in a Bavelas apparatus with all channels open. Ss were free only to choose to whom to send a message. The source of messages received was identified by color. In all structures the frequency of messages received increased monotonically with the receiver's power to reinforce.
Creative Thought, Productivity, and the Self-Concept
Authors: Haven George A.
Published: September 2011

Although an extreme diversity in theoretical orientation and research approach is evident in the psychological investigation of creativity, a general consensus as to both the criteria for calling an act or product creative and the traits of the creative individual may be found in the literature. While direct comparison of results is not always possible, it is a well-founded tenet of empirical investigation that corroboration or confirmation furnished by independent investigations, utilizing different methods and obtaining similar results, represents the finest flowering of scientific objectivity. The literature reveals no such attempts. The present study was designed to, in small measure, remedy this deficiency. The most fundamental finding was a very weak relationship between Ss creative thinking and creative productivity scores and a lack of significant relationship between either of such scores and personality traits usually postulated as contributing to the pattern of the creative individual.
Contamination in Measures of Acquiescence and Social Desirability
Authors: Hand Jack , Brazzell C. O.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this paper was to report data which seem to indicate that many scales which have been proposed as measures of single response sets are actually complex scales measuring at least two independent dimensions of behavior.
Influence of Degree of Intentional Learning upon the Performance of an Incidental Task
Authors: Hergenhahn B. R. , Lee Penny
Published: September 2011

Incidental learning was measured at various stages of intentional learning. Results indicated the best performance on the incidental learning task took place at the initial and terminal stages of intentional learning. It was hypothesized that Ss respond to a number of irrelevant stimuli at the onset of a problem, thereby experiencing more of the problem's incidental aspects. As behavior becomes increasingly dependent upon relevant cues, sampling of the irrelevant (incidental) cues is minimized. Incidental learning decreases, therefore, Ss training increases. This process occurs to a point, then reverses. When the task set by E is seen as mastered, S begins seeking additional information from the stimuli present, resulting again in considerable incidental learning. The results and proposed explanations were believed to be in accordance with an earlier study by Bahrick (1957).
Fear Arousal and Order of Presentation of Persuasive Communications
Authors: Stern Gary S. , Lana Robert E. , Pauling Frederick J.
Published: September 2011

94 Ss were exposed to various combinations of fear-arousing and neutral communications concerning the effects of smoking. Measures of anxiety and self-esteem were taken on all Ss with the IPAT Self-analysis Form and the Janis and Field Personality Questionnaire, respectively. Ss were then formed into high and low anxiety and self-esteem groups. Of 24 predicted directions of opinion change, 23 were realized although only 11 were statistically significant. These results were predicted from a fear-reduction interpretation of personality as affecting the susceptibility to persuasion in the situation where opposed communications on the same topic are utilized.
Agonistic Behavior in Several Species of Fish
Authors: McDonald Arthur L. , Heimstra Norman W.
Published: September 2011

Seven species of fish were studied in an attempt to determine interspecies differences in the amount and type of agonistic behavior shown. Fish in each species were paired and the frequency of attacks shown during a 5-min. observation session was recorded. An observation session was held for 16 pairs of fish of the same species on 5 consecutive days. It was found that bluegill showed the highest frequency of attacks, then green sunfish, largemouth bass, rainbow trout, black crappie, and yellow perch in that order. No attacks were recorded for walleyes during any of the observation sessions. Qualitative differences shown in agonistic behavior among the various species are also discussed.
Delay of Verbal Reward in Verbal Conditioning and Selective Learning
Authors: Weiss Robert Frank
Published: September 2011

Procedures closely modeled on conventional discrimination learning were employed in three experiments on delay of verbal reward ( N = 207). Two verbal responses were conditioned for each S with different delays of reward. Ss chose between the two responses, in a simultaneous presentation situation, on one out of each block of four trials. Forced trials were used to keep the number of short and long delay trials equal. Verbal response speed (1/latency) was measured on forced trials. No effect of delay on choice or speed was found.
Apparatus and Method for Establishment of Differential Avoidance Conditioning in the Cat
Authors: Corley Karl C.
Published: September 2011

A technique and apparatus are described for the establishment of differential hurdle jump avoidance behavior in cats. Shock was used to condition a right vs left differentiation conditional upon the positions of conditioned stimuli. These conditioned stimuli were then used as secondary reinforcers to condition a right vs left differentiation conditional upon the frequency of non-positional flicker, conditioned stimuli. Random presentation of either flicker stimulus initiated a conditioned response with right cued by one frequency and left cued by the other frequency.
Sucrose Preference Thresholds for Satiated and Water-Deprived Rats
Authors: Beck R. C. , Self J. L. , Carter D. J.
Published: September 2011

16 female rats were given 4-min. drinking tests in a 2-choice situation, water vs either .16%, 32%, 64%, or 1.28% sucrose. All Ss were tested with all solutions while satiated and while 23 5-hr water deprived. The preference thresholds were found to be: satiated, .43% and deprived, 1.16%. The results are discussed in terms of hedonic theory.
Running Activity of Weanling Rats under Food or Water Deprivation
Authors: Treichler F. Robert , Feeney Dennis M.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 10 weanling rats were placed in running wheels and terminally deprived of either food or water. No significant differences in the amounts of running between groups were observed. However, the food-deprived animals showed significantly greater weight losses and survived for a shorter period. The contention that young animals characteristically show different activity patterns as a consequence of food or water deprivation was not supported.