bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical coupling of retinal horizontal cells mediated
by distinct voltage-independent junctions
Authors: LU CHENGBIAO , ZHANG DAO-QI , McMAHON DOUGLAS G.
Published: July 2002

Electrical coupling between H2 horizontal cell
pairs isolated from the hybrid bass retina was studied
using dual whole-cell, voltage-clamp technique. Voltage-dependent
inactivation of junctional currents in response to steps
in transjunctional voltage (Vj) over a range of ±100
mV was characterized for 89 cell pairs. Approximately one-quarter
of the pairs exhibited strongly voltage-dependent junctions
(>50% reduction in junctional current at ±100
mV), another quarter of the pairs exhibited voltage-independent
junctional current (<5% reduction at ±100 mV),
and the remainder of the pairs exhibited intermediate values
for voltage inactivation. We focused on further characterizing
the Vj-independent junctions of horizontal cells, which
have not been described previously in detail. When Lucifer
Yellow dye was included in one recording pipette, pairs
exhibiting Vj-independent coupling showed no (9/12), or
limited (3/12), passage of dye. Vj-independent coupling
was markedly less sensitive to the modulators SNP (100–300
μM, −9% reduction in coupling) and dopamine (100–300
μM, −6%) than were Vj-dependent junctions (−45%
and −44%). However, simultaneous application of both
SNP and dopamine significantly reduced Vj-independent coupling
(−56%). Both Vj-independent and Vj-dependent junctions
were blocked by DMSO (1–2%), but Vj-independent junctions
were not blocked by heptanol. Single-channel junctional
conductances of Vj-independent junctions range from 112–180
pS, versus 50–60 pS for Vj-dependent junctions. The
results reveal that Vj-independent coupling in a subpopulation
of horizontal cells from the hybrid bass retina is mediated
by cellular junctions with physiological and pharmacological
characteristics distinct from those previously described
in fish horizontal cells.
Preganglionic endings from nucleus of Edinger-Westphal in
pigeon ciliary ganglion contain neuronal nitric oxide synthase
Authors: CUTHBERTSON SHERRY , ZAGVAZDIN YURI S. , KIMBLE TOYA D.H. , LAMOREAUX WILLIAM J. , JACKSON BRYAN S. , FITZGERALD MALINDA E.C. , REINER ANTON
Published: July 2002

The avian ciliary ganglion (CG) controls choroidal
blood flow by its choroidal neurons, and pupil constriction
and accommodation by its ciliary neurons. It was previously
reported that both choroidal and ciliary neurons label
positively for NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd), a marker for
nitric oxide synthase (NOS). To assess if this labeling
is preganglionic or postganglionic and to determine if
it is attributable to neuronal NOS (nNOS), we studied pigeon
CG using NADPHd histochemistry and nNOS immunohistochemistry
(IHC). Short-duration staining times by NADPHd histochemistry
yielded intense labeling of structures that appeared to
be the cap-like endings on ciliary neurons and the boutonal
endings on choroidal neurons that arise from the nucleus
of Edinger-Westphal (EW), and light or no postganglionic
perikaryal staining. The light postganglionic staining
that was observed tended to be localized to ciliary neurons.
Consistent with this, NADPHd+ nerve fibers were observed
in the postganglionic ciliary nerves but rarely in the
postganglionic choroidal nerves. These same staining times
yielded robust staining of neurons in the orbital pterygopalatine
microganglia network, which are known to be nNOS+. Diffuse
staining of CG perikarya was observed with longer staining
durations, and this staining tended to mask the preganglionic
labeling. Preganglionic NADPHd+ staining in CG with short
staining times was blocked by the NOS inhibitors iodonium
diphenyl (IDP) and dichlorophenol-indophenol (DPIP), but
the diffuse postganglionic staining observed with the longer
staining times was not completely blocked. Labeling of
CG sections for substance P (SP) by IHC (which labels EW-originating
preganglionic endings in CG) and subsequently for NADPHd
confirmed that NADPHd was localized to preganglionic endings
on CG neurons. Immunohistochemical double labeling for
nNOS and SP or enkephalin further confirmed that nNOS is
found in boutonal and cap-like endings in the CG. Two studies
were then carried out to demonstrate that the nNOS+ preganglionic
endings in CG arise from EW. First, NADPHd+ and nNOS+ neurons
were observed in EW in pigeons treated with colchicine
to enhance perikaryal labeling. Second, NADPHd+ and nNOS+
preganglionic endings were eliminated from CG ipsilateral
to an EW lesion. These various results indicate that NOS
is present in EW-arising preganglionic endings on choroidal
and ciliary neurons in avian CG. NOS also appears to be
found in some ciliary neurons, but its presence in choroidal
neurons is currently uncertain.
ERG assessment of zebrafish retinal development
Authors: SASZIK SHANNON , BILOTTA JOSEPH , GIVIN CARLA M.
Published: July 2002

Research has shown that adult zebrafish have a
complex visual system, with two possible opponent mechanisms.
Anatomically, zebrafish retina develops in a sequential
manner and is immature at hatching. The purpose of the
present study was to assess zebrafish retinal development
using the electroretinogram (ERG). ERG responses to visual
stimuli were obtained from 4–5, 6–8, 13–15,
and 21–24 days postfertilization (dpf) zebrafish.
Individual waveforms were assessed and compared across
the four age groups. Spectral-sensitivity functions were
calculated for the a- and b-wave components
of the ERG response. Results showed that the ERG waveforms
and spectral-sensitivity functions varied with age. While
the 21–24 dpf subjects had an ERG waveform that was
similar to that of adults, the younger subjects did not.
Although there were modest differences in the a-wave
spectral sensitivity, substantial differences were found
in the b-wave spectral sensitivities across the
ages. There was a consistent strong response to ultraviolet
wavelengths, while across the remaining parts of the spectrum,
there was a gradual increase in sensitivity with age. Also,
the 21–24 dpf subjects appear to have adult-like
U- and S-cone functions, but were missing the L-M and the
M-S opponent mechanisms found in the adult. These results
support the findings of the anatomical studies and demonstrate
that the zebrafish is a useful model for examining the
development of retinal function.
Short- and long-range synchronous activities in dimming
detectors of the frog retina
Authors: ISHIKANE HIROSHI , KAWANA AKIO , TACHIBANA MASAO
Published: July 2002

In the visual system, nearby neurons of similar
functional type have a tendency to fire synchronously.
Cross-correlation analysis of spike discharges recorded
from pairs of neurons has revealed that the synchronized
activity is frequently associated with oscillatory firing
patterns. However, the underlying neural mechanisms and
functions of synchronization and oscillations are not well
understood. In the present study, we simultaneously recorded
spike discharges from multiple OFF-sustained type ganglion
cells with no antagonistic surround (the dimming detectors)
of the frog retina using a planar multi-electrode array
and analyzed the temporal properties of light-evoked spike
discharges. With full-field, temporally modulated diffuse
illumination, cross-correlation analysis revealed the presence
of the synchronous oscillatory pattern. The strength of
the synchronized activity decreased slightly with increased
intercellular distance. Synchronized spike discharges were
detected even in cell pairs more than 2 mm apart. The frequency
of oscillations peaked at approximately 30 Hz. The shuffled
cross-correlogram was nearly flat, indicating that the
synchronous oscillatory activities are most probably of
neural origin. When GABAA antagonists were applied
to the retina, oscillations were suppressed almost completely
and the strength of the synchronized activity decreased
with increased intercellular distance more sharply than
control. When small spot illumination was applied to the
overlapping receptive fields of an adjacent cell pair,
a weak synchronized activity was evoked without accompanying
oscillations. The same cell pair generated a strong synchronized
activity accompanied with oscillations with full-field
illumination. Our results suggest that local synchronous
activities are generated via short-range neural
interactions, and that the oscillatory activities are induced
by long-range neural interactions and may contribute to
the establishment of synchrony between widely separated
neuronal populations.
Forebrain connections of the hamster intergeniculate leaflet:
Comparison with those of ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and retina
Authors: MORIN L.P. , BLANCHARD J.H.
Published: July 2002

The hamster intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), part of
the circadian rhythm regulatory system, has very extensive
interconnections with subcortical visual nuclei. The present
investigation describes IGL connections with the hamster
diencephalon and telencephalon and compares them with ventral
lateral geniculate nucleus (VLG) connections and retinal
projections. Connections of the geniculate nuclei were
evaluated using anterograde transport of iontophoretically
injected Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and
by retrograde transport of cholera toxin β fragment.
The cholera fragment was also injected intraocularly to
trace retinal efferents. The IGL has ipsilateral and contralateral
projections to the anterior and posterior hypothalamic
nuclei, the ventral preoptic, lateral and dorsal hypothalamic
areas, but not to the core ventromedial nucleus and very
sparsely to the paraventricular nucleus. There are also
IGL projections to the medial and lateral zona incerta,
anteroventral, anterodorsal, reuniens, parataenial, paraventricular,
centrolateral, central medial, and laterodorsal thalamic
nuclei. IGL projections to the telencephalon are found
in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, olfactory
tubercle, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, posterior
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral pallidum,
and in nuclei of the medial amygdala. The only substantial
VLG projections are to bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,
IGL, medial zona incerta, central medial and laterodorsal
thalamic nuclei. Several of the IGL targets, the bed nucleus
of the stria terminalis and zona incerta in particular,
send projections back to the IGL and VLG. In addition,
cells are present in the caudal cingulate cortex that project
to both nuclei. Retinal projections are found in many of
the regions receiving IGL innervation, including nuclei
of the medial basal telencephalon, the posteromedial bed
nucleus of the stria terminalis, and nuclei of the hypothalamus.
A retinal projection is also visible in the lateral olfactory
tract from which it extends rostrally, then medially along
the base of the rhinal fissure. Fibers also extend caudally,
in a superficial location, to perirhinal cortex. The results
further demonstrate the widespread connections of the IGL
and support the idea that the IGL modulates olfactory,
photic, and circadian rhythm regulation of regulatory physiology
and behavior.
Spatial properties of the cat X-cell receptive field as
a function of mean light level
Authors: TROY J.B. , BOHNSACK D.L. , DILLER L.C.
Published: July 2002

Our objective with this study was to provide a
near complete characterization of how mean light level
changes the spatial receptive-field properties of X-cells.
Single X-cells were recorded extracellularly either from
cell bodies in the retina or from their axons in the optic
tract. Frequency responses of the cells at 2 Hz were measured
for a set of gratings of different spatial frequencies
and for a stimulus designed to probe the spatial properties
of the receptive-field surround. Predicted frequency responses
of a Gaussian center-surround model for the receptive field
were fit simultaneously to both sets of measurements and
the parameters of the model that best fit the data used
to characterize the spatial properties of the receptive
field. Measurements were made at a number of mean light
levels for each cell and changes in receptive-field properties
were characterized by changes in the parameters of the
Gaussian center-surround model. The range of illuminances
studied covered the bulk of the range encountered by a
cat naturally and three distinct functional ranges appeared
to express themselves in the data. One range corresponded
to the cat's photopic range of vision. The other two
ranges were where signals originating in rods dominate
X-cell responses. We argue that one corresponds to the
range that rod signals pass predominantly through rod bipolars
en route to the X-cell, while the other is where
rod signals flow predominantly through cones via
gap junctions and then follow the path of cone signals
to the X-cell. Among the major findings are that Weber's
Law is followed throughout the photopic but not the scotopic
range, that center radius expands under scotopic conditions,
and that the surround is present even at the lowest scotopic
levels we studied.
Conflicting directionality
Authors: Zoll Cheryl
Published: July 2002

Certain kinds of complex phenomena serve as testing and proving
grounds
in phonology as theories develop and change. Cases of what I will call
CONFLICTING DIRECTIONALITY, exemplified by the stress pattern
in Selkup
(Ostyak-Samoyed) in (1), constitute one such phenomenon (Halle &
Clements 1983, Idsardi 1992). This pattern, first discussed for Eastern
Cheremis by Kiparsky (1973) (from Itkonen 1955), has informed all major
theories of stress (Hayes 1981, 1995, Prince 1983, Halle & Vergnaud
1987, Kenstowicz 1995, Halle & Idsardi 1995, among others). Descriptively,
in Selkup
the rightmost heavy (CVV) syllable receives the
stress (1a), but if the word contains no heavy syllables, it is the leftmost
syllable which is stressed (1b). The term CONFLICTING DIRECTIONALITY
describes this elsewhere relationship between the right and left edges
of a
word. No theory of stress is complete if it cannot account for this pattern.
Variations in age, size at maturity and gestation duration among two neighbouring populations of the alpine salamander (Salamandra lanzai)
Authors: Miaud C. , Andreone Franco , Ribéron Alexandre , De Michelis Sara , Clima Valentina , Castanet Jacques , Francillon‐Vieillot Hélène , Guyétant Robert
Published: July 2002

We describe the age structures of two neighbouring terrestrial salamander populations. The skeletochronological method was also used on larvae in utero and on new‐born individuals. The age of adults was 8–24 years in population A, while males reached maturity at 3–5 years old and the youngest females were 6 years old in population B. Males and females from population B were also larger than those in population A. For the first time, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) were also found in the humerus of intra‐uterine larvae and new‐born individuals, indicating that young can spend up to 3 years in utero (population B) and up to 4 years (population A) before hatching. Growth of adults (fitted by the Bertalanffy model) also exhibited differences in growth coefficient (k) and mean asymptotic length (SVLmax) between sexes and populations. Local climatic conditions differed between the two areas of these populations and we hypothesize that the number of rainy days directly influences foraging during the short period of activity (< 3 months), leading to a delay in age at maturity, smaller length and growth rate, and increased gestation duration in the drier environment. The discussion is focused on proximate environmental influences on the variation of length and associated life‐history traits in ectotherms, especially in terrestrial salamanders.
High “intelligence,” low “IQ”? Speed of processing and
measured IQ in children with autism
Authors: SCHEUFFGEN KRISTINA , HAPPEÉ FRANCESCA , ANDERSON MIKE , FRITH UTA
Published: July 2002

The uneven profile of performance on standard assessments of intelligence and the high
incidence of savant skills have prompted interest in the nature of intelligence in autism. The
present paper reports the first group study of speed of processing in children with autism (IQ 1
SD below average) using an inspection time task. The children with autism showed
inspection times as fast as an age-matched group of young normally developing children (IQ 1
SD above average). They were also significantly faster than mentally handicapped
children without autism of the same age, even when these groups were pairwise matched on
Wechsler IQ. To the extent that IT tasks tap individual differences in basic processing efficiency,
children with autism in this study appear to have preserved information processing capacity
despite poor measured IQ. These findings have implications for the role of general and specific
cognitive systems in knowledge and skill acquisition: far from showing that children with autism
are unimpaired, we suggest that our data may demonstrate the vital role of social insight in the
development of manifest “intelligence.”
Deficits, delays, and distractions: An evaluation of symbolic play and memory in children with autism
Authors: MCDONOUGH LARAINE , STAHMER AUBYN , SCHREIBMAN LAURA , THOMPSON SANDRA J.
Published: July 2002

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate symbolic-deficit and
memory-deficit hypotheses to account for the cognitive problems seen
in children with autism. Experiment 1 tested imitation, in immediate
and deferred conditions, of familiar actions with different sets of
objects representing the developmental progression from functional to
symbolic play. The results showed that the autism group and both their
receptive language and nonverbal IQ-matched controls imitated familiar
actions with realistic objects (evidence for functional play) and
placeholder objects (evidence for symbolic play) after delays ranging
from 24 hr to 3 weeks. Experiment 2 tested familiar three-step event
sequences in which a placeholder object was substituted for the second
step in half the events. The results showed that the autism group
remembered as many of the actions with the placeholder objects as
their language-matched controls and as many correctly ordered
sequences, a finding that supports a symbolic-delay (rather than
deficit) hypothesis. These results were obtained in highly structured
test situations and sharply contrast with the impairments seen in
children with autism who are observed in naturalistic settings. Two
interpretations of these findings are offered. First, structured test
settings minimize distractions that typically occur in naturalistic
settings that may interfere or disrupt symbolic play in children with
autism. Second, the results are consistent with an executive function
deficit in that the autistic group demonstrated more knowledge in the
test settings than they demonstrate spontaneously in naturalistic
ones.
Accelerated longitudinal comparisons of aggressive versus delinquent syndromes
Authors: STANGER CATHERINE , ACHENBACH THOMAS M. , VERHULST FRANK C.
Published: July 2002

Accelerated longitudinal analyses revealed both similarities and
differences between the developmental trajectories of empirically
based aggressive versus delinquent syndromes in childhood and
adolescence. Syndromes were scored from standardized ratings obtained
from parents five times at 2-year intervals for seven birth cohorts of
Dutch children initially assessed at ages 4 to 10 years. Scores for
both the aggressive and delinquent syndromes declined from ages 4 to
10. After about age 10 years, scores for the aggressive syndrome
continued to decline, but scores for the delinquent syndrome increased
until about age 17. The aggressive syndrome was significantly more
stable than the delinquent syndrome. Long-term predictive correlations
between matched subjects from different cohorts were as high as
predictive correlations between scores obtained by the same subjects,
thus supporting the validity of accelerated longitudinal analyses. The
results highlight important developmental distinctions between
aggressive versus delinquent conduct problems. Failure to distinguish
between aggressive and delinquent conduct problems could generate
misleading conclusions about their respective developmental courses
and limit the generalizability of results.
Victimized children's responses to peers' aggression: Behaviors associated with reduced versus continued victimization
Authors: KOCHENDERFER BECKY J. , LADD GARY W.
Published: July 2002

The aim of the current investigation was to identify victimized
children's responses to peers' aggression that may be
associated with reduced versus persistent victimization. To address
this aim, 199 5–6-year-old children (96 boys, 103 girls) were
interviewed twice during kindergarten (fall and spring) about their
own victimization experiences and peers' responses to
aggression. Observational ratings of children's victimization
experiences were used to examine the validity of the self-reported
victimization scores. Relations between response strategies and
subsequent victimization status were significant only for boys:
“having a friend help” was associated with reduced
victimization, whereas “fighting back” was related to
stable victimization. Implications for future research on peer
victimization and intervention with young victimized children are
discussed.
Role of personality self-organization in development of mental order and disorder
Authors: CLONINGER C. ROBERT , SVRAKIC N. M. , SVRAKIC DRAGAN M.
Published: July 2002

Normal and abnormal personality development can be quantified in terms of 15 specific steps

in the self-organization of character as a complex adaptive system. Character is measured as

three dimensions of Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence, each with five

components corresponding to steps in personality development. Each of these steps is

differentially influenced by heritable temperament dimensions, antecedent steps in character

development, and life experiences. Predictions about the nonlinear dynamics of personality

development, such as equifinality and multifinality, are confirmed in longitudinal data about

individuals representative of the general population. The stepwise development of character

determines large differences between individuals in their risk of psychopathology, as well as

varying degrees of maturity and health.
Co-occurrence of conduct problems and
depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: III. Prediction to young-adult adjustment
Authors: CAPALDI DEBORAH M. , STOOLMILLER MIKE
Published: July 2002

The prediction of
young-adult adjustment from early adolescent conduct problems and depressive symptoms was
examined for an at-risk sample of approximately 200 males. Conduct problems and depressive
symptoms were expected to show stability to young adulthood. It was predicted that early
adolescent conduct problems would be associated with a broad range of adjustment problems in
young adulthood due to cumulative adjustment failures. Early adolescent depressive symptoms
were expected particularly to predict poor relationships with parents and peers. Additive and
interactive effects of the two predictors were examined. Conduct problems and depressive
symptoms showed significant stability to young adulthood. Conduct problems were associated
with a broad range of adjustment problems including continuing problems in peer associations,
substance use, self-esteem, relationships with parents, and new problems in noncompletion of
education, unemployment, driver's license suspensions, and causing pregnancies.
Depressive symptoms predicted particularly to problems in social relationships. Higher levels of
both conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescence did not predict to
increased difficulties for any one outcome over either problem alone, either due to main or
interaction effects. Such co-occurrence, however, did result in problem outcomes in multiple
areas, thus, the poorest adjustment overall.
Free boundary value problems associated
with the growth and development of multicellular spheroids
Authors: BYRNE H. M. , CHAPLAIN M. A. J.
Published: July 2002

In this paper a generalized model for the
growth of avascular tumours is presented. The
formulation leads naturally to the incorporation of free
boundaries which define the outer
tumour surface explicitly and various inner surfaces
implicitly. A combination of numerical
simulations, asymptotic analysis and perturbation techniques
is used to study the model and
yields results, which agree well with experimentally-observed
phenomena.
Non-isothermal flows in porous media with curing
Authors: BILLI LUCA
Published: July 2002

The motivation for this work arises from
the study of the processes involved in the manufacturing of
a class of composite materials, in particular, those that
are obtained by injecting a
resin through a porous preform. A one-dimensional model
that describes the non-isothermal
filtration of an incompressible fluid is presented, and it
also includes the possibility of curing,
i.e. the polymerization of the penetrating resin. It comes
out a fully coupled system consisting
of the heat diffusion equation, Darcy's law and an
equation related to the kinetics of the
chemical reaction. The system is regarded as a free
boundary problem for the heat equation
with non-constant discontinuous coefficients. Its weak
formulation is studied and the local
existence of solutions is proved.
Making decisions for the mentally incapacitated adult
Authors: Glover-Thomas Nicola
Published: July 2002

Introduction

This paper considers the approach to decision-making on behalf of mentally incapacitated
adults. It updates and revises the 1996 article Ethical Aspects of the Law Commission
Report on Mental Incapacity in this journal. The Law Commission
Report No. 231, Mental Incapacity, issued in February 1995, was
the final outcome of a lengthy and wide-ranging process of consultation. This process
resulted in four consultation papers over a period of four years. The Government did not support the Law Commission’s draft bill on mental incapacity and a further consultation period was initiated (Who Decides? Making Decisions on Behalf of Mentally Incapacitated Adults, Cm. 3803). This process culminated in October 1999 when the Lord Chancellor’s Office issued its report, Making
Decisions (Cm. 4465). This policy statement sets out the Government’s
proposals to improve the decision-making process for those who are incapable of making
decisions for themselves or who cannot communicate their decisions.
On the number of fixed points of a combinator in lambda calculus
Authors: INTRIGILA B. , BIASONE E.
Published: July 2002

We consider the problem of determining the number of fixed points of a combinator
(a closed λ-term). This appears to be a still unsolved problem. We give a partial answer by
showing that if there is a fixed point in normal form, then this fixed point is unique or there
are infinitely many fixed points.
Minimal realization in bicategories of automata
Authors: ROSEBRUGH ROBERT , SABADINI N. , WALTERS R. F. C.
Published: July 2002

The context of this article is the programme to develop monoidal
bicategories with a
feedback operation as an algebra of processes, with applications to concurrency
theory. The
objective here is to study reachability, minimization and minimal realization
in these
bicategories. In this setting the automata are 1-cells, in contrast with
previous studies where
they appeared as objects. As a consequence, we are able to study the relation
of
minimization and minimal realization to serial composition of automata
using (co)lax
(co)monads. We are led to define suitable behaviour categories and prove
minimal
realization theorems that extend classical results.
Adjunctive medical treatments in follicular stimulation
Authors: Cowan Bryan D
Published: July 2002

Approximately 25% to 35% of couples that seek infertility services suffer from defects in ovulation.This diagnosis represents the single leading cause of infertility disorders, and makes medical ovulation induction the most common intervention for the treatment of infertility. There are two classes of correctable ovulation defects, and correct classification is correlated with treatment and prognosis. World Health Organization (WHO) I patients have ovulation defects associated with low estrogen and low gonadotropin levels and fail to exhibit withdrawal bleeding after progestin challenge. WHO II ovulation disorders occur in estrogenized/androgenized women who, in general, menstruate. Other names for these conditions include hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (WHO I) and polycystic ovarian disease (WHO II).
Ethics Committees in Community Mental Health Settings?
Authors: Gottlieb Larry
Published: July 2002

I am in the process of trying to organize an ethics
committee at a large community mental health center in
Central Massachusetts and am seeking advice from anyone
with experience in this or a similar milieu. The agency
is a large (almost 700 employees), nonprofit, community-based
program that operates under the auspices of a broad, academically
affiliated, behavioral health system. An independent board
of trustees, responsible to the parent organization governs
the agency. The agency primarily provides outpatient care
and treatment to adults and children with mental health,
substance abuse, developmental disabilities, and homelessness
issues. It does not provide any psychiatric emergency or
acute in-patient mental health services but does operate
an inpatient detoxification unit for substance abuse treatment
and “first offender” DUI program. Additionally,
the agency has a vast network of residential programs and
transitional facilities for individuals with a history
of chronic mental illness and substance abuse problems.
Outpatient medical care is also provided to homeless clients
who reside in area shelters (including a “wet”
shelter for men and women) and a large number of clients who
have HIV/AIDS and/or who have been dually diagnosed (substance
abuse and mental illness), and are part of a scattered-site
supportive housing program.
Jehovah's Witnesses and Medical Practice in Mexico:
Religious Freedom, Parens Patriae, and the Right to Life
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ-ARRIAGA JORGE , ALDANA-VALENZUELA CARLOS , ISERSON KENNETH V.
Published: July 2002

The influx of new groups into society, such as recently
established religious groups whose practices differ from
societal norms, may disturb relatively stable communities.
This instability is exacerbated if these practices contravene
long-held fundamental societal tenets, such as the protection
of children. This situation now exists in Mexico, where
the country's traditional Catholic and secular values
clash with those of a religion introduced from the United
States, Jehovah's Witnesses. The focal point for these
clashes, as it has been elsewhere, is in the bioethics arena.
Response to “Dubious Premises— Evil Conclusions:
Moral Reasoning at the Nuremberg Trials” by Edmund
D. Pellegrino and David C. Thomasma (CQ Vol 9, No 2)
Authors: Gross Michael L.
Published: July 2002

Because we are often nagged by the thought that we might not
have behaved any differently than those good citizens whose respect
for the law and fear of punishment led them to support the Nazi
regime, we are fascinated with the behavior of ordinary Germans.
Careful to first strip away the pathological explanations of German
behavior, Pellegrino and Thomasma ask simply whether ordinary Germans
could have reasoned and, by implication, acted differently.
Although their affirmative answer is consistent with the activism
we have all come to demand of the Germans, it is not clear whether
we, ourselves, can lay full claim to the moral high ground.
A View from the Netherlands: Ethics as Interactive Evaluation
Authors: Reuzel Rob , Van der Wilt Gert Jan , Robbé Pieter de Vries , ten Have Henk
Published: July 2002

From 1991 to 1994 the Dutch Health Insurance Council
financed research on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
(ECMO). This is a technique for providing cardiopulmonary
bypass to patients with pulmonary and/or cardiac failure.
Most often, these patients are premature neonates. During
ECMO, blood is drained from the right atrium, pumped along
a membrane where gas exchange takes place, and then redirected
to the aorta. To prevent blood clotting, heparin is added.
However, with the heparin added, the risk of hemorrhage
is considerably increased. Therefore, both the chance of
surviving and the chance of severe disability are higher
with ECMO than with conventional treatment (i.e., ventilator
support).
All That Remains: Identifying the Victims of the Srebrenica Massacre
Authors: VOLLEN LAURIE
Published: July 2002

Late in the afternoon of July 11, 1995, the Bosnian
Serb army, under the command of General Ratko Mladic, seized
the northeastern Bosnia town of Srebrenica. Declared a
“safe area” by the United Nations two years
earlier, the predominately Muslim community had swollen
from a prewar population of 9,000 to over 40,000, many
of whom had been “cleansed” from elsewhere
in Bosnia. As Mladic's troops swarmed over the town,
the women, children, elderly, and many of the men took
refuge two kilometers away in the United Nations's
Srebrenica headquarters, staffed by a Dutch battalion,
in the village of Potocari. Meanwhile, the remaining Srebrenica
men and boys—some 10,000 to 15,000—fled through
the woods on foot, trying to reach Muslim-controlled territory,
nearly 40 miles away.
The Difference That Culture Can Make in End-of-Life Decisionmaking
Authors: HERN H. EUGENE , KOENIG BARBARA A. , MOORE LISA JEAN , MARSHALL PATRICIA A.
Published: July 2002

Cultural difference has been largely ignored within
bioethics, particularly within the end-of-life discourses
and practices that have developed over the past two decades
in the U.S. healthcare system. Yet how should culture—specifically
cultural differences as reflected among groups defined
as ethnically or racially different—be taken into
account?
A Tutte Polynomial for Coloured Graphs
Authors: BOLLOBÁS BÉLA , RIORDAN OLIVER
Published: July 2002

We define a polynomial W on graphs with colours on the edges, by generalizing the
spanning tree expansion of the Tutte polynomial as far as possible: we give necessary and
sufficient conditions on the edge weights for this expansion not to depend on the order used.
We give a contraction-deletion formula for W analogous to that for the Tutte polynomial,
and show that any coloured graph invariant satisfying such a formula can be obtained
from W. In particular, we show that generalizations of the Tutte polynomial obtained from
its rank generating function formulation, or from a random cluster model, can be obtained
from W. Finally, we find the most general conditions under which W gives rise to a link
invariant, and give as examples the one-variable Jones polynomial, and an invariant taking
values in ℤ/22ℤ.
Urban planning in the twentieth century
Authors: Hourihan Kevin
Published: July 2002

Over the past thirty years, one of the fastest growing fields of urban history has been the history of planning. In some respects, this is surprising, as urban planning had existed on an institutional basis only since the early twentieth century. In other ways, though, it was a very logical development. Planning reached its high point during the 1960s, and by the 1970s was being condemned in many quarters, being blamed, for example, for disasters like high-rise tower blocks and sacrificing old cities to crude commercial and transport developments. Historical research was necessary to understand how a movement which promised so much at the start of the century had degenerated so badly in sixty years. Criticism became so severe that, in the words of one historian, ‘many planners have certainly thought in more pessimistic moments . . . that the past may be the only thing they have to look forward to’. For whatever reason, the Planning History Group was set up in 1974 and a massive body of historical research on planning has been produced. This paper reviews four recent books on planning, two from North America and two European. They represent different aspects of planning and different time periods and will be treated in chronological order.
Neonatal implications of early-onset group B streptococcal disease
Authors: Embleton Nicholas D
Published: July 2002

Group B streptococcal disease is the commonest cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis in most developed countries. Recent epidemiological studies and controlled trials have shown that many cases are theoretically preventable and guidelines have been widely adopted in the United States and Australia but are not common place in much of Europe. Infections caused by group B streptococcus may present at any time before, during or after delivery. This article reviews aspects of early-onset sepsis in the newborn infant (clinical presentation in the first 48 hours) as almost all of these cases are maternally acquired. Microbiological, epidemiological, pathophysiological and clinical aspects of the disease are discussed, and the practical implications of adopting preventative programmes are addressed.
Enzymes responsible for the bactericidal effect in extracts of vitelline and fertilisation envelopes of rainbow trout eggs
Authors: Kudo Shigeharu
Published: July 2002

Extracts from both the vitelline envelope (VE) and fertilisation envelopes (FE) of rainbow trout eggs have the ability to exert a bactericidal effect on Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The effect may be due to the presence of phospholipase D (PLD), lysozyme, proteinase and DNases, as the extracts contain these enzyme activities. The intensity of chorionic PLD and lysozyme activities in the VE extract was maintained in the FE without any alteration in activity even after transformation in the course of the cortical reaction, as components of a fundamental architecture of the envelope. Both extracts also contain different types of proteinase activities. Treatment with VE or FE extract seriously damaged the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and the plasma membrane of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria at the ultrastructural level. Chorionic DNases probably degrade DNA of bacterial cells killed by virtue of the action of PLD and/or lysozyme and contribute to the transmigration of nucleosides and/or nucleotides produced by degrading bacterial DNA after degradation of bacterial components by the actions of the chorionic PLD, lysozyme and proteinase. These results suggest that the bactericidal process manifested by the VE or FE extract may start with the action of PLD and/or lysozyme against bacteria and be completed by subsequent degradation of constitutive proteins and DNA by the action of proteinases and DNases, respectively. Thus the VE and FE are able to protect the egg itself and the embryo, respectively, from bacterial infection in the internal or external environments.
“THEY THAT WALK IN DARKNESS”: GHETTO TRAGEDIES: THE USES OF CHRISTIANITY IN ISRAEL ZANGWILL’S FICTION
Authors: Rochelson Meri-Jane
Published: July 2002

AT THE END of the Victorian era and in the first decades of the twentieth century, Israel Zangwill was a well-known name in Europe, America, and even the Middle East. The enormous success of his 1892 novel Children of the Ghetto had made Zangwill the spokesperson for English Jewry throughout the world, as he revealed and explained an alien community to its non-Jewish neighbors and made the universe of the Jewish immigrants more intelligible to their acculturated coreligionists. An early Zionist, Zangwill met with Theodore Herzl in London and attended the first Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897; he continued to participate in the movement until 1905, when he formed his own nationalist group, the Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO). He became active in the pacifist and feminist movements of the early 1900s, and his literary output of that period for the most part reflects those interests, although he still explored issues of Jewish identity in numerous short stories and the highly popular play The Melting Pot (1908). In all, Zangwill published eight novels, nine collections of short fiction, eleven plays, and a volume of poetry, writing on both Jewish and more general themes; and (with the exception of some of his later thesis drama) his work was for the most part both popular and acclaimed. During the later 1880s and 1890s Zangwill was a prolific journalist, publishing columns on literature and current topics not only in the Jewish Standard, but also in the comic paper Puck (later Ariel, which he also edited), the Critic, and the Pall Mall Magazine. In short, he was very much a turn-of-the-century literary personality, esteemed as one of their own by his Jewish readers, but also prominent in the more general transatlantic literary milieu.
“GENRE” AND “DISCOURSE” IN VICTORIAN CULTURAL STUDIES
Authors: Williams Carolyn
Published: July 2002

By what criteria is one to isolate the unities with which one is dealing . . . What is the legitimate level of formalization?

—Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge

BOTH “DISCOURSE” AND “GENRE,” like all constructed and generalizing categories, have a purely formalizing aspect as well as a historical, effective (or political) aspect. They name and group things abstractly, but those names themselves are shaped and precipitated in history and, in turn, they exert a powerful shaping force on historical life.
Variation of winter road surface temperature due to topography and application of Thermal Mapping
Authors: Shao J , Swanson J C , Patterson R , Lister P J , McDonald A N
Published: July 2002

It is known that topography is an important factor controlling the variation of road surface temperature (RST). In order to explore possible relationships between RST and topography, the authors used Thermal Mapping data obtained by a vehicle‐mounted thermometer in a mountainous area in Nevada, USA, under different weather conditions in December 1994. The data were validated against the measurements of road surface sensors. After that, a step‐wise regression technique is employed to find out possible statistic relationships between RST and altitude at different surveying routes. It was found that the relationships exhibited different characteristics in different climate domains and under different weather types. In most cases, the relationships were non‐linear. In order to obtain more information about the cause of the residuals and the variation, the error of regression fitting is related to near‐ground meteorological parameters (air temperature, dew point and wind, etc.). This study proved that Thermal Mapping is a reliable and effective method to display spatial variation of road surface temperature. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Special Issue on Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data
Authors: Ballim Afzal , Pallotta Vincenzo
Published: July 2002

The automated analysis of natural language data has become a central issue in the
design of Intelligent Information Systems. The term natural language is intended to
cover all the possible modalities of human communication and it is not restricted
to written or spoken language. Processing unrestricted natural language is still
considered as an AI-hard task. However various analysis techniques have been
proposed in order to address specific aspects of natural language. In particular,
recent interest has been on providing approximate analysis techniques, assuming
that perfect analysis is not possible, but that partial results are still very useful.
Editorial
Authors: Salkovskis Paul
Published: July 2002

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy is growing

There has been a steady increase in the flow of manuscripts to this journal, and I'm glad to say that the quality of
submissions has commensurately improved. However, these trends have obviously created a problem, which is that
there was simply not enough space for the range of excellent articles we have been receiving. The Association has
therefore decided to increase the size of the journal by 25%. This should allow us to sustain a relatively short
publication lag, and to maintain the mix of high quality clinical, theoretical and research material that has been the hallmark
of the journal. Thanks to Cambridge University Press, particularly Janet Miles, for continued support and in making
the transition to the larger size so straightforward. Of course, one of the reasons that we receive so many manuscripts
is the fact that we are now one of the largest circulation journals in the field.

As ever, there are other changes in the journal. Nick Tarrier leaves us after a very long and distinguished period as
assistant editor. Thanks to you Nick (but don't assume that this means that you won't get more manuscripts!) Within
the editorial office during 2000 we have had additional assistance from Patrick McKnight, who has now moved on,
and we would like to thank him for the excellent work he put in. Caroline Bradley has retired from the post of assistant
editor; we are grateful to her for her work in this capacity. By way of consolation for our editorial losses, Hermine
Graham and Elizabeth Kuipers have joined the editorial team as assistant editors. I'm looking forward to working with
them over the coming years.
A BRIEF INTERNET-BASED TREATMENT FOR PANIC DISORDER
Authors: Klein Britt , Richards Jeffery C.
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the effectiveness of an Internet-based intervention for
people with panic disorder. Twenty-two participants met criteria for panic disorder and were
randomly assigned to either the treatment or a self-monitoring control condition. The study
took place over 3 weeks and consisted of one week of self-monitoring prior to the intervention
group accessing the program for one week, followed by one week of post-intervention
assessment. Participants were assessed on measures pertaining to panic, negative affect, body
vigilance, anxiety sensitivity and self-efficacy in managing panic. The treatment condition
was associated with significant reductions in all variables except anxiety sensitivity and
depressive affect. This type of intervention for people with fearful panic attacks holds
promise as an efficacious and economical method for treating spontaneous panic.
Understanding Asperger's Syndrome: Four New Titles
Authors: Bryant N.R.
Published: July 2002

Asperger's Syndrome, edited by Ami
Klin and colleagues of the Yale University Child Study
Center, contains contributions from 27 authors representing
13 universities, and several agencies and clinical practices
in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the USA. This is a thorough
and sorely needed review of the research, diagnostic process,
treatment options, and outcomes associated with Asperger's
syndrome (AS). Written for professionals, the volume is
research-based, and in this relatively new field of study,
is as useful in elucidating the questions still requiring
investigation as in describing what is currently known.
Several aspects of diagnosis are covered, including the
development of AS as a formal diagnostic category, a review
of clinical features and associated conditions, differential
diagnostic considerations (particularly high functioning
Autism, Schizoid Personality Disorder, developmental language
disorders, and Nonverbal Learning Disability), and special
consideration of the contributions of motor functioning,
social language use, and neuropsychological functioning
to differential diagnosis. Of special interest to neuropsychologists
may be the chapter reviewing neuropsychological and neuroimaging
studies of AS, from which inferences can be drawn about
potential neurodevelopmental processes leading to the manifestations
of this disorder. Other chapters focus on genetic factors,
clinical outcomes in adolescence and adulthood, pharmacological
intervention, and general treatment considerations. A chapter
on assessment suggests practical guidelines for assessment
of cognitive, neuropsychological, communicative, social–emotional,
and adaptive functioning. A set of essays by parents closes
the volume, providing an important reconnection to the everyday
challenges faced by individuals with AS and their families.