Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government-imposed social distancing on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic: A modelling study
Authors: Teslya Alexandra , Pham Thi Mui , Godijk Noortje G. , Kretzschmar Mirjam E. , Bootsma Martin C.J. , Rozhnova Ganna 
Published: March 2020

Background

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to nearly every country in the world since it first emerged in China in December 2019. Many countries have implemented social distancing as a measure to ‘flatten the curve’ of the ongoing epidemics. Evaluation of the impact of government-imposed social distancing and of other measures to control further spread of COVID-19 is urgent, especially because of the large societal and economic impact of the former. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of self-imposed prevention measures and of short-term government-imposed social distancing in mitigating, delaying, or preventing a COVID-19 epidemic.

Methods and Findings

We developed a deterministic compartmental transmission model of SARS-CoV-2 in a population stratified by disease status (susceptible, exposed, infectious with mild or severe disease, diagnosed and recovered) and disease awareness status (aware and unaware) due to the spread of COVID-19. Self-imposed measures were assumed to be taken by disease-aware individuals and included handwashing, mask-wearing, and social distancing. Government-imposed social distancing reduced the contact rate of individuals irrespective of their disease or awareness status. The model was parameterized using current best estimates of key epidemiological parameters from COVID-19 clinical studies. The model outcomes included the peak number of diagnoses, attack rate, and time until the peak number of diagnoses. For fast awareness spread in the population, selfimposed measures can significantly reduce the attack rate, diminish and postpone the peak number of diagnoses. A large epidemic can be prevented if the efficacy of these measures exceeds 50%. For slow awareness spread, self-imposed measures reduce the peak number of diagnoses and attack rate but do not affect the timing of the peak. Early implementation of short-term government-imposed social distancing can only delay the peak (by at most 7 months for a 3-month intervention). The delay can be even longer and the height of the peak can be additionally reduced if this intervention is combined with self-imposed measures that are continued after government-imposed social distancing has been lifted. Our analyses do not account for stochasticity, demographics, heterogeneities in contact patterns or mixing, spatial effects, imperfect isolation of individuals with severe disease, and reinfection with COVID-19.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that information dissemination about COVID-19, which causes individual adaption of handwashing, mask-wearing and social distancing can be an effective strategy to mitigate and delay the epidemic. Early-initiated short-term government-imposed social distancing can buy time for healthcare systems to prepare for an increasing COVID-19 burden. We stress the importance of disease awareness in controlling the ongoing epidemic and recommend that, in addition to policies on social distancing, governments and public health institutions mobilize people to adopt self-imposed measures with proven efficacy in order to successfully tackle COVID-19.

Author summary

Why was this study done?

As of May 2020, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to nearly every country in the world since it first emerged in China in December 2019.

Confronted with a COVID-19 epidemic, public health policymakers in different countries are seeking recommendations on how to delay and/or flatten its peak.

Evaluation of the impact of social distancing mandated by the governments in many countries and of other prevention measures to control further spread of COVID-19 is urgent, especially because of the large societal and economic impact of the former.

What did the researchers do and find?

We developed a transmission model to evaluate the impact of self-imposed measures (handwashing, mask-wearing, and social distancing) due to awareness of COVID-19 and of short-term government-imposed social distancing on the epidemic dynamics.

We showed that self-imposed measures can prevent a large epidemic if their efficacy exceeds 50%.

Short-term government-imposed social distancing that is initiated early into the epidemic can buy time (at most 7 months for a 3-month intervention) for healthcare systems to prepare for an increasing COVID-19 burden.

The delay to the peak number of diagnoses can be even longer and the height of the peak can be additionally reduced if the same intervention is combined with self-imposed measures that are continued after lifting government-imposed social distancing.

What do these findings mean?

Raising awareness of self-imposed measures such as handwashing and mask-wearing is crucial in controlling the ongoing epidemic.

Short-term early-initiated government-imposed social distancing combined with self-imposed measures provides essential time for increasing capacity of healthcare systems and can significantly mitigate the epidemic.

In addition to policies on social distancing, governments and public health institutions should continuously mobilize people to adopt self-imposed measures with proven efficacy in order to successfully tackle COVID-19.