bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resection of recurrent pulmonary metastases in patients with osteosarcoma
Authors: Briccoli Antonio , Rocca Michele , Salone Mariacristina , Bacci Gaetano , Ferrari Stefano , Balladelli Alba , Mercuri Mario
Published: September 2005

BACKGROUND

Surgical resection of lung metastases is widely accepted in osteosarcoma patients. Few data exist on treatment of recurrent pulmonary metastases. The authors of the current study retrospectively analyzed patients with osteosarcoma who received surgery for recurrent lung metastases.

METHODS

From 1980 to 2001, 127 metastasectomies were performed on 94 patients. Criteria of eligibility were no metastases beyond the lung, no local recurrence, possibility of achieving complete resection of metastases without causing respiratory insufficiency, acceptable operative risk. Data were statistically elaborated with survival analysis according to Kaplan–Meier method of univariate analysis, life tables and Gehan statistic model, and multivariate analysis using Cox regression test. Results were considered in terms of time from first (DFI1) and second (DFI2) metastasectomy.

RESULTS

Of 94 patients operated upon twice, 59 (62.7%) died. Thirty‐five (37.3%) are alive; 31 (32.9%) of these are continuously disease‐free. The 3‐ and 5‐year event‐free actuarial survival curve from first metastasectomy was 45%, and 38%, respectively, whereas from the second metastasectomy, it was 33% and 32%, respectively. According to a Cox regression model, DFI1 has a risk of death of 0.974 times and DFI2 of 0.972 times for every additional month of survival. In multivariate analysis, Cox regression test showed the best predictive model of local recurrence and number of metastases (P = 0.0014).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors concluded that patients persistently free of the primary osteosarcoma who developed recurrent resectable metastatic disease of the lung should be considered for reoperation a second, third, or fourth time, as these patients had similar DFI curves after five‐years. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
An Isothermal–Isobaric Langevin Thermostat for Simulating Nanoparticles under Pressure: Application to Au Clusters
Authors: Kohanoff Jorge , Caro Alfredo , Finnis Michael W.
Published: September 2005

We present a method for simulating clusters or molecules subjected to an external pressure, which is exerted by a pressure‐transmitting medium. It is based on the canonical Langevin thermostat, but extended in such a way that the Brownian forces are allowed to operate only from the region exterior to the cluster. We show that the frictional force of the Langevin thermostat is linked to the pressure of the reservoir in a unique way, and that this property manifests itself when the particle it acts upon is not pointlike but has finite dimensions. By choosing appropriately the strength of the random forces and the friction coefficient, both temperature and pressure can be controlled independently. We illustrate the capabilities of this new method by calculating the compressibility of small gold clusters under pressure.
Computer Simulation of Quantum Melting in Hydrogen Clusters
Authors: Baroni Stefano , Moroni Saverio
Published: September 2005

We introduce a new criterion, based on multipole dynamical correlations calculated within reptation quantum Monte Carlo, to discriminate between a melting versus freezing behavior in quantum clusters. This criterion is applied to small clusters of para‐hydrogen molecules (both pristine and doped with a CO chromophore), for cluster sizes of around twelve molecules. This is a magic size at which para‐hydrogen clusters display an icosahedral structure and a large stability. Despite the similar geometric structure of CO@(pH2)12 and (pH2)13, the first system has a rigid, crystalline, behavior; the second behaves more like a superfluid (or, possibly, a supersolid).
Blue Moon Sampling, Vectorial Reaction Coordinates, and Unbiased Constrained Dynamics
Authors: Ciccotti Giovanni , Kapral Raymond , Vanden‐Eijnden Eric
Published: September 2005

We give a new formula expressing the components of the mean force in terms of a conditional expectation which can be computed by Blue Moon sampling. This generalizes to the vectorial case a formula first derived by Ruiz‐Montero et al. [Mol. Phys. 1997, 90, 925] for a scalar reaction coordinate. We also discuss how to compute this conditional average by means of constrained stochastic dynamics which, unlike the usual constrained molecular dynamics, introduces no bias. Finally, we give a new perspective on bias removal by using constrained molecular dynamics.
Disproving a Silicon Analog of an Alkyne with the Aid of Topological Analyses of the Electronic Structure and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Calculations
Authors: Pignedoli Carlo A. , Curioni Alessandro , Andreoni Wanda
Published: September 2005

A silicon compound has recently been synthesized that was claimed to exhibit the first realization of a silicon–silicon triple bond. We debate this classification on the basis of a thorough investigation of the nature of the chemical bond, using the rigorous topological analysis of the electron density as developed in Bader’s atoms‐in‐molecules theory, that of the electron localization function and the related orbital‐independent definitions of the bond order. Our results refer both to the ground‐state geometry and to nonequilibrium configurations, which are accessed by the system in a room‐temperature ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. We also use the reciprocal compliance force constant as an independent chemical descriptor. All the above procedures are in agreement and do not support the classification of the silicon–silicon central bond as triple. The characterization which consistently emerges from the present study is one in which two electron pairs participate in the bonding and the other pair belongs mainly to nonbonding regions.
Muffin‐Tin Orbital Wannier‐Like Functions for Insulators and Metals
Authors: Zurek Eva , Jepsen Ove , Andersen Ole Krogh
Published: September 2005

Herein, we outline a method that is able to generate truly minimal basis sets that accurately describe either a group of bands, a band, or even just the occupied part of a band. These basis sets are the so‐called NMTOs, muffin‐tin orbitals of order N. For an isolated set of bands, symmetrical orthonormalization of the NMTOs yields a set of Wannier functions that are atom‐centered and localized by construction. They are not necessarily maximally localized, but may be transformed into those Wannier functions. For bands that overlap others, Wannier‐like functions can be generated. It is shown that NMTOs give a chemical understanding of an extended system. In particular, orbitals for the π and σ bands in an insulator, boron nitride, and a semimetal, graphite, will be considered. In addition, we illustrate that it is possible to obtain Wannier‐like functions for only the occupied states in a metallic system by generating NMTOs for cesium. Finally, we visualize the pressure‐induced s→d transition.
Cover Picture: A Tribute to Michele Parrinello: From Physics via Chemistry to Biology (ChemPhysChem 9/2005)
Authors: Andreoni Wanda , Marx Dominik , Sprik Michiel
Published: September 2005

The cover picture shows both the power and broad application range of modern computer simulation techniques as a tribute to Professor Michele Parrinello on the occasion of his 60th birthday, see the article by Andreoni, Marx and Sprik on page 1671. The necessarily limited selection out of many outstanding contributions to this Festschrift covers research results, in such diverse fields as hydrogen‐bonded liquids, surface science, biophysics, biochemistry, photochemistry, chemical physics, molecular electronics, and materials science, that are all obtained based on state‐of‐the‐art calculations.
The psychological impact of screening for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Adriaanse Marcel C. , Snoek Frank J.
Published: September 2005

Until recently, there was little empirical data regarding the psychological impact of screening for type 2 diabetes. There is now some progress in this area, as evidenced by emerging population based studies reporting on the effects of screening for type 2 diabetes on perceived health status and well‐being.

Recent studies from our own and other groups show that the diagnosis type 2 diabetes has no substantial adverse or positive effect on the participants' perceived health status and well‐being after notification of the test result. Importantly, screening‐detected type 2 diabetes patients beforehand perceive their risk for type 2 diabetes to be low, despite the presence of risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension and a family history, and overall report low levels of diabetes‐related symptom distress. Yet, screening‐detected type 2 diabetes patients were bothered more by symptoms of hyperglycaemia and fatigue in the first year following diagnosis type 2 diabetes than non‐diabetics.

On the basis of research to date, we conclude that screening for type 2 diabetes in the general population has no serious psychological side effects. Whether lack of emotional response to screening, is because of unawareness or indifference, needs further investigation. Future studies should be aiming towards a better understanding of how to raise the awareness and understanding of type 2 diabetes and its risk factors in high‐risk individuals, while avoiding or minimizing negative effects, such as emotional distress and denial. The growing number of younger people developing type 2 diabetes warrants further research into labeling effects of an early diagnosis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High variability in complementarity‐determining regions compensates for a low number of V gene families in the λ light chain locus of the platypus
Authors: Johansson Jeannette , Salazar Janice N. , Aveskogh Maria , Munday Barry , Miller Robert D. , Hellman Lars
Published: September 2005

Based on the analysis of a panel of variable (V) region sequences from the Australian duck‐billed platypus and the Australian short beaked echidna, the monotremes were found to express a highly diversified Vλ repertoire. High variability was observed both in sequence and in length of all three CDR regions. However, all monotreme sequences were found to form a separate branch on a distance tree, and the monotremes appear to express only two Vλ gene families. The appearance of all Vλ gene segments in one branch on the distance tree gives further support for the notion that deletions of entire V region clans or families, followed by successive rounds of gene duplications may be a relatively common phenomenon during vertebrate evolution. Four different constant region sequences were also identified and a preferential use of certain J segments to each constant region was observed. A more detailed picture of the locus was obtained by analysis of genomic DNA by Southern blot and PCR. The organization of the lambda locus involves multiple V and several constant region genes with one or several joining segments positioned upstream of each constant region, similar to the organization in mouse and man. An mRNA frequency analysis shows that the λ light chain accounts for more than 90% of the light chain transcripts in the spleen. The abundance and the high variability indicate that light chain diversity at the λ locus contributes significantly to the antigen‐binding repertoire in monotremes. A high λ to κ light chain ratio also indicates that variability in the CDR regions is more important for the repertoire size than the total number of V gene families.
Eosinophilic differentiation is promoted by blockage of Notch signaling with a gamma‐secretase inhibitor
Authors: Kang Jin Hyun , Lee Da Hye , Lee Jong Soo , Kim Hai Joong , Shin Jin Woo , Lee Young Han , Lee Young Seek , Park Choon‐Sik , Chung Il Yup
Published: September 2005

Although increasing evidence supports the inhibitory role of Notch in granulocyte differentiation, the direct effects of Notch on the differentiation and maturation of eosinophils, one type of granulocyte, have not yet been studied. We investigated whether a blockage of Notch signaling promoted the differentiation of eosinophils from umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells. Freshly isolated UCB cells were cultured with IL‐3, IL‐5 and GM‐CSF in the presence or absence of a γ‐secretase inhibitor L‐685,458, and examined for the expression of major basic protein (MBP). Freshly isolated UCB cells expressed mRNA and proteins for Notch 1, Notch 2, Delta 1, and Jagged 1. MBP expression in cultures with the inhibitor was significantly increased, as compared with the cultures in the absence of the inhibitor. Treatment with the inhibitor was accompanied by a decrease in Hes 1 mRNA expression, indicative of Notch‐mediated signaling for the inhibitor effect. UCB cells cultured with the inhibitor for 28 days displayed similar levels of CCR3, a late marker of eosinophil development, as compared with the cells cultured without the inhibitor, but almost completely lost chemotaxis response to eotaxin. Our data suggest that Notch signaling may modulate eosinophil migration at the mature stage as well as inhibit eosinophil differentiation.
Hydride Route for the Palladium‐Catalysed Cyclocarbonylation of Monoterpenes
Authors: Nguyen Duc Hanh , Laurenczy Gábor , Urrutigoïty Martine , Kalck Philippe
Published: September 2005

This paper focuses on the mechanism by which a monoterpene undergoes a cyclocarbonylation reaction catalysed by a palladium complex. Evidence is provided, based on intermediate species observed under pressure or with various ligands, that the catalytic cycle follows a hydride route starting from [Pd(H)(SnCl3)L2]. The [Pd(H)(SnCl3)L2] complexes (L = PPh3 or PCy3) have been observed for the first time by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Cationic hydride complexes or palladium(0) precursors show either no or poor reactivity. Studies related to model platinum complex chemistry have detected an acylplatinum species. Most of the observations have been done on the cyclocarbonylation of isopulegol, dihydromyrcenol or isolimonene into the corresponding lactones or cyclopentanones. The use of dihydromyrcene allowed us to observe the acylplatinum complex and the corresponding elusive acylpalladium species. The co‐catalytic role of SnCl2 is also demonstrated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Multiple Regulated Assembly, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Porous Coordination Polymers with Flexible Ligands
Authors: Sun Chang‐Yan , Zheng Xiang‐Jun , Gao Song , Li Li‐Cun , Jin Lin‐Pei
Published: September 2005

Four novel coordination polymers of NiII and CoII with flexible ligands, namely [Ni(oba)(bpe)]n·nH2O (1), [Co(oba)(bpe)]n (2), [Ni2(oba)2(bpy)2(H2O)2]n·nbpy (3), and [Co(oba)(bpy)1/2]n (4) [H2oba = 4,4′‐oxybis(benzoic acid), bpe = 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane, bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine] were synthesised by hydrothermal reactions and characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The NiII ions in complex 1 are linked by flexible oba and bpe ligands to form square‐grid‐like corrugated sheets. These sheets are interpenetrated with each other, resulting in the formation of a 3D porous network with lattice water molecules in the channels. The variable temperature X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that the framework is stable up to 300 °C despite the complete removal of the lattice water molecules during the heat treatment. Complex 2 can be regarded as possessing a α‐polonium‐related topology. Triple interpenetration occurs to form a nonporous structure. In complex 3, the oba and bpy ligands link NiII ions into 1D train‐like boxes. These boxes are entangled, with the aid of hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of a 3D porous supramolecular architecture. Free bpy ligands reside in the channels. The CoII ions in complex 4 are linked by oba and bpy ligands to form a complicated 3D coordination polymer. The lattice water molecules in complex 1 and free bpy ligands in complex 3 can be regarded as templates that play an important role in the formation of the porous structures of complexes 1 and 3. The magnetic properties of complexes 1, 2, and 4 have also been investigated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
On the Borderline between cis and trans in Organometallic(Phosphane)platinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Gudat Dietrich , Jain Vimal K. , Klein Axel , Schurr Thilo , Záliš Stanislav
Published: September 2005

The borderline between the cis and trans configurations in square‐planar diarylplatinum(II) complexes with triethylphosphane ligands [Pt(Ar)2(PEt3)2] [Ar = 2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl (mesityl), 2,6‐dimethylphenyl, 2‐methylphenyl, 3‐methylphenyl, 4‐methylphenyl and phenyl] has been investigated by a combination of multinuclear (1H, 13C, 31P and 195Pt) NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography and quantum chemical (DFT) calculations. When formed under thermodynamic conditions, the complexes show a clear cut‐off between cis (tolyl and phenyl complexes) and trans (2,6‐xylyl and mesityl complexes). The syn and anti stereoisomers were identified for the 2‐methylphenyl and 3‐methylphenyl derivatives. Calculated data (structural isomers or NMR) are in excellent agreement with experimental findings. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Supramolecular Arrangement of C60 and Phenol into a Square Packing Arrangement of π‐π Interacting and Hydrogen‐Bonded Rods in C60·5C6H5OH
Authors: Schulz‐Dobrick Martin , Panthöfer Martin , Jansen Martin
Published: September 2005

The supramolecular adduct C60·5C6H5OH was obtained as single crystals by the slow hydrolysis of a solution of C60 in triphenylphosphite. The crystal structure was determined with atomic resolution by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction [triclinic, space group P$\tilde {1}$, a = 1003.52(14) pm, b = 1011.71(14) pm, c = 1264.17(17) pm, α = 88.566(2) °, β = 84.026(2) °, γ = 83.485(2) °, V = 1.2681(3) nm3, Z = 1]. The overall structure can be described as a distorted square packing pattern of hydrogen‐bonded and π‐π interacting rods,1∞[C60(C6H5OH)4]. The fullerene molecules are fully ordered and the C–C bond lengths exhibit remarkably small variations within the 6:6 and 6:5 subsets. The results are discussed in the context of an analysis of reliable crystal structure data for several different fullerene co‐crystal compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Influence of the Neutral Coligand on the Spectroscopic Properties and Crystal Structures of Lithium Tri(tert‐butyl)silylarsanides of the Type[(L)LiAs(H)SitBu3] (L = DME, THF)
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Krofta Mathias , Mayer Peter , Piotrowski Holger
Published: September 2005

The reaction of [(dme)LiAsH2] with F3CSO3SitBu3 yields tri(tert‐butyl)silylarsane (1). The reaction of 1 with n‐butyllithium in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane gives [(dme)LiAs(H)SitBu3]2 (2), whereas the lithiation of 1 in THF leads to the formation of the one‐dimensional polymer [(THF)LiAs(H)SitBu3]∞ (3). The Li–As bond lengths of both of these compounds show a similar value of approximately 260 pm. However, the smaller coordination number of the lithium atom in 3 leads to a short Li–O distance of 190 pm, whereas in 2, which has a tetracoordinate lithium atom, an average bond length of 199 pm is observed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescent Studies of Two Novel Layered Uranium Coordination Polymers Constructed from UO(OH) Polyhedra and Pyridinedicarboxylates
Authors: Zheng Yan‐Zhen , Tong Ming‐Liang , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: September 2005

Two new uranium coordination polymers have been obtained from the hydrothermal reaction of (UO2)(CH3COO)2·2H2O with 3,4‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (3,4‐pydaH2) or 2,4‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,4‐pydaH2). [(UO2)3(μ3‐O)(μ3‐OH)2(3,4‐pydaH)(3,4‐pyda)0.5]n (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pccn with a = 18.168(2), b = 12.635(1), c = 16.149(1) Å, V = 3707.0(5) Å3, and Z = 8. [(UO2)3(μ3‐O)(μ3‐OH)(μ2‐OH)(2,4‐pyda)(H2O)2]n·nH2O (2) is in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn with a = 22.788(2), b = 7.1468(5), c = 21.627(1) Å, V = 3522.1(4) Å3, and Z = 8. Complex 1 features a wave‐like 2D layer that is constructed by connecting the 1D UO(OH) ribbons by the V‐shaped 3,4‐pyda or 3,4‐pydaH ligands. Complex 2 is a rare hexameric species amongst uranium compounds and features a (4,4) planar “open‐layer”, which is constructed by the 4‐connected hexameric UO(OH) polyhedra and the 2‐connected 2,4‐pyda ligands. The fluorescence emission (521 nm) of 2 is red‐shifted by about 13 nm (emission) and about 40 nm (excitation) compared to that of 1, and the lifetimes increase with the polymerization of UO(OH) polyhedra (145 μs for 1 compared to 24.4 μs for 2). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Vibrational Spectra of Eight‐Coordinate Niobium and Tantalum Complexes with Peroxo Ligands: A Theoretical Simulation
Authors: Bayot Daisy , Devillers Michel , Peeters Daniel
Published: September 2005

A theoretical interpretation of the experimental observations made by vibrational IR and Raman spectroscopy on eight‐coordinate peroxo complexes of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) is carried out. The theoretical study, realised on stoichiometric models of general formula [M(O2)4]3–, [M(O2)3L2]x–, cis‐ and trans‐[M(O2)2L4]y– and [M(O2)L6]z– (M = NbV or TaV), provides the normal modes of vibrations involving peroxo ligands, their corresponding calculated frequency and their activity in IR and/or Raman spectroscopy. The theoretical results from the model complexes are compared with experimental IR and Raman spectroscopic data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
B‐Substituted (Arene)ruthenacarborane–Sulfonium, –Thioether and–Mercaptan Complexes: Mild Single and Double Dealkylation and Structural Implications in the Antipodal Distance
Authors: Planas José Giner , Viñas Clara , Teixidor Francesc , Light Mark E. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Ogilvie Helen R.
Published: September 2005

Reactions of [RuCl2(η6‐arene)]2 (arene = benzene, p‐cymene) with nido‐[7‐R‐10‐L‐7,8‐C2B9H9]– in THF at room temperature for 3 d give the (arene)ruthenacarborane complexes closo‐[3‐Ru(η6‐arene)‐1‐R‐8‐L‐1,2‐C2B9H9]+ {arene = benzene, R = H [L = Me2S (1a), THT (1b), EtPhS (1c)], R = Me [L = Me2S (2a)]; arene = p‐cymene, R = H [L = Me2S (3a)]} and mercaptan closo‐[3‐Ru(η6‐arene)‐1‐R‐8‐HS‐1,2‐C2B9H9] [arene = benzene, R = H (4), Me (5); arene = p‐cymene, R = H (6)] in yields of 20–40 % and 22–29 %, respectively. The asymmetric ligand nido‐[9‐Me2S‐7,8‐C2B9H10]– leads to the thioether complex closo‐[3‐Ru(η6‐benzene)‐7‐MeS‐1,2‐C2B9H10] (8) in 34 % yield under the same reaction conditions. The crystal structure of 1a is described and compared with those of 4 and 8. The fully assigned 11B NMR spectroscopic data for a whole series of ruthenacarboranes having B‐substituted sulfonium, thioether and mercaptan groups are presented. These data show a relation between antipodal cluster atom distances (antipodal distance) and antipodal effect (AE) in the crystal structures of these complexes and for other families of heteroboranes such as closo‐[EB11H11] and closo‐[EB9H9]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Triazenes by Acid‐Mediated Opening of the Dihydro‐1,2,3‐triazole Ring of1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadducts of Organic Azides to Cyclic Ketene N,N‐Acetals
Authors: Quast Helmut , Ach Manfred , Regnat Dieter
Published: September 2005

Spirocyclic 1,3‐dipolar cycloadducts 1 and 4 of azides to heterocyclic ketene N,N‐acetals open their dihydro‐1,2,3‐triazole ring in the presence of weak Brønsted acids to afford novel 1,3‐substituted triazenes 2X and 5X, respectively, which form colorless, crystallized tetrafluoroborates (X = BF4) and hexafluorophosphates (X = PF6). Ring‐opening is reversed in alkaline solutions. Methyl triflate methylates the dihydro‐1,2,3‐triazole ring of 1a and 4 at N‐3 and thus induces ring‐cleavage to 1,3,3‐trialkyltriazenes 3 and 6, respectively. The 1,3‐substituted triazenes 2aX, 2bBF4, 2dX and 5X exist as tautomers that have the larger substituents, which include the heterocyclic rings, connected with the azo group (N‐1). By contrast, triazene 2cPF6 has a bulky alkyl group at each terminal nitrogen and hence forms two rapidly equilibrating tautomers of similar stability. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Self‐power associations: the possession of power impacts women's self‐concepts
Authors: Haines Elizabeth L. , Kray Laura J.
Published: September 2005

Women's self‐identification with social power was assessed in three studies using the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). In Experiment 1, women held weaker implicit and explicit associations between self and power than did men. Experiment 2 demonstrated that women assigned to a high power group have stronger implicit self‐power associations than do women in a low power group. Experiment 3 showed that women assigned to a high power role have stronger implicit self‐masculine associations than do women assigned to a low power role, but social power did not affect explicit associations with masculinity. These studies suggest that gender differences in implicit self‐concept may be malleable depending on context and social roles. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Don't ignore the other half: the impact of ingroup identification on implicit measures of prejudice
Authors: Sassenberg Kai , Wieber Frank
Published: September 2005

Recently several implicit measures of prejudice have been developed. Prejudice indices based on these measures are computed from response differences to positive and negative targets resulting from outgroup compared to ingroup stimuli. Up to now the focus of research involving these measures has mainly been on attitudes and relations to outgroups (i.e. negative attitudes towards the outgroup). It is suggested here that implicit measures of prejudice are also influenced by one's relation towards the ingroup (i.e. ingroup identification), because they involve ingroup as well as outgroup stimuli. A correlational study and an experiment were conducted that supported this prediction. Implications for the application of implicit measures are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The burden of benevolent sexism: how it contributes to the maintenance of gender inequalities
Authors: Barreto Manuela , Ellemers Naomi
Published: September 2005

This study (N = 235) examines the responses of male and female participants to information about the alleged endorsement of either hostile or benevolent sexist beliefs by a sample of either men or women. We predicted that people endorsing benevolent sexist statements would be less likely to be perceived as sexist than those endorsing hostile sexist views, and examined the judgmental process through which people fail to recognize benevolent sexism as a form of prejudice. We argue that benevolent sexists do not match the mental prototype of sexist perpetrators, because they are seen as likeable. Our results confirm that because benevolent sexists are evaluated more positively than hostile sexists, they are less likely to be seen as sexists. This judgmental process occurs relatively independently of emotional responses to hostile vs. benevolent sexism. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the maintenance of gender inequalities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When differences matter: intergroup distinctiveness and the evaluation of impostors
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Summerville Natasha , Hornsey Matthew J. , Mewse Avril J.
Published: September 2005

The present study examined the effect of intergroup distinctiveness and group membership on evaluations of impostors. We predicted that ingroup members would be harsher than outgroup members on an impostor and that perceptions of intergroup distinctiveness would further moderate these evaluations. Specifically, we tested the social identity theory prediction that low intergroup distinctiveness would lead to greater derogation of the impostor (the ‘reactive distinctiveness’ hypothesis) against the self‐categorization hypothesis that high intergroup distinctiveness would instigate more derogation of an impostor (the ‘reflective distinctiveness’ hypothesis). In this study, vegetarians (ingroup members) and meat eaters (outgroup members) were presented with a target claiming to be vegetarian, but caught indulging in a meat dish. We found that ingroup members derogated the impostor more and felt less pleased about discovering the impostor behaviour than did outgroup members. In line with the reflective distinctiveness hypothesis, the heightened derogation displayed by ingroup members only emerged when intergroup distinctiveness was high, an effect that was mediated by ratings of group identification. The discussion focuses on the different responses intergroup distinctiveness may evoke. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responses to verifying and enhancing appraisals from romantic partners: the role of trait importance and trait visibility
Authors: Campbell Lorne
Published: September 2005

An experiment assessed when people respond more positively to verifying and enhancing appraisals from romantic partners. Two‐hundred and fifty‐eight individuals comprising 129 dating couples participated in this research. Couples privately rated their self‐concept on traits that were either high or low on trait visibility, rated how important each trait was to them, and rated their partners. A computer program ostensibly compared their self‐ratings with appraisals from their partners on traits they selected as being high or low in personal importance, and participants received either verifying or enhancing feedback. Confirming predictions, people believed their partners understood them more when they received verifying feedback, but felt their partners saw the best in them when they received enhancing feedback. Additionally, people responded more positively to verifying appraisals on important, less visible traits, and enhancing appraisals on important, highly visible traits. Results are discussed in terms of preferences for enhancing and verifying feedback in romantic relationships. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimentally manipulated high in‐group status can buffer personal self‐esteem against discrimination
Authors: Platow Michael J. , Byrne Leanne , Ryan Michelle K.
Published: September 2005

We present an experiment in which the relative status of an in‐group and the discriminatory nature of a decision maker's intergroup behaviour (in‐group‐favouring/out‐group‐favouring/even‐handed) were independently manipulated to observe their effects on self‐esteem. Adopting a Social Identity Theory framework, and following from previous empirical work, we predicted that discrimination against one's in‐group would lead to lower self‐esteem among members of a low‐status group but not among members of a high‐status group. This prediction was confirmed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary electrophoresis in N,N‐dimethylformamide
Authors: Porras Simo P. , Kenndler Ernst
Published: September 2005

N,N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a dipolar protophilic solvent with physicochemical properties that makes it suitable as solvent for capillary electrophoresis (CE). It is prerequisite for the proper application of CE to adjust and to change the pH of the background electrolyte (BGE) in a defined manner. This was done in the present work using benzoic acid‐benzoate by selecting different concentration ratios of acid and salt, and calculating the theoretical pH from the activity‐corrected Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. The mobilities of the analytes (chloro‐ and nitro‐substituted phenolates) were found to follow reasonably well the typical sigmoid mobility versus pH curve as predicted by theory. The actual mobilities and pKa values (at 25°C) of the analytes were derived from these curves. pKa values were in the range of 11.1–11.7, being thus 3–4.4 units higher than in water. This pKa shift is caused by the destabilization of the analyte anion and the better stability (solubility) of the molecular analyte acid in DMF, which overcome the higher basicity of DMF compared to water. Absolute mobilities were calculated from the actual mobilities; they were between 32×10−9 and 42×10−9 m2/V×s. Slight deviations of the measured mobilities from the theoretical mobility versus pH curve were discussed on the bases of ion pairing and heteroconjugation and homoconjugation of either buffer components or buffer components and analytes. Heteroconjugation was used as a mechanism for the electrically driven separation of neutral analyte molecules in a BGE where salicylate acted as complex forming ion. Rough estimation of the complexation constants for the phenolic analytes gave values in the range of 100–200 L/mol. Addition of water to the solvent decreased the effect of heteroconjugation, but it was still present up to the surprisingly high concentration of 20% water. Electrophoretically relevant parameters like ionic mobilities and pKa values, and conjugation and ion pairing are dependent on the water content of the solvent. The water uptake of DMF was measured when exposed to humidity of ambient air. The resulted behavior of the water uptake was found rather similar to that for acetonitrile and methanol.
Study on sensitivity development of 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis–amperometric detection with p‐methyl benzoate as stacking agent
Authors: Wang Qingjiang , Chen Xiang , Lu Jin , He Pingang , Fang Yuzhi
Published: September 2005

For its high reactivity and very short half‐life, the hydroxyl radical (OH·) in vivo is very difficult to be detected. Usually, it is indirectly quantified by determining 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3‐DHBA) and 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5‐DHBA), which are the reaction products of salicylic acid (SA) and OH·. Because 2,5‐DHBA could be directly formed by the P450 enzyme, only 2,3‐DHBA is regarded as the real biomarker of OH·in biological studies. But the very low concentration of OH· in human bodies makes its determination very difficult and complicated. In this paper, a simple online stacking capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection (CZE‐AD) method was explored to improve the detection sensitivity of 2,3‐DHBA to reach the requirements in biological analysis. A mixture solution of 12.5 mmol/L Na2B4O7–25 mmol/L NaH2PO4 (pH 7.9) was used as the running buffer and p‐methyl benzoate was selected as a suitable stacker. The effects of the concentration, pH value, and injection time of p‐methyl benzoate on stacking efficiency were carefully studied. Under the optimum stacking CZE‐AD conditions, the detection sensitivity of 2,3‐DHBA was improved about 20‐fold and its detection limit reached the 10−9 mol/L level. The experimental results showed that this was a potential method to determine OH· in vivo.
Aptamer–oligonucleotide binding studied by capillary electrophoresis: Cation effect and separation efficiency
Authors: André Claire , Xicluna Alain , Guillaume Yves‐Claude
Published: September 2005

Novel features of DNA structure, recognition and discrimination have been recently elucidated through the solution structural characterization of DNA aptamers that bind cofactors, amino acids and peptides with high affinity and specificity. Multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methodologies have been successfully applied to solve the solution structures. In this work, it was demonstrated that capillary electrophoresis was a powerful tool allowing the fundamental study of the binding mechanism between a DNA aptamer and three ligands, adenosine and adenylate compounds, i.e., adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In order to gain further insight into this binding, thermodynamic measurements under different values of parameters (such as salt nature and its concentration (x) in the run buffer) were carried out. The results showed that dehydration at the binding interface, van der Waals interactions, H‐bonding and adjustment of the aptamer recognition surface were implied in the aptamer–ligand association. As well, it was demonstrated that the addition in the medium of the sodium monovalent cation Na+ or the nickel divalent cation Ni2+ decreased the complex formation. Separation efficiency and peak shape can also be improved by Mg2+ divalent cation, which increased the mass transfer kinetics during the ligand–aptamer binding process. A significant separation for the worst separated pair of peaks on the electropherogram ((ADP, ATP) peak pair) was thus achieved.
Evaluation of capillary isoelectric focusing in glycerol‐water media with a view to hydrophobic protein applications
Authors: Busnel Jean‐Marc , Varenne Anne , Descroix Stéphanie , Peltre Gabriel , Gohon Yann , Gareil Pierre
Published: September 2005

Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) separations are usually performed with neutral coated fused‐silica capillaries in aqueous anticonvective media. Glycerol, a very viscous solvent (η = 945 mPa·s at 25°C), known to help stabilize any kind of proteins and solubilize hydrophobic ones, was tested as an alternative to using commercial gels. Viscosity and electroosmotic mobility were measured as a function of gel or glycerol content in water, and a 30:70 v/v glycerol‐water medium appeared as a good compromise for performing CIEF in a bare fused‐silica capillary without imposing too high a viscosity. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new CIEF system, a standard mixture of nine model proteins was separated according to their pI with a good agreement between experimental and literature aqueous pIs. Moreover, better resolution was achieved with this system than with the conventional aqueous CIEF system, as two of the model proteins could not be separated in the latter system. Glycerol‐water CIEF in bare silica capillary was next applied to the separation of horse radish peroxidase, a complex mixture of protein isoforms. The good concordance with the separation obtained by the conventional CIEF system indicated the adequacy of this new system. Finally, as anticipated from the results obtained for the separation of bacteriorhodopsin, a membrane protein, glycerol‐water CIEF performed in bare silica capillary appears to be a promising alternative to conventional aqueous CIEF for hydrophobic protein characterization, under their native form.
Are the asserted advantages of organic solvents in capillary electrophoresis real? A critical discussion
Authors: Porras Simo P. , Kenndler Ernst
Published: September 2005

Background electrolytes (BGEs) prepared in pure organic solvents are common alternatives to aqueous BGEs in capillary electrophoresis. Several general advantages of organic solvents over water have been asserted in the literature, namely (i) organic solvents increase the separation selectivity; (ii) organic solvents increase the separation efficiency; (iii) high separation voltages and/or high BGE ionic strengths can be used in organic solvents due to lower electric current compared to water. Related assumptions are that (iv) due to higher field strengths applicable in organic solvents the analysis time is shorter than in aqueous BGEs, and (v) the solubility and/or stability of components (either analytes or BGE chemicals) is higher/better in organic solvents. In the present work, these asserted advantages were critically evaluated based on the physical principles of ion transport and zone dispersion in solution. The result was that many of the above‐mentioned general advantages are overestimated or even inexistent; often they have no fundamental basis.
Optimization of the separation of flavonoids using solvent‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Tonin Fernando G. , Jager Alessandra V. , Micke Gustavo A. , Farah João P. S. , Tavares Marina F. M.
Published: September 2005

In this work the separation of eighteen flavonoids was attempted using reduced‐flow micellar elektrokinetic chromatography (RF‐MEKC) electrolytes modified by selected solvents with differing properties: methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Structural aspects such as unsaturation of the C ring, number and position of OH groups, methylation and glycosylation as well as solvent effects and their impact on the electrophoretic behavior of flavonoids were addressed. By evaluating the electropherograms obtained from mixture‐designed electrolytes and searching for changes in the critical pairs, a favorable separation condition was achieved using 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 containing 50 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 15% ACN and 5% THF (one critical pair) in less than 12 min with 1.5% coefficient of variation (CV) for retention factor and 3% CV for peak area (n = 5). The applicability of the proposed separation condition was demonstrated by the inspection of flavonoids in herbal extracts of Neem.
The potential of inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometric detection for capillary electrophoretic analysis of pesticides
Authors: Wuilloud Rodolfo G. , Shah Monika , Kannamkumarath Sasi S. , Altamirano Jorgelina C.
Published: September 2005

See original http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200410098
Evaluation of two‐dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry for tissue‐specific protein profiling of laser‐microdissected plant samples
Authors: Schad Martina , Lipton Mary S. , Giavalisco Patrick , Smith Richard D. , Kehr Julia
Published: September 2005

See original http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200410399
Postglacial topographic evolution of glaciated valleys: a stochastic landscape evolution model
Authors: Dadson Simon J. , Church Michael
Published: September 2005

The retreat of valley glaciers has a dramatic effect on the stability of glaciated valleys and exerts a prolonged influence on the subsequent fluvial sediment transport regime. We have studied the evolution of an idealized glaciated valley during the period following retreat of ice using a numerical model. The model incorporates a stochastic process to represent deep‐seated landsliding, non‐linear diffusion to represent shallow landsliding and an approximation of the Bagnold relation to represent fluvial sediment transport. It was calibrated using field data from several recent surveys within British Columbia, Canada. We present ensemble model results and compare them with results from a deterministic linear‐diffusion model to show that explicit representation of large landslides is necessary to reproduce the morphology and channel network structure of a typical postglacial valley. Our model predicts a rapid rate of fluvial sediment transport following deglaciation with a subsequent gradual decline, similar to that inferred for Holocene time. We also describe how changes in the model parameters affect the estimated magnitude and duration of the paraglacial sediment pulse. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A slug calorimeter for evaluating the thermal performance of fire resistive materials
Authors: Bentz D. P. , Flynn D. R. , Kim J. H. , Zarr R. R.
Published: September 2005

The utilization of a slug calorimeter to evaluate the thermal performance of fire resistive materials (FRMs) is presented. The basic specimen configuration consists of a ‘sandwich’, with a square central stainless‐steel plate (slug) surrounded on two sides by the FRM. This sandwich configuration provides an adiabatic boundary condition at the central axis of the slug plate that greatly simplifies the analysis. The other four (thin) sides of the steel plate (and FRM specimens) are insulated using a low thermal conductivity fumed‐silica board. Two metal plates manufactured from a high temperature alloy provide a frame for placing the entire sandwich specimen slightly in compression. The entire configuration is centrally placed at the bottom of an electrically heated box furnace and the temperatures of the metal slug and exterior FRM surfaces are monitored during multiple heating and cooling cycles. Knowing the heat capacities and densities of the steel slug and the FRM, an effective thermal conductivity for the FRM can be estimated. The effective thermal conductivity of the FRM will be influenced by its true thermal conductivity and by any endothermic or exothermic reactions or phase changes occurring within the FRM. Preliminary tests have been conducted on two commonly used FRMs and on a non‐reactive fumed‐silica board to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the natural degradation of earthworks
Authors: O'Neal Michael A. , O'Mansky Matt E. , MacGregor Joseph A.
Published: September 2005

Stratigraphic, topographic, and ground‐penetrating radar data obtained from a ca. 1800‐year‐old embankment and adjacent ditch at the Hopewell Mound Group (Chillicothe, Ohio) are used to validate the archaeological application of a simple finite‐differences diffusion model employed frequently to assess geomorphic change in natural landscapes. Although diffusion models have been used to describe the topographic degradation of landforms in a variety of geomorphic terrains, the approach has not been applied to ancient earthworks in an archaeological context. The results of this study indicate that a variety of initial earthwork forms can result in the sinusoidal profile apparent on the current landscape. Using the model results to interpret the field data, we suggest that the initial embankment form was steeper and the adjacent ditch was deeper. As a result of natural degradation processes, the earthwork widened and flattened over time. These results have broad implications for any study aimed at: (1) assessing the function of original earthwork forms, (2) determining the formation processes of complicated stratigraphies or artifact assemblages, (3) estimating the time and labor investment required for construction, or (4) identifying the socio‐political structures necessary to build earthworks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long term metabolic arrest and recovery of HEK293 spheroids involves NF‐κB signaling and sustained JNK activation
Authors: Jack Graham D. , Mead E. Andrew , Garst James F. , Cabrera M. Carla , DeSantis Andrea M. , Slaughter Stephen M. , Jervis Jody , Brooks Andrew I. , Potts Malcolm , Helm Richard F.
Published: September 2005

Understanding how cells withstand a depletion of intracellular water is relevant to the study of longevity, aging, and quiescence because one consequence of air‐drying is metabolic arrest. After removal of medium, HEK293 spheroids with intracellular water content of ∼65% survived partial vacuum, with antistatic control, for weeks in the dark at 25°C. In contrast, only a limited exposure of monolayers to air was lethal; the mitochondrion being a target of this stress. The pathways activated during the long‐term arrest and recovery of spheroids depended on both NF‐κB signaling and sustained JNK activation. A cyclical cascade, presumably originating from an intercellular stress signal, led to endogenous cytokine production (TNF‐α, IL‐1b, and IL‐8) and propagation of the cellular stress signal through the co‐activation of NF‐κB and JNK. Increased levels of downstream pathway signaling members, specifically Gadd45β, c‐jun, and ATF3 were observed, as was activation of c‐jun (phosphorylation). Activation of these pathways permit cells to survive long‐term storage and recovery because chemical inhibition of both NF‐κB nuclear translocation and JNK phosphorylation led to cell death. The capacity of an immortalized cell to enter, and then exit, a state of long‐term quiescence, without genetic or chemical intervention, has implications for the study of cell transformation. In addition, the ability to monitor the relevant signaling pathways at endogenous levels, from effector to transcriptional regulator, emphasizes the utility of multicellular aggregate models in delineating stress response pathways. J. Cell. Physiol. 206: 526–536, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.