bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Everything, more or less
Authors: Studd J. P.
Published: May 2019

Almost no systematic theorizing is generality-free. Scientists test general hypotheses; set theorists prove theorems about every set; metaphysicians espouse theses about all things regardless of their kind. But how general can we be? Do we ever succeed in theorizing about ABSOLUTELY EVERYTHING in some interestingly final, all-caps-worthy sense of ‘absolutely everything’? Not according to generality relativism. In its most promising form, this kind of relativism maintains that what ‘everything’ and other quantifiers encompass is always open to expansion: no matter how broadly we may generalize, a more inclusive ‘everything’ is always available. The importance of the issue comes out, in part, in relation to the foundations of mathematics. Generality relativism opens the way to avoid Russell’s paradox without imposing ad hoc limitations on which pluralities of items may be encoded as a set. On the other hand, generality relativism faces numerous challenges: What are we to make of seemingly absolutely general theories? What prevents our achieving absolute generality simply by using ‘everything’ unrestrictedly? How are we to characterize relativism without making use of exactly the kind of generality this view foreswears? This book offers a sustained defence of generality relativism that seeks to answer these challenges. Along the way, the contemporary absolute generality debate is traced through diverse issues in metaphysics, logic, and the philosophy of language; some of the key works that lie behind the debate are reassessed; an accessible introduction is given to the relevant mathematics; and a relativist-friendly motivation for Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory is developed.
Modal Operators
Authors: Studd J. P.
Published: May 2019

Notwithstanding her rejection of quantification over an absolutely comprehensive domain, a relativist about quantifiers may still be tempted to seek other means to generalize. This chapter concerns relativist-friendly modal operators. By modalizing her quantifiers, the relativist has a systematic way to attain absolute generality, which permits her to regiment her view with a single modal formula, and to frame an attractive modal axiomatization of the iterative conception of set. In addition to the immediate cost of admitting the relevant modality into her ideology, however, this approach leads to a hybrid version of relativism, which has some significant commonalities with absolutism about quantifiers.
How Universes Expand
Authors: Studd J. P.
Published: May 2019

Advocates of an expansionist version of relativism face an important explanatory challenge: how might we cause the universe of discourse to expand? To make progress with this question, it’s helpful to begin with another: how might a quantifierless linguistic community come to quantify? On the basis of some standard semantic assumptions and a metasemantic assumption about how use determines meaning, this chapter offers an idealized answer to both questions. It is further argued that natural patterns of use may cause a linguistic community’s universe to repeatedly expand. The chapter closes with a summary of the defence of relativism given in the rest of the book.
Risk Regulation in the EU Internal Market
Authors: Weimer Maria
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the evolution of risk regulation in the European Union since the Single European Act, with particular emphasis on how the legal and institutional context of the internal market has shaped the EU approach to risk. It first traces the emergence of supranational risk regulation in the EU with the ‘1992 project’ before discussing treaty reforms in the 1990s which strengthened the function of risk regulation as a justification of EU internal market regulation. It then considers the legitimacy dilemma faced by the EU with regard to risk regulation, focusing on the debate over the scope of political discretion that the precautionary principle should provide. It also analyses the application of the principles of risk and cost-benefit analysis to control discretion through science and economics, respectively. Finally, it explores risk regulation challenges arising from the legal-institutional, socio-economic, and cultural diversity in the Member States.
EU Authorization of GMOs—The Promise of Deliberation
Authors: Weimer Maria
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines epistemic and political challenges of risk regulation in the internal market of the European Union, with particular emphasis on how EU legal rules governing authorization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) accommodate divergent national views on GMOs. It first considers the EU legal framework aimed at ensuring a safe internal market for GMOs through harmonization of national laws and the implementation of a pre-market authorization procedure through direct EU administration. It then describes two main stages of GMO authorization, both governed by decentralized transnational networks—risk assessment and risk management—and the roles of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the comitology network, respectively. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the promise of deliberation in terms of legally enabling ‘unity in diversity’ in EU authorization of GMOs.
Musical Emotions Explained
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

The emotional power of music has been much examined and discussed. Based on new research, this book takes a close look at how music expresses and arouses emotions, and how it becomes an object of aesthetic judgments. It asks: can music really arouse emotions? If so, which emotions? How, exactly, does music arouse such emotions? Why do listeners often respond with different emotions to the same piece of music? Are emotions to music different from other emotions? Why do we respond to fictive events in art as if they were real, even though we know they are not? What is it that makes a performance of music emotionally expressive? Music is often regarded as consisting of abstract sequences of notes, which are devoid of meanings. This book argues that this is not true. Adopting an evolutionary perspective, the book shows how psychological mechanisms from our ancient past engage with meanings in music at multiple levels of the brain to evoke a broad variety of affective states — from startle responses to profound aesthetic emotions. Finally, it asks: but why do these mechanisms respond to music?
Educational Mismatch: Are High-skilled Immigrants Really Working in High-Skilled Jobs, and What Price Do They Pay If They Are Not?
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the incidence of mismatch of educational attainment and occupation of employment, and the impact of this mismatch on earnings, of high-skilled adult male immigrants in the U.S. labor market. The results show that over-education is widespread in the high-skilled U.S. labor market, both for immigrants and the native born. The extent of over-education declines with duration in the U.S. as high-skilled immigrants obtain jobs commensurate with their educational level. Years of schooling beyond what is usual for a worker’s occupation are associated with very low increases in earnings. Indeed, in the first 10 to 20 years in the U.S. years of over-education among high-skilled workers affect earnings negatively. This ineffective use of surplus education appears across all occupations and high-skilled education levels. Although schooling serves as a pathway to occupational attainment, earnings appear more closely linked to a worker’s occupation than to the individual’s level of schooling.
Managing Immigration in the 21st Century
Authors: Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, written explicitly for this volume, I share my thoughts on immigration policy. As a social scientist it is appropriate to assess the consequences, the costs and benefits, of alternative immigration policies. The policies that a country adopts regarding immigration, however, should be the outcome of a political process which should be informed by, but not dictated by, social science research....
Introduction: Global Justice and Climate Change
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces climate change as a problem of natural resource justice by outlining some real-world examples of resource conflicts that are being generated, or exacerbated, by climate change. It then provides some necessary background for the discussion to follow. The science and predicted impacts of climate change are explained, along with the options for responding to this problem, such as mitigation and adaptation. The chapter then briefly introduces the debate about global justice and climate change, as it has appeared in the political philosophy literature, looking at the human rights approach, the distributive justice approach, and the key methodological distinctions between integrationism and isolationism and ideal versus nonideal theory. After providing further characterization of, and motivation for, the natural resources approach to climate justice that is taken in the work, it concludes with an outline of the chapters to follow.
Limited Territorial Jurisdiction over Natural Resources
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter further explores and defends the conception of natural resource justice composed of the principle of collective self-determination and the (lexically prior) basic needs principle. It explains the lexical ordering of the principles and the nature and scope of the resource claims they legitimize. It then discusses how the two principles will work in tandem to support a system of limited territorial jurisdiction over natural resources, and several forms such limits can be predicted to take. A brief explanation of how this account might be integrated into a broader theory of justice concerning other morally significant goods is provided. In response to the objection that this conception of justice is really a form of sufficientarianism, the view is portrayed as a theory of relational egalitarianism for natural resources. A response is also given to the objection that the theory is problematically ideal in the sense that it lacks feasibility.
Historical Emissions Debt
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter turns to the question of historical responsibility for unavoided climate impacts. It introduces the climate debt claim, according to which certain wealthy or industrialized states owe a debt of compensation to some of those suffering from the unavoided impacts of climate change; where the notion of a debt indicates that the obligation in question falls within the domain of rectificatory justice. The Historical Emissions Debt view, according to which climate debts arise when parties emit more than their fair share of greenhouse gases, is rejected on the basis that there is no fair shares principle for historical use of the climate sink considered in isolation. Two interpretations of the beneficiary pays principle are found to face similar problems. Since none of these accounts appear defensible, it is concluded that those seeking to substantiate a climate debt claim would do better to attempt this by other means.
The Significance of Historical Injustice Concerning Natural Resources
Authors: Blomfield Megan
Published: May 2019

This chapter develops an alternative defence of the climate debt claim via a broader discussion of how historical wrongdoing concerning natural resources could be relevant to climate justice. It first examines climate change as a problem of global justice, arguing that theorists should consider why some groups are more vulnerable to climate impacts than others and to what extent unequal vulnerability could be a result of historical injustice. Focusing on colonial resource exploitation as a significant example of natural resource injustice, it is argued that the legacies of such exploitation will likely be a significant contributor to present-day vulnerability in countries that have since gained formal independence. Such legacies have important implications for our understanding of climate vulnerability; render some climate duties a matter of rectificatory justice, vindicating the climate debt claim; and provide an important lesson in how similar wrongs could be perpetrated through future climate policies.
A Tale of Two Conventions
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 sets the context of the book by examining the history and background to the formulation of two distinct regimes for refugees and stateless persons, respectively: the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1954 Convention. It briefly reviews the pre-Second World War position, before examining in depth the UN’s seminal 1949 Study on Statelessness, which was the precursor to the formulation of the 1951 Refugee Convention. It also analyses the extensive debate by the Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems on whether to separate issues relating to statelessness from the Refugee Convention. While the focus of the book is very much on the 1951 Refugee Convention, important insight into the contemporaneous understanding of the connection between stateless persons and refugees is provided in the drafting history of the 1954 Convention—given its proximity to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Chapter 2 therefore also analyses this history in order to assess whether it provides further insight into the scope, as understood at the time, of the 1951 Refugee Convention vis-à-vis stateless persons.
Global Refugee Crisis
Authors: Doyle Michael W.
Published: May 2019

The chapter argues that any effort to share responsibility for refugee asylum will draw upon some cosmopolitan notion of moral and institutional responsibility, but measures far short of a genuinely cosmopolitan legal order could improve the global reception of refugees. Current responsibility is, in practice, based on ‘proximity’ to conflicts, leaving upwards of 84 per cent of the world’s refugees the responsibility of the developing world. The chapter thus suggests that what is required now is to reform existing global structures in order to create alternative assistance pathways that reflect ‘culpability’ for causing the harm that resulted in flight, and ‘capability’ to provide assistance at least proportionate to national cost.
Extraterritorial Criminal Jurisdiction and the Cosmopolitan
Authors: Ireland-Piper Danielle
Published: May 2019

The assertion of extraterritorial jurisdiction by nation states is not inherently cosmopolitan. Rather, it is a double-edged sword. This is because extraterritorial jurisdiction is capable of being wielded for both cosmopolitan and non-cosmopolitan purposes: for empowerment, but also oppression; for rescue, but also retribution; for protection, but also unilateral political gain. In that context, this chapter introduces the law of extraterritorial jurisdiction, considers why states might wish to exercise it, and then identifies arguments both for (such as universalism, and the avoidance of impunity) and against (such as the undermining of meaningful multilateralism and the rights of an accused) exercises of extraterritorial jurisdiction. Ultimately, this chapter concludes that extraterritorial jurisdiction can only be considered capable of furthering cosmopolitan ideals if certain criteria are met.
The Way of Ideas and the Way of Reference
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

In the current chapter, I consider two competing metasemantic outlooks and their consequences for the metaphysical modesty or immodesty of first order semantic analysis. The two metasemantic approaches are rooted in what I call referential semantics and what I call ideational semantics. The foundational assumptions of referential metasemantics and ideational metasemantics are outlined with a focus on how each approach attempts to solve the determination problem. It is argued that different approaches to the determination problem lead to two different approaches to the metaphysics of the assigned semantic values. Finally, the way of ideas in metaphysics is distinguished from the way of reference in metaphysics.
Some Considerations against the Way of Ideas
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, I offer some considerations against the way of ideas. I do not claim that these considerations are ultimately decisive against all version of the way of ideas. Three different version of the way of ideas in metaphysics are presented and assessed, including Kant’s transcendental idealism, Frege’s aspirational Platonism, and Strawson descriptive metaphysics. Though none of the three is decisively refuted, some shortcomings of each are demonstrated. These shortcomings motivate a turn away from the way of ideas in metaphysics and toward the way of reference in metaphysics.
‘Oh that glorious first of August!’
Authors: Thompson Andrew C.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the considerable sermon literature that the change of regime in 1714 generated among Dissenters. Sermons about important political events were not uncommon in this period and the importance of public fasts has been brought into focus through recent work by Natalie Mears, Stephen Taylor, and Philip Williamson. The interest in the Dissenting contribution in this area is twofold. First, the calendar of commemoration under Queen Anne and George I was used by both Whigs and Tories for political advantage. The ways in which Dissenters could comment on, and to an extent appropriate, days that had traditionally been associated with Tory ideas is revealing. Second, the ways in which Dissenters saw the Hanoverian succession was indicative of wider world views regarding historical progression. Following on from the Glorious Revolution, the Hanoverians were viewed as having a particular role to play in the providential history of the nation.
Why We Need an Holistic Innovation Policy
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the main idea of the book, namely, the theoretical foundations, the problem-oriented approach, and the focus on the instrument choices of an holistic innovation policy. The chapter argues that innovation studies have left unfinished the theoretical foundations for the design of innovation policy. The chapter also argues that a starting point for developing it is the identification of the problems that tend to afflict the performance of innovation systems and the ten determinants of innovation processes. This provides the basis for the choice of innovation policy instruments. The chapter provides a road map of the contents of the book.
Education, Training, and Skills Formation
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

The main question that guides this chapter is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence-building (education, training, and skills formation) when designing and implementing innovation policies. After a brief literature review, this chapter suggests a typology of internal/external and individual/organizational sources of competences that are related to innovation activities. This serves to examine briefly the most common initiatives that governments are taking in this regard. The chapter identifies three common overall obstacles and barriers in innovation systems in terms of education, training, and skills formation: the insufficient levels of skills and competences in a system, the time lag between firms’ short-term needs for specific competences and the long time required to develop them, and the imbalances between internal and external sources of competences in firms. From these, the chapter elaborates a set of overall criteria for the (re)design and choice of policy instruments that address those obstacles and barriers.
Interaction and Networking
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

Innovation systems cannot be conceptualized without understanding the interactions between different actors in the system. These interactions take many different forms. The scholarly literature has studied them with broad or narrow notions. This chapter aims at providing an encompassing view of these different phenomena, putting them directly into the theoretical context of the innovation systems approach. This is done not only for the sake of conceptual clarification, but above all for identifying the concrete obstacles and deficiencies associated with these interactions that might plague the innovation system. This serves as the basis for distinguishing and classifying the wide diversity of network-oriented innovation policy instruments that governments have deployed through time. Just as in other chapters of this book, the unintended negative consequences created by the application of these instruments are also examined. Finally, the chapter puts forward a set of criteria for the design and redesign of these instruments.
Sovereignty and Positivity
Authors: Heller Hermann
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that one can glimpse the nature of sovereignty in the ability to positivize the highest legal rules binding on the community. There is no legal positivity for the authority order of the modern state without sovereignty. The legal derivation and attribution that grounds legal judgments, administrative acts, and legal transactions in the law, and the law in the constitution, inevitably falls into a yawning void if it dissolves the connection between the positivity of law and the sovereignty of the state. The jurist must take as a starting point the fact of sovereignty; otherwise he loses the object of his science—positive law—and will be left hanging in the air with all his science and practice.
The Nature of Sovereignty
Authors: Heller Hermann
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the nature of sovereignty, covering the sovereign state person and sovereignty as a characteristic of the state. It suggests that a dominant tendency of legal science is to see in the state person a “fictional person” [persona ficta], a purely ideal normative subject, and to merge this with the impersonal legal order. However, there can be no norm-logical imputation without constant reference to nomological knowledge, without insight into the regularities of causal connections. Jurists should separate imputation and causation just as they do normative and psychological will; but for specific juristic reasons, these cannot be torn apart.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Taunton Matthew
Published: May 2019

Marxist predictions that in a Communist society crime would cease to exist were not borne out in the Soviet Union, leading G. K. Chesterton to quip that ‘the Socialists used to say that “under Socialism” nobody would lose his temper or quarrel with his mother-in-law’. Instead the Communist government presided over a redefinition of the concept of law, inventing categories such as ‘enemy of the people’ and holding trials that simultaneously aped and travestied notions of ‘bourgeois justice’. The question of the law’s supposed objectivity, and the validity of normative theories of justice, were particularly important questions. These were some of the most visible and widely debated features of the Soviet regime, and this chapter explores British intellectuals’ engagements with Soviet justice. Writers discussed include Arthur Koestler, Stephen Spender, D. N. Pritt, and the Duchess of Atholl.
The Compensations of Illiteracy
Authors: Taunton Matthew
Published: May 2019

The illiteracy of the Russian peasantry was a key term in British understandings of the country in the Victorian and Edwardian periods. For writers such as the Russophile Stephen Graham, the Russian peasants benefited from an oral culture that brought them closer to God, and exempted them from the excessive rationality of Western literate culture. The opposition between Russian orality and British literacy was fundamental to many British responses to the Russian Revolution, and this chapter explores the lasting impact of this not only on views of Russia but also the development of the idea of literature, which was increasingly constructed as a dialogical alternative to the monologism of Soviet culture. The chapter also shows how deeply such debates were embedded in a much longer intellectual history of the Reformation. Writers discussed include Stephen Graham, Doris Lessing, and Jack Lindsay.
Introduction
Authors: Taunton Matthew
Published: May 2019

The introduction argues that the Russian Revolution should be understood as a fundamentally important precondition for mid-century British culture. It explains the range of intellectuals covered in the book, and the central importance of anti-Communists Arthur Koestler and George Orwell for its argument. It then outlines three key arguments that run through the book: first, that the effects of the Russian Revolution on British culture are best understood in terms of gradual sedimentation in a longue durée rather than as a catastrophic event; second, Red Britain emphasizes the ideological diversity on either side of the Cold War divide; third, that British responses to the Bolshevik Revolution should be understood not only as a clash of internationalist or cosmopolitan ideologies, but also as an episode within a longer history of nationally grounded Anglo-Russian cultural and political relations. The introduction ends with brief summaries of the book’s five chapters.
Unprecedents
Authors: Simpson Gerry
Published: May 2019

In its judicial-doctrinal life, the establishment of an international criminal law has necessitated a sometimes half-hearted search for a history of largely inadequate ‘precedents’ in the context of the punishment of acts that are also said to be ‘unprecedented’ and in the shadow of a suspicion that the criminalization of such acts is itself ‘unprecedented’. Putting all of this together, we might say that what we have is a law of unprecedentedness to which it could be useful to apply a counter-history of unprecedents or unprecedenting or, even, re-precedenting. This idea of ‘unprecedents’ (a neologism that some people will be find unattractive), then, ought to make visible some pathologies, elisions, repressions, around—in one instance a possibility inherent in—international criminal law.
Boxplots—construction and interpretation
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

The boxplot is a useful and unique statistical technique used to describe visually the properties of data in a large variety of situations.
The role of summary statistics —brief description
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A description of a simple and robust statistical technique to estimate a straight line to summarize the relationship between paired observations.
Correlation and association —interpretation
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A review and discussion of correlation as a measure of association and its properties. Topics include spurious correlation, direct and indirect correlation, and discussions of the properties and problems of interpretation.
Coincidence—a statistical description
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

The focus is on two classic descriptions of birthdays occurring on the same day. That is, the probability that two people selected at random from 23 have the same birthday and a specific probability a person’s birthday matches a specific day.
A contribution to statistics
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A poem entirely devoted to the description of statistics by a Nobel prize winning poet.
The Politics of Learning Reforms in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Naomi , Hassan Mirza M. , Rahman Muhammad Ashikur , Ali Khondoker Shakhawat , Islam Md. Sajidul
Published: May 2019

Why has Bangladesh failed to raise quality in basic education after it so successfully expanded school provision? This chapter explores the politics of both Bangladesh’s successful expansionary, and its lagged efforts to tackle the persistently poor quality of basic education. Using a political settlements lens, it shows how the competitive but clientelistic nature of Bangladesh’s politics shaped policies to expand schooling provision, without attending to learning—and in particular without addressing teacher performance. It analyses the elite consensus on mass education and the design of the Third Primary Education Development Programme (2011–15), tracing the analysis down through the education administration system to how schools themselves implement learning reforms. It concludes that the state has started to take learning seriously, but the political impetus for policies to hold teachers accountable for their performance lacks the wide support of the successful expansionary drive, so that any progress is slow.
Similarities and Differences in Policy Reform Destinies
Authors: Grindle Merilee S.
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers an alternative reading that supports most of the conclusion but which draws closer attention to the critical issue of implementation. In many respects the six country cases focused on have followed a similar path in education policy: all expended significant effort increasing coverage in line with an international agenda and often national project; all came to recognize the limits of this for quality outcomes; and all subsequently attempted to implement quality-oriented reforms. They differ, however, in the success of this implementation and the subsequent outcomes of these latter reforms. With quality being far harder to deliver than access, these reforms exposed the fault lines within their political settlements. Political constituencies and actors within the sector resisted them, and technical limitations and influence of policy legacies became evident. Part of the policy agenda that emerges from this is finding ways to counteract these political vulnerabilities, for example, by focusing on sub-national political dynamics, or by linking education quality to a national project of development.
Approaching the End: Quintilian 12.11
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper, which originated in the author’s final seminar at Oxford, was published in 2005. It analyses the final chapter of Quintilian’s Institutio, a chapter that has sometimes been undervalued. It should, however, be seen not as a lame postscript but as the peroration of the whole long book, combining recapitulation of its content with emotionally charged encouragement to others to work unremittingly in the study of so worthwhile a subject. But Quintilian also reflects on his own retirement: what should he now best do? The paper points to previously unrecognized links with Cicero’s De senectute, and asks to whom this last chapter is addressed.
Work, Human Rights, and Human Capabilities
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the value of work and the requirements of the content of work against two normative frameworks: first, human rights, and second, human capabilities. Its main question is whether working like a robot should be prohibited. The chapter identifies certain overlaps in the requirements imposed by the two frameworks, such as a duty to create opportunities to work and the prohibition of being forced to work. When it comes to the content of work, both frameworks prohibit workers’ exploitation, and both recognize the value of self-development in the workplace, up to a certain extent. The overlap is justified given that there are connections between human dignity and human flourishing, both values that are also linked to human rights. However, the chapter also suggests that capabilities theory, as a theory of human flourishing, requires the promotion of meaningful work for everyone. This requirement is more demanding than the duties imposed by human rights, which are primarily about identifying and addressing moral wrongs. Whether boring and monotonous jobs should be prohibited as a moral wrong, though, is not specifically addressed within capabilities theory. The lack of specificity as to the duties imposed is a weakness of the capabilities approach.
Productivity and the Bonus Culture
Authors: Smithers Andrew
Published: May 2019

Living standards in the UK and the US are in danger of falling. In the past change has brought disruption with the offsetting reward of higher living standards from growth. Today we have disruption without reward. The resulting voter dissatisfaction encourages populist policies which threaten even worse outcomes. The decline in growth has weakened the standing of liberal democracy both at home and internationally. The decline is entirely due to poor productivity combined with an unfavourable change in demography. The UK and the US have changed from having a demographic surplus in which the working population grew faster than the total population to a demographic deficit. Before living standards grew faster than productivity they now grow more slowly. Faster immigration could change demography, but voters are likely to press for less. To avoid falling living standards we must increase the rate at which productivity improves. Faster productivity does not only depend on technology. We can improve it by encouraging more investment. Growth depends on Total Factor Productivity (“TFP”), for which current consensus estimates are based on a faulty model which has induced pessimism about our ability to encourage more growth. The book sets out a revised and superior model of TFP which demonstrates that the weakness in productivity is the result of the bonus culture and suggests ways by which this can be changed so that investment is encouraged and growth returns.
Impossible Desire and the Limits of Knowledge in Renaissance Poetry
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth
Published: May 2019

Impossible Desire and the Limits of Knowledge in Renaissance Poetry examines the limits of embodiment, knowledge, and representation at disregarded nexus: the erotic carpe diem poem in early modern England. These macabre seductions offer no compliments or promises, but instead focus on the lovers’ anticipated decline, and—quite stunningly given the Reformation context—humanity’s relegation not to a Christian afterlife but to a Marvellian “desert of vast Eternity.” In this way, a poetic trope whose classical form was an expression of pragmatic Epicureanism became, during the religious upheaval of the Reformation, an unlikely but effective vehicle for articulating religious doubt. Its ambitions were thus largely philosophical, and came to incorporate investigations into the nature of matter, time, and poetic representation. Renaissance seduction poetry invited their auditors to participate in a dangerous intellectual game, one whose primary interest was expanding the limits of knowledge. The book theorizes how Renaissance lyric’s own fragile relationship to materiality and time, and its self-conscious relationship to making, made it uniquely situated to conceptualize such “impossible” metaphysical and representational problems. Although attentive to poetics, Impossible Desire also challenges the commonplace view that the erotic invitation is exclusively a lyric mode. Carpe diem’s revival in post-Reformation Europe portends its radicalization, as debates between man and maid are dramatized in disputes between abstractions like chastity and material facts like death. Offered here is thus a theoretical reconsideration of the generic parameters and aspirations of the carpe diem trope, wherein questions about embodiment and knowledge are also investigations into the potentialities of literary form.
Introduction
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth
Published: May 2019

The Introduction, “The Limits of the Possible,” presents the problems with the conventional reading of carpe diem invitation poetry as a low-stakes, playful mode. These poems’ pretext of erotic enticement is often stunningly belied: by a morbid preoccupation with time and death (with ekphrases of decaying bodies used to incite love-making), by an abstruse fixation on the meaning of virginity (regularly interrogated on physiological, semiotic, and ontological terms), and by an anti-theist denial of Christian Providentialism (if there is no God to judge our actions, why not have sex now?). A brief look at the locus classicus of the motif in authors like Horace and Catullus reveals the philosophical stakes of the Renaissance revival, in which the secular hypothesis puts nothing less than an entire belief system on trial. This introduction shows both the world-making aspirations, but also the terrible constraints on a mode whose primary subject is, ultimately, the limits of human knowledge and existence. The introduction outlines my methodology, both archival and theoretical, for this full-scale re-evaluation of carpe diem as not merely a vaguely erotic commonplace, but also a medium and a mode of cognition.
How to Distinguish Populists from Non-Populists?
Authors: Pappas Takis S.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 discusses how to classify populist parties and clearly distinguish them from other types of parties they are often confused with. It begins by contrasting modern populism specifically with the variant of liberalism that developed in postwar Europe and the Americas, and then goes on to offer a rationalization of the need to study populism as one of only three available alternatives for organizing polity—the other two being liberalism and autocracy. Deriving from the minimal definition of populism as democratic illiberalism, the last two sections offer comprehensive classifications of parties that are populist and those that are not—the latter promptly being relegated to the distinct categories of antidemocratic, nativist, or regionalist and secessionist parties.
Who is the Populist Voter?
Authors: Pappas Takis S.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 considers the question: Who is the populist voter? Because of its essentially exploratory nature, analysis in this chapter leaves quite a few doors wide open for further research. It begins with a delineation of the populist voter’s worldview, key beliefs, and voting attributes, which, to a very large extent, are characterized by irrationality, biased judgment, and political irresponsibility. It then uses the six consecutive electoral contests (five general elections and one plebiscite), which took place in Greece between 2009 and 2015 to empirically exemplify populist voting in real action.
Introduction
Authors: Burrow Colin
Published: May 2019

The introduction sets out the argument of the book. It suggests that the imitation of authors (imitatio) is not primarily a matter of verbal appropriation but of learning practices from earlier texts. That process is intrinsically hard to describe, and as a result discussions of the topic in the rhetorical tradition relied on a rich store of metaphors. These were themselves to become part of the practice of imitation. The introduction describes the various kinds of imitatio which developed from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries: ‘adaptive’ imitation, in which an earlier text is made ‘apt’ to new times, and ‘formal imitation’, in which an author imitates not the exact words, but the favoured rhetorical structures of an earlier writer. It explains how the word ‘model’ came to be used of an imitated text, and explores the relationship between imitation, plagiarism, and ideas about intellectual property. It explains how regarding an ‘author’ as a potentially open-ended series of texts distinguished by their style and form connects early modern theories of imitation with contemporary interests in artificial intelligence. It briefly suggests some implications of the subject for writing outside Europe, and explains how this book departs from earlier studies of the topic in its scope and argument.
From Mimēsis to Imitatio
Authors: Burrow Colin
Published: May 2019

Beginning with the earliest Greek uses of the word mimēsis, this chapter charts the early stages of thinking about the imitation of authors. It suggests that Aristophanes’ parodies and imitations of Euripides influenced Plato’s negative view of artistic representations more generally. Plato’s use of the word mimēsis of moments when a playwright or narrative poet represented direct speech through a persona was a crucial development. It enabled later rhetorical writers to discuss how one author might perform such mimēsis on the style of another. The development of that thinking is explored in relation to Isocrates and Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s fragmentary treatise Peri Mimēseōs (concerning imitatio). These early discussions of the subject, however, left many questions unanswered. Is the object of literary imitation a particular set of texts, the moral character of an author, or a set of quasi-mathematical axioms that underlie the work of earlier writers?
Building Bodies
Authors: Burrow Colin
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses what Roman rhetoricians said about the imitation of authors. After a brief discussion of Dionysius of Halicarnassus it moves on to consider the central texts of the rhetorical tradition: the Ad Herennium, Cicero’s various discussions of the topic, Seneca’s 84th Epistle, (centrally) Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria, and finally the Peri Hypsōs ascribed to Longinus. The chapter shows how these discussions of imitatio rely heavily on metaphors—of biological reproduction, or digestion, or the development of an active body—to describe the successful imitation of one author by another, and frequently oppose those metaphors to their negative images—mere pictorial representations or simulacra. The chapter explains why these metaphors, which were to have an extensive afterlife, were used. It is intrinsically hard to describe how one person acquires a skill from another, and Latin lacked a technical vocabulary in which to do so. Roman rhetoricians transferred the direct and personal exemplary relationship between a trainee orator and his master to textual relationships. As a result they were prone to represent the process by which a pupil assimilated his reading in bodily terms. Quintilian in particular stressed aspects of earlier writers which were products of an ingenium or natural talent that was inimitable. This combination of conceptual fuzziness and metaphorical richness made imitatio a potent literary resource, and indeed later concepts of poetic genius are adumbrated by the ‘inimitable’ qualities of the exemplary orator.
Imitation in the Age of Literary Property
Authors: Burrow Colin
Published: May 2019

This chapter shows how arguments about intellectual property in the eighteenth century changed attitudes towards imitatio, and explores the emergence of romantic poetics from earlier arguments about imitation. It begins by considering Alexander Pope’s Dunciad and its distinction between ‘parodies’ of vernacular authors on the one hand and ‘imitations’ of classical texts on the other. It then shows how John Locke’s theories of property and early eighteenth-century legislation about copyright complicated that distinction between classical and vernacular texts. Through an analysis of William Lauder’s accusations that Milton was a plagiarist it demonstrates both how the reception of Paradise Lost became central to arguments about intellectual property in the period, and also how the Lauder affair led to changes in the ways theorists wrote about imitatio. Milton came to be regarded as both a common good which could be imitated freely, and as the most authoritative example of proprietorial vernacular author. That influenced how he was in turn imitated by later vernacular writers. William Wordsworth in particular frequently associated Milton with landscapes and areas such as public rights of way, which were simultaneously common goods and private property. Wordsworth consequently transformed the ancient metaphor of the imitator following in the footsteps of an earlier author into a representation of the poet ranging freely over a land which is partly a common good, and partly what is still called a literary ‘estate’.
Compounding
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides a survey of the types of compounds found in Dutch. Nominal and adjectival compounding is productive, unlike verbal compounding. Many compounds have constituents that no longer function as words by themselves. Classes of compounds with special properties are numerals, neo-classical compounds, and reduplicative compounds. In the non-head position of compounds, not only words occur, but also phrases and sentences. A special class discussed are synthetic compounds, combinations of compounding and derivation.
The interaction between morphology and syntax
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses how morphology and syntax interact in the grammar of Dutch in various ways. The principle of Lexical Integrity is used to distinguish words from phrases. Syntax selects the appropriate inflectional forms of words, and word formation processes determine the syntactic valency of derived words. Syntactic constructions may require the use of specific morphological constructions (construction-dependent morphology). Morphological and phrasal coining of lexical units with the same meaning may compete or complement each other.
From Idealism to Logicism
Authors: Shieh Sanford
Published: May 2019

This chapter concerns three phases of Russell’s views of necessity and logic in his idealist period, influenced by F. H. Bradley’s theory of necessity. First, Russell defended a Kantian theory of geometry based on transcendental arguments justifying the apriority and necessity of geometry. Second, Russell begins to move away from this Kantian position when he comes to think that transcendental arguments cannot ultimately demonstrate the necessity of any judgment. Third, Russell began to contemplate a weak modal form of logicism. This chapter ends with a substantial difficulty uncovered by Russell’s exploration of this logicism: unless the axioms of logic are true but not necessary, they do not entail theorems about classes that are intuitively correct.
The Rejection of Modality
Authors: Shieh Sanford
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how Russell came to reject modality on the basis of his rejection of idealism. Russell’s anti-modal views rest on the Moore-Russell theory of propositions, not on Russell’s attack on internal relations. This theory derives from Moore’s criticisms of Bradley’s theory of judgment. Unlike most readers of Moore, who find these criticisms mostly unpersuasive, I show that, in fact, they present a substantial challenge to Bradley. Moore uses the theory of propositions that he adopts to remedy the defects of Bradley’s theory of judgment to argue, against Kant, that all true propositions are necessarily true. For Russell, Moore’s argument demonstrates that there is no distinction between truth and necessary truth, nor between truth and possible truth, which is to say, amodalism.
Postscript
Authors: Shieh Sanford
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides a brief comparison of a prominent contemporary conception of the criticism and justification of modal concepts with the arguments of Frege and Russell. The contemporary conception pins criticism of modality on the logical positivists’ verificationist criterion of cognitive significance. It also rests on the assumption that there is a pervasive, non-collusive intuitive agreement on the application of modal concepts, so, without the positivists’ philosophical worries, there is no ground for questioning these notions. The early analytic objections to modality have nothing to do with verificationism and pose a challenge to the basic assumption of the contemporary conception. I conclude with a reason for thinking that this assumption fails, so that there is not yet a compelling contemporary answer to the early analytic critique of modality.