bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies
Authors: Domenici Paolo , Blagburn Jonathan M. , Bacon Jonathan P.
Published: July 2011

Escape trajectories (ETs; measured as the angle relative to the direction of the threat) have been studied in many taxa using a variety of methodologies and definitions. Here, we provide a review of methodological issues followed by a survey of ET studies across animal taxa, including insects, crustaceans, molluscs, lizards, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. Variability in ETs is examined in terms of ecological significance and morpho-physiological constraints. The survey shows that certain escape strategies (single ETs and highly variable ETs within a limited angular sector) are found in most taxa reviewed here, suggesting that at least some of these ET distributions are the result of convergent evolution. High variability in ETs is found to be associated with multiple preferred trajectories in species from all taxa, and is suggested to provide unpredictability in the escape response. Random ETs are relatively rare and may be related to constraints in the manoeuvrability of the prey. Similarly, reports of the effect of refuges in the immediate environment are relatively uncommon, and mainly confined to lizards and mammals. This may be related to the fact that work on ETs carried out in laboratory settings has rarely provided shelters. Although there are a relatively large number of examples in the literature that suggest trends in the distribution of ETs, our understanding of animal escape strategies would benefit from a standardization of the analytical approach in the study of ETs, using circular statistics and related tests, in addition to the generation of large data sets.
Matching sender and receiver: poikilothermy and frequency tuning in a tree cricket
Authors: Mhatre Natasha , Bhattacharya Monisha , Robert Daniel , Balakrishnan Rohini
Published: July 2011

Animals communicate in non-ideal and noisy conditions. The primary method they use to improve communication efficiency is sender-receiver matching: the receiver's sensory mechanism filters the impinging signal based on the expected signal. In the context of acoustic communication in crickets, such a match is made in the frequency domain. The males broadcast a mate attraction signal, the calling song, in a narrow frequency band centred on the carrier frequency (CF), and the females are most sensitive to sound close to this frequency. In tree crickets, however, the CF changes with temperature. The mechanisms used by female tree crickets to accommodate this change in CF were investigated at the behavioural and biomechanical level. At the behavioural level, female tree crickets were broadly tuned and responded equally to CFs produced within the naturally occurring range of temperatures (18 to 27°C). To allow such a broad response, however, the transduction mechanisms that convert sound into mechanical and then neural signals must also have a broad response. The tympana of the female tree crickets exhibited a frequency response that was even broader than suggested by the behaviour. Their tympana vibrate with equal amplitude to frequencies spanning nearly an order of magnitude. Such a flat frequency response is unusual in biological systems and cannot be modelled as a simple mechanical system. This feature of the tree cricket auditory system not only has interesting implications for mate choice and species isolation but may also prove exciting for bio-mimetic applications such as the design of miniature low frequency microphones.
Delayed risk stratification, to include the response to initial treatment (surgery and radioiodine ablation), has better outcome predictivity in differentiated thyroid cancer patients
Authors: Castagna Maria Grazia , Maino Fabio , Cipri Claudia , Belardini Valentina , Theodoropoulou Alexandra , Cevenini Gabriele , Pacini Furio
Published: July 2011

Introduction

After initial treatment, differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients are stratified as low and high risk based on clinical/pathological features. Recently, a risk stratification based on additional clinical data accumulated during follow-up has been proposed.

Objective

To evaluate the predictive value of delayed risk stratification (DRS) obtained at the time of the first diagnostic control (8–12 months after initial treatment).

Methods

We reviewed 512 patients with DTC whose risk assessment was initially defined according to the American (ATA) and European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines. At the time of the first control, 8–12 months after initial treatment, patients were re-stratified according to their clinical status: DRS.

Results

Using DRS, about 50% of ATA/ETA intermediate/high-risk patients moved to DRS low-risk category, while about 10% of ATA/ETA low-risk patients moved to DRS high-risk category. The ability of the DRS to predict the final outcome was superior to that of ATA and ETA. Positive and negative predictive values for both ATA (39.2 and 90.6% respectively) and ETA (38.4 and 91.3% respectively) were significantly lower than that observed with the DRS (72.8 and 96.3% respectively,P<0.05). The observed variance in predicting final outcome was 25.4% for ATA, 19.1% for ETA, and 62.1% for DRS.

Conclusions

Delaying the risk stratification of DTC patients at a time when the response to surgery and radioiodine ablation is evident allows to better define individual risk and to better modulate the subsequent follow-up.
UNC-73/Trio RhoGEF-2 Activity Modulates Caenorhabditis elegans Motility Through Changes in Neurotransmitter Signaling Upstream of the GSA-1/Gαs Pathway
Authors: Hu Shuang , Pawson Tony , Steven Robert M
Published: July 2011

Rho-family GTPases play regulatory roles in many fundamental cellular processes. Caenorhabditis elegansUNC-73 RhoGEF isoforms function in axon guidance, cell migration, muscle arm extension, phagocytosis, and neurotransmission by activating either Rac or Rho GTPase subfamilies. Multiple differentially expressed UNC-73 isoforms contain a Rac-specific RhoGEF-1 domain, a Rho-specific RhoGEF-2 domain, or both domains. The UNC-73E RhoGEF-2 isoform is activated by the G-protein subunit Gαq and is required for normal rates of locomotion; however, mechanisms of UNC-73 and Rho pathway regulation of locomotion are not clear. To better define UNC-73 function in the regulation of motility we used cell-specific and inducible promoters to examine the temporal and spatial requirements of UNC-73 RhoGEF-2 isoform function in mutant rescue experiments. We found that UNC-73E acts within peptidergic neurons of mature animals to regulate locomotion rate. Although unc-73 RhoGEF-2 mutants have grossly normal synaptic morphology and weak resistance to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb, they are significantly hypersensitive to the acetylcholine receptor agonist levamisole, indicating alterations in acetylcholine neurotransmitter signaling. Consistent with peptidergic neuron function, unc-73 RhoGEF-2 mutants exhibit a decreased level of neuropeptide release from motor neuron dense core vesicles (DCVs). The unc-73 locomotory phenotype is similar to those of rab-2 and unc-31, genes with distinct roles in the DCV-mediated secretory pathway. We observed that constitutively active Gαs pathway mutations, which compensate for DCV-mediated signaling defects, rescue unc-73 RhoGEF-2 and rab-2 lethargic movement phenotypes. Together, these data suggest UNC-73 RhoGEF-2 isoforms are required for proper neurotransmitter signaling and may function in the DCV-mediated neuromodulatory regulation of locomotion rate.
An exercise on slope stability and perfect elastoplasticity
Authors: DI PRISCO C. , PISANÒ F.
Published: July 2011

In this paper the stability of an infinitely long granular slope is addressed in the framework of small-strain perfect elastoplasticity. The problem is approached by discussing the condition of strain localisation and, through a reinterpretation of the concept of ‘angle of natural repose', a modified strategy for evaluating the slope safety factor is introduced. The angle of natural repose is demonstrated to differ substantially from the material internal friction angle (as this can be determined from standard triaxial tests). The role of non-associativeness is critically discussed and simple shear stress paths are numerically simulated: pseudo-hardening and pseudo-softening regimes are described. The influence of the loading history on the overall ductility/brittleness of the system mechanical response is analysed. To stress the dependency of the angle of natural repose on the material ductility/brittleness, additional simple shear numerical results are illustrated for the case of a strain-softening constitutive relationship. Finally, the stability of the stratum under undrained conditions is critically tackled with reference to the phenomenon of static liquefaction of loose sands.
Assessing Environmental Risks for Established Invasive Weeds: Dalmatian (Linaria dalmatica) and Yellow (L. vulgaris) Toadflax in North America
Authors: Sing Sharlene E. , Peterson Robert K. D.
Published: July 2011

Environmental risk assessments characterizing potential environmental impacts of exotic weeds are more abundant and comprehensive for potential or new invaders than for widespread and well-established species such as Dalmatian (Linaria dalmatica [L.] Mill.) and yellow (L. vulgaris Mill.) toadflax. Specific effects evaluated in our assessment of environmental risks posed by yellow and Dalmatian toadflax included competitive displacement of other plant species, reservoirs of plant disease, animal and insect use, animal toxicity, human toxicity and allergenicity, erosion, and wildfire. Effect and exposure uncertainties for potential impacts of toadflax on human and ecological receptors were rated. Using publicly available information we were able to characterize ecological and human health impacts associated with toadflax, and to identify specific data gaps contributing to a high uncertainty of risk. Evidence supporting perceived negative environmental impacts of invasive toadflax was scarce.
Antiviral Activity and Mechanism of Action of Novel Thiourea Containing Chiral Phosphonate on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Fan Huitao , Song Baoan , Bhadury Pinaki S. , Jin Linhong , Hu Deyu , Yang Song
Published: July 2011

Using half-leaf method O,O’-diisopropyl (3-(L-1-(benzylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)thioureido)(phenyl)methyl phosphonate (2009104) was studied for its activity on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). It showed good curative activity in vivo and the curative activity at 500 μg/mL was found to be 53.3%. In vivo treatment with the control agent Ningnanmycin at 500 μg/mL resulted in 51.2% inhibition and curative inhibition rates respectively. Dot-ELISA test was employed to verify the efficacy of activity of compound 200910 for anti-TMV activity. The mechanism of action of compound 2009104 to resist TMV was also studied. The results showed that the resistance enzymes PAL, POD, SOD activity and chlorophyll content after TMV inoculation K326 (Nicotiana tabacum K326) of tobacco plants followed by treatment with compound 2009104 were significantly enhanced. The study of the effect of compound 2009104 on TMV capsid protein (CP) showed that it inhibited the polymerization process of TMV-CP in vitro.
Démontrer en logique : une science expérimentale ?
Authors: Rosental Claude
Published: July 2011

Quels sont les modes concrets d’élaboration des démonstrations en logique ? Cet article tente d’apporter des éléments de réponses à cette question en analysant un processus récent de développement et d’implémentation d’un logiciel de démonstration de théorèmes par des chercheurs en logique et en intelligence artificielle. L’étude de ce cas montre comment la production de démonstrations logiques peut relever d’une forte activité expérimentale et d’un important travail d’observation, par-delà une opposition canonique effectuée entre sciences déductives et sciences expérimentales.
Surface runoff and sub-surface drainage phosphorus losses under regular free drainage and controlled drainage with sub-irrigation systems in southern Ontario
Authors: Tan C.S. , Zhang T. Q.
Published: July 2011

Tan, C. S. and Zhang, T. Q. 2011. Surface runoff and sub-surface drainage phosphorus losses under regular free drainage and controlled drainage with sub-irrigation systems in Southern Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 349–359. Soil phosphorus (P) loss and its partition in various pathways may differ depending on water management practices. A study was conducted using large field plots equipped with automatic flow volume measurement and sampling systems over a 5-yr period to determine the effectiveness of regular free drainage (RFD) and controlled drainage with sub-irrigation (CDS) for mitigating soil P losses of various forms [dissolved reactive P (DRP), dissolved un-reactive P (DURP), and particulate P (PP)] and to identify the relative roles of surface runoff and sub-surface tile drainage in soil P loss. For RFD, flow weighted-means (FWM) of DRP, DURP, PP and the total P (TP) concentrations over the 5-yr period were averaged at 0.057, 0.057, 0.627, and 0.741mg P L−1 in surface runoff water and at 0.034, 0.053, 0.393, and 0.480 mg P L−1 in tile drainage water, respectively. CDS increased FWM of DRP, DURP and the TP concentrations in surface runoff water and DRP concentration in tile drainage, but decreased the FWM of DURP, PP and the TP concentrations in tile drainage water. The CDS produced similar annual total dissolved P (TDP) loss, the sum of DRP and DURP, but reduced losses of PP by 15% and of TP by 12%, relative to RFD. The PP loss accounted for over 80% of TP loss for both CDS and RFD. Of the total soil P loss, from 3 to 5% was accounted for in surface runoff water, while from 95 to 97% was accounted for in tile drainage water, for RFD. For CDS, from 29 to 35% of the total soil P loss was in surface runoff water, while 65 to 71% was in tile drainage water. Subsurface tile drainage played a predominant role in soil P loss. CDS can be considered a beneficial management practice to reduce soil P loss under the similar climate and relatively flat field conditions in Southern Ontario.
Evaluation methods for a combined research and extension program used to address starter phosphorus fertilizer use for corn in New York
Authors: Ketterings Quirine , Czymmek Karl , Swink Sheryl
Published: July 2011

Ketterings, Q. M., Czymmek, K. J. and Swink, S. N. 2011. Evaluation methods for a combined research and extension program used to address starter phosphorus fertilizer use for corn in New York. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 467–477. Since there is no substitute for phosphorus (P), judicious use of P fertilizer is needed to protect water quality, world P reserves and farm economics. In 2001–2003, 78 on-farm corn (Zea mays L.) P trials were conducted on New York State (NY) dairy farms as part of a statewide, integrated (research and extension), outcome-focused project. The data showed fertilizer P could be eliminated or reduced to less than 28 kg P2O5 ha−1 for fields very high or high in soil test P, respectively. We conducted: (1) case study P fertilizer management evaluations using 30 NY, and (2) a producer survey using a postcard evaluation tool, to determine project outcome potential and farmer intent to change P management. The two impact evaluations showed (1) P use could be reduced to 17 kg of P2O5 ha−1 or less with soil-test based decision making, and (2) 81% of producers were likely to change P use in future years. Statewide P fertilizer sales decreased from 12 603 Mg (8.6 kg ha−1) in 2000 to 10 092 tons (6.8 kg ha−1) in 2007, a 20% reduction in P use. These results reflect the effectiveness of the impact evaluation tools and of outcome-based projects where extension and research are integrated and farmers and farm advisors are key participants in the design and implementation of the project.
Prevalence and Anthropometric Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Taiwanese Adolescents
Authors: Chu Nain-Feng , Chin Hsien-Chuan , Wang Shu-Chuan
Published: July 2011

Background. To evaluate the prevalence and the importance of anthropometric indexes on metabolic syndrome (MetS) among young adolescents in Taiwan. Methods. We conducted a cross sectional survey to obtain a representative sampling among Taipei adolescents in 2003, totally enrolled of 1,562 adolescents (764 boys and 798 girls) from age 11 to 15. We used modified NCEP-ATP III criteria to diagnose metabolic syndrome in young adolescents including: blood pressure ≧90th percentile, fasting glucose ≧90th, TG ≧ 90th, HDL-C ≦ 10th, and BMI or WC ≧ 90th according to age and gender specific recommendations.
Results. The overall prevalence of MetS was 4.8% for boys and 3.9% for girls. BMI and WC were significantly associated with MetS for both boys and girls, even after adjusting for age, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and pubertal status. However, after further adjusting for BMI or WC, WC for boys (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05–1.24) and BMI for girls (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.13–1.64) were significantly associated with MetS.
Conclusions. Adolescents with abnormal BMI or waist circumference had 10 to 20 times higher odds of MetS when compared to normal subjects. Obesity, either general or central adiposity, may play an important role in the development of MetS among adolescents.
Effects of Different Artificial Agings on Structure and Properties of Whatman Paper Samples
Authors: Cocca M. , D'Arienzo L. , D'Orazio L.
Published: July 2011

With the aim at controlling cellulose degradation phenomena, the natural aging of Whatman paper samples was simulated through different artificial aging processes: thermal oxidation in air at constant temperature, photo-oxidation under Xenon arc lamp, accelerating ageing in climatic chamber, and chemical oxidation with sodium methaperiodate. The cellulose degradation was studied by means of viscosimetric, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques together with thermogravimetric (TGA), mechanical, and optical analyses. All the treatments carried out were found to significantly modify paper structure and properties, the extent of the deterioration effects depending upon the aging kind. Direct correlations were, nevertheless, assessed among level of cellulose molecular degradation, formation of carboxyl, and/or carbonyl groups and paper strain at break.
Preserving Access to CMS Data for Early-Career Researchers
Authors: Lewis Anna , Markell Jenny , Besaw Robert J.
Published: May 2024

This Viewpoint describes the potential consequences of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ (CMS’) proposed data access policy change for graduate students and early-career researchers.
Clinician-Driven Reanalysis of Exome Sequencing Data From Patients With Inherited Retinal Diseases
Authors: Surl Dongheon , Won Dongju , Lee Seung-Tae , Lee Christopher Seungkyu , Lee Junwon , Lim Hyun Taek , Chung Seung Ah , Song Won Kyung , Kim Min , Kim Sung Soo , Shin Saeam , Choi Jong Rak , Sangermano Riccardo , Byeon Suk Ho , Bujakowska Kinga M. , Han Jinu
Published: May 2024

Importance

Despite advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS), a significant proportion of patients with inherited retinal disease (IRD) remain undiagnosed after initial genetic testing. Exome sequencing (ES) reanalysis in the clinical setting has been suggested as one method for improving diagnosis of IRD.

Objective

To investigate the association of clinician-led reanalysis of ES data, which incorporates updated clinical information and comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, with the diagnostic yield in a cohort of patients with IRDs in Korea.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a multicenter prospective cohort study involving 264 unrelated patients with IRDs, conducted in Korea between March 2018 and February 2020. Comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations and ES analyses were performed, and ES data were reanalyzed by an IRD specialist for single nucleotide variants, copy number variants, mobile element insertions, and mitochondrial variants. Data were analyzed from March to July 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Diagnostic rate of conventional bioinformatic analysis and clinician-driven ES reanalysis.

Results

A total of 264 participants (151 [57.2%] male; mean [SD] age at genetic testing, 33.6 [18.9] years) were enrolled, including 129 patients (48.9%) with retinitis pigmentosa and 26 patients (9.8%) with Stargardt disease or macular dystrophy. Initial bioinformatic analysis diagnosed 166 patients (62.9%). Clinician-driven reanalysis identified the molecular cause of diseases in an additional 22 patients, corresponding to an 8.3–percentage point increase in diagnostic rate. Key factors associated with new molecular diagnoses included clinical phenotype updates (4 patients) and detection of previously overlooked variation, such as structural variants (9 patients), mitochondrial variants (3 patients), filtered or not captured variants (4 patients), and noncanonical splicing variants (2 patients). Among the 22 patients, variants in 7 patients (31.8%) were observed in the initial analysis but not reported to patients, while those in the remaining 15 patients (68.2%) were newly detected by the ES reanalysis.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, clinician-centered reanalysis of ES data was associated with improved molecular diagnostic yields in patients with IRD. This approach is important for uncovering missed genetic causes of retinal disease.
Large‐Language‐Model‐Based AI Agent for Organic Semiconductor Device Research
Authors: Zhang Qian , Hu Yongxu , Yan Jiaxin , Zhang Hengyue , Xie Xinyi , Zhu Jie , Li Huchao , Niu Xinxin , Li Liqiang , Sun Yajing , Hu Wenping
Published: May 2024

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted widespread attention recently, however, their application in specialized scientific fields still requires deep adaptation. Here, an artificial intelligence (AI) agent for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is designed by integrating the generative pre‐trained transformer 4 (GPT‐4) model with well‐trained machine learning (ML) algorithms. It can efficiently extract the experimental parameters of OFETs from scientific literature and reshape them into a structured database, achieving precision and recall rates both exceeding 92%. Combined with well‐trained ML models, this AI agent can further provide targeted guidance and suggestions for device design. With prompt engineering and human‐in‐loop strategies, the agent extracts sufficient information of 709 OFETs from 277 research articles across different publishers and gathers them into a standardized database containing more than 10 000 device parameters. Using this database, a ML model based on Extreme Gradient Boosting is trained for device performance judgment. Combined with the interpretation of the high‐precision model, the agent has provided a feasible optimization scheme that has tripled the charge transport properties of 2,6‐diphenyldithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene OFETs. This work is an effective practice of LLMs in the field of organic optoelectronic devices and expands the research paradigm of organic optoelectronic materials and devices.
Underwater Quick‐Hardening Vegetable Oil‐Based Biodegradable Putty for Sustainable Coral Reef Restoration and Rehabilitation
Authors: Zych Arkadiusz , Contardi Marco , Rinaldi Camilla , Scribano Vincenzo , Isa Valerio , Kossyvaki Despoina , Gobbato Jacopo , Ceseracciu Luca , Lavorano Silvia , Galli Paolo , Athanassiou Athanassia , Montano Simone
Published: May 2024

Coral reefs are threatened by climate change and the effects of human activity on the marine environment. Researchers are attempting to rescue this fragile ecosystem through coral restoration actions, and a common step in these procedures is transplanting the new coral colonies into coral reefs. To do that, commercial concrete or epoxy resins, also called putty, are utilized, highlighting different concerns about their mechanical and hardening performances and their impact and fate once released into the environment. Hence, this study presents a new biodegradable epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (ESOA)/zein‐based coral putty capable of quick hardening underwater as an ecofriendly alternative for transplantation of new coral colonies in the reef. Coral putty is composed of two components, containing one a radical initiator and the other a radical accelerator. Once the two components are mixed, coral putty becomes hard underwater in 20–25 min, showing a hardening timescale much faster than other commercial products. The coral putty is biocompatible when applied to the coral Stylophora pistillata in aquaria and Acropora tenuis corals are out‐planted on the reef in the Maldives, demonstrating how this new class of vegetable‐oil‐based materials can be a more sustainable alternative to epoxy resins commonly used in coral restoration procedures.
Homochiral metalated tetraphenylethylene‐based organic cages: Unusual chiral and luminescent behavior depending on thermodynamic and kinetic aggregation
Authors: Zhang Hao‐Jie , Lai Ya‐Liang , Yang Hu , Zhou Xian‐Chao , Yuan Zi‐Jun , Deng Li , Hu Xiao‐Lan , Li Xue , Zhou Xiao‐Ping , Li Dan
Published: May 2024

Chirality and luminescence are important for both chemistry and biology, which are highly influenced by aggregation. In this work, a pair of metalated tetraphenylethylene(TPE)‐based organic cage enantiomers are reported, which feature a quadrangular prismatic cage structure. These homochiral cages exhibit concentration‐dependent chiral behaviors alongside a propensity for thermodynamic aggregation. Aggregation caused quench effect is found for these cages accompanying the increasing of the concentrations. When a poor solvent is added to produce a kinetical aggregation, the aggregation‐annihilation circular dichroism and aggregation‐induced emission behaviors are observed for these enantiomeric cages. By comparing these observations with the photophysical behaviors of a pair of structurally similar organic molecular enantiomers, the unique photophysical properties observed are intricately linked to the metal‐integrated TPE‐functionalized cage structures.
Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4H‐Benzo[d][1,3]Oxazin‐4‐Ones by Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylation of α‐Keto Acids with Anthranilic Acids
Authors: Yan Jiaqi , Yang Zhiyong , Guo Jing , Xue Qiuyan , Chen Ping
Published: May 2024

An efficient and facile one‐pot approach to the 2‐aryl‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐ones using the commercially available anthranilic acids and α‐keto acids as start materials, and catalyzed by inexpensive CuCl. With this strategy, a broad substrate concerning anthranilic acids and α‐keto acids also worked well, affording the desired products in good yields.
Manipulation of the Myc Interactome to Enhance Nerve Regeneration in a Murine Model
Authors: Poitras Trevor M. , Komirishetty Prashanth , Areti Aparna , Larouche Matt , Krishnan Anand , Chandrasekhar Ambika , Munchrath Easton , Zochodne Douglas W.
Published: May 2024

Objective

This study was undertaken to explore manipulation of the Myc protein interactome, members of an oncogene group, in enhancing the intrinsic growth of injured peripheral adult postmitotic neurons and the nerves they supply. New approaches to enhance adult neuron growth properties are a key strategy in improving nerve regeneration.

Methods

Expression and impact of Myc interactome members c‐Myc, N‐Myc, Mad1, and Max were evaluated within naive and “preconditioned” adult sensory neurons and Schwann cells (SCs), using siRNA and transfection of CRISPR/Cas9 or luciferase reporter in vitro. Morphological, behavioral, and electrophysiological indices of nerve regeneration were analyzed in vivo.

Results

c‐Myc, N‐Myc, Max, and Mad were expressed in adult sensory neurons and in partnering SCs. In vitro knockdown (KD) of either Mad1 or Max, competitive inhibitors of Myc, unleashed heightened neurite outgrowth in both naive uninjured or preconditioned adult neurons. In contrast, KD or inhibition of both isoforms of Myc was required to suppress growth. In SCs, Mad1 KD not only enhanced migratory behavior but also conditioned increased outgrowth in separately cultured adult sensory neurons. In vivo, local Mad1 KD improved electrophysiological, behavioral, and structural indices of nerve regeneration out to 60 days of follow‐up.

Interpretation

Members of the Myc interactome, specifically Mad1, are novel targets for improving nerve regeneration. Unleashing of Myc growth signaling through Mad1 KD enhances the regrowth of both peripheral neurons and SCs to facilitate better regrowth of nerves. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:216–230
Cell Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles: A New Frontier in Immunomodulation
Authors: Desai Nimeet , Tambe Vishakha , Pofali Prasad , Vora Lalitkumar K.
Published: May 2024

Immune dysregulation is a pivotal factor in the onset and progression of various diseases. In cancer, the immune system's inability to discern and eliminate abnormal cells leads to uncontrolled tumor growth. When faced with resilient pathogens or harmful toxins, the immune system encounters challenges in clearance and neutralization. Achieving a delicate balance of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory signals is essential in managing a range of disorders and diseases. Like in other biomedical research domains, nanotechnology has provided innovative approaches for rebalancing host immunity. Among the plethora of nanotechnology‐based interventions, the concept of cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles holds significant potential for immunomodulatory applications owing to their biomimetic properties that allow for precise interaction with the compromised immune system. This review thoroughly examines the potential of novel nanosystems for immune modulation. The exploration covers crucial elements, including the origins and characteristics of cell membranes, the methods employed for their procurement and coating, physicochemical/biological characterization techniques, and enhancement of their therapeutic efficacy via functionalization. Subsequently, case studies‐based analysis of utilizing these bioinspired nanosystems in tackling different conditions caused by immune disturbance has been comprehensively discussed.
The Howard‐Harvard effect: Institutional reproduction of intersectional inequalities
Authors: Kozlowski Diego , Monroe‐White Thema , Larivière Vincent , Sugimoto Cassidy R.
Published: May 2024

The production of research and faculty in the US higher education system is concentrated within a few institutions. Concentration of research and resources affects minoritized scholars and the topics with which they are disproportionately associated. This paper examines topical alignment between institutions and authors of varying intersectional identities, and the relationship between research topics and identities with institutional prestige and scientific impact. Our results show statistically significant differences between minoritized scholars and White men in citations and journal impact. The aggregate research profile of prestigious US universities is highly correlated with the research profile of White men, and negatively correlated with the research profile of minoritized women. Furthermore, authors affiliated with more prestigious institutions are associated with increasing inequalities in both citations and journal impact. These results suggest a relationship—which we coin as the Howard‐Harvard effect—in which the topical profile of minoritized scholars is further marginalized in prestigious institutions as compared to mission‐driven institutions. Academic institutions and funders should create policies to mitigate the systemic barriers that prevent the United States from achieving a fully robust scientific ecosystem.
Engineering FeOOH/Fe2O3@Carbon Interfaces With Biomass‐Derived Carbon Nanodot/Iron Colloids for Efficient Redox‐Modulated Dopamine Voltammetric Detection
Authors: Guye Meseret Ethiopia , Appiah‐Ntiamoah Richard , Dabaro Mintesinot Dessalegn , Kim Hern
Published: May 2024

The Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple is effective for voltammetric detection of trace dopamine (DA). However, achieving adequate concentrations with high electroactive surface area (ECSA), DA affinity, and fast interfacial charge transfer is challenging. Consequently, most reported Fe‐based sensors have a high nanomolar range detection limit (LOD). Herein, we address these limitations by manipulating the phase and morphology of FeOOH/Fe2O3 heterojunctions anchored on sp2‐carbon. FeOOH/Fe2O3 is synthesized by variable temperature aging of unique Fe5H9O15/Fe2O3@sp2‐carbon colloidal nanoparticles, which form via chelation between biomass‐derived carbon nanodots (CNDs) and Fe2+ ions. At 27 °C and 120 °C, Fe5H9O15/Fe2O3@sp2‐carbon transforms into β‐FeOOH/Fe2O3 nanoparticles and α‐FeOOH/Fe2O3 nanosheet, respectively. The β‐FeOOH/Fe2O3 interface exhibits higher eg orbital electron occupancy than α‐FeOOH/Fe2O3, thereby facilitating oxygen adsorption and the generation of Fe2+/Fe3+ sites near the polarization potential of DA. This facilitates interfacial electron transfer between Fe3+ and DA. Moreover, its nanoparticle morphology enhances ECSA and DA adsorption compared to α‐FeOOH/Fe2O3 nanosheets. With a LOD of ~3.11 nM, β‐FeOOH/Fe2O3 surpasses the lower threshold in humans (~10 nM) and matches noble‐metal sensors. Furthermore, it exhibits selective detection of DA over 10 biochemicals in urine. Therefore, the β‐FeOOH/Fe2O3@sp2‐C platform holds promise as a low‐cost, easy‐to‐synthesize, and practical voltammetric DA monitor.
Bifunctional Mn‐Fe Oxide Catalysts for Zn‐Air Battery Air Electrodes Fabricated Through Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Labbe Matthew , Clark Michael P. , Cadien Ken , Ivey Douglas G.
Published: May 2024

Zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) are one of many energy storage technologies that can help integrate renewable energy into the power grid. A key developmental goal for ZABs is replacing the precious metal catalysts at the air electrode with more abundant and inexpensive materials. In this work, a MnFexOy bifunctional catalyst is directly deposited on a ZAB air electrode using atomic layer deposition (ALD). With ALD, the atomic composition of the air electrode coating can be finely tuned based on catalytic activity. Characterization through electron microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy and diffraction techniques indicate that the novel ALD film deposits as a nanocrystalline (Mn,Fe)3O4 cubic spinel. The mixed oxide catalyst outperforms its individual binary MnOx or FeOx constituents, operating at 52.5 % bifunctional efficiency at 20 mA cm−2. Moreover, the long term stability of the ALD catalyst is showcased by 600 h (1565 cycles) of ZAB cycling at 10 mA cm−2. The efficiency retention of the bifunctional transition metal oxide catalyst is superior to a precious metal benchmark of Pt−Ru−C, with 84.7 % efficiency retention after more than 1500 cycles versus only 66.2 % retention for the precious metal catalyst. The ALD technique enables deep penetration of catalyst material into the air electrode structure, improving the cycling behaviour.
Effect of body mass index and cholesterol‐rich apolipoprotein‐B‐containing lipoproteins on clinical outcome in NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors‐based therapy: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Hu Zixin , Zheng Yumin , Zheng Jiabin , Wang Yan , Liao Jiangquan , Liu Zhening , Li Jia , Cui Huijuan
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Obesity and hypercholesterolemia are linked to unfavor clinical outcomes. Recent studies declared the paradox that high body mass index (BMI) and serum cholesterol were independently connected to better clinical outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) monotherapy in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of the study is to investigate the prognosis of BMI and serum cholesterol in ICIs‐based therapy.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of 95 NSCLC patients treated with ICIs‐based therapy at the Department of Oncology and Lung Cancer Center of China‐Japan Friendship Hospital. Treatment efficacy was assessed using durable clinical benefit (DCB) versus nondurable benefit (NDB), best response (active vs. nonactive), and progression‐free survival (PFS). The prognostic value of BMI, LDL‐C, and RC was determined by multivariate regression analyses, while controlling for confounding factors including age, gender, diabetes status, smoking history, and statin usage. BMI was considered a confounding factor in the analysis when examining the impact of lipoproteins.

Results

In our study, we found that in the whole group, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 was linked to a higher risk of poor therapeutic response (OR = 5.92, 95% CI 1.99–19.51, p.val = 0.002) and shorter progression‐free survival (HR = 3.00, 95% CI 1.59–5.68, p.val = 0.001). In addition, low levels of RC were associated with better therapeutic response (OR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.02–0.64, p.val = 0.019), while low levels of serum LDL‐C were found to predict longer PFS (HR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.19–0.82, p.val = 0.012). These associations were consistent in advanced NSCLC patients receiving ICIs and chemotherapy.

Conclusions

Our study suggest that BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and elevated levels of apoB‐containing lipoproteins, including LDL‐C and RC, could potentially serve as useful prognostic markers for predicting poor treatment outcomes in advanced NSCLC patients treated with the combination of chemotherapy and ICIs.
‘When it floods, we work on our own’: Exploring factors influencing collective efficacy appraisals for community‐level flood measures among urban informal settlements in Suva, Fiji
Authors: Salinger Allison P. , D'Eramo Taylor , Turner Hannah , Tela Autiko , Meo‐Sewabu Litea , Delea Maryann G. , Sawailau Mere Jane , Vakarewa Isoa , Sinharoy Sheela S. ,   the RISE Consortium
Published: May 2024

More than one billion people worldwide are living in urban informal settlements where flood risks are high. Positive collective efficacy beliefs can facilitate community‐level adaptive action. This sub‐study of the Revitalizing Informal Settlements and their Environments (RISE) trial, aimed to identify social and contextual factors influencing residents' collective efficacy appraisals about their settlement's ability to implement community‐level flood prevention, protection and response measures. Forty‐two in‐depth interviews were conducted in 10 settlements in Suva, Fiji using a photovoice methodology. Thematic analysis was used to elicit key themes, which were then interpreted and contextualized collaboratively with the local field team. The most salient influencing factors were formal leadership, shared needs or benefits, collective identity (whether via shared religion, ethnicity or regional/kinship group), past performance experiences and expectations around collective action. While the data revealed some between‐settlement variation on these factors, there was also a large degree of within‐settlement variation concerning perceptions of these factors. Community‐based flood programming should not be undertaken without first assessing the degree to which participants believe that programme objectives reflect shared needs or will yield shared benefits and whether those objectives warrant collective action according to the community's social expectations for participation and contribution.
Mechanistic Insights into Bisphenol A‐Mediated Male Infertility: Potential Role of Panax Ginseng Extract
Authors: El‐Shimi Basma I. , Mohareb Rafat M. , Ahmed Hanaa H. , Abohashem Rehab S. , Mahmoud Khaled F. , Hanna Demiana H.
Published: May 2024

Male infertility is identified by the inability of a man to successfully impregnate his fertile female partner, even following a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. About half of all infertility cases are attributed to what is known as “male factor” infertility. The escalating prevalence of male infertility in the contemporary era across the globe can be largely attributed to environmental pollution, which is the common etiological factor due to the ubiquitous presence of the environmental contaminants. Bisphenol A is recognized as an endocrine‐disrupting chemical that has adverse effects on both male and female reproductive systems. On the other hand, numerous studies have demonstrated that Panax ginseng possessed the potential to improve male infertility parameters; promote spermatogenesis, recover the quality and motility of sperm and enhance testicular functions as it acted as a natural androgen supplement. The objective of this review is to offer a summary of the findings obtained from the current research data on the insult of bisphenol A (BPA) on male infertility and its supposed mode of action, as well as shed light on the potent ameliorative role of Panax ginseng extract, with a special focus on the mechanism behind its action. This review delivers a clear understanding of BPA mechanism of action on male infertility and the presumed risks deriving from its exposure. Also, this review provides evidence for the functional role of Panax ginseng extract in restoring male fertility.
Effect of Cinnamaldehyde Chalcone on Behavior in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): In Silico Approach
Authors: Carneiro Romão Ivana , Costa Siqueira Sônia Maria , Amâncio Ferreira Maria Kueirislene , Wlisses da Silva Antonio , Machado Marinho Márcia , Ferreira Ribeiro Walber Henrique , de Castro Gomes Andreia Ferreira , Alencar de Menezes Jane Eire Silva , dos Santos Hélcio Silva
Published: May 2024

The study focuses on the anxiolytic potential of chalcone (2E,4E)‐1‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐phenylpenta‐2,4‐dien‐1‐one (CHALCNM) in adult zebrafish. Successfully synthesized in 58 % yield, CHALCNM demonstrated no toxicity after 96 h of exposure. In behavioral tests, CHALCNM (40 mg/kg) reduced locomotor activity and promoted less anxious behavior in zebrafish, confirmed by increased permanence in the light zone of the aquarium. Flumazenil reversed its anxiolytic effect, indicating interaction with GABAA receptors. Furthermore, CHALCNM (4 and 20 mg/kg) preserved zebrafish memory in inhibitory avoidance tests. Virtual screening and ADMET profile studies suggest high oral bioavailability, access to the CNS, favored by low topological polarity (TPSA≤75 Å2) and low incidence of hepatotoxicity, standing out as a promising pharmacological agent against the GABAergic system. In molecular coupling, CHALCNM demonstrated superior affinity to diazepam for the GABAA receptor. These results reinforce the therapeutic potential of CHALCNM in the treatment of anxiety, highlighting its possible future clinical application.
Advances in Polymeric Nanomaterial‐mediated Autophagy for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhao Jingyu , Hou Xiaoxue , Zhao Cuicui , Su Linzhu , Huang Fan
Published: May 2024

Autophagy is an important biological mechanism for eukaryotic cells to regulate growth, death, and energy metabolism, and plays an important role in removing damaged organelles, misfolded or aggregated proteins, and clearing pathogens. It has been found that autophagy is closely related to cell survival and death, and is of great significance in cancerigenesis and development, playing a bidirectional role in cancer inhibition and cancer promotion. Therefore, treating cancers by regulating autophagy has attracted much attention. A large amount of research evidence indicates that polymeric nanomaterials are able to regulate cellular autophagy, and their good biocompatibility, degradability, and functionalizable modification open up a broad application prospect for improving the therapeutic effect of cancers. This review provides an overview of the research progress of polymeric nanomaterials for modulating autophagy in the treatment of cancers.
Ayurveda Rasayana Therapy (ART) leads to tumor regression and increased survival in chemo‐intolerance high‐grade stage IV follicular lymphoma: A case study
Authors: Bendale Yogesh Narayan , Birari‐Gawande Poonam , Patil Anandrao , Kadam Avinash
Published: May 2024

Key clinical message

Ayurveda Rasayana Therapy (ART) may serve as a safe and effective alternative treatment option for chemo‐intolerance high‐grade stage IV follicular lymphoma patients for increasing survival and tumor regression.

Follicular lymphoma (FL), also called follicle center lymphoma/nodular lymphoma, observed in the B lymphocytes (B‐cells). Available therapeutic options for follicular lymphoma are associated with various side effects and, patients with co‐morbidities can seldom tolerate the chemotherapy regimens. Rasayana therapy not only resulted in tumor regression and improved survival but also dealt with the adverse effects of previous chemotherapy drugs. Herein, we present a case of a 74‐year‐old female diagnosed with Follicular lymphoma who had undergone three cycles of chemotherapy with unresolved disease outcome and serious adverse events. The patient refused to undergo further cycles of chemotherapy. Her family decided to start Ayurveda treatment for her as an alternative therapy for cancer care. On thorough case taking considering the Ayurveda parameters personalized Rasayana therapy as planned for the patient with an aim for improvement in Quality of Life (QoL), increasing survival, and optimizing body's immune response to fight the tumor. After treatment of 8 months, this case demonstrated partial tumor response as evidenced by PET‐CT‐scan. Quality of Life as evaluated using FACT‐G was also seen improved besides significant improvement in physical performance status evaluated using ECOG. The patient showed a survival of 3.5 years after starting Ayurveda Rasayana Therapy (ART). Rasayana therapy was well tolerated by the patient. This case report indicates the potential role of ART as a therapeutic option in geriatric cancer patients who are not eligible for cytotoxic interventions. Case warrants further systematic investigation to evaluate the potential role of ART in the treatment of geriatric cancer patients.
Kolbe Electrolysis of Long‐Chain Fatty Acids for Efficient Production of Bio‐Based Hydrophobic Paraffin Waxes
Authors: Taube Clemens , Fischer Andreas , Beyer Mario
Published: May 2024

Herein, we present a comparative study on the Kolbe electrolysis of fatty acids. First, key parameters such as solvent composition and starting pH were briefly investigated with myristic acid (C14 : 0) as model fatty acid using a platinized titanium (Pt−Ti) anode involving the emerging liquid wax as environmentally friendly cosolvent. Second, the parameters were verified by experiments with fatty acids of different chain length (C10 : 0 to C18 : 0) which led to excellent results in the electrolysis of lauric acid (C12 : 0) with a current efficiency of 51±2 % after applying 1 FE. Comparable results (47±2 %) were obtained with a boron doped diamond anode (BDD). With current efficiencies of 45±1 % (Pt−Ti) and 46±1 % (BDD), the results were successfully transferred to an artificial fatty acid mixture as found in bio‐based coconut oil. Thus, a green and efficient method to produce bio‐based paraffin waxes on a multi‐gram scale was developed. The high hydrophobicity of the obtained waxes was validated by water contact angle measurements.
Dead Lithium in Lithium Metal Batteries: Formation, Characterization and Strategies
Authors: Jiang Yongming , Ye Fangmin
Published: May 2024

Lithium (Li) metal anode (LMA) replacing graphite anode for developing Li metal batteries (LMB) with the higher energy density has attracted much attention. However, LMA faces many issues, e. g., Li dendrites, dead Li and the side reactions, which causes the safety hazards and low coulomb efficiency (CE) of battery, therefore, LMB still cannot replace the current Li ion battery for practical use. Among those issues, dead Li is one of the decisive factors affecting the CE of LMB. To better understand dead Li, we summarize the recent work about the generation of dead Li, its impact on batteries performance, and the strategies to reuse and eliminate dead Li. Finally, the prospect of the future LMA and resultant LMB is also put forward.