bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of incident Burkitt lymphoma during the HIV epidemic among the Black African and White population in South Africa
Authors: Metekoua Carole , Ruffieux Yann , Mwansa-Kambafwile Judith , Kellett Patricia , Egger Matthias , Muchengeti Mazvita , Rohner Eliane , Wiggill Tracey
Published: January 2025

Background

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) may be HIV-associated but data on BL trends in South Africa (SA), where HIV is highly prevalent, are scarce. We compared BL incidence trends over 36 years among Black African and White individuals.

Methods

We included histologically diagnosed BL from the National Cancer Registry in SA between 1986–2021. We computed yearly age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) by race, and annual percentage changes in ASIR using Joinpoint regression.

Results

Between 1986–2021, 2205 Black African (ASIR: 1.68/1,000,000; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63–1.73) and 366 White individuals (ASIR: 2.34/1,000,000; 95% CI 2.15–2.53) had incident BL. Median age at diagnosis increased over time, while the male proportion among those diagnosed declined. The ASIR among Black Africans increased from 1986–2012 and declined thereafter with BL incidence peaks shifting from children and elderly to middle-aged adults. Among White individuals, BL rates rose among all age groups over time.

Conclusions

The BL epidemiology among Black Africans, with decreasing rates since 2012, may reflect SA’s evolving HIV epidemic. In contrast, BL rates among White individuals in SA and many high-income countries continue to increase over time. Further studies are needed to better understand the differences in BL epidemiology across geographic regions and population groups.
Cryo-EM structure and evolutionary history of the conjugation surface exclusion protein TraT
Authors: Seddon Chloe , David Sophia , Wong Joshua L. C. , Ishimoto Naito , He Shan , Bradshaw Jonathan , Low Wen Wen , Frankel Gad , Beis Konstantinos
Published: January 2025

Conjugation plays a major role in dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes. Following transfer of IncF-like plasmids, recipients become refractory to a second wave of conjugation with the same plasmid via entry (TraS) and surface (TraT) exclusion mechanisms. Here, we show that TraT from the pKpQIL and F plasmids (TraTpKpQIL and TraTF) exhibits plasmid surface exclusion specificity. The cryo-EM structures of TraTpKpQIL and TraTF reveal that they oligomerise into decameric champagne bottle cork-like structures, which are anchored to the outer membrane via a diacylglycerol and palmitic acid modified α-helical barrel domain. Unexpectedly, we identify chromosomal TraT homologues from multiple Gram-negative phyla which form numerous divergent lineages in a phylogenetic tree of TraT sequences. Plasmid-associated TraT sequences are found in multiple distinct lineages, including two separate clades incorporating TraT from Enterobacteriaceae IncF/F-like and Legionellaceae F-like plasmids. These findings suggest that different plasmid backbones have acquired and co-opted TraT on independent occasions.
Interplay of p23 with FKBP51 and their chaperone complex in regulating tau aggregation
Authors: Chakraborty Pijush , Zweckstetter Markus
Published: January 2025

The pathological deposition of tau and amyloid-beta into insoluble amyloid fibrils are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular chaperones are important cellular factors contributing to the regulation of tau misfolding and aggregation. Here we reveal an Hsp90-independent mechanism by which the co-chaperone p23 as well as a molecular complex formed by two co-chaperones, p23 and FKBP51, modulates tau aggregation. Integrating NMR spectroscopy, SAXS, molecular docking, and site-directed mutagenesis we reveal the structural basis of the p23-FKBP51 complex. We show that p23 specifically recognizes the TPR domain of FKBP51 and interacts with tau through its C-terminal disordered tail. We further show that the p23-FKBP51 complex binds tau to form a dynamic p23-FKBP51-tau trimeric complex that delays tau aggregation and thus may counteract Hsp90-FKBP51 mediated toxicity. Taken together, our findings reveal a co-chaperone mediated Hsp90-independent chaperoning of tau protein.
Influenza A virus in dairy cattle: infection biology and potential mammary gland-targeted vaccines
Authors: Martins Rodrigo Prado , Marc Daniel , Germon Pierre , Trapp Sascha , Caballero-Posadas Ignacio
Published: January 2025

Influenza, a major “One Health” threat, has gained heightened attention following recent reports of highly pathogenic avian influenza in dairy cattle and cow-to-human transmission in the USA. This review explores general aspects of influenza A virus (IAV) biology, its interactions with mammalian hosts, and discusses the key considerations for developing vaccines to prevent or curtail IAV infection in the bovine mammary gland and its spread through milk.
Multi-environment field trials for wheat yield, stability and breeding progress in Germany
Authors: Wang Tien-Cheng , Rose Till , Zetzsche Holger , Ballvora Agim , Friedt Wolfgang , Kage Henning , Léon Jens , Lichthardt Carolin , Ordon Frank , Snowdon Rod J , Stahl Andreas , Stützel Hartmut , Wittkop Benjamin , Chen Tsu-Wei
Published: January 2025

Multi-environmental trials (MET) with temporal and spatial variance are crucial for understanding genotype-environment-management (GxExM) interactions in crops. Here, we present a MET dataset for winter wheat in Germany. The dataset encompasses MET spanning six years (2015–2020), six locations and nine crop management scenarios (consisting of combinations for three treatments, unbalanced in each location and year) comparing 228 cultivars released between 1963 and 2016, amounting to a total of 526,751 data points covering 24 traits. Beside grain yield, ten agronomic traits, four baking quality traits, plant height, heading date, maturity date and six fungal disease infection indices are included. Additionally, we provide management records, including fertilizer use, plant protection measures, irrigation, and weather data. We demonstrate how this dataset can address four agronomic questions related to GxExM interactions. Further potential applications of the dataset include empirical analyses, genomic and enviromic analyses for breeding targets, or development of decision-supporting models for agricultural management and policy decisions.
Comparative analysis of PI and fuzzy logic controller for grid connected wind turbine under normal and fault conditions
Authors: Bahgat Mohamed , Ezzat Mohamed , Attia Mahmoud A. , Mekhamer S. F. , Elbehairy Nourhan M.
Published: January 2025

This research is dedicated to improving the control system of wind turbines (WT) to ensure optimal efficiency and rapid responsiveness. To achieve this, the fuzzy logic control (FLC) method is implemented to control the converter in the rotor side (RSC) of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and its performance is compared with an optimized proportional integral (PI) controller. The study demonstrated an enhancement in the performance of the DFIG through the utilization of the proposed FLC, effectively overcoming limitations and deficiencies observed in the conventional controllers, this approach significantly improved the performance of the wind turbine. Additionally, the selected membership functions were found to be highly compatible with the unique characteristics of wind energy. The optimization process is implemented for the controllers of both the grid side converter (GSC) and RSC. Through simulated analyses conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software, comprehensive assessments are carried out. The robustness of the FLC is evaluated compared to the optimized controllers across various wind profiles and challenging fault conditions. The results demonstrate satisfactory performance of the FLC in terms of steady-state time, stability, and precision under diverse wind speed profiles. The FLC achieves a significantly better settling time than the enhanced PI, improving by approximately 14–70% under normal conditions and 40–70% under various fault conditions. Additionally, the FLC outperforms the enhanced PI in fault conditions by reducing peak-to-peak oscillations by about 30–65%. It also delivers a smaller steady-state error, with improvements of around 2–4% under both normal conditions and most fault scenarios.
Workflow-driven catalytic modulation from single-atom catalysts to Au–alloy clusters on graphene
Authors: Da Silva Gabriel Reynald , Cerqueira Felix João Paulo , Rêgo Celso R. C. , Dias Alexandre C. , de O. Bastos Carlos Maciel , Piotrowski Maurício J. , Guedes-Sobrinho Diego
Published: January 2025

Gold-based (Au) nanostructures are efficient catalysts for CO oxidation, hydrogen evolution (HER), and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions, but stabilizing them on graphene (Gr) is challenging due to weak affinity from delocalized
$$p_{z}$$
carbon orbitals. This study investigates forming metal alloys to enhance stability and catalytic performance of Au-based nanocatalysts. Using ab initio density functional theory, we characterize
$${\text {M}_{(n-x)}\text {Au}_{x}}$$
sub-nanoclusters (M = Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ag) with atomicities
$$n=1-4$$
, both in gas-phase and supported on Gr. We find that M atoms act as “anchors,” enhancing binding to Gr and modulating catalytic efficiency. Notably,
$${\text {Pt}_{(n-x)}\text {Au}_{x}}$$
/Gr shows improved stability, with segregation tendencies mitigated upon adsorption on Gr. The d-band center (
$$\varepsilon _{\text {d}}$$
) model indicates catalytic potential, correlating an optimal
$$\varepsilon _{\text {d}}$$
range of
$$-1 \text { to }-2$$
eV for HER and OER catalysts. Incorporating Au into
$${\text{M}_n}$$
adjusts
$$\varepsilon _{\text {d}}$$
closer to the Fermi level, especially for Group-10 alloys, offering designs with improved stability and efficiency comparable to pure Au nanocatalysts. Our methodology leveraged SimStack, a workflow framework enabling modeling and analysis, enhancing reproducibility, and accelerating discovery. This work demonstrates SimStack’s pivotal role in advancing the understanding of composition-dependent stability and catalytic properties of Au-alloy clusters, providing a systematic approach to optimize metal-support interactions in catalytic applications.
Reverse design of broadband sound absorption structure based on deep learning method
Authors: Zhou Yihong , Ma Lifeng , Kang Xi , Zhu Zhiyuan
Published: January 2025

This research presents a method based on deep learning for the reverse design of sound-absorbing structures. Traditional methods require time-consuming individual numerical simulations followed by cumbersome calculations, whereas the deep learning design method significantly simplifies the design process, achieving efficient and rapid design objectives. By utilizing deep neural networks, a mapping relationship between structural parameters and the sound absorption coefficient curve is established. The forward network predicts the sound absorption coefficient curve, while the reverse network enables the on-demand design of structural parameters for broadband high sound absorption. During the design process, a mean squared error (MSE) below 0.0001 is achieved. The accuracy of the proposed design method is validated through examples. The results demonstrate that the trained deep learning neural network could effectively replace the complex physical mechanisms between structural parameters and sound absorption coefficient curves. This deep learning design method could also be extended to other types of metamaterial reverse designs, significantly enhancing the efficiency of complex metamaterial designs. Lightweight design is crucial for energy saving and emission reduction. With the total mass and average sound absorption coefficient of sound-absorbing materials as targets, the NSGA-II algorithm has been used for multi-objective optimization design. The optimized average sound absorption coefficient increased by 4.84%, and the total material mass was reduced by 18.98%.
An Au–Ag@Au fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor for highly sensitive detection of fluoroquinolone residues
Authors: Xu Qiang , Yin Huiting , Zhao Ze , Cui Mei , Huang Renliang , Su Rongxin
Published: January 2025

We report a new Au–Ag@Au fiber SPR sensor prepared by in situ growth of gold and silver nanoparticles on the surface of optical fibers and deposition of a gold film, whose sensitivity is 3512 nm per RIU and apply it to the detection of antibiotics.
A double probe-based fluorescence sensor array to detect rare earth element ions
Authors: Noreldeen Hamada A. A. , Zhu Chen-Ting , Huang Kai-Yuan , Peng Hua-Ping , Deng Hao-Hua , Chen Wei
Published: January 2025

A dual-channel fluorescence sensor array using ATT-AuNCs and BSA/MPA-AuNCs successfully detected 14 REEIs with high sensitivity, distinguishing individual and mixed REEIs via pattern recognition.
Identification of disulfide bond-linking sites in biosynthesized platelet factor 4 by establishing a partial reduction method without alkylation
Authors: Hu Wenrui , Li Ming , Wu Peize , Chen Chunhui , Duan Guangfei , Luo Shi-Zhong
Published: January 2025

In this study, recombinant human platelet factor 4 (rhPF4) was produced and a non-alkylated partial reduction method was developed to identify PF4's disulfide bond sites using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of difluoromethylated secondary alkyl bromides with organohalides
Authors: Liu Bosheng , Dong Jinxu , Wang Hongyi , Chen Jiaming , Liu Shiwen , Xiong Xiaodong , Yuan Yanli , Zeng Xiaojun
Published: January 2025

We have developed a novel method for the nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of difluoromethylated secondary alkyl bromide organohalides to assemble both benzyl and allyl difluoromethylated compounds.
Enzymes as green and sustainable tools for DNA data storage
Authors: Liu Xutong , Yu Enyang , Zhao Qixuan , Han Haobo , Li Quanshun
Published: January 2025

Enzyme-based techniques play an important role in the process of DNA information storage.
A novel metastable-state photoacid for reversible protonation of strong bases
Authors: Laud Melyse , Liyanage Pavithra , Liao Yi
Published: January 2025

Unconventional photoacid reversibly protonates strong bases under visible light.
Theory for ultrafast energy transfer in photosynthesis
Authors: Liu Jingyu , Du Tao-Yuan , Deng Xuan , Li Bo , Cheng Qianqian , Hu Jiangong , Huang Kaiyao
Published: January 2025

Focusing on photosynthesis, using numerical simulations based on energy transfer theories, we explain coherent and incoherent theories. We apply the perturbation approximation method to the FMO complex model and elucidate energy transfer mechanisms.
A Lewis basic site rich metal–organic framework featuring a hydrogen-bonded acetylene nano-trap for the efficient separation of C2H2/CO2
Authors: Lu Mengyue , Zhao Zhiwei , Tang Yuhao , Wang Yating , Zhang Feifei , Li Jinping , Yang Jiangfeng
Published: January 2025

We have investigated a Lewis basic site rich MOF featuring a hydrogen-bonding acetylene nano-trap, which shows a high separation performance for C2H2/CO2 mixtures.
Rapid construction of a tellurium artificial interface to form a highly reversible zinc anode
Authors: Lee Young-Hoon , Park Eunbin , Jeoun Yunseo , Huh Sung-Ho , Ahn Kwang-Soon , Sung Yung-Eun , Yu Seung-Ho
Published: January 2025

Dendrite growth limits the lifespan of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). The tellurium complex treatment forms a tellurium layer on the zinc anode, suppressing dendrite growth. This enables long-term stable and high-performance AZIBs.
Microscopic electrochemical–mechanical coupling in layered cathodes under high-voltage and fast-charging conditions
Authors: Wu Ziqi , Zhang Chenchen , Zheng Mengyi , Zeng Chaoyuan , Yang Wen , Shao Ruiwen
Published: January 2025

This review examines electrochemical-mechanical coupling in layered oxide cathodes, linking delithiation-induced electrochemical degradation to anisotropic mechanical strain, while summarizing recent advances in cathode material modifications.
Disentangling multifactorial impacts on cathode thermochemical properties with explainable machine learning
Authors: Sun Yujian , Xu Xilin , Gan Luyu , Jiao Sichen , Han Shuangshuang , Zhao Yajun , Li Yan , Yu Xiqian , Li Jizhou , Li Hong , Huang Xuejie
Published: January 2025

Explainable machine learning techniques elucidate the interplay of multiple factors throughout the cathode thermal reaction process.
Effective measuring campaigns for reliable and informative full-scale WWTP data
Authors: Le Q. H. , Carrera P. , van Loosdrecht M. C. M. , Volcke E. I. P.
Published: January 2025

More measurements do not mean more information in WWTPs. A structured experimental design procedure is crucial to plan measurement campaigns and measure the right things.
Lavender essential oils as natural food protectants: myth or a viable substitute?
Authors: Kumar Dheeraj , Samota Mahesh K. , Roy Somnath , Silva Ana Sanches , Pandey Abhay K.
Published: January 2025

The widespread application of synthetic pesticides for food preservation and crop protection is a significant concern for both environmental sustainability and public health.
Amelioration of obesity-associated disorders using solanesol with the mitigation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage inflammation in adipose tissue
Authors: Wu Xiaqing , Chen Huan , Tian Yushan , Wang Hongjuan , Hou Hongwei , Hu Qingyuan , Wang Congyi
Published: January 2025

Solanesol prevents weight increase slightly and ameliorates inflammatory responses with the mitigation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage inflammation in adipose tissue.
Exploration of halogen-free sustainable superhydrophobic materials for surface protection from multi-contaminants in all weather conditions
Authors: Pulparambil Anu , Ray Bitan , Chakraborty Subhajit , Peter Sebastian C.
Published: January 2025

A halogen-free superhydrophobic material for self-cleaning applications, utilizing HMDS-modified MCM-41 with enhanced silanization achieved through heteroatom incorporation showcasing exceptional water repellence and least environmental footprint.
Developing tough, fatigue-resistant and conductive hydrogels via in situ growth of metal dendrites
Authors: Si Mengjie , Tang Yueman , Xu Chen , Li Chen Yu , Xia Kaishun , Xu Wei , Lin Ji , Jiang Zhen , Yang Jintao , Zheng Si Yu
Published: January 2025

We developed a novel strategy for preparing conductive and tough hydrogels through in situ growth of metal dendrites within the gel. The resulting gel demonstrated outstanding conductivity, fracture toughness and fatigue fracture threshold.
Direct quantification of the plasmon dephasing time in ensembles of gold nanorods through two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy
Authors: Toffoletti Federico , Collini Elisabetta
Published: January 2025

In this study, we used two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to examine the early femtosecond dynamics of suspensions of colloidal gold nanorods with different aspect ratios.
Active tumor targeting by core–shell PDMS–HA nanoparticles with sequential delivery of doxorubicin and quercetin to overcome P-glycoprotein efflux pump
Authors: Verma Madhu , Yadav Krishna , Parihar Rashmi , Dutta Debjani , Chaudhuri Surabhi , Sivakumar Sri
Published: January 2025

Core-shell PDMS-HA nanoparticles for targeted tumor therapy, delivering doxorubicin and quercetin sequentially effectively bypasses P-glycoprotein efflux, improving drug retention and efficacy. Created in BioRender. Verma, M. (2025) https://BioRender.com/y29e681
Tumor immunotherapy by plasmid DNAs encoding adenovirus virus-associated RNA
Authors: Ito Tomoko , Yoshimoto Takayuki , Mizoguchi Izuru , Koyama Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2025

VA-RNA I is a small RNA from the adenovirus genome that activates RIG-I and induces type-I IFNs. pDNAs encoding VA-RNA I induced IFN secretion in cultured cells and significantly suppressed tumor growth in syngeneic mouse models.
Synergistic introduction of LSPR effect and Schottky junction: Cu@TiO2 charge regulation achieved efficient, stable photocatalytic removal
Authors: Zhang Shuzhe , Li Xiumei , Xie Ruyan , Zhang Xiaozhen , Wang He , Song Yanhua , Zou Haifeng
Published: January 2025

We investigated the synergistic effects of localized surface plasmon resonance and Schottky junction on tetracycline degradation in Cu@TiO2 under different environmental conditions.
Recent advances in catalytic asymmetric reactions of Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts
Authors: Duan Xu-Hong , Du Hui-Rui , Song Yong-Xing
Published: January 2025

Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts have become an efficient synthon for the construction of C–C or C–heteroatom bonds, and have been widely used in the asymmetric synthesis of various new optically pure compounds.
Dynamic electroosmotic flow and solute dispersion through a nanochannel filled with an electrolyte surrounded by a layer of a dielectric and immiscible liquid
Authors: Chowdhury Sourav , Pal Sanjib Kr , Gopmandal Partha P.
Published: January 2025

The present article deals with the modulation of oscillatory electroosmotic flow (EOF) and solute dispersion across a nanochannel filled with an electrolyte solution surrounded by a layer of a dielectric liquid.
Locomoting non-magnetic marbles through meniscus emerged on the water surface using a magnetically actuated ferrofluid marble under pulsating and steady magnetic fields
Authors: Haghgoo Amir Mohammad , Hajihadi Naghash Tina , Mokhtari Mehmandoosti Mohammad , Bijarchi Mohamad Ali
Published: January 2025

This study provides a comprehensive examination of an innovative technique for the precise, contamination-free manipulation of non-magnetic marbles carried by a ferrofluid liquid marble under direct current and pulsating magnetic fields.
Inventing a secure future: material stewardship as chemistry's mission for sustainability
Authors: Matlin Stephen A. , Cornell Sarah E. , Kümmerer Klaus , Mahaffy Peter G. , Mehta Goverdhan
Published: January 2025

Chemistry should adopt material stewardship as a central mission in fulfilling its vital role in sustainability for people and planet.
High-output, thermally resilient Nano-TiO2 dielectric gel triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and reliable temperature-independent pressure sensing
Authors: Park Hyosik , Ryu Yeonkyeong , Joo Hyeonseo , Gwak Sujeong , Gbadam Gerald Selasie , Niu Simiao , Lee Ju-Hyuck
Published: January 2025

By doping TiO2 nanoparticles into PVC gel, a high-output TENG was fabricated, enabling a temperature-independent pressure sensor. This sensor achieved stable sensitivity of 2.03 V kPa−1 (10–40 kPa) and 0.97 V kPa−1 (40–100 kPa) from 25 °C to 55 °C.
Chinese herbal medicine-inspired construction of multi-component hydrogels with antibacterial and wound-healing-promoting functions
Authors: Yao Chuying , Yuan Yue , Du Guangyan , Li Quan , Ji Yutian
Published: January 2025

Novel multi-component supramolecular hydrogels with antibacterial and wound-healing-promoting functions were constructed by taking inspiration from the medication practice of Chinese herbs.
Multiferroic metallic monolayer Cu(CrSe2)2
Authors: Yang Ke , Zhou Yuxuan , Ma Yaozhenghang , Wu Hua
Published: January 2025

Cu(CrSe2)2 monolayer: a new and rare 2D multiferroic metal suitable for spintronic applications.
Achieving high response of perovskite-based (MAPbI3) ammonia gas sensors at room temperature via light enhancement
Authors: Lee Chih-Chien , Kurniawan Ade , Iskandar Johan , Chu Cheng-Shane , Liu Chih-Yi
Published: January 2025

Light illumination improves the performance of resistive NH3 gas sensors utilizing the metal halide perovskite MAPbI3.
MOA-2022-BLG-033Lb, KMT-2023-BLG-0119Lb, and KMT-2023-BLG-1896Lb: Three low mass-ratio microlensing planets detected through dip signals
Authors: Han Cheongho , Bond Ian A. , Jung Youn Kil , Albrow Michael D. , Chung Sun-Ju , Gould Andrew , Hwang Kyu-Ha , Lee Chung-Uk , Ryu Yoon-Hyun , Shvartzvald Yossi , Shin In-Gu , Yee Jennifer C. , Yang Hongjing , Zang Weicheng , Cha Sang-Mok , Kim Doeon , Kim Dong-Jin , Kim Seung-Lee , Lee Dong-Joo , Lee Yongseok , Park Byeong-Gon , Pogge Richard W. , Abe Fumio , Barry Richard , Bennett David P. , Bhattacharya Aparna , Fujii Hirosame , Fukui Akihiko , Hamada Ryusei , Hirao Yuki , Silva Stela Ishitani , Itow Yoshitaka , Kirikawa Rintaro , Koshimoto Naoki , Matsubara Yutaka , Miyazaki Shota , Muraki Yasushi , Olmschenk Greg , Ranc Clément , Rattenbury Nicholas J. , Satoh Yuki , Sumi Takahiro , Suzuki Daisuke , Tomoyoshi Mio , Tristram Paul J. , Vandorou Aikaterini , Yama Hibiki , Yamashita Kansuke
Published: January 2025

Aims. We examined the anomalies in the light curves of the lensing events MOA-2022-BLG-033, KMT-2023-BLG-0119, and KMT- 2023-BLG-1896. These anomalies share similar traits: they occur near the peak of moderately to highly magnified events and display a distinct short-term dip feature.

Methods. We conducted detailed modeling of the light curves to uncover the nature of the anomalies. This modeling revealed that all signals originated from planetary companions to the primary lens. The planet-to-host mass ratios are very low: q ~ 7.5 × 10−5 for MOA-2022-BLG-033, q ~ 3.6 × 10−4 for KMT-2023-BLG-0119, and q ~ 6.9 × 10−5 for KMT-2023-BLG-1896. The anomalies occurred as the source passed through the negative deviation region behind the central caustic along the planet-host axis. The solutions are subject to a common inner-outer degeneracy, which results in varying estimations of the projected planet-host separation. For KMT-2023-BLG-1896, although the planetary scenario provides the best explanation for the anomaly, the binary companion scenario is possible.

Results. We estimated the physical parameters of the planetary systems through Bayesian analyses based on the lensing observables. While the event timescale was measured for all events, the angular Einstein radius was not measured for any. Additionally, the microlens parallax was measured for MOA-2022-BLG-033. The analysis identifies MOA-2022-BLG-033L as a planetary system with an ice giant with a mass of approximately 12 times that of Earth orbiting an early M dwarf star. The companion of KMT-2023-BLG-1896L is also an ice giant, with a mass of around 16 Earth masses, orbiting a mid-K-type main-sequence star. The companion of KMT-2023-BLG- 0119L, which has a mass around that of Saturn, orbits a mid-K-type dwarf star. The lens for MOA-2022-BLG-033 is highly likely to be located in the disk, whereas for the other events the probabilities of the lens being in the disk or the bulge are roughly equal.
Evolutionary tracks, ejecta, and ionizing photons from intermediate-mass to very massive stars with PARSEC
Authors: Costa G. , Shepherd K. G. , Bressan A. , Addari F. , Chen Y. , Fu X. , Volpato G. , Nguyen C. T. , Girardi L. , Marigo P. , Mazzi A. , Pastorelli G. , Trabucchi M. , Bossini D. , Zaggia S.
Published: January 2025

Recent advancements in stellar evolution modeling offer unprecedented accuracy in predicting the evolution and deaths of stars. We present new stellar evolutionary models computed with the updated PARSEC V2.0 code for a comprehensive and homogeneous grid of metallicities and initial masses. Nuclear reaction networks, mass loss prescriptions, and the treatment of elemental mixing have all been updated in PARSEC V2.0. We computed models for thirteen initial metallicities spanning Z = 10−11 to Z = 0.03, with masses ranging from 2.0 M⊙ to 2000 M⊙, consisting of a library of over 1100 (∼2100 tracks including pure-He models) full stellar evolution tracks. For each track, the evolution is followed from the pre-main-sequence to the most advanced early-asymptotic-giant-branch or the pre-supernova phases (depending on the stellar mass). Here, we describe the properties of the tracks and their chemical and structural evolution. We computed the final fates and the remnant masses and built the mass spectrum for each metallicity, finding that the combined black hole (BH) pair-instability mass gap spans just between 100 and 130 M⊙. Moreover, the remnant masses provide models consistent with observed BH masses, such as those from the primaries of GW190521, Cygnus X-1, and Gaia BH3 binary systems. We computed and provided the chemical ejecta from stellar winds and explosive final fates, along with the ionizing photon rates. We show how metallicity affects the evolution, fates, ejecta, and ionizing photon counts from these stars. Our results show strong overall consistency with other tracks computed with different codes, and the most significant discrepancies arise for very massive stars (MZAMS > 120 M⊙) due to the different treatment of mixing and mass loss. A comparison with a large sample of observed massive stars in the Tarantula Nebula of the Large Magellanic Cloud shows that our tracks nicely reproduce the majority of stars that lie on the main sequence. All the models are publicly available and can be retrieved in the PARSEC database.
Metal-THINGS: The Milky Way twin candidate NGC 3521
Authors: Pilyugin L. S. , Lara-López M. A. , Tautvaišienė G. , Zinchenko I. A. , Garduño L. E. , De Rossi M. E. , Zaragoza-Cardiel J. , Dib S. , Valé G.
Published: January 2025

The 3D spectrophotometry measurements of the galaxy NGC 3521, a structural Milky Way analogue (sMWA), were carried out within the Metal-THINGS project. We found that the oxygen abundance in the inner part of NGC 3521 is at a nearly constant level and the O/H gradient is negative at larger radii. The change in the nitrogen abundance with radius is similar to that for oxygen with the break in the N/H distribution at a smaller radius than the O/H distribution break, but the difference between the break radii is within the uncertainties of these values. The radial distributions of the oxygen abundance, the gas mass fraction, and the effective oxygen yield in NGC 3521 are compared to that of the Milky Way (MW), with the aim of examining the similarity (or disagreement) in their chemical evolutions. The oxygen abundances of two H II regions closest to the centre of the MW (at a radii of 4–5 kpc) are close to the binned oxygen abundances in NGC 3521 at the same galactocentric distances; an accurate value of the central oxygen abundance in the MW cannot be established because of the lack of the measurements near the centre. The oxygen abundances in the outer part of the MW are lower than those in the outer part of NGC 3521. The gas mass fraction in the outer part of the MW is higher than in NGC 3521. The obtained values of the effective oxygen yield, Yeff, in NGC 3521 are close to the empirical estimation of the oxygen yield, YO. This suggests that mass exchange with the surroundings plays little to no role in the current chemical evolution of NGC 3521. The values of the Yeff in the MW were determined using two variants of the radial distribution of the gas mass surface density. The values of the Yeff in the MW obtained with the first distribution are also close to YO, as in NGC 3521. The Yeff in the MW obtained with the second distribution are below YO at radii between ∼6 and ∼10.4 kpc. This suggests that the mass exchange with the surroundings can play a significant role in the chemical evolution of this part of the MW, in contrast to that in NGC 3521. To draw a solid conclusion about the role of mass exchange with the surroundings in the chemical evolution of the MW it is essential to determine which of these distributions provides a more adequate description of the gas distribution in the MW.
X-ray and optical analysis of the distant merging double cluster SPT-CLJ2228-5828, its gas bridge, and its shock front
Authors: Migkas K. , Sommer M. W. , Schrabback T. , Carrasco E. R. , Zenteno A. , Zohren H. , Bleem L. E. , Nazaretyan V. , Bayliss M. , Bulbul E. , Floyd B. , Gassis R. , Grandis S. , McDonald M. , Pacaud F. , Reichardt C. , Sarkar A. , Sharon K. , Somboonpanyakul T.
Published: January 2025

Galaxy cluster mergers are excellent laboratories for studying a wide variety of different physical phenomena. An example of such a cluster system is the distant SPT-CLJ2228-5828 merger located at z ≈ 0.77. Previous analyses via the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and weak lensing (WL) data suggested that the system was potentially a dissociative cluster post-merger, similar to the Bullet cluster. In this work, we perform an X-ray and optical follow-up analysis of this rare system. We used new deep XMM-Newton data to study the hot gas in X-rays in great detail, spectroscopic Gemini data to precisely determine the redshift of the two mass concentrations, and new Hubble Space Telescope data to improve the total mass estimates of the two components. We find that SPT-CLJ2228-5828 constitutes a pre-merging double cluster system instead of a post-merger as previously thought. The merging process of the two clusters has started, with their gas on the outskirts colliding with a ∼22° −27° on the plane of the sky. Both clusters have a similar radius of R500 ∼ 700 kpc, with the two X-ray emission peaks separated by ≈1 Mpc (2.1′). We fully characterized the surface brightness, gas density, temperature, pressure, and entropy profiles of the two merging clusters for their undisturbed non-interacting side. The two systems have very similar X-ray properties, with a moderate cluster mass of Mtot ∼ (2.1 − 2.4)×1014 M⊙ according to X-ray mass proxies. Both clusters show good agreement with known X-ray scaling relations when their merging side is ignored. The WL mass estimate of the western cluster agrees well with the X-ray-based mass, whereas the eastern cluster is surprisingly only marginally detected from its WL signal. A gas bridge with ≈333 kpc length connecting the two merging halos is detected at a 5.8σ level. The baryon overdensity of the excess gas (not associated with the cluster gas) is δb ∼ (75 − 320) across the length of the bridge, and its gas mass is Mgas ∼ 1.4 × 1012 M⊙. The gas density and temperature jumps at ∼10−3 cm−3 and ∼5.5 keV, respectively, are also found across the gas bridge, revealing the existence of a weak shock front with a Mach number ℳ ∼ 1.1. The gas pressure and entropy also increase at the position of the shock front. We estimate the age of the shock front to be ≲100 Myr and its kinetic energy ∼2.4 × 1044 erg s−1. SPT-CLJ2228-5828 is the first such high-z pre-merger with a gas bridge and a shock front, consisting of similarly sized clusters, to be studied in X-rays.
Impact of protein sources on the functionality of plant-based cheeses formulated with saturated and unsaturated fat
Authors: Sanders Cameryn , Stobbs Jarvis A. , Dobson Stacie , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: January 2025

Plant-based cheeses provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional dairy, often incorporating coconut oil to mimic the texture of animal fat. This study examines the influence of protein properties on the functionality of plant-based cheeses. Previous research has determined that a blend of 25% coconut oil (CO) and 75% sunflower oil using pea protein 1 (PP1) produces a cheese with high hardness, melt, oil loss, and stretch when compared to the same cheese made with 100% CO. This study assessed another pea protein isolate, a faba protein isolate (FP1), and a lentil protein isolate, at a concentration of 7.5% (w/w) to evaluate their effect on the cheese physical characteristics. Texture profile analysis revealed that the hardness of cheeses increased with higher amounts of coconut oil; however, the cheese formulated with PP1 and 25% CO exhibited the firmest texture of 80 N due to unique protein-fat interactions, which was similar to the hardness of 100 N at 100% coconut oil. The cheese analogs made with 25% CO and PP1 either matched or surpassed the melt, oil loss, and stretch of the cheese analogs products prepared with the same proteins with 100% CO. The rheological properties of the cheeses were assessed between 20 °C and 95 °C, using tan δ (G″/G′) and complex viscosity (η*) at 95 °C as functionality indicators. These results suggest that specific protein-fat interactions can be tuned to achieve the desired hardness while preserving functional properties and potentially improving the sustainability and health benefits of the final product.
Low voltage and high bandwidth surface-illuminated three-terminal Ge-on-Si APD with multiple biasing configurations
Authors: Qu Huan , Li Xuetong , Liu Xiaobin , Wang Weipeng , Li Yingzhi , Chen Baisong , Hu Heming , Zhi Zihao , Wang Ziming , Li Jie , Lo Guoqiang , Wang Lei , Na Quanxin , Li Xueyan , Hu Xiaolong , Xie Qijie , Song Junfeng
Published: January 2025

In this work, a regulated-voltage biasing configuration is proposed for the Ge-on-Si avalanche photodiode (APD) structure. This design incorporates an extended n-charge layer to decrease the breakdown voltage and optimizes the absorption region thickness to reduce the electron transit time. By applying three electrodes to individually modulate the electric fields in the absorption and avalanche region, respectively, both of low avalanche breakdown voltage (−8.1 V) and high bandwidth (20.4 GHz) of the surface-illuminated detector can be achieved. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of weak light detection is improved to −45 dBm. The responsivity of the APD is 60.76 A/W at 1550 nm when the voltage is biased at −13.5 V. The low voltage and improved bandwidth can meet the requirements for weak light detection and other applications demanding such sensitivity.
Electrowetting-induced parametric instability of a merged micro-droplet
Authors: Wei Yaming , Zou Jianfeng , Zhao Ziting , Sun Jiaqi
Published: January 2025

Numerical simulations are employed to investigate the electrowetting-induced parametric instability in merged micro-droplets. By subjecting two merged droplets to an alternating current voltage (AC voltage) in open electrowetting-on-dielectric microfluidics, we observe the triggering of parametric instability at specific frequencies and amplitudes, manifesting as periodic lateral and upper waves. The work aims to delineate the characteristics and onset conditions of this instability in electrowetting devices. Notably, the droplet assumes a star-like shape due to the lateral wave formation, with both lateral and upper waves sharing the same oscillating frequency and being sub-harmonic to the driving frequency. The dispersion relation for resonance mode is enhanced with a modification parameter. The modified phase diagram, derived from parametric theorem, aligns well with numerical results for various cases. The interplay between lateral and upper waves is theoretically analyzed using the theory of Dong et al. for star-shaped liquid puddles. Our study reveals that low aspect ratio droplets may not exhibit parametric instability despite excitation parameters aligning with phase diagram predictions. Geometric constraints and surface tension play a limiting role in the activation of sub-harmonic modes. This study has implications for optimizing droplet shape and size in electrowetting-based devices to manage parametric instabilities, potentially leading to more efficient and reliable designs.
Secondary surge phenomenon of the compressor during surge recovery and its mechanism analysis
Authors: Qiao Yafei , Chu Wuli , Zhang Haoguang , Sun Zezhen , Wang Kun , Chen Jiafu
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the secondary surge during compressor surge recovery. Utilizing the test rig at Northwestern Polytechnical University, the surge is induced by tail cone adjustment. A secondary surge follows tail cone retraction post-initial surge. Signal changes are analyzed, and causes are expounded from energy and fluid dynamics. Experimental outcomes confirm the secondary surge is repeatable and observable under set conditions. Its frequency stabilizes at 4.83 Hz across consecutive events and rotor axes, being system-inherent. From energy, with enthalpy as a proxy, potential energy amasses as the compressor interacts with cavity potential shifts from tail cone changes. Exceeding kinetic supply instigates violent airflow oscillations. Peak pressure trends and simulations suggest surge likelihood at ∼3.33 × 105 J enthalpy. In fluid dynamics, post-initial surge, a stall state ensues. Tip clearance vortices from spillage and backflow expand, merge, and fill the passage. Their pre-secondary surge breakdown elevates pipeline pressure, causing gas reflux and surge recurrence. Conclusively, this research enhances compressor secondary surge comprehension, offering support for design optimization and anti-surge strategies.
Numerical investigation of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow of a Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity in an inclined channel
Authors: Verma Amit Kumar
Published: January 2025

This research investigates the unsteady flow dynamics of an electrically conducting Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity in an inclined channel under the influence of a uniform magnetic field. The flow is driven by a constant pressure gradient applied at the entrance of the channel, and the governing equations are derived from the Navier–Stokes equation, incorporating the impact of magnetic fields, gravitational force, and viscosity variations. The no-slip boundary condition at the channel walls and appropriate initial conditions are applied. A numerical solution to the non-dimensionalized flow equations is obtained to analyze key flow characteristics, such as velocity profiles, flow rate, and wall stresses. The impact of various dimensionless parameters, including viscosity variation, magnetic field strength, Froude number, and channel inclination angle, on the flow behavior is explored through graphical and tabular presentations. The results provide insights into how these parameters influence the velocity distribution, volumetric flow rate, and wall stresses in the inclined channel, contributing to a deeper understanding of magnetohydrodynamic flows in practical applications.
Predicting non-ideal effects from the diaphragm opening process in shock tubes
Authors: Subburaj Janardhanraj , Figueroa-Labastida Miguel , Farooq Aamir
Published: January 2025

Shock tubes are instrumental in studying high-temperature kinetics and simulating high-speed flows. They rapidly increase the thermodynamic conditions of test gases, making them ideal for examining chemical reactions and generating high-enthalpy flows for aerodynamic research. However, non-ideal effects, stemming from factors like diaphragm opening processes and viscous effects, can significantly influence thermodynamic conditions behind the shock wave. This study investigates the impact of various diaphragm opening patterns on the shock parameters near the driven section's end wall. Experiments were conducted using helium and argon as driver and driven gases, respectively, at pressures ranging from 1.32 to 2.09 bar and temperatures from 1073 to 2126 K behind the reflected shock. High-speed imaging captured different diaphragm rupture profiles, classified into four distinct types based on their dynamics. Results indicate that the initial stages of diaphragm opening, including the rate and profile of opening, play crucial roles in the resulting incident shock Mach number and test time. A sigmoid function was employed to fit the diaphragm opening profiles, allowing for accurate categorization and analysis. New correlations were developed to predict the incident shock attenuation rate and post-shock pressure rise, incorporating parameters such as diaphragm opening time, rupture profile constants, and normalized experimental Mach number. The results emphasize the importance of considering diaphragm rupture dynamics in shock tube experiments to achieve accurate predictions of shock parameters.
High-resolution national radon maps based on massive indoor measurements in the United States
Authors: Li Longxiang , Coull Brent A. , Zilli Vieira Carolina L. , Koutrakis Petros
Published: January 2025

Radon, a common radioactive indoor air pollutant, is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. Knowledge about its distribution is essential for risk assessment and designing efficient protective regulations. However, the three current radon maps for the United States are unable to provide the up-to-date, high-resolution, and time-varying radon concentrations. Tens of millions of radon measurements have been conducted as parts of property inspections in the past two decades, making it possible for us to improve the national radon map. We compiled a national database of over 6 million radon measurements conducted by independent laboratories during 2001 to 2021. A random forest model was built to predict monthly community-level radon concentrations based on nearly 200 geological, meteorological, architectural, and socioeconomical factors. Our radon map can accurately show the distribution of radon at higher spatial and temporal resolutions. We observed slight decreases in average radon concentrations in high-radon regions during the study period. But over 83 million people are living in residences with radon concentrations at screening floor over 148 Bq/m3 (the recommended action level). Most of these residences are in low-radon zones, highlighting the need for comprehensive radon surveys. The high-resolution radon maps can be used by federal and local governments to design, update, and improve the regulations. Furthermore, the model can be used to assess residential exposure to radon, thus facilitating studies to expand our understanding of radon’s health effects.
Tubulin detyrosination shapes
Leishmania
cytoskeletal architecture and virulence
Authors: Corrales Rosa Milagros , Vincent Jeremy , Crobu Lucien , Neish Rachel , Nepal Binita , Espeut Julien , Pasquier Grégoire , Gillard Ghislain , Cazevieille Chantal , Mottram Jeremy C. , Wetzel Dawn M. , Sterkers Yvon , Rogowski Krzysztof , Lévêque Maude F.
Published: January 2025

Tubulin detyrosination has been implicated in various human disorders and is important for regulating microtubule dynamics. While in most organisms this modification is restricted to α-tubulin, in trypanosomatid parasites, it occurs on both α- and β-tubulin. Here, we show that in
Leishmania
, a single vasohibin (LmVASH) enzyme is responsible for differential kinetics of α- and β-tubulin detyrosination. LmVASH knockout parasites, which are completely devoid of detyrosination, show decreased levels of glutamylation and exhibit a strongly diminished pathogenicity in mice, correlating with decreased proliferation in macrophages. Reduced virulence is associated with altered morphogenesis and flagellum remodeling in detyrosination-deficient amastigotes. Flagellum shortening in the absence of detyrosination is caused by hyperactivity of a microtubule-depolymerizing Kinesin-13 homolog, demonstrating its function as a key reader of the trypanosomatid-tubulin code. Taken together, our work establishes the importance of tubulin detyrosination in remodeling the microtubule-based cytoskeleton required for efficient proliferation in the mammalian host. This highlights tubulin detyrosination as a potential target for therapeutic action against leishmaniasis.
Pedagogical study of the image of a magnetic dipole in front of a superconducting sphere
Authors: Shah Hemansh Alkesh , Bhattacharya Kolahal
Published: January 2025

The method of images to solve certain electrostatic boundary-value problems is taught worldwide in undergraduate-level physics courses. Though it is also possible to employ this technique for solving magnetostatic boundary value problems, examples of this usage are rarely found in textbooks or physics pedagogy literature. In particular, the problem of finding the field due to a magnetic dipole kept in front of a superconducting sphere is an interesting one, because (i) it helps the students to compare with the grounded conducting sphere image problem in electrostatics, and (ii) offers a greater degree of difficulty since the source is a dipole (vector), rather than an electric charge (scalar). The present work demonstrates an intuitive way of solving the problem. The case in which the source dipole is oriented radially with respect to the sphere is solved with a single dipole image. In the case of the transverse orientation of the source dipole, we model the dipole as a current loop. Then, we find the image of the radial and transverse current elements that satisfy the boundary conditions. Then, we show that this method can be used to deduce the form of the image dipoles when the dipole is oriented in the transverse direction. This method is very much intuitive and accessible for undergraduate-level students.