bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empagliflozin Improves Metabolic and Hepatic Outcomes in a Non-Diabetic Obese Biopsy-Proven Mouse Model of Advanced NASH
Authors: Perakakis Nikolaos , Chrysafi Pavlina , Feigh Michael , Veidal Sanne , Mantzoros Christos
Published: June 2021

Empagliflozin, an established treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has shown beneficial effects on liver steatosis and fibrosis in animals and in humans with T2DM, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH). However, little is known about the effects of empagliflozin on liver function in advanced NASH with liver fibrosis and without diabetes. This study aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin on hepatic and metabolic outcomes in a diet-induced obese (DIO) and insulin-resistant but non-diabetic biopsy-confirmed mouse model of advanced NASH. Male C57BL/6JRj mice with a biopsy-confirmed steatosis and fibrosis on AMLN diet (high fat, fructose and cholesterol) for 36-weeks were randomized to receive for 12 weeks: (a) Empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/d p.o.), or (b) vehicle. Metabolic outcomes, liver pathology, markers of Kupffer and stellate cell activation and lipidomics were assessed at the treatment completion. Empagliflozin did not affect the body weight, body composition or insulin sensitivity (assessed by intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test), but significantly improved glucose homeostasis as assessed by oral glucose tolerance test in DIO-NASH mice. Empagliflozin improved modestly the NAFLD activity score compared with the vehicle, mainly by improving inflammation and without affecting steatosis, the fibrosis stage and markers of Kupffer and stellate cell activation. Empagliflozin reduced the hepatic concentrations of pro-inflammatory lactosylceramides and increased the concentrations of anti-inflammatory polyunsaturated triglycerides. Empagliflozin exerts beneficial metabolic and hepatic (mainly anti-inflammatory) effects in non-diabetic DIO-NASH mice and thus may be effective against NASH even in non-diabetic conditions.
Differential Effects of Furin Deficiency on Insulin Receptor Processing and Glucose Control in Liver and Pancreatic β Cells of Mice
Authors: Coppola Ilaria , Brouwers Bas , Meulemans Sandra , Ramos-Molina Bruno , Creemers John W. M.
Published: June 2021

The insulin receptor (IR) is critically involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. It undergoes proteolytic cleavage by proprotein convertases, which is an essential step for its activation. The importance of the insulin receptor in liver is well established, but its role in pancreatic β cells is still controversial. In this study, we investigated the cleavage of the IR by the proprotein convertase FURIN in β cells and hepatocytes, and the contribution of the IR in pancreatic β cells and liver to glucose homeostasis. β-cell-specific Furin knockout (βFurKO) mice were glucose intolerant, but liver-specific Furin knockout (LFurKO) mice were normoglycemic. Processing of the IR was blocked in βFurKO cells, but unaffected in LFurKO mice. Most strikingly, glucose homeostasis in β-cell-specific IR knockout (βIRKO) mice was normal in younger mice (up to 20 weeks), and only mildly affected in older mice (24 weeks). In conclusion, FURIN cleaves the IR non-redundantly in β cells, but redundantly in liver. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the IR in β cells plays a limited role in glucose homeostasis.
Trichoderma-Based Biopreparation with Prebiotics Supplementation for the Naturalization of Raspberry Plant Rhizosphere
Authors: Oszust Karolina , Pylak Michał , Frąc Magdalena
Published: June 2021

The number of raspberry plants dying from a sudden outbreak of gray mold, verticillium wilt, anthracnosis, and phytophthora infection has increased in recent times, leading to crop failure. The plants suffer tissue collapse and black roots, symptoms similar to a Botrytis–Verticillium–Colletotrichum–Phytophthora disease complex. A sizeable number of fungal isolates were acquired from the root and rhizosphere samples of wild raspberries from different locations. Subsequent in vitro tests revealed that a core consortium of 11 isolates of selected Trichoderma spp. was the most essential element for reducing in phytopathogen expansion. For this purpose, isolates were characterized by the efficiency of their antagonistic properties against Botrytis, Verticillium, Colletotrichum and Phytophthora isolates and with hydrolytic properties accelerating the decomposition of organic matter in the soil and thus making nutrients available to plants. Prebiotic additive supplementation with a mixture of adonitol, arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, and adenosine was proven in a laboratory experiment to be efficient in stimulating the growth of Trichoderma isolates. Through an in vivo pathosystem experiment, different raspberry naturalization-protection strategies (root inoculations and watering with native Trichoderma isolates, applied separately or simultaneously) were tested under controlled phytotron conditions. The experimental application of phytopathogens attenuated raspberry plant and soil properties, while Trichoderma consortium incorporation exhibited a certain trend of improving these features in terms of a short-term response, depending on the pathosystem and naturalization strategy. What is more, a laboratory-scale development of a biopreparation for the naturalization of the raspberry rhizosphere based on the Trichoderma consortium was proposed in the context of two application scenarios. The first was a ready-to-use formulation to be introduced while planting (pellets, gel). The second was a variant to be applied with naturalizing watering (soluble powder).
Empirical Analysis of IPv4 and IPv6 Networks through Dual-Stack Sites
Authors: Li Kwun-Hung , Wong Kin-Yeung
Published: June 2021

IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), which can solve the problem of IPv4 address exhaustion and allow the growth of the Internet (particularly in the era of the Internet of Things). IPv6 networks have been deployed for more than a decade, and the deployment is still growing every year. This empirical study was conducted from the perspective of end users to evaluate IPv6 and IPv4 performance by sending probing traffic to 1792 dual-stack sites around the world. Connectivity, packet loss, hop count, round-trip time (RTT), and throughput were used as performance metrics. The results show that, compared with IPv4, IPv6 has better connectivity, lower packet loss, and similar hop count. However, compared with IPv4, it has higher latency and lower throughput. We compared our results with previous studies conducted in 2004, 2007, and 2014 to investigate the improvement of IPv6 networks. The results of the past 16 years have shown that the connectivity of IPv6 has increased by 1–4%, and the IPv6 RTT (194.85 ms) has been greatly reduced, but it is still longer than IPv4 (163.72 ms). The throughput of IPv6 is still lower than that of IPv4.
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment: A Review on Mammography-Based Approaches
Authors: Mendes João , Matela Nuno
Published: June 2021

Breast cancer affects thousands of women across the world, every year. Methods to predict risk of breast cancer, or to stratify women in different risk levels, could help to achieve an early diagnosis, and consequently a reduction of mortality. This paper aims to review articles that extracted texture features from mammograms and used those features along with machine learning algorithms to assess breast cancer risk. Besides that, deep learning methodologies that aimed for the same goal were also reviewed. In this work, first, a brief introduction to breast cancer statistics and screening programs is presented; after that, research done in the field of breast cancer risk assessment are analyzed, in terms of both methodologies used and results obtained. Finally, considerations about the analyzed papers are conducted. The results of this review allow to conclude that both machine and deep learning methodologies provide promising results in the field of risk analysis, either in a stratification in risk groups, or in a prediction of a risk score. Although promising, future endeavors in this field should consider the possibility of the implementation of the methodology in clinical practice.
Design and simulation of advanced fault tolerant flight control schemes
Authors:   ,   West Virginia University, Gururajan Srikanth
Published: June 2021

This research effort describes the design and simulation of a distributed Neural Network (NN) based fault tolerant flight control scheme and the interface of the scheme within a simulation/visualization environment. The goal of the fault tolerant flight control scheme is to recover an aircraft from failures to its sensors or actuators. A commercially available simulation package, Aviator Visual Design Simulator (AVDS), was used for the purpose of simulation and visualization of the aircraft dynamics and the performance of the control schemes.;For the purpose of the sensor failure detection, identification and accommodation (SFDIA) task, it is assumed that the pitch, roll and yaw rate gyros onboard are without physical redundancy. The task is accomplished through the use of a Main Neural Network (MNN) and a set of three De-Centralized Neural Networks (DNNs), providing analytical redundancy for the pitch, roll and yaw gyros. The purpose of the MNN is to detect a sensor failure while the purpose of the DNNs is to identify the failed sensor and then to provide failure accommodation. The actuator failure detection, identification and accommodation (AFDIA) scheme also features the MNN, for detection of actuator failures, along with three Neural Network Controllers (NNCs) for providing the compensating control surface deflections to neutralize the failure induced pitching, rolling and yawing moments. All NNs continue to train on-line, in addition to an offline trained baseline network structure, using the Extended Back-Propagation Algorithm (EBPA), with the flight data provided by the AVDS simulation package.;The above mentioned adaptive flight control schemes have been traditionally implemented sequentially on a single computer. This research addresses the implementation of these fault tolerant flight control schemes on parallel and distributed computer architectures, using Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) sockets and Message Passing Interface (MPI) for inter-process communication.
Discriminative-stimulus and time-course effects of kava-kava (Piper methysticum) in rats
Authors:   ,   West Virginia University, Bruner Natalie
Published: June 2021

Kava-kava is a widely available and used herbal medicine that is not regulated in many countries, including the United States. There are many questions concerning kava-kava's stimulus properties, potential for therapeutic use, and potential for abuse. Although there is evidence that kava may possess some anxiolytic properties, the supplement's mechanism of action and the extent to which it may serve as an alternative to pharmaceutical anxiolytics are unknown. To date, there is no research examining whether kava shares discriminative-stimulus properties with a standard pharmaceutical anxiolytic such as chlordiazepoxide (CDP). The current study compared different doses of kava in two groups of rats trained to discriminate either a high or low training dose of CDP (i.p.). In order to assess time-course effects of kava (p.o.), two tests were conducted per session at 60 (Test One) and 90 (Test Two) min following administration of kava, CDP, or d-amphetamine. Dose-dependent substitution of CDP was found in both training groups. d-Amphetamine did not substitute for either group at Test One, but marginal substitution was found in both groups at the lower doses of d-amphetamine during Test Two. Kava (560 mg/kg) occasioned responding indicative of partial substitution in both groups during Test One and only the low-dose group during Test Two. Several procedural variables that may have influenced the present results are discussed.
Three essays on credit constraints and capital structure
Authors:   ,   West Virginia University, Harrington Christine
Published: June 2021

The first essay, "Debt Capacity Constraints, Information, and the Pecking Order Model of Capital Structure", investigates why the pecking order model does not appear to describe the financing choices of small and growth firms. The pecking order model predicts debt issues only when a firm has the capacity to absorb new debt and when firm value is relatively predictable. By explicitly controlling for asymmetric information about firm risk, empirical tests support the predictions of the pecking order model for small and growth firms.;The second essay, "The Sensitivity of Investment to Internal Funds When the Costs of External Funds Differ", asks whether the observed investment-cash flow sensitivity of financially constrained firms can be explained by relatively high security issue costs. Security issue costs are indicative of credit constraints. The empirical tests suggest that only cash is relatively more important to investment spending for high issue cost firms, but not because of the need for cash to fund planned investment. Cash serves as an indicator of growth opportunities not captured by empirical approximations of Tobin's Q. Further tests demonstrate that commonly used methods to identify financially constrained firms mimic relatively high security issue costs.;The third essay, "The Effect of Competitive Structure on the Relationship between Leverage and Profitability", attempts to explain why firms in concentrated industries have different responses of leverage ratios to current profitability. The leverage-profitability relationship is important to distinguishing between the pecking order and trade-off theories of capital structure. The essay examines whether the speed of reversion in profitability affects the leverage-profitability relationship. When U.S. Census data are used to measure industry concentration, the empirical results support the prediction that differences in the leverage-profitability relationship between competitive and concentrated industries is related to differences in the speed of reversion in profitability.
The role of a nurse in providing medical care for acute cholecystitis
Authors: GARANINA Lilia Andreevna , NAZAROV Artem Aleksandrovich
Published: June 2021

There is no doubt that the correct functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is the key to good health of the whole organism. In the current living conditions, where stress, fatigue, inappropriate nutrition, and unfavorable environmental conditions have become an integral part of a modern person’s life, the disorders associated with the work of the gastrointestinal tract are quite common and strongly affect the quality of a person’s life. Therefore, an appointment with a gastroenterologist should not be postponed. This article presents the data confirming that the pathology of the digestive system stably ranks second in the structure of morbidity and causes of death, giving way to diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Modern diagnostic methods in gastroenterology (ultrasound diagnostics, esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, laparoscopy, rectoscopy, radiological studies, a large number of laboratory techniques) make it possible to identify diseases of the digestive system in the early stages and to carry out effective prevention and treatment.
Study of the role of a nurse in providing pre-medical care for emergency conditions in gastroenterology
Authors: GARANINA Lilia Andreevna , NAZAROV Artem Aleksandrovich
Published: June 2021

The functions of nurses in the department of gastroenterology are diverse. Nurses perform a wide range of medical appointments (injections, enemas, medication distribution, etc.), diagnostic procedures (body temperature measurement, gastric and duodenal intubation, etc.). If necessary, nurses should be able to calculate the respiratory rate and pulse rate, measure blood pressure, daily urine output, correctly collect the patient’s secretions (sputum, urine, feces) for analysis and send them to the laboratory. In urgent situations, nurses are required to be able to provide first aid (artificial respiration, chest compressions, the application of a hemostatic tourniquet) as well as first aid for gastrointestinal bleeding. This article presents evidence that the role of the nurse in gastroenterology is very important. Since some diseases in gastroenterology require urgent surgical intervention, a nurse is responsible for conducting a high-quality nursing process in the preoperative period and postoperatively for proper and timely nutrition of patients, organizes feeding of patients on strict bed rest, monitors the storage of food in refrigerators and bedside bedside tables, check the content and quality of programs.
State contract: overcoming circumstances
Authors: Lebedev Viktor Arkadyevich , Lebedeva Elena Ivanovna
Published: June 2021

The article considers the provisions of the Federal law “on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation on emergency prevention and response” dated 01.04.2020 No. 98-FZ, which should be taken into account when implementing public procurement for the needs of medical institutions in the process of executing state contracts; analyzes the interests of the parties to the state contract in force majeure circumstances, which include the spread of a new coronavirus infection; considers some aspects of anti-corruption mechanisms of the Federal contract system.
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment in the new Federal Accounting Standard for non-public sector organizations
Authors: Druzhilovskaya Emilia Sergeevna
Published: June 2021

The new accounting requirements for property, plant and equipment are undoubtedly relevant for Russian organizations. In previous articles, we analyzed the rules for the initial and subsequent measurement of property, plant and equipment provided for by the new Federal Accounting Standards (FAS) for non-public sector organizations (including healthcare organizations). This article examines the requirements for depreciation of the property, plant and equipment, established by FAS 6/2020 “Property, plant and equipment” and put into effect for mandatory application already from January 1 of the next year. Research methods included such methods as grouping method, comparison, analogy method, analysis and synthesis, systemic and logical approaches. As a result of the research carried out, the article identifies the most important innovations of this FAS in relation to the depreciation of property, plant and equipment of non-public sector organizations, including healthcare organizations in this sector, identifies problematic issues in the above area and substantiates proposals for their solution.
Improving the methodological support for controlling the cash flows of a medical organization
Authors: Plaskova N.S.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the improvement of the controlling system in the management of cash flows of organizations to ensure solvency and maintain a sufficient level of liquidity. Methodological approaches to the organization of the analysis and assessment of the quality of money management, identification are proposed. Factors that influence the formation of positive and negative cash gaps. Analytic capabilities provided recommendations for policy management of cash flows under operating activities, the development of mechanisms of regulation of the cash needs and the establishment and systematic implementation strategy for the management of money in circulation with the use of modern methods of controlling.
Occupational diseases of builders and factors affecting their occurrence and development
Authors: Semenov D. V. , Tkachenko A. A.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with individual professional diseases of builders and the factors that influence their occurrence and development. The author believes that a wide range of industrial activities of representatives of the construction professions and the impact of the environment plays a vital role in the development and progression of most occupational diseases. However, the harmful effects of these diseases on the body are greatly underestimated, which reduces the effectiveness of preventive measures and complicates treatment. It is also impossible to ignore the occupational diseases of drivers of construction vehicles. The most common of them are diseases associated with the development of cardiovascular pathology, neuropsychiatric disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, diseases associated with problems with the musculoskeletal system, disorders caused by a sedentary lifestyle, as well as allergic and oncological diseases. In addition, drivers are affected by harmful sanitary and hygienic factors: noise, vibration, high temperature, harmful impurities in the bus cabin, nervous tension. Taking into account all the above factors, it is necessary to carry out appropriate prevention of occupational diseases of representatives of construction specialties by conducting educational work and conducting regular medical examinations.
Application of the risk-based approach as a way to improve external state financial control over the realization of government programs
Authors: Savina Natalya Viktorovna , Vyvolokina Angelina Nikolaevna
Published: June 2021

The article examines the impact of the risk-oriented approach on the transformation processes of methodological support of control and expert-analytical measures implemented in relation to individual elements of the implemented state programs, which determines the importance of state programs as an object of state audit and control and the need to improve the effectiveness of control processes. It is proposed to use a risk-based approach when planning control measures by subjects of external state financial control in relation to individual subprograms and the main activities of implemented state programs. The paper reveals the essence of the risk-based approach and suggests the use of a roadmap for its implementation as an important element of the methodological tools. The application of a risk-based approach to the structural components of state programs is considered from the point of view of the concentration of control procedures on particularly significant and high-risk elements.
Educação Ambiental em espaços não formais: relato de experiência no Parque das Aves (Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil)
Authors: Santos Kerlen Alana Santa Ana , Silva Rodrigo de Cássio da
Published: June 2021

O campo da Educação Ambiental surgiu por volta do séc. XX, e vem sendo muito necessária, devido aos impactos ambientais que a natureza e os seres vivos enfrentam. E é nos contextos formais e não formais, que cada vez mais a Educação Ambiental amplia sua área de alcance. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar uma experiência vivida por meio de um estágio em um espaço não formal de educação, o Parque das Aves – Foz do Iguaçu/PR – Brasil, onde essa prática é muito valorizada. A instituição tem enfoque na conservação de espécies de aves ameaçadas de extinção da Mata atlântica, e na formação do pensamento crítico de seus visitantes.  Foram feitas reflexões sobre o papel da Educação Ambiental nesses espaços e relatadas várias contribuições para a formação de educadores ambientais mais engajados, além de esses espaços sensibilizarem os visitantes e estimularem mudanças de atitudes em relação às questões ambientais.
Feirantes do extremo sul piauiense: percepção ambiental e produção de resíduos sólidos
Authors: Souza Joselma Bezerra , Ribeiro Karen Veloso , Batista Monyzia de Souza , Santos Kelly Polyana
Published: June 2021

Objetivou-se analisar a percepção ambiental dos feirantes do mercado público de Corrente/PI sobre a geração de resíduos sólidos. Participaram do estudo 20 feirantes. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e os tratamentos estatísticos foram realizados no Excel. A maioria afirmou que a poluição e degradação do solo são as questões mais preocupantes, 15% dos feirantes já contraíram alguma doença por conta da proximidade com o lixo produzido na feira e 85% dos entrevistados se preocupam com as questões ambientais relacionadas ao descarte incorreto do lixo. Sugere-se que medidas preventivas junto à população e a todos os envolvidos nessa conjuntura possam ser efetivadas.
Jogo Superaves: popularizando a ciência e promovendo a sensibilização ambiental
Authors: Gonzaga Luis Francisco Oliveira Pereira , Pedruzzi Mendes Araújo Michell , Corte Viviana Borges
Published: June 2021

O presente artigo traz à tona um jogo de cartas colecionáveis como estratégia para promoção da popularização da ciência e sensibilização ambiental para diversos públicos. Foram catalogadas 112 espécies de aves dentro do Campus de Goiabeiras da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo e os dados provenientes desse catálogo deram origem a um jogo didático nomeado “SuperAves”. Durante o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa foram realizadas oficinas de observação de aves e posteriormente o instrumento didático “Jogo SuperAves” foi utilizado em grupos focais. Como resultado, destacamos a necessidade de produção de mais materiais didáticos que promovam a popularização da ciência e a sensibilização ambiental.
Etnoecologia e Educação Ambiental sobre manguezais com indígenas
Authors: Oliveira Geovani , Queiroz Lídia Nogueira de , Maia Rafaela Camargo
Published: June 2021

Tendo em vista a grande importância dos saberes populares, faz-se necessário o diagnóstico dos conhecimentos etnoecológicos da população indígena no distrito de Almofala (CE), sobre o manguezal, umas das áreas mais utilizadas pela tribo. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é implementar ações visando o equilíbrio ambiental das áreas indígenas por meio de pesquisa aplicada etnoecológica, valorização do conhecimento local, formação de educadores ambientais e fortalecimento das organizações locais, possibilitando a sustentabilidade da população. Através deste estudo conclui-se, que é necessária a continuação de campanhas e projetos de Educação Ambiental para a comunidade indígena Tremembé acerca dos manguezais.
O ensino da Educação Ambiental: desafios e perspectivas
Authors: Dimas Matheus de Souza , Novaes Ana Maria Pires , Avelar Katia Eliane Santos
Published: June 2021

Este artigo trata de análise sobre o ensino da Educação Ambiental, cujas dificuldades decorrem, principalmente, da ausência de capacitação dos docentes, falta de recursos didáticos e grande resistência às questões ambientais. O conhecimento dos conceitos, bem como do contexto histórico, proporciona uma visão ampla do sistema, gerando soluções adequadas para a melhoria do ensino. A nova versão da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) atribui às redes de ensino a necessidade de incorporar novas práticas pedagógicas que afetam a vida humana em escala local. Portanto, é indispensável aperfeiçoar o currículo dos discentes de modo que estes possam levar o conhecimento adiante, agregando impacto positivo ao desenvolvimento.
Morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) na percepção de alunos de área rural e urbana no município de Teutônia, Vale do Taquari (RS)
Authors: Griebeler Camila , Johann Liana
Published: June 2021

Rodeados de crenças e mitos de pessoas sem o conhecimento de sua morfologia, ciclo de vida, hábitos alimentares e nichos ecológicos, os morcegos são vistos como ratos velhos com asas, animais que não possuem visão e vampiros que se alimentam de sangue. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o conhecimento de alunos do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas de zona rural e urbana sobre a fauna de morcegos, além de verificar a importância da educação ambiental. A maioria dos alunos, das duas áreas, nunca aprendeu sobre morcegos, o que justifica seus mitos e crenças relacionados aos morcegos. É perceptível que grande parte dos alunos possuía medo dos morcegos por não conhecer sua importância no meio ambiente, apresentando informações falsas. As atividades de educação ambiental são fundamentais pois, em ambas as áreas, desmitificaram e acabaram com grande parte do preconceito gerado sobre esta ordem animal.
Phase equilibria in the CeO2–La2O3–Ln2O3 system at 1250 and 1500 °С
Authors: O.A Korniienko , O.I Bykov , A.V Sameljuk , Yu.M Bataiev
Published: June 2021

Materials based on cerium oxide, stabilized by oxides of rare earth elements, are promising for use in medicine, energy and mechanical engineering due to the uniqueness of their properties. State diagrams of CeO2–La2O3–Ln2O3 systems are the physicochemical basis for the creation of solid electrolytes for fuel cells, oxygen gas sensors, catalyst carriers, protective coatings on alloys, etc. Phase equilibria and structural transformations in CeO2–La2O3–Gd2O3 systems at temperatures  1250 and 1500 °С and in the binary system La2O3–Gd2O3 at temperatures  1100, 1500 and 1600 ° С in the whole range of concentrations were investigated using X-ray phase and microstructural analyzes. It was found that solid solutions based on cubic (F) modification with CeO2 fluorite type, monoclinic (B) and cubic (C) modifications of Gd2O3 and hexagonal (A) modification of La2O3 are formed in the ternary system CeO2–La2O3–Gd2O3. The boundaries of the phase fields and the periods of the crystal lattices of the formed phases are determined. It is established that in the CeO2–La2O3 –Gd2O3 system at 1250 and 1500 °С the phases of cubic symmetry are in equilibrium: on the basis of F–CeО2 with the spatial group Fm3m and C-phase on the basis of Gd2O3 with the spatial group Ia3. As the temperature decreases, there is a narrowing of all areas of homogeneity.
Sources of bias in examination of forensic traces
Authors:   Faculty of Law and Administration, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Ignaszak Mateusz
Published: June 2021

Every human being has a cognitive apparatus that he/she uses every day. Due to its limitations, we are susceptible to all kinds of cognitive errors that affect the observation of the world and decision making. Also forensic experts are not immune to external and internal factors that may cause issuing false opinions. The aim of the article is to show the multilevel problem of prevalence and susceptibility to any cognitive biases in the expertise of forensic analysts, and an attempt to systematise the cases described in the latest research works using the pyramid structure of bias sources. As regards the practical aspect of the discussed subject, in some cases solutions were also proposed that could improve the work of experts and contribute to its greater integrity.
Identification of 2-acetyl-2-phenylacetamide (APAA) – the precursor for production of benzylmethylketone (BMK, P2P)
Authors:   Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, Chemistry Department, Galarda Małgorzata , Bachliński Robert ,   Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, Chemistry Department
Published: June 2021

The article presents the possibilities of using gas and liquid chromatography with MS detection (GC-MS, HPLC-Q-TOF) to identify 2-acetyl-2-phenylacetamide (APAA) – a precursor for the production of benzyl methyl ketone (BMK, P2P). In recent years, APAA has become very popular on the illegal drug market and its identification by the above-mentioned methods raises interpretation doubts. They are caused by BMK being present in small amounts and the ambiguous chromatographic image (GC and HPLC), which consists of two peaks with different retention times, but with the same mass spectrum. This is a consequence of APAA found in two tautomeric forms: ketone and enol. The phenomenon of keto-enol tautomerism occurring here is a particular case of isomerism.
Wet Powder White – powder suspension applicable not only to the adhesive sides of adhesive tapes
Authors:   orensic Laboratory of the Voivodeship Police Headquarters in Szczecin, Fabiszak Maciej
Published: June 2021

The article presents new possibilities of revealing fingerprints on non-absorbent surfaces by using Wet Powder White, known and used in Polish dactyloscopy. Powder suspension based on titanium dioxide has been successfully used to reveal fingerprints on the adhesive sides of non-porous tapes, as well as on the inner surfaces of rubber gloves. So far, however, the broader application of Wet Powder White has not been known in Polish dactyloscopic practice. Foreign publications quoted in the article, research conducted and the use of white suspension powder in dactyloscopic opinions dedicated to the visualization of traces unequivocally confirm the high effectiveness of Wet Powder White in revealing fingerprints on non-absorbent surfaces, especially on plastic packaging and areas that have been or could have been previously wetted or subjected to high humidity.
Educação, povos do campo e pandemia da COVID-19: reflexões a partir de um projeto de extensão de uma universidade pública brasileira
Authors: Ribeiro Luiz Paulo , Angélica Alves Leal Álida , Oliveira Leandro , Regina Sanches Ribas Sandra
Published: June 2021

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar repercussões da pandemia do COVID-19 para a educação em comunidades rurais nas quais estudantes de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo (LECampo) de uma universidade pública brasileira trabalham e/ou residem. O estudo refere-se a um recorte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, articulada ao projeto de extensão “Povos do Campo e a pandemia do COVID-19”, criado em abril de 2020. O percurso metodológico da investigação consistiu na aplicação de questionários online em dois momentos da pandemia no Brasil (abril/maio e julho de 2020). Tais instrumentos foram respondidos por 36 (trinta e seis) estudantes na primeira etapa e por 46 (quarenta e seis) estudantes na segunda etapa. Os dados foram analisados a partir dos dois momentos da pesquisa, descritos e comparados à literatura da área da Educação do Campo. Assim, no primeiro momento foi notado um maior movimento de manter as escolas fechadas e, no segundo momento, foram observadas tentativas de instaurar um Ensino Remoto Emergencial com distribuição de materiais e aulas/contatos online. Evidenciamos que a pandemia expôs e acentuou as desigualdades na oferta escolar na rede pública brasileira, sobressaltando a precariedade histórica das políticas públicas destinadas à educação das populações campesinas.
Documentary Transformations and Cultural Context
Authors: Pagès Robert
Published: June 2021

This article is a translation of one originally published in 1948 in Review of Documentation. The article examines the relationship between documents, broadly defined, and culture. More specifically, it examines the connections between experience, reason and the stability of documents as media technologies evolve over time.
FORMS МЪНОГО AND МАЛО IN RUSSIAN CHRONICLES OF THE 13TH TO 15TH CENTURIES AND COLLOCATIONS WITH THEM: COMPARATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Vernyaeva R.A.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to 1) the analysis of the chronicle contexts with the forms мъного and мало to determine parts of speech of these words in the Old Russian language, 2) the determination of the collocations and colligations with the forms мъного and мало in order to extract the patterns and N-grams which can be classified as the fixed lexical and grammatical chunks. This study presents the results regarding the specific forms of syntagmatics in determining parts of speech of these words. Having analyzed and compared the examples, we can infer that there was the evolution of non-finite forms into adverbs due to the activation of verb forms as the core of syntagma in the late manuscripts and the need to eliminate ambiguous connections of forms ending in -o if their semantics allows them to define both names and verb forms. It has been found that during the comprehensive analysis the modern research methods, especially the quantitative and statistical analysis, have an importance in extracting the collocations from the Old Russian texts. The article demonstrates statistically significant combinations - collocations obtained using the N-gram module.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CITY LINGUISTIC ENVIRONMENT ON THE SPEECH OF PROVINCIAL STUDENTS (BY THE LETTERS OF STUDENT FROM VELIKY USTYUG M. B. VASILYEVA)
Authors: Romodina N.V. , Yastrebov-Pestritskiy M.S.
Published: June 2021

The material for this article is the letters and diaries of a student of the Philological Faculty of the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute named after A. I. Herzen (1945-1949), addressed to her mother in Veliky Ustyug, Vologda region. Some elements of dialect speech found in these documents are of scientific interest. The aim of the research is to study the linguistic dynamics of letters that has developed under the influence of the linguistic environment of Leningrad. The analysis revealed that 1) the most frequent in the texts are lexical dialectisms; 2) morphological deviations from the literary norm can be regarded as vernaculars; 3) syntactic dialectal features are reflected in the specific models of sentence construction and non-traditional principles of connecting homogeneous sentence members. The letters of 1945-49 reveal the dynamics of their author's speech, which demonstrates a gradual assimilation of the literary norm. In the diaries, the literary norm of speech is formed earlier. This indicates that the texts of the letters are oriented to the addressee, who is a speaker of urban half-dialect, and the texts of the diaries - to the person who knows literary speech.
SOME PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF COMPOSITE SENTENCES (ON THE MATERIAL OF BUSINESS COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE IN ENGLISH AND IN RUSSIAN)
Authors: Mikhailova E.R.
Published: June 2021

The present article considers some of the peculiarities of translation of complex and compound sentences used in business correspondence in English and in Russian. Translation of these utterances demands taking into account all the variety of information expressed by them as well as their pragmatic and stylistic peculiarities. Different translation transformations are used to perform adequate translation, such as: rearrangements, replacements, additions, omissions. In some cases, there may be loss and change of ethical information, but with mandatory preservation of the transmitted cognitive-evaluative and important pragmatic information, the general communicative-informational structure of the statement. Subject to the general stylistic norms of the source and translating languages that are characteristic of written business communication, differences are also observed between them, manifested in greater conciseness, categoricalness, realism, and assertiveness of the statements in Russian. The transformations made allow us to explicate “emotional psychological nuances” that give greater credibility to the assessment of the situation and emphasize the understanding by the addressee (one of the partners) of the significance of one or another fact.
SPIDERS AND THE WEB IN THE ARTISTIC WORLDS OF L. TOLSTOY AND F. DOSTOEVSKY
Authors: Nagina K.A.
Published: June 2021

The relevance of the study is due to the significance of entomological motifs in the works of L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky, and in Russian literature in general. In Tolstoy's artistic and philosophical systems, insects that have a «swarm» nature most often symbolize the joy of being. The spiders included in their plot have a different semantics, the analysis of which is particularly fruitful against the background of the study of such a plot in the works of F. Dostoevsky, since the vectors of these plots have diametrically opposite directions. The subject of the research in the article is the insectoid motifs associated with the image of the spider, supported by its mythopoetic nature in both writers. The two motifs that originate in the Arachne myth - creative and destructive - to varying degrees feed the “spider” topic of L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky. In the works of L. Tolstoy, creative motifs associated with the image of the “web of love” - a metaphor of self-sacrifice - are brought to the fore. In the works of F. Dostoevsky, on the contrary, destructive motifs predominate: spiders are chthonic creatures, marking the dark beginning in the nature of the characters and associated with the theme of rebellion against the Creator. In this light, of particular interest is the point of intersection of the trajectories of the movement of the writers' artistic thought, which is represented by two parables: about the web from L. Tolstoy's short story “Karma” and about the “onion” from Dostoevsky's novel “The Brothers Karamazov”.
OPTION OF OVERCOMING SYMBOLISM IN THE EARLY WORKS OF BORIS PASTERNAK
Authors: Serova M.V. , Vakhnina A.M.
Published: June 2021

The article presents a comparative analysis of Annensky's poem “Black Spring” and Pasternak's poem “February”; it helps to show how symbolist attitude is overcome by recoding “set of images” of the first text in the second text. First, the topic of “transition” that is important for Pasternak is developed. The “transition” is rebirth of a person into a poet by writing poetry. Watching of the state of the world (especially nature) becomes important, the world is associated with the feelings and sensations of the poet, the process of rebirth is inscribed in the calendar cycle. Then the artistic systems of Pasternak and Annensky are compared. A prerequisite for this is the image of the “black spring” found in Pasternak's text and which is a direct reference to Annensky's text. We find the philosophical polemic of the two authors when we are comparing the two poems. If there is no creation in Annensky's world, all of images are endowed with the semantics of death, then Pasternak's world is formed and charged with poetry that is born in a continuous life cycle. In Pasternak's poetic system, Annensky's images are rebuilt and endowed with the semantics of birth, thereby expressing the author's life-affirming attitude. The poem "February" shows the overcoming of the drama of non-incarnation faced by the second generation Symbolists.
RHYTHMIC SEMANTIC STRUCTURES “PARTICULARS AND UNIVERSALS” IN THE LYRICS OF ART SONGS AND ALGORYTHMS OF THEIR DETECTION
Authors: Zipunov A.V. , Valganov S.V.
Published: June 2021

In order to study holistic cultural phenomena, including art songs, a tool reminiscent of LR(k)-parser of context-free grammars has been formalized. With the help of this algorithm a two-pass analysis of two works by different authors, united by the common theme of overcoming, was carried out. Two common structures were revealed in the texts: the semantic alternation of the "particulars and universals" oppositions (PU-rhythm) and the arrhythmic motif of overcoming (O-structure).
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE OF THE CREATIVE TRADITIONS OF PERSIAN CULTURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOLKLORE IN SOUTHERN DAGESTAN
Authors: Kurbanov M.M.
Published: June 2021

The article highlights the problems related to how ancient Persian culture in the Middle Ages had a powerful influence on the formation and development of folklore of the peoples of South Dagestan. Regional, ethnic, linguistic and cultural symbiosis was formed In the Derbent region, Tabasaran and Lezgistan in the V-XVIII centuries, which led the folklore of the Tabasarans, Lezgins, Azerbaijanis, resettled here Iranian-speaking Tats, Persians and Arabs to mutual enrichment and intensive development. Domestic, cultural and commercial relations led to the fact that most residents began to freely speak the “old Turkic”, Persian, Lezgin and Tabasaran languages, which ethnic groups used in communication, trade and in everyday life. The result of the influence of Persian folk and Ashug poetry on the development of the creativity of the peoples of the region can be considered the formation of a single form of genre varieties of extra-ritual lyrics and wedding poetry in the folklore of Tabasarans, Lezghins, Agulians in the form of band-quatrains. Fairy tales of the peoples of the region were also positively influenced, they were enriched by Eastern plots, themes, ideas, colorful images, Persian toponymy and vibrant poetry of genres.
THE IMAGE OF THE CIVIL WAR IN “TALES OF SOLDIERS AND CIVILIANS” BY AMBROSE BIERCE
Authors: Novak K.V.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the image of the Civil War in war stories by Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914?). The specifics of the war's representation in writer's literary works are analyzed, the features of man at war are revealed. The particularity of the artistic world of stories by A. Bierce is recognized. The research is carried out on the material of the collection of short stories “Tales of Soldiers and Civilians” (1891): “Killed at Resaca” (1887), “A Son of the Gods” (1888), “One of the Missing” (1888), “A Tough Tussle”, (1888), “A Horseman in the Sky” (1889), “Chickamauga” (1889), “The Affair at Coulter's Notch” (1889), “The Coup de Grâce”, (1889), “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” (1890), “Parker Adderson, Philosopher” (1891). The analysis is provided in the context of American Civil War literature of 1880s and 1890s and by taking into account writer's biography, a conclusion about the genre features of his literary works is also presented. The scientific novelty of the work is a complex analysis of early creativity of A. Bierce in the context of American military fiction.
Kelekatan Aman Anak Usia Remaja dengan Orang Tua di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Rohmah Mudrika , Musyarrofah Anjumil , Sulistiyowati Anugrah
Published: June 2021

The current covid-19 pandemic forces many community activities to be carried out at home. Such "work from home" movement results in the longer gathering time between family members. Naturally, this result can add to the physical closeness and intimacy between them. However, attachment is also seen from the emotional or psychological side. The current study focuses on secure attachment between adolescent children and their parents. The methods employed in this research were structured observation and semi-structured interviews. Based on the observations, it was found that the attachment was well established and had a high percentage. Apart from being physically close due to this pandemic, the maturity of adolescents also became the reason for the successful attachment to parents.
Komunikasi KPU dalam Menekan Golput di Jember
Authors: Putra Ferdian Ardani , Fauzi Ahmad
Published: June 2021

Indonesia is a country that applies a democratic political system. One of the means of the democratic political system in Indonesia is the General Election. The implementation of a democratic election should be carried out in accordance with the election principles abided by Indonesia, namely Luber-Jurdil (Direct, General, Free, Confidential, Honest, Fair). In order for the principle of Luber-Jurdil to be carried out, supervisions are requireds. Supervision is not only carried out by Panwaslu (General Election Supervisory Agency), the public also have to play a role in that supervision. The public can monitor, either directly or indirectly, the process of running a democracy / elections. The results of the current study show that there were several causes of abstention in the last 2018 elections, namely: 1) Internal factors which include technical factor and occupational factor, 2). External factors which include administrative factor, and political factor. There are also solutions to reduce the number of abstentions for the next election by easing the rules for voters to be able to vote, improving the data collection and voter registration system so that it has fresher outlook (requires adequate personnel and budget support), changing the right to vote into an obligation to vote. The electoral system must be very easy for voters to understand (for example, easy voting procedures, simple ballot paper design). For those solutions, it is necessary to involve strategic groups, such as first-time voters, religious people, women, people with disabilities and marginalized groups.