bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Amphiphilic Aromatic Amino Alcohols.
Authors: de Almeida Angelina M. , Nascimento Thiago , Ferreira Bianca S. , de Castro Pedro P. , Silva Vania L. , Diniz Claudio G. , Le Hyaric Mireille
Published: August 2013

Title compounds (III) display a higher antibacterial activity than chloramphenicol but they are less active than the reference drug vancomycin.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Direct Alkylation of C—H Bonds in Benzamides and Acrylamides with Functionalized Alkyl Halides via Bidentate‐Chelation Assistance.
Authors: Aihara Yoshinori , Chatani Naoto
Published: August 2013

The reaction proceeds with complete regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Organogold(I) Phosphanes in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Pena‐Lopez Miguel , Sarandeses Luis A. , Sestelo Jose Perez
Published: August 2013

A wide range of aryl‐, heteroaryl‐, alkynyl‐ and alkenylgold(I) organometallics react with aryl and alkenyl halides, aryl triflates, and allyl acetates in aqueous media under palladium catalysis conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Trifluoromethyl Ketones.
Authors: Luo Renshi , Li Ke , Hu Yuling , Tang Wenjun
Published: August 2013

A new C2‐symmetrical, chiral biphosphorus ligand with a deep chiral pocket proves to be efficient for the title reaction providing a series of chiral trifluoromethyl‐substituted tertiary alcohols (III) in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: N,N‐Diisopropyl‐N‐phosphonyl Imines Lead to Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Aziridine‐2‐carboxylic Esters.
Authors: Kattamuri Padmanabha V. , Xiong Yiwen , Pan Yi , Li Guigen
Published: August 2013

An improved procedure is elaborated for the preparation of chiral aziridine‐2‐carboxylic esters (III) by an aza‐Darzens reaction of imines (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Parallel Copper Catalysis: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Azetidin‐2‐imines.
Authors: Xing Yanpeng , Zhao Hongyang , Shang Qiongyi , Wang Jing , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: August 2013

An efficient and diastereoselective synthesis of highly functionalized azetidin‐2‐imines is achieved trough a parallel catalysis strategy consisting of an azide‐alkyne cycloaddition, a cross‐coupling reaction, and an intermolecular [2+2] cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Ketone Hydroacylation Using Noyori′s Transfer Hydrogenation Catalyst.
Authors: Murphy Stephen K. , Dong Vy M.
Published: August 2013

A novel strategy for the hydroacylation of 1,4‐ and 1,5‐keto alcohols to give different substituted lactones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Types of 5,5′‐Disubstituted Bis(imidazolidine‐2,4‐diones).
Authors: Khodaee Ziba , Yahyazadeh Asieh , Mahmoodi Nosrat O.
Published: August 2013

Several new bis‐hydantoins are successfully synthesized via a modified Bucherer—Berg reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: New Syntheses of [1,2,5]Oxadiazolo[3,4‐e][1,2,3,4]tetrazine 4,6‐Dioxide.
Authors: Zelenov V. P. , Lobanova A. A. , Sysolyatin S. V. , Sevodina N. V.
Published: August 2013

Two syntheses for the title compound (II) are given and some related reactions are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Phosphonates and Phosphine Oxides with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Hornillos Valentin , Perez Manuel , Fananas‐Mastral Martin , Feringa Ben L.
Published: August 2013

The title reaction affords different alkylated phosphonates and phosphine oxides which are valuable precursors for the synthesis of new phosphorus‐containing chiral compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(II)‐Carbenoid Mediated 2H‐Azirine Ring‐Expansion as a Convenient Route to Non‐Fused Photo‐ and Thermochromic 2H‐1,4‐Oxazines.
Authors: Rostovskii Nikolai V. , Novikov Mikhail S. , Khlebnikov Alexander F. , Khlebnikov Vsevolod A. , Korneev Sergei M.
Published: August 2013

For the first time representatives of monocyclic 2H‐1,4‐oxazine derivatives show photo‐ and thermochromic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Eight New Diterpenoids and Two New Nor‐Diterpenoids from the Stems of Croton cascarilloides
Authors: Kawakami Susumu , Toyoda Hiroki , Harinantenaina Liva , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki , Shinzato Takakazu , Takeda Yoshio , Kawahata Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Kentaro
Published: August 2013

isolation and structure determination of eight new diterpenoids, named crotocascarins A‐H (I) and (II), and two new nor‐diterpenoids, named crotocascarins α (IIIb) and β (IIIa)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Gluco‐, Galacto‐, and Mannopyranosylthiazoles, Thiazolidinones, and Pyranosylthiazlidin‐4‐ones from Sugar Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives.
Authors: Darehkordi Ali , Ramezani Mahin , Ranjbar‐Karimi Reza
Published: August 2013

The title compounds are obtained via reaction of the sugar thiosemicarbazone derivatives with 2,4′‐dibromoacetophenone, acetylenedicarboxylates, and ethylbromoacetate, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of Five New Flavonoids from Melicope triphylla.
Authors: Higa Matsutaka , Imamura Megumi , Ogihara Kazuhito , Suzuka Toshimasa
Published: August 2013

Five new flavanoids (I) and (II) are isolated together with six known flavanoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanorods of Potassium Tantalum Niobate Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Phase Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition.
Authors: Simon Q. , Dorcet V. , Boullay P. , Demange V. , Deputier S. , Bouquet V. , Guilloux‐Viry M.
Published: August 2013

Nanorods of K5.06 (Ta0.57Nb0.43)10.99O30 are prepared by pulsed laser deposition from a sintered (350 °C, 12 h) mixture of KTaO3, KNbO3, and KNO3.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Plasmonic Materials: Beyond Gold and Silver
Authors: Naik Gururaj V. , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Boltasseva Alexandra
Published: August 2013

Review: 328 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Aryl‐C‐nitroazoles. Part 1. C‐Nitro‐N‐phenylazoles
Authors: Kurpet M. , Jedrysiak R. , Suwinski J.
Published: August 2013

Review: syntheses and properties; 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phospholes — Development and Recent Advances
Authors: Zagidullin Almaz A. , Bezkishko Ilya A. , Miluykov Vasily A. , Sinyashin Oleg G.
Published: August 2013

Review: 190 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of Chemical Glycosylation: Focus on the Mode of Activation and Departure of Anomeric Leaving Groups
Authors: Ranade Sneha C. , Demchenko Alexei V.
Published: August 2013

Review: 294 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dihydropyrimidine
Authors: Cho Hidetsura
Published: August 2013

Review: syntheses, physical properties, reactions, and biological activities; 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Supramolecular Chiral Photochemistry
Authors: Yang Cheng
Published: August 2013

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biorelevant Metals in Sustainable Metal Catalysis. A Survey
Authors: Holzwarth Michael S. , Plietker Bernd
Published: August 2013

Review: < 450 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Catalytic Application of Recoverable Magnetic Nanoparticles‐Supported Organic Compounds
Authors: Xu Hua‐Jian , Wan Xin , Geng Ye , Xu Xiao‐Lan
Published: August 2013

Review: 185 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Nucleic Acid Bases, Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Authors: Niziol Joanna , Rode Wojciech , Ruman Tomasz
Published: August 2013

Review: major aspects of synthesis, analysis, activity and application
ChemInform Abstract: Glucose Conjugation for the Specific Targeting and Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Calvaresi Emilia C. , Hergenrother Paul J.
Published: August 2013

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Passive Fructose Transporters in Disease: A Molecular Overview of Their Structural Specificity
Authors: McQuade D. Tyler , Plutschak Matthew B. , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: August 2013

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pin1 Inhibitors: Pitfalls, Progress and Cellular Pharmacology
Authors: Moore Jonathan D. , Potter Andrew
Published: August 2013

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Immobilization of Industrial Biocatalysts: Criteria and Constraints for the Selection of Organic Polymeric Carriers and Immobilization Methods
Authors: Cantone Sara , Ferrario Valerio , Corici Livia , Ebert Cynthia , Fattor Diana , Spizzo Patrizia , Gardossi Lucia
Published: August 2013

Review: 57 refs.
Two‐phase grouping‐based resource management for big data processing in mobile cloud computing
Authors: Park JiSu , Kim Hyongsoon , Jeong Young‐Sik , Lee Eunyoung
Published: August 2013

Big data is generated from recent social network services, and distributed processing techniques have been studied to analyze it. In particular, because of the fast spread of mobile devices, a huge amount data is generated in a mobile environment. The distributed processing technologies such as MapReduce are applied to mobile devices, thanks to the improved computing power of mobile devices. However, mobile devices have several problems such as the movement problem and the utilization problem. Especially, the utilization problem and the movement problem of mobile devices cause system faults more frequently because of dynamic changes, and system faults prevent applications using mobile devices from being processed reliably. Therefore, to cope with these significant problems of mobile devices, we propose a grouping technique based on the utilization and movement rates. In our proposed scheme, mobile devices are separated into groups by cut‐off points based on entropy values. We also propose a two‐phase grouping method in order to reduce the overhead of group management. The experimental result shows that our algorithm outperforms traditional grouping techniques with maintaining stable big data processing and managing reliable resource. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and numerical study of a self‐centering prestressed concrete moment resisting frame connection with bolted web friction devices
Authors: Song Liang‐long , Guo Tong , Chen Cheng
Published: August 2013

The self‐centering prestressed concrete (SCPC) moment resisting frame (MRF) with web friction devices (WFDs) is a new type of structure that integrates advantages of post‐tensioned precast concrete MRFs and self‐centering steel MRFs. In this paper, the configuration of the connection and design guidelines are presented. To further reduce damage to the connection under cyclic loading and facilitate implementation in practice, several significant improvements are proposed and experimentally validated in this study, including the following: (i) the welded connection is replaced by the bolted connection; (ii) aluminum plates are used for friction instead of brass plates to reduce the material costs without decreasing the energy dissipation capacity; and (iii) post‐tensioned tendons at the corners of the beam are replaced by a bundle of tendons at the beam centroid in order to facilitate the field assembly. The resulting improvements of seismic performances are experimentally demonstrated by 10 cyclic tests of two full‐scale SCPC beam–column connections. Numerical simulation of the proposed connection is conducted using the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSees) to replicate the experimental results. Seismic behaviors are taken into account, such as the gap opening/closing at the beam–column interface, the self‐centering capacity, and the friction energy dissipation. Good agreement is observed between the numerical simulation and the test results. The proposed SCPC connection with bolted WFDs is demonstrated to have good performance when subjected to cyclic loading. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological Analyses of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Electrodes with Nano‐Scale Computed Tomography Imaging
Authors: Litster S. , Epting W. K. , Wargo E. A. , Kalidindi S. R. , Kumbur E. C.
Published: August 2013

We report a three‐dimensional (3D), pore‐scale analysis of morphological and transport properties for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) catalyst layer. The 3D structure of the platinum/carbon/Nafion electrode was obtained using nano‐scale resolution X‐ray computed tomography (nano‐CT). The 3D nano‐CT data was analyzed according to several morphological characteristics, with particular focus on various effective pore diameters used in modeling gas diffusion in the Knudsen transition regime, which is prevalent in PEFC catalyst layers. The pore diameter metrics include those based on chord length distributions, inscribed spheres, and surface area. Those pore diameter statistics are evaluated against computational pore‐scale diffusion simulations with local gas diffusion coefficients determined from the local pore size according to the Bosanquet formulation. According to our comparison, simulations that use local pore diameters defined by inscribed spheres provide effective diffusion coefficients that are consistent with chord‐length based estimations for an effective Knudsen length scale. By evaluating transport rates in regions of varying porosity within the nano‐CT data, we identified a Bruggeman correction scaling factor for the effective diffusivity.
Prevalence of strong vertical CO2 and O2 variability in the top meters of the ocean
Authors: Calleja Maria Ll. , Duarte Carlos M. , Álvarez Marta , Vaquer‐Sunyer Raquel , Agustí Susana , Herndl Gerhard J.
Published: August 2013

The gradient in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) across the air‐sea boundary layer is the main driving force for the air‐sea CO2 flux. Global data bases for surface seawater pCO2 are actually based on pCO2 measurements from several meters below the sea surface, assuming a homogeneous distribution between the diffusive boundary layer and the upper top meters of the ocean. Compiling vertical profiles of pCO2, temperature, and dissolved oxygen in the upper 5–8 m of the ocean from different biogeographical areas, we detected a mean difference between the boundary layer and 5 m pCO2 of 13 ± 1 µatm. Temperature gradients accounted for only 11% of this pCO2 gradient in the top meters of the ocean; thus, pointing to a heterogeneous biological activity underneath the air‐sea boundary layer as the main factor controlling the top meters pCO2 variability. Observations of pCO2 just beneath the air‐sea boundary layer should be further investigated in order to estimate possible biases in calculating global air‐sea CO2 fluxes.
Novel pharmacological agents targeting memory and cognition in the treatment of anxiety disorders
Authors: Nandhra Harpal Singh , Murphy Catherine Louise , Sule Akeem
Published: August 2013

Objective

The aim of this study is to review data for several promising novel pharmacological drugs for anxiety disorders and describe how they exert their effects.

Method

We presented a review of the published literature. Online search plus reference list checking was also used.

Results

The neurobiology of anxiety is overviewed. N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate and beta adrenaline are involved in memory consolidation. We describe studies using memantine, D‐cycloserine, propranolol, and riluzole that modulate these pathways.

Conclusion

There are a number of promising new therapies, but these require further studies before they can enter routine clinical practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations of dietary folate, Vitamins B6 and B12 and methionine intake with risk of breast cancer among African American and European American women
Authors: Gong Zhihong , Ambrosone Christine B. , McCann Susan E. , Zirpoli Gary , Chandran Urmila , Hong Chi‐Chen , Bovbjerg Dana H. , Jandorf Lina , Ciupak Gregory , Pawlish Karen , Lu Quanjun , Hwang Helena , Khoury Thaer , Wiam Bshara , Bandera Elisa V.
Published: August 2013

African American (AA) women are more likely than European American (EA) women to be diagnosed with breast cancer at younger ages and to develop poor prognosis tumors. However, these racial differences are largely unexplained. Folate and other methyl‐group nutrients may be related to breast carcinogenesis, but few studies have examined these associations in AA populations. We examined the associations of dietary intake of these nutrients with breast cancer risk overall, by menopausal and estrogen receptor (ER) status among 1,582 AA (749 cases) and 1,434 EA (744 cases) women using data from a case–control study, the Women's Circle of Health Study. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of each nutrient and breast cancer risk. In AA women, inverse associations were observed for natural food folate intake among premenopausal women (fourth vs. first quartile: OR = 0.57, 95% CI, 0.33–1.00; p for trend = 0.06) and for ER‐positive tumors (fourth vs. first quartile: OR = 0.58, 95% CI, 0.36–0.93; p for trend = 0.03), whereas in EA women, a positive association was observed for intake of synthetic folate (fourth vs. first quartile: OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.06–2.21; p for trend = 0.03). Our findings suggest that natural food folate intake is inversely associated with breast cancer risk and that this association may vary by race, menopausal status or ER status. The finding of an increased risk observed among EA women with the highest intake of synthetic folate from fortified foods warrants further investigation.
Cochlear implants and drug delivery: In vitro evaluation of dexamethasone release
Authors: Astolfi Laura , Guaran Valeria , Marchetti Nicola , Olivetto Elena , Simoni Edi , Cavazzini Alberto , Jolly Claude , Martini Alessandro
Published: August 2013

Anti‐inflammatory drugs can minimize the trauma and inflammation in the inner ear caused by cochlear implantation surgery. For this reason, much effort has recently been devoted to finding the best way to administer these anti‐inflammatory drugs for a prolonged time and in a personalized dosage. One solution is constructing an electrode with a dispenser filled with anti‐inflammatory drugs with a dosage adapted to suit each new cochlear implant user. The purpose of this study was to measure in vitro, by high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry assay, the amount of dexamethasone released in 78 days in a physiological solution by a filled dispenser. The drug release continued for more than 2 months in three different phases: (1) during the first 1–5 days, (2) within about 2 weeks, and (3) from about 3 weeks until the end of experiment. This release trend is in accordance with the 3 main phases of damage caused by the cochlear implantation: (1) insertion trauma within the first 2 days, (2) inflammation within 2 weeks, and finally (3) an intracochlear chronic fibrosis reaction. Future animal model studies should consider using this dispenser in order to establish its effectiveness in preventing damage caused by cochlear implantation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 267–273, 2014.
Synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticle‐encapsulated alginate microparticles for sustained release and targeting therapy
Authors: Liao Yu‐Te , Wu Kevin C.‐W. , Yu Jiashing
Published: August 2013

This study reports the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticle‐encapsulated alginate microparticles (MSN@Alg) for sustained release and targeting therapy. The MSN@Alg was synthesized by air dynamical atomization, and the effects of several critical factors including concentration of alginate solution, flow rate of alginate solution, flow rate of air, the distance between nozzle and calcium bath, and stirring rate of calcium on the particle size of the synthesized MSN@Alg were investigated. For studying the sustained release properties of the MSN@Alg, rhodamine 6G (R6G) was used as a model drug, and we compared the release properties of R6G/MSN and R6G/MSN@Alg using different concentrations of alginate, concentrations and volumes of phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) buffer solutions. The sustained release behavior of the R6G/MSN@Alg system can be prolonged to 20 days with an optimal condition of 1 mg R6G/MSN@Alg to 2 mL PBS (10 mM). To achieve targeting therapy, an anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox), was loaded into MSN@Alg, and a arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid (RGD)‐based peptide was functionalized onto the surface of MSN@Alg for the purpose of specific targeting. The results showed that the intracellular drug delivery efficiency was greatly enhanced (i.e., 3.5‐folds) for the Dox/MSN@Alg‐RGD drug delivery system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 293–302, 2014.
Measurements of submicron aerosols in Houston, Texas during the 2009 SHARP field campaign
Authors: Levy Misti E. , Zhang Renyi , Khalizov Alexei F. , Zheng Jun , Collins Don R. , Glen Crystal R. , Wang Yuan , Yu Xiao‐Ying , Luke Winston , Jayne John T. , Olaguer Eduardo
Published: August 2013

During the field campaign of the Study of Houston Atmospheric Radical Precursors/Surface‐Induced Oxidation of Organics in the Troposphere (SHARP/SOOT) in Houston, Texas, a suite of aerosol instruments was deployed to directly measure a comprehensive set of aerosol properties, including the particle size distribution, effective density, hygroscopicity, and light extinction and scattering coefficients. Those aerosol properties are employed to quantify the mixing state and composition of ambient particles and to gain a better understanding of the formation and transformation of fine particulate matter in this region. During the measurement period, aerosols are often internally mixed, with one peak in the effective density distribution at 1.55 ± 0.07 g cm−3, consistent with a population composed largely of sulfates and organics. Episodically, a second mode below 1.0 g cm−3 is identified in the effective density distributions, reflecting the presence of freshly emitted black carbon (BC) particles. The measured effective density demonstrates a clear diurnal cycle associated with primary emissions from transportation and photochemical aging, with a minimum during the morning rush hour, increasing from 1.4 to 1.5 g cm−3 on average over 5 h, and remaining nearly constant throughout the afternoon. The average BC concentration derived from light‐absorption measurements is 0.31 ± 0.22 µg m−3, and the average measured particle single scattering albedo is 0.94 ± 0.04. When elevated BC concentrations are observed, typically during the morning rush hours, single scattering albedo decreases, with a smallest measured value of about 0.7. Aerosol hygroscopicity measurements indicate that larger particles (e.g., 400 nm) are more hygroscopic than smaller particles (e.g., 100 nm). The measurements also reveal discernable meteorological impacts on the aerosol properties. After a frontal passage, the average particle effective density decreases, the average BC concentration increases, and the aerosol size distribution is dominated by new particle formation.
Homogenization of Chinese daily surface air temperatures and analysis of trends in the extreme temperature indices
Authors: Xu Wenhui , Li Qingxiang , Wang Xiaolan L. , Yang Su , Cao Lijuan , Feng Yang
Published: August 2013

This study first homogenizes time series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at 825 stations in China over the period from 1951 to 2010, using both metadata and the penalized maximum t test with the first‐order autocorrelation being accounted for to detect change points and using the quantile‐matching algorithm to adjust the data time series to diminish discontinuities. Station relocation was found to be the main cause for discontinuities, followed by station automation. The effects of discontinuities on estimation of long‐term trends in the annual mean and extreme indices of temperature are illustrated. The data homogenization is shown to have improved the spatial consistency of estimated trends. Using the homogenized daily minimum and daily maximum temperature data, this study also analyzes trends in extreme temperature indices. The results show that the vast majority (85%–90%) of the 825 sites have experienced significantly more warm nights and less cold nights since 1951. There have also been more warm days and less cold days since 1951, although these trends are less extensive. About 62% of the 825 sites were found to have experienced significantly more warm days and about 50% significantly less cold days. None of the 825 sites were found to have significantly more cold nights/days or less warm nights/days. These indicate that the warming is stronger in nighttime than in daytime and stronger in winter than in summer. Thus, the diurnal temperature range was found to have significantly decreased at 49% of the 825 sites, with significant increases being identified only at 3% of these sites.
A multi‐resolution ensemble study of a tropical urban environment and its interactions with the background regional atmosphere
Authors: Li Xian‐Xiang , Koh Tieh‐Yong , Entekhabi Dara , Roth Matthias , Panda Jagabandhu , Norford Leslie K
Published: August 2013

This study employed the Weather Research and Forecasting model with a single‐layer urban canopy model to investigate the urban environment of a tropical city, Singapore. The coupled model was evaluated against available observational data from a sensor network and flux tower. The effects of land use type and anthropogenic heat (AH) on the thermal and wind environment were investigated with a series of sensitivity tests using an ensemble approach for low advection, high convective available potential energy, intermonsoon season cases. The diurnal cycle and spatial pattern of urban heat island (UHI) intensity and planetary boundary layer height were investigated. The mean UHI intensity peaked in the early morning at 2.2°C, reaching 2.4°C in industrial areas. Sea and land breezes developed during daytime and nighttime, respectively, with the former much stronger than the latter. The model predicted that sea breezes from different coastlines of the Malay Peninsula meet and converge, inducing strong updrafts. AH was found to play roles in all the processes studied, while the effect of different land use types was most pronounced during nighttime, and least visible near noon.
Overexpression of Rho–GDP‐dissociation inhibitor‐γ inhibits migration of neural stem cells
Authors: Wang Jiao , Li Xiao , Cheng Hua , Wang Kai , Lu Wei , Wen Tieqiao
Published: August 2013

Neural stem cell (NSC) migration relies heavily on the regulation of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons by Rho GTPases, which are critical regulators of key steps during NSC migration. However, the migration mechanism remains unclear. Rho–GDP‐dissociation inhibitor‐γ (Rho‐GDIγ) was identified as an important downregulator of the Rho family of GTPases, because of its ability to prevent nucleotide exchange and thus membrane association. This study investigates the role of Rho‐GDIγ in neural stem cells migration. Our results indicate that the overexpression of Rho‐GDIγ maintains NSCs in the stem cell state, meanwhile preventing NSC migration through inhibition of Rac1 expression, one of the Rho‐family GTPases. This study provides the basis for further study of the molecular mechanism of NSC migration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early modulation by the dopamine D4 receptor of morphine‐induced changes in the opioid peptide systems in the rat caudate putamen
Authors: Gago Belén , Fuxe Kjell , Brené Stefan , Díaz‐Cabiale Zaida , Reina‐Sánchez María Dolores , Suárez‐Boomgaard Diana , Roales‐Buján Ruth , Valderrama‐Carvajal Alejandra , de la Calle Adelaida , Rivera Alicia
Published: August 2013

The peptides dynorphin and enkephalin modulate many physiological processes, such as motor activity and the control of mood and motivation. Their expression in the caudate putamen (CPu) is regulated by dopamine and opioid receptors. The current work was designed to explore the early effects of the acute activation of D4 and/or μ opioid receptors by the agonists PD168,077 and morphine, respectively, on the regulation of the expression of these opioid peptides in the rat CPu, on transcription factors linked to them, and on the expression of μ opioid receptors. In situ hybridization experiments showed that acute treatment with morphine (10 mg/kg) decreased both enkephalin and dynorphin mRNA levels in the CPu after 30 min, but PD168,077 (1 mg/kg) did not modify their expression. Coadministration of the two agonists demonstrated that PD168,077 counteracted the morphine‐induced changes and even increased enkephalin mRNA levels. The immunohistochemistry studies showed that morphine administration also increased striatal μ opioid receptor immunoreactivity but reduced P‐CREB expression, effects that were blocked by the PD168,077‐induced activation of D4 receptors. The current results present evidence of functional D4–μ opioid receptor interactions, with consequences for the opioid peptide mRNA levels in the rat CPu, contributing to the integration of DA and opioid peptide signaling. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determining a critical nitrogen dilution curve for sugarcane
Authors: de Oliveira Emídio Cantídio Almeida , de Castro Gava Glauber José , Trivelin Paulo Cesar Ocheuze , Otto Rafael , Franco Henrique Coutinho Junqueira
Published: August 2013

Adequate measurements of the nitrogen (N) concentration in the aboveground biomass of sugarcane throughout the growth cycle can be obtained using the critical N dilution curve (CNDC) concept, which provides an N‐nutrition index (NNI). The aim of this work was to determine the CNDC value for Brazilian sugarcane variety SP81‐3250, establish the critical concentration of N, and determine the NNI in the aboveground biomass throughout the cane plant and first ratoon crop cycles. The study was performed in three experimental areas located in São Paulo, Brazil, during the crop cycles of 2005/2006 (18‐month cane plant) and 2006/2007 (first ratoon). The plant cane crop was fertilized with treatments of 40, 80, or 120 kg N ha–1 and a control treatment without N. After the plant cane harvest, rates of 0, 50, 100, or 150 kg N ha–1 were applied to the control plot and the 120 kg N ha–1–treatment plot in a split‐plot experimental design with four repetitions. Throughout both sugarcane cycles, measurements of aboveground biomass were used to determine the dry‐mass (DM) production and N concentration for each treatment. CNDC varied between the growth cycles, with a higher N concentration observed in the initial stages of the first ratoon and a lower N dilution observed throughout the plant cane cycle. The NNI value indicated excessive N storage in the initial stages and limiting concentrations at the end of the growth cycle. CNDC and NNI allow for the identification of the N‐nutrition variation rate and the period in which the nutrient concentration limits the production of aboveground biomass. The equations for the critical N (Ncr) level obtained in this study for plant cane (Ncr = 19.0 DM–0.369) and ratoons (Ncr = 20.3 DM–0.469) can potentially be used as N‐nutritional diagnostic parameters for sugarcane N nutrition.
Ranges of nutrient concentrations in Quercus ilex leaves at natural and urban sites
Authors: Maisto Giulia , Baldantoni Daniela , De Marco Anna , Alfani Anna , Virzo De Santo Amalia
Published: August 2013

The leaf nutrient concentrations and the N‐to‐nutrient ratios were analyzed to evaluate the nutritional status of holm oaks (Quercus ilex L.) experiencing various anthropogenic pressures. Leaves (1 year old) of Q. ilex and surface soil (0–5 cm) surrounding the trees were collected at seven natural and seven urban sites in Campania Region (Southern Italy) and analyzed for the concentrations of macro (C, N, P, S) and micronutrients (Mn, K, Na, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn). The available soil fraction of micronutrients was also evaluated. The nutrients showed different concentration ranges for the natural and the urban sites in the soil (total and available) and in the leaves, that we reported separately. Organic‐matter content and macronutrient concentrations were higher in the natural soils, while the highest leaf N, S, and P concentrations were found at some urban sites. Concentrations of Cu, Na and Zn both in leaves and soil, and Mg and Fe in leaves from the urban sites appeared to be affected by air depositions. Manganese was the only micronutrient to show higher concentrations at the natural than at the urban sites, both in soil and leaves. For this nutrient, in addition, a relationship between leaf and available soil concentrations was found at the natural sites. The ratios between the concentrations of N and each studied nutrient in the leaves highlighted a different nutritional status between the plants from the natural and urban sites.
Darling–Dennison resonance of thiourea adsorbed on the silver electrode revealed by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Peijie , Liu Zhaojun
Published: August 2013

We report surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of Darling–Dennison resonance of thiourea on Ag electrode excited at 514.5 nm laser excitation. Darling–Dennison resonance indicates that two degenerate Raman modes interact with each other and their degenerate first‐order overtone modes obtain energy and appear in Raman spectra. Our study showed that the ratio of intensity of the Darling–Dennison resonance is up to 0.24 of its fundamental Raman intensity, when the applied electrode voltage is at –0.4 V versus the saturated calomel electrode. This phenomenon was also observed on the Ag island film surface at ambient condition. These observations demonstrated strong evidence for Darling–Dennison resonance band in SERS. The implications of these observations are also discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from the professionals: diabetes and pro cycling
Authors: Fisher Miles , Jensen Troels M , Castol Rafael
Published: August 2013

Professional cycling is one of the most physically demanding endurance sports. While literature exists on the needs of people with diabetes during exercise and sport of low to medium levels of intensity, there is less information around specific needs during endurance sports, and little published information on professional endurance sports. The approach to diabetes management taken by a professional cycling team comprised solely of people with type 1 diabetes provides useful insight for health care professionals with patients wanting to take up competitive sport or exercise at more intense levels. A systematic approach to achieving tight glycaemic control is taken that includes monitoring and analysis of blood glucose levels before, during and after training and competition, and a structured and balanced nutrition and race management plan. With support from experienced health care professionals, intense physical activity and endurance sports can be an option for individuals with diabetes, as long as they are educated about their condition and disciplined and committed to achieving glycaemic control. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
The evolution of psychological distress trajectories in women diagnosed with advanced breast cancer: a longitudinal study
Authors: Lam W. W. T. , Soong I. , Yau T. K. , Wong K. Y. , Tsang J. , Yeo W. , Suen J. , Ho W. M. , Sze W. K. , Ng A. W. Y. , Kwong A. , Suen D. , Fielding R.
Published: August 2013

Background

Anxiety and depression (distress) over the first year following the initial adjuvant therapy for advanced breast cancer (ABC) remain poorly documented in non‐Caucasian populations. This study describes trajectories of distress and their determinants in Chinese women with ABC.

Methods

Of the 228 Chinese women newly diagnosed with ABC recruited from six oncology units, 192 completed an interview before their first course of chemotherapy (baseline) and follow‐up interviews at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 months thereafter. At baseline, participants were assessed for supportive care needs, psychological distress, physical symptom distress, optimism, and cancer‐related rumination. At follow‐up, participants completed the measure of psychological distress. Latent growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectory patterns of distress. Multinominal logistic regression was used to identify predictors of trajectory patterns adjusted for demographic and medical characteristics.

Results

Four distinct trajectories of anxiety and depression were identified. Most women showed low‐stable levels of anxiety (68%) and depression (68%), but one in 11 women were chronically anxious (9%) and depressed (9%). Optimism, negative cancer‐related rumination, and physical symptom distress predicted both anxiety and depression trajectories. Psychological needs predicted anxiety trajectories. Women in the low‐stable distress group reported high optimism, low psychological supportive care needs, low physical symptom distress, and low negative cancer‐related rumination.

Conclusion

Most women with ABC did not experience psychological distress over 12 months following diagnosis of ABC. Preventive interventions should focus on women at risk of high persistent distress and reducing rumination, providing emotional support, and managing physical symptoms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Pilot Evaluation on a Stress Management Programme Using a Combined Approach of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for Elementary School Teachers
Authors: Tsang Hector W. H. , Cheung W. M. , Chan Alan H. L. , Fung Kelvin M. T. , Leung Ada Y. , Au Doreen W.H.
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy of implementing a stress management programme based on a combined approach using cognitive behavioural therapy and complementary and alternative medicine for elementary school teachers who experienced mild level of stress, anxiety and/or depressive symptoms in Hong Kong. A 12‐h programme involving cognitive behavioural therapy, self‐management, relaxation techniques (diaphragmatic breathing and progressive muscle relaxation), mindful exercises (qigong and yoga), aromatherapy and acupressure was conducted. A quasi‐experimental design was used to compare the intervention groups (n = 47) with the wait‐list control groups (n = 46). The primary outcome measures were depression, anxiety and stress. Results indicated that the intervention group had significant reduction in depression [(F = 3.93; degrees of freedom (df) = 2.90;p = 0.023)], anxiety (F = 3.37;df = 2.90;p = 0.039) and stress (F = 3.63;df = 2.89;p = 0.031) when compared with the control group. Participants in both groups demonstrated lowered level of salivary cortisol at the post‐assessment. The pilot results provided preliminary support to the multi‐component stress management programme in relieving affective symptoms of teachers. The programme may be considered as an initial strategy to empower teachers with the abilities to cope with their affective symptoms. Further evaluation using a better designed randomized study with a larger sample size is warranted. (word: 198; max.: 200). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity of thallium on isolated rat liver mitochondria: The role of oxidative stress and MPT pore opening
Authors: Eskandari M R , Mashayekhi Vida , Aslani Majid , Hosseini Mir‐Jamal
Published: August 2013

Thallium(I) is a highly toxic heavy metal; however, up to now, its mechanisms are poorly understood. The authors' previous studies showed that this compound could induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, reduced glutathione (GSH) oxidation, membrane lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse in isolated rat hepatocyte. Because the liver is the storage site of thallium, it seems that the liver mitochondria are one of the important targets for hepatotoxicity. In this investigation, the effects of thallium on mitochondria were studied to investigate its mechanisms of toxicity. Mitochondria were isolated from rat liver and incubated with different concentrations of thallium (25–200 µM). Thallium(I)‐treated mitochondria showed a marked elevation in oxidative stress parameters accompanied by MMP collapse when compared with the control group. These results showed that different concentrations of thallium (25–200 µM) induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in mitochondrial ROS formation, ATP depletion, GSH oxidation, mitochondrial outer membrane rupture, mitochondrial swelling, MMP collapse, and cytochrome c release. In general, these data strongly supported that the thallium(I)‐induced liver toxicity is a result of the disruptive effect of this metal on the mitochondrial respiratory complexes (I, II, and IV), which are the obvious causes of metal‐induced ROS formation and ATP depletion. The latter two events, in turn, trigger cell death signaling via opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and cytochrome c expulsion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 232–241, 2015.
Reliable and valid assessment of ultrasound operator competence in obstetrics and gynecology
Authors: Tolsgaard M. G. , Ringsted C. , Dreisler E. , Klemmensen A. , Loft A. , Sorensen J. L. , Ottesen B. , Tabor A.
Published: August 2013

Objectives

To explore the reliability and validity of a recently developed instrument for assessment of ultrasound operator competence, the Objective Structured Assessment of Ultrasound Skills (OSAUS).

Methods

Three groups of 10 doctors with different levels of ultrasound experience in obstetrics and gynecology were included. The novices had less than 1 month of experience, the intermediate group had 12–60 months of experience and the senior participants were all consultants. Fifteen participants performed transabdominal fetal biometry and the other 15 participants performed systematic transvaginal gynecological ultrasound scans. All scans were video‐recorded and assessed by two blinded consultants using the OSAUS scale. The OSAUS scores were compared between the groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test, and pass/fail scores were determined using the contrasting‐groups method of standard setting.

Results

For the transabdominal fetal biometry examinations, the mean ± SD OSAUS scores of the novices, intermediates and senior participants were 1.5 ± 0.4, 3.3 ± 0.6 and 4.4 ± 0.4, respectively (P = 0.003). For the systematic transvaginal scans, the mean ± SD OSAUS scores of the novices, intermediates and senior participants were 1.8 ± 0.2, 3.1 ± 0.1 and 3.9 ± 0.5, respectively (P = 0.003). Post‐hoc comparisons showed significant differences between each of the groups for both types of scans. The pass/fail score was 2.5 for the transvaginal scan and 3.0 for the transabdominal biometry examinations. The inter‐rater reliability was 0.89.

Conclusions

Ultrasound competence can be assessed in a reliable and valid way using the OSAUS scale. The pass/fail scores may be used to help determine when trainees are qualified for independent practice. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Triammine Pentafluorido Tantalum(V) [TaF5(NH3)3]
Authors: Baer Sebastian A. , Lozinšek Matic , Kraus Florian
Published: August 2013

[Sr(HF)3(TaF6)2] reacts with liquid ammonia under the formation of colorless crystals of triammine pentafluorido tantalum(V) [TaF5(NH3)3] (1). The structure was elucidated by low‐temperature X‐ray structure analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 5.1525(6), b = 11.736(1), c = 10.171(1) Å, β = 94.843(9)°, V = 612.8(1) Å3 at 123 K with Z = 4. Its structure displays discrete TaF5(NH3)3 molecules, which are interconnected by N–H···F hydrogen bonds to form a complex three‐dimensional network. The title compound is a rare example of a neutral, molecular, eight‐coordinate tantalum species.
Antioxidation Behavior of Milkweed Oil 4‐Hydroxy‐3‐methoxycinnamate Esters in Phospholipid Bilayers
Authors: Evans Kervin O. , Harry‐O'kuru Rogers E.
Published: August 2013

Milkweed (Asclepia syriaca) has seed oil that is rich in polyunsaturated triacylglycerides that contain olefinic groups. The olefinic groups can be chemically oxidized to form either epoxy or polyhydroxy triacylglycerides that can be esterified with trans‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxycinnamic acid, commonly known as ferulic acid. Thin layer chromatography experiments demonstrated that these novel lipids incorporated well into phospholipid vesicles, did not form independent micelles, and their incorporation was not limited by the attached ferulic moiety. Leakage experiments showed that both epoxy derived and polyhydroxy ferulated triacylglycerides reduced leakage of vesicles. Lipid peroxidation measurements demonstrated that both epoxy derived and polyhydroxy forms of ferulated milkweed oil are capable of preventing lipid peroxidation with the polyhydroxy form having the greater capability.
On the scaling of air entrainment from a ventilated partial cavity
Authors: Mäkiharju Simo A. , Elbing Brian R. , Wiggins Andrew , Schinasi Sarah , Vanden-Broeck Jean-Marc , Perlin Marc , Dowling David R. , Ceccio Steven L.
Published: August 2013

The behaviour of a nominally two-dimensional ventilated partial cavity was examined over a wide range of size scales and flow speeds to determine the influence of Froude, Reynolds, and Weber number on the cavity shape, dynamics, and gas entrainment rate. Two geometrically similar experiments were conducted with a 14:1 length scale ratio. The results were compared to a two-dimensional semi-analytical model of the cavity flow, and Froude scaling was found to be sufficient to match basic cavity shapes. However, the air flux required to maintain a stable cavity did not scale with Froude number alone, as the dynamics of the cavity closure changed with increasing Reynolds number. The required air flux differed over one order of magnitude between the lowest and highest Reynolds number flows. But, for sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, the rate of scaled entrainment appeared to approach Reynolds number independence. Modest changes in surface tension of the small-scale experiment suggested that the Weber number was important only at the lowest speeds and smaller length scale. Otherwise, the Weber numbers of the flows were sufficiently high to make the effects of interfacial tension negligible. We also observed that modest unsteadiness in the inflow to the large-scale cavity led to a significant increase in the required air flux needed to maintain a stable cavity, with the required excess gas flux nominally proportional to the flow’s perturbation amplitude. Finally, discussion is provided on how these results relate to model testing of partial cavity drag reduction (PCDR) systems for surface ships.
Thomas Jenkins in Rome
Authors: Ashby Thomas
Published: August 2013

In the latter half of the eighteenth century the trade in antiques in Rome was largely in British hands. Matthew Brettingham the younger was only employed as the agent of Lord Orford, Lord Leicester, and Lord Egremont (Michaelis, Ancient Marbles, 71 sqq.); but another artist resident in Rome, Gavin Hamilton, served his patrons not merely by purchasing, but by excavating antiques for them in the neighbourhood of Rome; and his enterprise was rewarded by discoveries of great artistic importance, though later archaeologists would have been far more grateful to him had he registered more accurately the sites and circumstances of his researches, still more had he made anything like a plan of the buildings he examined. It has not, it is true, been as yet possible to control his results; for I do not believe that any site which he searched has ever been re-excavated subsequently.
Seven New Inscriptions from Tripolitania
Authors: Brogan Olwen , Reynolds Joyce
Published: August 2013

The seven inscriptions described below were recorded by O. Brogan during journeys made in the Tripolitanian hinterland in 1958, 1959 and 1960, and are published here with the kind permission of Dr. E. Vergara-Caffarelli of the Department of Antiquities in Tripoli.

Brown limestone block, broken away at the right side (0·94 × 0·56 × 0·17) inscribed on one face within a moulded border (panel, 0·88 × 0·47); as a result of re-use the face is badly damaged and in part obscured by mortar which it has proved impossible to remove without danger to the surface. Found in 1958, south of the Jefren-Zintan road (map 1/100,000, sheet Giado, 1672, U788719) midway up the hillside above the wells; now in Tripoli Museum.