bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haemodynamic Effects of Change in Position and Respiration Mode during a Standard Halothane Anaesthesia in Ponies
Authors: Gasthuys F. , de Moor A. , Parmentier D.
Published: May 2010

The effects of change in position and respiration modes were studied in 5 experimental ponies during a standard halothane anaesthesia.

A marked cardiovascular depression (decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume and left ventricle work) occurred in recumbent, spontaneously breathing ponies. No significant differences were found between right and left lateral recumbency. The most pronounced cardiovascular depression was observed in the dorsal position. Sternal recumbency appeared to be slightly beneficial (higher systemic blood pressure and arterial oxygenation). Peripheral resistance tended to decrease in the lateral positions (peripheral vasodilatation) but increased slightly in dorsally recumbent ponies. The mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased significantly in the dorsal position. Pulmonary resistance increased slightly in the laterally and the sternally positioned ponies, suggesting a pulmonary vasoconstriction. On the other hand, pulmonary resistance decreased in dorsal recumbency. Arterial oxygenation decreased progressively during anaesthesia but remained always above standing control values. Hypoventilation (increase in arterial carbon dioxide to ± 60 mm Hg) was observed in all positions.

Controlled intermittent positive pressure ventilation (I.P.P.V.) induced a further decrease of all cardiovascular parameters although no significant differences in cardiac indexes were found regarding the spontaneous breathing protocol. In ventilated ponies the greatest cardiovascular depression was again observed in dorsal recumbency. Peripheral resistance increased slightly in the sternally positioned ponies. A gradual time‐dependent increase in pulmonary resistance was observed. Apparently, the arterial oxygenation improved slightly in all positions (especially the sternal posture) when I.P.P.V. was applied.
Standing Oestrus, Ovarian Function and Early Pregnancy in Virgin and Repeat Breeder Heifers
Authors: Albihn Ann
Published: May 2010

Seventeen virgin heifers (VH) and 14 repeat breeder heifers (RBH) were inseminated in spontaneous oestrus during a total of 86 oestrous cycles. Pregnancy was checked either by nonsurgical embryo collections 14 or 17 days after ovulation or by real time ultrasonography 20–26 days after ovulation. The two categories of heifers were compared with respect to duration of standing oestrus, ovarian function and plasma progesterone levels after insemination and during early pregnancy.

The results indicate that the duration of standing oestrus was longer in RBHs than in VHs. Ovulation disturbances occurred and were more common among the RBHs than among the VHs. Disturbances in the development of the corpus luteum were noted in both categories of heifers, the RBHs having less luteal tissue volume than the VHs. In general, plasma progesterone levels did not differ significantly between the two categories of heifers. Despite the strict control of oestrus and ovulation as well as additional Al when necessary in this study, a poorer pregnancy result for the RBHs than for the VHs was seen.
Influence of Age on Antisecretory Factor Inhibition of Enterotoxin Action in the Pig Small Intestine
Authors: McEwan G. T. A. , Schousboe B. , Skadhauge E.
Published: May 2010

The effect of age on antisecretory factor (ASF) inhibition of cholera toxin (CT) andE. coliSTa enterotoxin‐induced fluid secretion in pig jejunum was investigatedin vivo.Comparison was made between 2 week and 8 week old animals. ASF inhibited (P < 0.05) CT‐induced fluid secretion by up to 90 % in the 8 week animals (from 18.4 ± 5.87 [3] mg/mg loop dry weight to 0.74 ± 0.54 [3] mg/mg loop dry weight). There was no effect of ASF on CT‐secretion in the 14 day pigs suggesting that there is aminimum age before ASF is effective. ASF had no significant effect on net fluid transport after STa challenge in pigs from either age group. However, the predominant action of STa was to inhibit absorption and this would not be affected by ASF.
Effects of Temperature, pH and Blood Storage on Osmotic Fragility of Duck Erythrocytes
Authors: Oyewale J. O. , Sanni A. A. , Ajibade H. A.
Published: May 2010

The osmotic fragility of duck erythrocytes at different pH and temperatures and during blood storage was studied. The fragility increased in acidic solution and also as the temperature increased. However, storage of blood decreased the fragility of duck erythrocytes.
Concentrations of Nuclear Progesterone Receptors in Endometrium of Virgin and Repeat Breeder Heifers after Embryo Transfer
Authors: Stanchev P. D. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H. , Albihn A. , Eriksson H. , Gustafsson H. , Larsson K.
Published: May 2010

The present study aimed to correlate the repeat breeder syndrome in the bovine with an impaired or suboptimal uterine progestational response. Concentrations of nuclear (i. e. transformed) receptors for progesterone (PRn) were determined with a binding and exchange method in endometrial samples from virgin (VH) and repeat breeder (RBH) heifers 15 days post oestrus. The heifers were recipients of Day 7 demi‐embryos collected from donors with normal fertility and transferred 8 days prior to tissue sampling. Results were compared with both the type of heifer, the condition of the embryo present within the uterus and the temporal relationship to the hormone plasma levels. The binding data for PRn indicated that a single class of high‐affinity, low‐capacity sites existed. The amount of PRn in VH endometria holding embryonic structures was significantly greater than in RBH, but no statistical differences were found in their plasma progesterone levels. PRn concentrations were also higher in the uterine horn in which an elongated (> 15 mm), morphologically normal embryo was present, when compared to cornua with small (lt; 5 mm) embryos, regardless of recipient group. Furthermore, in endometria with an elongated embryo in the lumen, the relative amount of PRn was significantly greater in VH than in RBH. The present results indicate that the RBH recipients of Day 7 demi‐embryos by Day 15 have fewer numbers of specific receptors for maternal progesterone, which could explain in part the poorer development of the transferred embryos compared with that in virgin heifers.
Cyclic Variations in Intraluminal Pressure in the Isthmus of the Oviduct in Unrestrained Gilts
Authors: Pettersson A.
Published: May 2010

Cyclic variations in intraluminal pressure in the isthmus of the oviduct in unrestrained gilts were observed. During prooestrus and through the first day of oestrus, base pressure and total pressure increased reaching a high pressure on the second half of day 1 (first day of standing oestrus) after which a decrease was seen with a low base pressure recorded on the second half of day 3 and a low total pressure appearing on the second half of day 3 lasting through day 4. The frequency of the phasic pressure fluctuations in the isthmus also increased during prooestrus and reached a high value on the first half of day 2. The frequency then declined to a low value on day 4. The pattern in which the phasic pressure fluctuations were arranged changed from predominantly wavy during prooestrus and through the first half of day 2 to progressively more irregular in appearance after day 2. Outbursts of increased intraluminal pressure with varying propagation directions occurred with a fairly high frequency from the second half of day 2 and through day 3.
A Technique for Continuously Monitoring Hormone Levels in Lactating Sows and Results Obtained Using it to Study LH Release
Authors: Rojkittikhun T. , Einarsson S. , Kindahl H.
Published: May 2010

A technique for collecting continuously blood was successfully applied for the first time in lactating sows. A double‐lumen catheter consisted of an internal tubing for delivering an anticoagulant (heparin‐saline) and an outer tubing for blood collection. An automatic system, composed of a blood withdrawal pump, an anticoagulant infusion pump and a fraction collector, was connected to the catheter and operated for 12 h on Days 10 and 20 of lactation. Blood samples were collected continuously at a rate of 1 ml per min from four sows. Each fraction consisted of 4 ml blood except during nursing periods when 1 ml blood per fraction was collected. In this study, aliquots of plasma were combined to form pooled 8‐min samples for the measurement of the concentrations of LH. Average and base levels of LH, number of LH pulse(s)/12 h and pulse durations were calculated for all pooled samples, all even‐numbered samples and all odd‐numbered samples. Average and base levels of LH and the number of LH pulses were slightly higher on Day 20 than on Day 10 of lactation. The LH‐pulse duration varied between animals, with the value for one of the sows diverging greatly from those of the others. When only every second sample was considered, the LH‐pulse rate appeared to be slightly lower.
Type 1 Abomasal Ulcers in Dairy Cattle*
Authors: Braun U. , Eicher R. , Ehrensperger F.
Published: May 2010

Abomasa from 912 randomly selected cows were examined; specimens were obtained at the local slaughter house on 35 days spread over one year. Abomasal lesions were assessed macroscopically and histologically. Additionally, haematological and blood chemistry (urea, aspartate aminotransferase, potassium, chloride, calcium) evaluations and the determination of rumen chloride concentration were performed.

Of the 912 abomasa examined, 187 (20.5 %) had ulcerative lesions of the mucosa. Lesions were classified from 1 to 4 based on severity as described by Whitlock (1980). All ulcers were classified as type 1 (erosions and non‐perforating ulcers); thus, further division into four subtypes 1 a, 1 b, 1 c and 1 d was carried out. Fifty‐six abomasa had minimal mucosal defects which were classified as type 1 a. Deeper erosions combined with local hemorrhage, classified as type 1 b, were observed in 54 abomasa. Type 1 c were crater‐like ulcers and were seen in 61 abomasa. Sixteen abomasa had type 1 d ulcers which included two forms: ulcers with radial wrinkles converging on a central point, and ulcers with perforated folds. Types 1 a and 1 c occurred mainly in the pyloric region, and types 1 b and 1 d were observed mainly in the fundic region. Type 1 abomasal ulcus could not be diagnosed based on alterations in haematological or blood and rumen chemistry values.
Caracterización del Colágeno del Disco Intervertebral Canino por la Reacción del N‐Metil‐Benzotiazolidon‐Hidrazona
Authors: Silva N. , Farias G. , Torres J. M.
Published: May 2010

Characterization of Collagen in Canine Intervertebral Discs Using the 3‐Methyl‐Benzothiazol‐2‐on‐hydrazone Reagent

Collagen types were studied in the lumbar intervertebral discs of non‐chondrodystrophic dogs, 1 to 3 years old. Parts of intervertebral discs were frozen and sections were subjected to the 3‐methyl‐benzothiazol‐2‐on‐hydrazone (MBTH) method, which permits differentiation of genetic types and maturation stages of collagen. The annulus fibrosus showed a blue (collagen I) and a violet colour (collagen II) at the external zone. The internal zone was more homogeneous and contained a mixture of both colours (collagen I and II). The nucleus pulposus showed only the violet colour, indicative of collagen II. Discs were also dissected at three different zones and submitted to an extraction technique to obtain collagen, then subjected to SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and determination of spectrophotometric reactions of MBTH. Both studies demonstrated type I and type II collagens in the external and internal zones of the annulus fibrosus, but only type II in the nucleus pulposus.

Collagen characterization, using this technique, would allow for evaluation in pathologic events of the intervertebral discs as well as for establishing the degree of alteration.
Quantitative Buffy Coat Analysis Related to Adrenocortical Function in Horses During a Three‐Day Event Competition
Authors: Linden A. , Art T. , Massart A. M. , Burvenich C. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

This study was carried out to investigate stress induced in a cross‐country by measuring plasma Cortisol and to compare the changes in Cortisol level with the leucocytic changes measured with the quantitative buffy coat (QBC) analysis, which is a new method applicable in field conditions for the evaluation of haematological parameters in horses.

Seven healthy horses competing in a national three‐day event were investigated. Venous blood was sampled under resting condition, 2 min and 180 min after the completion of the cross‐country and analysed for haematological parameters, plasma Cortisol, protein and lactate levels.

Immediately after the event, there was a significant increase in all values except in the granulocytes (Gr) to lymphocytes‐monocytes (LM) ratio. 180 min after the event, all the parameters returned to their resting levels while white blood cells (WBC), Gr and Gr/LM ratio were significantly higher with respect to their resting values. A high correlation (r = 0.82) was found between the relative increase in plasma Cortisol levels 2 min after exercise and the relative increase in Gr/LM 180 min after exercise.

Therefore it was concluded that the Gr/LM ratio measured 180 min after exercise with the QBC analysis is a reliable index to estimate the plasma Cortisol levels measured 2 min after exercise. This new technique could consequently be used in order to evaluate, in field conditions, the exercise‐induced stress.
Experimental Induction of Diarrhoea in Newly‐Weaned Piglets
Authors: Cox E. , Schrauwen E. , Cools V. , Houvenaghel A.
Published: May 2010

To induce diarrhoea and hypovolaemia, newly‐weaned conventionally bred piglets (3‐ to 4‐ weeks‐old), were either given secretagogues or were inoculated with enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC).

Choleratoxin (n = 2),E. coliheat‐labile enterotoxin (n = 2) or castor oil (n = 2) were given intragastrically or piglets were intraperitoneally injected with DL 5‐hydroxytryptophan (n = 3). These substances induced a transient diarrhoea without clinical symptoms of dehydration. Therefore, a combination of castor oil and DL 5‐hydroxytryptophan was given two times a day during 3 consecutive days to 3 piglets. Although diarrhoea lasted for 5 days, still no hypovolaemia occurred.

Probably the secretagogues have to be given continuosly to mimic the continuous release of enterotoxins during secretory colibacillary diarrhoea. It was, therefore, tried to reproduce colibacillosis in the just‐weaned piglets. Animals were inoculated with K88ac fimbriae producing ETEC strains (O149: K91: K88ac; LT, STa and STb positive) (n = 7), or pretreated with chloramphenicol followed by the ETEC inoculation (n = 8), or pretreated with the antibiotic, inoculated with an enteropathogenic coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and subsequently inoculated with ETEC (n=18). Only the last procedure induced a reproducible diarrhoea (93%) and dehydration resulting in a mortality of 80%.

It was concluded that the latter experimental procedure could be used to study diarrhoea and hypovolaemia in newly‐weaned piglets and to evaluate the effect of potentially antisecretory drugs on postweaning diarrhoea in piglets.
Einfluß von Lagerungsdauer, ‐temperatur und Probenausgangsmaterial auf klinisch‐chemische Blutvariablen
Authors: Lindner A.
Published: May 2010

Effect of temperature and duration of storage on clinico‐chemical variables in different blood sample materials

The effect of temperature and duration of storage on clinico‐chemical variables was investigated in Na heparinized plasma and plasma or serum of Na heparinized whole blood and whole blood of horses, respectively. The values of AST, Gamma‐GT, AP, bilirubin, cholesterol, urea, total protein, albumin, Ca, Mg and Na varied in all the sample substrates investigated at 20–22 °C and 4 °C less than ± 10% during the observation period of up to four days. In the Na heparinized plasma samples kept at 20–22 °C and 4 °C also LDH, CK, inorganic P and K did not differ significantly from its initial values during the four days. However, in the plasma of samples stored at 20–22 °C as Na heparinized whole blood, the increases of LDH, CK, P and K until the fourth day of storage reached 56%, 49% and 69% and in the serum of samples kept as whole blood 90%, 165%, 147% and 48% respectively. While at 4 °C in the plasma of samples stored as Na heparinized whole blood until the fourth storage day only K increased significantly (by 28%), the LDH, CK and K values in the serum of samples stored as whole blood rose to 118%, 136% and 141% respectively. In the Na heparinized plasma samples kept at ‐18°C all the measured variables did not differ significantly from the initial values during the storage time of 10 weeks.

Zusammenfassung: Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Lagerungstemperaturen sowie ‐zeiten auf klinisch‐chemische Variablen in Na‐Heparinat‐Plasma sowie Plasma bzw. Serum von Na‐Heparinat‐Vollblut‐ und Vollblutproben von Pferden wurde untersucht. Die Werte von AST, Gamma‐GT, AP, Bilirubin, Cholesterin, Harnstoff, Gesamteiweiß, Albumin, Ca, Mg und Na schwankten bei allen Probenausgangsmaterialien bei 20–22 °C sowie 4 °C weniger als ± 10% innerhalb des Beobachtungszeitraums von bis zu vier Tagen. Im Na‐Heparinat‐Plasma veränderten sich bei 20–22 °C und 4 °C auch die Werte von LDH, CK, P sowie K nicht signifikant. Dagegen betrugen die Erhöhungen im Plasma von Na‐Heparinat‐Vollblutproben jeweils für LDH, CK, P und K bei 20–22 °C bis zum vierten Tag nach der Blutentnahme 56%, 49%, 49% sowie 69% und im Serum von Vollblutproben 90%, 165%, 147% sowie 84%. Bei 4 °C nahm innerhalb von 4 Tagen im Plasma der Na‐Heparinat‐Vollblutproben nur der K‐Gehalt signifikant zu (um 28%), während im Serum der Vollblutproben die Werte von LDH um 18%, CK um 36% und K um 41% signifikant anstiegen. Alle bestimmten Variablen behielten bei ‐18 °C im Na‐Heparinat‐Plasma konstante Werte über einen Zeitraum von 10 Wochen.
Role of Eicosanoids in Abortion and its Prevention by Treatment with Flunixin Meglumine in Cows During the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Giri S. N. , Stabenfeldt G. H. , Moseley T. A. , Graham T. W. , Bruss M. L. , Bondurant R. H. , Cullor J. S. , Osburn B. I.
Published: May 2010

Intravenous infusion ofE. coliendotoxin at a rate of 4.16 ng/kg/min over 6 hr (total dose 1.5 μg/kg) in 5 cows in the first trimester of gestation induced abortion between 60 and 72 hr in three cows. Plasma PGF2αlevels in the aborting cows increased significantly to 289% of the zero time control (ZTC) at 1 hr and remained elevated for 9hr. The PGF2αlevel remained unaffected in the non‐aborting cows except at 2 hr. The plasma TxB2levels were increased by 6 to 18 fold for 6 hr in both the aborting and non‐aborting cows relative to their ZTC controls. The 6‐keto‐PGF1αlevels were significantly increased to 2 to 3 fold only in the aborting cows. Plasma cortisol levels were increased maximally to 1,500% of ZTC at 5 hr in the aborting cows. Thereafter, the levels gradually declined but remained significantly elevated for 24 hr. The increases in the cortisol levels in the non‐aborting cows were only 280% of ZTC at 5 hr and returned to ZTC value by 12 hr. Plasma progesterone levels in the aborting cows remained unaffected until 12 hr followed by a progressive decline through 18 hr to extremely low levels at 3, 4, and 5 days. Endotoxin‐infusion caused hyperglycemia in both aborting and non‐aborting cows and lactic acidemia in the aborting cows. Treatment with two doses of flunixin meglumine (FM, 1.1 mg/kg), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, 1 hr prior to endotoxin infusion and then 13 hr later, completely prevented the endotoxin‐induced abortion and increases in the plasma PGF2α, TxB2and 6‐keto‐PGF1αconcentrations. The PGE level remained unaffected. Although FM treatment failed to abolish endotoxin‐induced increases in the plasma cortisol and lactic acid levels, it effectively prevented marked decreases in the progesterone and increases in the glucose concentrations. It was concluded that the use of FM offers therapeutic promise in preventing bovine abortion caused by endotoxin resulting from bacterial infection during the 1st trimester of gestation.
Studies on Intravenous Regional Analgesia of the Hind Limb in the Bovine
Authors: Gogoi S. N. , Nigam J. M. , Peshin P. K. , Sharifi D. , Patil D. B.
Published: May 2010

Twenty‐five buffalo calves (age: 14 ± 1.9 months; body weight: 102 ± 9.4 kg) were subjected to intravenous regional analgesia (IRA) of the hind limb with 2 % lignocaine HCl (4 mg/kg b. w.), infused through the dorsal digital vein. In control animals 15 ml of normal saline was infused. The effect of tourniquet release after 35 (8 calves) and 65 min (7 calves) on EEG, ECG, arterial and venous pressures, blood gases and pH, respiration and temperature were studied. A detectable concentration of lignocaine occurred before the release of tourniquet. The lignocaine concentration recorded in the systemic circulation did not produce any significant nervous or cardiovascular changes before or after release of tourniquet. Transient EEG and ECG changes were seen in six (tourniquet release after 35 min) and three (tourniquet release after 65 min) IRA animals, respectively. No significant changes were seen in heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial and central venous pressures. Arterial blood pH, PCO2and HCO3‐ concentration showed no significant differences. Animals receiving IRA did not show hypoxaemia typical to postural changes.
Profile of Some Plasma Enzyme Activities in Growing Dwarf and Landrace Kids
Authors: Mbassa G. K. , Poulsen J. S. D.
Published: May 2010

Plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in clinically healthy Danish landrace and dwarf kids in seven herds from birth to 12 months of age. The purpose was to evaluate the influence of age, breed and herd on reference values. The mean enzyme levels ± standard deviation (s) in neonatal dwarf kids were 0.09 ± 0.04, 1.23 ± 0.24, 2.79 ± 1.50 and 18.3 ± 11.0 μkat/l respectively. The respective values in landrace kids were 0.13 ± 0.06, 1.06 ± 0.22, 2.44 ± 1.60 and 37.6 ± 23.6 μkat/l. In 8–12 months old dwarf kids they were 0.30 ± 0.11, 1.49 ± 0.13, 3.28 ± 0.44 and 11.1 ± 2.4 μkat/l respectively and 0.23 ± 0.05, 1.12 ± 0.34, 3.68 ± 1.63 and 14.1 ± 8.40 μkat/l respectively in landrace kids of the same age. The 5th to 95th percentile intervals of the enzyme activities were within mean ± 2s for most age groups in both breeds except alkaline phosphatase. The means and medians were close to each other for the values of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase but not for alkaline phosphatase. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase levels were low at birth and increased with age, whereas for alkaline phosphatase it was vice versa. Significant differences were observed in mean enzyme activities between kids of different ages (within breeds), breeds (in same age kids) and herds (within same breed and age kids). Sex variations (within the breeds) were not observed. It was concluded that plasma enzyme activities are dependent on age, breed and environment.
Influence of Digoxin Followed by Dopamine on the Cardiovascular Depression During a Standard Halothane Anaesthesia in Dorsally Recumbent, Ventilated Ponies
Authors: Gasthuys F. , Moor A. De , Parmentier D.
Published: May 2010

The influence of digoxin (0.01 mg/kg) given as an intravenous bolus followed by dopamine at different infusion rates (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 μg/kg/min) on the cardiovascular depression during a standard halothane anaesthesia was studied in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies.

Peranaesthetic digitalization induced no clear positive cardiovascular effects over 30 minutes, except for non‐significant increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance. These changes were probably time‐related. No specific side‐effects related to the fast intravenous digitalization were noticed.

Dopamine at lower infusion rates (1.25 and 2.5 μg/kg/min) given minimally 30 minutes after the digitalization did not induce further changes (only minor non‐significant increases in cardiac output and systemic blood pressure). Dopamine infusions at a higher infusion rate (5.0μg/kg/min) improved the cardiovascular depression (significant increases in cardiac output and systemic blood pressure while total peripheral resistance tended to decrease). Heart rate, blood gases and total pulmonary resistance remained constant.

The combination of a fast acting inotropic agent, dopamine, and a slow acting inotropic drug, digoxin, induced positive effects in reversing the cardiovascular depression and might therefore be useful during clinical anaesthesia in the horse.
The Relationships between the Fertility of Dairy Cows and Clinical and Biochemical Measurements, with Special Reference to Plasma Glucose and Milk Acetone
Authors: Forshell K. Plym , Andersson L. , Pehrson B.
Published: May 2010

Blood and milk samples were taken at first insemination in 352 dairy cows from 18 herds for charting the relation between clinico‐chemical parameters and fertility rate. Neither total protein, albumin, globulin, AST, bilirubin, bile acids, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in blood nor urea in milk was significantly related to the rate of pregnancy. On the other hand, there was a significant difference for plasma glucose between cows that became pregnant and those that did not.

Cows with low plasma glucose concentrations at first insemination also had low values four and seven weeks after calving, indicating that it is primarily cows with chronically low blood glucose which are likely to have reduced fertility. At first insemination there was no increase in the concentration of acetone in milk of cows with reduced fertility. However, they had had increased milk acetone concentrations three to five weeks after calving. It therefore seems possible to evaluate the risk of reduced fertility by measuring either blood glucose or milk acetone some weeks after calving. Owing to the difficulties associated with the sampling and laboratory techniques for glucose, analyses of milk acetone are more suitable under field conditions.
Near Triploidy in a Feline Fibrosarcoma
Authors: Mayr B. , Eschborn U. , Kalat M.
Published: May 2010

A seven‐year‐old male cat developed a subcutaneous fibrosarcoma. The numerical cytogenetic evaluation of the tumour revealed the presence of 69.2% of cells in the near‐triploid chromosome range between 51 and 64. The copy numbers of the different chromosomes were widely distributed from monosomies up to heptasomies. Two giant chromosomes were regularly present.
Effect of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (BST) on Physiological Parameters and on Milk Production in German Fleckvieh Cows
Authors: Graf F. , Schams D. , Meyer J. , Kräusslich H.
Published: May 2010

The efficacy of injecting primiparous cows of a dual purpose breed (Deutsches Fleckvieh) with a BST prolonged release formulation (500 mg Sometribove s. c.) was tested in a cross‐over design. Seven cows were given 500 mg BST in the 10th through 19th week of lactation and a placebo in the 24th through 33rd week. A second group of seven cows received a placebo in the 10th through 19th week and BST in the 24th through 33rd week. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein (via a permanent cannula) in the 13th, 17th, 23rd, 27th and 31st week of lactation over a period of 24 hrs at 30 min intervals.

During the periods of BST treatment the amount of FCM (amount of milk corrected to 4% fat content) was higher in treated than in non‐treated animals by 3.6 kg (19.8%) and 3.2 kg (22.5%) respectively. Milk fat levels were elevated sigificantly during both treatment periods. Milk protein concentration showed a significant rise during the second half of lactation only. There was no influence on lactose content. Blood concentration of somatotropin and IGF‐I rose during treatment by a factor of 3–4. Insulin, T3, T4 and FTI as well as glucose, urea and GOT showed no changes or changes within physiological ranges. Free fatty acids and ß‐hydroxybutyrate rose during treatment.
Die ionisierte Calciumfraktion des Blutes: Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen methodischen Faktoren1
Authors: Kölling K.
Published: May 2010

The Ionized Calcium Fraction of Blood: Dependence on Various Methodological Factors

In the present study the influence of different methodical factors (analyzer with ionselective electrodes used, anticoagulation of blood samples with heparin, storing of samples at different temperatures) on the concentration of ionized calcium in blood was investigated.

It could be shown that nowadays' systems for analysis of ionized calcium (ORION SS‐20, AVL 980, NOVA 2 and 8, ICA 1) yield reproducible values for human as well as canine blood. System‐related differences point to a varying degree of interferences on the ionselective electrodes used.

The concentration of ionized calcium is strongly dependent on different preanalytic factors. Heparin leads to a concentration‐related reduction of calcium ions in blood. This negative impact of heparin can be overcome by substitution of the solvent for CaCl2 (2.5 mmol ṁ l−1) without meaningful falsification of the measured values.

At 4°C blood samples can be stored without detectable changes in Ca++ concentration for 8 hours.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß verschiedener methodischer Faktoren (eingesetzter Analyzer mit ionenselektiven Elektroden, Antikoagulation der Blutproben mit Heparin, Probenlagerung unter verschiedenen Temperaturbedingungen) auf die Konzentration des ionisierten Calciums im Blut von Mensch und Hund eingehend untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die heute eingesetzten Systeme zur Analyse der Konzentration des ionisierten Calciums (ORION SS‐20, AVL 980, NOVA 2 und 8, ICA1) gut reproduzierbare Meßwerte im Vollblut liefern. Systembedingte Unterschiede weisen auf ein unterschiedliches Ausmaß von Interferenzen bezüglich der eingesetzten ionenselektiven Elektroden hin.

Die Konzentration des ionisierten Calciums unterliegt einer starken Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen präanalytischen Faktoren. Heparin bewirkt im Vollblut eine konzentrationsabhängige Reduzierung der Calciumionenkonzentration. Dieser negative Effekt des Heparins kann durch CaCl2‐Substitution (2,5 mmol ṁ l−1) der Heparinlösung ohne wesentliche Verfälschung der Meßwerte aufgehoben werden.

Bei 4°C können Vollblutproben 8 Stunden ohne nachweisbare Veränderungen in der Ca++‐Konzentration gelagert werden.
Bovine Endometritis: Current and Future Alternative Therapy
Authors: Hussain A. M. , Daniel R. C. W.
Published: May 2010

Abnormal parturition can be followed by a persistent endometritis which can have deleterious effects on the cow's subsequent reproductive performance. Normal and active uterine defense mechanisms have been reported to be very important for the exclusion of bacterial infection from the uterus and recovery from endometritis developing after parturition. Despite the widespread use of local or systemic antibiotics, antiseptics, sulfonamides and hormones, rates of recovery from endometritis and the cow's subsequent fertility have not increased appreciably. Furthermore, the cost of any treatment, the frequency of its administration and the milk disposal after treatment make their use uneconomic. Alternative therapies which stimulate the natural uterine defense mechanisms have been suggested as treatments of bovine endometritis. These include: (I) Endotoxins such as lipopolysac‐charide ofE. coli, (II) serum, plasma or hyperimmune serum, (III) polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) extracts and components and (IV) granulocytemacrophage colony stimulating factors (G‐M CSF).
Blockwirbelbildung beim Schwein
Authors: Lahrmann K. H. , Staudt Barbara
Published: May 2010

Formation of Block Vertebrae in Swine: Radiographical findings are reported on the vertebral column of healthy weanling pigs and of two pigs with connatal formation of block vertebrae and clinically visible kyphosis in the lumbar region. The diagnosis of congenital malformations of the vertebral column in two patients is based on the anamnesis, the lack of locomotor disorders and radiographic‐morphologie examinations showing fusions of vertebral bodies, arches and spinous processes as well as additional dorsal hemivertebrae but no inflammatory reactions.

Es wird über die Röntgenbefunde an Wirbelsäulen gesunder Läuferschweine und über die angeborene Blockwirbelbildung bei 2 Läuferschweinen mit klinisch manifester Kyphose im Lumbaibereich berichtet.

Die Diagnose einer konnatalen Wirbelmißbildung stützt sich auf die Vorberichte, fehlende klinische Ausfallserscheinungen und die radiologisch‐morphologischen Untersuchungen, die neben der Verschmelzung von Wirbelkörpern, ‐bögen und Dornfortsätzen auch überzählige dorsale Halbwirbel sowie das Fehlen entzündlicher Reaktionen bei beiden Patienten erkennen lassen.
Evaluation of a Haematological Analyser for its Use in Canine Clinical Pathology
Authors: Lavin S. , Mora F. J. , Monreal L. , Viñas L.
Published: May 2010

A semiautomatic electronic system for counting blood cells in veterinary haematology (Sysmex F‐800) was evaluated. A total of 100 samples of canine blood were analysed. The results for leucocyte (WBC), erythrocyte (RBC), and platelet (PLT) counts, the haemoglobin concentration (Hb), and haematocrit value (Hct) obtained using the autoanalyser were compared with those obtained using a manual method as a reference.

The results show very high levels of correlation for WBC (r = 0.96), Hb (r = 0.97) and Hct (r = 0,95) and high levels for RBC (r = 0.85) and PLT (r = 0.72). The precision is satisfactory in all the parameters studied with the exception of the platelet count (CV= 10.2 %) where it is unsatisfactory.

Taking into consideration the margin of error associated with manual cell counting methods, we conclude that this haematological analyser is sufficiently accurate for work with blood samples from dogs.
Efecto de la Acción de Estimulantes y Bloqueadores de los Receptores Adrenérgicos sobre la Actividad Eléctrica del Utero en Vacas Preñadas
Authors: Gajewski Z. , Faúndez R. , Jedruch J.
Published: May 2010

Effects of Adrenergic Stimulants and Blockers on the Electrical Activity of the Uterus in Pregnant Cows: The effects of stimulants and inhibitors of adrenergic receptors on the myoelectric activity were studied in pregnant cows at different points of the last trimester of pregnancy.

The results showed that noradrenaline produced an increase of the myoelectric activity of the uterus specially at the 6th week before parturition. Furthermore i. v. infusion of propanolol potentiated and of phentolamina diminished the stimulating activity of noradrenaline.

Resumen: Se han analizado electromiogramas procedentes de vacas preñadas obtenidos durante el tercer trimestre de la preñez, con el fin de determinar los efectos ocasionados por sustancias estimulantes o bloqueadoras de los receptores adrenérgicos sobre la actividad eléctrica del miometrio.

Los resultados indican que la noradrenalina produce un aumento de la actividad eléctrica del miometrio en especial en la sexta semana antes del parto. Además la administración de propranolol aumenta el efecto estimulante de la noradrenalina en forma significativa. Esto puede indirectamente indicar la presencia de receptores betaadrenérgicos en el útero de vacas. La fentolamina a su vez produce un bloqueo de la acción estimulante de la noradrenalina sobre la actividad EMG.
Plasma Histamine Levels in Laminitic Horses and in Horses Treated with a Corticosteroid
Authors: Rautschka R. , Stanek Ch. , Knezevic P. F.
Published: May 2010

In seven sound horses histamine plasma levels were evaluated by means of a radioenzymatic method using the enzyme histamine‐N‐methyltransferase (mean = 4.46 nmol/l, SD = 1.55 nmol/l). Histamine levels of laminitic horses were significantly higher (n = 11; mean = 12.46 nmol/1, SD = 3.24 nmol/1). In three sound horses plasma histamine levels were determined over a two week period following a double administration of 10 mg dexamethasone‐21‐isonicotinate/100 kg body weight. Histamine levels remained within the range of sound control horses.
Cardiovascular Effects of Low Dose Calcium Chloride Infusions During Halothane Anaesthesia in Dorsally Recumbent Ventilated Ponies
Authors: Gasthuys F. , Moor A. De , Parmentier D.
Published: May 2010

The effects of calcium chloride administered at low infusion rates on the cardiovascular depression and the blood calcium balance were studied during a constant halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies.

A pronounced cardiopulmonary depression characterized by decreases of all cardiac parameters and lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure was observed after the initial anaesthetic stabilization period of 30 minutes in the ponies. A significant decrease in the total calcium plasma concentration together with a constant ionized and complexed calcium fraction was present after the stabilization period.
Influence of Dietary Citric Acid and Calcium on the Bioavailability of Orally Administered Chlortetracycline in Piglets
Authors: Wanner M. , Walker W. , Sutter H.‐M. , Riond J.‐L. , Broz J.
Published: May 2010

In a study involving 18 piglets divided into three groups (A, B and C), the effects of dietary calcium and citric acid, and feeding technique on Chlortetracycline bioavailability were examined. Groups of 6 animals received a basal diet with either 0.7 % (group A) or 1.4 % calcium (groups B and C). Citric acid was not included in diets of the first experimental period. In the second period, either 1.5% (groups A and B) or 3.0% (group C) citric acid was added to the diet. In both experimental periods, Chlortetracycline was administered once intravenously (7.5 mg/kg b. w.) and once orally (30 mg/kg b.w.). After each administration, blood samples were taken at regular intervals in order to determine Chlortetracycline serum concentrations by a microbiological method.

Following oral Chlortetracycline intake, low dietary calcium or citric acid addition to the diet produced increased Chlortetracycline serum concentrations. Chlortetracycline bioavailability was 12.6% at 0.7% dietary calcium, and 9.5% at 1.4% dietary calcium. Enteral Chlortetracycline absorption was improved 65% with 1.5% or 3.0% dietary citric acid supplementation. An 8‐hour delay of feed intake following oral Chlortetracycline intake did not significantly influence Chlortetracycline bioavailability.
An Ultrastructural Study of Vulval Myofibroblastoma in a Cow
Authors: Anjiki T. , Takeya G. , Hashimoto N. , Kadota K.
Published: May 2010

A case of myofibroblastoma in a 3‐year‐old Japanese Black cow is described. Raised tumours which formed in the anus and in the labium and vestibulum of the vulva during pregnancy were excised surgically. The latter two tumours had dense growth of slender spindle cells beneath the epithelium, and fibrous connective tissue at the periphery. The anal tumour consisted of abundant collagen and sparse numbers of spindle cells. Proliferating cells contained moderate amounts of thin filaments with focal densities as well as well‐developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and desmosome‐like structures were found between the cells. These cells were distinguishable from leiomyoma cells containing abundant thin filaments and poorly‐developed organelles. In the neoplastic lesions, there was an infiltration of many lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages.
Bone Biopsy in the Horse: 3. Normal Histomorphometric Data According to Age and Sex
Authors: Savage C. J. , Tidd L. C. , ØStblom L. C. , Melsen F. , Jeffcott L. B.
Published: May 2010

Histomorphometrical analysis of bone biopsies from the wing of ilium in 35 clinically normal horses are reported according to age. The biopsies were collected from 20 mixed‐bred foals (mean age 6 ± 1 months) and 15 older horses (mean age 73 ± 62 months).

No gender differences were found in the group of foals examined, but a significant difference (p < 0.001) in a number of the primary measurements occurred between them and the older horses. The parameters which altered with age were the extent of osteoid surface (OS/BS), the extent of resorption (erosion) surface (ES/BS), the osteoid thickness (O. Th), the mineral appositional rate (MAR), which corresponds to the rate of matrix mineralisation and, if no mineralisation defects exist reflects the amount of bone laid down per day, and the extent of labelled surfaces (MS/BS). These data indicate a much greater rate of bone remodelling in the foals. This was also reflected in a number of the derived parameters (i. e. the extent of quiescent surfaces [QS/BS] and the activation frequency [Ac. f]).
Ruminoreticular Motility in Ewes during Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Stafford K. J.
Published: May 2010

The frequency of primary cycle ruminoreticular movements was measured in ten ewes during pregnancy and lactation, in three ewes during pregnancy and in two non‐pregnant ewes. The frequency, of one movement every 76 seconds during non‐pregnancy and up to month 2 of pregnancy increased during later pregnancy and lactation to a peak of one every 58 seconds during the second month of lactation. This increase might explain the increased rate of passage of foodstuff through the digestive tract of sheep during pregnancy.
Development of Lymphocyte Blastogenic Response in the Neonatal Period of Foals
Authors: Sanada Y. , Noda H. , Nagahata H.
Published: May 2010

The blastogenic response of lymphocytes and serum concentration of cortisol from eighteen foals were evaluated during various stages of the neonatal period. The results of blastogenic responses were expressed by a stimulation index (SI). Blastogenic response to three mitogens was lowest at birth (PHA: 1.17 ± 0.02, Con A: 1.11 ± 0.05 and PWM: 1.02 ± 0.01), then increased gradually with slight variations postpartum. The serum concentration of cortisol was highest at birth (44.0 ng/ml) and decreased rapidly to 19.3 ng/ml within 1 week postpartum, and then was maintained at this level. The high serum concentration of cortisol at birth may be associated with decreased blastogenic response of lymphocytes in foals.
Einfluß von Lagerungsdauer und ‐temperatur auf die Aktivität von Glutathion‐Peroxidase in Plasma und Vollblut von Pferden
Authors: Wahdati A. , Lindner A. , Sommer H.
Published: May 2010

Effect of temperature and duration of storage on glutathion peroxidase activity in plasma and whole blood of horses

The influence of temperature and duration of storage on glutathion peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity in plasma and whole blood samples of horses was investigated. Furthermore the relationships between the GSH‐Px activities in plasma and whole blood as well as the GSH‐Px values related to hematocrit and the hemoglobin content of the blood samples of 93 different horses were calculated.

At 20–22 °C, the GSH‐Px activity in plasma and whole blood samples remained stable over at least three days while it was reduced by 38% and 65% after 2 and 3 days, if the whole blood samples were kept stored after being diluted (lysate). The GSH‐Px activity was stable over three days in plasma, whole blood and lysate samples stored at 4 °C and −18 °C. In lysate samples kept frozen the GSH‐Px activity remained stable over a period of 60 days while in plasma samples the activity had fluctuations. The GSH‐Px activity in plasma was 12.2 ± 11.7 nkat/ml, in whole blood 386 ± 117 nkat/ml. The coefficient of correlation between plasma and whole blood GSH‐Px activity was r = 0.27 (p < 0.01), and between plasma and whole blood related to the hematocrit and to the hemoglobin content of the blood samples 0.38 and 0.35 respectively (both p < 0.001). Between whole blood and whole blood related to hematocrit and hemoglobin content, r was 0.8 and 0.89 respectively (p < 0.001).

Der Einfluß von Lagerungsdauer und ‐temperatur auf die Aktivität von Glutathion‐Peroxidase (GSH‐Px) wurde in Na‐Heparinat‐Plasma und ‐Vollblut des Pferdes bestimmt. Außerdem erfolgte ein Vergleich zwischen den GSH‐Px‐Aktivitäten im Plasma und Vollblut bzw. zwischen diesen und den GSH‐Px‐Aktivitäten im Vollblut nach Umrechnung auf den Hämatokritanteil sowie Hämoglobingehalt der Blutproben von 93 verschiedenen Pferden.

In Plasma‐ und Vollblutproben blieb die GSH‐Px‐Aktivität bei 20–22 °C drei Tage lang stabil, während sie bei den Vollblutproben welche schon verdünnt aufbewahrt wurden (Lysat) deutlich abnahm (38% und 65% nach 2 bzw. 3 Tagen). Alle bei 4 °C und −18 °C gelagerten Proben waren drei Tage lang stabil. Die GSH‐Px‐Aktivität in den Lysatproben blieb bei −18 °C auch bis zum 60sten Tag der Aufbewahrung gleich, während die Aktivität im Plasma bei gleicher Temperatur an den Meßtagen schwankte. Die GSH‐Px‐Aktivität im Plasma betrug 12,2 ± 11,7 nkat/ml und im Vollblut 386 ± 117 nkat/ml. Die im Plasma und im Vollblut gemessenen GSH‐Px‐Aktivitäten zeigten einen Korrelationskoeffizienten von 0,27 (p < 0,01), zwischen Plasma und Vollblut bezogen auf den Hämatokritanteil sowie auf den Hämoglobingehalt lag dieser bei 0,38 bzw. 0,35 (beide p < 0,001). Die Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen den GSH‐Px‐Werten im Vollblut und denen im Vollblut, bezogen auf Hämatokrit, sowie Hämoglobin betrugen 0,8 bzw. 0,89 (beide p < 0,001).
Fine Structure of Corpora Lutea in Superovulated Heifers
Authors: Maciel M. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H. , Gustafsson H.
Published: May 2010

The aim of the present study was to determine the degree of development and structural status of perfusion‐fixed day‐7 corpora luteae (CL) (using qualitative and quantitative histology at light and electron microscopy levels) in FSH‐induced superovulated (SO) and untreated heifers. Blood samples were collected daily to monitor the plasma progesterone levels during the FSH treatment up to slaughter 7 days after oestrus. Meanwhile the ovarian activity was followed by ultrasonography and rectal palpation. At slaughter, the ovaries were fixed by vascular perfusion to avoid distortion of the structures and conventionally processed for electron microscopy. The volume density of the luteal tissue was calculated on the examined sections by point‐counting. The histology of the corpora lutea, exception made of a higher incidence of degenerated luteal and endothelial cells in the superovulated animals, did not differ from that of the untreated animals, confirming their normal development. The mean weight and volume of the CL in SO animals was 50% smaller than that of the untreated heifers. The progesterone concentration (nmol/l) at day 7 was significantly positively correlated with the number of CLs/heifer (r = 0.93, P < 0.01), with the weight of Cls/heifer (r = 0.97, P < 0.005) and with the volume of CLs/heifer (r = 0.97, P < 0.005). The results indicated that there were no morphological differences, in terms of histological structure and volume density, between the luteal tissue of SO heifers and the luteal tissue of non‐SO heifers on day 7 of the oestrous cycle which could interfere with its endocrine function.
Changes in Osmotic Resistance of Erythrocytes of Cattle, Pigs, Rats and Rabbits During Variation in Temperature and pH
Authors: Oyewale J.O.
Published: May 2010

The osmotic resistance of cattle, pig, rat and rabbit erythrocytes was determined at different temperatures and pH. At constant pH of 7.7, the resistance of erythrocytes of all these species increased as the temperature increased. However, at constant temperature of 29 °C, the resistance of the erythrocytes decreased in acidic solution and increased in alkaline solution.