bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Biological Basis of Human History
Authors: McNeill William Hardy
Published: February 2007

Well-known physiological peculiarities of human bodies had much
to do with raising our ancestors to the top of the food chain: erect
posture, binocular vision, an unusually efficient cooling system, and
an omnivorous diet. But these capabilities pale beside the advantages
that accrued to proto-humans and then to humans from expanding and more
precise modes of communication: first dance, then language. Still later,
transportation and communication transcended limits set by human muscles
with the invention of wind-propelled flotation and animal caravans, while
writing overcame limits of personal memory and face-to-face dissemination
of information. Contacts across local social and cultural boundaries
tended to propagate best practices, making humankind a uniquely dangerous,
constantly changing parasite upon other forms of life.
The Long-Run Growth in Obesity as a Function of Technological Change
Authors: Philipson Tomas J , Posner Richard A
Published: February 2007

This paper analyzes the forces contributing to the
worldwide long-run rise in obesity and the role of public interventions
in affecting its continued growth. A growth in obesity in a population
must result from the growth of calorie consumption outpacing the
growth of physical activity. Yet historically in developed countries,
obesity has grown with modest rises in calorie consumption and with
a substantial increase in both exercise and dieting. We consider the
economic incentives that give rise to the long-run growth in obesity
by stimulating intake of calories at the same time as discouraging the
expending of calories on physical activity, whether in work or leisure. We
argue that technological change provides a natural interpretation of the
long-run growth in obesity, that it predicts that the effect of income
on obesity changes from positive to negative with economic development,
and that it implies that technological change may not continue to raise
weight. We discuss the positive and normative impacts of direct and
indirect public interventions to reduce obesity.
Are There Social Determinants of Health and Disease?
Authors: Thisted Ronald A. (Ronald Aaron)
Published: February 2007

The concept of a determinant is tied to the idea
of a mechanism for action. Ideas from epidemiology, particularly the
epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment, can help to make
sense of factors that affect the absence of disease or that interfere
with a mechanism that alters health. However, assembling convincing
evidence for the existence of social determinants of health is a
challenge, in part because of the difficulties of bridging the social and
biological realms. While social contexts are measured using aggregates
of individuals, disease and dysfunction occur at the individual level,
leading to difficult problems of ecological inference. Although social
factors have been shown to be associated with differences in mortality
from specific causes, these factors account for only a small portion of
the mortality from any individual cause. This suggests that the pathways
through which social factors influence health are affected by their
interactions with other factors.
Prophet in His Own Country: Carlos Chagas and the Nobel Prize
Authors: Lewinsohn Rachel
Published: February 2007

In 1909, Carlos Chagas (1878-1934) discovered a new protozoon,
Trypanosoma cruzi, and the (previously unknown) disease that it
causes. Within a few months, virtually single-handed, he described
the pathogen, its vector, and the clinical features of American
trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), a feat unique in medical history. He
headed the Oswaldo Cruz Institute after the death of its founder
(1917) until his own death; and from 1920 until 1926 he also directed
the Brazilian Department of Public Health. His discovery brought him
worldwide acclaim, but at home antagonism against Chagas, muted for
years, finally flared up in a campaign that was acted out in the 1921-22
plenary sessions of the National Academy of Medicine. Chagas's name
was repeatedly proposed for the Nobel Prize but he never received it;
this hostile campaign may have been instrumental in costing him the award.
Getting the Numbers Right: Statistical Mischief and Racial Profiling in Heart Failure Research
Authors: Kahn Jonathan
Published: February 2007

The claim that blacks die from heart failure at a rate twice that of
whites is informing efforts to develop and market the drug BiDil®,
which is currently undergoing clinical trials to be approved by the FDA as
the first drug ever specified to treat African Americans—and only
African Americans—for heart failure. The drug and its companion
statistic have since come to play prominent roles in debates about
so-called "racial profiling" in medicine and the legitimacy of using
social categories of race in biomedical research. Nonetheless, this
statistic is wrong. The most current data available place the black:white
mortality ratio for heart failure at approximately 1.1:1. The article
tells the story of attempts to get to the source of the supposed 2:1
mortality ratio and explores some of the implications of the acceptance
of these erroneous data, both for the allocation of resources to combat
disease and for our broader understanding of the nature and meaning
of race.
Health Care in the Borderland
Authors: Treeson David
Published: February 2007

For over 30 years, Hidalgo County, a geographically isolated and
financially stressed community in the southwestern corner of New Mexico,
has struggled to develop a stable primary health care service.The
retirement of the county's general practitioner in the 1970s was followed
by several decades of misses, near-misses, and out-and-out failures,
when the community found it difficult to attract and impossible to
keep a physician. In order to organize and fund a stable medical
clinic, the community had to adapt to the realities of a new era in
medicine. Primary care physicians in rural communities need access to
medical information and to specialists, help in coping with the economic
pressures of medical care, and support that will enable them to develop
a sustainable lifestyle. Hidalgo County now has a modern health care
delivery system. The experiences that led to the creation of the present
clinic provide insight into the problems for the delivery of primary
health care in remote areas and suggest solutions that may be relevant
to other communities across rural America.
The Shackles of Reason: Sufi/Deconstructive Opposition to Rational Thought
Authors: Almond Ian
Published: February 2007

The status of Ibn 'Arabi and Derrida as thinkers is examined: their
disagreements with rational/metaphysical thought on the basis of différance
and what Ibn 'Arabi calls al-haqq or the Real. Advantage is taken of the fact
that both writers speak of emancipatory projects in their work-the freeing
of writing from the shackles of logocentric thought and of the unthinkably
Divine (the Real) from the constructs of philosophers and theologians. Just as
Ibn 'Arabi believes that no thinker can provide ''a definition of the Real [al
haqq],'' Derrida insists that no thinker can escape the history of metaphysics.
In the work of both, the reaffirmation of something vital, inconstant, and
elusive that defeats all attempts to discuss it plays a common role and
evolves according to a common structure. If différance and the Real do seem
uncannily analogous-sharing, for example, features like namelessness,
radical otherness, intangibility/invisibility/unthinkability, and atemporality,
not to mention their paradoxically generative functions-there are also a
number of significant differences.
Leibniz' Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese and the Leibniz-Clarke Controversy
Authors: Ribas Albert
Published: February 2007

Leibniz was writing his Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese as the
Leibniz-Clarke Controversy developed. Both were terminated by his death.
These two fronts show interesting doctrinal correlations. The first is Leibniz'
concern for the ''decadence of natural religion.'' The dispute with Clarke
began with it, and the Discourse is a defense of Chinese natural religion in
order to show its agreement with Christian natural religion. The Controversy
can be summed up as ''clockmaker God versus idle God.'' Leibniz wants to
escape from the perverse consequences that all criticism of divine
voluntarism seems to cause. Thus, his elaboration is directed at a distinct
concept of a God that rules without interposing, a supramundane
intelligence. And the Leibnizian interpretation of the natural theology of the
Chinese can be viewed the same way: it emphasizes a First Principle, Li,
which rules without interposing.
How Ibn Sinian Is Suhrawardi's Theory of Knowledge?
Authors: Razavi Mehdi Amin
Published: February 2007

It is demonstrated here that despite apparent differences and their adherence to two different schools of thought, Suhrawardi's epistemology is essentially Ibn Sinian, and even his theory of "knowledge by Presence" ('ilm al-huduri), which is considered to be uniquely his, is at least inspired by Ibn Sina. I argue that Ibn Sina's peripatetic orientation and Suhrawardi's ishraqi perspective have both maintained and adhered to the same epistemological framework while the philosophical languages in which their respective epistemologies are discussed are different.
Two-Year College Freshmen and the Internet: Do They Really "Know All That Stuff?"
Authors: Weiler Angela
Published: February 2007

Freshman English classes were surveyed to determine
the students' computer experiences before coming to college. More than
half the students surveyed had used the Internet once a week or less,
and only about half had received any kind of computer training. These
results are attributed to a variety of factors.
Assistive Technologies In Academic Libraries: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Green Ravonne A , Gillespie Diane N
Published: February 2007

This study discusses assistive technology (AT)
in academic libraries. An expert panel, using the Delphi Technique,
recognized adequate funding, training opportunities, AT evaluation,
and including individuals with disabilities in AT decision making as
being some of the primary issues.
Trade Publishing: A Report from the Front
Authors: Fister Barbara
Published: February 2007

Academic librarians and scholars must be aware of issues
and new developments affecting trade publishing in order to play a role in
shaping its future. This article reports on the current condition of trade
publishing and its future prospects based on interviews with editors,
publishers, agents, and others involved in the industry.
The Symbolic Meaning of Libraries in a Digital Age
Authors: Manoff Marlene
Published: February 2007

As an increasingly virtual society anticipates the
decline of print, it looks to the keepers of the written record to
maintain continuity with its past. Libraries cannot formulate intelligent
collection and preservation policies without taking into account current
perceptions of the fragility of historical memory. Understanding the
symbolic role they play in the cultural imaginary will help libraries
to map a future that addresses public concerns about the preservation
of the historical record.
Infusing Information Literacy into the Core Curriculum: A Pilot Project at the University of Nevada, Reno
Authors: Ragains Patrick
Published: February 2007

The easy availability of information on the World Wide
Web adds urgency to the need to teach information literacy concepts
and skills to students. The author led a team of faculty and graduate
teaching assistants in an information literacy pilot project at the
University of Nevada, Reno, in the spring of 2000. This article reviews
planning, execution, and student/faculty assessments of the project,
discusses future plans based on the project's results, and relates the
UNR experience to librarians' subsequent efforts to promote information
literacy.
Issues Facing Academic Library Consortia and Perceptions of Members of the Illinois Digital Academic Library
Authors: Brooks Sam , Dorst Thomas J
Published: February 2007

This article discusses the role of consortia in academic
libraries, specifically the Illinois Digital Academic Library
(IDAL). Interviews were conducted with several Illinois academic
librarians representing a cross-section of university libraries. The
article focuses on a variety of issues surrounding full text database
research including content, searching functionality, peer-reviewed status,
embargoes, publisher relations, etc. The conclusion affirms the validity
and benefit of IDAL as experienced by member libraries.
Library Allocations: Faculty and and Librarians Assess 'Fairness'
Authors: Copeland Lynn , Mundle Todd M
Published: February 2007

Simon Fraser University Library undertook an assessment
of its collection allocations to reassure faculty and librarians that
our collection building was consistent with the University's academic
priorities. Mindful of the problems inherent in value-laden formulaic
approaches, we examined a variety of factors in identifying potentially
misaligned allocations.
Beyond Visual Culture: The Challenge of Visual Ecology
Authors: Marcum James W
Published: February 2007

The library profession remains grounded in textual,
print media, creating vulnerability amidst a culture increasingly
characterized as visual. This essay develops a model of visual ecology to
facilitate full appreciation of the challenge presented by the emerging
visual-interactive culture. Librarians must engage the tools and practices
of visualization in order to capture, preserve, and disseminate today's
culture for posterity.
Electronic Resource Librarians in Academic Libraries: A Position Announcement Analysis, 1996-2001
Authors: Albitz Rebecca S
Published: February 2007

This article surveys position announcements for Electronic Resource Librarians that appeared in College and Research Libraries News from January 1996 through December 2001. Utilizing a blend of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the author reviews reporting structures, responsibilities, and professional experience requirements for these positions.
Papers of the President or of the Presidency: Who Owns Presidential Records? Some Recent History and a Challenge
Authors: Connors Thomas James
Published: February 2007

In November 2001, President Bush issued an executive order removing the power from the archivist of the United States to authorize access to presidential records. Later that month, a group of historians and public interest groups accused the Bush administration of violating the Presidential Records Act and filed suit. Their point was not simply that documents should be released but that the principle of openness governing access to presidential records had been replaced by one of closure. Why exactly is open access to information necessary to the democratic process? What specific kinds of information are we talking about? The author argues that information professionals and scholars who depend on reliable government information must understand theoretical issues and policy implications, and make a concerted effort to insure continued access to our recorded history.
Why Do We Stay? Survey of Long-Term Academic Librarians in Canada
Authors: Millard Donna M
Published: February 2007

A survey of long-term academic librarians at English language Canadian universities attempts to determine which of four factors has the strongest influence over long-term careers: career commitment, organizational commitment, personal factors, or economic factors. Findings show that career commitments far outweigh any of the other three factors, proving, in this situation, that academic librarians stay because they enjoy what they do in the profession. However, rather low scores for organizational commitment brings to light such problems as lack of communication and lack of trust.
Technology and Copyright Issues in the Academic Library: First Sale, Fair Use and the Electronic Document
Authors: Ou Carol
Published: February 2007

First sale and fair use are two copyright principles of use in academic libraries that need to be reexamined in an information age offering the possibilities of universal access and perfect distribution in the electronic document. This technology has the potential to upset the traditional balance between the public and private spheres that have governed copyright doctrine. The library services that are perhaps most affected by these concerns are in the provision of electronic reserves and collections.
Size Matters: The Debate Over Reference Desk Height
Authors: Warnement Mary
Published: February 2007

This article summarizes the debate concerning use of desks versus counters in reference areas of academic libraries. Librarians argued whether patrons were more likely to approach a standing or a sitting librarian. In general, patrons preferred approaching a standing librarian (or one seeming to stand because sitting on a stool at a counter); however, only small studies were conducted. In practice, libraries are designed in almost equal number with one or a combination of both. This debate over the height of reference desks informed the broader debate concerning reference service models.
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Authors: Fineman Yale
Published: February 2007

This paper discusses the history of electronic theses and
dissertations (ETDs), access and technology issues concerning these
documents, methods of developing digital archives, and the virtues of
providing free and open access to ETDs via the World Wide Web.
Multilateral Digital Library Partnerships for Sharing and Preserving Instructional Content and Context
Authors: Gold Anna Keller
Published: February 2007

Two themes are explored relating to Digital Library (DL)
development. The first considers partnering as a strategic response
to the problem of competitive convergence. The second considers the
value added to information by providing what I call here its "context
of use." The context of use is of strategic interest to libraries as
the critical information need of library users shifts from information
access to relief from overwhelming abundance of information. Both themes
are explored via a case study of developing electronic course reserves
at an academic research library. The case study is significant to
academic libraries because it illustrates the degree to which courseware
and educational information initiatives are taking place outside the
publishing paradigms on which library technical and public services are
based. It also highlights how much these initiatives depend on partnering
as a strategy. Libraries are challenged both to consider their own DL
strategies in light of this context-rich instructional DL infrastructure,
and to consider these strategies vis-�-vis an emerging digital
university (DU).
Academe, Technology, Society, and the Market: Four Frames of Reference for Copyright and Fair Use
Authors: Metcalfe Amy , Diaz Veronica , Wagoner Richard
Published: February 2007

In response to the argument against the theory that fair use
exists only to fill a need that the market cannot, and in favor of the
constitutional purpose of copyright law to balance between the rights
of creators and the public, this paper suggests that varied and often
understated uses of copyrighted materials exist in academic settings. Four
"frames" of reference are introduced: Academic, Technological, Social,
and Market. Court cases relevant to each frame are presented, and two
scenarios involving the use of copyrighted materials are explored. As
technology increases both access and control, it is important to
preserve and continue the tradition of fair use in higher education and
to differentiate it from other commercial uses.
The Librarians in the Trenches: The Workaday Impact of Information Literacy
Authors: Adler Rebecca
Published: February 2007

This paper examines the way the information literacy
project is functioning day to day at a number of representative
undergraduate campuses in the greater New York City area. It does so by
reporting on information culled from face-to-face interviews conducted
with the librarian coordinating the program. The information, though
anecdotal in nature, is nonetheless of considerable value, inasmuch as
the personal interview appeared to elicit from interviewees the kinds of
responses that were unlikely to have been so nuanced (and so detailed)
in a more formal, impersonal type of questionnaire amenable to statistical
analysis. Thus new insights are obtained into the manner in which library
personnel are dealing with the added responsibilities the information
literacy boom has conferred upon them. In addition, the answers to the
series of questions asked are informally analyzed and provide a sense
of the way some of the problems are being handled that have arisen as
a result of the strong college-wide emphasis on achieving universal
information literacy.
The Politics Of Survival In The Postmodern Library
Authors: Elteto Sharon , Frank Donald G
Published: February 2007

The vitality and relevance of academic libraries are
at stake as a result of dramatic budget reductions and ongoing changes
in the use of libraries. Academic librarians who are more aware of the
realities and uncertainties of the political context in which their
libraries exist are more likely to succeed. This article explores the
ambiguities, realities, and implications of the academic library's
political environment and suggests strategies to be politically effective.
Migration of Government Information Products to the Internet
Authors: Heintz John P
Published: February 2007

Government information traditionally published in
printed form is increasingly appearing on federal agency websites. This
transition generally results in better access to information. However,
these changes raise a variety of bibliographic control and access problems
for the Federal Depository Library Program. This article provides an
overview of these issues, examines responses to date, and provides
the perspective of a government manager on some of the access issues,
arguing that rather than fighting the changes librarians need to help
the system evolve by embracing proactive solutions.
Directive and Connective: Gender-Based Differences in the Management Styles of Academic Library Managers
Authors: Voelck Julie
Published: February 2007

To explore gender-based differences in management
style, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-eight
managers in the libraries of thirteen publicly-assisted universities
in Michigan. The research design incorporated both quantitative and
qualitative methodologies. Results revealed statistically significant
differences by sex in the scale responses on several management
traits, as well as differences in responses to open-ended interview
questions. Possible connections between these gender-related differences
in management style and the disproportionate representation of women in
the highest administrative positions in libraries are discussed.
A Passion for Academic Librarianship: Find It, Keep It, Sustain It--A Reflective Inquiry
Authors: Bell Steven J
Published: February 2007

Why do academic librarians do what they do? This article explores
the sources of passion that make academic librarianship a rewarding
profession. A framework is introduced that examines the relationships
within and outside the academy that contribute to the academic librarian's
professional passion. The challenge of sustaining professional passion
is addressed.
Assessment with Rubrics: An Efficient and Objective Means of Assessing Student Outcomes in an Information Resources Class
Authors: Choinski Elizabeth , Mark Amy E , Murphey Missy
Published: February 2007

This article describes the use of a conventional grading rubric as
an objective tool for assessing educational outcomes in a for-credit
Information Resources class. The tool was evaluated in the context of
the assessment process at the University of Mississippi. To assure
objectivity, two librarians independent of the librarian-instructor
scored student reflection papers using a 5-point scale. Rubric items
were considered successful if 75 percent of the students received an
average score of three or higher. The results showed that weak areas
of comprehension are those that require higher level thinking, such as
the ability to distinguish between the popular and academic press. The
librarian-instructor will place more emphasis on these topics in future
classes and reword rubric items of questionable design.
Stories, Not Information: Transforming Information Literacy
Authors: Purdue Jeff
Published: February 2007

Information Literacy is firmly ensconced within libraries, but it does
not always travel well to other disciplines. One reason may be the words
"information" and "literacy" themselves. This article looks at some of
the embedded notions in these terms and suggests an alternate approach
derived from the critic Walter Benjamin.
Problem-Based Learning in the Library: Evolving a Realistic Approach
Authors: Pelikan Michael
Published: February 2007

This article examines issues encountered over a two-year period by a faculty librarian at the Penn State University Libraries while developing and delivering course-related library instruction employing problem-based learning (PBL) in the First-Year Seminar (FYS) of the Penn State School of Information Sciences and Technology (IST). The process of curriculum development involved close cooperation between the school's instructional designers, faculty, and the libraries' faculty. Findings regarding the practical aspects of delivering information literacy instruction using PBL are discussed, including the issues of transitioning to PBL from more traditional forms of course-related library instruction. The evolution of the instructional goals is expressed in the terminology of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) "Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education."
Self, Solipsism, and Schizophrenic Delusions
Authors: Parnas Josef , Sass Louis Arnorsson
Published: February 2007

We propose that typical schizophrenic delusions develop on
the background of preexisting anomalies of self-experience. We argue
that disorders of the Self represent the experiential core clinical
phenomena of schizophrenia, as was already suggested by the founders
of the concept of schizophrenia and elaborated in the phenomenological
psychiatric tradition. The article provides detailed descriptions
of the pre-psychotic or schizotypal anomalies of self-experience,
often illustrated through clinical vignettes. We argue that delusional
transformation in the evolution of schizophrenic psychosis reflects a
global reorganization of consciousness and existential reorientation,
both of which radiate from a fundamental alteration of the Self. We
critically address the contemporary cognitive approaches to delusion
formation, often finding them inconsistent with the clinical features
of schizophrenia or implausible from a phenomenological point of view.
Understanding Delusions of Alien Control
Authors: Roessler Johannes
Published: February 2007

According to Jaspers, claims to the effect that one's
thoughts, impulses, or actions are controlled by others belong to those
schizophrenic symptoms that are not susceptible to any psychological
explanation. In opposition to Jaspers, it has recently been suggested that
such claims can be made intelligible by distinguishing two ingredients in
our common sense notion of ownership of a thought: It is one thing for
a thought to occur in my stream of consciousness; it is another for it
to be interpretable in terms of my propositional attitudes. I argue that
this distinction cannot be sustained and pursue an alternative suggestion,
drawing on Louis Sass's "solipsist interpretation" of schizophrenia.
Cogito and I: A Bio-logical Approach
Authors: Kimura Bin
Published: February 2007

Abstract: The key mutation of the schizophrenic psyche can be described
as a disturbance of the first person-ness of the I-sense, i.e., of the
sense of the "I" as personal subject of experience and of action. Under
these circumstances, representations of things are not definitively
experienced as "my" representations—with the self-evidence of
belonging to me. This uncertainty of selfhood, specific to schizophrenia,
cannot be reduced to a disability of intellect, logic, judgment, or
memory. In the course of developing his argument, the author criticizes
philosopher Michel Henry's critique of Heidegger's (1961) interpretation
of Descartes's cogito ergo sum. The author hypothesizes that the basic disturbance of schizophrenia
may be related to a discordance between individual subjectivity and the
collective subjectivity to which a person also belongs. The schizophrenic
individual seems to be unable to allow the self to dissolve into a kind
of group subjectivity, i.e., to fuse the human I with auto-affection
of living in general. This is connected with the fact that the sense
of I-ness (of I as an ongoing subjectivity), which usually remains too
self-evident to be brought to awareness, comes to arise explicitly in
consciousness, with painfully elevated self-reflection and profound
uncertainty about "the I-ness of the self or the selfness of the
I."(Abstract written by special issue editor: L.A.S.)
Normal and Abnormal: Georges Canguilhem and the Question of Mental Pathology
Authors: Margree Victoria
Published: February 2007

Traditionally, debates between psychiatrists and
anti-psychiatrists have centered around the appropriateness of positivist
models of psychological disorder. According to positivism, the cause
of unusual or distressing mental states is to be found in biological
abnormalities. This paper suggests that anti-psychiatry often challenges
positivism by opposing accounts of social causation to those of physical,
biological disease without first questioning the adequacy of positivist
accounts of physical illness itself. Using the work of philosopher of
medicine, Georges Canguilhem, I wish to elaborate a non-positivist account
of physical disease, which can then be applied to debates in mental health
to redefine the terms within which the role of biological abnormalities
can be thought. Applying Canguilhem's definition of pathology, the
paper argues for a conception of mental illness in which the scientific
identification of biological abnormalities is useful, but not in itself
sufficient. Finally, these arguments are related to recent work involving
cognitive therapy approaches to voice hearing and schizophrenia.
Six Models of Mental Disorder: A Study Combining Linguistic-Analytic and Empirical Methods
Authors: Fulford K. W. M , Colombo Anthony
Published: February 2007

This paper employs the methodological framework of linguistic analytic philosophy to explore the conceptual issues arising from a study (published by us elsewhere) of the different models of disorder implicit in five groups of stakeholders concerned in the community care of people with a diagnosis of long-term schizophrenia (users/consumers, carers, mental health social workers, psychiatrists and community psychiatric nurses). Linguistic analysis, (1) gives a precise fix on the nature of the practical difficulties presented by such models (as difficulties in use rather than as difficulties of definition), (2) suggests a powerful heuristic for displaying and comparing models (our models-grids as representations of the logical geography), (3) is the basis of a methodology which is neutral as between users and providers of services (it is a 'level playing field' methodology), (4) provides an intuitively powerful way of understanding the results of work of this kind (as a 'consciousness-raising exercise'), and (5) facilitates the translation of research into practice (through joint user-provider training programs aimed at improving communication skills within a 'dynamic heterogeneity' of models).
Human Equality, Affirmative Action, and Genetic Models of Human Variation
Authors: Condit Celeste Michelle , Condit Deirdre Moira , Achter Paul J
Published: February 2007

Recent genetic accounts of human variation treat the biological
components of socially constructed racial groupings as differences in
the frequencies of some genetic elements among geographically dispersed
populations. This perspective provides a de-essentialized account of
human biological diversity that should shift the stasis of the debates
about affirmative action away from questions about innate human abilities
and toward value issues.
Protest, Prophecy, and Prudence in the Rhetoric of Malcolm X
Authors: Terrill Robert
Published: February 2007

Prophetic speeches such as "Black Man's History," which Malcolm X
delivered while a Nation of Islam minister, encourage a politically
passive isolation. "The Ballot or the Bullet," however, delivered after
Malcolm left the Nation of Islam, illustrates the rhetorical invention
of an oppositional prudence that encourages his audience to deliberate
and act in ways that defy the expectations of the dominant culture.
Pope John Paul II and the Crusade Against Communism: A Case Study in Secular and Sacred Time
Authors: Zagacki Kenneth S
Published: February 2007

In order to cope with the Cold War situation in both
Poland and Cuba, Pope John Paul II contrasted the secular sphere of
communism with the permanent Christian tradition and its transcendent
mysteries. By interpreting history and current events in sacred terms,
the pope tried to preserve national identities, empower groups, and
ground political change in an overarching Christian order.
Engendering Democratic Change: How Three U.S. Presidents Discussed Female Suffrage
Authors: Beasley Vanessa B.
Published: February 2007

Although the history of democratic change in the
United States has largely been read through its constitutive debates,
here I suggest that we might also explore how such changes have been
explained by political elites. Using the years immediately surrounding
the 1920 female suffrage victory as a case study, this essay asks when
and how Presidents Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge discussed U.S. women's
transformation from citizens to voters within particular texts.
The Evolution of a Diplomatic Surprise: Richard M. Nixon's Rhetoric on China, 1952-July 15, 1971
Authors: Bostdorff Denise M.
Published: February 2007

Although Nixon provided numerous signals of an impending
policy change, most listeners were surprised when he announced that he
would visit China. This essay traces the themes of Nixon's discourse
over time to explain the evolution of his policy reversal. Moreover,
the essay sheds light on the characteristics of Nixon's messages that
may have led so many listeners to be surprised.
"Going Public" in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Authors: Hoffman Karen S
Published: February 2007

Political scientists typically view the twentieth and
twenty-first centuries as the age of the rhetorical presidency. Grover
Cleveland's experience with the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
demonstrates not only that earlier presidents successfully wooed
the public, but also that the understanding of rhetoric put forth by
scholars such as Jeffrey K. Tulis, Samuel Kernell, and James Ceaser
is extremely limiting. Expanding the notion of rhetoric to include all
persuasive behavior offers a means for those who study the presidency
to understand presidential rhetoric as a function of the structure of
the executive—a constitutive aspect of the office rather than an
aberrant behavior.
The Promise(s) of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Hicks Darrin
Published: February 2007

This essay explicates the promise that deliberative
democracy, because deliberation generates more inclusive, just,
and reasoned public policies, is a sufficient and superior account of
democratic legitimacy. This essay also reviews the critiques engendered
by social, cultural, and discursive plurality, critiques threatening to
render deliberative democracy's promise(s) infelicitous, and suggests some
avenues for reconfiguring public delieration in light of these challenges.
Oratory, Democracy, and the Culture of Participation
Authors: Sproule J. Michael
Published: February 2007

Against a backdrop of declining civic participation in
the United States, political commentators offer remedies such as Web-based
communication and the deliberative poll. The tradition of performative
oral culture, once practiced widely in American homes and schools and at
civic gatherings, offers an alternate means for revitalizing the public
sphere. Renewing oratory and declamation in the schools would be central
to establishing new habits of direct personal engagement with community
concerns and interests.
Washington's Farewell Address: Distance as Bane and Blessing
Authors: Hostetler Michael J
Published: February 2007

Washington's "Farewell" inscribes distance on the American psyche as
a cultural symbol that can be either a bane or a blessing—a bane
when seen as an obstacle to union and commerce, a blessing when viewed
as a bulwark against Europe. The "Farewell" is also a classic example
of the complex style that was characteristic of Washington's prose. The
aim of this essay is a close reading of portions of the text that take
into account these factors and their relationship to each other in order
to deepen our understanding of one of America's enduring rhetorical
artifacts.
Deliberative Democracy and the Rhetorical Production of Political Culture
Authors: Welsh Scott
Published: February 2007

Conceptualizing public deliberation as dialogue does not direct political
challengers to speak in politically effective ways. Thus, theories of
deliberative democracy calling for cooperative dialogue in pursuit of
mutual understanding impede rather than foster more thoroughly democratic
deliberation. Only a view of public deliberation that foregrounds
strategic cultural engagement amidst conflict can adequately prepare
political actors for the challenge of effective political participation.
Rhetorically Reconfiguring Victimhood and Agency: The Violence Against Women Act's Civil Rights Clause
Authors: Picart Caroline Joan
Published: February 2007

In this article I examine the rhetorical dimensions of feminist lawmaking on rape and battering, as instantiated in Violence Against Women Act, and ask why this controversial act, and in particular its civil rights remedy, resulted in ambiguous gains. Current popular and legal interpretations of "agency" (labeled the "reasonable man" standard) and of "victimhood" leave battered women in a double bind.
Henry Clay and the Election of 1844: The Limits of a Rhetoric of Compromise
Authors: Zarefsky David
Published: February 2007

Henry Clay's reputation was based on his skill in formulating legislative compromises between competing positions, enacting the attribute of prudence. This approach proved unsuccessful in the context of a heated election campaign. Focusing on a series of public letters Clay issued during 1844, this analysis traces his rhetorical difficulties in the campaign and suggests the limitations of a rhetorical stance based on compromise.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Wartime Anxieties, and the Saboteurs' Case
Authors: Hasian Marouf Arif
Published: February 2007

This essay provides a rhetorical analysis of the World War II case
of Ex parte Quirin. By revisiting some of the arguments that were
used in the saboteurs' case, and by seeing the selective recycling of
some of these claims, scholars will have a better understanding of some
of the procedural and substantive problems that continue to plague the
use of military tribunals.
Matters of Public Concern: Reconceptualizing Public Employee Free Speech through Definitional Argument
Authors: St. John Jeffrey E.
Published: February 2007

This essay reconceptualizes the Supreme Court's argumentation in the
public employee speech case Waters v. Churchill by rereading
the case from the perspective of definitional argument. Focusing on
the rhetorical role definitions play or do not play in the Court's
ruling, I reappraise the employee speech at issue by coordinating the
Court's various characterizations of "public" and "private" speech and
by deploying them as a working definitional test. I argue that this
rereading enlarges and clarifies our understanding of what the Court has
called "matters of public concern," and underscores the ways in which
definitional ambiguity in this area of law compromises the free speech
of employee-citizens.
G. Stanley Hall and the Study of Higher Education
Authors: Goodchild Lester F
Published: February 2007

The centenary of higher education as a field of study occurred in
1993, commemorating the first course in higher education, offered
in the autumn of 1893 at Clark University by G. Stanley Hall. This
course also launched the first higher education program, for by
1924, three professors had offered 16 courses, written numerous
publications, and advised the first 10 master's and doctoral
students. This article reviews Hall's professional life, his concept of
higher pedagogy, his rationale for its study, and the program's three
developmental phases.
Theoretical Implications of Measurement Inconsistencies in Organizational Decline Research
Authors: Cameron Kim S , Whetten David A. (David Allred) , Gautam Kanak
Published: February 2007

What should be the appropriate measure of decline in institutions of
higher education? Though different scholars emphasize either
objective or perceptual indicators, we contend that studying the
differences between objective and perceptual idicators of decline is
itself a useful mechanism for theory-building. The authors examine
82 universities where objective and perceptual measures of decline
contradict each other. Their results indicate that institutions
suffering from "objective decline" without "perceptual decline" are
characterized by processes of "decline as crisis." In contrast,
institutions with "perceived decline" only are characterized by
processes of "decline as stagnation." Results indicate the need to
recognize that objective and perceptual indicators may often
address different aspects of decline and that institutions of higher
education using any single type of measure may have a limited
perspective on the decline phenomenon.
Doctoral Education: The Short-Term Crisis Vs. Long-Term Challenge
Authors: Geiger Roger L.
Published: February 2007

Recent speculation about the "overproduction" of PhD's has
overlooked the long-term stagnation in doctorates relative to
bachelors' degrees and in doctorates granted to American citizens.
PhD programs have failed to develop the flexibility needed for
articulation with nonacademic careers due to departmental
sovereignty, a queuing pattern of demand, the quality imperative,
and institutional sponsorship. The PhD today represents too much
training for many potential students, yet it is too little training for its
traditional markets. Hence, a more segmented structure for
graduate education ought to be explored.
Scholar, Steward, Spanner, Stranger: The Four Career Paths of College Presidents
Authors: Birnbaum Robert , Umbach Paul D
Published: February 2007

Would recruiting presidential candidates from nontraditional sources increase the gender and ethnic diversity of college presidents? Based on data from American Council on Education surveys, this study develops four career trajectories to the presidency and how they are related to the demographic and professional backgrounds of presidential incumbents in different types of institutions. The study suggests how presidential aspirants and higher educational institutions may increase the gender and ethnic diversity of the pool from which successful; applicants are selected.
Financing Higher Education at Selective Private Institutions: Implications for College Access and Choice
Authors: Perna Laura W
Published: February 2007

This essay draws upon the final report of the National Commission on the Cost of Higher Education (1998), Ehrenberg (2000), and King (1999) to explore (a) the cost of higher education at selective private colleges and universities, (b) public concern about the rising costs of higher education, and (c) the shift in financial aid policy from access to affordability. It also discusses implications for selective private institutions, the broader goals of access and choice, and higher education professionals.
State Higher Education Report Cards: What's in a Grade?
Authors: Martinez Mario , Farias Jaime , Arellano Eduardo
Published: February 2007

The authors subjected the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education's recent state-by-state higher education report card to an independent analysis using regression analysis. The purpose was to create an empirical starting point for investigating the relationships among the five report-card categories and between the categories and various elements of each state's higher education environment. All analyses resulted in significant relationships, which are compared with those offered by the NCPPHE.
Recent and Anticipated Changes in Postsecondary Admissions: A Survey of New England Colleges and Universities
Authors: Sireci Stephen G , Zanetti Mary L , Berger Joseph B. (Joseph Buryl)
Published: February 2007

In this article, the authors report the results of a survey of postsecondary institutions
in New England regarding recent changes in their admissions processes
and the factors that influenced those changes. Their results indicate
that traditional admissions criteria continue to be weighted heavily in the admissions process and that recruiting and retaining underrepresented minority
students remains a concern of many institutions. The implications of
these findings for public, private, two-year, and four-year institutions are discussed.
Community Leaders' Perceptions of University and College Efforts to Encourage Civic Engagement
Authors: Brisbin Richard A , Hunter Susan
Published: February 2007

This article examines the linkage between experiential educational programs that emphasize civic engagement and the activities of local governmental and nonprofit organizations. While leaders of governments and organizations have only irregular contacts with higher education programs that might encourage civic engagement and leaders perceive a diverse range of benefits and costs associated with student service and assistance, still they perceive that students' involvement in collective organizations can change their sense of civic engagement in meaningful ways.
Koizumi's Top-Down Leadership in the Anti-Terrorism Legislation: The Impact of Political Institutional Changes
Authors: Shinoda Tomohito
Published: February 2007

Japan's response to the September 11 terrorist attack was quick and conducted
through top-down leadership by Prime Minister Koizumi. It was seen as
a sharp break from Japan's pacifism and slow, unclear response patterns
of the past. As the lack of leadership became a focal issue for Japanese
politics in the 1990s, three major institutional changes were introduced
to shape the leadership of future prime ministers: the 1994 electoral
system, the Diet and government reform of 1999, and Hashimoto's administrative reform
efforts, which took place in January 2001. This
paper analyzes the impact of these changes on crafting Japan's 2001 anti-terrorism
legislation.
Impregnable Citadel or Leaning Tower? Europe's Common Agricultural Policy at Forty
Authors: Roederer-Rynning Christilla
Published: February 2007

This article takes stock of Europe's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP),
the single largest common policy in today's European Union. Change
and continuity are examined in light of past political pacts and the
upcoming enlargement of the Union to ten new European countries. Two iron
pacts—between France and Germany, and between national governments
and their respective farm constituencies—have cast a long shadow
over European farm policy. The article shows how consumer groups,
proponents of agricultural trade liberalization, and the enlargement
process have affected these pacts and opened avenues for reform. While
reform will continue to be incremental in the medium term, two
trajectories of change are discernible in the long term: a "great carve
up" scenario, where the CAP will progressively be dismantled as a policy
and institution, or a "save the CAP by reforming it" scenario, where
the CAP will remain in existence, but rebuilt on different principles.