bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Activities of the Plungė Garrison, 1934–1940
Authors: Ramonas Gintaras
Published: May 2018

The 4th Artillery Regiment and the 6th Infantry Regiment of Duke Margis of Pilėnai were relocated to Plungė as part of the efforts to strengthen the defensive capacities of Lithuania’s western territory. At first, soldiers were quartered in the buildings situated in Plungė park and later moved to the newly-built barracks. Therefore, the major aim of the article is to reveal the input of the garrison soldiers into the cultural life of Plungė as well as to contribute to the research on the topic which so far has been little studied. The article shows how the park was reorganised to adjust the new space to life and military functions, and how it was set up for the purposes of culture and free time of the army and the townspeople. It provided an opportunity to actively engage in exercise in a partly-closed space for the town dwellers and to take part in various events for the military. The park also hosted various celebrations of public holidays, summer outdoor parties for young people known as gegužinė, orchestra performances, and even served as a stage for soldiers performing songs. The garrison’s military brass band was popular and well-known in Plungė and the neighbouring towns and villages. The band would play on the occasion of seeing off and meeting soldiers; it would also perform during city festivals and gegužinė outdoor parties, thus becoming an inseparable part of the town’s cultural life. Soldiers would hold the celebrations of the Lithuanian Armed Forces, show jumping events and Military and Public Days during which they would organise parades, horse shows to the public as well as demonstrate their military preparedness. The garrison soldiers staged plays, delivered lectures to local residents and even had their own reading-room. Wearing a full-dress uniform, the regiment soldiers would attend religious and town festivals. The article shows that through involvement of the public in cultural activities, celebration of public holidays, and promotion of patriotic and civic spirit in society, the garrison became an important factor in the provincial life of independent Lithuania, which did not only have a significant influence on the town of Plungė but also earned respect among its residents.
Hillforts in the Eyes of Residents
Authors: Malonaitis Arvydas
Published: May 2018

The article presents a summary of the findings from a residents’ survey conducted by the students of the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences (former Vilnius Pedagogical University) from 2007 to 2010 as part of their fieldwork practice in regional studies. Based on the data of 74 questionnaires, the article discusses the information that the residents have about hillforts in general and their relationship with the specific hillfort in their immediate environment.
The survey was based on the following principles: (1) to be eligible for the survey, residents must have lived in the environment of a hillfort for a longer proportion of their life or must still live in the area of the hillfort, i.e., the hillfort must be constantly in a resident’s field of vision, (2) residents have to be at least 50 years of age at the time of the survey, (3) former or present history teachers cannot take part in the survey, (4) the hillfort in the area the respondents of which are sought has to be sufficiently beautiful and easily recognisable, and (5) hillforts located in an urban area are excluded from the survey.
The questionnaire was developed with reference to the current recommendations for survey methodology. It included a total of 70 questions covering various aspects starting from the information about the hillfort and its environment, and childhood memories, and ending with the current relationship with it. Considering the age group of the respondents, all questions were open-ended, and interviewing took place in the form of a conversation. In terms of gender, most respondents were women (58, or 78.4%), whereas men comprised about one-fifth of the respondents (16, or 21.6%). As regards age, residents born between 1931 and 1940 made up the majority of the respondents (31.4%), with six men and 25 women among them.
Twelve questions were used to highlight the information about hillforts. The majority of the respondents were fairly well aware of the origin and purpose of hillforts; they knew a lot of hillforts and visited some of them; some were interested in the issues of hillfort origin and read something about it. Fourteen questions were used to identify the relationship with “one’s own” hillfort. Despite the fact that the majority of the respondents viewed the hillfort as a witness of the past, they first of all saw it through their emotional and family prism. The majority of the residents were satisfied with the neighbourhood of a hillfort, which had become an indispensable part of their life and a very strong centre of attraction.
The survey pinpointed yet another aspect – the attitude towards a hillfort as a witness of the fights of the past. Although the respondents were not asked about it, this aspect stood out in their answers about the definition of a hillfort, its purpose, the period of its origin, function, its name, legends and stories told by parents and teachers, and its peculiar features.
The relationship between working horse welfare state and their owners’ empathy level and perception of equine pain
Authors: Luna D , Vásquez RA , Yánez JM , Tadich T
Published: May 2018

An understanding of the factors influencing the human-animal relationship is relevant in the development of welfare interventions for working equids. However, the link between the psychological attributes of animal owners, such as empathy level and pain perception, and the welfare state of working horses is yet to be studied. Here, we assessed working horse owners’ empathy, their perception of equine pain and how these relate to the welfare state of their horses. The relationship between empathy and perception of equine pain was also explored. One hundred owners of working horses were studied, along with their working horses (n = 127). Self-reported rating scales were used for measuring animal-oriented empathy, human-oriented empathy and owners’ perception of equine pain; higher scores in the three scales indicated higher levels of empathy and higher perception of equine pain. An animal welfare index based on direct measures was applied where higher scores indicate a poorer welfare state. Most of the owners had high levels of empathy towards both animals and humans and a high perception of equine pain. According to the animal welfare index, 15.7% of horses had a poor welfare state. Higher levels of empathy and equine pain perception in owners were correlated with a better animal welfare condition, with owner's empathy level towards animals explaining over 60% of horses’ welfare. Moreover, empathy towards animals was positively correlated with human-oriented empathy and perception of equine pain. We therefore suggest that strategies oriented to improve welfare of working horses should consider education programmes aimed at promoting the development of empathy in caretakers.
How reliable is the multi-criteria evaluation system of the Welfare Quality® protocol for growing pigs?
Authors: Czycholl I , Kniese C , Schrader L , Krieter J
Published: May 2018

This paper focuses on the reliability of the multi-criteria evaluation model included in the Welfare Quality® protocol for growing pigs to aggregate the animal-based indicators, first to criteria, then to principle level and finally to an overall welfare score. This assessment was carried out in a practical application study on a sample of 24 farms in Germany. Altogether, 102 protocol assessments were carried out in repeated visits to these farms in order to evaluate the inter-observer and test-retest repeatability of the overall scores calculated by the multi-criteria evaluation system. Reliability is then assessed by the calculation of different reliability and agreement parameters: Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients (RS), Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), Smallest Detectable Changes (SDC) and Limits of Agreement (LoA). Inter-observer repeatability was insufficient for the criteria comfort around resting, absence of injuries, expression of social behaviours, expression of other behaviours, good human-animal relationship and positive emotional state as well as for the principles good housing and appropriate behaviour. This is probably due in the main to insufficient repeatability of the underlying indicators that have been revealed in previous studies. Test-retest repeatability is predominantly insufficient. Overall, the present results highlight the importance of absolutely reliable indicators at the baseline level. Furthermore, it could be shown that the calculation procedure is partly incorrect and consequently needs correction. Therefore, this study is an important contribution to the future progression of the Welfare Quality® protocols and animal welfare assessment tools in general.
Economic effects of participation in animal welfare programmes: does it pay off for farmers?
Authors: Heise H , Schwarze S , Theuvsen L
Published: May 2018

There has been an increased demand by some sections of society for higher farm animal welfare standards. In response, a number of programmes marketing products of animal origin, produced under higher animal welfare standards, have been established on the market in recent years. However, the market segments for products from so-called animal welfare programmes (AWPs) have remained small. Farmers are considered an important stakeholder group for higher market shares of more animal welfare-friendly products. Farmers’ decision to adapt their production to the requirements of AWPs is multi-dimensional, but always linked to financial incentives. Since little is known about the financial attractiveness of higher animal welfare standards in livestock farming, this study investigates the perceived economic success of 579 conventional farmers keeping livestock on their farms. The survey data were analysed using propensity score matching to assess the average effect of participation in AWPs on a farm's perceived profitability, liquidity and stability from the farmer's point of view. No significant effect was found of participation in AWPs on the economic success of farmers. The implications of this result are two-fold. On the one hand, it suggests that it is of particular importance to create further financial incentives to encourage farmers to take part in these programmes. On the other, it shows that farmers’ concerns that the required costly and highly specific investments will pay off are unfounded, as farmers participating in AWPs rate their own financial situation as equivalent to that of their colleagues not participating in AWPs.
Colorado vs Uruguay : deux modes opposés de légalisation du cannabis
Authors: Gandilhon Michel , Obradovic Ivana , Lalam Nacer , Alimi Déborah , Weinberger David
Published: May 2018

Les légalisations de l’usage du cannabis récréatif intervenues en Uruguay et au Colorado constituent une rupture sans précédent dans l’histoire des politiques publiques visant à réguler l’usage de cette substance. Une approche comparative des deux processus dans chacun des deux pays fait apparaître toutefois que la notion de « légalisation » est insuffisante pour rendre compte de la nature et de l’effectivité des politiques menées. En effet, des oppositions fondamentales, déterminées par des philosophies et des traditions politiques et nationales bien spécifiques, séparent les deux approches. Ces divergences tiennent notamment à la place et au rôle de l’État, ainsi qu’à l’importance accordée aux mécanismes du marché dans le processus de régulation. Les deux expériences en cours démontrent que les processus de légalisation sont aussi l’expression de visions de la société et du monde différentes, de même que de traditions nationales bien spécifiques.
La consommation de cannabis au Québec et au Canada : portrait et évolution
Authors: Tessier Sébastien , Noël Lina
Published: May 2018

Contexte : En 2013, environ 3 millions de Canadiens de 15 ans et plus ont rapporté avoir déjà consommé du cannabis. Les adolescents et les jeunes adultes représentent les groupes où l’on retrouve les plus grandes proportions de consommateurs de cannabis au Québec et au Canada.

Objectif : Établir un portrait de la consommation de cannabis au Québec et au Canada selon l’âge, le sexe et le lieu de résidence.

Méthodes : Les données utilisées pour établir le portrait de l’usage de cannabis au cours de la vie et au cours des 12 derniers mois proviennent d’enquêtes canadiennes et québécoises sur la santé de la population réalisées entre 2004 et 2013. Les analyses statistiques ont été réalisées par l’entremise de l'Infocentre de santé publique à l'Institut national de santé publique du Québec.

Résultats : En 2013, la prévalence de la consommation de cannabis au cours de la vie chez les Canadiens âgés de 15 ans et plus s'élevait à 33,7 %. Au cours de l’année précédant l’enquête, 10,6 % de la population générale canadienne rapportait avoir fait usage de cannabis. L’enquête de 2008 menée auprès de la population québécoise indiquait que 12 % des Québécois de 15 ans et plus avaient consommé du cannabis au cours de l’année précédente. Les adolescents (15 à 17 ans) et les jeunes adultes (18 à 24 ans) représentaient les groupes où l’on retrouvait la plus grande proportion de consommateurs de cannabis, soit respectivement 30,2 % et 35,3 % d’entre eux. La consommation de cannabis dans la dernière année chez les Canadiens de 15 ans et plus a diminué au cours de la dernière décennie, passant de 14,1 % en 2004 à 10,6 % en 2013. La diminution de la consommation de cannabis est aussi observable chez les jeunes du secondaire au Québec entre 2000 et 2013 avec une baisse de 17,7 %.

Conclusion : Le cannabis est une substance consommée par un grand nombre d’individus dans la population. Cependant, il importe de mentionner qu’une baisse de la consommation de cannabis au cours des 12 derniers mois a été observée depuis le début des années 2000, surtout chez les plus jeunes. Comme le gouvernement fédéral s’apprête à légaliser cette substance, il serait tout indiqué de suivre l’évolution de la consommation de cannabis et des problèmes connexes dans la population.
Mes doigts sont-ils à moi ?
Authors: Chion Michel
Published: May 2018

L’auteur s’attache à une série de films mettant en scène des musiciens classiques dont la carrière est traversée par leurs problèmes sentimentaux ou leurs névroses ; il s’intéresse particulièrement au mélodrame The Seventh Veil (Robert Compton-Bennett, 1945) dont l’action conjugue les motifs du pianiste ténébreux et de la pianiste-victime. Analysant le montage des corps des interprètes (celui de l’actrice, celui de sa doublure), il montre comment ce film dit le faux quand il fait croire par des inserts de mains d’une virtuose que c’est l’actrice qui joue du piano, et comment, en même temps, il dit le vrai par le faux quand il illustre métaphoriquement que les mains de quelqu’un ne lui appartiennent pas complètement : elles sont dressées, menées, mais aussi tentées, happées, entraînées par une autre force dont le reste du corps ne trahit rien.
Differences in persistence between dogs and wolves in an unsolvable task in the absence of humans
Authors: Rao Akshay , Bernasconi Lara , Lazzaroni Martina , Marshall-Pescini Sarah , Range Friederike
Published: May 2018

Despite being closely related, dogs consistently perform worse than wolves in independent problem-solving tasks. These differences in problem-solving performance have been attributed to dogs’ greater reliance on humans, who are usually present when problem-solving tasks are presented. However, more fundamental motivational factors or behavioural traits such as persistence, behavioural variety and neophobia may also be responsible for differences in task performance. Hence, to better understand what drives dogs’ and wolves’ different problem-solving performance, it is essential to test them in the absence of humans. Here, we tested equally raised and kept dogs and wolves with two unsolvable tasks, a commonly used paradigm to study problem-solving behaviour in these species. Differently from previous studies, we ensured no humans were present in the testing situation. We also ensured that the task was unsolvable from the start which eliminated the possibility that specific manipulative behaviours was reinforced. This allowed us to measure both persistence and behavioural flexibility more accurately. In line with previous studies, we found wolves to be more persistent than dogs. We also found behavioural variety to be linked to persistence and persistence to be linked to contact latency. Finally, subjects were consistent in their performance between the two tasks. These results suggest that fundamental differences in motivation to interact with objects drive the performance of wolves and dogs in problem solving tasks. Since correlates of problem-solving success i.e. persistence, neophobia, and behavioural variety are influenced by species’ ecology, our results support the social ecology hypothesis which postulates that the different ecological niches of the two subspecies (dogs have evolved to primarily be scavengers and thrive on and around human refuse, while wolves have evolved to primarily be group hunters and have a low hunting success rate) at least partly shaped their behaviours.
Book review of: Who Gets What ― and Why: The New Economics of Matchmaking and Market Design by Alvin E. Roth
Authors: Jednak Sandra , Schulte Elisabeth
Published: May 2018

Book review of: Who Gets What ― and Why: The New Economics of Matchmaking and Market Design byAlvin E. Roth
Candidate genes associated with red colour formation revealed by comparative genomic variant analysis of red- and green-skinned fruits of Japanese apricot (Prunus mume)
Authors: Ni Xiaopeng , Xue Song , Iqbal Shahid , Wang Wanxu , Ni Zhaojun , Khalil-ur-Rehman Muhammad , Gao Zhihong
Published: May 2018

The red-skinned fruit of Japanese apricot (Prunus mumeSieb. et Zucc) appeals to customers due to its eye-catching pigmentation, while the mechanism related to its colour formation is still unclear. In this study, genome re-sequencing of six Japanese apricot cultivars was carried out with approximately 92.2 Gb of clean bases using next-generation sequencing. A total of 32,004 unigenes were assembled with an average of 83.1% coverage rate relative to reference genome. A wide range of genetic variation was detected, including 7,387,057 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 456,222 insertions or deletions and 129,061 structural variations in all genomes. Comparative sequencing data revealed that 13 candidate genes were involved in biosynthesis of anthocyanin. Significantly higher expression patterns were observed in genes encoding three anthocyanin synthesis structural genes (4CL,F3HandUFGT), five transcription factors (MYB–bHLH–WD40 complexes and NAC) and five anthocyanin accumulation related genes (GST1,RT1,UGT85A2, ABC and MATE transporters) in red-skinned than in green-skinned Japanese apricots using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Eight main kinds of anthocyanin s were detected by UPLC/MS, and cyanidin 3-glucoside was identified as the major anthocyanin (124.2 mg/kg) in red-skinned cultivars. The activity of UDP-glucose flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase enzyme determined by UPLC was significantly higher in all red-skinned cultivars, suggesting that it is the potential vital regulatory gene for biosynthesis of anthocyanin in Japanese apricot.
DNA metabarcoding of littoral hard-bottom communities: high diversity and database gaps revealed by two molecular markers
Authors: Wangensteen Owen S. , Palacín Creu , Guardiola Magdalena , Turon Xavier
Published: May 2018

Biodiversity assessment of marine hard-bottom communities is hindered by the high diversity and size-ranges of the organisms present. We developed a DNA metabarcoding protocol for biodiversity characterization of structurally complex natural marine hard-bottom communities. We used two molecular markers: the “Leray fragment” of mitochondrialcytochrome c oxidase(COI), for which a novel primer set was developed, and the V7 region of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S). Eight different shallow marine littoral communities from two National Parks in Spain (one in the Atlantic Ocean and another in the Mediterranean Sea) were studied. Samples were sieved into three size fractions from where DNA was extracted separately. Bayesian clustering was used for delimiting molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and custom reference databases were constructed for taxonomic assignment. Despite applying stringent filters, we found high values for MOTU richness (2,510 and 9,679 MOTUs with 18S and COI, respectively), suggesting that these communities host a large amount of yet undescribed eukaryotic biodiversity. Significant gaps are still found in sequence reference databases, which currently prevent the complete taxonomic assignment of the detected sequences. In our dataset, 85% of 18S MOTUs and 64% of COI MOTUs could be identified to phylum or lower taxonomic level. Nevertheless, those unassigned were mostly rare MOTUs with low numbers of reads, and assigned MOTUs comprised over 90% of the total sequence reads. The identification rate might be significantly improved in the future, as reference databases are further completed. Our results show that marine metabarcoding, currently applied mostly to plankton or sediments, can be adapted to structurally complex hard bottom samples. Thus, eukaryotic metabarcoding emerges as a robust, fast, objective and affordable method to comprehensively characterize the diversity of marine benthic communities dominated by macroscopic seaweeds and colonial or modular sessile metazoans. The 18S marker lacks species-level resolution and thus cannot be recommended to assess the detailed taxonomic composition of these communities. Our new universal primers for COI can potentially be used for biodiversity assessment with high taxonomic resolution in a wide array of marine, terrestrial or freshwater eukaryotic communities.
EnzyNet: enzyme classification using 3D convolutional neural networks on spatial representation
Authors: Amidi Afshine , Amidi Shervine , Vlachakis Dimitrios , Megalooikonomou Vasileios , Paragios Nikos , Zacharaki Evangelia I.
Published: May 2018

During the past decade, with the significant progress of computational power as well as ever-rising data availability, deep learning techniques became increasingly popular due to their excellent performance on computer vision problems. The size of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) has increased more than 15-fold since 1999, which enabled the expansion of models that aim at predicting enzymatic function via their amino acid composition. Amino acid sequence, however, is less conserved in nature than protein structure and therefore considered a less reliable predictor of protein function. This paper presents EnzyNet, a novel 3D convolutional neural networks classifier that predicts the Enzyme Commission number of enzymes based only on their voxel-based spatial structure. The spatial distribution of biochemical properties was also examined as complementary information. The two-layer architecture was investigated on a large dataset of 63,558 enzymes from the PDB and achieved an accuracy of 78.4% by exploiting only the binary representation of the protein shape. Code and datasets are available athttps://github.com/shervinea/enzynet.
“A união faz a força”: análise do processo de aprendizagem interorganizacional em uma rede paraibana de hotéis
Authors: Fagundes Brandão Jammilly Mikaela , Temoteo Joelma Abrantes Guedes , Cândido Gesinaldo Ataíde
Published: May 2018

Dentre as diferentes motivações que levam as organizações a interagirem está a necessidade de adquirir novas competências que viabilizem inovações de reconhecido valor econômico no mercado. Através da colaboração e alianças, as organizações parceiras podem trocar conhecimentos e aprender umas com as outras. Por outro lado, o principal papel da empresa consiste na administração de seu conhecimento de forma mais eficiente que seus competidores, cabendo a organização identificar e proteger seu conhecimento estrategicamente relevante. Diante desse impasse, esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar como ocorre o processo de aprendizagem interorganizacional em uma rede paraibana de hotéis. Nesse sentido, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro gestores do Grupo Casa Branca, que administra atualmente três meios de hospedagem, localizados em João Pessoa-PB. Dentre as principais constatações, foi verificado que há uma constante troca de conhecimentos e uma contínua cooperação entre os gestores dos hotéis do Grupo Casa Branca e os gestores de outros meios de hospedagem. Foi possível observar ainda que não há uma pressão do ambiente concorrencial das empresas ou competição pelo mesmo mercado, e que a parceria e as alianças, geralmente, são consideradas mais importantes do que as vantagens econômicas isoladas. Como fatores determinantes para essa efetiva cooperação, destaca-se a relação de confiança e a clareza na comunicação.
OS DIREITOS CULTURAIS NO PLANO NACIONAL DE CULTURA
Authors: Kauark Giuliana
Published: May 2018

Os direitos culturais são tema ainda pouco explorado em estudos sobre direitos humanos e fundamentais, bem como em pesquisas sobre política cultural. Porém, entender sua origem enquanto direitos humanos é tarefa imprescindível para quem deseja estudar políticas públicas de cultura na contemporaneidade. Nosso interesse neste artigo é compreender conceitualmente os direitos culturais e, na esfera local, identificar se o principal instrumento contemporâneo da política pública de cultura brasileira, a saber, o Plano Nacional de Cultura está de acordo com esta conceituação.
O ARTISTA COMO TRABALHADOR NO PLANO NACIONAL DE CULTURA
Authors: De Moura Barros José Márcio Pinto , Rosa  da Silva Liliane Da Conceição , Espírito Santo Lívia Mara Gomes
Published: May 2018

O artigo aqui apresentado procura analisar como no contexto do Plano Nacional de Cultura e de suas metas, o artista é tratado enquanto trabalhador. Para isso, buscou-se entender conceitualmente a relação do artista com o mundo do trabalho, as representações sobre essa realidade, os contextos de precarização de suas condições de trabalho, a construção do PNC e a maneira como a realidade do trabalhador artista alis é tratada. A fim de construir essa análise, recorreu-se a uma revisão bibliográfica e documental, bem como a realização de entrevistas com especialistas da área e análise dos conteúdos documentais.
TERRITÓRIOS CRIATIVOS: ATIVIDADES DOS PONTOS DE CULTURA DE NATAL-RN
Authors: Pessoa Nara Da Cunha , Ribeiro Marcel Matias , Silva Fernanda , Silva Rafaela
Published: May 2018

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as primeiras informações obtidas no projeto de extensão intitulado “Territórios criativos: a dimensão econômica dos Pontos de Cultura de Natal”, desenvolvido por professores e alunos do Curso de Produção Cutural do IFRN. Neste trabalho priorizaremos as principais atividades desenvolvidas pelos dez pontos que foram sensibilizados e aderiram ao projeto, para pensar na sua sustentabilidade para além do repasse de verba do Programa Cultura Viva. Em uma análise inicial, percebermos que em Natal os pontos atuam de forma desarticulada não sendo possível visualizarmos nesse momento uma rede de economia solidária entre eles.
CULTURA VIVA: ENCANTAMENTO E MOBILIZAÇÃO POR DIREITOS CULTURAIS
Authors: Ventura Tereza
Published: May 2018

Busca-se neste artigo uma reflexão sobre a Lei Cultura Viva e sua relação com o processo de luta pela institucionalização dos direitos culturais comunitários no Brasil. Parte-se de uma abordagem da relação cidadania e cultura no debate pós-constituinte, discute-se a inserção dos enunciados da diversidade nas politicas públicas e na emergência do Cultura Viva. Mostra-se o processo de politização e institucionalização dos marcos regulatórios de uma politica de reconhecimento cultural das minorias e sua relação com o exercício dos direitos de cidadania. A relação entre reconhecimento, cultura e desenvolvimento acaba por induzir uma lógica distributiva que submete a expansão da cidadania às categorizações culturais.
JOVENS, TERRITÓRIO E TERRITORIALIDADE: EXPERIÊNCIAS ESTÉTICAS E DE ENGAJAMENTO NAS AÇÕES CULTURAIS DOS PONTOS DE CULTURA DA REGIÃO SUL
Authors: Dorneles Patricia Silva
Published: May 2018

As reflexões que se apresentam neste artigo partem dos resultados da pesquisa de doutorado Identidades Inventivas - Territorialidades na Rede cultura Viva dos Pontos de Cultura da Região Sul- Programa Cultura Viva / Ministério da Cultura defendida em 2011 no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Para esta edição comemorativa de 10 anos do Programa Cultura Viva, as reflexões que se apresentam a seguir, fazem parte da investigação da tese que se debruça sobre o olhar dos Agentes Cultura Viva sobre os conceitos do programa e sua participação no mesmo. Embora finalizado o estudo em 2011 acredita-se que as reflexões aqui apresentadas contribuem para um recorte de um tempo histórico do programa que ainda ecoa apontando valores significativos do mesmo e seu impacto nas relações comunitárias e nas perspectivas sobre a Rede Cultura Viva.
Políticas culturales y participación digital en la cultura. Las paradojas del escenario cubano.
Authors: López García Hamlet
Published: May 2018

La creciente inserción de las tecnologías digitales para la información y la comunicación en la sociedad están cambiando profundamente los procesos de producción de sentido al interior de Cuba. La apropiación social de las tecnologías digitales está en la base del desdibujamiento de las distinciones entre producción y circulación, autor y consumidor y entre profesional y aficionado, extremos identitarios de unas tensiones que habían organizado hasta hace poco el campo cultural. El presente artículo a partir de la presentación de tres experiencias de participación digital en la cultura cubana muestra las tensiones en las comprensiones y alcances tradicionales de las políticas culturales cubanas, pero al mismo tiempo como estas experiencias abren nuevas avenidas a la expansión de sus principios rectores.
De proyectos y políticas: Itinerario de la cultura cubana republicana en la primera mitad del siglo XX
Authors: Suarez Diaz Ana Maria
Published: May 2018

Este texto ofrece una visión panorámica del proceso de estructuración y los intereses sociales e ideológicos que se movieron en torno a la creación y puesta en marcha de numerosos proyectos culturales en la primera mitad del siglo XX cubano, luego de la fundación de La República, en 1902, hasta el triunfo revolucionario de 1959. Sus coexistencias con las débiles y en ocasiones tardías políticas de cultura generadas por el sistema institucional neocolonial y los efectos diversos de sus interacciones en la modelación de la cultura nacional cubana moderna.
Apresentação
Authors: Rocha Renata , Mellado Pérez Bárbara Yadira
Published: May 2018

Dossiê Políticas Culturais e Crise
Comment on “Next‐Generation Ice Core Technology Reveals True Minimum Natural Levels of Lead (Pb) in the Atmosphere: Insights From the Black Death” by More et al.
Authors: Hinkley Todd
Published: May 2018

Plain Language Summary

More et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) state that lead (Pb) concentrations in ice core from the high‐altitude site Colle Gnifetti in Switzerland, reflecting atmospheric deposition over the past two millennia, have been consistently high because of human technological activity. They posit that abrupt departures toward smaller concentrations are caused by economic disruptions resulting from bubonic plague in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (plus a brief late nineteenth century economic depression), and by a decline in atmospheric injection of industrial Pb in the most recent few decades. Concentrations of Pb reported over those short anomalous intervals are very small, at least as small as in most pre‐industrial Antarctic ice. More et al. believe that these intervals reflect natural, pre‐anthropogenic levels. Their interpretation conflicts with a body of scientific information about the geochemical behavior and sources of Pb and how Pb is deposited by the atmosphere. To evaluate the validity of the interpretation of More et al. it is important to know (a) whether Pb in the ice is accompanied by other trace metals known to be present in natural sources; and (b) whether the isotopic composition of Pb in the ice is consistent with mined Pb or Pb from other, natural sources.
Comment on “Next‐Generation Ice Core Technology Reveals True Minimum Natural Levels of Lead (Pb) in the Atmosphere: Insights From the Black Death” by More et al.
Authors: Bindler Richard
Published: May 2018

Over the past four decades numerous studies of lake sediment, marine sediment, and peat from sites in close proximity to mining or metallurgical centers and in remote locations have detailed local and regional histories of lead (Pb) pollution in Europe. Contrary to More et al.'s (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000064) claim that “previous assumptions about preindustrial “natural” background lead levels in the atmosphere have been misleading,” these studies have clearly shown that true natural background conditions occurred more than 2,500 or even 3,500 years ago, and Pb pollution has proceeded uninterrupted since. The implications of this have been discussed within the context of environmental policy, for example, European Water Framework Directive. Though these records reflect a common European narrative of mining, metallurgy, and pollution, each reflects a combination of local and regional events, leading to differences in the timing and intensity of changes in each Pb record. No one record—ice or otherwise—fully represents the three millennia Pb pollution history in Europe. While the resolution of the ice record is impressive, there are questions about its interpretation. First, the authors discount local and regional Pb sources, whereas there is a close connection between the mining history in an area 40 km from the glacier and changes in a nearby lake Pb record; second, significant changes in ice chemistry cooccurring with the lowest Pb values are overlooked. A sharp increase in Ca/Fe ratios occurs precisely with the steepest Pb declines during the Black Death and mid‐1400s, suggesting additional processes influencing the Pb record.
Gold Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy and Recent Progress in Nanobrachytherapy
Authors: Laprise‐Pelletier Myriam , Simão Teresa , Fortin Marc‐André
Published: May 2018

Over the last few decades, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have emerged as “radiosensitizers” in oncology. Radiosensitizers are additives that can enhance the effects of radiation on biological tissues treated with radiotherapy. The interaction of photons with GNPs leads to the emission of low‐energy and short‐range secondary electrons, which in turn increase the dose deposited in tissues. In this context, GNPs are the subject of intensive theoretical and experimental studies aiming at optimizing the parameters leading to greater dose enhancement and highest therapeutic effect. This review describes the main mechanisms occurring between photons and GNPs that lead to dose enhancement. The outcome of theoretical simulations of the interactions between GNPs and photons is presented. Finally, the findings of the most recent in vivo studies about interactions between GNPs and photon sources (e.g., external beams, brachytherapy sources, and molecules labeled with radioisotopes) are described. The advantages and challenges inherent to each of these approaches are discussed. Future directions, providing new guidelines for the successful translation of GNPs into clinical applications, are also highlighted.
Pressure‐Stable Air‐Retaining Nanostructured Surfaces Inspired by Natural Air Plastrons
Authors: Vüllers Felix , Germain Yann , Petit Luce‐Marie , Hölscher Hendrik , Kavalenka Maryna N.
Published: May 2018

Inspired by the pressure‐stable air layers retained by surfaces of aquatic insects, a technique is introduced to support the air–water interface on submerged superhydrophobic surfaces by pressurizing the retained air layer. This pressurization increases retained air layer stability against elevated and fluctuating hydrostatic pressures. Based on the movement of the air–water interface during wetting transition on superhydrophobic nano‐ and microhaired nanofur surface, the correlation between material surface energy, topography, and air layer stability is studied. By perforating nanofur, precise control over the air pressure in the underwater retained air layer is gained and the stability of the air–water interface against hydrostatic pressure is improved by several orders of magnitude compared to unsupported artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. 86% of the retained air layer on pressure‐supported perforated nanofur is intact up to 4 bar hydrostatic pressure, which corresponds to a water depth of 40 m. Furthermore, the influence of perforation parameters, such as number and distribution of pores on the stability of the retained air layer, is investigated. Finally, the stability of the air–water interface against fluctuations in water pressure up to an additional pressure of 3 bar is demonstrated by introducing a buffer air pressure in the retained air layer.
Enhanced Chemical Stability of Ag Nanowires by Slight Surface Modification with Pd
Authors: Song Jun Hyuk , Kim Young‐Tae , Seol Jae‐Bok , Park Chan‐Gyung , Myoung Jae‐Min , Jeong Unyong
Published: May 2018

The chemical stability of Ag nanowires (NWs) can be addressed by introducing a layer of noble metal alloy, in particular Ag–Pd alloy, on the Ag NW surface. Due to the high cost of noble metals, it is practically important to use the least amount of noble metals as possible while achieving the chemical and electrical properties required for the electrode. To minimize the amount of Pd added to Ag NWs, the electrode performance should be correlated with the elemental distribution of Pd in the Ag NW. In this study, the amount of Pd deposited on Ag NWs is varied and the 3D elemental distribution of Pd is characterized using atom probe tomography (APT). The results indicate that chemical stability against oxidation can be achieved when the surface layer contains a very small amount of Pd (≈5 at%), thereby maintaining the good electrical and mechanical properties of the pristine Ag NW electrode. This study demonstrates the suitability of Pd‐treated Ag NWs as electrodes for electro‐chemiluminescence involving corrosive oxidation reactions.
Friction of Ionic Liquid–Glycol Ether Mixtures at Titanium Interfaces: Negative Load Dependence
Authors: An Rong , Zhou Guobing , Zhu Yudan , Zhu Wei , Huang Liangliang , Shah Faiz Ullah
Published: May 2018

The atomic force microscopy experiments and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations demonstrate a negative friction–load dependence to ionic liquid–glycol ether mixtures, that is, the friction decreases as the normal load increases. NEMD simulations reveal a structural reorientation of the studied ionic liquid (IL): as the normal load increases, the cation alkyl chains of ILs change the orientation to preferentially parallel to the tip scanning path. The flat‐oriented IL structures, similar to the “blooming lotus leaf,” produce a new sliding interface and reduce the friction. A further molecular dynamics simulation is carried out by adopting slit‐pore models to mimic the tip approaching process to confirm the dynamics of ILs. A faster diffusion of ILs in the smaller slit pore is observed. The faster diffusion of ILs in the more confined slit pore facilitates the structural reorientation of ILs. The resulted new sliding surface is responsible for the observed smaller friction at higher loads, also known as the negative friction–load dependence. These findings provide a fundamental explanation to the role of ILs in interfacial lubrications. They help to understand liquid flow properties under confinement, with implications for the development of better nanofluidic devices.
Realizing High Thermoelectric Performance in n‐Type Highly Distorted Sb‐Doped SnSe Microplates via Tuning High Electron Concentration and Inducing Intensive Crystal Defects
Authors: Shi Xiao‐Lei , Zheng Kun , Liu Wei‐Di , Wang Yuan , Yang Yu‐Zhe , Chen Zhi‐Gang , Zou Jin
Published: May 2018

In this study, a record high figure of merit (ZT) of ≈1.1 at 773 K is reported in n‐type highly distorted Sb‐doped SnSe microplates via a facile solvothermal method. The pellets sintered from the Sb‐doped SnSe microplates show a high power factor of ≈2.4 µW cm−1 K−2 and an ultralow thermal conductivity of ≈0.17 W m−1 K−1 at 773 K, leading a record high ZT. Such a high power factor is attributed to a high electron concentration of 3.94 × 1019 cm−3 via Sb‐enabled electron doping, and the ultralow thermal conductivity derives from the enhanced phonon scattering at intensive crystal defects, including severe lattice distortions, dislocations, and lattice bent, observed by detailed structural characterizations. This study fills in the gaps of fundamental doping mechanisms of Sb in SnSe system, and provides a new perspective to achieve high thermoelectric performance in n‐type polycrystalline SnSe.
Visible‐Light‐Induced C−H Functionalization and C−C/C−X Bond‐Forming Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Zhang Heng , Lei Aiwen
Published: May 2018

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization has been a hot topic in organic chemistry over the past decade. The convergence of photocatalysis and C−H functionalization is undoubtedly a promising strategy to solve the challenges in this area as photoinduced electron transfer represents another avenue for the activation of C−H bonds. In addition to the common merits of mild reaction conditions and good site selectivity, organic photoredox catalysts are superior to the transition metal photocatalysts (predominantly Ru‐ and Ir‐based polypyridyl complexes) in the following aspects: no potential transition metal contamination, low price, more candidates, and higher reactivity, and so forth. In this Focus Review, we concentrate on bond‐forming reactions by oxidative cross‐coupling using organic photoredox catalysts. Achievements on C−C and C−X (N, O, F, P, S, Cl, or Br) bond‐forming reactions made in recent years are summarized.
A Copper Catalyst with a Cinchona‐Alkaloid‐Based Sulfonamide Ligand for Asymmetric Radical Oxytrifluoromethylation of Alkenyl Oximes
Authors: Li Xi‐Tao , Gu Qiang‐Shuai , Dong Xiao‐Yang , Meng Xiang , Liu Xin‐Yuan
Published: May 2018

A copper‐catalyzed asymmetric radical oxytrifluoromethylation of alkenyl oxime and Togni's reagent has been successfully developed, thereby providing straightforward access to CF3‐containing isoxazolines bearing α‐tertiary stereocenters with excellent yield and enantioselectivity. The key to success is the rational design of cinchona‐alkaloid‐based sulfonamides as neutral/anionic hybrid ligands to effectively control the stereochemistry in copper‐catalyzed reactions involving free alkyl radical species. The utility of this method is illustrated by efficient transformation of the products into useful chiral CF3‐containing 1,3‐aminoalcohols.
New insights into water‐soluble and water‐coordinated copper 15‐metallacrown‐5 gadolinium complexes designed for high‐field magnetic resonance imaging applications
Authors: Katkova Marina A. , Zabrodina Galina S. , Baranov Evgeny V. , Muravyeva Maria S. , Kluev Evgeny A. , Shavyrin Andrey S. , Zhigulin Grigory Yu , Ketkov Sergey Yu
Published: May 2018

The development of contrast agents specifically designed for high‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required because the relaxation efficiency of classic Gd(III) contrast agents significantly decreases with increasing magnetic field strengths. With an idea of exploring the unique structure of lanthanide (Ln) 15‐MC‐5 metallacrowns, we developed a series of water‐soluble Gd(III) aqua‐complexes, bearing aminohydroxamate (glycine, α‐alanine, α‐phenylalanine and α‐tyrosine) ligands, with increasing number of water molecules directly coordinated to the Gd(III) ion: Gd(H2O)4[15‐MCCu(II)Glyha‐5](Cl)3 (1(Gd)), Gd(H2O)4[15‐MCCu(II)Alaha‐5](Cl)3 (2(Gd)), Gd(H2O)3[15‐MCCu(II)Phalaha‐5](Cl)3 (3(Gd)) and Gd(H2O)3[15‐MCCu(II)Tyrha‐5](Cl)3 (4(Gd)). In these systems, the Ln(III) central ion is coordinated by five oxygen donor atoms of the ligands and three or four inner‐sphere water molecules. The X‐ray crystal structure of metallacrown Ln(H2O)3,4[15‐MCCu(II)Rha‐5]3+ agrees with density functional theory predictions. The calculations demonstrate that the exchange of coordinated water molecules can proceed easily, resulting in increased relaxivity parameters. The longitudinal relaxivities (r1) of 1(Gd)–4(Gd) in water at ultrahigh magnetic field of 9.4 T were determined to be 11.5, 14.8, 13.9 and 12.2 mM−1 s−1, respectively. The ability to increase the number of Ln(III) inner‐sphere water molecules up to four, the planar metallacrown structure and the rich hydration shell due to strong hydrogen bonds between the [15‐MC‐5] moiety and bulk water molecules provide new opportunities for potential MRI applications.
Preparation and Properties of Solution Cast Films From Pennycress Protein Isolate
Authors: Selling Gordon W. , Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila , Hay William T. , Utt Kelly D. , Grose Gary D.
Published: May 2018

This research evaluated a value‐added use of pennycress protein by producing films and determining their properties. Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) grows over the winter months, and is harvested in the spring. Pennycress seeds have high oil content and are a good candidate for biodiesel production. In order to extract the most value from pennycress, all parts of the seed must be utilized. An improved pilot‐plant method for extracting protein from pennycress was developed providing a pennycress protein isolate (PPI) in high yield and purity (92% crude protein). Formic acid was found to be a good solvent for PPI and was used to produce transparent colored films. Glycerol (GLY) was found to be a good plasticizer for PPI, and films having between 10 and 30% GLY were produced. Higher GLY content resulted in films with an increase in elongation (up to 194%) but reduced tensile strength (TS) (from 21.8 to 3.2 MPa). With increasing relative humidity (RH), TS decreased and elongation increased. The glass transition temperature and heat deflection temperature for select PPI films were between 75–115 and 93–117 °C, respectively. The films had relatively low water vapor and oxygen permeability. The overall balance of properties suggests that PPI films may have value in film applications, especially in composites where exposure to moisture may be minimized.
Technoeconomic Prospects for Commercialization of Brassica (Cruciferous) Plant Proteins
Authors: Mupondwa Edmund , Li Xue , Wanasundara Janitha P. D.
Published: May 2018

Brassica oilseed is the second largest oilseed in the world both in terms of seed and meal production. The nutritional value and functional properties of rapeseed/canola (RSC) protein make it a suitable alternative protein in food applications. However, the meal produced from RSC by the current processing technologies undergoes desolventizer‐toasting that degrades the nutritional and functional quality of the meal, thus making it unsuitable as a feedstock for protein extraction. Several widely used technologies for advancing the commercial production of RSC protein were studied. These technologies generally involve aqueous extraction followed by adsorption or membrane separation methods, including (1) the alkali extraction of protein and recovery at low pH, (2) protein micelle formation method, (3) chromatographic separation, and (4) meal component fractionation method. This paper reviews challenges in the current Brassica oilseed protein value chain related to the development and commercialization of RSC proteins in a market dominated by soybean protein. This work also includes an empirical case study of the recent RSC commercialization ventures. Opportunities for the commercialization of oilseed protein in the market are also presented.