A framework for attributing explosive cyclones to climate change: the case study of Alex storm 2020
Authors: Ginesta Mireia , Yiou Pascal , Messori Gabriele , Faranda Davide 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;The Extreme Event Attribution field aims at evaluating the impact of global warming linked to anthropogenic emissions on extreme events. This work performs an attribution to climate change of the storm Alex, an explosive extratropical cyclone [1] that hit especially Southern France and Northern Italy at the beginning of October 2020. We apply the analogues method on sea-level pressure maps [2] to identify 30 cyclones that match the dynamical structure of Alex for two periods, the counterfactual and the factual world, namely 1950-1985 and 1985-2021, using 6-hourly ERA5 data. Results show that in the factual period the anticyclonic circulation over the North Atlantic and the cyclonic circulation over Northern Africa are deeper than in the counterfactual. Precipitation differences depict a significant increase over North Italy and the Alps. 2-meter air temperature differences consist of a positive non-uniform pattern, with a significant increase over the Alps and east of Newfoundland. We also have computed two indices in the frame of dynamical systems theory for each period: the persistence, which characterizes the average time that the sea-level pressure pattern remains stationary, and the local dimension, which gives a measure of the predictability of the storm [3]. We found that in the factual world there is a significant increase in the persistence and a modest decrease in the local dimension with respect to the counterfactual. Hence, storms like Alex are more persistent and more predictable in present-like conditions. Cyclone tracking shows that the backward trajectories of the analogues in the factual world are more meridional than in the counterfactual one, while the response for the forward trajectories is less clear. This suggests that under current conditions patterns like Alex are more wavy than in the past. Finally, using the metrics to identify explosive cyclones in [1] , we found the same number of analogues that are explosive cyclones in both periods, although in the counterfactual world they come from lower latitudes and the deepening rates are significantly larger.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] &amp;#160;&lt;span&gt;Reale, M., M. L. Liberato, P. Lionello, J. G. Pinto, S. Salon, and S. Ul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;brich, A global climatology of explosive cyclones using a multi-tracking ap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;proach,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;71&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;(1), 1611,340, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2019.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;span&gt;Yiou, P., AnaWEGE: a weather generator based on analogues of atmospheric &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;circulation,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;Geosci. Model Dev.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 531&amp;#8211;543, 2014.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] &lt;span&gt;Faranda, D., G. Messori, and P. Yiou, Dynamical proxies of North Atlantic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;predictability and extremes,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;Sci Rep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 41,278, 2017.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;Acknowledgments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This work is part of the EU International Training Network (ITN) European weather extremes: drivers, predictability and impacts (EDIPI). This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement N&amp;#176; 956396.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;