bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in postexercise esophageal and muscle tissue temperature response
Authors: Kenny Glen P. , Jay Ollie
Published: November 2006

Factors associated with blood pressure regulation during recovery from exercise dramatically influence core temperature regulation. However, it is unknown whether sex-related differences in postexercise hemodynamics affect core and muscle temperature response. Sixteen participants (8 males, 8 females) completed an incremental isotonic test on a Kin-Com isokinetic apparatus to determine their activity-specific peak oxygen consumption during bilateral knee extensions (V̇o2sp). On a separate day, participants performed 15 min of isolated bilateral knee extensions at a moderate (60% V̇o2sp) exercise intensity followed by a 90-min recovery. Esophageal temperature (Tes), mean arterial pressure (MAP), muscle temperature at four depths in the active vastus medialis (TVM) and three depths in the inactive triceps brachii (TTB) were measured concurrently with sweat rate and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). Relative to the preexercise resting Tes of 36.7°C (SD 0.1), between 10 and 50-min of recovery Tes was 0.19°C (SD 0.02) higher for females than males ( P = 0.037). All measurements of TVM (0.036 > P > 0.014) and TTB (0.048 > P > 0.008) were higher for females during the initial 30 min of recovery by between 0.46°C and 0.64°C for TVM and by between 0.53°C and 0.70°C for TTB. In parallel, females showed a 5 to 7 mmHg greater reduction in MAP during recovery relative to males ( P = 0.002) and a significantly lower CVC ( P = 0.020) and sweat rate ( P = 0.034). Therefore, it is concluded that females demonstrate a greater and more prolonged elevation in postexercise esophageal temperature and active and inactive muscle temperatures, which is paralleled by a greater postexercise hypotensive response.
Effect of CCK-1 receptor blockade on ghrelin and PYY secretion in men
Authors: Degen Lukas , Drewe Juergen , Piccoli Franziska , Gräni Karin , Oesch Sibylle , Bunea Raluca , D'Amato Massimo , Beglinger Christoph
Published: November 2006

Cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin have been proposed to act as satiety hormones. CCK and PYY are stimulated during meal intake by the presence of nutrients in the small intestine, especially fat, whereas ghrelin is inhibited by eating. The sequence of events (fat intake followed by fat hydrolysis and CCK release) suggests that this process is crucial for triggering the effects. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether CCK mediated the effect of intraduodenal (ID) fat on ghrelin secretion and PYY release via CCK-1 receptors. Thirty-six male volunteers were studied in three consecutive, randomized, double-blind, cross-over studies: 1) 12 subjects received an ID fat infusion with or without 120 mg orlistat, an irreversible inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases, compared with vehicle; 2) 12 subjects received ID long-chain fatty acids (LCF), ID medium-chain fatty acids (MCF), or ID vehicle; and 3) 12 subjects received ID LCF with and without the CCK-1 receptor antagonist dexloxiglumide (Dexlox) or ID vehicle plus intravenous saline (placebo). ID infusions were given for 180 min. The effects of these treatments on ghrelin concentrations and PYY release were quantified. Plasma hormone concentrations were measured in regular intervals by specific RIA systems. We found the following results. 1) ID fat induced a significant inhibition in ghrelin levels ( P < 0.01) and a significant increase in PYY concentrations ( P < 0.004). Inhibition of fat hydrolysis by orlistat abolished both effects. 2) LCF significantly inhibited ghrelin levels ( P < 0.02) and stimulated PYY release ( P < 0.008), whereas MCF were ineffective compared with controls. 3) Dexlox administration abolished the effect of LCF on ghrelin and on PYY. ID fat or LCF significantly stimulated plasma CCK ( P < 0.006 and P < 0.004) compared with saline. MCF did not stimulate plasma CCK release. In summary, fat hydrolysis is essential to induce effects on ghrelin and PYY through the generation of LCF, whereas MCF are ineffective. Furthermore, LCF stimulated plasma CCK release, suggesting that peripheral CCK is the mediator of these actions. The CCK-1 receptor antagonist Dexlox abolished the effect of ID LCF, on both ghrelin and PYY. Generation of LCF through hydrolysis of fat is a critical step for fat-induced inhibition of ghrelin and stimulation of PYY in humans; the signal is mediated via CCK release and CCK-1 receptors.
Developmental signals do not further accentuate nonuniform postpneumonectomy compensatory lung growth
Authors: Ravikumar Priya , Yilmaz Cuneyt , Dane D. Merrill , Johnson Robert L. , Estrera Aaron S. , Hsia Connie C. W.
Published: November 2006

Mechanical forces imposed on lung tissue constitute major stimuli for normal lung development and postpneumonectomy (PNX) compensatory growth and remodeling. Superimposing developmental signals on PNX signals augments compensatory alveolar growth but exaggerates airway-parenchymal dissociation (i.e., dysanaptic lung growth); the latter tends to offset benefits derived from the former. In adult dogs after PNX, lobar expansion and growth of the remaining lobes were markedly non-uniform (Ravikumar et al. J Appl Physiol 97:1567–1574, 2004). We hypothesized that superimposing developmental and post-PNX signals further accentuates nonuniformity of lobar growth. We used high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) to follow regional lung expansion and growth in foxhounds undergoing right PNX at 2.5 mo of age compared with litter-matched control (Sham) animals; scans were performed 4 and 10 mo following surgery, i.e., before and after somatic maturity. Air and tissue volumes were measured in each lobe; tissue volume estimated by HRCT includes air-free tissue and blood in small vessels <1 mm. Interlobar nonuniformity of tissue volume was absent at 4 mo but evident 10 mo after PNX; growth of the remaining left lower lobe gradually lagged behind other lobes. At maturity, nonuniformity of lobar growth in pneumonectomized puppies was similar to that previously reported in pneumonectomized adults. We conclude that superimposing developmental and post-PNX signals enhances some aspects of compensatory lung growth and remodeling without altering its nonuniform spatial distribution.
Cardiorespiratory failure in rat induced by severe inspiratory resistive loading
Authors: Simpson Jeremy A. , Iscoe Steve
Published: November 2006

The mechanisms underlying acute respiratory failure induced by respiratory loads are unclear. We hypothesized that, in contrast to a moderate inspiratory resistive load, a severe one would elicit central respiratory failure (decreased respiratory drive) before diaphragmatic injury and fatigue. We also wished to elucidate the factors that predict endurance time and peak tracheal pressure generation. Anesthetized rats breathed air against a severe load (∼75% of the peak tracheal pressure generated during a 30-s occlusion) until pump failure (fall in tracheal pressure to half; mean 38 min). Hypercapnia and hypoxemia developed rapidly (∼4 min), coincident with diaphragmatic fatigue (decreased ratio of transdiaphragmatic pressure to peak integrated phrenic activity) and the detection in blood of the fast isoform of skeletal troponin I (muscle injury). At ∼23 min, respiratory frequency and then blood pressure fell, followed immediately by secondary diaphragmatic fatigue. Blood taken after termination of loading contained cardiac troponin T (myocardial injury). Contrary to our hypothesis, diaphragmatic fatigue and injury occurred early in loading before central failure, evident only as a change in the timing but not the drive component of the central respiratory pattern generator. Stepwise multiple regression analysis selected changes in mean arterial pressure and arterial Pco2 during loading as the principal contributing factors in load endurance time, and changes in mean arterial pressure as the principal contributing factor in peak tracheal pressure generation. In conclusion, the temporal development of respiratory failure is not stereotyped but depends on load magnitude; moreover respiratory loads induce cardiorespiratory, not just respiratory, failure.
Passive Soma Facilitates Submillisecond Coincidence Detection in the Owl's Auditory System
Authors: Ashida Go , Abe Kousuke , Funabiki Kazuo , Konishi Masakazu
Published: November 2006

Neurons of the avian nucleus laminaris (NL) compute the interaural time difference (ITD) by detecting coincident arrivals of binaural signals with submillisecond accuracy. The cellular mechanisms for this temporal precision have long been studied theoretically and experimentally. The myelinated axon initial segment in the owl's NL neuron and small somatic spikes observed in auditory coincidence detector neurons of various animals suggest that spikes in the NL neuron are generated at the first node of Ranvier and that the soma passively receives back-propagating spikes. To investigate the significance of the “passive soma” structure, we constructed a two-compartment NL neuron model, consisting of a cell body and a first node, and systematically changed the excitability of each compartment. Here, we show that a neuron with a less active soma achieves higher ITD sensitivity and higher noise tolerance with lower energy costs. We also investigate the biophysical mechanism of the computational advantage of the “passive soma” structure by performing sub- and suprathreshold analyses. Setting a spike initiation site with high sodium conductance, not in the large soma but in the small node, serves to amplify high-frequency input signals and to reduce the impact and the energy cost of spike generation. Our results indicate that the owl's NL neuron uses a “passive soma” design for computational and metabolic reasons.
Single-Neuron Responses to Rapidly Presented Temporal Sequences in the Primary Auditory Cortex of the Awake Macaque Monkey
Authors: Phan M. L. , Recanzone G. H.
Published: November 2006

One fundamental process of the auditory system is to process rapidly occurring acoustic stimuli, which are fundamental components of complex stimuli such as animal vocalizations and human speech. Although the auditory cortex is known to subserve the perception of acoustic temporal events, relatively little is currently understood about how single neurons respond to such stimuli. We recorded the responses of single neurons in the primary auditory cortex of alert monkeys performing an auditory task. The stimuli consisted of four tone pips with equal duration and interpip interval, with the first and last pip of the sequence being near the characteristic frequency of the neuron under study. We manipulated the rate of presentation, the frequency of the middle two tone pips, and the order by which they were presented. Our results indicate that single cortical neurons are ineffective at responding to the individual tone pips of the sequence for pip durations of <12 ms, but did begin to respond synchronously to each pip of the sequence at 18-ms durations. In addition, roughly 40% of the neurons tested were able to discriminate the order that the two middle tone pips were presented in at durations of ≥24 ms. These data place the primate primary auditory cortex at an early processing stage of temporal rate discrimination.
Acoustic Features of Rhesus Vocalizations and Their Representation in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Cohen Yale E. , Theunissen Frédéric , Russ Brian E. , Gill Patrick
Published: November 2006

Communication is one of the fundamental components of both human and nonhuman animal behavior. Auditory communication signals (i.e., vocalizations) are especially important in the socioecology of several species of nonhuman primates such as rhesus monkeys. In rhesus, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) is thought to be part of a circuit involved in representing vocalizations and other auditory objects. To further our understanding of the role of the vPFC in processing vocalizations, we characterized the spectrotemporal features of rhesus vocalizations, compared these features with other classes of natural stimuli, and then related the rhesus-vocalization acoustic features to neural activity. We found that the range of these spectrotemporal features was similar to that found in other ensembles of natural stimuli, including human speech, and identified the subspace of these features that would be particularly informative to discriminate between different vocalizations. In a first neural study, however, we found that the tuning properties of vPFC neurons did not emphasize these particularly informative spectrotemporal features. In a second neural study, we found that a first-order linear model (the spectrotemporal receptive field) is not a good predictor of vPFC activity. The results of these two neural studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the vPFC is not involved in coding the first-order acoustic properties of a stimulus but is involved in processing the higher-order information needed to form representations of auditory objects.
Gaze-Centered Updating of Remembered Visual Space During Active Whole-Body Translations
Authors: Van Pelt Stan , Medendorp W. Pieter
Published: November 2006

Various cortical and sub-cortical brain structures update the gaze-centered coordinates of remembered stimuli to maintain an accurate representation of visual space across eyes rotations and to produce suitable motor plans. A major challenge for the computations by these structures is updating across eye translations. When the eyes translate, objects in front of and behind the eyes’ fixation point shift in opposite directions on the retina due to motion parallax. It is not known if the brain uses gaze coordinates to compute parallax in the translational updating of remembered space or if it uses gaze-independent coordinates to maintain spatial constancy across translational motion. We tested this by having subjects view targets, flashed in darkness in front of or behind fixation, then translate their body sideways, and subsequently reach to the memorized target. Reach responses showed parallax-sensitive updating errors: errors increased with depth from fixation and reversed in lateral direction for targets presented at opposite depths from fixation. In a series of control experiments, we ruled out possible biasing factors such as the presence of a fixation light during the translation, the eyes accompanying the hand to the target, and the presence of visual feedback about hand position. Quantitative geometrical analysis confirmed that updating errors were better described by using gaze-centered than gaze-independent coordinates. We conclude that spatial updating for translational motion operates in gaze-centered coordinates. Neural network simulations are presented suggesting that the brain relies on ego-velocity signals and stereoscopic depth and direction information in spatial updating during self-motion.
Mineralogy of Al-substituted goethites
Authors: Li Deyu , O’Connor Brian H. , Low It-Meng , Riessen Arie van , Toby Brian H.
Published: November 2006

The structural models of three synthetic Al-substituted goethite specimens have been refined from the neutron data, including crystallographic determinations of the Al levels and H positions. The d-I data were calculated for the final models. A relationship between the c unit cell parameter and Al content has been extended to the entire goethite-diaspore solid-solution system, which makes the regression equation procedure simpler and more accurate. A second prospective H site could not be confirmed because of the quality of existing neutron data. However, it is hoped that a further neutron powder diffraction study of a synthetic, fully deuterated goethite material may allow the existence of the site to be demonstrated.
Diffraction line profile from a disperse system: A simple alternative to Voigtian profiles
Authors: Scardi P. , Leoni M. , Faber J.
Published: November 2006

A general expression is proposed for the peak profile produced by a system of simple-shape crystalline domains (sphere, cube, tetrahedron, octahedron) whose size is dispersed according to a gamma distribution. The analytical expression obtained is particularly suited to “on the fly” pattern simulation or profile fitting for nanocrystalline materials. An advantage of using the proposed profile expression is that it always corresponds to a physically meaningful, thougha priorifixed, size distribution, whereas the traditionally employed Voigtian profiles can produce unphysical negative size distributions for certain combinations of profile parameters. The peak profile depends on the distribution mean and variance instead of the more common empirical parameters of peak width and shape.
X-ray powder diffraction data for rhombohedral AlPt
Authors: Rodriguez Mark A. , Adams David P.
Published: November 2006

X-ray powder diffraction data for a rhombohedral AlPt phase formed by self-propagating, high-temperature reactions of Al∕Pt bi-layer films are reported. Multilayer Al∕Pt thin film samples, reacted in air or vacuum, transformed into rhombohedral AlPt with space group R-3(148). Indexing and lattice parameter refinement of AlPt powders (generated from thin-film samples) yielded trigonal/hexagonal unit-cell lattice parameters of a=15.623(6) Å and c=5.305(2) Å, Z=39, and V=1121.5 Å3.
X-ray powder diffraction analysis of a silver(I)-aspartame complex
Authors: Putvinskis R. , Paiva-Santos C. O. , Cavicchioli M. , Massabni A. C.
Published: November 2006

Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) data were collected for the silver(I)-aspartame complex [Ag(C14H17N2O5)]∙1∕2H2O. The complex was obtained from a stoichiometric mixture of aspartame (3-amino-N-(α-carboxyphenethyl)-succinamic acid N-methyl ester, C14H18N2O5), Na2CO3, and AgNO3. Indexing using Crysfire and Chekcell proposed an orthorhombic unit cell with space group P2221. The lattice parameters are a=12.4750(1) Å, b=21.60614(14) Å, and c=4.88888(9) Å.
Crystal structure of lanthanum oxyorthosilicate, La2SiO5
Authors: Fukuda Koichiro , Iwata Tomoyuki , Champion Eric
Published: November 2006

The crystal structure of La2SiO5was refined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data (CuKα1) using the Rietveld method. The crystal structure is monoclinic (space groupP21∕c,Z=4) with lattice dimensionsa=0.93320(2) nm,b=0.75088(1) nm,c=0.70332(1) nm,β=108.679(1)°, andV=0.46687(1) nm3. The final reliability indices wereRwp=7.14%,RP=5.52%, andRB=3.83%. There are two La sites in the structural model, La1 and La2. La1 is ninefold coordinated to oxygen, forming a tricapped trigonal prism with a mean La1-O distance of 0.263 nm. The La2O7coordination polyhedron is a distorted capped octahedron with a mean La2-O distance of 0.251 nm. The La1O9polyhedra share faces and the La2O7polyhedra share edges, forming two sets of sheets that alternate parallel to the (100) plane. These sheets are linked through SiO4tetrahedra and non-silicon-bonded oxygen atoms to form a three-dimensional structure. This compound is isomorphous with the low-temperature (X1) phases of R2SiO5(R=Y and Gd). The volumes of RO9polyhedra steadily increase with increasing ionic radius of R, from Y3+to Gd3+to La3+, which causes substantial volumetric expansion of the crystals.
Need and Greed in Dermatology: Disease and Outcome Measures in Dermatological Healthcare Planning
Authors: Dalgard Florence , Finlay Andrew Y.
Published: November 2006

Assessing dermatological needs in the population and our ability to meet them is a challenge. The choice of outcome measures is central in dermatological healthcare planning. The concept of ill health and its relationship to dermatological outcome measures is described. Outcome measures used should provide information on these issues in order to gain insight into genuine needs and illness behavior in the population and to ensure quality of healthcare. Nevertheless, the dilemma of assigning priorities in healthcare planning remains; outcome measures in dermatology should be perceived as appropriate by patients as well as by caregivers and policy makers. It is important to stimulate research to develop and refine person-focused outcome measures. Their use is essential to assess dermatological health needs and to understand illness behavior. The information they can provide can enable provision and evaluation of healthcare quality and contribute to the challenge of making appropriate priority decisions in healthcare.
Expression Pattern of Chemokine Receptors and Chemokine Release in Inflammatory Erythroderma and Sézary Syndrome
Authors: Fierro Maria Teresa , Comessatti Alessandra , Quaglino Pietro , Ortoncelli Michela , Osella Abate Simona , Ponti Renata , Novelli Mauro , Bernengo Maria Grazia
Published: November 2006

Background: Erythroderma can be caused by inflammatory dermatoses or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Even if chemokines and their receptors are involved in the skin-selective lymphocyte recruitment, their role in inflammatory erythroderma is yet unclear. Objective: To evaluate the chemokine release (TARC, MDC, IP-10) and to define the expression pattern of Th1- (CCR5, CXCR3) and Th2-related (CCR4) chemokine receptors in inflammatory erythroderma and Sézary syndrome (SS). Materials and Methods: Flow cytometry has been carried out on both circulating and skin-infiltrating T lymphocytes; serum chemokine levels have been evaluated using ELISA techniques. Results: CCR4, CCR5 and CXCR3 were expressed on about 40% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and on the majority of skin-infiltrating lymphocytes in the inflammatory erythroderma patients, whereas the leukemic CD4+CD26– subpopulation in SS was characterized by a high CCR4 expression without a concurrent increase in CCR5 or CXCR3. TARC, MDC and IP-10 serum levels were significantly increased in both erythrodermic and SS patients. Conclusions: Our results confirm that SS is a Th2 disorder with a selective expression of CCR4, whereas inflammatory erythroderma shares an overexpression of both Th1- and Th2-related chemokine receptors, suggesting an activation of different pathways driving reactive lymphocytes to the skin.
Gross Anatomy of the Corpus Callosum in Alzheimer’s Disease: Regions of Degeneration and Their Neuropsychological Correlates
Authors: Tomaiuolo F. , Scapin M. , Di Paola M. , Le Nezet P. , Fadda L. , Musicco M. , Caltagirone C. , Collins D.L.
Published: November 2006

Background/Aims: Differences in the gross shape of the corpus callosum (CC) and its subregional areas were investigated on brain MRI of patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and age- and gender-matched healthy normal control subjects. The AD patients differed from the normal control subjects in terms of a more convex shape and a reduced area of the CC. Methods: As for the comparisons of the subregional areas of the CC, we adapted a splitting method which takes into account the modification of the global shape of the CC, and we implemented it by normalizing the CC, to avoid the bias introduced by the observed callosal shape variability. Results: The application of this method unveiled that the regional CC reductions were located in the anterior and posterior third of the CC, i.e. where small myelinated fibers are more frequent. None of the neuropsychological scores collected at the time of the MRI investigation of AD could predict a regional and/or overall callosal area reduction. The only measure that correlated with area of the isthmus of the CC was the MMSE that was administered to all participants. Conclusions: This latter result may be used as an in vivo indicator of the progress of neocortical disintegration in AD.
An International Legal Response to an International Problem: Prosecuting International Terrorists
Authors: Mazandaran Pouyan Afshar
Published: November 2006

This article argues that international terrorism can no longer be regarded as a domestic problem with international implications but can more accurately be described as a distinctly international problem. Therefore, there must be an international legal response as part of the overall response of the international community to terrorism. This article argues that the International Criminal Court is an appropriate forum for prosecuting international terrorists.
The Law of International Criminal Procedure and Domestic War Crimes Trials
Authors: Sluiter Göran
Published: November 2006

This article deals with the question of possible effect of the law of international criminal procedure for domestic war crimes trials. With the increasing number of national prosecutions for war crimes this question will gain in relevance.The article starts with an exploration of the origin and development of the law of international criminal procedure, to reach the conclusion that because of the lack of a strong foundation it is difficult to discern firmly established rules in this field. Next, two areas are examined where the law of international criminal procedure is capable of producing effect for national trials: human rights and rules that have developed in the specific context of war crimes prosecutions.Whether rules of international criminal procedure are formally effective in the domestic legal order remains to be seen. There is no clear obligation under international law to do so. Furthermore, the law of international criminal procedure may be difficult to harmonise with domestic inquisitorial systems.In spite of these difficulties, the article concludes that national courts will increasingly face similar procedural problems in complex war crimes trials as international criminal tribunals and will be happy to learn from their experiences.
Complementing Complementarity
Authors: Meyer Frank
Published: November 2006

Non-criminal sanctions have experienced an extensive proliferation in the aftermath of mass atrocities and regime changes over the last decades. Operating under a principle of complementarity the International Criminal Court (ICC) will inevitably have to deal with implications of their employment. But despite being the most broadly applied accountability mechanism non-criminal sanctions have been neglected almost entirely in the current debate surrounding the complementarity principle. The following article seeks to identify sustainable criteria to establish a viable basis for determinations of admissibility. Pertinent provisions of the ICC Statute, namely Articles 17, 20, 53, are, therefore, explored and operationalized as regards non-criminal sanctions. On that basis the article lays out a proposal to substantiate determinations of admissibility in such cases and introduces contextual proportionality as a concept to complement complementarity.
The Crime of Genocide under International Law
Authors: Kreß Claus
Published: November 2006

The article sets out the nature, the history and the general structure of the crime of genocide and provides a comprehensive analytical commentary of the elements of the crime. Against the current trend of the international case law to expand the boundaries of the definition at the risk of the crime's trivialization this article develops a strict construction even if the results may appear politically unattractive. The article starts from the premise that, for all practical purposes, the occurrence of a crime of genocide entails a collective destructive act. This collective act forms the objective point of reference of the required intent to destroy a protected group in whole or in part; the vain hope of an individual to contribute, by way of commission of one of the underlying offences, to the destruction of a group falls short of this concept of a realistic genocidal intent. The article rejects a purely subjective definition of the various categories of protected groups and cautions against the conversion of the crime of genocide into an unspecific crime of massive human rights violations based on discriminatory motive. At the same time, it is submitted that not every campaign of so-called "ethnical cleansing" is to be considered as the infliction on the group of conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part. Regarding the mental elements of the crime it is held that, contrary to a widespread belief, it is the interpretation of the terms "destroy" and above all "part" (of a group) that determines the general scope of the crime to a much greater extent than the construction of the word "intent". The predominant narrow interpretation of the word "destroy" in its physical and biological meaning is supported while it is noted that the most recent ICTY case law reveals an inclination of re-introducing the concept of social group destruction through the backdoor of the words "in part". The extension of those words to comparatively small regional communities is probably the most conspicuous aspect of the general trend to over-expand the crime's definition. Conversely, the reference to the particularly heinous character of genocide is not good enough an argument to accept the many flaws of the prevailing purpose-based approach to the word "intent". The article suggests instead that the word "intent" means that the perpetrator commits the prohibited act with the knowledge to further thereby a campaign targeting members of a protected group with the realistic goal of destroying that group in whole or in part.
Criminal Justice in Asia and Japan and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Noguchi Motoo
Published: November 2006

The under-representation of Asia in the International Criminal Court is an issue of serious concern. This article addresses criminal justice in Asia and Japan, hoping to help enhance the understanding of their special circumstances and assist in increasing the number of State Parties to the ICC. More specifically, it (i) identifies common features surrounding society and culture in many Asian countries that are hindrances or possible reasons why they haven't acceded; (ii) discusses the main characteristics of the Japanese criminal investigation and trial system that reflect the influence of both the civil law and common law legal systems; (iii) gives a brief overview of the history of the development of the Japanese criminal law since the late 19th century; (iv) touches upon some of the main legal issues that Japan needs to consider before acceding to the Statute; and (v) clarifies the significance of Japan becoming a State Party.
Anthropology in the 'Integral Depth Ecology' of Jochen Kirchhoff
Authors:   Krüger
Published: November 2006

This article provides a structural analysis of the position of the human being (anthropos) in the integrale Tiefenökologie of the philosopher Jochen Kirchhoff (born 1944). This term denotes not only the indissoluble unity of human and cosmos, but also the entire spectrum of consciousness, from the physical level of matter/energy to the transpersonal level of Spirit/the Absolute, in an epistemological as well as ontological sense. The contours of the ecological problem, according to Kirchhoff, as well as the outlines of his remedial project are drawn, in the context of the tradition in which he stands and the contemporary discourse (modern science) from which he disengages himself.
Cognitive Science, Ritual, and the Hellenistic Mystery Religions
Authors: Martin Luther
Published: November 2006

Much research in the cognitive science of religion has dealt with ritual. Two forms of ritual have been focused on, those characterised by repetition and routinisation, the characteristic most often attributed ritual, and the less noted forms in which ritual performance is infrequent and irregular but highly emotional and arousing. I hope, in this essay, to suggest the utility of cognitive theorising for the historical study of ritual with examples from the religions of the Roman Empire, especially, the Hellenistic Mystery Religions and the early Christianities, and to arouse interest in pursuing such studies further in the history of religions.
The Evil of Violence: A Trigger for a Human Rights Culture?
Authors: Pieterse Hendrik , Dreyer Jaco , van der Ven Johannes
Published: November 2006

This article seeks to answer the following question: to what extent does the interpretation of violence as evil contribute – positively, negatively or not at all – to a human rights culture among some 2000 grade 11 students at private (Catholic and Anglican) schools and Afrikaans medium public schools in the Johannesburg/Pretoria region on the basis of surveys conducted in 1995/1996 and 2000/2001? The regression analyses show that on a number of population characteristics controlled hamartiological interpretations of violence as evil have a mainly positive effect, especially those couched in terms of the divine apocalypse, provided it is construed in its positive dimension ('the new Jerusalem') rather than its negative dimension ('the last judgment'); this also applies to interpretations couched in terms of the institutional transmission of evil contributing to the world of evil. The other interpretations have a predominantly or purely negative effect, especially those relating to a primordial dualistic struggle between good and evil forces, divine retribution and intergeneration transmission of evil. Some population characteristics appear to be more powerful than the hamartiological interpretations, especially gender (female students are more in favour of human rights) and political and cultural attitudes.
Norwegian Ecclesiastical Affiliation in Three Countries: a Challenge to Earlier Historiography
Authors: Hale Frederick
Published: November 2006

Historians like Oscar Handlin and Timothy L. Smith asserted that international migration, especially that of Europeans to North America, was a process which reinforced traditional religious loyalties. In harmony with this supposed verity, a venerable postulate in the tradition of Scandinavian-American scholarship was that most Norwegian immigrants in the New World (the overwhelming majority of whom had been at least nominal members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway) clung to their birthright religious legacy and affiliated with Lutheran churches after crossing the Atlantic (although for many decades it has been acknowledged that by contrast, vast numbers of their Swedish-American and Danish-American counterparts did not join analogous ethnic Lutheran churches). In the present article, however, it is demonstrated that anticlericalism and alienation from organised religious life were widespread in nineteenth-century Norway, where nonconformist Christian denominations were also proliferating. Furthermore, in accordance with these historical trends, the majority of Norwegian immigrants in the United States of America and Southern Africa did not affiliate with Lutheran churches. Significant minorities joined Baptist, Methodist, and other non-Lutheran religious fellowships, but the majority did not become formally affiliated with either Norwegian or pan-Scandinavian churches.
A Study of Cloud Mixing and Evolution Using PDF Methods. Part I: Cloud Front Propagation and Evaporation
Authors: Jeffery Christopher A. , Reisner Jon M.
Published: November 2006

The evolution of mean relative humidity (RH) is studied in an isobaric system of clear and cloudy air mixed by an incompressible velocity field. A constant droplet radius assumption is employed that implies a simple dependence of the mixing time scale, τeddy, and the reaction (evaporation) time scale, τreact, on the specifics of the droplet size spectrum. A dilemma is found in the RH e-folding time, τefold, predicted by two common microphysical schemes: models that resolve supersaturation and ignore subgrid correlations, which gives τefold ∼ τreact, and PDF schemes that assume instantaneous evaporation and predict τefold ∼ τeddy. The resolution of this dilemma, Magnussen and Hjertager’s eddy dissipation concept (EDC) model τefold ∼ max(τeddy, τreact), is revealed in the results of 1D eddy diffusivity simulations and a new probability density function (PDF) approach to cloud mixing and evolution in which evaporation is explicitly resolved and the shape of the PDF is not specified a priori. The EDC model is shown to exactly solve the nonturbulent problem of spurious production of cloud-edge supersaturations described by Stevens et al. and produce good results in the more general turbulent case.
Classification of Ice Crystal Shapes in Midlatitude Ice Clouds from Three Years of Lidar Observations over the SIRTA Observatory
Authors: Noel Vincent , Chepfer Helene , Haeffelin Martial , Morille Yohann
Published: November 2006

This paper presents a study of ice crystal shapes in midlatitude ice clouds inferred from a technique based on the comparison of ray-tracing simulations with lidar depolarization ratio measured at 532 nm. This technique is applied to three years of lidar depolarization ratio observations from the Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique (SIRTA) observatory in Palaiseau, France, amounting to 322 different days of ice cloud observations. Particles in clouds are classified in three major groups: plates, columns, and irregular shapes with aspect ratios close to unity. Retrieved shapes are correlated with radiosounding observations from a close-by meteorological station: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and direction.

Results show a strong dependence of the relative concentration of different crystal shapes to most atmospheric variables, such as the temperature, with a clear successive dominance by platelike (temperature above −20°C), irregular (temperatures between −60° and −40°C), and columnlike shapes (temperatures below −60°C). Particle shapes are almost exclusively columnlike below −75°C. This is in sharp contrast with previous results of the same classification applied to tropical clouds, and highlights the high geographic variability of the ice clouds distribution of microphysical properties. Results also suggest that ice clouds created by jet streams (identified by high wind speeds) are strongly dominated by columnlike shapes, while front-created ice clouds (identified by lower wind speeds) show a much more variable mix of shapes, with the dominant shapes depending on other factors. Results also suggest different microphysical properties according to the average direction source of air masses and winds. Following these results, a possible parameterization of ice crystal shapes in midlatitude ice clouds as a function of temperature is provided.
Two-Dimensional Spectra in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Kelly Mark , Wyngaard John C.
Published: November 2006

One-dimensional spectra are frequently used to relate features of measured and simulated meteorological field variables in the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), but two-dimensional spectra can provide more reliable scale information than one-dimensional spectra. Here a method is presented for obtaining two-dimensional spectra from one-dimensional spectra, and it includes examples using data from large-eddy simulations and field measurements in the ABL.
The Role of Land–Sea Topography in Blocking Formation in a Block–Eddy Interaction Model
Authors: Luo Dehai , Chen Zhe
Published: November 2006

This paper is an extension of a theoretical study by Luo on the effect of large-scale land–sea contrast (LSC) topography on the formation of an eddy-driven blocking. It is found that the topography term can be included explicitly in the blocking evolution equation because of the inclusion of the higher-order wave–topography interaction. Although the blocking flow cannot be excited purely by the LSC topography, the LSC topography is found to be capable of enhancing the amplification of the dipole component in a blocking flow associated with upstream synoptic-scale eddies. In this case, a strong omega-type blocking high can be driven by the joint action of synoptic-scale eddies and LSC topography. This seems to provide an explanation of a difference in blocking intensity between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The most important finding of this paper is that in the presence of LSC topography the double jets that appear during the onset of an eddy-driven dipole block collapse into a strong single westerly jet that is within the south side of an omega-type blocking high, which is different from the result predicted by the theoretical model proposed in Luo’s previous work.
Exploring Self-Correlation in Flux–Gradient Relationships for Stably Stratified Conditions
Authors: Baas P. , Steeneveld G. J. , van de Wiel B. J. H. , Holtslag A. A. M.
Published: November 2006

In this paper, the degree of scatter in flux–gradient relationships for stably stratified conditions is analyzed. It is generally found that scatter in the dimensionless lapse rate ϕh is larger than in the dimensionless shear ϕm when plotted versus the stability parameter z/Λ (where Λ is the local Obukhov length). Here, this phenomenon is explained to be a result of self-correlation due to the occurrence of the momentum and the heat flux on both axes, measurement uncertainties, and other possibly relevant physical processes left aside. It is shown that the ratio between relative errors in the turbulent fluxes influences the orientation of self-correlation in the flux–gradient relationships. In stable conditions, the scatter in ϕm is largely suppressed by self-correlation while for ϕh this is not the case (vice versa for unstable stratification). An alternative way of plotting is discussed for determining the slope of the linear ϕm function.
What Is the Shape of a Raindrop? An Answer from Radar Measurements
Authors: Gorgucci Eugenio , Baldini Luca , Chandrasekar V.
Published: November 2006

In a previous study, Gorgucci et al. showed the potential advantage of using together polarimetric radar measurements of reflectivity factor, differential reflectivity, and specific differential propagation phase, in order to gather information about the calibration of radar systems. Scarchilli et al. generalized this concept in the self-consistency principle, which stated that, given a drop-shape model to describe the form of raindrops, the corresponding radar measurements are constrained on this three-dimensional surface. In this work the self-consistency principle is collapsed onto a two-dimensional domain defined by the variables: 1) the ratio between specific differential phase and reflectivity factor, and 2) differential reflectivity. In this space the scatter of drop size distribution (DSD) variability is minimized in such a way that drop-shape variability shows up. This methodology is used to observe for the first time the predominant shape of raindrops directly from the radar measurements. The radar polarimetric data were collected in two different climatological regions as central Florida and northern Italy. The significant result shows that the underlying mean axis ratio approaches the model established by Pruppacher and Beard, and the relationship described by Beard and Chuang forms a sort of border for the sphericity of the drop shape.
Relative Humidity in Liquid, Mixed-Phase, and Ice Clouds
Authors: Korolev Alexei , Isaac George A.
Published: November 2006

The results of in situ observations of the relative humidity in liquid, mixed, and ice clouds typically stratiform in nature and associated with mesoscale frontal systems at temperatures −45°C < Ta < −5°C are presented. The data were collected with the help of instrumentation deployed on the National Research Council (NRC) Convair-580. The length of sampled in-cloud space is approximately 23 × 103 km. The liquid sensor was calibrated in liquid clouds with the assumption that the air in liquid clouds is saturated with respect to water. It was found that the relative humidity in mixed-phase clouds is close to saturation over water in the temperature range from −5° to −35°C for an averaging scale of 100 m. In ice clouds the relative humidity over ice is not necessarily equal to 100%, and it may be either lower or higher than saturation over ice, but it is always lower than saturation over water. On average the relative humidity in ice clouds increases with a decrease of temperature. At −40°C the relative humidity over ice is midway between saturation over ice and liquid. A parameterization for the relative humidity in ice clouds is suggested. A large fraction of ice clouds was found to be undersaturated with respect to ice. The fraction of ice clouds undersaturated with respect to ice increases toward warmer temperatures.
Cloud Properties Simulated by a Single-Column Model. Part II: Evaluation of Cumulus Detrainment and Ice-Phase Microphysics Using a Cloud-Resolving Model
Authors: Luo Yali , Krueger Steven K. , Xu Kuan-Man
Published: November 2006

This paper is the second in a series in which kilometer-scale-resolving observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program and output from the University of California, Los Angeles/Colorado State University cloud-resolving model (CRM) are used to evaluate the single-column model (SCM) version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System model. Part I demonstrated that kilometer-scale cirrus properties analyzed by applying the SCM’s assumptions about cloud vertical overlap and horizontal homogeneity to its profiles of cloud water/ice mixing ratio, cloud fraction, and snow flux differed from the cloud radar observations while the CRM simulation reproduced most of the observed cirrus properties. The present study evaluates, through a comparison with the CRM, the SCM’s representation of detrainment from deep cumulus and ice-phase microphysics in an effort to better understand the findings of Part I.

This study finds that, although the SCM’s detrainment rate profile averaged over the entire simulation period is comparable to the CRM’s, detrainment in the SCM is comparatively sporadic and vertically localized. Too much detrained ice is sublimated when first detrained. Snow formed from detrained cloud ice falls through too deep of a layer. These aspects of the SCM’s parameterizations may explain many of the differences in the cirrus properties between the SCM and the observations (or between the SCM and the CRM), and suggest several possible improvements for the SCM: 1) allowing multiple coexisting cumulus cloud types as in the original Arakawa–Schubert scheme, 2) prognostically determining the stratiform cloud fraction, and 3) explicitly predicting the snow mixing ratio. These would allow better representation of the detrainment from deep convection, better coupling of the volume of detrained air with cloud fraction, and better representation of snow flux.
Gap Flows through Idealized Topography. Part II: Effects of Rotation and Surface Friction
Authors: Gaberšek Saša , Durran Dale R.
Published: November 2006

Numerical simulations are conducted of geostrophically balanced flow over an isolated mountain cut by a horizontal gap. The relative importance of the along-gap synoptic-scale pressure gradient and terrain-induced mesoscale circulations for the generation of gap winds was examined by changing the direction of the synoptic-scale wind relative to the topography. In all cases, the forcing associated with mesoscale circulations generated by the mountain was at least as significant as the synoptic-scale pressure gradient. In the cases where a component of the large-scale flow was directed perpendicular to the ridge, the dynamics were dominated by either the vertical momentum fluxes due to mountain lee waves or by mesoscale pressure gradients associated with upstream blocking or lee troughing. Mesoscale circulations were also important when the large-scale flow was parallel to the ridge because surface friction turned the low-level winds toward the high pressure side of the ridge, partially blocking the flow and enhancing the along-gap pressure gradient.

The flow in the interior of a very long uniform gap was also simulated for a case with the synoptic-scale winds parallel to the ridge so that the synoptic-scale pressure gradient was down the gap. The flow in the interior of the long gap was not horizontal and not in a simple dynamical balance between acceleration, the pressure gradient force, and surface friction. Even the flow in the lowest 150 m was gradually subsiding. Subsidence and lateral momentum flux convergence at low levels near the center of the gap were important contributors to the mass and along-gap momentum budgets.