bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modified Washington Hydraulic Fracture Test to Determine D-Cracking Susceptible Aggregate
Authors: Issa MA , Issa MA , Bendok M
Published: January 2010

In the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) a test method for identifying D-cracking susceptible aggregates in approximately eight days was developed to replace the widely used but time-consuming rapid freezing-and-thawing test using ASTM C 666 test methods. The basic assumption in this new method is that the hydraulic pressure expected in concrete aggregates during freezing and thawing can be simulated by subjecting aggregates, submerged in water, to high pressures and the extreme rapid release of the pressure. The percent fracture, percent mass loss, and hydraulic fracture index are the parameters calculated as a result of the test, which is commonly called the Washington Hydraulic Fracture Test (WHFT). A number of states have conducted tests using this apparatus on the same aggregate source and have found a scatter in the results. These reports prompted research on a newer modified apparatus that accounts for this variability by allowing for a larger specimen and/or sample size and also introducing a computer interface. The WHFT 97 is completely automated in terms of controlling the testing procedure for each respective ten cycles of operation, and requires minimal manual labor.

Twenty-one different aggregate sources, with different degrees of freezing and thawing susceptibility, were tested according to the WHFT test procedure on both machines (the original WHFT 94 and the WHFT 97) to establish a correlation, if possible, between the results of the proposed WHFT test and those reported for the ASTM C 666 Method B as modified by the Illinois Department of Transportation (ILDOT). In addition, a petrographic analysis was conducted on each aggregate source in order to determine its percentage of air voids, pore size, and pore size distribution. A direct correlation was not established; hence, the test data were compared using the pass/fail criteria to establish the potential of the UIC Modified WHFT 97 as a screening test. The failure criteria presented by the percent fracture (2%) from the WHFT 97 test and 0.060% maximum allowable expansion from the ILDOT freezing and thawing test were used. This comparison indicated that 67% of the test results on the WHFT 94 and 76% on the WHFT 97 were identified correctly based on the ILDOT criteria. All the aggregate types (dolomite, gravel, ACBF slag) were successfully classified using these failure modes with the exception of one aggregate type, limestone. It appears, based on this comparison, that the WHFT 97 test may have the potential to be used as a screening test prior to the ASTM freezing and thawing test. In addition, the petrographic investigation showed potential in rating limestone aggregate as well as determining if other testing is required to identify D-cracking susceptible aggregate.
Quantitative Description of Coarse Aggregate Volume Fraction Gradients
Authors: Picka JD , Jaiswal SS , Igusa T , Karr AF , Shah SP
Published: January 2010

Within any cast cylinder of concrete, the coarse aggregate will tend to be inhomogeneously distributed. This variability may arise as a result of segregation caused by gravity or as a result of the wall effect that is caused by the inability of the aggregate to penetrate the walls of the mold. Using methods from image analysis, stereology, and statistics, local estimates of aggregate inhomogeniety are defined that quantify phenomena that have been qualitatively described in the past. These methods involve modification of the two-dimensional images to prepare them for analysis, as well as simple diagnostic statistics for determining the presence of a wall effect. While the techniques presented herein are developed specifically for cast cylinders, they can be generalized to other cast or cored concrete specimens.
Chemical and Petrographic Analyses and ASTM Test Procedures for the Study of Delayed Ettringite Formation
Authors: Hime WG , Marusin SL , Jugovic ZT , Martinek RA , Cechner RA , Backus LA
Published: January 2010

Although many papers have been written on case studies of incidences of delayed ettringite formation (DEF), few demonstrate a careful study of the methods of analyses for the presence and concentration of the ettringite that has formed. In addition, possibly only one suggests a method to determine potential future development of destructive ettringite.

Furthermore, there have been few papers that relate to methods of test for the potential that portland cements have in causing DEF, especially under conditions where curing temperatures are low.

Our studies involving DEF have not only led us to develop improved analytical methods and tests, but have also demonstrated deficiencies in several techniques employed by other investigators, and formerly even by us. We have also studied the methods for their application as ASTM standards and procedures.

This paper presents our analysis methods and test procedures. The following are discussed: 1. Petrographic procedures for DEF study, including discussions of their application, advantages, and deficiencies. 2. Scanning electron microscopy procedures for DEF identification and development, including sample preparation, backscatter and secondary electron procedures, elemental dot-mapping, and flashing materials (conductive coatings) for the sample surface. 3. Qualitative and quantitative analyses for ettringite, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). 4. Procedures for quantifying the potential degree of future DEF development in concrete, using accelerated hydration and DTA determination of any additional ettringite developed. 5. Quantitative procedures for determining the amount of ettringite formed, for example at 24 h, as influenced by component concentration changes (e.g., potassium sulfate versus gypsum).

6. Use of ASTM methods for the evaluation of a cement for DEF potential.
Development of Performance Tests for Sulfate Attack on Cementitious Systems
Authors: Day RL
Published: January 2010

Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) is only one of a number of chemical and physical attack mechanisms related to the presence of sulfur-based compounds existing within the microstructure of concrete. Identification of the various “sulfate” attack mechanisms, both internal and external, is important to guide the development of appropriate performance-based test methods. Such test methods must also recognize and account for the fact that real deterioration processes in concrete often involve a combination of mechanisms; sulfate attack, for example, is often found in combination with other attack mechanisms, such as alkali-aggregate reaction or freezing and thawing. Thus, future tests or suites of tests should be designed to account for acceleration of deterioration that results from the synergy between attack mechanisms. It is suggested that a holistic approach—similar to that proposed by Mehta—whereby the effect of (a) combinations of raw materials and (b) combinations of environmental influences should play a central role in the development of new standards.

In this paper, an engineering view of the various mechanisms of sulfate attack is provided. Sulfate-attack mechanisms are categorized and major influences upon these mechanisms are briefly reviewed. The suitability of two key tests related to sulfate attack is examined—ASTM methods C 1012 and C 1038. Available data concerning test method C 1038 are analyzed. Because of the lack of confidence that C 1038 is an adequate performance test, reliance upon prescriptive limits for sulfate and aluminate contents and their relative proportions is currently a better approach to ensure adequate performance of cementitious systems in practice.
Setting of Cement and Concrete
Authors: Struble L , Kim TY , Zhang H
Published: January 2010

The standard test for setting of cement provides little understanding of how the cement behaves in concrete. Setting is measured for both cement and concrete using penetration resistance, but the standard tests for these two materials are quite different. With cement, the penetration is usually measured using the Vicat needle; with concrete, the penetration is measured using a series of Proctor needles, which vary in diameter. There is no theory to relate the tests to one another, although data are presented showing empirical relationships between the Vicat and the Proctor measurements. These tests utilize quite different samples: the Vicat test utilizes cement paste, and the Proctor test utilizes mortar extracted from concrete. The Vicat test utilizes a very stiff paste with a very low water-to-cement ratio, and the water-to-cement ratio is seen to have a substantial effect on the way cement paste stiffens. However, it is shown here that fluid pastes, more representative of paste in ordinary concrete, can be tested using either the Vicat or the Proctor. Setting may be studied using rheology, and a dynamic rheology test has been developed in our laboratory. This test provides similar results as the standard setting tests, but does not allow measurement of initial or final set. Based on these results, modifications in the cement test are proposed to improve the correlation with concrete setting, and advantages of a rheology-based definition of set are discussed.
On the Effect of Coarse Aggregate Fraction and Shape on the Rheological Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete
Authors: Geiker MR , Brandl M , Thrane LN , Nielsen LF
Published: January 2010

Rheological measurements have been undertaken to illustrate the applicability on fresh self-compacting concrete of a model for the relative viscosity and yield stress of suspensions. The model is based on linear viscoelasticity and classical theory for composite materials and it takes into account the amount, shape (aspect ratio of ellipsoids), and maximum packing density of the particles (here aggregates), as well as the rheological properties of the matrix (here mortar). Self-compacting concretes made from different types of coarse aggregates: spheres (glass beads), sea dredged, crushed, and a mix of sea dredged and crushed aggregates, have been tested in a coaxial cylinder concrete rheometer (BML). The investigations indicate that the aspect ratio, angularity, and surface texture of aggregates affect the viscosity and yield stress. The magnitude of these effects depends on the property in question, viscosity and yield stress.
Dependence of Rate of Absorption on Degree of Saturation of Concrete
Authors: Nokken MR , Hooton RD
Published: January 2010

Sorption is a term used for water ingress into pores under unsaturated conditions due to capillary suction. Sorptivity testing has been used as a measure of the ability of concrete to absorb water. Sorptivity tests were conducted on three concrete mixtures, which had been preconditioned to various initial moisture contents. Results show that the sorptivity is dependent on initial water content as well as the water to cement ratio of concrete. A linear trend was found relating normalized sorptivity values to degree of saturation.
An Experimental Study on Potential of Cement Kiln Dust in Stabilization of Fly Ash
Authors: Kumar R , Kanaujia VK , Ranjan A
Published: January 2010

This study investigates the feasibility of using two waste materials i.e., Cement kiln dust (CKD) and Fly Ash (FA) together in the construction of highway embankment/road works. In this work, fly ash was stabilized with different proportions of CKD and the potential of CKD in stabilizing fly ash was investigated. The experimental results conclude that CKD can be successfully used for stabilization of fly ash and hence the stabilized fly ash can be used in bulk in the construction of highways embankments/road works.
Towards Standardization of a Rapid Chloride Conduction Test for Concrete
Authors: Streicher PE , Alexander MG
Published: January 2010

The paper describes the development and standardization of a rapid chloride conduction test for concrete. The test has a sound theoretical basis, is rapid, efficient and simple to perform, and is of low cost. Results are given which show that vacuum saturation is a suitable procedure to pre-saturate samples with a 5 M sodium chloride solution, for standard sample sizes and “normal” concretes. A ruggedness test was conducted to determine the degree to which the conditions specified in the test method must be controlled. Results show that the test is sufficiently rugged to accommodate small changes in the operating conditions, and that it is possible to achieve consistent results. The paper also reviews the standard test method. Precision for the test is best characterized by the coefficient of variation, which typically is less than 7% for a set of results from properly conducted tests.
Treatment of Medium- to Coarse-Grained Sands by Fine-Grained Portland Cement (FGPC) as an Alternative Grouting Material to Silicate-Ester Grouts
Authors: Mollamahmutoğlu M
Published: January 2010

Due to the inability of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) grouts to permeate such soil formations as fine- to medium-grained and/or medium- to coarse-grained sands and the problems associated with permanence and toxicity of chemical grouts, advanced studies have shown that fine grained portland cement (FGPC) based grouts may be used to overcome the difficulties mentioned above and hence, an opening in the market has appeared for the manufacture of very fine-grained cements. In this context, comparative laboratory studies were conducted on commercially available OPC, FGPC, and silicate-ester grouts, and it has been found that FGPC has better flow properties and bleed characteristics than OPC. Furthermore, its permeation into medium- to coarse-grained sand is as effective as silicate-ester grout and the strength of the sand gained by the injection of FGPC is higher than that of silicate-ester grouted sand.
Strength and Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Made With High Alumina Cement, Type 10 Portland Cement, Type 10 Portland Cement Plus Fly Ash and Type 50 Portland Cement
Authors: Gillott JE , Quinn T
Published: January 2010

Concrete prisms and cylinders were made using four different cementitious materials. These were high alumina cement (HAC), Type 10 Portland, Type 10 with 20% replaced with fly ash and Type 50 Portland Cement. Specimens were used for measurement of length change and estimation of compressive strength over a period of about 18 months exposure to fog-room conditions, room temperature Na2SO4 solution or 40°C water bath. None of the concrete samples made with the 3-types of Portland-based cementitious material showed distress due to sulfate attack. The concrete made with HAC and which had probably not undergone the conversion reaction also showed good resistance to sulfate attack but samples in which conversion had probably occurred cracked and disintegrated in the Na2SO4 solution.
The Omani Artificial Pozzolans (Sarooj)
Authors: Al-Rawas AA , Hago AW , Al-Lawati D , Al-Battashi A
Published: January 2010

Sarooj is a local Omani term for artificial pozzolana produced by calcining clays. Calcined clay mixed with lime and water has been used as a cementing material for a long time. It has been used widely in hydraulic structures due to its good hydraulic properties and in military defensive installations due to its durability. This project focuses on the exploration of potential clay areas in Oman for the production of sarooj. A large number of samples have been collected from different sites in the country and were subjected to an extensive program of testing involving chemical, mineralogical, thermal, and physical analyses. This paper presents some of the results obtained for samples tested from five locations in Northern Oman (Al-Khod, Soor Al-Haboos, Al-Fulaij, Al-Hamra, and Al-Awabi). It was found that the sarooj produced by Al-Fulaij clays has higher strength than those of other sites. It was also found that the total content of silica, alumina, and iron oxide together with the burning temperature and the duration of burning have significant effect on the physical properties of the sarooj produced.
Testing Abrasion Resistance of High-Strength Concrete
Authors: Sonebi M , Khayat KH
Published: January 2010

Several high-strength concrete types with compressive strength up to 120 MPa were tested to evaluate the suitabilities of two test standards to evaluate abrasion resistance of concrete subjected to wearing caused by heavy tire and steel wheel traffic and heavy trucking and water-borne debris. The selected tests were ASTM C 779, Procedure C, Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Horizontal Concrete Surfaces, and ASTM C 1138, Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete (Underwater Method). Because of the low rate of abrasion damage of high-strength concrete, the need to prolong the test duration of the mechanical abrasion test from 20 to 40 min and that of the underwater test from 72 to 96 and 120 h to better differentiate between various levels of abrasion was evaluated. The study also evaluated the differences in wear damage resulting from testing the finished, molded, or saw-cut surfaces of high-strength concrete.

Both ASTM procedures are found to be suitable for testing the abrasion resistance of high-strength concrete. The recommended test duration of 20 min and 72 h for the ASTM C 779 and C 1138 tests, respectively, are sufficient to differentiate between the levels of wear damage of high-strength concrete. Good correlations exist between the wear damage measured at 72 h and those determined at 48, 96, and 120 h for the underwater test and 10 and 20 min results for the mechanical abrasion test.

The evaluation of the abrasion resistance of saw-cut surfaces can yield considerably lower abrasion damage and smaller variations in within-test results than testing finished or molded surfaces.
User and Producer Perspectives on ASTM C 1157
Authors: Tennis PD , Melander JM
Published: January 2010

ASTM C 1157 has undergone several changes since it was first adopted in 1992 as a performance specification for blended cement. Those changes have increased the number of available options and broadened the scope of the standard to include portland cement. However, the level of acceptance and use of ASTM C 1157 by specifiers and manufacturers remains limited. Barriers to acceptance include a disinterest or lack of familiarity with the specification, the slow process for adopting the specification in referencing standards and building codes, concerns with respect to test methods, and difficulties in interpreting the standard. For example, it has been noted that the strength requirements are unusually complex due to the wide range of options available.

A Task Group of National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) and Portland Cement Association (PCA) members has been reviewing C 1157 and has suggestions for revisions to address concerns raised. These potential changes and their rationales are discussed. Included are: reexamination of strength requirements, evaluation of test methods, modification of some provisions, and suggestions for additions to the standard.
The Damage Rating Index Method for ASR Affected Concrete—A Critical Review of Petrographic Features of Deterioration and Evaluation Criteria
Authors: Rivard P , Fournier B , Ballivy G
Published: January 2010

The Damage Rating Index method has recently been used with success in several cases of damage evaluation in structures affected by alkali-silica reaction in Canada and in Brazil. Although this petrographic method is starting to be widely used and is in the process of becoming integrated as a Canadian standard, it has not been modified yet from the original design. An evaluation of the method is presented in this paper. According to data obtained from many petrographic examinations, the number of cracks in coarse aggregates (filled or not with silica gel) seemed to show to best correlation with the expansion measured on laboratory concrete specimens made with Spratt limestone. The reaction rim is not a real “damage” feature and should not be considered as one but as a “degree of reaction” feature. In an attempt to improve the DRI method for assessing damage related to ASR, a new parameter should be introduced, which takes into account cracks running from aggregate particles to cement paste. The geological nature of the rock used as concrete aggregate may influence the reaction mechanism as well as the petrographic features related to ASR. Comparing concrete specimens subjected to ASR, which incorporate different aggregate types may, in some instances, be influenced by the type of reaction produced by the various reactive rocks and minerals in each aggregate.
Use of Cement By-pass Dust in Flowable Fill Mixtures
Authors: Al-Jabri K , Taha R , Al-Harthy A , Al-Oraimi S , Al-Nuaimi A
Published: January 2010

Flowable fill is a self-compacted, cementitious material used primarily as a backfill in lieu of compacted fill. It is generally a mixture of sand, small amount of cement, fly ash, and water. Sand is the major component of most flowable fill mixes. Waste materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and foundry sand are commonly used to ensure low maximum compressive strength. Cement by-pass dust (CBPD) is considered a waste material of the production of cement. An estimated 25,000 tons of CBPD are produced annually in the Sultanate of Oman by Oman Cement Company alone. Most of this material is not effectively used and is disposed of on-site without any reuse causing environmental concerns. The main objective of this research is to investigate the potential use of CBPD in flowable fill mixtures as an alternative to fly ash and as a partial substitute for cement. The physical and chemical properties of both CBPD and cement were determined. Cube and cylindrical samples were prepared using different proportions of CBPD and water-to-cement ratios in order to select the optimum mixes that can be used in flowable fill applications. The optimum mixtures were cured in air and covered in plastic bags in order to study the effect of curing method on the compressive strength of flowable fill mixtures. Promising results were obtained with respect to the use of CBPD as a partial or full substitute for cement in flowable fill mixtures. Results also demonstrated that air cured samples gave a higher compressive strength than samples cured in the plastic bags for the mixes where CBPD was used as a partial substitute for cement. However, in mixes where CBPD was used to fully replace cement, samples that were cured in plastic bags produced higher strength than air cured samples at longer curing periods.
Reappraisal of the Autoclave Expansion Test
Authors: Helmuth R , West PB
Published: January 2010

This report re-examines the technical basis for the AET as presented inPCA Research Department Bulletin RX45 as well as more recent research. Thefocus is on the potential for disruptive expansions caused by crystallineMgO in portland cements hydrated under various conditions, including the AET.Much of the data indicates that the AET would be a good test for unsoundnesscaused by free CaO alone, but that expansions in the AET caused by MgO andC3A do not correlate well with disruptive expansionsunder ordinary conditions. Consideration of expansive reaction mechanismsand the published data indicate that MgO continues to hydrate slowly undera wide range of conditions and that stress-relief mechanisms and stabilizationprocesses apparently operate to prevent disruptive expansions in moist environments.Since these mechanisms may not operate as well in dry environments, thereare undetermined risks with respect to reliance on performance tests thatdo not cause hydration of MgO. Investigation of these mechanisms is recommendedso that portland cement soundness and performance can be assured, perhapswithout reliance on the AET.
Comparison of Air Contents in Fresh and Hardened Concretes Using Different Airmeters
Authors: Khayat KH , Nasser KW
Published: January 2010

The air contents of several concrete mixtures were measured while the material was in a plastic state, and the results were compared to corresponding values determined microscopically on the same hardened concretes. Two volumetric airmeters, a roller and a mini airmeter, as well as a pressure airmeter were employed for monitoring the air content in fresh concrete. The linear traverse method was used to determine the air content of hardened concrete. A total of 21 laboratory-prepared concrete mixtures were examined. Both 10 and 25-mm (3/8 and 1-in.) nominal size aggregates of different densities were used to produce normal-weight and lightweight concretes. The water-cementitious materials ratios for the concretes ranged between 0.23 and 0.53, and the cement content varied from 267 to 540 kg/m3 (450 to 910 lb/yd3), with silica fume incorporated in some concretes. An air-entraining agent was used to yield air contents between 0.5 and 12.5%.

For the materials used in this investigation, the test results indicate that the air content in the fresh concrete can be 0.5 to 1.5% greater than that actually present in the hardened concrete. The mean discrepancy between the air contents of fresh and hardened concretes is 22, 13, and 19%, respectively, when the pressure, roller, and mini airmeters are used. For any single airmeter, the spread between air contents of fresh and hardened concretes increases with the reduction in compressive strength. Similar decrease is observed when the nominal size of aggregate increases.
Evaluation of Concrete Mixtures for Underwater Pile Repairs
Authors: Khayat KH , Hester WT
Published: January 2010

Repair of submerged concrete piles that have undergone considerable loss in cross section and strengthening of existing marine piles often involves jacketing the piles and filling the annular spacings between the jackets and the piles with concrete. In this paper, physical and mechanical properties that are deemed necessary to secure high-quality concrete under water were evaluated for numerous mixtures. Four concrete mixtures were selected to repair 2.4-m (8-ft)-high mock-up piles located above water. Rigid rectangular forms were erected around the 203-mm (8-in.)-square mock-up piles. The resulting annular spacings between these forms and the mock-up piles were first filled with water and then with concrete. The concrete was discharged within previously placed unhardened concrete to minimize segregation and water dilution rather than allowed to fall through water. Once the repair had set, the exposed surface of each underwater-cast pile was examined for any signs of segregation. Cores were obtained to evaluate the in-situ density and compressive strength of the concrete, as well as the bond strength between the underwater-cast concrete and the central mock-up pile. The testing program indicates that concrete mixtures containing antiwashout admixtures and either silica fume or fly ash can secure higher quality repairs, at equal or lower costs, than similar concretes made with high silica fume or high cement contents and no antiwashout admixtures. Properly proportioned concrete mixtures resulted in exposed repair surfaces free of segregation, with mean in-place compressive strength in excess of 58.6 MPa (8500 psi). The in-situ density of such concrete was identical to that cast and consolidated above water, and the bond strength to existing mock-up piles was in excess of 2.1 MPa (300 psi).
A Rapid Autoclave Mortar Bar Method to Determine the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of St. Lawrence Lowlands Carbonate Aggregates (Quebec, Canada)
Authors: Fournier B , Berubé M-A , Bergeron G
Published: January 2010

An autoclave mortar bar method is proposed to evaluate the potential alkali-silica reactivity of the limestone and dolostone aggregates produced in the St. Lawrence Lowlands. The influence of various parameters on the test results and the precision of the adopted test procedure were first evaluated. The method was then applied to 40 carbonate aggregates sampled along the St. Lawrence Lowlands. Expansion limits are suggested based on the behavior of these aggregates under standard testing conditions and on field performance. The reaction products developed in the mortar bars during the test, as observed under the SEM, were also investigated.
Use of High Volumes of Class C and Class F Fly Ash in Concrete
Authors: Naik TR , Ramme BW , Tews JH
Published: January 2010

This paper reports the results of research performed in the development and use of high volumes of Class C and Class F fly ash in concrete mixes for roadway paving projects.

Mix proportions were developed for paving roadway concrete with 20 and 50% Class C fly ash and 40% Class F fly ash replacements for Portland cement. These mixes were used to demonstrate their potential for highway paving work. Actual application test results are presented including fresh concrete data, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and freezing and thawing durability data.

The test results indicate that high volumes of Class C and Class F fly ash can be used to produce high-quality pavements in concrete with excellent performance.
Effect of Elevated Curing Temperature on the Chloride Permeability of High-Strength Lightweight Concrete
Authors: Gjørv OE , Tan K , Monteiro PJM
Published: January 2010

Due to high cement contents and reduced heat capacity, high-strength lightweight concrete is often exposed to elevated curing temperatures. In the production of lightweight concrete the aggregate is often wetted before use, but sometimes dry aggregate is also applied. In order to find out whether elevated curing temperatures in combination with varying moisture conditions of the aggregate would affect the concrete permeability, an experimental investigation was carried out. The results showed that maximum curing temperatures of up to 80°C did not adversely affect the compressive strength when dry aggregate was used, while a temperature above 50°C reduced the compressive strength when wet aggregate was employed. Temperatures above 65°C increased the permeability in both cases of aggregate moisture condition. At 20°C the compressive strength was higher for the wet aggregate concrete (103.8 MPa) compared to that of the dry aggregate concrete (95.3 MPa), but the permeability was also higher for the wet aggregate concrete (150%). When all the moisture was removed at 105°C, the wet aggregate concrete absorbed approximately 15% more water by capillary absorption than the dry aggregate concrete. Backscattered electron images showed a very dense transition zone between cement paste and aggregate both for the dry and the wet aggregate concrete.
Evaluation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as a Cementitious Admixture—A Case Study
Authors: Hamling JW , Kriner RW
Published: January 2010

Currently, Inland Steel Co. generates approximately two million tons/year of iron blast furnace slag. This material is disposed of in a landfill which has a life expectancy to 1995. With the completion of the landfill rapidly approaching, an alternative means of slag disposal is necessary. Based on a review of the literature, it was determined that water granulation is one possible means for upgrading the utilization potential of blast furnace slag. This paper summarizes the results of a 1-ton/min pilot plant investigation (covering 101 furnace taps) aimed at determining if water-granulated slag from Inland's Blast Furnace No. 7, when suitably ground, can be used as a cementitious admixture for concrete and mortar. From the results it was concluded that a product of acceptable quality meeting ASTM Specification for Ground Iron Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars (C 989) can be produced.

The effect of granulator operating controls and chemical composition of slag on product quality were also investigated. For product quality control, the hydraulic index was found to be the best indicator of slag quality. The percentage of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) in the slag were found to produce the most significant correlations to the three- and seven-day compressive strengths of the mortar cubes. No significant correlations were observed between operating parameters and the three, seven, and twenty-eight day compressive strengths.
Task Force Report on ASTM D 2419: Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate, Prepared for ASTM Subcommittee D 04.51
Authors: Malphurs P , Doty RN , Tatum VK
Published: January 2010

This interlaboratory study compared ASTM D 2419 test results using three different sample preparation techniques. Established preparation Procedures A and B were compared against a new proposed Procedure C, currently being used by the Georgia Department of Transportation (DOT). Sand equivalent (SE) testing was done at eight different laboratories, and the data were analyzed by ASTM Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods (E 691) computer program, Interlaboratory Data Analysis Software. Results of this study conclude that the proposed Procedure C gives essentially the same results as Procedure A and is easier and less cumbersome to perform. Results also showed that there is no reason to differentiate between SE values above or below 80 when applying a precision statement.

The second part of this study compared SE results from tests using minus No. 4 (4.75-mm) material against tests using minus No. 10 (2.0 mm). It was felt that SE testing with larger top-size particles, particularly with flat or elongated aggregates, tends to trap plastic fines and gives poorer results than tests run with smaller top-size particles. This study shows that tests using minus No. 10 (2.0-mm) material gives more consistent results than using minus No. 4 (4.75 mm).
Properties of Zeolite as an Air-Entraining Agent in Cellular Concrete
Authors: Naiqian F
Published: January 2010

This paper describes a new type of lightweight concrete using zeolite as an air-entraining agent. The cement paste expands in the presence of the zeolite powder, and after setting and hardening a cellular concrete is formed. The compressive strength of concrete after standard curing for 28 days is 4.5 to 5.5 MPa, and the density is about 750 to 850 kg/m3. The zeolite in concrete can also react with the cement paste during its hydration, and therefore the strength of concrete can increase further with age.
Concrete in the Marine Environment
Authors: Gerwick BC
Published: January 2010

Concrete in the Marine Environment is a clear, concise, and eminently readable treatise on the subject of concrete in the marine environment. It admirably fulfills its stated objective of making available to the offshore engineer who has little previous experience in concrete the latest information concerning concrete technology. Illustrations are not only interesting, but relevant to the specific subject under discussion.
Modulação androgênica e estrogênica na próstata: uma abordagem em modelos experimentais de roedores com enfoque na biologia estrutural
Authors: Taboga Sebastião Roberto , Vilamaior Patricia Simone Leite , Góes Rejane Maira
Published: January 2010

O sistema endócrino é uma complexa rede de glândulas e hormônios que regulam muitas das funções do corpo, incluindo crescimento, desenvolvimento e maturação, como as vias de ação de muitos órgãos. A próstata é um importante alvo dos hormônios e sua maturidade funcional e seu desenvolvimento são influenciados pelos níveis de esteroides. O presente grupo de pesquisa tem estudado os potenciais efeitos dos agentes esteroides sobre a próstata masculina e feminina do gerbilo da Mongólia (Meriones unguiculatus), utilizando métodos morfológicos e imuno-histoquímicos. Os resultados têm revelado a próstata do gerbilo da Mongólia como uma importante ferramenta para estudos da ação dos hormônios esteroides e seus antagonistas.
IGF-I, insulin and prostate cancer
Authors: Lima Giovanna A. Balarini , Corrêa Lívia L. , Gabrich Rafael , Miranda Luiz Carlos D. de , Gadelha Mônica R.
Published: January 2010

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent malignancy diagnosed in adult men. Androgens are considered the primary growth factors for prostate normal and cancer cells. However, other non-androgenic growth factors are involved in the growth regulation of prostate cancer cells. The association between IGF-I and prostate cancer risk is well established. However, there is no evidence that the measurement of IGF-I enhances the specificity of prostate cancer detection beyond that achievable by serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Until now, there is no consensus on the possible association between IGFBP-3 and prostate cancer risk. Although not well established, it seems that high insulin levels are particularly associated with risk of aggressive prostatic tumours. This review describes the physiopathological basis, epidemiological evidence, and animal models that support the association of the IGFs family and insulin with prostate cancer. It also describes the potential therapies targeting these growth factors that, in the future, can be used to treat patients with prostate cancer.
Short term testosterone replacement therapy improves libido and body composition
Authors: Andrade Júnior Edésio Seara de , Clapauch Ruth , Buksman Salo
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of testosterone replacement in males with late-onset hypogonadism compared to hypogonadal men without replacement, and controls, during six months. METHODS: We assessed, through ADAM, AMS, IIEF-5 and SF-36 questionnaires, and through clinical and laboratorial examinations, 62 patients divided into three groups: 17 hypogonadal males (HR) used intramuscular testosterone every three weeks; 14 hypogonadal males (HV) and 31 non-hypogonadal males (CV) used oral vitamins daily. RESULTS: When compared to others, HR group obtained libido improvement assessed by ADAM 1 (p = 0.004), and borderline sexual potency improvement assessed by IIEF-5 (p = 0.053), besides a decrease in waist circumference after eight weeks (p = 0.018). The remaining parameters did not differ between the groups. PSA and hematocrit remained stable in those using testosterone. CONCLUSION: Six months of testosterone replacement improved sexuality and body composition, with prostatic and hematological safety.
Targeted molecular therapies in thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Romagnoli Serena , Moretti Sonia , Voce Pasquale , Puxeddu Efisio
Published: January 2010

Thyroid cancer incidence has significantly increased in the last three decades and many patients seek medical attention for its treatment every year. Among follicular cell-derived tumors, the majority are differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC), whose prognosis is very good with only 15% of the cases presenting disease persistence or recurrence after initial treatment. Medullary thyroid carcinoma has a worse prognosis, especially in patients with diffused cancers at the time of initial surgery. Traditional treatment options for persistent or recurrent disease include additional surgery, radioiodine treatment and TSH-suppression in DTC patients; external beam radiotherapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy, often have low efficacy and many patients with advanced disease ultimately die. In the last two decades many of the molecular events involved in cancer formation have been uncovered. This knowledge has prompted the development of novel therapeutic strategies mainly based on the inhibition of key molecular mediators of the tumorigenic process. In particular the class of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors was enriched by many compounds that have reached clinical trials and in some cases have had approval for clinical use in specific cancers. Many of these compounds entered clinical trials also for locally advanced or metastatic thyroid carcinomas showing very promising results.
Análise crítica dos critérios da OMS, IDF e NCEP para síndrome metabólica em pacientes portadores de diabetes melito tipo 1
Authors: Santos Carlos Eduardo , Schrank Yolanda , Kupfer Rosane
Published: January 2010

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência de síndrome metabólica (SM) em portadores de diabetes melito tipo 1 (DMT1) maiores de 18 anos, de acordo com os critérios da International Diabetes Federation (IDF), do National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), que foram analisados comparativamente. Secundariamente, verificou-se a associação da síndrome com complicações microvasculares, idade, tempo de duração do diabetes e controle glicêmico. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com 101 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Foram classificados como tendo SM pelas definições da OMS, IDF e NCEP, respectivamente, 32%, 32% e 26% dos pacientes. Observou-se marcado aumento de SM em pacientes com microalbuminúria (MAU) quando comparado a pacientes sem MAU - aumento este mais significativo com o critério da OMS. CONCLUSÕES: A SM é um achado frequente em portadores de DMT1 e, entre os critérios utilizados para defini-la, o sugerido pela OMS parece ser o mais adequado neste grupo de pacientes.
A inclusão de novas técnicas de análise citogenética aperfeiçoou o diagnóstico cromossômico da síndrome de Turner
Authors: Barros Beatriz Amstalden , Maciel-Guerra Andréa Trevas , De Mello Maricilda Palandi , Coeli Fernanda Borchers , Carvalho Annelise Barreto de , Viguetti-Campos Nilma , Assumpção Juliana de Godoy , Marques-de-Faria Antonia Paula , Lemos-Marini Sofia Helena Valente de , Guerra-Junior Gil
Published: January 2010

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do aprimoramento da análise cromossômica sobre os achados citogenéticos de pacientes com síndrome de Turner (ST). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo dos resultados de cariótipo de 260 pacientes com ST, com análise das técnicas de bandamento, número de células avaliadas e pesquisa de sequências de cromossomo Y. Segundo o cariótipo, dividiu-se em 45,X; mosaicismo cromossômico sem Y; aberrações estruturais de cromossomos sexuais com ou sem mosaicismo; mosaicismo com cromossomo Y. RESULTADOS: O cariótipo 45,X foi o mais frequente (108), seguido de aberrações estruturais (88) e mosaicismo (58 sem Y e 6 com Y). A introdução de técnicas de bandamento e o aumento do número de células analisadas resultaram em redução progressiva de pacientes 45,X e aumento de aberrações estruturais. O estudo de sequências de cromossomo Y foi feito em 96 casos e foi positivo em 10. CONCLUSÕES: O aperfeiçoamento da análise cromossômica ao longo do tempo modificou o perfil citogenético da ST.
Tumores hipofisários secretores de TSH: relato de dois casos e revisão da literatura
Authors: Duarte Felipe Henning Gaia , Jallad Raquel Soares , Salgado Luiz Roberto , Bronstein Marcello Delano
Published: January 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores hipofisários secretores de hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH), tireotropinomas, são raros e correspondem a menos de 2% de todos os adenomas da hipófise. Manifestam-se clinicamente com sintomas e sinais de tireotoxicose, eventualmente associados a sintomas compressivos, sobretudo visuais, devido ao efeito de massa do tumor. Esses tumores se caracterizam pela presença de níveis séricos elevados de hormônios tireoidianos e níveis séricos elevados, ou inapropriadamente normais, de TSH. Frequentemente, ao diagnóstico, há relato de tratamento prévio cirúrgico, medicamentoso e/ou ablativo, por hipótese de hipertireoidismo primário por doença de Graves. OBJETIVO: Relatar dois casos de tireotropinomas acompanhados na Unidade de Neuroendocrinologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP) e revisar a literatura visando ao manejo desta afecção. CONCLUSÃO: Na presença de hormônios tireoidianos elevados e níveis de TSH inapropriadamente normais ou elevados, a possibilidade de adenoma hipofisário produtor de TSH deve ser considerada com vistas à realização da terapia adequada.
Latin American Thyroid Society recommendations for the management of thyroid nodules
Authors: Camargo Rosalinda , Corigliano Sandro , Friguglietti Celso , Gauna Alicia , Harach Rubén , Munizaga Fernando , Niepomniszcze Hugo , Pitoia Fabian , Pretell Eduardo , Vaisman Mario , Ward Laura Sterian , Wohllk Nelson , Tomimori Eduardo
Published: January 2010

Several guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and cancer have recently been published. However, recommended practices are not always appropriate to different settings or countries. The aim of this consensus was to develop Clinical Guidelines for evaluation and management of patients with thyroid nodules applicable to Latin American countries. The panel was composed by 13 members of the Latin American Thyroid Society involved with research and management of thyroid nodules and cancer from different medical centers in Latin America. The consensus was produced based on the expert opinion of the panel with use of principles of evidence-based medicine. Following a group meeting, a first draft based on the expert opinion of the panel was elaborated and later circulated among panel members for further revision. After revision, this document was submitted to all LATS members for commentaries and considerations and finally revised and refined by the authors. The final recommendations represent state of the art on management of thyroid nodules applied to all Latin American countries.
Theodor Kocher (1841-1917) Nobel Prize Centenary 2009
Authors: Kopp Peter
Published: January 2010

One hundred years ago, in 1909, Theodor Kocher was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland. In the late 19th century, the resection of the thyroid was feared because of its high mortality rate. Kocher's innovative techniques resulted in safe outcomes. His observations that radical resection of the thyroid results in "cachexia strumipriva" contributed to the recognition that the thyroid is essential for normal growth, development and metabolism. He made many other seminal contributions to the field of surgery and medicine, and his expertise was internationally recognized. Kocher served as the chairman of surgery at the University of Bern in Switzerland, his alma mater, until his death in 1917.
Distribuição das espécies de corais azooxantelados na plataforma e talude continental superior do sul do Brasil
Authors: Kitahara Marcelo V. , Capítoli Ricardo R. , Horn Filho Norberto O.
Published: January 2010

Dentre os organismos registrados para águas profundas (> 100 m) no sul do Brasil, podemos destacar os corais azooxantelados pertencentes a ordem Scleractinia. Através de análises estatísticas, identificação de espécimes depositados em coleções científicas, e compilação de todos os registros pretéritos destes cnidarios ocorrentes no sul e parte do sudeste do Brasil, foi possível constatar que as coordenadas abrangidas no presente estudo representam uma área de transição entre os corais azooxantelados ocorrentes ao norte e as espécies mais características das zonas polares, principalmente em relação às espécies solitárias. Com a análise da distribuição batimétrica, foi observado um significativo aumento no número de espécies entre o setor de plataforma externa e 500 m de profundidade. Finalizando, foi realizada a análise de agrupamento, o que permitiu discriminar a formação de 6 biótopos das associações de corais azooxantelados para a área de estudo. Desta forma, apresentamos a primeira tentativa de se compreender a distribuição desta pouco conhecida fauna da plataforma e talude continental superior, entre 24ºS e 34ºS.