bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Phytosociological Study of a Weed Community in Fallow Land in the Semi-Arid Zone of India
Authors: Sharma B. M.
Published: May 2019

A phytosociological study of weeds carried out at Ajmer in the semi-arid zone of India revealed the presence of Dactyloctenium-Cynodon-Chloris community during the monsoon season and Cynodon-Tribulus-Tephrosia community of weeds during the summer season, growing on coarse and sandy soils and in harmony with all biotic factors. The communities experience high summer and low winter temperatures with rainfall occurring only during the monsoon season (July to September). Other dominant weeds included Achyranthes aspera L., Amaranthus gracilis Desf., Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers., and Trianthema portulacastrum L. during the monsoon season, and Boerhavia diffusa L., Indigofera linifolia (L.) Retz., and Rhus mysurensis Heyne ex Wight. are dormant during the summer season.
Effects of Glyphosate on the Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds: VII. Root-Fed Amino Acids and Glyphosate Toxicity in Soybean (Glycine max) Seedlings
Authors: Duke S. O. , Hoagland R. E.
Published: May 2019

Several regimes of supplying exogenous aromatic amino acids to intact, 3-day-old, soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] seedlings by root uptake were tested to determine if growth retardation caused by root-fed, 0.5 mM glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] could be reversed. Generally, root-fed levels of aromatic amino acids just below growth-retarding levels (e.g. 1 mM phenylalanine + 0.1 mM tyrosine) reversed root growth inhibition caused by glyphosate to a small (ca. 10%) but significant extent. Feeding aromatic amino acids for 1 to 3 days before glyphosate exposure did not enhance the reversal. Uptake and metabolism of root-fed, aromatic amino acids in control and glyphosate-treated plants were verified by increased levels of hydroxyphenolic compounds (end products of aromatic amino acid metabolism) and by uptake and incorporation of14C-labeled phenylalanine and tyrosine. On a fresh weight basis, glyphosate had no inhibitory effect on uptake or incorporation of these amino acids into protein or secondary phenolic compounds. After 3 days of exposure, glyphosate had no substantial effects on shikimate dehydrogenase activity in control or aromatic amino acid-fed seedlings. These data suggest that either root-fed aromatic amino acids are compartmentalized differently than the endogenous pools affected by glyphosate or that root-fed glyphosate exerts most of its effect on growth of soybean seedlings through means other than inhibition of aromatic amino acid synthesis.
Factors Affecting Toxicity and Translocation of Metriflufen in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Wills G. D. , Jordan P. M.
Published: May 2019

Toxicity of nonradiolabeled and translocation of14C-labeled metriflufen3{2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) were evaluated under different environmental conditions as affected by surfactant and by the maturity of stem or leaf tissue at the place of herbicide application. Cotton was very tolerant to metriflufen, with the greatest tolerance at high temperatures. The herbicide entered the plant quite rapidly and autoradiographs indicated that radioactivity from the herbicide moved freely throughout the plant. Relative humidity (RH) between 40 and 100% had little effect on metriflufen toxicity. Two weeks after treatment with metriflufen at 0.5 kg/ha, cotton was essentially free of injury symptoms at 35 C, but injury was as great as 41 and 13% at 18 and 25 C, respectively. All plants recovered fully after 6 additional weeks in the greenhouse. When surfactant was added to the spray solutions, cotton injury was frequently increased during the first 2 weeks but not after 8 weeks. Accumulation of14C at the site of14C-metriflufen application was 31 to 65% after 48 h. Between 16 and 51% of the applied14C moved from the treated area by translocation into other parts of the plant, or by volatilization into the atmosphere. Movement was greatest from stem tissue at 35 C and 100% RH. There was no correlation between14C movement and herbicide toxicity within the plant. The selectivity of metriflufen to cotton probably results from deactivation by, or tolerance within, the plant rather than from differential absorption and translocation of the herbicide.
Effect of Early Competition on Growth of Common Milkweed
Authors: Evetts L. L. , Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

Four modes of competition were studied in relation to early development of common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.) alone and in competition with green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘RS-626’]. The three species were used to study the effect of no competition, light competition, soil competition, and light and soil (full) competition on common milkweed. Common milkweed height was significantly reduced by soil and full competition with the three species, while only green foxtail caused a significant reduction in height due to light competition. Shoot weight of common milkweed was significantly reduced by light, soil, and full competition by the three species. Reproduction percentage of common milkweed roots was most severely reduced by light and full competition from green foxtail and redroot pigweed. An environment conducive to the establishment of the perennial common milkweed from seed exists when annual weeds are removed by herbicides.
Response of Dwarf Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Four Weed Species to Herbicides
Authors: Kataria O. P. , Kumar Vijay
Published: May 2019

Control of littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), wild oat (Avena fatua L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) in dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields was studied with five herbicides and hand weeding. Terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] and 1-benzthiazol-2-yl-1,3-dimethylurea controlled the weeds more effectively than did two hand weedings. Diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl p-nitrophenyl ether), and dichlormate (3,4-dichlorobenzyl methylcarbamate), proved only partially effective against weeds, and were therefore significantly inferior to two hand weedings. Spikes per meter of row length and test weight of wheat were increased significantly by 1-benzthiazol-2-yl-1,3-dimethylurea (1.5 to 2 kg/ha), terbutryn (0.5 kg/ha), and two hand weedings over the yields of the weedy check. The 1-benzthiazol-2-yl-1,3-dimethylurea showed a high degree of selectivity in the wheat crop at 2 kg/ha and increased yields to those of weed-free plots. Terbutryn was almost as effective as 1-benzthiazol-2-yl-1,3-dimethylurea, which increased the wheat yields over those of the weedy check by 19.8 and 42.4% during the 1974/75 and 1975/76 seasons, respectively. Tolerance of dwarf wheat to terbutryn at 0.75 kg/ha was variable, resulting in significant decreases in yield components and grain yield. Dry-matter yield of wheat was negatively correlated with the dry matter production of weeds.
Weevil (Notaris bimaculatus) Feeding Reduces Effectiveness of Glyphosate on Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)
Authors: Westra Philip H. , Wyse Donald L. , Cook Edwin F.
Published: May 2019

The life cycle ofNotaris bimaculatusFab. and the influence of this weevil on the control of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] were studied. Observations on this insect in 1978 and 1979 showed that its life cycle occurs in close association with quackgrass. The adult weevils feed on quackgrass culms and caryopses and use the inside of the culms for ovipositing. Adult populations, measured in quackgrass infestations during the summer months, ranged from 3 to 44/25 sweeps of an insect net. Larvae emerge from the eggs after 2 weeks, feed down the inside of the culms, chew an exit hole, and move into the soil where they attack the rhizomes. Larval numbers ranged from two to six/28 dm3of soil during the summer months. Larvae feed on the rhizome surface or enter the rhizomes where they devour the vascular and cortical tissue. In dense quackgrass sods treated with glyphosate at 1.7 kg/ha, feeding damage on quackgrass rhizomes caused by the larvae reduced the control of quackgrass by disrupting the translocation of glyphosate in the rhizomes. Although soil-borne larvae of several insects were found in quackgrassinfested soil, larvae ofN. bimaculatuswere always present. Controlling these soil-borne insect larvae with a soil-applied insecticide for 2 months before applying glyphosate resulted in significantly increased quackgrass control. Shoot regrowth several months after the application of glyphosate at 1.4 kg/ha to quackgrass grown in cages infested with 400 adult weevils was 298 and 611 shoots/m2in the 1979 and 1980 experiments, respectively. Similar glyphosate applications to weevil-free quackgrass resulted in only 26 and 15 shoots/m2in the 1979 and 1980 experiments.
Salinity Effects with EPTC and CDEC in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Authors: Acosta-Nunez Sebastian , Ashton Floyd M.
Published: May 2019

The combination of salts at the approximate ratio found in saline irrigation water, (NaCl 41.9 mM, CaCl220.9 mM, and MgCl2.6H2O 10.5 mM), with either 1 mM EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) or 0.1 mM CDEC (2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate) induced a greater reduction of root length, shoot length, and fresh weight of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘VF-315’) relative to either factor alone. The osmotic pressure of this salt solution is 0.40 MPa (mega Pascal), which is equivalent to 4.0 bar or ca. 4.0 atm. Similar results were found in lettuce (Lactuca sativaL. ‘Great Lakes–659’) using salts at 0.30 MPa (NaCl 31.4 mM, CaCl215.7 mM, and MgCl2.6H2O 7.3 mM) combined with either 0.75 mM EPTC or 0.2 mM CDEC. In tomato, the inhibition was additive for each parameter measured. In lettuce, however, the effect on fresh weight and shoot length was synergistic and the effect on root length was additive. Calcium chloride was the single salt component of the mixture, which when combined with either EPTC or CDEC, induced a significant reduction of root length, shoot length, and fresh weight in tomato relative to either factor alone. No additional reduction in growth was found in lettuce when each individual salt was combined with either EPTC or CDEC.
Smutgrass (Sporobolus poiretii) Control in Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) Pastures
Authors: Brecke B. J.
Published: May 2019

Dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid), tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea}, and hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] were evaluated for smutgrass [Sporobolus poiretii(R.&S.) Hitchc] control in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatumFlugge.) pastures. Dalapon and hexazinone provided the best smutgrass control but injured the bahiagrass. Forage treated with hexazinone at 1.7 kg/ha or less recovered within 6 months; however, the effects of the initial injury from dalapon at 2.2 kg/ha could be detected for as long as 2 yr after treatment. Dogfennel [Eupatorium capillifolium(Lam.) Small] and broomsedge (Andropogon virginicusL.) replaced smutgrass and bahiagrass removed by dalapon. Higher rates of tebuthiuron than hexazinone (3.4 vs. 1.1 kg/ha) were required to control smutgrass adequately.
Dissipation and Leaching of Metriflufen under Field and Controlled Conditions
Authors: Rogers Noell K. , Talbert Ronald E.
Published: May 2019

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in 1977 and 1978 to evaluate the movement and persistence in soil of metriflufen {methyl ester of 2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} under different conditions. In the field, delaying incorporation of metriflufen did not affect its activity in Taloka silt loam for either year as shown by bioassay with grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench]. Metriflufen activity in the soil persisted for 63 and 40 days after application in 1977 and 1978, respectively. In the laboratory, metriflufen moved through saturated soil columns to an average depth of 7.5 and 18.5 cm following the addition of 2.5 or 10 cm of water to the columns. In a growth chamber bioassay, grain sorghum growth in treated soil gave a dose-response in a range of 0.02 ppmw (I10), 0.09 ppmw (I50), and 0.38 ppmw (I90). When soil treated with metriflufen at 1 ppmw was incubated for specified times under soil moisture levels of 5, 15, or 25% and temperature regimes of 15, 25, or 35 C, soil incubated at 15 C for as long as 75 days completely inhibited grain sorghum growth regardless of the other treatment variables. Grain sorghum growth inhibition was reduced with incubation time and warmer temperatures for treated soil maintained at 5 and 15% moisture, but sorghum growth inhibition persisted for treated soil incubated under wet (25% moisture) conditions.
Antagonistic Effects of MCPA on Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Control with Diclofop
Authors: Olson Wayne A. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted in the field, greenhouse, and controlled environment chambers to determine the extent to which MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} antagonizes wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) control with diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}. Wild oat control with diclofop at 1 kg/ha was reduced from 96% when used alone to 76, 48, 31, and 14% by tank mixture with IAA (3-indole acetic acid), MCPA, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), respectively. Wild oat control with diclofop applied alone at 1.1 kg/ha was similar to that of diclofop at 2.2 kg/ha applied as a tank mixture with MCPA at 0.15 or 0.3 kg/ha. MCPA antagonism of wild oat control with diclofop increased as the post-treatment temperature increased from 10 to 30 C. MCPA antagonism of wild oat control with diclofop was the same whether the herbicides were applied to the foliage only or to the foliage and soil. Approximately 20% of the wild oat root inhibition with diclofop applied postemergence, however, was from diclofop uptake from the soil. MCPA at 0.6 kg/ha did not reduce wild oat control when applied as a sequential treatment 2 days before or 1 day after diclofop at 1.1 kg/ha.
Control of Horsenettle (Solarium carolinense) Fleshy Roots in Pastures
Authors: Gorrell R. Michael , Bingham S. Wayne , Foy Chester L.
Published: May 2019

The effectiveness of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), and triclopyr [(3,5-6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid and mixtures of these herbicides with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] for the control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinenseL.) in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.) pastures was evaluated at three different field sites in Southwest Virginia over a period of 3 yr. Picloram applied at 0.6 and 1.1 kg/ha significantly reduced horsenettle roots, as indicated by a 98% reduction in shoots 1 yr after the first annual application. No shoots emerged within 18 months after three annual picloram applications. There was no significant difference between picloram applied alone and in a mixture with 1.1 kg/ha of 2,4-D. Three annual applications of triclopyr at 3.4 kg/ha reduced horsenettle shoots from 82% to 92%. The 3.4-kg/ha rate of triclopyr was slightly more effective in controlling horsenettle roots than was triclopyr at 1.7 kg/ha alone and in mixture with 1.1 kg/ha of 2,4-D. Dicamba at 0.6 and 1.1 kg/ha reduced the horsenettle shoots by 74% and 81%, respectively. The reduction was similar from mixtures of dicamba (0.1 and 0.3 kg/ha) with 2,4-D (0.4 and 0.8 kg/ha). There were no effects on the bluegrass forage that could be attributed to the herbicides.
Mineral Content of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Four Competing Weed Species
Authors: Sanders Douglas C. , Grayson Allen S. , Monaco Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum ‘Roma VF’) and weeds were seeded at two locations in 1973 and 1974. In separate plots, jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.], and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.) seedlings were thinned to densities ranging from 2.7 to 86 plants/m2. Densities of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] ranged from 11 to 430 plants/m2. There were a few instances of difference in nutrient concentrations in tomato and weed leaf tissue, but no clear relationship was evident between concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S and weed density. Considerably more fruit weight was produced per kilogram of total assimilated N, P, and K in the weed-free than in the weed-infested tomato plots.
Synergistic Interactions of Tebuthiuron with EPTC + R-25788 and Butylate + R-25788 in Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Hatzios Kriton K.
Published: May 2019

Preplant-incorporated applications of commercial formulations of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) and butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate) plus the herbicide antidote R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) were evaluated for their interactions with preemergence applications of tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} in corn (Zea maysL., ‘Pioneer 3780’) under greenhouse conditions. The thiocarbamate herbicides plus the antidote were used at 1.1, 2.2, 3.4, and 4.5 kg/ha, and they were evaluated against 0.3, 0.6, and 1.1 kg/ha of tebuthiuron. Shoot dry weight and shoot height of corn seedlings were measured at 24 days after treatment. Growth responses of corn to combination treatments of these herbicides were significantly reduced. Statistical analysis of the data showed that tebuthiuron interacted synergistically with both EPTC and butylate in the presence of the herbicide-antidote R-25788.
Effect of DBCP on Fluchloralin Persistence
Authors: Brewer Fayte , Talbert Ronald E. , Lavy Terry L.
Published: May 2019

Three field studies were conducted over a 2-yr period to evaluate the persistence of fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) aniline], and to determine whether DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) affected persistence. Fluchloralin was applied to field plots at 1.1 kg/ha with and without DBCP at 20.5 kg/ha. In the first study, soil samples were taken periodically over a 1-yr period and assayed for fluchloralin by both gas chromatography (GC) and a sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench ‘AKS-516’) root-elongation bioassay. Both methods of analysis indicated that fluchloralin persistence was unaffected by DBCP. An oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Ora’) bioassay of soil from the field plots 41 weeks after treatment showed no residual herbicide activity. In the next two field studies, soil samples were taken periodically over a 32-week period and assayed by GC for fluchloralin. A greenhouse sorghum bioassay of soil samples taken from both tests 32 weeks after application showed residual activity of fluchloralin in one test, but differences were not attributable to DBCP. A two-phase process of fluchloralin dissipation in field soil was indicated from analysis of the data using a complex first-order regression, as opposed to a simple first-order regression. Half-life values describing fluchloralin persistence, using the complex first-order regression, ranged from 2.3 to 3.7 weeks for the first phase and 9.5 to 26.7 weeks for the second phase.
STEIN ROKKAN: DALLO STUDIO DEL CASO NORVEGESE ALL'ANALISI COMPARATA
Authors: Daalder Hans
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In questo articolo tratterò di Stein Rokkan come di un «caso», che aiuta ad illustrare alcuni problemi generali. Presenterò il ritratto di Rokkan come di uno studioso che si formò in un determinato contesto e in un particolare periodo di sviluppo delle scienze sociali. La sua vita esemplifica alcuni degli aspetti presenti nelle scienze sociali durante la passata generazione, e l'opera contiene importanti insegnamenti per lo sviluppo futuro. Dividerò il mio lavoro in cinque parti:

Primo, fornirò alcune notizie biografiche per meglio comprendere l'evoluzione di Rokkan come studioso.

Secondo, analizzerò l'importanza dell'ambiente culturale in cui Rokkan visse, la nascita alIa periferia di un paese che è esso stesso la periferia d'Europa: la formazione di Rokkan in Norvegia influenzò per tutta la vita il suo modo di concettualizzare i cambiamenti politici. Ma l'essere norvegese gli diede anche uno speciale vantaggio come comparatista.

Terzo, esaminerò alcuni dei fattori che 10 portarono a essere quell'eccezionale studioso di statura internazionale che egli è stato. In questa parte descriverò, inoltre, la sua estesa attivitá organizzativa per 10 sviluppo delle scienze sociali comparate.

Quarto, caratterizzerò brevemente la sua. opera e i suoi metodi di lavoro.

Infine, spenderò alcune parole per illustrare l'eredità intellettuale che egli ci lascia, e i compiti che ci vengono assegnati nel suo testamento intellettuale.
L'ANALISI DELLA STRUTTURA SOCIALE
Authors: Frey Frederick W.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La nozione di struttura sociale sembra essere centrale nelle scienze sociali. Queste, infatti, hanno le interazioni umane come principale punto focale; e tutte ricercano, in tali interazioni, dei modelli di riferimento. Così, non è sorprendente trovare riferimenti costanti alla «struttura sociale» nella letteratura delle varie discipline sociali. Ciononostante, la capacità di compiere analisi strutturali nelle scienze sociali, in relazione ad altre capacità analitiche, è poco sviluppata e, al tempo stesso, poco utilizzata. Ritengo che tale deficienza costituisca un ostacolo basilare al progresso teorico.
LA PARTECIPAZIONE POLITICA FEMMINILE IN ITALIA: EVOLUZIONE, DETERMINANTI, CARATTERISTICHE
Authors: Weber Maria
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Fino agli anni settanta, la letteratura politologica contemporanea ha prevalentemente rispecchiato la tradizionale visione della politica come «campo di azione maschile», occupandosi di donne quasi esclusivamente quando l'analisi dei comportamenti elettorali imponeva la considerazione dellaapatiapolitica femminile. L'atteggiamento di gran parte dei politologi si è esposto così alla accusa di «sessismo» culturale. Dall'affermazione di Campbell per cui la donna «accetta la leadership dell'uomo e non c'è da aspettarsi che possa mai diventare agente politico in prima persona» a quella di Lane relativa alla «naturale orbita piò limitata delle donne», la letteratura politologica sembra presentare giudizi piò o meno implicitamente sessisti anche quando si ritiene che sia «un forte senso di moralità ad allontanare le donne dalla politica».
PARTITI E COALIZIONI NEL «NUOVO» PARLAMENTO EUROPEO
Authors: Papisca Antonio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

A nove mesi dalla prima elezione diretta dei membri del Parlamento europeo, si registrano due fenomeni apparentemente contraddittori: la accresciuta vivacità del Parlamento e la pratica irrilevanza, per non dire la scomparsa, dei cosiddetti partiti europei — Unione dei partiti socialisti, Federazione dei partiti liberali e democratici (Lde), Partito popolare europeo (Ppe) — sorti in previsione della consultazione elettorale del 10 giugno 1979.
SONO LE CONDIZIONI ECONOMICHE A INFLUENZARE I VALORI? UN CONTROLLO DELL'IPOTESI DI INGLEHART
Authors: Nardi Rafaella
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Quali fattori influenzano in modo significativo i valori assunti dai diversi membri della società italiana? Ad esempio, sono veramente importanti le condizioni economiche per determinare o, quanto meno, condizionare largamente i valori che le varie persone adottano, oppure bisogna dare maggiore importanza e maggiore credito ad altri elementi? Nel presente articolo cercheremo qualche risposta a queste domande partendo da una ricerca fatta proprio in Italia.
ANALISI DEL REFERENDUM SUL DIVORZIO
Authors: Marradi Alberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il risultato del referendum del 12 maggio 1974 si presta a molteplici interpretazioni politiche e sociologiche. Quelle apparse, in varia misura, nella pubblicistica si possono ricondurre a tre ipotesi fondamentali: 1) il referendum segna una svolta a sinistra nelle abitudini elettorali del paese, o meglio un'accelerazione del graduale spostamento a sinistra che si è verificato in quasi tutte le elezioni successive al 18 aprile 1948; 2) il risultato registra i progressi fatti dal paese sulla via della secolarizzazione, e dimostra l'esistenza di un'ampia maggioranza favorevole ad analoghe conquiste civili, ma non necessariamente a una politica avanzata anche dal punto di vista sociale; 3) il risultato è frutto di una scelta di coscienza, in cui troppe altre variabili concorrono perché sia possibile darne una qualsiasi interpretazione in termini di equilibri politici.
VERSO IL SUPERAMENTO DEL PLURALISMO POLARIZZATO?
Authors: Pellicani Luciano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nel suo recente saggioRivisitando il≪pluralismo polarizzato ≫Giovanni Sartori ripropone, aggiornandola, la sua nota interpretazione del sistema politico italiano. Tale interpretazione era stata avanzata fra il 1965 e il 1968 in quattro scritti, ove era formulata una nuova tipologia dei sistemi di partito. All'interno di questa era elaborata l'originale categoria analitica del ≪ pluralismo polarizzato ≫ sotto cui era sussunto il nostro sistema. L'intento di Sartori è stato, dunque, duplice: (a) costruire un modello analitico piú comprensivo e meno approssimativo di quello proposto da Maurice Duverger nella sua notissima monografia sui partiti politici e (b) guardare, alla luce di tale modello, la dinamica tipica del sistema politico italiano. Il risultato di questa doppia operazione euristica è stato estremamente istruttivo. Non solo Sartori ha dato un notevole contributo al perfezionamento della teoria dei partiti politici, ma ha anche indicato la via che bisogna seguire per giungere a comprendere le anomalie e le disfunzioni della democrazia italiana.
LA CRISI DELLA DEMOCRAZIA ITALIANA E L'AVVENTO DEL FASCISMO: 1919–1922
Authors: Farneti Paolo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Si può sostenere, almeno per ipotesi, che il funzionamento di un sistema parlamentare si fondi essenzialmente su una ‘divisione del lavoro’ tra società civile, società politica e istituzioni. Per società civile intendiamo le articolazioni tra città e campagna, centro e periferia, industria e agricoltura, proprietari e salariati, che possono esprimersi in strutture di interesse o di solidarietà (istituzione che eredita, in fondo, la vecchia contrap-posizione tra contractus e status, gesellschaft-gemeinschaft, ecc.); il sindacato è un esempio delle prime, mentre un movimento collettivo potrebbe esser un esempio delle seconde. Per società politica intendiamo tutti quei gruppi che si basano sul principio dell'associazione e sul principio dell'organizzazione per fini politici, come un club politico, un partito parlamentare o un partito di massa. Questa distinzione è l'erede dell'antica dicotomia tra ≪ setta ≫ e ≪ chiesa ≫ intuita da Weber e in seguito trattata sistematicamente da Tröltsch. Per istituzioni infine, intendiamo quelle strutture che sono regolate soprattutto da un ordinamento giuridico e tra i loro molti aspetti possono essere analizzate anche in termini di situazione di monopolio o concorrenza della forza. Da questo punto di vista sono ‘istituzioni’ l'esercito, la polizia, la burocrazia centrale e decentrata (ad esempio la burocrazia prefettizia) e cosí via.
I VOTI CONTANO, LE RISORSE DECIDONO
Authors: Rokkan Stein
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

I sistemi politici moderni, siano essi monolitici oppure misti e pluralisti, possono essere analizzati a due diversi livelli: quello della massa dei cittadini e quello dei gruppi organizzati che, all'interno del sistema, controllano le risorse fondamentali. Al livello di massa c'è uguaglianza formale nell'ambito di elettorati definiti su base territoriale: entro ogni circoscrizione un voto vale come un altro e le decisioni vengono prese attraverso una qualche forma di aggregazione di preferenze che hanno tutte un egual peso. Al livello invece dei gruppi organizzati non c'è uguaglianza: certamente possono esserci disposizioni che stabiliscono condizioni di paritarietà nell'organizzazione delle arene di contrattazione, ma ciò che conta nelle trattative tra i gruppi organizzati è la capacità di mobilitare, di controllare e soprattutto di far mancare le risorse che hanno diretta rilevanza per la sopravvivenza del sistema politico territoriale.
GOVERNO, PREFERENZE, GOVERNANTI: ITALIA, 1946-76
Authors: Calise Mauro , Mannheimer Renato
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

1.1. Al voto di preferenza è toccato, nella tradizione sempre piò ricca di studi di sociologia e scienza politica in Italia, un destino piuttosto oscuro. E non solo perché tra i molti studiosi pronti a riconoscere l'importanza di questa variabile nel nostro sistema politico sono stati fino ad oggi pochissimi quelli disposti a dedicarle meticolose indagini empiriche1; ma soprattutto per il modo insoddisfacente in cui è proceduta la messa a fuoco dei contorni teorici della problematica. Si sono cioè fatti pochi passi nell'accumulazione dei dati, e spesso procedendo in direzioni diverse.
LA DECISIONE URGENTE. USI E FUNZIONI DEL DECRETO LEGGE NEL SISTEMA POLITICO ITALIANO
Authors: Morisi Massimo , Cazzola Franco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

«Governare per decreti»: uno slogan che fino a ieri interessava soltanto i pochi addetti ai lavori (giuristi, politologi, etc.), è da qualche anno a questa parte diventato di dominio pubblico, investendo attraverso i mezzi di comunicazione di massa gran parte dell'opinione pubblica1.
Sharing Accountability for Educating Children with Special Needs
Authors: Strom Robert
Published: May 2019

Who is accountable for the education of children with special needs? We can begin to find out by considering these additional questions:

How can the school improve its approach to teaching handicapped children?

What kinds of help can parents be expected to provide?

How important is the influence of nonhandicapped peers and what role is best for them?

What kinds of curriculum should the public favor in order to achieve integration?

In what ways can the government offer effective leadership and support?

When we pose these more specific concerns, some useful changes take place in our point of view. There is a shift in emphasis from who is at fault to who can be helpful, from limitations to possibilities. The resulting perspective identifies other people with whom we must work more closely in order for children to succeed.

During recent years educators have made it a practice to specify the learnings for which they are willing to be held accountable. This policy is worthwhile but insufficient. I believe that we need a more inclusive definition of accountability, one that will acknowledge and clarify the different roles and obligations for those who teach elsewhere than the classroom or whose influence on child development is indirect. Surely the helping environment for educating children with special needs must include the collaborative efforts of school faculty, parents, students and the government. Let’s consider how each of these parties are implicated in the concept of shared accountability.
Curriculum Development and Planning for Special Education
Authors: Skilbeck Malcolm
Published: May 2019

The opportunity to participate in this conference is a welcome one. It is an honour to be invited to give a lecture which commemorates the work of an outstanding educator, Des English. To have the needs of special education brought directly to the attention of the Curriculum Development Centre in this way is timely and may well give a focus and an impetus to our thus far modest efforts in this direction. It is noteworthy that the conference has provided for a number of curriculum workshops in which particular dimensions of needs can be addressed. It is important that in those workshops specific needs are related systematically to overall curriculum design and development questions. There is added reason for this in the criticism within special education of the historic tendency to define and categorise qualities and conditions of need according to narrow or highly particularised criteria instead of setting curriculum tasks within a broad framework of aims and a wide and open definition of learning situations. This is perfectly understandable in view of the history of special education and the fact that we are concerned with a particular dimension and aspects of learning. There are institutional constraints, too, which are acknowledged in the Warnock Committee’s statement:
Agencies Referring Children for Special Class Placement
Authors: Bowyer Diane L. , Constable E.
Published: May 2019

The present study investigated the sources of referral of young children placed in Junior Special Classes. It was found that more than half of the children were referred by kindergarten or classroom teachers. These results were discussed in the light of (i) overseas findings; (ii) the need for special education content in teacher training courses; and, (iii) providing practising teachers with a checklist for ascertaining which children require detailed assessment.
Computer assisted teaching: two applications in special education
Authors: Lally Mike
Published: May 2019

Nearly all applications of computer assisted instruction have utilized the conventional keyboard as the input/output device for the computer. This has a limiting effect on which areas of education can be supplemented by computerised techniques. This paper describes applications of computer assisted instruction in handwriting and number conservation using special interactive devices which have been designed for teaching these skills. In addition, it outlines evaluative studies which have demonstrated significant improvements in the skills being taught. The broader implications of this work, especially with respect to how education might best utilize computer technology, are also discussed.
Research on Special Education in New Zealand – Current State of the Art
Authors: Wilton Keri
Published: May 2019

Special education is usually defined as provisions made for children on the basis of particular and atypical physical or behavioural characteristics they have or manifest. Most current and widely used special education textbooks adopt such a definition, and Havill and Mitchell’s (1972) book — so far the only general New Zealand reference book in this area, is no exception: ‘Special education refers to the facilities, materials and teaching resources provided for children who because of exceptional physical, intellectual, emotional or social characteristics, can not receive maximum benefit from a regular school programme (Havill & Mitchell, 1972 [p.9])’; ‘….provisions brought to bear for children whose teaching needs are beyond the resources usually available in an ordinary school (Ross, 1972 [p. 17]). There is nothing wrong with defining special education in this way. Indeed the fact that a number of children have or show exceptional physical or behavioural characteristics (or can be reliably predicted to do so) is the very foundation upon which special educational provisions are planned and made. What needs equal recognition, however — and is frequently overlooked, is that such provisions will be necessary to the degree that regular classroom provisions are inadequate to accommodate children with special needs. It is possible — indeed probable, that many children are receiving special educational provisions mostly because of the inadequacies of their particular school/classroom situation and not primarily because of any special teaching needs they may have. In this sense, special educational services can be viewed as a type of “Band-Aid” facility — available when regular class provisions are inadequate for particular children because of inadequacies on the part of the teacher (i.e., in teaching ability, understanding of the special needs and learning/behavioural characteristics of the children concerned, etc.) or inadequacies in resources available to the teacher (i.e., equipment, time, etc.). The fact that it is very difficult to ascertain in any particluar case whether a child is receiving special education primarily because of characteristics he/she has or primarily because of characteristics or resources his/her teacher does not have, makes it very difficult to specify the special educational needs of such children, or to design or evaluate special educational provisions vis-a-vis the needs of the children concerned.
The Education of Children with Hearing Disabilities in New Zealand
Authors: Parsons Michael
Published: May 2019

New Zealand is actually bigger in land size than Britain but has only three million people. Outside the main centres the population is spread thinly over a relatively large area. The largest city is Auckland (Population close to 1 million people), my own city, Christchurch, has only 300,000 people. The problem in deaf education is fundamentally one of ensuring that every child, regardless of geographical location, is provided with the best possible help in all areas of development. This article represents my interpretation of how we attempted this in the past, what we are doing at the moment and what we might develop in the future.
A Study of the Characteristics of Suicide Notes in China
Authors: Li Feng , Lu Xuesong , Yip Paul S. F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Background: Suicide notes in China are rarely studied and seldom available. Aims: This study examines the characteristics of suicide note leavers and analyzes the contents of their suicide notes for the period of 2004–2016 in Pudong, Shanghai, which has more than 5.5 million inhabitants. Method: The characteristics of the note leavers ( n = 458) and those who left no notes ( n = 1949) were compared. Four major groupings of the suicide note content were identified, namely, addressees, mandates/requests, expressions, and difficulties. Results: Only 19.0% of the deceased left suicide notes and they were characterized by having no diagnosed psychiatric illnesses, being in debt, having a high education level, having made no previous suicide attempts, and having used suicide methods that required preparation. Wanting to hide their suicide information was not uncommon for these individuals (9.7%). Adolescents were likely to mention a negative interpersonal relationship with someone (27.4%). Illnesses/pain was frequently mentioned by adults (33.4%) and older people (61.5%). Limitations: Many features of suicide notes, e.g., interpersonal features of suicides, were not examined. Conclusion: Education level might be a key factor influencing the likelihood of leaving suicide notes. Most people who left suicide notes showed a negative attitude toward suicidal behavior. The myth of an afterlife should also be addressed.
Epoch‐Based Model for Stormtime Plasmapause Location
Authors: Goldstein J. , Pascuale S. , Kurth W. S.
Published: May 2019

The output of a plasmapause test particle (PTP) code is used to formulate a new epoch‐based plasmapause model. The PTP simulation is run for an ensemble of 60 storms spanning 3 September 2012 to 28 September 2017 and having peak Dst of −60 nT or less, yielding over 7 million model plasmapause locations. Events are automatically identified and epoch times calculated relative to the respective storm peaks. Epoch analysis of the simulated plasmapause is demonstrated to be an effective method to reveal the dynamical phases of plume formation and evolution. The plasmapause radius is found to be strongly correlated with positive solar wind electric field. The epoch‐binned PTP data are used to create the first analytical model of the plasmapause that explicitly includes plumes. We obtain this result by employing as basis functions our derived exact solutions for the Volland‐Stern convection potential. The analytical plasmapause model depends on epoch time, for moderate and strong storms, and is specified by three main parameters: the duskside plasmapause radius and two tuning coefficients. The epoch‐based analytical model is shown to agree to within 0.5 RE with nightside in situ plasmapause crossings by the Van Allen Probes on 17 March 2015. Compared to dayside plume crossings on 26 June 2000, the model agrees within 0.7 RE of radius and 0.8 RE azimuthal distance. This level of agreement is comparable to that achieved by the full dynamic PTP simulation.
Can Enhanced Flux Loading by High‐Speed Jets Lead to a Substorm? Multipoint Detection of the Christmas Day Substorm Onset at 08:17 UT, 2015
Authors: Nykyri K. , Bengtson M. , Angelopoulos V. , Nishimura Y. , Wing S.
Published: May 2019

This paper describes highly interesting observations of the 25 December 2015 substorm onset at 08:17 UT during northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) while magnetosheath contained several intervals of negative Bz. A unique alignment of several spacecraft near the Earth‐Sun line together with magnetohydrodynamic simulations, ground‐based magnetometer, and auroral observations allow a comprehensive timing analysis of the events leading to substorm onset. Perplexingly, prior to substorm onset Geotail measured for 26 min positive IMF Bz just upstream of the bow shock, while simultaneously MMS spacecraft measured several intervals of strong negative Bz in the dayside magnetosheath. These strong pulses of negative Bz in the magnetosheath were associated with high dynamic pressure magnetosheath jets, likely created by foreshock transients during strongly radial IMF interval. Multipoint plasma and magnetic field measurements from ARTEMIS and THEMIS spacecraft were used to determine tail reconnection time at 8:14 and location at x=−33RE. Ground‐based observations of Pi2 pulsations and auroral brightening, with observations of a dipolarization front by THEMIS spacecraft, allowed determination of substorm onset to be at ≈08:17. All MMS spacecraft detected the same magnetosheath jet structure with Bz=−25 nT at ∼08:00 while IMF was northward. Based on DMSP observations and timing analysis we propose that these jets produced magnetopause reconnection leading to final, critical flux enhancement in the midtail region, which may have triggered reconnection 12–14 min later after jet observations.
Vertical Coseismic Offsets Derived From High‐Resolution Stereogrammetric DSM Differencing: The 2013 Baluchistan, Pakistan Earthquake
Authors: Barnhart William D. , Gold Ryan D. , Shea Hannah N. , Peterson Katherine E. , Briggs Richard W. , Harbor David J.
Published: May 2019

The recent proliferation of high‐resolution (<3‐m spatial resolution) digital topography data sets opens a spectrum of geodetic applications in differential topography, including the quantification of coseismic vertical displacement fields. Most investigations of coseismic vertical displacements to date rely, in part, on preevent or postevent lidar surveys that are intractable or nonexistent in many locales. Stereogrammetric digital surface models (DSMs) derived from high‐resolution satellite optical imagery provide a new avenue for the retrieval of spatially dense vertical coseismic displacements on a global scale. In this study, we generated 2‐m resolution preseismic and postseismic DSMs from satellite optical imagery spanning the 2013 Mw7.7 Baluchistan strike‐slip earthquake that occurred on the Hoshab fault in southern Pakistan. We applied the Iterative Closest Point algorithm to the DSMs to quantify the coseismic vertical displacement field at a spatial resolution of 10–30 m and to generate 3‐D coseismic strain tensors. We found that across‐fault vertical offsets alternated between uplift and subsidence and varied between ~1 and 3 m in a nonsystematic manner along the Hoshab fault. We show that the preexisting topography and near‐fault geomorphology are variably consistent and inconsistent with the displacement kinematics of the 2013 earthquake, and we argue that these relationships highlight varied slip sense history along the Hoshab fault. Notably, topography along the southern extents of the Hoshab fault requires different surface displacement kinematics than occurred in the 2013 earthquake, suggesting that the Hoshab fault accommodates varying senses of slip (bimodal slip) through time.
Elucidating the Hidden Nonconservative Behavior of DOM in Large River‐Dominated Estuarine and Coastal Environments
Authors: Gao Lei , Gao Yongqiang , Zong Haibo , Guo Laodong
Published: May 2019

Understanding the mixing behavior and biogeochemical cycling of heterogeneous dissolved organic matter (DOM) at the land‐ocean interface has been a major challenge, especially in large river‐dominated estuarine and coastal environments with multiple and complex end‐members of riverwater and seawater. Significant correlations and thus an “apparent” conservative behavior are generally observed for the bulk DOM when plotting concentration‐salinity relationships, but the relatively small deviations from the apparent conservative behavior are difficult to be quantified. In July 2016, the flood in the Changjiang River basin caused the Changjiang Diluted Water extended widely to the western East China Sea, making it a natural laboratory to examine the river‐sea mixing behavior of riverine DOM and other optical properties. Here a new biogeochemical approach was established to elucidate their hidden nonconservative behavior in the study area. Comparisons in the bulk dissolved organic carbon and the three chromophoric DOM properties among 13 pairs of same‐salinity patches (with similar salinities but quite different distances from the river mouth) revealed that the East China Sea shelf was a significant sink for all the three chromophoric DOM properties. The Changjiang Diluted Water surface branches transporting southward tended to serve as a sink for the bulk dissolved organic carbon while the ones transporting northward were less a sink or even a source. The different removal extents of various biogeochemical constituents can also be calculated from the same‐salinity patch comparisons. Our results obtained by the new approach provide detailed magnitudes of sink or source for different DOM properties and their in situ removal/production extents, giving new insights into biogeochemical processes in large river‐dominated estuarine and coastal environments.
Dynamic and Statistical Features of Internal Solitary Waves on the Continental Slope in the Northern South China Sea Derived From Mooring Observations
Authors: Chen Liang , Zheng Quanan , Xiong Xuejun , Yuan Yeli , Xie Huarong , Guo Yanliang , Yu Long , Yun Shengjun
Published: May 2019

For investigation of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the South China Sea (SCS), most cruise observations are concentrated from Luzon Strait to Dongsha Atoll in the northeastern SCS but few on the continental slope far away from the west of Dongsha Atoll. In this study, we use 1‐year long mooring data to determine dynamic and statistical features of the ISWs on the shelf slope of the northwestern SCS. The analysis results of the mooring data reveal that the ocean internal waves on the shelf slope of the northwestern SCS have physical properties of highly nonlinear waves, which are well described by the solutions of the Korteweg‐de Vries equation. The mean nonlinear phase speeds of mode‐1 and mode‐2 ISWs are 1.38 ± 0.14 and 0.66 ± 0.12 m/s, respectively. The major direction of mode‐1 ISWs is northwestward 305° ± 21°. Strong ISW currents force the major direction of total current velocities to turn 67.5° in the upper layer and 135° in the lower layer. The monthly occurrence frequency distribution of ISWs shows a peak in July with a maximum frequency of 16.2% and a trough in March with a minimum frequency of 3.3%. Mode‐2 ISWs appear most in December, accounting for 50% of total mode‐2 ISWs. The largest mode‐2 ISW on record up today with the depressed amplitude as large as 91 m, and the elevated amplitude of 73 m was observed at mooring station. These new findings and new data are of significance to local internal wave prediction model development.
The Diversity and Complexity of Atmospheric Aerosol
Authors: Riemer Nicole , Ault Andrew
Published: May 2019

The variability in composition of individual aerosol particles and the way in which they mix in the atmosphere is complex and has significant impacts on Earth’s climate.