bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: A clinicopathological study from a tertiary care health institution
Authors: Kansakar PBS , Rodrigues G , Khan SA
Published: April 2009

Background: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is an unusual and destructive form of chronic cholecystitis and is indistinguishable from other forms of cholecystitis which makes preoperative diagnosis and surgery difficult. Objectives: To review the demographic and clinical aspects of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis; to study the possibility of preoperative diagnosis and to identify the causes for difficult surgery. Materials and methods: All cases histopathologically diagnosed as xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis over a period of six years from October 1999 to September 2005 at Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal, India were included in the study. Data of the patients was collected retro and prospectively. Results: A total of 615 patients underwent cholecystectomy out of which 33 (5.2%) were diagnosed to have xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Ultrasound abdomen showed gallbladder wall thickening in 19 (57.5%) cases and gallstones in 32 (96.9%) cases. Thirty (90.9%) underwent open cholecystectomy. Gallbladder could be removed totally in 25 (75.6%) cases whereas five (15.2%) had to undergo partial cholecystectomy and in one patient, only cholecystostomy could be performed due to dense adhesions. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 11 patients but successful only in two patients with a conversion rate of 81.8%. Postoperative wound infection was seen in five (15.1%) patients and one (3%) had minor biliary leak which was treated conservatively. Histologically, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis was associated with malignancy in one (3.03%) patient. There was no mortality. Conclusion: Clinical presentation of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis was indistinguishable from chronic cholecystitis. Ultrasonography may reveal only non specific findings of calculi and thickened gall bladder wall. Hence preoperative diagnosis is unlikely. Cholecystectomy was usually difficult owing to dense adhesions of gallbladder and Calot's triangle. Conversion rate of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is higher. Morbidity associated with surgery is significant. Key words: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, Cholecystectomy, Malignancy doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i4.1738   Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 4, Issue 24, 472-475
Association of cardiovascular events with glycosylated haemoglobin in diabetic patients
Authors: Deo RK , Karki P , Sharma SK , Acharya P
Published: April 2009

Background: In persons with diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia (assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin level) is related to the development of microvascular disease; however, the relation of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to macrovascular disease is less clear. Objective: To study the association of cardiovascular events (CVE) with glycosylated haemoglobin in diabetic patients. Design: Case control study Setting: B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan, Nepal Materials and methods: Fifty diabetic patients with recent cardiovascular events: myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke was included in the study. There were 25 patients of myocardial infarction and 25 patients of stroke. Fifty diabetic patients without cardiovascular events were taken as control. Results: After adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol at baseline, level of HbA1c was statistically significant (p = 0.017) among patients with CVE. For MI, level of HbA1c was statistically significant (p = 0.018) while for stroke, level of HbA1c was not significant (p = 0.694). Mean blood glucose also predicted CVE and MI but not stroke in this study (p values = 0.006, 0.006 and 0.670 respectively). Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose was statistically significant in CVE (p values = 0.024 and 0.019 respectively). Urine protein was statistically significant for CVE, MI and stroke (p values = 0.000, 0.032, 0.032 and OR 4.571 (95% CI: 1.963- 10.646), 2.667 (95% CI: 1.043-6.815), 2.667 (95% CI: 1.043-6.815) respectively. Limitations: Sample size was limited due to time constraint and limited resources. Cases with peripheral artery disease were not included in the study. Conclusion: Glycosylated haemoglobin is associated with cardiovascular events and myocardial infarction but not stroke. Key words: Glycosylated Haemoglobin, Cardiovascular event, Myocardial infarction, Stroke doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i4.1739   Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 4, Issue 24, 476-485
Histopathological study of solitary nodules of thyroid
Authors: Khadilkar UN , Maji P
Published: April 2009

Objective: To determine the incidence of various thyroid disorders manifesting as Solitary Thyroid Nodule and also to evaluate the histomorphology of the lesions. Materials and methods: Hundred specimens of Solitary Thyroid Nodules were studied for gross characteristics, microscopic features, age and sex incidence. Results: Of the 100 cases of Solitary Thyroid Nodules, 66% were non neoplastic and 34% were neoplastic. Among the neoplasms, 21% were malignant and 13% were benign. The age incidence ranged from 20-50 years for non neoplastic lesions and 20-40 years for neoplasms. A female preponderance was seen for both non neoplastic and neoplastic conditions. The solitary nodules involved the right side of the thyroid more commonly than the left. Involutional colloid nodule was the predominant type of solitary nodule (52%). Among the malignant neoplasms, papillary carcinoma was the commonest solitary nodule (13%). One case each of hyalinising trabecular adenoma, columnar cell variant of papillary carcinoma and medullary carcinoma unusually presenting as solitary nodules were encountered in the present study. Conclusion: Histomorphologic evaluation of Solitary Thyroid Nodules presenting without a background setting of multinodular goiter is challenging and mandatory as the diagnoses ranges from the common non neoplastic lesions like involuting nodules to the rare neoplastic conditions like medullary carcinoma. Key words: Solitary Thyroid Nodule morphology, involuting nodule, medullary carcinoma doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i4.1740   Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 4, Issue 24, 486-490
Delayed replantation: Can it be a success?
Authors: Parolia A , Kundabala M , Shetty N , Manuel ST
Published: April 2009

This case report describes delayed replantation of an avulsed maxillary central incisor in a 17-year-old male patient following an injury on fall one day earlier. Avulsed maxillary right permanent central incisor was replanted back into the socket after extra-oral root canal treatment. One year follow up showed validity of treatment, with no evidence of resorption in the replanted tooth. Key words: Replantation, Maxillary central incisor, Resorption doi: 10.3126/kumj.v6i4.1742     Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2008), Vol. 6, No. 4, Issue 24, 497-501
Partnerships in health research: Experiences from a developing country
Authors: Banjara MR
Published: April 2009

doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1755     Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 2-3
Is there a link between problem-based learning and emotional intelligence?
Authors: Evans P
Published: April 2009

A brief description of problem-based learning is given and reference is made to the difficulties in demonstrating its value in terms of ‘accumulated knowledge' with respect to the literature. The author suggests that problem-based learning may be a suitable curriculum component for developing a student's emotional intelligence. Key words: Emotional intelligence, medical undergraduate, problem-based learning      doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1756       Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 4-7
Development of medical education in Nepal
Authors: Dixit H
Published: April 2009

The first institution for training health workers started 75 years ago. Further development of teaching / learning institutions, mainly governmental started from the middle of the 20th Century. It was however with the setting up of the Institute of Medicine (IoM) under TU that training programmes for different grades of health manpower were started. The last two decades has seen an explosion of institutions involved in the training of health personnel. This is possibly because of the huge demand of human resources of health (HRH) not only in Nepal, but worldwide. Various grades of HRH are going out of the country and seeking their livelihood elsewhere. Key words: IoM, BPKIHS, PAHS, HRH doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1757       Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 8-10
Indications for labour induction and predictors for failed induction at KMCTH
Authors: Rayamajhi RT , Karki C , Shrestha N , Padhye SM
Published: April 2009

Objective: To study the incidence and indications for labour induction and study the predictors of failed induction. Materials and methods: A hospital based prospective study done over a 12 month period between 1st November 2007 to 30th October 2008. Selection criteria: Singleton pregnancies beyond 37 weeks with vertex presentation and unscarred uterus requiring induction of labour. Results: The incidence of labour induction was 19.7%. Operative delivery was 34.6% in the study group and 27.4% in those with spontaneous onset of labour. 74.07% of the induction group required operative delivery for failed induction and 25.03% for foetal distress. The predominant indication for induction was post term pregnancy (51.28%) followed by PROM (17.3%), isolated oligohydramnios (8.97%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (8.33%), maternal perception of decreased foetal movements (7.69%) and others. Failed induction was higher in nulliparas (41.2%) as compared to multiparas (23.7%). Failure rate was 53.8% when maternal age >30y and 28.2% in those < 30y. Women with normal BMI had a failure rate of 25.6% compared to 36% for overweight and 44.4% for obese women. 24.1% had failed induction when Bishop score was >5 and 40.8% when Bishop score was < 5. Between 38-41 weeks pregnancy failed induction occurred in 28-31% while it was higher at 41 weeks pregnancy. The best outcome was seen when the birth weight was 2500-2900g (22.5% failures) while 72.7% had failed induction when the birth weight was >3500g. The duration of induction was >24 hours in 42.6% of women and 48.2% were in the latent phase of labour when taken for caesarean section. Conclusion: Despite the proven benefit of induction of labour in selected cases, one must keep in mind its impact on increasing the rates of operative delivery. Strategies for developing practice guidelines may help to prevent unwarranted case selection and help to reduce the current high operative delivery rates. Key words: caesarean section rate, failed induction, induction of labour. doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1760       Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 21-25
Cytogenetic analysis of children with suspected genetic disorder
Authors: Shrestha U , Bhattacharya S , Bhatta NK , Jha CB
Published: April 2009

Objectives: To analyze chromosomes in children with suspected genetic disorder and to categorize the chromosomal basis of genetic disorder Materials and methods: Thirty children were selected from the patients attending genetic clinic, Department of Pediatrics, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences presenting with dysmorphic feature, mental retardation, short stature, congenital malformations and ambiguous genitalia with age between 0-15 years. Cytogenetic analysis was carried using standard peripheral blood lymphocyte culture method and G-banding technique in Cytogenetic laboratory of Department of Anatomy, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Results: Chromosomal disorders were identified in 33.34% (10) of children. The most common chromosomal abnormality was Down syndrome (26.67%) followed by Turner syndrome (6.67%). Conclusion: The cytogenetic analysis of children with suspected chromosomal aberration is important to uncover the contribution of chromosomal disorder in genesis of dysmorphisms, mental retardation, short stature, sexual ambiguity and congenital malformation in children and prevent further potentially unpleasant investigation being undertaken. Key words: Chromosome, suspected genetic disorder, dysmorphic feature, mental retardation, short stature, congenital malformations, ambiguous genitalia doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1763       Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 40-43
Incidence of tuberculosis in enlarged neck nodes, our experience
Authors: Maharjan M , Hirachan S , Kafle PK , Bista M , Shrestha S , Toran KC , Lakhey M
Published: April 2009

Objectives: To determine the incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in enlarged neck nodes. Materials and methods: Continuous prospective study is carried out in the department of otorhinolaryngology head & neck surgery, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, during two years, from January 2006 to January 2008. The study included a group of 155 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Each patient underwent a detail clinical Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) examination and a battery of investigations which included Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of the nodes, Montoux's test, blood Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and chest X-ray. Those patients with tubercular lymphadenitis were referred to Directly Observed Therapy System (DOTS) clinic for anti-tubercular therapy. Others with reactive lymphadenitis were treated with antibiotic and those with metastatic neck nodes were treated accordingly. Results: Of the 155 cases with enlarged neck nodes, 83 (54%) had tubercular lymphadenitis. Fifty two (33%) cases had reactive lymphadenitis and 17 (11%) cases were diagnosed with metastatic neck nodes. Fine needle aspiration cytology was found to be highly effective in the diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis with 94% accuracy. Majority of patients were otherwise healthy adults, aged between 8 - 71 years. No difference was observed between male and female in this study. Posterior triangle (PT) nodes were most commonly affected group of nodes accounting for 35 (42%) cases and preauricular region 1 (1%) case being the least commonly affected site. Fifteen (18%) cases presented with abscess formation. Only 42 (50%) cases had family history of tuberculosis but 8 (9%) patients had previous history of various forms of tuberculosis. Twelve (14%) patients had positive chest X-ray findings suggesting of concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis. All the patients were referred to DOTS clinic and were treated with category (CAT) - III anti tubercular therapy (ATT). Others with concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis were treated with CAT I regime. None of the patients required surgical treatment. Conclusion: There is high incidence of tubercular cervical lymphadenitis in patients with enlarged neck nodes in developing countries like Nepal. Involvement of cervical lymphnodes are the most commonly affected group of nodes. Therefore, it is important that otolaryngologists are aware of tuberculosis in the head and neck region. Key words: Tuberculosis, Lymph node, Fine needle aspiration cytology, Lymphadenitis    doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1766       Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 54-58
The pattern of tooth loss due to dental caries and periodontal disease among patients attending dental department (OPD), Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital (KUTH), Nepal
Authors: Upadhyaya C , Humagain M
Published: April 2009

Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the type of tooth usually associated with extraction due to caries or periodontal disease and its relation to age at which these were lost, among patients attending dental surgery outpatient clinic, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital (KUTH). Materials and methods: A total no of 626 patients (male-299 and female-327) attending at outpatient clinic, in the department of Dentistry, Dhulikhel Hospital were taken in over a period of six months. The details about the permanent teeth to be extracted regarding each tooth type, including age and sex of the patient, type of tooth extracted, cause of extraction were collected, causes other than dental caries and periodontal disease were excluded. Results: The highest proportion of extraction due to caries occurred between 21-30 years of age, while that of periodontal disease was between 51-60 years of age. More than 80% of teeth lost were from below 40 years of age group. Mandibular first molar was by far the most frequently extracted tooth due to dental caries followed by maxillary first molar. Maxillary teeth were lost more than mandibular teeth due to periodontal disease. Conclusion: Dental caries and periodontal disease are the two most important factors for extraction or removal of tooth. In this study dental caries is the major cause for loosing tooth among young group of people. Key words: dental caries, periodontal disease, extraction    doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1767       Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 59-62
A study of severity of intention of suicide in various psychiatric diagnoses
Authors: Pradhan SN , Adhikary SR
Published: April 2009

Background: Suicidal intent has been described as the seriousness or intensity of the patient's wish to terminate his or her life. Suicide has become an important public health issue throughout the world. It is important to evaluate the intentions of suicide attempts and various psychiatric diagnostic perspectives to understand the multiple dimensions of suicide. Aims: The aim of the work was to study the severity of suicidal intention among suicide attempters in different psychiatric diagnoses and different mode of attempted suicide. Materials and methods: This study was carried out in the patients, who attempted suicide, by various modes, who were admitted in the wards of KMCTH during 1st January 2007 to 30th December 2007. Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) was used in all the cases that had attempted suicide. Results: Total numbers of patients was 43. Mean SIS was 13.88. The results have shown that majority of cases were female 69.8% (n=30) and male were 30.2% (n=13).The commonest mode of suicide was poisoning 83.7% (n=36) in which moderate suicide intent was 58.3% (n=21); mild suicide intent 33.3% (n=12) and severe suicide intent 8.3% (n=3). Pesticide (organophosphorus) ingestion was the commonest mode of suicide 44.4% (n=16), followed by pharmacological drugs 33.3% (n=12). The commonest psychiatric diagnosis was depressive disorders 62.9% (n=27), in which moderate suicide intent was found to be maximum 70.4% (n=19) followed by mild suicide intent 14.8% (n=4) and severe suicide intent 14.8% (n=4). Conclusion: The increasing problem of pesticide poisoning and drug overdose demands strict legal scrutiny in the availability of common means of attempting suicide. Key words: Attempted suicide, Suicide intent scale, Organophosphorous poisoning, psychiatric diagnoses doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1768 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 63-66
Nonclassical focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver in a chronic alcoholic: A diagnostic dilemma on FNAC
Authors: Pai R , Khadilkar UN , Diaz E , Prabhu S , Gupta S
Published: April 2009

In a 49 year old male, a chronic alcoholic with hepatomegaly, a subcapsular nodular lesion was detected in the right lobe of the liver. On fine needle aspiration cytology, hepatocellular carcinoma was considered. Excision of the lesion showed features of nonclassical focal nodular hyperplasia with large cell dysplasia that caused the diagnostic dilemma on cytology. Key words: Focal nodular hyperplasia, Large cell dysplasia/atypia, Benign liver mass, Fine needle aspiration cytology doi: 10.3126/kumj.v7i1.1771 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009), Vol. 7, No. 1, Issue 25, 76-78
Advancing neurosurgery with image-guided robotics
Authors: Pandya Shawna , Motkoski Jason W. , Serrano-Almeida Cesar , Greer Alexander D. , Latour Isabelle , Sutherland Garnette R.
Published: April 2009

Robotic systems are being introduced into surgery to extend human ability. NeuroArm represents a potential change in the way surgery is performed; this is the first image-guided, MR-compatible surgical robot capable of both microsurgery and stereotaxy. This paper presents the first surgical application of neuroArm in an investigation of microsurgical performance, navigation accuracy, and Phase I clinical studies.

To evaluate microsurgical performance, 2 surgeons performed microsurgery (splenectomy, bilateral nephrectomy, and thymectomy) in a rodent model using neuroArm and conventional techniques. Two senior residents served as controls, using the conventional technique only (8 rats were used in each of the 3 treatment groups; the 2 surgeons each treated 4 rats from each group). Total surgery time, blood loss, thermal injury, vascular injury, and animal death due to surgical error were recorded and converted to an overall performance score. All values are reported as the mean ± SEM when normally distributed and as the median and interquartile range when not. Surgeons were slower using neuroArm (1047 ± 69 seconds) than with conventional microsurgical techniques (814 ± 54 seconds; p = 0.019), but overall performance was equal (neuroArm: 1110 ± 82 seconds; microsurgery: 1075 ± 136 seconds; p = 0.825). Using microsurgery, the surgeons had overall performance scores equal to those of the control resident surgeons (p = 0.141).

To evaluate navigation accuracy, the localization error of neuroArm was compared with an established system. Nanoparticles were implanted at predetermined bilateral targets in a cadaveric model (4 specimens) using image guidance. The mean localization error of neuroArm (4.35 ± 1.68 mm) proved equal to that of the conventional navigation system (10.4 ± 2.79 mm; p = 0.104). Using the conventional system, the surgeon was forced to retract the biopsy tool to correct the angle of entry in 2 of 4 trials.

To evaluate Phase I clinical integration, the role of neuroArm was progressively increased in 5 neurosurgical procedures. The impacts of neuroArm on operating room (OR) staff, hardware, software, and registration system performance were evaluated. NeuroArm was well received by OR staff and progressively integrated into patient cases, starting with draping in Case 1. In Case 2 and all subsequent cases, the robot was registered. It was used for tumor resection in Cases 3–5. Three incidents involving restrictive cable length, constrictive draping, and reregistration failure were resolved. In Case 5, the neuroArm safety system successfully mitigated a hardware failure.

NeuroArm performs as well and as accurately as conventional techniques, with demonstrated safety technology. Clinical integration was well received by OR staff, and successful tumor resection validates the surgical applicability of neuroArm.
Intraneural ganglia in the hip and pelvic region
Authors: Spinner Robert J. , Hébert-Blouin Marie-Noëlle , Trousdale Robert T. , Midha Rajiv , Russell Stephen M. , Yamauchi Tatsuya , Sasaki Syouzou , Amrami Kimberly K.
Published: April 2009

Object

The authors describe their experience in a series of cases of intraneural ganglia within the hip and pelvic regions, and explain the mechanism of formation and propagation of this pathological entity.

Methods

Five patients with 6 intraneural ganglia are presented. Four patients presented with symptomatic intraneural ganglia in the buttock and pelvis affecting the sciatic and lumbosacral plexus elements. An asymptomatic cyst affecting the opposite sciatic nerve was found on MR imaging in 1 patient. The fifth patient, previously reported on by another group, had an obturator intraneural ganglion that the authors reinterpreted.

Results

All 5 intraneural ganglia affecting the sciatic and lumbosacral plexus elements were found to have a joint connection to the posteromedial aspect of the hip joint; the obturator intraneural cyst had a joint connection to the anteromedial aspect of the hip joint. In all cases, initial review of the MR images led to their misinterpretation.

Conclusions

To the authors' knowledge, these are the first cases of intraneural ganglia demonstrated to have a connection to the hip joint. This finding at a rare site provides further evidence for the unifying articular (synovial) theory for the formation of intraneural ganglia and reveals a shared mechanism for their propagation. Furthermore, understanding the pathogenesis of these lesions provides insight into their successful treatment and their recurrence.
Schwannoma with monoclonal plasma cell infiltration
Authors: Plaut Joshua , Galloway Malcolm , Childerhouse Anna , Bradford Robert
Published: April 2009

The authors report a very rare case of a vestibular schwannoma with an infiltrate of monoclonal plasma cells. A 45-year-old woman underwent routine excision of a presumed vestibular schwannoma. Histological analysis revealed the presence of a distinct lambda light chain restricted plasma cell population within the schwannoma. The light chain restriction and polymerase chain reaction–demonstrated monoclonality of the plasma cell population suggested the co-occurrence of a plasma cell neoplasm within a schwannoma. A search for systemic disease of plasma cell origin was unremarkable. A search of the literature suggests that this is the first report of such an occurrence.
Biodegradation of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S in Seawater
Authors: Danzl Erica , Sei Kazunari , Soda Satoshi , Ike Michihiko , Fujita Masanori
Published: April 2009

A group of compounds structurally similar to bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A, BPA) are called bisphenols (BPs), and some of them can partially replace BPA in industrial applications. The production and consumption of BPs other than BPA, especially those of bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F, BPF) and bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)sulfone (bisphenol S, BPS), have increased recently, leading to their detection as contaminants in the aquatic environment. The three compounds tested 100% positive for estrus response in 1936 and concerns about their health risks have been increasing. Abundant data on degradation of bisphenols (BPs) has been published, but results for biodegradation of BPs in seawater are lacking. However, several research groups have focused on this topic recently. In this study, the biodegradation behaviors of three BPs, namely BPA, BPF and BPS, in seawater were investigated using TOC Handai (TOC, potential test) and river (sea) die-away (SDA, simulation test) methods, which are both a kind of river-die-away test. The main difference between the tests is that indigenous microcosms remain in the sampled raw seawater for the SDA experiments, but they are removed through filtration and dispersed into artificial seawater for the TOC experiments. The BPs, except for BPS, were degraded using both methods. The SDA method produced better biodegradation results than the TOC method in terms of degradation time (both lag and degradation periods). Biodegradation efficiencies were measured at 75-100% using the SDA method and 13-63% using the TOC method. BPF showed better degradation efficiency than BPA, BPF was > 92% and BPA 83% depleted according to the SDA tests. BPS degradation was not observed. As a conclusion, the biodegradability of the three BPs in seawater could be ranked as BPF > BPA >> BPS. BPF is more biodegradable than BPA in seawater and BPS is more likely to accumulate in the aquatic environment. BPS poses a lower risk to human health and to the environment than BPA or BPF but it is not amenable to biodegradation and might be persistent and become an ecological burden. Thus other degradation methods need to be found for the removal of BPS in the environment.
QSAR Analysis of 2-Amino or 2-Methyl-1-Substituted Benzimidazoles Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Podunavac-Kuzmanović Sanja O. , Cvetković Dragoljub D. , Barna Dijana J.
Published: April 2009

A set of benzimidazole derivatives were tested for their inhibitory activities against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for all the compounds. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was applied to fourteen of the abovementioned derivatives using a combination of various physicochemical, steric, electronic, and structural molecular descriptors. A multiple linear regression (MLR) procedure was used to model the relationships between molecular descriptors and the antibacterial activity of the benzimidazole derivatives. The stepwise regression method was used to derive the most significant models as a calibration model for predicting the inhibitory activity of this class of molecules. The best QSAR models were further validated by a leave one out technique as well as by the calculation of statistical parameters for the established theoretical models. To confirm the predictive power of the models, an external set of molecules was used. High agreement between experimental and predicted inhibitory values, obtained in the validation procedure, indicated the good quality of the derived QSAR models.
Bidirectionality and Compartmentation of Metabolic Fluxes Are Revealed in the Dynamics of Isotopomer Networks
Authors: Schryer David W. , Peterson Pearu , Paalme Toomas , Vendelin Marko
Published: April 2009

Isotope labeling is one of the few methods of revealing the in vivo bidirectionality and compartmentalization of metabolic fluxes within metabolic networks. We argue that a shift from steady state to dynamic isotopomer analysis is required to deal with these cellular complexities and provide a review of dynamic studies of compartmentalized energy fluxes in eukaryotic cells including cardiac muscle, plants, and astrocytes. Knowledge of complex metabolic behaviour on a molecular level is prerequisite for the intelligent design of genetically modified organisms able to realize their potential of revolutionizing food, energy, and pharmaceutical production. We describe techniques to explore the bidirectionality and compartmentalization of metabolic fluxes using information contained in the isotopic transient, and discuss the integration of kinetic models with MFA. The flux parameters of an example metabolic network were optimized to examine the compartmentalization of metabolites and and the bidirectionality of fluxes in the TCA cycle of Saccharomyces uvarum for steady-state respiratory growth.
Bis(p-allylhimachalene)dichlorodipalladium
Authors: El Firdoussi Larbi , Karim Abdellah
Published: April 2009

The title organometallic compound, potentially important synthetic intermediate, was prepared regio- and stereospecifically from b-himachalene ((4aR)-3,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-benzocycloheptene), essentiel component of cedrus atlantica oil [1].[...]
5-Isopropyl-N-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)thiobenzo-2-oxazole Acetamide
Authors: Moloney Gerard
Published: April 2009

As part of a research programme targeting novel molecules as potential anti-inflammatory agents we synthesised 3-Chloro-5-methoxy-1-benzo[b]thiophene-2-sulphonylamide base on the reported anti-inflammatory activity of the structurally related molecule 3-isopropoxy-5-methoxy-N-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide [1,2].
1-(2-Ethylmorpholino)-5-benzyloxy-3-(1-napthoyl)pyrrolopyridine
Authors: Moloney Gerard
Published: April 2009

As part of a research programme targeting novel indole-like molecules as potential cannabinoid agonists [1-4] we synthesised N-(2-ethylmorpholino)-3-bis keto(1-naphthyl) oxindole.[...]
N-(2-Ethylmorpholino)-3-bis-ketothiene
Authors: Moloney Gerard
Published: April 2009

As part of a research programme targeting novel indole-like molecules as potential cannabinoid agonists [1-4] we synthesised N-(2-ethylmorpholino)-3-bis-ketothiene.[...]
4,5-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methylbenzoyl)-1-(4-methylphenylsulfonylamido)benzene
Authors: Smirnov Sergey , Dmitriyev Artem , Lodina Irina
Published: April 2009

For this synthesis, we propose a modification of the reaction procedure described in [1].[...]
4-Hydroxy-methylen-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine
Authors: Kercher Michael , König Burkhard
Published: April 2009

A key intermediate in the synthesis of extended bipyridine ligands [1] is 4-hydroxymethylene-4-methyl-2,2-bipyridine (3), because the hydroxy group is readily converted into a variety of other chemical moieties, such as leaving or carbonyl groups.[...]
1-(Pyridin-3-yl)but-2-yn-1,4-diol
Authors: Caprio Vittorio , Jones Michael , Brimble Margaret
Published: April 2009

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
Chiral Methyl 7,8,9-Trichloro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-oxopyrido-[2,3-a]indolizine-10-carboxylates (OPIC)
Authors: Larbi Najib , Daoudi Maria , Sam Najat , Mimouni Mostafa , Elkadiri Sghir , Ben-Hadda Taibi
Published: April 2009

The 3,3'-dihydoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine acid 1 used for the preparation of diastereoisomeric compounds 2a-b has been obtained by described method of Blau [1].[...]
2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)ethylene-1,1,2-tricarbonitrile
Authors: Asiri Abdullah
Published: April 2009

2-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)ethylene-1,1,2-tricarbonitrile (2), was prepared from (1,3-benzodioxol- 5-ylmethylene)malononitrile (1) and sodium cyanide, followed by oxidation using bromine [1,2].[...]
1-(Phenanthrolo[5,6-d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-(acenaphthro[4,5-d]imidazol-2-yl)benzene
Authors: Chao Hui , Jiang Cai-Wu , Zhang Hao , Ji Liang-Nian
Published: April 2009

2-(3-formylphenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline was prepared by a previously published method [1].[...]
Ethyl 3-Chloropyrazine-2-carboxylate
Authors: Haider Norbert
Published: April 2009

Free-radical alkoxycarbonylation of protonated pi-deficient hetarenes is a useful method for the introduction of ester functionalities into such systems [1], especially when the reaction is carried out in a two-phase solvent system in order to suppress polysubstitution [2].[...]
3(2,4-Dinitrobenzyl)-2,4-pentanedione
Authors: Zieg Harald , Pitsch Wolfgang , Koenig Burkhard
Published: April 2009

Substituted pentanediones are widely used as ligands for metal complexes.[...]
2-[2-[2-Bromo-4-methoxy-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-1-oxoethyl]-2-[4-(1-methylethoxy)phenylmethyl]propanedioic Acid Dimethyl Ester
Authors: Treu Matthias , Jordis Ulrich
Published: April 2009

To a suspension of NaH (685 mg, 15.7 mmol, 55% in oil, purified by trituration with dry petroleum ether (3 x 30 mL)) in dry THF (30 mL) [[4-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]methyl]propanedioic acid dimethyl ester [1] (4.00 g, 14.3 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) was added at 0 °C and stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature.[...]
Methyl 8-Acetyl-labdanolate (-)-(3S)-5-((1R,2R,4aS,8aS)-2-Acetoxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyldecahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-3- methylpentanoic Acid Methyl Ester
Authors: Castro Juan , Salido Sofia , Altarejos Joaquin , Nogueras Manuel , Sanchez Adolfo
Published: April 2009

Acetic anhydride (0.53 mL, 5.61 mmol) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (17 mg, 0.14 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of the alcohol 1 (442 mg, 1.31 mmol) in freshly distilled triethylamine (1.3 mL) [1].[...]
8a-Formyloxy-14,15-dinorlabdan-13-one [(-)-4-((1R,2R,4aS,8aS)-2-Formyloxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyldecahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-2-butanone]
Authors: Castro Juan , Salido Sofia , Altarejos Joaquin , Nogueras Manuel , Sanchez Adolfo
Published: April 2009

To a stirred solution of a mixture of E/Z isomers 1 (81 mg, 0.22 mmol, 45:55 ratio) in acetone (5 mL) was added a mixture of KMnO4 (122 mg, 0.77 mmol) and anhydrous MgSO4 (120 mg) at 10 ºC [1].[...]
8,12-Dibenzyl-4,16-dimethyl-1,3,8,12,17,18-hexaazatricyclo[12.2.1.13,6]octadeca-4,6(18), 14(17), 15-tetraene
Authors: Berhili Farid , Touzani Rachid , Ramdani Abdelkrim , El Kadiri Sghir
Published: April 2009

A suspension of sodium carbonate (12 g, 120 mmol) in acetonitrile (250 mL) was refluxed under magnetic stirring, then a solution of bis-(3-chloromethyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)methane (1) (2 g, 7 mmol) [1, 2] and diamine 2 (1.68 g , 7 mmol) in acetonitrile (50 mL) was added dropwise.[...]
3-Phenyl-5-[1-(phenylsulphonyl)-pent-4-yn]-1,2,4-triazine and 3-Phenyl-5-[1-(phenylsulphonyl)-hex-5-yn]-1,2,4-triazine
Authors: Branowska Danuta , Ostrowski Stanislaw , Rykowski Andrzej
Published: April 2009

As part of ongoing research programme we synthesised the title compounds as valuable intermediates for intramolecular cycloaddition reactions, leading to biologically active heterocycles.[...]
(±)-1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butanol
Authors: Plourde Guy
Published: April 2009

The discussion and purpose for the synthesis of this compound has been reported elsewhere [1].[...]
Trimethyl 4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6-oxo-1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylate
Authors: Stoyanov Edmont
Published: April 2009

Aromatic aldehydes react with dimethyl acetonedicarboxylate in molar ratio 1:2 with spontaneous intramolecular Michael addition to give polysubstituted cyclohexanones [1].[...]
3b-O-trans-Ferulyl-2a,19a-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic Acid, A ew Pentacyclic Triterpene Ester from Rubus aleaefolius, Which Inhibits Mammalian Cell Cycle at G2/M phase
Authors: Zhao Qing-Chun , Cui Cheng-Bin , Cai Bing , Yao Xin-Sheng , Osada Hiroyouki
Published: April 2009

Continuing our studies on bioactive constituents of Rubus aleaefolius Poir. (family Rosacae) [1,2], we report here a new pentacyclic triterpene ester, 3b-O-trans-ferulyl-2a,19a-dihydroxy-urs-12-en- 28-oic acid (1) from Rubus aleaefolius Poir., which inhibits mammalian cell cycle at G2/M phase.[...]
3-Benzoylacrylonitrile [(E)-4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenenitrile]
Authors: Thiemann Thies , Watanabe Masataka
Published: April 2009

3-Benzoylacrylonitrile (3) has been prepared previously. Its preparations [1-4] however, are usually multistep reactions, and most of the sequences necessitate the use of KCN.[...]
(R,S)-Benzyl 5-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate
Authors: Martyn Derek , Abell Andrew
Published: April 2009

A stirred solution of the pyrrole benzyl ester 1 [1] (1.20 g, 5.23 mmol, 1 equiv) in dry tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) under an inert atmosphere was cooled to -23°C (dry ice/carbon tetrachloride).[...]
2-Ethyl 4-methyl 5-amino-3-methylthiophene-2,4-dicarboxylate
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed
Published: April 2009

To a mixture contaning ethyl acetoacetate (13.02 g, 0.1 mol), methyl cyanoacetate (3.21 g, 0.1 mol) and sulfur (3.21 g, 0.1 mol) in ethanol ( 20 ml), morpholine (10 ml) was added dropwise over a period of 30 minutes at 35°C.[...]
1-[5-Acetyl-4-(2-furyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3-pyridinyl]-1-ethanone
Authors: Younessi Aryan , Krapivin Gennady
Published: April 2009

1,4-Dihydropyridines are of interest because some of them exhibit various kinds of pharmaceutical activity [1-3].[...]
6-[5-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-isophthalate]-amido-6-deoxy-b-cyclodextrine
Authors: Graf Thorsten , Koenig Burkhard
Published: April 2009

6-Amino-6-deoxy-b-cyclodextrine (1) was prepared according to the literature [1,2] in a three step synthesis.[...]
Synthesis of 2-({[4-(4-{[(E)-1-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methylidene]amino}phenoxy)phenyl]imino}methyl)- 6 -methoxy phenol
Authors: Jarrahpour A. , Zarei M.
Published: April 2009

A mixture of 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether 1 (1.00 g, 5.00 mmol), o-vanillin 2 (1.52 g, 10.00 mmol) in methanol (40.00 mL) was stirred at room temperature for one hour to give an orange precipitate. [...]
Synthesis of a novel Schiff base {3,4-Bis[(2-Hydroxy-benzylidene) amino] phenyl} phenyl methanone
Authors: Jarrahpour A. , Zarei M.
Published: April 2009

A mixture of (3,4-diaminophenyl) phenyl methanone 1 (2.12 g, 10.00 mmol), 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2 (2.44 g, 20.00 mmol) and sodium sulfate (5.00 g) in dry dichloromethane (50.00 ml) was stirred at room temperature for five hours.[...]
2-[6-methyl-3-(2-(4-methylphenyl)-2-oxoethylidene)-1,4-dihydro- quinoxaline-2(1H)-ylidene]-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone
Authors: El Kodadi Mohamed , Malek Fouad , Touzani Rachid , Zidane Ismail , Bouabdallah Ibrahim , Ramdani Abdelkrim
Published: April 2009

The product 3 was prepared by the condensation of dienone 2 [1] (1g, 3.1 mmol) with 3,4-diaminotoluene 1 (0.38 g, 3.1 mmol) by refluxing an ethanol (50 mL) solution for 1 h.[...]
Synthesis of novel Schiff base N-[(E)-1-(1H-indole-3-yl)methylidene]-N-[4-(4-{[(E)-1-(1H-indol-3-yl)methylidene]amino} phenoxy)phenyl] amine
Authors: Jarrahpour A. , Zarei M.
Published: April 2009

A mixture of 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether 1 (2.00 g, 10.00 mmol), indole-3-carboxaldehyde 2 (2.90 g, 20.00 mmol) in absolute ethanol (50.00 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours.[...]
5-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)-1,3-diethyl-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione
Authors: Asiri Abdullah , Alamry Khaled
Published: April 2009

5-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)-1,3-diethyl-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione 3 was prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of 3,4di-methoxybenzaldehyde 1 and N,N-diethylthiobarbituric acid 2 in ethanol using piperidine as a base [1,2].[...]
Synthesis of (2-Chloropyridine-3-yl)-(4-nitrobenzylidene) amine and its antibacterial activity
Authors: Jarrahpour A. , Motamedifar M. , Mousavipour H. , Hadi N. , Zarei M.
Published: April 2009

Schiff bases are reported to show a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial [1,2,3], antifungal [4,5], anticancer [6,7] and herbicidal [8] activities.[...]
1-(4-{[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl] amino} phenyl) ethanone
Authors: El Kodadi Mohamed , Malek Fouad , Ramdani Abdelkrim
Published: April 2009

A mixture of (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methanol 1 [1] (1.86 g, 14.8 mmol) and 4-amino-acetophenone 2 (1g, 7.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (50 mL) was stirred in a closed vessel at room temperature for 6 days [2,3,4].[...]
3,3’-Bis(N,N-dimethylamino)-5,5’-bi-1,2,4-triazine and 6,6’-dibromo-3,3’-bis(N,N-dimethylamino)-5,5’-bi-1,2,4-triazine
Authors: Branowska Danuta , Iwańska Beata , Rykowski Andrzej
Published: April 2009

Continuing our study on the application of 1,2,4-triazines in organic synthesis [1] we prepared the title compounds as valuable intermediates for metalation reactions leading to functionalized 5,5’-bi-1,2,4-triazines [2].[...]
Synthesis of 2-methoxy-6-(pyrazin-2-ylimino methyl) phenol and its antibacterial activitity
Authors: Jarrahpour A. , Motamedifar M. , Hadi N. , Zarei M.
Published: April 2009

Pyrazines are found in such heated foods as bread, different meats, baked potatoes and coffee [1], which are formed from serine and thereonine [2].[...]
2’-(3’’,4’’-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-imidazo[4’,5’-f]-2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
Authors: Tan Li-Feng , Chao Hui , Wang Xiang-Li , Ji Liang-Nian
Published: April 2009

2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione was synthesized by the procedure for the preparation of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione [1].[...]
Synthesis of novel azo Schiff base bis[5-(4-methoxyphenylazo)-2-hydroxy -3-methoxy benzaldehyde]-1,2-phenylene diimine
Authors: Jarrahpour A. , Zarei M.
Published: April 2009

Schiff bases are a class of important compounds in medicinal and pharmaceutical field.[...]
2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl 4-methylbenzoate
Authors: Kovács Lajos , Forgó Péter , Kele Zoltán
Published: April 2009

In our previous work we have demonstrated the utility of the 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl (β,β,β-trichloro-tert-butyl, Tcb) group for the protection of carboxylic acids [1].[...]
2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate
Authors: Kovács Lajos , Forgó Péter , Kele Zoltán , Klement Éva
Published: April 2009

In our previous work we have demonstrated the utility of the 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl (b,b,b-trichloro-tert-butyl, Tcb) group for the protection of carboxylic acids [1].[...]
3-methyl-1-[3-(3-methyl-2-oxobutylidene)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-quinoxalin-2-ylidene]butan-2-one.
Authors: Bouabdallah Ibrahim , Zidane Ismail , Touzani Rachid , Malek Fouad , El Kodadi Mohamed , Ramdani Abdelkrim
Published: April 2009

To a solution of 3,8-dihydroxy-2,9-dimethyl deca-3,7-diene-5,6-dione 2 [1] (452 g, 2 mmol) in absolute ethanol (15 mL) was added the 4-methylorthophenylenediamine 1 (244 mg, 2 mmol) and the mixture was refluxed for 90 min [2].[...]
3-methyl-1-[3-(3-methyl-2-oxobutylidene)-1,4-dihydro-6-nitro-quinoxalin-2-ylidene]butan-2-one.
Authors: Bouabdallah Ibrahim , Zidane Ismail , Touzani Rachid , Malek Fouad , El Kodadi Mohamed , Ramdani Abdelkrim
Published: April 2009

To a solution of 3,8-dihydroxy-2,9-dimethyl deca-3,7-diene-5,6-dione 2 [1] (1.278 g, 5.6 mmol) in absolute ethanol (20 mL) was added the 4-nitro-orthophenylenediamine 1 (0.865 g, 5.6 mmol) and the mixture was refluxed for 2 hours [2].[...]
(E)-6-(2,2,3-Trimethyl-cyclopent-3-enyl)-hex-4-en-3-one
Authors: Badía Concepción , Castro Juan , Linares-Palomino Pablo , Salido Sofía , Altarejos Joaquín , Nogueras Manuel , Sánchez Adolfo
Published: April 2009

Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate (2) (727 mg, 4.53 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of NaH (184 mg, 4.60 mmol) in dioxane (25 mL).[...]
1-Benzyloxymethyl-2,2,4,4-tetrachloro-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one
Authors: Kreiselmeier Günter , Föhlisch Baldur
Published: April 2009

A mixture of 2-benzyloxymethylfuran[1] (1.88 g, 10 mmol) and pentachloroacetone[2] (2.30 g, 10 mmol) was cooled in an ice bath.[...]
5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-6-(2,2,3-trimethyl-cyclopent-3-enyl)-hexanoic acid ethyl ester
Authors: Pérez-Bonilla Mercedes , Castro Juan , Linares-Palomino Pablo J. , Salido Sofía , Altarejos Joaquín , Nogueras Manuel , Sánchez Adolfo
Published: April 2009

Sodium (241 mg, 10.48 mmol) was added to absolute ethanol (40 mL) and the mixture refluxed until sodium reacted completely.
Synthesis of 4-tert-butyl-2-(thiomorpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenol, and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-bis(thiomorpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenol
Authors: Velázquez A. Ma. , Torres L. , Gonzále R. , Martínez I. , Valencia A. , Pecin A. , Torres L. , Mencon I. , Martínez L. , Ramírez A. , Hernández R. , López-Castañares R. , Olvera-Neria O. , Angeles E.
Published: April 2009

4-tert-butyl-2-(thiomorpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenol (2) and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-bis(thiomorpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenol (3) were prepared from 4-tert-butylphenol (1) and thiomorpholine and formaldehyde (37%) in methanol as solvent.[...]
Synthesis of Phenylhydrazone of 5-Acetyl-3-(Methylsulfanyl)-1,2,4-Triazine and 3-Methyl-5-(Methylsulfanyl)-1-Phenyl-1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]Triazine from Pivotal Intermediate
Authors: Mojzych Mariusz
Published: April 2009

As part of ongoing research programme on bicyclic heterocycles [1,2,3,4] we have elaborated a new approach to 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazine derivative 3 and its synthetic precursor 2 by reaction of oxime 5-acetyl-3-(methylsulfanyl)-1,2,4-triazine (1) with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride under different reaction conditions.[...]
(2endo)-2-Chloro-1,4,4-trimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one
Authors: Oexle Jutta , Buchinger Michael , Föhlisch Baldur
Published: April 2009

(2endo)-2-Chloro-1,4,4-trimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (2) is synthesized via [4+3] cycloaddition of an oxyallyl intermediate generated from 1,3-dichloro-3-methylbutan-2-one with lithium perchlorate / diethylether / triethylamine.[...]
(2endo)-2-Chloro-4,4-dimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (2) and (2endo)-2-chloro-1,4,4-trimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (3) via [4+3] cycloaddition of an oxyallyl intermediate generated from 1,3-dichloro-3-methylbutan-2-one in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
Authors: Kreiselmeier Günter , Menner Stefan , Föhlisch Baldur
Published: April 2009

We report the synthesis of (2endo)-2-Chloro-4,4-dimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (2) and (2endo)-2-chloro-1,4,4-trimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (3) via [4+3] cycloaddition of an oxyallyl intermediate generated from 1,3-dichloro-3-methylbutan-2-one in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Compound 3 was described in the Molbank paper M405.[...]
3-(2,5-Dibutoxy-4-iodo-phenylethynyl)-[1,10]-phenanthroline
Authors: Habibi Davood
Published: April 2009

The experimental procedure follows a protocol developed by Sonogashira [1].[...]
Synthesis of methyl N'-[1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-N-phenylimidothiocarbamate
Authors: Haikal Abdelfattah , Zohdi Hussein F.
Published: April 2009

The desired compound 2 was obtained by complete deacetylation of compound 1 [1] using triethylamine [2].[...]