bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biopharmaceutical and Preclinical Studies of Zaleplon as Semisolid Dispersions with Self-emulsifying Lipid Surfactants for Oral Delivery
Authors: Dudhipala Narendar , Narala Arjun , Suram Dinesh , Yadav Janga Karthik
Published: August 2020

The objective of this present study is to develop a semisolid dispersion (SSD) of zaleplon with the aid of self-emulsifying lipid based amphiphilic carriers (TPGS E or Gelucire 44/14) addressing the poor solubility of this drug. A linear relationship between the solubility of drug with respect to increase in the concentration of lipid surfactant in aqueous medium resulting in AL type phase diagram was observed from phase solubility studies. Fusion method was employed to obtain semisolid dispersions (SSD) of zaleplon which showed high content uniformity of drug. The absence of chemical interactions between the pure drug, excipients and formulations were conferred by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopic examinations. The photographic images from polarized optical microscopic studies revealed the change in crystalline form of drug to amorphous or molecular state. The superior dissolution parameters of zaleplon from SSD over pure crystalline drug interpreted from in vitro dissolution studies envisage the ability of these lipid surfactants as solubility enhancers. Further, the caliber of TPGS E or Gelucire 44/14 in encouraging the GI absorption of drug was evident with the higher human effective permeability coefficient and fraction oral dose of drug absorbed from SSD in situ intestinal permeation study. In conclusion, in vivo studies in Wister rats demonstrated an improvement in the oral bioavailability of zaleplon from SSD over control pure drug suspension suggesting the competence of Gelucire 44/14 and TPGS E as conscientious carriers to augment the dissolution rate limited bioavailability of this active
Development and Optimization of Atorvastatin Calcium-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexed Orally-Disintegrating Tablets with Enhanced Pharmacokinetic and Pharmaco-dynamic Profile
Authors: Chinna Reddy Palem , Dudhipala Narendar Reddy , Goda Satyanarayana , B. Pokharkar Varsha
Published: August 2020

The content of the investigation was to study the influence of hydroxy propyl-b-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) complexed oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs) on enhancement of solubility, dissolution rate, pharmacodynamic activity and bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium (AT) by central composite design. Based on preliminary phase solubility studies, solubility was linearly increased and followed AL-type profile. Solid complexes were prepared by physical mixing, kneading, freeze and spray drying methods. Spray-dried product showed higher solubility and dissolution rate than other complexes. Amount of drug (X1), amount of HPβCD (X2) and amount of supradisintegrant (X3) as independent and solubility (Y1), disintegration time (Y2) and percent drug release in 15 min (Q15, Y3) as dependent responses. Drug- HPβCD complex formation was confirmed by FTIR, DSC and XRD. AT-HPβCD ODTs were developed and evaluated for physico-chemical properties, stability and dissolution rate. Further, in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in rat model. The statistically optimized formulation showed 0.817 ± 0.06 mg/ml of solubility, 54 ± 2 sec of DT and 69 ± 2.4 % of Q15. The physical stability was studied for 6 months. No significant changes were detected in dissolution profile and drug content of tablets after 6 months during the stability studies. The in vivo studies of spray dried complexed tablets compared to AT in rats revealed that 3.3-folds improvement in oral bioavailability and there was significant reduction (p<0.01) in cholesterol and triglyceride levels and significant improvement (p<0.01) in HDL level. The results conclusively demonstrated that the AT-HPbCD-ODT could be prepared with improved solubility and hypolipidemic activity by using central composite design.
Development of Agglomerated Crystals of Irbesartan by Spherical Crystallization Technique for Enhancing the Micromeritic and Solubility Property
Authors: Kotta Kranthi Kumar , Sharma Pankaj Kumar , Srinivas L.
Published: August 2020

Irbesartan is practically insoluble in water. The aim of the present study is to increase the solubility of irbesartan by spherical crystallization method and formulate it into oral tablets. Three different solvents such as N, N dimethyl formamide, chloroform, and water were selected. Spherical crystals were prepared by using β-cyclodextrin andHP-β-cyclodextrin in various ratios by quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method. Spherical agglomerates are prepared and converted into oral dispersible tablets by direct compression technique. Various super disintegrating agents such as SSG, Croscarmalose and crospovidone F36 of 1:3 ratios were utilized and results suggest high dissolution efficiency of 98%. Analysis of variance showed a significance of p<0.05, which indicates the importance of co-processing parameters variability within the specified limits
Design and Evaluation of Cellulose-Alginate Nanoparticles as an Effective Delivery System for Controlled Release of Doxorubicin
Authors: Nagaraj S. , Siva Samraj R. , Abdul Rahman M. Shiek , Sasikumar P.
Published: August 2020

The main purpose of the present study was to synthesize cellulose nanoparticles with gelation of alginate core to provide excellent solubility in aqueous solution and to and characterize the resulting nanomedicine after loading with Doxorubicin, an anticancer agent. Cellulose exhibits the property of biodegradation and compatibility with body tissues and in combination with doxorubicin provides toxicity to cancer tissues. These nanoparticles were characterized under scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to find topology, crystal structure and chemical purity of nanoparticles. The release of doxorubicin from cellulose-alginate nanoparticles was studied by in vitro method using a dialysis membrane in the presence of phosphate buffer. Under suitable conditions, the cellulose-alginate nanoparticles obtained were in size ranging between 10 and 100 nm. The in vitro drug release revealed the controlled release of drug from the polymer in a sustained manner. The percentage release of drug released from the dialysis bag was found to be 78% at the end of 72 hours.
In Silico Study of Novel Fluoroquinolones as Inhibitors of Topoisomerase IV of Acinetobacter Baumannii
Authors: Sabbagh Ghalia , Murad Thanna
Published: August 2020

New antibacterial agents needed to treat drug resistant infections. In this study, an effective novel flouroquinolones (FQ) against Acinetobacter baumannii(A. baumannii) were identified by the in silico  analysis using iGemDock v2.1 tool, where the structure of Topoisomerase IV (Topo IV) was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The structures of (FQ) compounds were selected from literature survey of 400 novel synthesized compounds and they were obeyed for filtration of each compound for drug-relevant properties based on “Lipinski’s rule of five. Finally a total of 150 (FQ) were docked against the enzyme PDB ID-2XKK. From this study, it was found that the compound  (1)[7-{4-[(2E)-2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-2-(methoxyimino)ethyl] piperazin-1-yl}-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid]and the compound (2) [1-ethyl-7-{4-[(2-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-3-fluoropiperazin-1-yl}-4-oxo-1,4- dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid] showed the best interaction value against 2XKK enzyme, the  binding energy was (-105.61 kcal/mol),(-102.58 kcal/mol) respectively, whereas the reference moxifloxacin was (-79. 33 kcal/mol). These results lead to recognize novel (FQ)s against (A. baumannii) and further in vitro studiesare needed to confirm these compounds.
Design and Development of Microparticulate Drug Delivery System of Hydrochlorothiazide
Authors: Sakhare S.S. , Mali A.K.
Published: August 2020

Microparticles open up new vistas of research in the development of novel drug delivery systems. Microparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles with size range of 1-1000 µm.  Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), diuretic drug, is practically insoluble in water and has a solubility of 250µg/mL in 0.1 N HCl (25 °C). Presently, the improvement of drug solubility is one of the most challenging fields in pharmaceutical development, therefore, we choose hydrochlorothiazide for the micro-particulate drug delivery. Microparticles of hydrochlorothiazide were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. The prepared microparticles were evaluated for various properties. Particle size determination of microparticles by optical microscopy showed uniform size distribution. The in vitro dissolution studies of hydrochlorothiazide microparticles showed better release effect (99.45%) over a period of 60 min as compared to pure drug. Thus a successful attempt was made to formulate microparticles of this BCS class II drug which resulted in increase in dissolution properties of hydrochlorothiazide microparticles.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Guaiphenesin
Authors: Basarkar Ganesh D. , Shah Ketan H. , Sonawane Madhuri B.
Published: August 2020

In this study we sought to formulate and evaluate sustained release matrix tablet of guaiphenesin by melt granulation technology. The sustained release tablets were prepared by melt granulation technique using rice bran wax as a drug retardant and dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP) as a channelling agent. Guaiphenesin is an expectorant and has a short plasma half-life of one hour. Because of high frequency of administration and short biological half-life, guaiphenesin was considered as model drug. Sustained release formulation that would maintain plasma levels for 12 hours is sufficient for twice daily dosing of guaiphenesin. The compatibility of drug and wax was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of waxes at different (drug: wax) concentrations on the release profile of drug from matrix formulation were studied. Drug release was studied at pH 1.2 for 2 hour and pH 6.8 for 10 hours. A significant retardation in the drug release was observed by increasing the wax concentration. The drug release study revealed that wax concentration of 30% to be optimum. Dissolution study showed 99% drug release within 12 hrs. Kinetic modelling of in vitro dissolution profiles revealed the drug release mechanism ranges from diffusion controlled or Fickian transport to anomalous type or non-Fickian transport. These results suggest that the rice bran wax has good release retardant property for highly water-soluble drug such as guaiphenesin.
Development and Evaluation of Controlled Release Mucoadhesive Tablets of Captopril
Authors: Kotta Kranthi Kumar , Srinivas L.
Published: August 2020

The present investigation focuses on the development of mucoadhesive tablets of captopril which are designed to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration. Matrix tablets of captopril were formulated using four mucoadhesive polymers namely guar gum, xanthan gum, HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M and studied for parameters such as weight variation, thickness, hardness, content uniformity, swelling index, mucoadhesive force and in vitro drug release. Tablets formulated Xanthan gum or HPMC K4M with HPMC K15M provide slow release of captopril over period of 12 hr and were found suitable for maintenance portion of oral controlled release tablets. The cumulative % of drug release of formulation F9 and F10 were 90 and 92, respectively. In vitro release from these tablets was diffusion controlled and followed zero order kinetics. The ‘n’ values obtained from the pappas-karsemeyer equation suggested that all the formulation showed drug release by non-fickian diffusion mechanism. Tablets formulated Xanthan gum or HPMC K4M with HPMC K15M (1:1) were established to be the optimum formulation with optimum bioadhesive force, swelling index & desired invitro drug release. This product was further subjected to stability study, the results of which indicated no significant change with respect to Adhesive strength and in vitro drug release study.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy
Authors: Reddy D. Samba , Clossen Bryan , Medi Harika
Published: August 2020

Epilepsy affects millions of people worldwide. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Neuronal damage and inflammation are suggested to play a central role in the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis and chronic epilepsy. There is increasing evidence that excessive inflammatory actions of the neuroimmune system may contribute to the development of epilepsy following a variety of precipitating conditions, including brain injury, prolonged seizure events or status epilepticus, brain infections, stroke, and neurotoxicity. This review describes the current status of neuroinflammation in epilepsy and the therapeutic promise of targeting the brain immune system for chronic blockade of inflammation as an effective approach for preventing the onset of epilepsy and related hyperexcitability conditions. The inflammatory reaction is mediated by microglia, astrocytes, and other brain immune cells. It is well established that proinflammatory cytokines, interleukins, and related factors are critically involved in processes linked to epileptogenesis. Consequently, a variety of targeted therapeutic approaches have been tested in experimental models of epilepsy.  There are many promising pharmacological strategies for targeted modulation of neuroinflammation including microglia inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, prostaglandin receptor antagonists, and interleukin inhibitors. Overall, current reports suggest that many key outcome parameters of hyperexcitability, epileptogenesis, and neuroprotection have been successfully inhibited by specific blockade of proinflammatory signaling in the brain
Development and Appraisal of Mucoadhesive Tablets of Hydralazine using Isolated Mucilage of Annona Squamosa Seeds
Authors: Singh Sudarshan , Santoki R.
Published: August 2020

Bioadhesive materials are agents which adhere to the mucous membrane due to specific properties and release the drug at the site of action in a controlled fashion. Since the biodegradability of the synthetic polymer is at some instance hesitant. In this exploration, a bioadhesive polymer has been developed which was isolated from seeds of Annona squamosa (L.) Burm. fruit. The buccal bioadhesive tablet was prepared using Hydralazine and A. squamosa mucilage as bioadhesive polymer. The prepared tablets were evaluated against existing bioadhesive polymer like Carbopol 934 P and Polycarbophil. From the FTIR spectra it was found that mucilage contains functional group such as –OH, –NH confirmed that mucilage can probably form hydrogen bond with mucin which is required for the bioadhesion. Further FTIR Spectra reveled that there was no interaction between polymer and drug Hydralazine. Swelling index of A. squamosa mucilage was found to be 23 ± 1.4 (%) which was privileged than Polycarbophil but significantly lesser than Carbopol 934 P 22 ± 0.3 and 27 ± 1.6 (%) respectively. The outcome showed that force of adhesion of A. squamosa mucilage found to be 0.21 ± 0.08 N which was higher than Polycarbophil but lower than Carbopol 934 P having Force of adhesion 0.29 ± 0.02 N and 0.25 ± 0.06 respectively. The Ex-vivo Residence time and in-vitro drug release of optimize batch F2 found to be 6.8 h and 97 ± 0.4%. Drug permeation through buccal mucosa found to be 89 ± 0.16 % at the end of 10 hr. Overall study concluded that the mucilage of A. squamosa can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in oral bioadhesive drug delivery systems
Process Validation of Lyophilized Formulation of the Anticancer Drug Topotecan
Authors: Joseph Lincy , George Mathew , Chandran Rajimol T. , Jain Saurabh Kumar
Published: August 2020

Sterile pharmaceutical products are produced under strict compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMP).  The purpose of process validation is to provide documented evidence that the pharmaceutical system that is capable of continuously supplying the clean and conditioned air with the specified quality attributes and establish its dependability of cytosterile injection facility. Topotecan (Hycamtin) is an anticancer agent that is a topoisomerase inhibitor. It is a synthetic, water-soluble analog of the natural chemical compound camptothecin. This work is aimed to establish documentary evidence to demonstrate the anticancer drug topotecan hydrochloride process validation, under defined set of operating conditions are capable of producing the finished product as per the finished product specifications. The data generated were checked, compiled, and critically reviewed based on the final results. It has been observed that all the critical process parameters and analytical results for process validation batch are well within the limits and correlated with the expected compliance parameters
Comparative Bioavailability of Cefuroxime Axetil from Tablets and Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems in Rats
Authors: Puttachari Satish , Kalyane Navanath. V. , Duttagupta Sarbani
Published: August 2020

Cefuroxime axetil has poor bioavailability due to low solubility. This can be surmounted by preparing the drug by self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). In this study the bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil from SMEDDS and tablets was evaluated in Wistar rats. The optimized SMEDDS formulation was prepared using Labrasol®, Gelucire® 44/14 and Lutrol®E400. The formulation was evaluated for micro-emulsification properties and percent in-vitro dissolution. The HPLC method was developed and optimized to estimate the drug content in the plasma. The method was clearly separating the cefuroxime A and B polymorphs and LOD and LOQ values are satisfactory. Rats were randomized in to two groups - one group of animals were administered with SMEDDS and another with tablet formulation. At frequent intervals the blood samples were withdrawn and analysed for drug content. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using PK Solve software. The calculated bioavailability and tmax from SMEDDS was 1687.06 μg/ mL.min and 50 min, respectively, whereas for tablet it was  1219.803 μg/mL.min and 62 minutes, respectively. The bioavailability of SMEDDS formulation was 1.5 times more than the marketed formulation, indicating a significant improvement in oral bioavailability. In conclusion, this study confirms that the SMEDDS formulation is a viable strategy for enhancing the oral bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil
Current Progress in the Formulation and Taste-Masking Technologies for Mouth Dissolving Tablets
Authors: A V Misal , Godage G R , Belge S. A
Published: August 2020

Within the past one decade, mouth dissolving or fast disintegrating tablet technology has received ever-increasing demand. Mouth dissolving or fast disintegrating tablet can be defined as a solid dosage form that can disintegrate or dissolved within half-minute in the oral cavity resulting in a solution or suspension without administration of water.  Mouth dissolving tablet have been formulated for pediatric, geriatric, bedridden patient or mentally ill patient and may not have access to water. Patient incompliance occurs due to bitterness of formulation. So masking the bitterness become in dispensable. To surmount this problem, several newer techniques have been developed to mask the bitter taste. Such techniques are not only masked the bitter taste but also improved the bioavailability and performance of the drug formulation. This review article focus on taste-masking techniques, conventional and advanced technologies for fast disintegrating tablet. This article also describes the properties, advantages of mouth dissolving tablets and the need for developing a better mouth dissolving tablet.
Marine Streptomyces-derived Antibacterial Compound [2, 4-Dichloro-5-sulfamoyl benzoic acid] for MRSA and VRE Strains
Authors: K. Kannabiran , Rajan Benita Mercy
Published: August 2020

The aim of the present study was to predict the interaction of 4-dichloro-5-sulfamoyl benzoic acid (DSBA) derived from Streptomyces sp. VITBRK3 with the drug target enzymes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) strains procured from ATCC. Two proteins dihydropteroate synthetase (DPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DFR) were chosen as drug targets. The well-known folic acid synthesis inhibitor amino salicylic acid (ASA) was taken as a positive control. AutoDock 4.2.1 was used to perform the protein-ligand docking analysis. DSBA showed least binding energy of –6.99 kcal/mol and inhibition constant of 7.5 µM and formed 8 hydrogen bonds with DFR. DSBA showed least binding energy of -5.6 kcal/mol and inhibition constant of 78.58 µM and formed 7 hydrogen bonds with DPS.  ASA showed the binding energy of –4.97 kcal/mol, and inhibition constant of 225.9 µM and formed 5 hydrogen bonds with DPS protein. It showed the binding energy of          –4.68 kcal/mol, and inhibition constant of 371.32 µM and formed 4 hydrogen bonds with DFR protein. DSBA has qualified CMC rule, lead like rule and Lipinski’s rule of five. The compound DSBA does not possess any carcinogenic effect in rat or mouse model. Osiris Property Explorer analysis suggested that, DSBA does not possess any major side effects and is a suitable drug candidate. Pre ADMET analysis also suggests that, the lead compound, DSBA is a suitable drug candidate. The results of this study suggest that the antimicrobial activity of DSBA against MRSA and VRE strains is due to its inhibition over bacterial cell wall folic acid biosynthesis.
Development and Application of HPLC Method for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study of Domperidone
Authors: Neerati Prasad , A Bhargavi Latha , Kumar Y. Shravan , Rao Y Madhusudan
Published: August 2020

A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for quantification of domperidone in human serum was developed and validated. Domperi-done and internal standard (IS) propranolol hydrochloride were extracted into acetonitrile and separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a Phenomenx C18 column. The eluent was monitored by UV detector at 270 nm at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min–1. The linearity range of proposed  method was 2.5–1000 ng/ml. The intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation and percent error values of the assay method were less than 15% and mean recovery was more than 97 and 96% for domperidone and IS, respectively. The method was found to be precise, accurate and specific during the study. The method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study of domperidone in humans.
Development and Evaluation of Chia Seed Mucilage-based Buccal Mucoadhesive, Sustained Release Tablet of Venlafaxine
Authors: Nerkar Pankaj P , Mahajan Hitendra , Ige Pradum , Solanki Rima
Published: August 2020

In the present study we performed extraction of chia seed mucilage, formulation, and evaluation of buccal mucoadhesive tablet containing extracted mucialge and venlafaxine, an commonly used antidepressant. Tablets were prepared using a formulation mixture of calcium phosphate, talc and magnesium stearate. Tablets were prepared by experimental factorial design software, using central composite design; where the concentration of chia seeds mucilage and that of magnesium stearates were independent variables. Drug release, friability and mucoadhesive strength were studied as dependent variables. Tablets were characterized for post compression profile. The optimized formulation showed the maximum drug release as 99.4% in 6 h, friability of 0.53% and mucoadhesive strength of 20.3 g. These features appear to be adequate for developing a buccal mucoadhesive drug delivery system for venlafaxine.
Prevalence of Vitamin-D Deficiency in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in Syria
Authors: Hallak Aya , Mahmoud Malhis , Mohammad Yaser Abajy
Published: August 2020

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with acute coronary syndrome in comparison with normal individuals and study the correlation between these two conditions. We measured the plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) levels in 60 patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) of both gender and in 30 age matched control individuals of both gender without any known cardiovascular or systemic diseases. The levels of 25-OH-D were measured by ELISA method and the results were statically analyzed to find out any possible correlation. We classified the cases according to their plasma 25(OH)D levels. 25(OH)D levels of ≥ 30 ng/ml were considered normal, levels < 30 and > 20 ng/ml were classified as insufficient, while levels of ≤ 20 ng/ml were classified as deficient. In the current study the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in the patients group was much higher than it was in the control group. Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 80% and insufficiency in 13% of total patients of ACS, there by bringing the total count to 93%. Whereas only 7% of the patients had adequate vitamin D levels. Thus, these results indicate the existence of a significant correlation between the vitamin D deficiency and ACS in comparison to healthy controls
Integration of terbium isotopes into modern nuclear medicine
Authors: Korol Pavlo , Tkachenko Michael , Voloshyn A.
Published: August 2020

The review examines the clinical role of terbium isotopes in the context of their integration into modern routine practice in nuclear medicine. Low toxicity, combined with an optimal half-life and elimination time from the body, makes them very promising not only in the therapeutic sense, but also in the issue of diagnostic imaging of tumors. When performing PET /CT and SPECT/CT imaging with 152Tb and 155Tb isotopes on cancer patients, high diagnostic information values were obtained. It should be noted that in the context of 152Tb, the phase of clinical trials on patients has already been completed, according to the results of which this radionuclide has demonstrated its potential. SPECT with 155Tb provides excellent imaging performance in mammals, even with low levels of injected radioactivity, which makes it promising for use in humans.
Key words: terbium, nuclear medicine, single-photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography
¿Vale la pena invertir en educación superior de calidad?
Authors: Neria de Girarte Lorena
Published: August 2020

La educación superior es costosa pero en la medida en que las sociedades comprendan que debe entenderse como una inversión más que como un gasto podrán enfrentar mejor otros desafíos (Pacheco, 2016).
Using Tasks to Teach Communication Strategies
Authors: Iwai Kio
Published: August 2020

Kio Iwai

Reference Data:
Iwai, K (2020). Using tasks to teach communication strategies. In P. Clements, A. Krause, & R. Gentry (Eds.), Teacher efficacy, learner agency. Tokyo: JALT.
https://doi.org/10.37546/JALTPCP2019-43

Active learning can be promoted by introducing activities that encourage negotiation of meaning among Japanese EFL learners. Negotiation of meaning is defined as interlocutors’ endeavors to repair communication problems through the use of a variety of communication strategies such as comprehension checks, confirmation checks, and clarification requests. Empirical studies suggest that communication strategies are teachable at least to a certain degree. The author designed four kinds of information-gap activities and tested them in eight classes (N = 54). Although some forms of negotiation of meaning were observed in every class, especially after the teacher’s feedback, students did not always use the strategies after the training. A questionnaire revealed that some students think negotiation of meaning is difficult. Others are afraid of annoying their interlocutors by negotiating meaning. Analyzing cultural and psychological barriers might offer a new avenue for developing students’ ability to use communication strategies.
アクティブラーニングは、日本人EFL学習者に意味交渉を促す活動を紹介することにより推進することができる。意味交渉とは、対話者が伝達上の問題を修復しようとする努力を指し、理解度チェック、確認チェック、明確化要求などの様々な伝達方略を介して行われる。実証的研究により、伝達方略は少なくともある程度までは教授可能であることが示されている。著者は４種類のインフォメーション・ギャップ活動を考案し、8クラス（N = 54）において試行した。どのクラスにおいても、特に教師のフィードバック後に何らかの意味交渉が認められたが、学生達は訓練後も必ずしもこのストラテジーを使うとは限らなかった。アンケートの結果、意味交渉は難しいと考える学生や、対話者が嫌がるといけないから意味交渉をしない学生がいることがわかった。文化的、心理的な障壁を分析することで、学生の伝達方略能力向上への新しい道が拓けるかもしれない。
An Exploratory Study: How Vocabulary Instruction Influences
Writing Fluency
Authors: Takinami Wakako
Published: August 2020

In this research I investigated how vocabulary presentation in explicit vocabulary instruction influenced EFL students’ writing fluency and controlled productive ability. Vocabulary instruction, 10-minute freewriting, and vocabulary pre- and post-tests were given to Japanese university students. ANOVA and Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient were used to analyze test scores as well as the number of words, including the number of target words in the students’ compositions. I found students wrote more fluently when target words were presented in sentences than when presented alone. I also found explicit vocabulary instruction helped students improve their controlled productive ability no matter whether the vocabulary was presented as words alone, in collocations, or in sentences. This paper concludes with suggestions concerning vocabulary instruction and possible future studies.
本研究では、明示的な語彙指導における語彙の提示方法がEFL学習者のライティングの流暢さとcontrolled productive ability（統制的発表語彙力）に与える影響について調査を行った。日本人大学生を対象に、授業で明示的な語彙指導、１０分間のフリーライティング、単語テストを行い、作文中の総語数、異なり語数、ターゲット語彙、そして単語テストの点数を分析した。その結果、語彙指導を行う際、単語のみを教えたときよりも例文を用いターゲット語彙を教えたときのほうが学習者の英語ライティングの流暢さが向上することが明らかになった。また、どのようにターゲット語彙を提示しても、明示的に指導をすることで学習者のcontrolled productive abilityは増えることも分かった。本研究の研究結果に基づき、語彙指導、そして次の研究テーマに関する示唆が提示されている。
Proximity effect in [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]10/Nb(50 nm) superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures
Authors: Khaydukov Yury , Pütter Sabine , Guasco Laura , Morari Roman , Kim Gideok , Keller Thomas , Sidorenko Anatolie , Keimer Bernhard
Published: August 2020

We have investigated the structural, magnetic and superconduction properties of [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]10 superlattices deposited on a thick Nb(50 nm) layer. Our investigation showed that the Nb(50 nm) layer grows epitaxially at 800 °C on the Al2O3(1−102) substrate. Samples grown at this condition possess a high residual resistivity ratio of 15–20. By using neutron reflectometry we show that Fe/Nb superlattices with x < 4 nm form a depth-modulated FeNb alloy with concentration of iron varying between 60% and 90%. This alloy has weak ferromagnetic properties. The proximity of this weak ferromagnetic layer to a thick superconductor leads to an intermediate phase that is characterized by a suppressed but still finite resistance of structure in a temperature interval of about 1 K below the superconducting transition of thick Nb. By increasing the thickness of the Fe layer to x = 4 nm the intermediate phase disappears. We attribute the intermediate state to proximity induced non-homogeneous superconductivity in the structure.
Isolation and structure determination of a tetrameric sulfonyl dilithio methandiide in solution based on crystal structure analysis and 6Li/13C NMR spectroscopic data
Authors: Vollhardt Jürgen , Lindner Hans Jörg , Gais Hans-Joachim
Published: August 2020

Dilithio sulfonyl methandiides are a synthetically and structurally highly interesting group of functionalized geminal dianions. Although very desirable, knowledge of the structure of dilithio methandiides in solution was lacking up to now. Herein, we describe the isolation and determination of the structure of tetrameric dilithio (trimethylsilyl)(phenylsulfonyl) methandiide in solution and in the crystal. The elucidation of the structure of the tetramer is based on crystal structure analysis and 13C/6Li NMR spectroscopic data. A characteristic feature of the structure of the tetramer is the C2 symmetric C–Li chain, composed of four doubly Li-coordinated dianionic carbon and five Li atoms. Three Li atoms are devoid of a contact to a dianionic C atom. The tetramer, the dianionic C atoms of which undergo fast exchange, is in THF solution in fast equilibrium with a further aggregate, which is stable only at low temperatures.
Evaluation of cobalt nanoparticle deposited graphene oxide and carbon nanotube supports as supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Aguilar-Meza David Ricardo , Salazar-Gastélum Moisés Israel , Pérez-Sicairos Sergio , Félix-Navarro Rosa María , Gochi-Ponce Yadira
Published: August 2020

Cobalt nanoparticles were deposited on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene oxide (GO) carbon supports and evaluated as a potential supercapacitor electrodes. The structure and morphology of the cobalt nanoparticles deposited on carbon supports were studied using XRD, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure the electrical charge of the electrode based on the materials and their specific capacitance (Csp) were calculated. GO based electrode showed a higher Csp than CNT electrode which is attributed to a larger surface area of the GO carbon support. Interestingly, the deposition of Co nanoparticles promoted an enhanced Csp in the both GO and multi-wall CNT supports.
Lidia Bonzi e Loreto Busquets, Compagnie Teatrali Italiane In Spagna (1885-1913), Consiglio Nazionale delle Riserche, Bulzoni Editore, Roma, 1991, 790 pp
Authors: Bellerone Ana Rita
Published: August 2020

Reseña del libro "Compagnie Teatrali Italiane In Spagna (1885-1913)".
Isparta ve Karaman illerinde elma üretim maliyetinin karşılaştırılması
Authors: Bayav Alamettin , Karlı Bahri
Published: August 2020

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye elma üretiminin %20,2’sini karşılayan Isparta ve %13,4’ünü karşılayan Karaman illerinin üretim maliyetleri karşılaştırılmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Tabakalı tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre 132 elma işletmesi belirlenmiş ve işletmeciler ile yüz yüze görüşülmüştür. İşletme verileri, 2017-2018 üretim sezonuna aittir. Üretim maliyetleri, üretim yapılan bahçede kullanılan anaçlara göre hesaplanmıştır. Dekara üretim masrafı Isparta ilinde ortalama 4.047 TL, Karaman ilinde ise 3.362 TL olarak belirlenmiştir. Nispi kar, Isparta ilinde 1,80 ve Karaman ilinde 1,42 olarak bulunmuştur. Her iki ilde de M9 anacıyla tesis edilen bahçelerde en yüksek kar oranı elde edilmiştir. En önemli masraf kalemi materyal masraflarıdır. İlaçlama masraflarının, Isparta ilinde %22,7 ve Karaman ilinde %19,1’lik pay ile üretim masrafları içinde en yüksek girdi olduğu belirlenmiştir.Genel Yorum: Yapılan hesaplamalar elma üretiminin her iki ilde de karlı birer yatırım olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak üretim maliyetleri içinde materyal ve işçilik masraflarının yüksekliği, bu karlılığı düşük seviyelerde tutmaktadır.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Elma üretiminin teknik yönleri birçok çalışmada ele alınmasına rağmen, ekonomik yönden değerlendirilmesine ilişkin yapılan çalışmalar çok fazla değildir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye üretiminde önemli bir yere sahip olan illerde (Isparta ve Karaman) gerçekleştirilmiş ve elma üretiminin ekonomik yönü ortaya koyulmuştur.
Relationship between some soil characteristics and contribution on available phosphorus of inorganic phosphorus fractions in calcareous soils
Authors: Çimrin Kerim Mesut
Published: August 2020

Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the amount and distribution of inorganic phosphorus fractions in soil profiles classified as Mollisol and Entisol, which are common in the Eastern Anatolian region, and to determine their soil properties and their relationships with each other, and to evaluate the contribution of inorganic phosphorus fractions to available soil phosphorus (Olsen-P).Methods and Results: The total amount of phosphorus in these soils with calcareous and slightly alkaline reactions has been determined as 280-1713 mg kg-1 and an average of 713 mg kg-1. Ca-P’, which make up an average of 80.9% of the total phosphorus and which are determined as the first phosphorus fraction in these soils, have been determined between 163.2-951.1 mg kg-1. The occluded phosphates (CDB-P), which rank second in quantity in these soils after Ca-P2, are between 2.07-105.6 mg kg-1, and thirdly, phosphates (CB-P) held by carbonates during the first extraction are 0.76-52.83 mg kg-1. In the fourth and last row, nonoccluded aluminum and iron phosphates (Al-P + Fe-P) were found as the least amount of phosphorus fractions in these soils between 0.09-5.0 mg kg-1.Conclusions: In summary, the order of inorganic phosphorus fractions in these soils was determined as Ca-P> CDB-P> CB-P> Al-P+Fe-P. Significance and Impact of the Study: It was determined that two fractions contribute to phosphorus (Olsen-P), nonoccluded aluminum and iron phosphates (AI-P + Fe-P) and occluded phosphates (CDB-P) in these soils.
Effects of foliar boron fertilization at early vegetative stages on silage yield and quality parameters of maize
Authors: Konuşkan Ömer , Atış İbrahim , Gözübenli Hüseyin
Published: August 2020

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the effects of various boron quantities applied at different vegetative growth stages of maize as foliar application on hay and silage yield and quality in Southern Mediterranean ecological conditions.Methods and Results: Different boron fertilizer doses (0, 4, 6, 8 kg ha-1 disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (ETIDOT-67 (Na2B8O13.4H2O)) applied at early vegetative stages of maize (V2, V4 and V2+V4 as two portions) and the effects of boron on yield and quality prameters of maize were examined. As a result of study, higher silage and hay yields were observed at all boron applications in comparison with control and the highest yields (68.43 ton ha-1silage and 21.58 ton ha-1 hay yield) were obtained at 8 kg ha-1 boron application. Also other boron doses had the statistically similar results. Although the highest yields in terms of application times were observed at boron applications at V2+V4 stages as two portions, the differences between the application times were not statistically significant.Conclusions: We recommend that 4 kg ha-1 boron fertilizer application at early vegetative stages of maize for high silage yield and quality.Significance and Impact of the Study: Limited researches were performed on boron effects on hay and silage yields and qualities of maize up to now. This study revealed that the effects of boron application at early vegetative period of maize. Also, it is expected to be a source for further studies.
Bazı fiğ türlerinin yem verim ve kalitesi üzerine farklı organik gübrelerin etkileri
Authors: Ertekin İbrahim , Atış İbrahim , Yılmaz Şaban
Published: August 2020

Amaç: Ülkemizde organik gıda talebi son yıllarda giderek artmaktadır. Fakat organik tarım kapsamında hayvansal üretim besleme güçlüklerinden dolayı oldukça zordur. Bu çalışma organik kaba yem üretimi amacıyla yetiştirilen bazı fiğ türlerinin yem verimi ve kalitesi üzerine farklı organik gübre kaynaklarının etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.
Yöntemler ve Sonuçlar: Denemede 3 farklı fiğ türü (yaygın fiğ (Vicia sativa L.), Macar fiği (Vicia pannonica Crantz) ve tüylü fiğ (Vicia villosa Roth)) ve üç farklı organik gübre (zeolit, leonardit, büyükbaş hayvan gübresi) çalışmanın faktörlerini oluşturmuştur. Ayrıca organik gübre uygulamalarının etkilerini kıyaslayabilmek için kontrol (organik gübresiz) muamelesi de kullanılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre planlanmış ve üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Organik gübre uygulamaları altında fiğ türlerinin ot verimi ve kalitesini belirlemek için bitki boyu (BB), yaş ot verimi (YOV), kuru ot verimi (KOV), ham kül (HK), organik madde (OM), ham protein (HP), nötr ortamda çözünmeyen lif (NDF), asitli ortamda çözünmeyen lif (ADF), asitli ortamda çözünmeyen lignin (ADL), ve nispi yem değeri (NYD) özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, fiğ türleri arasında BB, YOV, HP ve ADF, açısından istatistiki anlamda bir fark bulunurken, interaksiyonlar arasında sadece HP açısından bir fark oluşmuştur. Fiğ türlerinin sırasıyla BB, YOV, HP ve ADF değerleri 86.15-148.73 cm, 1900.33-2045.83 kg da-1, % 19.99-21.82 ve % 30.58-35.05 arasında bulunmuştur. Diğer taraftan, interaksiyonlar arasında HP değerleri ise % 18.89-22.54 arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Organik gübre uygulamalarının fiğ türlerinin verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkisi sınırlı olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, hayvan gübresi uygulanan tüylü fiğden 500 kg da-1 üzerinde verim alınabileceği belirlenmiştir.
Genel Yorum: Elde edilen veriler fiğ türlerinin organik hayvancılıkta ihtiyaç duyulan kaba yemin karşılanmasında önemli bir kaynak olduğunu ve tüylü fiğin diğer türlerden daha yüksek verime sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olmakla birlikte Amik Ovası koşullarında hayvan gübresinin fiğ yetiştiriciliğinde zeolit ve leonarditten daha etkili olduğu söylenebilir.
Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Organik fiğ yetiştiriciliğinde gübre kullanımı ile ilgili sınırlı sayıda çalışma vardır. Yürütülen araştırma ile organik fiğ tarımı yapan çiftçilere ve ileriki araştırmalara yardımcı olabilecek sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma sonucunda, kullanılan gübrelerde doz belirleme çalışmalarının yürütülmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Study on Technology Development and Solvent Suitability for Separation of Essential Lipid from Various Bioresources: A Review
Authors: Seid Mohammednur , Ibrahim Nuru , Madugula Dr. Ravi Kumar
Published: August 2020

The main objective of present study is the solvent suitability as an effective method for the separation of essential lipid from various bio resources. It is very clear from the literature survey that the solvent suitability can be achieved through different solvents such as hexane, methanol, ethyl acetate, liquid Co2. However there is a need to study more on the technology development for separation of essential lipid from bio resources. Hence, this review paper highlights the summary of Separation techniques and lipid extraction methods for removal of lipid from their bioresources.
MODEL OF TRADITIONAL MARKET AS CULTURAL PRODUCT OUTLET AND TOURISM DESTINATION IN CURRENT ERA
Authors: Aliyah Istijabatul , Yudana Galing , Sugiarti Rara
Published: August 2020

The phenomenon occurring along with traditional market development is the safety aspect, criminal activities, the low hospitality in serving buyers, the lack of honesty in trade, excessive price range in bargaining, and the lack of product information. This study aims to formulate model of traditional markets as cultural product outlet and tourism destination in the current era. It was a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Its location is Pasar Klewer, Surakarta District with considering textile commodity specification of cultural production result of low-class economy communities with the scale of South-East Asia service. The study began with the explorations of potential, problems, effort and service of traditional markets, and government policy and commitment. Data were obtained through spatial and aspatial identification, site observation, in-depth interview, and document study. Sampling techniques were purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Furthermore, data analysis was carried out by using analytical methods, including 1) External and Internal Factors Analysis Summaries to analyze potential, problems, effort and service of traditional markets, and 2) Interactive Analysis to analyze the relevance of policy, commitment and effort carried out by traditional market actors. The result shows that traditional markets are one of tourism destination with historical values as outlets of community cultural products and populist economic spaces based on human source capabilities. The benefit of this study is directly received by market actors, policymakers of Surakarta Government, community and tourists, as well as academicians in scientific development in relation to cultural-art and tourism development based on the populist economy.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK OF HISTORICAL CITIES. A CASE STUDY: CITY OF SOLTANIYEH.IRAN
Authors: Ojaghlou Morteza
Published: August 2020

Unfortunately, the architecture and urbanization of the Iranian cities, especially the traditional Iranian cities in the present era, are in many cases in contrast to the historical, social, and cultural background of these cities. In this study, architectural design in small historical cities such as Soltaniyeh has been explored to achieve a conceptual and sustainable architecture through a research-based library approach inference. Achieving the principles of architectural design in the historic city of Soltaniyeh. Iran is the main concern of this research. Therefore, to reach an integrated design process, previous studies and projects were examined and analyzed and the obtained data and principles, including historical, cultural, social, natural, climate, were in the design process of the real project. As a final result of this study, the integrated design process of these parameters is presented as a process of architectural design in small historical cities such as Soltaniyeh.
FlorItaly – the portal to the Flora of Italy
Authors: Martellos Stefano , Bartolucci Fabrizio , Conti Fabio , Galasso Gabriele , Moro Andrea , Pennesi Riccardo , Peruzzi Lorenzo , Pittao Elena , Nimis Pier Luigi
Published: August 2020

Digital data concerning the flora of Italy are largely fragmented among different resources hosted on different platforms, and often with different data standards, which are neither connected by a common access point, nor by web services, thus constituting a relevant obstacle to data access and usage. Taxonomic incongruences add a further complication. This paper describes “FlorItaly”, an online information system which allows to access and query updated information on the checklist of the flora of Italy, aiming at becoming an aggregator for Italian botanical resources. “FlorItaly” was developed in a collaborative effort by more than 50 taxonomists, with the support of the Italian Botanical Society, and of Project “Dryades” (University of Trieste), to provide a better and reliable organization of botanical knowledge in Italy, as well as a relevant simplification for data retrieval, and a further stimulus towards a more collaborative approach in botanical research.
Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia
Authors: Pujana Roberto R. , Wilf Peter , Gandolfo Maria A.
Published: August 2020

During the early Eocene, Patagonia had highly diverse floras that are primarily known from compression and pollen fossils. Fossil wood studies from this epoch are scarce in the region and largely absent from the Laguna del Hunco flora, which has a highly diverse and excellently preserved compression assemblage. A collection of 26 conifer woods from the Laguna del Hunco fossil-lake beds (early Eocene, ca. 52 Ma) from central-western Patagonia was studied, of which 12 could be identified to genus. The dominant species is Phyllocladoxylon antarcticum, which has affinity with early-diverging Podocarpaceae such as Phyllocladus and Prumnnopitys. A single specimen of Protophyllocladoxylon francisiae probably represents an extinct group of Podocarpaceae. In addition, two taxonomic units of cf. Cupressinoxylon with putative affinity to Podocarpaceae were found. Diverse Podocarpaceae taxa consistent with the affinities of these woods were previously reported from vegetative and reproductive macrofossils as well as pollen grains from the same source unit. Some of the woods have galleries filled with frass. Distinct growth ring boundaries indicate seasonality, inferred to represent seasonal light availability. Growth ring widths suggest that the woods came from mature trees, whereas the widths and types of some rings denote near-uniform temperature and water availability conditions.