bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quantitative interpretation of the entry section of the EPPO decision‐support scheme for pest risk analysis
Authors: Holt J. , van der Gaag D. J. , Leach A. W. , MacLeod A. , Baker R. H. A. , Mumford J. D.
Published: December 2013

The development of methods to combine components of risk and their associated uncertainty in Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) has received attention in a number of recent European projects. Many of the risk components distinguished in the EPPO Decision‐support scheme (DSS) for PRA are usually difficult to quantify, but when there is detailed knowledge of the pest and pathway, quantification may be possible to a limited extent for the pest entry section of the scheme. The European Food Safety Authority has recently commissioned a project to investigate approaches to quantitative pathway analysis for pests of commodities entering and moving within the EU (QPA‐Food); a sister project concerns non‐food commodities. This paper illustrates the potential for a quantitative pathway model based closely on the Entry Section of the EPPO DSS for PRA, where existing quantitative definitions of rating categories have been used as a basis to estimate the proportion and number of infested lots on a pathway. Such quantification may provide additional insights without requiring substantial changes to the information elicited via the DSS.
Uptake of dissolved organic carbon by biofilms provides insights into the potential impact of loss of large woody debris on the functioning of lowland rivers
Authors: Baldwin Darren S. , Whitworth Kerry L. , Hockley Claire L.
Published: December 2013

Substantial amounts of large woody debris have been removed from lowland rivers worldwide. This large woody debris would have been colonised by biofilms and hence would have formed potentially important sites of chemical transformations (particularly carbon uptake) in these riverine environments. It is possible that one of the reasons that allochthonous production appears to be relatively unimportant to metazoan food webs in some river systems is due to the lack of sites suitable for biofilm growth.

This paper explores a key aspect underpinning this idea, the kinetics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake by bacterial biofilms. Laboratory experiments were used to determine the kinetics of uptake of a natural source of DOC in the presence of a range of densities of biofilm‐coated surface at different temperatures. Changes in DOC speciation induced by biofilm carbon uptake were examined using 3‐dimensional excitation–emission fluorescence spectroscopy with post hoc PARAFAC deconvolution.

The first‐order rate constant for carbon uptake increased linearly with amount of biofilm present. The rate of uptake is more sensitive to temperature (increasing approximately logarithmically) in the presence than in the absence of added biofilms. Furthermore, it appears that biofilms preferentially remove amino acid‐like components from the DOC.

Based on these results, we derive a number of testable hypotheses regarding the impact of the reduction of sites of transformation on the functioning of lowland rivers. Specifically, our results suggest that there are both a critical biofilm‐coated surface area density and a critical temperature below which carbon uptake in a river reach will be substantially reduced.

This implies that both removal of large woody debris and changes in flood seasonality may have altered the potential for incorporation of allochthonous carbon as a basal food resource for riverine food webs.
Culture as an Engine of Local Development Processes: System‐Wide Cultural Districts I: Theory
Authors: Sacco Pier Luigi , Ferilli Guido , Blessi Giorgio Tavano , Nuccio Massimiliano
Published: December 2013

Building on the early works of Alfred Marshall, analyses of local economies have emphasized the spatial function of clusters and industrial districts in terms of external economies of localization and agglomeration. Recent literature has emphasized the importance of culture and the complementarities between culture and local tangible and intangible assets. This paper aims to provide an analytical foundation for these processes with a view to developing tools for policy design, analysis and evaluation. By “system‐wide cultural districts,” we refer to a new approach to local development where cultural production and participation present significant strategic complementarities with other production chains. In this view, culture drives the accumulation of intangible assets such as human, social, and cultural/symbolic capital, thereby fostering economic and social growth and environmental sustainability.
Culture as an Engine of Local Development Processes: System‐Wide Cultural Districts II: Prototype Cases
Authors: Sacco Pier Luigi , Ferilli Guido , Blessi Giorgio Tavano , Nuccio Massimiliano
Published: December 2013

Building upon the companion paper in this issue, this essay analyses five case studies that can be taken as prototypes of the system‐wide cultural district culture‐led developmental model. The research targets five cities in Europe and the U.S.: Valencia, Austin, Newcastle/Gateshead, Linz, and Denver. Each presents specific characteristics but also some deep, structural common traits. The case studies are compared and their future viability is evaluated in terms of the factors presented in the companion piece.
Case of presymptomatic aceruloplasminemia treated with deferasirox
Authors: Tai Mayumi , Matsuhashi Nobuo , Ichii Osamu , Suzuki Tomohiro , Ejiri Yutaka , Kono Satoshi , Terada Tatsuhiro , Miyajima Hiroaki , Harada Masaru
Published: December 2013

Aceruloplasminemia is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by an abnormal iron metabolism. The absence of ferroxidase activity caused by mutation of ceruloplasmin leads to iron overload in the brain, liver and other organs. We report a 35‐year‐old man who was diagnosed with aceruloplasminemia without neurological manifestation despite the accumulation of iron in the brain and liver. To prevent the development of neurodegenerative disorder related to iron toxicity, iron depletion therapy was performed. Iron chelator deferasirox was effective in reducing serum ferritin level and to prevent the progression of the disease.
Magnetic Properties of Aligned Co2Z Hexagonal Z‐Ferrite Fibers
Authors: Pullar Robert C.
Published: December 2013

Hexaferrites have become massively important materials commercially and technologically, accounting for the bulk of total magnetic materials manufactured globally, with a multitude of uses and applications. There is currently increasing interest in composite materials containing hexaferrite fibers. It had been predicted that properties such as thermal, magnetic, electrical, and optical behavior will be enhanced in material in fibrous form, because a continuous fine fiber can be considered as effectively one dimensional, and does not behave as a homogeneously distributed solid. Aligned Co2Z (Ba3Co2Fe24O41) hexaferrite microfibers were found to have high magnetization values in all orientations and low coercivity. However, unlike the uniaxial M ferrite fibers previously reported, the ferroxplana Co2Z fibers do not show any significant alignment affects with direction of applied field. This is attributed to the microstructure of these fibers, in which the hexagonal plates are stacked and oriented parallel to the fiber axis, counteracting the expected effects of fiber alignment on measured magnetic saturation (Ms) values.
The Cascade Effect on Lending Conditions: Evidence from the Syndicated Loan Market
Authors: Wu Wei‐Shao , Chang Hsing‐Hua , Suardi Sandy , Chang Yuanchen
Published: December 2013

This paper investigates, both theoretically and empirically, how interactions among potential lenders may influence contract terms via informational cascade in the syndicated loan market. Our model shows that the ex‐post observed interest rate is higher and the probability of syndication failure is lower when potential lenders can only observe the decisions of their predecessors versus when they can freely communicate with each other. Empirical tests confirm the model's predictions and the existence of a cascade effect on lending conditions. Using relational distance to proxy for the segmentation of communication, we find that relational distance is positively related to the loan spread and the requirements for collateral and guarantees, but negatively related to the probability of syndication failure.
Is Busy Really Busy? Board Governance Revisited
Authors: Andres Christian , van den Bongard Inga , Lehmann Mirco
Published: December 2013

We investigate the relationship between firm governance and the board's position in the social network of directors. Using a sample of 133 German firms over the four‐year period from 2003 to 2006, we find that firms with intensely connected supervisory boards are (1) associated with lower firm performance, and (2) pay their executives significantly more. We interpret these results as evidence of poor monitoring in firms with directors who are more embedded in the social network. In both cases, simple measures for busy directors that were used by other studies in the past fail to show any significant pattern. The findings suggest that the quality and structural position of additional board seats may play a bigger role than simply the number of board appointments.
Commentary on Ditch, Stitch and Pitch: the niche is here to stay
Authors: Soberón Jorge
Published: December 2013

A recent set of discussion papers in the Journal of Biogeography by McInerny and Etienne (henceforth M&E) questions the value of niche concepts in relation to a diverse group of practices collectively labelled species distribution modelling (SDM), and specifically the usefulness of the idea of a fundamental niche. In this Correspondence, I argue that certain types of SDM may indeed dispense with niche concepts, but that such is not the case for an important class of SDM‐based activities, including transferring predictions in space and time. Using a single term (SDM) to denote diverse objectives and practices does not help to clarify issues; I discuss this point. I also review several criticisms raised by M&E about the use of the concept of fundamental niche in the context of modelling species' distributions and their environments.
Predicting the Final Result in Implant‐Supported Fixed Restorations for Completely Edentulous Patients
Authors: Kourtis Stefanos , Kokkinos Kyriakos , Roussou Vasiliki
Published: December 2013

Predicting the final result is a very important factor in implant restorations. When a fixed implant‐supported restoration is planned for the restoration of completely edentulous patients, it is important to recognize the esthetic performance of the prosthesis in the initial stages. Bone resorbtion may result in an unfavorable interarch relationship, and soft tissue support may be needed. A detailed presurgical evaluation (including tooth setup, construction of radiological and surgical guide) is needed to ensure the placement of implants in prosthetically favored positions. In this paper, a technique is presented where a detailed wax‐up of the restoration is accomplished on provisional implant abutments and tried on the patient after implant placement. This setup may offer valuable information on the expected lip support and the need of gingiva‐colored ceramic. In this way, the esthetic result can be evaluated at early stages before any irreversible laboratory stages are performed and needed corrections can be done accordingly.

Clinical Significance

In extended implant‐supported fixed restorations, it is very important to predict the final esthetic result at an early stage. The presented technique allows a safe and accurate evaluation of the expected esthetic result before any construction stage.
Morphological variation in the freshwater blennySalaria fluviatilisfrom Corsican rivers: adaptive divergence, phenotypic plasticity or both?
Authors: Magnan P. , Proulx R. , Berrebi P. , Blondel J. , Perret P. , Roché B.
Published: December 2013

The first goal of this study was to determine whether morphological variation in the freshwater blennySalaria fluviatilisresults in spatially structured populations distributed around Corsica, France, which would suggest genetically differentiated populations through reproductive isolation by distance. The second goal was to determine whether some morphological traits are related to water velocity, one of the most contrasting habitat characteristics in these rivers, which would suggest an adaptation to local conditions. The results showed that the morphology ofS. fluviatilisdiffered among the three main geographic areas studied in Corsica and that geographically distant populations ofS. fluviatiliswere less similar morphologically and genetically than close ones. The results also indicated that the morphological differences among populations conformed to functional expectations. Overall, the results suggest that the morphological variation ofS. fluviatilisfrom Corsican rivers is an adaptive response to water velocity and that these populations are in a process of reproductive isolation by distance.
Fish assemblages associated with oil industry structures on the continental shelf of north‐western Australia
Authors: Pradella N. , Fowler A. M. , Booth D. J. , Macreadie P. I.
Published: December 2013

This study provides the first assessment of fish associations with oil and gas structures located in deep water (85–175 m) on Australia's north‐west continental shelf, using rare oil industry video footage obtained from remotely operated vehicles. A diverse range of taxa were observed associating with the structures, including reef‐dependent species and transient pelagic species. Ten commercially fished species were observed, the most abundant of which was Lutjanus argentimaculatus, with an estimated biomass for the two deepest structures (Goodwyn and Echo) of 109 kg.
The effects of training on the ability of adults with an intellectual disability to give informed consent to medication
Authors: Ferguson L. , Murphy G. H.
Published: December 2013

Background

This study had two aims: to investigate the capacity of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) to make decisions about their medications, and to evaluate whether the provision of training (information) sessions on medications would increase their capacity.

Method

Twenty‐eight adults (18 male and 10 female), with a mild to moderateIDwere included in this study and they were taking eitherEpilim,Metformin orHaloperidol medications. The participants were split into groups that comprised of participants taking the same medications. Each of the groups received three training sessions on their own medications. Capacity to consent was measured by theAdapted –Assessment ofCapacityQuestionnaire (A‐ACQ), which was specially adapted for each medication type from the original measure (ACQ). Receptive language ability was measured by theBritishPictureVocabularyScale‐II (BPVS‐II).

Results

A two‐factor mixedanovaanalysis indicated that the provision of training had improved the capacity of the participants to give informed consent to taking their medications. Analysis usingPearson's correlations indicated that increased levels of receptive language ability correlated with greater ability to give informed consent to taking medication.

Conclusions

The provision of information that is formatted in a way that individuals withIDcan understand may be a useful way to increase knowledge on medications. Further research that investigates the provision of information with larger samples is warranted.
The Logic of (Mis)Behavior: Peer Socialization through Assessments among Zinacantec Youth
Authors: Martí F. Alethea
Published: December 2013

Este estudio examina la socialización parietaria a través de la construcción social de juicios morales entre un grupo de muchachas adolescentes Mayas Zinacantecas. En él analizo cómo los cambios sociales en Zinacantán, que proporcionan a las mujeres y muchachas más oportunidades y también nuevas responsabilidades, crean un medioambiente para la socialización paritaria de los adolescentes, y cómo los interlocutores usan narrativas morales sobre eventos particulares para adaptar, discutir y construir normas de comportamiento que serán aceptables para sus compañeras. El enfoque de este estudio es el uso estratégico de argumentosentimemáticos, es decir, de argumentos que contienen como premisas implícitas normas culturales sobre el comportamiento de las mujeres Zinacantecas. Por medio de relatos colaborativos y de críticas, ellas interpretan reglas sociales sobre la feminidad moderna, y formulan argumentos complejos para persuadir a sus compañeras que ciertas acciones sociales son (o no son) aceptables para una mujer Zinacanteca.
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND SOURCE‐ROCK CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC‐MATTER RICH UPPER SANTONIAN – UPPER CAMPANIAN CARBONATES, NORTHERN LEBANON
Authors: Bou Daher S. , Nader F. H. , Strauss H. , Littke R.
Published: December 2013

Samples of Turonian – upper Campanian fine‐grained carbonates (marls, mud‐ to wackestones; n = 212) from four boreholes near Chekka, northern Lebanon, were analysed to assess their organic matter quantity and quality, and to interpret their depositional environment. Total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon and total sulphur contents were measured in all samples. A selection of samples were then analysed in more detail using Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, maceral analyses, gas chromatography – flame ionization detection (GC‐FID), and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) on aliphatic hydrocarbon extracts. TOC measurements and Rock‐Eval pyrolysis indicated the very good source rock potential of a ca. 150 m thick interval within the upper Santonian – upper Campanian succession intercepted by the investigated boreholes, in which samples had average TOC values of 2 wt % and Hydrogen Index values of 510 mgHC/gTOC. The dominance of alginite macerals relative to terrestrial macerals, the composition of C27–C29 regular steranes, the elevated C31 22R homohopane / C30 hopane ratio (> 0.25), the low terrigenous / aquatic ratio of n‐alkanes, as well as δ13Corg values between −29‰ and −27‰ together suggest a marine depositional environment and a mainly algal / phytoplanktonic source of organic matter. Redox sensitive geochemical parameters indicate mainly dysoxic depositional conditions.

The samples have high Hydrogen Index values (413–610 mg/g TOC) which indicate oil‐prone Type II kerogen. Tmax values (414 – 432°C) are consistent with other maturity parameters such as vitrinite reflectance (0.25–0.4% VRr) as well as sterane and hopane isomerisation ratios, and indicate that the organic matter is thermally immature and has not reached the oil window. This study contributes to the relatively scarce geochemical information for the eastern margin of the Levant Basin, but extrapolation of the data to offshore areas remains uncertain.
LOWER CARBONIFEROUS SHALES IN THE EASTERN TAURIDE BELT, SOUTHERN TURKEY: SOURCE ROCK CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Kara‐Gülbay R. , Sen Ö. , Korkmaz S. , Demirel I. H.
Published: December 2013

Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian‐Visean) shales, sandstones and limestones are exposed at the surface in autochthonous units in the Eastern Taurides, southern Turkey. This study investigates the organic geochemical characteristics, thermal maturity and depositional environments of shale samples from two outcrop locations in this area (Belen and Naltas). The total organic carbon (TOC) contents range from 0.11 to 5.61 wt % for the Belen samples and 0.04 to 1.74 wt % for the Naltas samples. Tmax values ranging from 432–467 °C indicate that the samples are in the oil generation window Tmax and are thermally mature. Rock‐Eval pyrolysis data indicate that the organic matter in the shales is composed mainly of Type II and III kerogen.

Solvent extract analyses of the samples show a unimodal n‐alkane distribution with a predominance of low carbon number (C13‐C20) n‐alkanes. Pr/Ph ratios and CPI values range from 1.57–1.66 and 1.08–1.11, respectively Pr/n‐C17 and Ph/n‐C18 ratios also indicate that the shales consist of mixed Type II/III organic matter.

Sterane distributions are C27>C29>C28 as determined by the sum of normal and isosteranes, suggesting marine depositional conditions 20S/(20S+20R) and ββ (ββ+αα) C29 sterane ratios range from 0.51–0.54 and 0.53–0.57, respectively. These values are high and 20S/(20S+20R) sterane isomerisation has reached equilibrium values.

Tricyclic terpanes are abundant on m/z 191 mass chromatograms and C23 tricyclic terpanes are the dominant peak, which indicates a marine depositional setting. C29 norhopane has a higher concentration than C30 hopane, and C30 diahopane and C29Ts are present in all the samples. Ts and Tm were recorded in similar abundances. Moretane/hopane ratios are very low. 22S homohopanes are dominant over 22R homohopanes, and the C32 22S/(22R + 22S) C32 homohopane ratios are between 0.58 and 0.59, indicating that homohopane isomerisation has reached equilibrium. C31 homohopanes are dominant and the abundance of homohopanes decreases towards higher numbers.

Although regional variations in the level of thermal maturity of Upper Palaeozoic sediments throughout the Taurus Belt region largely depend on burial depth, organic geochemical data indicate that the Lower Carboniferous shales in the eastern Taurus region (Naltas and Belen locations) have potential to generate hydrocarbons. These shales are thermally mature and have entered the oil generation window.
Phenology of hibernation and reproduction in ground squirrels: integration of environmental cues with endogenous programming
Authors: Williams C. T. , Barnes B. M. , Kenagy G. J. , Buck C. L.
Published: December 2013

Mammalian hibernation is characterized by prolonged dormancy consisting of pronounced depression of metabolism and body temperature. Though hibernation occurs in at least seven mammalian orders and several families of the order Rodentia, the ecology and physiology of hibernation in rodents has been most extensively studied in the family Sciuridae, particularly in the so‐called ground squirrels, that is, the tribeMarmotini. Early studies of these rodents demonstrated the important role of an endogenous circannual clock in the persistence of annual timing and phasing of key seasonal events, including weight gain, hibernation and reproduction. Here, we review the causes and consequences of intraspecific variation in the timing of hibernation and reproduction in these sciurids and examine the physiological mechanisms that contribute to phenotypic plasticity in seasonal timing. Although the duration, annual phasing and predictability of seasonal change in environmental conditions likely promoted the evolution of endogeneity, precision and brevity of breeding seasons in the annual cycles of sciurids, substantial intraspecific variation in hibernation and reproductive phenology exists along latitudinal and altitudinal clines, as well as among locally varying environmental micro‐conditions. We suggest that much of this variation is a function of plasticity in the physiological mechanisms controlling annual cycles. While studies of captive animals have been instrumental in establishing the role of an endogenous rhythm, a greater emphasis on experimental field manipulations is needed to better understand the function, causes and consequences of phenological shifts in wild populations. Ultimately, the capacity of hibernators to adjust their timing in response to changing environmental conditions, either through phenotypic plasticity or microevolution, will be an important determinant of the resilience of sciurid species to changing climate.
Un‐nesting DNA Russian dolls – the potential for constructing food webs using residual DNA in empty aphid mummies
Authors: Varennes Y.‐D. , Boyer S. , Wratten S. D.
Published: December 2013

Constructing food‐web assemblages comprising parasitoid wasps involves large field collections of hosts followed by labour‐intensive rearing of the insects to evaluate the rates of parasitism along with morphological or molecular identification of the parasitoid species. This article presents research towards a new molecular method for the practical and accurate construction of aphid‐based food webs. We hypothesize that parasitoid and hyperparasitoid DNA left inside aphid mummies after emergence of these third and fourth trophic‐level guilds can be simultaneously detected using universal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for nonspecific DNA amplification in combination with single‐stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Such a protocol theoretically allows food‐web construction to be performed with no a priori knowledge of the species present. Moreover, the use of empty mummies circumvents rearing and minimizes labour and time in the field and laboratory. To test our hypothesis, we conducted DNA analyses on laboratory‐produced parasitized aphids (mummies) from Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae (two important aphid pest species) after exposure to the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae and the hyperparasitoid Asaphes vulgaris. DNA is amplifiable in empty aphid mummies for as long as 3 weeks after parasitoid emergence. However, the simultaneous identification of several species in a single mummy sample was rare, which hinders the accurate inference of trophic links. DNA quality and relative quantity, together with preferential amplification, are potential explanations of current results. Technical refinements are needed to ensure full reliability and detection of complex trophic links. The use of PCR‐SSCP for food‐web construction is novel, and its potential to include an important number of different species is yet to be fully explored.
A LATINO ANTHROPOLOGIST IN ARIZONA: OBLIGATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Vásquez Miguel
Published: December 2013

Arizona these days is a frustrating but fascinating laboratory for many contemporary social and cultural issues, with plenty of challenges for engaged anthropology. Concepts of “sustainability” in this context of unbridled libertarianism, nativism, scarce water, and rapid urban growth, are increasingly tenuous, but nature has “not put all of her eggs in one basket.” The long presence of diverse indigenous cultures in this unforgiving environment, despite centuries of sustained suppression, and the controversial arrival of immigrant newcomers still hopeful for the “American Dream,” may have lessons for the rest of us, in terms of sustainability and an engaged anthropology. This article illustrates what “engaged anthropology” can look like at a local level, and chronicles the unforeseen twists and turns of a diverse career as an applied anthropologist in a state desperately in need of an anthropological perspective.
WORKING WITH THE DIFFICULT PAST: EXAMPLES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: December 2013

Over the past decade there has been a heightened awareness of the importance of colleges and universities being engaged in communities. Civic engagement is based on the premise that all citizens can contribute to improving society. People can work individually or collectively on issues of public concern to promote quality of life. The University of Maryland is considered one of the national leaders in civic engagement programming among institutions of higher learning and the Department of Anthropology is playing a an important role in this effort. A general description of the department's engaged programs follows as well as a more detailed synopsis of how using examples from a difficult past can help spur change in communities today.
ENGAGED ANTHROPOLOGY ON “THE LAST FRONTIER”
Authors: Feldman Kerry D.
Published: December 2013

The distinction between engaged/applied anthropology and traditional anthropology has not been rigid in Alaska since the early 1970s. Why? And how has this engagement occurred for four decades at the University of Alaska Anchorage? This paper describes the socio‐political realities of Alaska and how faculty and students responded in their engaged research, teaching, and service. Cultural and linguistic anthropologists engaged with a variety of Alaskan communities, primarily Alaska Native, sometimes working with federal, state, and private agencies serving northern populations, which now includes over 90 ethnic groups from around the world.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRAXIS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Kozaitis Kathryn A.
Published: December 2013

The civic value of higher education is in question. Employers, legislators, parents, and students demand “relevant” and “useful” college degrees, especially from urban public universities. Industries seek informed and skilled graduates to strengthen our economy, solve problems, and build healthy and sustainable communities. Public universities, embedded in labor‐market relations, increasingly seek funded partnerships with communities, organizations, and agencies that will lead to practical and (hopefully) favorable outcomes for each constituency. The engaged university may be a symptom of neoliberal policies, and the “audit cultures” that these foster; but it may also be a movement by college faculty, students, and administrators who, with social justice as the reference point of their work, engage in community‐based research as critics of raw economic development, and as agents of responsible community development. Here I discuss my academic workload as anthropological praxis in the three areas of faculty performance evaluation: engaged research, instruction, and service. I demonstrate the ways through which applied anthropology helped me to promote “engagement” at Georgia State University as a core value, goal, and practice in my capacities as ethnographer, an educator, and a citizen. This model of engagement illustrates the potential for engaged fieldwork, the hallmark of applied anthropology, to strengthen our contributions to the publics that support us, and to institutions of higher education that may benefit from our theories, ethics, and methods for the advancement of social justice within, and outside, the walls of academia.
Overweight dynamics in Chinese children and adults
Authors: Gordon‐Larsen P. , Wang H. , Popkin B. M.
Published: December 2013

China has experienced a transition from a history of undernutrition to a rapid increase in obesity. The China Health and Nutrition Survey, an ongoing longitudinal, household‐based survey of urban and rural residents of nine provinces, documents these changes using measured height and weight across 53,298 observations from 18,059 participants collected from 1991 to 2011. Adult overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg/m2) prevalence nearly tripled from 1991 (11.7%) to 2009 (29.2%), with significant cohort and age‐related effects (stronger in males). Among youth, quantile regression reveals changes across the BMI distribution. By 2009, approximately 12% of children and adolescents were overweight, and 3% of 7–11–year‐olds and 1% of 12–17‐year‐olds were obese (International Obesity Taskforce BMI 25 and 30 kg/m2 equivalents, respectively). In 1991–2000, urbanicity was strongly and positively associated with BMI, but in 2000–2011, trends were similar across rural and urban areas. Among women, the burden has shifted to lower educated women (the reverse is true for males, as overweight was higher in men of higher education). Our findings highlight the importance of preventive measures early in the life cycle to reduce weight gain.
Opioids for pain after oral surgery
Authors: Patel N. , Bailey E. , Coulthard P.
Published: December 2013

Aim

To describe the role of opioids in the management of pain after oral surgery.

Materials and methods

A review of the literature describing the pharmacokinetics, benefits and harms of opioids in terms of systematic review evidence, interactions, use in children, pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Results

A 10‐mg intramuscular dose of morphine is recognised as a very effective analgesic for post‐operative pain with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 2.9. Codeine 60 mg has an NNT of 16.7 suggesting poor analgesic effectiveness, but in combination with 1 g paracetamol is an effective analgesic for the management of post‐operative pain with an NNT of 2.2.

Conclusions

Morphine is effective for severe pain experienced by inpatients undergoing oral surgery, ideally administered intravenously or alternatively by intramuscular injection. Codeine is very effective when combined with paracetamol and is suitable for day‐case and outpatient oral surgery experiencing moderate to severe pain.
Pediatric Dermatology Training Survey of United States Dermatology Residency Programs
Authors: Nijhawan Rajiv I. , Mazza Joni M. , Silverberg Nanette B.
Published: December 2013

Variability exists in pediatric dermatology education for dermatology residents. We sought to formally assess the pediatric dermatology curriculum and experience in a dermatology residency program. Three unique surveys were developed for dermatology residents, residency program directors, and pediatric dermatology fellowship program directors. The surveys consisted of questions pertaining to residency program characteristics. Sixty‐three graduating third‐year residents, 51 residency program directors, and 18 pediatric dermatology fellowship program directors responded. Residents in programs with one or more full‐time pediatric dermatologist were more likely to feel very competent treating children and were more likely to be somewhat or extremely satisfied with their pediatric curriculums than residents in programs with no full‐time pediatric dermatologist (50.0% vs 5.9%, p = 0.002, and 85.3% vs 52.9%, p < 0.001, respectively). Residents in programs with no full‐time pediatric dermatologist were the only residents who were somewhat or extremely dissatisfied with their pediatric training. Residency program directors were more satisfied with their curriculums when there was one or more pediatric dermatologist on staff (p < 0.01). Residents in programs with pediatric dermatology fellowships were much more likely to report being extremely satisfied than residents in programs without a pediatric dermatology fellowship (83.3% vs 21.2%; p < 0.001). The results of this survey support the need for dermatology residency programs to continue to strengthen their pediatric dermatology curriculums, especially through the recruitment of full‐time pediatric dermatologists.
On the Epidemic of Financial Crises
Authors: Demiris Nikolaos , Kypraios Theodore , Vanessa Smith L.
Published: December 2013

The paper proposes a framework for modelling financial contagion that is based on susceptible–infected–recovered transmission models from epidemic theory. This class of models addresses two important features of contagion modelling, which are a common shortcoming of most existing empirical approaches, namely the direct modelling of the inherent dependences that are involved in the transmission mechanism, and an associated canonical measure of crisis severity. The methodology proposed naturally implies a control mechanism, which is required when evaluating prospective immunization policies that intend to mitigate the effect of a crisis. It can be implemented not only as a way of learning from past experiences, but also at the onset of a contagious financial crisis. The approach is illustrated on a number of currency crisis episodes, using both historical final outcome and temporal data. The latter require the introduction of a novel hierarchical model that we call the hidden epidemic model and which embeds the stochastic financial epidemic as a latent process. The empirical results suggest, among others, an increasing trend for global transmission of currency crises over time.
Deliberating and Learning Contentious Issues: How Divided Societies Represent Conflict in History Textbooks
Authors: Drake Anna , McCulloch Allison
Published: December 2013

History education can either exacerbate polarization and division or it can have conciliatory potential. Looking at a number of divided societies, we identify trends in curriculum portrayals of inter‐group conflict. Noting the power of re‐telling the past, we argue for a conciliatory approach to textbook design that entails the inclusion of multiple narratives. We detail why groups need to set out their own account of events and discuss the importance of the way that groups develop their accounts. We recommend an institutional, process‐based approach to textbook design grounded in the values of deliberative consociationalism and argue that the conciliatory approach is best pursued in a two‐stage model of deliberations. We develop this model and focus on how deliberations might occur and with what restrictions, taking seriously concerns about the applicability of deliberation in divided societies.
Mapuche Demands during Educational Reform, the Penguin Revolution and the Chilean Winter of Discontent
Authors: Webb Andrew , Radcliffe Sarah
Published: December 2013

Enduring inequalities in Chile's education system are both a socio‐economic and ethno‐national problem. Student protests in 2006 and 2011 are representative of growing public concerns over the neoliberal socio‐economic model adopted by respective governments since the military regime ended in 1990. Education has also become a contested space in which the recognition of indigenous rights – and cultural and linguistic diversity in particular – have been negotiated. This article presents an analysis of the history of Mapuche struggles over education, in light of recent neoliberal reforms and political protests. Reforms to address large achievement differentials among indigenous populations have come through proposals for Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in Chile and these, we suggest, have challenged the hegemonic education system and its assimilatory mechanisms. Its current administration, however, reflects minimal commitments to indigenous rights and only the thinnest recognition of cultural difference. Instead, the status quo of mono‐cultural and mono‐linguistic Chilean nationalism continues to be transmitted via the national curriculum.
Integrated Schooling in Divided Cyprus: Impossible or Indispensible?
Authors: Zembylas Michalinos
Published: December 2013

This article reflects on the absence of integrated schooling in Cyprus, trying to make sense of why this educational model seems impossible at the moment, interpret the shared education initiatives or policies that have been attempted in the recent past, and consider the potential for integrated schooling and shared education in the future. The article takes the following route. It begins by offering a brief background on the Cypriot conflict and its connections with education. This is followed by an overview of the findings of a large ethnographic study I conducted between 2008 and 2010 in two schools in which some sort of shared educational experiences had taken place. Finally, the article concludes by analysing the tensions and challenges of shared education in these schools and identifying the future prospects of integrated schooling in Cyprus.
Advancing Peace Culture in the Basque Autonomous Community: The Basque Education Plan for Peace and Human Rights (2008–2011)
Authors: Durkin Stuart A.
Published: December 2013

Approved in December 2007, the Basque Education Plan for Peace and Human Rights (2008–2011) represents the most sophisticated policy development of its kind in over thirty years of autonomous governments. While by no means a panacea for ethno‐nationalist conflict in this context, the policy is nevertheless a significant development and carries the potential to make a substantial contribution to the cause of sustainable peacebuilding and reconciliation. By way of both an exposition of its principal aims and objectives, as well as an analysis of the political furore that accompanied its development, the article exposes the policy's principal limitation – its tendency towards indirectness. The article argues, however, that in structural terms peace education is advanced through the creation of a coordinating forum between the Basque government and organized Basque civil society. Moreover, despite this tendency towards indirectness, the policy initiates the necessary task of approaching issues hitherto largely avoided.
Mass Media and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: An Overview
Authors: Ojo Emmanuel O.
Published: December 2013

The mass media are no doubt a political resource. In a plural and deeply divided society like Nigeria, its role is even more imperative in achieving national cohesion, integration, and stability. The snag however in Nigeria is that the mass media – both publicly and privately owned – are more or less ethnic jingoist. This research note takes a cursory look at the mass media and ethnicity in Nigerian politics, and infers that in the interest of the polity, media practitioners need to imbibe the ethics of their profession.
Scaling dermatosis in three dogs associated with abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation
Authors: Peters‐Kennedy Jeanine , Scott Danny W. , Loft Klaus E. , Miller William H.
Published: December 2013

Background

Abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation, so‐called ‘sebaceous gland dysplasia’, is a rare condition described in the dog and the cat. Although little is known about this condition, it is thought that a genetic defect causes abnormal sebaceous gland development. Clinically, this condition occurs in young cats and dogs and is characterized by variable degrees of adherent scale, hair casts, poor coat quality and hypotrichosis.

Hypothesis/Objective

Here, we describe the clinical presentation and treatment of three adult dogs with abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation.

Animals

Three adult dogs presented with a keratinization defect characterized by progressive scaling, hair casts, dull, dry, brittle hair coat and hypotrichosis beginning in puppyhood to early adulthood.

Methods

Multiple 6 mm punch skin biopsy samples were obtained from each dog. Treatments included various topical keratomodulatory agents, oral essential fatty acids and oral vitamin A.

Results

Histologically, all sebaceous glands were small and composed of a mixture of irregularly clustered basal reserve cells and mature sebocytes. With therapy, two of the dogs showed moderate to marked clinical improvement in scaling, hair casts and hair coat quality.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Although rare, ‘sebaceous gland dysplasia’ should be considered in cases where a primary keratinization defect is suspected. Given that abnormal sebaceous differentiation is a structural defect of the skin, treatment must be maintained and is aimed at ameliorating the clinical signs rather than curing the disease.
Effective connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus–globus pallidus network during Parkinsonian oscillations
Authors: Nevado‐Holgado Alejo J. , Mallet Nicolas , Magill Peter J. , Bogacz Rafal
Published: December 2013

Key points

The firing of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons and two types of external globus pallidus (GP) neuron becomes excessively and rhythmically synchronised in Parkinsonism, but the substrates for this are unknown.

We recorded abnormal oscillatory firing of STN and GP neurons in vivo after chronic dopamine loss, and then used computational models to explore the underlying effective connections and physiological parameters.

The best candidate model accurately reproduced our electrophysiological data and predicted that the input and output connections of the two types of GP neuron are quantitatively different, including inhibitory connections from striatum and excitatory connections from thalamus and STN.

The two types of GP neuron were also predicted to have different intrinsic physiological properties, reflected in distinct autonomous firing rates.

Our results elucidate potential substrates of GP functional dichotomy, and suggest that rhythmic inputs from striatum, thalamus and cortex orchestrate STN–GP network activity during Parkinsonian oscillations.

In Parkinsonism, subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons and two types of external globus pallidus (GP) neuron inappropriately synchronise their firing in time with slow (∼1 Hz) or beta (13–30 Hz) oscillations in cortex. We recorded the activities of STN, Type‐I GP (GP‐TI) and Type‐A GP (GP‐TA) neurons in anaesthetised Parkinsonian rats during such oscillations to constrain a series of computational models that systematically explored the effective connections and physiological parameters underlying neuronal rhythmic firing and phase preferences in vivo. The best candidate model, identified with a genetic algorithm optimising accuracy/complexity measures, faithfully reproduced experimental data and predicted that the effective connections of GP‐TI and GP‐TA neurons are quantitatively different. Estimated inhibitory connections from striatum were much stronger to GP‐TI neurons than to GP‐TA neurons, whereas excitatory connections from thalamus were much stronger to GP‐TA and STN neurons than to GP‐TI neurons. Reciprocal connections between GP‐TI and STN neurons were matched in weight, but those between GP‐TA and STN neurons were not; only GP‐TI neurons sent substantial connections back to STN. Different connection weights between and within the two types of GP neuron were also evident. Adding to connection differences, GP‐TA and GP‐TI neurons were predicted to have disparate intrinsic physiological properties, reflected in distinct autonomous firing rates. Our results elucidate potential substrates of GP functional dichotomy, and emphasise that rhythmic inputs from striatum, thalamus and cortex are important for setting activity in the STN–GP network during Parkinsonian beta oscillations, suggesting they arise from interactions between most nodes of basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuits.
Death of a Titan
Authors: Sudol Marius , Yaffe Michael B.
Published: December 2013

Science Signaling
remembers Tony Pawson, a leader in cell signaling.
EMRE Emerges
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: December 2013

A final but essential protein component involved in maintaining mitochondrial calcium levels is discovered.
Foiling Fibrosis
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: December 2013

Preventing α
v
integrin from activating TGF-β1 could be a therapeutic strategy for treating fibrotic diseases.
TAMpering with the Tumor Immune Response
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: December 2013

Inhibiting neuropilin 1 in macrophages may block their immunosuppressive reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment.
Atg9 Induces JNK-Mediated Stress Signaling
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: December 2013

Atg9 promotes oxidative stress–induced autophagy independently of its role in starvation-induced autophagy.
EPO via Total Synthesis
Authors: Yeston Jake
Published: December 2013

Chemical synthesis of a glycoprotein hormone provides a sample uniformly substituted with specific sugar chains.