bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “Living” Case: Structuring Storytelling to Increase Student Interest, Interaction, and Learning
Authors: Fawcett Stanley E , Fawcett Amydee M.
Published: June 2011

Storytelling has always been a powerful form of teaching and continues to be a compelling way to build and communicate theory. Storytelling brings learning to life, helping students grasp the intricacies and nuances of today's challenging decision‐making environment. One form of classroom storytelling involves the use of guest speakers. Carefully selected guest speakers bring a unique credibility to the classroom. However, integrating guest speakers into the curriculum is not without challenges. For example, although they possess valuable experience, not all guest speakers are (1) engaging, (2) familiar with the course content and learning objectives, and (3) versed in effective pedagogy. According to student feedback, poorly planned guest speaker interactions can actually diminish the learning experience. Bringing greater structure to the guest speaker's visit can help mitigate these challenges and make the most out of precious class time and guest speaker experience. Structured storytelling via guest‐speaker‐specific case studies perform this role.

A picture is worth a thousand words,

A metaphor is worth a thousand pictures.

           —Daniel Pink, A Whole New Mind
Using Toyota's A3 Thinking for Analyzing MBA Business Cases
Authors: Anderson Joe S. , Morgan James N. , Williams Susan K.
Published: June 2011

A3 Thinking is fundamental to Toyota's benchmark management philosophy and to their lean production system. It is used to solve problems, gain agreement, mentor team members, and lead organizational improvements. A structured problem‐solving approach, A3 Thinking builds improvement opportunities through experience. We used The Toyota Way to introduce these concepts and practices and we incorporated A3 Thinking into the case analysis dimension of our functionally integrated MBA class, Managing People and Processes. Results of A3 Thinking were communicated by the A3 report, using a single 11” by 17” sheet of paper. We surveyed students at the end of the semester, after they had created numerous A3 reports for case analysis. In addition to reinforcing A3 Thinking concepts, students and faculty found that A3 reporting added value to case analysis, class discussions, and presentations and pushed the focus of analysis into key issues and root causes often overlooked in a more intuitive approach. Emphasis on conciseness and graphics helped students improve communication and the format of the A3 reports helped instructors quickly review and evaluate the case analyses.
Inertia and Neighboring Effects in Local Tax Policy: Illinois' Experience with a Local Option Tax on Telecommunications
Authors: WU YONGHONG , MERRIMAN DAVID
Published: June 2011

Illinois reconfigured the legal basis and constraints for municipal telecommunications taxes in 2003. We use data on municipalities' initial (assigned) tax rate, fiscal condition, population, changes in tax rates of neighboring municipalities and neighbors' initial (assigned) tax rates to explain changes in telecommunications tax rates between 2003 and 2008. We find clear evidence of an important and statistically significant inertia effect—municipalities initially assigned a zero tax rate continued to stay tax free—and important and statistically significant neighboring effects—municipalities whose neighbors changed tax rates did the same, and municipalities whose neighbors were assigned relatively high initial rates increased their own rates faster.
Thermal Conductivity: IX, Experimental Investigation of Effect of Porosity on Thermal Conductivity
Authors: FRANCL J. , KINGERY W. D.
Published: June 2011

The effect of isometric approximately spherical pores and anisometric cylindrical pores on the thermal conductivity of alumina, graphite, and nickel has been investigated. Pore orientation is found to affect profoundly the thermal conductivity for a given porosity. At temperatures below about 500°C. the conductivity of a porous sample in any given direction is equal to the solid conductivity times one minus the cross‐sectional pore fraction or kp= ks (1 −Pc). At higher temperatures the pore size and emissivity become important.
Ureteral endometriosis and loss of renal function: mechanisms and interpretations
Authors: LANGEBREKKE ANTON , QVIGSTAD ERIK
Published: June 2011

Ureteral endometriosis is associated with deep endometriosis and is relatively uncommon. In some patients, progressive obstruction of the lower part of the ureter may occur, with silent loss of renal function as a consequence. We report on three patients with loss of renal function, in whom different pathogenic mechanisms probably were the decisive cause. Failure to diagnose deep endometriosis with ureteral involvement, misinterpretation of hydroureter at magnetic resonance imaging and lack of typical symptoms may all be reasons for development of loss of renal function. With only one functional kidney, these patients should be followed closely with renal function tests and ultrasound, and in certain cases also by magnetic resonance imaging or renal scintigraphy.
Lack of influence of the Schneiderian membrane in forming new bone apical to implants simultaneously installed with sinus floor elevation: an experimental study in monkeys
Authors: Scala Alessandro , Botticelli Daniele , Faeda Rafael Silveira , Garcia Rangel Idelmo , Américo de Oliveira José , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: June 2011

Abstracts

Aim: To describe the early healing processes around the implants installed after elevation of the sinus mucosa applying the lateral access technique without the use of grafting material.

Material and methods: Immediately after the elevation of the maxillary sinus Schneiderian membrane by the lateral approach in eight monkeys, implants were installed without the use of grafting material. The healing of the tissue around the implants was evaluated after 4, 10, 20 and 30 days. Ground sections were prepared and analyzed histologically.

Results: After 4 days of healing, the formation of coagulum and provisional matrix was documented within the elevated area. At 10‐day interval, sprouts of woven bone were in continuity with the parent bone, and partly in contact with the implant surface at the base of the augmented area. While bone‐to‐implant contact increased after 20 and 30 days, the area underneath the Schneiderian membrane appeared reduced in volume and condensed toward the apex of the implants. The sinus mucosa was to some extent collapsed onto the implant surface and on the newly formed bone.

Conclusions: The void initially occupied by the coagulum after sinus membrane elevation shrank substantially during the observation period. A lack of influence of the Schneiderian membrane in bone formation apical to implants was documented in the early phase of healing.

To cite this article: Scala A, Botticelli D, Faeda RS, Rangel IG Jr, de Oliveira, JA, Lang NP. Lack of influence of the Schneiderian membrane in forming new bone apical to implants simultaneously installed with sinus floor elevation: an experimental study in monkeys. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 175–181.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02227.x
Melatonin promotes adventitious root regeneration in in vitro shoot tip explants of the commercial sweet cherry rootstocks CAB‐6P (Prunus cerasus L.), Gisela 6 (P. cerasus × P. canescens), and MxM 60 (P. avium × P. mahaleb).
Authors: Sarropoulou Virginia N. , Therios Ioannis N. , Dimassi‐Theriou Kortessa N.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  The objectives of this study were to test the effects of melatonin (N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine), a natural compound of edible plants on the rooting of certain commercial sweet cherry rootstocks. Shoot tip explants from previous in vitro cultures of the cherry rootstocks CAB‐6P (Prunus cerasus L.), Gisela 6 (P. cerasus × P. canescens), and M × M 60 (P. avium × P. mahaleb) were included in the experiment. The effect of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and indole‐3‐butyric acid (IBA) alone or in combination with melatonin was tested concerning their rooting potential. Seven concentrations of melatonin (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 μm) alone or in combination with 5.71 μm of IAA or 4.92 μm of IBA were tested. For each rootstock, 21 treatments were included. The explants were grown in glass tubes containing 10 mL of substrate. The parameters measured include rooting percentage, number of roots per rooted explant, root length, and callus formation. The data presented in this study show that melatonin has a rooting promoting effect at a low concentration but a growth inhibitory effect at high concentrations. In the absence of auxin, 1 μm melatonin had auxinic response concerning the number and length of roots, but 10 μm melatonin was inhibitory to rooting in all the tested rootstocks. The final conclusion of this experiment is that exogenously applied melatonin acted as a rooting promoter and its action was similar to that of IAA.
Genetic variability of Wagyu cattle estimated by statistical approaches
Authors: OYAMA Kenji
Published: June 2011

The genetic evaluation of economically important traits utilizes estimates of genetic variability, which are represented by heritability. This review summarizes the published heritabilities of traits estimated in Wagyu cattle. Two different mean heritabilities, unweighted and weighted by standard errors, were calculated. In Japanese Black cattle, the average unweighted and weighted direct heritabilities of birth weight were 0.35 and 0.28, respectively, whereas the respective maternal heritabilities were 0.17 and 0.07. The mean unweighted heritability of calf market weight was estimated to be 0.30 in Japanese Black cattle. The mean unweighted heritability of daily gain during performance testing was 0.29 in Japanese Black and 0.40 in Japanese Shorthorn cattle. In Japanese Black cattle, the unweighted mean heritability was 0.48 for carcass weight, 0.46 for rib‐eye area, 0.38 for rib thickness, 0.39 for subcutaneous fat thickness, and 0.55 for marbling. The mean weighted heritability of the calving interval was low, and estimated to be 0.05. In general, the heritabilities estimated in Wagyu cattle were similar to those estimated in other beef breeds.
STATISTICAL PACKAGE CLUSTERING MAY NOT BE BEST FOR GROUPING CONSUMERS TO UNDERSTAND THEIR MOST LIKED PRODUCTS
Authors: YENKET RENOO , CHAMBERS EDGAR , JOHNSON DALLAS E.
Published: June 2011

Ensuring that new products satisfy specific groups of consumers can impact successful product development. In sensory studies, cluster analysis has been used to segment consumers. Researchers often analyze mean values of products for consumer segments, presuming that the segmented consumers like or dislike similar products. This study investigates how well most/least liked products match for individual members of clusters using various cluster methods in two sensory studies. Four statistical package clustering (SPC) methods were used with hedonic data and data transformed to ranks. Next, the products most frequently rated/ranked highest in each cluster were examined. Four manual clustering groups were extracted and compared with the results of the SPC methods. Standard SPC was not found to separate consumers appropriately to understand their ranking/rating of most/least liked products. For these data, additional manual clustering was necessary to produce consumer cluster segments where the consumers within each group had the same highest/lowest scoring products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Statistical package clustering (SPC) is a common method for determining consumer clusters, but it may not be the best method for separating consumers or for understanding their most or least liked products. The findings from this research show that the assumption that cluster analysis will produce clusters containing consumers who have the same most or least liked products is false. This is important because it shows that clustering consumers using typical SPC may not produce the homogeneous segments that researchers would like to obtain. This can impact further analyses of data for product optimization and preference mapping. SPC with further manual clustering is recommended for more homogeneous segments. In addition, new SPC methods should be developed that generate cluster segments that are more homogeneous.
Perceived barriers to immunizations as identified by Latino mothers
Authors: Adorador Anita , McNulty Rita , Hart Dynnette , Fitzpatrick Joyce J.
Published: June 2011

Purpose: Identify low‐income Latino mothers’ perceived barriers to immunizations.

Data sources: A 1‐month survey was conducted in a Southern California, low‐income primary care clinic. Mothers of Latino children aged 2 months to 18 years were surveyed in Spanish using a 52‐question immunization survey.

Conclusions: Latino mothers’ perception of immunizations and knowledge of up‐to‐date status greatly influenced their children's immunization status. In addition, Latino children had lower immunization rates and encountered more barriers to immunizations than children in other population groups despite government efforts to provide vaccines to healthcare providers at no cost to assist low‐income children. Most mothers (92%) believed their children were up‐to‐date on immunizations; however, immunization records documented that 42% of the children were current based on age. The most common barriers reported were that the child was sick at the time of the visit (51%) and/or transportation problems (39%).

Implications for practice: When working with low‐income, uninsured Latinos, nurse practitioners and other healthcare professionals with low immunization rates in their clinic must assess the barriers to immunization and implement an action plan.
Development of a conceptual nursing model for the implementation of spiritual care in adult primary healthcare settings by nurse practitioners
Authors: Carron Rebecca , Cumbie Sharon Ann
Published: June 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to develop a conceptual nursing model for the implementation of spiritual care in adult primary care by nurse practitioners (NPs), with an emphasis on older adults.

Data sources: The study was a descriptive, qualitative design incorporating a grounded theory and phenomenological approach. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants to obtain a broad perspective of the lived experience of spirituality in primary care. Fourteen interviews were conducted with older adults, family NPs, community spiritual leaders/educators, and nuns. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative approach to identify themes of spiritual care.

Conclusions: The results demonstrated that as the NP–patient relationship develops, the opportunity is often present for the NP to explore the adult's spiritual system. The NP and adult may develop an interspiritual relationship with the potential to use the adult's spirituality as a support resource.

Implications for practice: The nursing model reflects a spiritual‐relational view. As the NP and older adult grow in relationship, they can grow into knowledge and use of spirit. The NP can use the adult's spirituality as a resource for helping the adult cope with ongoing and emerging problems. The model provides spiritual care guidance for NPs through evidence‐based concepts.
Development of a dosing algorithm in a nurse‐managed outpatient anticoagulation clinic
Authors: Hefter Gail B. , Stack Janice
Published: June 2011

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of an algorithm created for use in a nurse‐managed outpatient anticoagulation clinic with the use of clinical judgment without formalized guidelines.

Data source: A search of the databases in Pub Med and the Cumulative Index to Nursing of articles published through November 2009 yielded 19 articles concerning warfarin, practice guidelines, and use of algorithms.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted comparing 179 consecutive patient visits in September 2007 with 206 consecutive patient visits in 2009 at the Johns Hopkins Outpatient Anticoagulation Clinic. An algorithm was created that incorporated “removeable causes” to aid nurses in decision making when, for example, additions and deletions of new medications are added that interact with warfarin (Coumadin).

Results: In both years, there was a greater percentage of no change versus change in warfarin dose reflecting stable dosage patterns in both years. Chi‐square analysis showed no statistical significance in the relationship between dosing changes and year. A significant relationship was found, however, between removeable causes and year, suggesting improved documentation of removable causes in 2009.

Implications for practice: Further study with a larger prospective randomized sample population is needed to more accurately assess the algorithm's effect on time in therapeutic range (TTR).
Mechanistic Theories of Causality Part I
Authors: Williamson Jon
Published: June 2011

Part I of this paper introduces a range of mechanistic theories of causality, including process theories and the complex‐systems theories, and some of the problems they face. Part II argues that while there is a decisive case against a purely mechanistic analysis, a viable theory of causality must incorporate mechanisms as an ingredient, and describes one way of providing an analysis of causality which reaps the rewards of the mechanistic approach without succumbing to its pitfalls.
Mechanistic Theories of Causality Part II
Authors: Williamson Jon
Published: June 2011

Part I of this paper introduced a range of mechanistic theories of causality, including process theories and the complex‐systems theories, and some of the problems they face. Part II argues that while there is a decisive case against a purely mechanistic analysis, a viable theory of causality must incorporate mechanisms as an ingredient, and describes one way of providing an analysis of causality which reaps the rewards of the mechanistic approach without succumbing to its pitfalls.
Locke on Personal Identity
Authors: Weinberg Shelley
Published: June 2011

Locke’s account of personal identity has been highly influential because of its emphasis on a psychological criterion. The same consciousness is required for being the same person. It is not so clear, however, exactly what Locke meant by ‘consciousness’ or by ‘having the same consciousness’. Interpretations vary: consciousness is seen as identical to memory, as identical to a first personal appropriation of mental states, and as identical to a first personal distinctive experience of the qualitative features of one’s own thinking. There is wide agreement, however, that Locke’s theory of personal identity is meant to complement his moral and theological commitments to a system of divine punishment and reward in an afterlife. But these commitments seem to require also a metaphysical criterion, and Locke is insistent that it cannot be substance. The difficulty reconciling the psychological and metaphysical requirements of the theory has led, at worst, to charges of incoherence and, at best, to a slew of interpretations, none of which is widely accepted.
Drawing the Line: Art Versus Pornography
Authors: Maes Hans
Published: June 2011

Art and pornography are often thought to be mutually exclusive. The present article argues that this popular view is without adequate support. Section 1 looks at some of the classic ways of drawing the distinction between these two domains of representation. In Section 2, it is argued that the classic dichotomies (subjectivity versus objectification, the beautiful versus the smutty, contemplation versus arousal, the complex versus the one‐dimensional, the original versus the formulaic, imagination versus fantasy) may help to illuminate the differences between certain prototypical instances of pornography and art, but will not serve to justify the claim that pornography and art are fundamentally incompatible. Section 3 considers those definitions of pornography that make an a priori distinction between pornographic and artistic representations. The difference between the ‘merely’ erotic and the pornographic is also discussed in this context. Section 4 provides a critical assessment of the most recent and elaborate arguments against the compatibility of pornography and art. Finally, in Section 5, a case is made for the existence of pornographic art, as a subcategory of erotic art.
Constitutional Interpretation: Non‐originalism
Authors: Berman Mitchell N.
Published: June 2011

Debates over the proper theory of, or approach to, constitutional interpretation rage through many Western constitutional democracies. Although the number of distinct theories, if finely individuated, might match the number of theorists who have entered the fray, it has become customary to group the competing accounts into two broad camps, commonly labeled ‘originalism’ and ‘non‐originalism’. This article presents an overview of non‐originalist approaches to constitutional interpretation. However, because non‐originalism is defined as the negation of originalism – that is, diverse theories are grouped together as ‘non‐originalist,’ not so much by what they commonly affirm, as by what they commonly deny – the project naturally focuses as well on originalist theories of interpretation. After specifying what originalism maintains, and what objections it encounters, the essay sketches some of the more prominent non‐originalist approaches to constitutional interpretation and identifies some of the criticisms they face and worries they provoke. Preliminarily, it explains why ‘theories of constitutional interpretation’ constitute only a subset of ‘theories of judicial review.’
Quantitative review of antibody response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines
Authors: Seidman Jessica C. , Richard Stephanie A. , Viboud Cécile , Miller Mark A.
Published: June 2011

Please cite this paper as: Seidman et al. (2012) Quantitative review of antibody response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(1), 52–62.

Background  Seasonal influenza epidemics are associated with significant morbidity and mortality each year, particularly amongst young children and the elderly. Seasonal influenza vaccines have been available for decades, yet influenza remains a major public health threat in the US, sparking interest in studies evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination.

Objectives  We sought to identify determinants of serological responses to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines including number of doses, adjuvant, and subject characteristics.

Methods  We reviewed 60 articles published between 1987 and 2006. We used weighted multiple logistic regression and random‐effects models to evaluate how seroconversion and seroprotection rates varied with host and vaccine factors.

Results  Both children and seniors tended to have poorer immune responses compared to adults whereas use of adjuvant and a second vaccine dose tended to improve immune response. Pre‐vaccination serological status had a large impact on the immune response to vaccination. We found substantial heterogeneity among studies, even with similar population settings and vaccination regimen.

Conclusions  Future studies should stratify their results by pre‐vaccination serological status in an effort to produce more precise summary estimates of vaccine response.
A simple intravenous cannulation practical teaching technique: a technical note
Authors: Chalmers E. , O'Brien C. , Robb N.
Published: June 2011

Aim:  To create a simple practical teaching technique to aid cannulation skills.

Materials:  A cannula and medical adhesive technique.

Results:  A technique was created and described in this technical note.

Conclusions:  The technique created could be used as a useful adjunct in teaching both students and health professionals on how to place an IV cannuala.
Pseudarthrosis of the Acromion: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Moallemzadeh Zohra , Gosens Taco
Published: June 2011

Acromion fractures are rare and represent approximately 5 to 10% of all scapular fractures, which represent 1% of all fractures. Good results can often be achieved by non surgical treatment and pseudarthrosis as a complication does not occur frequently, with few reported cases. There are no guidelines for the treatment of acromion fractures and especially the pseudarthrosis of the acromion. We present a case of female patient with a traumatic acromion fracture and eventually a pseudarthrosis of the acromion.
Compliance with Sling-Wearing after Rotator Cuff Repair and Anterior Shoulder Stabilization
Authors: Nassiri Mujtaba , Egan Ciara , Mullet Hannan
Published: June 2011

Background

Compliance with postoperative sling immobilization after shoulder surgery has not been previously studied. In the present study, we examined the compliance with sling-wearing in patients who had had either undergone anterior stabilization or rotator cuff repair.

Methods

Patients who had undergone either an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair or shoulder stabilization anonymously answered a detailed standardized questionnaire regarding sling-wearing. Routine postoperative instructions require patients to wear a sling for 3 weeks after repair of a small or medium-sized rotator cuff tear, 4 weeks after anterior stabilization of the shoulder and 6 weeks after repair of a large or massive rotator cuff tear. All patients were contacted within 6 months of surgery.

Results

Older patients were more likely to be compliant with postoperative instructions, as were patients who had longer periods of acute pain requiring oral analgesia. There was no difference in compliance between patients who had a small rotator cuff tear and those who had a large rotator cuff tear. Nor was there any difference between open and arthroscopic shoulder stabilization groups.

Discussion

In the present study, despite written instructions regarding sling-wearing, there were differences between patient groups with regard to compliance with sling-wearing instructions.
Synovial Chondromatosis of the Shoulder without Calcification on Plain Radiograph
Authors: Ahearn Nathanael , Sheridan Barnaby D. , Sarangi Partha P.
Published: June 2011

Synovial chondromatosis is a rare metaplastic condition that comprises a proliferation of cartilaginous bodies within the synovial membrane, bursa, or tendon sheath. It is characterized by the formation of multiple cartilaginous foci within the synovium that eventually break free to form loose bodies. It is often monoarticular and most commonly affects the knee joint and, to a lesser extent, the hip, elbow, wrist and ankle joints. There have been reports of synovial chondromatosis within the shoulder joint and, less commonly, extra-articular disease within the subacromial bursa. In reported cases, there is evidence of ossification on plain radiograph, as confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We present a histologically confirmed case of subacromial synovial chondromatosis, with evidence to confirm the diagnosis on MRI, but without evidence of calcification visible on plain radiographs.
Current joint therapy usage in equine practice: A survey of veterinarians 2009
Authors: FERRIS D. J. , FRISBIE D. D. , McILWRAITH C. W. , KAWCAK C. E.
Published: June 2011

Reasons for performing study:Medications are frequently employed to treat intra‐articular (IA) problems in the performance horse. Actual usage of the different IA medications in horses is not available.

Objectives:To determine the most common usage of these medications, members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) were surveyed.

Methods:An email link to an online survey was electronically sent to 6305 AAEP members and the responses tabulated and analysed with a logistic regression model.

Results:A total of 831 survey responses were submitted and tabulated. Eighty per cent of the respondents indicated that they see 100% equine cases in their practice. The majority of respondents (77%) use triamcinolone acetonide (TA) to treat high motion joints and 73% use methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) to treat low motion joints. Veterinarians treating the Western performance and Sport horse were significantly more likely to use TA in high motion joints compared to MPA (P = 0.0201 and P<0.0001, respectively). Triamcinolone acetonide use compared to MPA in high motion joints by racehorse veterinarians was significantly lower compared to other veterinarians (P<0.0001). Polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan) and hyaluronate sodium (Legend) were the most commonly used disease modifying products (63 and 57% of respondents, respectively). Sport horse practitioners were significantly more likely than race or show horse veterinarians to utilise IRAP products (P = 0.0035 and P = 0.04, respectively). Respondents who had been in practice for more than 10 years were significantly less likely to use antimicrobials in their joint injections compared to those in practice for less than 10 years (P<0.0001).

Conclusions:Significant differences existed in usage of medications related to primary discipline treated and years practicing.

Potential relevance:The results of this study aid in defining the current usage of different joint therapy medications within equine practice. This knowledge can guide further research as well as education.
What's in a name? Inflammatory airway disease in racehorses in training
Authors: CARDWELL J. M. , CHRISTLEY R. M. , GERBER V. , MALIKIDES N. , WOOD J. L. N. , NEWTON J. R. , HODGSON J. L.
Published: June 2011

The term ‘inflammatory airway disease’ (IAD) is often used to describe the syndrome of lower airway inflammation that frequently affects young racehorses in training around the world. In practice, this inflammation is generally diagnosed using a combination of endoscopic tracheal examination, including grading of amounts of mucus present and tracheal wash sampling. However, a recent consensus statement from the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine concluded that bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampling, rather than tracheal wash (TW) sampling, is required for cytological diagnosis of IAD and that tracheal mucus is not an essential criterion. However, as BAL is a relatively invasive procedure that is not commonly used on racing yards, this definition can only be applied routinely to a biased referral population. In contrast, many practitioners continue to diagnose IAD using endoscopic tracheal examination and sampling. We argue that, rather than restricting the use of the term IAD to phenotypes diagnosed by BAL, it is important to distinguish in the literature between airway inflammation diagnosed by BAL and that identified in the field using TW sampling. We suggest the use of the term brIAD for the former and trIAD for the latter. It is essential that we continue to endeavour to improve our understanding of the aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical relevance of airway inflammation identified in racehorses in training using tracheal examination and sampling. Future studies should focus on investigations of the component signs of airway inflammation.
Comparative study of equine bone marrow and adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: RANERA B. , ORDOVÁS L. , LYAHYAI J. , BERNAL M. L. , FERNANDES F. , REMACHA A. R. , ROMERO A. , VÁZQUEZ F. J. , OSTA R. , CONS C. , VARONA L. , ZARAGOZA P. , MARTÍN‐BURRIEL I. , RODELLAR C.
Published: June 2011

Reasons for performing study: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent an attractive source for regenerative medicine. However, prior to their application, fundamental questions regarding molecular characterisation, growth and differentiation of MSCs must be resolved.

Objectives: To compare and better understand the behaviour of equine MSCs obtained from bone marrow (BM) and adipose tissue (AT) in culture.

Methods: Five horses were included in this study. Proliferation rate was measured using MTT assay and cell viability; apoptosis, necrosis and late apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of 7 surface marker genes were quantified using RT‐qPCR and CD90 was also analysed by flow cytometry. Differentiation was evaluated using specific staining, measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity and analysis of the mRNA expression.

Results: High interindividual differences were observed in proliferation in both cell types, particularly during the final days. Statistically significant differences in viability and early apoptosis of cultured AT‐ and BM‐MSCs were found. The highest values of early apoptosis were observed during the first days of culture, while the highest percentage of necrosis and late apoptosis and lowest viability was observed in the last days. Surface marker expression pattern observed is in accordance to other studies in horse and other species. Osteogenic differentiation was evident after 7 days, with an increasing of ALP activity and mRNA expression of osteogenic markers. Adipogenic differentiation was achieved in BM‐MSCs from 2 donors with one of the 16 media tested. Chondrogenic differentiation was also observed.

Conclusions: Proliferation ability is different in AT‐MSCs and BM‐MSCs. Differences in viability and early apoptosis were observed between both sources and CD34 was only found in AT‐MSCs. Differences in their osteogenic and adipogenic potential were detected by staining and quantification of specific tissue markers.

Potential relevance: To provide data to better understand AT‐MSCs and BM‐MSCs behaviour in vitro.
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 and Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 in equine squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in a Connemara mare
Authors: KAINZBAUER C. , RUSHTON J. , TOBER R. , SCASE T. , NELL B. , SYKORA S. , BRANDT S.
Published: June 2011

In January 2010, 18 months after excision of an ocular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a Connemara mare presented with anorexia and periorbital/parotideal lesions. Post mortem examination revealed these lesions as forming one entity, with 2 additional growths in the retropharyngeal region and the left jugular groove, respectively. The lesions were confirmed histopathologically as SCCs. Using PCR, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 2008 and 2010, tumour tissue, intact skin and vulval mucosa were screened for Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV‐2) and bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1/2) DNA. Whereas PBMCs from 2008 scored negative, EcPV‐2 DNA was present in PBMCs and SCCs from 2010. Furthermore, reverse transcription PCR revealed EcPV‐2 E6 transcripts in these samples. BPV‐1/2 DNA, but not RNA, was demonstrated in the periorbital/parotideal mass, the SCC of the jugular groove, vulval mucosa and intact skin, but not in the pharyngeal SCC and PBMCs. Sequencing revealed a 99% similarity of EcPV‐2 amplicons with the published EcPV‐2 sequence. BPV‐1/2 amplicons corresponded to BPV type 1. This report is the first to describe co‐presence of BPV‐1 and EcPV‐2 DNA in a pony affected by an uncommon form of nongenital SCC, and the detection of EcPV‐2 transcripts in lesions and PBMCs.
Synoviocoeles associated with the tarsal sheath: Description of the lesion and treatment in 15 horses
Authors: MINSHALL G. J. , WRIGHT I. M.
Published: June 2011

Reasons for performing study: To describe the presentation, clinical, ultrasonographic and endoscopic features associated with a defect in the tarsal sheath wall, to define the cavity created and to describe a method of treatment.

Hypothesis: So called ‘false thoroughpins’ can be caused by defects in the tarsal sheath wall creating a one way valve effect, removal of which could be therapeutic.

Methods: Case records and diagnostic images of horses with synoviocoeles associated with the tarsal sheath were reviewed retrospectively and follow‐up information obtained.

Results: Synoviocoeles were diagnosed in 15 horses. All were managed similarly and 10 horses had clinical resolution and returned to work.

Conclusion: Terminology previously used to describe lesions involving the tarsal sheath does not define accurately the condition described and the term synoviocoele is recommended. Endoscopic enlargement of the sheath wall defect produced good clinical results in 10/15 horses.

Potential relevance: Clinicians should include synoviocoele in the list of differential diagnoses of fluid filled cavities associated with the tarsal sheath and should consider endoscopic surgery as a treatment modality.
Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: Veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases
Authors: IRELAND J. L. , CLEGG P. D. , McGOWAN C. M. , McKANE S. A. , CHANDLER K. J. , PINCHBECK G. L.
Published: June 2011

Reasons for performing study:Geriatric horses (aged ≥15 years) represent a substantial proportion of the equine population, yet few studies have investigated the prevalence of diseases within this population in the UK.

Objectives:To describe the findings of veterinary clinical examination of 200 geriatric horses and ponies in north west England and north Wales, and to assess the effect of animal age and type (horse or pony) on the presence or absence of clinical signs and veterinary diagnosed health problems.

Methods:From responses to a cross‐sectional postal questionnaire survey of owners of geriatric horses (n = 918/1144), 200 horses were randomly selected to receive a veterinary clinical examination covering the major body systems.

Results:Twenty‐six percent of animals were overweight (body condition score, BCS, >3/5) and 4.5% were underweight (BCS <2/5). Seventy‐one percent had a dermatological abnormality and 22% displayed hirsutism or abnormal moulting. Ophthalmic lesions frequently identified included vitreous degeneration (66.0%), cataracts (58.5%) and senile retinopathy (33.7%). The prevalence of cardiac murmurs was 20%. Whilst only 7.5% of animals had a spontaneous cough during the examination, 18.5% had some form of nasal discharge and 22% had abnormalities on thoracic auscultation at rest. Following rebreathing, 13.6% developed marked abnormalities consistent with lower airway disease. When assessed at walk, 18.6% were lame on at least one limb, while 50.5% were lame in trot. The majority of animals (83.5%) had a reduction in range of motion in at least one joint. Eighty percent of animals had hoof abnormalities. Dental abnormalities were identified in 95.4% of animals, with cheek teeth diastemata, excessive wear/cupped out teeth and focal overgrowths the most frequently identified conditions.

Conclusions and potential relevance:This study has identified many prevalent clinical signs of disease in geriatric horses. Description of the most prevalent health problems and further identification of risk factors for these conditions will aid in targeted improvements in veterinary care, owner education and welfare.
Preferences for Christian names as a function of their experienced familiarity
Authors: Colman Andrew M. , Hargreaves David J. , Sluckin Wladyslaw
Published: June 2011

A sample of 80 English subjects and a comparable sample of 80 Australian subjects rated their familiarity with, or their liking for, either 100 randomly selected male Christian names or 100 randomly selected female Christian names. Positive linear relationships between familiarity and favourability, ranging from r = 0–568 (P > 0.001) for female names in the Australian sample to r = 0.824 P < 0.001) for male names in the English sample, were found. The results are discussed in the light of monotonic (Zajonc‐type) and non‐monotonic (inverted U‐type) functions relating to two variables which have been found in previous research with other classes of stimuli.
Victim emotional response: Effects on social reaction to victims of rape
Authors: Calhoun Lawrence G. , Cann Arnie , Selby James W. , Magee David L.
Published: June 2011

Two studies examined the impact of variations in a rape victim's emotional reactions on others' perceptions of her. The victim was presented as emotionally expressive or emotionally controlled. In one study written descriptions were used, while in the second, videotape presentations were employed. In both studies, the emotionally expressive victim was rated as more credible. In the videotape presentation, additional differences indicated that the emotionally controlled victim is perceived as having less aversion for the rape and was liked less. Results are discussed in terms of observers' expectations concerning rape victim reactions and the social climate after a rape.
Sex differences in the aggressive behaviour of schoolchildren
Authors: Archer John , Westeman Karin
Published: June 2011

An observational study was carried out to investigate whether sex differences in aggression, found in pre‐school children in free‐play situations, would also be found at older ages in the classroom. Equal numbers of boys and girls, aged 6 and 11 years, were observed individually in their school classrooms for eight 5 min periods, carried out over several weeks. At 11 years of age, boys showed more physical aggression than girls, a finding which resulted from a few boys showing higher scores than the remaining boys and the girls; girls showed more verbal aggression. These sex differences were not found at 6 years of age. At both ages, there was a higher proportion of same‐sex than opposite‐sex encounters. These results are discussed in terms of the generality of sex differences in aggression, the possibility of a sex difference in the form of aggressive acts, and the sex of the recipient of aggression.
A psychosocial approach to the explanation of displacement effects in the judgement of attitude statements
Authors: Roiser Martin
Published: June 2011

Although the assimilation‐contrast theory offers the most successful explanation of displacement effects, weak results have been obtained in experiments where statements and subjects have been selected to cover an entire attitude continuum. These weaknesses are discussed in terms of the psychophysical approach to the selection of statements and subjects. An alternative, psychosocial, approach is proposed and tested using attitudes towards Christianity. Predicted displacement effects were obtained. Further psychosocial research is suggested.
Psychological androgyny and ideational fluency
Authors: Hargreaves David , Stoll Louise , Farnworth Shirley , Morgan Sue
Published: June 2011

The evidence for the hypothesis that psychological androgyny and creativity are positively related in one or both sexes was briefly reviewed, and the relationship was tested using multiple regression analysis in a sample of 147 9–11‐year‐old schoolchildren. This kind of analysis overcomes three major problems that previous researchers have faced in the assessment of androgyny: the loss of information that occurs when subjects are divided into groups on the basis of median splits, the possible confounding of ‘undifferentiated’ and ‘androgynous’ individuals, and the need to assume that masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions. Subjects' scores on the masculinity and femininity scales of a specially designed Play and Games Inventory were positively correlated for both sexes; it was found that neither of these variables considered separately accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in ideational fluency for either sex, but that the product variable (masculinity × femininity) did so for girls. This finding is interpreted as tentative support for our hypothesis, and suggestions are made for further research.
Social episodes and group milieu: A study in social cognition
Authors: Forgas Joseph P.
Published: June 2011

The cognitive representation of social episodes in two intact sports teams, matched for size (n = 15), age, subcultural background, intelligence, SES and longevity of membership was studied. Based on recent approaches to social cognition, and on symbolic interactionist theory, it was expected that three indices of episode perception (differentiation, integration and consensus) would significantly reflect the different interaction styles of these matched groups. Members' ratings of their social episodes (selected in an open‐ended pilot study) were analysed by an Individual Differences Multidimensional Scaling (INDSCAL) analysis. Results showed that the group with a more intensive interaction milieu had (a) a more complex and differentiated episode domain, (b) showing a better overall integration of different kinds of episodes, and (c) there was a significantly greater consensus in their cognitive representation of episodes. It is suggested that the present techniques offer an appropriate way of identifying and labelling cognitive scripts about interaction episodes, and allow the quantification of the structural properties of such scripts.
The role of pre‐speech posture change in dyadic interaction
Authors: Thomas Andrew P. , Bull Peter
Published: June 2011

Eight dyadic interactions were videotaped in order to examine the possible relationship between changes in body posture and verbal behaviour. It was predicted that, prior to a person speaking, he or she would make a characteristic movement, moving perhaps the head or some other part of the body; the movement being specific to the type of speech it preceeded (e.g. question, answer, etc.). The hypothesis was supported. Raising and turning the head to the listener were associated with asking a question and turning the head away from the listener with giving an answer. It is suggested that changes in head posture associated with questions and answers (which ‘oner’ and ‘accept’ the floor respectively) are components of the floor apportionment mechanism.
Relationship between some personality characteristics and driving record
Authors: Smith D. I. , Kirkham R. W.
Published: June 2011

Extraversion and neuroticism scores were related to the accident and violation records of a representative sample of 113 young male drivers. A significant positive correlation was found between extraversion and accidents, particularly non‐intersection accidents. A similar significant positive correlation between extraversion and violations may have been confounded with exposure. Neuroticism appeared to be related to accidents only in extreme subjects and when considered simultaneously with extraversion.
The development of social psychology: Consensus, theory and methodology in the British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
Authors: Potter Jonathan
Published: June 2011

Three aspects of the development of social psychology were examined by studying changes in the British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. An analysis of the use of ‘justificatory statements’ indicated some decrease in consensus among social psychologists. Data suggested that social psychologists made more use of theories in the 1970s and the significance of this change is discussed. An analysis of methodology indicated that laboratory experimentation increasingly predominates, with little sign of any increase in methodological pluralism. On a more general level, the poor integration of theory and data in the literature concerning the development of social psychology is commented upon.
Construct importance and rating similarity as determinants of interpersonal attraction
Authors: Banikiotes Paul G. , Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: June 2011

This investigation explored the effects of two aspects of personal construct (Kelly, 1955) similarity on interpersonal attraction. Similarity of construct importance and ratings was manipulated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design which included an analysis of sex differences. Forty‐one subjects rated their attraction to hypothetical others who either agreed or disagreed in their assessment of construct importance and who evidenced either similar or dissimilar self‐ratings on these constructs. Results indicated that rating similarity was more influential as a determinant of interpersonal attraction than was similarity in evaluating construct importance. The interaction of the two variables indicated that construct importance had a positive effect on attraction in the presence of rating similarity but no effect in the presence of rating dissimilarity. A three‐way interaction with sex of subject further qualified the influence of rating similarity and construct importance on interpersonal attraction. Results were interpreted in terms of Duck's (1973a, 1977, 1979) ‘filtering theory’ of relationship development.