bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impacts of Offshore Oil Exploration and Development on Macrobenthos Community：A Case Study in Chengdao Oil Field
Authors: Jian Xiaoyang , Zhou Bin , Yu Qingyun , Tang Xuexi
Published: July 2015

Univariate and multivariate methods were used to study macrobenthos collected in October 2012 from the area around a new built offshore oil platform. The univariate parameters and community structure of benthic communities were related to environmental variables. Samples were taken with a 0.1 m2 Van Veen grab (33×30 ×15 cm) at each station from 15 sampling stations. The mean values of species number, abundance and species diversity (H’) were 25 species/grab, 104 animals/grab and 3.12/grab, respectively. A total of 142 species was recorded. Total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metal were strongly positively related to species number, abundance and species diversity, suggesting that petroleum hydrocarbons have harmful effects on macrobenthic communities. The BIO-ENV analyses for all stations identified COD, heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbons as the major environmental variables influencing the infaunal patterns. However, separate analyses for two groups produced stronger correlations and different best-correlated environmental variable combinations.
Research Status on Suaeda heteroptera Kitag
Authors: Ji Jing
Published: July 2015

The utilization value, morphological characteristics, biological characteristics, mechanism of salt tolerance, soil-repairing function, degradation, planting and breeding technology, development prospect and significance of Suaeda heteroptera Kitag were described, and the attentions which should be paid in its study and utilization in the future were put forward.
What's Wrong with Killing in Battle? Levinas in Light of Tamares: A Response to Aryeh Cohen
Authors: Helmreich Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2015

Levinas's opposition to war seems entirely abstract and symbolic, particularly when read alongside the more concrete antiwar philosophy of Tamares. Where Tamares warns of the destructive consequences of resorting to physical violence, Levinas talks of war's totalizing effects, in terms that seem insufficiently sensitive to the personal suffering and devastation that war uniquely inflicts. On closer scrutiny, however, Levinas's ethical philosophy—seen in light of his take on killing and murder—proves highly responsive to the unique evils of violent war, after all, and closer to Tamares. But to see this one has to look beyond his explicit denunciation of war and war-making, and to his overall philosophical project.
As Competências em Gestão de Projetos e sua influência na Empregabilidade dos Gerentes de Projetos
Authors: Pereira Sirlei De Almeida , Rabechini Jr. Roque
Published: July 2015

Este estudo investigou como as competências em gestão de projetos impactam a empregabilidade do gerente de projetos. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa survey com 48 gerentes de projetos atuantes na área de tecnologia da informação (TI) de uma instituição bancária de origem internacional. Os dados foram analisados por meio de técnica estatística descritiva, inferência estatística e a moda - medida de tendência central. Os resultados evidenciaram dificuldades no gerenciamento de custos, de riscos e de recursos, além de lacunas em habilidades para gerenciar bem os conflitos, delegar tarefas ou ter conhecimento da estratégia da empresa. Apesar disso, foi identificado alto grau de empregabilidade, garantido principalmente por rede de contatos e qualificação.
Escritório de Projetos da Cia. Integrada de Desenvolvimento Agrícola de Santa Catarina – CIDASC - e a Percepção dos Funcionários em Relação a sua Existência
Authors: Cruz Juliana , Bolfe Camila
Published: July 2015

O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a estrutura do escritório de projetos da CIDASC perante o que se considera pela literatura e perante a percepção dos funcionários sobre esse escritório. Para tal, identifica-se o modelo de escritório de projetos utilizado pela empresa CIDASC, analisa-se a percepção dos funcionários acerca da atuação do escritório e propõe-se melhorias para estruturá-lo. O artigo apresenta abordagem predominantemente qualitativa e realizou o levantamento dos dados por entrevistas com gestores, questionário enviado aos funcionários e a análise dos documentos internos da organização. Identificou-se que os funcionários compreendem a importância da gestão de projetos, contudo, ainda não há a cultura de projetos disseminada na empresa. Ainda, entende-se que a CIDASC possui um escritório de projetos parcamente estruturado. A empresa construiu padrões e métodos para se trabalhar com projetos, no entanto, não possui uma equipe para atender às demandas. Sugere-se que a CIDASC estruture um Project Management Office [PMO] do modelo Project Coaching Model (Kendall & Rollins, 2003), pois é uma empresa que não trabalha diretamente com projetos, no entanto, existe uma demanda que precisa ser suprida.
While milk remains in the memories of my heart
Authors: Tavares Luciana Ferreira
Published: July 2015

The main purpose of this article is to show the importance of the affective memory rebuilt in the fictional narrative of Chico Buarque de Hollanda. Through the protagonist-narrator – Eulálio d’Assumpção –, from ‘Spilt Milk’, considerations are made about the speculate structure, a so present element in Buarque’s narrative style. By rescuing a double biography – Eulálio and Matilde – we show that the narrator expresses symptoms of resentment on his text pattern, and the traces left by the image of pain: a symbolic image. We emphasize that this literature piece implicitly designs on its plot a fundamental ontology of being: the wandering. That is why the scope of hermeneutic consciousness is used to receptively show the alterity of the text.
Interdisciplinarity in elementary schools: an analysis of testimonies given by teachers
Authors: Dominguini Lucas , Bilíbio Rosecler
Published: July 2015

This work aims to analyze the contribution of interdisciplinarity in elementary schools. An interview guide was prepared with five questions regarding the vision of elementary school teachers about interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary practices, problems and activities involving the theme "water". The questionnaire was conducted with 17 municipal elementary school teachers in Florianópolis/SC. Results show that teachers understand the concept of interdisciplinary. Moreover, despite saying they are prepared to work in an interdisciplinary way, they present reasons to justify their difficulty in performing interdisciplinary activities in the classroom. Finally, the theme "water" proved to be a cross-cutting pertinent issue to promote interdisciplinary activities.
Development of an engineering educational software applied for the blending of materials
Authors: Pimenta Frederico Torres , Greco Marcelo , Pitangueira Roque Luiz , Santanna-Greco Jisela Aparecida
Published: July 2015

The paper deals with the development of a software for the mix design of granular materials based on the method of least squares. The software, developed in Java, has the possibility of using a weighted cost function in the mixtures, the specificity for the application, and the gratuity. The problem to be solved is the determination of the proportions of each component to be used in the material mixture, so that the mixture has the appropriate particle size distribution characteristics specified by the technical standards. The obtained solutions showed excellent results of adhesion of particle size distributions satisfying the optimal distributions.
Environmental conservation and social conflict in the Amazon
Authors: Brandão Andre Augusto Pereira , Jorge Amanda Lacerda
Published: July 2015

This article summarizes results of research carried out with the traditional riverside communities in the municipality of Oriximiná, in the western section of the state of Pará. We aim to understand the relationship between traditional populations and environmental agencies in environmental conservation units located in non-specially protected areas protected in the Amazon. We develop research in quilombola communities that occupy forest areas on the Trombetas River, located in protected areas of the Federal Government (Trombetas River Biological Reserve and National Saracá-Taquera Forest) and lowland communities located on the river Nhamundá, which are not specially protected areas. The former endure constant conflicts with environmental agencies, while the latter has developed an important process of collective organization and cooperation with governmental agencies for joint inspection of its resource units. We discuss how the conceptualization of protection units can foster conflict and accentuate vulnerability to typical forms of social reproduction amongst traditional populations of the Brazilian Amazon.
Characterization of the socioeconomic and agricultural production process of farmers in the watershed of the Rio Doce, São João da Barra, RJ
Authors: Burla Rogério da Silva , Oliveira Vicente de Paulo Santos de , Manhães Carmen Maria Coimbra , Francelino Francisco Mauricio Alves , Santos Joice Cleide Oliveira Rita , Colucci Mario Celso , Fontes Sueleni Carvalho
Published: July 2015

Despite having been deemed unfit for agriculture, the municipality of São João da Barra - RJ, much of the community-based agricultural economy grew and currently own, despite the difficulties, a significant production. The aim of this study was to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the watershed of the Rio Doce, São João da Barra - RJ, taking into account the interaction of biotic and abiotic elements, and to produce scientific knowledge that can serve as a basis for the development of public policies that aim to exploit the environment in a more sustainable way, as well as the improvement in quality of life. This study used questionnaires with open and closed questions. Agriculture is a traditional economic activity in this region, with approximately 60% of farmers having over twenty years of professional experience, mainly producing pineapple, gherkin and okra.
ОБЈЕКТИ Е-УЧЕЊА – ОБЈЕКТИ ЗНАЊА
Authors: Marković Suzana
Published: July 2015

У овом раду описани су објекти е-учења и како се они могу користити, поново употребити и позивати у различитим окружењима е-учења. Осим тога, ништа мање значајни, описани су и репозиторијуми садржаја и њихова међусобна комуникација, као и метаподаци који описују те садржаје. На крају је изложен проблем ауторских права, као и начини лиценцирања наставног садржаја.
ТУРИСТИЧКО-ГЕОГРАФСКИ ПОЛОЖАЈ ТОПЛИЧКОГ ОКРУГА
Authors: Gašić Marko , Ivanović Vladan
Published: July 2015

Топлички округ чине општине Прокупље, Куршумлија, Блаце и Житорађа. Реч је о просторној целини са значајним туристичким потенцијалима који су данас само делимично искоришћени за развој појединих облика туризма. Од туризма се очекује да ће својим мултипликативним ефектима дати импулс развоју овог економски заосталог округа, пружити трајну основу егзистенције становништва, зауставити миграције и активирати развој пољопривреде, приватног предузетништва, трговине и осталих делатности. Предмет рада је дефинисање туристичко-географског положаја Топличког округа као битне компоненте туристичке валоризације
СПЕЦИФИЧНОСТИ ПРОМОЦИЈЕ КАО ИНСТРУМЕНТА МАРКЕТИНГ МИКСА У ТУРИЗМУ
Authors: Ubavić Predrag
Published: July 2015

Промоција је, поред производа/услуге, цене и канала дистрибуције, један од основних инструмената маркетинг микса. Значај промоције посебно долази до изражаја у туризму где се, у процесу масовног комуницирања, између понуде и тражње размењују информације које треба да подстакну продају туристичких производа и услуга. Све промоционе активности у туризму међусобно су повезане и као такве представљају промоциони, односно комуникациони микс. Туристичком промоцијом треба остварити одређене циљеве пословања у туризму за шта је потребно дефинисати и одговарајућу промотивну стратегију. За реализацију промотивних активности у туризму, такође, су неопходна и одређена финансијска средства, као и адекватни извршиоци ових активности.
РАЗВОЈ РУРАЛНОГ ТУРИЗМА У ЦРНОЈ ГОРИ
Authors: Babović Andrija , Babović Andrijana , Babović Aleksandra
Published: July 2015

Рурални туризам се дефинише као туризам руралних подручја који је контролисан од стране становништва које живи  на том руралном подручју. Када је рурална култура кључна компонента туристичког  производа  тада и тај облик туризма можемо назвати руралним туризмом. Циљ развоја овог облика туризма је да посјетилац кроз његов лични контакт са физичким окружењем и самим учешћем у активностима, традицији и стилу живота које одликује тај рурални предио обезбиједи себи упечатљив доживљај  а на тај начин директно утиче на сам развој руралних подручја као и на ниво животног стандард становништва које живи на том подручју. Предмет овог рада је развој руралног туризма у Црној Гори и укључује дефинисање руралног туризма, развој руралног туризма у појединим државама чланицама ЕУ и анализу развијености руралног туризма у Црној Гори.
Spontaneous neurotransmission signals through store-driven Ca2+ transients to maintain synaptic homeostasis
Authors: Reese Austin L , Kavalali Ege T
Published: July 2015

Spontaneous glutamate release-driven NMDA receptor activity exerts a strong influence on synaptic homeostasis. However, the properties of Ca2+ signals that mediate this effect remain unclear. Here, using hippocampal neurons labeled with the fluorescent Ca2+ probes Fluo-4 or GCAMP5, we visualized action potential-independent Ca2+ transients in dendritic regions adjacent to fluorescently labeled presynaptic boutons in physiological levels of extracellular Mg2+. These Ca2+ transients required NMDA receptor activity, and their propensity correlated with acute or genetically induced changes in spontaneous neurotransmitter release. In contrast, they were insensitive to blockers of AMPA receptors, L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, or group I mGluRs. However, inhibition of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release suppressed these transients and elicited synaptic scaling, a process which required protein translation and eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase activity. These results support a critical role for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in amplifying NMDA receptor-driven Ca2+ signals at rest for the maintenance of synaptic homeostasis.
Verbos deponentes en la Aulularia de Plauto
Authors:   Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (Chile), Roa Nova David Antonio
Published: July 2015

En este trabajo se analizan las formas verbales, en especial los verbos deponentes, que aparecen en una obra plautina: la Aulularia. El análisis verbal comprende las nociones de transitividad e intransitividad léxica, tiempo y modo, con el objetivo de apreciar a grandes rasgos algunas características de su empleo sintáctico, la forma de implicación del sujeto, el contexto en que son utilizados y su clasificación según el tipo de proceso o clase verbal a la que pertenecen. Un 65% registró una construcción intransitiva. Se registró un aumento de usos de las formas deponentes (sin especificación de modo) en pasajes donde los interlocutores hacen referencia a su apreciación subjetiva del entorno. Los verbos de mayor frecuencia fueron los que denotan un proceso verbal, con un 36,4%, y los de procesos mentales, con un 28%.
The mutual importance of anthropogenically and climate‐induced changes in global vegetation cover for future land carbon emissions in the MPI‐ESM CMIP5 simulations
Authors: Schneck R. , Reick C. H. , Pongratz J. , Gayler V.
Published: July 2015

Based on the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and on simulations with the submodel Cbalone we disentangle the influence of natural and anthropogenic vegetation changes on land carbon emissions for the years 1850 until 2300. According to our simulations, climate‐induced changes in distribution and productivity of natural vegetation strongly mitigates future carbon (C) emissions from anthropogenic land‐use and land cover change (LULCC). Depending on the assumed scenario, the accumulated carbon emissions until the year 2100 are reduced between 22 and 49% and until 2300 between 45 and 261%. The carbon storage due to climate‐induced vegetation change is generally stronger under the presence of LULCC. This is because the natural vegetation change can reestablish highly productive extratropical forests that are lost due to LULCC. After stopping anthropogenic vegetation changes in the year 2100 the refilling of depleted C pools on formerly transformed land takes (dependent on the scenario) time scales of centuries.
The relative proportions of water group ions in Saturn's inner magnetosphere: A preliminary study
Authors: Wilson R. J. , Bagenal F. , Cassidy T. , Fleshman B. L. , Crary F.
Published: July 2015

We present a technique to gather ion composition information in the form of relative abundances of the water group ion species in Saturn's inner magnetosphere, utilizing the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer's Straight‐Through Time‐of‐Flight data from two orbits in 2011. We show that between 4.75 and 8 Saturn radii H2O+ ions dominate the water group species, and from 8 to 10 Saturn radii it is OH+ ions that dominate. Our results show that the relative proportion of H3O+ falls fastest with increasing distance, while the proportion of H2O+ decreases slowly. However, O+ and OH+ increase with distance, and O+ is the least dominant ion species out to eight Saturn radii outside of which it is comparable to H3O+. The relative abundance of H2O+ found here matches theoretical work based on Herschel telescopic data very well. These results are compared with other published work, and further improvements to the technique are discussed.
Baroclinic annular variability of internal motions in a Patagonian fjord
Authors: Ross Lauren , Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo , Pérez‐Santos Iván , Tapia Fabian J. , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: July 2015

Time series of horizontal velocities, echo intensity, wind velocity, and atmospheric pressure were collected for ∼200 days in a Patagonian fjord to explore pycnocline motions produced by the Southern Hemisphere's baroclinic annular mode (BAM). The BAM variability occurs between 20 and 30 days and is associated with fluctuations in atmospheric kinetic energy and in turbulent fluxes of heat. Spectra of horizontal velocities and normalized echo intensity in the fjord's water showed highest energy between 25 and 30 days. This was explained by sustained westerly winds associated with extreme low‐pressure systems (∼900 hPa) that had periodicity related to the BAM. Wind forcing produced >40 cm s−1 along‐channel and cross‐channel currents in the surface layer, which in turn created a wind‐induced setup toward the head of the fjord. The setup was accompanied by a deepening of the pycnocline (from 5 to 15 m depth) with ∼25 to 30 day periodicity, as derived from the normalized echo intensity. The dominant empirical orthogonal function mode of the normalized echo intensity profiles explained 70.8% of the variance and also exhibited a ∼25–30 day periodicity. Further, a wavelet and spectral analysis of 10 years of atmospheric pressure indicated peaks between 25 and 30 days each year, indicating that the BAM consistently influences weather patterns in Chilean Patagonia. This is the first documented case of baroclinic annular variability in a specific region of the Southern Hemisphere, and of its effects on fjord systems.
Dynamic Potential Intensity: An improved representation of the ocean's impact on tropical cyclones
Authors: Balaguru Karthik , Foltz Gregory R. , Leung L. Ruby , Asaro Eric D' , Emanuel Kerry A. , Liu Hailong , Zedler Sarah E.
Published: July 2015

To incorporate the effects of tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced upper ocean mixing and sea surface temperature (SST) cooling on TC intensification, a vertical average of temperature down to a fixed depth was proposed as a replacement for SST within the framework of air‐sea coupled Potential Intensity (PI). However, the depth to which TC‐induced mixing penetrates may vary substantially with ocean stratification and storm state. To account for these effects, here we develop a “Dynamic Potential Intensity” (DPI) based on considerations of stratified fluid turbulence. For the Argo period 2004–2013 and the three major TC basins of the Northern Hemisphere, we show that the DPI explains 11–32% of the variance in TC intensification, compared to 0–16% using previous methods. The improvement obtained using the DPI is particularly large in the eastern Pacific where the thermocline is shallow and ocean stratification effects are strong.
Characteristics of four SPE groups with different origins and acceleration processes
Authors: Kim R.‐S. , Cho K.‐S. , Lee J. , Bong S.‐C. , Joshi A. D. , Park Y.‐D.
Published: July 2015

Solar proton events (SPEs) can be categorized into four groups based on their associations with flare or CME inferred from onset timings as well as acceleration patterns using multienergy observations. In this study, we have investigated whether there are any typical characteristics of associated events and acceleration sites in each group using 42 SPEs from 1997 to 2012. We find the following: (i) if the proton acceleration starts from a lower energy, a SPE has a higher chance to be a strong event (> 5000 particle flux per unit (pfu)) even if its associated flare and/or CME are not so strong. The only difference between the SPEs associated with flare and CME is the location of the acceleration site. (ii) For the former (Group A), the sites are very low (∼ 1 Rs) and close to the western limb, while the latter (Group C) have relatively higher (mean = 6.05 Rs) and wider acceleration sites. (iii) When the proton acceleration starts from the higher energy (Group B), a SPE tends to be a relatively weak event (< 1000 pfu), although its associated CME is relatively stronger than previous groups. (iv) The SPEs categorized by the simultaneous acceleration in whole energy range within 10 min (Group D) tend to show the weakest proton flux (mean = 327 pfu) in spite of strong associated eruptions. Based on those results, we suggest that the different characteristics of SPEs are mainly due to the different conditions of magnetic connectivity and particle density, which are changed with longitude and height as well as their origin.
The effect of including field‐aligned potentials in the coupling between Jupiter's thermosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
Authors: Ray L. C. , Achilleos N. A. , Yates J. N.
Published: July 2015

Jupiter's magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system drives the brightest, steadiest aurora in our solar system. This emission is the result of an electrical current system, which couples the magnetosphere to the planetary atmosphere in an attempt to enforce the corotation of the middle magnetospheric plasma. Field‐aligned currents transfer angular momentum from the atmosphere to the magnetosphere. In the equatorial plane, the field‐aligned currents diverge into radially outward currents, which exert a torque on the plasma due to the J × B forces. Equatorward ionospheric currents exert an opposite torque on the ionosphere, which interacts with the thermosphere via ion‐neutral collisions. The upward field‐aligned currents result in auroral electron precipitation, depositing energy into the high‐latitude atmosphere. This energy input is a possible candidate for explaining the large thermospheric temperature measured by the Galileo probe at equatorial latitudes; however, previous atmospheric circulation models have shown that the bulk of the energy is transported poleward, rather than equatorward. We present numerical results of Jupiter's coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system including, for the first time, field‐aligned potentials. The model is compared with three previously published works. We find that the rotational decoupling of the magnetospheric and thermospheric angular velocities in the presence of field‐aligned potentials tempers the thermospheric response to the outward transport of magnetospheric plasma, but this is a secondary effect to variations in the Pedersen conductance.
On the accuracy of stratospheric aerosol extinction derived from in situ size distribution measurements and surface area density derived from remote SAGE II and HALOE extinction measurements
Authors: Kovilakam Mahesh , Deshler Terry
Published: July 2015

In situ stratospheric aerosol measurements, from University of Wyoming optical particle counters (OPCs), are compared with Stratospheric Aerosol Gas Experiment (SAGE) II (versions 6.2 and 7.0) and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) satellite measurements to investigate differences between SAGE II/HALOE‐measured extinction and derived surface area and OPC‐derived extinction and surface area. Coincident OPC and SAGE II measurements are compared for a volcanic (1991–1996) and nonvolcanic (1997–2005) period. OPC calculated extinctions agree with SAGE II measurements, within instrumental uncertainty, during the volcanic period, but have been a factor of 2 low during the nonvolcanic period. Three systematic errors associated with the OPC measurements, anisokineticity, inlet particle evaporation, and counting efficiency, were investigated. An overestimation of the OPC counting efficiency is found to be the major source of systematic error. With this correction OPC calculated extinction increases by 15–30% (30–50%) for the volcanic (nonvolcanic) measurements. These changes significantly improve the comparison with SAGE II and HALOE extinctions in the nonvolcanic cases but slightly degrade the agreement in the volcanic period. These corrections have impacts on OPC‐derived surface area density, exacerbating the poor agreement between OPC and SAGE II (version 6.2) surface areas. This disparity is reconciled with SAGE II version 7.0 surface areas. For both the volcanic and nonvolcanic cases these changes in OPC counting efficiency and in the operational SAGE II surface area algorithm leave the derived surface areas from both platforms in significantly better agreement and within the ± 40% precision of the OPC moment calculations.
Retrieval of the land surface‐air temperature difference from high spatial resolution satellite observations over complex surfaces in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Jie , Gao Shiyang , Chen Haishan , Yu Jiahui , Tang Qun
Published: July 2015

The temperature difference between the surface and the air (dTsa) directly indicates the intensity and heat fluxes of land‐atmosphere interaction. Considering the effects of surface characteristics and air condition on the surface temperature, using 1 km data from the MOD02 thermal infrared bands of the EOS/moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on satellite Aqua, other MODIS products and temperatures observed from weather stations at 14:00 China standard time (CST), the study analyzes the relationships between dTsa and brightness temperature in the infrared atmospheric window band (Bt31 and Bt32), the water vapor band (Bt28), the atmospheric temperature band (Bt25), and the CO2 band (Bt34). A model estimating dTsa is built. The model coefficients are estimated for 96 stations representing 96 sets of surface and atmospheric conditions, and 71 sets of coefficients among them passing 90% confidence levels of estimating dTsa are selected as references. Combined with the probabilistic neural network (PNN) method and nine parameters reflecting surface characteristics in one season and month, the Tibetan Plateau surface is classified as 71 types with 71 sets of coefficients. PNN is certified an efficient classification method for multiple parameters and mass data. Based on PNN and estimated model, estimated dTsa shows 1.36°C root‐mean‐square error and a standard deviation of 0.74°C, and dTsa distribution exhibits all centers with peak value and valley value of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts, MYD07, and simple regression model results, showing its superiority. The model is worthy of further exploration and application in an effort to advance the retrieval of surface energy fluxes from remote sensing.
Short‐term GNSS satellite clock stability
Authors: Griggs E. , Kursinski E. R. , Akos D.
Published: July 2015

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) clock stability is characterized via the modified Allan deviation using active hydrogen masers as the receiver frequency reference. The high stability of the maser reference allows the GNSS clock contribution to the GNSS carrier phase variance to be determined quite accurately. Satellite clock stability for four different GNSS constellations are presented, highlighting the similarities and differences between the constellations as well as satellite blocks and clock types. Impact on high‐rate applications, such as GNSS radio occultation (RO), is assessed through the calculation of the maximum carrier phase error due to clock instability. White phase noise appears to dominate at subsecond time scales. However, while we derived the theoretical contribution of white phase modulation to the modified Allan deviation, our analysis of the GNSS satellite clocks was limited to 1–200 s time scales because of inconsistencies between the subsecond results from the commercial and software‐defined receivers. The rubidium frequency standards on board the Global Positioning System (GPS) Block IIF, BeiDou, and Galileo satellites show improved stability results in comparison to previous GPS blocks for time scales relevant to RO. The Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) satellites are the least stable of the GNSS constellations in the short term and will need high‐rate corrections to produce RO results comparable to those from the other GNSS constellations.
Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with the Phenomenal Characteristics of Imagined Positive and Negative Future Events
Authors: Szőllősi Ágnes , Pajkossy Péter , Racsmány Mihály
Published: July 2015

Depressive symptoms are often found to be associated with the number of imagined positive and negative future episodes. Whereas most previous studies investigated the number of imagined events within a limited time period, our study focused on the phenomenal nature of future episodes and their relationships to depressive symptoms, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Nonclinical participants (n = 183) rated the phenomenal qualities (vividness, contextual/sensory details, felt, importance, accessibility, and certainty) of future episodes generated in response to negative and positive cue words. We found that lower ratings on the phenomenal characteristics of the positive events were associated with higher BDI scores, while an opposite pattern was observed for the negative events. However, there was no relationship between the proportion of imagined episodes that were specific and the BDI scores. Altogether, these results suggest that depressive symptom severity is associated with a wide range of phenomenal characteristics of imagined future episodes.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Antiinflammatory Treatment on the Onset of Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Longitudinal Analysis From a Nationwide Pediatric Rheumatology Database
Authors: Tappeiner Christoph , Schenck Sandra , Niewerth Martina , Heiligenhaus Arnd , Minden Kirsten , Klotsche Jens
Published: July 2015

Objective

Based on a nationwide database, this study analyzed the influence of methotrexate (MTX), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, and a combination of the 2 medications on uveitis occurrence in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients.

Methods

Data from the National Paediatric Rheumatological Database in Germany were used in this study. Between 2002 and 2013, data from JIA patients were annually documented at the participating pediatric rheumatologic sites. Patients with a JIA disease duration of <12 months at initial documentation and ≥2 years of followup were included in this study. The impact of antiinflammatory treatment on the occurrence of uveitis was evaluated by discrete‐time survival analysis.

Results

A total of 3,512 JIA patients (mean ± SD age 8.3 ± 4.8 years, 65.7% female, 53.2% antinuclear antibody positive, and mean ± SD age at arthritis onset 7.8 ± 4.8 years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Mean ± SD total followup time was 3.6 ± 2.4 years. Uveitis developed in a total of 180 patients (5.1%) within 1 year after arthritis onset. Uveitis onset after the first year was observed in another 251 patients (7.1%). Disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment in the year before uveitis onset significantly reduced the risk for uveitis as follows: MTX: hazard ratio (HR) 0.63, P = 0.022; TNF inhibitors: HR 0.56, P < 0.001; and a combination of the 2 medications: HR 0.10, P < 0.001. Patients treated with MTX within the first year of JIA had an even a lower uveitis risk (HR 0.29, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The use of DMARDs in JIA patients significantly reduced the risk for uveitis onset. Early MTX use within the first year of disease and the combination of MTX with a TNF inhibitor had the highest protective effect.
Rest Pain and Movement‐Evoked Pain as Unique Constructs in Hip and Knee Replacements
Authors: Sayers Adrian , Wylde Vikki , Lenguerrand Erik , Beswick Andrew D. , Gooberman‐Hill Rachael , Pyke Mark , Dieppe Paul , Blom Ashley W.
Published: July 2015

Objective

There is limited information about the extent to which the association between preoperative and chronic postoperative pain is mediated via pain‐on‐movement or pain‐at‐rest. We explored these associations in patients undergoing total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR).

Methods

A total of 322 and 316 patients receiving THR and TKR, respectively, were recruited into a single‐center UK cohort (Arthroplasty Pain Experience) study. Preoperative, acute postoperative, and 12‐month pain severity was measured using self‐reported pain instruments. The association between preoperative/acute pain and chronic postoperative pain was investigated using structural equation modeling (SEM).

Results

Patients with high levels of preoperative pain were more likely to report chronic pain after THR (β = 0.195, P = 0.02) and TKR (β = 0.749, P < 0.0001). Acute postoperative pain‐on‐movement was not associated with chronic pain after TKR or THR after adjusting for preoperative pain; however, acute pain‐at‐rest was associated with chronic pain after THR (β = 0.20, P < 0.0002) but not TKR after adjusting for preoperative pain. Analysis of pain‐at‐rest and pain‐on‐movement highlighted differences between THR and TKR patients. Chronic pain‐at‐rest after THR was weakly associated with pain‐at‐rest during the preoperative (β = 0.11, P = 0.068) and acute postoperative period (β = 0.21, P < 0.0001). In contrast, chronic pain‐on‐movement after TKR was strongly associated with the severity of pain‐on‐movement during the preoperative period (β = 0.51, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

SEM illustrated the different patterns of association between measures of pain over time in patients undergoing THR and TKR for osteoarthritis. These findings highlight the importance of future work that explores the mechanisms underlying pain‐on‐movement and pain‐at‐rest.
Influence of Molecular Geometry of Perylene Diimide Dimers and Polymers on Bulk Heterojunction Morphology Toward High‐Performance Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Chen‐Hao , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Xi Yu‐Yin , Zhong Hong‐Liang , Gao Guang‐Peng , Wang Zhao‐Hui , Pozzo Lilo D. , Wen Ten‐Chin , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: July 2015

In this study, we investigate the influence of molecular geometry of the donor polymers and the perylene diimide dimers (di‐PDIs) on the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology in the nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs). The results reveal that the pseudo 2D conjugated poly[4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐)‐2‐carboxylate‐2‐6‐diyl)] (PTB7‐Th) has better miscibility with both bay‐linked di‐PDI (B‐di‐PDI) and hydrazine‐linked di‐PDI (H‐di‐PDI) compared to its 1D analog, poly[[4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl][3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7), to facilitate more efficient exciton dissociation in the BHJ films. However, the face‐on oriented π–π stacking of PTB7‐Th is severely disrupted by the B‐di‐PDI due to its more flexible structure. On the contrary, the face‐on oriented π–π stacking is only slightly disrupted by the H‐di‐PDI, which has a more rigid structure to provide suitable percolation pathways for charge transport. As a result, a very high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.41% is achieved in the PTB7‐Th:H‐di‐PDI derived device. This study shows that it is critical to pair suitable polymer donor and di‐PDI‐based acceptor to obtain proper BHJ morphology for achieving high PCE in the nonfullerene PSCs.
Functional Mesoporous Carbon‐Coated Separator for Long‐Life, High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Balach Juan , Jaumann Tony , Klose Markus , Oswald Steffen , Eckert Jürgen , Giebeler Lars
Published: July 2015

The lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is regarded as the most promising rechargeable energy storage technology for the increasing applications of clean energy transportation systems due to its remarkable high theoretical energy density of 2.6 kWh kg−1, considerably outperforming today's lithium‐ion batteries. Additionally, the use of sulfur as active cathode material has the advantages of being inexpensive, environmentally benign, and naturally abundant. However, the insulating nature of sulfur, the fast capacity fading, and the short lifespan of Li–S batteries have been hampered their commercialization. In this paper, a functional mesoporous carbon‐coated separator is presented for improving the overall performance of Li–S batteries. A straightforward coating modification of the commercial polypropylene separator allows the integration of a conductive mesoporous carbon layer which offers a physical place to localize dissolved polysulfide intermediates and retain them as active material within the cathode side. Despite the use of a simple sulfur–carbon black mixture as cathode, the Li–S cell with a mesoporous carbon‐coated separator offers outstanding performance with an initial capacity of 1378 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and high reversible capacity of 723 mAh g−1, and degradation rate of only 0.081% per cycle, after 500 cycles at 0.5 C.
Robust Flower‐Like TiO2@Cotton Fabrics with Special Wettability for Effective Self‐Cleaning and Versatile Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Li Shuhui , Huang Jiangying , Ge Mingzheng , Cao Chunyan , Deng Shu , Zhang Songnan , Chen Guoqiang , Zhang Keqin , Al‐Deyab Salem S. , Lai Yuekun
Published: July 2015

Inspired by the hierarchical structure of the mastoid on the micrometer and nanometer scale and the waxy crystals of the mastoid on natural lotus surfaces, a facile one‐step hydrothermal strategy is developed to coat flower‐like hierarchical TiO2 micro/nanoparticles onto cotton fabric substrates (TiO2@Cotton). Furthermore, robust superhydrophobic TiO2@Cotton surfaces are constructed by the combination of hierarchical structure creation and low surface energy material modification, which allows versatility for self‐cleaning, laundering durability, and oil/water separation. Compared with hydrophobic cotton fabric, the TiO2@Cotton exhibits a superior antiwetting and self‐cleaning property with a contact angle (CA) lager than 160° and a sliding angle lower than 5°. The superhydrophobic TiO2@Cotton shows excellent laundering durability against mechanical abrasion without an apparent reduction of the water contact angle. Moreover, the micro/nanoscale hierarchical structured cotton fabrics with special wettability are demonstrated to selectively collect oil from oil/water mixtures efficiently under various conditions (e.g., floating oil layer or underwater oil droplet or even oil/water mixtures). In addition, it is expected that this facile strategy can be widely used to construct multifunctional fabrics with excellent self‐cleaning, laundering durability, and oil/water separation. The work would also be helpful to design and develop new underwater superoleophobic/superoleophilic materials and microfluidic management devices.
Cross‐sectional structural variation relative to midshaft along hominine diaphyses. I. The forelimb
Authors: Mongle Carrie S. , Wallace Ian J. , Grine Frederick E.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Analyses of hominine forelimb diaphyseal structure typically employ sections located at midshaft. This study addresses three questions. First, how accurately must midshaft be defined to yield comparable data? Second, does variation in midshaft location due to alternative definitions fall within error ranges such that data gathered using different length measurements are comparable? Third, do error ranges and length metric effects differ between elements or taxa such that certain bones or species are more prone to issues of comparability?

Materials and Methods

Humeri, radii, and ulnae of Homo, Pan, and Gorilla were CT‐scanned at full length and error ranges for three structural parameters (CSA, J, Imax/Imin) were calculated around midshafts.

Results

Distances proximally and distally from midshaft where structural values become significantly different from midshaft values vary between elements, taxa, and structural parameters. Error ranges are largest for the humerus and smallest for the ulna. Among taxa, error ranges for gorillas are largest and those for humans are smallest. Among structural parameters, error ranges depend on element and taxon such that no parameter consistently exhibits larger or smaller error ranges across all bones or species. Variation in midshaft locations originating from different length definitions is small and falls within error ranges defined by maximum length across all elements and taxa.

Discussion

Including fragmentary specimens for which midshaft location is uncertain in comparisons of forelimb diaphyseal structure requires evaluation on a case‐by‐case basis, with consideration to element, taxon, and structural traits of interest. However, midshaft data for all three structural parameters considered here that are recorded using different length measurements can be reasonably compared. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:386–397, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex estimation from modern American humeri and femora, accounting for sample variance structure
Authors: Boldsen Jesper L. , Milner George R. , Boldsen Søren K.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

A new procedure for skeletal sex estimation based on humeral and femoral dimensions is presented, based on skeletons from the United States. The approach specifically addresses the problem that arises from a lack of variance homogeneity between the sexes, taking into account prior information about the sample's sex ratio, if known.

Material and methods

Three measurements useful for estimating the sex of adult skeletons, the humeral and femoral head diameters and the humeral epicondylar breadth, were collected from 258 Americans born between 1893 and 1980 who died within the past several decades.

Results

For measurements individually and collectively, the probabilities of being one sex or the other were generated for samples with an equal distribution of males and females, taking into account the variance structure of the original measurements. The combination providing the best estimates correctly classifies 88.3% of the skeletons, with 10.8% considered unknown and 0.9% assigned to the wrong sex.

Discussion

Probabilities of correct assignments are a better means of categorizing individuals as male or female than the sectioning points commonly used in skeletal studies. That is because it is possible to estimate the observer's certainty that the individual represented by measured bones was one sex or the other. A computer program is available that simultaneously considers samples of unequal sex composition. It is useful when there is contextual information available about the nature of skeletal samples (e.g., a mass burial from a battle or genocide). Am J Phys Anthropol 158:745–750, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photocatalytic Formic Acid Conversion on CdS Nanocrystals with Controllable Selectivity for H2 or CO
Authors: Kuehnel Moritz F. , Wakerley David W. , Orchard Katherine L. , Reisner Erwin
Published: July 2015

Formic acid is considered a promising energy carrier and hydrogen storage material for a carbon‐neutral economy. We present an inexpensive system for the selective room‐temperature photocatalytic conversion of formic acid into either hydrogen or carbon monoxide. Under visible‐light irradiation (λ>420 nm, 1 sun), suspensions of ligand‐capped cadmium sulfide nanocrystals in formic acid/sodium formate release up to 116±14 mmol H2 gcat−1 h−1 with >99 % selectivity when combined with a cobalt co‐catalyst; the quantum yield at λ=460 nm was 21.2±2.7 %. In the absence of capping ligands, suspensions of the same photocatalyst in aqueous sodium formate generate up to 102±13 mmol CO gcat−1 h−1 with >95 % selectivity and 19.7±2.7 % quantum yield. H2 and CO production was sustained for more than one week with turnover numbers greater than 6×105 and 3×106, respectively.
Katalytische Silylierung von Alkoholen: von einfachen Schutzgruppenstrategien zu leistungsfähigen enantioselektiven Synthesemethoden
Authors: Xu Li‐Wen , Chen Yun , Lu Yixin
Published: July 2015

In den letzten Jahren gab es bemerkenswerte Fortschritte bei der enantioselektiven Silylierung von Alkoholen. Durch die erfolgreiche Anwendung in der regio‐ und stereoselektiven Funktionalisierung von Hydroxygruppen verwandelte sich die Silyletherbildung von einer einfachen Reaktion zum Schutz funktioneller Gruppen in ein leistungsfähiges enantioselektives Verfahren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst die jüngsten Ergebnisse in diesem aufstrebenden Gebiet zusammen.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Dialkenylation of Cage BH Bonds in o‐Carboranes through Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Lyu Hairong , Quan Yangjian , Xie Zuowei
Published: July 2015

Palladium‐catalyzed direct dialkenylation of cage B(4,5)H bonds in o‐carboranes has been achieved with the help of a carboxylic acid directing group, leading to the preparation of a series of 4,5‐[trans‐(ArCHCH)]2‐ocarboranes in high yields with excellent regioselectivity. The traceless directing group, eliminated during the course of the reaction, is responsible for controlling regioselectivity and dialkenylation. A possible catalytic cycle is proposed, involving a tandem sequence of PdII‐initiated cage BH activation, alkene insertion, β‐H elimination, reductive elimination, and decarboxylation.
Direct Epoxidation of Propylene over Stabilized Cu+ Surface Sites on Titanium‐Modified Cu2O
Authors: Yang Xiaofang , Kattel Shyam , Xiong Ke , Mudiyanselage Kumudu , Rykov Sergei , Senanayake Sanjaya D. , Rodriguez José A. , Liu Ping , Stacchiola Dario J. , Chen Jingguang G.
Published: July 2015

Direct propylene epoxidation by O2 is a challenging reaction because of the strong tendency for complete combustion. Results from the current study demonstrate that by generating highly dispersed and stabilized Cu+ active sites in a TiCuOx mixed oxide the epoxidation selectivity can be tuned. The TiCuOx surface anchors the key surface intermediate, an oxametallacycle, leading to higher selectivity for epoxidation of propylene.
Redox‐Active NOxLigands in Palladium‐Mediated Processes
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S.
Published: July 2015

This Minireview highlights the redox and non‐innocent behavior of NOxligands (x=1, 2, or 3) in selected Pd‐mediated processes, for example, alkene and aromatic oxidation processes. A focus is placed on mechanistic understanding and linking recent transformations, such as CH bond activation/functionalization and Wacker oxidation, with previous work on the functionalization of aromatics and alkenes by PdIIsalts.