bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consistencies and Biases in Risk Perception: I. Anchoring Process and Response-Range Effect
Authors: Yamagishi Kimihiko
Published: August 2011

49 undergraduate subjects provided intuitive frequency judgments of deaths due to 11 well-known causes. The responses were collected in three different formats, estimates of the frequency of deaths per 10,000 people in the population, estimates of the frequency of deaths per 100 people, and rank-order of the causes according to the estimated frequencies. Analysis showed that estimated proportions were reliably higher in the “out of 100” format than in the “out of 10,000” format. I argue that processes of anchoring and adjustment underlie this phenomenon. Also, the subjects' response tendencies seemed to maintain consistency across different methods of judgment. Relationship with previous risk-perception research is discussed.
Suicide by Region of Birth and Region of Residence
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The suicide rates of foreign-born persons in the 48 continental American states were associated with the suicide rates of those born in noncontiguous states, whereas the suicide rates of those born in-state were associated with the suicide rates of those born in contiguous states.
Causes of Occupational Injuries
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: August 2011

The causes of occupational injuries ( N = 2,365) were investigated. Accidents with machinery and hand tools were the two main causes (49.9%). 89% of the patients with occupational injuries were male. The highest risk group were in the age category of 19 years or less (51.9%). This age group also showed the highest incidence rate for females.
Decrement and the Illusions of the Mueller-Lyer Figure
Authors: Porac Clare
Published: August 2011

Decrement, a time-related decrease in the magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer illusion, was measured separately for the wings-out and the wings-in variants of the Mueller-Lyer figure. There were significant reductions of wings-out illusion magnitude during the decrement period. Observers viewing the wings-in segment showed a non-significant decrement pattern. Analyses of individual decrement patterns showed that illusion magnitude did not decrease for a number of observers even when there were significant time-related trends at the group level. Data for 80 observers imply that the mechanisms of perceptual learning proposed by previous models of Mueller-Lyer illusion decrement are not sufficient explanations of the decrement process.
Choice of Violent Vs Nonviolent Methods for Suicide by Immigrants
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Immigrants from seven nations who were living in Australia used violent vs nonviolent methods for suicide in a similar proportion to residents of their home nations although the association did not reach statistical significance.
Scholastic Aptitude and Rates of Personal Violence in the USA
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Mean SAT Verbal and Mathematics scores for the continental states of the USA in 1980 were negatively associated with homicide rates and, less reliably, positively associated with suicide rates.
Parental and Peer Influences on Food Consumption of Preschool African-American Children
Authors: Iannotti Ronald J. , O'Brien Robert W. , Spillman Diana M.
Published: August 2011

Sources of social influence on urban African-American preschool children's food consumption were coded from videotapes of noontime and evening meals of 42 children. The frequency of eating prompts was associated with the age of the child, the source (mothers, fathers, age mates, other adults, and day-care staff), and socioeconomic status. The success of the prompt in changing the child's eating behavior was dependent on the type of prompt.
Gulwilks: A Microcomputer Program Using Maximum Likelihood for Testing Homogeneity of Regression
Authors: Hudiburg Richard A. , Bruni John R.
Published: August 2011

A FORTRAN program was developed to test for homogeneity of regression using Gulliksen and Wilks' (1950) maximum likelihood criteria The program computes statistical tests for a series of homogeneity of regression hypotheses.
The Control Question Technique in Vocational Search
Authors: Elaad Eitan , Elaad Ilana
Published: August 2011

10 men and 16 women, randomly assigned to a guilty and an innocent condition, were presented a set of 10 Control Question Technique questions as a paper-and-pencil test. Subjects indicated up to three questions about which they felt most concern. Analysis indicated guilty subjects were more concerned about relevant questions and innocent subjects about control questions. This controversial Control Question Technique, commonly used in interrogative polygraphy, can be successfully applied in a vocational search context. It was suggested that the rationale underlying the procedure corresponds to a broader phenomenon than the polygraph examination.
Working Women's Perceptions of Brand-Name Apparel in Enhancement of Their Occupational Attributes
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee
Published: August 2011

The major objectives were (1) to explore working women's perceptions of various apparel brands in the enhancement of their self-perceptions of occupational attributes, (2) to investigate the relationships between working women's self-perceptions of occupational attributes and the perception of each apparel brand image, and (3) to assess the effects of selected consumer variables of working women (clothing interest, age, education, and occupation) on their perceptions of brand-name apparel. The data from 81 working women showed that the well-known apparel brands generally enhanced their occupational attributes. Anne Klein was perceived most positively for enhancement of all the occupational attributes, while Junior House Collectibles was perceived as lowest in enhancement of those attributes. Evan Picone was rated highest in relation to subjects' clothing interest and was perceived most effective in enhancing the subjects' occupational attributes.
Comparison of Team and Individual Sports Participants' Tendencies to Join Groups
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Lingle Susan E.
Published: August 2011

Comparison of individual ( n = 17) and team ( n = 31) sport athletes' tendencies to join and maintain group memberships suggested that these groups do not differ on this trait.
Time-Series Studies of the Murder and Homicide Rates in the USA
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Time-series analyses of the homicide rates (from mortality statistics) and murder rates (from crime statistics) for the period 1960 to 1985 gave identical magnitudes of association with measures of domestic social integration (marriage, divorce, and birth rates).
Car Ownership and Suicide by Car Exhaust in Nations of the World
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

For 28 nations of the world in 1980, per capita ownership of cars was significantly associated with the use of car exhaust for suicide.
The Young Male Peak in Different Categories of Trauma Victims
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: August 2011

The gender distribution of 246,277 trauma patients was investigated for 9 different categories of accidents. For all categories, a young male peak was observed for the 20-29-yr.-olds. Until the age of 59 years, prevalence of men was clear for all types of accidents. After the age of 60 a reversal to prevalence of women was observed for accidental falls.
Use of a Timeout Ribbon with and without Consequences as Procedures to Improve a Child's Compliance
Authors: Yeager Cyndi , McLaughlin T. F.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present case study was to evaluate use of a timeout ribbon with and without student-selected consequences on the compliance of a pre-school student with disabilities. An ABACBC single-subject replication design was used. Compliance was low during the first baseline condition. When the timeout ribbon procedure was implemented in the classroom, compliance increased, but a return to baseline produced low compliance. When consequences were added to the timeout ribbon procedure, the child's compliance improved further. Additional replications of timeout ribbon and the timeout ribbon plus consequences generated less and less compliance. Possible reasons for the lack of robust findings were discussed.
Suicide Rates in Cohorts over Time in Denmark
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Data on the suicide rates of birth cohorts in Denmark from 1922 to 1991 did not support the hypothesis that cohorts with a high suicide rate at one point in their lives would have a low suicide rate at other points.
Intersensory Integration: A Kinesthetic Bias
Authors: Kerr Robert
Published: August 2011

Four groups of five subjects performed intramodal and cross-modal matching tasks. The stimuli to be matched were four positions of a moveable intercept presented either visually or kinesthetically. Performance was studied before and after a practice session during which only one matching combination was practiced and knowledge of results was given. Only groups receiving kinesthetic information during practice trials showed improvement.
Exercise and the Psychological State of Institutionalized Elderly: A Review
Authors: Netz Yael , Jacob Tamar
Published: August 2011

The present review examined the hypothesis that exercise facilitates psychological processes among institutionalized geriatric and psychogeriatric elderly persons. Studies of long-term psychogeriatric patients showed significant cognitive change following a period of moderate aerobic exercise. However, no lasting cognitive effect of long-term exercise was observed for those who became mentally or physically impaired in old age or who could not tolerate strenuous exercise. On the other hand, improvement in cognitive function was reported immediately following an exercise session among geriatric institutionalized patients. Neither long-term nor short-term exercise brought about changes in affect. Although most studies suffer serious methodological shortcomings, the common finding of improved cognitive function immediately following exercise suggests that physical activity does have some arousal effect on cognition in institutionalized elderly persons. More studies are needed to clarify the immediate versus long-term effect of exercise on psychological variables among institutionalized elderly as well as the relationship between physical fitness and cognitive change.
The Moi Formula for Improper Exponential Definite Integrals
Authors: O'Brien Frank , Hammel Sherry E. , Nguyen Chung T.
Published: August 2011

A general formula is developed for solving a type of improper exponential definite integral of order n in the number plane. Termed the Moi Formula, it is shown to produce substantially simpler derivations of the finite moments of a probability distribution employed for assessing stochastic randomness, such as recently published by the authors. Other applications of the integral formula are discussed.
Children's Stereotypical Perceptions of Physical Activities: A K—12 Analysis
Authors: Pellett Tracy L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine grade (K—12) and gender differences for 638 children in stereotyping physical activities. Boys were more stereotypical in perceptions than girls. Children in Kindergarten, Grade 2, and Grade 8 were more stereotypical in perceptions than those in Grades 4, 6, 10, and 12.
Written Expression in Boys with Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Resta S. Peter , Eliot John
Published: August 2011

32 boys, between the ages of 8 and 13 years, were identified on four teachers' and parents' rating scales (including the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-III for ADD) as showing attention deficits and hyperactivity (ADD + H; n = 10), attention deficits without hyperactivity (ADD - H; n = 11), or without ADD (attention deficits controls; n = 11). All subjects were administered Bender's Visual-motor Gestalt test and the Written Language Assessment. The ADD + H children produced significantly more errors on the Bender-Gestalt test, and both groups with attention deficits had lower (poorer) scores on most of the written language subtests. Results were interpreted as providing evidence that these children possessed significant limitations in their writing, copying, and composition.
The Aetiology of Bicycle Accidents
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: August 2011

Of 4,479 patients treated for injuries in a hospital, the highest frequency of bicycle accidents (23%) was observed in the age group for 20-29-yr.-olds. The main category (68.8%) were accidents without collision with other traffic. The highest mortality rates were found for children below 16 years of age and in elderly > 70 years old in the category of collision with a motor vehicle.
Generality of Creativity across Performance Domains: A Replication
Authors: Baer John
Published: August 2011

A replication of a 1991 study in which Baer questioned the importance of general creativity-thinking skills was conducted using a larger sample with a broader range of abilities, as suggested in a 1994 published review by Kogan. 66 girls and 62 boys in Grade 8 wrote original poems and stories, which were later judged for creativity by experts. The correlation between these two measures of creativity was .19. This is similar to previous results.
Are we as we Act or as we See Ourselves to Be?
Authors: Necessary James R. , Parish Thomas S.
Published: August 2011

125 college students' self-concepts were significantly correlated with their own perceived behaviors, as well as with seven (of 11) other traits or characteristics measured. Perceived behaviors, however, did not correlate significantly with as many of these other traits. All rs are low in magnitude and account for little variance. These findings suggest that we may not perceive our own actions as clearly as the person we see ourselves to be.
Right-Left Orientation: Development of Correct Use of Right and Left Terms
Authors: Rigal Robert
Published: August 2011

Right-left orientation includes discrimination and recognition as well as identification, the former two differentiating between symmetrical cues and the latter using the words right and left. In the present experiment involving 406 children, the evolution of the knowledge and use of the concepts of right and left were assessed. Discrimination and recognition on all tasks used in this study are mastered much earlier than verbal identification, and, at even 11 years of age, half of the subjects of the present study still did not apply the words right and left properly onto other persons in the milieu. Children use the words right and left correctly first on their own bodies as early as seven years of age, then on people facing away, and finally on people facing them around eight to nine years of age. This transition most probably reflects the slow evolution of cognitive processes which determine the way the child will use internal or external frameworks as well as the passage from egocentrism to “alteregocentrism” with ability to consider other viewpoints than one's own.
Note on the Relationship between Loudness and Annoyance
Authors: Hassmén Peter
Published: August 2011

Contradictory results are often encountered when different groups are asked to rate loudness using the method of magnitude estimation, especially when scaling complex auditory stimuli. This can be explained by subjects' inability to separate perceived loudness accurately from perceived annoyance. In addition, subjects are not uniformly influenced by these two perceptual attributes; the individual's preference for or against the stimulus in question also affects the scaling behavior.
Subjective Biological Self and Self-Actualization
Authors: Sumerlin John R. , Privette Gayle , Berretta S. A. , Bundrick Charles M.
Published: August 2011

Ginsburg, Rogers, and Maslow, humanistic theorists, have maintained that the self is an emergent characteristic of one's biological makeup. The relationship between physical self-efficacy as an appraisal of subjective biology and self-actualization was examined in a sample of 160 black and white participants. An r of .46 supports the association of subjective biology and self-actualization. Whereas there were no gender or racial differences in scores on self-actualization, men scored higher on physical self-efficacy and subscales of perceived physical ability and perceived self-presentation confidence.
Timing of Anticipatory Responses following an Isometric Contraction
Authors: Etnyre Bruce R. , Deorest Joseph J.
Published: August 2011

The effects on timing of anticipation following an isometric contraction were investigated. Using a Bassin timer, 35 subjects performed 10 trials for each of 4 forewarning periods at 3 stimulus speeds resulting in 120 trials for the control condition. An additional 120 trials were performed by all subjects following an isometric contraction for each trial. Over all trials, average responses indicated early anticipation of the timing target. The shortest forewarning period and slowest speed of stimulus produced the earliest responses and the longest forewarning period and fastest speed of stimulus produced responses closest to temporal coincidence. Subjects responded faster after the isometric contraction. Significant differences were observed for the main effects of forewarning period and speed of the stimulus. A significant interaction resulted for condition by forewarning periods. The postcontraction condition produced a significantly earlier average response than the control condition for all but the shortest forewarning period. The findings supported the concept that the time needed to respond during postcontraction effects is reduced. With prior contraction, anticipatory timing gradually diminished over time following the contraction.
Eye Color and Pure-Tone Hearing Thresholds
Authors: Coren Stanley
Published: August 2011

Pure-tone hearing thresholds at test frequencies, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz, were compared for 149 unambiguously blue- vs 172 brown-eyed individuals. Blue-eyed subjects ages 17 to 30 years ( M = 20.3) had a significantly elevated mean hearing threshold at the highest frequency tested.
University Biology and Music Majors' Emotional Ratings of Musical Stimuli and Their Physiological Correlates of Heart, Rate, Finger Temperature, and Blood Pressure
Authors: Vanderark Sherman D. , Ely Daniel
Published: August 2011

Physiological responses associated with the ratings of musical stimuli were investigated. For 101 university music and biology students in the experimental group, heart rate, blood pressure, and finger temperature were measured before and after listening to about 10 min. of music (Venus and Jupiter from Holst's The Planets) in an anechoic chamber. They also served as their own controls by sitting in silence for about 10 min. No significant differences were found on the three measures for the two musical stimuli between the musical or control conditions or between the two majors.
Paraspinal EMG and Autonomic Reactivity of Patients with Back Pain and Controls to Personally Relevant Stress
Authors: Degood Douglas E. , Stewart William R. , Adams Lee E. , Dale J. Alexander
Published: August 2011

The reactivity of surface paraspinal EMG was contrasted among groups of (1) patients seeking treatment for chronic back pain, (2) nonpatients reporting chronic back pain, and (3) healthy controls. The EMG response to the personally relevant stressor (all stimuli were 1 min.) tasks was greater for the patient group relative to the other two groups. However, the patients' magnitude of response elicited by the control task was nearly equal to that of the personally relevant task, suggesting that the task demand to “describe a recent event” may be the “personally relevant” stressor component rather than the emotional valence attached to the content of that description.
Others-Concept Revisited
Authors: Zucker Karl B. , Barnett David W.
Published: August 2011

Some thoughts on the study of prosocial orientation and its relation to prosocial behavior are presented.
Personality Assessment Inventory: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Boyle Gregory J. , Ward James , Lennon Tania J.
Published: August 2011

The Personality Assessment Inventory is a recently constructed multidimensional self-report measure of personality traits. Morey reported the results of a scale factoring, claiming that the instrument measures four separate higher-order dimensions; however, in an independent Australian study of the psychometric properties of the inventory, Boyle and Lennon found five higher-order dimensions, using factor analytic procedures intended to maximize simple structure. The present paper reports the results of a confirmatory factor analysis for the proposed model based on the Australian data. The results indicate that the model does not provide a satisfactory fit, raising questions about the higher-order factor structure.
Gender Differences in Characteristics Reported to Be Important Features of Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Pedersen Elaine L. , Markee Nancy L. , Salusso Carol J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether characteristics of physical attractiveness named by respondents as important would differ from those attributes previously examined by researchers. Gender differences related to the identification of important characteristics of physical attractiveness were also explored. Subjects, 230 male and 240 female undergraduates at two western state universities, completed a self-administered questionnaire. Respondents agreed that body build was the characteristic of greatest importance for both physically attractive males and females. Other important characteristics for physically attractive males were eyes, face, height, and hair and for females, hair, face, and eyes. Other than body build, there was no consistent ranking of characteristics by male and female respondents.
The Holinger/Easterlin Cohort Hypothesis about Youth Suicide and Homicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In the USA from 1933 to 1985, the suicide and homicide rates of youths aged 15 to 24 years were associated with the size of that cohort, independently of other social variables.
Quantitative Electroencephalographic Validation of Left and Right Temporal Lobe Signs and Indicators in Normal People
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Richards P. M.
Published: August 2011

During a single 20-min. exposure to partial sensory deprivation, the average duration of alpha rhythms over the left temporal lobe (T3) increased significantly compared to that for the right homologous region (T4). The percentage changes (increase) over time in the duration of alpha rhythms over the left temporal lobe but not the right temporal lobe were significantly correlated (.64) with histories of automatic behaviors (cessation of awareness) while only the relative increases over time in the durations of alpha rhythms over the right temporal lobe were correlated with histories of vestibular-auditory experiences (.42). The results suggest construct validity for differential hemispheric sources of some specific clusters of complex partial epileptic-like experiences that have been inferred to reflect the continuum of temporal lobe lability.
Motor Skill Acquisition, Auditory Distractors, and the Encoding Specificity Hypothesis
Authors: Lidor R. , Singer R. N.
Published: August 2011

28 women and 28 men threw a paddleball at a target in 4 conditions of noise and quiet, being given 150 trials on 2 days. Analysis of absolute constant error and total error indicated the encoding-specificity hypothesis was not supported and no transfer was noted across conditions, perhaps because the noise was not demanding enough.
Comparison of Two Tests of Planar Randomness
Authors: O'Brien Frank
Published: August 2011

Two statistical methods were derived recently for testing a randomness hypothesis in ecological spatial studies. The relative performance of each method is investigated in this methodological study with synthetically constructed random distributions.
Information Processing and Concentration as a Function of Fitness Level and Exercise-Induced Activation to Exhaustion
Authors: Travlos Antonios K. , Marisi Daniel Q.
Published: August 2011

To examine the effects of increasing amounts of exercise on attention and speed of information processing 20 paid male subjects were separated into groups of high and low fitness according to their VO2max values. The experiment involved an attentional task (Random Number Generation) that was given after every 10 min. of cycling at work-load resistances calculated as 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of individual VO2max values. An eight-choice reaction time-movement time task was given before and after exercise as well as after a 15-min. recovery period. Individuals were tested within 10 min. after exercise cessation (exhaustion) for concentration and within 15 min. for choice reaction time and movement time to assess whether fitness differentially interacted with these variables. Split-plot factorial analyses of variance suggested that the CNS appeared capable of maintaining performance after 50 min. of exhaustive exercise compared to values obtained at the preexercise condition. A 15-min. recovery period significantly impaired MT but relatively highly fit individuals did not appear to perform the choice RT and concentration tasks better than individuals low in fitness.
On-Line Reflexive Resolution in Japanese Causative Garden Path Sentences
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

This study explored the time course in which lexical information in causative verbs influences the identification of the antecedent of a Japanese reflexive pronoun, jibun. Since verb information specifies that the reflexive is bound to the indirect object despite its being ordinarily associated with the subject in Japanese sentences, this requires parsers to revise the syntactic representation they had previously formed. 42 students were required to identify quickly the antecedent when given a marker which was placed immediately after the reflexive, immediately at the end of the sentence following a verb, or 4 sec. after the end of the sentence. Correct identification was almost nil immediately after the reflexive, increasing to 20.3% correct immediately after the end of the sentence and 52.4% correct 4 sec. after the end of the sentence. This finding indicates that the verb-control information is not used immediately when parsing sentences in which the verb occurs at the end of the sentence. Thus, the products of moment-to-moment initial syntactic computation are not immediately mapped onto the final semantic interpretations.
Expectancy for Change and Adaptation to a New Signal Probability
Authors: Subbotin Vadim
Published: August 2011

An experiment showed that the higher the 18 observers' expectancy for change in signal probability (without knowing the future probability), the more successful the adaptation to a new probabilistic environment in terms of shift in response criterion.
Does Psychological Refractoriness Depend on the Similarity of the Required Responses?
Authors: Ito Masanobu
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the similarity of R1 and R2 is a moderating variable in the psychological refractoriness effect. 10 subjects were required to react and produce the sequence of two homogeneous or heterogeneous peak forces as soon as possible after Stimulus 1 and 2 separated by variable interstimulus intervals. The heterogeneous condition produced a significantly longer RT and premotor time to Stimulus 2 than the control condition for the intervals up to 200 msec. The homogeneous condition, however, produced a significantly shorter RT and premotor time to Stimulus 2 than the control condition when the intervals were from 100 to 1000 msec. These findings suggest that the psychological refractoriness effect depends on the similarity of the required responses. These results were discussed from the view of a limited-capacity mechanism during the response-programming stage.
Effects of Inconsistent Pictures on Remembering Text
Authors: Kikuno Haruo
Published: August 2011

An experiment was conducted to examine whether a consistent or an inconsistent picture would facilitate recall of text when recall was tested under two conditions involving a consistent or an inconsistent picture. Analyses indicated that recall in the inconsistent-picture condition was better than that in the consistent-picture condition for missing sentences but not for complete sentences of text. This result suggests that an inconsistent picture may facilitate processing of textual information more elaborately than do consistent pictures.
Probing Collinearity Bias in the Close Induction Field
Authors: Greene Ernest , Nelson Brian
Published: August 2011

The substrates of the Poggendorff illusion can be evaluated using as few as two line segments, a test segment whose collinearity is judged, and an induction segment which serves to bias that judgment. Previous research from this laboratory has shown that a very short induction segment can produce a substantial bias of perceived collinearity when it is centered at the tip of the test segment, and there is some evidence that the symmetry of this configuration affects the strength of this bias. Four experiments were conducted to clarify the issue of symmetry in the stimulation of the “half-field” zones which lie on each side of the tip. That Exp. la showed displacements which moved the induction segment to an eccentric position, i.e., occupying a single half-field, reduced collinearity error. With additional displacement which produced a gap there was a rebound of induction effect. Exp. lb indicated that an eccentric induction segment does not produce the usual strength or pattern of bias as a function of its orientation relative to the test segment. Exp. 2a suggested that the strength of induction effect is a function of symmetry within the half-fields rather than the lengths of the segments per se. Finally, in Exp. 2b the strength of induction was a joint function of the position of a short segment within one half-field and the length of another segment which stimulated the other half-field. The effect showed a complex oscillation with changes in position. We discuss the induction mechanism as beginning with “contour filters” which register the induction segment(s) and which combine their responses on the basis of “tandem activation” of the close half-fields.
Changes in Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Psychological Affect in the Early Stages of Exercise
Authors: Parfitt Gaynor , Eston Roger
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and affect, as assessed by a bipolar feeling scale (FS) during cycle ergometry in a steady-state and a nonsteady-state condition in active and inactive individuals. 71 subjects completed a self-report questionnaire on physical activity and were assigned to two groups, a low-active group of 16 men and 18 women and a high-active group of 18 men and 19 women. On Day 1 all subjects completed a sub-maximal exercise test to predict maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) from which work rates corresponding to 60% and 90% VO2max were calculated. On Day 2 half of the subjects completed a work rate equivalent to 60% VO2max whilst the other half completed a 90% VO2max work rate. On Day 3 alternative work rates were completed. RPE and FS were recorded after 2 and 4 min. at each work rate on both days. Mixed-model, 4-factor (gender x group x work rate x time) analyses of variance with repeated measures on work rate and time were conducted on the FS and RPE data. RPE was higher after 4 min. at both intensities, and there was a greater increase in RPE between 2 and 4 min. at the 90% than the 60% work rate. Rated feeling was more positive at the 60% work rate, high-active subjects were more positive than low-active subjects and rated feeling was lower in Minute 4 for both groups. The following interactions were observed: rated feeling was more negative after 4 min. for the low-active group compared to the high-active group at 2 and 4 min. and the low-active group reported more negative feeling at the 90% work rate compared to the 60% work rate while the high-active group did not change significantly. Timing of the RPE is important if used to prescribe exercise intensity. Further, low-active subjects should be encouraged to exercise at moderate intensities and discouraged from focusing on how they feel immediately before they finish a session.
Personality Disorders and Regulative Styles of Patients with Temporo-Mandibular Joint Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Baggi Luigi , Rubino I. Alex , Zanna Valeria , Martignoni Mario
Published: August 2011

A sample of 42 women patients with Temporo-mandibular Joint Pain Dysfunction Syndrome was given the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II and the Serial Color-Word Test. Compared with sex- and age-matched nonclinical controls, temporo-mandibular patients had significantly (1) higher scores on the Obsessive-Compulsive scale, (2) lower scores of ITa (a pattern concerned with initial times of response), and (3) higher scores of R (linear increase in reading times during the trials). The latter intergroup difference concerned mainly the first subtest, i.e., temporo-mandibular patients were characterized by higher scores of R from the very beginning of the process of adaptation.
Blue versus Periwinkle: Color Identification and Gender
Authors: Greene Katherine S. , Gynther Malcolm D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the color identification and vocabulary skills of 101 female and 52 male college students. Femininity scores, color-related hobbies, and academic aptitude scores were also examined for their influence on color identification. The women identified significantly more elaborate colors than did the men. Color identification was significantly correlated with vocabulary but not with scores on femininity. Academic aptitude scores and having a color-related hobby also predicted color identification under some conditions.
Performance in Component Sports of Triathlon Events as a Function of Ability, Age, and Gender
Authors: Townsend Michael A. R.
Published: August 2011

Across gender and age, over-all performance in triathlon events for 897 participants appeared more strongly related to skill in cycling than in swimming or running.
Sequential Tree Method of Examining the Relationship between Job Stress and Mental Health
Authors: Brook R. J. , Brook J. A.
Published: August 2011

Data from a study of 178 managers were analysed by a sequential decision tree method which segmented the sample into homogeneous subgroups and gave insight into the relationships between job stress and mental health. Lack of needed information was the first stressor to divide the sample, followed, for the majority of managers, by acceptance by fellow workers, supervisors' evaluations, and conflicting demands.
Customers' Satisfaction in Australian Total Quality Management
Authors: Knouse Stephen B.
Published: August 2011

Interviews of quality managers from four Australian companies practicing total quality management showed all featured strong orientations to customers, but the means of rewarding improvements in customers' satisfaction differed.
Alternative Impairment Index: A Measure of Neuropsychological Deficit
Authors: Horton Arthur Macneill
Published: August 2011

The Alternative Impairment Index, a new composite measure of neuropsychological deficit, was compared with two established measures of neuropsychological impairment, the General Neuropsychological Deficit Scale and the Halstead Impairment Index. A sample of 25 brain-damaged patients with complete Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test scores was composed. Test scores on these measures were calculated for each patient. Severity criteria were set for normal, mild, moderate, and severe brain damage. Hit rates for agreement on severity for the Alternative Impairment Index and Halstead Impairment Index were 60%, i.e., 15/25, and for the General Neuropsychological Deficit Scale and Alternative Impairment Index were 64%, i.e., 16/25.
Note on the Role of Negative Affectivity in Understanding Relationships between Self-Reports of Exercise and Sick Leave
Authors: Goldstein Nancy B. , Burke Michael J. , Sulzer Jefferson L.
Published: August 2011

Previous research indicates that observed correlations between self-reports of job stress and self-reports of strain may be reduced after partialling out the variance due to the personality trait of negative affectivity. The present study examined the effect of negative affectivity on the relationships between self-reports of exercise and strain in a sample of 128 governmental employees. While the magnitudes of the bivariate correlations between exercise and strain were small, the results of semipartial correlation analyses were somewhat consistent with expectations that the magnitudes of bivariate correlations between exercise participation and self-reports of strain would be reduced after controlling for negative affectivity in measures of strain. The implications of these findings for incorporating a measure of negative affectivity in studies of exercise-strain relationships involving self-reports are discussed.
Commuting to Work
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined some correlates of time spent commuting to work in a large sample of employees from a single organization ( N = 1608). Half the sample spent longer than half an hour commuting to work. Women and men spending longer times commuting expressed greater intention to quit.
Underestimation of Subjects' Monitored Radial Pulse Rates following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Vitale Antonio E. , Sullivan S. John , Jankowski Louis W.
Published: August 2011

The measurement of heart rate is fundamental to the scientific programming of physical activity. In this analysis, 20 male subjects with traumatic brain injuries underestimated their heart rates as measured by the radial pulse both at rest and after brief, light exercise.
Gender Differences in Eyewitness Testimony
Authors: Butts Shirley J. , Mixon Katrina D. , Mulekar Madhuri S. , Bringmann Wolfgang G.
Published: August 2011

One of the earliest empirical studies of sex differences in eyewitness behavior was that of William Stern (1903-1904). Stern's research furnished evidence in approbation of the long-held opinion that women's eyewitness testimony was less accurate and less resistant to the influence of misleading information than men's; however, Stern's 2 groups were not comparable in age. Other studies by Bringmann and colleagues in 1986 did not replicate Stern's findings using comparable age groups. The present investigation examined eyewitness behavior using two stimulus presentations of dissimilar content and complexity and tests for significance of gender differences. Subjects were 20 male and 20 female college students. No significant gender differences were found between groups on accuracy of recall or resistance to false information on the short-term memory task.
Use of Energy Cost and Variability in Stride Length to Assess an Optimal Running Adaptation
Authors: Brisswalter J. , Legros P.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to analyse how subjects' running adaptation was affected after a training overload. 14 middle-distance runners were tested before and after a training protocol of 15 days conducted only at one training pace. The efficacy of this training protocol to improve energy cost of running was observed only at the training pace. This improvement was correlated with a particular systematic variation in stride length whereas no changes in stability of stride length were recorded. The data were interpreted in terms of specificity of training for which energy cost and stability of stride length could be considered criteria of an optimal adaptation to the training pace.
Acceptance of Ethnic Groups and Perceived Attitudes of Parents and Peers
Authors: Smith Timothy B. , Roberts Richard N.
Published: August 2011

To assess the relationship between prejudicial attitudes and perceptions of parents' and peers' attitudes (two aspects of the subjective norm) responses of 959 volunteer subjects were examined. Analysis indicated that subjects with the least prejudicial attitudes perceived their parents and peers as significantly less prejudicial than those subjects who were the most prejudicial in their own attitudes, but over-all, scores on the measure of prejudicial attitudes were only weakly correlated with perceptions of parents' and peers' attitudes.
Implicit Memory of Nonclinical Schizotypal Individuals
Authors: Ferraro F. Richard , Okerlund Margaret
Published: August 2011

In the present study a form of implicit memory performance was examined by employing the serial reaction-time paradigm with a nonclinical sample of 22 hypothetically schizotypal college students and 22 nonschizotypal college students. The formation of new associations was tested; analysis showed no difference between these two groups on this measure of implicit memory.
Agreement between Two Methods of Computing the Fractal Dimensions of Complex Figures
Authors: House Garvey , Zelhart Paul F.
Published: August 2011

Agreement between two methods of computing the fractal dimensions of complex figures was examined. 16 complex figures were scanned and the fractal dimensions were computed under two conditions. There was no significant difference between the two methods.
Age, Ethnic and Gender Differences in Physical Fitness of Middle-School Children in East Texas
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Dinucci James M.
Published: August 2011

This research studied the health-related physical fitness status of boys and girls in Grades 5 and 6 in a rural school district in East Texas in an examination of possible age, ethnic, and gender differences. A three-way multivariate analysis of variance was conducted with gender, ethnicity, and age as the independent variables and nine physical measurements as the dependent variables. Height was the most important discriminating physical measurement, with girls significantly taller than boys at ages 10 and 11 and with boys significantly taller than girls at age 13. Canonical discriminant function separated black children from both Caucasian and Hispanic children in height, weight, mile run, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure.
Three-Factor and Higher-Order Factorial Analyses of Variance Using Summary Statistics
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

The method for computing three- and higher-order factorial analyses of variance using summary statistics is provided.
Readability and Comprehensibility of the “Exercise Lite” Brochure
Authors: Cardinal Bradley J. , Seidler Todd L.
Published: August 2011

Studies suggest that exercise literature tends to be very difficult to read and the writing not matched to the reading ability of the audience for which it was intended. Two studies aimed at describing the readability and comprehensibility of the recently developed U.S. Centers for Disease Control and American College of Sports Medicine “Exercise Lite” brochure were conducted. In Study 1, the brochure's readability was assessed using four different formulas. This study showed that the brochure was written at a level equivalent to that of a scientific journal article. In Study 2, 56 participants (two-thirds of whom were college graduates) were tested to assess whether they could comprehend the brochure's message. Results showed that, without supplemental instruction, the Exercise Lite brochure was incomprehensible for 69.6% ( n = 39) of the subjects.
Effects of Mellow and Frenetic Music and Stimulating and Relaxing Scents on Walking by Seniors
Authors: Becker Nancy , Chambliss Catherine , Marsh Cathy , Montemayor Roberta
Published: August 2011

Previous research has yielded an inconclusive picture of the effects of music and scent on walking. Few laboratory studies have detected a beneficial effect of music; olfactory research has shown performance is positively affected for repetitive tasks but not yet on walking. The influence of these two types of stimuli in efficiency of exercise among seniors was assessed by measuring distance walked on an indoor course. Using a 3 × 3 factorial design [mellow music in 4:4 time, frenetic music in 2:8 time, and white noise by stimulating, relaxing, and control scent conditions], each of 20 volunteers from a senior center received nine randomized, 90-sec. exercise trials. Walking distance was reduced by mellow music but unaffected by stimulating music; there was no effect of scent.
Influence of Animals on Perceived Likability of People
Authors: Geries-Johnson Barbara , Kennedy Janice H.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies have reported positive health and social benefits of pet ownership; however, most of these studies have been correlational in nature, so the directionality of effects remained unclear. The present study attempted to measure likability of pet owners in an experimentally controlled setting and to assess whether likability varies with type of pet. Subjects were 175 college students in introductory psychology classes. Analysis indicated that individuals are perceived as more likable when they are accompanied by a dog than when accompanied by a cat, a bird, or no animal.
Assessing Students' Responses toward Computer-Aided Design of Apparel
Authors: Frey Diane K
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relation of responses from two student groups toward computer-aided design (CAD) for apparel to their computer use, computer experience, or enrollment in an elective CAD course. In the non-CAD group of 46, computer anxiety was significantly correlated with computer use and computer experience as well as future enrollment in the CAD course. In the CAD group of 17, students in the CAD course were significantly less fearful of job elimination and more interested in technical aspects of computers at the end of the course than at the beginning. Data have been applied to the continued course development of computer-aided design especially for apparel-related academic programs. As one outcome, length of instruction has been recommended over a continuous 16-wk. period. Using specific instructional methods to reinforce components from both the affective and cognitive domains of learning has helped to sustain positive responses throughout similar subsequent offerings. Finally, preparation for employment was enhanced as a consequence of acquiring specific technological skills included in the CAD course.
Edwards Inventory of Emotions: Assessing Emotions in Athletes and Nonathletes
Authors: Edwards Steven W.
Published: August 2011

A self-report inventory was created on which respondents indicated the frequency of occurrence of 40 basic emotions using a 5-point rating scale. The inventory was administered to two matched, independent college-age samples ( ns = 562 and 414) and the factorial validity was tested. Factor 1 was a general factor reflecting over-all Positive Affect. Factor 2 was a more specific factor reflecting Profound Negative Affect. Factor 3 was also a specific factor reflecting Moderate Negative Affect. Subsequent analyses gave significantly greater scores for athletes over nonathletes and men over women on the Profound Negative Affect subscale. Women had significantly higher Positive Affect scores. It was concluded that the questionnaire had sufficient technical merit for use in research.
Effects of Videotaped Violence on Hypermnesia for Imaginally Encoded Concrete and Abstract Words
Authors: Shaw Geraldine A. , Bekerian D. A. , McCubbin J. A.
Published: August 2011

To assess whether increased arousal would differentially affect hypermnesia (enhanced recall) for imaginally encoded concrete and abstract words, two sets of materials (a violent videotape for high arousal and a bird-nest-building videotape for low arousal) were interpolated at four different points in a memory experiment. A pilot experiment measuring the change in heart rate before and after the viewing of two sets of materials confirmed the relationship between self-reported arousal and physiological state. Evidence suggests that only when arousing materials are experienced during the retention interval will hypermnesia be inhibited. In all conditions, concrete words were recalled at twice or more the rate of abstract words.