bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of Some Gifted Adults, Future Rehabilitation Counselors, and Rehabilitation Professors toward Disabilities
Authors: Wilson Milton E. , Sakata Robert , Frumkin R. M.
Published: September 2011

Judgments of 50 bright adults were significantly similar to those of 32 future experts in rehabilitation. Both groups were significantly different from the 7 experts (rehabilitation professors) whose attitudes represented a more objective view of the nature of the 8 disabilities examined. To rally community support for programs of rehabilitation, consideration of misconceptions in such groups is essential.
Defensive Interaction and the Volunteer Subject: An Heuristic Note
Authors: Edwards Carl N.
Published: September 2011

Drawing on data collected during a prior study of characteristics of volunteers, this paper examines some of the factors related to volunteering and offers speculation on the interpersonal processes affecting participation in research. In particular, modes of interpersonal interaction and their relationship to the experimental situation are analyzed. The defensive components of approval motivation and their relevance to interactive modes are discussed.
Seven Reflections on Scientism and Psychotherapy
Authors: Maultsby Maxie C.
Published: September 2011

Seven points regarding scientism and psychotherapy are stated.
Pregnancy as a State of Conflict
Authors: Hanford Jean M.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that pregnancy is a state of conflict which diminishes as the pregnancy proceeds. This model of the emotional state is related to physiological findings during pregnancy. The patterning of the 17 hydroxycorticosteroids is discussed with reference to the emotional state. The relationship of the blood levels of steroids to histamine is examined and the balance of steroids and histamine in the blood is offered as the basis for several conditions in pregnancy and labor, namely, spontaneous abortion, eclampsia, and hydatidiform mole. The histamine-steroid balance is also related to length and termination of labor and possibly affects intra-uterine conditions and the foetus.
Effect of Stigmatizing Conditions on the Use of Personal Space
Authors: Kleck Robert , Buck Peter L. , Goller William L. , London Ronald S. , Pfeiffer John R. , Vukcevic Dougas P.
Published: September 2011

Two studies examine the use of personal space by persons in interactions involving stigmatized individuals. In the first, responses on a figure-placement task and on an attitude questionnaire are compared. In the second, interactions involving a person believed to have epilepsy are examined in regard to both initial interaction distance and eye contact. The expectation that the ascription of epilepsy to a stranger will result in less proximate interaction than in the case in which epilepsy is not ascribed to the stranger is supported. Degree of eye contact, however, was found not to differ for stigmatized and non-stigmatized interactions.
Conditioned Leadership in a Two-Person Interaction
Authors: Jaffee Cabot L. , Skaja N. W.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of varying schedules of reinforcement on retention and generalization of a learned response over time. Ss were 40 pairs of college students who were divided into four groups of 10 pairs each. The conclusions were the following: a conditioned response will generalize in a verbal conditioning paradigm, utilizing a two-person problem machine; Ss will retain a significant amount of these learned responses over the period of 1 wk.; and, varying schedules of reinforcement do not seem to affect the first two variables appreciably.
Trait Labels for Rating Socially Disadvantaged Groups on Employment
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Sampson Donald L. G. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

Bipolar trait labels to be used for rating socially disadvantaged groups on employment were derived from a large pool of statements of beliefs and attitudes about these groups.
Social Control of Learned Avoidance and Some Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Shaklee Alfred B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of avoidance training and of social stimulation were studied in 42 rats assigned as littermates to one of 4 experimental groups or to a group of stimulus Ss. Avoidance-trained Ss received one brief escape conditioning experience in which reinforcement was initiated by Ss' exploratory behavior. Using time spent by Ss in different regions of the test chamber, it was possible to demonstrate effects of both factors, with a reduction of avoidance in the presence of a second animal. This phenomenon can be demonstrated in a test situation having common properties with natural environments. The social reduction of stress and of fear and avoidance which may accompany it is analyzed with respect to potential adaptive functions. It is proposed that this effect has been a major factor in the maintenance and further evolution of social cohesion in many species, including man.
Masculinity, Femininity, and Masculinity-Femininity: A Phenomenological Study of the MF Scale of the MMPI
Authors: Gonen Jay Y. , Lansky Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

College students evaluated responses by a hypothetical man and woman to the MMPI Mf scale's items as making the man or woman “more masculine,” “less masculine,” “more feminine,” and “less feminine.” These four responses were not mutually exclusive; a “no response” option was also provided. The students' evaluations were coded as bipolar or unipolar. When S placed a behavior along a continuum with masculinity at one pole and femininity at the other, his conceptualization was termed bipolar. on the other hand, if he placed a behavior either along a continuum with less masculine on one end of the dimension and more masculine at the other, or along a continuum leading from less feminine to more feminine, his conceptualization of the hypothetical person's answer to an item was coded as unipolar. on the assumption that unipolar conceptualizations cause elevations on the Mf scale, it was predicted that: (a) Ss would use unipolar dimensions extensively; (b) the 40 sex-discriminating items of the Mf scale of the MMPI would be coded more times as bipolar than the 20 items which do not discriminate between the sexes; (c) the 20 nondiscriminating items would be coded more times as unipolar than the 40 discriminating items; and (d) male Ss who usually elevate on the Mf scale more than females would, in comparison to females, use more unipolar conceptualizations. The results were in the predicted direction for all hypotheses, but the third hypothesis failed to reach statistical significance. The implications of these findings for the construction of more sophisticated Mf measures were discussed.
Recency Effects in Opinion Formation
Authors: Zdep Stanley , Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

160 undergraduates read excerpts from a jury trial in either a defense-prosecution or a prosecution-defense order. A significant recency effect appeared on both opinion ( p < .05) and retention ( p < .01) measures. An attempt to manipulate the order effect, by interpolating materials from another jury trial, either between the parts of the first trial or after the first trial and the opinion rating, proved unsuccessful, possibly because the interpolated materials were not of sufficient length to allow for significant forgetting This study agrees with several others in showing mostly recency effects in decisions concerning jury trials.
The “Risky-Shift” Phenomenon with a Heterogeneous Sample
Authors: Jamieson Bruce D.
Published: September 2011

12 choice dilemma items were administered to a sample of New Zealand Ss of wide age and occupational ranges. Groups in the discussion condition manifested the familiar “risky-shift” phenomenon.
Expressed Symptoms and Personality Traits in Conversion Hysteria
Authors: Schucman Helen , Thetford William N.
Published: September 2011

The study was based on the Personality Assessment System (PAS), a new approach to relating personality traits to Wechsler test performance. The purpose was to study relations between PAS personality patterns and expressed symptoms in conversion hysterics. This group was chosen because their symptoms presumably reflect essential personality features. The sample of 124 Ss was divided in 2 parts, the data being obtained and analyzed separately. 3 specific hypotheses, in line with PAS constructs, were formulated on the basis of findings obtained with the first part and tested with the second. 2 of the 3 hypotheses were upheld.
An Expanded Sociometric Device for Measuring Personal Effectiveness
Authors: Wright Logan , Bond Dale , Denison Joseph W.
Published: September 2011

158 male and 80 females representing 4 fraternities and 3 sororities at a large state-supported university in the Southwest were administered Duncan's Personality Integration Reputation Test and 48 additional sociometric items. on the basis of their content validity and correlation with Duncan's scale, 30 of the 48 items were selected for a test of personal effectiveness. The correlation of the total of these 30 items with Duncan's scale was .92 for males and .90 for females. The 30 items plus 6 from Duncan's scale, gave similar rs (.93, .91). The major advantage of the new scale lies in greater appeal to users who might be prejudiced against a 6-item instrument. Estimates of reliability and validity are needed.
Relationship between Scaled Familiarity, Rate of Learning, and Extent of Recall in Connected Discourse
Authors: Mills John A.
Published: September 2011

Scaled familiarity values were obtained for 19 24-word passages of connected discourse using the successive categories scaling method. The passages ranged from an item on the sporting page of a newspaper to a fifth-order approximation to English. Eight passages, lying at approximately equal intervals along the scale, were set on memory drums. 64 Ss learned them by the serial-anticipation method and relearned them 1 wk. later. Learning rate and extent of recall showed a steady decrease as familiarity with normal English sentences fell, whereas a fall in familiarity with abnormal English passages was accompanied by a rise in both learning rate and extent of recall. It is suggested that the relationship between familiarity scale values and extent of recall is an artifact resulting from the fact that differing degrees of associative strength at the end of learning were not controlled.
Discrimination and Uniformity of Test Item Distracters
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

It is demonstrated that the item discrimination index (d) and an index of the uniformity of the distribution of choices of distracters (U) provide useful information about the effectiveness of distracters on multiple-choice items.
Influence of Donor-Recipient Brain Transfers on Avoidance Learning
Authors: Kleban M. H. , Altschuler H. , Lawton M. Powell , Parris J. L. , Lorde C. A.
Published: September 2011

The brain extracts from donor animals, trained on intermittent punishment avoidance tasks, were transferred by intraperitoneal injections to naive recipients. Two types of control conditions were used, (1) the brain extracts from untrained donors were injected into naive recipients and (2) water injections were given to naive Ss. The recipient animals also received intermittent punishment-avoidance (running) training. Measurements were made of exploratory, first-trial avoidance, and extinction behaviors. Evidence suggested transfer of avoidance tendencies from donor to recipient Ss.
James' Mystic Consciousness and Rorschach's Inner Creation: A Suggestion on How to Regard Them
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This note suggests that Rorschachian rationality corresponds to what James means by “normal waking consciousness,” and Rorschachian inner creation, to what he means by “other forms of consciousness.”
A Reply to the Moller and Asher Comments on the School Dropout and Activity Participation Study
Authors: Bell James W.
Published: September 2011

A reply to criticisms voiced by Moller and Asher (1968) is provided.
Variability of Response Location during Regular and Partial Reinforcement
Authors: Ferraro Douglas P. , Branch Kathleen H.
Published: September 2011

4 pigeons were trained to peck an 8-location response strip for grain reinforcement and given 14-session exposures to variable interval and regular reinforcement schedules. Regardless of the sequence of reinforcement schedules, partial reinforcemen produced greater response-location variability along the topographical response continuum than did regular reinforcement.
Personality Characteristics and Personal History Data of Successful and Less Successful Executives
Authors: Rawls Donna J. , Rawls James R.
Published: September 2011

From a population of 150 executives employed by a medium-sized utilities company, 30 highly successful and 30 less successful executives were selected on the basis of (1) salary level, (2) company job title, (3) job number as listed in the Hayes salary survey, and (4) appraisal performance ratings. Age and length of service were controlled. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the California Psychological Inventory, and a 179-item biographical information blank were administered to all 60 Ss. Five of the 15 scales on the EPPS and 10 of the 18 scales on the CPI significantly discriminated successful and less successful executives. A total of 110 of the 179 BIB items had one or more options that significantly differentiated the two executive groups.
Intercorrelational Analysis of Some Common Measures of Rat Activity
Authors: Tapp Jack T. , Zimmerman Roger S. , D'Encarnacao Paul S.
Published: September 2011

An intercorrelational analysis was performed on the measures of responding generated In Williamson Jiggle Cages, photocell cages, a revolving drum, a circular field, and a double-bar lever-pressing apparatus. The results showed that these measures were essentially independent of one another, though responding decayed in a consistent manner over the 2-hr. test session. Thus, these activity measuring devices assess different aspects of behavior although they are uniformly sensitive to the animal's habituation to the test environment.
WISC Subtest Patterns of Retardates
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

The results of 10 studies of the WISC subtest patterns of retardates are summarized, and an interpretation of the findings offered in terms of the factor structure of the test.
Note on the Overtraining Extinction Effect
Authors: Clifford Thomas
Published: September 2011

A graphical analysis of the relation between amount of continuously rewarded acquisition training and resistance to extinction is based on 2-factor S-R theory and available evidence. It suggests that the decrement in resistance to extinction with overtraining, termed the overtraining extinction effect, will not occur under some conditions less than optimal for incentive motivation.
Relation of Sexual Behaviors, Values, and Conflict to Avowed Happiness and Personal Adjustment
Authors: Miller Howard , Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire study of 68 male and 64 female college students inquired about sexual behaviors (a) experienced, (b) deemed acceptable on a date, (c) deemed acceptable if experienced previously by a fiance(e), (d) revealed to peers, and (e) revealed to parents. High scores on these measures were viewed as indicative of liberality and differences among them as indicative of conflict. These measures of sexual liberality and conflict did not correlate with measures of adjustment, avowed happiness, or religiousness. Tables indicate the per cent of Ss endorsing each item under each set. Ss reported far more sexual experiences than they had ever revealed to a peer or a parent.
Positioning Dominance in Ground Squirrels: A Measure of Social Hierarchies
Authors: Clement Paul W.
Published: September 2011

Social dominance was measured in 30 Whitetail antelope squirrels ( Citellus leucurus) by placing two animals at a time in a small enclosure and observing which was most often on top of the other. Hierarchies established in such fashion were quite stable across a few days but less reliable across a 3-mo. period.
Dogmatism and Personal Sexual Attitudes
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Cauthen Nelson R. , Sandman Curt A. , Quattlebaum Larry F.
Published: September 2011

The relation between dogmatism as measured by high and low Dogmatism scores and sexual attitudes as measured by an original Sexual Attitude Survey was determined. Ss were 192 male and 188 female university students. High-dogmatic males were found to be more sexually conservative than low-dogmatic males. There was no difference in conservatism of sexual attitudes between high-dogmatic and low-dogmatic females. Male Ss, as expected, were significantly more sexually liberal than female Ss.
Emotion-Trait Interrelations and the Measurement of Personality
Authors: Kellerman Henry , Plutchik Robert
Published: September 2011

To relate personality concepts to emotion concepts 12 personality trait items were selected on the basis of explicit criteria to represent the trait universe. These terms were paired in all possible combinations and used as a self-report personality test. The scoring categories, however, were based on a theory of emotion which assumes that personality traits can be conceptualized as mixtures of primary emotions. Since the primary emotions are conceived in terms of polar opposites the theory is able to specify the relative degree of conflict implied by each personality trait. The test was given to 3 groups of women equated for IQ, age and income but varying in degree of maladjustment. Two of the groups were hospitalized patients. Results showed that the groups varied significantly in the frequency of choices of high- and low-conflict traits according to theory. Each group had a distinctive emotion profile. An example of the clinical use of the test is given.
Discrepancy of Self and Ideal-Self and Frequency of Daydreams Reported by Male Subjects
Authors: Windholz George
Published: September 2011

In a test of the Freudian theory of the daydream as a tension-reducing state it was expected that the greater the reported discrepancy between Self and Ideal-self, the greater the reported frequency of daydreaming. A significant and positive but low correlation obtained between the discrepancy score and daydream frequency, indicating some support for the Freudian theory of daydreams.
Primacy or Recency of Communications as a Function of Forcefulness of Presentation
Authors: Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

In the present study of order of communications, 292 introductory psychology students listened to a tape containing contradictory descriptions of 8 hypothetical persons and then indicated their impressions. The materials used came from 3 earlier studies all of which had reported strong primacy effects. The present study showed 4 primacy effects, 2 significant, and 4 recency effects, 2 significant. Primacy versus recency effects proved to be highly predictable from ratings of loudness, forcefulness, and clarity, even though such differences were not large. The study illustrates the vulnerability of order effects to minor variables.
Dissonance and Desire for a Cigarette
Authors: Bankart C. Peter , Lanzetta John T.
Published: September 2011

Recent research has demonstrated that primary drives such as hunger, thirst, and pain can be affected by inductions of dissonance. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether an acquired drive, desire for a cigarette, could be similarly modified. 26 Ss were divided into two equal groups of heavy smokers. One group of Ss was paid $1.50 for 6 hr. of deprivation whereas the other group was not. It was hypothesized that highly dissonant Ss would show less drive-relevant behavior than low-dissonant Ss after deprivation. The results, though generally in the predicted direction, were not significant.
Stereotyped Reactions to Body Build
Authors: Strongman K. T. , Hart C. J.
Published: September 2011

Written descriptions of physical characteristics and a questionnaire concerning personality traits were used to determine whether or not there is a perceived relationship between body type and personality. Results showed that stereotypes are held and that these largely correspond to Sheldon's original (1942) hypotheses concerning physique and ‘temperament.’
Verbal Communication as a Mediator of Expectancy Effects: Methodological Artifact?
Authors: McFall Richard M. , Saxman John H.
Published: September 2011

No significant expectancy effects were observed on a photo-rating task when 7 Es participated in a study to evaluate verbally mediated effects. Reasons for failure to confirm findings of Rosenthal and Fode were explored.
Correction for Unwanted Variance
Authors: Finney Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Two formulas were discussed, one for correcting the scores of a variable to eliminate the correlation with another variable. The circumstances in which each formula may be useful were defined.
Self-Disclosure Patterns of the Nonobviously Stigmatized
Authors: Kleck Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Self-revelation patterns of epileptics who had their seizures under drug control were examined with questionnaire and interview procedures. Parents were found to be the clearly preferred targets for self-disclosure generally and for health-related information in particular. As expected, all respondents chose not to reveal their stigmatized condition to at least some persons significant to their life space, although as a group they varied in their openness to others. Negative attitudes on the part of parents toward epilepsy and toward revelation of the condition outside the family were seen to encourage a sense of secretiveness and social withdrawal.
Autonomic Indices of Fear: The Collapse of an Idea
Authors: Bolles Robert C.
Published: September 2011

The attempts to assess the role of fear in avoidance learning by measuring the rat's skin resistance do not seem to have met with much success. Perhaps the reason is that our conceptions of fear and its role are inadequate.
Procedure for Determination of Contextual Links within Models
Authors: Waxman Stephen G.
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that contextual structure is imposed on the environment by modeling systems, and that non-linearities in the input transformations are essential for the establishment of contextual links in the model.
Estimating Concordance in a Set of Rank Orders
Authors: Hofstee Willem K. B.
Published: September 2011

Kendall's W coefficient and Willerman's adaptation of W for sociometric rankings are difficult to interpret since these indices are different both from the average intercorrelation in a set of rank orders and from the reliability of the average order. A substitute coefficient called a is presented, being a special case of coefficient alpha, which relates to the average rho according to the Spearman-Brown formula, a w is easier to interpret than W, while W has no special advantages over a w. By analogy, a coefficient called aw is developed for the case of sociometric rankings.
System for Cross-Classification of Small Group Studies
Authors: Heslin Richard , Dunphy Dexter
Published: September 2011

The article describes a method for placing information into a classification system that maximizes the flexibility in retrieval at a later time. It uses (1) a stack of edge-punched cards containing information of interest that has been punched according to (2) a coding system developed by the users. The authors have developed a classification system for the small-group field which is depicted and described in detail. It allows for coding a study on about 50 dimensions to (1) locate an article, (2) give an over-all description of the article, and (3) indicate the variables measured or discussed. Examples of uses and discussion of special features are provided to give the reader sufficient information to establish and use the system or a similar system for his own purposes.
T-Score Procedure vs Rights only or Corrected Formula Scores
Authors: Ong Jin
Published: September 2011

T-score procedure was suggested in place of the rights only or corrected formula score for guessing. Multiple-choice tests were administered to 179 general psychology students. T scores using both rights only and corrected formula were calculated. Results showed that the empirical data fit the defined values of the T score quite well and that the T scores for all individual students from both procedures are comparable.
Dimensions of Meaning and Their Measurement
Authors: Kreitler Shulamith , Kreitler Hans
Published: September 2011

This paper deals with the measurement of meaning. The theoretical and practical difficulties of measuring meaning are elucidated in a discussion of the main techniques of measurement and their deficiencies in sensitivity, comparability, generality and validity A new method for collecting and analyzing data is described. Findings of studies in which this method was applied lead to the definition of meaning as a pattern of values, i.e., representations of varying abstractness, along dimensions, i.e., general modes of categorization. A series of 13 dimensions of lexical meaning and a continuum of 10 dimensions of symbolic meaning are defined; their interrelations of hierarchical ordering, differential facilitation, etc. are described. Theoretical and methodological implications of the multidimensional conception of meaning for other theories of meaning and research domains, e.g., change in attitude and learning, are discussed.
A Fourteen-Symptom Behavior and Mood Rating Scale for Longitudinal Patient Evaluation by Nurses
Authors: Wyatt Richard J. , Kupfer David J.
Published: September 2011

A 14-symptom mood and behavior rating scale was developed for use twice daily by nurses and nursing assistants on an inpatient service. Inter-rater reliability studies indicate that raters can be easily substituted for one another. Scores for specific symptoms correlate well with those for similar symptoms on several commonly used scales.
Estimation of the Reliability of Composite Tests by a Computer Simulation Method
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

A computer program simulated variability in test scores by generating the values of random variables, Xij, each having possible values 1 and 0 with probability pij and 1 — pij, where the subscript i refers to items and the subscript j to persons. A matrix of pij values was considered to be a representation of a given test. Reliability was interpreted as a measure of the consistency of Xij values over replications of the procedure and was expressed as a function of expectations and variances of the pij values in any matrix. Reliability formulas such as the KR 20 and KR 21 were interpreted as cases to which the general formula reduces when restrictions are placed on the rows and columns of the matrix. Beginning with selected arrays of pij values, none of which met conditions for all the formulas, the program found estimates of reliability from the Xij values which were generated. The procedure gave an indication of the bias and the efficiency of the estimates when there are departures from assumptions made in derivation of the formulas.
Effect of Delay between Group Housing and Testing on Reduction of Emotionality
Authors: Morrison Bruce John
Published: September 2011

Rats subject to delay between group housing and testing did not show the reduction in emotionality commonly found. The effect dissipated linearly with time between group housing and open-field testing.
Psycho-Social Deprivation and Achievement Dispositions: Present Knowledge and Needed Research
Authors: Solomon Daniel
Published: September 2011

Research to date, relating various possible aspects of “deprivation” to achievement-related values, motives and conceptions and to achievement striving, is briefly reviewed and suggestions are made concerning important problems and approaches to emphasize in future research.
Effects of Negative Expectancy on Probability Learning
Authors: Gilley Hoyt Melvyn
Published: September 2011

Ss predicted whether a red light or a white light would flash after a ready signal. Under neutral conditions Ss approximated the actual percentage of red lights in 100 trials. “Red” predictions were suppressed significantly when onset of the red light was accompanied by electric shock. Continuous and intermittent shock-light pairing were equally effective in lowering prediction rate.
Extinction, Stimulus Generalization and Partial Reinforcement for Higher-Order Meaning Conditioning
Authors: Miller Adam W. , Barsness Wylla D.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the degree to which higher-order conditioning of word meaning demonstrated acquisition, stimulus generalization, extinction and differential effects of reinforcement schedules. For 120 Ss, using a 2 × 3 factorial design, only extinction was not demonstrated. S awareness was unrelated to acquisition.
Schedules of Reinforcement, Pretraining and Delay-Associated Cues in Runway Performance
Authors: Willis Edmond E. , Gilmore T. Dan , Rankin William L.
Published: September 2011

The effects of distinctive cues on delayed-reward learning were investigated by pretraining 2 groups of rats in a Skinner box on either a CRF or a FR10 schedule. A light was paired with each bar press. Ss were then run in a straight-alley runway for 16 trials with a 30-sec. delay interval. A light was paired with the delay. A 2 × 3 analysis of variance (2 treatments × 3 blocks of 5 trials) indicated that the FR10 group ran significantly slower. The results were discussed in terms of Amsel's (1958) frustration hypothesis.
Olfactory Learning Set in Two Varieties of Domestic Rat
Authors: Jennings Joseph W. , Keefer Louis H.
Published: September 2011

Based on the assumption that the greater the ecological validity of a laboratory procedure, the greater the likelihood of adequately assessing an organism's behavior, two varieties of domestic rats were subjected to a series of olfactory discrimination problems. The results indicate that rats can easily learn a two-element olfactory discrimination problem. With continued experience there was a progressive improvement in their ability to do so which was interpreted as evidence for learning set. A justifiable conclusion is that the appreciation of the behavioral complexities and capacities of infra-human organisms necessitates questioning them in the idiom of their stimulus environment.
Level of Abstraction in the Written Compositions of Children Varying in Intelligence and Age
Authors: Tillman M. H.
Published: September 2011

Written compositions were obtained from 48 children assigned to three IQ groups. Compositions were scored for definiteness of style according to several of the Flesch criteria. Two of the Flesch criteria, definite words and Formula R, were associated with MA and IQ; further, definite words and Formula R distinguished compositions written by a superior group of children from those written by normal and retarded children, that is, the high IQ group used more general referents, in terms of the Flesch criteria, than the middle- and low-IQ groups. Increases in age were not associated with increases in stylistic generality for the age range sampled. A six-category profile of definite words, reduced according to word function from 16, was analyzed separately.
A Self-Disclosure Inventory for Adolescents
Authors: West Lloyd W. , Zingle Harvey W.
Published: September 2011

The development of a self-disclosure inventory designed for use with adolescents is described. The inventory yields a grand disclosure score, 6 aspect-disclosure subscores, and 6 disclosure-to-target subscores. A method for indexing the degree of circumspection or differentiation exercised in self-disclosure is suggested. Highly satisfactory test-retest and split-half reliability coefficients are reported. A rationale and supporting empirical evidence for the construct validity of the instrument are also given.
Discriminative and Reinforcing Functions of Four Verbal Stimuli
Authors: Ault Ruth L. , Vogler Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Only those Ss who were both aware of the response-reinforcement contingency and for whom the appropriate contingent stimuli were, in fact, reinforcing conditioned. The Right-blank group was significantly slower in learning than the Correct-blank, Wrong-blank, and Incorrect-blank groups, indicating the ambiguity of “Right” as a discriminative stimulus. A comparable number of Ss in each group reported the contingent stimuli to be reinforcing, thus showing the necessity of awareness to conditioning.
Relation of Parental Attitudes toward Child Rearing and Patterns of Social Behavior in Middle Childhood
Authors: Friedman S. Thomas
Published: September 2011

76 Ss who spent 4 wk. in a private camp setting were ranked by peers and participant observers on a variety of social behavior characteristics, leadership, conformity, anxiety, aggression, etc. Parents of the 76 children completed Hereford's 75-item, 5-scale parental attitude form. Scores for mothers, fathers, and agreement scores between each set of parents were correlated with children's social behavior as assessed in the camp setting. Leadership was significantly related to parental agreement on the child trust scale, the degree to which the parents agreed on their perception of the child as an autonomous individual. While other correlations approached significance, no important patterns of relationships emerged.
Hippocampal Theta and Disinhibition: A Counterreply
Authors: Douglas Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Evidence was presented against an argument by Bennett (1969) that hippocampal lesions result in a deficit in simple 2-choice discrimination learning and/or delayed responding. It was shown that behavioral evidence suggests that hippocampal theta waves may be an index of behavioral disinhibition.
Social Distance as Behavioral Intentions: A Replication, a Failure, and a New Proposal
Authors: Ehrlich Howard J. , Van Tubergen G. Norman
Published: September 2011

Dual analyses of two social-distance checklists yielded contradictory results. Direct factor analysis of social distance items replicated the structures reported by Triandis. Inverse factor analysis of Ss failed to reproduce similar structures of behavioral intentions. Examination of the content of the behaviors defined by the different modes of analysis suggested new hypotheses based on the behavioral implications of prescriptive versus proscriptive norms of social distance.
Relationship between Two Quick Screening Measures of Intelligence for Neuropsychiatric Patients
Authors: Quattlebaum Lawrence F. , White William F.
Published: September 2011

As part of the routine testing battery, 180 neuropsychiatric patients were administered Form 1 of the Quick Test and the Satz-Mogel abbreviation of the WAIS. There was no significant difference between the mean IQ scores of all Ss on the two tests, and the scores on the two tests were highly correlated ( r = .86).
Note on the Position of the Alcoholic in the Therapeutic Programme
Authors: Allen L. R.
Published: September 2011

The similarities between student volunteers for therapy and alcoholic volunteers for treatment are briefly described. It appears to be evident that alcoholics who stay in treatment are not so much “real character disorder types” but are rather neurotics who are willing to admit poor family and social relationships. It is highly feasible that personality tests, utilizing alcoholic volunteers for treatment, may principally be tapping both the alcoholics' realistic self-appraisal of his social situation, and his inability to deal with his social environment.
Attitudes toward Sunday and Their Relation to Depression
Authors: Abbott David , Hoffmann Helmut , Davis Kenneth
Published: September 2011

An attitude scale toward Sunday containing behavioral preferences with the dimensionality exciting-boring was constructed, based on the performance of 76 alcoholic patients, to investigate the effect weekends might have on patients. Positive or elated patient attitudes reflecting the psychological status of activation correlate negatively with measurements of depression, and positively with judgments of social desirability.
Cooperative Behavior among High School Students on the Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Authors: Noland Sarah Jane , Catron David W.
Published: September 2011

39 high school girls from the North Carolina School of the Arts (NCSA group) and 39 comparable girls from a regular city-county school system (HS group) were compared on degree of cooperative behavior to assess group differences between artistically oriented students and regular HS students. Cooperative behavior was assessed by having each S make 50 cooperative or competitive choices in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. The NCSA group was expected to be more competitive because within the performing arts, competition is a pervasive characteristic. Each Ss opponent was an accomplice of E who responded according to a predetermined schedule containing 76% cooperative responses. Each S changed opponents (accomplices) and repeated 50 trials under the same conditions. The NCSA group was less cooperative than the HS group ( p < .01) except on the initial trials, and there was less cooperation on the second game than on the first ( p < .01). The HS group did not decrease across trials in Game 1 as had been expected. The decrease in cooperation at the beginning of Game 2 was more marked for the NCSA group. Five scales on the Adjective Check List differentiated the groups.
Effects of Interference in STM with Minimum Covert Rehearsal
Authors: Tarpy Roger M. , Marshall John F.
Published: September 2011

Each of 54 CCCs was followed by an interpolated task consisting of a series of random digits and letters. Ss' task was to recall the trigram and the number of occurrences of the first digit in the interpolated task series. When interpolated task performance was perfect, recall was not affected by the interpolated task letters although, when interpolated task performance was inaccurate, recall decreased with an increasing proportion of interpolated task letters. The results suggest that covert rehearsal may be minimized by considering only those trials on which interpolated-task performance is accurate and that interference effects are possibly mediated by covert rehearsal.
Psychometric Comparison of Old and Young Supervisors
Authors: Titus H. Edwin , Goss Richard G.
Published: September 2011

Supervisors ( n = 67) in a large government supply depot were studied on a large number of variables. Statistically significant differences between older and younger supervisors were found on 13 variables drawn from 6 standard psychological tests. No differences were found in ratings from superiors, morale factors, or variables concerned with work group performance.
Family Dynamics and Homosexuality
Authors: Snortum John R. , Marshall John E. , Gillespie James F. , McLaughlin John P. , Mosberg Ludwig
Published: September 2011

This study represents an extension of the psychoanalytic research on homosexuality by Bieber, et al. (1962) because the present investigators, the methods and Ss were all drawn from outside of the circle of psychoanalytic practice. Content from the Bieber interview schedule was converted into a self-administering inventory of developmental experiences. Ss were 46 males being evaluated for separation from military service because of homosexual behavior. The test discriminated this group of Ss from two control samples at the .01 level. The results appear to offer objective support for the significance of a close-binding, controlling mother and a rejecting, detached father in the etiology of male homosexuality.
Effects of Verbal Repetition on Meaning Intensity and Retention of Functors
Authors: Kanungo Rabindra N.
Published: September 2011

The effects of satiation treatment of functors on their intensity of connotative meaning and retention were studied. An additional purpose was to explore the possibility of an interaction between context effects and statistical regression effects in rating the functors on semantic differential scales. A retroaction paradigm was used in which either the stimuli or responses or a control set of functors were given satiation treatment during the interpolated period. Analysis showed (a) no interaction between context and regression effects, (b) Satiation treatment of functors resulted in generation of meaning that was not entirely due to the regression phenomenon. (c) Interpolated satiation treatment given to functors had no effect on their retention. The results were discussed in the light of existing theoretical formulations of semantic satiation and verbal learning.
Analysis of the Oedipal Complex
Authors: Miller Alan R.
Published: September 2011

When 32 female Ss chose a photo of a physique which they would desire as “lover,” Ss tended to choose a physique which either received a rank of 1 or 7 (most or least like father) on a scale of perceived likeness to “father.” It was concluded that the results support certain aspects of the construct, Oedipal complex.
S-R Similarity: Effect of Location and Predictability of Repeated Units
Authors: Thompson Charles P. , Looney Nancy Jane
Published: September 2011

Ease of learning a paired-associate list increases with the predictability of an intra-pair repeated unit. In addition, the pattern of errors, (e.g., percentage of omissions), made by S changes as the predictability of the repeated unit changes. Finally, the combination of S and R locations used to repeat the unit has an effect with the combination S1-Ra being less effective than the other combinations in aiding performance.
A Direct Approach to Sex-Role Identification of School-Related Objects
Authors: Kellogg Richard L.
Published: September 2011

A study by Kagan (1964) indicated that girls may perform better than boys in academic settings because they perceive school as congruent with their sex-role. The present study extended Kagan's work by investigating how children classify school-related objects. In general, the results suggested that such objects as book, blackboard, library, and chalk were viewed as feminine by the fourth grade students. Girls, as expected, were more inclined than boys to label the school-related objects as feminine. Implications for future studies were discussed.
The Psychedelics: Love or Hostility Potion?
Authors: Edwards Allan E. , Bloom Marshall H. , Cohen Sidney
Published: September 2011

30 heavy psychedelic users were compared with 30 matched controls using the Rosenzweig and Comrey tests. The drug-dependent group demonstrated aberrant personality traits only with respect to increased Hostility. It appears that this propensity is unrelated to degree of drug dependency and may reflect a predisposing state. People who have difficulty handling their aggressive feelings may tend to become heavy drug users. How this hostility is expressed does appear to change with degree of dependence, becoming more extrapunitive and obstacle dominant as drug dependency increases.
Note on Howard's Theory of Meta-Games
Authors: Harris Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The logic of Nigel Howard's theory of meta-games, hailed by Anatol Rapoport as providing a normative solution to the one-play Prisoner's Dilemma game, actually applies only to a refereed version of that game.
Some Personality and Attitudinal Correlates of Dogmatism
Authors: Kirtley Donald , Harkless Richard
Published: September 2011

61 undergraduate psychology students were administered the Troldahl-Powell 20-item form of the Dogmatism scale along with the MMPI, the Politico-economic Conservatism scale (Form 60), and an adaptation of the Bogardus Social Distance scale. Dogmatism was positively related to conservatism and rejection of minorities and groups associated with unconventionality and social change. The Troldahl-Powell 20-item scale, like Rokeach's Form E, appears to be a better measure of rightist than leftist authoritarianism. Rokeach's suggestion that a neurotic factor may underlie leftist dogmatism, as opposed to a psychopathic one in the case of rightist dogmatism, was not supported, as the more dogmatic Ss, also the more conservative, showed significant tendencies in the direction of neurosis and psychosis but none toward psychopathy. Also, the less dogmatic Ss were inclined to deny possession of unfavorable personality characteristics. Thus, low scores on the Dogmatism scale may indicate a defensive factor as well as genuine “open-mindedness.”
Expectations, Affect Change, and Military Performance in the Army Recruit
Authors: Datel William E. , Lifrak Stephen T.
Published: September 2011

Previous study at Fort Dix of the distressful affective response of Army recruits to basic combat training (BCT) was extended to Fort Ord. Several features of the inverted-U BCT distress curve were replicated on 2 companies ( N — 400) measured repeatedly with the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL). Ss' expectations of BCT distress, measured upon arrival, were much lower than the actual distress levels later reported in the midst of BCT. Then, an experiment consisting of 8 groups ( N = 839) was conducted to test (a) the immediate effect upon distress expectancy of a training film edited to prepare new recruits for the stress of BCT and (b) the later effect of such stress preparation on distress levels actually reported midway through BCT. The results indicated an increase in expected distress after viewing the film, but failed to confirm the Janis hypothesis that stress preparation reduces emotional distress. Extremely low and mostly non-significant Pearson rs resulted from correlational analysis of BCT performance scores and MAACL measures. Methodological problems, theoretical issues, practical applications, and suggestions for future research were discussed. A list of conclusions was drawn to update the current status of BCT distress research with the MAACL.
The Moss-Harlow Effect in Young Children: Replication
Authors: Maukonen Larry J. , Tal Ada , Cross Henry A.
Published: September 2011

3- to 4- and 7- to 8-yr.-old children were given a series of 6-trial discrimination problems involving 2 objects after receiving either a rewarded or nonrewarded single-object information trial. During the discrimination, 2 other variables were investigated, fixed vs varying formboard position and near vs far object separation. No main effect was strong, but the age X information-trial reward condition was significant; younger Ss displayed the Moss-Harlow effect but older Ss did not. This finding supports the results of Cross and Vaughter (1966) but not those of Vaughter (1968). Other differences were anticipated on the basis of White's (1965) notions regarding a temporal learning hierarchy.
MMPI Personality Characteristics of Physical and Social Science Students
Authors: Kokosh John
Published: September 2011

291 graduate students and 4-yr. graduates in physics, zoology, sociology, and history were used to test 8 hypotheses derived from previous MMPI studies of science students of the 8 hypotheses 2 are supported: (a) the physics and zoology majors are higher on Si than the sociology and history majors and (b) the upper BA students (in terms of GPA) are higher on Mf than the lower BA students. Also, among the 4-yr. graduates, the physics and zoology majors are considerably higher on MSAT, Eng z, and GPA than the sociology and history majors. Finally, the two-point MMPI code classification revealed that the 34–43 is the modal code type in sociology, and 49–94 in history.
Effect of Induced Stress on Convergent and Divergent Thinking
Authors: Krop Harry D. , Alegre Cecilia E. , Williams Carl D.
Published: September 2011

Measures of convergent and divergent thinking were obtained from college students before and after the presentation of either a disturbing motion picture film or a benign control film. Induced stress was found to inhibit divergent thinking but to have no effect on convergent thinking. The data suggest that certain intellectual abilities are influenced more readily than others by psychological stress.