bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EPHEMEROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA
Authors: Flannagan John F. , Macdonald Sagietta R.
Published: April 2011

A search of literature on Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera of Canadian peatlands and marshes revealed only a few relevant studies which dealt mainly with emergence phenologies. Several species are listed in taxonomic and systematic works as being found in these wetland habitats, but because many of these records are the result of adult light trapping some doubt exists as to the actual habitat of the larvae.The Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera of peatlands and marshes in Canada appear to be part of a generalized fauna that also occurs in a wide variety of other habitats. Several species listed as occurring in peatlands and marshes also have been recorded in temporary pools. It is possible that adaptations for survival during the dry period in temporary pools also assist survival in many other habitats including the wetlands considered here.
World Review and Keys to Genera of the Subfamily Inostemmatinae with Reassignment of the Taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)
Authors: Masner Lubomir , Huggert Lars
Published: April 2011

The subfamily Inostemmatinae is considered a symplesiomorphic assemblage and the genera currently classified here are reassigned either to the subfamily Platygastrinae or the Sceliotrachelinae. Forty-one genera are treated, of which 15 are classified in the Platygastrinae,viz.AcerotellaMasner,AcerotetaKozlov and Masner,Allostemmagen.nov.,Almargellagen.nov.,Annettellagen.nov.,InostemmaHaliday,IphitrachelusWalker,IsostasiusFoerster,Magellaniumgen.nov.,MetaclisisFoerster,Orsetagen.nov.,ProplatygasterKieffer,Raogen.nov.,SacespalusKieffer, andZelostemmagen.nov. Twenty-six genera are classified in the subfamily Sceliotrachelinae,viz. Afrisoliagen.nov.,Aleyroctonusgen.nov.,Alfredellagen.nov.,AllotropaFoerster,AmitusHaldeman,AphanomerellaDodd,AphanomerusPerkins,Austromerusgen.nov.,Calomerellagen.nov.,Erroliumgen.nov.,FidiobiaAshmead,Helavagen.nov.,IsoliaFoerster,Nanomerusgen.nov.,Neobiagen.nov.,Oligomerellagen.nov.,ParabaeusKieffer,PlatygastoidesDodd,PlatystasiusNixon,Plutomerusgen.nov.,PseudaphanomerusSzelényi,PulchrisoliaSzabo,SceliotrachelusBrues,TetrabaeusKieffer,Zelamerusgen.nov., andZelandonotagen.nov. The following extant taxa are described:Afrisolia obesagen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ (South Africa),Aleyroctonus pilatusgen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (Java),Alfredella tasmanicagen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (Australia),Allostemma fuscumgen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (Chile),Almargella cristatagen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (Chile),Annettella gracilisgen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (New Zealand),Austromerus grandisgen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (Australia),Calomerella scutellatagen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ (USA, Canada),Errolium piceumgen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ (New Zealand),Helava alticolagen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (Colombia, Venezuela, Peru),Magellanium furvicepsgen.nov., sp.nov. ♂ (Chile),Nanomerus spinulusgen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ (Chile),Neobia badiagen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Trinidad [W.I.]),Oligomerella donnaegen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ (Australia),Orseta ornategen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (Canada),Plutomerusgen.nov. forPlatygastoides indicusMukerjee ♀ (India, Nepal),Rao pselaphusgen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (Australia),Zelamerus amicorumgen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (New Zealand),Zelandonota kiwigen.nov., sp.nov. ♀ ♂ (New Zealand), andZelostemmagen.nov. forEurytoma oleariaeMaskell ♀ ♂ (New Zealand).FahringeriaKieffer is considered junior synonym ofFidiobiaAshmead;NasdiaNixon andPlatytropaKozlov are considered junior synonyms ofAllotropaFoerster. The above 41 genera are keyed, with separate keys to world genera and genera of America north of Mexico; with generic diagnoses, taxonomic remarks, distribution, biology, bibliography, and list of species described since Kieffer (1926). Higher classification and relationships of the above genera are discussed. Eighty-one plates with 258 figures (line drawings and micrographs) are included.
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND DISTRIBUTIONAL ASPECTS OF CANADIAN SPRINGS
Authors: van Everdingen Robert O.
Published: April 2011

Springs, or points of natural, concentrated groundwater discharge, may be located in river or lake beds, or below mean sea level along the coast, but many are found some distance from surface-water bodies. Spring water commonly represents rain or snow-melt that has entered the ground at a higher elevation a number of years earlier.Measured springwater temperatures in Canada range from very cold (−2.9 °C) to hot (82.2 °C). Thermal spring waters, with temperatures above the local mean-annual air temperature, have undergone geothermal heating during deep subsurface circulation in areas of high topographic relief. Hot springs (>37 °C) are therefore found only in mountainous areas, in Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. Spring locations are commonly controlled by major folding or faulting, or both, in the bedrock strata.Reported pH values in Canadian spring waters range from strongly acidic to alkaline (2.8 to >10.0). Low pH values (<4.0) are associated with high contents of dissolved Fe (up to 2600 mg·L−1) and other heavy metals (e.g. Zn up to 177 mg·L−1), resulting from the oxidation of metal sulfides. Measured redox potentials (Eh) range from −252 to +683 mV. Negative Eh values are found in spring waters that contain dissolved H2S and S2−, produced by bacterial reduction of dissolved sulfate.Total-dissolved-solids contents of Canadian spring waters are reported to range from as little as 32 to over 75 000 mg·L−1. Chemical composition also varies widely. Major anions include bicarbonate (up to 5960 mg·L−1), sulfate (up to 17 520 mg·L−1), and chloride (up to 44 300 mg·L−1). Major cations include calcium (up to 1823 mg·L−1), magnesium (up to 1190 mg·L−1), sodium (up to 27 100 mg·L−1, and potassium (up to 1568 mg·L−1). The chemical composition of each spring water reflects the mineral composition of the rock types with which the water has been in contact, as well as its subsurface residence time. In simplified terms, Ca–Mg/HCO3waters come from carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite), Ca/SO4waters from gypsum or anhydrite, and Na/Cl waters from salt beds.Springwater temperature and composition can both show gradual (seasonal) and sudden (incidental) variations. In springs that show seasonal variations, maximum temperature and mineralization occur near the end of winter; minimum values commonly occur during snowmelt. Sudden variations in temperature, mineralization, and discharge rate can occur during periods of heavy rain, if cold, non-mineralized rainwater enters spring conduits. Earthquakes may cause sudden changes in discharge rates and suspended-solids contents, without affecting water temperature or chemical composition.Information on Canadian spring locations, and on their physical and chemical character, is still spotty. As detailed knowledge about springs can be useful in both ecological and water-supply studies, an effort should be made to expand and refine the existing database.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF REPRESENTATIVE SPECIES OF XERIC GRASSLAND-ADAPTED NEARCTIC LYGAEIDAE IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (INSECTA: HETEROPTERA)
Authors: Scudder G.G.E.
Published: April 2011

This paper outlines the known distribution of eight xeric grassland-adapted species of Lygaeidae, and examines these distributions with respect to the glacial history of North America during the Pleistocene, and past and present distribution of grassland vegetation. Four of these species (Neosuris castanea,Sisamnes claviger,Ligyrocoris latimarginatus, andMelanopleurus perplexus) probably survived the Pleistocene in refugia south of the Late Wisconsinan ice sheet. Differences in climatic requirements may explain the variations in geographic distribution exhibited by these four insects and a methodology for testing this is discussed. The four other species (Crophius ramosus,Kolenetrus plenus,Slaterobius insignis, andEmblethis vicarius) may have occurred in the north prior to 1.2 mya and survived the Late Pleistocene in both the northern Beringian refugium and in southern refugia. Molecular systematics, especially use of DNA restriction site or sequence data, might provide the evidence needed to test historical biogeographic postulates based on the extant distribution of these species.
CONVERGENT ADAPTATIONS IN PHORIDAE (DIPTERA) LIVING IN THE NESTS OF SOCIAL INSECTS: A REVIEW OF THE NEW WORLD AENIGMATIINAE
Authors: Brown Brian V.
Published: April 2011

A review of the New World Aenigmatiinae shows that only one of the five Neotropical Region genera currently classified in this subfamily, Cyrtophorina, could belong in a monophyletic group with the type genus Aenigmatias. The first known male specimens of Borgmeieriphora, Colyeria, and Melittophora are described. Based on the structure of the males, these three genera, referred to as the Melittophora-group of genera, belong in the subfamily Metopininae, and are related to the Apocephalus-group of genera. Three new species of Borgmeieriphora are described: B. multisetosa from Costa Rica; B. greigae from Costa Rica; and B. leptotarsa from Panama. Based on observations of two species, adults of Borgmeieriphora are associated with, and may be parasitoids of, army ants of the genus Eciton. Cootiphora gen.nov., represented by the type species C. angustata sp.nov. from Ecuador, is described and is placed in the Melittophora-group. A reconstructed phylogeny of the Melittophora-group of genera is given, showing their hypothesized relationships: Colyeria is the adelphotaxon (= sister-group) of Borgmeieriphora, whereas the relationships among Melittophora, Cootiphora, and Colyeria + Borgmeieriphora are unresolved. Within Borgmeieriphora, B. multisetosa and B. greigae are adelphotaxa, whereas B. kempfi is the adelphotaxon of B. multisetosa + B. greigae, and B. leptotarsa is the adelphotaxon of all other species. The relationships of Platydipteron, another potential member of the Melittophora-group, are unknown. Examination of males of representative aenigmatiine genera from other zoogeographic regions shows that they may belong in a monophyletic group with Aenigmatias. Convergence between true aenigmatiine genera and Melittophora-group genera is based on the shared, limuloid body form, which is probably a defensive adaptation for living in social insect nests.
SYSTEMATICS AND ENTOMOLOGY: SOME MAJOR THEMES
Authors: Danks H.V. , Ball George E.
Published: April 2011

Systematics allows the extraordinary diversity of biological systems to be understood, and information about organisms to be organized and made accessible. Key patterns that help to interpret natural processes can be summarized, and biological traits predicted, by determining the relationships of natural taxa. Ecological roles are made visible and existing knowledge is made accessible only through specific names. Most organismic diversity is represented by terrestrial arthropods, but knowledge is very incomplete. Even for species found in Canada, half have not been described and the immature stages of most are unknown.Systematics supports entomology and underpins studies of biology in many different ways. From these roles, understanding is gained about diversity and evolution, distributions and biogeographically significant regions of the country, adaptations as related especially to species interactions and metamorphosis, and the application of systematics information. In addition, the values of basic systematic work, modern techniques, and long-term coordinated efforts in studying the fauna are emphasized.A coordinated study of diversity by systematists in conjunction with ecologists and others is required. Such a coordinated approach is timely given recent recognition that the world depends on self-sustaining but increasingly threatened biological systems. Diverse organisms maintain those systems but can be distinguished only through systematics. Adequate long-term support — for systematics positions, research collections, activities that include the preparation of basic works such as monographs, and educational facilities — is required to underpin the systematics component of such a coordinated study.
AN OVERVIEW OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANADIAN PEATLANDS
Authors: Vitt Dale H.
Published: April 2011

Canadian peatlands can be classified into ombrotrophic bogs and minerotrophic fens, the latter subdivided into poor, moderate-rich, and extreme-rich fens, each with distinctive indicator species, acidity, alkalinity, and base cation content. If hydrology is considered the most important factor in peatland classification then the primary division must be between ombrotrophic bogs and minerotrophic fens; however both chemical and vegetational differences strongly indicate that the primary division of peatlands should be between acidic, Sphagnum-dominated bogs and poor fens on the one hand, and alkaline, brown-moss-dominated rich fens on the other. Although some metals such as sulphur and aluminum also vary along this gradient, nutrient contents of the surface waters do not. Bogs and fens are oligotrophic to mesotrophic wetlands that should be distinguished from eutrophic, non-peat-forming wetlands such as marshes and swamps by the presence in the former of a well-developed ground layer of bryophytes associated with relatively little seasonal water level fluctuation. Oligotrophy is probably maintained in bogs and poor fens by reduced water flow, whereas rich fens maintain mesotrophy by having larger water through-puts; however this is not well documented. Sphagnum appears to have real ecological significance, both in the initial stages of acidification and in controlling surface water temperature. Seasonal variation in surface water chemistry in all peatland types is relatively small, however precipitation events leading to changes in water levels do affect some chemical components. Although both autogenic and allogenic factors affect peatland development, initiation of peat formation and early development of peatlands during the Early and Mid Holocene were considerably influenced by regional climatic change. Later developmental patterns during the late Holocene and those seen at the present time appear to be more influenced by autogenic factors.
LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATIONS OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN AGAINST GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS IN AFRICA
Authors: Delgado F.X. , Lobo-Lima M.L. , Bradley C. , Britton J.H. , Henry J.E. , Swearingen W.
Published: April 2011

Two isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, GHA and BF, were evaluated in Cape Verde in 1991 and 1992 for infectivity to the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss), and the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire). Evaluations included laboratory bioassays and small-scale field trials. Laboratory bioassays evaluated five different formulations. Four of the formulations tested showed strong dose–response patterns and significantly higher mortality than the untreated control or carriers minus spores. All four formulations achieved high mortality levels when applied at economically feasible dose rates. The GHA and BF isolates, formulated in an oil carrier with an emulsifier, were equally infectious to migratory locust nymphs. Six different formulations of GHA were evaluated in field trials. Field trials evaluated both direct effects (treatment of field plots infested with O. senegalensis) and indirect effects (treatment of plots without grasshoppers, after which grasshoppers were introduced). In both cases, all six formulations showed good biocontrol potential. Grasshoppers exposed to treated plots up to 72 h after application exhibited comparatively high mortality levels, indicating that large numbers of spores remained viable in the field for at least 3 days. This was confirmed by analysis of the viability of conidia from vegetation samples obtained in the field following treatment. In open-plot, small-scale field trials, two different formulations (oil and clay-based) of GHA resulted in high rates of infection and approximately 45% reductions in grasshopper densities in the treated plots 7 days after application, even though density-reduction results were "diluted" by grasshopper migration into and out of the test plots. Results of the Cape Verde evaluations demonstrate that biopesticides developed from B. bassiana represent a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for grasshopper and locust control.
CHARACTERIZATION AND VIRULENCE OF A BRAZILIAN ISOLATE OF METARHIZIUM FLAVOVIRIDE GAMS AND ROZSYPAL (HYPHOMYCETES)
Authors: Magalhães B.P. , Faria M. , Tigano M.S. , Sobral B.W.S.
Published: April 2011

A new isolate of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (Hyphomycetes) (CG 423) found in Northeast Brazil infecting Schistocerca pallens (Thunberg) was identified using arbitrarily primed PCR. Cluster analysis of DNA markers revealed a high level of homogeneity (>83% similarity) among the Brazilian (CG 423) and two other M. flavoviride isolates from Nigeria (CG 366 = IMI 330189) and Australia (CG 291). However, M. flavoviride isolates were very distinct when compared with two isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (6.4% similarity). Bioassays showed that strain CG 423 is as virulent as other isolates of M. flavoviride (CG 291, CG 366), M. anisopliae (CG 087), and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (CG 425) against the grasshopper Rhammatocerus schistocercoides (Rehn) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), an important pest in Central Brazil. However, the Brazilian isolate of M. flavoviride (CG 423) is more virulent than the Brazilian isolate of B. bassiana (CG 250). Because conidia used in bioassays were formulated in soybean oil containing 5% kerosene, the effect of the kerosene present in the oil formulation was tested. Kerosene (0–10%) did not affect the virulence (P > 0.3) of M. flavoviride against R. schistocercoides. The native isolate of M. flavoviride (CG 423) is now being developed as a mycoinsecticide against grasshoppers in Brazil.
Larvae of the North American Tortricinae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: April 2011

This work is a continuation of that already published on the larvae of the Olethreutidae (now considered to be a subfamily, the Olethreutinae), and is to be used in association with the latter, since no larval characters as yet known separate the two subfamilies. Over 100 species of the North American Tortricinae are discussed, the late-instar larvae of 97 of these are described, and morphological characters of most of them illustrated. Many of them are well-known economic pests such as the spruce and pine budworms, the black-headed budworm, the omnivorous leaf tier, etc. Keys to tribes, genera, species groups and species are provided. The inadequacies of a taxonomic classification based solely upon adult characters are also demonstrated in an examination of the larvae of the genus Archips as presently established.
AQUATIC AND SEMIAQUATIC HETEROPTERA OF ALBERTA, SASKATCHEWAN, AND MANITOBA (HEMIPTERA)
Authors: Brooks Arthur R. , Kelton Leonard A.
Published: April 2011

Ninety-five species of aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera are recorded from the Prairie Provinces of Canada, representing the following families: Belostomatidae 3, Corixidae 41, Gelastocoridae 1, Gerridae 8, Hebridae 2, Hydrometridae 1, Mesoveliidae 1, Nepidae 2, Notonectidae 6, Pleidae 1, Saldidae 26, and Veliidae 3. Also included are data on distribution, habits, and biological information. Keys to families, genera, and species are given, with 138 illustrations.
Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance toCeutorhynchus obstrictusin novel germplasm derived fromSinapis albaxBrassica napus
Authors: Tansey James A. , Dosdall Lloyd M. , Keddie Andrew , Fletcher Ron S. , Kott Laima S.
Published: April 2011

Introgression of cabbage seedpod weevil,Ceutorhynchus obstrictus(Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), resistance fromSinapis albaL. to susceptibleBrassica napusL. (Brassicaceae) has produced genetic lines resistant to the weevil in replicated field trials. In the current study, weevil feeding and oviposition onS. albaand on resistant novel lines developed by crossingS. alba×B. napuswere less frequent than on susceptible germplasm.Development times were greater and biomass was less when larvae were reared on resistant lines orS. alba. Oocyte development was faster in post-diapause springtime adult female weevils caged on susceptible plants than in those on a resistant line,S. alba, or an early-season food host,Thlaspi arvenseL (Brassicaceae). Our results suggest that antixenosis resistance and antibiosis resistance are expressed by resistant lines. These results and previous chemical analyses of these lines also suggest that resistance is potentially influenced by attractive and (or) feeding-stimulant effects of 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate and antifeedant or toxic effects of 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate.
Camptopeltes, a new Neotropical genus of oscinelline Chloropidae (Diptera)
Authors: Mlynarek Julia J. , Wheeler Terry A.
Published: April 2011

Camptopeltesn.gen. is described for three new species: Camptopeltes atratumn. sp. (type species of the genus; type locality Cartago, Costa Rica); Camptopeltes citrinumn. sp. (type locality Yacambo, Venezuela); and Camptopeltes nubilatumn. sp. (type locality Aragua, Venezuela). Camptopeltes is distinguished from other oscinelline genera on the combination of a strongly convex scutum, a trapezoidal scutellum that is deflected dorsally relative to the scutum, a reduced flexure in wing vein CuA1, reduced cephalic bristling, reniform third antennal segment, and thin arista. Although its relationship to the rest of the Oscinellinae is unresolved, it may be closely related to the tribe Elachipterini.
Influence of elevation and avian or mammalian hosts on attraction of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Ontario
Authors: Russell Curtis , Hunter Fiona F.
Published: April 2011

We studied Culex pipiens L. in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada, to establish whether or not these mosquitoes are attracted to hosts other than birds at different elevations or as the season progresses. Guinea-pigs and chickens were used as representative mammalian and avian hosts, respectively. Bait animals were placed next to modified CDC miniature light traps (no light and no CO2) hung 1.5 or 5 m above ground in a Niagara woodlot. The season was divided into three 6-week periods (early, middle, and late). Significantly more C. pipiens were captured at the 5 m than at the 1.5 m elevation. In general, chicken-baited traps were preferred over control and guinea-pig-baited traps, with one important exception: there was no significant difference among traps during the late period at 1.5 m elevation. The potential role of C. pipiens as a bridging vector of West Nile virus to humans is discussed.
Biology and development ofAcrolepiopsis assectella(Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) in eastern Ontario
Authors: Mason P. G. , Appleby M. , Juneja S. , Allen J. , Landry J.-F.
Published: April 2011

Leek moth,Acrolepiopsis assectella, recently became established in the Ottawa Valley, where it significantly damages garlic, leek, and onion (AlliumL., Liliaceae) crops. At a threshold of 7 °C, populations in eastern Ontario require 444.6 day-degrees to develop from egg to adult. Pheromone-trap data identify spring, early-summer, and late-summer flight periods of overwintered 1st- and 2nd-generation adults, respectively. Depending on ambient temperatures, the life cycle takes 3–6 weeks in the field, with three generations possible. Management strategies such as application of reduced-risk foliar insecticides and use of row covers require precise timing to target appropriate life-cycle stages. Implementation windows can be determined by incorporating pheromone-trap data and ambient air temperature into a life-cycle development model. A proposed integrated pest management program will involve the use of pesticides, mechanical barriers, and classical biological control.
Distinctive TLR7 Signaling, Type I IFN Production, and Attenuated Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Yellow Fever Virus in a Primate Reservoir Host
Authors: Mandl Judith N. , Akondy Rama , Lawson Benton , Kozyr Natalia , Staprans Silvija I. , Ahmed Rafi , Feinberg Mark B.
Published: April 2011

Why cross-species transmissions of zoonotic viral infections to humans are frequently associated with severe disease when viruses responsible for many zoonotic diseases appear to cause only benign infections in their reservoir hosts is unclear. Sooty mangabeys (SMs), a reservoir host for SIV, do not develop disease following SIV infection, unlike nonnatural HIV-infected human or SIV-infected rhesus macaque (RM) hosts. SIV infections of SMs are characterized by an absence of chronic immune activation, in association with significantly reduced IFN-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) following exposure to SIV or other defined TLR7 or TLR9 ligands. In this study, we demonstrate that SM pDCs produce significantly less IFN-α following ex vivo exposure to the live attenuated yellow fever virus 17D strain vaccine, a virus that we show is also recognized by TLR7, than do RM or human pDCs. Furthermore, in contrast to RMs, SMs mount limited activation of innate immune responses and adaptive T cell proliferative responses, along with only transient antiviral Ab responses, following infection with yellow fever vaccine 17D strain. However, SMs do raise significant and durable cellular and humoral immune responses comparable to those seen in RMs when infected with modified vaccinia Ankara, a virus whose immunogenicity does not require TLR7/9 recognition. Hence, differences in the pattern of TLR7 signaling and type I IFN production by pDCs between primate species play an important role in determining their ability to mount and maintain innate and adaptive immune responses to specific viruses, and they may also contribute to determining whether disease follows infection.
Effects of partial removal of alkaloids in sweet white lupin seed on performance and nitrogen balance in lambs
Authors: Mukisira E. A. , Phillip L. E. , Mitaru B. N.
Published: April 2011

The impact on animal performance of extracting alkaloids in lupin seed (LS) was evaluated with 30 lambs (average weight, 14 kg) fed for 90 d. Sunflower seed (SFS) in the control diet was replaced by intact LS, or LS steeped in water (detoxified) to remove alkaloids. The test diets contained either 15% (LUI-15) or 30% (LUI-30) intact LS, or 15% (LUD-15) or 30% (LUD-30) detoxified LS. Lambs fed SFS exhibited lower (P < 0.05) organic matter intake (OMI) and daily gains (ADG) than those fed LS. During the first 30 d of feeding, OMI was greater (P < 0.01) with diets containing LUD-15 or LUD-30 (752.7 and 727.9 g d–1, respectively) than with LUI-15 or LUI-30 (708.1 and 600.5 g d–1, respectively); ADG was also greater with LUD-15 and LUD-30 (P < 0.01) than with LUI-15 and LUI-30. Nitrogen retention ranged from 6.1 g d–1 for control to 14.6 g d–1 for LUD-15; when corrected for N intake (NI), N retention was similar (P > 0.05) across diets. This study suggests that alkaloids in LS restricted feed intake and limited ADG, but over the 90-d experimental period, lambs seemed to adapt the presence of alkaloids in LS. Key words: Lambs, lupin, alkaloids, growth, nitrogen balance
Effect of post-ruminal infusion of glutamine on plasma amino acids, milk yield and composition in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Plaizier J. C. , Walton J. -P. , McBride B. W.
Published: April 2011

The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of supplying post-ruminal L-glutamine in mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows on plasma amino acid profile, dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition. The experiment was designed as a 4 × 4 Latin square with four 2-wk periods. Cows were continuously infused post-ruminally with graded levels of L-glutamine (L-Gln) for 5 consecutive days during the second week of each period. During the last 24 h of the infusion, blood plasma was collected every 6 h for the determination of plasma amino acid concentrations. Plasma Gln concentration increased (P < 0.05) with increasing L-Gln daily infusions. Infusion of 0, 100, 200, and 300 g d–1 resulted in blood plasma Gln concentrations of 289.5, 299.2, 356.4 and 386.2 mmol L–1, respectively. The level of Gln infusion also resulted in a decrease in the blood plasma concentration of phenylalanine, but the concentrations of all other amino acids were not affected. The administration of Gln did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition. Key words: Post-ruminal, L-glutamine, plasma amino acids, milk constituents
Manganese inhibits spontaneous nuclear maturation in bovine cumulus-enclosed oocytes
Authors: Bilodeau-Goeseels Sylvie
Published: April 2011

The objective of this work was to examine the effects of manganese concentration on nuclear maturation of bovine cumulus-enclosed (CEO) and denuded oocytes cultured for 7 h or 22 h. Following culture, oocytes were then fixed and stained for assessment of nuclear maturation stage. The addition of MnCl2 significantly suppressed nuclear maturation after 7h of culture (15, 69, 84 and 70% of oocytes were still at the germinal vesicle stage after culture with 0, 50 μM, 0.5 mM and 5mM MnCl2, respectively; P < 0.001). However, MnCl2 was without significant effect on denuded oocytes cultured for 7 h. When CEO and denuded oocytes were cultured with manganese for 22 h, the percentages of mature oocytes were reduced (96 , 20, 15, 3% and 80, 39, 53 and 16% for CEO and denuded oocytes cultured with 0, 50 μM, 0.5 mM and 5 mM MnCl2, respectively; P < 0.0005). The inhibitory effect of 50 μM MnCl2 was transient and reversible because it did not maintain oocytes in meiotic arrest after 22 h of culture. In addition, 72% of the CEO cultured with 50 μM MnCl2 for 7 h and subsequently cultured without manganese for 18 h were mature. The concentration of manganese (6 ± 1 μM) in follicular fluid (as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry) was below inhibitory concentrations. In conclusion, manganese inhibited germinal vesicle breakdown in bovine CEO; however, only the effect of the lowest concentration tested (50 μM) was reversible. Key words: Bovine, oocyte, meiosis, manganese, follicular fluid
Effects of dietary fish silage and fish fat on performance and egg quality of laying hens
Authors: Kjos N. P. , Herstad O. , Skrede A. , Øverland M.
Published: April 2011

A total of 45 laying hens were fed a control diet, or one of four diets containing 50 g kg–1 fish silage and different levels of fish fat (1.8, 8.8, 16.8 or 24.8 g kg–1), to determine the effect of fish silage and fish fat in the diet on performance and egg quality. Fish silage did not affect feed intake, egg production, fatty acid composition of yolk, yolk color or sensory quality of eggs, compared with the control. The diets with 16.8 or 24.8 g kg–1 fish fat decreased feed intake (P < 0.001), egg production (P < 0.001), and hen-day egg production (P < 0.04), and increased yolk color index (P < 0.003). The proportions of the fatty acid C22:1 (P < 0.001), and PUFA as the sum of C18:2 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3 (P < 0.02) in egg yolk were highest for the fish silage diets with 24.8, 16.8 or 8.8 g kg–1 fish fat, and lowest for the diet with 1.8 g kg–1 fish fat. Proportions of C18:1 (P < 0.001) and C20:1 (P < 0.001) were lowest for the diets with 16.8 or 24.8 g kg–1 fish fat. Egg yolk cholesterol did not differ among treatments. The diet with 16.8 g kg–1 fish fat resulted in a more intense egg albumen whiteness as measured by the sensory study, compared with the other diets (P < 0.05). There was a linear relationship between dietary fish fat level and increased off-taste intensity of egg yolk (P< 0.03). Key words: Fish silage, fish fat, laying hens, egg production, egg quality
Alternatives for enrichment of eggs and chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acids
Authors: González-Esquerra R. , Leeson S.
Published: April 2011

Interest on the enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) has increased given their important role in human metabolism. The inclusion of n-3 FA into eggs and poultry meat is achieved by feeding ingredients such as flaxseed, fish oil, fish meal, marine algae and canola to birds. However, problems in various production parameters and sensory quality of eggs and meat may arise. The former possibly caused by antinutritional and physiological effects and the latter influenced by the interaction of volatile substances. Possible increases in formulation costs also deserve attention.

Strategies to ameliorate these undesirable effects include limiting the inclusion levels of n-3 FA sources, time of feeding, mixing different n-3 FA sources in commercial rations, and including high levels of vitamin E along with high-quality ingredients. A mild heat treatment may eliminate some of the drawbacks of feeding flaxseed to birds. Key words: Omega-3, flaxseed, flax, menhaden oil, eggs, chicken meat
Effect of subacute ruminal acidosis on in situ digestion of mixed hay in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Plaizier J. C. , Keunen J. E. , Walton J-P. , Duffield T. F. , McBride B. W.
Published: April 2011

Induction of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by replacing 25% of the total mixed ration (TMR) intake [dry matter (DM) basis] with pellets consisting of 50% wheat and 50% barley, reduced the in situ DM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestion of mixed hay. In situ 48 h NDF disappearance was reduced from 39.5 to 30.9% (P < 0.05). Key words: Sub-acute ruminal acidosis, fibre digestibilty, dairy cows
Growth-promoting efficacy of pharmacological doses of tetrabasic zinc chloride in diets for nursery pigs
Authors: Mavromichalis Ioannis , Webel Douglas M. , Parr Eric N. , Baker David H.
Published: April 2011

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a reliable growth-promoting agent in young pigs when added to provide pharmacologic levels of dietary Zn. Tetrabasic zinc chloride (TBZC), whose formula is Zn5Cl2(OH)8, was tested in three experiments as a replacement for Waelz-processed ZnO. In exp. 1, 150 weaned pigs (5.2 kg) in five replicates received 0, 1500, or 3000 mg Zn kg–1 from either ZnO or TBZC in a 21d growth assay in which antimicrobial agents were not contained in the diet. Both sources of supplemental Zn increased (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed efficiency, but feed efficiency was improved (P < 0.05) to a greater extent by TBZC than by ZnO, particularly at the 1500 mg Zn kg–1 dose level. In exp. 2, 144 weaned pigs (5.1 kg) in eight replicates received either 0 or 1500 mg Zn kg–1 from either ZnO or TBZC in a 19 d growth assay that included an antibacterial agent (carbadox) in all diets. Weight gain did not respond to Zn supplementation, regardless of Zn source, but feed efficiency was improved by TBZC addition to the diet. In exp. 3, 180 weaned pigs (4.5 kg) in five replicates received no supplemental Zn, 3000 mg Zn kg–1 from ZnO, or four incremental doses (750, 1500, 2250 and 3000mg Zn kg–1) of TBZC in a 21 d growth assay that included carbadox in the basal diet. Supplemental Zn from ZnO at 3000 mg Zn kg–1 increased both weight gain (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency (P < 0.06). Incremental Zn additions from TBZC indicated that both weight gain and gain/feed ratio were increased (P < 0.05) and that 1500 mg Zn kg–1 from TBZC was the optimal dose for this source of Zn. The results of these experiments support the view that TBZC is a very effective source of Zn for enhancing growth performance of newly weaned pigs fed diets with or without an added antimicrobial agent. Key words: Nursery pigs, zinc oxide, tetrabasic zinc chloride, growth promotion
Methane production from dairy and beef heifers fed forages differing in nutrient density using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique
Authors: Boadi D. A. , Wittenberg K. M.
Published: April 2011

The effects of cattle breed type [dairy (Holstein) versus beef (Charolais × Simmental)] and forage quality (high, medium and low) on methane production were measured under ad-libitum and restricted feeding conditions. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of the forage diets was high = 61.5%, medium = 50.7% and low = 38.5%. Each hay diet was fed to four animals (two dairy and two beef heifers) in three periods of four 3 × 3 Latin squares. Each period consisted of 23 d during which heifers were individually fed their assigned forage for 14 d on ad-ibitum feeding. Following this, intake was restricted to 2% of body weight (BW) for 9 d. Methane production was measured for five 24-h intervals in each period at both levels of intake using the SF6 gas technique. Methane production was not different (P > 0.05) between dairy (238.0 ± 6.9 L d-1) and beef cattle (228.6 ± 7.8 L d-1) under either level of feeding. Forage quality affected CH4 (L d-1) output, with high = medium > low during ad-libitum feeding. This effect of forage quality on CH4 production was absent during restricted feeding (P > 0.05). Day-to-day variation in CH4 production was 26.9 and 27.1% on ad-libitum and restricted feeding respectively (P < 0.05), whereas animal-to-animal variation (P < 0.05) was 26.6% (ad libitum) and 25.3% (restricted). On ad-libitum feeding, dry matter intake (DMI) was strongly correlated (P = 0.0001; r = 0.8) with CH4 production (L d-1), and accounted for 64% of daily variation in CH4 production. Methane [L kg-1 digestible organic matter intake (DOMI)] was highest (P < 0.05) on low-quality diets under both feeding regimes, and was not influenced (P > 0.05) by cattle type. Methane production as a percent of gross energy intake (GEI) was not influenced by diet. It can be concluded that the SF6 tracer technique provides a measure of enteric CH4 production directly from animals under production conditions. There were no differences in CH4 production between dairy and beef breeds, but the quality of forages affected CH4 production under both ad-libitum and restricted feeding. Key words: Methane, SF6 tracer technique, cattle breed type, forage quality, level of intake
Repeated injections with dexamethasone in healthy lactating sows and the effect on growth rate of their suckling piglets
Authors: Norby B. , Straw B. E. , Bartlett P. C. , Meyers K.
Published: April 2011

Twelve lactating sows were given two doses of 14 mg of dexamethasone and 12 controls were given two doses (7.0 mL) of physiological saline. During the treatment period, total litter weight gain in litters of dexamethasone-treated sows was significantly less (P = 0.02) than weight gain of control litters. Key words: Swine, glucocorticoids, growth rate
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on some aspecific immune parameters and acute phase protein in weaned piglets
Authors: Corino C. , Bontempo V. , Sciannimanico D.
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on some immune system parameters in piglets. Forty-two weaned piglets, 12.44 ± 1.96 kg liveweight, were fed diets containing 1% sunflower oil (control, C), 0.5% CLA plus 0.5% sunflower oil (T1), and 1% CLA (T2). After 28, d serum lysozyme (1.39, 1.77 and 1.86 μg mL–1, respectively, for C, T1 a nd T2 groups; P < 0.01) and total serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) (1548, 1930, 2075 mg dL–1, respectively, for C, T1 and T2 groups; P < 0.05) were higher in piglets fed dietary CLA. No significant effect on serum α-1-acyl glycoprotein (AGP) was observed. These results support the view that CLA favorably influences immune response. Key words: Nutrition, CLA, immune response, piglets
Weighing affects short-term feeding patterns of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Augspurger N. R. , Ellis M.
Published: April 2011

Data from two experiments were analyzed to determine the effect of weighing on the feeding patterns of growing-finishing pigs. Pigs had reduced feed intake on the day of weighing compared to before and after the weigh day through reduction in either feed intake per visit or number of feeder visits. Key words: Pig, feeding patterns, weighing
Evaluation of lighting programs, diet density, and short term use of mash as compared to crumbled starter to reduce incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chicks to 35 d of age
Authors: Scott T. A.
Published: April 2011

Restricted lighting is used commercially to regulate early growth and limit losses associated with sudden death syndrome (SDS), ascites and leg problems. Standard lighting programs may not be suited for broilers marketed at 35 d of age, and promote injury (scratching, i.e., cellulitis) by creating peak feeding periods. This study evaluates four lighting programs, three phases of mash or crumble starter feeding and two diet densities on performance and mortality of broilers marketed at 35 d of age. Two trials each utilized 7200 male broiler (Cobb × Cobb) chicks randomly housed in six (2.75 × 4.90 m) floor pens in each of eight rearing rooms. Four lighting programs were replicated in each trial and consisted of: (a) 23C (23L:1D 0–35 d); (b) 16C (23L:1D 0–3 d, 16L:8D 4–35 d); (c) DDI (delayed decreasing increasing) (23L:1D 0–3 d; 20L:4D 4–6 d, 16L:8D 7–10 d; 8L:16D 11–15 d; 12L:12D 16–20 d; 16L:8 D 21–28 d; and 20L:4 D 29–35 d); and (d) IL (intermittent lighting, provided in four cycles of 6 h d-1 the same total daily hours of light as the DDI program). Two diet densities were applied for the starter and grower diets; high (ME 3170/3200 kcal; CP 251/210 g) or low (ME 3100/3060 kcal; CP 235/195 g kg-1 starter/grower diet, respectively). The two starter types were fed as combinations of mash (M) or crumble (C): (1) M 0–12 d followed by C 12–21 d; (2) C 0–12 d followed by M 12–21 d; and 3) C 0–21 d. The respective grower/finisher density diets were fed in a pelleted form. By 35 d of age the body weight (BW) of broilers maintained under the DDI lighting program was significantly lower than BW of broilers held under the other lighting programs (16Ca > ILab > 23Cb). Overall (0–35 d) feed conversion (corrected for mortality, but not market weight at 35 d) was highest for broilers reared under the 23Ca > ILab > DDIb > 16Cc lighting programs, respectively. SDS (%) mortality was highest for IL (1.68a) = 23C (1.53a) ≥ 16C (1.02ab) ≥ DDI (0.80b) lighting programs. There were no significant differences in 35 d BW or feed conversion of broilers fed mash or crumble starter. Feeding mash diets did lower 21 d BW, but this decrease in early growth did not significantly reduce overall mortality. Broilers fed the low as compared to the high density diets weighed less at 21 d, but weighed significantly more at 35 d, and had a higher (P < 0.05) 0–35 d feed conversion. Low as compared to high density diets did reduce SDS mortality significantly (0.72 vs. 1.81%, respectively). Lighting programs that do provide variable extended dark periods will alleviate broiler mortality as compared to constant (23 or 16 h) or intermittent lighting programs. However, these broilers had a significantly lower body weight when marketed at 35 or less days of age. Key words: Lighting, broilers, mash, diet density, sudden death, ascites
Influence of winter weather and shelter on activity patterns of beef cows
Authors: Olson B. E. , T Wallander R.
Published: April 2011

Large ungulates grazing native rangelands during winter must balance forage intake, a source of energy gain, with minimizing thermal stress, a source of energy loss. Another source of energy loss, energy expended, is related to time spent in different activities. Natural or man-made shelter may alter time spent in different activities. Our objectives were to determine if access to windbreaks altered diurnal activity patterns of beef cattle grazing a windy, foothill range site during winter, and if diurnal activity patterns could be related to weather. We observed diurnal activity patterns of cattle with and with out access to windbreaks (windbreak, nonwindbreak) for two winters on an exposed pasture in southwest Montana. Actual use of windbreaks was only recorded in Winter 2. Windbreak cattle did not use the windbreak until day 16; subsequently, time spent behind windbreaks ranged from 0 to 30%. Activity patterns of windbreak and nonwindbreak cattle differed in subtle ways, indicating they used similar behaviors to minimize energy expended and to maximize energy gain. Time spent grazing was inconsistent between the two winter trials, possibly reflecting large differences in body condition when they entered each winter. For individual groups, time spent grazing (Winter 1, 33–96%; Winter 2, 18–94%) and standing (Winter 1, 0–63%; Winter 2, 0–78%) varied widely on a day-to-day basis, reflecting either an immediate response to that day's weather, or possibly a compensatory response to the previous day’(s’) weather, especially following cold, windy days. Wind velocity had minimal effect on grazing time, presumably because high wind velocities were associated with relatively warm days, or the animals were in sufficient condition to tolerate high wind velocities. Instead of minimizing energy expended by lying down during extreme cold, cattle spent more time standing, which maximizes heat gain from solar radiation. During winter, cattle behavior is a tradeoff between maximizing energy gain (thermal and food) and minimizing energy loss (thermal and metabolic). Key words: Activity, behavior, cattle, shelter, thermal, weather
Impact of wet feeding wheat-based diets with or without enzyme on broiler chick performance
Authors: Scott T. A.
Published: April 2011

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of wheat source on voluntary feed intake when diets were offered in a wet or dry form. The first experiment was designed to establish if a mould inhibitor was necessary. The second experiment allowed more extensive screening of wheat types to determine if there is a genetic component in wheat that explains the differences observed in exp. 1. Experiment 1 was based on two wheat cultivars [Hard Red Spring (HRS) and Durum]. Each wheat was ground, one portion was used as is, the other pelleted and re-ground. The four wheat sources were included at 80% of a standard bioassay diet (with enzyme) and each diet was fed with or without propionic acid. The eight diets were fed ad libitum as is or with 1.2 g water per gram of feed. The wet diets were prepared daily and all diets were fed to four groups of six male broilers from 1 to 17 d of age. The second experiment utilized three cultivars each of HRS and Durum wheat fed in similar bioassay diets with no pre-pelleting or added mould inhibitor; each diet was fed with or without enzyme. Each of the 12 diets in the second experiment was fed with and without 1.2 g water per gram of feed to six groups of eight male broilers from 1 to 21 d of age. For both experiments, the daily intake of feed, on an air-dried basis, was detennined for each diet and used to calculate feed conversion for the respective feeding periods. Experiment 1 showed no effect of supplementing the wheat-based diets with propionic acid. This same experiment also clearly showed that feed intake was increased with wet feeding and there were significantly greater effects when HRS as compared to Durum wheat was fed. Experiment 2 clearly established that there are distinct differences in voluntary feed intake with wet feeding utilizing HRS as compared to Durum wheat. This experiment indicated that wet feeding mimics enzyme supplementation with regard to lowering digesta viscosity, but it is clearly unique from enzyme supplementation with its large effect on feed intake and growth. These studies support our hypothesis that variability in hydration rate of cereal-based diets may limit intake. Key words: Wheat, wet feeding, enzymes, feed intake, broilers