bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS EN EL SISTEMA FEDERAL DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
Authors: MANUEL VÁZQUEZ CARLOS
Published: March 2022

En los Estados Unidos, la responsabilidad de la protección de los derechos fundamentales ha estado siempre compartida entre la federación y los estados. Al comienzo, fueron los estados los que asumieron la responsabilidad de tutelar los derechos. En realidad, los derechos reconocidos en la Constitución Federal solo se aplicaban frente al gobierno federal. Tras la Guerra civil, estos derechos fueron gradualmente «incorporados» en la Decimocuarta Enmienda pasando así a ser aplicados también frente a los estados. En la actualidad, la federación es la principal garante de los derechos fundamentales, si bien los estados continúan pudiendo protegerlos más allá del mínimo federal. La responsabilidad compartida para la protección de los derechos fundamentales en los Estados Unidos es en buena parte un reflejo de la historia de los Estados Unidos.

Estatu Batuetan, oinarrizko eskubideen babesaren erantzukizuna federazioaren eta estatuen artean partekatu izan da betidanik. Hasieran, estatuek hartu zuten beren gain eskubideak babesteko erantzukizuna. Egia esan, Federazioaren Konstituzioan aitortutako eskubideak gobernu federalaren aurrean baino ez ziren aplikatzen. Gerra Zibilaren ondoren, eskubide horiek Hamalaugarren Zuzenketan «erantsi» ziren pixkanaka eta, ondorioz, estatuen aurrean ere hasi ziren aplikatzen. Gaur egun, federazioa da, nagusiki, oinarrizko eskubideak bermatzen dituena, baina estatuek federazioak ezarritako minimoetatik haratago babes ditzakete eskubideok oraindik ere. Estatu Batuetan oinarrizko eskubideak babesteko erantzukizuna partekatuta egotea Estatu Batuen historiaren isla da neurri handi batean.

In the United States, the responsibility for protecting fundamental rights has always been shared by the federal and state governments. At the start, the states bore the primary responsibility for protecting rights. Indeed, the rights specified in the federal Constitution applied only against the federal government. After the civil war, these rights gradually became «incorporated» into the Fourteenth Amendment and thus came to apply against the
state governments as well. Today, the federal government is the principal guarantor of fundamental rights, but the states continue to be able to guarantee rights beyond the federal minimum. The shared responsibility for protecting fundamental rights in the United States is in large part a reflection of the United States¿ history.
Прогнозирование экспортно-ориентированных рынков агропродовольственной продукции
Authors: Бородин К.Г.
Published: March 2022

В статье рассматриваются вопросы совершенствования методологии прогнозирования экспортно-ориентированных рынков агропродовольственной продукции. На основе разработанной модели экспортно-ориентированного рынка выполнен среднесрочный прогноз российского рынка мяса птицы. Проанализированы основные тенденции развития мирового и отечественного рынков мяса птицы с акцентом на их экспортную составляющую.
О соотношении экономической динамики и нормы накопления (международный опыт)
Authors: Лавровский Б.Л. , Чуваев А.В.
Published: March 2022

Статья посвящена исследованию вопросов соотношения макроэкономической динамики и нормы накопления ВВП. Полученные статистические оценки с использованием данных по большому числу стран в рамках длительной ретроспективы указывают на определенное наличие этой связи. Однако говорить о решающем влиянии нормы накопления на экономический рост не приходится.

В статье специально оценивается влияние факторов нормы накопления и приростной капиталоемкости на темпы роста ВВП в группах развитых и развивающихся стран, в каждой из которых страны находятся в подобных стартовых условиях. Показано, что в группе развивающихся стран, характеризующихся в базовом году примерно одним и тем же уровнем развития, влияние нормы накопления и приростной капиталоемкости на макроэкономическую динамику сопоставимо и значимо. В группе развитых стран (в этих же условиях) норма накопления, если и оказывает положительное воздействие, то крайне незначительное; доминантой здесь выступает отдача от капитала, а не его (относительный) объем.
Оценка состояния конкуренции на оптовом рынке электроэнергии
Authors: Долматов И.А. , Сасим С.В.
Published: March 2022

В статье проводится комплексная оценка текущего состояния конкуренции на оптовом рынке электроэнергии в России, анализируются различные аспекты оптового рынка: наличие барьеров входа и выхода, уровень влияния государства на рынок, степень участия потребителей. Каждый аспект исследуется с помощью ряда индикаторов. Сформулированы предложения по преодолению барьеров развития конкурентных отношений на оптовом рынке электроэнергии.
Power Flow and Power Quality Enhancement by TCSC using five different Novel Methods.
Authors: Agrawal Niharika , Gowda Mamatha
Published: March 2022

The demand of electricity is continuously increasing due to increase in population and urbanisation. Due to lack of generation and transmission facilities there is over exploitation of present resources. The existing transmission lines are overloaded which make the system prone to stability problems. In the proposed work the power flow is increased in the existing system after using FACTS device using five different methods. They are firing by TCR pulse generator, using control subsystem based on RS Flip Flop, using Synchronised 6 pulse generator, using Thyristor -6 pulse generator with PLL, and pulse generator block of MATLAB.TCSC is used to control the dynamic power flow and also to enhance the power quality of the system. The power quality of the system is polluted due to use of common harmonic loads like computers, motor drives, arc and induction furnaces, battery charges, rectifiers, induction heating equipment. So, power electronics-based device TCSC is used in the proposed work. increases the efficiency of the line and improve the stability and security of the system. The active power at the receiving end is enhanced using the above different methods and the various results of power flow enhancement and THD analysis is shown. The THD analysis of the system is done in the present work using all the different methods. There provide other benefits to the system like damping power system oscillations, mitigating sub synchronous resonance, providing voltage support, improving transient stability.
Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in patients with wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis
Authors: Aguilera Agudo Cristina , Moñivas Palomero Vanessa , González López Esther , Mingo Santos Susana
Published: March 2022

Background: Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis is a systemic disease with predominantly cardiac symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the short-term prognosis of these patients through contractile reserve measured by stress echocardiography, given the usefulness that this parameter has demonstrated in other populations. We considered major events as death from any cause and hospitalization for heart failure.

Material and methods: We conducted a study with a 1-year follow-up in 11 patients who were proposed to undergo a stress echocardiogram, with the follow-up as usual according to their doctor. We excluded pacemaker wearers, patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, those incapable of exertion at low loads, and those with poor acoustic windows.

Results: We found that contractile reserve estimated by right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain is correlated with a lower rate of death (all of them cardiovascular deaths) and hospitalizations for heart failure.

Conclusions: Contractile reserve assessed by right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain is a predictor of major events in patients with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis.
Analysis and Advance Implementation of Automatic Power Factor Corrector Unit (APFC) for an Industrial Application
Authors: S. S. Sable  , Vinay Bonde  , Bhushan Dhangar  , Sandesh Patil  , Shriniwas Satpute
Published: March 2022

In today's evolving and limitless world where companies are growing rapidly, technology and control are needed. Our machines and equipment’s that required technology as well as superior controlling powering and protection for excellent output and efficiency. In this project we are especially taking look at the powering part. What is needed to control machine and equipment’s? The answer is "pcc panel”, i.e., power control center. Now what is that? It is basically cabinet which contains electrical components to control the various equipment’s, motors etc. PCC acts as gateway for electrical line. Today they are used in almost each and every industrial and commercial applications, control panels also gives protection to our equipment’s and machines.
Educação como abertura radical
Authors: Vituri Berbert Loren Marie
Published: March 2022

Resenha do livro Ensinando comunidade: uma pedagogia da esperança, de bell hooks.
Distribuição espacial das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde na Atenção Básica no Brasil
Authors: Sumiya Alberto , Santos Kelerman Ezequiel , Machuca Louise , Tavares Lucas Ramos , Marcos Vanessa Mainara , Farhat Gabriel , Checchi Maria Helena Ribeiro , Tenani Carla Fabiana
Published: March 2022

Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde (PICS) na Atenção Básica (AB) brasileira para a ampliação da discussão sobre sua oferta. Métodos: Estudo ecológico transversal realizado em 2020, a partir do sistema público brasileiro de informação em saúde do ano de 2019. Para análise, analisou-se a variável dependente quantidade de atendimentos, enquanto as variáveis independentes deram-se por território, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e a cobertura da AB. Para as comparações estatísticas utilizaram-se os testes de qui-quadrado de Pearson e correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Considerando AB, secundária e terciária do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a prevalência total de atendimentos em 2019 apresentou-se por 1.593.128. Separando e analisando exclusivamente a AB (n=51.352; 3.2%), a maior prevalência de atendimentos apresentou-se nas regiões Sudeste (n=15.210; 29,7%) e Nordeste (n=12.559; 24.4%), com ocorrências maiores de sessões de eletroestimulação (n=6.397; 12,4%) e de práticas corporais em Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (n=4.588; 8,9%). As correlações deram-se positivas entre atendimentos e população (r=0,62), e entre atendimentos e IDH (r=0,24). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que a distribuição espacial das PICS na AB é desigual ao se considerar as prevalências de cada região. Já as correlações positivas podem representar a procura por alternativas de cuidado frente a condições crônicas, queixas musculoesqueléticas e insatisfação com a Medicina Moderna; fatores que geralmente provocam o aumento pela procura de PICS, principalmente em regiões onde o desenvolvimento social mais elevado favorece a autonomia da pessoa.
Patristic Perspectives on Luke’s Transfiguration
Authors: Anthony Peter
Published: March 2022

Peter Anthony explores how visionary elements in Luke’s Gospel had a particular influence on early interpretation of the Transfiguration, by examining the rich hermeneutical traditions that emerged – particularly in the Latin West – as the Transfiguration was first depicted visually in art.

Anthony begins by comparing the visual and visionary culture of antiquity with that of the present, and their differing interpretations of the Transfiguration. He then examines the Transfiguration texts in the synoptic gospels and their interpretation in modern scholarship, and the reception of the Transfiguration in 2 Peter, the Apocalypse of Peter and the Acts of Peter, Tertullian and Origen. Proceeding to look at interpretations found in the Greek East and the Latin West, Anthony finally discusses the earliest visual depictions of the Transfiguration from the sixth century onward, drawn from a wealth of different art forms. Anthony concludes that early commentators’ and artists’ understanding of how we see and visualise, and therefore, how the Transfiguration was apprehended, is closer to that of the writers of the New Testament than many modern interpreters’ is.
The Art of Scenic Design
Authors: Morgan Robert Mark
Published: March 2022

How do you navigate a career as an entertainment designer while maintaining a sense of self-worth and value in the various off-ramps and sidestreets you may choose to take on the journey? The Art of Scenic Design provides an in-depth look at the scenic design process for young designers as well as creative entrepreneurs seeking to nurture a collaborative environment that leads to rediscovery and innovation in their work.

Based on his 30 years of experience in stage design, exhibit design, art direction for film, and theme park and industrial design, Robert Mark Morgan demonstrates that while a design process for creating these types of works can seem like niche professions, the lessons learned in collaboration, testing and re-testing ideas, prototyping concepts, overcoming fears, venturing guesses, divergent thinking, and the creative process in general are applicable – and valuable – in nearly all disciplines and professions both inside and outside of the entertainment industry.

In The Art of Scenic Design: A Practical Guide to the Creative Process you will follow an accomplished designer on a narrative of the theatrical design process from early phases of a design with a creative team encompassing visual research, idea-making, and collaborative relationships, to sketching, prototyping, and testing ideas, through to the execution and manifestation of the design with a team of artists and collaborators. The design journey is contextualized with backstage stories of “what if?” moments, provocative discussions, and lessons that are indispensable to your professional development.
Chico Buarque’s First Chico Buarque
Authors: Perrone Charles A.
Published: March 2022

Chico Buarque comprises a critical appreciation of the self-titled album (1978), which is one of the Brazilian artist’s most representative. This vibrant collection displays the singer-songwriter’s singular talents as a composer/poet of song with both popular appeal and keen analytical skills. The eleven tracks include both up-beat sambas and lyrical compositions: witty tunes, dramatic laments, international items, and, especially, epochal protest songs with fascinating histories. The album embodies Chico Buarque's affective sensibilities and sociopolitical engagement, and this book situates the album in inter-related contexts: the artist's own career; the evolution of the current he represents MPB (Brazilian Popular Music); and, especially, historical conjuncture—the period of military dictatorship in Brazil, 1964-85.
Enero-febrero 1989
Authors: El Editor
Published: March 2022

No hay resúmenes disponibles.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 251-254.
Using consumer behaviour theories to analyse the relationship between green technology and customer expectations
Authors:   , Manqele Mxolisi Bongumusa
Published: March 2022

Green technology has become a welcome and popular development in most parts of the world, possibly due to the wide belief that green technology is a concept whereby nature and the environment are protected, retaining the environment’s ecosystem. Various actions exist that may lessen environmental impact, yet much difficulty is encountered in converting customer intentions to action, highlighting the importance of bridging the existing gap between customer intent and action; not only in safeguarding the environment but also for business to meet sustainability goals. In this regard, literature highlights a fast-growing interest in innovation for sustainability, while studies draw attention to the development of green industries and green jobs, suggesting that “green” will grow into an important measure for companies and brands, with commendations based on environmental references featured strongly in consumer decision-making. Within this context, the current study hopes to examine green technology-based products, in terms of customer expectations in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province of South Africa (SA). Research shows customer expectations as the desires or wants of consumers, in terms of what they feel a service provider should offer, while customer expectations of service have been further presented as subjective and based on the needs and desires customers expect to fulfil in using the service. This study concedes that green technology-based products can contribute effectively to achieving customer expectations. The mode of green technology-based products could be used to achieve this objective thus becomes the key thrust of this research. Using a quantitative methodology, this study is predicated on the assumption that because green technology preserves the environment, it is an interesting and effective method of achieving customer expectations.
Genealogi pendidikan entrepreneurship dalam Islam
Authors: Sarwadi  , Kharis Syuhud Mujahada  , Hanifah Noviandari
Published: March 2022

The foundation of Islamic education as the basis of Islamic education is the Qur'an, Al Hadith of the Prophet Sholallahu alaihi wasalam. Islamic education in the course of its history is rife with various kinds of ideology that have an impact on the quality of the generation produced.  Islam as a plenary religion has actually given an ideological message that the nature of man is a servant while carrying out the mandate of managing, elaborating and optimizing all the potentials of nature and humans. Entrepreneurship, education and economics eventually became an integral link to answer the message of the Caliph facing an educational challenge in the era of disruption. Therefore, it becomes important to be studied in depth related to the genealogy of entrepreneurship education. The purpose of doing this genealogy study is to find out the genealogy of entrepreneurship in the Islamic world specifically the results of research based on a literature review found that entrepreneurship activities had been encountered since the time of the prophet Adam Alaihi as Salam The oldest and most survive entrepreneur activity of all time is agroopreneurship.
Munasabah dalam Tren Studi Qur’an Kontemporer
Authors: Dicky Adi Setiawan Dicky , M. Sultan Latif Rahmatulloh Sultan
Published: March 2022

This article intends to take a deeper look at how the pattern of mun?sabah offered by Salwa, this is certainly to see how new ideas are carried out and what is a significant difference between the idea of textual relation carried by Salwa and the theory of mun?sabah initiated by his predecessors such as al-Zarkasy, as-Suy?ti and al-Qa???n who are considered the most authoritative figures in the field of 'ul?mu al-Qur?n. Based on research conducted by the authors concluded that the theory used by Salwa is to use a historical-linguistic approach. So it is not only the pattern textually that Salwa tries to analyze the interrelationship but Salwa also sees how the historical context of the decline revelation and in the analysis as a mixture of themes and events that are interconnected between text and context. That is, Salwa basically tried to see how the pattern of mun?sabah in surah al-Ahz?b in answering political, cultural and social context problems in the early higiers in the Arabian Peninsula.
Tasawuf Falsafi
Authors: Ahmad Syatori Syatori
Published: March 2022

This scientific discussion study in that reviews about scope of Sufism which highlights the combination of two sides or points of view between spirituality and rationality. The term Sufism is an expression that means about everything that seeks to cleanse the soul in order to get closer to Allah Swt. Sufism has many meanings and terms, all of which are the meaning of teachings about intentionality, glory and wisdom. This is far from various materialistic traits and worldly luxuries and always humbles itself to Allah Swt. The point of Sufism is all attitudes and behaviors and deeds that are based solely on Allah Swt. As for the term philosophical is an expression that contains meaning about everything that seeks to explain the meaning that can be accepted by the scientific mind. Philosophy has a meaning the value of wisdom in determining the attitude of thinking objectively, so as to produce a good and wise decision. With two approaches to meaning between Sufism and philosophy, the term philosophy Sufism can be understood as a whole as a form of fusion between heart and mind that merges into a new paradigm that gives birth to Sufism patterns with rational thinking patterns.
Malnourishment Among Medical Students of Punjab. Is Underweight Status A Significant Issue in Pakistan?
Authors: Ahmed Usama , Aslam Arfah , Amjad Malik Awais
Published: March 2022

Background: Assessment of the prevalence and factors which make a medical student of Public sector medical college of Punjab, Underweight.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 12 different medical colleges of the public sector in Punjab. A total of 352 students from all five years of the academic course participated in this study. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was distributed to the students after taking their consent. The data included demographic information, targeted questions on diet, personal health habits, illnesses, and family history.

Results: Out of the total population, 28.1% were male and 71.9% were female students. The median age was 21.0 years. The mean weight was 59.2 ± 11.54 kgs. 56.3% of the students were hostelites and 43.8% were day-scholars. The average pocket-money of the students was 10150 Rs. Per month. According to body-mass index, about 11.9% students were underweight, 12.8% were overweight, 2.3% were obese, and 62.5% were of normal weight. Students who were underweight did not take the recommended daily number of calories. Among the causative factors, a significant relation was also found between underweight status and mode of commute, hours of sleep, pocket money, and whether the student takes nutritional supplements or not. Relation with various symptoms including fatigue, headache, breathlessness, and insomnia was not significant.

Conclusion: An alarming number of Underweight students was present in the Public sector medical colleges of Punjab, with the Underweight status being associated with a poor dietary status, unfavorable travel methods, and not taking nutritional supplements.
A RARE CASE REPORT OF OCULOFACIAL DENTAL ANOMALIES IN PEDIATRIC AGE GROUP; NANCE- HOREN SYNDROME
Authors: Shub Noor  , Rabia Najam  , Waqas Anwar  , Rashid Amir
Published: March 2022

Nance-Horen Syndrome, a triad of characteristic facial , dental and ocular abnormalities along with intellectual impairment is a rare X linked genetic disorder[1-4]. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical association of characteristic facial, ocular and dental anomalies along with mental retardation. In this case report, we presented a patient with Nance-Horen syndrome, who presented in OPD with post cataract excision corneal opacities along with non -ocular anamolies and similar presentation in two other male siblings.  Peadiatricion in developing country should know the significance of detailed systemic assessment of patients presenting with oculofacial anomalies to avoid missing important diagnosis like Nance-Horen Syndrome.
The relationships between κ-casein (CSN3) gene polymorphism and some performance traits in Simmental cattle
Authors: Ünal Hamiye , Kopuzlu Sinan
Published: March 2022

Abstract. In this study we aim to examine genotypic
structures in terms of the κ-casein (CSN3) gene locus in 70
head of Simmental cattle raised in a private enterprise in Erzurum to determine
the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies in cattle in terms of
related genes and to correlate the determined genotypes with some
performance characteristics. CSN3/HinfI gene polymorphisms were identified
in DNA isolated from blood samples taken from Simmental cattle used in the
study using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The frequency of the AA, AB, and BB
genotype of the CSN3 gene in the population was 57.14 %, 32.86 %, and
10.00 %, respectively; the frequency of the A allele was 0.74; and the
frequency of the B allele was 0.26. The mean value for the AA, AB, and BB genotypes
was 5151 ± 308.6, 5805 ± 370.3, and 5772 ± 547.3 kg for
real milk yield, respectively; 5313 ± 233.9, 5784 ± 280.7, and 6458 ± 414.8 kg in 305 d for milk yield;
17.9 ± 0.75, 18.6 ± 0.89, and 19.6 ± 1.32 kg for daily milk yield; and 294 ± 13.7, 316 ± 16.5, and 294 ± 24.4 d during the
lactation period. The distribution of the CSN3 gene locus in the studied
population is in genetic equilibrium according to the Hardy–Weinberg
principle. The genotype and allele frequencies determined in terms of CSN3
gene polymorphism can be considered sufficient to reveal the genotype
diversity of the breed, and it was determined that the relationship of CSN3
genotypes was only significant with 305 d milk yield (P<0.05) in terms of the association between CSN3 genotypes and some performance traits. It has
been concluded that animals with the CSN3 BB genotype have an economic
advantage within the herd and that CSN3 can be used for marker-assisted selection
(MAS) in this regard.
On the influence of underlying elevation data on Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite methane retrievals over Greenland
Authors: Hachmeister Jonas , Schneising Oliver , Buchwitz Michael , Lorente Alba , Borsdorff Tobias , Burrows John P. , Notholt Justus , Buschmann Matthias
Published: March 2022

Abstract. The Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission was launched on October 2017 and has since provided data with high spatio-temporal resolution using its remote sensing instrument, the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). The latter is a nadir viewing passive grating imaging spectrometer. The mathematical inversion of the TROPOMI data yields retrievals of different trace gas and aerosol data products. The column-averaged dry air mole fraction of methane (XCH4) is the product of interest to this study. The daily global coverage of the atmospheric methane mole fraction data enables the analysis of the methane distribution and variation on large scales and also to estimate surface emissions. The spatio-temporal high-resolution satellite data are potentially particularly valuable in remote regions, such as the Arctic, where few ground stations and in-situ measurements are available. In addition to the operational Copernicus S5P total-column averaged dry air mole fraction methane data product developed by SRON, the scientific TROPOMI/WFMD algorithm data product v1.5 (WFMD product) was generated at the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen. In this study we focus on the assessment of both S5P XCH4 data products over Greenland and find that spatial maps of both products show distinct features along the coast lines. Anomalies up to and exceeding 100 ppb are observed and stand out in comparison to the otherwise smooth changes in the methane distribution. These features are more pronounced for the operational product compared to the WFMD product. The spatial patterns correlate with the difference of the GMTED2010 digital elevation model (DEM) used in the retrievals to a more recent topography data set indicating that inaccuracies in the assumed surface elevation are the origin of the observed features. These correlations are stronger for the WFMD product. In order to evaluate the impact of the topography dataset on the retrieval we reprocess the WFMD product with updated elevation data. We find a significant reduction of the localized features when GMTED2010 is replaced by recent topography data over Greenland based on ICESat-2 data. This study shows the importance of the chosen topography data on retrieved dry air mole fractions. Use of a precise and up-to-date as possible DEM is advised for all S5P data products as well as for future missions which rely on DEM as input data. A modification based on this study is planned to be introduced to the next version of the WFMD data product.
Exploring the impacts of unprecedented climate extremes on forest ecosystems: hypotheses to guide modeling and experimental studies
Authors: Holm Jennifer A. , Medvigy David M. , Smith Benjamin , Dukes Jeffrey S. , Beier Claus , Mishurov Mikhail , Xu Xiangtao , Lichstein Jeremy W. , Allen Craig D. , Larsen Klaus S. , Luo Yiqi , Ficken Cari , Pockman William T. , Anderegg William R. L. , Rammig Anja
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Climatic extreme events are expected to occur more frequently in the future, increasing the likelihood of unprecedented climate extremes (UCEs), or record-breaking events. UCEs, such as extreme heatwaves and droughts, substantially affect ecosystem stability and carbon cycling by increasing plant mortality and delaying ecosystem recovery. Quantitative knowledge of such effects is limited due to the paucity of experiments focusing on extreme climatic events beyond the range of historical experience. Here, we use two dynamic vegetation demographic models (VDMs), ED2 and LPJ-GUESS, to investigate the hypothesis that ecosystem responses to UCEs (e.g., unprecedented droughts) differ qualitatively from ecosystem responses to milder extremes, as a result of non-linear ecosystem responses. Additionally, we explore how unprecedented droughts in combination with increasing atmospheric CO2 and/or temperature may affect ecosystem stability and carbon cycling. We explored these questions using simulations of pre-drought and post-drought conditions at well-studied forest sites in Australia and Costa Rica. Both models produced nonlinear responses to UCEs. Due to the two models having different but plausible representations of processes and interactions, they diverge in sensitivity of biomass loss due to drought duration or intensity, and differ between each site. Biomass losses are most sensitive to drought duration in ED2, but to drought intensity in LPJ-GUESS. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) alone did not completely buffer the ecosystems from carbon losses during UCEs in the majority of our simulations. Our findings highlight contrasting differences in process formulations and uncertainties in models, notably related to availability in plant carbohydrate storage and the diversity of plant hydraulic schemes, in projecting potential ecosystem responses to UCEs. The different hypotheses of plant responses to UCEs existing in models reflect knowledge gaps, which should be tested with targeted field experiments. This iterative modeling-experimental framework would help improve predictions of terrestrial ecosystem responses and climate feedbacks.
Influence of intensive agriculture and geological heterogeneity on the recharge of an arid aquifer system (Saq-Ram, Arabian Peninsula)
Authors: Seraphin Pierre , Gonçalvès Julio , Hamelin Bruno , Stieglitz Thomas , Deschamps Pierre
Published: March 2022

Abstract. This study assesses the detailed water budget of the Saq-Ram Aquifer System (520 000 km2) over the 2002–2019 period using satellite-gravity data from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE). The three existing GRACE solutions (JPL, CSR, GSFC) were tested for their local compatibility to compute groundwater storage variations in combination with soil moisture datasets (VIC, CLSM, NOAH) available from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) land surface models. Accounting for groundwater pumping (15.7 ± 1.1 mm yr-1), artificial recharge (2.2 ± 0.8 mm yr-1) and natural discharge (0.3 ± 0.06 mm yr-1) uniformly distributed over the Saq-Ram domain, the GRACE-derived water mass balance calculation yields a long-term estimate of the domain-averaged natural recharge of 2.4 ± 1.4 mm yr-1, corresponding to 4.4 ± 2.6 % of the annual average rainfall. Beyond the global approach proposed here, spatial heterogeneities regarding the groundwater recharge were identified. The first source of heterogeneity is of anthropogenic origin. Within agricultural plots, irrigation excess is great enough to artificially recharge the aquifer (i.e. 167 ± 83 mm yr-1 distributed over irrigated areas). However, on the outskirts of these crop areas subjected only to the natural recharge but still influenced by pumping drawdown, there is a risk of relative disconnection from the infiltration front with the declining water table (i.e. the unsaturated zone thickens faster than percolation flows through it), making effective recharge locally zero. The second source of recharge heterogeneity identified here is natural: Volcanic lava deposits (called Harrats on the Arabian Peninsula) which cover 8 % of the Saq-Ram Aquifer domain but contribute to more than 50 % of the total natural recharge. Hence, in addition to this application on the Arabian Peninsula, this study strongly indicates a major control of geological context on arid aquifer recharge which has been poorly discussed hitherto.
Insignificant but robust decrease of ENSO predictability in an equilibrium warmer climate
Authors: Zheng Yiyu , Rugenstein Maria , Pieper Patrick , Beobide-Arsuaga Goratz , Baehr Johanna
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Responses of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to global warming remain uncertain, which challenges ENSO forecasts in a warming climate. We investigate changes in ENSO characteristics and predictability in idealized simulations with quadrupled CO2 forcing from seven general circulation models. Comparing the warmer climate to control simulations, ENSO variability weakens, with the neutral state lasts longer, while active ENSO states last shorter and skew to favor the La Niña state. Six-month persistence-assessed ENSO predictability slightly reduces in five models and increases in two models under the warming condition. While the overall changes in ENSO predictability are insignificant, we find significant relationships between changes in predictability and intensity, duration and skewness of the three individual ENSO states. The maximal contribution to changes in the predictability of El Niño, La Niña and neutral states stems from changes in skewness and events' duration. Our findings show that a robust and significant decrease in ENSO characteristics does not imply a similar change in ENSO predictability in a warmer climate. This could be due to model deficiencies in ENSO dynamics and limitations in persistence model when predicting ENSO.
Performance evaluation for deep-learning based point-source parameter estimation using a well constrained manual database: examples from the Hengill Geothermal Field, Iceland
Authors: Nooshiri Nima , Celli Nicolas , Grigoli Francesco , Bean Christopher J. , Dahm Torsten , Kristjánsdóttir Sigríður , Obermann Anne , Wiemer Stefan
Published: March 2022

In this study, we present a new approach based on recent advances in deep learning for rapid source-parameter estimation of microseismic earthquakes. The seismic inversion is represented in compact form by two convolutional neural networks, with individual feature extraction, and a fully connected neural network, for feature aggregation, to simultaneously obtain moment tensor and spatial location of microseismic sources. The neural network algorithm encapsulates the information about the relationship between seismic waveforms and underlying point-source mechanisms and locations allowing rapid inversion (within a small fraction of a second) once input data are available. A key advantage of the algorithm is that it can be trained using synthesized seismic data only, so it is directly applicable to scenarios where there are insufficient real data for training including temporary seismic networks and hydraulic stimulation experiments, for example. Moreover, we find that the method is robust with respect to perturbations such as observational noise and data incompleteness (missing stations). We apply the new approach on a database of small magnitude (M ≤ 2) earthquakes recorded at the Hellisheiði geothermal field in the Hengill area, Iceland, which is the demonstration site in the EU-GEOTHERMICA project COSEISMIQ (http://www.coseismiq.ethz.ch). For the examined events, the model achieves very good agreement with the inverted solutions determined through standard methodology. The new approach offers great potential for automatic and rapid real-time information on microseismic sources in a deep geothermal context and can be viably used for microseismic monitoring tasks in general.
Early Warning Signals For Climate Tipping Points: Beyond White Noise
Authors: Clarke Joseph , Huntingford Chris , Ritchie Paul , Cox Peter
Published: March 2022

Tipping points in the Earth System could present challenges for society and ecosystems. The existence of tipping points also provides a major challenge for science, as the global warming thresholds at which they are triggered is highly uncertain. A theory of `Early Warning Signals' has been developed to 
warn of approaching tipping points. Although this theory uses generic features of a system approaching a Tipping Point, the conventional application of it relies on an implicit assumption that the system experiences white noise forcing. In the Earth system, this assumption is frequently invalid.
Here, we extend the theory of early warning signals to a system additively forced by an autocorrelated process. We do this by considering the spectral properties of both the system and also of the forcing.  We test our method on a simple dynamical system, before applying our method to a particular example from the Earth System: Amazon rainforest dieback. Using our new approach, we successfully forewarn of modelled rainforest collapse in a state-of-the-art CMIP6 Earth System Model.
Assessment of deep learning based landslide detection and mapping performances with backscatter SAR data
Authors: Nava Lorenzo , Bhuyan Kushanav , Meena Sansar Raj , Monserrat Oriol , Catani Filippo
Published: March 2022

Multiple landslide events are one of the most critical natural hazards. Landslide occurrences have become more frequent in recent decades because of rapid urbanization and climate change, causing widespread failures throughout the world. Extreme landslide events can cause severe damages to both human lives and infrastructures. Hence, there is a growing need to intervene quickly in the impacted areas. Although a vast quantity of research have been carried out to address rapid mapping of landslides by employing optical Earth Observation (EO) data, various gaps and uncertainties are still present when dealing with optical images, since they present limitations due to weather-related issues such as cloud cover.
 
To address this issue, various combinations of composites of SAR backscatter data and state-of-art Deep Learning (DL) models are evaluated by analyzing and comparing object detection and image segmentation approaches. The study area lies in the eastern Iburi sub-prefecture in Hokkaido. At 03.08 local time (JST) on September 6, 2018, the area was hit by an Mw 6.6 earthquake that triggered about 8000 co-seismic landslides. The models' predictions are compared against an accurate landslide inventory obtained by manual mapping on pre- and post-event PlanetScope imagery, by using evaluation metrics. When dealing with object detection, a tri-temporal combination of SAR backscatter data yielded the best results (88% F1-score). Similarly, for the landslide segmentation, the best result was given by the augmented ascending tri-temporal SAR composite image and slope angle (61% F1-score). Results show that the landslide location is usually predicted correctly, while the landslide boundaries are often wrongly detected or may present dimension overestimation. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of SAR data and Deep Learning algorithms may help detect landslides quickly, even during storms and under deep cloud cover. For the chosen study area, the first suitable Sentinel-2 optical image was acquired more than a month after the earthquake event of September 6, 2018, while SAR data were readily available right after and before. However, further investigations and improvements are still needed, this being the first attempt in which the combination of SAR data and DL algorithms are employed for landslide detection and mapping purposes.
South American climate reconstruction during the mid-Holocene from an updated paleodata compilation
Authors: Wainer Ilana , Gorenstein Iuri , F. Prado Luciana , R. Bianchini Paula , L Griffiths Michael , SR Pausata Francesco , Yokoyama Elder
Published: March 2022

Investigating the extent and climate implications of the Northern Hemisphere Holocene warm peak that occurred during the mid-Holocene (MH, about 6000 years ago) is of vital interest to better understand and interpret the uncertainties associated with current global warming. Paleoclimate archives are a source of unique indirect measurements, used to characterize past climates. However, several paleo-archives in South America (SA) published before the 2000s have not yet had their derived radiometric ages calibrated, representing a large source of uncertainty in past climate reconstructions. Here we reconstruct eastern SA climate during the MH using 172 paleodata with fully calibrated age models. Our results show that for the MH the Amazon and Southern SA were drier and along the western South Atlantic conditions were saltier compared to  present day climate. Southern SA presents warmer than present MH and the region separating Northeast Brazil and Southern SA together with the easternmost part of Northeast Brazil shows divergent behavior, presenting dispersed higher than present rainfall rates.  
Forest versus pasture radon-222 flux in a granitic context: the Sapine drainage basin at Mont Lozère, France
Authors: Lei Bo , Perrier Frédéric , Girault Frédéric
Published: March 2022

Radon-222 (222Rn) is a well-known tracer of atmospheric, environmental and geological processes. In a recent reviews of radon-222 flux (RF) from ground surface at continental scale, or in recent observations of RF in association with earthquakes, the question of the influence of vegetation cover emerges repeatedly. In this study, a total of 58 RF flux (RF) measurement were performed from ground surface in September 2021 at the Sapine drainage in the Mont Lozère (French Central Massif). The micro-observations site was located at the south slope of the granitic context between a forest and pasture. No significant difference was observed between the RF in pasture (225±63 mBq m-2 s-1) and forest (247±80 mBq m-2 s-1). These results are compared with other recent RF results obtained in granitic areas in France, and to experimental evidence on radium-226 distribution obtained in soils and in vegetation. Other systematic effects on RF, such as soil humidity, soil pH or soil temperature, and their potential consequences on transport processes are discussed, as well as their impact on various problems in geosciences.
Formation and Development of the San Andreas Fault System with Migration of the Mendocino Triple Junction
Authors: Furlong Kevin P. , McKenzie Kirsty A.
Published: March 2022

The faults that accommodate Pacific - North America plate motion along the San Andreas plate boundary occupy a region that previously served as part of the upper plate of the Cascadia subduction zone plate boundary. After the passage of the Mendocino triple junction (MTJ), several fault systems develop within the newly formed Pacific-North America plate margin, with one fault system eventually evolving to become the primary plate boundary structure (termed the San Andreas Fault in central California). As a result of the northward migration of the MTJ, the Cascadia subduction zone, undergoing NNW-directed shortening at a rate of ~ 50 km/Ma, replaced by the equivalent lengthening of the San Andreas system.  In northern California, three primary fault systems are identified:  on the west (along the western margin of the North America plate) is the San Andreas fault (which does not serve as major component of the lithospheric scale plate boundary structure in northern California; moving inland (eastward) is the Maacama - Rodgers Creek (M-RC) fault system; further east is the Lake Mountain - Bartlett Springs (LM-BS) fault system.  These latter two faults primarily accommodate Pacific -North America motion in the region just to the south of the MTJ. 

New tomography imagery of this region of northern California provides crustal constraints on deformation and fault localization, both within Cascadia, north of the MTJ, and south of the transition from subduction to translation. Using these tomographic images and analyses of GPS data within the region, we have developed a tectonic model that both explains the present fault systems north and south of the MTJ, and helps us understand why one of these fault systems - the M-RC fault system - develops to become the primary plate boundary structure over several million years after MTJ passage. Two fundamental aspects of the North America and Pacific plates control the location of these primary fault systems - the existence of relatively rigid upper-plate backstops  (the Great Valley and Klamath blocks), and a small remnant (the Pioneer fragment) of the subducted Farallon plate accreted to the eastern margin of the Pacific plate and migrating northward with it. As a result of these structures, the LM-BS fault system develops as an upper-crust (brittle) fault system, while the M-RC system initially forms as a shear zone (ductile) along the eastern margin of the Pioneer fragment, with the upper-crustal faults developing in response to the deeper plate boundary shear zone. This lithospheric shear zone localizes the plate boundary development and leads to the M-RC system becoming the main plate boundary fault.
Design of wireless soil moisture sensor powered by bacteria charged paper battery.
Authors: Meshram Sumit , Pande Dr. Saket , Jourdin Dr. Ludovic
Published: March 2022

Lack of information and dependence on unscientific techniques for measuring soil moisture has resulted in water loss and reduced crop yield for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Existing sensors are expensive, eco-unfriendly, and require an external power source hence cannot be used in off-grid and rural areas. The objective of this work is to design a wireless low-cost, biodegradable, and environment-friendly paper-based soil moisture sensor powered by microbes present in the soil which will transmit this moisture data to smartphones. The expected outcome of this work is the real-time soil moisture monitoring system accessible in off-grid areas based on microbial fuel cells (MFC). The fundamental assumption here is that the current generated by MFC and signal sent by the flexible near field communication (NFC) tag will be a function of soil moisture. This document describes the empirical procedure followed to execute this study. A lab-scale proof of concept is presented where the current is generated by a paper battery fabricated using cellulose paper and conductive ink along with microbes present in the soil and nitrates. Future plans of embedding the paper battery with NFC tags for designing soil moisture sensor using MFC technology is also presented.