bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La PME, véritable poumon de nos économies
Authors: Normandin François
Published: June 2016

Elles font rarement la manchette, elles passent souvent inaperçues, mais leur présence et leur activité sont vitales à la santé et à la prospérité de nos économies. Les petites et moyennes entreprises constituent l’immense majorité de nos entreprises, et ce, à l’échelle du globe. Elles contribuent également de manière significative à l’emploi et au produit intérieur brut des économies au sein desquelles elles s’insèrent. Gestion vous présente quelques données clés à leur sujet, question de prendre la pleine mesure du phénomène… et de l’apprécier davantage !
Les directeurs financiers de 2020
Authors: Bournival Geneviève
Published: June 2016

De nos jours, le rôle des directeurs financiers est grandement influencé par les technologies numériques. D’ici cinq ans, celles-ci pourraient presque le définir. Dans son article intitulé « What Will the CFO Role Look Like in 2020 ? », publié sur le site CFO.com en août 2015, Frank Friedman dresse un portrait du directeur financier recherché de demain.
Fujitsu-TechShop : faire équipe au-delà des frontières pour innover
Authors: Edmondson Amy C. , Harvey Jean-François
Published: June 2016

Quel est le point commun entre Fujitsu, une grande entreprise japonaise du monde des technologies de l’information, et TechShop, une jeune PME californienne ? La volonté de cultiver les communautés locales d’inventeurs et d’entrepreneurs. Comment les leaders qui souhaitent mener des projets collaboratifs susceptibles de dépasser leurs frontières organisationnelles peuvent-ils s’inspirer de leur expérience ?
Les espaces de coworking : les avantages du partage
Authors: Scaillerez Arnaud , Tremblay Diane-Gabrielle
Published: June 2016

Le contexte actuel est propice à l’émergence de nouveaux lieux de travail auxquels le Web 2.0, la mobilité numérique et les pratiques collaboratives sont intimement reliés. Parmi ces nouveaux espaces, le coworking – ou espaces de travail collaboratif – se développe. Pour autant, la notion même de coworking et les activités pouvant y être exercées sont encore méconnues. Ainsi, à quoi servent ces bureaux à frais partagés ? Comment les mettre en place et quels résultats peut-on espérer obtenir ?
Gestion de projet - Dix pratiques pour que les dirigeants fassent partie de l’équation du succès
Authors: Benoit Monique
Published: June 2016

Chaque projet est unique, mais sa gestion relève-t-elle d’un seul chef ? Qui est responsable de l’élimination des contraintes d’un projet ? Comment atteindre l’équilibre entre contrôle et laisser-faire de la part des dirigeants ? Interrogés à propos de ces questions, des gestionnaires témoignent de leurs pratiques et des chefs de projet dévoilent leurs besoins.
Quels sont les avantages d’une politique de communication ?
Authors: Jézéquel Myriam
Published: June 2016

Une politique de communication offre un socle solide pour l’image d’une entreprise. Derrière toute réputation d’excellence et tout capital de sympathie, il y a un ensemble de principes qui balisent les décisions et les pratiques en matière de communication. Pourtant, sait-on vraiment de quoi est constituée une politique de communication ?
The New EU Economic Governance
Authors: Iñarritu Beatriz
Published: June 2016

The European Union has started a significant path towards a common regulation and supervision of the national economic policies. We analyse the key ideas that support the beginning of this change, the extent reached with this new European Economic Governance (EEG) and, also, those proposals that are currently on the table to continue the reform of the different elements of this Governance. This analysis is completed with the identification of the EEG measurements, grouped in a structure of a Balanced Scorecard, following the four perspective structure of this tool.
Challenges in implementing traceability of fishery products. An empirical application for the freezer and canning industry
Authors: Metref Hassina , Calvo Dopico Domingo , González Sotelo Carmen
Published: June 2016

The objective of this paper is to identify the main challenges that arise when implementing a traceability system for fishery products. This overall objective has been divided into two more specific goals. First, get an overview of the transfer of information throughout the value chain of fisheries products. In order to give a response, it has conducted a literature review of major studies that have addressed this phenomenon. Second, analyse the main difficulties to which industry players face when implementing a traceability system. To this end, it has conducted a questionnaire aimed at technicians from the freezer and Galician canning sector. Previous research has identified that the implementation of traceability systems improves the management of the value chain and competitiveness of the company. Particularly, it allows to offer products with greater assurance of quality, greater product differentiation and improved risk management for alarms and food crises. The empirical study has concluded that there is a good documentary support of information concerning traceability of the different actors in the value chain of the Galician freezer and canning industry. Looking ahead, technicians have identified as major challenges the training, internal traceability of raw materials and especially enhanced cooperation with suppliers and the implementation of automatic data processing systems. Therefore, it is necessary to share information, enhance internal communication between actors of the chain and provide systems which allow information sharing.
Patient Perceptions of Reimbursement for Arthroscopic Meniscectomy and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Okoroha Kelechi R. , Keller Robert A. , Marshall Nathan E. , Lynch Jonathan R. , Guest John-Michael , Lock Terrance , Rill Brian
Published: June 2016

Historically, patient perceptions of surgeon reimbursement have been exaggerated compared with actual reimbursement. There is limited information about patient perceptions of physician reimbursement for arthroscopic meniscectomy and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study evaluated patient perceptions of physician reimbursement for these procedures and compared perceptions of health care reform between urban and suburban clinics. Surveys were given to 231 consecutive patients, and patients were asked how much they believed a surgeon should be reimbursed for arthroscopic meniscectomy and ACL reconstruction as well as their perception of actual Medicare reimbursement to physicians. Patients were then informed of the actual reimbursement rates and asked additional questions about health care reform. Survey responses were compared in an urban setting vs a suburban setting. On average, patients reported that surgeons should receive $8096 for meniscectomy and $11,794 for ACL reconstruction. Patients estimated that Medicare paid physicians $5442 for meniscectomy and $6667 for ACL reconstruction. In addition, 65% of patients believed that reimbursement for meniscectomy was too low, and 57% of patients believed that reimbursement for ACL reconstruction was too low. Fewer than 2% of patients believed that surgeon salaries should be cut, and 75% believed that orthopedic surgeons should be paid more for subspecialty training. No differences were found in patients' perceptions of reimbursement or health care reform between urban and suburban settings. Patients perceived that the values of meniscectomy and ACL reconstruction were substantially higher than current Medicare reimbursement values and that surgeon salaries should not be cut. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(5):e904–e910.]
Currarino Syndrome and the Effect of a Large Anterior Sacral Meningocele on Distal Colostogram in an Anorectal Malformation
Authors: Lee Jason Kenneth , Towbin Alexander J
Published: June 2016

Currarino syndrome is a congenital disorder, consisting of a triad of anomalies including an anorectal malformation, sacral anomaly, and a presacral mass.  Anterior sacral meningoceles are the most common presacral mass.  A young child presented to our institution with an unrepaired anorectal malformation and a large anterior sacral meningocele.  We describe how the anterior meningocele affected the imaging work-up.
En busca de la memoria perdida. La guerra civil y la fotografía española contemporánea
Authors: Ansón Antonio
Published: June 2016

Este trabajo propone una revisión de la historia de la fotografía española del siglo XX tomando como referencia el posicionamiento de los artistas ante la memoria de la guerra civil y sus consecuencias. La postguerra, la transición política y la democracia determinan respuestas diferentes a un mismo trauma colectivo que se traduce en tres conceptos: Silencio, Olvido y Memoria.
Petrus Van Musschenbroek (1692-1761) en el ámbito de la physica y su lugar en la filosofía
Authors: Ducheyne Steffen
Published: July 2016

Como complemento al relato de John L. Heilbron, argumentaré que aunque la etiqueta ‘física experimental’ se puede usar legítimamente para describir algunos aspectos de la obra de Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692-1761), la comprensión de la ‘physica’ de este último se ha de entender dentro de un marco más amplio en el que las consideraciones teológicas, filosóficas, y teleológicas continuaron desempeñando una función importante. En primer lugar, me centraré en la concepción de van Musschenbroek en el ámbito de la ‘physica’ y en especial en su concepto de una ley de la naturaleza. Se verá que, al radicalizar algunos aspectos de las ideas metodológicas de Isaac Newton, van Musschenbroek ya no se considera la física como la disciplina que descubre las causas de efectos, como hizo Newton, sino como la disciplina que estudia los efectos de causas desconocidas. Además, se verá que van Musschenbroek pensaba que las leyes de la naturaleza están supeditadas a la libre voluntad de Dios y que son cognoscibles debido a la bondad de Dios. En segundo lugar, argumentaré que para van Musschenbroek la física, junto con la teleología, tenía claras repercusiones físico-teológicas. En el camino, por primera vez discutirá su posición en relación con el principio de razón suficiente.
La economía política de los hospitales locales en la Cataluña moderna
Authors: Barceló Prats Josep , Comelles Esteban Josep M.
Published: July 2016

Los hospitales, en Cataluña, se inscribieron desde la Baja Edad Media hasta nuestros días dentro un modelo de gobierno específico que dio lugar a la creación y mantenimiento de una densa red de instituciones asistenciales en prácticamente todos los municipios, incluso en los más pequeños, cuyo marco legal fue el derecho privado o civil. Dicho modelo tiene sus fundamentos, en primer lugar, en la constatación de cómo los individuos legaban al hospital no sólo por la filantropía o caridad, sino también por la necesidad de aportar algo a la comunidad después de su muerte, en una suerte de consigna con el fin de devolver parte de los activos que los testadores habían acumulado durante su vida como instrumento para asegurar la reproducción social de la comunidad. En segundo lugar, se observa que las pequeñas instituciones privadas locales se fusionaron con los hospitales municipales, no así sus activos que continuaron gestionandose por separado de los de la ciudad. En tercer lugar, además de la función de cuidado, el hospital era también un agente económico que operaba de manera similar a los “Monte dei Paschi” italianos. Por consiguiente, el significado de la institución resultó ser más complejo que la simple prestación de servicios asistenciales. Adquirió un valor específico en la identidad de la comunidad, se convirtió en uno de los centros de debate en la vida pública y adquirió un significado económico y financiero que contribuyó a fortalecer la construcción de la identidad colectiva de los ciudadanos.
Morbilidad y mortalidad de los soldados del ejército español, 1886-1933
Authors: Nicolau Roser , Fatjó Pedro
Published: July 2016

Este artículo presenta los primeros resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre la salud de los soldados del Ejército español, en época de paz, entre 1860 y 1936, con especial atención a la mortalidad y la morbilidad y a la tipología de las enfermedades con mayor incidencia en este colectivo. Aquí se abordan dos objetivos de naturaleza metodológica: en primer lugar, una introducción a las posibilidades y limitaciones de las fuentes históricas sanitarias militares para el estudio de la salud del colectivo militar; y, en segundo lugar, un análisis de la evolución de los efectivos y las características del colectivo masculino en edad de recluta y su grado de representatividad respecto a toda la población masculina del mismo grupo de edad. Así mismo, se avanzan unos primeros resultados provisionales sobre algunos indicadores de mortalidad y morbilidad de los soldados y de la población civil que pueden estimarse a partir de las fuentes sanitarias militares.
Una educación integral para los médicos de la Universidad de Buenos Aires: las propuestas de José Ramos Mejía y Bernardo Houssay entre 1870-1940
Authors: Von Stecher Pablo
Published: July 2016

Hacia fines del siglo XIX, algunos médicos argentinos que enseñaban en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires entendían que los estudiantes y futuros médicos debían ser formados en un saber integral, que superara las materias clínicas. De este modo, intentaron inculcarles el conocimiento de las letras y el arte, pero también promovieron las ventajas del desarrollo físico, forjado en las prácticas deportivas, necesario para fortalecer a los alumnos ante una carrera de tal magnitud y para acrecentar los sentimientos de confraternidad y camaradería. Hacia la década de 1920, Bernardo Houssay, célebre médico argentino y ganador del premio Nobel (en 1947), volvía a insistir sobre la necesidad de una educación integral del estudiante de medicina y proponía, para su materialización, el proyecto de una ciudad universitaria en Buenos Aires. Este texto analiza, entonces, el modo en que se buscó formar a los alumnos en diversas prácticas y conocimientos, más allá de los estrictamente médicos, e indaga los distintos proyectos (políticos, sociales) vinculados a tales propósitos que tuvieron lugar durante estas décadas en la Argentina.
La obsolescencia de las tipologías de vivienda de los polígonos residenciales construidos entre 1950 y 1976. Desajustes con la realidad sociocultural contemporánea
Authors: García Vázquez C.
Published: July 2016

El artículo se centra en una de las causas de la actual obsolescencia de los denominados «polígonos residenciales»: la que tiene que ver con las tipologías de vivienda. Al tratarse de un proceso controlado y dirigido por el estado, éstas son relativamente unitarias, obedeciendo a decretos, reglamentos y regulaciones dictados por el gobierno sobre todo en la década de 1950. El autor detecta en las opciones tipológicas de estas normativas graves desencuentros con la realidad sociocultural contemporánea, avanzando la hipótesis de que aquéllas son uno de los motores del citado estado de obsolescencia. El artículo se estructura en dos apartados: el primero repasa el proceso de reflexión y experimentación que antecedió a la producción en masa de los polígonos residenciales en las décadas de 1960 y 1970; el segundo delinea los principales desajustes existentes entre sus tipologías arquitectónicas y las necesidades contemporáneas.
Remodelación, Transformación y Rehabilitación. Tres formas de intervenir en la Vivienda Social del siglo XX
Authors: Cervero Sánchez N. , Hernández L. Agustín
Published: July 2016

La vivienda social construida en España entre 1939 y 1976 supone un patrón urbano extendido en la ciudad contemporánea. Sus condiciones de partida y el efecto del tiempo la han llevado a desarrollar una serie de obsolescencias, que hacen necesario intervenir para conseguir su revitalización. Los programas desarrollados en los últimos años se ocupan de dotar a las edificaciones de unos niveles de habitabilidad adecuados, pero también de su articulación como grupo, y de su integración en la distribución socioeconómica del núcleo urbano. Mediante el análisis de la Remodelación Urbana de Orcasitas (Madrid) y de las Viviendas del Gobernador (Barcelona), la Transformación Urbana de La Mina (Barcelona) y la Rehabilitación Integral del Barrio de Lourdes (Tudela) se estudiará la evolución de estos modelos de actuación.
La Inspección Técnica de Edificios como herramienta de la mejora energética de la edificación existente
Authors: Serrano Lanzarote B. , Sanchis Cuesta A.
Published: July 2016

El marco normativo de la Inspección Técnica de Edificios (ITE, en adelante) en España ha sido modificado recientemente con objeto de adecuarlo a las nuevas necesidades en materia de rehabilitación de edificios, ampliando su enfoque sobre el estado de conservación, hacia aspectos como la certificación energética y la accesibilidad, pasando a designarse Informe de Evaluación de los Edificios (IEE, en adelante). En este artículo se expone el potencial de dicho instrumento para fomentar el ahorro energético en las viviendas. No obstante, el simple hecho de legislar la ITE no ha sido suficiente, pues existe un gran número de municipios en los que no está implantada. Se presentan unas estrategias para ayudar a salvar esta barrera y garantizar que estos informes comiencen a elaborarse a gran escala, pues, de lo contrario, difícilmente se alcanzará el hipotético ahorro energético, inducido por la ITE, en el parque residencial.
Problem Based Learning on Cloud Economics Analysis Using Open Source Simulation
Authors: Syamsuddin Irfan
Published: June 2016

The paper reports the applicablity of open source simulation software called GreenCloud to assist a novel Problem Based Learning in a laboratory environment. The actual case of Indonesia government plan to deploy cloud based data center infrastructure was picked up as the actual case. In such case, cloud economics analysis is required along with technical one. An open source software called GreenCloud is suitebale to perform the simulation and analysis of cloud computing from economics perspective. It was applied into three models of cloud architecture namely Two-Tier, Three-Tier and Three-Tier High Speed and then analyzed in terms of their energy consumptions based on three options of cloud economics scheme, namely i) non energy savings, ii) Dynamics Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) and iii) Dynamics Shutdown (DNS).
Aggregation Tree Based Data Aggregation Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Yanhua Hu , Zhang Xincai
Published: June 2016

Abstract: In wireless sensor networks, efficient and effective data aggregation algorithms can prolong the network lifecycle by reducing communication of redundant data and improve the security of the networks. Tradition data aggregation algorithms in wireless sensor networks mainly aim to improve the energy utilization, and ignore the security and lifecycle. In order to get a good trade-off between these requirements, we proposed a data aggregation algorithm based on constructing a data aggregation tree. After give a formalism description of the problem, we proposed a data aggregation tree constructing algorithm. By minimize the maximal energy consumption of nodes, the algorithm can prolong the lifecycle. In data aggregation scheduling algorithm, we select the number of communications carefully to get the trade-off between low weighted delay and high network lifecycle. The simulation experiments show that, the proposed data aggregation algorithm consumes less energy while aggregating data from sensor nodes, and thus can prolong the network lifecycle.
Design of a State Monitoring System for Equipment based on the Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Hua Li , Da Xu , Zhao Fuquan
Published: June 2016

For the sake of overcoming the shortcoming of some equipment such as complex wiring and much measurement parameter, a wireless state monitoring system is developed based on Zigbee, which was composed of upper monitor control PC, wireless gateway CC2530, sensor node CC2530 and sensor module. By studying the characteristic of the equipment, wireless sensor network of a center controller and six wireless sensor node was made up. Then the nod hardware circuit were designed, the wireless module software was programmed by C language, and furthermore, the user interface software was developed based on LabVIEW. The test is done to show that the system can meet state monitoring requirements for some equipment.
Proficient Car Parking System Based on Cluster Head Routing Protocol Utilizing IEEE 802.15.4
Authors: Iqbal Razi , Arif Sharif , Sherazi H.H.R
Published: June 2016

The paper discusses a proposed model for car parking system based on cluster head routing protocol utilizing a low cost and power efficient communication technology, ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4). The model is designed in a way that car parking is divided into different clusters and each cluster has a head which acts a messenger for transmitting information to other heads and the coordinator of the network. Each cluster head is a ZigBee Host (Router) which collects the information of car presence in the parking slot. This information is then passed to the coordinator of the network which is used to display the information of available parking slots in a specific car parking area. Since there is only one coordinator in the network, so heads can transmit information to the coordinator using multi-hop communication if direct communication is not possible. Several simulations were performed to gauge the efficiency of the proposed model, and results show that the proposed model is reliable in communication and efficient in its operation.
Alger, creuset musical franco-algérien : Sociabilités inter-communautaires et hybridations dans l’entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Theoleyre Malcolm
Published: June 2016

Cet article explorera le monde musical algérois de l’entre-deux-guerres en portant le regard sur les relations entre les sociétés de musique indigène et les milieux musicaux français. Mettant en lumière l’idéal Jeune-Algérien et les aspirations à l’intégration sociale et politique des animateurs de ces sociétés, il s’agira de voir comment ce contexte a été particulièrement favorable à l’émergence de pratiques et de formes musicales syncrétiques, dont le vocable « musique andalouse » ne parvient pas à rendre pleinement compte.
L’alternance codique dans le rap algérien et tunisien
Authors: Wiedemann Felix
Published: June 2016

La culture du hip-hop en général et la musique du rap en particulier sont des moyens importants d’expression pour les jeunes en Algérie et en Tunisie. De ce fait, les rappeurs se servent de leurs chansons pour parler de la vie quotidienne, des problèmes individuels et socio-politiques. Leurs paroles sont écrites en une multitude de langues qui reflète le multilinguisme et la diglossie au Maghreb. Cet article examine comment le rappeur algérien Lotfi Double Kanon et le rappeur tunisien Balti se servent de l’arabe, du français et de l’anglais dans leurs chansons. Au début, les conventions linguistiques qui limitent et structurent l’alternance codique d’une langue à l’autre sont analysées. Ces conventions sont aussi remarquables dans les interactions quotidiennes et elles sont exprimées par le Matrix Language Frame Model. Enfin, il est étudié comment les rappeurs appliquent l’alternance codique dans le cadre de ces limitations pour améliorer leurs moyens d’expression artistique.
Des hauts plateaux aux oasis : La chanson saharienne
Authors: Hamdi-Cherif Abdelhafid
Published: June 2016

Cette contribution a pour objectif d’être une introduction au chant bédouin du Sud algérien appelé communément chant saharien, ou plus spécifiquement aiyai. Considéré trop souvent comme mineur malgré toute sa richesse et la qualité de ses interprètes, ce genre musical à part entière, ou plutôt poético-musical car il est fondé autant sur le texte poétique que sur la musique, renvoie au mode de vie nomade qu’il exprime, continuellement en voyage entre steppe et oasis. Proche de la vie quotidienne, la poésie melhoun, véritable colonne vertébrale du aiyai tire de son environnement et des conditions d’existence des populations nomades toute l’inspiration qui l’irrigue. Elle renvoie au mode de vie conforme au temps qui s’écoule, rythmé par les cadences naturelles. Par son amplitude et son déploiement sans cesse recommencés, par sa sobriété et son dépouillement, ce genre exprime l’étendue des espaces dont il est issu. Avec une musique épurée à l’extrême, basée essentiellement sur la (ou les) gasba (flûte), et qui conserve l’essentiel de sa nature malgré les influences qu’il a eu à subir, le aiyai est, à l’image de ses terres, un chant de « l’ouvert ».
Résistances de l’huile d’olive dans la Tunisie coloniale
Authors: Frini Mohamed
Published: June 2016

L’histoire de l’huile d’olive en Tunisie n’est pas uniquement liée aux civilisations antiques, mais aussi à l’histoire récente qui a été assez mouvementée par une série d’actions de résistance face à l’huile végétale envahissante à la fin du xixe siècle. Ce constat s’explique par une prépondérance totale de l’huile d’olive au début du xixe siècle. En effet, l’huile d’olive domine largement le marché dans la Régence de Tunis ; Ses usages varient entre huile de consommation alimentaire, huile à utilisations non alimentaires pour l’éclairage, produit dans des pratiques thérapeutiques et cosmétiques mais aussi pour les besoins de l’industrie locale. Matière première de choix, l’huile d’olive trouve ainsi en Tunisie de nombreuses utilisations industrielles, notamment pour le savon et le textile. Dans une société, une économie et politique oléicoles, les huiles végétales n’avaient trouvé aucun écho favorable dans la Tunisie coloniale. En fait, cette huile importée a été mal accueillie par les consommateurs, les producteurs et le régime politique colonial. Ceci nous mène à mettre en évidence le phénomène de l’insubstituabilité de l’huile d’olive par d’autres huiles végétales qui, malgré leur cout inférieur et leur présence sur le marché local, ne furent pas rapidement intégrées à l’alimentation.
Faire la loi à l’Assemblée nationale constituante tunisienne. Recomposition et formation d’un nouveau personnel parlementaire tunisien
Authors: Perez Déborah
Published: June 2016

Cet article s’intéresse au personnel parlementaire élu à l’Assemblée nationale constituante tunisienne. Après avoir dressé le profil des élus, il se concentre sur la manière dont une partie d’entre eux — principalement issus du groupe majoritaire Ennahdha — a construit des ressources alternatives à celles de l’élite politique pour prendre en charge le processus constituant et faire la loi à l’Assemblée. Le passage par l’exil ou la prison confère non seulement aux élus un prestige important mais encore des habitudes de travail, une aptitude à créer une cohésion de groupe et à forger des alliances à l’extérieur du groupe.
Les élites sociales et le choix de l’enseignement français en Tunisie : Entre consumérisme scolaire et socialisation laïque
Authors: Pontanier Émilie
Published: June 2016

Quelles sont les stratégies et les attentes que dénote le choix d’un établissement scolaire secondaire français pour les familles tunisiennes et binationales en Tunisie contemporaine ? La recherche étudie les formes de distinctions sociale, culturelle et cultuelle à laquelle ces familles aspirent et les stratégies qu’elles mettent en œuvre dans ce dessein. Entrent particulièrement en jeu la dimension internationale des diplômes, le poids des représentations de la langue et de la culture, ou encore la volonté d’une socialisation laïque. En confiant l’éducation de leurs enfants à l’enseignement français, les parents évitent l’impasse que constitue, à leurs yeux, le système public tunisien et contournent sa politique d’arabisation et de massification. Ils engagent alors leurs enfants dans une institution qui leur apportera un capital dispensateur de profits matériels et symboliques. Le système scolaire français permet ainsi de produire, tant sur le plan national qu’international, des ressources à forte valeur ajoutée, une manière pour les familles de se reproduire socialement. Mais leurs choix éducatifs peuvent aussi être liés à la laïcité de l’enseignement qui correspond à une vision du monde qui rend possible, selon eux, soit la promotion d’une religion peu contraignante et indépendante, soit l’abstention religieuse. En conséquence, dans les établissements français, malgré les conflits entre les champs laïque et religieux, la population scolaire et les parents d’élèves utilisent majoritairement le champ laïque pour faire valoir leurs diverses options en matière de religion et de croyance. La laïcité de l’enseignement permet donc de distinguer culturellement et cultuellement une population peu encline au fondamentalisme religieux.
Les révolutions arabes : avènement de nouveaux acteurs
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad
Published: June 2016

Cet article est consacré à l’étude des acteurs des révolutions arabes, principalement en Tunisie et en Égypte. Soulignant les convergences et les divergences entre les deux cas, il distingue les types d’acteurs (séculier/religieux) qui ont apparu à partir de 2011, mais s’attache aussi à analyser leur rapport à la violence réelle ou symbolique. Il en restitue parallèlement les spécificités en étudiant le positionnement des acteurs institutionnels (police, justice) vis-à-vis des acteurs civils ainsi que leur attitude à l’égard des changements majeurs survenus dans les deux pays.
Machiavel et les « arts de la paix »
Authors: Monier-Dana Nathanaël
Published: June 2016

Les « arts de la paix » tels que décrits par Machiavel dans les Discours sur la première décade de Tite-Live posent question. S’il est naturel de vouloir y voir un art de la diplomatie et les opposer à l’art de la guerre, la réalité est différente. Toujours éclairés par les contextes dans lesquels ils sont pris, « les arts de la paix » sont intrinsèquement liés au concept de religion. Dans le chapitre 19 du livre I que cet article étudie spécifiquement, ils prennent place – à travers les exemples des Romains, des Hébreux et des Ottomans – au cœur même du cadre conceptuel machiavélien. La présente contribution tente de montrer qu’en évoluant entre paix et guerre, entre faiblesse et vertu, entre ruine et splendeur des dynasties, les « arts de la paix » subliment ces tensions internes tout en proposant ultimement un moyen de les assumer. Dès lors, que sont-ils réellement et en quoi permettent-ils de penser le lien difficile entre la paix intérieure et la guerre extérieure dans la pensée de Machiavel ?
Healthy Avatars, Healthy People
Authors: Triberti Stefano , Chirico Alice
Published: June 2016

Recent literature shows that new technologies can be used to promote patient engagement. The present contribution focuses on Virtual Worlds (VWs), namely virtual environments that multiple users can experience together thanks to the use of avatars. Indeed, VWs offer interesting opportunities for patient engagement interventions on two levels. On the individual level, customized avatars are known to have relationships with users' inner experience and Self-conception, so that they may constitute a peculiar additional tool for psychological assessment. Moreover, they are able to promote healthy behaviors thanks to a strong vicarious reinforcement (Proteus effect). On the collective level, VWs constitute an ideal platform to support the emergence of collective flow states (Networked Flow) which are related to the patients' creative activity and well-being. The present contribution deepens these phenomena, presenting VWs as an innovative and interesting tool for the patient engagement interventions of the future.
A Fatal Case of Eczema Herpeticum With Septic Shock Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Tupe Christina L. , Weiler Bethany A. , Verceles Avelino C. , McCurdy Michael T.
Published: July 2016

A 62-year-old woman treated with several courses of corticosteroids for an undifferentiated rash came to the emergency department with progressively worsening cutaneous signs and symptoms and generalized weakness. She had scabies, and despite treatment continued to decompensate. Repeat skin biopsies revealed disseminated herpes simplex virus infection, and results of blood cultures were consistent with infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Despite antiviral and antimicrobial therapy, sepsis and multiorgan failure developed, and the patient died. This case illustrates the complications of the rare entity eczema herpeticum, which occurs most often in immunocompromised patients and is associated with a high mortality. Maintaining a high index of suspicion for this disease in decompensating patients with an unidentified rash is essential to avoid catastrophic outcomes.
Association of Injury Factors, Not Body Mass Index, With Hospital Resource Usage in Trauma Patients
Authors: Lee Felecia A. , Hervey Ashley M. , Berg Gina M. , Acuna David L. , Harrison Paul B.
Published: July 2016

Background

Allocating resources appropriately requires knowing whether obese patients use more resources during a hospital stay than nonobese patients.

Objectives

To determine if trauma patients with different body mass indexes differed in use of resources measured as a multifaceted outcome variable.

Methods

A trauma registry was used for a retrospective study of adult patients admitted to a midwestern level I trauma center. Patients were stratified into 3 groups: nonobese (normal weight, overweight), obese, and morbidly obese. Three canonical correlation analyses were used to determine the relationship between patient/injury characteristics and hospital resource usage.

Results

In a sample of 9771 patients, 71.2% were non-obese, 23.8% obese, and 5.0% morbidly obese. For patient/injury characteristics, Injury Severity Score and physiological complications were significant variables for all 3 groups. Scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale were significant for nonobese patients only. For resource usage, intensive care unit length of stay and procedures were significant variables for all 3 groups.

Conclusions

Associations between body mass index and outcomes have been noted when assessed as independent variables. However, when resource usage was assessed as a multifaceted outcome variable, injury factors (higher Injury Severity Score, lower scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale, more physiological complications) were associated with resource usage (increased length of stay in the intensive care unit and increased number of procedures). These findings provide clinicians a new perspective for evaluating the complex relationship between patient/injury characteristics and hospital resource usage.
Distinct CD55 Isoform Synthesis and Inhibition of Complement-Dependent Cytolysis by Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Kwon Young-Chan , Kim Hangeun , Meyer Keith , Di Bisceglie Adrian M. , Ray Ranjit
Published: June 2016

CD55/DAF, one of the regulators of complement activation, is known to limit excess complement activation on the host cell surface by accelerating the decay of C3 convertase. We reported previously that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection or virus core protein expression upregulates CD55 expression. CD55 associates with HCV particles, potentially protecting HCV from lysis in circulation. An increase in CD55 on the surface of HCV-infected cells may inhibit complement-mediated cell killing. In this study, we show that Abs against cancer cell surface proteins induce complement-dependent cytolysis or Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of immortalized human hepatocytes in the presence of CD55-blocking Ab. CD55 has a secreted isoform (sCD55) that is generated by alternative splicing. We observed that sCD55 is induced in HCV-infected or HCV replicon–harboring cells, as well as in liver biopsy samples from chronically HCV-infected patients. Conditioned medium from HCV-infected hepatoma cells (Huh7.5 cells) or immortalized human hepatocytes inhibited C3 convertase activity and complement-dependent cytolysis of sheep blood erythrocytes. Chronically HCV-infected patient sera inhibited C3 convertase activity, further implicating HCV-specific impairment of complement function in infected humans. CD55-blocking Ab inhibited erythrocyte lysis by conditioned medium, suggesting that CD55/sCD55 impairs convertase activity. Together, our data show that HCV infection induces sCD55 expression in HCV-infected cell culture–conditioned medium and inhibits C3 convertase activity. This may have implications for modulating complement-mediated immune function in the microenvironment and on HCV-harboring cells.
Deraeocoris schach, a new predator of Euphydryas aurinia and other heteropteran feeding habits on caterpillar web (Heteroptera: Miridae; Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Pinzari Manuela
Published: June 2016

In this paper, preliminary results on a field study aiming to identify predators of the Marsh Fritillary Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775) in Central Italy are presented. Several heteropterans were found on the larval nests of E. aurinia for dietary reasons: Deraeocoris schach (Fabricius, 1781) that is a predator of Marsh Fritillary larvae, Palomena prasina (Linnaeus, 1761) and Spilostethus saxatilis (Scopoli, 1763) that feed on the droppings of larvae; Graphosoma lineatum italicum (Müller, 1766) that visits the larval web during winter diapause.
A new species of Trechisibus from Peruvian Andes (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Trechinae)
Authors: Delgado Pedro , Ruiz-Tapiador Ildefonso
Published: June 2016

In this work the new species Trechisibus (s. str.) delestali sp. n., is described from the southern Peruvian Andes. The morphological differences with the geographically closest species of the subgenus are also presented and discussed.
Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus infection among women with different degrees of cervical cytological abnormalities in Sicily (Italy)
Authors: Franchina Concetta , Costanzo Carmela M. , Russo Raffaela , Palermo Concetta I. , Scalia Guido
Published: July 2016

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiological agents of cervical cancer. In the absence of Pap smear alterations, high-risk HPV DNA can be detected in cervical samples. The prevalence of papillomavirus infection and their genotype distribution varies greatly across populations. The aims of this study were: i) to assess the prevalences of HPV genotypes in people living in Eastern Sicily (Italy) and the frequency of HPV multiple infections; ii) to evaluate the association between HPV genotypes and cervical lesions in order to improve the epidemiological knowledge useful for monitoring or treating infected women. Nested PCR and reverse dot/blot hybridization were used for the detection and typing of HPV DNA in 315 women who had had an abnormal PAP-smear. HPV DNA test was positive in 70.5% cases; the prevalence was 50% in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 80.8% in low grade-, and 76.2% in high grade-squamous intraepithelial lesion (H-SIL). The genotype distribution showed a predominance of HPV-16 (56.7%) followed by HPV-18 (12.2%), HPV-31 (9.5%) and HPV-6 (9.5%). Multiple infections were detected in 35.1% of the infected patients. High frequency of positive results for HPV was confirmed and, even in case of ASCUS, patients should be taken into account for genotyping. Our data indicate that multiple infections are consistent in women with low-grade lesions while they are less frequent in women with H-SIL. This could reinforce the theory of the multi-stage cancer model, by which one HPV type becomes predominant along with the progression of cervical lesion severity.
Wire netting reduces African elephant (Loxodonta africana) impact to selected trees in South Africa
Authors: Derham Kelly , Henley Michelle D. , Schulte Bruce A.
Published: June 2016

African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are ecosystem engineers in that they substantially alter the environment through their unique foraging and feeding habits. At high densities, elephants potentially have negative impacts on the environment, specifically for large trees. Because of this, recent increases of elephants in the Associated Private Nature Reserves (APNR) on the western boundary of the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, have caused concern regarding the survival of several tree species. Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of wrapping protective wire netting around the trunk of the tree for preventing and reducing bark stripping, branch breaking, and felling by elephants. We assessed 2668 trees – 1352 Sclerocarya birrea (marula), 857 Acacia nigrescens (knobthorn), and 459 Lannea schweinfurthii (false marula) – for elephant impact in the APNR, 1387 (52%) of which had previously been wrapped in protective wire netting (789, 548 and 50, respectively). Wire netting was effective in reducing the severity of bark stripping and the relative proportion of trees that were bark stripped. In addition, wire netting had an effect on the level of impact, with a higher relative frequency of wire-net-protected trees found in lower impact categories compared with unprotected trees. Since tree mortality has been attributed to high levels of elephant impact, the use of wire netting could serve to maintain individual trees or populations particularly vulnerable to elephant impact in areas with locally high densities of elephants.Conservation implications: Since wire netting is a relatively low cost and ecologically unobtrusive strategy, it could be used to reduce elephant impact in problem areas. This method focuses on protecting trees rather than some other strategies such as environmental manipulation, translocation, contraceptives, and culling that instead focus on reducing elephant numbers.Keywords: Elephant impact; bark stripping; large trees; wire netting; mitigation measures
Improving South African third graders’ reading skills: Lessons learnt from the use of Guided Reading approach
Authors: Makumbila Mohlanhledi P. , Rowland Charline B.
Published: June 2016

This professional development project, known as Literacy Leadership Project, enabled four Foundation Phase teachers in South Africa to implement the Guided Reading approach. Developed by American researchers Fountas and Pinnell (1996), Guided Reading helps elementary students strengthen their phonemic awareness, vocabulary, reading comprehension and fluency in small group activities. Over an 8-month period, lessons learnt came from data collected from this professional development included workshop activities, classroom observations, teachers’ group discussions and students’ artefacts. Results indicated improvement in students’ literacy engagement and motivation because of the use of levelled books, oral reading and group activities

Keywords:  Guided Reading programme; foundation phase; childhood literacy; teacher professional development; literacy leadership; South Africa
Incidence of neuropsychiatric side effects of efavirenz in HIV-positive treatment-naïve patients in public-sector clinics in the Eastern Cape
Authors: Gaida Razia , Truter Ilse , Grobler Christoffel
Published: July 2016

Background: It is acknowledged that almost half of patients initiated on efavirenz will experience at least one neuropsychiatric side effect.Objectives: The aim was to determine the incidence and severity of neuropsychiatric side effects associated with efavirenz use in five public-sector primary healthcare clinics in the Eastern Cape.Method: The study was a prospective drug utilisation study. A total of 126 medical records were reviewed to obtain the required information. After baseline assessment, follow-up reviews were conducted at 4 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks from 2014 to 2015.Results: The participant group was 74.60% female (n = 94), and the average age was 37.57±10.60 years. There were no neuropsychiatric side effects recorded for any patient. After the full follow-up period, there were a total of 49 non-adherent patients and one patient had demised. A non-adherent patient was defined as a patient who did not return to the clinic for follow-up assessment and medication refills 30 days or more after the appointed date. Some patients (n = 11) had sent a third party to the clinic to collect their antiretroviral therapy (ART). The clinic pharmacy would at times dispense a two-month supply of medication resulting in the patient presenting only every two months.Conclusion: Further pharmacovigilance studies need to be conducted to determine the true incidence of these side effects. Healthcare staff must be encouraged to keep complete records to ensure meaningful patient assessments. Patients being initiated on ART need to personally attend the clinic monthly for at least the first 6 months of treatment. Clinic staff should receive regular training concerning ART, including changes made to guidelines as well as reminders of side effects experienced.Keywords: neuropsychiatric; side effects; efavirenz; HIV-positive patients
Answer and discussion paediatric neuroimaging quiz case
Authors: Misser Shalendra
Published: June 2016

A three-and-a-half-year-old male child was referred for neuroimaging under general anaesthesia for intractable seizures. A final diagnosis of probable tuberous sclerosis with associated left hippocampal sclerosis was made. Differential diagnosis of malformation of cortical development with hippocampal sclerosis (Type 3a) was considered with respect to the left temporal lobe abnormality. It is heartening to note that several good submissions were received for the paediatric quiz case. Noteworthy responses were received from Dr Samuel Mannikam, Dr Thandi Buthelezi, Dr Philip Janse van Rensburg and Dr Ian Haynes, however, the prize of R2000 was awarded to Dr Richard Busayo Ulatunji for the most inclusive answer.
Об асимптотике при больших временах периодических обобщенных энтропийных решений скалярных законов сохранения
Authors: Panov Evgeny Yur'evich
Published: July 2016

Доказано, что периодическое обобщенное энтропийное решение одномерного
закона сохранения сходится с ростом времени к бегущей волне. При этом
функция потока является линейной на минимальном отрезке, содержащем
существенный образ профиля бегущей волны, а скорость волны совпадает
с угловым коэффициентом функции потока, ограниченной на этот отрезок.
Библиография: 19 названий.
О спектральном радиусе функциональных операторов
Authors: Soldatov Alexandr Pavlovich
Published: July 2016

Дана оценка спектрального радиуса функциональных операторов,
порожденных операторами умножения и сдвига в пространстве
непрерывных вектор-функций на отрезке прямой. Предполагается,
что сдвиги имеют неподвижные точки только на концах отрезка
и принадлежат к одному типу, т.е. являются либо левыми, либо
правыми сдвигами.
Библиография: 5 названий.
О разрешимости неавтономных стохастических дифференциальных уравнений с текущими скоростями
Authors: Azarina Svetlana Vladimirovna , Gliklikh Yurii Evgen'evich
Published: July 2016

Доказана теорема существования решений для стохастических
дифференциальных уравнений с текущими скоростями
(симметрическими производными в среднем) с неавтономной
правой частью при выполнении некоторых естественных условий.
Библиография: 9 названий.
Проблема мажорации в банаховых решетках
Authors: Kusraev Anatolii Georgievich
Published: July 2016

Цель настоящей работы - дать обзор основных результатов
по проблеме операторной мажорации в банаховых решетках, наметить общий подход
к исследованию проблемы и указать несколько направлений
дальнейших исследований.
Библиография: 70 названий.