bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF FAT ABSORPTION ON THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA IN THE RAT
Authors: Jeffries G. H.
Published: December 2014

1. During the absorption of olive oil in the rat there is a transient development of clearing activity in the plasma.

2. In rats given a fat‐free diet there is a complete absence of plasma clearing activity; the slight activity which may occur in plasma from animals on a normal diet disappears.

3. The clearing activity of plasma during fat absorption is destroyed by incubation at 37° C. for 2 hours.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INCREASED PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE BY LOCAL HYPOXIA
Authors: Heemstra H.
Published: December 2014

An increase in pulmonary vascular resistance on unilateral breathing of 5 per cent O2 occurs in two distinct phases. The first maximum is reached in about fifteen minutes from the onset of hypoxia, after which the resistance falls until it reaches a minimum in the second half‐hour. The second phase is represented by a gradual increase in resistance during the next eight hours, at the end of which the blood flow through the hypoxic lung is reduced to about 60 per cent of the original value.
MEASUREMENT OF CARDIAC OUTPUT IN ANÆSTHETIZED ANIMALS BY A THERMO‐DILUTION METHOD
Authors: Fegler George
Published: December 2014

A method for the determination in anæsthetized dogs of the right and left cardiac outputs has been described; it depends upon accurate and fast recording of the blood temperature changes which occur in the right ventricle and aorta when cold Ringer solution or blood is injected into the inferior vena cava. The curves defining the blood temperature changes are time‐concentration curves, from which the blood flow at the sites of the recording thermocouples can be estimated with an accuracy which is roughly the accuracy of the Fick method. Various errors to which the technique may be subject are considered; attempts have been made to compute their effects quantitatively. The method is here described as the “thermo‐dilution” method.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF CHYLE AND PLASMA IN THE RAT
Authors: Robinson D. S. , Jeffries G. H. , French J. E.
Published: December 2014

1. It has been confirmed that during the absorption of olive oil in the rat there is an increase in the ability of the animal's plasma to clear chyle in vitro. The conditions whereby this post‐absorption clearing can best be demonstrated have been described.

2. A comparison has been made between the clearing of chyle by a post‐absorption plasma and by a plasma withdrawn 15 minutes after the injection of 5 units of heparin per kg. of body weight. The two clearing systems have been shown to behave similarly with regard to temperature, pH, and inhibitors such as Triton derivatives, sodium tauroglycocholate and protamine. In both systems, as clearing of the chyle proceeds, fatty acid is released with the subsequent formation of a soluble fatty acid‐albumin complex in the plasma.

3. In normal plasma a 0·85 per cent sodium chloride extract of rat pancreas has been shown to clear added chyle slowly. This clearing is markedly accelerated in the presence of sodium tauroglycocholate.

4. The similarity between the post‐absorption and heparinized plasma‐clearing systems is discussed. It is suggested that the post‐absorption clearing reaction may represent the physiological mechanism for the dissolution of chylomicrons in the blood. If this is the case, it is shown that plasma albumin can play only a transient role as an acceptor of the dissolved lipid.
PULMONARY VASOMOTOR RESPONSES AND ACID‐BASE BALANCE IN PERFUSED EVISCERATED DOG PREPARATIONS
Authors: De Burgh Daly I. , Linzell J. L. , Mount L. E. , Waites G. M. H.
Published: December 2014

1. In three eviscerated dog preparations perfused with horse blood, the upper thoracic sympathetic chains and cervical vagosympathetic nerve trunks were stimulated at levels of blood pH ranging from 6·8 to 7·75, and total blood CO2 from 21 to 99 volumes per cent.

2. Pulmonary vasoconstriction was the invariable response.
THE LOCALIZATION OF PSEUDO‐CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN NERVOUS TISSUE
Authors: Cavanagh J. B. , Thompson R. H. S. , Webster G. R.
Published: December 2014

The evidence from our own work and from that of others has been collated in an endeavour to place the localization of pseudo‐cholin‐esterase upon a firm basis. In the central nervous system it is clear from the studies on normal human brain that the white matter is particularly rich in this enzyme, and the activity of glioma tissue leads us to believe that it is probably mainly present in the supportive glial cells. In peripheral nerve, degeneration experiments conclusively demonstrate that the enzyme is not associated with the conductive elements and suggest that it is probably a component of the cells of Schwann. No indication of the function of this enzyme has been adduced.
A STUDY OF CROSSED INNERVATION OF THE LUNGS IN CHRONIC PNEUMONECTOMIZED DOGS
Authors: De Burgh Daly I. , Hebb Catherine O.
Published: December 2014

1. The crossing of vagosympathetic bronchomotor fibres in the body has been investigated in dogs subjected to pneumonectomy to prevent passive effects on one lung due to activity of the other lung. The lungs were perfused at constant blood inflow to eliminate passive changes in tidal air due to alterations in lung blood volume caused by vagal effects on the heart.

2. Cervical vagosympathetic nerve stimulation on either side of the body generally gave rise to bronchoconstriction, more rarely broncho‐dilatation. Stimulation of the ipsilateral nerve caused a greater broncho‐constriction than that of the contralateral nerve.

3. In the same experiments, without the addition of atropine and in the absence of significant bronchomotor effects, pulmonary vasoconstrictor and ‐dilator fibres in the cervical and thoracic vagosym‐pathetic nerves have been shown to supply the lung on the opposite side of the body.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON INFLAMMATION AND MUCIN REGENERATION IN THE COLON
Authors: Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

1. The administration of cortisone does not alter the histological picture of inflammation and emptying of goblet cells in the colon irritated by mustard oil.

2. As judged by histological criteria, cortisone has no effect upon the regeneration of mucin by the goblet cells after removal of the irritant. This contrasts with the impairment which it is reported to cause in the synthesis of mesenchymal mucins.

3. As early as two hours after removal of the irritant regeneration of mucin can be detected histologically.
CONTINUOUS GASTRIC SECRETION IN THE RUMINANT
Authors: Hill K. J.
Published: December 2014

1. When goats and sheep are starved for periods up to 48 hrs., gastric juice of high acidity continues to be secreted by abomasal pouches, although the volume and acidity may be less than under normal conditions.

2. This continuous secretion is probably due to stimulation of the gastric glands by food material, since ingesta can be collected from the abomasal fistulæ in sheep and goats during starvation periods up to 48 hrs.

3. In unanæsthetized animals, if ingesta are prevented from entering the abomasum by emptying the fore‐stomachs, secretion of acid gastric juice ceases.

4. Similarly, when ingesta are prevented from entering the abomasum of anæsthetized lambs by ligating the omasum, the abomasal secretion is small in volume and appears to consist largely of mucus.

5. It is concluded that the continuous secretion of gastric juice which occurs in ruminants is not due to the innate ability of the gastric glands to secrete spontaneously but to specific stimuli, the most important of which is the continuous passage of ingesta from the rumen to the abomasum.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHYLOMICRA IN THE RAT
Authors: Robinson D. S.
Published: December 2014

1. It has been shown that lipid particles prepared from rat chyle, and free from soluble lymph proteins, contain neutral fat, phospholipid and cholesterol but no ether‐insoluble nitrogen.

2. Such a preparation resembles whole chyle in its state of dispersion, emulsion stability and resistance to immediate clearing by pancreatic lipase preparations.

3. The preincubation of such a preparation or of whole chyle with Clostridium welchii lecithinase destroys the emulsion stability and renders both preparations immediately susceptible to clearing by pancreatic lipase.

4. When the lipid particles recovered from rat chyle are incubated with normal plasma for 12 hours and subsequently recovered free from the soluble plasma proteins, the stability of the particle emulsion is destroyed. The preparation is immediately susceptible to clearing by pancreatic lipase.

5. On analysis, such preparations contain neutral fat, phospholipid and nitrogen. The phospholipid is not ether‐extractable and is present in smaller concentrations than before incubation with normal plasma.

6. The conclusion is drawn that the lipid particles in chyle depend for their stability on a phospholipid surface layer. The change which has been observed to occur in normal plasma is not easily related to physiological conditions.
THE PROTEIN AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE PLASMA OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES DETERMINED BY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Morris Bede , Courtice F. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The electrophoretic patterns and chemical composition of the plasma proteins and lipids of different animal species have been examined by zone electrophoresis on filter paper and by chemical analysis.

2. Significant differences have been found in the absolute amount and relative distribution of both the protein and lipid constituents of different animal plasmas.

3. Dog and cat plasma showed high levels of an alpha‐type lipoprotein which contained most of the plasma cholesterol, whereas in human plasma cholesterol was mainly present in the large betalipoprotein fraction.

4. The herbivora in general had low levels of plasma lipoprotein and the concentration of alpha‐type lipoprotein was relatively high. The horse had the highest concentrations of plasma lipids and lipoproteins of these animals.

5. The mouse constantly, and the rat and guinea‐pig in some samples, showed the presence of a rapidly migrating fraction termed a pre‐albumin lipoprotein. In the mouse this lipoprotein had a high proportion of lipid to protein and contained a large percentage of the plasma lipids.
A STUDY OF SOME ASPECTS OF NERVOUS AND MUSCULAR ACTIVITY DURING EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN SALT DEFICIENCY
Authors: Krnjević K. , Kilpatrick R. , Aungle P. G.
Published: December 2014

1. Two human subjects were made salt deficient by means of a low sodium diet and daily sweating.

2. A description is given of the general and blood changes produced as a result; they were similar to those described by McCance [1936, 1937]. In one subject the plasma Na concentration had decreased by about 10 per cent of the initial value after a week, and by 6 per cent in the other.

3. As tests of nervous and muscular function, the following were studied in one or both subjects in their normal state and during salt deficiency: ulnar nerve conduction velocity, reflex conduction time, refractory period and ability to conduct nervous impulses at a high frequency; maximum work performed on a fly‐wheel at different equivalent masses, time of contraction and muscle action potentials during high frequency stimulation; visual reaction time and the electroencephalogram.

4. Most of the tests revealed no difference between the normal and during salt deficiency which could not be attributed to random or experimental variation. An increase in nerve refractory period, and a clear‐cut decrease in the height of the muscle action potential during high frequency stimulation, were only found in one subject, and thus no definite conclusion can be reached about these changes.

5. Both subjects had electroencephalogram records taken before and during salt deficiency. The latter produced in both only a slight reduction in the mean frequency of the alpha rhythm.

6. It was concluded that in experiments of this type, the quantitative changes in nervous and muscular activity are probably too small in comparison with spontaneous, random variations and the experimental error to be detected with certainty without analysing a large number of subjects.

7. The rate of gastric emptying was studied radiographically in our subjects in relation to the delayed water diuresis found during salt depletion. The rate observed during salt deficiency was the same as the normal rate. Changes in the hæmatocrit estimated after the ingestion of water also suggested that there was no delay in absorption of the water.
A METHOD OF DETERMINING THE ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE OF CONSCIOUS DOGS
Authors: O'Connor W. J.
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described in which the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the conscious dog have been determined by means of an oscillometer connected to an occluding cuff applied to the femoral artery, previously enclosed in a skin loop.

2. The accuracy of the method has been confirmed by comparison with the values recorded by an optical manometer.

3. The effects on blood pressure and heart rate of occlusion of the carotid arteries and of emotion have been recorded.
THE EFFECT OF SUBARACHNOID INJECTION OF FLUOROCITRATE INTO CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF RABBITS
Authors: Hastings A. B. , Peters R. A. , Wakelin R. W.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect has been examined of introducing fluorocitrate (0·2— 2·0 µMol) to the brains of anæthetized rabbits by intracisternal injection and by use of an in‐lying intracranial tube.

2. Under nembutal anæsthesia, after an interval of 27–54 minutes, generalized convulsions together with other signs appeared and led invariably to the death of the animals. Electromyograms showed that these were preceded by enhanced electrical activity. In all cases examined there was an increased citric acid concentration in the brain tissue.

3. Death due to the convulsive state induced by fluorocitrate could not be prevented by injection of calcium ions, though in controls excitability induced by lowered Ca++ concentrations following citrate injection was reversed by Ca++ ion injections. In some cases, during the first 10 minutes after injection of fluorocitrate, Ca++ had a slight alleviating effect. These phenomena are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF ATROPINE SULPHATE UPON HEALTHY MALE SUBJECTS
Authors: Cullumbine H. , McKee W. H. E. , Creasey N. H.
Published: December 2014

1. The objective and subjective responses of healthy men to atropine sulphate administered by intramuscular injection have been studied.

2. After 2 and 3 mg., dryness of the mouth and throat, with difficulty in swallowing, were the most prominent symptoms. After a 5 mg. injection, dizziness, tiredness, difficulty in reading, and dysuria were also frequent complaints.

3. The most marked objective finding was an increase in the pulse rate after the atropine. Less consistently, the systolic blood pressure tended to fall slightly and the diastolic pressure to rise. Changes in the character of the electrocardiogram also occurred in some subjects.

4. Ventilatory function, the fasting blood sugar, blood hæmoglobin and blood white cell contents were not significantly affected. The sugar tolerance curve and the resting rectal temperature were altered by the atropine administration.

5. The ventilatory response to exercise was not affected by the administration of atropine but the pulse rate response was. Speed of movement seemed to be reduced after atropine.

6. The relative effectiveness of various routes of administration of the atropine was studied.
A STUDY OF VENTRICULAR PRESSURE RECEPTORS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BEZOLD REFLEX
Authors: Paintal A. S.
Published: December 2014

1. By recording impulses from single afferent units of the cervical vagus of the cat and localizing the receptor with certainty, it has been established that there are receptors in the right and left ventricles which respond to changes in ventricular pressure. These endings are not chemoreceptors.

2. Relatively few ventricular afferent fibres were found. They were characterized by an early systolic burst of impulses, often timed during the isometric phase of ventricular contraction, and in most fibres this burst terminated before mid‐systole. Unlike other cardiovascular fibres, fluctuations in impulse activity during normal respiration were infrequent.

3. These ventricular fibres belong to the A group of medullated fibres, and it is estimated that their mean conduction velocity was between 10‐20 m/sec.

4. Left atrial fibres with an early systolic burst of impulses as in ventricular fibres were also encountered, but they were rare.

5. All the ventricular receptors and about a third of the left atrial ones (both types A and B) were stimulated by veriloid and veratridine injected into the right atrium. From a consideration of the significant differences in the responses of the ventricular receptors to veriloid and veratridine respectively, and the parallel significant differences in the reflex cardiovascular responses, it was concluded that the ventricular receptors initiate the Bezold reflex.

6. The left atrial receptors contribute to the Bezold reflex but they do not initiate it following veriloid, and are probably chiefly responsible for the prolonged bradycardia of cardiac origin produced by veratridine.

7. The long delay in stimulating the left atrial receptors suggests that the veriloid alkaloids stimulate the receptors secondary to changes either in the alkaloid or in the immediate environment of the receptors.

8. The right atrial receptors (types A and B) were apparently not stimulated by the drugs, and so in the cat they play no part in the Bezold reflex.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PHOSPHATIDES AND OF CHYLOMICRA ON PLASMA COAGULATION IN THE PRESENCE OF RUSSELL'S VIPER VENOM
Authors: Poole J. C. F. , Robinson D. S.
Published: December 2014

1. Ethanolamine phosphatide and rat chylomicra accelerate plasma coagulation in the presence of Russell's viper venom.

2. Serine phosphatide and inositol phosphatide do not show this activity.

3. It is suggested that the coagulant action of chylomicra may be due to their ethanolamine phosphatide content.
ON THE FIXATION OF MUCIN AND THE PREPARATION OF AUTORADIOGRAPHS
Authors: Heatley N. G. , Jerrome D. W. , Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

1. Phosphomolybdic acid, a mucin precipitant, is a useful ingredient in a histological fixative designed for the preservation of intracellular mucin. By its use the mucin within goblet cells and some other mucous cells can be preserved in the form of fine, compact granules, with little distortion of the theca or other cell structures.

2. This effect is enhanced by embedding in a modified ester wax mixture, which apparently penetrates and supports the tissue better than paraffin wax.

3. Using sections prepared in this way, autoradiographs have been obtained in which the sites of radioactivity can be related with some degree of accuracy to the mucin within each cell.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE INCORPORATION OF 35S IN DUODENAL MUCOSUBSTANCES
Authors: Kent P. W. , Whitehouse M. W. , Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described for preparing and collecting juice from duodenal fistule in rabbits.

2. Intravenous injection of Na235SO4 into rabbits results in the rapid appearance of 35S in duodenal mucous secretion obtained from fistulæ or in acute experiments.

3. Such secretion contains 35SO42‐, mucosubstances containing 35S‐sulphate ester groups, and a dialysable 35S‐sulphate ester of unknown structure.

4. The proportion of ester 35SO4 to 35SO42‐ in duodenal secretion reaches a steady value 9 hours after injection of the isotope, the radioactivity of the blood having fallen to a very small value at this time. It is suggested that the mucous glands have the capacity to store 35SO42‐ in some form.

5. Injection of 35S‐methionine results in the incorporation of the amino‐acid into the mucosubstances. No evidence of its conversion to 35SO42‐was found in the duodenal secretion.

6. Cortisone has some slight effect on the incorporation of 35SO42‐, but none on that of 35S‐methionine, into epithelial mucosubstances of the rabbit duodenum.
SOME EFFECTS OF ŒSTRADIOL BENZOATE ON IRON METABOLISM IN THE IMMATURE PULLET
Authors: Ramsay W. N. M. , Campbell E. A.
Published: December 2014

The injection of œstradiol benzoate (18 mg. in six 48‐hourly doses) into pullets 12–14 weeks old caused a fall in blood hæmoglobin and a large rise in plasma iron. A possible slight increase in non‐hæm iron in the liver was also noted.
INACTIVATION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE AND OXYTOCIN DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Hawker R. W.
Published: December 2014

1. When oxytocin and vasopressin are incubated at 37° C. for two hours with suitable volumes of plasma from healthy pregnant women, or with saline extracts of normal or pre‐eclamptic placentæ, they are destroyed.

2. The loss of both oxytocic and antidiuretic activity is thought to be due to an enzyme which is heat labile with an optimum pH between 7 and 8.

3. Placentæ from healthy pregnant women contain more enzymatic activity than placentae from women with pre‐eclamptic toxæmia.
GASTRIC DEVELOPMENT AND ANTIBODY TRANSFERENCE IN THE LAMB, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE RAT AND GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Hill K. J.
Published: December 2014

1. Histological investigations on the development of the abomasal glands of the sheep showed that peptic cells, which contained pepsinogen granules, were present at 85 days and gradually increased in number up to term (150 days).

2. Parietal cells, which were very sparse until term, increased rapidly during the first 48 hours of life.

3. The abomasal contents during fœtal life were neutral in reaction, and in late fœtal life contained small quantities of a proteolytic enzyme active at pH 2·1. This material also clotted milk readily.

4. The reaction of the abomasal contents, which at birth was between pH 6·0 and 7·0, changed gradually during the first two days of life, and 36 hours after birth was adequate for the activation of pepsin, pH 3·0 to 4·0.

5. Comparative observations showed that in the young rat the gastric glands were not fully developed until three weeks after birth, whilst the newly born guinea‐pig possessed fully differentiated gastric glands.

6. It is concluded that in those species in which antibody transference occurs in utero, secretion of active gastric juice occurs at or before birth, whilst in those species receiving antibodies from the colostrum, gastric protein digestion is delayed by retarded development of the gastric glands or by one of the cell types of the gastric glands.
CHANGES IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE AND HIBERNATION
Authors: Mosca Leonardo
Published: December 2014

The ratio of alpha to beta cells examined in rats and bats is at a high level in the young of each of these Apecies. It falls to lower values at about puberty because of an active mitotic multiplication of beta cells. After the adult level of the alpha/beta cell ratio has been reached in bats, carp and tench, it is not affected by changes in the body state arising from hibernation.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE CYTOLOGY OF PANCREATIC ISLETS
Authors: Mosca L.
Published: December 2014

1. The islet apparatus of all vertebrates is mainly composed of alpha and beta cells. A third type of cell is sometimes visible among alpha elements, especially in fish. By means of different treatments (anoxia, cobalt chloride or insulin injections) it is possible to observe that both alpha and beta cells can be transformed into this “third type”.

2. It is concluded that this type of cell is only a functional stage either of alpha or of beta cells.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ATHEROMATOUS LESIONS IN THE CORONARY ARTERIES OF RATS
Authors: Humphreys Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2014

1. Spontaneous atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries of the normal rat is reported. The incidence and severity of the lesion increases with age, and occurred in over 60 per cent of the rats more than 500 days old.

2. Groups of rats were fed synthetic diets containing 16 per cent palm kernel oil, groundnut oil, palm oil, and butterfat from the age of 5–10 weeks until death between 330 and 600 days. The incidence and structure of the atheromatous lesions in the coronary arteries was similar to that in the animals on stock diet.

3. The atheromatous lesions consisted of fibrous thickenings of the intima producing plaques which consisted mainly of collagenous tissue, swollen endothelial cells and some hyaline material. Fat was distributed throughout the plaques in the form of fine droplets.

4. The possibility that the mechanism of atheromatous plaque formation in the coronary arteries of normal animals may be different from that in experimental animals in which there is marked hyperlipæmia, and the advantages of using the rat as an experimental animal in the investigation of atherosclerosis, are discussed.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE LIPIDS, PROTEINS, LIPO‐ AND GLYCOPROTEINS OF UDDER LYMPH AND PLASMA IN CATTLE
Authors: Heyndrickx G. V.
Published: December 2014

Udder lymph resembles the lymph draining most other organs in its content of lipid, protein and glycoprotein. The composition of the lymph is apparently more variable than that of the plasma. Protein and lipid occur in lower concentrations in lymph than in plasma. The concentration of phospholipid in udder lymph is, however, very low and is significantly reduced when compared with the other lipid or the glycoprotein constituents. It is possible that this is connected with milk synthesis.
THE ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION OF HUMAN GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: Strong J. A. , Cameron D. , Riddell M. J.
Published: December 2014

The secretion by the stomach of hydrochloric acid, sodium, potassium and chloride has been studied in normal human subjects and in patients suffering from peptic ulcer.

A close inverse relationship was demonstrated between the concentration of acid and sodium, and a direct relationship between potassium concentration and the rate of secretion of gastric juice. It is suggested that H and Na ions may share a secretory pathway, and that K concentration represents a part of the process of water secretion. These findings were consistent in over 300 samples of gastric juice, obtained without stimulation, and after stimulation with histamine or insulin.
THE ACTION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ON THE SHEEP'S LIVER
Authors: Alexander F. , Macdonald D. C.
Published: December 2014

Changes in plasma alkaline phosphatase, proteins, serum calcium, blood sugar and BSP clearance were determined in sheep before and after the administration by mouth of 2 ml. carbon tetrachloride. Liver tissue was obtained by biopsy before and after the drug treatment and examined histologically. Carbon tetrachloride reduced the rate of clearance of BSP and the concentration of plasma proteins. Biopsy specimens taken after treatment showed histological evidence of damage. The histological changes were more marked in well‐fed sheep. In experiments on a sheep with a biliary fistula no evidence was obtained of the excretion of carbon tetrachloride in the bile.

The results described support the hypothesis that the fasciocidal action of carbon tetrachloride is due to the liver damage produced by the drug and not a direct effect on the liver fluke.
THE EFFECT OF METABOLIC STIMULANTS ON THE OXYGEN UPTAKE OF NORMAL AND LEUKÆMIC HUMAN LEUCOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Bisset Sheenah K. , Alexander W. D.
Published: December 2014

The metabolic stimulants used were sodium salicylate (10–160 mg./100 ml. medium) and triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) (10–50 µg./100 ml. medium). Leucocytes from three groups were studied: normal individuals, patients with chronic lymphatic leukæmia, and patients with chronic myeloid leukæmia. Determination of oxygen consumption was made by the direct method in Warburg respirometers at 37°C.

There was no significant difference between the oxygen consumption of normal or of either type of leukæmic leucocytes in absence of a metabolic stimulant.

In presence of sodium salicylate, the increase in oxygen consumption of normal leucocytes was significantly greater than that of either type of leukæmic leucocyte. Addition of triiodothyroacetic acid did not produce any significant increase in the oxygen consumption of normal or chronic lymphatic leukæmic leucocytes: it did, however, produce a significant increase in the oxygen consumption of chronic myeloid leukæmic leucocytes.
CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF RABBIT MACROPHAGES
Authors: Day A. J.
Published: December 2014

Synthetic and hydrolytic cholesterol esterase activity of isolated rabbit macrophages was determined in vitro. Homogenates prepared from these cells esterified cholesterol at pH 6·0 and hydrolyzed cholesterol acetate at pH 7·3. It was not possible to demonstrate hydrolysis of cholesteryl oleate by homogenates or to increase the activity by the incorporation of coenzyme A and A.T.P. in the system.
THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON THE ACUTE RENAL EFFECTS OF CORTEXONE AND OF DIETARY POTASSIUM DEPLETION IN THE RAT
Authors: Kennedy G. C. , Parker R. A.
Published: December 2014

Rats, both young growing animals, and older but not senile ones, were depleted of potassium either by injection of cortexone or by dietary means. After either treatment the old animals showed more swelling and vacuolation of kidney cells than did the young ones. In addition, moreover, the treatment accelerated the development in the old rats of hyperplastic renal lesions which we regard as characteristic of early senility.
THE IMMEDIATE‐EFFECTS OF ACUTE HYPOXIA ON THE HEART RATE, ARTERIAL PRESSURE, CARDIAC OUTPUT AND VENTILATION OF THE UNANÆSTHETIZED RABBIT
Authors: Korner P. I. , Edwards A. W. T.
Published: December 2014

The circulatory and respiratory changes occurring during the first 5 min. of hypoxia were studied in unanæsthetized rabbits. Mild degrees of hypoxia produced an increase in ventilation in the rabbit, without eliciting a detectable circulatory response. The early circulatory effects consisted of bradycardia, a rise in mean arterial pressure and a fall in cardiac output, indicating predominant systemic vasoconstriction. The magnitude of the bradycardia and rise in arterial pressure were related to the fall in arterial O2 saturation. Atropine or vagotomy reduced or abolished the bradycardia, but greatly accentuated the rise in blood pressure. Denervation of the carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors almost abolished the bradycardia and diminished the rise in blood pressure.
E.C.G. CHANGES DURING POSTHÆMORRHAGIC HYPOTENSION IN PRECOOLED DOGS
Authors: Pantelić D. , Vajs E. , Debijadji R.
Published: December 2014

E.C.G. changes were recorded in the course of twenty‐nine experiments on dogs which were bled during either light (30–32° C.) or deep (26–28° C.) hypothermia. After being maintained with a blood pressure of 40 mm. Hg for 2 hr., sixteen dogs received a 6 per cent solution of dextran in amounts equal to the total blood loss. The survival rate in this group was 87·5 per cent. The majority of dogs in the control group without administration of dextran died some hours after termination of the bleeding.

It was impossible to pick out any E.C.G. changes which are characteristic for the state of prolonged posthæmorrhagic hypotension in hypothermia. In fact, excluding the effects of hypothermia itself, the E.C.G. changes were very similar to that described for dogs bled at normal body temperature. The less the hypothermia, the greater was the similarity.

It is our opinion that the described E.C.G. changes do not explain the greater tolerance of cooled dogs to the posthæmorrhagic hypotension. Also, none of the described E.C.G. changes, including “Osborn's” wave, in the course of cooling and during posthæmorrhagic hypotension could be taken as a bad prognostic sign.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED PARTICLES OBSERVED IN CHAMBERS IN RABBITS' EARS
Authors: Stehbens W. E. , Florey H. W.
Published: December 2014

Observations have been made on non‐inflamed, inflamed and growing blood vessels in the rabbit ear chamber, following the intravenous injection of a variety of suspensions of particulate matter. The borders of the endothelial cells were not outlined by the particulate matter during several hours of observation, though a small amount adhered to the endothelium. The experiments failed to support the contention that a sticky cement substance exists between the endothelial cells of the smaller blood vessels and that this is increased during inflammation.

The introduction of particulate matter into the blood stream led to the agglutination of platelets to which the particles adhered. Thrombi were thus formed which adhered to leucocytes and often entangled some erythrocytes. These thrombi formed strands which vibrated in the blood stream and fragmented forming emboli. Capillaries were frequently blocked by the thrombi. Some particulate matter was phagocytosed by leucocytes and appeared inside platelets in the blood stream and some escaped from the vessels and was later seen within macrophages, but the site and means of egress was not determined.

Blood smears revealed particles inside platelets as well as those phagocytosed by leucocytes.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OXYGEN SUPPLY TO THE FETAL LLAMA
Authors: Meschia Giacomo , Barron Donald H. , Prystowsky Harry , Hellegers André , Huckabee William , Metcalfe James
Published: December 2014

The oxygen dissociation curves of the maternal and fetal bloods of the llama show a high saturation at low oxygen pressures. At 38° C. and pH 7·4 the maternal blood is half saturated with an oxygen pressure of 21·9 mm. Hg, the fetal at 18·0. The data about the adult animal confirm the previous results of Hall, Dill and Guzman Barron. The estimated transplacental difference in oxygen pressures of the two bloods in vivo was about 15 mm. Hg. As the llama has a six‐layered epithelio‐chorial placenta, the hypothesis that the thicker placental types are necessarily associated with steep transplacental gradients in oxygen pressure appears to be without foundation.
THE BLOOD VOLUME OF FETUSES CARRIED BY EWES AT HIGH ALTITUDE
Authors: Prystowsky Harry , Hellegers André , Meschia Giacomo , Metcalfe James , Huckabee William , Barron Donald H.
Published: December 2014

Estimates of the circulating plasma volume (fetus and placenta) and the hematocrit were made on the fetuses of ten ewes indigenous to the high Andean pastures at about 14,000 ft. The results when compared with data on fetuses of ewes at sea level indicate: (1) that the plasma volume expressed as per cent of fetal weight is not regularly increased above the values recorded at sea level; (2) with but one exception the hematocrits of the fetuses of the ewes at altitude were higher than the levels reported for sea level; (3) as a result of the larger hematocrit the blood volume circulating through the fetus and placenta is higher in proportion to the fetal weight than it is in the fetuses of comparable size and age carried by ewes at sea level.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE LIPIDS IN UDDER LYMPH AND PLASMA OF CATTLE
Authors: Heyndrickx G. V.
Published: December 2014

Lecithin, kephalin, sphingomyelin, glycerides and free and esterified cholesterol have been determined in udder lymph and plasma of the udder veins. Expressed in absolute values, each lipid fraction occurs in a significantly lower concentration in lymph than in plasma. Expressed as a percentage of total lipids however the phospholipids occur in a lower and the cholesterolesters in a higher proportion in lymph than in plasma. The lecithin expressed as a percentage of total phospholipids is lower in lymph than in plasma, while the reverse is true for the sphingomyelin; the kephalin proportion is the same in the two fluids.

It is striking that fatty acids and phospholipids, two classes of lipids removed from the blood by the mammary gland, comprise a lower proportion of the total lipids in the lymph than in the plasma. Correlations between the various lipid fractions of the udder lymph and plasma are discussed.
THERMOGLYCÆMIC RESPONSE AND THE ADRENERGIC SYSTEM IN PIGEONS
Authors: Chaudhuri Sukhen , Sadhu D. P.
Published: December 2014

Pigeons show a significant thermoglycæmic response on short exposure to high ambient temperatures. An attempt has been made to study the role of the adrenergic system in this response of the pigeons. The birds are controlled at 32° C. and exposed to 45° or 48° C. for 2½hr. Their body weight, rectal temperature, heart rate, plasma‐cell ratio of blood, erythrocytes, leucocytes and blood hæmoglobin, specific gravity of whole blood and blood plasma, concentration of plasma proteins and blood sugar were determined. The ganglioplegic drug “Ansolysen” and adrenergic blocking agent “Ergotamine Tartrate” have been found to abolish the thermoglycæmic response.
THE RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO IMMERSION IN COLD AND WARM WATER
Authors: Keatinge W. R. , Evans M.
Published: December 2014

During their first few minutes of immersion in stirred water at 5 and 15° C. the pulmonary ventilation of twelve unclothed men was high, and their end‐tidal pCO2 fell. The pCO2 then returned to or a little above its original level but did not greatly exceed it even in working experiments lasting 20 min. in water at 5° C. or 40 min. in water at 15° C. Although work reduced or reversed the initial fall in pCO2, these results therefore do not bear out predictions that the pCO2 would rise to dangerous levels during hard work in cold water, at least in immersions of moderate duration.

In water at 37·8° C. the men's heart rates rose steadily, in water at 25° C. they fell and remained low, and in water at 5 and 15° C. they rose and then fell. Repeated immersion at 15° C. reduced or abolished the early respiratory and heart rate responses to immersion and the metabolic response, but did not significantly increase the falls in rectal temperature. Clothing also reduced the reflex responses to immersion. A number of ventricular extrasystoles were observed during the first 2 min. of immersion in water at 15° C., and it is suggested that ventricular fibrillation due to increased venous and arterial pressures, adrenaline, and hyperventilation, may be responsible for some cases of sudden death in cold water.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF TRIIODOTHYROACETIC ACID AND 1‐TRIIODOTHYRONINE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF CIRCULATING HUMAN LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Bisset S. K. , Alexander W. D.
Published: December 2014

Vol. 46, p. 50 line 10; p. 51 line 5; p. 52 line 2. The dose of 1‐triiodothyronine was 0=·2 mg. not 2 mg.
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVES OF THE BLOODS OF ADULT AND FETAL SHEEP AT HIGH ALTITUDE
Authors: Meschia G. , Hellegers A. , Prystowsky H. , Huckabee W. , Metcalfe J. , Barron D. H.
Published: December 2014

The oxygen dissociation curves of the bloods of sheep living at high altitude in the Peruvian Andes and of their fetuses have been prepared at plasma hydrogenion concentrations in the physiological range. A comparison with oxygen dissociation curves of bloods of sea‐level sheep and their fetuses shows no significant difference between the two groups of animals.
A PHOTO‐ELECTRIC DEVICE FOR USE WITH CLOSED‐CIRCUIT OXYGEN CONSUMPTION APPARATUS
Authors: Wyatt D. G.
Published: December 2014

The volume of a closed‐circuit oxygen consumption apparatus is maintained constant by supplying sufficient oxygen from a motor‐operated pump, while expired carbon dioxide is absorbed. The present device enables the oxygen supply to be controlled by the deflection of the tidal air spirometer at the end of expiration. It requires little attention in use, is rapid in response, and maintains the circuit volume constant within close limits.
PHOSPHATIDES IN THE MORPHOLOGY OF INJURED TISSUE
Authors: Buckley Ian K.
Published: December 2014

In vitro microscopic examination of human placental tissue fragments showed development of elongate pleomorphic myelin figures within fluid filled spaces and at the tissue periphery, deformation and emigration of lipid droplets into the surrounding fluid, and formation of intravascular and peripheral translucent globular bodies which continued to form in the presence of enzyme inhibitors and were disrupted by phosphatidease “A”‐containing solutions. It is concluded that the translucent globular bodies are vesicular myelin figures caused by minimal phosphatide liberation, that lipid droplet deformation and emigration result from physico‐chemical surface changes in the lipid droplets and that the process of myelin figure formation is significant in both the morphological changes of injured tissues and tissue autolysis.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PASSAGE OF SULPHOBROMOPHTHALEIN INTO AND OUT OF HEPATIC PARENCHYMAL CELLS
Authors: Andrews W. H. H. , Lozano I. Del Rio
Published: December 2014

Investigations were made on liver slices and on rat livers perfused with Ringer‐Locke solution containing sulphobromophthalein. The work of Brauer and Pessotti [1949] on slices was confirmed: the equilibrium set up between the liver slices and the surrounding fluid was only partially due to metabolism of the dye. In perfusion experiments, during the first 20 min., the liver removed almost all the dye from the perfusion fluid: later the concentration of dye in the hepatic vein increased progressively with time. Cooling the liver slowed removal. At constant temperature the liver removed a fixed proportion of the dye presented to it, irrespective of the rate of flow and (within wide limits) of the dye concentration. An equilibrium between the concentrations of dye in the cells and in the sinusoids was demonstrated; the addition of plasma from different animals increased the concentration in the sinusoids, and a species difference in this effect was observed. The dye concentration of transudate coming from the surface of the liver was much higher than that of the outflow at 37° C., but not at 17° C. After a priming dose, sulphobromophthalein was released by the perfused liver, the concentration of dye in the outflow falling exponentially with the same decay constant as the dye within the liver. Bile salts reduced the storage of dye by the liver, but sodium cyanide and sodium fluoride were without effect. The existence of a mechanism for dye concentration in the cells is postulated.
HYPOGLYCÆMIA IN RATS AS A RESULT OF SPINAL CORD LESIONS
Authors: van Gool J. , Korn C.
Published: December 2014

In pithed rats hypoglycæmia develops in a few hours. There exists considerable variation in time and intensity in which the hypoglycæmia appears. Destruction of the cerebrum does not cause the phenomenon; the destruction of the spinal cord, especially between T1O and L3 is the most important factor. The mechanism of the hypoglycæmia was studied. Hyperinsulinism, depletion of glucagon, depletion of corticoids or hypofunction of the adrenal medulla do not appear to be the cause. Glycogen depletion in the liver was constantly found. Probably the hypoglycæmia depends on a defect in gluconeogenesis, which is influenced by the abdominal sympathetic system.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF CHOLINESTERASES IN THE BRAINSTEM OF SHEEP
Authors: Palmer A. C. , Ellerker A. R.
Published: December 2014

The distribution of true and pseudo‐cholinesterase has been studied in the brainstem of the sheep by a modification of the Koelle tecinique. The regional distribution of true cholinesterase is compared with that reported in other animals and its relation to the neuro‐anatomical distribution of vacuolated neurones in Scrapie, a nervous disease of sheep, is also considered.
POST NATAL CHANGES IN THE WATER AND ELECTROLYTE CONTENT OF RAT LIVER
Authors: Parsons D. S. , van Rossum G. D. V.
Published: December 2014

The water, sodium, potassium, chloride and fat content has been measured in livers of albino rats whose ages varied between a few minutes and 115 days and the findings expressed in terms of the fat‐free dry weight of the tissue. The size of the extracellular compartment of the tissue water has been deduced from the chloride content of the tissue, an allowance being made for intracellular chloride. During the first day after birth there was a rapid increase in the water and potassium content of the liver which was entirely accounted for by an increase in the size of the intracellular compartment of the tissue water. During the following 2 days the liver water and potassium content and the size of the intracellular water compartment decreased again. It is suggested that these changes may be related to alterations in the concentration of anions in the liver cells. Between the ages of 3 and 32 days there was a decrease in the water, sodium and chloride content of the whole tissue which could be accounted for by a decrease in the size of the extracellular compartment of the tissue water. The size of the intracellular water compartment remained constant during this time, nevertheless there was a decrease in the tissue potassium content. After the age of 32 days there was little change in the gross composition of the liver but there was a reduction in the quantity of tissue water which was free of chloride. Diurnal effects and those of fasting and of weaning on the liver composition are also described.
THE RESPONSES OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENDINGS OF MUSCLE SPINDLES WITH INTACT MOTOR INNERVATION DURING APPLIED STRETCH
Authors: Cooper Sybil
Published: December 2014

The effects of small stretches applied at constant velocities, varying from 8 to 100 mm/sec. on the muscle spindle endings of the cat's soleus were recorded in dorsal root fibres of decerebrate animals with intact motor roots. The primary endings showed a greatly increased and well‐sustained discharge rate during stretch application. They were particularly sensitive to the velocity of stretch and the rates reached were considerably higher than those recorded during the subsequent maintained extensioin of the muscle. The endings often showed some discharge in release of stretch. The secondary endings showed a wide range of thresholds for stretch. The increase of discharge rate during stretch application was very moderate, and might not exceed the steady rate during maintained stretch. On release of stretch impulses were frequently seen. These differences in the behaviour of the two kinds of ending to stretch are considered in relation to the histological structure of a muscle spindle.
CHANGES IN BODY WATER AND BODY SOLIDS IN AFRICAN ADULTS AND THEIR RELATION TO NUTRITION
Authors: Holmes E. G. , Darke Sylvia J. , Greaves J. P. , Read W. W. C.
Published: December 2014

The total body water of a number of groups of African subjects has been measured, using tritiated water. None of the subjects were œdematous or showed signs of malnutrition. In some individuals nitrogen balances were also considered.

The observations were undertaken in order to throw light on the discrepancy between changes in body weight, and retention of nitrogen which has been noted by a number of authors. They seem to show that retention of protein is not necessarily accompanied by the retention of a fixed amount of water, and that lipids may sometimes be lost as protein is retained.

The bearing of the findings on the current theories of body composition is discussed. It is inferred that the lean body mass may not be of constant composition in persons who, while not suffering from recognizable malnutrition, and leading ordinary lives, are accustomed to nutritional standards common in underdeveloped countries, but below those enjoyed by more sophisticated and wealthier communities.