bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimally Distributed Transport Properties Can Produce Highest Performance Thermoelectric Systems
Authors: Bell Lon E.
Published: September 2019

Optimum cooling of conventional thermoelectric (TE) devices is limited to about ⅙ Carnot efficiency for TE materials with figure of merit, ZT ≈ 1. This is ¼ to ½ the efficiency of typical two‐phase refrigeration systems and limits the use of TE materials to specialized applications where a combination of small size, solid‐state operation, and simplicity outweighs device performance limitations. Similarly, TE heating and power generation systems exhibit low efficiency in comparison with most current energy conversion systems. Herein, it is shown that performance efficiencies of TE couples with suitable distributed transport properties (DTP) exceed those of all other TE systems. TE material fabrication methods, including spark plasma sintering, additive manufacturing, and nanoscale material production processes, are evolving, making TE materials with controlled spatially dependent properties more practical to fabricate. Therefore, it is important to determine the performance advantages achievable through the fabrication of such TE couples. Governing equations for the optimum performance of DTP TE systems are derived and solved in a closed analytical form for the spatially dependent Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and electrical resistivity. Results are presented as analytical solutions for optimum efficiency, optimum spatial distribution of DTP properties, and other operating conditions of interest.
The Xenes Generations: A Taxonomy of Epitaxial Single‐Element 2D Materials
Authors: Grazianetti Carlo , Martella Christian , Molle Alessandro
Published: September 2019

Isolation of graphene is today a milestone in condensed matter physics that paves the way to a new entire class of 2D synthetic materials referred to as Xenes with no analogous bulk layered allotropes. The booming rush to discover first novel and unprecedented materials flows into two generations of Xenes: the first one strictly relates to carbon being made of elements of the IV/14 column/group of the periodic table, and the second one includes elements of the adjacent columns. From borophene to tellurene, with rare exceptions, the physics and chemistry of the elements are rewritten and herein reviewed in terms of their fundamental and peculiar properties. Particular attention is paid to the epitaxial methodologies and configurational details, aiming at determining key points for nanotechnology applications of the Xenes afforded by scalability, quality, and stability aspects. Finally, the ongoing efforts to devise and realize applications based on the Xenes are summarized.
Itinerant Semiconducting Antiferromagnetism in Metastable V3Ga
Authors: He Bin , Bao Zhidi , Zhu Kun , Feng Wuwei , Sun Hua , Pang Ning , Tsogbadrakh Namsrai , Odkhuu Dorj
Published: September 2019

Herein, a metastable phase of β‐W type V3Ga is identified to exhibit an itinerant semiconducting antiferromagnetism. Density functional theory plus Hubbard U (DFT+U) calculations predict the β‐W type structure as a possible metastable phase, although energetically less favorable than the previously known D03 phase, which is successfully synthesized with good crystallinity by alternating evaporation method with postannealing process rather than traditional coevaporation method. Such a metastable β‐W phase results in an antiferromagnetic (AFM) order up to at least 500 K and highly conductive semiconducting behavior. The antiferromagnetism in the β‐W type V3Ga can be understood in terms of strong Coulomb repulsion and Hund's rule coupling between the nearest neighbor V 3d orbital states and their covalent bonding with the Ga 4p orbitals. These results are further verified by an exchange bias phenomenon revealed in antiferro/ferromagnet hybrid heterostructure of V3Ga and Fe films, where the strong hybridization between Fe 3d and V 3d orbital states at the interface gives rise to the robust perpendicular magnetic anisotropy therein. Herein, a novel route is used to prepare an AFM semiconductor material for antiferromagnet spintronics.
Optimized Overall Photoactivity of WO3: Utilization of Incidence Dependence from Photonic Crystal Substrate
Authors: Chen Mengshi , Xiao Ye , Zhang Menglong
Published: September 2019

In this work, conductive PC‐FTO (photonic crystal fluorine doped tin oxide) films are fabricated on commercial FTO substrate. The PC‐FTO films serve as two roles: supplying large nan‐structural loading sites available for the embedded photoactive materials, and also manipulating the incident light to improve the performance of embedded photoactive materials under specific incidence range. Through facile solvothermal approach, WO3 platelets are synthesized directly inside the skeleton of PC‐FTO to form WO3@PC‐FTO photoanode which shows more efficiency utilization of light at certain incidence. These homogeneous coating of WO3 platelets in PC‐FTO film allows the study of photonic crystal impact on the photoactivity as a function of incidence.
Collaborative Curriculum Development in Teacher Design Teams
Authors: Handelzalts Adam
Published: September 2019

A strategy secondary schools in the Netherlands apply to realize educational curriculum reform is organizing teams of teachers that are responsible for specific curricular domains. The study reported in this chapter aimed at describing the development of such teacher teams in lower secondary education, the type of curriculum design activities they undertake in the context of a school-based reform ambition, and ways to support their efforts. Teacher design teams in two different schools were followed during their first year of collaboration. Their activities were documented, teachers were interviewed and observed and (curriculum) documents produced by teacher design teams were collected and analyzed. This systematic documentation process and the perspective of the practitioners formed the basis for identifying activities and conditions that had a special (positive or negative) function for the teams. These activities and conditions will be presented and discussed.
Graph Perturbation as Noise Graph Addition: A New Perspective for Graph Anonymization
Authors: Torra Vicenç , Salas Julián
Published: September 2019

Different types of data privacy techniques have been applied to graphs and social networks. They have been used under different assumptions on intruders’ knowledge. i.e., different assumptions on what can lead to disclosure. The analysis of different methods is also led by how data protection techniques influence the analysis of the data. i.e., information loss or data utility.

One of the techniques proposed for graph is graph perturbation. Several algorithms have been proposed for this purpose. They proceed adding or removing edges, although some also consider adding and removing nodes.

In this paper we propose the study of these graph perturbation techniques from a different perspective. Following the model of standard database perturbation as noise addition, we propose to study graph perturbation as noise graph addition. We think that changing the perspective of graph sanitization in this direction will permit to study the properties of perturbed graphs in a more systematic way.
Evolution of high-energy pelvic trauma in southern Finland: a 12-year experience from a tertiary trauma centre
Authors: Toimela Juhana , Brinck Tuomas , Handolin Lauri
Published: September 2019

Purpose

We compared incidence, demographics, and injury mechanisms in severely injured patients with and without a pelvic ring fracture treated at a tertiary trauma centre. We also analyzed the changes in injury mechanisms that lead to high-energy pelvic trauma.

Methods

Data on severely injured adult patients (New Injury Severity Score [NISS] ≥16) from Helsinki Trauma Registry over the years 2006–2017 were reviewed. Patients with a pelvic ring fracture (PRF) and those without (N-PRF) were analyzed. Further subgrouping regarding time of the accident (2006–2009, 2010–2013, 2014–2017) was made. A comparison between groups was performed according to age, age > 60, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, injury scoring and mechanism, and 30-day in-hospital mortality.

Results

We included 545 PRF and 1048 N-PRF patients. Pelvic ring fracture patients were more likely to be female (39% vs 22%, p < 0.001), to be more severely injured (NISS 35.2 vs 30.4, p < 0.001), injured due to a high fall (41% vs 25%, p < 0.001), to have self-inflicted injuries (23% vs 8%, p < 0.001), and to have higher 30-day in-hospital mortality (13% vs 9%, p = 0.005). During the study period, we noted increasing mean age and proportion of patients aged > 60, improvement in outcome (shown by decreasing 30-day in-hospital mortality rate) in both groups, and a decrease in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) leading to pelvic trauma (30–16%).

Conclusions

High-energy pelvic trauma can no longer be characterized as traffic accident injuries among young men. MVAs leading to pelvic trauma are decreasing and the most common injury mechanism is high fall. The patients are older and often female. Every fourth high-energy pelvic trauma was due to attempted suicide.
Myasthenia gravis
Authors: Müllges Wolfgang , Stoll Guido
Published: September 2019

Die Myasthenia gravis (MG) beruht auf einer durch Autoantikörper (Ak) gegen Acetylcholinrezeptoren (AChR) bzw. andere Strukturproteine der neuromuskulären Endplatte verursachten neuromuskulären Überleitungsstörung mit vorzeitiger Erschöpfbarkeit und teils manifesten Paresen einschließlich der bulbären und okulären Muskulatur. Während die okuläre MG in der Regel zunächst nur symptomatisch mit Acetylcholinesterasehemmern behandelt werden kann, erfordert die generalisierte MG eine Langzeitimmunsuppression. Der Thymus hat eine besondere Bedeutung in der Pathophysiologie der AChR-Ak-positiven MG, die als Paraneoplasie bei Thymomen auftreten kann. In dem Beitrag werden die Optionen der Basistherapie und der Eskalationsstufen bis hin zur Behandlung der myasthenen Krise mit Plasmaaustausch oder Immunglobulinen behandelt. Als neuer therapeutischer Ansatz bei der AChR-Ak-positiven MG steht mit Eculizumab ein Inhibitor der Komplementaktivierung für mit Immunsuppressiva schwer einstellbare Patienten zur Verfügung.
Prognostic Factors Associated with Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Appendectomies in Children: A Multilevel Analysis in a National Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Valero Juan , Buitrago Giancarlo , Eslava‐Schmalbach Javier , Rincon Carlos J.
Published: September 2019

Background

Acute appendicitis is the most common acute surgical abdominal pathology in children, and it has a large impact on morbidity and the costs incurred by health care systems. In low‐ and median‐income countries, national information on the clinical and economic outcomes associated with this surgery does not exist. This study aimed to identify and describe the clinical and economic outcomes for children undergoing appendectomy in Colombia's contributory system and to determine the prognostic factors associated with these outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using administrative data from patients under 18 years of age who underwent an appendectomy between July 1, 2013, and September 30, 2015, in Colombia's contributory health system. Thirty‐day mortality rates, intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates, length of stay (LOS), readmission rates and median costs were estimated for the entire country by geographic region and insurer. The prognostic factors associated with these outcomes were identified using generalized multilevel mixed models.

Results

A total of 21,674 children were included. The 30‐day postoperative mortality rate was 0.06% [95% CI 0.02–0.9], the ICU admission rate was 8.00% [95% CI 7.63–8.36], the mean LOS was 2.48 days (SD 5.24), the readmission rate was 1.5% [95% CI 1.33–1.66] and the median cost for Colombia was 394 USD [p25–p75: 256–555]. The prognostic factors that were associated with the 30‐day ICU admission rate, LOS and readmission rate were the insurer, geographic region, age, occurrence of an appendectomy with peritoneal drainage, and certain comorbidities, such as cancer and neurological, respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses. The prognostic factors associated with costs were those previously mentioned as well as the occurrence of a laparoscopic appendectomy.

Conclusions

In Colombia's contributory health system, large differences in clinical outcomes and the costs incurred by the system exist, and these differences are associated with the geographic region, the insurer, and some of the clinical characteristics of the children undergoing appendectomy.
A pragmatic guide to geoparsing evaluation
Authors: Gritta Milan , Pilehvar Mohammad Taher , Collier Nigel
Published: September 2019

Empirical methods in geoparsing have thus far lacked a standard evaluation framework describing the task, metrics and data used to compare state-of-the-art systems. Evaluation is further made inconsistent, even unrepresentative of real world usage by the lack of distinction between thedifferent types of toponyms, which necessitates new guidelines, a consolidation of metrics and a detailed toponym taxonomy with implications for Named Entity Recognition (NER) and beyond. To address these deficiencies, our manuscript introduces a new framework in three parts. (Part 1) Task Definition: clarified via corpus linguistic analysis proposing a fine-grainedPragmatic Taxonomy of Toponyms. (Part 2) Metrics: discussed and reviewed for a rigorous evaluation including recommendations for NER/Geoparsing practitioners. (Part 3) Evaluation data: shared via a new dataset calledGeoWebNewsto provide test/train examples and enable immediate use of our contributions. In addition to fine-grained Geotagging and Toponym Resolution (Geocoding), this dataset is also suitable for prototyping and evaluating machine learning NLP models.
Intracranial pressure variability: relation to clinical outcome, intracranial pressure–volume index, cerebrovascular reactivity and blood pressure variability
Authors: Svedung Wettervik Teodor , Howells Timothy , Enblad Per , Lewén Anders
Published: September 2019

It was recently found in traumatic brain injury (TBI) that ICP variability (ICPV) predicted favorable outcome. We hypothesized that ICPV may depend on intracranial compliance, unstable blood pressure and cerebral vasomotion. In this study, we aimed to further investigate the explanatory variables for ICPV and its relation to outcome. Data from 362 TBI patients were retrospectively analyzed day 2 to 5 post-injury. ICPV was evaluated in three ways. First, variability in the sub-minute time interval (similar to B waves) was calculated as the amplitude of the ICP slow waves using a bandpass filter, limiting the analysis to oscillations of 55 to 15 s (ICP AMP 55–15). The second and third ICPV measures were calculated as the deviation from the mean ICP averaged over 30 min (ICPV-30m) and 4 h (ICPV-4h), respectively. All ICPV measures were associated with a reduced intracranial pressure/volume state (high ICP and RAP) and high blood pressure variability in multiple linear regression analyses. Higher ICPV was associated with better pressure reactivity in the univariate, but not the multiple analyses. All ICPV measures were associated with favorable outcome in univariate analysis, but only ICP AMP 55–15 and ICPV-30m did so in the multiple logistic regression analysis. Higher ICPV can be explained by a reduced intracranial compliance and variations in cerebral blood volume due to the vessel response to unstable blood pressure. As ICP AMP 55–15 and ICPV-30m independently predicted favorable outcome, it may represent general cerebral vessel activity, associated with better cerebral blood flow regulation and less secondary insults.
The preparation, physicochemical and thermal properties of the high moisture, solvent and chemical resistant starch-g-poly(geranyl methacrylate) copolymers
Authors: Worzakowska Marta
Published: September 2019

The thermal properties together with the identification of the emitted volatiles during heating of the starch-graft-poly(geranyl methacrylate) copolymers with the use of a TG/FTIR-coupled method and some of the physicochemical properties of the copolymers were determined. It was found that the use of the geranyl methacrylate monomer to the graft copolymerization with potato starch allowed to replace ca. 1.46 hydroxyl groups per glycosidic units of starch macromolecule by the poly(geranyl methacrylate) chains under the optimal reaction conditions. Generally, all tested starch graft copolymers exhibited a significant increase in polar solvent resistance, moisture resistance and chemical stability as compared to potato starch. However, the thermal stability of the obtained materials was substantially lower as compared to the thermal stability of potato starch. The beginning of the decomposition of the copolymers was observed below 150 °C. It was due to low thermal stability of the poly(geranyl methacrylate) chains. The decomposition of the prepared materials runs at least four, unseparated stages. The first stage was visible up to 220–240 °C. It was connected with the emission of some aldehyde, acid, alcohol, alkene, ester fragments, H2O and CO2as a result of the depolymerization, destruction and partial decarboxylation of the poly(geranyl methacrylate) chains. The second stage was spread between ca. 220–240 and 358–375 °C. The emission of organic, saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, oxygen-rich fragments, CO, CO2and H2O as a result of the decomposition and dehydration of starch was confirmed. Heating of the studied materials between 358–375 and 455–477 °C resulted in subsequent decomposition processes of the residues and the creation of some oxygen-rich saturated and unsaturated fragments, CO, CO2, H2O and CH4. Finally, above 455–477 °C, a minor mass loss as a result of the decomposition processes of the residues formed before was observed. The emission of CO, CO2, H2O, CH4and some oxygen-rich saturated and unsaturated fragments was confirmed.
Yaffe on Democratic Citizenship and Juvenile Justice
Authors: Howard Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Why, exactly, should we punish children who commit crimes more leniently than adults who commit the same offenses? Gideon Yaffe thinks it is because they cannot vote, and so the strength of their reasons to obey the law is weaker than if they could. They are thus less culpable when they disobey. This argument invites an obvious objection: why not simply enfranchise children, thereby granting them legal reasons that are the same strength as enfranchised adults, and so permitting similarly severe punishment? Yaffe answers this question by arguing that child enfranchisement would objectionably undermine the values of political equality and self-government. This article explores some serious doubts about these arguments. It closes by questioning Yaffe’s reliance on a retributivist theory of punishment, contending that, once we reject retributivism in favor of more humane and productive alternatives, the thesis that child criminals deserve a break—which Yaffe assumes to be undeniably correct—becomes less plausible.
Characterization of brain microstructural abnormalities in cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy using diffusion kurtosis imaging
Authors: Sun Qing , Fan Wenliang , Liu Yuan , Zou Yan , Wiseman Natalie , Kou Zhifeng , Han Ping
Published: September 2019

Cirrhosis is a major public health concern. However, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying brain microstructure alterations in cirrhotic patients. The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate brain microstructural alterations in cirrhosis with or without minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and their relationship with patients’ neurocognitive performance and disease duration using voxel-based analysis of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). DKI data were acquired from 30 cirrhotic patients with MHE, 31 patients without MHE (NMHE) and 59 healthy controls. All DKI-derived parametric maps were compared across the three groups to investigate their group differences. Correlation analyses were further performed to assess relationships between altered imaging parameters and clinical data. Voxel-based analysis of DKI data results showed that MHE/NMHE patients had increased radial diffusivity, axial diffusivity (AD) and mean diffusivity in addition to decreased axial kurtosis (AK) and fractional anisotropy of kurtosis in several regions. Compared to controls, these regions were primarily the cingulum, temporal and frontal cortices. The DKI metrics (i.e., AK and AD) were correlated with clinical variables in the two patient groups. In conclusion, DKI is useful for detecting brain microstructural abnormalities in MHE and NMHE patients. Abnormal DKI parameters suggest alterations in brain microstructural complexity in cirrhotic patients, which may contribute to the neurobiological basis of neurocognitive impairment. These results may provide additional information on the pathophysiology of cirrhosis.
Influence of adverse weather on drivers’ perceived risk during car following based on driving simulations
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhao Xiaohua , Liu Hao , Ren Guichao , Liu Xiaoming
Published: September 2019

Adverse weather has a considerable impact on the behavior of drivers, which puts vehicles and drivers in hazardous situations that can easily cause traffic accidents. This research examines how drivers’ perceived risk changes during car following under different adverse weather conditions by using driving simulation experiment. An expressway road scenario was built in a driving simulator. Eleven types of weather conditions, including clear sky, four levels of fog, four levels of rain and two levels of snow, were designed. Furthermore, to simulate the car-following behavior, three car-following situations were designed according to the motion of the lead car. Seven car-following indicators were extracted based on risk homeostasis theory. Then, the entropy weight method was used to integrate the selected indicators into an index to represent the drivers’ perceived risk. Multiple linear regression was applied to measure the influence of adverse weather conditions on perceived risk, and the coefficients were considered as indicators. The results demonstrate that both the weather conditions and road type have significant effects on car-following behavior. Drivers’ perceived risk tends to increase with the worsening weather conditions. Under conditions of extremely poor visibility, such as heavy dense fog, the measured drivers’ perceived risk is low due to the difficulties in vehicle operation and limited visibility.
A data-driven hierarchical MILP approach for scheduling clinical pathways: a real-world case study from a German university hospital
Authors: Schwarz Karsten , Römer Michael , Mellouli Taïeb
Published: September 2019

Facing economic pressure and case-based compensation systems, hospitals strive for effectively planning patient hospitalization and making efficient use of their resources. To support this endeavor, this paper proposes a flexible hierarchical mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)-based approach for the day-level scheduling of clinical pathways (CP). CP form sequences of ward stays and treatments to be performed during a patient’s hospitalization under consideration of all relevant resources such as beds, operating rooms and clinical staff. Since in most hospitals CP-related information needed for planning is not readily available, we propose a data-driven approach in which the structure of the CP to be scheduled including all CP-related constraints is automatically extracted from standardized hospital billing data available in every German hospital. The approach uses a flexible multi-criteria objective function considering several patient- and hospital-related aspects which makes our approach applicable in various scenarios. Furthermore, in contrast to other approaches, it considers several practically relevant aspects ensuring the implementability of the scheduling results such as multiple ward stays per hospitalization and gender-separated room assignments. Regarding the treatment resources such as operation rooms and clinical staff, it considers the eligibility of resources for treatments based on information such as special equipment or qualification and represents complex resources individually to avoid disaggregation problems. To allow solving the resulting complex and large-scale scheduling problem for realistically dimensioned problem instances, we propose a hierarchical two-stage MILP approach involving carefully designed anticipation components in the first-stage model. We evaluate our approach in a case study with real-world data from a German university hospital showing that our approach is able to solve instances with a planning horizon of 1 month exhibiting 1088 treatments and 302 ward stays of 286 patients. In addition to comparing our approach to a monolithic MILP approach, we provide a detailed discussion of the scheduling results for two practically motivated scenarios.
An estimation of causal structure based on Latent LiNGAM for mixed data
Authors: Yamayoshi Mako , Tsuchida Jun , Yadohisa Hiroshi
Published: September 2019

The linear non-gaussian acyclic model (LiNGAM) has been proposed as a method for estimating causal structures using structural equation modeling (SEM). LiNGAM is useful as an exploratory estimation method for a causal structure. However, the assumptions that all observed variables in LiNGAM are continuous is not applicable in case of mixed data (i.e., when discrete variables are also included in the dataset). Therefore, we propose the Latent LiNGAM (L-LiNGAM), where each variable corresponds to a continuous latent variable and is observed as data through transformation via a link function. In the numerical study, when mixing discrete variables, the estimation of causal structure using L-LiNGAM is proven useful in terms of sum of squared error and path recovery. Moreover, from real-world data applications, the causal structure estimated by L-LiNGAM is shown to be the best for evaluation under SEM. The model fit is also superior to that of existing methods.
Atypical antipsychotics for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder-
science, art, or fad?
Authors: Naguy Ahmed , Hashem Mohamed S , AlKhadhar Sulaiman
Published: September 2019

Use of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) for
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently rife and trend
of use is on the rise. It is largely off-label driven. Here, we touch on the
topic highlighting both merits and demerits of this approach.
Early detection of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis: Implications on outcome
Authors: Naseer Maged Abdel , Fathi Shereen , Labib Dalia M. , Khalil Dalia H. , Aboulfotooh Alshaimaa M. , Magdy Rehab
Published: September 2019

Objective:

Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) has a complex relationship with disease progression and neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to shed light on the importance of early detection of cognitive impairment in MS patients.

Methods:

The study comprised two groups of definite MS patients, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), each with 25 patients. Physical disability was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), while the risk of secondary progression was assessed using the Bayesian Risk Estimate for Multiple Sclerosis (BREMS). Cognitive functions were assessed using the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) and Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). Assessment of neurodegeneration was done using optical coherence tomography (OCT) via quantification of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).

Results:

MS patients with higher RNFL thickness demonstrated a larger learning effect size than patients who had lower values in RNFL thickness regardless of MS type. RRMS patients showed significant improvement in delayed recall after giving cues than SPMS. The symbol digit modalities test was the only neuropsychological test that showed a significant negative correlation with EDSS (P = 0.009). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between BREMS scores and performance in all neuropsychological tests.

Conclusion:

Inclusion of neurocognitive evaluation in the periodic assessment of MS patients is mandatory to detect patients at increased risk of secondary progression. The thickness of RNFL is suggested as a method to estimate the expected benefit of cognitive rehabilitation, regardless of MS type.
The hydrodynamic lift of a slender, neutrally buoyant fibre in a wall-bounded shear flow at small Reynolds number
Authors: Dhanasekaran Johnson , Koch Donald L.
Published: September 2019

The hydrodynamic lift velocity of a neutrally buoyant fibre in a simple shear flow near a wall is determined for small, but non-zero, fibre Reynolds number, illustrating the role of non-sphericity in lift. The rotational motion and effects of fibre orientation on lift are treated for fibre positions that induce and do not induce solid-body wall contacts. When the fibre does not contact the wall its lift velocity can be obtained in terms of the Stokes flow field by using a generalized reciprocal theorem. The Stokes velocity field is determined using slender-body theory with the no-slip velocity at the wall enforced using the method of images. To leading order the lift velocity at distances large compared with the fibre length and small compared with the Oseen length is found to be $0.0303\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}\dot{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}^{2}l^{2}a/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}\ln [2l/a])$, where $l$ and $a$ are the fibre half-length and radius, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$ is the density, $\dot{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}$ is the shear rate and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ is the viscosity of the fluid. When the fibre is close enough to the wall to make solid-body contact during its rotational motion, a process known as pole vaulting coupled with inertially induced changes of fibre orientation determines the lift velocity. The order of magnitude of the lift in this case is larger by a factor of $l/a$ than when the fibre does not contact the wall and it reaches a maximum of $0.013\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}\dot{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}^{2}l^{3}/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}\ln [l/a])$ for the case of a highly frictional contact and about half that value for a frictionless contact. These results are used to illustrate how particle shape can contribute to separation methods such as those in microfluidic channels or cross-flow filtration processes.
Fast equilibration dynamics of viscous particle-laden flow in an inclined channel
Authors: Wong Jeffrey , Lindstrom Michael , Bertozzi Andrea L.
Published: September 2019

A viscous suspension of negatively buoyant particles released into a wide, open channel on an incline will stratify in the normal direction as it flows. We model the early dynamics of this stratification under the effects of sedimentation and shear-induced migration. Prior work focuses on the behaviour after equilibration where the bulk suspension either separates into two distinct fronts (settled) or forms a single, particle-laden front (ridged), depending on whether the initial concentration of particles exceeds a critical threshold. From past experiments, it is also clear that this equilibration time scale grows considerably near the critical concentration. This paper models the approach to equilibrium. We present a theory of the dramatic growth in this equilibration time when the mixture concentration is near the critical value, where the balance between settling and shear-induced resuspension reverses.
Estimating Grouped Data Models with a Binary-Dependent Variable and Fixed Effects via a Logit versus a Linear Probability Model: The Impact of Dropped Units
Authors: Beck Nathaniel
Published: September 2019

This letter deals with a very simple question: if we have grouped data with a binary-dependent variable and want to include fixed effects in the specification, can we meaningfully compare results using a linear model to those estimated with a logit? The reason to doubt such a comparison is that the linear specification appears to keep all observations, whereas the logit drops the groups where the dependent variable is either all zeros or all ones. This letter demonstrates that a linear specification averages the estimates for all the homogeneous outcome groups (which, by definition, all have slope coefficients of zero) with the slope coefficients for the groups with a mix of zeros and ones. The correct comparison of the linear to logit form is to only look at groups with some variation in the dependent variable. Researchers using the linear specification are urged to report results for all groups and for the subset of groups where the dependent variable varies. The interpretation of the difference between these two results depends upon assumptions which cannot be empirically assessed.
Religion and Grassroots Social Conservatism in Canada
Authors: Wilkins-Laflamme Sarah , Reimer Sam
Published: September 2019

With a decisive Liberal party electoral victory in 2015, observers are now wondering if religious conservatism's role in the Canadian political landscape is waning. Using data from the Canadian Election Study (CES) from the years 2004 to 2015, we find that respondents’ attitudes toward same-sex marriage and women working outside the home have moved left on the spectrum among both the general population and more religious voters. However, this does not go hand in hand with a decline in the effect strength of religiosity on the Conservative vote, which remains significant across the five federal elections examined in this study. Conservative religious voters now make up a smaller share of the adult population, but their issue positions on sexual morals and gender roles, along with the wider conservative value orientation these issues represent, remain important in their vote choice.
THE EMPEROR AND HIS ANIMALS: THE ACQUISITION OF EXOTIC BEASTS FOR IMPERIALVENATIONES
Authors: Lindberg Nicholas
Published: September 2019

Where the dusty village of Smirat now sits hunched against the winds of the Tunisian desert, there once stood the country villa of a wealthy Roman named Magerius. Prominently displayed in Magerius’ villa was a (now well-known) mosaic depicting a beast hunt in the arena. But the presumed stars of the show, four pairs of hunters and leopards, are placed at the corners of the mosaic, while centre-stage is dominated by a figure bearing a plate of money, and a block of text explaining that these are the funds with which Magerius has generously offered to pay for the show. Contrary to the ancient donor's expectations, however, the modern observer is not struck by Magerius’ munificence, but rather by the meanness of his show compared to those put on in Rome. The emperor Titus (r. 79–81), for example, had 9,000 animals killed during the hundred-day-long inauguration of the Flavian Amphitheatre (Cass. Dio 66[66 Cary].25.1). Magerius’ leopards, worthy of a mosaic in the provinces, would have provided about ten minutes’ worth of entertainment in the capital.
TRANSLATING THE SELEUCID ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ: NOTES ON THE TITULATURE OF STRATONICE IN THE BORSIPPA CYLINDER
Authors: Widmer Marie
Published: September 2019

Until the end of the twentieth century, the study of Hellenistic Babylonia appealed mostly to researchers trained in Classics. When J. G. Droysen publishedGeschichte des Hellenismusbetween 1836 and 1843, Akkadian had in fact not yet been deciphered. Classical texts therefore provided the only way in which scholars could understand Babylonia. When Assyriology developed as a field on its own, researchers focused on Sumero-Akkadian culture; they considered the Hellenistic period to be a decadent time in which Greek culture had infiltrated the native one, to its detriment. With these two perspectives combined, the Hellenocentric understanding of Hellenistic Babylonia was strengthened. In the early 1990s, however, Susan Sherwin-White and Amelie Kuhrt vigorously upended this view. They focused on non-classical texts and documents and thereby stressed the vitality of Near Eastern cultural traditions. Their challenging work paved the way for intercultural reflection on Hellenistic Babylonia. In effect, the interactions between Babylon and Greece could therefore be developed, by a new generation of researchers, as cross-cultural, meaning that it is likely that mutual impact was felt in both cultures. Among them, Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper offers, in the field of archaeology, a useful interpretative model which analyses cultural interactions in their diachronic and multi-directional dimensions. She assumes the existence of cultural mediators who stimulate interactions between people of two cultural backgrounds sharing a common space. Over time, the facilitation of exchange may affect the nature of social relationships, so much so that they no longer develop in accordance with cultural factors but rather with social class, age, gender, or profession. This implies numerous combinations which vary depending on the sociocultural background of each participant in a given social interaction.
Reception
Authors: Bridges Emma , Stead Henry
Published: September 2019

As the editors ofOnce and Future Antiquitiespoint out in their preface, ‘science fiction, fantasy, and the classics have in common the effect of inviting us to reconsider (by speculating, by imagining, by contextualizing) our own world anew’ (xi). The fourteen wide-ranging chapters in this volume eloquently illustrate this point. Contributors explore the multiple ways in which the genres of science fiction and fantasy (SF&F) engage with, respond to, and cast new light on cultural artefacts, story patterns, and characters from the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, reflecting too on how these receptions respond to contemporary preoccupations. Appropriately for a volume on classical receptions, the contributions are all linked by the unifying theme of ‘displacements’ – a concept which refers here both to the movement of ideas, texts, and themes across time and space, and to the disruption of perceived genre boundaries or preconceived ideas about the relationship between receiving and source texts or cultures.
General
Authors: Petrovic Ivana , Petrovic Andrej
Published: September 2019

Most of us tend to encounter Greek myths in childhood as exciting stories brimming with heroes, monsters, and moody divinities. The story of Odysseus’ homecoming and the story about the Little Mermaid feature different characters, but their relationship to reality is understood to be the same: they are fantasy, and not real. If, like me, you were lucky enough to escape the Disneyfication of fairy tales in your childhood, perhaps you will remember the brutality and harshness of folktales, which puts them on a par with many Greek myths. My first encounters with ancient Greek stories about the gods and heroes were very similar to Sarah Iles Johnston's: we were both captivated by Greek myth as children, and the passion, once kindled, only grew stronger when we became mature enough to read the ‘real thing’. In my case, learning about ancient Greek culture and becoming a scholar of Greek religion required a thorough rethink, as I needed to readjust my stance towards Greek myths in order to understand the role that they played in ancient Greek society as formative narratives about the communities’ identities, early history, and human relationships with the gods. My process essentially required an emotional detachment from the beloved heroes of my childhood and a significant amount of distancing.
COMPARING THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL COURTS OF CHINA WITH THE SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL COURT
Authors: Huo Zhengxin , Yip Man
Published: September 2019

The article critically reviews the litigation framework of the Chinese International Commercial Court (‘CICC’) using a comparative approach, taking as a benchmark the Singapore International Commercial Court (‘SICC’)—another Asian international commercial court situated within the Belt and Road Initiative (‘BRI’) geography. It argues that the CICC, despite being lauded as a visionary step toward an innovative, efficient and trustworthy dispute resolution system, does not live up to those grand claims on closer scrutiny. The discussion shows that the CICC is in many respects insular and conservative when compared with the SICC. The distinctions between the two litigation frameworks may be explained by the differences in objectives. Whereas the SICC was created to compete for international judicial business and bolster Singapore as a leading dispute resolution hub, the CICC is presently designed to provide a legal safeguard in BRI disputes with Chinese elements. This article also identifies major challenges confronting the CICC and sets out proposals for change.
THE PARIS RULEBOOK: BALANCING INTERNATIONAL PRESCRIPTIVENESS WITH NATIONAL DISCRETION
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya , Bodansky Daniel
Published: September 2019

This article discusses the importance of the recently concluded Paris Rulebook, the extent to which it limits national discretion, instils discipline and generates ambition and accountability, and the challenges that lie ahead in implementing the 2015 Paris Agreement. It discusses, in particular, the rules on mitigation, transparency, the global stocktake and the implementation and compliance mechanism, in order to highlight the choices Parties made on three overarching issues that have long bedevilled the climate change regime—prescriptiveness (the level of detail of the rules), legal bindingness (the extent to which particular rules are legally binding) and differentiation (the extent to which particular rules accommodate differences between Parties or apply uniformly to all Parties).
Recovery of the Critically Endangered bracket fungus Amylocystis lapponica in the Estonian network of strictly protected forests
Authors: Runnel Kadri , Sell Indrek , Lõhmus Asko
Published: September 2019

In regions where primeval forests have vanished it is unclear whether forest protection can sustain specialized old-forest biota, and over what time scale. We report on population expansion of an old-growth specific fungus of European conservation concern, Amylocystis lapponica, in the forest reserve network of Estonia. This conspicuous species was known for 40 years from only single records in one old-growth forest and was categorized nationally as Critically Endangered. During the last 10 years A. lapponica has expanded over the eastern half of the country, with nine subpopulations, in 12 localities, now known, all in long-protected old-growth forests and several > 50 km apart. In most of the new localities historical absence of the species can be reliably assessed based on earlier surveys. The historical remnant subpopulation has also increased. The population size (c. 100 mature individuals) in Estonia indicates the species should be recategorized nationally as Endangered. This success story suggests that more than 50 years of non-intervention may be needed even in large old-forest reserves for old-growth specialist species to recover.
Why God is probably good: a response to the evil-god challenge
Authors: MILLER CALUM
Published: September 2019

A number of philosophers have recently defended the evil-god challenge, which is to explain relevant asymmetries between believing in a perfectly good God and believing in a perfectly evil god, such that the former is more reasonable than the latter. In this article, I offer a number of such reasons. I first suggest that certain conceptions of the ontology of good and evil can offer asymmetries which make theism a simpler hypothesis than ‘maltheism’. I then argue that maltheism is itself complex in a variety of ways: it is difficult to articulate a simple precise version of maltheism; maltheism posits a mixture of positive and negative properties; maltheism posits a more complex relationship between moral motivation, practical reason and action; and maltheism relevantly parallels other epistemically ‘complex’ sceptical scenarios.
In Search of Atticus’ Greek
Authors: O’Sullivan Neil
Published: September 2019

Cicero’s friend and correspondent Titus Pomponius Atticus was a key figure in the Graeco-Roman cultural life of his time, and knowing about the Greek that he used would give us insight not only into this broader culture, but also into the Greek language itself at this crucial point of its history. However, no writings by him survive, and his Greek can only be reconstructed from Cicero’s letters. The only previous attempt to do this was made nearly a century ago and was generously inclusive but lacking in discernment. The current study seeks to distinguish the different types of evidence on this question that Cicero’s letters can offer. It provides a list of those Greek words we can be most confident featured in Atticus’ letters and suggests some criteria for judging the more numerous doubtful instances. Finally, it points to some conclusions about Atticus’ Greek, and how this may have differed from Cicero’s.
Coping in context: The effects of long-term relations between interparental conflict and coping on the development of child psychopathology following parental divorce
Authors: O'Hara Karey L. , Sandler Irwin N. , Wolchik Sharlene A. , Tein Jenn-Yun
Published: September 2019

Exposure to high levels of postdivorce interparental conflict is a well-documented risk factor for the development of psychopathology, and there is strong evidence of a subpopulation of families for which conflict persists for many years after divorce. However, existing studies have not elucidated differential trajectories of conflict within families over time, nor have they assessed the risk posed by conflict trajectories for development of psychopathology or evaluated potential protective effects of children's coping to mitigate such risk. We used growth mixture modeling to identify longitudinal trajectories of child-reported conflict over a period of six to eight years following divorce in a sample of 240 children. We related the trajectories to children's mental health problems, substance use, and risky sexual behaviors and assessed how children's coping prospectively predicted psychopathology in the different conflict trajectories. We identified three distinct trajectories of conflict; youth in two high-conflict trajectories showed deleterious effects on measures of psychopathology at baseline and the six-year follow-up. We found both main effects of coping and coping by conflict trajectory interaction effects in predicting problem outcomes at the six-year follow-up. The study supports the notion that improving youth's general capacity to cope adaptively is a potentially modifiable protective factor for all children facing parental divorce and that children in families with high levels of postdivorce conflict are a particularly appropriate group to target for coping-focused preventive interventions.