bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2156 – Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Games: Comparison Of Problematic vs Non-problematics Gamers
Authors: Nicolier M. , Achab S. , Monnin J. , Tio G. , Cappe C. , Mauny F. , Vandel P. , Sechter D. , Gorwood P. , Haffen E.
Published: July 2013

Objectives

Although the participant number in online role-playing games (MMORPGs) increase significantly, international validated instruments to assess excessive gaming are lacking.

Methods

Apart from sociodemographical data and behavioral gamer patterns, 3 different addiction scales were therefore tested in 453 French adult MMORPG gamers recruited during 10 consecutive months to determine characteristics, online habits and problematic overuse. The DSM-IV-TR substance scale (adapted for MMORPG and named DAS), the qualitative Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder scale (GIAD) and the quantitative Orman Internet Stress Scale (ISS) were analyzed.

Results

The 453 participating adult gamers were typically young adult graduates living alone in urban areas. For all scales, cyberdependence were high (respectively 27.5%, 44.3% and 32.5%). The DAS appeared as a pertinent discriminating instrument as DAS dependent gamers had a 3 times increased tolerance phenomenon, declared significantly more social, financial (OR:4.85), couple (OR:4.61), family (OR:4.69) or work difficulties (OR:4.42) than non-dependent gamers. Furthermore, they were 3 times more irritable, having more daytime sleepiness and more sleep deprivation to play.

Conclusions

The results highlight that the DAS did not overestimate proportion of online video gamers addicted and was associated with several behavioral disorders such as low mood, emotional changes, disturbance of sleep. This study confirms the necessity of setting up a relevant prevention program against MMORPG overuse (Achab et al., 2011, BMC Psychiatry, PMID: 21871089).
2157 – Cortisol Levels And Neuropsychiatric Diagnosis As Markers Of Postoperative Delirium
Authors: Kazmierski J. , Banys A. , Latek J. , Bourke J. , Jaszewski R. , Kloszewska I.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Delirium affects 11% to 47% of post-operative cardiac surgery patients and is associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates. However, the pathophysiology of this syndrome is largely unknown.

Objectives

To investigate whether increased concentration of pre- and postoperative plasma cortisol predicts the development of delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Secondly, to assess whether the association between cortisol and delirium is stress-related or mediated by other pathologies, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) or cognitive impairment.

Methods

The patients were examined one day preoperatively with Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Montreal Cognitive Assessment to screen for depression and cognitive impairment, respectively. Blood samples for cortisol levels were collected both pre- and post-operatively. The Confusion Assessment Method was used within the first five days postoperatively to screen for a diagnosis of delirium.

Results

Postoperative delirium developed in 36% (41of 113) of participants. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed two groups independently associated with an increased risk of developing post-operative delirium:

1)

Those with pre-operatively raised cortisol levels and

2)

Those with a pre-operative diagnosis of MDD associated with raised levels of cortisol post-operatively. According to ROC

analysis the most optimal cutoff values of the preoperative and postoperative cortisol concentration which predict the development of delirium were 353.55 nmol/L, and 994.10 nmol/L, respectively.

Conclusion

Raised peri-operative plasma cortisol concentrations are associated with delirium after CABG surgery. This may be an important pathophysiological consideration in the increased risk of post-operative delirium seen in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of MDD.
2161 – The Quite Early Detection Of Schizophrenic Children
Authors: Hamasaki Y.
Published: July 2013

Aim

The subclinical behavioral and psychological characteristics of schizophrenic children have not been sufficiently investigated to present specific evidences .To elucidate the picture of them, and to find out indicators which predict later development of schizophrenia, childhood behaviors of the adult schizophrenia subjects were investigated in a questionnairebased retrospective study.

Method

Schizophrenia outpatients (n = 50) in his/her twenties and normal healthy subjects (n = 200) were investigated. All patients are diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR as schizophrenia, and who present now mainly negative symptoms after passing an acute stage. By modified use of the CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist) as a retrospective assessment questionnaire, the parents of the patients and of control subjects rated their childhood behavior.

Results

Among eight syndrome scales of the CBCL, those of “Withdrawan”, “Anxious/Depressed”, “Social problems” and “Attention problems” were significantly associated with schizophrenia, although any of these scores were not in clinical range. The hit-rate when classifying the schizophrenic and normal subjects by discriminant function using all items of CBCL totaled 94%.

Conclusion

The results suggested that subclinical characteristics of schizophrenia already exist in the patients’ childhood. With some assessment tool using the obtained discriminat function, the quite early detection of schizophrenic children seems possible.
2166 – The Relationship Between Maniacal Episode And Cerebral Stroke. About a Case
Authors: Márquez Ligero F.J. , Delgado Durán T. , Sánchez D. de la Vega
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Although depression is commonly related to cerebral stroke, mania is a strange but possible consequence of brain ischemia or intracranial hemorrhages. The maniacal episodes in relation to cerebral stroke have an incident, according to the bibliography, 1% in patients with sharp cerebrovascular diseases. So, in larger persons who show the first maniacal episode, it's recommended to perform studies of cerebral image to reject cerebrovascular disease's presence.

Objectives

Study of the relationship between stroke and the onset of mania/bipolar disorder.

Methods

Review of the literature about this subject through Pubmed and report of the patient's medical history.

Results

Let's show the 64-years-old male's case, with a personal record of schizotypal (without having needed previous hospitable admission) and arterial hypertension. The patient shows a set of symptoms, developing one month long, consisting of verbosity, desinhibicion, hipertimia, overheads increasing and conception delirious damage. This symptomatology, completely new in the patient, made suspect an organic origin, so he was admitted in Internal Medicine Unit, the presence of lacunar strokes were objetived in internal capsule. After he was admitted in our Unit of Psychiatric Hospitalization, neuroleptic with Haloperidol treatment is stablished, a rapid response is observed about it. As discharge time, the patient appears euthymic, clear psychomobility and verbalizing an important distance from the delirious clinic.

Conclusions

Despite the rarity of post stroke mania, the appearance of such symptoms in advances ages must be taken into account in every patient without previous affective symptomatology and concomitant neurological lesion.
2174 – Comparison Of Baseline Respiratory Parameters Between Panic Disorder And Other Anxiety Disorders: a Meta-analysis
Authors: Grassi M. , Caldirola D. , Guerriero G. , Prestia D. , Dal Santo B. , Perna G.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

A recent meta-analyses by our team found baseline respiratory abnormalities in subjects with Panic Disorder (PD) compared to subjects without PD. However, it is still open the question whether these abnormalities are intrinsic to pathophysiology of PD or may be shared with other psychiatric populations with high trait and state anxiety levels, such as subjects suffering from other anxiety disorders.

Objectives

To meta-analyze the results from all of the studies that compared baseline respiratory parameters between subjects with PD and subjects with other anxiety disorders.

Methods

A literature research in bibliographic databases was performed. Only fixed-effects models were applied due to the small number of studies available for each parameter. Several moderator analyses and publication bias diagnostics were performed.

Results

Subjects with PD showed a lower end-tidal CO2 pressure and a higher mean respiration rate at baseline compared to patients with both Generalized Anxiety Disorders and Social Phobia. Furthermore, also a significantly lower venous CO2 pressure and a higher venous HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) concentrations in PD than Social Phobia was found. Moderator analyses suggested that these differences between groups are not explained by differences in the state anxiety levels experienced during the assessment procedure. No evidence of publication bias was found.

Conclusions

Results suggest that peculiar baseline respiratory abnormalities and particularly a chronic hyperventilation may be specific of PD pathophysiology also when compared to other anxiety disorders.
2176 – Prolonged Hospital Admissions Of Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder In The Context Of The New Legislation In England And Wales -clinicians’ View
Authors: Dobrzynska E. , Clementi N. , Wiecko R. , Mehany S. , Fortugno F. , Eales M. , Barker D. , Rossiter S. , Britten S.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

In 2007 the Mental Health Act in England and Wales was amended and the definition of Mental Disorder was broadened. This change affected people with Personality Disorders who now can be admitted for hospital treatment without consent, often for prolonged period of time.

Objectives

This poster reviews clinicians’ attitudes towards the new legislation and its consequences and also presents the research on the different perspectives about the new law.

Aims

To review clinicians’ attitudes with regard to interfaces between Personality Disorders and the new law.

Methods

Use of the specifically designed questionnaire for clinicians providing hospital care for patients with Borderline Personality Disorders. MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were also searched for all English-language articles published between 2008 and 2012 containing the keywords “rsonality Disorder”, “Mental Health Act” and “clinicians view on compulsory treatment of persons with Borderline Personality Disorder”. Additional key articles published before 2008 were reviewed. The most relevant articles were selected for the review.

Results and conclusions

There is still no common consensus in regard to the benefit of compulsory hospital admission of persons with Borderline Personality Disorders. Results from questionnaires are under review.
2178 – Psychosis Following Itraconazole Therapy - a Case Report And Literature Review
Authors: Mohandas A. , Bhuwan Roy B. , Sapara A.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The authors would like to report on the case of an individual who developed psychosis, following pulse therapy of Itraconazole. We discuss his clinical presentation, history and similar reports in literature on Itraconazole.

Methods

Case-report, Literature review, Discussion.

Results

Mr.X was a 36 year old male who developed an acute psychotic episode after starting his second course of pulse treatment of Itraconazole. Subsequently he had three inpatient admissions for his psychosis, in which he was treated informally

-

initially with Olanzapine and Quetiapine, and following the third admission with Clozapine.

Discussion

In the back ground of a negative history of any previous psychotic episode, no family history of psychosis or any mental illness, no concordant illicit substance abuse, and the emergence of clear cut psychotic symptoms at the age of 36 following treatment with a course of oral Itraconazole, our opinion is that Itraconazole has possibly contributed to the development of psychosis in a potentially vulnerable individual. Our literature review revealed only very few case reports of Itraconazole associated psychotic disorder.

Conclusion

This case highlights, although rare, the potential risk of idiosyncratic reactions and psychiatric manifestations associated with the antifungal agent Itraconazole. We recommend increased awareness amongst clinicians about the potential idiosyncratic reaction and risk of psychosis associated with Itraconazole and also the importance in highlighting such cases for the awareness of the public as well as clinicians.
2179 – Psychedelic Drugs In Psychotherapy. a Revival?
Authors: Barrau-Alonso V.M. , Sendra-Lopez J. , Benítez-Álvarez N. , Vera-Barrios E. , Hernández-Dorta A. , Díaz-Marrero G. , González I. , Quandt P. , Gracia-Marco R.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Psychedelic drugs were used extensively in psychotherapy in the 1950s to lower psychological defences and facilitate emotional insight. Thousands of research participants were administered hallucinogens in the context of basic clinical research or therapeutic clinical research, resulting in hundreds of publications. Results across studies were ultimately inconclusive due to such variations in methods and a lack of modern controls and experimental rigour. The growing controversy and sensationalism resulted in increasing restrictions on access to hallucinogens throughout the 1960s (ultimately resulting in the placement of the most popular hallucinogens into Schedule I of the 1970 Controlled Substances Act in the United States).

Aims

Renewed human administration research began in the 1990s. Recent clinical studies have administered hallucinogens to evaluate their safety and efficacy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: specifically, anxiety related to advanced-stage cancer (Grob, 2005), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Moreno, et al., 2006), heroin dependence (Krupitsky, et al., 2007), personal meaning and spiritual significance (Griffiths, et al., 2008), and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of LSD for alcoholism (Krebs,et al., 2012).

Results

Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy utilizes the acute psychological effects of psychedelic drugs to enhance the normal mechanisms of psychotherapy. The effects of psychedelic psychotherapy are often very pronounced within several days or weeks after a treatment session, but then these effects quickly decline. This phenomenon was termed a “psychedelic afterglow”.

Conclusions

Fhurther research, blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, methodology should explore the efficacy of hallucinogens.
2181 – Medical Academics Attitude Towards Psychiatrists
Authors: Tirintica A.R. , Zlati A. , Buicu G. , Taran L. , Mihai A.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Previous studies have shown that not only mental health patients but also mental health professionals are stigmatized. Thus stigma toward psychiatry and psychiatrists may be implicated in the diminishing recruitment rates within the discipline of psychiatry.

Objectives

To measure the level of stigmatization towards psychiatry and psychiatrists among medical academics.

Methods

We randomly selected 90 medical academics (other than psychiatrists), by consulting the list of all the employees of this institution. We employed the “Perceptions of Psychiatry survey” developed by the World Psychiatric Association which contains 37 items that refer to psychiatry as a discipline, psychiatrists, and psychiatric patients.

Results

More than 50% of the respondents had at least one item coded as a negative attitude towards psychiatry. The most frequent negative attitudes were:

i)

psychiatry is not a scientific discipline,

ii)

psychiatrists are not paying attention to physiology and they can help patients only in a small degree,

iii)

psychiatry has a low prestige among medical students. Furthermore, few medical academic (other than psychiatrists) would encourage students to choose psychiatry as a career path.

Conclusions

The level of stigmatization toward psychiatry and psychiatrists could be considered high. This study could contribute to the delineation of future interventions aimed to reduce stigma.
2182 – Inhibition In Elderly Depressed Patients: An Eye Tracking Study
Authors: Carvalho N. , Monnin J. , Noiret N. , Nicolier M. , Tio G. , Haffen E. , Laurent E. , Vandel P.
Published: July 2013

Background

Depression in people aged 65 and more appears to be a major public health problem. Efficient mechanisms of inhibition are important to communicate with other people and to interact with the environment but seem to be deficient in young depressed patients. This function needs to be evaluated in late life depression which has specific features.

Method

Twenty inpatients (mean age = 70.4) meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder were compared to forty seven healthy controls. They performed a neuropsychological and psychiatric assessments and two eye movement tasks: a prosaccades task to obtain basic parameters of eye movements and an antisaccade task to evaluate the inhibition capacities.

Results

In comparison with healthy subjects, depressed patients showed impaired performances in both oculomotor tasks. Concerning the prosaccade trial, depressed patients had higher reaction times and error rates than healthy controls. In both populations, hypometric saccades are the main kind of error. In the antisaccade task, reaction times and error rates were also higher in depressed patients than healthy subjects. However, the two populations showed similar correction rates.

Conclusion

The results of this study offer new insight on the inhibition impairment of aged major depressive patients by two simple eye movement tasks. The findings indicate psychomotor retardation and inhibition impairment, consistent with the findings obtained in young depressed subjects.
2191 – Child-adolescent Rehabitation Treatment. Day Hospital
Authors: Alonso Díaz R. , Gordillo Montaño M.J. , Martinez Anguita M.A. , Guillén Guillén E. , Ramirez Domínguez M.C.
Published: July 2013

This study focuses on the rehabilitation treatment in a Day Hospital of Children and Adolescents. This Hospital consists of a psychiatrist, three nurses, five nursing assistants, an occupational therapist, a schoolteacher, a part-time endocrine, a social worker and an administrative assistant, who are responsible for carrying out the therapeutic process whose notable aspects consist of psychosocial treatment aimed at the reintegration of child-adolescent to the social and/or labour normalized circuit through discussion groups and workshops.

As a working example, we are talking about a patient who starts treatment at the age of 15. He was referred to this unit to assess the benefit of a psychopharmacological treatment, from his USMC of reference, where he had been going two years. It's in the Day Hospital where he was diagnosed as bipolar affective disorder, requiring adequate control of his psychopharmacological treatment and a socio-familiar situation as stable as possible. This is due to the family dysfunction detected which may influence the evolution of the underlying pathology. After two years of monitoring, manic disorder appears requiring hospitalization, which when stabilized returns to be referred to the Day Hospital to continue rehabilitation process. This unit has tried to integrate him in his area and to get awareness of illness and treatment adherence, proposed objectives of the individual treatment plan.

Today is euthymic, following the treatment properly, has regained his school activities and has adapted best to the family dynamics. All this was possible thanks to the multidisciplinary approach undertaken in the Day Hospital.
2198 – Effect Of Butylated Hydroxy Toluene And Avoidance Learning On Dopamine d1 Receptor Distribution In Cerebellum Of Male Rat
Authors: Javdan N. , Taherianfard M.
Published: July 2013

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is the most widely used antioxidants in foods and in food-related products. So the aim of present study was to investigation of the effect of BHT and Passive avoidance learning on dopamine D1 receptor distribution in cerebellum of male rats. Thirty six male rats weighting 200-220 g were used. Animals were divided into 6 groups:

1

- negative sham (received 2.5 ml/kg/day sesame oil without learning);

2

- Sham group (received 2.5 ml/kg/day sesame oil with learning);

3

- experimental1 (received BHT 25 mg/kg/day without learning);

4

- experimental2 (received BHT 100 mg/kg/day without learning);

5

- experimental3 (received BHT 25 mg/kg/day with learning);

6

- experimental4 (received BHT 100 mg/kg/day with learning).

BHT was used by oral intake for 15 days. Learning and memory were performed by a passive avoidance shuttle-box. Distribution of dopamine D1 receptor was investigated by immunohistochemical procedure. Data was analyzed by one ways ANOVA and Tucky's test as post-hoc test. The level of significant was P< 0.05. immunohistochemical data according to image analyzer program showed that BHT in high dose without learning significantly increased distribution of dopamine D1 receptor in cerebellum and learning significantly decreased distribution of dopamine D1 receptor in cerebellum. According to our results BHT improved distribution of dopamine D1 receptor in cerebellum.
2200 – Metabolic Syndrome And Fibrinogen Concentration In Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Pavlović M. , Babić D.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of metabolic abnormalities that occur relatively frequent in patients with schizophrenia. Some scientists define MS as a mild chronic inflammatory state, while for the elevated concentrations of fibrinogen are considered to be significantly associated with MS.

Aim

To determine the prevalence of MS and fibrinogen concentrations in patients with schizophrenia.

Methods

The study group consisted of schizophrenic patients from the University Clinical Hospital Mostar (n=100). The control group consisted of healthy subjects who came to the systematic medical examinations in the Health Center Mostar (n=100). Diagnosis of MS was made according to ATP III criteria, and on that basis the subjects from both groups were divided into two subgroups, one with and one without MS. The study was cross-sectional.

Results

Statistically MS was significantly more frequent in schizophrenic subjects (46,0%) compared to the control group (29,0%) (p=0,013). Schizophrenic subjects had significantly higher fibrinogen concentrations compared to the control group (p< 0,001). Schizophrenic subjects with MS had significantly higher fibrinogen concentrations compared to the group of schizophrenic subjects without MS (p=0,020), as well as compared to control group without MS (p< 0,001). There were no statistically significant differences in the fibrinogen concentrations between two control subgroups (p=0,054).

Conclusion

MS is more frequent in schizophrenic subjects compared to the control subjects. Schizophrenic subjects have significantly higher fibrinogen concentrations compared to the control group.
2202 – Stop And Don’t Smell The Shoe Polish. The Use Of Inhalants Among Adolescents
Authors: Miles N. , Moyko A. , Alao A.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Inhalant abuse among U.S. adolescents is a common occurrence. Unlike the illegal drugs, inhalants are readily available in an average household in many forms. According to the National Inhalant Prevention Coalition, between 100–125 deaths are attributed to inhalant abuse annually. We will describe a case of a Kenyan immigrant who developed acute psychotic episode following inhalation.

Case report

A 17 year old Kenyan immigrant was brought to the ED after inhaling shoe polish. She has a history of PTSD from being raped while on the street in Kenya. She was later adopted and brought to the USA. Her psychotic symptoms resolved after she was treated with olanzapine 5mg.

Discussion

Medical complications include, but are not limited to the following central nervous system, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal, hematologic, and dermatologic. In addition to medical complications, there are psychiatric complications as well. Adolescents abusing inhalants may often present with hallucinations, emotional disturbances, inappropriate affect, manic symptoms, or suicidal ideation. Inhalant use has also been associated with conduct disorder in adolescents, as well as major depressive disorder and substance abuse disorder later in life.

Conclusion

The use of inhalants to achieve a “high” continues to be a dangerous occurrence within the adolescent population. The consequences of inhalant abuse go beyond the immediate medical complications or social effects. An adolescent's mental health may be severely impaired, with psychiatric effects extending well into adulthood. Physicians and parents should be aware of the possibility of psychosis cause by inhalant abuse.
2206 – Empathy In Treating Forensic Patient
Authors: Bogojevic G. , Zigmund D. , Ziravac L. , Pavic U.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Understanding through empathy is defined as an interpersonal process, the objective of which is to positively influence the course and outcome of psychotherapy. In such understanding, the harmony between our intellectual apprehension and our emotional perception of the patient is crucial.

Objectives

The research was concerned with the influence that the criminal act has on the therapist's initial view of and attitude toward the patient. This fact, so remote from the therapist's own experience, somewhat diminishes the therapist's level of empathy at the beginning of the treatment.

Method

The study covered 46 psychiatrists who treated persons with mental illness who committed criminal acts. The level of empathy was measured at the beginning of the treatment and after three and six months. Emotional Empathic Tendency Scale (EETS, Bryant) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI, Davis) were used for the assessment.

Results

The results obtained show that the level of empathy measured was low on both scales at the beginning of the therapeutic process, but empathy increased after three and six months. These results were significantly influenced by the type of crime and the established diagnosis.

Conclusion

The initial position defined by “what the patient has done” disrupts the therapeutic relationship. Hence it is important to make as sharp distinction as possible between an objective image of the patient and the therapist's own projections. This enables the therapist to better understand the patient, gain his trust, skilfully manage the mutual relationship and achieve the therapeutic objectives.
2209 – Mutiny On The Ward: Case Report And Literature Review On Preventing And Tackling Violent Behavior
Authors: Trancas B. , Borja-Santos N. , Ferreira B. , Toscano L. , Nascimento M. , Graça J. , Ramos J. , Xavier S. , Dindo V. , Ramos J. , Luís A.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Psychiatry wards are witness to violent behavior. Mental health professionals are called upon to prevent/deescalate potential violence.

Objectives

Understand the causal factors that led to a serious group violence event in a psychiatric ward and review strategies to minimize the risk.

Aims

Provide a better understating and review current evidence.

Methods

Description of a group violence event. Non-systematic literature review concerning violence on psychiatric wards.

Results

In a 29-bed acute closed-door mixed-gender general-hospital psychiatry ward staff had detected that a small group of patients increasingly defied instructions, refused treatment and intimidated users. Later, two of these patients, on cue from the psychotic content of another user with schizophrenia, intruded patients’ bedrooms and assaulted a 63 year-old female patient. These two patients, with bipolar disorder, were unemployed and had a history of previous psychiatric admissions, drug abuse, criminal offenses and treatment drop-out. De-escalation techniques failed and security was summoned. Offending patients were admitted to seclusion bedrooms and restrained. Upon a crisis meeting these two patients were transferred to two nearby psychiatric departments. There are several risk factors for violence in psychiatry wards, pertaining to the ward, staff, patients and psychopathology. Prevention measures are typically related to the timely detection of these variables and deescalation techniques. When these fail, seclusion, forced medication or mechanical restraint may be necessary.

Conclusions

This case report confirms that violence rarely erupts without warning. Additional staff training on violence prevention and tackling is required. Some variables (e.g. overcrowding) are current structural weaknesses of the health system.
2214 – Evolution In Rehabilitaqtion: Different Ages, Different Approaches
Authors: Ramirez Domínguez M.C. , Alonso Díaz R. , Gordillo Montaño M.J. , Martinez Anguita M.A. , Guillén Guillén E.
Published: July 2013

The aim of this essay is to point out the relevance of psychosocial rehabilitation treatment in the course of a person's life. In order to get this purpose, we shall present and analyse the progress and development in treatment lived by a patient diagnosed with severe mental disorder during her early teens. Several mental health devices have been involved in her treatment.

The patient is a 25 years old woman, her treatment started at the age of fourteen when she was diagnosed with Hebephrenic Schizophrenia by the medical team of the child and adolescence Outpatient Surgery Centre of Huelva. It was developed a multidisciplinary work with the patient, setting out the following objectives to reach:

Clinical stabilization

Social and family integration.

Social abilities acquisition.

Self-care adaptation.

Self-awareness of the mental disorder

social and working reintegration

The treatment was carried out in the Outpatient Surgery Centre till she was eighteen years old. At this age, she was derived to the USMC to go on with her rehabilitation. Thanks to the treatment the patient got the clinical stabilization (no more medical admissions were required), and she was able not just to take up again her studies, but also to reach a good family integration though she lived the dead of her mother along the treatment.

Currently, the patient is under treatment in the USMC. She gets over the difficulties associated with her mental disorder, living a normalized social, family and working life.
2223 – Albanian Immigrants And Psychosis - Correlation Between Immigration Factors And Psychotic Symptoms In People Presented At Tirana Psychiatric Clinic
Authors: Spaho E. , Alikaj V. , Allkoja B. , Suli A.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The present data are part of a wider study aimed at analyzing psychological aspects and mental health of Albanian immigrants presented at Clinic of Psychiatry-University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa”, Tirana Albania. The experience of migration can negatively influence mental health (Furnham & Bochner, 1986) and immigrants may have an increased risk for mental health disorders and distress when compared to non-immigrants (Breslau, et al., 2007).

Aim

To see the correlation between immigration factors and most frequent psychotic symptoms of the participants in the study.

Methods

Study sample was made up of 41 Albanian individuals (M:F = 4.9:1), presenting at University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa” Tirana during six months, with psychotic symptoms and a history of Immigration. Mean age of the subjects was 33.7 years. Semi-structured interviews that utilized several cross culturally validated questionnaires were conducted with all participants, Personal and Psychiatric History Schedule and Structured Clinical Questionnaire for DSM-IV.

Results

The most commonly reported type of trauma was material deprivation (73%), followed by death or disappearance of family members (55%), witnessing violence (43%). Greater numbers of immigration factors were significantly associated with higher levels of persecutory delusions (χ2 = 168.4, p = .001), auditive commanding hallucinations (χ2 = 42.1, p = .001), and intrusive thoughts (χ2 = 34.1, p = .001).

Conclusions

It is the first study on mental health of Albanian immigrant people in Albania and very important for recommendations in future research in this target group.
2224 – Assessment Of Depression And Anxiety Following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zuljan Cvitanovic M. , Lasic D. , Stipetic I. , Uglesic B.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Studies indicate that about 20% of patients experience depression after acute Myocardial infarction (MI) and that the presence of depression is associated with increased risk for recurrent hospitalization and death. Anxiety seemed to be an independent risk factor for incident Coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiac mortality. CHD death rates vary with age, gender and socio-economic status. Heart attack patients feel a wide range of emotions including depression, fear and anger, for about two to six months post-MI.

Objectives

Examine a level of depression and anxiety in patients after acute MI compared to outpatient control group according to age, gender and education.

Methods

Patients (n = 60) were assessed on demographic and clinical variables and completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The State - Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI) within the first week of hospital admission for acute MI. The STAI has forty questions with a range of four possible responses to each. Patients with a positive depression score should be interviewed more extensively to confirm or rule out depression.

Results

Significant anxiety and depressive symptoms were present in patients with MI compared to the healthy controls. Significant differences between anxiety and depression were found according to gender and age. According to education there were no substantive differences in either sample.

Conclusion

It appears that anxiety after MI a universal phenomenon. In future trials the cause effect relationships between depression, anxiety and adverse health behaviors in patients with coronary artery disease need to be clarified.
2225 – Acute Hypoglycemia Presenting As Hypomania Episode - a Case Study
Authors: Alikaj V. , Bregu E. , Allkoja B. , Skendi V. , Suli A.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Hypoglycemia may present without classic symptoms especially in young patients and may imitate every neurological symptom. Undiagnosed hypoglycemia may be covered as traumatic, neurological, toxicological and psychiatric disorders.

Objectives

We are presenting a rare case of acute hypoglycemia at a 14 years old girl admitted at Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic. She presented with a panic attack and hypo maniacal symptoms.

Aim

This was an unusual presentation creating a diagnostic dilemma. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of hypoglycemia presenting in adolescents as acute hypomania.

Results

Mrs. A. B. is an Albanian girl 14 years old, with no prior history of mental disorders. She was brought to the child/adolescent psychiatry by her parents because of somatic complains, such as headache, fatigue, dizziness.

Conclusions

Our case provides a unique look at how a simple abnormality when overlooked can present as a difficult diagnostic challenge for both medicine and psychiatry services. Particular care should be exercised when dealing with psychiatric patients with these entities so that hypoglycemia is not missed. Significant medical harm to the patient and medicolegal risks for the emergency physician are issues to consider in cases involving misdiagnosis, incorrect therapy, and inappropriate disposition.
2231 – A Comparison Of The United States’ Fda Approval Process And European Ema Approval Process
Authors: Fletes F.J. , Kwak E. , Vanet J.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

In the Past, no regulations existed to protect the public from dangerous drugs. Medications that were ineffective, potentially harmful were sold to the public. This is a drastically different reality from what exists today in the United States and Europe.

Objectives

The approval processes of the FDA and EMA are complex. It is a process difficult to understand for patients. It is information that Clinicians should be familiar with. What does the FDA or EMA approval processes actually entail? What does it mean?

Aims

To describe the FDA and EMA as well as their approval processes for new medications.

Methods

A review of the literature as published by the EMA, as well as the FDA Orange Book from 1995–2012 to compare the FDA and EMA central approval processes.

Results

The public trust the FDA and EMA to determine what medications are safe and effective, making the FDA and EMA approval a meaningful title to patients. Review of the literature and medication approvals in EU and US shows two of the world's most rigorous drug review processes.

Conclusions

In an increasingly expanding environment of global healthcare, we attempt to stimulate discussion about the challenges of cross cultural medicine. Some of these challenges are elucidated by the drug approval process of the EMA that tries to incorporate all member nations of the E.U under one regulatory agency. This is a theme that will continue to emerge as we look at world in which information and medicine become intertwined.
2234 – Intergenerational Transmission Of Perceived Parental Rearing Styles: a Three Generation Families Study
Authors: Lopes F. , Espirito-Santo H. , Vicente H.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The transmission of perceived parental rearing styles through generations has been proved in several studies, mostly in studies with two generations samples.

Objectives/aims

The main aim of this study is to investigate the intergenerational transmission of the perception of parental rearing styles in families composed by three generations.

Methodology

A convenience sample of 143 participants was collected, belonging to a female lineage subsystem, divided in three generations (G1/grandmother, n = 41, mean age = 74.8; SD = 6.26; G2/mother, n = 41; mean age = 42.4; SD = 5.61; G3/daughter, n = 41 mean age = 22.3; SD = 4.50). All the participants completed a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic, family and educational aspects, and the EMBU Inventory - My Memories of Upbringing.

Results

Spearman correlations revealed several significant associations on the EMBU Inventory dimensions between G1 and G2. The G1 experiences of Emotional Warmth, Overprotection and Rejection, regarding mother and father, are correlated with the G2 experiences concerning the same dimensions. No significant associations were found in the same dimensions of the instrument between G2 and G3.

Discussion/conclusion

The results suggest the intergenerational transmission of the perception of parental rearing styles from G1 to G2, but not from G2 to G3. These findings provide partial support to the intergenerational transmission hypothesis, adding to the body of knowledge about the transmission of parenting styles across generations and the multigenerational family in which it occurs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the apparent absence of intergenerational transmission between G2 and G3.
2237 – Can Psychiatry Ever Be Completely Scientific?
Authors: Foss J.E.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Psychiatry views humans through a spectrum of scientific specialties stretching from the “hard” natural sciences to the “soft” social sciences. But, since language is an inescapable aspect of human thought and behavior, and it is doubtful there could ever be a science of meaning, it is doubtful psychiatry can ever be completely scientific.

Objectives

To determine the prospects for a science of meaning, and the prospects for a science of psychiatry if we remain unable to reduce meaning to a science.

Aims

To consider the problem of determining what information people express or absorb via language.

Methods

Examine the evidence types ideally accessible to a science of meaning from a logical point of view to see how much confirmation they could provide to hypotheses concerning the information content of linguistic behaviors.

Results

Hypotheses about information content are not as strongly constrained by evidence as are hypotheses about physical properties. Physical properties are directly measurable, whereas information content cannot be measured, but only postulated in order to explain other behavior. Behavior, in turn, cannot be measured or detected except relative to the same explanatory system in which information content, or meaning, is embedded.

Conclusions

There is no absolute methodological barrier to a fully scientific psychiatry, but there are methodological problems a higher order of difficulty than in the hard sciences such as neurochemistry. Psychiatry will advance scientifically, while encountering methodological challenges with meaning that is expressive of values, desires, fears, goals, right and wrong.
2241 – A Study On The Relationship Among Meta-memory, Meta-cognitive Vocabulary And The Role Of Theory Of Mind In Persain Young Children
Authors: Alayi Z.
Published: July 2013

Meta-cognition refers to the process of active control over one’s own cognition and is essential to successful learning. It enables individuals to better manage their cognitive skills and to determine weaknesses that can be corrected by constructing new cognitive skills. Anyone who could perform a skill could think about how to perform that skill (meta-cognition). In this paper, we try to examine the relationship among meta-memory, meta-cognitive vocabulary and the role of theory of mind in Persian young children.The research sample consisted of 51 children (age range 4 to 6 years old). Children were tested at four sessions, separated by a testing interval of approximately half a year. At the first session of testing, children completed a set of theory of mind tasks. At each of the following sessions, measures of meta-cognitive vocabulary and general vocabulary as well as meta-memory were administered. Data were analyzed using ANOVA & regression analysis. Findings showed that theory of mind performance of the 4 to 6 years old children could predict meta-cognitive knowledge that was assessed about one and a half years later. Another finding was that there was reciprocal relationship between meta-cognitive vocabulary and meta-memory in that comprehension of meta-cognitive vocabulary predicted later meta-memory and, conversely, meta-memory significantly predicted later comprehension of meta-cognitive verbs. Meta-cognitive vocabulary of their own thinking processes is very important if learners are to be able to manage, organize and develop their abilities to think and learn.
2245 – Common Mental Disorders And Use Of Mental Health Services In The General Population In Greece
Authors: Grammatikopoulos I.A. , Skapinakis P. , Bellos S. , Koupidis S.A. , Theodorakis P. , Mavreas V.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

General population surveys of the prevalence of common mental disorders are necessary for the organization of effective mental health services.

Objectives

Epidemiological studies are useful for the more objective assessment of the mental health needs of the population.

Aims

To present data on the pattern and correlates of 12-month use of services by persons with common mental disorders from the recently completed general population survey of psychiatric morbidity in Greece.

Methods

The sample (n=4894; multistage stratified random sample) was representative for the Greek population aged 18-70. Common mental disorders were assessed according to the ICD-10 criteria with the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CISR), conducted by trained lay interviewers.

Results

73,9% of participants with at least one common mental disorder (CMD) do not receive any treatment for their psychological health, 52% have never spoken to the family physician and 73.3% has not spoken to a mental health professional in the past year. The disorder associated with the most frequent use of general health services for any reason (>4 visits to any physician in the past year) was depression (43.7%). Overall, 46.5% of all participants who meet the criteria for a CMD had not spoken to a doctor or mental health professional, with men showing significantly higher rates of no use compared to women (54.6% vs 41.5%).

Conclusions

These findings can help in the better organization of services with the aim to improve prevention and treatment of common mental disorders in Greece, especially in a time of economic hardship.
2246 – Attribution Bias In Early-onset-schizophrenia: Relationship To Clinical Features
Authors: Le Gall E. , Iakimova G. , Askenazy F.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Attribution style bias, such as a greater tendency to perceive hostility, has been reported to be presented in multi-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients.

Objectives and aims

The aim of this study was to investigate whether adolescents with Early-Onset-Schizophrenia (EOS) exhibited a perceived hostility bias and whether this bias was correlated with adolescents' clinical characteristics (positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem) and social competence (social behavior, communication, imagination).

Methods

Thirteen adolescents with EOS (mean age: 14.7) and 17 healthy adolescents (mean age: 14.2), matched on age and total IQ, completed the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ) and several clinical measures of anxiety, depression, social competences and self-esteem. The AIHQ is a self-report questionnaire about negative outcomes that varied intentionality in different situations (i.e., ambiguous, intentional and accidental situations). The perceived hostility, composite blame and aggression bias scores were calculated.

Results

In comparison with healthy adolescents, adolescents with EOS attributed more hostile intentions to persons in accidental situations (hostility bias); they also exhibited a higher level of negative emotions (blame bias) toward persons in accidental situations. Both, hostility bias and blame bias were associated with a higher level of anxiety and a lower selfesteem in EOS adolescents.

Conclusions

These results suggest that cognitive and emotional biased attribution style in EOS may constitute an important factor of vulnerability to social impairments in adolescents with EOS and suggest that these attributional biases should constitute the targets of early psychotherapeutic intervention with these patients.
2250 – Aging And The Neural Correlates Of Emotional Prosody Discrimintation
Authors: Demenescu L.R. , Mathiak K.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Physiological aging was associated with emotion recognition deficit. Neuroimaging studies have showed that decoding of emotional prosody cues is linked to a frontotemporal network involving superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus. However, little is know about the relationship between affective prosodic processing and age-related change in the functional brain.

Aim

The present study aims to investigate the aging brain of early sensory processing of affective prosody.

Methods

Fifty-five healthy volunteers with an age-range between 18 and 75 years old underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging, with a mismatch paradigm, while they were presented with emotional prosodic stimuli. Thus, pseudowords spoken with positive and negative emotions were randomly presented among repeated non-emotional stimuli.

Results

The results showed that automatically processing of changes in affective prosody involves bilateral superior temporal lobes. Furthermore, these brain areas were found to be influenced by the normal aging, i.e., advancing age is associated with reduced temporal lobe response.

Conclusion

Together, these findings suggest the involvement of temporal lobe in detection of emotion in language; and that normal aging affects its functioning.