bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of antithunder composite insulator for distribution line
Authors: Wang Bowen , Lu Jiazheng , Fang Zhen , Jiang Zhenglong , Hu Jianping
Published: November 2019

In this article, the antithunder composite insulator combining a surge arrester and insulator is developed. The insulation design and configuration principle of the composite insulator are analyzed through experiments and simulation. The studies of insulation performance have shown that the external breakdown air distance is 60 mm, and the length of the polymeric support insulator is 70 mm. Considering the more serious pollution (0.3 mg/cm2), the creepage distance of the insulation section must be larger than 250 mm. Test data of the antithunder composite insulator meet the standard requirements. The analysis of mechanical performance of the antithunder composite insulator is carried out, which shows that the overall mechanical strength needs to be greater than 2.38 kN. A three‐dimensional (3D) element finite model is built to simulate the behavior of the antithunder composite insulator in the distribution line. The simulation results indicate that the stress on the varistor and the core rod decreases with the increase of the size of the core rod. A core rod of 20 mm or more can meet the operation requirements. The simulation indicates that the stress of the varistor determines the force limit of the antithunder composite insulator. Therefore, attention should be paid to the performance stability of the varistor of the antithunder insulator under force. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predicting forest understory habitat for Canada lynx using LIDAR data
Authors: Fekety Patrick A. , Sadak Rema B. , Sauder Joel D. , Hudak Andrew T. , Falkowski Michael J.
Published: November 2019

Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) is a federally threatened species in the contiguous United States. Within National Forests covered by the Northern Rockies Lynx Management Direction, Federal land managers must consider the effect of management activities on Canada lynx habitat. A common method to assess Canada lynx habitat used by the U.S. Forest Service is to measure horizontal cover using a cover board. We used field measurements and airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) metrics to test beta regression models that predict estimates of horizontal cover on the Nez Perce–Clearwater National Forest, Idaho, USA, 2009–2015. We also investigated the effect on model predictions when the cover board was blocked by the main stem of a tree. Model fit statistics for normalized root mean square errors (RMSE%) were 30.8–33.7% and pseudo‐R2 ranged from 0.64 to 0.71. Using independent validation data, model performance statistics for RMSE% were 24.6–33.5% and R2 ranged from 0.51 to 0.69. We found that removing cover board measurements where the main stem of a tree blocked >75% of the cover board produced the best model statistics. These models can be applied across LIDAR extents resulting in maps of horizontal cover estimates, which may be used in assessing effects of management activities on Canada lynx habitat. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Polymorphism of Ba2SiP4
Authors: Haffner Arthur , Weippert Valentin , Johrendt Dirk
Published: November 2019

The three‐dimensional SiP4 network in the known phosphidosilicate Ba2SiP4‐tI28 is analogous to β‐Cristobalite if oxygen is formally replaced by P–P dimers. Here we report a second polymorph Ba2SiP4‐oP56 [Pnma, a = 12.3710(4) Å, b = 14.6296(7) Å, c = 7.9783(3) Å; Z = 8] with chains of SiP4 tetrahedra connected by P–P bonds, reminiscent to the elusive fibrous SiO2. Ba2SiP4 is enantiotropic. The high temperature polymorph Ba2SiP4‐oP56 transforms to the low‐temperature phase Ba2SiP4‐tI28 at 650 °C and reconstructs to the high‐temperature modification at 1100 °C. DFT calculations predict an indirect optical bandgap of about 1.7 eV.
Investigation on the material removal and surface roughness in ultraprecision machining of Al/B4C/50p metal matrix composites
Authors: Niu Zhichao , Cheng Kai
Published: November 2019

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are increasingly applied in various engineering industries because of their distinct physical and mechanical properties. While the precision machining of MMCs is less understood due to their complex microstructure and poor machinability, a comprehensive scientific understanding on their machining mechanics and the associated surface generation mechanisms is of great importance particularly for industrial scale applications of MMCs. This paper presents a simulation and experimental-based holistic investigation on cutting mechanics, material removal and surface roughness in ultraprecision machining of MMCs. B4C/Al2024 is selected as the targeted MMC material in this research. The thermal-mechanical-tribological integrated modelling and analysis are presented to investigate the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut (DOC) on the material removal, chip formation mechanics and surface generation process. The simulation results indicate that the machined surface roughness in precision machining of particle reinforced MMCs can be reduced by increasing the cutting speed and decreasing the depth of cut. The surface flow waviness decreases, which contributes to a higher surface quality, while machining with a smaller feed rate. The well-designed machining trials are conducted under the same cutting conditions and process variables as those in simulations, which perform a good agreement with simulation results.
The Parameterised Complexity of Computing the Maximum Modularity of a Graph
Authors: Meeks Kitty , Skerman Fiona
Published: November 2019

The maximum modularity of a graph is a parameter widely used to describe the level of clustering or community structure in a network. Determining the maximum modularity of a graph is known to be $$\textsf {NP}$$
NP
-complete in general, and in practice a range of heuristics are used to construct partitions of the vertex-set which give lower bounds on the maximum modularity but without any guarantee on how close these bounds are to the true maximum. In this paper we investigate the parameterised complexity of determining the maximum modularity with respect to various standard structural parameterisations of the input graph G. We show that the problem belongs to $$\textsf {FPT}$$
FPT
when parameterised by the size of a minimum vertex cover for G, and is solvable in polynomial time whenever the treewidth or max leaf number of G is bounded by some fixed constant; we also obtain an FPT algorithm, parameterised by treewidth, to compute any constant-factor approximation to the maximum modularity. On the other hand we show that the problem is W[1]-hard (and hence unlikely to admit an FPT algorithm) when parameterised simultaneously by pathwidth and the size of a minimum feedback vertex set.
Macroinvertebrates and Microbes (Archaea, Bacteria) Offer Complementary Insights into Mine-Pit Lake Ecology
Authors: Blanchette Melanie L. , Allcock Richard , Gonzalez Jahir , Kresoje Nina , Lund Mark
Published: November 2019

The broad objective of this research was to determine the environmental drivers of macroinvertebrate and microbial assemblages in acidic pit lakes. This is important because pit lake ecosystem development is influenced by prevailing environmental characteristics. Three lakes (Stockton, Kepwari, WO5H) within a larger pit-lake district in Collie, Western Australia were surveyed for spatial variability of benthic macroinvertebrate and microbe (Archaea, Bacteria) assemblage composition as well as potential environmental drivers (riparian condition, aquatic habitat, sediments, and aquatic chemistry) of assemblages. With the exception of sediment chemistry, biophysical variables were significantly different across lakes and reflected riparian condition and groundwater chemistry. Microbial assemblages in pit lakes were significantly different across lakes and correlated with water chemistry, particularly metals in Lake WO5H. However, the most abundant microbes were not readily identified beyond class, making it difficult to speculate on their ecological function. Macroinvertebrate assemblage composition and species richness were also significantly different across all lakes, and in Lake WO5H (a lake with low pH and high metal concentrations), taxa were correlated with benthic organic matter as well as water chemistry. Results indicated that despite poor water quality, input of nutrients from terrestrial leaf litter can support or augment pit lake ecosystems. This is a demonstration of the concept that connection of pit lakes to catchments can positively affect aquatic ecosystems, which can inform management actions for remediation.
Economic impact of Patient’s Own Medication use during hospitalisation: a multicentre pre-post implementation study
Authors: van Herpen-Meeuwissen Loes J. M. , van den Bemt Bart J. F. , Derijks Hieronymus J. , van den Bemt Patricia M. L. A. , de Vries Frank , Maat Barbara , van Onzenoort Hein A. W.
Published: November 2019

Background Medication is frequently thrown away after a patient’s discharge from hospital, with undesirable economic and environmental consequences. Because of the rising costs of healthcare, interventions to reduce medication wastage (and associated costs) are warranted. Using Patient’s Own Medication during hospitalisation might decrease medication wastage and associated costs. Objective To study the economic impact of patient’s own medication use on medication waste and hospital staff’s time spent during hospitalisation. Setting In seven Dutch hospitals, of which university, teaching, general, and specialised hospitals, eight different hospital wards, surgical and medical, were selected. Method In this prospective pre-post intervention study data on the economic value of medication waste and time spent by healthcare professionals were collected for a 2 months period each. The economic value of medication waste was defined as the value (€) of wasted medication per 100 patient days. For each ward, time spent on medication process activities was measured 10 times per staff member. The average time spent (in hours) on medication process steps (multiple activities) per staff member per 100 patients and associated salary costs were calculated for both periods. Main outcome measure The primary outcome of the study was the total economic value (€) of wasted medication per 100 patient days. Results Implementation of Patient’s Own Medication decreased the economic value of wasted medication by 39.5% from €3983 to €2411 per 100 patient days. The mean time spent on the total medication process was reduced with 5.2 h per 100 patients (from 112.7 to 104.4 h per 100 patients). We observed a shift in professional activities, as physicians and nurses spent less time on the medication process, whereas pharmacy technicians had a greater role in it. When time spent was expressed as salary; €1219 could be saved per 100 patients. Conclusions This study showed that ‘Patient’s Own Medication' implementation may have a positive economic impact, as the value of medication waste decreases, hospital staff devoted less time on the medication process, and staff deployment is more efficient.
Long-term Effect of Split Iron Dextran/Hemoglobin Supplementation on Erythrocyte and Iron Status, Growth Performance, Carcass Parameters, and Meat Quality of Polish Large White and 990 Line Pigs
Authors: Szudzik Mateusz , Lipiński Paweł , Jończy Aneta , Mazgaj Rafał , Pieszka Marek , Kamyczek Marian , Smuda Ewa , Starzyński Rafał R.
Published: November 2019

Heme is an efficient dietary iron supplement applied in humans and animals to prevent iron deficiency anemia (IDA). We have recently reported that the use of bovine hemoglobin as a dietary source of heme iron efficiently counteracts the development of IDA in young piglets, which is the common problem in pig industry. Here, we used maternal Polish Large White and terminal sire breed (L990) pigs differing in traits for meat production to evaluate the long-term effect of split supplementation with intramuscularly administered small amount of iron dextran and orally given hemoglobin on hematological indices, iron status, growth performance, slaughter traits, and meat quality at the end of fattening. Results of our study show that in pigs of both breeds split supplementation was effective in maintaining physiological values of RBC and blood plasma iron parameters as well as growth performance, carcass parameters, and meat quality traits. Our results prove the effectiveness of split iron supplementation of piglets in a far-reach perspective.
Predictors of Lesion Cavitation After Recent Small Subcortical Stroke
Authors: Gattringer Thomas , Valdes Hernandez Maria , Heye Anna , Armitage Paul A , Makin Stephen , Chappell Francesca , Pinter Daniela , Doubal Fergus , Enzinger Christian , Fazekas Franz , Wardlaw Joanna M.
Published: November 2019

Morphologic evolution of recent small subcortical infarcts (RSSI) ranges from lesion disappearance to lacune formation and the reasons for this variability are still poorly understood. We hypothesized that diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) abnormalities early on can predict tissue damage 1 year after an RSSI. We studied prospectively recruited patients with a symptomatic MRI-defined RSSI who underwent baseline and two pre-specified MRI examinations at 1–3-month and 1-year post-stroke. We defined the extent of long-term tissue destruction, termedcavitation index, as the ratio of the 1-year T1-weighted cavity volume to the baseline RSSI volume on FLAIR. We calculated fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity (MD) of the RSSI and normal-appearing white matter, and BBB leakage in different tissues on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Amongst 60 patients, at 1-year post-stroke, 44 patients showed some degree of RSSI cavitation on FLAIR, increasing to 50 on T2- and 56 on T1-weighted high-resolution scans, with a median cavitation index of 7% (range, 1–36%). Demographic, clinical, and cerebral small vessel disease features were not associated with the cavitation index. While lower baseline MD of the RSSI (rs = − 0.371;p = 0.004) and more contrast leakage into CSF (rs = 0.347;p = 0.007) were associated with the cavitation index in univariable analysis, only BBB leakage in CSF remained independently associated with cavitation (beta = 0.315,p = 0.046). Increased BBB leakage into CSF may indicate worse endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of tissue destruction post RSSI. Although cavitation was common, it only affected a small proportion of the original RSSI.
Pollution mapping in the urban segment of a tropical river: is water quality index (WQI) enough for a nutrient-polluted river?
Authors: Iqbal Kashifa , Ahmad Shamshad , Dutta Venkatesh
Published: November 2019

Most of the tropical rivers of the world are being affected by multiple sources of pollution. The intensity of pollution is much bigger in the urban stretches due to discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage. A rapid and cost-effective tool is required for identification of water quality problems and their spatial variation for determining the main pollution sources and to detect relationships between various parameters. For this study, Gomti River, a major tributary of River Ganges, India, was considered which has gained substantial attention because of increasing anthropogenic pollution loads that has badly affected its water quality and ecosystem functions. The urban segment is polluted with organic substances, nutrients and heavy metals. The study provides an overview of the quality of water in the Gomti River through water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques to check if WQI is enough for a nutrient-polluted river in the urban stretch. The study suggests that periodic monitoring and the water quality index development are not enough as it does not incorporate all the aspect of a rivers water quality. The separate assessment of nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, sediment oxygen demand and the nitrification inhibition aspects are required to be integrated when developing a WQI. Present study illustrates that water quality of Gomti River has gradually worsened from upstream and downstream to middle stretch. The middle stretch was found to be most polluted as the major drains are concentrated within this stretch. Principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA) helped in obtaining and recognizing the factors/sources accountable for river water quality differences in the study area. The findings are useful for the decisions regarding water quality management and this can also be applied for speedy and low-cost assessment of water quality of the polluted urban stretch of other tropical rivers for better environmental management and planning perspective.
Prevalence of Challenging Behaviour in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities, Correlates, and Association with Mental Health
Authors: Bowring Darren L. , Painter Jon , Hastings Richard P.
Published: November 2019

Purpose of Review

To summarise findings about the prevalence and correlates of challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities from robust research. We also describe findings on the interplay between challenging behaviour and mental health.

Recent Findings

Recent studies that have utilised psychometrically evaluated tools, with clear operational definitions, show similar findings on the prevalence of challenging behaviour of about 1 in every 5–6 adults known to services. We describe common correlates identified such as communication impairments, severity of intellectual disability, and living in institutional settings or congregate care. We also describe the complex and multifaceted relationship between challenging behaviour and mental health.

Based on recent studies, we propose a revised framework model to help understand challenging behaviour. We propose a number of areas where more research is required, particularly the development of risk tools clinicians can utilise in practice.
A review on the use of additive manufacturing to produce lower limb orthoses
Authors: Alqahtani Mohammed S. , Al-Tamimi Abdulsalam , Almeida Henrique , Cooper Glen , Bartolo Paulo
Published: November 2019

Orthoses (exoskeletons and fracture fixation devices) enhance users’ ability to function and improve their quality of life by supporting alignment correction, restoring mobility, providing protection, immobilisation and stabilisation. Ideally, these devices should be personalised to each patient to improve comfort and performance. Production costs have been one of the main constraints for the production of personalised orthoses. However, customisation and personalisation of orthoses are now possible through the use of additive manufacturing. This paper presents the current state of the art of additive manufacturing for the fabrication of orthoses, providing several examples, and discusses key research challenges to be addressed to further develop this field.
Roxtec seals play important role in infrastructure overhaul at UK nuclear waste site
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: November 2019

Roxtec UK – the British subsidiary of Sweden's Roxtec Group, a provider of modular-based cable and pipe seals – is supplying cable sealing systems to support a major project that involves the overhaul of infrastructure at Sellafield, Britain's largest nuclear waste site. This brief technology focus illustrates the benefits of using the company's technology and describes how it is being applied.
Konjac glucomannan polysaccharide and inulin oligosaccharide enhance the colonic mucosal barrier function and modulate gut-associated lymphoid tissue immunity in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Changchien Chih-Hsuan , Han Yi-Chun , Chen Hsiao-Ling
Published: November 2019

Both konjac glucomannan (KGM) and inulin oligosaccharide have been shown to improve bowel function, but their effects on the mucosal barrier function and immunity are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a low-level supplementation of dietary fibres on the colonic mucosal barrier function, antioxidant enzyme defence and immunity. C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks of age, eight per group) were randomly assigned to consume one of the following diets: control or control diet supplemented with 2 % (w/w) of KGM, inulin oligosaccharide (degree polymerisation = 8) or KGM+inulin (1 %, w/w each (K+I)). Fresh faeces were collected on days 19–21. Mice were killed on day 22 after fasting. Segments of colon tissues were processed for histological procedure and stained for acidic mucins and tight junction protein marker zona occludin-1 (ZO-1). The remaining tissues were processed to determine the gene expression of mucin 2, tight junction proteins, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines. The plasma cytokines were measured. Results indicated that KGM, inulin and K+I significantly increased the mucosal layer thickness, mucin density (granule number/crypt) and gene expression of Muc2 as compared with the control. All fibre treatments increased the gene expressions of ZO-1, occludin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase π, catalase and IL-10. In addition, all fibre treatments increased faecal butyrate and probiotics, and plasma IL-10 concentrations. In conclusion, supplementation of low-level, 2 % (w/w), of K+I was sufficient to enhance the mucosal barrier function and anti-inflammatory status.
The turn to history in international law and the sources doctrine: Critical approaches and methodological imaginaries
Authors: Arvidsson Matilda , Bak McKenna Miriam
Published: November 2019

Expanding now familiar debates about the impact of the ‘historical turn’ upon the field of international law, this article considers some of the different ways in which ‘turn to history’ scholars have confronted the methodological and theoretical tensions arising from the central, yet paradoxical, role occupied by the sources doctrine in international law. We suggest that the anxiety over the sources of international law as the basic methodological precepts of the discipline has been a catalyzing element for a radical reengagement with the canon of international law, one with a significant impact on the field’s existing parameters and doctrinal limits. Within the three streams of scholarship we explore here, history has become a site of creative engagement for scholars in opening up the discipline to diverse ends, one in which a new doctrinal universe can be created, and new issues, sources, subjects, and approaches can be explored. Yet, by opening up international law’s sources doctrine, reactionary causes and unjust ends may equally well be the result. This account is an attempt at diversifying the narrative surrounding the causal relationship between history and the ongoing changes to the field of international law, along with the differential practices, techniques and epistemological foundations behind the history of international law as an evolving discipline, and of the different scholarly motivations of its specialists.
Assessment of Executive Functioning in Patients with Meningioma and Low-Grade Glioma: A Comparison of Self-Report, Proxy-Report, and Test Performance
Authors: van der Linden Sophie Dorothee , Gehring Karin , De Baene Wouter , Emons Wilco Henricus Maria , Rutten Geert-Jan Maria , Sitskoorn Margriet Maria
Published: November 2019

Objective:

This study aimed to examine: (1) patient–proxy agreement on executive functioning (EF) of patients with primary brain tumors, (2) the relationships between patient- and proxy-report with performance-based measures of EF, and (3) the potential influence of performance-based measures on the level of agreement.

Methods:

Meningioma and low-grade glioma patients and their informal caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-A) 3 months after surgery. The two index scores of the BRIEF-A, Behavioral Regulation and Metacognition, were evaluated. Mean scores of patients and proxies were compared with normative values and with each other. Patient–proxy agreement was evaluated with Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) and Bland–Altman plots. Pearson correlation coefficients between reported EF and performance-based measures of EF were calculated. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the potential influence of test performance on differences in dyadic reports.

Results:

A total of 47 dyads were included. Patients reported significantly more problems on the Metacognition Index compared to norms, and also in comparison with their proxies. Effect sizes indicated small differences. Moderate to substantial agreement was observed between patients and proxies, with CCCs of 0.57 and 0.61 for Metacognition and Behavioral Regulation, respectively. Correlations between reported EF and test performance ranged between −0.37 and 0.10. Dyadic agreement was not significantly influenced by test performance.

Conclusions:

Patient–proxy agreement was found to be moderate. No clear associations were found between reported EF and test performance. Future studies should further explore the existing and new methods to assess everyday EF in brain tumor patients.
THE -MODULAR LOCAL LANGLANDS CORRESPONDENCE AND LOCAL CONSTANTS
Authors: Kurinczuk R. , Matringe N.
Published: November 2019

Let $F$ be a non-archimedean local field of residual characteristic $p$, $\ell \neq p$ be a prime number, and $\text{W}_{F}$ the Weil group of $F$. We classify equivalence classes of $\text{W}_{F}$-semisimple Deligne $\ell$-modular representations of $\text{W}_{F}$ in terms of irreducible $\ell$-modular representations of $\text{W}_{F}$, and extend constructions of Artin–Deligne local constants to this setting. Finally, we define a variant of the $\ell$-modular local Langlands correspondence which satisfies a preservation of local constants statement for pairs of generic representations.
Identification of Source‐Water Oxygen Isotopes in Trees Toolkit (ISO‐Tool) for Deciphering Historical Water Use by Forest Trees
Authors: Sargeant Christopher I. , Singer Michael Bliss , Vallet‐Coulomb Christine
Published: November 2019

Hydrological regimes are being perturbed under climate change due to the regional expression of the water cycle across the globe, leading to alterations in the spatial and temporal distribution of water near the Earth's surface. Water is a critical resource for plant ecosystems, and hydrological limitations on vegetative health are particularly complex. To anticipate how subsurface water availability may evolve in the future and affect the dynamics of plant water source usage, as well as the health and functioning of vegetation in various biomes, we need a robust, quantitative framework for linking water availability to past plant water use, which is constrained by historical data. Here, we outline the Identification of Source‐water Oxygen isotopes in trees Toolkit (ISO‐Tool), designed to retrospectively investigate the dynamics of tree water uptake. ISO‐Tool utilizes tree‐ring isotopes (δ18O) combined with a biomechanistic fractionation model to retrodict the δ18O of water utilized during any period of growth. Through comparisons with measured δ18O in local water sources, climatic, and hydrological variables, ISO‐Tool can reconstruct and inform on past ecohydrological interactions. We provide an overview of the modeling components and data requirements necessary to constrain the retrodictions of source‐water δ18O. We demonstrate the utility and efficacy of ISO‐Tool for three riparian field sites characterized by differences in climatic, geomorphic, and hydrologic complexity. We also state that ISO‐Tool can be applied to a range of vegetated environments where distinct isotopic endmembers exist. We present a set of tool groups, which can be applied adaptively, ensuring that scientific progress in understanding retrospective ecohydrology can be made, even under varying degrees of data availability.
Landslide Scaling: A Review
Authors: Tebbens S. F.
Published: November 2019

Key Points

Size‐frequency distributions of landslides are well described by a power function for events with areas larger than 10,000 m2

Landslide scaling has been modeled with self‐organized criticality, non‐parameterized cellular automata models, and mechanical models
Hot and Heterogenous High‐3He/4He Components: New Constraints From Proto‐Iceland Plume Lavas From Baffin Island
Authors: Willhite Lori N. , Jackson Matthew G. , Blichert‐Toft Janne , Bindeman Ilya , Kurz Mark D. , Halldórsson Sæmundur A. , Harðardóttir Sunna , Gazel Esteban , Price Allison A. , Byerly Benjamin L.
Published: November 2019

The Icelandic hotspot has erupted basaltic magma with the highest mantle‐derived 3He/4He over a period spanning much of the Cenozoic, from the early‐Cenozoic Baffin Island‐West Greenland flood basalt province (49.8 RA), to mid‐Miocene lavas in northwest Iceland (40.2 to 47.5 RA), to Pleistocene lavas in Iceland's neovolcanic zone (34.3 RA). The Baffin Island lavas transited through and potentially assimilated variable amounts of Precambrian continental basement. We use geochemical indicators sensitive to continental crust assimilation (Nb/Th, Ce/Pb, MgO) to identify the least crustally contaminated lavas. Four lavas, identified as “least crustally contaminated,” have high MgO (>15 wt.%), and Nb/Th and Ce/Pb that fall within the mantle range (Nb/Th = 15.6 ± 2.6, Ce/Pb = 24.3 ± 4.3). These lavas have 87Sr/86Sr = 0.703008–0.703021, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.513094–0.513128, 176Hf/177Hf = 0.283265–0.283284, 206Pb/204Pb = 17.7560–17.9375, 3He/4He up to 39.9 RA, and mantle‐like δ18O of 5.03–5.21‰. The radiogenic isotopic compositions of the least crustally contaminated lavas are more geochemically depleted than Iceland high‐3He/4He lavas, a shift that cannot be explained by continental crust assimilation in the Baffin suite. Thus, we argue for the presence of two geochemically distinct high‐3He/4He components within the Iceland plume. Additionally, the least crustally contaminated primary melts from Baffin Island‐West Greenland have higher mantle potential temperatures (1510 to 1630 °C) than Siqueiros mid‐ocean ridge basalts (1300 to 1410 °C), which attests to a hot, buoyant plume origin for early Iceland plume lavas. These observations support the contention that the geochemically heterogeneous high‐3He/4He domain is dense, located in the deep mantle, and sampled by only the hottest plumes.
Storm Time Depletions of Multi‐MeV Radiation Belt Electrons Observed at Different Pitch Angles
Authors: Drozdov A. Y. , Aseev N. , Effenberger F. , Turner D. L. , Saikin A. , Shprits Y. Y.
Published: November 2019

During geomagnetic storms, the rapid depletion of the high‐energy (several MeV) outer radiation belt electrons is the result of loss to the interplanetary medium through the magnetopause, outward radial diffusion, and loss to the atmosphere due to wave‐particle interactions. We have performed a statistical study of 110 storms using pitch angle resolved electron flux measurements from the Van Allen Probes mission and found that inside of the radiation belt (L* = 3 − 5) the number of storms that result in depletion of electrons with equatorial pitch angle αeq = 30∘ is higher than number of storms that result in depletion of electrons with equatorial pitch angle αeq = 75∘. We conclude that this result is consistent with electron scattering by whistler and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. At the outer edge of the radiation belt (L* ≥ 5.2) the number of storms that result in depletion is also large (~40–50%), emphasizing the significance of the magnetopause shadowing effect and outward radial transport.
Coastal Inundation Mapping From Bitemporal and Dual‐Polarization SAR Imagery Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Liu Bin , Li Xiaofeng , Zheng Gang
Published: November 2019

This study develops an effective and robust method to mine bitemporal and dual‐polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery information for coastal inundation mapping, based on deep convolutional neural networks. The specially tailored deep convolutional neural network‐based SAR coastal flooding mapping network (SARCFMNet) leverages two modifications to improve the accuracy and robustness: the physics‐aware input information design and the regularization. The proposed SARCFMNet is applied to the mapping and impact analysis of the coastal inundation caused by 2017 Hurricane Harvey near Houston, Texas, USA. Six pairs of Sentinel‐1 SAR images are analyzed along with corresponding ground truth data from Copernicus Emergency Management Service Rapid Mapping products and land‐cover types from Google Earth and OpenStreetMap. Flooded areas of 4,000 km2 are extracted and analyzed. In an analyzed scene, 76% of the flooded area was agriculture area like pasture and cultivated crops field. A flooding map series shows the inundation shrinking rate is about 1% of the analyzed scene per day after the passage of Harvey. However, there was a delayed inundation in Glen Flora, Texas, after the heavy raining period. The average mapping accuracy and F1 score, that is, the harmonic mean of recall and precision, are 0.98 and 0.88, respectively. The impact of wind and cost‐sensitive loss functions on the development of SARCFMNet is also discussed. This study demonstrates the proposed method can accurately map hurricane‐induced inundation. The method can also be readily extended to other multitemporal SAR imagery classification applications.
Ventilation of the Deep Ocean Carbon Reservoir During the Last Deglaciation: Results From the Southeast Pacific
Authors: Martínez Fontaine Consuelo , De Pol‐Holz Ricardo , Michel Elisabeth , Siani Giuseppe , Reyes‐Macaya Dharma , Martínez‐Méndez Gema , DeVries Tim , Stott Lowell , Southon John , Mohtadi Mahyar , Hebbeln Dierk
Published: November 2019

Coeval changes in atmospheric CO2 and 14C contents during the last deglaciation are often attributed to ocean circulation changes that released carbon stored in the deep ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Work is being done to generate records that allow for the identification of the exact mechanisms leading to the accumulation and release of carbon from the oceanic reservoir, but these mechanisms are still the subject of debate. Here we present foraminifera 14C data from five cores in a transect across the Chilean continental margin between ~540 and ~3,100 m depth spanning the last 20,000 years. Our data reveal that during the LGM, waters at ~2,000 m were 50% to 80% more depleted in Δ14C than waters at ~1,500 m when compared to modern values, consistent with the hypothesis of a glacial deep ocean carbon reservoir that was isolated from the atmosphere. During the deglaciation, our intermediate water records reveal homogenization in the Δ14C values between ~800 and ~1,500 m from ~16.5–14.5 ka cal BP to ~14–12 ka cal BP, which we interpret as deeper penetration of Antarctic Intermediate Water. While many questions still remain, this process could aid the ventilation of the deep ocean at the beginning of the deglaciation, contributing to the observed ~40 ppm rise in atmospheric pCO2.
The Influence of Structural Inheritance and Multiphase Extension on Rift Development, the NorthernNorth Sea
Authors: Phillips Thomas B. , Fazlikhani Hamed , Gawthorpe Rob L. , Fossen Haakon , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Bell Rebecca E. , Faleide Jan I. , Rotevatn Atle
Published: November 2019

The northern North Sea rift evolved through multiple rift phases within a highly heterogeneous crystalline basement. The geometry and evolution of syn‐rift depocenters during this multiphase evolution and the mechanisms and extent to which they were influenced by preexisting structural heterogeneities remain elusive, particularly at the regional scale. Using an extensive database of borehole‐constrained 2D seismic reflection data, we examine how the physiography of the northern North Sea rift evolved throughout late Permian‐Early Triassic (RP1) and Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous (RP2) rift phases, and assess the influence of basement structures related to the Caledonian orogeny and subsequent Devonian extension. During RP1, the location of major depocenters, the Stord and East Shetland basins, was controlled by favorably oriented Devonian shear zones. RP2 shows a diminished influence from structural heterogeneities, activity localizes along the Viking‐Sogn graben system and the East Shetland Basin, with negligible activity in the Stord Basin and Horda Platform. The Utsira High and the Devonian Lomre Shear Zone form the eastern barrier to rift activity during RP2. Toward the end of RP2, rift activity migrated northward as extension related to opening of the proto‐North Atlantic becomes the dominant regional stress as rift activity in the northern North Sea decreases. Through documenting the evolving syn‐rift depocenters of the northern North Sea rift, we show how structural heterogeneities and prior rift phases influence regional rift physiography and kinematics, controlling the segmentation of depocenters, as well as the locations, styles, and magnitude of fault activity and reactivation during subsequent events.
Future Risks of Tsunami‐Induced Seawater Intrusion Into Unconfined Coastal Aquifers: Insights From Numerical Simulations at Niijima Island, Japan
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Tokunaga Tomochika
Published: November 2019

Tsunami‐induced seawater inundation causes vertical seawater infiltration into coastal aquifers and induces unexpected salinization of fresh groundwater resources. Assessing future risks of seawater intrusion in tsunami‐prone areas can provide essential information supporting disaster preparedness. In this study, we investigated seawater intrusion and aquifer recovery processes under the future Nankai earthquake and tsunami scenarios at Niijima Island, Japan. A groundwater model with a 2‐D vertical cross section was developed to solve variable‐density flow and salt transport in unsaturated‐saturated media using the numerical code, FEFLOW. Our simulation results indicate that the unsaturated zone behaves as an initial storage of the infiltrated seawater and controls the maximum amount of seawater infiltration during the anticipated tsunami inundation. The bedrock structures affect the direction of seawater movement in the saturated zone and the flushing time of the polluted aquifer. Our analysis suggests that the tsunami inundation height, the rainfall recharge rate, and hydraulic conductivity are the primary sources of uncertainties in the simulation results. These findings have implications for other tsunami‐prone zones with respect to the understanding of the relevant physical processes and model uncertainties.
Breathing life into engineered tissues using oxygen-releasing biomaterials
Authors: Suvarnapathaki Sanika , Wu Xinchen , Lantigua Darlin , Nguyen Michelle A. , Camci-Unal Gulden
Published: November 2019

Engineering three-dimensional (3D) tissues in clinically relevant sizes have demonstrated to be an effective solution to bridge the gap between organ demand and the dearth of compatible organ donors. A major challenge to the clinical translation of tissue-engineered constructs is the lack of vasculature to support an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients post-implantation. Previous efforts to improve the vascularization of engineered tissues have not been commensurate to meeting the oxygen demands of implanted constructs during the process of homogeneous integration with the host. Maintaining cell viability and metabolic activity during this period is imperative to the survival and functionality of the engineered tissues. As a corollary, there has been a shift in the scientific impetus beyond improving vascularization. Strategies to engineer biomaterials that encapsulate cells and provide the sustained release of oxygen over time are now being explored. This review summarizes different types of oxygen-releasing biomaterials, strategies for their fabrication, and approaches to meet the oxygen requirements in various tissue engineering applications, including cardiac, skin, bone, cartilage, pancreas, and muscle regeneration.
Topological control of extreme waves
Authors: Marcucci Giulia , Pierangeli Davide , Agranat Aharon J. , Lee Ray-Kuang , DelRe Eugenio , Conti Claudio
Published: November 2019

From optics to hydrodynamics, shock and rogue waves are widespread. Although they appear as distinct phenomena, transitions between extreme waves are allowed. However, these have never been experimentally observed because control strategies are still missing. We introduce the new concept of topological control based on the one-to-one correspondence between the number of wave packet oscillating phases and the genus of toroidal surfaces associated with the nonlinear Schrödinger equation solutions through Riemann theta functions. We demonstrate the concept experimentally by reporting observations of supervised transitions between waves with different genera. Considering the box problem in a focusing photorefractive medium, we tailor the time-dependent nonlinearity and dispersion to explore each region in the state diagram of the nonlinear wave propagation. Our result is the first realization of topological control of nonlinear waves. This new technique casts light on shock and rogue waves generation and can be extended to other nonlinear phenomena.
Macrophage-associated wound healing contributes to African green monkey SIV pathogenesis control
Authors: Barrenas Fredrik , Raehtz Kevin , Xu Cuiling , Law Lynn , Green Richard R. , Silvestri Guido , Bosinger Steven E. , Nishida Andrew , Li Qingsheng , Lu Wuxun , Zhang Jianshui , Thomas Matthew J. , Chang Jean , Smith Elise , Weiss Jeffrey M. , Dawoud Reem A. , Richter George H. , Trichel Anita , Ma Dongzhu , Peng Xinxia , Komorowski Jan , Apetrei Cristian , Pandrea Ivona , Gale Michael
Published: November 2019

Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) avoid AIDS despite lifelong infection. Here, we examined how this outcome is achieved by comparing a natural SIV host, African green monkey (AGM) to an AIDS susceptible species, rhesus macaque (RM). To asses gene expression profiles from acutely SIV infected AGMs and RMs, we developed a systems biology approach termed Conserved Gene Signature Analysis (CGSA), which compared RNA sequencing data from rectal AGM and RM tissues to various other species. We found that AGMs rapidly activate, and then maintain, evolutionarily conserved regenerative wound healing mechanisms in mucosal tissue. The wound healing protein fibronectin shows distinct tissue distribution and abundance kinetics in AGMs. Furthermore, AGM monocytes exhibit an embryonic development and repair/regeneration signature featuring TGF-β and concomitant reduced expression of inflammatory genes compared to RMs. This regenerative wound healing process likely preserves mucosal integrity and prevents inflammatory insults that underlie immune exhaustion in RMs.
Magnetotactic bacteria in a droplet self-assemble into a rotary motor
Authors: Vincenti Benoit , Ramos Gabriel , Cordero Maria Luisa , Douarche Carine , Soto Rodrigo , Clement Eric
Published: November 2019

From intracellular protein trafficking to large-scale motion of animal groups, the physical concepts driving the self-organization of living systems are still largely unraveled. Self-organization of active entities, leading to novel phases and emergent macroscopic properties, recently shed new light on these complex dynamical processes. Here we show that under the application of a constant magnetic field, motile magnetotactic bacteria confined in water-in-oil droplets self-assemble into a rotary motor exerting a torque on the external oil phase. A collective motion in the form of a large-scale vortex, reversable by inverting the field direction, builds up in the droplet with a vorticity perpendicular to the magnetic field. We study this collective organization at different concentrations, magnetic fields and droplet radii and reveal the formation of two torque-generating areas close to the droplet interface. We characterize quantitatively the mechanical energy extractable from this new biological and self-assembled motor.
A fln-2 mutation affects lethal pathology and lifespan in C. elegans
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Wang Hongyuan , Poole Richard J. , Gems David
Published: November 2019

Differences in genetic background in model organisms can have complex effects on phenotypes of interest. We previously reported a difference in hermaphrodite lifespan between two wild-type lines widely used by C. elegans researchers (N2 hermaphrodite and male stocks). Here, using pathology-based approaches and genome sequencing, we identify the cause of this difference as a nonsense mutation in the filamin gene fln-2 in the male stock, which reduces early mortality caused by pharyngeal infection. We show how fln-2 variation explains previous discrepancies involving effects of sir-2.1 (sirtuin deacetylase) on ageing, and show that in a fln-2(+) background, sir-2.1 over-expression causes an FUDR (DNA synthesis inhibitor)-dependent reduction in pharyngeal infection and increase in lifespan. In addition we show how fln-2 variation confounds effects on lifespan of daf-2 (insulin/IGF-1 signalling), daf-12 (steroid hormone signalling), and eat-2 (putative dietary restriction). These findings underscore the importance of identifying and controlling genetic background variation.
4-Octyl itaconate inhibits aerobic glycolysis by targeting GAPDH to exert anti-inflammatory effects
Authors: Liao Shan-Ting , Han Chao , Xu Ding-Qiao , Fu Xiao-Wei , Wang Jun-Song , Kong Ling-Yi
Published: November 2019

Activated macrophages switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, similar to the Warburg effect, presenting a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory disease. The endogenous metabolite itaconate has been reported to regulate macrophage function, but its precise mechanism is not clear. Here, we show that 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI, a cell-permeable itaconate derivative) directly alkylates cysteine residue 22 on the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH and decreases its enzyme activity. Glycolytic flux analysis by U13C glucose tracing provides evidence that 4-OI blocks glycolytic flux at GAPDH. 4-OI thereby downregulates aerobic glycolysis in activated macrophages, which is required for its anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory effects of 4-OI are replicated by heptelidic acid, 2-DG and reversed by increasing wild-type (but not C22A mutant) GAPDH expression. 4-OI protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and inhibits cytokine release. These findings show that 4-OI has anti-inflammatory effects by targeting GAPDH to decrease aerobic glycolysis in macrophages.
Geminal group-directed olefinic C-H functionalization via four- to eight-membered exo-metallocycles
Authors: Meng Keke , Li Tingyan , Yu Chunbing , Shen Cong , Zhang Jian , Zhong Guofu
Published: November 2019

Great efforts have been made in the activation of a C(alkenyl)-H bond vicinal to the directing group to proceed via five- or six-membered endo-metallocycles. In stark contrast, functionalization of a C(alkenyl)-H bond geminal to the directing group via exo-metallocycle pathway continued to be elusive. Here we report the selective transformation of an olefinic C-H bond that is geminal to the directing group bearing valuable hydroxyl, carbamate or amide into a C-C bond, which proceeds through four- to eight-membered exo-palladacycles. Compared to the reported mechanisms proceeding only through six-membered exo-palladacycles via N,N-bidentate chelation, our weak and O-monodentate chelation-assisted C(alkenyl)-H activations tolerate longer or shorter distances between the olefinic C-H bonds and the coordinating groups, allowing for the functionalizations of many olefinic C-H bonds in alkenyl alcohols, carbamates and amides. The synthetic applicability has been demonstrated by the preparative scale and late-stage C-H functionalization of steroid and ricinoleate derivatives.