bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attention biases preferential choice by enhancing an option's value
Authors: Pleskac Timothy Joseph , Yu Shuli , Grunevski Sergej , Liu Taosheng
Published: September 2021

Does attending to an option lead to liking it? Though attention-induced valuation is often hypothesized, evidence for this causal link has remained elusive. We test this hypothesis across two studies by manipulating attention during a preferential decision and its perceptual analog. In a free-viewing task, attention impacted choice and eye movement pattern in the preferential decision more than during the perceptual analog. Similarly, in a controlled-viewing task, attention had a larger effect on choice in the preferential decision than its perceptual analog. Across these experimental manipulations of attention, choice and eye-tracking data provide converging evidence that attention enhances value, and computational modeling further supports this attention-induced valuation hypothesis. A possible explanation for our results is a normalization mechanism where attention induces a gain modulation on an option's representation at both the sensory and value processing levels.
Great ape communication as contextual social inference: a computational modeling perspective
Authors: Bohn Manuel , Liebal Katja , Tessler Michael Henry
Published: September 2021

Human communication has been described as a contextual social inference process. Research into great ape communication has been inspired by this view to look for the evolutionary roots of the social, cognitive, and interactional processes involved in human communication. This approach has been highly productive, yet it is often compromised by a too-narrow focus on how great apes use and understand individual signals. In this paper, we introduce a computational model that formalizes great ape communication as a multi-faceted social inference process that relies on information contained in the signal, the relationship between communicative partners, and the social context. This model makes accurate qualitative and quantitative predictions about real-world communicative interactions between semi-wild-living chimpanzees. When enriched with a pragmatic reasoning process, the model explains repeatedly reported differences between humans and great apes in the interpretation of ambiguous signals (e.g. pointing gestures). This approach has direct implications for observational and experimental studies of great ape communication and provides a new tool for theorizing about the evolution of uniquely human communication.
English phonology in a globalized world: Challenging native speakerism through listener training in universities in Sweden and the US
Authors: Jeong Hyeseung , Lindemann Stephanie , Forsberg Julia
Published: September 2021

English phonetics and phonology often focus on improving learners’ pronunciation. However, phonological processing is ‘a two-way street’ involving both speaker and listener. Thus, pronunciation instruction in this globalized time needs to be complemented with ways to help listeners understand a wide range of accents, thereby challenging the native speakerism and standard language ideology of more traditional English teaching. In this paper, we share our experiences of promoting listener abilities in university courses in Sweden and the US, two very different teaching contexts. In Sweden, Jeong takes a truly phonetic approach, starting from students’ own pronunciations rather than a ‘standard’ model, and focuses on ability to comprehend diverse accents. In the US, Lindemann uses native-speaking students’ complaints about supposedly incomprehensible instructors, not as justification for further training of instructors who are already proficient English users, but as an opportunity to offer listener training to the students. Put together, these experiences provide a basis for reflection on the teaching of L2 phonetics and pronunciation in other languages such as Swedish, and the benefits of shifting some of the focus from speaker to listener in order to begin to overcome native speakerism and standard language ideology.
Nowe wielowarstwowe znakowanie lingwistyczne zrównoważonego Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego
Authors: Kieraś Witold , Woliński Marcin , Nitoń Bartłomiej
Published: September 2021

The article describes the well-known and widely used National Corpus of Polish in a new setup. The update consists of the annotation scheme modification in the morphosyntactic layer (especially in its parts related to the grammatical gender), as well as adding new layers of annotation: the syntactic layer and the named entities layer. All three layers are indexed in the MTAS corpus search engine and can be referenced in CQLcorpus queries.
Penyuluhan Kesehatan Tentang Prosedur Evakuasi Saat Terjadinya Gempa Bumi Di Desa Wonorejo Karanganyar
Authors: Suparmanto Gatot , Wulandari Ika Subekti
Published: September 2021

Earthquakes in Indonesia cause physical damage as well as fatalities, high mortality rates and disability when an earthquake occurs, it is necessary to reduce or prevent it by increasing people's knowledge and skills about how to evacuate during an earthquake. Earthquakes that are not resolved with resilience and lack of human resources that can handle earthquakes from pre-disaster, during disaster and post-disaster. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of the Earth's crust (Earth's plates). The frequency of a region, refers to the type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using a seismometer. Moment magnitude is the most common scale where earthquakes occur throughout the world so that the community is demanded to be prepared, one of which is evacuation during a disaster which is held by evacuation counseling in Wonorejo Village, Karanganyar. earthquake with pre-test data 75% of the residents did not know and after counseling and post-testing it was found that 90% of the residents understood the skills and knowledge of evacuation during an earthquake. with the lack of knowledge and skills of residents regarding evacuation during an earthquake, it is very appropriate for residents to understand when an earthquake occurs
Sosialisasi Wakaf Tunai Pada Majelis Taklim Istiqomah Kelurahan Tanjung Sari, Medan
Authors: Chrisna Heriyati , Hernawaty Hernawaty , Noviani Noviani
Published: September 2021

This community service was carried out in the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah which is a maternal recitation group in Tanjung Sari Medan Village. This pemeral in the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah departed from the results of the research that had been carried out. The results of the study proved that the factors that included revenue, religiusity and knowledge had a positive and significant effect on the interest in cash in the congregation of the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah while the subjective norm factor had a negative and insignificant effect on the interest in cash in the congregation of the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah. Simultaneously, income factors, subjective norms, religiosity and knowledge influence the interest in working in cash in the jamaah Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah. Revenue factors, subjective norms, religiusity and knowledge are able to explain the interest in cash in the pilgrims of the Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah amounted to 65.6% while the remaining 34.4% is explained by other factors or variables which are not included in this study. From the initial observation and interview results with some members of the recitation and reinforced with the results of the research can be taken by a conclusion that the knowledge of the mothers of taklim assemblies about cash waqf still very low, can even be said to be very low, because they still argue that waqf only in the form of mosques, graves or schools. From these problems, the service team has socialized the cash waqf in the mothers of Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah, and the socialization went smoothly and followed by being very enthusiastic about the the mothers of Majelis  Taklim  Istiqomah.
Pembentukan Dan Pendampingan Wirausaha Pada Kelompok Posyandu Di Desa Sena
Authors: Gunawan Roni , Siregar Dahrul , Sulaiman Sulaiman
Published: September 2021

Pandemi Corona Virues Disease 2019 (Covid-19) berdampak besar pada semua sector, kesehatan dan ekonomi merupakan sector yang sangat terdampak. Pada tingkat desa terdapat kelompok masyarakat yang sudah sejak lama berkembang yaitu Posyandu. Permasalahan yang terjadi pada kebanyak Posyandu termasuk pada mitra adalah rendahnya kinerja kader Posyandu karena ekonomi keluarga yang lemah sehingga Posyandu tidak menjadi prioritas. Selain itu Posyandu juga kerap mengalami kekurangan biaya untuk pelaksanaan Imunisasi bulanan. Kader Posyandu yang aktif akan dilatih untuk memiliki satu jenis usaha yang dikelola secara bersama yang keuntungannya selain untuk kader juga digunakan untuk membantu pembiayaan pelaksanaan Posyandu setiap bulannya. Wirausaha pada Posyandu diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan masalah ekonomi dan kesehatan tingkat keluarga di setiap desa. Kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk mencapai target antara lain, penentuan jenis produk, penyerahan alat produksi, pelatihan produksi, pendampingan merek dan logo, pendampingan pembuatan label dan kemasan, pendampingan produksi, pendampingan penentuan pasar, pelatihan dan pendampingan pencatatan keuangan, pendampingan pengurusan IUMK dan NIB, pendampingan pembuatan konten promosi. Hasil Kegiatan ini antara lain, adanya pendapatan yang dimiliki oleh kader Posyandu, dimana sebelumnya kader tidak punya pendapatan, kegiatan ini juga berhasil menghasilkan peningkatan pengetahuan kader dalam mengelola bisnis, kader juga memiliki ketrampilan dalam membuat produk serta melakukan pencatatan keuangan usaha, kegiatan ini sudah mampu memberikan pendapatan rutin bulanan kepada kader Posyandu, dimana kondisi sebelumnya kader Posyandu tidak punya penghasilan tambahan. Posyandu mendapatkan dana tambahan untuk Pembelian PMT & Kader mendapatkan pendapatan tambahan bulanan
Profiling The College Students’ Anxiety in Statistics Lectures
Authors: Dzulfikar Ahmad
Published: September 2021

Statistics has been a compulsory subject in many study programs, considering its importance as a provision for university students to conduct research, which is one of the requirements for graduation. However, statistics anxiety, which hurts statistical competence, is a common phenomenon in students. This study, first, aims to describe students' statistics anxiety. It also wants to examine whether gender differences are also a cause of this statistics anxiety. The study took 167 samples of students at a university in Central Java, Indonesia. They were selected by simple random sampling. The statistics anxiety scale has been tested for its validity and reliability and becomes the instrument in this study. This study found that the majority of students' statistics anxiety was on average at a moderate level. It also found no difference in statistics anxiety based on gender, seen either as a whole or in terms of each domain. Further related research is expected to examine statistics anxiety with a qualitative approach or mixed methods to describe its nature and causes in more depth, as well as efforts that can be made to reduce such anxiety.

Keywords: statistics anxiety, gender, interpretation
The Effect of the ICARE Learning Model in Distance Learning on the Mathematical Problem Solving Ability of SMK Negeri 2 Karawang Students
Authors: Hikmatuprilla Al Wanita Imani , Ambarwati Lukita , Wijayanti Dwi Antari
Published: September 2021

This study aims to obtain empirical information about the effect of implementing the ICARE learning model (Introduction, Connect, Apply, Reflect, Extend) in distance learning on students’ problem-solving abilities at SMK Negeri 2 Karawang. The research method used was a quasi-experimental with posttest-only control group design. The population in this study were all class X students at SMK Negeri 2 Karawang. Sampling using Cluster Random Sampling to determine the affordable population and Simple Random Sampling to determine the sample. Class X TB 1 was chosen to be the experimental class and class X TB 3 was selected as the control class. The results of the statistical hypothesis testing were then carried out using the the-test of two independent samples with a significant level of 5% concluded that the mean test results of students' mathematical problem-solving abilities in the experimental class were higher than the control class. The large effect test carried out obtained the result of d = 0.8, this shows that the ICARE learning model in distance learning has a significant effect on the mathematical problem-solving abilities of students at SMK Negeri 2 Karawang on the sequence and series material. The influence given is 79% and is included in the large category.

Keywords: Learning Model ICARE (Introduction, Connect, Apply, Reflect, Extend), Distance Learning, Mathematical Problem Solving Ability
Development of Mathematics Teaching Materials Based on Realistic Mathematics Education Using Tri-N on Linear Equation System Material
Authors: Lestari Rina Sri , Nayazik Akhmad , Kurniati Lenny
Published: September 2021

Teaching materials are learning tools that contain materials, learning methods, and ways to evaluate students which are arranged systematically to achieve learning objectives. The teaching materials used during mathematics learning are textbooks that make it difficult for students to understand the material and educators have not developed teaching materials based on a realistic mathematics education using the Tri N teaching. This research aims to determine the validity and responses of students to the development of mathematics teaching materials based on realistic mathematics education using Tri N teaching on the material of linear equation system class X SMK. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) which aims to produce and test product quality. This research refers to the 4D development model, namely Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. However, this research only reached the development stage. Data was collected by using documentation techniques, validation sheets, and student response questionnaires. The test subjects were students of class X TKJ 1 SMK Kesuma Margoyoso. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. This research produces a product of mathematics teaching materials with an average percentage of 85.6% which is included in the very valid category. Student responses to teaching materials are in the very good category with an average percentage of 82.22%. This shows that teaching materials are suitable for use in learning at school.

Keywords: teaching materials, realistic mathematics education, tri-n.
Students’ Dicipline in Mathematics Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hidayati Fina Hanifa , Adilaturrahmah Firsta
Published: September 2021

The low level of student discipline in learning mathematics can affect student learning outcomes. Students’ discipline in learning during a pandemic that takes place online is difficult to pay attention to. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to determine and observe the level of students’ discipline. This article aims to describe the level of discipline of junior high school students in participating in mathematics lessons during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is a qualitative descriptive case study research. The subjects in this study were 25 grade VII students of MTs Al-Amin Cikaso for the academic year 2020/2021. Data collection was done by interview, observation, and documentation. Technical data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that: (1) the students had a high level of discipline in obeying school rules, (2) the students had a low level of discipline in participating in ongoing learning, (3) the students had a high level of discipline in carrying out the duties of the teacher, and (4) the students have a moderate level of discipline in carrying out learning at home. 

Keywords: learning discipline, learning mathematics, covid-19 pandemic.
A Tsunami of Love: Overcoming the Violence of Curiosity—The Lived Experiences of Young Adults Born with Variations of Sex Characteristics
Authors: De Clercq Eva
Published: September 2021

This study provides insight into the experiences of young adults born with variations of sex characteristics to identify aspects of care and social support that need improvement. Semi-structured interviews with intersex youths in Switzerland were analyzed using interpretative, phenomenological analysis. Young adults desire timely, patient-centered information about their diagnoses. Peer support is key to delivering high-quality care but rarely systematically implemented. Intersex youth often face misrepresentation, stigma, and discrimination in medical settings and in society. Increased visibility alone cannot tackle these issues, but a feminist curiosity of care will enable health providers and society to overcome preconceptions of body normativity.
A Second Chance at Health
Authors: Elyse James Jennifer
Published: September 2021

Mass incarceration and the aging prison population in the United States is an ethical crisis, understudied in empirical bioethics research. In this article, I share one woman’s narrative to illustrate how older Black women describe accessing healthcare while incarcerated and identify sites for bioethical exploration. I argue that, due to the punitive nature of prison healthcare interactions, wherein women are seen as inmates first and patients second, healthcare providers are caught in a trap of competing ethical commitments to their patients and the state. As the prison population ages, these challenges will become more acute. Feminist bioethics has a critical role to play in imagining new possibilities for accessing, giving, and receiving care in the carceral context.
Donchin and Holmes Emerging Scholar Prize PaperUnderstanding and Correcting Sex Disparity in Cardiovascular Disease Research: Ethical and Practical Solutions
Authors: Sarafraz Lida
Published: September 2021

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death of women in the United States, yet cardiovascular research is disproportionately conducted using male human subjects and male animal models. This article deploys Katrina Hutchison’s (2019) analysis of gender disparity in clinical trials as a moral aggregation problem to address the problem of underrepresentation of women in cardiovascular research. I identify cost concerns, convenience, pregnancy, and negligence as potential reasons for the underrepresentation of women in CVD research. Finally, I suggest that multilevel strategies will be needed to eliminate sex disparity in CVD research and improve patient care.
Hybrid Manufacturing: Influence of Directed Energy Deposition Parameters on Microstructure and Layer Adhesion of Stainless Steel 316L
Authors: Hamilton Jakob D. , Sorondo Samantha , Greeley Andrew , Kahn Bruce E. , Cyr Patricia , Cormier Denis , Rivero Iris V.
Published: September 2021

In-envelope hybrid manufacturing systems comprised of directed energy deposition (DED) and machining provide flexibility for the fabrication of complex geometries with minimal setup changes. However, for these manufacturing set ups, the effects of deposition parameters such as laser power and scanning speed on the quality of the build remain relatively unexplored. An important aspect for developing components with reliable mechanical properties is a thorough understanding of DED thermodynamics during fabrication. Therefore, DED thermodynamics were defined based on the strengthening properties derived from the thermal gradient (G) and solidification rate (R) of the melt pool. Other factors influencing DED thermodynamics include substrate geometry and surface finish which are expected to affect cooling rates and adhesion, respectively. In this work, stainless steel 316L specimens were fabricated varying laser power intensity, scanning speed, and deposition substrate. The effect of these parameters on the microstructure of the sample components were analyzed. Microstructural evolution at various points within and between layers was studied and correlated to localized hardness. An increase in mechanical properties for fine, equiaxed grains demonstrates the Hall-Petch principle for strengthening of components.
Improving Inductive Welding System Performance with Soft Magnetic Composites
Authors: Muyskens Sean M. , Eddir Tareq I. , Goldstein Robert C.
Published: September 2021

Inductive welding systems used to make metal tubes often incorporate a ferrite impeder to limit induced electrical current on the ID of the tube under the induction coil. This paper assesses the improvement that can be achieved through the use of soft magnetic composites, instead of ferrite, and the addition of an external magnetic controller or bridge. The authors explain how they simulated the potential impact of the two design modifications and experimentally verified the results.
Adhesive Wear Resistance of Low Temperature Austempered and Quenched and Partitioned Niobium Alloyed Steels
Authors: de Oliveira Pedro Gabriel Bonella , Aureliano Ricardo Tadeu Junior , Casteletti Luiz Carlos , Filho André Itman , Neto Amadeu Lombardi , Totten George Edward
Published: September 2021

This paper evaluates the influence of niobium additions on the wear behavior of high-silicon steel, representative of the advanced high strength steels used in the automotive industry. It describes the alloy compositions of the test samples used, the heat treatments to which they were subjected, and the tests that were subsequently performed. It also interprets test results and outlines key findings.
Beyond CQI-9: A Customized Approach to CQI-9 and Supplier Management
Authors: Armuth Andrew , Grider Nicholas
Published: September 2021

The current Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) CQI-9 audit process has limited effectiveness to proactively detect heat treatment quality risks in Tier-1 and Tier-2 supply bases. A cross-functional engineering organization developed an improved supplier audit form using CQI-9, National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program (NADCAP), International Automotive Task Force (IATF), and specific internal company standards to distinguish and quantify production issues that may have been undiscovered with the existing CQI-9 approach. Representatives from engineering, commercial, and manufacturing crafted a more complete approach to supply chain quality. This new audit format (Beyond CQI-9) has demonstrated the ability to quantify heat treatment concerns, reduce future engineering resource costs, and develop new and existing heat treatment suppliers to meet world class quality levels.
Techniques and Equipment Types to Harden Gears
Authors: Bernard Benjamin T.
Published: September 2021

This paper compares and contrasts heat treat processes and equipment typically used to harden gears. It discusses the basic design and operation of vacuum, controlled atmosphere, and hybrid furnaces and process techniques such as carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, nitrocarburizing, and neutral hardening. It also includes information on operating and maintenance costs, using batch integral quench furnaces as the base case for comparison. A discussion on when to consider continuous furnace types is included as well.
A Comparison of Modern Heating Methods to Reduce a Heat Treater’s CO2 Carbon Footprint
Authors: Sherwin Peter
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the latest developments in energy management in heat treatment with a specific focus on electrical heating and tighter integration between the power supply and furnace control to maximize energy efficiency. It also discusses the use of IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor) and SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier) based power supplies as energy-efficient alternatives to variable reactance transformers (VRTs) for powering electric vacuum furnaces.
Reducing Furnace Operating Costs: IGBT/MFDC Technology Saves on Energy
Authors: Pridmore David H. , Rutkowski Stanley F.
Published: September 2021

This paper describes a furnace retrofit involving the replacement of a variable reactance transformer (VRT) with an IGBT-controlled mid-frequency direct current (MFDC) transformer. The two transformers are similar in size and all other variables remained essentially equivalent. A typical heating cycle was initiated with a ramp rate of 10°F/min to a soak temperature of approximately 1900°F. Cross-sectional data was taken during the ramp phase and soak phase. Based on power measurements and adjusting for differences in thermal loads, the retrofit achieved a 40% reduction in kilowatt consumption, a 14% reduction in peak current draw, and an improvement in power factor throughout the cycle.
Salt Quench Hardening: An Overview
Authors: Coburn Michael
Published: September 2021

This paper provides an overview of salt quench hardening and how it compares with oil quenching. It explains how salt quenching promotes hardenability, ductility, and strength as well as distortion control, heat extraction, and process reduction. It discusses equipment layout configurations, NFPA guidelines and safety practices, and salt quench processes for austempering, marquenching, and neutral hardening applications.
Mesh Belt Heat Treatment System Advancements for Automotive Fastener Production
Authors: Donofrio Tim
Published: September 2021

This paper discuss recent developments in mesh belt heat treating systems used in the production of automotive fasteners. Methods for heat treating threaded fasteners have evolved significantly over the last 20 years as low-capacity shaker hearth, rotary hearth, and plate-belt systems are replaced by soft handling mesh belt heat treatment systems. Design innovations for improving the accuracy of tempering furnace tolerance bands and integrating inline zinc phosphate removal systems are discussed along with their respective benefits.
Analysis of Errors in Simulation Modeling
Authors: Muñoz Hiram Martinez
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the effect of various types of errors on the accuracy of finite-element models used to simulate electromagnetic induction heat treating processes. By comparing simulation outputs, it shows how FEA calculations are affected by incorrect material specifications, incorrectly entered data, imprecise data, misassigned elements, unsuitable mesh sizing, inadequate current or power, and failure to properly account for skin effect depth. The paper includes relevant data and equations in addition to computer generated plots.
How to Put Predictive Maintenance to use on the Internet of Things
Authors: Goldsteinas Aymeric
Published: September 2021

This paper presents four case studies documenting the time and money that heat treaters have saved with the help of predictive maintenance tools. In one case, a heat treater avoided potential catastrophic melting of a heating element and several hangers when predictive maintenance software guided the operator to a broken ceramic in a specific heating zone. In another case, a commercial heat treater was alerted to a low kW reading, indicating a heater failure on a diffusion pump, which would have led to the contamination of a vacuum furnace if not addressed in a timely manner. Situations involving a failing motor on a quench tank and the degradation of furnace insulation are also discussed. Cost comparisons, with and without predictive maintenance, are included in three of the four studies.
Advanced Automation in the Heat Treat Industry
Authors: Esteve Vincent
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses the growing use of automation in heat treating and some of the benefits that have been realized in early applications. It provides examples showing how articulated robots are used to load and unload parts on fixtures, how inline 3D cameras facilitate dimensional and distortion control, and how test coupons placed by robots at strategic locations throughout a load are weighed before and after heat treatment to determine if parts in different areas of the load are likely to be carburized to the same degree. It also includes an example of an automatically generated report and explains how binary codes on base trays can be used to automatically upload recipes for specific heat treatments.
Milling-Induced Residual Stress and Distortion Under Variations of Bulk Residual Stress
Authors: Jonsson Julianne E. , Hill Michael R. , Chighizola Christopher R. , D’Elia Christopher R. , Linke Barbara S. , Weber Daniel , Kirsch Benjamin , Aurich Jan C.
Published: September 2021

Undesired distortion can arise during machining of metals from two main mechanisms: 1) release of bulk residual stress in the pre-form, and 2) deformation induced by the cutting tool. The interaction between these two mechanisms is explored herein using aluminum plate-shaped samples that have a large surface with variations of bulk residual stress (BRS), where that surface is subsequently milled and we observe milling-induced residual stress (MIRS) and distortion. Plate samples are cut from two kinds of large blocks, one kind stress-relieved by stretching and a second kind that had been solution heat treated, quenched, and aged. MIRS is measured following milling using hole-drilling with fine depth increments. Distortions of thin wafers cut at the milled surfaces are used to show how the interactions between BRS and MIRS change milling-induced distortion. Data from the study show that the directions of MIRS and distortion relative to the milling direction are changed when milling in samples with high BRS magnitude (roughly ±100 MPa), with the direction of maximum curvature rotating toward or away from the milling direction depending on the sign and direction of BRS. High magnitude BRS increased distortion, nearly doubling the amount found compared to milling in samples free of BRS.
Characterization of the Role of Post-Build Heat Treatment on the Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Laser Powder Bed Fused Inconel 718 Parts
Authors: James Joshua P.
Published: September 2021

As more industries look toward additively manufactured (AM) components to combat lead times, re-design, cost of complexity, etc., those industries are faced with re-evaluating the performance of AM-based materials as compared to their well-documented wrought or machined counterparts. A particular alloy of interest to many industries including aerospace and energy/power generation is Inconel 718 due to its resistance to oxidation and high temperature degradation [1]. Additively manufactured Inconel 718 parts typically receive a series of post-build heat treatments prior to deployment. If not properly controlled, these post-build treatments may introduce secondary precipitates and other inhomogeneities that will affect the parts’ mechanical properties and susceptibility to corrosion. This is specifically true of susceptibility to localized corrosion mechanisms that may lead to crack initiation, accelerated crack growth and ultimately premature failure. By utilizing electrochemical parameter testing to analyze for localized breakdown potentials, this work investigates the variation in tolerance to localized corrosion that results from common post-build heat treatment steps and the secondary phase precipitation that can ensue in Inconel 718 AM parts.
Optimization of the Post Heat Treatment of Additively Manufactured IN718
Authors: Sadek Alber
Published: September 2021

IN718 has good fabricability, high strength at elevated temperature, and corrosion resistance, and it is widely deployed in many aerospace and other high-performance applications. With the molten pool rapid solidification during laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), the resulting microstructure is anisotropic and inhibits macro-segregation. The as-built condition usually exhibits lower mechanical properties. Four different heat treatment procedures were designed and tested to study the effect of different heat treatment parameters on the type of precipitates and grain size. The investigated heat treatment procedures showed the formation of equiaxed grain size and a significant amount of γ' and γ" particles at the grain boundary in addition to primary carbide types (MC). Three types of microstructure characteristics and grain size were achieved. Coarse grain size suitable for creep application was achieved by increasing the soaking time at the aging cycle. The formation of serrated grain boundaries suitable for good fatigue and creep properties was achieved by decreasing the stress relief cycle's soaking time and temperature. Fine-grain size, which is preferable for fatigue properties, was achieved by decreasing the soaking time at the solution annealing cycle.
On the Benefits of High-Pressure Heat Treatment Additively Manufactured CoCr
Authors: Denlinger Derek
Published: September 2021

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processes are becoming more viable in place of traditional castings in a variety of industries. To compete, novel material grades are being considered with additive manufacturing (AM). In maximizing performance and manufacturing efficiency through AM, a novel approach to heat treatment and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) processing needs to be considered. It has been shown that combining key heat treatment processes with (HIP) by utilizing fast cooling rates can benefit static properties as well as improve turn-around time for HIP processing [1,2]. Argon pressures up to 207 MPa with cooling rates above 170°C per minute are now available in production sized HIP systems to design ideal HIP cycles for high pressure heat treatment. Additive manufacturing with high pressure heat treatment is in need of further investigation for establishing new qualification standards. This study investigates designed High-Pressure Heat Treatment cycles to consider mechanical performance on LPBF CoCr. The combined cycles investigate possible alternatives to historically accepted two step HIP then heat treat processing by combining densification with homogenization treatment into one step. Tensile, fatigue, hardness, microstructure and Charpy impact performance are explored to seek optimal properties and with streamlined thermal processing. It was found that all trial conditions exceeded Electron Beam Melted (EBM) AM CoCr expectation, but traditional processing provided a slight advantage in ultimate tensile stress. One of the novel processes explored, “common” was found to provide a slight improvement on yield stress and direct hardness. Published fatigue data is rare for CoCr, however data generated from this study showed a slight advantage to the “common” HPHT process primarily for lower applied stress levels. Microstructures were comparable across all trial processes. It is recommended that each novel processing route be considered as viable alternatives to traditional processing, but that the “common” processing may prove advantageous for both mechanical properties and streamlined manufacturing.
High Pressure Heat Treatment for L-PBF Hastelloy X
Authors: Beamer Chad , Denlinger Derek , Rao Suraj , Dinh Christina
Published: September 2021

Hastelloy X is used in turbomachinery and petrochemical applications as it is designed for excellent oxidation and stress corrosion cracking resistance, strength, and stress rupture behavior. This alloy is now being printed via powder bed fusion processes as many industries have developed interests in the benefits additive manufacturing (AM) offers. However as-printed Hastelloy X suffers from material defect formation such as hot cracking. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is often applied to improve performance and reliability. Although the conventional HIP process has been shown to eliminate defects, the equipment is unable to cool at desired rates allowing the formation of excessive carbide precipitation, negatively influencing corrosion resistance and toughness. In turn the product is solution treated at a similar temperature while applying rapid gas cooling for performance requirements. With use of uniform rapid cooling available in modern HIP equipment, a high-pressure heat treatment can be applied offering the ability to perform both HIP and heat treatment in one piece of equipment. Microstructure and tensile properties are evaluated and compared to the conventional processing routes. The results demonstrate that the novel high pressure heat treatment approach offers a processing route that is equivalent to or better than conventional methods.
Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing of Quenched and Tempered Steels
Authors: Yang Mei , You Haoxing , Sisson Richard D.
Published: September 2021

A physics-based software model is being developed to predict the nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing (FNC) performance of quenched and tempered steels with tempered martensitic microstructure. The microstructure of the nitrided and FNC steels is comprised of a white compound layer of nitrides (ε and γ’) and carbides below the surface with a hardened diffusion zone (i.e., case) that is rich in nitrogen and carbon. The composition of the compound layer is predicted using computational thermodynamics to develop alloy specific nitriding potential KN and carburizing potential KC phase diagrams. The thickness of the compound layer is predicted using parabolic kinetics. The diffusion in the tempered martensite case is modeled using diffusion with a reaction. Diffusion paths are also developed on these potential diagrams. These model predictions are compared with experimental results.
Heat Treatment Design of Martensitic Alloys for Engine Valvetrain Component Application – Phase Transformation and Temper Response
Authors: Qiao C Paul , Doll David , Kempka Levi , Borski Blake , Schreiner Joe , Schmitz Steve
Published: September 2021

Phase transformation and temper response of three martensitic alloys were investigated as an important portion of fundamental metallurgical information database related to heat treatment design for engine component applications. A limited metallographic evaluation has also been carried out with selected temper response run samples in this study. Basic descriptions on adequate hardening and tempering parameter design were provided in terms of optimizing the intended performance with these alloys.
Ball Spalling in Rolling Element Bearings: Decrease in Rolling Contact Fatigue Life Due to Inferior Microstructure and Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Keep Graham , Wolka Mark , Brazitis Beth
Published: September 2021

Through hardened steel ball fatigue failure is an atypical mode of failure in a rolling element bearing. A recent full-scale bench test resulted in ball spalling well below calculated bearing life. Subsequent metallurgical analysis of the spalled balls found inferior microstructure and manufacturing methods. Microstructural analysis revealed significant carbide segregation and inclusions in the steel. These can result from substandard spheroidized annealing and steel making practices. In addition, the grain flow of the balls revealed a manufacturing anomaly which produced a stress riser in the material making it more susceptible to crack initiation. The inferior manufactured balls caused at least an 80% reduction in rolling contact fatigue life of the bearing.
Determining Deformation Behavior of AISI 9310 Steel Varying Temperature and Strain Rate for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Akoma Adanma , Sala Kevin , Sheeley Chase , Frame Lesley D.
Published: September 2021

Determination of flow stress behavior of materials is a critical aspect of understanding and predicting behavior of materials during manufacturing and use. However, accurately capturing the flow stress behavior of a material at different strain rates and temperatures can be challenging. Non-uniform deformation and thermal gradients within the test sample make it difficult to match test results directly to constitutive equations that describe the material behavior. In this study, we have tested AISI 9310 steel using a Gleeble 3500 physical simulator and Digital Image Correlation system to capture transient mechanical properties at elevated temperatures (300°C – 600°C) while controlling strain rate (0.01 s-1 to 0.1 s-1). The data presented here illustrate the benefit of capturing non-uniform plastic strain of the test specimens along the sample length, and we characterize the differences between different test modes and the impact of the resulting data that describe the flow stress behavior.
On the Construction of Analytical Cooling Curves from ASTM D6200 Data Using Multi-Variable Gradient Descent Method
Authors: Jan James , MacKenzie D. Scott
Published: September 2021

ASTM D6200 is a standard test method to evaluate cooling characteristics of quench oils. The test produces six discrete numbers representing the cooling characteristics: three temporal scales (time to cool to 600°C, 400°C, and 200°C), two cooling rates (max cooling rate and cooling rate at 300°C), and one temperature scale (at max cooling rate). One of the main purposes of ASTM D6200 is to monitor the oil quality to ensure gears are properly quenched. The current standard only includes specifications for gear quenching oil and its applications are limited to physical testing. The intent of this research is to explore the possibility of broadening the support for more quenchants and extending applications to virtual engineering. This research includes two parts. The first part is the development of a systematic method to identify the characteristic points of a cooling curve. The second part is the construction of an analytical cooling curve based on the characteristic points. The analytical cooling curve is a mathematical function of temperature versus time that can provide temperature at any given time in the quenching process. In addition, the curve is differentiable to provide the cooling rate information at any given time as well.
Flow Effects on the Transient Behavior of Vapor Film and Bubbles During Forced-Convective Quenching Experiments
Authors: Cruces-Reséndez R. , Hernández-Morales B. , Guzmán J.E.V.
Published: September 2021

The transient behavior of boiling phenomena during quenching of an AISI 304 stainless steel, conical-end, cylindrical probe in flowing water at 60 °C was studied. Two free-stream velocities (0.2 and 0.6 m/s) and two initial probe temperatures (850 and 950 °C) were investigated. From high-speed video recordings, undulations of the liquid vapor interface that appear periodically and propagate in the direction of the flow stream were observed during the vapor film stage. After the collapse of the vapor film, a wetting front is formed which consists of many small bubbles that coalesce rapidly in a small area while fewer and larger bubbles nucleate and grow below it. The initial temperature has a marginal effect on the size and half-life of the large bubbles. However, the water flow rate produces larger values of maximum diameter and half-life time for water flowing at 0.2 m/s than their equivalents for 0.6 m/s.
Characterization of Quenchants to Reduce Distortion Using Numerical Simulation and Validation
Authors: Scott MacKenzie D. , Poulain Nicolas , Lasne Patrice , Antipolis Marc
Published: September 2021

Excessive distortion was observed in many small components made from 1080 steel that was neutral hardened following stamping. A study was then undertaken to determine how to reduce the distortion of the heat-treated parts while maintaining proper hardness and microstructure. A numerical simulation based on Simheat software was conducted to determine the effect of elevated temperature on the quenching oil used and its impact on distortion and microstructure. A second oil designed to operate at higher temperatures was also examined. Using Simheat software, the two oils were compared based on predicted distortion, hardness, and microstructure and the results were subsequently validated using empirical methods. It was concluded that a significant improvement in distortion could be achieved by using a different oil and higher quench temperatures.
Pterygopalatine Fossa: A Way to Spread Mucormycosis with Multiple Cranial Nerve Involvement
Authors: Eslami Masoumeh , Eslami Masoumeh
Published: September 2021

Background: Mucormycosis is a rare, aggressive, and fatal infection caused by fungi of the Mucorales order of Zygomycete fungi. Mucormycosis is mainly found in patients with chronic conditions, and clinical cases are observed only in immunocompromised patients and patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Rhinocerebral type is the most prevalent type of mucormycosis which has a characteristic method of spread. Although the involvement of cranial nerves is not common, it can be multiple with facial nerve involvement.
Case Presentation: We described an unusual route of fungus spread in a 50-year-old woman with the involvement of many cranial nerves, without obvious necrosis or significant involvement of paranasal sinuses. Pterygopalatine fossa was a way to spread mucormycosis.
Conclusion: In every diabetic patient with cranial nerve palsy and sinusitis, invasive mucormycosis must be considered.
To the Question of the Origin of the Concept of «Day of the Lord» in the Prophetic Books of the Old Testament
Authors: Брегеда Александр Вячеславович
Published: September 2021

Автор статьи выявляет основные вехи в изучении происхождения концепта «День Господень» в Ветхом Завете и указывает возможные причины его появления. На основе проведённого анализа автор приходит к заключению, что, несмотря на многообразие мнений среди исследователей относительно «Дня Господня», есть основания полагать, что идея теофании являются основой для возникновения концепта «День Господень».

The author of the article reveals the main milestones in the study of the origin of the concept of the «Day of the Lord» in the Old Testament, indicates the possible reasons for its occurrence and identifies their main features. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the diversity of opinions among researchers regarding the «Day of the Lord», there is reason to believe that the ideas of Theophany are the basis for the emergence of the concept of «Day of the Lord».
Holistic Soteriology of St. Symeon the New Theologian
Authors: Горшенин Максим Александрович
Published: September 2021

Статья посвящена малоизученной стороне учения прп. Симеона Нового Богослова - его сотериологии. В рамках имманентно-текстуального (контекстуального) и системно-аналитического подходов предпринимается попытка реконструировать принципы, лежащие в основе сотериологической системы прп. Симеона (исцеление человеческой природы через восстановление богообщения, отношения свободы и благодати) и проанализировать специфику этой системы: холизм, христоцентричность, евхаристичность, экклезиологичность; значение личного подвига, мистического опыта и участия в таинствах Церкви. В понимании прп. Симеона Христово домостроительство предстаёт как приготовление евхаристической чаши. С другой стороны, будучи переживаемо в личном мистическом опыте и воспроизводимо в конкретном человеке, оно составляет содержание его частного спасения, совершаемого, однако, в органическом единстве тела Церкви. Учение прп. Симеона о спасении представляет собой оригинальную систему, в которой процессы общего и личного спасения рассматриваются как единое целое.

This article is concerned with an underexplored aspect of St. Symeon the New Theologian’s teaching, viz., his soteriology. Intrinsic textual (contextual) and systemic analytical approaches are used in attempt to reconstruct the basic principles of St. Symeon’s soteriological system (such as healing of the human nature through restoration of the communion with God, the relation between freedom and grace), as well as to analyse the specifics of this system, viz. holism, Christocentricity, Eucharist-centeredness, ecclesiological centeredness; the meaning of personal ascesis, mystical experience and participation in the sacraments of the Church. St. Symeon regards Christ’s Economy of Salvation as preparation of the Eucharistic chalice. On the other hand, this economy, becoming part of a person’s mystical experience and reproduced in a particular person, constitutes the essence of his personal salvation. However, this happens in the organic unity of the Church’s body. St. Symeon’s doctrine of salvation is an original system representing the processes of general and personal salvation as a single whole.