bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competencies Conference: Future Directions in Education and Credentialing in Professional Psychology
Authors: Kaslow Nadine J. , Borden Kathi A. , Collins Frank L. , Forrest Linda , Illfelder‐Kaye Joyce , Nelson Paul D. , Rallo Joseph S. , Vasquez Melba J.T. , Willmuth Mary E.
Published: May 2004

The Competencies Conference: Future Directions in Education and Credentialing in Professional Psychology was organized around eight competency‐focused work groups, as well as work groups on specialties and the assessment of competence. A diverse group of psychologists participated in this multisponsored conference. After describing the background and structure of the conference, this article reviews the common themes that surfaced across work groups, with attention paid to the identification, training, and assessment of competencies and competence. Recommendations to advance competency‐based education, training, and credentialing in professional psychology are discussed. This is one of a series of articles published together in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology. Several other articles that resulted from the Competencies Conference will appear in Professional Psychology: Research and Practice and The Counseling Psychologist. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Collagen containing neonatal astrocytes stimulates regrowth of injured fibers and promotes modest locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury
Authors: Joosten E.A.J. , Veldhuis W.B. , Hamers F.P.T.
Published: May 2004

The use of collagen as a vehicle to transplant neonatal astroglial cells into the lesioned spinal cord of the adult rat allows a precise application of these cells into the lesion gap and minimizes the migration of the transplanted cells. This approach might lead to anatomical and functional recovery. In the present study, 20 adult female Wistar rats were subjected to a dorsal hemisection at thoracic spinal cord levels. Cultured cortical neonatal rat astrocytes were transplanted into the lesion with collagen as a vehicle (N = 10). Prior to transplantation, the cultured astroglial cells were labelled with fast blue. Control rats received collagen implants only (N = 10). During 1 month of survival time, functional recovery of all rats was continuously monitored. Histological data showed that the prelabelled astroglial cells survived transplantation and were localized predominantly in the collagen implant. Virtually no fast blue‐labelled GFAP‐positive astroglial cells migrated out of the implant into the adjacent host spinal cord. The presence of transplanted neonatal astroglial cells resulted in a significant increase in the number of ingrowing neurofilament‐positive fibers (including anterogradely labeled corticospinal axons) into the implant. Ingrowing fibers were closely associated with the transplanted astroglial cells. The implantation of neonatal astroglial cells did result in modest temporary improvements of locomotor recovery as observed during open‐field locomotion analysis (BBB subscore) or during crossing of a walkway (catwalk). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of a solid‐phase microextraction procedure for the determination of herbicides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Frías‐García Sergio , Sánchez M. J. , Rodríguez‐Delgado Miguel Á.
Published: May 2004

The use of a different optimization procedure that involves Experimental Design (ED) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for the off‐line coupling solid‐phase microextraction‐micellar electokinetic chomatography (SPME‐MEKC) is presented. This combination of ED and ANN, mathematical tools not previously used in SPME‐MEKC optimization, allowed us to obtain good extraction efficiencies in the SPME procedure for the determination of a group of eleven triazine herbicides in groundwater samples. Both extraction and desorption steps were carried out by solution stirring at 900 rpm. Optimal conditions for the off‐line SPME procedure were: extraction with a poly(dimethylsiloxane)/divinylbenzene SPME fiber for 120 min, 10% (w/v) NaCl, desorption time 40 min, and 70% (v/v) of methanol/buffer as desorption mixture. Detection limits lay between 0.80 μg L–1 and 4.89 μg L–1. Finally, the optimized method was applied to the determination of these compounds in spiked and non‐spiked groundwater samples using a previously optimized MEKC separation.
Mucin Macromolecules in Normal, Adenomatous, and Carcinomatous Colon: Evidence for the Neotransformation
Authors: Aksoy Nurten , Akinci O. Faruk
Published: May 2004

Summary: Mucins are high molecular‐weight glycoproteins having oligosaccharides attached to serine or threonine residues of the mucin core protein backbone by O‐glycosidic linkages. They are major components of mucus, covering the luminal surfaces of epithelial respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts, and responsible for its viscoelastic properties. The core proteins of mucins are encoded by different mucin genes. Aberrations in the cell surface carbohydrates including mucins have been regarded as a universal characteristic of the malignant transformation of cells. These alterations are considered to be relevant to the abnormal behaviour of cancer cells, such as altered cell adhesion or metastasis, and to the avoidance of immunological defence.

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Synthesis of Enzymatically Crosslinkable Peptide‐Poly(L‐lysine) Conjugate and Creation of Bio‐Inspired Hybrid Fibers
Authors: Tonegawa Hitomi , Kuboe Yoshiko , Amaike Masato , Nishida Ayako , Ohkawa Kousaku , Yamamoto Hiroyuki
Published: May 2004

Summary: Poly(L‐lysine)s having an Nε‐substituted tetrapeptide, Lys‐Gly‐Tyr‐Gly, were synthesized by the coupling of the protected tetrapeptide active ester, Boc‐Lys(Z)‐Gly‐Tyr(Bzl)‐Gly (4‐hydroxyphenyl)dimethylsulfonium methylsulfate and Nε‐group of the poly(L‐lysine) side chain. The Nε‐substituted tetrapeptide functions as the substrate of tyrosinase and is responsible for the enzyme‐mediated interpolymer cross‐linking. The degree of Nε‐substitution (DS) was mostly controlled by changing the stoichiometry between the Nε‐amino groups of the parent poly(L‐lysine) and the protected tetrapeptide active ester. Two kinds of samples having DS values of 8.6 and 18 mol‐% were prepared. The resulting cationic Nε‐(Lys‐Gly‐Tyr‐Gly)‐poly(L‐lysine) (abbreviated as PLL(GYGK)) was spun into hybrid fibers with the anionic polysaccharide gellan via a polyionic complexation reaction at the interface between aqueous solutions of the two polymers. The mechanical strengths of the PLL(GYGK)‐gellan hybrid fibers were superior to those of the original poly(L‐lysine)‐gellan fibers. The mechanical strength of the hybrid fibers further increased upon the tyrosinase‐mediated cross‐linking reaction of the PLL(GYGK). This result indicates that the covalent cross‐bridge formation between the Nε‐substituted peptides significantly contributed to reinforcement of the hybrid fibers. The present study affords a new methodology for reinforcement inspired by a biological process.

Reinforcement mechanism of the PLL(GYGK)‐gellan hybrid fiber.

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Reinforcement mechanism of the PLL(GYGK)‐gellan hybrid fiber.
Mathematical Modeling of Homopolymerization on Supported Metallocene Catalysts
Authors: Alexiadis Alessio , Andes Cecily , Ferrari Daniela , Korber Frank , Hauschild Klaus , Bochmann Manfred , Fink Gerhard
Published: May 2004

Summary: In this paper, a mathematical model describing olefin polymerization with metallocene catalysts is presented. It is an improvement of a previous model, the “particle growth model” (PGM) proposed by, among others, one of the authors of the present work and derives from the so‐called “multigrane model” (MGM). The main differences between this work and others is a more sophisticated approach to fragmentation with respect to the MGM. Additionally, there is a more specific modeling for the unfragmented core with respect to the PGM. The numerical results obtained by the model are compared with experimental data. The results of this work allow to extend the PGM to catalysts with lower activity. The importance of those catalysts depends on the fact that high activity catalysts could bring, in some cases, too poor polymer morphology.

Geometrical representation of the micro‐ and macroparticle.

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Geometrical representation of the micro‐ and macroparticle.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 5/2004
Authors: Eckelt John , Haase Tanja , Loske Stefan , Wolf Bernhard A.
Published: May 2004

Cover: Scheme of the large scale fractionation technique CSF (continuous spin fractionation). The feed, consisting of a solution of the original polymer, is pressed through a spinning nozzle into a suitable extracting agent (EA). This liquid takes up the short chains and yields the sol fraction; the non‐extractable parts of the polymer become the gel fraction.

Further details can be found in the Full Paper by J. Eckelt, T. Haase, S. Loske, and B. A. Wolf* on page 393.
Homopolymerization of ω‐Styryl‐Polystyrene Macromonomers in the Presence of CpTiF3/MAO
Authors: Lahitte Jean‐François , Kaminsky Walter , Stojkovic Olivera , Peruch Frédéric , Lutz Pierre J.
Published: May 2004

Summary: ω‐Styryl‐polystyrene macromonomers were synthesized by anionic induced deactivation reactions. Their homopolymerization in the presence of a fluorinated half‐sandwich metallocene catalyst (CpTiF3/MAO) was investigated. In spite of the intrinsic lower reactivity of these macromonomers with respect to the micromolecular monomer, coordination homopolymerization was possible. The influence of several experimental parameters on the polymerization yield and degree could be demonstrated. In most cases, under identical experimental conditions, higher polymerization yields and degrees were observed with respect to the CpTiCl3/MAO catalyst.

The synthesis of p‐polystyryl‐substituted styrene derivatives by the homopolymerization of ω‐styryl‐polystyrene macromonomers in the presence of CpTiF3.

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The synthesis of p‐polystyryl‐substituted styrene derivatives by the homopolymerization of ω‐styryl‐polystyrene macromonomers in the presence of CpTiF3.
A Novel Synthetic Procedure for Stereoblock Poly(propylene) with a Living Polymerization System
Authors: Nishii Kei , Shiono Takeshi , Ikeda Tomiki
Published: May 2004

Summary: Propylene polymerization was conducted at 0 °C in heptane or chlorobenzene (CB) by an ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complex combined with dried, modified methylaluminoxane that had been treated by dilution with heptane and successively repeatedly vacuum dried to remove any free trialkylaluminiums. The post‐polymerizations testified that the living polymerization proceeded irrespective of the solvent used. The heptane system gave the syndiotactic poly(propylene)s (PPs), whereas the CB system gave almost atactic PPs. After the first polymerization in heptane had been completed, the same amounts of propylene and CB were added for the second polymerization. This procedure gave the syndiotactic‐atactic stereoblock PP with narrow molecular‐weight distributions.

Structure of the ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complex and its application to the synthesis of syndiotactic‐atactic stereoblock poly(propylene)s reported here.

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Structure of the ansa‐fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complex and its application to the synthesis of syndiotactic‐atactic stereoblock poly(propylene)s reported here.
Morphology and Dynamics of Phase‐Separating Fluids with Viscosity Asymmetry
Authors: Luo Kaifu , Gronski Wolfram , Friedrich Christian
Published: May 2004

Summary: The effects of viscosity asymmetry of the components on morphology and dynamics of phase‐separating AB fluids are investigated numerically based on a modified Model H. For critical mixtures, in the early stage of phase separation the co‐continuous morphology with droplets of A in B and B in A is observed. In the late stage of phase separation, the viscosity asymmetry leads to morphological change from co‐continuous structure to completely dispersed structure where the less viscous component forms droplet. The pathway of this transformation is accompanied by the breakdown of balance of volume fraction between droplets with different viscosity. Domain growth is characterized by a crossover from a faster growth at intermediate time under the influence of hydrodynamics to Lifshitz–Slyozov behavior at late times. For off‐critical mixture, viscosity asymmetry only plays an important role for domain growth in the intermediate stage of phase separation and the domain growth depends on whether the more viscous phase is dispersed or continuous, and the late stage of domain growth follows Lifshitz–Slyozov power law independent of which phase is dispersed.

Result for the evolution of phase‐separating domains for critical fluid mixtures $\bar \phi _A$ = 0.5 for t = 1 500 with viscosity asymmetry: ηA = 0.8, ηB = 0.2. A‐rich regions and B‐rich regions are represented by white and black, respectively.

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Result for the evolution of phase‐separating domains for critical fluid mixtures $\bar \phi _A$ = 0.5 for t = 1 500 with viscosity asymmetry: ηA = 0.8, ηB = 0.2. A‐rich regions and B‐rich regions are represented by white and black, respectively.
The Chain Stretching Effect on the Morphology and Rheological Properties of Phase‐Separating Polymer Blends Subjected to Simple Shear Flow
Authors: Luo Kaifu , Zhang Hongdong , Yang Yuliang
Published: May 2004

Summary: The spinodal decomposition of a binary mixture subjected to simple shear flow is investigated in the framework of the modified time‐dependent Ginzburg‐Landau (TDGL) equation with an external velocity term. The domain growth and related rheological properties of a binary mixture under shear flow are simulated in three dimensions by means of the cell dynamics scheme (CDS). The simulation results show that the domain growth is anistropic and depends on the terminal relaxation time of the polymer chain. It is found that lamellae‐like domains with the normal parallel to the velocity gradient direction are observed when the terminal relaxation time is long enough. This result has also been confirmed by carefully checking the scattering functions in different incident light directions and the evolution of the domain size in different directions. In addition, when the chain stretching effect is strong, the transients of the excess shear viscosity are much higher than the case without the chain stretching effect. The terminal relaxation time of the chain also has an important effect on the first and second normal stress differences.

The time evolution of the morphology for the case with strong chain stretching effect.

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The time evolution of the morphology for the case with strong chain stretching effect.
Effects of Nematic Ordering on the Relaxation Spectrum of a Polymer Network with Included rod‐like Particles: Mean‐Field Approximation
Authors: Gotlib Yuli Y. , Torchinskii Isaak A. , Toshchevikov Vladimir P.
Published: May 2004

Summary: Equilibrium and local dynamic properties of ordered polymer networks with included rod‐like particles are considered using a simplified network model. Lagrange multipliers in the equations of motion of rigid rods are replaced by their averaged values. This approximation corresponds to modelling rod‐like particles by elastic Gaussian springs with mean‐square lengths independent of the orientational order. Nematic‐like interactions between network segments and rods are taken into account in terms of the Maier‐Saupe mean‐field approximation. Nematic ordering of rods induces network segments ordering and changes the relaxation spectrum of the network. The relaxation spectrum of the ordered network splits into two main branches for parallel and perpendicular components of chain segments with respect to the director. Relaxation times of a polymer network are calculated as functions of the wave number for the corresponding normal mode and of the order parameter taking into account both the dynamic factor (determined by friction effects) and the statistical factor (related to mean‐square fluctuations of segment projections). We compare the relaxation spectra of ordered unstretched polymer networks with fixed boundaries with those for polymer networks at free boundaries. A polymer network with free boundaries is stretched along the director. This produces additional fine structure of the two main branches in the relaxation spectrum.

Cell of a three‐chain network model with included rods.

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Cell of a three‐chain network model with included rods.
Conformational Aspects and Intramolecular Phase Separation of Alternating Copolymacromonomers: A Computer Simulation Study
Authors: de Jong Johan , ten Brinke Gerrit
Published: May 2004

Summary: Using the bond fluctuation model (BFM), simulations have been performed on molecular bottle brushes with two chemically different types of side chains. In the first part of this work, rigidity of the backbone is imposed. The influence of solvent quality and side chain length on the intramolecular phase separation of side chain material, leading to Janus cylinders, has been investigated and compared to theoretical predictions. In the second part of this work, the restriction of rigidity for the backbone is relaxed. In a poor solvent, the side chain material collapses into a globular state. Several globules containing each one type of side chain material are connected together by backbone material. When imposing different solvent conditions for both types of side chains, a bending of the backbone is found as predicted by theory and observed in very recent experiments.

Comparison between typical snapshots in θ solvent. The side chain length is 25 beads. Dark and light coloured side chains repel each other.

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Comparison between typical snapshots in θ solvent. The side chain length is 25 beads. Dark and light coloured side chains repel each other.
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for parkinson's disease after successful pallidotomy: Clinical and electrophysiological observations
Authors: Kleiner‐Fisman Galit , Fisman David N. , Zamir Orit , Dostrovsky Jonathan O. , Sime Elspeth , Saint‐Cyr Jean A. , Lozano Andres M. , Lang Anthony E.
Published: May 2004

Unilateral pallidotomy is an effective treatment for contralateral parkinsonism and dyskinesia, yet symptoms progress in many patients. Little is known about whether such patients obtain a useful response to subsequent bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). Changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Motor and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores, medication requirements, and dyskinesias were measured. Clinical outcomes were compared to patients with de novo STN DBS. Neuronal recordings were performed. STN DBS resulted in a significant reduction in UPDRS Motor scores (42.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 26.9–57.4; P = 0.03), comparable with de novo STN DBS surgery (41%; 95% CI, 26–46%; P < 0.001). There was also less change in dyskinesia duration and disability scores (P = 0.017, 0.005). There were no side‐to‐side differences clinically or in the STN neuronal firing rates and patterns. Bilateral STN DBS is safe and efficacious in improving motor symptoms in patients with prior pallidotomy. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Mutation analysis of two patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis and suspected malignant hyperthermia
Authors: Marchant Clare L. , Ellis F. Richard , Halsall P. Jane , Hopkins Philip M. , Robinson Rachel L.
Published: May 2004

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) and malignant hyperthermia (MH) are autosomal‐dominant genetically heterogeneous ion channelopathies. MH has been described in patients with HypoPP, suggesting a potential link between these disorders. However, a common genetic determinant has not been described. With the aim of corroborating this association, four candidate genes were screened in two independent HypoPP patients, one of whom was also diagnosed as MH‐susceptible and the other as MH‐normal by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT). An A>G change at nucleotide 7025 was detected in the RYR1 gene in the HypoPP/MH‐susceptible patient. Detection of the same mutation in three independent MH families suggested that 7025A>G represents a novel MH‐susceptibility allele and that MH and HypoPP occurred independently in the case presented. Conclusive evidence in support of the hypothesis that MH and HypoPP are allelic was therefore not obtained. Muscle Nerve 30: 114–117, 2004
Clinical comparison of muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibody‐positive and ‐negative myasthenic patients
Authors: Zhou Lan , McConville John , Chaudhry Vinay , Adams Robert N. , Skolasky Richard L. , Vincent Angela , Drachman Daniel B.
Published: May 2004

We assayed cryopreserved sera from 38 acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody‐negative patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who were followed clinically for muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies and analyzed and compared their clinical characteristics. None of 13 sera from patients with purely ocular MG were positive. Sera from 10 of 25 patients (40%) with generalized MG were positive for MuSK antibodies. The age at onset of myasthenic symptoms was significantly earlier in MuSK antibody‐positive patients (P = 0.02). MuSK antibodies were present in AChR antibody‐negative patients of either gender, with virtually identical prevalence in women (41.2%) and men (37.5%). The distribution of weakness more commonly involved neck muscles in MuSK antibody‐positive patients, and limb muscles in MuSK antibody‐negative patients. Patients responded to immunosuppressive treatment regardless of whether MuSK antibody was present. We conclude that MuSK antibodies are present and diagnostically useful in a subset of myasthenic patients without AChR antibodies. Although the distribution of weakness differs somewhat depending on whether MuSK antibodies are present, responses to anticholinesterase and immunosuppressive treatments are similar. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 30: 55–60, 2004
Returns on Fundraising Expenditures in the Voluntary Sector
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Kähler Jürgen
Published: May 2004

There has been much interest of late in the relative efficiency of various forms of fundraising activity. It is the purpose of this article to establish the typical returns that might be expected to accrue from a variety of fundraising methods. Based on a postal survey of the United Kingdom's top five hundred fundraising charities, this article presents the average returns for nine different forms of fundraising. The authors also examine whether differences in returns between charities can be explained by size or sector effects.
The Relationship Among Funding Sources for Art and History Museums
Authors: Hughes Patricia Nold , Luksetich William A.
Published: May 2004

The decline and possible elimination of federal support of the arts in the United States is likely to have a major impact on museum finances. Using data from the 1989 Survey of Museums, we analyze the interactions among major categories of museum funding. The results indicate a strong, positive stimulus of federal funding on private contributions, with some possible displacement of state and local government contributions. The opportunity to generate funds from private sources shows some promise to offset the loss of funds from government sources.
The Impact of Devolution on Nonprofits
Authors: Alexander Jennifer
Published: May 2004

The following article reviews the results of a multiphase study of nonprofit social service organizations serving children and youth in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of devolution and related efforts to introduce the new public management in the nonprofit sector. Study results strongly suggest that the capacity of community‐based and faith‐based organizations to adopt the business‐oriented approach required to meet the expectations of government contracts is profoundly limited by their financial and human resources and by the conflict that a market orientation can present to the nonprofit mission.
The Effective Grassroots Association II: Organizational Factors That Produce External Impact
Authors: Smith David Horton
Published: May 2004

Grassroots associations are locally based, significantly autonomous, volunteer‐run, formal nonprofit groups that manifest significant voluntary altruism as a group. They use the associational form of organization and thus have an official membership of volunteers who perform all or nearly all of the work done in and by these nonprofits. This report reviews some of what is known about how grassroots associations achieve external impacts (impacts on their environment). The preceding issue of this journal (volume 9, issue 4) contains a similar review article for internal impact (impact on members). The method used is a comprehensive literature review.
The Role of Nonprofit Management Support Organizations in Sustaining Community Collaborations
Authors: Connor Joseph A. , Kadel‐Taras Stephanie , Vinokur‐Kaplan Diane
Published: May 2004

This articles uses case studies to explore the theory that nonprofit management support organizations (MSOs) should consider taking on the role of convener and facilitator of community collaborations. They can do this work by facilitating planning and change and providing data to inform decisions about how to improve communities. In acting as a community support organization, their primary mission would be to build the capacity of all sectors to work together to solve social problems rather than simply to build the management capacity of individual nonprofit organizations.
Roles and Responsibilities of Community Nonprofit Boards
Authors: Inglis Sue , Alexander Ted , Weaver Liz
Published: May 2004

In this study, roles and responsibilities associated with nonprofit boards of directors were supported by a framework inclusive of Strategic Activities, Operations, and Resource Planning roles. This framework can be valuable for paid staff and volunteers in understanding the broad scope of the work of nonprofit boards and practical applications such as agenda setting for board meetings and designing board training and development activities.
Resisting Invisibility
Authors: McClellan Amy , Rebello‐Rao Darlene , Wyszomirski Margaret J.
Published: May 2004

Nonprofit arts organizations often struggle for visibility and survival. They may meet these challenges by adopting new marketing strategies, forming administrative alliances with other organizations, or creating programming that appeals to broader audiences. Though these tactics are indeed important, arts organizations must first develop a persistent presence in their communities. This article proposes five key ingredients of persistent presence for nonprofit arts organizations and suggests that persistent presence can be consciously constructed by an organization, by an artistic discipline, and by the larger arts community. The intent of this exploratory framework for persistent presence may guide arts administrators in their work and propel future research in this area.
The Role of the Economic Sector in the Provision of Care to Trusting Clients
Authors: Gelles Erna
Published: May 2004

With implications for senior care as well as child care, this article compares for‐profit and nonprofit dependent‐care facilities in areas of service that are not readily visible to consumers. Findings gleaned from the child‐care industry indicate that nonprofit facilities provide a higher quality of service on professionally identified variables than do their for‐profit counterparts. For‐profit directors were more likely to implement cost efficiencies that were not immediately apparent to clients. Despite this, significantly more of the for‐profits were displeased with their financial situation than were their nonprofit counterparts. The study suggests that professional background and training of directors exercises an influence on management satisfaction and decisions, independent of sector.
The “Income Gap” and the Health of Arts Nonprofits
Authors: Brooks Arthur C.
Published: May 2004

This article addresses the widening gap between costs and revenues for many arts nonprofits; it examines the most common explanations for the problem, categorizes possible solutions, and suggests practical strategies for implementation. This study suggests that a critical difference exists between large and small arts firms, which in turn implies a different set of strategies for each. Whereas large organizations do well to leverage technological innovations, diversify product lines, and expand audiences through educational outreach, smaller organizations tend to see greater returns from efforts to expand their philanthropic base.
Healthy Organizations, Unhealthy Communities?
Authors: Backman Elaine V. , Smith Steven Rathgeb
Published: May 2004

Nonprofit organizations are an important part of local social networks that connect individuals and organizations and enhance the capacity of communities to solve social problems. However, the commercialization of nonprofit organizations influences their ability to contribute to this social capital. We reason that commercialization of a nonprofit organization may reduce its ability to contribute to social capital if it weakens its social networks; makes its network of relationships less stable; reduces the size, diversity, or involvement of its governing board; or reduces its level of voluntary participation.
The Four C's of Government Third Sector‐Government Relations
Authors: Najam Adil
Published: May 2004

All over the world, we see trends of increasing interaction between governments and the third sector. Is this the “start of a beautiful friendship” or are they already “too close for comfort”? This article argues that the nature of these complex relationships is poorly understood and often simplified. It proposes a four‐C framework based on institutional interests and preferences for policy ends and means—cooperation in the case of similar ends and similar means, confrontation in the case of dissimilar ends and dissimilar means, complementarity in the case of similar ends but dissimilar means, and co‐optation in the case of dissimilar ends but similar means.
A Collaborator Profile for Executives of Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Goldman Samuel , Kahnweiler William M.
Published: May 2004

This study involving ninety‐two nonprofit executive directors who engaged in separate interorganizational collaborations investigated the relationship between a select number of individual characteristics (personality and demographic) and perceived collaboration outcome (successful or unsuccessful). The collaborator profile that resulted suggests that directors who are predisposed to perceiving their respective collaborations as successful are extravert, feeling males who have high role ambiguity and low role boundary occupational stress. Given the increasing need for nonprofit organizations to collaborate with other organizations, it is important for nonprofit executives and their boards to be cognizant of some key factors that can lead to successful interorganizational collaborations.
When Change Hits the Fan
Authors: Hernandez Cynthia M. , Leslie Donald R.
Published: May 2004

This case study is based on an actual situation that has been disguised and has had some hypothetical content added. It addresses several problems that may be encountered as an agency struggles with its evolution from a hierarchical bureaucratic organizational structure to an egalitarian consensus model of management. Issues include resistance to change, difficulties with the modification of staff and board roles and responsibilities, and the resultant interpersonal conflict.
Understanding Congregations as Voluntary Organizations
Authors: Jeavons Thomas H.
Published: May 2004

Congregation and Community, by Nancy Tatom Ammerman.
New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997. 434
pp., $55.00 cloth, $24.00 paper.

Organizing God's Work: Challenges for Churches and Synagogues,
by Margaret Harris. New York: St. Martin's Press,
1998. 236 pp., $59.95 cloth.
The Effects of United Way Membership on Employee Pay in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Werner Steve , Konopaske Robert , Gemeinhardt Gretchen
Published: May 2004

This research investigates the relationship between United Way membership and the compensation level of employees in nonprofit organizations. This study is based on questionnaires completed by 1,811 employees from sixty‐nine nonprofit agencies in a large metropolitan area. Managerial capitalism, agency theory, and United Way funding and governance roles were used to develop the hypotheses. We found that employees of organizations belonging to the United Way receive pay premiums, suggesting that the United Way member agencies are higher‐quality agencies that pay their employees higher wages.
Predicting the Financial Vulnerability of Charitable Organizations
Authors: Greenlee Janet S. , Trussel John M.
Published: May 2004

This article describes a model that can be used to predict which nonprofit organizations are vulnerable to financial problems. The model is based on financial indicators developed by Tuckman and Chang (1991), adapts methodologies that have been developed in the for‐profit sector to predict financial vulnerability, and was empirically tested using a multiyear Internal Revenue Service database provided by the National Center for Charitable Statistics. Both internal and external stakeholders can use the model when making allocation decisions during the strategic planning process and in evaluating financial risk.
Fundraising Management
Authors: Sheehan Jr. Robert M.
Published: May 2004

Effective Fundraising Management, by Kathleen S. Kelly. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1998. 663 pp., $49.95 cloth.

The Complete Guide to Fundraising Management, by Stanley Weinstein. New York: Wiley, 1999. 307 pp., $49.95 cloth.
Are We at the Cutting Edge or the Blunt Edge?: Improving NGO Organizational Performance with Private and Public Sector Strategic Management Frameworks
Authors: Lindenberg Marc
Published: May 2004

Bankruptcy or irrelevance are likely paths for not‐for‐profit organizations (NGOs) that do not reshape themselves to achieve greater impact, efficiency, and accountability in an increasingly global, competitive environment. But how relevant are public and private sector management frameworks for NGO repositioning? This article provides initial answers through a case study of CARE, one of the largest international relief and development nonprofit organizations in the United States. It explores the transformation frameworks employed at CARE between 1992 and 1997, assesses what worked and what did not, and identifies initial lessons learned for the broader sector.
Enterprise Schemes for Nonprofit Survival, Growth, and Effectiveness
Authors: Bryson John M. , Gibbons Michael J. , Shaye Gary
Published: May 2004

The need for nonprofit organizations to develop a viable enterprise scheme is discussed in this article. An enterprise scheme indicates how the organization can meet social needs and stakeholders' interests in a self‐sustaining way over the long haul. Without a viable enterprise scheme, the organization will not survive, let alone grow, prosper, and achieve its mission.
Organizational Identity and the Structure of Nonprofit Umbrella Associations
Authors: Young Dennis R.
Published: May 2004

This article applies the concept of organizational identity to the structural issues faced by national and international nonprofit umbrella associations. Such associations grapple with several possible self‐concepts, including goal‐seeking systems, economies, and polities
. Two associations—CIVICUS and Girls Incorporated—are studied in depth. Consensus around aclear identity is found to be a key factor in resolving the structural dilemmas of these associations.
Reinventing a Large Nonprofit: Lessons from Four Voluntary Health Associations
Authors: Standley Anne P.
Published: May 2004

This article describes attempts by four voluntary health associations to obtain their member organizations' consent to an emphasis on national rather than local goals and to new structures that centralized the members' management and governance functions while keeping service delivery decentralized. It argues that at three of the four associations, the member organizations agreed to a restructuring because the national organizations won their trust through a broadly inclusive decision‐making process and because the members were persuaded that the restructuring would increase resources available for local programs and services. Although the shift in focus to national goals risks diminishing local support, the reorganizations are evidence of a broadly felt need in nonprofit associations for a new decision‐making model and for new roles for volunteers that take better advantage of their community relationships.
Managing Multisite Nonprofits
Authors: Grossman Allen , Rangan V. Kasturi
Published: May 2004

Multisite nonprofit systems are organized in a variety of ways, ranging from central control to local control. Regardless of where a system falls along this organizational continuum, inevitable tensions emerge in the relationship between headquarters and the local organization. The purpose of this article is to understand the causes of these tensions and to offer management action that, regardless of the organizational structure, leads to greater system cohesion. Our exploration was facilitated by intense field research at five multisite systems: Outward Bound USA, Planned Parenthood, Habitat for Humanity, SOS Kinderdorf, and The Nature Conservancy.

Our investigation suggests that multisite system behavior may be mapped on two dimensions—one that exerts forces toward unit autonomy and the other influencing the degree of organizational affiliation. These forces are associated with a host of organizational functions that are the traditional domains of management to influence and shape and thereby enable a multisite nonprofit to simultaneously optimize the benefits of organizational affiliation and unit autonomy.
Lessons for Multisite Nonprofits from the United Church of Christ
Authors: Barmen Emily , Chaves Mark
Published: May 2004

This article describes the restructuring process currently underway at the United Church of Christ (UCC)—a 1.4 million member Protestant denomination. Three main questions are addressed: What are the central goals of the UCC restructure? What factors might explain the particular strategic direction pursued in UCC restructuring? and How might the UCC case inform recent thinking about the structure and performance of multisite nonprofits?
Mission Impossible?: Measuring Success in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Sawhill John C. , Williamson David
Published: May 2004

The difficulty of measuring performance in the nonprofit sector has long been recognized. This article begins with a case study detailing how one organization, The Nature Conservancy, tackled the challenge of moving beyond measuring activity to measuring mission impact. After several false starts, the Conservancy developed a model for measuring success, divided into three broad areas: impact, activity, and capacity.
The article then presents data from interviews with leaders of thirty other leading nonprofits, who reveal how their organizations measure performance in these three areas. It concludes with some lessons learned about performance measurement in the nonprofit sector.
Improving the Quality of Outcome Evaluation Plans
Authors: Poole Dennis L. , Davis Jill K. , Reisman Jane , Nelson Joan E.
Published: May 2004

Nonprofit agencies are struggling to meet new funder demands in outcome evaluation. This study is the first of its kind to examine factors that contribute to agency progress in this area. Path analysis is used to examine chains of influence among five predictors of success as well as three control variables. Study findings indicate that agency culture, technology, management support, and involvement are key predictors of quality. Nonprofit managers who want to succeed in the new era of accountability should consider the potential impact of these factors on the quality of outcome evaluation plans in their agencies.
Local Unit Performance in a National Nonprofit Organization
Authors: Green Jack C. , Madjidi Farzin , Dudley Thomas J. , Gehlen Frieda L.
Published: May 2004

Board members and chief professional officers (CPOs) from the local units of a national nonprofit organization completed questionnaires that revealed (1) statistically significant differences as to what functionsand activities each believes the other should do and does perform, (2) areas of possible tension between boards and their CPOs, and (3) those activities with significant correlations to common performance measures established by the national organization. Both board members and CPOs believe boards should be doing more than they do, with CPOs being more critical of board members than they are of themselves or than board members are of them. There is significant tension between boards and CPOs regarding responsibility for some operational issues. However, neither the presence nor absence of tension was significantly correlated with the effectiveness of the organization. Finally, self‐reported measures of effectiveness correlated with external measures developed by the national organization, providing some evidence that self‐reported measures may be valid.
Tackling Fragmentation and Building Unity in an International Nongovernmental Organization
Authors: McPeak Mark
Published: May 2004

Growth and decentralization have brought increasing conflict to many international NGOs, particularly between field and headquarters. This case study, written by the executive responsible for the activities portrayed, examines an attempt to define a clear new role for a headquarters department in a large, decentralized INGO focused on building unity of purpose. By ensuring that decentralized units of the organization took the leadership in related corporate initiatives whenever possible, with headquarters coordinating an inclusive process rather than implementing, unity was increased and tension reduced. Senior managers at the headquarters of growing, decentralized INGOs should find this case study relevant as they strive to maintain unity in the face of institutional fragmentation.
Effective Contracting of Social Services
Authors: Peat Barbara , Costley Dan L.
Published: May 2004

The continued growth in the use of privatization for the delivery of social services increases the need for a systematic method to analyze the contracting process. Using a modified form of the basic systems model, the authors examine the impact of antecedents and situational factors and explore the use of traditional management steps in the contracting process. The authors focus on one state's experience with contracting to explore the implications of such a model.
Accounting for Social Value in Nonprofits and For‐Profits
Authors: Quarter Jack , Richmond Betty Jane (B.J.)
Published: May 2004

The authors argue that social value can serve as a bridge between the nonprofit and for‐profit sectors. They further propose that social value is not simply an abstract concept but can be measured by applying social accounting methods. The authors argue that nonprofits are founded on a social mission but that traditional accounting approaches do not properly assess their social products. They illustrate the centrality of social value, both to nonprofits and for‐profits, in two ways: (1) a discussion of for‐profit firms that behave much like nonprofits and (2) an application of the social accounting model. The authors discuss two types of firms: (1) for‐profits whose shares are held in a trust and therefore operate much like corporations without shareholdersor like nonprofits and (2) for‐profits whose owners do not exercise the rights associated with their property. They then apply a social accounting model to nonprofit employment training programs to illustrate how the inclusion of social variables changes the assessment of an organization's value. They conclude with a discussion of a social accountability framework that embraces both nonprofits and for‐profits.
Two Books on Mergers and Alliances in Nonprofits
Authors: Santuari Alceste
Published: May 2004

Forging Nonprofit Alliances, by Jane Arsenault. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1998. 198 pp., $25.95 cloth.

Nonprofit Mergers and Alliances: A Strategic Planning Guide, by Thomas A. McLaughlin. New York: Wiley Nonprofit Series, 1998. 288 pp., $49.95 cloth.
Who Are the Alumni Donors? Giving by Two Generations of Alumni from Selective Colleges
Authors: Clotfelter Charles T.
Published: May 2004

Using data on former students of fourteen private colleges and universities, this paper examines patterns of alumni giving. The data are taken from the College and Beyond survey, which covers individuals who entered the institutions in the fall of 1951, 1976, and 1989. Contributions by these former students to these colleges and universities tend to be quite concentrated, with half of all donations being given by the most generous 1 percent of the sample. A higher level of contribution is associated with higher income, with having participated in extracurricular activities in college, with having had a mentor in college, and with the degree of satisfaction in one's undergraduate experience. The projected donations for the most generous of these alumni over the course of a lifetime are quite high, with totals for the 1951 cohort exceeding those from the 1976 cohort.
Organizational Identity in Nonprofit Organizations: Strategic and Structural Implications
Authors: Young Dennis R.
Published: May 2004

Organizational identity is what is central, distinctive, and enduring about an organization. This article argues that clarity and consensus about organizational identity are essential elements in setting successful long‐term strategy and making structural choices in a nonprofit organization. Four classes of nonprofit organization are examined here: grantmaking foundations, federated fundraising organizations, nonprofit academic centers, and social enterprises. In each case, alternative identities are described and the implications of each identity for organizational strategy and structure are analyzed. The article suggests that examination of identity should become an integral part of organizational development for nonprofit organizations and a subject for continued research.
Relationship Fundraising: How to Keep Donors Loyal
Authors: Sargeant Adrian
Published: May 2004

This article explores how relationship marketing and its variant relationship fundraising may be used to assist nonprofits in reducing the lapse rate of donors to their organization. Employing a postal survey of ten thousand donors to causes in a variety of categories, the author concludes that although approximately one in five donors might lapse because of a change in financial circumstances, a similar number simply elect to switch their support to other organizations. The role of the quality of service offered to the donor in enhancing retention is also highlighted, as are donor perceptions of the feedback they receive and the impact they believe their gift might have on the cause.
Repeal of the Estate Tax and Its Impact on Philanthropy
Authors: Rooney Patrick M. , Tempel Eugene R.
Published: May 2004

The estate tax has many advocates and opponents. We present a review of the primary arguments and empirical evidence promulgated in support of continuation and for repeal. Overall, we find that there are plausible theories and strong, but not definitive, empirical evidence on both sides of the issue. Further research is needed that more clearly isolates differences between the income‐tax and estate‐tax (that is, the after‐tax cost or “price” of a donation or bequest) effects, the independent‐income and wealth effects (how having higher income or wealth has an effect on giving during life and at death), and married and single estate tax filers. These differences can be best isolated using longitudinal data. Data and analyses for both the short run and long run are necessary before society can reasonably predict the impact the repeal of the estate tax will have on both giving during life and charitable bequests.