bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A shift in children’s use of perceptual and causal cues to categorization
Authors: Nazzi Thierry , Gopnik Alison
Published: March 2003

The present study explores the ability of 3.5‐ and 4.5‐year‐olds to use a causal property (making a machine light up and play music) to build categories of objects, and attach a name to them. First, this use is assessed in the presence or absence of simple perceptual information (color and shape) leading to a conflicting categorization. Second, the role of language is evaluated by varying how the experimenter describes the actions of the objects on the machine. Results show that although children of both ages use causal properties to categorize objects in the absence of conflicting perceptual categorization, older children are more likely than younger children to favor the causal over the perceptual categorization when they conflict. An effect of language was also found with the older children, with explicit causal descriptions of the events enhancing causal categorizations. Finally, a memory probe showed that younger children were likely to misremember causal information when it conflicted with perceptual information. These results suggest that perceptual, linguistic and causal information are all correlated for the younger children, whereas these cues are more independent for the older children.
From synonyms to homonyms: exploring the role of metarepresentation in language understanding
Authors: Garnham Wendy A. , Brooks Julie , Garnham Alan , Ostenfeld Anne‐Marie
Published: March 2003

Doherty and Perner (Metalinguistic awareness and theory of mind: just two words for the same thing? Cognitive Development, 13 (1998), 279–305) report that children’s understanding of synonyms and false belief is dependent on an understanding of the representational mind. Experiment 1 extends this finding by examining children’s understanding of homonyms. Children aged 3 and 4 years were asked to judge whether a puppet correctly selected the second member of a homonym pair. Performance on this task was strongly associated with performance on the false belief task even after chronological and verbal mental age had been accounted for. Experiment 2 incorporated two new tasks: a synonyms task and an adjectives task. Understanding of synonyms and homonyms significantly predicted performance on the false belief task. However, once chronological age was accounted for, only performance on the homonyms task did so. The difficulty experienced on the homonyms task was not due to a reluctance to acknowledge that the puppet can point to a different picture when the the same word label is used twice. Children had no difficulty on the adjectives task when the puppet had to point to a different picture described using the same adjective. The suggestion that the understanding of synonyms, homonyms and false belief are related by a common insight into the representational mind is therefore not supported.
Newborn categorization of vowel‐like sounds
Authors: Aldridge Michelle A. , Stillman Robert D. , Bower Thomas G. R.
Published: March 2003

While there are many theories of the development of speech perception, there are few data on speech perception in human newborns. This paper examines the manner in which newborns responded to a set of stimuli that define one surface of the adult vowel space. Experiment 1 used a preferential listening/habituation paradigm to discover how newborns divide that vowel space. Results indicated that there were zones of high preference flanked by zones of low preference. The zones of high preference approximately corresponded to areas where adults readily identify vowels. Experiment 2 presented newborns with pairs of vowels from the zones found in Experiment 1. One member of each pair was the most preferred vowel from a zone, and the other member was the least preferred vowel from the adjacent zone of low preference. The pattern of preference was preserved in Experiment 2. However, a comparison of Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that habituation had occurred in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that the habituation seen in Experiment 1 was due to processes of categorization, by using a familiarization preference paradigm. The results supported the hypothesis that newborns categorized the vowel space in an adult‐like manner, with vowels perceived as relatively good or poor exemplars of a vowel category.
EEG coherence, joint attention and language development in the second year
Authors: Mundy Peter , Fox Nathan , Card Judith
Published: March 2003

Recent research has raised the hypothesis that brain maturation processes may play an important role in the linkage between infant joint attention and language development. This hypothesis was examined using EEG, joint attention and parent report language measures in a longitudinal study of 29 infants assessed at 14, 18 and 24 months of age. The results indicated that both measures of joint attention and EEG coherence at 14 months were related to language development at 24 months. Furthermore, both EEG coherence measures and joint attention measures made contributions to multiple regression equations predicting individual differences in language development. Finally, coherence data from this study were consistent withThatcher's (1994) theory of different patterns of neural integration and differentiation in the early maturation of the left and right hemispheres. The implications of these results for understanding the nature of the relations between joint attention and language development, as well as the utility of EEG coherence measures in developmental neuroscience are discussed.
Magnetoencephalography in pediatric neuroimaging
Authors: Paetau Ritva
Published: March 2003

Neural currents give rise to electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG). MEG has selective sensitivity to tangential currents (from fissural cortex), and less distorted signals compared with EEG. A major goal of MEG is to determine the location and timing of cortical generators for event‐related responses, spontaneous brain oscillations or epileptiform activity. MEG provides a spatial accuracy of a few mm under optimal conditions, combined with an excellent submillisecond temporal resolution, which together enable spatiotemporal tracking of distributed neural activities, e.g. during cognitive tasks or epileptic discharges. While the present focus of pediatric MEG is on tailored epilepsy surgery, the complete noninvasiveness of MEG also provides unlimited possibilities to study the brain functions of healthy and developmentally deviant children.
Humanitarianism and Local Service Institutions in Angola
Authors: Christoplos Ian
Published: March 2003

The role of local service institutions is not a major focus of current discourse on humanitarianism and complex emergencies. These institutions, in the few places where they are mentioned, are usually presented as either the seed of civil society and future democracy, or as pawns and components of the predatory economic, political and military élites. Few would deny that examples can be found which conform to both of these stereotypes. This simplistic representation of local institutions ignores the perspectives of the actors themselves — the nurses, extension agents, school teachers and others who actually staff most NGO‐supported projects. The debate has focused on what ‘we’ should do; the moral dilemmas of aid agencies and their expatriate staff, inevitably leading to the question of whether or not humanitarian workers should stay or leave situations in which aid may be causing more harm than good.

Without denying the fundamental importance of these issues, it is important to consider also how the discourse has unfortunately moved away from those humanitarian workers who have no such choice, since they live there. Current concerns about keeping humanitarian aid from feeding local political and military struggles may inadvertently and paradoxically serve to constrain room for manœuvre in the field, particularly among those individuals with the greatest tacit understanding of the predatory environment. There is a need to understand how actors in local service institutions make sense of their own situations, including the factors which frame their moral dilemmas and their day‐to‐day choices. By analysing the organisational processes within local service institutions, this study is intended to provoke consideration of how these individuals and their institutions may be effectively supported in complex emergencies through a focus on how they themselves deal with danger and complexity. It is suggested that there is a value in considering the lessons learnt in recent years about how service organisations in the North function in turbulent environments. This experience points to the importance of allowing workers the discretion to develop a relationship with their clients, and in so doing make sense of a confusing and ambivalent environment.
Crisis Management to Controlled Recovery: The Emergency Planning Response to the Bombing of Manchester City Centre
Authors: Batho Stuart , Williams Gwyndaf , Russell Lynne
Published: March 2003

Fuelled by terrorist attacks on urban areas, emergency planning responses to man‐made disasters is a growing area of critical debate within the field of urban management. The response of a major British city – Manchester – to the 1996 bombing of its commercial core, is examined in this paper. It focuses on the transformation of the emergency planning response from dealing with the immediate crisis during the first week, to a stage of controlled recovery that still continues. The response to the devastation caused by the bomb was co‐ordinated by the city council, which developed a range of short‐ and long‐term initiatives, but the re‐opening of the city centre could not have happened so quickly had the council not worked in collaboration with other key organisations and agencies. Working partnerships were crucial to the immediate response and subsequent recovery, with such capacity for organisational learning built upon existing co‐operative arrangements within the city, which had developed over the previous decade.
Gender and Drought: Experiences of Australian Women in the Drought of the 1990s
Authors: Stehlik Daniela , Lawrence Geoffrey , Gray Ian
Published: March 2003

A unique collaborative, sociological study undertaken during 1995–7, explored the social construction of drought as a disaster, with farm families in two Australian states: Queensland (beef producers) and New South Wales (sheep/wheat producers). A decision was made to interview the women and men separately to test our hypothesis that there would be gender issues in any analysis of a disaster, but particularly one which has such a long‐term impact on individuals, families and communities, such as drought. Interviews were conducted with over 100 individuals male and female. We conclude that drought as a disaster is a gendered experience. The paper draws on the narratives of some women involved in the study to identify ‘themes of difference’ which confirm the necessity to maintain gender as a variable in all studies of the social impacts of disaster.
Getting the Scale Right: A Comparison of Analytical Methods for Vulnerability Assessment and Household‐level Targeting
Authors: Stephen Linda , Downing Thomas E.
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces broad concepts of vulnerability, food security and famine. It argues that the concepts and theories driving development and implementation of vulnerability assessment tools are related to their utility. The review concludes that socio‐geographic scale is a key issue, and challenge. It analyses three vulnerability assessment (VA) methods, using Ethiopia as a case study. Facing the challenges of vulnerability assessment and early warning requires providing accurate information at the required scale, useful for multiple decision‐makers within realistic institutional capacities.
Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness on the Nicaraguan Post‐Mitch Agenda
Authors: Rocha José Luis , Christoplos Ian
Published: March 2003

Nicaragua provides an example of how a major disaster, in this case Hurricane Mitch, can transform the national agenda for disaster mitigation and preparedness. Hurricane Mitch was a reminder of how extremely disaster prone Nicaragua is, and also how neo‐liberal reforms have weakened governmental response capacity. In the face of critiques of how governmental policies had affected preparedness and response, discussions of this transformation became a highly politicised process where the debate over alternative development models tended to overshadow the original calls to strengthen risk management. Progress can be seen in some areas, such as disaster mitigation through environmental management. This study of NGO roles, and their relations with other key actors, draws attention to the need to anchor improved risk management in local‐level NGOgovernment collaboration. Structures are being put into place to achieve this aim, but dependence on donor financing raises questions regarding the longer‐term sustainability of these efforts.
Politicisation of Humanitarian Aid and Its Consequences for Afghans
Authors: Atmar Mohammed Haneef
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines the implications of international approaches to humanitarian assistance in Afghanistan, focusing in particular on the period since the Taliban assumed power. It argues that international efforts to use conditionality on humanitarian assistance have proved ineffective in influencing the Taliban's policies, and have been implemented despite the negative impact on the welfare of the whole population. Efforts to adopt a principled approach to aid programming in this environment have also raised many ethical dilemmas which are likely to remain major challenges in that country and elsewhere.
Humanitarian War: A New Consensus?
Authors: Woodward Susan L.
Published: March 2003

The NATO bombing operation ‘Allied Force’ against Yugoslavia in March‐June 1999 represents the final disappearance of the narrowing divide between humanitarianism and politics: a war initiated and justified on humanitarian grounds. Although unlikely to be repeated any time soon, the Kosovo case appears to have cemented an ideological shift on the international right and even necessity of using military force to protect civilians within sovereign states. Rather than humanitarians acknowledging the political context and consequences of their work, however, the case suggests the embrace of humanitarian principles of universality and neutrality by military organisations. This article discusses some consequences of the new consensus: neglect of the political context (both local and foreign) of such operations, interaction between the operational dynamics of relief operations and the logic of war and the political consequences of using the humanitarian legitimation and mission in such cases.
Typologie des coopératives de crédit espagnoles par la méthode des groupes stratégiques. Une étude empirique
Authors: Sanchis Palacio Joan Ramón , Ribeiro Soriano Doningo
Published: March 2003

The objective is to apply the Strategic Groups approach to the sub‐sector of credit cooperatives, organizations on which Strategic Groups analysis has not been applied yet although they are part of the banking sector. Therefore taking into account the theoretical arguments presented on SG, the authors apply them according to the following stages: identification of the group of banking organizations composing the object of the study (in this case, credit cooperatives) while analysing their main characteristics; choice of the subset of banking organizations forming the analysed sample; determination of key strategic variables to define credit cooperatives’ strategies; and application of the research methodology using factorial Analysis in conjunction with Cluster Analysis, in order to identify the strategic groups forming the subset of credit cooperatives in Spain. Contrarily to what happened in other European countries where cooperative banks have an important place in the banking system, the strategic divergences between the different types of credit cooperatives hinder the integration of this sector in Spain. This strategic weakness calls for adoption of cooperation strategies by the different types of existing credit cooperatives.
Popular economy in the south, third sector in the north: are they signs of a germinating economy of solidarity?
Authors: Nyssens Marthe
Published: March 2003

This article compares some components of the so‐called informal sector in countries of the North and of the South. We establish a parallel between the movements of the popular economy in the South and the social economy (third sector) in the North (Santiago de Chile and Belgium are the respective illustrative cases). Although the institutional contexts differ, we emphasize the similarities in evolution induced by the corresponding modes of regulation. Both the popular economy developing in the large cities of the Third World and the nonprofit organizations emerging in the North are a challenge to dominant modes of regulation, in particular to the ‘state–market synergy’. Both have also given rise to an abundant literature which puts theoretical frameworks, particularly the economist's, into question. Modes of regulation still remain locked into the market/nonmarket dilemma, and this seems to indicate a certain ‘blindness’ to the plurality of modes of organization which are intermeshed in socio‐economic life. We would like to overcome this binary picture and show the fruitfulness of an approach to economics which takes into account a mixture of principles. Such combinations exclude neither the market nor the state, but do not reduce to them. This draws out the contours of a new mode of economic regulation, one which certainly challenges the philosophy of ‘all to the market’, but whose potential is nevertheless rooted in existing economic practices.
Public policy towards cross subsidy
Authors: Heald D. A.
Published: March 2003

Although elusive of measurement, cross subsidies are widely believed to have existed on a significant scale in network industries, particularly when these developed under public ownership. After providing careful definitions of when cross subsidy occurs, this article distinguishes eight distinct cases, drawing examples primarily from network sectors. Debates about the desirability of cross subsidy in the context of public enterprise are then reviewed; issues such as the geographical averaging of tariffs and the extent to which non‐commercial obligations should be reimbursed by government on the recoup principle are addressed. The policy package of denationalization, liberalization and new forms of regulation have far‐reaching implications for cross subsidy policy. For example, liberalization reduces the ability of incumbent enterprises to cross subsidize uneconomic links in a network, particularly if entrants are not subjected to comparable social obligations. Moreover, denationalized enterprises will more vigorously pursue financial profitability, discontinuing cross subsidy related to the traditional equity and political goals, but exploiting cross subsidy as an entry‐repelling tool. Both at the member state and European Union levels, there is evidence of confused thinking about the desirability and continued feasibility of cross subsidy; for example, not recognizing the inconsistency involved in imposing non‐economic obligations on incumbents while removing barriers to competitive entry. These developments not only erode the viability of the missions of public enterprises in their traditional sectors but also raise issues for public policy if and when technological developments make possible new forms of price discrimination in social sectors.
Interpersonal Interaction and Economic Theory: The Case of Public Goods
Authors: Bardsley Nicholas
Published: March 2003

Interpersonal interaction in public goods contexts is very different in character to its depiction in economic theory, despite the fact that the standard model is based on a small number of apparently plausible assumptions. Approaches to the problem are reviewed both from within and outside economics. It is argued that quick fixes such as a taste for giving do not provide a way forward. An improved understanding of why people contribute to such goods seems to require a different picture of the relationships between individuals than obtains in standard microeconomic theory, where they are usually depicted as asocial. No single economic model at present is consistent with all the relevant field and laboratory data. It is argued that there are defensible ideas from outside the discipline which ought to be explored, relying on different conceptions of rationality and/or more radically social agents. Three such suggestions are considered, one concerning the expressive/communicative aspect of behaviour, a second the possibility of a part‐whole relationship between interacting agents and the third a version of conformism.
Politiques publiques et économie sociale en Europe: Le cas de l’Espagne
Authors: Chaves Rafael
Published: March 2003

Cet article examine les différentes politiques économiques susceptibles d’avoir des répercussions sur l’économie sociale en tant que secteur institutionnel.En premier lieu il présente un cadre d’analyse permettant d’appréhender les contenus des politiques et en offre trois typologies.A la lumière de ce cadre dans unpremier temps il fait unbilan global des politiques mises en oeuvre en Europe pour se centrer dans un deuxième temps sur l’Espagne l’un des pays de l’Union où le niveau de développement de ces politiques est le plus avancé .Pour terminer, l’auteur évalue l’efficacité des principales mesures de politique économique mises en oeuvre dans ce pays.

The article considers different economic policies likely to affect the social economy sector as an institutional sector. In a first time it sets up an analytical framework which allows to apprehend the policies contents and offers three typologies. In the light of this framework it first makes a global evaluation of policies implemented in Europe and then focuses on Spain, one of the Union countries with the highest level of development of these policies. Finally, the author evaluates the efficiency of the main measures of economic policy applied in this country.
Economic Regulation: a review of issues
Authors: Parker D.
Published: March 2003

This article surveys a range of issues relating to economic regulation. It begins by examining market and state failures which provide the basis for arguments in support of regulation. Concentrating on natural monopolies, the article outlines the main forms of economic regulation, namely rate–of–return or cost–of–service regulation, price–cap regulation, and sliding scale regulation, a hybrid between price–cap and rate–of–return approaches. Reference is made to the broad phases that need to be considered in the evolution of natural monopoly regulation. These are concerned with regulating the incumbent monopoly, promoting and policing the development of competition, and maintaining competition once it has been introduced. The last phase may be better served through the use of effective national competition laws rather than dedicated sector regulation. The article also examines the range of factors that are likely to affect the economic efficiency and effectiveness of regulation. These involve a mixture of economic, political and governance conditions.
Watching the Bombs Go Off: Photography, Nuclear Landscapes, and Spectator Democracy
Authors: Kirsch Scott
Published: March 2003

This study examines the role of photography in the Atomic Energy Commission's representation of nuclear weapons testing during the 1950s. Pictures of fireballs and mushroom clouds functioned as part of an explicit AEC strategy to reduce the public to spectators. These photographs were designed to take the place out of the landscape — unlike the contaminated places near America's nuclear proving grounds, the pages of popular magazines were not subject to radioactive fall out. The seemingly neutral observations of the camera obscured the morphologies it appeared to represent. These arguments are developed primarily in terms of the militarization of space in Nevada, including a new geography of nuclear armament; the “story” of bomb testing produced though interaction of popular media with AEC objectives; and the social‐theoretical context of photography, representation, and spectacle as politically malleable processes.
Common Roots and Entangled Limbs: Earth First! and the Growth of Post‐Wilderness Environmentalism on California's North Coast
Authors: London Jonathan K.
Published: March 2003

Conflicts over the protection of redwood trees on California's North Coast are often depicted as following the trajectory of the radical wing of the larger American environmental movement, in which “radical” refers to the sharpness of the boundary drawn and defended between human despoliation and pure nature or “wilderness.” Earth First!—an environmental organization characterized by their slogan, “No compromise in the defense of Mother Earth!”—is often depicted as simply the leading edge of this deepening rift between nature and culture. I argue, on the contrary, that the Earth First! branches on California's North Coast should be understood as making bold, if incomplete, attempts to cast off the problematic nature–culture dichotomy and to define social justice and ecological health as struggles with a common root. By moving beyond wilderness, the North Coast Earth First! offers the promise of a truly radical movement, by which I mean one which truly confronts capital's interlinked degradation of both natural and human communities. This article examines the efforts by the North Coast Earth First! to inscribe a new community of activists and timber‐workers joined in the struggle to contest corporate claims on the redwood forest. It explores the ambiguous effects of activists' “embodied” and “home‐based” practices on this budding alliance, particularly the ways in which such practices also have alienated workers by redefining the redwood forest as the exclusive property of the activists' themselves.
Situating Justice in the Environment: The Case of BHP at the Ok Tedi Copper Mine
Authors: Low Nicholas , Gleeson Brendan
Published: March 2003

The rubric of sustainable development has now gained wide theoretical and political acceptance in the global community. However, after the Rio Declaration, each nation must now confront the specific question of how to decide between those industries and activities that are sustainable and those that are not when conflicting social and ecological interests are at stake. Any fundamental change to resource allocation will have social distributional consequences, and the issue of justice therefore becomes a critical element of any sustainability formulation. This paper contributes to this debate by exploring the potential for a politically grounded theory of justice in and to the environment. More specifically, we argue for a situated analysis that nevertheless retains the postulate of a neo‐Kantian universal ethic as the foundation for global institutions that could integrate and safeguard the principles of justice and ecological responsibility underpinning most notions of sustainability. We show this by locating the question of justice in a particular conflict of interest, that between the Australian mining giant Broken Hill Proprietary, Ltd., and the traditional landowners of an area on the Ok Tedi river in Papua New Guinea.
Fools Crow Versus Gullett: A Critical Analysis of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act
Authors: Forbes‐Boyte Kari
Published: March 2003

Historically, American Indian religions have been repressed in the United States out of the conviction that traditional indigenous beliefs would hinder the Indian's “progress toward civilization.” While the First Amendment protects the freedom of religion, it has not done so for American Indian religions. In 1978, Congress passed the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA), which was designed to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right to believe, express and exercise their traditional religions. This paper will analyze the effectiveness of AIRFA through an examination of one court case, Fools Crow v. Gullett, which involved a Cheyenne and Lakota sacred place, Bear Butte. It will conclude that AIRFA cannot prevent the desecration of a sacred place. It will also extend some arguments of legal scholar Ellen Sewell to the Fools Crow case, arguing that the courts misunderstand the unique nature of American Indian religions and disregard the trust relationship between American Indians and the federal government. It will conclude with further observations about liberalism, justice and property rights in the judicial system.
Between Mumford And Marx: Anatomising Imperial San Francisco
Authors: Castree Noel
Published: March 2003

The practice of restoration ecology (the creation and restoration of ecosystems) has important implications for theorizing nature in the traditions of O'Connor's ‘capitalized nature,’ Haraway's hybrid socionatures, and other recent work in poststructural approaches to political ecology. The prominent US environmental discourse of ‘no net loss of wetlands’ has spurred the rapid expansion of restoration practices, which promise to open a new frontier in the commodification and capitalization of nature. Through wetland mitigation and banking, restoration science is representing entire ecosystems as abstract, mobile, and fungible entities; however, a simple reading of a restored landscape as fully capitalized is unsatisfactory. Close attention to the wetland commodification process reveals two important points: 1) the commodification and capitalization of nature is never automatic; rather, the crucial steps of abstraction and valuation are composed of negotiations between and within differentiated segments of the state and civil society, in which there are many spaces for resistance; and 2) the materiality of restoration sites provided important challenges to the commodification process, which are not contemplated within critical approaches to nature as currently constituted. The transformation of restoration sites into sites of commodity provision is incomplete at best. A major challenge for poststructural political ecology will be to specify ecological phenomena and their important role in the social construction of material environments, without falling into an ontological commitment to the primacy of ecological data.
A Manifesto against Femicide
Authors: Wright Melissa W
Published: March 2003

In Ciudad Juárez, a group of feminist activists has established the city's first sexual assault center, called Casa Amiga. They accomplished this feat after launching a social movement on several fronts against the notion that Juarense women are cheap, promiscuous, and not worth efforts to provide them a safe refuge from domestic violence, incest, and rape. The essay explores their efforts as a means for asserting the value of women in Ciudad Juárez, an assertion with reverberating effects in the maquiladora industry that has prospered based on this image of Juarense women. By combining a Marxist critique of value with post‐structuralist analyses of the subject, the essay argues that projects such as Casa Amiga represent plausible sites for the organizing of alliances whose objective is to reverse the depreciation of laborers.
The City's Continuous Cycle of Consumption: Towards a New Definition of the Power Over Time?
Authors: Paolucci Gabriella
Published: March 2003

In postmodern societies, the power over time is exercised not only through norms and laws—the traditional devices of a modern state—but also through the production of systems of desire and need. In some cases, the role of pleasure as an instrument of command is far stronger than that of pain and coercion. Consumption is a very important area in which this kind of power over time is active. The reduction in the length of the production cycle in driving sectors of capitalist economies induces the acceleration of exchange and consumption. Thus, striking transformations in the ways goods are circulated occur, resulting in increasingly rapid movements of consumers. The city is a concrete manifestation of the centrality of consumption in contemporary society, a great container and distributor of commodities, services and images that is increasingly becoming a focal point for a range of “nonplaces” functional to mass consumption.
In Search of Regional Industrial Culture: The Role of Labour Organisations in Old Industrial Regions
Authors: Sadler David , Thompson John
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the ways in which the institutions of organised labour contribute to the formulation of regional industrial culture. We argue that industrial culture is fundamental to an understanding of uneven regional development. This industrial culture is dynamic, both product and constituent of negotiated social activities that involve the traditions and capacities of labour as an actor in its own right. We address the question of precisely how these connections between economy and culture are made. This is done through a detailed case study of the way in which one labour organisation—the national steel labour union in the UK, the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC)—has both shaped and been influenced by the industrial culture of Teesside in northeast England. There, we argue, nationally led centrist labour politics came together with paternalistic capital‐labour relations and localistic forms of self‐identification to create a distinctive regional industrial culture. We focus in particular upon four processes: the social construction of work in the steel industry; relations with other steel regions within the UK; fragmentation in collective bargaining; and the ISTC's recent reorientation towards community unionism. We conclude that much remains to be done given the powerful legacies from decades of innate conservatism, but that it is now at least possible to begin to address important questions about the future direction of the local economy. Thinking in terms of the contingent interaction between cultural and economic attributes, centrally incorporating labour, is useful because it opens up the concepts of adaptability and institutional blockage to wider interpretations.
International air cargo hubbing: the case of Singapore
Authors: Raguraman K.
Published: March 2003

International air cargo hubbing broadly involves two types of operations. Firstly, goods may be brought to a hub in one aircraft to be transhipped onto another aircraft bound for the destination with little storage involved. In the second case, goods which are brought in are stored as inventories in warehouses at the hub and are sent to the markets when the need arises. Over the past two decades, these hubbing activities have evolved with new developments in logistics management by the manufacturing firms, freight forwarders and airlines. This paper examines the intricacies involved in international air cargo hubbing, using Singapore as a case study. It is shown that the rapid growth in air cargo traffic handled in Singapore has come about largely due to careful planning on the part of aviation authorities in terms of identifying and responding to these developments in logistics management. The paper concludes with a discussion of the opportunities and challenges facing Singapore in its attempts to sustain its position as a major air hub in the Asia‐Pacific region.
What does foreign aid for education contribute to the maintenance of indigenous knowledge in Laos, Thailand and Vietnam?
Authors: Kampe Ken
Published: March 2003

These notes are based on observations conducted over seventeen years, including visits to projects, both structured and open ended interviews with participants and, more recently, a systematic review of reports prepared between 1991 and 1995. Results show that the principal thrust of all foreign aid projects which targeted indigenous people as preferred recipients were designed to provide access to state schooling, an education conducted in the national language and dominated by curricula objectives originating in the capital city. This is not what the people want. The preoccupation of state authorities with nation building and teaching skills that meet urban and industrial needs rather than the rural and agricultural priorities of indigenous people has contributed to the latters growing sense of alienation and eroded their sense of identity.
Coffee frontiers in the Central Highlands of Vietnam: networks of connectivity
Authors: Tan Stan B‐H
Published: March 2003

The objective of this paper is to provide an understanding of how the gap between the ‘global’ and the ‘local‐peripheral’ is bridged in the everyday life of the peasantry at a coffee pioneer front. The networks of connectivity between the spontaneous migrant‐peasants at the coffee pioneer front in the province of Dak Lak in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, and the global coffee market are explored. This set of linkages helps the peasantry to settle, despite the harsh conditions of life on the frontier. This is illustrated through a brief ethnographic account of the ‘peripheral’ characteristics of life on a coffee pioneer front. By borrowing analytical tools from actor‐network theory, the paper also illuminates the (actor) networks through which coffee finally reaches the export gate. This account suggests that global commodity production processes are often embedded in local dynamics, in this case, the political‐economy of the frontier. Further, it implies the need to transcend scales when inquiring about peasant‐market relationships in export agro‐commodity production.
Marginality and environment in Papua New Guinea: the Strickland River area
Authors: Banks Glenn
Published: March 2003

Mining in Papua New Guinea has caused considerable controversy, largely due to its environmental impact. This paper examines the debate around the downstream environmental impact of the Porgera gold mine, located in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. It is demonstrated that the greatest international concern and environmental protest is focused on an area that has, by the scientific accounts, the lowest environmental risk. In seeking explanations for this, attention is drawn to the marginality (in absolute and relative terms) of the affected communities, the intermingling of pre and post‐colonial discourses of environment and development, and the role of both international mining companies and environmental non‐governmental organisations in ‘re‐colonising’ rural Papua New Guinea. The communities are seeking to reduce their marginality by actively reworking the material and imagined landscapes (social, environmental, political and economic) they inhabit, drawing on a range of resources, both old and new.
Voluntary environmental initiatives: ISO14001 certified organisations in Singapore
Authors: Singh Sanjeev , Perry Martin
Published: March 2003

The value of environmental regulation through command and control measures has been questioned because of inflexibility and high cost. Voluntary environmental initiatives have been proposed as an alternative approach to save costs, overcome problems of inadequate enforcement and monitoring and to take advantage of the environmental leadership of transnational corporations (TNCs). Amongst voluntary environmental initiatives certified environmental management system standards have so far had most impact in Singapore and the rest of Southeast Asia. This paper investigates the environmental policy statements of 52 ISO14001 certified organisations in Singapore and shows that the environmental commitments being made are no substitute for traditional environmental regulations.
Intensification, Social Production and the Inscrutable Ways of Culture
Authors: Gardner Don
Published: March 2003

This paper examines Harold Brookfield's crucial concept of social production in the debates about the development of, and differences between, agricultural systems in central New Guinea. Although it was first explicitly elaborated by this eminent geographer, a striking feature of this concept is its appeal to a wide range of disciplinary specialists. No less striking is the degree to which it coheres with anthropological conceptions of culture as a realm of meaning marked by arbitrariness; consequently, culture is taken to possess an endogenous dynamic (or a ‘logic’) that gives it the role of an independent variable in the historical process. Social production, therefore, signals analytical concerns to avoid what are taken to reductionist accounts of agricultural transitions. I offer a deflationary account of social production that would make it more amenable to a naturalistic, interactionist perspective on culture and historical process; by reconstruing the cultural as the relatively micro‐historical it is more easily reconciled with macro‐historical narratives concerning intensification in central New Guinea.
Structural Change and Industrial Policy in Taiwan, 1966–91: An Extended Input‐Output Analysis
Authors: Wang Eric C.
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the structural changes in Taiwan from an input‐output perspective for 1966–91, a period marked by rapid economic growth. The analysis has been performed by examining the coefficient changes of both demand‐ and supply‐side IO models through the use of the rowscaler‐cum‐columnscaler method. Empirical results based on the deflated data with shifting‐base scenario show that significant changes exist in interindustry transaction, final demand and value‐added coefficients for the majority of industries. Extensive variations in industrial pattern are detected across various developmental stages.
Costs and Benefits of Export‐Oriented Foreign Investment: The Case of China
Authors: Sung Yun‐Wing
Published: March 2003

The costs and benefits of export‐oriented FDI have been discussed by Helleiner (1973, 1998), Watanabe (1972), Sharpston (1975), and others. Processed exports generated from FDI have constituted over half of the exports of Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and China. Despite the importance of processed exports, empirical studies of their costs and benefits are difficult due to lack of data, especially on transfer earnings. Data on the division of benefits between the source and host countries are scarce and unreliable. This paper examines the costs and benefits of export‐oriented foreign investment for China. China has been highly successful in exporting and in attracting FDI, especially export‐oriented FDI from Hong Kong. Since 1993, China has become the second largest recipient of FDI in the world after the US, and Hong Kong has become the world’s fourth largest source of FDI after the US, UK, and Germany. China’s processed exports are largely re‐exported via Hong Kong. As a result, good data on the total value‐added of processed exports for Mainland China and for Hong Kong are available. It is found that the rate of value‐added for Mainland China is relatively low compare with that for Hong Kong, indicating transfer pricing and absence of linkages in the mainland. This appears to be due to the rigidity of China’s economic system which hampers backward and forward linkages. The mainland is thus dependent on Hong Kong for many services in the value‐added chain. However, the rate of value‐added for China has increased substantially since 1996, indicating an increase in both backward and forward linkages.
Bank Lending and Inﬂation in Malaysia: Assessment from Unrestricted Error‐Correction Models
Authors: Tang Tuck Cheong
Published: March 2003

The paper estimates inflation models for Malaysia by considering the influence of bank lending. The unrestricted error‐correction model (UECM) proposed in Pesaran et al. (2000) was employed as being appropriate for small sample analysis such as the present study which covered annual data from 1973 to 1997. The results of ‘bounds’ tests confirmed a long‐run equilibrium relationship between inflation and its determinants, namely import price, money supply (M3), bank credit and real income. The estimated UECMs revealed that the important factors in the Malaysian inflation process are import price and real‐income variables. It was found that concurrent fiscal policies had a major influence on the impact of the depreciation of the naira on inflation. The UECMs appear to perform well and to provide an appropriate framework for forecasting the Malaysian inflation behaviour.
The Rediscovery of the Human Mind: The Discursive Approach
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: March 2003

The demise of behaviorism was followed by a period of cognitive model building, on Cartesian lines, invoking unobservable cognitive processes, then “mind behind the mind”. This has been followed by a second cognitive revolution which emphasizes the idea that mind is a flow of private and public symbolic patterns, created according to local norms. Basing psychology on this insight requires the preservation of the psychological concepts of ordinary languages as part of the basis for scientific psychology. The concept of ''skill'' can be used to link individuals with the matrix of interpersonal symbolic and practical interactions. The second revolution can be illustrated by recent work on emotion displays as discursive acts, and by studies on the role of pronouns in the expression of a sense of personal identity.
Social Identification and a Solution to Social Dilemmas
Authors: Ando Kaori
Published: March 2003

The study explored whether cooperation could be promoted by identification with an in‐group. A game was used to create two groups independent of each other. Thirty‐six Japanese undergraduate students participated in the game, followed by a social dilemma game. Analysis revealed a two‐factor structure of social identification: identification with the group and identification with its members. As predicted from social identity theory, subjects showed a significantly higher level of cooperation when the dilemma game was played with in‐group members than with out‐group members. Furthermore, identification with the group affected both in‐group bias and cooperative behavior in the social dilemma game, but this effect was not found for identification with members.
Cross‐cultural psychology: A symbiosis of cultural and comparative approaches
Authors: Berry J.W.
Published: March 2003

Culture–behaviour relationships can be understood in relation to many dimensions. It is argued that the cultural, indigenous and comparative traditions of research are mutually compatible, and indeed permit a symbiotic approach. This symbiosis produces a generic field, that of cross‐cultural psychology, into which the three traditions can be incorporated, and permits the pursuit of a universal psychology.
Justifications for bullying among Japanese schoolchildren
Authors: Hara Hideki
Published: March 2003

The present research investigated the justifications for bullying as a function of the various roles that children assume in bullying. Contrary to expectations, most children judged bullying to be right or at least permitted regardless of their role in the episode. However, children with different types of involvement in bullying showed different justification strategies. In particular, bullies were more likely to blame the victims than were children assuming other roles. Gender differences were found in the justifications provided. Boys were more likely to blame the victims, whereas girls were more likely to engage in denial of injury. These results support the notion that justifications for bullying function to sustain bullying.
The Vietnamese Economy in the 1990s
Authors: Riedel James
Published: March 2003

In the 1980s Vietnam made the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. The critical question now facing Vietnam is whether the remarkable growth rates it has achieved in recent years are sustainable over the long term. Does Vietnam have a viable strategy for long‐term growth, and if not, where can it find one, and what does it have to do to implement it? These are the principal questions addressed in this review of recent literature on economic developments in Vietnam.