bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Winemaking performance: whether the crisis is over
Authors: Goncharuk Anatoliy G.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find how much the efficiency of winemaking has changed since the crisis of 2008 and what are the main determinants of winemaking performance in the recent decade.

Design/methodology/approach

This study applied a three-stage approach to explore productivity, efficiency and profitability changes. At the first stage of the empirical study, the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity indexes based on the data envelopment analysis are used to reveal tendencies of wineries’ productivity and the reasons for its changes. At the second stage, productivity indexes were used to find out the main exogenous and endogenous factors. At the final stage, the profitability change after the crisis in the context of the wine types and a size of wineries is explored.

Findings

The main trends and factors of winemaking performance after 2008 were defined. It was found that a crisis in winemaking in Ukraine has been going on for almost decade with the greatest failure in 2014 that led to the falling overall efficiency. This failure was caused mainly by the military and political factors regarding the annexation of Crimea by Russia, the changes in consumer behaviour with a tendency to reduce overall alcohol consumption, and the government regulation increased excise duties on wines. Despite the efficiency crisis in Ukrainian winemaking, the positive contribution of technological progress provides its productivity growth. The small- and medium-sized enterprises in winemaking have a high resistance to the crisis and fiscal pressure. Despite it losing a half of value-added and being unprofitable, the small wine business has managed to increase the labour and capital productivities and overtake big wine business on these indicators.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited to one country and the relatively small sample of the wineries. However, it can be a starting point for a series of research on the development of anti-crisis winemaking strategy.

Practical implications

The findings of the study can be helpful for the Ukrainian Government to prevent crisis continuation in the winemaking sector. This case may be instructive for other countries, faced with a protracted crisis of efficiency in winemaking.

Originality/value

This is the first study that examines the winemaking performance and its factors after the world financial crisis, based on the case of Ukraine.
Critical success factors for Polish agricultural distributors
Authors: Korneta Piotr
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify critical success factors (CSF) and to examine their influence on the performance of Polish agricultural distributors operating within local agro-food systems.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed methods research approach comprising eight in-depth expert interviews and regression analysis of unbalanced panel data based upon a sample of 22 of the most significant Polish agricultural distributors over the period 2006−2016 is applied.

Findings

The following CSF have been identified and confirmed empirically: market share, gross margins (GM), high accounts payable levels, low assets maintenance, sound historical results and the use of external financing. Additionally, the regression model, based on stated variables, has been estimated. The highest regression coefficient values of GM, market share and accounts payable appear to play key roles in enhancing these companies’ performance.

Research limitations/implications

First, only Polish agricultural distribution companies with the market share exceeding 80 percent are considered. Second, not all of the identified CSF have been empirically tested, but only CSF filtered out by industry experts as the most important.

Practical implications

The proposed set of CSF can be directly implemented by agricultural distributors in order to focus on critical areas and therefore improve their performance.

Originality/value

The first set of CSF for agricultural distributors is identified, empirically tested and presented. Furthermore, the significance of the proposed CSF has been econometrically measured.
Predicting incidental and focal food consumption behaviors
Authors: Moore-Berg Samantha L. , Briggs Jessie C. , Karpinski Andrew
Published: June 2019

Purpose

There has been contradictory evidence as to whether implicit attitudes are more indicative of food consumption behavior than explicit attitudes. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the predictive validity of implicit attitudes for food consumption behaviors with two popular indirect measures – the implicit association test (IAT) and the affective misattribution procedure (AMP).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors examined the predictive validity of the IAT and AMP for focal and incidental food consumption behaviors (n=277).

Findings

Results revealed that the IAT and the AMP were more context-dependent than initially expected. The IAT only predicted incidental consumption behaviors in Study 1, and the AMP only predicted incidental consumption behaviors when preceding the IAT. However, the indirect measures provided unique variance for predicting incidental consumption behaviors. Only a direct, self-report measure predicted focal behaviors.

Research limitations/implications

These findings suggest that both the AMP and the IAT can predict incidental consumption behaviors, but the presence and strength of these effects may be moderated by unsuspected variables such as task order.

Practical implications

The current study provides evidence for the benefits of utilizing implicit measures in addition to self-report measures during consumer and market research.

Originality/value

This research reevaluates the predictive validity of the IAT and AMP for food consumption behaviors and employs two measures of food consumption behaviors.
Measuring the impact of crises in the horticultural sector: the case of Spain
Authors: Pérez-Mesa Juan Carlos , Serrano-Arcos María del Mar , Sánchez-Fernández Raquel
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on image crises in the food industry as well as provide a diachronic analysis to distinguish between the varying types of crises that played a critical role in the horticultural sector in recent decades, focussing on the particular case of Spain as the largest horticultural exporter in Europe. This research also analyses the economic impact of these crises upon demand.

Design/methodology/approach

An empirical analysis has been conducted using inverse demand models to determine the prospective impact on demand of the image crises in the main European destination markets.

Findings

The empirical analysis reveals an immediate impact upon demand (imports) in the short term. Sector crises invariably have one or many “explosion” points when they reach the public sphere. These events reduce demand among European consumers, ultimately leading to a decrease in imported goods. The tested models revealed considerably significant losses that subsequently reduce annual exports by more than 3 per cent. The analysis also reveals strong effects of complementarity and substitution among the various products that comprise the horticultural supply.

Research limitations/implications

This study has not taken into account several movements that have also affected the horticultural sector, such as “anti-consumption” and boycotts. Empirical results reveal a strong impact of image crises on demand (imports) in the short term. Consequently, there is an evident need to undertake actions, managed from the supply origin, that reach the consumer and effectively re-establish the prestige of the Spanish production system.

Practical implications

This paper highlights the importance of the mass media in consumer attitudes and perceptions, and the need to create channels of direct communication to break the information asymmetry between production and consumption areas.

Originality/value

This paper sheds new light on the literature of image crises. The findings of this research have contributed to greater knowledge of how image crises influence demand. From the point of view of management, these results can have practical implications for the highly competitive sector of horticultural production.
Sesame seed labelling and health protection of allergic consumers
Authors: Bianchi Daniela Manila Manila , Gallina Silvia , Ippolito Clara , Fragassi Sandra , Nucera Daniele , Decastelli Lucia
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Sesame can cause food allergy and according to European legislation, its presence in food must be declared on the label. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the presence of sesame in food products carrying no mention of sesame on the ingredient label and in food products carrying the voluntary labelling statement “may contain traces of sesame”.

Design/methodology/approach

Packaged bakery and non-bakery food items were collected at retail. Sample size was calculated according to estimated prevalence of 2 per cent and precision of 5 per cent: in total 32 samples of packaged bakery and non-bakery food were collected for each food category. The RIDASCREEN®FAST Sesame test (R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany) was used for the analysis: its limit of detection was fixed in the laboratory at 0.5 ppm.

Findings

Of the 32 food samples that did not mention sesame seed on the ingredient label, one (3.1 per cent) breadsticks sample tested positive at a concentration (326 ppm). Of the 32 food samples that carried the precautionary label statement “may contain traces of sesame”, one (3.1 per cent) breadcrumbs sample tested positive (305 ppm). Comparison between the allergen concentration and the published eliciting dose (ED5) for sesame proteins (1 mg) was performed. The calculated exposure was more than 2 the ED05 reported in the literature.

Originality/value

To date, few studies investigating compliance with food-allergen labelling requirements are available. This survey provides data for preliminary risk assessment for sesame allergenic consumers.
Promising avenue or dead end street? A meta analytic review of the Forbes and Milliken model of board behaviour
Authors: Heemskerk Klaas
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Over the past decades, growing interest in the behaviour of boards of directors has brought forth empirical studies on actual board behaviour. An important stream within this research followed the model proposed by Forbes and Milliken in 1999 in which the board processes, effort norms, cognitive conflict and the use of knowledge, are hypothesized to influence the performance of boards of directors. This paper aims to take stock of the results from this stream of research. The sometimes inconsistent results, and assumed methodological flaws of this research, leave open the question whether it makes sense to continue with this line of research.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a research synthesis of 17 primary studies on (parts of) the model proposed by Forbes and Milliken (1999), this question is addressed directly by clarifying what is known from the research done so far and by identifying possible distorting methodological moderators.

Findings

Strong empirical support is found for the effect of effort norms and the use of knowledge and skills on board task performance. The evidence for cognitive conflicts however was found to be inconclusive. Common method and respondent bias seem to be a lesser concern than often stated.

Research limitations/implications

Future studies should not only look closely at the construct validity of conflict, but should also have to account for the multidimensionality of conflicts and the interdependency and endogeneity in the relationship between behaviour and performance in boards.

Originality/value

This is the first paper that systematically integrates and reviews the empirical results of the research following the Forbes and Milliken model and sketches roads for future research on board behaviour.
Impacts of surface roughness on mixed convection nanofluid flow with liquid hydrogen/nitrogen diffusion
Authors: Patil Prabhugouda Mallanagouda , Doddagoudar S.H. , Hiremath P.S.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the surface roughness effects on mixed convection nanofluid flow with liquid hydrogen/liquid nitrogen diffusion.

Design/methodology/approach

The small parameter (α) is considered along with the frequency parameter n to study the surface roughness. The non-similar transformations are used to reduce the dimensional non-linear partial differential equations into dimensionless form, and then, the resulting equations are solved with the help of Newton’s Quasilinearization technique and the finite difference scheme.

Findings

The impacts of several dimensionless parameters such as Brownian diffusion parameter (Nb), thermophoresis parameter (Nt), small parameter (α), etc., are analyzed over various profiles as well as gradients. Also, the investigation is carried out for in presence and absence of nanoparticles. The influence of surface roughness is sinusoidal in nature and is more significant near the origin in case of skin-friction coefficient. The addition of nanoparticles enhances the skin-friction coefficient and reduces the Nusselt number, while its effects are not noticeable in case of mass transfer rates. The presence of suction/blowing, respectively, enhances/decreases the Sherwood number pertaining to the liquid hydrogen.

Practical implications

The results of the present analysis are expected to be useful for the design engineers of polymer industries in manufacturing good quality polymer sheets.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, no such investigation has been carried out in the literature.
Numerical simulation of the effect of using nanofluid in phase change process of cooling fluid
Authors: Pourfattah Farzad , Yousefi Saeid , Akbari Omid Ali , Adhampour Mahsa , Toghraie Davood , Hekmatifar Maboud
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to numerically simulate the nanofluid boiling inside a tube in turbulent flow regime and to investigate the effect of adding volume faction of CuO nanoparticles on the boiling process.

Design/methodology/approach

To make sure the accuracy of the obtained numerical results, the results of this paper have been compared with the experimental results and an acceptable coincidence has been achieved. In the current paper, by Euler–Euler method, the phase change of boiling phenomenon has been modeled. The presented results are the local Nusselt number distribution, temperature distribution of wall, the distribution of volume fraction of vapor phase and fluid temperature at the center of the tube.

Findings

The obtained results indicate that using nanofluid is very effective in the postponement of the boiling process. Hence, by change the amount of volume fraction of nanoparticles in base fluid, the location of phase change and bubble creation are changed. Also, at the Reynolds numbers of 50,000, 100,000 and 150,000 with the volume fraction of 2 per cent, the beginning locations of phase change process are, respectively, 2D, 10D and 13D, and for the volume fraction of 4 per cent, the beginning locations of phase change are 4D, 18D and 19D, respectively. These results indicate that, as the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases, the location of the start of the phase change process is postponed that this issue causes the increment of heat transfer from wall to fluid and the reduction of wall temperature. In general, it can be stated that, in boiling flows, using nanofluid because of the delay in boiling phenomenon has a good effect on heat transfer enhancement of heated walls. Also, the obtained results show that, by increasing Reynolds number, the created vapor phase reduces that leads to increase of the Nusselt number.

Originality/value

The paper investigates the effect of using nanofluid in phase change process of cooling fluid.
Diversification and performance in the hotel industry: do board size and family representation matter?
Authors: Zheng (Jerry) Chen , Tsai Henry
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between industrial diversification and firm performance and the moderating effects exerted on that relationship by board size and family representation on the board.

Design/methodology/approach

Secondary financial data were collected for hotel firms listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange during the period 2005-2016. Subsequently, a bivariate correlation and a fixed-effects panel regression analysis were performed on the data.

Findings

The empirical results showed that diversification positively influenced firm performance until firms reached an optimal level of diversification (0.34); beyond that level, the effect was negative. In addition, firms with a larger board tended to show better performance when the level of diversification increased from medium to high, and firms with lower family representation on the board tended to exhibit better performance when the level of diversification increased from low to medium.

Practical implications

Theoretical and managerial implications are suggested in terms of balancing the size of a firm’s board and with regard to family representation on a board from the perspectives of resource dependence theory (RDT) and socioemotional wealth (SEW), the diversification of hotel firms and future research.

Originality/value

A limited number of studies have considered diversification as a corporate-level strategy in the hospitality field and in the unique context in which a service-oriented economy is dominant, such as in Hong Kong. The role of board composition on the diversification–performance relation has rarely been investigated theoretically and empirically. Apart from providing managerial implications for corporate governance, this study also offers theoretical generalizability, from the perspectives of RDT and SEW, to examine the moderating roles of board size and family representation on the diversification–firm performance relation.
When and why does relative leader-member exchange enhance service performance?
Authors: Yoon Mahn Hee , Yoon David J.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the mediating roles of self-efficacy and team commitment in linking service employees’ relative leader-member exchange (RLMX) with customer service behaviors and also the moderating roles of team-level differentiations in leader-member exchange (LMX) and team-member exchange (TMX) in influencing these mediation processes.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 467 customer-contact employees working in hotel restaurants. Hierarchical linear modeling analysis was used to test the mediation hypotheses, and moderated path was used to assess the moderated mediation.

Findings

Self-efficacy and team-commitment both mediated the relationship between RLMX and customer service behaviors. The differentiations in LMX and TMX significantly interacted with RLMX in predicting self-efficacy and team commitment and also moderated the indirect effects of RLMX on customer service behaviors.

Research limitations/implications

Future studies need to incorporate customers’ or immediate supervisors’ ratings of subordinates’ customer service behaviors and replicate the findings in different countries and work settings.

Practical implications

Hospitality managers should foster a work environment wherein they develop equal quality relationships with their subordinates in a workgroup and promote high-quality relationships among subordinates in the workgroup to improve subordinates’ self-efficacy, team commitment and, subsequently, their customer service behaviors.

Originality/value

This study incorporates both self-efficacy and team commitment as motivation-based and social exchange-based mediators, respectively, in predicting customer service behavior. It also extends the boundary condition for the mediations by considering the team-level differentiations in both vertical exchange (LMX) and horizontal exchange (TMX).
Finding the right management approach in independent hotels
Authors: Nazarian Alireza , Atkinson Peter , Foroudi Pantea , Dennis Karen
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This study aims to identify factors that managers can influence to improve effectiveness by examining the relationship between leadership and effectiveness in small and medium-sized independent hotels.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 272 valid questionnaires were collected from managers of 83 small and medium-sized independent hotels in the Netherlands by using selective and snowball sampling techniques. A two-stage structural equation modelling approach was used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Surprisingly, in contradiction to previous studies, neither transactional nor transformational leadership had a direct effect on organisational effectiveness. Instead, the effect was through the intervening variables of ability to acquire resources and reward mechanisms.

Research limitations/implications

The contradiction between this and previous studies may be due to the fact that constructs used in this study do not have the universal applicability that is customarily assumed and further investigation is needed.

Practical implications

This study suggests that managers in this type of hotel, first, should be adaptable in their leadership style and not rely on transactional leadership alone; second, managers must pay attention to resource acquisition; and third, managers must retain staff by using the right reward mechanism.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature of leadership and effectiveness in small and medium-sized independent hotels by being the first to focus on the impact of ability to acquire resources and reward mechanism. It also makes an important contribution to the growing body of hospitality literature that probes the supposed universal validity of organisational studies’ constructs.
30 years of contemporary hospitality management
Authors: Ali Faizan , Park Eunhye (Olivia) , Kwon Junehee , Chae Bongsug (Kevin)
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to showcase the trends in the research topics and their contributors over a time period of 30 years in the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (IJCHM). To be specific, this paper uncovers IJCHM’s latent topics and hidden patterns in published research and highlights the differences across three decades and before and after Social Sciences Citation indexing.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 1,573 documents published over 199 issues of IJCHM were analyzed using two computational tools, i.e. metaknowledge and structural topic modeling (STM), as the basis of the mixed method. STM was used to discover the evolution of topics over time. Moreover, bibliometrics (and network analysis) were used to highlight IJCHM’s top researchers, top-cited references, the geographical networks of the researchers and differences in the collaborative networks.

Findings

The number of papers published continually increased over time with changes of key researchers publishing in IJCHM. The co-authorship networks have also changed and revealed an increasing diversity of authorship and collaborations among authors in different countries. Moreover, the variety of topics and the relative weight of each topic have also changed.

Research limitations/implications

Based on the findings of this study, theoretical and practical implications for hospitality and tourism researchers are provided.

Originality/value

It is the first attempt to apply topic modeling to a leading academic journal in hospitality and tourism and explore the diversity in contemporary hospitality management research (topics and contributors) from 30 years of published research.
Technology adoption for the integration of online–offline purchasing
Authors: Savastano Marco , Bellini Francesco , D’Ascenzo Fabrizio , De Marco Marco
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Retail customers are now omnichannel both for attitude and behavior. Since individuals interact with multiple touchpoints throughout their shopping journey, retailers must consider all channels holistically as consumers do, in order to provide them with a unified shopping experience. Thus, recently retailers are showing an increasing interest in the deployment of advanced in-store systems aimed at enhancing the shopping experience by providing customers with innovative tools able to engage them for obtaining deeper insights, saving time and feeling more independent while shopping. Such technologies can help retailers to better react to those emerging settings by: acquiring a positive image and reputation, being perceived as innovator; reducing management costs; maintaining and acquiring loyal consumers; making imitation strategies as difficult as possible for competitors; and reaching a unique and differentiated positioning. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether and how store technology positively affects the customer experience in an omnichannel retail environment and if the early adoption of in-store technology by retailers produces a sustainable competitive advantage.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the research aim and deeply explore the phenomenon of interest, a multiple-case study involving 15 retailers, operating in different industries of the Italian market, was carried through 80 semi-structured in-depth interviews with store managers and employees.

Findings

Results of the content analysis show that customers are increasingly willing to use the in-store innovations in order to obtain richer shopping experiences while retailers achieve a stronger brand loyalty as well as a better and updated brand image.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the relevant literature by proposing two conceptual frameworks. It provides a deeper understanding of possible advantages and threats resulting from early technology adoption by retailers, which is becoming essential for improving the omnichannel customer management and increasing business performance.
The complementarity between corporate social responsibility disclosure and institutional investor in Jordan
Authors: Daas Abdullah , Alaraj Reem
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and its relation to institutional investor (INSV) of Jordanian private listed companies (PLCs).

Design/methodology/approach

A unique sample of 159 largest companies over “a period of 8-years” listed on the ASE in terms of market capitalisation during the 2005-2012 period. Testing of hypotheses has been conducted by applying multivariate regression techniques using longitudinal data analysis of companies’ annual reports.

Findings

Results which confirmed earlier estimations indicated that there are positive and significant relationships between CSR disclosure (CSRD) and INSV. This result indicates that among the CSRD dimensions, INSVs are less concerned with companies engaging in community contribution practices and those related to the community involvement and product dimension in which the company operates.

Practical implications

Jordanian PLCs should be encouraged to be involved in CSR activities as one of their program strategies in attracting investment, as well as to improve their reputation and image in their social activities.

Originality/value

This paper conducts a comprehensive empirical evidence on the development of the relationship between the CSRD dimensions and INSV in Jordanian PLCs as an emerging market, where much existing evidence exists on this issue that may help in explaining difference in prior work.
Developing and validating a multi-dimensional measure of coopetition
Authors: Crick James M. , Crick Dave
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Coopetition, namely, the interplay between cooperation and competition, has received a good deal of interest in the business-to-business marketing literature. Academics have operationalised the coopetition construct and have used these measures to test the antecedents and consequences of firms collaborating with their competitors. However, business-to-business marketing scholars have not developed and validated an agreed operationalisation that reflects the dimensionality of the coopetition construct. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop and validate a multi-dimensional measure of coopetition for marketing scholars to use in future research.

Design/methodology/approach

To use a highly cooperative and highly competitive empirical context, sporting organisations in New Zealand were sampled, as the key informants within these entities engaged in different forms of coopetition. Checks were made to ensure that the sampled entities produced generalisable results. That is, it is anticipated that the results apply to other industries with firms engaging in similar business-to-business behaviours. Various sources of qualitative and quantitative data were acquired to develop and validate a multi-dimensional measure of coopetition (the COOP scale), which passed all major assessments of reliability and validity (including common method variance).

Findings

The results indicated that coopetition is a multi-dimensional construct, comprising three distinct dimensions. First, local-level coopetition is collaboration among competing entities within a close geographic proximity. Second, national-level coopetition is cooperation with rivals within the same country but across different geographic regions. Third, organisation-level coopetition is cooperation with competitors across different firms (including with indirect rivals), regardless of their geographic location and product markets served. Indeed, organisation-level coopetition extends to how companies engage in coopetition in domestic and international capacities, depending on the extent to which they compete in similar product markets in comparison to industry rivals. Also, multiple indicators were used to measure each facet of the coopetition construct after the scale purification stage.

Originality/value

Prior coopetition-based investigations have predominately been conceptual or qualitative in nature. The scarce number of existing scales have significant problems, such as not appreciating that coopetition is a multi-dimensional variable, as well as using single indicators. In spite of a recent call for research on the multiple levels of coopetition, there has not been an agreed measure of the construct that accounts for its multi-dimensionality. Hence, this investigation responds to such a call for research by developing and validating the COOP scale. Local-, national- and organisation-level coopetition are anticipated to be the main facets of the coopetition construct, which offer several avenues for future research.
The development of trust over time in an emerging market context: the case of the Tunisian automotive sector
Authors: Mandják Tibor , Belaid Samy , Naudé Peter
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate how context influences the quality of business relationships. This theoretical question is studied from the point of view of trust, one of the important components of business relationship quality. The authors study how trust is related to the dynamics and management of the business relationship in the context of an emerging market.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on qualitative interviews with 15 spare-parts resellers in the Tunisian automotive industry. The authors take a monadic view, interviewing resellers about their relationships with their wholesalers-importers. The decision to undertake the research in Tunisia is based on three factors. First, Tunisia is an emerging country and there is very little published research based in the Maghreb countries. Second, the Tunisian automotive parts market structure is relatively simple and, hence, easily understood, with most spare-parts being imported because of the low level of local production. Third, the actors in the study are all Tunisian companies, so research allows us to explore relationships between local companies in an emerging country.

Findings

The authors find that different kinds of trust play different roles over the dynamics of the relationship. Perceived trust is more important at the emergent stage of a relationship, and as the two parties learn from each other, experienced trust becomes more important in the established relationships. The initial perceived trust creates the possibility of building trust, and when mutual trust exists between the parties, it motivates them to maintain the relationship, but there is always the threat of the degradation of the quality of the relationship because of the violation or destruction of the trust.

Research limitations/implications

This paper shows that more care should be taken when using trust as the variable under scrutiny. Different aspects of trust manifest themselves at various stages of the relationship building cycle.

Practical implications

The results emphasize that when initiating a business relationship, managers first need to create perceived trust. Thereafter, once trust is built up, it is the trust that may “manage” or act to control the on-going relationship as long as the partners’ behavior or network changes do not violate the trust.

Originality/value

The results of this paper show that there is a mutual but not necessarily symmetrical or balanced influence of trust on the behavior of the partners involved. The influence of the different parties is dependent on the power architecture, the history of the relationship and the network position of the actors.
Data use in Kenyan secondary schools
Authors: Omoso Elisha , Schildkamp Kim , Pieters Jules
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the data available and their use by Kenyan secondary school teachers and head teachers.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a qualitative case study design, this study utilised interviews and documentary evidence to explore the data available and their use within Kenyan schools.

Findings

The data available in Kenyan schools were similar except for context data which had slight variations between schools. Head teachers mainly used school-level data to monitor school functioning, plan and develop school-level policies which mainly focused on school and curriculum improvement but little on teacher improvement. Teacher improvement attempts were mostly via benchmarking. The results also show that Kenyan head teachers hide inspection reports from teachers and that some head teachers used data creatively than others. For example, one head teacher used data to start a feeding programme to support economically disadvantaged students. Teachers, however, mostly used classroom-level data to plan lessons and monitor students’ progress.

Research limitations/implications

The study results may be used for data use comparative studies between developing and developed countries.

Practical implications

Based on the findings, data use training is needed to help Kenyan schools use data to improve teachers and teaching.

Originality/value

Accountability and data use are at the centre of many school improvement efforts the world over. The last two decades, for example, show pressure on schools to account for the resources invested and for the education they provide to children mainly in the form of data. Regrettably, studies pay little attention to data use in schools within developing countries such as Kenya.
The International Court of Justice: Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago
Authors: JEFFERY LAURA
Published: June 2019

On 25 February 2019, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its advisory opinion on the legal consequences of the separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965. The ICJ Advisory Opinion found that the process of decolonization of Mauritius had not been lawfully completed and that the UK is obliged to end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago. This article considers the implications of the ICJ Advisory Opinion for self‐determination, Mauritian decolonization, the Chagos Marine Protected Area, the US military base on Diego Garcia and Chagossian resettlement.
Geographic charisma and the potential energy of Ebola
Authors: Herrick Clare
Published: June 2019

The Ebola virus is unparalleled in its charismatic ability to ignite fear, anxiety and disgust at a scale grossly disproportionate to the number of lives it claims. As an archetypal ‘Emerging Infectious Disease’ (EID), this designation and the politics that have encircled it have provided Ebola with a conceptual space in which epidemiology and geography to splice together in the genesis and maintenance of its charismatic valence. Even before the West African outbreak of 2013–2016, Ebola was an ‘exceptional’ and ‘master status’ disease around which media attention mobilised to an unparalleled degree and effect. This paper argues that even if never directly conceptualised as such, Ebola is uniquely charismatic among EIDs and, more, this charisma can be understood geographically. To do so, the paper proceeds in three parts to explore how Ebola's geographic charisma emerges from: (i) it being fixed ‘in place’ as something innately African; (ii) fears about the virus moving ‘out of place’ and (iii) its ‘potential energy’ or the persistent unease generated by the uncertainty of when and where the virus's potential geographies will become actual.
The Psychopathological Profile of Cannibalism: A Review of Five Cases
Authors: Raymond Sophie , Léger Anne‐Sophie , Gasman Ivan
Published: June 2019

In today's society, human cannibalism is extremely rare and represents an unthinkable act of violence. Scientific literature on the topic is sparse due to significant methodological problems, such as collecting enough data and generating unbiased analyses. The purpose of this article is to illustrate some psychodynamic aspects of cannibalism. After a review of the literature, we will present and compare five cannibalistic patients hospitalized in the Henri Colin secure unit (Villejuif, France). The patients described fall into two subgroups, suffering either from severe schizophrenia or from a mixed personality disorder with sadistic and psychopathic features associated with paraphilia. For the schizophrenia group, cannibalism is a self‐defense reaction to a perceived threat of destruction: survival depends on the annihilation or assimilation of the other. For the mixed personality disorder group, ego and narcissism are the central issue with a desire to overcome deep‐rooted frustrations by means of an extraordinary act.
Time from arrest to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Park Jeong Ho , Song Kyoung Jun , Shin Sang Do , Ro Young Sun , Hong Ki Jeong
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The association between the time from arrest to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) and survival from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether time to ECPR is associated with survival in OHCA.

Methods

We analysed the Korean national OHCA registry from 2013 to 2016. We included adult witnessed OHCA patients with presumed cardiac aetiology who underwent ECPR. Patients were excluded if their arrest times or outcomes were unknown. The primary outcome was survival to discharge. Multivariable logistic regression analysis controlling for potential confounders was conducted and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine the association between time to ECPR and survival.

Results

There were 40 352 witnessed OHCAs with presumed cardiac aetiology. One hundred and forty patients had ECPR applied on arriving at their ED, 13 of these patients survived to discharge and seven were neurologically intact. Median time from arrest to ECPR was 74 min (IQR 61–90). Time from arrest to ECPR was significantly and inversely associated with survival to discharge for every 10 min increase in time (AOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53–1.00) in 10 min intervals. AOR for time from arrest to ECPR ≤60 min was independently associated with improved survival (AOR 6.48, 95% CI 1.54–27.20).

Conclusion

Early initiation of ECPR is associated with improved survival after OHCA. Because we analysed a nationwide OHCA registry, which lacks uniform selection criteria for ECPR, further prospective study is warranted.
The role of the dietitian in the management of malnutrition in the elderly: A systematic review of current practices
Authors: Fleurke Matthijs , Voskuil Dorien W. , Beneken genaamd Kolmer Deirdre M.
Published: June 2019

Aim

The prevalence of age‐related malnutrition is increasing in almost all Western countries. Because of their expertise, dietitians should have a central role in the management of malnutrition. This review aimed to synthesise the literature on the role of the dietitian in the management of malnutrition in the elderly in comparison with other health professionals.

Methods

In November 2018, a search of Embase, Medline Ovid, Cinahl Ebscohost, Cochrane Central, Web of Science and Google Scholar was undertaken using ‘dietitian’, ‘elderly’ and ‘malnutrition’ as the main search terms. Qualitative and quantitative empirical research studies that focussed on the role of dietitians as the (main) subject of the study were included. Data extraction and data synthesis were performed by the three authors using a thematic synthesis approach.

Results

Three themes emerged from the coding and synthesis of the 21 included studies. The first theme demonstrates that other health professionals' time for, and knowledge of, screening policies negatively affects the role of the dietitian. The second theme demonstrates that the importance of nutritional care is acknowledged. However, this does not always imply familiarity with dietetics nor does it always mean that other health professionals think involving dietitians is worth the effort. The third theme demonstrates that issues of workload appeared to be especially important in crossing or guarding role boundaries.

Conclusions

The role of dietitians in managing age‐related malnutrition is not always clear and coherent. Therefore, how dietitians shape their role to provide optimal management of malnutrition in the elderly is open to debate.
Building Resilience and Social Cohesion in Conflict
Authors: Aall Pamela , Crocker Chester A.
Published: June 2019

Examinations of the effectiveness of diplomacy in conflict resolution generally focus on official political institutions and the roles that they play. This article takes a different tack and focuses on the social institutions and groups that exist in and are affected by a conflict environment. This article argues that conflict resilience— which we define here as the ability to resist and recover from conflict — and its ability to contribute to social cohesion are key dimensions of the ability to manage conflict in the types of conflicts that are prevalent in the world today. We examine several different definitions and examples of conflict resilience, and identify actions that outside actors can take to support resilient institutions and groups, particularly in the areas of supporting effective domestic institutions, promoting inclusion and encouraging good leadership.
Negotiating Complex Conflicts
Authors: Albin Cecilia
Published: June 2019

Opposing notions of justice held by parties frequently contribute to the complexity of conflict and its resolution. Yet the implications of this reality remain poorly explored in scholarship and often little recognized in policy approaches. This chapter delineates different causes behind and roots of opposing justice notions in conflicts situations. A range of means available to tackle them are then developed. So called integrative strategies of negotiation and conflict resolution are put forward as most promising if certain preparatory steps, involving a third party and trust building among other matters, are taken.
Risk factors associated with an increase in the size of ground‐glass lung nodules on chest computed tomography
Authors: Yoon Hee‐Young , Bae Ji‐Yun , Kim Yookyung , Shim Sung Shin , Park Sojung , Park So‐Young , Kim Soo Jung , Ryu Yon Ju , Chang Jung Hyun , Lee Jin Hwa
Published: June 2019

Background

The detection rate of ground‐glass nodules (GGNs) in the lung has increased with the increased use of low‐dose computed tomography (CT) of the chest for cancer screening; however, limited data is available on the natural history, follow‐up, and treatment of GGNs. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with an increase in the size of GGNs.

Methods

A total of 338 patients (mean ages, 59.8 years; males, 35.5%) with 689 nodules who underwent chest CT at our institute between June 2004 and February 2014 were included in this study. The cut‐off date of follow‐up was August 2018. We analyzed the size, solidity, number, and margins of the nodules compared with their appearance on previous chest CT images. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify risk factors associated with nodule growth.

Results

The median follow‐up period was 21.8 months. Of the 338 patients, 38.5% had a history of malignancy, including lung cancer (8.9%). Among the 689 nodules, the median size of the lesions was 6.0 mm (IQR, 5–8 mm), and the proportion of nodules with size ≥10 mm and multiplicity was 17.1% and 66.3%, respectively. Compared to the nodules without an increase in size, the 79 nodules with an increase in size during the follow‐up period were initially larger (growth group, 7.0 mm vs. non‐growth group, 6.0 mm; P = 0.027), more likely to have a size ≥10 mm (26.6% vs. 15.9%; P = 0.018), and had less frequent multiplicity (54.4% vs. 67.9%, P = 0.028). In the multivariate analysis, nodule size ≥10 mm (hazard ratio [HR], 2.044; P = 0.005), a patient history of lung cancer (HR: 2.190, P = 0.006), and solitary nodule (HR: 2.499, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for nodule growth.

Conclusion

Careful follow‐up of GGNs is warranted in patients with a history of malignancy, a large , or a solitary nodule.
Methods for Evaluating the Association Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Violent Crime
Authors: Trangenstein Pamela J. , Curriero Frank C. , Jennings Jacky M. , Webster Daniel , Latkin Carl , Eck Raimee H. , Jernigan David H.
Published: June 2019

Background

The objective of this analysis was to compare measurement methods—counts, proximity, mean distance, and spatial access—of calculating alcohol outlet density and violent crime using data from Baltimore, Maryland.

Methods

Violent crime data (n = 11,815) were obtained from the Baltimore City Police Department and included homicides, aggravated assaults, rapes, and robberies in 2016. We calculated alcohol outlet density and violent crime at the census block (CB) level (n = 13,016). We then weighted these CB‐level measures to the census tract level (n = 197) and conducted a series of regressions. Negative binomial regression was used for count outcomes and linear regression for proximity and spatial access outcomes. Choropleth maps, partial R2, Akaike's Information Criterion, and root mean squared error guided determination of which models yielded lower error and better fit.

Results

The inference depended on the measurement methods used. Eight models that used a count of alcohol outlets and/or violent crimes failed to detect an association between outlets and crime, and 3 other count‐based models detected an association in the opposite direction. Proximity, mean distance, and spatial access methods consistently detected an association between outlets and crime and produced comparable model fits.

Conclusions

Proximity, mean distance, and spatial access methods yielded the best model fits and had the lowest levels of error in this urban setting. Spatial access methods may offer conceptual strengths over proximity and mean distance. Conflicting findings in the field may be in part due to error in the way that researchers measure alcohol outlet density.