bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sn-Se Binary and Cu-Sn-Se Ternary Thin Films Grown by Co-Evaporation Process
Authors: Bao Lang , Li Zhao Hui , Feng Ye , Cheng Guan Ming , Luo Hai Lin , Liu Zhuang , Xiao Xu Dong , Yang Chun Lei
Published: October 2014

Unfavorable secondary phases like binaries and ternaries are often observed in synthesizing Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) quaternary crystal due to its narrow phase space, which strongly limits the performance of Kesterite solar cells. To identify the growth parameters against the stability of these secondary phases, we systematically studied the growth process of Sn-Se binaries and Cu-Sn-Se ternaries using co-evaporation method. We found that the compositions of Sn-related binary and ternary phases were strongly dependent on the substrate temperature and Se flux during deposition, which will be helpful in designing formation paths for quaternary system. Growth temperature of CZTSe higher than 490 °C will make the thin film free of Cu2SnSe3 phase. Our experiments also suggest that formation pathways in the Cu2SnSe3-ZnSe pseudobinary phase diagram at a slightly lower substrate temperature deserve more experimental and theoretical considerations because of its easier composition control.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chrom-Free Dark Coating on AA6063 Aluminium Alloy with K2ZrF6
Authors: Chen Ting Yi , Fu Ye Qi , Lu Wen , Li Wen Fang
Published: October 2014

A new passivation process has been developed for producing a chrome-free and coloured conversion coating on aluminium alloy AA6063 with K2ZrF6. The conversion coating obtained has a dark film, which enables visual assessment of the coating development and coating quality during processing. The colouring effect is a significant advantage over the zirconium based conversion coatings currently used in the industry, which are largely colourless. The new treatment process is simple and allows a uniform coating to be formed within a few minutes. The composition and the surface morphology of the coatings were characterized. The corrosion resistance of the coated samples was evaluated by electrochemical tests. Through electrochemical analysis, corrosion current of the coatings is low, it has excellent corrosion resistance; SEM, EDS and XRD are used to analyze the process coating.
Effects of a Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass on the In Vitro Culture and Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Cells
Authors: Xu Wei Hua , Ding Yun , Zhao Xue Zhu
Published: October 2014

The Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have excellent mechanical properties such as high strengths, low elastic moduli, and high hardness, can mitigate “stress shielding”effects and reduce the risk of “particle disease”.At the same time the Zr-based BMGs exhibit good corrosion resistance in a physiologically relevant environment. These properties provide a good opportunity for potential biomedical applications. In this article, the effects of a Zr-based amorphous alloy (Zr60.5Al8.9Fe10.2Cu10.2Ag9.7Ti0.5) on the in vitro culture and induced differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are studied and in conclusion that Zr-based BMGs have a significant advantage in the human bone implant material for good biocompatibility.
Research and Application of Oral Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System
Authors: Bi Yu Shui , Zhang Xiao Xiao , Cao Xiao Qun , Meng Xian Feng
Published: October 2014

Oral colon targeted drug delivery system can be divided into pH dependent, time-dependent, enzymatic degradation etc. according to the ways of drug delivery. Mechanism of drug delivery, preparation method and application of oral colon targeted drug delivery system were introduced. In addition, it previewed the research direction of colon targeted drug delivery in the future, to provide a reference for the targeted new dosage form.
Optimization on Self-Ordering Process of Electropolishing Surface on High-Purity Aluminum
Authors: Ma Di , Li Shu Bai , Hu Xiu Ying , Zhao Xing Hong , Chen Xu Hong
Published: October 2014

The electropolishing behavior of high-purity aluminum in perchloric acid ethanol electrolytes is studied by the electrochemical methods. The morphologies of electropolished surface are examined by SEM. The results of anodic polarization shows that the limiting current density was decreased with the 1,2-propylene glycol and perchloric acid volume ratio increasing and the temperature decreasing. The results of SEM show that A salt film with porous pores on the electropolishing surface was formed on high-purity aluminum in the mixed solution of 1, 2 propylene glycol and perchloric acid at the volume ratio of 4:1 and 6:1, porosity of film increases from 12.3 % to18.4%, and the pore diameter of film increases from 19 nm to 23 nm with the current density increased from 120 mAcm-2 to 140 mAcm-2.
Research on Shape Memory Effect and Corrosion Resistance of the As-Cast Fe-Mn-Si Based Alloy
Authors: Yang Jun , Wang Yao , Guo Zhi Bin , Li Chun Fu , Liu Xue Wei , Long Tang Zhong , Luo Fei , Zhu Yi Ke
Published: October 2014

Shape memory effect and corrosion resistance of the as-cast Fe-Mn-Si based alloy were studied in this paper. The results showed that the shape memory effect of alloy would decline with the specimen size increasing. Due to the ε martensites distributed in a single direction mostly and uniformly were not prone to the phenomenon of cross-crossing at the small size interface. The corrosion resistance of the as-cast decreased as the concentration of medium increasing. Because of the Cl-, which was easily absorbed by the substrate in the HCl solution, can penetrate the surface of the substrate film and generate the soluble compound, which leads the corrosion resistance performance poorer than that in NaOH solution. Under high temperature and pressure, the average corrosion rate of the Fe-Mn-Si-based shape memory alloy was significantly lower than that of the 304 stainless steel, and its corrosion rate changed little. Because the amount of harmful impurity elements and the carbon content is low in the shape memory alloy matrix, and the film formed on the surface of the alloy is more stable, denser so as to an unobvious pitting behavior.
Photoluminescence Properties of CaBi4Ti4O15:Dy3+ for White Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Xin , Cui Rui Rui , Deng Chao Yong
Published: October 2014

This paper studied the structural and optical properties of Dy3+-doped CaBi4Ti4O15 phosphors synthesized by a traditional solid state method. The phosphors have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and fluorescence measurements. Upon 450 nm blue light excitation, the phosphors show yellow emission centered at 574 nm with the color coordination of (x=0.44, y=0.54). And the phosphors exhibit a tunable white color emission under the near ultraviolet source by adjusting the ratio of Dy3+ appropriately. The optimal composition of Ca0.93Bi4Ti4O15:0.07Dy3+ generates white light with the color chromaticity of (x=0.31, y=0.36), indicating that CaBi4Ti4O15:Dy3+ phosphor would be a potential candidate for white light emitting diodes (LEDs) applications.
The Study of Pre-Oxidation and Low Temperature Sintering Mechanism to Uo2+x Pellets
Authors: Li Rui
Published: October 2014

Uranium dioxide powders were surface pre-oxidation treated. Phases and properties of the powders after pre-oxidation treatment were investigated by DSC-TG、XRD、BET and Dilatometer. The results show that there is a little of U3O7 in uranium dioxide powders by pre-oxidation treatment at 240°C for 8h in air, UO2 powders will transform into U3O8 at 382°C for 8h in air. The shrinkage temperature of the uranium dioxide pellets after pre-oxidation treatment decreased from 1200°C to 580°C, densification rate (ΔL/L) increased also from 1.52×10-4/K to 3.08×10-4/K. The mechanism of low temperature sintering to pre-oxidation UO2+x pellets was explained by simplified point defect model and densification equation. The UO2+x diffusion coefficient, , is much higher than which of UO2. The densification equation is expressed by , and the factor A is according to , a=16.23658, b=0.04247 and c=-2.18802×10-5.
Effects of Sm3+ on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Ni0.4Zn0.6SmxFe2-XO4(x=0~0.07) Ferrites
Authors: Yan Yong Wang , Fan Xiu Feng
Published: October 2014

The effects of Fe3+substitutions by Sm3+on microstructure and magnetic properties of Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2-xSmxO4ferrites prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method were investigated. With increasing Sm3+content, the lattice parameter ɑ and sintered density of sintered samples increase, while the real part of permeability and magnetic loss tangent decrease. Samples carried out at 1250°C for 4h resulted in materials with cubic spinel phase, but a small amount of SmFeO3was also formed. Magnetic properties results showed that the super-exchange interaction between octahedral B sites and tetrahedral A sites was badly impaired and the net overall magnetic moment (m=mB-mA) has an obvious decrease. It was also found that in these compounds Fe-Fe interaction dominates, the Sm-Fe interaction (3d-4f coupling) having a minor effect.
Economic Calculation of Binder in Concrete with a Higher Content of Fly Ash
Authors: Zobal Ondřej , Padevět Pavel , Šmilauer Vít
Published: October 2014

The company is still trying to the sustainable development. This trend also applies to the construction industry. One way to contribute is to use waste materials. Such a material with untapped potential is also fly ash. Fly ash is already partly used, mainly just in construction, but this use has still reserves. Fly ash is problematic material, when used correctly, also has positive benefits. One of the important of questions for the use of fly ash is the price. This paper provides an economic analysis of the binder in concrete with high content of fly ash and also comparing with other types of binder in concrete.
Utilisation of Fluidised Fly Ash for Reduction of CO2 Emissions at Portland Cement Production
Authors: Fridrichová Marcela , Kulísek Karel , Hoffmann Oldřich , Dvořák Karel , Magrla Radek
Published: October 2014

The article deals with preparation of Portland cements from raw material powder with reduced carbonated component. This component is replaced with fluidised fly ash. With prepared model cements tests of basic technological properties were carried out.
Influence of PCM Admixture on Thermal Behavior of Composite Plaster
Authors: Fořt Jan , Trník Anton , Pavlík Zbyšek
Published: October 2014

Experimental investigation of the effect of phase change material (PCM) admixture on thermal properties of composite plaster is researched in the paper. Due to its latent heat storage, the applied PCM represents promising way for reduction of buildings energy consumption spent for heating and air conditioning. The investigated composite material is based on commercial dry plaster mixture modified by microencapsulated PCM admixture Micronal DS 5038 produced BASF. The particle size distribution of PCM admixture, original dry plaster mixture, and particular dry mixture with PCM addition are measured on laser diffraction principle. For characterization of the developed materials, measurement of their basic physical properties is done. Specific attention is paid to thermal properties of research materials, whereas the heat transport parameters are measured using transient impulse device, and the DSC (difference scanning calorimetry) analysis is applied for determination of temperatures of phase transitions, enthalpy of fusion and crystallization, and temperature dependent specific heat capacity. The obtained results show significant improvement of the heat storage capacity of PCM modified plasters in dependence on temperature, what can be beneficially used for regulation of the indoor climate.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Composites Containing Waste Coir Pith
Authors: Čáchová Monika , Koňáková Dana , Vejmelková Eva , Keppert Martin , Reiterman Pavel , Krojidlová Anna , Černý Robert
Published: October 2014

Agricultural waste materials can often find an application in the production of concrete or mortar. In this paper, several composites containing waste coir pith are studied. A reference material without coir pith is analyzed as well, for the sake of comparison. The investigated material parameters include the basic physical properties determined by the water vacuum saturation method and helium pycnometry, compressive strength, bending strength, and thermal properties.
Destructive and Nondestructive Characteristics of Old Concrete
Authors: Holčapek Ondřej , Litoš Jiří , Zatloukal Jan
Published: October 2014

This paper aims at determination of mechanical properties of 28 years old concrete with various nondestructive and destructive testing methods. All investigated parameters were determined on drilled cores with diameter 79.8 mm gained from existing bridge. On these samples Schmidt rebound testing and destructive force loading test were performed. Static (from loading test) and dynamic (measured by ultrasonic device) modulus of elasticity was also measured. The evaluation of destructive and nondestructive testing was according to the Czech Standards. Testing of old concrete from real structures is important especially prior to the reconstruction, strengthening or repair of the structure, when the structural engineer needs to know the characteristics. The compressive strength measured destructively on cylinders achieved average value 28 MPa, while the Schmidt rebound hammer test showed strength 44 MPa. The average value of static modulus of elasticity was 26 GPa.
MSWI Bottom Ash as an Aggregate for a Lightweight Concrete
Authors: Polozhiy Kirill , Reiterman Pavel , Keppert Martin
Published: October 2014

This paper is focused on the problem of the lightweight concretes made of the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash. Their basic, mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. According to the requirements were designed 7 mixtures and reference made just from natural aggregates. The first 4 mixtures had a higher porosity, which explained good thermal properties, but it had low mechanical parameters. Next 4 mixtures had lower level of porosity and had shown good ultimate stress data.
Size Factor of Rammed Earth Specimen
Authors: Havlík Filip , Růžička Jan
Published: October 2014

This paper describes some of tests of mechanical properties of rammed earth which have been held at CTU in Prague. Influence of size of specimen was examined in two tests, conversion factor is counted. Size factor is discussed comparing to concrete, influence of layer depth is also mentioned.
Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Recycled Concrete and Insulation Material STERED
Authors: Šeps Karel , Vodicka Jan
Published: October 2014

Introductory tests with insulation material STERED are mentioned in the paper. The material STERED arises from recycling of textiles from out-of-order cars. First tests showed that the material is suitable for concrete products. STERED can be used in two variants. The first one is utilisation of STERED as insulation boards in sandwich concrete element with high resistance to loading, above all blasts and fire-arms. The other variant is utilisation of crunched STERED in fibre-cement composites, possibly in a combination with other recycled materials.
Proposal of Fire Resistant Composites with Application of Lightweight Aggregate Liaver
Authors: Jogl Marcel , Reiterman Pavel , Holčapek Ondřej , Koťátková Jaroslava
Published: October 2014

This paper describes the application of lightweight aggregate (LWA) in the creation of fire resistant composite. The effort of the project is the preparation of a light refractory material with good mechanical properties, which would reach technically economical solutions. We initially chose as lightweight aggregate Liaver, which in combination with chamotte aggregate represent the filler of composite. The following observations were focused on partial replacement of binding components with brick dust and its influence on the mechanical properties of the composite. After design process, test composite specimens were produced to determine hardened properties at standard age. On the 28 day were all the mixtures exposed to 105, 600 and 1000 °C. Lastly, the flexural and compressive strength tests were performed on the composite specimens to identify high temperature effect comparing to strength test results obtained from standard laboratory conditions.
Asphalt Composites for Places with Higher and Atypical Load
Authors: Mondschein Petr , Konvalinka Adam
Published: October 2014

Asphalt mixtures are less resistant to static load in comparison with a cement-concrete pavements. At traffic ways in logistic areas, weighted intersections, bus stops or climbing lanes can occur typical fault in the form of bruises, cross roller blinds or rut. This article deal with asphalt composites, which are known as materials, technologies, structural formations that can minimize this condition. In individual cases it is possible to use solid type VMT mix asphalt (mixture of high stiffness modulus), the technology of asphalt mixtures with fiber reinforcement, modification by natural asphalt binders, the use of polymer modified by binders or technology asphalt and cement concrete (ACC). Using ACC is despite the higher investment costs of these technology in specific cases preferable because of the less frequency and duration of repairs.
Long-Term Sorption Properties of Mortars Modified by Crystallizing Admixture
Authors: Reiterman Pavel , Bäumelt Vít
Published: October 2014

Paper is focused on the determination of sorption properties of mortars modified by sealing admixture. Ability of building materials to transport water has an important influence to other properties, predominantly durability. Realized experimental program introduces results of long-term measurements of transport properties presented by capillary absorbability.
Effects of Different Types of Steel Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of High Strength Concrete
Authors: Koťátková Jaroslava , Reiterman Pavel
Published: October 2014

This paper is aimed at a comparison of different types of steel fibres in relation to their influence on the final mechanical properties of High Strength Concrete (HSC). The most affected characteristics of concrete were fracture energy, flexural and split strength, which are the main goal of using fibre reinforcement, as HSC has otherwise low ductility, that can result in sudden failure of a concrete structural element. Expected better behaviour of high-strength steel fibres hooked at the ends than of the ones of normal strength with only flattened ends was approved. The highest values of fracture energy was achieved with the longest steel fibres – 60 mm (diameter 0.75 mm). Whereas shorter fibres (30 mm) of the same diameter reached increased flexural and split strength.
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as Partial Replacement of the Binder of High Performance Concrete
Authors: Ženíšek Michal , Vlach Tomáš , Laiblová Lenka
Published: October 2014

This article deals with influence of the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in the mixture of high performance concrete. It is a powder active addition used in concrete which is characterized certain cementitious properties. Influence of this addition was experimentally verified. In the first series, partial replacement of cement by GGBS was tested. In the second series, GGBS was added to the original reference mixture. Studied parameters were compressive strength, tensile strength and workability. The tests have shown that a partial replacement of the cement by GGBS is possible for achieving the desired workability or if we need to reduce the price of concrete.
Study of the Strength Development of the Cement Matrix for Textile Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Vogel Filip , Holčapek Ondřej , Konvalinka Petr
Published: October 2014

This article deals with cement matrix for textile reinforced concrete. The main topic of this article is study of the development of the mechanical properties of the cement matrix. It was studied cube compressive strength and tensile strength in bending. The cement matrix has a similar composition as high performance concrete. Commonly used concrete was made to compare with the cement matrix. The cubes and prisms were made for the experimental program. The mechanical properties were studied at the age 12, 15, 18 and 21 hours and 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.
Studying the Impacts of Local Oceanographic Processes on Adélie Penguin Foraging Ecology
Authors: Kohut Josh , Bernard Kim , Fraser William , Oliver Matthew J. , Statscewich Hank , Winsor Peter , Miles Travis
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe are conducting a multi-platform field study to investigate the impact of local physical processes on Adélie penguin foraging ecology in the vicinity of Palmer Deep off Anvers Island, Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Guided by real-time remotely sensed
surface current measurements of convergence derived from a network of high-frequency radars (HFRs), we adaptively sample the distribution and biomass of phytoplankton and Antarctic krill, which influence Adélie penguin foraging ecology, to understand how local oceanographic processes
structure the ecosystem. The recent application of ocean observing and animal telemetry technology over Palmer Deep has led to new understanding and many new questions related to polar ecosystem processes. The HFR coastal surface current mapping network is uniquely equipped to resolve local
circulation patterns over Palmer Deep. The surface current measurements enable identification of regions of convergence and divergence in real time. Guided by these maps, our field study adaptively samples the measured convergence and divergence zones within the context of semi-diurnal and
diurnal mixed tidal regimes. The in situ sampling includes (a) a mooring deployment, (b) multiple underwater glider deployments, (c) small boat acoustic surveys of Antarctic krill, and (d) penguin ARGOS-linked satellite telemetry and temperature-depth recorders (TDRs). The combination
of real-time surface convergence maps with adaptive in situ sampling introduces HFR to the Antarctic in a way that allows us to rigorously and efficiently test the influence of local tidal processes on top predator foraging ecology.
North Slope Coastal Imagery Initiative: A Cloud-Based Spill Response Tool
Authors: Harper John , Morrow Kalen
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe North Slope of Alaska borders on two arctic seas, the Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea, with a total shoreline length of approximately 6,000 km. Oil exploration and production facilities are close to the coast, and the risk of spilled oil reaching the coast is increasing.
The North Slope coast is a challenging location for spill response as the coastal areas are ice-covered much of the year and subject to variable ice cover during the open-water season. In addition, the shoreline is highly complex and rapidly changing because of melting of permafrost. The North
Slope Coastal Imagery Initiative developed an online, decision support tool for spill preparedness and Incident Command decision making. The online tool makes more than 16,000 high-resolution images and 30 hours of high-resolution videography available to Incident Command in the event
of a spill. Such high-resolution imagery is extremely useful in providing situational awareness for personnel unfamiliar to the Arctic and for tactical response planning. The resolution of the imagery is much higher than typical shoreline mapping or satellite imagery and, as such, eliminates
ambiguity in interpretation when developing the most appropriate response strategies. The project provides a consensus building tool for spill response.
Editorial Note
Authors: Pathirawasam C.
Published: October 2014

Abstract not availableThe Kelaniya Journal of Management  Vol. 3(1); 2014:iii
Predicting corporate financial distress in Sri Lanka with reference to Z-score model
Authors: Nanayakkara K.G.M. , Azeez A.A.
Published: October 2014

Financial Distress is a problem spread all over the world from the history. Even though there are ample research studies on this area, the empirical results on this area provide inconclusive results. The majority of the research works focused only on the bankruptcy and not on the financial distress. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to develop a better financial distress prediction model for Sri Lankan companies using the Z-score model. Multivariate Discriminate Analysis (MDA) was used as the analytical technique and simultaneous estimation method has used to enter the variables in the analysis. The study has examined four accounting ratios for 134 distressed and non-distressed companies from 2002 to 2011. The study has found that the derived model which consists of four accounting ratios is capable of predicting financial distress of quoted public companies in Sri Lanka with 76.9% accurate one year prior to distress. Further, the model has the financial distress predicting ability of 74.6% and 67.2% two years and three years prior to distress respectively. This model can be used to assist investors, creditors, managers, auditors and regulatory bodies in Sri Lanka to predict the financial distress.The Kelaniya Journal of Management, Vol. 3(1); 2014: 1-22
Determinants of net sale average (NSA) of orthodox black tea factories in high elevation, Sri Lanka
Authors: Karunaratne D.D.R.M. , Dharmadasa R.A.P.I.S. , Rathnayaka R.M.S.D. , Edirisinghe E.A.J.K.
Published: October 2014

Secondary data proved that high grown teas are losing their position as the highest Elevation Average (EA) recorded over the years. As EA is determined by the factory Net Sale Average (NSA), factors affecting NSA are responsible for fluctuations of EA. This study attempts to identify those factors which affect NSA of orthodox black tea factories in high elevation. Data were collected for tea factories representing agro climatic regions in high elevation. Fixed effect panel data regression analysis was employed for the econometric analysis. Results revealed that NSA is determined by main grade percentage, own leaf quantity, best leaf standard, quality certification of factories and number of brokers involved in the selling process. However, Udu Pussellawa sub region shows negative relationship for own leaf and best leaf standard whereas Uva sub region shows negative relationship only for the main grade percentage. The overall results indicate that high elevation factory NSA is determined by the quality of the raw material and final output.The Kelaniya Journal of Management, Vol. 3(1); 2014: 63-85
Check-list of Vertebrates in the “Tenuta dei Massimi” nature reserve (Rome, central Italy) with some remarks on local conservation priorities
Authors: Battisti Corrado
Published: October 2014

We reported a complete check-list of Vertebrates for the “Tenuta dei Massimi” nature reserve, a protected area well representing a remnant agro-forest heterogeneous mosaic landscape of the “Campagna Romana”. Data were obtained from a large original and bibliographic data-set on a large time-span (1991-2012). This reserve represents an area with a high value of species richness when compared to the surrounding metropolitan areas, also including a large number of species of conservation concern at different scales. We obtained evidences for the occurrence of 141 species (one fish, six amphibians, 12 reptiles, 101 birds, 21 mammals). Among them, some species are of conservation concern at European, regional or local scale. Further research should be focused on a set of fragmentation-sensitive species to verify the long-term viability of their local small populations [e.g. Hyla intermedia Boulenger, 1882, Bufo lineatus Ninni, 1879, Muscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Sorex samniticus Altobello, 1926)].
Classification of Images Acquired with Colposcopy Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Simões Priscyla W. , Izumi Narjara B. , Casagrande Ramon S. , Venson Ramon , Veronezi Carlos D. , Moretti Gustavo P. , da Rocha Edroaldo L. , Cechinel Cristian , Ceretta Luciane B. , Comunello Eros , Martins Paulo J. , Casagrande Rogério A. , Snoeyer Maria L. , Manenti Sandra A.
Published: October 2014

Objective

To explore the advantages of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to recognize patterns in colposcopy to classify images in colposcopy. PURPOSE: Transversal, descriptive, and analytical study of a quantitative approach with an emphasis on diagnosis. The training test e validation set was composed of images collected from patients who underwent colposcopy. These images were provided by a gynecology clinic located in the city of Criciúma (Brazil). The image database ( n = 170) was divided; 48 images were used for the training process, 58 images were used for the tests, and 64 images were used for the validation. A hybrid neural network based on Kohonen self-organizing maps and multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks was used.

Results

After 126 cycles, the validation was performed. The best results reached an accuracy of 72.15%, a sensibility of 69.78%, and a specificity of 68%.

Conclusion

Although the preliminary results still exhibit an average efficiency, the present approach is an innovative and promising technique that should be deeply explored in the context of the present study.
Spatial and Temporal Emergence Pattern of Lyme Disease in Virginia
Authors: Li Jie , Kolivras Korine N. , Hong Yili , Duan Yuanyuan , Seukep Sara E. , Prisley Stephen P. , Campbell James B. , Gaines David N.
Published: October 2014

The emergence of infectious diseases over the past several decades has highlighted the need to better understand epidemics and prepare for the spread of diseases into new areas. As these diseases expand their geographic range, cases are recorded at different geographic locations over time, making the analysis and prediction of this expansion complicated. In this study, we analyze spatial patterns of the disease using a statistical smoothing analysis based on areal (census tract level) count data of Lyme disease cases in Virginia from 1998 to 2011. We also use space and space–time scan statistics to reveal the presence of clusters in the spatial and spatiotemporal distribution of Lyme disease. Our results confirm and quantify the continued emergence of Lyme disease to the south and west in states along the eastern coast of the United States. The results also highlight areas where education and surveillance needs are highest.
Screening for Imported Diseases in an Immigrant Population: Experience from a Teaching Hospital in Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Bocanegra Cristina , Salvador Fernando , Sulleiro Elena , Sánchez-Montalvá Adrián , Pahissa Albert , Molina Israel
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to describe the screening for imported diseases among an immigrant population. This retrospective observational study was of all adult immigrants attended at the Tropical Medicine Unit of the Vall d'Hebron Teaching Hospital from September of 2007 to March of 2010. The screening strategy was adjusted by symptoms, country of origin, and length of residence in Europe. Overall, 927 patients were included. The median age was 34.5 years, and 42.1% of patients were male. A diagnosis was made in 419 (45.2%) patients. The most frequent diagnoses were Chagas disease, anemia, latent tuberculosis infection, intestinal parasitosis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. After screening, more diseases were identified in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa (new diagnoses in 56.6% of patients) than patients from other geographic areas. The geographic origin and length of residence in a developed country determine the prevalence of diseases; hence, screening protocols must be based on this information.
Risk Factors for Cryptosporidiosis Among Children in a Semi Urban Slum in Southern India: A Nested Case-Control Study
Authors: Sarkar Rajiv , Kattula Deepthi , Francis Mark R. , Ajjampur Sitara S. R. , Prabakaran Ashok D. , Jayavelu Nithya , Muliyil Jayaprakash , Balraj Vinohar , Naumova Elena N. , Ward Honorine D. , Kang Gagandeep
Published: October 2014

The risk factors for acquisition of cryptosporidial infection in resource-poor settings are poorly understood. A nested case-control study was conducted to assess factors associated with childhood cryptosporidiosis (detected by stool polymerase chain reaction) in an endemic, Indian slum community using data from two community-based studies with 580 children followed prospectively until their second birthday. Factors were assessed for overall cryptosporidiosis (N = 406), and for multiple (N = 208), asymptomatic (N = 243), and symptomatic (N = 163) infections, respectively. Presence of older siblings (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, P = 0.002) and stunting at 6 months of age (OR = 1.74, P = 0.019) were important risk factors for childhood cryptosporidiosis. Always boiling drinking water before consumption, the use of a toilet by all members of the family, and maternal age ≥ 23 years were protective. These results provide insights into acquisition of childhood cryptosporidiosis in settings with poor environmental sanitation, contaminated public water supply systems, and close human–animal contact. Disease control strategies will require a multifaceted approach.
Characteristics of Rural Leptospirosis Patients Admitted to Referral Hospitals During the 2008 Leptospirosis Outbreak in Sri Lanka: Implications for Developing Public Health Control Measures
Authors: Agampodi Suneth B. , Nugegoda Dhanaseela B. , Thevanesam Vasanthi , Vinetz Joseph M.
Published: October 2014

To determine the exposure risk factors of highly endemic rural leptospirosis in tropical setting, we conducted a prospective, hospital-based case control study in Sri Lanka. A conceptual hierarchy of variables was used to analyze the data. Case patients included 38 (34%) females and 73 (66%) males with a mean age of 36 yr (SD 12.7 yr). Using piped, chlorinated water for drinking/general purposes (odds ratio [OR] 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16–0.67), paddy fields in the vicinity of home (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.06–2.97), sighting dogs at home yard/dog ownership (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.11–2.91), sighting cattle at home yard/cattle ownership (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.00–2.84), and work in a paddy field (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.68, 5.41) were the main predictors of leptospirosis among febrile patients. In high endemic tropical settings with rural leptospirosis, risk factors in residential environments, rather than individual exposures, seemed to play a major role in leptospirosis disease transmission.
Characterization and first results of an ice nucleating particle measurement system based on counterflow virtual impactor technique
Authors: Schenk L. P. , Mertes S. , Kästner U. , Frank F. , Nillius B. , Bundke U. , Rose D. , Schmidt S. , Schneider J. , Worringen A. , Kandler K. , Bukowiecki N. , Ebert M. , Curtius J. , Stratmann F.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. A specific instrument combination was developed to achieve a better microphysical and chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosol particles that have the potential to act as ice nucleating particles (INP). For this purpose a pumped counterflow virtual impactor system called IN-PCVI was set up and characterized to separate ice particles that had been activated on INP in the Fast Ice Nucleus Chamber (FINCH) from interstitial, non-activated particles. This coupled setup consisting of FINCH (ice particle activation and counting), IN-PCVI (INP separation and preparation), and further aerosol instrumentation (INP characterization) had been developed for the application in field experiments. The separated INP were characterized on-line with regard to their total number concentration, number size distribution and chemical composition, especially with the Aircraft-based Laser Ablation Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ALABAMA. Moreover, impactor samples for electron microscopy were taken. Due to the coupling the IN-PCVI had to be operated with different flow settings than known from literature, which required a further characterization of its cut-off-behavior. Taking the changed cut-off-behavior into account, the INP number concentration measured by the IN-PCVI system was in good agreement with the one detected by the FINCH optics for water saturation ratios up to 1.01 (ice saturation ratios between 1.21–1.34 and temperatures between −18 and −26 °C). First field results of INP properties are presented which were gained during the INUIT-JFJ/CLACE 2013 campaign at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland (3580 m a.s.l.).
Religion and Indigenous Hermeneutics
Authors: Adebanwi Wale , Grillo Laura S. , Wariboko Nimi , Olupona Jacob K. , Adebanwi Wale
Published: October 2014

Jacob Olupona's City of 201 Gods critically engages the question of interpretation and understanding in the analysis of specific African lifeworlds (re)defined by religious culture. Olupona's interpretation invites further interpretation of how emergent symbolic forms in a context of plural religious practices provoke both consensus and dissensus with respect to secularist practices.
Ironic Reversals:
Authors: Grillo Laura S.
Published: October 2014

Olupona's “indigenous hermeneutic” offers a privileged guided journey into the dense ritual space of a vital city. I underscore a subtle leitmotif—gender and female agency—running throughout this interpretive account to show women's power to be both a sustaining force and source of ironic reversals in the fate of Ilé-Ifẹ̀
The Importance of Water Clarity to Great Barrier Reef Tourists and Their Willingness to Pay to Improve it
Authors: Farr Marina , Stoeckl Natalie , Esparon Michelle , Larson Silva , Jarvis Diane
Published: October 2014

Using the Great Barrier Reef as a case study area, the authors investigate visitors' willingness to pay (WTP) to improve water clarity (WC). They also explore the extent to which people's objective and subjective measures of WC influence WTP. The results suggest that people's stated perceptions (importance and satisfaction) and the interaction between them have a significant influence on WTP. Those for whom WC was very important and who were very satisfied with WC were willing to pay more to preserve it. The importance variable interacts with subjective perceptions that drive behaviour. Thus one needs to consider not only satisfaction, but also the importance of the environment rather than using only subjective (or objective) measures when trying to explain behaviour. Further deterioration in WC could adversely affect the tourism industry and the average visitor would be willing to pay up to A$14.5 per visit to help improve it (although this amount varies for different visitors).
Carta Pastoral
Authors: Pastoral Equipo
Published: October 2014

Esta carta pastoral está dirigida particularmente a la comunidad universitaria de la UPOLI; también la hacemos extensiva a quienes están en eminencia: Gobierno, instituciones públicas y privadas. Nuestros jóvenes, mujeres, niños y personas de la tercera edad, necesitan un ambiente de mayor atención humana en la calidad de los servicios, en la creación de riquezas materiales y espirituales, así como también en lo concerniente a la distribución de éstas, con justicia social y amor cristiano.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v20i62.1459 Cultura de Paz Vol.20 No.62 2014; 2-4
Structure of Crystallizable Polymer Solutions
Authors: Klenin Vitaly J. , Fedusenko Irina V.
Published: October 2014

Visually transparent solutions of crystallizable polymers in wide concentration and temperature ranges contain supramolecular particles which are fragments of the most perfect crystallites of condensed polymer. Though the fraction of these particles is usually with in 0.001-0.1wt % of the total polymer, their presence in a solution of macromolecules severely affects its physicochemical and technological properties (performance) and complicates (or even does not allow) the application of structurally-sensitive research techniques (e.g. lights cattering, dynamic birefringence, etc.). The parameters of the first-level supramolecular particles (just after visual dissolution) depend on the conditions of dissolution, storage, and the preliminary treatment temperature of the polymer. In wide polymer concentration and temperature ranges, a second level of the supramolecular particles ensemble is formed, with characteristic features of crystallization. From the formation rate of the second-level supramolecular particles, a microliquidus curve for them can be plotted. The paper presents data for the poly (vinyl alcohol) + water system which lack the area of liquid-liquid phase separation. Supramolecular particles parameters (average sizes, numerical and mass-volume concentration) were determined by means of the turbidity spectrum method.
Characterization of Phosphate Glass Reinforced Gelatin Blend Bioactive Composite Films
Authors: Dey Kamol , Alamgir Poonam , Parvin Shahnaz , Mohol Gulshana , Tonny Wafa , Khan Mubarak A. , Khan Ruhul A.
Published: October 2014

Bioactive composite films were prepared using bioresorbable phosphate glass powder and biodegradable polymer gelatin (G) through solution casting process. Biocompatible monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was used as the cross-linking agent and bioresorbable phosphate glass (PG) powder was used as reinforcement filler. The composite films were obtained at various ratios of G, PG and HEMA. The PG modified gelatin composite (PG/G) film was fabricated at a weight ratio of 12:88 while HEMA modified gelatin composite (HEMA/G) film at 50:50 ratio. On the other hand, hybrid gelatin composite film, containing both PG and HEMA, was obtained using a G/PG/HEMA ratio of 44:12:44. Incorporation of PG improved the mechanical properties of the composite films. Morphological property of the composite films was investigated by stereo microscope and it revealed that the composite films were porous in nature. The thermal behaviour of the films was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. Water uptake of the films was also performed.
A High Resolution Chronology for Steward’s Promontory Culture Collections, Promontory Point, Utah
Authors: Ives John W. , Froese Duane G. , Janetski Joel C. , Brock Fiona , Ramsey Christopher Bronk
Published: October 2014

Despite the rich array of perishables Julian Steward (1937) recovered during his 1930s excavations, the Promontory Cave assemblages were dated in relative terms with just a handful of radiocarbon assays until recently. Yet Promontory Caves 1 and 2 are the type sites from which the Promontory Culture was defined, and these assemblages have a critical bearing on our conception of three significant issues in western North American prehistory: the terminal Fremont transition, Numic expansion, and the potential presence of migrating ancestral Apachean populations. To better fix the age of the Promontory Phase, we have undertaken an additional 45 AMS determinations for Promontory perishables. Because of a research focus concerning Promontory footwear, most age estimates come from moccasins, but we have also dated gaming pieces, a bow, an arrow, netting, basketry, matting, and cordage. With the exception of a winnowing basket fragment and some ceramic residue dates, all Promontory Phase assays are tightly focused in an interval running from 662 to 826 radiocarbon years before present (a calibrated 2s range spanning A.D. 1166–1391). Bayesian analyses of the Cave 1 and 2 Promontory Phase perishables suggest that this late period occupation comprised one or two human generations, centering on the interval running from ca. A.D. 1250–1290.
Seasons of Change: Using Seasonal Morphological Changes in Brodiaea Corms to Determine Season of Harvest from Archaeobotanical Remains
Authors: Gill Kristina M.
Published: October 2014

I present archaeobotanical evidence for intensive and long-term harvesting of edible geophytes in the Brodiaea complex, most likely blue dicks (Dichelostemma capitatum), during multiple seasons on California’s Santa Cruz Island. Ethnographic data indicate that Brodiaea corms were an important food source throughout prehistoric California, usually harvested in the late spring–early summer, after flowering. However, at least two ethnographic sources may suggest multiple seasons of harvest, an idea supported by careful examination of seasonal morphological changes in modern and ancient Brodiaea corms. Archaeobotanical identification of features associated with these morphological changes allows inferences about the specific seasons in which Brodiaea corms were harvested, a conclusion that has the potential to provide higher resolution seasonality data for geophyte remains recovered in western North America and other areas around the world.
Citizen Science in Archaeology
Authors: Smith Monica L.
Published: October 2014

Citizen science, as a process of volunteer participation through crowdsourcing, facilitates the creation of mass data sets needed to address subtle and large-scale patterns in complex phenomena. Citizen science efforts in other field disciplines such as biology, geography, and astronomy indicate how new web-based interfaces can enhance and expand upon archaeologists’ existing platforms of volunteer engagement such as field schools, community archaeology, site stewardship, and professional–avocational partnerships. Archaeological research can benefit from the citizen science paradigm in four ways: fieldwork that makes use of widely available technologies such as mobile applications for photography and data upload; searches of large satellite image collections for site identification and monitoring; crowdfunding; and crowdsourced computer entry of heritage data.
Radiocarbon and Protein Analyses Indicate an Early Holocene Age for the Osseous Rod from Grenfell, Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Ives John W. , Froese Duane , Collins Matthew , Brock Fiona
Published: October 2014

The Grenfell bone rod resembles other instances of Clovis-era organic or osseous technology and has on a number of occasions been considered with other Clovis bone, antler, and ivory rods or beveled artifacts. It had been suspected of being constructed from proboscidean long bone. As an early discovery (made in 1883), the Grenfell artifact had somewhat obscure provenience details and a lengthy curatorial history. We describe accelerator mass spectrometry and zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry methods that allow rapid, minimally destructive determinations of both the age and the raw material composition of osseous artifacts. Our analysis reveals that the Grenfell artifact is actually a terminal Paleoindian-era manifestation made of bison bone. Similar methods could be more widely applied in North America in order to build more refined data sets for osseous technologies. These results also reveal the ease with which archaeologists can secure additional information from existing collections, highlighting our ethical obligations to do so.
Favipiravir elicits antiviral mutagenesis during virus replication in vivo
Authors: Arias Armando , Thorne Lucy , Goodfellow Ian
Published: October 2014

Lethal mutagenesis has emerged as a novel potential therapeutic approach to treat viral infections. Several studies have demonstrated that increases in the high mutation rates inherent to RNA viruses lead to viral extinction in cell culture, but evidence during infections in vivo is limited. In this study, we show that the broad-range antiviral nucleoside favipiravir reduces viral load in vivo by exerting antiviral mutagenesis in a mouse model for norovirus infection. Increased mutation frequencies were observed in samples from treated mice and were accompanied with lower or in some cases undetectable levels of infectious virus in faeces and tissues. Viral RNA isolated from treated animals showed reduced infectivity, a feature of populations approaching extinction during antiviral mutagenesis. These results suggest that favipiravir can induce norovirus mutagenesis in vivo, which in some cases leads to virus extinction, providing a proof-of-principle for the use of favipiravir derivatives or mutagenic nucleosides in the clinical treatment of noroviruses.
How to build your own island
Authors: Walsh Colum , Thakur Avinash
Published: October 2014

Inserting artificially-generated ‘DNA islands’ into a genome has shed new light on why some DNA sequences are methylated and others are not.