bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward Improved Understanding of Streamflow Effects on Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Freeman Mary C , Bestgen Kevin R , Carlisle Daren , Frimpong Emmanuel A , Franssen Nathan R , Gido Keith B , Irwin Elise , Kanno Yoichiro , Luce Charles , Kyle McKay S , Mims Meryl C , Olden Julian D , LeRoy Poff N , Propst David L , Rack Laura , Roy Allison H , Stowe Edward S , Walters Annika , Wenger Seth J
Published: January 2022

Understanding the effects of hydrology on fish populations is essential to managing for native fish conservation. However, despite decades of research illustrating streamflow influences on fish habitat, reproduction, and survival, biologists remain challenged when tasked with predicting how fish populations will respond to changes in flow regimes. This uncertainty stems from insufficient understanding of the context-dependent mechanisms underlying fish responses to, for example, periods of reduced flow or altered frequency of high-flow events. We aim to address this gap by drawing on previous research to hypothesize mechanisms by which low and high flows influence fish populations and communities, identifying challenges that stem from data limitations and ecological complexity, and outlining research directions that can advance an empirical basis for prediction. Focusing flow ecology research on testing and refining mechanistic hypotheses can help narrow management uncertainties and better support species conservation in changing flow regimes.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Melphalan for Pediatric Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Li Shuhui , Dvorak Christopher C. , Lu Ying , Chan Danna , Gobburu Jogarao V.S. , Long‐Boyle Janel , Apsel Winger Beth
Published: January 2022

Melphalan is an alkylating agent used as part of conditioning prior to pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We performed a single‐center, prospective pharmacokinetic study of 37 pediatric patients undergoing HCT from March 2015 to 2019. The primary objective was to develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model for melphalan in a diverse group of pediatric HCT recipients. Nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling was implemented to describe plasma concentration–time data of melphalan. A 2‐compartment, proportional error model with weight on clearance best fit the data. Final parameter estimates were clearance, 19.1 L/h/25 kg; volume of the central compartment, 8.5 L/25 kg; volume of the peripheral compartment, 5.8 L/25 kg; and intercompartmental clearance 12.4 L/h/25 kg. Residual unexplained variability was low, at 12.5%. Results suggest the empiric weight‐based dosing (mg/kg) used in children <12 kg or 2 years of age may result in subtherapeutic exposure. Model‐based dosing of melphalan in pediatric HCT may help inform individualized dosing strategies to improve clinical outcomes and limit drug‐related adverse events in pediatric HCT recipients.
Identification of Hox genes and their expression profiles during embryonic development of the emerging model organism, Macrobrachium olfersii
Authors: Jaramillo Michael L. , Ammar Dib , Quispe Ruth L. , Bonatto Paese Christian L. , Gruendling Ana P. , Müller Yara M. , Nazari Evelise M.
Published: January 2022

Hox genes encode transcription factors that specify the body segment identity during development, including crustaceans, such as amphipods and decapods, that possess a remarkable diversity of segments and specialized appendages. In amphipods, alterations of specialized appendages have been obtained using knockout experiment of Hox genes, which suggests that these genes are involved in the evolution of morphology within crustaceans. However, studies of Hox genes in crustaceans have been limited to a few species. Here, we identified the homeodomain of nine Hox genes: labial (lab), proboscipedia (pb), Deformed (Dfd), Sex combs reduced (Scr), fushi tarazu (ftz), Antennapedia (Antp), Ultrabithorax (Ubx), abdominal‐A (abdA), and Abdominal‐B (AbdB), and evaluated their expression by RT‐qPCR and RT‐PCR in the ovary, during embryonic development, and at the first larval stage (Zoea I) of the decapod Macrobrachium olfersii. The transcript levels of lab, Dfd, and ftz decreased and transcripts of pb, Scr, Antp, Ubx, abdA, and AbdB increased during embryonic development. Hox genes were expressed in mature ovaries and Zoea I larval stages, except Scr and ftz, respectively. In addition, isoforms of Dfd, Scr, Ubx, and abdA, which have been scarcely reported in crustaceans, were described. New partial sequences of 87 Hox genes from other crustaceans were identified from the GenBank database. Our results are interesting for future studies to determine the specific function of Hox genes and their isoforms in the freshwater prawn M. olfersii and to contribute to the understanding of the diversity and evolution of body plans and appendages in Crustaceans.
Duality theorems for stars and combs IV: Undominating stars
Authors: Bürger Carl , Kurkofka Jan
Published: January 2022

In a series of four papers we determine structures whose existence is dual, in the sense of complementary, to the existence of stars or combs from the well‐known star—comb lemma for infinite graphs. Call a set of vertices in a graph tough in if only finitely many components of meet for every finite vertex set . In this fourth and final paper of the series, we structurally characterise the connected graphs in which a given vertex set is tough. Our characterisations are phrased in terms of tree‐decompositions, tangle‐distinguishing separators and tough subgraphs (a graph is tough if its vertex set is tough in ). From the perspective of stars and combs, we thereby find structures whose existence is complementary to the existence of so‐called undominating stars.
Airway management in the operating room setting: An analysis of reported safety events
Authors: Osgood Kevin B. , Krishnan Sindhu , Wheeler Kimberly K. , Pimentel Marc P. , Vacanti Joshua C. , Urman Richard D.
Published: January 2022

Adverse event reporting systems are important tools for identifying areas of risk and opportunities quality improvement. Perioperative airway management (PAM) carries patient risk. We examine the nature of PAM incident reports at an academic tertiary care center. In this retrospective data review, perioperative safety reports filed under “Airway Management” between 2015 and 2020 were analyzed. Data analyzed included severity level (patient harm) and specific event type. There was a total of 7827 safety reports filed from January 2015 to July 2020, with 67 reports related to “Airway Management” (0.85%). The most common specific event type in this safety reporting database was “Intubation Injury (Mouth, Tooth, Airway)” (35.8%). The most common severity level of all reported events was level 2 (temporary or minor harm, 57%). Our safety reporting data demonstrates that adverse events related to PAM are likely to reach the patient and can cause significant harm. Data from our findings can help providers and risk managers to focus efforts on reducing patient harm. Strategies include continued education in technical skills and crisis management, preparation for the difficult airway, increased availability of video laryngoscopes, ongoing safety reporting and collaborative review of adverse events with implementation of quality improvement measures.
Geometric morphometric analysis of the humerus in New and Old World vultures
Authors: Holmes Jacob , Sustaita Diego , Hertel Fritz
Published: January 2022

The vulture guild is composed of two distinct groups, Old and New World, which provide a unique insight into how morphology varies among convergent species. All vultures are considered to be large birds of prey that utilize a style of flight called thermal soaring to search and feed primarily on carrion. Even though this flight style is exhibited among all 23 species, slight variations in their skeletal morphology may relate to their differences in ecology. We hypothesized that vulture humeral morphology varies in relation to these organisms' habitat, average body mass, courtship displays, and migratory behavior. To address this hypothesis, we used three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics to measure the overall shape differences of vulture humeri. Humeral morphology was found to vary most by habitat association and migratory tendency. The humeri of vultures that inhabit forested areas exhibit features that suggest increased flapping flight compared to those in open and mountainous regions. Migratory species were found to possess more robust features near the glenohumeral joint. We found these (and other features) have some utility for predicting ecology and behavior, but we suggest that further investigation into skeletal and muscular wing elements may reveal greater understanding of the habits of extinct vulture species.
Quaternary environmental changes in central Chukotka (NE Russia) inferred from the Lake El'gygytgyn pollen records
Authors: Zhao Wenwei , Andreev Andrei A. , Wennrich Volker , Li Quan , Melles Martin
Published: January 2022

The 3.6‐Myr sedimentary record of Lake El'gygytgyn is crucial for understanding the response of the sensitive ecosystems in the Arctic to Quaternary climate variations at orbital timescales. In this study, we synthesize previously published pollen records and biome reconstructions and perform pollen diversity analysis of the deep‐drilling core ICDP 5011‐1 from Lake El'gygytgyn for periods during the Early Pleistocene (MIS 82 – MIS 79), Early–Middle Pleistocene (MIS 31 – MIS 18) and late Middle Pleistocene (MIS 7e – MIS 6f). The results indicate that the predominance of herb tundra in the regional vegetation was most characteristic during glacials/stadials. Interglacials, in contrast, can be distinguished by the expansion of shrub communities mainly composed of birch, alder and willow. The expansion of forest biomes in the region was influenced by peaks in obliquity values, which led to increases in daylight length, which was essential for plant growth in high latitudes. An apparent long‐term decreasing trend in the tree and shrub population, accompanied by a reduction in floristic richness, was induced by stepwise cooling and drying since the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (MPT), which is linked to the modulation of extended global ice volume during the MPT via strong snow‐ and ice‐albedo feedback effects.
Controlling Properties and Functions of Polymer Gels Using Photochemical Reactions
Authors: Cao Jingning , Zhang Dachuan , Zhou Yang , Zhang Qijin , Wu Si
Published: January 2022

Photoresponsive polymer gels have attracted increasing interest owing to their potential applications in healable materials, drug release systems, and extracellular matrices. Because polymer gels provide suitable environments for photochemical reactions, their properties and functions can be controlled with light with a high spatiotemporal resolution. Herein, the design of photoresponsive polymer gels based on different types of photochemical reactions is introduced. The mechanism and applications of irreversible photoreactions, such as photoinduced free‐radical polymerization, photoinduced click reactions, and photolysis, as well as reversible photoreactions such as photoinduced reversible cycloadditions, reversible photosubstitution of metal complexes, and photoinduced metathesis are reviewed. The remaining challenges of photoresponsive polymer gels are also discussed.
Single point imaging with radial acquisition and compressed sensing
Authors: Ilbey Serhat , Jungmann Pia M. , Fischer Johannes , Jung Matthias , Bock Michael , Özen Ali Caglar
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To accelerate the Pointwise Encoding Time Reduction with Radial Acquisition (PETRA) sequence using compressed sensing while preserving the image quality for high‐resolution MRI of tissue with ultra‐short values.

Methods

Compressed sensing was introduced in the PETRA sequence (csPETRA) to accelerate the time‐consuming single point acquisition of the k‐space center data. Random undersampling was applied to achieve acceleration factors up to Acc = 32. Phantom and in vivo images of the knee joint of six volunteers were measured at 3T using csPETRA sequence with Acc = 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 32. Images were compared against fully sampled PETRA data (Acc = 1) for structural similarity and normalized‐mean‐square‐error. Qualitative and semi‐quantitative analyses were performed to assess the effect of the acceleration on image artifacts, image quality, and delineation of anatomical structures at the knee.

Results

Even at high acceleration factors of Acc = 16 no aliasing artifacts were observed, and the anatomical details were preserved compared with the fully sampled data. The normalized‐mean‐square‐error was less than 1% for Acc = 16, in which single point imaging acquisition time was reduced from 165 to 10 s, reducing the total scan time from 7.8 to 5.2 min. Semi‐quantitative analyses suggest that Acc = 16 yields comparable diagnostic quality as the fully sampled data for knee imaging at a scan time of 5.2 min.

Conclusion

csPETRA allows for ultra‐short imaging of the knee joint in clinically acceptable scan times while maintaining the image quality of original non‐accelerated PETRA sequence.
Effects of particle size‐shape correlations on steady shear strength of granular materials: The case of particle elongation
Authors: Carrasco Sergio , Cantor David , Ovalle Carlos
Published: January 2022

Granular materials often present correlations between particle size and shape due to their geological formation and mechanisms of weathering and fragmentation. It is known that particle shape strongly affects shear strength. However, the effects of shape can be modified by the role the particle plays in a sample given its size. We explore the steady shear strength of samples composed of particles presenting size‐shape correlations and we focus on the case of particle elongation in two opposite scenarios: (A) large elongated grains with finer circular grains and (B) large circular grains with elongated finer grains. By means of numerical simulations, we probe the shear strength of samples of varying particle size span from mono to highly polydisperse and particle aspect ratios varying between 1 and 5. We find that the two correlations tested strongly impact the shear strength as particle size span evolves. Microstructural analyzes allow us to identify how each correlation affects connectivity and anisotropies linked to the orientation of the particles and load transmission. Decompositions of the stress tensor let us identify the sources of the different mechanical behavior in each correlation and determine the contributions of each particle shape to macroscopic shear strength. This study proves that common small‐scaling methods based on truncated or parallel particle size distributions can incur in under/over‐estimations of shear strength if particle shapes are not considered in the scaling process.
Subclinical psychopathology and affective forecasting: Role of in‐the‐moment feelings
Authors: Zhang Rui‐ting , Yang Tian‐xiao , Chen Si‐yu , Cheung Eric F. C. , Barkus Emma , Chan Raymond C. K.
Published: January 2022

It is important for positive well‐being and social engagement to understand how people predict future emotions, an ability known as affective forecasting. However, mechanisms underpinning the change to affective forecasting are not well understood in people with subclinical psychiatric symptoms. The current study differentiated components that comprise affective forecasting and investigated how non‐clinical features relate to these. We recruited 319 participants to complete the social affective forecasting task and respond to questionnaires that captured schizotypal and autistic traits as well as depressive symptoms. Associations between affective forecasting and subclinical features were investigated using correlations, regression, and structure equation modeling. Results showed that interpersonal features of schizotypal traits negatively predicted anticipated emotions in positive social conditions via in‐the‐moment feelings but not via mental simulation. Findings highlight that in‐the‐moment feelings may be an intervention target to help people who have difficulties with social interactions to anticipate more pleasure for future social events.
Microvillus inclusion disease with prenatal ultrasound findings and postpartum confirmed
Authors: Şeker Erdal , Koç Acar
Published: January 2022

Key points

What's already known about this topic?

It is known that microvillus inclusion disease may present with prenatal fetal bowel enlargement

What does this study add?

We think that if amniocentesis is applied to pregnant women with suspected microvillus inclusion disease, electrolyte levels in the amniotic fluid may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of other congenital diarrhea causes
A survey of dedicated PASC clinics: Characteristics, barriers and spirit of collaboration
Authors: Dundumalla Shreya , Barshikar Surendra , Niehaus William N. , Ambrose Anne F. , Kim Soo Y. , Abramoff Benjamin A.
Published: January 2022

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection can produce prolonged multi‐organ system dysfunction and a worsened quality of life, a condition known as Post‐Acute Sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection (PASC). In response, clinics have emerged dedicated to the treatment of individuals with PASC.

Objective

To better understand the current characteristics of these clinics, the barriers they face, and the interest in collaboration between clinics.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey study.

Participants

Clinicians working within dedicated PASC centers (N = 94) identified primarily through the Survivor Corps database of Post‐COVID Care Centers. Additional clinics were found through news articles, an American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Database, and word of mouth.

Methods

The branching logic electronic survey consisting of up to 39 questions was sent electronically to potential participants.

Results

Complete survey responses were obtained from 45 clinics. There was a wide variety of different clinical models and specialties involved. The majority of clinics were homed in physical medicine and rehabilitation (40%), pulmonology (22%), and internal medicine (16%). Most clinics (73%) reported experiencing obstacles in the treatment of their patients, the most common of which included needing more established protocols (45%) and more clinical resources (24%). Most clinics (76%) also reported an interest in participating in a collaborative clinical network.

Conclusion

Despite wide variability in current clinical models of PASC clinics, there are common practices such as using telemedicine, having initial visits longer than 30 minutes, involving certain specialties in the treatment team, and having the ability for follow‐up. Clinicians involved with PASC clinics have a strong interest in collaboration to improve patient care and overcome clinical obstacles, the most common of which is the lack of clear treatment protocols. More research is needed to identify which clinical models lead to better patient outcomes.
A novel 3D in vitro tissue model for bone‐metastasized breast cancer: A preclinical tool in drug discovery and testing
Authors: Mohseni Garakani Mansoureh , Cooke Megan E. , Wertheimer Michael R. , Rosenzweig Derek H. , Ajji Abdellah
Published: January 2022

Bone metastasis is a frequent occurrence following breast cancer. The bone‐tumor microenvironment is heterogeneous and complicated to recapitulate. The development of new chemotherapeutics is ineffective partly due to a lack of precise in vitro tissue models. We developed a three‐dimensional (3D) bone‐tumor interface model for customized chemotherapeutic screening. It comprises a plasma‐modified electrospun mat seeded with osteoblasts to mimic a bone tissue, with a cell‐seeded hydrogel layer containing more and less aggressive or noncancerous cells on top, mimicking the tumor compartment. By screening the model with doxorubicin, we observed different migratory behaviors, with IC50 values that were largely in accordance with those cell lines' characteristics. Our 3D model reproduces the bone microenvironment and has great potential as a drug screening tool for personalized medicine.
Effects of curved path walking compared to straight path walking in older adults with cognitive deficits: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Han Suk , Shim Sung Ryul , Kim Jun Ho , Ko Mansoo
Published: January 2022

Objective

To determine whether the existing literature provides evidence that curved path walking time can be a reliable marker of cognitive impairment among older adults using a network meta‐analysis (NMA).

Data Sources

PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Korean Studies Information Service System (KSISS) electronic databases were searched in December 2019.

Study Selection

Studies that included the following variables were selected: (P): patients with cognitive impairment, (I): straight path versus curved path walking, (C): control group without cognitive impairment, (O): walking time, and (S): cross‐sectional or longitudinal study design. In total, 21 studies were selected for the NMA, which was performed to compare the standardized mean difference (SMD) of walking time on curved and straight paths.

Results

Older adults with dementia had significantly longer walking times than older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for both straight path walking and curved path walking. The SMD of straight path walking time was 0.59 (95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.39, 0.81) for older adults with MCI and 0.90 (95% CrI: 0.65, 1.16) for older adults with dementia. The SMD of walking time on a curved path was 0.52 (95% CrI: −0.22, 1.26) for older adults with MCI and 1.98 (95% CrI: 1.20, 2.92) for those with dementia. In older adults with dementia, the correlation coefficient of the Fisher's z value was higher for curved path walking than for straight path walking.

Conclusion

The way people with dementia walk exhibits signs of cognitive impairments. NMA confirmed that older adults with dementia requires significantly longer time to walk the same distance than healthy controls or older adults with MCI for both curved and straight path walking.
Plasma IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels correlate significantly with grading changes in localized prostate cancer
Authors: Zhou Jiatong , Chen Haojie , Wu Yanyuan , Shi Bowen , Ding Jie , Qi Jun
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To study the effect of inflammatory markers in blood such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) on the Gleason score (GS) changes in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) after radical prostatectomy (RP), we conducted this study.

Patients and methods

From November 2012 to September 2021, a total of 237 patients underwent RP at our institution. Blood samples from all patients were collected within 1 week before surgery. Preoperative clinical characteristics include age, serum IL‐6 and TNF‐α, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, C‐reactive protein, the platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio, systemic immune‐inflammation index, the prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI‐RADS) score, prostate‐specific antigen, and biopsy GS were assessed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyzes were used to determine the risk factors of GS changes after RP. The efficiency of this prediction model was identified with the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

 Seventy‐three patients (30.8%) had GS upgraded in the overall cohort, and 55 patients (23.2%) had GS downgraded. In comparing PCa patients with and without GS upgraded, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum TNF‐α (odds ratio [OR]: 2.518, p = 0.019) and IL‐6 (OR: 0.478, p = 0.023) were independent factors predicting the occurrence of GS upgrade. We also compared the characteristics of patients with GS upgraded and GS downgraded; multivariate logistic regression analysis also demonstrated significant differences in serum IL‐6 and TNF‐α between these two groups (all p < 0.05). In addition, we found that low prostate volume and biopsy GS ≥ 7 were significantly associated with higher PI‐RADS sores in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

The high expression of serum TNF‐α level is positively correlated with GS upgraded in PCa patients. High expression of serum IL‐6 level is negatively correlated with GS upgraded in PCa patients and positively related with GS downgraded.
Δ‐SCF calculations of core electron binding energies in first‐row transition metal atoms
Authors: Jorstad Jason V. , Xie Tian , Morales Christine M.
Published: January 2022

Core electron binding energies (CEBE) of nickel and copper atoms have been calculated using single‐configuration energy differences, the so‐called Δ‐self‐consistent field (Δ‐SCF) method. Basis set convergence has been examined for calculated L‐shell and M‐shell core electron binding energies, and a wide array of density functionals have been evaluated. Scalar relativistic corrections have been estimated using the popular Douglas‐Kroll‐Hess (DKH) approximation. While basis set convergence and functional dependence mirror the behavior reported in the literature for main group elements, the simplest Δ‐SCF calculations with pure Hartree‐Fock (HF) exchange and no correlation surprisingly outperform all density functionals in reproducing free‐atom CEBE values for Ni and Cu.
Robust adaptive self‐structuring neural networks tracking control of unmanned surface vessels with uncertainties and time‐varying disturbances
Authors: Liu Haitao , Wang Zhicheng , Tian Xuehong
Published: January 2022

The trajectory tracking control problem of unmanned surface vessels (USVs) with uncertainties and time‐varying disturbances is investigated. A robust adaptive trajectory tracking control scheme is proposed based on finite‐time control and a self‐structuring neural networks (SSNN) identifier, which can obtain satisfactory performance with an norm‐bounded, expected attenuation level within a finite time. The SSNN is developed to approximate USVs system uncertainties and external disturbances by online learning. Most importantly, a balance is achieved between the optimal number of neurons and the expected performance, which saves significant network resources. The Lyapunov stability analysis shows that the scheme ensures convergence of the tracking error to a small neighborhood around zero in finite time, while all the other closed‐loop signals remain bounded. Moreover, the application of a high‐gain observer effectively reduces the cost of velocity sensors. The feasibility and effectiveness of this control scheme are verified by theorem analysis and numerical simulations.
Random Čech complexes on manifolds with boundary
Authors: de Kergorlay Henry‐Louis , Tillmann Ulrike , Vipond Oliver
Published: January 2022

LetMbe a compact, unit volume, Riemannian manifold with boundary. We study the homology of a random Čech‐complex generated by a homogeneous Poisson process inM. Our main results are two asymptotic threshold formulas, an upper threshold above which the Čech complex recovers thekth homology ofMwith high probability, and a lower threshold below which it almost certainly does not. These thresholds share the same leading term. This extends work of Bobrowski–Weinberger and Bobrowski–Oliveira who establish similar formulas whenMhas no boundary. The cases with and without boundary differ: the corresponding common leading terms for the upper and lower thresholds differ being whenMis closed and whenMhas boundary; herenis the expected number of sample points. Our analysis identifies a special type of homological cycle occurring close to the boundary.
Weight management towards physiological and behavioral wellbeing for chimpanzees living under human care
Authors: Clay Andrea W. , Crane Maria M. , Bloomsmith Mollie A.
Published: January 2022

Across a period of 54 months, several changes were made to the feeding protocols of 32 adult chimpanzees living at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center Field Station. Before implementing any changes in diet, baseline data were collected for 6 months. During Baseline (BS), the chimpanzees received unlimited amounts of primate biscuits twice a day and a limited amount of produce as enrichment. Treatment One (T1) dietary modifications included an increased amount of vegetables, primarily leafy greens, and biscuit feedings scheduled to occur an hour after vegetables were provided to the chimpanzees. T1 lasted for 1 year. At the end of T1, most of the chimpanzees had gained weight. Treatment Two (T2) occurred over the span of 3 years, during which all the chimpanzees were switched from unlimited, group‐distributed primate biscuits to individually prescribed amounts of biscuits, fed in\dividually, and increased daily feedings of leafy greens. By the end of T2, 10 of 15 chimpanzees who were overweight or obese at the start of the project were within range of ideal body condition, and 4 of the remaining 5 were improved. All the chimpanzees who started the project within ideal range were still within ideal range. Significantly more time was invested in eating, foraging, and processing food during T2 (p < .05), more appropriately replicating the natural time budget for a chimpanzee. There were not any increases in abnormal, stress‐related, or agonistic behaviors as a function of dietary modifications. Inactivity, however, was significantly higher (p < .05) during the later protocol, and locomotion was concurrently lower (p < .05).
About pace: How variations in method and definition affect quantification of pacing in bears
Authors: Bernstein‐Kurtycz Laura M. , Wiatroski Kayla G. , Leeds Austin , Lukas Kristen E.
Published: January 2022

Repetitive pacing behavior is exhibited by many species in zoos and is particularly prevalent in carnivores with large home ranges, such as bears. Pacing can be a behavioral indicator of poor welfare, however, understanding this behavior can be challenging. As many bears that pace are singly housed, efforts to systematically examine and ameliorate pacing may be strengthened by multi‐institutional studies. However, there is currently no standardized method to quantify pacing, which makes cross‐institutional analyses of causal factors and intervening measures challenging. The purpose of this study was to compare multiple sampling methods and definitions for quantifying pacing in bears to understand how they affect outcome measures. We analyzed video recordings of two grizzly and two black bears pacing, using three sampling methods (continuous, instantaneous 30‐s interval, instantaneous 1‐min interval), and three definitions of pacing (AB—two repetitions of the path, ABA—three repetitions, ABAB—four repetitions). A generalized linear mixed model revealed that continuous and instantaneous 30‐s interval methods captured more pacing than instantaneous 1‐min methods, and definitions captured a decreasing amount of pacing from AB to ABA to ABAB. AB also captured the highest number of pacing bouts. The importance of comparability across institutions is growing, and a standard methodology and definition for recording pacing would be useful. We suggest that the combination of instantaneous sampling and the ABA definition presents a good balance between capturing the right data and being flexible enough for a variety of institutions to implement.
The Spanish Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic: From Joint Governance to Lack of Governance
Authors: Valle Javier M. , de Olagüe-Smithson Carlos
Published: January 2022

On March 9, 2020, to safeguard the health of the population from the spread of COVID-19, the Autonomous Community of Madrid was the first region in Spain to suspend in person classroom activity from March 11th. Five days later, on March 14th, the Spanish government declared a state of emergency and in person classroom lessons were suspended throughout the country.
From Radar to Radio Astronomy
Authors: Orchiston Wayne , Robertson Peter , Sullivan III Woodruff T.
Published: January 2022

Today’s astronomers study the sky at a wide range of wavelengths, spread across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio through microwave, infrared, the optical range, the ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays (Fig. 1.1). They also use cosmic rays and neutrinos, and the newest field is gravitational wave astronomy. Some of these types of radiation can be observed from the Earth’s surface, others rely on space telescopes. Some are comparatively recent innovations, while optical astronomy – in various guises – dates back many millennia.
Frontier Life at the Field Stations
Authors: Orchiston Wayne , Robertson Peter , Sullivan III Woodruff T.
Published: January 2022

Between October 1945 and March 1946 Radiophysics staff took advantage of the facilities at radar stations located at Collaroy Plateau and Dover Heights in suburban Sydney to follow up the British and New Zealand solar observations mentioned earlier, and this effectively marked the launch of radio astronomy in Australia. The equipment used at these field stations included radar antennas connected to 200 MHz receivers. In 1947 Ruby Payne-Scott (1912–1981) described the Royal Australian Air Force Radar 54 antenna at Collaroy as a
Where did it all Lead?
Authors: Orchiston Wayne , Robertson Peter , Sullivan III Woodruff T.
Published: January 2022

At the end of World War II it would have been impossible to have foreseen the rapid growth of radio astronomy at the Radiophysics Lab. In the space of about five years radio astronomy not only became the dominant research program, but the RP group was easily the largest and most generously funded in the world. The two main rivals to Radiophysics were the Jodrell Bank group at the University of Manchester led by Bernard Lovell and the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University led by Martin Ryle. However, both these English groups were relatively small sections within their University’s physics departments and, with the post-war austerity in England, both groups operated on shoestring budgets. Around 1950, the combined budgets of the Jodrell Bank and Cambridge groups were only a small fraction of the RP radio astronomy budget (see e.g. Robertson, 1992: 131; Sullivan, 2009: 153).
The Pedagogical Frameworks Adopted by Monash University Library
Authors: Torres Lynette , Yazbeck Barbara
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes three of the pedagogical frameworks that comprise the Models of Engaged Learning and Teaching (Willison, J. (2017). The Models of Engaged Learning and Teaching (MELT); Willison, J. (2020). The models of engaged learning and teaching: Connecting sophisticated thinking from early childhood to PhD. Springer). Monash University Library (MUL) adopted the MELT to underpin its teaching practice and guide library–faculty teaching collaborations. The MELT include the Research Skill Development (RSD) framework (Willison, J., & O'Regan, K. (2006/2018). Research skill development framework), the Work Skill Development (WSD) framework (Bandaranaike, S., & Willison, J. (2009/2018). Revised by Monash University Library, 2019. Work skill development framework; Revised by Monash University Library 2019) and the Digital Skill Development (DSD) framework (Torres, L., McLeod, A., Yazbeck, B., Rayner, G., Skrbis, M., Yates, S., Dickson, N., & Fulton, H. (2018). Digital skill development framework). The MELT have proved effective and adaptable in a range of disciplines and learning contexts by describing not only what students’ research, work and digital skills are but how they can be explicitly developed as a critical part of learning. Successful application of these models has strengthened and maximised the effectiveness of library–faculty teaching collaborations. This has enabled the library to remain responsive to contemporary skill agendas and as such, catalysed transformative change by repositioning the Library as a key contributor to student learning.
Zero-jettiness resummation for top-quark pair production at the LHC
Authors: Alioli Simone , Broggio Alessandro , Lim Matthew A.
Published: January 2022

Abstract

We study the resummation of the 0-jettiness resolution variable $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
0 for the top-quark pair production process in hadronic collisions. Starting from an effective theory framework we derive a factorisation formula for this observable which allows its resummation at any logarithmic order in the $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
0 → 0 limit. We then calculate the $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(αs) corrections to the soft function matrices and, by employing renormalisation group equation methods, we obtain the ingredients for the resummation formula up to next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy. We study the impact of these corrections to the 0-jettiness distribution by comparing predictions at different accuracy orders: NLL, NLL′, NNLL and approximate NNLL′ ($$ {\mathrm{NNLL}}_{\mathrm{a}}^{\prime } $$

NNLL
a
′

). We match these results to the corresponding fixed order calculations both at leading order and next-to-leading order for the t$$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

+jet production process, obtaining the most accurate prediction of the 0-jettiness distribution for the top-quark pair production process at $$ {\mathrm{NNLL}}_{\mathrm{a}}^{\prime } $$

NNLL
a
′

+NLO accuracy.
Micro-grooving of brittle materials using textured diamond grinding wheels shaped by an integrated nanosecond laser system
Authors: Geng Zongchao , Tong Zhen , Huang Guoqin , Zhong Wenbin , Cui Changcai , Xu Xipeng , Jiang Xiangqian
Published: January 2022

Freeform surfaces including both the aspherical and prismatic concave/convex have been widely utilized in optical, electronical, and biomedical areas. Most recently, it is reported that grinding with structured wheels provides new possibility to generate patterns on hard and brittle materials. This paper reports the latest research progress on micro-grooving glass ceramic using laser structured diamond grinding wheels. A nanosecond pulse laser is firstly integrated into an ultra-precision machine tool and used for the in-line conditioning of super abrasive grinding wheels, i.e., truing, dressing, and profiling/texturing. Meanwhile, an offset compensation method, considering the shifting depth of focus (DoF) at different laser irradiation positions, is proposed to accurately generate various profiles on the periphery of the grinding wheels. Three types of patterns (riblets, grooves, and pillars) are successfully fabricated on the ceramic substrate using the laser textured grinding wheels. The results indicate that the integrated laser system offers high flexibility and accuracy in shaping super abrasive grinding wheels, and the grinding using textured grinding wheels provides a promising solution to generate functional microstructures on hard and brittle materials.
Numerical and experimental evaluation of shock dividers
Authors: Rezay Haghdoost M. , Thethy B. S. , Nadolski M. , Seo B. , Paschereit C. O. , Klein R. , Edgington-Mitchell D. , Oberleithner K.
Published: January 2022

Mitigation of pressure pulsations in the exhaust of a pulse detonation combustor is crucial for operation with a downstream turbine. For this purpose, a device termed the shock divider is designed and investigated. The intention of the divider is to split the leading shock wave into two weaker waves that propagate along separated ducts with different cross sections, allowing the shock waves to travel with different velocities along different paths. The separated shock waves redistribute the energy of the incident shock wave. The shock dynamics inside the divider are investigated using numerical simulations. A second-order dimensional split finite volume MUSCL-scheme is used to solve the compressible Euler equations. Furthermore, low-cost simulations are performed using geometrical shock dynamics to predict the shock wave propagation inside the divider. The numerical simulations are compared to high-speed schlieren images and time-resolved total pressure recording. For the latter, a high-frequency pressure probe is placed at the divider outlet, which is shown to resolve the transient total pressure during the shock passage. Moreover, the separation of the shock waves is investigated and found to grow as the divider duct width ratio increases. The numerical and experimental results allow for a better understanding of the dynamic evolution of the flow inside the divider and inform its capability to reduce the pressure pulsations at the exhaust of the pulse detonation combustor.
A novel explicit three-sub-step time integration method for wave propagation problems
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Zhang Runsen , Zanoni Andrea , Xing Yufeng , Masarati Pierangelo
Published: January 2022

A novel explicit three-sub-step time integration method is proposed. From linear analysis, it is designed to have at least second-order accuracy, tunable stability interval, tunable algorithmic dissipation and no overshooting behaviour. A distinctive feature is that the size of its stability interval can be adjusted to control the properties of the method. With the largest stability interval, the new method has better amplitude accuracy and smaller dispersion error for wave propagation problems, compared with some existing second-order explicit methods, and as the stability interval narrows, it shows improved period accuracy and stronger algorithmic dissipation. By selecting an appropriate stability interval, the proposed method can achieve properties better than or close to existing second-order methods, and by increasing or reducing the stability interval, it can be used with higher efficiency or stronger dissipation. The new method is applied to solve some illustrative wave propagation examples, and its numerical performance is compared with those of several widely used explicit methods.
Lack of evidence for conserved parasegmental grooves in arthropods
Authors: Janssen Ralf , Turetzek Natascha , Pechmann Matthias
Published: January 2022

In the arthropod model species Drosophila melanogaster, a dipteran fly, segmentation of the anterior–posterior body axis is under control of a hierarchic gene cascade. Segmental boundaries that form morphological grooves are established posteriorly within the segmental expression domain of the segment-polarity gene (SPG) engrailed (en). More important for the development of the fly, however, are the parasegmental boundaries that are established at the interface of en expressing cells and anteriorly adjacent wingless (wg) expressing cells. In Drosophila, both segmental and transient parasegmental grooves form. The latter are positioned anterior to the expression of en. Although the function of the SPGs in establishing and maintaining segmental and parasegmental boundaries is highly conserved among arthropods, parasegmental grooves have only been reported for Drosophila, and a spider (Cupiennius salei). Here, we present new data on en expression, and re-evaluate published data, from four distantly related spiders, including Cupiennius, and a distantly related chelicerate, the harvestman Phalangium opilio. Gene expression analysis of en genes in these animals does not corroborate the presence of parasegmental grooves. Consequently, our data question the general presence of parasegmental grooves in arthropods.
Biochemical analysis of novel NAA10 variants suggests distinct pathogenic mechanisms involving impaired protein N-terminal acetylation
Authors: McTiernan Nina , Tranebjærg Lisbeth , Bjørheim Anna S. , Hogue Jacob S. , Wilson William G. , Schmidt Berkley , Boerrigter Melissa M. , Nybo Maja L. , Smeland Marie F. , Tümer Zeynep , Arnesen Thomas
Published: January 2022

NAA10 is the catalytic subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase complex, NatA, which is responsible for N-terminal acetylation of nearly half the human proteome. Since 2011, at least 21 different NAA10 missense variants have been reported as pathogenic in humans. The clinical features associated with this X-linked condition vary, but commonly described features include developmental delay, intellectual disability, cardiac anomalies, brain abnormalities, facial dysmorphism and/or visual impairment. Here, we present eight individuals from five families with five different de novo or inherited NAA10 variants. In order to determine their pathogenicity, we have performed biochemical characterisation of the four novel variants c.16G>C p.(A6P), c.235C>T p.(R79C), c.386A>C p.(Q129P) and c.469G>A p.(E157K). Additionally, we clinically describe one new case with a previously identified pathogenic variant, c.384T>G p.(F128L). Our study provides important insight into how different NAA10 missense variants impact distinct biochemical functions of NAA10 involving the ability of NAA10 to perform N-terminal acetylation. These investigations may partially explain the phenotypic variability in affected individuals and emphasise the complexity of the cellular pathways downstream of NAA10.
Ultra-compact plasmonic unidirectional wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer based on slot cavities
Authors: Aparna U. , Kumar M. Sathish
Published: January 2022

An ultra-compact plasmonic unidirectional wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer based on slot cavities is proposed and numerically simulated. The structure consists of slot cavities which are etched on either sides of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) bus waveguide. The cavities capture surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves at their resonant wavelengths and unidirectionally couples them to the drop waveguide etched parallel to the bus. The structure basically relies on resonance and interference of SPP waves and its functioning is validated through finite element method (FEM) simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed structure functions as expected with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth of less than 50 nm, extinction ratio (ER) more than 10 dB, and crosstalk (CT) of less than − 10 dB for the designed wavelengths. The proposed structure holds lot of potential to enhance the miniaturization of ultra-compact integrated photonic circuits for optical signal processing and other related applications.
Dark heterochromia in adult masked lapwings is universal, asymmetrical and possibly slightly sexually dimorphic
Authors: Cardilini Adam P. A. , Lees Daniel , Roche Dylan , Dann Peter , Weston Michael A.
Published: January 2022

Variations in eye colour in birds are poorly documented. We measured and characterised eyes of 25 birds in the hand (16° × 22.5° segments per eye), using standardised and scaled images, and examined observations of 1 marked individual through time. We describe universal and extensive dark heterochromia (non-uniform colouration of the eye) in adult masked lapwings Vanellus miles novaehollandiae in our study population. Asymmetrical within-eye heterochromia has not previously been recorded for Charadridae, but in a review of images of eyes in the genus Vanellus, we found 45% of the 22 species had detectable heterochromia. There was a tendency (p = 0.051 after false discovery rate correction) for males to have slightly less black in the upper posterior part of the eye, a difference not distinguishable enough to aid sexing in the hand. We suggest standardised images of captured birds would underpin a more nuanced understanding of the occurrence of subtle heterochromia among birds, which may permit phylogenetic analyses directed at exploring possible evolution or function of such eye pigmentation.