bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Size Effects in the Au‐Catalyzed Oxidative and Non‐Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Chen Jiashu , Fang Wenhao , Zhang Qinghong , Deng Weiping , Wang Ye
Published: July 2014

A hydrotalcite‐supported gold catalyst has been found to be efficient for both oxidative and non‐oxidative conversions of benzyl alcohol into benzaldehyde. In both cases, the reaction rates were dependent on the size of the Au particles, but the size dependence for the non‐oxidative reaction was more pronounced. Our analyses on the intrinsic rates of different sites suggested that all of the atoms on the Au surfaces participated in the oxidative reaction, whereas the edge and corner Au atoms predominantly contributed to the non‐oxidative reaction, and that the terrace atoms were at least two orders of magnitude less active than the edge or corner atoms. In both cases, the rate‐determining step was CH bond cleavage. The presence of oxygen significantly enhanced the reaction rate. Herein, we propose that the non‐oxidative reaction proceeds through a β‐H elimination step by the low‐coordination‐number edge and corner Au atoms, whereas the active oxygen species, which are even generated on the terrace Au atoms, might assist CH bond cleavage under oxidative conditions.
Integration of [(Co(bpy)3]2+ Electron Mediator with Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for CO2 Conversion
Authors: Lin Jinliang , Hou Yidong , Zheng Yun , Wang Xinchen
Published: July 2014

An efficient chemical system for electron generation and transfer is constructed by the integration of an electron mediator ([Co(bpy)3]2+; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) with semiconductor photocatalysts. The introduction of [Co(bpy)3]2+ remarkably enhances the photocatalytic activity of pristine semiconductor photocatalysts for heterogeneous CO2 conversion; this is attributable to the acceleration of charge separation. Of particular interest is that the excellent photocatalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysts can be developed as a universal photocatalytic CO2 reduction system. The present findings clearly demonstrate that the integration of an electron mediator with semiconductors is a feasible process for the design and development of efficient photochemical systems for CO2 conversion.
Pd/Cu‐Cocatalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Carbonylative Homocoupling of Arylboronic Acids and CO: A Highly Selective Approach to Diaryl Ketones
Authors: Ren Long , Jiao Ning
Published: July 2014

A highly selective Pd/Cu‐cocatalyzed aerobic oxidative carbonylative homocoupling of arylboronic acids has been developed. This method employs a simple catalytic system, readily available boronic acids as the substrates, molecular oxygen as the oxidant, and 1 atm of CO/O2, which makes this method practical for further applications.
Untersuchung vorgespannter Brückenplatten unter Verkehr mit zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren
Authors: Diersch Norman , Kind Thomas , Taffe Alexander , Kurz Jochen
Published: July 2014

Der Untersuchung von vorgespannten Brückenplatten bzw. Fahrbahnplatten kommt angesichts ihrer direkten Belastung durch Verkehr und der Gefahr durch Tausalzeintrag infolge von Schäden an der Abdichtung eine tragende Rolle bei der Planung von Instandsetzungsarbeiten zu. Da diese Bauteile direkt befahren werden, ist der Einsatz zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren (ZfPBau‐Verfahren) sinnvoll, wobei deren Anwendung nur einen begrenzten Eingriff in den Verkehr verursachen sollte. In diesem Beitrag werden neben dem großflächigen Einsatz von Radar von der Brückenoberseite aus, d. h. durch den Fahrbahnbelag hindurch, Detailuntersuchungen von der Brückenunterseite mithilfe von Bauwerkscannern beschrieben. Diese Scanner verwenden sowohl Radar als auch Ultraschall mit ihren komplementären Verfahrenseigenschaften, wobei deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen aufgezeigt werden. Abschließend wird eine Strategie zur Kombination von ZfPBau‐Verfahren sowie deren gezielter großflächiger Einsatz in Abgrenzung zu kleinflächigen Detailuntersuchungen beschrieben.

Investigation of prestressed bridgedecks under traffic using non‐destructive‐testing methods

The investigations of pre‐stressed bridge decks and carriageway slabs, considering their direct exposure to traffic and threat of ingress of de‐icing salt as a result of damage of the seal, plays a major role in the planning of repair work. Since these building elements are driven directly, the usage of non‐destructive testing (NDT methods) is useful where the application should cause only a limited intervention into traffic. In this paper, in addition to the large‐scale measurements with radar from the outer side of the bridge, which is through the road surface, detailed studies of the bridge base with the help of on‐site scanners are described. These scanners use radar and ultrasonic with their complementary properties. The possibilities and limitations are discussed here. Finally, a strategy for combining NDT methods and their specific large‐scale applications in a distinction to small‐scale detailed studies is described.
DGZfP‐Merkblatt B08 zur seismischen Baugrunderkundung
Authors: Niederleithinger Ernst
Published: July 2014

Seismische Methoden, die mithilfe elastischer Wellen Informationen über den Untergrund liefern, spielen in der Baugrunderkundung eine immer größere Rolle. Die einschlägigen Regelwerke weisen zwar auf diese Methoden hin, geben aber keine näheren Hinweise zu Methodenauswahl oder Einsatzbereichen. Das neue Merkblatt B08 “Seismische Baugrunderkundung”, das seit Kurzem bei der DGZfP (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung) online und gedruckt auf Deutsch und Englisch erhältlich ist, will diese Lücke schließen. Die Grundlagen der Seismik werden kurz und knapp beschrieben, ebenso wie die zahlreichen Einzelmethoden mit ihren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen. Dabei wird sowohl auf Anwendungen von der Erdoberfläche aus wie auch auf Bohrlochmethoden und Offshore‐Techniken eingegangen. Eine Applikationsmatrix hilft bei der Methodenauswahl. Hinweise zu Ausschreibungen fehlen ebenso wenig wie Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung. Das Merkblatt richtet sich an alle, die seismische Messungen zur Baugrunderkundung ausschreiben oder anbieten bzw. mit den Ergebnissen arbeiten.

DGZfP recommendations for seismic site characterization

Information on methods, applications, contracting and quality assurance: Seismic methods, which are acquiring information about the subsurface using elastic waves, are more and more used in site investigation. These techniques and their fields of application are mentioned in standards and regulations but not described or explained in detail. The new guideline B08 ”Site Investigation by Seismic methods" has been published by DGZFP (German Society for Non‐Destructive Testing) recently and is available in print and online in German and English. Basic concepts of seismic exploration are described shortly as well as the numerous techniques including fields of application and limitations. This includes surface, borehole and offshore methods. Hints on fields of application are given in a matrix like structure. Comments on tendering and bidding are included as well as measures for quality assurance. This guideline is for all, who need or offer geophysical services.
Microbes and animal olfactory communication: Where do we go from here?
Authors: Ezenwa Vanessa O. , Williams Allison E.
Published: July 2014

We know that microbes contribute to the production of odors that some animals use to communicate, but how common is this phenomenon? Recent studies capitalizing on new molecular technologies are uncovering fascinating associations between microbes and odors of wild animals, but causality is difficult to ascertain. Fundamental questions about the nature of these unique host‐microbe interactions also remain unanswered. For instance, do microbes benefit from signaling associations with hosts? How does microbial community structure influence signal production? How do hosts regulate microbes in order to generate appropriate signals? Here, we review the current state of knowledge on microbially produced signals in animals and discuss key research foci that can advance our understanding of microbial‐based signaling in the animal world.
Regulation mechanisms in mixed and pure culture microbial fermentation
Authors: Hoelzle Robert D. , Virdis Bernardino , Batstone Damien J.
Published: July 2014

Mixed‐culture fermentation is a key central process to enable next generation biofuels and biocommodity production due to economic and process advantages over application of pure cultures. However, a key limitation to the application of mixed‐culture fermentation is predicting culture product response, related to metabolic regulation mechanisms. This is also a limitation in pure culture bacterial fermentation. This review evaluates recent literature in both pure and mixed culture studies with a focus on understanding how regulation and signaling mechanisms interact with metabolic routes and activity. In particular, we focus on how microorganisms balance electron sinking while maximizing catabolic energy generation. Analysis of these mechanisms and their effect on metabolism dynamics is absent in current models of mixed‐culture fermentation. This limits process prediction and control, which in turn limits industrial application of mixed‐culture fermentation. A key mechanism appears to be the role of internal electron mediating cofactors, and related regulatory signaling. This may determine direction of electrons towards either hydrogen or reduced organics as end‐products and may form the basis for future mechanistic models. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2139–2154. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrite accumulation from simultaneous free‐ammonia and free‐nitrous‐acid inhibition and oxygen limitation in a continuous‐flow biofilm reactor
Authors: Park Seongjun , Chung Jinwook , Rittmann Bruce E. , Bae Wookeun
Published: July 2014

To achieve nitrite accumulation for shortcut biological nitrogen removal (SBNR) in a biofilm process, we explored the simultaneous effects of oxygen limitation and free ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) inhibition in the nitrifying biofilm. We used the multi‐species nitrifying biofilm model (MSNBM) to identify conditions that should or should not lead to nitrite accumulation, and evaluated the effectiveness of those conditions with experiments in continuous flow biofilm reactors (CFBRs). CFBR experiments were organized into four sets with these expected outcomes based on the MSNBM as follows: (i) Control, giving full nitrification; (ii) oxygen limitation, giving modest long‐term nitrite build up; (iii) FA inhibition, giving no long‐term nitrite accumulation; and (iv) FA inhibition plus oxygen limitation, giving major long‐term nitrite accumulation. Consistent with MSNBM predictions, the experimental results showed that nitrite accumulated in sets 2–4 in the short term, but long‐term nitrite accumulation was maintained only in sets 2 and 4, which involved oxygen limitation. Furthermore, nitrite accumulation was substantially greater in set 4, which also included FA inhibition. However, FA inhibition (and accompanying FNA inhibition) alone in set 3 did not maintained long‐term nitrite accumulation. Nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity batch tests confirmed that little NOB or only a small fraction of NOB were present in the biofilms for sets 4 and 2, respectively. The experimental data supported the previous modeling results that nitrite accumulation could be achieved with a lower ammonium concentration than had been required for a suspended‐growth process. Additional findings were that the biofilm exposed to low dissolved oxygen (DO) limitation and FA inhibition was substantially denser and probably had a lower detachment rate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 43–52. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐HIV Small‐Molecule Binding in the Peptide Subpocket of the CXCR4:CVX15 Crystal Structure
Authors: Cox Bryan D. , Prosser Anthony R. , Katzman Brooke M. , Alcaraz Ana A. , Liotta Dennis C. , Wilson Lawrence J. , Snyder James P.
Published: July 2014

The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is involved in chemotaxis and serves as a coreceptor for T‐tropic HIV‐1 viral entry, thus making this receptor an attractive drug target. Recently, crystal structures of CXCR4 were reported as complexes with the small molecule IT1t and the CVX15 peptide. Follow‐up efforts to model different antagonists into the small molecule CXCR4:IT1t crystal structure did not generate poses consistent with either the X‐ray crystal structure or site‐directed mutagenesis (SDM). Here, we compare the binding pockets of the two CXCR4 crystal structures, revealing differences in helices IV, V, VI, and VII, with major differences for the His203 residue buried in the binding pocket. The small molecule antagonist AMD11070 was docked into both CXCR4 crystal structures. An AMD11070 pose identified from the CXCR4:CVX15 model presented interactions with Asp171, Glu288, Trp94, and Asp97, consistent with published SDM data, thus suggesting it is the bioactive pose. A CXCR4 receptor model was optimized around this pose of AMD11070, and the resulting model correlated HIV‐1 inhibition with MM‐GBSA docking scores for a congeneric AMD11070‐like series. Subsequent NAMFIS NMR results successfully linked the proposed binding pose to an independent experimental structure. These results strongly suggest that not all small molecules will bind to CXCR4 in a similar manner as IT1t. Instead, the CXCR4:CVX15 crystal structure may provide a binding locus for small organic molecules that is more suitable than the secondary IT1t site. This work is expected to provide modeling insights useful for future CXCR4 antagonist and X4‐tropic HIV‐1 based drug design efforts.
Dicer Nuclease‐Promoted Production of Let7a‐1 MicroRNA Is Enhanced in the Presence of Tryptophan‐Containing Amphiphilic Peptides
Authors: Hyun Soonsil , Han Areum , Jo Myung Hyun , Hohng Sungchul , Yu Jaehoon
Published: July 2014

A library of Trp‐containing amphiphilic peptides was synthesized and screened for the ability to bind to pre‐miRNA targets. Two members of this family, peptides Ac‐WKKLLKWLKKLLKLAG‐NH2 (2 b) and Ac‐WKKLLKWLKKLLDabLAG‐NH2 (4 b) were found to have nanomolar binding affinities to pre‐let7a‐1. Peptides 2 b and 4 b caused an increase in the in vitro Dicer cleavage of pre‐let7a‐1. This observation was confirmed by a cell‐based assay, the results of which show an up to 50 % increase in Dicer activity. Enhanced expression of let7a‐1 promoted by the peptides results in specific reductions of target mRNAs. The results of a microarray study show that lower amount of fluctuating genes are generated in the presence of 2 b or 4 b, relative to that from exogenous delivery of let7a‐1. Because peptides 2 b and 4 b promote enhanced formation of mature let7a‐1 only at the endogenous miRNA level, this specifically controls genes related to let7a‐1.
Combined surgical and catheter‐based treatment of extensive thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic valve stenosis
Authors: Backer Ole De , Lönn Lars , Søndergaard Lars
Published: July 2014

An extensive thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a potentially life‐threatening condition and remains a technical challenge to surgeons. Over the past decade, repair of aortic arch aneurysms has been accomplished using both hybrid (open and endovascular) and totally endovascular techniques. Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) has changed and extended management options in thoracic aorta disease, including in those patients deemed unfit or unsuitable for open surgery. Accordingly, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is increasingly used to treat patients with symptomatic severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) who are considered at high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement. In this report, we describe the combined surgical and catheter‐based treatment of an extensive TAA and AS. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hybrid TAA repair combined with TAVR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chiral Bifunctional Squaramide‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Allomaltol to β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters
Authors: Liu Yunting , Wang Qiaohui , Wang Youming , Song Haibin , Zhou Zhenghong
Published: July 2014

A highly enantioselective Michael addition of allomaltol (5‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one) to both aromatic and aliphatic β,γ‐unsaturated α‐ketoesters has been realized. Under the catalysis of a chiral bifunctional tertiary amine‐squaramide that bears a (1R,2R)‐1,2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diamine scaffold, the reaction proceeded smoothly with high levels of enantioselectivity to give the desired products in acceptable yields with 86–>99 % enantiomeric excess. This methodology provided an efficient process for the enantioselective synthesis of optically active kojic acid derivatives.
A Remarkable Catalyst Combination to Widen the Operating Temperature Window of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by NH3
Authors: Zhang Runduo , Liu Ning , Luo Zhen , Yang Wei , Liang Xin , Xu Ruinian , Chen Biaohua , Duprez Daniel , Royer Sébastien
Published: July 2014

On the basis of the idea of combining high selective catalytic reduction (SCR) activity, high N2 selectivity, and broad operating temperature window, we developed a combined catalyst process that was found to be a convenient way to design a highly efficient SCR process for NO with NH3. The single catalysts of MnOx–CeO2/TiO2 and V2O5–WO3/TiO2 as well as combined catalysts with different configurations were fully characterized by XRD, temperature‐programmed reduction of H2, and temperature‐programmed desorption of NO/O2. In addition, they were tested for the oxidation of NO or NH3 as well as the SCR of NO with NH3. The correlations between combining configurations and SCR activity results were also revealed. Furthermore, fundamental evidences were given for the rational design of the process and its efficiency maximization (assembly order and catalytic bed volume). An adequate configuration, with MnOx–CeO2/TiO2 and V2O5–WO3/TiO2 active materials, ensures an excellent SCR performance (NO conversion >85 %, N2 yield >70 %, and decreased N2O production) over a wide operating temperature window (from 150 to 400 °C).
Ecofriendly Approach to Making Graphene–Tin/Tin Oxide Nanocomposite Electrodes for Energy Storage
Authors: Tripathi Alok M. , Mitra Sagar
Published: July 2014

A sustainable, nontoxic, and ecofriendly lithium‐ion battery is the ultimate dream in the field of energy storage. First, the ecofriendly production of large quantities of electrode material is a great challenge. Herein, a green process for making tin‐/tin oxide‐based alloy electrodes by means of a simple solvent [N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)]‐assisted self‐reduction method is proposed. The end products of this reduction process are identified as dimethylamine (DMA), carbon dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. Both the solvent (DMF) and reaction product (DMA) are biodegradable and the reaction byproducts (DMA and CO2) can be reconverted back into DMF. The simple mixing of two colloids in the same solvent (DMF) is adopted to incorporate tin nanoparticles into a graphene matrix; this helps to distribute nanoparticles on the graphene surfaces. The resulting nanocomposite displays an improved reversible capacity of 750 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 160 mA g−1, with stable cyclic retention and a discharge capacity of more than 600 mAh g−1 at a high current rate of 700 mA g−1 after 35 cycles. The effect of graphene on nanoparticle shape management during electrochemical cycling is studied by using transmission electron microscopy.
Rating high‐throughput screening results via h‐index
Authors: Hagiwara Yohsuke , Ohno Kazuki , Watanabe Toshihiro , Orita Masaya
Published: July 2014

The quantification of both the impact and quality of a scientist's publication record is an essential step in making decisions concerning hiring, promotion, and allocation of funding. In an attempt to resolve this problem, Hirsh proposed the “h‐index,” a single‐number criterion incorporating both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication. This value facilitates rating of a scientist's performance and is now one of the most commonly used matrices. Here, we would like to propose the rating of high‐throughput screening (HTS) result by the h‐index. Rating HTS result is to estimate how the HTS result is preferred by a medicinal chemist. In this study, we applied the h‐index for rating HTS results and observed an enhanced rating of preferred starting points for drug development. In addition, we developed a new index, the maximum common structure (MCS) index, which is more effective than the h‐index. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,2‐Dihydrophosphete: A Platform for the Molecular Engineering of Electroluminescent Phosphorus Materials for Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Chen Hui , Pascal Simon , Wang Zuoyong , Bouit Pierre‐Antoine , Wang Zisu , Zhang Yinlong , Tondelier Denis , Geffroy Bernard , Réau Régis , Mathey François , Duan Zheng , Hissler Muriel
Published: July 2014

The discovery and molecular engineering of novel electroluminescent materials is still a challenge in optoelectronics. In this work, the development of new π‐conjugated oligomers incorporating a dihydrophosphete skeleton is reported. Variation of the substitution pattern of 1,2‐dihydrophosphete derivatives and chemical modification of their P atoms afford thermally stable derivatives, which are suitable emitters to construct organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The optical and electrochemical properties of these new P‐based oligomers have been investigated in detail and are supported by DFT calculations. The OLED devices exhibit good performance and current‐independent CIE coordinates.
Bandgap Engineering and Mechanism Study of Nonmetal and Metal Ion Codoped Carbon Nitride: C+Fe as an Example
Authors: Zhang Shouwei , Li Jiaxing , Zeng Meiyi , Li Jie , Xu Jinzhang , Wang Xiangke
Published: July 2014

Bandgap narrowing and a more positive valence band (VB) potential are generally considered to be effective methods for improving visible‐light‐driven photocatalysts because of the significant enhancement of visible‐light absorption and oxidation ability. Herein, an approach is reported for the synthesis of a novel visible‐light‐driven high performance polymer photocatalyst based on band structure control and nonmetal and metal ion codoping, that is, C and Fe‐codoped as a model, by a simple thermal conversion method. The results indicate that compared to pristine graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), C+Fe‐codoped g‐C3N4 shows a narrower bandgap and remarkable positively shifted VB; as a result the light‐absorption range was expanded and the oxidation capability was increased. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of C+Fe‐codoped g‐C3N4 for photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) increased 14 times, compared with pristine g‐C3N4 under visible‐light absorption at λ>420 nm. The synergistic enhancement in C+Fe‐codoped g‐C3N4 photocatalyst could be attributed to the following features: 1) C+Fe‐codoping of g‐C3N4 tuned the bandgap and improved visible‐light absorption; 2) the porous lamellar structure and decreased particle size could provide a high surface area and greatly improve photogenerated charge separation and electron transfer; and 3) both increased electrical conductivity and a more positive VB ensured the superior electron‐transport property and high oxidation capability. The results imply that a high‐performance photocatalyst can be obtained by combining bandgap control and doping modification; this may provide a basic concept for the rational design of high performance polymer photocatalysts with reasonable electronic structures for unique photochemical reaction.
The Pentamethylcyclopentadienylsilicon(II) Cation: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity
Authors: Jutzi Peter
Published: July 2014

In the flourishing chemistry of divalent silicon, π‐complex formation between silicon and the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) group is one of the successful strategies for thermodynamic and/or kinetic stabilization. Here, the diverse reactivity of the [Cp*Si]+ ion is described. Its chemistry is characterized by the addition of anionic and neutral nucleophiles and by the easy hapticity change and the leaving‐group character of the Cp* group. Several novel sandwich and half‐sandwich π‐complexes of divalent silicon were synthesized, and a novel access to the class of cyclotrisilenes was found. A reversible adduct formation is the basis for the catalytic activity of the [Cp*Si]+ ion in the specific oligoether degradation. Homo‐ or heterolytic Cp*Si bond cleavage allows the use of the cation as a source of silicon atoms in silicon cluster synthesis and in nanoparticle formation.
Detecting Enzyme Activities with Exogenous MRI Contrast Agents
Authors: Hingorani Dina V. , Yoo Byunghee , Bernstein Adam S. , Pagel Mark D.
Published: July 2014

This review focuses on exogenous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that are responsive to enzyme activity. Enzymes can catalyze a change in water access, rotational tumbling time, the proximity of a 19F‐labeled ligand, the aggregation state, the proton chemical‐exchange rate between the agent and water, or the chemical shift of 19F, 31P, 13C or a labile 1H of an agent, all of which can be used to detect enzyme activity. The variety of agents attests to the creativity in developing enzyme‐responsive MRI contrast agents.
Indicators for evaluating cancer organizations' support services: Performance and associations with empowerment
Authors: Lauzier Sophie , Campbell H. Sharon , Livingston Patricia M. , Maunsell Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Community‐based cancer organizations provide services to support patients. An anticipated benefit of these services is patient empowerment. However, this outcome has not been evaluated because of the lack of validated health‐related empowerment questionnaires in the cancer context. In this validation study, the authors assessed the extent to which 16 indicators used by the Canadian Cancer Society (CCS) and the Cancer Council Victoria, Australia (CCV) to evaluate their services were associated with health‐related empowerment.

METHODS

Cancer patients/survivors who were diagnosed <3 years earlier and who used CCS programs completed a questionnaire that included the 16 CCS‐CCV indicators and 5 scales from the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) measuring key dimensions of empowerment. To determine whether the CCS‐CCV indicators captured empowerment, differences in heiQ scores were compared between 2 groups: those with higher levels of agreement (agreeing or agreeing strongly) with an indicator and those with lower levels of agreement (agreeing slightly or disagreeing to any degree).

RESULTS

Participation was 72% (207 of 289 eligible CCS users). Compared with participants who had lower levels of agreement on CCS‐CCV indicators, those who had higher levels of agreement were more likely to report higher levels of empowerment on the different heiQ scales. For 15 of 16 indicators, these differences were significant (Wilcoxon rank‐sum test; P < .10) on ≥1 of 5 heiQ scales and for 10 of 16 indicators on ≥3 of 5 heiQ scales. Two indicators were associated significantly with all 5 heiQ scales (cope better and feel more in control).

CONCLUSIONS

Using CCS‐CCV indicators to evaluate community‐based cancer organizations' services will help determine whether these services are reaching one of their important goals: namely empowering patients. Cancer 2014;120:3219–3227. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Molecular‐Level Insights into the Reactivity of Siloxane‐Based Electrolytes at a Lithium‐Metal Anode
Authors: Assary Rajeev S. , Lu Jun , Luo Xiangyi , Zhang Xiaoyi , Ren Yang , Wu Huiming , Albishri Hassan M. , El‐Hady D. Abd , Al‐Bogami A. S. , Curtiss Larry A. , Amine Khalil
Published: July 2014

A molecular‐level understanding of the reactions that occur at the lithium‐metal anode/electrolyte interphase is essential to improve the performance of Li–O2 batteries. Experimental and computational techniques are applied to explore the reactivity of tri(ethylene glycol)‐substituted trimethylsilane (1NM3), a siloxane‐based ether electrolyte, at the lithium‐metal anode. In situ/ex situ X‐ray diffraction and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy studies provide evidence of the formation of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonates at the anode upon gradual degradation of the metallic lithium anode and the solvent molecules in the presence of oxygen. Density functional calculations performed to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the reductive decomposition of 1NM3 indicate that the decomposition does not require any apparent barrier to produce lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonates when the reduced 1NM3 solvent molecules interact with the oxygen crossing over from the cathode. This study indicates that degradation may be more significant in the case of the 1NM3 solvent, compared to linear ethers such as tetraglyme or dioxalone, because of its relatively high electron affinity. Also, both protection of the lithium metal and prevention of oxygen crossover to the anode are essential for minimizing electrolyte and anode decomposition.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity on Pt{111} Surface Alloys
Authors: Attard Gary A. , Brew Ashley , Ye Jin‐Yu , Morgan David , Sun Shi‐Gang
Published: July 2014

PtM overlayers (where M=Fe, Co or Ni) supported on Pt{111} are prepared via thermal annealing in either a nitrogen/water or hydrogen ambient of dilute aqueous droplets containing MZ+ cations directly attached to the electrode. Two different PtM phases are detected depending on the nature of the post‐annealing cooling environment. The first of these consists of small (<20 nm), closely packed microcrystals comprised of a central metallic core and a shell (several monolayers thick) of mixed metal oxides/hydroxides. The second type of PtM phase is prepared by cooling in a stream of hydrogen gas. Although this second phase also consists of numerous microcrystals covering the Pt{111} electrode surface, these are both flatter than before and moreover are entirely metallic in character. A positive shift in the onset of PtM oxide formation correlates with increased activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which we ascribe to the greater availability of platinum metallic sites under ORR conditions.
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Study of a Bistable Supramolecular System: Reversible Complexation of Cryptand[2.2.2] with Potassium Ions
Authors: del Rosso Maria G. , Ciesielski Artur , Colella Silvia , Harrowfield Jack M. , Samorì Paolo
Published: July 2014

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is used to investigate the thermodynamics of the complexation of potassium ions by 1,10‐diaza‐4,7,13,16,21,24‐hexaoxabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (cryptand[2.2.2]) in aqueous solution. By changing the pH of the solution it was possible to trigger the reversible complexation/decomplexation of the cryptand in consecutive in situ experiments and to assess for the first time the use of ITC to monitor the thermodynamics of a bistable system.
Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes over Nb2O5 Photocatalyst with Visible Light
Authors: Furukawa Shinya , Shishido Tetsuya , Teramura Kentaro , Tanaka Tsunehiro
Published: July 2014

Primary alcohols are selectively converted into aldehydes by using a Nb2O5 photocatalyst under visible‐light irradiation. A strong interaction between the alcohol and Nb2O5 generates a donor level within the forbidden band of Nb2O5, which provides a visible‐light‐harvesting ability. Over oxidation of aldehydes into carboxylic acids does not proceed under visible‐light irradiation.
Suboptimality and complexity in evolution
Authors: Snoke David W. , Cox Jeffrey , Petcher Donald
Published: July 2014

A scalable model of biological evolution is presented which includes energy cost for building new elements and multiple paths for obtaining new functions. The model allows a population with a continual increase of complexity, but as time passes, detrimental mutations accumulate. This model shows the crucial importance of accounting for the energy cost of new structures in models of biological evolution. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 322–327, 2015
Synthesis, crystal structure and luminescent property of a zinc coordination polymer containing N,N′,N″‐tris(3‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxamide ligand
Authors: Bai Hong‐Ye , Fan Wei‐Qiang , Wang Shi‐Meng , Yan Yong‐Sheng , Liu Chun‐Bo
Published: July 2014

A new coordination polymer, [Zn(L)(1,2‐bdc)(H2O)]·1.5H2O (1) (L = N,N′,N′′‐tris(3‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxamide, 1,2‐bdc = 1,2‐benzenedicarboxylic acid), has been synthesized through the hydrothermal method and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. It crystallizes in triclinic, space group P ‐1, a = 7.403(3) Å, b = 13.900(5) Å, c = 17.317(6) Å, α = 71.591(5)°, β = 88.225(5)°, γ = 75.940(5)°, V = 1638.1(10) Å 3, Z = 2, C32H27ZnN6O9.5, Mr = 712.97, Dc = 1.445 g/cm3, F(000) = 734, GOOF = 0.968. In this structure, each two bdc2‐ ligands connect two Zn(II) atoms to form a four‐membered ring with two L ligands acting as the two arms of the four‐membered ring. The adjacent four‐membered rings are further extended to a 3D supramolecular structure by hydrogen bonding interactions and π‐π stacking. Moreover, the luminescent property has also been investigated.
Forgery attacks of an identity‐based multi‐proxy signature scheme
Authors: Yap Wun‐She , Goi Bok‐Min
Published: July 2014

Multi‐proxy signature is used to delegate a permission of an owner to at least two proxies in the digital world. Recently, Sahu and Padhye gave a new construction of identity‐based multi‐proxy signature. Their scheme's security was supported by a reduction proof against a hard mathematical problem. Even supported by such security proofs, we present some forgery attacks against Sahu and Padhye's scheme. We demonstrate that any dishonest insider or any malicious outsider can break the security of Sahu and Padhye's scheme by forging either a permission or a multi‐proxy signature. In fact, our forgery attacks exploit the security weakness in their underlying identity‐based signature scheme, which is the fundamental constructing component of their proposed scheme. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trinuclear Early/Late‐Transition‐Metal Thiolate Complexes
Authors: Eichhöfer Andreas , Andrushko Vasyl , Bodenstein Tilmann , Fink Karin
Published: July 2014

The thiolato‐bridged cobalt(II)/vanadium(II) complexes [Li(thf)4]2[Co2V(SPh)8] and [Li(15‐crown‐5)(thf)]2[Co2V(SPh)8] as well as a related nickel(II)/vanadium(II) complex [Li(15‐crown‐5)(thf)]2[Ni2V(SPh)8] have been prepared by treatment of CoCl2 (NiCl2) and VCl3 {[VCl3(thf)3]} with LiSPh in THF without and in the presence of 15‐crown‐5, respectively. The crystal structures of the trinuclear compounds were determined by X‐ray analysis of single crystals and investigated by density functional theory. Both give evidence for one very short Ni–V distance (259.41 pm) in [Li(15‐crown‐5)(thf)]2[Ni2V(SPh)8]. The dark‐coloured compounds display absorption bands over a wide energy range with an absorption onset lying in the near‐infrared region at approximately 2000 nm. Magnetic measurements show strong antiferromagnetic coupling of the metal ions through acute phenylthiolate bridges (M–S–M < 76.1°). Ab initio multireference calculations together with mapping approaches reveal that the magnetic properties of the anionic metal complexes can be described by different effective spin Hamiltonians that indicate different types of intramolecular interactions between the metal ions. In [Co2V(SPh)8]2–, we found at low temperatures an effective S = 3/2 behaviour with small zero‐field splitting (ZFS) caused by a strong, symmetric antiferromagnetic exchange interaction. A weak direct Ni–V bond in [Ni2V(SPh)8]2– generates an effective two‐centre system that consists of an effective spin of S = 1/2 from the weakly bound Ni–V pair and a pseudospin S = 1 located on the other nickel site, antiferromagnetically coupled to an S = 1/2 ground state.
Total Synthesis of Blennolide Mycotoxins: Design, Synthetic Routes and Completion
Authors: Meister Anne C. , Encinas Arantxa , Sahin Hülya , Singer Emilie M. C. , Nising Carl F. , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan
Published: July 2014

Mycotoxins of the tetrahydroxanthone class of natural products possess a large number of interesting biological properties. In this full paper, we present our synthetic strategy to some members of this class of compounds, namely the blennolides A and C. We disclose the scope and limitations of the functionalization of various xanthones derived from a domino oxa‐Michael‐aldol condensation and pursue dimerization of these xanthones. Furthermore, the first crystal structure of blennolide C has been obtained.
5‐Aminopenta‐2,4‐dienals: Synthesis, Activation towards Nucleophiles, Molecular Modeling and Biosynthetic Implications in Relation to the Manzamine Alkaloids
Authors: Yan Lok‐Hang , Skiredj Adam , Dory Yves , Delpech Bernard , Poupon Erwan
Published: July 2014

Substituted 5‐aminopentadienals and glutaconaldehydes are key elements postulated in the biosynthesis of the diverse class of manzamine‐type alkaloids. The activation of 5‐aminopentadienals into electrophilic iminium salts and their subsequent reactivity towards various nucleophiles has permitted the synthesis of a series of unsaturated compounds sometimes accompanied by cascades of rearrangements. Molecular modeling of these systems carried out using DFT calculations of HOMO/LUMO was in agreement with the experimental results indicating that strong electrophilic agents, such as POCl3 are required to turn 5‐aminopentadienals into electrophiles. New examples of glutaconaldehyde reactivity, especially towards pyridinium salts, are presented and biosynthetic considerations are kept in mind throughout this study.
Recurrences after thyroglossal duct cyst surgery: Results in 207 consecutive cases and review of the literature
Authors: Rohof Daan , Honings Jimmie , Theunisse Henricus J. , Schutte Henrieke W. , van den Hoogen Frank J. A. , van den Broek Guido B. , Takes Robert P. , Wijnen Marc H. W. A. , Marres Henri A. M.
Published: July 2014

Background

A thyroglossal duct cyst is the most common form of congenital anomaly in the neck. Surgical removal is very effective. However, in some cases, a cyst recurs. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predispose to recurrence of a thyroglossal duct cyst.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted of consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection for histologically confirmed thyroglossal duct cysts between 1998 and 2013 in a tertiary referral center.

Results

Two hundred seven patients were included. The overall recurrence rate was 9.7%. The most important factor predicting recurrence was the type of resection: recurrence rate was 5.3% after the Sistrunk procedure, and 55.6% after plain excision (p < .001). The only other factor that was significantly associated with chance of recurrence was postoperative infection.

Conclusion

The Sistrunk procedure is the treatment of choice for thyroglossal duct cysts because it yields low recurrence and morbidity. Postoperative infections, rather than preoperative infections, are associated with recurrence. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Head Neck37:1699–1704, 2015
Treating trismus: A prospective study on effect and compliance to jaw exercise therapy in head and neck cancer
Authors: Pauli Nina , Andréll Paulin , Johansson Mia , Fagerberg‐Mohlin Bodil , Finizia Caterina
Published: July 2014

Background

Trismus after head and neck cancer is a symptom associated with pain and negatively affected health‐related quality of life. The purpose of this study was to compare two different jaw exercise devices and the compliance to exercise.

Methods

Fifty patients with head and neck cancer were randomized to jaw exercise with either the TheraBite or Engström jaw device in a 10‐week exercise program. Patients were regularly assessed by an oral surgeon, filled in exercise diaries, and answered the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30 Head and Neck 35‐questions (EORTC QLQ H&N35) and the Gothenburg Trismus Questionnaire (GTQ).

Results

Both groups improved their mouth opening, 7.2 mm (22.9%) and 5.5 mm (17.6%) for TheraBite and Engström, respectively. The largest increase in mouth opening and highest compliance to exercise was seen during the 4 first weeks.

Conclusion

Jaw exercise therapy effectively improved mouth opening capacity and led to less trismus‐related symptoms. Both jaw devices were proved efficient and compliance to exercise was comparable. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1738–1744, 2015
External auditory canal cholesteatoma in patients given radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yu Shiou‐Shyan , Lee Kuan‐Ji , Lin Yung‐Song
Published: July 2014

Background

Patients who undergo radiotherapy (RT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) may develop external auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC).

Methods

The records of patients with newly diagnosed NPC who had received concomitant chemotherapy and RT in a tertiary referral center from 1997 January to 2012 July were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

RT‐related external auditory canal cholesteatoma (RT‐related EACC) was identified in 15 of 833 patients given RT for NPC. Three patients had EACC in both ears. The interval from completion of RT to the diagnosis of EACC ranged from 0.5 to 15.4 years (mean, 5.6 years). RT‐related EACC commonly (75%) invaded the anterior and inferior parts of the external canal wall. Canaloplasty was used in 12 patients to surgically remove cholesteatoma. There was no recurrence of RT‐related EACC during the study period.

Conclusion

Patients with NPC might contract RT‐related EACC a few years after RT. We hypothesize that a fraction dose of 200 cGy or more induces RT‐related EACC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1794–1798, 2015
Are Multicultural Courses Addressing Disparities? Exploring Multicultural and Affirmative Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Competencies of Counseling and Psychology Students
Authors: Bidell Markus P.
Published: July 2014

Clinical training and counselor competency are essential for ethical practice when working with multiethnic, lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB), and transgender clients. In this study, the author examined how multicultural courses related to students' (N = 286) LGB and multicultural competencies. Self‐reported multicultural and LGB competencies varied significantly depending on the number and types of diversity education reported. Multicultural courses significantly predicted students' multicultural, but not LGB counselor competency. Political conservatism was the strongest predictor for both multicultural and sexual orientation competencies.

La formación y competencias multiculturales afirmativas hacia individuos gays, lesbianas y bisexuales (LGB, por sus siglas en inglés) de consejeros son esenciales para una práctica clínica ética. En este estudio, el autor examinó cómo los cursos multiculturales se relacionaron con las competencias multiculturales de un grupo de estudiantes (N = 286). Las competencias multiculturales y sobre LGB autorreportadas variaron significativamente dependiendo del número y tipos de educación sobre diversidad reportados. Los cursos multiculturales predijeron de forma significativa la competencia multicultural de los estudiantes, pero no la competencia sobre LGB en consejería. La ideología política conservadora fue el predictor más fuerte de las competencias multiculturales y sobre orientación sexual.
Barriers to Mental Health Care: A 25‐Year Follow‐Up Study of the Orthodox Jewish Community
Authors: Schnall Eliezer , Kalkstein Solomon , Gottesman Ayelet , Feinberg Karyn , Schaeffer Charles B. , Feinberg S. Shalom
Published: July 2014

The current study is a 25‐year follow‐up to a mental health needs assessment in the often overlooked, but rapidly growing, Orthodox Jewish denomination. Results suggest increased acceptance of mental illness and its treatment and satisfaction with quality of care, along with decreased mistrust of the mental health field, belief that religion and psychiatry conflict, and tendency to attach stigmas to psychiatric problems. However, issues of stigma and affordability continue to be obstacles to treatment.

El presente estudio es un seguimiento tras 25 años de una evaluación de necesidades de salud mental en la población frecuentemente ignorada, pero en crecimiento rápido, de individuos de denominación judía ortodoxa. Los resultados sugieren una mayor aceptación de enfermedades mentales y sus tratamientos, así como la satisfacción con la calidad de los cuidados, además de una reducción en la desconfianza hacia el campo de la salud mental, la creencia de que existe un conflicto entre religión y psiquiatría, y la tendencia a estigmatizar los problemas psiquiátricos. Sin embargo, problemas relacionados con la asequibilidad y el estigma continúan siendo obstáculos para el tratamiento.
A New Look at Transgenerational Trauma Transmission: Second‐Generation Latino Immigrant Youth
Authors: Phipps Ricardo M. , Degges‐White Suzanne
Published: July 2014

Transgenerational trauma, which was first documented in the 1960s to describe trauma symptoms experienced by descendants of holocaust survivors, has been linked to psychological and physiological transmission factors. Although traumatization still occurs among contemporary immigrant groups, particularly Latino immigrants, little attention has been paid to the experiences of these individuals. The authors present the relevant cultural considerations and conditions that support the need for proactive assessment of transgenerational trauma in U.S.‐born Latino youth.

El trauma transgeneracional, que fue documentado por primera vez en los años 60 para describir los síntomas de trauma experimentados por descendientes de los supervivientes del holocausto, ha sido relacionado con factores de transmisión psicológicos y fisiológicos. Aunque la traumatización todavía ocurre entre grupos de inmigrantes en la actualidad, particularmente en inmigrantes latinos, se ha prestado escasa atención a las experiencias de estos individuos. Los autores presentan las consideraciones y condiciones culturales relevantes que apoyan la necesidad de realizar una evaluación proactiva del trauma transgeneracional en la población de jóvenes latinos nacidos en los Estados Unidos.
Self as a Society of I‐Positions: A Dialogical Approach to Counseling
Authors: HERMANS HUBERT J. M.
Published: July 2014

Building on James's () idea of an extended self and Bakhtin's (1929/1973) metaphor of the polyphonic novel, a dialogical theory of counseling is exposed in which the self is considered as a minisociety of relatively autonomous I‐positions that simultaneously function as part of the larger society. At the heart of the theoretical framework are two mutually complementing movements in the self‐space: decentering movements that are prominent in postmodern conceptions of the self and centering movements that are at the core of the modern self. Typically, decentering movements lead to disorganization, crisis, and fragmentation in the self, although they may also be expressed in adventure and exploration of the unknown. Centering movements serve as facilitators of coherence, continuity, and unity and are needed to create some order in the self. Selected parts of a case study are used to show how decentering movements are expressed in the process of being positioned in an often unexpected diversity of confusing situations and how centering movements are articulated in the form of third positions, coalitions of positions, metapositions, and promoter positions. The theory invites the counselor to stretch the space of the self to different and opposite sides to find valuable elements that are then combined in a diversified and tension‐filled, but coherent, whole.