bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the unmet needs of caregivers of people with dementia: a critical review of the quality of measures
Authors: Mansfield Elise , Boyes Allison W , Bryant Jamie , Sanson‐Fisher Rob
Published: December 2016

Objective

The array of demanding tasks carried out by caregivers of people with dementia have significant negative impacts on their physical, mental and social well‐being. Needs assessment allows individuals to indicate the extent to which their needs across different areas have or have not been met, allowing for estimations of the prevalence of needs and the extent to which help is required. This approach is extremely valuable in a clinical context, as it enables identification of the areas with which caregivers report a particular desire for help and allows targeting of support and resources to those who identify high levels of unmet needs. This systematic review aimed to critically examine the psychometric properties of measures that assess unmet needs of caregivers of people with dementia.

Methods

Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane electronic databases were searched between January 1990 and August 2015 for English‐language publications describing the development or validation of measures assessing the unmet needs of adult caregivers of people with dementia. The psychometric properties of included measures were assessed against standard criteria for psychometric quality.

Results

Four measures met the inclusion criteria. Only half of the indices of psychometric quality were tested across measures. Three measures had adequate internal consistency reliability, of which one also showed adequate test–retest reliability. Two measures reported adequate construct validity, while criterion validity was not assessed for any measure.

Conclusions

There is a clear need to develop a psychometrically rigorous instrument to identify the unmet needs of caregivers of people with dementia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐TNF‐α for necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis of the liver
Authors: Sebode Marcial , Weidemann Sören , Wehmeyer Malte , Lohse Ansgar W. , Schramm Christoph
Published: December 2016

We present a case of hepatosplenic necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis, a variant form of “classical” sarcoidosis, that became clinically apparent in the form of multiple hepatic and splenic masses mimicking malignancy. Flow cytometry of intrahepatic T cells isolated from liver biopsy led to the targeted treatment with anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, which was highly effective in inducing remission. (Hepatology 2017;65:1410‐1412)
Clinical presentations and outcomes of bile duct loss caused by drugs and herbal and dietary supplements
Authors: Bonkovsky Herbert L. , Kleiner David E. , Gu Jiezhun , Odin Joseph A. , Russo Mark W. , Navarro Victor M. , Fontana Robert J. , Ghabril Marwan S. , Barnhart Huiman , Hoofnagle Jay H. ,   for the U.S. Drug Induced Liver Injury Network Investigators
Published: December 2016

Bile duct loss during the course of drug‐induced liver injury is uncommon, but can be an indication of vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS). In this work, we assess the frequency, causes, clinical features, and outcomes of cases of drug‐induced liver injury with histologically proven bile duct loss. All cases of drug‐induced liver injury enrolled into a prospective database over a 10‐year period that had undergone liver biopsies (n = 363) were scored for the presence of bile duct loss and assessed for clinical and laboratory features, causes, and outcomes. Twenty‐six of the 363 patients (7%) with drug‐, herbal‐, or dietary‐supplement–associated liver injury had bile duct loss on liver biopsy, which was moderate to severe (<50% of portal areas with bile ducts) in 14 and mild (50%‐75%) in 12. The presenting clinical features of the 26 cases varied, but the most common clinical pattern was a severe cholestatic hepatitis. The implicated agents included amoxicillin/clavulanate (n = 3), temozolomide (n = 3), various herbal products (n = 3), azithromycin (n = 2), and 15 other medications or dietary supplements. Compared to those without, those with bile duct loss were more likely to develop chronic liver injury (94% vs. 47%), which was usually cholestatic and sometimes severe. Five patients died and 2 others underwent liver transplantation for progressive cholestasis despite treatment with corticosteroids and ursodiol. The most predictive factor of poor outcome was the degree of bile duct loss on liver biopsy. Conclusion: Bile duct loss during acute cholestatic hepatitis is an ominous early indicator of possible VBDS, for which at present there are no known means of prevention or therapy. (Hepatology 2017;65:1267‐1277)
Hepatocyte autotaxin expression promotes liver fibrosis and cancer
Authors: Kaffe Eleanna , Katsifa Aggeliki , Xylourgidis Nikos , Ninou Ioanna , Zannikou Markella , Harokopos Vaggelis , Foka Pelagia , Dimitriadis Alexios , Evangelou Kostas , Moulas Anargyros N. , Georgopoulou Urania , Gorgoulis Vassilis G. , Dalekos George N. , Aidinis Vassilis
Published: December 2016

Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that catalyzes the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic growth‐factor–like lysophospholipid. Increased ATX expression has been detected in various chronic inflammatory disorders and different types of cancer; however, little is known about its role and mode of action in liver fibrosis and cancer. Here, increased ATX expression was detected in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients of different etiologies, associated with shorter overall survival. In mice, different hepatotoxic stimuli linked with the development of different forms of CLDs were shown to stimulate hepatocyte ATX expression, leading to increased LPA levels, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and amplification of profibrotic signals. Hepatocyte‐specific, conditional genetic deletion and/or transgenic overexpression of ATX established a liver profibrotic role for ATX/LPA, whereas pharmacological ATX inhibition studies suggested ATX as a possible therapeutic target in CLDs. In addition, hepatocyte ATX ablation and the consequent deregulation of lipid homeostasis was also shown to attenuate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, thus implicating ATX/LPA in the causative link of cirrhosis and HCC. Conclusion: ATX is a novel player in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and cancer and a promising therapeutic target. (Hepatology 2017;65:1369‐1383).
Metabolic and histological implications of intrahepatic triglyceride content in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Bril Fernando , Barb Diana , Portillo‐Sanchez Paola , Biernacki Diane , Lomonaco Romina , Suman Amitabh , Weber Michelle H. , Budd Jeffrey T. , Lupi Maria E. , Cusi Kenneth
Published: December 2016

The cut‐off point of intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content to define nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) was established based on the 95th percentile in a group of healthy individuals (i.e., ≥5.56%). Whether this threshold correlates with metabolic and histological changes and whether a further accumulation of IHTG is associated with worsening of these parameters has not been properly assessed in a large cohort of patients. In this cross‐sectional study, 352 subjects were carefully characterized with the following studies: liver 1H‐MRS; euglycemic insulin clamp with measurement of glucose turnover; oral glucose tolerance test; and a liver biopsy. Hepatic insulin sensitivity (suppression of endogenous glucose production by insulin) was affected early on after IHTG content was ∼1.5% and remained uniformly impaired (∼40%‐45%), regardless of further IHTG accumulation. Skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity showed a gradual impairment at low degrees of IHTG accumulation, but remained unchanged after IHTG content reached the ∼6 ± 2% threshold. A similar pattern was observed for metabolic changes typically associated with NAFLD, such as hypertriglyceridemia and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). In contrast, adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (suppression of free fatty acids by insulin) showed a continuous worsening across the spectrum of IHTG accumulation in NAFLD (r = –0.38; P < 0.001). Histological severity of liver disease (inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis) was not associated with the amount of IHTG content. Conclusion: IHTG accumulation is strongly associated with adipose tissue insulin resistance (IR), supporting the current theory of lipotoxicity as a driver of IHTG accumulation. Once IHTG accumulation reaches ∼6 ± 2%, skeletal muscle IR, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL‐C become fully established. Histological activity appears to have an early threshold and is not significantly influenced by increasing amounts of IHTG accumulation. (Hepatology 2017;65:1132‐1144).
Potassium Acyltrifluoroborate (KAT) Ligations are Orthogonal to Thiol‐Michael and SPAAC Reactions: Covalent Dual Immobilization of Proteins onto Synthetic PEG Hydrogels
Authors: Mazunin Dmitry , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: December 2016

The covalent immobilization of peptides, proteins, and other biomolecules to hydrogels provides a biologically mimicking environment for cell and tissue growth. Bioorthogonal chemical reactions can serve as a tool for this, but the paucity of such reactions and mutual incompatibilities limits the number of distinct molecules that can be introduced. We now report that the potassium acyltrifluoroborate (KAT) amide‐forming ligation is orthogonal to both thiol‐Michael and strain promoted azide alkyne cycloadditions (SPAAC) and the requisite functional groups – KATs and hydroxylamines – are stable and compatible to hydrogel formation, protein modification, and post‐assembly immobilization of biomolecules onto hydrogels. In combination these ligations enables stepwise covalent protein immobilization of multiple BSA‐derivatives onto the hydrogel scaffold regardless of the order of addition.
Twisted Push‐Pull Probes with Turn‐On Sulfide Donors
Authors: Verolet Quentin , Dal Molin Marta , Colom Adai , Roux Aurélien , Guénée Laure , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan
Published: December 2016

Planarizable and polarizable dithieno[3,2‐b;2′,3′‐d]thiophene (DTT) dimers have been introduced recently as fluorescent probes that report on membrane fluidity with red shifts in excitation, i.e. planarization in the ground state. In this study, we elaborate on the hypothesis that twisted push‐pull probes could perform best in the presence of one unorthodox substituent that acts as a weak acceptor with electron‐rich and as a strong donor with electron‐poor aromatics. According to Hammett constants, we thought that sulfides could provide access to such a conceptually innovative donor‐acceptor switch. To elaborate on this hypothesis, we here describe the design, synthesis and evaluation of a comprehensive series of twisted push‐pull probes with turn‐on sulfide donors. Their planarization is explored in lipid bilayer membranes of different thickness and fluidity from liquid‐disordered to liquid‐ordered and solid‐ordered phases. Results from membranes are compared to the planarization of turn‐on mechanophores in crystals, proteins, and cyclodextrin macrocycles of varied diameter.
The role of emotion regulation in situational empathy‐related responding and prosocial behaviour in the presence of negative affect
Authors: Hein Sascha , Röder Mandy , Fingerle Michael
Published: December 2016

Empathy and prosocial behaviour are crucial factors for children's positive social adjustment. Contemporary models of empathy highlight the capacity to regulate vicariously experienced emotions as a precursor to empathy‐related responses (e.g., prosocial behaviour). The goal of this study was to examine the role of emotion regulation (ER) in situational empathy‐related responding and prosocial behaviour. A sample of 157 children (76 boys and 81 girls; Mage = 9.94 years) participated in a two‐tiered interview procedure that utilised vignettes to assess empathy and prosocial behaviour. Between both phases of the interview, a negative affect was induced to investigate the influence of ER on the change between the two phases. Results from a latent change model showed that ER strategies positively predicted change scores, that is, children with higher abilities to regulate emotions showed a higher increase in empathy and prosocial behaviour. Implications for the promotion of social‐emotional learning in school are discussed.
The effect of embedded bonus rounds on slot machine preference
Authors: Belisle Jordan , Owens Kelti , Dixon Mark R. , Malkin Albert , Jordan Sam D.
Published: December 2016

Twenty‐three university students completed a simulated slot machine task involving the concurrent presentation of two slot machines that were varied both in win density and the inclusion of a bonus round feature to evaluate the effect of embedded bonus rounds on participant response allocation. The results suggest that participants allocated a greater percentage of responses to machines with embedded bonus rounds across both dense (Bonus: M = 68.4, SD = 19.2; No Bonus: M = 51.2; 9.6) and lean (Bonus: M = 48.8, SD = 9.6; No Bonus: M = 31.6, SD = 19.2) reinforcement schedules, in which the overall reinforcement rate across all machines was held constant.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel scaffold for bone tissue engineering based on Wharton's jelly
Authors: Martínez Cristian , Fernández Carlos , Prado Miguel , Ozols Andres , Olmedo Daniel G.
Published: December 2016

A composite is a material made of more than one component, and the bond between the components is on a scale larger than the atomic scale. The objective of the present study was to synthesize and perform the structural characterization and biological evaluation of a new biocomposite (BCO) based on a novel combination of an organic and an inorganic phase, for bone tissue engineering applications. The organic phase consisted of Wharton's jelly (WJ), which was obtained from embryonic tissue following a protocol developed by our laboratory. The inorganic phase consisted of bioceramic particles (BC), produced by sintering hydroxyapatite (HA) with β‐ tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP), and bioactive glass particles (BG). Each phase of the BCO was fully characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR. Biocompatibility was evaluated in vivo in the tibiae of Wistar rats (n = 40). Histological evaluation was performed at 0, 1, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days. XRD showed the phases corresponding to HA and β‐TCP, whereas diffractogram of BG showed it to have an amorphous structure. EDS showed mainly Si and Na, Ca, P in BG, and Ca and P in HA and β‐TCP. FTIR identified bonds between the organic and inorganic phases. From a mechanical viewpoint, the composite showed high flexural strength of 40.3 ± 0.8 MPa. The synthesized BCO exhibited adequate biocompatibility as shown by formation of lamellar type bone linked by BG and BC particles. The biomaterial presented here showed excellent mechanical and biocompatibility properties for its potential clinical use. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1034–1045, 2017.
A Mendelian Randomization Study of the Effect of Type-2 Diabetes and Glycemic Traits on Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Ahmad Omar S , Leong Aaron , Miller Julie Ann , Morris John A , Forgetta Vincenzo , Mujammami Muhammad , Richards J Brent
Published: December 2016

Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is associated in observational studies with both higher bone mineral density (BMD) and higher fracture risk for given BMD. These relationships may however be confounded by factors such as body mass index (BMI). Here we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to obtain non-confounded estimates of the effect of T2D and glycemic traits on BMD. We identified genetic variants strongly associated with T2D risk (34,840 T2D cases and 114,981 controls) and fasting glucose (133,010 nondiabetic individuals), but not associated with BMI, and determined the effects of these variants on BMD (up to 83,894 individuals). Using these variants as instrumental variables, we found that a genetically-increased risk of T2D increased femoral neck BMD (+0.034 SD in BMD per unit increase in log-odds of T2D [95% CI, 0.001 to 0.067; p = 0.044]). Genetically-increased fasting glucose also increased femoral neck BMD (+0.13 SD in BMD per mmol/L increase in fasting glucose [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.25; p = 0.034]). Similar nonsignificant trends were observed for the effects of T2D and fasting glucose on lumbar spine BMD. Our results indicate that both genetically-increased T2D risk and genetically-increased fasting glucose have weak positive effects on BMD. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
c‐Myc‐Dependent Cell Competition in Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Patel Manish S. , Shah Heta S. , Shrivastava Neeta
Published: December 2016

Cell Competition is an interaction between cells for existence in heterogeneous cell populations of multicellular organisms. This phenomenon is involved in initiation and progression of cancer where heterogeneous cell populations compete directly or indirectly for the survival of the fittest based on differential gene expression. In Drosophila, cells having lower dMyc expression are eliminated by cell competition through apoptosis when present in the milieu of cells having higher dMyc expression. Thus, we designed a study to develop c‐Myc (human homolog) dependent in vitro cell competition model of human cancer cells. Cells with higher c‐Myc were transfected with c‐myc shRNA to prepare cells with lower c‐Myc and then co‐cultured with the same type of cells having a higher c‐Myc in equal ratio. Cells with lower c‐Myc showed a significant decrease in numbers when compared with higher c‐Myc cells, suggesting “loser” and “winner” status of cells, respectively. During microscopy, engulfment of loser cells by winner cells was observed with higher expression of JNK in loser cells. Furthermore, elimination of loser cells was prevented significantly, when co‐cultured cells were treated with the JNK (apoptosis) inhibitor. Above results indicate elimination of loser cells in the presence of winner cells by c‐Myc‐dependent mechanisms of cell competition in human cancer cells. This could be an important mechanism in human tumors where normal cells are eliminated by c‐Myc‐overexpressed tumor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1782–1791, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TUDCA: An Agonist of the Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1/TGR5 With Anti‐Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells
Authors: Yanguas‐Casás Natalia , Barreda‐Manso M. Asunción , Nieto‐Sampedro Manuel , Romero‐Ramírez Lorenzo
Published: December 2016

Bile acids are steroid acids found in the bile of mammals. The bile acid conjugate tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is neuroprotective in different animal models of stroke and neurological diseases. We have previously shown that TUDCA has anti‐inflammatory effects on glial cell cultures and in a mouse model of acute neuroinflammation. We show now that microglial cells (central nervous system resident macrophages) express the G protein‐coupled bile acid receptor 1/Takeda G protein‐coupled receptor 5 (GPBAR1/TGR5) in vivo and in vitro. TUDCA binding to GPBAR1/TGR5 caused an increase in intracellular cAMP levels in microglia that induced anti‐inflammatory markers, while reducing pro‐inflammatory ones. This anti‐inflammatory effect of TUDCA was inhibited by small interference RNA for GPBAR1/TGR5 receptor, as well as by treatment with a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. In the mouse model of acute neuroinflammation, treating the animals with TUDCA was clearly anti‐inflammatory. TUDCA biased the microglial phenotype in vivo and in vitro toward the anti‐inflammatory. The bile acid receptor GPBAR1/TGR5 could be a new therapeutic target for pathologies coursing with neuroinflammation and microglia activation, such as traumatic brain injuries, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. TUDCA and other GPBAR1/TGR5 agonists need to be further investigated, to determine their potential in attenuating the neuropathologies associated with microglia activation. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2231–2245, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compressed sensing for body MRI
Authors: Feng Li , Benkert Thomas , Block Kai Tobias , Sodickson Daniel K. , Otazo Ricardo , Chandarana Hersh
Published: December 2016

The introduction of compressed sensing for increasing imaging speed in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has raised significant interest among researchers and clinicians, and has initiated a large body of research across multiple clinical applications over the last decade. Compressed sensing aims to reconstruct unaliased images from fewer measurements than are traditionally required in MRI by exploiting image compressibility or sparsity. Moreover, appropriate combinations of compressed sensing with previously introduced fast imaging approaches, such as parallel imaging, have demonstrated further improved performance. The advent of compressed sensing marks the prelude to a new era of rapid MRI, where the focus of data acquisition has changed from sampling based on the nominal number of voxels and/or frames to sampling based on the desired information content. This article presents a brief overview of the application of compressed sensing techniques in body MRI, where imaging speed is crucial due to the presence of respiratory motion along with stringent constraints on spatial and temporal resolution. The first section provides an overview of the basic compressed sensing methodology, including the notion of sparsity, incoherence, and nonlinear reconstruction. The second section reviews state‐of‐the‐art compressed sensing techniques that have been demonstrated for various clinical body MRI applications. In the final section, the article discusses current challenges and future opportunities.

Level of Evidence: 5

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:966–987
Liver fibrosis: Review of current imaging and MRI quantification techniques
Authors: Petitclerc Léonie , Sebastiani Giada , Gilbert Guillaume , Cloutier Guy , Tang An
Published: December 2016

Liver fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen in the liver interstitial space. All causes of chronic liver disease may lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The severity of liver fibrosis influences the decision to treat or the need to monitor hepatic or extrahepatic complications. The traditional reference standard for diagnosis of liver fibrosis is liver biopsy. However, this technique is invasive, associated with a risk of sampling error, and has low patient acceptance. Imaging techniques offer the potential for noninvasive diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of liver fibrosis. Recently, several of these have been implemented on ultrasound (US), computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Techniques that assess changes in liver morphology, texture, or perfusion that accompany liver fibrosis have been implemented on all three imaging modalities. Elastography, which measures changes in mechanical properties associated with liver fibrosis—such as strain, stiffness, or viscoelasticity—is available on US and MRI. Some techniques assessing liver shear stiffness have been adopted clinically, whereas others assessing strain or viscoelasticity remain investigational. Further, some techniques are only available on MRI—such as spin‐lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1ρ), diffusion of water molecules, and hepatocellular function based on the uptake of a liver‐specific contrast agent—remain investigational in the setting of liver fibrosis staging. In this review, we summarize the key concepts, advantages and limitations, and diagnostic performance of each technique. The use of multiparametric MRI techniques offers the potential for comprehensive assessment of chronic liver disease severity.

Level of Evidence: 5

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1276–1295
Changes in precipitation extremes over the Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia
Authors: Tan Mou Leong , Ibrahim Ab Latif , Cracknell Arthur P. , Yusop Zulkifli
Published: December 2016

Regional spatio‐temporal assessment of extreme precipitation is essential to develop better climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study evaluated trends in precipitation extremes from 1985 to 2014 in the Kelantan River Basin (KRB), Malaysia. Forty‐one climate stations that had <10% missing data, and which passed the data quality control and homogeneity tests were selected. Trends of 14 precipitation extreme indices recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices that related to duration, threshold, absolute, relative and percentile indices were analysed using the Mann–Kendall and Sen's tests. Generally, most of the regional precipitation extremes' indices had increased trends, except the consecutive dry days and consecutive wet days, which are quite consistent with global scale trends studies. On a monthly scale, the maximum 5‐day precipitation amount (Rx5d) had increasing trends in January (34.91 mm decade−1) and December (13.96 mm decade−1), by field significance at 95% confidence level. For spatial context, most of the stations with significant trends were distributed in the south‐western (mountainous) and northern (near‐coastal) regions. In the Tropics, the KRB's extremes indices trends had a similar pattern to the West Pacific, Indian Ocean and Caribbean regions, but were different from Western Thailand, the South China Sea and the North Inter‐tropical Convergence Zone, showing that trends of precipitation extreme events are different regionally. Overall, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Multivariate El‐Niño Southern Oscillation Index, Indian Ocean Dipole and Madden‐Julian Oscillation had a significant relationship with all precipitation extremes' indices, and they are contributors to climate changes in this basin.
A climatology of Vintage Port quality
Authors: C. Real António , Borges José , Cabral José S. , Jones Gregory V.
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

The Douro Valley of Portugal is a well‐known wine region producing Port wine since the end of the 18th century, with quality table wines becoming increasingly important over the last 20 years. Port wine production is the most important economic sector of the region and Vintage Port is the top quality Port wine type, produced only from the best vintages. The purpose of this research was to examine how the variability of annual weather influences the quality of Vintage Port. A weather and climate data set for the period 1980–2009 and a consensus ranking that combined a collection of vintage chart scores into a ranking were used to characterize both the weather and the vintage quality. In order to more precisely model the weather influences on the quality of the vintages it was necessary to partition the growing season into smaller growth intervals in which several heat and precipitation variables were evaluated. The heat‐related variables were defined according to the phenology of grapevines, using a partition of the growing season based on accumulated temperature, rather than on calendar dates. Precipitation variables were calculated using broad periods corresponding to the dormant, vegetative and maturation stages of the grapevines. A logistic regression model was used as a tool to identify the weather variables that help to explain the relationships between yearly weather characteristics and vintage quality. The results show that several weather characteristics are strongly associated with better quality vintages: growing season mean temperatures above the region's average, warm winters, cool July throughvéraisonand cool temperatures during ripening. In summary, although the weather is not solely responsible for determining a vintage quality, it plays an important role on it; therefore, its understanding can provide invaluable management insights to growers and producers.
Banking on Innovation, Innovation in Banking at ICICI Bank
Authors: Parameswar Nakul , Dhir Swati , Dhir Sanjay
Published: December 2016

A robust banking sector is crucial to the economic health of every nation. In India, the fast‐growing and competitive banking industry is being challenged by new regulations and ever‐evolving customer needs. Based in Mumbai, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank has become a leader in its industry by strategically using technology to broaden its reach to under‐served consumers in rural communities with innovative products, financial literacy outreach, and efficient modes of product delivery. Positioning itself as both technologically savvy and customer‐friendly, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank has stayed ahead of the competition by anticipating customer requirements for secure, efficient, and seamless service. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Elements of Sustainable Entrepreneurship at Wu Guan Tang Restaurant
Authors: Vial Virginie
Published: December 2016

To successfully lead a sustainable organization, entrepreneurs must pay careful attention to social and environmental constraints, as well as to opportunities for growth. This applies to both big and small enterprises. Being able to discover or create those opportunities requires openness of mind, commitment to articulated values, and recognition of the fact that a business serves not only to generate profit but also to address social and environmental concerns. The evolution of Shanghai's Wu Guan Tang restaurant exemplifies such a successful approach. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Think Tank—Beyond the Five Forces Model and Blue Ocean Strategy: An Integrative Perspective From Sun Zi Bingfa
Authors: Wee Chow Hou
Published: December 2016

The 2,300‐year‐old military treatise Sun Zi Bingfa has been extensively applied to the business arena over the years. A study of Michel Porter's five forces model regarding competitive strategy and the blue ocean strategy espoused by W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne shows that key concepts contained in both theories hark back to the ancient philosophy of Sun Zi. In his work, he urged leaders to proactively attack an undefended or weakly defended area while maintaining a proactive defense. An analysis of this holistic perspective in addressing competitive challenges offers useful guidance to forward‐thinking 21st‐century strategists in both the East and the West. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid subglacial streamlined bedform formation at a calving bay margin
Authors: Dowling Thomas P. F. , Möller Per , Spagnolo Matteo
Published: December 2016

Using the LiDAR‐derived Swedish national height model we have identified previously undescribed shallow streamlined glacial bedforms, small‐scale drumlins, on the Närke plain in south‐central Sweden. These drumlins could only be detected with high‐resolution LiDAR, due to both their subtle size and forest cover. In this area the ice margin receded in a subaqueous environment with a proglacial water depth in the order of 100 m during the last deglaciation. As indicated by the configuration of marginally formed De Geer moraine ridges draping the drumlinoids, the receding ice margin formed deeply indented calving bays. These were located around subaqueous outlets of the subglacial melt‐water drainage, with their apex position marked geomorphologically by beaded esker ridges. The mapped small‐scale drumlins are aligned perpendicular to the reconstructed ice sheet margin and suggest formation along flow lines adjusted to the configuration of these calving embayments as they propagated up‐flow with ice margin retreat. Based on these geometric relationships we argue that the emplacement of the drumlins was near‐marginal, ∼7.7–1 km from the margin, on a short timescale (∼5–35 years).
Late Quaternary environmental change in the Southern Cape, South Africa, from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in faunal tooth enamel from Boomplaas Cave
Authors: Sealy Judith , Lee‐Thorp Julia , Loftus Emma , Faith J. Tyler , Marean Curtis W.
Published: December 2016

Pleistocene palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments of southernmost Africa are important for understanding southern hemisphere climate dynamics and for reconstructing human evolution and early human settlement in this region. Measurements of δ13C in tooth enamel of 136 faunal specimens from the archaeological site of Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, show significant shifts in proportions of C3 and C4 vegetation from the earliest deposits, probably dating to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, to the late Holocene. Vegetation communities during the Last Glacial Maximum were strongly C3‐dominated, indicating an eastward expansion of the winter rainfall zone at this time. This is consistent with climate models postulating northwards shift and/or intensification of the circumpolar westerly frontal systems during glacials. Winter rainfall and lower temperatures, both of which favour C3 grasses, were clearly more important than lower pCO2 (which favours C4 grasses) in determining the nature of the vegetation. The intervals 40–36 and 17–14k cal a BP supported substantial quantities of C4 grasses, indicating a greater proportion of summer rainfall at these times. These two intervals correspond with warmer climates as reflected in Antarctic ice cores. δ13C of an as yet unnamed caprine indicate that these animals were primarily C3 grazers.
Handaxe and non‐handaxe assemblages during Marine Isotope Stage 11 in northern Europe: recent investigations at Barnham, Suffolk, UK
Authors: Ashton Nick , Lewis Simon G. , Parfitt Simon A. , Davis Rob J. , Stringer Chris
Published: December 2016

Britain has an important geological, environmental and archaeological record for Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11), which makes a major contribution to understanding of the human occupation of northern Europe. New fieldwork at Barnham, Suffolk, UK, has identified through improved geological resolution the change in assemblages from simple core and flake working to those with handaxe technology. The two assemblages are argued to reflect distinct human populations from different source areas in Europe. The paper examines the European record and puts forward a new model of how the complex mosaic of lithic assemblages reflects local, habitual practices during stable environments, but changes in climate and environment led to larger scale shifts in population, resulting in new human groups arriving in Britain.
Human occupation of the northern Arabian interior during early Marine Isotope Stage 3
Authors: Jennings Richard P. , Parton Ash , Clark‐Balzan Laine , White Tom S. , Groucutt Huw S. , Breeze Paul S. , Parker Adrian G. , Drake Nick A. , Petraglia Michael D.
Published: December 2016

The early part of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (ca. 60–50 ka) is a crucial period for studying human demography and behaviour in south‐west Asia, and how these relate to climatic changes. However, the archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records for MIS 3 in critical areas such as the Arabian Peninsula remain poorly developed. Here, we present findings from the Al Marrat basin in the Nefud desert, which provides the first clear evidence for both increased humidity and human occupation of the interior of northern Arabia during early MIS 3. A Middle Palaeolithic assemblage, dated by optically stimulated luminescence to ca. 55 ka, was found stratified within a sequence of relict palustrine deposits indicative of shallow water body formation in the Al Marrat basin. Hominin presence in northern Arabia at this time coincides with the intensification and northward displacement of monsoon rainfall systems during a period of maximum insolation. These findings add to a growing corpus of palaeoenvironmental evidence, which indicates that the Arabian interior was neither arid nor unpopulated during early MIS 3, and that hydrodynamic responses to enhanced moisture availability facilitated demographic expansions into the Arabian interior.
Trace‐level perchlorate analysis of impacted groundwater by elevated gold ellipse dimer nanoantenna surface‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Jubb Aaron M. , Hatzinger Paul B. , Gu Baohua
Published: December 2016

Perchlorate (ClO4−) contamination has received increased attention the past two decades because of health concerns from its impact on thyroid function coupled with its environmental ubiquity and persistence. Here we demonstrate the detection of ClO4− below micromolar (<1 × 10−6 moles l−1) levels using a portable Raman instrument integrated with novel elevated gold (Au) ellipse dimer nanoantenna surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) architectures. The ellipse dimer nanoantenna architectures demonstrate improved ClO4− detection limits over previously reported SERS substrates while maintaining good reproducibility. The impact of chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), and sulfate (SO42−) interferences on the detection efficiency is systematically evaluated; SO42− is found to exhibit the largest interference effect at low concentrations while at higher ion concentrations the interference effects among ions are similar. Additionally, ClO4− concentrations on the order of 1 mg l−1 are determined in groundwaters collected from an US Department of Defense Navy site demonstrating the applicability of these SERS architectures for the rapid, field detection of trace‐level ClO4− contamination within complex environmental samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced yields and soil quality in a wheat–maize rotation using buried straw mulch
Authors: Guo Zhibin , Liu Hui , Wan Shuixia , Hua Keke , Jiang Chaoqiang , Wang Daozhong , He Chuanlong , Guo Xisheng
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Straw return may improve soil quality and crop yields. In a 2‐year field study, a straw return method (ditch‐buried straw return,DB‐SR) was used to investigate the soil quality and crop productivity effects on a wheat–corn rotation system. This study consisted of three treatments, each with three replicates: (1) mineral fertilisation alone (CK0); (2) mineral fertilisation + 7500 kg ha−1wheat straw incorporated at depth of 0–15 cm (NPKWS); and (3) mineral fertilisation + 7500 kg ha−1wheat straw ditch buried at 15–30 cm (NPKDW).

RESULTS

NPKWSandNPKDWenhanced crop yield and improved soil biotical properties compared to mineral fertilisation alone.NPKDWcontributed to greater crop yields and soil nutrient availability at 15–30 cm depths, compared toNPKWStreatment.NPKDWenhanced soil microbial activity and bacteria species richness and diversity in the 0–15 cm layer.NPKWSincreased soil microbial biomass, bacteria species richness and diversity at 15–30 cm.

CONCLUSIONS

The comparison of theCK0andNPKWStreatments indicates that a straw ditch buried by digging to the depth of 15–30 cm can improve crop yields and soil quality in a wheat–maize rotation system. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of terpenes and turpentines using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection
Authors: Qiu Changling , Smuts Jonathan , Schug Kevin A.
Published: December 2016

The separation and identification of natural mixtures of terpenes is challenging and laborious. A gas chromatographic method based on vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic detection, which is characterized by full‐scan absorption in the range of 125–240 nm, was developed and applied to analyze terpenes. In this study, the vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra of 41 different standard terpenes were investigated and compared. The spectra were found to be highly featured and easily differentiated. Several commercial turpentine samples were analyzed and the vacuum ultraviolet detector demonstrated good specificity for qualitative identification of constituent terpenes. A total of 31 terpenes were detected in the four turpentine samples. α‐Pinene was the predominant terpene ranging from 744.2 ± 9.7 to 917 ± 21 mg/mL. The other major constituents in the turpentines included β‐pinene, δ‐3‐carene, camphene, and p‐isopropyltoluene. Deconvolution of co‐eluting signals of terpenes was achieved utilizing the data analysis software. The technique has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for reliable and accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of terpenes from complex natural mixtures.
Theoretical Study of the Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics of HO2 with XCHO (X = F, Cl)
Authors: Long Bo , Tan Xing‐Feng , Bao Junwei Lucas , Wang Ding‐Mei , Long Zheng‐Wen
Published: December 2016

The reactions of HO2 with FCHO and ClCHO have been theoretically investigated by combining beyond‐CCSD(T) electronic structure benchmarks, validated density functional theory, and canonical variational transition state theory with small‐curvature tunneling, coupled‐torsions anharmonicity, and high‐frequency anharmonicity. This investigation explores three different reaction mechanisms: radical addition plus a hydrogen transfer, radical addition, and hydrogen abstraction. The calculated results show that the dominant reaction pathway is the terminal oxygen atom of HO2 added to the carbon atom of XCHO (X = F, Cl) and simultaneously the hydrogen atom of HO2 transferred to the oxygen atom of the C=O group in XCHO. The reaction barriers of the other reaction pathways are so high that these processes are negligible in the atmosphere. Although the barrier height of the dominant reaction pathway in the HO2 + FCHO reaction is 0.61 kcal/mol higher than that of the corresponding HO2 + ClCHO reaction, the HO2 + FCHO reaction is faster than the HO2 + ClCHO reaction because the variational effects of HO2 + ClCHO is more obvious than that of the HO2 + FCHO. The present results show that the HO2 + FCHO reaction may be important in the atmosphere. The present results should be useful in evaluating the atmospheric fate of XCHO (X = F, Cl).
‘Finding’ and ‘discovering’: How understanding researchers’ search and discovery behaviour informed the building of Cambridge Core
Authors: Doshi Nisha
Published: December 2016

Key points

Researchers most often visit publisher platforms to ‘find’ a specific article or chapter after ‘discovering’ available resources elsewhere.

Keywords in the title and author names are the two most important criteria for identifying relevant material.

Students consider access to be an important criterion for item selection.

For both humanities and social sciences (HSS) and science, technology, and medicine (STM), user behaviour when identifying relevant content is remarkably similar.

Students and researchers tend to gather content for later use rather than read it in detail as soon as they find it.
Spatial food‐web structure in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean based on compound‐specific nitrogen isotope analysis of amino acids
Authors: Hetherington Elizabeth D. , Olson Robert J. , Drazen Jeffrey C. , Lennert‐Cody Cleridy E. , Ballance Lisa T. , Kaufmann Ronald S. , Popp Brian N.
Published: December 2016

The effective evaluation of trophic interactions in pelagic food webs is essential for understanding food web ecology, conservation biology, and management. We tested the applicability of compound‐specific isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA‐AA) for (1) characterizing trophic positions (TPs) of nine species from four trophic groups (tunas, squids, myctophids, and euphausiids) within a pelagic food web in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) Ocean, (2) evaluating trophic discrimination factors (TDFs) of each trophic group, and (3) detecting spatial changes in TPs and food chain length across a region with heterogeneous productivity. Although δ15N values of bulk tissues generally increased from south‐to‐north, CSIA‐AA revealed that trophic positions were uniform throughout our study area. These results suggest that variability in δ15N values were largely driven by nitrogen cycling dynamics in the ETP, which highlights the importance of these processes for the interpretation of δ15N values in food web studies. Absolute TP estimates were unrealistic for higher‐level species, and TDFs (tunas: 4.0‰, squids: 4.6‰, myctophids: 5.0‰, and euphausiids: 7.0‰) were lower than a widely used ecosystem TDF. We used remotely sensed oceanographic data to evaluate the physical oceanography and biological productivity throughout our study area and found significant relationships between δ15N values, nitrate concentrations, and SST across our study area. We did not find a gradient in phytoplankton cell size co‐occurring with an expected productivity gradient across our sampling region, which substantiated our isotope results indicating non‐significant spatial changes in TP and food chain length across the ETP.
Efficient and long‐life green light‐emitting diodes comprising tridentate thiol capped quantum dots
Authors: Li Zhaohan , Hu Yongxiang , Shen Huaibin , Lin Qingli , Wang Lei , Wang Hongzhe , Zhao Weili , Li Lin Song
Published: December 2016

In this paper, the green quantum dots capped with the ligand, tris(mercaptomethyl)nonane (TMMN), are fabricated as the light‐emitting layer for efficient and bright light‐emitting diodes. These TMMN‐capped quantum dots exhibit well‐preserved photoluminescence properties with quantum yields of ∼90% after ligand exchange. The light‐emitting diodes based on TMMN‐capped quantum dots are reported with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.5% corresponding to a power efficiency and current efficiency of 57.6 lm W–1 and 70.1 cd A–1, respectively. The devices exhibit high color stability that is not markedly affected by the increase of applied voltage, thus leading to a high color reproducibility. Most importantly, the devices exhibit high environmental stability. For the highest luminance devices (with emitting layer thickness of 25 nm) and the highest power efficiency devices (with emitting layer thickness of 38 nm), the lifetimes are > 480 000 h and > 110 000 h, respectively.

image
Analysis of different fatigue damage accumulation theories and damage parameters based on experiments with the steel HC340LA
Authors: De Palma V. , Tomasella A. , Frendo F. , Melz T. , Sonsino C. M.
Published: December 2016

Different theories for the fatigue life estimation under variable amplitude loading were analysed and compared based on experimental test of specimens of the steel HC340LA. Some of the most representative models and damage parameters were selected: The parameter PSWT; the parameter PJ, based on fracture mechanics of short cracks; the non‐linear‐continuous‐damage (NLCD) model, based on continuum damage mechanics and the energy‐based damage theory from Ellyin. Each method was illustrated and discussed also basing on the experimental results obtained with specimens of the steel HC340LA in as‐received state and with specimens of the same material after the process of linear flow splitting. The use of the parameter of Smith‐Watson Topper seemed to be the most suitable for the evaluation of fatigue life for HC340LA.
Application of free serratus anterior fascial flap for reconstruction of ear deformity due to hemifacial microsomia: A report of two cases
Authors: Nuri Takashi , Ueda Koichi , Yamada Akira
Published: December 2016

Reconstructing congenital auricular defects due to hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is often required to deal with low hairline and defects of the temporal fascia/muscular systems. In this report, we present two cases of HFM patients (16‐year‐old and 20‐year‐old) with positional anomaly of the remnant lobule and 95% low hairline, who were treated with serratus anterior fascial flap (SFF) at the second stage of auricular construction. At the first stage, 3D costal cartilage framework was placed following the removal of hair‐bearing skin, and was resurfaced with the pericranial flap. At the second stage, ear elevation was performed with cartilage block grafting, then the free SFF was used to construct cephaloauricular sulcus because of local fascial defect. The pedicles of SFF, subscapular vessels were anastomosed to the cervical vessels. No complications developed during the follow‐up period of 4 years in both cases and projections of the constructed ears were satisfactorily maintained. The free SFF is naturally thin and flexible with sufficient circulation and it may be an alternative to temporo‐parietal fascia flap in complicated microtia construction in HFM. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:436–441, 2017.