bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life History, Reproduction, Growth, Population Dynamics and Production of Gammarus aequicauda (Crustacea: Amphipoda) at Extremely Low Salinities in a Mediterranean Lagoon
Authors: Kevrekidis Theodoros , Kourakos Georgios , Boubonari Theodora
Published: June 2009

Aspects of the biology of Gammarus aequicauda were studied at extremely low salinities (0.3–5.7 psu) in Monolimni Lagoon, N. Aegean Sea. Samples were collected monthly from February 1998 to February 1999. Breeding occurred continuously but peaked in late spring, late summer and autumn and three cohorts were produced. The spring and summer cohorts showed fast growth (0.15 mm d–1), accelerated maturity and life span of about three and seven months respectively, while the overwintering cohort showed a life span of about nine months. The largest individual had a body length of 23.6 mm. Mean brood size was 54.5 early embryos, while the intramarsupial loss was 46%. Population density sharply increased in late spring, summer and autumn. Secondary production calculated by Hynes' method gave a mean annual density of 1077.4 ind. m–2, a mean annual crop (B) of 2.93 g DW m–2, an annual production (P) of 35.03 g DW m–2 and a P: B ratio of 11.96. Gammarus aequicauda showed a life‐history pattern similar to those previously reported for this species at higher salinity environments with comparatively large final body length and high growth rate during summer, brood size and P: B ratio, but with high embryo loss as well. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental and theoretical study of the polarized infrared spectra of the hydrogen bond in 3‐thiophenic acid crystal
Authors: Najeh Rekik , Houcine Ghalla , Flakus Henryk T. , Jablonska Magdalena , Brahim Oujia
Published: June 2009

This article presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the vOH and vOD band shapes in the polarized infrared spectra of 3‐thiophenic acid crystals measured at room temperature and at 77 K. The line shapes are studied theoretically within the framework of the anharmonic coupling theory, Davydov coupling, Fermi resonance, direct and indirect damping, as well as the selection rule breaking mechanism for forbidden transitions. The adiabatic approximation allowing to separate the high‐frequency motion from the slow one of the H‐bond bridge is performed for each separate H‐bond bridge of the dimer and a strong nonadiabatic correction is introduced via the resonant exchange between the fast‐mode excited states of the two moieties. The spectral density is obtained within the linear response theory by Fourier transform of the damped autocorrelation functions. The approach correctly fits the experimental line shape of the hydrogenated compound and predicts satisfactorily the evolution in the line shapes with temperature and the change in the line shape with isotopic substitution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Comparison of three enveloping distribution sampling Hamiltonians for the estimation of multiple free energy differences from a single simulation
Authors: Christ Clara D. , Van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: June 2009

We test the performance of three different reference state Hamiltonians for enveloping distribution sampling (EDS). EDS is an implementation of umbrella sampling which allows estimation of various free energy differences “on the fly” from a single simulation. This is achieved by construction of a reference state, which envelopes the regions of configuration space important to the various end states of interest. The proposed Hamiltonians differ in the way energy barriers separating these regions of configuration space are reduced. The test system consisted of 17 disubstituted benzenes in water and in complex with α‐cyclodextrin. The calculated free energy differences correlate with thermodynamic integration results (R2 > 0.99 for the ligands in water and R2 > 0.98 for the ligands in complex with α‐cyclodextrin). One of the reference state Hamiltonians outperformed the others in sampling the configuration space important to the various end states. In this reference state not all barriers between all pairs of states are reduced. Instead a minimum spanning tree of states is calculated, which connects states that are “closest” in configuration space. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2009
A community‐driven behavioral health approach for older adults: lessons learned
Authors: Wood Anita H. , Alberta Anthony J.
Published: June 2009

This paper examines the lessons learned from the implementation of the Sembrando Salud/Sowing Wellness integrated healthcare program in rural Southeastern Arizona. The isolation and lack of resources characterizing the experience of many seniors in this ethnically diverse community, combined with the impact that depression and diabetes have on their lives, dramatically pointed to the need for depression prevention and treatment activities delivered in a manner that recognizes factors that inhibit participation in behavioral health interventions. The relationship between physical health, especially diabetes, and depression provided an ideal framework for testing a community‐based holistic prevention and treatment approach that eliminated the stigma often associated with mental health illness and treatment. The program philosophy recognizes the consumer as agent of behavioral health change, and provides opportunities for meaningful involvement, including participation in making all program decisions. Dramatic recoveries from depression have resulted from a culturally specific implementation based on community empowerment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Promoting evidence‐based practices: the adoption of a prevention support system in community settings
Authors: Hunter Sarah B. , Paddock Susan M. , Ebener Patricia , Burkhart A. K. , Chinman Matthew
Published: June 2009

Prevention support systems (PSSs) are designed to help communities implement evidence‐based practices (EBPs). Little is known about the factors that influence their adoption. In this article, we examined adoption of a PSS for substance abuse prevention called Getting To Outcomes (GTO)® among staff in two community coalitions with varying levels of exposure to it over a 2‐year period. A multistage regression model was used to determine the relative predictive power of organizational, innovation‐related, and practitioner characteristics on adoption. Findings indicate that GTO adoption occurred through increased exposure, especially via staff training. Perceptions of the system's complexity moderated this effect. Individuals with high GTO exposure were less likely to adopt it if they perceived it as complex. Other organizational, innovation‐related, and practitioner characteristics did not predict adoption. Results from this study are useful for understanding the factors associated with PSS adoption and suggest ways to increase their use in typical delivery settings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Damaged youth: prevalence of community violence exposure and implications for adolescent well‐being in post‐conflict Northern Ireland
Authors: McAloney Kareena , McCrystal Patrick , Percy Andrew , McCartan Claire
Published: June 2009

As Northern Ireland transitions to a post‐conflict society the nature of violent victimization and its influence on adolescents following the “Troubles” becomes an even more important area of interest. Adolescents are particularly at risk of victimization and associated social, emotional, and psychological health problems. In this analysis of the fifth year of the Belfast Youth Development Study (BYDS), the prevalence and implications of exposure to violence is examined for a sample of 3,828 young people (aged 15–16 years). Knowledge of violent events was particularly prevalent suggesting that the social and psychological legacy of the “Troubles” may pass onto post‐conflict generations. Over three quarters of young people had experienced violence within their community. Exposure was associated with higher levels of depression, psychotic symptoms, and substance misuse. The findings suggest that adolescents in Northern Ireland are vulnerable to both direct and vicarious victimization, and, subsequently, to significant risks to psychological well‐being. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary conservation of Dazl genomic organization and its continuous and dynamic distribution throughout germline development in gynogenetic gibel carp
Authors: Peng Jin‐Xia , Xie Jian‐Li , Zhou Li , Hong Yun‐Han , Gui Jian‐Fang
Published: June 2009

To investigate germline development and germ cell specification, we identified a Dazl homolog (CagDazl) from gynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Its cDNA sequence and BAC clone sequence analyses revealed the genomic organization conservation and conserved synteny of the Dazl family members and their neighborhood genes among vertebrates, especially in fish. Moreover, a polyclonal antibody specific to CagDazl was produced and used to examine its expression and distribution throughout germline development at protein level. Firstly, ovary‐specific expression pattern of CagDazl was confirmed in adult tissues by RT‐PCR and Western blot. In addition, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence localization demonstrated its specific expression in germ cells, and both its transcript and protein were localized to germ plasm. Then, co‐localization of CagDazl and mitochondrial cloud was found, confirming that CagDazl transcript and its protein are germ plasm component and move via METRO pathway during oogenesis. Furthermore, the CagDazl is abundant and continuous throughout germline development and germ cell specification including primordial germ cell (PGC) formation, oogonium differentiation, oocyte development, and embryogenesis, and the dynamic distribution occurs at different development stages. The data suggest that maternal CagDazl might play an important role in gibel carp PGC formation. Therefore, CagDazl is a useful and specific marker for tracing germ plasm and germ cell development in the gynogenetic gibel carp. In addition, in comparison with previous studies in sexual reproduction species, the continuous and dynamic distribution of CagDazl protein in the germ plasm throughout the life cycle seems to have significant implication in sex evolution of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:855–871, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between multiple levels of learning practices and objective and subjective organizational financial performance
Authors: Di Milia Lee , Birdi Kamal
Published: June 2009

Multi‐level learning approaches suggest that individuals, groups and organizations act both independently and interact dynamically to contribute to organizational performance. We directly examined this proposition in an Australian sample using a longitudinal design that employed subjective and objective financial performance data. Respondents completed a survey that provided details on their individual, team and organizational learning practices (ILP, TLP and OLP, respectively), and self assessed performance compared to 3 years ago. Concurrently, we collected objective performance data (sales/employee numbers) at 3 yearly intervals and averaged these data to create an index. Using hierarchical and moderated regression, we found a positive main effect for OLP with both subjective and objective performance. Main effects for ILP and TLP were not found. Further, we found a significant interaction between ILP and TLP such that the effect of TLP on productivity was better in organizations with less ILP. Three‐way interactions were not found. Overall, these results provide some support for the model. We discuss some limitations of the study and make recommendations for future studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender differences in trochlear groove orientation and rotational kinematics of human knees
Authors: Varadarajan Kartik M. , Gill Thomas J. , Freiberg Andrew A. , Rubash Harry E. , Li Guoan
Published: June 2009

Knowledge of the morphology and kinematics of the male and female knees is important for understanding gender‐related dimorphism in knee pathology and improvement of related surgical treatments. Twelve male and 12 female subjects with healthy knees were recruited, and each subject performed a single leg lunge while images of the knee were recorded by two fluoroscopes. Tibiofemoral joint motion was then reproduced using bony models matched to the fluoroscopic images. Femoral trochlear groove orientation was also measured in each knee. While many of the measured parameters were found to be similar between the genders, a few interesting differences were also noted. Females showed greater external tibial rotation at 0° flexion (−5.4° vs. −1.3 °, p = 0.03), smaller internal rotation at 30° flexion (1.7° vs. 6.4°, p = 0.04) and greater range of tibial rotation (18.2° vs. 12.4°, p = 0.01) compared to males. Female knees also had a more medially oriented proximal trochlear groove (10.0° vs. 4.5°, p = 0.04). These gender differences in rotational kinematics and trochlear groove orientation may warrant further studies to determine implications for surgical treatments such as total knee arthroplasty, and gender‐related dimorphism in certain knee injuries and pathologies, like anterior cruciate ligament injury and patellofemoral problems. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 871–878, 2009
TRITON‐X is most effective among three decellularization agents for ACL tissue engineering
Authors: Vavken Patrick , Joshi Shilpa , Murray Martha M.
Published: June 2009

Ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are still associated with high rates of long‐term complications, even in patients undergoing modern, state‐of‐the‐art replacement. Tissue‐engineering approaches have been shown to be of value in improving treatment of ACL ruptures. However, the success of tissue‐engineering procedures depends on the choice of an appropriate biomaterial. Decellularized ACL tissue potentially combines the structural composition of the targeted tissue with a reduced risk of graft rejection or disease transmission. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of currently available decellularization methods based on TRITON‐X, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and trypsin. After identifying the most effective decellularization method, the capacity for reseeding with ACL fibroblasts was studied. All decellularization protocols reduced DNA content, with TRITON‐X treatment having the greatest effect. Concurrently, decellularization did not affect tissue collagen or total protein content, but did decrease glycosaminoglycan content. TRITON‐X also resulted the least glycosaminoglycan depletion. Porcine ACL tissue after decellularization with TRITON‐X could be successfully reseeded with human ACL fibroblasts as demonstrated by steady DNA content and increasing pro‐collagen expression. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1612–1618, 2009
Effect of dietary fibre and MTGase on the quality of mackerel surimi gels
Authors: Cardoso Carlos , Mendes Rogério , Vaz‐Pires Paulo , Nunes Maria L
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: The effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase; 5 g kg−1) and dietary fibre (inner pea fibre and chicory root inulin, 20 and 40 g kg−1) on gels from surimi made with Atlantic (Scomber scombrus) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) were studied with the purpose of achieving a better understanding of the underlying phenomena and improving gels.

RESULTS: MTGase addition improved textural properties (namely, cohesiveness increased from 0.19–0.41 to 0.59–0.72) and increased pH and water‐holding capacity (WHC). Moreover, MTGase reduced the elastic and viscous modules and darkened gels; protein solubility declined, meaning greater protein aggregation, according to electropherograms. MTGase had no unequivocal effect upon the gels' microstructure. Pea fibre increased hardness (an increase of almost 60% with 40 g kg−1) and related parameters, the elastic and viscous modules and WHC. Pea fibre reduced extractable protein in sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea (in the absence of MTGase) as well. Scanning electron microscopy revealed different structures for gels containing pea fibre. Regarding inulin, it worsened textural quality and WHC.

CONCLUSION: A combination of MTGase and pea fibre can improve a poor quality surimi. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Volatile profile and potential of inactive dry yeast‐based winemaking additives to modify the volatile composition of wines
Authors: Pozo‐Bayón Maria Ángeles , Andújar‐Ortiz Inmaculada , Moreno‐Arribas M Victoria
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: With the objective of determining the potential of winemaking additives based on inactive dry yeast (IDY) to modify the volatile composition of wines, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was employed to characterize the volatile profile of a widely used IDY preparation. To have the most accurate picture of the volatile compounds, pressurized liquid extraction technique (PLE) was used with different solvents and extraction temperatures. Complementary headspace solid‐phase microextraction was applied to gain insight into the volatile composition. In addition, the ability of some target volatile (pyrazines) to be released into model wines was investigated.

RESULTS: The PLE technique was mainly suitable for the extraction of volatile compounds with a low to medium molecular weight and the best extraction yields were obtained by using apolar solvents (hexane) and high temperatures (150 °C). PLE in combination with solid‐phase microextraction allowed the identification of 35 volatile compounds, most of them heterocyclic‐containing nitrogen compounds formed during the processing of IDY that could be released into the wines: the signal of four target masses corresponding to 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, methylbutylpyrazine and 2‐ethyl‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazine increased in the synthetic wines after 13 days when IDY was left in the model wines.

CONCLUSION: The study confirmed that some volatile compounds identified in IDY which were formed during processing could be released into the wines which might modify wine aroma composition. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of bacterial biofilms on tracheostomy tubes
Authors: Solomon Donald H. , Wobb Jessica , Buttaro Bettina A. , Truant Allan , Soliman Ahmed M.S.
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To characterize the structure and microbial content of biofilms found on tracheostomy tubes. To determine the correlation between the patients' clinical condition and biofilm content.

Study Design:

Prospective observational series.

Methods:

Tracheostomy tubes were collected from patients in both the inpatient and outpatient setting at an urban academic medical center. Sections of the tracheostomy tubes were evaluated by confocal microscopy and bacteria from them plated and identified. The number of colony forming units (CFUs) and species present were determined and a univariate analysis performed to correlate them with various clinical factors.

Results:

Bacteria were cultured from 19 of the 21 tracheostomy tubes collected. There were between 1 × 106 and 1 × 1010 CFUs present in each of the 2 mm sections. Twelve different bacterial species and one fungus were isolated from culture and speciation. The number of bacteria isolated and the CFUs calculated varied in tubes obtained from the same patient at different times.

Conclusions:

Biofilms were present on tracheostomy tubes in greater than 90% of tracheostomy tubes collected as early as 7 days after insertion in both the inpatients and outpatients. Although a variety of bacteria were identified in the biofilm, they often appeared as discrete microcolonies that appeared to be monospecies biofilm on confocal microscopy. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between the number of colony forming units found and frequency of inner cannula change. Laryngoscope, 2009
Determination of Helicobacter pylori in patients with chronic nonspecific pharyngitis
Authors: Kaptan Zeynep Kızılkaya , Emir Hatice , Uzunkulaoğlu Hakkı , Yücel Mihriban , Karakoç Esra , Koca Gökhan , Tüzüner Arzu , Samim Erdal , Korkmaz Meliha
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To determine if there is a relationship between Helicobacter pylori colonization in the pharynx mucous membrane and chronic nonspecific pharyngitis.

Study Design:

A prospective clinical study.

Methods:

Seventy patients with chronic pharyngitis and 20 healthy control subjects were examined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture for H. pylori colonization in the pharynx mucous membrane between March 2008 and October 2008. Patients with pharyngitis were seperated into two groups (35 patients in each) by using C‐14 urea breath test, according to the presence of gastric H. pylori infection.

Results:

In the control group, none of the patients had H. pylori in the pharynx. In the chronic pharyngitis group, in 12 patients (34.3%) with gastric H. pylori infection and in seven patients (20%) without gastric infection, H. pylori colonization in pharynx mucosa was determined with the PCR method. In only two of chronic pharyngitis patients (5.8%), H. pylori infection was detected with culture. In the pharynx mucosa, the H. pylori infection rate was significantly higher in the chronic pharyngitis groups than in the control group (P = .002 between C‐14 positive and control groups, P = .040 between C‐14 negative and control groups). There was not a significant difference in H. pylori colonization in the pharynx of patients who had chronic pharyngitis with or without gastric ailments and H. pylori infection (P = .179).

Conclusions:

Chronic nonspecific pharyngitis without gastric H. pylori infection is significantly related to H. pylori colonization in the pharynx, and gastric involvement increases the rate of this spread. The gold standart for detection of H. pylori infection is the PCR method. Laryngoscope, 2009
Gene single nucleotide polymorphism accumulation improves survival in advanced head and neck cancer patients treated with weekly paclitaxel
Authors: Grau Juan J. , Caballero Miguel , Campayo Marc , Jansa Sonia , Vargas Mauricio , Alós Llucia , Monzo Mariano
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of certain genes involved in drug metabolism correlate with survival.

Methods:

We evaluated the presence of SNPs in six genes (CYP2C8, GSTT1, GSTP1, MDR1‐57, MDR1‐62, and ERCC1) and the response rate (RR), time to progression (TTP), and overall survival (OS) of advanced head and neck cancer patients treated with weekly paclitaxel.

Results:

SNPs in CYP2C8, MDR1‐57, and MDR1‐62 genes were more frequent than wild‐type genes in our patients. RR was 45% (21/47), and median TTP in responders was 5.1 months. OS for all patients was 5.6 months. Response was higher in SNPs of MDR1‐62, MDR1‐57, or in two or more accumulated genes than in those with wild‐type genes. OS was significantly longer in patients with two or more accumulated SNPs (P = .039).

Conclusions:

Response rate and OS were significantly higher in patients with two or more accumulated SNPs. Laryngoscope, 2009
Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: An ear, nose, and throat perspective
Authors: Bergquist Henrik , Bove Mogens
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a rather new disease entity diagnosed with increasing frequency. The main symptoms in adults are dysphagia and food impaction. The aim of this review is to summarize the present knowledge about adult eosinophilic esophagitis, and in particular to cast light on certain issues of concern for the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.

Study Design:

Scientific review.

Methods:

The biomedical literature on adult eosinophilic esophagitis was reviewed regarding epidemiology, etiology, subjective symptoms and objective signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis with an emphasis on matters of interest for the ENT specialist. PubMed was used as the search engine.

Results:

Among the 393 papers on eosinophilic esophagitis published in PubMed, only 162 deal with adults. During the last few decades, the annual number of papers has been exponentially increasing. A high prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in combination with a diagnostic delay suggests the existence of an unacceptable number of undiagnosed cases. This calls for increased attention. Endoscopic examination, including proper biopsies, verifies the diagnosis. Untreated, the disease will lead to substantial distress and in some cases even strictures. Keeping the diagnosis in mind will avoid improper treatment and the risk of accidental perforation.

Conclusions:

It is imperative that ENT specialists recognize patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Laryngoscope, 2009
Parotid mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma regression after Helicobacter pylori eradication
Authors: Iwai Hiroshi , Nakamichi Naoto , Nakae Kaori , Konishi Masaya , Inaba Muneo , Hoshino Shoichi , Baba Susumu , Amakawa Ryuichi
Published: June 2009

A 60‐year‐old woman with Sjögren's syndrome showed recurrence of parotid mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma with a simultaneous increase of serum sIL‐2R antigen levels 10 years after surgical treatment. Helicobacter pylori infection had been detected in the stomach since the beginning of the lymphoma. Although H. pylori was not detected in the recurrent parotid lymphoma, antibiotic therapy contributed not only to successful eradication of gastric H. pylori but also to disappearance of the recurrent lymphoma. Further studies on the mechanisms of occurrence of extragastric MALT lymphomas are needed to establish the treatment of extragastric MALT lymphomas. Laryngoscope, 2009
Advanced pediatric mastoiditis with and without intracranial complications
Authors: Zevallos Jose P. , Vrabec Jeffrey T. , Williamson Robert A. , Giannoni Carla , Larrier Deidre , Sulek Marcelle , Friedman Ellen M. , Oghalai John S.
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Recently, several groups have noticed an increase in cases of advanced pediatric mastoiditis and intracranial complications. The objective of this study was to review the bacteriology of advanced mastoiditis in pediatric patients, with the hypothesis that a difference in bacteriology might explain the development of an intracranial complication.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Methods:

All pediatric patients with coalescent mastoiditis requiring surgery treated at a tertiary care children's hospital between 2002 and 2007 were reviewed. Every patient included was treated either with mastoidectomy alone (for coalescent mastoiditis without an intracranial complication) or with transtemporal craniotomy (for coalescent mastoiditis with an intracranial complication). All patients had surgical specimens sent for pathology, Gram stain, and aerobic and anaerobic cultures.

Results:

One hundred eight pediatric patients with coalescent mastoiditis were identified: 58 (53%) presented with coalescent mastoiditis alone, 17 (16%) presented with coalescent mastoiditis and an intracranial complication, and 33 (31%) were excluded because they were treated with myringotomy and tubes alone, had incomplete data, or had an unclear diagnosis. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most commonly cultured organism in patients with and without intracranial complications. Anaerobic isolates were present in 29.4% of patients with intracranial complications and 5.7% of patients without intracranial complications (P = .015).

Conclusions:

Nearly a quarter of pediatric patients with coalescent mastoiditis presented with a simultaneous intracranial complication. There was an increased incidence of anaerobic organisms in patients with intracranial complications compared to those without, indicating the importance of culture and antibiotic coverage appropriate for anaerobes. This series demonstrates the role of aggressive surgical management and close collaboration with the infectious disease service for long‐term intravenous antibiotic therapy in treating pediatric patients with advanced mastoiditis. Laryngoscope, 2009
Routes, dynamics, and correlates of cochlear inflammation in terminal and recovering experimental meningitis
Authors: Cayé‐Thomasen Per , Worsøe Lise , Brandt Christian Thomas , Miyazaki Hidemi , Østergaard Christian , Frimodt‐Møller Niels , Thomsen Jens
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To examine the routes, dynamics and correlates of cochlear inflammation in meningitis to provide information on the pathogenesis of the associated hearing loss and indications for rational pharmacotherapeutical intervention.

Study Design:

A well‐established rat model of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis was employed.

Methods:

Eight rats were inoculated intrathecally and not treated, whereas 26 were inoculated and treated with ceftriaxone. Six rats were sham‐inoculated, making a total of 40 rats. The rats were sacrificed when reaching terminal illness or after 7 days, followed by light microscopy. Routes of cochlear inflammatory infiltration were examined. The volume fraction of inflammatory infiltration was estimated and correlated to bacterial and leukocyte counts in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood.

Results:

The perilymphatic space was infiltrated with inflammatory cells via cochlear aqueduct, whereas the endolymphatic space was infiltrated from the spiral ligament. Rosenthal's canal was infiltrated through osseous spiral lamina canaliculi. In the untreated group, the degree of inflammation correlated with time of death, whereas antibiotic treatment reversed this development. Perilymphatic inflammation correlated significantly with the CSF leukocyte count, whereas endolymphatic inflammation correlated with spiral ligament inflammation.

Conclusions:

Meningogenic inflammation of the rat cochlea occurs via the cochlear aqueduct and the spiral ligament capillary bed. The spiral ganglion is infiltrated through the osseous spiral lamina. The degree of inflammation correlates positively with time of death in untreated meningitis, whereas antibiotic treatment leads to subsiding infiltration during recovery. Laryngoscope, 2009
Oral and plunging ranulas: What is the most effective treatment?
Authors: Patel Mihir R. , Deal Allison M. , Shockley William W.
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Preferred treatment of oral/plunging ranulas remains controversial. We present our experience with ranulas at the University of North Carolina (UNC) and review the literature.

Methods:

Retrospective review. From 1990 to 2007, 16 oral ranulas and 10 plunging ranulas were treated at UNC. Combining the UNC series with the literature identified 864 cases for review. An online survey was conducted to identify current treatment patterns.

Results:

In the UNC series, procedures for oral ranulas varied from ranula excision (50%), combined ranula and sublingual gland excision (44%), excision of the ranula along with the sublingual gland and submandibular gland (6%). A cervical approach was used in nine plunging ranula cases. One case was treated transorally with sublingual gland removal and evacuation of the ranula. Otherwise, the plunging ranula was removed along with the sublingual gland (20%), submandibular gland (50%), or both (20%). One hundred fifty‐one complications were identified from the literature. Recurrence was considered a complication and was most prevalent (63%). Nonrecurrent complications included tongue hypesthesia (26%), bleeding/hematoma (7%), postoperative infection (3%), and Wharton's duct injury (1%). Sublingual gland excision yielded the fewest complications (3%). Procedures and associated complication rates were: transoral excision of sublingual gland (3%); transoral excision of sublingual gland and ranula (12%); marsupialization (24%); transcervical excision of sublingual gland, submandibular gland, and ranula (33%); OK‐432 (49%); and aspiration (82%).

Conclusions:

Based on our review, definitive treatment yielding lowest recurrence and complication rates for all ranulas is transoral excision of the ipsilateral sublingual gland with ranula evacuation. Laryngoscope, 2009
Radiofrequency surgery of the soft palate in the treatment of mild obstructive sleep apnea is not effective as a single‐stage procedure: A randomized single‐blinded placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Bäck Leif J. J. , Liukko Tommi , Rantanen Irma , Peltola Jaakko S. , Partinen Markku , Ylikoski Jukka , Mäkitie Antti A.
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Radiofrequency (RF) surgery of the soft palate (SP) is an established treatment option for the treatment of snoring. Due to its minimally invasive character, it has received attention in the management of mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).

Study Design:

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and the occurrence of adverse events after single‐stage SP RF surgery in patients with mild OSAS in a randomized single‐blinded placebo‐controlled trial in an outpatient department at a tertiary care center, academic teaching hospital.

Methods:

Thirty‐two patients with mild OSAS (apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI] 5–15, body mass index <35) were randomized to receive a single session of RF surgery or placebo (insertion of applicator without energy delivery) with local anesthesia. The primary outcome measures were (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and a 36‐item short‐form health survey quality‐of‐life questionnaire. The secondary measures were the soft tissue airway parameters in cephalometric radiographs, snoring scores, and rates of adverse events.

Results:

Neither objectively measured significances (active AHI 11.0 [5.0–9.0] to 13.0 [2.0–26.0] and placebo AHI 12.0 [5.0–8.0] to 11.0 [1.0–29.0], P = .628), nor were trends of a diminishing effect on symptoms of mild OSAS found in the treatment arms. No significant changes in the soft tissue airway parameters occurred. One patient (5.9%) in the active treatment group was cured.

Conclusions:

RF surgery of SP is not recommended as a single‐stage approach in mild OSAS. Laryngoscope, 2009
Effects of thermally induced inhomogeneous shear and surface thermal boundary conditions on the shear stress in sliding elastohydrodynamic contacts
Authors: Chang Liming
Published: June 2009

Numerous research work has shown that significant thermally induced cross‐film inhomogeneous shear or thermal shear localisation may be developed in sliding elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) contacts with pronounced consequences. This paper uses the theoretical framework established in previous research to further analyse the effects of the shear localisation on the lubricant shear stress and thus the EHL traction. Results obtained suggest that the shear localisation significantly accelerates the thermally induced reduction of the shear stress in sliding EHL contacts. The study also shows dramatic reduction of the shear stress in EHL contacts with one‐insolated surface, which is significantly attributed to the more intensified thermal shear localisation near the insolated surface. The practical significance of the dramatic shear stress reduction is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for deriving a future temporal spectrum of heavy precipitation on the basis of weather patterns in low mountain ranges
Authors: Franke Johannes , Bernhofer Christian
Published: June 2009

A weather‐pattern‐based multiple regression model to derive future possible changes in the level of the higher temporal resolution spectrum of heavy precipitation has been developed. The temporal spectrum was described using statistical precipitation amounts as a function of the event's duration (1–24 h) and return period (once in 5 yr to once in 100 yr). The principle of the method consists in projecting a statistical relationship between the parameters of a transformed Gumbel distribution (theoretical extreme value distribution) and the distribution of classes of objective weather patterns to time slices in the near future of climate. Changes in distribution parameters were constructed in the model from changes in the distribution of weather patterns. Possible change signals were calculated for the catchment of the Weißeritz River (Ore Mountains, Germany) for the time slices centred around 2025 (2011–2040) and 2050 (2036–2065) as changes versus the reanalyses of the reference period 1961–2000 (May–September). For the climate conditions to be expected in the near future (IPCC A1B scenario), increases in the amounts of heavy precipitation, i.e. decreases in the return periods of equal amounts of heavy precipitation from the reference period, were obtained for the entire temporal spectrum covered by this paper. Overall, the change signals derived on the basis of a concept of weather patterns seem plausible because they represent a possible continuation of the already observed increase in frequency and intensification of events of heavy precipitation in the extended study area. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Use of picosecond infrared laser for micromanipulation of early mammalian embryos
Authors: Karmenyan Artashes V. , Shakhbazyan Avetik K. , Sviridova‐Chailakhyan Tatiana A. , Krivokharchenko Alexander S. , Chiou Arthur E. , Chailakhyan Levon M.
Published: June 2009

A high repetition rate (80 MHz) picosecond pulse (∼2 psec) infrared laser was used for the inactivation (functional enucleation) of oocytes and two‐cell mouse embryos and also for the fusion of blastomeres of two‐cell mouse embryos. The laser inactivation of both blastomeres of two‐cell mouse embryos by irradiation of nucleoli completely blocked further development of the embryo. The inactivation of one blastomere, however, did not affect the ability of the second intact blastomere to develop into a blastocyst after treatment. Laser inactivation of oocytes at Metaphase II (MII) stage and parthenogenetically activated pronuclear oocytes also completely blocked their ability for further development. Suitable doses of irradiation in cytoplasm region did not affect the ability of embryos and activated oocytes to development. The efficiency of laser induced fusion for blastomeres of two‐cell embryos was 66.7% and all the tetraploid embryos developed successfully into blastocysts in culture. Our results demonstrate unique opportunities of the applications of a suitable infrared periodic pulse laser as a universal microsurgery tool for individual living cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 975–983, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrieval of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) oocytes by ultrasound‐guided needle aspiration: Problems and solutions
Authors: Rodriguez Nancy A. , Si Wei , Emmi Adelina M. , Layman Lawrence C. , Eroglu Ali
Published: June 2009

Oocytes of nonhuman primates such as rhesus monkeys are excellent models for diverse studies on developmental biology, epigenetics, human reproduction, and assisted reproductive technologies, as well as on transgenics. Such studies require numerous oocytes that can be retrieved after controlled ovarian stimulation. Currently, most primate centers use laparoscopic aspiration or laparotomy followed by aspiration to collect rhesus oocytes, although the ultrasound‐guided needle aspiration is more advantageous due to reduced infection risk, less injury, and a shorter recovery period. Yet, some initial difficulties associated with the ultrasound‐guided needle aspiration limit its broader application. The objective of the present study was to address these obstacles. By presenting practical solutions to the initial difficulties, results from our study show that it is possible to collect a mean number of 38 ± 10 rhesus oocytes per hormonally stimulated female. These results compare favorably to the average number of rhesus oocytes collected using the laparoscopic approach and suggest that when initial obstacles are overcome, the ultrasound‐guided oocyte retrieval represents a good alternative to more invasive approaches. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 890–896, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in children and adolescents: A comprehensive review of the current literature
Authors: Benesch Martin , Wardelmann Eva , Ferrari Andrea , Brennan Bernadette , Verschuur Arnauld
Published: June 2009

Standards for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in children do presently not exist. Thus a systematic review and summary of the current literature was conducted serving as a basis for the further development of optimal management strategies for childhood GIST within a cooperative network. Presently 21 cases with familial GIST, and more than 100 pediatric cases each with Carney triad or sporadic GIST have been published so far. An international prospective registration based on national registries has recently started to acquire more clinical and molecular data and to develop appropriate management strategies for children and adolescents with GIST. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53:1171–1179. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative stress and executive function in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Caron Joshua E. , Krull Kevin R. , Hockenberry Marilyn , Jain Neelam , Kaemingk Kris , Moore Ida M.
Published: June 2009

Background

Neurocognitive sequelae following treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been reported in a significant proportion of survivors, including those treated only with chemotherapy. Early identification of children “at risk” for neurocognitive problems is not yet reliable. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (e.g., oxidated phosphatidylcholine) in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) have been correlated with intensity of methotrexate (MTX) treatment, suggesting an association with acute central nervous system toxicity.

Procedure

This study examined the association between oxidized CSF phospholipids and executive functions throughout chemotherapy. Measures of oxidative stress and executive functions were examined in 88 children newly diagnosed with ALL. The children were followed over 3 years with neurocognitive testing and parent ratings of executive functions.

Results

Results demonstrated an association between increased oxidative stress following induction and consolidation and decreased executive function 2 years later. Younger age at diagnosis was associated with both an increase in oxidative stress and in executive dysfunction; younger age was associated with poorer ability to organize materials in one's environment (r(48) = 0.28, P < 0.05) and with greater oxidated phosphatidylcholine in CSF at the end of chemotherapy (r(48) = −0.27, P < 0.05). As such, younger age appears to be the most prominent moderator of neurocognitive decline.

Conclusions

These results link functional changes to CSF biomarkers and underscore the importance of monitoring cognitive development in young children treated for ALL. Children with less advanced central nervous system development may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:551–556. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cationic photopolymerization of cis‐2,3‐tetramethylene‐1,4,6‐trioxaspiro[4,4]nonane
Authors: Hsu Ying‐Gev , Wan Yen‐Shen
Published: June 2009

The spiro‐orthoester, cis‐2,3‐tetramethylene‐1,4,6‐trioxaspiro[4,4]nonane (cis‐TTN) (I), underwent rapid cationic photopolymerization when exposed to UV light using diphenyliodonium salts as a photoinitiator. The polymer, poly[(trans‐OCB)x′‐(cis‐OCB)x″‐(CHO)y] thus formed consisted of poly(trans‐2‐oxycyclohexyl butanoate) (trans‐OCB)x′ (II), poly(cis‐2‐oxycyclohexyl butanoate) (cis‐OCB)x″ (III), and poly‐ (1,2‐cyclohexene oxide) (CHO)y segments, and no expected pure poly(ether‐ester), that is, poly(2‐oxycyclohexyl butanoate), was isolated. The structure of the polymer was identified, and the mechanism of the reaction was deduced. The polymer thus formed exhibited expansion in volume during cationic photopolymerization when compared to that obtained by conventional cationic polymerization using a Lewis acid (e.g., BF3OEt2, CH3OSO2CF3, or SnCl4) as an initiator, which demonstrated volume shrinkage during polymerization. The volume expansion of the polymer during polymerization was due to (1) the lower content of the higher density (CHO)y segment in the polymer chain and, more importantly, (2) the higher and optimal mole ratio of (trans‐OCB)x′ and (cis‐OCB)x″ segments that led the polymer in a more disordered, less dense, and higher volumetric state. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3680–3690, 2009
Alternating terpyridine‐endfunctionalized copolymers of styrene and diphenylethylene via anionic polymerization techniques: A detailed characterization study
Authors: Ott Christina , Pavlov Georges M. , Guerrero‐Sanchez Carlos , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: June 2009

1,1‐Diphenylethylenene (DPE) was copolymerized anionically with styrene to yield well‐defined alternating copolymers, which were terminated by reacting the “living” polymeric carbanion species with 4′‐chloro‐2,2′:6′2″‐terpyridine. DPE containing polymers show improved long‐term service temperatures due to the stiffening of the polymer main chain by the bulky phenyl‐rings. In addition, the functionality provided by the terpyridine group allows the synthesis of attractive materials for various fields of application. The obtained polymers were fully characterized by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeations chromatography, elemental analysis, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, and macromolecular hydrodynamic methods (analytical ultracentrifugation, gel permeation chromatography, intrinsic viscosimetry). In the molar mass range of 2 < M < 25 kg/mol, the scaling relationships between M and hydrodynamic characteristics are obtained. The values of the Kuhn segment length (or persistence length) and hydrodynamic diameters are evaluated and compared with those of linear polystyrene. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3691–3701, 2009
Poly(ester amide)/clay nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization of the sodium salt of N‐chloroacetyl‐6‐aminohexanoic acid
Authors: Morales Laura , Franco Lourdes , Casas María Teresa , Puiggalí Jordi
Published: June 2009

Preparation of nanocomposites of organo‐modified montmorillonites and the biodegradable poly(ester amide) derived from glycolic acid and 6‐aminohexanoic acid has been evaluated by the in situ polymerization technique. The reaction was based on the thermal polycondensation of sodium chloroacetylaminohexanoate, which has the formation of the sodium chloride salt as the driving force of the process. Polymerized samples were studied by means of X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The most dispersed structure was obtained by addition of C25A organoclay. Evaluation of thermal stability and crystallization behavior of these samples showed significant differences between the neat polymer and its nanocomposite with C25A. Isothermal and nonisothermal calorimetric analyses of the polymerization reaction revealed that the kinetics was highly influenced by the presence of the silicate particles. Crystallization of the polymer was observed to occur when the process was isothermally conducted at temperatures lower than 145 °C. In this case, dynamic FTIR spectra and WAXD profiles obtained with synchrotron radiation were essential to study the polymerization kinetics. Clay particles seemed to reduce chain mobility and the Arrhenius preexponential factor. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3616–3629, 2009