bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marital Distress across the Mid-Life Transition among Middle-Class Caucasian Women
Authors: Blattberg Kyla J. , Hogan John D.
Published: August 2011

Aspects of Levinson's 1978 theory of adult development were used to examine women's progress across the mid-life transition. The subjects were 126 married, Caucasian mothers, ages 37 to 47 years. Contrary to prediction, age-related differences in marital distress were not found. For the sample as a whole, marital distress was related to a family history of distress, difficulty in parent-child relations, and inequitable task-sharing with spouses. Some of the difficulties for women in combining family and career within the context of current social and family structures are discussed.
Mental Health Values of Clergy: Effects of Open-Mindedness, Religious Affiliation, and Education in Counseling
Authors: Langston Michael Griffith , Privette Gayle , Vodanovich Steve
Published: August 2011

Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that both religious affiliation and education in counseling of 44 Episcopal and 51 Catholic clergy had over-all effects on their scores on the Mental Health Values Questionnaire. In separate univariate analyses, significant effects were found on six of eight mental health value subscales. On all subscales in which significant interactions occurred, much of the variance was found among the clergy who were least well educated in counseling. As education in counseling increased, perceptions of mental health values became more consistent between affiliations. Mental health values of clergy were similar to those of a sample of psychotherapists, with Self-acceptance and Good Interpersonal Relations being the highest scored values for both groups.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXVIII. Lunar Phase and Birthrate: An Update
Authors: Kelly I. W. , Martens R.
Published: August 2011

Martens, Kelly, and Saklofske in 1988 examined 21 studies considering the possible relationship between lunar periodicities and birthrate. They reported that the majority of studies uncovered no relationship and that the positive studies were inconsistent in their findings. The present update reports on six additional studies on birthrate and lunar periodicities from five different countries. None of these studies produced evidence of lunar periodicities consistent with folklore or some previous studies.
Bulimia: An Empirical Analysis of Psychodynamic Theory
Authors: Herkov Michael J. , Greer Richard A. , Blau Burton I. , McGuire John M. , Eaker Donald
Published: August 2011

This study examined two aspects of psychodynamic theory concerning bulimia nervosa, that bulimic patients ascribe to a traditionally feminine sex-role and that bulimic women have difficulty differentiating emotional from visceral sensations. 18 bulimic and 18 control women were administered the Bern Sex-role Inventory and the Eating Disorder Inventory. Contrary to dynamic theory, bulimic women were not more likely classified as traditionally feminine than control subjects; however, significantly more controls than bulimic women were classified as androgynous. Analysis of scores on the Eating Disorder Inventory's Interoceptive Awareness scale indicated a significant difference between bulimic persons and controls, providing strong support for the hypothesis that bulimic women have a difficult time differentiating emotional from visceral sensations.
Associations among Performance Appraisal, Compensation, and Total Quality Programs
Authors: Waite Melissa L. , Newman Jerry M. , Krzystofiak Frank J.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 56 organizations, the relationship between attainment of quality and performance appraisal that was “progressive” in nature was stronger than the relationship between attainment of quality and “traditional” appraisal. There was no significant difference in the relationship of quality with “traditional” or “progressive” practices of compensation. The results are discussed and implications for organizations are noted.
Learning by Writing in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Boyles Mary P. , Killian Paul W. , Rileigh Kathryn K.
Published: August 2011

The writing-across-the-curriculum movement suggests that writing assignments can enable students to think more clearly about a discipline. Performance of three groups of beginning psychology students on class tests under two conditions was compared (1) after completing lecture-based writing assignments ( ns = 21 and 23) and (2) without writing assignments ( n = 25). Test performance improved for one experimental group on the objective portion and for the other experimental group on the essay portion of the tests; however, the experimental and control groups did not differ on the comprehensive multiple-choice final examination. The two experimental groups were taught by different instructors, which might account for the difference in test scores. Responses to the questionnaire indicated that students responded positively to the writing assignments. Faculty stated that the writing assignments provided them valuable information about students' learning.
Drug Law Enforcement Expenditures and Drug-Induced Deaths
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

The association between federal expenditures for drug law enforcement and the number of drug-induced deaths in the USA from 1981 through 1991 was examined. Significant positive associations were found for both numbers of deaths and death rates.
Cognitive Factors Affecting Abstinence among Adolescent Polysubstance Abusers
Authors: Robinson Selina M. , Walsh John
Published: August 2011

To examine cognitive variables in the maintenance of abstinence among polysubstance-abusing adolescents, analyses of data from 86 adolescents (31 current users, 24 relapsers, and 31 abstainers) were done. Significant differences among these groups were found on a number of cognitive measures. Adolescents successful in maintaining abstinence possessed greater strategic knowledge and greater strategy-related self-efficacy. Further, adolescents who remained abstinent experienced greater reduction in their perceived risk of relapse when exposed to high-risk situations and experienced a corresponding increase in general expectation of enduring abstinence. An exploratory path analysis yielded some unexpected multivariate relationships. In particular, adolescents' knowledge of coping skills and strategy-related self-efficacy did not affect directly their expectations for continued abstinence. Instead, knowledge of coping skill and skill-related confidence appeared to function primarily to free the adolescent from perceptions of risk for relapse and only indirectly to enhance expectations of lasting sobriety.
Male and Female Conformity in Eating Behavior
Authors: Guarino Michael , Fridrich Pamela , Sitton Sarah
Published: August 2011

An observational methodology was used to evaluate the differences between men's and women's conformity to a single source of influence. A total of 226 adults (115 men and 111 women) were observed in three cafeteria settings. Diners eating in pairs in which the lead diner selected a dessert were identified based on their sex and their position in dyad. The sex of the lead person (the model), the sex of following person (the subject), and whether the following person conformed to the lead by selecting a dessert were recorded. Analysis indicated a significant difference between men's and women's willingness to conform to one model. Women conformed more often than men when the models were male or female. Moreover, compared with men, they showed an even stronger tendency to conform to the behavior of a same-gender model.
Aggressiveness Revisited: A Comment on Frank's “On the Prediction of Aggressive Behavior from the Rorschach”
Authors: DeCato Clifford M.
Published: August 2011

Frank's review and suggestions of strategies for research do not include the point that several significant determinants are likely in assessment of aggressiveness.
Humanistic Constructs and Counseling Homeless Men
Authors: Sumerlin John R. , Privette Gayle
Published: August 2011

The present humanistic model for counseling homeless men assumed that counseling goals evolve from each client's internal frame of reference and may include a positive adaptation to his homeless experience. The model encompasses Rogers' necessary components of psychotherapy, Sullivan's interpersonal theory of psychiatry, Adler's use of wellness and encouragement, and Privette's peak-performance contribution. Factor analysis of history of homelessness, background data, ratings of subjective health and of happiness, and scores on Jones and Crandall's Short Index of Self-actualization yielded nine factors relevant to counseling. Empirical support was reported for placing a counseling services program in a multiservice facility for homeless persons.
Theory, Development, and Interpretation of the CPI Socialization Scale
Authors: Gough Harrison G.
Published: August 2011

The socialization (So) scale of the California Psychological Inventory is based partly on a role-taking or perspective-taking theory of social deviance and partly on the pragmatics of differentiating between more socialized and less socialized individuals. The theory, history, and current applications of the scale are reviewed, relationships to other scales and measures are examined, and the validity of the scale in arraying 69 male and 40 female samples along a putative continuum of socialization is evaluated. Finally, from these findings and from analyses of observers' adjectival and Q-sort descriptions significantly related to the scale, an interpretive psychology of the measure is propounded.
Improving Disadvantaged Families' Educational Skills: Changes in Children and Caregivers
Authors: Traver Cody L. , Howard Vikki F. , McLaughlin T. F.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects for three families, each with a fifth-grade child at risk, of training in skills such as communicating with teachers and administrators, providing a quiet place for their child to work, and praising their child's appropriate changes in academic and social behaviors. The caregivers were trained by a university student in these skills and evaluated in an AB time series design. All three families showed increased involvement in the school. Two of the three children improved performance both at school and at home.
Estimation of Parental IQ
Authors: Byrd Mark , Stacey Barrie
Published: August 2011

217 undergraduates, their parents, and grandparents were asked to estimate the IQs of themselves as well as those of their parents. Previous research has shown the existence of a gender-related bias that affects the ability of younger adults to estimate the IQs of their parents. The results of this survey showed that, in contrast to young and middle-aged individuals, older adults estimated the IQs of their parents to be equal to their own.
Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Health Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Paine Patricia , Pasquali Luiz , Paulo Eduardo de São , Bianchi Ana Lúcia P. , Solha Andrea C.
Published: August 2011

Based on social learning theory, the construct of health locus of control has proven valuable in predicting a wide variety of health-related behaviors. In studying this concept among Brazilians, the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale translated into Brazilian Portuguese were investigated in a sample of 280 middle-class persons. Three types of health locus of control were verified, internal, powerful others, and chance. Further refinement of subscales is needed to improve internal consistency reliabilities.
Role of Self-Esteem in Resolving Inequity
Authors: Kwun Seog K. , Cummings Larry L.
Published: August 2011

In spite of considerable evidence of the effects of self-esteem on equity behavior in some of the early studies, the construct of self-esteem has not yet been given systematic attention. From the interactionist standpoint, this work was done to examine the role of self-esteem in responses to inequitable situations. Presented are hypotheses about individuals' choices of inequity resolution methods that focus on the interaction of self-esteem with the contextual features of reward conditions and exchange relationships.
Meditation and College Students' Self-Actualization and Rated Stress
Authors: Janowiak John J. , Hackman Robert
Published: August 2011

This paper concerns the efficacy of meditation and relaxation in promoting self-actualization and changes in self-reported stress among 62 college students. Two groups were given mantra meditation and a yogic relaxation technique referred to as Shavasana. Pre- and posttest measures were taken on the Personal Orientation Inventory and the Behavioral Relaxation Scale. Both groups showed significant increases in scores on self-actualization; however, no differences were found between groups. Meditation training was associated with larger gains in scores on measures of systematic relaxed behavior than of the relaxation training.
Determinants of Intentions of Junior High School Students to Become Sexually Active and Use Condoms: Implications for Reduction and Prevention of AIDS Risk
Authors: Epstein Jennifer A. , Dusenbury Linda , Botvin Gilbert J. , Diaz Tracy , Schinke Steven P.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with young adolescents' increased risk for AIDS. A multiethnic sample of 303 seventh-grade students in three schools in the greater New York area completed questionnaires assessing their basic demographic characteristics (gender and ethnicity), AIDS knowledge, substance use (cigarette smoking, alcohol use), and decision-making skills. AIDS knowledge, substance use, decision-making skills, gender, and ethnicity predicted intentions to engage in sexual behavior in the future. Relevant knowledge of AIDS was associated with lower intentions to engage in sexual behavior in the future. More frequent substance use, less frequent use of decision-making skills, and being male increased intentions to engage in sexual behavior in the future. Our findings are discussed in terms of their implications for education and prevention of adolescent sexual activity and AIDS-risk reduction.
Transportability of Validity of the National Police Officer Selection Test for a Large Eastern Metropolitan Police Department
Authors: Rafilson Fred M. , Allscheid Steven P. , Weiss Joan G.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the position of police officers in a large eastern U.S. metropolitan police department to the sample of police officers ( N = 250) used originally to develop and validate the National Police Officer Selection Test (POST). A method was used which provided a basis for conducting studies of the transportability of validity, i.e., studies which demonstrate that test evidence on validity developed in a particular location can be effectively used as evidence of validity in an entirely new location, with other examinations validated using a content validity strategy. Content Validity Indices from the new sample's job analysis ( N = 115) correlated highly ( r = .89) with the original job analysis data ( N = 250). Further analyses indicated no significant differences between samples with regard to ratings of importance of skills identified as essential for successful performance of the police officer's position. Finally, a multivariate approach was used as a more conservative means of comparing job profiles. A discussion of the implications of these findings for making decisions about the transportability of validity is provided.
Gender and the Risk of Violent Death in Canada
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 23 nations from 1970 through 1984, no convergence was observed between the male and female suicide rates or between the male and female homicide rates.
Outcomes of the Minnesota Smoking Prevention Program
Authors: Hamm Norman H.
Published: August 2011

1,320 seventh-graders from a large midwestern public school district participated in a 6-hr. session of the Minnesota Smoking Prevention Program. Responses from students of the four trained and three control junior high schools indicated that the Minnesota program did not prevent students from becoming new users but rather encouraged those who were regular users to quit.
A Conceptual Scheme for Assessing Evenhandedness and (Counter) Self-Serving Attributional Biases in Relation to Depression
Authors: Cohen Leo , van den Bout Jan
Published: August 2011

Various hypotheses have been proposed concerning the attributional styles of depressive and nondepressive persons. Some hypotheses are compatible with others; some are mutually exclusive. In this paper we present a scheme for organizing these hypotheses. A method is offered for deciding which hypothesis best fits data from samples which are heterogeneous with regard to extent of depression. The concepts reviewed include “self-serving bias,” “counter-self-serving bias,” “evenhandedness,” “depressive lower self-enhancement,” “counter-defensive attribution,” the “Abramson, et al. hypothesis” that depressed persons attribute events with bad outcomes more to internal, stable, and global causes than do nondepressed persons, and the “Seligman, et al. hypothesis” that depressed persons attribute events of good outcome less to these causes than do nondepressed persons.
Assessment of Change in Scores on Personal Control Orientation and Use of Drugs and Alcohol of Adolescents Who Participate in a Cognitively Oriented Pretreatment Intervention
Authors: Figurelli Gerard A. , Hartman Bruce W. , Kowalski Francis X.
Published: August 2011

The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effect of participation in a cognitively oriented, pretreatment intervention on the control orientation of substance-using behavior of 48 adolescents admitted to drug-free outpatient treatment. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions and to one of two counselors. A comparison of changes in control orientation between groups was made after implementation of the intervention with the treated group and after both groups had participated in six counseling sessions. A 2-way multivariate analysis of covariance showed type of treatment was significant. Follow-up analyses indicated the treated group were significantly more internal than the control group at both posttest occasions. A one-tailed chi-squared test indicated no significant association in substance use for the groups.
Corporate Social Performance and Firms' Financial Performance: An Alternative Perspective
Authors: Simerly Roy L.
Published: August 2011

Prior studies of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and firms' financial results have produced inconsistent results. This study reexamined the relationship using multiple measures of 110 firms' financial performance. The traditional measures of performance provide inconsistent results across different economic environmental contexts. An alternative performance measure based on stakeholders' response was tested. The results of testing this measure were consistent across the two contexts.
Recall by Young People of Television Advertisements as a Function of Programme Type and Audience Evaluation
Authors: Gunter Barrie , Furnham Adrian , Frost Cerrie
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of programme content and programme evaluation by young viewers upon their recall of advertisements placed in a central break within the programme. A sample of 66 adolescents took part in what was described to them as a programme evaluation study. Subjects were randomly allocated to three groups ensuring that there were approximately equal numbers of boys and girls per group and watched one of three half-hour television programmes: a drama series episode, a situation comedy, and an evening news bulletin. A common sequence of seven advertisements occurred in a natural break at the half-way point of each programme. After watching a programme, subjects gave it qualitative ratings along 39 7-point bipolar adjectival scales and replied to 27 attitude statements about television advertising before being tested without prior warning for free and cued recall of the advertisements. No significant effects upon free recall of advertising content emerged as a function of programme watched, but an effect was observed upon cued recall. Cued recall of advertising content was significantly better from the situation comedy than from the drama episode. In addition, programme evaluations were significantly related to recall of advertising content. Greater involvement and perceived contemporaneity were associated with better free recall of advertising, and greater affective involvement in and less liking and appeal of programme content were associated with better cued recall.
Canadian Business Students' Attitudes towards Women as Managers
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined gender-role orientations and attitudes towards women as managers among a sample of 194 Canadian business students. 71 female and 123 male undergraduate and graduate students provided data using anonymously completed questionnaires. The men exhibited significantly more negative attitudes towards women as managers than did the women. Students scoring higher on the Masculinity scale of the Bern Sex-role Inventory also had more negative attitudes towards women as managers. Potential costs of such attitudes as well as needed educational reforms in university business programs are mentioned.
Effectiveness of Problem-Solving Groups: Process and Outcome Criteria
Authors: Wanous John P. , Reichers Arnon E. , Cooper Christine , Rao Raghunandan
Published: August 2011

Multiple measures of both group process and effectiveness of outcome were gathered from 100 problem-solving groups of 526 people. Generally low correlations among the measures of effectiveness of process and those of outcome effectiveness indicate that effectiveness is multidimensional as previously suggested. The relationships between measures of process and effectiveness of outcome supported previous models suggesting general linkages between these two sets of measures. The particular pattern of relationships between process and outcome measures found here was understandable, given the context in which these data were gathered. Thus, the use of multiple measures of both process and effectiveness of outcome in research on small groups is recommended.
Cross-Cultural Study of Samples of Adolescents' Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors Related to Smoking
Authors: Crowe James W. , Torabi Mohammad R. , Nakornkhet Nangnoy
Published: August 2011

This study examined the smoking behavior, knowledge, and attitudes of 413 students in Grades 7 and 8 in the United States and 393 such students in the People's Republic of China. A survey questionnaire developed by Pederson and Lefcoe was adapted and then translated into Mandarin. There were statistically significant differences between the students of the two countries in knowledge, attitude, and behavior related to smoking. Families played an important role in relation to smoking among this age group.
Gender Equality and the Sex Differential in Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Two measures of gender equality were not associated with the sex differential in suicide rates in 23 industrialized nations in 1985.
Levels of Anger in Psychiatric Inpatients and Normal Subjects
Authors: Cullari Salvatore
Published: August 2011

The mean anger scores of psychiatric inpatients ( n = 110) on the State-Trait Anger Scale were compared with those of nonpatients ( ns = 64 and 59). The inpatient group had significantly higher scores on the two measures of anger. No significant differences were found among the psychiatric diagnostic subgroups, but patients with affective disorders had scores much lower than individuals with personality disorders. Relatively high reliability was found for the trait-anger scores of psychiatric patients taken one year apart.
Criteria for Selection of an Academic Major: Accounting and Gender Differences
Authors: Lowe Dana R. , Lowe Larry S. , Simons Kathleen
Published: August 2011

An instrument for selection of academic majors was administered to 638 undergraduate business students to assess selection criteria for accounting majors and to compare criteria with nonaccounting majors, including marketing, management, and finance. Analysis supported the common stereotype that accounting majors were more motivated by extrinsic rewards than nonaccounting students; female accounting majors were more influenced than male accounting majors by intrinsic rewards.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXI. Relating Computer Users' Stress, Daily Hassles, Somatic Complaints, and Anxiety
Authors: Hudiburg Richard A. , Ahrens Pamela K. , Jones T. Morris
Published: August 2011

The relation of computer users' stress, measured by the Computer Hassles Scale, and global stress, measured by the Daily Hassles Scale, with stress reactions, measured by the somatization-anxiety items of the SCL-90, was investigated in a college sample ( N = 101). Computer hassles ratings were correlated .54 with daily hassles ratings and .57 with somatization-anxiety ratings. Daily hassles ratings were correlated .74 with somatization-anxiety ratings. These results provide important evidence on convergent validity for the Computer Hassles Scale as a measure of computer users' stress.
Cognition, Study Habits, Test Anxiety, and Academic Performance
Authors: Kleijn Wim Chr. , van der Ploeg Henk M. , Topman Robert M.
Published: August 2011

The Study Management and Academic Results Test (SMART) was developed to measure study- and examination-related cognitions, time management, and study strategies. This questionnaire was used in three prospective studies, together with measures for optimism and test anxiety. In the first two studies, done among 253 first-year students enrolled in four different faculties, the highest significant correlations with academic performance were found for the SMART scales. In a replication study among first-year medical students ( n = 156) at a different university, the same pattern of results was observed. A stepwise multiple regression analysis, with academic performance as a dependent variable, showed significant correlations only for the SMART Test Competence and Time Management (Multiple R = .61). Results give specific indications about the profile of successful students.
Factorial Structure of the Study Process Questionnaire
Authors: Bolen Larry M. , Wurm Tracie R. , Hall Cathy W.
Published: August 2011

The current study assessed the factorial structure of the Study Process Questionnaire with 532 American university students. The questionnaire, developed in Australia by J. B. Biggs, measures three approaches to learning and studying identified as Surface, Deep, and Achieving. Each approach is comprised of a motive and a strategy subscale. Factor analysis for the American sample supported Biggs' three primary approaches to learning (accounting for almost 70% of the distributed variance). The motive and strategy subcomponents, however, were not as clearly differentiated. Implications for further research with the questionnaire are discussed.
Families as Monitors of Quality of Care in Nursing Homes
Authors: Collier Michael W. , Prawitz Aimee D. , Lawrence Frances C.
Published: August 2011

Correlations of –.16 to –.29 were obtained for ratings of care and frequency of visits made by 215 families of patients.
Psychosocial Needs of Family Caregivers of Terminally Ill Patients
Authors: Cheng Walter C. , Schuckers Penny L. , Hauser Gregg , Burch James , Emmett James G. , Walker Belinda , Law Elaine , Wakefield Deborah , Boyle David , Lee Meyoung , Thyer Bruce A.
Published: August 2011

The primary caregivers (mean age = 63 yr.) of 28 terminally ill veterans (mean age = 67 yr.) who were living at home were surveyed for their concrete and psychosocial needs. The caregivers also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Life Satisfaction Index, the Provision of Social Relations scale, and the Burden Inventory. The rank order of concrete and psychosocial needs is reported for these caregivers. Increased scores on depression were associated with decreased life satisfaction as was low social support. Not surprisingly, higher numbers of concrete and psychosocial needs were associated with increases in depression.
The Second-Order Factor Structure of Cattell's 16 PF in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Bonaguidi Franco , Trivella M. Giovanna , Michelassi Claudio , Carpeggiani Clara , L'Abbate Antonio
Published: August 2011

The second-order factor structure of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) was validated on a sample of 940 patients hospitalized for coronary heart disease. The purpose of this investigation was the evaluation of second-order factor structure, already confirmed for normal subjects, of a selected pathological population. With factor analyses, oblique promax rotation, five second-order factors were identified, namely, Anxiety, Extraversion, Pathemia, Control, and an unidentified factor. These results were compared with those of Cattell's and Krug's studies. As a high congruence coefficient was shown, a good replication of Cattell's originally published second-order factors was achieved.
Testing Clients' Knowledge about Chemical Dependency: A Method for Assessing Clients' Progress in Treatment and Program Evaluation
Authors: Bishop D. Russell , Pancner Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

A multiple-choice test was developed to assess clients receiving treatment for chemical dependency. Responses of 27 men and 20 women in treatment were examined for their progress. Discussion of program development and evaluation made use of these data.
Effect of Reducing Cut-off Scores on Keane's Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale
Authors: Wetzel Richard D. , Yutzy Sean
Published: August 2011

Application of cut-off scores of 30, 35, and 40 on Keane's 46- and 49-item PK scales of the MMPI for a convenience sample of 1708 psychiatric patients shows a cut-off of 28 endorsed items of a 46-item scale increases classification as test positives by less than 3%.
The Midlife Transition: Crisis or Chimera?
Authors: Kruger Arnold
Published: August 2011

The construct of the midlife crisis is examined on definitional, developmental, psychoanalytic, and existential dimensions, and the literature reviewed. The DSM-III—R criteria for Adjustment Disorder appear to subsume the midlife crisis paradigm, and only a small percentage of people high in neuroticism are prone to developmental crises. It is argued that the crisis model is a contemporary social construct that has outlived its usefulness.
Gender and Depression in an Undergraduate Population
Authors: Nolan Rebecca , Willson Victor L.
Published: August 2011

The Beck Depression Inventory was administered to 417 undergraduate students (308 women and 109 men). Within the total group the item concerning “tiredness” gave the best discrimination between men and women. A cut-off score of 10 was used to divide depressed from nondepressed individuals. When only depressed individuals ( n = 105) were considered, seven items were identified as discriminating between genders.
Alcohol Consumption in Trauma Patients with Injuries Due to Suicide Attempts and Automutilation
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: August 2011

25 percent of 2,124 patients, treated for their injuries due to either suicide attempts or automutilation, had consumed alcohol before inflicting themselves with injury. Across the life-span prevalence of males was observed for all age-groups. The highest risk group was located in the age-range between 20 and 29 years.
An Analysis of Teachers' Opinions of a Senior Primary Mathematics Syllabus
Authors: Glencross Michael J. , Oliver John
Published: August 2011

As part of an evaluation of the mathematics curriculum for senior primary schools in Transkei, a prototype 19-item questionnaire designed to assess opinions about the current mathematics syllabus was administered to a sample of 82 Standard 3 (Grade 5) and Standard 4 (Grade 6) teachers. Analysis suggested that teachers believed they were handicapped by an overcrowded syllabus and unable to be innovative but recognized the value of alternative teaching approaches and the importance of providing enrichment activities.
Site of Accidents for Victims of Assault
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: August 2011

The preponderance of males in violence was observed in 82.1% of 2,822 victims of assault (treated for injuries at the emergency unit of a hospital). Sex differences were found for site of occurrence of the violent act. Women became victims of violence most frequently (34.6%) at home and men in the street (29.3%).
Barriers to Use of Services by Older Homeless People
Authors: Vance David
Published: August 2011

Analysis of responses during participant observation and face-to-face interviews of four homeless elders and six service providers indicated that the four elders comprehended and used the service environment; however, hopelessness (learned helplessness) appears to be the largest personal obstacle to use of such resources by elderly homeless persons to change their situation.
Metacognition and Competence on Statistical Problems
Authors: Mariné Claudette , Escribe Christian
Published: August 2011

This paper analysed the relation between metacognition and competence in the domain of statistics. The sample of 38 undergraduate students had the same academic education. A questionnaire enabled assessment of subjects' perceived competence and their metacognitive knowledge about task and strategies in statistics. Competence in the domain was assessed by categorization on a sorting task. Analysis showed a relation between metacognitive knowledge and statistical competence; however, perceived competence appears to be separate from both metacognitive knowledge and cognitive performance in the sorting task.
Work Role Ambiguity, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance: Meta-Analyses and Review
Authors: Abramis David J.
Published: August 2011

Formal meta-analytic methods were used to examine studies of two primary correlates of work role ambiguity, (a) job satisfaction (global and intrinsic) and (b) job performance (self- and independently evaluated). 88 studies were examined, 39 of which were included in the meta-analyses. Results suggest role ambiguity is significantly and negatively related to both satisfaction and performance but very weakly to the latter. Also, true variance in correlations exists across studies, suggesting that the effects of role ambiguity vary depending upon other variables. Results are consistent with previous research and suggest that role ambiguity is a valid construct in organizational research and is usually associated with lower job satisfaction. The primary sources used in the meta-analysis are included.
Job Satisfaction of and Return to Work by Occupationally Injured Employees
Authors: Murphy Gregory C.
Published: August 2011

The job-satisfaction scores of 107 work-injured employees were correlated with return to work status at 20 weeks postinjury. There was a slight tendency for the more satisfied employees to be back at work.
Maternal Sex-Stereotyping of Newborns
Authors: Reid Guynel Marie
Published: August 2011

Gender as a social category playing a role in the process of how mothers perceive their newborns was investigated. 94 primiparous mothers completed a survey that included a physical and an emotional scale on their newborn infants. Neither scale as a whole discriminated between the male and female newborns; however, a one-way analysis of variance did identify four statistically discriminating items. The four items evidence maternal perceptions that sex-stereotype males as having broad, wide hands, looking tall and large, looking athletic, and being mostly serious—not smiling but not crying. Maternal sex-stereotyped perceptions for daughters would be the inverse of these. 30 items gave similar maternal ratings between the two gender sets. These confirmed prior work in 1974 showing sex-stereotyped physical characteristics outnumber the emotional characteristics. The similarity of current conclusions to the 1974 data suggests less than expected fundamental parental attitudinal change due to increased societal interest and attention to gender and sex-stereotyping.
Depression and Sense of Humor
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

This research note provides partial confirmation of a negative relationship between depression and sense of humor previously reported by Deaner and McConatha in 1993. Here, for 213 women and 134 men, r was –.18.
Group Ability Test versus Teachers' Ratings for Predicting Achievement
Authors: Stone Brian J.
Published: August 2011

Standardized group tests of ability are sometimes considered biased when group means are unequal. A more accurate measure of bias is fairness in prediction. To assess whether a group ability test predicted achievement fairly, the association of the Verbal Ability score of the Cognitive Abilities Test and the Composite score of the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills was examined for four ethnic groups. The relationship between 25 teachers' ratings of students' ability and the same achievement measure was also examined for bias. Subjects were 403 third-graders (38 Asian-American, 84 African-American, 60 Hispanic, and 221 Caucasian). Multiple regression analyses showed the relationship between scores on the Cognitive Abilities Test and achievement was equivalent for all groups; however, teachers' ratings showed bias against Caucasian and Asian-American students by underpredicting their achievement scores.
Issues Associated with International Incarceration Rates
Authors: Krus David J. , Hoehl Lenore S.
Published: August 2011

Issues associated with international rates of incarceration were discussed from the perspective of national policies and cultural and societal characteristics, contrasting Japan which has one of the lowest incarceration rates and the United States which imprisons more of its citizens than any other nation but Russia. A computer-aided search of 50,000 records on 30 nations was followed by multiple regression analysis indicating that, jointly, unequal distribution of national income and disintegration of family are principal determinants of incarceration rates.
Sexual Abuse as a Correlate of Women's Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Goodale Tammy S. , Stoner Sue B.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory for 23 alcoholic women (22 white and one Hispanic) who had been molested as children and 20 alcoholic women (17 white and 3 black) who had no memory of being molested as a child were compared. Significant differences showed the abused group scored significantly higher on the depression scale than the nonabused group. No significant difference was found on age at which the 2 groups began drinking regularly. The implications of these results are discussed.
Inclusive Education in Finland: Present and Future Perspectives
Authors: Moberg Sakari , Zumberg Marshall
Published: August 2011

The movement to integrate special education students into normal school classes started to develop in Finland in the 1960s. At the same time, the number of students labeled “special” in the Finnish comprehensive school system exploded from 2% to 17% of all school children. Presently, 84% of all special education placements are part-time placements. Special schools and special classes comprise 15% of all special education placements, while full inclusion is only 1% of all special education placements. Some factors affecting the current integration of special students and the development of integration are discussed.
A Methodological Comparison of Survey Techniques in Obtaining Self-Reports of Condom-Related Behaviors
Authors: Williams Bryan L. , Suen Hoi
Published: August 2011

To obtain more accurate accounts of sexual attitudes and practices, researchers must explore innovative ways to overcome the reluctance of individuals to disclose sensitive and perhaps incriminating information about themselves The differences among selected modes of inquiry and survey techniques used to gather self-reports about sensitive contraceptive behaviors among young adults were examined in this study. Comparisons were made between the randomized response versus the direct-inquiry survey techniques and personal interview versus self-administered modes of inquiry relative to the reporting of sensitive condom-related sexual practices of 352 students at a large northeastern university. Findings indicated that the “controlledchoice” randomized-response technique was less effective in obtaining self-reports about condom-related practices than were direct-inquiry techniques. Recommendations for investigations are proposed.
Impostor Feelings in Disturbed Adolescents
Authors: Okoth Anne , Moderski Tara , Lester David
Published: August 2011

21 disturbed adolescents in a supervised day-care program had higher impostor scale scores than regular high school students. Impostor scores were associated with scores on a measure of general irrational thinking.
Presence Seeking and Sensation Seeking as Motives for International Travel
Authors: Fontaine Gary
Published: August 2011

Although independent research has identified presence seeking and sensation seeking as important motives for a variety of activities, there is sufficient conceptual overlap to suggest the concepts describe in part the same motive or are related. The possible relationship was examined in motives of students for international travel. Nonsignificant correlations suggest that, at least for this activity, they are differentiable.
Epistemological Beliefs and Reflective Judgement
Authors: Bendixen Lisa D. , Dunkle Michael E. , Schraw Gregory
Published: August 2011

We tested the hypothesis that 4 epistemological beliefs, i.e., beliefs about the nature and acquisition of knowledge, proposed by Schommer in 1990, were related to observed differences in epistemological reasoning. Based on their responses to a philosophical dilemma, 125 college undergraduates and graduate students were assigned to 1 of 7 levels of the Reflective Judgement Model by Kitchener and King. 4 independent epistemological beliefs were used to predict reflective judgement. Analysis indicated that beliefs in Fixed Ability, Simple Knowledge, and Quick Learning accurately discriminated between higher and lower reflective judgement even after age, education, and home environment were controlled. The relative contribution of each belief was examined as well. Practical and theoretical implications were discussed.
Assessing Students' Library Skills and Knowledge: The Library Research Strategies Questionnaire
Authors: Landrum R. Eric , Muench Diana M.
Published: August 2011

3 studies were conducted to develop a questionnaire on strategies of library research which showed demonstrable psychometric qualities such as validity and reliability, to aid in assessing the effectiveness of bibliographic instruction of psychology students. In Study 1, 31 undergraduate students were interviewed about their use of the library and the strategies they use when confronted with a paper-writing assignment. In Study 2, the qualitative responses from Study 1 were used to develop a pool of multiple-choice items for testing, to examine whether a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument could be created. 64 students were tested. Using the results from Study 2, Study 3 refined the original questionnaire; reliability measures and factor analysis based on responses of 246 students were used to confirm 4 factors composing the Library Research Strategies Questionnaire, namely, person-specific skills, library-specific skills, paper-specific skills, and reference-specific skills.
Further Validation of the Indecisiveness Scale
Authors: Gayton William F. , Clavin Raymond H. , Clavin Sherry L. , Broida John
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Indecisiveness Scale have been shown to be correlated with scores on measures of obsessive-compulsive tendencies and perfectionism for women. This study examined the validity of the Indecisiveness Scale with 41 men whose mean age was 21.1 yr. Indecisiveness scores were significantly correlated with scores on measures of obsessive-compulsive tendencies and perfectionism. Also, undeclared majors had a significantly higher mean on the Indecisiveness Scale than did declared majors.
Group Differences in Alcohol-Creativity Interactions
Authors: Lowe Geoff
Published: August 2011

A repeated-measures, balanced-order design was used to test for the effects of alcohol on creativity as measured by verbal forms of the Torrance Creativity Test. Social drinkers (8 men and 8 women) performed under 2 conditions, alcohol (dose = 0.83 ml ethanol/kg body weight) and a placebo. Significant group differences in the alcohol-creativity interaction were noted in that the performance of higher-scoring (in the placebo condition) subjects was impaired by alcohol whereas that of lower-scoring subjects was enhanced.
Synonyms for Sexual Intercourse: Evidence of Zipf's Law
Authors: Terry Roger L.
Published: August 2011

In support of Zipf's law postulating an inverse relationship between the length of a verbal expression and its frequency of usage, the length of synonyms for sexual intercourse contributed by college undergraduates was negatively related to the number of students suggesting them.
Women at Risk for Homelessness: Comparison between Housed and Homeless Women
Authors: Wagner Jane K. , Perrine Rose M.
Published: August 2011

The present study explored differences between women who are currently housed but are at risk for homelessness versus homeless women in a middle-sized city in the southeast. The research focused on experiences in the women's history which might explain some differences between homeless women and women who are at risk for homelessness but are currently housed through public-assistance programs. 98 women from a community emergency shelter and public-assistance programs were either interviewed or completed questionnaires. The questionnaires assessed the women's history of mental illness, employment and housing problems, physical and sexual abuse, drug and alcohol problems, and skills for building and maintaining relationships The women were young (18–35 years), about 80% were single mothers and about 50% had children living with them. t tests for independent samples indicated that compared to 48 at-risk housed women, the 50 homeless women reported a history of more symptoms of mental illness, more instability of employment and housing, more physical and sexual abuse, more drug and alcohol problems, and fewer skills for interacting with others. When all variables were entered simultaneously into a multiple regression equation, only skills for interacting accounted for a significant proportion of the variability between the two groups of women.
Female Nudity in Advertisements, Arousal and Response: A Parsimonious Extension
Authors: LaTour Michael S. , Henthorne Tony L.
Published: August 2011

This study extended a 1990 report of LaTour, Pitts, and Snook-Luther by further analysis. Relationships between the key dimensions of High Activation (tension) and General Activation (energy) and ratings of attitude toward the advertisement were analyzed in a test of two hypothetical models performed on ratings by 134 undergraduate business students who responded to the paper-and-pencil tests which operationalized the constructs. In addition, attitude toward the brand was added to the formulation to evaluate the tenability of direct effects of arousal on attitude toward the brand (Ab) and indirect effects “filtered through” attitude toward the advertisement (Aad). Analysis supported the idea that excessive rated tension induced from an erotic advertisement has negative consequences. As predicted, different structural relations between these variables occur under different conditions.