bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Phosphorene Sheets through Direct Crystallization of Thin‐Film Red Phosphorus
Authors: Rajabali Mona , Esfandiari Mehrnaz , Asgharian Heshmat , Mohajerzadeh Shams
Published: October 2019

A novel hydrogen plasma treatment to convert an amorphous phosphorus film deposited on silicon substrates into a thin crystalline layer is successfully developed. The amorphous phosphorus layer is deposited on desired substrates as silicon using vacuum evaporation in a direct‐current plasma reactor in a controllable fashion. The formation of 2D phosphorene layers is based on the phase transition of a previously deposited amorphous film into the crystalline black phosphorus flakes. Direct transformation from red phosphorus to black can be achieved at a temperature of 300 °C on desired substrates as silicon, although mica and glass can also be used. This allotrope transformation can be achieved without any high pressure or high temperature. Apart from hydrogen plasma treatment, ultraviolet (UV) exposure to see any possible improvement in the 2D layer formation is also used herein. Various characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are used to study the crystallinity and morphology of the samples. In addition, the plasma‐treated flakes are used to realize photodetectors which show excellent response to illuminating light. While the hydrogen plasma treatment leads to crystalline phosphorene sheets, the UV treatment results in granular and partially crystalline nanostructures.
Nasdaq ex‐day behavior: An out‐of‐sample test
Authors: Paudel Shishir , Silveri Sabatino (Dino) , Wu Mark
Published: October 2019

We test various explanations of the ex‐dividend day price anomaly using Nasdaq‐listed firms. Similar to NYSE‐listed firms, on average the prices of Nasdaq‐listed firms drop by less than the dividend amount. However, the average Nasdaq price‐drop is substantially smaller than what existing theories would predict and translates to an imputed dividend tax rate that is double the maximum tax rate. We thus find little support for the tax hypothesis. We also find little support for the short‐term trading hypothesis and various other explanations. The significant disconnect we document between Nasdaq dividends and price changes seems to support the “free dividends fallacy.”
Stability and control of uncertain ICPT system considering time‐varying delay and stochastic disturbance
Authors: Yu Zhongming , Sun Yue , Dai Xin , Ye Zhaohong
Published: October 2019

This paper studies the problem of robust exponential stability for uncertain inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) system considering time‐varying delay and stochastic disturbance. Firstly, the model of the system is set up via a time domain method. Secondly, based on the Newton‐Leibnitz formula and stability theory, a new stability analysis of the ICPT system with uncertain parameter and time‐varying delay or stochastic disturbance is presented respectively. The proposed approach can be applied for analyzing other similar systems, and the obtained results can be also used for estimating convergence rate and region of stability. Thirdly, based on the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional (LKF) approach and the stochastic stability theory, robust exponential stability criteria in the mean square are derived and the relevant controller is designed. The proposed method can further reduce conservatism. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the obtained results are verified by an example and simulations indicate that the larger time delay, the slower attenuation. Simultaneously, the uncertain parameter and the stochastic disturbance have a significant influence on the region of stability. In addition, in respect of reducing conservatism, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing with other papers. In addition, the designed controller shows better performance for the ICPT system with the parameter uncertainty, the time‐varying delay, and the stochastic disturbance.
3.6: High‐Reliability OLED Display Panel using Top Gate IGZO TFTs for 55inch UHD TVs
Authors: Huang Yongchao , Cheng Jun , Fang Jingang , Ding Luke , Zhao Ce , Zhou Bin , Wang Dongfang , Yan Liangchen
Published: October 2019

To improve electrical characteristics of top gate a‐IGZO TFT we have been optimized the oxygen in IGZO layer and decreased the excess oxygen of Gate Insulator layer. We achieved that the uniformity of threshold voltages of a‐IGZO TFTs on Gen. 8.5 glass is approximately 0.61V. Also, we achieved BTS characteristic about Δ0.1V at 2hr PBTS and Δ‐0.2V at 2hr NBTiS. In addition, we demonstrated the 55‐in 4K UHD OLED TV with high reliability Image sticking.
8.1: Invited Paper: Advanced Process and Structure for High Performance Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Jeong Jae Kyeong
Published: October 2019

The required carrier mobility of metal oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) has been increasing rapidly to meet the demands of the ultra‐high‐resolution, large panel size and three dimensional visual effects as a megatrend of flat panel display. However, the typical field‐effect mobility of IGZO TFTs in the practical production line is less than 10 cm2/Vs, which is still not enough to drive the high‐end flat panel displays with ≥ 300 ppi, more than 60 inch and high frame rate ( ≥ 240 Hz). Approaches to improve the mobility of electron carriers in metal oxide TFT would involve the optimization of cation composition, stacked channel structure and the lattice ordering‐induced crystallization. In this paper, we presented our recent efforts toward the high performance and good reliability, which included the non‐IGZO composition, double channel structure such as ZTO/IZO and ZTO/ITO, the metal‐induced crystallization at a low temperature, and atomic layer deposited IGZO TFTs.
8.3: Invited Paper: Ultra High Resolution Display for Digital Holography
Authors: Hwang Chi-Sun , Kim Yong-Hae , Choi Ji Hun , Pi Jae-Eun , Yang Jong-Heon , Cho Seong-M. , Cheon Sang-Hoon , Kim Gi Heon , Hwang Chi-Young , Choi Kyunghee , Kim Hee-Ok , Lee Won-Jae , Kim Jinwoong
Published: October 2019

Ultra high resolution display panels are one of the technical trends for future display and essential for the realization of digital hologram. Two approaches for the development toward 1um pixel pitch are introduced. SLM panel with 3µm pixel pitch based on reflected TFT‐LCD was fabricated. Reconstructed hologram images were successfully demonstrated. SLM based on phase change materials was under development. In this case the driving circuitry was consist of Si CMOS backplane. Due to the scalability of PCM materials, accomplishment of pixel pitch with 1µm is very promising.
8.4: Invited Paper: Oxide devices for displays and low power electronics
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Cai Wensi , Wilson Joshua , Ma Xiaochen , Brownless Joseph , Li Yunpeng , Yang Jin , Yuan Yuzhuo , Ma Pengfei , Xin Qian , Song Aimin
Published: October 2019

Oxide semiconductors have been envisaged to find applications in flexible electronics in daily life such as wearable electronic gadgets to offer novel user experiences. However, there are still several bottlenecks to overcome in order to realise this goal, especially the lack of oxide‐semiconductor components fast enough for wireless communications, low power oxide transistors, and high‐performance p‐type oxide semiconductors for complementary circuits. Here we review our recent work to address these problems, including gigahertz operating IGZO Schottky diodes and TFTs, 1 V operating TFTs, complementary circuits using IGZO and SnO TFTs, and a novel TFT structure with unique performance.
9.3: Invited Paper: Geometric distortions in three‐dimensional endoscopic visualization
Authors: Xia Zhenping , Wang Fei , Cheng Cheng , Gu Minming
Published: October 2019

The three‐dimensional endoscope system is widely used for surgery and relative training of novice. The geometric distortions will affect the accuracy of size and distance estimation, and also may be one important factor inducing the visual discomfort. Based on the model of three‐dimensional endoscope image capture and display, the geometric distortions are analyzed. The results may provide some theoretical guidance for appropriate utilization of the three‐dimensional endoscope system.
12.3: Retinex‐based 8k Contrast Enhancement and Its Real‐time Implementation on FPGA
Authors: Rao Tianmin , Geng Lihua , Wu Congrui , Zhang Xiao , Leng Changlin
Published: October 2019

The contrast enhancement technology is widely used in many display devices and the function is to transform the original frame to a brighter one for better display. With the rapid development of 8k (7680 × 4320) technology, the dense pixels bring fine and smooth display experience but also huge computation burden. This work based on the Retinex theory which first proposed by E. H. Land in [1]‐[3] to achieve 8k 60fps contrast enhancement in real‐time. Compared with the traditional histogram equalization method, Retinex requires less computation and easy to implement on hardware. To avoid extra processing delay and frame buffer, a pipelined processing flow is proposed and optimized with inter‐frame design. The demonstration shows the effectiveness on real‐time 8k system and the hardware report shows the potential for cost sensitive design.
12.4: The Design of Front Light Guide System Based on R‐LCD
Authors: Liang Fei , Chen Xiuyun , Sun Lingyu , Du Jingjun , Zhong Peng , Hou Tingxiu , Fang Liyu
Published: October 2019

The power consumption can be decreased efficiently and the standby time can be extended significantly by applying R‐LCD (Reflection Liquid Crystal Display) technology. But the consumer experience in the weak ambient light is affected badly. So, front light guide system was design to apply in the R‐LCD to lift its display performance. Firstly, front light guide system was designed to match with R‐LCD to optimize display performance. Then, by optimizing the design of single micro structure, the front light guide system was matched with different R‐LCD efficiently. Thirdly, by optimizing the density distribution of micro structure, the display uniformity of R‐LCD was improved greatly. Fourth, by add reflection angle in the PC layer, the utilization ratio of light was elevated highly. As a conclusion, the display performance can be greatly improved by applying the design method proposed, promoting the application of R‐LCD.
12.5: A Depletion‐mode Compatible Gate Driver on Array for a‐IGZO TFT‐OLED Displays
Authors: Wang Ying , Liao Congwei , Zhang Shengdong
Published: October 2019

The a‐IGZO TFTs integrated gate driver on array with depletion‐mode compatible is proposed for AMOLEDs. The driver features a bootstrapping inverter, which is initialized by global signal and controlled by cascading signals. Greatly enhanced stability and pull‐down ability of the circuit is thus resulted. The driver functions well even with Vth of ‐5V and ripple on the output is reduced to 27.4%.
13.4: Effects of VHR on the Flicker of Advanced Super Dimension Switching(ADS) Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Xu Zhiqiang , Peng Kuanjun , Qin Wei , Wang Tieshi , Teng Wanpeng , Liu WeiXing , Zhang Chunfang , Li Xiaolong , Guo Kai , Li Shengnan , Yang Jin
Published: October 2019

In this paper a new method was established to quantitatively analyzed the effects of VHR on the flicker of ADS LCD for both flicker pattern and L127 pattern, we find that for L127 pattern the flicker is mainly related with VHR and obtain their exact relation.
16.1: MiniLEDs and MicroLEDs in today’s markets: status and challenges
Authors: Virey Eric , Bouhamri Zine , Mukish Pars
Published: October 2019

The excitement about microLEDs has grown exponentially since Apple acquired technology startup Luxvue in 2014. All major display makers have now invested in the technology. But there are still overlooked technical challenges, and a new miniLED keyword has entered the field. We try and explain all of this here.
16.2: Invited Paper: Challenges and solutions for High‐performance GaN MicroLED displays
Authors: Templier F. , Bernard J. , Caplet S. , Bédoin A. , Haas Helge
Published: October 2019

We discuss the main challenges for the fabrication of emerging microLED displays. We shown that microtube technology is very well adapted to these new kind of displays, since it provides both mechanical and electrical connection of the microLEDs on the receiving substrate. Also, we present a new fabrication approach, where an elementary unit consists of all‐in‐one‐ RBG MicroLEDs on CMOS driving circuit.
16.5: Invited Paper: Manufacturing Solutions for Micro‐LED Displays
Authors: Paranjpe Ajit , Montgomery Jay , Lee Soo Min
Published: October 2019

The aggressive performance and yield requirements for micro‐LED displays while adhering to strict cost targets create many challenges for the manufacturing of such displays. In this talk, we will present advances in MOVCD epitaxy and mass transfer to enable micro‐LED display adoption for signage and consumer applications.
18.2: Invited Paper: Low Cost Solution for Long Tag Display
Authors: Xi Kerui , Lin Baiquan , Qin Feng , Li Xiaohe , Liu Jine , Kong Xiangjian , Cui Tingting , Zhou Yian , Wang Linzhi , Dong Cuijian
Published: October 2019

Low cost solutions for long tag display were proposed in this paper. Fewer IC chips were used in the new circuit which was proved to be feasible by simulation. In our scheme, the display area was divided into several parts and each part was controlled by a separate master switch which was connected to the additional TFT switch of every pixel in this partition. In this way, each part of the picture could be refreshed in turn. The total number of gate lines could be reduced by several times and fewer signal terminals of IC were required in a result. The simulation results of schematic and signal timing showed that the driving voltages in different regions could all meet the display requirements.
21.4: Conformity assessment with examples for BlackMURA measurements
Authors: Liu Bob , Rotscholl Ingo , Krueger Udo
Published: October 2019

To decide whether a display works according to the specification it is not only necessary to take the measurement values into account. The measurement uncertainty also plays a significant role in this decision. Besides some basic knowledge about the measurement uncertainty evaluation, the paper shows the main contributions and their influences for the key values of the BlackMURA standard. Using the rules of conformity assessment, the use of tolerance intervals and acceptance intervals is explained in detail to give all parties (OEMs, manufacturer of display and measurement system manufacturer) the chance to discuss their quality metrics in a reasonable manner.
28.5: Metrological Challenges of non‐planar Displays
Authors: Wolf Martin , Huber Andreas , Kreisel Andreas
Published: October 2019

When new display technologies and trends enter the display market, adaptations or even new solutions for their standardized, i.e. comparable optical characterization are needed. Amongst new trends, curved and flexible displays are most likely to be adopted by the market because curvature opens up a variety of new possibilities in terms of design and applications. On the other hand, those displays also introduce challenges for display metrology [1, 2]. Here, we explain the basic differences between planar and cylindrical display screens during measurement of lateral and directional uniformity of luminance and chromaticity for both, imaging light measurement devices (ILMD), and spot light measurement devices (spot LMD). We will also show that no substantially new metrological methods are needed for the assessment of the optical characteristics of curved displays.
33.3: High Performance Liquid Crystal Micro‐Lens Array Applied to Light Field Display
Authors: Huang Cheng-Ting , Hsieh Po-Yuan , Chen Zi-Yu , Huang Yi-Pai
Published: October 2019

In this paper, high performance liquid crystal micro‐lens array is realized by adding the High‐Resistance layer and applying the specific driving waveform. Besides, this device is suitable to be utilized in the technique of light field display due to its polarization selectivity and tunability.
34.1: Invited Paper: Oxide TFT Development for 8K4K AMLCDs and High Resolution AMOLEDs
Authors: Seo Hyun-Sik , Chiu Chung-Yi , Wu Yuan-Chun , Lin Hsi Chien , ZHANG Xin
Published: October 2019

Back channel etched (BCE) structure TFTs have been developed for larger LCD TVs with higher resolution. We developed 5 mask 85 inch 8K4K AMLCDs, and now are focusing on the 4 mask process. For high resolution OLED TVs, self‐aligned coplanar structure TFTs have been developed to reduce the parasitic capacitance. We have been developing low resistive Cu‐based self‐aligned coplanar TFT for 4K2K top emission (T/E) ink jet printing (IJP) AMOLEDs.
35.1: Invited Paper: Measurement and Standardization of Display Lighting Units
Authors: Wang Jianping , Kalantar Kalil
Published: October 2019

Display lighting unit has always been the focus for optimization when comes into display engineering to improve its electrical, optical, and electro‐optical performance. In recent years, with the development of reflective LCD (liquid crystal display), electronic paper display, laser projection display, etc., the measurement of display lighting unit has received more attention. The IEC TC110 "Electronic Display" established the standardization team PT62595 to develop international standards. Currently, the project team has worked a variety of lighting technologies, including back light unit (BLU) and front light unit (FLU), light module and engine, light bar, and light components. In this paper, we reviewed the roadmap of this group and key items that involve in the measurement methods to give an overview of the documents.

In the previous year, the IEC released two new standards, IEC62595‐2‐2 “Measuring methods of LED light bars used in LCD BLUs” and IEC62595‐2‐3 “Electro‐optical measuring methods of LED frontlight unit”. Both documents have now been put into the implementation in the display industry.

In IEC 6595‐2‐2, spatial luminance uniformity and angular luminance, color uniformity and color angular uniformity were addressed. In Figure 1, it shows an example of a typical light bar luminance distribution profile to indicate the luminance uniformity by quantifying the information along axis.

Example of the luminance distribution profiles along the x‐axis, Lv(x, o)

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In addition, in order to achieve these characteristics, the optical coupling analysis and optimization between the light bar and the light guide plate (LGP) was discussed. Furthermore, this work introduced the specifications on the requirements for test environment, the architecture of the test equipment, the reference diffuser settings, and the coordinate system.

In IEC 62595‐2‐3, the standard specifies the measurement conditions and measuring methods for determining electrical, optical, and electro‐optical properties of LED FLUs for reflective displays. In FLU, the light ray of the FLU with a reflective LC display can be sensitive to the testing position and viewing direction. As shown in Figure 2, light rays are introduced to the LGP (light guide plate) from the coupling side. The rays are reflected on the inner surfaces of the micro‐structures (on the front surface) due to TIR (total internal reflection). The FLU is served as a transparent medium that has reflection property on both surfaces. We explained some of the factors that were covered in the standard document for the measurement and evaluation of both surfaces, including angular luminance distribution, luminance uniformity, spectral power distribution, chromaticity uniformity and angular color uniformity in CIE 1976 system, as well as FLU‐polarization characteristics and optical noise (undesired luminance) along the zenith angle in any azimuth angle.

Light rays of FLU with a reflective LC display

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37.4: Light conversion and scattering properties of QD films for display applications: Angle‐resolved optical spectroscopy and numerical simulation
Authors: Blülle Balthasar , Altazin Stéphane , Frouin Bérengère , Stepanova Lidia , Jenatsch Sandra , Ruhstaller Beat
Published: October 2019

Quantum dot (QD) enhanced LCDs are among today’s best‐in‐class displays exhibiting high brightness and large color gamut. In this presentation we focus on the underlying key mechanism of the embedded QD films, the down‐conversion of light, and explore the optical characteristics of a state‐of‐the‐art perovskite QD film by measuring its down‐converting properties as a function of the viewing angle. The good agreement of the experimental results with simulations of the QD film indicates that computer aided parameter optimization can be key tool for engineering QD displays.
38.2: A methodology of white color correction for RGBW configuration of AMOLED display
Authors: Yang Hsueh-Yen , Cheng Ching-Pei , Li Xin-Hui , Feng Ji-Xiong
Published: October 2019

Current Large‐sized or ultra‐high PPI AMOLED panel is evaporated with common mask and use white OLED (WOLED) device to achieve light emitting. The tandem OLED device is its lighting source so that its various luminous efficiency cause CIE‐xy deviation with various driving voltage. The white mixing ratio (WMR) is utilized to adjust power saving and tune vivid color perception for the RGBW display. A white tuning algorithm is required to improve white accuracy and consider adjustable WMR parameter to achieve consistent brightness. The paper proposes an iterative method to achieve a similar white color temperature. Separated mixing ratio of RGB sub‐pixels is used to control the minus amount of primary colors in the RGBW conversion. In our experiment, proposed method efficiently is implemented to perform a target white with multiple WMR selections.
38.4: Top‐Gate Self‐Aligned InGaZnO TFTs with High PBTS Reliability by Employing Different H‐Incorporation Process
Authors: Jiang Yun Long , Liu Fang Mei , Hsu Yuan Jun , Im Jang Soon , Fang Chun Hsiung , Wu Yuan Chun , Lu Po Yen
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we have demostrated high PBTS top‐gate self‐aligned IGZO TFTs by employing different H‐incorration process. Through optimization processes, PBTS is improved to 0.29 V and Vth deviation on Gen. 4.5 glass is 0.4V. Finally, 31‐inch OLED TV employing GOA circuit applied by this optimized backplane was successfully demonstrated.
40.5: TFT Overlaiding Materials For Decreasing Arounding Gap Mura
Authors: Jing-Zhu  , Wei-Shao  , Li Wen-Ying , Caixia-Wang  , Xiong Pengpeng , Quansheng-Liu
Published: October 2019

To overcome the arounding gap mura(AGM) problem of VA TFT LCD panels caused by the seewsaw effection of glass gravity[1‐2]. There are so many devices in GOA panel border which request the material could not be placed consodering the reliabity of devices,there are a gap in both of AA and dummy border， the ΔH is much more, the JNDAGM is worse[3].In this paper, we study different materials overlaided on the devices of GOA circuit in 65UD and 32FHD which were produced in PFA process, PS and col or on array glass.The research indicates that ΔH is controlled less than 0.5um and ratio range is from 2 to 14， the JND of AGM can be controlled in the specification.
41.1: Invited Paper: Efficient pre‐treatment for improving the via hole profile in 4‐mask process TFT architecture
Authors: Zhen Liu , An-Thung Cho , Hejing Zhang , Fengyun Yang , Kaijun Liu , Qionghua Mo , Chao Wei , Wanfei Yong , James Hsu
Published: October 2019

Ways to solve the passivation layer undercut in via hole were described in detail. By tuning the pretreatment before the passivation layer deposition, the passivation layer undercut in via hole was solved efficiently without any other side effects. Different from changing dry etching process parameters, we increasing the adhesion of the interface between metal layer and passivation layer to overcome undercut issue.
42.2:Invited Paper:Multi‐Force Touch Technology Augmenting Capacitive Touch in Displays
Authors: Nathan Arokia , Sharma Paridhi , Tsangarides Constantinos P , Li Jiahao , Cheng Xiang , Astley Michael R
Published: October 2019

This paper presents a new multi‐force touch technology that augments standard capacitive touch sensing in flat panel, and potentially flexible, displays. It uses an augmented approach and yields both location and force in a single‐signal, which is then separated and conditioned using unique analog and digital signal processing algorithms. Location‐by‐force is intrinsic to this newUltraTouchtechnology, thus enabling stylus‐independent, under‐water interactivity. In view of the simplicity in stack‐up architecture, the technology is compatible to roll‐to‐roll touch panel production lines, scalable to large areas, and importantly, low in cost.
45.2: Long Lifetime Electron Transporting Materials for AMOLED
Authors: Huang Heh-Lung , Chao Teng-Chih , Sun Jie , Lin Chi-Jen
Published: October 2019

A series of new electron transporting materials with good thermal stability were designed and developed. The devices of this ET‐1 applied in top fluorescent blue devices, top green phosphorescent device and top phosphorescent red device, exhibited high efficiency and long lifetime with blue index of 162 and the LT95 lifetime is around 2100 h under 500 cd/m2.
45.4: High Performance of Deep Blue OLEDs with Thermally Activated Sensitized Fluorescence Technology
Authors: wenzheng Gao , song Liu
Published: October 2019

The low efficiency of blue devices has been a bottleneck problem for OLED panel manufacturers for a long time. In this paper, we present the development of TASF materials technology for deep blue OLEDs with high Blue Index (current efficiency/CIE‐y) around 300 at CIE‐y=0.078 obtained at 1000 cd/m2.
52.2: Invited Paper: Application of Quantum‐dot Patterned Film with Scattering Nanoparticles for the High Efficiency Displays
Authors: Kim Young-Joo , Kim Hyo-Jun , Um Kiju , Yang Hyebin , Lee Kangtaek
Published: October 2019

Quantum dot (QD) as a color converting material in the form of patterned film can effectively improve the optical efficiency of displays. Since all of the light passing through the QD film cannot be fully down‐converted, however, novel structure or materials are required to improve the light down‐converting efficiency in the QD film. TiO2 and wrinkled silica particles are respectively applied as scattering nanoparticles which can increase optical path of light in this study. From experimental results, it was confirmed that optical efficiencies of red and green light in white OLED prepared with QD and TiO2 were enhanced further by 57.3% and 17.5%, respectively. In addition, the QD‐converting efficiency to green light from blue µ‐LED was increased using wrinkled silica‐QD hybrid particles, resulting in the enhanced luminous efficacy of 13.1lm/W with 15wt% QD concentration.
52.4: Toward Longer Lifetime‐‐Elongating the Operation Lifetime of Organic Lighting Emitting Diode by Implementing Novel Driving Method
Authors: Mou Xin , Huang Xing , Zhang Lin , Wu Hai-Dong , Feng You-Xiong , Gao Wen-Bao
Published: October 2019

A novel driving method, different from direct current and alternating current methods, was implemented to alleviate the luminance degradation of OLED device. The current density‐voltage‐luminance characteristics measurement results shown that red, green and blue OLED devices have current efficiency of 50 cd/A, 133.4 cd/A and 5.9 cd/A at the CIE coordinate of (0.685, 0.315), (0.252, 0.718) and (0.142, 0.043), with the electroluminescence emission peaks of 622 nm, 532 nm and 457nm, respectively. Driven by the new driving method, the LT97 of red, green and blue OLED devices were about 1.35, 1.3 and 2 times longer than that of driven by direct current method, at the initial luminance of 9320 cd/m2, 20000 cd/m2 and 1758 cd/m2, respectively. If using this new driving method on our 12.3 inch automotive panel, the estimated LT80 of green and blue sub‐pixel were up to over 10,000 hours while that of the red sub‐pixel is nearly 9,000 hours, which means this new driving method is a promising solution to trade off long‐term stability and high efficiency of full color OLED display.
53.1:Invited Paper:Opportunities and Hurdles for AR and VR Technology
Authors: Jones Gary W.
Published: October 2019

VR and AR near‐to‐eye (NTE) technologies offer the potential for an ultimate large display experience with extreme portability at low‐cost for medical, workstation, entertainment, and communications applications, among others. However, AR and VR have yet to achieve even a small fraction of this potential to date. Seven recent technical advances are among key developments that may finally bring virtual imaging to the display market forefront.
55.1: Invited Paper: Achieving high uniformity of 200 mm GaN‐on‐Si LED epiwafers for micro LED applications
Authors: Nishikawa A. , Loesing A. , Slischka B.
Published: October 2019

One of the big challenges of micro LED displays is to reduce cost/increase yield and establish excellent manufacturability. Galliumnitride on silicon (GaN‐on‐Si) LED epiwafers offer fundamental cost advantages to the entire process flow for micro LEDs compared with conventional GaN‐on‐sapphire LED epiwafers. However, due to the difficulties of epitaxial growth of GaN‐on‐Si, demonstration of such cost advantages in micro LED application is not wide‐spread yet. In this presentation, we have demonstrated excellent emission uniformity with well‐controlled strain by precise strain‐engineering. This opens the way to use the advantages of GaN‐on‐Si LED epiwafers in the entire supply chain of micro LED making and thus reduce cost significantly and enable high yield manufacturing.
55.5: Narrow Border Black Photo Spacer Display technology
Authors: Zhang Yihe , Zhang Yinfeng , Cao Wu , Li Xuan , Zhang Qi , Lin Yunglun , Chiu Chung-Yi , RAY  , Zhou Hang
Published: October 2019

In Black Photo Spacer (BPS) technology, Around gap mura (AGM) is the main reason which limits the application in narrow border display. Using gray tone mask design, AGM can be improved by reduing the film thickness and keeping cell gap uniformity. For the first time, we realize narrow border display application with BPS technology.
57.4: OLED in Automotive Lighting Applications
Authors: Zhu Yingguang , Guo Lixue , Lee Yuhao , Xu Xianbin , Xie Jing , Zhang Guohui , Hu Yonglan
Published: October 2019

Organic light emitting diode (OLED) has been well researched and optimized during the past decades. OLED display is widely applied in the mobile phone, wearable bracelet, and TV et.al, and now it has begun to expand the field of automotive OLED displays. As another branch of OLED technology, the OLED lighting technology in automotive application market is also widely concerned. OLED inherently has the characteristics of planar light source, lightness, independently addressable segments, flexibility and transparency, which have brought impact and innovation to the traditional automotive lighting. Simultaneously, automotive lighting also puts forward more stringent requirements on the reliability and quality of the light sources. In this article, we will completely analyze the special requirements existed in different car lighting and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of OLED lighting, combined with current technologies. Also, OLED lighting technology in car application is highly anticipated in the future.
57.5: Optimized Compensation Film for Automotive Display with Wide Viewing Angle
Authors: Gui Kun , Yuan Cong-long , Zhang Shan-shan , Wang Jian-dong , Tian Fan , Li Xiong-ping
Published: October 2019

Wide viewing angle is a critical optical specification for liquid crystal displays (LCDs), particularly in automotive displays. We proposed an optimized compensation film which consists of a biaxial positive B film and a negative B film to improve the viewing angle of LCDs with Super Fine TFT (SFT) mode. Under optimized retardations, minimum contrast ratio in area A can tremendously reach 0.59 times of perpendicular contrast ratio which provides excellent viewing characteristics based on German OEM specification.
P‐1.3: Comparision of two different a‐IGZO TFT Gate Driving Circuits for 32‐in FHD TFT‐LCD
Authors: Xi Su-Ping , Wang Tian-Hong , Shi Long-Qiang , Chou Yi-Fang , Ge Shi-Ming , Dai Chu-Hong , Yu Jia-Jia , Hu Liang , Jing-Zhu  , Shao Wei , Liu Quan-Sheng , Lv Xiao-Wen , Li Wen-Ying , Chiu Chung-Yi
Published: October 2019

Two different a‐IGZO gate driving circuits (GOA) which used long channel length (GOA_A) and STT (GOA_B) structures were designed and compared. GOA_B shows better performance than that of GOA_A, while the Vth of T53 in GOA_B circuit would shift to a very positive voltage after life test. The large channel width size ratio between T53 and T54 would bring about bigger Vds voltage of T53 which induces large current stress of T53 in GOA_B, so the Vth voltage of T53 in GOA_B would shift to a very positive voltage at life test. The phenomenon which T53 devices were easy to shift to positive bias can be restrained and improved by new design of its pull down holding part in GOA_B by spice simulated results.
P‐3.4: Hybrid computational near‐eye light field display
Authors: Zhao Jian , Xia Jun
Published: October 2019

We propose a hybrid computational near‐eye light field display based on micro‐lens arrays (MLAs) and structure parameters prioritization method (SPPM) which can render correct accommodation and expand the depth of field (DOF). The proposed display consists two MLAs and two micro‐displays. Two sets of depth‐sliced images are superimposed to reconstruct the object's light field. The system's ray resolution and the spectra difference between the proposed light field and the conventional one are discussed. The DOF of the proposed system is extended without the requiring of high refresh rate display. Furthermore, structure parameters prioritization method is proposed to extend the spatial frequency of the light field. A prototype is demonstrated and the experimental result shows that the depth field of the reconstructed images is significantly increased compared with conventional near‐eye light field display based on single MLA.

Schematic of the configuration of the proposed system

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The result of experiment 1: VR mode

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The result of experiment 2: AR mode

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We proposed a novel hybrid near‐eye light field display based on MLA to improve the DoF of the reconstructed light field, which is capable of expanding the accommodation range for virtual and augmented reality. The new algorithm for optimizing the structure parameters of hybrid computational neareye light field display is proposed to lessen the ray resolution and the mismatching of the reconstructed light field. We evaluate the capability of extending DOF through optical experiment. It shows that the propose system can effectively expand the depth range in near‐eye displays.
P‐5.1: Enhanced Nickel Oxide Hole Injection Layer via the rGO Combustion Method for Perovskite QDs Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Liu Xiyuan , Yang Guang , Wu Yongwei , Jiang Pei , Zhou Hang
Published: October 2019

Nonstoichiometry nickel oxide (NiOx) hole injection layer (HIL) plays an important role in realizing highly efficient and stable perovskite quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs). Here, we report the use of solution processed rGO‐doped NiOx thin films as the hole injection layer (HIL) in the perovskite CsPbBr3 QLEDs, with an emphasis on the significantly improved device efficiency. The device (Figure. 1a) consists of multiple layers arranged in the following order: FTO/rGO: NiOx/TFB/CsPbBr3/TPBi/LiF/Al. As shown in Figure. 2, compared to un‐doped NiOx based QLEDs, higher luminance and luminous efficiency are achieved from the rGO: NiOx device. The enhanced efficiency of the QLED can be attributed to the reduced defective oxygen and enhanced hole injection ability of the rGO: NiOx layer. It is found that during the thermal annealing step, the rGO helps reduce the defective oxygen (e.g., OH‐ group) in the nonstoichiometric thin film and improve the hole extraction efficiency. Figure. 2c shows maximum luminance and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1009 cd/m2 and 0.19%, which are 68.2% and 51.9% higher compared to the un‐doped NiOx based QLEDs.
P‐5.13: Visual Luminance Uniformity and OD value calculation for Direct Type Mini‐LED Backlight
Authors: Chang Kangle , Yu Lu , Sang Jian
Published: October 2019

We proposed a numerical model to theoretically simulate visual luminance uniformity and OD (optical distance) value for a mini‐LED array combined with a single layer diffuser. The luminance uniformity curve with increasing light mixing distance obeys the same trend with experimental measurements, which illustrates the accuracy of this theoretical model.
P‐6.14: A Fast Gamma tuning algorithm based on machine learning
Authors: Yan lang Ruan , Jiang tao Lv , Sheng sen Zhang
Published: October 2019

Gamma tuning is a technique widely used in photography, video image and computer graphics. OLED, also known as organic laser display and organic light‐emitting semiconductor, has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the algorithms related to OLED gamma tuning have developed slowly. At present, OLED gamma tuning algorithm is mainly traditional algorithm, which is difficult to control the adjustment step, which will inevitably increase the number of tuning, resulting in TT difficult to meet the requirements. In order to solve the problem that adjusting step size is difficult to control, a gamma tuning algorithm based on machine learning is proposed in this paper. Getting Initial Value by Find Table Sending[1] and predicted by machine learning algorithm. Experiments show that, compared with the traditional gamma tuning algorithm, the proposed algorithm can effectively shorten the tuning times and thus shorten TT while guaranteeing the tuning effect.
P‐8.3: A Novel Wireless Transmission System for UHD Digital Art Display
Authors: Guan Enhui , WANG Zhimao , Cheng Xinyi , Zhang Xiao , Li Xianzhen , Chen Shuo
Published: October 2019

With the development of ultra‐high definition (UHD) display technology, the display system can make the picture more appealing and realistic. It is very difficult for us ordinary people to enjoy the traditional famous art works because of its expensive price and the rare amount. Compared with the traditional art works, the price of the novel UHD digital art display system is reasonable. What's more, it can provide the real sense as the realistic paintings. Besides the photo display, the customer also want the system display the UHD video. This paper presents a novel wireless transmission system based on the rk3399 chip from Rockchip with Wi‐Fi module, bluetooth module, ethernet network module and highspeed interface circuit for UHD digital art display, especially for UHD vedio. It is designed that a hardware system with smaller printed circuit board (PCB), lower power loss and lower price. Furthermore, the transmission rate is less than 300ms, which can provide an excellent watch enjoyment.
P‐9.1: QD based color converter with DBR Structure and its application on Micro‐LED
Authors: Weng Yalian , Yan Qun , Guo Tailiang , Yongai  , Zhang  , Zhou Xiongtu
Published: October 2019

An enhancement of light extraction efficiency of quantum dots (QD) in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with Bi‐functional TiO2/Al2O3 distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) nanolaminate structure grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been demonstrated. The DBRs were simulated and optimized with TFCalc, and they exhibited excellent and tunable optical properties, as well as reliable moisture barrier performance. These DBRs were integrated in the QD‐LED, enabling an obvious increase in red emission and a strong decrease in blue light transmittance, which can achieve color conversion greatly. Furthermore, these DBRs can prolong the lifetime of QDs evidently by isolating the QDs from the moisture vapor. These results highlight the potential application of DBRs in the QLEDs and QD‐LEDs.
P‐9.5: Homogenous Integration Methods for Micro‐LED and 2T1C Structure HEMT
Authors: Li Silong , Zheng Jintao , Liu Zhaojun
Published: October 2019

The display is an essential part of our life, Micro‐LED (Micro‐Light Emitting Diode), as an emerging display technology, competes with OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) and QLED (Quantum‐dot Light Emitting Diode) to become the mainstream technology of the next generation of display technology in the display industry. Due to its advantages such as high resolution, high brightness, high response frequency, high stability, low power consumption, Micro‐LED has very big application prospect. GaN‐based HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) also is the research hot point due to its high electron mobility. Due to they are the same material, it is possible to combine two of them. In this paper, a homogenous integration method of HEMT driver circuit of 2T1C (2 transistors and 1 capacitor) structure with micro LEDs is proposed and simulated by Silvaco software.
P‐9.10: Fabrication of micro scale and ultra‐thin LEDs for micro‐LED display applications
Authors: Liu Jiu-cheng , Gong Zheng , Pan Zhang-xiu , Gong Yan-fen , Zeng Qiao-yu , Guo chan , Wang Jian-tai
Published: October 2019

Presented here are the fabrication techniques for preparing micro scale and ultra‐thin LEDs for micro‐LED display applications. Lateral dimension less than 100µm and thickness of 5µm LED devices are fabrication and the preparing micro LEDs are transferred from the original growth substrate to the glass substrate successfully. The optoelectronic performance of micro scale and ultra‐thin LEDs transferred on to the glass substrate as good as that of on the original growth substrate has achieved.
P‐10.1: Analysis and Improvement of Yellowish RLCD
Authors: Yang Song , Zhang Shiyu , Fang Zheng , Shi Ge , Niu Haijun , Sun Yanliu , Liu Yujie , Han Jiahui , Wang Yuyao , Zhu Ming
Published: October 2019

The low power consumption of RLCDs has significant advantages over traditional display solutions, making it a competitive candidate for next‐generation green displays. However, in some cases, improper design may cause the RLCD to turn yellowish, causing display distortion. To solve this, we proposed a series of methods to solve such color cast problems. In this paper, the reflectance associated with the phase state between the circular polarizer and the liquid crystal has been adjusted by liquid crystal to decrease this color cast. By redesigning the liquid crystal parameters, the color deviation has been successfully improved. Finally, the samples produced on production lines verified that the Improvement Scheme did make the yellowish panel whiter.
P‐11.4: Concept of Electronic Controlling the Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Shutter at Unequal Durations of its Open and Closed States
Authors: Ezhov Vasily A. , Kompanets Igor N.
Published: October 2019

Fast transient times of ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) modulators (shutters) provide accurate selection of pulse light fluxes, for example, the active selection of view images in the stereoscopic applications. The problem of the electronic control of the FLC shutter appears in the case of unequal durations of its alternating open and closed optical states. Corresponding unequal portions of control electrical power during positive and negative polarities of the control voltage cause the degradation of the FLC performance. Main reason of the degradation is the inequality of the volume ion charges induced into the FLC layer by positive and negative control voltage. In this paper, the concept of solution to this problem is suggested with the corresponding experimental verification. Our method allows to equalize the positive and negative control electrical power values without affecting the optical response of the FLC shutter by introducing the short time gaps into a longer control voltage waveform to lower the corresponding integral electrical power value.
P‐11.12: Analysis of the LC aligntment and performance at specific pixel design
Authors: Ren Wei , Song Yan-Jun , Zhao Yong-Chao , Chen Jie , Hsieh Chung-Ching , Chiu Chung-Yi
Published: October 2019

In this paper , we analysis the influence about the alignment of liquid crystal display using the DBS(data BM less) design and BM structrue has investigated. Because DBS design have constract ratio less than normal design. As a result, in oder to improve the CR ,the DBS and BM design simultaneous applicated. However, this new design have some LC alignment issue, we study the LC alignment and performance effect of the liquid crystal include DBScom potential ,voltage, and BM on the set of locations ; in this way, promotion the production of quality and process stability
P‐11.14: The Controllable of Viewing angle of Polymer Stabilized Vertical Alignment Liquid crystal Displays by adjusting parameter of liquid crystal
Authors: Chen Xingwu , Zhang Yu , Lan Song , Cheng Jian , cui Wei , Cao Zhibo , Chi Baolin , Tseng Te-Jen , Hsieh Chung-Ching , Chiu Chung-yi
Published: October 2019

The viewing angle of the Polymer Stabilized Vertical Alignment Mode(PSVA) was studied detailly and a new way to optimize the viewing angle of PSVA LCD is developed. An excellent viewing angle can be obtained by optimizing the parameters of the Liquid crystal and curing procss, such as birefringence, dielectric et.al. By this work, it will offer a new direction for future PSVA and improve its competitiveness in high‐end market compared with the IPS mode.
P‐12.1: Lighting effects, light distribution matters
Authors: Xia Ling , Zhang Tingting , Liu Xiaofeng , Pont Sylvia C.
Published: October 2019

The interaction between light and its surroundings (i.e. the geometry and materials) shapes the lighting distribution and determines the appearance of scenes and its visual experiences. In this study, we introduced the concept of light distribution solids by distinguishing luminance distribution solids and illuminance distribution solids. It is helpful to understand the spatial and form‐giving lighting effects on objects' appearance. Furthermore, this study together with our previous study (Xia, Pont et al. 2016, Xia, Pont et al. 2016) provide theoretical basis for the exploration of extracting photometry parameters out of HDR panoramic photographs of scenes.
P‐13.5: Top‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Devices with Short Reduction Layer
Authors: Quan Wei , Wu Chang-Yen , Shih Huai-Ting , Sun Li , You Juanjuan , Song Wenfeng , Shen Yongqi , Luo Chengyuan , Yu Donghui , Bo Bin , Wang Linlin , Wu Zhongyuan
Published: October 2019

There is an increasing attention paid to improving transparent conductive electrodes for applications in highly transparent and large size displays. We optimized top‐emitting organic light‐emitting diodes (TE‐OLEDs) using high resistance IZO as a short reduction layer to reduce leakage current through a shorting defect. Leakage current devices have decreased by 5% and brightness decreased by 11% less than the devices with the identical organic layers and standard IZO cathode.
P‐13.11: A Color Gamut Mapping Reducing the Influence of IR‐drop in OLED Displays
Authors: Ouyang Junting , Lyu Bojia , Peng DZ , Yang Kang , Kong Xiangzi , Xiong Zhiyong , Yang Yang
Published: October 2019

In this paper, a method of reducing the influence of IR‐drop in OLED display for color gamut mapping (CGM) is described. Due to the IR‐drop, the parameters can be hardly calculated only by formulas, which make the inaccuracy of CGM.

This algorithm uses the IR‐drop data of specific gray scale data to find out the IR‐drop rule of arbitrary gray scale. The method is easy and accurate to reduce the influence of IR‐drop, making the CGM better applied to OLED displays.