bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atypical Findings on Cervicovaginal Smears Correlate with Cervical Involvement by Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors of the Uterus
Authors: Hanley Krisztina Z. , Oprea-Ilies Gabriela , Ormenisan Claudia , Seydafkan Shabnam , Mosunjac Marina B.
Published: August 2015

Objective: A malignant mixed müllerian tumor (MMMT) is a high-grade neoplasm commonly arising from the uterus. Patients present with bleeding and a mass protruding from the cervix. This study was designed to correlate Papanicolaou (Pap) smear findings with histological findings in women diagnosed with MMMT. Study Design: Women diagnosed with MMMT were identified. Preoperative Pap tests were correlated with histological findings. Statistical analysis was performed to assess associations between abnormal Pap tests and histological findings. Results: Forty patients with MMMT were included in the study. Age ranged from 37-85 years and tumor size ranged from 1.2 to 21 cm. In presurgical Pap tests (4 conventional and 36 liquid based), 11 smears (27.5%) were diagnosed as negative, 5 (12.5%) as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 6 (15%) as atypical glandular cells, 16 (40%) as malignant and 2 (5%) as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Malignant cells detected on Pap smears showed a strong correlation with endocervical involvement by MMMT (p = 0.002). Larger tumors were more likely to involve the cervix (p = 0.0115). Conclusions: The Pap test can predict cervical involvement by MMMT. On Pap smears, MMMT cells showed no correlation with other adverse histological features (lymphovascular invasion, myoinvasion or adnexal involvement).
80 Anos da projeção continental do Brasil, de Mário Travassos
Authors: Albuquerque Edu Silvestre de
Published: August 2015

O geopolítico Mário Travassos transpôs o conceito mackinderiano de heartland para os altiplanos bolivianos, onde se dava a hegemonia de Buenos Aires, que ainda detinha a vantagem da situação geográfica em relação a extensa Bacia do Prata. Em face disto, Travassos concebe toda uma articulação transversal rodo-ferroviária do "triângulo estratégico boliviano" até os portos atlânticos brasileiros do Centro-Sul e ao complexo ferro-hidroviário Madeira-Mamoré, visando a "soldadura do Brasil Platino ao Brasil Amazônico" e a projeção das comunicações brasileiras pelos Andes. Para as demais regiões naturais do país, o geopolítico propunha o desenvolvimento de artérias longitudinais, verdadeiras vias de integração nacional que se somariam à vantagem situacional brasileira em relação a penetração do rio Amazonas para o oeste. Suas ideias influenciaram as políticas de ordenamento territorial do Estado brasileiro, mas atualmente convivem com uma "hegemonia benevolente" sul-americana orquestrada no âmbito do Itamarty.
A Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental no contexto da exploração das pedras preciosas e semipreciosas em Namanhumbir, distrito de Montepuez(Moçambique), entre 2004 e 2011.
Authors: Bata Eduardo Jaime , Mariano Zilda Fátima
Published: August 2015

A pesquisa analisou a vulnerabilidade socioambiental nas áreas de exploração do rubi e turmalina, nas aldeias de Nanhupo e Nséue, Distrito de Montepuez, entre 2004 a 2011. A referida análise baseou-se na metodologia de Figueirêdo et al., (2009 e 2010), e consistiu na: a) escolha do sistema e das questões socioambientais, b) identificação dos indicadores e c) definição dos critérios (exposição, sensibilidade e capacidade de resposta). Foi realizada a pesquisa de campo com aplicação de questionários a 49 garimpeiros e 49 moradores nas duas aldeias e a realização de cinco entrevistas com técnicos, diretor e gerente. O Índice Final de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental nas duas aldeias foi de 3,86, considerado muito alta vulnerabilidade, no qual a exposição (1,15) e capacidade de resposta (11,29) determinaram este valor. O rubi é a pedra preciosa mais explorada, 61% dos garimpeiros trabalham em minas a céu aberto, e 100% dos garimpeiros não usam equipamento de segurança no seu trabalho. O inicio do garimpo cogitou o aumento da cesta básica, dificultando o acesso dos produtos básicos pela população mais carente. A pesquisa permitiu compreender a relação entre o garimpo e a vulnerabilidade socioambiental nessas aldeias, bem como a relação desta atividade com o aumento da renda e melhoria das condições de vida dos garimpeiros e dos moradores.
Análise da vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo de Barão de Cotegipe, RS
Authors: Rovani Franciele Francisca Marmentini , Cassol Roberto , Wollmann Cássio Arthur , Simioni João Paulo Delapasse
Published: August 2015

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo do município de Barão de Cotegipe, RS. Para tanto, criou-se um banco de dados espaciais em um ambiente de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas com auxílio do software Spring versão 5.0.6. O mapa de vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo foi elaborado com base nas informações referentes à geomorfologia, geologia, solos, vegetação e uso e ocupação da terra, de acordo com o grau de vulnerabilidade de cada informação, por meio da álgebra de mapas. Como resultado, destaca-se as unidades estáveis com predomínio dos processos formadores do solo, e as unidades moderadamente vulneráveis, prevalecendo os processos erosivos. Nas unidades em que predominou a vulnerabilidade natural, sugere-se especial atenção em relação ao meio natural e aos agentes que o influenciam, visando boas práticas sociais associadas às políticas ambientais no processo de tomada de decisões econômicas, possibilitando a valorização e proteção do meio.
Mapeamento de fragilidade ambiental por meio de análise geoespacial: Uma aplicação na alta Bacia dos Rios Piracicaba e Sapucaí-Mirim, APA Fernão Dias, MG
Authors: Garófalo Danilo Trovó , Ferreira Marcos César
Published: August 2015

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um procedimento metodológico desenvolvido por meio de técnicas de análise geoespacial em SIG, para o mapeamento da fragilidade ambiental. Este procedimento utiliza as seguintes variáveis geoambientais: índice de vegetação (NDVI), probabilidade de ocorrência de chuvas intensas, declividade do terreno, densidade de lineamentos estruturais e densidade de estradas. O peso atribuído a estas variáveis é estimado por meio do parâmetro D, calculado a partir do teste estatístico Kolmogorov-Smirnov, realizado entre cada variável geoambiental e a frequência de ravinas e movimentos de massa mapeados em imagens Google Earth e checados posteriormente em campo. Os mapas originais das variáveis geoambientais são convertidos em valores fuzzy por meio de funções de afinidade lineares. Esta proposta foi testada na área de proteção ambiental (APA) Fernão Dias, situada no sul do estado de Minas Gerais. Os resultados indicam que as áreas situadas no centro-leste da APA são as mais frágeis, mesmo apresentando remanescentes florestais significativos. Já a oeste da APA, principalmente nas imediações da rodovia Fernão Dias, as áreas de alta fragilidade ocorrem em áreas onde a expansão urbana é mais desordenada e em áreas com grande densidade de culturas anuais, pastagens degradadas e estradas vicinais sem pavimentação. Esta metodologia pode ser utilizada como auxílio às metodologias já tradicionalmente.
Georreferenciamento de imóveis rurais: Análise do cálculo de área.
Authors: Prina Bruno Zucuni , Trentin Romario , Sá Renato Giovani Chaves de , Carvalho Luiz Felipe Díaz de
Published: August 2015

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para análise do cálculo de área, com coordenadas localizadas em três regiões do fuso UTM (k=1, k>1, k<1). Dessa forma, objetivou-se em realizar a conversão de coordenadas geográficas para locais e, ainda, comparar as áreas obtidas em coordenadas UTM e locais. Para confecção da metodologia, criaram-se dois aplicativos, por meio da linguagem de programação Visual Basic, a fim de formatar as coordenadas originais e salvá-las em um banco de dados para que assim, posteriormente, as mesmas fossem convertidas (de geográficas para locais) e, posteriormente, realizar o cálculo da área da poligonal (em local). Notou-se que o cálculo de área a partir das coordenadas UTM mostra-se incoerente para com a realidade topográfica local, pois, dependendo de sua localização espacial no fuso UTM, as variações tendem a serem maiores ou menores. Ainda, constatou-se que, apesar da pequena variação de área constatada, é importante salientar que as precisões posicionais (para um vértice) estabelecidas pelo INCRA são mínimas, logo, é importante analisar e discutir as pequenas variações superficiais, as quais discriminam diferenças na área da poligonal.
O uso de Geoindicadores em paisagem rural: Subsídios à análise das mudanças morfológicas Antropogênicas da Bacia do Córrego do Cavalheiro – Analândia (SP)
Authors: Pinton Leandro De Godoi , Cunha Cenira Maria Lupinacci da
Published: August 2015

A criação de metodologias nos estudos da Antropogeomorfologia tem contribuído para a mensuração das mudanças morfológicas induzidas pelo homem. Neste contexto, a sistematização de geoindicadores permite leituras quantitativas de diversos parâmetros geomorfológicos. A diversidade de sistemas ambientais e a maior intensidade das ações antrópicas sugerem o estabelecimento de geoindicadores mais específicos. Assim, o presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar a formulação de morfologias antropogênicas vinculadas às mudanças do uso da terra em área rural e, a partir dessa análise, discutir geoindicadores que permitam realizar a quantificação de formas do relevo que indicam processos geomorfológicos dinamizados pela ação antrópica. A disposição natural da bacia do Córrego do Cavalheiro – Analândia (SP), na transição entre as Cuestas Areníticas-Basálticas e a Depressão Periférica Paulista, atrelada a uso da terra essencialmente rural condicionam o seu enquadramento na referida perspectiva. A análise correlativa entre os dados obtidos com as cartas de uso da terra e geomorfológicas numa série histórica de 51 anos permitiu a definição de geoindicadores, que se mostraram eficazes no monitoramento de feições derivadas do antropogênico, constituindo-se em lista passível de uso em sistemas com dinâmica natural e de uso da terra análoga a área de estudo.
Os Impactos do Programa de formação de Professores nas práticas de formação Docente no Departamento de Geografia da USP.
Authors: Girotto Eduardo Donizeti
Published: August 2015

No presente artigo, resultado de pesquisa de doutorado realizado junto ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Geografia Humana do Departamento de Geografia da Universidade de São Paulo, analisamos mudanças ocorridas no ensino e na formação docente em geografia a partir do processo de implementação do Programa de Formação de Professores (PFP-USP) lançado por esta Universidade em 2006. Nosso intuito é analisar de que maneira o PFP-USP tem norteado as decisões institucionais e práticas que envolvem a formação do professor de geografia, bem como os desafios que traz para o DG-USP. Para tanto, recorremos a pesquisas documentais na Instituição e em outros bancos de dados que se referem à formação de professores na USP. Além disso, aplicamos questionários e realizamos entrevistas com docentes e discentes do referido departamento e de outros institutos e faculdades da universidade que, direta ou indiretamente, tiveram algum grau de participação no processo de construção de implementação do PFP-USP, para que assim pudéssemos analisar as diferentes perspectivas e práticas que ali existem, bem como os desafios para que o programa se efetive.
Potenciais Problemas de Mobilidade Urbana diária relacionados a Inundações no Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)
Authors: Santos Leonardo Bacelar Lima , Londe Luciana De Resende , Soriano Érico , Jorge Aurelienne Aparecida Souza , Coelho Andreza Fogaça
Published: August 2015

A estimativa de pessoas que passam por zonas de tráfego, juntamente com informações hidrográficas, serve como base para o estudo de relações entre mobilidade e inundações. A partir de dados de origem e destino, foi desenvolvido um script baseado no Google Maps para obter os caminhos feitos em cada viagem. Para computar a quantidade de pessoas diretamente afetadas na mobilidade, foram selecionadas todas as regiões interceptadas pelos rios. O número total de pessoas indiretamente afetadas foi calculado através da análise de rotas que interceptam os rios, e, com base nesta informação, foram estimadas quantas pessoas têm sua mobilidade potencialmente afetada por inundações em cada rio. Os resultados sugerem que os rios Pavuna e Guandu Mirim devem receber atenção prioritária por tomadores de decisão para mitigar os efeitos de inundações sobre a mobilidade urbana na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro.
Relação entre as variáveis Geomorfométricas e a Vegetação Florestal na Bacia Hidrográfica do Arroio Caverá - Oeste do RS
Authors: Guadagnin Paula Mirela Almeida , Trentin Romario , Alves Fabiano Da Silva
Published: August 2015

A vegetação na região oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresenta como principal característica fisionômica a predominância da formação campestre com relação à vegetação florestal, porém alguns autores esclarecem que os campos sulinos devem ser interpretados como “formações relictuais” em relação às florestas no atual clima ombrófilo. O “avanço” da vegetação florestal sobre a original predominância campestre no oeste do Estado pode ser associado também às variações topográficas do terreno e à dinâmica da água no solo. Entretanto, são raros os estudos detalhados que fazem a relação entre estes elementos da paisagem, com a utilização de informações espacializadas. Este trabalho busca demonstrar a relação existente entre a distribuição das tipologias de vegetação florestal e as formas componentes das encostas na bacia hidrográfica do arroio Caverá (BHAC), utilizando para tal, variáveis geomorfométricas extraídas de dados SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) e mapa de vegetação gerado através do SIG ArcGIS 10.1 (ESRI, 2013), com o uso de imagens Landsat 8 Sensor OLI (Operational Land Imager). A partir dos parâmetros altitude, declividade, perfil e plano de curvatura, foram identificadas e descritas 12 unidades geomorfométricas para a bacia. A vegetação florestal na BHAC apresenta-se em duas tipologias: matas ciliares e capões-de-mato/ matas de encosta.
Uma Leitura Geográfica dos Papéis e significados de Cidades Pequenas na Região Metropolitana de Campinas-SP
Authors: Moreira Junior Orlando
Published: August 2015

A questão central que orientou este trabalho foi analisar os papéis e significados de cidades pequenas numa área metropolitana, tendo como referencial empírico a Região Metropolitana de Campinas-SP. Foram avaliados seis aspectos que possibilitaram a identificação de particularidades na caracterização das cidades pequenas ante o contexto regional metropolitano: as novas e velhas interações com o rural; as cidades pequenas com forte vigor industrial; os centros especializados; as cidades-dormitório; as relações mais próximas de sociabilidade; e o papel do poder local ante a governança regional.
Modulation of the Coagulation Cascade Using Aptamers
Authors: Woodruff Rebecca S. , Sullenger Bruce A.
Published: August 2015

As a novel class of therapeutics, aptamers, or nucleic acid ligands, have garnered clinical interest because of the ease of isolating a highly specific aptamer against a wide range of targets, their chemical flexibility and synthesis, and their inherent ability to have their function reversed. The following review details the development and molecular mechanisms of aptamers targeting specific proteases in the coagulation cascade. The ability of these anticoagulant aptamers to bind to and inhibit exosite function rather than binding within the active site highlights the importance of exosites in blocking protein function. As both exosite inhibitors and reversible agents, the use of aptamers is a promising strategy for future therapeutics.
XBP 1-Deficiency Abrogates Neointimal Lesion of Injured Vessels Via Cross Talk With the PDGF Signaling
Authors: Zeng Lingfang , Li Yi , Yang Juanyao , Wang Gang , Margariti Andriana , Xiao Qingzhong , Zampetaki Anna , Yin Xiaoke , Mayr Manuel , Mori Kazutoshi , Wang Wen , Hu Yanhua , Xu Qingbo
Published: August 2015

Objective—

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation play an essential role in neointimal formation after vascular injury. In this study, we intended to investigate whether the X-box–binding protein 1 (XBP1) was involved in these processes.

Approach and Results—

In vivo studies on femoral artery injury models revealed that vascular injury triggered an immediate upregulation of
XBP1
expression and splicing in vascular SMCs and that
XBP1
deficiency in SMCs significantly abrogated neointimal formation in the injured vessels. In vitro studies indicated that platelet-derived growth factor-BB triggered
XBP1
splicing in SMCs via the interaction between platelet-derived growth factor receptor β and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α. The spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) increased SMC migration via PI3K/Akt activation and proliferation via downregulating calponin h1 (CNN1). XBP1s directed the transcription of
mir-1274B
that targeted
CNN1
mRNA degradation. Proteomic analysis of culture media revealed that XBP1s decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins secretion via transcriptional suppression. TGF-β3 but not TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 attenuated XBP1s-induced CNN1 decrease and SMC proliferation.

Conclusions—

This study demonstrates for the first time that XBP1 is crucial for SMC proliferation via modulating the platelet-derived growth factor/TGF-β pathways, leading to neointimal formation.
Kinetic and Related Determinants of Plasma Triglyceride Concentration in Abdominal Obesity
Authors: Borén Jan , Watts Gerald F. , Adiels Martin , Söderlund Sanni , Chan Dick C. , Hakkarainen Antti , Lundbom Jesper , Lundbom Nina , Matikainen Niina , Kahri Juhani , Vergès Bruno , Barrett P. Hugh R. , Taskinen Marja-Riitta
Published: August 2015

Objectives—

Patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus have increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A major cause is an atherogenic dyslipidemia related primarily to elevated plasma concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The aim of this study was to clarify determinants of plasma triglyceride concentration. We focused on factors that predict the kinetics of very-low density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL
1
) triglycerides.

Approach and Results—

A multicenter study using dual stable isotopes (deuterated leucine and glycerol) and multicompartmental modeling was performed to elucidate the kinetics of triglycerides and apoB in VLDL
1
in 46 subjects with abdominal obesity and additional cardiometabolic risk factors. Results showed that plasma triglyceride concentrations were dependent on both the secretion rate (
r
=0.44,
P
<0.01;
r
=0.45,
P
<0.01) and fractional catabolism (
r
=0.49,
P
<0.001;
r
=0.55,
P
<0.001) of VLDL
1
-triglycerides and VLDL
1
-apoB. Liver fat mass was independently and directly associated with secretion rates of VLDL
1
-triglycerides (
r
=0.56,
P
<0.001) and VLDL
1
-apoB (
r
=0.53,
P
<0.001). Plasma apoC-III concentration was independently and inversely associated with the fractional catabolisms of VLDL
1
-triglycerides (
r
=0.48,
P
<0.001) and VLDL
1
-apoB (
r
=0.51,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Plasma triglyceride concentrations in abdominal obesity are determined by the kinetics of VLDL
1
subspecies, catabolism being mainly dependent on apoC-III concentration and secretion on liver fat content. Reduction in liver fat and targeting apoC-III may be an effective approach for correcting triglyceride metabolism atherogenic dyslipidemia in obesity.
Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Regulates Revascularization in Chronic Ischemia
Authors: Liu Xiangwei , Sun Xiaolei , Liao Hua , Dong Zhen , Zhao Jingjing , Zhu Hong , Wang Peng , Shen Li , Xu Lei , Ma Xin , Shen Cheng , Fan Fan , Wang Cong , Hu Kai , Zou Yunzeng , Ge Junbo , Ren Jun , Sun Aijun
Published: August 2015

Objective—

Revascularization is an essential process to compensate for cardiac underperfusion and, therefore, preserves cardiac function in the face of chronic ischemic injury. Recent evidence suggested a vital role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in cardiac protection after ischemia. This study was designed to determine whether ALDH2 regulates chronic ischemia−induced angiogenesis and to explore the underlying mechanism involved. Moreover, the clinical impact of the ALDH2 mutant allele on the development of coronary collateral circulation (CCC) was evaluated.

Approach and Results—

Mice limb ischemia was performed. Compared with wild-type, ALDH2 deletion significantly reduced perfusion recovery, small artery and capillary density, and increased muscle atrophy in this ischemic model. In vitro, ALDH2-knockdown reduced proliferation, migration and hypoxia triggered endothelial tube formation of endothelial cells, the effects of which were restored by ALDH2 transfection. Further examination revealed that ALDH2 regulated angiogenesis possibly through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor pathways. To further discern the role of ALDH2 deficiency in the function of bone marrow stem/progenitor cells, cross bone marrow transplantation was performed between wild-type and ALDH2-knockout mice. However, there was no significant improvement for wild-type bone marrow transplantation into knockout mice. ALDH2 genotyping was screened in 139 patients with chronic total occlusion recruited to Zhongshan Hospital (2011.10–2014.4). Patients with poor CCC (Rentrop 0–1; n=51) exhibited a higher frequency of the AA genotype than those with enriched CCC (Rentrop 2–3; n=88; 11.76% versus 1.14%;
P
=0 0.01). However, the AA group displayed less enriched CCC frequency in Logistic regression model when compared with the GG group (odds ratio=0.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.009–0.701;
P
=0 0.026). Furthermore, serum vascular endothelial growth factor level tended to be lower in patients with ALDH2 mutation.

Conclusions—

This study demonstrated that ALDH2 possesses an intrinsic capacity to regulate angiogenesis via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor. Patients with ALDH2-deficient genotype displayed a higher risk of developing poor CCC. Therapeutic individualization based on ALDH2 allele distribution may thus improve the therapeutic benefit, especially in the East Asian decedents.
The Activation Function-1 of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Prevents Arterial Neointima Development Through a Direct Effect on Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Smirnova Natalia F. , Fontaine Coralie , Buscato Mélissa , Lupieri Adrien , Vinel Alexia , Valera Marie-Cécile , Guillaume Maeva , Malet Nicole , Foidart Jean-Michel , Raymond-Letron Isabelle , Lenfant Francoise , Gourdy Pierre , Katzenellenbogen Benita S. , Katzenellenbogen John A. , Laffargue Muriel , Arnal Jean-Francois
Published: August 2015

Rationale:

17β-Estradiol (E2) exerts numerous beneficial effects in vascular disease. It regulates gene transcription through nuclear estrogen receptor α (ERα) via 2 activation functions, AF1 and AF2, and can also activate membrane ERα. The role of E2 on the endothelium relies on membrane ERα activation, but the molecular mechanisms of its action on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are not fully understood.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to determine which cellular target and which ERα subfunction are involved in the preventive action of E2 on neointimal hyperplasia.

Methods and Results:

To trigger neointimal hyperplasia of VSMC, we used a mouse model of femoral arterial injury. Cre-Lox models were used to distinguish between the endothelial- and the VSMC-specific actions of E2. The molecular mechanisms underlying the role of E2 were further characterized using both selective ERα agonists and transgenic mice in which the ERαAF1 function had been specifically invalidated. We found that (1) the selective inactivation of ERα in VSMC abrogates the neointimal hyperplasia protection induced by E2, whereas inactivation of endothelial and hematopoietic ERα has no effect; (2) the selective activation of membrane ERα does not prevent neointimal hyperplasia; and (3) ERαAF1 is necessary and sufficient to inhibit postinjury VSMC proliferation.

Conclusions:

Altogether, ERαAF1-mediated nuclear action is both necessary and sufficient to inhibit postinjury arterial VSMC proliferation, whereas membrane ERα largely regulates the endothelial functions of E2. This highlights the exquisite cell/tissue-specific actions of the ERα subfunctions and helps to delineate the spectrum of action of selective ER modulators.
Clinical and Economic Implications of Apixaban Versus Aspirin in the Low-Risk Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients
Authors: Lip Gregory Y.H. , Lanitis Tereza , Mardekian Jack , Kongnakorn Thitima , Phatak Hemant , Dorian Paul
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose—

Although recommended by guidelines, the benefits of treating patients with atrial fibrillation with a low–stroke risk score, with aspirin or anticoagulants, have not been clearly established. With advent of safer non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, we assessed the clinical and economic implications of 5 mg BID of apixaban versus aspirin among patients with a relative low risk of stroke as assessed using the CHADS
2
(congestive heart failure, hypertension, age>75, diabetes mellitus, stroke/transient ischemic attack) and CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes mellitus, stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease) stroke risk classification.

Methods—

A previously developed and validated Markov model was adapted. A secondary analysis of the Apixaban Versus Acetylsalicylic Acid to Prevent Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Who Have Failed or Are Unsuitable for Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment (AVERROES) study was conducted to estimate event rates in different low-risk cohorts by treatment. Three cohorts (n=1000) with a CHADS
2
score of 1, CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc score of 1, and CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc of score 2 to 4 were simulated to assess the number of clinical events avoided in terms of strokes and major bleeds, as well as life years gained, quality-adjusted life years gained, costs, and incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year gained.

Results—

Apixaban was associated with fewer strokes and systemic embolism versus aspirin across all subgroups; however, it caused more major bleeding events. The reduction in systemic embolism offset the increase in major bleeding events leading to increased life expectancy and quality-adjusted life year gains, achieved at an increased cost that was lower than the UK threshold of $44 400 (ie, £30 000) per quality-adjusted life year gained across the 3 cohorts examined.

Conclusions—

Anticoagulant treatment with apixaban versus aspirin in low-risk patients, as identified using CHADS
2
or CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc, is projected to increase life expectancy and provide clinical benefits that are cost effective.
Group Selection in the Evolution of Religion: Genetic Evolution or Cultural Evolution?
Authors: Davis Taylor
Published: August 2015

In the scientific literature on religious evolution, two competing theories appeal to group selection to explain the relationship between religious belief and altruism, or costly, prosocial behavior. Both theories agree that group selection plays an important role in cultural evolution, affecting psychological traits that individuals acquire through social learning. They disagree, however, about whether group selection has also played a role in genetic evolution, affecting traits that are inherited genetically. Recently, Jonathan Haidt has defended the most fully developed account based on genetic group selection, and I argue here that problems with this account reveal good reasons to doubt that genetic group selection has played any important role in human evolution at all. Thus, considering the role of group selection in religious evolution is important not just because of what it reveals about religious psychology and religious evolution, but also because of what it reveals about the role of group selection in human evolution more generally.
White Bias in 3–7-Year-Old Children across Cultures
Authors: Gibson Bentley , Robbins Erin , Rochat Philippe
Published: August 2015

In three studies we report data confirming and extending the finding of a tendency toward a White preference bias by young children of various ethnic backgrounds. European American preschoolers who identify with a White doll also prefer it to a Black doll. In contrast, same age African American children who identify with a Black doll do not show a significant preference for it over a White doll. These results are comparable in African American children attending either a racially mixed (heterogeneous), or an Afro-centric, all African American (homogenous) preschool. These results show the persistence of an observation that contributed to school de-segregation in the United States. Results also reveal a lack of congruence between skin color identity and preference is not limited to African Americans. There is a comparable, if not stronger White preference bias in five to seven-year-old Polynesian and Melanesian children tested in their native island nations. Using a modified procedure controlling for binary forced choice biases, we confirm these findings with second generation American children of Indian descent showing clear signs of a White (lighter skin preference) bias. These results are consistent with the idea that during the preschool years children are sensitive and attracted to signs of higher social status that, for historical reasons and across cultures, tends to be associated with lighter skin color.
Moral Objectivism in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Beebe James , Qiaoan Runya , Wysocki Tomasz , Endara Miguel A.
Published: August 2015

Moral psychologists have recently turned their attention to the study of folk metaethical beliefs. We report the results of a cross-cultural study using Chinese, Polish and Ecuadorian participants that seeks to advance this line of investigation. Individuals in all three demographic groups were observed to attribute objectivity to ethical statements in very similar patterns. Differences in participants’ strength of opinion about an issue, the level of societal agreement or disagreement about an issue, and participants’ age were found to significantly affect their inclination to view the truth of an ethical statement as a matter of objective fact. Implications for theorizing about folk morality are discussed.
A review of the taxonomy, phylogeny, distribution and co-evolution of Schistonchus Cobb, 1927 with proposal of Ficophagus n. gen. and Martininema n. gen. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)
Authors: Davies Kerrie A. , Ye Weimin , Kanzaki Natsumi , Bartholomaeus Faerlie , Zeng Yongsan , Giblin-Davis Robin M.
Published: August 2015

The purposes of this paper are to clarify the taxonomic status of the fig-pollinating wasp associateSchistonchussensu lato(Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and to suggest directions for future research on the systematics, life history and ecology of the group. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest thatSchistonchus s.l.is polyphyletic, and the composition of the three major clades is outlined, together with information on nematode morphology, plant host species, associated pollinating wasp species, and distribution. Biological information and collection data is presented forSchistonchus s.l.fromFicussycones (Moracea) in Africa, Australia, Asia and Central America, and its putative phylogeny is discussed based on molecular and morphological evidence. Both wasps and figs are millions of years old and have worldwide distribution in tropical areas,i.e., opportunities forSchistonchus s.l.-like nematodes to have evolved could have occurred more than once. In addition, figs and their pollinating wasps have variable life histories, which could have provided opportunities forSchistonchus s.l.to also develop different life histories. However, these histories occur inside fig sycones and in association with wasps, which has apparently led to evolutionary convergence and extreme morphological conservatism. Diagnostic characters and their states, derived from examination of described species and morphospecies ofSchistonchus s.l.and informed by molecular phylogenetic inferences, are discussed and illustrated.Schistonchus sensu strictois redefined, andFicophagusn. gen. andMartinineman. gen. are proposed.Schistonchus s.s.is morphologically characterised by having the excretory pore opening in the region of, or posterior to, the metacorpus;Ficophagusn. gen. by having the excretory pore opening very near the cephalic region; andMartinineman. gen. by having it opening at the anterior end of the metacorpus. Several species ofSchistonchus s.s.have a labial disc, but there is no evidence of this in eitherFicophagusn. gen. orMartinineman. gen.
Allodiplogaster josephi n. sp. and A. seani n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), associates of soil-dwelling bees in the eastern USA
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Ragsdale Erik J.
Published: August 2015

Two commensal associates of bees,Allodiplogaster josephin. sp. from the Dufour’s gland of a cellophane bee (Colletes thoracicus) from Maryland, USA, andA. seanin. sp. from the abdominal glands of an andrenid bee (Andrena alleghaniensis) from New York, USA, are described and illustrated. Both species were collected as dauers from their respective hosts and cultured on bacteria on tryptic soy broth (TSB) or NGM agar.Allodiplogaster josephin. sp. andA. seanin. sp. are morphologically closer to each other than to other species ofAllodiplogaster, which was recently revised to include 37 valid species. However, the two new species are distinguished by reproductive isolation, shape of the spicule manubrium, host associations and molecular characters, the latter in sequences of the near-full length small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and partial mitochondrial COI. Morphological characterisation was supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed furcation of both v5 and v6 male genital papillae, consistent with previous reports for species of thehenrichaegroup ofAllodiplogaster.
Population diversity of Pasteuria penetrans from pepper fields and its genetic variation from single root-knot nematodes
Authors: Zou XiaoXiao , Xiao Jun , Huang HuiQin , Zhang XiaoLi , Zhang FuTe , Sun QianGuang , Liu Min , Bao ShiXiang
Published: August 2015

Pasteuria penetrans is an obligate parasite of root-knot nematodes. Pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the main economic crops in Hainan Island, China, and the incidence of root-knot diseases is high. The Pasteuria samples from 20 pepper fields of seven counties in Hainan Island were identified, and the results suggested that there were various P. penetrans populations in the same field but no obvious specificity among different regions. However, five strains appeared to be potentially novel species of the genus Pasteuria by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Additionally, further study showed that a single nematode of Meloidogyne incognita and of M. javanica could be infected by different strains of P. penetrans, and the genetic diversities of P. penetrans between two different host species were found only in gyrB rather than 16S rRNA and sigE gene sequences. These findings will provide some theoretical underpinning for the research of obligate parasitism mechanism between root-knot nematodes and P. penetrans.
Research on plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes in Ethiopia: a review of current state and future direction
Authors: Abebe Eyualem , Mekete Tesfamariam , Seid Awol , Meressa Beira H. , Wondafrash Mesfin , Addis Temesgen , Getaneh Gezahegn , Abate Birhan A.
Published: August 2015

Food self-sufficiency is Ethiopia’s national priority goal. Given that pest management seriously impacts agriculture, research on crop diseases is of paramount significance to the national goal. Here we provide a comprehensive account of research on plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes in Ethiopia. We show that the limited information available indicates that plant-parasitic nematodes impact crop production. There exists a serious gap in knowledge with regard to the effects of plant-parasitic nematodes on almost all major crops. This gap includes surveys with appropriate levels of identification, distribution, and yield loss and damage threshold studies on target crops. The current state of knowledge hinders the nation’s ability to design and implement appropriate control strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes. We propose a strategic assessment of plant-parasitic nematodes of all major crops, the need for systematic manpower training and continued search for entomopathogenic nematodes in the major agro-ecological zones of the nation and further research on those entomopathogenic nematodes already identified.
Archival Research on the Excavation of the Synagogue at Ostia: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Nongbri Brent
Published: August 2015

This report outlines preliminary findings from an examination of unpublished materials relating to excavations of the ancient synagogue at Ostia carried out from 1961 to 1964 and in 1977 by Maria Floriani Squarciapino. Taken in tandem with Floriani Squarciapino’s publications on the synagogue, this material (entries in the excavation journal coupled with labels for excavated artifacts, archival photographs, and drawings) allows a partial reconstruction of the excavation process and contextualization of the finds. Previously unreported numismatic finds from 1962 and 1963 help to establish more precise dates for certain phases of the building and demonstrate that occupation of the synagogue persisted at least through the fifth century, indicating the continued presence of a thriving Jewish community at Ostia.
Flavius Josephus, Nehemiah, and a Study in Self-Presentation
Authors: Grojnowski Davina
Published: August 2015

Scholars have frequently noted that in his writings, Josephus consistently styles himself as standing in the tradition of the biblical prophets and that he remodels his retelling of the prophets’ narratives to align them more closely with himself. What scholars have largely overlooked, however, is the fact that in his autobiography, Josephus minimizes the prophetic allusions, including instead subtle details that are reminiscent of Nehemiah and his actions. This paper, therefore, offers a new approach to the relationship between Josephus and Nehemiah: rather than comparing Josephus’ presentation of Nehemiah in his Jewish Antiquities 11.159-183 with the various extant literary traditions, this paper discusses those passages in the Vita subtly alluding to Nehemiah. The results of this analysis will impact on our understanding of how Nehemiah was perceived by later authors, and argue that the relationship between Josephus and Nehemiah was more profound than a mere retelling in the Jewish Antiquities.
Philo im ethnografischen Diskurs
Authors: Standhartinger Angela
Published: August 2015

In De Vita Contemplativa, Philo of Alexandria describes a group of female and male philosophers called therapeutae. The existence of the group is beyond doubt. However, Philo is our sole witness. This paper argues that the riddle of the historical therapeutae can be solved by a comparison of Contempl. with ancient ethnographical writings. Like Philo, Diodor, the Stoic Chaeremon and Plutarch also highlight Egyptian religiosity and myth as a source of original wisdom, philosophy and truth. It will be shown that Philo’s depiction of the “therapeutical race” refers to a full repertoire of topics and motifs from ancient ethnographical discourse. Most strikingly, the Jewish author self-presents here as Greek while creating an idealized portrait of a group, the Jewish identity of which is revealed only in the last third of the writing. The paper argues that Philo presents “common” Judaism in the guise of an Egyptian religious “sect”.
Here Comes the Bride
Authors: Clark Anne L.
Published: August 2015

Although there is no reference to the bride in the Gospel story of the wedding at Cana, the bride was not destined to remain invisible. Following Augustine’s lead, medieval commentators tended to interpret the story in terms of marriage of Christ and Ecclesia, and so the bride figured allegorically as a representation of the Church. New ideas about the bride emerged in the twelfth century, particularly in materials associated with women. In the Gospel explications of Hildegard of Bingen, and in texts and pictures created to support women’s devotional practices, the bride of Cana takes center stage as the vehicle for articulating new models of women’s religious identity and aspiration.
Two new combinations in Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon (Polygonaceae: Persicarieae)
Authors: Chen Shaofeng , Li Bo
Published: August 2015

Persicaria (Linnaeus 1753: 360) Miller (1754) is a monophyletic genus including about 150 species mainly distributed in the northern temperate regions but also extends to tropical regions (Brandbyge 1993). The sect. Echinocaulon (Meisner 1832: 58) Gross (1913: 27), which is characterized in having recurved prickles on stems, petioles, and abaxial surfaces of major leaf veins, often scandent habit and hastate or sagittate leaf base (Galasso et al. 2009, Park 1988), was traditionally placed under Polygonum Linnaeus (1753: 360) (see e.g., Meisner 1856, Bentham & Hooker 1880, Dammer 1893, Steward 1930, Tutin et al. 1991, Li 1998, Li et al. 2003). On the basis of recent molecular studies (e.g., Kim & Donoghue 2008a, 2008b, Galasso et al. 2009, Sanchez et al. 2009, 2011), as well as morphological and anatomical investigations (Haraldson 1978, Ronse Decraene & Akeroyd 1988, Ronse Decraene et al. 2000), the taxon Echinocaulon has been confirmed to be placed in Persicaria.
Neotypification of Pancratium sanctae-mariae (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Patil Sameer Chandrakant , LAKSHMINARASIMHAN LAKSHMINARASIMHAN , LEKHAK MANOJ , PANDEY AMIT
Published: August 2015

The genus Pancratium was established by Linnaeus (1762: 417). This genus is represented by ca. 20 species, mainly distributed in the Canary Islands, West Africa, Mediterranean, and Namibia (Mabberley 2008). Hooker (1892) enumerated 6 species and Karthikeyan et al. (1989) enumerated 7 species from India. At present the genus is represented by 8 species including the newly described Pancratium nairii Sasikala & Kumari (2013: 543). Pancratium sanctae-mariae Blatter & Hallberg (1921: 52) is endemic to Western Ghats in India (Ahmedulla & Nayar, 1986). An examination of specimens at BLAT, BSI and CAL (acronyms according to Thiers 2015) and scrutiny of literature shows that the name P. sanctae-mariae is lacking nomenclatural type.
A new genus and species of Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) associated with epiphytes in an Andean cloud forest in Ecuador
Authors: FROLOV ANDREY V. , VAZ-DE-MELLO FERNANDO Z.
Published: August 2015

Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are represented in the New World by the tribe Aegidiini, which is comprised of four genera (Paulian 1984). Examination of material collected in Ecuador revealed a series of the Aegidiini specimens from an undescribed species that cannot be classified as a member of one of the known genera. The new species is herein described and a new genus is established. Apart from the distinctive morphological characters, the new taxon shows an unusual, for the Orphninae, association with canopy epiphytes.
A new species of Aegidium Arrow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from the Atlantic forest ecoregion in South America
Authors: FROLOV ANDREY V. , GROSSI PASCHOAL C. , VAZ-DE-MELLO FERNANDO Z.
Published: August 2015

The New World genus Aegidium Arrow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) comprises mid-sized to rather large beetles belonging to 12 species (Paulian 1984). The species of this genus were known from the northern Amazon Basin and the Caribbean including some of the Lesser Antilles islands. Distribution records suggest that the primary habitat of Aegidium are Neotropical rain forests. The genus is distributed up to southern Mexico in the north (Morón 1991) and A. cribratum chileanum Paulian was described from Chile (Paulian 1984), but Aegidium has not been recorded southeast of the Amazonia. An interesting discovery was made by one of us (P.C.G.) who collected one male Aegidium specimen in the Atlantic forest patch near Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil)—the area separated from the yet known range of the genus by vast territories occupied by the Cerrado biome. Examination of this specimen showed that it belongs to an undescribed species and differs sharply from the other congeners in the shape of its aedeagus. This new species is described and illustrated below.
A new species of Buprestis subgenus Akiyamaia from South-Eastern Tibet, China (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Buprestini)
Authors: HUANG HAO , PAN ZHAO-HUI
Published: August 2015

Buprestis (Akiyamaia) intercostata sp. n. is described from Chayu, south-eastern Tibet. It is characterized by the presence of three additional longitudinal carinae inserted between the elevated suture and the three normal costae commonly found on each elytron of the previously known species of Akiyamaia.
Two new dwarfgobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan: Eviota flavipinnata and Eviota rubrimaculata
Authors: SUZUKI TOSHIYUKI , GREENFIELD DAVID W. , MOTOMURA HIROYUKI
Published: August 2015

Two new species of Eviota from Yoron Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, are described. Both species belong to the cephalic sensory-canal pore system pattern 2 (lacking only the H [IT] pore); have some pectoral-fin rays branched; have a dorsal/anal-fin formula of 9/8; no dark spot over the ural centrum; no prominent distinct dark spots on the pectoral-fin base; no postocular spots; and no strong dark spots on the caudal fin. The species share the most characters with E. afelei, E. bimaculata and E. punctulata, but differ from Eviota afelei and E. punctulata by having two versus three dark marks over the anal-fin base, and from Eviota bimaculata by lacking the two dark, prominent occipital spots present in that species. Both species differ from all other described species of Eviota in fresh coloration. Eviota flavipinnata has bright golden-yellow dorsal fins and an orange anal fin, and a fifth pelvic-fin ray that is 12% the length of the fourth ray. Eviota rubrimaculata has clear dorsal fins with red spots, large red spots on the body, and lacks the fifth pelvic-fin ray.
Skryjelites auritus gen. et sp. nov. and Quasimolites quasimodo gen. et sp. nov.—two new middle Cambrian hyolithids (?Mollusca) from the Czech Republic
Authors: VALENT Martin , FATKA OLDŘICH , SZABAD MICHAL , MICKA VÁCLAV , MAREK LADISLAV
Published: August 2015

Two new endemic genera and species of extinct group of Hyolitha, Skryjelites auritus gen. et sp. nov. and Quasimolites quasimodo gen. et sp. nov. are described and illustrated from the Buchava Formation of the Barrandian area (Czech Republic).