bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumer Behavior in the U.S. Pleasure Travel Marketplace: An Analysis of Senior and Nonsenior Travelers
Authors: Javalgi Rajshekhar G. , Thomas Edward G. , Rao S.R.
Published: March 2008

Recently, the consumer behavior of the senior market has become an increasingly important area of interest to various public policy makers and travel marketers. This article focuses on understanding the consumer behavior of seniors and nonseniors in the U.S. pleasure travel marketplace. Specifically, the study determines the types of pleasure trips taken and the differences that exist between the groups in the use of package trips, travel agents, and other travel-related characteristics. Demographic profiles of senior and nonsenior pleasure travelers are also delineated. The study findings are used as the bases for suggesting a number of implications for travel marketers.
Ecotourism: Ethics or Eco-Sell?
Authors: Wight Pamela
Published: March 2008

Two prevailing views of ecotourism relate to conservation and marketing perspectives. Unfortunately, the latter often exploits growing consumer interest in "green" products, through "eco-sell. " Ecotourism would benefit from product and performance stan dards and an ethics-based orientation. Ifproperly managed, conservation and ecotourism can be compatible, complementary, and sustainable.
Tourism and Traditional People: Forging Equitable Strategies
Authors: Walle A.H.
Published: March 2008

Tourism strategies often make use of the colorful nature of the traditional people who live in developing regions. Increasingly, cultural conservation, a policy science, is emerging as an advocate of traditional people who are in contact with the developed world. Tourism project directors will increasingly be interacting with such policy-scientists; thus, they should be aware of such decision makers and their priorities.
The Influence of State Traveler Information Centers on Tourist Length of Stay and Expenditures
Authors: Tierney Patrick T.
Published: March 2008

This article reports on a 1987 study of the effect of travel information centers (TIC) in Colorado. Stopping at the TIC resulted in a 2.2 day average increase in length of stay and an estimated $1,026,000 additional spending. The income groups most affected were middle and high income level groups. Most travelers who stopped did so to get information — a finding in contrast to earlier studies.
Highway Welcome Center Surveys: Problems with Nonresponse Bias
Authors: Stewart William P. , Anderson B. Scott , Fesenmaier Daniel R. , Lue Chi-Chuan
Published: March 2008

The ability of survey research to accurately represent the characteristics of highway welcome center visitors has become an important issue. This article reports on a study that attempted to evaluate the nonresponse bias associated with Texas Welcome Center visitors. Two data sets are compared: (1) a study that sampled visitors without follow-up on nonrespondents (response rate was 3%); and (2) a study that sampled visitors with follow-up (response rate was 78%). Results indicated that welcome center visitors who responded to sampling without follow-up were associated with a lower proportion residing in the adjacent state and a higher proportion residing in the nonadjacent state compared to respondents of the sample with follow-up. Besides the above consistent bias, different nonresponse bias effects were found across two travel seasons and across two welcome center locations on age, trip length, expenditure pattern, trip planning horizon, and influence of welcome center information.
A Conference Report...
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This report briefly summarizes the 1993 Travel Outlook Forum held in Washington, D.C., October 28, 1992. Copies of the "1993 Outlook for Travel and Tourism" are available from the U.S. Travel Data Center, Two Lafayette Center, 1133 21st Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, for $125.
The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Echtner Charlotte M. , Ritchie J.R. Brent
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this article is to carefully examine the concept of destination image with the goal of designing more appropriate and rigorous techniques for its measurement. A framework is presented which suggests that to completely measure destination image, several components must be captured. These include attribute-based images, holistic impressions, and functional, psychological, unique and common characteristics. It is proposed that a combination of structured and unstructured methodologies is necessary to measure destination image as envisaged in the conceptual framework. A series of openended questions and scale items are developed and are shown to successfully capture all of the components of destination image.
Inquiry Conversion and Travel Advertising Effectiveness
Authors: Messmer Donald J. , Johnson Robert R.
Published: March 2008

This study explores the effect of advertising in stimulating both inquiries and visitation to the historic restoration operated by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation in Williamsburg, Virginia. A hierarchial model, based on a quasi-experimental approach, is compared to a concurrent conversion study of the same population. The results suggest that conversion studies can avoid serious bias in the measurement of some advertising effects but that conversion studies cannot lead to an adequate measurement of incremental visitation due to advertising.
Tourism Planning, People and the Environment in Western Australia
Authors: Dowling Ross K.
Published: March 2008

A survey of 109 residents and 218 tourists of Shark Bay, Western Australia, was conducted in 1990-91 to determine their attitudes to tourism and the environment. The results indicate that while general support exists for a symbiotic relationship between the two, the residents place more emphasis on tourism development while the tourists give greater weight to environmental protection. Both groups indicate a preference for small-scale developments and believe that tourism should be integrated with the overall conservation and land management of the region. A number of recreational and touristic activities which are perceived to be environmentally harmful are noted, as well as others which are viewed as being environmentally compatible and therefore acceptable. The findings have direct management applications as the region is undergoing a tourism boom and has also just been proclaimed the first World Heritage Area in the state.
Socialist Cuba: A Study of Health Tourism
Authors: Goodrich Jonathan N.
Published: March 2008

This study focuses on tourism in Cuba since the Revolution with special emphasis on the novel concept of health tourism. The article provides a brief historical background on tourism in socialist Cuba, defines health tourism, gives a short historical perspective on health tourism, and discusses the health/tourism interaction. It then discusses health tourism in socialist Cuba, adds new dimensions to the general concept of health tourism (e.g., travel health care services), and suggests areas for future research.
Ideal and Actual Images of Backpacker Visitors to Northern Australia
Authors: Ross Glenn F.
Published: March 2008

The actual and ideal destination images of 400 backpacker visitors to the wet tropics region of northern Australia were examined together with enjoyment ratings and revisitation intentions. Most prominent ideal destination images involved positive ratings of the friendliness of local residents, high quality tourist information, and freely available suit able accommodation. Most prominent actual images involved positive ratings of the varied physical environment, friendly local residents, and the destination's authenticity. Images involving friendly local residents were found to be more related to revisit intentions and higher levels of enjoyment than had been expected. Implications of these findings for this growing visitor segment are examined.
Maximizing the Value of Focus Group Research: Qualitative Analysis of Consumer's Destination Choice
Authors: Milman Ady
Published: March 2008

This research note describes an example of an application of qualitative methodology to the study of destination choice. The example illustrates the value of conducting focus groups for identifying themes relevant to destination choice that reflect the three ego states.
The Impact of Videoconferencing on Airline Business Traffic
Authors: Coddington Peter
Published: March 2008

April 22, 1985: "Everybody was predicting a few years ago that teleconferencing was going to have an enormous impact on travel. I saw estimates that it was going to cut travel by as much as 50%. But it has proven to have had a minimal impact on travel. You can't get people to change the way they conduct business. They still get on airplanes and go. " American Express Travel Expense Control Consultant Judith Dettinger

June 13, 1991: "Videoconferencing has been around for a decade or so. During this period it has achieved small but now accelerating measures of success. Most recently, technology improvements and significant price reductions have stimulated many to use this technology as a substitute for certain types of business travel. The lack of viable international business travel options during the Gulf War moved many customers to use videoconferencing for the first time. They liked what they saw."

Speech given by Hal Selander at the Travel and Tourism Research Association 22nd Annual Conference
Attitudes and Perceptions Toward Tourism and Rural Regional Development
Authors: Lankford Samuel V.
Published: March 2008

Tourism development increasingly is used to enhance rural and regional economies. However, a number of key actors are involved in the process of developing this industry that hold varying viewpoints with regard to the viability of the industry. This study presents the results of using an attitudinal scale to survey 13 cities and six counties within the Columbia River Gorge region of Oregon and Washington. The key actors involved are not in agreement with the role of rural regional tourism and recreation development. The article concludes with recommendations for further research related to congruency and public policy in tourism development.
Assessing the Market Receptivity of a New Theme Park in Singapore: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Ah-Keng Kau
Published: March 2008

A park under construction with a Chinese historical theme was presented to both local residents and foreign visitors for the purpose of assessing their receptivity. From their responses to a research questionnaire, including experiences about tourist spots in Sin gapore and a host of other questions, their inclination to visit this new theme park was determined. They were also given a list of attractions and activities of the park and requested to evaluate each of them. Their responses provided additional information to assist the park management to plan marketing activities accordingly.
Patron Assessments of Amusement Park Attributes
Authors: Thach Sharon V. , Axinn Catherine N.
Published: March 2008

This study found that consumers' perceptions of product features is influenced by the context of the features: both the absolute and relative importance of features in overall attractiveness and satisfaction appear to be contextual. Core conditions amusement parks must meet are cleanliness and the presence of nice scenery; water rides and roller coasters are also important, as is an uncrowded family atmosphere. Other features vary in importance.
Effects of Strategy and Pictures in Travel Agency Advertising
Authors: Laskey Henry A. , Seaton Bruce , Nicholls J.A.F.
Published: March 2008

This study explores the effectiveness of various types of print advertising as a promotional vehicle, focusing on the main message strategy, the presence or absence of pictures, and the specific nature of the picture. The results show that informational advertising elicits a more favorable response pattern than image-based (or transformational) advertising. However, the picture effect is more pronounced for the informational ad, although the nature of the picture is less important. Recommendations are that smaller travel agencies emphasize informational advertising accompanied by pictures and that larger agencies continue to use pictures but strengthen the informational component of their advertising copy.
The Study of International Tourism Demand: A Survey of Practice
Authors: Crouch Geoffrey I.
Published: March 2008

International tourism demand and its determinants have been the subjects of numerous studies over the past three decades. Previous reviews of this body of research have identified only a small number of these studies. In contrast, this survey has attempted a comprehensive review of the literature. In this article, the first in a three-part series, similarities and dissimilarities in approach are discussed as a guide to researchers wishing to conduct similar studies.
Demand Elasticities for Short-Haul versus Long-Haul Tourism
Authors: Crouch Geoffrey I.
Published: March 2008

The estimation of demand elasticities in international tourism has been the subject of numerous empirical studies conducted over the last three decades. These studies have collectively analyzed a wide variety of situations. In particular, the findings span a diverse combination of origin and destination pairs representing extremes in terms of length of haul. This study integrates the empirical findings of 80 studies of international tourism demand using meta-analysis. The aim was to identify whether a systematic difference exists between long-haul and short-haul tourism. Income, price, exchange rate, transportation cost, and promotional expenditure elasticities of demand have been analyzed. In addition, underlying growth rates of long-haul tourism have been contrasted to the growth in short-haul tourism.
Discrete Choice Analysis of the Impact of Tourism Prices
Authors: Morley Clive L.
Published: March 2008

A designed experiment can address issues that modeling on time series data cannot. The article illustrates the power of experimental design and analysis with multinomial logit models to assess the independent effects of price factors. It uses the example of tourists from Kuala Lumpur choosing one of eight destinations in contexts where the prices of one alternative (Sydney) were varied. Airfares are seen to have more impact on destination choice than hotel tariffs or exchange rates.
Evaluating the Worth of Investment Incentives for Tourism Development
Authors: Wanhill Stephen R.C.
Published: March 2008

Around the world, expansion in tourism has resulted in the industry being recognized as a development option that few countries are prepared to ignore. Governments of all persuasions offer a range of investment incentives that, ideally, should be targeted at produc ing a balanced development of tourism to meet the many needs of visitors and be consistent with policy objectives. This article examines the nature of investment incentives, their impact, and some methods to evaluate their worth.
Measuring the Value of the Ethnic Connection: Expatriate Travelers from Australia to Sri Lanka
Authors: King Brian E.M. , Ari Gamage M.
Published: March 2008

This article uses the input-output technique to assess the impact of a particular target market on a particular destination, namely expatriate Sri Lankans resident in Australia, traveling back to their country of birth temporarily. The ethnic connection is particularly important for destinations such as Sri Lanka whose tourism industry has been affected by civil disturbance. We discovered that ethnically motivated travelers spend relatively small amounts on accommodation and a larger but still relatively small amount on transport. They do, however, spend substantial amounts in the retail and wholesale sectors, and the average length of stay is relatively long.
Whether to Go and Where to Go: Identification of Important Influences on Seniors' Decisions to Travel
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Brayley Russell E. , Searle Mark S.
Published: March 2008

This study focuses on discerning the differences between older adults who travel and those who do not, and also on distinguishing between destination choices. Data show that several variables account for differences among older adults, and consideration is given to the role of continuity theory as one possible explanation of the outcomes.
Increasing the Efficiency of Corporate Travel Management through Macro Benchmarking
Authors: Bell Russell A. , Morey Richard C.
Published: March 2008

This article demonstrates a macro benchmarking methodology to estimate the potential of a corporate travel department to reduce its business travel costs, with no change in its travel demands or operating environments. Results indicate that with a large enough pool of corporations appropriate benchmarking partners can be identified that match the volume and complexity of the firm's multidimensional travel demands, as well as the firm's operating environment. Targets are also provided for the different types of support costs, as well as sensitivity analyses related to changes in service levels and travel demands.
Response Bias and Wave Analysis of Mailed Questionnaires in Tourism Impact Assessments
Authors: Lankford Samuel V. , Buxton Barton P. , Hetzler Ronald , Little James R.
Published: March 2008

Common concerns of tourism impact researchers are the rate of return on surveys and the possibility of nonresponse bias issues. Most tourism impact research uses mail surveys. In order to achieve high response rates, multiple mailings (waves) are often employed. Of concern are the differences between waves and the appropriate timing of the cutoff of mailings during the research process. This study examined the attitudinal and sociodemographic differences in three waves and a check of nonresponse bias. The study suggests that no differences exist in the waves, yet some differences exist between respondents and nonrespondents. Methodological implications are identified and discussed.
The Demand for Incentive Travel: An Empirical Study
Authors: Sheldon Pauline J.
Published: March 2008

This article examines the phenomenon of incentive travel and gives insights into its use by major U.S. corporations. A survey of Fortune 1000 companies and their use of incentives — especially incentive travel — is the basis of the article. Characteristics of incentive travel are discussed, differences between corporations that use incentive travel awards and those that do not are examined, and a demand model of incentive travel choice by corporations is developed using logit analysis. The model is tested using the empirical data from the survey.
Sustainable Tourism Development: Managing Hawaii's "Unique" Touristic Resource — Hanauma Bay
Authors: Mak James , Moncur James E. T
Published: March 2008

The impact of tourism growth on the environment is an increasingly important public issue in travel destinations. However, there has been very little research focusing on the evaluation of management strategies for the sustainable development of unique touristic sites. Hawaii has one such unique site in Hanauma Bay Nature Park. In this case study we describe and evaluate the recent Honolulu City and County management plan for Hanauma Bay and suggest several criteria for the evaluation of management strategies for unique touristic resources. We conclude that Hanauma Bay is a partial success story of sustainable recreational resource management. It is argued that efficiency and benefits principles suggest that visitors to Hanauma Bay be required to pay an admission fee to ration the use of this scarce recreational resource and to generate revenues to fund park services.
Tourists' Awareness of Prices for Attractions and Activities
Authors: Lawson Rob , Gnoth Juergen , Paulin Kerry
Published: March 2008

A survey of tourists' awareness of prices for attractions and activities showed they had low levels of knowledge about actual prices charged. As with previous studies in other sectors, it was difficult to find variables to explain differences in tourists' level of knowledge. In particular, there was no difference between independent travelers and packaged tourists and no consistent differences on the basis of actual experience of products. Over all the products surveyed, three statistically significant associations were found. Depending on nationality, size of group, and sex, the accuracy of price awareness differed significantly. However, the total amount of variance explained was low.
Travel Motivations of Japanese Overseas Travelers: A Factor-Cluster Segmentation Approach
Authors: Cha Sukbin , Mccleary Ken W. , Uysal Muzaffer
Published: March 2008

Using a factor-cluster market segmentation approach, this study attempted to delineate the motivations of Japanese travelers who travel abroad for pleasure. Based on six delineated push motivation factors, cluster analysis was employed to identify similar respondents based on their motivations. The findings show that there are three distinct groups: sports seekers, novelty seekers, and family/relaxation seekers. Age and education variables were shown to be statistically significant among the three groups. The article concludes with market ing implications of the study results and suggestions for future research.
Travel-Stimulated Entrepreneurial Migration
Authors: Snepenger David J , Johnson Jerry D. , Rasker Raymond
Published: March 2008

Travel-stimulated entrepreneurial migration involves the movement of existing and potential businesses to a region by entrepreneurs who first visited it while on pleasure or business travel. The incidence of travel-stimulated entrepreneurship is examined within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. These pleasure and business travel-stimulated entrepreneurs are compared with native-Montana entrepreneurs regarding types of businesses they operate and their business location values. The findings indicate that travel-stimulated entrepreneurial migration contributes to business formation and diversity of firms competing in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The concept of travel-stimulated entrepreneurial migration is discussed with respect to conversion studies, economic impact models, and the tourism destination life-cycle model.
The Legalization of Casinos: Policy Objectives, Regulatory Alternatives, and Cost/Benefit Considerations
Authors: Eadington William R.
Published: March 2008

Legal casino-style gambling expanded dramatically in North America between 1988 and 1995. In the United States alone, commercial gaming revenues reached nearly $40 billion in 1994. This article examines the reasons for this sudden growth, how the casino profits are distributed, how the industry has dealt with arguments against legalization, and which groups have benefited from it. A future problem for the industry is also raised: as competition grows and markets become saturated, will gambling cease to be an economic stimulant? Finally, further study to achieve a fuller understanding of gambling's economic and social effects is called for.
Megaresort on My Doorstep: Local Resident Attitudes toward Foxwoods Casino and Casino Gambling on Nearby Indian Reservation Land
Authors: Carmichael Barbara A. , Peppard Donald M. , Boudreau Frances A.
Published: March 2008

Residents of three rural communities in southeastern Connecticut, adjacent to the Native American-owned Foxwoods Resort and Casino, have mixed reactions to the casino and their Native American neighbors. Three years of surveys are used to monitor changing attitudes, analyze and model current attitudes, and predict acceptance offuture development.
Canadian Casinos as Tourist Attractions: Chasing the Pot of Gold
Authors: Smith G.J. , Hinch T.D.
Published: March 2008

In this article, the commonly held belief that casinos automatically function as tourist attractions is questioned. The analysis suggests that while casinos do exhibit many of the characteristics of "typical" tourist attractions, they also differ in many ways. With the exception of the Windsor venue, Canadian casinos are not major tourist attractions.
Economic, Resource, and Fiscal Impacts of Visitors on Washoe County, Nevada
Authors: Borden George W. , Fletcher Robert R. , Harris Thomas R.
Published: March 2008

This article demonstrates a methodology developed to estimate the economic, resource, and fiscal impacts that visitors had on Washoe County, Nevada, in 1993. Average daily visitor expenditures were used to estimate the total economic activity, personal income, employment, population, housing units, residential water and electrical requirements, commercial water and electrical requirements, sales tax collections, lodging tax collections, and gaming tax and license collections generated by visitors to Washoe County.
Video Gambling in South Carolina: An Experiment in Local Option Gambling
Authors: Silverberg Kenneth E. , Ulbrich Holley H.
Published: March 2008

As in many Southern states, the expansion of the availability and forms of gambling has been a pressing issue in South Carolina. In 1994 South Carolina had the highest number of noncasino video gambling machines in the nation and each of the state's 46 counties was required to hold a referendum on continuing to permit cash payouts. The referendum passed in 34 counties.

This unusual referendum permitted an analysis of the determinants of acceptance or rejection of gambling within a single state. Analysis of the voting outcomes revealed that the percentage voting in favor was significantly and positively related to population density (a proxy for urbanization) and to various measures of tourism activity.
Ecotourism, Economics, and the Environment: Observations from China
Authors: Tisdell Clem
Published: March 2008

This article outlines reasons for an increasing interest in the development of ecotourism in China and considers the nature of ecotourism giving Chinese examples. The economic and environmental advantages and difficulties in developing ecotourism are discussed and illustrated by circumstances in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, China, an area of rich biodiversity. Tourism planning is also discussed in this context.
Visitor Experiences at Heritage Sites: A Phenomenological Approach
Authors: Masberg Barbara A. , Silverman Lois H.
Published: March 2008

There is a surprising lack of understanding of visitors' perspective on the experience of visiting a heritage site. Previous studies used quantitative approaches that did not shed light on visitors' perspectives, terms, and meanings. Drawing upon the tradition ofphenomenology, this exploratory study used qualitative research methods to examine college student visitors' perspectives on heritage sites they had visited. Respondents' experience was multidimensional: they emphasized activities in which they had engaged, their companions, site personnel they had encountered, and information learned during their visits. The results suggest a need for more careful site management (including the physical environment and site personnel) and changes in marketing, advertising, programming, and site missions. Further research on visitor experiences using phenomenological and qualitative approaches is needed.
Rural Tourism Development: Shifting Basis of Community Solidarity
Authors: Huang Yueh-Huang , Stewart William P.
Published: March 2008

Community solidarity is considered a definitive quality of many rural towns and one that could be dramatically influenced by accommodating tourism development. Previous research indicates that tourism brings people from different cultural backgrounds into a community. In this exploratory study, evidence indicates that tourism development changes residents' relationships to one another and to their community. Five propositions are discussed concerning the impacts of rural tourism: community diversification, delineation of social boundaries, conformity to an ideal town image, shared image as a source of bond ing, and a shifting basis of community solidarity.
Target Market Selection and Marketing Strategy: The Colorado Downhill Skiing Industry
Authors: Perdue Richard R.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this research is to present a method of target market selection developed for the downhill skiing industry of Colorado. A two-dimensional system for strategically classifying alternative markets on the basis of existing sales and incremental sales potential is proposed. Using a regression model of Colorado ski visitation, the 205 nonresident areas of dominant influence (ADIs) in the continental United States are classified.
The Relationship of Residents' Image of Their State as a Tourist Destination and Their Support for Tourism
Authors: Schroeder Tim
Published: March 2008

While a number of studies have measured or determined the images that potential visitors have of tourist destinations (Crompton 1979; Embacher and Buttle 1989; Gartner 1989; Gartner and Hunt 1987; Gartner and Shen 1992; Goodrich 1978; Hunt 1975; Reilly 1990), few have looked at the tourism image that local residents have of the destination area. It might be expected that the image that the host population has of its home area would be important because of its relationship to two aspects of tourism development: (1) it may influence political support for efforts to promote and develop tourism, and (2) it may influence the organic image developed in potential visitors via the information provided by host residents to friends, relatives, and business associates.
Image of Tourism Attractions in Kuwait
Authors: Alhemoud Abdulla M. , Armstrong Edward G.
Published: March 2008

The State of Kuwait has become well known since the Persian Gulf War. The country has tourism potential because of the international awareness arising from that conflict. This research compares the image of Kuwaiti tourism sights as perceived by Kuwaiti university students and English-speaking foreigners living in Kuwait. The findings show that the sample groups have different perceptions of tourism attractions and that neither group is very impressed with the attractions.
Private versus Public Financing of State Destination Promotion
Authors: Bonham Carl , Mak James
Published: March 2008

Until 1993 all U.S. state governments actively financed the promotion of travel to their states. In recent years, however, there has been growing public sentiment that governments should not directly engage in or fund tourism promotion. Colorado voters abolished their state's tourism board in 1993, while four other states are also looking for ways to privately fund state travel promotion. This article examines whether current efforts to induce greater private funding of destination travel promotion are likely to succeed. It is suggested that a broad-based, dedicated travel industry promotion tax is an effective way to reduce free riding by travel businesses and increase private funding of destination promotion.
A Preliminary Investigation into the Psychographics of Nature-Based Travelers to the Southeastern United States
Authors: Silverberg Kenneth E. , Backman Sheila J. , Backman Kenneth F.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine if psychographic research, which attempts to look at the life-style characteristics of tourists, can be used to differentiate segments of the nature-based travel market. Furthermore, it attempted to determine whether differ ences exist between members of the resulting segments with respect to their travel behavior, environmental attitudes, and demographic characteristics. This information should be useful to nature-based tourism marketers and planners in developing tourism products that will be attractive to various target markets.
Insights into International Travel by Students
Authors: Chadee Doren D. , Cutler Justine
Published: March 2008

Although research on international travelers abounds in the literature, international travel by students remains a neglected area of research. This article reports the findings from a survey of 370 university students in New Zealand. The survey identified student motives for undertaking international travel, the planning process, and the preferred destinations and methods of financing international trips. Logit models were developed and estimated for two important aspects of international travel by students. In addition, the study also included cross-cultural comparisons of travel behavior. The findings indicate that students traveling overseas represent a distinct market with specific needs and preferences. Travel behaviors vary significantly for different cultures and the article shows that it is possible to model such behaviors.
Making Tourists Feel Safe: Whose Responsibility is it?
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Tarlow Peter E. , Bloom Jonathan
Published: March 2008

A study of three police authorities in large tourism destinations was conducted to understand how local law enforcement agencies view their responsibility vis-à-vis the tourism industry and whether these agencies deal with crimes against tourists in a differ ent manner than crimes against residents. The results suggest that in all three destinations, law enforcement agencies are seriously committed to preventing and reducing crimes against tourists. To accomplish this, police authorities have set up special units whose sole responsibility is the protection of tourists and have trained selected personnel to deal specifically with tourist matters. The results indicate that not only do these law enforce ment agencies refrain from discriminating against tourists and the tourism industry, but they give this industry preferential treatment and make immense efforts to prevent crimes against tourists.
Customer Portfolio Development: Modeling Destination Adopters, Inactives, and Rejecters
Authors: Court Birgit , Lupton Robert A.
Published: March 2008

This study identifies factors associated with and discriminating among destination adopters, inactives, and rejecters. The setting is the state of New Mexico. The empirical findings are based on a sample of more than 900 out-of-state residents. The approach demonstrates how destination image, destination experience, and demographic character istics combine to influence segment membership. Moreover, the results also indicate that adopters and inactives can be separated by their image of the destination and by demo graphic characteristics. Managerial implications are outlined.
Travel Behaviors of International Students at a Midwestern University
Authors: Hsu Cathy H.C. , Sung Shihlin
Published: March 2008

The focus of this study was to identify the travel behaviors and demographic characteristics of international students traveling in the United States. Findings indicate that international students prefer touring activities when traveling. Automobiles, hotels/motels, and fast-food restaurants were used most often by respondents.
Is Downtown Mainly for Tourists?
Authors: Snepenger David J. , Reiman Steven , Johnson Jerry , Snepenger Mary
Published: March 2008

This article examines the perceived impacts of tourism development on downtown in a rural community. A random sample of residents of Bozeman, Montana, provided the data for developing the Downtown Tourism Impact Scale. The scale proved both valid and reliable. Perceptions of downtown correlated with residents' shopping, socializing, and community affiliation. The results led to the formulation of a downtown tourism life cycle model.
Assessing Marketing Research Use in Tourism with the USER Instrument
Authors: Yaman H. Ruhi , Shaw Robin N.
Published: March 2008

The USER (use of research) instrument has been devel oped recently to measure the use of marketing research studies by organizations. The basis of the USER framework is the underlying forms or types of use and the extent of use of research studies in decision making. The original USER research was conducted using a sample of a variety of member firms of the American Marketing Association and the Mar keting Science Institute, with no explicit consideration of tourism organizations. This article reports on a partial repli cation of the USER research in the context of tourism organizations. There is mixed support for both the conceptualization of USER and the construction of its questionnaire items. Suggestions are made for improving USER before the instrument is used widely within the tourism industry.
Economic Aspects of Casino Gaming in Austria
Authors: Smeral Egon
Published: March 2008

In Austria, casinos are a vital feature of the local and regional leisure and tourist facilities and improve the qualita tive and structural competitiveness of a region. In the first step, it can be noted in toto that the value added originally assigned to the casinos in the national accounts might be re duced, in a marginal analysis, by the action of substitution effects occurring in the wake of unplanned losses. In the next step, expenditures by casino visitors trigger an economic process that is propagated through several stages and create additional effective demand.
Tourism: The World's Peace Industry?
Authors: Litvin Stephen W.
Published: March 2008

Is tourism a generator of peace or simply the beneficiary of peace? This article questions the often-stated claim of tourism as the world's peace industry and asks whether there exists a causal relationship between tourism and peace or simply a co-relationship with tourism as a beneficiary, and not a cause, of peace.
Economic Valuation of the Coastline for Tourism in Barbados
Authors: Dharmaratne Gerard S. , Brathwaite Alwyn E.
Published: March 2008

The coastal environment in Barbados is the foundation of its tourism-based economy. With increasing emphasis on tourism for generating revenue, the importance of beaches cannot be overemphasized. This study describes methodo logical procedures that could be applied for valuating beaches for tourism. The results reveal that the value of beaches could be substantial. These values could be used, inter alia, for efficient beach management, for the possible implemen tation of a user fee, and in litigations for obtaining compen sation due to man-made disasters.
A Possible Role of Nrf2 in Prevention of Renal Oxidative Damage by Ferric Nitrilotriacetate
Authors: Kanki Keita , Umemura Takashi , Kitamura Yasuki , Ishii Yuji , Kuroiwa Yuichi , Kodama Yukio , Itoh Ken , Yamamoto Masayuki , Nishikawa Akiyoshi , Hirose Masao
Published: March 2008

To ascertain the possible roles of nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key transcription factor of phase 2 drug-metabolizing enzymes, in renal cellular defense against oxidative stress, wild-type and Nrf2-knockout (–/–) mice were treated with ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) at doses of 3 or 6 mg iron/kg body weight. After Fe-NTA treatment, Nrf2 (–/–) mice consistently showed lower levels of glutathione (GSH) in the kidney at the low dose and the liver at the high dose than the wild-type mice. Gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL) activity in the kidney and liver of Nrf2 (–/–) mice was also consistently lower than in wild-type mice after the Fe-NTA treatment. Histopathological examination revealed that nephrotoxicity of Fe-NTA, reflected in necrosis of renal tubule epithelial cells following nuclear damage, was more severe in the Nrf2 (–/–) mice than in their wild-type counterparts. Overall, the data suggest that Nrf2 (–/–) mice are unable to compensate for depletion of renal GSH because of oxidative stress, being more susceptible to Fe-NTA-induced nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, the present study showed that Nrf2 might play an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress in the kidney through its regulation of antioxidant enzymes.
Evaluation of the Cynomolgus Monkey Stomach: Recommendations for Standard Sampling Procedures in Nonclinical Safety Studies
Authors: Vidal Justin D. , Mirabile Rosanna C. , Thomas Heath C.
Published: March 2008

The cynomolgus macaque is the most commonly used nonhuman primate in nonclinical toxicity testing, but the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the stomach in the cynomolgus macaque is poorly described. To develop a reliable sampling method for histologic evaluation of the cynomolgus macaque stomach in regulatory toxicity studies, the stomachs of control animals were prospectively evaluated using an extensive sectioning pattern. The stomach of the cynomolgus macaque differs from that described for the human stomach and has a prominent fundus that lacks parietal cells. A description of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy is presented along with a recommended sectioning pattern for nonclinical toxicity studies and discussion of species differences. A thorough understanding of normal anatomy and species comparisons are critical to interpretation of potential toxicity findings and assessment of risk in humans.
American Triumphalism and the “Offensive” Defensiveness of the French
Authors: Demont-Heinrich Christof
Published: March 2008

Drawing from a variety of disciplines, this article examines some of the tensions reflected and reproduced by the global hegemony of English. It does so by way of critical interpretation of accounts of the global spread of English published in five American-owned prestige press publications. Part of a 275-text data pool, the texts analyzed in this article wrap the story of the global hegemony of English around Anglo-Franco competition and rivalry. They embrace what the author calls the French Foil narrative, or a story about the global rise of English that pits English against French, the United States against France, and Americans against “the” French. The story told is one in which English is seen as triumphing over French because of its superior status as a popular language. This antielitist plot relies heavily on the consummate antagonist of American populism, the French intellectual.
A New Direction in Women's Philanthropy
Authors: Caster Jacqueline Jacobs
Published: March 2008

The article is a case study of the highly successful and much replicated Los Angeles—based women's giving circle, Everychild Foundation. As American women's philanthropic opportunities have traditionally been limited to participation in fund-raising events, this model has demonstrated that there is a stimulating and effective alternative. Members join together, pooling brain power and yearly dues, in order to select a single annual grant in their community that will fund an innovative, replicable project for children. By leveraging their dollars, they are able to have a much more significant impact in the community than they could individually. With its democratic voting system, lack of hierarchy, and flexibility, the model is inclusive and fits within the lifestyle of busy contemporary women. Its formula has enabled its members to feel a “sense of ownership” in the organization and inspired many to venture further into the philanthropic world on their own. Its system of accountability has provided its members with the confidence that their dollars are well spent.
Calibrating the Reliability of Publicly Available Nonprofit Taxable Activity Disclosures
Authors: Yetman Michelle H. , Yetman Robert J. , Badertscher Brad
Published: March 2008

The topic of nonprofit commercialization has received increased attention from various groups including donors, regulators, and researchers. Perhaps the most commercial of all activities undertaken by nonprofits are those considered to be so far removed from an organization's exempt mission that the Internal Revenue Services (IRS) considers them to be taxable. Examination of these taxable activities can provide unique and valuable insights into the effects of purely commercial activities on nonprofit behavior. Nonprofits report their taxable activities on the confidential IRS 990-T. Although some information on taxable activities is reported on the publicly available IRS 990, unavailability of the IRS 990-T has prevented prior examination of its accuracy and reliability. Using a unique data set of otherwise confidential IRS 990-Ts, the authors calibrate the reliability of taxable activities as reported on the IRS 990, providing a roadmap for researchers to follow when examining nonprofits' taxable activities using publicly available data.
Worlds of welfare services and transfers
Authors: Jensen Carsten
Published: March 2008

The discussion on the existence and nature of the welfare regimes of Western democracies has been ongoing for more than 15 years, and many significant contributions have been made. The scholarly work has, however, had a tendency to focus on the transfer component of welfare states, thereby losing sight of the welfare service component. This article argues two aspects. First, the transfer component and welfare service component are two distinct dimensions of welfare regimes. Second, great differences exist between health care and social care services; health care is characterized by very uniform levels of expenditure across countries, while expenditure on social care services conforms to the regime typology of Esping-Andersen. This is taken to indicate that the welfare service component consists of two different types of services distinguished by the importance of the two ideological dimensions of familiarism and statism during the formative years of these welfare service sectors.
The Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers (WTMST)
Authors: Fernet Claude , Senécal Caroline , Guay Frédéric , Marsh Herbert , Dowson Martin
Published: March 2008

The authors developed and validated a measure of teachers' motivation toward specific work tasks: The Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers (WTMST). The WTMST is designed to assess five motivational constructs toward six work tasks (e.g., class preparation, teaching). The authors conducted a preliminary ( n = 42) and a main study among elementary and high school teachers ( n = 609) to develop and validate the scale. Overall, results from the main study reveal that the WTMST is composed of 30 reliable and valid factors reflecting five types of motivation among six work tasks carried out by teachers. Results based on an extension of the multitrait—multimethod approach provide very good support for assessing teachers' motivation toward various work tasks. Support for the invariance of the WTMST over gender and teaching levels was also obtained. Results are discussed in light of self-determination theory and the multitask perspective.
Dynamic Modeling of a Novel Microfluidic Channel Angular Accelerometer
Authors: Jurgens Wolfaardt H. , Stephan Heyns P.
Published: March 2008

The angular accelerometer is a versatile inertial instrument, with applications ranging from vehicle stabilization to navigation and satellite pointing. A novel angular accelerometer is proposed, which is able to improve on contemporary angular accelerometers and micro-electromechanical system gyroscopes. The sensor consists of micro-machined spiral channels, fabricated on multiple wafers and used to construct a spiral-helix fluid column that generates high pressure during angular acceleration round the sensitive axis. The two ends of the fluid column are joined at a central measurement chamber, where a diaphragm-based pressure transducer produces a signal proportional to the angular acceleration applied. This article presents the dynamics of the sensor, and then investigates its potential. A discrete multiple-degree-of-freedom model simulates pressure generation and propagation, and was verified experimentally. Channel flow is simulated by means of a model derived from Szymanski's theory of unsteady laminar flow. The pressure transducer diaphragm model is based on linear flat plate theory. The sensor theory is synthesized in a linear sensor model and the dynamic response optimized by means of the Kuhn-Tucker method. A simulation study demonstrated that a sensor with a resolution of 15 μ rad /s2 and a bandwidth of 50 Hz can be packaged with a diameter of 22 mm and a height of 22 mm, when referenced against a noise level of 1 μV/√Hz.