bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct aperture optimization: A turnkey solution for step‐and‐shoot IMRT
Authors: Shepard D. M. , Earl M. A. , Li X. A. , Naqvi S. , Yu C.
Published: July 2002

IMRT treatment plans for step‐and‐shoot delivery have traditionally been produced through the optimization of intensity distributions (or maps) for each beam angle. The optimization step is followed by the application of a leaf‐sequencing algorithm that translates each intensity map into a set of deliverable aperture shapes. In this article, we introduce an automated planning system in which we bypass the traditional intensity optimization, and instead directly optimize the shapes and the weights of the apertures. We call this approach “direct aperture optimization.” This technique allows the user to specify the maximum number of apertures per beam direction, and hence provides significant control over the complexity of the treatment delivery. This is possible because the machine dependent delivery constraints imposed by the MLC are enforced within the aperture optimization algorithm rather than in a separate leaf‐sequencing step. The leaf settings and the aperture intensities are optimized simultaneously using a simulated annealing algorithm. We have tested direct aperture optimization on a variety of patient cases using the EGS4/BEAM Monte Carlo package for our dose calculation engine. The results demonstrate that direct aperture optimization can produce highly conformal step‐and‐shoot treatment plans using only three to five apertures per beam direction. As compared with traditional optimization strategies, our studies demonstrate that direct aperture optimization can result in a significant reduction in both the number of beam segments and the number of monitor units. Direct aperture optimization therefore produces highly efficient treatment deliveries that maintain the full dosimetric benefits of IMRT.
AAPM's TG‐51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high‐energy photon and electron beams
Authors: Almond Peter R. , Biggs Peter J. , Coursey B. M. , Hanson W. F. , Huq M. Saiful , Nath Ravinder , Rogers D. W. O.
Published: July 2002

A protocol is prescribed for clinical reference dosimetry of external beam radiation therapy using photon beams with nominal energies between and 50 MV and electron beams with nominal energies between 4 and 50 MeV. The protocol was written by Task Group 51 (TG‐51) of the Radiation Therapy Committee of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and has been formally approved by the AAPM for clinical use. The protocol uses ion chambers with absorbed‐dose‐to‐water calibration factors, which are traceable to national primary standards, and the equation where is the beam quality of the clinical beam, is the absorbed dose to water at the point of measurement of the ion chamber placed under reference conditions, is the fully corrected ion chamber reading, and is the quality conversion factor which converts the calibration factor for a beam to that for a beam of quality Values of are presented as a function of for many ion chambers. The value of is given by where is the raw, uncorrected ion chamber reading and corrects for ion recombination, for temperature and pressure variations, for inaccuracy of the electrometer if calibrated separately, and for chamber polarity effects. Beam quality, is specified (i) for photon beams, by the photon component of the percentage depth dose at 10 cm depth for a field size of on the surface of a phantom at an SSD of 100 cm and (ii) for electron beams, by the depth at which the absorbed‐dose falls to 50% of the maximum dose in a beam with field size on the surface of the phantom for cm) at an SSD of 100 cm. is determined directly from the measured value of the depth at which the ionization falls to 50% of its maximum value. All clinical reference dosimetry is performed in a water phantom. The reference depth for calibration purposes is 10 cm for photon beams and cm for electron beams. For photon beams clinical reference dosimetry is performed in either an SSD or SAD setup with a field size defined on the phantom surface for an SSD setup or at the depth of the detector for an SAD setup. For electron beams clinical reference dosimetry is performed with a field size of for cm) at an SSD between 90 and 110 cm. This protocol represents a major simplification compared to the AAPM's TG‐21 protocol in the sense that large tables of stopping‐power ratios and mass‐energy absorption coefficients are not needed and the user does not need to calculate any theoretical dosimetry factors. Worksheets for various situations are presented along with a list of equipment required.
Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Treatment of Lactational Mastitis
Authors: Louis-Jacques Adetola F. , Berwick Margarita , Mitchell Katrina B.
Published: January 2023

This JAMA Insights Clinical Update reviews the risk factors for and symptoms of lactational mastitis and provides a potential treatment algorithm.
AeiA is a novel autophagy‐related protein that promotes peroxisome degradation by pexophagy in Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Nishio Joichiro , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Kasahara Masahiro , Takeda Yoichi , Kikuma Takashi
Published: January 2023

Autophagy is classified into nonselective and selective autophagy, depending on the specificity of substrate degradation. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, selective autophagy, which includes pexophagy and mitophagy, has been observed. However, the molecular mechanism underlying selective autophagy in filamentous fungi remains unclear. Here, we identified a novel protein that interacts with the autophagy‐related protein Atg8 in A. oryzae, named AoAtg8‐interacting protein A (AeiA). AeiA was localized to AoAtg8‐positive autophagic membrane structures and peroxisomes. Moreover, peroxisomal trafficking into the vacuole was reduced in AeiA disruptants. Taken together, AeiA is a novel selective autophagy‐related protein that contributes to pexophagy in A. oryzae.
Gamma passing rates of daily EPID transit images correlate to PTV coverage for breast cancer IMRT treatment plans
Authors: Sánchez‐Artuñedo David , Reyes López Victoria , Granado Carrasco Raquel , Beltran‐Vilagrasa Mercè , Duch‐Guillen Maria Amor , Hermida‐López Marcelino
Published: January 2023

Purpose

The use of the transit image obtained with the electronic portal‐imaging device (EPID) is becoming an extended method to perform in‐vivo dosimetry. The transit images acquired during each fraction can be compared with a predicted image, if available, or with a baseline image, usually the obtained in the first fraction. This work aims to study the dosimetric impact of the failing fractions and to evaluate the appropriateness of using a baseline image in breast plans.

Material and methods

Twenty breast patients treated in a Halcyon were retrospectively selected. For each patient and fraction, the treatment plan was calculated over the daily CBCT image. For each fraction, the differences respect to the treatment plan values of OARs and PTV dosimetric parameters were analyzed: ΔDmean, ΔD95%, ΔD98%, ΔD2%, ΔV36Gy, ΔV38.5Gy, and ΔV43.5Gy.

Daily fractions were ranked according to the differences found in the dosimetric parameters between the treatment plan and the daily CBCT to establish the best fraction. The daily transit images acquired in every fraction were compared to the first fraction using the global gamma index with the Portal Dosimetry tool. The comparison was repeated using the best fraction image as a baseline.

We assessed the correlation of the dosimetric differences obtained from the CBCT images‐based treatment plans with the gamma index passing rates obtained using first fraction and best fraction as baseline.

Results

Average values of ‐11.6% [‐21.4%, ‐3.3%] and ‐3.2% [‐1.0%, ‐10.3%] for the ∆PTVD98% and ∆PTVD95% per every 10% decrease in the passing rate were found, respectively.

When using the best fraction as baseline patients were detected with failing fractions that were not detected with the first fraction as baseline.

Conclusion

The gamma passing rates of daily transit images correlate with the coverage loss parameters in breast IMRT plans. Using first fraction image as baseline can lead to the non‐detectability of failing fractions.
Computation of maximal output admissible sets for linear systems with polynomial constraints
Authors: Cotorruelo Andres , Garone Emanuele , Kolmanovsky Ilya V. , Ramirez Daniel R. , Limon Daniel
Published: January 2023

In this technical note we study the computation of the Maximal Output Admissible Set for linear systems subject to polynomial constraints. The computation of an inner approximation of the Maximal Output Admissible Sets requires the determination of constraint redundancy. We use a procedure to determine polynomial constraint redundancy based on a consequence of Putinar's Positivstellensatz. Further, we present a modification of the algorithm to compute the Maximal Output Admissible Set with improved performance. Lastly, demonstrate the potential for practical applications in two case studies of spacecraft rendezvous and control of an electromagnetic actuator.
Spring‐Like Ammonium Salt Assisting Stress Release for Low‐Temperature Deposited FAPbI3 Films Toward Flexible Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Chen Chun‐Hao , Hu Fan , Su Zhen‐Huang , Yu Yan‐Jun , Wang Kai‐Li , Shi Yi‐Ran , Chen Jing , Xia Yu , Gao Xing‐Yu , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: January 2023

The substrates of conventional flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) are thermoplastic polymer material polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), which will deform during high temperature annealing process. In addition, lead iodide (PbI2) permanently formed and the substrate undergoes reversible deformation from 20 °C to 200 °C and back to 20 °C. Therefore, to balance the substrate supporting capacity and the crystalline quality of narrow band gap α‐phase formamidinium lead iodide (α‐FAPbI3), an annealing process of 120 °C for 30 minutes is determined. Additionally, there will also be a large number of gaps and lattice strain at the perovskite grain boundaries during the annealing process as the FAPbI3 phase transition is accompanied by much lattice shrinkage. As a result, 1,6‐hexanediammonium diiodide (HADI) is chosen to passivate the defects and release the stress of perovskite film. Therefore, a recorded 1.4% extended stretch rate of the flexible film is attained. Finally, the champion PCE of 21.14% under AM 1.5G and 31.52% under 1062 lux is achieved after HADI treatment, accompanied by a better long‐term and mechanical stability. This study provides annealing process optimization and stress relief strategies for the further development of narrow band gap FPSCs.
Molecular Engineering of Cyclic Azobenzene‐Peptide Hybrid Ligands for the Purification of Human Blood Factor VIII via Photo‐Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Prodromou Raphael , Moore Brandyn David , Chu Wenning , Deal Halston , San Miguel Adriana , Brown Ashley Carson , Daniele Michael Angelo‐Anthony , Pozdin Vladimir Aleksandrovich , Menegatti Stefano
Published: January 2023

The use of benign stimuli to control the binding and release of labile biologics for their isolation from complex feedstocks is a key goal of modern biopharmaceutical technology. This study introduces cyclic azobenzene‐peptide (CAP) ligands for the rapid and discrete photo‐responsive capture and release of blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). A predictive method—based on amino acid sequence and molecular architecture of CAPs—is developed to correlate the conformation of cis/trans‐CAP photo‐isomers to FVIII binding and release. Combined in silico ‐ in vitro analysis of FVIII:peptide interactions guide the design of a rational approach to optimize isomerization kinetics and biorecognition of CAPs. A photoaffinity adsorbent, prepared by conjugating selected CAP G‐cycloAZOB[Lys‐YYKHLYN‐Lys]‐G on translucent chromatographic beads, features high binding capacity (>6 mg of FVIII per mL of resin) and rapid photo‐isomerization kinetics (τ < 30 s) when exposed to 420–450 nm light at the intensity of 0.1 W cm−2. The adsorbent purifies FVIII from a recombinant harvest using a single mobile phase, affording high product yield (>90%), purity (>95%), and blood clotting activity. The CAPs introduced in this report demonstrate a novel route integrating gentle operational conditions in a rapid and efficient bioprocess for the purification of life‐saving biotherapeutics.
Mapping the Three‐Dimensional Nanostructure of the Ionic Liquid–Solid Interface Using Atomic Force Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Elbourne Aaron , Dupont Madeleine , Kariuki Rashad , Meftahi Nastaran , Daeneke Torben , Greaves Tamar L. , McConville Christopher F. , Bryant Gary , Bryant Saffron J. , Besford Quinn A. , Christofferson Andrew J.
Published: January 2023

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a widely investigated class of solvents for scientific and industrial applications due to their desirable and “tunable” properties. The IL–solid interface is a complex entity, and despite intensive investigation, its true nature remains elusive. The understanding of the IL–solid interface has evolved over the last decade from a simple 1D double layer, to a 2D ordered interface, and finally a liquid‐specific, complex 3D ordered liquid interface. However, most studies depend solely on one technique, which often only examine one aspect of the interfacial nanostructure. Here, a holistic study of the protic IL–solid interface is presented, which provides a more detailed picture of IL interfacial solvation. The 3D nanostructure of the ethylammonium nitrate (EAN)–mica interface is investigated using a combination of 1D, 2D, and 3D amplitude modulated‐atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Importantly, it is found that the EAN–mica interface is more complex than previously reported, possessing surface‐adsorbed, near‐surface, surface‐normal, and lateral heterogeneity, which propagates at relatively large distances from the solid substrate. The work presented in this study meaningfully enhances the understanding of the IL–solid interface.
Independent Manipulation of Aperture and Radiation Fields in a Transmission‐Reflection Integrated Complex‐Amplitude Metasurface
Authors: Li Zhenfei , Zhang Jin , Liu Ji , Liu Longhai , Wang Xiong , Premaratne Malin , Yao Jianquan , Zhu Weiren
Published: January 2023

Metasurfaces have superior performance in flexible wave manipulation used for various multifunctional devices. However, they remain challenging for the completely spatial manipulation of electromagnetic waves including wave propagation direction and distance degrees of freedom. Here, a novel strategy of multiplexing metasurface with a non‐interleaved meta‐atoms array is introduced. The design fully explores wave propagation direction and distance degrees of freedom by combining irregular complex‐amplitude encoding method and transmission‐reflection selective meta‐atom. Therein, by limiting effective meta‐atoms to a specific geometry and encoding highly selective phase sequences for wavefront shaping to these meta‐atoms, the distance multiplexing properties of aperture and radiation fields can be designed to suit application needs. Also, the transmission‐reflection integrated meta‐atoms is further engineered to increase the propagation direction degrees of freedom in electromagnetic manipulation. As proof of concept, a six‐channel metasurface operating in one transmitted mode and two reflected modes are experimentally generated, enabling us to reconstruct an aperture‐field printing image and a radiation‐field holographic image for each mode simultaneously. This strategy may have an alternative route for potential applications such as data storage, image encryption, and information communication systems.
Breathable Encapsulated Liquid Metal Foam‐Based Soft Stress Sensor
Authors: Xu Jin , Wang Zhimin , Wang Xinxin , Wu Yali , Xing Ruizhe , Yu Tingting , Li Yang , Ao Jinping , Tao Yebo , Bai Bowen , Dickey Michael D. , Zhang Dongguang , Yang Jiayi
Published: January 2023

Liquid metal (LM)‐based soft and wearable sensors have great potential for applications in human motion monitoring and human‐machine interfaces. To avoid smearing of exposed LM, it is necessary to encapsulate LM with elastomers, which decreases the breathability and results in discomfort and even skin irritation. To solve this problem, this work proposes a breathable encapsulated LM foam (BELMF)‐based soft stress sensor. By using two polydimethylsiloxane foam layers, the BELMF‐based sensor achieves non‐smearing and breathability. Meanwhile, a three‐dimensional electrode is designed to implement the electric connection without decreasing breathability. Appling stress to the BELMF‐based sensor makes the LM foam collapse and forms new conductive paths, which reduces the resistance of the sensor. The sensitivity of the BELMF‐based sensor can reach 1.4 Pa−1. The mechanisms of the breathable encapsulation and the sensor are investigated through experiments and simulations. In addition, the potential applications of the BELMF‐based sensor for monitoring human motion are demonstrated.
Soft Ball‐Based Triboelectric–Electromagnetic Hybrid Nanogenerators for Wave Energy Harvesting
Authors: Pang Yaokun , Fang Yuhui , Su Jiaji , Wang Huigang , Tan Yeqiang , Cao Changyong (Chase)
Published: January 2023

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) provides a new cost‐effective strategy to harvest water wave energy due to the broad options of triboelectric materials and the high efficiency in low‐frequency energy harvesting. Here, a new triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (TEHG) consisting of a soft ball‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (SB‐TENG) and an electromagnetic generator (EMG) is reported for harvesting wave energy. The soft balls are utilized as one triboelectric layer to increase the contact area with the copper electrodes. The critical parameters that may affect the energy harvesting performance of the SB‐TENG are investigated, including the type of the filled liquids, the thickness of the silicone shell, the number of layers, and the added soft balls. Under an operating frequency of 1 Hz, the SB‐TENG and the EMG can reach a maximum output peak power of 0.5 and 8.5 mW, respectively. The TEHG has been demonstrated to power dozens of light‐emitting diodes and drives a digital temperature sensor to monitor the water temperature for an extended period. This study provides a new design and approach to improve the output performance of TENGs and presents an excellent prospect for building a self‐powered water‐sensing system driven by low‐frequency water waves.
Highly Reliable Physical Bending Sensors using Heterostructured Floating Gate Organic Transistor
Authors: Seo Jungyoon , Choi Giheon , Hwang Taehoon , Han Songyeon , Kim Youngjin , Choi Hyun Ho , Lee Hwa Sung
Published: January 2023

Herein, a piezovoltage‐modulated field‐effect transistor (PVMFET) is proposed that provides physical sensing capabilities while maintaining excellent FET performance through the combination of a piezovoltage (PV) capacitor sensing medium and an FET structure that can amplify signal responses to external stimuli. The PV generated in the piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐co‐trifluoroethylene‐based PV capacitor through bending deformation modulates the effective gate voltage induced in the PV‐modulated gate. In particular, in the device, it is found that the piezo‐responsive modulation of the effective gate electric field is enhanced by the applied gate voltage, corresponding to the higher modulation of channel current at the higher gate voltage under bending. Accordingly, a PVMFET‐based physical sensor that can accurately estimate the bending angle is implemented. The sensor exhibits a high sensitivity, repeatability, and a sensing linearity of 0.98 while the bending angle is varied from 0° to 93°. The sensing performance remains constant even when the bending frequency changed from 0.25 to 1.0 Hz at the largest bending angle (93°) measured, confirming the effectiveness of the sensor platform. The proposed PVMFET‐based physical sensor platform is suitable for applications that require stable driving performance and the simultaneous detection of external physical stimuli in real time.
Recent Development and Applications of Sensors for the Detection of Matrix Metalloproteinases
Authors: Zhang Huayue , Wu Miaomiao , Ta Hang Thu , Xu Zhi Ping , Zhang Run
Published: January 2023

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a class of zinc‐dependent endopeptidases that play important roles in disease progression. High expression of MMPs is associated with various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases. For better understanding the roles of MMPs in these diseases’ development and the potential in early diagnosis and treatment monitoring, a number of sensors have recently been developed for MMPs detection in vitro and in vivo. These sensors are designed mainly based on the exploration of MMPs’ molecular structure and enzymatic activity. This review seeks to provide a summary for the development and application of the sensors for the detection of MMPs in the past three years. The research hotspots, current challenges, and further research directions in this field are also discussed.
Non‐Equilibrium Bose–Einstein Condensation of Exciton‐Polaritons in Silicon Metasurfaces
Authors: Castellanos Gabriel W. , Ramezani Mohammad , Murai Shunsuke , Gómez Rivas Jaime
Published: January 2023

Exciton‐polaritons (EPs) are hybrid light–matter quasi‐particles with bosonic character formed by the strong coupling between excitons in matter and photons in optical cavities. Their hybrid character offers promising prospects for the realization of non‐equilibrium Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs), and room‐temperature BECs are possible with organic materials. However, the thresholds required to create BECs of organic EPs remain still high to allow condensation with electrical injection of carriers. One of the factors behind these high thresholds is the very short cavity lifetimes, leading to a fast EP decay and the need to inject higher exciton densities in the reservoir to form the condensate. Here a BEC of EPs in organic dyes and all‐dielectric metasurfaces at room temperature is demonstrated. By using dielectric metasurfaces that exhibit very low losses it is possible to achieve cavity lifetimes long enough to allow an efficient population of EP states via vibrational relaxation and radiative pumping. It is shown how polariton lasing or non‐equilibrium Bose–Einstein condensation is achieved in several cavities, and one of the lowest reported thresholds for BECs in organic materials is observed.
Ultrasensitive Detection and Cellular Photothermal Therapy via a Self‐Photothermal Modulation Biosensor
Authors: Xiao Aoxiang , Zheng Jiaying , Wu Xiaolan , Cui Wei , Chen Pengwei , Liang Jiaxuan , Zhong Junyang , Huang Yugang , Huang Yunyun , Guan Bai‐Ou
Published: January 2023

The use of light, which is s a powerful tool for imaging and sensing, has also become one of the most prospective strategies in tumor treatment. Optical microfibers, which have engineerable waveguiding properties, are highly attractive for optical sensing and photothermal therapy on the micro/nanoscale. However, for their real‐world application, the sensitivity limit needs to be addressed, as does the issue of improving the intrinsic photothermal performance of silica microfibers. Herein, a nanointerface consisting of triangular Au@Ag2S nanoplates and VO2 nanoparticles on an optical microfiber is designed to fabricate a structurally resilient hierarchical microfiber sensor with well‐distributed plasmonic hotspot enhancement. The nanointerface enhances the evanescent field with temperature tunability, adding a self‐photothermal modulation function to the sensor. The sensor exhibits a temperature‐tunable sensitivity to alpha‐fetoprotein with a limit of detection of 0.62 × 10−18 m. It differentiates hepatoma carcinoma cells from normal cells and provides photothermal therapy aimed at the former. Quantitative evaluation of the sensor indicates that photothermal therapy kills more than 82% of cancer cells using a lower power. This work provides a new opportunity for selective evanescent field modulation for evanescent biosensors as well as a potential approach to the integration of cellular diagnosis and therapy.
Reversing T Cell Dysfunction to Boost Glioblastoma Immunotherapy by Paroxetine‐Mediated GRK2 Inhibition and Blockade of Multiple Checkpoints through Biomimetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Tingting , Zhang Hao , Han Yaobao , Zheng Qing , Liu Hanghang , Han Mengxiao , Li Zhen
Published: January 2023

T cell dysfunction‐induced tumor immune escape is particularly severe in glioblastoma (GBM), and significantly affects the efficacy of immunotherapy. It is crucial to innovatively reverse the T cell dysfunction for improving GBM immunotherapy. Herein, T cell dysfunction is remarkably reversed and immunotherapy of GBM is boosted by repurposing the U. S. Food and Drug Administration‐approved antidepressant paroxetine (PX) with biomimetic nanoparticles (CS‐J@CM/6 NPs). The PX is successfully applied to abrogate T cell sequestration in the bone marrow of GBM‐bearing mice and increase their infiltration in tumor. The biomimetic NPs are composed of ultrasmall Cu2−xSe NPs, JQ1, and tumor cell membrane modified with CD6, and are efficiently delivered into tumor through the specific interactions between CD6 and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule. They ameliorate the T cell dysfunction through the double roles of loaded JQ1, which simultaneously decreases the expression of PD‐1 and TIM‐3 on T cells, and the expression of PD‐L1 on tumor cells. The NP also induces the immunogenic cell death of tumor cells to activate immune response. The synergistic roles of PX and biomimetic CS‐J@CM/6 NPs notably enhance the survival of GBM‐bearing mice. This work provides new insights into tumor immunotherapy by repurposing “old drugs” with advanced NPs.
Wireless Self‐Powered Optogenetic System for Long‐Term Cardiac Neuromodulation to Improve Post‐MI Cardiac Remodeling and Malignant Arrhythmia
Authors: Zhou Liping , Zhang Yuanzheng , Cao Gang , Zhang Chi , Zheng Chen , Meng Guannan , Lai Yanqiu , Zhou Zhen , Liu Zhihao , Liu Zihan , Guo Fuding , Dong Xin , Liang Zhizhuo , Wang Yueyi , Guo Shishang , Zhou Xiaoya , Jiang Hong , Yu Lilei
Published: January 2023

Autonomic imbalance is an important characteristic of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) and adversely contributes to post‐MI cardiac remodeling and ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). A previous study proved that optogenetic modulation could precisely inhibit cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity and prevent acute ischemia‐induced VAs. Here, a wireless self‐powered optogenetic modulation system is introduced, which achieves long‐term precise cardiac neuromodulation in ambulatory canines. The wireless self‐powered optical system based on a triboelectric nanogenerator is powered by energy harvested from body motion and realized the effective optical illumination that is required for optogenetic neuromodulation (ON). It is further demonstrated that long‐term ON significantly mitigates MI‐induced sympathetic remodeling and hyperactivity, and improves a variety of clinically relevant outcomes such as improves ventricular dysfunction, reduces infarct size, increases electrophysiological stability, and reduces susceptibility to VAs. These novel insights suggest that wireless ON holds translational potential for the clinical treatment of arrhythmia and other cardiovascular diseases related to sympathetic hyperactivity. Moreover, this innovative self‐powered optical system may provide an opportunity to develop implantable/wearable and self‐controllable devices for long‐term optogenetic therapy.
The Interaction of 2D Materials With Circularly Polarized Light
Authors: Rong Rong , Liu Ying , Nie Xuchen , Zhang Wei , Zhang Zhuhua , Liu Yanpeng , Guo Wanlin
Published: January 2023

2D materials (2DMs), due to spin‐valley locking degree of freedom, exhibit strongly bound exciton and chiral optical selection rules and become promising material candidates for optoelectronic and spin/valleytronic devices. Over the last decade, the manifesting of 2D materials by circularly polarized lights expedites tremendous fascinating phenomena, such as valley/exciton Hall effect, Moiré exciton, optical Stark effect, circular dichroism, circularly polarized photoluminescence, and spintronic property. In this review, recent advance in the interaction of circularly polarized light with 2D materials covering from graphene, black phosphorous, transition metal dichalcogenides, van der Waals heterostructures as well as small proportion of quasi‐2D perovskites and topological materials, is overviewed. The confronted challenges and theoretical and experimental opportunities are also discussed, attempting to accelerate the prosperity of chiral light‐2DMs interactions.
Quantitative Regulation of Interlayer Space of NH4V4O10 for Fast and Durable Zn2+ and NH4+ Storage
Authors: Li Shuyue , Yu Dongxu , Liu Jingyi , Chen Nan , Shen Zexiang , Chen Gang , Yao Shiyu , Du Fei
Published: January 2023

Layered vanadium‐based oxides are the promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). Herein, an in situ electrochemical strategy that can effectively regulate the interlayer distance of layered NH4V4O10 quantitatively is proposed and a close relationship between the optimal performances with interlayer space is revealed. Specifically, via increasing the cutoff voltage from 1.4, 1.6 to 1.8 V, the interlayer space of NH4V4O10 can be well‐controlled and enlarged to 10.21, 11.86, and 12.08 Å, respectively, much larger than the pristine one (9.5 Å). Among them, the cathode being charging to 1.6 V (NH4V4O10‐C1.6), demonstrates the best Zn2+ storage performances including high capacity of 223 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 and long‐term stability with capacity retention of 97.5% over 1000 cycles. Such superior performances can be attributed to a good balance among active redox sites, charge transfer kinetics, and crystal structure stability, enabled by careful control of the interlayer space. Moreover, NH4V4O10‐C1.6 delivers NH4+ storage performances whose capacity reaches 296 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and lifespan lasts over 3000 cycles at 5 A g−1. This study provides new insights into understand the limitation of interlayer space for ion storage in aqueous media and guides exploration of high‐performance cathode materials.
High Pressure‐Driven Magnetic Disorder and Structural Transformation in Fe3GeTe2: Emergence of a Magnetic Quantum Critical Point
Authors: Dang Ngoc‐Toan , Kozlenko Denis P. , Lis Olga N. , Kichanov Sergey E. , Lukin Yevgenii V. , Golosova Natalia O. , Savenko Boris N. , Duong Dinh‐Loc , Phan The‐Long , Tran Tuan‐Anh , Phan Manh‐Huong
Published: January 2023

Among the recently discovered 2D intrinsic van der Waals (vdW) magnets, Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) has emerged as a strong candidate for spintronics applications, due to its high Curie temperature (130 – 220 K) and magnetic tunability in response to external stimuli (electrical field, light, strain). Theory predicts that the magnetism of FGT can be significantly modulated by an external strain. However, experimental evidence is needed to validate this prediction and understand the underlying mechanism of strain‐mediated vdW magnetism in this system. Here, the effects of pressure (0 – 20 GPa) are elucidated on the magnetic and structural properties of Fe3GeTe2 by means of synchrotron Mössbauer source spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy over a wide temperature range of 10 – 290 K. A strong suppression of ferromagnetic ordering is observed with increasing pressure, and a paramagnetic ground state emerges when pressure exceeds a critical value, PPM ≈ 15 GPa. The anomalous pressure dependence of structural parameters and vibrational modes is observed at PC ≈ 7 GPa and attributed to an isostructural phase transformation. Density functional theory calculations complement these experimental findings. This study highlights pressure as a driving force for magnetic quantum criticality in layered vdW magnetic systems.
Interfacial Electrostatic Self‐Assembly of Amyloid Fibrils into Multifunctional Protein Films
Authors: Han Yangyang , Cao Yiping , Zhou Jiangtao , Yao Yang , Wu Xiaodong , Bolisetty Sreenath , Diener Michael , Handschin Stephan , Lu Canhui , Mezzenga Raffaele
Published: January 2023

Amyloid fibrils have generated steadily increasing traction in the development of natural and artificial materials. However, it remains a challenge to construct bulk amyloid films directly from amyloid fibrils due to their intrinsic brittleness. Here, a facile and general methodology to fabricate macroscopic and tunable amyloid films via fast electrostatic self‐assembly of amyloid fibrils at the air–water interface is introduced. Benefiting from the excellent templating properties of amyloid fibrils for nanoparticles (such as conductive carbon nanotubes or magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles), multifunctional amyloid films with tunable properties are constructed. As proof‐of‐concept demonstrations, a magnetically oriented soft robotic swimmer with well‐confined movement trajectory is prepared. In addition, a smart magnetic sensor with high sensitivity to external magnetic fields is fabricated via the combination of the conductive and magnetic amyloid films. This strategy provides a convenient, efficient, and controllable approach for the preparation of amyloid‐based multifunctional films and related smart devices.
High Performance of Normally‐On and Normally‐Off Devices with Highly Boron‐Doped Source and Drain on H‐Terminated Polycrystalline Diamond
Authors: Zhu Xiaohua , Shao Siwu , Chan Siyi , Tu Juping , Ota Kosuke , Huang Yabo , An Kang , Chen Liangxian , Wei Junjun , Liu Jinlong , Li Chengming , Kawarada Hiroshi
Published: January 2023

Diamond exhibits large application potential in the field of power electronics, owing to its excellent and desirable electronic properties. However, the main obstacles to its development originate from the small‐sized single‐crystal wafers and the instability of the electrical conductivity. This work presents a metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) on a diamond substrate derived from a five‐inch (110) highly preferred polycrystalline diamond film. The MOSFETs with excellent performance are fabricated by combining an H‐terminated channel and an epitaxially grown boron‐doped layer as the source/drain contacts of the diamond devices. According to the electrical statistical results of ≈110 devices on the polycrystalline diamond substrate, 44% of devices show normally‐off operation with a maximum current density of 400 mA mm−1, while 56% of devices demonstrate normally‐on operation with a maximum current density of 525 mA mm−1. The normally‐off characteristics are more related to the higher amounts of nitrogen concentration than the grain boundaries. The stable boron‐doped source and drain provide a high concentration of holes, which facilitate transport in the surface p‐type channel induced by the H‐termination. The characteristics of the MOSFETs are inspiring for the fabrication of complementary inverter circuits on large diamond wafers.
Ultra‐Low Level Somatic Mutations and Structural Variations in Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type II
Authors: Kim Ja Hye , Park Ji‐Hyung , Lee Junehawk , Park Jung Woo , Kim Hyun Jung , Chang Won Seok , Kim Dong‐Seok , Ju Young Seok , Aronica Eleonora , Lee Jeong Ho
Published: January 2023

Objective

Brain somatic mutations in mTOR pathway genes are a major genetic etiology of focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII). Despite a greater ability to detect low‐level somatic mutations in the brain by deep sequencing and analytics, about 40% of cases remain genetically unexplained.

Methods

We included 2 independent cohorts consisting of 21 patients with mutation‐negative FCDII without apparent mutations on conventional deep sequencing of bulk brain. To find ultra‐low level somatic variants or structural variants, we isolated cells exhibiting phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein (p‐S6) in frozen brain tissues using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS). We then performed deep whole‐genome sequencing (WGS; >90×) in p‐S6+ cells in a cohort of 11 patients with mutation‐negative. Then, we simplified the method to whole‐genome amplification and target gene sequencing of p‐S6+ cells in independent cohort of 10 patients with mutation‐negative followed by low‐read depth WGS (10×).

Results

We found that 28.6% (6 of 21) of mutation‐negative FCDII carries ultra‐low level somatic mutations (less than 0.2% of variant allele frequency [VAF]) in mTOR pathway genes. Our method showed ~34 times increase of the average mutational burden in FACS mediated enrichment of p‐S6+ cells (average VAF = 5.84%) than in bulky brain tissues (average VAF = 0.17%). We found that 19% (4 of 21) carried germline structural variations in GATOR1 complex undetectable in whole exome or targeted gene sequencing.

Conclusions

Our method facilitates the detection of ultra‐low level somatic mutations, in specifically p‐S6+ cells, and germline structural variations and increases the genetic diagnostic rate up to ~80% for the entire FCDII cohort. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:1082–1093
High performance, low‐fouling nanocomposite membrane with TiO2 nanomaterial in polysulfone matrix for advanced water treatment
Authors: Sharma Ritika , Galav Prashant , Raval Hiren D.
Published: January 2023

In the present article, nanocomposite TiO2/polysulfone membranes were prepared for advanced water treatment and removal of surfactant and dye from water were evaluated. The nanocomposite membranes demonstrated enhanced antifouling properties. Scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were conducted to characterize particles and fabricated nanocomposite membranes. The antifouling characteristics of the membrane were assessed by ultrafiltration of model foulants such as sodium alginate and egg albumin and it was found that the nanocomposite membranes were less prone to fouling. Separation performance of Congo red dye and non‐ionic surfactant Triton X‐100 were evaluated and the nanocomposite membranes have shown encouraging results. With incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles, ultimate tensile strength increased while elongation at break decreased. Decrement in pore size with incorporation of nanomaterial and change in surface characteristics were responsible for improved performance of membrane.
Assessment of neuropathic pain following cancer treatment
Authors: Moloney Niamh A. , Lenoir Dorine
Published: January 2023

Neuropathic cancer pain (NCP) is prevalent affecting up to 58% of those with persistent pain following cancer treatment. Neuropathic pain can develop from malignancy, after neural tissue insult during surgery and/or exposure to radiation or neurotoxic agents used as part of cancer treatment regimens. Pain following cancer treatment is commonly under‐treated and one barrier identified is poor recognition of pain and inadequate assessment. Recognition of the presence of NCP is important to inform pain management, which is challenging to treat and warrants the use of specific treatments to target neuropathic mechanisms. In this review, approaches for screening and classifying NCP are described. These include screening questionnaires and the application of the updated neuropathic pain grading system in a cancer context. The evidence from neuropathic pain related assessments in cancer populations is provided and highlighted under different neuropathic pain grades. Recommendations for assessment in practice are provided.
Multiwavelength astrophysics of the blazar OJ 287 and the project MOMO
Authors: Komossa S. , Kraus A. , Grupe D. , Parker M.L. , Gonzalez A. , Gallo L.C. , Gurwell M.A. , Laine S. , Yao S. , Chandra S. , Dey L. , Gómez J.L. , Hada K. , Haggard D. , Hollett A.R. , Jermak H. , Jorstad S. , Krichbaum T.P. , Markoff S. , McCall C. , Neilsen J. , Nowak M.
Published: January 2023

We are carrying out the densest and longest multiyear, multiwavelength monitoring project of OJ 287 ever done. The project MOMO (Multiwavelength Observations and Modeling of OJ 287) covers wavelengths from the radio to the high‐energy regime. A few selected observations are simultaneous with those of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). MOMO aims at understanding disk‐jet physics and at testing predictions of the binary black hole scenario of OJ 287. Here, we present a discussion of extreme outburst and minima states in context, and then focus on the recent flux and spectral evolution between 2021 and May 2022, including an ongoing bright radio flare. Further, we show that there is no evidence for precursor flare activity in our optical–UV–X‐ray light curves that would be associated with any secondary supermassive black hole (SMBH) disk impact and that was predicted to start as thermal flare on December 23, 2021.
Balancing Partial Ionic and Electronic Transport for Optimized Cathode Utilization of High‐Voltage LiMn2O4/Li3InCl6 Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Hendriks Theodoor A. , Lange Martin A. , Kiens Ellen M. , Baeumer Christoph , Zeier Wolfgang G.
Published: January 2023

Their suggested stability towards high‐voltage cathode materials makes halide‐based solid electrolytes currently an interesting class of ionic conductors for solid‐state batteries. Especially the LiMn2O4 spinel cathode active material is of interest due to its slightly higher nominal voltage and more resilience to overcharging compared to LiCoO2 and LiNixMnyCozO2 cathodes. Typically, a standard ratio of active material to solid electrolyte is used in composites for solid‐state batteries. However, for ideal transport properties, and thus to achieve balanced and optimal partial‐conductivities, this ratio needs to be re‐optimized each time the material basis is changed. In this work, we show transport in the composite measured through both DC polarization as well as transmission line modeling of the impedance spectra. By balancing the partial transport parameters of the composite, an optimum capacity of the solid‐state batteries is achieved. This work shows characterization and optimization of transport is required for unlocking the full potential of solid‐state batteries.
1,2,3‐Triazole analogs with bulky and conformationally rigid substructures: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation as DPP‐4 inhibitors
Authors: Vo Duy‐Viet , Lee Jongkook , Park Haeil
Published: January 2023

Novel 1,2,3‐triazole analogs with bulky and conformationally rigid azacyclic/azabicyclic amine and alcohol substructures at the C4 position were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against human dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 enzyme. The synthesized 1,2,3‐triazole analogs (2a–2f) exhibited moderate in vitro hDPP‐4 inhibitory activities (0.32–>2.0 μM) in comparison to the analog with the C4 tert‐Bu group (0.24 μM). However, the reduced bioactivity of the 1,2,3‐triazole analogs with bulky and conformationally rigid substructures might be attributed to the lower‐than‐anticipated van der Waals interactions of the introduced heterocycles. Another plausible explanation for the reduced activity could be due to the role of two other factors (π–π interaction and H‐bonding) in influencing the interaction of the analogs with the key amino residues in the pocket of the enzyme. Further research is encouraged to explore the role of these factors in deciding the enzyme‐inhibiting activities of the C4 substituted 1,2,3‐triazole analogs.
Balanced scorecard and eco‐innovation in the industrial sector: A strategic map for environmental innovation
Authors: Osório de Andrade Guerra José Baltazar Salgueirinho , Schneider Jonas , Andrade De Lima Mauricio , Peixoto Maria Gabriela M. , Barbosa Samuel Borges , da Silva Neiva Samara , Birch Robert , Sampaio de Jesus Marco Antonio , Junges Ivone , de Aguiar Dutra Ana Regina
Published: January 2023

In recent years, companies in several industries have adhered to new initiatives, developed new technologies and industrial processes to help reduce pollution and address other factors that have negative impacts on the environment. However, there is a lack of practical methodologies to evaluate the environmental performance of an organization, and there is no appropriate methodology to help companies direct their investment strategies to achieve corporate sustainability. An eco‐innovation plan is an important tool to help industries become more environmentally friendly, but its implementation is difficult to achieve in the short term. To this end, this article offers a strategic eco‐innovation map based on the well‐known balanced scorecard (BSC) that aims to help companies mitigate environmental impacts and promote sustainable development without harming their development and growth. Based on a review of the relevant literature and a survey of 30 environmental experts using four dimensions and 38 indicators, the map provides a methodological path for the investment in environmental sustainability initiatives and programs with financial returns.
Treatment of Pulp Black Liquor with an Ionic Liquid: Modeling and Optimization by Using Response Surface Methodology and Central Composite Design
Authors: Papaiconomou Nicolas , Magnin Jean‐Pierre , Billard Isabelle
Published: January 2023

In this study, selective extraction towards ionic liquid trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ([P66614]Cl) of lignin residues, polysaccharides and organic acids present in black liquor (BL), the main principal wastewater of pulping industry was studied. With the objective of finding optimized conditions allowing to extract lignin residues while polysaccharides and organic acids remain in aqueous solution, a design of experiments approach based on a response surface methodology was used. Three continuous factors, namely initial pH varying from 9 to 13.5, dilution of BL varying from 5 to 20 and volumetric ratio of black liquor vs. ionic liquid RV., varying from 1 to 19, were investigated. Concentration of lignin residues, polysaccharides and organic acids were measured using Folin‐Ciocalteu method, the anthrone method and HPLC, respectively. Results showed that a multi‐response optimization led to the extraction of 84.8 % of lignin residues, 66.0 % of polysaccharides, and no extraction of OA under optimised conditions.
The dominant plant species Solidago canadensis structures multiple trophic levels in an old‐field ecosystem
Authors: Eckberg Julia N. , Hubbard Akane , Schwarz Eva T. , Smith Elliott T. , Sanders Nathan J.
Published: January 2023

Dominant plant species are locally abundant and have large impacts on ecological communities via a variety of mechanisms. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of a dominant plant species both within and among trophic levels and on key ecosystem functions such as productivity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the dominant plant species Solidago canadensis on plant and arthropod communities in an old‐field ecosystem in southeastern Michigan. We found that S. canadensis negatively correlated with the richness and combined biomass of all other plant species in the community, likely by reducing light availability. In turn, less biomass of all other plant species led to lower arthropod abundance. Specifically, detritivore and predator arthropod abundance was lower with less biomass of all plant species excluding S. canadensis, but herbivore and omnivore abundance was unaffected. Our results highlight the significant role of dominant plants in determining plant diversity and ecosystem function, and further suggest that the effect of a dominant plant species on a community is observed at higher trophic levels.