bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ausgabenspielräume der Bundesregierung: zwischen Schuldenbremse und Steuererhöhung
Authors: Diermeier Matthias , Hüther Michael , Obst Thomas
Published: September 2021

Die neue Bundesregierung wird zur Finanzierung neuer Ausgabenschwerpunkte nur bedingt auf eine Kreditfinanzierung ausweichen können, da nach aktuellem Stand ab 2023 wieder die Schuldenbremse greifen wird. Auch die Möglichkeit, die Mehrausgaben durch Steuererhöhungen zu decken, kann als schwieriges Unterfangen gewertet werden. Die Autoren haben mit Blick auf die Wahlprogramme der Parteien die budgetären Spielräume im Bundeshaushalt für die kommende Legislaturperiode genauer betrachtet. Sie schlussfolgern, dass ohne weitere Schuldenfinanzierung oder Steuererhöhungen der Bundeshaushalt bei heutiger Planung an seine verfassungsrechtlichen Kreditaufnahmegrenzen stoßen wird.
Importance of saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography for evaluating large right-to-left shunt in patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke
Authors: Takaya Yoichi , Nakayama Rie , Akagi Teiji , Yokohama Fumi , Miki Takashi , Nakagawa Koji , Toh Norihisa , Ito Hiroshi
Published: September 2021

Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an effective therapy for preventing recurrent stroke in very specific patient cohorts, such as cryptogenic stroke (CS). The identification of high-risk PFO, which is more likely to be linked to CS, is essential. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for evaluating large right-to-left (RL) shunt. We enrolled 119 patients with or without CS who were confirmed to have PFO by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) or catheterization. The severity of RL shunt evaluated by TTE and TEE was classified as follows: small (< 10 microbubbles), moderate (10–20 microbubbles), and large (> 20 microbubbles). With TTE, large RL shunt was observed in 94 (79%) of 119 patients, including 66 of 74 with CS and 28 of 45 without CS. With TEE, large RL shunt was observed in 33 (28 %) patients, including 26 with CS and 7 without CS. TTE showed large RL shunt more frequently than TEE (p < 0.01). Large RL shunt evaluated by TTE had a sensitivity of 89 % and an accuracy of 70 % for the association with CS, whereas large RL shunt evaluated by TEE had a sensitivity of 35% and an accuracy of 56 %. Accuracy was significantly greater in TTE than in TEE (p = 0.02). In conclusion, TTE identified large RL shunt associated with CS with higher sensitivity and accuracy compared to TEE. Our findings suggest that the decision for device closure should be made based on the severity of RL shunt by TTE.
Development of Prospective Teachers’ Noticing Skills Within Initial Teacher Education
Authors: Tekin-Sitrava Reyhan , Kaiser Gabriele , Işıksal-Bostan Mine
Published: September 2021

Although the effects of professional development programs on teachers’ noticing skills have attracted considerable interest among mathematics education researchers, little is known about the developmental process of prospective teachers’ noticing skills within initial teacher education. This paper examines the extent to which prospective teachers’ noticing skills are developed through the mathematics education courses taken within the mathematics teachers’ education program using exemplarily the topic division of fractions. The study is grounded on the framework of Professional Noticing of Children’s Mathematical Thinking which specifies three facets of noticing, that are attending, interpreting, and deciding how to respond. Twenty-two prospective mathematics teachers (PSTs), who were enrolled in the Middle School Mathematics Teacher Education Program at a Turkish university, participated in this study. The results revealed that most PSTs gained expertise in all three kinds of noticing skills during their teacher education. The highest progression could be identified in the interpretation skills and the lowest in attending skills. These results are important for initial teacher education programs, highlighting that general, non-specialized mathematics education courses within initial teacher education have the potential to provide an efficient professional development program to develop PST’s noticing skills. The study points out that further research is needed in order to provide additional details about how teacher education programs could be redesigned and implemented to ensure opportunities for PSTs to develop noticing skills within all three facets leading to robust or at least substantial evidence of all three noticing skills.
Civic Hackathons und der Formwandel der Demokratie
Authors: Berg Sebastian , Clute-Simon Veza , Freudl Rebecca-Lea , Rakowski Niklas , Thiel Thorsten
Published: September 2021

Der Beitrag nimmt den Fall des zu Beginn der Coronapandemie organisierten und von der Bundesregierung unterstützten Civic Hackathons #WirVsVirus zum Ausgangspunkt, um die demokratietheoretischen Implikationen dieses technologisch orientierten Handlungsformats zu diskutieren. Es wird repräsentationstheoretisch untersucht, wie unterschiedliche Ansprüche gesellschaftlicher Gestaltung in und durch Civic Hackathons erhoben und verhandelt werden. Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist, dass der Hackathon eine erfolgreiche Durchsetzung der Repräsentationsansprüche der Civic-Tech-Initiativen an den administrativen Staat darstellt, indem sie in der Krise ein neues Format etablieren, das effiziente und subsidiäre Problemlösungen verspricht. Der demokratische Beteiligungsanspruch des Hackathons wird jedoch nur partiell eingelöst: Zwar ermöglicht das Format ein offenes, öffentlichkeitswirksames Einbringen von Vorschlägen, aufgrund der technologisch-organisatorischen Struktur und des kompetitiv-lösungsorientierten Verfahrensmodus verbleiben Handlungs- und Entscheidungsmacht jedoch weitgehend bei den Organisator*innen.
Physiological analysis reveals relatively higher salt tolerance in roots of Ilex integra than in those of Ilex purpurea
Authors: Yu Yongfan , Zhang Min , Feng Jianyuan , Sun Sujing , Zhou Peng , Yang Jiading
Published: September 2021

Determining the responses of candidate plants to salt stress is a prerequisite for selecting and breeding suitable plants with high salt tolerance to grow in coastal mudflat areas with high salinity. Here, 2-year cutting seedlings of Ilex purpurea Hassk. (local species) and I. integra Thunb. (introduced species) were grown in pots in a glasshouse and irrigated with a Hoagland-NaCl solution at 0, 24, and 48 h. Root samples were collected at 0, 1, 6, 24, and 72 h, and concentration of Na+ ion; content of proline, soluble carbohydrate, malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 and ascorbate; and activity of three key antioxidative enzymes were measured. Roots of I. integra accumulated relatively less Na+ and had less membrane lipid peroxidation and H2O2 during salt stress, thus indicating a relatively higher salt tolerance than roots of I. purpurea. Values for ascorbate content and antioxidant enzymatic activity suggest that the antioxidant ascorbate and antioxidative catalase may play substantial roles for scavenging reactive oxygen species in I. integra roots during salt treatment. Thus, I. integra is apparently more suitable for growing in local highly saline coastal mudflats.
Predictors of drug prescription in nursing home residents: results from the INCUR study
Authors: Calcaterra Laura , Proietti Marco , Saporiti Edoardo , Nunziata Vanessa , Rolland Yves , Vellas Bruno , Cesari Matteo
Published: September 2021

Polypharmacy represents a major clinical and public health issue in older persons. We aimed to measure the prevalence of polypharmacy, and the main predictors of drug prescription in nursing home residents. Post hoc analyses of the “Incidence of pNeumonia and related ConseqUences in nursing home Residents” (INCUR) study were conducted. Polypharmacy was defined as the prescription of 5 or more drugs. A frailty index (FI) was computed according to the model proposed by Rockwood and Mitnitski using 36 health deficits, including diseases, signs, symptoms, and disabilities. Linear regression models were performed to identify the main predictors of the number of prescribed drugs. The INCUR study enrolled 800 patients (mean [SD] age 86.2 [4.1] years, 74.1% women). The mean number of medications prescribed at the baseline was 8.5 (SD 4.1). Prevalence of polypharmacy was found 86.4%. The mean FI was 0.38 (SD 0.10). A fully adjusted linear multivariate regression model found an inverse and independent association between age and number of prescribed drugs (beta − 0.07, 95% CI − 0.13, − 0.02; p = 0.005). Conversely, the FI was independently and positively associated with the number of medications (beta 4.73, 95% CI 1.17, 8.29; p = 0.009). The prevalence of polypharmacy is high among older persons living in nursing home. Age and FI are significantly associated with the number of drugs. The number of prescribed drugs tends to decrease with age, whereas a direct association with frailty is reported.
Touching at a Distance: Digital Intimacies, Haptic Platforms, and the Ethics of Consent
Authors: Ley Madelaine , Rambukkana Nathan
Published: September 2021

The last decade has seen rise in technologies that allow humans to send and receive intimate touch across long distances. Drawing together platform studies, digital intimacy studies, phenomenology of touch, and ethics of technology, we argue that these new haptic communication devices require specific ethical consideration of consent. The paper describes several technologies, including Kiiroo teledildonics, the Kissenger, the Apple Watch, and Hey Bracelet, highlighting how the sense of touch is used in marketing to evoke a feeling of connection within the digital sphere. We then discuss the ambiguity of skin-to-skin touch and how it is further complicated in digital touch by remediation through platforms, companies, developers, manufacturers, cloud storage sites, the collection and use of data, research, satellites, and the internet. Lastly, we raise concerns about how consent of data collection and physical consent between users will be determined, draw on examples in virtual reality and sex-robotics, and ultimately arguing for further interdisciplinary research into this area.
3D geo-cellular modeling for Oligocene reservoirs: a marginal field in offshore Vietnam
Authors: Vo Thanh Hung , Lee Kang-Kun
Published: September 2021

This study focuses on constructing a 3D geo-cellular model by using well-log data and other geological information to enable a deep investigation of the reservoir characteristics and estimation of the hydrocarbon potential in the clastic reservoir of the marginal field in offshore Vietnam. In this study, Petrel software was adopted for geostatistical modeling. First, a sequential indicator simulation (SIS) was adopted for facies modeling. Next, sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) and co-kriging approaches were utilized for petrophysical modeling. Furthermore, the results of the petrophysical models were verified by a quality control process before determining the in-place oil for each reservoir in the field. Multiple geological realizations were generated to reduce the geological uncertainty of the model assessment for the facies and porosity model. The most consistent one would then be the best candidate for further evaluation. The porosity distribution ranged from 9 to 22%. The original oil place of clastic reservoirs in the marginal field was 50.28 MMbbl. Ultimately, this research found that the marginal field could be considered a potential candidate for future oil and gas development in offshore Vietnam.
“I’m not an investigator and I’m not a police officer" - a faculty’s view on academic integrity in an undergraduate nursing degree
Authors: Lynch Joan , Salamonson Yenna , Glew Paul , Ramjan Lucie M.
Published: September 2021

In nursing, expectations of honesty and integrity are clearly stipulated throughout professional standards and codes of conduct, thus the concept of academic integrity has even more impetus in preparing students for graduate practice. However, a disparity between policy and practice misses the opportunity to instil the principles of academic integrity, and at its core honesty, a pivotal trait in the nursing profession. This study draws upon the experience of the nursing faculty to explore how academic integrity policy of deterrence operate in nursing education.

While participants deplored cheating behaviours, they expressed frustration in having to ‘police’ large numbers of students who had little awareness of the academic standards to meet policy requirements. In addition, they were cynical because of a perceived lack of severity in sanctions for students who repeatedly breached integrity. Participants expressed a moral obligation as educators to meet student learning needs and preferred to engage with students in a more meaningful way to uphold academic integrity. The ambivalence to detect and report breaches in integrity undermines the effectiveness of policy. Therefore, faculty must recognise the importance of their role in detecting and escalating cases of dishonesty and execute deterrence in a more consistent way. To do this, greater support at an institutional level, such as smaller class sizes, inclusion in decision making around sanctions and recognition of additional workload, will enable faculty to uphold policy. Although policing was not their preferred approach, the role of faculty in detecting and reporting cases of misconduct is crucial to increase the certainty of students getting caught, which is essential if policy is to be effective in deterring dishonest behaviour.
REAC Non-invasive Neurobiological Stimulation for Mitigating the Impact of Internalizing Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Rinaldi Arianna , Maioli Margherita , Marins Martins Márcia C. , de Castro Pollyanna Celso Felipe , de Oliveira Silva Natália Almeida Prado , de Mattos Jaqueline Albieri Vieira , Fontani Vania , Rinaldi Salvatore
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Allostatic overload occurs when environmental factors become excessive for the individual capacity of neurobiological response and can trigger internalizing disorders. These disorders have a strong impact on individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can exacerbate ASD symptoms and deficits. A non-invasive neurobiological stimulation technology, called the radio electric asymmetric conveyer (REAC), has been shown to be effective in improving internalizing disorders and remodeling the individual allostatic response. On these premises, REAC neurobiological stimulation treatments have been introduced for the treatment of internalizing disorders in ASD. The aim of this current research was to retrospectively verify the effects of REAC treatments on motor, cognitive, and behavioral skills and symptoms, assessed using the Autism Profiling Questionnaire (APQ).

Methods

Data were collected through administration of the APQ to the caregivers of 112 individuals with ASD. The caregivers rated every cluster of the questionnaire with a score based on an evaluation scale ranging from 0 to 10.

Results

At the 3-month follow-up, the caregivers perceived and rated a global improvement of the individuals with ASD in all clusters.

Conclusions

This research suggests that the mitigating effects of REAC neuromodulation treatments in relation to the severity of internalizing disorders can enhance the quality of life and the autonomy of individuals with ASD, as shown by the shift in the median values in all 21 items of the APQ toward an improvement in symptoms and skills.
What Are Refugees Represented to Be? A Frame Analysis of the Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 Concerning the Treatment of Refugees “from Abroad”
Authors: Sadjad Mahardhika Sjamsoe’oed
Published: September 2021

The Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the Treatment of Refugees (PR) was a promising step to a better humanitarian response for refugees and asylum seekers arriving in Indonesia. It also provided a much-needed legal framework to validate refugees’ presence and to ground civil -society organizations’ advocacy on their behalf. However, a closer look at the PR and earlier drafts of the document shows serious compromises that: (1) reproduce the notion that refugees are only transiting in Indonesia; (2) frame refugees as passive objects, failing to recognize them as subjects with rights; and (3) prioritize security concerns that position refugees at odds with Indonesian society (masyarakat). Using the “What’s the Problem Represented to be” approach, this article highlights what is included and excluded from the PR and how it falls short of guaranteeing meaningful protection for refugees while living in Indonesia.
The Role of Local Governments in Accommodating Refugees in Indonesia: Investigating Best-Case and Worst-Case Scenarios
Authors: Missbach Antje , Adiputera Yunizar
Published: September 2021

This article analyses the “local turn” in refugee governance in Indonesia through a comparative case-study of two cities: Makassar and Jakarta. It compares how these two cities have responded to the obligations to provide alternative accommodation to detention, imposed upon them by the Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the Treatment of Refugees (PR). While the shift to non-custodial community shelters has been widely praised, we discuss issues that arose when the national government shifted the responsibility for providing accommodation for refugees to local governments, without the allocation of the required funds. The outcome has been a general lack of engagement by local governments. By locating this case-study in the wider global trend of “local turns” in the management of refugee issues, we argue that, in Indonesia, the “local turn” in responsibility for refugees is not fostering a protection approach, but has worsened the conditions for refugees.
The Constitutional Right to Asylum and Humanitarianism in Indonesian Law: “Foreign Refugees” and PR 125/2016
Authors: Dewansyah Bilal , Nafisah Ratu Durotun
Published: September 2021

Article 28G(2) in Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution reflects a human rights approach to asylum; it guarantees “the right to obtain political asylum from another country,” together with freedom from torture. It imposes an obligation upon the state to give access to basic rights to those to whom it offers asylum, following an appropriate determination procedure. By contrast, in Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the Treatment of Refugees, the Indonesian government’s response to asylum seekers and refugees is conceptualized as “humanitarian assistance,” and through a politicized and securitized immigration-control approach. We argue that the competition between these three approaches—the human right to asylum, humanitarianism, and immigration control—constitutes a “triangulation” of asylum and refugee protection in Indonesia, in which the latter two prevail. In light of this framework, this article provides a socio-political and legal analysis of why Article 28G(2) has not been widely accepted as the basis of asylum and refugee protection in Indonesia.
Treating an Epidemic During a Pandemic: Experience Treating Opioid Use Disorder at the Baltimore Convention Center Field Hospital
Authors: Chamberlain Catherine J. , Siddiqui Zishan K. , Chaudhary Mihir J. ,   CONQUER COVID Consortium, Kantsiper Melinda E.
Published: September 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic, access to addiction treatment has plummeted. At the same time, patients with opioid use disorder are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection and experience worse outcomes. The Baltimore Convention Center Field Hospital (BCCFH), a state-run COVID-19 disaster hospital operated by Johns Hopkins Medicine and the University of Maryland Medical System, continues to operate 14 months into the pandemic to serve as an overflow unit for the state’s hospitals. BCCFH staff observed the demand for opioid use disorder care and developed admission criteria, a pharmacy formulary, and case management procedures to meet this need. This article describes generalized lessons from the BCCFH experience treating substance use disorder during a pandemic.
Thermohaline interleaving induced by horizontal temperature and salinity gradients from above
Authors: Li Junyi , Yang Yantao
Published: September 2021

In this work we show that horizontal gradients of temperature and salinity with compensating effects on density can drive thermohaline intrusion in the fluid layer below. Specifically, different types of double diffusive convection generate differential vertical fluxes from the top boundary, which then sustain horizontal temperature and salinity gradients within the bulk. Interleaving layers develop in the bulk and slope downward towards the cold fresh side, which are of the diffusive type. New layers emerge near the bottom boundary and shift the existing layers upward due to the density difference induced by the divergence of the vertical fluxes through the top surface. Detailed analyses reveal that the present intrusion is consistent with those in the narrow fronts, and both layer thickness and current velocity follow the corresponding scaling laws. Such intrusion process provides an extra path to transfer heat and salinity horizontally towards the cold and fresh side, but transfer the density anomaly towards the warm and salty side. These findings extend the circumstances where thermohaline intrusions may be observed.
Synchrotron imagery of phosphatized eggs in Waptia cf. W. fieldensis from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Spence Shale of Utah
Authors: Moon Justin , Caron Jean-Bernard , Gaines Robert R.
Published: September 2021

Exceptionally preserved fossil eggs and embryos provide critical information regarding paleoembryogenesis, reproductive strategies, and the early ontogeny of early arthropods, but the rarity of preservation of both eggs and egg-bearing organisms in situ limits their use in detailed evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) studies. Burgess Shale-type deposits preserve rare instances of egg-bearing arthropods as carbonaceous compressions; however, the eggs are usually poorly preserved with no compelling evidence of embryos. We describe the first record of a brooding specimen of Waptia cf. W. fieldensis from the Spence Shale, a Cambrian (Wuliuan Stage) Burgess Shale-type deposit in northeastern Utah and southeastern Idaho. This is the first record of an egg-bearing arthropod from the Spence Shale and it exhibits two distinct modes of preservation among eggs within the single clutch: carbonization and phosphatization. Unlike the egg-bearing Burgess Shale specimens, many eggs of this Utah specimen are also preserved three-dimensionally. In addition, synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy reveals internal distributions of mineral phases, along with potential remnants of the egg membrane and attachment structures, but, as in the Burgess Shale, no explicit traces of developing embryos. The distinct modes of preservation highlight the existence of diagenetic microenvironments within some eggs, but not in others during fossilization.
The nature and likely redshift of GLEAM J0917–0012
Authors: Drouart Guillaume , Seymour Nick , Broderick Jess W. , Afonso José , Chhetri Rajan , De Breuck Carlos , Emonts Bjorn , Galvin Tim J. , Lehnert Matthew D. , Morgan John , Stern Daniel , Vernet Joël , Wright Nigel
Published: September 2021

We previously reported a putative detection of a radio galaxy at$z=10.15$, selected from the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) survey. The redshift of this source, GLEAM J0917–0012, was based on three weakly detected molecular emission lines observed with the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA). In order to confirm this result, we conducted deep spectroscopic follow-up observations with ALMA and the Karl Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). The ALMA observations targeted the same CO lines previously reported in Band 3 (84–115 GHz) and the VLA targeted the CO(4-3) and [CI(1-0)] lines for an independent confirmation inQ-band (41 and 44 GHz). Neither observation detected any emission lines, removing support for our original interpretation. Adding publicly available optical data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey, Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), andHerschel Space Observatoryin the infrared, as well as$<$10 GHz polarisation and 162 MHz inter-planetary scintillation observations, we model the physical and observational characteristics of GLEAM J0917–0012 as a function of redshift. Comparing these predictions and observational relations to the data, we are able to constrain its nature and distance. We argue that if GLEAM J0917–0012 is at$z<3,$then it has an extremely unusual nature, and that the more likely solution is that the source lies above$z=7$.
The Fokker–Planck equation for the time-changed fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck stochastic process
Authors: Ascione Giacomo , Mishura Yuliya , Pirozzi Enrica
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we study some properties of the generalized Fokker–Planck equation induced by the time-changed fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. First of all, we exploit some sufficient conditions to show that a mild solution of such equation is actually a classical solution. Then, we discuss an isolation result for mild solutions. Finally, we prove the weak maximum principle for strong solutions of the aforementioned equation and then a uniqueness result.
Well-posedness of the free surface problem on a Newtonian fluid between cylinders rotating at different speeds
Authors: Yang Jiaqi
Published: September 2021

When a liquid fills the semi-infinite space between two concentric cylinders which rotate at different steady speeds, how about the shape of the free surface on top of the fluid? The different fluids will lead to a different shape. For the Newtonian fluid, the meniscus descends due to the centrifugal forces. However, for the certain non-Newtonian fluid, the meniscus climbs the internal cylinder. We want to explain the above phenomenon by a rigorous mathematical analysis theory. In the present paper, as the first step, we focus on the Newtonian fluid. This is a steady free boundary problem. We aim to establish the well-posedness of this problem. Furthermore, we prove the convergence of the formal perturbation series obtained by Joseph and Fosdick in Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 49 (1973), 321–380.
Achtsamkeit
Authors: Michalak Johannes , Heidenreich Thomas , Williams J. Mark. G.
Published: September 2021

Achtsamkeit ist das Bemühen, sich den Erfahrungen im Hier und Jetzt mit möglichst großer Bewusstheit und Offenheit zuzuwenden. Dieses ursprünglich aus dem Bereich östlicher Meditationsansätze stammende Prinzip wurde in den letzten Jahren vermehrt in die Behandlung von Depressionen und unterschiedlichen anderen psychischen und körperlichen Störungen integriert. Der Band gibt einen praxisorientierten Einblick in die Hintergründe und die Methoden achtsamkeitsbasierter therapeutischer Arbeit. Der Band stellt die Grundzüge achtsamkeitsbasierter Behandlungsverfahren wie Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) oder Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) sowie zentrale Modelle zur Wirkungsweise achtsamkeitsbasierter Verfahren dar. Weiterhin gibt er einen Überblick über wichtige Forschungsergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit von achtsamkeitsbasierten Verfahren. Neben der Anwendung in der Rückfallprophylaxe bei Depressionen wird auch auf die Integration von Achtsamkeit bei der Therapie anderer Störungsbilder und in unterschiedlichen therapeutischen Settings eingegangen. Der Schwerpunkt des Bandes liegt auf der konkreten Darstellung der Behandlungsmethoden. Dabei wird das Vorgehen bei einzelnen Achtsamkeitsübungen, wie z.B. beim Body-Scan oder bei der Sitzmeditation, beschrieben und der Umgang mit möglichen Schwierigkeiten thematisiert. Die Neuauflage referiert aktuelle Forschungsbefunde und stellt ausführlich die achtsamkeitsbasierte Arbeit im Einzelsetting vor. Zudem werden in der Neubearbeitung kritische Aspekte im Kontext von Achtsamkeit diskutiert, wie z.B. die Frage von „Nebenwirkungen“ von Achtsamkeitsübungen oder das Problem einer „Kommerzialisierung“ und „Verflachung“ von Achtsamkeit.
Development of the Substorm as a Manifestation of Convection Transient
Authors: Tanaka T. , Ebihara Y. , Watanabe M. , Den M. , Fujita S. , Kikuchi T. , Hashimoto K. K. , Kataoka R.
Published: September 2021

We reproduced the substorm by global simulation and analyzed the development of convection, shear, the dynamo, and the field‐aligned current (FAC) at the final stage of the growth phase. From these investigations, we show that the substorm is a manifestation of reconfiguration in global flow dynamics. Ionospheric convection can be understood from two aspects. One understanding is as the potential field generated by the FAC, and the other is as the projection of magnetospheric convection. In order for the two to coincide, the FAC must be transmitted together with the motion. As a consequence, the resulting convection must be continuous from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere. We see this connection from the drawing of shear to recognize that the substorm is the projection process of transient convection. In the growth phase, convective shear that causes the quiet arc and the Harang reversal (HR) occurs on the open/closed boundary along the surface of the plasma sheet with a continuous flow structure from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere. The onset starts from a more local flow that is induced by the near‐earth neutral line (NENL). A narrow shear commences from the NENL in the mid‐tail and extends to the ionosphere to replace growth phase shear. Along a closed magnetic field line connected to the NENL, direct penetration flow, squeezing flow, the near‐earth dynamo, release of the HR, and the onset FAC occur successively and consequently cause the ground onset. Such onset mechanism is quite different from the model adopting the current wedge.
Evaluating the Impact and Reach of Biogeochemical Cycles
Authors: Dontsova Katerina , Balogh‐Brunstad Zsuzsanna , Le Roux Ga�l
Published: September 2021

A new book examines flow of the elements in the biosphere from biological drivers to human influences, and explores the analytical and computational methods used to access biogeochemical cycles.
Minimal Evidence of Permafrost Carbon in Siberia’s Kolyma River
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: September 2021

New research finds that Arctic rivers currently transport limited permafrost-derived dissolved organic carbon, which has implications for understanding the region’s changing carbon cycle—and its potential to accelerate climate change.
Warming Trend in Antarctic Bottom Water in the Vema Channel in the South Atlantic
Authors: Campos Edmo J. D. , van Caspel Mathias C. , Zenk Walter , Morozov Eugene G. , Frey Dmitry I. , Piola Alberto R. , Meinen Christopher S. , Sato Olga T. , Perez Renellys C. , Dong Shenfu
Published: September 2021

The excess heat absorbed from the atmosphere has increased the temperature in the upper layers of the ocean (<2,000 m). In the abyss, infrequently repeated ship sections, deep Argo float measurements, and sparse moored observations have found signs of warming in the Southwest Atlantic, possibly linked to changes in the Weddell Sea. We present a new moored temperature time series sampled near the bottom in the Vema Channel, from February 2019 to August 2020. Together with historical data, the combined record confirms the warming of the abyssal waters, with an increase of 0.059°C in potential temperature between January 1991 and August 2020, embedded within intense high‐frequency variability. Moreover, the data suggest the possibility of an accelerated warming, with a change in the temperature trend from 0.0016°C yr−1, between the early 1990s and 2005, to 0.0026°C yr−1 afterwards.
Leveraging the Cell Ontology to classify unseen cell types
Authors: Wang Sheng , Pisco Angela Oliveira , McGeever Aaron , Brbic Maria , Zitnik Marinka , Darmanis Spyros , Leskovec Jure , Karkanias Jim , Altman Russ B.
Published: September 2021

Single cell technologies are rapidly generating large amounts of data that enables us to understand biological systems at single-cell resolution. However, joint analysis of datasets generated by independent labs remains challenging due to a lack of consistent terminology to describe cell types. Here, we present OnClass, an algorithm and accompanying software for automatically classifying cells into cell types that are part of the controlled vocabulary that forms the Cell Ontology. A key advantage of OnClass is its capability to classify cells into cell types not present in the training data because it uses the Cell Ontology graph to infer cell type relationships. Furthermore, OnClass can be used to identify marker genes for all the cell ontology categories, regardless of whether the cell types are present or absent in the training data, suggesting that OnClass goes beyond a simple annotation tool for single cell datasets, being the first algorithm capable to identify marker genes specific to all terms of the Cell Ontology and offering the possibility of refining the Cell Ontology using a data-centric approach.
Molecular correlates of response to eribulin and pembrolizumab in hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Keenan Tanya E. , Guerriero Jennifer L. , Barroso-Sousa Romualdo , Li Tianyu , O’Meara Tess , Giobbie-Hurder Anita , Tayob Nabihah , Hu Jiani , Severgnini Mariano , Agudo Judith , Vaz-Luis Ines , Anderson Leilani , Attaya Victoria , Park Jihye , Conway Jake , He Meng Xiao , Reardon Brendan , Shannon Erin , Wulf Gerburg , Spring Laura M. , Jeselsohn Rinath , Krop Ian , Lin Nancy U. , Partridge Ann , Winer Eric P. , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Liu David , Van Allen Eliezer M. , Tolaney Sara M.
Published: September 2021

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have minimal therapeutic effect in hormone receptor-positive (HR+ ) breast cancer. We present final overall survival (OS) results (n = 88) from a randomized phase 2 trial of eribulin ± pembrolizumab for patients with metastatic HR+ breast cancer, computationally dissect genomic and/or transcriptomic data from pre-treatment tumors (n = 52) for molecular associations with efficacy, and identify cytokine changes differentiating response and ICI-related toxicity (n = 58). Despite no improvement in OS with combination therapy (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.59–1.55, p = 0.84), immune infiltration and antigen presentation distinguished responding tumors, while tumor heterogeneity and estrogen signaling independently associated with resistance. Moreover, patients with ICI-related toxicity had lower levels of immunoregulatory cytokines. Broadly, we establish a framework for ICI response in HR+ breast cancer that warrants diagnostic and therapeutic validation. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT03051659.
High-efficiency broadband achromatic metalens for near-IR biological imaging window
Authors: Wang Yujie , Chen Qinmiao , Yang Wenhong , Ji Ziheng , Jin Limin , Ma Xing , Song Qinghai , Boltasseva Alexandra , Han Jiecai , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Xiao Shumin
Published: September 2021

Over the past years, broadband achromatic metalenses have been intensively studied due to their great potential for applications in consumer and industry products. Even though significant progress has been made, the efficiency of technologically relevant silicon metalenses is limited by the intrinsic material loss above the bandgap. In turn, the recently proposed achromatic metalens utilizing transparent, high-index materials such as titanium dioxide has been restricted by the small thickness and showed relatively low focusing efficiency at longer wavelengths. Consequently, metalens-based optical imaging in the biological transparency window has so far been severely limited. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate a polarization-insensitive, broadband titanium dioxide achromatic metalens for applications in the near-infrared biological imaging. A large-scale fabrication technology has been developed to produce titanium dioxide nanopillars with record-high aspect ratios featuring pillar heights of 1.5 µm and ~90° vertical sidewalls. The demonstrated metalens exhibits dramatically increased group delay range, and the spectral range of achromatism is substantially extended to the wavelength range of 650–1000 nm with an average efficiency of 77.1%–88.5% and a numerical aperture of 0.24–0.1. This research paves a solid step towards practical applications of flat photonics.
A Brewster route to Cherenkov detectors
Authors: Lin Xiao , Hu Hao , Easo Sajan , Yang Yi , Shen Yichen , Yin Kezhen , Blago Michele Piero , Kaminer Ido , Zhang Baile , Chen Hongsheng , Joannopoulos John , Soljačić Marin , Luo Yu
Published: September 2021

Cherenkov detectors enable a valuable tool to identify high-energy particles. However, their sensitivity and momentum coverage are limited by the refractive index of host materials. Especially, identifying particles with energy above multiple gigaelectronvolts requires host materials with a near-unity refractive index, which are limited to bulky gas chambers. Overcoming this fundamental material limit is important for future particle detectors yet remains a long-standing challenge. Here, we propose a different paradigm for Cherenkov detectors that utilizes the broadband angular filter made from stacks of variable one-dimensional photonic crystals. Owing to the Brewster effect, the angular filter is transparent only to Cherenkov photons from a precise incident angle. Particle identification is achieved by mapping each Cherenkov angle to the peak-intensity position of transmitted photons in the detection plane. Such angular filtering effect, although decreases the photon number collected in the detection plane, enables the realization of a non-dispersive pseudo refractive index over the entire visible spectrum. Moreover, the pseudo refractive index can be flexibly designed to different values close to unity. Our angular-selective Brewster paradigm offers a feasible solution to implement compact and highly sensitive Cherenkov detectors especially in beam lines with a small angular divergence using regular dielectrics.
Epistasis shapes the fitness landscape of an allosteric specificity switch
Authors: Nishikawa Kyle K. , Hoppe Nicholas , Smith Robert , Bingman Craig , Raman Srivatsan
Published: September 2021

Epistasis is a major determinant in the emergence of novel protein function. In allosteric proteins, direct interactions between inducer-binding mutations propagate through the allosteric network, manifesting as epistasis at the level of biological function. Elucidating this relationship between local interactions and their global effects is essential to understanding evolution of allosteric proteins. We integrate computational design, structural and biophysical analysis to characterize the emergence of novel inducer specificity in an allosteric transcription factor. Adaptive landscapes of different inducers of the designed mutant show that a few strong epistatic interactions constrain the number of viable sequence pathways, revealing ridges in the fitness landscape leading to new specificity. The structure of the designed mutant shows that a striking change in inducer orientation still retains allosteric function. Comparing biophysical and functional properties suggests a nonlinear relationship between inducer binding affinity and allostery. Our results highlight the functional and evolutionary complexity of allosteric proteins.
Synthetic hydrogel nanoparticles for sepsis therapy
Authors: Koide Hiroyuki , Okishima Anna , Hoshino Yu , Kamon Yuri , Yoshimatsu Keiichi , Saito Kazuhiro , Yamauchi Ikumi , Ariizumi Saki , Zhou Yuqi , Xiao Ting-Hui , Goda Keisuke , Oku Naoto , Asai Tomohiro , Shea Kenneth J.
Published: September 2021

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the extreme release of inflammatory mediators into the blood in response to infection (e.g., bacterial infection, COVID-19), resulting in the dysfunction of multiple organs. Currently, there is no direct treatment for sepsis. Here we report an abiotic hydrogel nanoparticle (HNP) as a potential therapeutic agent for late-stage sepsis. The HNP captures and neutralizes all variants of histones, a major inflammatory mediator released during sepsis. The highly optimized HNP has high capacity and long-term circulation capability for the selective sequestration and neutralization of histones. Intravenous injection of the HNP protects mice against a lethal dose of histones through the inhibition of platelet aggregation and migration into the lungs. In vivo administration in murine sepsis model mice results in near complete survival. These results establish the potential for synthetic, nonbiological polymer hydrogel sequestrants as a new intervention strategy for sepsis therapy and adds to our understanding of the importance of histones to this condition.
Reconstructing aspects of human embryogenesis with pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Sozen Berna , Jorgensen Victoria , Weatherbee Bailey A. T. , Chen Sisi , Zhu Meng , Zernicka-Goetz Magdalena
Published: September 2021

Understanding human development is of fundamental biological and clinical importance. Despite its significance, mechanisms behind human embryogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we attempt to model human early embryo development with expanded pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) in 3-dimensions. We define a protocol that allows us to generate self-organizing cystic structures from human EPSCs that display some hallmarks of human early embryogenesis. These structures mimic polarization and cavitation characteristic of pre-implantation development leading to blastocyst morphology formation and the transition to post-implantation-like organization upon extended culture. Single-cell RNA sequencing of these structures reveals subsets of cells bearing some resemblance to epiblast, hypoblast and trophectoderm lineages. Nevertheless, significant divergences from natural blastocysts persist in some key markers, and signalling pathways point towards ways in which morphology and transcriptional-level cell identities may diverge in stem cell models of the embryo. Thus, this stem cell platform provides insights into the design of stem cell models of embryogenesis.
SON drives oncogenic RNA splicing in glioblastoma by regulating PTBP1/PTBP2 switching and RBFOX2 activity
Authors: Kim Jung-Hyun , Jeong Kyuho , Li Jianfeng , Murphy James M. , Vukadin Lana , Stone Joshua K. , Richard Alexander , Tran Johnny , Gillespie G. Yancey , Flemington Erik K. , Sobol Robert W. , Lim Ssang-Teak Steve , Ahn Eun-Young Erin
Published: September 2021

While dysregulation of RNA splicing has been recognized as an emerging target for cancer therapy, the functional significance of RNA splicing and individual splicing factors in brain tumors is poorly understood. Here, we identify SON as a master regulator that activates PTBP1-mediated oncogenic splicing while suppressing RBFOX2-mediated non-oncogenic neuronal splicing in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). SON is overexpressed in GBM patients and SON knockdown causes failure in intron removal from the PTBP1 transcript, resulting in PTBP1 downregulation and inhibition of its downstream oncogenic splicing. Furthermore, SON forms a complex with hnRNP A2B1 and antagonizes RBFOX2, which leads to skipping of RBFOX2-targeted cassette exons, including the PTBP2 neuronal exon. SON knockdown inhibits proliferation and clonogenicity of GBM cells in vitro and significantly suppresses tumor growth in orthotopic xenografts in vivo. Collectively, our study reveals that SON-mediated RNA splicing is a GBM vulnerability, implicating SON as a potential therapeutic target in brain tumors.
FDG positron emission tomography imaging and ctDNA detection as an early dynamic biomarker of everolimus efficacy in advanced luminal breast cancer
Authors: Gombos Andrea , Venet David , Ameye Lieveke , Vuylsteke Peter , Neven Patrick , Richard Vincent , Duhoux Francois P. , Laes Jean-Francois , Rothe Françoise , Sotiriou Christos , Paesmans Marianne , Awada Ahmad , Guiot Thomas , Flamen Patrick , Piccart-Gebhart Martine , Ignatiadis Michail , Gebhart Géraldine
Published: September 2021

Biomarkers to identify patients without benefit from adding everolimus to endocrine treatment in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are needed. We report the results of the Pearl trial conducted in five Belgian centers assessing 18F-FDG-PET/CT non-response (n = 45) and ctDNA detection (n = 46) after 14 days of exemestane-everolimus (EXE-EVE) to identify MBC patients who will not benefit. The metabolic non-response rate was 66.6%. Median PFS in non-responding patients (using as cut-off 25% for SUVmax decrease) was 3.1 months compared to 6.0 months in those showing response (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.40–1.50, p = 0.44). The difference was significant when using a “post-hoc” cut-off of 15% (PFS 2.2 months vs 6.4 months). ctDNA detection at D14 was associated with PFS: 2.1 months vs 5.0 months (HR-2.5, 95% CI: 1.3–5.0, p = 0.012). Detection of ctDNA and/or the absence of 18F-FDG-PET/CT response after 14 days of EXE-EVE identifies patients with a low probability of benefiting from treatment. Independent validation is needed.
Electronic structure and signature of Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid state in epitaxial CoSb1−x nanoribbons
Authors: Lou Rui , Lei Minyinan , Ding Wenjun , Yang Wentao , Chen Xiaoyang , Tao Ran , Ding Shuyue , Shen Xiaoping , Yan Yajun , Cui Ping , Xu Haichao , Peng Rui , Zhang Tong , Zhang Zhenyu , Feng Donglai
Published: September 2021

Recently, monolayer CoSb/SrTiO3 has been proposed as a candidate harboring interfacial superconductivity in analogy with monolayer FeSe/SrTiO3. Experimentally, while the CoSb-based compounds manifesting as nanowires and thin films have been realized on SrTiO3 substrates, serving as a rich playground, their electronic structures are still unknown and yet to be resolved. Here, we have fabricated CoSb1−x nanoribbons with quasi-one-dimensional stripes on SrTiO3(001) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy and investigated the electronic structure by in situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Straight Fermi surfaces without lateral dispersions are observed. CoSb1−x/SrTiO3 is slightly hole doped, where the interfacial charge transfer is opposite to that in monolayer FeSe/SrTiO3. The spectral weight near the Fermi level exhibits power-law-like suppression and obeys a universal temperature scaling, serving as the signature of Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid (TLL) state. The obtained TLL parameter of ~0.21 shows the underlying strong correlations. Our results not only suggest CoSb1−x nanoribbon as a representative TLL system but also provide clues for further investigations on the CoSb-related interface.
Origin of pyrite nodules at the top of the nantuo diamictites, Southern China
Authors: Liu Changjie , Lin Ying
Published: September 2021

Pyrite nodules up to 20 cm in diameter are found at the top of the Marinoan (~ 635 Ma) Nantuo glacial diamictite as well as in the cap dolostones and shale/siltstones in the lower Doushantuo Formation in eastern Guizhou, southern China. Field occurrences, petrography, and stable sulfur isotopic compositions of pyrite nodules were studied from a section at Taoying, eastern Guizhou, China. Pyrite δ34S values from different nodules varied from 7.3 to 60.5‰ at different stratigraphic levels. No stratigraphic trend existed for the δ34S, supporting the scenario of pyrite formation in sediments before the precipitation of the cap dolostone. Pyrite δ34S values were also homogeneous within individual nodules at a 0.3 to 1 cm sampling scale, but were more heterogeneous at a 2 mm sampling scale. Homogeneity was not expected from the particular model for pyrite nodule formation in a largely closed or semi-closed environment. Thus, differential cementation and compaction of the pyrite-bearing sediments may have produced the nodular shape of the pyrite deposit.