bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary Patterns, Oxidative Stress, and Early Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Mediterranean, Vegan, and Vegetarian Diets
Authors: Ilari Sara , Proietti Stefania , Milani Francesca , Vitiello Laura , Muscoli Carolina , Russo Patrizia , Bonassi Stefano
Published: February 2025

Background: Dietary habits influenced by lifestyle and cultural factors play a critical role in health by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. While diets offer significant benefits, they may also pose risks, such as nutrient deficiencies, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach. Exploring Mediterranean and plant-based diet effects on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers may help improve health outcomes and disease prevention strategies. Methods: This study analyzed 65 studies following PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the effects of Mediterranean and plant-based diets on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy individuals. Results: The Mediterranean diet was weakly associated with reductions in oxidative stress markers, including MDA (ROM: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.57–1.13; p = 0.2092) and 8OHdG (ROM: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.59–1.11; p = 0.1847), as well as inflammation markers such as CRP (ROM: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.42–1.23; p = 0.1545) and IL-6 (ROM: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.97–1.55; p = 0.08). The vegetarian diet significantly reduced CRP (ROM: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69–0.98; p = 0.0297), while the vegan diet showed a borderline reduction (ROM: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.56–1.17; p = 0.2544), suggesting lower systemic inflammation compared to omnivorous diets. Conclusions: Although all three diets demonstrate potential in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, the antioxidant effects—especially for the Mediterranean diet—are lower than anticipated, indicating alternative mechanisms. Further research is essential to confirm these findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms to enhance preventive health strategies.
Fetal Growth Restriction and Its Metabolism-Related Long-Term Outcomes—Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Authors: Adam-Raileanu Anca , Miron Ingrith , Lupu Ancuta , Bozomitu Laura , Sasaran Maria Oana , Russu Ruxandra , Rosu Solange Tamara , Nedelcu Alin Horatiu , Salaru Delia Lidia , Baciu Ginel , Mihai Cristina Maria , Chisnoiu Tatiana , Beser Omer Faruk , Lupu Vasile Valeriu
Published: February 2025

The developmental origins of adult disease theory support the concept that undernourished fetuses are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome due to the energy-saving ‘Thrifty Phenotype’. This metabolic plasticity represents an evolutionary adaptation that allows individuals to resist the intense pressure caused by cyclically recurring periods of nutritional deprivation. A comprehensive review was conducted following an extensive literature search in the PubMed/Medline and EMBASE databases concerning reports on fetal/intrauterine growth restriction and its metabolic-related long-term outcomes. We only included articles written in English that were published before 1 July 2024. There are several underlying mechanisms and metabolic and endocrine adjustments shaped by the perinatal environment, and they all contribute to progression towards adult disease. From in utero malnutrition or other insults during the fetal period to fetal programing and postnatal catch-up growth, it is difficult to identify the exact moment when this adaptative phenomenon meant to assure fetal survival and to set children on their own physiological growth curves lose its beneficial effect, establishing the trajectory to obesity, insulin resistance, and other hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. With clinical correspondence to an altered body mass, composition, and eating behaviors, it is evident that the metabolic complications linked to FGR are intricate and arise from disturbances in several pathways and organs, but the underlying processes responsible for the long-term consequences are just starting to be understood. The lack of continuity in perinatal-to-pediatric FGR research sets the challenge of exploring new directions in future scientific opportunities. These will hopefully represent a cornerstone in the management of FGR-related metabolic disorders in children, preventing these disorders from evolving into adult disease.
Protective Effects of Bifidobacterium Breve MCC1274 as a Novel Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Abdelhamid Mona , Counts Scott E. , Zhou Chunyu , Hida Hideki , Kim Jae-Il , Michikawa Makoto , Jung Cha-Gyun
Published: February 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by memory impairment that significantly interferes with daily life. Therapeutic options for AD that substantively modify disease progression remain a critical unmet need. In this regard, the gut microbiota is crucial in maintaining human health by regulating metabolism and immune responses, and increasing evidence suggests that probiotics, particularly beneficial bacteria, can enhance memory and cognitive functions. Recent studies have highlighted the positive effects of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (B. breve MCC1274) on individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and schizophrenia. Additionally, oral supplementation with B. breve MCC1274 has been shown to effectively prevent memory decline in AppNL–G–F mice. In relation to Alzheimer’s pathology, oral supplementation with B. breve MCC1274 has been found to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and tau phosphorylation in both AppNL–G–F and wild-type (WT) mice. It also decreases microglial activation and increases levels of synaptic proteins. In this review, we examine the beneficial effects of B. breve MCC1274 on AD, exploring potential mechanisms of action and how this probiotic strain may aid in preventing or treating the disease. Furthermore, we discuss the broader implications of B. breve MCC1274 for improving overall host health and provide insights into future research directions for this promising probiotic therapy.
Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy Outcomes Across Diverse Ethnic Groups: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Saluja Sushant , Sugathan Navin , Krishnamurthy Roopa , Jude Edward B.
Published: February 2025

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes like gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but its effects across ethnic groups are unclear. This study examines the relationship among vitamin D levels, glucose tolerance, GDM prevalence, and neonatal outcomes in a multi-ethnic cohort of pregnant women. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 252 pregnant women from antenatal clinics between 2018 and 2022. Participants were divided into four groups based on serum vitamin D levels: severely deficient (<25 nmol/L), deficient (25–50 nmol/L), insufficient (51–75 nmol/L), and sufficient (>75 nmol/L). The analysis included multivariate linear regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity, BMI, gestational diabetes status, and seasonality. An area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) analysis identified the vitamin D threshold linked to an increased GDM risk. Results: Women classified as severely deficient had higher fasting glucose levels (5.73 ± 1.24 mmol/L) than those in other groups (p = 0.003, adjusted). The AUROC analysis identified a vitamin D threshold of 45 nmol/L associated with an elevated GDM risk (AUROC = 0.78, CI: 0.70–0.85). South Asian women had lower vitamin D levels (41.17 ± 18.03 nmol/L vs. 45.15 ± 16.75 nmol/L) and higher glucose tolerance test (GTT) levels than Caucasian women, despite having lower BMIs. Moreover, vitamin D levels positively correlated with neonatal birth weight (p = 0.02). Conclusions: There is a strong link between vitamin D deficiency and increased GDM risk, especially among South Asian women. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve vitamin D levels in high-risk ethnic groups.
Dairy Consumption and the Colonic Mucosa-Associated Gut Microbiota in Humans—A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Chen Ellie , Ajami Nadim J. , White Donna L. , Liu Yanhong , Gurwara Shawn , Hoffman Kristi , Graham David Y. , El-Serag Hashem B. , Petrosino Joseph F. , Jiao Li
Published: February 2025

Background: Dairy consumption has been associated with various health outcomes that may be mediated by changes in gut microbiota. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the association between the colonic mucosa-associated gut microbiota and the self-reported intake of total dairy, milk, cheese, and yogurt. A total of 97 colonic mucosal biopsies collected from 34 polyp-free individuals were analyzed. Dairy consumption in the past year was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The 16S rRNA gene V4 region was amplified and sequenced. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) classification was performed using the UPARSE and SILVA databases. OTU diversity and relative abundance were compared between lower vs. higher dairy consumption groups. Multivariable negative binomial regression models for panel data were used to estimate the incidence rate ratio and 95% confidence interval for bacterial counts and dairy consumption. False discovery rate-adjusted p values (q value) < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: Higher total dairy and milk consumption and lower cheese consumption were associated with higher alpha microbial diversity (adjusted p values < 0.05). Higher total dairy and milk consumption was also associated with higher relative abundance of Faecalibacterium. Higher milk consumption was associated with higher relative abundance of Akkermansia. Higher total dairy and cheese consumption was associated with lower relative abundance of Bacteroides. Conclusions: Dairy consumption may influence host health by modulating the structure and composition of the colonic adherent gut microbiota.
Trypanosoma cruzi Transmission Through Blood Samples and Derivatives: Main Routes, Control Strategies, and Recent Advancements in Blood Banks
Authors: da Gama Aline Nefertiti Silva , Soeiro Maria de Nazaré Correia
Published: February 2025

Neglected Tropical Diseases are a group of 25 conditions caused by diverse agents. They mostly affect people with poorer health outcomes, particularly preventable diseases. The social determinants of health influence the development and progression of these poverty diseases, with inadequate sanitation presenting chronicity, high morbidity, and economic impacts. Chagas disease, a prominent Neglected Tropical Disease caused by the intracellular pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in Latin America but is increasing as a global concern due to population migration. It is transmitted through insect vectors, congenitally, orally via contaminated food and beverage, via transfusions and organ donation, and due to laboratory accidents, among other minor relevant routes. As a silent illness, with many infected individuals remaining asymptomatic, it contributes to underdiagnosis, and delayed treatment that involves nitro derivatives is often discontinued due to side effects. Chagas disease spreads in non-endemic areas like the United States of America and Europe. Blood screening practices vary, with endemic regions implementing universal testing, while non-endemic areas rely on selective methods. Recent innovations, such as riboflavin–ultraviolet light treatment and arylimidamide compounds, represent promising alternatives to reduce transfusion transmission. This review presents an analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission through blood and derivatives, addressing the main routes, globally implemented control strategies, and recent advancements in blood bank safety.
Spatial and Genetic Diversity of Clinical Isolates of Blastocystis in Italy: A Network Analysis
Authors: Guadano-Procesi Isabel , Berrilli Federica , Di Cave David
Published: February 2025

Blastocystis is a common intestinal protist with a global distribution, frequently found in humans and various animals. Despite its prevalence, its role in human health remains debated, oscillating between being a harmless commensal and a potential pathogen. It has also been associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In Italy, the genetic and spatial diversity of Blastocystis remains understudied, despite the country’s diverse urbanized and environmental landscapes. This study investigates the haplotypic and spatial diversity of clinical isolates of Blastocystis across two different Italian regions, with an emphasis on subtype distribution and genetic variation. Using a network-based haplotype analysis, the study reveals a heterogeneous subtype distribution, with subtype ST4 (47.3%) being the most prevalent, followed by ST3 (20%), ST1 (16.4%), ST2 (12.7%), ST6 (1.8%) and ST7 (1.8%). The overall infection rate detected from symptomatic patients is 9.75%. Notably, ST4 shows limited haplotypic variation, suggesting a more stable population structure that is potentially linked to a human-adapted lineage. In contrast, ST1 and ST2 exhibit greater haplotypic diversity, likely due to ongoing zoonotic transmission. These findings enhance our understanding of the epidemiology of Blastocystis in Italy and underscore the need for further research on its pathogenic potential and transmission dynamics.
Overweight-Related Hypertension in Middle-Aged Men Is Linked to Elevated Leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, Cholesterol, and Reduced Testosterone
Authors: Alaamri Shalan , Serafi Abdulhalim S. , Hussain Zahir , Bafail Shouq K. , Bafail Mohammed A. , Demirkhanyan Lusine , Gondi Christopher S. , Sohail Sumera
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: One of the major causes of hypertension (HT) is the transition of normal weight (NW) status to overweight (OW) status and obesity in a population, which leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other disorders. A variety of factors/variables are involved in the development of HT and OW-related hypertension (OHT). However, we planned to investigate the pathophysiological role of serum leptin (Lep), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), total cholesterol (TC) and serum testosterone (ST) in OHT in middle-aged men. Methods: We consulted three groups of middle-aged men (age: 51–60 years)—an HT group (n: 97, high normal weight (HNW), body mass index (BMI): 23–24.9 kg/m2); an OHT group (n: 97, high overweight (HOW), BMI: 28–29.9 kg/m2) and a normal control group (NC, n: 98, HNW)—to investigate the variations in and correlations of Lep, IL-6, TNF-α, ST, TC and other variables. Results: Significant variations were obtained for the comparisons of TNF-α, Lep, ST and TC for the patient groups. OHT vs. NC showed a significant difference for ST. OHT vs. NC and OHT vs. HT had significant variations for IL-6. Significant changes were obtained for the serum levels of TNF-α, Lep, IL-6, ST and TC among groups. Significant and positive linear associations were obtained for TNF-α, Lep, TC and IL-6. Significant and negative linear associations were found for ST plotted against Lep, TNF-α and IL-6. Conclusions: The current report provides pathophysiological evidence of the interactive role of serum Lep, TNF-α, ST, TC and IL-6 in middle-aged men with HT and OHT. We suggest that the changes we noted in the present study would be helpful for further BMI-based studies in various subcategories of NW, OW and obese subjects with/without HT.
Discovery of a Novel Multitarget Analgesic Through an In Vivo-Guided Approach
Authors: Zhen Guo , Do Nayeon , Manh Nguyen Van , Ha Hee-Jin , Kim Hee , Kim Hyunsoo , Choi Kwanghyun , Ann Jihyae , Lee Jeewoo
Published: February 2025

Background: Pain is a complex condition influenced by peripheral, central, immune, and psychological factors. Multitarget approaches offer a more effective and safer alternative to single-target analgesics by enhancing efficacy, reducing side effects, and minimizing tolerance. This study aimed to identify a novel multitarget analgesic with improved pharmacological properties. Methods: An in vivo-guided screening approach was used to discover a new analgesic compound. Compound 29, derived from a novel scaffold inspired by opiranserin and vilazodone pharmacophores, was identified through analog screening in the formalin test. Its efficacy was further evaluated in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain. Mechanistic studies explored its interaction with neurotransmitter transporters and receptors, while pharmacokinetic and safety assessments were conducted to determine its stability, brain penetration, and potential toxicity. Results: Compound 29 demonstrated high potency in the formalin test, with an ED50 of 0.78 mg/kg in the second phase and a concentration-dependent effect in the first phase. In the SNL model, it produced dose-dependent analgesic effects, increasing withdrawal thresholds by 24% and 45% maximum possible effect (MPE) at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Mechanistic studies revealed strong triple uptake inhibition, particularly at dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporters, alongside high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor antagonism. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated enhanced stability and blood–brain barrier permeability. In vitro studies confirmed its nontoxicity to HT-22 cells but revealed potential hERG inhibition and strong CYP3A4 inhibition. Conclusions: Compound 29 is a promising multitarget analgesic with potent efficacy and favorable pharmacokinetics. Ongoing optimization efforts aim to mitigate side effects and enhance its therapeutic profile for clinical application.
Assessment of the In Vitro Biological Activities of Schiff Base-Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles as an Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Alzheimer, and Anti-Cancer Agent
Authors: Almehizia Abdulrahman A. , Naglah Ahmed M. , Aljafen Sadeem S. , Hassan Ashraf S. , Aboulthana Wael M.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Numerous diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer have spread in the whole world, especially in the Arab world. Also, various applications of Schiff-base functionalized nanoparticles and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) such as therapeutic applications have been discovered. Thus, the current research highlights (i) the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) produced with a Schiff base (SB) serving as a capping agent during their synthesis and (ii) assessment of the in vitro biological activities of Schiff base-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (SB-CuO-NPs) and a Schiff base (SB). Methods: SB-CuO-NPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, zeta potential, DLS analysis, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). It also focuses on assessing the in vitro biological applications and activities, including antioxidant, scavenging, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic activities, and enzymes inhibitory potential, of Schiff base-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (SB-CuO-NPs) and a Schiff base (SB) using methods described in the literature. Results: The results of the biological activities of the SB-CuO-NPs were compared with those of the SB. The SB-CuO-NPs demonstrated superior in vitro biological activities when compared to the SB from which they were produced. Conclusions: The results of this investigation concluded that the CuO-NPs, synthesized with the SB serving as an alternative capping agent, exhibited enhanced biological efficacy relative to the original SB. In the future, the biological efficiency of SB-CuO-NPs against diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and cancer diseases will be assessed in experimental animals (in vivo).
Docetaxel Micelles: A New Formulation to Diminish Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Xiang Lanlan , Wang Hao , Liu Jiajie , Shen Yuchen , Hu Yanfen , Che Wenchen , Li Ran , Yang Sisi , Teng Xin
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Docetaxel is a potent anti-cancer agent capable of treating various types of cancer. However, it often induces a range of adverse reactions when used with its standard solubilizer, Tween-80, necessitating allergy prophylaxis with dexamethasone prior to administration. To mitigate the risk of allergic reactions, with nanomicelles garnering significant interest due to their enhanced solubility and thermodynamic stability. Methods: In this research, a mPEG-PLA-Lys(Fmoc) micellar carrier with m = 45 and n = 10 was engineered to encapsulate docetaxel, and its self-assembly into micelles was investigated. Additionally, allergic reaction studies were conducted on animals. Results: The findings indicated that the formulation did not cause hemolysis, vascular, or muscle irritation in rabbits, nor did it elicit an allergic response in guinea pigs. Conclusions: These results suggest that nanomicelle-encapsulated docetaxel can diminish the allergic reactions associated with docetaxel injections, offering a novel approach to enhance the therapeutic utility of this outstanding anti-cancer drug.
Ustekinumab Drug Clearance Is Better Associated with Disease Control than Serum Trough Concentrations in a Prospective Cohort of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Yarur Andres J. , Dervieux Thierry , Ungaro Ryan , Spencer Elizabeth A. , Bruss Alexandra , Nunez Lizbeth , Berens Brandon , Vermeire Séverine , Wang Zhigang , Panetta John C. , Dreesen Erwin , Dubinsky Marla C.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to compare the association of ustekinumab (UST) drug clearance (CL) and trough drug concentrations with disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Methods: A prospective cohort of 83 patients with IBD receiving maintenance therapy with 90 mg subcutaneous UST was analyzed using Bayesian PK modeling. UST concentrations and antibodies to UST (ATU) were collected at the trough and measured using a drug-tolerant homogenous mobility shift assay (HMSA). CL was estimated using Bayesian estimation methods with priors from a previous population pharmacokinetic study specifically reparametrized using HMSA. Outcomes were combined clinical and biochemical remission and endoscopic healing index (EHI) score, a validated marker of endoscopic active disease in IBD. Statistical analysis consisted of linear and nonlinear mixed effect models for repeated time-to-event analysis. Results: A total of 83 patients with IBD were enrolled (median age 42 years, 52% female) and evaluated across 312 dose cycles (median follow-up: 279 days, median of 3 cycles/patient). Median concentrations and CL were 5.0 µg/mL and 0.157 L/day, respectively. Most patients (89%) were exposed to other biologics before starting UST, which was associated with lower rates of clinical and biochemical remission (p = 0.01). Longitudinal changes in concentrations were not associated with remission (p = 0.53). Conversely, higher CL was associated with a lower likelihood of remission (p < 0.01). EHI > 50 points (endoscopic active disease, n = 303 cycles) was associated with higher UST CL (p < 0.01). Conclusions: UST CL was more strongly associated with clinical and biochemical outcomes than trough concentrations, highlighting its potential role in therapy optimization.
Trends and Challenges in Plant Cryopreservation Research: A Meta-Analysis of Cryoprotective Agent Development and Research Focus
Authors: Kang Pilsung , Kim Sung Jin , Park Ha Ju , Han Se Jong , Kim Il-Chan , Lee Hyoungseok , Yim Joung Han
Published: February 2025

The stable long-term preservation of plant cells is crucial for biopharmaceuticals and food security. Therefore, the long-term cryopreservation of plant cells using a cryoprotective agent (CPA) is a crucial area of study. However, research on low-toxicity CPAs remains limited. We analyzed 1643 abstracts related to plant-cryopreservation (PCP) research published from 1967 to May 2023, spanning 56 years, from academic citation databases, with the search conducted in May 2023. Grouping these abstracts by five-year intervals revealed an increase in PCP papers until 2015, followed by a decline in the 2020s. In order to confirm the declining trend, we performed text-mining analysis using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm, which identifies underlying topics across diverse documents to aid decision-making and classified the abstracts into three distinct topics: Topic 1, “Seed bank”; Topic 2, “Physiology”; and Topic 3, “Cryopreservation protocol”. The decline, particularly in “Cryopreservation protocol” research, is an important observation in this study. At the same time, this decrease may be due to the limited scope of Topic 3. However, we expect improvements with the development of new CPAs. This expectation is based on numerous ongoing studies focused on developing new CPAs for the cryopreservation of various animal and medical cell lines, with particular attention on polysaccharides as components that could reduce the required concentrations of existing CPAs.
Tackling the Problem of Tendon Adhesions: Physical Barriers Prepared from α-Amino Acid-Based Poly(ester amide)s
Authors: Saraiva Sofia , Rénio Francisca , Pereira Patrícia , Santos Patrícia , Paula Carlos T. B. , Ramalho Amílcar , Serra Arménio C. , Fonseca Ana C.
Published: February 2025

In this work, electrospun membranes of α-amino acid based poly(ester amide)s (AAA-PEAs) from L-alanine (PEA_ala) or L-phenylalanine (PEA_phe) were successfully prepared to be used as physical barriers in the orthopedic field. Also, blends of these two polymers were used in different weight ratios (25:75, 50:50 and 75:25) to obtain physical barriers with different properties. All membranes had a suitable pore size to prevent fibroblast infiltration, and their porosity and permeability values were in a range that allowed the passage of nutrients. The membrane made from a blend of 25%wt of PEA_ala and 75% wt of PEA_phe showed the highest value of swelling capacity, suggesting a higher lubricant feature. The same membrane suffered a more pronounced degradation, as evidenced by the in vitro enzymatic degradation tests. All membranes showed suitable toughness values, a crucial property with regard to application. In vitro cytotoxicity tests performed with a NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line revealed decreased cell viability after 7 days, suggesting that these membranes are not ideal substrates to promote fibroblast adhesion and proliferation. These membranes as physical barriers represent a significant advance in the field given the limited literature on electrospun AAA-PEAs and their use to prevent tendon adhesion.
Characterization of Structure and Morphology of Cellulose Lyocell Microfibers Extracted from PAN Matrix
Authors: Makarov Igor , Palchikova Ekaterina , Vinogradov Markel , Golubev Yaroslav , Legkov Sergey , Gromovykh Petr , Makarov Georgy , Arkharova Natalia , Karimov Denis , Gainutdinov Radmir
Published: February 2025

Polymer matrices can be reinforced with cellulose fillers in a variety of geometric shapes. Depending on the morphology of the particles, the volume fraction of the composite additive may decrease, while the values of the elastic modulus may increase. Increasing the length while decreasing the width of the cellulose filler is an intriguing path in the development of composite additives and materials based on it. It is difficult to form thin continuous cellulose fibers, but this can be accomplished via the sea-island composite fiber manufacturing process. The creation of cellulose fibrils in polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/cellulose based systems happens during the spinning of the mixed solution. A selective solvent facilitates the isolation of cellulose fibrils. The structure of the isolated microfibers was investigated using X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, SEM, and AFM. The structure of the resulting cellulose microfibers was compared to bacterial cellulose. It has been shown that composite fibers have a superposition pattern, while cellulose fibrils have a structure different from native cellulose and similar to Lyocell fibers (polymorph II). The crystallite sizes and crystallinity of regenerated cellulose were determined. The identified structural parameters for cellulose fibrils provide strength at the level of industrial hydrated cellulose fibers.
Numerical Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of a Coupled Wind–Wave Energy Device
Authors: Su Xiaoming , Dong Xiaochen , Xu Chuanli , Liu Zhen , Ni Heqiang , Han Ziqian
Published: February 2025

A wind–wave coupled device integrating an offshore fixed wind turbine and an OWC (oscillating water column) wave energy device is proposed in this study. Its dynamic characteristics under extreme environmental conditions are analyzed for practical design and development using a numerical model established based on the commercial finite element method platform ANSYS-Workbench, which is then validated using experimental data for an offshore fixed wind turbine model. The modal analysis results indicate that installing the OWC system does not modify the basic dynamic characteristics of the original wind turbine. Under different extreme environmental conditions at different design water levels, stress concentration can be observed at different locations on the structures. Although the gap between the sub-chambers of the OWC system can be increased to reduce stress on the chamber and piles, an excessively large gap will enhance structural complexity and increase construction costs. An appropriate relative size for the gap between the sub-chambers is recommended for practical design.
Improving BeiDou Global Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3)-Derived Station Coordinates Using Calibrated Satellite Antennas and Station Inter-System Translation Parameters
Authors: Zhang Tao , Guo Shiwei , Fan Lei , Shi Chuang
Published: February 2025

The BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has been widely applied in various geodetic applications since its full operation. However, the estimated station coordinates using BDS-3 are less precise compared to GPS results. It contains systematic errors caused by scale bias with respect to International GNSS Service (IGS) 2020 frame and Inter-System Translation Parameters (ISTPs). In order to improve the consistency of BDS-3-derived station coordinates with respect to IGS20 products, we firstly estimated the satellite antenna Phase Center Offsets (PCOs) for BDS-3 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) constellation, and then estimated station-specific ISTPs from GPS to BDS-3 systems. The results indicate that the PCO-Z estimates show large differences among satellites from different manufacturers and orbit planes. The estimated BDS-3 satellite PCOs exhibit a systematic bias of −9.3 cm in the Z-direction compared to ground calibrations. The maximum mean station-specific ISTPs can reach up to 3 mm, highlighting significant variability and the need for refinement in positioning. When using the estimated PCOs instead of igs20.atx values, the estimated scale bias with respect to the IGS20 frame is reduced from 0.38 ppb to −0.12 ppb, indicating that the refined BDS-3 satellite PCOs are well compatible with IGS20. Regarding the Up component that is correlated with the scale factor, the station coordinate differences with respect to the IGS20 frame is reduced from 7.0 mm to 6.2 mm in terms of the root mean square (RMS), which is improved by 11.4%. Considering the additional ISTP corrections, a further improvement of 17% was obtained in station coordinates. The RMS of station coordinate differences with respect to the IGS20 frame is 2.3 mm, 2.7 mm, and 5.2 mm for the North, East, and Up components, respectively.
Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) Density Responses to the May 2024 Superstorm at Mid-to-High Latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere Based on Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) Observations
Authors: Huang Ningtao , Li Jingyuan , Lu Jianyong , Fu Shuai , Sun Meng , Wei Guanchun , Zhan Mingming , Wang Ming , Xiong Shiping
Published: February 2025

The thermospheric density response during geomagnetic storms has been extensively explored, but with limited studies on the density response in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region. In this study, the density response in the MLT region at mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the intense geomagnetic storm in May 2024 is investigated using density data from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument aboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. The results indicate that during the geomagnetic storm, the density response exhibits both significant decreases and increases; specifically, approximately 25.2% of the observation points show a notable reduction within a single day, with the maximum decrease exceeding −59.9% at 105 km. In contrast, around 16.5% of the observation points experience a significant increase over the same period, with the maximum increase surpassing 82.4% at 105 km. The distribution of density changes varies with altitudes. The magnitude of density increases diminishes with decreasing altitude, whereas the density decreases exhibit altitude-dependent intensity variations. Density decreases are primarily concentrated in high-latitude regions, especially in the polar cap, while density increases are mainly observed between 50°N and 70°N. The intensity of density response is generally stronger in the dusk sector than in the dawn sector. These results suggest that atmospheric expansion and uplift driven by temperature variations are the primary factors underlying the observed density change.
A Universal Framework for Near-Real-Time Detection of Vegetation Anomalies from Landsat Data
Authors: Xie Yixuan , Xiao Zhiqiang , Li Juan , Song Jinling , Yang Hua , Lv Kexin
Published: February 2025

Vegetation anomalies are frequently occurring and may greatly affect ecological functions. Many near-real-time (NRT) detection methods have been developed to detect these anomalies in a timely manner whenever a new satellite observation is available. However, the undisturbed vegetation conditions captured by these methods are only applicable to a particular pixel or vegetation type, resulting in a lack of universality. Also, most methods that use single characteristic parameter may ignore the multi-spectral expression of vegetation anomalies. In this study, we developed a universal framework to simultaneously detect various vegetation anomalies in NRT from Landsat observations. Firstly, Landsat surface reflectance data from the Benchmark Land Multisite Analysis and Intercomparison of Products (BELMANIP) sites were selected as a reference vegetation dataset to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized burn ratio (NBR), which describe vegetation conditions from the perspectives of greenness and moisture, respectively. After the elimination of cloud-contaminated pixels, the high-quality NDVI and NBR data over the BELMANIP sites were further normalized in order to remove the differences in the growth of the varying vegetation. Based on the normalized NDVI and NBR, kernel density estimation (KDE) was used to create a universal measure of undisturbed vegetation, which described the uniform spectral frequency distribution of different undisturbed vegetation with a series of accumulated probabilities on a monthly basis. Whenever a new Landsat observation is collected, the vegetation anomalies are determined according to the universal measure in NRT. To demonstrate the potential of this framework, three study areas with different anomaly types (deforestation, fire event, and insect outbreak) in distinct ecozones (rainforest, coniferous forest, and deciduous broad-leaf forest) were used. The quantitative analyses showed generally high overall accuracies (>90% with the kappa >0.82). The user accuracy for the fire event and the producer accuracy for the earlier insect infestation were relatively lower. The accuracies may be affected by the complexity of the land surface, the quality of the Landsat image, and the accumulated probability threshold.
From Gene to Clinic: The Role of APOL1 in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Delrue Charlotte , Speeckaert Marijn M.
Published: February 2025

Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genetic variations, notably the G1 and G2 alleles, have important roles in the pathophysiology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and other kidney problems, especially in people of African descent. This review summarizes current understanding about the genetic, molecular, and clinical features of APOL1-associated FSGS and investigates new therapeutic options. It reveals how APOL1 mutations generate kidney injury through mechanisms such as podocyte dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, and dysregulated inflammatory networks. Recent treatment developments, such as small-molecule inhibitors like inaxaplin, antisense oligonucleotides, and novel interventions targeting lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways, are being assessed for their capacity to address the specific issues presented by APOL1-associated nephropathy. We also address gaps in knowledge, such as the function of environmental triggers and the systemic consequences of APOL1 mutations, emphasizing the significance of targeted research.
Investigation of Impurities in Peptide Pools
Authors: Bosc-Bierne Gaby , Weller Michael G.
Published: February 2025

Peptide pools are important research tools in different biomedical fields. They consist of a complex mixture of defined peptides, which places high demands on the production and quality control of these products. Previously it has been shown that the combination of UHPLC with high-resolution mass-spectrometry (HRMS) is a fast and powerful method to confirm the relative concentration and the structural identity of all peptides expected to be in the pool. In this work, the additional information contained in the UV chromatograms and mass spectra is used to search for impurities due to synthesis by-products and degradation during storage and transportation and to identify possible analytical artifacts. It was shown that most impurities are only present in trace amounts and can be considered uncritical for most applications. The most frequent and perhaps unexpected impurities were homo- and heterodimers caused by the free cysteines contained in these peptide pools. Furthermore, pyroglutamate and aspartimide formation, deamidation, methionine oxidation, and amino acid deletions could be found. This list is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather a brief guide to quickly identify impurities and, in the long term, to suggest possible changes in the composition of the peptide pools to avoid such impurities by design or by special precautions.
Modeling the Nexus Between Technological Innovations and Institutional Quality for Entrepreneurial Development in Southeastern Europe
Authors: Suliman Lobna Alsadeg Altaher , Adedokun Muri Wole
Published: February 2025

Entrepreneurship has been critical in fostering economic growth. The technological innovations and quality of institutions are crucial in promoting entrepreneurship and promoting an environment conducive to entrepreneurial activities. This study investigated the effect of technological innovations and institutional quality on entrepreneurial development with annual data from 2014 to 2021 across Southeastern European countries. The cross-sectional auto-regressive regressive distributed lag model (C-S ARDL), quantile regression and Granger causality were employed to achieve the objectives of this study. A dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator was also applied to perform a robust analysis. The findings revealed a significant long-term relationship between technological innovations and entrepreneurial development, with a coefficient of 0.088. There also exists a significant and positive impact on institutional quality and entrepreneurial development in the long run, with a coefficient of 5.912. Furthermore, the outcome revealed that the exchange rate negatively influences entrepreneurial development in Southeast Europe. The Granger causality reports a bi-directional relationship between technological innovations and entrepreneurial development in Southeastern Europe. The study concluded that a significant relationship exists between technological innovations, institutional quality, and entrepreneurial development in Southeastern Europe. The study recommends that governments of Southeastern European countries strengthen their regulatory structures and institutions to improve the welfare of society through a reduction in political, social, and economic unpredictability while boosting trust and investment from entrepreneurs.
Does Board Diversity Drive Sustainability? Evidence from UK-Listed Companies
Authors: EmadEldeen Rehab , Elbayuomi Ahmed F. , Elmoursy Hanan , Bouaddi Mohammed , Basuony Mohamed A. K.
Published: February 2025

The board diversity is a vital factor influencing corporate sustainability by incorporating varied perspectives and expertise into environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices. This study examines the impact of board diversity—gender, age, educational background, and nationality—on sustainability performance in UK-listed companies. Grounded in Stakeholder Theory, Resource Dependence Theory, Critical Mass Theory, and Institutional Theory, and using quantile regression, this research explores these relationships across sensitive and non-sensitive industries over a 20-year period (2002–2021) using data from 1814 companies. The sample is segmented into high-, medium-, and low-sustainability companies to assess the heterogeneous effects of diversity. Findings reveal industry-specific patterns: In sensitive industries, gender diversity negatively affects ESG scores in low- and medium-sustainability companies, while nationality diversity consistently improves ESG outcomes across all levels. In non-sensitive industries, age diversity enhances ESG scores in medium- and high-sustainability companies, whereas educational diversity shows mixed effects—negative in medium and positive in high-sustainability companies. Nationality diversity also positively impacts ESG outcomes in medium-sustainability companies. This research adds to the literature by looking at how board diversity impacts sustainability performance across industries and sustainability levels by combining a multi-theoretical approach and applying quantile regression, as well as practical guidance for companies looking to improve board diversity for better sustainability performance.
Embedding Sustainability in Organisations Through Climate, Culture, and Leadership
Authors: Serpa Sandro , Sá Maria José
Published: February 2025

Successfully integrating sustainability principles into organisational policies and practices requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach [...]
Critical Review of the Application of the Principal International Standards and Guidelines on Indoor Microclimates for the Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Dalla Mora Tiziano , De Vivo Maria Antonietta , Scarpa Massimiliano , Peron Fabio
Published: February 2025

Assessments of indoor microclimates are the first act of preventive conservation of cultural heritage. Interest in this subject has led to the development of an increasing number of standards and guidelines. This critical review examines the application of the main standards and guidelines for indoor microclimates for the preventive conservation of cultural heritage and proposes their synthesis in a common framework. In this manner, this study tries to shed light on their coordination and to propose guidance for better understanding and application. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of guidelines: the first is based on the fixed values of specific parameters, used as limits for the best preservation of the various materials, whereas the second identifies the historical microclimate specific to the environment as the reference for appropriate preservation, especially in the case of organic and hygroscopic materials. After analysing different standards and guidelines, the various parameters and calculation methods are discussed and summarised in a table for a synoptic comparison.
Does Multidimensional Urbanization Help Reduce Environmental Pollution?—Evidence from Three Major Urban Agglomerations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
Authors: Wei Lijie , Cheng Yu , Wang Zhibao , Pan Zhilong , Qi Guangzhi
Published: February 2025

China’s rapid urbanization has spurred economic growth and posed environmental challenges. We investigate the relationship between multidimensional urbanization and environmental pollution by a fixed effect model based on the panel data of 70 cities in three major urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt during 2005–2020. Overall, environmental pollution aggravates and then decreases in three major urban agglomerations, which is closely related to China’s environmental pollution control policies. Environmental pollution shows obvious spatial heterogeneities by five levels in three major urban agglomerations, which have been gradually changed from high-value levels to low-value levels. In the Yangtze River Economic Belt, environmental pollution is dominated by “High–High” and “Low–Low” clusters. Among them, “High–High” clusters move eastwards, while “Low–Low” clusters gradually concentrate southeastwards. Multidimensional urbanization helps to alleviate regional environmental pollution. Economic, social, and land urbanization reduces environmental pollution in three urban agglomerations to a certain extent. Population urbanization has a non-significant effect on environmental pollution. Social urbanization has improved environmental pollution in the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration (CC) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), which is increased by population urbanization in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MYR) and is improved by comprehensive urbanization in CC.
Study on the Causes of Wellbore Leakage in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage—Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Pang Min , Zhang Yichang , Li Qiong , Zhang Zheyuan
Published: February 2025

This study investigates wellbore leakage accidents associated with Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Enhanced Oil Recovery (CCUS-EOR) to identify causal factors, clarify their degrees of influence, hierarchical structures, and substantive roles, while revealing the causal mechanisms behind these incidents to promote the safe development of CCUS-EOR. A distinctive aspect of this research is its integrated framework, which effectively combines the theory of integrated safety management with advanced methodologies such as the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), Interpretive Structural Models (ISM), and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication (MICMAC) to systematically analyze the interdependencies among risk factors. This comprehensive approach provides a nuanced understanding of the interactions among the 20 identified influencing factors across four domains, organized into a multilayered, three-stage structure. Furthermore, the study uncovers two critical causal pathways for wellbore leakage, namely F17 (lack of supervision and feedback) → F20 (inadequate safety investment) → F16 (lack of education and training) → F3 (weak safety awareness) → F9 (improper material selection) and F13 (high geological activity) → F11 (poor reservoir properties) → F6 (corrosion and aging failure), offering unique insights into risk dynamics that remain underexplored in the existing literature. This study could be enhanced in future research by taking into account a broader spectrum of causal factors, incorporating scenario simulations to facilitate a more comprehensive analysis, and involving a greater number of experts from diverse fields to enrich the insights derived.