bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Attractive Female Tennis Players More Successful? An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Bakkenbüll Linn‐Brit , Kiefer Stephanie
Published: October 2015

The impact of physical attractiveness and resulting advantages of physical attractive people is a popular research field. Nevertheless, few studies have analysed the relationship between physical attractiveness and sporting performance. To the best of our knowledge this study is the first to investigate the relationship between physical attractiveness of professional (female tennis players and their sporting success in terms of prize money earned and probabilities of winning. Moreover, we can determine further factors which have a significant influence on the prize money earned and the likelihood to win a tennis match. Therefore, we investigate professional female tennis players, which were ranked in the top 100 of the tennis world ranking in one selected week in 2011. OLS regressions demonstrate a significant positive relationship between physical attractiveness and sporting success in terms of prize money for the years 2012 and 2013 as well as for the whole career. Further significant drivers are the BMI and its square, the number of played tournaments and the career duration. Furthermore, the study examines whether the probability of winning an individual tennis match is influenced by physical attractiveness. The logit model used shows that the larger the difference in physical attractiveness, the higher the probability of winning for the more attractive tennis player in individual matches. Moreover, difference in world ranking place and difference in the number of years as a professional tennis player have a significant impact on the winning probability.
Saqqar: A 34 km diameter impact structure in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kenkmann Thomas , Afifi Abdulkader M. , Stewart Simon A. , Poelchau Michael H. , Cook Douglas J. , Neville Allen S.
Published: October 2015

Here we present the first proof of an impact origin for the Saqqar circular structure in northwestern Saudi Arabia (Neville et al. ), with an apparent diameter of 34 km, centered at 29°35′N, 38°42′E. The structure is formed in Cambrian–Devonian siliciclastics and is unconformably overlain by undeformed Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments. The age of impact is not well constrained and lies somewhere between 410 and 70 Ma. The subsurface structure is constrained by 2‐D reflection seismic profiles and six drilled wells. First‐order structural features are a central uplift that rises approximately 2 km above regional datums, surrounded by a ring syncline. The crater rim is defined by circumferential normal faults. The central uplift and ring syncline correspond to a Bouguer gravity high and an annular ring‐like low, respectively. The wells were drilled within the central uplift, the deepest among them exceed 2 km depth. Sandstone core samples from these wells show abundant indicators of a shock metamorphic overprint. Planar deformation features (PDFs) were measured with orientations along (0001), {103}, and less frequently along {101} and {104}. Planar fractures (PFs) predominantly occur along (0001) and {101}, and are locally associated with feather features (FFs). In addition, some shocked feldspar grains and strongly deformed mica flakes were found. The recorded shock pressure ranges between 5 and 15 GPa. The preserved level of shock and the absence of an allochthonous crater fill suggest that Saqqar was eroded by 1–2 km between the Devonian and Maastrichtian. The documentation of unequivocal shock features proves the formation of the Saqqar structure by a hypervelocity impact event.
Cathodoluminescence as a tool to discriminate impact melt, shocked and unshocked volcanics: A case study of samples from the El'gygytgyn impact structure
Authors: Pittarello Lidia , Roszjar Julia , Mader Dieter , Debaille Vinciane , Claeys Philippe , Koeberl Christian
Published: October 2015

El'gygytgyn (Chukotka, Arctic Russia) is a well‐preserved impact structure, mostly excavated in siliceous volcanic rocks. For this reason, the El'gygytgyn structure has been investigated in recent years and drilled in 2009 in the framework of an ICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program) project. The target rocks mostly consist of rhyodacitic ignimbrites and tuffs, which make it difficult to distinguish impact melt clasts from fragments of unshocked target rock within the impact breccia. Several chemical and petrologic attempts, other than dating individual clasts, have been considered to distinguish impact melt from unshocked volcanic rock of the targets, but none has proven reliable. Here, we propose to use cathodoluminescence (imaging and spectrometry), whose intensity is inversely correlated with the degree of shock metamorphism experienced by the investigated lithology, to aid in such a distinction. Specifically, impact melt rocks display low cathodoluminescence intensity, whereas unshocked volcanic rocks from the area typically show high luminescence. This high luminescence decreases with the degree of shock experienced by the individual clasts in the impact breccia, down to almost undetectable when the groundmass is completely molten. This might apply only to El'gygytgyn, because the luminescence in volcanic rocks might be due to devitrification and recrystallization processes of the relatively old (Cretaceous) target rock with respect to the young impactites (3.58 Ma). The alteration that affects most samples from the drill core does not have a significant effect on the cathodoluminescence response. In conclusion, cathodoluminescence imaging and spectra, supported by Raman spectroscopy, potentially provide a useful tool for in situ characterization of siliceous impactites formed in volcanic target.
Life forms of Apiaceae in central Russia
Authors: Petrova Svetlana E.
Published: October 2015

In this article, the life forms of Apiaceae species growing in central Russia are described, classified and discussed. Different biomorphological parameters are used. In general, the spectrum of life forms on this family is not that large. Based on such features as life span, number of fruitings and structure of underground organs, 14 biomorphological types could be distinguished. Short rhizomatous polycarpic or monocarpic plants with a tap root, or also adventive roots, and a sympodial semi‐rosette shoot system with di‐polycyclic shoots dominate. Vegetative mobility is weakly expressed: nearly 85% of plants are monocentric. The main strategy for dispersal is by seed propagation. Life forms of many Apiaceae are evolutionary labile: all possible transitions from perennial polycarps to typical annuals and subsequent returns to perennial life style, not only in different species but sometimes also in one and the same species, can be observed. Poly‐variation is found also in plant morphology. The obtained data allowed to work out biomorphological diagnoses, i.e. analogies of systematical diagnoses that can be applied in studies of the systematics, ecology or economical use of the taxa.
Guard cell‐specific upregulation of sucrose synthase 3 reveals that the role of sucrose in stomatal function is primarily energetic
Authors: Daloso Danilo M. , Williams Thomas C. R. , Antunes Werner C. , Pinheiro Daniela P. , Müller Caroline , Loureiro Marcelo E. , Fernie Alisdair R.
Published: October 2015

Isoform 3 of sucrose synthase (SUS3) is highly expressed in guard cells; however, the precise function of SUS3 in this cell type remains to be elucidated.

Here, we characterized transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants overexpressing SUS3 under the control of the stomatal‐specific KST1 promoter, and investigated the changes in guard cell metabolism during the dark to light transition.

Guard cell‐specific SUS3 overexpression led to increased SUS activity, stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate and growth. Although only minor changes were observed in the metabolite profile in whole leaves, an increased fructose level and decreased organic acid levels and sucrose to fructose ratio were observed in guard cells of transgenic lines. Furthermore, guard cell sucrose content was lower during light‐induced stomatal opening. In a complementary approach, we incubated guard cell‐enriched epidermal fragments in 13C‐NaHCO3 and followed the redistribution of label during dark to light transitions; this revealed increased labeling in metabolites of, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

The results suggest that sucrose breakdown is a mechanism to provide substrate for the provision of organic acids for respiration, and imply that manipulation of guard cell metabolism may represent an effective strategy for plant growth improvement.
Diseases caused by mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1
Authors: Lacruz Rodrigo S. , Feske Stefan
Published: October 2015

Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels mediate a specific form of Ca2+ influx called store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) that contributes to the function of many cell types. CRAC channels are composed of ORAI1 proteins located in the plasma membrane, which form its ion‐conducting pore. ORAI1 channels are activated by stromal interaction molecule (STIM) 1 and STIM2 located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function gene mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 in human patients cause distinct disease syndromes. CRAC channelopathy is caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 that abolish CRAC channel function and SOCE; it is characterized by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)‐like disease, autoimmunity, muscular hypotonia, and ectodermal dysplasia, with defects in sweat gland function and dental enamel formation. The latter defect emphasizes an important role of CRAC channels in tooth development. By contrast, autosomal dominant gain‐of‐function mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 result in constitutive CRAC channel activation, SOCE, and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels that are associated with an overlapping spectrum of diseases, including nonsyndromic tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and York platelet and Stormorken syndromes. The latter two syndromes are defined, besides myopathy, by thrombocytopenia, thrombopathy, and bleeding diathesis. The fact that myopathy results from both loss‐ and gain‐of‐function mutations in ORAI1 and STIM1 highlights the importance of CRAC channels for Ca2+ homeostasis in skeletal muscle function. The cellular dysfunction and clinical disease spectrum observed in mutant patients provide important information about the molecular regulation of ORAI1 and STIM1 proteins and the role of CRAC channels in human physiology.
Bioavailability of iron, vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid when added to condiments and seasonings
Authors: Degerud Eirik M. , Manger Mari Skar , Strand Tor A. , Dierkes Jutta
Published: October 2015

Seasonings and condiments can be candidate vehicles for micronutrient fortification if consumed consistently and if dietary practices ensure bioavailability of the nutrient. In this review, we identify factors that may affect the bioavailability of iron, vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid when added to seasonings and condiments and evaluate their effects on micronutrient status. We take into consideration the chemical and physical properties of different forms of the micronutrients, the influence of the physical and chemical properties of foods and meals to which fortified seasonings and condiments are typically added, and interactions between micronutrients and the physiological and nutritional status of the target population. Bioavailable fortificants of iron have been developed for use in dry or fluid vehicles. For example, sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA) and ferrous sulfate with citric acid are options for iron fortification of fish and soy sauce. Furthermore, NaFeEDTA, microencapsulated ferrous fumarate, and micronized elemental iron are potential fortificants in curry powder and salt. Dry forms of retinyl acetate or palmitate are bioavailable fortificants of vitamin A in dry candidate vehicles, but there are no published studies of these fortificants in fluid vehicles. Studies of zinc and folic acid bioavailability in seasonings and condiments are also lacking.
Lungfish diversity in Romer's Gap: reaction to the end‐Devonian extinction
Authors: Smithson Timothy R. , Richards Kelly R. , Clack Jennifer A.
Published: October 2015

Romer's Gap, the interval following the end‐Devonian extinction event, has been described as a post‐extinction trough for vertebrates. It is a time roughly equivalent to the Tournaisian stage of the early Carboniferous and has been characterized by a lull in diversity of survivors. Lungfish typified this description. One species was known from one locality. Recently, a diverse collection of lungfish tooth plates, representing seven new forms, was recovered from new Tournaisian vertebrate localities in northern Britain. They display a range of previously unknown morphologies, with tooth shape and wear patterns not seen in other post‐Devonian forms. A comparison of tooth ridge number and tooth ridge angle in lungfishes from the Famennian, Tournaisian and Visean reveals marked differences between late Devonian and early Carboniferous taxa. The most common tooth plate shape in the Famennian is absent from our sample of Tournaisian taxa. Two completely new shapes have evolved, one with a relatively low tooth ridge angle, no greater than 40°, in which most of the tooth ridges are essentially parallel, and the other with a much higher tooth ridge angle of up to 180° where the tooth ridges are highly divergent. This high level of morphological diversity over a narrow time period suggests that, following the end‐Devonian extinction, gaps in ecospace left by the extinction of major groups of fishes were exploited by a previously unrecorded radiation of lungfishes. Whilst taxonomic diversity of lungfishes declined following the end‐Devonian extinction, recovery and diversification among tooth‐plated forms was rapid, and morphological disparity among these forms subsequently increased. Contrary to previous assumptions, morphological disparity among lungfish did not decline until much later in the Carboniferous.
Pain outcomes in children who received intrathecal vs intravenous opioids for pain control following major urologic surgery: a retrospective review
Authors: Putnam Elizabeth M. , Koppera Prabhat , Malviya Shobha , Voepel‐Lewis Terri
Published: October 2015

Background

Intrathecal (IT) opioid administration has been associated with postoperative benefits including reduced pain and opioid use in children. However, the postoperative benefits and risks of IT opioid administration during major urologic surgery in children remain unclear.

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare postoperative pain and adverse event outcomes among children who received IT vs intravenous (IV) opioids during major urologic surgery.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of children 3–17 years of age who underwent ureteroneocystostomy or pyeloplasty between 2006 and 2012. Electronically captured anesthetic and surgical data, postanesthesia care recovery unit (PACU) and nursing flowsheets, and daily progress notes through hospital discharge were reviewed. Analgesic techniques (i.e., IT or IV patient/nurse controlled opioids), all analgesic drugs and doses were recorded. Outcome measures included pain scores, need for rescue analgesics, opioid‐related adverse events, and their treatments.

Results

Seventy‐seven children received IT opioids and 51 received IV opioids. More children in the IV group required rescue analgesics and had higher pain scores at PACU discharge. Children in the IV group required rescue opioids more frequently than the IT group from 0 to 8 h and 8 to 16 h after PACU discharge, but rates were similar by 16–24 h 70% of children in IT group transitioned directly to oral opioids. Seven IT placements were considered as failed due to early need for rescue opioids. Four (8%) of the IV group and seven (9%) of the IT group experienced oxygen desaturation. Two of these, both in IT group required naloxone and one was admitted to ICU for observation. The IT group experienced a higher incidence of pruritus, constipation and hypotension.

Conclusion

We observed better postoperative pain control in children who received IT vs IV opioids for the first 16 h with no discernible difference thereafter. The intrathecal group experienced higher incidences of pruritus, constipation, and hypotension.
Drought limitations to leaf‐level gas exchange: results from a model linking stomatal optimization and cohesion–tension theory
Authors: Novick Kimberly A. , Miniat Chelcy F. , Vose James M.
Published: October 2015

We merge concepts from stomatal optimization theory and cohesion–tension theory to examine the dynamics of three mechanisms that are potentially limiting to leaf‐level gas exchange in trees during drought: (1) a ‘demand limitation’ driven by an assumption of optimal stomatal functioning; (2) ‘hydraulic limitation’ of water movement from the roots to the leaves; and (3) ‘non‐stomatal’ limitations imposed by declining leaf water status within the leaf. Model results suggest that species‐specific ‘economics’ of stomatal behaviour may play an important role in differentiating species along the continuum of isohydric to anisohydric behaviour; specifically, we show that non‐stomatal and demand limitations may reduce stomatal conductance and increase leaf water potential, promoting wide safety margins characteristic of isohydric species. We used model results to develop a diagnostic framework to identify the most likely limiting mechanism to stomatal functioning during drought and showed that many of those features were commonly observed in field observations of tree water use dynamics. Direct comparisons of modelled and measured stomatal conductance further indicated that non‐stomatal and demand limitations reproduced observed patterns of tree water use well for an isohydric species but that a hydraulic limitation likely applies in the case of an anisohydric species.
A Comparison of Multiple-Imputation Methods for Handling Missing Data in Repeated Measurements Observational Studies
Authors: Kalaycioglu Oya , Copas Andrew , King Michael , Omar Rumana Z.
Published: October 2015

Multiple-imputation (MI) methods for imputing missing data in observational health studies with repeated measurements were evaluated with particular focus on incomplete time varying explanatory variables. Standard and random-effects imputation by chained equations, multivariate normal imputation and Bayesian MI were compared regarding bias and efficiency of regression coefficient estimates by using simulation studies. Flexibility of the methods in handling different types of variables (binary, categorical, skewed and normally distributed) and correlations between the repeated measurements of the incomplete variables were also compared. Multivariate normal imputation produced the least bias in most situations, is theoretically well justified and allows flexible correlation for the repeated measurements. It can be recommended for imputing continuous variables. Bayesian MI is efficient and may be preferable in the presence of categorical and non-normally distributed continuous variables. Imputation by chained equations approaches were sensitive to the correlation between the repeated measurements. The moving time window approach may be used for normally distributed continuous variables with auto-regressive correlation.
A novel HLA‐DRB1 allele, DRB1*16:36 identified in a Chinese individual from the Xinjiang region
Authors: Wu J‐D. , Zhang W‐J. , Zhang L. , Zuo W‐Z. , Lu L‐J. , Ding Y‐L. , Yang D‐L.
Published: October 2015

A novel class II human leukocyte antigen allele HLA‐DRB1*16:36 is described.
Determination of unacceptable HLA antigen mismatches in kidney transplant recipients: recommendations of the German Society for Immunogenetics
Authors: Süsal C. , Seidl C. , Schönemann C. , Heinemann F. M. , Kauke T. , Gombos P. , Kelsch R. , Arns W. , Bauerfeind U. , Hallensleben M. , Hauser I. A. , Einecke G. , Blasczyk R.
Published: October 2015

One of the major tasks of histocompatibility and immunogenetics laboratories is the pretransplant determination of unacceptable antigen mismatches (UAM) in kidney transplant recipients. In this procedure, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) specificities are defined against which the patient has circulating alloantibodies that are expected to harm the transplanted organ. Using the information on UAM and the potential donor's complete HLA typing, prediction of the crossmatch result, the so called ‘virtual crossmatch’, is possible. Currently, the laboratories are using different algorithms for the determination of UAM, and depending on the algorithm, more or fewer organ offers are excluded for patients with a similar antibody profile. In order to bring homogeneity into the allocation of organs to immunized patients in Germany, the German Society for Immunogenetics established, on the basis of current knowledge, recommendations for the determination of UAM. The UAM recommendations, which are thought to serve as a common tool for responsible physicians at different transplant centers, contain technical issues that need to be considered and are individualized for sensitized patients with a high or intermediate risk of antibody‐mediated rejection. The present review contains these recommendations and puts them into perspective to current international practice.
Altitude and regional gradients in chronic kidney disease prevalence in Costa Rica: Data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study
Authors: Harhay Meera N. , Harhay Michael O. , Coto‐Yglesias Fernando , Rosero Bixby Luis
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Recent studies in Central America indicate that mortality attributable to chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising rapidly. We sought to determine the prevalence and regional variation of CKD and the relationship of biologic and socio‐economic factors to CKD risk in the older‐adult population of Costa Rica.

Methods

We used data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Health Aging Study (CRELES). The cohort was comprised of 2657 adults born before 1946 in Costa Rica, chosen through a sampling algorithm to represent the national population of Costa Ricans >60 years of age. Participants answered questionnaire data and completed laboratory testing. The primary outcome of this study was CKD, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2.

Results

The estimated prevalence of CKD for older Costa Ricans was 20% (95% CI 18.5–21.9%). In multivariable logistic regression, older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.08 per year, 95% CI 1.07–1.10, P < 0.001) was independently associated with CKD. For every 200 m above sea level of residence, subjects' odds of CKD increased 26% (aOR 1.26 95% CI 1.15–1.38, P < 0.001). There was large regional variation in adjusted CKD prevalence, highest in Limon (40%, 95% CI 30–50%) and Guanacaste (36%, 95% CI 26–46%) provinces. Regional and altitude effects remained robust after adjustment for socio‐economic status.

Conclusions

We observed large regional and altitude‐related variations in CKD prevalence in Costa Rica, not explained by the distribution of traditional CKD risk factors. More studies are needed to explore the potential association of geographic and environmental exposures with the risk of CKD.
Can Nomenclature for the Body be Explained by Embodiment Theories?
Authors: Majid Asifa , van Staden Miriam
Published: October 2015

According to widespread opinion, the meaning of body part terms is determined by salient discontinuities in the visual image; such that hands, feet, arms, and legs, are natural parts. If so, one would expect these parts to have distinct names which correspond in meaning across languages. To test this proposal, we compared three unrelated languages—Dutch, Japanese, and Indonesian—and found both naming systems and boundaries of even basic body part terms display variation across languages. Bottom‐up cues alone cannot explain natural language semantic systems; there simply is not a one‐to‐one mapping of the body semantic system to the body structural description. Although body parts are flexibly construed across languages, body parts semantics are, nevertheless, constrained by non‐linguistic representations in the body structural description, suggesting these are necessary, although not sufficient, in accounting for aspects of the body lexicon.
Chloroplastic thioredoxin m functions as a major regulator of Calvin cycle enzymes during photosynthesis in vivo
Authors: Okegawa Yuki , Motohashi Ken
Published: October 2015

Thioredoxins (Trxs) regulate the activity of various chloroplastic proteins in a light‐dependent manner. Five types of Trxs function in different physiological processes in the chloroplast of Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous in vitro experiments have suggested that the f‐type Trx (Trx f) is the main redox regulator of chloroplast enzymes, including Calvin cycle enzymes. To investigate the in vivo contribution of each Trx isoform to the redox regulatory system, we first quantified the protein concentration of each Trx isoform in the chloroplast stroma. The m‐type Trx (Trx m), which consists of four isoforms, was the most abundant type. Next, we analyzed several Arabidopsis Trx‐m‐deficient mutants to elucidate the physiological role of Trx m in vivo. Deficiency of Trx m impaired plant growth and decreased the CO2 assimilation rate. We also determined the redox state of Trx target enzymes to examine their photo‐reduction, which is essential for enzyme activation. In the Trx‐m‐deficient mutants, the reduction level of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase and sedoheptulose‐1,7‐bisphosphatase was lower than that in the wild type. Inconsistently with the historical view, our in vivo study suggested that Trx m plays a more important role than Trx f in the activation of Calvin cycle enzymes.
Jasmonate signalling drives time‐of‐day differences in susceptibility of Arabidopsis to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Ingle Robert A. , Stoker Claire , Stone Wendy , Adams Nicolette , Smith Rob , Grant Murray , Carré Isabelle , Roden Laura C. , Denby Katherine J.
Published: October 2015

The circadian clock, an internal time‐keeping mechanism, allows plants to anticipate regular changes in the environment, such as light and dark, and biotic challenges such as pathogens and herbivores. Here, we demonstrate that the plant circadian clock influences susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis plants show differential susceptibility to B. cinerea depending on the time of day of inoculation. Decreased susceptibility after inoculation at dawn compared with night persists under constant light conditions and is disrupted in dysfunctional clock mutants, demonstrating the role of the plant clock in driving time‐of‐day susceptibility to B. cinerea. The decreased susceptibility to B. cinerea following inoculation at subjective dawn was associated with faster transcriptional reprogramming of the defence response with gating of infection‐responsive genes apparent. Direct target genes of core clock regulators were enriched among the transcription factors that responded more rapidly to infection at subjective dawn than subjective night, suggesting an influence of the clock on the defence‐signalling network. In addition, jasmonate signalling plays a crucial role in the rhythmic susceptibility of Arabidopsis to B. cinerea with the enhanced susceptibility to this pathogen at subjective night lost in a jaz6 mutant.
A novel bioreactor and culture method drives high yields of platelets from stem cells
Authors: Avanzi Mauro P. , Oluwadara Oluwasijibomi E. , Cushing Melissa M. , Mitchell Maxwell L. , Fischer Stephen , Mitchell W. Beau
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Platelet (PLT) transfusion is the primary treatment for thrombocytopenia. PLTs are obtained exclusively from volunteer donors, and the PLT product has only a 5‐day shelf life, which can limit supply and result in PLT shortages. PLTs derived from stem cells could help to fill this clinical need. However, current culture methods yield far too few PLTs for clinical application. To address this need, a defined, serum‐free culture method was designed using a novel bioreactor to increase the yield of PLTs from stem cell‐derived megakaryocytes.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

CD34 cells isolated from umbilical cord blood were expanded with a variety of reagents and on a nanofiber membrane using serum‐free medium. These cells were then differentiated into megakaryocytic lineage by culturing with thrombopoietin and stem cell factor in serum‐free conditions. Polyploidy was induced by addition of Rho kinase inhibitor or actin polymerization inhibitor to the CD41 cells. A novel bioreactor was developed that recapitulated aspects of the marrow vascular niche. Polyploid megakaryocytes that were subjected to flow in the bioreactor extended proPLTs and shed PLTs, as confirmed by light microscopy, fluorescence imaging, and flow cytometry.

RESULTS

CD34 cells were expanded 100‐fold. CD41 cells were expanded 100‐fold. Up to 100 PLTs per input megakaryocyte were produced from the bioreactor, for an overall yield of 106 PLTs per input CD34 cell. The PLTs externalized P‐selectin after activation.

DISCUSSION

Functional PLTs can be produced ex vivo on a clinically relevant scale using serum‐free culture conditions with a novel stepwise approach and an innovative bioreactor.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF CRANIOMANDIBULAR OSTEOPATHY IN AN AIREDALE TERRIER
Authors: Matiasovic Matej , Caine Abby , Scarpante Elena , Cherubini Giunio Bruto
Published: October 2015

An Airedale Terrier was presented for evaluation of depression and reluctance to be touched on the head. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the head was performed. The images revealed bone lesions affecting the calvarium at the level of the coronal suture and left mandibular ramus, with focal cortical destruction, expansion, and reactive new bone formation. Skull lesions were hypointense on T1‐weighted sequences, hyperintense on T2‐weighted sequences, and showed an intense and homogeneous enhancement after gadolinium administration. Reactive new bone formation and periosteal proliferation were confirmed histopathologically. The clinical signs, imaging findings, and histopathological examination were consistent with craniomandibular osteopathy.
Measurement of the Self-Oscillating Vortex Rope Dynamics for Hydroacoustic Stability Analysis
Authors: Müller Andres , Yamamoto Keita , Alligné Sébastien , Yonezawa Koichi , Tsujimoto Yoshinobu , Avellan François
Published: October 2015

Flow instabilities in hydraulic machines often feature oscillating cavitation volumes, which locally introduce compliance and mass flow gain effects. These unsteady characteristics play a crucial role in one-dimensional stability models and can be determined through the definition of transfer functions for the state variables, where the cavitation volume is commonly estimated from the discharge difference between two points located upstream and downstream of the cavity. This approach is demonstrated on a test rig with a microturbine, featuring a self-oscillating vortex rope in its conical draft tube. The fluctuating discharges at the turbine inlet and the draft tube outlet are determined with the pressure–time method using differential pressure transducers. The cavitation volume is then calculated by integrating the corresponding discharge difference over time. In order to validate the results, an alternative volume approximation method is presented, based on the image processing of a high-speed flow visualization. In this procedure, the edges of the vortex rope are detected to calculate the local cross section areas of the cavity. It is shown that the cavitation volumes obtained by the two methods are in good agreement. Thus, the fluctuating part of the cavitation volume oscillation can be accurately estimated by integrating the difference between the volumetric upstream and downstream discharges. Finally, the volume and discharge fluctuations from the pressure–time method are averaged over one mean period of the pressure oscillation. This enables an analysis of the key physical flow parameters’ behavior over one characteristic period of the instability and a discussion of its sustaining mechanisms.
Investigation of the Performance of Turbulence Models With Respect to High Flow Curvature in Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Ali Shady , Elliott Kevin J. , Savory Eric , Zhang Chao , Martinuzzi Robert J. , Lin William E.
Published: October 2015

The goal of this research is to evaluate the performance of three turbulence models with respect to flow with high curvature in a centrifugal compressor stage designed for an aero-engine. The effectiveness of the curvature correction terms in the two-equation turbulence models is the main focus of this study, as implemented in the curvature-corrected shear stress transport (SST-CC) model of Smirnov and Menter. The SST-CC model uses a production multiplier in the k and ω equations. SST-CC results were compared against the SST model and previous simulations by Bourgeois et al. (2011, “Assessment of Turbulence Model Predictions for an Aero-Engine Centrifugal Compressor,” ASME J. Turbomach., 133(1), pp. 1–15) using the Reynolds stress model (RSM–SSG) for stage performance characteristics, experimental velocity profiles at the impeller–diffuser interface, and velocity contours at the diffuser exit. The production multiplier was investigated in the compressor impeller. The comparisons showed that the SST-CC model better predicted the choke region in the pressure characteristic and efficiency characteristic, whereas the SST model better predicted the stall region. However, both models predicted a similar mean flow velocity field. Analysis of the production multiplier demonstrated that the term provided the expected effects near the walls of the convex and concave surfaces. However, away from the walls where turbulent production term was insignificant, the production multiplier showed abnormal predictions. The rotation effects were found to be weaker than the curvature effects near the impeller trailing edge of the current compressor.
Concept for assembling individual nanostructure-based components into complex devices
Authors: Suyatin Dmitry B. , Sundberg Richard , Maximov Ivan , Shleev Sergey , Montelius Lars
Published: October 2015

Minute electronic (bio)devices will likely play an increasingly important role in everyday life and beyond, as overall device size often limits device functionality and applicability, a factor especially critical for brain implants. Recent progress in micro- and nanoelectronics has enabled the production of nanoscale electronic components; however, overall device size is often defined by technical and technological limitations, in particular, the ability to combine heterogeneous components made using incompatible processes on different substrates. Here, the authors suggest and evaluate a concept and approach aimed at the direct three-dimensional assembly of individual nanoscale-based components into complex devices for brain implants. They demonstrate this assembly possibility via the transfer of free-standing GaP nanowires, as well as test devices made of gold film which exhibit good quality electrical contacts. The key features essential for such a functional assembly process are discussed. The authors expect this approach to be generic and to enable the development of complex minute electronic (bio)devices based on nanoscale components. The proposed type of assembly may be especially beneficial for devices with strict size constraints, such as implantable neural interfaces.
Hydrogenation of carboxylic acids with a homogeneous cobalt catalyst
Authors: Korstanje Ties J. , Ivar van der Vlugt Jarl , Elsevier Cornelis J. , de Bruin Bas
Published: October 2015

A direct route from acids to alcohols

Making alcohols via hydrogen addition to C=O bonds is among the most widely applied reactions in chemistry. The transformation has also garnered renewed interest for generating commodity chemicals from biomass. Korstanje
et al.
now show that a cobalt compound can catalyze hydrogenation of the C=O bonds in carboxylic acids. These constitute a particularly challenging substrate class, given the propensity of many other catalysts to degrade under acidic conditions. The cobalt catalyst tolerates a versatile substrate range, and the Earth abundance of the metal bodes well for long-term utility.

Science
, this issue p.
298
The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons
Authors: Stern S. A. , Bagenal F. , Ennico K. , Gladstone G. R. , Grundy W. M. , McKinnon W. B. , Moore J. M. , Olkin C. B. , Spencer J. R. , Weaver H. A. , Young L. A. , Andert T. , Andrews J. , Banks M. , Bauer B. , Bauman J. , Barnouin O. S. , Bedini P. , Beisser K. , Beyer R. A. , Bhaskaran S. , Binzel R. P. , Birath E. , Bird M. , Bogan D. J. , Bowman A. , Bray V. J. , Brozovic M. , Bryan C. , Buckley M. R. , Buie M. W. , Buratti B. J. , Bushman S. S. , Calloway A. , Carcich B. , Cheng A. F. , Conard S. , Conrad C. A. , Cook J. C. , Cruikshank D. P. , Custodio O. S. , Dalle Ore C. M. , Deboy C. , Dischner Z. J. B. , Dumont P. , Earle A. M. , Elliott H. A. , Ercol J. , Ernst C. M. , Finley T. , Flanigan S. H. , Fountain G. , Freeze M. J. , Greathouse T. , Green J. L. , Guo Y. , Hahn M. , Hamilton D. P. , Hamilton S. A. , Hanley J. , Harch A. , Hart H. M. , Hersman C. B. , Hill A. , Hill M. E. , Hinson D. P. , Holdridge M. E. , Horanyi M. , Howard A. D. , Howett C. J. A. , Jackman C. , Jacobson R. A. , Jennings D. E. , Kammer J. A. , Kang H. K. , Kaufmann D. E. , Kollmann P. , Krimigis S. M. , Kusnierkiewicz D. , Lauer T. R. , Lee J. E. , Lindstrom K. L. , Linscott I. R. , Lisse C. M. , Lunsford A. W. , Mallder V. A. , Martin N. , McComas D. J. , McNutt R. L. , Mehoke D. , Mehoke T. , Melin E. D. , Mutchler M. , Nelson D. , Nimmo F. , Nunez J. I. , Ocampo A. , Owen W. M. , Paetzold M. , Page B. , Parker A. H. , Parker J. W. , Pelletier F. , Peterson J. , Pinkine N. , Piquette M. , Porter S. B. , Protopapa S. , Redfern J. , Reitsema H. J. , Reuter D. C. , Roberts J. H. , Robbins S. J. , Rogers G. , Rose D. , Runyon K. , Retherford K. D. , Ryschkewitsch M. G. , Schenk P. , Schindhelm E. , Sepan B. , Showalter M. R. , Singer K. N. , Soluri M. , Stanbridge D. , Steffl A. J. , Strobel D. F. , Stryk T. , Summers M. E. , Szalay J. R. , Tapley M. , Taylor A. , Taylor H. , Throop H. B. , Tsang C. C. C. , Tyler G. L. , Umurhan O. M. , Verbiscer A. J. , Versteeg M. H. , Vincent M. , Webbert R. , Weidner S. , Weigle G. E. , White O. L. , Whittenburg K. , Williams B. G. , Williams K. , Williams S. , Woods W. W. , Zangari A. M. , Zirnstein E.
Published: October 2015

New Horizons' views of Pluto

The flyby of Pluto and its moon Charon by the New Horizons spacecraft generated news coverage around the world. Now Stern
et al.
report the first scientific results from the high-speed encounter. The surface of Pluto is surprisingly diverse, with large regions of differing brightness and composition. There is ample evidence for ongoing rich geological processes that act to sculpt its surface. Charon's surface is similarly complex, with numerous relief structures and varied coloration. Pluto's atmosphere is extensive but less dense than expected, whereas Charon has no detectable atmosphere.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aad1815
Opposing intrinsic temporal gradients guide neural stem cell production of varied neuronal fates
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Yang Ching-Po , Sugino Ken , Fu Chi-Cheng , Liu Ling-Yu , Yao Xiaohao , Lee Luke P. , Lee Tzumin
Published: October 2015

Changes over time build neuronal diversity

Although neural progenitors can keep generating new neurons, they can generate different neurons as the organism develops. Two different sections of the
Drosophila
brain, the mushroom bodies and the antennal lobes, show this characteristic, although the antennal lobes produce more different types of neurons over development than do the mushroom bodies. Liu
et al.
identified two RNA-binding proteins that manage this change over development in both settings.

Science
, this issue p.
317
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Triggers Macrophage Autophagy To Escape Intracellular Killing by Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Authors: Deng Qiuchan , Wang Yi , Zhang Yuanqing , Li Meiyu , Li Dandan , Huang Xi , Wu Yongjian , Pu Jieying , Wu Minhao
Published: October 2015

Assembly of the inflammasome has recently been identified to be a critical event in the initiation of inflammation. However, its role in bacterial killing remains unclear. Our study demonstrates that
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection induces the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the sequential secretion of caspase1 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in human macrophages. More importantly, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome reduces the killing of
P. aeruginosa
in human macrophages, without affecting the generation of antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. In addition, our results demonstrate that
P. aeruginosa
infection increases the amount of the LC3-II protein and triggers the formation of autophagosomes in human macrophages. The
P. aeruginosa
-induced autophagy was enhanced by overexpression of NLRP3, ASC, or caspase1 but was reduced by knockdown of these core molecules of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Treatment with IL-1β enhanced autophagy in human macrophages. More importantly, IL-1β decreased the macrophage-mediated killing of
P. aeruginosa
, whereas knockdown of ATG7 or Beclin1 restored the IL-1β-mediated suppression of bacterial killing. Collectively, our study explores a novel mechanism employed by
P. aeruginosa
to escape from phagocyte killing and may provide a better understanding of the interaction between
P. aeruginosa
and host immune cells, including macrophages.
Comparative Evaluation of AmpliVue HSV 1+2 Assay with ELVIS Culture for Detecting Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in Clinical Specimens
Authors: Granato Paul A. , Alkins Brenda R. , Yen-Lieberman Belinda , Greene Wallace H. , Connolly Jessica , Buchan Blake W. , Ledeboer Nathan A.
Published: October 2015

The AmpliVue HSV 1+2 assay was compared to the ELVIS HSV ID and D
3
Typing Culture System for the qualitative detection and differentiation of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 DNA in 1,351 cutaneous and mucocutaneous specimens. Compared to ELVIS, AmpliVue had sensitivities of 95.7 and 97.6% for detecting HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Following arbitration of discordant results by an independent molecular method, the AmpliVue assay had a resolved sensitivity and specificity of 99.2 and 99.7%, respectively, for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, whereas ELVIS had a resolved sensitivity of 87.1% for HSV-1 and 84.5% for HSV-2.
Impact of HIV Infection Status on Interpretation of Quantitative PCR for Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii
Authors: Louis M. , Guitard J. , Jodar M. , Ancelle T. , Magne D. , Lascols O. , Hennequin C.
Published: October 2015

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is now a key diagnostic tool for
Pneumocystis
pneumonia. However, cutoffs to distinguish between infected and colonized patients according to their HIV status have not yet been determined. According to clinical, radiological, and biological data, we retrospectively classified bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples subjected to qPCR over a 3-year period into four categories, i.e., definite PCP, probable PCP,
Pneumocystis
colonization, and no infection. Fungal burden was then analyzed according to the HIV status of the patients. Among 1,212 episodes of pneumonia screened in immunocompromised patients, 52 and 27 HIV-positive patients were diagnosed with a definite and probable PCP, whereas 4 and 22 HIV-negative patients had definite and probable PCP, respectively. Among patients with definite or a probable PCP, HIV-negative patients had a significantly lower burden than HIV-positive patients (
P
< 10
−4
). In both groups, the median fungal burden was significantly higher in patients with definite PCP than in colonized patients. A single cutoff at 1.5 × 10
4
copies/ml allowed to differentiate colonized and infected HIV-positive patients with 100% sensitivity and specificity. In HIV-negative patients, cutoff values of 2.87 × 10
4
and 3.39 × 10
3
copies/ml resulted in 100% specificity and sensitivity, respectively. Using cutoffs determined for the whole population would have led us to set aside the diagnosis of PCP in 9 HIV-negative patients with definite or probable PCP. qPCR appeared to be the most sensitive test to detect
Pneumocystis
in BAL samples. However, because of lower inocula in HIV-negative patients, different cutoffs must be used according to the HIV status to differentiate between colonized and infected patients.
Commentary: Continuing Challenges for the Clinical Laboratory for Detection of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Humphries Romney M. , McKinnell James A.
Published: October 2015

Detecting carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
(CRE) can be difficult. In particular, the absence of FDA-cleared automated antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) devices that use revised Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) carbapenem breakpoints for
Enterobacteriaceae
and the lack of active surveillance tests hamper the clinical laboratory. In this issue of the
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
, Lau and colleagues (A. F. Lau, G. A. Fahle, M. A. Kemp, A. N. Jassem, J. P. Dekker, and K. M. Frank, J Clin Microbiol 53:3729–3737, 2015,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01921-15
) evaluate the performance of a research-use-only PCR for the detection of CRE in rectal surveillance specimens.
Duck Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein 3 Mediates Restriction of Influenza Viruses
Authors: Blyth Graham A. D. , Chan Wing Fuk , Webster Robert G. , Magor Katharine E.
Published: October 2015

Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) can restrict the entry of a wide range of viruses. IFITM3 localizes to endosomes and can potently restrict the replication of influenza A viruses (IAV) and several other viruses that also enter host cells through the endocytic pathway. Here, we investigate whether IFITMs are involved in protection in ducks, the natural host of influenza virus. We identify and sequence duck
IFITM1
,
IFITM2
,
IFITM3
, and
IFITM5
. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), we demonstrate the upregulation of these genes in lung tissue in response to highly pathogenic IAV infection by 400-fold, 30-fold, 30-fold, and 5-fold, respectively. We express each IFITM in chicken DF-1 cells and show duck IFITM1 localizes to the cell surface, while IFITM3 localizes to LAMP1-containing compartments. DF-1 cells stably expressing duck IFITM3 (but not IFITM1 or IFITM2) show increased restriction of replication of H1N1, H6N2, and H11N9 IAV strains but not vesicular stomatitis virus. Although duck and human IFITM3 share only 38% identity, critical residues for viral restriction are conserved. We generate chimeric and mutant IFITM3 proteins and show duck IFITM3 does not require its N-terminal domain for endosomal localization or antiviral function; however, this N-terminal end confers endosomal localization and antiviral function on IFITM1. In contrast to mammalian IFITM3, the conserved YXXθ endocytosis signal sequence in the N-terminal domain of duck IFITM3 is not essential for correct endosomal localization. Despite significant structural and amino acid divergence, presumably due to host-virus coevolution, duck IFITM3 is functional against IAV.

IMPORTANCE
Immune IFITM genes are poorly conserved across species, suggesting that selective pressure from host-specific viruses has driven this divergence. We wondered whether coevolution between viruses and their natural host would result in the evasion of IFITM restriction. Ducks are the natural host of avian influenza A viruses and display few or no disease symptoms upon infection with most strains, including highly pathogenic avian influenza. We have characterized the duck IFITM locus and identified IFITM3 as an important restrictor of several influenza A viruses, including avian strains. With only 38% amino acid identity to human IFITM3, duck IFITM3 possesses antiviral function against influenza virus. Thus, despite long coevolution of virus and host effectors in the natural host, influenza virus evasion of IFITM3 restriction in ducks is not apparent.