bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birth of the State
Authors: Epstein Charlotte
Published: November 2020

This book uses the body to peel back the layers of time and taken-for-granted-ness upon the two defining political forms of modernity, the state and the subject of rights. It traces, under the lens of the body, how the state and the subject mutually constituted each other all the way down, by going all the way back, to their original crafting in the seventeenth century. It considers multiple sites of theory and practice and two revolutions. The first, scientific, threw humanity out of the centre of the universe, and transformed the very meanings of matter, space, and the body; while the second, legal and political, re-established humans as the centre-point of a framework of rights. The book analyses the fundamental rights to security, liberty, and property, respectively, as the initial knots where the state-subject relation was first sealed. It develops three arguments, that the body served to naturalise security, to individualise liberty, and to privatise property. Covering a wide range of materials—from early modern anatomy lesson paintings, to the Anglo-Scottish legal struggles of naturalisation, to the emergence of discrete practices of religious toleration in Central Europe—it shows both how the body has operated as history’s great naturaliser, and how it can be mobilised instead as a critical tool that lays bare the deeply racialised and gendered constructions that made both the state and the subject of rights. The book returns to the origins of constructivist and constitutive theorising to reclaim their radical and critical potential.
Race, Gender, and Political Representation
Authors: Reingold Beth , Haynie Kerry L. , Widner Kirsten
Published: November 2020

Who gets elected? Who do they represent? What issues do they prioritize? Does diversity in representation make a difference? Race, Gender, and Political Representation approaches these questions about the politics of identity in the United States differently. It is not about women’s representation or minority representation; it is about how race and gender interact to affect the election, behavior, and impact of all individuals—raced women and gendered minorities alike. By putting women of color at the center of the analysis and re-evaluating traditional, one-at-a-time approaches to studying the politics of race or gender, the authors demonstrate what an intersectional approach to political representation can reveal. With a wealth of original data on the presence, policy leadership, and policy impact of Black women and men, Latinas and Latinos, and White women and men in state legislative office in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, each chapter shows how the politics of race, gender, and representation are far more complex than recurring “Year of the Woman” frameworks suggest. An array of race-gender similarities and differences is evident in the experiences, activities, and accomplishments of these state legislators. Yet one thing is clear: the representation of those marginalized by multiple, intersecting systems of power and inequality is intricately bound to the representation of women of color.
The Political Geography of Descriptive Representation
Authors: Reingold Beth
Published: November 2020

Descriptive representation, or the presence of women and minorities in public office, is the central focus of Chapter 2. Why are some legislatures more diverse than others? Why are some constituencies more likely to elect women and minorities? Chapter 2 addresses these questions about the political geography of race, gender, and representation with an intersectional lens. It re-evaluates existing theories about the electoral barriers and disadvantages facing women and minorities and tests an alternative theory that women of color, through intersectional resistance and resilience, can overcome such obstacles. Based on an analysis of descriptive representation in all state houses and house seats in 2005, the findings suggest the electoral fortunes of women of color are no less constrained than those of men of color or White women. Rather, women of color face a variety of structural challenges—and opportunities—that are similar to and different from those faced by others.
Explorations in Intersectional Policymaking
Authors: Reingold Beth
Published: November 2020

Chapter 5 explores the concept of intersectional policymaking further by examining closely the content of legislation sponsored by a small subset of Democratic state legislators serving majority-minority constituencies in California, New Jersey, and Texas in 1997 and 2005. What might intersectional policymaking look like and who practices it? The analysis uncovers a wide variety of intersectional proposals, spanning multiple policy arenas and addressing many different problems arising from multiple, intersecting forms of inequality and marginalization. Particularly notable are measures concerning the health and welfare of women of color, immigrants, and others often disproportionately located within low-income communities, as well as criminal justice measures taking on issues of over-policing and mass incarceration that disproportionately affect men and boys of color in similar low-income, urban communities. Most lawmakers in this subsample sponsor at least one intersectional bill, but women of color stand out as the most reliable practitioners of intersectional advocacy.
Introduction
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin
Published: November 2020

The introduction of Calculating Race positions the process of racial formation in the context of the risk society. The relationship between race and risk stretches back to the transatlantic slave trade, an era in which enslaved Africans were insured during their voyage across the Middle Passage. Calculating Race begins with a striking account of an uprising on the ship Thames, preserved as a historical record of how the nascent insurance trade of the early modern period viewed enslaved persons as both at risk and a risk. By insuring enslaved persons against the risk of mortality and insuring the ships that carried them against insurrection, maritime slave insurance established a complex relationship between enslaved Africans and risk even before they came to the Americas. This introduction sets the stage for this relationship and previews the intersection of risk and race in the United States over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Home
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin
Published: November 2020

The economic collapse that set into motion the Great Depression of the 1930s was portended by mass mortgage defaults in the mid-1920s. To address this unprecedented housing crisis, New Deal legislation created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to insure mortgage loans. Without predecessors or peers and faced with a national emergency, the FHA turned to risk-rating experts in real estate valuation to craft underwriting policies that would shape the geography of the country and cement racial segregation in the United States for generations to come. Chapter 3 details how FHA officials utilized risk-rating standards that disqualified people of color from obtaining federally subsidized mortgage insurance. This institutional discrimination had the deleterious effect of essentially precluding people of color from obtaining middle-class America’s most important wealth-generating asset: the single-family home. Though others have written about the agency’s policies before, my analysis is notably the first to locate each version of the FHA’s underwriting manual, to take stock of each facet of race-based risk rating until the conclusion of the practice in 1947, and to analyze the agency’s effect on the lending industry thereafter.
Is Neo-Aristotelian Supererogation Even Possible?
Authors: Stangl Rebecca
Published: November 2020

This chapter considers and responds to five objections to the internal coherence of a neo-Aristotelian account of supererogation. I particular, it considers the objections that the account is incompatible with the doctrine of the mean, that it makes virtue optional, that supererogation requires a logical relation among ethical concepts that Aristotelians cannot make sense of, that it is problematically non-action-guiding, and that it is incompatible with Aristotle’s claim that the virtuous person is the measure of right action. In each case, it argues that the most plausible interpretation of the Aristotelian claim under discussion is compatible with the neo-Aristotelian account of supererogation defended in the book.
The Virtue of Self-Cultivation
Authors: Stangl Rebecca
Published: November 2020

This chapter gives a rigorous account of self-cultivation and argues that it is a virtue. Self-cultivation, it claims, is the following: the disposition to engage in those actions and have those affective responses that develop one’s abilities and character traits, when appropriate, because one values growth for its own sake, with pleasure and from an undivided motivational state. To show that self-cultivation, so conceived, is a virtue, the chapter argues that such a character trait is both useful and immediately agreeable, both to oneself and to others. The argument draws on research from psychology, as well as more traditional appeals to our own moral experience and to our reactions to characters from literature.
Self-Cultivation and Self-Absorption
Authors: Stangl Rebecca
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that self-cultivation, as a virtue, can be successfully distinguished from a morally problematic kind of self-absorption. Indeed, we need such a virtue in order to explain just those situations in which agents really should think about their own character, and not merely the goods that the traditional virtues are directed toward, when deciding what particular actions to undertake. In particular, we need such a virtue to give a plausible account of how an imperfectly virtuous agent should act when confronted with what I shall call a situation of moral risk. But while imperfectly virtuous agents confronting such a situation should think about their own character, that is not all they should think about. Introducing concerns about the character of the self at the level of explicit deliberation as the target of one virtue among others rightly captures this fact.
The Oxford Group and the Emergence of Animal Rights
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande
Published: November 2020

This book is an account of the life and times of a loose friendship group (later christened the Oxford Group) of ten people, primarily postgraduate philosophy students, who attended the University of Oxford for a short period of time from the late 1960s. The Oxford Group, which included—most notably—Peter Singer and Richard Ryder, set about thinking about, talking about, and promoting the idea of animal rights and vegetarianism. The group therefore played a role, largely undocumented and unacknowledged, in the emergence of the animal rights movement and the discipline of animal ethics. Most notably, the group produced an edited collection of articles published as Animals, Men and Morals in 1971 that was instrumental in one of their number—Peter Singer—writing Animal Liberation in 1975, a book that has had an extraordinary influence in the intervening years. The book serves as a case study of how the emergence of important work and the development of new ideas can be explained, and, in particular, how far the intellectual development of individuals is influenced by their participation in a creative community.
Introduction
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande
Published: November 2020

The introduction sets the scene for the book by sketching out the theoretical framework to be used to analyze the Oxford Group. The study of the Oxford Group serves as a case study of creative endeavor. How do we explain the emergence of important work and the development of new ideas, and how important is the creative community within which these ideas emerge? Explaining the theory building that accompanied the ethnographic research, centering on a set of oral history interviews with the participants, is important not only as a way of making sense of the Oxford Group but also as a device to facilitate dialogue across fields and methods by providing a trans-situational language. The theoretical framework derives both from ethnographic observation—and in that sense is engaged with grounded theory—and from the extension and refinement of preexisting theoretical formulations. This includes an engagement with the literature on group dynamics, including most notably collaborative circles as well as social network theory and psychogeography.
Arrival and Formation
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande
Published: November 2020

This chapter serves three main functions. First, it identifies the ten core members of the Oxford Group, and documents their backgrounds and the circumstances of their arrival in the city of Oxford. The Oxford Group consisted of three married couples: Roslind and Stanley Godlovitch, Peter and Renata Singer, and Richard and Mary Keshen. Next were the three singletons who shared a house in Oxford: John Harris, David Wood, and Michael Peters. Finally, and slightly more at the periphery—partly because of his age and partly because he was not an Oxford student (or married to one)—there was Richard Ryder. Second, it describes the formation of the Oxford Group and the key role played by the gatekeepers. Here, a dynamic role was played by the Godlovitches and by Brigid Brophy who did most to bring the group together Finally, the role of what Farrell describes as the “magnet place,” in our case Oxford—and the university in particular—is dissected. The importance of access to a major seat of learning that had a unparalled reputation in the field of philosophy and which was at the forefront of the development of a new field of applied ethics is documented.
Collective Action
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande
Published: November 2020

This chapter considers what Farrell defines as the “collective action” stage of a collaborative circle. The collective action pursued by members of the Oxford Group is documented in the context of the historical development of the animal protection movement. The activity of the group can be usefully divided into attempts to convince the academic community of the merits of vegetarianism, on the one hand, and, on the other, outward-facing activism directed at the wider community. A discussion of the group’s activism outside of the university environment can, in turn, distinguish between personal lifestyle statements, direct and overt campaigning, and published outputs, principally the edited volume Animals, Men and Morals, which led to the publication of Animal Liberation.
Departure and Aftermath
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes the subsequent lives and careers of the group of ethical vegetarians who met at Oxford. More analytically, it seeks to consider how influential their crusade for animal rights has been, focusing on the impact of Singer’s Animal Liberation. In short, it is difficult to quantify the contribution made by the Oxford Group, and Singer’s work in particular, to the revitalization of the animal protection movement since the 1970s. Clearly, Animal Liberation has had a considerable influence, for some acting as a catalyst for the way they see the world, and for others reinforcing, and giving structure to, their already existing disquiet at the way animals are treated. It is extremely likely, however, that the considerable strides made by the animal protection movement (documented in this chapter) would have happened anyway even if the Oxford Group, and Singer’s work on animal ethics, had not existed.
Conclusion
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande
Published: November 2020

After considering oral history and memory in the context of the Oxford Group study, this chapter summarizes the content of the book, relating the Oxford Group case study to the theoretical framework outlined in the introduction. It confirms that the solitary genius model of creative endeavor is not, for the most part, supported. That is, the work produced by members of the Oxford Group, and Singer’s in particular, was the product of collaboration. The Oxford Group had many of the characteristics of a collaborative circle as identified by Farrell. However, some nuances of this particular collaborative circle are identified. In addition, some challenges to the model as an explanatory device are raised. Collaborative circles do not exist in isolation, and account needs to be taken of wider social networks, the academic environment to which, Singer in particular, was exposed, and the prevailing social, economic, and political environment.
Empiricisms
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

Empiricisms reassesses the values of experience and experiment in European philosophy and comparatively. It traces the history of empirical philosophy from its birth in Greek medicine to its emergence as a philosophy of modern science. A richly detailed account in Part I of history’s empiricisms establishes a context in Part II for reconsidering the work of the so-called radical empiricists—William James, Henri Bergson, John Dewey, and Gilles Deleuze, each treated in a dedicated chapter. What is “radical” about their work is to return empiricism from epistemology to the ontology and natural philosophy where it began. Empiricisms also sets empirical philosophy in conversation with Chinese tradition, considering technological, scientific, medical, and alchemical sources, as well as selected Confucian, Daoist, and Mohist classics. The work shows how philosophical reflection on experience and a profound experimental practice coexist in traditional China with no interaction or even awareness of each other. Empiricism is more multi-textured than philosophers tend to assume when we explain it to ourselves and to students. One purpose of Empiricisms is to recover the neglected context. A complementary purpose is to elucidate the value of experience and arrive at some idea of what is living and dead in philosophical empiricism.
Epistemological Empiricisms
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

The chapter considers the rise of modern epistemological empiricism, from Gassendi and Locke to Spencer and the positivists. The chapter studies empirical philosophy in France (Condillac, Diderot, La Mettrie, Maine de Biran); Claude Bernard’s experimental medicine; the concept of experience in British idealism; the idea of “experimental life” in J. S. Mill and Nietzsche; Dilthey’s concept of experience (Erlebnis); Russell’s concept of sense data; and the value of experience in scientific philosophy (Mach) and logical empiricism (Carnap). Additionally the chapter discusses the emergence of observation as a scientific practice, the contributions of the social studies of science to our understanding of experimental practice, and surveys modern thought concerning visual perception.
An Empiricism Worthy of the Name
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

The chapter explains Bergson’s theories of body as image, perception as virtual action, and memory as virtual experience. Perception is virtual action—not yet action though tending to it; and memory is virtual experience—not yet present but tending to add itself to present perception, enhancing its acuity and prudence. Experience is more than sense perception, which is experience with bodies in space. Intuition is Bergson’s word for experience with the phenomena of duration, such as movement, becoming, development, and continuity. Bergson’s empiricism goes beyond usual empiricisms because experience goes beyond the utilitarianism in which epistemological empiricism confined it. What Bergson calls the error of empiricism is to be satisfied with experience mutilated by anthropomorphism and riddled with cliches. A more consistent empiricism eliminates the defects of nominalism, as James did, but also brackets the pragmatism that limits experience to the virtual rehearsal of action.
Transcendental Empiricism
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

Deleuze’s philosophy is an empiricism because like Epicurus and Locke he begins with sensibility as a response to shock from outside, and because like James and Dewey, relations are empirical and discovered by affect. Deleuze proposes to establish empiricism “transcendentally,” that is, immanently, without introducing anything beyond experience and what can be deduced of its empirical genesis. Transcendental empiricism is a more consistently empirical empiricism. It is also James’s radical empiricism reinterpreted through the eyes of a uniquely acute student of European philosophy. He presents an alternative to classical ideas of identity and difference. Reversing Plato, difference is original, positive, and aboriginally multiple, a virtual pre-individuality from which empirical distinctions emerge. Overcoming original identity is a boon to a more consistent empiricism because all experience arises from relational features of milieus, where the tenor of experience is difference and relation, not the same and self-identical.
Empiricism with Chinese Characteristics
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: November 2020

The chapter offers an account of Chinese thought on the value of experience, including ideas about the senses and their evidence, practices of measurement, observation, and experiment, and the contributions of alchemy, medicine, and selected Mohist, Daoist, and Confucian classics. The question is whether there is any philosophy in these experimental traditions, or any empiricism in the philosophical traditions. A difference comes to light between European and Chinese evaluations of knowledge. European philosophy tends to assume that serious problems reduce to problems of knowledge, and its empiricisms tend to value experience for a contribution to such problems. Chinese traditions evade fixation on problems of knowledge. Knowledge is good, but not a panacea, and turns vicious without virtue. Experience contributes more to the development of virtue than it does to knowledge, and knowledge is valued only for its continuity with virtue.
Introduction
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason
Published: November 2020

This chapter establishes the empirical and theoretical goals of the book. It introduces the theoretical backdrop of Anti-contiguity Theory, situating the proposal within a framework inspired by Richards’s (2010, 2016) Contiguity Theory. The chapter previews the book’s main findings and conclusions, while providing details about the book’s chapter-by-chapter organization. It alludes to a number of other issues and questions raised by the proposal and delineates which ones will be dealt with in the book and which will not. The chapter also introduces the book’s running theme—sometimes “syntax” is syntax, and sometimes “syntax” is phonology.
Prosodic Entanglement and the Anti-contiguity of Wh- and C
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on the syntax and prosody of wh- in-situ in Krachi. In Krachi, wh- in-situ is available in both root and embedded contexts. Prosodically, embedded complement clauses in the language are parsed as independent Intonational Phrases. The distribution of wh- in-situ in the language is considered against the backdrop of Richards’s (2010, 2016) Contiguity Theory. Given the prosodic facts previously mentioned, Contiguity Theory is shown to be incapable of accounting for long-distance wh- in-situ in the language, motivating an “anti-contiguity” theory of the prosody of wh- and C at the syntax-phonology interface.
An Anti-contiguity Approach to Tano in-situ Interrogative Distribution
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason
Published: November 2020

This chapter develops the Anti-contiguity proposal based on the distribution of wh- in-situ in Krachi, Bono, Wasa, and Asante Twi. Embedded wh- in-situ is only allowed in Krachi and Bono. The chapter argues that a prohibition on wh- items phrasing with overt C at the level of Intonational Phrase (iP) underpins this distributional asymmetry. In these languages, the acceptability of embedded wh- in-situ correlates with the prosodic status of the immediately containing clause—embedded clauses are independent iPs in Krachi and Bono, but not in Wasa and Asante Twi. Thus, iP boundaries divide C from embedded interrogatives in Krachi and Bono, preventing the items from forming iP constituents. No such boundaries intervene between embedded C and wh- in Wasa and Asante Twi, yielding prosodic mappings in which the items phrase together. Consequently, embedded wh- in-situ is prosodically licit in Krachi and Bono, but not in Wasa or Asante Twi.
Sepperl’s Story
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter employs the true story of a little boy who undertook a standard apprenticeship in music, Joseph Haydn, as a case study to explore the social background of participants in the Catholic educational system and the importance of the church in musical life. It details the long years of training undergone by church music apprentices who usually had little chance of musical success thereafter. The predominance of the Italian training system over the German—and the relative ease of obtaining the best positions for graduates of the former—are examined. The chapter shows how the prominence of this system explains the continued reliance on an archaic solmization system.
The Church Music Industry
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter details the daily routine of an apprentice, which involved singing and playing for an interminable round of church services as part of the enormous liturgical music industry in Italy. Such services included the hours of the Divine Office, daily Masses, saints’ days and feast days, religious processions, and other events in the liturgical calendar. Some performances by choristers took place outside churches, as well. Attempts by religious and secular leaders to rein in overly ornate or ambitious Italian church music making are described. Drawing on the accounts of travelers to the region, the chapter also highlights the role of church music as a lucrative tourist industry.
Eighteenth-Century Plainchant—for Beginners
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter introduces the surprisingly uncharted world of eighteenth-century plainchant, which remained a cornerstone of the Divine Service. Plainchant was performed in updated versions so as to appear modern and conventional, as opposed to ancient and exotic, as it usually sounds today. The chapter surveys its many modes of performance, from solo cantillation to accompanied polyphony, and speculates on the significance of Gregorian cantus firmus melodies for multivoiced compositions. It also investigates the different types of chant then in use and scrutinizes a typical example from a 1761 service book, published in Turin, to try to decipher its notation. The updating of performance practice helps explain the persistence of hexchordal solmization as the basis of music education.
Speaking Solfeggio
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter begins the lessons in the eighteenth-century art of melody, involving practical engagement with real historical solfeggi. It provides instruction in the first year of study: how to name notes in the eighteenth-century manner by a process known as “reading,” or “spoken solfeggio.” The lessons cover the simple scale, hard and soft melody, the compound scale, minor keys, accidentals, and key signatures and modulation. In keeping with the original method, the instruction covers not only note-naming but also basic aspects of theory. The method applies to melodies from the era of Arcangelo Corelli to that of Vincenzo Bellini, or roughly 1680–1830. In an appendix, seven supplementary guidelines are put forward to deal with ambiguities and complexities in the primary sources.
Singing Solfeggio
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter discusses how, once the solfeggio syllables were ingrained through spoken solfeggio, apprentices would be taught hundreds of different ways to sing them. The real business of learning to sing and make music thus begins in this chapter with the sung realization of fundamental syllable-notes. It takes the oft-told story of how Porpora confined all his singing exercises to one piece of paper to represent a poetically condensed but fundamentally accurate description of the eighteenth-century Neapolitan method of solfeggio training. Fundamental to this were “traits of vocalization,” short lines added above the melody in manuscripts to indicate changes of syllable. They were realized in one of two ways: either the first syllable was prolonged through the vocalized diminutions (according to the Amen rule) or the last syllable was anticipated by the diminutions (according to the Appoggiatura rule).
Learning la-sol-fa-mi, with Some Hints on Musical Grammar
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter details how singing solfeggio allowed students to experience melody as a kind of language and to acquire fluency in it from experience rather than conscious learning. To try to reimagine this pedagogical process, as well as to demonstrate how to decipher complex solfeggio manuscripts, the chapter surveys some of the ways in which a common stock pattern of syllables was realized in song. Examples from manuscripts show how singers transformed the syllables la-sol-fa-mi into countless versions of Gjerdingen’s Prinner schema, prefacing them with a sol/do or fa/do lead-in, continuing them with a la-sol half cadence or a mi/mi or la/mi modulation, dividing them into coherent grammatical units with internal punctuation, and combining their two locations to generate complex counterpoint. The chapter also touches on the treatment of the sol-fa-mi and its role within the Monte, Fonte, and Meyer schemas.
Solano and Sabbatini on Modulation
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter completes the overview of lessons by outlining the main ways to modulate in solfeggio by singing fa as mi and vice versa. Its discussion of two important sources, Luigi Sabbatini in Italy and Francisco Solano in Portugual, provides supporting evidence for the reconstruction of solmization put forward in earlier chapters. It also documents how maestros would set didactic traps toward the end of solfeggi to test the singer’s ability to recognize the altered fourth and seventh. These ruses probably provided a welcome moment of light relief toward the close of a lesson, as well as hammering home the essential rules of key and modulation. They went on to form the punchline of many a musical joke in compositions for the chamber or theater.
Defining Solfeggio
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter offers an interpretation of the primary sources concerning eighteenth-century solfeggio, classifying solfeggi into four main types and outlining their historical origins, characteristic features, and pedagogical purposes. Both syllables and didactic function must be considered essential to any workable definition of solfeggio. Ambiguities arise, however, because the term was (and still is) applied to other types of pedagogical melody by extension, convention, or analogy. Cutting across the four types are the two broad traditions of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century solfeggi: one essentially contrapuntal, with roots in the ricercar, and the other essentially cantabile, stemming from opera and cantata. Various types of keyboard accompaniment and their purposes are outlined.
Unaccompanied Solfeggio
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter recounts the history of unaccompanied solfeggio from the eleventh century to the eighteenth. This includes plainchant and Renaissance-style contrapuntal ricercars of the sort that continued to inform liturgical music in many churches. Archaic Type 1 solfeggi were used for canto fermo lessons throughout the eighteenth century, whereas more up-to-date examples were used for the study of theory, for scales and leaps, and for exercises in melodic composition. The earliest known collection of Type 2 solfeggiamenti (1642) derived from vocal ricercars and sung counterpoints. This tradition persisted in Bologna but in Naples the solfeggiamento adopted the latest fashionable styles, as seen in examples by Pergolesi and Durante. The chapter ends with a discussion of the solfeggio fugue with examples by Zingarelli and Haydn.
Accompanied Solfeggio
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter provides a survey of the history of accompanied solfeggio from its origins in late sixteenth-century monody and basso continuo to flamboyant rococo arias and nineteenth-century exercises in composition. Three case studies provide an overview of the main didactic functions of the Type 3 solfeggio: (1) an expert critique of Italian bel canto in the form of a parody by Mozart, (2) a typical object of its mockery in the form of a bravura study by the castrato Farinelli, and (3) a lesson in composition by Zingarelli. The chapter then investigates the closeness of the relation between the contrasting solfeggi that made up multi-movement lessons by comparing slow-fast pairs by Leo and Cafaro. Did they record alternative renditions of the same underlying cantus firmus?
Solfeggio and Partimento
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter outlines the way solmization has been described as a “vocal” system at odds with the “keyboard” system of figured bass (partimento). It investigates the relation between melody and bass in solfeggio, especially in terms of imitative counterpoint, and proposes a synthesis between them. It surveys the historical evidence for solmizing figured and unfigured accompaniments and asks what this might tell us about the functions of the bass. Two solfeggi by the celebrated partimento master Fedele Fenaroli are examined in an attempt to shed light on this obscure feature of eighteenth-century practice.
Epilogue
Authors: Baragwanath Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The chapter provides a brief survey of alternative solmization systems, which arose largely as a result of Protestant attempts to break free from Roman oversight, followed by an account of the rise of French seven-note solfège and its role in the demise of the great tradition. Owing to its simplicity, this “natural way” to solfège turned out to be ideally suited to the needs of a rapidly expanding amateur market, which demanded readily performable sheet music and the ability to read it rather than onerous craft training. It also provided simplified teaching methods and classroom materials for the new public music schools that emerged from the upheavals of the Napoleonic era. The chapter ends with suggestions as to how the solfeggio tradition might once again find a place within a living culture of music making.
The Body as a Site of Politics
Authors: Rushing Sara
Published: November 2020

The body, political theorists well know, has long served as a metaphor for the structure and relations of the polis. But embodiment is something that political theory has frequently bracketed when theorizing citizenship, agency, and the category of “the human.” Against this tendency, how might we reimagine the political potential of embodiment, or make space for considering “the virtues of vulnerability”? This chapter sets up the book as a whole, by raising and situating this question, and introducing readers to the key concepts grounding this inquiry: humility, autonomy, citizen-subjectivity, awakenings, medicalization, and neoliberalism. How does the problem of bodies get taken up within contemporary healthcare, where the consumer-patient gets hailed as an autonomous choice-maker, and what lessons can we learn about health, and health citizenship, from examining the tensions at work here?
Introduction
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter begins by identifying two different ways philosophers have conceived of gratitude—as a juridical form or as a relationship. It clarifies just what kinds of questions either approach generates, and gives examples of the sort of analyses that follow from those questions.
Gratitude in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses three philosophers of the seventeenth century—Descartes, Hobbes, and Spinoza—to discern how they develop the idea of gratitude within their own particular philosophical system. In Descartes, it can be seen what role gratitude plays in a system that is partly religious and partly cognitive; in Hobbes, how gratitude operates in a political order in which reciprocity continues to hold sway; and in Spinoza, how gratitude becomes a suspect way of being in the world that, according to Spinoza, should be governed by entirely rational being.
Grateful Being
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter begins exploring what gratitude means when it is seen as a way of being in the world, not simply a feeling someone has when she receives a benefit, or an expression she makes in response to that benefit, but rather a disposition or virtue she has cultivated in herself to be thankful in advance of any benefits. This chapter looks at two spheres in which the virtue of gratefulness operates—the secular and the sacred.
Cosmic Gratitude
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A.
Published: November 2020

Continuing on from the previous chapter, this chapter looks at a particular form of the disposition to be grateful in which one is grateful for the universe or cosmos, but does not posit a divine creator as the benefactor to whom one is grateful. What philosophers have called “cosmic gratitude” is a form of gratitude that is often misunderstood. This chapter attempts to clarify in what ways it is not simply a deluded form of religious gratitude, and in what ways it helps us understand better the hidden structures of religious gratitude.
Outrageous Fortune
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: November 2020

The book is a drolly pessimistic and vaguely misanthropic account that gives it a unity of voice, of view, and of several interlaced themes: the scarcity of good, that most of happiness comes in the morally questionable form of Schadenfreude, or is experienced mostly as relief that some expected bad thing did not materialize. It deals extensively with those tinges of ominousness that accompany good luck, and the related widespread belief, or feeling in the gut, that people’s mere desires and wishes provoke the gods to thwart their wishes. Are good things subject to a law of conservation, so that they must always be paid for and sum out at just about zero or less? Why is there no scarcity, in contrast, in the economy of evil? Certain topics the author can never seem to avoid make encores: revenge and getting even, paying back what one owes, competitiveness, humiliation, and disgust with human embodiment. These large themes will be spiced with particular attention to killing messengers bearing both good and bad tidings, the decline of everything (including the author’s mind and body), an occasional eye-gouging, until people face what it means to eat at the table of one’s lord as a historical and religious matter from texts ranging from the Bible to medieval matter, right up to issues of the narcissistic present.
May You Have My Luck
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers a treatment of why good luck seems to many people, and as an ancient widespread folk belief has it, to be the very manufactory of bad luck. It takes a look at the apotropaic rituals people undertake not to have their good luck count against them. It also examines why it seems people’s merest wishes and desires provoke the gods to thwart them. The chapter provides an excursus on the negative causal powers people attribute to themselves, what the author calls the narcissism of negativity. The chapter features an extended discussion of hope as opposed to feeling lucky.
The Law of Conservation of Good Things
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines people’s deep set of beliefs about the scarcity of the good, that so much of what one calls happiness is of doubtful virtue, a good portion of it being comparative, requiring the misery of others. One may experience it either as overt delight, as in some kinds of Schadenfreude, or merely as relief that an expected bad thing did not materialize; even much of this relief depends on the misfortune of others, as when one experiences “that there but for the grace of God go I” sense of your good fortune prompted by another’s misfortune. Even the pleasure of sex might sum out at zero, depending on when the calculation is made, it being too a form of the pleasure of relief, and then there is the tristesse afterwards. This chapter treats heaven as an attempt to provide a plenitude of happiness, still however by some accounts depending on enjoying the spectacle of the damned in hell and then too the joy of heaven is more than balanced out negatively by the larger numbers of souls in hell, universal salvation being a heresy. The chapter also discusses smiles, laughter, and smirks and deals with happy, dour Danes, who always win those happiest of people silly studies, perhaps because they can congratulate themselves on not being Hungarians or Americans.
A Jaundiced View of Authenticity (and Identity)
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: November 2020

This chapter is based on a keynote lecture the author gave at a conference on authenticity in Konstanz, Germany. The chapter takes a dubious view of the personal quests for “authenticity,” which generate little more than phoniness and hypocrisy in the pursuit of Polonius’s ‘this above all to thine own self be true,’ whatever that might mean. But the talk went south on the author, and that story makes up a good portion of the chapter. The author got caught out making an argument when discussing the anti-Semitism that is at the core of a supposed European authentic identity, relying on an English translation of a Freudian text that turned out, as the author was reminded by a German participant, misreading a joke in Freud’s Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious. So the discussion revisits humiliation, attempts at apology, and discusses shamefacedness and the sheer irony of being found out to be an utterly inauthentic scholar. Nonetheless the last third of the piece is sourly devoted to the fears in the Christian West of having a Jew at its core.
Music in urban poverty
Authors: Harrison Klisala
Published: November 2020

In urban contexts internationally, organizations, administrators, culture workers, artists and academics put vast effort into facilitating music and other arts in attempt to alleviate “poverty.” Poverty, according to recent definitions, refers to a broad array of social deprivations. These include deprivations of entitlements, which are widely understood as rights, and deprivations of human development, of which capability development is an example. Drawing on two decades of ethnographic field research in one of Canada’s poorest urban neighborhoods, Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside, this book asks: Which kinds of capabilities are developed via music initiatives in the Downtown Eastside, and, particularly, what is their relationship with human rights? Are specific human rights promoted, strengthened, threatened, violated, and respected in music-making by urban poor?
Organizations hosting music-making for urban poor
Authors: Harrison Klisala
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines how human rights and capabilities emerge within organizations hosting music initiatives and targeting Downtown Eastside urban poor. It observes that music facilitators having considerable freedom about how to engage human rights, which are rarely specified in organizational frameworks—aims, missions, and mandates—of aid organizations that host participatory musical events, and of organizations that facilitate public music performances, for instance, performing arts companies and music academies. The chapter notes a susceptibility of jams and music therapy in aid organizations to closure. The popular music initiatives for urban poor unfold within institutional contexts of financial inequity where some music facilitators are paid very little or nothing, and certain administrators are handsomely rewarded. During the contentious urban redevelopment process of gentrification, the vulnerability of the aid organizations and their music programs, as well as the financial inequities across all organizations intensify.
The human right to health: Autonomy
Authors: Harrison Klisala
Published: November 2020

Taking its cue from how human rights activists frame human rights in cultural moments, this chapter begins to map how human capabilities are instrumentalized to develop human rights in the Downtown Eastside, and how human rights circulate in music. The music jams and music therapy sessions promote the human right to health of urban poor in different ways, including through enabling their capability to connect socially through music-making; facilitating their capability to psychologically process stress using music; promoting these participants’ senses of autonomy (i.e., control over life situations); and encouraging their use music to grieve early deaths in urban poverty. According to the medical literature and building on human rights discourse of the health equity movement, such capabilities potentially enhance their health and arguably strengthen their human right to health.
Harm reduction
Authors: Harrison Klisala
Published: November 2020

Throughout the Downtown Eastside, popular music facilitators use song in a number of ways to promote the capabilities of addicted people in ways that arguably support their human right to health. They use music to shift emotions and promote self-esteem that could minimize certain negative effects of substance misuse (e.g., stigma). Regarding people with depression and at the point of suicidality, they focus on the capability to use music to feel less depressed and even less suicidal. Facilitators often interpret such uses of music as furthering harm reduction whose human rights-suffused aims seek to improve quality of life for individuals, communities, and populations negatively affected by substance misuse. This chapter presents a case study of how a music therapist uses harm reduction with mothers with backgrounds of addiction and babies under 18 months. The example illustrates music being used to promote various capabilities through different approaches applied simultaneously, and to enhance the mothers’ right to health. The chapter reveals the simultaneous use of multiple capability approaches to pursue a single human right and that multiple human rights can circulate in single musical moments. Among other capabilities and related rights, the therapy practice strengthens the mothers’ capabilities of self-expression, parenting (through parenting education) and creating a safe space, in turn promoting their rights to freedom of expression, education and security of the person.
Women’s rights
Authors: Harrison Klisala
Published: November 2020

What is the relationship between the human rights deficits contexts that activist music initiatives emerge in and react to, and the human rights promoted through new musical actions? This chapter considers this question through the case studies of two women-centered projects: a once-weekly music program called Women Rock and an annual protest called the Women’s Memorial March. While Women Rock develops capabilities of women in popular music performance and songwriting, the memorial march uses music to protest missing and murdered women of the Downtown Eastside. Both events address women’s rights deficits. These ethnographic accounts reveal that one needs to be careful in assuming that the human rights actually promoted within cultural practices are precisely the same rights as those drawn attention to in activist discourses or observations used to motivate those actions, and with the same intensity, for the same reasons or for the same people. Any of these factors may be different and change over time. Importantly, musical and cultural formats can themselves shape human rights outcomes.