bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costs of deinstitutionalization in a rural catchment area in the Netherlands
Authors: PIJL Y. J. , SYTEMA S. , BARELS R. , WIERSMA D.
Published: December 2002

Background. In contrast to many other countries, the Netherlands left the initiative in deinstitutionalizing mental health care to the traditional providers of mental health services. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of this policy on the allocation of mental health care resources to services.

Method. All 20- to 64-year old users and their use of community- and hospital-based services between 1990 and 1999 were retrieved from the Groningen case register. Service utilization was combined with the direct unit costs of these services for the 1999 price level. Changes in the population as to size and age were taken into account.

Results. In 1999 the direct costs of mental health care were €268 per adult inhabitant of the register area, which is 9% higher than in 1990. Costs increased most in the early 1990s before deinstitutionalization policy took effect. From 1993 and onwards the reduced length of stay in the hospital was the main cause for the decreased costs of in-patient care. These savings equalled the increased expenditures for day-treatment, sheltered residences and home-treatment, even though the unit costs of these types of community care are much lower than the unit costs of admissions. This was not caused by an increasing number of new clients, but was a result of longer periods of care during a larger number of years.

Conclusions. These findings are in accordance with Dutch mental health care policy, which aims at prolonged care and aftercare outside the hospital whenever possible.
Cognitive functioning and disturbances of mood in UK veterans of the Persian Gulf War: a comparative study
Authors: DAVID A. S. , FARRIN L. , HULL L. , UNWIN C. , WESSELY S. , WYKES T.
Published: December 2002

Background. Complaints of poor memory and concentration are common in veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War as are other symptoms. Despite a large research effort, such symptoms remain largely unexplained.

Method. A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests and rating scales was administered to 341 UK servicemen who were returnees from the Gulf War and peace keeping duties in Bosnia, plus non-deployed military controls. All were drawn from a large randomized survey. Most were selected on the basis of impaired physical functioning defined operationally.

Results. Group comparisons revealed an association between physical functioning and symptoms of depression, post-traumatic stress reactions, increased anger and subjective cognitive failures. Poorer performance on some general cognitive measures, sequencing and attention was also seen in association with being ‘ill’ but virtually all differences disappeared after adjusting for depressed mood or multiple comparisons. Deployment was also associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress and subjective cognitive failures, independently of health status, as well as minor general cognitive and constructional impairment. The latter remained significantly poorer in the Gulf group even after adjusting for depressed mood.

Conclusions. Disturbances of mood are more prominent than quantifiable cognitive deficits in Gulf War veterans and probably lead to subjective underestimation of ability. Task performance deficits can themselves be explained by depressed mood although the direction of causality cannot be inferred confidently. Reduced constructional ability cannot be explained in this way and could be an effect of Gulf-specific exposures.
The relation between coping, social support and psychological and somatic symptoms among torture survivors in Nepal
Authors: EMMELKAMP J. , KOMPROE I. H. , VAN OMMEREN M. , SCHAGEN S.
Published: December 2002

Background. Little is known about the relation between coping, social support, and psychological and somatic symptoms among survivors of torture living outside the West.

Method. In a population-based dataset of 315 tortured Bhutanese refugees, univariate and multivariate relationships between coping and social support and symptoms were estimated. These relationships were verified in a second sample of 57 help-seeking Nepalese torture survivors.

Results. A relationship was observed between the total number of coping strategies used and anxiety and depression. Negative coping, in contrast to positive coping, was related to all symptom outcome measures. Received social support was stronger related to symptoms than perceived social support. The findings from the first sample were replicated in the second sample.

Conclusion. We found hypothesized relationships between coping, social support, and psychological and somatic symptoms among survivors of torture living in Nepal. The findings from this study confirm the importance of understanding specific types of coping and social support to develop intervention programmes for torture survivors in Non-western settings.
Severe somatization in women is associated with altered cerebral glucose metabolism
Authors: HAKALA M. , KARLSSON H. , RUOTSALAINEN U. , KOPONEN S. , BERGMAN J. , STENMAN H. , KELAVUORI J.-P. , AALTO S. , KURKI T. , NIEMI P.
Published: December 2002

Background. Somatization is a clinical phenomenon characterized by multiple, medically unexplained somatic symptoms. The pathophysiology remains unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis of a central nervous system dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disorder.

Methods. We studied 10 female patients diagnosed as having somatization disorder or undifferentiated somatoform disorder with no current Axis I disorders according to DSM-IV. They were compared with 17 healthy female volunteers using brain [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET with MRI reference.

Results. The patients had lower cerebral metabolism rates of glucose (P<0·05) in both caudate nuclei, left putamen and right precentral gyrus compared with healthy volunteers.

Conclusions. This is the first study to demonstrate changes in brain metabolism in somatizing women. The regional cerebral hypometabolism is probably associated with the pathophysiology of somatization.
Direct construction method for conservation
laws of partial differential equations
Part II: General treatment
Authors: ANCO STEPHEN C. , BLUMAN GEORGE
Published: December 2002

This paper gives a general treatment and proof of the direct conservation law method
presented in Part I (see Anco & Bluman [3]). In particular, the treatment here applies to
finding the local conservation laws of any system of one or more partial differential equations
expressed in a standard Cauchy-Kovalevskaya form. A summary of the general method and
its effective computational implementation is also given.
Solvable structures and their application
to a class of Cauchy problem
Authors: BARCO M. A.
Published: December 2002

We examine how symmetry and computer algebra can assist in solving the Cauchy problem
for Pfaffian systems. We use recent results on integrating Frobenius integrable distributions
via solvable symmetry structures to develop two techniques that when used in conjunction
with symmetry determination software DIMSYM, allow us to solve the Cauchy problem for the
special situation when there exists a one-dimensional Cauchy characteristic space. We also
illustrate how our work can assist in extracting local solutions of a certain class of first and
second order non-linear partial differential equations.
Concentrically layered energy equilibria of the
di-block copolymer problem
Authors: REN XIAOFENG , WEI JUNCHENG
Published: December 2002

We prove the existence of energy equilibria of the di-block copolymer problem in the unit
disk. They consist of concentrically layered micro-domains rich in one of the two monomer
building units. We construct them by solving the proper singular limit of the free energy
functional. The same limit also explains how under a dynamic law of the free energy, circular
interfaces of non-equilibria may move to the origin and vanish, or collapse to each other,
thereby reducing the number of layers.
Ultrasound biometry and fetal growth restriction
Authors: Gardosi Jason
Published: December 2002

With the ascendancy of biophysical assessment with Doppler velocimetry, and the establishment of routine scan dating in early pregnancy, there needs to be a radical re-think of the role of ultrasound biometry in the definition and assessment of fetal growth restriction (FGR).

Doppler flow velocimetry of the umbilical artery has proven its value in defining the FGR fetus. It is more useful than cardiotocography (CTG) or biophysical profile scoring. However, the sensitivity of any test depends on the prevalence of the condition being looked for. While Doppler is of value in fetuses which are small-for-gestational age (SGA), it is less useful in predicting growth restriction or adverse outcome in the general population. The question is therefore, how to detect those pregnancies for which further fetal assessment is indicated.
The antimigraine 5‐HT1B/1D receptor agonists, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan and dihydroergotamine, attenuate pain‐related behaviour in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain
Authors: Kayser Valérie , Aubel Bertrand , Hamon Michel , Bourgoin Sylvie
Published: December 2002

Peripheral lesion to the trigeminal nerve may induce severe pain states. Several lines of evidence have suggested that the antimigraine effect of the triptans with 5‐HT1B/1D receptor agonist properties may result from inhibition of nociceptive transmission in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve by these drugs. On this basis, we have assessed the potential antinociceptive effects of sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, compared to dihydroergotamine (DHE), in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain.

Chronic constriction injury was produced by two loose ligatures of the infraorbital nerve on the right side. Responsiveness to von Frey filament stimulation of the vibrissal pad was used to evaluate allodynia.

Two weeks after ligatures, rats with a chronic constriction of the right infraorbital nerve displayed bilateral mechanical hyper‐responsiveness to von Frey filament stimulation of the vibrissal pad with a mean threshold of 0.38±0.04 g on the injured side and of 0.43±0.04 g on the contralateral (left) side (versus 12.5 g on both sides in the same rats prior to nerve constriction injury).

Sumatriptan at a clinically relevant dose (100 μg kg−1, s.c.) led to a significant reduction of the mechanical allodynia‐like behaviour on both the injured and the contralateral sides (peak‐effects 6.3±1.1 g and 4.4±0.7 g, respectively). A more pronounced effect was obtained with zolmitriptan (100 μg kg−1, s.c.) (peak‐effects: 7.4±0.9 g and 3.2±1.3 g) whereas DHE (50–100 μg kg−1, i.v.) was less active (peak‐effect ∼1.5 g).

Subcutaneous pretreatment with the 5‐HT1B/1D receptor antagonist, GR 127935 (3 mg kg−1), prevented the anti‐allodynia‐like effects of triptans and DHE. Pretreatment with the 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 (2 mg kg−1, s.c.), did not alter the effect of triptans but significantly enhanced that of DHE (peak effect 4.3±0.5 g).

In a rat model of peripheral neuropathic pain, which consisted of a unilateral loose constriction of the sciatic nerve, neither sumatriptan (50–300 μg kg−1) nor zolmitriptan (50–300 μg kg−1) modified the thresholds for paw withdrawal and vocalization in response to noxious mechanical stimulation.

These results support the rationale for exploring the clinical efficacy of brain penetrant 5‐HT1B/1D receptor agonists as analgesics to reduce certain types of trigeminal neuropathic pain in humans.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1287–1297. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704979
Divergent mechanisms of action of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1‐β and tumour necrosis factor‐α in mouse cremasteric venules
Authors: Young R E , Thompson R D , Nourshargh S
Published: December 2002

Protein synthesis dependency and the role of endogenously generated platelet activating factor (PAF) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in leukocyte migration through interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐ and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNFα)‐stimulated mouse cremasteric venules was investigated using established pharmacological interventions and the technique of intravital microscopy.

Based on previously obtained dose‐response data, 30 ng rmIL‐1β and 300 ng rmTNFα were injected intrascrotally (4 h test period) to induce comparable levels of leukocyte firm adhesion and transmigration in mouse cremasteric venules.

Co‐injection of the mRNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D (0.2 mg kg−1), with the cytokines significantly inhibited firm adhesion (49±13.6%) and transmigration (67.2±4.2%) induced by IL‐1β, but not TNFα.

In vitro, TNFα (1–100 ng ml−1), but not IL‐1β, stimulated L‐selectin shedding and increased β2 integrin expression on mouse neutrophils, as quantified by flow cytometry.

The PAF receptor antagonist, UK‐74,505 (modipafant, 0.5 mg kg−1, i.v.), had no effect on adhesion induced by either cytokine, but significantly inhibited transmigration induced by IL‐1β (66.5±4.5%).

The LTB4 receptor antagonist, CP‐105,696 (100 mg kg−1, p.o.), significantly inhibited both IL‐1β induced adhesion (81.4±15.2%) and transmigration (58.7±7.2%), but had no effect on responses elicited by TNFα. Combined administration of the two antagonists had no enhanced inhibitory effects on responses induced by either cytokine.

The data indicate that firm adhesion and transmigration in mouse cremasteric venules stimulated by IL‐1β, but not TNFα, is protein synthesis dependent and mediated by endogenous generation of PAF and LTB4. Additionally, TNFα but not IL‐1β, can directly stimulate mouse neutrophils in vitro. The findings provide further evidence to suggest divergent mechanisms of actions of IL‐1β and TNFα, two cytokines often considered to act via common molecular/cellular pathways.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1237–1246. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704981
Increased expression of the cGMP‐inhibited cAMP‐specific (PDE3) and cGMP binding cGMP‐specific (PDE5) phosphodiesterases in models of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Murray Fiona , MacLean Margaret R , Pyne Nigel J
Published: December 2002

Chronic hypoxic treatment of rats (to induce pulmonary hypertension, PHT) for 14 days increased cGMP‐inhibited cAMP specific phosphodiesterase (PDE3) and cGMP binding cGMP specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) activities in pulmonary arteries. The objective of this study was to establish the molecular basis for these changes in both animal and cell models of PHT. In this regard, RT–PCR and quantitative Western blotting analysis was applied to rat pulmonary artery homogenates and human pulmonary ‘artery’ smooth muscle cell (HPASMC) lysates.

PDE3A/B gene transcript levels were increased in the main, first, intrapulmonary and resistance pulmonary arteries by chronic hypoxia. mRNA transcript and protein levels of PDE5A2 in the main and first branch pulmonary arteries were also increased by chronic hypoxia, with no effect on PDE5A1/A2 in the intra‐pulmonary and resistance vessels.

The expression of PDE3A was increased in HPASMCs maintained under chronic hypoxic conditions for 14 days. This may be mediated via a protein kinase A‐dependent mechanism, as treatment of cells with Br‐cAMP (100 μM) mimicked chronic hypoxia in increasing PDE3A expression, while the PKA inhibitor, H8 peptide (50 μM) abolished the hypoxic‐dependent increase in PDE3A transcript.

We also found that the treatment of HPASMCs with the inhibitor of κB degradation Tosyl‐Leucyl‐Chloro‐Ketone (TLCK, 50 μM) reduced PDE5 transcript levels, suggesting a role for this transcription factor in the regulation of PDE5 gene expression.

Our results show that increased expression of PDE3 and PDE5 might explain some changes in vascular reactivity of pulmonary vessels from rats with PHT. We also report that NF‐κB might regulate basal PDE5 expression.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1187–1194. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704984
Excitatory motor innervation in the canine rectoanal region: Role of changing receptor populations
Authors: Tichenor Stephen D , Buxton Iain L O , Johnson Paul , O'Driscoll Kate , Keef Kathleen D
Published: December 2002

Motor innervation in the canine rectoanal region was examined in isolated strips of the circular muscle layer. Contractile responses to electrical field stimulation began at lower frequencies and were more persistent in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) than in the rectum.

Motor innervation to the IAS was almost exclusively sympathetic, since it was blocked by guanethidine (Guan 3 μM) while the response in the proximal rectum was approximately 50% muscarinic, and sensitive to the M3 selective antagonist 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine (4‐DAMP, 0.1 μM) and 50% tachykinergic, and sensitive to the neurokinin 2 (NK2) receptor antagonist GR 94800 (1 μM). From IAS to rectum there was a gradual shift in the relative contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic neural innervation.

Responses to exogenously applied transmitters exhibited a similar pattern to that observed with motor innervation. Norepinephrine (NE) was most potent in the IAS and acetylcholine (ACh) and NK‐A were most potent in the proximal rectum. The responses were inhibited by prazosin, 4‐DAMP and GR 94800 respectively.

A gradient in the density of adrenergic α1, muscarinic and NK2 receptors also existed from IAS to rectum as determined by measuring the binding of [3H]‐prazosin, [3H]‐quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]‐QNB and [3H]‐SR‐48968 to smooth muscle membranes.

In summary, these data suggest that the shift in motor innervation in the rectoanal region is achieved in part by changes in receptor populations available for activation by sympathetic and enteric motor neurons.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1321–1329. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704987
Smooth muscle 5‐HT2A receptors mediating contraction of porcine isolated proximal stomach strips
Authors: Janssen P , Prins N H , Meulemans A L , Lefebvre R A
Published: December 2002

The aim of this study was to characterize the 5‐HT receptors involved in the 5‐HT‐induced contraction of longitudinal muscle (LM) strips of porcine proximal stomach. This was done in a classical organ bath set‐up for isotonic measurement.

The concentration‐contraction curve to 5‐HT was not modified by 5‐HT3 and 5‐HT4 receptor antagonism. Methysergide, ketanserin and mesulergine antagonized the curve to 5‐HT. Concomitantly, increasing concentrations of ketanserin and mesulergine progressively revealed a biphasic nature of the 5‐HT curve. Ketanserin antagonized the low‐affinity receptor while it did not modify the high‐affinity receptor.

Tetrodotoxin did not influence the concentration‐contraction curve to 5‐HT neither in the absence nor presence of ketanserin, indicating that nerves are not involved.

Ketanserin competitively antagonized the monophasic concentration‐response curve to α‐Methyl‐5‐HT, yielding a Schild slope that was not significantly different from unity. After constraining the Schild slope to unity, a pKB estimate of 8.23±0.90 was obtained. This affinity estimate of ketanserin closely approximates previously reported affinities at 5‐HT2A receptors.

In the presence of ketanserin (0.1 μM; exposing the high‐affinity receptor), a wide range of 5‐HT receptor antagonists covering all 5‐HT receptors known, was tested. Only methysergide and ritanserin inhibited the response to 5‐HT, thus expressing affinity for the high‐affinity receptor. This did not reveal the identity of the receptor involved.

It can be concluded that 5‐HT induces pig proximal stomach (LM) contraction via 5‐HT2A receptors located on smooth muscle. A ketanserin‐insensitive phase of contractions could not be characterized between the actually known classes of 5‐HT receptors with the pharmacological tools that were used.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1217–1224. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704992
EXTENDED SUPERSYMMETRY FOR THE BIANCHI-TYPE COSMOLOGICAL MODELS
Authors: ROSALES J. J. , TKACH V. I. , TORRES J.
Published: December 2002

In this paper we propose a superfield description for all Bianchi-type cosmological models. The action is invariant under world-line local n = 4 supersymmetry with SU (2) local ⊗ SU (2) global internal symmetry. Due to the invariance of the action we obtain the constraints, which form a closed superalgebra of the n = 4 supersymmetric quantum mechanics. This procedure provides the inclusion of supermatter in a systematic way.
EFFECT OF THE GENERALIZED UNCERTAINTY RELATION ON THE BLACK HOLE ENTROPY
Authors: LI XIANG
Published: December 2002

The quantum entropies of the black hole, due to the massless Klein–Gordon and Dirac fields, are investigated by Rindler approximation. The difference from the brick wall model is that we take into account the effect of the generalized uncertainty relation on the state counting. The divergence appearing in the brick wall model is removed and the entropies proportional to the horizon area come from the contributions of the modes in the vicinity of the horizon. Here we take the units G=c=ℏ=kB=1.
ABSOLUTE INSTABILITY OR CHAOS? — A TRIBUTE TO DR. DAVID G. CRIGHTON
Authors: WU SEAN F.
Published: December 2002

The stabilities of an elastic plate clamped on an infinite, rigid baffle subject to any time dependent force excitation in the presence of mean flow are examined. The mechanisms that can cause plate flexural vibrations to be absolute unstable when the mean flow speed exceeds a critical value are revealed. Results show that the instabilities of an elastic plate are mainly caused by an added stiffness due to acoustic radiation in mean flow, but controlled by the structural nonlinearities. This added stiffness is shown to be negative and increase quadratically with the mean flow speed. Hence, as the mean flow speed approaches a critical value, the added stiffness may null the overall stiffness of the plate, leading to an unstable condition. Note that without the inclusion of the structural nonlinearities, the plate has only one equilibrium position, namely, its undeformed flat position. Under this condition, the amplitude of plate flexural vibration would grow exponentially in time everywhere, known as absolute instability. With the inclusion of structural nonlinearities, the plate may possess multiple equilibrium positions. When the mean flow speed exceeds the critical values, the plate may be unstable and jump from one equilibrium position to another. Since this jumping is random, the plate flexural vibration may seem chaotic.
Preparation, characterization, and some physical properties of polypropylene/poly(methyl acrylate)‐grafted glass wool composites
Authors: Turky G. M. , Madani M. M. , Abdel‐Rehim M. H. , Badran A. S.
Published: December 2002

Polypropylene/poly(methyl acrylate)‐grafted glass wool (PMA‐g‐GW) mixes were prepared. The polymerization process was carried out using potassium persulfate (PPS) and PPS/acetone sodium bisulfite (ASBS) as a redox‐pair initiation system at 60 and 70°C. The effect of using PPS or PPS/ASBS on the grafting percent and conversion percent reveals that the conversion percent values on using PPS as an initiator are higher than those of PPS/ASBS, while in the case of grafting, the inverse is true, that is, using PPS as an initiator gives grafting percent values lower than those that can be obtained using PPS/ASBS. The dielectric properties, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of PP loaded with modified glass wool as a function of different types and concentrations of initiators—used in the grafting polymerization process, namely, PPS and the redox initiating system—were also studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 723–732, 2003
Electrical charge transport and optical properties of a poly(methacrylate) with a new side chain and its Ni(II) complex
Authors: Yakuphanoglu F. , Sarman S. , Aydogdu Y. , Ilter Z. , Coskun M.
Published: December 2002

The electronic conductivity of poly[2‐(2‐hydroxybenzyliden hydrazino)thiazole‐4‐yl methyl methacrylate] bearing a thiazole ring, Schiff base, and hydroxyl group in its side chain and its Ni(II) complex were measured as functions of temperature and frequency. The electrical measurements show the semiconducting nature of the samples as their electrical conductivity increased with increased temperature. Also, the activation energies were below 2 eV, which places them in the semiconductor regime. The conduction mechanism in the samples is discussed. Although extrinsic conduction mechanism occurs in the polymer, intrinsic conduction mechanism take places in its metal complex. The optical absorption spectra were recorded at room temperature and the optical energy gaps of samples were determined by optical spectra. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 741–746, 2003
Binary and ternary polymer–strontium complexes and the capture of radioactive strontium‐90 from the polluted soil of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site
Authors: Orazzhanova L. K. , Yashkarova M. G. , Bimendina L. A. , Kudaibergenov S. E.
Published: December 2002

The interaction of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with strontium ions and the binding of strontium ions by equimolar interpolymer complexes (IPCs) of PAA and PEG were studied. The stability constants of binary polymer–metal complexes were determined. Aqueous solutions of IPCs of PAA and PEG were applied as soil structuring agents in model and real experiments. The ability of IPCs to capture radioactive strontium ions from the polluted soil of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site was established. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 759–764, 2003
Preparation of uniform calcium alginate gel beads by membrane emulsification coupled with internal gelation
Authors: Liu X. D. , Bao D. C. , Xue W. M. , Xiong Y. , Yu W. T. , Yu X. J. , Ma X. J. , Yuan Q.
Published: December 2002

With the objective of making calcium alginate gel beads with small and uniform size, membrane emulsification coupled with internal gelation was proposed. Spherical gel beads with mean size of about 50 μm, and even smaller ones in water, and with narrow size distribution were successfully obtained. Experimental studies focusing mainly on the effect of process parameters on bead properties were performed. The size of the beads was mainly dependent on the diameter of the membrane pores. High transmembrane pressure made for large gel beads with wide size distribution. Low sodium alginate concentration produced nonspherical beads, whereas a high concentration was unsuitable for the production of small beads with narrow distribution. Thus 1.5% w/v was enough. A high surfactant concentration favored the formation of small beads, but the adverse effect on mass transfer should be considered in this novel process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 848–852, 2003
Feigning≠malingering: a case study
Authors: DeClue Gregory
Published: December 2002

Researchers and scholars assert that feigning should not be equated with malingering. Some practicing clinicians doing the everyday work of forensic assessment may view this as merely an academic distinction. This case study illustrates that a high level of certainty about feigning must not be considered indicative of malingering. The case also contrasts two models for assessing malingering and highlights the need for forensic examiners to present assessment‐of‐malingering data clearly and cautiously. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of disability in late 19th century America: Civil War pensions for Union Army veterans with musculoskeletal conditions
Authors: Blanck Peter , Linares Claudia , Song Chen
Published: December 2002

This article examines the evolution of musculoskeletal (MSK) disability and its impact on mortality and work patterns in the late 19th century in America, in the context of the Civil War disability policy scheme. The study was conducted on 17,702 Union Army (UA) Civil War veterans. Of these, 10,789 were examined and diagnosed with major MSK conditions, rheumatism, sciatica, and spinal curvature, between 1862 and 1907. Analyses examine MSK (i) prevalence rates by birth cohort and age group; (ii) fatality rates as compared with other disabilities; (iii) risk rates by occupation type; and (iv) lifespan for MSK patients. MSK conditions are commonly claimed disabilities within the Civil War data set, with prevalence rates increasing with age. Regression studies show that working in clerical and professional (relative to manual labor) occupations decreases the likelihood of being examined for and diagnosed with MSK conditions. MSK patients examined at older ages tended to have longer lifespan than those examined at younger ages. The findings suggest that changes in age, environmental, and occupational conditions during the late 19th century affected MSK condition prevalence and the average lifespan of MSK patients. Implications for contemporary disability policy are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dead end jobs or a path to economic well being? The consequences of non‐standard work among people with disabilities
Authors: Schur Lisa A.
Published: December 2002

How do non‐standard jobs affect the economic well‐being of workers with disabilities, and what happens when non‐standard workers use disability lawsuits to challenge discrimination and improve their economic opportunities? This study uses data from the Current Population Survey, the Survey of Income and Program Participation, and a Lexis search of legal cases to help answer these questions. Temporary employment, independent contracting, and part‐time employment are almost twice as likely among workers with disabilities as among those without disabilities. Non‐standard workers with disabilities receive lower pay and fewer benefits due both to the types of job they hold, and disability gaps within job types, which contribute to their high poverty rates. They would continue to have high poverty rates even if these pay gaps were eliminated, however, because they work fewer hours than non‐standard workers without disabilities and are concentrated in lower‐paying occupations. In attempting to improve their opportunities through disability lawsuits, non‐standard workers prevail in only a small minority of cases. Several policy implications of the lawsuits and survey data are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public policy and employment of people with disabilities: exploring new paradigms
Authors: Cook Judith A. , Burke Jane
Published: December 2002

A “sea change” in public attitudes, legislation, and political power at the end of the 20th century in the United States has helped set the stage in the early 21st century for the entry of people with disabilities into the labor force. Major pieces of federal legislation have altered national policy with the intention of maximizing the work force participation of people with disabilities. At the same time, a new theoretical paradigm of disability has emerged, which emphasizes community inclusion, accommodation, and protection of civil rights. This “New Paradigm” of disability can be applied in concert with rigorous behavioral science methodologies to shed light on the outcomes of recent federal policy changes regarding the labor force participation of people with disabilities. In so doing, social science can be used in more meaningful ways to understand both the intended and unintended consequences of federal policy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transplanted multipotential neural precursor cells migrate into the inflamed white matter in response to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Ben‐Hur Tamir , Einstein Ofira , Mizrachi‐Kol Rachel , Ben‐Menachem Ofra , Reinhartz Etti , Karussis Dimitrios , Abramsky Oded
Published: December 2002

Transplanted neural precursor cells remyelinate efficiently acutely demyelinated focal lesions. However, the clinical value of cell transplantation in a chronic, multifocal disease like multiple sclerosis will depend on the ability of transplanted cells to migrate to the multiple disease foci in the brain. Here, we expanded newborn rat neural precursor cells in spheres and transplanted them intracerebroventricularly or intrathecally in rats. The cells were labeled by the nuclear fluorescent dye Hoechst or by incubation with BrdU to enable their identification at 2 days and 2 weeks after transplantation, respectively. Spheres consisted of PSA‐NCAM+, nestin+, NG2− undifferentiated precursor cells that differentiated in vitro into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Spheres that were transplanted into intact rats remained mostly in the ventricles or in the spinal subarachnoid space. Following transplantation at peak of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cells migrated into the brain or spinal cord parenchyma, exclusively into inflamed white matter but not into adjacent gray matter regions. After 2 weeks, many transplanted cells had migrated into distant white matter tracts and acquired specific markers of the astroglial and oligodendroglial lineages. Thus, the inflammatory process may attract targeted migration of transplanted precursor cells into the brain parenchyma. GLIA 41:73–80, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal gradient of oligodendrocyte differentiation in chick optic tectum requires brain integrity and cell‐cell interactions
Authors: Galileo Deni S.
Published: December 2002

The development of oligodendrocytes in the chicken optic tectum (OT) was studied in vivo and in vitro by analyzing expression of myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) with a monoclonal antibody. MAG+ cells first appeared in the anterior OT on embryonic day (E) 12, were present throughout the anterior half on E15, and eventually filled the tectum on E17. This spatiotemporal appearance of MAG+ oligodendrocytes resembled two streams of cells entering the OT along the afferent and efferent axonal layers. However, experiments determined that this appearance of MAG immunoreactivity was the result of a gradient of oligodendrocyte differentiation and was not cell migration. First, retroviral vector labeling of OT progenitors in vivo on E3 resulted in labeled oligodendrocytes in late embryos. In addition, pieces of OT from as early as E3 kept in culture for a week developed numerous MAG+ oligodendrocytes. Pieces of both anterior and posterior E7 OT developed MAG+ oligodendrocytes after 3 days in culture, well ahead of their normal schedule in vivo. BrdU incorporation studies revealed that these cells were not born in culture, but merely differentiated. Monolayer cultures made from dissociated E10 or later OT cells developed MAG+ oligodendrocytes, but monolayers made from E7 OT cells did not. These experiments demonstrate that oligodendrocyte progenitors were present in the OT as early as E3, that they could differentiate precociously, and that their normal progressive differentiation in situ must be due to removal of inhibitory constraints rather than the onset of inductive factors. Also, certain cell‐cell interactions occur between E7 and E10, which cannot be disrupted if oligodendrocyte differentiation is to occur. GLIA 41:25–37, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala to the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region in rat
Authors: Kemppainen Samuli , Jolkkonen Esa , Pitkänen Asla
Published: December 2002

The posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala is involved in the processing of pheromonal information and presumably participates in ingestive, defensive, and reproductive behaviors as a part of the vomeronasal amygdala. Recent studies suggest that the posterior cortical nucleus might also modulate memory processing via its connections to the medial temporal lobe memory system. To investigate the projections from the posterior cortical nucleus to the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region, as well as the intra‐amygdaloid connectivity in detail, we injected the anterograde tracer phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin into different rostrocaudal levels of the posterior cortical nucleus. Within the hippocampal formation, the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of the temporal CA1 subfield and the adjacent molecular layer of the proximal temporal subiculum received a moderate projection. Within the parahippocampal region, the ventral intermediate, dorsal intermediate, and medial subfields of the entorhinal cortex received light to moderate projections. Most of the labeled terminals were in layers I, II, and III. In the ventral intermediate subfield, layers V and VI were also moderately innervated. Layers I and II of the parasubiculum received a light projection. There were no projections to the presubiculum or to the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices. The heaviest intranuclear projection was directed to the deep part of layer I and to layer II of the posterior cortical nucleus. There were moderate‐to‐heavy intra‐amygdaloid projections terminating in the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the central division of the medial nucleus, and the sulcal division of the periamygdaloid cortex. Our data suggest that via these topographically organized projections, pheromonal information processed within the posterior cortical nucleus can influence memory formation in the hippocampal and parahippocampal areas. Also, these pathways provide routes through which seizure activity can spread from the epileptic amygdala to the surrounding region of the temporal lobe. Hippocampus 2002;12:735–755. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deterioration in learning and memory of inferential tasks for evaluation of transitivity and symmetry in aged SAMP8 mice
Authors: Ohta Akira , Akiguchi Ichiro , Seriu Naoyuki , Ohnishi Katsunori , Yagi Hideo , Higuchi Keiichi , Hosokawa Masanori
Published: December 2002

This study examined age‐dependent deficits in the learning and memory of inferential tasks, using an established senescence‐accelerated mouse model in age‐related brain dysfunction (SAMP8) and its genetically related inbred strain (SAMR1). The mice learned two sets of nonspatial odor‐odor pairs by association learning successively (i.e., A→B, X→Y, then B→C, Y→Z). They were tested in transitive inference (i.e., A→C, X→Z) and symmetrical inference (i.e., C→B, Z→Y). In the probe test of A→C, X→Z transitive inference, 1‐month‐old SAMP8 and control SAMR1 at the same age significantly chose the alternative based on transitive inference, but 4‐ and 7‐month‐old SAMP8 performed at a random chance level, in comparison with unambiguous inference by control SAMR1 at the same ages. During the test of C→B, Z→Y symmetrical inference, SAMP8 at 1 month of age made errors as frequently as control SAMR1 at the same age, but SAMP8 at 4 and 7 months of age made more errors than SAMR1 at the same ages. At 4 and 7 months of age, SAMP8 made more errors than 1‐month‐old SAMP8. Control SAMR1 did not show such an age‐related deficient. These results indicate that SAMP8 mice have age‐related learning and memory deficits in the ability to perform inferential tasks. Age‐related hippocampal dysfunction is suggested to be the cause of these age‐related deficits in old SAMP8 mice during the performance of inferential tasks mediated by declarative memory. Hippocampus 2002;12:803–810. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oculo‐auricular phenomenon secondary to vestibular dysfunction
Authors: Jiménez‐Escrig Adriano , San‐Millan Juan M. , Barón Manuel
Published: December 2002

The oculo‐auricular phenomenon consists of coactivation of the ocular rectus lateralis and the posterior muscles of both ears (transverse auriculae and obliquus auriculae muscles). This coactivation produces a bilateral curling of auricles during extreme lateral gaze that can be observed in as much as an 80% of the normal population. We herein describe a 26‐year‐old man who presented a transient oculo‐auricular phenomenon in the course of a vestibular vertigo. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Cooling improves the writing performance of patients with writer's cramp
Authors: Pohl Christoph , Happe Jörg , Klockgether Thomas
Published: December 2002

Cooling of hand and forearm muscles by immersion in 15°C cold water for 5 minutes improved the writing performance of patients with writer's cramp. Since abnormal processing of muscle spindle afferent discharges contributes to the pathology of writer's cramp, this effect might result from a reduction in muscle spindle activity by lowering muscle temperature. Cooling is a simple, cheap, and safe procedure, providing temporary relief for patients with writer's cramp. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Polymorphisms in iron‐responsive binding protein 2 and lack of association with sporadic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lee Pauline L. , Gelbart Terri , West Carol , Halloran Carol , Sipe Jack C. , Beutler Ernest
Published: December 2002

Mice with targeted disruptions in the iron‐responsive binding protein 2 (IRP2) gene accumulate iron in distinct regions of the brain and develop neurodegenerative characteristics resembling Parkinson's disease after 6 months of age. To determine whether polymorphisms in IRP2 predispose humans to Parkinson's disease (PD), we sequenced the IRP2 gene of subjects with sporadic PD and normal controls. Three polymorphisms which result in an amino acid change were identified: L159V, F272L, and T560I. The L159V and T560I polymorphisms, identified in an African‐American PD subject, were found in the African‐American population at an allele frequency of 0.102 (n = 1,236) and 0.111 (n = 1,228), respectively, and were not associated with an increased prevalence of PD. The F272L polymorphism was found in a normal 58‐year‐old, Caucasian subject whose father had PD, but it was not observed in 38 additional patients with sporadic PD. The F272L polymorphism occurred at an allele frequency of 0.0014 (n = 1,384) in the normal Caucasian population. Additional F272L heterozygous subjects identified in the normal population did not have a family or personal history of PD. We conclude that these IRP2 polymorphisms do not play an important role in the development of sporadic cases of PD. It remains to be determined whether other polymorphisms in IRP2 play a role in familial PD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Resource use and costs in a Swedish cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hagell Peter , Nordling Sara , Reimer Jan , Grabowski Martin , Persson Ulf
Published: December 2002

We estimated resource use and costs in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), thereby providing baseline data for future economic evaluations of therapeutic interventions. Data were collected from medical records of a South Swedish cohort of 127 PD patients during 1 year (1996) and a mailed questionnaire inquiring about cost‐related consequences and resource use in 1996 and in 2000. Annual costs were calculated based on prevalence and expressed in SEK (monetary value of the year 2000). Direct health care costs averaged approximately SEK 29,000 (≈USD 2,900; EUR 3,200) per patient per year, of which drugs were the most costly component. Nonmedical direct costs were higher than direct health care costs, averaging approximately SEK 43,000 (≈USD 4,300; EUR 4,800) per patient per year, and costs due to lost production were approximately SEK 52,000 (≈USD 5,200; EUR 5,800) per patient per year. The mean total annual cost for PD in our sample approximated SEK 124,000 (≈USD 12,400; EUR 13,800) per patient. These findings are roughly within the same range as estimates from other countries and show that PD causes a considerable societal burden. In addition to other outcomes, evaluations of the economic implications of new therapeutic interventions are highly warranted. In this perspective, the present study provides valuable baseline data. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Athetosis II: The syndrome of mild athetoid cerebral palsy
Authors: Morris John G.L , Grattan‐Smith Padraic , Jankelowitz Stacey K. , Fung Victor S.C. , Clouston Paul D. , Hayes Michael W.
Published: December 2002

We describe 8 patients who presented with continuous, irregular movements occurring independently in individual fingers and, in some cases, toes, in the setting of mild dystonia present since early childhood and not associated with major disability. The finger movements varied from low‐amplitude quivering or wriggling to larger amplitude movements in the plane of abduction–adduction as well as flexion–extension; they were asymmetrical but not unilateral. Quivering or working of the facial muscles was seen in 5 patients. Most patients reported worsening of the movements over the years, but there was no other evidence of a progressive neurological disease. We classify the movement disorder as athetosis as described by Hammond and Shaw and the syndrome as mild athetoid cerebral palsy. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Presumed rapid eye movement behavior disorder in Machado‐Joseph disease (spinocerebellar ataxia type 3)
Authors: Friedman Joseph H.
Published: December 2002

Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) is a recently recognized sleep disorder in which patients are occasionally not paralyzed during the dream portions of sleep. When not idiopathic, this state has been associated primarily with parkinsonian conditions but also with a small number of medications and other neurodegenerative disorders. Dopamine deficiency may play a role in some patients. This report describes the occurrence of a syndrome that appears to be RBD in 6 of 7 patients followed with Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (Machado‐Joseph disease). Polysomnography was normal in 1 patient. Two of these patients had had single photon emission computed tomographic imaging of the dopamine transporter 1 year previously. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Tc‐99m ethylene cysteinate dimer SPECT in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism
Authors: Feigin Andrew , Antonini Angelo , Fukuda Masafumi , De Notaris Roberta , Benti Riccardo , Pezzoli Gianni , Mentis Marc J. , Moeller James R. , Eidelberg David
Published: December 2002

Positron emission tomography (PET) and network analysis have been used to identify a reproducible pattern of regional metabolic covariation that is associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The activity of this PD‐related pattern can be quantified in individual subjects and used to discriminate PD patients from atypical parkinsonians. Because PET is not commonly available, we sought to determine whether similar discrimination could be achieved using more routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion methods. Twenty‐three subjects with PD (age, 63 ± 9 years), 22 subjects with multiple system atrophy (MSA; age, 64 ± 7 years), and 20 age‐matched healthy controls (age, 62 ± 13 years) underwent SPECT imaging of regional cerebral perfusion with Tc‐99m ethylene cysteinate dimer (ECD). Using network analysis, we determined whether a PD‐related pattern existed in the SPECT data, and whether its expression discriminated PD from MSA patients. Additionally, we compared the accuracy of group discrimination achieved by this pattern with that of the PET‐derived PD‐related pattern applied to the SPECT data. Network analysis of the SPECT data identified a significant pattern characterized by relative increases in cerebellar, lentiform, and thalamic perfusion covarying with decrements in the frontal operculum and in the medial temporal cortex. Subject scores for this pattern discriminated PD patients from controls (P < 0.01) and from MSA patients (P < 0.03). Subject scores for the PET‐derived PD‐related pattern computed in the individual SPECT scans more accurately distinguished PD patients from controls (P < 0.005) and from MSA patients (P = 0.0002). A significant PD‐related covariance pattern can be identified in SPECT perfusion data. Moreover, the disease related pattern identified previously with PET can be applied to individual SPECT perfusion scans to provide group discrimination between PD patients, healthy controls, and individuals with MSA. Because of significant individual subject overlap between groups, however, the clinical utility of this method in the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism remains uncertain. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society