bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A way forward with eco evo devo: an extended theory of resource polymorphism with postglacial fishes as model systems
Authors: Skúlason Skúli , Parsons Kevin J. , Svanbäck Richard , Räsänen Katja , Ferguson Moira M. , Adams Colin E. , Amundsen Per‐Arne , Bartels Pia , Bean Colin W. , Boughman Janette W. , Englund Göran , Guðbrandsson Jóhannes , Hooker Oliver E. , Hudson Alan G. , Kahilainen Kimmo K. , Knudsen Rune , Kristjánsson Bjarni K. , Leblanc Camille A‐L. , Jónsson Zophonías , Öhlund Gunnar , Smith Carl , Snorrason Sigurður S.
Published: June 2019

A major goal of evolutionary science is to understand how biological diversity is generated and altered. Despite considerable advances, we still have limited insight into how phenotypic variation arises and is sorted by natural selection. Here we argue that an integrated view, which merges ecology, evolution and developmental biology (eco evo devo) on an equal footing, is needed to understand the multifaceted role of the environment in simultaneously determining the development of the phenotype and the nature of the selective environment, and how organisms in turn affect the environment through eco evo and eco devo feedbacks. To illustrate the usefulness of an integrated eco evo devo perspective, we connect it with the theory of resource polymorphism (i.e. the phenotypic and genetic diversification that occurs in response to variation in available resources). In so doing, we highlight fishes from recently glaciated freshwater systems as exceptionally well‐suited model systems for testing predictions of an eco evo devo framework in studies of diversification. Studies on these fishes show that intraspecific diversity can evolve rapidly, and that this process is jointly facilitated by (i) the availability of diverse environments promoting divergent natural selection; (ii) dynamic developmental processes sensitive to environmental and genetic signals; and (iii) eco evo and eco devo feedbacks influencing the selective and developmental environments of the phenotype. We highlight empirical examples and present a conceptual model for the generation of resource polymorphism – emphasizing eco evo devo, and identify current gaps in knowledge.
Vasorin stimulates malignant progression and angiogenesis in glioma
Authors: Liang Weiye , Guo Baoyin , Ye Jiecheng , Liu Hui , Deng Wanying , Lin Chenli , Zhong Xueyun , Wang Lihui
Published: June 2019

Glioma, the most common human primary brain tumor, is characterized by invasive capabilities and angiogenesis. Vasorin (VASN), a transmembrane protein, is reported to be associated with vascular injury repair and is overexpressed in some human tumors. However, its role in tumor progression and angiogenesis in glioma is unknown. In this study, VASN was shown to be overexpressed in high‐grade gliomas, and the expression level correlated with tumor grade and microvessel density in glioma specimens. Glioma patients with high VASN expression had a shorter overall survival time. Knockdown of VASN in glioma cells by shRNA significantly inhibited the malignancy of glioma, including cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and sphere formation. Ectopic expression of VASN increased glioma progression in vitro. The expression of VASN correlated with the mesenchymal type of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) subtyped by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Our results showed that the concentration of VASN was increased in the conditioned medium (CM) from glioma cells with VASN overexpression, and the CM from glioma cells with knockdown or overexpressed VASN inhibited or promoted HUVEC migration and tubulogenesis in vitro, respectively. Glioma growth and angiogenesis were stimulated upon ectopic expression of VASN in vivo. The STAT3 and NOTCH pathways were found to be activated and inhibited by VASN overexpression. Our findings suggest that VASN stimulates tumor progression and angiogenesis in glioma, and, as such, represents a novel therapeutic target for glioma.
Colour recipe prediction using ant colony algorithm: principle of resolution and analysis of performances
Authors: Chaouch Sabrine , Moussa Ali , Ben Marzoug Imed , Ladhari Neji
Published: June 2019

This paper presents a new method for colour recipe prediction using ant colony optimisation. Three reactive dyes, namely CI Reactive Yellow 145, CI Reactive Red 238 and CI Reactive Blue 235, were used for colour formulation. Samples of 100% cotton fabrics were used for dyeing. The objective was to assure, control and optimise the colour formulation step by determining the dyes to be applied and their respective concentrations to reproduce the desired shades. The criterion of optimisation is to minimise the colour differences [Colour Measurement Committee (2:1)] between the target colour and the colour obtained by the proposed recipe. Errors between the proposed recipe and actual concentrations are also evaluated. The developed algorithm showed good performances with small colour differences between the target and reproduced colours (all lower than 0.7).
“Profitability” vs. “Making It:” Causes and Consequences of Disembedding Beginning Farms’ Finances
Authors: Rissing Andrea
Published: June 2019

Efforts to recruit, train, and support beginning farmers often emphasize that mastering business finances is a key to farm success. Such efforts to inculcate business mentalities in new farmers are akin to farm‐level projects of economic disembedding. While many experts hold that isolating a farm's financial metrics reveals its viability, this article draws upon Polanyian economic understandings to argue that disembedding a farm's finances is fundamentally impossible and that a new farm's finances do not reliably indicate its longevity. Analysis of 12 Iowa cases where alternative farmers decided to quit within five years shows that not all profitable farms succeed. Rather, factors such as personal relationships, burnout, and dissatisfaction with rural life interact with a farm's finances to impact decision‐making in highly individual ways. Instead of reducing farm economics to farm finances, this article argues for a contextual understanding of financial considerations within social, historical, and relational elements.
Diabetes‐specific self‐esteem, self‐care and glycaemic control among adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kenowitz J. R. , Hoogendoorn C. J. , Commissariat P. V. , Gonzalez J. S.
Published: June 2019

Aims

To explore the relationships between diabetes‐specific self‐esteem, self‐care and glycaemic control among diverse adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Adolescents (aged 13–21 years) diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes for at least one year, receiving care at an urban medical centre, completed a self‐report battery including demographic information, the Diabetes‐Specific Self‐Esteem Scale and Self‐Care Inventory. Glycaemic control (HbA1c) was obtained from medical records at recruitment and one year later. Bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression assessed relationships between the Diabetes‐Specific Self‐Esteem scale, Self‐Care Inventory and HbA1c at baseline and one year.

Results

Participants included 85 adolescents (15.9 ± 2.1 years; 53% women; 47% Hispanic/Latino). Diabetes‐specific self‐esteem scores did not differ based on patient characteristics but were significantly correlated with baseline self‐care (r = 0.59, P < 0.001) and HbA1c at baseline (r = ‐0.51, P < 0.001) and one year later (r = ‐0.48, P < 0.001). Diabetes‐specific self‐esteem remained a significant correlate of baseline (β = ‐0.41, P < 0.001) and follow‐up HbA1c (β = ‐0.37, P = 0.008) when adjusting for covariates and self‐care. Diabetes‐specific self‐esteem was not significantly associated with change in HbA1c.

Conclusions

Results suggest that diabetes‐specific self‐esteem is significantly associated with self‐care and glycaemic control among diverse adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes‐specific self‐esteem may be more closely related to HbA1c than reports of the frequency of self‐care behaviours, and could represent a useful tool for clinical and research applications.
Type 2 diabetes treatment and outcomes worldwide: A short review of the DISCOVER study programme
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh , Ji Linong , Medina Jesús , Surmont Filip , Kosiborod Mikhail
Published: June 2019

The global burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing, indicating an urgent need for improved disease prevention and management strategies. Contemporary, global, real‐world data, collected in a consistent way, on the characteristics, treatment and outcomes of people with T2D are lacking, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries where disease burden is increasing most rapidly. The DISCOVER study programme (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02322762 and NCT02226822) is a global, prospective, 3‐year programme of observational research, which has been designed to fill this knowledge gap. DISCOVER is being conducted in 38 countries across six continents, including several lower‐middle‐ and upper‐middle‐income countries where patients have rarely or never been studied previously. In total, 15 992 people with T2D who had initiated a second‐line glucose‐lowering therapy have been recruited. Data being collected include information on demographics, clinical and treatment characteristics, socio‐economic status, clinical outcomes and patient‐reported outcomes. Findings from DISCOVER will provide unique insights into current patterns of T2D care worldwide, which should contribute to informing clinical guidelines and health policy, and may help to improve patient care.
Ostium primum atrial septal defect with persistent left superior vena cava opening into unroofed coronary sinus—A rare entity
Authors: Garg Ashok , Agrawal Deepak , Mishra Deepika , Sharma Gyarsi Lal
Published: June 2019

Raghib syndrome is a rare developmental complex consisting of termination of the left superior vena cava in the left atrium, absence of the coronary sinus, and an atrial septal defect commonly located at the posterior‐inferior angle of the atrial septum. This complex was considered unique to Raghib syndrome; however, cases with a normal atrial septum have been reported where the orifice of the unroofed coronary sinus functions as the inter‐atrial communication. Our patient demonstrated an isolated persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium through unroofed coronary sinus and presence of ostium primum atrial septal defect.
Comparison of intracardiac and transoesophageal echocardiography for guidance of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ribeiro Joana Maria , Teixeira Rogério , Puga Luís , Costa Marco , Gonçalves Lino
Published: June 2019

Aims

We performed a meta‐analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) vs transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) for the guidance of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO).

Methods and Results

A comprehensive search of the literature was performed, from inception to December 2018 using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar electronic databases, and references from articles. Publications comparing ICE and TOE for the guidance of percutaneous LAAO were included in the analysis. The co‐primary endpoints were procedural success and procedure‐related complications. Secondary endpoints included procedural and fluoroscopy times and the volume of contrast media used. Five studies were included in the analysis, providing a total of 1122 patients. Procedural success was similar with both techniques (pooled odd ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–2.75, P = 0.24, I2 = 0%), with a trend for less procedure‐related complications in the ICE group (pooled OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.31–1.05, P = 0.07, I2 = 0%). Neither procedural (mean difference −1.64 minutes, 95% CI −16.42 to 13.14, P = 0.83, I2 = 96%) nor fluoroscopy times (mean difference + 1.29 minutes, 95% CI −1.38 to 3.97, P = 0.34, I2 = 76%) varied significantly between groups. There was a reduction in the volume of contrast media used in the ICE group (mean difference −9.71 mL, 95% CI −14.61 to −4.81, P > 0.01, I2 = 0%).

Conclusion

Intracardiac echocardiography is a safe and effective alternative to TOE for guidance of percutaneous LAAO.
The Ventral Tegmental Area has calbindin neurons with the capability to co‐release glutamate and dopamine into the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Mongia Smriti , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Liu Bing , Zhang Shiliang , Wang Huiling , Morales Marisela
Published: June 2019

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has three major classes of neurons: dopaminergic (expressing tyrosine hydroxylase; TH), GABAergic (expressing vesicular GABA transporter; VGaT) and glutamatergic (expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2; VGluT2). While VTA dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons have been further characterized by expression of calcium‐binding proteins (calbindin, CB; calretinin, CR or parvalbumin, PV), it is unclear whether these proteins are expressed in rat VTA glutamatergic neurons. Here, by a combination of in situ hybridization (for VGluT2 mRNA detection) and immunohistochemistry (for CB‐, CR‐ or PV‐detection), we found that among the total population of VGluT2 neurons, 30% coexpressed CB, 3% coexpressed PV and <1% coexpressed CR. Given that some VGluT2 neurons coexpress TH or VGaT, we examined whether these neurons coexpress CB, and found that about 20% of VGluT2‐CB neurons coexpressed TH and about 13% coexpressed VGaT. Because VTA TH‐CB neurons are known to target the nucleus accumbens (nAcc), we determined whether VGluT2‐CB‐TH neurons innervate nAcc, and found that about 80% of VGluT2‐CB neurons innervating the nAcc shell coexpressed TH. In summary, (a) CB, PV and CR are detected in subpopulations of VTA‐VGluT2 neurons; (b) CB is the main calcium‐binding protein present in VTA‐VGluT2 neurons; (c) one‐third of VTA‐VGluT2 neurons coexpress CB; (d) some VTA‐VGluT2‐CB neurons have the capability to co‐release dopamine or GABA, and (e) a subpopulation of VTA glutamatergic‐dopaminergic neurons innervates nAcc shell. These findings further provide evidence for molecular diversity among VTA‐VGluT2 neurons, neurons that may play a role in specific circuitry and behaviours.
Involvement of miR‐146a‐5p/neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 in the proliferation and differentiation of STRO‐1+ human dental pulp stem cells
Authors: Qiu Zailing , Lin Shihan , Hu Xuegang , Zeng Jianchai , Xiao Tingting , Ke Zhihong , Lv Hongbing
Published: June 2019

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) are oral mesenchymal stem cells capable of self‐renewal and have a potential for multilineage differentiation. Increasing evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in stem cell biology. Here, we focused on exploring miR‐146a‐5p and its relationship to the undifferentiated status of STRO‐1+ SCAPs and STRO‐1+ DPSCs, as well as its role during STRO‐1+ DPSC differentiation and proliferation. Our data indicated that baseline miR‐146a‐5p expression is significantly lower in STRO‐1+ SCAPs than in STRO‐1+ DPSCs and increased in the latter during osteogenic induction. Moreover, we identified miR‐146a‐5p as a key miRNA that promotes osteo/odontogenic differentiation of STRO‐1+ DPSCs and attenuates cell proliferation. Additionally, it was observed that STRO‐1+ DPSC mineralization results in the downregulation of notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1) and hes family bHLH transcription factor 1 (HES1). Interference with neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (Notch 1) signaling was verified to enhance differentiation and suppress STRO‐1+ DPSC proliferation. It was further observed that miR‐146a‐5p directly targets the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of NOTCH1 and inhibits expression of both NOTCH1 and HES1mRNAs and Notch 1 and transcription factor HES‐1 (HES‐1) proteins in STRO‐1+ DPSCs. We conclude that miR‐146a‐5p exerts its regulatory effect on STRO‐1+ DPSC differentiation and proliferation partially by suppressing Notch signaling.
Restoration of arterial oxygen tension in horses recovering from general anaesthesia
Authors: Bardell D. , Mosing M. , Cripps P.J.
Published: June 2019

Background

Arterial hypoxaemia is common in anaesthetised horses, but little information exists regarding restoration of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) during recovery from anaesthesia, or if intra‐operative management factors exert any longer‐term effect.

Objectives

To evaluate PaO2in horses recovering from general anaesthesia up to 1 h after resuming standing.

Study design

Prospective observational clinical cohort study.

Methods

Systemically healthy adult horses undergoing inhalational general anaesthesia for elective surgical procedures were studied. Arterial blood samples were obtained anaerobically prior to pre‐anaesthetic medication, at end of anaesthesia, immediately following positioning in the recovery box, then at 10‐min intervals until standing. Additionally, samples were taken when horses achieved sternal recumbency, at standing (STAND) and 1 h after standing (STAND+1). Data were analysed using ANOVA and mixed‐effects linear regression, with significance set at P<0.05.

Results

Data from one hundred and two horses were analysed. Forty horses received controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) throughout anaesthesia, 47 breathed spontaneously (SV) and 15 initially breathed spontaneously before CMV was imposed (S‐CMV). Overall, PaO2, P(A‐a)O2and PaCO2remained significantly lower than baseline at STAND+1 (P<0.01). CMV resulted in higher PaO2at the end of anaesthesia (P = 0.03) and during early recovery (P<0.01) than SV. Only in group S‐CMV did PaO2, P(A‐a)O2and PaCO2return to baseline values at STAND+1. Highest PaO2values associated with CMV were also associated with early recovery apnoea.

Main limitations

Non‐standardised anaesthetic management, temporal and quantitative variation in oxygen delivery during early recovery and lack of control group where oxygen was electively withheld during recovery.

Conclusions

Controlled mandatory ventilation results in better pulmonary function in horses as assessed by PaO2, P(A‐a)O2and PaCO2, an effect enhanced by an initial period of SV and still evident 1 h after standing. High PaO2values may contribute to early recovery apnoea but this does not adversely affect outcome.

The Summary is available in Portuguese – see Supporting Information
Increasing microbial carbon use efficiency with warming predicts soil heterotrophic respiration globally
Authors: Ye Jian‐Sheng , Bradford Mark A. , Dacal Marina , Maestre Fernando T. , García‐Palacios Pablo
Published: June 2019

The degree to which climate warming will stimulate soil organic carbon (SOC) losses via heterotrophic respiration remains uncertain, in part because different or even opposite microbial physiology and temperature relationships have been proposed in SOC models. We incorporated competing microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE)–mean annual temperature (MAT) and enzyme kinetic–MAT relationships into SOC models, and compared the simulated mass‐specific soil heterotrophic respiration rates with multiple published datasets of measured respiration. The measured data included 110 dryland soils globally distributed and two continental to global‐scale cross‐biome datasets. Model–data comparisons suggested that a positive CUE–MAT relationship best predicts the measured mass‐specific soil heterotrophic respiration rates in soils distributed globally. These results are robust when considering models of increasing complexity and competing mechanisms driving soil heterotrophic respiration–MAT relationships (e.g., carbon substrate availability). Our findings suggest that a warmer climate selects for microbial communities with higher CUE, as opposed to the often hypothesized reductions in CUE by warming based on soil laboratory assays. Our results help to build the impetus for, and confidence in, including microbial mechanisms in soil biogeochemical models used to forecast changes in global soil carbon stocks in response to warming.
The geography of socio‐technical transitions: Transition–periphery dynamics
Authors: Munro Fiona Robertson
Published: June 2019

The literature on socio‐technical transitions analyses multi‐scale, nonlinear changes in societal systems, but has tended to ignore the geography of these changes. This paper addresses this gap by focusing on a geographical periphery, rather than on the urban core, and considers a transition–periphery framework to provide a way to conceptualise and examine the dynamics of resource peripheries within a socio‐technical transition. The concepts of socio‐technical transitions and resource peripheries have been connected in previous work examining wind energy projects in Scotland. This study extends that work by refining its framework, explicitly drawing from the concept of peripheralisation as a process, and applying the framework to a wider set of contexts. The focus of peripheralisation is on the processes involved in creating peripheries rather than simply the periphery as a geographic location. This attention to peripheralisation uncovers the multi‐dimensional, relational, and multi‐scalar relationships and processes of the dynamics within resource peripheries during a socio‐technical transition. This paper draws on a set of energy policy case study sites in Scotland, including the North Yell Tidal Scheme, the proposed Shetland interconnector, and the Cruachan and Coire Glas Pumped Hydro schemes. It argues that transition–periphery dynamics are an effective analytical tool for understanding the geographically uneven multi‐scalar dynamics created as socio‐technical transitions occur.
Heat transfer in human hair
Authors: Petrovicova E. , Kamath Y.K.
Published: June 2019

Objective

In the process of daily grooming, human hair often undergoes heat treatments. These treatments create temperature gradients inside individual hair fibres or bundles of hair which can lead to hair damage.

Methods

Mathematical models were built for heat transfer in a single hair as well as thin tresses of hair during blow drying.

Results

Mathematical analysis led to temperature profiles suggestive of fast transfer of heat in a single hair mainly through conduction. However, in a hair assembly, the process involved both conduction and convection leading to a slower rate of heat transfer. Penetration of heat to the centre of the hair assembly took minutes rather than seconds.

Conclusion

This model is useful in understanding hair damage potential in styling hair with high temperature devices such as flat irons and processes which involve deforming hair at relatively high temperatures.
Low‐temperature oxidation‐induced crack healing in Ti2Al0.5Sn0.5C–Al2O3 composites
Authors: Bei Guoping , Mačković Mirza , Spiecker Erdmann , Greil Peter
Published: June 2019

The oxidation‐induced crack healing of an Al2O3 composite loaded with various volume fractions of Ti2Al0.5Sn0.5C repair filler particles was investigated by annealing in air at a relatively low temperature of 700°C. After annealing a composite with 20 vol.% repair fillers (with a particle size of ~5.6 µm) for 48 hours, artificial indentation cracks prepared on the surface, as well as pores near the surface, were completely healed by filling with condensed oxidation products. Additionally, minor fraction of metallic Sn was detected. A complementary study by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy revealed that nano‐sized oxidation products (SnO2, TiO2, and α‐Al2O3 phase) were formed as major crack‐filling species. After healing, the strength recovery of the Al2O3 composites was significantly improved in the composites loaded with more than 10 vol.% repair fillers and achieved 107% at 700 for 48 hours.
Theological Education as Missional Formation
Authors: George Samuel
Published: June 2019

Theological education is missional in nature. The disability perspective within theological education provides this missional aspect, which is vital for the growth and sustenance of the church. Since its inception, the World Council of Churches Ecumenical Disability Advocates Network (WCC‐EDAN) has contributed to this great mission. This paper is an attempt to understand theological education as missional formation from the perspective of disability studies, especially the contributions of WCC‐EDAN.
Paul’s “Thorn in the Flesh” and Christian Mission to People with Disabilities
Authors: Togarasei Lovemore
Published: June 2019

This article attempts a holistic theological analysis of what the mission of the church to people living with disabilities (PLWDs) should be. The article pays attention to Paul’s reference to a “thorn in his flesh” using the theory of complex embodiment. It counters the emphasis in some churches on healing as the proper response to the needs of PLWDs. Rather, the article seek to present a theology that gives PLWDs greater knowledge of and control over their bodies to live meaningful lives even with their disabilities. The article argues that Paul lived with a disability and that although he sought to have it healed, he later accepted it and lived fully and meaningfully with it. It concludes that, from the example of Paul, the church’s mission to PLWDs should not necessarily be the healing of disabilities but their empowerment and integration in our societies.
The Spirit‐led Church
Authors: Alva Reginald
Published: June 2019

We live in a world where technology is radically changing the way we live. The rapid development in the fields of science, especially artificial intelligence, cloning, and stem cell technology, is making our lives more convenient; however, it is also giving rise to a plethora of new ethical issues. Further, weakening of organized religions, moral depravity, and loss of societal values are making society more complex and vulnerable. In such a context, what would be the mission of the church in the contemporary world? How can the church help those who are seeking to know the meaning of their lives? Christians believe that the Holy Spirit is the protagonist in the life of the church. How can the church be truly Spirit led in fulfilling its mission in the world? This article focuses mainly on the mission of the Catholic Church in the contemporary world. The main sources of the study are the documents of the Second Vatican Council, church documents, especially on mission, and views of experts in missiology.
Effect of selection and selective genotyping for creation of reference on bias and accuracy of genomic prediction
Authors: Gowane Gopal R. , Lee Sang Hong , Clark Sam , Moghaddar Nasir , Al‐Mamun Hawlader A. , van der Werf Julius H. J.
Published: June 2019

Reference populations for genomic selection usually involve selected individuals, which may result in biased prediction of estimated genomic breeding values (GEBV). In a simulation study, bias and accuracy of GEBV were explored for various genetic models with individuals selectively genotyped in a typical nucleus breeding program. We compared the performance of three existing methods, that is, Best Linear Unbiased Prediction of breeding values using pedigree‐based relationships (PBLUP), genomic relationships for genotyped animals only (GBLUP) and a Single‐Step approach (SSGBLUP) using both. For a scenario with no‐selection and random mating (RR), prediction was unbiased. However, lower accuracy and bias were observed for scenarios with selection and random mating (SR) or selection and positive assortative mating (SA). As expected, bias disappeared when all individuals were genotyped and used in GBLUP. SSGBLUP showed higher accuracy compared to GBLUP, and bias of prediction was negligible with SR. However, PBLUP and SSGBLUP still showed bias in SA due to high inbreeding. SSGBLUP and PBLUP were unbiased provided that inbreeding was accounted for in the relationship matrices. Selective genotyping based on extreme phenotypic contrasts increased the prediction accuracy, but prediction was biased when using GBLUP. SSGBLUP could correct the biasedness while gaining higher accuracy than GBLUP. In a typical animal breeding program, where it is too expensive to genotype all animals, it would be appropriate to genotype phenotypically contrasting selection candidates and use a Single‐Step approach to obtain accurate and unbiased prediction of GEBV.
Comprehensive epigenetic analyses reveal master regulators driving lung metastasis of breast cancer
Authors: Li Kening , Xu Congling , Du Yuxin , Junaid Muhammad , Kaushik Aman‐Chandra , Wei Dong‐Qing
Published: June 2019

The lung metastasis of breast cancer involves complicated regulatory changes driven by chromatin remodelling. However, the epigenetic reprogramming and regulatory mechanisms in lung metastasis of breast cancer remain unclear. Here, we generated and analysed genome‐wide profiles of multiple histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27ac, H3K27me3, H3K4me1 and H3K9me3), as well as transcriptome data in lung‐metastatic and non‐lung‐metastatic breast cancer cells. Our results showed that the expression changes were correlated with the enrichment of specific histone modifications in promoters and enhancers. Promoter and enhancer reprogramming regulated gene expression in a synergetic way, and involved in multiple important biological processes and pathways. In addition, lots of gained super‐enhancers were identified in lung‐metastatic cells. We also identified master regulators driving differential gene expression during lung metastasis of breast cancer. We found that the cooperations between regulators were much closer in lung‐metastatic cells. Moreover, regulators such as TFAP2C, GTF2I and LMO4 were found to have potential prognostic value for lung metastasis free (LMF) survival of breast cancer. Functional studies motivated by our data analyses uncovered an important role of LMO4 in regulating metastasis. This study provided comprehensive insights into regulatory mechanisms, as well as potential prognostic markers for lung metastasis of breast cancer.
Biomaterials and regenerative technologies used in bone regeneration in the craniomaxillofacial region: Consensus report of group 2 of the 15th European Workshop on Periodontology on Bone Regeneration
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Dahlin Christer , Apatzidou Danae , Artzi Zvi , Bozic Darko , Calciolari Elena , De Bruyn Hugo , Dommisch Henrik , Donos Nikos , Eickholz Peter , Ellingsen Jan E. , Haugen Håvard J. , Herrera David , Lambert France , Layrolle Pierre , Montero Eduardo , Mustafa Kamal , Omar Omar , Schliephake Henning
Published: June 2019

Background and Aims

To review the regenerative technologies used in bone regeneration: bone grafts, barrier membranes, bioactive factors and cell therapies.

Material and Methods

Four background review publications served to elaborate this consensus report.

Results and Conclusions

Biomaterials used as bone grafts must meet specific requirements: biocompatibility, porosity, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, surface properties, biodegradability, mechanical properties, angiogenicity, handling and manufacturing processes. Currently used biomaterials have demonstrated advantages and limitations based on the fulfilment of these requirements. Similarly, membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR) must fulfil specific properties and potential biological mechanisms to improve their clinical applicability. Pre‐clinical and clinical studies have evaluated the added effect of bone morphogenetic proteins (mainly BMP‐2) and autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) when used as bioactive agents to enhance bone regeneration. Three main approaches using cell therapies to enhance bone regeneration have been evaluated: (a) “minimally manipulated” whole tissue fractions; (b) ex vivo expanded “uncommitted” stem/progenitor cells; and (c) ex vivo expanded “committed” bone‐/periosteum‐derived cells. Based on the evidence from clinical trials, transplantation of cells, most commonly whole bone marrow aspirates (BMA) or bone marrow aspirate concentrations (BMAC), in combination with biomaterial scaffolds has demonstrated an additional effect in sinus augmentation and horizontal ridge augmentation, and comparable bone regeneration to autogenous bone in alveolar cleft repair.
Twenty‐two years’ experience registering trials in a low‐middle income country: The Peruvian Clinical Trial Registry
Authors: Alarcon‐Ruiz Christoper A. , Roque‐Roque Joel Sack , Heredia Paula , Gómez‐Briceño Angie Roxana , Quispe Antonio M.
Published: June 2019

Aim

This study analyzes the quantitative and qualitative evolution of the Peruvian Clinical Trial Registry during the last 22 years.

Methods

Following a cross‐sectional design, we reviewed all clinical trials registered at the Peruvian Clinical Trial Registry during 1995‐2017. We downloaded and extracted all registries on 31 March 2018. We summarized qualitative variables and quantitative variables. Also, we performed trends analysis of the records by year, clinical phase, institutional review board, and children's participation.

Results

The Peruvian Clinical Trial Registry recorded 1748 clinical trials during 1995‐2017. Considering World Health Organization 20‐standard descriptors as the standard, the registry suitably recorded four of them in 1995 and 19 since 2013. There was a meaningful change in the trend of the registries, showing a significant upward registry trend until 2008 and a significant downward registry trend since then. This trend could be influenced by new regulation in clinical trials registry. Several trials had incomplete entries for different studied variables. Most of the clinical trials (82%) included male and female participants, and only 14% included children. Oncological disorders were the diseases most frequently investigated (20%). Most of clinical trials were registered by pharmaceutical companies. A few institutional review boards evaluated most of the clinical trials.

Conclusion

The registration of clinical trials in Peru has improved quantitatively and qualitatively since it started, but its quantitative grow stopped in 2008. Since then, the number of registries has declined steadily. There is an influence of pharmaceutical companies in clinical trial registration.
Comparison between microwave‐cooking and steam‐cooking on starch properties and in vitro starch digestibility of cooked pigmented rice
Authors: Thuengtung Sukanya , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Ogawa Yukiharu
Published: June 2019

The influence of two types of cooking method, that is, steam‐cooking and microwave‐cooking, on the morphological structure, starch fractions, and starch digestibility of cooked Thai pigmented rice (three cultivars) was examined. The relationship between starch hydrolysis and change in X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, including the change of crystallinity degree during in vitro digestion, was also investigated. The results indicated that the cooked rice morphological structure and starch hydrolysis rate during in vitro digestion was varied by the cooking method. All non‐waxy rice cultivars exhibited Vh‐type crystallinity, whereas, no crystalline peak was detected in the waxy rice cultivar. However, the XRD pattern and crystallinity degree of steam‐cooked rice were dramatically changed after simulated small intestinal digestion for 360 and 480 min when compared with microwave‐cooked rice. Moreover, steam‐cooked rice showed a significantly lower percentage of equilibrium starch hydrolysis than that of the microwave‐cooked rice.

Practical applications

Rice attributes and change of crystallinity in XRD pattern during in vitro digestion have found to correlate with rice starch digestibility, which varied depending on rice cooking methods. Steam‐cooking could enhance the degree of crystallinity during in vitro digestion, which would affect to retard rice starch digestion. This finding is interesting for the consumer on the selection of the optimized cooking process that promotes a healthier effect.
Novel packaging systems in grape storage—A review
Authors: Cui Haiying , Abdel‐Samie Mohamed Abdel‐Shafi , Lin Lin
Published: June 2019

Grape (Vitis vinefera L.) is a fruit popularly consumed around the world, known for its bioavailability and anticancer properties during its phenolic antioxidants. During storage period, respiration and transpiration does not stop, which result in the loss of water and solutes from the stored grapes. In addition to the microbial contamination including fungus growth and production of ochratoxin A (OTA) on grapes berries' surfaces, which is considered as the main quality deterioration factors for grapes and for human health. Being susceptibility for quality deterioration and spoilage factors made grapes a short shelf life berries. SO2 classically was used to preserve table grapes but having a metal corrosive effects, berry injury causing, browning of the berries, and the formation of off‐flavors and acute toxicity created the need for safer and environment friendly novel packaging systems for preserving grapes. Irradiation, modified atmosphere, spraying, immersing and dipping, and coating of grapes were reported in this review.

Practical application

Grape postharvest treatments and different procedures in which grape should be handled starting from the grape vine and up to the consumer's hands were the aim of our review. Comparison between classical methods and modern ones in purpose of showing pros and cons was discussed to call for the modern postharvest treatments and its application to preserve grapes for its benefits was the findings of our study.
Fracture resistance, gap and void formation in root‐filled mandibular molars restored with bulk‐fill resin composites and glass‐ionomer cement base
Authors: Thongbai‐on Nathamon , Chotvorrarak Kanet , Banomyong Danuchit , Burrow Michael F. , Osiri Sittichoke , Pattaravisitsate Nattha
Published: June 2019

Aim

To evaluate fracture resistance and gap/void presence of root‐filled mandibular molars restored with 2 bulk‐fill and 1 conventional resin composites, with or without a glass‐ionomer cement (GIC) base.

Methods

Coronal access and mesio‐occlusal (MO) cavities were prepared, then root canal treatment was performed on 30 mol/L. The teeth were randomly divided, according to the cavity volume, into 6 experimental groups (N = 5) and restored with conventional/light‐cured (Ceram‐X), bulk‐fill/light‐cured (SureFil SDR) or bulk‐fill/dual‐cured (Core‐X Flow) with/without a 2‐mm thick GIC base. Gaps and voids (%) were determined using microcomputed tomography. Intact teeth and unrestored teeth were used as negative and positive controls. Fracture load (N) was determined using a universal testing machine.

Results

No significant difference in fracture resistance or gap/void formation was found among the 3 resin composites. GIC‐base groups revealed significantly lower fracture strength than intact teeth, while fracture strengths of no GIC‐base groups were not significantly different from intact teeth. GIC‐base groups revealed significantly more gaps and voids in the area of the GIC than the resin composite.

Conclusion

Conventional and bulk‐fill resin composites provided similar fracture resistance and gaps/voids in root‐filled molars with MO cavities. Placing a GIC base decreased fracture resistance and increased gap/void formation.
Synaptophysin sustains presynaptic performance by preserving vesicular synaptobrevin‐II levels
Authors: Kokotos Alexandros C. , Harper Callista B. , Marland Jamie R.K. , Smillie Karen J. , Cousin Michael A. , Gordon Sarah L.
Published: June 2019

The two most abundant molecules on synaptic vesicles (SVs) are synaptophysin and synaptobrevin‐II (sybII). SybII is essential for SV fusion, whereas synaptophysin is proposed to control the trafficking of sybII after SV fusion and its retrieval during endocytosis. Despite controlling key aspects of sybII packaging into SVs, the absence of synaptophysin results in negligible effects on neurotransmission. We hypothesised that this apparent absence of effect may be because of the abundance of sybII on SVs, with the impact of inefficient sybII retrieval only revealed during periods of repeated SV turnover. To test this hypothesis, we subjected primary cultures of synaptophysin knockout neurons to repeated trains of neuronal activity, while monitoring SV fusion events and levels of vesicular sybII. We identified a significant decrease in both the number of SV fusion events (monitored using the genetically encoded reporter vesicular glutamate transporter‐pHluorin) and vesicular sybII levels (via both immunofluorescence and Western blotting) using this protocol. This revealed that synaptophysin is essential to sustain both parameters during periods of repetitive SV turnover. This was confirmed by the rescue of presynaptic performance by the expression of exogenous synaptophysin. Importantly, the expression of exogenous sybII also fully restored SV fusion events in synaptophysin knockout neurons. The ability of additional copies of sybII to fully rescue presynaptic performance in these knockout neurons suggests that the principal role of synaptophysin is to mediate the efficient retrieval of sybII to sustain neurotransmitter release.

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Prenatal developmental sequence of the skull of minke whales and its implications for the evolution of mysticetes and the teeth‐to‐baleen transition
Authors: Lanzetti Agnese
Published: June 2019

Baleen whales (Mysticeti) have an extraordinary fossil record documenting the transition from toothed raptorial taxa to modern species that bear baleen plates, keratinous bristles employed in filter‐feeding. Remnants of their toothed ancestry can be found in their ontogeny, as they still develop tooth germs in utero. Understanding the developmental transition from teeth to baleen and the associated skull modifications in prenatal specimens of extant species can enhance our understanding of the evolutionary history of this lineage by using ontogeny as a relative proxy of the evolutionary changes observed in the fossil record. Although at present very little information is available on prenatal development of baleen whales, especially regarding tooth resorption and baleen formation, due to a lack of specimens. Here I present the first detailed description of prenatal specimens of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Balaenoptera bonaerensis), focusing on the skull anatomy and tooth germ development, resorption, and baleen growth. The ontogenetic sequence described consists of 10 specimens of both minke whale species, from the earliest fetal stages to full term. The internal skull anatomy of the specimens was visualized using traditional and iodine‐enhanced computed tomography scanning. These high‐quality data allow detailed description of skull development both qualitatively and quantitatively using three‐dimensional landmark analysis. I report distinctive external anatomical changes and the presence of a denser tissue medial to the tooth germs in specimens from the final portion of gestation, which can be interpreted as the first signs of baleen formation (baleen rudiments). Tooth germs are only completely resorbed just before the eruption of the baleen from the gums, and they are still present for a brief period with baleen rudiments. Skull shape development is characterized by progressive elongation of the rostrum relative to the braincase and by the relative anterior movement of the supraoccipital shield, contributing to a defining feature of cetaceans, telescoping. These data aid the interpretation of fossil morphologies, especially of those extinct taxa where there is no direct evidence of presence of baleen, even if caution is needed when comparing prenatal extant specimens with adult fossils. The ontogeny of other mysticete species needs to be analyzed before drawing definitive conclusions about the influence of development on the evolution of this group. Nonetheless, this work is the first step towards a deeper understanding of the most distinctive patterns in prenatal skull development of baleen whales, and of the anatomical changes that accompany the transition from tooth germs to baleen. It also presents comprehensive hypotheses to explain the influence of developmental processes on the evolution of skull morphology and feeding adaptations of mysticetes.
Territorial dynamics and social differentiation among peasants in the northern highlands of Ecuador
Authors: Martínez Valle Luciano , Martínez Godoy Diego
Published: June 2019

This article addresses the process of social differentiation among peasants who were beneficiaries of the 1960s agrarian reform in the northern highlands of Ecuador. Although peasants obtained access to land that was previously in the hands of the haciendas, the incipient process of social differentiation that arose at that time was not halted. Today, peasants are incorporated into a commercial dynamic through milk production for agribusiness that has deepened the process of social differentiation between communities and within them. The supremacy of economic capital in the social field leads to a crisis in the traditional practices of reciprocity and to the incorporation of productive strategies and new “habitus” of consumption that have generated profound transformations in the territory.
Clinically significant maternal X chromosomal copy number variation detected by noninvasive prenatal test
Authors: Kim Seung‐Chul , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Jeong Hae‐Ryun , Lee Junnam , Jang Ja‐Hyun , Cho Eun‐Hae
Published: June 2019

Maternal copy number variation (CNV), especially at the X chromosome is an important cause of false positive noninvasive prenatal test (NIPT) results for sex chromosomal aneuploidy. In addition, some maternal CNV can cause significant anomalies if the male fetus was inherited the X chromosome with CNV. During 1000 high risk Korean NIPT, we incidentally detected two cases of maternal X chromosomal CNV which can cause abnormal phenotype in a male fetus. The first false‐positive NIPT case (47, XXY) was due to a maternal 0.5 Mb duplication at Xq28, including the MECP2 gene. The second is a case of an 8‐Mb deletion on maternal Xq24q25, including GRIA3 and XIAP genes.
Effect of vitamin D supplementation on total and free 25 hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone. An analysis of two randomized controlled trials
Authors: Smith L. M. , Gallagher J. C.
Published: June 2019

Background

It is questionable as to whether total serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (T25D) levels are lower in African Americans. We measured serum T25D, free 25hydroxyvitamin D (F25D) and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in African American and Caucasian women and studied the effect of vitamin D dosing to determine if differences by race or age occur.

Methods

Healthy young and older Caucasian and African American women who were vitamin D insufficient were randomized in two clinical trials to escalating daily doses of vitamin D from 400 to 4800 IU and placebo for 12 months.

Results

Baseline F25D and T25D were significantly lower in young but not older African American compared to Caucasian women. At baseline, the rate of change, or slope, in F25D with T25D was significantly greater in younger women than in older women, but difference in the rate of change in F25D with T25D is similar in African American and Caucasian women. After vitamin D supplementation, there was an increase in F25D, and the dose response was not significantly different by age or race. The ratio of F25D/T25D decreased in all groups once T25D exceeded ~60 nmol L−1. There was a progressive decrease in serum PTH with increasing vitamin D doses and the per cent change was similar for F25D and T25D.

Conclusion

Serum F25D and T25D are lower in younger African American women, and since dietary vitamin D is similar in the groups, it is likely that the cause of low serum 25OHD in African American women is due to reduced UV exposure and reduced skin production of vitamin D.