bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF SERIAL SPORTS TRAINING RISK ASSESSMENT AND COUNSELLING IN KIDS (T.R.A.C.K.)
Authors: Jayanthi Neeru
Published: August 2017

Background

Training recommendations in young athletes have been published by various authors and organizations to help reduce future injury risk. No previous study has evaluated a randomized intervention of counselling using evidence-based recommendations in a population of young athletes.

Objective

To determine if serial interactive on-line evidence-based counselling reduce the future rate of injury in young athletes.

Design

Multi-Center Double-blind Prospective Randomized Interventional Trial.

Setting

Academic institutions treating young athletes in sports medicine or primary care clinics.

Patients (or Participants)

Young athletes 8–17 years old presenting with or without a prior injury to either of these institutions.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

After completing the baseline risk assessment tool, young athletes were randomized to: (1) a control group who are monitored every 3 months for exposures for one year and (2) an intervention group of athletes who are similarly monitored and also receive a counselling checklist intervention every 3 months for one year. Training characteristics such as training volume, degree of specialization, and adherence to recommendations were evaluated in each group.

Main Outcome Measurements

Injury rates were compared at baseline and after the intervention in control and intervention. Compliance to recommendations and barriers to compliance were also assessed.

Results

362 subjects were enrolled with 350 subjects adequate for analysis (170 control, 180 intervention). Baseline demographics and injury rates (71% vs. 75%, p<0.1) were similar between groups. At baseline, injured athletes were older, had higher hrs/week of organized sports, less free play, and were more likely to do year round sports specialization then uninjured athletes. At 6 months of follow up, athletes in the counselling group had lower rates of injury then those in the control group (48.0% vs. 27.7%, p=0.003).

Conclusions

Serial on-line based evidence-based counselling on training in young athletes may help to reduce future injury risk.
PERCEPTION OF HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG COMPETITIVE RUNNERS: QUALITATIVE STUDY OF COGNITIVE APPRAISALS AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES
Authors: Jelvegård Sara , Timpka Toomas , Bargoria Victor , Gauffin Håkan , Jacobsson Jenny
Published: August 2017

Background

About 2 out of 3 competitive runners sustain at least one health problem every season; most of these problems are non-traumatic injuries with gradual onset. The main known risk indicator for sustaining a new running-related injury episode is a history of a previous injury, suggesting that behavioural habits are part of the causal mechanisms.

Objective

To explore competitive runners' cognitive appraisals of perceived symptoms on injury and illness and how these appraisals are transformed into behaviour.

Design

Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews for data collection.

Setting

Swedish competitive middle- and long-distance runners.

Participants

14 runners from the national top 15 list.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Qualitative research methods were used to categorize interview data and perform a thematic analysis.

Main Outcome Measurements

Categories resulting from the analysis were used to construct an explanatory model.

Results

Symptoms interpreted to be caused by illness or injury with a sudden onset were found to lead to immediate responses and changes to training and competition programs (activity pacing). In contrast, perceptions interpreted to be due to injuries with gradual onset led to varied behavioural reactions. These behavioural responses were planned with regard to short-term effects and were characterized by indifference and neglect of long-term implications, consistent with an overactivity behavioural pattern. The latter pattern was consistent with a psychological adaptation to stimuli that is presented progressively to the athlete.

Conclusions

Competitive runners appraise whether a health problem requires immediate withdrawal from training based on whether the problem is interpreted as an illness and/or has a sudden onset. The ensuing behaviours follow 2 distinct patterns that can be termed activity pacing and overactivity. Recurrent health problems among competitive runners can be addressed through the premise that overactivity behaviours are balanced by support of health literacy and psychological flexibility.
THE ROLE OF PLANTAR CUTANEOUS SENSATION AND THE PROXIMAL JOINT POSTURAL CONTROL STRATEGY TO MAINTAIN BALANCE IN CAI PATIENTS
Authors: Kang Tae Kyu , Woo Jung Yeon , Chang Jae Seung , Lee Sae Yong
Published: August 2017

Background

Previous studies revealed that the patient with chronic ankle instability (CAI) has postural control deficit. However, it is unclear that if CAI patients rely more on plantar cutaneous sensation or other compensation strategy such as proximal joint postural control strategy.

Objective

To investigate the alteration of lower extremity movement pattern to maintain balance in CAI patients as compared to healthy group with and without plantar cutaneous sensation (PCS).

Design

Case controlled study.

Setting

Laboratory.

Patients (or Participants)

Nine healthy subjects (age: 23.75±1.98 years; height: 164.10±6.90 cm; weight: 57.76±9.14 kg) and 10 CAI patients (age: 23.57±2.72 years; height: 166.14±7.74 cm; weight: 67.84±12.60 kg) with normal foot arch type (5 mm∼9 mm; 5.78±2.44 mm) were recruited.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Subjects immersed both feet in an ice water for 10 minutes and performed three trials of a single-leg stance balance test with their eyes closed on a force plate for 10 s.

Main Outcome Measurements

Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics (Vicon Inc, Oxford, UK) were analysed. The kinematic data were analysed by ensemble curves and 95% confidential interval (CI). Group (healthy and CAI) by time (plantar sensation) mixed model two-way repeated measures of ANOVA was performed to analyse differences of maximum joint kinematics.

Results

With diminished PCS, CAI group showed greater knee internal rotation (mean difference=−9.21±0.39°) and greater hip external rotation (mean difference=15.89±0.27°) throughout 10 seconds balance task. However, there were no significant main effects and interactions between group and time.

Conclusions

Since PCS is intact before ice immersion, CAI patients rely more on PCS in order to maintain balance and revealed similar joint kinematics. However, once PCS diminished CAI patients utilize proximal joint compensatory mechanism such as leaning toward the injured side at the hip joint through external rotation of the hip joint and internally rotating the knee joint to prevent inversion at the ankle joint.
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN LOWER EXTREMITY DYNAMIC POSTURAL MEASURES AS POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR FOR ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL) INJURY
Authors: Kim Chang-Young , Chun Young Min , Lee Sae Yong
Published: August 2017

Background

ACL injury rate for female is as much as eight times higher than male in the United States. However, based upon Korean Health Insurance Corporation, higher injury rate was reported in male compared to female.

Objective

To determine whether ethnic differences exist in lower extremity dynamic postural measures between Caucasian female and Asian female.

Design

Case controlled study.

Setting

Controlled laboratory.

Patients (or Participants)

15 Caucasian female (age: 21.3±1.58 yrs; weight: 63.9±7.42 kg; height: 169.6±4.60 cm) and 15 Asian female (age: 20.4±1.20 yrs; weight: 57.8±3.86 kg; height: 164.0±2.72 cm) were recruited as subjects for this study.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

All subjects performed Drop jump from a 30 cm-box, which was set at the half of their height distance away from the force plate.

Main Outcome Measurements

Three dimensional knee joint kinematics were extracted from motion analysis system (Vicon Inc, Oxford, UK; BTS Bioengineering, Milano, Italy). All joint kinematics were analyzed at one discrete point which was 30° knee flexion. Independent sample t-test was performed to analyze mean differences between ethnicity.

Results

Caucasian female had significantly greater knee valgus (t=−3.293, p=0.03, Caucasian: −3.15°±6.12°; Asian: 3.19°±3.94°) and knee internal rotation (t=2.143, p=0.41, Caucasian: 12.58°±9.54°; Asian: 5.05°±9.35°) compared to Asian female in Drop jump.

Conclusions

Our results showing signiﬁcantly greater knee valgus and internal rotation in Caucasian female may support the difference of ACL injury rates between Caucasian and Asian. Possibly reducing knee valgus and internal rotation may drop the injury rate of female to similar with male as found in South Korea.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF POST-TRAUMATIC KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS AFTER KNEE LIGAMENT OR MENISCUS INJURIES USING NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE SERVICE (NHIS) 514,866 COHORT DATA: RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Authors: Kim Sang Gyun , Lee So Young , Lee Young Hee , Lee Sae Yong
Published: August 2017

Background

Various knee injuries accompanying anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has been established as a significant risk factor for developing knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, research using big cohort sample to examine relationship between ACL and OA have not been conducted yet.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ACL injury and other related knee joint structures on the development of OA using National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) cohort data.

Design

Epidemiological retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Epidemiological study of active adult population from National Health Insurance Service cohort database.

Patients (or Participants)

The subjects consist of a total of 514,866 randomly selected NHIS cohort group (age, 52.6 years; BMI, 24.0) between 2002 and 2013. Individual with an ACL injury regardless of accompany of other structural damage were prospectively followed-up until 2013.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

ACL injury with multiple knee joint ligament damage (AL); ACL injury with meniscus damage (AM); single ACL injury (AS); and group without any knee joint ligaments or meniscus injury (Control).

Main Outcome Measurements

Adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidential interval (CI) were estimated.

Results

A total of 1,175 (2.28 per 1,000 population) ACL patients were found in 2002 and followed-up until 2013. AS (OR, 1.79; CI, 1.41–2.26), AL (OR, 2.77; CI, 2.37–3.25) and AM (OR, 2.78; CI, 2.37–3.26) demonstrated 1.79, 2.77, and 2.78 times greater to develop OA than control group respectively. AL (OR, 1.55; CI, 1.17–2.06) and AM (OR, 1.56; CI, 1.17–2.07) are approximately 1.6 times greater than AS.

Conclusions

This study clearly provide evidence that multiple knee joint injury is as high as approximately 3 times greater risk of developing OA than control and even 1.6 times greater than AS. Therefore, clinician should consider appropriate treatment option for ACL injured patient to prevent progression to OA.
THE INCIDENCE OF EXERTIONAL HEAT STROKE DURING MASS-PARTICIPATION TRIATHLON RACES: OPTIMISING ATHLETE SAFETY
Authors: Knight Nicholas , Parkin James , Smith Ralph , Kipps Courtney
Published: August 2017

Background

Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a potentially life-threatening condition to the endurance athlete. Early recognition and rapid on-site treatment with aggressive cooling measures significantly reduces mortality, improves outcome and avoids hospital transfers.

Objective

Determine the incidence of EHS in triathlon competition.

Design

A retrospective analysis of competitor medical records.

Setting

Data was collected across two UK-based triathlons over six years (11 consecutive triathlons).

Patients (or Participants)

All casualties diagnosed with EHS by the Triathlon Medical team (TMT). Diagnostic criteria of EHS included a core temperature >40°C and evidence of an altered mental state indicating neurological dysfunction.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Age, gender, race distance, co-morbidities and medical management required were recorded.

Main Outcome Measurements

Incidence of EHS amongst triathlon competitors.

Results

Of 68557 starting competitors, 429 casualties presented to the TMT. Twelve (2.8%) were diagnosed with EHS, giving an incidence of 1.74/10000 starters. Eight EHS casualties (67%) collapsed during the run phase, with three collapsing after the finish line. One EHS casualty presented during the swim phase in cardiac arrest. This patient was successfully resuscitated with CPR before ice-bath cooling for EHS. Four (36%) EHS casualties were discharged directly from the TMT and the remaining transferred to hospital.

Conclusions

EHS is a significant risk in mass-participation triathlon events. EHS can be successfully managed on-site with aggressive cooling measures which may reduce hospital transfers. The majority of EHS cases occur during or after the run phase and therefore we recommend event organisers focus both medical resources and prevention strategies at this phase.
THE EFFECT OF BODY CHECKING POLICY CHANGE ON OFFENSIVE GAME SKILL PERFORMANCE IN 13–14 YEAR OLD ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS
Authors: Kolstad Ash , Nadeau Luc , Eliason Paul , Palacios-Derflingher Luz , Goulet Claude , Emery Carolyn A.
Published: August 2017

Background

Policy allowing body checking (BC) increases injury and concussion risk in youth ice hockey players. Hockey Calgary introduced BC policy change in 2015 that disallows BC at the Bantam (ages 13–14) non-elite level (lowest 60% by division of play).

Objective

To compare game offensive performance (OP) between non-elite Bantam players playing in a league allowing BC and players in a league not allowing BC.

Design

Prospective cohort.

Setting

Arenas in Calgary, Alberta.

Participants

Non-elite Bantam games were videotaped in Calgary, Alberta during the 2014–15 (n=348 players) and 2015–16 (n=309 players) playing seasons.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Players from the 2014–15 season played in a league allowing BC, while players from 2015–16 season played in a league where BC was not allowed.

Main Outcome Measurements

Using Dartfish video analysis software, games were analyzed for OP metrics for the puck carrier using the ice hockey adapted Team Sport Assessment Procedure. These metrics included puck possession (conquered puck from an opponent and received pass from a teammate) and puck outcome (successful shot on goal, lost puck to an opponent, and offensive pass to a teammate). Unadjusted incidence rate-ratios (IRRs), clustered by game, were calculated for each puck action per team game between players in Calgary, Alberta 2014–15 (BC allowed) and 2015–16 (BC not allowed).

Results

No differences were found in puck possession metrics [conquered puck IRR=1.07 (95% CI: 1.00,1.16), received pass IRR=1.05 (95% CI: 0.93,1.18)] or puck outcome [successful shot IRR=0.97 (95% CI: 0.86,1.10), lost puck IRR=1.07 (95% CI: 0.98,1.18), offensive pass IRR=0.98 (95% CI: 0.86,1.12)].

Conclusions

There were no differences found across all OP metrics between a non-elite Bantam league allowing BC and a league not allowing BC. There is no evidence to conclude that offensive performance was negatively nor positively affected by Hockey Calgary's decision to disallow BC at Bantam non-elite levels.
DECISION MAKING IN THE RETURN TO PLAY AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES – ANALYSIS OF ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS AND TEAM COACHE` VIEW
Authors: Krutsch Werner , Angele Peter , Nerlich Michael , Loose Oliver
Published: August 2017

Background

Football injuries are a common problem for players, coaches and clubs. To improve prevention strategies, the player and coach view needs to be known.

Objective

The aim of the study was to reveal current views about injuries prevention strategies in football.

Design

Retrospective cohort study in elite football level.

Setting

The elite football level of salaried football players (n=486) and team coaches (n=88) were investigated.

Participants

Team coaches (c) and male football players (p) of all age levels of the 4th until 6th division in German football were included.

Interventions

One questionnaire at the beginning of a football season was completed in the context of an intervention study regarding injury prevention in elite football.

Main Outcome Measurements

Investigated topics were points view about influencing factors on injuries, screening tests, injury profile and return to play decision-making.

Results

Physiotherapy (p:77.8%; c:75.9%) and screening examinations (p: 56.3%; c: 62.1%) were highest ranked as prevention strategy in football. The most important preventive training topics were warm up exercises (p: 76.1%; c: 74.7%), regeneration (p: 54.1%; c: 56.3%) and core stability (p: 53.8; c: 70.1%), while practical transfer to the field was low for core stability (p: 27.5%; c: 32.1%) and balancing exercises (p: 22.0; c: 19.8%). Knee injuries (p: 90.7%; c: 93.1%) were reported as the most common problem in football. Decision-making for return to play after injuries presented players with own will for a decision-making (81.4%) and the team coaches with the opinion that doctors are main decision maker (83.5%). Thus, decisions against doctors' recommendation in the past were frequently made among participants (p: 64.4%; c: 87.1%).

Conclusions

The basic knowledge about prevention of injuries in elite football is sufficient, while practical implementation is insufficient.
THE CROWD GOES WILD: THE DISSEMINATION OF CONCUSSION RISK INFORMATION ON TWITTER IN RESPONSE TO THE REMOVAL OF HEADGEAR IN MEN'S BOXING AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES
Authors: McKay Carly , Stokes Keith
Published: August 2017

Background

Boxing headgear has previously been mandatory at the Olympic Games but was removed from men's competition in 2016, citing evidence that it increases concussion risk.

Objective

To describe the dissemination of concussion information on social media in response to headgear removal during Olympic competition.

Design

Cross-sectional media analysis.

Setting

User-generated content posted on the social networking site Twitter during the 2016 Olympic Summer Games.

Participants

Twitter users posting relevant content between 5th-21st August, 2016.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Twitter data (“tweets”) were extracted and coded as eitherfor(supporting) oragainst(opposed to) headgear removal, and to indicate the user's belief that headgear prevents or increases the risk of concussion.

Main Outcome Measurements

The total number of tweets and the number of users reached were extracted. Pearson chi2was used to assess the effect of concussion risk beliefs on the type of disseminated message (e.g., personal opinion versus evidence-based).

Results

646 tweets were captured, reaching ∼13.2 million Twitter users. Concussion was mentioned in 91 (14.1%) cases; increased laceration risk after headgear removal was referenced in 100 (15.5%). External links were included in 219 tweets (33.9%), comprising scientific publications/resources (n=27, 12.3%), news articles (n=141, 64.4%), and blog/opinion sites (n=51, 23.3%). Only 277 tweets were framed as eitherfor(n=121, 43.7%) oragainst(n=156, 56.3%) headgear removal. Of these, 64 (45.4%) indicated that headgear increases concussion risk, whereas 77 (54.5%) suggested that it prevents concussions. Users who believed that headgear prevents concussions were more likely to base this on personal opinion (n=66, 85.7%) than those believing it increases risk (n=41, 64.1%) (x2=8.95, p=0.003).

Conclusions

Personal opinion and news articles were the most commonly disseminated concussion information sources, leading to conflicting positions on the counterintuitive removal of boxing headgear. These findings have implications for real-time knowledge translation strategies during intervention implementation across contexts.
THE FRONTAL PLANE KNEE PROJECTION ANGLE IN ELITE MALE VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES IS INCREASED AFTER AN INCREMENTAL SHUTTLE RUN TEST UNTIL VOLUNTARY FATIGUE
Authors: Mendonça Luciana , Natália Bittencourt , Davidson Silva , Luciano Prado
Published: August 2017

Background

Knee valgus is associated with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament rupture and this injury commonly occurs at the end of competition and/or training sessions. Probably, muscle fatigue is associated to this injury occurrence. Clinically, knee valgus is easily identified by the quantification of frontal plane knee projection angle (FPKPA).

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare FPKPA before and after a maximal, incremental shuttle-run testing protocol used to induce fatigue in elite male volleyball athletes.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Sports Sciences Laboratory at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.

Patients (or Participants)

Thirteen elite male volleyball athletes with a mean age of 27.69 (+7.85) years, body mass of 92.00 (+8.97) kilograms and height of 1.94 (0.06) meters participated in a preseason assessment.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Fatigue was induced by performing a maximal-incremental shuttle-run test for the estimation of maximal aerobic power according to the protocol proposed by Ramsbottonet al. (1988).

Main Outcome Measurements

FPKPA was measured during single-leg squat and involved a line connecting antero-superior iliac spine, a middle point between knee condyles and a middle point between the malleolus. The athletes performed 3 single-leg squats and a mean of the 3 FPKPA on the dominant lower limb was analyzed.

Results

The dominant lower limb had a mean FPKPA of 3,18 o (±4.23) prior to and a mean FPKPA of 3.73 o (±4.03) after the fatigue protocol. A Studen's t-test analysis showed a statistical significant difference (p=0.019; mean difference=3.18; IC 95% of 0.62–5.74).

Conclusions

Elite male volleyball athletes had higher values of FPKPA on the dominant lower limb after a maximal, progressive exercise leading to fatigue. Probably, elite volleyball players may be under a higher risk of muscle-skeletal injuries under muscle fatigue conditions.
INJURY MECHANISMS OF THE KOREA LADIES PROFESSIONAL GOLFERS, 2015 SEASON PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Na Young Moo , Cho Young Jae , Jung Hee Seong , Lee Sae Yong
Published: August 2017

Background

Epidemiological study analyzing golf specific injury mechanism has not been conducted in women's professional level golf.

Objective

To analyze the golf specific injury mechanisms of Korean ladies Professional Golfers in different tour levels of play (ie, Division I, II and III tour).

Design

Prospective epidemiological study.

Setting

Using Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine Injury Surveillance System (YISSEM ISS) questionnaire survey division I, II and III tour Korean women professional golfers were participated in this study.

Patients (or Participants)

A total of 388 professional golfers in the 2015 KLPGA tour were recruited.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Injuries sustained as a professional golfer.

Main Outcome Measurements

Time of injury, basic injury mechanism, when and where the injury occurred, amount of golf swing training per day and ground status while injured. A chi-square and logistic regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the golf-related injury mechanisms and any possible risk factors.

Results

The injury rate was greater in the morning practice (34%) than afternoon (14%) or evening (4%) practice (P<0.05). A total range of 69 to 74% of all injury occurred during golf swing. The injury was most likely to occur during downswing specifically at ball impact (I:42%, II:37%, III:46%) followed by the follow-through (I:17%, II:19%, III:15%). Swing on the bad grass was 101.80 times more likely to result in injury (OR=101.80, CI 9.28–1116.43) and golfers are 58.7 times more likely to get injured during golf swing (OR=58.7, CI 9.23–373.76).

Conclusions

Golfers are more prone to have injury when practicing golf swing during downswing on the bad grass condition in the morning. It was surprising result that environmental factors which can be quite easily modified results in various types of golf injuries. Before starting golf swing, golfers should check environmental factors to prevent golf injury.
A PREVIOUS HAMSTRING INJURY AFFECTS THE KICKING TECHNIQUE AND THIS IS INFLUENCED BY GENDER AND LIMB DOMINANCE
Authors: Navandar Archit , Veiga Santiago , García Carlos , Marquéz Gonzalo Torres , Chorro David , Navarro Enrique
Published: August 2017

Background

Although the hamstring muscle group gets loaded during the kicking motion, the effect of a previous hamstring injury on the kicking skill has not been studied in detail.

Objective

To the study the effect of a previous hamstring injury on the kicking technique, and how gender and limb dominance influences the same.

Design

Observational study. Participants were required to kick the ball into a target 7 m away using a four step run-up. Five valid kicks were taken from the dominant and non-dominant limb each.

Setting

Laboratory conditions on FIFA approved artificial turf, with a three-dimensional Vicon motion capture system at 200Hz and a Kistler force platform at 1000Hz. with participants belonging to Spanish First (women) and Second (men) Division teams.

Participants

45 professional soccer players (females=26, males=19) who belonged to clubs that had the same number of training sessions and matches per week.

Main Outcome Measurements

Ball velocities, kinematic and kinetic data for the hip and knee of the kicking leg in the sagittal plane, and the reaction forces for the ground and the support leg. 3-way ANOVA was used to compare the data.

Results

Previously injured female athletes had a lower peak hip velocity in the dominant limb kicks; and a smaller knee flexion angle, and a lower hip flexion velocity in the non-dominant limb kicks.

Conclusions

Kicking technique is affected by a previous hamstring injury in females especially in phases where the hamstring muscles are the most active. Differences in male soccer players were not seen. Thus these injuries must be treated differently in male and female soccer players, and whether the injury occurred in the dominant or non-dominant limb. An additional study with a greater number of previously injured athletes would be necessary to provide conclusive results.
EVALUATING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND FIFA 11+ IMPLEMENTATION INTENTION IN YOUTH SOCCER COACHES
Authors: Owoeye Oluwatoyosi , Bulat Muge , McKay Carly , Hubka Tate , Palacios-Derflingher Luz , Schneider Kathryn , Emery Carolyn
Published: August 2017

Background

The FIFA 11+ program is efficacious in preventing lower extremity injuries in youth soccer players; however, its implementation remains a challenge. Coaches' beliefs and actions regarding injury prevention may influence program implementation.

Objective

To describe baseline psychosocial factors and evaluate their relationship with intended FIFA 11+ implementation amongst youth soccer coaches, using the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) behaviour change model.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Community youth soccer.

Participants

Seventy-nine youth soccer coaches from across Canada who attended a FIFA 11+ workshop (Spring 2016) during a nationwide program implementation initiative.

Assessment of Risk Factors

A HAPA-based questionnaire was used to measure risk perceptions (RP), outcome expectancies (OE) and task self-efficacy (TSE) on a 7-point Likert scale. Scale levels were combined (positive, negative and neutral) to describe baseline values. Spearman correlation was used to assess relationship between factors and intention (INT) (with Bonferroni correction).

Main Outcome Measurements

INT to implement the FIFA 11+ in the successive soccer season as measured by the questionnaire.

Results

In total, 92.4% of coaches completed the survey. Most coaches (84.6%) believed the overall risk of injury in youth soccer was high (RP). 80.6% of coaches believed soccer injuries were preventable (OE1) and 94.4% believed that the FIFA 11+ would decrease injury risk (OE2). 69.1% were confident in their understanding of the FIFA 11+ (TSE1) and 76.8% were confident in their ability to use it (TSE2). Most coaches (82.5%) intended to use the program (INT). Only TSE2 was found to be significantly associated with INT (rs=0.42, p=0.001).

Conclusions

This preliminary analysis demonstrates that task self-efficacy relating to youth soccer coaches' confidence in being able to use the FIFA 11+ correlates positively with their intention to implement the program. No other significant relations were found between the other psychosocial factors and coaches' intention.
FLOORBALL INJURIES DURING INTERNATIONAL TOURNAMENTS
Authors: Pasanen Kati , Bruun Merita , Vasankari Tommi , Nurminen Minna , Frey Walter
Published: August 2017

Background

Little is known about sports injuries in international floorball competition.

Objective

To investigate the incidence and pattern of injuries among adult female and male floorball players during the major international floorball events (World Championships and Champions Cups).

Design

Prospective study.

Setting

International Floorball Federation (IFF) events 2012–2015.

Participants

In total, 112 teams with 2179 athletes (mean age 24.6±4.8) took part in the twelve IFF events.

Main Outcome Measurements

The team medical persons were requested to report all new injuries during matches and practices throughout the events by using a structured injury form. The time of exposure was calculated for entire teams based on the IFF statistics.

Results

Sixty-eight injuries were registered among 67 players. The overall rate of injury (per 1000 match and practice hours) was 3.07 (95% CI 2.35 to 3.80). Injury incidence during match play was 21.24 (95% CI 16.13 to 26.35). All except one of the injuries were acute traumas. The ankle was the most commonly injured body part (26%), followed by the head/face (18%) and the knee (18%). The most frequently reported injury types were sprain (46%), contusion (26%) and strain (16%). Five ACL injuries occurred and four of them in females. Injuries to the head/face included five lacerations, four contusions, two eye injuries and a concussion.

Conclusions

Three percent of floorball players suffered from an injury during the twelve IFF events. Ankle sprain was the most common injury type. More data of floorball injuries on the international level is needed to enable more accurate knowledge of injuries and their risk factors.
PRE-SEASON ISOKINETIC SCREENING OF NEUROMUSCULAR RISK FACTORS IN ELITE FOOTBALL
Authors: Pereira Rogério , Andrade Renato , Vidal Ricardo , Castanheira Filipe , Leal Ana , Saavedra Cátia , Pais Nuno , Duarte Hugo , Silva Luís , Monteiro Alberto , Loureiro Nuno , Espregueira-Mendes João
Published: August 2017

Background

Neuromuscular isokinetic screening as a pre-season test may identify players at risk of injury or undertrained players.

Objective

Identify, assess and describe unilateral and bilateral knee muscular deficits in elite football players at pre-season screening.

Design

Retrospective cohort.

Setting

Elite football divisions.

Patients (or Participants)

Of 99 eligible male elite footballers, older than 17 years and without knee injury within the last 6 months, 3 were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 96 players (25 yrs old, BMI 23.7 kg·m−2).

Assessment of Risk Factors

Knee isokinetic assessment of both limbs was performed, starting with the non-dominant limb. The test range was set and gravity correction was performed. Before each isokinetic test, players were allowed 4 submaximal repetitions. The isokinetic test consisted of concentric sets of 6 and 8 repetitions, at 60˚/s and 180˚/s, respectively.

Main Outcome Measurements

Peak torque of knee extensors and flexors at 60˚/s and 180˚/s and conventional ratio at 60˚/s and 180˚/s. Individuals were also analysed for bilateral differences (>10%) and conventional ratio – Con/Con – (<0.47 and >0.80).

Results

Subgrouping by position, bilateral statistically significant differences were more frequent among defenders and goalkeepers, both for knee extensors and flexors (p<0.05). After individual analysis, 19% and 31% of players displayed significant bilateral asymmetries (>10%) for extensor peak torque at 60˚/s and 180˚/s, respectively; while 21% and 44% showed significant bilateral asymmetries for flexor peak torque at 60˚/s and 180˚/s, respectively. The conventional ratio was abnormal among 7% of players, for both dominant and non-dominant limbs at 60˚/s, and among 11% and 9% for dominant and non-dominant limbs, respectively, at 180˚/s.

Conclusions

Defenders and goalkeepers tended to present bilateral differences for isokinetic parameters more frequently than other player positions. There was a considerable proportion of players with clinically meaningful bilateral asymmetries, also impacting on unilateral balance. This screening is important to tailor neuromuscular programmes addressing deficits believed to be associated with injury risk, relevant in both primary and secondary injury prevention.
INJURIES IN AUSTRALIAN FEMALE CRICKETERS AND THEIR TREATMENT SOURCES: AN ANALYSIS OF SELF-REPORTED SURVEY DATA FROM 2014–15 SEASON
Authors: Perera Nirmala , Kountouris Alex , Kemp Joanne , Joseph Corey , Finch Caroline
Published: August 2017

Background

Cricket is a sport with increasing popularity among women. Most studies examining injury in cricket include only men. In other sports, the types of injuries experienced by men and women are known to be different.

Objective

To present a profile of self-reported injuries among Australian female cricketers during 2014–15 season.

Design

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting

Community to elite level Australian Cricket.

Participants

Women who were aged 16+years and registered to play senior cricket (ranging from grade to international level).

Main Outcome Measurements

Incidence, nature, anatomical location of injuries and their treatment sources.

Results

Of 164 survey respondents (mean age 23.7 years) 43.6% played cricket as all-rounders. 109 players reported being injured; 18% (n=20) sustained ≥3 injuries. Distal lower limb (23%, n=26) and head, neck and spine (22%, n=5) were the most frequently injured locations. The nature of injuries included 30.4% (n=35) muscle injuries; 27.8% (n=32) joint or ligament injuries and 21.7% (n=25) gradual onset/overuse injuries. The majority of injured respondents (43%, n=52) reported receiving treatment from an allied health professional; 29.2% (n=35) opted for self-treatment and 12.5% (n=15) did not seek any treatment.

Conclusions

This is the first national survey of injuries in female cricketers in Australia. Compared to previous injury figures for women in sports similar to cricket, the current study shows a higher frequency of injury. The most commonly injured anatomical location was the distal lower limb, in contrast to previous studies reporting shoulder and back pain. The high frequency of head, neck and spinal injuries self-reported needs further consideration to determine the specific nature of these injuries, whilst as are the number of injuries that remain untreated is concerning. There are some limitations to the retrospective self-reported nature of this study. However, this study offers a foundation for future monitoring of injuries sustained by female cricketers.
FIELD HOCKEY INJURIES AMONG HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS IN THE UNITED STATES, 2008/09–2015/16
Authors: Pierpoint Lauren , Comstock Rae Dawn
Published: August 2017

Background

Although women's field hockey is a popular sport world-wide, detailed epidemiological injury data on United States (US) high school players are sparse. Characterizations of injury rates and patterns in high school athletes is the first necessary step to drive targeted injury prevention efforts.

Objective

Describe rates and patterns of high school field hockey injuries.

Design

Retrospective descriptive epidemiology.

Setting

US High Schools.

Patients(or Participants)

Injured high school field hockey athletes.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Athlete exposure (AE) and injury event data reported by athletic trainers to a large national high school sports-related injury surveillance system.

Main Outcome Measurements

Injury rates and patterns.

Results

From 2008/09–2015/16, 1,256 injuries were sustained during 723,026 AEs for a rate of 1.74/1,000 AE. Injury rates were significantly higher in competitions (2.64) than practices (1.32) (rate ratio=2.00, 95% CI=1.79–2.23). Neither practice nor competition injury rates changed significantly over time (p>0.05). Overall, most injuries were due to contact with a playing apparatus (20.0% contact with ball; 15.9% contact with stick). The most common injury mechanism during practice was non-contact (32.2%) but during competition was contact with a playing apparatus (49.9%). The most common injuries were concussions (15.5%) and hip/thigh/upper leg strains (13.1%); eye injuries were uncommon (0.8%). Most concussions occurred during competition (77.1%) and were due to contact with a playing apparatus (50.0%) or contact with another player (39.5%). Most athletes returned to play within 3 weeks (81.8%); 3.8% of injuries resulted in medical disqualifications for the remainder of the season. Surgical repair was required in 4.1% of injuries; specifically, 16.7% of knee injuries and 12.8% of fractures.

Conclusions

Field hockey injury rates and patterns differ between competition and practice. Injury prevention efforts should focus on reducing contact with the ball and stick, especially during competitions, while preserving the integrity of the game.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ROCK CLIMBING INJURIES TREATED IN UNITED STATES EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS, 2006–2015
Authors: Pierpoint Lauren , Klein Matt , Comstock Rae Dawn
Published: August 2017

Background

Rock climbing, an increasingly popular sport internationally, has become more accessible to broader populations with increasing numbers of climbing gyms and clubs. Even more participation should result from competitive climbing's inclusion in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Describing injury patterns among broad populations of climbers is a first step in developing recommendations for increasing the safety of both recreational and competitive climbers.

Objective

Describe incidence, characteristics, and trends of rock climbing injuries presenting to United States (US) emergency departments (EDs) from 2006–2015.

Design

Retrospective descriptive epidemiology.

Setting

US EDs.

Patients

Patients presenting with climbing injuries.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Case reports were obtained from a large national hospital surveillance system that included sample weighting factors enabling calculation of national estimates.

Main Outcome Measurements

Injury incidence and characteristics.

Results

An estimated 39,285 climbing injuries were treated in US EDs from 2006–2015; incidence increased by 36% during that period. The majority of injured climbers were male (70.0%) and aged 20–39 years (57.5%). Ankles (21.7%) and lower legs (16.0%) were the most commonly injured body parts. Fractures (28.4%) and sprains/strains (27.3%) were the most common diagnoses. Most common mechanisms included falls (73.0%) and acute non-contact (13.0%). Overall, 12.1% of injuries treated in the ED resulted in hospitalization. Males (OR=1.91, 95% CI=1.11–3.30) and climbers who fell >20ft (OR=7.46, 95% CI=4.01–13.71) were more likely to be hospitalized than other injured climbers. Hospitalization was most frequent for fractures (66.6%) and head injuries (19.8%).

Conclusions

Climbing injury incidence increased over the past decade with young males most commonly injured. While lower limb injuries were the most commonly treated, head injuries accounted for nearly 20% of all hospitalizations. Such basic descriptive epidemiology studies characterizing injuries among broad populations of climbers can inform health care coverage decisions at competitions and drive future injury prevention efforts.
HIGH PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS IN TALENTED DUTCH ATHLETES
Authors: Richardson Angelo , Clarsen Ben , Verhagen Evert , Stubbe Janine
Published: August 2017

Background

A thorough knowledge of the epidemiology of health problems in youth female elite sports is lacking, as most studies define health problems as time loss from participation.

Objective

To prospective investigate the burden of health problems in young female elite athletes.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

Participants were involved in the Dutch national high-performance program of the Centre for Top sport and Education Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Patients (or Participants)

Sixty young elite Dutch female athletes (mean age 16.6; SD=2.3 years) participating in soccer (N=23), basketball (N=22) and gymnastic (N=15) were prospectively followed during one competitive season. All athletes completed the study.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

During the pre-season period, age, height and body weight was recorded. To collect health problem data, all athletes were asked to complete the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems every other week during the entire season.

Main Outcome Measurements

The prevalence and incidence density of all health problems was calculated. To calculate the relative impact of injuries between the various sporting groups, a cumulative severity score was calculated for each anatomical area.

Results

At any given time 47.9% of the athletes had an injury (95% CI 43.6% to 52.6%). The average injury incidence density was 8.6 per 1000 hours of athlete exposure. The average number of reported injuries per athlete per season was significantly higher in soccer athletes (4.3±2.7) than in basketball athletes (2.6±2.0) (p=0.03). Injuries located at the knee in basketball and soccer and injuries located at the heel in the gymnastic squad had the highest impact on sports participation.

Conclusions

The new injury methodology captured a more complete picture of the burden of health complaints in the athletes, in contrasts to what is found using standard surveillance methods.
VIDEO ANALYSIS OF ACUTE INJURIES IN INTERNATIONAL FIELD HOCKEY
Authors: Rolle Udo , Theilen Till-Martin , Müller-Eising Wiebke , Wefers-Bettink Peter
Published: August 2017

Background

Injury assessment is an essential part of injury prevention, but methods of injury recording vary between different kinds of sport and levels of competition.

Objective

Analysis of acute injuries in international field hockey tournaments using video footage.

Design

Retrospective study of acute injuries at international field hockey tournaments.

Setting

Video footage was assessed and scenes with an acute injury were selected. Acute injury was defined as any new musculoskeletal complaint or concussion, which leads to time stoppage at the game by the umpire.

Patients (or Participants)

Medical clips were included from the World League 2015 and Champions Trophy 2015 (women, men). Four researchers independently analyzed video footage from 212 matches.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

The videos were reviewed using a standardized protocol: time of injury/site of injury at the pitch/injury mechanism/injured body part/type of injury/severity of injury.

Main Outcome Measurements

Incidence and severity of acute injuries, possible rule changes considered.

Results

Overall number of injuries was 196 in 212 matches (0.92 injuries/match (confidence interval (CI)±0.06)). Number of injuries was 61 in women and 135 in men. This equalled 0.58 injuries/match (CI±0.07) in women and 1.27 injuries/match (CI±0,03) in men. Injuries per 1000 player match hours were 26.2 (CI±3.0) in women; 57.9 (CI±1.5) in men and overall 42.0 (CI±2.6). Most injuries happened within the third quarter and in the circle in both genders. Cause of injury was a hit by the ball or stick or collision with player. Injured body site was mostly head, face, trunk and leg in both genders. Four serious injuries were discovered.

Conclusions

Video analysis enables accurate assessment of acute field hockey injuries. Video analysis provides detailed information on causes of injuries, which might lead to rule adaptations.
FIGC TERRITORIAL CENTERS: A PILOT STUDY TO DETERMINE THE LOWER LIMB STRENGTH ASYMMETRY IN YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS
Authors: Sannicandro Italo , Tisci Vito , Quarto Antonio , Cofano Giacomo , Rosa Anna Rosa
Published: August 2017

Background

Functional asymmetry (FA) is often analyzed to reduce the young soccer players injury risk. Strength asymmetry values greater than or equal to 15% indicate a potential injury risk (Noyeset al., 1991).

Objective

Describe lower limb FA values.

Design

Descriptive study.

Setting

Youth soccer.

Participants

112 young soccer players (n=47 under 13 male, 12.4±0.6 yrs, 44.2±7.8 kg, 152.8±11.1 cm, BMI:17.7±0.8; n=26 under 14 male, 13.9±0.4 yrs, 56.4±8.2 kg, 168.8±8.6 cm, BMI:18.6±0.2; n=25 Under 15 female, 13.6±1.9 yrs, 49.8±6.4 kg, 159.3±6.5 cm, BMI:18.2±1.2). Inclusion criteria: no lower limb injury in the last 1 yr; soccer training age at least 3 yrs (n=15 were excluded).

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Single leg jumps, performed as Hop Test (HT), Side Hop (SH) and Triple Hop(TH) tests were used a validated marker of lower limb FA.

Main Outcome Measurements

Young soccer players were assessed by HT, SH, TH to evaluate strength. FA was calculated between the two limbs as follows: (jump dominant limb–jump non-dominant limb)/jump dominant-limb*100 (Yamamoto, 1993)

Results

FA values are shown in the table below. *indicates p<0.05.

Table 1

Group% FA HT% FA SH% FA THU13 male10.1±6.119.2±11.1*9.6±6.7U14 male12.2±8.114.4±10.710.2±4.7U15 female10.8±7.212.3±9.48.4±6.5

Conclusions

Monitoring of functional strength asymmetry values in the young player may help staff in reducing injury risk in youth soccer. The SH reveals s asymmetry values greater than the other two tests. The large standard deviations observed suggest that individualized preventive strategies should be adopted.
SHARP – SPORTS MENTAL HEALTH AWARENESS RESEARCH PROJECT: PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND LIFE STRESS IN ELITE ATHLETES
Authors: Beable Sarah , Fulcher Mark , Hamilton Bruce , Chun-Lee Arier
Published: August 2017

Background

Depression is a significant health issue. Recent athlete studies suggest depression is of similar prevalence to the general population, with risk factors such as retirement, concussion, and severe injury reported. The prevalence and identifiable risk factors amongst elite New Zealand athletes is unknown with no previous research in this field.

Objective

To assess the prevalence ofself-reported symptoms of depressionanddaily life hasslesin elite New Zealand athletes.

Design

A cross-sectional prospective epidemiological study.

Setting

The online anonymous survey was administered during a 2-month period from May to July 2015.

Patients (or Participants)

All current NZ athletes>18 years from funded sports invited. 210 started the questionnaire, with 187 completing all responses. Only complete responses analysed.

Main Outcome Measurements

Demographic and health history obtained. Symptoms of depression were measured by the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale- Revised (CESD-R). Life stress measured by the Daily Hassles Questionnaire.

Results

21% (n=39) reported symptoms of moderate depression. Of these 40% met the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode. Only 2 of the 39 athletes were currently taking an anti-depressant medication. Those contemplating retirement,and partaking in individual sport had significantly increased odds of experiencing depression with young age also associated. Reported life stressors were higher in females, individual sports, those in partial employment and in a centralized programme.Troubling thoughts about their future, andconcerns about meeting high standardswere the highest reported life stress. There was a significant correlation between higher level of life stress and experiencing depressive symptoms

Conclusion

This study supports that depressive symptoms are prevalent in elite New Zealand athletes. Multiple risk factors have been identified pertaining to symptoms of depression and life stressors. These concepts and variables warrant further exploration to enable appropriate screening and support for elite athletes.