bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Debates—Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to practice: Why stochastic modeling has not yet permeated into practitioners?
Authors: Sanchez‐Vila X. , Fernàndez‐Garcia D.
Published: November 2016

We address modern topics of stochastic hydrogeology from their potential relevance to real modeling efforts at the field scale. While the topics of stochastic hydrogeology and numerical modeling have become routine in hydrogeological studies, nondeterministic models have not yet permeated into practitioners. We point out a number of limitations of stochastic modeling when applied to real applications and comment on the reasons why stochastic models fail to become an attractive alternative for practitioners. We specifically separate issues corresponding to flow, conservative transport, and reactive transport. The different topics addressed are emphasis on process modeling, need for upscaling parameters and governing equations, relevance of properly accounting for detailed geological architecture in hydrogeological modeling, and specific challenges of reactive transport. We end up by concluding that the main responsible for nondeterministic models having not yet permeated in industry can be fully attributed to researchers in stochastic hydrogeology.
Regional evaporation estimates in the eastern monsoon region of China: Assessment of a nonlinear formulation of the complementary principle
Authors: Liu Xiaomang , Liu Changming , Brutsaert Wilfried
Published: November 2016

The performance of a nonlinear formulation of the complementary principle for evaporation estimation was investigated in 241 catchments with different climate conditions in the eastern monsoon region of China. Evaporation (
) calculated by the water balance equation was used as the reference.
estimated by the calibrated nonlinear formulation was generally in good agreement with the water balance results, especially in relatively dry catchments. The single parameter in the nonlinear formulation, namely
as a weak analog of the alpha parameter of Priestley and Taylor (), tended to exhibit larger values in warmer and humid near‐coastal areas, but smaller values in colder, drier environments inland, with a significant dependency on the aridity index (AI). The nonlinear formulation combined with the equation relating the one parameter and AI provides a promising method to estimate regional
with standard and routinely measured meteorological data.
Debates—Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to practice: A geologic perspective
Authors: Fogg Graham E. , Zhang Yong
Published: November 2016

A geologic perspective on stochastic subsurface hydrology offers insights on representativeness of prominent field experiments and their general relevance to other hydrogeologic settings. Although the gains in understanding afforded by some 30 years of research in stochastic hydrogeology have been important and even essential, adoption of the technologies and insights by practitioners has been limited, due in part to a lack of geologic context in both the field and theoretical studies. In general, unintentional, biased sampling of hydraulic conductivity (K) using mainly hydrologic, well‐based methods has resulted in the tacit assumption by many in the community that the subsurface is much less heterogeneous than in reality. Origins of the bias range from perspectives that are limited by scale and the separation of disciplines (geology, soils, aquifer hydrology, groundwater hydraulics, etc.). Consequences include a misfit between stochastic hydrogeology research results and the needs of, for example, practitioners who are dealing with local plume site cleanup that is often severely hampered by very low velocities in the very aquitard facies that are commonly overlooked or missing from low‐variance stochastic models or theories. We suggest that answers to many of the problems exposed by stochastic hydrogeology research can be found through greater geologic integration into the analyses, including the recognition of not only the nearly ubiquitously high variances of K but also the strong tendency for the good connectivity of the high‐K facies when spatially persistent geologic unconformities are absent. We further suggest that although such integration may appear to make the contaminant transport problem more complex, expensive and intractable, it may in fact lead to greater simplification and more reliable, less expensive site characterizations and models.
Debates—Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to practice: Introduction
Authors: Rajaram Harihar
Published: November 2016

This paper introduces the papers in the “Debates—Stochastic Subsurface Hydrology from Theory to Practice” series. Beginning in the 1970s, the field of stochastic subsurface hydrology has been an active field of research, with over 3500 journal publications, of which over 850 have appeared in Water Resources Research. We are fortunate to have insightful contributions from four groups of distinguished authors who discuss the reasons why the advanced research framework established in stochastic subsurface hydrology has not impacted the practice of groundwater flow and transport modeling and design significantly. There is reasonable consensus that a community effort aimed at developing “toolboxes” for applications of stochastic methods will make them more accessible and encourage practical applications.
Underuse of Methotrexate in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A National Analysis of Prescribing Practices in the US
Authors: Rohr Melanie K. , Mikuls Ted R. , Cohen Stanley B. , Thorne J. Carter , O'Dell James R.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Methotrexate (MTX) is the anchor drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to its effectiveness, tolerability, and cost. This study examines MTX prescribing practices in the US from 2009 to 2014.

Methods

Symphony Health Solutions, which covers 274 million patients in the US, was used to identify patients diagnosed with RA who were naive to MTX in 2009 and 2012. Data were collected, including medication use and doses, demographics, and medical comorbidities.

Results

Of the patients who had 5‐year followup data available, oral MTX was started in 35,640 in 2009, and 44% continued taking this dose during the followup. Of the 20,041 patients who changed therapy during the study period, 87% had the addition of or switched to a biologic agent, while 13% were changed from oral to subcutaneous (SC) MTX. The mean oral dose prior to the start of a biologic agent was 15.3 ± 5 mg/week. A comparison of 2009 with 2012 showed a modest increase in the mean dose of oral MTX from 15.3 mg/week to 15.9 mg/week, as well as a small but statistically significant (P < 0.0001) increase in the use of SC MTX after failure of oral MTX from 13% to 16% of patients.

Conclusion

MTX is underutilized in the treatment of RA with suboptimal dosing, inadequate duration of therapy, and failure to use SC administration. The comparison of MTX use between the 2009 and the 2012 cohorts demonstrates only a marginal increase in the dose of oral MTX and the use of SC MTX.
Organic–Inorganic Hierarchical Self‐Assembly into Robust Luminescent Supramolecular Hydrogel
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Hou Zhaohui , Fan Hongxian , Li Huanrong
Published: November 2016

Luminescent hydrogels are of great potential for many fields, particularly serving as biomaterials ranging from fluorescent sensors to bioimaging agents. Here, robust luminescent hydrogels are reported using lanthanide complexes as emitting sources via a hierarchical organic–inorganic self‐assembling strategy. A new organic ligand is synthesized, consisting of a terpyridine unit and two flexibly linked methylimidazole moieties to coordinate with europium(III) (Eu3+) tri‐thenoyltrifluoroacetone (Eu(TTA)3), leading to a stable amphiphilic Eu3+‐containing monomer. Synergistic coordination of TTA and terpyridine units allows the monomer to self‐assemble into spherical micelles in water, thus maintaining the luminescence of Ln complexes in water. The micelles further coassemble with exfoliated Laponite nanosheets coated with sodium polyacrylate into networks based on the electrostatic interactions, resulting in the supramolecular hydrogel possessing strong luminescence, extraordinary mechanical property, as well as self‐healing ability. The results demonstrate that hierarchical organic–inorganic self‐assembly is a versatile and effective strategy to create luminescent hydrogels containing lanthanide complexes, giving rise to great potential applications as a soft material.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Magnetization: Magnetic Multilayer Microcapsule Uptake, Toxicity, Impact on Functional Properties, and Perspectives for Magnetic Delivery
Authors: Lepik Kirill V. , Muslimov Albert R. , Timin Alexander S. , Sergeev Vladislav S. , Romanyuk Dmitry S. , Moiseev Ivan S. , Popova Elena V. , Radchenko Igor L. , Vilesov Alexander D. , Galibin Oleg V. , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Afanasyev Boris V.
Published: November 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in cell therapy due to their convenience, multiline differentiation potential, reproducible protocols, and biological properties. The potential of MSCs to impregnate magnetic microcapsules and their possible influence on cell function and ability to response to magnetic field have been explored. Interestingly, the cells suspended in media show much higher ability in internalization of microcapsules, then MSCs adhere into the surface. There is no significant effect of microcapsules on cell toxicity compared with other cell line‐capsule internalization reported in literature. Due to internalization of magnetic capsules by the cells, such cell engineering platform is responsive to external magnetic field, which allows to manipulate MSC migration. Magnetically sorted MSCs are capable to differentiation as confirmed by their conversion to adipogenic and osteogenic cells using standard protocols. There is a minor effect of capsule internalization on cell adhesion, though MSCs are still able to form spheroid made by dozen of thousand MSCs. This work demonstrates the potential of use of microcapsule impregnated MSCs to carry internalized micron‐sized vesicles and being navigated with external magnetic signaling.
Assessing the Intracellular Integrity of Phosphine‐Stabilized Ultrasmall Cytotoxic Gold Nanoparticles Enabled by Fluorescence Labeling
Authors: Broda Janine , Küster Andrea , Westhues Stefan , Fahrenkamp Dirk , Vogg Andreas T. J. , Steitz Julia , Mottaghy Felix M. , Müller‐Newen Gerhard , Simon Ulrich
Published: November 2016

As the size of nanoparticles (NPs) is in the range of biological molecules and subcellular structures, they provide new perspectives in biomedicine. This work presents studies concerning the cellular uptake and distribution of phosphine‐stabilized cytotoxic 1.4 nm sized AuNPs and their probable degradation during this process. Therefore, ultrasmall phosphine‐stabilized AuNPs are modified by linking a fluorophore covalently to the ligand shell. Monitoring the fluorescence on a cellular level by means of flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy allows determining the fate of the ligand shell during AuNP cell internalization, due to the fact that the fluorescence of a fluorophore bound near to the AuNP surface is quenched. Cell fractionation is conducted in order to quantify the AuNP content at the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, and the cell nucleus. The incubation of cells with the fluorophore‐modified AuNPs reveals a partial loss of the ligand shell upon AuNP cell interaction, evident by the emerging fluorescence signal. This loss is the precondition to unfold high AuNP cytotoxicity. Together with their significantly different biodistribution and enhanced circulation times compared to larger AuNPs, the findings demonstrate the high potential of ultrasmall AuNPs for drug development or therapy.
Perovskite CsPb2Br5 Microplate Laser with Enhanced Stability and Tunable Properties
Authors: Tang Xiaosheng , Hu Zhiping , Yuan Wei , Hu Wei , Shao Haibing , Han Dongjia , Zheng Junfeng , Hao Jiongyue , Zang Zhigang , Du Juan , Leng Yuxin , Fang Liang , Zhou Miao
Published: November 2016

Recent years have witnessed a surge of research in all‐inorganic perovskite nanomaterials for solar cells and light emitting diodes due to their higher chemical stability compared to their hybrid organic–inorganic counterparts. Herein, by combining material synthesis, characterization, optical measurement, and density functional theory based first principles calculation, a type of all‐inorganic perovskite CsPb2Br5 microplate with superior crystallinity, enhanced stability, and tunable optical properties is reported. With a robust band gap of ≈2.44 eV, CsPb2Br5 microplate exhibits low‐threshold amplified spontaneous emission under both one‐ and two‐photon excitation, which is related to its unique spatially distinguished valence/conduction band edge states originating from the intrinsic sandwiched structure. These results are expected to shed new light on future design and development of novel perovskite nanomaterials for optoelectronic devices.
Transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalysed by half‐sandwich (η6‐p‐cymene) ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating benzoylhydrazone ligands
Authors: Mohan Nanjan , Ramesh Rengan
Published: November 2016

Neutral half‐sandwich η6‐p‐cymene ruthenium(II) complexes of general formula [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)Cl(L)] (HL = monobasic O, N bidendate benzoylhydrazone ligand) have been synthesized from the reaction of [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(μ‐Cl)Cl]2 with acetophenone benzoylhydrazone ligands. All the complexes have been characterized using analytical and spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) techniques. The molecular structures of three of the complexes have been determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, indicating a pseudo‐octahedral geometry around the ruthenium(II) ion. All the ruthenium(II) arene complexes were explored as catalysts for transfer hydrogenation of a wide range of aromatic, cyclic and aliphatic ketones with 2‐propanol using 0.1 mol% catalyst loading, and conversions of up to 100% were obtained. Further, the influence of other variables on the transfer hydrogenation reaction, such as base, temperature, catalyst loading and substrate scope, was also investigated.
Direct oxidative esterification of toluene with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds catalysed by copper complex supported on magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Azizi Kobra , Esfandiary Naghmeh , Karimi Meghdad , Kazemi Maryam , Heydari Akbar
Published: November 2016

Toluene oxidation is one of the substantial industrial technologies since oxidized products are industrially very important intermediates. A Fe3O4@cysteine@Cu‐catalysed reaction that uses tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant to produce esters from toluene and β‐diketones or β‐keto esters, enolate precursors, has been developed. Oxidative esterification of toluene with 1,3‐dicarbonyl derivatives led to C─O bond formation and direct C─H functionalization.
Copper(I) iodide supported on modified cellulose‐based nano‐magnetite composite as a biodegradable catalyst for the synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles
Authors: Sabaqian Samaneh , Nemati Firouzeh , Heravi Majid M. , Nahzomi Hossein Taherpour
Published: November 2016

Nano‐Fe3O4@Cellulose‐NH2‐CuI as a novel magnetically separable composite was prepared and fully characterized using various techniques including Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning and transmission electron microscopies, thermogravimetric analysis and vibrating sample magnetometry. To obtain an appropriate structure and also to describe to some extent the different kinds of metal–ligand interactions present in the nano‐Fe3O4@Cellulose‐NH2‐CuI composite, covalent and electrostatic interactions, density functional theory model chemistry and quantum theory of atoms in molecules method were employed, respectively. This cellulose‐based heterogeneous catalyst can effectively promote the one‐pot three‐component reaction of a variety of terminal alkynes bearing substituted phenyls or propargylic alcohol together with substituted benzyl halides and sodium azide, so‐called click reaction, in water to afford the corresponding 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles with improved yields and regioselectivity. The magnetic catalyst was conventionally recovered using an external magnet and reused in at least four successive runs under the optimal reaction conditions, without appreciable loss of its activity.
Hydrogen‐transfer reduction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by naphthyridine‐functionalized N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes
Authors: Huang Hsiao‐Ching , Ramanathan Mani , Liu Yi‐Hong , Peng Shie‐Ming , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: November 2016

Substitution of silver complex of 2‐chloro‐7‐(mesitylimidazolylidenylmethyl)naphthyridine (NpNHC) with palladium(II), rhodium(I) and iridium(I) metal precursors provided [Pd(C,N‐NpNHC)(η3‐allyl)](BF4) (5), RhCl(COD)(C‐NpNHC) (6a) and IrCl(COD)(C‐NpNHC) (6b), respectively. Abstraction of chloride from 6a and 6b with AgBF4 provided the chelation complexes [Rh(COD)(C,N‐NpNHC)](BF4) (7a) and Ir(COD)(C,N‐NpNHC)(BF4) (7b), respectively. All complexes were characterized using NMR and elemental analyses and the structural details of 5 and 6a were further confirmed using X‐ray crystallography. In catalytic activity studies, complex 5 was found to be an effective catalyst in the hydrogen‐transfer reduction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds into the corresponding saturated carbonyl compounds.
Evaluation of recuperative tube‐in‐tube heat exchanger operating in cryogenic refrigeration process: simulation‐based transient study
Authors: Saberimoghaddam Ali , Bahri Rasht Abadi Mohammad Mahdi
Published: November 2016

Heat exchangers are the critical components of refrigeration and liquefaction processes. In the current paper, thermal behavior of Joule‐Thomson refrigeration system, including counter current helically coiled tube‐in‐tube heat exchanger and expansion valve, is studied in unsteady state conditions. According to obtained results, heat inleak let to longer cooldown time and lower liquefaction efficiency. Moreover, there was a critical length for a tube‐in‐tube heat exchanger operating in the Joule‐Thomson cooling system. A heat exchanger with a length shorter than the critical length could not liquefy the high‐pressure gas. This critical length was named as cooldown length (LCD) here. Increasing the heat exchanger length up to LCD led to increase in cooldown time, while increasing the length higher than LCD had no considerable effect on cooldown time. The simulations indicated that longitudinal heat conduction did not have considerable effect on the performance of heat exchanger in unsteady state conditions. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid silicate nanofillers: Impact on morphology and performance of EVA copolymer upon in vitro physiological fluid exposure
Authors: Osman Azlin Fazlina , Abdul Hamid Asna Rasyidah , Rakibuddin Md. , Khung Weng Goh , Ananthakrishnan Rajakumar , Ghani Supri A. , Mustafa Zaleha
Published: November 2016

Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers are recyclable plastics with exceptional biocompatibility, thus they are potent candidate materials for biomedical applications. In this study, improvement in the EVA biostability was aimed by the incorporation of hybrid nanofillers. EVA copolymer incorporating 3 wt % organically modified montmorillonite/bentonite (OMMT/Bent) hybrid nanofillers in different ratios (3:0, 2.75:0.25, 2.5:0.5, 2.25:0.75, 2:1 and 0:3 in wt %) were prepared by melt compounding process and then analyzed for their biostability upon in vitro physiological fluid exposure. Results indicated that the addition of OMMT2.75/Bent0.25 hybrid nanofillers can reduce the degradation of the EVA copolymer under physiological fluid environment through hydrophilic bentonite–vinyl acetate interactions. The obtained nanocomposite material achieved the best retention in tensile and thermal properties upon 4 weeks exposure in the in vitro physiological fluid. The findings indicate the potential of using the hybrid OMMT/Bent nanofillers for biostability enhancement of the EVA while reducing the nanocomposite production costs through the addition of cheaper natural bentonite as co‐nanofiller with the OMMT. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44640.
Expression of Cyclic GMP‐AMP Synthase in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: An Jie , Durcan Laura , Karr Reynold M. , Briggs Tracy A. , Rice Gillian I. , Teal Thomas H. , Woodward Joshua J. , Elkon Keith B.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Type I interferon (IFN) is implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and interferonopathies such as Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome. A recently discovered DNA‐activated type I IFN pathway, cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS), has been linked to Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome and mouse models of lupus. The aim of this study was to determine whether the cGAS pathway contributes to type I IFN production in patients with SLE.

Methods

SLE disease activity was measured by the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index. Expression of messenger RNA for cGAS and IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) levels were examined by multiple reaction monitoring with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

Expression of cGAS in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was significantly higher in SLE patients than in normal controls (n = 51 and n = 20 respectively; P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between cGAS expression and the IFN score (P < 0.001). The expression of cGAS in PBMCs showed a dose response to type I IFN stimulation in vitro, consistent with it being an ISG. Targeted measurement of cGAMP by tandem mass spectrometry detected cGAMP in 15% of the SLE patients (7 of 48) but none of the normal (0 of 19) or rheumatoid arthritis (0 of 22) controls. Disease activity was higher in SLE patients with cGAMP versus those without cGAMP.

Conclusion

Increased cGAS expression and cGAMP in a proportion of SLE patients indicates that the cGAS pathway should be considered as a contributor to type I IFN production. Whereas higher cGAS expression may be a consequence of exposure to type I IFN, detection of cGAMP in patients with increased disease activity indicates potential involvement of this pathway in disease expression.
Challenges in engineering large customized bone constructs
Authors: Forrestal David P. , Klein Travis J. , Woodruff Maria A.
Published: November 2016

The ability to treat large tissue defects with customized, patient‐specific scaffolds is one of the most exciting applications in the tissue engineering field. While an increasing number of modestly sized tissue engineering solutions are making the transition to clinical use, successfully scaling up to large scaffolds with customized geometry is proving to be a considerable challenge. Managing often conflicting requirements of cell placement, structural integrity, and a hydrodynamic environment supportive of cell culture throughout the entire thickness of the scaffold has driven the continued development of many techniques used in the production, culturing, and characterization of these scaffolds. This review explores a range of technologies and methods relevant to the design and manufacture of large, anatomically accurate tissue‐engineered scaffolds with a focus on the interaction of manufactured scaffolds with the dynamic tissue culture fluid environment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1129–1139. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantification of furosemide in camel plasma by high resolution mass spectrometry, application on pharmacokinetics
Authors: Wasfi Ibrahim A. , Wajid Sayed A. , Agha B. A. , Kamel Asmaa M. , Al Biriki Nasreen A. , Al Neaimi Khaled M. , Al Ali Waleed A.
Published: November 2016

We developed and validated a high‐resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantification of furosemide in camel plasma which was used for a pharmacokinetic study in camels. Plasma samples were extracted by supported liquid extraction and furosemide and internal standard (furosemide‐D5) were separated on a an Agilent Zorbax XDB C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm). Data was acquired in full‐scan mode over a mass range of 200–400 Da in negative electrospray mode at a resolution of 70,000. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration ranges of 1.0–10,000 ng/mL. The validated method was then successfully applied in evaluating the pharmacokinetics and metabolites of furosemide in six camels (Camelus dromedarus) and we were able to advice on a withdrawal time of furosemide treatment before racing.
Synthetic nanoscale electrostatic particles as growth factor carriers for cartilage repair
Authors: Shah Nisarg J. , Geiger Brett C. , Quadir Mohiuddin A. , Hyder Nasim , Krishnan Yamini , Grodzinsky Alan J. , Hammond Paula T.
Published: November 2016

The efficient transport of biological therapeutic materials to target tissues within the body is critical to their efficacy. In cartilage tissue, the lack of blood vessels prevents the entry of systemically administered drugs at therapeutic levels. Within the articulating joint complex, the dense and highly charged extracellular matrix (ECM) hinders the transport of locally administered therapeutic molecules. Consequently, cartilage injury is difficult to treat and frequently results in debilitating osteoarthritis. Here we show a generalizable approach in which the electrostatic assembly of synthetic polypeptides and a protein, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), can be used as an early interventional therapy to treat injury to the cartilage. We demonstrated that poly(glutamic acid) and poly(arginine) associated with the IGF‐1 via electrostatic interactions, forming a net charged nanoscale polyelectrolyte complex (nanoplex). We observed that the nanoplex diffused into cartilage plugs in vitro and stimulated ECM production. In vivo, we monitored the transport, retention and therapeutic efficacy of the nanoplex in an established rat model of cartilage injury. A single therapeutic dose, when administered within 48 hr of the injury, conferred protection against cartilage degradation and controlled interleukin‐1 mediated inflammation. IGF‐1 contained in the nanoplex was detected in the joint space for up to 4 weeks following administration and retained bioactivity. The results indicate the potential of this approach as an early intervention therapy following joint injury to delay or even entirely prevent the onset of osteoarthritis.
Microsurgical Anatomy of the Oculomotor Nerve
Authors: Park Hae Kwan , Rha Hyung Keun , Lee Kyung Jin , Chough Chung Kee , Joo Wonil
Published: November 2016

The oculomotor nerve supplies the extraocular muscles. It also supplies the ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles through the ciliary ganglion. The nerve fibers leave the midbrain through the most medial part of the cerebral peduncle and enter the interpeduncular cistern. After the oculomotor nerve emerges from the interpeduncular fossa, it enters the cavernous sinus slightly lateral and anterior to the dorsum sellae. It enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, after exiting the cavernous sinus, to innervate the extraocular muscles. Therefore, knowledge of the detailed anatomy and pathway of the oculomotor nerve is critical for the management of lesions located in the middle cranial fossa and the clival, cavernous, and orbital regions. This review describes the microsurgical anatomy of the oculomotor nerve and presents pictures illustrating this nerve and its surrounding connective and neurovascular structures. Clin. Anat. 30:21–31, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generic Transversality for Unbranched Covers of Closed Pseudoholomorphic Curves
Authors: Gerig Chris , Wendl Chris
Published: November 2016

We prove that in closed almost complex manifolds of any dimension, generic perturbations of the almost complex structure suffice to achieve transversality for all unbranched multiple covers of simple pseudoholomorphic curves with deformation index 0. A corollary is that the Gromov‐Witten invariants (without descendants) of symplectic 4‐manifolds can always be computed as a signed and weighted count of honest J‐holomorphic curves for generic tame J: in particular, each such invariant is an integer divided by a weighting factor that depends only on the divisibility of the corresponding homology class. The transversality proof is based on an analytic perturbation technique, originally due to Taubes.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular Identification and Subtype Analysis of Blastocystis
Authors: Stensvold C. Rune , Clark C. Graham
Published: November 2016

Several typing methods have been used in studies aiming to unravel the molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis, which is one of the most common intestinal parasites in human and many non‐human hosts. Such studies have the potential to add to knowledge on Blastocystis transmission, host specificity, phylogeography, and clinical and public health significance, but rely on robust, standardized methods by which data can be generated and compared directly between studies. One of the most used methods is “barcoding,”, which involves single‐round PCR amplification and sequencing of partial small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of the parasites. Recently, a publicly available online facility was developed for quick and standardized identification of subtypes (ribosomal lineages) and subtype alleles (variation within subtypes) based on sequence data obtained by barcoding PCR. Moreover, a modified barcoding approach is now available using nested PCR, which enables detection of mixed subtype infections. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synergistic Effect of Cobalt and Iron in Layered Double Hydroxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yang Fengkai , Sliozberg Kirill , Sinev Ilya , Antoni Hendrik , Bähr Alexander , Ollegott Kevin , Xia Wei , Masa Justus , Grünert Wolfgang , Cuenya Beatriz Roldan , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Muhler Martin
Published: November 2016

Co‐based layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalysts with Fe and Al contents in the range of 15 to 45 at % were synthesized by an efficient coprecipitation method. In these catalysts, Fe3+ or Al3+ ions play an essential role as trivalent species to stabilize the LDH structure. The obtained catalysts were characterized by a comprehensive combination of surface‐ and bulk‐sensitive techniques and were evaluated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on rotating disk electrodes. The OER activity decreased upon increasing the Al content for the Co‐ and Al‐based LDH catalysts, whereas a synergistic effect in Co‐ and Fe‐based LDHs was observed, which resulted in an optimal Fe content of 35 at %. This catalyst was spray‐coated on Ni foam electrodes and showed very good stability in a flow‐through cell with a potential of approximately 1.53 V at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH for at least 48 h.
Design and Fabrication of a Dual‐Photoelectrode Fuel Cell towards Cost‐Effective Electricity Production from Biomass
Authors: Zhang Bingqing , Fan Wenjun , Yao Tingting , Liao Shichao , Li Ailong , Li Deng , Liu Mingyao , Shi Jingying , Liao Shijun , Li Can
Published: November 2016

A photo fuel cell (PFC) offers an attractive way to simultaneously convert solar and biomass energy into electricity. Photocatalytic biomass oxidation on a semiconductor photoanode combined with dark electrochemical reduction of oxygen molecules on a metal cathode (usually Pt) in separated compartments is the common configuration for a PFC. Herein, we report a membrane‐free PFC based on a dual electrode, including a W‐doped BiVO4 photoanode and polyterthiophene photocathode for solar‐stimulated biomass‐to‐electricity conversion. Air‐ and water‐soluble biomass derivatives can be directly used as reagents. The optimal device yields an open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.62 V, a short‐circuit current density (JSC) of 775 μA cm−2, and a maximum power density (Pmax) of 82 μW cm−2 with glucose as the feedstock under tandem illumination, which outperforms dual‐photoelectrode PFCs previously reported. Neither costly separating membranes nor Pt‐based catalysts are required in the proposed PFC architecture. Our work may inspire rational device designs for cost‐effective electricity generation from renewable resources.
A case and framework for code analysis–based smartphone application energy estimation
Authors: Ahmad Raja Wasim , Gani Abdullah , Ab Hamid Siti Hafizah , Naveed Anjum , KO Kwangman , Rodrigues Joel J. P. C.
Published: November 2016

The hype in the popularity of recent wireless technologies has increased applications of smartphones in various fields, particularly, education and health care. The trend of increasing application functionality to enrich smartphone users experience requires detailed insights of application energy consumption behavior. Smartphone application energy estimation helps investigate energy consumption behavior of applications at diversified granularity when it is run on resource‐constrained devices. Fine granular estimation gives more insights to the application energy consumption behavior to assist developers to propose resource‐friendly application designs. This study proposes a lightweight code analysis–based estimation framework to minimize high profiling overhead of use‐based estimation methods. Moreover, it analyzes estimation overhead and accuracy of existing dynamic estimation tools to present a case for code analysis–based energy estimation method. The estimated energy is found 86% accurate to the ground truth value for a set of benchmarks using our proposed framework.
Synthesis of Five‐ and Six‐Membered N‐Phenylacetamido Substituted Heterocycles as Formyl Peptide Receptor Agonists
Authors: Vergelli Claudia , Schepetkin Igor A. , Ciciani Giovanna , Cilibrizzi Agostino , Crocetti Letizia , Giovannoni Maria Paola , Guerrini Gabriella , Iacovone Antonella , Kirpotina Liliya N. , Ye Richard D. , Quinn Mark T.
Published: November 2016

Preclinical Research

Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are G‐protein‐coupled receptors that play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory process and cellular dysfunction. In humans, three different isoforms are expressed (FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3). FPR2 appears to be directly involved in the resolution of inflammation, an active process carried out by specific pro‐resolving mediators that modulate specific receptors. Previously, we identified 2‐arylacetamido pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones as FPR1‐ or FPR2‐selective agonists, as well as a large number of mixed‐agonists for the three isoforms. Here, we report a new series of 2‐arylacetamido pyridazinones substituted at position 5 and their development as FPR agonists. We also synthesized a new series of 2‐oxothiazolones bearing a 4‐bromophenylacetamido fragment, which was fundamental for activity in the pyridazinone series. The compounds of most interest were 4a, a potent, mixed FPR agonist recognized by all three isotypes (FPR1 EC50 = 19 nM, FPR2 EC50 = 43 nM, FPR3 EC50 = 40 nM), and 4b, which had potent activity and a preference for FPR2 (EC50 = 13 nM). These novel compounds may represent valuable tools for studying FPR activation and signaling. Drug Dev Res 78 : 49–62, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does OCR have authority to investigate emotional support animal housing complaints?
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: November 2016

Campus housing accommodation requests for an emotional support animal continue to rise. Schools may assume the Fair Housing Act is the only federal law that governs requests to keep an ESA in residential housing. Their assumption may seem reasonable since the Americans with Disabilities Act service animal regulations do not extend to students with ESAs, and courts routinely treat claims under Section 504 and the ADA as governed by the same legal obligations. In addition, the three major campus housing emotional support animal cases, all ending in court‐approved consent decrees, were FHA lawsuits against Portland State University, the University of Nebraska at Kearney, and Kent State University, with the Department of Justice suing on behalf of the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Signaling pathways in mammalian preimplantation development: Linking cellular phenotypes to lineage decisions
Authors: Menchero Sergio , Rayon Teresa , Andreu Maria Jose , Manzanares Miguel
Published: November 2016

The first stages of mammalian development, before implantation of the embryo in the maternal uterus, result in the establishment of three cell populations in the blastocyst: trophectoderm, epiblast, and primitive endoderm. These events involve only a small number of cells, and are initiated by morphological differences among them related to cell adhesion and polarity. Much attention has been paid to the master transcription factors that are critical for establishing and maintaining early lineage choices. Nevertheless, a large body of work also reveals that additional molecular mechanisms are involved. Here, we provide an updated view of the role of different signaling pathways in the first stages of mouse development, and how their cross‐talk and interplay determine the initial lineage decisions occurring in the blastocyst. We will also discuss how these pathways are critical for translating cellular phenotypes, the product of the morphogenetic events occurring at these stages, into transcriptional responses and expression of lineage‐specifying transcription factors. Developmental Dynamics 246:245–261, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating within‐population variability in behavior and demography for the adaptive potential of a dispersal‐limited species to climate change
Authors: Muñoz David J. , Miller Hesed Kyle , Campbell Grant Evan H. , Miller David A. W.
Published: November 2016

Multiple pathways exist for species to respond to changing climates. However, responses of dispersal‐limited species will be more strongly tied to ability to adapt within existing populations as rates of environmental change will likely exceed movement rates. Here, we assess adaptive capacity in Plethodon cinereus, a dispersal‐limited woodland salamander. We quantify plasticity in behavior and variation in demography to observed variation in environmental variables over a 5‐year period. We found strong evidence that temperature and rainfall influence P. cinereus surface presence, indicating changes in climate are likely to affect seasonal activity patterns. We also found that warmer summer temperatures reduced individual growth rates into the autumn, which is likely to have negative demographic consequences. Reduced growth rates may delay reproductive maturity and lead to reductions in size‐specific fecundity, potentially reducing population‐level persistence. To better understand within‐population variability in responses, we examined differences between two common color morphs. Previous evidence suggests that the color polymorphism may be linked to physiological differences in heat and moisture tolerance. We found only moderate support for morph‐specific differences for the relationship between individual growth and temperature. Measuring environmental sensitivity to climatic variability is the first step in predicting species' responses to climate change. Our results suggest phenological shifts and changes in growth rates are likely responses under scenarios where further warming occurs, and we discuss possible adaptive strategies for resulting selective pressures.
An ecohydrological framework to explain shifts in vegetation organization across climatological gradients
Authors: Manfreda Salvatore , Caylor Kelly K. , Good Stephen P.
Published: November 2016

Spatial patterns found in vegetated ecosystems exhibit different degrees of organization in stand density that can be interpreted as an indicator of ecosystem health. In semiarid environments, it is possible to observe transitions from over‐dispersed individuals (e.g., an ordered lattice) to under‐dispersed individuals (e.g., clumped points). These configurations correspond to different strategies of adaptation or optimization, whose understanding may help to predict some of the consequences of environmental changes for both ecosystem services and water resources. For this reason, we have developed a theoretical framework that characterizes the dispersion of individuals through a generalized double Poisson distribution and estimates the landscape‐wide statistics using a soil moisture model accounting for tree canopies and root systems overlapping. Considering both the shading effect (light interception) of the canopies and the partitioning of water fluxes due to the presence of multiple individual root systems in one point, the optimum spacing between individuals at a given stand density is determined. This framework allows identifying the climatic boundaries for different landscape patterns in terms of optimal water use and stress. This simple scheme explains well the observed patterns of vegetation in arid and semiarid ecosystems.
Self‐Assembled Palladium and Platinum Coordination Cages: Photophysical Studies and Anticancer Activity
Authors: Kaiser Felix , Schmidt Andrea , Heydenreuter Wolfgang , Altmann Philipp J. , Casini Angela , Sieber Stephan A. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: November 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Fritz Kühn from Technische Universität München, Germany. The cover image shows a palladium cage encapsulating cisplatin, represented by a bowling ball, knocking down the pins, which symbolize cancer cells.
Decoupling algorithm for evaluating multiple beam damages in steel moment‐resisting frames
Authors: Li Xiaohua , Kurata Masahiro , Suzuki Akiko
Published: November 2016

Post‐earthquake safety evaluation of steel moment‐resisting frames mainly relies on the inspection of seismic damage to beam–column connections. Recently, in order to evaluate seismic damage of steel connections in a prompt and precise manner, a local damage evaluation method based on dynamic strain responses has been proposed and receives attention. In the evaluation method where strain responses are measured by piezoelectric strain sensors, a strain‐based damage index has been developed for evaluating individual seismic beam damage in a steel frame. However, for a steel frame suffering multiple beam damages, the damage index deteriorates its performance in identifying small damages with the presence of neighboring severe damages because of the moment redistributions induced by larger damages. This paper presents a decoupling algorithm that removes the issue of damage interaction and improves the performance of the damage index. The decoupling algorithm was derived on the basis of damage‐induced moment release and redistribution mechanism. The effectiveness of the decoupling algorithm was numerically and experimentally investigated using a nine‐story steel frame model and a large scale five‐story steel frame testbed that can simulate multiple fractures at beam ends. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of ice cover on flow characteristics in a subarctic meandering river
Authors: Lotsari Eliisa , Kasvi Elina , Kämäri Maria , Alho Petteri
Published: November 2016

The effects of ice cover on flow characteristics in meandering rivers are still not completely understood. Here, we quantify the effects of ice cover on flow velocity, the vertical and spatial flow distribution, and helical flow structure. Comparison with open‐channel low flow conditions is performed. An acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) is used to measure flow from up to three meander bends, depending on the year, in a small sandy meandering subarctic river (Pulmanki River) during two consecutive ice‐covered winters (2014 and 2015).

Under ice, flow velocities and discharges were predominantly slower than during the preceding autumn open‐channel conditions. Velocity distribution was almost opposite to theoretical expectations. Under ice, velocities reduced when entering deeper water downstream of the apex in each meander bend. When entering the next bend, velocities increased again together with the shallower depths. The surface velocities were predominantly greater than bottom/riverbed velocities during open‐channel flow. The situation was the opposite in ice‐covered conditions, and the maximum velocities occurred in the middle layers of the water columns. High‐velocity core (HVC) locations varied under ice between consecutive cross‐sections. Whereas in ice‐free conditions the HVC was located next to the inner bank at the upstream cross‐sections, the HVC moved towards the outer bank around the apex and again followed the thalweg in the downstream cross‐sections. Two stacked counter‐rotating helical flow cells occurred under ice around the apex of symmetric and asymmetric bends: next to the outer bank, top‐ and bottom‐layer flows were towards the opposite direction to the middle layer flow. In the following winter, no clear counter‐rotating helical flow cells occurred due to the shallower depths and frictional disturbance by the ice cover. Most probably the flow depth was a limiting factor for the ice‐covered helical flow circulation, similarly, the shallow depths hinder secondary flow in open‐channel conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hydrochemical approach to quantify the role of return flow in a surface flow‐dominated catchment
Authors: Barthold Frauke K. , Turner Benjamin L. , Elsenbeer Helmut , Zimmermann Alexander
Published: November 2016

Stormflow generation in headwater catchments dominated by subsurface flow has been studied extensively, yet catchments dominated by surface flow have received less attention.

We addressed this by testing whether stormflow chemistry is controlled by either (a) the event‐water signature of overland flow, or (b) the pre‐event water signature of return flow. We used a high‐resolution hydrochemical data set of stormflow and end‐members of multiple storms in an end‐member mixing analysis to determine the number of end‐members needed to explain stormflow, characterize and identify potential end‐members, calculate their contributions to stormflow, and develop a conceptual model of stormflow. The arrangement and relative positioning of end‐members in stormflow mixing space suggest that saturation excess overland flow (26–48%) and return flow from two different subsurface storage pools (17–53%) are both similarly important for stormflow. These results suggest that pipes and fractures are important flow paths to rapidly release stored water and highlight the value of within‐event resolution hydrochemical data to assess the full range and dynamics of flow paths.