bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the phytosanitary state of agricultural seedings using agrobiotechnology
Authors: Chuyan N. A , Breskina G. M
Published: April 2024

The results of weed infestation of cultivated oats and maize by the phases of their development and the manifestation of the signs of oat septoria affection in the experiment with an applied agrobiotechnology, including the use of biological preparations Trichoplant, SK (based on Trichoderma) and Biogor-Zh (based on Lactobacillus), nitrogen fertilizers (at the rate of 10 kg of NPPN per 1 ton of straw) and lime at the rate of 1.5 t/ha when using crushed by-products as fertilizer are presented. The work was carried out in the scientific and production experiment, founded in 2018 and located in Kursk Region, in Medvensky District, settlement of Panino, in two fields. In 2022 in the first field (cereal crop rotation) cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) of the variety “Borets” was grown with buckwheat as a previous crop, in the second field (cereal and row crop rotation) maize for grain (Zea mays L.) of the variety “Delitop” was cultivated with winter wheat as a previous crop. The results were obtained in the following variants: 1. Control (no fertilizers and afterharvesting residues); 2. Crushed by-products of the crop as a background; 3. Background + nitrogen fertilizers; 4. Background + lime; 5. Background + biopreparations; 6. Background + biopreparations + nitrogen fertilizers; 7. Background + biopreparations + lime. The number of weeds less by 36.7 and 76.4 % related to the control, respectively, was found when biopreparations with nitrogen fertilizers were applied in maize and cultivated oats in the phase of ear emergence. The number of oat plants affected with ceptoria in the variants with biopreparations applied in the tillering phase and with combined application of biopreparations and lime in the phase of ear emergence was by 14.9 and 22.9 % less as compared to the control, respectively.
Genetic aspects in working with the kholmogory cattle breed in the arkhangelsk region
Authors: Prozherin V. P , Selkova I. V
Published: April 2024

Monitoring of the genetic structure of cattle breeds allows conducting studies that provide information about the cross-section in the timeline by the frequencies of genotypes of blood groups. In particular, the study was carried out on 10 time intervals of observations in herds for the Kholmogorsky breed of breeding plants of the Arkhangelsk region (n = 10983). The dynamics is shown by the decrease and increase in the frequencies of individual alleles. The genetic structure of the herd becomes more homozygous, as the loss of alleles goes on. A similar situation has developed in the samples of cows of the first and ninth generations, their genetic structures are sharply different. According to the results of the research, it was found that the quantitative and qualitative composition of the allelofund of the Kholmogorsky cattle of the Arkhangelsk region has changed under the influence of breeding processes. It was found that the degree of homozygosity (theoretical) tends to decrease from 10.5% (3rd generation) to 6.5% (9th, 10th generation) in the context of the analyzed generations of females, and the number of effective alleles, respectively, increases from 9.4% to 15.4%. At the same time, it was revealed that the breeding stock of the herds of breeding plants of the Arkhangelsk region was heterogeneous according to the genetic panel of the EAV locus. The greatest genetic distance is shown by purebred cows of the Kholmogorsky breed of cattle of the 1-2 observation intervals with Holstein in the 9-10 intervals. Breeding work and assessment of genetic variability is a tool for successful breeding in cattle herds of breeding plants by generations. The event to create new and improve existing factory lines using genetic markers of breed affiliation is promising. This will reduce the negative consequences of related mating of parent pairs, as well as avoid an increase in the level of homozygosity in the controlled herds of the Arkhangelsk population of the Kholmogorsky cattle breed.
Study of wild barley species in Southern Dagestan conditions
Authors: Batasheva B. A , Kovaleva O. N , Abdullaev R. A , Muslimov M. G , Radchenko E. E
Published: April 2024

Wild-growing barley is widely distributed in Dagestan from the coastal lowland to the subalpine zone and is a good fodder and soil-strengthening plant. The study of wild-growing species of barley in the aspect: distribution, systematic diversity, significance are devoted to the works of prominent scientists (Vavilov, Grossheim, Lvov, Kobylyansky, Omarov, Zhukovsky, Tsvelev), which, in the context of the distribution and use of species of the genus Barley in Dagestan, are summarized by Omarov D.S. [6] Wild species are of interest as carriers of valuable breeding traits and can be included in breeding and genetic programs for the possible introgression of valuable genes into the cultivated barley genotype in order to create new promising varieties with a high adaptive potential. At the Dagestan Experimental Station of VIR in 2020-2022 a field study of 114 samples of wild-growing barley species from the VIR collection was carried out to identify the breeding value of these "wild" forms of plants. The sample included representatives of five species: H.spontaneum, H.bulbosum, H.murinum, H.hrasdanicum, and H.glaucum of different ecological and geographical origin. The samples were evaluated for resistance to barley fungal diseases widespread in the region (powdery mildew, dwarf and yellow rust). Interspecific and intraspecific differentiation in terms of resistance to these biotic factors is shown. Resistant forms recommended as sources and susceptible forms as testers are noted.
Ecological testing of spring triticale new varieties in Mari El republic
Authors: Maksimov V. A , Lapshin Yu. A , Zolotareva R. I
Published: April 2024

An important condition for the growth of livestock production is the creation of a stable feed base. One of the promising forage crops is spring triticale. The main advantages of this crop are its high resistance to viral and fungal diseases, ecological plasticity, which allows it to be cultivated in more extreme conditions compared to other crops. Triticale resistance to stresses caused by both weather factors and soil conditions is significantly higher than that of other cereals. It is able to produce stable yields on eroded, sandy, acidic, light soils, where wheat significantly reduces yield. But any crop without the use of fertilizers cannot reveal its potential, especially on poor sod-podzolic soils. The use of mineral fertilizers is the most effective and fast-acting method of increasing the productivity of agricultural crops. The Department of seed production of grain crops in the fields of the Mari Research Institute - branch of the FGBNU FANC of the North-East conducted research to study the effect of levels and timing of mineral fertilizers on grain productivity of zoned and promising varieties of spring triticale. In the course of the study, it was found that the most productive in the conditions of the growing seasons for 2020-2022 with a yield of 3.09 to 4.06 t/ha, depending on the level of mineral fertilizer (factor B), were the varieties Dobroye, Savva and KNIISH 9. Varieties Timur and KNIISH 22 on average by factor B provided a smaller reliable increase in grain to the control grade Rovnya. On average over three years of tests reliably to the standard variety Rovnya highest productivity, with the lowest cost per kg of grain produced with the highest level of profitability, were the varieties Dobroe, Savva, KNIISH 9 at all levels of mineral nutrition and Timur (on background N30P60K60 and N60P60K60 + N30). By recoupment of 1 kg of grain kg of the active substance of fertilizers made the yield stood out varieties Dobroe with indicators on the background of fertilizer N60P60K60 - 5.4 kg, and Timur N30P60K60 - 5.2 kg.
Assessment of the abiotic and anthropogenic factors influence on soybean nutrition and yield
Authors: Banetskaya E. V , Sinegovskaya V. T , Naumchenko E. T
Published: April 2024

The research was carried out in a long-term stationary experiment with mineral fertilizers, laid in 1962-1964 on meadow chernozem-like soil in Sadovoye village of the Tambov district of the Amur region, in 2020-2022. The object of the study was the crops of the precocious soybean variety Sentyabrinka, which is the fourth crop of the five-field crop rotation. The aim of the research was to study the influence of external factors on the intake and content of nutrients, productivity and biological yield of soybean seeds in the system of long-term use of fertilizers. Of the abiotic factors, the accumulation of heat and precipitation had a positive effect on the growth and development of soybean plants of the September variety, the intake of mineral nutrition elements from the soil. The most favorable conditions for the formation of a high yield were formed in 2021, due to sufficient precipitation in July (104 mm) and August (194 mm), which contributed to the active formation of beans and seeds in early-ripening plants. The anthropogenic factor of fertilization had a positive effect on the number and weight of seeds from one plant. The average annual loads of N24P30K24, N42P48 and N24P30 + manure 4.8 t/ha provide an increase in the number of seeds by 3.6-3.7 compared to the control, and the weight by 2.3-3.4%, depending on the average annual load of fertilizers. At the same time, the mass of 1000 seeds was greater than in the control by 0.9-4.8 g. The positive effect of fertilizers on plant nutrition led to an increase in the biological yield of seeds, which was the highest in the weather conditions of 2020 and 2021. On average, over 3 years of research, there was a stable tendency to increase biological yield against the background of the action and aftereffect of fertilizers by 0.23-0.68 t/ha with coefficients varying by years from 2.1 to 10.4%, depending on the average annual load of fertilizers.
Drought resistance and index screening of domestic selection oat varieties
Authors: Eremin D. I , Lyubimova A. V , Eremina D. V
Published: April 2024

The determination of drought-resistant oat varieties is based on the selection of identification indicators and the creation of a comprehensive assessment system that effectively identifies the most promising genotypes for breeding work. During three-year model experiments, 40 varieties of oats of Russian breeding were studied by measuring morphophysiological indicators and calculating the corresponding indices under stress caused by soil drought during tillering and flowering. The research was carried out in an unheated summer-type greenhouse located on the territory of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Northern Trans-Urals. As a control, the same varieties that grew with regular watering and did not experience moisture deficiency were used. Plant height and crop structure elements were studied. The values of the protein content in the leaves, the chlorophyll index, the relative water content in the leaves and the membrane stability index were determined. It is established that the use of each indicator separately as a criterion of drought resistance does not make it possible to fully assess the drought resistance of oats. Assessment of genotypes by indices of susceptibility to drought (DSI) and tolerance to it (DTI) allows us to identify groups of drought-resistant varieties of oats and assess the degree of influence of soil drought on the elements of the crop structure. In the course of research, it was found that the varieties Privet, Peredovik, Sig, Faust, Novosibirsk 5, Barguzin, Assol are resistant to soil droughts during tillering and flowering. Their DSI was less than 0.83 and 0.78 units. accordingly. Such varieties as CROSS, Vilensky and Horizont also had high resistance to drought during tillering. The drought in the later period led to very severe stress, which negatively affected their productivity. The group of genotypes most susceptible to drought was: Dedal, Narymsky 943, Pesec, Lgovsky, Tigrovy, Express, Tayoschnik, Bulany, Borec and Desant. Their drought susceptibility index was more than 1.2 units.
Assessment of vegetation cover when analyzing the carbon budget in agricultural landscapes of Karelia
Authors: Bakhmet O. N , Evstratova L. P , Nikolaeva E. V , Kanzerova L. V , Dubina-chekhovich E. V
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of studying the species composition of perennial grasses and the bioproductivity of long-term phytocenoses in Karelia for the subsequent assessment of carbon pools. On the typical peat agrozeme, during the 30-year succession, there was a restructuring of the vegetation cover of hayfields with the predominance of large-grass communities at present. Based on the results of geobotanical descriptions, dominant species were identified that correspond to the conditions of excessive moisture, high trophic soils and make the main contribution to the formation of productivity of perennial herbaceous vegetation. The economically valuable harvest of dry phytomass of grass-mixed herbage amounted to 10.16 t/ha and significantly exceeded similar indicators of 5.46 - 6.79 t/ha of mixed phytocenoses. The reserves of aboveground phytomass ranged from 12.06 to 17.94 t/ha and exceeded the underground reserves by 2.1 - 3.1 times. The assessment of vegetation cover on transformed agrophytocenoses gives an idea of carbon reserves during the successional change of perennial herbaceous plants.
The influence of low-intensity laser radiation on the blood parameters of cows under technological stress
Authors: Deryuginа A. V , Ivashchenko M. N , Talamanova M. N , Petrov V. A , Erobkina D. A , Kustova A. A
Published: April 2024

The study of clinical-hematologic parameters under technological stress at cows and the effect of low-intensity laser radiation (LILR) under technological stress was carried out. The study was carried out on high-yielding Holstein black-breed cows which were modeled technological stress and subsequently exposed to LILR on the withers or ear with exposure time of 5 or 15 depending on the group of animals. LILR with a wavelength of 830 nm was used. The study of hematological parameters of blood under technological stress in animals showed an increase in the number of leukocytes up to 14 days, a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin by 3 days of the experiment relative to the values of intact animals. At action of LILR under technological stress the increase of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in blood was registered. The content of leukocytes in blood corresponded to the level of intact animals, their functional activity increased. The concentration of reduced glutathione in animals under technological stress was decreased throughout the entire observation period. When using LILR under technological stress in animals, changes in reduced glutathione were less pronounced compared to animals after technological stress. When cows were exposed to LILR on the withers, an increase in the content of reduced glutathione in blood was registered. The obtained results indicate that the changes in blood parameters are directed to the activation of compensatory-adaptive reactions of the organism under the action of LILR under technological stress.
Montmorillonite as an Effective Stimulator of Plant Development in Soil Contaminated with Metsulfuron-Methyl
Authors: Chkanikov N. D. , Pastukhov A. V. , Abubikerov V. A. , Bosak G. S. , Glinushkin A. P.
Published: April 2024

Currently, the widespread use of herbicides in agriculture creates a serious problem of further use of contaminated soils for growing various types of agricultural plants. Developing the research of aluminosilicates as detoxicants of herbicide residues contained in the soil, the effect of montmorillonite K-10 (MRT) on vegetative plants of spring rape and corn is studied in this work. It was shown that the introduction of MRT into the soil before sowing in low doses had a powerful stimulating effect on plant development, both in the presence of methsulfuron-methyl residues in the soil and in the absence of herbicide in the soil. The doses of the applied MRT were only 100–200 kg/ha, which created the prospect of widespread use of montmorillonite (bentonite) clays in crop production.
Changes in Agrochemical Properties of Sod-Podzolic Soil and Productivity of Grain-Grass Crop Rotation Depending on Nutrients Balance
Authors: Naliukhin A. N. , Eregin A. V. , Demidov D. V. , Guseva Yu. E. , Khrunov A. A.
Published: April 2024

In a stationary field experiment on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil, the influence of fertilizer systems (organic, mineral, organo-mineral) and liming on the balance of nutrients, changes in the agrochemical parameters of the soil and the productivity of grain-grass crop rotation was studied. At the end of the 1st rotation of the five-field crop rotation, a medium-strength correlation (0.51) was revealed between the potassium balance and the change in its content in the soil, determined in an extract of 0.2 n. HCl (according to Kirsanov method). It was established that liming at 1.0 Ha of slightly acidic soil increased the productivity of crop rotation by 10%, which in turn led to an increase in the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with crop yields by 10-14%. A positive balance of phosphorus was achieved only in the variant with an organo-mineral fertilizer system when applying manure and mineral fertilizers in full dose. It should be emphasized the need to take into account the return of nutrients with straw, in case of plowing in the field. It was revealed that in the organo-mineral fertilizer system, the share of biological nitrogen entering during the plowing of the clover layer is 26-28%, and about 20-23% more N is supplied during the plowing of straw. It was noted that when calculating the nitrogen balance, it is necessary to take into account its supply not only with mineral fertilizers, but also due to biological nitrogen fixation, when incorporating straw, etc. Failure to take into account these sources can lead to serious miscalculations. The organo-mineral system provided the highest productivity of the grain-grass crop rotation - 5.16 t of grain units/ha on an unlimed background and 5.73 t of grain units/ha with liming. On a slightly acidic background, the organic and mineral fertilizer systems ensured an equal crop rotation productivity of 4.28 t of grain units/ha, while liming had a slight advantage for the mineral system.
Changes in the Content of Mobile Forms of Nitrogen in Gray Forest Soils of Opole under the Influence of Landscape Features
Authors: Okorkov V. V. , Shchukin I. M. , Okorkova L. A. , Shchukina V. I. , Kozlov A. A.
Published: April 2024

In a long-term stationary experiment on gray forest soils of the Vladimir Opole, the influence of agricultural technologies of cultivation of field crops on the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, their relationship with chemical and physico-chemical properties of the soil, levels of intensification have been studied. After a longterm application of agricultural technologies with an increase in the level of fertilizer application, an increase in nitrate nitrogen reserves, the degree of transition of ammonium nitrogen of the soil to the liquid phase from the humus content at the level of a strong relationship was revealed. The content of N-NH4 in the soil reduced its value. With an increase in the capacity of cation exchange, the value of this parameter changed, passing through the maximum, pHKCl - through the minimum. Changes in the humus content and physico-chemical properties of soil differences of gray forest soils have been established: gray forest plakornaya, gray forest medium-saline, gray forest medium-saline with a second humus horizon.
Efficiency of Application of Organic, Organo-Mineral and Mineral Fertilizer Systems on Sod-Podzolic Heavy Loamy Soil in Sis-Urals
Authors: Vasbievа M. T. , Yamaltdinova V. R.
Published: April 2024

In a long-term field experiment, laid down in 1968, an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of organic, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil was carried out. It was found that in the climatic conditions of the Urals, the organic fertilizer system was inferior to the mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems in terms of its effect on crop yields. In some rotations of crop rotations, the organo-mineral fertilizer system was more effective, in others - the mineral fertilizer system. The effectiveness of the use of fertilizers depending on the conditions of humidification of the growing season is considered. The balance of organic carbon and basic nutrients in the soil is calculated. Long-term cultivation of agricultural crops without the use of fertilizers led to the loss of 10 tons of organic carbon, ~2300 kg of nitrogen, 780 kg of phosphorus and 2700 kg of potassium from the soil. High negative balances of basic nutrients in the control variant led to a deterioration in soil fertility indicators. It is shown that the use of all fertilizer systems provided an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium compounds in the soil relative to the initial level by 1.2-3.0 times. When using organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems, the maintenance of organic carbon content at the initial level (1.3%) was noted. When using a mineral fertilizer system, the maintenance of the organic carbon content at the initial level was noted only at a higher saturation of the arable land with NPK. The mineral fertilizer system has led to acidification of the soil.
Role of Pseudomonas Bacteria and Their Metabolites in the Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms
Authors: Sidorova T. M. , Allahverdyan V. V. , Asaturova A. M.
Published: April 2024

The current knowledge on the prospects of using bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas as producers of effective microbiological preparations for the biocontrol of phytopathogenic organisms is summarized and analyzed. Rhizospheric pseudomonads are potential objects of agricultural biotechnology due to the presence of physiological and biochemical features necessary for biocontrol and phytostimulation. These features include tolerance to reactive oxygen species, chemotaxis in relation to root exudates, biosynthesis of siderophores and antibiotic metabolites of various nature. Members of the genus Pseudomonas are known for their great metabolic diversity, which allows them to colonize a wide range of ecological niches, including the rhizosphere. Pseudomonas species isolated from the rhizosphere have a broader catabolic activity than those isolated from the bulk soil, especially for certain sugars, polyols, and amino acids that can be found in root exudates. The wide metabolic diversity allows bacteria to become ubiquitous, forming protective biofilms and colonizing various ecological niches. At the same time, water-retaining capacity, fertility and porosity of the soil, as well as the conditions of mineral nutrition of plants are improved by increasing the availability of N, P, K and Fe. The paper describes in detail the main biologically active metabolites produced by Pseudomonas and their role in the suppression of phytopathogens and phytostimulation.
Influence of the Joint Use of Phosphorus and Magnesium Fertilizers on the Background of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers on the Productivity, Quality and Removal of Nutrition Elements in Spring Barley Depending on the Acidity of Sod-Podzolic Soil
Authors: Bizhan S. P.
Published: April 2024

In the long term (56 years) field experience revealed a great return from the combined use of lime, phosphorus and magnesium fertilizers compared with the background of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers on strongly acidic sod-podzolic poorly cultivated soil, with a high content of mobile aluminum in it (up to 130 mg/kg), due to the prolonged use of physiologically acidic fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride. The use of phosphorous fertilizers on highly acidic untreated soil contributed to an increase in the yield of spring barley by 67%, on medium-acidic soil produced at a dose of 11.5 t CaCO3/ha – by 2.3 times, on slightly acidic soil produced at a dose of 19.0 t CaCO3/ha – by 2.6 times, when combined with magnesium fertilizers – by 2.5 and 2.9 times, respectively, according to compared with the yield on the background of nitrogen-potash fertilizers 1.78 t/ha (highly acidic soil). With the introduction of magnesium fertilizers on slightly acidic soil, the payback by adding grain of mineral fertilizers (N90P60K90) increased by 3 times, increasing to 13.9 kg/kg, with an increase in protein content compared to the background of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers by 1.2%. The use of nitrogen and phosphorus by spring barley plants increased 3.4 times, potassium – 3.0 times.
Content of Amino Acids in Plants at Different Levels of Lead in the Soil
Authors: El’kina G. Ya.
Published: April 2024

The effect of lead on the amino acid composition of annual fodder grasses was studied. It was found that in response to soil pollution in plants, the content of nitrogen and amino acids in the composition of proteins increased. Significant changes in the content of nitrogen and most amino acids in the legume plant occurred at a content of mobile lead from 2.2 to 10.0 mg/kg. The contamination caused an increase in the relative content of proline and aspartic acid and a decrease in the proportion of glutamic acid in pea proteins. In the biomass of oats, the relative content of aspartic and glutamic acids has increased, the proportion of proline has decreased. Starting from the concentration of lead in the soil of 5.5 mg/kg, the proportion of essential amino acids in the proteins of the legume plant decreased.
Application of Amine Salts of Glycyrrhizinic Acid for Prevention of Grape Rot during Storage Period
Authors: Shatirova M. I. , Asadullayev R. A. , Nagiyeva Sh. F.
Published: April 2024

Rots of various origins account for a significant part of the losses of grapes both during the growing season and during long-term storage. Along with traditional methods, to prevent damage to grapes during storage, environmentally friendly preparations were tested, the raw materials for which were licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza). The corresponding salts of glycyrrhizic acid were synthesized by the interaction of glycyrrhizic acid with o-phenylenediamine and methyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid in a medium of dry acetone. The universal grape variety Moldova was chosen as the object of the study, and the storage was carried out in a refrigerator at a temperature of 5°C for 4 months. To prevent the development of pathogenic microflora, granules of sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) were used at the rate of  20 g per 7–8 kg of grapes and in the same dose granules of o-phenylenediamine glycyrrhizic acid and methyl ether of p-aminobenzoic acid, as well as granules of dried crushed licorice root. It was revealed that when using Na2S2O5, to protect against the effects of harmful microflora, there were no losses either from rotting or from tearing the berries from the crest of the bunch, the color and consistency of the berries remained the same as during storage. The effectiveness of the tested drugs with the same method of application was somewhat less: in the variant with licorice root granules, losses amounted to more than half, with o-phenylenediamine glycyrrhizic acid (compound 2) – about half of the product, with methyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid (compound 3), the yield of standard products was slightly more than 70% of the batch stored.
Moisture Regime of Leached Chernozem, the Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet Root Crops under Different Weather and Agrotechnical Conditions in the Сentral Сhernozem Region
Authors: Borontov O. K. , Kosyakin P. A. , Manaenkova E. N.
Published: April 2024

The efficiency of moisture use and the yield of sugar beet increased with the use of fertilizers, combined tillage and an increase in the moisture coefficient (according to Ivanov) for 2 months before cleaning. A more favorable soil moisture regime and a lower density of addition in sugar beet crops were formed in conditions of high moisture during combined tillage. The best technological qualities of the root fruits are determined with average moisture and combined processing. The share of the influence of weather conditions on crop yield was 51, fertilizers – 30, tillage – 3%. The highest yield of sugar beet (48.3–48.5 t/ha), energy efficiency (4.6) and profitability of production (95%) were established with multi-depth dump and combined tillage in crop rotation, fertilization and high soil moisture.
Efficiency of Complex Biopreparation Use on Winter Wheat Crops in Mordovia
Authors: Pronin A. S. , Kolmykova T. S. , Lukatkin A. S.
Published: April 2024

Under field conditions in the Republic of Mordovia, we studied the effect of treatment of seeds and plants of winter wheat varieties Mironovskaya 808 and Skipetr with a complex biological preparation based on jointly cultivated strains PGPB Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens and PGPF Saccharomyces cerevisiae on plant growth and productivity. We used seed treatment with the biological preparation diluted with water at a ratio of 1 : 100, and plant treatment during vegetation at a dilution of 1 : 200. The complex biological preparation stimulated an increase in net productivity of photosynthesis and leaf surface, an increase in root dry weight and volume, but not plant height, and an increase in grain productivity by 25–36% compared with control. The stimulating effect of the biopreparation was variety-specific.
Features of the Development of Plant Protection Technologies in Agroecosystems in the Conditions of the Russian Market Economy
Authors: Zakharenko V. A.
Published: April 2024

The results of research characterizing the development of plant protection technologies in agroecosystems in the conditions of the market economy of Russia in the cultivation of varieties of strategic grain and industrial crops of domestic breeding with high genetic potential are presented. The potential is realized with the use of plant protection equipment with elements of information technology and precision farming, mineral fertilizers and pesticides according to scientifically sound standards. At the same time, success is achieved in a group of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farmer) farms with sown areas of grain and industrial crops 2500 hectares, optimal for the rational use of machinery, with a high culture of agriculture, provided with material, technical and financial resources and leading profitable production. In 2016–2020. the analyzed group of highly productive varieties of cereals and industrial crops covered ~20% of the areas of agroecosystems at the current level of development of breeding, seed production and genetics, the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, as well as equipment with elements of information technology and precision agriculture. The prospects of expanding the group of crops in connection with the further improvement of the organization of breeding and seed production, the supply of fertilizers and pesticides based on the development of not only progressive drugs, but also created molecules of domestic active substances, in new conditions in connection with the tasks of food security of the country.
Changes in the Indicators of Effective Soil Fertility of the Stone Steppe under the Influence of Forest Strips of Various Landscape Accessories
Authors: Cheverdin Yu. I. , Bespalov V. A. , Titova T. V.
Published: April 2024

Within the framework of the program on the subject of the state task in 2021–2022, studies were conducted on changes in the indicators of effective fertility in space and time under the influence of forest strips of various landscape accessories (forest strip No. 40 on the watershed, forest strip No. 72 on the slope). All works were performed in the Voronezh FASC named after V.V. Dokuchaev. It was found that the soils of the watershed area were characterized by the greatest availability of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The provision of soils with nitrate nitrogen during the growing season in the watershed and slope areas was at the same level. The watershed area was characterized by a decrease in the amount of mineral elements on the soils of the deposit and the edges of the forest strip No. 40. As for the forest strip itself, the maximum indicators were noted in the center of the forest strip, gradually decreasing in the direction of the edges. Considering the indicators of fertility of arable land, it was noted that they increase at a distance from the forest strip, their maximum was detected at a distance of 75–150 m from the forest strip. On the arable land adjacent to the Baltic forest strip No. 72, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium was noted when approaching the forest strip. The content of nitrate nitrogen, on the contrary, decreased downhill, reaching a minimum near the forest strip. It is proved that by the end of the growing season, the content of nitrate nitrogen and exchangeable potassium increased in the watershed, and the content of mobile phosphorus decreased. At the slope site, by the end of the growing season, there was an increase in all the studied fertility indicators.
Dependence of Crop Yield and Quality on Fertility of Sod-Podsolic Soil
Authors: Lyskova I. V. , Lyskova T. V.
Published: April 2024

Based on long-term (2016–2021) research results in a long-term stationary experiment (1971–2021) in the eastern district of the central climatic zone of the Kirov region, the influence of soil acidity and the content of mobile phosphorus on the yield and quality of grain crops and meadow clover when applying fertilizers (N90, N90P50K90) was estimated. It was found that the maximum yield (4.43 t/ha) in a long-term stationary experiment in the period 2016–2021 was obtained from Falenskaya 4 winter rye when N90P50K90 was applied to soil with pHKCl 3.8 and the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil was 121 mg/kg, which is 1.6 times higher than the “without fertilizers” option. The content of crude protein in the grain of cereals and the green mass of meadow clover was formed higher on the soil at pH 5.2–5.7 than at pH 3.7–4.0, did not depend on the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, the application of fertilizers (N90, N90P50K90) for cereals increased the indicator by 1.60–5.96%. The indicator “grain nature” of cereal crops did not depend on the level of acidity and the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil, while the indicator exceeded the basic norm of standards for grain harvesting. The content of raw gluten in the grain of spring wheat varieties Iren and Bazhenka increased with the use of fertilizers by 4.0–14.8%. The maximum content (33.8 and 39.8%) was observed in the Iren variety on both acidic and cultivated soil with a mobile phosphorus content of 170–191 mg/kg when N90P50K90 was applied. The effect of fertilizers and the level of soil fertility on the indicator “falling number” in winter rye was insignificant.
Toxins Produced by Soil Fungi: Distribution, Ecological Role, Biodegradation
Authors: Polyak Yu. M. , Sukharevich V. I.
Published: April 2024

Soil fungi play an important role in microbial-plant interactions, being producers of various biologically active compounds, including mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are found in soil, agricultural raw materials, feed and food products. Toxin-producing fungi affect many agricultural crops, and the content of mycotoxins in raw plant materials can be quite high. This review presents the main aspects related to properties of mycotoxins, their producers, their ecological role, contribution to microbial-plant interactions, interactions with other microorganisms, their biotransformation in the soil.
Influence of Green and Mineral Fertilizers on Agrochemical Indicators of the Soil and the Yield of Flax Products in Crop Rotations with Short Rotation
Authors: Sukhopalova T. P.
Published: April 2024

In the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil with a high phosphorus content, 4-field crop rotations with short rotation, with the cultivation of long-leg flax, were studied. The results of changes in agrochemical indicators of the soil and an increase in the yield of flax products during the sowing of flax after new precursors, with the use of a green mass for fertilizing by sowing white mustard, taking into account the mineral fertilizers applied for crop rotation crops, are considered. The positive effect of biofungicide Sternifaga after harvesting barley on the yield of flax products was noted. It was established that the highest yield of flax seed was obtained after the predecessor of white mustard for green feed with sowing of white mustard for green fertilizer in the amount of 5.3 t/ha, flax seed – 1 t/ha, total and tattered flax fiber – 1.7 and 1.8 t/ha with high quality indicators of flax seed corresponding to number 2.5. It has been shown that with the help of the soil biofungicide Sternifaga (the active substance is the spores of the fungus Trichoderma harziannum VISR-18, titer 1010 CFU/g), intended for the decomposition of plant residues and the suppression of soil phytopathogens, it is possible to improve the soil. In the crop rotation, where the vico–oatmeal mixture was sown for green fodder with a lean sowing of white mustard for green fertilizer, the yield of trusts increased by 0.5 t/ha and amounted to 2.2 t/ha, total fiber – by 0.1, trepan – by 0.2 t/ha, the quality of trusts improved by 0.5 numbers, crop rotation productivity increased by 13% after the predecessor of barley using biofungicide compared to the crop rotation, where flax was sown repeatedly for 3 years in a row.
Effectiveness and Safety of Pesticides in Protecting Sunflowers from Pests
Authors: Laptiev A. B. , Maltsev V. K.
Published: April 2024

The analysis of the current state and trends in the development of the range of pesticides allowed for use in sunflower crops is presented. Based on the results of studies conducted in 3 soil-climatic zones of the country, the possibilities are reasoned and priorities are determined for improving the range of drugs to protect this crop from the main harmful organisms, the main of which is an increase in the share of combined and domestic drugs. At the same time, the biological effectiveness of protection measures against certain types of pests, major diseases and weeds is specified, and the characteristics of the latest developments in methods for controlling residual amounts of a number of active substances of pesticides used in the protection of sunflower are presented. Based on the results of field experiments, it was found that at present the level of biological efficiency in protecting the main oilseed crop from pests is characterized in most cases by indicators close to 80%, from diseases – varies in the range of 60–75% and from weeds – reaches 90% in combination with a decrease in their raw mass to 95%.
Translocation of Calcium into Spring Rape Plants from Sod-Podzolic Sandy Loam Soil Reclaimed with Conversion Chalk in a Wide Range of Doses. Comparison of Data Preparation Techniques for Building Empirical Models
Authors: Litvinovich A. V. , Lavrishchev A.V. , Bure V. M.
Published: April 2024

In a 24-year vegetation precision experiment based on acidic sod-podzolic sandy loam soil reclaimed with conversion chalk (CC) in a wide dose range, the effect of liming on the content of calcium available to plants in the soil and its translocation into rapeseed tissue was established. The results showed that rapeseed is an ecologically plastic plant species. An increase in the amount of chalk introduced from 0.1 to 3 full doses calculated by hydrolytic acidity led to an increase in the Ca concentration in rapeseed in the liming year from 0.81 to 3.14%. Empirical dependences of calcium concentration in soil and plants on the dose of chalk application have been developed. 3 approaches to the analysis of experimental data describing the relationship of calcium content in the soil with its accumulation in plant tissues are considered. It is shown that artificial averaging of the data on the calcium content in the soil with the same dose of meliorant in individual repetitions led to loss of information, which was reflected in the statistical characteristics of the constructed empirical models.
Hellebore Lobelya Is a Perspectiveness Bioproducer for the Development of a Biocide Preparation in Plant Protection against Harmful Arthropods
Authors: Ryabchinskaya T. A. , Yakovleva L. L. , Bobreshova I. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The results of three years of research on the development of a biological biocidal preparation for the control of harmful arthropods based on ethanol extracts of biologically active substances of Lobel’s hellebore are presented. The first experimental samples of the drug were tested on a number of arthropod phytophagous species. In laboratory experiments, the most effective and promising samples of the preparation for further research were determined. It has been established that their biological effectiveness depends on the technology of manufacturing preparations, the content of the active composition of substances, the concentration of the working solution and the species of phytophages. Individual samples were comparable in effectiveness with traditional insecticides from the avermectin group.
Influence of Diatomite, Zeolite and Bentonite Clay on Agrochemical Indicators Sod-Podzolic Soil and Yield Agricultural Crops
Authors: Kozlov A. V. , Kulikova A. H. , Uromova I. P.
Published: April 2024

In three-year microfield experiments on sod-podzolic light loam soil, the effect of reclamation doses (3, 6 and 12 t/ha) of siliceous rocks (diatomite, zeolite and bentonite clay) on the main agrochemical properties of the soil and crop productivity in the grain link of the crop rotation of winter wheat-spring barley-seed peas was studied. Among other positive effects, a significant effect of diatomite was found in reducing the concentration of exchangeable forms of aluminum in the soil (by 0.11 mg-eq/100 g), increasing the content of exchangeable forms of magnesium (by 0.33 mg-eq/100 g) and phosphates of soil solution (by 225%). Against the background of the influence of diatoms, barley gave the greatest increase in grain yield (by 38%) and straw (by 29%). The most significant effect of zeolite was revealed in a decrease in the actual, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity of the soil (a decrease of 1.11, 0.48 pH units and 0.33 mg-eq/100 g), as well as the concentration of exchange compounds of calcium (an increase of 17.7 mg-eq/100 g), magnesium (by 12.0 mg-eq/100 g) and potassium (by 46%). The introduction of zeolite rock contributed to the greatest increase in the yield of grain (by 32%) and straw (by 23%) of barley. The most significant influence of bentonite clay was established on the indicators of actual soil acidity (their decrease by 0.65 pH units), the content of exchangeable aluminum (decrease by 0.19 mg-eq /100 g) and phosphates of soil solution (increase by 175%). The introduction of clay contributed to the formation of the greatest increase in grain yield (by 33%) and straw (by 19%) of seed peas.
Siliceous Rocks in the Fertilizer System of Agricultural Crops
Authors: Kulikova A. Kh.
Published: April 2024

Over the past 25 years, the influence of siliceous rocks (diatomite, zeolite, flask) on soil properties (typical chernozem, leached chernozem), yield and quality of agricultural crops (cereals, potatoes and vegetables, technical) when used both in pure form and together with mineral fertilizers and bird droppings has been studied. The possibility of creating new types of more effective fertilizers based on siliceous rocks by enriching them with elements or compounds (in particular amino acids) that most fully meet the requirements of crops has been studied. Studies have shown that the yield of grain crops when using diatomite as a fertilizer is little inferior to mineral fertilizers. Thus, the increase in grain yield of winter wheat on average over all the years of research reached 0.60–1.30, spring wheat – 0.15–0.67, barley – 0.50–0.93 t/ha. The increase in corn grain yield, depending on the dose of zeolite application, ranged from 0.93 (dose of 500 kg/ha) to 1.36 (dose of 2000 kg/ha) t/ha. Potatoes and vegetables (cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, table beets), as well as industrial crops (sugar beet, sunflower) are highly responsive to the use of siliceous products as fertilizers. In particular, the yield of sugar beet root crops increased by 6.5 t/ha on average when diatomite was applied at a dose of 3 t/ha, and in some years – up to 8.6 t/ha. The increase in crop yield increased very significantly when combined with nitrogen fertilizers from N30 to N60 – by 11.3 and 12.5 t/ha. The high efficiency of silicon-containing rocks as fertilizers of agricultural crops is due to their complex influence on the fundamental properties of the soil: physical (structural condition, soil density, structure of the arable layer), biological (activity of soil microorganisms), chemical (nutritional regime, environmental safety), as well as on the protective properties of plants.
Influence of Poloidal Magnetic Field on the Parameters and Dynamics of a Plasma Flow Generated in a Plasma-Focus Discharge in a Laboratory Simulation of Jets from Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Krauz V. I. , Vinogradov V. P. , Kharrasov A. M. , Myalton V. V. , Mitrofanov K. N. , Beskin V. S. , Vinogradova Yu. V. , Il’ichev I. V.
Published: April 2024

Laboratory simulation is an effective tool for studying astrophysical processes. The paper considers a scheme for simulating jets from young stellar objects by means of a plasma-focus device with application of an external poloidal magnetic field. The mechanisms of amplification of the poloidal magnetic field in the region where the plasma flow is formed by the conductive plasma sheath upon its compression toward the axis of the system up to values of ~100 kG are discussed. Magnetic probe measurements have shown that the value of the Bz component of the field also increases significantly in the plasma flow itself, while the direction of the field captured by the flow corresponds to the direction of the external applied field. An increase in the toroidal component of the magnetic field is also observed. It is concluded that this experiment quite accurately simulates the processes in young stellar objects, including accretion and the operation of the “central engine.”
Possibilities of the Phase-Contrast X-Ray Method in a Laboratory Astrophysical Experiment on the Study of Plasma Instabilities
Authors: Makarov S. S. , Pikuz S. A.
Published: April 2024

In this paper, a computational-theoretical analysis of the possibilities of using the method of phase-contrast X-ray radiography for the study of low-contrast turbulent flows in laser plasma in experiments with astrophysical similarity is carried out. By modeling the passage of hard coherent X-ray radiation through test objects, we studied the parameters of a laboratory experiment that affect the contrast and resolution of the resulting phase-contrast images. The limiting scale for measuring the frequency-spatial spectrum of image power was determined, on which the manifestation of artifacts from the superimposition of diffraction effects from neighboring objects is not yet critical for the correct interpretation of the results. Optimal object-detector distances are found that provide resolution of the power spectrum of a turbulent flow on micron scales. These results are relevant for future laboratory experiments on the development of instabilities in plasma with astrophysical similarity up to the stage of energy dissipation.
Effect of the Eccentricity of the Planet’s Orbit on the Limb Darkening Coefficients of the Eclipsed Star
Authors: Bekesov E. V. , Cherepashchuk A. M.
Published: April 2024

It is shown that the introduction of a small orbital eccentricity into the model of a binary system with an exoplanet, which is allowed by errors in determining the radial velocities of the eclipsed star, makes possible to significantly reduce and even eliminate the difference in the wavelength dependences between the observed and theoretical values of the limb darkening coefficients of the star HD 209458.