bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulling cylindrical particles using a soft-nonparaxial tractor beam
Authors: Novitsky Andrey , Ding Weiqiang , Wang Maoyan , Gao Dongliang , Lavrinenko Andrei V. , Qiu Cheng-Wei
Published: March 2017

In order to pull objects towards the light source a single tractor beam inevitably needs to be strongly nonparaxial. This stringent requirement makes such a tractor beam somewhat hypothetical. Here we reveal that the cylindrical shape of dielectric particles can effectively mitigate the nonparaxiality requirements, reducing the incidence angle of the partial plane waves of the light beam down to 45° and even to 30° for respectively dipole and dipole-quadrupole objects. The optical pulling force attributed to the interaction of magnetic dipole and magnetic quadrupole moments of dielectric cylinders occurs due to the TE rather than TM polarization. Therefore, the polarization state of the incident beam can be utilized as an external control for switching between the pushing and pulling forces. The results have application values towards optical micromanipulation, transportation and sorting of targeted particles.
NMR-based metabolomics Reveals Alterations of Electro-acupuncture Stimulations on Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Rats
Authors: Xu Jingjing , Zheng Xujuan , Cheng Kian-Kai , Chang Xiaorong , Shen Guiping , Liu Mi , Wang Yadong , Shen Jiacheng , Zhang Yuan , He Qida , Dong Jiyang , Yang Zongbao
Published: March 2017

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a common gastrointestinal disease which has been considered as precancerous lesions of gastric carcinoma. Previously, electro-acupuncture stimulation has been shown to be effective in ameliorating symptoms of CAG. However the underlying mechanism of this beneficial treatment is yet to be established. In the present study, an integrated histopathological examination along with molecular biological assay, as well as 1H NMR analysis of multiple biological samples (urine, serum, stomach, cortex and medulla) were employed to systematically assess the pathology of CAG and therapeutic effect of electro-acupuncture stimulation at Sibai (ST 2), Liangmen (ST 21), and Zusanli (ST 36) acupoints located in the stomach meridian using a rat model of CAG. The current results showed that CAG caused comprehensive metabolic alterations including the TCA cycle, glycolysis, membrane metabolism and catabolism, gut microbiota-related metabolism. On the other hand, electro-acupuncture treatment was found able to normalize a number of CAG-induced metabolomics changes by alleviating membrane catabolism, restoring function of neurotransmitter in brain and partially reverse the CAG-induced perturbation in gut microbiota metabolism. These findings provided new insights into the biochemistry of CAG and mechanism of the therapeutic effect of electro-acupuncture stimulations.
CXCR3+ monocytes/macrophages are required for establishment of pulmonary metastases
Authors: Butler Kiah L. , Clancy-Thompson Eleanor , Mullins David W.
Published: March 2017

We present a new foundational role for CXCR3+ monocytes/macrophages in the process of tumor engraftment in the lung. CXCR3 is associated with monocytic and lymphocytic infiltration of inflamed or tumor-bearing lung. Although the requirement for tumor-expressed CXCR3 in metastatic engraftment has been demonstrated, the role of monocyte-expressed CXCR3 had not been appreciated. In a murine model of metastatic-like melanoma, engraftment was coordinate with CXCR3+ monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the lungs and was sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of CXCR3 signaling. Tumor engraftment to lung was impaired in CXCR3−/− mice, and transient reconstitution with circulating CXCR3-replete monocytes was sufficient to restore engraftment. These data illustrate the paradoxical pro-tumor role for CXCR3 in lung immunobiology wherein the CXCR3 axis drives both the anti-tumor effector cell chemoattraction and pro-tumor infiltration of the lungs and suggests a potential therapeutic target for lung-tropic metastasizing cancers.
Direct observation of flow and bubble behavior in flat sheet modules with a distributor
Authors: Wang Tao , He Xinping , Wu Zhen , Li Jiding
Published: March 2017

The air sparging method was widely used in membrane modules to enhance performance of separation. In this article, bubble behavior in tubular and flat sheet flow module with different air sparging devices was investigated.
New discrete iodometallates with in situ generated triimidazole derivatives as countercations (Mn+ = Ag+, Pb2+, Bi3+)
Authors: Wang Rong-Yan , Zhang Xiao , Huo Qi-Sheng , Yu Jie-Hui , Xu Ji-Qing
Published: March 2017

By employing solvothermal in situ N-alkylation of organic bases with alcohols, four new iodometallates were obtained, and their structures are reported.
High performance anion exchange ionomer for anion exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Gao Xueqiang , Yu Hongmei , Jia Jia , Hao Jinkai , Xie Feng , Chi Jun , Qin Bowen , Fu Li , Song Wei , Shao Zhigang
Published: March 2017

The anion exchange ionomer incorporated into the electrodes of an anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) enhances anion transport in the catalyst layer of the electrode, and thus improves performance and durability of the AEMFC.
Five new 2D and 3D coordination polymers based on two new multifunctional pyridyl–tricarboxylate ligands: hydrothermal syntheses, structural diversity, luminescent and magnetic properties
Authors: Guo Xiao-Yu , Zhao Fei , Liu Hou-Ting , Wang Yan-Qin , Liu Zhi-Liang , Gao En-Qing
Published: March 2017

Five new Zn(ii), Cd(ii), Co(ii) and Mn(ii) MOFs based on two novel multifunctional pyridyl–tricarboxylate ligands: structures, luminescent and magnetic properties.
A high performance ZnO based photoelectrochemical cell type UV photodetector with [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+ electrolyte and PEDOT/ITO counter electrode
Authors: Li Jieni , Wu Xingming , Shirolkar Mandar M. , Li Ming , Xu Chunye , Wang Haiqian
Published: March 2017

A high performance photoelectrochemical cell UV photodetector was prepared based on ZnO NRs, Co-complex electrolyte and PEDOT counter electrode.
A hierarchical α-MoC1−xhybrid nanostructure for lithium-ion storage
Authors: Chen Junmei , Huang Yang , Zhao Feipeng , Ye Hualin , Wang Yeyun , Zhou Junhua , Liu Yuping , Li Yanguang
Published: March 2017

A chrysanthemum-inspired hierarchical α-MoC1−xhybrid represents an excellent host material for Li+ion storage.
Engineering dielectric constants in organic semiconductors
Authors: Armin Ardalan , Stoltzfus Dani M. , Donaghey Jenny E. , Clulow Andrew J. , Nagiri Ravi Chandra Raju , Burn Paul L. , Gentle Ian R. , Meredith Paul
Published: March 2017

An optical-frequency dielectric constant of 4.6 leads to improved charge generation efficiency in an organic semiconductor homojunction photovoltaic device.
Down-regulation of microRNA-216b inhibits IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury by up-regulation of Smad3
Authors: He Jiye , Zhang Jiahong , Wang Dongliang
Published: March 2017

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of joint disease, leading to a major cause of pain and disability. OA is characterized by the continuous degradation of articular cartilage, mainly resulting in an imbalance between synthesis and degradation of articular chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant miR-216b expression has been found in multiple cancers. However, the level of miR-216b in OA cartilage and its role in progression of this disease are still unknown. In the present study, the functional roles of miR-216b and its expression in OA tissues and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced chondrocytes were examined. We found that the level of miR-216b was significantly higher and Smad3 expression was obviously lower in OA cartilage and IL-1β-induced chondrocytes than in normal tissues and cells. Furthermore, a bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay identified Smad3 as a direct target gene of miR-216b, and Smad3 expression was reduced by miR-216b overexpression at both the mRNA and protein levels. A functional analysis demonstrated that miR-216b down-regulation obviously alleviated the IL-1β-induced inhibition in cell proliferation, type II collagen, and aggrecan down-regulation and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) up-regulation, while miR-216b overexpression had the opposite effects. Knockdown of Smad3 by siRNA reversed the effects of the miR-216b inhibitor on cell proliferation, the expressions of type II collagen, aggrecan, and MMP-13. Our results suggested that miR-216b contributes to progression of OA by directly targeting Smad3, providing a potential therapeutic target for treatment of OA.
Depletion of the human N-terminal acetyltransferase hNaa30 disrupts Golgi integrity and ARFRP1 localization
Authors: Starheim Kristian K. , Kalvik Thomas V. , Bjørkøy Geir , Arnesen Thomas
Published: March 2017

The organization of the Golgi apparatus (GA) is tightly regulated. Golgi stack scattering is observed in cellular processes such as apoptosis and mitosis, and has also been associated with disruption of cellular lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative diseases. Our studies show that depletion of the human N-α-acetyltransferase 30 (hNaa30) induces fragmentation of the Golgi stack in HeLa and CAL-62 cell lines. The GA associated GTPase ADP ribosylation factor related protein 1 (ARFRP1) was previously shown to require N-terminal acetylation for membrane association and based on its N-terminal sequence, it is likely to be a substrate of hNaa30. ARFRP1 is involved in endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) traffic. We observed that ARFRP1 shifted from a predominantly cis-Golgi and TGN localization to localizing both Golgi and non-Golgi vesicular structures in hNaa30-depleted cells. However, we did not observe loss of membrane association of ARFRP1. We conclude that hNaa30 depletion induces Golgi scattering and induces aberrant ARFRP1 Golgi localization.
A two dimensional analytical model for the study of ferromagnetic resonance responses of single and multilayer films
Authors: Balaji Shyam , Kostylev Mikhail
Published: March 2017

An advanced analytical formulation to model the response of coplanar and stripline based broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) for single and multilayer ferromagnetic films is presented. Several numerical examples are provided implementing the formulation. The model accounts for exchange interactions as well as exchange boundary conditions at the film surfaces and the film interfaces (in the case of multilayer films). The solutions to the Landau-Lifshitz equation and relevant Maxwell's equations are conducted in Fourier space and are transformed back to real space as required to ensure computational efficiency and to avoid length scale incompatibility due to the experiment geometry. This work presents several numerical examples pertaining to the effect of waveguide geometry and microwave eddy current shielding on the shape of coplanar and stripline FMR responses of single-layer ferromagnetic films. Additionally, the effect of microwave eddy current shielding and distance (dielectric spacer thickness) of the film from the transducer on the stripline FMR responses, dynamic magnetization, magnetic field strength, and precession angle for multilayer film samples is discussed.
Thermal reduction of the threshold current density for current-induced domain wall motion in Tb-Co magnetic alloy wire
Authors: Kurokawa Yuichiro , Yoshimura Ryogo , Sumi Satoshi , Awano Hiroyuki
Published: March 2017

We investigated the current-induced domain wall motion (CIDWM) in Pt (3 nm)/Tb0.34Co0.66 (6 nm) alloy wire at various temperatures (T). The threshold current density (Jth) for the CIDWM in the Tb-Co alloy wire was 0.85 × 1011 A/m2 at room temperature, and drastically decreased as T was increased. Particularly, at T = 343 K, Jth (= 0.13 × 1011 A/m2) was almost 7 times lower than that at room temperature. The reduction in Jth can be attributed to thermally activated creep motion and a reduction in the depinning current density. These results indicate that devices using CIDWM can be thermally assisted.
Steroid hormones interact with natriuretic peptide C to delay nuclear maturation, to maintain oocyte–cumulus communication and to improve the quality of in vitro-produced embryos in cattle
Authors: Soares Ana Caroline S. , Lodde Valentina , Barros Rodrigo G. , Price Christopher A. , Luciano Alberto M. , Buratini José
Published: March 2017

In vivo, oocyte maturation is triggered by the ovulatory LH surge, whereas in vitro it is precociously induced when the cumulus–oocyte complex is removed from the follicle. Natriuretic peptide C (NPPC) delays germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) while increasing oocyte–cumulus communication during in vitro maturation (IVM) in cattle. In the present study we first tested the hypothesis that steroids secreted by the follicle (17β-oestradiol, progesterone and androstenedione) interact with NPPC to delay GVBD and to maintain oocyte–cumulus communication as assessed by transfer of a dye (Lucifer Yellow) from the oocyte to cumulus cells. Then, we assessed the effects of steroid hormones and NPPC, alone and in combination in a pre-IVM culture, on embryo production. The combination of NPPC with steroids delayed GVDB, increased natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) mRNA abundance in cumulus cells during culture, and maintained oocyte–cumulus communication at levels not different from non-cultured controls. The addition of steroids and/or NPPC to a pre-IVM culture did not alter blastocyst rates after IVF, but supplementation with steroids increased blastocyst total cell number. The present study provides evidence, for the first time in cattle, that steroids interact with NPPC to regulate oocyte nuclear maturation and oocyte–cumulus communication, and improve oocyte developmental competence.
The crossover conformational shift of the GTPase atlastin provides the energy driving ER fusion
Authors: Winsor James , Hackney David D. , Lee Tina H.
Published: March 2017

The homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes is catalyzed by the atlastin GTPase. The mechanism involves trans-dimerization between GTPase heads and a favorable crossover conformational shift, catalyzed by GTP hydrolysis, that converts the dimer from a “prefusion” to “postfusion” state. However, whether crossover formation actually energizes fusion remains unclear, as do the sequence of events surrounding it. Here, we made mutations in atlastin to selectively destabilize the crossover conformation and used fluorescence-based kinetic assays to analyze the variants. All variants underwent dimerization and crossover concurrently, and at wild-type rates. However, certain variants were unstable once in the crossover dimer conformation, and crossover dimer stability closely paralleled lipid-mixing activity. Tethering, however, appeared to be unimpaired in all mutant variants. The results suggest that tethering and lipid mixing are catalyzed concurrently by GTP hydrolysis but that the energy requirement for lipid mixing exceeds that for tethering, and the full energy released through crossover formation is necessary for fusion.
A new mechanism of voltage-dependent gating exposed by KV10.1 channels interrupted between voltage sensor and pore
Authors: Tomczak Adam P. , Fernández-Trillo Jorge , Bharill Shashank , Papp Ferenc , Panyi Gyorgy , Stühmer Walter , Isacoff Ehud Y. , Pardo Luis A.
Published: March 2017

Voltage-gated ion channels couple transmembrane potential changes to ion flow. Conformational changes in the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) of the channel are thought to be transmitted to the pore domain (PD) through an α-helical linker between them (S4–S5 linker). However, our recent work on channels disrupted in the S4–S5 linker has challenged this interpretation for the KCNH family. Furthermore, a recent single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of KV10.1 revealed that the S4–S5 linker is a short loop in this KCNH family member, confirming the need for an alternative gating model. Here we use “split” channels made by expression of VSD and PD as separate fragments to investigate the mechanism of gating in KV10.1. We find that disruption of the covalent connection within the S4 helix compromises the ability of channels to close at negative voltage, whereas disconnecting the S4–S5 linker from S5 slows down activation and deactivation kinetics. Surprisingly, voltage-clamp fluorometry and MTS accessibility assays show that the motion of the S4 voltage sensor is virtually unaffected when VSD and PD are not covalently bound. Finally, experiments using constitutively open PD mutants suggest that the presence of the VSD is structurally important for the conducting conformation of the pore. Collectively, our observations offer partial support to the gating model that assumes that an inward motion of the C-terminal S4 helix, rather than the S4–S5 linker, closes the channel gate, while also suggesting that control of the pore by the voltage sensor involves more than one mechanism.
Letter to His Family
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to his parents, Donald explains with excitement that he has been picked for the First Fifteen school rugby team, a great and unexpected honour. He also describes being kicked and suffering a blow to the back and the head and losing sensation in his cheek, writing ‘It is awfully funny’.
Letter to His Family
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to his family, Winnicott describes the fun and games enjoyed with his fellow students in his own rooms, probably at Jesus College Cambridge, and the items, books and objects he has around him. He ends by saying, ‘Life is very sweet. Who would think of war to hear me talking. And yet I may as well enjoy myself, even in war time’.
St Bartholomew’s Hospital Amateur Dramatic Club
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A youthful review written by Winnicott while a medical student at St Bart’s of a musical and comical entertainment put on by the hospital’s Amateur Dramatic Club.
A Reminder to the Binder
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A poem written by Winnicott while a medical student at St Bart’s on the place of the book binder in the life and development of a medical student.
The Snag
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A touching vignette written by Winnicott while a student at St Bart’s, on the importance of history taking and meeting each patient as a human in patient assessment.
Two Cases of Post-encephalitic Hyperpnœa
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this case, Winnicott looks at two cases of post-encephalitic hypernoea.
Case of Stunted Growth
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this published medical case, Winnicott gives a history, an examination, and a discussion of a case of stunted growth in a five-year-old boy.
Measles Encephalitis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this case, Winnicott presents the case of a six-year-old sent to Queen’s Hospital on account of abnormal behavior, giving a history, diagnosis and progress of the case.
A Note on Temperature and the Importance of Charts
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 3 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott discusses the importance of using charts to take temperatures to measure variations over time of a child’s temperature
Arthritis Associated with Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 10 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott reminds the clinician to hold in mind the possibility of a form of joint swelling similar to that of true rheumatism, which is a complication of emotional upset. He gives cases, stating that while children are nervous because they are rheumatic, the physician should not rule out that they may also be rheumatic because they are nervous.
Abstract: Psychoanalysis and Medicine
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s abstract of Alexander’s book Psychoanalysis and Medicine.
Discussion
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this report of Winnicott’s discussion of the paper ‘The Difficult Child’ by G. A. Auden, Winnicott states that a difficult child cannot be treated primarily by the insistence of child guidance clinics on external factors as the origin of difficulty. Aggression is present, but the difficult child‘s real motivation is an unconscious fear of an internal bad object. The delinquent does not recognise his own anger except as a self-defensive response against an imagined attack. Winnicott states that one needs to look at the early life of the child and a possible lack of love.
Letter to Robina Addis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the social worker Robina Addis, Winnicott argues that her recent paper on enuresis had not taken into account research from psychoanalysis.
Appetite and Emotional Disorder
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This paper brings together Winnicott’s reflections on appetite and greed. He sets forward the idea that greed is never met with in the human being, even in an infant, in undisguised form, and that greediness, when it appears as a symptom, is always a secondary phenomenon implying anxiety.
The Deprived Mother
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott tries to show that when a child is taken from parents the very strongest feelings are aroused. Those concerned with the problems of the evacuation of children must see the mothers’ problems as well as those of the foster-mothers if they are to understand what they are doing. Winnicott contends that to look after children may be hard and exacting work and can feel like a war job. But to be deprived of one’s children is a poor kind of war work, one that appeals to hardly any mother or father and one that can only be tolerated if its unhappy side is duly appreciated. For this reason, it is necessary really to make the effort to find out what it feels like to be a mother stranded without her child.
Delinquency: Continued
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this short note, Winnicott discusses a psychoanalytic case history of delinquency in which stealing is due to emotional deprivation.
Children in the War
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay Winnicott tries to understand the effect of war on children and finds that it is first necessary to know what capacity children have for understanding war, the causes of war, and the reasons by which we justify our fighting. Of course, what is true of one age group is not true of another. Winnicott indicates the effect of war on various age groups of children, their different characters, and the impact of war news on them all.
Review: The Cambridge Evacuation Survey: A Wartime Study in Social Welfare and Education
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott reviews Susan Isaacs’s The Cambridge Evacuation Survey: A Wartime Study in Social Welfare and Education, which he describes as an objective and unsentimental look at the impact of wartime evacuation on British children.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his letter to the British Medical Journal on Loneliness in Infancy, published 17 October, Winnicott talks about the importance of the emotional aspects of illness.
Getting to Know Your Baby
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This broadcast and essay deals with the mother’s early contact with her baby and their getting to know one another as individuals.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to The British Medical Journal on shock therapy Winnicott discusses the psychological implications of shock therapy and derides its wholesale use in treating mental disorders.
Letter to Dr Marjorie Franklin
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this Letter to Dr Marjorie Franklin Winnicott acknowledges Franklin’s influence on his work.
Evidence Given to the Home Office Committee on Children’s Homes
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

These excerpts record Winnicott relating his work done at Market End House, where residential hostel care was provided for adolescents ‘difficult to billet’ during the wartime evacuation of children. This was to enable the Home Office Committee under Miss Myra Curtis’s chairmanship to consider how well the scheme had worked and if such hostel care could be developed and extended by the government.
Reparation in Respect of Mother’s Organized Defence Against Depression
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper Winnicott discusses how false reparation can appear through a patient’s identification with the mother, where the dominating factor is the mother’s organized defence against depression and unconscious guilt. He states that the attainment of a capacity for making reparation in respect of personal guilt is one of the most important steps in the development of the healthy human being. While Winnicott’s experience tells him that a children’s out-patient department demonstrates the extent of hypochondria in mothers, he admits that there is no sharp dividing line between the hypochondria of a depressed woman and a mother’s genuine concern for her child. The task for the child is to deal with the parent’s mood, after which they can start their own lives. Winnicott discusses the task of the analyst with this sort of patient to not be experienced as depressed - and notes the importance of this relationship between the patient and the environmental mood in group work.
Paediatrics and Psychiatry
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this address, Winnicott describes how a clinical link between infant development and psychiatric states is made, and he stresses the importance of cooperation and consultation between the paediatrician and the child psychiatrist. He emphasises the importance of the infant-mother relationship in developing a human being’s mental health and he is adamant in his belief that doctors and nurses should not interfere with this developing relationship.
Review: The Psychology of the Unwanted Child
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review of A. Bowley’s The Psychology of the Unwanted Child, Winnicott disagrees with some of the author’s technical terms and considers them of no use for ordinary people.
Review: Parents’ Questions
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review Winnicott endorses this book because it is aimed at the ordinary parent; it takes common problems and answers them tactfully.
Review: The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Volume 2
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review Winnicott discusses articles on the theoretical study of psychic structure, a study of laughter, a further contribution from Mrs Burlingham on twins, and a study of the pre-oedipal development of the male child. According to Winnicott, Spitz’s contribution is notable for showing how Klein uses the term ‘depressive position’ to describe a stage of achievement for the human infant.
Letter to Paul Federn
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Paul Federn, Winnicott asks for a copy of Federn’s lectures on psychosis and describes a previous encounter with Federn concerning an article on play that Winnicott had been trying to write.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Roger Money-Kyrle, Winnicott sends a typescript of his work ‘The Meaning of the Word Democracy’.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Money-Kyrle, Winnicott thanks Money-Kyrle for his comments on Winnicott’s paper, ‘The Meaning of the Word Democracy’, and suggests collaboration on a joint paper.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Roger Money-Kyrle, Winnicott thanks him for his constructive criticism on his paper ‘Some Thoughts on the Meaning of the Word Democracy’ .
Letter to Joan Riviere
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Joan Riviere, Winnicott describes his gradual recovery and convalescence from a heart attack (he had two in 1949) which interfered with the giving of a paper to the Society. He sends her a copy of the paper in full, and mentions the proposed closure of his hospital Paddington Green, which he has also had to fight against, despite his poor health.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Roger Money-Kyrle dealing with Melanie Klein’s seventieth birthday commemorations, Winnicott remains interested in contributing a piece on environmental factors to the birthday book for Klein, and suggests that Clifford Scott would be more expert to give a paper on psychosis.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his letter to Money-Kyrle dealing with Melanie Klein’s seventieth birthday commemorations, Winnicott argues against any topic that could increase tension in the society but also suggests there is nevertheless no point in an ‘official’ collection of papers by colleagues that avoids the points of difference that exist between them.
Letter to Joan Riviere
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In these excerpts from a letter, Winnicott’s writes to Riviere regarding comments by Riviere and Heimann about a candidate of his who went to Riviere for supervision. He disputes the suggestion that he avoids the negative maternal transference. His opinion of the candidate’s ability is very high, in comparison to Riviere’s.
The End of the Digestive Process
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott describes the experience of the baby’s eating and its bowel motions. In a baby the guts are about twelve feet long. At first we need not expect the baby to hold its food in the rectum. By leaving the matter to your baby (although helping in so far as the baby cannot manage alone) you are interested because you love your baby in the way mothers do, so what is important to the baby is important to you. So the mother adapts to what the baby’s bowel activity requires and responds with love to this early phase. A less ‘adaptive’ mother is a mother who practically never let any of her babies have a natural motion because she had a theory that the motion in the rectum poisons the baby in some way or other. This mother was always interfering with each baby’s rectum with soapsticks and enemas, and the result was more than chaotic.
Enuresis: Notes for a Lecture to the Tavistock Children’s Department
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

These notes are points for a lecture to the Tavistock Clinic, covering normal urinary function, oral function, anal function, enuresis as conscious defiance, enuresis related to various conditions and emotional states, and its wider symbolic meanings especially in primitive states.
Aggression in Relation to Emotional Development
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott states that the basis for a study of actual aggression must be a study of the roots of aggressive intention. The main source of aggression is instinctual experience. In the stage of what Winnicott calls Pre-Concern, aggression is a part of love. If it is lost at this stage of emotional development there is some degree of loss of the capacity to love; to make relationships with objects. During the Stage of Concern there are innocent aggressive impulses towards frustrating objects, and guilt-productive aggressive impulses towards good objects. With the phase he describes as the Growth of Inner World, the child becomes concerned with the effect on his mother of his impulses, and the results of his experiences in his own self. A complex series of defence mechanisms develops, which should be examined in any attempt to understand aggression in a child who has reached this stage. A state of what looks like delusional madness easily appears through the child’s projection of inner world experience out onto his objects. All being well through these stages, aggression then can come to have social value.
Letter to Hannah ‘Queen’ Henry
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Hannah Henry, Winnicott writes to say he has left his first wife, Alice.
Some Thoughts on the Meaning of the Word Democracy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott discusses how Democracy is a ‘society well-adjusted to its healthy individual members’. To study the emotional development of society is to study the individual and the element of maturity. A community is never composed of 100% of healthy, mature individuals, and it is important to know what proportion of mature individuals is necessary if there is to be an innate democratic tendency, or what proportion of antisocial individuals a society can contain without submergence of innate democratic tendency. The democratic burden falls on those who are maturing as individuals, and who can add a social sense to their personal development. To some extent, in the democratic election mature people elect temporary parents, which means that to some extent the electors remain children. Connected to this is a fear of women, which has led to so few women in positions of political power. Winnicott concludes that the democratic tendency can be strengthened by a study of the psychology of social as well as of individual maturity.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the British Medical Journal, Winnicott asserts that leucotomy enthusiasts have abandoned their initial claim that they use this technique only in hopeless mental hospital cases, and he claims that the indications for this treatment have now encroached on the psychoneuroses. Winnicott supports the human right to suffer.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to The Times, Winnicott states that day nurseries deserve support because they meet the urgent needs of families and help to keep them together. He upholds his belief that nursery schools provide something very good, and that the British nursery school tradition aims at enabling children to be individuals, which characterizes modern education as a whole. He mentions Margaret McMillan and Susan Isaacs as prominent figures in this field.
Review: The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Volumes 3–4 and Volume 5
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , Freud Anna , Hoffer Willie , Glover Edward
Published: March 2017

In this review Winnicott concludes that the work is excellent for those interested in child psychiatry and in the roots of mental health and mental disorder. He believes that the volumes contain important contributions to every aspect of dynamic psychology and its practice. Winnicott recommends Anna Freud’s contribution to a symposium on aggression, August Aichhorn on female juvenile delinquents, and articles by René A. Spitz, on observations of infants deprived of natural human relationships. He asserts that the volumes provide a valuable link between psychoanalysis in the United States and in Great Britain and Holland.
Review: On Not Being Able to Paint
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his review of Marion Milner’s On Not Being Able to Paint, Winnicott describes the book as not just being about painting or not painting: The central concept presented to the reader has to do, instead, with the subjective way of experiencing and the role of this in the creative process.
Review: Problems of Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his review of Problems of Infancy and Childhood, Winnicott values the book for giving an account of a free discussion among a great variety of health professionals working in the field of Child Health on topics relating to mothers and their children’s health.
Letter to The Lancet
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to The Lancet, Winnicott expresses approval of the journal’s questioning the ethics of leucotomy. He maintains his stance that ordinary medical opinion and public opinion need to be made clear to the Board of Control with regard to the use of this surgical procedure.
Letter to Augusta Bonnard
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott congratulates Bonnard on her paper and the analysis she is conducting, describing her as ‘like a wireless set, only better because human’.
Review: Direct Analysis: Selected Papers
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott discusses Rosen’s idea of 'direct analysis' with psychotics and his conception of the ‘bad mother’.
Letter to W. Clifford M. Scott
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott disagrees with Scott’s assumptions about sleep as an element of regression, suggesting that regression is different from a normal night sleep and discussing the importance of dreams.
Letter to The Spectator
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott responds to an article by a specialist on leucotomy, disagreeing with the procedure and with its possible extension to use with all cases of mental disorder. He argues that life is difficult and suffering is inevitable and that this cannot be ‘cut out’ from patients.
The Depressive Position in Normal Emotional Development
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This paper is Winnicott’s account of the Depressive Position as a normal stage in the development of healthy infants, an achievement mostly belonging to the weaning age. It does not mean healthy infants pass through a stage of depression. Emotionally unhealthy, depersonalized babies lack the preconditions for this achievement. The mother holds the situation in time, so that the baby may experience ‘excited’ relationships and meet the consequences. Integration in the child’s mind of the split between the child-care environment and the exciting environment (the two aspects of mother) depends on good-enough mothering and the mother’s survival. The baby experiences this while the mother is holding the situation and the infant realizes that the ‘quiet’ mother was involved in the full tide of instinctual experience, and has survived. Instinctual experience brings anxiety and guilt but clinically children are sometimes without a sense of guilt, although they can go on to develop it. In the inner world of the individual who has achieved the depressive position there is on balance a reduced depressive mood and their reaction to loss is grief, or sadness. Where there is some degree of failure at the depressive position the result of loss is depression. The child who has reached the depressive position can get on with the problem of triangular interpersonal relationships: the classical Oedipus complex.
Metapsychological and Clinical Aspects of Regression Within the Psycho-Analytical Set-Up
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This paper deals with regression in psycho-analysis, and shows how regression implies the existence of an existing ego organization facing a threat of chaos. Psycho-analytic theory proposes unfavourable situations can create fixation points in the emotional development of the individual, but when there is an ‘environmental failure situation’ personal defences organized by the individual will require analysis. With a regressed patient the analytic setting represents the mother with her technique, and the patient is an infant. The regression is an organized return to early dependence. Progress from primary narcissism starts anew in analysis with the true self gradually able to meet the original environmental failure situations in the transference without the organization of the defences that involve a false self protecting it. Psychotic illness can only be relieved by specialized environmental provision by the analyst with the patient’s ‘regression to dependence’ - Winnicott’s own term - and with due sense of the risk involved. With the regressed patient the word need, not wish, is correct. There are no reasons an analyst should want a patient to regress (except for grossly pathological reasons). The psycho-analyst familiar with psychoneurosis can find it difficult to understand regression and the theoretical implication of the patient’s expectations that belong to the need to regress. On recovery from regression the patient will then need ordinary analysis as designed for the management of the depressive position and of the Oedipus complex in interpersonal relationships.
Review: Aggression and Its Interpretation
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott describes how Jackson’s book is based on experience and uses a comparative approach with three groups of children; he feels that the author has scotomised the work of Klein and that this skews the book.
On Adoption
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

An essay in which Winnicott expresses his belief that every adopted child needs to be told he or she is adopted as soon as possible. Because of the circumstances of their birth, when older, they will need definite information about sex and their own origins which the biological child can acquire in a more haphazard way. Because they are dealing with the child’s whole being adoptive parents must be more aware of what child development is about, and much more than parents who are caring for their own children. The psychological needs of adopted children must be considered even when they are healthy.
Letter to Thomas Stapleton
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to his colleague at Paddington Green Children’s Department discussing Winnicott’s work on their Memorandum on Homosexuality and the Law.
Memorandum from Paddington Green Children’s Hospital Psychology Department on Homosexuality and the Law
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A memorandum from Winnicott’s department at Paddington Green Hospital on homosexuality and the law. In it, Winnicott expresses his opinion that, for healthy people homosexuality presents no difficulty, becomes diffused into the general cultural pattern, and is controllable according to public opinion and its demands. He goes on to say that when there is an underlying psychological illness, then homosexual behavior may lead to problems. Winnicott believes that fear of homosexuality accounts for moral attitudes which hamper the scientific and nonmoralistic treatment of this issue, and that the law needs to take into account individual illness and individual health.
Letter to the British Medical Journal , Comforters
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to the British Medical Journal in which he notes the article in which Dr Nigel Swallow recognises that the objects small children carry around with them are significant. Winnicott expresses his view that this tendency is an important part of the normal child’s developing capacity to relate to an external world.
Letter to Wilfred R. Bion
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Wilfred R. Bion describing Winnicott’s belief that Bion will have a great future. Winnicott goes on to discuss his feelings about the paper that Bion presented to the BPAS, adding that he regretted the lack of time for a group discussion of the paper’s important topics. He also comments on the overuse of projective identification and endorses Bion’s theories of the neurotic and psychotic parts of the personality.
Foreword to Any Wife, Any Husband by Dr Joan Graham
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s Foreword to Joan Graham Malleson’s Any Wife or Any Husband is a positive endorsement of the book and its willingness to discuss both physical and psychological issues in marriage in a very clear way.
Letter to Charles M. Schulz
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Charles Schulz, the creator of the comic strip cartoon Peanuts, Winnicott asks for permission to reproduce an image from the cartoon for his upcoming book on account of its pertinence to Winnicott’s theory of transitional objects.
What Do We Know About Babies as Cloth Suckers?
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott discusses the psychology of infancy with particular reference to babies that start to attach to and are comforted by pieces of cloth or teddies. He proposes that a baby’s objects are halfway between being part of the infant and part of the world and that this represents a crude form of what later we call the imagination. The imaginative feeding experience is much wider than the purely physical experience and can quickly involve a rich relationship to the mother’s breast, and feeling, finger-sucking, the sucking of cloths or the clutching of the rag doll are the infant’s first show of affectionate behaviour. For the immature self of a very young child it is self-expression perhaps in habits like cloth-sucking that feels real, and gives the mother and infant an opportunity for a human relatedness that is not at the mercy of the instincts.
Fragments Concerning Varieties of Clinical Confusion
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott considers matters concerning the clinical psychoanalytic setting, and in particular that confusion that he believes is a feature of obsessional behaviour. In health, muddles can be sorted, but in illness, he sees it as an organised defence. He recognizes that some depressed patients can be obsessional at times, and that some can become temporarily depressed. He points out that depression as a clinical state is not ‘the depressive position’. The patient’s failure to reach the depressive position underlies depressive and obsessional states equally. He believes that confusion as an organised defence must be analysed to arrive at the centre of the individual, where there is a primary chaos, the primary state of unintegration. He considers that the patient’s capacity to tolerate mood is central to their development. Depression then implies hope.
Notes on Adolescence
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This is a collection of notes, often highly abbreviated, in which Winnicott puts down various points related to adolescent development in both the healthy and psychologically ill child. He expresses his belief that psychological interventions and assistance do not aim to cure adolescents but instead to ‘see them through’, giving every child the opportunity to find his or her own solution through internal work and reality testing.
Letter to Margaret Mead
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Margaret Mead for her presentation before the BPAS and hopes that she may be able to meet with his paediatric group.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott protests at what he understands as a desecration of the language, the omission of the ‘u’ in the new Australian airline named ‘Qant’.
The Contribution of Psycho-Analysis to Midwifery
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the psychoanalytic contribution to relationships between the doctor, the nurse, the midwife, and the patient, with reference to childbirth and the immediate postnatal period.
Hallucination and Dehallucination
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

For Winnicott there is a difference between hallucinating, which denotes illness, and that which has no such significance; in other words, between normal and pathological hallucinating. He recommends Dr Margaret Little’s paper on delusional transference as useful. He discusses a patient’s state of hallucination in order to arrive at distressing early experiences, often in a very regressed state. The early experience has then to be explored carefully to ascertain whether it was a real event or a dream.