bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of body mass index on the outcomes of cementless medial mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee replacements
Authors: Mohammad Hasan Raza , Mellon Stephen , Judge Andrew , Dodd Christopher , Murray David
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Given an increasingly overweight population, unicompartmental knee replacements (UKRs) are being performed in patients with higher body mass indices (BMIs). There are concerns that cemented fixation will not last. Cementless fixation may offer a solution, but the long term results in different BMI groups has not been assessed. We studied the effect of BMI on the outcomes of cementless UKRs.

Methods

A prospective cohort of 1000 medial cementless mobile-bearing UKR with a mean follow up of 6.6 years (SD 2.7) were analysed. UKRs were categorised into four BMI groups: (1) ≥ 18.5 to < 25 kg/m2 (normal), (2) 25 to < 30 kg/m2 (overweight), (3) 30 to < 35 kg/m2 (obese class 1) and (4) ≥ 35 kg/m2 (obese class 2). Implant survival was assessed using endpoints reoperation and revision. Functional outcomes were assessed.

Results

Ten-year cumulative revision rate for the normal (n = 186), overweight (n = 434), obese class 1 (n = 213) and obese class 2 (n = 127) groups were 1.8% (CI 0.4–7.4), 2.6% (CI 1.3–5.1), 3.8% (CI 1.5–9.2) and 1.7% (CI 0.4–6.8) with no significant differences between groups (p = 0.79). The 10-year cumulative reoperation rates were 2.7% (CI 0.8–8.2), 3.8% (CI 2.2–6.6), 5.2% (CI 2.5–10.7) and 1.7% (CI 0.4–6.8) with no significant differences between groups (p = 0.44). The 10-year median Oxford Knee Score were 43.0, 46.0, 44.0 and 38.0 respectively.

Conclusion

Cementless mobile-bearing UKR has low 10-year reoperation and revision rates across in all BMI groups, and there are no significant differences between the groups. Although higher BMI groups had slightly worse functional outcomes, the improvement in function compared to preoperatively  tended to be better. This study suggests that BMI should not be considered a contraindication for the cementless mobile-bearing UKR.
The number of failed components in a coherent working system when the lifetimes are discretely distributed
Authors: Jasiński Krzysztof
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we study the number of failed components of a coherent system. We consider the case when the component lifetimes are discrete random variables that may be dependent and non-identically distributed. Firstly, we compute the probability that there are exactly i, $$i=0,\ldots ,n-k,$$

i
=
0
,
…
,
n
-
k
,

failures in a k-out-of-n system under the condition that it is operating at time t. Next, we extend this result to other coherent systems. In addition, we show that, in the most popular model of independent and identically distributed component lifetimes, the obtained probability corresponds to the respective one derived in the continuous case and existing in the literature.
Hypoplastic Left Heart: Stage-I Will be Performed Interventionally, Soon
Authors: Schranz Dietmar , Esmaeili Anoosh , Akintuerk Hakan
Published: April 2021

The hypoplasia of left-sided heart structures shows great variability and complexity. What the many variants have in common is that their heart structures are neither fully developed before nor after birth. Fetuses and newborns require an individual therapy depending on anatomy and function of the heart. Fetal interventions focus on improving left heart structures by catheter-based interventions and maternal hyperoxygenation which promotes growth as the left ventricular preload and blood flow within the cavity increase. Stage-I management of newborns with single ventricle physiology is usually based on the Norwood/Sano surgery or the Hybrid approach. Two more steps are required to ultimately achieve a Fontan circulation. Some centers also use the Hybrid approach for subsequent Norwood operation beyond the neonatal period. After the Hybrid approach, a comprehensive stage-II or corrective surgery is performed, the latter if a bi-ventricular circulation is possible. With progressively improved catheter-based interventions, particularly ductal stenting and manipulations of the atrial septum, the next advance is to develop a bespoke flow restrictor that can be easily inserted into the branches of the pulmonary artery. The main goal is to avoid complex heart operations under general anesthesia, followed by substantial intensive care in the neonatal period, especially for patients with complex heart defects. Based on the current state of the art of surgical treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and variants with the Norwood surgery or the Hybrid approach, our main focus is on an alternative percutaneous transcatheter technique in the sense of a completely non-surgical stage-I approach.
The triangular fibrocartilage complex on high-resolution 3 T MRI in healthy adolescents: the thin line between asymptomatic findings and pathology
Authors: van der Post Anne-Sophie , Jens Sjoerd , Smithuis Frank F. , Obdeijn Miryam C. , Oostra Roelof-Jan , Maas Mario
Published: April 2021

Objective

The objective of the study is to provide a reference for morphology, homogeneity, and signal intensity of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and TFCC-related MRI features in adolescents.

Materials and methods

Prospectively collected data on asymptomatic participants aged 12–18 years, between June 2015 and November 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. A radiograph was performed in all participants to determine skeletal age and ulnar variance. A 3-T MRI followed to assess TFCC components and TFCC-related features. A standardized scoring form, based on MRI definitions used in literature on adults, was used for individual assessment of all participants by four observers. Results per item were expressed as frequencies (percentages) of observations by all observers for all participants combined (n = 92). Inter-observer agreement was determined by the unweighted Fleiss’ kappa with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

The cohort consisted of 23 asymptomatic adolescents (12 girls and 11 boys). Median age was 13.5 years (range 12.0–17.0). Median ulnar variance was −0.7 mm (range − 2.7–1.4). Median triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) thickness was 1.4 mm (range 0.1–2.9). Diffuse increased TFC signal intensity not reaching the articular surface was observed in 30 (33%) observations and a vertical linear increased signal intensity with TFC discontinuation in 19 (20%) observations. Discontinuation between the volar radioulnar ligament and the TFC in the sagittal plane was seen in 23 (25%) observations. The extensor carpi ulnaris was completely dislocated in 10 (11%) observations, more frequent in supinated wrists (p = 0.031). Inter-observer agreement ranged from poor to fair for scoring items on the individual TFCC components.

Conclusion

MRI findings, whether normal variation or asymptomatic abnormality, can be observed in TFCC and TFCC-related features of asymptomatic adolescents. The rather low inter-observer agreement underscores the challenges in interpreting these small structures on MRI. This should be taken into consideration when interpreting clinical MRIs and deciding upon arthroscopy.
Position paper of the EACVI and EANM on artificial intelligence applications in multimodality cardiovascular imaging using SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and cardiac CT
Authors: Slart Riemer H. J. A. , Williams Michelle C. , Juarez-Orozco Luis Eduardo , Rischpler Christoph , Dweck Marc R. , Glaudemans Andor W. J. M. , Gimelli Alessia , Georgoulias Panagiotis , Gheysens Olivier , Gaemperli Oliver , Habib Gilbert , Hustinx Roland , Cosyns Bernard , Verberne Hein J. , Hyafil Fabien , Erba Paola A. , Lubberink Mark , Slomka Piotr , Išgum Ivana , Visvikis Dimitris , Kolossváry Márton , Saraste Antti
Published: April 2021

In daily clinical practice, clinicians integrate available data to ascertain the diagnostic and prognostic probability of a disease or clinical outcome for their patients. For patients with suspected or known cardiovascular disease, several anatomical and functional imaging techniques are commonly performed to aid this endeavor, including coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and nuclear cardiology imaging. Continuous improvement in positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and CT hardware and software has resulted in improved diagnostic performance and wide implementation of these imaging techniques in daily clinical practice. However, the human ability to interpret, quantify, and integrate these data sets is limited. The identification of novel markers and application of machine learning (ML) algorithms, including deep learning (DL) to cardiovascular imaging techniques will further improve diagnosis and prognostication for patients with cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this position paper of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) is to provide an overview of the general concepts behind modern machine learning-based artificial intelligence, highlights currently prefered methods, practices, and computational models, and proposes new strategies to support the clinical application of ML in the field of cardiovascular imaging using nuclear cardiology (hybrid) and CT techniques.
Crohn’s disease: a population-based study of surgery in the age of biological therapy
Authors: Stöss Christian , Berlet Maximilian , Reischl Stefan , Nitsche Ulrich , Weber Marie-Christin , Friess Helmut , Wilhelm Dirk , Neumann Philipp-Alexander
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Despite primary conservative therapy for Crohn’s disease, a considerable proportion of patients ultimately needs to undergo surgery. Presumably, due to the increased use of biologics, the number of surgeries might have decreased. This study aimed to delineate current case numbers and trends in surgery in the era of biological therapy for Crohn’s disease.

Methods

Nationwide standardized hospital discharge data (diagnosis-related groups statistics) from 2010 to 2017 were used. All patients who were admitted as inpatient Crohn’s disease cases in Germany were included. Time-related development of admission numbers, rate of surgery, morbidity, and mortality of inpatient Crohn’s disease cases were analyzed.

Results

A total number of 201,165 Crohn’s disease cases were included. Within the analyzed time period, the total number of hospital admissions increased by 10.6% (n = 23,301 vs. 26,069). While gender and age distribution remained comparable, patients with comorbidities such as stenosis formation (2010: 10.1%, 2017: 13.4%) or malnutrition (2010: 0.8%, 2017: 3.2%) were increasingly admitted. The total number of all analyzed operations for Crohn’s disease increased by 7.5% (2010: n = 1567; 2017: n = 1694). On average, 6.8 ± 0.2% of all inpatient patients received ileocolonic resections. Procedures have increasingly been performed minimally invasive (2010: n = 353; 2017: n = 687). The number of postoperative complications remained low.

Conclusion

Despite the development of novel immunotherapeutics, the number of patients requiring surgery for Crohn’s disease remains stable. Interestingly, patients have been increasingly hospitalized with stenosis and malnutrition. The trend towards more minimally invasive operations has not relevantly changed the rate of overall complications.
Structural MRI substrate of long-duration response to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory study
Authors: Donzuso Giulia , Sciacca Giorgia , Rascunà Cristina , Cicero Calogero E. , Mostile Giovanni , Nicoletti Alessandra , Zappia Mario
Published: April 2021

Objective

The long-duration response (LDR) to L-dopa is a sustained benefit deriving from chronic administration of therapy to patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Almost all patients with early PD may develop the LDR to L-dopa, even if some patients could not at given dosages of the drug. Aim of this exploratory study is to investigate whether a neuroanatomical substrate may underlie the development of the of LDR using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis.

Methods

Twenty-four drug-naïve PD patients were enrolled and underwent a baseline 3D T1-weighted structural brain MRI. Then, a treatment with 250/25 mg of L-dopa/carbidopa every 24 h was started and, after 2 weeks, LDR was evaluated by movement time recordings.

Results

After 2 weeks of continuative therapy, 15 patients (62.5%) showed a sustained LDR (LDR +), while nine patients (37.5%) did not develop a sustained LDR (LDR −). VBM analysis on MRI executed before treatment showed changes of gray matter in precentral and middle frontal gyri in patients subsequently developing a sustained LDR with respect to those patients who will not achieve LDR.

Conclusions

Parkinsonian patients who will develop a LDR to L-dopa may present, before starting treatment, peculiar structural conditions in cortical areas involved in motor control. Our exploratory study suggests that some cortical structural changes may predispose individual patients for developing the LDR to L-dopa.
Two generalized Tricomi equations
Authors: Paronetto Fabio
Published: April 2021

In this note we give existence results for the generalized Tricomi equations$${\mathcal {R}}u'' + {\mathcal {B}}u = f$$Ru′′+Bu=fand$$({\mathcal {R}}u')' + {\mathcal {B}}u = f$$(Ru′)′+Bu=fwith suitable boundary data where$${\mathcal {R}}$$Rmay be an operator (or a function) depending also on time assuming positive, null and negative sign, while$${\mathcal {B}}$$Bis an elliptic operator. To do that we also extend a result for equations like$$({\mathcal {R}}u')' + {\mathcal {A}}u' + {\mathcal {B}}u = f$$(Ru′)′+Au′+Bu=fto equations like$${\mathcal {R}}u'' + {\mathcal {A}}u' + {\mathcal {B}}u = f$$Ru′′+Au′+Bu=fand use these to derive the existence for the generalised Tricomi type equations mentioned above.
Middle and Late Devonian paleogeography of the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco)
Authors: Wendt Jobst
Published: April 2021

The eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco represents one of the most completely exposed and perfectly documented biostratigraphic records of the entire Devonian worldwide. Paleogeographically it is clearly differentiated into shallow basins, pelagic platforms, and land areas which are newly defined and illustrated, one from the top of the Middle Devonian, the other from the middle Famennian as two of the most characteristic intervals. The dominant paleogeographic feature is the T-shaped Tafilalt Platform which, in spite of common unconformities and hiatuses, provides the best-documented biostratigraphic record through the entire Devonian. The westernmost termination of this platform was emerged during most of the Devonian (and locally even earlier) and became only flooded again by the Tournaisian transgression. In contrast to previous interpretations, this area is considered as autochthonous. In the Mader Basin subsidence was up to one hundred times higher with respect to the adjacent platforms, but water depth during the Middle Devonian to middle Famennian interval generally remained above storm-wave base. Devonian rocks are only patchily and incompletely preserved on the Mader Platform, which can be considered as an intermittently flooded peninsula connected to the Lower Paleozoic farther west. The major paleotectonic element of the entire area is the Great Anti-Atlas Fault, a sinistral strike-slip fault, which sharply confines the above-mentioned realms in the south.
The importance of genetic testing for dystonia patients and translational research
Authors: Pozojevic Jelena , Beetz Christian , Westenberger Ana
Published: April 2021

Genetic testing through a variety of methods is a fundamental but underutilized approach for establishing the precise genetic diagnosis in patients with heritable forms of dystonia. Our knowledge of numerous dystonia-related genes, variants that they may contain, associated clinical presentations, and molecular disease mechanism may have significant translational potential for patients with genetically confirmed dystonia or their family members. Importantly, genetic testing permits the assembly of patient cohorts pertinent for dystonia-related research and developing therapeutics. Here we review the genetic testing approaches relevant to dystonia patients, and summarize and illustrate the multifold benefits of establishing an accurate molecular diagnosis for patients imminently or for translational research in the long run.
Stormwater harvesting in ephemeral streams: how to bypass clogging and unsaturated layers
Authors: Henao Casas José D. , Kalwa Fritz , Walther Marc , Rausch Randolf
Published: April 2021

To cope with water scarcity in drylands, stormwater is often collected in surface basins and subsequently stored in shallow aquifers via infiltration. These stormwater harvesting systems are often accompanied by high evaporation rates and hygiene problems. This is commonly a consequence of low infiltration rates, which are caused by clogging layers that form on top of the soil profile and the presence of a thick vadose zone. The present study aims to develop a conceptual solution to increase groundwater recharge rates in stormwater harvesting systems. The efficiency of vadose-zone wells and infiltration trenches is tested using analytical equations, numerical models, and sensitivity analyses. Dams built in the channel of ephemeral streams (wadis) are selected as a study case to construct the numerical simulations. The modelling demonstrated that vadose-zone wells and infiltration trenches contribute to effective bypassing of the clogging layer. By implementing these solutions, recharge begins 2250–8100% faster than via infiltration from the bed surface of the wadi reservoir. The sensitivity analysis showed that the recharge rates are especially responsive to well length and trench depth. In terms of recharge quantity, the well had the best performance; it can infiltrate up to 1642% more water than the reservoir, and between 336 and 825% more than the trench. Moreover, the well can yield the highest cumulative recharge per dollar and high recharge rates when there are limitations to the available area. The methods investigated here significantly increased recharge rates, providing practical solutions to enhance aquifer water storage in drylands.
Wirtschaftspolitik des Deutschen Reichs ab 1871 — Lehren für die heutige Zeit?
Authors:   ZG Überblick
Published: April 2021

Das Deutsche Reich feiert 2021 seinen 150. Geburtstag. Die Reichsgründung fiel in die zweite Phase der Industrialisierung, die in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts begann und sich zunehmend beschleunigte. Anlässlich des diesjährigen Jubiläums widmen sich die Autoren bedeutenden wirtschaftlichen und wirtschaftspolitischen Entwicklungen jener Zeit. Im Fokus stehen dabei institutionelle Errungenschaften, die erste Globalisierung, die Effekte von Investitionen in die öffentliche Infrastruktur wie Eisenbahnbau und Bildung sowie die Sozialversicherung und deren Einfluss auf den demografischen Wandel. Diese wirtschaftshistorischen Betrachtungen liefern nicht nur einen Erkenntnisgewinn zum Deutschen Reich, es können zudem Lehren für die heutige Zeit gezogen werden.
Die Verteilung der Steuer- und Abgabenlast
Authors: Isaak Niklas , Jäger Philipp , Jessen Robin
Published: April 2021

Im Rahmen einer Querschnittsanalyse wird die Steuer- und Abgabenlast in Deutschland auf Haushaltsebene für 2018 untersucht. Neben der Belastung nach Haushaltseinkommen wird die Belastung nach der Konsumhöhe betrachtet. Schließlich wird der Beitrag unterschiedlicher Einkommensgruppen zur Staatsfinanzierung dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die durchschnittliche Abgabenquote 40 % bei einem Bruttoeinkommen von 24.000 Euro beträgt. Bei einem Einkommen von 80.000 Euro steigt die Quote auf über 50 %.
Convex combination of alternating projection and Douglas–Rachford operators for phase retrieval
Authors: Thao Nguyen Hieu , Soloviev Oleg , Verhaegen Michel
Published: April 2021

We present the convergence analysis of convex combination of the alternating projection and Douglas–Rachford operators for solving the phase retrieval problem. New convergence criteria for iterations generated by the algorithm are established by applying various schemes of numerical analysis and exploring both physical and mathematical characteristics of the phase retrieval problem. Numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the algorithm over the other widely known projection methods in practically relevant simulations.
Associations Between Patterns of Alcohol Use and Viral Load Suppression Amongst Women Living with HIV in South Africa
Authors: Myers B. , Lombard C. , Joska J. A. , Abdullah F. , Naledi T. , Lund C. , Petersen Williams P. , Stein D. J. , Sorsdahl K. R.
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to identify alcohol use patterns associated with viral non-suppression among women living with HIV (WLWH) and the extent to which adherence mediated these relationships. Baseline data on covariates, alcohol consumption, ART adherence, and viral load were collected from 608 WLWH on ART living in the Western Cape, South Africa. We defined three consumption patterns: no/light drinking (drinking ≤ 1/week and ≤ 4 drinks/occasion), occasional heavy episodic drinking (HED) (drinking > 1 and ≤ 2/week and ≥ 5 drinks/occasion) and frequent HED (drinking ≥ 3 times/week and ≥ 5 drinks/occasion). In multivariable analyses, occasional HED (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.78–5.30) and frequent HED (OR 7.11, 95% CI 4.24–11.92) were associated with suboptimal adherence. Frequent HED was associated with viral non-suppression (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.30–3.28). Suboptimal adherence partially mediated the relationship between frequent HED and viral non-suppression. Findings suggest a direct relationship between frequency of HED and viral suppression. Given the mediating effects of adherence on this relationship, alcohol interventions should be tailored to frequency of HED while also addressing adherence.
Climate scientists set the bar of proof too high
Authors: Lloyd Elisabeth A. , Oreskes Naomi , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Larson Edward J.
Published: April 2021

Standards of proof for attributing real world events/damage to global warming should be the same as in clinical or environmental lawsuits, argue Lloyd et al. The central question that we raise is effective communication. How can climate scientists best and effectively communicate their findings to crucial non-expert audiences, including public policy makers and civil society? To address this question, we look at the mismatch between what courts require and what climate scientists are setting as a bar of proof. Our first point is that scientists typically demand too much of themselves in terms of evidence, in comparison with the level of evidence required in a legal, regulatory, or public policy context. Our second point is to recommend that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommend more prominently the use of the category “more likely than not” as a level of proof in their reports, as this corresponds to the standard of proof most frequently required in civil court rooms. This has also implications for public policy and the public communication of climate evidence.
Altered Spectrum of Lymphoid Neoplasms in a Single-Center Cohort of Common Variable Immunodeficiency with Immune Dysregulation
Authors: Wehr Claudia , Houet Leonora , Unger Susanne , Kindle Gerhard , Goldacker Sigune , Grimbacher Bodo , Caballero Garcia de Oteyza Andrés , Marks Reinhard , Pfeifer Dietmar , Nieters Alexandra , Proietti Michele , Warnatz Klaus , Schmitt-Graeff Annette
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) confers an increased risk of lymphoid neoplasms, but reports describing the precise WHO specification of the lymphoma subtypes and their immunological environment are lacking. We therefore classified lymphomas—occurring in a cohort of 21 adult CVID patients during a 17-year period at our center—according to the 2016 WHO classification and characterized the local and systemic immunological context

Results

The median time between the onset of CVID and lymphoma was 14 years. Patients showed a high prevalence of preceding immune dysregulation: lymphadenopathy (n = 13, 62%), splenomegaly (n = 18, 86%), autoimmune cytopenia (n = 14, 67%), and gastrointestinal involvement (n = 15, 71%). The entities comprised extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (n = 6), diffuse large B cell lymphoma (n = 7), plasmablastic lymphoma (n = 1), classic Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 4, including three cases with germline CTLA4 mutations), T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (n = 2), and peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (n = 1), but no follicular lymphoma. An Epstein-Barr virus association was documented in eight of 16 investigated lymphomas. High expression of PDL1 by tumor cells in five and of PDL1 and PD1 by tumor-infiltrating macrophages and T cells in 12 of 12 investigated lymphomas suggested a tolerogenic immunological tumor environment.

Conclusion

In summary, a diverse combination of specific factors like genetic background, chronic immune activation, viral trigger, and impaired immune surveillance contributes to the observed spectrum of lymphomas in CVID. In the future, targeted therapies, e.g., PD1/PDL1 inhibitors in CVID associated lymphomas with a tolerogenic environment may improve therapy outcome.
Reflective Writing about Near-Peer Blogs: A Novel Method for Introducing the Medical Humanities in Premedical Education
Authors: Bracken Rachel Conrad , Major Ajay , Paul Aleena , Ostherr Kirsten
Published: April 2021

Narrative analysis, creative writing, and interactive reflective writing have been identified as valuable for professional identity formation and resilience among medical and premedical students alike. This study proposes that medical student blogs are novel pedagogical tools for fostering peer-to-peer learning in academic medicine and are currently underutilized as a near-peer resource for premedical students to learn about the medical profession. To evaluate the pedagogical utility of medical student blogs for introducing core themes in the medical humanities, the authors conducted qualitative analysis of one hundred seventy-six reflective essays by baccalaureate premedical students written in response to medical student-authored narrative blog posts. Using an iterative thematic approach, the authors identified common patterns in the reflective essays, distilled major themes, coded the essays, and conducted narrative analysis through close reading. Qualitative analysis identified three core themes (empathic conflict, bias in healthcare, and the humanity of medicine) and one overarching theme (near-peer affinities). The premedical students’ essays demonstrated significant self-reflection in response to near-peer works, discussed their perceptions of medical professionalism, and expressed concerns about their future progress through the medical education system. The essays consistently attributed the impact of the medical student narratives to the authors’ status as near-peers. The authors conclude that reading and engaging in reflective writing about near-peer blog posts encourages premedical students to develop an understanding of core concepts in the medical humanities and promotes their reflection on the profession of medicine. Thus, incorporating online blogs written by medical trainees as narrative works in medical humanities classrooms is a novel pedagogical method for fostering peer-to-peer learning in academic medicine.
Boundaries Crossed and Boundaries Made: The Productive Tension Between Learning and Influence in Transformative Networks
Authors: Risien Julie , Goldstein Bruce Evan
Published: April 2021

We present an in-depth case study of a learning network that aims to transform infrastructure and practice across the research enterprise to advance societal impacts. The theory of social morphogenesis guides our processual qualitative analysis of the network. We describe how different types of boundary work, both building and navigating across boundaries, operate in tension while contributing to transformative capacity. We conclude that learning networks can play a robust role in fostering transformation by drawing together and holding together forces which expand knowledge and authority over time iteratively and recursively. In addition to this theoretical contribution, we provide practical guidance for how network leaders can dynamically manage boundaries, shifting emphasis between strength and fluidity to support transformative change across sites and scales.
Duplex high resolution melting analysis (dHRMA) to detect two hot spot CYP24A1 pathogenic variants (PVs) associated to idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH)
Authors: De Bonis Maria , De Paolis Elisa , Onori Maria Elisabetta , Mazzuccato Giorgia , Gatto Antonio , Ferrara Pietro , Ferraro Pietro Manuel , Urbani Andrea , Minucci Angelo
Published: April 2021

Pathogenic variants (PVs) in CYP24A1 gene are associated with Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia disease (IIH). The identification of CYP24A1 PVs can be a useful tool for the improvement of target therapeutic strategies. Aim of this study is to set up a rapid and inexpensive High Resolution Melting Analysis (HRMA)-based method for the simultaneous genotyping of two hot spot PVs in CYP24A1 gene, involved in IIH. A duplex-HRMA (dHRMA) was designed in order to detect simultaneously CYP24A1 c.428_430delAAG, p.(Glu143del) (rs777676129) and c.1186C > T, p.(Arg396Trp) (rs114368325), in peculiar cases addressed to our Laboratory. dHRMA was able to identify clearly and simultaneously both hot spot CYP24A1 PVs evaluating melting curve shape and melting temperature (Tm). This is the first dHRMA approach to rapidly screen the two most frequent CYP24A1 PVs in peculiar case, providing useful information for diagnosis and patient management in IIH disease.
LEP (−2548G>A LEP) and LEPR (223Gln>Arg, 109Lys>Arg) polymorphisms as breast cancer risk factors in the Polish female population
Authors: Hołysz Hanna , Paszel-Jaworska Anna , Romaniuk-Drapała Aleksandra , Grodecka-Gazdecka Sylwia , Rubiś Błażej
Published: April 2021

On a global scale, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, and it is still a growing problem. Therefore, new prognostic or diagnostic markers are required that would facilitate the assessment of patients or provide more efficient therapy, respectively. In these studies, we analyzed the contribution of LEP (2548G>A) and LEPR (109 Lys>Arg and 223Gln>Arg) genes polymorphisms to the risk of breast cancer development. The study involved 209 women aged 59.6 ± 11 years diagnosed with breast cancer and 202 healthy women aged 57.8 ± 8.2 years, who were blood donors. Polymorphism were evaluated by PCR–RFLP reaction followed by the verification of part of the samples by sequencing. The results of the study confirmed obesity as a significant breast cancer development risk factor in Polish women. However, no significant association between the studied polymorphisms and breast cancer risk or severity of the neoplastic disease was found. Interestingly, it was shown that wild type 223Gln>Gln leptin receptor (LEPR) was statistically more common in women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2−) than human epidermal groth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer and wild type form of 2548G>A LEP was more common in women with progesterone receptor positive (PR+) than progesterone receptor negative (PR−) breast cancer. Studied polymorphisms of the LEP and LEPR genes do not increase breast cancer risk in the population of Polish women. However, they can affect PR an HER receptors expression and thus the severity of the disease. Noteworthy, this interesting correlation is being reported for the first time and might constitute an essential contribution to the identification of molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Living between land and water – structural and functional adaptations in vegetative organs of bladderworts
Authors: Reut Markus S. , Świątek Piotr , Miranda Vitor F. O. , Płachno Bartosz J.
Published: April 2021

Aims

The carnivorousUtricularia(Lentibulariaceae) has an anatomically simple and seemingly rootless vegetative body. It occupies a variety of wetlands and inland waters and shows a broad range of life forms. Here, we aimed to elucidate structural and functional traits in various hydric conditions. Furthermore, we intended to evaluate morpho-anatomical adaptations in correlation with life forms.

Methods

Morpho-anatomical characteristics typical for hydrophytes of all life forms were investigated by light microscopy on 13Utriculariataxa, compared to onePinguiculaand twoGenliseataxa, and assessed by multivariate analyses.

Results

Vegetative structures ofUtriculariaandGenliseashowed reduced cortical, supporting, and vascular tissues. With increasing water table, leaves were thinner, and narrower or dissected, and submerged organs tended to contain chloroplasts in parenchymatic and epidermal cells. In some main stolons, an endodermis with Casparian strips was visible. Large gas chambers, including a novel ‘crescent’ and a special ‘hollow’ aerenchyma pattern, were found in amphibious to free-floating taxa.

Conclusions

The evolutionary transfer of carnivory from aerial to subterranean organs inGenlisea, and even more inUtricularia, coincides with a highly simplified anatomy, which is adapted to a broad variety of hydric conditions and compensates for structural innovations in the uptake of nutrients.
Trinity, Number and Image. The Christian Origins of the Concept of Person
Authors: Lingua Graziano
Published: April 2021

The studies on the history of the notion of “personhood” have largely recognized that Christian thought had a central role in the development and significance of this concept throughout the history of Western civilization. In late antiquity, Christianity used some terms taken from the classic and Hellenistic vocabulary in order to express its own theological content. This operation generated a “crisis” of classical language, namely a semantic transformation in the attempt to address some aspects of reality which were not envisioned by the previous usage of these words. The term person is a paradigmatic example of this process. In fact, from the outset, it played a strategic role in formulating the idea of Incarnation, one of the central doctrines of Christianity. This essay aims to show how, during the first centuries of Christianity, the terms commonly used in order to express the notion of “personhood” (prosōpon, hypostasis and persona) became pivotal elements for the formulation of the discourse about the Trinity and progressively acquired new meanings. The analysis focuses only on the initial stage of the elaboration of this concept in Christianity and, based on some of the most significant texts, tries to bring out a series of theoretical problems that may be useful to understand the subsequent debate. In order to do so, the author divides the text in two parts. In the first one, he analyses two features strictly connected to the theological use of the term “persona”, which remained central also when this term was later referred to man. These features are individuality and ontological stability, along with the structurally relational status of personhood. In the second part, the author offers more details about the theology of the Cappadocian Fathers, in particular of Basil of Caesarea, and analyses two sectorial languages—mathematical and iconic language—used by Basil in order to describe the intra-trinitarian relationships.
Critical Science Plan for the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST)
Authors:   NSO, DKIST project, and DKIST instrument scientists, Rast Mark P. ,   the DKIST Science Working Group,   the DKIST Critical Science Plan Community, Bello González Nazaret , Bellot Rubio Luis , Cao Wenda , Cauzzi Gianna , DeLuca Edward , De Pontieu Bart , Fletcher Lyndsay , Gibson Sarah E. , Judge Philip G. , Katsukawa Yukio , Kazachenko Maria D. , Khomenko Elena , Landi Enrico , Martínez Pillet Valentín , Petrie Gordon J. D. , Qiu Jiong , Rachmeler Laurel A. , Rempel Matthias , Schmidt Wolfgang , Scullion Eamon , Sun Xudong , Welsch Brian T. , Andretta Vincenzo , Antolin Patrick , Ayres Thomas R. , Balasubramaniam K. S. , Ballai Istvan , Berger Thomas E. , Bradshaw Stephen J. , Campbell Ryan J. , Carlsson Mats , Casini Roberto , Centeno Rebecca , Cranmer Steven R. , Criscuoli Serena , DeForest Craig , Deng Yuanyong , Erdélyi Robertus , Fedun Viktor , Fischer Catherine E. , González Manrique Sergio J. , Hahn Michael , Harra Louise , Henriques Vasco M. J. , Hurlburt Neal E. , Jaeggli Sarah , Jafarzadeh Shahin , Jain Rekha , Jefferies Stuart M. , Keys Peter H. , Kowalski Adam F. , Kuckein Christoph , Kuhn Jeffrey R. , Kuridze David , Liu Jiajia , Liu Wei , Longcope Dana , Mathioudakis Mihalis , McAteer R. T. James , McIntosh Scott W. , McKenzie David E. , Miralles Mari Paz , Morton Richard J. , Muglach Karin , Nelson Chris J. , Panesar Navdeep K. , Parenti Susanna , Parnell Clare E. , Poduval Bala , Reardon Kevin P. , Reep Jeffrey W. , Schad Thomas A. , Schmit Donald , Sharma Rahul , Socas-Navarro Hector , Srivastava Abhishek K. , Sterling Alphonse C. , Suematsu Yoshinori , Tarr Lucas A. , Tiwari Sanjiv , Tritschler Alexandra , Verth Gary , Vourlidas Angelos , Wang Haimin , Wang Yi-Ming
Published: April 2021

The National Science Foundation’sDaniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope(DKIST) will revolutionize our ability to measure, understand, and model the basic physical processes that control the structure and dynamics of the Sun and its atmosphere. The first-light DKIST images, released publicly on 29 January 2020, only hint at the extraordinary capabilities that will accompany full commissioning of the five facility instruments. With this Critical Science Plan (CSP) we attempt to anticipate some of what those capabilities will enable, providing a snapshot of some of the scientific pursuits that the DKIST hopes to engage as start-of-operations nears. The work builds on the combined contributions of the DKIST Science Working Group (SWG) and CSP Community members, who generously shared their experiences, plans, knowledge, and dreams. Discussion is primarily focused on those issues to which DKIST will uniquely contribute.
Making imagination even more embodied: imagination, constraint and epistemic relevance
Authors: Rucińska Zuzanna , Gallagher Shaun
Published: April 2021

This paper considers the epistemic role that embodiment plays in imagining. We focus on two aspects of embodied cognition understood in its strong sense: explicit motoric processes related to performance, and neuronal processes rooted in bodily and action processes, and describe their role in imagining. The paper argues that these two aspects of strongly embodied cognition can play distinctive and positive roles in constraining imagining, thereby complementing Amy Kind's argument for the epistemic relevance of imagination "under constraints" and Magdalena Balcerak Jackson's argument for justification by imagination.
Permeability Estimation of Regular Porous Structures: A Benchmark for Comparison of Methods
Authors: Wagner Arndt , Eggenweiler Elissa , Weinhardt Felix , Trivedi Zubin , Krach David , Lohrmann Christoph , Jain Kartik , Karadimitriou Nikolaos , Bringedal Carina , Voland Paul , Holm Christian , Class Holger , Steeb Holger , Rybak Iryna
Published: April 2021

The intrinsic permeability is a crucial parameter to characterise and quantify fluid flow through porous media. However, this parameter is typically uncertain, even if the geometry of the pore structure is available. In this paper, we perform a comparative study of experimental, semi-analytical and numerical methods to calculate the permeability of a regular porous structure. In particular, we use the Kozeny–Carman relation, different homogenisation approaches (3D, 2D, very thin porous media and pseudo 2D/3D), pore-scale simulations (lattice Boltzmann method, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and finite-element method) and pore-scale experiments (microfluidics). A conceptual design of a periodic porous structure with regularly positioned solid cylinders is set up as a benchmark problem and treated with all considered methods. The results are discussed with regard to the individual strengths and limitations of the used methods. The applicable homogenisation approaches as well as all considered pore-scale models prove their ability to predict the permeability of the benchmark problem. The underestimation obtained by the microfluidic experiments is analysed in detail using the lattice Boltzmann method, which makes it possible to quantify the influence of experimental setup restrictions.
Convective Mixing Driven by Non-monotonic Density
Authors: Elenius M. T. , Gasda S. E.
Published: April 2021

CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

injection for enhanced oil recovery (CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

-EOR) or for storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs can be a means for disposing of anthropogenic CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

emissions to mitigate climate change. Fluid flow and mixing of CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

and hydrocarbons in such systems are governed by the underlying physics and thermodynamics. Gravity effects such as gravity override and convection are mechanisms that can alter fluid flow dynamics, impacting CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

migration, oil production and eventual CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

storage at the field scale. This study focuses on convection in a miscible setting caused by non-monotonicity in oil density when mixed with CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

, i.e., a maximum mixture density occurs at an intermediate CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

concentration. We perform high-resolution simulations to quantify the convective behavior in a simple box system where gravity effects are isolated. We show that convection of CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

in oil is dependent on whether CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

originates from above or below the oil zone. From above, convection follows classic convective mixing but is accelerated by viscosity decrease with increasing CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

. From below, convection flows upward due to CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

buoyancy, but is countered by downward convection due to the heavier mixture density. This convective system is significantly more complex and efficient than from above. We characterize the instabilities in both early- and late-time regimes and quantify mixing rates. For a 100 mD reservoir, convective fingers would be on the order of centimeters in width and mix over a meter length scale within days to a month, depending on the placement of CO$$_\text {2}$$

2

. The simulations are performed in non-dimensional form and thus can be rescaled to a different reservoir parameters. Our results give important insights into field-scale impacts of convective mixing and can guide future work in development of upscaled models and experimental design.
Anatomical organization of the lateral cervical nucleus in Artiodactyls
Authors: Grandis Annamaria , Gardini Anna , Tagliavia Claudio , Salamanca Giulia , Graïc Jean-Marie , De Silva Margherita , Bombardi Cristiano
Published: April 2021

The presence of the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) in different mammals, including humans, has been established in a number of anatomical research works. The LCN receives its afferent inputs from the spinocervical tract, and conveys this somatosensory information to the various brain areas, especially the thalamus. In the present study, the organization of the calf and pig LCN was examined through the use of thionine staining and immunohistochemical methods combined with morphometrical analyses. Specifically, the localization of calbindin-D28k (CB-D28k) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the LCN was investigated using the immunoperoxidase method. Calf and pig LCN appear as a clearly defined column of gray matter located in the three cranial segments of the cervical spinal cord. Thionine staining shows that polygonal neurons represent the main cell type in both species. The calf and pig LCN contained CB-D28k-immunoreactive (IR) neurons of varying sizes. Large neurons are probably involved in the generation of the cervicothalamic pathway. Small CB-D28k-IR neurons, on the other hand, could act as local interneurons. The immunoreactivity for nNOS was found to be mainly located in thin neuronal processes that could represent the terminal axonal portion of nNOS-IR found in laminae III e IV. This evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) could modulate the synaptic activity of the glutamatergic spinocervical tracts. These findings suggest that the LCN of Artiodactyls might play an important role in the transmission of somatosensory information from the spinal cord to the higher centers of the brain.
Object Priors for Classifying and Localizing Unseen Actions
Authors: Mettes Pascal , Thong William , Snoek Cees G. M.
Published: April 2021

This work strives for the classification and localization of human actions in videos, without the need for any labeled video training examples. Where existing work relies on transferring global attribute or object information from seen to unseen action videos, we seek to classify and spatio-temporally localize unseen actions in videos from image-based object information only. We propose three spatial object priors, which encode local person and object detectors along with their spatial relations. On top we introduce three semantic object priors, which extend semantic matching through word embeddings with three simple functions that tackle semantic ambiguity, object discrimination, and object naming. A video embedding combines the spatial and semantic object priors. It enables us to introduce a new video retrieval task that retrieves action tubes in video collections based on user-specified objects, spatial relations, and object size. Experimental evaluation on five action datasets shows the importance of spatial and semantic object priors for unseen actions. We find that persons and objects have preferred spatial relations that benefit unseen action localization, while using multiple languages and simple object filtering directly improves semantic matching, leading to state-of-the-art results for both unseen action classification and localization.
Weight Goals, Disordered Eating Behaviors, and BMI Trajectories in US Young Adults
Authors: Chu Jonathan , Ganson Kyle T. , Vittinghoff Eric , Mitchison Deborah , Hay Phillipa , Tabler Jennifer , Rodgers Rachel F. , Murray Stuart B. , Nagata Jason M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Community sample data indicate that weight control efforts in young adulthood may have associations with greater increases in body mass index (BMI) over time.

Objective

To determine the prospective associations between weight goals and behaviors in young adults and BMI trajectories over 15-year follow-up using a nationally representative sample.

Design

Longitudinal cohort data collected from 2001 to 2018 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.

Participants

Young adults aged 18–26 years old at baseline stratified by gender and BMI category.

Main Measures

Predictors: weight goals, any weight loss/maintenance behaviors, dieting, exercise, disordered eating behaviors. Outcomes: BMI at 7- and 15-year follow-up.

Key Results

Of the 12,155 young adults in the sample (54% female, 32% non-White), 33.2% reported a goal to lose weight, 15.7% to gain weight, and 14.6% to maintain weight. In unadjusted models, all groups have higher mean BMI at 7- and 15-year follow-up. In mixed effect models, goals to lose weight in men with BMI < 18.5 (5.94 kg/m2; 95% CI 2.58, 9.30) and goals to maintain weight in men with BMI ≥ 25 (0.44; 95% CI 0.15, 0.72) were associated with greater BMI increase compared to no weight goal. Engaging in disordered eating behaviors was associated with greater BMI increase in men with BMI < 18.5 (5.91; 2.96, 8.86) and women with 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 (0.40; 0.16, 0.63). Dieting (− 0.24; − 0.41, − 0.06) and exercise (− 0.31; − 0.45, − 0.17) were associated with lower BMI increase in women with 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25. In women with BMI < 18.5, dieting was associated with greater BMI increase (1.35; 0.33, 2.37).

Conclusions

Weight control efforts may have variable effects on BMI over time by gender and BMI category. These findings underscore the need to counsel patients on the effectiveness of weight control efforts and long-term weight management.