bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipase‐Mediated Selective Oxidation of Furfural and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Krystof Monika , Pérez‐Sánchez María , Domínguez de María Pablo
Published: April 2013

Furfural and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are important biomass‐derived platform chemicals that can be obtained from the dehydration of lignocellulosic sugars. A possible route for the derivatization of furanics is their oxidation to afford a broad range of chemicals with promising applications (e.g., diacids, hydroxyl acids, aldehyde acids, monomers for novel polymers). Herein we explore the organic peracid‐assisted oxidation of furanics under mild reaction conditions. Using lipases as biocatalysts, alkyl esters as acyl donors, and aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide (30 % v/v) added stepwise, peracids are formed in situ, which subsequently oxidize the aldehyde groups to afford carboxylic acids with high yields and excellent selectivities. Furthermore, the use of an immobilized silica‐based 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) affords the selective oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of HMF to afford 2,5‐diformylfuran. That product can be subsequently oxidized using again lipases for the in situ peracid formation to yield 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid, which is considered to be a key building block for biorefineries. These lipase‐mediated reactions proceeded efficiently even with high substrate loadings under still non‐optimized conditions. Overall, a proof‐of‐concept for the oxidation of furanics (based on in situ formed organic peracids as oxidants) is provided.
CD38 and CD157: A long journey from activation markers to multifunctional molecules
Authors: Quarona Valeria , Zaccarello Gianluca , Chillemi Antonella , Brunetti Enrico , Singh Vijay Kumar , Ferrero Enza , Funaro Ada , Horenstein Alberto L. , Malavasi Fabio
Published: April 2013

CD38 (also known as T10) was identified in the late 1970s in the course of pioneering work carried out at the Dana‐Farber Cancer Center (Boston, MA) that focused on the identification of surface molecules involved in antigen recognition. CD38 was initially found on thymocytes and T lymphocytes, but today we know that the molecule is found throughout the immune system, although its expression levels vary. Because of this, CD38 was considered an “activation marker,” a term still popular in routine flow cytometry. This review summarizes the findings obtained from different approaches, which led to CD38 being re‐defined as a multifunctional molecule. CD38 and its homologue CD157 (BST‐1), contiguous gene duplicates on human chromosome 4 (4p15), are part of a gene family encoding products that modulate the social life of cells by means of bidirectional signals. Both CD38 and CD157 play dual roles as receptors and ectoenzymes, endowed with complex activities related to signaling and cell homeostasis. The structure‐function analysis presented here is intended to give clinical scientists and flow cytometrists a background knowledge of these molecules. The link between CD38/CD157 and human diseases will be explored here in the context of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloma and ovarian carcinoma, although other disease associations are also known. Thus CD38 and CD157 have evolved from simple leukocyte activation markers to multifunctional molecules involved in health and disease. Future tasks will be to explore their potential as targets for in vivo therapeutic interventions and as regulators of the immune response. © 2013 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Development of high performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection method for screening mebendazole, clorsulon, diaveridine, and tolfenamic acid in animal‐based food samples
Authors: Kang Yun Pyo , Yu Jin , Huh Yoonyoung , Oh Jae Ho , Kwon Chan Hyeok , Lee Seul Ji , Ee Ji Won , Kim Geun Tae , Lee Jin Gyun , Lee Jeongmi , Park Jeong Hill , Kim You‐Sun , Kwon Sung Won
Published: April 2013

This study focused on the detection and validation of the residues of the four veterinary drugs, mebendazole, clorsulon, diaveridine, and tolfenamic acid, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and an ultraviolet (UV) detector. Utilizing C18 column as a stationary phase and applying appropriate mobile phases to each analysis according to the properties of the analytes, target compounds in food samples were successfully detected and separated within 15–50 min. Additionally, in order to optimize detection, liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) and purification steps were established to minimize the endogenous peaks and their interferences. The method was validated through testing of linearity, accuracy, precision, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ). The LOQ levels of the four drugs were lower than the maximum residual limit, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was over 0.99. The recovery results ranged from 82.3–105.2%, 79.3–83.3%, 79.4–86.0%, and 81.7–88.5% with relative standard deviations lower than 20% for mebendazole, clorsulon, diaveridine, and tolfenamic acid, respectively, corresponding to the CODEX guideline. This proposed method reduces costs and enables easier application in rural or remote areas where testing facilities or instruments often are unavailable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial MHC class II constructs inhibit MIF/CD74 binding and downstream effects
Authors: Benedek Gil , Meza‐Romero Roberto , Andrew Shayne , Leng Lin , Burrows Gregory G. , Bourdette Dennis , Offner Halina , Bucala Richard , Vandenbark Arthur A.
Published: April 2013

MIF and its receptor, CD74, are pivotal regulators of the immune system. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that partial MHC class II constructs comprised of linked β1α1 domains with covalently attached antigenic peptides (also referred to as recombinant T‐cell receptor ligands — RTLs) can inhibit MIF activity by not only blocking the binding of rhMIF to immunopurified CD74, but also downregulating CD74 cell‐surface expression. This bifunctional inhibition of MIF/CD74 interactions blocked downstream MIF effects, including enhanced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, anti‐apoptotic activity, and inhibition of random migration that all contribute to the reversal of clinical and histological signs of EAE. Moreover, we demonstrate that enhanced CD74 cell‐surface expression on monocytes in mice with EAE and subjects with multiple sclerosis can be downregulated by humanized RTLs, resulting in reduced MIF binding to the cells. Thus, binding of partial MHC complexes to CD74 blocks both the accessibility and availability of CD74 for MIF binding and downstream inflammatory activity.
High‐throughput determination of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil using dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction‐ capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Monasterio Romina Paula , de los Angeles Fernández María , Silva María Fernanda
Published: April 2013

This article reports a simple methodology using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with CZE. It has been applied for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds such as caffeic, gallic, vanillic, syringic, cinnamic, p‐coumaric acids and oleuropein, apigenin, luteolin, 3‐hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol, in virgin olive oil (VOO). The optimized extraction conditions for 20 g of VOO were: extractant solvent: 400 μL boric acid 30 mM at pH 9.5; dispersive solvent: 300 μL carbon tetrachloride; vortex: 8 min; centrifugation: 3 min. The composition of the BGE was optimized resulting in the selection of a solution made of 30 mM boric acid at pH 9.5. As a strategy for on‐line preconcentration a stacking step was applied, injecting a plug of water before sample injection. The short extraction time, centrifugation and electrophoretic steps allow the selective determination of phenolic compounds in VOO with satisfactory LODs (0.004–0.251 mg/kg), recoveries (89.4–101.0%), and RSD (less than 7.44% in peak area and less than 0.69% in migration time), compatible with the concentration levels present in the samples.
Radio‐frequency energy harvesting potential: a stochastic analysis
Authors: Guo Weisi , Wang Siyi
Published: April 2013

This paper considers the energy harvesting potential from ambient electromagnetic waves in the radio frequency (RF) communications spectrum. Because of chaotic positioning nature of cells, handsets and hotspots, the analysis employs stochastic geometry theory to derive the mean and probability distribution of the received RF radiation energy available for harvesting. The mean and density function of energy harvested, as a function of transmitter deployment density, spectrum and pathloss characteristics are given. The novel benefit is that the derived expressions serve as a design guideline for RF harvesting solutions. For a given power harvesting and reliability requirement, the expressions in this paper can yield insight into which set and how many RF spectrum bands to harvest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined analysis of Xylopia rubescens Oliv. leaf oil using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance: structure elucidation of new compounds
Authors: Yapi Thierry Acafou , Boti Jean Brice , Ahibo Antoine Coffy , Bighelli Ange , Casanova Joseph , Tomi Félix
Published: April 2013

Phytochemicals have been isolated from extracts of various Xylopia species (Annonaceae) growing wild in the African rainforest. In contrast, no phytochemical investigations have been reported to date on Xylopia rubescens Oliv. The aim of the present work was to describe the composition of X. rubescens leaf oil. Analysis of the leaf oil has been undertaken by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Three new compounds have been isolated and their structures elucidated as furanoguaia‐1,4‐diene, furanoguaia‐1,3‐diene and (8Z,11Z,14Z)‐8,11,14‐heptadecatrien‐2‐ol. One other compound is reported for the first time as a natural compound. The oil composition was dominated by both furanoguaiadienes (34.2% and 11.4%, respectively) and by (8Z,11Z,14Z)‐8,11,14‐heptadecatrien‐2‐one (12.8%). The composition of X. rubescens leaf oil varied dramatically from those of the essential oils isolated from other Xylopia species. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paleoindian Open‐Air Sites in Tropical Settings: A Case Study in Formation Processes, Dating Methods, and Paleoenvironmental Models in Central Brazil
Authors: Araujo Astolfo G.M. , Strauss André M. , Feathers James K. , Paisani Julio César , Schrage Thomas J.
Published: April 2013

Paleoindian sites in eastern South America are generally found inside rock‐shelters. Recently, we designed a program to find open‐air Paleoindian sites in the Lagoa Santa region of Brazil. Here, we present data gathered at Sumidouro site, a multicomponent site with a Paleoindian horizon, detected on a shoreline slope of Sumidouro Lake, Minas Gerais State. We present a model for late Pleistocene/Holocene slope evolution that suggests at least three different episodes of instability (erosion/sedimentation) followed by periods of stability (pedogenesis). Higher soil accretion rates during the Mid‐Holocene are probably not linked to a stable dry climate, but to greater climatic instability. We also found that the position of both archaeological materials and charcoal can be explained by burial of ancient surfaces and are not the result of downslope movement. The role of bioturbation in the vertical displacement of such materials is much less important than previously acknowledged.
α‐Aminophosphonates and α‐Aminophosphine Oxides by the Microwave‐Assisted Kabachnik–Fields Reactions of 3‐Amino‐6‐methyl‐2 H‐pyran‐2‐ones
Authors: Bálint Erika , Takács Judit , Drahos László , Juranovič Amadej , Kočevar Marijan , Keglevich György
Published: April 2013

The microwave‐assisted Kabachnik–Fields reaction of a series of 3‐amino‐6‐methyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones, paraformaldehyde, and dialkyl phosphites or diphenylphosphine oxide led to α‐aminophosphonates or α‐aminophosphine oxides, respectively. The α‑aminophosphonates were obtained under solvent‐free conditions, whereas the α‑aminophosphine oxides in acetonitrile. The novel products were characterized by NMR and mass spectral data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:221–225, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21086
PDE10 inhibition increases GluA1 and CREB phosphorylation and improves spatial and recognition memories in a Huntington's disease mouse model
Authors: Giralt Albert , Saavedra Ana , Carretón Olga , Arumí Helena , Tyebji Shiraz , Alberch Jordi , Pérez‐Navarro Esther
Published: April 2013

Huntington's disease (HD) causes motor disturbances, preceded by cognitive impairment, in patients and mouse models. We showed that increased hippocampal cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling disrupts recognition and spatial memories in R6 HD mouse models. However, unchanged levels of hippocampal phosphorylated (p) cAMP‐responsive element‐binding protein (CREB) suggested unaltered nuclear PKA activity in R6 mice. Here, we extend this finding by showing that nuclear pPKA catalytic subunit (Thr197) and pPKA substrate levels were unaltered in the hippocampus of R6/1 mice. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play an important role in the regulation of PKA activity. PDE10A, a cAMP/cGMP dual‐substrate PDE, was reported to be restricted to the nuclear region in nonstriatal neurons. Using cell fractionation we confirmed that PDE10A was enriched in nuclear fractions, both in wild‐type and R6/1 mice hippocampus, without differences in its levels or intracellular distribution between genotypes. We next investigated whether inhibition of PDE10 with papaverine could improve cognitive function in HD mice. Papaverine treatment improved spatial and object recognition memories in R6/1 mice, and significantly increased pGluA1 and pCREB levels in R6/1 mice hippocampus. Papaverine likely acted through the activation of the PKA pathway as the phosphorylation level of distinct cGMP‐dependent kinase (cGK) substrates was not modified in either genotype. Moreover, hippocampal cAMP, but not cGMP, levels were increased after acute papaverine injection. Our results show that inhibition of PDE10 improves cognition in R6 mice, at least in part through increased GluA1 and CREB phosphorylation. Thus, PDE10 might be a good therapeutic target to improve cognitive impairment in HD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Doped Nano‐Sized Copper(I) Oxide (Cu2O) on MelamineFormaldehyde Resin: a Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Nano Catalyst for ‘Click’ Synthesis of Some Novel 1H‐1,2,3‐Triazole Derivatives Having Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Rad Mohammad Navid Soltani , Behrouz Somayeh , Movahedian Abdollah , Doroodmand Mohammad Mahdi , Ghasemi Younes , Rasoul‐Amini Sara , Gandomani Abdol‐Rasoul Ahmadi , Rezaie Ramin
Published: April 2013

A facile and simple protocol for the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of organic azides with terminal alkynes catalyzed by doped nano‐sized Cu2O on melamineformaldehyde resin (nano‐Cu2OMFR) as a new and convenient heterogeneous catalyst is described. In this method, ‘click’ cycloaddition of various structurally diverse β‐azido alcohols and alkynes in the presence of nano‐Cu2OMFR in H2O/THF 1 : 2 furnished the corresponding 1,4‐disubstituted 1H‐1,2,3‐triazole adducts 1a–1o in good to excellent yields at room temperature (Scheme and Table 3). The nano‐Cu2OMFR was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, and FT‐IR. The nano‐Cu2OMFR could be easily recovered and recycled from the reaction mixture and reused for many consecutive trials without significant decrease in activity (Table 4). The in vitro antibacterial activities of all synthesized compounds were tested on several Gram‐positive and/or Gram‐negative bacteria (Table 5). The results demonstrate the promising antibacterial activity for some of the synthesized compounds.
Cytotoxic Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Annona squamosa L.
Authors: Zhou Chang‐Xin , Sun Li‐Rui , Feng Feng , Mo Jian‐Xia , Zhu Hong , Yang Bo , He Qiao‐Jun , Gan Li‐She
Published: April 2013

Three new ent‐kaurane diterpenoids, (4α)‐19‐nor‐ent‐kaurane‐4,16,17‐triol (1), (4α,16α)‐17‐(acetyloxy)‐19‐nor‐ent‐kaurane‐4,16‐diol (2), and 17‐hydroxy‐ent‐kaur‐15‐en‐19‐al (3), together with 11 known compounds, were isolated from the stem bark of Annona squamosa L. The structures of 1–3 were identified by analysis of their spectroscopic data. All compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer (95‐D) and ovarian cancer (A2780) cell lines, and compounds 3, 5, 7, 11–14 exhibited promising antiproliferative activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.38 to 34.66 μM.
Bis‐Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum tanguticum var. trichocarpum
Authors: Zhang Zhong‐Tang , Chen Dong‐Lin , Chen Qiao‐Hong , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: April 2013

Phytochemical investigation of the whole herbs of Aconitum tanguticum (Maxim.) Stapf var. trichocarpum Hand.‐Mazz. led to the isolation of one heteratisine‐hetidine‐type bis‐diterpenoid alkaloid, trichocarpidine (1), three hetidine‐hetisine type bis‐diterpenoid alkaloids, trichocarpinine A–C (2–4, resp.), together with nine known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses.
New Synthetic Approaches to Naturally Occurring and Unnatural Pyranoflavones
Authors: Xia Likai , Rok Lee Yong
Published: April 2013

Total synthesis of biologically interesting natural and unnatural pyranoflavones has been accomplished starting from readily available 2,4‐dihydroxyacetophenone or 2,4‐dihydroxy‐6‐methoxyacetophenone in three steps, i.e., benzopyran formation, condensation, and cyclization reaction.
Organic Stereochemistry. Part 4
Authors: Testa Bernard , Vistoli Giulio , Pedretti Alessandro
Published: April 2013

This Part 4 continues a general presentation of the principles of stereochemistry with special reference to medicinal compounds and their interactions with biological systems. Here, we discuss and illustrate two major aspects of conformational isomerism, namely a) the concept of torsional isomerism about single bonds, and b) the intertwined conformational and configurational aspects of the stereochemistry of cyclic systems. The review begins with a brief reminder of the history and thermodynamics of conformational isomerism, and goes on to explain and illustrate the conventions and graphical representations used for conformers. Examples are then examined, beginning with ethane, the simplest one, and building up to more complex cases, documenting the attractive or repulsive role of substituents. A similar approach is applied when dealing with cyclic systems, although here the presentation necessarily takes into account configurational aspects specific to cyclic systems. The pharmacological implications of the concepts discussed here will be presented in Part 6.
Experimental study on the effect of porous medium on performance of a single tube heat exchanger: A CO2 case study
Authors: Tarawneh Mohammad , Alshqirate AbedAlrzaq , Khasawneh Khaleel , Hammad Mahmoud
Published: April 2013

An experimental study on single‐phase laminar forced convection in a single porous tube heat exchanger is presented. Parametric studies are conducted for different inlet pressures, different mass flow rates, and different porosities to evaluate the effects of particle diameter and Reynolds number on the heat transfer and friction factor. The Nusselt number and friction factor are developed for efficient design of a porous heat exchanger based on the present configuration. Heat is transferred to the walls of the heat exchanger by natural convection mode. Gravel sand with different porosities is used as a porous medium during the tests. The flow of carbon dioxide as a working fluid in the porous medium is modeled using the Brinkman–Forchheimer‐extended Darcy model. A dimensionless performance parameter is developed in order to be used in evaluating the porous tube heat exchanger based on both the heat transfer enhancement and the associated pressure drop. The study covers a wide range of inlet pressures (Pi), mass flow rates ( $\dot{m}$), porosity of gravel sand (ε), and particle diameters (dm) which ranged 34.5 ≤ Pi ≤ 43 bars, 8 ∗︁ 10−5 ≤$\dot{m}$ ≤ 16 ∗︁ 10−5 kg/s, 34.9% ≤ ε ≤ 44.5%, 1.25 ≤ dm ≤ 5.15 mm, respectively. This study revealed that a smaller particle diameter can be used to achieve higher heat transfer enhancement, but a larger particle diameter leads to a more efficient performance based on heat transfer enhancement. The average heat transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide decreases when the porosity increases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21059
Classifying the severity of paediatric chronic pain – an application of the chronic pain grading
Authors: Wager J. , Hechler T. , Darlington A.S. , Hirschfeld G. , Vocks S. , Zernikow B.
Published: April 2013

Background

The chronic pain grading (CPG), a standard approach to classify the severity of pain conditions in adults, combines the characteristics of pain intensity and pain‐related disability. However, in children and adolescents, the CPG has only been validated in a school sample, but not in the actual target population, i.e., clinical populations with pain.

Methods

In the present study, we applied the CPG to a tertiary sample of adolescents with chronic pain (n = 1242). Construct validity, sensitivity to change and prognostic utility were examined.

Results

Results indicate that most adolescents were equally classified into the three higher severity grades. Higher CPG classification was associated with more pain locations, higher pain frequency, longer pain duration, extensive use of health care and more depressive symptoms. Adolescents with a high CPG received recommendations for inpatient treatment more often; however, the prognostic utility for therapy recommendation – as operationalized in this study – was low. Sensitivity to change was assessed via reassessment at follow‐up for a subsample of 490 adolescents. The majority of adolescents improved to a less severe CPG; changes were more common in the high severity range.

Conclusion

The CPG may be applied to adolescent tertiary care samples and to assess outcomes in clinical trials. However, in this study it was not appropriate to assign adolescent patients to different treatment options. Future work should focus on developing a comprehensive assessment tool for assigning patients to different treatments.
Clinical Symptoms as a Function of Client Personality in College Students: Incorporating the Five‐Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Hammond Marie S. , Lockman Jennifer D. , Temple Rebecca A.
Published: April 2013

In this study, the relationship between personality characteristics and presenting clinical symptoms of individuals at a college counseling center was examined. Analysis of assessments of personality (Costa & McCrae, 1992) and mental health symptoms (Farrell & McCullough, 1989) suggests that the personality characteristics of individuals presenting for assistance at a college counseling center systematically vary from those of a general college population. Furthermore, differing patterns of client personality characteristics were related to various symptom categories.
The Impact of Gatekeeper Training for Suicide Prevention on University Resident Assistants
Authors: Taub Deborah J. , Servaty‐Seib Heather L. , Miles Nathan , Lee Ji‐Yeon , Morris Carrie A. Wachter , Prieto‐Welch Susan L. , Werden Donald
Published: April 2013

Resident assistants (RAs) can serve as important suicide prevention gatekeepers. The purpose of the study was to determine if training improved RAs’ crisis communications skills and suicide‐related knowledge and to determine if the knowledge elements predicted crisis communications skills. New RAs showed significant improvement in all areas from pretest to posttest, whereas returning RAs showed no significant increase in any of the areas. None of the knowledge areas predicted communications skills for either group.
A dataset on 145 chemicals tested in alternative assays for skin sensitization undergoing prevalidation
Authors: Natsch Andreas , Ryan Cindy A. , Foertsch Leslie , Emter Roger , Jaworska Joanna , Gerberick Frank , Kern Petra
Published: April 2013

Skin sensitization is a key endpoint for cosmetic ingredients, with a forthcoming ban for animal testing in Europe. Four alternative tests have so far been submitted to ECVAM prevalidation: (i) MUSST and (ii) h‐Clat assess surface markers on dendritic cell lines, (iii) the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) measures reactivity with model peptides and (iv) the KeratinoSensTM assay which is based on detection of Nrf2‐induced luciferase. It is anticipated that only an integrated testing strategy (ITS) based on a battery of tests might give a full replacement providing also a sensitization potency assessment, but this concept should be tested with a data‐driven analysis. Here we report a database on 145 chemicals reporting the quantitative endpoints measured in a U937‐ test, the DPRA and KeratinoSensTM . It can serve to develop data‐driven ITS approaches as we show in a parallel paper and provides a view as to the current ability to predict with in vitro tests as we are entering 2013. It may also serve as reference database when benchmarking new molecules with in vitro based read‐across and find use as a reference database when evaluating new tests. The tests and combinations thereof were evaluated for predictivity, and overall a similar predictivity was found as before on three‐fold smaller datasets. Analysis of the dose–response parameters of the individual tests indicates a correlation to sensitization potency. Detailed analysis of chemicals false‐negative and false‐positive in two tests helped to define limitations in the tests but also in the database derived from animal studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removal of iron, chromium and lead from waste water by horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands
Authors: Gikas Petros , Ranieri Ezio , Tchobanoglous George
Published: April 2013

Background

Two pilot scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSFCWs), with a planted area of 15 m2 each, were constructed in Puglia, Italy, and planted with hydrophytes (Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia), while a similar field of equal size was used as a control. The primary aim of the present work was to assess the removal of three heavy metals from waste water, in relation to the evapotranspiration, using HSFCWs.

Results

Residence time distributions in both planted HSFCWs indicated that the Typha field had porosity of 0.16 and exhibited more ideal plug flow behavior (Pe = 29.7), compared with the Phragmites field (Pe = 26.7), which had similar porosity. The measured hydraulic residence times in the planted fields were 35.8 and 36.7 h, for Typha and Phragmites, respectively, at waste water flow rates of 1 m3 d−1 (corresponding to hydraulic loading rate of 66.7 mm d−1). Heavy metals concentrations at the inlet were 2 mg/L, for each heavy metal, while at the outlet of the fields were Cr = 0.23 mg L−1, Pb = 0.21 mg L−1 and Fe = 0.18 mg L−1 in the Phragmites field, and the removal rates were 87, 88 and 92% of Cr, Pb and Fe, respectively. The Typha field showed a similar behavior with concentrations equal to Cr = 0.19 mg L−1, Pb = 0.23 mg L−1 and Fe = 0.16 mg L−1 and removal percentages of 90, 87, and 95% of Cr, Pb and Fe, respectively. The control field showed metal removals slightly lower (86, 78 and 88% for Cr, Pb and Fe, respectively).

Conclusions

HSFCWs are appropriate for removing heavy metals from waste water. Evapotranspiration may significantly reduce the amount of discharged flow and may influence the removal rate of heavy metals. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Forbidden Subgraphs of the Odd‐Distance Graph
Authors: Rosenfeld Moshe , Tiến Nam Lê
Published: April 2013

In [2], on page 252 the following logical terminal inexactitude was made: “...the existence of a K4 is the only obstruction. That is, every finite K4‐free graph can be represented by odd‐distances in the plane.” In this note we correct this erroneous claim by showing that W5, the 5‐wheel, see Figure 1, is not a subgraph of .
Homology of lungs and gas bladders: Insights from arterial vasculature
Authors: Longo Sarah , Riccio Mark , McCune Amy R
Published: April 2013

Cover illustration. Gas bladders of ray‐finned fishes have long been regarded an evolutionary modification of lungs. Critical evidence for this hypothesized homology is whether pulmonary arteries supply the gas bladder as well as the lungs. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Longo et al. present a study (pp. 687–703) of the pattern of major arteries supplying lungs and gas bladders in ray finned‐fish and lungfish. The cover image shows the 3D‐reconstruction of the anterior arteries from a micro‐CT scan of a sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), including the heart and gills (yellow). Injection with radiopaque barium prior to scanning facilitated visualization of the arterial vasculature (yellow, orange, and light red) and led to the discovery of vestigial pulmonary arteries in sturgeon and their close relatives, paddlefish. Image created in Avizo Fire 7.1 by Mark Riccio and edited by Sarah Longo.
Molecular dynamics of electrosprayed water nanodroplets containing sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate
Authors: Longhi Giovanna , Ceselli Alberto , Fornili Sandro L. , Abbate Sergio , Ceraulo Leopoldo , Liveri Vincenzo Turco
Published: April 2013

The behavior of aqueous solutions of sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOTNa) subject to electrospray ionization (ESI) has been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at three temperatures (350, 500 and 800 K). We consider several types of water nanodroplets containing AOTNa molecules and composed of a fixed number of water molecules (1000), N0AOT AOT− anions (N0AOT = 0, 5, 10) and N0Na sodium ions (N0Na = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20): in a short time scale (less than 1 ns), the AOTNa molecules, initially forming direct micelles in the interior of the water nanodroplets, are observed in all cases to diffuse nearby the nanodroplet surface, so that the hydrophilic heads and sodium ions become surrounded by water molecules, whereas the alkyl chains lay at the droplet surface. Meanwhile, evaporation of water molecules and of solvated sodium ions occurs, leading to a decrease of the droplet size and charge. At 350 K, no ejection of neutral or charged surfactant molecules is observed, whereas at 500 K, some fragmentation occurs, and at 800 K, this event becomes more frequent. The interplay of all these processes, which depend on the values of temperature, N0AOT and N0Na eventually leads to anhydrous charged surfactant aggregates with prevalence of monocharged ones, in agreement with experimental results of ESI mass spectrometry. The quantitative analysis of the MD trajectories allows to evidence molecular details potentially useful in designing future ESI experimental conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scapholunate ligament injury adversely alters in vivo wrist joint mechanics: An MRI‐based modeling study
Authors: Johnson Joshua E. , Lee Phil , McIff Terence E. , Toby E. Bruce , Fischer Kenneth J.
Published: April 2013

We investigated the effects of scapholunate ligament injury on in vivo radiocarpal joint mechanics using image‐based surface contact modeling. Magnetic resonance images of 10 injured and contralateral normal wrists were acquired at high resolution (hand relaxed) and during functional grasp. Three‐dimensional surface models of the radioscaphoid and radiolunate articulations were constructed from the relaxed images, and image registration between the relaxed and grasp images provided kinematics. The displacement driven models were implemented in contact modeling software. Contact parameters were determined from interpenetration of interacting bodies and a linear contact rule. Peak and mean contact pressures, contact forces and contact areas were compared between the normal and injured wrists. Also measured were effective (direct) contact areas and intercentroid distances from the grasp images. Means of the model contact areas were within 10 mm2 of the direct contact areas for both articulations. With injury, all contact parameters significantly increased in the radioscaphoid articulation, while only peak contact pressure and contact force significantly increased in the radiolunate articulation. Intercentroid distances also increased significantly with injury. This study provides novel in vivo contact mechanics data from scapholunate ligament injury and confirms detrimental alterations as a result of injury. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1455–1460, 2013
Yield, chemical composition and nutritional quality responses of carrot, radish and turnip to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
Authors: Azam Andaleeb , Khan Ikhtiar , Mahmood Abid , Hameed Abdul
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

Future concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is very important due to its apparent economic and environmental impact in terms of climate change. However, a compressive assessment of its effect on the nutritional and chemical characteristics of food crops has yet to be established. In the present study the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the yield, chemical composition and nutritional quality of three root vegetables, carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. T‐1‐111), radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Mino) and turnip (Brassica rapa L. cv. Grabe) has been investigated.

RESULTS

The yield of carrot, radish and turnip increased by 69, 139 and 72%, respectively, when grown under elevated CO2 conditions. Among the proximate composition, protein, vitamin C and fat contents decreased significantly for all the vegetables while sugar and fibre contents were increased. Response of the vegetables to elevated CO2, in terms of elemental composition, was different with a significant decrease in many important minerals. Elevated CO2 decreased the amount of majority of the fatty acids and amino acids in these vegetables.

CONCLUSIONS

It was observed that elevated CO2 increased the yield of root vegetables but many important nutritional parameters including protein, vitamin C, minerals, essential fatty acids and amino acids were decreased. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Parotid gland lymphoma: Prognostic analysis of 2140 patients
Authors: Feinstein Aaron J. , Ciarleglio Maria M. , Cong Xiangyu , Otremba Michael D. , Judson Benjamin L.
Published: April 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Assess the demographic, clinical, and pathologic features of patients with parotid gland lymphoma and their prognostic importance using US population‐based data.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Patients were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database between the years of 1973 and 2008, and individual characteristics were compared using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were constructed and log‐rank tests were performed.

Results

We identified 2,140 patients with primary parotid gland lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma was found in 3.5% of patients. More common were non‐Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma accounted for 27.9%, 25.8%, and 23.7% of cases, respectively. Survival was decreased with patient age over 50 years, increasing stage, male gender, non‐Hodgkin histology, and status other than married. Of the patients, 72.0% received some form of surgery, and 136 patients had facial nerve sacrifice during parotidectomy.

Conclusions

Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma is the predominant type of lymphoma seen in the parotid gland. Patient and histologic features determine survival, and surgery is often performed. Facial nerve sacrifice, which is contraindicated given the systemic nature of lymphoma and the role of chemotherapy and radiation in its treatment, is reported in 6.4% of patients with parotid gland lymphoma.

Level of Evidence

2b.
Proteomic analysis of follicular fluid from women with and without endometriosis: New therapeutic targets and biomarkers
Authors: Lo Turco Edson Guimarães , Cordeiro Fernanda Bertuccez , de Carvalho Lopes Paula Helena , Gozzo Fábio Cesar , Pilau Eduardo Jorge , Soler Thiesa Butterby , da Silva Barbara Ferreira , Del Giudice Paula Toni , Bertolla Ricardo Pimenta , Fraietta Renato , Cedenho Agnaldo Pereira
Published: April 2013

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease that affects women of reproductive age. The protein profiles of women with endometriosis who were able or unable to achieve pregnancy and women without endometriosis who did achieve pregnancy were compared in this study. The follicular fluid was collected from 21 patients undergoing in vitro‐fertilization treatment, according to the following groups: nine women in the control group (Group C), four women with endometriosis who achieved pregnancy (Group E.P), and eight women with endometriosis who did not achieve pregnancy (Group E.NP). Follicular fluid proteins were separated using 2D‐electrophoresis,and their spots were compared, excised, and submitted to LC–ESI‐MS/MS for proteins identification. The analysis showed 29 differentially expressed spots among the groups, and from these, 21 proteins were identified. Analysis showed some functional enrichment in the E.P group, including response to oxidative stress and apoptosis, while the E.NP group showed functions related to response to reactive oxygen species and positive regulation of apoptosis. These data suggest that endometriosis leads to differential protein expression in the follicular fluid, which can influences the outcome of pregnancy. These proteins may be potential targets for better diagnostics and new therapeutic intervention in affected women, as well as assisting in comprehending the physiopathologic mechanisms underlying endometriosis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 441–450, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethylene/1‐Hexene Copolymerization with A Novel SiO2‐Supported Inorganic and Organic Hybrid Chromium‐based Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Shiliang , Cheng Ruihua , Dong Qi , He Xuelian , Wang Quntao , Tang Yan , Yu Yongling , Xie Kan , Da Jianwen , Terano Minoru , Liu Boping
Published: April 2013

In this work, ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization with a novel SiO2‐supported inorganic and organic hybrid chromium‐based catalyst was investigated. This catalyst was prepared using the residual surface hydroxyl groups in Phillips catalyst to support bis(triphenylsilyl) chromate (BC) in order to get the merits from two important chromium‐based catalysts namely inorganic Phillips and organic S‐2 catalysts. The influences of addition amount of 1‐hexene and BC were systematically investigated. With increasing 1‐hexene from 0 to 7 vol%, the activity of HCat‐2 catalyst showed a decreasing tendency. Its copolymer also showed the better short chain branches distribution through the temperature rising elution fractionation cross successive self‐nucleation and annealing characterization.

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Endothelins specifically recognize lysophosphatidylcholine micelles
Authors: Sato Akira , Ebina Keiichi
Published: April 2013

Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a major phospholipid component of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL), is implicated in numerous inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. Here, to clarify the relationship between bioactive endothelins (ETs) (which are considered to be potent proinflammatory mediators) and LPC/ox‐LDL, we investigated the interaction between ETs and LPC/ox‐LDL by fluorescence spectroscopy and western blotting. Tryptophan fluorescence measurements revealed ETs specifically interacted with LPC at concentrations that exceeded the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The tryptophan residue in ETs was not likely to be involved directly in the interaction between ETs and LPC micelles. Tryptophan fluorescence quenching revealed tryptophan residue in ETs where LPC concentrations were below the CMC may be buried deeply in the peptide or may interact with other amino acid residues, whereas tryptophan residue in ETs in the presence of LPC at concentrations exceeding the CMC was exposed outside of the peptide. Furthermore, ETs bind to ox‐LDL in a concentration‐dependent manner. These results strongly suggest that ox‐LDL contains micelle‐rich LPCs and that ETs specifically interact with the bioactive LPC micelles. Further study of the interaction between ETs and LPC micelles contained in ox‐LDL will provide important information on the development and progression of many inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High power efficiency solution‐processed double‐layer blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode by controlling charge transport at the emissive layer and heterojunction
Authors: Yeoh Keat Hoe , Ng Calvin Yi Bin , Chua Chong Lim , AzrinaTalik Noor , Woon Kai Lin
Published: April 2013

We have demonstrated an effective method of enhancing the power efficiency of double–emissive solution‐processed blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode (PHOLED) by controlling the charge transport in the heterojunction and emissive layer. The first emissive layer consists of poly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and bis(4,6 difluorophenylpyridinato‐N,C2)picolinatoiridium (FIrpic) mixed with 4,4′,4″‐tris(N‐carbazolyl)‐triphenylamine (TCTA) or 1,3‐bis[(4‐tert‐ butylphenyl)‐1,3,4 oxidiazolyl] phenylene (OXD‐7). The second layer consists of an alcohol‐soluble 2,7‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)‐9,9′‐spirobi[fluorene] (SPPO13) and FIrpic blend. The incorporation of OXD‐7 into PVK blurs the interface between the emissive layers and widens the recombination zone while blending TCTA into PVK reduces the hole‐ injection barrier from PEDOT:PSS to PVK. By adding TCTA or OXD‐7 into the first emissive layer, we have achieved a power efficiency of 10 lm/W and 11 lm/W, respectively, at 1000 cd/m2.

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(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A review of rapid microwave fixation technology: Its expanding niche in morphologic studies
Authors: Login Gary R. , Dvorak Ann M.
Published: April 2013

Microwave (MW) fixation methods are important because excellent preservation of both cell structure and antigenicity can be attained several orders of magnitude faster than by routine chemical fixation methods. However, because of the limitations of commercial MW ovens, fixation results are often irreproducible. We present a standardization protocol for MW fixation in household MW ovens that emphasizes magnetron warm‐up; the use of a water load during sample irradiation, of an agar/saline/Giemsa model to evaluate uniformity of irradiation within the MW cavity, and of specimen containers with one dimension less than 1.5 cm; and fast specimen handling to prevent conductive heating artifacts after irradiation. We describe a prototypic MW device that improves the precision of sample irradiation and fixes blocks of tissue and cells in suspension in milliseconds. The solutions used to immerse the specimen during irradiation influence the specimen morphology. Aldehyde‐ or osmium‐containing solutions used simultaneously with MW irradiation resulted in the best morphologic preservation of specimens up to 1 cm3. Using MW fixation methods and a postembedding, ultrastructural immunogold‐labeling approach, we have localized granule chymase and histamine in rat mast cells and amylase in rat parotid acinar cells.
Uses and applications of Software & Systems Process Engineering Meta‐Model process models. A systematic mapping study
Authors: Ruiz‐Rube Iván , Dodero Juan Manuel , Palomo‐Duarte Manuel , Ruiz Mercedes , Gawn David
Published: April 2013

Software process engineering is a discipline, which aims to study and improve software development and maintenance processes. The explicit definition of software processes is essential. To this end, the Object Management Group consortium proposed the Software & Systems Process Engineering Meta‐Model (SPEM) that exploits the benefits of the Model Driven Architecture paradigm applied to software process models, instead of software specification models. The aim of this study is to discover evidence clusters and evidence deserts in the use and application of SPEM from a business process management point of view. To reach the proposed objective, we have undertaken a systematic mapping study of the existing scientific literature.

The reviewed literature deals mainly with process modeling and, to a lesser extent, with process adaptability, verification, and validation, enactment and evaluation. Wide agreement exists in using the SPEM meta‐model to develop different types of methods and processes. Further research efforts are needed in areas related to enactment and evaluation of software processes. There is a need to evolve to a new version of the meta‐model that incorporates the improvements proposed by different authors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonographic measurement of lower uterine segment thickness to predict uterine rupture during a trial of labor in women with previous Cesarean section: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kok N. , Wiersma I. C. , Opmeer B. C. , de Graaf I. M. , Mol B. W. , Pajkrt E.
Published: April 2013

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of antenatal sonographic measurement of lower uterine segment (LUS) thickness in the prediction of risk of uterine rupture during a trial of labor (TOL) in women with a previous Cesarean section (CS).

Methods

PubMed and EMBASE were searched to identify articles published on the subject of sonographic LUS measurement and occurrence of a uterine defect after delivery. Four independent researchers performed identification of papers and data extraction. Selected studies were scored on methodological quality, and sensitivity and specificity of measurement of LUS thickness in the prediction of a uterine defect were calculated. We performed bivariate meta‐analysis to estimate summary receiver–operating characteristics (sROC) curves.

Results

We included 21 studies with a total of 2776 analyzed patients. The quality of included studies was good, although comparison was difficult because of heterogeneity. The estimated sROC curves showed that measurement of LUS thickness seems promising in the prediction of occurrence of uterine defects (dehiscence and rupture) in the uterine wall. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of myometrial LUS thickness for cut‐offs between 0.6 and 2.0 mm was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.60–0.87) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82–0.97); cut‐offs between 2.1 and 4.0 mm reached a sensitivity and specificity of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.81–0.98) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.26–0.90). The pooled sensitivity and specificity of full LUS thickness for cut‐offs between 2.0 and 3.0 mm was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.42–0.77) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.80–0.96); cut‐offs between 3.1 and 5.1 mm reached a sensitivity and specificity of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.89–0.98) and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.30–0.87).

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis provides support for the use of antenatal LUS measurements in the prediction of a uterine defect during TOL. Clinical applicability should be assessed in prospective observational studies using a standardized method of measurement. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.