bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Simulation of Discrete Kalman Filtering Applied to a GPS Receiver
Authors: Bartlett Lt Steve , LeGrand Rich , Staton Eric
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The NAVSTAR Global Position System (GPS) is a world wide, highly accurate, all weather, radionaviga‐tion system. The use of GPS signals for positioning and navigation is important not only to military users but also to civilian users requiring an accurate positioning service. The applicaiton of GPS technology has expanded to many areas in the past few years. The future might see not only missiles guided by GPS signals but also the family vehicle navigated by GPS.

One of the most widely used techniques to improve the positioning accuracy of GPS is Kalman filtering. Kalman filters were first described by R.E. Kalman in his 1960 paper. Since then Kalman filters have been used in many different fields. They are particularly useful in solving radionavigation problems because of the recursive nature of the filter and also because the assumption of a Gaussian noise distribution accurately models the noisy measurements of radionavigation signals.

This paper provies a general overview of GPS and analyzes the application of discrete Kalman filtering techniques used to improve the accuracy of navigation. A mathematical model of a GPS receiver is computer simulated. Results of the simulation demonstrate the vast reduction in position error due to the Kalman filter.
Fast Attack Combatant for Near‐Shore Operation
Authors: Blount Donald L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The technologies of advanced naval engineering were used to design a corvette‐size vessel which transited the Atlantic Ocean in 1992, without refueling, at an average speed of 53.1 knots. The application of these and related technologies to fast attack craft (FAC) of 200 to 500 tonnes can result in vessels with extraordinary capabilities. The combination of 40 + knot speeds, navigational draft of less than 2 meters, enhancements for signature reduction, active and passive sensors, data linking with remote sources and 75 + tonnes for mission payload and fuel offer creative options for operation in a littoral environment.

This paper describes a multi‐mission, 250‐tonne FAC, propelled by waterjets with power supplied by gas turbines and diesels. Sufficient detail is provided to indicate weight allocated for mission equipments, the weights for light ship and the loads and optional stations for launching/recovering delivery vehicles. Operational characteristics of this FAC are described such that they may be used for studying tactical advantages.
An Engine Remembered
Authors: Culver John A.
Published: March 2009

The tenth of August was a beautiful day in Portland, Maine, and at about noontime the SS Jeremiah O'Brien carefully came along side the pier after a morning cruise on Casco Bay. A crowd of about 400 people were standing‐by for the three‐hour afternoon cruise aboard the famous World War II liberty ship.
Application of High Temperature Superconducting Wire to Magnetostrictive Transducers for Underwater Sonar
Authors: Joshi C. H. , Lindberg J. F. , Clark A. E.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  A low‐frequency underwater acoustic transducer integrating high‐temperature superconducting (HTS) coils and terbium‐dysprosium (TbDy) magnetostrictive material was designed, fabricated and tested. This represents a novel application for high‐temperature superconductivity and is a first example of an integrated system involving HTS coils cooled by a mechanical cryocooler. It also brings HTS technology together with a novel magnetic materials technology. The HTS coils were fabricated using react‐and‐wind BiSrCaCuO‐2223 HTS wires. They produce a peak field of 0.1 Tesla at 50 K. A single‐stage, Stirling‐cycle cryocooler was used to cool the coils and the TbDy driver to cryogenic temperatures (50‐65K). The coils provide an AC magnetic field superimposed on a DC bias field, which produces oscillatory strain within the magnetostrictive rod; this motion is transmitted through a cryostat to two head masses which project sound into the surrounding environment. High power acoustic output can be obtained by operating the transducer at its resonance frequencies of 520 Hz in air and 430 Hz underwater. This development demonstrates that, unlike low temperature superconductors, HTS wires can be considered for AC applications due to the low losses in these superconductors and the higher heat capacities of materials at temperatures above liquid helium.
Empirical Testing: The Prototypers Evaluation Mechanism
Authors: Hafner A. N.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Evaluating complex systems is the subject of this paper, the third in a series investigating prototyping. It provides an interesting and helpful overview of how to evaluate systems prototypes and outlines the iterative stream of developer‐user interactions that is replacing older approaches to testing and evaluating new military systems, which promise to reduce the time required to develop and field future military capabilities. Changes to the acquisition process, such as those the paper sketches, will facilitate the nation's rapid transit through its current revolution in military affairs.
Ship Habitability— Preparing for the 21st Century
Authors: Meere E. P. , Grieco L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper discusses the problems identified in a FY 1995 fleet habitability survey. The survey questioned the fleet on the quality of shipboard living and working conditions and identified shortfalls in berthing, sanitary spaces, and food service systems that influence crew morale, safety, and ultimately mission effectiveness. Existing habitability programs, new initiatives and responses to the survey problems, plus a few quality of life ideas for the 21st century, are outlined.

The views expressed herein are the personal opinions of the authors and are not necessarily the official views of the Department of Defense or the Naval Sea Systems Command
Modeling and Simulation for Integrated Ship Topside Design
Authors: Baron N. T. , Newcomb J. W.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  A new program initiative is evolving within the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) to define and implement an integrated, architectural approach to surface ship topside design. With any given ship suite of sensor, weapon and control systems, ship topside architecture and design has more influence over realized ship warfare mission capability than any other ship system or engineering design discipline. An integrated treatment of all the major factors that govern ship topside physical and functional attributes will produce more capable, adaptable and affordable ship designs. An integrated ship topside design engineering framework will allow efficient exploitation of emerging system technologies to improve ship capabilities and flexibility. Integrated ship topside design is critically dependent on state‐of‐the‐art computer‐aided engineering— modeling, simulation and visualization— to provide timely and affordable quantification of the numerous engineering trade‐offs and design decisions that go into the topside design.

This paper outlines the need, rationale and vision for integrated topside design in the U. S. Navy. The engineering framework that forms the essential core of the ship design engineering and acquisition management disciplines required to carry out integrated ship topside design is described. The modeling and simulation tools needed to carry out the integrated ship topside design process, along with their expected sources, are defined. A practical architectural mechanization of these computer‐aided engineering tools is outlined based on successful experience with the NAVSEA Electromagnetic Engineering program. The paper concludes with an overview of the status and plan to complete implementation of this new engineering capability, and its application to the design of the next generation of U.S. Navy surface ships.
Autonomous ESM Systems
Authors: Sciortino John C.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Electronic Warfare (EW) Support Measures (ESM) systems are evolving rapidly toward unmanned status by using a constellation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Among these are artificial neural networks (ANN), genetic algorithms, intelligent databases, fuzzy logic and data fusion techniques, as well as expert systems. The applications and implementation techniques, for which adaptive autonomous non cooperative target recognition is useful or necessary, form the focus of this discussion. Military and civilian applications abound for fixed site, shipborne, and airborne systems. These systems could control and manage other interactive systems normally requiring manual inputs. Applications such as air and marine traffic control and management regimes, collection of transport traffic statistics for economic analysis and intelligence, passive targeting, platform inventory (order of battle), and anti‐fratricide control are examples meeting this requirement.

ESM systems use these AI technologies throughout the signal processing chain and beyond: from acquisition through automatic RF band scheduling and antenna pointing, as well as deinter‐leaving of dense signal environments and characterization of individual emitters, to rapid, high‐confidence emitter‐platform correlation with automatic optical/IR imaging, and cross‐indexing of multiple worldwide information databases to prevent platform aliasing. These systems are now feasible because the required components are now available. Low‐cost miniaturized RF system and subsystem components, massively parallel computing resources, and ANN integrated circuits permit the achievement of low‐cost, low‐power, small, modular systems that stand and act alone.
An Arsenal Ship Design Affordable, Advanced Warfighting Capabilities
Authors: Baumann G. , Calvano C. , Chase M. , Null G.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The Navy's “Arsenal Ship Concept of Operations [1]” and “Ship Capabilities Document (SCD) [2]” address a need for the design of a large missile platform that can carry massive and precise firepower, accomplish long‐range strike, and perform flexible targeting and multidimensional theater defense consistent with the policies of “Forward… From the Sea [3]” and “Operational Maneuver from the Sea [4].” The ship is designed to be a large missile magazine that receives its launch orders from remote air, land or sea forces. It is fully integrated into the joint command and control structure to assist current forces in the opening days of conflict. A major design goal of the Arsenal Ship is to limit the crew size to 50 personnel through the use of system automation, redundancy and equipment reliability, while meeting an additional constraint of limiting the sailaway price to 550 million dollars.

The Total Ship Systems Engineering (TSSE) design team at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, CA used a modified repeat of the T‐AO 201 class oiler. The selection of this hull is based on mass tonnage for survivability, carrying capacity for approximately 500 vertically launched missiles and budget constraints that militate against a new hull design. The midship section of the ship is fitted with 64 eight‐cell Concentric Canisterized Launcher (CCL) modules. The Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) is incorporated in the design to provide the controlling platform the ability to remotely fire the Arsenal Ship's missiles.

The design was performed at NPS under the direction of author Calvano by a group of fifteen officer students, which included authors Chase, Baumann and Null. It is believed that the at‐sea experience and thorough analysis from the officers involved has resulted in a sensible design of a creative and highly realistic solution to the Navy's call for an Arsenal Ship of the 21st Century.
Building Ships as a System: An Approach to Total Ship Integration
Authors: Duren B. G. , Pollard J. R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper considers an effort to reinvent the process by which the Navy transforms operational requirements into warships. The objective is to articulate a framework and strategy for implementing a total ship system engineering approach. Three factors drive the effort: involve the warfighters in the design process; adopt a “system of systems” framework for integration; and continually improve the acquisition process. The strategy is illustrated by consideration of control structure on a total ship basis. The work has been conducted as a collaborative effort involving three Navy warfare centers and various headquarters activities in Washington, D.C.
Hydroelastic Considerations in Ship Panel Design
Authors: McCormick M.E. , Bhattacharyya R. , Mouring S.E.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Panels and all other structural components of surface ships and submarines vibrate when the vessel is underway. The vibratory motions are primarily excited by the power plant. At operational (design) speeds, panels vibrate in their fundamental modes and those associated with their higher harmonic frequencies. The panel motions have rather well‐defined energy spectra, which depend on both the structural design, position of the panel and the rotational speed of the single or multiple power plants. The panel motions will interact with the vortices in the adjacent turbulent boundary layer. The interaction can result in either an increase in the frictional drag or a decrease. Because of this, the argument is made that the designs of the panels and their support systems should include considerations of this hydroelastic effect.
Cooperative Engagement Capability
Authors: O'Driscoll M. J. , Krill J. A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  A revolutionary approach to air defense has recently been extensively evaluated within the United States Navy The approach is a new cooperative engagement capability (CEC) that allows systems to share unaltered sensor measurement data with very small time delay and with retention of precision, enabling the units of a battle group to operate as one. The CEC system and the program for fleet introduction will be described. Further, the results of recent testing as well as new concepts toward multiwarfare, joint‐services operations are discussed.
Zero Leakage Tornado Effect Pumps in Carrier Sewage Systems
Authors: Johnson W. , Myers S. , Schepis R. , Crew J. , Keltner R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Current centrifugal pumps installed in CVN 68 class sewage collection, holding, and transfer (CHT) systems experience a high rate of seal failures. A CHT pump seal failure requires a significant maintenance effort. In addition, seal leakage releases sewage material into the CHT pump room in violation of Navy health regulations.

Efforts to develop improved pump seals have met with less than satisfactory results. An effort was undertaken to identify an alternate pump design that meets the zero external leakage criteria. This effort identified the Eddy Pump, which is gaining increased recognition for its performance in civilian applications.

This new pump departs from conventional centrifugal pump design principles in that the pump rotor is able to create and harness a dynamic fluid eddy effect within the pump housing and inlet. This effect is similar to that which occurs in a tornado. A very strong synchronized central column flow develops from the pump rotor to the pump inlet and creates a low pressure reverse eddy flow from the pump inlet to the pump discharge. This results in a region of negative pressure in the vicinity of the pump seal. The seal design allows one way passage of externally supplied low pressure air through the shaft seal toward the pump casing (volute) to oppose the ingress of sewage.

This paper is a condensation and combination of two reports. These reports are: (1) Myers, S. and R. Keltner, “CHT Pump Trade‐Off Studies: CVN 76,” prepared by Newport News Shipbuilding under contract N00024‐91‐C‐2108, Task 2318T‐74, January 1993, and (2) Schepis, R. and J. Crew, “Eddy Pump Performance,” Commander, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Philadelphia Site, Serial 631/110, May 1995.
Advanced Double Hull Structural Design Technology
Authors: Sikora J. , Grassman J. M. , Sensharma P. , Watts J.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The Mid‐Term Sealift Ship Technology Development Program is a multiyear research and development effort to examine promising technologies for application to construction of sealift ships. One of the goals of this program is to enhance the competitiveness of U.S. shipbuilders by investigating a new method of hull construction that would be easier and cheaper to build and pre‐outfit. The concept consists of a long‐spanned, unidirectionally‐stiffened structural system where the main structural elements are arranged longitudinally. This technology is referred to as advanced double hull (ADH).

This paper describes the second year of study in which a new design criterion was applied. This criterion was based upon the results of structural testing and analysis conducted by the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD) to determine the ultimate strength of cellular structure. A full ship finite element model was developed to help validate the structural criteria.
An Approach to Assessing Readiness Based Logistic Support Policies
Authors: Dunst J. , Fry K.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The third phase of the Readiness Based Sparing (RBS) process is called life cycle maintenance. The key to this phase is answering the questions, “How are we doing?” and “How can we do better?” Since RBS sparing loads have been in the fleet for some time, it must now be determined whether the goals and predictions made at the outset are being met. Assessments are often out‐of‐date, or are not available for the specific equipment under study. They may not use the same criteria for failures or replacements that are needed for sparing determinations and do not include a key measurement for RBS use, gross (supply) effectiveness. Also, from a program management point‐of‐view, these studies are time‐consuming and expensive. This paper deals with the Naval Sea Logistics Center's (NavSea‐LogCen) efforts to create an assessment tool that is automated, timely, user‐friendly, for the purposes of computing logistics indicators such as mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to repair (MTTR), and mean requisition response time (MRRT) as well as achieved gross effectiveness. In turn, these indicators will be used by the NavSea TIGER simulation model to compute operational availability (Ao).
The Case for Automated Ammunition Magazines and New Guns Modularized with Automated Magazines
Authors: Voss D. L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Gun ammunition in combatant ship magazines is stowed in ammunition stowage racks. Removal of the ammunition from these racks is labor intensive and slow. The requirement to meet many engagement scenarios with different types of ammunition that will in the future become increasingly larger and heavier will require automated robotic handling. Robotics will mimic the human ammunition handler with greater speed, reach, strength and logic unfettered by fatigue.
Application of 3‐D Nonlinear Wave‐Load and Structural‐Response Simulations in Naval Ship Design
Authors: Engle A. , Lin W. , Salvesen N. , Shin Y.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Despite the limits inherent within linearized frequency‐domain ship motion and wave load computer codes, strip theory has been found to provide the design community with a fairly robust, practical design tool with reasonable accuracy for most conventional displacement monohulls. However, the advent of new design concepts including multi‐hulls and application of new materials as well as the push to incorporate reliability methods within surface ship structural design criteria has highlighted the need for more rigorous methods of developing a lifetime load spectrum. In this paper, a multilevel computation system for predicting ship motions and wave loads, up through and including extreme sea conditions, is presented. This system includes a traditional strip theory approach and newly developed linear and nonlinear three‐dimensional time‐domain methods. The new nonlinear methods are currently in the process of being validated by the U.S. Navy. The status of the current development is presented. Sample numerical results from the new nonlinear methods are compared with both linear frequency domain predictions and model tests.
AV‐8B Flight Hazard Awareness Analysis and Training Using Flight Simulation
Authors: Calvert J. F.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The V/STOL capability of the AV‐8B Harrier is provided through a sophisticated combination of vectored thrust and aerodynamic technology. The proper interaction of the nozzle thrust and flap system is of extreme importance. Specific combinations of nozzle angle and flap position are employed to optimize both jet lift and aerodynamic lift. However, if the proper flap‐nozzle position schedule is violated, the resulting thrust and flap impingement may cause a severe nose‐down pitching moment sufficient to override the pilot control. Depending upon ground proximity, this condition creates a hazard which causes great potential for loss of aircraft and/or pilot.

Flap impingement hazard was identified on the AV‐8B aircraft as a potential catastrophic flight hazard. In response, a requirement was established to 1) study the severity of the flap impingement hazard on the AV‐8B, 2) devise flight operational procedures which would minimize pilot exposure to the hazard potential and the resulting pilot control problems during flight, and 3) devise a training capability to familiarize pilots with flap impingement hazard characteristics and recovery procedures. This paper comprises the results of a study which utilized piloted flight simulation and fleet simulation trainers to meet these requirements.
Hull‐Generated Intermodulation Interference: An Insidious Electromagnetic Compatibility Foe
Authors: Nosek L. T.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In the constant battle to maintain the highest degree of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) between installed radio frequency transmitters and receivers, the Navy has developed specifications, inspections, and tests to help reduce and quantify the degree of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Where EMI still exists, the Navy has developed certain fixes to correct EMI including filtering and frequency management. In spite of all these valiant efforts, hull‐generated intermodulation interference (IMI), especially at high power, high frequencies (HF), secretly works to undo all of these preventive and corrective efforts. Hull‐generated IMI is perhaps the most insidious form of EMI for it is impossible to eradicate. A ship with nine 1000 watt HF transmitters has the potential to generate 271,656 IMI frequencies. A typical communications suite on a combatant vessel has 1179 potential victim receiver frequencies. This paper introduces a hull‐generated intermodulation product (IMP) prediction computer model, programmed in Microsoftr̀ Excel v5.0. This computer model takes frequency and mode information from a shipboard communications plan and the latest hull‐generated IMP orders measured and predicts IMI victim receiver frequencies and corresponding HF IMI source transmitter frequencies. From this information, a communications plan can be constructed to reduce the adverse effects of hull‐generated IMI.
Joint Logistics Over the Shore Operations in Rough Seas
Authors: Vaughters T. G. , Mardiros M. F.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Joint Logistics Over the Shore (JLOTS) operations involve the unloading of ships without the benefit of fixed port facilities. Container ships, roll‐on/roll‐off (Ro/Ro) ships, break bulk ships, heavy lift ships, and tankers are the most common merchant vessels utilized in JLOTS operations to transport military cargo. A major problem is that the current JLOTS system is inoperative in sea state 3 and greater conditions. When seas build above sea state 3 the motion and relative motion of lighters and ships create extremely dangerous conditions which preclude the movement of cargo. New technology is currently being developed by the Navy, Army, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to improve JLOTS operations. Several new JLOTS subsystems were recently tested as part of an Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) sponsored joint services test and evaluation program called JLOTS III (June 1993). JLOTS III showed that lighters, cargo transfer systems, and personnel do not have the capability or training to perform in sea state 3, as currently required by military doctrine. Subsequent to the JLOTS III testing, a number of R & D innovations have been examined and a Heavy Weather (Sea State 3) JLOTS Options Study has been completed. This options study has defined and characterized all the weak links related to heavy weather operations and has identified and/or developed concepts to improve the overall JLOTS operational efficiency. This paper discusses current JLOTS technology development initiatives from a joint services perspective with regard to the following question: Can emerging technology, in combination with improved training and command and control, provide a heavy weather JLOTS capability which is affordable?
A New Approach to an Integrated CAD Method for Surface Ship Design
Authors: Tan K. T. , Bligh T. R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The objective of this paper is to introduce a new design approach of an integrated CAD method for surface ship design. This new approach is called the Concurrent Integrated CAD (CICAD) System. Instead of following the traditional spiral approach, the proposed work establishes a concurrent computer‐aided design procedure. As the design process proceeds, all analyses would be carried out concurrently on the progressing design, to provide an overview of its performance. The paper starts with a brief discussion about the challenges encountered by the present shipbuilding industry. This is to identify the needs of this industry in the foreseeable future. The authors point out the problems of the ship design process, and investigate the impacts and trends of applying CAD methods, in order to justify the new approach. Other innovations of the ship design process, like Simulation Based Design (SBD), Decision‐based Design (DBD), etc. are also discussed. The paper illustrates the conceptual and function models of CICAD. It demonstrates how the new approach is being developed, with yacht design as an example; and it estimates the significance of this concurrent approach. Further work is underway to refine the new model prior to the system development.
Simulation and Testing of the Landing Period Designator (LPD) Helicopter Recovery Aid
Authors: Ferrier B. , Manning T.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  A synopsis is presented summarizing the development tasks, simulation projects, and testing program of the Landing Period Designator (LPD) helicopter recovery aid. The LPD, an empirical formulation, relates‐real‐time ship motion to safe recovery times for a given aircraft‐ship combination. The “proof‐of‐concept” testing program required satisfaction of three criteria. The index must be sensitive to different aircraft and ship models for given sea conditions. Second, the energy index trace from a low to a high energy state must never violate a given motion time delay (termed rise‐time). Third, for a given sea condition, the energy index response using simulated data must approximate recorded ship motion index response, lest program results supported all three test hypotheses. Having tested scientifically the algorithm, the next phase sought application for the device. This entailed the use of a manned flight simulator. Recoveries in various sea conditions were conducted using the operational limits of several helicopters, the results confirmed usefulness in completing the information available for piloted recoveries. In the final phase, the LPD was subjected to at‐sea analysis. The results support the proof of concept hypothesis. In the process of at‐sea testing, an optimal solution was identified for the pilot and LSO oriented presentations.
The Introduction of Programmable Logic Controllers into US Navy Machinery Control Systems
Authors: Anderson C. M. , Greenblatt J. E. , Lively K. A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have long been used in process and manufacturing industries for data acquisition and control. Acquisition reform, prompted by the need to reduce the cost of military systems, mandates the use of Commercial Off‐the‐Shelf (COTS) or modified COTS‐based systems and equipment. For shipboard Engineering Control Systems (ECS), this has led to the introduction of ruggedized commercial workstations at the supervisory level. The transition to COTS has lagged at the local control level, however, due in part to a perceived lack of COTS equipment which can satisfy the need for highly reliable and robust real‐time controllers. This has typically resulted in custom and proprietary hardware and software at the local level.

This paper reviews the top‐level architecture of a typical ECS for a surface combatant and traces the migration from a past generation system, represented by the DDG 51 Class Machinery Control System, to a potential current generation system which utilizes PLCs as a COTS technology. The technology and architecture found in current generation PLCs is briefly reviewed as well as the typical application of PLCs for process control and commercial marine machinery control. Finally, the various factors influencing the cost of a shipboard ECS are discussed, with emphasis placed on how a COTS system has a positive influence on all of the cost factors. The paper concludes with a description of the potential current generation COTS ECS and a brief discussion of next generation advances.
Arsenal Ship Program Certification Plan
Authors: Arntson S. , Lind W. , Turner J. J. , Blaiklock W. C. , Tedesco M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), in conjunction with the U.S. Navy, initiated a research program for the design and construction of a distinctive warship for the 21st century known as the Arsenal Ship. By using an innovative development and acquisition approach it was hoped to streamline the procurement process and reduce costs. In an environment where budgets are being cut, both industry and Government were challenged to develop, design, and produce the innovative ship and related mission systems to meet specific performance capabilities within strict affordability constraints. A key element of this innovative acquisition approach was a new certification scheme designed to replace the traditional test and evaluation (T & E) and acceptance process.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the certification plan during Phase II of the Arsenal Ship program by the American Bureau of Shipping and the contending Shipyard teams, and to discuss the potential benefits of this alternative certification approach. Although the Arsenal Ship program was canceled late in 1997, insight derived from the exploration of new certification concepts could benefit future design and building programs.
Development of a Family of Commercial Marine Composite Ball Valves
Authors: Bhasin V. , Conroy D. , Reid J.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The Navy spends millions of dollars each year maintaining valves of various types due to erosion, corrosion, and other service‐related problems. In addition, the current wide variety of valve types used throughout the Navy results in over 60,000 allowance parts lists (APL's) (and nearly 8,000 vendors) in the supply system which are cumbersome and costly to maintain. Composite technology offers the potential for significant cost savings in maintenance due to corrosion/erosion resistance. The application of composite technology along with new valve designs which minimize and standardize valve component parts has the potential to significantly reduce valve life‐cycle costs.

The Navy is developing a family of non‐metallic composite ball valves, NPS 0.5–12, for shipboard applications. A NAVSEA standard drawing will be issued for procurement purposes. The benefits of this valve design are reduced life cycle cost through significantly reduced maintenance and supply support; reduced weight; compatibility with all piping, and potential reduction in costs associated with valve APL's, due to increased standardization. Selected sizes have been prototyped for laboratory and shipboard tests and evaluations (T & E).

This paper describes the research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT & E) and planned implementation of this family of valves, including Fleet backfit.
Edward Ellsberg—A Naval Engineer Before His Time
Authors: Allien Commander John D.
Published: March 2009

“Herein lies a tale of notoriety, personal gain, and the inability of the U.S. Navy to cope with such an individual. I was particularly struck with the similarity between Ellsberg and another naval engineer the Navy had trouble coping with, Adm. Hyman G. Rickover. Both were the sons of Jewish immigrants, both were brilliant, both had driving dedication and obsession with getting any assigned job done, at any cost. Both were passed over and both used Congressional influence to get promoted.”
USS Wampanoag, 1868: Isherwood, Taylor, and the Search for Speed
Authors: Wegner D. M. , Ratliff C. D.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The USS Wampanoag was designed in 1863 during the American Civil War. In 1868 she set the world's speed record for steam powered warships. She had been created by Navy Chief Engineer Benjamin Isherwood to catch Confederate blockade runners, track enemy commerce raiders, and to destroy commercial shipping. By the time Wampanoag was complete the Civil War was over, the Navy down‐sized, and the ship was bitterly condemned as useless.

In 1927 RAdm. David Taylor performed hydrodynamic tests on a model similar to Wampanoag in order to retrospectively verify her speed. In 1989 the staff of the Curator of Ship Models at NSWC Carderock began a historical investigation of the form and appearance of the cruiser. These efforts have led to the construction of a 1:48 scale exhibition model of the Wampanoag.
A‐RCI—The Right Way to Submarine Superiority
Authors: Guertin N. H. , Miller R. W.
Published: March 2009

Over the last ten years, there have been enormous changes in the fundamental factors that influence the development and procurement of submarine sonar systems. These changes can be summarized as: 1) the end of the Cold War; 2) a commercial sector technology revolution; and 3) Department of Defense (DoD) realizations that acquisition reforms were mandatory. Against this backdrop is the fact that the acoustic advantage held by U.S. submarines was being eroded by Russian nuclear submarine development and the proliferation of quiet non‐nuclear submarines among countries of concern to the United States. A dramatic, innovative approach to reclaiming acoustic superiority had to be devised. The solution is the Acoustic‐Rapid COTS (Commercial‐Off‐the‐Shelf) Insertion (A‐RCI) program. A‐RCI brings the benefits of the commercial processing revolution and DoD acquisition reforms to the submarine sonar system. It will provide a sonar system upgrade with far more capability than the existing systems have today at a fraction of their cost. This article provides a framework from which to view the significant leap that A‐RCI provides to the Navy, and details both the programmatic and technical sides of the program to help the reader understand the impact A‐RCI will have on the operating forces.
Automatic Performance Monitoring Enhances Seawolf Submarine Ship Control Maintainability
Authors: Hammett R. , Coakley M. , Sevigny D. , Zamojski R.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses capabilities built into the Seawolf Ship Control System (SCS) to enhance maintainability and how they have proved to be effective during development and initial service. These capabilities include automatic Performance Monitoring and Fault Localization (PM/FL) functions and a maintenance computer containing I/O monitoring functionality to troubleshoot the system.

The success of this PM/FL approach demonstrates great promise for future submarines and surface ships, allowing for a reduction in the size of the crew needed to operate and maintain the ship control. But this PM/FL functionality does not come without a price; these complex decision‐making algorithms required for PM/FL are difficult to specify, develop, and test. It is also important to note that the effectiveness of Seawolf PM/FL is directly attributed to the redundancy inherent in the fault‐tolerant design.

The paper describes how this approach has evolved from earlier submarines and some of the experiences to date with Seawolf PM/FL testing and Seawolf ship control maintenance. The paper also summarizes the design of the system, discussing the features of the fault‐tolerant architecture that facilitate effective maintenance. The difficulties involved in the specification, design, and exhaustive verification of PM/FL will be described. Some speculations as to how future systems might benefit from automated maintenance features is included.
Time‐Domain Characteristics of Complex Computer Networks
Authors: Holden R. A. , Thomas R. W.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a nontraditional use of statistical analysis methods to gain new insight in understanding complex systems. The properties of computer networks described here have implications in terms of the design, construction, and management of systems. An empirical approach is used to construct a covariance matrix that is a mathematical system which represents the real physical network. Some of the general physical properties of networks are deduced from the mathematical properties of covariance matrices. A network coupling coefficient is defined, and partitioning is described in terms of component variance and internal network processes that are shown to depend on data sample time, thus leading to time‐domain behavior. Extensive illustrations are given using data taken from a combat system computer network. Also provided is a discussion of the practical application and meaning of the time‐domain approach reported here.
Topside Design of Warships: A 100 Year Perspective
Authors: Tibbitts B. , Baron N.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The warship design process requires competition, compromise, and iteration. This is as true today as it was when David Taylor was a young officer in the Construction Corps at the turn of the century when the U. S. was struggling to develop a world class navy. The naval architects and ordnance engineers of his day wrestled over topside arrangements much as do their current counterparts. They tried to anticipate future threats, and they worried about cost because they were in an arm's race. These were total ship engineering issues, although the phrase had not yet been coined. What is different today? It is tempting to say that the short answer is technology. And, more importantly, the rate of change. Yet, an objective appraisal of David Taylor's era tells us that they too experienced an explosion in technology. Just the years 1900–1910 alone saw the introduction of dreadnought battleships, submarines, and aircraft. We are still trying to grapple with the implications of the last two warfare systems. History tells us that our predecessors got it right more often than wrong. Why? Because they recognized the need to change the way they did business in the face of new technologies and new threats.
Regulatory Methods Used in Writing NPDES Permits for the Shipbuilding and Repair Industry
Authors: Burgos W. D. , Ellwood A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The Shipbuilding and Repair Industry lacks national effluent standards, and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for shipyards are developed differently in each state depending upon federal or state legal requirements and site‐specific environmental conditions. Because the extent of variation in regulatory and NPDES permit requirements was not known, a survey was conducted to determine how state regulatory agencies and EPA regional offices establish NPDES numerical limits and monitoring requirements for this industry. States and EPA regions bordering major water bodies were contacted, and 23 federal and state regulatory agencies responded. The survey asked how NPDES permit conditions are established for industry in general, and specifically for the shipbuilding and repair industry. The survey also asked how an ecological risk assessment could be applied to the development of a shipyard NPDES permit, and evaluated future regulatory trends. Survey results revealed that the regulatory methods used to develop NPDES permit conditions for shipyards or industry in general do not vary greatly. However, the use of biological monitoring (e.g., biosurveys, tissue analyses, and whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests) is applied less frequently to shipyards, while the use of mixing zones for determining chemical‐specific numerical limits is applied considerably more often to industry in general.
Performance Based Simulation Modeling Quantifies Aircraft Carrier Life Cycle Cost and Readiness
Authors: Jurges Glen F.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper describes a new modeling technique for quantitatively assessing the material condition and readiness or determining the life cycle cost of any aircraft carrier whether it is in‐service or a new design. Called “The Aircraft Carrier Material Condition and Readiness Assessment Simulation Model,” it interactively links the combined performance of 18 major shipboard systems and over 600 critical components to flight operations and mission requirements and measures it against a Fleet standard of 110 sorties per day. This model can also account for manning and skill levels, equipment failures, availability of all logistic elements, and weather for any aircraft carrier mission. It is a new concept that will revolutionize the way the Navy estimates life cycle cost and assesses material condition and readiness.

The aircraft carrier community can now analyze and account for many of the real‐life uncertainties inherent in aircraft carrier operations and maintenance whether the carrier is in‐service or a new design. With this concept, estimating the life cycle cost or quantitatively measuring material condition and readiness for any aircraft carrier is easier, more objective, and less costly.
Acquisition Reform: It All Starts with Design
Authors: Tibbitts B. , Keane R. G.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Over the past half century, the Navy has utilized a wide range of approaches to warship design. This paper discusses how the lessons learned from past practices and the adoption of dramatically new reforms are revolutionizing the warship acquisition process. Regardless of the reforms, the acquisition process still starts with design.
The Marine Forensic Panel
Authors: Garzke W. H. , Dulin R. O.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  For more than a decade, prompted by the pioneering efforts of Dr. Robert Ballard to discover and explore the wreck of RMS Titanic, there has been an explosive growth of interest in the new field of marine forensics, the application of engineering and scientific principles to the study of ship wrecks to determine the causes for the loss of the ship. The Marine Forensic Panel, a part of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) technical research organization, is co‐sponsored by a number of other technical societies, including the American Society of Naval Engineers (ASNE). The Panel is dedicated to advancing the state of marine forensics and enhancing the understanding of recent and historical ship losses. The Panel has advised groups planning a number of expeditions to such historic wrecks as the Titanic, the Lusitania, and the Britannic. A number of Panel members have participated in expeditions to the wreck sites of the Titanic and the Britannic. As the credibility of the marine forensic process is established, the Panel expects to contribute to the enhanced understanding of more recent ship losses.
A New Submarine Design
Authors: Arzola J.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The paper proposes a submarine design which should solve some of the major problems and deficiencies present in most modern naval submarines. It is particularly suitable for attack type submarines whether conventionally or nuclear powered. The design incorporates a novel pressure hull arrangement that permits the external placement of the weapons payload, a multi‐purpose escape module, and provides for the elimination of the bridge fin. The integration of all the design elements results in a submarine with a broader range of capabilities than comparable contemporary designs, particularly with regard to littoral or shallow‐water missions. The design does not, in turn, compromise any of the capabilities inherent in present‐day designs. It also presents some intriguing opportunities for future developments.
American Military Options in a Taiwan Strait Conflict
Authors: Whitehurst C. H.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  United States‐People's Republic of China (PRC) relations since 1972 have varied from warm to frigid. Of most concern to U.S. policy makers and defense planners is the PRC's military buildup absent any real threat to her national interests in East Asia and her continued refusal to rule out the use of force to reunite Taiwan with the Mainland.

Under the Taiwan Relations Act, the United States is committed to insure that any reunification is by peaceful means. This paper examines several possible scenarios in which United States military force is used to back up America's commitment to Taiwan should the PRC decide on military force as the reunification option.

The article hypothesizes that should conflict occur it will be between American‐Taiwan forces, with limited Japanese support, on the one hand, and the People's Republic of China on the other. The task of ensuring Taiwan's security will primarily fall on the U.S. Navy. The paper asks the questions of whether the Navy is prepared for a naval war in the Western Pacific. Does it have the right ships in the right numbers? The paper concludes that given the present downsizing of the Navy and the buildup of PRC naval forces, it is questionable whether the United States would prevail should conflict come in the early twenty‐first century.
Probabilistic Risk Analysis of Diesel Power Generators Onboard Ships
Authors: Ayyub B. M. , Karaszewski Z. J. , Wade M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In this paper, a methodology and guidelines for applying risk methods in design and operation of maritime systems were developed and demonstrated using a case study of marine diesel generators. The methodology consists of several modules that include system definition based on functional and performance requirements, definition of dependencies among subsystems, data collection and reduction, reliability and risk analyses, and results reduction for use in decision analysis. The methodology was used to assess and analyze typical service diesel generators found onboard ships.

The analysis included the generation of cut sets for the overall reliability of the system. The most likely failure scenarios were determined by demonstration as the failure of fuel supply components. The results are consistent with previous findings of the U.S. Coast Guard.