bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The contemporary model of prison architecture: Spatial response to the re-socialization programme
Authors: Fikfak Alenka , Kosanovic Saja , Crnic Mia , Perovic Vasa
Published: February 2016

The history of prison architecture concerns the development of various design
formats. In contemporary terms, punishment and re-socialization are the two
equally important purposes of a prison institution. Rightfully, the
contemporary model of prison architecture may be viewed, inter alia, as a
spatial response to the re-socialization programme. Based on a comprehensive
literature review, critical discussion, and scientific description, this
paper defines the main qualitative elements of prison architecture, which
responds to the requirements for re-socialization of inmates, and further
explains the way in which each response is provided. From these
architectural and design attributes, a list of 30 indicators of the spatial
response to re-socialization was established. Furthermore, by using the
derived indicators, a comparative analysis of four contemporary European
prisons was conducted. The results showed both similarities and differences
in the spatial response to the re-socialization programme, indicating that
the spatial potential for re-socialization of inmates may be developed by
using various approaches to prison design.
Advantages of combined application of SEA with ESIA in strategic planning for sustainable territorial development of tourism destinations
Authors: Nenkovic-Riznic Marina , Maksin Marija , Ristic Vladica
Published: February 2016

Whereas standard SEA (Strategic Environmental Assessment) and EIA
(Environmental Impact Assessment) methodologies aim to assess the impacts of
certain activities solely on environmental quality, new tendencies in spatial
and environmental planning are directed towards the application of
environmental social impact assessment (ESIA), which implies assessment of
the impacts on the quality of life, as well as on natural and cultural
heritage. In the ESIA procedure, identification and assessment of direct,
indirect and cumulative effects of tourism-related and other different
activities are of key importance. The paper presents two case studies of
ecologically vulnerable tourism destinations to explore whether the
application of SEA/ESIA to strategic planning helps control, minimize or
avoid negative effects of tourism; in addition, the case studies are analysed
to check the efficiency of SEA/ESIA as instruments for coordination between
spatial and tourism planning for sustainable territorial development of
tourism destinations. The results/findings of the analysed case studies show
that the application of combined SEA and adapted ESIA methods contributes to
better understanding of the specific problems related to sustainable
territorial development of tourism destinations, and provides support to the
planning options and solutions aimed at addressing these problems n a more
ecologically and socially justifiable manner.
Spatiotemporal review of the torrential flood phenomenon in the Morava river basin
Authors: Petrovic Ana , Ristic Ratko
Published: February 2016

Phenomenon of torrential floods as the most destructive and the most frequent
natural hazards in Serbia with serious socioeconomic, cultural and
environmental consequences deserve special attention. In this paper, data
collection strategy and data analysis with the aim of spatiotemporal
characterization of the torrential flood phenomenon in the largest national,
Morava river basin, are presented. A dataset (derived from the Inventory of
torrential floods in Serbia) of 479 registered torrential flood events with
over 84 casualties for the period 1926-2013 is presented. Monthly
distribution of registered torrential floods indicates that the majority of
events with the highest share of death toll occurred in the late spring, from
May to the end of June. According to the annual distribution there is a
linear increase of torrential flood occurrence in the course of 88 years, but
decrease of death toll is found. The greatest number of torrential flood
events and casualties is registered in the Juzna Morava river basin
(watersheds of Nisava, Toplica, Veternica, Jablanica). The results of this
work can be of great value in the implementation of the Flood Directive of
the European Commission on a river basin level as well as for the future
natural hazards information system in Serbia.
Development and deployment of a rapid recombinase polymerase amplification Ebola virus detection assay in Guinea in 2015
Authors: Faye Oumar , Faye Ousmane , Soropogui Barré , Patel Pranav , El Wahed Ahmed Abd , Loucoubar Cheikh , Fall Gamou , Kiory Davy , Magassouba N’Faly , Keita Sakoba , Kondé Mandy Kader , Diallo Alpha Amadou , Koivogui Lamine , Karlberg Helen , Mirazimi Ali , Nentwich Oliver , Piepenburg Olaf , Niedrig Matthias , Weidmann Manfred , Sall Amadou Alpha
Published: February 2016

In the absence of a vaccine or specific treatments for Ebola virus disease (EVD), early identification of cases is crucial for the control of EVD epidemics. We evaluated a new extraction kit (SpeedXtract (SE), Qiagen) on sera and swabs in combination with an improved diagnostic reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the detection of Ebola virus (EBOV-RT-RPA). The performance of combined extraction and detection was best for swabs. Sensitivity and specificity of the combined SE and EBOV-RT-RPA were tested in a mobile laboratory consisting of a mobile glovebox and a Diagnostics-in-a-Suitcase powered by a battery and solar panel, deployed to Matoto Conakry, Guinea as part of the reinforced surveillance strategy in April 2015 to reach the goal of zero cases. The EBOV-RT-RPA was evaluated in comparison to two real-time PCR assays. Of 928 post-mortem swabs, 120 tested positive, and the combined SE and EBOV-RT-RPA yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in reference to one real-time RT-PCR assay. Another widely used real-time RT-PCR was much less sensitive than expected. Results were provided very fast within 30 to 60 min, and the field deployment of the mobile laboratory helped improve burial management and community engagement.
Mobile diagnostics in outbreak response, not only for Ebola: a blueprint for a modular and robust field laboratory
Authors: Wölfel Roman , Stoecker Kilian , Fleischmann Erna , Gramsamer Brigitte , Wagner Matthias , Molkenthin Peter , Di Caro Antonino , Günther Stephan , Ibrahim Sofi , Genzel Gelimer H , Ozin-Hofsäss Amanda J , Formenty Pierre , Zöller Lothar
Published: February 2016

We established a modular, rapidly deployable laboratory system that provides diagnostic support in resource-limited, remote areas. Developed as a quick response asset to unusual outbreaks of infectious diseases worldwide, several of these laboratories have been used as part of the World Health Organization response to the Ebola virus outbreaks by teams of the ‘European Mobile Lab’ project in West Africa since March 2014. Within three days from deployment, the first European mobile laboratory became operational at the Ebola Treatment Unit (ETU) in Guéckédou, southern Guinea. Deployment in close proximity to the ETU decreased the turnaround time to an average of 4 h instead of several days in many cases. Between March 2014 and May 2015, more than 5,800 samples were tested in this field laboratory. Further EMLab units were deployed to Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone in the following months of the Ebola outbreak. The technical concept of the EMLab units served as a blueprint for other mobile Ebola laboratories which have been set up in Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone and other countries in West Africa. Here, we describe design, capabilities and utility of this deployable laboratory system for use in response to disease outbreaks, epidemiological surveillance and patient management.
Incidence of invasive meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Germany, 2010 to 2014
Authors: Walter Jan , Haller Sebastian , Blank Hans-Peter , Eckmanns Tim , Abu Sin Muna , Hermes Julia
Published: February 2016

Voluntary surveillance systems in Germany suggest a recent decline in the incidence of infections (subsequent to at least 2010) with meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from various types of specimens and settings. We asked whether this decline is reflected by data from the mandatory national surveillance system for invasive MRSA infections. Our analysis is based on the population in Germany in 2010 to 2014. Cases were identified from passive reporting by microbiological laboratories of the diagnosis of MRSA from blood culture or cerebrospinal fluid. Respective clinical data were subsequently added to the notification. We calculated risk ratios (RR) between consecutive years, stratifying cases by sex, age and federal state of residence. The national incidence increased from 4.6 episodes per 100,000 persons in 2010 to 5.6 in 2012 (2011 vs 2010: RR: 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.18; 2012 vs 2011: RR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.13). It stagnated at 5.4 per 100,000 in 2013 (RR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.93–1.01) before declining to 4.8 in 2014 (RR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.84–0.91). This trend was observed in most, but not all federal states and strata of sex and age groups. Only 204 of 20,679 (1%) episodes of infection were notified as belonging to an outbreak. Our analysis corroborates previous findings that the incidence of invasive MRSA infections in Germany may be declining.
Trends in HIV surveillance data in the EU/EEA, 2005 to 2014: new HIV diagnoses still increasing in men who have sex with men
Authors: Pharris Anastasia , Quinten Chantal , Tavoschi Lara , Spiteri Gianfranco , Amato-Gauci Andrew J. ,   the ECDC HIV/AIDS Surveillance Network
Published: February 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission remains significant in Europe. Rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have declined, but not in all countries. New HIV diagnoses have increased among native and foreign-born men who have sex with men. Median CD4+ T-cell count at diagnosis has increased, but not in all groups, and late diagnosis remains common. HIV infection and AIDS can be eliminated in Europe with resolute prevention measures, early diagnosis and access to effective treatment.
Bacteriological Quality Assessment of Raw Beef Sold in Sylhet Sadar
Authors: Jahan Farhana , Mahbub-E-Elahi A T M , Siddique A B
Published: February 2016

This study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of fresh raw beef sold in different markets of Sylhet Sadar. A total of seventy five (75) fresh raw beef samples were randomly collected from seven  major markets (Shibgonj, Mirabazar, Kazitula, Ambarkhana, Madina market, Bandar bazar and Sheikh ghat) of Sylhet Sadar. Total Viable Count of the samples ranged between 2.5 × 105 to 2.25 × 108cfu/g. Acceptability for consumption of these samples as satisfactory, acceptable and rejected were 40, 32 and 28%, respectively. A total of 115 bacterial isolates of 5 genera were identified including gram negative Escherichia coli [15(10%)], Salmonella spp. [20(13.33%)], Klebsiella spp. [30(20%)], Enterobacter spp. [10(6.67%)] and gram positive Staphylococcus spp. [40(26.67%)]. The presence of these organisms in fresh meat from conventional beef is alarming.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i2.26654The Agriculturists 2015; 13(2) 09-16
Developing Biosensors in Developing Countries: South Africa as a Case Study
Authors: Fogel Ronen , Limson Janice
Published: February 2016

A mini-review of the reported biosensor research occurring in South Africa evidences a strong emphasis on electrochemical sensor research, guided by the opportunities this transduction platform holds for low-cost and robust sensing of numerous targets. Many of the reported publications centre on fundamental research into the signal transduction method, using model biorecognition elements, in line with international trends. Other research in this field is spread across several areas including: the application of nanotechnology; the identification and validation of biomarkers; development and testing of biorecognition agents (antibodies and aptamers) and design of electro-catalysts, most notably metallophthalocyanine. Biosensor targets commonly featured were pesticides and metals. Areas of regional import to sub-Saharan Africa, such as HIV/AIDs and tuberculosis diagnosis, are also apparent in a review of the available literature. Irrespective of the targets, the challenge to the effective deployment of such sensors remains shaped by social and economic realities such that the requirements thereof are for low-cost and universally easy to operate devices for field settings. While it is difficult to disentangle the intertwined roles of national policy, grant funding availability and, certainly, of global trends in shaping areas of emphasis in research, most notable is the strong role that nanotechnology, and to a certain extent biotechnology, plays in research regarding biosensor construction. Stronger emphasis on collaboration between scientists in theoretical modelling, nanomaterials application and or relevant stakeholders in the specific field (e.g., food or health monitoring) and researchers in biosensor design may help evolve focused research efforts towards development and deployment of low-cost biosensors.
Time-Dependent Effects on the Coupled Mechanical-Electrical Response of Carbon Nanotube Yarns under Tensile Loading
Authors: Anike Jude , Bajar Angeline , Abot Jandro
Published: February 2016

Carbon nanotube yarns have extraordinary mechanical, electrical and thermal properties that make them attractive for high-performance and multifunctional composite materials. They also exhibit a unique piezoresistive response when subjected to mechanical strain. This characteristic is of interest for sensing applications including strain measurement and damage detection when integrated in polymeric and composite materials. Thus, there is a need to understand the coupled mechanical and electrical behavior of the carbon nanotube yarns to fully comprehend the entire scope of their sensing applications. Of particular interest are their characteristics when used as piezoresistive strain sensors in structures that are subjected to dynamic loading including fatigue and impact, or quasi-static cyclic loading. This paper presents a study about the presence of hysteresis and other time-dependent effects in carbon nanotube yarns during quasi-static cyclic uniaxial tensile loading. By simultaneously measuring the resistance, the load and the displacement histories, any direct correlations between the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the carbon nanotube yarns are investigated including the effect of strain level, strain rate, and stress relaxation. It was observed that all these effects play a significant role in the piezoresistive response of the carbon nanotube yarns. In particular, a low strain rate appears to bring out a unique piezoresistive response that is not observed at higher strain rates. The underlying phenomena determining the piezoresistive responses are hypothesized and discussed in the context of strain rate and maximum strain level.
Evaluation of Adaptation Practices in the Agriculture Sector of Bangladesh: An Ecosystem Based Assessment
Authors: Arfanuzzaman Md. , Mamnun Nabir , Islam Md. , Dilshad Tanzina , Syed Md.
Published: February 2016

Climate changes imposed differential impacts on Bangladesh in the form of sea level rise, extreme events, and variability, which has enormous economic, environmental and social cost. Such impacts are assorted across the ecosystems of the Southwest, Northwest and Central region of the country. Among the different sectors, agriculture is comparatively more vulnerable to climate change impacts. In order to reduce the climate change induced loss and damage, a series of adaptation options have been being practiced by the people at the local level for many years, but the effectiveness, profitability, and sustainability of such adaptation options are still not too well investigated or understood. From this backdrop, the study intends to identify, prioritize and evaluate the adaptation options in the agriculture of different ecosystems of Bangladesh. It is found that the economic gain of adopting rice prawn farming, replantation of rice, and saline tolerant and short duration rice varieties are much higher than the other adaption options. Through investing $10 in such adaptation options, $22, $4, $2 and $2 net return will be provided, respectively. Unavailability and less affordability are impeding the promotion of some effective adaption options, which require more attention from policy makers, while further research, demonstration and capacity building of the farmers will reduce vulnerability and build resilience.
Optimization of a Green Extraction/Inclusion Complex Formation Process to Recover Antioxidant Polyphenols from Oak Acorn Husks (Quercus Robur) Using Aqueous 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin/Glycerol Mixtures
Authors: Kyriakidou Katerina , Mourtzinos Ioannis , Biliaderis Costas , Makris Dimitris
Published: February 2016

Aqueous mixtures of glycerol and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD), two non-toxic eco-friendly substances, were used as a means of extracting antioxidant polyphenols from oak acorn (Quercur robur) husks. The process was optimized by implementing a central composite (Box-Behnken) experimental design and response surface methodology, taking into consideration the critical parameters (independent variables) of glycerol concentration (Cgl), CD concentration (CCD) and temperature (T). The assessment of the extraction model was based on three responses: the total polyphenol yield (YTP), the antiradical activity (AAR) and the reducing power (PR). The model illustrated that YTP depended significantly on Cgl and CCD, but not on T, whereas both antioxidant properties considered (AAR and PR) were temperature-dependent. The maximum predicted YTP was 122.19 mg GAE per g dry husk weight, while the extract obtained under optimized conditions displayed strong antioxidant activity.
Molecular Mechanisms of Nickel Allergy
Authors: Saito Masako , Arakaki Rieko , Yamada Akiko , Tsunematsu Takaaki , Kudo Yasusei , Ishimaru Naozumi
Published: February 2016

Allergic contact hypersensitivity to metals is a delayed-type allergy. Although various metals are known to produce an allergic reaction, nickel is the most frequent cause of metal allergy. Researchers have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms of metal allergy using animal models and human patients. Here, the immunological and molecular mechanisms of metal allergy are described based on the findings of previous studies, including those that were recently published. In addition, the adsorption and excretion of various metals, in particular nickel, is discussed to further understand the pathogenesis of metal allergy.
Besoins en eau et politique de soutien d'étiage dans la vallée de la Garonne
Authors: Sormail Lucien
Published: February 2016

Demand for water and seasonal low water level support in the Garonne valley. The tapping of the Garonne during the natural low water periods in summer to provide drinking water, water for industry and irrigation uses 50 % of the water available in a dry year. The residual flow of the Garonne falls increasingly often below the minimum acceptable levels compatible with maintaining water quality. The policy of low water back-up which includes notably the construction of reservoirs and the concerted management of existing reservoirs must be completed by the end of the century by the creation of a dam. The problem of the 1989 drought is touched.
Préhistoire de Midi-Pyrénées
Authors: Poumarède Jacques
Published: February 2016

Selon certains observateurs, l'organisation territoriale de la France serait — encore — en crise. Le regard rétrospectif de l'historien des institutions vise à faire le point sur cette question ; sa réflexion s'ancre sur un territoire déterminé, ici la région Midi-Pyrénées. Trois époques successives sont distinguées ; — celle de l'invention de l'idée de région, au tournant du XXe siècle (avec notamment le rôle de géographes), et de ses premières applications dans l'entre-deux-guerres (initiatives privées autour des Chambres de commerce et initiatives politiques) ; — celle de la période 1940-1945 : expériences éphémères du régime de Vichy et du gouvernement provisoire de la République ; — celle de la gestation du fait régional, durant les « Trente glorieuses », au cours de laquelle une floraison de structures publiques et para-publiques voient le jour sous la pression des nécessités politiques, administratives et économiques : IGAMES (1948), Comités d'expansion (officialisés en 1954), circonscriptions régionales pour l'application du Plan (1955), Conférences interdépartementales (1959) et réforme de 1964 (préfets de région, CODER) qui permet (à son corps défendant ?) à l'idée régionale de sortir du cercle des notables locaux et de la haute fonction publique.
Initial [18F]FDG PET/CT in high-risk DTC patients
Authors: Binse Ina , Bockisch Andreas , Rosenbaum-Krumme Sandra , Ruhlmann Marcus
Published: February 2016

In a previous paper, we published the impact of initial [18F]FDG PET/CT (FDG-PET/CT) in high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and described the changes in therapy management. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the initial FDG-PET/CT on a patient’s follow-up over three years and the rate of complete remission. Patients, methods: This study included 109 DTC patients who underwent radioiodine treatment (RIT), including posttherapeutic whole-body scintigraphy with FDG-PET/CT and a follow-up over three years. The follow-up included high-resolution sonography of the neck and determination of serum Tg as well as Tg antibodies every six months. The results of initial FDG-PET/CT and whole-body scintigraphy were compared with the status after three years of follow-up. Results: 24/109 patients (22%) presented FDG-positive lesions, 22/109 patients (20%) only iodine-positive lesions, and 63/109 patients (58%) neither FDG-positive nor iodine-positive lesions. After three years, 83/109 patients (76%) revealed full remission, 15/109 patients (14%) tumour persistence and 11/109 patients (10%) a progressive disease. The negative predictive value (NPV) was calculated for patients without FDG-positive lesions (NPV 85%) and patients without any lesions (NPV 91%) regarding full remission in the follow-up. Conclusion: FDG-PET/CT has a high NPV (85% to 91%) in DTC patients regarding recurrence-free follow-up after three years. The change in patient management in patients with iodine-negative lesions can lead to a higher rate of full remissions in the follow-up after additional surgery. Therefore, FDG-PET/ CT should be performed in all high-risk DTC patients in the context of the first RIT to improve patient management and risk stratification.
Laparoscopic Intraperitonealization of Accidentally Misplaced Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter: A Salvage Procedure
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Sharma Aditya Prakash , Chaudhary Gautam Rai , Rathi Manish
Published: February 2016

Tenckhoff catheter placement is a well-established procedure to facilitate continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) management. Catheter malposition is a possible cause of catheter malfunction. Options to deal with early malfunction are re-exploration, omentectomy, repositioning, or new catheter placement. Technical malpositioning can be dealt with early, with minimal morbidity and cost. Here we report a case of a CAPD catheter accidentally placed preperitoneally which was salvaged using videolaparscopy.
Pharmacokinetic and Dynamic of Furosemide in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Lamarche Caroline , Pichette Maude , Ouimet Denis , Vallée Michel , Bell Robert , Ouellet Georges , Stewart John , Pichette Vincent
Published: February 2016

The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and bioavailibility of a commonly used oral furosemide dose (500 mg) compared to a 250 mg intravenous (IV) dose in PD patients with significant residual renal function (urine volume > 100 mL). We also evaluated the immediate blood pressure effect in these patients. The data were obtained from a study we performed for the homologation of a 500-mg dose of furosemide by Health Canada.
ANALYSIS OF INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN STUDENTS’ EMOTIONS, LEARNING PRODUCTIVITY, ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS / STUDENTŲ EMOCIJŲ, MOKYMOSI PRODUKTYVUMO, AKADEMINIŲ PASIEKIMŲ IR FIZIOLOGINIŲ PARAMETRŲ RYŠIŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Matuliauskaitė Agnė , Žemeckytė Lina
Published: February 2016

A sufficient amount of studies worldwide prove an interrelation linking students’ learning productivity, interest in learning, emotional and psychological state to physiological parameters. Emotional states and the interest in learning affect learning productivity, while physiological parameters demonstrate such changes. Different authors‘ research results are discussed and systematized in this article. The article analyses how positive and negative emotions affect learning productivity and which physiological parameters have to be discussed to estimate students‘ productivity. After indentifying interrelations between these above mentioned parameters, their analysis could be used to improve students‘ academic achievements.
CALCULATION METHODS ANALYSIS OF CRACKED REINFORCED CONCRETE BENDING ELEMENTS CURVATURES / SUPLEIŠĖJUSIŲ LENKIAMŲJŲ GELŽBETONINIŲ ELEMENTŲ KREIVIŲ SKAIČIAVIMO METODŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Seniūnas Algis
Published: February 2016

This paper describes three methods of curvatures calculating, which are used in STR, EC2 and EMM. Describes, what influence for the average curvature of cracked elements have cracked and uncracked sections in the different methodologies. There are given range of variation of empirical coefficients when long-term loads are acting. According to constructions design and test data the reinforcement, concrete class and pre-stressed force influence is determined.
ESTIMATING LONG GRB JET OPENING ANGLES AND REST-FRAME ENERGETICS
Authors: Goldstein Adam , Connaughton Valerie , Briggs Michael S. , Burns Eric
Published: February 2016

We present a method to estimate the jet opening angles of long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) using the prompt gamma-ray energetics and an inversion of the Ghirlanda relation, which is a correlation between the time-integrated peak energy of the GRB prompt spectrum and the collimation-corrected energy in gamma-rays. The derived jet opening angles using this method and detailed assumptions match well with the corresponding inferred jet opening angles obtained when a break in the afterglow is observed. Furthermore, using a model of the predicted long GRB redshift probability distribution observable by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), we estimate the probability distributions for the jet opening angle and rest-frame energetics for a large sample of GBM GRBs for which the redshifts have not been observed. Previous studies have only used a handful of GRBs to estimate these properties due to the paucity of observed afterglow jet breaks, spectroscopic redshifts, and comprehensive prompt gamma-ray observations, and we potentially expand the number of GRBs that can be used in this analysis by more than an order of magnitude. In this analysis, we also present an inferred distribution of jet breaks which indicates that a large fraction of jet breaks are not observable with current instrumentation and observing strategies. We present simple parameterizations for the jet angle, energetics, and jet break distributions so that they may be used in future studies.
MEASUREMENTS OF WATER SURFACE SNOW LINES IN CLASSICAL PROTOPLANETARY DISKS
Authors: Blevins Sandra M. , Pontoppidan Klaus M. , Banzatti Andrea , Zhang Ke , Najita Joan R. , Carr John S. , Salyk Colette , Blake Geoffrey A.
Published: February 2016

We present deep Herschel-PACS spectroscopy of far-infrared water lines from a sample of four protoplanetary disks around solar-mass stars, selected to have strong water emission at mid-infrared wavelengths. By combining the new Herschel spectra with archival Spitzer-IRS spectroscopy, we retrieve a parameterized radial surface water vapor distribution from 0.1 to 100 au using two-dimensional dust and line radiative transfer modeling. The surface water distribution is modeled with a step model composed of a constant inner and outer relative water abundance and a critical radius at which the surface water abundance is allowed to change. We find that the four disks have critical radii of ∼3–11 au, at which the surface water abundance decreases by at least 5 orders of magnitude. The measured values for the critical radius are consistently smaller than the location of the surface snow line, as predicted by the observed spectral energy distribution. This suggests that the sharp drop-off of the surface water abundance is not solely due to the local gas-solid balance, but may also be driven by the deactivation of gas-phase chemical pathways to water below 300 K. Assuming a canonical gas-to-dust ratio of 100, as well as coupled gas and dust temperatures T
gas = T
dust, the best-fit inner water abundances become implausibly high (0.01–1.0

). Conversely, a model in which the gas and dust temperatures are decoupled leads to canonical inner-disk water abundances of

, while retaining gas-to-dust ratios of 100. That is, the evidence for gas–dust decoupling in disk surfaces is stronger than for enhanced gas-to-dust ratios.
HEATING OF THE WARM IONIZED MEDIUM BY LOW-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS
Authors: Walker Mark A.
Published: February 2016

In light of evidence for a high ionization rate due to low-energy cosmic rays (LECR) in diffuse molecular gas in the solar neighborhood, we evaluate their heat input to the warm ionized medium (WIM). LECR are much more effective at heating plasma than they are at heating neutrals. We show that the upper end of the measured ionization rates corresponds to a local LECR heating rate sufficient to maintain the WIM against radiative cooling, independent of the nature of the ionizing particles or the detailed shape of their spectrum. Elsewhere in the Galaxy the LECR heating rates may be higher than those measured locally. In particular, higher fluxes of LECR have been suggested for the inner Galactic disk, based on the observed hard X-ray emission, with correspondingly larger heating rates implied for the WIM. We conclude that LECR play an important and perhaps dominant role in the thermal balance of the WIM.
FIRST OBSERVATIONAL SUPPORT FOR OVERLAPPING REIONIZED BUBBLES GENERATED BY A GALAXY OVERDENSITY
Authors: Castellano M. , Dayal P. , Pentericci L. , Fontana A. , Hutter A. , Brammer G. , Merlin E. , Grazian A. , Pilo S. , Amorin R. , Cristiani S. , Dickinson M. , Ferrara A. , Gallerani S. , Giallongo E. , Giavalisco M. , Guaita L. , Koekemoer A. , Maiolino R. , Paris D. , Santini P. , Vallini L. , Vanzella E. , Wagg J.
Published: February 2016

We present an analysis of deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) multi-band imaging of the BDF field specifically designed to identify faint companions around two of the few Lyα emitting galaxies spectroscopically confirmed at z ∼ 7. Although separated by only 4.4 proper Mpc these galaxies cannot generate H ii regions large enough to explain the visibility of their Lyα lines, thus requiring a population of fainter ionizing sources in their vicinity. We use deep HST and VLT-Hawk-I data to select z ∼ 7 Lyman break galaxies around the emitters. We select six new robust z ∼ 7 LBGs at Y ∼ 26.5–27.5 whose average spectral energy distribution is consistent with the objects being at the redshift of the close-by Lyα emitters. The resulting number density of z ∼ 7 LBGs in the BDF field is a factor of approximately three to four higher than expected in random pointings of the same size. We compare these findings with cosmological hydrodynamic plus radiative transfer simulations of a universe with a half neutral IGM: we find that indeed Lyα emitter pairs are only found in completely ionized regions characterized by significant LBG overdensities. Our findings match the theoretical prediction that the first ionization fronts are generated within significant galaxy overdensities and support a scenario where faint, “normal” star-forming galaxies are responsible for reionization.
Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous and Intravenous Loading Dose Regimens of Secukinumab in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from a Randomized Phase II Study
Authors: Tlustochowicz Witold , Rahman Proton , Seriolo Bruno , Krammer Gerhard , Porter Brian , Widmer Albert , Richards Hanno B.
Published: February 2016

Objective.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of secukinumab, a fully human antiinterleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, administered with an intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) loading regimen versus placebo, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

In this phase II, double-blind, double-dummy, 52-week study (ClinicalTrials.govNCT01359943), 221 patients with inadequate response to methotrexate were randomized (2:2:1) to secukinumab, IV loading 10 mg/kg at baseline, Weeks 2 and 4, then SC 150 mg every 4 weeks (n = 88); secukinumab SC loading 150 mg once weekly for 5 weeks, then every 4 weeks (n = 89); or a matching placebo (followed by secukinumab 150 mg every 4 weeks starting Week 16; n = 44). The primary endpoint was superior efficacy of pooled secukinumab versus placebo using American College of Rheumatology 20% response (ACR20) at Week 12.

Results.

The primary efficacy endpoint was not met: ACR20 response at Week 12 was 49.2% for pooled secukinumab versus 40.9% for placebo (p = 0.3559). These variables improved significantly with pooled secukinumab versus placebo at Week 12 (all p < 0.05): the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28), patient’s and physician’s global assessment of disease activity, patient’s assessment of RA pain, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Results of continuous efficacy outcomes were similar between the IV and SC loading regimens. The most frequent adverse events were infections, with similar rates across secukinumab and placebo.

Conclusion.

Although the primary endpoint (ACR20) was not met, secukinumab demonstrated improved efficacy in reducing disease activity over placebo as measured by DAS28 and other secondary endpoints.
Risk of Psychiatric Disorders following Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Nationwide Population-based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Shen Cheng-Che , Hu Li-Yu , Yang Albert C. , Kuo Benjamin Ing-Tiau , Chiang Yung-Yen , Tsai Shih-Jen
Published: February 2016

Objective.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common inflammatory rheumatic disease. A higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities, including depressive disorder, has been proven in patients with AS. However, a clear temporal causal relationship between AS and psychiatric disorders has not been well established. We performed a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study to analyze the relationship between AS and the subsequent development of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders.

Methods.

We identified subjects who were newly diagnosed with AS between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2008, in the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database. A comparison cohort was constructed of patients without AS who were matched according to age and sex. All patients with AS and control patients were observed until diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, or until death or withdrawal from the NHI system, or until December 31, 2009.

Results.

The AS cohort consisted of 2331 patients and the comparison cohort consisted of 9324 matched control patients without AS. The adjusted HR for depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders in subjects with AS were higher than those of the controls during followup (HR 1.718, 95% CI 1.303–2.265; HR 1.848, 95% CI 1.369–2.494; and HR 1.494, 95% CI 1.031–2.162, respectively).

Conclusion.

AS might increase the risk of a subsequent newly diagnosed depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or sleep disorder, but not schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. These observations highlight the need for psychiatric evaluation and intervention for patients with AS.
Quand les sociétés s’effondrent
Authors: Bozarslan Hamit
Published: February 2016

Si la cité est fondée dans la violence, elle ne peut survivre sans pacifier la société. Selon Ibn Khaldûn, les marges « barbares » mobilisent alors leurs ressources matérielles et symboliques pour faire dissidence et conquérir le pouvoir. La dissidence urbaine permet de comprendre l’effondrement des cités contemporaines, ainsi Mossoul en 2014.
Dénomination référentielle, désignation, nomination
Authors: Frath Pierre
Published: February 2016

Qu’est-ce qui distingue la dénomination référentielle de la désignation et de la nomination ? Cet article entend aborder cette question en mettant l’accent sur l’importance des phénomènes de lexicalisation et des liens entre les dénominations, la référence et les corpus. Il se place dans le cadre d’une vision plus anthropologique que cognitive de notre être, donc plus collective qu’individuelle, pour laquelle la pensée et le langage sont avant tout issus de la communauté linguistique où vivent les locuteurs.
« Voir le monde » : les images dans l'œuvre d'Alexander von Humboldt
Authors: Péaud Laura
Published: February 2016

Au début du xix e  siècle, la géographie est en pleine construction disciplinaire. Parmi tant d'autres, une figure participe spécialement à ce processus : Alexander von Humboldt. Un de ses principaux apports se trouve sans aucun doute dans son usage de l'image. Les images, et en particulier les cartes, ne sont jamais mobilisées comme de simples illustrations des savoirs géographiques qu'il produit, mais participent pleinement à son programme scientifique. Cela se traduit notamment par la réalisation d'une nouvelle forme cartographique, qu'il nomme pasigraphie. Cet article vise à saisir en quoi l'usage des images dans l'œuvre de Humboldt participe à sa vision géographique du monde.
L’isolement des entrepreneurs en milieu rural, et le rôle des réseaux d’entrepreneurs. Le cas d’une start-up en milieu agricole
Authors: Perrin Boulonne Hélène
Published: February 2016

Le document s’intéresse à la question de l’isolement de l’entrepreneur dans le cas spécifique de la ruralité (et de la néo-ruralité). La notion de ruralité renvoie à des questions d’isolement géographique, de faible concentration du capital humain et d’éloignement des réseaux. Les relations entre l’entrepreneur et son territoire sont analysées comme des facteurs déterminants dans la réussite du projet d’entreprise. En complément d’un regard théorique sur la question, l’analyse du cas de l’entreprise easyCheval met en évidence le rôle des liens avec le territoire et ses acteurs, le rôle de la formation et le rôle des réseaux d’accompagnement qu’ils soient formels ou informels.
Fab Labs : assembler les compétences de la communauté locale pour créer une nouvelle forme d’entreprise : l’artisanat collectif
Authors: Le Roux Serge
Published: February 2016

Le territoire gagne en épaisseur à la mesure des mouvements économiques globaux qui tendent à déstabiliser les constructions et institutions issues du modèle fordiste-keynésien du siècle dernier. Lieu de concentration de forces réactives à ces mouvements, il peut trouver dans les technologies émergentes de nouvelles sources de dynamisme : les Fab Labs, permettant de créer une production d’objets, réalisée directement par des individus « amateurs » (l’artisanat collectif) au sein de ces territoires, peut en être une illustration symbolique.
La finance peut-elle être à l’origine d’une dynamique entrepreneuriale innovante ?
Authors: Muller Marc
Published: February 2016

L’auteur retient ici une définition de la finance où s’opposent les détenteurs de capitaux, a fortiori les investisseurs, et les entrepreneurs. La nature du projet d’innovation de l’entrepreneur, le comportement adopté par l’investisseur, le contexte et l’environnement dans lesquels se situe le projet sont autant de variables permettant de faciliter ou d’entraver la dynamique entrepreneuriale. Ainsi, même si leurs intérêts semblent s’opposer de prime abord, il n’en reste pas moins l’existence de terrains d’entente satisfaisant l’ensemble des parties prenantes.
In memoriam: Joaquín Bosque Maurel (1924-2015)
Authors: Bosque Sendra Inmaculada , Bosque Sendra Pilar , Bosque Sendra Juan Manuel , Bosque Sendra Joaquín
Published: February 2016

No disponible
Un desafío de sostenibilidad: el nuevo distrito metropolitano de ciencia, tecnología, innovación y emprendimiento del valle del Aburrá en Colombia
Authors: Molina Betancur Carlos Mario , Polanco López de Mesa Jorge Andrés
Published: February 2016

La ciencia, la tecnología, la innovación y el emprendimiento son medios prioritarios para el desarrollo económico de Colombia, que sustentan y potencian recursos y capacidades locales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la política pública y la gobernanza del futuro Distrito metropolitano de ciencia, tecnología, innovación y emprendimiento del valle del aburra en Colombia, para ilustrar la sostenibilidad de esta figura político-administrativa como condición necesaria de cara al fortalecimiento de dichos medios de desarrollo en la ciudad de Medellín y sus alrededores. La metodología de este trabajo es cualitativa y está diseñada de manera exploratoria con el fin de integrar los resultados más relevantes de dos investigaciones realizadas por los autores. Los resultados muestran que la sostenibilidad del futuro Distrito podría basarse en acuerdos voluntarios, dadas las limitaciones normativas. Acuerdos entre actores gubernamentales, empresariales y sociales que integren intereses económicos, ambientales y sociales para mejorar la calidad de vida de la población del entorno regional y de la ciudad ubicada en el valle del Aburrá.

[fr] La science, la technologie, l’innovation et l’esprit d’entreprise son des moyens prioritaires pour le développement économique de la Colombie, ils sont la base et le potentiel des ressources et des capacités locales. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la politique publique et la gouvernance d’un futur District de Science, Technologie, Innovation et Création d’entreprises afin de mettre en lumière sa durabilité politico-administrative, étant celle-ci une condition nécessaire pour le développement de la ville de Medellín et de la vallée d’Aburrá. Une méthodologie qualitative est choisie dans le but d’intégrer des résultats inédits de deux recherches menées par les auteurs. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que la durabilité du District pourrait se baser sur des accords volontaires, étant données les limitations normatives. Ce sont des accords entre les acteurs gouvernementaux, d’entreprises et sociaux, qui intègrent des intérêts économiques, environnementaux et sociétaux pour améliorer la qualité de vie de la population de la région ainsi que de la ville située dans la vallée.
Social Media
Authors: Bowen Gordon , Bowen Deidre
Published: February 2016

Social media is seen very much as a marketing tool and there is little in the literature that considers its use as a strategic decision making tool. This conceptual paper is an attempt to redress the balance. Social media user-generated content from blogs or consumer feedback are methods that social media can support effective strategic decision making. However, the business and organisational environments are influential on the effective of the data collected and ultimately its analysis. The decision making approach – single or multistage are significant influencers on the quality of the decisions. Multistage decision making is supportive of controversial decision making, which leads to better utilisation of the information and consequently, better decision making. Ultimately, robust decision making is underpinned by the effectiveness of the decision making process.
Basics of Mobile Marketing Strategy
Authors: Ozuem Wilson , Mulloo Bibi Nafiisah
Published: February 2016

Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in internet-enabled devices, including smartphones which have facilitated the performance of many tasks online. One of the major activities taking place on such online platforms is shopping. Indeed, smartphones are redefining the landscape of consumption from visiting conventional physical shops to consuming products and services in a digital arena. Despite a proliferation of both theoretical and empirical studies on smartphones marketplace, there is still a paucity of studies on how mobile phone devices enhance and facilitate consumption from physical marketplace to online marketspace. This chapter aims to contribute to extant studies on how smartphones impact on the consumption process.
The Roles of Social Media Marketing and Brand Management in Global Marketing
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: February 2016

This chapter explains the roles of social media marketing and brand management in global marketing, thus describing the theoretical and practical concept of social media marketing, the overview of brand management, the significance of social media marketing, and the application of social media-related brand management in global marketing. The creation of social media marketing and brand management is necessary for modern organizations that seek to serve suppliers and customers, increase business performance, enhance competitiveness, and gain routine success in global business. Thus, it is vital for modern organizations to acknowledge their social media marketing and brand management utilization, establish a strategic plan to consistently evaluate their effective promotions, and immediately respond to social media marketing and brand management needs of customers. The chapter argues that applying social media marketing and brand management in global marketing has the potential to enhance organizational performance and achieve strategic goals in the digital age.
The Influence and Management of the Supply Chain Performance of Manufacturing SMEs in Aguascalientes
Authors: Delgadillo Gabriela Ortiz , Castorena Octavio Hernández , Fuentes Ma. de Lourdes Yolanda Margain , Zapata Francisco Javier Ornelas
Published: February 2016

The results obtained in this research confirm that currently manufacturing for SMEs by the nature of its operational activities, the handling of Supply Chain Management (SCM), is significant in the performance of this type of organizations. Because of that, the answers of the business man were analyzed with the support of polls through a field work, finding that for them, is essential that the SCM considering its complexity and impact in the supply of material resources, which is significantly influence for the manufacturer SMEs to have a bigger performance. This research, of empiric origin,, and with support of the statistic software EQS where the structural equations have been used, permit conclude that the SCM is essential for the manufacturer SMEs performance. For the investigation the sample of 288 enterprises of the state Aguascalientes has been used, obtained between August and December 0f 2013, which contain from 11 to 250 workers.
Temperature Modeling of a Greenhouse Environment
Authors: Juárez-Gutiérrez Sergio Steve , Gárate-García Araceli , delReal Tania Aglaé Ramírez , Alvarez-Sánchez Ervin Jesús
Published: February 2016

This chapter presents the methodology to model the temperature inside a zenith greenhouse, without crop, using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the Recursive Least Square (RLS) Technique to estimate the modeling parameters. The greenhouse size is 6mx18m, the actuators are the motors located at the windows. The WSN collects the measurements and communicates the centralized control and the actuators located in different parts of the greenhouse, it is implemented using National Instruments devices, the graphical interface is developed in LabVIEW system design. There exist a lot of work about greenhouses in the literature; however, most of them did not use mathematical techniques to model the temperature or other environment parameter. Surprisingly, just few works use RLS techniques to estimate the parameters. The main contribution of this project is to integrate the National Instruments technology and the RLS techniques in a real experimental application.