bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of SiO2 Fouling While Evaporating High Concentration Extracted Oil Wastewater
Authors: Zou Long Sheng , Chen De Zhen , Zhou Wei Guo
Published: June 2012

This article aims at fouling situation while extracted oil wastewater evaporating and has analyzed the change process in wastewater SiO2. We point out influence of the formation of fouling SiO2 pre-condition—supersaturation and establish SiO2 crystallization precipitation model and equation. The results show that concentration ratio and evaporation temperature increase to help fouling formation to give rise to fouling heat resistance elevating. The increase of extracted oil wastewater flow rate loop reduce the fouling heat resistance and improve the efficiency of heat utilize. Through simulation , we master main influencing factors of fouling heat resistance and grain a good foundation to design the experiment scheme in the future.
The Formation and Control of Secondary Pollutants during Thermal Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Deng Li Fang , Yuan Hao Ran , Huang Hong Yu , Kobayashi Noriyuki , Chen Yong
Published: June 2012

With government-depth recognition of scientific development and improvement of people’s living environment, treatments of MSW has become one of the key points of environmental protection. Herein, the formation paths of dioxins and heavy metals during the thermal treatment of MSW were presented detailed, the countermeasures including source control, thermal treatment technology and gas and ash terminal-treat for the emissions control were proposed either.
Analyses of Coal and Sewage Sludge Co-Combustion Using Coats-Redfern Model
Authors: Li Huan , Li Yang Yang , Jin Yi Ying
Published: June 2012

The co-combustibility of coal and sludge was investigated with thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the burning process of sludge can be divided into three phases: water evaporation, volatile matter volatilization and combustion, fixed carbon combustion and burning out. The ignition temperature of sludge is only 260 degree centigrade at the beginning of volatile matter combustion. The addition of wet sludge or dried sludge will reduce the burning velocity of coal, and also decrease the ignition temperature. However the blend of coal and sludge has not an obvious stage of the volatile matter volatilization and combustion. The activation energy of the sludge is lower than that of the coal. The addition of wet sludge or dried sludge will decrease the activation energy of the blend fuel, and improve the fire behavior. On the whole, the sludge addition has little influence on the combustion of the coal when the addition ratio is lower than 10%.
Analysis and Improvement of Livestock Wastes Collection System in Rural Areas — A Case Study of Erhai Lake Watershed
Authors: Qu Guang Fei , Liu Yu Huan , Ning Ping , Xiong Xiang Feng
Published: June 2012

Housing feeding is scattering in most part of China. The dislocation between the date of getting livestock wastes out and the fertilization date and also a shortage of supervision have been making a serious loss of livestock wastes and be a reason of agricultural non-point source pollution. The collection mode which befits the northern valley of Erhai Lake is proposed by considering the characteristics of rural non-point source pollution and the status of wastes collection and treatment facilities. The conclusion that the decentralized collection should be taken the place of centralized collection is also come to at last.
Assessment of Sludge Utilization Technologies — A Case of Tianjin Qingninghou Landfill
Authors: Yin Jian Feng , Yang Yao , Bai Hong Tao , Xu He
Published: June 2012

As the increase rate of municipal sewage treatment, the reuse, disposal, and management of sewage sludge generated by wastewater treatment have become an issue of public concern due to the substantial quantity of sludge generated in China. On the basis of summarizing technologies of sludge disposal at home and abroad, the paper sampled and analyzed pH, moisture content, nutrition contents and heavy metal contents in sludge from Tianjin Qingninghou landfill, to assess the possible utilization technologies. The testing results showed that the concentrations of Cu, approximately 1790.97mg•kg-1, was so high that sludge can not be reused from Dongli wastewater treatment plant, while dredged sediment from Dagu River could be used in co-landfilling, land improvement of neutral and alkaline soil, the production of cement clinker, as well as further dewatered and dried sludge from Jizhuangzi, Xianyang Road and Beichen wastewater treatment plant. In addition, sludge could be used for acid soil improvement and making brick from Jizhuangzi and Beichen, to extend life of the landfill and achieve the goal of sustainable development.
Effect of Ambient Temperature during Small Scale Co-Composting of Human Faecal Matter
Authors: Liu Xuan , Li Zi Fu , Bosc Eric , Mang Heinz Peter
Published: June 2012

To find a suitable and affordable technology for the composting of human faeces in the Ger Areas of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, new composting system was developed and several trials have been conducted. Under controlled conditions with pH, temperature and moisture, three different mixtures were tested: human faeces plus sawdust, human faeces plus straw and human faeces plus wood chips. Based on the experimental results it can be concluded that the composting process, if started under controlled and appropriate conditions, could start and last about 32 days. Meanwhile, when ambient temperature drops sharply, the reactor temperature correspondingly drops sharply, but shows different results in the different temperature ranges. For stable and high efficient composting under such condition, further improvement measures and more trials should be done in next stages.
Effect of Phosphorus on Desulfurization of Limestone during Sewage Sludge Combustion
Authors: Hou Hai Meng , Li Shi Yuan , Lu Qing Gang
Published: June 2012

Experiments of desulfurization of limestone during sewage sludge combustion with different phosphorus contents were conducted in a 15 kW circulating fluidized bed test rig to investigate the effect of phosphorus on desulfurization. Chemical thermodynamic analysis was performed to compare with the experimental results. Chemical thermodynamic analysis indicates that relatively high content of phosphorus in sewage sludge will affect desulfurization because calcium will first react with phosphorus and then the rest is available for reaction with sulfur, which agrees well with the experimental results. The experimental results also show that relatively high content of phosphorus in sewage sludge affects self-desulfurization of calcium in sewage sludge and desulfurization of limestone. The effect of phosphorus on desulfurization must be taken into account during sewage sludge combustion.
Effect of Fe3+ on the Interaction between Nitrofurazone and Human Serum Albumin by Spectroscopic Analysis
Authors: Deng Feng Yu , Liu Ying
Published: June 2012

The effect of Fe3+ on the interaction between nitrofurazone (NF) and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results from fluorescence spectra showed that Fe3+ increased the binding constant of NF to HSA, indicating longer storage time of NF in blood plasma. The effect model of Fe3+ was researched by binding distance and the UV-vis spectra, which showed that in the HSA-NF-Fe ternary system Fe-NF complex formed via metal ion bridge and enhanced the binding capability of NF to HSA.
Mechanism Study of Excess Sludge Disintegration by Stirred Ball Mill
Authors: Liu Jin Chi , Zhu Tong , Li Jie , He Zhan Min , Zhang Yi Ming , Han Jin , You Mei Yan , Xie Yuan Hua , Zhang Bin
Published: June 2012

Stirred ball mill(SBM) method is one of the usually method which applied in large scale application cases of sludge disintegration. This study focuses on investigation the mechanism of sludge disintegration by SBM method. Besides analysis general indicators of SCOD, TN, TP and calculated the disintegration rate of COD (DDCOD). The result indicated the SCOD and DDCOD increased with the disintegration time. As DDCOD increased to the highest of 18.6% at the treated time of 60min, it shown that SBM was not more efficient in disintegration of biomass into so smaller particle that easily dissolved in water.
Effects of Sediment Dredging on the Diffusion Fluxes of Nutrients between Sediment and Water in Dalian Bay
Authors: Zhang Zhi Feng , Zong Hu Min , Wang Yan , Zhang Zhe
Published: June 2012

The diffusion fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate (DP) between sediment and water were estimated using Fick’s first law in the area near the sediment dredging location and in the dredged area of Dalian Bay during different seasons. The environmental properties of the studied areas were also investigated. The temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity of the bottom water of the two studied areas did not exhibit remarkable differences. The DIN and DP diffusive flux near the sediment dredging area were larger, and the content of organic matters in the sediment was higher compared with the dredged area. In conclusion, sediment dredging induced the accumulation of organic matters in the surface sediment of nearby areas and accelerated the release of DIN and DP from the sediment. Sediment dredging is thus concluded to be among the primary factors contributing to the water eutrophication in Dalian Bay.
Structural Characterization of ZnO/AC Composite Prepared from Spent Catalyst of Vinyl Acetate Synthesis
Authors: Qu Wen Wen , Jin Wen , Peng Jin Hui , Yang Shu
Published: June 2012

ZnO/AC composite was prepared from spent catalyst of vinyl acetate synthesis by using conventional thermal treatment under CO2 atmosphere. The final composite was obtained with the operating conditions of activation temperature of 950°C, activation time of 120min and the CO2 flow rate of 600ml/min. The structure and surface properties of the ZnO/AC composite were observed and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the UV diffuse reflectance spectra. It was found that the zinc acetate present in the spent catalyst is transformed to zinc oxide (ZnO) after thermal treatment. ZnO particles were well adhered and uniformly distributed onto the carbon surface, forming ZnO/AC composite. The thermal treatment of the spent catalyst gives rise to a material with excellent adsorptive and photocatalytic properties.
Study of Application of Slag Cementitious Material
Authors: Liu Cheng Bin
Published: June 2012

This paper introduced the analysis of theory and practice using the slag cementitious material without cement clinker instead of cement. The experiment includes that fine out the better ratio of the slag cementitious material firstly, secondly use these materials to solidify the soil. The aim of the experiment is that the solidified soil with the material can meet the requirement of engineering in practice, in order to replace the traditional cement-soil and lime-soil used in engineering nowadays. Eventually, the strength of the paste block achieved 47.89 Mpa, the strength of the solidified soil achieved 5.01Mpa.
Study on Expansion of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Coal Ash
Authors: He Shun’ai , Zhu Xiao Yan , Bao Wen Zhong , Zhao Wen Xin , Jin Dong Min
Published: June 2012

Expansive hydration products of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash with different finesses are investigated in this paper. The results show that expansion occurred in hardened paste of CFBC ashes is mainly due to formation of dihydrate gypsum and ettringite. Besides, the free lime does indirectly cause expansion due to its effects on crystallization of ettringite. It also has been observed that linear free expansion rate of paste with ground CFBC ash is higher than that of paste using original ash at 1 day of hydration, but lower than paste with original ash 3 days and longer period of hydration later.
Study on Gas Pressure Characteristics in Multi-Layered Landfills of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Mei Fu Liang , Li Gui Ling
Published: June 2012

In this treatise one-dimensional mathematical model of gas migration in multi-layered landfills of MSW on seepage mechanics of multi-pore media and Darcy’s seepage law. Analysis of gas migration in multi-layered landfills is carried out for three different cases. The gas pressure distribution characteristics in multi-layered landfills of MSW, the effects of final/internal soil cover, the permeability and thickness of the final soil cover, the permeability and gas generation rate of MSW on the gas pressure distributions are investigated. Results show that the bigger is the ratio of gas generation rate to gas permeability of MSW, the bigger is the gas pressure in a uniform MSW landfill. The gas generation rate of MSW mainly controls the size of gas pressure, and the gas permeability of MSW dominates the gas pressure distribution characteristics in a uniform MSW landfill with a final soil cover. The smaller is the gas permeability of the final soil cover or the bigger is the gas generation rate of MSW the bigger is the gas pressure gradient inside the final soil cover
Study on the Harmless Treatment Method for Acetophenone in Waste Effluent from the Laboratory
Authors: Zhang Zhong Qiang , Zhang Nai Wen , Tian Li Nan , Li Chun Xue
Published: June 2012

When acetophenone are used or synthesized in the Laboratory, a lot of waste effluent containing acetophenone will be produced. If the untreated waste effluent is discharged, it will pollute the environment seriously. According to comparing a few treatment methods of acetophenone, the best way to treat containing acetophenone waste effluent is oxidation method by concentrated nitric acid.
Temperature Calculation of Plasma Generator for Waste Disposal
Authors: Zha Bai Lin , Jiang Peng , Yuan Xiao Jing , Wang De Wen
Published: June 2012

The jet temperature of the plasma generator for waste disposal reaches as high as 10000K so that it is difficult to measure directly. By constructing a digital plasma measurement system, the operating parameters of plasma generator can be precisely controlled and measured. According to energy balance principle, the mathematical model was determined to calculate the average enthalpy at the plasma generator exit plane, and the average temperature and its distributions were obtained. Influence of different gas compositions on plasma jet characteristics was studied. The results show that, at the plasma generator exit plane, the maximal temperature and average temperature of argon plasma jet is about 18794K and 10193 K respectively, while that of argon-hydrogen plasma jet is about 22358 K and 12100 K.
The Discussion of Manufacturing Peanut Hull and TPU Composites by Hot Pressing
Authors: Wang Xin Yue , Yu Yong Ling , Lv Li Hua
Published: June 2012

In order to recycle the waste peanut hull and TPU(thermoplastic urethanes), the composite made from peanut hull powder which was used as reinforcing material and TPU which was used as matrix material by the method of blending and hot pressing was discussed. The parameters of molding process were designed by orthogonal experiment. The tensile property, bending property and impact property of composite materials were tested in this study. The molding process parameters were optimized with the methods of range analysis and single factor analysis. The results showed that the optimum conditions were given as followings: concentration of peanut hull powder was 60%, hot pressing temperature was 170°C, hot pressing pressure was 12Mpa, and hot pressing time was 5min. Under above conditions, excellent mechanic properties were achieved, which were that tensile strength was 19.63MPa, bending strength was 25.74MPa, impact energy absorption was 1.33 KJ/m2.
The Feasibility Study on Cogeneration Using Chemical Waste Gas
Authors: Yang Dong , Liu Xue Ting , Zhang Cong Ju , Zhang Xiao Xiao
Published: June 2012

It is analyzed in the paper that the production and composition of waste gas, such blowing gas, associated in the chemical production of the chemical enterprise in Shandong. The calorific value of the waste gas is calculated. Thermoelectricity cogeneration is realizable with using the waste gas as fuel. The scale remaining heat generate electricity is determined. The types of main equipment are discussed. The technical process of cogeneration using chemical waste gas is analyzed. economic benefit is studied in detail.
Treatment Status of Kitchen Waste and its Enzymolysis Properties
Authors: Niu Jun Ling , Liang Li Zhen , Zheng Bin Guo
Published: June 2012

Three dining rooms located in east and south campus of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management were selected as the sampling points for the research. The kitchen waste disposal in Zhengzhou city was in a disorder state, and there was great space for the policy and social demand of the concentrating recycling of kitchen waste. The kitchen waste contained 19.52% of crude protein, 4.08% of crude fiber, 21.19% of fat, and 29.67% of total starch. After enzymolysis of the organic matter in the kitchen waste, the crude protein was degraded 61.17%, the crude fiber was degraded 50.90%, the crude fat was degraded 27.42%, the total starch was degraded 71.22%. The next stage of important research problems for the kitchen waste treatment were desalination and degrease technology, secondary pollution control technology, and the technology of reducing the inputs of auxiliary material.
Source Separation Research of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Wei Ran , Sun Shi Yong
Published: June 2012

An enormous amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increasingly become a threat for many cities around the world. As an effective method of waste disposal, source separation program of MSW is concerned by more and more researchers across disciplines with other waste management options for the purpose of abating degradation in urban environment. The purpose of this article is to present the achievements of theoretical and empirical studies in the field of source-separation programs around the world in recent years, which may provide a new insight of environmental problems into decision making of governments and citizens.
Groundwater Recharge Environments and Hydrogeochemical Evolution in Beijing, China: Multi-Tracer Approach
Authors: Liu Ji Lai , Huang Tian Ming , Li Jie
Published: June 2012

The groundwater recharge environments and hydrogeochemical characteristics in Beijing were investigated using a combination of chemical indicators, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon dating. There are two distinct zones for those groundwaters: modern water (1000 a) are depleted, which implies that the palaeowaters were recharged in relatively cold climate. The TDS for all groundwater samples range from 312 to 914 mg/L. Groundwaters are supersaturated with respect to calcite and the δ13C value is stable (around -13‰), which suggests dissolution of calcite is limited. Dissolution of halite, sulfate and carbonate and exchange of cations are main processes of water chemistry. The results have important implications for groundwater management in Beijing, where a certain proportion of the unrenewable water has been mined.
A Model for Characterizing the Process of Activated Sludge Compression Settling
Authors: Li Zhen Liang , Zhang Dai Jun
Published: June 2012

Based on batch settling tests, a model describing the compression settling stage was developed and validated by experimental data. A equation determining the critical point when the compression settling stage commences, and a new velocity function for compression settling process were deduced from the model. It was shown that compression settling velocity, time and sludge concentration of the critical point occurrence depend on the initial sludge concentrations, the initial sludge blanket height and the sludge characteristic. Dividing the entire settling process of activated sludge into the zone settling and compression settling stages, and describing them by respective velocity models was more reasonable for characterizing the entire settling behaviour of activated sludge. The method was applied to predict the sludge blanket height during batch settling tests, and the results showed that the settling processes could be simulated well.
Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in Water Supply by Quantitative Real-Time PCR
Authors: Peng Peng , Jia Rui Bao , Liu Yu Mei , Li Li
Published: June 2012

Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia are common pathogenic protozoa in water, which pose high risk to drinking water supply. In the present study, detection of C. parvum and G. lamblia was performed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Pairs of PCR primers were evaluated for the detection specificity to pathogenic C. parvum and G. lamblia. The recovery of the RT-PCR detection procedure was examined and high recovery rates (i.e., more than 45％ for C. parvum and more than 50％ for G. lamblia ) were achieved. The RT-PCR method was used to detect C. parvum and G. lamblia in a secondary water supply. The results indicated the potential application of the quantitative RT- PCR method in detection of C. parvum and G. lamblia in water supply.
Optimization of Magnetic Coagulation Process for River Water Treatment Using the Response Surface Method
Authors: Hu Jia Wei , Li Jun , Chen Yu , Wang Chang Wen , Li Yan , Liu Guo Yang
Published: June 2012

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the magnetic coagulation conditions for micro-polluted river water treatment. Based on single-factor experiment, Box-Behnken central composition experiment design was applied. The poly aluminum Chloride (PAC), magnetic particle, polyacrylamide (PAM), mixing stirring and flocculating stirring revolving speed were chosen as causal factors. RSM was employed to study the effects of these factors on the turbidity removal efficiency. Base on the target value (>95%), the results show that the optimum conditions were PAC 29.31mgL-1, magnetic particle 61.90mgL-1, PAM 0.48mgL-1, mixing stirring revolving speed 288rpm, flocculating stirring revolving speed 6 rpm. The average turbidity removal efficiency in three validation experiments was 95.36%, with the predicted value was 95.19%. The relative error between the measured data and the predicted value was 0.17%. It confirms that RSM was a useful tool to optimize the magnetic coagulation operating conditions for micro-polluted river water treatment.
The Research on the Provision of the Safety Drinking Water in the Rural Area — The Case of Zhejiang Province
Authors: Cai Yan Bing , Liu Peng
Published: June 2012

Abstract: As the living standarda are improving constantly, people are paying more attention to the supplying of safety drinking water. In the rural areas, people are worried about the problem of drinking water supplying. This thesis is taking the rural areas in Zhejiang province as an example to discuss the existing problems of the supplying of drinking water and the options to deal with these problems.
Effect of Different Input Loading Form on Structure-Born Sound Radiation
Authors: Xie Zhi Yong , Zhou Qi Dou , Ji Gang
Published: June 2012

The exciting force’s accurate measurement of is crucial to the structure-born sound radiation. Forced vibration and sound radiation of the ribbed cylinder is examined in the anechoic room. An approach called added mass and damping method is proposed to calculate the elastic vibration and acoustic field of the cylinder. Results obtained from simulation are show to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Sound radiation induced by different input loading form is examined via simulation and experiment. And the equipollence of force and pressure acting on the base is validated.
Study on Method and Experiment of Characteristics Impedance Calculation of Elastic Bars Based on Incident Wave and Reflected Wave
Authors: Duan Kai , Liu De Shun , Sun Chang Yue , Yang Zhi Gao
Published: June 2012

Characteristics impedance is a very important physics parameter for many applications in rock fragmenting and percussive drilling. When the shape of the elastic bar is very complicate, it is difficult to calculate the characteristics impedance of the elastic bar with its definition. A method which uses the incident wave and reflected wave to calculate the characteristics impedance of elastic rods is presented. Firstly, the relationship of the incident wave, reflected wave and the characteristics impedance of elastic rods is studied on the basis of the reflection and transmission laws of elastic waves and, the resolution model is established; Then impact experiments were carried out in which a drilling bit with step cross-section was designed. The signal processing of eliminating polynomial trend item and discrete wavelet de-noising were done to stress signals before calculation to decrease the error. It is proved that the method is adequately accurate from the testing results.
Effect of Users' Social Characteristics on Soundscape in the Waiting Halls of Railway Stations
Authors: Meng Qi , Ren Pei Wen , Liao Wan Qi
Published: June 2012

It has been demonstrated in previous studies that the evaluation of soundscape was influenced by some social characteristics of persons. In this study, more than 600 questionnaire surveys were undertaken at waiting halls of 4 railway stations in capital cities of China, to determine how the users’ social characteristics influence their evaluation of soundscape. These results show that the relationships between evaluation of acoustic and gender or age are not significant (p>0.1), but female passengers were more careful on evaluation of sounscape. The acoustic comfort was influenced by income and education, with correlation coefficient is -0.35 and -0.32 (p<0.01), respectively, while subjective loudness was influenced by education and occupation, with correlation coefficient is 0.35 and -0.51 (p<0.01), respectively. This study can enhance the understanding of aural environment in railway stations and also can help architects using social characteristics design the better spaces for evaluation of acoustics in the waiting halls of railway stations.
Analytical Sensitivity of Acoustic Power Radiated from a Closed Structure Based on the Theory of Acoustic Radiation Modes
Authors: Kou Hai Jun , Jiang Zhe
Published: June 2012

A general formulation to obtain the analytical expression for the sensitivity of the acoustic power radiation by a vibrating closed structure to one its design variables is described. The formulation is based on finite elements and the theory of acoustic radiation modes. The sensitivity coefficients indicate the effect of changing various designs or modeling parameters on the acoustic power and can be used to optimize the structure for minimum sound radiation. Putting a rectangle case as an example and verifying the feasibility of this method.
Detecting Known Objects in a Noisy Scene Using Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test
Authors: Tian Qi Chuan , Wen Jie
Published: June 2012

According to the problem of the identification and localization of a known object in a scene, satisfied detection results can not be achieved using traditional detectors for images in photon-limited noise, an algorithm named Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) was derived for detecting known objects in a noisy scene. We used this algorithm to evaluate the existence of tiger in photons-limited images. Results show that the GLRT algorithm is effectiveness in detecting and localizing a known object embedded in a background image from photon-limited observations.
The Influence of Excitation Frequency on Dynamical Behaviors of Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Liu Ran Hui , Hu Qing Quan
Published: June 2012

This paper deals with dynamical behaviors of Atomic Force Microscope in the different excitation frequency. By using Poincare maps, phase trajectory, Lyapunov exponent, bifurcation diagram, the dynamical behaviors are identified based on the numerical solutions of the governing equations. Bifurcation diagrams are presented in the case that the excitation amplitude increases while other parameters are fixed. Numerical simulations indicate that periodic and chaotic motions occur in the system. At the same, when chaotic motions occur, the excitation amplitude decrease as the excitation frequency increases.
Change Analysis of Enzyme Activity under Different Conditions of Film Remnant in Soil
Authors: Zhao Xiao Guang , Guan Yuan Yuan , Huang Wen Yu
Published: June 2012

In this paper, simulated experiments were performed in pots by using soil materials in different conditions of film remnant. Based on the research on soil microorganism quantity trends of soil enzyme activities were analyzed systematically: soil without film remnant, soil with film remnant for 5, 10, 15 and 20 years. By analyzing crop progress, the relationship with soil material was studied, in order to provide scientific basis for the variation laws between different conditions of film remnant and the activity of soil enzyme.
Green Synthesis of Phenytoin Sodium
Authors: Du Ting Ting , Li Jing Fen , Min Li Jing
Published: June 2012

In this study, benzaldehyde was reacted with benzoin condensation, oxidation and cyclization reaction to product phenytoin sodium under the supersonic wave radiation. In the condensation reaction, non-toxic vitamin B1 was used as a reactor instead of highly toxic cyanide on pH=9 at 70 oC. After that, FeCl3 • 6H2O was used as oxidant instead of concentrated nitric acid under the mild conditions. The results were that the yield of phenytoin sodium was up to 56.8%. There were many advantages in this improved synthesis method such as shorter reaction time, higher product purity, lower environmental pollution and higher product yield.
Optimization of Hydroxyropylation Conditions and Property of Acid-Modified Hydroxypropyl Pueraria Lobata Starch
Authors: Tang Hong Bo , Sun Min , Li Yan Ping , Dong Si Qing
Published: June 2012

In order to improve the property of pueraria lobata starch, and enlarge application fields of pueraria lobata starch, this study involved in the optimization of determining parameters in hydroxyropylation conditions and the property of acid-modified hydroxypropyl pueraria lobata starch with low substitution degree (DS).Characterizations were carried out by analyzing the spectrum of the thermograms of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The fludity was used for characterizing the degree of acid hydrolysis. The substitution degree was measured by the spectrophotometric method. The optimized hydroxyropylation conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 40°C, reaction time 18h, amount of sodium hydroxide 1.2%, amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate 12%, respectively. The properties such as the transparency, freeze-thaw stability, blue value, swelling power, retrogradation, acid and alkali resistance of acid-modified hydroxypropyl pueraria lobata starch were compared with those of pueraria lobata starch and acid-modified pueraria lobata starch. It was shown that acid hydrolysis and hydroxyropylation increased the decomposition temperature, but reduced the enthalpy value from the thermal analysis.
Study on Extraction Technology of the Pigment from Spinach
Authors: Chen Zhi Ling , Chao Jian Ping , Wang Bing Kun , Cao Hui Lin , Wang Song , Lin Chi
Published: June 2012

spinach contains a variety of plant pigments, high lutein content, which makes the research of spinach pigment extracting research special significance. Supercritical CO2 fluid extraction food industry is a new extraction and isolation technique; microwave assisted extraction technology has the potential to become future food industrialization production of the leading. The UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis, parallel experimental method to determine the optimum process conditions of extracting pigment from spinach. For supercritical CO2 extraction: ethanol (as extractant) is 250ml, extraction pressure 30MPa, extraction temperature 50°C, extraction time 1.5h. The microwave assisted extraction of ethanol as extractant, liquid ratio is 1:20, extraction time1.5h, extraction temperature of 40 °C. The comparison of two methods: microwave extraction is energy saving and high efficiency, and supercritical fluid extraction has safety and environmental protection, therefore, the two methods are worth to advocate and promote.
Application of Optimization Algorithm for Ceramic Formulations
Authors: Cheng Xiang , Wang Su Li , Cheng Shu Wu
Published: June 2012

ceramic formula; genetic algorithm; the simplex method; particle swarm optimization Abstract. The composition of ceramic materials determines its performance, so ceramic formula determines the performance of the product. The factors, such as supply of local raw materials, chemical composition, and raw material price, determine the formula. Selecting raw materials from a variety of raw materials which are consistent with the target formula and the percentage content of the chemical composition is a very important job. The chemical composition in the ceramic material is various, and the traditional method is to calculate the formula by hand. The workload is very heavy, and the results are often not accurate, and don’t meet actual requirements. By minimizing the deviation of chemical composition and mineral ingredients, the chemical and comprehensive formula optimization models of ceramic preform body were constructed. Several typical optimization algorithms were used to construct the formula model, such as particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithms and Nelder-Mead simplex method. The experimental results were presented and compared and it concluded that the particle swarm optimization algorithm is superior to the other optimization algorithms.
Catalyzing Synthesis of Chiral Nitrendipine
Authors: Wu Jian Yi , Zhang Li , Cai Li Ling , Zhang Yang
Published: June 2012

This paper describes the chiral synthesis of R-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitro phenyl)-1,4- dihydro-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl ester 5-methyl ester (R-Nitrendipine) using chiral phase transfer catalyst. The structure of the obtained nitrendipine crystals was determined with single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is monoclinic, with the space group of P21/c and unit cell constants of a=8.8577(15), b=15.581(3), c=12.999(2)Å, β=92.458(4)°, V=1792.3(5)Å3, Z=4, Dc =1.335g/cm3, F(000)=760. X-ray analysis reveals that the product is a chiral nitrendipine with R-configuration of the dihydropyridine ring. And measurement of polarimeter reveals that the synthesized nitrendipine is a chiral molecular.
Effects of Freezing and Thawing on the Extraction Yields of Polysaccharides from Corn Pollen
Authors: Bai Yu Min , Che Zhen Ming , Xing Ya Ge , Guo Wei Yun , Xu Qing Lian , Rao Yu
Published: June 2012

In this article, effects of the addition of water, freezing time, times of freezing and thawing and thawing temperature on the extraction yields of polysaccharides from corn pollen were investigated. It indicated that the polysaccharides yield increased quickly with an increase of the water addition in the range of 10 to 30 ml/100g, and then it increased slightly. It was obviously affected by the freezing time in repeated freezing and thawing process. The maximum extraction of polysaccharides was15.82 % obtained at the freezing time at 5h, which were 2.76 folds of the lowest yields (5.72%) at the freezing time at 0h. The extraction yield of polysaccharides was 13.31% at 3 freezing and thawing times, while it was 14.58% at 5times and 6.73% at the first freezing and thawing time. The positive effect of the yield was observed when the thawing temperature was in the range of 60~80°C. Then, yield decreased quickly with a diminish of the thawing temperature. And at last the yield decreased slowly.
Experimental Study on Enzyme Desizing Process of Cold Pile up the Thick Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Tan Yan Jun , Liu Chang Nan
Published: June 2012

This paper describes the characteristics of enzymes and the principle for the desizing of cotton fabrics. Cotton fabric’s size removal efficiency is significant, after cold pile up by the enzyme treatment. The paper also discusses the process parameters: time and pH effect on the desizing, the optimum of cold pile up after desizing by the enzyme treatment to the cotton fabrics. Compared with traditional alkaline desizing process, the fabrics by the enzyme desizing have no injure, which is low cost and environmentally friendly. COD/BOD of the desizing wastewater are lower than the alkaline wastewater. The enzyme treatment desizing process is environmental friendly and energy-saving pre-treatment process. It is clean production process.
Synthesis and Characterization of N-butyl-N-methylimidazolium- D-(-)-tartrate Chiral Ionic Liquid
Authors: Zhang Yang , Tu Xiao Hua , Miao Cheng Ping , Wu Jian Yi
Published: June 2012

A novel CIL of N-butyl-N-methyl imidazolium-D-(-)-tartrate has been designed and synthesized by neutralization reaction. Its structure was characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra, the optical rotation was characterized by polarimeter with the value of-15.0º, and the purity was characterized by ion chromatography with the value of 98.4%.
Calculation Higher Probability Weighted Moments for Generalized Extreme Value in Hydrology
Authors: Song Song Bai , Li Yang , Kang Yan
Published: June 2012

In flood frequency analysis, the observed data of the smaller censored flows have no influence on fitting frequency curve, and the final fitting still depends very mainly on the larger flows. It also exhibits two or more distinct segments. The higher probability weighted moments(HPWMS) showed its potential merit for these estimating flood samples. In this paper, a detail approximating calculation of the parameter for common generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution by HPWMS method is given. This method has no more complication procedures than traditional lower orders of probability weighted moments.
Effect of Stability of Soil Water-Stable Aggregates under Different Land Use
Authors: Zheng Hong , Zhang Yan Dong
Published: June 2012

Using the Northeast region for the study area as it has a typical different land use types, through the soil sampling and analysis, research and compare different land use distribution of soil aggregates. The results showed that among different land use patterns, the surface (0 ~ 20 cm) has the maximum of water stable aggregates <0.25mm (up to 52.262%). Whether it is farmland or plantations, subsurface soil aggregates are higher than the surface aggregates content, but showing natural secondary forest soil structure has the stability characteristics that natural secondary forest water-stable aggregate content has no significant effect; soil aggregates average body weight diameter and geometric mean diameter, the surface fields are the lowest, the use of forest land into farmland, the mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter, has declined. In general, the surface 0 ~ 20 cm is higher than the subsurface 20 ~ 40 cm.
Hydrochemical Variations of Springs in Huanglong Scenic of Sichuan Provience during July
Authors: Dai Qun Wei , Li Qiong Fang , Dong Fa Qin , An De Jun , Tang Shu , Zhou Shi Ping
Published: June 2012

Methods of automatic hydrochemical logging and in situ titrating combined with indoor analysis were used to study the dynamic variation of the physical chemistry in Huanglong Scenic. The water quantity, pH, conductivity, DO, temperature, bacterial quantity (CFU/mL) of different springs were analysis. It was found that the spring 2#、5# and 6# were the major source of spring water in Huanglong scenic and the water flow of decreased spring was changed with the change of the rise spring in the same time. HCO3- concentration of the rising spring water was around 900ppm, while that of the decreasing spring water approximately 350ppm.
Precipitation Forecast Based on WA-SVM Theory
Authors: Zhou Zhen Min
Published: June 2012

In order to improve the precision of medium-long term rainfall forecast, the rainfall estimation model was set up based on wavelet analysis and support vector machine (WA-SVM). It decomposed the original rainfall series to different layers through wavelet analysis, forecasted each layer by means of SVM, and finally obtained the forecast results of the original time series by composition. The model was used to estimate the monthly rainfall sequence in the watershed. Comparing with other method which only uses support vector machine(SVM), it indicates that the estimated accuracy was improved obviously.
The Optimization of Groundwater Dynamic Monitoring Network – An Example of the North Ordos Basin
Authors: Wang Xiao Yong , Cui Xu Dong , Ma Hong Yun , Tao Zheng Ping
Published: June 2012

Groundwater management is base on an sufficient dynamic monitoring network of groundwater depth and quality. Whil the monitoring network in Ordos Bain is insufficient due to the network is not been finished yet. Thus, in this paper, the dynamic type mapping method of groundwater based on GIS developing is used to optimize the distribution of dynamic monitoring positions. The purpose of the optimization is to observe reginal dynamics of groundwater with less monitoring wells. The reginal groundwater depth has a impact of hydroecology. Thus the optimization also consider the distribution of vegetations which are closely related with groundwater. The optimization shows that at least 28 new monitoring wells are needed depend on the existing groundwater monitoring network. The monitoring positions of 28 new wells are also estimated by the method.
Isolation and Identification of Nitrobacteria Adapted to Low Temperature
Authors: Hao Yun , Jiang Xiu Guang , Tian Qing , Chen Ai Yin , Ma Bao Ling
Published: June 2012

In this study, a scientific method which can be used to improve nitrification process at low temperature in the sewage treatment plant was introduced. The activated sludge samples were taken from aeration tank of the sewage treatment plant when the outside temperature was below 0°C (water temperature below 12 °C). Five kinds of nitrobacteria strains with cold-resistance and higher activity of ammonia degradation were isolated from aeration tanks. The physiological properties showed the five strains were identified into Sphingobacteriaceae、Rhodanobacter sp.、Pseudomonas sp.、Pandoraea sp. and Perlucidibaca piscinae. All of the strains could convert ammonia-nitrogen or NO2- into NO3- in the medium at 10°C. The ammonia and nitrate removal efficiency could be reached 80.9% and 80.3% respectively. Comparing to the unvaccinated one, the removal efficiency can be increased by 50%, which proved the isolated nitrobacteria could be applied to biological nitrification process of sewage treatment at low-temperature.
The Research on the Pattern of Precipitation in Hebei Agricultural Regions
Authors: Jia Shi Jing , Han Su Qing , Wang Hui Jun
Published: June 2012

Using Visual Basic, in the range of seven irrigation managing regions in Hebei, the research analyzed annual and quarterly features of precipitation in the recent 51 years, and using Mann-Kendall Non-Parametric Test, analyzed annual and quarterly trend of precipitation of every agricultral region. The research finds that there are large differences between seven agricultural regions, except Inland River Region, precipitation in the other regions shows decreasing trend each year. The research about seasonal precipitation shows that Inland River Region has more precipitation in autumn, but other regions have more precipitation in summer; the precipitation increases in spring in all agricultral regions, but decreases in summer except Inland River Region, increases in autumn except Yanshan Hill Region, and increases in winter in all the agricultural regions.
Calculation of Water Environmental Capacity for a Eutrophicated Reservoir
Authors: Dong Fei , Peng Wen Qi , Liu Xiao Bo
Published: June 2012

This paper analyzed the concept of water environmental capacity and the relation between water environmental capacity and control of reservoir eutrophication. A method, which is based on evaluating the water quality status and variation characteristics of the reservoir, to calculate the water environmental capacity of eutrophicated reservoir was put forward. Taking Shizitan Reservoir as an example, the water environmental capacity for TN, TP and COD of this eutrophicated reservoir in China were calculated by the method. A method, which could be used in the areas of short of data, to determine the retention coefficients of TN and TP was put forward in this case. In addition, the pollution gross control of the reservoir was analyzed according to the water environmental capacity and the pollutants discharged into the reservoir. The results show that the methods which were put forward in this study could be used to calculate the water environmental capacity of eutrophicated reservoirs, and this study could provide scientific support to the water environmental management.
To Classify the Groundwater Hydrographs by Factor Analysis Method
Authors: Gau Hwa Sheng , Chung Chung Yi , Liao Shao Wei , Lai Wen Liang
Published: June 2012

This study is using Factor Analysis method to analyze the hydrographs of groundwater table for classification of recharge zone. The water table data are taken from 37 wells which located on unconfined aquifer in Pingtung plain. The result shows that 93% of total variance can be explained by three components. The 1th component is related to rainfall; the 2th and 3th are related to recharge from TungKang Basin and Kaoping basin, respectively.
Advancement in Research of Hydrological Processes Simulation for Karst Region and Future Challenges
Authors: Meng Xian Meng , Yang Bang , Xue Xian Wu
Published: June 2012

Hydrological processes simulation is an effective way for water resources evaluation and can provide scientific basis for sustainable utilization of water resources and ecological environment restoration. Compared with traditional watershed hydrological processes, hydrological processes in karst region have their unique in runoff generation and concentration stage because of the complexity and multiplicity of karst aquifer system. This paper reviews the two stages of hydrological processes simulation method in karst region: 1. systematic simulation model stage; 2. process based mechanism model stage. By analyzing the characteristics and limitation of two kinds of models, the tendency of future karst hydrological processes simulation method in two aspects are discussed: 1. quasi physically based model balancing physical senses and data richness; 2. scale adaptable model based on macro-scale applicable equations.
Isolation and Molecular Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Degrading Mycobacterium spp. from the Shenfu Wastewater Irrigation Area in China
Authors: Su Zhen Cheng , Hu Feng Chai , Li Xin Yu , Zhang Hui Wen , Li Pei Jun , Zhang Cheng Gang
Published: June 2012

Mycobacterium spp. with the ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted great attention. This study aims to isolate pyrene-degrading Mycobacterium spp. through direct plating and selective enrichment from sediment and paddy soil from several sites in Shenfu Wastewater Irrigation Area, and the diversity, catabolic genes and substrate utilization patterns of these pyrene-degrading Mycobacterium isolates was investigated. The Mycobacterium community dynamics was monitored during enrichment cultures by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) to determine whether the Mycobacterium sp. detected in DGGE gels was successfully recovered. The results showed that a total of 20 unique Mycobacterium isolates were collected including 3 strains from direct plating and 17 from enrichment cultures. In addition to pyrene, most of the isolates could also degrade phenanthrene and fluoranthene and contained nidA and nidA3 genes, and only half of isolated strains were found to possess the pdoA2 gene. DGGE results showed that the Mycobacterium community had a shift in diversity during enrichment process. phylogenetic analysis based on 16SrDNA sequences from bands excised from DGGE gels and from these isolates revealed that isolated Mycobacterium spp. were represented of bands excised from DGGE gels in a small proportion. This collection of isolates will be valuable in bioremediation of PAH-contaminated sites.