bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Vinegars and Sodium Acetate on the Growth Performance of Pacific White Shrimp, Penaeus vannamei
Authors: Jamis J.O. , Tumbokon B.L.M. , Caigoy J.C.C. , Bunda M.G.B. , Serrano A.E. Jr.
Published: February 2021

Vinegars and their salts have the potential to act as growth promoters and prophylactics against bacterial pathogens. This study aims to evaluate the effects of various vinegars and sodium acetate on the growth performance of white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Groups of shrimps were fed diets containing 2% of either apple cider vinegar (ACV), coconut sap vinegar (CSV), sugar cane vinegar (CaV), or sodium acetate, and a diet with no vinegar (i.e. a control diet). Total acidity data of the diet showed that only the sodium acetate diet resulted in the highest total acidity after 60 min immersion in salt water (20 ppt). Attractability tests using customized repartitioned aquaria showed that the CSV diet attracted the highest significant percentage of shrimps after 10 min of feed placement in the feeding chamber. In the feeding trial that lasted for 60 days, results showed that the ACV and CSV groups of shrimps consumed significantly more feed than the other groups. All vinegar groups exhibited significantly higher final average body weight, weight gain, and specific growth, rate than either the control or sodium acetate group. The CSV group exhibited the significantly best feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Survival was statistically similar among all groups. Conclusion: the CSV group exhibited the significantly best growth performance and efficiency while both the control and sodium acetate groups exhibited the poorest.
Anesthetic Efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil as a Herbal Agent in Two Ornamental Fish Species
Authors: Kizak V. , Can E. , Can S.S. , Özçiçek E.
Published: February 2021

The efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (CcEO) as a herbal anesthetic agent was evaluated for two ornamental fish species, Sciaenochromis fryeri and Labidochromis caeruleus. Fish were exposed to various essential oil concentrations and the lowest effective concentrations were determined according to deep anesthesia (AD<3 min) and full recovery (RF<10 min) times. CcEO showed anesthetic traits and induced AD in S. fryeri and L. caeruleus. The lowest effective concentrations was 200 μl/L for S. fryeri (AD; RF → 122 ± 1.8 s; 638 ± 8.9 s) and 200 μl/L for L. caeruleus (AD ; RF → 139 ± 6.9 s ; 625 ± 11.1 s). At concentration of 25 μl/L C. citratus essential oil did not induce AD in both of ornamental fish species. No significant differences were found between fish species in terms of induction and recovery times for same concentrations excluding AD time of 200 μl/L concentration. Although the fastest AD were obtained by 300 μl/L, recovery times were prolonged and fish did not full recover in 20 min. Induction and recovery times for CcEO were significantly dependent on concentrations and negative relationships were recorded between AD and RF. Neither mortality nor adverse effects were observed on two fish species. As a result, CcEO showed anesthetic properties for S. fryeri and L. caeruleus.
Apparent Digestibilities of Selected Feed Ingredients Fermented by Host Bacteria in Juvenile Turbot, Scophthalmus maxima L.
Authors: Zhang B. , Li C. , Wang X. , Pi X. , Wang Y. , Wang X. , Zhou H. , Mai K. , He G.
Published: February 2021

Fermentation is considered a promising method to improve the limited utilization of plant protein sources. In the present study, Shewanella sp. MR-7, isolated from the intestine of juvenile turbot, was used to ferment selected plant sources. We investigated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of three plant sources fermented and not fermented by Shewanella sp. MR-7 in diets of juvenile turbot: soybean meal (SBM), fermented soybean meal (FSBM), peanut meal (PM), fermented peanut meal (FPM), corn gluten meal (CGM) and fermented corn gluten meal (FCGM). The ADCs of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), and amino acids（AA）were analyzed. Our results showed that the ADC of the plant protein sources improved significantly with fermentation. Moreover, the FSBM showed the highest improvement for apparent amino acid digestibility while FPM showed the lowest compared with the unfermented plant protein source. In conclusion, our results indicated that Shewanella sp. MR-7 fermentation can greatly improve the ADCs of SBM, PM, and CGM in diets of turbot. This study providedvaluable information for the use of host bacteria as zymocyte in aquaculture.
Effects of Acute Copper Exposure on Physiological and Cytological Responses in Liver of GIFT Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Yu D-H. , Chang J-Z. , Dong G-F. , Liu J.
Published: February 2021

This study was designed to evaluate the physiological and cytological responses in liver of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to acute copper exposure. Fish were exposed to three Cu treatments at the following concentrations: 0 (control), 1.96 mg/L and 3.92 mg/L, and liver samples were collected after 96h of exposure. Observation of oil red O staining showed that acute copper exposure increased lipid accumulation in liver, which may due to changes of hepatic enzyme activities (malic enzyme, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, fatty acid synthetase, carnitine palmitoyltransferases l) and lesions of some organelles such as mitochondria and swollen rough endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. This study indicated that acute copper exposure induced hepatic lipid metabolic disturbances and damaged hepatic organelle in GIFT tilapia.
Hepatic Transcriptome Profiling under Shear Stress in Sciaenops ocellatus
Authors: Ping W. , Yudong L. , Shuai C. , Fukun G.
Published: February 2021

Water flow is basic in the environment of fish. To date, most studies investigating the influence of water flow on fish behavior have focused on swimming speed and associated mechanisms, but few studies have addressed the molecular basis. This study used liver transcriptome profiling of Sciaenops ocellatus exposed to shear stress from the aquatic environment. De novo assembly yielded 70,148 genes with 12,465 unigenes > 1 kb. We identified 10,214 simple sequence repeat markers as well as 38,020 and 29,627 homozygous and 57,835 and 66,088 heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the experimental and control groups, respectively. After screening, there were 1773 differentially expressed genes, of which 204 were upregulated and 969 were downregulated. Gene Ontology analysis revealed 424 genes that were enriched in biological processes (90 in cellular component and 310 in molecular function). A total of 423 genes were annotated to a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways (136 to metabolic pathways; 69 to environmental information processing; 67 to cellular process). There were four significantly enriched pathways, including glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; retinol metabolism; and steroid biosynthesis. Some genes were known to be related to flow stress; those in the Hedgehog signaling pathway were upregulated, whereas others related to RNA degradation were downregulated. There was strong correlation between up- and downregulated genes identified by quantitative PCR and RNA sequencing. Thus, shear stress from aquatic environments greatly influences liver function in S. ocellatus. The results provide a reference that can be useful for selecting appropriate breeding sites for S. ocellatus aquaculture.
Effects of Low Salinity on Growth, Survival, and Stress Response in the Longtooth Grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, and E. bruneus × E. lanceolatus Hybrid Grouper
Authors: Park Y. J. , Yoon N.J. , Kyu L.H.
Published: February 2021

This study investigated the effects of low salinity on growth, survival, and

stress response in longtooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, and the hybrid

grouper resulting from crossing E. bruneus females and E. lanceolatus males.

There were no significant differences in the hybrids for any of the above

growth values among different salinity groups, however the percent weight

gain was significantly lower in the 8 Practical Salinity Unit (psu) group than in

the other salinity groups. As for survival, only longtooth grouper in the group

reared at 8 psu died. The plasma cortisol levels tended to increase at lower

salinities in both the longtooth grouper and the hybrids. Plasma Na+, K+, Cl–

concentrations in the hybrid were not significantly different among the salinity

groups, while Na+ and Cl– concentrations in the longtooth grouper were

significantly lower in the 8 psu group than in the other treatments. The above

results indicate that both the longtooth grouper and the hybrid grouper

juveniles were highly adaptable to variations in salinity. The optimal salinity

for rearing longtooth grouper was found to be 24 psu, while the hybrids had a

larger tolerance range of 16-32 psu. Results therefore showed that the hybrid

grouper has a higher tolerance than the longtooth grouper for low salinity.
Immunomodulation with Probiotics Against Aeromonas veronii in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
Authors: Chena J. , Caoa X. , Liua L. , Cao X.
Published: February 2021

Aeromonas comprisea wide range of opportunistic bacteria that cause septicemia (blood poisoning)in fish.Withexpandingaquaculture, myriad methods have been used to combat these pathologiesincludingprobiotics and plant extracts which canpotentiallyaddress these diseases without harmingthe environment. Inthis study, four strains of opportunistic pathogens were isolated from diseased fish, thenmolecular identification of 16SrDNA was performed. Results identifiedthe four strains asAeromonas veronii, Shewanella sp., Bacillus cereus, and Aeromonas salmonicida. Experimental trialsrevealed that A.veroniiwas the primary strain. Multiple virulence-related factors were discovered, includingaerolysin (Aer), cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act), and the outer membrane protein (OmpAII).Thesewere foundonly in A.veronii. LC50 in grass carp was 3.6×104CFU/mLover 96 h, whereas the safe concentration was 9.11×103CFU/mL.Grass carp were challenged with 3 differentconcentrations of A.veronii. Following a 48h incubation period they were treated for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h with 8.1×106CFU/mLconcentrations.The expression ofInterleukin-8(IL-8)andTumor Necrosis Factor-α(TNF-α)was up-regulated in the kidney, liver, spleen, and heart using qRT-PCR. Simultaneously, enzyme activity involving Pyruvate Kinase(PK),Alkaline Phosphatase(AKP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT),Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH), and Lysozyme (Lsz)inserum and liver tissues was significantly up-regulated.We found that probiotics enhancedgrowth of grass carp, improvedhealth status,and was beneficial in reducing the prevalence of this disease. Subsequent to feeding mixed probiotics,IL-8 and TNF-α geneexpression was significantly lower (p>0.05)than inthe infected group,at 16 and 31 days. Expression of these genes in the liver, spleen, and intestines of healthy grass carp fed probiotics wassignificantly up-regulated in contrast to grass carp fed a basal diet (p<0.05).Our results suggestthat use of probiotics as immune stimulator may improve the control of fish diseases in aquaculture.
Dietary Protein Requirements for Juvenile Hybrid Culter (Culter alburnus ♀ × Ancherythroculter nigrocauda ♂)
Authors: Chang J-Z. , Yu D-H. , Chen J. , Dong G-F.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile hybrid culter (Culter alburnus ♀× Ancherythroculter nigrocauda ♂). Five solipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein ranging from 29.54-48.98%. These were fed to triplicate groups of fish (11.44 ± 0.7 g/fish) for 8 weeks. Results from the feeding trial indicated that growth performance, body composition, and digestive enzyme activities of the fish were significantly different (P<0.05) between the groups. Growth performance had a generally increasing trend with increasing dietary protein levels. Weight gain (160.76%) and specific growth rate (1.71) of fish in the group where feed contained 40.07% dietary protein was significantly higher than the group where feed contained 33.58% dietary protein (118.76% and 1.40, respectively), but there was no significant difference compared with 45.04% dietary protein. Based on the statistical significance, our results indicated that the dietary protein level should not be less than 40% for juvenile hybrid culter.
Effect of Pawpaw (Carica Papaya) Seed Meal on Sex Determination, Growth, and Survival, of Oreochromis mossambicus Fry
Authors: Omeje V.O. , Lambrechts H. , Brink D.
Published: February 2021

The production of monosex tilapia populations is a potential and effective solution for the precocious breeding and indiscriminate spawning that occurs in mixed sex culture systems. This study investigated the possibility of using Carica papaya seed meal (PSM) to skew the sex ratio of sexually undifferentiated Oreochromis mossambicus fry. A total of 2160 fry were used in the study, and fish were allocated to 12 treatment groups in triplicate, with 60 fish per replicate. The experimental diets fed included a basal diet (BD), 60mg methyl testosterone/kg BD, and 5 treatment diets containing 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30g PSM/kg of the BD, respectively for 30 and 120 days. PSM was able to skew the sex ratio in favor of males, with the proportion of males to females increasing with an increase in PSM content of the diet. The highest percentage phenotypic males (77.8%) induced by the PSM was obtained among the groups that received 20g and 30g PSM/kg BD. The growth and survival rates of the fish were not influenced by any of the treatment diets. Fragmentation of ovarian nuclei, hypertrophy of interstitial cells, and vacuolization of hepatocytes were observed in the gonads and hepatic tissues. The study demonstrated that an inclusion level of 20g PSM/kg BD was effective in converting females to phenotypic males.
Effects of Live Food enrichment on Yellowtail Amberjack Seriola lalandi dorsalis (Gill 1863) Larvae
Authors: Zhou S. , Hu J. , Yang R. , Ma Z.
Published: February 2021

Our study examined the effect of live food enrichment on the rearing performance of yellowtail amberjack Seriola lalandi dorsalis from day 3 posthatch (DPH) to 12 DPH. Three rotifer enriched treatments, 1) Nannochloropsis sp, 2) S.presso® (INVE Aquaculture) half dose (Sp1/2), and 3) S.presso® full dose (Sp1) were administered. Growth of yellowtail amberjack larvae was not significantly affected by these enrichments (P>0.05) but final survival rates were significantly affected (P<0.05). Jaw malformation of fish fed with only Nannochloropsis sp. enriched rotifers was significantly higher than those fed S.presso enriched rotifers. Fatty acid composition of rotifers was significantly affected by the enrichment treatments (P<0.05). Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) were highest in rotifers enriched with Nannochloropsis. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) level was highest in Sp1 treatment. Total saturated fatty acids in rotifers was not significantly affected (P>0.05), but total polyunsaturated fatty acid content was significantly affected (P<0.05) by enrichment. DHA/EPA ratio in rotifers was significantly affected by the enrichment (P<0.05). Highest total polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed in rotifers enriched with Sp1. On 12 DPH, fatty acid composition in the larvae was significantly affected by the nutrient enhancement (P<0.05). ARA and EPA levels were highest in the larvae fed with Nannochloropsis sp. enriched rotifers; highest DHA/EPA ratio in fish larvae was found in Sp1 treatment. Total polyunsaturated fatty acid in the larvae enriched with Sp1/2 and Sp1 was similar to the amount observed in fertilized eggs of yellowtail amberjack (P>0.05). Results indicate that enriched live feed can significantly affect rearing performance of yellowtail amberjack larvae; S.presso full dose enrichment is suitable for their initial rearing stages.
Genetic Stock Identification of the Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus) in Lake Tiberias Based on ParentOffspring Relationship
Authors: Dor L. , Shirak A. , Rosenfeld H. , Meiri-Ashkenazi I. , Rubinstein G. , Seroussi E. , Weller J.I. , Ron M.
Published: February 2021

The Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) population originates from translocated wild-caught, or hatchery-reared, fish. The aim of the study was to identify the taxonomic status and stock origin of a sample of 32 mullet individuals caught in the Sea of Galilee, based on the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) sequence analysis and nuclear microsatellite markers. A total of 13 microsatellite markers were selected from nine different linkage groups with a number of alleles ranging from 5-23, with an average of 9.85 alleles/locus. By using COI sequences and the Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) identification system, seven individuals were taxonomically classified as Thinlip grey mullet (Liza ramda) and the remaining 25 as M. cephalus. Of 663 nucleotides, 122 (18.4%) differed between the COI sequences of the two distinct mullet species. A preliminary parentage analysis of the hatchery-reared stocking batch, based on 13 markers, assigned them as progeny of three mating pairs. These three mating pairs only were tested as potential parents of the 25 M. cephalus individuals captured from the lake. Marker-based comparison showed that a parent-offspring relationship was rejected for 17 M. cephalus individuals by at least four genetic markers. Eight of 25 M. cephalus individuals (32%), were identified as progeny of the three parental pairs with the overall probability of 3.88 x 10-7 for correspondence by chance to any of these three parental pairs. The 13 markers used has high statistical power to reject a putative parent-offspring relationship obtained by chance thus resulting in familial identification. This approach represents an accurate method of genetic stock identification and should also be applicable to populations of other species. The results confirm that the mullet hatcheryreared fingerlings survived in the Sea of Galilee when released alongside wildcaught fingerlings.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class Iα Gene of Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus)
Authors: Pan T-S , Jiang H. , Duan G-Q , Hu Y-T. , Ling J. , Zhou H-X.
Published: February 2021

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays an important role in the immune response of vertebrates. In this study, we isolated MHC class Iα gene from swamp eel (Monopterus albus) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR). In order to study the function of MHC Iα in swamp eel, tissue distribution and immune response of the MHC Iα after bacterial challenge were analyzed. All the characteristic features of MHC Iα chain structure were identified by the deduced amino acid sequence, including the leader peptide, α1, α2, and α3 domains, connecting peptide, transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions, conserved cysteines, and N-glycosylation site. The deduced amino acid sequence of the MHC Iα shares 27.3% to 69.6% similarity with those of other vertebrates. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that MHC Iα gene was ubiquitously expressed in ten tissues, comparatively higher in immune related tissues, including the liver and intestine. Challenge of M. albus with the extracellular pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila, resulted in a significant increase in the expression of MHC Iα within 72 h after infection and these high levels were maintained for 72 h in kidneys, spleen, and skin, whereas in the intestine and liver, it was found first in the form of up-regulated and then down-regulated gene. These results demonstrated that MHC Iα gene played an important role in response to bacterial infection in M.albus.
Shewanella algae: an Emerging Pathogen of Black Spot Disease in Freshwater-Cultured Whiteleg Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei),
Authors: Cao H. , Chen S , Lu L , An J
Published: February 2021

Black spot disease causes significant economic losses in whiteleg shrimp Penaeus

vannamei yet only limited information is available on Shewanella algae as a bacterial

pathogen of this disease. In this study, a virulent strain, temporarily named SFH3, was

isolated from diseased freshwater-cultured P. vannamei suffering from black spot

disease, identified phenotypically and molecularly as S. algae. A phylogenetic tree was

constructed to examine the taxonomic position and relatedness of isolate SFH3 to other

S. algae isolates. When screened against a range of common veterinary antibiotics,

isolate SFH3 is apparently susceptible to aminoglycosides and quinolones antibiotics in

aquaculture. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. algae as a causal

agent of black spot disease in live freshwater-cultured P. vannamei.
Effects of Different Levels of Pinus tabulaeformis Pollen on Growth and Ammonia Stress Resistance of Milkfish Fry (Chanos chanos)
Authors: Baldove A.B. , Tumbokon B.L.M
Published: February 2021

The present preliminary study investigated the effects of different levels of dietary pine pollen from Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. on the growth and efficiency performance and ammonia stress resistance of milkfish fry (Chanos chanos). After acclimation, 600 milkfish fry with average body weight of 0.02 g were stocked in 15, 50L tanks (40 fish per tank). A control diet (without pine pollen, PP) and 4 experimental diets containing various levels of PP, namely, 0, 1.3, 2.6, 3.8, and 5.1 g/kg were prepared and given for 60 days. At termination of the experiment, milkfish were subjected to ammonia stress. Results showed that milkfish fed diets containing various levels of pine pollen exhibited significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than fish fed the control diet. Survival rates of the milkfish during the feeding trial were not significantly different among dietary treatments (p>0.05). A separate experiment was conducted in which milkfish were subjected to ammonia stress test following feeding of experimental diets for 2 weeks. Results showed that milkfish fed with diets containing 2.6 to 5.1 g/kg exhibited significantly higher survival (p<0.05) than did those fed with the control diet and with the diet containing 1.3 g/kg PP. The optimal inclusion level of pine pollen was estimated using values for SGR and FCR fitted to quadratic model to be 3.0 g/kg. The results of this study indicated that pine pollen could be used as a dietary additive for the young milkfish to enhance growth and immune response to dissolved ammonia.
Effects of Three Feeding Modes on the Gonad Development and Nutritional Quality of the Female Crab Portunus trituberculatus
Authors: He J , Luo J# , Peng Y , Victor H , Xu W
Published: February 2021

Portunus trituberculatus is an important aquaculture species in China. Presently, three main feeding models are used for P. trituberculatus: complete feeding with commercial formulated feed (M1), mixed feeding with commercial formulated feed and trash fish (M2) and complete feeding with trash fish (M3). This study assessed the gonad development and nutritional quality of female P. trituberculatus under the three feeding models and provides a scientific basis for optimizing the feeding models of P. trituberculatus in the future. Overall, this study concluded that hypoplasia of gonads, and the biochemical, fatty acid, and amino acid composition in the gonads, hepatopancreas, and muscle of P. trituberculatus fed with the commercial formulated diet were poor. The mixed feeding with the commercial formulated diet and trash fish was an ideal feeding mode. This mode not only alleviates the dependence of the P. trituberculatus breeding industry on miscellaneous fish resources but also ensures the excellent quality of P. trituberculatus.
Characterization and Pathology of Aeromonas veronii Biovar Sobria from Diseased Sheatfish Silurus glanis in China
Authors: Xiucai H. , Xiaoxue L. , Aijun L. , Jingfeng S. , Yajiao S.
Published: February 2021

Aeromonas spp., is an important opportunistic pathogen responsible for great economic losses in aquaculture. In this paper, we report our study of an Aeromonas infection that occurred in cultured sheatfish Silurus glanis in May 2016 in a farm in Tianjin city. Typical external symptoms included petechial skin hemorrhages, ascitic distension of the abdomen, redness and swelling of the anus. The isolate SAV-165 from the diseased fish was identified as A. veronii biovar sobria by biochemical properties and molecular techniques. Experimental challenge showed that a 50% lethal dose (LD50) of SAV-165 was 1.59 × 106 CFU/ml in zebrafish Danio rerio. The antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that the isolate was susceptible to aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol, but resistant to penicillins and sulphonamides. Histopathological examination showed fatty changes and swelling of hepatocytes in the liver, congestion in the submucosa of intestine and the renal veins of the kidney. This is the first report of A. veronii biovar sobria infection in S. glanis in China.
Effects of Chlorella vulgaris on Immuno-Related Factors and their Expression in Penaeus vannamei
Authors: Qingman C. , Wenxue L. , Wenhao Z. , Chunying Y.
Published: February 2021

The aim of this 42-day study was to examine the effects of Chlorella vulgaris on immuno-related factors and their expression in Penaeus vannamei. Results showed that C. vulgaris significantly enhanced the activities of phenolic oxidase (PO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the serum and hepatopancreas of P. vannamei (p<0.05, p<0.01), increased the expression levels of PO, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and IMD genes in the serum of P. vannamei (p<0.05, p<0.01), and significantly increased the expression level of Toll receptor genes in the hepatopancreas of P. vannamei (p<0.05, p<0.01) and the expression level of IMD gene. In conclusion, C. vulgaris regulated the immune function of P. vannamei through the Toll receptor gene and the IMD pathways. We speculated the Chorella polysaccharides were the main active ingredients of C. vulgaris
Cinnamaldehyde Altered Cellular Immune Responses of Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) In Vitro
Authors: Lixiao Y. , Qingkui W. , Kezhi X. , Liyao L. , Hongyue S. , Zhenyan C. , Dawei X.
Published: February 2021

Cinnamaldehyde, a liposoluble extract from cinnamon, is a natural compound with immunity enhancement efficacy on terrestrial animals. However, its immunoregulation effects on aquatic animals has rarely been investigated due to its poor water solubility and easy oxidability. Thus, cinnamaldehyde micro emulsion (CME) was prepared to overcome these limitations. Phagocytic, respiratory burst, bactericidal, and proliferative activity of Cynoglossus semilaevis leukocytes stimulated by CME were evaluated in vitro. Leukocytes were incubated with 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/ml cinnamaldehyde or 100 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide. Results showed that cinnamaldehyde affected leukocytes phagocytic, respiratory burst, bactericidal and proliferative activity significantly. In conclusion, low doses of cinnamaldehyde (1, 10 μg/ml) exhibited significantly high bactericidal activity, while high doses (100, 1000 μg/ml) inhibited cellular immunity of C. semilaevis.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus spp. on Growth Performance, and Resistance of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease
Authors: Kyeong-Jun L. , Jong S.E. , Jae W.K. , Sung H.K. , Ji E.K. , Jee E.H. , Chorong L.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to investigate effect of dietary supplementation of three Bacillus spp. on disease resistance of L. vannamei against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a main causative pathogen for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), and growth performance and feed efficiency. Four diets were prepared by supplementing powder forms of Bacillus spp. (1 × 1010 CFU/g) with a combination at 0.2% (BS, B. subtilis only), 0.4% (BS/BP, a mixture of B. subtilis and B. pumilus), and 0.6% (BS/BP/BL, a mixture of B. subtilis, B. pumilus and B. licheniformis) into a control diet (no supplement). Quadruplicate groups of shrimp (average body weight, 0.51 g) per each diet were hand-fed the diets for 33 days. Shrimp fed the BS diet had significantly higher growth performance than those fed the control diet or other diets (BS/BP and BS/BP/BL) (P<0.05). After the feeding trial, the shrimp were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus through an immersion method at a concentration of 2 × 105 CFU/ml water for 193 h. The shrimp groups fed the Bacillus supplemented diets showed significantly increased (P<0.05) cumulative survival rates compared to the control diet group. At the last sampling (193h), AHPND toxin was not detected in shrimp fed BS diet while no hepatopancreas was sampled due to 100% mortality in the control group. The findings indicate that growth performance and disease resistance of L. vannamei against AHPND could be improved when shrimp are fed the tested Bacillus spp.
Effects of stocking densities on growth of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in earthen ponds
Authors: Mena-Herrera Alfredo , Gutierrez-Corona Claudia , Linan-Cabello Marco , Sumano-Lopez Hector
Published: February 2021

The effects of stocking density and physicochemical water characteristics on the growth, sur- vival, and production of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, were assessed in six 500±72.5 m2 earthen ponds during two culture seasons: autumn-winter (20 weeks) and spring- summer (14 weeks). Stocking densities were 50, 60, and 70 shrimp/m2. Water turnover was approximately 15% per day. Aeration was supplied by a 3.5 hp air blower. Mean growth during the autumn-winter did not differ significantly among the stocking densities with final weights of 12.77, 12.72, and 12.40 g and yields of 3,609, 5,093, and 5,618 kg/ha at 50, 60, and 70 shrimp/m2, respectively. In contrast, there were statistically significant differences in mean growth and final yields during the spring-summer. Final mean weights were 18.63, 13.46, and 11.86 g and yields were 7,243, 7,307, and 8,011 kg/ha at 50, 60, and 70 shrimp/m2, respective- ly. Low water temperatures during the winter affected production. Better performance was recorded at higher spring-summer temperatures (≥23°C). Larger shrimp were associated with lower stocking density while higher stocking density produced slightly higher yields. For best per- formance, dissolved oxygen should be maintained above 4 mg/l.
Development of Polyculture and Integrated Multi -Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Israel: A Review
Authors: Israel Alvaro , Guttman Lior , Shpige Muki , Neori Amir
Published: February 2021

Israeli aquaculture began in the 1920s, with common carp monoculture. This was followed by polyculture of carp with tilapias, grey mullet, and planktivorous carp. Scientific research on polyculture started in the 1950s and has since contributed to the global science and practice of green water aquaculture, especially with novel polyculture approaches and concepts. Today, the industry is characterized by intensive freshwater polyculture, implemented in earthen fish ponds and reservoirs. In the Mediterranean coastal plain, fresh, brackish, and marine water polyculture is carried out in semi-intensive fishponds. Polyculture in Israel is an entrepreneurial activity that combines ecological principles of Chinese polyculture with local technologies and objectives. The Biofloc approach (active suspension ponds, ASP), periphyton, and aquaponics, were developed in the 1980s in response to rising public and policymakers’ concerns and regulations on land use, pollution, use of chemicals, and organic manures. R&D on marine integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems began in the early 1970s at the National Center for Mariculture (NCM) in Eilat. It started with sea bream and mullet in earthen seawater ponds, whose plankton-rich water recirculated through bivalve and macroalgae biofiltration modules. An advanced form of the concept was deployed in the early 1980s and was studied in detail using nutrient budgets. Several system models with fish, bivalves, and algae, on small and pilot scales, were studied and quantified. Abalone, sea urchins, shrimp, brine shrimp, Salicornia, and periphyton, were added to the Eilat marine IMTA models, beginning in the 1990s. Upon entering the third millennium, Israeli research further examined the relationship between the sustainability and economics of IMTA in world aquaculture.
Expression of Sox5, Sox8 and Sox9 Genes in Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) Larvae During Ontogeny and in Response to Water Temperature
Authors: Qin J.G. , Peng X. , Fu M. , Ma Z.
Published: February 2021

Sox5, Sox8, and Sox9 genes in golden pompano larvae were cloned and analyzed in this study. In the first trial, the expression of Sox genes during ontogeny of fish larvae in the first 18 days was examined, after which the expression of Sox genes in tissues was evaluated on 18 days post hatching (DPH). Subsequently, the response of Sox genes to water temperature (23, 26, and 29oC) on day 12 DPH and 18 DPH were compared. The expression levels of Sox8, Sox9a, and Sox9b peaked around 2 DPH before first feeding during fish ontogeny, and remained at low levels from 3-18 DPH. The expressions of Sox5 and Sox9a were affected by water temperature on 12 DPH and 18 DPH, while the expression of Sox8 was not affected by water temperature on 12 DPH and 18 DPH. The expression of Sox9b was affected by water temperature on 12 DPH. This study detected gene expression of Sox5, Sox8, and Sox9 at the early stage of development of golden pompano larvae. The time dependent expression of Sox genes in fish larvae is important for the understanding of bone ontogeny of fish larvae in early life.
A Study of Explicit and Implicit Means of Connection in Monologic Supraphrasal Reported Speech
Authors: Mkhitaryan Yelena , Tamoyan Nare
Published: February 2021

The article, which views the monologic reported speech as a unique supraphrasal unity, aims to investigate the explicit and implicit means of connection that ensure the structural and semantic, as well as communication wholeness of the reported speech. The explicit means connecting the members of the monologic supraphrasal reported speech are anaphoric and cataphoric conversion, interjections and connective words, syntactic parallels, etc. while the implicit connection is expressed by semantic-logical relations (causal, adversative, time) existing between the other constituents of the monologic supraphrasal reported speech, rather than by linguistic means of connection.
Synonymy in English and Bulgarian Military Terminology
Authors: Georgieva Valentina
Published: February 2021

The article discusses and investigates various expressions of synonymy in terms related to the maintenance of peace in English and Bulgarian. Detailed investigation based on factual data indicates that despite the tendency towards standardization and uniformity, the military vocabulary in English and Bulgarian is expressed by various and numerous types of synonymy.
Utilization of Key Images toward Enhancing Text Informativeness
Authors: Sargsyan Mariana
Published: February 2021

The article aims to further develop our all-around study of symbol-images trying to combine the results of the examination of ideological and aesthetic aspects of key images that function as symbols with the informative function of the image. In this regard, the argument that one of the key goals of a text, including a literary text, is to convey information, is beyond any doubt. This is accomplished through linguostylistic devices and intrinsic meanings of units comprising various levels of the text which, due to the tactics and intention of the author, contain the whole valuable information of the perception and interpretation of the text. The informative value of key images is not stable in itself depending on the quality and volume of the valuable information, the readers’ ability to interpret, as well as the availability of the background knowledge. The disclosure of the valuable information contained in the key images makes it possible to perceive the tactical intent of the author, to penetrate into the content proper of the work and share the emotions of the author. Due to the origin and depth of the information contained, key images can help the reader establish a dialogue with secondary texts, which comes to indicate that it is possible to move from one text to others through symbol-images thereby creating intertextual bonds.
Variability of Punctuation Marks in English
Authors: Tigranyan Lilit
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes the characteristics of the use of English punctuation marks, namely those of brackets and multi-points in three types of discourse – prose, drama and scientific prose. The functional value of punctuation marks is conditioned by a number of factors including the historical period, the discourse type, the writer’s style, to name just a few. The brackets and the multi-points, as a rule, perform different functions in the three types of discourse mentioned above.
The Main Features of Electronically Mediated Communication
Authors: Arakelyan Rouzanna , Hovakimyan Lilit
Published: February 2021

It is a fact that the Internet has turned into a unique form of communication nowadays. The language of communication of the internet resembles both the written and oral varieties of speech, however, it must be viewed as a new manifestation of language use which can be defined by a number of spelling, grammatical and semantic features. Despite the existence of common features applying to the electronically mediated language, the internet is a domain of diversity and freedom. The variety of language means used is conditioned by the individuality, sex and even the character of the users. The language of the internet is characterized by the use of abbreviations and clippings, subordinate clauses resembling “stream of consciousness”, a unique spelling, etc. These means aim to speed electronically mediated communication and enhance the emotional-expressive impact.
Hedging in Modern English
Authors: Harutyunyan Nona
Published: February 2021

The article aims to investigate the functional value of hedges and to trace their development process in linguistic literature and scientific discourse. An attempt is made to provide a short definition of hedges, to identify its types and to indicate the main fields of their use. Hedges can express politeness, uncertainty, mitigation, indecisiveness thereby decreasing the responsibility of the speaker for his demands and suggestions.
Verbal vs Non-Verbal Means of Expressing Emotion in CMC
Authors: Kirakosyan Tatevik
Published: February 2021

Emotions have a unique place in a person’s life. They are reflected in each human activity and are expressed in language and through language not only during face-to-face, but also online communication. The article pays special attention to the expressions of emotions in these two fields of communication taking into consideration the verbal and non-verbal peculiarities of the expression of emotions.
Gender from Sociocultural Perspective
Authors: Harutyunyan Gohar , Hovhannisyan Margarit
Published: February 2021

The pre introduced by R. Lakoff back in 1975sent article attempts to reveal the relevance of the distinctive provisions in male and female speech to modern English and Armenian. Extracts from fiction have been used as data for the investigation. Unlike English, in Armenian authors have had an opportunity to carry out their practical research based on the analysis of the answers to the questions prepared in advance.
Perception of the World through the Prism of Culture
Authors: Harutyunyan Narine
Published: February 2021

The world is not perceived as static. It is in constant movement and is described by religious beliefs, cultural traditions, moral values and a system of stereotypes. While perceiving the world man creates cognitive patterns which, together with individual meanings, reflect common underlying features of the world perception among different people. Among the standards that might describe and characterize the world are: visual images, smells and scents, i.e. perceptions received through different senses.
A RESPONSE To Everett L. Wheeler’s Review of “The Armenian Military in the Byzantine Empire: Conflict and Alliance under Justinian and Maurice” (Alfortville: Sigest, 2012)
Authors: Ayvazyan Armen
Published: February 2021

The present article-response denies the groundless statements in Everett L. Wheeler’s review of A. Ayvazyan’s monograph titled The Armenian Military in the Byzantine Empire: Conflict and Alliance under Justinian and Maurice (Alfortville: Sigest, 2012). Furthermore, the author has identified the amateurism, historical-factual and theoretical mistakes, bias and anti-Armenian motives of the writer in the article. The shortened version of the present article has been published in the Journal of Military History, July 2013 issue (vol. 77, no. 3), pp.1207-1210).
Linguistic and Semantic Aspects of Causation in Legal Reasoning in Modern English
Authors: Khachatryan Robert
Published: February 2021

The objective of this article is to elaborate on the significance of linguistic aspects of causation in legal reasoning in Modern English. More specifically, this article elaborates on semantic aspects of causation in legal reasoning. Linguistic aspects of causation in Modern English are instrumental in legal reasoning, particularly elaborating on the expression of the main features of lexical causatives due to their direct causation. A series of events form the causal nexus, in which the relationship is connected via spatiotemporally continuous sequences of causal intermediates. In spatiotemporal relationship of cause and effect, proximity is the criterion, which differentiates the causal connection.
Alliteration in Modern and Middle English: “Piers Plowman”
Authors: Sutton Peter
Published: February 2021

William Langland’s 8000-line fourteenth-century poem Piers Plowman uses an alliterative rhyme scheme inherited from Old English in which, instead of a rhyme at the end of a line, at least three out of the four stressed syllables in each line begin with the same sound, and this is combined with a caesura at the mid-point of the line. Examples show that Langland does not obey the rules exactly, but he is nevertheless thought to be at the forefront of a revival of alliterative verse. Further examples demonstrate that alliteration was never entirely replaced by end-rhyme and remains a feature of presentday vernacular English and poetry, even though the rhyme scheme is obsolete. It is deeply embedded in the structure and psyche of the English language.
Homophonic Pun in “Alice in Wonderland” in English and Armenian
Authors: Matevosyan Armine , Alimyan Marine
Published: February 2021

The article focuses on the theoretical and practical issues of the homophonic pun in “Alice in Wonderland” and its Armenian translation. A pun is a rhetorical device in which people use the polysemous or homonymous relation of a language to cause a word, a sentence of a discourse to involve two meanings. The research reveals that L. Carroll uses a great array of homophonic pun which reveals the quintessential feature of the work, i.e. humor.
The Role of the Key Images in the Creation and Enhancement of the Pragmatic Potential of the Text
Authors: Sargsyan Mariana
Published: February 2021

The present paper argues that the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the text pragmatics can be enhanced at the expense of stylistic devices. Particularly, the case of simile is considered with a view to exposing the pragmatic potential of the key images embedded therein. In line with our research goals, with the account of internal and external factors underlying the choice and application of language units, the pragmatic and pragmastylistic potential of the chosen units in the creation and enhancement of text pragmatics is revealed.
Gender Stereotypes in Advertising
Authors: Kniazian Anna
Published: February 2021

The portrayal of men and women in advertising has received conside rable atten - tion over the last several decades, both by practitioners and academics. Research has primarily focused on the visual portrayal of men and women in advertising, within the realm of which, there appears to be a fundamental difference in the way men and women are portrayed. Men are generally stereotyped as competent, assertive, independent, and achievement oriented, whereas women are generally stereotyped as warm, sociable, interdependent, and relationship-oriented. Women are more often portrayed as young and concerned with physical attractiveness than their male counterparts. Masculine and feminine stereotypes are complementary in the sense that each gender group is seen as possessing a set of strengths that balance out their own weaknesses and that supplement the assumed strengths of the other group.
The Manifestation of Gender Peculiarities in Political Discourse
Authors: Arustamyan Ruzanna
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the description of gender peculiarities in political discourse. The differences of male and female speeches aim to determine the degree of effectiveness of the impact of gendered approaches in political communication on male and female audiences. We may observe obvious differences between male and female speeches. It is conditioned by biological differences and social roles and stereotypes fixed in the society. Sometimes female politicians tend to imitate male speech behavior in order to defend their positions and the right to participate in the political life of their country.
The Functional Value of Proper Nouns in Medical Texts
Authors: Ohanyan Marianna
Published: February 2021

Medical terminology is the professional language of those who are directly or indirectly engaged in the art of healing. Medical texts contain a lot of Greek and Latin borrowings, metaphoric usages of some terms and also term-eponyms. Health and care professionals need good communication skills to develop positive relationships and share information with people using linguistic varieties. Medical eponyms are often attached to the people who made the discovery. Term-eponyms can have both negative and positive overtones. They are a source of social communication and cognitively and culturally oriented. It can be stated that term-eponyms realize a cognitive function derived from the sphere they belong to.
Intercultural Language Competence and Business Communication
Authors: Golysheva Valentina
Published: February 2021

Teaching modern languages for specific purposes requires the investigation of the interaction of language and socio-cultural aspects, the knowledge of which predetermines successful acquisition of intercultural competence by the students. Students studying business language should be recommended to do the research in the theory of language planning namely Political Correctness (PC). Observing politeness strategy, i.e. avoiding direct imposition either in conditional requests or imperatives might be useful for students studying English to be learned as value one. To reduce the level of imposition most English officials prefer to stick to the strategy of disguised imperatives, i.e. rephrase their public messages by employing specific periphrastic expressions in a statement/request/notice/announcement. In the teaching process priorities should be given to introducing the situational language, the speech etiquette in the English and Russian communities; teaching students to assess social responses.
The Semiotic Interpretation of Joan Miro’s World of Signs
Authors: Matevosyan Armine , Hovakimian Nazeny
Published: February 2021

The following article is devoted to the semiotic interpretation of some paintings by an outstanding Catalonian artist, Joan Miro. Here an attempt is made to concentrate on the symbolic objects, the colours and the whole mood of Miro’s paintings, as well as to the emotional state of the artist himself, his descriptions of his art to bring out the link between linguistic and artistic signs.