bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrahepatic Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography: Potential Imaging Signature for Protein‐Losing Enteropathy in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Lemley Bethan A. , Biko Dave M. , Dewitt Aaron G. , Glatz Andrew C. , Goldberg David J. , Saravanan Madhumitha , O’Byrne Michael L. , Pinto Erin , Ravishankar Chitra , Rome Jonathan J. , Smith Christopher L. , Dori Yoav
Published: September 2021

Background

Protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in congenital heart disease patients with single ventricle physiology. Intrahepatic dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography (IH‐DCMRL) is a novel diagnostic technique that may be useful in characterizing pathologic abdominal lymphatic flow in the congenital heart disease population and in diagnosing PLE. The objective of this study was to characterize differences in IH‐DCMRL findings in patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease with and without PLE.

Methods and Results

This was a single‐center retrospective study of IH‐DCMRL findings and clinical data in 41 consecutive patients, 20 with PLE and 21 without PLE, with single ventricle physiology referred for lymphatic evaluation. There were 3 distinct duodenal imaging patterns by IH‐DCMRL: (1) enhancement of the duodenal wall with leakage into the lumen, (2) enhancement of the duodenal wall without leakage into the lumen, and (3) no duodenal involvement. Patients with PLE were more likely to have duodenal involvement on IH‐DCMRL than patients without PLE (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

IH‐DCMRL findings of lymphatic enhancement of the duodenal wall and leakage of lymph into the duodenal lumen are associated with PLE. IH‐DCMRL is a useful new modality for characterizing pathologic abdominal lymphatic flow in PLE and might be useful as a risk‐assessment tool for PLE in at‐risk patients.
Comprehensive Physiological Modeling Provides Novel Insights Into Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Physiology
Authors: Kaye David M. , Wolsk Emil , Nanayakkara Shane , Mariani Justin , Hassager Christian , Gustafsson Finn , Moller Jacob E. , Sunagawa Kenji , Burkhoff Daniel
Published: September 2021

Background

Although a rapid rise in left atrial pressure during exertion is considered pathognomonic of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the fundamental circulatory determinants of this response are not clear, impacting upon the development of more effective therapies. We aimed to comprehensively describe the circulatory mechanics of patients with HFpEF at rest and during exercise in comparison with controls.

Methods and Results

We performed simultaneous right‐heart catheterization and echocardiography at rest and during exercise in 22 healthy control volunteers and 60 patients with confirmed HFpEF. Using detailed individual patient‐level hemodynamic and left ventricular ejection fraction data we performed computer simulations to evaluate the circulatory parameters including the estimated stressed blood volumethat contribute to the resting and exercise pulmonary capillary pressure. At rest and during exercise, left ventricular stiffness (V
30
, the end‐diastolic pressure–volume relationship at a filling pressure of 30 mm Hg), left ventricular elastance, and arterial elastance were all significantly greater in HFpEF than in controls. Stressed blood volume was significantly greater in HFpEF (26.9±5.4 versus 20.2±4.7 mL/kg,
P
<0.001), becoming even more pronounced during exercise (40.9±3.7 versus 27.5±7.0 mL per 70 kg,
P
<0.001). During exercise, the magnitude of the change in stressed blood volume (
r
=0.67,
P
<0.001) and left ventricular stiffness (
r
=−0.44,
P
<0.001) were key determinants of the rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Further detailed modeling studies showed that the hemodynamic response to exercise results from a complex non‐linear interaction between circulatory parameters.

Conclusions

The circulatory determinants of HFpEF physiology are complex. We identified stressed blood volume at rest and during exercise is a novel, key factor, therebyrepresenting an important potential therapeutic target.
Emerging Therapies for Recurrent Pericarditis: Interleukin‐1 inhibitors
Authors: Lo Presti Saberio , Elajami Tarec K. , Reyaldeen Reza , Anthony Chris , Imazio Massimo , Klein Allan L.
Published: September 2021

Recurrent pericarditis (RP) is a complex inflammatory disorder associated with adverse outcomes and poor quality of life. After the first episode of acute pericarditis, a non‐negligible group of patients will fail to achieve complete remission despite treatment and will be challenged by side effects from the chronic use of medications like corticosteroids. The cause of RP remains unknown in the majority of cases, mainly due to a gap in knowledge of its complex pathophysiology. Over the past 2 decades, the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) pathway has been uncovered as a key element in the inflammatory cascade, allowing the development of pharmacological targets known as IL‐1 inhibitors. This group of medications has emerged as a treatment option for patients with RP colchicine‐resistance and steroid dependents. Currently, anakinra and rilonacept, have demonstrated beneficial impact in clinical outcomes with a reasonable safety profile in randomized clinical trials. There is still paucity of data regarding the use of canakinumab in the treatment of patients with RP. Although further studies are needed to refine therapeutic protocols and taper of concomitant therapies, IL‐1 inhibitors, continue to consolidate as part of the pharmacological armamentarium to manage this complex condition with potential use as monotherapy. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of IL‐1 pathway in RP and discuss the efficacy, safety, and clinical applicability of IL‐1 inhibitors in the treatment of RP based on current evidence.
Childhood Bradycardia Associates With Atrioventricular Conduction Defects in Older Age: A Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Topriceanu Constantin‐Cristian , Moon James C. , Hardy Rebecca , Hughes Alun D. , Captur Gabriella
Published: September 2021

Background

This study explored the association between childhood bradycardia and later‐life cardiac phenotype using longitudinal data from the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) birth cohort.

Methods and Results

Resting heart rate was recorded at 6 and 7 years of age to provide the bradycardia exposure defined as a childhood resting heart rate <75 bpm. Three outcomes were studied: (1) echocardiographic data at 60 to 64 years of age, consisting of ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index, myocardial contraction fraction index, and E/e′; (2) electrocardiographic evidence of atrioventricular or ventricular conduction defects by 60 to 64 years of age; and (3) all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality. Generalized linear models or Cox regression models were used, and adjustment was made for relevant demographic and health‐related covariates, and for multiple testing. Mixed generalized linear models and fractional polynomials were used as sensitivity analyses. One in 3 older adults with atrioventricular conduction defects had been bradycardic in childhood, with defects being serious (Mobitz type II second‐degree atrioventricular block or higher) in 12%. In fully adjusted models, childhood bradycardia was associated with 2.91 higher odds of atrioventricular conduction defects (95% CI, 1.59–5.31;
P
=0.0005). Associations persisted in random coefficients mixed generalized linear models (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.01–4.31). Fractional polynomials confirmed a linear association between the log odds of atrioventricular conduction defects at 60 to 64 years of age and resting heart rate at 7 years of age. There was no association between bradycardia in childhood and mortality outcomes or with echocardiographic parameters and ventricular conduction defects in older age.

Conclusions

Longitudinal birth cohort data indicate that childhood bradycardia trebles the odds of having atrioventricular conduction defects in older age, 88% of which are benign. In addition, it does not influence mortality or heart size and function. Future research should concentrate on identifying children at risk.
Association of Insurance Status With Emergent Versus Nonemergent Hospital Encounters Among Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Agarwal Anushree , Gurvitz Michelle , Myers Janet , Jain Sarthak , Khan Abigail M. , Nah Gregory , Harris Ian S. , Kouretas Peter , Marcus Gregory M.
Published: September 2021

Background

Although the number of hospital visits has exponentially increased for adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) over the past few decades, the relationship between insurance status and hospital encounter type remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between insurance status and emergent versus nonemergent encounters among adults with CHD ≥18 years old.

Methods and Results

We used California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Database from January 2005 to December 2015 to determine the trends of insurance status and encounters and the association of insurance status on encounter type among adults with CHD. A total 58 359 nonpregnancy encounters were identified in 6077 patients with CHD. From 2005 to 2015, the number of uninsured encounters decreased by 38%, whereas government insured encounters increased by 124% and private by 79%. Overall, there was a significantly higher proportion of emergent than nonemergent encounters associated with uninsured status (13.0% versus 1.8%;
P
<0.0001), whereas the proportion of nonemergent encounters associated with private insurance was higher than emergent encounters (35.8% versus 62.4%;
P
<0.0001). When individual patients with CHD became uninsured, they were ≈5 times more likely to experience an emergent encounter (
P
<0.0001); upon changing from uninsured to insured, they were significantly less likely to have an emergent encounter (
P
<0.001). After multivariate adjustment, uninsured status exhibited the highest odds of an emergent rather than nonemergent encounter compared with all other covariates (adjusted odds ratio, 9.20; 95% CI, 7.83–10.8;
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions

Efforts to enhance the ability to obtain and maintain insurance throughout the lifetime of patients with CHD might result in meaningful reductions in emergent encounters and a more efficient use of resources.
Combination of Antioxidant Enzyme Overexpression and N‐Acetylcysteine Treatment Enhances the Survival of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Ischemic Limb in Mice With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhu Qiang , Hao Hong , Xu Huifang , Fichman Yosef , Cui Yuqi , Yang Chunlin , Wang Meifang , Mittler Ron , Hill Michael A. , Cowan Peter J. , Zhang Guangsen , He Xiaoming , Zhou Shenghua , Liu Zhenguo
Published: September 2021

Background

Therapy with mesenchymal stem cells remains a promising but challenging approach to critical limb ischemia in diabetes because of the dismal cell survival.

Methods and Results

Critical limb ischemia in type 2 diabetes mouse model was used to explore the impact of diabetic limb ischemia on the survival of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (bMSCs). Inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species was achieved with concomitant overexpression of superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐1 and glutathione peroxidase‐1 in the transplanted bMSCs, and extracellular reactive oxygen species was attenuated using SOD‐3 overexpression and N‐acetylcysteine treatment. In vivo optical fluorescence imaging and laser Doppler perfusion imaging were used to track cell retention and determine blood flow in diabetic ischemic limb, respectively. Survival of the transplanted bMSCs was significantly decreased in diabetic ischemic limb compared with the control. In vitro study indicated that advanced glycation end products, not high glucose, significantly decreased the proliferation of bMSCs and increased their apoptosis associated with increased reactive oxygen species production and selective reduction of SOD‐1 and SOD‐3. In vivo study demonstrated that concomitant overexpression of SOD‐1, SOD‐3, and glutathione peroxidase‐1, or host treatment with N‐acetylcysteine, significantly enhanced in vivo survival of transplanted bMSCs, and improved critical limb ischemia in diabetic mice. Combination of triple antioxidant enzyme overexpression in bMSCs with host N‐acetylcysteine treatment further improved bMSC survival with enhanced circulatory and functional recovery from diabetic critical limb ischemia.

Conclusions

Simultaneous suppression of reactive oxygen species from transplanted bMSCs and host tissue could additively enhance bMSC survival in diabetic ischemic limb with increased therapeutic efficacy in diabetes.
MESLEK YÜKSEK OKULU ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN MESLEK SEÇİMİNDE TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET ROLLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: GÜL İbrahim , ÖCAL Mustafa
Published: September 2021

Meslek seçimi bireyin hayatında önemli bir yer işgal etmektedir. Meslek seçiminde birçok faktör etkilidir. Meslek seçiminde önem arz eden bu faktörlerden biri de toplumsal cinsiyet rolüdür. Türkiye’de bazı mesleklerin sadece erkekler bazılarının ise sadece kadınlar tarafından yapılacağına ilişkin bir inanç bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, meslek seçiminde toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin ne kadar etkili olduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmanın evrenini 2019-20 eğitim-öğretim yılında öğrenim gören Samsun Meslek Yüksek Okulu öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma evreninden yeterli sayıda tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 500 öğrenci örneklemi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Gökçen ve Kavas Büyükgöze (2018) tarafından geliştirilen “Meslek Seçiminde Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Rolü Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Ölçek öğrencilere uygulanmadan önce Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmış ve söz konusu yapıyı ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bulunmuştur. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde parametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, öğrencilerin eşitlikçi toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini benimsedikleri, ikinci sınıfların birinci sınıflara göre eşitlikçi cinsiyet rollerini daha yüksek oranda benimsemiş oldukları görülmüştür. Öğrencilerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin görüşlerinin cinsiyet, sınıf ve bölüm değişkenlerine göre farklılık gösterdiği bulgularına ulaşılmıştır.
THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE BUYING BEHAVIOR IN COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE PRODUCTS: A STUDY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Abdülkadir , DİLEK Önder
Published: September 2021

With the Covid-19 pandemic process, it is thought that people who want to be protected from the negative effects of the virus will turn to complementary and alternative medicine products with modern medicine in order to increase their body resistance and stay healthy. It will be important for businesses to track changes in consumer purchase intention and behavior towards these products. This study aims to examine the behavior of buying complementary and alternative medicine products of the Covid-19 epidemic within the framework of theory of planned behavior. In the research, an online questionnaire was applied to 402 people using the convenience sampling method. The structural equation modelling was used to determine the factors affecting buying behavior. As a result of the structural equation modelling, it was confirmed that attitude and perceived behavioral control variables have a positive and significant effect on the intention of buying complementary and alternative medicine. It was determined that subjective norms did not have a positive and significant effect on the intention to purchase complementary and alternative medicine. It was concluded that buying intention and perceived behavioral control had a positive and significant effect on buying behavior for complementary and alternative medicine products
TÜRKİYE DÖVİZ PİYASASINDA ETKİN PİYASALAR HİPOTEZİNİN DAVRANIŞSAL FİNANS AÇISINDAN TESPİTİ
Authors: BAŞARIR Yasemin , SEREL Alpaslan
Published: September 2021

Etkin piyasalar hipotezine göre rasyonel bireyler ulaşılabildikleri tüm bilgileri kullanarak bilginin hepsinin fiyatlara yansımasını sağlamakta ve piyasada sistematik hata söz konusu olmamaktadır. Bu hipotezin geçerli olması bireylerin rasyonel davranması ve piyasada arbitraj imkanının bulunması varsayımlarını içermektedir. Ancak yıllar boyunca yapılan gözlem ve uygulama çalışmalarında, bu varsayımların aksine sonuçların meydana geldiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada TL’nin Euro ve dolara karşı günlük spot ve forward döviz kurları kullanılarak Türkiye’de döviz piyasasının zayıf formda ve yarı güçlü formda etkin olup olmadığı test edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Türkiye için ele alınan dönem içerisinde yapısal kırılmaları da dikkate alan testler sonucunda Döviz piyasalarının zayıf formda etkin olmasına rağmen yarı güçlü formda etkin olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.
ÇALIŞMA HAYATI KALİTESİ ÖLÇEĞİ ÖNERİSİ
Authors: DURMUŞKAYA Cihan , ERDOĞAN Ekrem
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de çalışma hayatı kalitesini ölçen çalışan odaklı, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Bu çalışmada tematik açıdan çalışma hayatının kalitesinin bileşenleri ILO sözleşmeleri/tavsiye kararları, ILO tarafından desteklenen ölçekler ve Asya, Ortadoğu ve Afrika ülkelerindeki uygulamalarla ve uygulama açısından Sakarya İlinde metal sektöründe çalışan sendikalı işçilerle sınırlı tutulmuştur. Türkiye’de geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçekle çalışma hayatı kalitesinin Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü standartlarında ve çalışan odaklı bir biçimde ölçülmesi konusunda teorik ve pratik önemli bir boşluğun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Önerilen ölçekle çalışma hayatı kalitesinde tespit edilen eksikliklerin giderilmesi halinde Türkiye’de çalışma hayatı kalitesinin tematik veya genel olarak iyileşme göstereceği öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kantitatif (nicel) araştırma metodolojisi benimsenmiştir. Çalışmada ölçek geliştirme sürecinde; ölçülmek istenen yapının tanımlanması, literatürdeki ölçeklerin incelenmesi ve içeriğe uygun olan ifadelerin taslak forma dahil edilmesi, ifade havuzunun oluşturulması, ölçüm türünün belirlenmesi, ölçeğin taslak formunun uzmanlar tarafından gözden geçirilmesi ve gerekli düzenlemelerin yapılması, pilot uygulamanın yapılması ve gerekli ifadelerin elenmesi, ölçeğin saha uygulamasının yapılması, verilerin analizi ve ölçeğin son halinin verilmesi adımları izlenmiştir. Ölçek geliştirme süreci sonucunda elde edilen bulgular açıklayıcı (exploratory – keşifsel) faktör analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda 9 tema ve 36 ifadeden oluşan geçerli ve güvenilir, ILO sözleşmelerinden ve mevcut ölçeklerin temalarından ve parametrelerinden bir çalışma hayatı kalitesi ölçek önerisi geliştirilmiştir.
Pulmonary Complications of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Trauma Patients. A Matched Analysis From a National Trauma Database
Authors: Ahmed Nasim , Kuo Yen-Hong
Published: September 2021

Background

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is associated with increased occurrence of pneumonia and longer hospital stay. The purpose of the study is to find a national estimate of pulmonary complications in AWS patients using the National Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database.

Methods

We accessed the TQIP database focusing on the calendar years 2013-2016 and included all adult admitted trauma patients. The two groups (AWS and no AWS) were compared on baseline characteristics, injury, comorbidities, and outcomes. We performed univariate analysis followed by propensity matching.

Results

Out of 534 880 patients who qualified for the study, 6929 (1.29%) patients had developed AWS. The propensity matching balanced the two groups on all the baseline characteristics, injury severity, and comorbidities and created 6929 pairs. One-to-one pair-matched analysis showed a significantly increased occurrence of pneumonia (12% vs 4.3%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (2.7% vs 1%), and sepsis (2.4% vs 1.1%) in AWS patients when compared with the patients without the AWS.

Conclusion

The study showed approximately a 3-fold increase in ARDS and pneumonia and a more than two-fold increase in sepsis in AWS patients. Early intervention in high-risk AWS patients may reduce the complications.
Pediatric Otolaryngology During COVID-19: Parental Concern About Elective Surgery
Authors: C. Viola Francesca , DiNardo Lauren , DeGiovanni Jason C. , Carr Michele M.
Published: September 2021

Objective:

To identify the concerns of parents whose children may need elective surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

In December 2020, parents of pediatric otolaryngology patients were recruited for a survey about concerns related to elective surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. A Likert scale quantified concern. The 1 was anchored “Not at all important” and 5 was “Most important.” Demographics included gender, age, race, education level, number of children in household, and whether their child had surgery since March 2020.

Results:

About 253 participants were included. Medians ranged from 1 for concerns about emotional and family support to 4 for concerns about their child being exposed to COVID-19 in the Emergency Room. Black parents were more concerned about the risks of COVID than White parents; they were more concerned about their child contracting COVID-19 during surgery compared to White parents, median was 4 versus 3 ( P = .027). Black parents had a median score of 3 for concern about medical expenses compared to a median of 2 ( P = .001). Parents of children who had surgery since March 2020 had less concern about their child being exposed to COVID-19 during hospitalization ( P = .045) and less concern about critique from others ( P = .024).

Conclusion:

Parents were most concerned about the risk of seeking Emergency Room care. Black parents were generally more concerned about having their child undergo elective surgery. Whether this is translated into fewer Black children undergoing important but elective surgery requires more study.
Successes and Failures of the University-Community Partnership: A Case Study of Imbali Semi-Rural Settlement
Authors: Nhlapo Molise David , Hlalele Dipane Joseph
Published: September 2021

Universities should conduct research and provide services to the society in their environment. In this article, the relational leadership model was used to evaluate a University-Community partnership in a semi-rural context in South Africa. The relational leadership model is an aspirational model supporting a healthy, ethical, and effective group. It comprises five components necessary for sustainable positive change in an organization. The model advocates for five components of which four were used to evaluate the project which the article is based on. Data were produced through interviews with two main university leaders of the project and the results show that the partnership has lost momentum in recent years based on non-conformity to some of the principles of the components suggested by the relational leadership. Through the rich experiences from participants, the article reflects on methods and recommendations in which the threads facing the partnership can be circumvented.
Taking the strain? Police well-being in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Newiss Geoff , Charman Sarah , Ilett Camille , Bennett Stephanie , Ghaemmaghami Aram , Smith Paul , Inkpen Robert
Published: September 2021

Drawing on survey and interview data collected in one police force area, this article considers the varied impacts on police well-being arising during the COVID-19 pandemic. Approximately one-third of police officers surveyed reported feeling less safe in their role during the pandemic, and nearly half suffered increased anxiety. The toll on well-being appears to be most acute for frontline officers and those with caring responsibilities, and is strongly associated with increases in workload. The task of ‘repairing’ well-being will require detailed and sensitive consideration involving genuine efforts to hear the voices of those who have endured this prolonged tour of duty.
Pandemic Severity, Policy Stringency, and Tourism Performance: A Global Analysis
Authors: Yang Yang , Mao Zhenxing (Eddie) , Wen Zhihong
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated policy effects on global tourism performance. Using daily data from 117 countries between January 23, 2020 and June 5, 2021, we applied a fixed-effects panel data model to investigate the impact and its moderators. Results show that COVID-19 cases had a significantly negative effect on tourism revenue and pricing. Specifically, a 10% increase in COVID-19 cases led to a 0.490%, 0.103%, and 0.388% decline in RevPAR, ADR, and occupancy change, respectively. Furthermore, degree of dependence on tourism, and economic support policies moderated this effect. Consequences related to revenue and demand were more remarkable for luxury tourism products than economic ones. Geographical and temporal heterogeneity were also noteworthy, and the impact of pandemic severity on revenue and demand was highly notable in certain periods, such as April and May 2020 and January to mid-March 2021. Lastly, implications are provided.
Risk Factors Explaining Military Deaths From Suicide, 2008–2017: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Landes Scott D. , Wilmoth Janet M. , London Andrew S. , Landes Ann T.
Published: September 2021

Military suicide prevention efforts would benefit from population-based research documenting patterns in risk factors among service members who die from suicide. We use latent class analysis to analyze patterns in identified risk factors among the population of 2660 active-duty military service members that the Department of Defense Suicide Event Report (DoDSER) system indicates died by suicide between 2008 and 2017. The largest of five empirically derived latent classes was primarily characterized by the dissolution of an intimate relationship in the past year. Relationship dissolution was common in the other four latent classes, but those classes were also characterized by job, administrative, or legal problems, or mental health factors. Distinct demographic and military-status differences were apparent across the latent classes. Results point to the need to increase awareness among mental health service providers and others that suicide among military service members often involves a constellation of potentially interrelated risk factors.
Dignity in Red Envelopes: Disreputable Exchange and Cultural Reproduction of Inequality in Informal Medical Payment
Authors: Guo Weirong , Xu Bin
Published: September 2021

Disreputable exchanges are morally disapproved and often legally prohibited exchanges that exacerbate and reproduce social inequality but remain ubiquitous. Although previous literature explains the phenomenon by material interests and structural relations, we propose a cultural approach based on three major conceptions of culture: culture in relations, culture in interactions, and culture in inequality. We illustrate this approach by a case study of China’s hongbao (the red envelope) exchange, a typical disreputable exchange through informal medical payment. Drawing on interviews with doctors and patients, we find that participants of the exchange mobilize items from their cultural repertoires, such as professional ethics, face, power, fairness, and affection, to redefine different situations of interactions and project positive self–images to render their problematic exchanges morally acceptable to each other. Moreover, as the participants’ responses to our vignettes show, they negatively evaluate the exchanges in general moral terms, such as equality and fairness, but culturally justify their own involvement. This discrepancy between saying and doing tends to legitimize the disreputable exchange amid enduring public outrage and institutional prohibition. These cultural processes contribute to the reproduction of unequal access to scarce health care resources. Findings of this research not only offer insights into understanding disreputable exchanges but also contribute to research on other cases of social problems in which deviant behaviors are morally and culturally justified.
A psychoanalytic conceptual framework for understanding populism
Authors: Bird-Pollan Stefan
Published: September 2021

In this paper, I argue for two claims. The first is that all social and political thinking lies along a continuum and that the structure of each thought along the continuum is that of a basic desire for self-determination. Self-determination, I argued, occurs in a variety of ways including, importantly, at a variety of levels of intention. On the one hand, there are the relatively unreflective ways of understanding oneself as autonomous. I attributed this way of thinking of the Neo-Aristotelian conception of practical reason which is characteristic of conservatism. On the other side of the continuum, there is a rigoristic version of Kantian moral philosophy in which, to be autonomous, one must act exclusively from duty or from purely economic motivation. The second claims is that populism can be understood as a clash between different practical conceptions of autonomy which are brought into conflict as a result of the process of modern rationalization. This clash can, I argued, be clarified and also alleviated by appreciating that what the values which stand opposed in the “us vs. them” of populism and liberalism are based on a fundamentally similar conception of the value of autonomy but have come into conflict by sometime contingent historical processes which can be undone or steered in a different direction.
Interparental Conflict and Chinese Children’s Social Development
Authors: Xu Fengjiao , Chen Xinyi , Xing Haiyan , Wang Hongmei
Published: September 2021

Interparental relationship is one of the substantial factors that affect children’s mental well-being and emotional development in a family. Interparental conflicts are pervasive in most families, which may have adverse effects on children. However, interparental conflict in China received restricted attention, and social research about marital conflict has limited focus on children. A cross-sectional survey of 846 students was conducted to explore the correlations between interparental conflict and Chinese children’s social anxiety and life adjustment. The results showed that more perceived threat, persistent and unresolved conflicts, older age, and lower coping efficacy were associated with increased social anxiety in children while paternal education of high school was related to lower social anxiety. Child-related and unresolved conflicts, greater intensity of the conflict, frequent conflict, and paternal education of college and above were associated with impaired children’s life adjustment development. Perception of interparental conflicts was closely associated with children’s social development.
Using Crime Data to Assess Longitudinal Relationships Between Community Violent Crime and Aggressive Behavior Among At-Risk Youth
Authors: Kassing Francesca , Lochman John E. , Vernberg Eric , Hudnall Matthew
Published: September 2021

The goal of this study was to assess longitudinal, predictive relationships between community violent crime and reactive and proactive aggression. Community violent crime data were gathered from local law enforcement agencies and combined with an existing dataset of at-risk youth. Aggression was assessed by parents using the Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Data were examined over four time points. Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling was used to test two models: one for proactive aggression and one for reactive aggression. Results revealed a positive relationship between community violent crime and proactive aggression, whereas the model including reactive aggression had poor model fit. Therefore, results support reactive and proactive aggression as distinct constructs. Findings also demonstrate that publicly accessible violent crime data can be used to predict children’s behavior over time. Finally, results have important implications for preventive interventions for at-risk youth.
Clarifying Values: An Updated and Expanded Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Witteman Holly O. , Ndjaboue Ruth , Vaisson Gratianne , Dansokho Selma Chipenda , Arnold Bob , Bridges John F. P. , Comeau Sandrine , Fagerlin Angela , Gavaruzzi Teresa , Marcoux Melina , Pieterse Arwen , Pignone Michael , Provencher Thierry , Racine Charles , Regier Dean , Rochefort-Brihay Charlotte , Thokala Praveen , Weernink Marieke , White Douglas B. , Wills Celia E. , Jansen Jesse
Published: September 2021

Background

Patient decision aids should help people make evidence-informed decisions aligned with their values. There is limited guidance about how to achieve such alignment.

Purpose

To describe the range of values clarification methods available to patient decision aid developers, synthesize evidence regarding their relative merits, and foster collection of evidence by offering researchers a proposed set of outcomes to report when evaluating the effects of values clarification methods.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL.

Study Selection

We included articles that described randomized trials of 1 or more explicit values clarification methods. From 30,648 records screened, we identified 33 articles describing trials of 43 values clarification methods.

Data Extraction

Two independent reviewers extracted details about each values clarification method and its evaluation.

Data Synthesis

Compared to control conditions or to implicit values clarification methods, explicit values clarification methods decreased the frequency of values-incongruent choices (risk difference, –0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.06 to –0.02; P < 0.001) and decisional conflict (standardized mean difference, –0.20; 95% CI, –0.29 to –0.11; P < 0.001). Multicriteria decision analysis led to more values-congruent decisions than other values clarification methods (χ2 = 9.25, P = 0.01). There were no differences between different values clarification methods regarding decisional conflict (χ2 = 6.08, P = 0.05).

Limitations

Some meta-analyses had high heterogeneity. We grouped values clarification methods into broad categories.

Conclusions

Current evidence suggests patient decision aids should include an explicit values clarification method. Developers may wish to specifically consider multicriteria decision analysis. Future evaluations of values clarification methods should report their effects on decisional conflict, decisions made, values congruence, and decisional regret.
The Impact of Offender–Victim Cultural Backgrounds on the Likelihood of Receiving Diversion
Authors: Warner Bella , Spivak Ben , Ashford Linda , Fix Rebecca , Ogloff James , Shepherd Stephane
Published: September 2021

The extent to which both an alleged offender and victim’s cultural background influences how one is processed through the Australian criminal justice system is largely unknown. Such information would provide some insight into the extent of discrimination within the system. To address this question, this study aimed to ascertain whether offender/victim pairings across Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultural backgrounds predicted the likelihood of receiving diversion for first-time offenders. The sample comprised 5,616 young people aged between 10 and 17 years, from the state of New South Wales, charged with (a) an offense eligible for diversion, and (b) a crime against a person. Chi-square analyses and binary logistic regression were employed to determine proportions of inter- and intra-cultural offending and the likelihood of receiving diversion dependant on cultural grouping. Results demonstrated that charges for intra-cultural crime (within cultural group) were more likely to occur than charges for intercultural crime (between cultural groups). Indigenous subjects were more likely to receive a court summons. An Indigenous subject charged with an offense against an Indigenous victim was more than 2 times more likely to receive a court summons compared with a non-Indigenous offense against a non-Indigenous victim. An Indigenous suject charged with an offense against a non-Indigenous victim was also more likely to receive a court summons compared with a non-Indigenous/Indigenous offender/victim dyad. Findings indicate that Indigenous status is clearly impacting decisions to divert regardless of the victim’s cultural background. Further research is recommended to explore the situational reasons that underpin decisions to divert on the ground.
Real-time motion planning of self-driving vehicle on closed structured road
Authors: Xiong Xiaoyong , Min Haitao , Yu Yuanbin , Wang Pengyu
Published: September 2021

Automated driving motion planning algorithms require a high degree of real-time performance. In a closed structured road environment, making full use of the road information helps to reduce the computational effort and improve the real-time performance of the algorithm. Therefore, this paper proposes a real-time automated driving motion planning process suitable for closed structured road environments. Based on the environmental information of the structured road, the key factors affecting the motion decision are extracted. The scenarios are classified according to the key factors, and decision rules are established for the vehicle based on the headway. In addition, based on a pure tracking algorithm, a motion planning method based on dynamic target points is proposed, which takes into account both single-cycle trajectory planning and vehicle motion continuity. Finally, a real-vehicle test is conducted under two typical driving scenarios. The results show that the proposed motion planning process has a good real-time performance and adaptability in real traffic scenarios.
Mechanism analysis of magnetohydrodynamic shock control in hypersonic flow
Authors: Luo Shichao , Liu Jun , Jiang Hao , Wang Junyuan
Published: September 2021

The effects of external magnetic fields on the shock-wave configuration at hypersonic plasma flow field are investigated in this paper. A series of numerical simulations over various geometry configurations, namely, a blunt body and a fixed-geometry inlet forebody, have been conducted by varying the applied magnetic field under different freestream conditions. Results show that magnetohydrodynamic shock control capabilities under three types of magnetic field are ranked from weak to strong as dipole magnet, solenoid magnet, and uniform magnet field. Under the same applied magnetic field, it is easier to deflect the shock at a relatively high altitude condition, compared with the low altitude case. The bow shock standoff distance is dependent on the distribution of counter-flow Lorentz force right after shock in the stagnation region. For the oblique shock control, the function of two components of Lorentz force is different that the counter-flow one decelerates the flow and increases the shock-wave angle, while the normal one squeezes the oblique shock and deflects the streamlines.
A new continuous integral sliding mode control algorithm for inverted pendulum and 2-DOF helicopter nonlinear systems: Theory and experiment
Authors: Sadala Satyanarayan , Patre Balasaheb , Ginoya Divyesh
Published: September 2021

This paper introduces a new continuous integral sliding mode control algorithm, where the discontinuous function of the super-twisting control law is replaced with a continuous disturbance observer for the substantial chattering attenuation. In the present integral sliding mode control, the discontinuous function generates chattering that is undesirable for several real-time applications. The proposed control strategy decreases the amplitude of the controller gain compared to the existing integral sliding mode controls, and as a consequence of this, the attenuation of chattering is achieved to a great extent. The efficacy of the proposed control algorithm is validated successfully on the single-input single-output Inverted Pendulum and 2-DOF Helicopter nonlinear coupled multi-input multi-output systems. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the successful application of the proposed control approach to follow reference inputs and acquire robustness and stabilization of the system in the presence of limited matched perturbations and nonlinearities.
Tuning proportional-integral controllers based on new analytical methods for finding centroid of stability locus for stable/unstable first-order plus dead-time processes
Authors: Alyoussef Fadi , Kaya Ibrahim
Published: September 2021

The simplicity of the proportional-integral controller makes it very popular in many practical engineering applications. In the literature, several approaches have been introduced for tuning proportional-integral controllers by calculating the centroid of the stability region. However, all those approaches depend on graphical plottings which are time-consuming. Also, the design procedure has to be redone as the transfer function changes. Here, two new analytical methods are proposed to obtain the centroid of the stability region for the proportional-integral controllers to control a time delay process which can be modeled by a stable or unstable first-order plus dead-time model. The methods introduced eliminate the compulsory procedure of plotting the stability region. The efficiency of the suggested methods has been studied by conducting a robustness analysis and studying several simulation examples.
Optimal adaptive computed torque control for haptic-teleoperation system with uncertain dynamics
Authors: Abut Tayfun , Soyguder Servet
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to eliminate dynamic uncertainty, one of the main problems of haptic teleoperation robotic systems. The optimal adaptive computed torque control method was used to overcome this problem. As is known, excellent stability and transparency are required in teleoperation systems. However, dynamic uncertainty that causes stability problems in the control of these systems also causes poor performance. In conventional adaptive computed torque control methods, updating the parameters of the system is generally discussed, but updating the control coefficients of vital importance in the control of the system is not considered. In the proposed method, an adaptation rule has been created to update uncertain parameters. In addition, the gray wolf optimization algorithm, one of the current optimization algorithms, has been proposed and applied to obtain the control coefficients of the system. The position tracking stability of the system was examined by using Lyapunov stability analysis method. As a result, both simulation and real-time optimal adaptive computational torque control method were used and bilateral position and force control was performed and the performance results of the system are obtained graphically and examined. Optimal adaptive computed torque control method obtained using the gray wolf optimization algorithm was used first in the literature search and success results have been obtained. In this regard, the authors have the idea that this work is an innovative aspect of both simulation and real time with the optimal adaptive computed torque control method.
Monosodium glutamate causes hepato-cardiac derangement in male rats
Authors: Banerjee Arnab , Mukherjee Sandip , Maji Bithin Kumar
Published: September 2021

People in the fast-food era rely on pre-packaged foods and engage in limited physical activity, which leads to a shift in eating patterns. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a dietary ingredient used in this sort of cuisine, has been found to be hazardous to both experimental animals and humans. The objective of this study was to explore at the unnecessary changes caused by consuming MSG in secret and exceeding the recommended dosage. Hence, we decided to evaluate the impact of MSG by using three different doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight orally) for 28 days in rats. We uncovered that all three MSG dosages result in a rise in body weight, dyslipidemia, inflammatory response, and hepato-cardiac marker enzymes, all of which imply hepatic and cardiac toxicity. Furthermore, changes in redox status suggest oxidative stress, which was higher in all three MSG dosages although not as much as in the MSG-600 group when compared to control. Such effects eventually manifested themselves in tissue architecture of the liver and heart, resulting in severe hepato-cardiac derangement, but the degree of tissue damage was greater in the MSG-600 group. As a result, it is possible that MSG has a negative influence on the liver and heart. However, the MSG-600 group showed a substantial effect, indicating that MSG should not be used in food preparation. Therefore, the findings of the study may aid in the formulation of health-care strategies and serve as a warning to the general public regarding the use of MSG in daily diet.
Students’ Perceived Attributes and Benefits of a Leadership Course: Subjective Outcome Evaluation
Authors: Yu Lu , Lin Li , Shek Tan Lei Daniel , Chai Wenyu
Published: September 2021

Purpose: Using the client satisfaction approach, this study examined university students’ perceived attributes and benefits of a leadership subject which attempts to promote student well-being. We also studied the psychometric properties of the related evaluation tool. Method: Undergraduate students who enrolled in the course over 6 years (2013/14 to 2018/19) in a university in Hong Kong completed a subjective outcome evaluation tool ( N=10,484). Results: The evaluation tool possesses acceptable convergent validity, concurrent validity, and factorial validity. Students showed positive perceptions of the course, instructors, and benefits of the course. Conclusion: Findings suggest that university students had favorable perceptions of this credit-bearing leadership development subject based on the positive youth development approach. This subject serves as a good prototype for teachers, social workers, and allied professionals to develop and evaluate similar programs targeting university students. Social workers and teachers can also use the validated tool in research and evaluation contexts.
Perceived Support Profiles in the Workplace: A Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Caesens Gaëtane , Morin Alexandre J. S. , Gillet Nicolas , Stinglhamber Florence
Published: September 2021

This research examines how employee’s perceptions of three sources of support in the workplace (i.e., organization, supervisor, and colleagues) combine within specific profiles and the nature of the relations between these profiles and indicators of employees’ psychological health (i.e., stress, sleep problems, psychosomatic strains, and depression). Furthermore, this research examines the within-sample and within-person stability of the identified support profiles over the course of an 8-month time interval. Latent profile and latent transition analyses conducted on a sample of 729 workers indicated six identical profiles across the two measurement occasions: 1, moderately supported; 2, weakly supported; 3, isolated; 4, well-supported; 5, supervisor supported; and 6, highly supported. Profile membership was very stable over time for most profiles, with the exception of the isolated profile which was only moderately stable. Furthermore, the isolated and supervisor-supported profiles presented the lowest levels of psychological health, while the well-supported and moderately supported profiles presented the highest levels of psychological health. Of particular interest, results suggested that some risks might be associated with the highly supported profile, although this result could be a simple reflection of the women-dominant composition of this profile. This research has implications for theory and practice, which will be discussed in the article.