bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium(II)‐Based Self‐Assembled Heteroleptic Coordination Architectures: A Growing Family
Authors: Bardhan Devjanee , Chand Dillip Kumar
Published: June 2019

Metal‐driven self‐assembly is one of the most effective approaches to lucidly design a large range of discrete 2D and 3D coordination architectures/complexes. Palladium(II)‐based self‐assembled coordination architectures are usually prepared by using suitable metal components, in either a partially protected form (PdL′) or typical form (Pd; charges are not shown), and designed ligand components. The self‐assembled molecules prepared by using a metal component and only one type of bi‐ or polydentate ligand (L) can be classified in the homoleptic series of complexes. On the other hand, the less explored heteroleptic series of complexes are obtained by using a metal component and at least two different types of non‐chelating bi‐ or polydentate ligands (such as La and Lb). Methods that allow the controlled generation of single, discrete heteroleptic complexes are less understood. A survey of palladium(II)‐based self‐assembled coordination cages that are heteroleptic has been made. This review article illustrates a systematic collection of such architectures and credible justification of their formation, along with reported functional aspects of the complexes. The collected heteroleptic assemblies are classified here into three sections: 1) [(PdL′)m(La)x(Lb)y]‐type complexes, in which the denticity of La and Lb is equal; 2) [(PdL′)m(La)x(Lb)y]‐type complexes, in which the denticity of La and Lb is different; and 3) [Pdm(La)x(Lb)y]‐type complexes, in which the denticity of La and Lb is equal. Representative examples of some important homoleptic architectures are also provided, wherever possible, to set a background for a better understanding of the related heteroleptic versions. The purpose of this review is to pave the way for the construction of several unique heteroleptic coordination assemblies that might exhibit emergent supramolecular functions.
PIDAZTA: Structurally Constrained Chelators for the Efficient Formation of Stable Gallium‐68 Complexes at Physiological pH
Authors: Farkas Edit , Vágner Adrienn , Negri Roberto , Lattuada Luciano , Tóth Imre , Colombo Valentina , Esteban‐Gómez David , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos , Notni Johannes , Baranyai Zsolt , Giovenzana Giovanni B.
Published: May 2019

Two structurally constrained chelators based on a fused bicyclic scaffold, 4‐amino‐4‐methylperhydro‐pyrido[1,2‐a][1,4]diazepin‐N,N′,N′‐triacetic acids [(4R*,10aS*)‐PIDAZTA (L1) and (4R*,10aR*)‐PIDAZTA (L2)], were designed for the preparation of GaIII‐based radiopharmaceuticals. The stereochemistry of the ligand scaffold has a deep impact on the properties of the complexes, with unexpected [Ga(L2)OH] species being superior in terms of both thermodynamic stability and inertness. This peculiar behavior was rationalized on the basis of molecular modeling and appears to be related to a better fit in size of GaIII into the cavity of L2. Fast and efficient formation of the GaIII chelates at room temperature was observed at pH values between 7 and 8, which enables 68Ga radiolabeling under truly physiological conditions (pH 7.4).
Sulfation Patterns of Saccharides and Heavy Metal Ion Binding
Authors: Alshanski Israel , Blaszkiewicz Joanna , Mervinetsky Evgeniy , Rademann Jörg , Yitzchaik Shlomo , Hurevich Mattan
Published: June 2019

Sulfated saccharides are an essential part of extracellular matrices, and they are involved in a large number of interactions. Sulfated saccharide matrices in organisms accumulate heavy metal ions in addition to other essential metal ions. Accumulation of heavy metal ions alters the function of the organisms and cells, resulting in severe and irreversible damage. The effect of the sulfation pattern of saccharides on heavy metal binding preferences is enigmatic because the accessibility to structurally defined sulfated saccharides is limited and because standard analytical techniques cannot be used to quantify these interactions. We developed a new strategy that combines enzymatic and chemical synthesis with surface chemistry and label‐free electrochemical sensing to study the interactions between well‐defined sulfated saccharides and heavy metal ions. By using these tools we showed that the sulfation pattern of hyaluronic acid governs their heavy metal ions binding preferences.
Contrasting Effect of Additives on Photoinduced Reactions of SmI2
Authors: Nimkar Amey , Maity Sandeepan , Flowers Robert A , Hoz Shmaryahu
Published: May 2019

The work described herein compares the effect of additives (HMPA, methanol, ethylene glycol, pinacol, N‐methylethanolamine) on thermal and photochemical reactions of samarium diiodide (SmI2). In thermal reactions, additives that coordinate to SmI2 induce a significant increase in reaction rate. In photochemical reactions, the presence of an electronegative atom with a highly localized negative charge on the substrate leads to a rate deceleration. In order to benefit from the columbic interaction with the positively charged samarium cation, these substrates react preferentially by an inner sphere reduction mechanism. The addition of ligands prevents this close interaction causing rate retardation. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that excited state quenching of SmII by ethylene glycol and other additives indicate that it is unlikely to be the major cause for the observed rate retardation. This effect provides a simple diagnostic tool to distinguish between an inner and an outer sphere reduction mechanism.
Alkali Phosphonate Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Maares Maria , Ayhan M. Menaf , Yu Kai. B. , Yazaydin A. Ozgur , Harmandar Kevser , Haase Hajo , Beckmann Jens , Zorlu Yunus , Yücesan Gündoğ
Published: June 2019

A new family of porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely alkali phosphonate MOFs, is reported. [Na2Cu(H4TPPA)]⋅(NH2(CH3)2)2 (GTUB‐1) was synthesized using the tetratopic 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis[p‐phenylphosphonic acid] porphyrin (H8‐TPPA) linker with planar X‐shaped geometrical core. GTUB‐1 is composed of rectangular void channels with BET surface area of 697 m2 g−1. GTUB‐1 exhibits exceptional thermal stability. The toxicity analysis of the (H8‐TPPA) linker indicates that it is well tolerated by an intestinal cell line, suggesting its suitability for creating phosphonate MOFs for biological applications.
Im Spinnturm der ITA
Authors: Kallweit Jan , Brüll Robert , Gries Thomas
Published: June 2019

Der Bereich „Technical Fibres“ des Instituts für Textiltechnik der RWTH Aachen (ITA) ist weltweit führend in industrieorientierter Forschung im Schmelzspinnen. Der Bereich versteht sich als weltweit erste Anlaufstelle für innovative Fasern mit den Schwerpunkten Recycling, Prozessoptimierung, Materialentwicklung und Funktionalisierung.
Machbar in kürzester Zeit
Authors: Mende Stefan
Published: June 2019

Speziell für die Entwicklung von Formulierungen für Aktive Pharmazeutische Substanzen sind Strategien und Laborgeräte erforderlich, die ein umfangreiches Screening mit kleinsten Mengen an verfügbarer Substanz ermöglichen.
Pinpointing the Genomic Localizations of Chromatin‐Associated Proteins: The Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow of ChIP‐seq
Authors: Lloyd Sarah M. , Bao Xiaomin
Published: June 2019

Chromatin‐associated proteins are instrumental for controlling spatiotemporal gene expression. Determining where these proteins bind across the genome is critical for understanding gene regulation. A widely used technique at present is ChIP‐seq, which leverages chromatin fragmentation, antibody‐mediated enrichment, next‐generation sequencing, and data analysis to uncover the genomic sequences and patterns of protein‐DNA interactions. In this article, we will provide an overview of how ChIP‐seq was developed, the key elements of the experimentation and data analysis pipeline, and the recent variations that push the boundaries of precision and cell number requirements. We will also briefly discuss how future development of ChIP‐seq may further advance our understanding of chromatin biology. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The wave concept iterative process (WCIP) method for electrical circuit network with triangular and hexagonal topology
Authors: Ammar Noemen , Baudrand Henri
Published: June 2019

This paper deals with an RLC circuit network with triangular or hexagonal grid. It is about a planar equilateral triangular grid where the passive (resistor, capacitor, and inductor) or active (voltage source for example) components are located at the sides or/and at nodes attached to the ground. The planar graph is oriented by three main direction vectors phase shifted to 60° degrees. The wave concept iterative process (WCIP) method was employed to the theoretical formulation of the problem. In the formulation, the potential difference across each circuit component is represented by an auxiliary source defined in the spectral domain. The proposed theory is developed into two definition domains: a spectral domain in which periodicity and coupling between the circuit components are defined and a spatial domain describing the network topology and imposing the continuities conditions (Kirchhoff laws). The transition between the spectral and spatial domain is ensured by the so‐called fast hexagonal Fourier transform. Numerical applications demonstrate the ability of the method for solving the inhomogeneous triangular lattices. Various conceptions have been proposed including an RL, RC, and RLC triangular network circuit, a perturbed triangular RLC circuit, and a triangular circuit excited by many lumped sources.
Seeking shelter from the storm: Conservation and management of imperiled species in a changing climate
Authors: Walls Susan C. , Barichivich William J. , Chandler Jonathan , Meade Ashley M. , Milinichik Marysa , O'Donnell Katherine M. , Owens Megan E. , Peacock Terry , Reinman Joseph , Watling Rebecca C. , Wetsch Olivia E.
Published: May 2019

Climate change is anticipated to exacerbate the extinction risk of species whose persistence is already compromised by habitat loss, invasive species, disease, or other stressors. In coastal areas of the southeastern United States (USA), many imperiled vertebrates are vulnerable to hurricanes, which climate models predict to become more severe in the 21st century. Despite this escalating threat, explicit adaptation strategies that address hurricane threats, in particular, and climate change more generally, are largely underrepresented in recovery planning and implementation. We provide a basis for stronger emphasis on strategic planning for imperiled species facing the increasing threat of catastrophic hurricanes. Our reasoning comes from observations of short‐term environmental and biological impacts of Hurricane Michael, which impacted the Gulf Coast of the southeastern USA in October 2018. During this storm, St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, located along the northern Gulf of Mexico's coast in the panhandle region of Florida, received storm surge that was 3.0–3.6 m (NAVD88) above sea level. Storm surge pushed sea water into some ephemeral freshwater ponds used for breeding by the federally threatened frosted flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum). After the storm, specific conductance across all ponds measured varied from 80 to 23,100 µS/cm, compared to 75 to 445 µS/cm in spring 2018. For 17 overwashed wetlands that were measured in both spring and fall 2018, posthurricane conductance observations were, on average, more than 90 times higher than in the previous spring, setting the stage for varying population responses across this coastal landscape. Importantly, we found live individual flatwoods salamanders at both overwashed and non‐overwashed sites, although we cannot yet assess the demographic consequences of this storm. We outline actions that could be incorporated into climate adaptation strategies and recovery planning for imperiled species, like A. cingulatum, that are associated with freshwater coastal wetlands in hurricane‐prone regions.
Drone‐based photogrammetry‐derived crown metrics for predicting tree and oil palm water use
Authors: Ahongshangbam Joyson , Khokthong Watit , Ellsäßer Florian , Hendrayanto Hendrayanto , Hölscher Dirk , Röll Alexander
Published: May 2019

Transpiration at the stand level is often estimated from water use measurements on a limited number of plants and then scaled up by predicting the remaining plants of a stand by plant size‐related variables. Today, drone‐based methods offer new opportunities for plant size assessments. We tested crown variables derived from drone‐based photogrammetry for predicting and scaling plant water use. In an oil palm agroforest and an oil palm monoculture plantation in lowland Sumatra, Indonesia, tree and oil palm water use rates were measured by sap flux techniques. Simultaneously, aerial images were taken from an octocopter equipped with an Red Green Blue (RGB) camera. We used the structure from motion approach to compute several crown variables such as crown length, width, and volume. Crown volumes for both palms (69%) and trees (81%) explained much of the observed spatial variability in water use; however, the specific crown volume model differed between palms and trees and there was no single linear model fitting for both. Among the trees, crown volume explained more of the observed variability than stem diameter, and in consequence, uncertainties in stand level estimates resulting from scaling were largely reduced. For oil palms, an appropriate whole‐plant size‐related predictor variable was thus far not available. Stand level transpiration estimates in the studied oil palm agroforest were lower than those in the oil palm monoculture, which is probably due to the small‐statured trees. In conclusion, we consider drone‐derived crown metrics very useful for the scaling from single plant water use to stand‐level transpiration.
31° South: Dietary niche of an arid‐zone endemic passerine
Authors: Ribeiro Ângela M. , Smit Ben , Gilbert M. Thomas P.
Published: May 2019

Balancing energy budgets are thought to be challenging for birds living in arid ecosystems because food supplies are low and unpredictable, and climatic conditions extreme. Thus, to ensure they obtain sufficient energy to fuel daily energetic budgets, birds may need to adjust their diets and become less selective (generalist) as conditions become harsher. To test this hypothesis, we used DNA metabarcoding to characterize both the prey availability (from pitfall traps) and the dietary content (from fecal samples) of several conspecific populations of a semi‐ and arid‐endemic insectivorous bird, the Karoo scrub‐robin (Cercotrichas coryphaeus) across a climatic gradient. Our results showed that Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Lepidoptera were the main prey. When accounting for their presence as available prey, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were preferred in all regions, whereas robins avoided Orthoptera and Lepidoptera in all but the most arid region. Although the different populations live in regions that vary with regards to productivity and thermoregulatory demands, we found that the dietary niche breadth (Bs) of the three populations was intermediate to low, and did not differ significantly. As a whole, our findings show that regardless of environmental harshness these insectivores have similar dietary niches, suggesting that large dietary plasticity is fundamental for their survival in energy‐depauperated ecosystems.
General, Mild, and Metal‐Free Functionalization of Indole and Its Derivatives Through Direct C3‐Selenylation
Authors: Hałuszczuk Adam , Babul Natalia , Nierzwicki Łukasz , Przychodzeń Witold
Published: June 2019

A very mild method for the introduction of functionalized alkylselenyl group at C‐3 position of the indole ring was developed. The proposed procedure consists of an electrophilic substitution of indole and its derivatives with bis(O,O‐diisopropoxyphosphorothioyl) diselenide and subsequent cleavage of the P–Se bond with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in the presence of various electrophilic reagents. This method can be successfully applied, inter alia, for the preparation of amino acid and glucoside derivatives of 3‐selenoindole.
Building a Validity Argument While Developing and Using an Assessment: A Concurrent Approach for the Winsight® Summative Assessment
Authors: Stone Elizabeth , Wylie E. Caroline
Published: May 2019

We describe the summative assessment component within a K–12 assessment program and our development of a validity argument to support its claims with respect to intended uses and interpretations. First, we describe the Winsight® assessment program theory of action, a logic model elucidating mechanisms for how use of the assessment components can lead to improved student learning in mathematics and English language arts (ELA) and defining the roles of key groups of stakeholders. We explain our process of developing the validity argument that enumerates sources of validity evidence supporting the Winsight summative assessment claims drawn from the theory of action. We examine candidate structures for the argument, describe the steps in which we unpacked stakeholder‐level claims and defined subclaims to operationalize components, and discuss types and sources of validity evidence to meet the goals of professional and federal guidelines. Finally, we discuss the research agenda and operational analyses that will provide this validity evidence.
The puzzle of spontaneous alternation and inhibition of return: How they might fit together
Authors: Phillmore Leslie S. , Klein Raymond M.
Published: June 2019

Two isolated spatial phenomena share a similar “been there; done that” effect on spatial behavior. Originally discovered in rodent learning experiments, spontaneous alternation is a tendency for the organism to visit a different arm in a T‐maze on subsequent trials. Originally discovered in human studies of attention, inhibition of return is a tendency for the organism to orient away from a previously attended location. Whereas spontaneous alternation was identified by O'Keefe & Nadel as dependent on an intact hippocampus, inhibition of return is dependent on neural structures that participate in oculomotor control (the superior colliculus, parietal and frontal cortex). Despite the isolated literatures, each phenomenon has been assumed to reflect a basic novelty‐seeking process, avoiding places previously visited or locations attended. In this commentary, we explore and compare the behavioral manifestations and neural underpinnings of these two phenomena, and suggest what is still needed to determine whether they operate in parallel or serial.
Sleep patterns and the risk of adverse birth outcomes among Chinese women
Authors: Liu Bingqing , Song Lulu , Zhang Lina , Wang Lulin , Wu Mingyang , Xu Shunqing , Wang Youjie
Published: June 2019

Objective

To evaluate the association between sleep patterns (sleep duration or timing) in late pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes (preterm delivery or small for gestational age, SGA).

Methods

An analysis of data from a prospective cohort study of pregnant women in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China, between 2012 and 2014. Preterm delivery was defined as delivery before 37 gestational weeks. SGA was defined as neonatal birthweight below the 10th percentile of the predicted birthweight distribution.

Results

In total, 11 192 women were included in the analysis. After adjustment for potential confounders, 9.1–10 hours of nocturnal sleep was associated with a lower likelihood of SGA (odds ratio [OR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66–0.99) as compared with 7.1–9 hours. As compared with intermediate mid‐sleep time (between 02:46 and 04:00), early mid‐sleep time (at or earlier than 02:45) was associated with a higher likelihood of preterm delivery (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.28–2.10).

Conclusion

Among a large cohort of pregnant Chinese women, 9.1–10 hours of nocturnal sleep was associated with a lower risk of SGA, whereas early mid‐sleep time was associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery.
Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder related to a migrated mesh after inguinal hernioplasty: A case report
Authors: Sasaki Yutaro , Shiozaki Keito , Nakanishi Ryoichi , Izaki Hirofumi , Kanda Kazuya
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Mesh migration into the urinary bladder following repair of inguinal hernia and bladder cancer caused by a foreign body are extremely rare. We hereby report a rare case of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder related to a migrated mesh following inguinal hernioplasty.

Case presentation

A 70‐year‐old Japanese woman who underwent surgery for left inguinal hernia 5 years previously presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy and computed tomography revealed stone formed in the mesh migrated into the urinary bladder. Mesh removal surgery and partial cystectomy were performed; and pathological findings revealed muscle invasive bladder cancer. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy were performed. The pathological diagnosis was high‐grade urothelial carcinoma, stage pT3a with positive lymph nodes, stage pN3. To date, 3 months after surgery, the patient has received adjuvant chemotherapy.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first report of urothelial carcinoma related to a migrated mesh after inguinal hernioplasty.
Pnictogen‐containing iron and chromium carbonyl complexes: From complexes to semiconducting frameworks
Authors: Shieh Minghuey , Li Yu‐Huei
Published: May 2019

Recently, main group elements containing transition metal carbonyl complexes have received much attention due to their novel bonding modes and versatile reactivities. In this article, we will focus on the development of pnictogen (Bi, Sb, and As)‐containing Fe or Cr carbonyl complexes reported in our previous study, in which their rational synthetic methodologies, intriguing reactivities, as well as their special properties will be described and systematically compared. Importantly, a unique zig‐zag Bi‐Fe polymer was synthesized, and several Bi‐Cr complexes were found to exhibit surprising semiconducting behaviors with varied ultra‐low energy gaps via the through‐bond or through‐space electron communication.
The efficient biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate using an anaerobic bioelectrochemical system
Authors: Zhou Yue , Shi Chenyi , Fan Mengjie , Feng Yangyang , Xu Yuan , Chen Yingwen
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is refractory, persistent and easy to enrich in anaerobic environments. The urgent need to degrade this refractory organic matter with high efficiency can be met by bioelectrochemical technology. In this paper, the degradation characteristics of DMP under different reaction conditions in bioelectrical reactors (BERs) were studied.

RESULTS

With operation conditions of 400 mg L−1 DMP, 1.3 V applied voltage and 50 h HRT, the highest removal efficiency of DMP was obtained in a BER (84.0%), which was higher than a conventional anaerobic system (Ana) (68.0%). Phthalic acid, heptanedioic acid and other low molecular weight products of DMP were detected in the BER, which shows that the applied voltage can stimulate the intermediate products of DMP into further degradation. Simultaneously, the abundance of microorganisms in the BER was richer than in the Ana.

CONCLUSION

The higher removal efficiency of DMP, the further degradation of DMP and the richer abundance of bacteria in the BER indicate that electrochemical methods can promote the intensive removal of DMP. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Frontline Science: Blood-circulating leukocytes fail to infiltrate the spinal cord parenchyma after spared nerve injury
Authors: Guimarães Rafaela M , Davoli-Ferreira Marcela , Fonseca Miriam M , Damasceno Luis Eduardo A , Santa-Cecilia Flavia V , Kusuda Ricardo , Menezes Gustavo B , Cunha Fernando Q , Alves-Filho Jose C , Cunha Thiago M
Published: May 2019

The development of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury involves neuroimmune–glial interactions in the spinal cord. However, whether the development of neuropathic pain depends on the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, such as monocytes, into the spinal cord parenchyma after peripheral nerve damage remains unclear. Here, we used a combination of different techniques such as transgenic reporter mouse (Cx3cr1GFP/+ and Ccr2RFP/+ mice), bone marrow chimeric mice, and parabiosis to investigate this issue in spared nerve injury (SNI) model. Herein, we provided robust evidence that, although microglial cells are activated/proliferate at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord after SNI, peripheral hematopoietic cells (including monocytes) are not able to infiltrate into the spinal cord parenchyma. Furthermore, there was no evidence of CCR2 expression in intrinsic cells of the spinal cord. However, microglial cells activation/proliferation in the spinal cord and mechanical allodynia after SNI were reduced in Ccr2-deficient mice. These results suggest that blood-circulating leukocytes cells are not able to infiltrate the spinal cord parenchyma after distal peripheral nerve injury. Nevertheless, they indicate that CCR2-expressing cells might be indirectly regulating microglia activation/proliferation in the spinal cord after SNI. In conclusion, our study supports that CCR2 inhibition could be explored as an interventional approach to reduce microglia activation and consequently neuropathic pain development after peripheral nerve injury.
Rapid quantitative analysis of adulterated rice with partial least squares regression using hyperspectral imaging system
Authors: Guo Lianbo , Yu Yunxin , Yu Hanyue , Tang Yun , Li Jun , Du Yu , Chu Yanwu , Ma Shixiang , Ma Yuyang , Zeng Xiaoyan
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Rice adulteration in the food industry that infringes on the interests of consumers is considered very serious. To realize the rapid and precise quantitation of adulterated rice, a visible near infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imaging system (380–1000 nm) was developed in the present study. A Savitsky–Golay first derivative (SG1) transform was utilized to eliminate the constant spectral baseline offset. Then, the adulterated levels of rice samples were quantified by partial least squares regression (PLSR).

RESULTS

A SG1‐PLSR model based on full‐wavelength was attained with a coefficient of determination of prediction set (RP) of 0.9909, root‐mean‐square error of prediction set (RMSEP) of 0.0447 g kg−1 and residual predictive deviation (RPDP) of 11.28. Furthermore, fifteen important wavelengths were selected based on the weighted regression coefficients (BW) and a simplified model (PLSR‐15) was established with RP of 0.9769, RMSEP of 0.0708 g kg−1 and RPDP of 3.49. Finally, two visualization maps produced by applying the optimal models (SG1‐PLSR and PLSR‐15) were used to visualize the adulterated levels of rice.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that VNIR hyperspectral imaging system is an effective tool for rapidly quantifying and visualizing the adulterated levels of rice. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of vine water status on berry mass and berry tissue development of Cabernet franc (Vitis vinifera L.), assessed at berry level
Authors: Triolo Roberta , Roby Jean Philippe , Pisciotta Antonino , Di Lorenzo Rosario , van Leeuwen Cornelis
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Berry size is considered an important quality factor in red wine production. The objective of this work was to study the effect of vine water status on berry mass in field conditions, with a specific focus on berry tissue masses.

RESULTS

The study was carried out over 2 years in a plot located in Sicily (Italy). Two irrigation treatments were established. Dynamic evolution of berry mass and berry tissue masses at harvest were recorded. Berries produced under water deficit conditions were smaller and characterized by a higher skin‐to‐flesh ratio. However, this ratio did not change when berry mass varied independently from vine water status, showing coordinated growth of flesh and skin under these conditions.

CONCLUSION

The implications of berry size on skin‐to‐flesh ratios depend on the factor causing berry size differences. This finding might question the conclusions of most research trying to demonstrate that berry size is, or is not, an important parameter for quality. The factors impacting berry size are likely to differ according to the scale considered. This highlights the importance of investigating the causal effects of varying berry size, before possibly discussing the potential effects on fruit composition and, subsequently, wine quality. Berries produced by grapevines facing water deficit have a higher skin‐to‐flesh ratio. Hence, limited water conditions, represent a powerful tool to increase the concentration of major solutes involved in wine quality, which are located in berry skins rather than in berry flesh. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Antimicrobial Blue Light Inactivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Roles of Wavelength, Endogenous Photosensitizer, Oxygen, and Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Wang Ying , Ferrer‐Espada Raquel , Baglo Yan , Gu Ying , Dai Tianhong
Published: June 2019

Background and Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) for the inactivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiological agent of gonorrhea.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae (ATCC 700825) in planktonic suspensions to aBL at 405‐ and 470‐nm wavelengths were compared. The roles of oxygen in the anti‐gonococcal activity of aBL were studied by examining the effects of hypoxic condition (blowing N2) on the anti‐gonococcal efficiency of 405‐nm aBL. The presence, identification, and quantification of endogenous photosensitizers in N. gonorrhoeae cells and human vaginal epithelial cells (VK2/E6E7 cells) were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Finally, the selectivity of aBL inactivation of N. gonorrhoeae over the host cells were investigated by irradiating the co‐cultures of N. gonorrhoeae and human vaginal epithelial cells using 405‐nm aBL.

Results

About 3.12‐log10 reduction of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) was achieved by 27 J/cm
2 exposure at 405 nm, while about 3.70‐log10 reduction of bacterial CFU was achieved by 234 J/cm2 exposure at 470 nm. The anti‐gonococcal efficacy of 405‐nm aBL was significantly suppressed under hypoxic condition. Spectroscopic and UPLC analyses revealed the presence of endogenous porphyrins and flavins in N. gonorrhoeae. The concentrations of endogenous photosensitizers in N. gonorrhoeae (ATCC 700825) cells were more than 10 times higher than those in the VK2/E6E7 cells. In the co‐cultures of N. gonorrhoeae and VK2/E6E7 cells, 405‐nm aBL at 108 J/cm2 preferentially inactivated N. gonorrhoeae cells while sparing the vaginal epithelial cells.

Conclusions

aBL at 405‐nm wavelength is more effective than 470‐nm wavelength in inactivating N. gonorrhoeae while sparing the vaginal epithelial cells. Reactive oxygen species generated from the photochemical reactions between aBL and endogenous photosensitizers play a vital role in the anti‐gonococcal activity of 405‐nm aBL. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photocrosslinked Chitosan Hydrogels Reinforced with Chitosan‐Derived Nano‐Graphene Oxide
Authors: Feng Zhaoxuan , Hakkarainen Minna , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Chiappone Annalisa , Sangermano Marco
Published: May 2019

Chitosan and chitosan‐derived nano‐graphene oxide carbon dots are successfully methacrylated and utilized for the fabrication of photocurable hydrogels. The addition of the nano‐graphene oxide (nGO) does not significantly delay the polymer network build‐up, but significantly reduces the storage modulus of the crosslinked network, with important detrimental effects on the mechanical performance. By replacing nGO with methacrylated M‐nGO, the mechanical performance of the crosslinked polymer network is improved with an increase of the storage modulus as a function of increasing the M‐nGO content in the photocurable formulation.
Mental health difficulties prominent among children in immigration detention
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: June 2019

A new study published in the June issue of Social Science & Medicine addresses the highly charged topic of immigration detention, examining the mental health of children ages 4 to 17 held in a U.S. immigration detention center. The results indicate high levels of mental health distress in this group of young people, while appearing to bolster the widely held view that immigrant children should not be forcibly separated from their parents.
Technical Note: Effect of magnetic fields on the microdosimetry of carbon‐ion beams
Authors: Dai Tianyuan , Li Qiang , Liu Xinguo , Dai Zhongying , He Pengbo , Ma Yuanyuan , Shen Guosheng , Chen Weiqiang , Zhang Hui , Meng Qianqian , Zhang Xiaofang
Published: May 2019

Purpose

To investigate the influence of magnetic fields on the microdosimetry of carbon‐ion beams and the scaling effect of tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) defined as the change of energy deposition in a TEPC from that in a microscopic scale region of interest due to the presence of a magnetic field in combination with the TEPC larger physical dimensions.

Methods

Geant4‐based Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to calculate the microdosimetric quantities for carbon‐ion beams with different initial energies (10–290 MeV/u) under magnetic fields of various strengths (0.5–3 T). The calculations were performed for a 1 μm spherical volume made of tissue, and for spherical TEPCs of 1 and 10 mm in diameter. Then, values of dose‐averaged lineal energy (yD) were acquired for the different scenarios to analyze the effect of magnetic fields on the microdosimetry of carbon‐ion beams and the scaling effect of TEPC.

Results

The yD values and lineal energy spectra in the 1 μm spherical tissue volume for the scenarios without magnetic field and with magnetic fields of different strengths and directions remained nearly the same for the various energy carbon‐ion beams. However, compared with those of the 1 μm spherical tissue volume, an increase of of yD values and an obvious shift of the lineal energy spectra for the TEPCs of 1 and 10 mm in diameter under magnetic fields were found.

Conclusions

The application of magnetic fields under 3 T has no significant influence on the microdosimetric results of carbon‐ion beams. However, there is definitely a scaling effect when using TEPC for microdosimetric study, which alters the reading of TEPC in the presence of magnetic fields. Novel methods to correct the reading of TEPC or scaling effect‐resistant microdosimetric measurement detectors are urgently needed to perform experimental microdosimetric studies under magnetic fields.
Tapering biologic therapy for people with rheumatoid arthritis in remission: A review of patient perspectives and associated clinical evidence
Authors: Stamp Lisa K. , Chan Suz Jack , Marra Carlo , Helme Caitlin , Treharne Gareth J.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Biologic therapies have increased the control of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Questions remain about tapering biologics when remission is achieved in RA. The patient perspective has to be incorporated in pragmatic applications of tapering but is rarely accounted for in clinical studies of tapering. The aim of the present review was to summarize the evidence about RA patient perspectives on biologic tapering.

Methods

We provided a narrative summary of the currently small body of research on patient perspectives retrieved through systematic searches with an emphasis on seeking qualitative research. In addition, we provided an update on relevant clinical research and financial considerations that frame the findings on patient perspectives.

Results

Financial considerations around commencing/continuing on biologic therapies in RA vary internationally and have implications for patient perspectives. Recent clinical studies indicate that the benefit of tapering biologic therapy when in remission are predicted by drug concentration and aspects of disease activity, severity and duration. Three major concerns have been identified from studies of patient perspectives on biologic tapering: (a) disease relapse; (b) access to treatment in the case of disease flare when tapering; and (c) local motivation for dose reduction (i.e., driven by funding or health benefit).

Conclusions

More research is needed on tapering biologics, and should include studies of patient perspectives as well as health economic evaluations. Patient decision aids are a potential way of applying clinical and patient‐focused evidence to help all parties come to a decision, but require developmental research and pragmatic evaluation.
Diagnosis and surgical outcomes of ectopic ureters in adults: A case series and literature review
Authors: Toia Bogdan , Pakzad Mahreen , Hamid Rizwan , Wood Dan , Greenwell Tamsin , Ockrim Jeremy
Published: June 2019

Objectives

To evaluate functional outcomes of surgery in patients with ectopic ureters diagnosed in adulthood; to review the world literature.

Patients and methods

Patients were referred over 10 years. Data including surgical history, presenting symptoms, diagnostic modalities, interventions and functional outcomes were collected; and the world literature reviewed.

Results

9 women and 1 man had a mean age of 37 (range 20‐58). All women were referred with lifelong leakage. The man was referred with storage LUTS. Three women had heminephrectomy/nephrectomy with the distal ureter left in‐situ prior to referral. MRI was the predominant diagnostic tool but often took senior review to confirm the diagnosis. Excision of the ectopic ureter was performed with bladder neck reconstruction in 6 women, with concomitant rectus fascial sling in one patient. 4 of 6 (67%) women were cured of their stress incontinence with the bladder neck reconstruction alone, whilst two required further intervention. Three women had nephroureterectomy alone as primary treatment of which two were cured. The single male had heminephrectomy and excision of seminal vesicle.

Conclusions

Ectopic ureter is a rare diagnosis in adults but should be considered in patients who describe lifelong incontinence. Fine slice MRI is the imaging of choice. Excision of the ureter with bladder neck reconstruction alone was successful in two‐thirds of patients, whilst further stress urinary incontinence surgery was required in one‐third. Malignancy in ureteric remnants is described in 8% of the world literature. Patients should be counselled of this risk if the ureter is left in‐situ.
The paradoxical meanings of the artifact owls (Athene noctua) at the University of South Africa: An impediment to transformation, decolonization, and Africanization discourse
Authors: Mafukata Mavhungu Abel , Moseki Modise , Khan Aneesah
Published: June 2019

This paper interprets the expressions embedded in the artifact Owls displayed at the Theo Van Wijk building of the University of South Africa (Unisa) in relation to the university's transformation, decolonization, and Africanization discourse. These artifacts are said to depict Unisa as a space of wisdom; this in terms of Greek mythology and philosophy. The use of Greek mythology and philosophy in a university meant to be promoting African values, systems, and beliefs contradicts the university's transformation, decolonization, and Africanization discourse. Philosophical inquiry was adopted to intellectually interpret what these artifact Owls expressed. The paper found that these Owls are a point of contestation and conflict between Western and African cultures. The perpetual display of these Owls upholds and sustains tendencies of colonialism and apartheid although discarding Africannes. Unisa is reduced into a Western‐centric space of little and irrelevant significance for the postapartheid democratic state. These artifact Owls must be removed and replaced by an African‐friendly symbolism of wisdom. Sankambe could be the best option.
Crosslinking behavior and enhanced mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber composites by incorporating aluminum ammonium sulfate particles
Authors: Cao Changlin , Cai Congyu , Wang Yangtao , Qian Qingrong , Chen Qinghua
Published: June 2019

The crosslinked structure formed by the metal coordination bonding provides excellent and new properties for rubber materials. Herein, the crosslinking of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) is induced by introducing aluminum ammonium sulfate (NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O) particles. The crosslinking behavior, morphology, mechanical properties, and the Akron abrasion resistance of NBR/NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O composites were fully explored. The results show that the three‐dimensional crosslinking structure is held together by metal–ligand coordination bonds between the nitrile group and AI(III). The coordination crosslink density exhibits a considerable increase with the addition of NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O. Thus, the mechanical properties and abrasion resistance of the obtained composites are better than that of NBR/sulfur system. Interestingly, the elongation at break for NBR/NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O composites is over 2000% due to the nature of coordination bonds. The abrasion volume loss decreases to 0.4 cm3 for NBR/NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O composites with 20 phr NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O particles as compared to 0.75 cm3 for NBR/sulfur system. The obtained NBR composites with facile preparation and excellent mechanical properties make the composites based on metal coordination bonding attractive for practical use. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 879–886
Tunable Aminooxy‐Functionalized Monolayer‐Protected Gold Clusters for Nonpolar and Aqueous Oximation Reactions
Authors: Sibakoti Tirtha R. , Stinger Colton R. , Adhihetty Prasadanie K. , Zamborini Francis P. , Nantz Michael H.
Published: May 2019

Aminooxy (–ONH2) groups are well known for their chemoselective reactions with carbonyl compounds, specifically aldehydes and ketones. The versatility of aminooxy chemistry has proven to be an attractive feature that continues to stimulate new applications. This work describes application of aminooxy click chemistry on the surface of gold nanoparticles. A trifunctional amine‐containing aminooxy alkane thiol ligand for use in the functionalization of gold monolayer‐protected clusters (Au MPCs) is presented. Diethanolamine is readily transformed into an organic‐soluble aminooxy thiol (AOT) ligand using a short synthetic path. The synthesized AOT ligand is coated on ≤2‐nm‐diameter hexanethiolate‐(C6S)‐capped Au MPCs using a ligand‐exchange protocol to afford organic‐soluble AOT/C6S (1:1 ratio) Au mixed monolayer‐protected clusters (MMPCs). The synthesis of these Au(C6S)(AOT) MMPCs and representative oximation reactions with various types of aldehyde‐containing molecules is described, highlighting the ease and versatility of the chemistry and how amine protonation can be used to switch solubility characteristics.
Involvement of integument‐rich CYP4G19 in hydrocarbon biosynthesis and cuticular penetration resistance in Blattella germanica (L.)
Authors: Chen Nan , Pei Xiao‐Jin , Li Sheng , Fan Yong‐Liang , Liu Tong‐Xian
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Cuticle penetration plays an important role as a mechanism of insecticide resistance, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In Blattella germanica, the cytochrome P450 gene, CYP4G19, is overexpressed in a pyrethroid‐resistant strain. Here, we investigated whether CYP4G19 is involved in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and further contributes to cuticular penetration resistance in B. germanica.

RESULTS

Compared with the susceptible strain, pyrethroid‐resistant cockroaches showed lower cuticular permeability with Eosin Y staining. Removal of epicuticular lipids, mainly nonpolar hydrocarbons, with a hexane wash intensified the cuticular permeability and decreased the resistance index of the resistant strain. CYP4G19 was predominately expressed in the abdominal integument and could be upregulated by desiccation stress or short exposure to beta‐cypermethrin. Overexpression of CYP4G19 in the resistant strain was positively correlated with a higher level of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). RNAi‐mediated knockdown of CYP4G19 significantly decreased its expression and caused a reduction in CHCs. Meanwhile, CYP4G19 suppression resulted in a non‐uniform array of the lipid layer, enhanced cuticle permeability, and compromised insecticide tolerance.

CONCLUSION

Our findings confirm that CYP4G19 is involved in hydrocarbon production and appears to contribute to hydrocarbon‐based penetration resistance in B. germanica. This study highlights the lipid‐based penetration resistance, advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying P450‐mediated cuticular penetration resistance in insects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of KF Addition to (Cu,Ag)2SnS3 Thin Films Prepared by Sulfurization Process
Authors: Nakashima Mitsuki , Hirano Shun , Yamaguchi Toshiyuki , Araki Hideaki , Katagiri Hironori , Akaki Yoji , Sasano Junji , Izaki Masanobu
Published: May 2019

(Cu,Ag)2SnS3 thin films and solar cells are prepared by sulfurization of KF/Sn/(Cu + Ag) stacked precursors in a sulfur and tin mixing atmosphere. Their properties are investigated. Stacked KF/Sn/(Cu + Ag) precursors are deposited on Mo/soda lime glass substrate by sequential evaporation of Cu + Ag, Sn elements, and KF. The molar ratios of the evaporation materials are held constant at (Cu + Ag):Sn = 1.0:0.6 and Ag/(Cu + Ag) = 0.05, and the KF/Cu molar ratio is changed from 0 to 0.05. The precursors are crystallized by annealing for 30 min at 570 °C in a sulfur and tin mixing atmosphere. The compositions are approximately constant, and the dependence of the composition ratio on the KF addition quantity is not observed. For all samples, the X‐ray diffraction patterns and the Raman spectra corresponding to CATS are obtained. The values of Voc increased with increasing KF/Cu molar ratio until KF/Cu = 0.03. The best solar cell in this study showed a Voc of 248 mV.
Comparative Study Between Partially and Fully Recessed‐Gate Enhancement‐Mode AlGaN/GaN MIS HEMT on the Breakdown Mechanism
Authors: He Yunlong , Gao Hao , Wang Chong , Zhao Yaopeng , Lu Xiaoli , Zhang Chunfu , Zheng Xuefeng , Guo Lixin , Ma Xiaohua , Hao Yue
Published: May 2019

In this paper, two enhancement‐mode (E‐mode) AlGaN/GaN recessed‐gate MIS devices with the in situ N2 plasma treatment, known as partially recessed‐gate metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) device and fully recessed‐gate MIS device, are designed. Among them, the partially recessed‐gate MIS device shows excellent characteristics that the threshold voltage of +3.5 V, saturation current density of 722 mA mm−1, peak transconductance of 212 mS mm−1, and the power figure of merit of 4.39 × 108 W cm−2 which is the highest value in E‐mode AlGaN/GaN MIS device with the threshold voltage greater than 3 V. Moreover, the current collapse and breakdown voltage of partially recessed‐gate MIS device and fully recessed‐gate MIS device are investigated, and Silvaco simulation is carried out to analyze the difference of breakdown mechanism between two structure devices. Through the analysis of five main breakdown leakage paths, we can get the conclusion that the factor causing the breakdown voltage difference between partially recessed‐gate MIS device and fully recessed‐gate MIS device is the difference in the width of depletion region of the two devices.
Stark‐Localization‐Limited Franz–Keldysh Effect in InAlAs Digital Alloys
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Zheng Jiyuan , Sun Keye , Jones Andrew H. , Rockwell Ann K. , March Stephen D. , Shen Yang , Bank Seth R. , Campbell Joe C.
Published: May 2019

The optical absorption characteristics of the InAlAs digital alloy semiconductor are investigated. The external quantum efficiency of the InAlAs digital alloy is compared with that of the In0.52Al0.48As random alloy. Unlike the random alloy, the digital alloy exhibits electric‐field‐induced Stark localization, which increases the optical absorption and suppresses the Franz–Keldysh red shift of the optical absorption edge.