bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global well‐posedness for the stochastic non‐Newtonian fluid equations and convergence to the Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Henandez Marco , Nguyen Phuong
Published: October 2020

We establish the existence of global pathwise solutions for the stochastic non‐Newtonian incompressible fluid equations in two space dimensions. Moreover, we show that said solutions converge in probability to solutions of the stochastic Navier‐Stokes equations in the appropriate limit. Our approach is based on Galerkin approximations and the theory of martingale solutions.
A graphene‐metamaterial hybrid structure for the design of reconfigurable low pass terahertz filters
Authors: Xu Wei , Lv Tao , Guo Haiyang , Yang Jiayi , Bi Yaqi , Zhang Qian , Feng Di , Deng Tao , Li Xiuhan
Published: October 2020

A graphene‐metamaterial hybrid structure for the design of reconfigurable low pass filters in terahertz region is proposed. This design manages to manipulate the resonance characteristics of metamaterial and terahertz wave response characteristics of the hybrid structure by controlling the chemical potential of graphene. The shift of the resonant frequency and the modulation of the resonant peak of the metamaterial, which have negative effects on the performance of the proposed filter, were studied and the thickness of the dielectric layer between graphene and metamaterial is found to play an important role. Finally, a reconfigurable pass band with a maximum modulation depth of ~ 32% at 0.1THz is obtained.
A comparative in‐process monitoring of temperature profile in fused filament fabrication
Authors: Vanaei H.R. , Deligant M. , Shirinbayan M. , Raissi K. , Fitoussi J. , Khelladi S. , Tcharkhtchi A.
Published: October 2020

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), an additive manufacturing technique, is used to produce prototypes and a gradually more important processing route to get final products. Due to the layer‐by‐layer deposition mechanism involved, bonding between adjacent layers is controlled by the thermal energy of the material being printed. Thus, it is strongly in conjunction with the temperature development of the filaments during the deposition sequence. This study gives out an in‐process set‐up enabling to record temperature profile of two adjacent filaments or a sequence of deposition in various locations during FFF process. The main characteristic of the presented procedure is the possibility of obtaining a global temperature profile resulted from an IR‐camera; parallel to those recorded using a K‐type thermocouple. Needless to say that a K‐type thermocouple accurately records the local temperature at the interface of adjacent filaments. Conversely, an IR‐camera signifies the temperature profile on the captured surface. The obtained results showed that there is a remarkable difference between the cooling rate and re‐heating peaks. The primary outcome of this study is the consideration of results accuracy and the possibility of working on optimization of the obtained temperature profile. Altogether it helps optimize inter‐layer strength while assessing the temperature evolution.
Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID‐19: Real‐World Experience Assessing Mortality
Authors: Annie Frank H. , Sirbu Cristian , Frazier Keely R. , Broce Mike , Lucas B. Daniel
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is presently being used off‐label or within a clinical trial.

Objectives

We investigated a multinational database of patients with COVID‐19 with real‐world data containing outcomes and their relationship to HCQ use. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality within 30 days of follow‐up.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients receiving HCQ within 48 hours of hospital admission. Medications, preexisting conditions, clinical measures on admission, and outcomes were recorded.

Results

Among patients with a diagnosis of COVID‐19 in our propensity‐matched cohort, the mean ages ± SD were 62.3 ± 15.9 years (53.7% male) and 61.9 ± 16.0 years (53.0% male) in the HCQ and no‐HCQ groups, respectively. There was no difference in overall 30‐day mortality between the HCQ and no‐HCQ groups (HCQ 13.1%, n=367; no HCQ 13.6%, n=367; odds ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.62–1.46) after propensity matching. Although statistically insignificant, the HCQ‐azithromycin (AZ) group had an overall mortality rate of 14.6% (n=199) compared with propensity‐matched no‐HCQ–AZ cohort’s rate of 12.1% (n=199, OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.70–2.22). Importantly, however, there was no trend in this cohort’s overall mortality/arrhythmogenesis outcome (HCQ‐AZ 17.1%, no HCQ–no AZ 17.1%; OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6–1.7).

Conclusions

We report from a large retrospective multinational database analysis of COVID‐19 outcomes with HCQ and overall mortality in hospitalized patients. There was no statistically significant increase in mortality and mortality‐arrhythmia with HCQ or HCQ‐AZ.
Relativistic structural characterization of molybdenum and tungsten disulfide materials
Authors: Arockiaraj Micheal , Klavžar Sandi , Kavitha S. Ruth Julie , Mushtaq Shagufa , Balasubramanian Krishnan
Published: October 2020

The advent of two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides has triggered an interest in exploring a new class of high‐performance materials with intriguing physicochemical attributes. Molybdenum and tungsten disulfides have attracted significant attention due to surface excitons and trions and the large spin‐orbit effects of these compounds. Moreover, WS2is especially intriguing due to large relativistic effects, which result in bound excitons at the edge and biexciton formation in the bilayers. Hence, we present a relativistic topological model for the characterization of these two types of metal disulfides. We have employed relativistically weighted graph‐theoretical methods for obtaining structural descriptors of these compounds through the inclusion of different shapes on the boundaries and employing the topological cut techniques.
Dynamic controllers for local input‐to‐state stabilization of discrete‐time linear parameter‐varying systems with delay and saturating actuators
Authors: de Souza Carla , Castelan Eugênio B. , Leite Valter J. S.
Published: October 2020

We address the design of dynamic parameter‐dependent controllers with antiwindup action to locally stabilize in the input‐to‐state sense a class of discrete‐time linear parameter‐varying (LPV) systems. Such a class consists of systems with delayed state, saturating actuators, and subject to energy bounded disturbances. Moreover, the interval time‐varying delay can have a limited variation rate between two consecutive instants allowing to achieve less conservative design conditions. Differently from other conditions in the literature, the proposed convex synthesis methods allow to design dynamic controllers of different orders. Additionally, the user can choose to feed back only the current output of the system or its delayed ones. Thanks to the embedded (parameter dependent) antiwindup action, it is possible, for instance, to enlarge the region of admissible initial conditions or the maximum admissible disturbance energy. To illustrate the efficiency of our approach, we present numerical examples to compare with other methods from the literature.
A quantitative analysis of AES and XPS specifically applied in adsorption systems at submonolayer regime
Authors: Vlachos Dimitrios
Published: October 2020

An analysis of the intensity ratios, adsorbate over substrate and substrate over the clean one, is carried out, treating them as a system of two independent variables. This leads to simple formulas, ready to be applied to the determination of coverage up to the monolayer point, if elemental bulk standards are available. The procedure allows one more parameter to be found out compared with previous treatments. Formulas are produced for polycrystalline and single crystal elemental bulk standards. The coverage thus calculated turns out to be a function of the intensity from the adsorbate over that from the clean substrate. The analysis is applied successfully to the adsorption of Ba on the Ni(110) surface at submonolayer regime.
In Situ Growth of 2D Ultrathin NiCo2O4 Nanosheet Arrays on Ni Foam for High Performance and Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Xiaofeng , Yang Feng , Chen Haixin , Wang Kun , Chen Junwei , Wang Yi , Song Shuqin
Published: October 2020

In order to further overcome the shortage of electrodes with additive/binder and modulate the structure of NiCo2O4 for supercapacitors, ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheet arrays have been in situ grown on Ni foam by optimizing hydrothermal reactions based on crystal growth dynamics. The structure of ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheet arrays can expose more active sites, provide abundant diffusion channels and buffer the stress caused by phase transition during charge–discharge process of supercapacitors. The optimized hydrothermal reactions can provide more ordered crystal orientations by keeping nanosheets on Ni foam completely coming from in situ growth, which will decrease the inner resistance of ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets and improve the efficiency and kinetics of electrons transfer. By the virtue of such remarkable features, the electrochemical results confirm the rationality of structural modulation and crystal orientations optimization with a drastically enhanced specific capacitance of 2017.8 F g−1, admirable rate performance of 93.2% and outstanding stability retention of 90.9% after cycling 5000 times. More impressively, the assembled flexible solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) shows superior energy density, power density, and high stability. The modification strategy in this paper may throw light on the rational design of new generation advanced electrode materials for high‐performance flexible supercapacitors.
Plasmonic Enhanced Reactive Oxygen Species Activation on Low‐Work‐Function Tungsten Nitride for Direct Near‐Infrared Driven Photocatalysis
Authors: Huang Weicheng , Gao Yan , Wang Jinxin , Ding Pengcheng , Yan Mei , Wu Fengmin , Liu Jian , Liu Danqing , Guo Chongshen , Yang Bin , Cao Wenwu
Published: October 2020

Realizing near‐infrared (NIR) driven photocatalytic reaction is one of the promising strategies to promote the solar energy utilization and photocatalytic efficiencies. However, effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation under NIR irradiation remains to be great challenge for nearly all previously reported photocatalysts. Herein, the cubic‐phase tungsten nitride (WN) with strong plasmonic NIR absorption and low‐work function (≈3.59 eV) is proved to be able to mediate direct ROS activation by both of experimental observation and theoretical simulation. The cubic WN nanocubes (NCs) are synthesized via the hydrothermal‐ammonia nitridation process and its NIR‐driven photocatalytic properties, including photocatalytic degradation, hydroxylation, and de‐esterification, are reported for the first time in this work. The 3D finite element simulation results demonstrate the size dependent and wavelength tuned plasmonic NIR absorption of the WN NCs. The NIR‐driven photocatalytic mechanism of WN NCs is proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculated electronic structure and facet dependent O2 (or H2O) molecular activation, radicals scavenging test, spin trapped electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, and ultraviolet photoelectronic spectrum (UPS). Overall, the results in this work pave a way for the application of low‐work‐function materials as highly reactive NIR photocatalyst.
Workforce influence on manufacturing machines schedules
Authors: Caricato Pierpaolo , Grieco Antonio , Arigliano Anna , Rondone Luciano
Published: October 2020

This study addresses a parallel machines scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times and additional resource constraints related to workforce management. In most industrial cases, the execution of jobs requires the involvement of human resources in addition to machines: this work addresses the many complications due to workforce-specific issues that arise in a real industrial application. This is achieved separating the complex yet classical parallel machines scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times from the additional human resources planning problem: the former is formulated and solved through constraint programming, while an ad hoc procedure is provided for the latter. An Italian specialized firm, Prosino S.r.l., provides the industrial case to both validate the adequacy of the adopted method to the actual industrial problem and test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Computational results obtained over six months of experimentation at the partner firm are presented.
Two methods to determine scale-independent GPS PCOs and GNSS-based terrestrial scale: comparison and cross-check
Authors: Huang Wen , Männel Benjamin , Brack Andreas , Schuh Harald
Published: October 2020

The GPS satellite transmitter antenna phase center offsets (PCOs) can be estimated in a global adjustment by constraining the ground station coordinates to the current International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). Therefore, the derived PCO values rest on the terrestrial scale parameter of the frame. Consequently, the PCO values transfer this scale to any subsequent GNSS solution. A method to derive scale-independent PCOs without introducing the terrestrial scale of the frame is the prerequisite to derive an independent GNSS scale factor that can contribute to the datum definition of the next ITRF realization. By fixing the Galileo satellite transmitter antenna PCOs to the ground calibrated values from the released metadata, the GPS satellite PCOs in the z-direction (z-PCO) and a GNSS-based terrestrial scale parameter can be determined in GPS + Galileo processing. An alternative method is based on the gravitational constraint on low earth orbiters (LEOs) in the integrated processing of GPS and LEOs. We determine the GPS z-PCO and the GNSS-based scale using both methods by including the current constellation of Galileo and the three LEOs of the Swarm mission. For the first time, direct comparison and cross-check of the two methods are performed. They provide mean GPS z-PCO corrections of $$- 186 \pm 25$$

-
186
±
25

 mm and $$- 221 \pm 37$$

-
221
±
37

 mm with respect to the IGS values and $$+ 1.55 \pm 0.22$$

+
1.55
±
0.22

 ppb (parts per billion) and $$+ 1.72 \pm 0.31$$

+
1.72
±
0.31

in the terrestrial scale with respect to the IGS14 reference frame. The results of both methods agree with each other with only small differences. Due to the larger number of Galileo observations, the Galileo-PCO-fixed method leads to more precise and stable results. In the joint processing of GPS + Galileo + Swarm in which both methods are applied, the constraint on Galileo dominates the results. We discuss and analyze how fixing either the Galileo transmitter antenna z-PCO or the Swarm receiver antenna z-PCO in the combined GPS + Galileo + Swarm processing propagates to the respective freely estimated z-PCO of Swarm and Galileo.
Children’s Narratives of Family Life in Ghana: A Cultural Lens via Story Stems
Authors: Hosny Nadine M. , Danquah Adam , Berry Katherine , Wan Ming Wai
Published: October 2020

A Western worldview pervades the social and psychological study of children. The current study employed a story-stem method to qualitatively explore the daily and family life experiences of young Ghanaian primary school children in urban Ghana through their story narratives. The recorded narratives of 69 5- to 8-year-old children were elicited through presenting stems of common child-caregiver scenarios and thematically analysed. Five overarching themes were identified: daily routines and concerns, child-caregiver interactions, spirituality, death-related fears and depictions, and responses to injury. The narrative themes reveal the likely mental and physical occupations of these children, as characterized by household chores, financial concerns and school concerns, as well as underlying cultural values through their portrayals of parenting values, parental discipline and spiritual beliefs. Story stems depicting common childhood problems (e.g. knee injury) sometimes evoked death and hospitalization subthemes following an escalation of health problems. Possible interpretations for these findings are discussed, taking into account cultural, developmental and emotional factors. Story stems are a promising and developmentally appropriate tool for qualitative analysts to investigate the experiences and worldview of young children in non-Western cultures.
Solidarische Hilfe?
Authors: Liebel Manfred
Published: October 2020

Der Autor zeigt an Beispielen aus der Praxis der Sozialarbeit, dass Kinderrechte nur dann als Leitlinie einer solidarischen Praxis dienen können, wenn der Lebenskontext der Kinder und ihre Sichtweisen beachtet werden und sie die Möglichkeit haben, das „letzte Wort“ zu behalten.
Full Parameterisation Matters for the Best Performance of Crop Models: Inter-comparison of a Simple and a Detailed Maize Model
Authors: Manschadi A. M. , Eitzinger J. , Breisch M. , Fuchs W. , Neubauer T. , Soltani A.
Published: October 2020

Process-based crop growth models have become indispensable tools for investigating the effects of genetic, management, and environmental factors on crop productivity. One source of uncertainty in crop model predictions is model parameterization, i.e. estimating the values of model input parameters, which is carried out very differently by crop modellers. One simple (SSM-iCrop) and one detailed (APSIM) maize (Zea mays L.) model were partially or fully parameterized using observed data from a 2-year field experiment conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the UFT (Universitäts- und Forschungszentrum Tulln, BOKU) in Austria. Model initialisation was identical for both models based on field measurements. Partial parameterization (ParLevel_1) was first performed by estimating only those parameters related to crop phenology. Full parameterization (ParLevel_2) was then conducted by estimating parameters related to phenology plus those affecting dry mass production and partitioning, nitrogen uptake, and grain yield formation. With ParLevel_1, both models failed to provide accurate estimation of LAI, dry mass accumulation, nitrogen uptake and grain yield, but the performance of APSIM was generally better than SSM-iCrop. Full parameterization greatly improved the performance of both crop models, but it was more effective for the simple model, so that SSM-iCrop was equally well or even better compared to APSIM. It was concluded that full parameterization is indispensable for improving the accuracy of crop model predictions regardless whether they are simple or detailed. Simple models seem to be more vulnerable to incomplete parameterization, but they better respond to full parameterization. This needs confirmation by further research.
Le siècle soviétique des archives
Authors: Cœuré Sophie
Published: October 2020

Résumés

Cet article interroge l’existence d’un paradigme soviétique des archives à travers l’analyse des institutions, des acteurs et de l’archivistique, entendue à la fois comme théorie et pratique, dans le cadre du projet politique communiste marxiste-léniniste mis en œuvre en Russie soviétique après 1917. En étudiant les processus de collecte, de tri, de catégorisation, de conservation, de destruction et de communication des archives, il s’agit de montrer l’absence de neutralité de celles-ci, de comprendre les spécificités du projet d’archivistique socialiste et de replacer sa réception et ses usages internationaux dans l’évolution globale de la relation entre archives et pouvoirs au xxe siècle. L’étude définit tout d’abord les héritages et les bases du projet révolutionnaire bolchévique pour les archives, puis retrace l’évolution générale des administrations et de la profession, ce qui permet de comprendre les trois clés du circuit documentaire des archives soviétiques au xxe siècle – l’idéologisation, la violence et le secret –, et de réfléchir sur la spécificité des fonds personnels et des ego-archives dans l’État et la société socialistes. Enfin, l’article se place à l’échelle de la longue guerre froide internationale et transnationale, qui mobilisa la diplomatie des archives, les spoliations et les transferts, et vit naître des contre-archives.
Towards Global Governance: The Inadequacies of the UN Drug Control Regime
Authors: Eliason Antonia , Howse Robert
Published: October 2020

Human rights and the UN drug control regime have long had an uneasy relationship, which is evident today in the tensions that exist between criminal justice reform advocates, the institutions of the UN drug control regime, and economic interests that stand to benefit from decriminalization and legalization efforts. The UN drug control regime's relationship with human rights cannot be properly discussed without acknowledging its colonial and racist roots. From the earliest agreement on drug control in 1909, born out of the crisis of opium dependency caused by the forced opening of China to trade in opium by the British, to the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, which was a product of America's war on drugs, international efforts to regulate drugs have never been for the benefit of those who have suffered the most from both the supply of drugs and its criminalization. The war on drugs has been a global war from the beginning, arising out of colonial structures that centered white/European racial dominance. The inadequacies of the international drug regime and current efforts to reform it are rooted in this historical legacy. In light of this, we argue that efforts by international bodies to center human rights in the discussion on reforming the UN drug control regime are, so far, insufficient. Only through recognizing the power imbalances at play can we advance the possibility of a system that values individuals and responds to a changing landscape where corporate interests are coming to the table in the context of decriminalization and legalization.
The Body of Spirit: Hegel's Concept of Flesh and its Normative Implications
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2020

This paper attempts to show that an expansive normative vision can be drawn from Hegel's texts, one whose scope significantly exceeds the anthropocentric model presented in the ‘objective spirit’ parts of his system. This expansion of normativity is linked to an expansive vision of relationality underpinning Hegel's model of ‘concrete freedom’. In order to put into sharper relief the links between expansive relationality and normativity, the late thinking of Maurice Merleau-Ponty is mobilized as a heuristic contrasting point. In the ‘subjective spirit’ sections of theEncyclopaediaare found insights that anticipate key features of Merleau-Ponty's notion of ‘flesh’. Locating these insights allows us to detect the underlying thread this paper seeks to mine. Hegel's own ‘theory of flesh’ culminates in the notion of ‘constitutive attachments’, the idea that the content of subjectivity is made up of all the bonds linking the human subject to her surrounding worlds and objects. Since freedom for Hegel is ‘being with’, and since normative demands arise from the different ways in which freedom is concretely realized, it would seem that Hegel's relational conception of subjectivity should lead to an equally expansive conception of normativity. Against the objection that Hegel denied any normative status to non-human beings, the paper points to passages in his work, notably his account of aesthetic judgement and natural beauty, which appear to suggest the opposite.
Changes in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient characteristics and resource use in a system of community hospitals in the United States
Authors: Sands Kenneth E. , Wenzel Richard P. , McLean Laura E. , Korwek Kimberly M. , Roach Jonathon D. , Poland Russell E. , Miller Karla M. , Burgess L. Hayley , Jackson Edmund S. , Perlin Jonathan B.
Published: October 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has migrated to regions that were initially spared, and it is likely that different populations are currently at risk for illness. Herein, we present our observations of the change in characteristics and resource use of COVID-19 patients over time in a national system of community hospitals to help inform those managing surge planning, operational management, and future policy decisions.
Alcohol-impregnated caps and ambulatory central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs): A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Milstone Aaron M. , Rosenberg Carol , Yenokyan Gayane , Koontz Danielle W. , Miller Marlene R. ,   for the CCLIP Authorship Group
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of 70% isopropyl alcohol–impregnated central venous catheter caps on ambulatory central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in pediatric hematology-oncology patients.

Design:

This study was a 24-month, cluster-randomized, 2 period, crossover clinical trial.

Setting:

The study was conducted in 15 pediatric healthcare institutions, including 16 pediatric hematology-oncology clinics.

Participants:

All patients with an external central line followed at 1 of the 16 hematology-oncology clinics.

Intervention:

Usual ambulatory central-line care per each institution using 70% isopropyl alcohol–impregnated caps at home compared to usual ambulatory central-line care in each institution without using 70% isopropyl alcohol–impregnated caps.

Results:

Of the 16 participating clinics, 15 clinics completed both assignment periods. As assigned, there was no reduction in CLABSI incidence in clinics using 70% isopropyl alcohol–impregnated caps (1.23 per 1,000 days) compared with standard practices (1.38 per 1,000 days; adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR], 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63–1.11). In the per-protocol population, there was a reduction in positive blood culture incidence in clinics using 70% isopropyl alcohol-impregnated caps (1.51 per 1,000 days) compared with standard practices (1.88 per 1,000 days; aIRR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52–0.99). No adverse events were reported.

Conclusions:

Isopropyl alcohol–impregnated central-line caps did not lead to a statistically significant reduction in CLABSI rates in ambulatory hematology-oncology patients. In the per-protocol analysis, there was a statistically significant decrease in positive blood cultures. Larger trials are needed to elucidate the impact of 70% isopropyl alcohol–impregnated caps in the ambulatory setting.

Registration:

ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02351258
Gender equality and the governance of long-term care policy: new comparative models and paradigms
Authors: Rummery Kirstein
Published: October 2020

There is a long-established link between care policies and gender equality outcomes, and much modelling of welfare state typologies look at care provision as a distinguishing feature. However, to date, little research has been done which has systematically and critically examined those links by examining the policies and the way they operate, how and why they affect gender equality, and the governance of care policies in a comparative way. This paper draws on evidence from a recently completed comparative study looking at long-term care and gender equality. A CQA (Comparative Qualitative Analysis) approach was used to identify case studies, and further analysis carried out which focussed on: overall, how the policies and the way they operated to achieve gender equality; the governance and design of policies that led to good gender equality outcomes; the level of policy making; the role of the state, the family, the community and the nonstatutory civic sector in designing and delivering effective policies; and how context specific the ideas, actors and institutions supporting the policies were. Instead of using existing welfare typologies that were not driven by gender equality as the defining outcome variable, the author takes an inductive approach to policy analysis to compare policy outcomes according to gender equity outcomes. She devises two new models of long-term care policy: the Universal Model and the Partnership Model, both of which lead to improved gender equality in different ways. This paper concludes by noting the need to move beyond existing welfare state typologies in examining gender equality outcomes, which will result in new models as depicted here.
Is it easy to kill in war? Emotions and violence in the combat zones of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991-1995)
Authors: Malešević Siniša
Published: October 2020

The battlefields are spaces of death and destruction. In the combat zone soldiers fight and kill while witnessing the death of their comrades. These unprecedented life experiences are regularly shaped by strong emotional responses. In this paper I analyse the complex emotional dynamics of fighting and killing in the combat zone. I explore the war-time experiences of ordinary soldiers who fought in the 1991-1995 wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper is based on the interviews I conducted with the members of the Croatian Army and the Bosnian Serb Army who had direct experience of the battlefield. The focus is on the relationship between emotions and violence in the theatres of war with a spotlight on the personal experiences of fighting and killing. The paper challenges the existing interpretations of this phenomenon and argues that the killing in war is neither uniformly easy nor unvaryingly difficult but is context-dependent, variable and highly contingent. Furthermore, the acts of fighting and killing do not automatically trigger pre-existing and stable emotions but the violent processes themselves generate distinct emotional dynamics. Rather than simply following the violent actions emotions are in fact often made in the very acts of fighting and killing.
Dilemmas of Democratic Deepening in India: Notes from two North Indian states
Authors: GUHA SOHINI
Published: October 2020

The political assertion by subalterns (specifically lower and backward castes) that India witnessed from the 1990s onwards, and the formation of governments by parties representing these groups in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, two electorally critical North Indian states, contributed significantly to the deepening of India's democracy. But these lower caste governments met with vehement resistance from privileged strata, and from a section of state actors themselves, in particular, the bureaucracy. These governments adopted a range of strategies to counter this resistance in turn, which had the effect of bringing the procedural and substantive elements of democracy into sharp conflict. The project of lower and backward caste empowerment was defined by a politics of levelling, which placed great value on instantly visible egalitarian outcomes, even when these could only be achieved by denting the rule of law and weakening public institutions. But it was precisely on account of its ability to deliver instant egalitarian fixes (albeit on an ad-hoc and sporadic basis) that this politics commanded so much legitimacy among subordinate groups. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Uttar Pradesh, and secondary literature on backward caste politics in Bihar, this article explores the consequences that this prioritizing of right outcomes over proper procedures had on public culture in North India. It argues that this prioritizing of consequences over means bred a widespread impatience with a procedural conception of democracy, which was seen as obstructing the modalities that went to secure justice in real life.
ASYMPTOTIC ANALYSIS OF PERES’ ALGORITHM FOR RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION
Authors: Lim Zhao Ging , Liao Chen-Tuo , Yao Yi-Ching
Published: October 2020

von Neumann [(1951). Various techniques used in connection with random digits. National Bureau of Standards Applied Math Series 12: 36–38] introduced a simple algorithm for generating independent unbiased random bits by tossing a (possibly) biased coin with unknown bias. While his algorithm fails to attain the entropy bound, Peres [(1992). Iterating von Neumann's procedure for extracting random bits. The Annals of Statistics 20(1): 590–597] showed that the entropy bound can be attained asymptotically by iterating von Neumann's algorithm. Let $b(n,p)$ denote the expected number of unbiased bits generated when Peres’ algorithm is applied to an input sequence consisting of the outcomes of $n$ tosses of the coin with bias $p$. With $p=1/2$, the coin is unbiased and the input sequence consists of $n$ unbiased bits, so that $n-b(n,1/2)$ may be referred to as the cost incurred by Peres’ algorithm when not knowing $p=1/2$. We show that $\lim _{n\to \infty }\log [n-b(n,1/2)]/\log n =\theta =\log [(1+\sqrt {5})/2]$ (where $\log$ is the logarithm to base $2$), which together with limited numerical results suggests that $n-b(n,1/2)$ may be a regularly varying sequence of index $\theta$. (A positive sequence $\{L(n)\}$ is said to be regularly varying of index $\theta$ if $\lim _{n\to \infty }L(\lfloor \lambda n\rfloor )/L(n)=\lambda ^\theta$ for all $\lambda > 0$, where $\lfloor x\rfloor$ denotes the largest integer not exceeding $x$.) Some open problems on the asymptotic behavior of $nh(p)-b(n,p)$ are briefly discussed where $h(p)=-p\log p- (1-p)\log (1-p)$ denotes the Shannon entropy of a random bit with bias $p$.
Facilitators and barriers to healthy food selection at children’s sports arenas in Norway: a qualitative study among club managers and parents
Authors: Garnweidner-Holme Lisa , Haugland Hilde Sørfonn , Joa Ingrid , Telle-Hansen Vibeke H , Gjevestad Gyrd Omholt , Myhrstad Mari CW
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To investigate club managers’ and parents’ experiences with food selection at handball halls in order to identify facilitators and barriers to the availability of healthy food.

Design:

Individual interviews with club managers (n 6) and focus groups (n 5) with parents (n 21) were conducted. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, transcripts were coded in NVivo and the analysis was guided by thematic analysis.

Setting:

Interviews were conducted at five handball clubs with varying socio-economic user populations and sizes in the area of Oslo, Norway.

Participants:

The club managers were responsible for food selection at the handball clubs. The participating parents had one or two active children between the ages of 6 and 12 years who took part in the clubs.

Results:

The club managers and parents generally described food selection at the handball halls as unhealthy and wanted a healthier selection of food. The club managers’ primary barriers to providing a healthier food selection included the potential to lose profits, limited facilities and time to prepare these foods. The parents often valued unhealthy food, as they believed that it supported the social environment and served as a reward for the children. Trainers were perceived as important role models for the promotion of healthy eating. The participants thought that national guidelines could facilitate healthy food environments in sports arenas.

Conclusion:

Healthier food options in sports settings could be facilitated through national guidelines that describe healthy foods and establish who is responsible for providing healthy food selections.
Thiamine deficiency in the outpatient psychiatric oncology setting: A case series
Authors: Zhang Rose , Tummala Sudhakar , Chopra Deepti
Published: October 2020

Objective

B vitamins are essential for the functioning of the nervous system. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency is associated with neuropsychiatric syndromes such as Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), which, if untreated, has an estimated mortality of 17–20%. Although the prevalence of thiamine deficiency in the general population is difficult to estimate, it is being increasingly recognized in oncology, especially in the inpatient setting. We describe three cases of thiamine deficiency (TD) in the outpatient psychiatric oncology setting.

Method

Retrospective chart review of three adult patients, who were seen in the psychiatric oncology clinic and found to have TD on laboratory testing, was done. Patient, disease, and thiamine treatment-related information were obtained, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results

The average age was 59 years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.00 ± 4.58 (mean ± SD), and mean thiamine level was 59.10 ± 7.69 that ranged from 45 to 68 nmol/L (normal thiamine level reference: 70–180 nmol/L). None of the patients had brain imaging nor cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Risk factors such as unbalanced nutrition, prior GI surgery, renal disease, and chemotherapy were noted.

Significance of results

TD can have a multifactorial etiology in oncology. Identification of TD in both inpatient and outpatient setting is important. Our report highlights how early identification of TD in the outpatient setting can help prevent further clinical progression.
Electronic spectroscopy of PAHs and PAH derivatives in supersonic jet
Authors: Bejaoui Salma , Salama Farid
Published: October 2020

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) molecules are attracting much attention in the astrophysical and astrochemical communities because of their ubiquitous presence in space due to their ability to survive in the harsh environmental conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM). The objective of this work is to provide gas phase, high-resolution spectroscopic data on the electronic and vibronic transitions of PAHs and their nitrogenated derivatives measured in astrophysically relevant conditions.
Quantitative atomic spectroscopy, a review of progress in the optical-UV region and future opportunities
Authors: Lawler James E. , Sneden Christopher , Den Hartog Elizabeth A. , Cowan John J.
Published: October 2020

The development of tunable dye lasers and a simple atomic and ionic beam source for all elements were critical in establishing a reliable absolute scale for atomic transition probabilities in the optical to near UV regions. The laboratory astrophysics program at the University of Wisconsin - Madison (UW) concentrates on neutral and singly-ionized species transitions that are observable in astronomical spectra of cool stars, emphasizing the rare earth n(eutron)-capture elements and the Fe-group elements that are important inputs to early Galactic nucleosynthesis studies. The UW program is one of several productive efforts on atomic transition probabilities. These programs generally use time-resolved laser-induced-fluorescence (TR-LIF) to accurately measure total decay rates and data from high resolution Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs) to determine emission branching fractions (BFs). The UW laboratory results almost always are directly linked to astronomical chemical composition efforts. There are good opportunities to extend similar research to other wavelength regions.
Comparative study of 3.4 micron band features from carbon dust analogues obtained in pulsed plasmas
Authors: Cristina Gerber Ioana , Chiper Alina , Pohoata Valentin , Mihaila Ilarion , Topala Ionut
Published: October 2020

Syntheses of carbon dust analogues are key experiments in laboratory astrophysics, as an approach to study some chemical and topological features of interplanetary and interstellar carbon dust. We report a comparative experimental study for carbon dust analogues obtained in (1) an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), fed with helium – saturated hydrocarbons gas mixtures, (2) a low pressure radio frequency (RF) discharge and (3) a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) experiment with a Nd:YAG laser and a graphite target. The aliphatic –C–H stretching band, known as the 3.4 micron feature, as well as the CH2/CH3 ratio, the H/C ratio value and the physical appearance at microscopic scale, show a variability that is influenced by the synthesis method and the experimental parameters of each specific technique.
Gas-phase reactivity of CH3OH+OH down to 11.7 K: Astrophysical implications
Authors: Ocaña Antonio J. , Blázquez Sergio , González Daniel , Potapov Alexey , Ballesteros Bernabé , Canosa André , Antiñolo María , Albaladejo José , Jiménez Elena
Published: October 2020

Methanol (CH3OH) and hydroxyl (OH) radicals are two species abundant in cold and dense molecular clouds which are important for the chemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM). CH3OH is a well-known starting point for the formation of more complex organic molecules (COMs) in these molecular clouds. Thus, the reactivity of CH3OH in the gas-phase with OH may play a crucial role in the formation of species as complex as prebiotic molecules in the ISM and reliable rate coefficients should be used in astrochemical models describing low temperature reaction networks.
Prebiotic molecules in interstellar space: Rotational spectroscopy and quantum chemistry
Authors: Puzzarini Cristina
Published: October 2020

The starting point for the development of any astrochemical model is the knowledge of whether a molecule is present in the astrophysical environment considered, with the astronomical observations of spectroscopic signatures providing the unequivocal proof of its presence. Among the goals of astrochemistry, the detection of potential prebiotic molecules in the interstellar medium and planetary atmospheres is fundamental in view of possibly understanding the origin of life. The detection of new molecules in space requires the spectroscopic signatures (mostly, rotational transition frequencies) to be accurately determined over a large frequency range. This task is more and more often the result of a synergic interplay of experiment and theory.
Photofragmentation of coronene cations
Authors: Panchagnula Sanjana , Bouwman Jordy , Kamer Jerry , Linnartz Harold , Tielens Alexander
Published: October 2020

Recent laboratory studies have shown that PAH cations dehydrogenate to give charged molecules consisting of only carbon atoms. Our experiments using ion-trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry show that a key group of photodissociation fragments from the coronene cation $({{\rm{C}}_{24}}{\rm{H}}_{12}^ + )$ are carbon clusters of ${\rm{C}}_n^ +$ composition. Density functional theory calculations shed light onto potential dissociation pathways leading up to the main ${\rm{C}}_{11}^ +$ and ${\rm{C}}_{12}^ +$ clusters, and highlight the importance of pentagon formations in the carbon backbone of the precursor molecule in generating certain fragments.
Chemical dynamics in interstellar ice
Authors: Theulé Patrice
Published: October 2020

Chemistry in the interstellar medium is generally out-of-equilibrium and as such is kinetically controlled by a set of time-dependent equations, both for gas-phase chemistry and solid-state chemistry. The competition between the different possible reactions will determine toward which complex molecules the chemical network is driven to. The formation of complex molecules on the surface of the grains or in the ice mantle covering them is set by the diffusion-reaction equation, which is depending on temperature dependent reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients. This paper shows how these two parameters can be experimentally determined by laboratory experiments. It also shows how the ice mantle reorganization plays an important role in the trapping and reactivity, which leads to the formation of complex organic molecules.
The Sun: Our own backyard plasma laboratory
Authors: Young Peter R.
Published: October 2020

The Sun's atmosphere increases in temperature from 6000 degrees at the surface to over a million degrees at heights of a few thousand kilometers. This surprising temperature increase is still an active area of scientific study, but is generally thought to be driven by the dynamics of the Sun's magnetic field. The combination of a 2-to-3 order of magnitude temperature range and a low plasma density makes the solar atmosphere perhaps the best natural laboratory for the study of ionized atoms. Atomic transitions at ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray wavelength regions generally show no optical depth effects, and the lines are not subject to the interstellar absorption that affects astronomical sources. Here I highlight the importance of atomic data to modeling UV and X-ray solar spectra, with a particular focus on the CHIANTI atomic database. Atomic data needs and problems are discussed and future solar mission concepts presented.
Infrared spectra of complex organic molecules in astronomically relevant ice matrices
Authors: Terwisscha van Scheltinga J. , Ligterink N. F. W. , Boogert A. C. A. , van Dishoeck E. F. , Linnartz H.
Published: October 2020

The identification of complex organic molecules, COMs, in inter- and circumstellar gas phase environments is steadily increasing. The formation of such COMs takes largely place on the icy dust grains, as has been shown in recent laboratory studies. Until now solid state features of smaller molecular species have been directly identified in these environments. The presented work on acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) in different astronomically relevant ice environments and for temperatures in the range 15 to 160 Kelvin, provides the necessary tools to guide or interpret astronomical observations, specifically for upcoming James Webb Space Telescope observations.
Planet forming disks, debris disks and the Solar System
Authors: Kamp Inga
Published: October 2020

VLT instruments and ALMA with their high spatial resolution have revolutionized in the past five years our view and understanding of how disks turn into planetary systems. This talk will briefly outline our current understanding of the physical processes occurring and chemical composition evolving as these disks turn into debris disks and eventually planetary systems like our own solar system. I will especially focus on the synergy between disk structure/evolution modeling and astrochemical laboratory/theoretical work to highlight the most recent advances, and open questions such as (1) how much of the chemical composition in disks is inherited from molecular clouds, (2) the relevance of snowlines for planet formation, and (3) what is the origin of the gas in debris disks and what can we learn from it. For each of the three, I will outline briefly how the combination of theory/lab astrochemistry, astrophysical models and observations are required to advance our understanding.
Formation of complex organic molecules in astrophysical environments: Sugars and derivatives
Authors: Nuevo Michel , Cooper George , Saunders John M. , Buffo Christina E. , Sandford Scott A.
Published: October 2020

Carbonaceous meteorites contain a large variety of complex organic molecules, including amino acids, nucleobases, sugar derivatives, amphiphiles, and other compounds of astrobiological interest. Photoprocessing of ices condensed on cold grains with ultraviolet (UV) photons was proposed as an efficient way to form such complex organics in astrophysical environments. This hypothesis was confirmed by laboratory experiments simulating photo-irradiation of ices containing H2O, CH3OH, CO, CO2, CH4, H2CO, NH3, HCN, etc., condensed on cold (~10–80 K) substrates. These experiments resulted in the formation of amino acids, nucleobases, sugar derivatives, amphiphilic compounds, and other organics comparable to those identified in carbonaceous meteorites. This work presents results for the formation of sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, and their deoxy variants from the UV irradiation of ices containing H2O and CH3OH in relative proportions 2:1, and their comparison with meteoritic data. The formation mechanisms of these compounds and the astrobiological implications are also discussed.
Tracing the physical conditions of planet formation with molecular excitation
Authors: Teague Richard
Published: October 2020

Understanding the physical structure of the planet formation environment, the protoplanetary disk, is essential for the interpretation of high resolution observations of the dust and future observations of the magnetic field structure. Observations of multiple transitions of molecular species offers a unique view of the underlying physical structure through excitation analyses. Here we describe a new method to extract high-resolution spectra from low-resolution observations, then provide two case studies of how molecular excitation analyses were used to constrain the physical structure in TW Hya, the closest protoplanetary disk to Earth.