bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium and non-equilibrium models of livestock population dynamics in pastoral Africa: their relevance to Arctic grazing systems
Authors: Behnke R. H.
Published: June 2013

Equilibrium grazing systems are characterised by climatic stability that results in predictable primary production. Non-equilibrium grazing systems receive low and erratic rainfall that produces unpredictable fluctuations in forage supplies. In semi-arid Africa, these two types of environment present livestock owners with very different management problems. Identifying and maintaining optimal stocking rates is useful in equilibrium systems because livestock reproduce and produce at a rate determined by the availability of feed, which is an inverse function of stock density. The only problem is to determine what stocking rate is optimal. The correct stocking rate for a grazing system will vary depending on the production strategy and the social and economic circumstances of the rangeland user - there is no single, biologically predetermined optimum density. Variable rainfall complicates the picture in non-equilibrium systems. Set stocking rates of any kind have little value if fluctuation in rainfall has a stronger effect than animal numbers on the abundance of forage. More useful in such an environment is the ability to adjust stocking rates rapidly to track sudden changes in feed availability. In semi-arid Africa, the distinction between equilibrium and non-equilibrium systems hinges on the reliability of rainfall. In northern latitudes, at least three primary variables important for plant growth and the survival of herbivores must be considered: rainfall, snow cover and temperature. It is probably not useful to consider arctic grazing systems as equilibrium systems; on the other hand, the non-equilibrium models developed in hot semi-arid environments do not capture the range of complexity which may be an inherent feature of plant-herbivore dynamics on the mountain and tundra pastures where reindeer are herded or hunted.
Monica Alterskjær Olsen; Microbial digestion in reindeer and minke whales
Authors: Haugerud (ed.) Rolf Egil
Published: June 2013

Monica Alterskjær Olsen defended her thesis; 'Microbial digestion in reindeer and minke whales' for the degree of Doctor Philosophiae at the University of Tromsø, Norway, April 2000. Olsen completed her Cand.Scient degree at Department of Arctic Biology, University of Tromsø in 1992. She conducted her doctoral work at the same department, where she is currently employed as an associate professor. Her doctoral thesis was based on seven papers.
Population demography of the muskoxen in Jameson Land, 1982-1990
Authors: Aastrup Peter , Mosbech Anders
Published: June 2013

Studies of the Jameson Land muskox population in Northeast Greenland were conducted 1982-1990 in conjunction with an oil exploration. A population monitoring program consisted of one yearly aerial survey in late winter and a ground survey for population composition in August. The estimated unadjusted minimum average population size was approximately 4000 with a maximum size of 4700 and a minimum of 2800 muskoxen. The monitoring program was adequate to detect an annual change of about 10%. Population composition data proved to be essential. The only indication of a negative impact from oil exploration was detected in the fraction of yearlings. The average calf proportion was roughly 18% and about half of the calves died during their first year. The population density and composition was similar to the Banks Island muskox population in Canada and to the West Greenland population although the latter population had a higher productivity. Seismic operations and/or climatic conditions may have had a negative impact on the calf survival during 1986-1989, when fractions of yearlings were significantly lower than before and after the exploration.
Status of endangered and threatened caribou on Canada's arctic islands
Authors: Gunn Anne , Miller Frank L. , Nishi John
Published: June 2013

Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) on the Canadian Arctic Islands occur as several populations which are nationally classified as either endangered or threatened. On the western High Arctic (Queen Elizabeth) Islands, Peary caribou (R. t. pearyi) declined to an estimated 1100 caribou in 1997. This is the lowest recorded abundance since the first aerial survey in 1961 when a high of ca. 24 363 caribou was estimated on those islands. Peary caribou abundance on the eastern Queen Elizabeth Islands is almost unknown. On the southern Arctic Islands, three caribou populations declined by 95-98% between 1973 and 1994 but our information is unclear about the numerical trends for the two other populations. Diagnosis of factors driving the declines is complicated by incomplete information but also because the agents driving the declines vary among the Arctic's different climatic regions. The available evidence indicates that severe winters caused Peary caribou die-offs on the western Queen Elizabeth Islands. On Banks Island, harvesting together with unfavourable snow/ice conditions in some years accelerated the decline. On northwestern Victoria Island, harvesting apparently explains the decline. The role of wolf predation is unknown on Banks and notthwest Victoria islands, although wolf sightings increased during the catibou declines. Reasons for the virtual disappearance of arctic-island caribou on Prince of Wales and Somerset islands are uncertain. Recovery actions have started with Inuit and Inuvialuit reducing their harvesting but it is too soon to evaluate the effect of those changes. Recovery of Peary caribou on the western Queen Elizabeth Islands is uncertain if the current trends toward warmer temperatures and higher snowfall persist.
Wetland habitat selection by woodland caribou as characterized using the Alberta Wetland Inventory
Authors: Brown W. Kent , Rettie W. James , Wynes Bob , Morton Kim
Published: June 2013

We examined habitat selection by woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northwestern Alberta based on a wetland classification system developed for the Alberta Vegetation Inventory. Our two objectives were to describe caribou habitat use, and to assess the utility of the wetland classification system in land-use planning on caribou range. We used a geographical information system to overlay the locations of radio-collared caribou on the habitat map. Using a "moving-window" analysis of habitat availability, we examined patterns of habitat selection by 16 individual female caribou during five seasons annually over two years. We did not detect significant differences in habitat selection patterns among seasons. Caribou showed significant preferences for both bogs and fens with low to moderate tree cover relative to marshes, uplands, heavily forested wetlands, water, and areas of human use. The wetland classification system appears to have value for broad-scale planning of industrial activity on caribou range. More-detailed descriptions of vegetation, especially understory species, are required to refine this system for operational-level forest harvest planning.
Scent marking by male caribou: an experimental test of rubbing behavior
Authors: Adams Craig A. , Bowyer R. Terry , Rowell Jan E. , Hauer William E. , Jenks Jonathan A.
Published: June 2013

We studied scent marking by adult male caribou (Rangifer tarandus) during rut in September 1998 at the Large Animal Research Station in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. We used an experimental approach involving two captive groups of two males each to test for effects of social status, tree size, texture, and scent on rubbing behavior by caribou. Dominant males did not rub more often or for a longer duration than subordinates. Caribou rubbed trees with smaller diameters more often than large-diameter trees. Males preferred trees with bark for rubbing to those trees with their bark removed prior to the experiment. Caribou exhibited no preference for posts with pine-oil applied compared with posts without that aromatic scent. We hypothesize that rubbing of trees by male caribou is related to synchronization or priming of estrus in females, but more research is needed to test that potential function of scent marking.
Effect of "owners" selection strategies on autumn weight in reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) calves
Authors: Weladji Robert B. , Holand Øystein , Steinheim Geir , Hansen Helge
Published: June 2013

Many northern indigenous peoples, including the Sami are dependent on reindeer herding for their livelihood. In view of the socio-cultural and economical importance of reindeer herding, emphasis should be put on appropriate herd structure and selection strategies that maximise marketable products, such as meat (the primary marketable product nowadays). Empirical observations reveal that within a herd, some owners seem to have better productivity in term of carcass autumn weight of calves, than others. We hypothesized that there may be an "owner" effect in reindeer herding, i.e. some owners may be applying particular selection strategies that might be beneficial. We investigated this in three reindeer grazing districts in South Norway, using mixed linear models. We found that autumn carcass weight of calves varied significantly with year and "owner" within herd in all three districts. Consistently some particular owners within a herd had higher average autumn carcass weight of their calves than others. We attributed this difference to "individual selection strategies", meaning that some owners may follow more accurately the sex, age and weight-based recommended strategy and in addition, they may make superior choices when selecting animals for slaughtering. We conclude that individual owners have the capability, through appropriate selection decisions to improve the average annual autumn weight of their reindeer calves. This might be an important aspect of "Traditional Ecological Knowledge", in addition to the recommended modern sex, age and weight-based selection criteria.
Models of Depression: Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress in Mice
Authors: Nollet Mathieu , Guisquet Anne‐Marie Le , Belzung Catherine
Published: June 2013

Major depression is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by affective, cognitive, and physiological impairments that lead to maladaptive behavior. The high lifetime prevalence of this disabling condition, coupled with limitations in existing medications, make necessary the development of improved therapeutics. This requires animal models that allow investigation of key biological correlates of the disorder. Described in this unit is the unpredictable chronic mild stress mouse model that is used to screen for antidepressant drug candidates. Originally designed for rats, this model has been adapted for mice to capitalize on the advantages of this species as an experimental model, including inter‐strain variability, which permits an exploration of the contribution of genetic background, the ability to create transgenic animals, and lower cost. Thus, by combining genetic features and socio‐environmental chronic stressful events, the unpredictable, chronic mild stress model in mice can be used to study the etiological and developmental components of major depression, and to identify novel treatments for this condition. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 61:5.65.1‐5.65.17 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predicting Drug‐Induced QT Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes: A Review of Preclinical Endpoint Measures
Authors: Townsend Claire , Brown Barry S.
Published: June 2013

Compound‐induced prolongation of the cardiac QT interval is a major concern in drug development and this unit discusses approaches that can predict QT effects prior to undertaking clinical trials. The majority of compounds that prolong the QT interval block the cardiac rapid delayed rectifier potassium current, IKr (hERG). Described in this overview are different ways to measure hERG, from recent advances in automated electrophysiology to the quantification of channel protein trafficking and binding. The contribution of other cardiac ion channels to hERG data interpretation is also discussed. In addition, endpoint measures of the integrated activity of cardiac ion channels at the single‐cell, tissue, and whole‐animal level, including for example the well‐established action potential to the more recent beat‐to‐beat variability, transmural dispersion of repolarization, and field potential duration, are described in the context of their ability to predict QT prolongation and torsadogenicity in humans. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 61:10.16.1‐10.16.19 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and Mechanisms of Their Regulation: Implications for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Bao Bin , Ahmad Aamir , Azmi Asfar S. , Ali Shadan , Sarkar Fazlul H.
Published: June 2013

The identification of small subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) from blood mononuclear cells in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 1997 was a landmark observation that recognized the potential role of CSCs in tumor aggressiveness. Two critical properties contribute to the functional role of CSCs in the establishment and recurrence of cancerous tumors: their capacity for self‐renewal and their potential to differentiate into unlimited heterogeneous populations of cancer cells. These findings suggest that CSCs may represent novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and/or prevention of tumor progression, since they appear to be involved in cell migration, invasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance–all of which lead to poor clinical outcomes. The identification of CSC‐specific markers, the isolation and characterization of CSCs from malignant tissues, and targeting strategies for the destruction of CSCs provide a novel opportunity for cancer research. This overview describes the potential implications of several common CSC markers in the identification of CSC subpopulations that are restricted to common malignant diseases, e.g., leukemia, and breast, prostate, pancreatic, and lung cancers. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of CSC function is also discussed, as are several methods commonly used in CSC research. The potential role of the antidiabetic drug metformin– which has been shown to have effects on CSCs, and is known to function as an antitumor agent–is discussed as an example of this new class of chemotherapeutics.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 61:14.25.1‐14.25.14 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Primary Human Non‐Small Cell Lung and Pancreatic Tumorgraft Models—Utility and Applications in Drug Discovery and Tumor Biology
Authors: Calles Antonio , Rubio‐Viqueira Belén , Hidalgo Manuel
Published: June 2013

The number of therapeutic options for lung and pancreatic cancer is increasing because of the identification of new druggable molecular targets and development of new drug combinations. Reproducible, biologically relevant in vivo pre‐clinical models are critical for this effort. The generation of patient‐derived tumor xenografts has proven useful for integrating drug screening with biomarker discovery, discovering fundamental information in tumor biology, prioritizing drugs for clinical investigation, and personalizing treatments for these tumors. The protocol described in this unit details how to establish a direct in vivo subcutaneous primary tumorgraft and maintenance passages. The predictive value of a tumorgraft platform to guide personalized medicine is illustrated with the case of a patient with refractory advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The outcome of a patient for whom their own pancreatic tumorgraft revealed a remarkable sensitivity to mitomycin C based on a PALB2 mutation is also detailed. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 61:14.26.1‐14.26.21 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Rubberlike Stretchable Fibrous Membrane with Anti‐Wettability and Gas Breathability
Authors: Cho Seong J. , Nam Hyoryung , Ryu Hyobong , Lim Geunbae
Published: June 2013

The fabrication of a stable, anti‐wetting surface is a very challenging issue in surface chemistry. In general, superhydrophobicity highly depends on the surface structure. Moreover, mechanical deformation of the surface structure can produce dramatic changes in the surface wetting state, and in some cases, may even result in a complete loss of the surface's unique wettability. However, the study of stable surfaces under mechanical deformation conditions has been limited to flexible surfaces or small strain. Here, a mechanically stable superhydrophobic membrane is presented, which possesses high stretchability and gas breathability. The membrane, which consists of an elastic polyurethane fibrous matrix coated with polyaniline hairy nanostructures and polytetrafluoroethylene, exhibites excellent superhydrophobic properties under ≥300% strain. The breathability and wettability of the membrane is examined by examining various static and dynamic wetting parameters. The robust membrane maintaines its anti‐wettability (water contact angle ≈160°, hysteresis ≈10°) for 1000 stretching cycles. It is also determined that the stretchable and superhydrophobic surface suppresses the fragmentation and rebound of impact droplets, compared with rigid superhydrophobic surfaces. Finally, underwater gas sensing is demonstrated as a novel application.
MOF Nano‐Vesicles and Toroids: Self‐Assembled Porous Soft‐Hybrids for Light Harvesting
Authors: Suresh Venkata M. , George Subi J. , Maji Tapas Kumar
Published: June 2013

Metal‐organic vesicular and toroid nanostructures of Zn(OPE)·2H2O are achieved by coordination‐directed self‐assembly of oligo‐phenyleneethynylenedicarboxylic acid (OPEA) as a linker with Zn(OAc)2 by controlling the reaction parameters. Self‐assembled nanostructures are characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and adsorption study. The amphiphilic nature of the coordination‐polymer with long alkyl chains renders different soft vesicular and toroidal nanostructures. The permanent porosity of the framework is established by gas adsorption study. Highly luminescent 3D porous framework is exploited for Froster's resonance energy transfer (FRET) by encapsulation of a suitable cationic dye (DSMP) which shows efficient funneling of excitation energy. These results demonstrate the dynamic and soft nature of the MOF, resulting in unprecedented vesicular and toroidal nanostructures with efficient light harvesting applications.
Low Current Density Driving Leads to Efficient, Bright and Stable Green Electroluminescence
Authors: Tordera Daniel , Frey Julien , Vonlanthen David , Constable Edwin , Pertegás Antonio , Ortí Enrique , Bolink Henk J. , Baranoff Etienne , Nazeeruddin M. Khaja
Published: June 2013

Electroluminescent devices have the potential to reshape lighting and display technologies by providing low‐energy consuming solutions with great aesthetic features, such as flexibility and transparency. In particular, light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are among the simplest electroluminescent devices. The device operates with air‐stable materials and the active layer can be resumed to an ionic phosphorescent emitter. As a consequence, LECs can be assembled using solution‐process technologies, which could allow for low‐cost and large‐area lighting applications in the future. High efficiencies have been reported at rather low luminances (<50 cd m−2) and at very low current densities. Moreover, these efficiencies could be sustained for a brief moment only during operation time. Here, we demonstrate that a pulsed driving mode at low current densities leads to unequalled overall performances with excellent efficiencies throughout the lifetime of the device. The lifetime of the LECs is defined as the time it takes to reach 50% of the peak luminance. Upon optimization of various parameters (frequency, duty cycle and average current density), the green LEC reaches efficacies and power efficiencies of 28.2 cd A−1 and 17.1 lm W−1, respectively, at a luminance above 750 cd m−2 and 98 hours lifetime. The present work also rationalizes why high efficiencies have been obtained only at low current densities so far.
Nanosilicon‐Based Thick Negative Composite Electrodes for Lithium Batteries with Graphene as Conductive Additive
Authors: Nguyen Binh Phuong Nhan , Kumar Nanjundan Ashok , Gaubicher Joël , Duclairoir Florence , Brousse Thierry , Crosnier Olivier , Dubois Lionel , Bidan Gérard , Guyomard Dominique , Lestriez Bernard
Published: June 2013

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is used as a conductive additive for nanosilicon‐based lithium battery anodes with the high active‐mass loading typically required for industrial applications. In contrast to conventional Si electrodes that use acetylene black (AcB) as an additive, the rGO system shows pronounced improvement of electrochemical performance, irrespective of the cycling conditions. With capacity limitation, the rGO system results in improved coulombic efficiency (99.9%) and longer cycle life than conventional electrodes. Upon cycling without capacity limitation, much higher discharge capacity is maintained (2000 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles for 2.5 mg of Si cm−2). Used in conjunction with the bridging carboxymethyl cellulose binder, the crumpled and resilient rGO allows highly reversible functioning of the electrode in which the Si particles repeatedly inflate and deflate upon alloying and dealloying with lithium.
“It's stuff that speaks to me”: Exploring the characteristics of digital possessions
Authors: Cushing Amber L.
Published: June 2013

Digital possessions are digital items that individuals distinguish from other digital items by specific qualities that individuals perceive the digital items to possess. Twenty‐three participants were interviewed about their definitions of and relationships with digital possessions to identify the most salient characteristics of digital possessions and to inform preservation. Findings indicate that digital possessions are characterized as (a) providing evidence of the individual, (b) representing the individual's identity, (c) being recognized as having value, and (d) exhibiting a sense of bounded control. Furthermore, archival concepts of primary, secondary, and intrinsic values provide the frame for the defining characteristics. Although several findings from this study are consistent with former studies of material possessions and digital possessions, this study expands research in the area using the concept of digital possessions to inform preservation and by applying archival principles of value. Understanding the nature of the individual and digital item relationship provides potential to explore new areas of reference and outreach services in libraries and archives. As the nature of archival and library reference services evolves, some scholars have predicted that archives and libraries will play a part in helping individuals manage their personal collections An exploration of individuals' relationships with their digital possessions can serve as a starting point at which scholars can explore the potential of personal information management consulting as a new area of reference and information services, specifically for the preservation of personal digital material.
New Electron‐Donor/Acceptor‐Substituted Tetraphenylethylenes: Aggregation‐Induced Emission with Tunable Emission Color and Optical‐Waveguide Behavior
Authors: Gu Xinggui , Yao Jingjing , Zhang Guanxin , Zhang Chuang , Yan Yongli , Zhao Yongsheng , Zhang Deqing
Published: June 2013

Herein, we report the synthesis of new tetraphenylethylene derivatives 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 that feature electron‐donating (methoxy) and ‐accepting (dicyanomethane) groups as AIE‐active molecules with tunable emission colors. The crystal structures of compounds 3 and 4 are described and the intermolecular interactions within their crystals agree with the observation that they exhibit strong solid‐state emission. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4 exhibit typical AIE behavior and their emission maxima are red‐shifted in the order: 1<2<3<4. Such red‐shifts are ascribed to the fact that intramolecular interactions between the electron donor and the electron acceptor become stronger with increasing number of methoxy groups. The solid‐state emission colors of compounds 1, 2, 3, 4 are successfully tuned from yellow‐green to red. Compound 5 shows AIE behavior, but its emission is only slightly enhanced after aggregation and its solid shows a low quantum yield. Furthermore, microplates of compound 3 exhibit 2D optical‐waveguide behavior.
Psychologische Befunde zu Licht und seiner Wirkung auf den Menschen – ein Überblick
Authors: Werth Lioba , Steidle Anna , Hubschneider Carolin , de Boer Jan , Sedlbauer Klaus
Published: June 2013

Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, die Wirkung von Licht auf den Menschen aus Sicht der Psychologie darzustellen und einen Überblick aktueller psychologischer Forschungsbefunde zum Einfluss von Licht und Beleuchtungssystemen darzubieten. Um Beleuchtung optimal einsetzen zu können, ist es erforderlich, sowohl die Wirkweisen von Licht als auch den Einfluss von Licht und Beleuchtung auf Leistung, Wohlbefinden und Verhalten von dessen Nutzern zu kennen. Dementsprechend wird zunächst die grundlegende Wirkung von Licht auf den Menschen dargestellt, gefolgt von einem umfassenden Überblick der wichtigsten psychologischen Forschungsbefunde zum Einfluss von Licht auf Arbeitsleistung, Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden, Interaktionen mit anderen Personen sowie dem Konsumbereich. Abschließend werden der aktuelle Stand des Wissens und der weitere Forschungsbedarf zusammengefasst.

Psychological evidence on light and its impact on humans – an overview. The aim of the present article is to describe the light’s effects on humans from a psychological perspective and to give an overview of actual psychological research on the influence of light and illumination. In order to optimize lighting applications, it is necessary to know both the routes of influence via which light affects humans and the impact of light and illumination on user’s performance, wellbeing, and behavior. Consequently, we first outline the fundamental effect of light on humans and then summarize psychological evidence on the light’s influence on task performance, health and wellbeing, social interactions and consumer behavior. Building on this review, the current state of knowledge and need for further research are summarized.
Sommerlicher Wärmeschutz – Neufassung der DIN 4108‐2
Authors: Maas Anton , Kempkes Christoph , Schlitzberger Stephan
Published: June 2013

Im Februar 2013 ist die Neufassung der DIN 4108 “Wärmeschutz und Energie‐Einsparung in Gebäuden – Teil 2: Mindestanforderungen an den Wärmeschutz“ [1] erschienen. Nach wie vor sind in DIN 4108‐2 die Mindestanforderungen an den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz formuliert, welche durch die Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) in Bezug genommen werden. Während sich die aktuelle EnEV 2009 [2] noch auf die Normenfassung vom Juli 2003 [3] bezieht, wird die EnEV‐Novelle auf die Neufassung der DIN 4108‐2 verweisen. Neben einer klareren Formulierung des Anwendungsbereichs und der Einführung neuer Definitionen wurden im Zusammenhang mit dem sommerlichen Wärmeschutz schwerpunktmäßig folgende Änderungen vorgenommen:

– Die Anforderungen an den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz wurden an neue Klimadaten angepasst,

– in diesem Zusammenhang wurde eine neue Klimakarte erstellt und

– das vereinfachte Nachweisverfahren (Sonneneintragskennwerte‐Verfahren) wurde überarbeitet und erweitert.

– Darüber hinaus wurden die Berechnungsrandbedingungen für den sommerlichen Wärmeschutznachweis durch Simulationsrechnung konkretisiert.

Dieser Beitrag dokumentiert die Hintergründe und stellt die Neuerungen zur Überarbeitung des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes in DIN 4108‐2 dar.

Summer heat protection – Revised version of DIN 4108‐2. In February 2013 the revised version of DIN 4108‐2 “Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings – Part 2: Minimum requirements to thermal insulation” has been published. As in the former version of this norm, herein expressed are the minimum requirements for summer heat protection those which are referenced by the German Energy Savings Regulation (EnEV). Whereas the current EnEV 2009 refers still to DIN 4108‐2:2003‐07 the new EnEV will point on the revised norm. In addition to a clearer wording for the scope of application and definitions, the essential modifications regarding summer heat protection in the revised DIN 4108‐2 are:

– The requirements according to the summer heat protection have been adapted to new climate conditions and

– in this context a new climate map for Germany has been developed.

– The simplified proofing method for summer heat protection has been revised and enhanced.

– The boundary conditions for dynamic simulations according to the proof of summer heat protection have been concretized.

This article documents the background and improvements according to the revised version of DIN 4108‐2.
Irreversible electroporation and apoptosis in human liver cancer cells induced by nanosecond electric pulses
Authors: Xiao Deyou , Yao Chenguo , Liu Huan , Li Chengxiang , Cheng Jie , Guo Fei , Tang Liling
Published: June 2013

The goal of this study was to assess the effect of nanosecond electric pulses on HepG2 human liver cancer cells. Electric pulses with a high strength of 10 kV/cm, duration of 500 ns and frequency of 1 Hz were applied to the cells. After delivery of electric pulses, apoptosis, intracellular calcium ion concentrations, transmembrane mitochondrial potentials, electropermeabilization and recovery from electropermeabilization in cells were investigated. The results showed that electric pulse treatment for 20 s and more could trigger apoptosis in cells. Real‐time observation indicated an immediate increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration and a dramatic decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in cells responding to electric pulses. In subsequent experiments, propidium iodide uptake in cells emerged after exposure to electric pulses, indicating electropermeabilization of the cell membrane. Furthermore, recovery from electropermeabilization was not observed even 4 h after the stimulation, demonstrating that irreversible electropermeabilization was induced by electric pulses. In conclusion, electric pulses with a high strength and nanosecond duration can damage cancer cells, accompanied by a series of intracellular changes, providing strong evidence for the application of electric pulses in cancer treatment. Bioelectromagnetics. 34:512–520. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multivariatetlinear mixed models for irregularly observed multiple repeated measures with missing outcomes
Authors: Wang Wan‐Lun
Published: June 2013

Missing outcomes or irregularly timed multivariate longitudinal data frequently occur in clinical trials or biomedical studies. The multivariatetlinear mixed model (MtLMM) has been shown to be a robust approach to modeling multioutcome continuous repeated measures in the presence of outliers or heavy‐tailed noises. This paper presents a framework for fitting the MtLMM with an arbitrary missing data pattern embodied within multiple outcome variables recorded at irregular occasions. To address the serial correlation among the within‐subject errors, a damped exponential correlation structure is considered in the model. Under the missing at random mechanism, an efficient alternating expectation‐conditional maximization (AECM) algorithm is used to carry out estimation of parameters and imputation of missing values. The techniques for the estimation of random effects and the prediction of future responses are also investigated. Applications to an HIV‐AIDS study and a pregnancy study involving analysis of multivariate longitudinal data with missing outcomes as well as a simulation study have highlighted the superiority of MtLMMs on the provision of more adequate estimation, imputation and prediction performances.
Design of Dispersing Processes Using a Newly Developed Dispermeter
Authors: Schönstedt B. , Schilde C. , Beinert S. , Kwade A.
Published: June 2013

Typically, the product fineness in a dispersion process is determined by the strength of the agglomerates and aggregates, the properties of the homogeneous phase and its interaction with the surface of the disperse phase, the stress mechanism itself as well as its intensity and frequency acting on the particles. The objective of this study is to characterize the efficiency of a dispersion process in terms of stress frequency and intensity using a newly developed dispersing machine called dispermeter. This dispersing machine is capable of processing suspensions with a broad range of viscosities. Furthermore, due to highly defined geometries, the rheological behavior of suspensions as an important parameter for processability and suspension stability can be characterized during the dispersion process. By utilizing the rheological properties the dispermeter can be used for the selection of an applicable electrostatic or steric stabilizer for an optimal dispersion process. With the dispermeter two different types of pyrogenic metallic oxide particles, nanosized alumina and silica, are processed. The progress in deagglomeration is monitored by particle size analysis and compared with that in a dissolver. A theoretical process model is used to characterize both processes. Moreover, this model is used to predict the dispersion results obtained in the dissolver.
Demonstration of In Situ Radio‐Frequency Heating at a Former Industrial Site
Authors: Holzer F. , Buchenhorst D. , Köhler R. , Gaffron A. , Weiß H. , Kopinke F.‐D. , Roland U.
Published: June 2013

In situ radio‐frequency heating (ISRFH) combined with soil vapor extraction was demonstrated at a contaminated field site of a former hydrotreatment plant in Zeitz near Leipzig. The project was carried out in several phases including cold soil vapor extraction for comparison. During the test, a soil volume of about 300 m3 was heated to an average temperature of 54 °C. As expected, the extraction rate for hydrocarbons (especially the main contaminant benzene) was markedly enhanced by soil heating. Furthermore, microbial degradation of organic compounds was supported. Although a total amount of approximately 1.4 t of hydrocarbons was removed from the soil, the demonstration project was not aimed at complete remediation of the site. Conditions limiting the extent of cleanup are discussed in detail and conclusions for an efficient application of ISRFH in soil remediation are derived whereas experiences from other sites are also implied.
Mechanistic Dichotomy in the Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyltrichlorosilanes Catalyzed by Chiral Pyridine N‐Oxides
Authors: Malkov Andrei V. , Stončius Sigitas , Bell Mark , Castelluzzo Fabiomassimo , Ramírez‐López Pedro , Biedermannová Lada , Langer Vratislav , Rulíšek Lubomír , Kočovský Pavel
Published: June 2013

Detailed kinetic and computational investigation of the enantio‐ and diastereoselective allylation of aldehydes 1 with allyltrichlorosilanes 5, employing the pyridine N‐oxides METHOX (9) and QUINOX (10) as chiral organocatalysts, indicate that the reaction can proceed through a dissociative (cationic) or associative (neutral) mechanism: METHOX apparently favors a pentacoordinate cationic transition state, while the less sterically demanding QUINOX is likely to operate via a hexacoordinate neutral complex. In both pathways, only one molecule of the catalyst is involved in the rate‐ and selectivity‐determining step, which is supported by both experimental and computational data.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure, Growth and Characterization of LiPbB9O15: A New Congruent Melting Nonlinear Optical Crystal.
Authors: Xia M. J. , Li R. K.
Published: June 2013

Single crystals of the title compound are grown from a polycrystalline material prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of PbO, Li2CO3, and H3BO3 (1.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopy Properties of Na(Sr,Ba)VO4:Eu3+ Novel Red‐Emitting Phosphors for Solid State Lighting Applications.
Authors: Kesavulu C. R. , Lee Dong Gi , Yi Soung Soo , Jang Kiwan , Park Jae Hyung , Leem Jae Seung , Choi Yun Hyuk , Jang Yeon Ju , Choi Jung Gon
Published: June 2013

Na(Sr0.97‐xBax) VO4:Eu0.033+ (x = 0—0.97) phosphors are synthesized by solid state reaction of Na2CO3, SrCO3, BaCO3, V2O5, and Eu2O3 (1150 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Morphologic Co3O4 of Flower‐Like Hierarchical Microspheres as Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitors.
Authors: Liao Meixiong , Liu Yafei , Hu Zhonghua , Yu Qi
Published: June 2013

The title microspheres are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions of CoSO4 and L‐arginine (autoclave, 100 °C, 24 h) followed by thermal decomposition of the obtained precursor (air, 300 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Optical Properties of a New Beryllium Borate, CsBe4(BO3)3.
Authors: Huang Hongwei , Yao Wenjiao , He Ran , Chen Chuangtian , Wang Xiaoyang , Zhang Yihe
Published: June 2013

Polycrystalline CsBe4(BO3)3 is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Cs2CO3, BeO, and B2O3 (800 °C, 2 d, air).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Study of Tetramethylammonium Hexafluoridozirconate and Hexafluoridohafnate Solvated by H2O·HF Adducts and [N(CH3)4]2ZrF6.
Authors: Gerasimenko Andrey V. , Davidovich Ruven L. , Logvinova Vera B. , Gaivoronskaya Kseniya A. , Voit Elena I. , Merkulov Evgenii B.
Published: June 2013

The new compounds (NMe4)2ZrF6· (H2O·HF) (I) and (NMe4)2HfF6· (H2O·HF) (II) are synthesized by reaction of NMe4OH with MO2 in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of Yb11Bi10‐xSnx.
Authors: Liang Ying , Cardoso‐Gil Raul , Schnelle Walter , Zhao Jing‐Tai , Grin Yuri
Published: June 2013

The intermetallic phases Yb11Bi10‐xSnx (x = 0, 4.8) are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (Ta ampules in evacuated silica ampules, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: (H2en)0.5[BiO(OH)2(H2O)]: The First Organic Templated Layered Bismuthate.
Authors: Wu Ya‐Qin , Qin Ying‐Lian , Li Cui‐Rui , Zhang Xian‐Ming
Published: June 2013

The new two‐dimensional organically templated title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of Bi(NO3)3, en, and H2O containing a small amount of HF (autoclave, 150 °C, 4 d, 42% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Conjugate Addition of Alkynes with α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by NCN‐Pincer Ru Complexes.
Authors: Ito Jun‐ichi , Fujii Kohei , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: June 2013

A chiral NCN‐pincer Ru‐complex serves as suitable catalyst in the conjugate addition of alkynes with α,β‐unsaturated ketones, esters, and amides, as well as vinylphosphonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Nucleophilic Addition to N‐Alkoxyamides.
Authors: Yanagita Yuta , Nakamura Hugh , Shirokane Kenji , Kurosaki Yusuke , Sato Takaaki , Chida Noritaka
Published: June 2013

The nucleophilic addition to N‐alkoxyamines to access multisubstituted amines is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Polyene Cyclization.
Authors: Schafroth Michael A. , Sarlah David , Krautwald Simon , Carreira Erick M.
Published: June 2013

A new enantioselective polyene cyclization reaction from unactivated branched racemic allylic alcohols in the presence of an iridium catalyst is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed Decarboxylative Rearrangement of N‐Alloc Indoles.
Authors: Chen Jun , Cook Matthew J.
Published: June 2013

A highly efficient Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative allylic rearrangement of N‐alloc indoles is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Acceptorless Alcohol Dehydrogenation: Synthesis of Imines from Alcohols and Amines.
Authors: Zhang Guoqi , Hanson Susan K.
Published: June 2013

An in situ prepared cobalt catalyst is successfully applied in the acceptorless dehydrogenation of alcohols (I) and the dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols (V) with amines (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Co(acac)2‐Catalyzed Allylic and Benzylic Oxidation by tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide.
Authors: Han Xiaoqiang , Zhou Ziyuan , Wan Chuan , Xiao Yumei , Qin Zhaohai
Published: June 2013

The conditions render possible the selective allylic and benzylic oxidation of a variety of substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfinylnitriles: Sulfinyl—Metal Exchange—Alkylation Strategies.
Authors: Nath Dinesh , Fleming Fraser F.
Published: June 2013

Sulfinylnitriles are easily undergoing a sulfinyl↔metal exchange, allowing a further reaction with various electrophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl‐Directed Highly Enantioselective Approach to Axially Chiral α‐Allenols.
Authors: Ye Juntao , Fan Wu , Ma Shengming
Published: June 2013

A straightforward synthesis of axially chiral α‐allenols is realized from Tbs‐protected propargylic alcohols, aldehydes, and a chiral secondary amine, followed by desilylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Clean Synthesis of Ketones from Internal Olefins Using PdCl2/N,N‐Dimethylacetamide Catalyst System.
Authors: Mitsudome Takato , Yoshida Syuhei , Tsubomoto Yamato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: June 2013

The combination allows the Wacker‐type oxidation of internal olefins to ketones with molecular oxygen.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Sequential Organocatalysis: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Cyclohexanols.
Authors: Dai Qipu , Arman Hadi , Zhao John Cong‐Gui
Published: June 2013

The present protocol involves a quinidine thiourea‐catalyzed tandem Henry—Michael reaction between aliphatic and aromatic oxoheptenals (I) and (IV) and nitromethane (II), followed by a tetramethyl guanidine‐catalyzed tandem retro‐Henry—Henry reaction on the reaction products of the tandem Henry—Michael reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions of Unactivated Tertiary Alkyl Halides: Suzuki Arylations.
Authors: Zultanski Susan L. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: June 2013

The first examples for both the Suzuki‐type cross‐coupling of unactivated tertiary alkyl electrophiles and the application of a group 10 catalyst to cross‐couple this type of electrophiles are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold and Palladium Combined for the Sonogashira Coupling of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides.
Authors: Panda Biswajit , Sarkar Tarun K.
Published: June 2013

It is demonstrated that the dual catalytic system, reported to be inactive, allows efficient coupling of a variety of aryl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of a New Family of Fluorinated Liquid Crystals.
Authors: Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Goldberg Aleksey A. , Muzalevskiy Vasily M. , Balenkova Elizabeth S. , Shastin Aleksey V.
Published: June 2013

This publication describes the synthesis of (III), (IV) and other structurally related compounds via established reactions, e.
ChemInform Abstract: Scandium(III) Triflate Synthesis of Primary Homoallylic Alcohols via Carbonyl‐Ene Reaction.
Authors: Sultana Sabera , Bondalapati Somasekhar , Indukuri Kiran , Gogoi Paramartha , Saha Pipas , Saikia Anil K.
Published: June 2013

Reaction of olefins with paraformaldehyde affords the required homoallylic alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminocarbonylations Employing Mo(CO)6 and a Bridged Two‐Vial System: Allowing the Use of Nitro Group Substituted Aryl Iodides and Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Nordeman Patrik , Odell Luke R. , Larhed Mats
Published: June 2013

Molybdenum hexacarbonyl is used as an external in situ source of carbon monoxide by treatment with DBU in a reaction chamber bridged to a second chamber containing the reactants and reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Coupling of ArX with ArMgBr Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Based Nickel Complexes.
Authors: Guo Wang‐Jun , Wang Zhong‐Xia
Published: June 2013

It is found that the new Ni complex (NIC) efficiently promotes the cross‐coupling of aromatic Grignard reagents with aryl chlorides and fluorides under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: High Surface Area CeO2 Promoted Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Arylboronic Acids and Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Mayer Marilyn Graziano , Nador Fabiana , Volpe Maria Alicia , Radivo Gabriel
Published: June 2013

The heterogeneous CeO2 efficiently promotes the title reaction in the absence of any other transition metal catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Access to Cinnamates via Direct Oxidative C—H Transformation of Allylarenes.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Lin Shin‐Ying , Chan Chieh‐Kai
Published: June 2013

Optimized conditions allow an efficient access to the highly functionalized bisphenol products.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Introducing of Aryl and Amino Groups: Reaction of Benzanthrone and Organometallic Reagents.
Authors: Umeda Rui , Namba Teruaki , Yoshimura Tomohiro , Nakatsukasa Masamichi , Nishiyama Yutaka
Published: June 2013

1,4‐Addition of Grignard reagents (II) and lithium alkylamides (VIII) or 1,6‐addition of lithium arylamides (VI) toward benzanthrone (I) initially afford the corresponding enols which are oxidized by oxygen in air to furnish the final products (III), (IX), and (VII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted Azetidines.
Authors: Faigl Ferenc , Kovacs Ervin , Turczel Gabor , Szoelloesy Aron , Mordini Alessandro , Balazs Laszlo , Holczbauer Tamas , Czugler Matyas
Published: June 2013

A highly stereoselective superbase induced transformation of benzylamino group containing oxiranes into trans‐disubstituted azetidines is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed C—O Bond Formation: An Efficient One‐Pot Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Furans from (2‐Furyl)carbene Complexes.
Authors: Cao Hua , Zhan Haiying , Cen Jinghe , Lin Jingxin , Lin Yuanguang , Zhu Qiuxia , Fu Minling , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: June 2013

A convenient one‐pot strategy for the regioselective synthesis of trisubstituted furanes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of Dipyrromethanes via Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction with Azo‐ and Nitrosoalkenes.
Authors: Pereira Nelson A. M. , Lemos Americo , Serra Armenio C. , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: June 2013

A novel synthetic strategy for the introduction of one or two side chains in position 1 and 9 of dipyrromethanes renders possible the preparation of functionalized derivatives for the construction of complex porphyrin systems and analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Axially Chiral Bisphosphorylimides Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective and Efficient Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Indoles with Imines.
Authors: Wu Kun , Jiang Yi‐Jun , Fan Yan‐Sen , Sha Di , Zhang Suoqin
Published: June 2013

BINOL and VAPOL‐derived double axially chiral bisphosphorylimide catalysts enable the atom‐economical and highly enantioselective Friedel—Crafts reaction between indoles and N‐tosylimines with a low catalyst loading.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3,3‐Spirocyclopenteneoxindoles from γ‐Substituted Allenoates: Systematic Studies and Targeted Applications.
Authors: Gomez Catherine , Gicquel Maxime , Carry Jean‐Christophe , Schio Laurent , Retailleau Pascal , Voituriez Arnaud , Marinetti Angela
Published: June 2013

The choice of the catalyst (PPh3) is crucial for the diastereoselectivity of the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Base and Structure in the Reversible Covalent Conjugate Addition of Thiol to Polycyclic Enone Scaffolds.
Authors: Rosenker Christopher J. , Krenske Elizabeth H. , Houk K. N. , Wipf Peter
Published: June 2013

The energetics of thiol addition and elimination reactions to polycyclic enones are explored using 1H NMR and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation and Benzylation of N‐Alloc and N‐Cbz Indoles.
Authors: Montgomery Thomas D. , Zhu Ye , Kagawa Natsuko , Rawal Viresh H.
Published: June 2013

Besides the title reactions, a three‐component reaction for the simple generation of 3‐cinnamylated indoles (VIII) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cascade Rearrangements of Ynamide Propargyl Esters.
Authors: Heffernan Stephen J. , Beddoes James M. , Mahon Mary F. , Hennessy Alan J. , Carbery David R.
Published: June 2013

The Au‐catalyzed [3,3]‐rearrangement of ynamides (I) affords highly reactive α‐acyloxyallenamides, which can be trapped through the reaction with nucleophilic indole derivatives (II).