bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PENERAPAN KOMPONEN PERAWATAN METODE KANGURU (PMK) TERHADAP LAMA PERAWATAN BAYI BERAT LAHIR RENDAH DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH PROF DR.W.Z.JOHANNES KUPANG
Authors: Picauly Intje , Akoit Aquilina , Paula Tibuludji  , Nabuasa Christin
Published: January 2021

Riskesdas, 2013, menyatakan bahwa prevalensi BBLR tertinggi didapati di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah sebesar 18,2%, Nusa Tenggara Timur  sebesar 15,5% dan Provinsi Papua (15,6%), sedangkan prevalensi terendah di Provinsi Sumatera Utara sebesar 7,5%, namun angka tersebut masih menjadi masalah kesehatan, karena menurut Depkes RI (2009), BBLR dikategorikan sebagai masalah kesehatan masyarakat apabila prevalensinya ≥ 5%. RSUD Prof Dr W.Z Johannes Kupang tahun 2016 (Januari-Juni) kasus BBLR sebanyak 100 kasus dari total kelahiran 459 bayi baru lahir.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan komponen perawatan metode kanguru terhadap peningkatan status kesehatan BBLR. Jenis penelitian adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cros sectional study. Teknik Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah total sampling dengan sampel 100 orang. Hasil analisis bivariat dengan uji chi square menunjukkan bahwa perawatan metode kanguru position berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan status kesehatan BBLR (PR = 2,79) dengan nilai (Pv=0,000., Pv<0,05). Kanguru nutrition berpengaruh terhadap status kesehatan BBLR (PR = 2,47) dengan nilai (Pv=0,000., Pv<0,05). Kanguru support berpengaruh terhadap status kesehatan BBLR (PR = 2,72) dengan nilai (Pv=0,000., Pv<0,05). Analisis multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan bahwa kanguru nutrition paling berpeluang dalam peningkatan status kesehatan BBLR dengan nilai p=0,000. Disarankan kepada ibu-ibu agar dapat berperan aktif dalam penerapan komponen PMK.
Penerapan Metode Certainty Factor dan Forward Chaining pada Sistem Pakar Untuk Mendiagnosa Penyakit Ginjal
Authors: Jeffry  , Syahrul Usman
Published: January 2021

Ilmu komputer yang mempelajari kemampuan komputer untuk bertindak dan memiliki kecerdasan seperti manusia dikenal sebagai kecerdasan buatan, yang termasuk dalam kecerdasan buatan antara lain: penglihatan komputer, pengolahan bahasa alami, robotika, jaringan syaraf tiruan, sistem pakar (expert system). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu sistem pakar yang digunakan untuk mendiagnosa penyakit ginjal, dimana pengguna bisa mendiagnosis sendiri (skrining mandiri) berdasarkan gejala yang dirasakannya. Pengetahuan pada sistem direpresentasikan dalam bentuk aturan dan metode penalaran yang digunakan adalah metode runut maju (forward chaining) sedangkan nilai kepastian terhadap penyakit menggunakan metode certainty factor yaitu diperoleh dari kombinasi nilai dari user dan pakar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem ini mampu mendiagnosa kemungkinan jenis penyakit ginjal yang diderita oleh user dengan menampilkan besaran kepercayaan dari tiap-tiap penyakit. Dari hasil percobaan diperoleh bahwa nilai certainty factor pada Nefritis tubulointerstisial sebesar 0,7502, untuk Sistitis Interstisial sebesar 0,7308, Kanker Kandung Kemih sebesar 0,6429. Sehingga nilai CF terbesar merupakan keputusan dari sistem pakar ini. Besarnya nilai kepercayaan tersebut merupakan hasil perhitungan dengan menggunakan metode certainty factor.
Kinetics and impacting factors of HO2 uptake onto submicron atmospheric aerosols during a 2019 air quality study (AQUAS) in Yokohama, Japan
Authors: Zhou Jun , Sato Kei , Bai Yu , Fukusaki Yukiko , Kousa Yuka , Ramasamy Sathiyamurthi , Takami Akinori , Yoshino Ayako , Nakayama Tomoki , Sadanaga Yasuhiro , Nakashima Yoshihiro , Li Jiaru , Murano Kentaro , Kohno Nanase , Sakamoto Yosuke , Kajii Yoshizumi
Published: January 2021

Abstract. HO2 uptake kinetics onto ambient aerosols play pivotal roles in tropospheric chemistry but are not fully understood. Field measurements of aerosol chemical and physical properties should be linked to molecular level kinetics; however, given that the HO2 reactivity of ambient aerosols is low, traditional analytical techniques are unable to achieve this goal. We developed an online approach to precisely investigate (i) the HO2 reactivity of ambient gases and aerosols and (ii) HO2 uptake coefficients onto ambient aerosols (ɣ) during 2019 air quality study (AQUAS) in Yokohama, Japan. We identified the effects of individual chemical components of ambient aerosols on ɣ. The results verified in laboratory studies on individual chemical components: transition metals play a key role in HO2 uptake processes and chemical components indirectly influence such processes (i.e., through altering aerosol surface properties or providing active sites), with smaller particles tending to yield higher ɣ values than larger particles owing to the limitation of gas phase diffusion is smaller with micrometer particles and the distribution of depleting species such as transition metal ions is mostly distributed in accumulation mode of aerosol. The modeling of ɣ utilized transition metal chemistry derived by previous studies, further confirming our conclusion. However, owing to the high NO concentrations in Yokohama, peroxy radical loss onto submicron aerosols has a negligible impact on O3 production rate and sensitivity regime.
Aerosol Effects on Electrification and Lightning Discharges in a
Multicell Thunderstorm Simulated by the WRF-ELEC Model
Authors: Sun Mengyu , Liu Dongxia , Qie Xiushu , Mansell Edward R. , Yair Yoav , Fierro Alexandre O. , Yuan Shanfeng , Chen Zhixiong , Wang Dongfang
Published: January 2021

Abstract. To investigate the effects of aerosol on lightning activity, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with a two-moment bulk microphysical scheme and bulk lightning model was employed to simulate a multicell thunderstorm that occurred in the metropolitan Beijing area. The results suggest that under polluted condition lightning activity is significantly enhanced during the developing and mature stages, while it is being delayed at the initial stage. Electrification and lightning discharges within the thunderstorm show distinguish characteristics by different aerosol conditions through microphysical processes. Elevated aerosol loading increases the cloud droplets numbers, the latent heat release, updraft and ice-phase particle number concentrations. More negative charges in the upper level are carried by ice particles and enhance the electrification process. A larger effective radius of graupel particles further increases non-inductive charging due to more effective collisions. The first lightning discharge was delayed at the beginning of polluted thunderstorm, coincident with the delayed occurrence of graupel and ice particles, which are responsible for charge generation through the non-inductive mechanism. In the continental case where aerosol concentrations are low, less latent heat releases in the upper parts of the cloud and as a consequence, the updraft speed is weaker leading to smaller concentrations of ice particles, lower charging rates and less lightning discharges.
Variability in the mass absorption cross section of black carbon (BC) aerosols is driven by BC internal mixing state at a central European background site (Melpitz, Germany) in winter
Authors: Yuan Jinfeng , Modini Robin Lewis , Zanatta Marco , Herber Andreas B. , Müller Thomas , Wehner Birgit , Poulain Laurent , Tuch Thomas , Baltensperger Urs , Gysel-Beer Martin
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Properties of atmospheric black carbon (BC) particles were
characterized during a field experiment at a rural background site (Melpitz,
Germany) in February 2017. BC absorption at a wavelength of 870 nm was
measured by a photoacoustic extinctiometer, and BC physical properties (BC
mass concentration, core size distribution and coating thickness) were
measured by a single-particle soot photometer (SP2). Additionally, a
catalytic stripper was used to intermittently remove BC coatings by
alternating between ambient and thermo-denuded conditions. From these data
the mass absorption cross section of BC (MACBC) and its enhancement factor
(EMAC) were inferred for essentially water-free aerosol as present after
drying to low relative humidity (RH). Two methods were applied independently to investigate the
coating effect on EMAC: a correlation method (MACBC, ambient vs. BC coating
thickness) and a denuding method (MACBC, ambient vs. MACBC, denuded). Observed
EMAC values varied from 1.0 to 1.6 (lower limit from denuding method) or
∼1.2 to 1.9 (higher limit from correlation method), with the
mean coating volume fraction ranging from 54 % to 78 % in the dominating
mass equivalent BC core diameter range of 200–220 nm. MACBC and EMAC were
strongly correlated with coating thickness of BC. By contrast, other
potential drivers of EMAC variability, such as different BC sources (air mass
origin and absorption Ångström exponent), coating composition (ratio
of inorganics to organics) and BC core size distribution, had only minor effects. These results for ambient BC measured at Melpitz during winter show
that the lensing effect caused by coatings on BC is the main driver of the
variations in MACBC and EMAC, while changes in other BC particle properties
such as source, BC core size or coating composition play only minor roles at
this rural background site with a large fraction of aged particles. Indirect
evidence suggests that potential dampening of the lensing effect due to
unfavorable morphology was most likely small or even negligible.
Opinion: Cloud-phase climate feedback and the importance of ice-nucleating particles
Authors: Murray Benjamin J. , Carslaw Kenneth S. , Field Paul R.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Shallow clouds covering vast areas of the world's middle- and high-latitude oceans play a key role in dampening the global temperature
rise associated with CO2. These clouds, which contain both ice and
supercooled water, respond to a warming world by transitioning to a state
with more liquid water and a greater albedo, resulting in a negative
“cloud-phase” climate feedback component. Here we argue that the magnitude
of the negative cloud-phase feedback component depends on the amount and
nature of the small fraction of aerosol particles that can nucleate ice
crystals. We propose that a concerted research effort is required to reduce
substantial uncertainties related to the poorly understood
sources, concentration, seasonal cycles and nature of these ice-nucleating
particles (INPs) and their rudimentary treatment in climate models. The
topic is important because many climate models may have overestimated the
magnitude of the cloud-phase feedback, and those with better representation
of shallow oceanic clouds predict a substantially larger climate warming. We
make the case that understanding the present-day INP population in shallow
clouds in the cold sector of cyclone systems is particularly critical for
defining present-day cloud phase and therefore how the clouds respond to
warming. We also need to develop a predictive capability for future INP
emissions and sinks in a warmer world with less ice and snow and potentially
stronger INP sources.
Classification of lidar measurements using supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods
Authors: Farhani Ghazal , Sica Robert J. , Daley Mark Joseph
Published: January 2021

Abstract. While it is relatively straightforward to automate the processing of lidar signals, it is more
difficult to choose periods of “good” measurements to process. Groups use various ad hoc
procedures involving either very simple (e.g. signal-to-noise ratio) or more complex procedures
(e.g. Wing et al., 2018) to perform a task that is easy to train humans to perform but is time-consuming. Here, we use machine learning techniques to train the machine to sort the measurements
before processing. The presented method is generic and can be applied to most lidars. We test the
techniques using measurements from the Purple Crow Lidar (PCL) system located in London,
Canada. The PCL has over 200 000 raw profiles in Rayleigh and Raman channels available for
classification. We classify raw (level-0) lidar measurements as “clear” sky profiles with strong
lidar returns, “bad” profiles, and profiles which are significantly influenced by clouds or
aerosol loads. We examined different supervised machine learning algorithms including the random
forest, the support vector machine, and the gradient boosting trees, all of which can successfully
classify profiles. The algorithms were trained using about 1500 profiles for each PCL channel,
selected randomly from different nights of measurements in different years. The success rate of identification for all the channels is above 95 %. We also used the t-distributed stochastic embedding (t-SNE) method, which is an unsupervised algorithm, to cluster our lidar profiles. Because the t-SNE is a data-driven method in which no labelling of the training set is needed, it is an attractive algorithm to find anomalies in lidar profiles. The method has been tested on several nights of measurements from the PCL measurements. The t-SNE can successfully
cluster the PCL data profiles into meaningful categories. To demonstrate the use of the technique,
we have used the algorithm to identify stratospheric aerosol layers due to wildfires.
Machine learning estimates of eddy covariance carbon flux in a scrub in the Mexican highland
Authors: Guevara-Escobar Aurelio , González-Sosa Enrique , Cervantes-Jiménez Mónica , Suzán-Azpiri Humberto , Queijeiro-Bolaños Mónica Elisa , Carrillo-Ángeles Israel , Cambrón-Sandoval Víctor Hugo
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Arid and semiarid ecosystems contain relatively high
species diversity and are subject to intense use, in particular extensive
cattle grazing, which has favored the expansion and encroachment of
perennial thorny shrubs into the grasslands, thus decreasing the value of
the rangeland. However, these environments have been shown to positively
impact global carbon dynamics. Machine learning and remote sensing have
enhanced our knowledge about carbon dynamics, but they need to be further
developed and adapted to particular analysis. We measured the net ecosystem
exchange (NEE) of C with the eddy covariance (EC) method and estimated gross primary production (GPP)
in a thorny scrub at Bernal in Mexico. We tested the agreement between EC
estimates and remotely sensed GPP estimates from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and also with two
alternative modeling methods: ordinary-least-squares (OLS) regression and ensembles of machine learning algorithms (EMLs). The variables used
as predictors were MODIS spectral
bands, vegetation indices and products, and gridded environmental
variables. The Bernal site was a carbon sink even though it was overgrazed, the
average NEE during 15 months of 2017 and 2018 was −0.78 gCm-2d-1, and the flux was negative or neutral during the measured months.
The probability of agreement (θs) represented the agreement between
observed and estimated values of GPP across the range of measurement.
According to the mean value of θs, agreement was higher for the EML
(0.6) followed by OLS (0.5) and then MODIS (0.24). This graphic metric was
more informative than r2 (0.98, 0.67, 0.58, respectively) to evaluate
the model performance. This was particularly true for MODIS because the
maximum θs of 4.3 was for measurements of 0.8 gCm-2d-1
and then decreased steadily below 1 θs for measurements above 6.5 gCm-2d-1 for this scrub vegetation. In the case of EML and OLS,
the θs was stable across the range of measurement. We used an EML
for the Ameriflux site US-SRM, which is similar in vegetation and climate,
to predict GPP at Bernal, but θs was low (0.16), indicating the local
specificity of this model. Although cacti were an important component of the
vegetation, the nighttime flux was characterized by positive NEE,
suggesting that the photosynthetic dark-cycle flux of cacti was lower than
ecosystem respiration. The discrepancy between MODIS and EC GPP estimates
stresses the need to understand the limitations of both methods.
Carbonic anhydrase is involved in calcification by the benthic foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii
Authors: de Goeyse Siham , Webb Alice E. , Reichart Gert-Jan , de Nooijer Lennart J.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Marine calcification is an important component of the global carbon cycle.
The mechanism by which some organisms take up inorganic carbon for the
production of their shells or skeletons, however, remains only partly known.
Although foraminifera are responsible for a large part of the global calcium
carbonate production, the process by which they concentrate inorganic carbon
is debated. Some evidence suggests that seawater is taken up by
vacuolization and participates relatively unaltered in the process of
calcification, whereas other results suggest the involvement of
transmembrane transport and the activity of enzymes like carbonic anhydrase.
Here, we tested whether inorganic-carbon uptake relies on the activity of
carbonic anhydrase using incubation experiments with the perforate, large
benthic, symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii. Calcification rates, determined by
the alkalinity anomaly method, showed that inhibition of carbonic anhydrase
by acetazolamide (AZ) stopped most of the calcification process. Inhibition
of photosynthesis either by 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU)
or by incubating the foraminifera in the dark also decreased calcification
rates but to a lesser degree than with AZ. Results from this study show
that carbonic anhydrase plays a key role in biomineralization of
Amphistegina lessonii and indicates that calcification of those perforate, large benthic
foraminifera might, to a certain extent, benefit from the extra dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which
causes ocean acidification.
Plant genotype determines biomass response to flooding frequency in tidal wetlands
Authors: Reents Svenja , Mueller Peter , Tang Hao , Jensen Kai , Nolte Stefanie
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The persistence of tidal wetland ecosystems like salt marshes is threatened by human interventions and climate change. In particular, the threat of
accelerated sea level rise (SLR) has increasingly gained the attention of the scientific community recently. However, studies investigating the effect of
SLR on plants and vertical marsh accretion are usually restricted to the species or community level and do not consider phenotypic plasticity or
genetic diversity. To investigate the response of genotypes within the same salt-marsh species to SLR, we used two known genotypes of Elymus athericus (Link) Kerguélen (low-marsh and high-marsh genotypes). In a factorial marsh organ experiment we exposed both genotypes to different
flooding frequencies and quantified plant growth parameters. With increasing flooding frequency, the low-marsh genotype showed higher aboveground
biomass production compared to the high-marsh genotype. Additionally, the low-marsh genotype generally formed longer rhizomes, shoots and leaves,
regardless of flooding frequency. Belowground biomass of both genotypes decreased with increasing flooding frequency. We conclude that the low-marsh
genotype is better adapted to higher flooding frequencies through its ability to allocate resources from below- to aboveground biomass. Given the
strong control of plant biomass production on salt-marsh accretion, we argue that these findings yield important implications for our understanding
of ecosystem resilience to SLR as well as plant species distribution in salt marshes.
The Impact and Resolution of the GPS Week Number Rollover of
April 2019 on Autonomous Geophysical Instrument Platforms
Authors: Coyle Shane , Clauer C. Robert , Hartinger Michael D. , Xu Zhonghua , Peng Yuxiang
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Instrument platforms the world over often rely on GPS or similar satellite constellations for accurate timekeeping and synchronization. This reliance can create problems when the timekeeping counter aboard a satellite overflows and begin a new epoch. Due to the rarity of these events (19.6 years for GPS), software designers may be unaware of such circumstance, or may choose to ignore it for development complexity considerations. Although it is impossible to predict every fault that may occur in a complicated system, there are a few best practices that can allow for graceful fault recovery and restorative action. These guiding principles are especially pertinent for instrument platforms operating in space or in remote locations like Antarctica, where restorative maintenance is both difficult and expensive. In this work, we describe how these principles apply to a communications failure on Autonomous Adaptive Low-Power Instrument Platforms (AAL-PIP) deployed in Antarctica. In particular, we describe how code execution patterns were subtly altered after the GPS week number rollover of April 2019, how this led to Iridium satellite communications and data collection failures, and how communications and data collection were ultimately restored. Finally, we offer some core tenets of instrument platform design as guidance for future development.
Ubiquitous increases in flood magnitude in the Columbia River basin under climate change
Authors: Queen Laura E. , Mote Philip W. , Rupp David E. , Chegwidden Oriana , Nijssen Bart
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The USA and Canada have entered negotiations to modernize
the Columbia River Treaty, signed in 1961. Key priorities are balancing
flood risk and hydropower production, and improving aquatic ecosystem function
while incorporating projected effects of climate change. In support of the
US effort, Chegwidden et al. (2017) developed a large-ensemble dataset of
past and future daily streamflows at 396 sites throughout the Columbia River basin (CRB) and selected other watersheds in western Washington and Oregon,
using state-of-the art climate and hydrologic models. In this study, we use
that dataset to present new analyses of the effects of future climate change
on flooding using water year maximum daily streamflows. For each simulation,
flood statistics are estimated from generalized extreme value distributions
fit to simulated water year maximum daily streamflows for 50-year windows of
the past (1950–1999) and future (2050–2099) periods. Our results contrast
with previous findings: we find that the vast majority of locations in the
CRB are estimated to experience an increase in future streamflow magnitudes.
The near ubiquity of increases is all the more remarkable in that our
approach explores a larger set of methodological variation than previous
studies; however, like previous studies, our modeling system was not
calibrated to minimize error in maximum daily streamflow and may be
affected by unquantifiable errors. We show that on the Columbia and
Willamette rivers increases in streamflow magnitudes are smallest
downstream and grow larger moving upstream. For the Snake River, however,
the pattern is reversed, with increases in streamflow magnitudes growing
larger moving downstream to the confluence with the Salmon River tributary
and then abruptly dropping. We decompose the variation in results
attributable to variability in climate and hydrologic factors across the
ensemble, finding that climate contributes more variation in larger basins,
while hydrology contributes more in smaller basins. Equally important for
practical applications like flood control rule curves, the seasonal timing
of flooding shifts dramatically on some rivers (e.g., on the Snake,
20th-century floods occur exclusively in late spring, but by the end of the 21st
century some floods occur as early as December) and not at all on others
(e.g., the Willamette River).
Modelling landslide hazards under global changes: the case of a Pyrenean valley
Authors: Bernardie Séverine , Vandromme Rosalie , Thiery Yannick , Houet Thomas , Grémont Marine , Masson Florian , Grandjean Gilles , Bouroullec Isabelle
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Several studies have shown that global changes have important impacts in
mountainous areas, since they affect natural hazards induced by
hydrometeorological events such as landslides. The present study evaluates,
through an innovative method, the influence of both vegetation cover and
climate change on landslide hazards in a Pyrenean valley from the present to
2100. We first focused on assessing future land use and land cover changes through
the construction of four prospective socioeconomic scenarios and their
projection to 2040 and 2100. Secondly, climate change parameters were used
to extract the water saturation of the uppermost layers, according to two
greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The impacts of land cover and climate
change based on these scenarios were then used to modulate the
hydromechanical model to compute the factor of safety (FoS) and the hazard
levels over the considered area. The results demonstrate the influence of land cover on slope stability
through the presence and type of forest. The resulting changes are
statistically significant but small and dependent on future land cover
linked to the socioeconomic scenarios. In particular, a reduction in human
activity results in an increase in slope stability; in contrast, an increase
in anthropic activity leads to an opposite evolution in the region, with
some reduction in slope stability. Climate change may also have a significant impact in some areas because of
the increase in the soil water content; the results indicate a reduction in
the FoS in a large part of the study area, depending on the landslide type
considered. Therefore, even if future forest growth leads to slope
stabilization, the evolution of the groundwater conditions will lead to
destabilization. The increasing rate of areas prone to landslides is higher
for the shallow landslide type than for the deep landslide type.
Interestingly, the evolution of extreme events is related to the frequency
of the highest water filling ratio. The results indicate that the
occurrences of landslide hazards in the near future (2021–2050 period,
scenario RCP8.5) and far future (2071–2100 period, scenario RCP8.5) are
expected to increase by factors of 1.5 and 4, respectively.
Circulation timescales of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean determined from anthropogenic radionuclides
Authors: Wefing Anne-Marie , Casacuberta Núria , Christl Marcus , Gruber Nicolas , Smith John N.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The inflow of Atlantic Water to the Arctic Ocean is a crucial determinant for the future trajectory of this ocean basin with regard to warming, loss
of sea ice, and ocean acidification. Yet many details of the fate and circulation of these waters within the Arctic remain unclear. Here, we use the
two long-lived anthropogenic radionuclides 129I and 236U together with two age models to constrain the pathways and circulation
times of Atlantic Water in the surface (10–35 m depth) and in the mid-depth Atlantic layer (250–800 m depth). We thereby benefit
from the unique time-dependent tagging of Atlantic Water by these two isotopes. In the surface layer, a binary mixing model yields tracer ages of
Atlantic Water between 9–16 years in the Amundsen Basin, 12–17 years in the Fram Strait (East Greenland Current), and up to 20 years in the Canada
Basin, reflecting the pathways of Atlantic Water through the Arctic and their exiting through the Fram Strait. In the mid-depth Atlantic layer
(250–800 m), the transit time distribution (TTD) model yields mean ages in the central Arctic ranging between 15 and 55 years, while the
mode ages representing the most probable ages of the TTD range between 3 and 30 years. The estimated mean ages are overall in good agreement with
previous studies using artificial radionuclides or ventilation tracers. Although we find the overall flow to be dominated by advection, the shift in
the mode age towards a younger age compared to the mean age also reflects the presence of a substantial amount of lateral mixing. For applications
interested in how fast signals are transported into the Arctic's interior, the mode age appears to be a suitable measure. The short mode ages
obtained in this study suggest that changes in the properties of Atlantic Water will quickly spread through the Arctic Ocean and can lead to
relatively rapid changes throughout the upper water column in future years.
Transformation of n-alkanes from plant to soil: a review
Authors: Thomas Carrie L. , Jansen Boris , van Loon E. Emiel , Wiesenberg Guido L. B.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Despite the importance of soil organic matter (SOM) in the global carbon cycle, there remain many open questions regarding its formation and preservation. The study of individual organic compound classes that make up SOM, such as lipid biomarkers including n-alkanes, can provide insight into the cycling of bulk SOM. While studies of lipid biomarkers, particularly n-alkanes, have increased in number in the past few decades, only a limited number have focused on the transformation of these compounds following deposition in soil archives. We performed a systematic review to consolidate the available information on plant-derived n-alkanes and their transformation from plant to soil. Our major findings were 1) a nearly ubiquitous trend of decreased total concentration of n-alkanes either with time in litterbag experiments or with depth in open plant-soil systems, 2) a decrease in either Carbon Preference Index (CPI) or Odd-over-Even Predominance (OEP) with depth, indicating degradation of the n-alkane signal or a shift in vegetation composition over time, and 3) preferential degradation of odd chain length and shorter chain length n-alkanes. The review also highlighted a lack of data transparency and standardization across studies of lipid biomarkers, making analysis and synthesis of published data time-consuming and difficult. We recommend that the community move towards more uniform and systematic reporting of biomarker data. Furthermore, as the number of studies examining the complete leaf-litter-soil continuum is very limited as well as unevenly distributed over geographical regions, climate zones, and soil types, future data collection should focus on underrepresented areas as well as quantifying the transformation of n-alkanes through the complete continuum of plant to soil.
Exploring the impact of atmospheric forcing and basal drag on the Antarctic Ice Sheet under Last Glacial Maximum conditions
Authors: Blasco Javier , Alvarez-Solas Jorge , Robinson Alexander , Montoya Marisa
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Little is known about the distribution of ice in the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Whereas marine and terrestrial geological data indicate that the grounded ice advanced to a position close to the continental-shelf break, the total ice volume is unclear. Glacial boundary conditions are potentially important sources of uncertainty, in particular basal friction and climatic boundary conditions. Basal friction exerts a strong control on the large-scale dynamics of the ice sheet and thus affects its size and is not well constrained. Glacial climatic boundary conditions determine the net accumulation and ice temperature and are also poorly known. Here we explore the effect of the uncertainty in both features on the total simulated ice storage of the AIS at the LGM. For this purpose we use a hybrid ice sheet shelf model that is forced with different basal drag choices and glacial background climatic conditions obtained from the LGM ensemble climate simulations of the third phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3). Overall, we find that the spread in the simulated ice volume for the tested basal drag parameterizations is about the same range as for the different general circulation model (GCM) forcings (4 to 6 m sea level equivalent). For a wide range of plausible basal friction configurations, the simulated ice dynamics vary widely but all simulations produce fully extended ice sheets towards the continental-shelf break. More dynamically active ice sheets correspond to lower ice volumes, while they remain consistent with the available constraints on ice extent. Thus, this work points to the possibility of an AIS with very active ice streams during the LGM. In addition, we find that the surface boundary temperature field plays a crucial role in determining the ice extent through its effect on viscosity. For ice sheets of a similar extent and comparable dynamics, we find that the precipitation field determines the total AIS volume. However, precipitation is highly uncertain. Climatic fields simulated by climate models show more precipitation in coastal regions than a spatially uniform anomaly, which can lead to larger ice volumes. Our results strongly support using these paleoclimatic fields to simulate and study the LGM and potentially other time periods like the last interglacial. However, their accuracy must be assessed as well, as differences between climate model forcing lead to a large spread in the simulated ice volume and extension.
Topography exerts primary control on the rate of Gulf of Alaska
ice-marginal lake area change over the Landsat record
Authors: Field Hannah R. , Armstrong William H. , Huss Matthias
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Lakes in contact with glacier margins can impact glacier evolution as well as the downstream biophysical systems, flood hazard, and water resources. Recent work indicates that glacier wastage influences ice-marginal lake evolution, although precise physical controls are not well understood. Here, we quantify ice-marginal lake area change in understudied northwestern North America from 1984–2018 and investigate climatic, topographic, and glaciological influences on lake area change. We delineate timeseries of sampled lake (n = 107) perimeters and find that regional lake area has increased 58 % in aggregate, with individual proglacial lakes growing by 3.08 km2 and ice-dammed lakes shrinking by 0.88 km2 on average. A statistical investigation of climate reanalysis data suggests that changes in summer temperature and winter precipitation exert minimal direct influence on lake area change. Utilizing existing datasets of observed and modelled glacial characteristics, we find that large, wide glaciers with thick lake-adjacent ice are associated with the fastest rate of lake area change, particularly where they are undergoing rapid mass loss in recent times. We observe a dichotomy in which large, low-elevation coastal proglacial lakes have changed most in absolute terms, while small, interior lakes at high elevation changed most in relative terms. These systems have not experienced the most dramatic temperature or precipitation change, nor are they associated with the highest rates of glacier mass loss. Our work suggests that, while climatic and glaciological factors must play some role in determining lake area change, the influence of a lake's specific geometry and topographic setting overrides these external controls.
La intervención social entre la reacción y la prevención: dilema del Trabajo Social. Una revisión sistemática 2000-2019
Authors: Santana Hernández Juana D.
Published: January 2021

Resumen

La finalidad del Trabajo Social es promover cambios que mejoren la calidad de vida de las personas y su entorno. Esto se concreta en la intervención social que mayoritariamente reacciona ante un problema emergente o existente que afecta tanto a personas individuales como a familias, grupos y comunidades. En cambio, la prevención va más allá de la atención inmediata y se basa en diagnósticos prospectivos sobre las vulnerabilidades y riesgos de las personas y su entorno para impedir que sufran los efectos de los mismos o que estos se agraven. Con estas premisas, en este estudio se ha perseguido el objetivo de analizar las características de la intervención social según las publicaciones de Trabajo Social, focalizado en distinguir entre los dos tipos de intervención, como respuesta a problemas ya presentes o bien tratando de impedir que surjan. Para ello se ha realizado una revisión de 29 artículos publicados entre los años 2000 y 2019 en revistas científicas. Entre los resultados se ha observado que la mayoría de los estudios están basados en experiencias de intervención reactiva y son pocos los referidos a la prevención. Se plantean recomendaciones para la práctica y la investigación del Trabajo Social con un enfoque preventivo.
Factores que dificultan el alejamiento de una relación violenta
Authors: Damonti Paola , Amigot Leache Patricia
Published: January 2021

En este artículo se analizan los procesos de ruptura de la relación de pareja en casos de violencia de género. Se estudia, en concreto, cómo pueden variar los factores que dificultan el alejamiento de una pareja violenta en función de la situación de integración o exclusión social en la que se hallan las mujeres;  un tema que no ha sido investigado por la literatura. Para ello, realizamos 16 entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres supervivientes de dicha violencia, reflejan, entre las mujeres entrevistadas, que los factores materiales (ausencia de recursos económicos propios o alternativas residenciales viables, falta de apoyos sociales, prestaciones sociales insuficientes o inadecuadas, contexto económico desfavorable, etc.) tienden a adquirir especial relevancia en las situaciones de exclusión. Por el contrario, los factores de carácter simbólico y subjetivo (gran importancia de la pareja en términos de identidad personal y social, miedo a la soledad, dependencia emocional, miedo al fracaso y a la vergüenza que derivan del poner en conocimiento de otras personas dicha situación), parecen ser más relevantes en contextos de integración que en los de exclusión, sobre todo, entre las mujeres de las clases medias y altas. Estos resultados pueden ser de gran utilidad para diseñar políticas sociales y para la intervención social, ya que permiten valorar, en cada caso,  cuáles son los factores que, presumiblemente, tienen un mayor peso en la permanencia de las mujeres en la relación violenta y, de esta manera, ofrecen la posibilidad de adecuar la actuación profesional al contexto en que se realiza.
Social Work in 40 Objects
Authors: Doel Mark
Published: January 2021

This article considers the significance of a web-based experimental project that aims to discover how social work might be displayed and demonstrated via a collection of Objects. An open access approach invited participants to ‘donate’ an object and to tell the story of how and why the object connects them to social work. The aim is to find a way to express the contested nature of social work in a more immediate and accessible way than text book definitions can achieve.

The experiment is quantitatively successful (more than 150 objects from 25 different countries); in qualitative terms, the objects donated to the website have elicited a very broad range of themes in entertaining and engaging ways. The exhibition has ‘toured’ to many countries where it proves to be adaptive to cultural differences and gives rise to spontaneous object donation, thus proving its relevance and immediacy. Understanding social work via Objects has been used successfully to teach students about the contested nature of social work theory and practice.
The Role of the Blackboard LMS in EFL Course Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Investigating Attitudes and Perceptions of Faculty and Students
Authors: Almelhi Abdullah M.
Published: January 2021

This paper aimed to identify faculty perceptions of VLEs and their students’ attitudes towards e-learning in the time of the pandemic. Towards this aim, the researcher used two surveys in a descriptive study to collect data from 47 EFL instructors and 103 students regarding a variety of constructs about e-learning effectiveness and attitudes, especially in the Corona virus time. Results indicated that the instructors’ perceptions of the Blackboard LMS were greatly positive as to establishing efficient teacher-students’ communication, facilitating students’ comprehension, boosting up their instrumental motivation, engaging them in active, interactive learning, and creating instructor-students’ rapport. The students’ attitudes survey revealed that, overall, students had positive attitudes towards using Blackboard LMS during the pandemic due to convenience of use, platform availability, system quality and quality of e-learning over Blackboard. Other reasons include users’ personal factors such as their satisfaction tendency, their self-confidence initiated by the VLE of Blackboard, their enjoyment of learning in this medium, the interesting and useful learning activities and tools as well as their staying safe in this mode of learning in the pandemic time. Other factors identified include the learners’ willingness to continue learning via Blackboard and their expectation that full-time learning online would replace traditional face-to-face learning. The study concludes that teachers’ and students’ perceptions and attitudes towards VLEs, with particular reference to Blackboard, could be valuable to faculty and institutions in their quality assurance efforts and the development of promising online courses and programs in EFL to satisfy the needs of students. Eventually, the study discusses suggested improvements and implications for e-learning on the Blackboard Lean platform as perceived by students and teachers alike to protect students through online education as an alternative to traditional education during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in present and future waves of the pandemic.
The effect of health staff working the night shift on nutrition, anthropometric measurements, and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A sample from Samsun Province in Turkey
Authors: Uzdil Z. , Kaya S. , Kayacan A.G. , Özyıldırım C. , Sökülmez Kaya P. , Asal Ulus C.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To determine effect of working in the night shift system on nutritional status, anthropometric measurements, and risk of cardiovascular disease of health staff. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between August-November 2017 at Samsun Ondokuz Mayıs University among 111 health staff. Data was collected with a questionnaire form including questions about demographic characteristics, nutritional status and anthropometric measurements. SPSS 21.0 statistical package program was used for statistical analysis and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Based on waist circumference, 14.3% of men and 31.1% of women were at high risk, and based on waist/hip ratio, 4.8% of men and 33.3% of women were at risk of cardiovascular diseases. It has been shown that eating patterns are disrupted during shifts (89.2%), and 73.9% of participants cannot eat because their meals cool down during shifts. The difference in the numbers of main and snack meals consumed by health staff during the night shift was statistically significant (p<0.05). Body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference measurements decreased with increasing shift time. However, body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference increased as time spent in the profession increased. Conclusion: It was seen that night shift health staff are at risk of cardiovascular disease due to insufficient and unhealthy nutrition. It is clear that nutrition education programs are required for health staff working night shifts to reduce excess weight and obesity in this population.
The effects of the training program to improve healthy nutrition and physical activity behaviors of school children on weight management
Authors: Emlek Sert Z. , Bayık Temel A.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effects of the training program to improve healthy nutrition and physical activity behaviors of primary school children on weight management. Materials and methods: This study was a quasi-experimental follow up study with pretest and posttest design and included the 5th, 6th and 7th primary school graders (n=122) in İzmir metropolitan city. Experimental group covered 66 and the control group covered 56 students. We identified students’ dietary habits and physical activity behaviors and the influencing factors and prepared and implemented a training program related to their learning needs. Students’ behaviors were monitored for six months and impact of the program was evaluated. Results: Risky eating behaviours in the experimental group decreased but contrary it increased in the control group statistically (p <.05). In the intervention group, mean scores of Physical Activity Questionnaire increased significantly (p <.05). There was no change in the self-efficacy level of the control group students while an increase in the intervention group was detected. Although no statistically significant differences were detected between the two groups in the pretest in terms of weight management, but in the post test it increased in the experimental group (p<.05) The obtained value of OR was 2.99. Conclusions: The training program was effective and made changes in healthy nutrition and physical activity behaviors and so in weight management in the experimental group compared to control group.
The Relationship Between Depression and Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Glaucoma
Authors: Çavdar R.N. , Türkleş S.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To examine the relationship between depression and quality of life in elderly patients with glaucoma.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive and cross-sectional research. The sample of the work consists of 130 patients aged 60 years and over who were followed up at Mersin University Hospital Ophtalmology Department between 01 October 2016 and 31 March 2017. The data were gathered with Personal Information Form, Geriatric Depression Scale and Modifiye GLAU-QOL 17 Glaucoma Quality of life. Number, percentage, mean, Pearson Correlation, Student`s t test, ANOVA test, Tukey and Games-Howell statistic were used in the evaluation of the data. Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.9±7.27. The mean score of geriatric depression scale of the patients was 15,23±5,52. It was determined that 16,2% of the patiens had possible depression and 62,3% had definite depression. The median Glau–QOL-17 Glaucoma Quality of Life Questionnaire subcale scores of the patients were as follows: daily living (3,58±3,25), driving (3,23±2,53), worry (5,26±3,47), self-assesment (6,4±3,07), psychology (4,08±2,74), feeling oppressed (4,39±2,35) and taking responsibility (3,56±1,86). The mean total score was 34.44±15.29. There was a negative and statistically significant relationship between the age of the patients and the scores of geriatric depression and the scores of age and quality of life.
Conclusions: Elderly patients with glaucoma are at a major risk for depression and their quality of life is negatively affected.