bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soft Template‐Controlled Growth of High‐Quality CsPbI3 Films for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Cheng , Yang Yi , Xia Xin , Ding Yong , Arain Zulqarnain , An Shijie , Liu Xuepeng , Cristina Roldán Carmona , Dai Songyuan , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja
Published: January 2020

The unfavorable morphology and inefficient utilization of phase transition reversibility have limited the high‐temperature‐processed inorganic perovskite films in both efficiency and stability. Here, a simple soft template‐controlled growth (STCG) method is reported by introducing (adamantan‐1‐yl)methanammonium to control the nucleation and growth rate of CsPbI3 crystals, which gives rise to pinhole‐free CsPbI3 film with a grain size on a micrometer scale. The STCG‐based CsPbI3 perovskite solar cell exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 16.04% with significantly reduced defect densities and charge recombination. More importantly, an all‐inorganic solar cell with the architecture fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO)/NiOx/STCG‐CsPbI3/ZnO/indium‐doped tin oxide (ITO) is successfully fabricated to demonstrate its real advantage in thermal stability. By suppressing the inductive effect of defects during the phase transition and utilizing the unique reversibility of the phase transition for the high‐temperature‐processed CsPbI3 film, the all‐inorganic solar cell retains 90% of its initial efficiency after 3000 h of continuous light soaking and heating.
Atomic‐Level Reactive Sites for Semiconductor‐Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zhang Yanzhao , Xia Bingquan , Ran Jingrun , Davey Kenneth , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: January 2020

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is an effective means to generate renewable energy. It involves redox reactions, reduction of CO2 and oxidation of water, that leads to the production of solar fuel. Significant research effort has therefore been made to develop inexpensive and practically sustainable semiconductor‐based photocatalysts. The exploration of atomic‐level active sites on the surface of semiconductors can result in an improved understanding of the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction. This can be applied to the design and synthesis of efficient photocatalysts. In this review, atomic‐level reactive sites are classified into four types: vacancies, single atoms, surface functional groups, and frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). These different photocatalytic reactive sites are shown to have varied affinity to reactants, intermediates, and products. This changes pathways for CO2 reduction and significantly impacts catalytic activity and selectivity. The design of a photocatalyst from an atomic‐level perspective can therefore be used to maximize atomic utilization efficiency and lead to a high selectivity. The prospects for fabrication of effective photocatalysts based on an in‐depth understanding are highlighted.
Parties, Beware: Current Practices and Judicial Standards Threaten Your Right to Truly Reasoned Awards
Authors: McArthur John Burritt
Published: January 2020

One of the most consequential decisions for arbitrating parties is the selection of the award's form.
The ADR Victims' Unit: On Reviving the Cold Case
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: January 2020

The Master Mediator storytelling examination that continues here began in May when columnist Bob Creo explored meeting with the disputants off‐site, without counsel being present. The August column focused on conducting portions of the mediation without counsel participation, and in October the benefits of direct client‐to‐client communication. In December, the column detailed how Master Mediator John Leo Wagner guided a complex case to resolution. These articles are available at altnewsletter.com.
Epidemiological profile of emergency medical services in Japan: a population‐based descriptive study in 2016
Authors: Nakao Shunichiro , Katayama Yusuke , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Hirose Tomoya , Sado Junya , Ishida Kenichiro , Tachino Jotaro , Umemura Yutaka , Kiguchi Takeyuki , Matsuyama Tasuku , Kiyohara Kosuke , Shimazu Takeshi
Published: January 2020

Aim

The aim of our study is to describe the characteristics of patients who use emergency medical services (EMS), EMS performance, and regional variations in Japan.

Methods

We undertook a nationwide, population‐based, descriptive review of anonymized ambulance transport records obtained from the Fire and Disaster Management Agency in Japan. All emergency patients transported to emergency medical institutions by EMS personnel from January to December 2016 were enrolled in this study, excluding patients who were not transported.

Results

During the study period, 5,097,838 patients were transported to a hospital. Their median age was 69 years, 51.4% were male, and 56.5% were over 65 years old. Median durations from EMS call to EMS arrival on scene were similar among the regions, ranging from 7 to 9 min. However, the longest median duration from EMS call to hospital arrival was 38 min, and the shortest was 31 min across the regions. Among all patients, 350,865 (6.9%) were assessed as being in a severe condition, 14,410 (0.3%) were in very severe condition, and 74,780 (1.5%) were confirmed to be dead at the time of initial medical examination in the emergency department.

Conclusions

We described the characteristics of emergency patients and EMS performance in Japan. This registry serves as a basis for providing relevant information to improve prehospital emergency medical systems.
De Novo Construction of Catenanes with Dissymmetric Cages by Space‐Discriminative Post‐Assembly Modification
Authors: Li Pan , Xu Shijun , Yu Chunyang , Li Zi‐Ying , Xu Jianping , Li Zi‐Mu , Zou Lingyi , Leng Xuebing , Gao Shan , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Xiaoyun , Zhang Shaodong
Published: January 2020

Considerable efforts have been made to increase the topological complexity of mechanically interlocked molecules over the years. Three‐dimensional catenated structures composed of two or several (usually symmetrical) cages are one representative example. However, owing to the lack of an efficient universal synthetic strategy, interlocked structures made up of dissymmetric cages are relatively rare. Since the space volume of the inner cavity of an interlocked structure is smaller than that outside it, we developed a novel synthetic approach with the voluminous reductant NaBH(OAc)3 that discriminates this space difference, and therefore selectively reduces the outer surface of a catenated dimer composed of two symmetric cages, thus yielding the corresponding catenane with dissymmetric cages. Insight into the template effect that facilitates the catenation of cages was provided by computational and experimental techniques.
Anatomy of the reproductive system of a population of Amerotyphlops brongersmianus from southeastern Brazil (Serpentes: Scolecophidia)
Authors: Khouri Rebeca S. , Almeida‐Santos Selma M. , Fernandes Daniel S.
Published: January 2020

Amerotyphlops brongersmianus (Vanzolini, 1976) is distributed in Brazil from the Atlantic Rainforest to the Cerrado biome. Only few studies have focused on the gross anatomy, reproductive organs, and histological data of typhlopids. We accessed information from the anatomy of gonads of 95 individuals collected at different months in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. This included histological sections of the testes, ductus deferens and sexual segment of kidney (SSK) in males, and oviducts in females, from which fecundity was determined. Results revealed a correlation between gross morphology and histology of the reproductive system. Testes volume increased during spermatogenesis, and the ductus deferens diameter increased with the presence of spermatozoa. Additionally, changes occurred in kidney morphology, which showed a smooth or rough surface, the latter corresponding to the development of the SSK. Spermatozoa were found inside the lumen of the SSK of some males. Females lacked left oviducts and showed changes in morphological and histological aspects of the right oviducts throughout the year. In summer and spring the uterus showed undeveloped structures, while during winter this organ showed conspicuously developed glands and appeared pleated and opaque upon gross examination. The infundibulum was pleated in most females throughout the year and one female had spermatozoon in a receptacle located in the posterior infundibulum. In spring, this organ was enlarged compared to winter, with a thinner epithelium. Fecundity corresponded to 7–11 eggs.
Semi‐integrale Gumpenbachbrücke in Kornwestheim
Authors: Gehring Markus , Bayer Daniela
Published: January 2020

Für eine ressourcensparende und zukunftsorientierte Bauweise ist der Querverschub einer semi‐integralen Brücke inkl. ihrer Stützen und Fundamente die passende Antwort auf die Frage, wie man eine zweibahnige Brücke im Zuge einer stark befahrenen Hauptverkehrsachse ersetzt, ohne den Verkehr länger als vier Wochen auf zwei Fahrspuren einzuengen. Die Gumpenbachbrücke im Zuge der B 27 in Kornwestheim inmitten der Metropolregion Stuttgart hat eine Länge von ca. 100 m. Innerorts liegend, besteht sie aus zwei Teilbauwerken mit jeweils drei Feldern. Die gevouteten Spannbetonplattenbalken sind monolithisch mit den Stützen verbunden und ergeben mit der Kalottenlagerung an den Widerlagern ein semi‐integrales Bauwerk. Eines der beiden Teilbauwerke der zweibahnigen Bundesstraße wird zunächst in Seitenlage gebaut, um den Verkehr darauf umzuleiten. In mehreren Bauphasen werden die parallel liegenden Bestandsbauwerke abgebrochen und das zweite Teilbauwerk errichtet. Schlussendlich wird das in Seitenlage erstellte semi‐integrale Brückenbauwerk einschließlich seiner Stützen und Fundamente mittels hydraulischer Hub‐ und Verschubsysteme in seine Endlage verschoben. Bei der Dimensionierung und der konstruktiven Ausbildung des Bauwerks ist der Querverschub für Bau‐ und Endzustand zu berücksichtigen. Im folgenden Beitrag wird auf die wichtigsten Aspekte der Entwurfsplanung eingegangen.
Tunable luminescence of a synthesized furophenanthraquinone derivative: interactions with different solvents
Authors: Sarkar Aparna , Pyne Dinesh Kumar , Biswas Tuyan , Das Rumpa , Kar Gandhi K. , Halder Arnab
Published: January 2020

The synthesis is described of a luminescent furophenanthraquinone derivative, 9‐methoxyphenanthro[4,3‐b]furan‐4,5‐dione (MPFD). The biological importance of tetracyclic furophenanthraquinones was considered and the tunable luminescence of MPFD in different solvents was studied to explore the nature of the specific interactions between MPFD and solvents. Observation of dual emission bands and identical nature of the fluorescence excitation spectra of MPFD monitored at the emission wavelength in polar solvents indicated the formation of two different types of species in the excited state, probably due to proton transfer from the solvent to MPFD. Luminescence intensity due to anionic species was found to be increased and the corresponding peak was red shifted with increase in the proton‐donating ability of the solvents, acting as an acid with respect to MPFD. Availability of more acidic protons in the solvent facilitated this phenomenon occurring in the excited state. MPFD also interacted with halogen‐containing solvents by forming electron donor–acceptor charge transfer (CT) complexes. This CT complex formation was dependent on the number of chlorine atoms; the position of the corresponding luminescence band varied with the polarity of the solvent. Extent of the CT increased with increase in the number of chlorine atoms in the dichloro, trichloro and tetrachloro solvents, whereas the luminescence peak due to the CT complex was found to be blue shifted with decrease in solvent polarity. Interaction of the synthesized bioactive MPFD with different solvents deserves biological importance as proton transfer and CT play pivotal roles in biology.
Integrating clients' moment‐to‐moment ratings into psychotherapy research: A novel approach
Authors: Penix Elizabeth A. , Swift Joshua K. , Trusty Wilson T.
Published: January 2020

Counselling and psychotherapy researchers have considerably advanced the field's understanding of psychotherapy processes and how they relate to treatment outcomes. Despite these advances, little is known about the client's perspective of changes in psychotherapy processes that occur throughout a given session (i.e. micro‐processes). To address this gap, this article describes the novel application of methods that assess participants' moment‐to‐moment ratings to psychotherapy research. This method entails recording psychotherapy session content that clients and other potential raters (e.g. therapists, researchers) later review while simultaneously providing continuous ratings of psychotherapy processes (e.g. helpfulness, alliance). In addition, moment‐to‐moment ratings can facilitate significant events research by prompting researchers to elicit client feedback about the moments that are rated the most and least positively. However, few studies have used these methods in the context of psychotherapy research. Studies incorporating these methods may yield findings that advance psychotherapy research, training efforts and clinical practice. For example, studies may examine how the magnitude and timing of clients' moment‐to‐moment ratings of psychotherapy processes are associated with treatment outcomes, therapist ratings and physiological processes (e.g. heart rate variability). Trainee therapists and their supervisors may also use clients' moment‐to‐moment ratings to facilitate attunement to verbal and non‐verbal indicators of moments perceived more positively and negatively. Last, these methods can produce findings that are highly relevant to clinical practice, where therapists routinely navigate fluctuations in psychotherapy processes (e.g. alliance ruptures) that can be assessed using moment‐to‐moment ratings.
Treating severe wounds in pediatrics with medical grade honey: A case series
Authors: Smaropoulos Eleftherios , Cremers Niels A. J.
Published: January 2020

Medical grade honey (MGH) has antimicrobial and pro‐healing properties. We here demonstrate that MGH is an easily applicable, safe, and cost‐effective approach for severe wounds. The use of MGH should more often be considered to treat all kinds of pediatric wounds.
Tranylcypromine‐Based LSD1 Inhibitors: Structure‐Activity Relationships, Antiproliferative Effects in Leukemia, and Gene Target Modulation
Authors: Fioravanti Rossella , Romanelli Annalisa , Mautone Nicola , Di Bello Elisabetta , Rovere Annarita , Corinti Davide , Zwergel Clemens , Valente Sergio , Rotili Dante , Botrugno Oronza A. , Dessanti Paola , Vultaggio Stefania , Vianello Paola , Cappa Anna , Binda Claudia , Mattevi Andrea , Minucci Saverio , Mercurio Ciro , Varasi Mario , Mai Antonello
Published: January 2020

Abstract: LSD1 is a lysine demethylase highly involved in initiation and development of cancer. To design highly effective covalent inhibitors, a strategy is to fill its large catalytic cleft by designing tranylcypromine (TCP) analogs decorated with long, hindered substituents. We prepared three series of TCP analogs, carrying aroyl‐ and arylacetylamino (1 a–h), Z‐amino acylamino (2 a–o), or double‐substituted benzamide (3 a–n) residues at the C4 or C3 position of the phenyl ring. Further fragments obtained by chemical manipulation applied on the TCP scaffold (compounds 4 a–i) were also prepared. When tested against LSD1, most of 1 and 3 exhibited IC50 values in the low nanomolar range, with 1 e and 3 a,d,f,g being also the most selective respect to monoamine oxidases. In MV4‐11 AML and NB4 APL cells compounds 3 were the most potent, displaying up to sub‐micromolar cell growth inhibition against both cell lines (3 a) or against NB4 cells (3 c). The most potent compounds in cellular assays were also able to induce the expression of LSD1 target genes, such as GFI‐1b, ITGAM, and KCTD12, as functional read‐out for LSD1 inhibition. Mouse and human intrinsic clearance data highlighted the high metabolic stability of compounds 3 a, 3 d and 3 g. Further studies will be performed on the new compounds 3 a and 3 c to assess their anticancer potential in different cancer contexts.
Intrinsic sensory neurons provide direct input to motor neurons and interneurons in mouse distal colon via varicose baskets
Authors: Smolilo David J. , Hibberd Timothy J. , Costa Marcello , Wattchow David A. , De Fontgalland Dayan , Spencer Nick J.
Published: January 2020

Connections from intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), to ascending motor and interneurons have been described in guinea pig colon. These mono‐ and polysynaptic circuits may underlie polarized motor reflexes evoked by local gut stimulation. There is a need to translate findings in guinea pig to mouse, a species increasingly used in enteric neuroscience. Here, mouse distal colon was immunolabeled for CGRP, a marker of putative IPANs. This revealed a combination of large, intensely immunofluorescent axons in myenteric plexus and circular muscle, and thinner varicose axons with less immunofluorescence. The latter formed dense, basket‐like varicosity clusters (CGRP+ baskets) that enveloped myenteric nerve cell bodies. Immunolabeling after 4–5 days in organ culture caused loss of large CGRP+ axons, but not varicose CGRP+ fibers and CGRP+ baskets. Baskets were characterized further by triple labeling with CGRP, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and calretinin (CALR) antibodies. Approximately half (48%) of nerve cell bodies inside CGRP+ baskets lacked both NOS and CALR, while two overlapping populations containing NOS and/or CALR comprised the remainder. Quantitative analysis revealed CGRP+ varicosities were most abundant in baskets, followed by CALR+ varicosities, with a high degree of colocalization between the two markers. Few NOS+ varicosities occurred in baskets. Significantly higher proportions of CALR+ and CGRP+ varicosities colocalized in baskets than in circular muscle. In conclusion, CGRP+ baskets in mouse colon are formed by intrinsic enteric neurons with a neurochemical profile consistent with IPANs and have direct connections to both excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
Recent Advances in Non‐Precious Metal‐Based Electrodes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Authors: Zhou Daojin , Li Pengsong , Xu Wenwen , Jawaid Sana , Mohammed‐Ibrahim Jamesh , Liu Wen , Kuang Yun , Sun Xiaoming
Published: January 2020

Hydrogen gas has been regarded as an ideal energy source that could replace the need of fossil fuels, based on its high energy density with zero carbon emissions. The production of hydrogen via electrolysis of water is not a new field, but the technology has seen significant advancements in recent times, owing to the proportional growing demand of clean and affordable energy. This review discusses the most recent progresses achieved in the area of earth abundant catalysis, particularly, non‐precious metal (Ni, Co, Fe, Mo, W)‐based catalysts that are being utilized for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solutions. Based on the type of materials, the discussions are categorized into sections attributed to transition metal alloys, hydroxides, oxides, chalcogenides, carbides and nitrogenous materials. In general, a brief introduction of HER and OER mechanisms followed by a detailed discussion of the presently considered catalysts with endeavors have been made to highlight the new technologies and alternative approaches that are being considered promising towards production of clean H2 energy. Finally, a prospective has been provided to accentuate the future of non‐noble metal based catalyst in electro‐catalytic water splitting reactions.
Highly Aligned Carbon Nanotube‐Based Bi‐Material Microactuators with Reduced Intertube Slipping
Authors: Zhang Peng , Guo Jian , Hou Huwang , Zhang Yiyuan , Yang Xiaochen , Zhong Hongmei , Chen Lie , Zhao Yang
Published: January 2020

Bi‐material microcantilevers have been widely used as both thermal sensors and thermal actuators. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are prominent candidates for bi‐material actuators due to the negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) at the axial direction that allows for higher thermal sensitivity. However, CNT‐based actuators generally suffer not only from intertube slipping due to weak interactions between the assembled CNTs but also from poor control over orientation assembly. To address these challenges, a new class of closely packed, highly aligned CNT microcantilevers reinforced by ceramic interlocking is here proposed, followed with deposition of Al thin film to form the bi‐material actuators. The investigations of the mechanical properties and thermal response of CNT microcantilevers indicate that the slipping between the tubes limits both the strength and the thermal sensitivity of the bi‐material microcantilevers. Intertube deposition of Al2O3 as ceramic interlocking is used to reinforce the binding strength between the tubes, and increases in the mechanical strength as well as thermal sensitivity of the microcantilevers have been achieved.
Performance analysis of wireless sensor networks assisted by on‐demand‐based cloud infrastructure
Authors: S. Umamaheswari
Published: January 2020

The wireless sensor networks composed of tiny sensor with the capability of monitoring the tangible changes for a wide range of applications are limited with the capabilities on processing and storage. Their limited capabilities make them seek the help of the cloud that provides the rented service of processing and storage. The dense deployment of the wireless sensor and their vulnerability to the unknown attacks, alterations make them incur difficulties in the process of the conveyance causing the modifications or the loss of the content. So, the paper proposes an optimized localization of the nodes along with the identification of the trusted nodes and minimum distance path to the cloud, allowing the target to have anytime and anywhere access of the content. The performance of the cloud infrastructure‐supported wireless sensor network is analyzed using the network simulator 2 on the terms of the forwarding latency, packet loss rate, route failure, storage, reliability, and the network longevity to ensure the capacities of the cloud infrastructure‐supported wireless sensor networks.
Stream habitat provided by large wood at risk under drainage law
Authors: Shirey Patrick D. , Kenny Jillian B. , Brueseke Michael A. , Lamberti Gary A.
Published: January 2020

Watershed management efforts in agriculturally dominated landscapes of North America face nearly two centuries of laws and policies that encouraged habitat destruction. Although streams and wetlands in these landscapes are actively being restored using designs that incorporate science and engineering, watershed drainage laws can constrain action or impact passively restored or naturalized habitat. In general, drainage laws require removal of any riparian vegetation or wood deemed to obstruct flow in streams regulated as drains. We use a case study from Indiana (USA) to introduce the shortcomings of drainage laws for allowing large wood, which is an important habitat feature, to remain in stream ecosystems. Removals of large wood from monitored stream reaches in a regulated drain were associated with subsequent declines in fish biomass. Such legal activities represent an important environmental management problem that exists under drainage laws which apply to streams over a widespread geographic region of North America. Recent litigation in Wisconsin (USA) suggests that if state legislatures fail to update these antiquated laws, the courts may act in favour of science‐based management of drains. The statutes and regulations that govern agricultural drainage warrant careful consideration if streams within drainage districts are to be managed to improve ecological function. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty years of soil erosion on‐farm measurement: Annual variation, spatial distribution and the impact of conservation programmes for soil loss rates in Switzerland
Authors: Prasuhn Volker
Published: January 2020

Long‐term field assessments of soil erosion on the landscape scale are very scarce. Such monitoring programmes create sound data regarding severity, extent, frequency and types of soil erosion and the vulnerability of particular crops. In a 20‐year monitoring programme between 1997 and 2017, accurate erosion damage mapping was carried out on 203 fields on arable land in the Canton of Berne (Switzerland). During 115 field inspections, 4060 field years and 2165 mapped erosion systems were recorded. Because several soil conservation programmes were implemented during this period, two 10‐year time periods (1st October 1997 to 30th September 2007 [P1] and 1st October 2007 to 30th September 2017 [P2]) were established and compared. The soil erosion rate was already low in P1 (mean: 0.74 t ha−1 year−1), but decreased significantly in P2 (mean: 0.20 t ha−1 year−1). During P1 and P2, respectively, 12 and 42% of the fields were without any visible erosion. Within 10 years, erosion occurred on each field on average 3.2 times in P1 and only 1.3 times in P2. Soil losses are spatially concentrated and linked to topographically defined pathways (thalwegs, slope depressions) or human‐made flow pathways (wheel tracks, tramlines, headlands). Financial incentives, rising awareness among farmers, innovative contractor farmers and good extension service of cantonal agencies helped conserve 85% of the arable land in the study area with conservation tillage methods by 2015. As a result, soil erosion was significantly reduced.

The field‐based measurements show that a significant decrease in soil erosion is possible by changes in soil tillage practices and that erosion control is feasible almost everywhere under real‐life conditions on farmers’ fields. In this respect, the Frienisberg region is a case example of successful erosion control. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Food-Borne Exposure of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers Alone and in Mixture Induces Specific Transcriptional Changes
Authors: Giraudo Maeva , Colson Tash-Lynn L. , De Silva Amila O. , Lu Zhe , Gagnon Pierre , Brown Lorraine , Houde Magali
Published: January 2020

Benzotriazole ultraviolet-stabilizers (BZT-UVs) are commonly used as additives to protect from light-induced degradation in a variety of consumer goods. Despite their widespread presence in aquatic ecosystems, information on the effects of these compounds remains largely unknown. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the chronic effects of 2 BZT-UVs alone and in a mixture, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol (UV-234) and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328), in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) chronically exposed (for 28 d) through the diet. Chemical analyses of livers from exposed trout suggested liver accumulation and potential metabolism of the 2 compounds. Hepatic RNA-sequencing analyses revealed specific effects of each compound on gene transcription profiles; UV-234 affected mainly genes involved in cellular metabolism, whereas UV-328 induced the transcription of ribosomal proteins and downregulated genes involved in immune responses. Both compounds regulated iron homeostasis genes in an opposite manner. The mixture of both BZT-UVs did not produce significant evidence of additive or synergistic effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:852–862. © 2020 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry © 2020 SETAC

Abstract

Benzotriazole ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers UV-234 and UV-328 induce transcriptional changes in juvenile rainbow trout exposed chronically through the diet, mainly affecting genes involved in iron homeostasis. ALB1 = serum albumin; AMBP = α-1-microglobulin; Fe = iron; HPX = hemopexin; TRF = transferrin.
Generation and Electron‐Transfer Reactivity of the Long‐Lived Photoexcited State of a Manganese(IV)‐Oxo‐Scandium Nitrate Complex
Authors: Sharma Namita , Lee Yong‐Min , Nam Wonwoo , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: January 2020

Photoexcitation of a manganese(IV)‐oxo‐scandium nitrate complex ([(Bn‐TPEN)MnIV(O)]2+−Sc(NO3)3) in a solvent mixture of trifluoroethanol and acetonitrile (v/v=1 : 1) resulted in generation of the long‐lived photoexcited state, which is detected by nanosecond laser transient absorption measurements. The transient absorption maximum (λmax) of the 2E excited state of [(Bn‐TPEN)MnIV(O)]2+−Sc(NO3)3 is observed at 620 nm with lifetimes of 7.1 μs. The λmax value is blue‐shifted and the lifetime becomes longer as compared with the previously reported values of λmax (640 nm) and lifetime (6.4 μs) of the 2E excited state of the 1 : 2 complex between [(Bn‐TPEN)MnIV(O)]2+ and Sc(OTf)3 ([(Bn‐TPEN)MnIV(O)]2+−(Sc(OTf)3)2). The electron‐transfer reactivity of the 2E excited states of [(Bn‐TPEN)MnIV(O)]2+−Sc(NO3)3 was similar to that of [(Bn‐TPEN)MnIV(O)]2+−(Sc(OTf)3)2. The long lifetime and the high reactivity of the 2E excited state of [(Bn‐TPEN)MnIV(O)]2+−Sc(NO3)3 provide an excellent photooxidant for oxidation of compounds, which would otherwise be impossible to be oxidized.
Establishment of thromboelastography reference intervals by indirect method and relevant factor analyses
Authors: Cheng Daye , Li Xiaoying , Zhao Shuo , Hao Yiwen
Published: January 2020

Thromboelastography (TEG) as a global coagulation test has been continuously developed for many decades in either research or clinical practice. The versatility of TEG test leads to difficulty in standardization and result interpretation. Reference intervals (RIs) of TEG may be one of the most controversial factors that influence its wide applications. RIs establishment with the traditional method is time‐consuming and laborious as well as beyond general laboratory capability. Indirect method using stored data and with statistical calculation and small cost is emerging as an alternative approach for RIs determination. Gender, age, or both affect RIs and must be taken into account before RIs estimation. The present study retrospectively collected a total of 930 TEG results as subjects and established RIs with indirect method for Kaolin‐activated TEG, including the parameters of R, K, αAngle, MA, and CI. Furthermore, gender, age, and gender‐dependent age subsets analyses were performed to determine their effects on RIs of TEG. In this study, we found that TEG parameters showed more hypercoagulability in female than male, most of the measured TEG variables were significantly associated with aging, but only in male statistical significance was found among different age stratification and 60‐year‐old could be considered as cutting point to differentiate coagulation ability in male. In addition, RIs of TEG were estimated by indirect method suitably and verified to be valid in our study. Finally, the RIs of TEG by indirect method were basically significantly different to the RIs recommended by manufacturer, but the consistent percentage is relatively high in the most of measured parameters. In conclusion, it is suggestive that the indirect method for RIs establishment is feasible, but relevant factors, such as gender and age, specifically gender‐dependent age effect, should be considered before RIs determinations.
Does sense of threat in civilians during an armed conflict predict subsequent depression symptoms?
Authors: Goral Aviva , Greene Talya , Gelkopf Marc
Published: January 2020

Objective

We aimed to assess whether peritraumatic threat experienced during a period of armed conflict predicted subsequent depression symptoms.

Method

Ninety‐six Israeli civilians provided real‐time reports of exposure to rocket warning sirens and subjective sense of threat, twice daily for 30 days, during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Depression symptoms were reported 2 months after the conflict. Mixed‐effects models were used to estimate peritraumatic threat levels and peritraumatic threat reactivity (within‐person elevations in threat following siren exposure). These were then assessed as predictors of depression symptoms at 2 months in an adjusted regression model.

Results

Individual peritraumatic threat level, but not peritraumatic threat reactivity, was a significant predictor of 2 months depression symptoms, even after controlling for baseline depression symptoms.

Conclusions

The findings imply that in situations of ongoing exposure, screening for perceived levels of peritraumatic threat might be useful in identifying those at risk for developing subsequent depression symptoms.
SOX2‐induced upregulation of lncRNA LINC01561 promotes non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma progression by sponging miR‐760 to modulate SHCBP1 expression
Authors: Gao Wei , Qi Chao‐Qun , Feng Mao‐Guo , Yang Peng , Liu Li , Sun Shu‐Hong
Published: January 2020

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to have critical regulatory roles in tumorigenesis. lncRNA LINC01561 (LINC01561) is a newly identified tumor‐related lncRNA and its dysregulation has been demonstrated in several tumors. However, whether LINC01561 is involved in the progression of non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we first provided evidence that LINC01561 expressions were distinctly upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Combining with bioinformatics assays and mechanism experiments, our group demonstrated that LINC01561 was activated by SOX2 in NSCLC. Clinical research revealed that upregulation of LINC01561 was related to poorer clinicopathologic features and shorter survival time. Functionally, suppression of LINC01561 exhibited tumor‐suppressive functions through impairing cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as inducing apoptosis. Moreover, we verified that LINC01561 could directly bind to miR‐760, isolating miR‐760 from its target gene SHC SH2 domain‐binding protein 1 (SHCBP1). We also found that SHCBP1 was lowly expressed in NSCLC and served as a tumor promoter. A functional study indicated that LINC01561 regulated SHCBP1 expression by competitively binding to miR‐760. In summary, our findings indicated that SOX2‐induced overexpression of LINC01561 promoted the proliferation and metastasis by acting as a competing endogenous RNA to modulate SHCBP1 by sponging miR‐760.
Molecular structure, expression, and functional role of Clec11a in skeletal biology and cancers
Authors: Wang Miao , Guo Jianmin , Zhang Lingli , Kuek Vincent , Xu Jiake , Zou Jun
Published: January 2020

C‐type lectin domain family 11 member A (Clec11a), also known as stem cell growth factor (SCGF), C‐type lectin superfamily member 3 (CLECSF3), or osteolectin was initially identified as a growth factor for hematopoietic progenitor cells. The human Clec11a gene encodes a polypeptide of 323 amino acids with characteristics of a secreted glycoprotein encompassing two integrin‐binding motifs, RGD (Arg‐Gly‐Asp) and LDT (Leu‐Asp‐Thr), a putative leucine zipper domain, and a functional C‐type lectin domain. It regulates hematopoietic differentiation and homeostasis and exhibits a protective effect against severe malarial anemia and lipotoxicity. Furthermore, Clec11a promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors into mature osteoblasts in vitro and plays an important role in the maintenance of adult skeleton age‐related bone loss and fracture repair. Receptor ligand binding results in activation of downstream signaling cascades including glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), β‐catenin, and Wnt, resulting in the expression of osteoblast‐related gene transcripts including Alp, Runx2, Lef1, and Axin2. In addition, Clec11a is also associated with the development of several cancers, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, and gastrointestinal tract tumors. To date, however, the mechanisms governing transcription regulation of the Clec11a gene are not known and remain to be uncovered. Understanding the function and mechanism of action of Clec11a will pave the way for the development of Clec11a as a novel therapeutic target for conditions such as cancer, anemia, and skeletal diseases.
Solution of mediated bioelectrocatalysis process related to the Michaelis‐Menten equation by sinc method
Authors: Nabati Mohammad , Jalalvand Mehdi , Daneh‐Dezfuli Alireza R.
Published: January 2020

In this study, sinc‐Galerkin and Sinc collocation methods coupled with double exponential transformation have been developed to obtain a numerical solution of nonlinear two‐point boundary value problem arising in steady state nonlinear reaction diffusion equation containing a nonlinear term related to Michaelis‐Menten of the enzymatic reaction. Application of these methods reduce the solution of the Michaelis‐Menten equation to the solution of nonlinear system of algebraic equations. The upper bound of the error was calculated. Two problems of this model, chosen from the literature, were considered and for several parameters, numerical solution was shown. Obtained numerical results and error of the methods show that these methods are very fast with high efficiency in convergence.
Drug burden index, polypharmacy and patient health outcomes in cognitively intact older residents of aged care facilities in Malaysia
Authors: Hasan S. S. , Chang S. H. , Thiruchelvam K. , Chong D. W. K. , Babar Z. U.
Published: January 2020

Background

The complexity of drug regimens among older people tend to increase over time, as multiple medications are required to treat a single condition.

Aim

This study examined the association of the drug burden index (DBI) and polypharmacy with patient health outcomes among cognitively intact older residents in aged care facilities (ACFs).

Methods

A review of prescribed medications and related outcomes was conducted in a cross‐sectional sample of older adults (≥60 years), recruited from 11 ACFs in Peninsular Malaysia. Frailty and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated using the Groningen frailty indicator and ‘Older People's Quality of Life – 35’ questionnaire, respectively; patients’ exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medicines was quantified using the DBI; and the mental health of residents was evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results

More than two‐thirds of a sampled population received at least one anticholinergic or sedative medication and more than one‐quarter was exposed to polypharmacy. Exposure to DBI‐associated medications was noted in three of every four frail participants and was significantly correlated with frailty (r = 0.184, p = 0.023). The frail population had significantly increased risk of polypharmacy (odds ratio 6.07; 95% confidence interval 1.71–21.56; p = 0.005), but exposure to DBI‐associated medications was not significantly associated with overall QoL and activity of daily living measures.

Conclusion

Polypharmacy and anticholinergic and sedative burden were noticed in a substantial number of older adults in residential aged care facilities and were associated with frailty. Investing in the recruitment of pharmacists may benefit recognition of residential ACF quality of care, because pharmacy services (including pharmacists) are virtually non‐existent in Malaysian residential ACFs.
Preparative isolation and purification of 12 main antioxidants from the roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. using high‐speed countercurrent chromatography and preparative HPLC guided by 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl‐HPLC
Authors: Liu Minzhuo , Li Xujie , Liu Qi , Xie Siqi , Zhu Fawei , Chen Xiaoqing
Published: January 2020

A hyphenated strategy by off‐line coupling of 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl‐high‐performance liquid chromatography, high‐speed countercurrent chromatography, and preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography was established to screen and separate antioxidants from ethyl acetate fraction of the roots of Polygonum multiflorum. Under the targeted guidance of 1,1′‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl‐high‐performance liquid chromatography experiment, 12 compounds were identified as potential antioxidants and readily isolated by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography and preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy were employed to identify their structures, which were assigned as gallic acid (1, 6.2 mg, 98.28%), catechin (2, 8.8 mg, 90.69%), epicatechin (3, 4.1 mg, 96.71%), polydatin (4, 5.3 mg, 94.91%), 2,3,5,4′‐tetrahydroxy stilbene‐2‐Ο‐β‐D‐glucoside (5, 20.2 mg, 95.23%), piceatannol (6, 5.3 mg, 96.85%), rutin (7, 5.4 mg, 97.92%), resveratrol (8, 5.2 mg, 96.94%), isorhapontigenin (9, 11.4 mg, 94.81%), hyperoside (10, 9.7 mg, 98.52%), rhein (11, 4.9 mg, 97.46%), and emodin (12, 8.2 mg, 95.74%). Notably, compounds 6 and 9 were isolated from Polygonum multiflorum for the first time. In addition, antioxidant activity of compounds 1–12 were evaluated, and compounds 1–8 and 10 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (positive control). These results indicated that the proposed method is a highly efficient strategy to screen and isolate antioxidants from complex natural products.
Automated assessment of psychiatric disorders using speech: A systematic review
Authors: Low Daniel M. , Bentley Kate H. , Ghosh Satrajit S.
Published: January 2020

Objective

There are many barriers to accessing mental health assessments including cost and stigma. Even when individuals receive professional care, assessments are intermittent and may be limited partly due to the episodic nature of psychiatric symptoms. Therefore, machine‐learning technology using speech samples obtained in the clinic or remotely could one day be a biomarker to improve diagnosis and treatment. To date, reviews have only focused on using acoustic features from speech to detect depression and schizophrenia. Here, we present the first systematic review of studies using speech for automated assessments across a broader range of psychiatric disorders.

Methods

We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We included studies from the last 10 years using speech to identify the presence or severity of disorders within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5). For each study, we describe sample size, clinical evaluation method, speech‐eliciting tasks, machine learning methodology, performance, and other relevant findings.

Results

1395 studies were screened of which 127 studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were on depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, and the remaining on post‐traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders. 63% of studies built machine learning predictive models, and the remaining 37% performed null‐hypothesis testing only. We provide an online database with our search results and synthesize how acoustic features appear in each disorder.

Conclusion

Speech processing technology could aid mental health assessments, but there are many obstacles to overcome, especially the need for comprehensive transdiagnostic and longitudinal studies. Given the diverse types of data sets, feature extraction, computational methodologies, and evaluation criteria, we provide guidelines for both acquiring data and building machine learning models with a focus on testing hypotheses, open science, reproducibility, and generalizability.

Level of Evidence

3a
Experimental study on the tribological behaviour of CeO2‐diesel blends on the injector body
Authors: Yin Bifeng , Kuang Xin , Xu Bo , Jia Hekun , Hua Xijun
Published: January 2020

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of different qualities of nano‐cerium dioxide (CeO2) as the diesel additives on the friction and wear performance of the fuel injection system. Two different qualities of nano‐CeO2 were selected to prepare stably dispersed CeO2‐diesel blends. Their effects on the tribological behaviour of the injector body were studied on the RTEC friction tester. The results showed that the friction and wear properties of diesel blend with 10 ppm of CeO2 (whether CeO2‐1 or CeO2‐2) were all improved compared with pure diesel. With the increase of CeO2 addition (>10 ppm), the friction coefficient, wear width, and maximum wear depth of the wear scar increased. Compared with the blocky CeO2, adding spherical CeO2 into diesel had better friction and wear properties. Adding 10 ppm of CeO2 to diesel has no negative impact on the friction and wear performance of the injector body, especially the spherical CeO2.
Geodesic orbit and naturally reductive nilmanifolds associated with graphs
Authors: Nikolayevsky Y.
Published: January 2020

We study Riemannian nilmanifolds associated with graphs. We prove that such a nilmanifold is geodesic orbit if and only if it is naturally reductive if and only if its defining graph is the disjoint union of complete graphs and the left‐invariant metric is generated by a certain naturally defined inner product.
APA: Public rule could penalize immigrants most in need
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2020

The U.S. Supreme Court on Jan. 27 allowed the Trump administration to begin implementing new “wealth test” rules, making it easier to deny immigrants residency or admission to the United States because they have used or might use public‐assistance programs, The Washington Post reported Jan. 28.
Optimality of singular vector perturbation under maximum norm
Authors: Liu Youming , Qi Xinyu
Published: January 2020

Fan, Wang, and Zhong estimate the difference between the singular vectors of a matrix and those of a perturbed matrix in terms of the maximum norm. Their estimations are used effectively to establish the asymptotic properties of robust covariance estimators (see Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2018;18:1‐42). In this paper, we give the corresponding lower bound estimates, which show Fan‐Wang‐Zhong's estimations optimal.
A critical role for Akt1 signaling in acute pancreatitis progression†
Authors: Sarker Rim SJ , Steiger Katja
Published: January 2020

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment available to date. Several studies have previously shown that inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt axis downregulate the degree of inflammation in animal models of AP. However, studies on in vivo side‐effects of such inhibitors are still lacking. In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, Chen, Malagola et al investigated if inhibition of Akt signaling plays a negative role in the regenerative phase of AP. They showed that treating AP mice with an Akt inhibitor (MK2206) impaired acinar regeneration and increased the development of acinar‐to‐ductal metaplasia. This is the first study to highlight the negative impact of an Akt inhibitor on cellular regeneration while simultaneously inhibiting inflammation in AP. The authors also suggested combining Akt activators to recover pancreatic regeneration. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.