bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Al/SiC Composite Coatings on the Surface of Aluminum Alloy through Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Li Jianping , Li Lei , Yang Zhong , Guo Yongchun , Gao Peihu
Published: January 2023

In this work, Al/SiC composite coatings were deposited on the surface of aluminum alloys through atmospheric plasma spray. The effects of SiC volume in Al/SiC composite powders on the deposition behavior and the properties of the Al/SiC coatings were investigated. It was found that there were decarburization and oxidation during the deposition of pure SiC powders in the plasma flame. With the increase of SiC content, the deposition of the Al/SiC composite powder became more difficult through plasma spray. There were cracks between pure SiC and the bond coat on the Al alloy substrate resulting in poor adhesion between them. The hardness of the composite coating became higher with the increase of SiC contents. The Al/SiC(50:50) deposit with a thickness of 70 µm and a hardness of 369 Hv resulted in a strengthening and protection on the surface of Al alloy.
Deposition and Characterization of Thermally Sprayed Coatings Prepared by a Nanostructured Martensitic Steel Powder
Authors: Zois D. , Lekatou A. , Karantzalis A.E. , Vardavoulias M. , Vazdirvanidis A.
Published: January 2023

Thermal spraying (APS and HVOF) of an agglomerated nanostructured powder, based on the composition of a commercial martensitic steel, is introduced. The nanostructure of the produced powder is examined by means of microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The influence of the two different processes on crucial properties such as porosity, microhardness, adhesion, and wear resistance is studied. High wear resistance is noted for both coatings. The HVOF coating, especially, showed better wear performance in comparison with the APS coating and the bulk martensitic steel. The superiority of the HVOF coating over the APS coating regarding the aforementioned properties is attributed to a higher retention of the nanostructure of the starting powder, higher peening and relatively low oxidation.
Combined Diffusion Barrier and Wear-Resistant Thermal Spray Coatings on Light-Weight Charging Racks in Furnace Applications
Authors: Lampke T. , Drehmann R. , Rupprecht C. , Trimis D. , Gilbert M. , Uhlig V.
Published: January 2023

Due to its low weight and excellent dimensional stability, carbon fibre-reinforced carbon (C/C) gains more and more importance as construction material for light-weight charging racks in industrial furnaces. However, for high-temperature applications above 1,000 °C, C/C has to be protected with a diffusion-inhibiting coating in order to avoid an undesired carburization of components which are in contact with the charging rack. In the present work, coatings were produced by means of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and powder flame spraying (PFS). The ceramic powders Al2O3, Al2O3/Cr2O3, Al2O3/TiO2 and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were used as coating materials, while molybdenum and silicon carbide served as adhesion-promoting intermediate layers. In order to reduce the residual stresses in the ceramic coatings, specimens with a defined segmented surface structure were compared with conventional closed coatings. Long-term high-temperature tests in several atmospheres were conducted on laboratory scale as well as in industrial practice.
Thermal Spraying of Zinc and Zinc-Aluminium Alloys for Corrosion Protection
Authors: Prenger Frank , Spriestersbach Jochen
Published: January 2023

Thermally sprayed coatings of zinc, and in particular zinc-aluminium alloys, offer maximum corrosion protection for steel structures and reinforcing steel in concrete. They are primarily produced by arc or flame spraying. The surfaces of zinc and zinc alloy spray coatings can be protected by sealing top coats. This produces an optimum combination of passive and active corrosion protection and allows a service life of over 20 years. The development of new materials assumes intensive investigations. This paper provides an overview of the properties of thermally sprayed zinc and zinc-aluminium alloys as well as their microstructure and investigates the corrosion protection effect in tests and near-practical conditions.
Molten Zinc Corrosion Mechanism of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co Coatings
Authors: Huang Tsai-Shang
Published: January 2023

Surface treatment for sink rolls is an important issue due to the hostile environment in the zinc pot. Thermal sprayed WC-Co coating is one of the solutions to prolong the life of the rolls and to improve the quality of the galvanized steel sheets. In this study, a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray gun was used to prepare nano-structured and conventional WC-Co coatings. After immersion in the zinc pot for six weeks, some coatings were seriously damaged. Cross-sectional microstructure and elemental analysis were performed to determine the corrosion morphology and mechanism. The results showed the nanostructured coating is less corrosion resistant than the conventional one in molten zinc. The molten zinc intrudes through cracks to attack the substrate which causes major destruction of the coating.
The Effects of Abrasive Conditions on the Performance of Tungsten Carbide-Based Metal Matrix Composite Overlays
Authors: Fisher G. , Wolfe T.
Published: January 2023

Typically, standard alloys do not have the wear resistance properties necessary to combat the aggressive wear and corrosive conditions prevalent throughout the oil sands mining process. For production-critical components, it is common to apply tungsten carbide-based metal matrix composite (WC-MMC) overlays to extend equipment life and prevent unplanned outages. The performance of composite overlays is very much dependent on the wear-environment. This paper will discuss how the interactions between abrasive conditions and the mechanical and structural properties of the WC-MMCs are key in determining the resultant levels of performance. Such information can lead to a better selection of materials and subsequent extended component life.
Development of Nano-Porous Alumina Catalyst Support by Anodic Oxidation of Thermally and Kinetically Sprayed Aluminum Coatings
Authors: Sakata K. , Tagomori K. , Sugiyama N. , Takenouchi M. , Shinya Y. , Suzuki Y.
Published: January 2023

In order to minimize environmental burden, green technologies should be important in the 21st century. High-performance catalyst layer would make significant contribution through reforming of hydrocarbon fuels, removal of toxic molecules such as CO and NH3 from exhaust gas, reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation in combustion, and efficient conversion of chemical energy to thermal energy in small scales. Among various kinds of catalyst support, nano-porous alumina (Al2O3) developed with anodic oxidation of aluminum (Al) layers attracts much attention due to its extremely-large specific area, easy controllability of porosity and coating thickness, and large bond strength with the substrate. In our previous studies, we have developed a micro-scale catalytic combustor with a palladium (Pd) /nano-porous Al2O3 catalyst layer, aiming at micro thermophotovoltaic power generation system, which could realize higher energy density than Li-ion batteries. In this paper, we use kinetic- and plasma-spraying for the deposition of Al, and examine the effect of the Al deposition methods on the nano-pore density. It is found that a large number of dislocations in the kinetically sprayed Al particle provide much higher nano-pore density by anodic oxidation. It is also found that nano-porous Al2O3 layer kinetically sprayed and anodized has better characteristics as the catalyst support.
Prediction of Coating Formation in Shockwave-Induced Spray Process Through Modeling
Authors: Karimi M. , Rankin G.W. , Jodoin B.
Published: January 2023

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to model the Shock-wave Induced Spray Process (SISP). SISP utilizes the kinetic and thermal energy induced by a moving shock-wave to accelerate and heat powder particles, similar to Cold Gas-Dynamic Spraying (CGDS), where the particles impact the substrate and deform plastically to produce a coating. Individual powder particles reach the substrate at different velocities and temperatures depending on their location within the unsteady flow regime. The critical velocity correlated to particle impact temperature and a CFD model are used to predict whether a particle traveling within this unsteady flow regime will bond to the substrate upon impact or bounce off. This information is then used to predict if a coating can be formed under a specific set of spray conditions.
Restoration of Damaged Aircraft Skin by Cold Spray Technique: The Advantages and the Challenges
Authors: Yandouzi M. , Jodoin B.
Published: January 2023

The recent development of cold spray technology has made possible the deposition of low porosity and oxide-free coatings with good adhesion and with almost no microstructure change of the coated parts. This work focuses on the performance of low pressure cold spray (LPCS) in repairing damaged Al-based thin aircraft skin. The coating quality is investigated through the evaluation of microstructure, microhardness, adhesion strength, surface finish and corrosion resistance of the coatings.
Cold Spraying of Nickel Using High-End Parameter Sets
Authors: List A. , Buschmann S. P. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T.
Published: January 2023

Even though cold spraying is well established today, the handling of some materials, as for example nickel, is still challenging because of nozzle clogging at higher process gas temperatures. Due to these process limitations in the past, it was not possible to produce coatings of sufficiently high quality. These problems can be solved by nozzle modifications. By a more effective nozzle cooling system, nozzle clogging during cold spraying of nickel can be avoided. This enables the use of high-end spray conditions, attainable by a modified cold spray gun heating system. For the presented study, the coatings were produced by varying the spray parameters up to a process gas temperature of 1000 °C at a pressure of 5 MPa with a gas flow of about 160 m3/h - conditions that were not within reach in cold spraying so far. Coating microstructures are nearly fully dense, with negligible porosity below 0.1%. The coatings processed under these high-end parameters show high tensile strength of 570 MPa, similar to that of highly deformed bulk material and a low hardness of 200 HVIT similar to that of pure nickel. The results demonstrate that the quality of cold-sprayed nickel coatings significantly improves with higher process gas temperatures and pressures, pushing cold spraying to new limits. This may also apply to other high-strength metals and alloys, opening the opportunity to meet the quality requirements for many new applications.
Robot Trajectory Generated on Free-Form Work Pieces for Thermal Spraying
Authors: Cai Zhen-Hua , Deng Si-Hao , Liao Han-Lin , Zeng Chun-Nian , Coddet Christian
Published: January 2023

Off-line programming software is widely used to simulate the robot-assisted work environment. RobotStudio, a product of ABB, offers off-line programming technology for industrial robot applications. Several software products that extend RobotStudio capabilities have been developed to meet special purposes. One such product is the Thermal Spray Toolkit. With the help of TST, RobotStudio can load the mesh information generated by ANSYS analysis software and then create the trajectory of robot spray operations with it. A method of arranging the index of grid nodes generated by ANSYS software is described in this article. The results show that TST can be successfully used to create a smooth robot trajectory, which corresponds to the requirements of industrial applications.
Effect of Surface Roughness, Wettability and Temperature on Ceramic Droplet Flattening
Authors: Bidron G. , Goutier S. , Denoirjean P. , Vardelle M. , Fauchais P.
Published: January 2023

This work deals with the flattening of alumina molten particles, called droplets, on stainless steel substrates either smooth or blasted and preheated at different temperatures. The blasted surface roughness has been limited to Ra= 1.4 µm to image the flattening droplet. Besides flattening and splat cooling, the wettability of melted millimeter-sized alumina drops on the same substrates was measured. The transition temperature, Tt, has been shown to be different between smooth and rough surfaces. For a smooth surface, Tt, is 170°C, and at 200°C 100% of disk shaped splats are obtained. For the rough surface, Tt is close to 300°C with porous splats, becoming almost dense at 450°C. Close to alumina melting temperature, wettability does not vary with the substrate preoxidation, which may not be the case when the temperature is much over the melting one as in plasma spray conditions.
Effect of Base Metal on the Thermal Cycle Properties of Heat-Resistant Plasma Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Sonoya K. , Sunahara H. , Nakamura M. , Ishida K.
Published: January 2023

The thermal cycle test of Al2O3 sprayed 1%Cr-0.5%Mo steel and 18%Cr-8%Ni steel was performed, and the failure type of thermally sprayed coating on both steels was compared. The results obtained are follows. (1)The thermal cycle fatigue life of thermal sprayed 1%Cr- 0.5%Mo steel was shorter than that of thermal sprayed 18%Cr-8%Ni steel. (2)In the case of thermally sprayed 18%Cr-8%Ni steel that is difficult to oxidize at high temperature, during thermal cycle, a tensile stress occurs in a sprayed coating and a compressive stress occurs in a substrate. Thus the thermal strain occurs at the interface of sprayed coating and substrate. The sprayed coating delaminates when the thermal cycles reach the limit value. (3)In the case of thermal sprayed 1%Cr-0.5%Mo steel that is easy to oxidize at high temperature, during thermally cycle, dense oxide film forms at the interface between the sprayed coating and substrate, and adhesive strength in the interface becomes low. Thus the sprayed coating delaminates under the lower thermal strain.
Cold-Sprayed WC-Ni-Cu MMC Coatings with Improved Hardness
Authors: Melendez N. , McDonald A. , Fisher G.
Published: January 2023

Cold-gas dynamic spraying (“cold-spraying”) at low pressure (1034kPa/150 psig) was used to fabricate WC-Ni-Cu metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings. Tungsten carbide (WC)- based powder was mechanically blended with nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) powder at various compositions. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Vickers micro-hardness testing were conducted on the cold-sprayed coatings. Image analysis was used to determine the WC content in the coatings. XRD profiles showed that no decarburization or oxidation of the WC reinforcing particles occurred in any of the coatings. The WC content in the coatings increased as the WC content in the powder increased, but did not increase further beyond 96 wt. % WC content in the powder blend. The results from Vickers micro-hardness testing confirmed that the coatings with the highest amount of WC had the highest hardness value. The coatings fabricated with a powder composition of 96 wt. % WC + 2 wt. % Ni + 2 wt. % Cu yielded a hardness of 385 ± 73 HV0.3/10 (n = 50). These results suggest that it is possible to use cold-spraying at low pressure to fabricate WC-based MMC coatings with improved hardness.
Effect of Particle Velocity on Cold Sprayed Stainless Steel Deposits
Authors: Huang Renzhong , Ma Wenhua , Fukanuma Hirotaka
Published: January 2023

Cold spraying is a new emerging coating technology and has been widely used to produce coatings of various materials. It has been widely accepted that particle velocity prior to impact is one of the most important parameters for the cold spray process, and bonding occurs when the impact velocities of the particles exceed a critical value. As we know, particle velocity is influenced by many parameters, such as nozzle design, particle size, particle morphology, working gas pressure and temperature. In this work, three types of commercial stainless steel powders with different sizes or morphologies were employed to prepare coatings. Their respective particle velocities were also measured. With a non-clogging nozzle developed in Plasma Giken Company, Ltd., the particle velocities can be adjusted by changing the working gas pressures and temperatures to values as high as 4 MPa and 1000°C, respectively. The in-flight particle velocity was monitored via the DPV-2000 system. The results show that the particle velocity was influenced by the working gas pressure, temperature, particle diameter and morphology. Much denser coatings can be obtained with higher particle velocities, and consequently higher micro-hardness values of the coatings can also be achieved.
Epitaxial Grain Growth during Splat Cooling of Alumina Droplets Produced by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Yang E.-J. , Yang G.-J. , Luo X.-T. , Li C.-J. , Takahashi M.
Published: January 2023

Alumina splats were deposited on the polished single crystal alumina substrates with two different crystalline facet orientations of [001] and [110] by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) at a substrate preheating temperature of 900°C to examine the epitaxy during splat cooling. The cross-sectional samples for high resolution transmission electron microscopy examination was prepared by focused ion beam assisted scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The results show that the whole splats with a thickness ranging from ~600 to ~1000nm exhibited the same crystalline structure as the substrate. Moreover, the splat deposited on the single crystalline alumina substrates exhibited exactly the same orientation as the substrate. The results evidently indicate that the epitaxial grain growth occurs after alumina droplets impact on single crystal alumina substrate. The present results suggest that the crystalline structure of alumina deposit formed by plasma spraying can be possibly controlled by the substrate preheating temperature.
Adhesive Strength and Cohesive Strength of Thick LPPS W Coating on CuCrZr Substrate
Authors: Deng C.-M. , Liu M. , Deng C.-G. , Zhou K.-S. , Kuang Z.-Q.
Published: January 2023

Advanced materials are the crucial factors determining the successful application of future nuclear fusion energy. Plasma facing materials (PFMs) are one of the most important armor materials in nuclear fusion experiment devices for direct facing with the extremely high thermal load, thermal shock and strong irradiation of high energy particles. W coated CuCrZr substrate has been considered as one of the candidates to the armor materials due to its high melting point, chemical stability and good thermal conductivity. However it was a challenge to obtain high strength thick W coatings because of the major difference of CTE between the W and CuCrZr substrate. In this paper, graded W/Cu layers were deposited as the bond layer via Low Pressure Plasma Spraying (LPPS) on the CuCrZr substrate. Subsequently, thick LPPS W coatings over 1.5 mm were prepared as the top layer. The adhesive and cohesive strengths for thick W coatings on CuCrZr substrates were evaluated according to the standard of ASTM C633. The results showed that the oxide formation on the W coating surface rapidly deteriorated the coating microstructure and properties.
Effect of Processing Parameters on the Deposition Characteristics and Microstructure of Vacuum Kinetic Sprayed TiN Layer
Authors: Cao F. , Park H. , Yong W. , Lee C.
Published: January 2023

Vacuum kinetic spray (VKS) is a relatively new coating process by which dense, low porosity nanostructured ceramic coatings can be produced. Titanium nitride films with thickness of 0.5-5 µm on glass were fabricated by VKS method for a mechanism and microstructure study. Deposition behavior and structure with different gas consumption and gun traverse speed were studied based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The as-deposited titanium nitride film consisted of ~20 nm grains is well condensed and expected to have excellent mechanical properties.
In Vitro Cytocompatibility of Plasma-Sprayed Dicalcium Silicate/Zirconia Composite Coatings
Authors: Xie Y.T. , Zheng X.B. , Huang L.P. , Ding C. X.
Published: January 2023

Dicalcium silicate/zirconia composite coating with 70 wt.% zirconia and 30 wt.% dicalcium silicate was prepared by plasma spraying. In vitro behaviors of human osteoblast cells on the coating were studied. As a result of rapid exchange of Ca and H in the culture media and dissolution of the dicalcium silicate component from the coatings, a large amount of Si-OH functional group was produced on the coating. These OH bonds were favorable to the adhesion of proteins and cells attachment and thus, the good cytocompatibility of the coatings. Honeycomb-like Ca-P minerals were formed on the coating surface after only 1 day incubation in the culture media. The deposition rate of the Ca-P minerals was greatly improved by the existence of proteins. It may be attributed to the increased Ca ion concentration in the culture media resulting from the dissolution of dicalcium silicate and the good protein adhesion properties of the coating.
Flattening Mechanism of Thermal Sprayed Particles
Authors: Fukumoto M. , Yang K. , Yoshida S. , Mano D. , Yamada M. , Yasui T.
Published: January 2023

Flattening mechanism of thermally sprayed single particles onto the flat substrate surface was investigated by using a metallic powder and stainless steel substrates. As the flattening pattern of the particles occurs quickly after the impact with the substrate surface, “pattern formation” mechanism was investigated. To perform this investigation, particles were thermally sprayed onto flat substrates through controlled substrate temperature and ambient pressures. The top surface, bottom surface and cross section microstructure of the splats were systematically investigated. By summarizing the results obtained, it was inferred that the initial solidification in peripheral region (starting at splat-substrate interface) might have a role on the formation of disk shaped splat.
Improvement of Aluminum Coating Behaviours by Hybrid Process Including Plasma Spraying and Laser Ablation
Authors: Costil S. , Verdy Ch. , Montavon G. , Wittmann-Teneze K. , Methout S. , Bianchi L.
Published: January 2023

To answer current issues adequately considering technical, economic, as well as environmental requirements, material transformation and especially surface treatment industries must be source of innovations to be proactive. As a result, developing new alternative solutions to existing ones had become a top priority. Considering surface treatment processes, conventional ones (thermal spraying, plasma transferred arc) do not allow to consider this approach since the processes themselves (co-treatment of different powders) do not permit to guarantee the initial composition nor do they ensure a sufficient homogeneity to the coating structure. If indeed the dry surface treatment processes have already shown large potential, several limits remain such as an inefficient adhesion, an environmental impact over the life cycle or almost no materials on the market. To overcome these issues hybrid coating technologies (combining several processes) are likely to be developed. From all of them, laser technology seems to be very promising due to its high flexibility considering all the potential parameters (varying power, continuous or pulsed beam, etc.) and the localised treated area. For instance, combining simultaneously a laser with a thermal spray process enables the elaboration of a thick coating showing a good adherence. The ablation laser applied on the substrate surface just before the impacting particles as promoted in the PROTAL process permit to insure a suitable surface state favourable to the particles adhesion. The control of the coating microstructure was not so much studied. That is why, to complete the knowledge in this area, this work aims at studying the influence of laser technology in association with plasma spraying on the coating microstructure and more precisely on the coating mechanical properties. Coatings were characterized by SEM and void content was evaluated through image analysis and Archimedean porosimetry. Mechanical properties were assessed by the four points bending test for evaluating the coating apparent Young modulus.
Investigation of Wear and Corrosion Protection of AlSi20 Coatings Produced by Thermal Spraying and Laser Cladding on AZ31B
Authors: Bobzin K. , Kopp N. , Warda T. , Schulz C. , Rolink G. , Weisheit A.
Published: January 2023

Magnesium and magnesium alloys are the lightest structural materials with an approximate density of 1.7 g/cm³ (density of aluminium ~2.7 g/cm³). Due to the poor corrosion and wear resistance properties, they need to be coated for usage in lightweight constructions. AlSi20 was found to be a suitable coating material to improve the properties of parts made of the magnesium alloy AZ31B. Within this work, coatings are applied by thermal spraying, laser cladding and the combination of both processes. These coatings were investigated regarding corrosion protection in 3.5 % chlorine solution in a three electrode setup to obtain electrochemical corrosion characteristics. Abrasive wear was investigated using a pin-on-disc tribometer and abrasion rate was calculated. Resistance against shock loads was tested by applying a cyclic load at 50 Hz in order to investigate the resistance against impact stresses.
In-Situ Processing of Functional Graded Coatings by Means of Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Tillmann Wolfgang , Hagen Leif , Laemmerhirt Iris-Aya
Published: January 2023

Functionally graded coatings exhibit outstanding thermomechanical performances that meet economic demands. By influencing the microstructural formation of the layers of the coated tool, the distribution and transfer of heat from the impact zone into the forming process is determined. Thus, largely affects the tool’s life cycle and microstructure in the surface area of the parts to be formed. With respect to graded coatings, examinations on simple substrates have already shown the applicability of different microstructure formations of coatings. In these approaches, varied parameter settings were investigated to identify the most significant factors and their effects on the formation of the microstructure. Furthermore, using different grain-sized powder materials and utilizing other thermal spraying methods, it is possible to generate either porous or dense coatings according to their requirement profile. The utilization of different thermal spray methods particularly leads to high costs caused by increased setup times. As opposed to traditional thermal spray deposition process parameters for graded coatings, generated by an in-situ process, need to become coordinated with the movements of the robot. In this study, we investigated the dependencies between the spray parameters of Atmospheric Plasma Spraying, such as spray distance and spray angle, and the formation of microstructures. The investigation focusses on the utilization of Alumina (Al2O3) which is widely used as a wear and corrosion resistant coating.
In Situ Synthesis of FeAl Dense Coatings by Very Low Pressure Reactive Plasma Spraying
Authors: Zhu L. , Bolot R. , Liao H. , Coddet C. , Zhang N.
Published: January 2023

With the purpose of elaborating high-quality FeAl coatings, a so-called very low pressure reactive plasma spray technique that combines VLPPS and SHS processes was used in the present study. A dense and homogeneous FeAl coating was thus successfully in situ synthesized by reactive plasma spraying of an Al/Fe2O3 composite powder under 1 mbar. The phase composition and microstructural features of the coating were characterized by XRD and SEM. Results indicated that the B2 ordered FeAl phase was synthesized, and the coating featured a dense and defect-free microstructure. The fracture mechanism of the coating remains mainly a brittle failure but the appearance of some dimples in local zones suggests some unexpected toughness.
Aluminum Nitride Coating Fabricated by Reactive Plasma Spraying of Al2O3
Authors: Shahien M. , Yamada M. , Yasui T. , Fukumoto M.
Published: January 2023

Reactive plasma spraying (RPS) has been considered as a promising technique for in situ formation of aluminum nitride (AlN) based thick coatings. This study investigated the reactive plasma spraying of AlN coating with using Al2O3 powder and N2/H2 plasma. It was possible to fabricate a cubic- AlN (c-AlN) based coating. The phase composition of the coating consists of c-AlN, α-Al2O3, Al5O6N and γ-Al2O3. Understanding the nitriding process during coating deposition is essential to control the process and improve the coating quality. The nitriding process was performed by spraying, collecting the particles into a water bath (to maintain its particle features) and observing their microstructures and cross sections. During the coating process, the sprayed particles were melted, spheroidized and nitrided in the N2/H2 plasma to form the cubic aluminum oxynitride (Al5O6N). The particles collided, flattened, and rapidly solidified on the substrate surface. The Al5O6N is easily transformed to c-AlN phase (same cubic symmetry) by continuous reaction through plasma environment. Improving the specific surface area by using smaller particle sizes enhances the surface nitriding reaction and improves the nitriding conversion. Furthermore, using AlN additives enhances the nitride content in the coatings. It was possible to fabricate thick and uniform coatings with high AlN content by spraying fine Al2O3/AlN mixture. Furthermore, the N2 gas flow rate improved the nitriding conversion and the coating thickness.
ОЦІНКА РЕСУРСНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ГІРСЬКОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Колотуха Олександр
Published: January 2023

Вступ. Актуальність дослідження полягає у необхідності оцінки ресурсного потенціалу гірського туризму в Україні.
Мета. Метою дослідження є аналіз підходів до визначення категорій складності гірських туристських спортивних маршрутів, діючих класифікацій гірських туристських перешкод та оцінка туристсько-спортивних можливостей гір України.
Методи дослідження. В основу дослідження покладено регіональний аналіз та оцінка функціонування системи гірського спортивного туризму. Для оцінки ресурсного потенціалу гірського спортивного туризму в Україні використовувалися еталонний, порівняльно-географічний, картографічний метод та метод польових експедиційних досліджень.
Результати роботи та висновки. Гірський туризм на території України має обмежену ресурсну базу – проведення гірських спортивних походів можливе до ІІ категорії складності з 6-ти можливих. Адже, гірські системи України – Карпати та Кримські гори – хоча і належать до гір альпійської складчастості за часом горотворення, але відносяться до середньовисотних гір і мають абсолютні висоти нижче снігової лінії, тобто не можуть вважатися класичними районами для проведення гірських походів. Вважалося, що проведення гірських походів тут можливе лише взимку та на початку весни, коли складаються сезонні природні умови, що відповідають вимогам до районів проведення гірських походів.
Визначено, що додаткові можливості надає включення до гірських перешкод подолання гірських траверсів та сходжень на вершини. Також розширює сезонні можливості гірського туризму включення в маршрути класифікованих гірських локальних перешкод в Українських Карпатах влітку – розвідано та описано 47 перевалів та траверсів категорією трудності до 1Б*.
Значний потенціал несе в собі проведення категорування перевалів гірського Криму. Так, М. Закалдаєвим визначено більше 800 перевальних сідловин та кулуарів Криму, серед яких 155 визначені як категорійні – від 1А до 2Б категорії трудності (а це рівень гірських походів ІV категорії складності).
Peculiarity of currant and perpetual repair cell culture
Authors: Tynykulov M.K.
Published: January 2023

Perpetual raspberry is a group of raspberry varieties distinguished by their ability to bear fruit on two-year and one-year stem shoots. Black currant (Ríbes nígrum) is a deciduous shrub, family Gooseberry (Grossulari-aceae), related to currants (Ribes). The article presents methods of cell selection of perpetual raspberries and currants. Crop varieties resistant to extreme natural factors, obtaining high harvest, and two harvests per year were considered. The chemical composition of the used nutrient medium, the content of micro- and macro-elements, and organic substances were taken into account. The qualitative composition of callus shoots extracted from plant cells was determined. A strong relationship between the frequency of callusogenesis in black currant and the balance of phytohormones in the nutrient medium has been shown. Progress in the field of gene and cell biotechnology is directly related to the development of the basics of the cultivation of plant cells and tissues under in vitro conditions. In addition, it is of particular interest to choose a suitable nutrient medium, to establish the mode of cultivation in order to determine the species and volume of explants, the totipotency of representatives of different taxonomic groups of plants. At present, this unique ability of somatic cells is found in various cultures, most of which are annual and practically vegetative propagating plants. These are vegetable crops and ornamental plants, the list of which grows annually. The scientific novelty of the work is the possibility of obtaining somatic h ybrids and transgenic plants of repair raspberry and black currant using biotechnology methods. Therefore, the study of theoretical foundations and development of applied aspects of cells and tissues of perennial plants, in particular fruit and berry and agricultural crops, their accelerated reproduction, obtaining somatic hybrids and transgenic plants are considered relevant.
Antiradical activity of dry extracts of Dracocephalum nutans and Dracocephalum ruyschiana herb growing on the territory of the Central Kazakhstan
Authors: Sabiyeva A. , Atazhanova G.A. , Smagulov M.K. , Kurmantayeva G.K. , Ashirbekova B.B.
Published: January 2023

This article presents the results of our studies on the assessment of the antiradical activity of dry extracts of Dracocephalum nutans L. and Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. herb in relation to the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH-radical, DPPH), obtained with the use of ultrasonic extraction. This antiradical activity research method is widеly usеd to model hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and is one of the methods that most significantly correlated with the total antioxidant activity. To obtain dry extracts, the method of ultrasonic extraction of D. nutans and D.ruyschiana aerial parts was used. The use of ultrasound has significant advantages over traditional technologies for raw matеrials processing. In particular, it provided the deeper penetration of the solvent into the material with a cellular structure, reduced the processing time, provided a higher product yield and reproducibility, reduced solvent consumption, increased the speed of the process, and allowed the extraction of thеrmolabile substances. The equipment doеs not require largе maintenance costs; less energy is consumed for processing; as a result, the processes become more environmentally friendly and economically viable.
Кластерный анализ демографических процессов в Казахстане на современном этапе
Authors: Есимханова Д.М. , Аубакирова Ж.С.
Published: January 2023

Статья посвящена анализу демографических процессов с использованием кластерного анализа. Описаны имеющиеся исследования, использующие кластерный анализ в различных научных целях в российском и казахстанском научном пространстве. Предложено применение методики кластерного анализа для выделения территориальных групп в региональном разрезе. Кластерный анализ классифицировался в зависимости от демографических характеристик: плотность населения, этническая принадлежность населения, уровень урбанизации населения, возрастные характеристики населения. Обоснована актуальность применения методики тем, что среднестатистические данные не позволяют в полной картине рассматривать характеристики населения. Обозначена потребность классифицировать территории, не принимая во внимание региональные центры притяжения населения — областные центры, крупные города и столицы. Предложенный в статье подход дает возможность отметить и проследить проблемы чрезмерной концентрации населения Казахстана в городах — региональных центрах притяжения и оголения близлежащих и сельских территорий. Проведен обзор результатов применения кластерного анализа, в котором отразились неблагоприятные характеристики населения, описаны возможные последствия как результат воздействия этих неблагоприятных характеристик. Предложено дальнейшее применение метода территориальной классификации с использованием кластерного анализа в исследовании демографических процессов населения. Результаты кластерного анализа демонстрируют разнообразные данные характеристик по Казахстану в зависимости от методики выделения территорий. Результат исследования демонстрирует более соответственную оценку характеристик населения, раскрывает проблемы демографических характеристик населения.
Estudo do desempenho atlético do cavalo da raça Mangalarga
Authors: De Oliveira Guilherme Cardeal , Carmesim Julia Soares , Silva Talita Nascimento da , Sacramento Thayná Norberto do , Duarte Danilo Maciel
Published: January 2023

The study consists of reporting the gain in physical conditioning of horses following a training schedule, in addition to characterizing the important function of training and its marker parameters related to the development of the athletic potential of the mangalarga horse. For this purpose, a field was carried out. The results achieved through the electrocardiographic tracings showed positive changes in heart rhythm, so the training schedule proved to be effective for the conditioning of the animals in the present study.
Bloqueio do plexo braquial guiado por estimulação de nervos periférico em cão: Relato de caso
Authors: Silva Isa Gabrielle Pimenta e , Zanoni Fernando Luiz
Published: January 2023

It is common in the clinical routine to assist patients who have suffered trauma whose treatment is surgical procedures; they being an eminent source of pain. Local anesthesia techniques are commonly used in the transoperative period, one of which is the brachial plexus block, which desensitizes the thoracic limb, enabling surgical procedures to be performed, with better analgesia and patient comfort. The objective of the report is to present the case of a canine, with a fracture in the right forelimb in the region of the radius and ulna. The surgical procedure performed was an osteosynthesis of the radius and ulna, with anesthetic block of the subscapular brachial plexus, using bupivacaine, using the classic approach, guided by a peripheral nerve stimulator. During the transoperative period, the animal remained stable, thus demonstrating that the brachial plexus block is an efficient alternative for good analgesia.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JUICE BUAH NAGA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Mariati Nelly , Wulandari Wulandari , Mirawati Mirawati
Published: January 2023

Nutrition has a big role in determining maternal health. Malnutrition of pregnantwomen is not only related to malnutrition in the developing fetus, but also directly affectsmaternal health and the risk of maternal death. There are two critical pathways by whichmaternal nutrition can affect fetal survival, namely anemia and calcium deficiency. Anemia inpregnant women contributes as much as 20% of maternal deaths and low calcium consumptioncan lead to gestational hypertension which can trigger preeclampsia and eclampsia, which arethe second most common cause of maternal death. Handling anemia by consuming plants suchas vegetables and fruits, one of which is dragon fruit. Dragon fruit contains highphytochemicals, namely flavonoids 7.21 mg CE/100 grams. In addition, dragon fruit is a fruitthat is rich in antioxidants and relatively high calcium and iron which plays a good role in boneand blood function. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of dragon fruit juice onincreasing Hb levels in pregnant women. The research method used is Quasi Experiment (quasi-experimental) with pre-test post-test group design. The sampling technique of this research wasdone by purposive sampling, obtained a sample of 30 respondents consisting of 15 respondentsfrom the intervention group and 15 respondents from the control group. The results showed thatthere was an effect before and after being given dragon fruit juice, the test used a paired t testwhere it was obtained for the intervention group p value 0.001 and for the control group p value0.011.The intervention administration of Fe tablets and dragon fruit juice increased the Hb levelof pregnant women by 1.42 g/dl, while the administration of Fe tablets only gave an increase of1.2 g/dl.
Економічна безпека України в умовах російської агресії
Authors:   Державний торговельно-економічний університет, МАЗАРАКІ Анатолій , МЕЛЬНИК Тетяна ,   Державний торговельно-економічний університет
Published: January 2023

Вступ. Сучасний період характеризується низкою безпрецедентних викликів, найнебез­печнішим з яких є військова агресія російської федерації проти України. Сьогодні економіч­ній безпеці України завдано найбільш потуж­ного удару за всі роки незалежності. Проблема. Критично важливо втримати економічний фронт, оскільки він є надійним фундаментом для перемоги у війні та від­новлення економіки в майбутньому. Метою статті є аналіз ризиків та масш­табів загроз економічній безпеці України, вирішення ключових питань її стійкості в умовах війни та подальшого її забезпечення у повоєнний період. Методи. Використано методи статис­тичного аналізу, синтезу, групування та гра­фічного зображення результатів. Результати дослідження. Проаналізо­вано сучасну кризову ситуацію на ринку праці, ризики в постачанні продовольчої продукції, ідентифіковано наслідки логістич­них проблем для виробництва, бізнесу та зовнішньої торгівлі, визначено загрози еко­номічній безпеці у фінансовій та зовнішньо­торговельній сфері. Висновки. В умовах суттєвої зміни струк­тури попиту та виробництва, втрати пер­соналу і ринків збуту, руйнування еконо­мічних зв’язків держава має зосередитися на "перезавантаженні" української промисло­вості з правильним визначенням пріоритетів майбутнього економічного розвитку.
Ekonomista z Podola. Jerzy Zdziechowski – życiorys, poglądy oraz działalność publiczna
Authors: Klimiuk Zbigniew
Published: January 2023

Zdziechowski Jerzy (1880–1975) was a politician, economist and economic activist. In the years 1917–1918 he was a member of the Polish Council of the Inter-Party Union in Russia and a co-organizer of the Polish Corps in Russia. In 1919, he was one of the main participants in the failed coup d’etat attempting to overthrow the government of Jędrzej Moraczewski. In the years 1922–1927, he was a member of the Sejm from the Popular National Union. In the years 1925–1926, he was the Minister of the Treasury in the government of A. Skrzyński. He developed the economic and financial program for stabilizing the Polish zloty, which caused such side effects as, i.a.: reduced employment, lowered wages, and reduced exports of agricultural products, as well as significant increases in taxes and prices. However, the program allowed for achieving a balanced budget. The program’s implementation resulted in the withdrawal of the Polish Socialist Party from the ruling coalition and led to the fall of the government. In the years 1926–1933, he was a member of the Council of the Camp of Great Poland, which was founded and led by Roman Dmowski. Until 1939, he was an activist of economic organizations. From September 1939, Jerzy Zdziechowski resided abroad. After World War II, he was the chairman of the Executive Department of the Political Council in London on behalf of the National Party. Jerzy Zdziechowski was characterized by theoretical eradication and the ability to achieve macroeconomic goals within the framework of economic policy, which he proved by managing financial matters in the years 1925-26 as well as by his creative criticism of the politics in 1926-39.
Stosunki wojskowe między Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Związkiem Radzieckim w latach 1921-1939
Authors: Włodarkiewicz Wojciech
Published: January 2023

The article presents the military relations between Poland and the Soviet Union in the years 1921-1939, from the end of the war between Poland and the Bolshevik Russia until the beginning of World War II. Its content has been divided into four subchapters, in the first of which the author analyzes the state of research on the topic in question and the state of preservation of sources in Polish and foreign archives. In the following subsections, the author presents the military relations between Poland and the USSR in three periods: in the years 1921-1926, 1926-1935 and 1935-1939. The last subsection is key to the undertaken research problem. It contains findings on the changes in the mutual military relations to the disadvantage of Poland, in connection with the rapid expansion and modernization of the Red Army and the difficulties of the Polish military intelligence in their assessment and difficulties in recognizing the reconstructed cooperation between the USSR and Germany.
Ulterior lexical markers of sacredness in Boris Grebenschikov’s song lyrics (a linguoconceptual analysis)
Authors: Leszczak Oleg , Robak Michał
Published: January 2023

The study presented in this article is based on a corpus of 200 songs by a Russian poet and singer Boris Grebenschikov. The cognitive space of sacredness is one of the key spaces in the artistic discourse worldview of Boris Grebenschikov. The authors emphasize that the sacredness in the interpretation of the Russian poet does not relate to any specific religion. It is universal and mystical but, at the same time, it is emphasized anthropocentrically. The authors demonstrate the specifics of the poet's artistic depiction of sacred phenomena, physical objects and substances through explicit and implicit lexical nominations and descriptions. Descriptions of impossible or unknown spatial-temporal phenomena, events, and hidden knowledge are referred to as markers of the implicit representation of the sacred. The same goes with the names of especially important substances, e.g., salt, water, dust and unnatural phenomena. The linguoconceptual analysis of Grebenschikov’s idiostyle aimed at uncovering the cross-cutting motives and characteristics of the poet’s entire work is of a functional and pragmatic nature.