bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Range‐wide genetic structure in a north‐east Asian spruce (Picea jezoensis) determined using nuclear microsatellite markers
Authors: Aizawa Mineaki , Yoshimaru Hiroshi , Saito Hideyuki , Katsuki Toshio , Kawahara Takayuki , Kitamura Keiko , Shi Fuchen , Sabirov Renat , Kaji Mikio
Published: March 2009

Aim  We used microsatellite markers to determine the range‐wide genetic structure of Picea jezoensis and to test the hypothesis that the past population history of this widespread cold‐temperate spruce has resulted in a low level of genetic variation and in imprints of inbreeding and bottlenecks in isolated marginal populations.

Location  The natural range of the three infraspecific taxa of P. jezoensis throughout north‐east Asia, including isolated marginal populations.

Methods  We analysed a total of 990 individuals across 33 natural populations using four nuclear microsatellite loci. Population genetic structure was assessed by analysing genetic diversity indices for each population, examining clustering (model‐based and distance‐based) among populations, evaluating signals of recent bottlenecks, and testing for isolation by distance (IBD).

Results  The 33 populations were clustered into five groups. The isolated marginal groups of populations (in Kamchatka, Kii in Japan and South Korea) exhibited low levels of allelic richness and gene diversity and a complete or almost complete loss of rare alleles. A recent bottleneck was detected in the populations in Hokkaido across to mid‐Sakhalin. The IBD analysis revealed that genetic divergence between populations was higher for populations separated by straits.

Main conclusions  Picea jezoensis showed a higher level of genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.101) than that observed in the genus Picea in general. This might be attributable to the fact that historically the straits around Japan acted as barriers to the movement of seeds and pollen. The low levels of genetic diversity in the isolated marginal population groups may reflect genetic drift that has occurred after isolation. Evidence of a significant bottleneck between the Hokkaido and mid‐Sakhalin populations implies that the cold, dry climate in the late Pleistocene resulted in the decline and contraction of populations, and that there was a subsequent expansion followed by a founder effect when conditions improved. The high polymorphism observed in P. jezoensis nuclear microsatellites revealed cryptic genetic structure that organellar DNA markers failed to identify in a previous study.
A training package for primary care nurses in conducting medication reviews: their views and the resultant outputs
Authors: Hansford Denise , Gill David , McLaren Jennifer , Krska Janet
Published: March 2009

Aims.  To ascertain nurses’ views about training in and undertaking of medication reviews and to analyse documented pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and outputs from nurse reviews.

Background.  Primary‐care nurses in the UK are increasingly expected to contribute effectively to chronic disease management for example by undertaking medication reviews. There are concerns that nurse education is inadequate for these new roles. Little research is published about nurse medication reviews. A pilot study in one Scottish medical practice demonstrated that, after training in systematic medication review, practice‐based nurses could identify medication‐related problems. The training, consisting of reading material, including self‐assessment questions and a training event, was subsequently offered to all practice‐based nurses in the Community Health Partnership (CHP); participants then undertook six reviews to achieve CHP accreditation.

Design.  Survey of participant nurses and analysis of completed documentation from reviews.

Methods.  A self‐completion, postal questionnaire distributed three months post‐training. Analysis of documentation from reviews for PCI and outputs.

Results.  Eighty‐one nurses were offered training: 64 (79%) participated; 38 (59%) returned questionnaires. Low confidence levels before training (0, very confident; 6, 16% confident) rose afterwards (8, 21% very confident; 19, 50% confident). Thirty‐two (84%) nurses indicated the training had completely or mostly met their needs. A total of 120 nurse reviews were analysed and 188 PCI documented, mean 1·6/patient, with 117 outputs, mean 1·0/patient. Twenty‐seven outputs (23%) involved prescribed medicine changes.

Conclusions.  A pharmacist‐supported training package in medication reviews for primary‐care nurses is feasible and generally welcome. The training met the needs of most respondents although concerns were expressed regarding time pressures and knowledge base for extended roles.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Medication reviews are vitally important for both patients and the NHS; this approach may be useful for nurse prescribers and non‐prescribers alike although concerns expressed will require attention.
Community health practitioner’s practice guideline for a changing health care: Korean contribution
Authors: Ko Il Sun , Lee Tae Wha , Lee In Sook
Published: March 2009

Aims and objectives.  The specific aims of the study were (1) to identify community residents’ health problems and community health practitioners’ activities, (2) to explore community health practitioners’ perception of the practice guidelines and (3) to provide recommendations for the development of a new practice guideline in the future.

Background.  Community health practitioners in Korea are recognised as a critical component of the public health workforce in rural areas. Community health practitioners are registered nurses with six months special training, who have the chief responsibility of delivering primary health care to remote or isolated communities. Although there has been numerous changes in focus of community health practitioners practice over the two decades, community health practitioners guidelines have never been updated since being first developed in 1981.

Design.  This investigation employed a cross‐sectional survey and focus group interview.

Methods.  The samples included two different groups: 1003 community health practitioners participated in a survey and a group of 12 community health practitioners participated in a focus group interview. A measure of perception of the guideline was developed from Mansfield’s work. Goolsby’s criteria were revised and used to guide the focus group interview.

Results.  The participants recognised that the role of community health practitioners is in a process of transition and expect to use well developed guidelines that will allow an appropriate response to the needs of the community. Community health practitioners are generally supportive of practice guidelines although they report various contextual, social and resource barriers to the use of practice guidelines. Finally, the researchers have provided recommendations for the development of new community health practitioners practice guidelines.

Conclusion.  A newly developed community health practitioners guideline should assist in articulating new roles and responsibilities in the practice of community health practitioners and establish a foundation for knowledge, skills and training necessary for them to work independently.

Relevance to clinical practice.  New services made available for under‐recognised health problems may be a direct outcome of newly developed guidelines.
Using phylochronology to reveal cryptic population histories: review and synthesis of 29 ancient DNA studies
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN UMA , HADLY ELIZABETH A.
Published: March 2009

The evolutionary history of a population involves changes in size, movements and selection pressures through time. Reconstruction of population history based on modern genetic data tends to be averaged over time or to be biased by generally reflecting only recent or extreme events, leaving many population historic processes undetected. Temporal genetic data present opportunities to reveal more complex population histories and provide important insights into what processes have influenced modern genetic diversity. Here we provide a synopsis of methods available for the analysis of ancient genetic data. We review 29 ancient DNA studies, summarizing the analytical methods and general conclusions for each study. Using the serial coalescent and a model‐testing approach, we then re‐analyse data from two species represented by these data sets in a common interpretive framework. Our analyses show that phylochronologic data can reveal more about population history than modern data alone, thus revealing ‘cryptic’ population processes, and enable us to determine whether simple or complex models best explain the data. Our re‐analyses point to the need for novel methods that consider gene flow, multiple populations and population size in reconstruction of population history. We conclude that population genetic samples over large temporal and geographical scales, when analysed using more complex models and the serial coalescent, are critical to understand past population dynamics and provide important tools for reconstructing the evolutionary process.
Variation in seed dormancy and light sensitivity in Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spica‐venti
Authors: ANDERSSON L , ÅKERBLOM ESPEBY L
Published: March 2009

Variation in seed dormancy and light sensitivity was studied in Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spica‐venti. Seeds were collected from different populations, at different dates and from plants emerging in autumn or spring, and used in four experiments. In the first experiment, initial dormancy was investigated in light and darkness. In Expt 2, buried seeds were exhumed on 16 occasions, from September 1997 to March 2000, and germinated in light, in darkness and after a 5‐s light exposure. In Expt 3, emergence was recorded for seeds sown in pots outdoors. In Expt 4, stratified seeds of A. myosuroides only were exposed to photon irradiance ranging from 0.1 to 25 600 μmol m−2. Variation was high among seed collections, but both species showed winter annual dormancy patterns. Apera spica‐venti germinated to high percentages in autumn but negligibly in spring. Alopecurus myosuroides germinated less in spring when tested in darkness and after a short light exposure and emerged poorly in spring, which reflected photo‐desensitisation during cold stratification. We conclude that the peak of emergence in A. myosuroides, and to some extent in A. spica‐venti, is largely regulated by exposure to light interacting with low‐level dormancy. This offers valuable information regarding optimal timing of weed control measures.
Dried Fraction I for Clinical Use from Smallest Plasma Pools, Sterile without Filtration
Authors: NITSCHMANN Hs. , KISTLER P. , JOSS A.
Published: March 2009

An easy and quick method of producing dried preparations of Cohn's fraction I for clinical use from smallest plasma pools (two or even one donation) is presented. Precipitation with alcohol, centrifugation and solution of the precipitate are carried out in one and the same closed bottle under strictly aseptic conditions. The tedious filtrations are omitted altogether and the solution is freeze‐dried immediately. The yield in fibrinogen is excellent. The risk of transmission of hepatitis by transfusion of such preparations is very small.

On décrit une méthode simple et rapide de préparation de la fraction I (Cohn) desséchée pour des usages cliniques à partir de pools de plasma de quelques donneurs ou même d'un seul donneur.

La précipitation à l'alcool, la centrifugation et la redissolution du sédiment se font dam un seul et même flacon hermétiquement fermé dans des conditions strictement aseptiques. La filtration stérile est ainsi évitée et la solution peut être lyophilisée immédiatement. Le rendement en fibrinogène est très bon. Le risque de transmission de l'hépatite lors de transfusions de ces préparations est minime.

Es wird eine einfache und rasche Methode zur Herstellung von Trockenpräparaten der Cohn'schen Fraktion I für klinische Verwendung beschrieben, bei der kleinste Plasmapools oder sogar Einzelspenderplasma verarbeitet werden.

Das Fällen mit Alkohol, das Abzentrifugieren und das Wiederauflösen des Niederschlages geschieht in ein und derselben geschlossenen Flasche unter streng aseptischen Bedingungen. Das mühsame Sterilfiltrieren wird so überflüssig, und die Lösung kann sofort der Gefriertrocknung zugeführt werden. Die Ausbeute an Fibrinogen ist ausgezeichnet. Das Hepatitisrisiko bei Transfusion so hergestellter Präparate ist minimal.
Adsorption of Carbon‐14 Dextran to Human Blood Platelets and Red Blood Cells, in Vitro*
Authors: ROTHMAN S. , ADELSON E. , SCHWEBEL A. , LANGDELL R. D.
Published: March 2009

A carboxy‐labeled dextran fraction was incubated with human whole blood. The platelets and erythrocytes were separated by differential centrifugation and washed 6 times with compatible human plasma containing non labeled dextran. After the cells were oxidized by wet combustion, the CO2 was collected in an ionization chamber and the activity was determined with a Vibrating Reed Electrometer. It was found that 2.4 to 15.0 times 103 dextran molecules were associated with each cell. This indicates that much more than interstitial dextran remains with the cells.

Après incubation de sang humain avec une fraction de dextran marquee au carboxyle‐C14, les plaquettes et les globules rouges furent séparés par centrifugation différentielle et lavés 6 fois avec du plasma humain compatible contenant du dextran non marqué. Les cellules furent oxydées par combustion humide, le CO2 fut recueilli dans une chambre à ionisation et l'activité du C14 fut déterminée dans un électromètre à vibrations reed. Par cette méthode on put constater que 2,4 à 15,0 times 103 molécules de dextran étaient liées à chaque cellule. Cette quantité est beaucoup plus grande que celle qui puisse rester associée aux cellules par simple adhésion interstitielle.

Eine C14‐markierte Dextranfraktion wurde mit menschlichem Vollblut inkubiert. Anschließend wurden die Plättchen und die Erythrozyten durch Differential‐Zentrifugation getrennt und 6mal mit kompatiblem menschlichem Plasma, welches nicht markiertes Dextran enthielt, gewaschen. Hernach wurden die Zellen durch nasse Verbrennung oxydiert; das CO2 wurde in einer Ionisierungskammer gesammelt. Die Aktivität wurde mit einem vibrierenden Reed‐Elek‐trometer gemessen. Die Zelloberfläche der einzelnen Plättchen und Erythrozyten enthielt 2,4 ‐15,0 times 103 Dextranmoleküle. Dieser Befund ist ein Hinweis dafür, daß sich Dextran an der Oberfläche dieser Zellen anreichert.
Veränderungen der Agglutinabilität der Erythrozyten durch Lagerung in unterschiedlichem Milieu und ihre Beziehung zur Beurteilung der Kreuzprobe
Authors: MATTHES M. , ZIMMERLIN A.
Published: March 2009

The agglutinability of red cells in pilot tubes kept in the refrigerator was tested by titration every 3 days. Three types of blood were examined: (a) defibrinated whole blood, (b) blood mixed with Rous' solution, and (c) blood mixed with ACD solution. The antigens tested for were: A, B, C, D, E, c, e, K, Fya, Lea, Leb, M, N and P. The titers fell within 4 weeks by 2 to 4 dilution steps. Haemolysis was found to reduce agglutinability considerably or even to abolish it completely. The authors conclude that when a bottle of blood has been in the refrigerator for more than 2–3 weeks, a fresh sample should be obtained from the donor for compatibility testing, and this is indispensable if the bottle is older than 4 weeks.

L'agglutinabilité de globules rouges conservés au réfrigérateur fut étudiée par titration tous les trois jours. Le sang ainsi examiné était soit du sang défibriné, soit mélangé avec de la solution de Rous ou avec de la solution ACD. L'étude s'étendit sur les antigènes suivants: A, B, C, D, E, c, e, K, Fya, Lea, Leb, M, N, et P. Après 4 semaines, une réduction du titre par 2 à 4 dilutions fut trouvée. Lorsque le sang a une tendance à l'hémolyse, l'agglutinabilité des globules est bien plus fortement réduite, voire annullée. Les auteurs concluent de leurs résultats que, lorsqu'une bouteille de sang est restée au réfrigérateur pendant plus de 2–3 semaines, il serait bon d'obtenir du donneur un nouvel échantillon pour les tests de compatibilité; ceci est même indispensable pand la bouteilIe est vieills de plus de 4 semaines.

Zur Klarung der Frage, wie weitgehend die Agglutinabilität der Erythrozyten in den Kreuzprobenriihrchen von Blutkonserven bei längerer Lagerungszeit zurückgeht, wurden in 3tägigen Abständen Titerbestimmungen von Erythrozyten durchgeführt, die

als defibriniertes Nativblut,

in Rous'scher Lösung,

in ACD‐Stabilisator

aufbewahrt waren.

Die Titrierung erfolgte gegen die Agglutinogene A und B des ABO‐Systems, D, C, E, c und e des Rh‐Systems, K des Kellsystems, Fya des Duffysystems, Lea und Leb des Lewissystems, M und N des MN‐Systems und P des P‐Systems.

Es zeigte sich dabei ein unterschiedlicher Titerrückgang, der zwischen 2 und 4 Stufen innerhalb von 4 Wochen lag. Sobald Blut zur Hamolyse neigt, ist die Agglutinabilität starker herabgesetzt bzw. aufgehoben. Die Bindungsfähigkeit der Antikörper an die Erythrozyten ist dagegen auch nach vierwöchentlicher Lagerung unverändert. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird gefolgert, daß bei Blutkonserven, die länger als 2–3 Wochen im Kühlschrank gelagert sind, eine neue Blutprobe zur Durchführung der Kreuzprobe von Spendern abgenommen werden sollte. Als unerläßlich wird die Abnahme eines neuen Kontrollröhrchens jenseits der 4‐Wochen‐Grenze gefordert.
Cytochimie des leucocytes leukergiques
Authors: FLECK L. , LILLE‐SZYSZKOWICZ I.
Published: March 2009

The authors investigated leukergic leukocytes originating from the blood of rabbits.

They applied cytochemical methods and have found a distinct correlation existing between glycogen, alkaline phosphatase and leukergy.

Leukocytes appearing in the course of leukergic leukopoiesis are rich in glycogen and alkaline phosphatase.

Glycogen constitutes an energetic material, and alkaline phosphatase is a factor determining the degree of intensity of metabolic processes of the said leukocytes.

The authors consider that the results obtained by them are to be attributed to an increased immunological activity of the leukergic leukocytes.

Les auteurs ont étudié, en utilisant la méthode cytochimique, les leucocytes leukergiques des lapins. Ils ont constaté une interdépendance prononcée entre le contenu de glycogêne et de phosphatase alcaline d'une part, et la leukergie d'autre part. Les leucocytes leukergiques sont abondamment pourvus de glycogène comme matière énergétique, et de phosphatase alcaline. Ce phénomène est en étroite liaison avec la capacité de défense antibactérienne accrue des leucocytes leukergiques.

Die Autoren untersuchten mit zytochemischen Methoden leukergische Leukozyten von Kaninchen. Dabei fanden sie eine Beziehung zwischen der Leukergie und dem Gehalt der Zellen an Glykogen und Alkaliphosphatase. Bei gesteigerter Leukopoese enthalten die Leukozyten reichlich Glykogen und Alkaliphosphatase. Das Glykogen dient als Energiequelle, während die Alkaliphosphatase die Stoffwechselintensität reguliert. Die zytochemischen Befunde stehen offenbar in enger Beziehung zur erhöhten immunologischen Aktivität leukergischer Leukozyten.
Immunoelectrophoretic Investigation of the ϱ‐Proteins (Pre‐Albumins) of some Pathological Sera
Authors: Peetoom F. , Kramer Emmy
Published: March 2009

By means of immunoelectrophoresis a study on the ρ‐proteins (pre‐albumins) of patients' sera was performed. In different diseases the two ρ‐proteins demonstrated appeared to undergo important quantitative changes. Decrease of both ρ‐proteins was observed in the serum of patients who suffered from protein lack in the food, cirrhosis of the liver or important tissue breakdown. The ρ‐levels returned to normal in recovering patients. No lowering of the ϱ‐proteins was observed in the nephrotic syndrome.

The significance of the ϱ‐protein deficiency and the possible connection between the ϱ‐protein level and the state of protein balance are discussed.

Une étude des ϱ‐protéines (préalbuniines) a été pratiquée sur des sérums de malades au moyen de l'analyse immuno‐électrophorétique. Dans différentes maladies, les deux ϱ‐protéines mises en évidence semblent subir d'importantes modifications d'ordre quantitatif. Une diminution des deux ϱ‐protéines a été observée dans le sérum de patients ayant souffert d'une alimentation pauvre en protéines, de cirrhose du foie ou d'importantes destructions tissulaires. Le taux des ϱ‐protéines redevenait normal chez des patients guéris. Il n'a pas été observé de diminution des ϱ‐prottines dam Ies syndromes néphrotiques. La signification de la déhcience en ϱ‐protéines et le rapport possible entre le taux des ϱ‐protéines et l'état d'équilibre protéinique est discuté.

Mittels der Immunoelektrophorese wurden die ϱ‐Proteine (Präalbumin) in Pacientenseren untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß bei verschiedenen Krankheiten ausgeprägte Gehaltsverschiebungen beider ϱ‐Proteine vorkommen. Ein Schuund beider ϱ‐Proteine wurde bei Patienten mit eiweißarmer Ernährung, Lebercirrhose und allgemein gewebsdestruierenden Krankheiten beobachtet. Bei der Genesung wurde ein Anstieg des ϱ‐Proteinspiegels zur Norm festgestellt. Beim nephrotischen Syndrom wurde kein Absinken des ϱ‐Proteinspiegels beobachtet.
Detection of Cytotoxic Non‐HL‐A Antisera
Authors: Dorf M. E. , Eguro S. Y. , Cabrera G. , Yunis E. J. , Swanson J. , Amos D. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A lymphocytotoxic serum with unknown non‐HL‐A specificity was shown to detect Lea antigen on the lymphocytes of Le(a+) individuals. Hemagglutinating anti‐Lea was present as well. The reactions of both antibodies were in complete agreement when tested against the red cells and lymphocytes of random donors and in family analyses. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies of Lea specificity were observed in five of six samples of anti‐Lea sera, but three anti‐Leb failed to demonstrate cytotoxic activity. The optimal thermal activity for anti‐Lea cytotoxins was 22°C as compared to two examples of cold cytotoxins reactive at 15°C. The possible presence of cytotoxic Lewis antibodies in HL‐A typing sera should be considered, particularly when a 22°C phase is empoyed in the technique.
Changes in Erythrocyte Membranes during Cold Storage of Whole Blood
Authors: Moore G.L. , Antonoff R.S. , Rau D.C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Various assays and physicochemical methods were used to observe changes taking place in membrane proteins from erythrocytes that had been stored up to 42 days at 4°C. Red cell membranes were found to decrease in hydrophobicity, flexibility, and sulfhydryl content on storage. These changes are not due to proteolysis, but related to an unresolved change in the structural characteristics of the lipoproteins comprising the ‘membrane superstructure’.
Automated Determination of the IgG and IgM Fractions of Rhesus Antibodies1
Authors: Coulter C. Denise
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The IgG and IgM components of RhD antibody were separated using Sephadex G‐200. The pure samples were tested for antibody activity using the Technicon haemagglutination instrument. A significant enhancement was found in IgM antibody activity in the presence of the proteolytic enzyme bromelin. While this enhancement effect occurs to some extent in all determinations of serum Rh antibody, it assumes greatest importance when large amounts of IgM are present.
Linkage of HL‐A and GBG1
Authors: Allen F. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The HL‐A histocompatibility locus is closely linked to that for the glycinerich β‐glycoprotein polymorphism. No recombinants were seen among 44 children from 12 informative families.
Positive Antiglobulin Reactions with Thawed Deglycerolized Red Blood Cells
Authors: Moore J. A. , Dorner I. , Chaplin H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four units of thawed deglycerolized RBC were found to exhibit positive direct antiglobulin reactions and could therefore not be cross‐matched. Subsequent screening of 109 randomly processed thawed RBC suspensions from the Missouri‐Illinois Red Cross Blood Center discovered 5.5% with positive antiglobulin reactions, the RBC coats consisting primarily of C4b, with traces of C3d. Special studies were carried out on blood freshly obtained from donors of 3 of the original units plus 1 unit discovered on screening to have strong antiglobulin positivity. Abnormalities were demonstrable in each of the 4 donor samples; one showed a strongly positive direct antiglobulin test, sera from the other 3 donors contained elevated cold agglutinins. In vitro studies with normal RBC suspended in the 3 cold agglutinin sera (fortified with CPD) demonstrated that during the glycerolization‐freezing‐deglycerolization procedures, the RBC became coated primarily with C4b. It is suggested that donor sera should be screened for elevated cold agglutinins before units are assigned for frozen storage.
Comparative Effects of Dextrans, Gelatin and Stable Plasma Protein Solution (SPPS) on the Experimental Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Authors: Moriau M. , Rodhain J. , Noel H. , Masure R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In an experimental study on the rabbit (80 animals) the haemostasis changes observed during the perfusion of dextrans of various molecular weights, gelatin and stable plasma protein solution (1.5 g/kg/h during 3 h) are compared using the normal animal and the animal with DIC induced by thrombin perfusion (100 U/kg/h during 3 h). With the normal animal, no significant disorders of haemostasis have been observed during perfusion of dextran 40 or SPPS. On the contrary, the perfusions with dextran 75 or gelatin are associated with modifications of platelet activities and of platelet and plasma plasmininhibiting activities similar to those found in thrombophilia states. Perfusion with dextran 200 produces haemostasis changes similar to those found during consumptive coagulopathies. In the animals with DIC, preventive, simultaneous or curative administration of dextrans 40, 75, 200 or gelatin significantly enhances the haemostasis disorders produced by perfusion with thrombin alone, this is opposed to SPPS which has no influence.
Report 1973/1974 of the Reference Laboratory for the Polymorphism of the Third Component (C3) of the Human Complement System1
Authors: Rittner C. , Rittner Beate
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Population and family data collected at the Reference Laboratory for the polymorphism of the C3 complement component of man support the view that there is very little, if any, gene frequency variation among Caucasian populations. The observed segregation ratios are in close agreement with the expected ratios. Three ‘new’ variants are reported in 1973/74: ‘F 0.9’, ‘S 1.0’ and ‘S 1.6’. Since rare variants cannot be designated in terms of absolute mobilities, the recommendation of the First International Symposium and Workshop at Bonn in 1972 is renewed to compare ‘new’ rare variants with reference standard sera in the Reference Laboratory. The common C3 polymorphism is also detected in the C3c conversion product as revealed by the Pt typing technique. Rare variants, however, are not reliably determined in this method.
Cell Electrophoresis for the Detection of Platelet Antibodies
Authors: van Boxtel C.J. , van der Weerdt C.M. , Engelfriet C.P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cell electrophoresis was studied as a method for the detection of antibodies against platelets. Use was made of a Zeiss cytopherometer. After replacement of the original copper‐copper sulfate electrodes by newly designed platinum electrodes, a good reproducibility of the method was obtained.

Antiplatelet heteroantibodies and usually also antiplatelet isoantibodies were found to reduce the electrophoretic mobility of platelets. The influence of drug‐induced antiplatelet antibodies on the electrophoretic mobility appeared to be dependent on the presence of complement in the incubation mixture, as was the case with some anti‐red cell antibodies.

From studies with sera from patients recovered or suffering from idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and with platelets from patients with thrombocytopenia it was concluded that cell electrophoresis is unsuitable for the demonstration of the thrombocytopenic factor.
Anti‐I (A+B): An Autoantibody Detecting an Antigenic Determinant of I and a Common Part to A and B
Authors: Doinel C. , Ropars C. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Some cold autoantibodies found in acquired hemolytic anemias react with both the A, B or H, and the I, blood group antigens. The agglutinating activity of such an autoantibody of the IgM type was studied by a quantitative method in an AB patient.

This antibody agglutinated neither A, B and O red blood cells in the absence of the I antigen, nor the Bombay red cells. It agglutinated equally AI + and BI + red cells, and weakly the OI+ red cells. Both agglutinating activities towards the AI+ and BI+ red cells were observed to decrease simultaneously and partially upon absorption on OI + red cells, at 4°C. They disappeared simultaneously and completely upon absorption on either AI + or BI + red cells. The antibody absorbed on, and eluted from AI + red cells showed a similar agglutinating activity towards the AI + and the BI+ red cells; likewise, when it was absorbed on, and eluted from BI + red cells.

The study of the antibody‐agglutinating activity and of its 7S subunit activity, as well as of the inhibitory activity of the Fab fragments, led to the conclusion that the observed results were due neither to a mixture of antibodies, nor to an anti‐I or an anti‐HI antibody, but to a cross‐reactivity between the A, B and 1 antigens. The antibody recognized a determinant which comprises I and some part shared by A and B. It can be named anti‐I (A+B).
Development of Direct Antiglobulin Reaction Accompanying Alloimmunization in a Patient with Rhd (D, Category III) Phenotype1
Authors: Lalezari Parviz , Talleyrand Nancy P. , Wenz Barry , Schoenfeld Martha E. , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. New examples of the Rhd (D, category III) red cell phenotype are described in three siblings. One of these individuals who had previously been transfused, received three units of Rho(D) positive blood several years later and developed a high titer anti‐RhD antibody. This anamnestic response was associated with the development of an autoantibody which persisted for a period of at least 8 months. This observation represents another example of autoimmunization which has rarely been observed to accompany alloimmunization.
Over 95% Sensitization against Allogeneic Leukocytes Following Single Massive Blood Transfusion1
Authors: Gleichmann Helga , Breininger Josef
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The development and persistence of leukoagglutinating and lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies were systematically studied in 54 patients who had received single massive blood transfusions because of open‐heart surgery. Of these patients over 95% were sensitized when tested for both leukoagglutinins and lymphocytotoxins, whereas 74% were found to be immunized when searched for cytotoxic antibodies only. The optimal time for detecting antibodies was 2 weeks after blood transfusions.
The Problem of Platelet Autoantibodies
Authors: Mueller‐Eckhurdt C. , Mayser Bettina , Heinrich D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To evaluate the applicability of the 14C‐serotonin release test for the demonstration of platelet autoantibodies, normal test material (sera, plasmas, globulin fractions), HLA‐specific complement‐fixing platelet antibodies and aggregated human γ‐globulin (aγG) were tested in comparison to sera (plasmas, globulin fractions) of 101 thrombocytopenic patients including 46 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Whereas defined immunological stimuli (HLA antibodies, aγG) were detected with satisfactory precision, platelet autoantibodies could not be demonstrated. Only sera containing HLA antibodies due to previous immunization induced reproducible 14C‐serotonin release. Results with test material from thrombocytopenic patients were analyzed by 2 times 2 tables and inconsistencies were shown to be caused by methodological variations.
Preparation and Specificity Testing of a Rabbit Anti‐Human Thymocyte Serum
Authors: de la Rivière A. Brutel , Verhoef‐Karssen Paula R. , van Oers M. H. J. , Schoorl R. , Feltkamp‐Vroom Thea M. , von dem Borne A.E.G. Kr. , Zeijlemaker W.P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The preparation of a specific anti‐T cell serum, applicable in the indirect immuno‐fluorescence technique on cell suspensions, smears of peripheral blood and bone marrow and on tissue sections is described. Rabbits were immunized with thymocytes; after removal of antibodies against species‐specific antigens and antigens common to leucocytes by absorptions with red cells and granulocytes, specificity for thymocytes was obtained by repeated absorptions with CLL cells, used as B cell equivalents. Subsequently, the IgG fraction of the absorbed antiserum was isolated. This antibody preparation was tested with various types of blood cells as well as with cell suspensions depleted or enriched in T cells. For the study of tissue sections it had to be absorbed with liver powder. When studying lymphatic tissue it was found to stain only thymus‐dependent areas in the specimens tested.
Possible Linkage between the Major Histocompatibility Complex and the Immune Response to Factor VIII in Classic Haemophilia
Authors: Frommel D. , Muller J. Y. , Prou‐Wartelle Odette , Allain J. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The pattern of HLA segregation was analyzed in 10 sibships of haemophilia A patients, each of which included 1 or 2 haemophilic brothers with an antibody to factor VIII. The observed HLA distribution is suggestive of a linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and a gene responsible for immune response to isologous factor VIII.
Serological Identification of the New Cold Agglutinin Specificity Anti‐Gd
Authors: Roelcke D. , Riesen W. , Geisen H. P. , Ebert W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The specificity anti‐Gd of human cold autoagglutinins is characterized using untreated and enzyme‐treated human red blood cells. Gd determinants of human RBC are resistant to proteases, but are inactivated by neuraminidase (RDE). In contrast, I/i determinants are not inactivated by proteases or RDE, while Pr1–3 determinants are inactivated by proteases and RDE, and Pra determinants are resistant to RDE, but are inactivated by proteases.
Platelet Transfusion Therapy and Circulating Immune Complexes
Authors: Safai‐Kutti Soodabeh , Zaroulis Charles G. , Day Noorbibi K. , Good Robert A. , Kutti Jack
Published: March 2009

Abstract: 30 platelet transfusions were administered to 9 thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemias. Using the Raji cell radioimmunoassay, the serum concentration for circulating immune complexes (CIC) were determined immediately before and 10–12 h after each transfusion therapy. Elevated serum concentrations for CIC were present in 14 of the pretransfusion samples. After platelet transfusion therapy, a significant (p<0.02) decrease in the values of CIC occurred. In these 14 transfusion studies the mean percent platelet increment was considerably lower (0.10>p>0.05) than the mean for the 16 transfusion studies in which the pretransfusion values for CIC were normal. These results show that CIC probably play an important role in removing transfused platelets from the circulation. Conversely, platelets are able to remove CIC from the circulation.
Hepatitis‐Associated Markers in the American Red Cross Volunteer Blood Donor Population
Authors: Nath N. , Fang C. T. , Berberian H. , Bastiaans M. J. , Dodd R. Y. , Sandler S. G. , Barker L. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During the year 1978 this laboratory evaluated the specificity of all samples found reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by 44 of 57 regions of the American Red Cross Blood Services. Radioimmunoassay detected a total of 1,921 HBsAg‐reactive samples among more than three million donor units tested. A vast majority (96%) of the samples had high level of HBsAg (≥20 ng/ml). Only about 50% of the samples with low level of HBsAg (<20ng/ml) were reactive in reversed passive hemagglutination. There were 13 samples that were repeatably reactive for HBsAg but were considered nonspecific as they were nonneutralizable in radioimmunoassay, 2 donors who showed nonspecific reactivity were further tested and it was found that the reactivity in radioimmunoassay persisted for more than 9 months, and this reactivity was also detectable by a second commercial kit for HBsAg. Antibodies to core and surface antigen were not found in any of the nine samples that were tested. The explanation of this nonspecific reactivity is unclear, but the data suggest that the nonspecific factor(s) may be an inherent property of the sample rather than a deficiency of the test reagents.
Detection of Platelet Antibodies: a Comparison of Three Techniques
Authors: Helmerhorst F. M. , Bossers B. , de Bruin H. G. , Engelfriet C. P. , von dem Borne A.E.G. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. For the detection of auto‐antibodies on the platelets and in the serum of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, three new techniques have recently been developed: the quantitative antiglobulin consumption assay (QACA), the platelet radioactive anti‐globulin test (PRAT) and the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT). The results obtained by various investigators with these techniques differ considerably. We, therefore, studied the sensitivity of the three methods. This was done by testing platelet‐reactive allo‐antibodies (anti‐Zwa, anti‐HLA‐A2) and auto‐antibodies in titration.

The results show that the PSIFT is the most sensitive technique, closely followed by the PRAT. The QACA was found to be much less sensitive than the other two methods. This suggests that a positive result in the QACA and a negative result in the PSIFT and/or PRAT cannot be attributed to the presence of platelet auto‐antibodies.
Removal of Polyethylene Glycol from Proteins by Salt‐Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Busby Thomas F. , Inghmn Kenneth C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The use of poly(ethylene glycol) in the purification of plasma and cellular protein is somewhat complicated by the difficulty of removing it from the protein product. The method presented here, quickly and efficiently removes over 95% of the PEG by the simple addition of salts to induce an aqueous two‐phase separation with the PEG in the upper phase and greater than 90% of the protein in the lower phase.
Baka, a New Platelet‐Specific Antigen Involved in Neonatal Allo‐Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: von dem Borne A.E.G. K. , von Riesz E. , Verheugt F.W.A. , ten Cute J. W. , Koppe J. G. , Engelfriet C. P. , Nijenhuis L. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is described in which the mother developed platelet‐specific antibodies, not directed against the antigens of the Zw(PlA) or the KO system. The antibodies were only detectable in the immunofluorescence test and the radioactive aqtiglobulin test on platelets, and proved to be mainly IgGl antibodies, although weak IgM antibodies of the same specificity were also detected.

By cross‐absorption studies, investigation of the family and a small‐scale population study, it appeared that the antibodies were directed against a new antigen which we have called Baka. The frequency of the Baka phenotype in the Dutch population was 90.76%, the calculated genotype frequency 0.696. The Baka phenotype was neither sex‐linked nor, so far as evaluable, closely linked to other platelet, red‐cell, granulocyte, or HLA groups.

The first child of this mother died of neonatal thrombocytopenia, the second child was unaffected. During the second pregnancy, the titre of the antibodies did not rise. The platelets of this child were found not to carry the Baka antigen.
Distribution of HBsAg Subtypes in the World
Authors: Couroucé‐Pauty Anne‐Marie , Plançon Annie , Soulier J.P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HBsAg subtyping was performed in 5,337 sera from chronic carriers who originated from 54 different countries of the 5 continents. Nine subtypes were defined: ayw1, ayw2, ayw3, ayw4, ayr, adw2, adw4, adr q‐ and adr q+. The repartition of these subtypes, according to the country of origin of the carriers, enhances the previous results and supplies new data: ayw1 is prevalent only in Vietnam (51%); ayw2 in Mediterranean countries (73%); ayw3 in Greece and Yugoslavia (54%) along with ayw2 (41%); ayw4 in West Africa (82%) and Central Africa (42%) along with ayw2; ayr was only found in Vietnam (3.4%); adw2 is prevalent in North and Central Europe (70%), East and South Africa (95%), India (55%), along with ayw3 (35%) in northern South America (74%), and in the Antilles (82%); adw4 is widespread in French Polynesia (45%) — with a 100% frequency in the Marquesas archipelago — as well as in Argentina (42%); adr q‐ was found only in Oceania: French Polynesia (34%) with a 69% frequency in the Australes, New Caledonia (3 out of 3 HBsAg carriers); adr q+ is the prevalent subtype in South‐East Asia if we exclude Vietnam (61%).

These results show that a precise geographical distribution of HBsAg subtypes needs more than ‘four main subtypes’ generally used. Enlarging from 4 subtypes to 9 is a requirement for valuable epidemiologic studies, as well as for the specification of anti‐HBs antibodies produced by hybrids or induced by synthetic peptide. The geographical distribution of these 9 HBsAg subtypes and the serological relationship between some determinants suggest a genetic recombination of viral DNA.
A Detailed Serological Study of Five Anti‐Jka Sera Reacting by the Antiglobulin Technique
Authors: Howell P. , Giles C.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Detailed serological investigation of five examples of anti‐Jka revealed considerable heterogeneity in their characteristics. All the sera were investigated by the antiglobulin technique, with and without complement and by a range of sensitization and testing methods. Three were readily detected in the presence of complement, while two were detectable with anti‐IgG, providing a spin test was used. Complement was bound by all and resulted in enhanced reactions, particularly when slide/tile tests were used. The study emphasizes that anti‐complement (C3) is an essential component of polyspecific antiglobulin reagents used in cross‐matching, enabling the ready detection of these clinically important antibodies.
S‐Sulfonation: a Reversible Chemical Modification of Human Immunoglobulins Permitting Intravenous Application
Authors: Gronski P. , Hoftaetter T. , Kanzy E. J. , Lüben G. , Seiler F. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. S‐sulfonation represents a reversible chemical modification of disulfide bonds by which under the special conditions chosen only about 2.2 cystine units per IgG molecule are cleaved. Physicochemical and functional evidence for reconstititution is presented. Molecules reconstituted in vitro or in vivo regain, within a few hours, a reactivity (antigen binding, immunoprecipitation, Clq‐mediated cross‐linking of immune complexes) comparable to equimolar control preparations.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Brummelhuis H.G.J. , Over J. , Duivis‐Vorst C.C. , Stürler L.A. Wilson‐de , Ates G. , Hoek P.J. , Reerink‐Brongers E.E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Investigations were performed concerning the elimination of the risk of hepatitis B transmission of potentially infectious plasma derivatives by the addition of a low dose of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg). To this end, clotting factor VIII concentrate, prothrombin complex, C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate, plasminogen and antithrombin III were prepared from plasma strongly positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). To one half of every preparation, HBIg was added up to a final concentration of 0.4 IU anti‐HBs/ml (test preparations), the other half was not treated (control preparations). Furthermore, to 10‐3 diluted infectious reference plasma (Bureau of Biologics, FDA, USA), an overdose HBIg was added to a final concentration of about 0.4 IU anti‐HBs/ml.

6 chimpanzees, injected either with the control plasma derivatives or with the untreated infectious reference plasma, were infected with hepatitis B virus, whereas 5 chimpanzees, injected either with the test plasma derivatives or the infectious reference plasma to which the HBIg had been added, did not show any evidence of hepatitis B infection during the follow‐up of 1 year. Addition of a low dose of HBIg to potentially infectious plasma derivatives appears to be a reliable measure to eliminate the hepatitis B transmission and is preferred to other methods for labile plasma derivatives.
Acceleration of Coagulation by Spectrin‐Free Erythrocytic Vesicles: Evidence for Lipid Flip‐Flop during Vesicle Formation
Authors: Stibenz D. , Maak B. , Halbhuber K.‐J. , Linss W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Spectrin‐free erythrocytic vesicles isolated from outdated liquid‐preserved blood samples show a distinct increase of the clot‐promoting activity compared with membrane phospholipid equivalents of intact erythrocytes. We suppose that, among other remodelling processes, local spectrin detachment from the inner membrane surface may trigger a flip‐flop‐mediated disturbance of the membrane lipid asymmetry. The interactions of spectrin with the cytoplasmic membrane surface seem to be essential for the structural membrane integrity including the lipid asymmetry.
Impact of Cytomegalovirus Testing on Blood Collection Facilities
Authors: Silvergleid Arthur J. , Kott Thaddeus J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 561 consecutive O‐negative blood donors were tested for the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. 427 (76.1%) donors were CMV antibody positive, while 134 (23.9%) were seronegative. Males (75.1%) and females (78%) did not differ significantly in seropositivity. 17‐ to 20‐year‐old males had the lowest frequency of seropositivity (38.5%), though donors in this category represented only 4% of the 561 consecutive donors. The incidence of seropositivity increased consistently with age. Because of the difficulty in confidently generating sufficient CMV‐seronegative donors, it is suggested that the exclusive use of frozen‐thawed, or washed, leukocyte‐poor blood, be evaluated as an alternative.
Osasa ‘New’ Low‐Frequency Red Cell Antigen
Authors: Seno Taiko , Yamaguchi H. , Okubo Y. , Sumi R. , Green Carole A. , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new low‐frequency red cell antigen, Osain a Japanese blood donor is inherited as a Mendelian dominant. A family study showed that Osais not controlled by ABO, P1, Rh, Kidd, or Diego loci, nor is the antigen X‐ or Y‐borne.
Serum Complement ‘Supergenes' of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Man (Complotypes)
Authors: Alper Chester A. , Raum Donald , Karp Sharon , Awdeh Zuheir L. , Yunis Edmond J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The loci for the complement proteins C2 and BF, and the two loci for C4 arc closely linked to one another. In many hundreds of meioses no crossing over has been detected between these loci. In addition, the alleles of these four loci occur in specific combinations not predicted by their gene frequencies in much the same way as alleles of the Rh and MNS systems. These units are termed complotypes. There are 14 complotypes with frequencies in excess of 1% in our study population of normal sixth chromosomes from Caucasians. Since they are also intimately associated with HLA‐DR, complotypes may also be of importance in screening programs for transplantation.