bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variability of Cultivable Nitrate-Reducing and Denitrifying Bacteria and Functional Gene Copy Number in Fresh Water Lake
Authors: Böllmann Jörg , Martienssen Marion
Published: March 2024

This study describes the seasonal course of denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria in a dimictic mesotrophic lake (Lake Scharmützelsee, Brandenburg, Germany) within a three-year period from 2011 to 2013. The bacterial cell numbers were quantified by the fluorescence microscopy, most probable number (MPN) and PCR-dependent quantification of the chromosomal 16S rDNA and of the nirS and nirK gene copy number. The highest seasonal differences (up to three orders of magnitudes) have been measured using MPN in the epilimnion. This variation was not reflected by PCR-dependent approaches or direct microscopical enumeration. At adverse conditions (low temperature and/or low nitrate concentrations), the differences between MPN and gene copy numbers increased by up to five orders of magnitudes and decreased to one magnitude at favourable environmental conditions. These results can be explained best by an increasing ratio of viable but not cultivable (VBNC) cells or dead cells at impairing conditions. In the hypolimnion, the courses of MPN and nir gene copy numbers were similar. This can be explained by a higher feeding pressure and therefore smaller amounts of dormant cells. In the pelagial in general, the total cell numbers enumerated by either microscopical or molecular approaches were similar. In the sediment, more than 99% of the DNA was obviously not related to viable bacteria but was rather DNA in dead cells or adsorbed to particle surfaces.
Genomic Characterization of Wild Lactobacillus delbrueckii Strains Reveals Low Diversity but Strong Typicity
Authors: Grizon Anna , Theil Sébastien , Helinck Sandra , Gerber Pauline , Bonnarme Pascal , Chassard Christophe
Published: March 2024

Investigating the diversity of a given species could give clues for the development of autochthonous starter cultures. However, few studies have focused on the intraspecies diversity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains, a technologically important lactic acid bacterium for the dairy industry. For this reason, Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains from the Saint-Nectaire Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) area were isolated and characterized. Genetic diversity was determined based on core genome phylogenetic reconstruction and pangenome analysis, while phenotypic assessments encompassed proteolysis and volatile compound production potential. A total of 15 L. delbrueckii ssp. lactis unique new strains were obtained. The genetic analysis and further proteolytic activities measurement revealed low variability among these Saint-Nectaire strains, while substantial genetic variability was observed within the L. delbrueckii ssp. lactis subspecies as a whole. The volatile compound profiles slightly differed among strains, and some strains produced volatile compounds that could be of particular interest for cheese flavor development. While the genetic diversity among Saint-Nectaire strains was relatively modest compared to overall subspecies diversity, their distinct characteristics and pronounced differentiation from publicly available genomes position them as promising candidates for developing autochthonous starter cultures for cheese production.
Substrate Matters: Ionic Silver Alters Lettuce Growth, Nutrient Uptake, and Root Microbiome in a Hydroponics System
Authors: Spencer LaShelle , Costine Blake , Irwin Tesia , Dixit Anirudha , Spern Cory , Diaz Angie , Lozzi Brittney , Li Wenyan , Khodadad Christina , Smith Trent , Wheeler Raymond , O’Rourke Aubrie
Published: March 2024

Ionic silver (Ag+) is being investigated as a residual biocide for use in NASA spacecraft potable water systems on future crewed missions. This water will be used to irrigate future spaceflight crop production systems. We have evaluated the impact of three concentrations (31 ppb, 125 ppb, and 500 ppb) of ionic silver biocide solutions on lettuce in an arcillite (calcinated clay particle substrate) and hydroponic (substrate-less) growth setup after 28 days. Lettuce plant growth was reduced in the hydroponic samples treated with 31 ppb silver and severely stunted for samples treated at 125 ppb and 500 ppb silver. No growth defects were observed in arcillite-grown lettuce. Silver was detectable in the hydroponic-grown lettuce leaves at each concentration but was not detected in the arcillite-grown lettuce leaves. Specifically, when 125 ppb silver water was applied to a hydroponics tray, Ag+ was detected at an average amount of 7 μg/g (dry weight) in lettuce leaves. The increase in Ag+ corresponded with a decrease in several essential elements in the lettuce tissue (Ca, K, P, S). In the arcillite growth setup, silver did not impact the plant root zone microbiome in terms of alpha diversity and relative abundance between treatments and control. However, with increasing silver concentration, the alpha diversity increased in lettuce root samples and in the water from the hydroponics tray samples. The genera in the hydroponic root and water samples were similar across the silver concentrations but displayed different relative abundances. This suggests that ionic silver was acting as a selective pressure for the microbes that colonize the hydroponic water. The surviving microbes likely utilized exudates from the stunted plant roots as a carbon source. Analysis of the root-associated microbiomes in response to silver showed enrichment of metagenomic pathways associated with alternate carbon source utilization, fatty-acid synthesis, and the ppGpp (guanosine 3′-diphosphate 5′-diphosphate) stringent response global regulatory system that operates under conditions of environmental stress. Nutrient solutions containing Ag+ in concentrations greater than 31 ppb in hydroponic systems lacking cation-exchange capacity can severely impact crop production due to stunting of plant growth.
A Study on the Application of Recombinant Factor C (rFC) Assay Using Biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Kang Da Hee , Yun Song Yeol , Eum SoYoung , Yoon Kyung Eun , Ryu Seung-Rel , Lee Chulhyun , Heo Hye-Ryeon , Lee Kwang Moon
Published: March 2024

Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins can cause pathophysiological effects such as high fever when introduced into the bloodstream. Therefore, endotoxin testing is necessary when producing injectable pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical industry has widely used Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) to certify product quality. However, ethical concerns have been raised and the increasing scarcity of Limulus polyphemus necessitates the development of novel testing techniques. Recombinant factor C (rFC) was developed using genetic engineering techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of rFC testing and compare it with the LAL method. The specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness of the rFC assay were evaluated. After validation, the rFC assay was found to be suitable for endotoxin detection. We compared the accuracy of the rFC and LAL assays using reference standard endotoxin. The rFC assay was as accurate as the LAL assay. We also compared the two assays using biopharmaceuticals. Greater interference occurred in some samples when the rFC assay was used than when the LAL assay was used. However, the rFC assay overcame the interference when the samples were diluted. Overall, we suggest that rFC can be applied to test biopharmaceuticals.
A Case History of Graphite Exploration in North Norway Integrating Various Geophysical Surveys
Authors: Baranwal Vikas , Rønning Jan , Larsen Bjørn , Su Yang , Zhang Bo , Liu Yunhe , Ren Xiuyan , Gautneb Håvard , Gellein Jomar
Published: March 2024

Graphite is considered to be one of Europe’s most critical minerals. It is necessary for the transition from hydrocarbon fuel to electricity due to its use in batteries that power electronic devices and electric transport. In the past, high-quality exposed graphite was found in Norway without today’s advanced geophysical and geological methods. Norway is a key destination in Europe for graphite production. With an increasing demand for graphite, there have been efforts to systematically survey the country using modern geophysical and geological methods to find hidden graphite deposits. Among the various geophysical survey methods, electrical and electromagnetic (EM) methods are the first choice for the exploration of graphite due to the material’s high electrical conductivity. Airborne surveys are often used to cover a large area for a regional reconnaissance survey to locate the sites with potential mineral deposits before performing ground geophysical and geological surveys. Therefore, frequency-domain helicopter EM (HEM) and airborne magnetic surveys were performed in Northern Norway to locate interesting anomalies which were followed by ground surveys such as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), charged-potential (CP), self-potential (SP), ground EM, and geological surveys. Some locations were also investigated with drilling and petrophysical core-sample analysis. In this paper, we present helicopter EM and magnetic data, 3D inversion of HEM data, and a successful ground follow-up survey result from the Vesterålen district in Northern Norway. The HEM survey identified previously known and new graphite occurrences, both partially exposed or buried, which were confirmed using ground surveys, drilling, and laboratory analysis of the samples.
Editorial for the Special Issue: Deposition, Diagenesis, and Geochemistry of Carbonate Sequences
Authors: Mehrabi Hamzeh , Tavakoli Vahid
Published: March 2024

The study of carbonate sequences encompasses a multifaceted exploration of depositional characteristics, diagenetic alterations, and geochemical variations that shape Earth’s geological history. [...]
Modeling and Simulation of Hydroxyapatite Recovery in the Desliming Circuit of the Tapira Industrial Plant, Brazil
Authors: Silveira Adalto , Delboni Homero , Bergerman Maurício Guimarães
Published: March 2024

The modeling and simulation of industrial mineral processing operations are traditionally used for cyclone sizing and optimizations of industrial operations. However, the main models used are based on the total population of particles in the pulp, thus not distinguishing the individual minerals. This article presents the results of an innovative method that investigated the optimization of the metallurgical recovery of P2O5 in the desliming circuit of a phosphate ore processing plant in Brazil. A survey campaign was carried out in the existing industrial circuit, followed by determining the partition curves for the overall particles and specifically for the hydroxyapatite particles. The results were used to calibrate the Narasimha–Mainza cyclone model. From a Base Case determined with reference to the industrial survey, three optimization scenarios were simulated through cyclone geometries and respective operating conditions changes. Simulated scenarios indicated the possibility of P2O5 metallurgical recovery increasing from 9.4% to 12.7% compared to the Base Case.
Aptamer Technologies in Neuroscience, Neuro-Diagnostics and Neuro-Medicine Development
Authors: Wang Bang , Kobeissy Firas , Golpich Mojtaba , Cai Guangzheng , Li Xiaowei , Abedi Reem , Haskins William , Tan Weihong , Benner Steven A. , Wang Kevin K. W.
Published: March 2024

Aptamers developed using in vitro Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technology are single-stranded nucleic acids 10–100 nucleotides in length. Their targets, often with specificity and high affinity, range from ions and small molecules to proteins and other biological molecules as well as larger systems, including cells, tissues, and animals. Aptamers often rival conventional antibodies with improved performance, due to aptamers’ unique biophysical and biochemical properties, including small size, synthetic accessibility, facile modification, low production cost, and low immunogenicity. Therefore, there is sustained interest in engineering and adapting aptamers for many applications, including diagnostics and therapeutics. Recently, aptamers have shown promise as early diagnostic biomarkers and in precision medicine for neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. Here, we critically review neuro-targeting aptamers and their potential applications in neuroscience research, neuro-diagnostics, and neuro-medicine. We also discuss challenges that must be overcome, including delivery across the blood–brain barrier, increased affinity, and improved in vivo stability and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties.
Study on the Mechanism of Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Carbonate Radicals
Authors: Cao Heng , Xiong Sheng-Feng , Dong Li-Long , Dai Zhou-Tong
Published: March 2024

Based on the reported research, hydroxyl radicals can be rapidly transformed into carbonate radicals in the carbonate–bicarbonate buffering system in vivo. Many of the processes considered to be initiated by hydroxyl radicals may be caused by carbonate radicals, which indicates that lipid peroxidation initiated by hydroxyl radicals can also be caused by carbonate radicals. To date, theoretical research on reactions of hydrogen abstraction from and radical addition to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of carbonate radicals has not been carried out systematically. This paper employs (3Z,6Z)-nona-3,6-diene (NDE) as a model for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Density functional theory (DFT) with the CAM-B3LYP method at the 6-311+g(d,p) level was used to calculate the differences in reactivity of carbonate radicals abstracting hydrogen from different positions of NDE and their addition to the double bonds of NDE under lipid solvent conditions with a dielectric constant of 4.0 (CPCM model). Grimme’s empirical dispersion correction was taken into account through the D3 scheme. The energy barrier, reaction rate constants, internal energy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy changes in these reactions were calculated With zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE) corrections. The results indicated that carbonate radicals initiate lipid peroxidation primarily through hydrogen abstraction from diallyl carbon atoms. The reaction of hydrogen abstraction from diallyl carbon atoms exhibits the highest reaction rate, with a reaction rate constant approximately 43-fold greater than the second-ranked hydrogen abstraction from allyl carbon atoms. This process has the lowest energy barrier, internal energy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy changes, indicating that it is also the most spontaneous process.
Effect of Precursors and Their Regulators on the Biosynthesis of Antibiotics in Actinomycetes
Authors: Yan Xu , Dong Yao , Gu Yawen , Cui Hao
Published: March 2024

During the life activities of microorganisms, a variety of secondary metabolites are produced, including antimicrobials and antitumor drugs, which are widely used in clinical practice. In addition to exploring new antibiotics, this makes it one of the research priorities of Actinomycetes to effectively increase the yield of antibiotics in production strains by various means. Most antibiotic-producing strains have a variety of functional regulatory factors that regulate their growth, development, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis processes. Through the study of precursor substances in antibiotic biosynthesis, researchers have revealed the precursor biosynthesis process and the mechanism by which precursor synthesis regulators affect the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which can be used to obtain engineered strains with high antibiotic production. This paper summarizes the supply of antibiotic biosynthesis precursors and the progress of research on the role of regulators in the process of precursors in biosynthesis. This lays the foundation for the establishment of effective breeding methods to improve antibiotic yields through the manipulation of precursor synthesis genes and related regulators.
Pulp or Peel? Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemical Content and Selected Cosmetic-Related Properties of Annona cherimola L., Diospyros kaki Thumb., Cydonia oblonga Mill. and Fortunella margarita Swingle Pulp and Peel Extracts
Authors: Lasota Magdalena , Lechwar Paulina , Kukula-Koch Wirginia , Czop Marcin , Czech Karolina , Gaweł-Bęben Katarzyna
Published: March 2024

Fruit peels might be a valuable source of active ingredients for cosmetics, leading to more sustainable usage of plant by-products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical content and selected biological properties of hydroglycolic extracts from peels and pulps of Annona cherimola, Diospyros kaki, Cydonia oblonga, and Fortunella margarita as potential cosmetic ingredients. Peel and pulp extracts were compared for their antiradical activity (using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays), skin-lightening potential (tyrosinase inhibitory assay), sun protection factor (SPF), and cytotoxicity toward human fibroblast, keratinocyte, and melanoma cell lines. The total content of polyphenols and/or flavonoids was significantly higher in peel than in pulp extracts, and the composition of particular active compounds was also markedly different. The HPLC-MS fingerprinting revealed the presence of catechin, epicatechin and rutoside in the peel of D. kaki, whereas kaempferol glucoside and procyanidin A were present only in the pulp. In A. cherimola, catechin, epicatechin and rutoside were identified only in the peel of the fruit, whereas procyanidins were traced only in the pulp extracts. Quercetin and luteolinidin were found to be characteristic compounds of F. margarita peel extract. Naringenin and hesperidin were found only in the pulp of F. margarita. The most significant compositional variety between the peel and pulp extracts was observed for C. oblonga: Peel extracts contained a higher number of active components (e.g., vicenin-2, kaempferol rutinoside, or kaempferol galactoside) than pulp extract. The radical scavenging potential of peel extracts was higher than of the pulp extracts. D. kaki and F. margarita peel and pulp extracts inhibited mushroom and murine tyrosinases at comparable levels. The C. oblonga pulp extract was a more potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor than the peel extract. Peel extract of A. cherimola inhibited mushroom tyrosinase but activated the murine enzyme. F. margarita pulp and peel extracts showed the highest in vitro SPF. A. cherimola, D. kaki, and F. margarita extracts were not cytotoxic for fibroblasts and keratinocytes up to a concentration of 2% (v/v) and the peel extracts were cytotoxic for A375 melanoma cells. To summarize, peel extracts from all analyzed fruit showed comparable or better cosmetic-related properties than pulp extracts and might be considered multifunctional active ingredients of skin lightening, anti-aging, and protective cosmetics.
Biodirected Screening and Preparation of Larimichthys crocea Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme-Inhibitory Peptides by a Combined In Vitro and In Silico Approach
Authors: Yang Zhizhi , Wang Changrong , Huang Baote , Chen Yihui , Liu Zhiyu , Chen Hongbin , Chen Jicheng
Published: March 2024

Food-derived angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides have gained attention for their potent and safe treatment of hypertensive disorders. However, there are some limitations of conventional methods for preparing ACE-inhibitory peptides. In this study, in silico hydrolysis, the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model, LC-MS/MS, inhibition kinetics, and molecular docking were used to investigate the stability, hydrolyzability, in vitro activity, and inhibition mechanism of bioactive peptides during the actual hydrolysis process. Six novel ACE-inhibitory peptides were screened from the Larimichthys crocea protein (LCP) and had low IC50 values (from 0.63 ± 0.09 µM to 10.26 ± 0.21 µM), which were close to the results of the QSAR model. After in vitro gastrointestinal simulated digestion activity of IPYADFK, FYEPFM and NWPWMK were found to remain almost unchanged, whereas LYDHLGK, INEMLDTK, and IHFGTTGK were affected by gastrointestinal digestion. Meanwhile, the inhibition kinetics and molecular docking results were consistent in that ACE-inhibitory peptides of different inhibition forms could effectively bind to the active or non-central active centers of ACE through hydrogen bonding. Our proposed method has better reproducibility, accuracy, and higher directivity than previous methods. This study can provide new approaches for the deep processing, identification, and preparation of Larimichthys crocea.
Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticles from Bis-(N-benzoylthiourea) Derived-PdII Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for Sustainable Cross-Coupling Reactions in Water
Authors: Poyraz Samet , Döndaş H. Ali , Belveren Samet , Taş Senanur , Hidalgo-León Raquel , Trujillo-Sierra José , Rodríguez-Flórez Lesly V. , Retamosa Mª de Gracia , Sirvent Ana , Gholinejad Mohammad , Sobhani Sara , Sansano José M.
Published: March 2024

Stable palladium (II) complexes, incorporating a double (N-benzoylthiourea) arrangement bonded to a complex heterocyclic scaffold, are used as precursors of catalytic species able to promote Suzuki–Miyaura, Mizoroki–Heck, Hiyama, Buchwald–Hartwig, Hirao and Sonogashira–Hagihara cross-coupling transformations in water. These sustainable processes are chemoselective and very versatile. The nanoparticles responsible for these catalytic reactions were analyzed and studied. Their usefulness is demonstrated after several tests and analyses. The heterogeneous character of this species in water was also confirmed.
Potent Apoptosis Induction by a Novel Trispecific B7-H3xCD16xTIGIT 2+1 Common Light Chain Natural Killer Cell Engager
Authors: Ulitzka Michael , Harwardt Julia , Lipinski Britta , Tran Hue , Hock Björn , Kolmar Harald
Published: March 2024

Valued for their ability to rapidly kill multiple tumor cells in succession as well as their favorable safety profile, NK cells are of increasing interest in the field of immunotherapy. As their cytotoxic activity is controlled by a complex network of activating and inhibiting receptors, they offer a wide range of possible antigens to modulate their function by antibodies. In this work, we utilized our established common light chain (cLC)-based yeast surface display (YSD) screening procedure to isolate novel B7-H3 and TIGIT binding monoclonal antibodies. The chicken-derived antibodies showed single- to low-double-digit nanomolar affinities and were combined with a previously published CD16-binding Fab in a 2+1 format to generate a potent NK engaging molecule. In a straightforward, easily adjustable apoptosis assay, the construct B7-H3xCD16xTIGIT showed potent apoptosis induction in cancer cells. These results showcase the potential of the TIGIT NK checkpoint in combination with activating receptors to achieve increased cytotoxic activity.
Enrichment of Olive Oils with Natural Bioactive Compounds from Aromatic and Medicinal Herbs: Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Potential
Authors: Yfanti Paraskevi , Lazaridou Polyxeni , Boti Vasiliki , Douma Dimitra , Lekka Marilena E.
Published: March 2024

Olive oil and herbs, two key components of the Mediterranean diet, are known for their beneficial effects on humans. In our study, we incorporated aromatic and medicinal herbs into local monovarietal olive oils via maceration procedures for enrichment. We identified the herbal-derived ingredients that migrate to olive oils and contribute positively to their total phenolic content and functional properties, such as radical scavenging activity. Thus, we characterized the essential oil composition of the aromatic herbs (GC-MS), and we determined the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the additives and the virgin olive oils before and after enrichment. The herbal phenolic compounds were analyzed by LC-LTQ/Orbitrap HRMS. We found that olive oils infused with Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia triloba obtained an increased phenolic content, by approximately 1.3 to 3.4 times, in comparison with the untreated ones. Infusion with S. triloba led to a significantly higher antioxidant capacity. Rosmarinic acid, as well as phenolic glucosides, identified in the aromatic herbs, were not incorporated into olive oils due to their high polarity. In contrast, phenolic aglycones and diterpenes from R. officinalis and S. triloba migrated to the enriched olive oils, leading to a significant increase in their phenolic content and to an improvement in their free radical scavenging capacity.
Tailoring Mesoporous Silica-Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Polyurethane-Doped Films for Enhanced Antimicrobial Applications
Authors: Nuti Silvia , Fernández-Lodeiro Adrián , Galhano Joana , Oliveira Elisabete , Duarte Maria Paula , Capelo-Martínez José Luis , Lodeiro Carlos , Fernández-Lodeiro Javier
Published: March 2024

The global increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a challenge to public health and requires the development of new antibacterial materials. In this study, we examined the bactericidal properties of mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles, varying the core sizes (ca. 28 nm and 51 nm). We also investigated gold nanoparticles (ca. 26 nm) coated with mesoporous silica as possible inert metal cores. To investigate the modification of antimicrobial activity after the surface charge change, we used silver nanoparticles with a silver core of 28 nm coated with a mesoporous shell (ca. 16 nm) and functionalized with a terminal amine group. Furthermore, we developed a facile method to create mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag@mSiO2) doped films using polyurethane (IROGRAN®) as a polymer matrix via solution casting. The antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles with different core sizes were analyzed against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria relevant to the healthcare and food industry. The results demonstrated that gold nanoparticles were inert, while silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial effects against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) strains. In particular, the larger Ag@mSiO2 nanoparticles showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 18 µg/mL in the Salmonella strain. Furthermore, upon terminal amine functionalization, reversing the surface charge to positive values, there was a significant increase in the antibacterial activity of the NPs compared to their negative counterparts. Finally, the antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticle-doped polyurethane films revealed a substantial improvement in antibacterial efficacy. This study provides valuable information on the potential of mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles and their applications in fighting multidrug-resistant bacteria, especially in the healthcare and food industries.
Developments in Atomistic and Nano Structure Evolution Mechanisms of Molten Slag Using Atomistic Simulation Methods
Authors: Jiang Chunhe , Li Kejiang , Bi Zhisheng , Ma Shufang , Zhang Jianliang , Liu Bo , Li Jiaqi
Published: March 2024

Molten slag has different properties depending on its composition. The relationship between its composition, structure, and properties has been the focus of attention in industrial manufacturing processes. This review describes the atomistic scale mechanisms by which oxides of different compositions affect the properties and structure of slag, and depicts the current state of research in the atomic simulation of molten slag. At present, the research on the macroscopic properties of molten slag mainly focuses on viscosity, free-running temperature, melting point, and desulphurization capacity. Regulating the composition has become the most direct and effective way to control slag properties. Analysis of the microevolution mechanism is the fundamental way to grasp the macroscopic properties. The microstructural evolution mechanism, especially at the atomic and nanoscale of molten slag, is reviewed from three aspects: basic oxides, acidic oxides, and amphoteric oxides. The evolution of macroscopic properties is analyzed in depth through the evolution of the atomic structure. Resolution of the macroscopic properties of molten slag by the atomic structure plays a crucial role in the development of fundamental theories of physicochemistry.
Dependence of Positive Bias Stress Instability on Threshold Voltage and Its Origin in Solution-Processed Aluminum-Doped Indium Oxide Thin-Film Transistors
Authors: Na Jeong-Hyeon , Park Jun-Hyeong , Park Won , Feng Junhao , Eun Jun-Su , Lee Jinuk , Lee Sin-Hyung , Jang Jaewon , Kang In Man , Kim Do-Kyung , Bae Jin-Hyuk
Published: March 2024

The initial electrical characteristics and bias stabilities of thin-film transistors (TFTs) are vital factors regarding the practical use of electronic devices. In this study, the dependence of positive bias stress (PBS) instability on an initial threshold voltage (VTH) and its origin were analyzed by understanding the roles of slow and fast traps in solution-processed oxide TFTs. To control the initial VTH of oxide TFTs, the indium oxide (InOx) semiconductor was doped with aluminum (Al), which functioned as a carrier suppressor. The concentration of oxygen vacancies decreased as the Al doping concentration increased, causing a positive VTH shift in the InOx TFTs. The VTH shift (∆VTH) caused by PBS increased exponentially when VTH was increased, and a distinct tendency was observed as the gate bias stress increased due to a high vertical electric field in the oxide dielectric. In addition, the recovery behavior was analyzed to reveal the influence of fast and slow traps on ∆VTH by PBS. Results revealed that the effect of the slow trap increased as the VTH moved in the positive direction; this occured because the main electron trap location moved away from the interface as the Fermi level approached the conduction band minimum. Understanding the correlation between VTH and PBS instability can contribute to optimizing the fabrication of oxide TFT-based circuits for electronic applications.
Recurrent Intracerebral Haematomas Due to Amyloid Angyopathy after Lyodura Transplantation in Childhood
Authors: Fabjan Maša , Jurečič Ana , Jerala Miha , Oblak Janja Pretnar , Frol Senta
Published: March 2024

The number of published cases of presumed iatrogenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (iCAA) due to the transmission of amyloid β during neurosurgery is slowly rising. One of the potential ways of transmission is through a cadaveric dura mater graft (LYODURA) exposure during neurosurgery. This is a case of a 46-year-old female patient with no chronic conditions who presented with recurrent intracerebral haemorrhages (ICHs) without underlying vessel pathology. Four decades prior, the patient had a neurosurgical procedure with documented LYODURA transplantation. Brain biopsy confirmed CAA. This is a rare case of histologically proven iCAA after a documented LYODURA transplantation in childhood. Our case and already published iCAA cases emphasize the need for considering neurosurgery procedure history as important data in patients who present with ICH possibly related to CAA.
Cytokinin Biosynthesis Is Affected by Selenium and Nitrate Availabilities to Regulate Shoot and Root Growth in Rice Seedlings
Authors: Teixeira Lubia S. , Mota Thiago A. L. , Lopez Deisy J. C. , Amorim Victor A. , Almeida Carla S. , Souza Genaina A. , Ribeiro Dimas M.
Published: March 2024

Selenium (Se) and nitrate have the potential to modify rice root architecture, but it is unclear how Se is linked to changes in the rice seedlings nitrate status. Thus, rice seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions containing either 0- or 10-µM Se that were supplemented with 0.05 (low nitrate condition) or 5.0 mM nitrate (high nitrate condition). Se application to seedlings treated with low nitrate led to sugar accumulation in shoot and root and increased cytokinin concentrations in root, while decreasing cytokinin concentrations in shoot compared with seedlings in 0.05 mM nitrate alone. This, in turn, resulted in decreased shoot growth, while downregulation of OsXTH and OsEXP negatively affected root expansion. On the other hand, Se combined with 5.0 mM nitrate did not affect sugar concentration in tissues compared with seedlings in 5.0 mM nitrate. Moreover, Se negatively regulated the cytokinin biosynthesis in shoot and root of seedlings grown under 5.0 mM nitrate. The reduction in cytokinin concentrations by Se under high nitrate condition decreased shoot growth, but increased root growth through induction of OsXTH and OsEXP. Thus, many of the effects of Se in shoot and root growth are due to a shift in nitrate status of the seedlings.
Adiposity Phenotypes and Associated Cardiometabolic Risk Profile in the Inuit Population of Nunavik
Authors: Lajeunesse-Trempe Fannie , Piché Marie-Eve , Poirier Paul , Tchernof André , Ayotte Pierre
Published: March 2024

The Inuit population of Nunavik is faced with a significant rise in the prevalence of obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2], but the impact on cardiometabolic health is unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize adiposity phenotypes and explore their associations with cardiometabolic risk factors among Nunavimmiut men and women. We used data obtained from 1296 Inuit who participated in the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik Inuit Health survey. Collected information included demographics, anthropometric measurements including visceral fat level (VFL) measured using electrical bioimpedance, biomarkers, hemodynamics, medical history and medication list. Adjusted population-weighted linear regressions were conducted to assess associations between body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors. The accuracy and cut-off points of anthropometric indices to detect cardiometabolic abnormalities was evaluated by area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) and a maximum Youden index analysis. Among Nunavimmiut (mean age 38.8 years [95%CI: 38.4 to 39.3]), obesity was observed in 42.8% of women and 25.6% of men. Compared to men, women presented a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (78.8% vs. 46.4% in men, p < 0.05) and elevated VFL (54.4% vs. 20.1% with an InBody level ≥ 13, p < 0.05). Indices of global fat distribution and abdominal adiposity including VFL provided poor to moderate ability to detect cardiometabolic abnormalities (AUROC between 0.64 and 0.79). This analysis revealed that despite a high prevalence of abdominal obesity, particularly among women, anthropometric measurements of adiposity are inconsistently associated cardio-metabolic risk factors in Inuit adults of Nunavik.
Exploring Alcohol-Related Behaviours in an Adult Sample with Anorexia Nervosa and Those in Recovery
Authors: Smalley Zara , Livanou Maria , Dalton Bethan , Patsalos Olivia , Wilks Jessica , Keeler Johanna Louise , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike , Hill Grace , Himmerich Hubertus
Published: March 2024

While individuals with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and Binge Eating Disorder (BED) often present with a higher rate of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) than the general population, it is unclear whether this extends to AN. This cross-sectional study examined differences in alcohol-related behaviours, measured using the Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT), between AN participants (n = 58), recovered AN (rec-AN) participants (n = 25), and healthy controls (n = 57). Statistical models controlled for age and ethnicity. The relationship between alcohol-related behaviours with ED psychopathology and with depression was also assessed. The findings indicated that acute AN participants were not at greater risk of AUD than healthy controls. However, rec-AN participants displayed greater total audit scores than those with acute AN, and more alcohol-related behaviours than healthy controls. Acute AN participants consumed significantly less alcohol than both the healthy control group and rec-AN group. No associations were found between ED psychopathology and alcohol-related behaviours in the AN group or rec-AN. This highlights alcohol as a potential coping mechanism following AN recovery. Clinicians should consider assessments for AUD and targeted interventions aimed at encouraging healthy coping mechanisms in this group. Future studies should look at alcohol use as a moderating factor for AN recovery.
Complementary Feeding: Tradition, Innovation and Pitfalls
Authors: Capra Maria Elena , Decarolis Nicola Mattia , Monopoli Delia , Laudisio Serena Rosa , Giudice Antonella , Stanyevic Brigida , Esposito Susanna , Biasucci Giacomo
Published: March 2024

According to WHO, “complementary feeding (CF) is the process starting when breast milk alone or infant formula alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore, other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast human milk or a breastmilk substitute”. CF is one of the most important “critical and sensitive periods” in human life: indeed, timing and approaches to solid foods introduction in an infant’s nutrition are of utmost importance as potential epigenetic factors from infancy to adulthood. CF is also deeply influenced by each country and single-family traditions, culture, and beliefs. The aim of our narrative review is to analyze traditional CF practices, including innovative and alternative ones that emerged in the last decades, such as baby-led weaning or plant-based weaning, and to evaluate their effects on the risk of developing non-communicable diseases. Moreover, we will discuss pitfalls and misunderstandings that pediatricians frequently have to face when dealing with complementary feeding. Health care professionals must not have prejudices against parents’ wishes or traditions about CF; rather, they should support and educate them in case of any alternative CF choice, always pursuing the infant’s adequate growth, neuro- and taste development, and the achievement of correct eating behavior as the primary goal.
Comparison of Halmágyi–Curthoys Head Impulse (Thrust) Test with Romberg’s Test in Detection of Vestibular Hypofunctioning in Vertigo Patients
Authors: Rajamani Santhosh Kumar , Iyer Radha Srinivasan , Venkatraman Anusha
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to compare the diagnostic efficacy of the Halmágyi–Curthoys head impulse (thrust) test and Romberg’s test in detecting vestibular hypofunctioning among two groups of 50 vertigo patients each; the two groups were randomly assigned. The assessment utilized the visual analog scale (VAS) to quantify subjective experiences of vertigo. The results revealed distinctive patterns in the detection of vestibular hypofunctioning, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each test. The Halmágyi–Curthoys head impulse test demonstrated utility in identifying vestibular hypofunctioning and its effect on vestibulo–ocular reflexes, particularly in cases with sudden head movements. Romberg’s test was useful in assessing postural instability in vestibular hypofunctioning due to defects in vestibulospinal reflexes. The integration of VAS scores provided valuable subjective insights into the patient experience. This comparative analysis contributes to a nuanced understanding of diagnostic tools for vestibular hypofunctioning in vertigo patients, offering clinicians valuable information for tailored assessments and interventions.
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Delivering Bioactive Compounds for Improving Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Patel Priya , Garala Kevinkumar , Singh Sudarshan , Prajapati Bhupendra G. , Chittasupho Chuda
Published: March 2024

In recent years, due to their distinctive and adaptable therapeutic effects, many natural bioactive compounds have been commonly used to treat diseases. Their limited solubility, low bioavailability, inadequate gastrointestinal tract stability, high metabolic rate, and shorter duration of action limited their pharmaceutical applications. However, those can be improved using nanotechnology to create various drug delivery systems, including lipid-based nanoparticles, to adjust the compounds’ physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profile. Because of the enormous technical advancements made in the fundamental sciences and the physical and chemical manipulation of individual atoms and molecules, the subject of nanotechnology has experienced revolutionary growth. By fabricating certain functionalized particles, nanotechnology opens an innovative horizon in research and development for overcoming restrictions, including traditional medication administration systems. Nanotechnology-driven bioactive compounds are certain to have a high impact and clinical value for current and future uses. Lipid-based nanotechnologies were shown to deliver a range of naturally occurring bioactive compounds with decent entrapment potential and stability, a successfully controlled release, increased bioavailability, and intriguing therapeutic activity. This review outlines bioactive compounds such as paclitaxel, curcumin, rhodomyrtone, quercetin, kaempferol, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, silymarin, and oridonin, fortified within either a natural or synthetic lipid-based drug delivery system based on nanotechnology and their evaluation and clinical considerations.
Evaluation of the Ejection Pressure for Tracking Internal Cracks during Compaction in Bilayer Tablet Formulations Using Experimental and Finite Element Methods
Authors: Kim Sun Ho , Han Su Hyeon , Oh Jong-Seok , Seo Dong-Wan , Kang Myung Joo
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the ejection pressure and the correlation of the findings with the occurrence of internal cracks within bilayer tablets (BLTs) consisting of metformin HCl (MF) and evogliptin tartrate (EG). Then, the mechanism of tablet failure was provided by the finite element method (FEM). The ejection pressure and the difference in diameter depending on MAIN-P were evaluated to understand the correlation between ejection pressure and change in the BLT internal structure. The ejection pressure and the difference in diameter increased as the MAIN-P increased, then steeply decreased from 350 MPa to 375 MPa of MAIN-P, despite there being no pattern in compaction breaking force and porosity. The mechanical integrity at the BLT interface was weakened by internal cracks, reducing ejection pressure. The stress distribution analysis during the compression revealed that crack formation caused by entrapped air located at the center of the BLT interface may not propagate due to concentrated stress, which promotes a tight bond at the edge of the BLT. Furthermore, complete delamination can occur in the ejection process due to localized and intensive shear stresses at the BLT interface. These findings indicate that the mechanisms of internal cracking and delamination were successfully confirmed by FEM simulation. Moreover, measuring ejection pressure before BLT manufacturing can prevent invisible tablet cracks without damaging the tablets.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Magnetic Floating Dosage Form by Alternating Current Biosusceptometry
Authors: Rodrigues Gustavo Serafim , Barboza João Miguel , Buranello Laís Pereira , Brandão Vitor Melo , Ferrari Priscileila Colerato , Soares Guilherme Augusto , Miranda José Ricardo de Arruda
Published: March 2024

Floating controlled systems seek to extend the gastric retention time (GRT) of solid pharmaceutical forms by sustaining buoyancy in the stomach without affecting gastric emptying rates. This investigation aimed to evaluate a magnetic floating drug delivery system (MFDDS) under diverse physiological conditions (pressure and viscosity) using an Alternating Current Biosusceptometry (ACB) system by conducting assessments in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro experiments, MFDDSs were placed under different pressures (760, 910, and 1060 mmHg) and viscosities (1, 50, 120, and 320 mPa·s) for evaluation of floating lag time (FLT). For in vivo experiments, eight healthy volunteers participated in two phases (fasting and fed) for gastric parameters (GRT, FLT, and OCTT—orocaecal transit time) assessment, employing the ACB system. The results indicated that pressure, viscosity, and FLT were directly proportional in the in vitro assay; in addition, increases in the OCTT (fasting = 241.9 ± 18.7; fed = 300 ± 46.4), GRT (fasting = 139.4 ± 25.3; fed = 190.2 ± 47.7), and FLT (fasting = 73.1 ± 16.9; fed = 107.5 ± 29.8) were detected in vivo. Our study emphasizes that the ACB system is a valuable technique, and it is capable of tracking and imaging MFDDS in in vitro and in vivo experiments.
A Novel PBM for Nanomilling of Drugs in a Recirculating Wet Stirred Media Mill: Impacts of Batch Size, Flow Rate, and Back-Mixing
Authors: Heidari Hamidreza , Muanpaopong Nontawat , Guner Gulenay , Yao Helen F. , Clancy Donald J. , Bilgili Ecevit
Published: March 2024

We examined the evolution of fenofibrate (FNB, drug) particle size distribution (PSD) during the production of nanosuspensions via wet stirred media milling (WSMM) with a cell-based population balance model (PBM). Our objective was to elucidate the potential impacts of batch size, suspension volumetric flow rate, and imperfect mixing in a recirculating WSMM. Various specific breakage rate functions were fitted to experimental PSD data at baseline conditions assuming perfect mixing. Then, the best function was used to simulate the PSD evolution at various batch sizes and flow rates to validate the model. A novel function, which is a product of power–law and logistic functions, fitted the evolution the best, signifying the existence of a transition particle size commensurate with a grinding limit. Although larger batches yielded coarser and wider PSDs, the suspensions had identical PSDs when milled for the same effective milling time. The flow rate had an insignificant influence on the PSD. Furthermore, the imperfect mixing in the mill chamber was simulated by considering more than one cell and different back-mixing flow ratios. The effects were weak and restricted to the first few turnovers. These insights contribute to our understanding of recirculating WSMM, providing valuable guidance for process development.
Analyzing the Diversity of MYB Family Response Strategies to Drought Stress in Different Flax Varieties Based on Transcriptome Data
Authors: Zhang Fan , Liu Ying , Ma Jie , Su Shaofeng , Chen Liyu , Cheng Yuchen , Buter Siqin , Zhao Xiaoqing , Yi Liuxi , Lu Zhanyuan
Published: March 2024

The MYB transcription factor family has numerous members, and is involved in biological activities, such as ABA signaling, which plays an important role in a plant’s resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought. However, the diversity of MYB members that respond to drought stress and their regulatory mechanisms in different flax varieties were unclear. In this study, we obtained 855.69 Gb of clean data from 120 flax root samples from 20 flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties, assembled 92,861 transcripts, and identified 434 MYB family members in each variety. The expression profiles of the MYB transcription factor family from 20 flax varieties under drought stress were analyzed. The results indicated that there are four strategies by which the MYB family responds to drought stress in these 20 flax varieties, each of which has its own specific processes, such as development, reproduction, and localization processes. The four strategies also include common biological processes, such as stimulus responses, metabolic processes, and biological regulation. The WGCNA method was subsequently employed to identify key members of the MYB family involved in response strategies to drought stress. The results demonstrated that a 1R-MYB subfamily gene co-expression network is significantly related to the gibberellin response and cytokinin-activated signaling pathway processes in the ‘Strategy 4’ for MYB family response to drought, identifying core genes such as Lus.scaffold70.240. Our results showed a diversity of MYB family responses to drought stress within flax varieties, and these results contribute to deciphering the mechanisms of the MYB family regulation of drought resistance. This will promote the more accurate breeding development of flax to adapt to agricultural production under drought conditions.