bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relation of Motor Fitness Test Items to Gross Motor Skills
Authors: Hosler W. W. , Richardson Peter
Published: September 2011

To develop an instrument to screen firefighter applicants, 2 samples totaling 225 young men were tested for 10 motor fitness and task-related items. Body fat and other anthropometric data were estimated. Principal components factor analysis indicated three primary factors for both samples: I = Motor Fitness; II = Size/Strength; III = Physical Maturity. The results indicated motor fitness was not necessarily related to these 10 gross motor skills required of firefighters.
Simultaneous versus Successive Discrimination of Weights: A Neuroanatomical Interpretation
Authors: Saslow Carol A. , Watkins David J.
Published: September 2011

Using the Method of Constant Stimuli, difference limens were obtained for lifted weights of 50 to 200 gm. 184 college students were assigned to one of four experimental conditions resulting from the combination of two modes of stimulus presentation with whether the preferred or non-preferred hand was used to judge the standard weight. Simultaneous interhand judgments produced significantly larger Weber Ratios and more variable Constant Errors than were produced by Successive intrahand presentation. This was contrary to earlier work in the visual modality indicating that simultaneous stimulus presentation produced more sensitive discrimination than did successive. The results are interpreted in terms of the neural organization of tactile input.
Students' Perception of Jimmy Carter and the Ideal Self
Authors: Gelineau Elaine P. , Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to 97 junior college students, with instructions to check those words which they felt were descriptive of Jimmy Carter. These same students were again asked to check those words which they felt were descriptive of the Ideal Self or Perfect Person. The data yielded two distinct clusters: (1) around AVA Pattern 6617 for Carter, which correlates .69 with the “Business Executive” profile, and (2) around AVA Pattern 2972 for the Ideal Self, which correlates .80 with the “Perfect Person” profile. The correlation between the Carter profile and the Ideal Self profile is — .45, suggesting lack of congruence between the two perceptions.
Failure to Replicate a Reported Implicit/Explicit Speech Equivalence
Authors: Marshall Philip H. , Cartwright Sarah A.
Published: September 2011

This study reports a failure to replicate the implicit/explicit speech equivalence reported by Landauer in 1962. The present data suggest that there may be some situations which will support the equivalence but that it is erroneous to generalize that conclusion to all situations.
Sounds from the Psychology Classroom: I
Authors: Antonitis Joseph
Published: September 2011

Three poems, Variable Ratio Reinforcement, Extinction, and Ultimate Lecture, are presented.
Stimulus Self-Selection and the Assessment of Visual Preferences in Four-Month-Old Infants
Authors: McLaughlin F. J. , Deni Richard , Drake Daniel I. , Borrebach David E. , Cavallaro S. A.
Published: September 2011

A self-stimulation choice technique was used to assess visual preferences in 4-mo.-old infants for slides of stimuli depicting smiling vs neutral facial expressions. Preferential self-selection of stimuli did not occur even in the presence of preferential looking responses by infants.
Temporal Estimates as a Function of Difficulty of Mental Arithmetic
Authors: Wilsoncroft W. E. , Stone Jeffrey D. , Bagrash Frank M.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to assess the effects of specific types of mental arithmetic on subjects' estimates of how long they worked on the problems. It was hypothesized that the more demanding problems would produce the greatest underestimates of duration of work. The factorial design included types of task (1 digit × 1 digit and 2 digit × 1 digit), levels of difficulty (easy and hard, defined in terms of size of multiplier), and work periods of 8, 12, 16, and 20 sec. An empty reproduction paradigm was employed; results indicated only partial support for the hypothesis in that the 2 digit × 1 digit easy problems produced maximal underestimates of work periods. Results are interpreted in terms of response strategies and attentional hypotheses.
Length of Hair and Beardedness as Determinants of Personality Impressions
Authors: Pancer S. Mark , Meindl James R.
Published: September 2011

The influence of both length of hair and beardedness on impressions of personality was examined. Undergraduate subjects (43 males and 45 females) were presented with one of four drawings, representing a man who had either long or short hair (hair-length) and was either bearded or clean-shaven (beardedness). Subjects were asked to form an impression of the person represented and to indicate the impression formed by placing checkmarks between a number of bipolar scales. Results indicated a markedly negative impression. was formed of the long- as compared to the short-haired male. Consistent with prior research, the bearded male was regarded more positively than the clean-shaven male. Results were discussed in terms of the stereotypic view associated with long hair.
Inter- vs Intramodal Performance of College Men and Women: A Replication
Authors: Gould Jonathan
Published: September 2011

Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes along a temporal dimension were investigated for 52 male and 52 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 33 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented electronically in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated, auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance showed women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performance on intramodal and intermodal tasks. Results are consistent with an earlier report by Gould (1977).
A New Test of Pain Reactivity
Authors: Elton D. , Quarry P. R. , Burrows G. D. , Stanley G. V.
Published: September 2011

The Melbourne Pain Apperception Film is described. Scores correlated significantly with both ischaemic pain threshold and tolerance.
Split-Interval Illusion: Size of Effect with Pulse-Bounded Durations
Authors: Adams R. D.
Published: September 2011

The magnitude of the split-interval illusion was measured by the method of constant stimuli, with variable intervals between 700 and 1300 msec, and a 1000-msec. standard. All intervals were bounded by 20-msec.—1-kHz pulses and contained a single 20-msec.—2-kHz pulse which either split the interval in a 25:75 ratio or a 75:25 ratio. Intervals split early were overestimated relative to equivalent intervals split late by an average of 8.4% of the 1000-msec. standard.
Grapheme-Phoneme and Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences
Authors: Fusaro Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

The ability to make grapheme-phoneme correspondences (phonemic recall) comprises a necessary part of decoding unknown written words to their oral equivalents, that is, working out the pronunciation of words while reading. However, group-decoding tests and skills-management systems, both of which measure phoneme-grapheme correspondences (graphemic recall), are frequently used to infer students' facility with phonemic recall. The notion that graphemic recall has properties that yield higher scores than phonemic recall and the notion both types of correspondences require identical skills were tested by having 26 second graders make both types of correspondences. Although a design with counterbalanced sequence by correspondences showed a significantly higher mean score for graphemic recall, the actual difference between the two scores was small. A significant rank-order correlation indicates a relationship between the two types of correspondences, but the skills required to make the two types of correspondences are not identical. The results suggest caution should be exercised when inferring students' facility with phonemic recall from performance on instruments which measure graphemic recall.
Does Early Olfactory Exposure Result in an Odor Preference or the Loss of Avoidance?
Authors: Goldblatt Allen S.
Published: September 2011

From Day 5 until Day 14 rat pups were rubbed daily with either acetophenone, ethyl benzoate, or water. Each pup was tested on Day 14 for their olfactory preferences by using four different alleyway odor combinations. The home cage odor was significantly preferred over clean wood shavings and clean shavings plus the familiar odor was significantly preferred over clean shavings plus the novel odor. The familiar odor alone was not preferred over clean shavings nor was the home-cage odor preferred over the odor of another litter's cage odor. It is suggested that with artificial odors pups are much more likely to prefer a familiar artificial odor when it is compared with a novel odor than when the familiar odor is paired with a neutral odor.
Personality and Preference for Architectural Style
Authors: Juhasz Joseph B. , Paxson Lynn
Published: September 2011

This is a replication of an earlier study relating personality to painting style. As in the previous study we are interested in the relation between fatalism as measured by Rorter's inrernal vs external locus of control scale and preference for classical vs romantic art. The prediction that external locus of control (fatalism) is positively related to preference for romantic building and vice versa was confirmed.
Effect of Subjective Interletter Similarity, Perceived Word Similarity, and Contextual Variables on the Recognition of Letter Substitutions in a Proofreading Task
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: September 2011

Measures of interletter similarity, e.g., template matching, feature analysis, subjective rating, or tachistoscopic confusability, have not yet been used to predict or explain perceptual performance in tasks involving actual reading. The validity of a measure of subjective interletter similarity is investigated by examining the correlational relationship between this index and the ability of subjects to detect letter substitutions systematically introduced into a prose passage. As expected, recognition of errors appears to depend upon subjective interletter similarity, but this effect seems to be mediated by the perceived similarity between words with and without their typographical errors. Further, these effects seem to depend upon various contextual variables such as letter frequency, word frequency, and word length.
Empathy, Gender, and Training as Factors in the Identification of Normal Infant Cry-Signals
Authors: Gladding Samuel T.
Published: September 2011

The effects of empathy, gender, and training on the ability to identify 4 infant cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied in 89 college students (ages 18 to 30 yr.), all of whom were low in experience as caregivers to infants. Subjects with training scored significantly higher than those without in identifying all but the pleasure cry-signal. Subjects low in empathy scored significantly better than subjects high in empathy in recognizing the birth cry-signal. Gender made no difference. Brief training may make the crucial difference in the development of this ability. Implications for parenting and infant care are discussed.
Temporal Patterns of the Use of Non-Prescribed Drugs: Some Behavioral Correlates
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Hart J. Bing
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of the temporal patterns of the use of non-prescribed psychoactive drugs have been primarily limited to users' self-reports. Two behavioral indicators, times of arrest for driving while intoxicated and times of calls to a drug information service, yield temporal patterns very similar to those obtained from users' reports.
Eye Color, Size and Quick-versus-Deliberate Behavior of Birds
Authors: Worthy Morgan
Published: September 2011

Two analyses were made relating eye color to size and quick-versus-deliberate behavior in families of birds. The areas of behavior studied were flight, feeding and escape. The results indicated that dark-eyed birds tend to be quick and light-eyed birds tend to be deliberate. These behavioral differences are over and above the fact that light-eyed birds tend to be larger than dark-eyed birds.
Underestimation of Children's Preferences for Signals of Correctness Using Selective Learning
Authors: Layne Christopher
Published: September 2011

Hypotheses investigated were that signals of correctness possess incentive properties and that selective learning underestimates incentive preferences. Forty middle-class fifth graders were divided into two groups. A competition group was presented with a selective learning task, with signals of correctness and pennies as competing incentives. As predicted, they preferred the signal of correctness over the penny. A signal of correctness group was given the same task but only signals of correctness as reward. As predicted, subjects exhibited better acquisition, yielded less impulsive choice times, and chose more signals of correctness than did the competitive group. Girls increased their choices of signals of correctness and yielded faster initial choice times than did boys, suggesting sex differences in preferences.
Selected Personality Traits of Martial Artists as Measured by the Adjective Checklist
Authors: Duthie R. B. , Hope L. , Barker D. G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether selected personality traits varied between two subgroups of martial artists. A total of 52 people composed the superior martial artist sample and 100 people composed the average martial artist sample. Based on multiple discriminant analysis, superior martial artists differed from average martial artists on the Adjective Checklist scales of Defensiveness, Self-confidence, Achievement, Dominance, Endurance, Affiliation, Heterosexuality, Exhibition, Autonomy, Favorable Adjectives Checked, Succorance, Abasement, and Counseling Readiness.
Speakers' Sex Identification as a Function of Listeners' Sex
Authors: Coleman Ralph O.
Published: September 2011

Young adults, 15 males and 20 females, were asked to identify the sex of 30 voices (20 modified to reduce sex-specific characteristics). When cues were consistent for one sex, choices were split and there were no differences between listeners. Among ambiguous voices listeners tended to identify more males. Designs must control gender distribution of a listening panel.
Inter-Judge Agreement for Identifying Stuttered Words
Authors: Hulit Lloyd M.
Published: September 2011

Inter-judge ( n = 5) agreement for identifying stuttered words of an 18-yr.-old college woman was studied. In contrast to earlier studies, the agreement (.91) was considerable. The high agreement seems to reflect the duration, complexity, and consistency of the subject's stutterings.
Aetiological Factors in Dyslexia: I. Saccadic Eye Movement Control
Authors: Leisman Gerald , Schwartz Joddy
Published: September 2011

A study was performed to examine the character of saccadic eye movement in dyslexic and normal children and normal adults. No significant differences were noted between 20 normal and 20 dyslexic children, but significant differences were noted between both groups of children and the adult population. Results were explained as reflecting no measured difference in duration/amplitude and velocity/amplitude functions in dyslexic and normal children, thereby indicating no differences in their saccadic eye-movement control functions. Observed differences between normal adult and child populations are explained.
The Wisc-R and Wrat as Indicators of Arithmetic Achievement in Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Marshall William , Hess Allen K. , Lair Charles V.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of the WISC-R Arithmetic and WRAT Arithmetic scales to grades was determined for a sample of 8 female and 14 male juvenile delinquents. The WISC-R correlated .538 with grades and .302 with the WRAT, while the WRAT correlated .289 with grades. The WISC-R also correlated .508 with sex (females scoring higher). While WRAT Arithmetic is questioned as an indicator of academic achievement, WISC-R accounts for 29% of grades variance and may be a useful correlate.
Effect of Mass Loading on the Performance of a Linear Positioning Task
Authors: Soricelli Duane B. , Burke Richard E.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effect of mass loading on the performance of a skilled perceptual-motor task, measures of performance (in terms of number of correct responses) were obtained for 40 blindfolded undergraduate subjects on a linear positioning task under conditions of 0-gm., 909-gm., 1,818-gm., 2,727-gm., and 3,636-gm. manipulandum loads. With respect to the performance measure, the increasing load conditions produced an inverted U-function, with 1,818 gm. resulting in the best performance and 0 gm. producing the poorest performance. It was concluded that skilled perceptual-motor performance can be improved by optimizing the physical characteristics of the manipulandum. The results were interpreted in terms of the augmentation of both attention and kinesthetic information.
Strength of Association between Sex and Field Dependence
Authors: Allen Mary J. , Cholet Mary E.
Published: September 2011

An index of the strength of association between sex and each of two measures of field dependence, the Rod and Frame Test and Embedded Figures Test, was calculated based upon reported significant sex differences on these measures. Median ω 2 values based upon 20 rod-and-frame results and 18 embedded-figures results are .11 for the former and .12 for the latter. It appears that gender accounts for less than 15% of the variance in field-dependence scores.
Subject Recruitment Bias: The Paid Volunteer Subject
Authors: Rush Michael C. , Phillips James S. , Panek Paul E.
Published: September 2011

To assess the potential bias introduced by subject recruitment procedures, differences in perceptual style, personality, and performance on an auditory selective attention task were investigated for a sample of 47 female, volunteer research participants. Half of the subjects ( N = 24) had been recruited as unpaid volunteers while the others ( N = 23) received $2.50 per hour for their participation. Stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that unpaid volunteers tended to be significantly more interpersonal in orientation, were more field-dependent, and committed fewer omission errors on a selective attention task than subjects who had volunteered for pay. The findings were discussed in terms of the problems associated with generalizing from one sample to other samples and to the criterion population as a function of experimental boundary conditions.
Audio-Recording Effects upon Judgment Reliability of Children's /r/ Misarticulation
Authors: Hoffman Paul R. , Schuckers Gordon H.
Published: September 2011

Six trained observers rated children's /r/ articulation adequacy in repeated sentence contexts live and from audio-recordings. Inter-judge reliability was unaffected by mode of stimulus presentation. However, correct/incorrect values assigned to responses were systematically lower in the recorded analysis. This effect was greater for unstressed vocalic /r/ than for consonantal /r/. Results are discussed with reference to effects of analysis derived from audio-recordings upon studies of allophonic differentiation of /r/ misarticulation in children.
Tactile-Perceptual Functioning and Academic Performance in Brain-Impaired and Unimpaired Children
Authors: Boll Thomas J. , Richards Herbert , Berent Stanley
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether tactile perception is a useful predictor of academic performance. 50 control and 42 brain-impaired (epileptic) children were examined. Both groups showed a strong relationship between tactile perceptual integrity and academic achievement. Analyses of extreme groups indicated that academic performance is clearly ordered by tactile perceptual skill not only for children with documented brain impairment but also for a normal control group as well. The implications for additions to the traditional cognitively oriented psychological test battery were discussed.
Human Eye Color and Reaction Time
Authors: Tedford W. H. , Hill W. R. , Hensley Lynn
Published: September 2011

Response latencies to a visual stimulus were determined for 44 male and 82 female Caucasians. Those with dark eyes had significantly shorter simple (one stimulus) reaction times. Complex (one of four stimuli) reaction times showed a similar, but nonsignificant, trend. Data from an additional 206 male Caucasians on a one-trial non-practiced reaction task followed the same nonsignificant trend. Darker iris pigmentation apparently correlates with shorter reaction times but more strongly on practiced tasks and on those which do not involve accuracy.
Technique for Continuous Recording of Vehicle Headway
Authors: Fuller Raymond G. C. , McDonald Nicholas J. , Holahan Patrick A. , Bolger Edward P.
Published: September 2011

A technique for the continuous monitoring and recording of time headway, using an application of the coincidence method of measuring distance, was developed for application in a portable closed-circuit television system. The system provides in each recorded video frame the necessary information to determine distance of the lead vehicle and instantaneous time headway in any following episode. Provision is also made for recording vehicle braking and time cm task. The system has been used successfully over a period of 4 mo. incorporating 600 hr. of observation in over 14,000 miles of driving. It provides a continuous and unambiguous record of the driver's performance in relation to vehicles ahead in both day and night driving. It does not require the use of observers either on the road or in the driving cab and thus the setting for the driver is naturalistic. Finally, it is unobtrusive in the sense that the driver need never be aware of the component of his driving performance under study.
Role of Task Strategy and Stimulus Processing in Reflective and Impulsive Tactual Matching Performance
Authors: Cairns Ed
Published: September 2011

14 reflective and 14 impulsive boys performed tactual matching tasks in which frequency of observation of the standard was manipulated by successive or simultaneous presentation and in which stimulus features were controlled so that the amount of stimulus analysis carried out might be inferred. The results suggest that an impulsive performance was improved by simultaneous presentation of the stimuli but even in this condition the impulsive subjects did not carry out an adequate amount of stimulus analysis.
Factor Analytic Study of the Embedded Figures and Rod and Frame Tests
Authors: Walsh Michael D.
Published: September 2011

154 first-year university students were administered marker tests for Guilford's Factors of Convergent Production of Figural Transformations, Cognition of Semantic Units, and Cognition of Figural Systems as well as Witkin's Embedded Figures Test and the Portable Rod and Frame Test. Scores in the test battery were factor analyzed to determine the equivalence of different measures of psychological differentiation. Results of the analysis indicated that the Embedded Figures scores correlated (—.52) with Convergent Production of Figural Transformations, whereas the Portable Rod and Frame scores did not load on any of the factors extracted.
Skydivers: Speculations of Psychodynamcs
Authors: Hoover Thomas O.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to construct a composite profile for skydivers, but there were no statistically significant differences between a matched group of controls and skydivers. Some of the more popular personality theories regarding the dynamics of skydiving were reviewed.
Field Dependence and Hemispheric Specialization
Authors: Garrick Christine
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that field dependence arises out of a deficit in left hemisphere function. There are numerous difficulties encountered in the interpretation of the research leading to this proposition. Problems in the establishment of such cause-effect relationships are outlined, and some future avenues for research are suggested.
Scales to Measure Listening Behavior during Lectures
Authors: Boreham N. C. , Lilley J. D.
Published: September 2011

Development of two scales, Transformational Encoding and Lapse of Attention, is described.
Possible Role of Transient and Sustained Visual Mechanisms in the Determination of Similarity Judgments
Authors: Petersik J. Timothy
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined the role played by transient and sustained visual mechanisms in the determination of similarity judgments produced in response to pairs of geometrical stimuli. In two experiments, subjects were trained to attend to two dimensions of a set of stimuli and to assign similarity ratings with respect to those two dimensions only. An INDSCAL multidimensional scaling analysis of the subsequent similarity ratings showed that subjects emphasized global blob, or low spatial frequency-dependent, dimensions of the stimuli when they were presented for brief durations (20 msec.), irrespective of the dimensions to which the subjects had been trained to attend. This finding suggested that low spatial frequency selective transient mechanisms dominated the perceptual processes which underlie the similarity judgments. When the stimulus duration was raised to 50 msec. so that sustained mechanisms could also make a significant contribution to the perceptual processes underlying the similarity judgments, subjects emphasized only those dimensions on which they had been trained. The implications of the present findings for the concepts of selective attention and automatic activation were discussed.
Perception of the Visual Horizontal during Lateral Body Tilt: Right-Left Asymmetries
Authors: Bauermeister Martin
Published: September 2011

Subjects, 55 males and 45 females, indicated by means of a luminescent rod the visual horizontal under conditions of lateral body tilt ranging from 10° to 90° to the right and to the left. There was a non-linear effect of the angle of tilt on the degree of deviation of apparent from objective horizontal. With small angles of tilt the apparent horizontal tended to deviate opposite to the direction of body tilt, with larger angles, in the direction of tilt. Uncertainty of judgment increased with increasing angles of tilt.
Duration of Task: An Indicator of Differentiation between Motoneuron Pools
Authors: Lehr Robert P. , Kasser Richard J.
Published: September 2011

Sustaining an isometric contraction at a percentage of maximum contraction value prior to fatigue is significantly longer for the dominant arm than the non-dominant arm as reanalysis of data shows. This peripheral motor parameter which differentiates handedness as reflected in motoneuron pools may clarify the relationship between contralateral motor function and functional cerebral lateralizations.
Effects of Experience and Short-Term Practice on Drivers' Eye Movements and Errors in Simulated Dangerous Situations
Authors: Allen John A. , Schroeder Stephen R. , Ball Patricia G.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 10 subjects tracked a segment of the Aetna training film, Traffic Strategy, six times by manipulating the controls of an Aetna Drivo-Trainer station. One group was composed of licensed drivers, the other, nonlicensed. No significant differences were found with respect to: (1) use of the accelerator, (2) frequency of eye movements, (3) length of eye movements, (4) fixation errors, (5) driving errors, or (6) the relationship of control actions to driving errors. Differences were noted with respect to: (1) steering and braking, (2) the effects of practice on control actions and driving errors, and (3) the relationship of amplitude of eye movement to control actions and driving errors. The results are discussed in terms of possible differences in search strategy between experienced and inexperienced drivers.
Comparison of Students' Perception of Ability Scale with the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Boersma Frederic J. , Chapman James W.
Published: September 2011

Performance on the Students' Perception of Ability Scale and Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale was compared for 642 children in Grades 3 to 6. Intercorrelations between Perception of Ability scale and Piers-Harris Full and subscale scores varied from –.029 to .078. Perception of Ability Full and subscale scores also correlated moderately with end-of-year school grades, whereas the Piers-Harris showed little, if any, relationship with grades. It was concluded that the Perception of Ability scale is tapping the unique domain of academic self-concept, rather than general self-concept, and accordingly, that it has discriminant validity. The results were discussed in terms of using the scale to measure change in academic self-concept in conjunction with remedial programs with elementary school children and with regard to currently conducted studies of external validity.
Rem Sleep Deprivation and Pain Thresholds in Rats
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Moore John D. , Findley Pamela , Hirshfield Claire , Humphrey Virginia
Published: September 2011

The relationship between REM sleep deprivation and pain threshold was measured using 36 Sprague-Dawley female rats. Relative to that of the controls, a significant lowering of threshold to painful electrical stimulation was observed during each of the post-treatment tests, i.e., immediate, and after 3- and 24-hr. recovery periods, for the animals which had been REM deprived.
On-Line Measurement of Aphasic Speech
Authors: Packman Ann , Ingham Roger J.
Published: September 2011

Seven response categories, devised for the concurrent evaluation of aphasic speech, were investigated for their reliability. The spontaneous speech of 5 aphasic subjects was rated on-line by 4 clinicians using 7 response categories. Agreement among the 4 judges, for both inter-judge and intra-judge reliability, varied for each subject and was not high enough to support the concurrent use of the seven response categories for the on-line investigation of aphasic speech in all subjects. Ways in which the reliability of the categories might be increased are discussed.
Use of Regression Analysis in Reporting Test Results for Accountability
Authors: Erlich Oded , Lee Howard B.
Published: September 2011

A method of generating expected test-performance levels for students, classrooms, schools, or districts is described. The method is based on linear regression analysis and can be used in reporting test results. The method can help the educational decision maker evaluate the improvement of an educational program.
Young Children's Preferences for Listening Rates
Authors: Leeper Herbert A. , Thomas Cheryl L.
Published: September 2011

A paired-comparison paradigm was utilized to determine the preferences of 20 young children for listening rate for prose speech. An electronic expansion/compression technique yielded nine rates of speech ranging from 100 wpm to 200 wpm, with intervals of 25 wpm. The results indicated that the children most preferred a listening rate of 200 wpm and least preferred a rate of 100 wpm. Comparisons of the present findings with preference rates of older, post-adolescent children and adults are discussed. Direction for further research with temporal alteration and linguistic constraints on the message are considered.
Dimensions of Visual Perceptions of Clothing
Authors: Delong Marilyn R.
Published: September 2011

The relation of two descriptive properties of clothing, “complexity” and “fashionability,” with evaluative preference responses of “like” and “would-like-to-own” was explored for two selected groups of untrained females who differed in age. The students agreed more than the older women on the judged “fashionability” of 10 photographs of clothing and also were influenced more by “fashionability” in their responses of “like” and “would-like-to-own.” For both groups “complexity” was judged consistently but was not highly related to preferences.
Effect of Short-Term Practice on Digital Control Performance
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the possible effects of short-term practice during each trial of a digital compensatory control task with and without input preview. The results for 8 subjects showed that the RMS error performance varied substantially between blocks, the extent of which depended on the reference input variance, the autocorrelated nature of the input and on whether or not preview was provided. The only consistent and significant performance improvement due to practice occurred early during the practice period (between Blocks 1 and 2 of the total of five blocks).
Spatial Representations of Artificial Linear Orderings
Authors: Keen Donald M. , Griggs Richard A. , Sherman Martin E.
Published: September 2011

Subjects ( n = 60 students) learned and answered questions about 4-term artificial linear orderings described in paragraphs of text. Spacing between terms in ordering was varied by using different mileage distances. Performance was assessed by using spatial diagram questions which either did or did not incorporate the provided information on intervals. The results indicated a spatial analog representation of ordering information and a question-answering strategy using a matching process.
Eye-Movements of Six-Year-Old Children in Two Memorization Tasks
Authors: Asso Doreen , Baudonnière Pierre-Marie , Pecheux Marie-Germaine , Taranne Pierre
Published: September 2011

Eye movements, during the viewing phase of two memorization tasks, of 12 boys and 12 girls in a transitional period of memory development are described. The findings suggest that the development of ocular strategies parallels closely the emergence of other strategic behaviors and that information on eye movements would provide a necessary complement to the data on emerging ability to plan.
Facial Expressive Cues in Person Perception
Authors: Knowles Philip L.
Published: September 2011

The effect of facial expressions on estimates of the likelihood that a person will again commit an offense for which he has been arrested was studied. Such information did not affect estimates of 34 male and 36 female undergraduates as much as did the objective information provided about the offense. The results suggest directions for research on the role of facial expressions in interpersonal judgments.
Primary Grade Children's Memory for Parts of Speech
Authors: Simon Elliott W. , Parker John , Bohannon John N.
Published: September 2011

Developmental differences in elementary school (kindergarten, first and second grade) children's free recall for parts of speech were investigated using sentences with normal and scrambled word order. The children were presented four sentences with normal syntax and four sentences with scrambled word order. There were significant effects of age, syntax, and rate of presentation; these replicated previous research. The unusual finding was that the kindergarten children, when presented with scrambled word strings, recalled more verbs than either the first or second grade children. It was hypothesized that this occurred because either the kindergarten children failed to detect the scrambled nature of syntaxless strings, or there is a change in the comprehension strategies which de-emphasizes the role of the verb.
Wais Test-Retest Reliability for a Clinical Out-Patient Sample
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Caldwell Marilyn S.
Published: September 2011

WAIS test-retest reliabilities were calculated for a clinical out-patient sample with testing intervals varying from 1 to 10 yr. There was no relationship between test-retest interval and the stability of test scores and the correlations between IQs were quite satisfactory (Full Scale IQ = .897, Verbal IQ = .906, Performance IQ = .876). Reliabilities remained high even when the sample was divided by diagnosis into organic, neurotic, personality disorder, and schizophrenic subgroups.
Communication Patterns in Pedodontics
Authors: Wurster Carol A. , Weinstein Philip , Cohen Alan J.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined communication patterns between 16 randomly selected senior dental students and their child patients. Interactions were videotaped during a regular treatment appointment and analyzed according to four Practitioner Communication categories and four Child Cooperation categories. Communication categories included Directive Guidance Behavior, Permissive Behavior, Coercive Behavior, and Other Behavior. Child behavior categories included Cooperation, Resistance, Noncooperation, and Other. The probability that a given category of child's behavior would follow a given category of practitioner's behavior was calculated. Results indicated a .85 probability that Directive Guidance would be followed by Cooperation; a .67 probability that Permissiveness would lead to Noncooperation; and a .97 likelihood that Coerciveness would lead to either Noncooperation or Resistance. Practitioners' confidence was also considered; less confident operators account for 95% of the Coercive behaviors, 86% of Permissive behaviors and 87% of Uncooperative behaviors.
Temporal and Intensitive Factors in Comparative Judgments of Tactile Space
Authors: Lechelt Eugene C.
Published: September 2011

Temporal imbalances between the successive stimulation of pairs of loci on each forearm altered judgments of the equality of the spatial extents between sets of loci. The spatial judgments became increasingly inaccurate as the temporal imbalance was increased, i.e., the Tau effect. Changes in stimulus intensity also influenced the dependency of spatial judgments on temporal factors. The data suggest that concomitant variations of spatial, temporal, and intensitive components of a vibrotactile stimulus “package” can produce systematic perceptual effects of potential significance in the design of vibrotactile sensory substitution systems.
Hand Movements and Nondominant Fluency in Bilinguals
Authors: Marcos Luis R.
Published: September 2011

16 subordinate bilingual subjects produced 5-min. monologues in their nondominant languages, i.e., English or Spanish. Hand-movement activity manifested during the videotape monologues was scored and related to measures of fluency in the nondominant language. The hand-movement behavior categorized as Groping Movement was significantly related to all of the nondominant-language fluency measures. These correlations support the assumption that Groping Movement may have a function in the process of verbal encoding. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility of monitoring central cognitive processes through the study of “visible” motor behavior.
Frustration, Fantasy Aggression, and the Exercise of Coercive Power
Authors: Tedeschi James T.
Published: September 2011

The influence of frustration and aggression in fantasy on a source's exercise of coercive power was investigated. Half of the 46 female subjects were frustrated and half were not; further, half of each of these two groups were given the opportunity to express aggression in fantasy via a TAT and half were not. All subjects were then given coercive power in an interaction with a defiant target. Frustration caused subjects to establish higher credibility for their threats, and the opportunity to express aggression in fantasy had an accommodative effective on the use of coercive power.
Effects of Mass Loading and Arm-Movement Duration on Kinesthetic-Visual Intersensory Form Discrimination
Authors: Soricelli Duane B.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of mass loading of the active arm and arm-movement duration for the tracing of a kinesthetic stimulus on kinesthetic-visual intersensory form discrimination, 171 right-handed male undergraduate subjects judged kinesthetic arcs with reference to simultaneously perceived visual arcs, in terms of relative amount of curvature, under conditions of 100-, 1,158-, and 2,216-gm. loads and 1-sec, 5-sec, and 9-sec. durations in a 3 × 3 nonrepeated-measures design. The number of “incorrect” judgments showed that the greater loads improved discrimination when movement was of intermediate or long duration. Movement of short duration improved discrimination under minimum load. Discrimination was best with maximum load and intermediate duration and poorest with minimum load and long duration. It was concluded that intersensory discrimination can be improved by optimizing the conditions which affect intrasensory discrimination. The results were interpreted in terms of the augmentation of both attention and kinesthetic information.
Critical Analysis of a Study on Field Dependence in Young Children
Authors: Nyborg Helmuth , Isaksen Bo
Published: September 2011

Kojima's conclusion that our method of scoring performance in the rod-and-frame test did not produce satisfactory results in young children was invalid because our scoring method was used incorrectly, fallacious reasoning was used to reject our scoring method, subjects were classified wrongly, and the procedure used to test vertical perception in the children probably was unreliable.
Relationships among Performances on Group Administered Items of Formal Reasoning
Authors: Lawson Anton E.
Published: September 2011

50 ninth grade students who ranged widely in language ability responded to 10 group-administered pencil-paper items requiring various components of formal reasoning (isolation and control of variables, proportional reasoning, combinatorial reasoning). Responses on the 10 items were scored as correct or incorrect. Summed scores were obtained for the three components of formal reasoning. Correlation coefficients among the 10 items ranged widely (.18 to .65) but were all substantial among the summed scores. A principal components analysis of the summed scores yielded one factor which accounted for 72.3% of the variance. It is argued that single items do not provide a large enough sample of subjects' reasoning to determine reliably level of intellectual development and that summed scores represent a better estimate. Viewed in this way the results were interpreted to be supportive of the Piagetian hypothesis that the various components of formal reasoning develop in synchrony.
Birth Order and Intelligence: An Immunological Interpretation
Authors: Foster John W. , Archer Stanley J.
Published: September 2011

The literature indicates that the IQs and school performance of children tend to decline with increasing order of birth. A hypothesis is here presented that the effect of birth order upon intellectual performance may result from an increasing probability of maternal immune attack upon the fetal brain in utero with order of parity. In support of this hypothesis, evidence is adduced from the literature that the fetal brain is antigenic, that fetal antigens may reach the immune system of the mother, that the incidence of maternal sensitization to fetal antigens increases with parity, that antibodies may readily cross the placenta and reach the fetal brain, that antibodies can be highly teratogenic, and that certain antibodies may damage, in a lasting way, the structure, function, and learning capacity of brains in experimental animals and human infants.
Perceived Satisfaction with Leadership as Related to Subordinate and Superordinate Managerial Philosophies
Authors: Brown Sidney E. , Ladawan Tawil
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between perceived satisfaction with leadership in selected organizational processes and managerial philosophies of subordinates and superordinates. Independent variables were determined by the Managerial Philosophies Scale. Perceived satisfaction with leadership was measured by the Diagnostic Survey for Leadership Improvement. Subjects were 66 department heads and 186 members of one university in Thailand. Analysis of variance yielded no statistically significant relationship between managerial philosophies of subordinates and superordinates as defined by McGregor's Theory X-Theory Y and perceived satisfaction with leadership.
Perceptual Reactance and Task Performance
Authors: Hartnett Jack , Rosen Fred
Published: September 2011

57 female subjects participated in a study in which perceptual reactance was assessed by the kinesthetic figural aftereffects test. Subjects identified as augmenters were quicker than reducers on a disjunctive reaction time task and a significant interactive effect was found on a paired-associate task. Augmenters performed better on a similar list while reducers were more effective on a dissimilar list.
Report on Blind Subjects Tactile and Auditory Recognition for Environmental Stimuli
Authors: Cobb Nancy J. , Lawrence David M. , Nelson Nancy D.
Published: September 2011

In two related experiments on recognition—on touch and audition—accuracy rates were obtained from congenitally blind subjects and compared with those for normally sighted subjects. In Exp. 1, 5 blind subjects inspected, i.e., handled, 150 common objects and were tested after a delay of 7 days. In Exp. 2, 9 blind subjects listened to 194 naturalistic sounds and were also rested after a 7-day delay. Accuracy of tactile recognition for the blind was 89.4% while it was 87.9% for the normally sighted. Sound recognition by blind subjects was 76.6% and for the normally sighted it was 78.4%. Neither difference was statistically significant.
A Diet and Exercise Regimen: Its Effect upon Mental Acuity and Personality, a Pilot Study
Authors: Merzbacher Claude Fell
Published: September 2011

Of the 75 patients in the February 1977 “class” at the Longevity Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, 11 volunteers were pre- and posttested (21- to 23-day intervals) with the MMPI, 13 with the California Psychological Inventory, and 17 with four subtests of the WAIS (total: 21 males, 10 females). Ten of the (total) 32 scales showed changes in the predicted, favorable direction, statistically significant at the .05 level or better by t test. Further, the number of scales changing in the predicted, desirable direction for each of the three tests was statistically significant at the .06, and .001, and .06 levels (sign test), respectively. The pilot results indicate improvement in psychological factors and mental acuity within a month's time concomitant with the diet, activity, and educational program and warrant further investigation.
Using Cognitive Capacity in Reading Text
Authors: Britton Bruce K. , Holdredge Timothy S. , Westbrook Robert D. , Curry Cheryl
Published: September 2011

Use of cognitive capacity in reading was measured with a secondary task. In this technique, reaction times to clicks which occur rarely and unpredictably during a primary task are used to measure the capacity demands of the primary task. As the primary task uses more capacity, less spare capacity is available and secondary task performance declines—reaction time to the clicks slows down. Results for 24 undergraduates showed that reaction times to clicks were slower while subjects were reading than in an otherwise equivalent condition in which they were not reading. This indicates that the reading task uses capacity even though it is very highly practiced.
Electrodermal Measures of Attention and Effort to Stimulus Onset and Offset for Intramodal and Intermodal Tasks
Authors: Greene Roger L. , Kille Stephen E. , Hogan Frances A.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were designed to assess the relationship between task difficulty and arousal. Electrodermal measures of tonic and phasic arousal to four levels of task difficulty at stimulus onset and offset were studied in college students for intramodal and intermodal tasks. The students were presented for 18 trials with visual-auditory or visual-visual stimuli with either 2.0-, 0.2-, or 0.02-sec. difference between stimuli onset or offset, and asked to judge which stimulus came on or went off first or merely to observe the stimuli. Both frequency and amplitude of skin conductance responses reliably differentiated the levels of task difficulty for both the intramodal and the intermodal task. None of the measures of tonic level of arousal was reliable. Electrodermal measures of phasic responses accurately reflected the task demands.