bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Different Nitrogen forms on Soil Fertility and Cowpea Productivity under Conditions Saline Soil
Authors: Aal M. H. Abdel , Niel Enga M. , El-Khalek A. A. Abd
Published: April 2021

The field experiment was carried out at the south-west portion of Shall El-Tina region, north Siena Governorate Egypt. The study investigated evaluations of different nitrogen fertilizers sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea fertilizers) and rates (100%, 75% and 50% recommended dose of all different nitrogen forms) alone or combined with bio-fertilizer (Rhizobium radiobacter sp.) strain on improve nutrients available and contents in cowpea productivity in newly reclaimed saline soil conditions during two summer seasons 2019 and 2020. The studies treatments were disturbed among the experimental plots in split design. The obtained results showed that using ammonium sulphate fertilizer was more effect on EC, pH, and available N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn values by increasing application rates compared with other treatments. Moreover, data recorded the applied ammonium sulphate75% with bio-fertilizer was increase of plant height, weight of 100 seeds, weight of pods (g plant-1), seeds yield (ton fed-1) have been affected by inoculation with bio-fertilizer combined with different nitrogen forms and different application rates than other treatments. The highest values of N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations and uptake in seeds were obtained with ammonium sulphate application combined with bio-fertilizer compared with other treatments. The increase of chlorophyll, protein contents in cowpea plants with decreasing soil salinity, while the increase of proline content was increasing soil salinity. The application of ammonium sulphate at application rate 75% N combined with bio-fertilizer improves soil properties and cowpea productivity under saline soil conditions.
Influence of Foliar Application of Compost tea on Growth, Yield and Quality of Soybean [Glycine max (L)]
Authors: Shrinivas N. , Vaidya P. H. , Gourkhede P. H.
Published: April 2021

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of the year 2016-17 with soybean variety MAUS -71 as test crop in Vertisol. With three replication and eight treatments viz,T1 - Control (RDF 100%), T2-100% RDF + Water spray, T3 - RDF + Compost tea @ 10% foliar spray, T4 - RDF + Compost tea @ 15% foliar spray, T5-RDF + Compost tea @ 20% foliar spray, T6 - RDF + Compost tea @ 25% foliar spray, T7 - RDF + Compost tea @ 50% foliar spray,T8 - RDF + Compost tea @ 75% foliar spray. The results revealed that Among the different doses of foliar application of compost tea with RDF,” application of RDF + compost tea @ 50% foliar spray significantly superior growth attributes viz. plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, dry matter and minimum growth attributes were observed in the control treatment at flowering, pod development and  harvest stage. Maximum yield of soybean (2050.0 kg ha-1) was recorded with application of  RDF + Compost tea @ 50% foliar spray. The quality of soybean grain improved due to application of T7 - RDF+ compost tea @ 50% foliar spray which recorded higher values of oil content (19.90%) protein content (31.44%) and protein yield (644.29 kg ha-1).This indicated that the application of 30:60:30 kg ha-1 N : P2O5 : K2O with foliar application of compost tea @ 50 percent (30,45,60 DAS) to soybean was found beneficial for increase in growth, yield and quality of soybean.
Comparative Study of Antioxidant Property of Coffee and Its Additives
Authors: Bajaj Deepti , Ballal Suhas
Published: April 2021

Coffee, one of the most commonly consumed beverages is a very rich source of antioxidants alongside various other health benefits. The roasted beans of coffee are the seed of berry obtained from coffea species. These roasted coffee beans are utilized to prepare coffee. India is today producer of 16 unique varieties of coffee most of which originate from southern India. The goodness of coffee and Ganoderma can do wonders to human health. This study is aimed to have an analysis of antioxidant properties of instant coffee, filter coffee, coffee with Ganoderma extracts and ginger coffee by estimating the Ascorbic Acid equivalents (AAE). The essence of the study is the presence of additions and the antioxidant activity of the coffee samples in their presence. The two infusions used in the study are extracts of Ganoderma and ginger. The study also aims to have a inter group analysis of antioxidant properties of all the samples. The study was conducted using basic colorimetric techniques.
Acrosin shows zona and fucose binding, novel properties for a serine proteinase
Authors: Töpfer-Petersen E. , Henschen A.
Published: July 2002

The major fucose‐binding protein of 53 kDa from boar spermatozoa was isolated to apparent homogeneity using a two‐step procedure including high‐performance gel filtration and reversed‐phase chromatography. The N‐terminal sequence of the protein revealed that it is identical with the sperm proteinase acrosin. By means of a solid‐phase zona‐binding assay based on the avidin‐biotin system it was demonstrated that acrosin also interacts strongly with porcine zona pellucida. Thus, the acrosin molecule combines specific proteolytic activity with zona‐ and carbohydrate‐affinity properties, i.e. previously unrecognized properties of a serine proteinase. It seems likely that this special affinity of acrosin directs the proteolytic activity to its structural target in the in vivo situation.
Synthesis of acylated SOD derivatives which bind to the biomembrane lipid surface and dismutate extracellular superoxide radicals
Authors: Ando Yukio , Inoue Masayasu , Utsumi Toshihiko , Morino Yoshimasa , Araki Shukuro
Published: July 2002

Involvement of oxygen radicals in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases has been the focus of recent attention. Since lipid peroxidation of cell membranes is postulated to be one of the major reasons for radical‐induced tissue injury, inhibition of oxygen toxicity at or near plasma membranes is important. To metabolize extracellular superoxide radicals effectively at or near cell membranes, we synthesized amphipathic superoxide dismutase (SOD) derivatives (AC‐SOD) by covalently linking hydrophobic fatty acids with different chain lengths, such as caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid and myristic acid, to the lysyl amino groups of the enzyme. When incubated with erythrocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), AC‐SOD, but not SOD, bound to plasma membranes of these cells. When topically instilled to the eye, AC‐SOD also bound to corneal epithelial cell surface. Upon activation by phorbolmyristyl acetate, extracellular cytochrome c was rapidly reduced by PMNs which were pretreated with SOD. In contrast, PMNs preincubated with AC‐SOD failed to catalyze the reduction of cytochrome c under the same experimental conditions. These results suggested that AC‐SOD bound to cell membranes and effectively dismutated superoxide radicals at or on the outer surface of plasma membranes.
Activation of boar proacrosin is effected by processing at both N‐and C‐terminal portions of the zymogen molecule
Authors: Baba Tadashi , Michikawa Yuichi , Kawakura Kazuhiko , Arai Yuji
Published: July 2002

A mixture of 55 and 53 kDa boar proacrosins was autoactivated at pH 8.5 to produce a 43 kDa intermediate form and a 35 kDa mature acrosin, and each of four forms of (pro)acrosins was isolated. Analysis of the N‐terminal sequences of the two proacrosins indicated the existence of a segment corresponding to the acrosin light chain at the N‐terminal end of the zymogen. Two N‐terminal sequences identical with those of the light and heavy chains were found in the intermediate form and mature acrosin. The proacrosins and the intermediate contained many more proline residues than the mature enzyme. These results indicate that the activation of boar acrosin zymogen is achieved by the removal of a C‐terminal segment rich in proline residues and by the cleavage of the Arg23−Val24 bond leading to the formation of the light and heavy chains.
Two‐dimensional crystallization of DNA gyrase B subunit on specifically designed lipid monolayers
Authors: Lebeau L. , Regnier E. , Schultz P. , Wang J.C. , Mioskowski C. , Oudet P.
Published: July 2002

The B subunit of DNA gyrase formed two‐dimensional crystals when bound to a specifically recognized phospholipid spread into a monolayer at the air/water interface. The especially designed lipids consisted of novobiocin coupled through the 3' or 2″ hydroxyl group and a hydrophilous linker of a given length to dioleoylphosphatidic acid. Two‐dimensional crystals of the gyrase B subunit are formed under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength, with no precipitant added to the solution. Crystal diffraction extended to a 2.7 nm resolution in negative stain, with unit cell parameters a = 6.1 nm, b = 7.6 nm and γ = 64°.
Human blood group A and H glycolipids in porcine plasma
Authors: Hanagata Goro , Gasa Shinsei , Sako Fumiyo , Makita Akira
Published: July 2002

Human blood group A‐ and H‐antigenic glycosphingolipids were isolated from pooled porcine plasma. The structures of the A‐active hexa‐ and H‐active pentaglycosylceramides of lactoseries (type 1 sugar chain) were the same as those in porcine erythrocytes. These results endorse biochemically the previous observations that the A and H antigens on porcine erythrocytes are taken up from plasma.
Effect of cyclosporine A and oligomycin on non‐specific permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Authors: Novgorodov Sergey A. , Gudz Tatjana I. , Kushnareva Yulia E. , Zorov Dmitry B. , Kudrjashov Yury B.
Published: July 2002

The effect of oligomycin and cyclosporine A on the induction of non‐specific permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane by Ca2+ was under study. Both oligomycin and cyclosporine A were able to prevent the activation of non‐specific permeability, but cyclosporine A was the only agent which could restore initial permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The effect of cyclosporine A was shown not to be mediated through redistribution of Ca2+ between different mitochondrial subpopulations
Changes in mitochondrial and microsomal rat liver coenzyme Q9, and Q10content induced by dietary fat and endogenous lipid peroxidation
Authors: Huertas J.R. , Battino M. , Lenaz G. , Mataix F.J.
Published: July 2002

The influence of different kinds of dietary fat (8%) and of endogenous lipid peroxidation with regard to coenzyme Q9(CoQ9) and coenzyme Q10(CoQ10) concentrations in mitochondria and microsomes from rat liver has been investigated by means of an HPLC technique. Although the different diet fats used did not produce any effect on microsomes, it was possible to show that each experimental diet differently influenced the mitochondrial levels of CoQ9and CoQ10. The highest mitochondrial CoQ content was found in case of a diet supplemented with corn oil. An endogenous oxidative stress induced by adriamycin was able to produce a sharp decrease in mitochondrial CoQ9levels in the rats to which corn oil was administered. The results suggest that dietary fat ought to be considered when studies concerning CoQ mitochondrial levels are carried out.
Determination of renal clearance of neopterin by a pharmacokinetic approach
Authors: Estelberge Willibald , Weiss Günter , Petek Walter , Paletta Benno , Wächter Helmut , Reibnegger Gilbert
Published: July 2002

Pharmacokinetic modelling was used to determine the glomerular filtration rate and tubular secretion of neopterin, a marker for cellular immune activation. The method involves parameter identification employing the transient venous plasma concentration profiles of marker substances. By combined i.v. injection of neopterin and inulin which is excreted exclusively via glomerular filtration, neopterin was shown to be excreted in addition to glomerular filtration, by tubular secretion: clearance of inulin, 112 (S.D. 2.2) ml/liter; clearance of neopterin, 499 (S.D. 79.7) ml/min. A pilot experiment using in addition p‐amino hippuric acid suggests that neopterin and p‐amino hippuric acid may employ the same carrier system for tubular secretion.
Electron microscopy of two‐dimensional crystals of mitochondrial ATP synthase
Authors: Dubachev Gennady E. , Lunev Alexander V. , Barnakov Alexander N. , Belogrudov Grigory I. , Grinkevich Vladimir A. , Demin Victor V.
Published: July 2002

Two‐dimensional crystals of the mitochondrial ATP synthase up to 0.4 μm in size were obtained from the detergent‐lipid‐protein micelles by detergent dialysis. A projected map of the negatively stained crystal was calculated from electron microscopical images by the Fourier‐filtering procedure at about 2.8 nm resolution. The unit cell (with not more than two ATP synthase molecules) has the following parameters: a = 13.0 nm, b = 25.6 nm and γ = 86°. Two alternative models for the crystal structural organization were suggested, viz. with one or two protein molecules per unit cell.
Cross‐linking of a synthetic partial‐length (1–28) peptide of the Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid protein by transglutaminase
Authors: Ikura Koji , Takahata Kyoya , Sasaki Ryuzo
Published: July 2002

Cerebral deposits of β/A4 amyloid protein is a pathologic sign of Alzheimer's disease. A synthetic partial‐length (1–28) peptide of this protein contains one glutamine and two lysine residues. Here we show that this peptide can be a substrate of transglutaminase, which catalyzes cross‐linking between glutamine and lysine residues in peptides, by demonstrating the formation of multimeric peptides due to the action of this enzyme. A modified (LyS28 to l‐norleucine) version of the synthetic peptide was also cross‐linked, but another modified version (Lys16 to l‐norleucine) was very poorly cross‐linked, indicating that Lys16 is involved exclusively in the cross‐linking of the partial‐length peptide catalyzed by transglutaminase.
Engineering Ascaris hemoglobin oxygen affinity in sperm whale myoglobin: role of tyrosine B10
Authors: Allocatelli Carlo Travaglini , Cutruzzolà Francesca , Brancaccio Andrea , Vallone Beatrice , Brunori Maurizio
Published: July 2002

The contribution to oxygen stabilization of a tyrosine residue in topological position (B10) has been studied in sperm whale myoglobin by simultaneous replacement of residues at positions (B10), (E7) and (E10) as suggested by analysis of the sequence of high oxygen affinity hemoglobins, such as that of the nematode Ascaris suum. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments with the gaseous ligands oxygen and carbon monoxide show that indeed the introduction of tyrosine (B10), together with replacement of the distal histidine (E7) with glutamine, is associated with a large decrease in the oxygen dissociation rate constant. Our results are consistent with the possible formation in the distal pocket of two hydrogen bonds with the iron‐bound oxygen.
HNF1α activates the aminopeptidase N promoter in intestinal (Caco‐2) cells
Authors: Olsen Jørgen , Laustsen Liselotte , Troelsen Jesper
Published: July 2002

The importance of HNF1 binding proteins for intestinal aminopeptidase N expression was investigated using the Caco‐2 cell‐line. Aminopeptidase N promoter activity in Caco‐2 cells depends on the HNF1 element (positions −85 to −58) and co‐transfection with an HNF1α expression vector demonstrates a direct activation of the promoter by HNF1α through this element. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using nuclear extracts from Caco‐2 cells show the presence of high amounts of HNF1 binding proteins irrespective of their state of differentiation.
Characterization of the NHA1 gene encoding a Na+/H+‐antiporter of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Prior Concepcion , Potier Serge , Souciet Jean-Luc , Sychrova Hana
Published: July 2002

The NHA1 gene (2958 nt) encoding a putative
+/
+
ntiporter (986 aa) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned by selection based on increased NaCl tolerance. The putative protein is highly similar to sodium/proton antiporters from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (gene sod2), and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (gene Z‐SOD2). Overexpression of the NHA1 gene results in higher and partially pH‐dependent tolerance to sodium and lithium; its disruption leads to an increased sensitivity towards these ions.
Manufacturing strategy, business strategy and firm performance in a mature industry
Authors: Williams Fredrik P. , D'Souza Derrick E. , Rosenfeldt Martin E. , Kassaee Massoud
Published: July 2002

This research investigates the relationship between manufacturing strategy, business strategy and firm performance in a mature industry. Past research is synthesized, and a parsimonious conceptual framework is developed. The framework is then tested on a sample of 85 firms in the broadwoven fabric industry (SIC 2211). The results show a significant relationship between the business strategy and the manufacturing strategy of the firm. They support the argument found in the literature that functional level strategies should support business level strategies. A significant relationship was also found between manufacturing strategy and performance of the firm. In particular, the manufacturing function's quality assurance process and its ability to deliver a quality product/service were found to correlate significantly with firm performance. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Genetic and functional linkage of Kir5.1 and Kir2.1 channel subunits
Authors: Derst Christian , Karschin Christine , Wischmeyer Erhard , Hirsch Jochen R. , Preisig-Müller Regina , Rajan Sindhu , Engel Hartmut , Grzeschik Karl-Heinz , Daut Jürgen , Karschin Andreas
Published: July 2002

We have identified several cDNAs for the human Kir5.1 subunit of inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Alternative splicing of exon 3 and the usage of two alternative polyadenylation sites contribute to cDNA diversity. The hKir5.1 gene KCNJ16 is assigned to chromosomal region 17q23.1–24.2, and is separated by only 34 kb from the hKir2.1 gene (KCNJ2). In the brain, Kir5.1 mRNA is restricted to the evolutionary older parts of the hindbrain, midbrain and diencephalon and overlaps with Kir2.1 in the superior/inferior colliculus and the pontine region. In the kidney Kir5.1 and Kir2.1 are colocalized in the proximal tubule. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, Kir5.1 is efficiently targeted to the cell surface and forms electrically silent channels together with Kir2.1, thus negatively controlling Kir2.1 channel activity in native cells.
Efforts toward deriving the CD spectrum of a 310 helix in aqueous medium
Authors: Andersen Niels H. , Liu Zhihong , Prickett Kathryn S.
Published: July 2002

There have been two recent reports suggesting that 310 helices can be distinguished from α helices by circular dichroism. The differentiating feature is stated to be a [θ]222:[θ]208 ratio (R2) distinctly smaller than unity. This has been reported for a Cα,α′‐disubstituted homooctamer [Toniolo et al. (1996), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 2744–27451 and for alanine‐rich systems of 16–21 residue length with modest fractional helicity [Millhauser (1995) Biochemistry 34, 3873–38771. We report here the changes in the CD spectrum produced by inserting aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residues into the helical domain of human pancreatic amylin. In order to examine this effect at comparable net fractional helicities, CD spectra were measured for each species during the course of a helicity titration by trifluoroethanol addition. The addition of five Aib residues gave results of particular interest. At low net fractional helicity, this Aib‐rich system displays a diminished (circa 208 nm) rotational strength versus the less Aib‐rich species. However, NMR data and comparisons of CD difference spectra suggest that fluoroalcohol‐induced extension of the short Aib‐rich helix is in the form of an α helix. Given the diminished intensity of the minimum at 208 nm at low net helicity when 310 conformations should contribute, we urge extreme caution in using a [θ]222:[θ]208 ratio smaller than unity as a diagnostic for 310 helices.
Slow‐to‐fast transitions in myosin expression of rat soleus muscle by phasic high‐frequency stimulation
Authors: Hämäläinen Nina , Pette Dirk
Published: July 2002

Denervated soleus muscles of euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats were exposed to phasic high‐frequency stimulation for periods of up to 40 days and analysed for their myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition. Denervation alone induced appreciable amounts of the fast MHCIId/x and minute amounts of MHCIIb. However, the effects of phasic high‐frequency stimulation exceeded by far those of denervation, leading to marked increases of these two isoforms, as well as to pronounced decreases in slow MHCI. In addition, the present study suggested a greater impact of neural activity on myosin expression than thyroid hormone.
The carotenoids β‐carotene, canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin inhibit macrophage‐mediated LDL oxidation
Authors: Carpenter Keri L.H , van der Veen Carina , Hird Rachel , Dennis Ian F , Ding Tina , Mitchinson Malcolm J
Published: July 2002

Human monocyte‐macrophages were incubated for 24 h in Ham's F‐10 medium with human low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) in the presence or absence of β‐carotene, canthaxanthin or zeaxanthin, at final concentrations of 2.5, 12.5 and 25 mg/l. LDL oxidation, measured by agarose gel electrophoresis, the thiobarbituric acid assay and gas chromatography, was inhibited by each of the carotenoids in a concentration‐dependent manner. Canthaxanthin was more effective when incorporated into LDL before addition to the cultures whereas β‐carotene and zeaxanthin were more effective when added simultaneously with LDL. The results suggest that dietary carotenoids might help slow atherosclerosis progression.
A secondary C1s interaction site on C1‐inhibitor is essential for formation of a stable enzyme‐inhibitor complex
Authors: He Shiping , Sim R.B , Whaley K
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the location of a secondary binding site for C1s on C1‐inhibitor (C1‐inh) which is required for the formation of SDS‐stable C1s‐C1‐inh complexes. We used a synthetic peptide (residues 448–459) corresponding to the distal hinge region of C1‐inh. This peptide binds to C1s and C1s preincubated with the peptide cleaves C1‐inh but does not form a stable C1s‐C1‐inh complex. Computer modelling of C1‐inh shows that residues Q452, Q453 and F455 are surface‐exposed and that the secondary binding site may also include residues H291 and F292 which are conserved in serpins.© 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
A novel domain of fibronectin revealed by epitope mapping of a monoclonal antibody which inhibits fibroblasts‐mediated collagen gel contraction
Authors: Obara Masanobu , Yoshizato Katsutoshi
Published: July 2002

The ability of cells to organize collagen fibrils is fundamental to a variety of processes found in embryogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis, and scar formation. We previously isolated a monoclonal antibody (mAb A3A5) which inhibits human fibroblast‐mediated collagen gel contraction, an in vitro model producing the process of collagen morphogenesis. Human fibronectin (FN) has been shown to be the antigen of A3A5. The present study aimed at identifying the A3A5 epitope to reveal the mode of binding between collagen, FN, and fibroblasts in the process of gel contraction. The epitope was sought in FN fragments obtained by pepsin digestion and in recombinant FN fragments expressed in Escherichia coli by determining their immunological reactivity with A3A5, and was identified as a short segment consisting of the fourth through the amino half of the fifth FN type III. We propose a new functional domain of FN which plays a crucial role in the binding of fibroblasts to collagen fibrils and is involved in collagen morphogenesis.
Isolation of several human axonemal dynein heavy chain genes: genomic structure of the catalytic site, phylogenetic analysis and chromosomal assignment
Authors: Chapelin Catherine , Duriez Bénédicte , Magnino Fabrice , Goossens Michel , Escudier Estelle , Amselem Serge
Published: July 2002

Dynein heavy chains (DHCs) are the main components of multisubunit motor ATPase complexes called dyneins. Axonemal dyneins provide the driving force for ciliary and flagellar motility. Recent molecular studies demonstrated that multiple DHC isoforms are produced by separate genes. We describe the isolation of five human axonemal DHC genes. Analysis of the human genomic clones revealed the existence of intronic sequences that were used to demonstrate that human axonemal DHC genes are located on different chromosomes. The cloned human DHC sequences were integrated into an evolutionary approach based on phylogenetic analysis. Tissue expression studies showed that these human axonemal DHCs are expressed in testis and/or trachea, two tissues with axonemal structures that can be altered in primary ciliary dyskinesia, making DHC genes strong candidates in the genesis of these human diseases.
Synaptojanin 1: localization on coated endocytic intermediates in nerve terminals and interaction of its 170 kDa isoform with Eps15
Authors: Haffner Christof , Takei Kohji , Chen Hong , Ringstad Niels , Hudson Amy , Butler Margaret Husta , Salcini Anna Elisabetta , Di Fiore Pier Paolo , De Camilli Pietro
Published: July 2002

Synaptojanin 1 is an inositol 5‐phosphatase with a putative role in clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. Goal of this study was to provide new evidence for this hypothesis. We show that synaptojanin 1 is concentrated at clathrin‐coated endocytic intermediates in nerve terminals. Furthermore, we report that synaptojanin‐170, an alternatively spliced isoform of synaptojanin 1, binds Eps15, a clathrin coat‐associated protein. Binding is mediated by the COOH‐terminal region of synaptojanin‐170 which we show here to be poorly conserved from rat to humans, but to contain in both species three asparagine‐proline‐phenylalanine (NPF) repeats. This motif has been found to be the core of the binding site for the EH domains of Eps15. Together with previous data, our results suggest that synaptojanin 1 can be recruited to clathrin‐coated pits via a multiplicity of interactions.
ABI2, a second protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis
Authors: Rodriguez Pedro L , Benning Gregor , Grill Erwin
Published: July 2002

The abi2‐1 (abscisic acid insensitive) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana shows abscisic acid (ABA) insensitivity with respect to seed germination and vegetative ABA responses. We identified the ABI2 gene by a combination of positional mapping and homology to ABI1. The ABI2 protein shows 80% amino acid sequence identity to ABI1, a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) involved in ABA signaling. The mutation that confers the abi2‐1 phenotype is equivalent to the mutation previously identified in abi1‐1 and the resulting Gly168Asp abi2 protein shows a reduced PP2C activity. Thus, a pair of highly homologous PP2Cs regulate ABA signaling.
Activation of the A2A adenosine receptor inhibits nitric oxide production in glial cells
Authors: Brodie Chaya , Blumberg Peter M , Jacobson Kenneth A
Published: July 2002

Selective adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists have marked effects on the outcome of cerebral ischemia, and adenosine receptors are expressed on astrocytes. In this study we examined the effects of various adenosine receptor agonists on the production of nitric oxide and the induction of iNOS in astrocytes activated by LPS/IFN‐γ and TNF‐α/IL‐1β and on the production of TNF‐α. Treatment of the cells with the A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 inhibited both NO production and iNOS expression induced by stimulation with either LPS/IFN‐γ or TNF‐α/IL‐1β, whereas the A1 and A3 receptor agonists, CPA and Cl‐IB‐MECA, respectively, did not have significant inhibitory effects. The inhibitory effect of the A2A receptor agonist was antagonized by the specific A2A receptor antagonist CSC. The A2A agonist also exerted a small inhibitory effect on the production of TNF‐α. Similar inhibitory effects on the production of NO were obtained by cyclic AMP‐elevating reagents, such as forskolin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Our findings suggest that activation of the A2A receptor inhibits NO production and iNOS expression likely via increased cAMP.
The BAH (bromo‐adjacent homology) domain: a link between DNA methylation, replication and transcriptional regulation
Authors: Callebaut Isabelle , Courvalin Jean-Claude , Mornon Jean-Paul
Published: July 2002

Using sensitive methods of sequence analysis including hydrophobic cluster analysis, we report here a hitherto undescribed family of modules, the BAH (bromo‐adjacent homology) family, which includes proteins such as eukaryotic DNA (cytosine‐5) methyltransferases, the origin recognition complex 1 (Orc1) proteins, as well as several proteins involved in transcriptional regulation. The BAH domain appears to act as a protein‐protein interaction module specialized in gene silencing, as suggested for example by its interaction within yeast Orc1p with the silent information regulator Sir1p. The BAH module might therefore play an important role by linking DNA methylation, replication and transcriptional regulation.
Towards the in vitro reconstitution of caveolae. Asymmetric incorporation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and gangliosides into liposomal membranes
Authors: Villar Ana-Victoria , Alonso Alicia , Pañeda Covadonga , Varela-Nieto Isabel , Brodbeck Urs , Goñi Félix M.
Published: July 2002

Large unilamellar vesicles consisting of phospholipids with or without cholesterol have been prepared containing GPI and/or gangliosides asymmetrically located in the outer leaflet of the bilayer. Such asymmetric distribution of GPI and gangliosides is found in ‘rafts’ and caveolae. Using these vesicles, GPI can be readily hydrolysed by phospholipases. Both cholesterol and ganglioside are seen to inhibit, in an additive way, the hydrolytic activity of GPI‐specific phospholipase D.
Targeting of HIV gp120 by oligonucleotide‐photosensitizer conjugates
Authors: Vever-Bizet Christine , Boutorine Alexandre S. , Delgado Olavio , Brault Daniel , Hélène Claude
Published: July 2002

Some guanine‐rich oligonucleotides inhibit HIV infectivity through interaction with the gp120 glycoprotein. Besides, photoinactivation of viruses attracts attention for blood decontamination. The feasibility of targeting a red light‐absorbing chlorin‐type photosensitizer to gp120 through covalent coupling with 8‐mer phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides is investigated. Some conjugates inhibit binding of antibodies directed to gp120. Inhibition is significantly increased upon red light activation. The activity of the conjugates correlates with their ability to self‐associate, a process strongly favored by the propensity of the hydrophobic chlorin moiety to dimerize. Thus, the photosensitizer moiety both promotes structures with a higher affinity for gp120 and, upon light activation, can induce site‐directed damages to the protein.
From abandoned warehouse to life‐saving facility, Pakro, Ghana
Authors: Senah K.A , Richardson D , Kwofie G , Wilson J.B , Collison A.H , Tinkorang E.K ,   (The Accra PMM Team)
Published: July 2002

Preliminary studies: Focus group discussions in Akwapim South District, Ghana, highlighted a lack of accessible health facilities as an important factor contributing to maternal deaths. Interventions: In 1991, a health center was established by renovating an abandoned warehouse. The center was equipped with beds, a refrigerator, a safe water supply, drugs and supplies. With the posting of a community health nurse from the Ministry of Health (MOH), it began functioning as a maternal and child health/family planning clinic. A senior nurse–midwife was posted in 1992 and obstetric services were offered. Starting in 1994, community interventions focused on reducing the delay in seeking care. Results: An average of nine women with major obstetric complications were seen each 12‐month period between 1992 and 1995. Many minor complications and non‐obstetric ailments were also treated. Costs: The material costs of establishing the health center amounted to US $12 550: 47% came from the community, 43% came from non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), 7% from PMM and 3% from MOH. The costs of staff salaries were paid by MOH. Conclusions: It is possible to mobilize communities, government and NGOs to help provide emergency obstetric services. If emergency obstetric services are available, women will use them, even before the launching of community information and education campaigns. © 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Performance persistence and management skill in nonconventional bond mutual funds
Authors: Philpot James , Hearth Douglas , Rimbey James
Published: July 2002

Recent empirical research has identified a tendency for equity mutual funds to provide consistent performance relative to other funds over time. Studies of bond funds have centered around investment grade, straight bonds and have concluded that fund managers outperform indexes on a gross (although not net) basis, but that performance is hampered by high expense levels. We examine nonconventional bond funds (high-yield bonds, global issues and convertible bonds) and find that short-term perfor- mance persistence is present, but limited to the high-yield bond subsample. Fund managers are unable to distinguish themselves in the long term, despite the diverse nature of the funds they oversee. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
A re‐examination of international seasonalities
Authors: Alford Alan , Guffey Daryl M.
Published: July 2002

Previous studies argue that market returns in the United States are higher in January than in the other months. Other studies corroborate this seasonality for other markets. This study reconsiders those conclusions by controlling for the numeraire used, the definition of returns, changes in the levels of segmentation, and the length over which seasonal returns are sought. We find that the results are sensitive to each of these factors. Finally, these results are sensitive to the statistical tests employed.
Poly‐Adenine‐Based Spherical Nucleic Acids for Efficient Live‐Cell MicroRNA Capture
Authors: Jiao Kai , Yan Qinglong , Guo Linjie , Qu Zhibei , Cao Shuting , Chen Xiaoliang , Li Qian , Zhu Ying , Li Jiang , Wang Lihua , Fan Chunhai , Wang Fei
Published: April 2021

Direct delivery of exogenous non‐coding nucleic acids into living cells has attracted intense interest in biological applications. However, the cell entry efficiency and target capture ability remain to be improved. Herein, we report a method for compartmenting the nucleic acids on the surface of poly‐adenine‐based spherical nucleic acids (polyA‐SNAs) for efficient capture of oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) in living cells. We find that polyA‐SNAs exhibit high cell entry efficiency, which is insensitive to the configuration of the anti‐miRNA sequences. By programming the length of polyAs, we precisely engineered the spatial configuration of the anti‐miRNA sequences in polyA‐SNAs. Compartmentalized polyA‐SNAs bind to miRNAs with improved capture ability as compared to densely compacted SNAs. We further demonstrate that polyA‐SNAs serve as high‐efficacy miRNA sponges for capturing oncogenic miRNAs both in living cells and in mice. The efficient inhibition of miRNAs results in significant suppression of tumor growth.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Imidazopyrazinone Derivatives as Antagonists of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs)
Authors: Kim Jisook , Bae Inhwan , Song Jiyoung , Kim Younghoon , Ahn Younggil , Park Hyun‐Ju , Kim Ha Hyung , Kim Dae Kyong
Published: April 2021

Apoptosis inhibitor (IAP) proteins are overexpressed in many cancers and implicated in tumor growth, so the development of antagonist that disrupts with the binding of IAP to their partner protein is a promising therapeutic strategy. In an effort to increase cellular activity and improve favorable drug‐like properties, we newly designed and synthesized monovalent analogues based on imidazopyrazinone structure of 9. Optimization of cellular potency led to the identification of 17, which showed increase of submicromolar activity (GI50 = 234 nM) and caspase‐3 activation (6.3‐fold) in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. These findings clearly show the potential for 17 as a promising monovalent antagonist for the development of an effective anticancer treatment.
Ni‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Sulfoxides
Authors: Huang Mingming , Wu Zhu , Krebs Johannes , Friedrich Alexandra , Luo Xiaoling , Westcott Stephen A. , Radius Udo , Marder Todd B.
Published: April 2021

A nickel/N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalytic system has been developed for the borylation of aryl sulfoxides with B2(neop)2 (neop=neopentyl glycolato). A wide range of aryl sulfoxides with different electronic and steric properties were converted into the corresponding arylboronic esters in good yields. The regioselective borylation of unsymmetric diaryl sulfoxides was also feasible leading to borylation of the sterically less encumbered aryl substituent. Competition experiments demonstrated that an electron‐deficient aryl moiety reacts preferentially. The origin of the selectivity in the Ni‐catalyzed borylation of electronically biased unsymmetrical diaryl sulfoxide lies in the oxidative addition step of the catalytic cycle, as oxidative addition of methoxyphenyl 4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl sulfoxide to the Ni(0) complex occurs selectively to give the structurally characterized complex trans‐[Ni(ICy)2(4‐CF3‐C6H4){(SO)‐4‐MeO‐C6H4}] 4. For complex 5, the isomer trans‐[Ni(ICy)2(C6H5)(OSC6H5)] 5‐I was structurally characterized in which the phenyl sulfinyl ligand is bound via the oxygen atom to nickel. In solution, the complex trans‐[Ni(ICy)2(C6H5)(OSC6H5)] 5‐I is in equilibrium with the S‐bonded isomer trans‐[Ni(ICy)2(C6H5)(SOC6H5)] 5, as shown by NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations reveal that these isomers are separated by a mere 0.3 kJ/mol (M06/def2‐TZVP‐level of theory) and connected via a transition state trans‐[Ni(ICy)2(C6H5)(η2‐{SO}‐C6H5)], which lies only 10.8 kcal/mol above 5.
Soluble Congeners of Prior Insoluble Shape‐Persistent Imine Cages
Authors: Holsten Mattes , Feierabend Sarah , Elbert Sven M. , Rominger Frank , Oeser Thomas , Mastalerz Michael
Published: April 2021

One of the most applied reaction types to synthesize shape‐persistent organic cage compounds is the imine condensation reaction and it is assumed that the formed cages are thermodynamically controlled products due to the reversibility of the imine condensation. However, most of the synthesized imine cages reported are formed as precipitate from the reaction mixture and therefore rather may be kinetically controlled products. There are even examples in literature, where resulting cages are not soluble at all in common organic solvents to characterize or study their formation by NMR spectroscopy in solution. Here, a triptycene triamine containing three solubilizing n‐hexyloxy chains has been used to synthesize soluble congeners of prior insoluble cages. This allowed us to study the formation as well as the reversibility of cage formation in solution by investigating exchange of building blocks between the cages and deuterated derivatives thereof.
Programmed Multiple C‐H Bond Functionalization of the Privileged 4‐hydroxyquinoline Template
Authors: Ronzon Quentin , Zhang Wei , Casaretto Nicolas , Mouray Elisabeth , Florent Isabelle , Nay Bastien
Published: April 2021

The introduction of substituents on bare heterocyclic scaffolds can selectively be achieved by directed C−H functionalization. However, such methods have only occasionally been used, in an iterative manner, to decorate various positions of a medicinal scaffold to build chemical libraries. We herein report the multiple, site selective, metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization of a “programmed” 4‐hydroxyquinoline. This medicinally privileged template indeed possesses multiple reactive sites for diversity‐oriented functionalization, of which four were targeted. The C‐2 and C‐8 decorations were directed by an N‐oxide, before taking benefit of an O‐carbamoyl protection at C‐4 to perform a Fries rearrangement and install a carboxamide at C‐3. This also released the carbonyl group of 4‐quinolones, the ultimate directing group to functionalize position 5. Our study highlights the power of multiple C−H functionalization to generate diversity in a biologically relevant library, after showing its strong antimalarial potential.
5,11‐Diazadibenzo[hi,qr]tetracene: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity toward Nucleophilic Reagents
Authors: Fujimoto Keisuke , Takimoto Satoshi , Masuda Shota , Inuzuka Toshiyasu , Sanada Kazutaka , Sakamoto Masami , Takahashi Masaki
Published: April 2021

5,11‐Diazadibenzo[hi,qr]tetracene was synthesized as a new nitrogen‐substituted polycyclic heteroaromatic compound by Pd‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of an alkyne precursor followed by oxidative cyclization with bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene. The substitution of imine‐type nitrogen atoms significantly enhanced its electron‐accepting character and facilitated the direct nucleophilic addition of arylamines under strongly basic conditions to afford the desired amino‐substituted products. The introduction of amino groups induced a remarkable red‐shift in their absorption spectra; the tetrasubstituted product exhibited intense near‐infrared absorbing property. Furthermore, the π‐electronic system, which includes a redox‐active 1,4‐diazabutadiene moiety, underwent reversible interconversion to its corresponding reduced form upon reduction with NaBH4 and aerobic oxidation.
Streamlining geospatial data processing for isotopic landscape modeling
Authors: Woo Jungha , Zhao Lan , Bowen Gabriel J.
Published: April 2021

Stable isotopic landscape modeling has become a promising approach for answering research questions in multiple disciplines. However, its application has been hindered by the difficulty for individual researchers to collect, compile, and integrate environmental and isotopic data over large spatial and temporal scales and to develop and interpret geostatistical models. To address these challenges, we developed IsoMAP (http://isomap.org), a science gateway that enables researchers to access and integrate a number of disparate and diverse datasets, develop isoscape models over selected spatiotemporal domains using geostatistical algorithms, predict maps for the stable isotopic ratios, and associate a sample's isotope value with its most likely geographic origin. One main challenge in developing IsoMAP is to efficiently integrate large heterogeneous datasets into the modeling workflow to ensure real‐time query response and timely data update. In this paper, we described how the geospatial data processing workflow was implemented in the initial version of gateway and how it has been improved by leveraging the built‐in vector and raster data processing capabilities and the materialized view object of the PostgreSQL/PostGIS database. Our experience and lessons learned will be applicable to the development of other geospatial data workflows, a common task in the cyberinfrastructure of many science disciplines.
Role of Low Molecular Weight Polymers on the Dynamics of Silicon Anodes During Casting
Authors: Burdette‐Trofimov Mary K. , Armstrong Beth L. , Murphy Ryan P. , Heroux Luke , Doucet Mathieu , Trask Stephen E. , Rogers Alexander M. , Veith Gabriel M.
Published: April 2021

This work probes the slurry architecture of a high silicon content electrode slurry with and without low molecular weight polymeric dispersants as a function of shear rate to mimic electrode casting conditions for poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and lithium neutralized poly(acrylic acid) (LiPAA) based electrodes. Rheology coupled ultra‐small angle neutron scattering (rheo‐USANS) was used to examine the aggregation and agglomeration behavior of each slurry as well as the overall shape of the aggregates. The addition of dispersant has opposing effects on slurries made with PAA or LiPAA binder. With a dispersant, there are fewer aggregates and agglomerates in the PAA based silicon slurries, while LiPAA based silicon slurries become orders of magnitude more aggregated and agglomerated at all shear rates. The reorganization of the PAA and LiPAA binder in the presence of dispersant leads to a more homogeneous slurry and a more heterogeneous slurry, respectively. This reorganization ripples through to the cast electrode architecture and is reflected in the electrochemical cycling of these electrodes.
LGR6 marks nephron progenitor cells
Authors: van Ineveld Ravian L. , Margaritis Thanasis , Kooiman Berend A.P. , Groenveld Femke , Ariese Hendrikus C.R. , Lijnzaad Philip , Johnson Hannah R. , Korving Jeroen , Wehrens Ellen J. , Holstege Frank , van Rheenen Jacco , Drost Jarno , Rios Anne C. , Bos Frank L.
Published: April 2021

Background

Nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) undergo a stepwise process to generate all mature nephron structures. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) is considered a multistep process of NPC differentiation to ensure progressive establishment of new nephrons. However, despite this important role, to date, no marker for NPCs undergoing MET in the nephron exists.

Results

Here, we identify LGR6 as a NPC marker, expressed in very early cap mesenchyme, pre‐tubular aggregates, renal vesicles, and in segments of S‐shaped bodies, following the trajectory of MET. By using a lineage tracing approach in embryonic explants in combination with confocal imaging and single‐cell RNA sequencing, we provide evidence for the multiple fates of LGR6+ cells during embryonic nephrogenesis. Moreover, by using long‐term in vivo lineage tracing, we show that postnatal LGR6+ cells are capable of generating the multiple lineages of the nephrons.

Conclusions

Given the profound early mesenchymal expression and MET signature of LGR6+ cells, together with the lineage tracing of mesenchymal LGR6+ cells, we conclude that LGR6+ cells contribute to all nephrogenic segments by undergoing MET. LGR6+ cells can therefore be considered an early committed NPC population during embryonic and postnatal nephrogenesis with potential regenerative capability.
Connecting the greatest rivers in China and America: The Yangtze‐Mississippi River EcoPartnership
Authors: Liu Hao , Chen Daqing , Yang Bo , Guo Qiaoyu , Tansey Bob
Published: April 2021

Rivers are the birthplace of human civilization and the foundation for modern development. Rivers and watersheds support the livelihoods of surrounding communities. A healthy watershed can help alleviate floods and droughts, nourish forests, replenish groundwater, maintain fisheries, and provide for rich and diverse human life. However, the unreasonable development and use of rivers by human beings has strongly disrupted the natural health of rivers, and freshwater ecosystems are losing species and habitats rapidly. In 2012, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the Yangtze River Basin Fisheries Resources Management Commission (YFC) came together to form an EcoPartnership to help preserve the natural fisheries of two great rivers in China and America, the Yangtze and the Mississippi. Through the past decade, TNC and YFC have been working together to promote collaboration on river conservation ‐ tackling the common challenges faced by freshwater ecosystems, sharing experiences and lessons, and exploring ways to protect the services and functions of river ecosystems.