bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Properties Importance For Type Classification of Wines Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Mor Nuriel Shalom , Asras Tigabo , Gal Eli , Demasia Tesfahon , Tarab Ezra , Ezekiel Nathaniel , Nikapros Osher , Semimufar Oshri , Gladky Eva , Karpenko Maria , Sason Daniel , Maslov Danis , Mor Omri
Published: February 2022

As a subfield of artificial intelligence, machine learning is designed to learn the structure of the data. Machine learning has been widely used in many scientific problems. In this study, we used machine learning techniques to figure out the most important physicochemical properties for type classification of red wines. We used a wines' dataset with 13 physicochemical properties. We used a Random Forest classifier to predict wine’s type from its features, and permutation feature importance, in order to detect the most important properties of the wine for type classification. The properties: flavanoids, proline, and color intensity were found to be most important for type classification. Additional 4 classifiers: Laso classifier, Ridge classifier, Decision Tree classifier, and Support Vector classifier were used and examined for classification and feature importance. Flavanoids and proline were very important across all classifiers.
Contribution of zooplankton nutrient recycling and effects on phytoplankton size structure in a hypereutrophic reservoir
Authors: Butts Tyler , Moody Eric , Wilkinson Grace
Published: February 2022

Consumer nutrient recycling influences aquatic ecosystem functioning by altering the movement and transformation of nutrients. In hypereutrophic reservoirs, zooplankton nutrient recycling has been considered negligible due to high concentrations of available nutrients. A comparative analysis (Moody and Wilkinson, 2019) found that zooplankton communities in hypereutrophic lakes are dominated by nitrogen (N)-rich species, which the authors hypothesized would increase phosphorus (P) availability through excretion. However, zooplankton nutrient recycling likely varies over the course of a growing season due to changes in biomass, community composition, and grazing pressure on phytoplankton. We quantified zooplankton, phytoplankton, and nutrient concentration dynamics during the summer of 2019 in a temperate, hypereutrophic reservoir. We found that the estimated contribution of zooplankton excretion to the dissolved nutrient pool on a given day was equivalent to a substantial proportion (21-39%) of the dissolved inorganic P standing stock in early summer when P concentrations were low and limiting phytoplankton growth. Further, we found evidence that zooplankton affected phytoplankton size distributions through selective grazing of smaller phytoplankton cells likely affecting nutrient uptake and storage by phytoplankton. Overall, our results demonstrate zooplankton excretion in hypereutrophic reservoirs likely helped drive springtime phytoplankton dynamics through nutrient recycling while grazing influenced phytoplankton size distributions.
Biological predictions: long-term periodic processes
Authors: Rull Valentí
Published: February 2022

Are long-term ecological and evolutionary processes governed by periodic astronomical causes predictable?
Longitudinal association between neighbourhood-level social capital and incidence of major psychiatric disorders: a cohort study of 1.4m people in Stockholm County, Sweden
Authors: Chase Angela , Dykxhoorn Jennifer , Hollander Anna-Clara , Magnusson Cecelia , Dalman Christina , Kirkbride James Bowes
Published: February 2022

Background: Greater neighbourhood-level social capital is cross-sectionally associated with lower incidence of non-affective psychotic disorders [NAPD], but longitudinal evidence is missing, and specificity to this outcome or across population groups is unclear. We investigated these issues in a large, population-based cohort in Stockholm County, Sweden, linked to prospectively-collected ratings of neighbourhood-level social capital.Methods: All Swedish-born people living in Stockholm County between 2002-2016, aged 14-64 years, were followed from cohort entry until first diagnosis of ICD-10 severe mental illness [SMI] (NAPD, affective psychotic disorder [APD] or non-psychotic bipolar disorder [NP-BPD]), out-migration from Stockholm County, 65th birthday, death, or 31 December 2016, whichever was sooner. We derived three neighbourhood-level social capital exposures (political trust, welfare trust, personal trust) for 813 neighbourhoods, averaged from individual scores from 23,510 independent, randomly-selected respondents to the 2002 Stockholm County Public Health [SPHC] survey; most SPHC respondents were Swedish-born to two Swedish-born parents (72.2%). We used multilevel proportional hazards models of each outcome-exposure association, adjusted for extensive confounder sets informed by directed acyclic graphs. We tested a priori interactions between social capital exposures and parental region-of-origin. Results: Our cohort included 1,467,128 participants, of whom 17,760 (1·2%) received their first SMI diagnosis during follow-up. Greater neighbourhood-level personal trust was associated with reduced NAPD incidence, but only amongst those of Swedish (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] associated with a one standard deviation increase in trust: 0·88; 95%CI: 0·82-0·95) or European (aHR: 0·85; 95%CI: 0·74-0·97) parental origin (interaction p-value: <0·0001). Conversely, greater neighbourhood-level personal trust increased NAPD rates for those of North African and Middle-Eastern (aHR: 1·61; 95%CI: 1·17-2·02) or Sub-Saharan African (aHR: 1.84; 1.09-3.09) parental origins. We observed similar effect modification for NP-BPD (p<0·0001), but not APD (p<0·80), nor any effect of political or welfare trust on outcomes.Interpretation: Social capital had longitudinal effects on several mental health outcomes, but could be either protective or harmful depending parental region-of-origin, a potential indicator of outgroup position.
The Impact of Ordinal Scales on Gaussian Mixture Recovery
Authors: Haslbeck Jonas M B , Vermunt Jeroen , Waldorp Lourens
Published: February 2022

Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) are a popular and versatile tool to explore heterogeneity in multivariate continuous data. Arguably the most popular way to estimate GMMs is via the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm combined with model selection using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). If the GMM is correctly specified, this estimation procedure has been demonstrated to have high recovery performance. However, in many situations the data are not continuous but ordinal, for example when assessing symptom severity in medical data or modeling the responses in a survey. For such situations it is unknown how well the EM algorithm and the BIC perform in GMM recovery. In the present paper, we investigate this question by simulating data from various GMMs, thresholding them in ordinal categories and evaluating recovery performance. We show that the number of components can be estimated reliably if the number of ordinal caregories and the number of variables is high enough. However, the estimates of the parameters of the component models are biased independent of sample size. Finally, we discuss alternative modeling approaches which might be adopted for the situations in which estimating a standard GMM is inappropriate.
Short-sighted decision-making by those not vaccinated against COVID-19
Authors: Halilova Julia G. , Fynes-Clinton Samuel , Green Leonard , Myerson Joel , Wu Jianhong , Ruggeri Kai , Addis Donna Rose , Rosenbaum R. Shayna
Published: February 2022

Widespread vaccination is necessary to minimize or halt the effects of many infectious diseases, including COVID-19. Stagnating vaccine uptake can prolong pandemics, raising the question of how we might predict, prevent, and correct vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness. In a multinational sample (N=4,452) recruited from 13 countries that varied in pandemic severity and vaccine uptake (July 2021), we examined whether short-sighted decision-making as exemplified by steep delay discounting—choosing smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards—predicts COVID-19 vaccination status. Delay discounting was steeper in unvaccinated individuals and predicted vaccination status over and above demographics or mental health. The results suggest that delay discounting, a personal characteristic known to be modifiable through cognitive interventions, is a contributing cause of differences in vaccine compliance.
Intégrer les Réplications dans les Programmes de Licence : Bénéfices pour l’Enseignement, la Science, et la Société
Authors: Ribotta Blandine , Bellemin Ronan , Grahe Jon E. , IJzerman Hans , Wagge Jordan Rose , Mailliez Mélody
Published: February 2022

Depuis plus d'une décennie, la recherche en psychologie a du mal à reproduire de nombreuses études bien connues et très citées. Cette crise de la réplication a été à l'origine de l'émergence de plusieurs projets scientifiques "Big Team". L'un des premiers contributeurs au mouvement Big-Team Science est le Collaborative Replication and Education Project (CREP), un projet de collaboration à grande échelle par lequel des étudiants de premier cycle universitaire peuvent contribuer aux connaissances scientifiques par le biais d'études de réplication. Non seulement le CREP permet aux étudiants d'apprendre et de s'intéresser aux méthodes de recherche indépendamment de la nouveauté de leur étude, mais il offre également une contribution incroyable à la communauté des chercheurs dans son ensemble.
Examining individual learning patterns using generalized linear mixed models
Authors: Commins Sean , Spiers Hugo , Hornberger Michael , Coutrot Antoine , de Andrade Moral Rafael
Published: February 2022

Everyone learns differently, but individual performances are often ignored in favour of a group level analysis. Using data from four different experiments we show that generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and extensions can be used to examine individual learning patterns in more depth. Producing ellipsoids and cluster analyses based on predicted random effects, individual learning patterns can be identified which, in turn, can be clustered and used for comparisons across various experimental conditions or groups. We show that this analysis can handle a range of data sets including discrete, continuous, censored and non-censored, as well as different experimental conditions, different sample sizes and trial numbers. Using this approach we show that learning a face-named paired associative task produced individuals that can learn quickly with the performance of some remaining high, but with a drop off in others. Whereas other individuals show poor performance throughout the learning period. We see this more clearly when we examined learning in a virtual navigation spatial learning task (NavWell). Two prominent clusters of learning emerged, one showing individuals that produced a rapid learning performance and a second group that learned the task slowly and gradually. We can also identify how individual learning patterns change across trials. Using data from another spatial learning task (SeaHero Quest), we show that performance of individuals mirror their age category. However, not all individuals perform according to their age, some show a pattern that more readily fits a younger category, while others show patterns that fit better with an older age cohort. Overall, using this analytical approach may help practitioners in education and medicine to identify those that might need extra help and attention. In addition, identifying learning patterns may allow further investigation of the underlying neural, biological, environmental and other factors of these individuals.
The Effect of Victim Intoxication and Crime Type on Mock Jury Decision-Making
Authors: Martin Erica , Monds Lauren Ann
Published: February 2022

Alcohol intoxication is a common feature in crime, yet jurors often possess little understanding of how alcohol affects eyewitness memory. Furthermore, jurors are often blind to biases about different crimes that affect their interpretation of eyewitness evidence. Accordingly, the current study investigated the impact of (1) a victim’s intoxication status during a crime and (2) the type of crime committed on mock jury decision-making. Undergraduate students (N = 228) read a trial transcript describing a rape or robbery committed against a woman who was either sober or intoxicated to a low, moderate, or severe degree when the crime occurred. They also completed questionnaires assessing trial-related judgements, alcohol beliefs, behaviours and familiarity, and sexist attitudes towards women. Mock jurors incorrectly perceived alcohol as detrimental to the victim’s credibility at any dose. However, the victim’s intoxication status failed to influence verdict decisions. Verdicts were instead better accounted for by extra-legal factors such as gender, ethnicity, and alcohol-related beliefs. Variance in jury decision-making according to crime type was not observed. These null findings may be the product of methodological constraints rather than genuine non-effects, and thus further research is required. The current study asserts the need for jury education to correct misconceptions about the effects of alcohol on eyewitness memory, and continued exploration of the role of extra-legal factors in intoxication-related cases.
Adjusting for Publication Bias Reveals Mixed Evidence for the Impact of Cash Transfers on Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health
Authors: Bartoš František , Maier Maximilian , Stanley T D , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: February 2022

Cash transfers are among the most popular poverty interventions. Indeed the charity evaluator GiveWell even lists GiveDirectly - a charity that directly sends your donations as cash to people in extreme poverty - as one of their top-rated charities [https://www.givewell.org/charities/give-directly]. McGuire, Kaiser, and Bach-Mortensen1 conducted a timely and comprehensive meta-analysis on the impact of cash transfers on subjective well-being and mental health, featuring 45 studies with a combined total of 116,999 individuals. McGuire and colleagues1 conclude “CTs [cash transfers] have a small but statistically significant positive effect on both SWB [subjective well-being] (Cohen’s d = 0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09, 0.18) and MH [mental health] (d = 0.07, 95% CI 0.05, 0.09) among recipients.” We show that once publication bias is properly accounted for, this effect is - depending on the outcome measure - either greatly reduced or completely diminished.
The Nested States Model: An Empirical Framework for Integrating the Brain and the Mind
Authors: Denfield George , Kyzar Evan
Published: February 2022

Philosophy of mind has made substantial progress on biologically-rooted approaches to understanding the mind and subjectivity through the enactivist perspective, but research on subjectivity within neuroscience has not kept apace. Indeed, we possess no principled means of relating experiential phenomena to neurophysiological processes. Here, we present the Nested States Model as a framework to guide empirical investigation into the relationship between subjectivity and neurobiology. Building on recent work in phenomenology and philosophy of mind, we develop an account of experiential states as layered, or nested. We argue that this nested structure is also apparent in brain activity. The recognition of this structural homology – that both experiential and brain states can be characterized as systems of nested states – brings our views of subjective mental states into broad alignment with our understanding of general principles and properties of brain activity. This alignment enables a more systematic approach to formulating specific hypotheses and predictions about how the two domains relate to one another.
A Systematic Review of Psychosocial Functioning Changes after Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy among Transgender People
Authors: Doyle David Matthew , Lewis Tom O. G. , Barreto Manuela
Published: February 2022

This systematic review assessed the state and quality of evidence for effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on psychosocial functioning. Forty-six relevant journal articles (six qualitative, 21 cross-sectional, 19 prospective cohort) were identified. Gender-affirming hormone therapy was consistently found to reduce depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Evidence for quality of life improvement was inconsistent, with some trends suggesting improvements. There was some evidence of affective changes differing for those on masculinizing versus feminizing hormone therapy. Results for self-mastery effects were ambiguous, with some studies suggesting greater anger expression, particularly among those on masculinizing hormone therapy, but no increase in anger intensity. There were some trends toward positive change in interpersonal functioning. Overall, risk of bias was highly variable between studies. Small samples and lack of adjustment for key confounders limited causal inferences. More high-quality evidence for psychosocial effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy is vital to ensuring health equity for transgender people.
General identifiability of possible world models for crowd wisdom
Authors: Prelec Drazen , McCoy John
Published: February 2022

Prelec, Seung and McCoy (2017) proposed a crowd wisdom model where ideal Bayesian observers receive discrete i.i.d. signals si ∈ {s1,...,sn} conditional on an unknown ‘state,’ i.e., a possible world aj ∈ {a1,...,am}. Signals and worlds are presumed drawn from a distribution p(si,aj) known to observers, but unknown to the analyst. The paper asserted via an example but without formal proof that if ideal observers specify a belief matrix as conditional distributions p(aj|si), and a meta-knowledge matrix (beliefs about other observers’ signals) as p(si|sk) = ∑j p(si|aj)p(aj|sk), then the analyst can, in the large sample limit, derive p(si,aj) and identify the actual signal-generating world. Here we provide a proof based on computing the signal prior as the stationary distribution of the meta-knowledge matrix.
Cognitive, academic, executive and psychological functioning in children with spastic motor type cerebral palsy: Influence of extent, location, and laterality of brain lesions
Authors: LAPORTA-HOYOS OLGA , Pannek kerstin , Pagnozzi Alex M. , Whittingham Koa , Wotherspoon Jane , Benfer Kath , Fiori Simona , Ware Robert S. , Boyd Roslyn Nancy
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To investigate, in spastic motor-type cerebral palsy, the association between 1) the location and extent of brain lesions and numerous psychological outcomes; 2) the laterality of brain lesions and performance of verbal-related cognitive functions.Methods: The semi-quantitative scale for MRI (sqMRI) was scored for 101 children.Non-verbal and verbal proxy intelligence quotients (IQ), word reading, spelling,numerical operations skills, executive functioning, and psychological adjustment were assessed. Relationships between global and regional sqMRI scores and clinical scores were examined. The best multivariable linear regression model for each outcome was identified using the Bayesian Information Criteria. Regional sqMRI scores, gross motor functioning, manual ability, and epilepsy status were considered for inclusion as covariables. Where sqMRI scores made statistically significant contributions to models of verbal-related functioning, data were reanalysed including these sqMRI scores’ laterality index. Verbal-language-related outcomes were compared between participants with left-sided versus bilateral brain lesions.Results: Medial dorsal thalamus and parietal lobe lesions significantly accounted for poorer verbal proxy-IQ. Left-hemisphere lateralization of temporal lobe lesions was associated with poorer verbal proxy-IQ. Participants with bilateral lesions performed significantly better than those with unilateral left-sided lesions in verbal cognitive functions. Controlling for epilepsy diagnosis, participants with ventral posterior lateral thalamus lesions presented with better Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores, although within the normal range. sqMRI scores were not significantly associated with some psychological outcomes or these only bordered on significance after accounting for relevant control variables.Conclusion: The laterality of early-life lesions influences the development of verbal cognitive functions.
How and When Managers Reward Employees’ Voice: The Role of Proactivity Attributions
Authors: Park Hyunsun , Tangirala Subrahmaniam , Hussain Insiya , Ekkirala Srinivas
Published: February 2022

Recent voice research has noted that providing adequate job rewards for speaking up can sustainably motivate voice from employees. We examine why managers who seek out voice at work might not always properly reward the behavior. Drawing on theories of dispositional attribution, we propose that, in general, managers tend to reward voice because it signals to them that employees possess a valued underlying trait: proactivity, which is characterized by change-orientation and foresight. However, we argue that when managers engage in more voice solicitation—that is, explicitly ask for voice and take a listening posture toward it—their tendency to infer proactivity from employees’ voice weakens. Thus, we make a case that voice solicitation, a managerial behavior intended to set facilitating conditions for speaking up at work, inadvertently weakens the (indirect) relationship between employee voice and job rewards. We establish support for our theory in a set of 2 studies with complementary designs. Study 1 was a pre-registered between-subjects experiment that used a realistic vignette design with an online panel of 592 working adults based in the United States. Study 2 was a multisource field survey with a sample of 385 employees and their managers working at the India branch of a global technology company in the oil and gas industry. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our results.
Modeling Dynamic Personality Theories in a Continuous-time Framework: An Illustration
Authors: Hecht Martin , Horstmann Kai Tobias , Arnold Manuel , Sherman Ryne A. , Voelkle Manuel
Published: February 2022

Personality psychology has traditionally focused on stable between-person differences. Yet, recent theoretical developments and empirical insights have led to a new conceptualization of personality as a dynamic system (e.g., Cybernetic Big Five Theory). Such dynamic systems comprise several components that need to be conceptually distinguished and mapped to a statistical model for estimation. In the current work, we illustrate how common components from these new dynamic personality theories may be implemented in a continuous-time modeling framework. As an empirical example, we use experience sampling data from N = 180 persons (with on average T = 40 [SD = 8] measurement occasions) to investigate four different effects between momentary happiness, momentary extraverted behavior, and the perception of a situation as social: (1) between-person effects, (2) contemporaneous effects, (3) autoregressive effects, and (4) cross-lagged effects. We highlight that these four effects must not necessarily point in the same direction, which is in line with assumptions from dynamic personality theories.
The Role of Comparison Processes in Maintenance Goals
Authors: Ecker Yael , Diel Kathi , Unkelbach Christian , Hofmann Wilhelm , Imhoff Roland
Published: February 2022

The current paper examines how mental comparisons impact maintenance striving—the ongoing care for one’s valued current state—across various comparison domains. We hypothesized that (H1) maintenance goals, differently from approach goals, are not motivated by upward (vs. downward) comparisons to others, which reduce appreciation for one’s current state. We additionally hypothesized that (H2) maintenance goals, differently from avoidance goals, are motivated by upward (vs. downward) self-comparisons, which lead to greater appreciation for one’s current state. We tested our hypotheses in four pre-registered studies (N = 2,294). We confirmed H1 on maintenance (vs. approach) motivation in the health domain (Study 1) and H2 on maintenance (vs. avoidance) motivation in the parenting domain (Study 2). We additionally tested and confirmed both hypotheses in an experience sampling study in the domain of romantic relationships (Study 3) and on actual behavior in a computerized game (Study 4). By triangulating findings from experience sampling, controlled lab experiments, and behavioral measures, we gain a robust and multidimensional understanding of the psychological phenomenon. Across all studies, maintenance motivation was consistently higher after self-comparisons that increased appreciation for the current state and lower after upward other comparisons. The effects of comparisons on maintenance motivation were clearly distinct from parallel effects on approach and avoidance motivations. The results therefore support a ternary goal model that distinguishes maintenance from both approach and avoidance and advance basic theory on motivation.
Some Cultural and Historical Aspects of Nostalgia: Nostalgic Experience Differs Among Cultures but Appraisal of the Past Does Not
Authors: Bhattacharya` Oindrila , Lux Alexandra , Kemp Simon
Published: February 2022

Nostalgia as a concept historically underwent semantic transformations from a maladaptive disease to a possibly positive universal phenomenon. Concepts are often accompanied by cultural and historical connotations. This paper describes two studies that examined cultural differences in nostalgic experience (Study 1) and differences in understanding nostalgia and attitudes towards one’s personal past and the historical past of one’s culture (Study 2). The nostalgic experience was found to differ between New Zealanders and Indians, where the latter had more negative, intense and longer experiences. These differences were not a result of differences in life satisfaction or appraisal of the past; however, they might have been due to differences in conceptualisation of nostalgia and type of nostalgic events recalled. The findings suggest that cultural understanding and conceptualisation of nostalgia, independent of wellbeing metrics that apply to the individual, contribute to differences in nostalgic experiences.
Evidence of Absence in the D-HEALTH Trial: A Bayesian Reanalysis
Authors: Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Gronau Quentin Frederik
Published: February 2022

The D-HEALTH trial concluded that “Administering vitamin D_3 monthly to unscreened older people did not reduce all-cause mortality”. Here we present the results of a Bayesian reanalysis and show that the data from the D-HEALTH trial, considered in isolation, strongly increase the plausibility that a vitamin D regimen is ineffective in lowering all-cause mortality. If a beneficial effect does exist, it is likely to be very small.
A comparison of lesion mapping analyses based on CT versus MR imaging in stroke
Authors: Moore Margaret , Jenkinson Mark , Griffanti Ludovica , Huygelier Hanne , Gillebert Celine , Demeyere Nele
Published: February 2022

It is commonly asserted that MRI-derived lesion masks outperform CT-derived lesion masks in lesion-mapping analysis. However, no quantitative analysis has been conducted to support or refute this claim. This study reports an objective comparison of lesion symptom mapping analyses based on CT- and MRI-derived lesion masks to clarify how input imaging type may ultimately impact analysis results.Routine CT and MRI data were collected from 85 acute stroke survivors as part of two cognitive screening studies at Oxford and Leuven. These data were employed to delineate and normalize lesion masks and conduct a series of lesion-symptom mapping analyses on simulated behavioral data. The analyses iteratively considered each impacted voxel as the underlying “target” within CT and MRI data independently. The resulting thresholded z-maps where compared between matched CT- and MRI-based analyses. Paired MRI- and CT-derived lesion masks were found to exhibit good agreement in location, overlap, and size. MRI-based lesion mapping was able to test more voxels than CT-based analyses, but CT-based analysis results were closer to the underlying target voxel. The results yielded by paired CT and MRI lesion symptom mapping analyses demonstrated good agreement in terms of dice coefficient when systematic differences in cluster size and lesion overlay are taken into account. Overall, these results suggest that CT- and MRI-based lesion mapping analyses produce comparable results. This finding is critically important in the context of real-world analyses as it suggests that future studies can and should employ CT-derived lesion masks if these scans are available within the appropriate time-window between infarct and behavioral assessment.
How can I analyze large-scale intrinsic functional networks with iEEG?
Authors: Kucyi Aaron , Sadaghiani Sepideh
Published: February 2022

An intrinsic functional brain network is a set of discrete, spatial elements that exhibit statistically dependent activity (“functional connectivity”) with each other in a largely state-invariant manner (e.g. across wakeful rest, task performance, and sleep). Large-scale intrinsic networks—involving coupling between distant brain regions—were initially discovered with human functional neuroimaging (fMRI) based on hemodynamic signals. Though fMRI studies suggest critical relevance of these networks to brain function, findings remain challenging to interpret given the low temporal resolution and indirect nature of fMRI. Human iEEG is poised as a unique method that can deliver fundamental insights into the neurophysiological connectivity processes in intrinsic networks. In this chapter, we review iEEG analysis methods that have been used to identify electrophysiological networks closely resembling those found using classical fMRI functional connectivity. We focus on amplitude and phase coupling within multiple frequency bands as measures of iEEG intrinsic connectivity. We review evidence that iEEG connectivity shows state-invariant patterns of inter-regional coupling across multiple contexts. Moreover, we review applications of intrinsic iEEG connectivity patterns in predicting the roles of discrete neuronal populations in cognitive function. Finally, we explore how iEEG sheds light on the cognitive relevance of temporal dynamics within and between intrinsic networks.
Pungent Practices To Dysregulate Racial Dissociation and Aversion Habits
Authors: Page Unique
Published: February 2022

“Pungent Practices in Play” are activities to dysregulate racial dissociation and aversion habits that are embedded in play therapy writing and approaches so that play therapists in training can move towards effectively giving voice to race and ethnicity topics. As Pungent Practices are embraced in a community growth-oriented fashion, play therapists in training will experience an expanded vocabulary when interacting with their own racial and ethnic identity and the identities of future clients. This will create a play therapy culture that enhances accountability, transparency, curiosity, humility, and courage as topics of race and ethnicity are discussed. It is important to note that this model can be adapted to various levels of core curricula in many counseling programs.
Reducing the dimensions of psychotic illness
Authors: Fleming Leah , Lemonde Ann-Catherine , Gold James , Taylor. Jane , Malla Ashok K. , Joober Ridha , Narayan Srividya , Lepage Martin , Shah Jai , Corlett Philip R.
Published: February 2022

Objective: Psychotic disorders are highly heterogeneous. Understanding relationships between symptoms will be relevant to their underlying pathophysiology. We apply dimensionality-reduction methods to characterize the patterns of symptom clustering and how clusters relate to one another.Methods: We analyzed publicly-available data from 153 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (fBIRN Data Repository and the Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics), as well as 636 first-episode psychosis (FEP) subjects from the Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis (PEPP-Montreal). In all subjects, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were collected. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) combined with cluster analysis was applied to SAPS and SANS scores across these two groups of participants. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to hallucination and delusions items. Results: MDS revealed relationships between items of the SAPS and SANS. Our application of cluster analysis to these results identified: 1 cluster of disorganization symptoms, 2 clusters of hallucinations/delusions, and 2 negative symptom clusters. Despite being at an earlier stage of illness, symptoms in FEP presentations were similarly organized. PCA revealed 5 latent components: 1) passivity delusions, 2) auditory hallucinations, 3) other hallucinations, 4) paranoid/negative affect delusions, and 5) grandiose/religious delusions. Conclusions: While hallucinations and delusions commonly co-occur, we found that their specific themes and content sometimes travel together and sometimes apart. This has important implications, not only for treatment and prognosis, but also for experimental medicine. Our data should further inform the search for causal pathophysiological mechanisms.
Rationally blind? Rationality polarizes policy support for color-blindness versus multiculturalism
Authors: De keersmaecker Jonas , Schmid Katharina , Roets Arne , Goyal Namrata
Published: February 2022

Do racial majority members prefer society to be ‘color-blind’ by rising above racial identities, or ‘multicultural’ by openly discussing and considering them? We tested an ideology-rationality model to understand support for these diversity perspectives. Results showed that higher levels of conservatism were related to a relative preference for color-blindness over multiculturalism. Crucially, this relationship was qualified by individuals’ level of rationality, either operationalized within a dual process theory (Study 1, N = 496) or experimentally induced within a tripartite model of cognition (Study 2, N = 497). Specifically, rationality increased ideological alignment; higher levels of rationality guided people high in conservatism towards a stronger preference for color-blindness, but those low in conservatism towards a stronger preference for multiculturalism. These results suggest that rational considerations about racial policies may further divide rather than unify people along ideological lines.
The Interplay between the Digital Services Act and Sector Regulation: How Special is Copyright?
Authors: Quintais João Pedro , Schwemer Sebastian Felix
Published: February 2022

On 15 December 2020, the European Commission published its proposal for the Digital Services Act, which is expected to be adopted before summer 2022. It carries out a regulatory overhaul of the 21-year-old horizontal rules on intermediary liability in the e-Commerce Directive and introduces new due diligence obligations for intermediary services.Our analysis illuminates an important point that has so far received little attention: how would the Digital Services Act’s rules interact with existing sector-specific lex specialis rules? In this paper, we look specifically at the intersection of the Digital Services Act with the regime for online content sharing service providers (OCSSPs) set forth in art. 17 of Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM Directive). At first glance, these regimes do not appear to overlap as the rules on copyright are lex specialis to the Digital Services Act. A closer look shows a more complex and nuanced picture. Our analysis concludes that the DSA will apply to OCSSPs insofar as it contains rules that regulate matters not covered by art. 17 CDSM Directive, as well as specific rules on matters where art. 17 leaves margin of discretion to Member States. This includes, to varying degrees, rules in the DSA relating to the liability of intermediary providers and to due diligence obligations for online platforms of different sizes. Importantly, we consider that such rules apply even where art. 17 CDSM Directive contains specific (but less precise) regulation on the matter.From a normative perspective, this might be a desirable outcome, to the extent that the DSA aims to establish “uniform rules for a safe, predictable and trusted online environment, where fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter are effectively protected”. Based on our analysis, we suggest a number of clarifications that might be help achieve that goal.
Minority identity, othering-based stress and sexual violence
Authors: De Schrijver Lotte , Fomenko Elizaveta , Krahé Barbara , Roelens Kristien , Beken Tom Vander , Keygnaert Ines
Published: February 2022

Background: Some (minority) groups (MGs) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV) exposure than others. Othering-based stress (OBS) may mediate the relationship between minority identification and SV. This study aims to assess the prevalence of SV in different MGs, to explore the relationship between minority identification and SV, to investigate whether belonging to multiple MGs moderates this relationship, and to explore OBS SV moderation for different MGs. Method: Through an online survey administered to a nationally representative sample in Belgium, data was collected from 4,632 persons of which 21.01% self-identified as belonging to a MG (SI-Minority). SV prevalence was measured using behaviorally specific questions based on the WHO definition of SV. SI-Minority participants received an additional scale on OBS. Results: SI-Minority participants reported more SV victimization compared to the non-minorities. However, this increased risk was not moderated by the minority identification, but linked to the sociodemographic SV risk markers common to minority individuals. Multiple minority participants were found more at risk of SV compared to single minority respondents. LGB+ participants were found more at risk than heterosexual participants. OBS was found to be significantly correlated to SV in sexual and gender minorities and in cultural minorities. Conclusions: This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between minority identification, OBS, and SV. Studying both specific and common SV vulnerabilities and outcomes within specific societal subgroups and the general population may inform policy makers when allocating resources to those interventions with the largest societal impact.
Exploring Online Writing Assessment Amid Covid-19: Challenges and Opportunities from Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Al-Bargi Abdullah
Published: February 2022

Remote online second language (L2) writing instruction, in general, and remote online L2 writing assessment, in particular, require a holistic structural approach that results in improving students’ L2 writing, as well as offering an authentic and fair assessment of students’ L2 writing performance. The study described in this paper employed a convergent parallel mixed methods approach where the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the purpose of the research, necessitated the adoption of this research design since it can provide the basis for answering the question: What impact did full mode online teaching have on L2 education. In the survey part of the research, 241 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers working in Saudi Arabia participated in a custom-designed 30-item questionnaire utilizing a five-point Likert scale. In the qualitative part of the study, nine EFL teachers (four males and five females) participated in a semi-structured interview which lasted from thirty-five to fifty minutes. A detailed analysis of both the quantitative and qualitative primary data indicated that EFL teachers are aware of the importance of rubrics and standardized assessment procedures in awarding fair grades to students. Teachers also highlighted several important advantages of teaching online L2 writing remotely. However, the vast majority of teachers questioned the accuracy of online writing assessment, indicating the need for a more developed model for the post Covid-19 era. Recommendations included the adoption of unanimously suggested practices (by participating teachers) in teaching remote online L2 writing as well as mandating the presence of the students onsite during the sitting of the writing exams, thus providing the assurance of authenticity of students’ performance in the writing exams as well as the possibility to monitor all the students while they sit the exams.
Do You Think That I Should Care? Measuring Social Expectations About Cognitive Labor in Household Contexts
Authors: Naujoks Tabea , Hamjediers Maik
Published: February 2022

Social expectations underlay women's persisting higher burdens in the private sphere. Yet, previous quantitative evidence is mostly limited to expectations about the allocation of physical labor, leaving out social expectations governing the allocation of cognitive labor in households. We outline a factorial survey experiment to measure gendered expectations about the division of cognitive household labor. Therein, we differentiate between prescriptive beliefs (how cognitive labor should be allocated) and descriptive beliefs (how most couples allocate cognitive labor) and allow for heterogeneity across dimensions and domains.Presenting the vignettes to 163 German B.A. students in 2020 reveals descriptive expectations of women shouldering greater cognitive labor than men, especially in the dimensions of anticipating household tasks and monitoring their completion, as well as in the domains of scheduling, childcare, and food. Prescriptive beliefs indicate that especially decisions in households should be made together. As the surveyed students overwhelmingly subscribe to gender egalitarianism, the found gendered expectations about cognitive labor are likely more pronounced in the general population. We aim to conduct a representative survey to improve our measure of expectations about the allocation of cognitive labor and thereby broadening our understanding of why women shoulder a greater burden in cognitive labor in household contexts.
Cyclic educational transitions and social inequality: Re-applications after educational rejections
Authors: Heiskala Laura , Kilpi-Jakonen Elina , Sirniö Outi , Erola Jani
Published: February 2022

Educational transitions are cyclic processes in which re-applications are an essential but understated part of access. We study social inequalities in re-application behavior to identify the extent to which educational intentions are more constrained among students from the lower social strata. We explore applications to universities in Finland, where student selection takes place at the gates of the institutions. With full population register data and discrete-time event-history models, we show how parental education, previous national examination grades and various life-course changes after the rejection, such as entering the labor market and having children, are associated with re-applications. Net of other differences, children of university-educated parents have a 6 percentage points lower probability to stop applying to university after being rejected compared to their counterparts with lower educated parents. We argue that ability-based intake to educational institutions, which is seen to be meritocratic, is not sufficient for reducing social inequalities if staying in the queue is socially selective.
Monetary Architecture and the Green Transition
Authors: Murau Steffen , Haas Armin , Guter-Sandu Andrei
Published: February 2022

How to finance the Green Transition towards net-zero carbon emissions remains an open question. The literature either operates within a market-failure paradigm that calls for a Pigou tax to help markets correct themselves, or via war finance analogies that offer a ‘triad’ of state intervention possibilities: taxation, treasury borrowing, and central bank money creation. These frameworks often lack a thorough conceptualisation of endogenous credit money creation, for instance when resorting to loanable funds theory, and disregard the systemic and procedural dimensions of financing the Green Transition. We propose that ‘monetary architecture’, which perceives the monetary and financial system as a constantly evolving and historically specific hierarchical web of interlocking balance sheets, offers a more comprehensive framework to conceptualize the systemic and procedural financing challenges. Using the US as an example, we draw implications of a systemic financing view while considering a division of labor between ‘firefighting’ institutions such as the Federal Reserve and the Treasury, and ‘workhorse’ institutions such as off-balance-sheet fiscal agencies, commercial banks, and shadow banks. We argue further that financing the Green Transition must undergo three ideal-typical phases—initial balance sheet expansion, long-term funding, and possibly final contraction—that require diligent macro-financial management to avoid financial instability.
Ethnic Minority Representation & Electoral Systems: Evidence from Mixed Member Elections in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hunter Andrew
Published: February 2022

Demand for descriptive representation for ethnic minority groups has grown as European societies become more diverse. In this paper, I study the role of electoral systems in the election of ethnic minority representatives. Specifically, I estimate the effect of closed-list proportional systems vis-à-vis single-member plurality using an original dataset of 1,445 unique candidates in 9 elections to the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Senedd, and London Assembly (2007-2016). I show ethnic minority candidates are less likely to be elected vis-à-vis non-ethnic minority candidates under proportional representation, but not under plurality. Additionally, I show evidence to suggest that parties select more ethnic minority candidates under proportional representation but afford them less ‘electable’ list positions. Meanwhile, parties are no less likely to place ethnic minority candidates in ‘stronghold districts’ under plurality. These findings suggest i) ethnic minority candidates are most disadvantaged by proportional representation, and ii) parties may gatekeep against ethnic minority representation.
The Influence of Signs of Social Class on Prosocial Behavior: A Field Experiment
Authors: Callaghan Bennett , Delgadillo Quinton Michael , Kraus Michael W.
Published: February 2022

A field experiment (N = 4,537) examined how signs of social class influence prosocial behavior. In the experiment, pedestrians were exposed to a target wearing symbols of relatively high or low social class in two major urban cities in the USA who was presumably requesting money to help the homeless. Pedestrians gave more than twice (2.55 times) as much to the target wearing high social class symbols than they did to the one wearing lower-class symbols. A follow-up perceptual study exposed participants to images of this panhandler wearing the same higher- or lower-class symbols, finding that higher-class symbols elicited perceptions of elevated competence, trustworthiness, similarity to the self, and perceived humanity compared to lower-class symbols. These results indicate that perceivers use visible signs of social class as a basis for judging others’ traits and attributes, and in decisions to directly share resources. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)
Reciprocity vs. commitment in bank marketing strategies
Authors: Da Silva Sergio , Matsushita Raul , Santo Barbara Espirito , Sigrist Felipe
Published: February 2022

The client-bank relationship is based on reciprocity rather than commitment. This situation creates the banker’s paradox, as customers who need money the most are at risk for credit and thus unable to obtain a loan. We present survey evidence that a bank marketing strategy that pretends to be a commitment is more successful because clients are evolutionarily adapted to understand the superiority of commitment and be receptive to its cues.