bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with altered gut microbiota that modulates cognitive performance in veterans with cirrhosis
Authors: Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Sikaroodi Masoumeh , Fagan Andrew , Heuman Douglas , Gilles HoChong , Gavis Edith A. , Fuchs Michael , Gonzalez-Maeso Javier , Nizam Shahzor , Gillevet Patrick M. , Wade James B.
Published: August 2019

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with cirrhosis in veterans, and therapeutic results are suboptimal. An altered gut-liver-brain axis exists in cirrhosis due to hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but the added impact of PTSD is unclear. The aim of this study was to define linkages between gut microbiota and cognition in cirrhosis with/without PTSD. Cirrhotic veterans (with/without prior HE) underwent cognitive testing [PHES, inhibitory control test (ICT), and block design test (BDT)], serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and stool collection for 16S rRNA microbiota composition, and predicted function analysis (PiCRUST). PTSD was diagnosed using DSM-V criteria. Correlation networks between microbiota and cognition were created. Patients with/without PTSD and with/without HE were compared. Ninety-three combat-exposed male veterans [ (58 yr, MELD 11, 34% HE, 31% combat-PTSD (42 no-HE/PTSD, 19 PTSD-only, 22 HE-only, 10 PTSD+HE)] were included. PTSD patients had similar demographics, alcohol history, MELD, but worse ICT/BDT, and higher antidepressant use and LBP levels. Microbial diversity was lower in PTSD (2.1 ± 0.5 vs. 2.5 ± 0.5, P = 0.03) but unaffected by alcohol/antidepressant use. PTSD ( P = 0.02) and MELD ( P < 0.001) predicted diversity on regression. PTSD patients showed higher pathobionts ( Enterococcus and Escherichia/Shigella) and lower autochthonous genera belonging to Lachnospiraceaeae and Ruminococcaceae regardless of HE. Enterococcus was correlated with poor cognition, while the opposite was true for autochthonous taxa regardless of PTSD/HE. Escherichia/Shigella was only linked with poor cognition in PTSD patients. Gut-brain axis-associated microbiota functionality was altered in PTSD. In male cirrhotic veterans, combat-related PTSD is associated with cognitive impairment, lower microbial diversity, higher pathobionts, and lower autochthonous taxa composition and altered gut-brain axis functionality compared with non-PTSD combat-exposed patients. Cognition was differentially linked to gut microbiota, which could represent a new therapeutic target.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans with cirrhosis was associated with poor cognitive performance. This was associated with lower gut microbial diversity in PTSD with higher pathobionts belonging to Enterococcus and Escherichia/Shigella and lower beneficial taxa belonging to Lachnospiraceaeae and Ruminococcaceae, with functional alterations despite accounting for prior hepatic encephalopathy, psychoactive drug use, or model for end-stage liver disease score. Given the suboptimal response to current therapies for PTSD, targeting the gut microbiota could benefit the altered gut-brain axis in these patients.
Exercise stimulates beneficial adaptations to diminish doxorubicin-induced cellular toxicity
Authors: Smuder Ashley J.
Published: August 2019

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective antitumor agent used for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. Unfortunately, DOX treatment results in cytotoxic side effects due to its accumulation within off-target tissues. DOX-induced cellular toxicity occurs as a result of increased oxidative damage, resulting in apoptosis and cell death. While there is no standard-of-care practice to prevent DOX-induced toxicity to healthy organs, exercise has been shown to prevent cellular dysfunction when combined with DOX chemotherapy. Endurance exercise stimulates numerous biochemical adaptations that promote a healthy phenotype in several vulnerable tissues without affecting the antineoplastic properties of DOX. Therefore, for the development of an effective strategy to combat the pathological effects of DOX, it is important to determine the appropriate exercise regimen to prescribe to cancer patients receiving DOX therapy and to understand the mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced protection against DOX toxicity to noncancer cells. This review summarizes the cytotoxic effects of DOX on the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys and discusses the current understanding of the clinical benefits of regular physical activity and the potential mechanisms mediating the positive effects of exercise on each organ system.
Urinary physiology and hypoxia: a pilot study of moderate-altitude trekking effects on urodynamic indexes
Authors: Verratti Vittore , Mrakic-Sposta Simona , Moriggi Manuela , Tonacci Alessandro , Bhandari Suwas , Migliorelli Danilo , Bajracharya Ashok , Bondi Danilo , Agrò Enrico Finazzi , Cerretelli Paolo
Published: August 2019

Exposure to high altitude is one of the most widely used models to study the adaptive response to hypoxia in humans. However, little is known about the related effects on micturition. The present study addresses the adaptive urinary responses in four healthy adult lowlanders, comparing urodynamic indexes at Kathmandu [1,450 m above sea level (a.s.l.); K1450] and during a sojourn in Namche Bazar (3,500 m a.s.l.; NB3500). The urodynamic testing consisted of cistomanometry and bladder pressure/flow measurements. Anthropometrics, electrocardiographic, and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation data were also collected. The main findings consisted of significant reductions in bladder power at maximum urine flow by ~30%, bladder contractility index by 13%, and infused volume both at first (by 57%) and urgency sensation (by 14%) to urinate, indicating a reduced cystometric capacity, at NB3500. In addition to the urinary changes, we found that oxygen saturation, body mass index, body surface area, and median RR time were all significantly reduced at altitude. We submit that the hypoxia-related parasympathetic inhibition could be the underlying mechanism of both urodynamic and heart rate adaptive responses to high-altitude exposure. Moreover, increased diuresis and faster bladder filling at altitude may trigger the anticipation of being able to void, a common cause of urgency. We believe that the present pilot study represents an original approach to the study of urinary physiology at altitude.
Chronic exposure to hypoxia attenuates renal injury and innate immunity activation in the remnant kidney model
Authors: Rempel Lisienny Campoli Tono , Faustino Viviane Dias , Foresto-Neto Orestes , Fanelli Camilla , Arias Simone Costa Alarcon , Moreira Gizely Cristina da Silva , Nascimento Thalita Fabiana , Ávila Victor Ferreira , Malheiros Denise Maria Avancini Costa , Câmara Niels Olsen Saraiva , Fujihara Clarice Kazue , Zatz Roberto
Published: August 2019

Hypoxia is thought to influence the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease, but direct evidence that prolonged exposure to tissue hypoxia initiates or aggravates chronic kidney disease is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by chronically exposing normal rats and rats with 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) to hypoxia. In addition, we investigated whether such effect of hypoxia would involve activation of innate immunity. Adult male Munich-Wistar rats underwent Nx ( n = 54) or sham surgery (sham; n = 52). Twenty-six sham rats and 26 Nx rats remained in normoxia, whereas 26 sham rats and 28 Nx rats were kept in a normobaric hypoxia chamber (12% O2) for 8 wk. Hypoxia was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for pimonidazole. Hypoxia was confined to the medullary area in sham + normoxia rats and spread to the cortical area in sham + hypoxia rats, without changing the peritubular capillary density. Exposure to hypoxia promoted no renal injury or elevation of the content of IL-1β or Toll-like receptor 4 in sham rats. In Nx, hypoxia also extended to the cortical area without ameliorating the peritubular capillary rarefaction but, unexpectedly, attenuated hypertension, inflammation, innate immunity activation, renal injury, and oxidative stress. The present study, in disagreement with current concepts, shows evidence that hypoxia exerts a renoprotective effect in the Nx model instead of acting as a factor of renal injury. The mechanisms for this unexpected beneficial effect are unclear and may involve NF-κB inhibition, amelioration of oxidative stress, and limitation of angiotensin II production by the renal tissue.
Inactivation of Tsc2 in Abcg2 lineage-derived cells drives the appearance of polycystic lesions and fibrosis in the adult kidney
Authors: Gewin Leslie S. , Summers Megan E. , Harral Julie W. , Gaskill Christa F. , Khodo Stellor Nlandu , Neelisetty Surekha , Sullivan Timothy M. , Hopp Katharina , Reese J. Jeffrey , Klemm Dwight J. , Kon Valentina , Ess Kevin C. , Shi Wei , Majka Susan M.
Published: August 2019

Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), or tuberin, is a pivotal regulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway that controls cell survival, proliferation, growth, and migration. Loss of Tsc2 function manifests in organ-specific consequences, the mechanisms of which remain incompletely understood. Recent single cell analysis of the kidney has identified ATP-binding cassette G2 (Abcg2) expression in renal proximal tubules of adult mice as well as a in a novel cell population. The impact in adult kidney of Tsc2 knockdown in the Abcg2-expressing lineage has not been evaluated. We engineered an inducible system in which expression of truncated Tsc2, lacking exons 36–37 with an intact 3′ region and polycystin 1, is driven by Abcg2. Here, we demonstrate that selective expression of Tsc2fl36–37 in the Abcg2pos lineage drives recombination in proximal tubule epithelial and rare perivascular mesenchymal cells, which results in progressive proximal tubule injury, impaired kidney function, formation of cystic lesions, and fibrosis in adult mice. These data illustrate the critical importance of Tsc2 function in the Abcg2-expressing proximal tubule epithelium and mesenchyme during the development of cystic lesions and remodeling of kidney parenchyma.
Changes in motoneuron excitability during voluntary muscle activity in humans with spinal cord injury
Authors: Vastano Roberta , Perez Monica A.
Published: August 2019

The excitability of resting motoneurons increases following spinal cord injury (SCI). The extent to which motoneuron excitability changes during voluntary muscle activity in humans with SCI, however, remains poorly understood. To address this question, we measured F waves by using supramaximal electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist and cervicomedullary motor-evoked potentials (CMEPs) by using high-current electrical stimulation over the cervicomedullary junction in the first dorsal interosseous muscle at rest and during 5 and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction into index finger abduction in individuals with chronic cervical incomplete SCI and aged-matched control participants. We found higher persistence (number of F waves present in each set) and amplitude of F waves at rest in SCI compared with control participants. With increasing levels of voluntary contraction, the amplitude, but not the persistence, of F waves increased in both groups but to a lesser extent in SCI compared with control participants. Similarly, the CMEP amplitude increased in both groups but to a lesser extent in SCI compared with controls. These results were also found at matched absolutely levels of electromyographic activity, suggesting that these changes were not related to decreases in voluntary motor output after SCI. F-wave and CMEP amplitudes were positively correlated across conditions in both groups. These results support the hypothesis that the responsiveness of the motoneuron pool during voluntary activity decreases following SCI, which could alter the generation and strength of voluntary muscle contractions.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY How the excitability of motoneurons changes during voluntary muscle activity in humans with spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood. We found that F-wave and cervicomedullary motor-evoked potential amplitude, outcomes reflecting motoneuronal excitability, increased during voluntary activity compared with rest in SCI participants but to a lesser extent that in controls. These results suggest that the responsiveness of motoneurons during voluntary activity decreases following SCI, which might affect functionally relevant plasticity after the injury.
A Novel Design of Three‐Dimensional MHD Flow of Second‐Grade Fluid past a Porous Plate
Authors: Shoaib Muhammad , Akhtar Rizwan , Khan Muhammad Abdul Rehman , Rana Muhammad Afzal , Siddiqui Abdul Majeed , Zhiyu Zhu , Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor
Published: August 2019

In this study, a novel theoretical model for three‐dimensional (3D) laminar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a non‐Newtonian second‐grade fluid along a plate of semi‐infinite length is developed based on slightly sinusoidal transverse suction velocity. The suction velocity involves a steady distribution with a low superimposed perpendicularly varying dispersion. The strength of the uniform magnetic field is incorporated in the normal direction to the wall. The variable suction transforms the fluidic problem into a 3D flow problem because of variable suction velocity in the normal direction to the plane wall. The proposed mathematical modeling and its dynamical analysis are prescribed for the boundary layer flow keeping the magnetic effects without taking into consideration the induced magnetic field. An analytical perturbation technique is employed for the series solutions of the system of ordinary differential equations of velocity profile and pressure. Graphical illustrations are used to analyze the behavior of different proficient parameters of interest. The magnetic parameter is responsible for accelerating the main flow velocity, while controlling the cross flow velocities.
Detection and Extraction of Weak Pulse Signals in Chaotic Noise with PTAR and DLTAR Models
Authors: Su Liyun , Deng Li , Zhu Wanlin , Zhao Shengli
Published: August 2019

With the development in communications, the weak pulse signal is submerged in chaotic noise, which is very common in seismic monitoring and detection of ocean clutter targets, and is very difficult to detect and extract. Based on the threshold autoregressive model, pulse linear form, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), and profile least squares (PrLS) algorithm, phase threshold autoregressive (PTAR) model and double layer threshold autoregressive (DLTAR) model are proposed for detection and extraction of weak pulse signals in chaotic noise, respectively. Firstly, based on noisy chaotic observation, phase space is reconstructed according to Takens’s delay embedding theorem, and the phase threshold autoregressive (PTAR) model is presented to detect weak pulse signals, and then the MCMC algorithm is applied to estimate parameters in the PTAR model; lastly, we obtain one‐step prediction error, which is used to realize adaptively detection of weak signals with the hypothesis test. Secondly, a linear form for the pulse signal and PTAR model is fused to build a DLTAR model to extract weak pulse signals. The DLTAR model owns two kinds of parameters, which are affected mutually. Here, the PrLS algorithm is applied to estimate parameters of the DLTAR model and ultimately extract weak pulse signals. Finally, accurate rate (Acc), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under ROC curve (AUC) are used as the detector performance index; mean square error (MSE), mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and relative error (Re) are used as the extraction accuracy index. The presented scheme does not need prior knowledge of chaotic noise and weak pulse signals, and simulation results show that the proposed PTAR‐DLTAR model is significantly effective for detection and extraction of weak pulse signals under chaotic interference. Specifically, in very low signal‐to‐interference ratio (SIR), weak pulse signals can be detected and extracted compared with support vector machine (SVM) class and neural network model.
Triband Compact Printed Antenna for 2.4/3.5/5 GHz WLAN/WiMAX Applications
Authors: Osklang Pracha , Phongcharoenpanich Chuwong , Akkaraekthalin Prayoot
Published: August 2019

This research presents a triband compact printed antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna structure consists of a folded open stub, long and short L-shaped strips, and asymmetric trapezoid ground plane. Besides, it is of simple structure and operable in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (5.2/5.8 GHz) WLAN and 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX bands. The folded open stub and long and short L-shaped strips realize impedance matching at 2.4, 3.5, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz, and the asymmetric trapezoid ground plane fine-tunes impedance matching at 5.2, 5.5, and 5.8 GHz. In addition, the equivalent circuit model consolidated into lumped elements is also presented to explain its impedance matching characteristics. In this study, simulations were carried out, and a prototype antenna was fabricated and experimented. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement. Specifically, the simulated and experimental radiation patterns are omnidirectional at 2.4, 3.5, and 5.2 GHz and near-omnidirectional at 5.5 and 5.8 GHz. Furthermore, the simulated and measured antenna gains are 1.269–3.074 dBi and 1.10–2.80 dBi, respectively. Essentially, the triband compact printed antenna covers 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (5.2/5.8 GHz) WLAN and 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX frequency bands and thereby is a good candidate for WLAN/WiMAX applications.
Pirates in Suits: Carl Schmitt, ‘Ordinary Businessmen’ and Crimes of Aggression
Authors: Jeutner Valentin
Published: August 2019

The article critically appraises Carl Schmitt’s 1945 expert opinion on The International Crime of the War of Aggression and the Principle ‘nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege’. Each element of Carl Schmitt’s expert opinion is subjected to close scrutiny and contextualised with references, where appropriate, to the icc’s recently acquired jurisdiction to try crimes of aggression. It is shown that Schmitt’s legal arguments are on the whole tenable but that the expert opinion’s assumptions about the position of the ability of ‘ordinary’ citizens to assess their own actions are very problematic.
Liturgical Commemorations, Political Dissent and Religious Schism in the Russian Orthodox Church during the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Dockham Carol
Published: August 2019

In the early Soviet period, the long Christian tradition of praying for secular and ecclesiastical rulers played an important role in Orthodox debates over legitimate authority, especially after the death of Patriarch Tikhon (Bellavin, 1865–1925) in March 1925. When Metropolitan Sergii (Stragorodskii, 1867–1944), the acting leader of the patriarchal church, ordered the liturgical commemoration of the atheistic Soviet government as the secular authority and himself as the ecclesiastical authority in October 1927, he immediately provoked strong resistance from a group of hierarchs, clergy and laypersons in Leningrad. Because this opposition was expressed publicly at worship services, the Bolsheviks considered it a form of anti-Soviet agitation. For Orthodox believers, however, commemoration represented an ecclesiastical rather than a secular question. Sergii himself resisted Soviet pressure to stop commemorating his own superior, the imprisoned Metropolitan Petr (Polianskii, 1862–1937). Despite the bitter divisions among the followers of Patriarch Tikhon in the decade that followed his death, both Sergii and his opponents both prayed for Petr – a fragile thread that united the church’s contending factions.
Icons in the Lived Experience of American Orthodox Christians
Authors: Slagle Amy A.
Published: August 2019

This article explores how American Orthodox Christians today use and interpret icons in the course of their everyday devotional lives. Drawing upon ethnographic data collected through participant observation and interviews with parishioners of an Orthodox Church in Mississippi in 2015, I highlight the ways that diverse and multiple media within a wider American context of “buffet-style” spiritual appropriation affect informant considerations of and interactions with icons. Fundamental to this article is the tension between informants’ experiences with icons as the conveyance of divine “presence” and the concerns they express over the extent to which American commodification and mass-media cultures threaten the status and sacrality of images in Orthodox devotional practice.
Diatom phenotypic plasticity: Olifantiella gorandiana epizoic on ‘G5-Manahere’ (Society Archipelago, South Pacific), a case study

Authors: RIAUX-GOBIN CATHERINE , WITKOWSKI ANDRZEJ , KOCIOLEK JOHN PATRICK , SAENZ-AGUDELO PABLO , DANISZEWSKA-KOWALCZYK GENOWEFA , GRZONKA JUSTYNA
Published: August 2019

First described from the Mascarenes (Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean), Olifantiella gorandiana Riaux-Gobin was later observed from several other oceanic basins. We here examine the morphology of this taxon from a scraping of a juvenile green turtle Chelonia mydas Linnaeus, named ‘G5-Manahere’, from Moorea Island (Society Archipelago, South Pacific). In this sample, a great range of morphologies, not previously described for the species, were encountered, demonstrating a high degree of polymorphism with regard to valve shape and also stria pattern. These morphological differences appear to be associated with size, as smaller cells become more rounded. The fine structure (e.g., stria density and pattern) may also be associated with changes in shape. These specimens may all belong to the same and unique taxon: Olifantiella gorandiana. This high degree of polymorphism is described, and put into the context of the constraining epizoic conditions. This study permits furthers the description of the fine structure of O. gorandiana, using focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques.
Study of the luminescence in the black brittle-star Ophiocomina nigra: toward a new pattern of light emission in ophiuroids*

Authors: JONES ALICE , MALLEFET JÉRÔME
Published: August 2019

The black brittle star Ophiocomina nigra, common in the English Channel, is known to produce mucus when attacked. This mucus, already known for its antifouling capabilities and its role in the feeding and the locomotion behaviours of the brittle star, also emits weak light. We describe and characterize this emission of bioluminescence, thanks to a chemical triggering by hydrogen peroxide. It appears that the light emitted is 1000 times less intense than the light emitted by other brittle star species (Ophiopsila aranea and Amphipholis squamata). The luminous capabilities are homogeneously spread along the arms of the brittle star, what goes against the use of bioluminescence as a sacrificial lure. The mechanical stimu­lation of arms before chemical triggering strongly enhances the luminous capabilities of the brittle star. Luminous mucus emission can be associated with other defensive function, such as a smoke screen effect or a burglar alarm, but these two functions require intense light emissions. The fact that the luminous component is excreted outside the body might be in favour of the aposematic use of light, i.e., as a signal to warn predators of the toxicity or unpalatability of its prey.
Growth and gonad development of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus in an Eisenia kelp bed in the Oshika Peninsula, northern Japan*

Authors: AGATSUMA YUKIO , TODA NANAKO , OGASAWARA MAKOTO , KINOSHITA JUNJI , WATANABE MASAYUKI , MATSUI TOSHIYUKI , INOMATA ERI
Published: August 2019

To elucidate growth and gonad development of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus in the bed of Eisenia bicyclis, we examined gonad indices, gonad histology, gut content indices and ages of the sea urchins collected approximately monthly from March 2008 to September 2009 in Kitsunezaki in the Oshika Peninsula, northern Japan. We also monitored the densities of the kelp in six 1 m2 quadrates. The kelp at 1- to 3-years of age decreased in density from January to July due to strong wave action. The urchin test diameters at 1-, 2- and 3-years of age were 12.7 mm, 23.7 mm and 30.5 mm, respectively and these growth rates were equal to that measured in Sargassum beds in previous studies. The gonad recovering stage was classified into the two sub-class stages; the recovering I stage with relict spermatozoa or ova surrounded by renewed nutritive phagocytes, and the recovering II stage with nutritive phagocytes filling the lumen. The recovering I stages was prolonged from February to April when the gonad indices were around 10 % of total body weight, then rose sharply through the recovering II stage during May to August and the growing stage until October. The gonad indices rose sharply from November and reached a maximum of 18.8 in December when the gonad shifted from the premature to mature stages, then fell in January at the partly spawned and spent stages. Gut content indices were high at the recovering I stage, suggesting high availability of the drift thalli and lateral blades dislodged from the kelps and accumulation of nutrients in nutritive phagocytes.
Echinoderms don’t suck: evidence against the involvement of suction in tube foot attachment*

Authors: HENNEBERT ELISE , SANTOS ROMANA , FLAMMANG PATRICK
Published: August 2019

Suction has usually been regarded as the primary functional mean for attachment in sea star and sea urchin tube feet and this hypothesis has become widespread in the public knowledge. Yet, a few studies have suggested that adhesive secre­tions may also play a prominent role in tube foot attachment. Here we use a morphological and biomechanical approach to investigate the role of suction in asteroid and echinoid tube foot attachment. Microscopic observations of tube feet rapidly fixed while they were attached to a smooth substratum show that their distal surfaces are totally flat and lack a suction cavity. Detachment force and tenacity of a single tube foot appear to be independent of the pulling angle: i.e., the introduction of a shear component in the pulling force does not decrease attachment strength as would be expected for a sucker. Moreover, sea urchin tube feet attach as strongly to perforated surfaces, which preclude pressure reduction, as to their unperforated counterparts. Taken together, these results clearly show that echinoderm tube feet rely on adhesive secretions and not on suction.
New data on Carboniferous crinoids from the Moscow Region*
Authors: MIRANTSEV GEORGE V. , ROZHNOV SERGEY V.
Published: August 2019

Despite more than 150 years of study of crinoids from the Moscow Region there are numerous undescribed taxa from well-known localities as well as others from poorly known localities. In recent years, through the acquisition of new collections as well as new discoveries, the holdings of Carboniferous crinoids of the Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Science have been greatly increased. This has allowed a more detailed study of the faunas, which is in pro­gress. Among the crinoids in the collection there are representatives of the family Pirasocrinidae Moore & Laudon, 1943, that are abundant in the Pennsylvanian of the USA, and previously unknown in the Carboniferous of the Moscow Region, as well as representatives of the genera Allosocrinus Strimple, 1949, Cibolocrinus Weller, 1909 and Elibatocrinus Moore, 1940, also previously unknown in the Moscow Region. There is also the first recognized Pennsylvanian member of the family Taxocrinidae Angelin, 1878. The stratigraphic distribution of the most common crinoids from the Carboniferous of the Moscow Region is compiled. The crinoid faunas that characterize the Upper Carboniferous Substages are described. They are represented by at least four crinoid faunas (Myachkovian, Khamovnikian, Dobryatinian and Noginskian) which are named respectively for the Substages name. The most typical crinoids of these faunas are mentioned, including unde­scribed forms. All previously described valid species of crinoids from the Carboniferous of the Moscow Region are listed.
New species of Typhlotanaidae (Crustacea, Tanaidacea) from the Brazilian coast: genera Hamatipeda, Meromonakantha and Paratyphlotanais, with description of Targaryenella gen. nov.
Authors: SEGADILHA JULIANA LOPES , SEREJO CRISTIANA SILVEIRA , BŁAŻEWICZ MAGDALENA
Published: August 2019

Benthic samples collected along the Brazilian coast yielded the description of four new species from three genera of Typhlotanaidae: one Hamatipeda (H. prolata), one Meromonakantha (M. mauri) and two Paratyphlotanais (P. apletos and P. bessai). A new genus Targaryenella is erected to accommodate Meromonakantha anarsios and differences between Targaryenella and Meromonakantha are given. This study increases the total number of Tanaidacea species known for Brazil by 8% (50 to 54 species); the family Typhlotanaidae off the coast of Brazil is now represented by four known genera. Identification keys to the three genera are provided.
Taxonomic review of the genera Trigoniophthalmus Verhoeff and Coryphophthalmus Verhoeff (Archaeognatha, Machilidae) with descriptions of two new species of the genus Coryphophthalmus from Serbia
Authors: KAPLIN VLADIMIR
Published: August 2019

A redescription of Trigoniophthalmus Verhoeff, 1910 and descriptions of its subgenera Trigoniophthalmus s. str. and Silvestrius subgen. nov., along with revalidation and redescription of the genus Coryphophthalmus Verhoeff, 1910, and descriptions of its subgenera, Coryphophtalmus s. str. and Verhoeffius subgen. nov., are given on the basis of comparative analysis of the main morphological features and distribution of 33 described species. Coryphophthalmus obscurus sp. nov. and C. serbicus sp. nov., in the subgenus Verhoeffius subgen. nov., are described from Serbia. Coryphophthalmus obscurus sp. nov. differs from other species of this subgenus in the relatively short body and antennae, elongated compound eyes, tarsus with numerous spine-like setae and ovipositor with more divisions than other species. Coryphophthalmus serbicus sp. nov. is most similar to C. longitarsus (Kaplin) from Abkhazia. The main differences between these species consist in the line of eye contact, structure of the paired ocelli, labial palps, legs, urocoxites IX, ovipositor and male parameres.
3. What is Biodiversity?
Authors: Wilson John , Primack Richard
Published: August 2019

The Earth’s biodiversity includes the entire range of living species (species diversity), the genetic variation that occurs among individuals within a species (genetic diversity), and, at a higher level, the biological communities in which species live and their associations with the physical and chemical environment (ecosystem diversity). A disproportionately large amount of the world’s biodiversity is hosted by tropical forests, coral reefs, and Mediterranean-type ecosystems. For practical purposes, most ecologists and conservationists identify species in the field according to their morphology, although improvements in genetic techniques are allowing more species to be identified according to their evolutionary past, revealing many cryptic species that people did not realise were there. There are several ways to measure and compare this biodiversity. The most popular of which is species richness in a particular community, such as a forest or grassland (alpha diversity), species richness across a larger landscape, such as a mountain range (gamma diversity), and the rate of change of species composition as one crosses a large region (beta diversity). Patterns of species richness are affected by variation in climate, topography, and geological age. Geological age and complexity provide environmental variation, which in turn allows opportunities for genetic isolation, local adaptation, and speciation, given enough time. It is estimated that there may be as many as 2 billion species on Earth, most of which already described are insects, while the best-known species include birds and mammals. The majority, however, still need to be discovered.
6. Our Warming World
Authors: Wilson John , Primack Richard
Published: August 2019

While climate change is often thought of as a future challenge, we can already see its impacts today, as shown by record-high temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. These changes are happening because human activities release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere on a daily basis. Habitat loss also contributes to climate change directly through the destruction of complex ecosystems (i.e. carbon sinks) which releases stored CO2, and indirectly through the loss of vegetation that would otherwise sequester CO2 from the atmosphere. Furthermore, some climatic shifts are predicted to be so rapid in coming decades that many species will be unable to adjust their ranges to keep up with environmental changes. At especially high risk of extinction are species with dispersal limitations, special habitat requirements, and important mutualistic relationships. Mitigating the negative impacts of climate change will require an international multi-pronged approach that includes ecosystem protection and restoration, direct species management, and legislative action. For, species are seldom exposed to only one threat; rather, different threats interact with climate change so that their combined impact is greater than their individual effects. A successful conservation strategy needs to deal with these threats collectively.
9. Applied Population Biology
Authors: Wilson John , Primack Richard
Published: August 2019

Protecting a threatened species requires a firm grasp of its population biology. Biologists are increasingly relying on innovative methods to track wildlife populations and demographics. Long-term monitoring using biodiversity inventories, population censuses, and demographic studies can reveal temporal changes in population size and distribution and help to distinguish short-term fluctuations from long-term decline. Among the most popular methods, however, are market surveys, hair snares and faecal sampling, while photos taken by tourists and camera traps have also been used to obtain population-level data. Population viability analysis (PVA) uses demographic, genetic, and environmental data to predict changes in population sizes and extinction risk over time. Likewise, sensitivity analysis can be used to guide conservation action by estimating how different management actions will affect a population’s extinction probability. Minimum viable population estimates can be used to determine how many individuals are needed to reduce the threat of extinction, while maximum sustainable harvest estimates can be used to set harvest limits on species threatened by overharvesting. Unfortunately, many surveys are poorly designed, leading to biased data, poor survey precision, and misleading results, which hamper our ability to halt biodiversity losses. To overcome these challenges, surveys should be representative, sufficiently large, and conducted repeatedly over time.
LongRunMIP: Motivation and Design for a Large Collection of Millennial-Length AOGCM Simulations
Authors: Rugenstein Maria , Bloch-Johnson Jonah , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Andrews Timothy , Beyerle Urs , Cao Long , Chadha Tarun , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Dufresne Jean-Louis , Duan Lei , Foujols Marie-Alice , Frölicher Thomas , Geoffroy Olivier , Gregory Jonathan , Knutti Reto , Li Chao , Marzocchi Alice , Mauritsen Thorsten , Menary Matthew , Moyer Elisabeth , Nazarenko Larissa , Paynter David , Saint-Martin David , Schmidt Gavin A. , Yamamoto Akitomo , Yang Shuting
Published: August 2019

We present a model intercomparison project, LongRunMIP, the first collection of millennial-length (1,000+ years) simulations of complex coupled climate models with a representation of ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and land surface, and their interactions. Standard model simulations are generally only a few hundred years long. However, modeling the long-term equilibration in response to radiative forcing perturbation is important for understanding many climate phenomena, such as the evolution of ocean circulation, time- and temperature-dependent feedbacks, and the differentiation of forced signal and internal variability. The aim of LongRunMIP is to facilitate research into these questions by serving as an archive for simulations that capture as much of this equilibration as possible. The only requirement to participate in LongRunMIP is to contribute a simulation with elevated, constant CO2 forcing that lasts at least 1,000 years. LongRunMIP is an MIP of opportunity in that the simulations were mostly performed prior to the conception of the archive without an agreed-upon set of experiments. For most models, the archive contains a preindustrial control simulation and simulations with an idealized (typically abrupt) CO2 forcing. We collect 2D surface and top-of-atmosphere fields and 3D ocean temperature and salinity fields. Here, we document the collection of simulations and discuss initial results, including the evolution of surface and deep ocean temperature and cloud radiative effects. As of October 2019, the collection includes 50 simulations of 15 models by 10 modeling centers. The data of LongRunMIP are publicly available. We encourage submissions of more simulations in the future.
Convection Initiation Aided by Lake-Breeze Convergence over the Niagara Peninsula
Authors: Wang Chun-Chih , Kirshbaum Daniel J. , Sills David M. L.
Published: August 2019

Observations from the 2015 Environment and Climate Change Canada Pan/Parapan American Science Showcase (ECPASS) and real-case, cloud-resolving numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are used to investigate two cases of moist convection forced by lake-breeze convergence over southern Ontario (18 July and 15 August 2015). The two cases shared several characteristics, including high pressure conditions, similar morning soundings, and isolated afternoon convection along a line of lake-breeze convergence between Lakes Erie and Ontario. However, the convection was significantly stronger in the August case, with robustly deeper clouds and larger radar reflectivities than in the July case. Synoptic and mesoscale analyses of these events reveal that the key difference between them was their large-scale forcing. The July event exhibited a combination of strong warm advection and large-scale descent at midlevels (850–650 hPa), which created an inversion layer that capped cloud tops at 4–6 km. The August case exhibited similar features (large-scale descent and warm advection), but these were focused at higher levels (700–400 hPa) and weaker. As a consequence, the convection in the August case was less suppressed at midlevels and ascended deeper (reaching over 8 km). Although the subcloud updraft along the lake-breeze convergence zone was also found to be stronger in the August case, this difference was found to be an effect, rather than a cause, of stronger moist convection within the cloud layer.
Discrimination and injustice against older people in Uganda: Implications for social work practice
Authors: Kiiza Wamara Charles , Carvalho Maria Irene
Published: August 2019

This article highlights how older people in Uganda experience discrimination and injustice. It discusses the legal framework for their protection, while acknowledging that not all professionals are aware of or have access to the legal mechanisms meant to safeguard older people’s interests. It also discusses the role social work can play in protecting older people’s rights. It further recommends that social workers work to increase solidarity between generations and bring about social justice and respect for diversity. It concludes by highlighting the need to bring anti-discriminatory social work into mainstream social work education and the professional regulation of social work.
Investigation of interlayer hybridization effect on burst pressure performance of composite overwrapped pressure vessels with load-sharing metallic liner
Authors: Kangal Serkan , Kartav Osman , Tanoğlu Metin , Aktaş Engin , Artem H Seçil
Published: August 2019

In this study, multi-layered composite overwrapped pressure vessels for high-pressure gaseous storage were designed, modeled by finite element method and manufactured by filament winding technique. 34CrMo4 steel was selected as a load-sharing metallic liner. Glass and carbon filaments were overwrapped on the liner with a winding angle of [±11°/90°2]3 to obtain fully overwrapped composite reinforced vessel with non-identical front and back dome endings. The vessels were loaded with increasing internal pressure up to the burst pressure level. The mechanical performances of pressure vessels, (i) fully overwrapped with glass fibers and (ii) with additional two carbon hoop layers on the cylindrical section, were investigated by both experimental and numerical approaches. In numerical approaches, finite element analysis was performed featuring a simple progressive damage model available in ANSYS software package for the composite section. The metal liner was modeled as elastic–plastic material. The results reveal that the finite element model provides a good correlation between experimental and numerical strain results for the vessels, together with the indication of the positive effect on radial deformation of the COPVs due to the composite interlayer hybridization. The constructed model was also able to predict experimental burst pressures within a range of 8%. However, the experimental and finite element analysis results showed that hybridization of hoop layers did not have any significant impact on the burst pressure performance of the vessels. This finding was attributed to the change of load-sharing capacity of composite layers due to the stiffness difference of carbon and glass fibers.
Notch Coordinates Periodontal Ligament Maturation through Regulating Lamin A
Authors: Denes B.J. , Bolton C. , Illsley C.S. , Kok W.L. , Walker J.V. , Poetsch A. , Tredwin C. , Kiliaridis S. , Hu B.
Published: August 2019

Tooth eruption is a continuous biological process with dynamic changes at cellular and tissue levels, particularly within the periodontal ligament (PDL). Occlusion completion is a significant physiological landmark of dentition establishment. However, the importance of the involvement of molecular networks engaging in occlusion establishment on the final PDL maturation is still largely unknown. In this study, using rat and mouse molar teeth and a human PDL cell line for RNAseq and proteomic analysis, we systematically screened the key molecular links in regulating PDL maturation before and after occlusion establishment. We discovered Notch, a key molecular pathway in regulating stem cell fate and differentiation, is a major player in the event. Intercepting the Notch pathway by deleting its key canonical transcriptional factor, RBP-Jkappa, using a conditional knockout strategy in the mice delayed PDL maturation. We also identified that Lamin A, a cell nuclear lamina member, is a unique marker of PDL maturation, and its expression is under the control of Notch signaling. Our study therefore provides a deep insight of how PDL maturation is regulated at the molecular level, and we expect the outcomes to be applied for a better understanding of the molecular regulation networks in physiological conditions such as tooth eruption and movement and also for periodontal diseases.
TNF-α Suppresses Autophagic Flux in Acinar Cells in IgG4-Related Sialadenitis
Authors: Hong X. , Min S.N. , Zhang Y.Y. , Lin Y.T. , Wang F. , Huang Y. , Yu G.Y. , Wu L.L. , Yang H.Y.
Published: August 2019

IgG4-related sialadenitis (IgG4-RS) is a newly recognized immune-mediated systemic fibroinflammatory disease that affects salivary glands and leads to hyposalivation. Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) is a critical proinflammatory cytokine involved in several salivary gland disorders, but its role and mechanism regarding acinar cell injury in IgG4-RS are unknown. Here, we found that TNF-α level was significantly increased in serum and submandibular gland (SMG) of patients and that serum TNF-α level was negatively correlated with saliva flow rate. Ultrastructural observations of IgG4-RS SMGs revealed accumulation of large autophagic vacuoles, as well as dense fibrous bundles, decreased secretory granules, widened intercellular spaces, swollen mitochondria, and expanded endoplasmic reticulum. Expression levels of LC3 and p62 were both increased in patients’ SMGs. TNF-α treatment led to elevated levels of LC3II and p62 in both SMG-C6 cells and cultured human SMG tissues but did not further increase their levels when combined with bafilomycin A1 treatment. Moreover, transfection of Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B in SMG-C6 cells confirmed the suppression of autophagic flux after TNF-α treatment. Immunofluorescence imaging revealed that costaining of LC3 and the lysosomal marker LAMP2 was significantly decreased in patients, TNF-α–treated SMG-C6 cells, and cultured human SMGs, indicating a reduction in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Furthermore, the ratio of pro/mature cathepsin D was elevated in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. TNF-α also appeared to induce abnormal acidification of lysosomes in acinar cells, as assessed by lysosomal pH and LysoTracker DND-26 fluorescence intensity. In addition, TNF-α treatment induced transcription factor EB (TFEB) redistribution in SMG-C6 cells, which was consistent with the changes observed in IgG4-RS patients. TNF-α increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and inhibition of ERK1/2 by U0126 reversed TNF-α–induced TFEB redistribution, lysosomal dysfunction, and autophagic flux suppression. These findings suggest that TNF-α is a key cytokine related to acinar cell injury in IgG4-RS through ERK1/2-mediated autophagic flux suppression.
On the Conceptualization of Criminal Capital
Authors: Nguyen Holly
Published: August 2019

Objectives:

The first objective of this study is to provide a conceptualization of criminal capital. The second objective is to present an illustrative analysis of dimensionality and concurrent validity of criminal capital acquired in prison.

Methods:

One hundred eight inmates in three correctional reentry facilities in a mid-Atlantic state were interviewed at two times: in prison and nine months postrelease. Postrelease interviews included six items that tapped into criminal human capital and criminal social capital acquired in prison. Factor structure was examined with confirmatory factor analysis, and item response theory was used to examine each of the items. Regression models examined concurrent validity for the criminal capital construct on the willingness to offend, perceived rewards to crime, illegal earnings expectations, and making money from crime.

Results:

Criminal human capital and criminal social capital acquired in prison represent a single unidimensional latent construct. Regression models demonstrated concurrent validity for the criminal capital construct.

Conclusions:

Working toward a consistent conceptualization of criminal capital is important for a cohesive body of knowledge. Future work should investigate how dimensionality and validity differ across contexts.
Perspective of Doctors and Nurses on the Principle of Extended Autonomy in Konya, Turkey
Authors: Tekpınar Lütfiye , Uludağ Ayhan
Published: August 2019

Despite the support with legislation in Turkey regarding extended autonomy and advance directive, there is no clear provision and sufficient practice on the subject. Turkish doctors and nurses are generally unfamiliar with the conception of extended autonomy or advance directive, which raises dilemmas in terms of life-support choice, and this situation can even affect clinical decision-making processes. This study investigated the awareness level about extended autonomy and advance directive in Turkey and assessed doctors and nurses’ attitudes toward patient autonomy. This was a quantitative descriptive study. It was found that the 46.8% of the respondents supported the principle of extended autonomy in health service delivery. However, 53.8% of the respondents had poor knowledge regarding advance directive. Majority (77.9%) of the respondents indicated that the legislative arrangements should be made concerning the principle of extended autonomy and the advance directive, which is its field of application.