bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las grandes líneas maestras de la historiografía artística chilena (1928-1965)
Authors: Ferrer Orts Albert , Madrid Letelier Alberto
Published: June 2017

El presente estudio ofrece las líneas maestras de la historiografía del arte en Chile, las cuales se consolidaron definitivamente en las décadas centrales del siglo XX gracias a la formación académica y sensibilidad cultural de autores como Luis Álvarez Urquieta, Alfredo Benavides, Eugenio Pereira y Antonio Romera, además de Luis Cousiño, Alberto Mackenna, Tomás Lago y Pablo Vidor. Para ello, recogemos en este artículo los principales hitos bibliográficos de dichos teóricos. El trabajo viene también a complementar otras dos investigaciones sobre los orígenes de la historia del arte en Chile a través de sus precursores y del papel que desempeñaron sucesivamente en la Escuela de Artes y Oficios, la Academia de Pintura, la Escuela de Bellas Artes, la Sociedad Artística (después Unión Artística) y el Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de Santiago entre los siglos XIX y XX.
Entre la propaganda y el espionaje: la delegación especial para la información de residentes en territorio liberado (DIDREM) en la España de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939)
Authors: Ruiz-Berdún Dolores , Gomis Blanco Alberto , González Bueno Antonio
Published: June 2017

Este texto analiza las actividades de la Delegación Especial para la Información de Residentes en Territorio Liberado (DIDREM), una organización  en funcionamiento durante los años de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939), conformada por personal voluntario, formalmente destinada a recabar información sobre las personas que se encontraban en Madrid y, con posterioridad, en el resto del territorio sometido por las tropas franquistas y cuyos datos fueron empleados con fines represores, ya durante la guerra y, particularmente, al finalizar ésta.
El catálogo de manuscritos latinos, castellanos, griegos y hebreos de la biblioteca de El Escorial elaborado por Francisco Pérez Bayer
Authors: Barberá Matías Bárbara
Published: June 2017

Francisco Pérez Bayer (1711-1794), catedrático de hebreo de la Universidad de Salamanca, preceptor de los hijos de Carlos III y bibliotecario mayor de la Real Biblioteca desde 1783, elaboró el catálogo de los manuscritos latinos, castellanos, griegos y hebreos de la Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial por mandato de Carlos III. En el presente artículo se analizan las circunstancias en las que se produjo la redacción de dicho catálogo, ofreciendo además una descripción del mismo.
Analysis of SUMO1-conjugation at synapses
Authors: Daniel James A , Cooper Benjamin H , Palvimo Jorma J , Zhang Fu-Ping , Brose Nils , Tirard Marilyn
Published: June 2017

SUMO1-conjugation of proteins at neuronal synapses is considered to be a major post-translational regulatory process in nerve cell and synapse function, but the published evidence for SUMO1-conjugation at synapses is contradictory. We employed multiple genetic mouse models for stringently controlled biochemical and immunostaining analyses of synaptic SUMO1-conjugation. By using a knock-in reporter mouse line expressing tagged SUMO1, we could not detect SUMO1-conjugation of seven previously proposed synaptic SUMO1-targets in the brain. Further, immunostaining of cultured neurons from wild-type and SUMO1 knock-out mice showed that anti-SUMO1 immunolabelling at synapses is non-specific. Our findings indicate that SUMO1-conjugation of synaptic proteins does not occur or is extremely rare and hence not detectable using current methodology. Based on our data, we discuss a set of experimental strategies and minimal consensus criteria for the validation of SUMOylation that can be applied to any SUMOylation substrate and SUMO isoform.
Enhancers not required
Authors: Zheng Ying , Levens David
Published: June 2017

Laboratory mice with over half a megabase of DNA upstream of their Myc gene removed still thrive in the absence of stress.
Whence Came Mandarin?
Authors: Simmons Richard VanNess
Published: June 2017

While the language of Běijīng served together with Manchu as the court vernacular in the Qīng dynasty, the city’s dialect was not widely accepted in China as the standard for Guānhuà even in the late nineteenth century. The preferred form was a mixed Mandarin koiné with roots going back much earlier, such as that represented in Lǐ Rǔzhēn’s mid-Qīng rime compendium Lǐshì yīnjiàn. A similar form of mixed Mandarin served briefly as the National Pronunciation of China in the early twentieth century and came to be called lán-qīng Guānhuà ‘blue-green Mandarin’. This heterogeneous norm incorporated features of a variety of Mandarin dialects and eventually came to be disparaged as an unrefined cousin of the pure Běijīng standard. Yet in origin the old National Pronunciation was designed to encompass a mix of regional forms and intended to contain the most broadly accepted elements of various Mandarin types. The evolution and development of the composite Guānhuà norm reveal much about Chinese linguistic attitudes of the early nineteenth through early twentieth centuries and shed light on various perspectives about what standard Chinese should be and what a Mandarin-based norm should represent. Broad popular acceptance of Běijīng as the governing norm for pronunciation began slowly to take hold only after the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China finally officially promoted Běijīng as the national standard in the 1930s. Yet it then had to compete with a new mixed vernacular orthography called Latinxua sinwenz. Běijīng was not firmly established as the norm until the People’s Republic of China definitively declared the city’s dialect as standard in the 1950s.
Some Shang Antecedents of Later Chinese Ideology and Culture
Authors: Goldin Paul R.
Published: June 2017

Although the Shang dynasty sometimes seems archaic and alien from the point of view of later periods, there are important elements of Shang culture that persevered in recognizable forms, even after allowing for adaptation to new historical realities, beyond the Zhou conquest in 1045 B.C. These points of continuity being generally underappreciated, five of the most salient are sketched below, in the hope of spurring renewed interest in China’s first historical dynasty: the ritual use of writing, particularly as a mode of communication with the spirit world; the status of Chinese as the sole written language; the notion that some days are auspicious and others inauspicious; a patrilocal and patrilineal family structure that nevertheless accommodated mothers within its ritual order; and “the Deity’s command” (di ling). In keeping with the genre of “brief communication,” the examples adduced are illustrative rather than exhaustive; a full study of these themes would require an entire monograph.
Prayer in Islamic Thought and Practice. By Marion Holmes Katz
Authors: Powers Paul
Published: June 2017

Prayer in Islamic Thought and Practice. By Marion Holmes Katz. Themes in Islamic History, vol. 6. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 243. $85 (cloth); $29.99 (paper); $24 (ebook).
EMT and inflammation: inseparable actors of cancer progression
Authors: Suarez‐Carmona Meggy , Lesage Julien , Cataldo Didier , Gilles Christine
Published: June 2017

Tumors can be depicted as wounds that never heal, and are infiltrated by a large array of inflammatory and immune cells. Tumor‐associated chronic inflammation is a hallmark of cancer that fosters progression to a metastatic stage, as has been extensively reviewed lately. Indeed, inflammatory cells persisting in the tumor establish a cross‐talk with tumor cells that may result in a phenotype switch into tumor‐supporting cells. This has been particularly well described for macrophages and is referred to as tumor‐associated ‘M2’ polarization. Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), the embryonic program that loosens cell–cell adherence complexes and endows cells with enhanced migratory and invasive properties, can be co‐opted by cancer cells during metastatic progression. Cancer cells that have undergone EMT are more aggressive, displaying increased invasiveness, stem‐like features, and resistance to apoptosis. EMT programs can also stimulate the production of proinflammatory factors by cancer cells. Conversely, inflammation is a potent inducer of EMT in tumors. Therefore, the two phenomena may sustain each other, in an alliance for metastasis. This is the focus of this review, where the interconnections between EMT programs and cellular and molecular actors of inflammation are described. We also recapitulate data linking the EMT/inflammation axis to metastasis.
The role of mud volcanism and deep‐seated dewatering processes in the Nankai Trough accretionary prism and Kumano Basin, Japan
Authors: Menapace Walter , Völker David , Kaul Norbert , Tryon Michael D. , Kopf Achim J.
Published: June 2017

Circulation of water at moderate depths in subduction zones is dominantly driven by clay mineral dehydration over distinct pressure and temperature gradients. The signature of these dehydration reactions is found in mud volcano pore waters, however, it is largely unknown, how much of the deep‐seated fluids are emitted at mud volcanoes. To unravel this relation for the region off the Kii Peninsula, Japan, we calculated the water volume that is subducted in the Nankai Trough using input data from IODP holes C0011 and C0012 and the correspondent water volume released from the subducted plate under the Kumano Basin, in an area where 13 mud volcanoes are located. According to our model, water released at depth in the mud volcano area is derived almost entirely from basaltic saponite and sedimentary smectite transformation [up to 96%]. Nonetheless, the mud volcanoes themselves expel ≪1% of the total volume. To test the contribution of the accreted strata and the Kumano Basin fill to the water budget, we run a second model. Water loss due to compaction of sediments and smectite‐illite transition below the basin floor have been calculated. The results were compared with salinity measurements on background cores scattered in the study area to extrapolate the volume of water loss at depth. The comparison of the two methods yielded similar results and led us to conclude that the bulk part of the deep‐seated fluid reenters the hydrosphere via the basin floor, a mechanism rarely taken into account in fluid budgets in the literature.
Magnetic domain state diagnosis using hysteresis reversal curves
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Roberts Andrew P. , Heslop David , Paterson Greig A. , Li Yiliang , Li Jinhua
Published: June 2017

We present results for a series of hysteresis measurements that provide information about remanent, induced, transient‐free, and transient magnetization components. These measurements, and differences between measurement types, enable production of six types of first‐order reversal curve (FORC)‐like diagrams which only double the number of measurements involved in a conventional FORC measurement. These diagrams can be used to distinguish magnetic signatures associated with each domain state. When analyzing samples with complex magnetic mineral mixtures, the contrasting domain state signatures are mixed together in a traditional FORC diagram, but these signatures can be identified individually when using the various FORC diagrams discussed here. The ability to make different FORC measurements and to identify separately each magnetic component by investigating different magnetization types can provide much‐improved understanding of the information provided by FORC diagrams. In particular, the transient hysteresis FORC diagram provides a method to measure the nucleation field of magnetic vortices and domain walls. We provide a simple explanation for FORC results from natural multidomain samples that are not explained by conventional domain wall pinning models. We also provide software for processing the different types of FORC data.
Upper crustal investigation of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence region, eastern Canada using ambient noise tomography
Authors: Kuponiyi Ayodeji Paul , Kao Honn , van Staal Cees R. , Dosso Stan E. , Cassidy John F. , Spence George D.
Published: June 2017

We studied the 3‐D shear wave velocity (Vs) structure in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) and adjacent onshore areas to 20 km depth by inverting Rayleigh wave dispersion extracted from the vertical components of continuous ambient seismic noise waveforms. The region is divided into three broad zones based on their Vs characteristics. In the northwest, the Grenville Province (i.e., the exposed edge of predominantly Middle‐Proterozoic Laurentian crust) is dominated by high Vs, except for well‐known anorthosite sites, which are characterized by relatively lower Vs. In contrast, the central segment of the GSL region corresponds to a belt with generally low Vs at upper crustal levels. In the southeastern part of the GSL, prominent low Vs in the uppermost crust are found to coincide with locations of subsidiary basins of the Canadian Maritime Basin, while higher Vs characterize the accreted Appalachian terranes where they are exposed on land. The Grenville Province is wedged out at depth by the Red Indian Line, which is the suture between composite Laurentia and peri‐Godwanan Ganderia in the Canadian Appalachians. The geometry and Vs characteristics of the south‐easternmost peri‐Gondwanan terranes of Avalonia and Meguma suggest that they may be fully or partially structurally overlying a basement with distinct seismic characteristics, which could be a vestige of the West African craton that was underthrust beneath composite Laurentia during the terminal Alleghenian continent‐continent collision. In the middle of the GSL, the 3‐D geometry of the Canadian Maritimes sedimentary basins overlying the Appalachian terranes shows that the depth to the top of basement is in excess of 8 km.
Human‐induced seismicity and large‐scale hydrocarbon production in the USA and Canada
Authors: van der Baan Mirko , Calixto Frank J.
Published: June 2017

We compare current and historic seismicity rates in six States in the USA and three Provinces in Canada to past and present hydrocarbon production. All States/Provinces are major hydrocarbon producers. Our analyses span three to five decades depending on data availability. Total hydrocarbon production has significantly increased in the past few years in these regions. Increased production in most areas is due to large‐scale hydraulic fracturing and thus underground fluid injection. Furthermore, increased hydrocarbon production generally leads to increased water production, which must be treated, recycled, or disposed of underground. Increased fluid injection enhances the likelihood of fault reactivation, which may affect current seismicity rates. We find that increased seismicity in Oklahoma, likely due to salt‐water disposal, has an 85% correlation with oil production. Yet, the other areas do not display State/Province‐wide correlations between increased seismicity and production, despite 8–16‐fold increases in production in some States. However, in various cases, seismicity has locally increased. Multiple factors play an important role in determining the likelihood of anthropogenic activities influencing earthquake rates, including (i) the near‐surface tectonic background rate, (ii) the existence of critically stressed and favorably oriented faults, which must be hydraulically connected to injection wells, (iii) the orientation and magnitudes of the in situ stress field, combined with (iv) the injection volumes and implemented depletion strategies. A comparison with the seismic hazard maps for the USA and Canada shows that induced seismicity is less likely in areas with a lower hazard. The opposite, however, is not necessarily true.
Land surface albedo bias in climate models and its association with tropical rainfall
Authors: Levine Xavier J. , Boos William R.
Published: June 2017

The influence of surface albedo on tropical precipitation is widely appreciated, but albedo bias over snow‐free areas in climate models has been studied little. Here historical Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 simulations are shown to exhibit large multimodel mean bias and intermodel variability in boreal summer mean surface broadband shortwave albedo. Intermodel variability in this albedo is globally coherent over vegetated regions and correlates with intermodel tropical precipitation variability. Evidence supports the hypothesis that these spatially coherent albedo variations cause precipitation variations. Specifically, spatial structures of albedo and precipitation variations are distinct, suggesting the latter do not cause the former by darkening soil. Furthermore, simulated interannual albedo variance is small compared to intermodel albedo variance, while the ratio of interannual to intermodel precipitation variance is much larger. Finally, imposing the dominant pattern of intermodel albedo variability in one climate model causes a precipitation change with structure similar to that of the intermodel variability.
The horizontal heat advection in the Middle Atlantic Bight and the cross‐spectral interactions within the heat advection
Authors: Sha Jin , Yan Xiao‐Hai , Li Xiaoming
Published: June 2017

The upper ocean horizontal heat advection over the middle and outer shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) is investigated using satellite and in situ observations. In the upper mixed layer, the heat advection is mostly positive indicating that it decreases the shelf heat content by bringing cold water from upstream. The domain‐averaged heat advection driven by the barotropic geostrophic current is one‐order larger relative to the density‐driven geostrophic shear and the wind‐driven current. The barotropic geostrophic advection components in the alongshore and offshore direction are of the same order. To investigate the temporal properties of the heat advection, the temperature and currents are decomposed into different time scales using Fast Multidimensional Ensemble Empirical Decomposition (FMEEMD). The cross‐spectral interactions within the advection are quantitatively evaluated with major components identified. Due to the cross‐spectral interaction, energy within the heat advection is found to be redistributed through different time scales, with at least 46.5% variation retained within the original band for the barotropic geostrophic advection. Our results help to better understand the temporal variability of the heat advection, provide a baseline of the nonlinear energy transfer framework within different time scales in the heat advection, and imply the possibility of interplays between short and long‐term oceanic phenomena.
Antarctic boundary layer parametrization in a general circulation model: 1‐D simulations facing summer observations at Dome C
Authors: Vignon Etienne , Hourdin Frédéric , Genthon Christophe , Gallée Hubert , Bazile Eric , Lefebvre Marie‐Pierre , Madeleine Jean‐Baptiste , Van de Wiel Bas J. H.
Published: June 2017

The parametrization of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is critical over the Antarctic Plateau for climate modelling since it affects the climatological temperature inversion and the negatively buoyant near‐surface flow over the ice‐sheet. This study challenges state‐of‐the‐art parametrizations used in general circulation models to represent the clear‐sky summertime diurnal cycle of the ABL at Dome C, Antarctic Plateau. The Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique‐Zoom model is run in a 1‐D configuration on the fourth Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges Project Atmospheric Boundary Layers Study case. Simulations are analyzed and compared to observations, giving insights into the sensitivity of one model that participates to the intercomparison exercise. Snow albedo and thermal inertia are calibrated leading to better surface temperatures. Using the so‐called “thermal plume model” improves the momentum mixing in the diurnal ABL. In stable conditions, four turbulence schemes are tested. Best simulations are those in which the turbulence cuts off above 35 m in the middle of the night, highlighting the contribution of the longwave radiation in the ABL heat budget. However, the nocturnal surface layer is not stable enough to distinguish between surface fluxes computed with different stability functions. The absence of subsidence in the forcings and an underestimation of downward longwave radiation are identified to be likely responsible for a cold bias in the nocturnal ABL. Apart from model‐specific improvements, the paper clarifies on which are the critical aspects to improve in general circulation models to correctly represent the summertime ABL over the Antarctic Plateau.
Thermodynamic Aspects of Molluscan Shell Ultrastructural Morphogenesis
Authors: Zlotnikov Igor , Schoeppler Vanessa
Published: June 2017

Over the years, molluscan shells have become an exemplar model system to study the process of mineral formation by living organisms, the process of biomineralization. Typically, the shells consist of a number of mineralized ultrastructural motifs, each exhibiting a specific mineral‐organic composite architecture. These are made of calcium carbonate building blocks having a well‐defined three‐dimensional morphology that is significantly different from the shape of inorganically formed counterparts. Shell ultrastructures are known to form via a biologically controlled extracellular mineralization pathway in which the organism has no direct control over mineral formation. The cellular tissue, responsible for shell biomineralization, forms an organic framework and sets‐up the physical conditions necessary for the deposition of a specific morphology, whereas the growth of the mineral part of the shell proceeds spontaneously via the process of self‐assembly. In this feature article, the ability to employ thermodynamic models from classical materials science to describe the process of self‐assembly and structural evolution of a variety of shell architectures is reviewed. Having the potential to offer an analytical framework to express ultrastructure formation in time and in space, these models not only provide a deeper insight into shell biomineralization, but also suggest tools for novel composite materials design.
Three‐dimensional Printing for Catalytic Applications: Current Status and Perspectives
Authors: Zhou Xintong , Liu Chang‐jun
Published: June 2017

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a fabrication method that has recently received worldwide attention. It provides a convenient and economical way to prepare 3D structures in designable ways. As the technology has developed and the operational costs have decreased, the applications of 3D printing have greatly expanded. Catalyst fabrication is a promising area for 3D printing. Printing processes result in better control of catalyst structures and catalyst distribution. In this perspective, a general overview of the commonly available 3D printing methods that are feasible for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts is given. Additionally, recent works on printing strategies and new materials for catalysts are discussed. Future development is also addressed.
3D Nitrogen‐Anion‐Decorated Nickel Sulfides for Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Chen Pengzuo , Zhou Tianpei , Zhang Mengxing , Tong Yun , Zhong Chengan , Zhang Nan , Zhang Lidong , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: June 2017

Developing non‐noble‐metal electrocatalysts with high activity and low cost for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of paramount importance for improving the generation of H2 fuel by electrocatalytic water‐splitting. This study puts forward a new N‐anion‐decorated Ni3S2 material synthesized by a simple one‐step calcination route, acting as a superior bifunctional electrocatalyst for the OER/HER for the first time. The introduction of N anions significantly modifies the morphology and electronic structure of Ni3S2, bringing high surface active sites exposure, enhanced electrical conductivity, optimal HER Gibbs free‐energy (ΔGH*), and water adsorption energy change (ΔGH2O*). Remarkably, the obtained N‐Ni3S2/NF 3D electrode exhibits extremely low overpotentials of 330 and 110 mV to reach a current density of 100 and 10 mA cm−2 for the OER and HER in 1.0 m KOH, respectively. Moreover, an overall water‐splitting device comprising this electrode delivers a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a very low cell voltage of 1.48 V. Our finding introduces a new way to design advanced bifunctional catalysts for water splitting.
Experimental Route to Scanning Probe Hot‐Electron Nanoscopy (HENs) Applied to 2D Material
Authors: Giugni Andrea , Torre Bruno , Allione Marco , Das Gobind , Wang Zhenwei , He Xin , Alshareef Husam N. , Di Fabrizio Enzo
Published: June 2017

This paper presents details on a new experimental apparatus implementing the hot electron nanoscopy (HENs) technique introduced for advanced spectroscopies on structure and chemistry in few molecules and interface problems. A detailed description of the architecture used for the laser excitation of surface plasmons at an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is provided. The photogenerated current from the tip to the sample is detected during the AFM scan. The technique is applied to innovative semiconductors for applications in electronics: 2D MoS2 single crystal and a p‐type SnO layer. Results are supported by complementary scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, traditional conductive AFM, and Raman measurements. New features highlighted by HEN technique reveal details of local complexity in MoS2 and polycrystalline structure of SnO at nanometric scale otherwise undetected. The technique set in this paper is promising for future studies in nanojunctions and innovative multilayered materials, with new insight on interfaces.
Mechanical, thermal and accelerated weathering studies of bio‐based polyurethane/clay nanocomposites coatings
Authors: Kalita Hemjyoti , Kamila Rashmirekha , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay Kumar
Published: June 2017

Biobased polymer has taken tremendous attention in recent times. In the present study bio‐based polyurethane have been synthesized from the vegetable oil i.e., dehydrated castor oil, 1,4‐butanediol and isophorone diisocyanate in presence of a catalyst by solution polymerization method. Then polyurethane nanocomposites were synthesized using different amount of nanoclay (C30B) (1, 3 and 5 wt%). The synthesis of polyurethane and its nanocomposites were confirmed by FTIR and XRD analysis. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength (2.2–4.5 MPa), elongation at break (299%–435%) hardness (46–70) and abrasion resistance (351–201 mg/1,000 cycles) increased with the increase of nanoclay content. The initial thermal degradation temperature found to increase from (220 to 290°C) with the increase of nanoclay content in the nanocomposites. The nanoclay was interacted with the hard segment of the matrix polymer as reflected from the atomic force microscopy studies. Weathering study revealed that nanocomposites have higher weather resistance capacity than pristine polyurethane. It can be concluded that the prepared nanocomposites might be good outdoor topcoat materials.
The Importance of Confined Sulfur Nanodomains and Adjoining Electron Conductive Pathways in Subreaction Regimes of Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Park Jungjin , Kim Eui Tae , Kim Chunjoong , Pyun Jeffrey , Jang Hyung‐Seok , Shin Jaeho , Choi Jang Wook , Char Kookheon , Sung Yung‐Eun
Published: June 2017

Polysulfide dissolution into the electrolyte and poor electric conductivity of elemental sulfur are well‐known origins for capacity fading in lithium–sulfur batteries. Various smart electrode designs have lately been introduced to avoid these fading mechanisms, most of which demonstrate significantly improved cycle life. Nevertheless, an in‐depth understanding on the effect of sulfur microstructure and nanoscale electron transport near sulfur is currently lacking. In this study, the authors report an organized nanocomposite comprising linear sulfur chains and oleylamine‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide (O‐rGO) to achieve robust cycling performance (81.7% retention after 500 cycles) as well as to investigate the reaction mechanism in different regimes, i.e., S8 dissolution, polysulfide conversion, and Li2S formation. In the nanocomposite, linear sulfur chains terminate with 1,3‐diisopropylbenzene are covalently linked to O‐rGO. The comparison with control samples that do not contain either the capping of sulfur chains or O‐rGO reveals the synergistic interplay between both treatments, simultaneously unveiling the distinct roles of confined sulfur nanodomains and their adjoining electron pathways in different reaction regimes.
On air entrainment in a water pool by impingement of a jet
Authors: Sanjay Vatsal , Das Arup Kumar
Published: June 2017

Air entrainment due to impingement of a water jet on a pool is studied extensively to understand the physics of the initiation and the cluster of bubbles formed below the free surface. Possible outcomes due to the jet impingement in a pool have been identified as smooth free surface without entrainment or formation of rigorous bubble cluster below the jet‐pool contact. Triangular entrained region is found to be a three‐dimensional association of disconnected bubble population continuously breaking and making with the neighbors. A correlation for prediction of maximum entrained height for a range of jet diameters and lengths is proposed. The trajectory of a single bubble is also studied to understand the kinematics of the bubble cluster. Alongside, an electrical conductivity probe has been used to examine the probabilistic presence of the bubble at a given depth in the liquid pool. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017
Growth charts for Australian children with achondroplasia
Authors: Tofts Louise , Das Sandeep , Collins Felicity , Burton Karen L. O.
Published: June 2017

Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder, the most common genetic cause of short stature in humans. Reference curves for head circumference, weight, height, and BMI are needed in clinical practice but none exist for the Australian population. This study aimed to produce head circumference, height, weight, and BMI reference percentile curves for Australian children and adolescents with achondroplasia. Measurements of head circumference, height and weight taken at clinical visits were retrospectively extracted from the electronic medical record. Age was corrected for prematurity. Patients were excluded from head circumference analysis if they had significant neurosurgical complications and from the weight and BMI analysis when they had a clinical diagnosis of overweight. Measurements were available on 138 individuals (69 males and 69 females) taken between 1970 and 2015, with over 50% collected since 2005. A total of 3,352 data points were available. The LMS method was used to produce growth charts with estimated centiles (10, 25, 50, 75, and 90th) separately for males and females. For females birth weight was 3 kg (2.5–3.5 kg), birth length 48 cm (44–50 cm) and head circumference 37.5 cm (36–39 cm), adult height was 125 cm (116–132 cm), weight 42 kg (34–54 kg), and head circumference 58 cm (55.5–60.5 cm) all 50th centile (10–90th). For males birth weight was 3.5 kg (3–4 kg), length 49 cm (46–52 cm) and head circumference 38.5 cm (36–41 cm), adult height was 134 cm (125–141 cm), weight 41 kg (24.5–57 kg) and head circumference 61 cm (58–64 cm). The curves are similar to previously published reference data from the USA and have expected population wide variation from curves from an Argentinian population. Despite limitations of our curves for adolescents (12 years and older) due to data paucity, these Australian growth charts for children and adolescents with achondroplasia will be a useful reference in clinical practice.
Oxidation State Dichotomy in Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of α‐Diazoanilides: An Integrated Synthetic Platform for Oxindoles and Isatins Enabled by Oxygenase‐Type Reactivity
Authors: Garg Parul , Jadhav Santosh D. , Singh Anand
Published: June 2017

A ligand‐free, copper‐catalyzed divergent route toward oxindoles and isatins from a common α‐diazoanilide precursor is reported. The reaction offers a broad scope, provides an efficient catalytic synthesis protocol that is mild, involves only oxygen as an oxidant, and unique in its ability to provide either oxindoles or isatins by exploiting oxygenase‐type reactivity that does not require peroxide additives or sacrificial aldehydes. The versatility of this reaction manifold has been demonstrated by synthesizing an analog of sunitinib, an FDA approved drug for renal cell carcinoma and imatinib‐resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
Infant titi monkey behavior in the open field test and the effect of early adversity
Authors: Larke Rebecca H. , Toubiana Alice , Lindsay Katrina A. , Mendoza Sally P. , Bales Karen L.
Published: June 2017

The open field test is commonly used to measure anxiety‐related behavior and exploration in rodents. Here, we used it as a standardized novel environment in which to evaluate the behavioral response of infant titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus), to determine the effect of presence of individual family members, and to assess how adverse early experience alters infant behavior. Infants were tested in the open field for 5 days at ages 4 and 6 months in four successive 5 min trials on each day. A transport cage, which was situated on one side of the open field, was either empty (non‐social control) or contained the father, mother, or sibling. Infant locomotor, vocalization, and exploratory behavior were quantified. Results indicated that age, sex, social condition, and early experience all had significant effects on infant behavior. Specifically, infants were generally more exploratory at 6 months and male infants were more exploratory than females. Infants distinguished between social and non‐social conditions but made few behavioral distinctions between the attachment figure and other individuals. Infants which had adverse early life experience demonstrated greater emotional and physical independence, suggesting that early adversity led to resiliency in the novel environment.
The Late Neandertal permanent lower left third premolar from Walou Cave (Trooz, Belgium) and its context
Authors: Toussaint Michel , Verna Christine , Le Cabec Adeline , Gómez‐Robles Aida , Draily Christelle , Richards Michael P. , Pirson Stéphane
Published: June 2017

Objectives

We describe a hominin permanent lower left third premolar unearthed in 1997 at Walou Cave (Belgium), found in direct association with a Mousterian lithic industry, in a layer directly dated to 40–38,000 years BP.

Materials and methods

The taxonomical attribution of the tooth is addressed through comparative morphometric analyses, and stable isotope analyses aimed at determining the diet of the individual.

Results

The Walou P3 plots within the Neandertal range of variation and is significantly different from recent modern humans in all morphometric assessments. The isotope data showed that like other Neandertals, the Walou individual acquired its dietary proteins primarily from terrestrial food sources.

Discussion

We discuss the implications of the existence of a clearly Neandertal premolar dating to the period of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Meuse river basin.
Inorganic‐Macroion‐Induced Formation of Bicontinuous Block Copolymer Nanocomposites with Enhanced Conductivity and Modulus
Authors: Zhang Liying , Cui Tingting , Cao Xiao , Zhao Chengji , Chen Quan , Wu Lixin , Li Haolong
Published: June 2017

A facile and electrostatically driven approach has been developed to prepare bicontinuous polymer nanocomposites that is based on the polyoxometalate (POM) macroion induced phase transition of PS‐b‐P2VP from an initial lamellar phase to a stable bicontinuous phase. The multi‐charged POMs can electrostatically cross‐link P2VP blocks and give rise to bicontinuous phases in which the POM hybrid conductive domains occupy a large volume fraction of more than 50 %. Furthermore, the POMs can give rise to high proton conductivity and serve as nanoenhancers, endowing the bicontinuous nanocomposites with a conductivity of 0.1 mS cm−1 and a Young's modulus of 7.4 GPa at room temperature; these values are greater than those of pristine PS‐b‐P2VP by two orders of magnitude and a factor of 1.8, respectively. This approach can provide a new concept based on electrostatic control to design functional bicontinuous polymer materials.
Ringöffnende 1‐Amino‐3‐aminomethylierung von Donor‐Akzeptor‐substituierten Cyclopropanen über 1,3‐Diazepane
Authors: Garve Lennart K. B. , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B.
Published: June 2017

Die erste Ringöffnungsreaktion von Donor‐Akzeptor‐Cyclopropanen zu Diaminen wird beschrieben. Die entwickelte 1,3‐Difunktionalisierung nutzt Cyclopropane und Triazinane sowie Sc(OTf)3 als Katalysator, gefolgt von einer anschließenden Umsetzung mit Säure. Die Reaktion verläuft unter sehr milden Bedingungen und toleriert eine Vielzahl an funktionellen Gruppen. Darüber hinaus konnte eine Bibliothek an verschiedenen 1,3‐Diazepanen synthetisiert werden, die als Intermediat bei der Aza‐[4+3]‐Cycloaddition mit Donor‐Akzeptor‐Cyclopropanen auftreten.
Quanteninterferenzexperimente für die Vermessung von Vitaminen in der Gasphase
Authors: Mairhofer Lukas , Eibenberger Sandra , Cotter Joseph P. , Romirer Marion , Shayeghi Armin , Arndt Markus
Published: June 2017

Experimente der letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, dass die Materiewelleninterferometrie dazu verwendet werden kann, einem freien Molekülstrahl eine periodische Struktur aufzuprägen und so auch noch einen Strahlversatz auf der Skala von Nanometern messbar zu machen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag nutzen wir diese Idee, um elektronische Eigenschaften der (Pro)Vitamine A, E und K1 im Flug zu bestimmen. Die elektrische Suszeptibilität und das zeitgemittelte dynamische elektrische Dipolmoment können dabei aus dem Versatz des Interferenzmusters in einem kontrollierten elektrischen Feld ermittelt werden. Die Abhängigkeit des Interferenzmusters von der Intensität eines zentralen optischen Beugungsgitters erlaubt schließlich die Bestimmung einer optischen Polarisierbarkeit. Durch den Vergleich der experimentellen Daten mit Molekulardynamiksimulationen kombiniert mit Dichtefunktionaltheorie erhalten wir Einblick in die elektronische Struktur und Dynamik der isolierten Biomoleküle. Dabei stellt β‐Carotin aufgrund seiner ausgedehnt konjugierten Bindungen einen interessanten Spezialfall in der Reihe der hier untersuchten (Pro)Vitamine dar.
Addition of a Cyclophosphine to Nitriles: An Inorganic Click Reaction Featuring Protio, Organo, and Main‐Group Catalysis
Authors: Chitnis Saurabh S. , Sparkes Hazel A. , Annibale Vincent T. , Pridmore Natalie E. , Oliver Alex M. , Manners Ian
Published: June 2017

The addition of a cyclotriphosphine to a broad range of nitriles gives access to the first examples of free 1‐aza‐2,3,4‐triphospholenes in a rapid, ambient temperature, one‐pot, high‐yield protocol. The reaction produces electron‐rich heterocycles (four lone pairs) and features homoatomic σ‐bond heterolysis, thereby combining the key features of the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition chemistry of azides and cyclopropanes. Also reported is the first catalytic addition of P−P bonds to the C≡N bond. The coordination chemistry of the new heterocycles is explored.
Tight Molecular Recognition of Benzo[a]pyrene by a High‐Affinity Antibody
Authors: Eichinger Andreas , Neumaier Irmgard , Pschenitza Michael , Niessner Reinhard , Knopp Dietmar , Skerra Arne
Published: June 2017

Benzo[a]pyrene, which is produced during the incomplete combustion of organic material, is an abundant noxious pollutant because of its carcinogenic metabolic degradation products. The high‐affinity (KD≈3 nm) monoclonal antibody 22F12 allows facile bioanalytical quantification of benzo[a]pyrene even in complex matrices. We report the functional and X‐ray crystallographic analysis of 22F12 in complex with 3‐hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene after cloning of the V‐genes and production as a recombinant Fab fragment. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is bound in a deep pocket between the light and heavy chains, surrounded mainly by aromatic and aliphatic amino acid side chains. Interestingly, the hapten–antibody interface is less densely packed than expected and reveals polar, H‐bond‐like interactions with the polycyclic aromatic π‐electron system, which may allow the antibody to maintain a large, predominantly hydrophobic binding site in an aqueous environment while providing sufficient complementarity to its ligand.
Ring‐Opening 1‐Amino‐3‐aminomethylation of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes via 1,3‐Diazepanes
Authors: Garve Lennart K. B. , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B.
Published: June 2017

The first ring‐opening reaction of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes to give diamines is reported. For this reaction, a 1,3‐bisfunctionalization was developed using cyclopropanes, triazinanes, and Sc(OTf)3 as the catalyst, followed by treatment with acid. The reaction proceeds under very mild conditions and tolerates many functional groups. Moreover, a library of various 1,3‐diazepanes, which arise as intermediates of the first formal aza‐[4+3]‐cycloaddition reaction with donor–acceptor cyclopropanes, was synthesized.
Stereoretentive Olefin Metathesis: An Avenue to Kinetic Selectivity
Authors: Montgomery T. Patrick , Ahmed Tonia S. , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: June 2017

Olefin metathesis is an incredibly valuable transformation that has gained widespread use in both academic and industrial settings. Lately, stereoretentive olefin metathesis has garnered much attention as a method for the selective generation of both E‐ and Z‐olefins. Early studies employing ill‐defined catalysts showed evidence for retention of the stereochemistry of the starting olefins at low conversion. However, thermodynamic ratios E/Z were reached as the reaction proceeded to equilibrium. Recent studies in olefin metathesis have focused on the synthesis of catalysts that can overcome the inherent thermodynamic preference of an olefin, providing synthetically useful quantities of a kinetically favored olefin isomer. These reports have led to the development of stereoretentive catalysts that not only generate Z‐olefins selectively, but also kinetically produce E‐olefins, a previously unmet challenge in olefin metathesis. Advancements in stereoretentive olefin metathesis using tungsten, ruthenium, and molybdenum catalysts are presented.
Methylenecyclopropane Annulation by Manganese(I)‐Catalyzed Stereoselective C−H/C−C Activation
Authors: Liang Yu‐Feng , Müller Valentin , Liu Weiping , Münch Annika , Stalke Dietmar , Ackermann Lutz
Published: June 2017

C−H/C−C functionalizations with methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) were accomplished with a versatile base‐metal catalyst. A robust manganese(I) complex enabled the expedient annulation of MCPs by synthetically meaningful ketimines to deliver, upon one‐pot hydroarylation, densely substituted polycylic anilines in a step‐economical fashion. Mechanistic studies provided strong support for a facile organometallic C−H manganation, while typical cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium catalysts were found completely ineffective.
Degradation of phenol by heterogeneous Fenton process in an impinging streams reactor with catalyst bed
Authors: Dinarvand Maryam , Sohrabi Morteza , Royaee Sayed Javid , Zeynali Vahid
Published: June 2017

In the present study, the decomposition of phenol in aqueous solutions was investigated in both impinging system and batch reactor. In impinging reactor, catalyst particles with an average diameter of 1.5 × 103μm were confined in a wired cage located in the middle of the reaction vessel. The catalyst was synthesized by impregnation of iron on clinoptilolite zeolite as the support. The mean residence time of the solution in this reactor was 3 s. Therefore, the number of impingements required for the complete degradation of phenol was assessed to be 8 times. The advantage of performing the impinging reactor over a conventional reaction system has been demonstrated in this study. In the impinging reactor at 55 °C, time needed for degradation of phenol in aqueous media was measured to be as low as 24 s; however, phenol degraded completely in 10 min in batch stirred reactor. The optimum operating conditions for the impinging reactor were found as: catalyst containing 5 wt% iron, pH = 3.25, weight ratio of H2O2/phenol = 20, temperature = 55 °C. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuroanatomy of the Pig Cardiac Ventricles. A Stereomicroscopic, Confocal and Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Pauziene Neringa , Rysevaite‐Kyguoliene Kristina , Alaburda Paulius , Pauza Audrys G. , Skukauskaite Monika , Masaityte Aiste , Laucaityte Goda , Saburkina Inga , Inokaitis Hermanas , Plisiene Jurgita , Pauza Dainius H.
Published: June 2017

Although the pig is a model for heart disease, the neuroanatomy of cardiac ventricles (CV) in this species remains undetailed. We aimed to define the innervation pattern of pig CV, combining histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase, immunofluorescent labeling and electron microscopy. Forty nine examined pig hearts show that the major nerves supplying the ventral side of CV descend from the venous part of the heart hilum. Fewer in number and smaller in size, epicardial nerves supply the dorsal half of the CV. Epicardial nerves on the left ventricle are thicker than those on the right. Ventricular ganglia of various sizes distribute at the basal level of both CV. Averagely, we found 3,848 ventricular neuronal somata per heart. The majority of somata were cholinergic, although ganglionic cells of different neurochemical phenotypes (positive for nNOS, ChAT/nNOS, or ChAT/TH) were also observed. Large and most numerous nerves proceeded within the epicardium. Most of endocardium and myocardium contained a network of nerve bundles and nerve fibers (NFs). But, a large number of thin nerves extended along the bundle of His and its branches. The majority of NFs were adrenergic, while cholinergic NFs were scarce yet more abundant than nitrergic ones. Sensory NFs positive for CGRP were the second most abundant phenotype after adrenergic NFs in all layers of the ventricular wall. Electron microscopy elucidated that ultrastructure of nerves varied between different areas of CV. The described structural organization of CV provides an anatomical basis for further functional and pathophysiological studies in the pig heart. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1756–1780, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.