bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
570 PB 015 SUBIRRIGATION PERMITS ROOTING OF SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS OF RED MAPLE WITHOUT MIST OR FOG
Authors: Zhang Hongyi , Graves William R.
Published: February 2019

A rapid, easy, and economical way to root softwood cuttings of red maple (Acer rubrum L. and A. × freemanii E. Murray) has been developed. Single-node cuttings were treated with 8 g IBA/kg and inserted in flats of perlite. Flats were placed in larger trays without drainage holes. Cuttings were subirrigated by adding a complete solution with 100 mg N/L to trays, saturating perlite at the bottom of the flat, below the cuttings. After 3 weeks, 94, 98, 100, and 100% of cuttings of `Indian Summer', `Autumn Flame', `Red Sunset', and `Autumn Blaze' had rooted, respectively. Leaves on cuttings remained turgid without mist or fog. In a subsequent study of `Red Sunset', 0, 50, and 100 mg N/L in the subirrigation solution resulted in 37, 100, and 100% rooting with 8 g IBA/kg and 0, 43, and 67% rooting without IBA. Rooting was fastest and chlorophyll in leaves was highest with both IBA and nutrients. Subirrigation can replace mist or fog when rooting cuttings of red maple.
573 PB 044 SEED PROPAGATION OF SOUTHERN SEAOATS IN PEAT-BASED SOILLESS MEDIA
Authors: Bachman Gary R. , Whitwell Ted
Published: February 2019

Southern seaoats (Uniola particulata) are difficult to propagate from seed due to low seed numbers produced and cold dormancy effects. To efficiently produce southern seaoats in the nursery industry the dormancy must be effectively broken to assure quick and even germination. 24 hr soaks in gibberillic acid (100 and 500 ppm) or scarification of the seed coat combined with GA soaks were compared. Seeds were planted in 50/50 peat/perlite medium 2.5 cm deep. 21 DAT both the 100 and 500 ppm GA soaks had higher germination rates. The 100 ppm GA was determined to he most effective (56% germination) with the seedlings being 3 cm in length. The 500 ppm treated seeds were 6 cm in length hut twisted from the GA causing excessive cell elongation.
585 PB 100 IMPROVED REGENERATION FREQUENCY OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS FROM CALLUS CULTURES
Authors: Griffin Jeffrey D. , Dibble Margaret S.
Published: February 2019

Genetic transformation of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) requires methods for high-frequency regeneration of plantlets from cultured cells. Regeneration of this important turf species has been reported, albeit at a low frequency from seed-derived callus. We tested the potential of 3 synthetic auxins, used in the callus initiation and growth medium, for their ability to promote regeneration in 3 bluegrass varieties. 10 μM 2,4-D promoted regeneration from 0 to 5% of calli, 30 μM and 60 μM picloram promoted regeneration from 0 to 8% of calli, and 10 to 60 μM dicamba, in combination with BA, promoted regeneration from 1% to 8% of calli. In a subsequent experiment, both 60μM and 90 μM dicamba, with 20 μM BA, promoted regeneration from 45% of calli averaged across varieties. These media were tested for the promotion of regeneration in 12 diverse bluegrass varieties. Although up to 45% of the calli from some varieties regenerated plantlets, the response of other varieties was markedly lower, indicating a genetic component in the response to these media.
589 PS 132 TISSUE PROLIFERATION IN ELEPIDOTE RHODODENDRONS
Authors: Kiyomoto Richard K. , Brand Mark H.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted on tissue proliferation (TP) development and in vitro and ex vitro growth of tissues from plants with (TP+) and without TP (TP-). In 1993 the increase in TP in one-, two-, and three-yr-old `Holden' and `Besse Howells' was 3%, 52%. and 32% and 10%, 26% and 21%, respectively. No differential mortality was observed. Shoot tip cultures initated from TP+ and TP- `Montego' showed 10-12 mo were required for miniaturiziation and multiplication in TP- shoot tips and 4 mo in TP+ shoot tips. TP- cultures require 10 uM 2-iP for normal shoot proliferation; whereas TP+ cultures had to be transferred to hormone-free medium after 6 mo to maintain normal shoot morphology. Cutting propagation from TP- and TP+ plants older than 5 yr, showed persistence of morphological aberrations associated with TP+ plants.
595 PB 173 `HASS' AVOCADO PHENOLOGY IN CALIFORNIA - PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Robinson P. W. , Mickelbart M. V. , Arpaia M. L.
Published: February 2019

Measurements of flowering, yield, vegetative and root growth were begun in Spring 1992 to establish a phenological model for `Hass' avocado. Although rootstock (Thomas', Topa Topa', Duke 7' and `D9') did not affect the timing or intensity of bloom, differences in yield were observed. Flowering occurred in March - April in both years, although the intensity of bloom in 1993 was drastically reduced due to an extremely heavy 1992-93 crop. Vegetative flushes occurred in April (following bloom) and July in both years. In 1993, however, cumulative growth was ca. 10-fold greater. Rootstock did not affect the timing or intensity of vegetative growth in either year. In both years, vegetative growth preceded root growth. In 1992, there were no differences detected in the timing or intensity of root growth related to rootstock. In 1993, however, the `Topa Topa' rootstock produced more roots throughout the growing season. The timing and intensity of root growth during the spring flush were similar in both years. During Fall 1993, root growth rates, however, were consistently higher than those observed in 1992. Additionally, while root growth ceased in November 1992, roots have continued to grow through January 1994.
596 PB 176 EXTENDING PRACTICAL INFORMATION TO CALIFORNIA CITRUS AND AVOCADO GROWERS
Authors: Witney Guy , Bender Gary , Faber Ben , Neja Rudy , Black Hodge , O'Connell Neil , Sakovich Nicholas , Freeman Mark
Published: February 2019

The county farm advisors in California are responsible to develop and distribute county newletters to subtropical fruit farmers. The purpose of these newsletters is to appraise growers of emerging research developments and discuss topics of current importance. There is often repitition of information and duplication of mailing lists resulting in costly and innefficient use of the University's limited resources.

A cooperative effort between the California Avocado Society, the Citrus Research Board, and University of California farm advisors involved with subtropical fruit production has resulted in Subtropical Fruit News. This newsletter greatly improves Cooperative Extension's outreach education programs, makes better use of limited resources, yet retains the identity of each advisor and the county or region they serve. This newsletter should serve as a model for other extension programs looking toward maximizing efficiency.
597 PB 179 CROP LOAD-RELATED DEFORMITY OF DEVELOPING PISTACIA VERA CV KERMAN NUTS
Authors: Ferguson Louise , Niven Patrick , Fabbri Andrea , Dallo Lara , Bentley Walter , Metheney Paul , Polito Vito
Published: February 2019

A deformity designated as `damage by other means' (DBOM) by California pistachio processors appeared in California's San Joaquin Valley orchards in 1990. Incidence, higher during the heavy crop year of this alternate bearing cultivar, was as high as 5% of harvested yield. This represents a significant loss as DBOM nuts cannot be used for shelling stock.

In 1993 ten weekly individual cluster samples from five heavily and five lightly cropped trees demonstrated a higher incidence of DBOM on heavily cropped trees. Further the damage occurred within one month of nut set, was exclusively on subterminal, adaxial positions of the rachis, and, often did not involve the nutmeat unless the deformity was extensive enough to expose the developing nutlet causing desiccation and abscission. Microanatomical studies demonstrated a deterioration of the parenchyma cells that form the inner cell layers of the endocarp (nut shell).
604 PB 220 GROUNDCOVER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND PREPLANT FERTILIZERS INFLUENCE PEACH TREE GROWTH, YIELD, MICRONUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND UPTAKE
Authors: Ray John A. , Merwin Ian A. , Stiles Warren C.
Published: February 2019

Growth, nutrient uptake, and yield of peach (Prunus persica) trees was evaluated in various groundcover management systems (GMSs) for three years, with and without preplant soil additions of Zn, B, and Cu. In July 1990, micronutrients (none, or 135kg Zn·ha-1+100kg Cu·ha-1+1.1kg B·ha-1) were incorporated into the upper 20 cm of a silty clay-loam soil (pH 6.7, 4% organic matter), and a fine-leaf fescue (Festuca ovina) turf was established. Trees were planted Apr. 1991, and four GMS treatments (wood-chip mulch, pre-emergence herbicide, post-emergence herbicide, and mowed turf) were superimposed upon the “+/-” micro-nutrient preplant treatments. Extractable Zn, Cu and B concentrations were greatly increased in soil of plots which had received preplant amendments. Peach leaf content of Zn, Cu and B was also greater in preplant fertilized plots in the year of planting. However, in subsequent years only leaf B (in 1992) and leaf Zn (in 1993) continued to respond positively to preplant soil treatments. No significant interactions were observed between GMS and micronutrient availability or uptake. Peach growth and yield were not affected by preplant treatments, but were substantially greater in mulch and pre-emergence herbicide plots compared with the mowed fescue turfgrass.
608 PB 252 DEFOLIATION OF TREE FRUIT NURSERY STOCK
Authors: Larsen Fenton E , Higgins Stewart S.
Published: February 2019

Many tree fruit nurseries are limited to fall digging of deciduous nursery stock. Since trees may not defoliate naturally for timely digging, these nurseries may wish to defoliate chemically, which would be less expensive than hand-stripping and may more closely simulate natural leaf abscission. Consequently, test chemicals were applied with hand sprayers at commercial nurseries in central Washington State using single or double applications 1 wk apart. In 1992 on 7 apple cultivars and one pear, 500 ppm NPA + 150 ppm Ethrel significantly enhanced defoliation. Defoliation at 1000 ppm NPA was not superior to that at 500 ppm, and two applications were generally no better than one. However, in 1993, two applications were often more effective than one, and the addition of Ethrel to NPA generally enhanced defoliation if the combination of NPA + Ethrel was applied twice. Alanap and NPA were generally equally effective as defoliants. The addition of Ethrel to Alanap enhanced defoliation in only 3 of 9 cultivars, and then generally only when sprayed twice. Alanap + Ethrel was as effective with Alanap at 300 ppm as with Alanap at 500 ppm Ethrel by itself seldom increased defoliation.
609 PB 255 ANATOMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ROOT MASS PROLIFERATION OF MARK ROOTSTOCK
Authors: Otero A. , Perry R. , Ewers F. , Fernandez R.T.
Published: February 2019

A swelling of the rootstock shank, described as Root Mass Proliferation, has been frequently found in the field on apple trees of Mark rootstock. Swelling usually first appears on trees after they have been established for more than 3 years. The abnormal growth occurs above the soil line on the exposed rootstock shank and it extends to a depth of 10 - 15 cm below soil. Anatomical studies were conducted on maiden nursery trees and trees having been in the orchard for 3 to 6 years with light microscopy. In older trees, changes in normal tissue development occurred in the 2-4 cm outer zone of the swelling surface. Changing direction and proportion of xylem components gives an appearance of tracheiry elements developing in a circular pattern. Abnormal xylem parenchyma seems to have its origin at the xylem parenchyma rays, which follow a straight plain of cell division. Clusters of lignified root initiation points are often found in the outer part of xylem, all around the rootstock shank. Removal of bark and phloem exposes hard nodules, which were found to consist of tracheiry elements surrounded by lignified parenchyma cells all between xylem and phloem tissue encircling the rootstock shank. Abnormal development of xylem vessels suggests that there is an anatomical association between water transport and a reported physiological drought sensitivity of trees on this rootstock.
610 PB 258 EVALUATION OF NEW APPLE CULTIVARS
Authors: Greene Duane W. , Autio Wesley R.
Published: February 2019

There is a general increase in interest in planting new apple cultivars. Promising new apple cultivars have been identified from around the world and from breeding programs in Arkansas, British Columbia, New York, New Jersey and the PRI Program. Trees were propagated and planted in a cultivar evaluation block at the University of Massachusetts Horticultural Research Center. Fruit assessment consisted of laboratory analysis and visual and sensory evaluation. Fruit were rated and several cultivars were identified as showing extreme promise and being worthy of further evaluation. These apple cultivars include: Sansa, Ginger Gold, Honeycrisp, BC 8M 15-10, BC 17-30, Arlet (Swiss Gourmet), NY 75414-1, NY 429, Golden Supreme and SunCrisp (NJ 55). The strong and weak points of each cultivars will be discussed.
611 PB 281 INFLUENCE OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING ON FRUIT DEVELOPMENT OF `FUJI' APPLES (MALUS PUMILA MILL.)
Authors: Perry Michael J. , Andrews Preston K. , Evans Robert G.
Published: February 2019

`Fuji' apples grown in the high light intensity of arid eastern Wash. are prone to sunscald damage. Evaporative cooling with over-tree sprinklers has become a commercially acceptable method for reducing the incidence of sunscald damage. A computer-controlled, over-tree evaporative cooling system was installed in a 3-yr-old commercial `Fuji'/M.9 orchard near Walla Walla, Wash. Over-tree sprinklers (Nelson R10 Mini Rotators) applied 280 or 560 1·min-1·ha-1 (30 or 60 GPM/A) when core temperatures were ≥33C (91.4F). Fruit skin and core temperatures were monitored with thermocouples. Fruit growth was not different between treatments. Skin color was improved by cooling, but the incidence of sunscald was low in all treatments. Commercial pack-out was measured and culls were evaluated. Fruit quality was analyzed at harvest and after 14 weeks storage. Titratable acids and soluble solids were higher in the 560 1·min-1·ha-1 treatment at harvest.
632 PB 284 EVALUATION OF MATURE `BARTLETT' PEAR SELECTIONS GRAFTED ON FIVE ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Reil Wilbur , Ramos David , Snyder Ronald
Published: February 2019

Three selections from different bud sources of Bartlett pear were planted in a split block experiment grafted to five rootstocks in 1971. In 1992 and 1993, significant yield and yield efficiency differences occurred between the three selections. The highest yielding selection produced 51 and 40% greater weight then the lowest. The lowest yielding selection also had smaller fruit and lower soluble solids.

Differences of 37 and 52% occurred between the highest and lowest yielding rootstocks. There were also significant differences in trunk cross sectional area, yield efficiency. fruit pressure and soluble solids between rootstocks.
617 PB 299 UVM Apple Fruit Quality Testing: An Efficient Procedure for Measuring and Recording Data
Authors: Clements J.M. , Cowgill W.P. , Costante J. F.
Published: February 2019

An accurate and efficient system for measuring and recording fruit quality data was developed. Utilizing this procedure and custom made instrumentation. two individuals can efficiently collect, measure and record the following data: apple fruit size (weight and diameter), % red skin color, length/diameter ratio, flesh firmness, soluble solids. seed count. and starch-iodine index at a rate exceeding 60 fruit/hour. If starch iodine and seed counts are eliminated, 100 fruit/hour rates can he achieved. One individual can test 40-50 fruit/hour.

Testing equipment/materials consist of a mechanical weight scale; custom made length/diameter ratio gauge; custom made flesh firmness instrumentation; refractometer; starch-iodine solution and pie pans; and an electronic data-logger. All data is manually entered. The use of custom equipment constructed from readily available parts combined with the UVM Fruit Testing Protocol, has greatly enhanced the speed and accuracy of testing, measuring and quantifying apple fruit quality data.
618 PB 322 CRYOPRESERVATION OF COLD-TENDER APPLE, Malus domestica
Authors: Seufferheld Manfredo J. , Stushnoff Cecil , Forsline Philip
Published: February 2019

Cryopreservation of mature dormant vegetative buds is a useful method to preserve germplasm of a large number of cold hardy apple cultivars. However, cold tender cultivars have proven to be much more difficult to cryopreserve. Eight cultivars were harvested in September 1993 at Geneva, NY before developing cold hardiness naturally. The twigs were encapsulated with 5% alginate and treated with stepwise imbibition of 0.5 to 1.0 M sucrose. The samples were desiccated over glycerol at 0C. Half of the samples were plunged directly into liquid nitrogen (IN) and the other half were first cooled slowly to -30C. The twigs that had been exposed to prefreezing conditions showed the highest survival (20 to 100%). The samples that were plunged directly in LN survived poorly (0 to 20 %). Samples without encapsulation and no sucrose imbibition had 0% survival. We conclude that this protocol opens up the possibility to expand cryopreservation of cold tender apple cultivars, presently grown only in field gene banks, at great expense and inconvenience.
622 PB 442 THERMAL WEED CONTOL FOR VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Authors: Serge Gagnon André Yelle
Published: February 2019

In the summer of 1992, a 4-year research program on the utilisation of propane in agriculture was initiated between ICG Propane and Lava1 University. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of propane burners on weed control as a pre-establishment treatment. The data indicate that the efficiency of weed control is related to tractor speed and gas pressure. When weed height is between 1 and 2 centimetres, most of the heat treatments were as effective as those with the herbicide paraquat. The best and most economical heat treatment was at a tractor speed of 6 Km-hr and a gas pressure of 65 PSI. With larger weeds, efficiency increased with reduces tractor speed and increased gas pressure. In addition, high intensity treatments provided excellent control on broadleaf weeds but were less efficient on grass species. A preliminary economical evaluation showed that propane burners are competitive with chemical herbicides and large-scale commercial trials are planned for summer 1994.
626 PB 454 ECONOMIC COMPARISONS OF SUSTAINABLE AND CONVENTIONAL EGGPLANT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN SOUTHERN GEORGIA
Authors: Brunson Kathryn E. , Phatak Sharad C. , Stark C. Robert , Wetzstein Michael E.
Published: February 2019

Research results are presented of a multi-year study on eggplant in Southern Georgia comparing two sustainable production technologies to the conventional rye cover crop technology. The sustainable technologies utilize beneficial insect principles as a substitute for conventional pesticide controls. Preliminary results from the sustainable technologies using crimson clover and subterranean clover indicate that the higher yields under rye can be more than offset by cost reductions associated with selected sustainable technologies. Production budgets are developed for eggplant to indicate expected net returns under both the sustainable and conventional technologies
651 PB 025 FERTILIZER BANDING REDUCES P INPUTS INTO COMMERCIAL LETTUCE PRODUCTION ON HISTOSOLS
Authors: El-Hout N. M.
Published: February 2019

Band placement has been recognized as an effective strategy for improving P fertilizer-use efficiency on Histosols, which are often characterized as environmentally sensitive wetlands, and for reducing P loading of drainage waters from these soils. Recent studies indicate that crisphead lettuce (Lacruca sativa L.) yields can be optimized with a band-P rate one-third of that required with broadcast applications. However, such findings have not been verified in large production plots. Five field experiments were conducted between 1991 and 1993 to evaluate the response of crisphead lettuce produced commercially on Histosols to band P rates. Liquid P fertilizers were placed in lo-cm-wide strips, 8.5-cm below the seed at planting in rates ranging from 0 to 224 kg P ha-1. Lettuce yields increased significantly with P rate in all experiments. Irrespective of initial soil-test-P index, lettuce yields within each experiment were maximized with a band rate 54% of that required in a broadcast. The pooled data for all experiments showed a similar trend. These findings provided a means of making alternative band fertilizer recommendations by utilizing an existing preplant broadcast soil test.
TRANSFORMATION OF EASTER LILY VIA PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT
Authors: Van Eck Joyce , Smith Franzine , Blowers Ala D. , Sanford John
Published: February 2019

Particle bombardment was investigated as a potential transformation method for Easter lily. Bulb scale explants from Lilium longiflorum Thunb. `Nellie White' were used as target material. The uidA (or gusA) reporter gene for ß- glucuronidase (GUS) expression was used in all particle bombardments to assess efficiency of gene delivery. Parameters examined to achieve optimal levels of transient GUS expression included gene promoter, helium pressure (particle velocity), and target distance. The highest level of transient GUS expression (as measured by number of indigo-stained cells/scale explant) was observed with the rice actin 1 (Act1) promoter, a helium pressure of 1500 psi, and target distances of 9 to 12 cm. Parameters considered for recovery of stable transform ants included the choice of selective agent (phosphinothricin or hygromycin) and their respective selectable resistance genes (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and hygromycin phosphotransferase), and preculture time of scale explants prior to bombardment. Polymerase chain reaction analysis will be used to screen putative stable transformants, and from this data it will be determined which parameters yielded the highest transformation rates.
666 PB 110 RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA MARKERS ARE INADEQUATE FOR FINGERPRINTING GRAPE ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Bakalinsky Alan T. , Xu Hong , Wilson Diane J. , Arulsekar S.
Published: February 2019

A total of eight random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were generated in a screen of 77 primers of 10-base length and were detected reproducibly among nine different grape (Vitis) rootstocks. Occasional failed amplifications could not be explained rationally nor easily corrected by systematic replacement of individual reaction components. In an effort to improve their reliability, the RAPD markers were cloned, their termini sequenced, and new sequence-specific primer pairs were synthesized based on addition of 10 to 14 bases to the 3' termini of the original 10-mers. Six pairs of the new primers were evaluated at their optimal and higher-than optimal annealing temperatures. One primer pair amplified a product the same size as the original RAPD marker in all rootstocks, resulting in loss of polymorphism. Post-amplification digestion with 7 different restriction endonucleases failed to reveal restriction site differences. Three primer pairs amplified an unexpected length variant in some accessions. Two other pairs of primers amplified a number of unexpected bands. Better approaches for exploiting the sequence differences that account for the RAPD phenomenon will be discussed.
672 PB 148 EXAMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI IN APPLE (MALLUS × DOMESTICA) USING MOLECULAR MARKERS
Authors: Conner Patrick J. , Brown Susan K. , Weeden Norman F.
Published: February 2019

Molecular markers (isozyme and DNA) have been used to map apple and have helped to elucidate the inheritance of some morphological traits. In this project random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isozyme markers were used to create maps for `Wijcik McIntosh, a columnar (reduced branching) sport of `McIntosh' and NY 75441-67, an advanced selection from the multiple disease resistance breeding program. NY 75441-67 is resistant to scab source of resistance from M. floribunda) and resistant to cedar apple rust. `Wijcik McIntosh' is being used in the breeding program as a source of the dominant gene, Co, for reduced branching, but there is also interest in this genotype because of the tremendous variation in plant form observed in progenies segregating for columnar habit. Some of these form variants may be of greater commercial interest than the parental material. Morphological traits examined in this progeny included plant height, stem diameter, suckering, branching habit, spur production, and internode length. The usefulness of molecular markers to pre-select for components of plant form is being examined. Molecular markers promise to aid our understanding and manipulation of quantitative morphological traits.
673 PB 151 MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR FRUIT COLOR IN APPLE (MALUS X. DOMESTICA)
Authors: Cheng Frank , Weeden Norman , Brown Susan
Published: February 2019

The ability to pre-screen apple populations for fruit color at an early seedling stage would be advantageous. In progeny of the cross `Rome Beauty' × `White Angel' red/yellow color variation was found to be highly correlated with the genotype at Idh-2, an isozyme locus that was heterozygous in both parents. We postulate that the red/yellow color variation was produced by a single gene linked to I&-2 and also heterozygous in both parents. This population was also screened with over 400 primers to detect randomly amplified polymorphic (RAPD) markers for fruit color. DNA extraction procedures were developed for bark, and DNA was extracted from bark samples and leaves. Red and yellow fruited individuals were examined in bulk. Several markers have been found that are linked to red color. A high density map is being constructed in this region. These markers are being examined in other crosses segregating for fruit color. The application of these markers will be discussed in relation to the inheritance and manipulation of fruit color.
678 PB 186 RAPD GENETIC MARKERS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSA GENETIC RESOURCES
Authors: Jarret R.L. , Bhat K.V.
Published: February 2019

Fifty-seven accessions of Musa including cultivated clones Of 6 genomic groups (AA, AB, AAA, AAB, ABB, ABBB), M. balbisiana (BB), M. acuminata ssp. banksii (AA), M. acuminata ssp. malaccensis (AA) and M. velutina were examined for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genetic markers using PCR with sixty 10-mer random primers. Forty-nine of 60 tested primers gave reproducible DNA amplification patterns. The number of bands resolved per amplification was primer dependent and varied from 1 to a maximum of 24. The size range of the amolification products also differed with the select& primer sequence/genotype and ranged from 0.29 to 3.0 kb. RAPD data were used to generate Jaccard's similarity coefficients which were analyzed phenetically. Phenetic analysis separated clones into distinct groupings that were in agreement with clusterings revealed when data were subsequently analyzed by principal coordinate analysis (PCO). In both the phenetic and the PCO analyses, previously unclassified cultivars grouped with cultivars previously classified for their genomic group based on morphological keys. The implications of RAPD analysis for Musa germplasm classification, clonal identification, and management are discussed.
684 PB 224 GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF CUCUMBERS IN IMMATURE BIOSOLIDS-YARD TRIMMING COMPOST
Authors: Roe Nancy E. , Stoffella Peter J.
Published: February 2019

Rapid production of compost often results in crop damage by phytotoxic compounds or high C/N ratios in immature (uncured) compost. The influence of immature biosolids-yard trimmings compost on germination and growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was evaluated. Germination percentages of cucumbers seeded in equal parts (v/v) of compost and vermiculite were similar to those in vermiculite. When screened compost was placed in flats and compared with flats of potting mix or sandy field soil, germination percentages were 98, 96, and 89 for mix, sand, and compost respectively. Germination in compost-amended field plots was higher than in soil when cucumbers were planted 1, 2 or 10 weeks after compost application, but similar in 3 and 5 week plantings. Use of this immature compost increased, decreased, or did not affect cucumber seed germination, depending on media and growing conditions.
687 PB 233 POTATO RESPONSE TO DEFICIT IRRIGATION
Authors: Shock Clint C. , Feibert Erik B. G. , Saunders Monty
Published: February 2019

Seven potato cultivars were grown in an adequately irrigated check (100% of crop evapotranspiration replaced at -60 kPa) and three deficit irrigation regimes in order to evaluate varietal response to water stress and to evaluate nitrate leaching below the crop root zone in relation to the irrigation management. Potatoes were grown with sprinkler irrigation on silt loam in 1882 and 1993. Water stress treatments were achieved by partial or complete crop evapotranspiration replacement when soil water potential reached -60 or -80 kPa. In 1992, over all varieties, tuber yield and grade were significantly reduced by the two higher levels of water stress. In 1993, a relatively cool year, yield was reduced by water stress, but grade was not. Tuber internal quality was affected more by variety than by deficit irrigation both years. A comparison of pre-plant and post-harvest soil nitrate and ammonium shows that a small amount of nitrate moved from the top two feet of soil to the third and fourth foot in the check plots. Soil nitrogen accounting for the season showed large surpluses, indicating the importance of natural sources of available nitrogen.
696 PB 280 REDUCED WATER SUPPLY AFFECTS FALL ACCLIMATION OF EVERGREEN AZALEAS
Authors: Anisko Tomasz , Lindstrom Orville M.
Published: February 2019

Three cultivars of evergreen azaleas, `Coral Bell', `Hinodegiri', and `Red Ruffle', were grown under four watering regimes in containers and placed outdoors or in the greenhouse. The water content of the growing medium was maintained at either 0.3 to 0.4 or 0.5 to 0.6 m3m-3 from June 16 to August 30, when half of the plants under each of these regime was switched to the other watering regime. Freeze tests were conducted on August 30 and October 9, 1993. Injury to leaves, lower, middle, and upper stems was evaluated visually. Acclimation of leaves and upper stems prior to the August test, in most cases, was not stimulated by reduced water content, while the response of lower and middle stems was cultivar and location specific. The lower water content treatment after August 30 generally increased freeze tolerance of all plant parts regardless of the previous watering regime. The higher water content treatment after August 30 either prevented or delayed acclimation.
705 PB 347 MEMBRANE LIPID COMPOSITION DURING RIPENING OF CALCIUM-INFILTRATED APPLE FRUIT
Authors: Picchioni G.A. , Watada A.E. , Conway W.S. , Whitaker B.D.
Published: February 2019

Postharvest Ca infiltration delays senescence and improves storage quality of apple fruit, but the consequences on membrane lipid composition have received little evaluation. We studied changes in galactolipids (mono- and digalactosyl-diacylglycerol; MGDG and DGDG) and sterol conjugates (sterol glycosides and acylated sterol glycosides; SG and ASG) in `Golden Delicious' cortical tissue. Fruit were pressure-infiltrated with CaCl, at harvest (0, 2, or 4% w/v), stored for 6 months at 0C, and evaluated during subsequent exposure to 20C. MGDG, SG and ASG concentrations were greater in Ca-infiltrated fruit (CIF) than in control fruit. A 35-37% increase in ASG occurred during the first 7 days at 20C in CIF, when ASG decreased by 19% in control fruit. Ca infiltration may delay degradation of plastid membranes and increase sterol conjugation during apple fruit ripening.
706 PB 350 EPICUTICULAR WAX STRUCTURE AND POSTHARVEST CALCIUM UPTAKE IN `GOLDEN DELICIOUS' APPLES AT VARIOUS INTERVALS AFTER STORAGE
Authors: Roy Stephane , Conway William S. , Watada Alley E. , Sams Carl E. , Wergin William P. , Roy Stephane
Published: February 2019

Increasing the calcium content of apples with postharvest CaCl2, treatment has a beneficial effect on physiological and pathological storage problems. The optimal time after harvest during which the fruit can be successfully treated has not been investisated. This study examined the relationship between calcium uptake and the changes in surface cracking in the epicuticular wax of the fruit after various storage intervals. Apples were pressure infiltrated with 0, 2, or 4% CaCl, solutions at harvest or four or six months after storage at 0 C. Examination of the epicuticular wax with low temperature scanning electron microscopy revealed that as the storage duration increased, the numerous cracks on the fruit surface became deeper and wider, until, after six months storage, the cracking extended through the thickness of the cuticle. Calcium uptake in fruit pressure infiltrated with the CaCl2 solutions after six months storage was greater than fruit treated at previous storage intervals. As storage duration increased, epicuticular wax cracks became deeper and calcium uptake increased.
714 PB 394 CHANGES IN AVOCADO FRUIT MEMBRANE LIPIDS DURING CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE AND RIPENING
Authors: Faubion Dana F. , Kader Adel A.
Published: February 2019

California grown `Hass' avocado fruit were stored at 5C, in air or a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Fruit were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, and 10 weeks, both immediately upon removal from storage and after 5 days at 20C. Severe chilling injury developed in the air-stored fruit after six weeks, while only moderate symptoms were observed in CA stored avocado fruit after 10 weeks. Lipid peroxidation breakdown products increased during storage and ripening in both air and CA treatments. Sterols, sterol esters, glycolipids, and phospholipids were analyzed. There was a shift in composition during storage towards increasingly saturated fatty acids. The fatty acid shift was greater in air, than in CA stored fruit. Results will be discussed concerning their relevance to chilling injury development.
715 PB 397 EFFECT OF COATINGS ON FRESH ORANGE FLAVOR VOLATILES AND OTHER FACTORS UNDER PROLONGED STORAGE CONDITIONS
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth A. , Nisperos-Carriedo Myrna O. , Burns Jacqueline K.
Published: February 2019

`Valencia' oranges were-treated with an experimental polysaccharide-based coating, a commercial shellac-based water wax, or were left uncoated. The fruit were stored at 16 or 21C with 95% RH. Samples were periodically analyzed for internal gases, flavor volatiles, water loss, and `Brix. Coated fruit had lower internal O2 and higher CO2 and ethylene levels as well as higher levels of many flavor volatiles (including ethanol) compared to uncoated. The differences were greatest for shellac-coated fruit at the higher storage temperature. No differences were found for °Brix. The shellac-coating gave the best weight-loss control and the most restricted gas exchange. The low gas permeability characteristic of this type of shellac coating may result in altered flavor for fruit held at 21C.
717 PB 423 ETHYLENE DEGASSING OF GRAPEFRUIT
Authors: Petracek Peter D.
Published: February 2019

Early-season fresh citrus are routinely exposed to ethylene to trigger chlorophyll degradation (degreening) in the peel and thus improve fruit color. Recent questions about whether ethylene is trapped in the fruit by subsequent waxing have sparked interest in characterizing ethylene exchange. Internal gas samples of mature, pesticide-free `White Marsh' grapefruit were taken through septa of silicone rubber on electrical tape affixed 10 the blossom end. Gassing of the fruit in a degreening room (10 ppm ethylene) required about four hours lo reach equilibrium while degassing was completed in less than two hours and was not affected by location of the fruit in a 0.680 m3 pallet bin. Waxing with a water-soluble wax immediately following ethylene exposure increased the time for complete degassing to over 48 h. Surface gas exchange protiles were prepared by sequentially analyzing the same fruit after: (1) harvest, (2) 22 h exposure to 10 ppm ethylene, (3) exposure to ethylene and washing with an ionic cleaning surfactant, and (4) exposure to ethylene and waxing. Glass cells with interfacing silicone rubber o-rings (23 mm diam.) were strapped to the fruit following each treatment. Ethylene emanation was measured by sampling the cells which were capped 15 m after removal from ethylene. Water and CO2 were measured by flow-through cells following ethylene analysis. Ethylene emanation following the initial exposure was the same for the stem end and midsection and two fold greater than the blossom end. Washing increased the rate of emanation five fold for the stem end and about 2.5 fold for the midsection and blossom end. Waxing reduced emanation by nearly four fold for the midsection and blossom end, but only 30% for the stem end. Water loss was increased about 40% by washing, reduced about 30% by waxing, and was primarily through the stem end. Stem-end CO2 exchange doubled upon waxing.
719 PB 429 EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON CERTAIN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPEFRUIT PEEL
Authors: McDonald Roy E. , Shaw Philip E.
Published: February 2019

Preharvest gibberellic acid (GA) applications at 10 ppm in 0.1% L-77 (v/v) surfactant or 20 ppm in 0.05% L-77 (v/v) caused `Marsh' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to be significantly more resistant to puncture and significantly delayed yellow color development. There was no difference between the two GA rates and applications in July were not found to be as effective as August or September applications. There was an overall significant increase in peel oil content in flavedo tissue as a result of GA treatment, but no significant difference between GA treatments. Limonin contents in GA-treated grapefruit albedo tissue were generally higher at both GA levels than in control fruit. GA treatments had no effect on juice quality characteristics and there was no difference in taste preference between GA-treated and control fruit. Because citrus fruit are resistant to attack by tephritid fruit flies prior to the occurrence of peel senescence and GA delays peel senescence, GA treatment should provide a biorational addition to existing fruit fly control strategies.
EFFECT OF OXYGEN CONCENTRATION AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON THE RANCIDITY PROCESS OF WALNUTS AND PEANUTS
Authors: Maté J.I. , Saltveit M.E. , Krochta J.M.
Published: February 2019

Rancidity is a major problem during the storage of shelled peanuts and walnuts. Blanched peanuts, blanched dry roasted peanuts, blanched oil roasted peanuts (all of them extra large Virginia variety) and shelled Persian walnut (Chandler variety) were maintained in closed jars at 37 C. Relative humidity was controlled by saturated salt solutions at 20% and 55%. Oxygen concentration was 21% or reduced to 0.1% by flushing with nitrogen.

Samples were taken every 2 weeks for 10 weeks. Peroxide values were measured and volatiles were analyzed to determine the rancidity of the samples. Oxygen concentrations in the jars and nut moisture were also measured.

Dry roasted peanuts were the most susceptible to rancidity. Blanched peanuts, without any roasting process, were the most stable. The results quantified the importance of oxygen as a major factor in rancidity at the relative humidities studied. It was concluded that it is possible to quantitatively control the rancidity process by decreasing the oxygen concentration surrounding the nuts.
728 PB 474 PARTIAL OIL EXTRACTION OF PECAN HALVES BY SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
Authors: Maness Niels O. , Bizri Jamal , Smith Michael W. , Zhang C. , Brusewitz Gerald H.
Published: February 2019

Partial oil extraction is being investigated as a means to increase oxidative stability and provide reduced fat pecan halves. Supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide provided a means to extract twenty to thirty percent of resident oil, with little to no kernel damage and leaving no harmful residues in the kernel or the extracted oil. Variances in extraction time, temperature, pressure and total carbon dioxide volume used for extraction with a continuous flow extractor will be discussed. Fatty acid composition of oils extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide was essentially the same as oils obtained by solvent extraction and by cold press. Fatty acid yield in the oils was greater for supercritical extraction compared to the other two methods. Oxidative stability for extracted and unextracted pecans, determined using an accelerated aging technique, will be compared. Supported by USDA grant 92-34150-7190 and the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.
732 PB 504 JUICE QUALITY FROM YOUNG TREES OF 6 VALENCIA CLONES ON 16 ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Rouse Robert E.
Published: February 2019

Juice quality from 4-year-old `Valencia' sweetorange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) nucellar seedling clones VS-F-55-28-X-E, VS-SPB-1-14-19-X-E, old-line clones V-10-12-7-X-E, V-51-3-3-(STG-64G-4)-X-E, and `Rohde Red Valencia' RRV-472-3-26-(STG-31-18)-X-E, RRV-472-11-43-(STG-19-2)-X-E were compared for percentage juice per fruit, “Brix, acid, °Brix/acid ratio, soluble solids per standard 40.9 kg field box, and juice color score. Rootstocks were sour orange, Smooth Flat Seville, Cleopatra mandarin, Sun Chu Sha, calamandarin, Valencia seedling, P. myoliare × Ridge Pineapple X73-26, Duncan grapefruit, Carrizo, Benton and C-35 citranges, Swingle and F-80-18 citrumelos, Rangpur lime × Troyer citrange, P. trifoliata, and Vangasay lemon. V-10-12-7 had the most juice. RRV-472-11-43 had less acid than the other clones. VS-SPB-1-4-19 had highest ratio and RRV-472-3-26 the lowest. Soluble solids per box were lowest for RRV-472-3-26. Juice color score was highest for the two `Rohde Red Valencia' clones and lowest for V-10-12-7. Rootstock affected all juice quality factors except juice color score.
733 PB 023 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND MANNITOL/SUCROSE PARTITIONING UNDER DIFFERENT CO, ASSIMILATION CONDITIONS IN CELERY
Authors: Gucci Riccardo , Everard John , Flore James , Loescher Wayne
Published: February 2019

Photosynthetic rates (A) in celery-(Apium graveolens L.) and other polyol-synthesizers are sometimes high for C, species. In celery such rates have been related to a low CO2 compensation point typical of C4 and C3-C4 intermediate spp, although other data show celery photosynthesis as typically C3 Therefore, celery gas exchange was here reanalyzed, and while A was high (CO2 assimilation rates were 21.2 and 27.6 μ mol m-2s-1, average and maximum, photosynthesis was otherwise C,: CO, comp pt of 3.5-5.0 Pa, carboxylation efficiency of 0.99 μmol CO2m-2s-1Pa-1, light comp pt of 8-36 μ mol photon m-1s-1, optimum temp of 22-27°C for Amax. High A may relate to a capacity to synthesize both mannitol and sucrose. 14C pulse-chase studies, with different A obtained by imposing light gradients across opposite leaflets, showed 1-10% increases in mannitoll sucrose labelling. Higher A may reflect carbon partitioning into mannitol, agreeing with a hypothesis that polyol synthesis effectively recycles reductant in the cytosol.
739 PB 061 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND PHOSPHOROUS ENHANCEMENT OF CHILE ANCHO PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L. cv. San Luis) GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Davies F.T. , Olalde-Portueal V. , Escamilla H. M. , Ferrera R.C. , Alvarado M.J.
Published: February 2019

In a 3 × 3 factorial experiment, Chile Ancho pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. San Luis) plants were inoculated or not with VA - mycorrhizal (VAM) Glomus fasciculatum and a Glomus sps isolate from Mexico (ZAC-19). Long Ashton Nutrient solution (LANS) were modified to supply P at II, 22 or 44 μg/ml to containerized plants, grown in a greenhouse for 72 days. The container medium was a modified 77% sand, 13% silt, 9% clay soil collected from an agricultural production site in Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Both P and VAM enhanced plant growth and development. Increasing P enhanced leaf area, fruit, shoot and root dry weight and shoot/root ratio; the leaf area ratio (LAR) decreased. Greater VAM growth enhancement occurred at Il and 22, than 44 μg/ml P. Growth enhancement was greater with Glomus fasciculatum than the mixed Glomus sps isolate (ZAC - 19).
763 PB 307 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ON FLOWERING AND GROWTH OF LYSIMACHIA CONGESTIFLORA
Authors: Zhang Donglin , Armitage Allan M. , Affolter James M. , Dirr Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Lysimachia congestiflora Wils. (Primulaceae) is a new crop for American nurseries and may be used as an annual in the north and a half-hardy perennial in the south. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of photoperiod, temperature, and irradiance on its flowering and growth. Three experiments were conducted with photoperiod of 8, 12, 16 hrs day-1, temperature of 10, 18, 26C, and irradiance of 100, 200, 300 μmol m-2s-1, respectively. Plant.9 given long day photoperiod (16 hours) flowered 21 and 34 days earlier, respectively, than plants at 12 sad 8 hour photoperiods. Plants under long day treatment produced more flowers than those at 8 and 12 hours. Plant dry weight did not differ between treatments, but plants grown in the long day treatment produced fewer but larger leaves. Total plant growth increased as temperature increased, but lower temperature (10C) decreased flower initiation and prevented flower development, while high temperature (26C) reduced the longevity of the open flowers. Flowering was accelerated and dry weight increased as plants were subjected to high irradiance levels. The results suggest that Lysimachia congestiflora is a quantitative long day plant. It should be grown under a photoperiod of at least 12 hours at a temperature of approximately 20C. Low light areas should be avoided and supplemental lighting to provide the long days may improve the plant quality.
773 PB 357 NUTRITIONAL LEVELS OF ANTHURIUM LEAVES - MATURE VS. YOUNG LEAVES
Authors: Scoggins-Mantero Holly L. , Mills Harry A.
Published: February 2019

Nutritional levels of mature vs. young leaves of Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Linden.) cultivars were determined over a seven year period. Nutritional levels for essential nutrients tested (B, Ca++, Cu++, Fe++, K+, Mg++, Mn++, Mo-, P, and Zn++) were determined with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Kjeldahl N was determined with a flow injection analyzer. The young leaf, 90% mature, was determined to be the most accurate predictor of the nutritional status of anthuriums. These values were established for the cultivars `Kozohara', `Nitta Orange', `Kaumana', and `Ozaki'.
775 PB 383 A LEACHING FRAME FOR DETERMINING MEDIA RETENTION OF DRENCH-APPLIED PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: Quarrels Jesse R. , Newman Steven E.
Published: February 2019

A leaching frame was constructed to detect residual plant growth regulators in media. The table was 0.9 × 1.8 m and designed to hold 40 10-cm diameter by 30-cm PVC cylinders. Each cylinder was cut lengthwise in half and resealed with duct tape. Rooted cuttings of `Freedom' poinsettias were planted into each cylinder using two media combinations: 2 vermiculite: 2 peat moss: 1 pine bark and 2 vermiculite: 1 peat moss: 2 pine bark (by volume). Four growth regulator treatments were applied to the medium two weeks after transplanting: control, 0.25 mg paclobutrazol, 0.25 mg uniconazole, and 0.125 mg paclobutrazol applied as spike. After plant growth was recorded, the cylinders were removed and sliced lengthwise. Snapdragon plugs were then transplanted into the medium along the length of the cylinder to determine if any residual paclobutrazol remained. Paclobutrazol and uniconazole reduced stem length. The presence of pine bark in the media reduced the effect of the plant growth regulators.