bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population Survey of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) in Corella, Bohol
Authors: Gursky Sharon , Salibay C.C. , Cuevas C.Z.
Published: December 2011

In 1986, in response to the rapid habitat destruction throughout the archipelago, the Philippine tarsier was classified as endangered. Since that time, this tarsier has been reclassified as data deficient and more recently as near threatened despite a significant lack of information on the population density of the species. Data were collected at the Philippine Tarsier Foundation Sanctuary from June to October 2010. Population density was estimated using a modified form of the quadrat census method. A total of 55 individuals were located within the sampled area. This is equivalent to approximately 1.55 tarsiers per hectare. Ecologically, there were significantly more tarsiers found in the young secondary forest than in areas characterized as old secondary forest. Extrapolating to the entire protected area, as many as 258 tarsiers may reside in the sanctuary. The vegetation plots where tarsiers were found had substantially more trees per plot, contained trees with larger diameters, and contained slightly taller trees than did the plots where no tarsiers were observed.
Mitochondrial Metabolic Control of Microtubule Dynamics Impairs the Autophagic Pathway in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Cardoso S.M. , Esteves A.R. , Arduíno D.M.
Published: December 2011

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder where the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies in surviving neurons are primary histopathological hallmarks. Recent evidence points to mitochondrial dysfunction as a common upstream event in PD etiopathology. Objective: In this overview, we will discuss some of our findings that provide support for the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, whereas mitochondrial deficits trigger PD pathology through alterations in microtubule integrity and macroautophagy. Methods: Using, as a PD model, cells that have PD patients’ mitochondrial DNA, cells without mitochondrial DNA and MPP+-treated cells, we showed that mitochondrial metabolism alteration may underlie changes in the microtubular net and in the autophagic-lysosomal pathway. Conclusions: Finally, we will endow a potential new therapeutic target for PD pathology.
Synchronous Colorectal Cancers: A Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Authors: Yang Jun , Peng Jia-Yuan , Chen Wei
Published: December 2011

Background/Aims: With the development of early diagnostic technologies, more synchronous colorectal cancers (SCRCs) can be clinically detected. Although SCRCs are recognized as a significant clinical entity, their clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis have yet to be definitively established. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of this disease and to establish an efficient profile by which to recognize individuals at high risk of developing SCRCs, we carried out a review of the relevant literature. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for publications of ‘synchronous colorectal carcinoma/cancer/adenocarcinoma’ and ‘multiple colorectal carcinomas’. All publications up to January 2011 were considered, and then only articles in English were retrieved for inclusion in this review. Results: The incidence of SCRCs was found to be higher in older and male patients. The prognosis in patients with SCRCs was equivalent to that in patients with solitary CRC. The failure to diagnose synchronous lesions before and during the operation was associated with repeated surgery. Conclusion: SCRCs possess distinctive features compared to solitary CRC. While all colorectal patients should be carefully assessed to rule out the presence of concurrent colon adenomas, since missed lesions can result in additional surgery and poor prognosis, particular attention should be given to the high-risk group of older male patients.
Tree-Adjoining Grammars Are Not Closed Under Strong Lexicalization
Authors: Kuhlmann Marco , Satta Giorgio
Published: December 2011

A lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar is a tree-adjoining grammar where each elementary tree contains some overt lexical item. Such grammars are being used to give lexical accounts of syntactic phenomena, where an elementary tree defines the domain of locality of the syntactic and semantic dependencies of its lexical items. It has been claimed in the literature that for every tree-adjoining grammar, one can construct a strongly equivalent lexicalized version. We show that such a procedure does not exist: Tree-adjoining grammars are not closed under strong lexicalization.
Keeping body and soul together: southern NGOs’ strategic responses to donor constraints
Authors: Elbers Willem , Arts Bas
Published: December 2011

Most Southern Non-Governmental Organizations (SNGOs) depend on donor agencies for their survival. To qualify for donor funding, SNGOs typically have to meet a range of funding conditions. Critics argue that donor requirements may have undesirable consequences. Based on qualitative research involving 41 SNGOs in India and Ghana, this article explores (1) the (potentially) adverse effects of donor conditions on SNGOs and (2) the strategies that SNGOs employ to deal with these conditions. We demonstrate that certain donor conditions are difficult to reconcile with a view of development that emphasizes local ownership and a strong and autonomous civil society. We also show that SNGOs employ a multitude of strategies to deal with adverse donor conditions, highlighting that they are not powerless in their relations with donors. Yet, these strategies are not always available to all organizations and may have undesired consequences.

Points for practitioners

Private development aid is increasingly characterized by pressure for accountability and a tightening of funding arrangements. Donors supporting SNGOs need to take into consideration that their funding conditions may have a range of undesirable consequences. Our study offers an overview of these consequences, enabling donor agencies to systematically review their conditions in the light of their potentially adverse effects. In addition, our study shows that – when confronted when unworkable donor conditions – SNGOs employ strategic behaviour. This is particularly problematic when SNGOs resort to manipulating the perception of donors resulting in the creation of a paper reality.
Defining Physicians’ Readiness to Screen and Manage Intimate Partner Violence in Greek Primary Care Settings
Authors: Papadakaki Maria , Prokopiadou Dimitra , Petridou Eleni , Kogevinas Manolis , Lionis Christos
Published: December 2011

The current article aims to translate the PREMIS (Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence) survey into the Greek language and test its validity and reliability in a sample of primary care physicians. The validation study was conducted in 2010 and involved all the general practitioners serving two adjacent prefectures of Greece ( n = 80). Maximum-likelihood factor analysis (MLF) was used to extract key survey factors. The instrument was further assessed for the following psychometric properties: (a) scale reliability, (b) item-specific reliability, (c) test–retest reliability, (d) scale construct validity, and (e) internal predictive validity. The MLF analysis of 23 opinion items revealed a seven-factor solution ( preparation, constraint, workplace issues, screening, self-efficacy, alcohol/drugs, victim understanding), which was statistically sound ( p = .293). Most of the newly derived scales displayed satisfactory internal consistency (α ≥ .60), high item-specific reliability, strong construct, and internal predictive validity ( F = 2.82; p = .004), and high repeatability when retested with 20 individuals (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] > .70). The tool was found appropriate to facilitate the identification of competence deficits and the evaluation of training initiatives.
Contrasting Case Definitions for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Brown Abigail , Clyne Erin , Bartgis Lindsey , Evans Meredyth , Brown Molly
Published: December 2011

This article uses data from patients recruited using the 1994 case definition of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) to contrast those meeting criteria for the Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) Canadian case definition with those that did not meet these criteria. The study also contrasts those meeting criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) based on criteria from Ramsay and other theorists with those that did not meet the ME criteria. The ME/CFS case definition criteria identified a subset of patients with more functional impairments and physical, mental, and cognitive problems than the subset not meeting these criteria. The ME subset had more functional impairments, and more severe physical and cognitive symptoms than the subset not meeting ME criteria. When applied to a population meeting the 1994 CFS case definition, both ME/CFS and ME criteria appear to select a more severe subset of patients.
Crack detection in beam-like structures using a wavelet-based neural network
Authors: Nematollahi M A , Farid M , Hematiyan M R , Safavi A A
Published: December 2011

This article proposes a method for crack identification using a wavelet-based neural network (NN; wave-net). The input data for the wave-net training are both global and local in-plane vibrational parameters of beam-like structures. In this study, the vibrational parameters of intact and damaged beams are obtained using the finite element method. Different cracks are introduced in the span of the beam with different locations and depths to obtain necessary data for training NN. The identification results are compared with those of some convectional NNs including radial basis function and multilayer perceptron ones. Results show good accuracy and efficiency of the proposed NN method.
Measurement of pitch- and roll-damping derivatives using the semiconductor five-component strain gauge balance
Authors: Samardžić M , Anastasijević Z , Marinkovski D , Isaković J , Tančić Lj
Published: December 2011

The occurrence of small amplitudes of output signals from force and moment sensors used in the measurements of stability derivatives is a known problem. This article presents a solution to this problem by applying semiconductor strain gauges. Forced oscillation technique is used for the measurement of stability derivatives applied in the T-38 wind tunnel. The roll- and pitch-damping derivative measurements of the Modified Basic Finner Model at Mach numbers 0.6 and 1.75 were done using the semiconductor five-component strain gauge balance. The T-38 wind tunnel data are compared with the wind tunnel data of the Arnold Engineering Development Center-von Karman (AEDC, USA). Very good agreement is obtained between the data from these two wind tunnels.
Do Doctors Contribute to the Social Patterning of Disease
Authors: McKinlay John B. , Marceau Lisa D. , Piccolo Rebecca J.
Published: December 2011

Data from the Boston Area Community Health Survey show that both undiagnosed signs and symptoms and diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are patterned by socioeconomic status (SES). Such patterning is corroborated by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for diagnosed T2DM. Complementary data from an experiment concerning clinical decision making show T2DM is patterned by race/ethnicity, following diagnosis by a physician. Undiagnosed signs and symptoms of T2DM in the community are patterned by SES (rather than race/ethnicity), but following diagnosis by primary care physicians they are patterned more by race/ethnicity (rather than by SES). Race/ethnicity and SES in the United States are almost totally confounded, such that measuring one is essentially also measuring the other. Physician patterning of T2DM by race/ethnicity, however, motivates the search for genetic and biophysiologic explanations and distracts attention from the more important contribution of SES circumstances to the prevalence of diabetes mellitus.
Republican continuities in the Vienna Order and the German Confederation (1815–66)
Authors: Haldén Peter
Published: December 2011

This article argues that the German Confederation — deutscher Bund — (1815–66)was a form of rule built on early modern republican political theory. It was a ‘Compound Republic’ form of rule constructed to prevent the emergence of a system of sovereign German states as well as a single sovereign German state. Its purpose was maintaining peace and stability in Europe and safeguarding the autonomy of its member polities. Contemporary statesmen, intellectuals and scholars saw these purposes as complementary. A non-sovereign, polycentric and republican organization of the German lands was regarded as a natural and necessary component in a stable Europe free from war and revolutions. This article analyses the origins, institutions and policies of the German Confederation, with particular regard to how the means of organized violence were organized. It thereby demonstrates the implementation of republican ideas and purposes in the Bund. The article situates the Bund in 19th-century thinking about European stability and sovereignty, further demonstrating the prevalence of republican ideas on international order. Republican political theories and institutions differed sharply from modern theories and models of international relations. Consequently, the history of international politics, the European system of states and state-formation must be re-conceptualized more in line with historical realities.
Leadership Development for Faculty Women at The Ohio State University
Authors: Hornsby Eunice Ellen , Morrow-Jones Hazel A. , Ballam Deborah A.
Published: December 2011

The Problem.

Universities struggle to create cultures that provide a welcoming home for women and underrepresented minorities. Department chairs often emerge reluctantly from among the faculty and are ill prepared to engage faculty and staff to achieve deep culture change, yet their role is vital if such change is to occur.

The Solution.

Recognizing a need for a completely new type of leader, Ohio State created the President and Provost’s Leadership Institute (PPLI) to develop a pool of women and underrepresented minority faculty who might move into leadership positions.

The Stakeholders.

The PPLI can provide a useful template for HRD practitioners who wish to tailor leadership development and succession planning strategies to address higher education’s unique culture and leadership pool challenges. For institutions interested in broadening the diversity of individuals prepared to lead, and developing leaders prepared to lead change, the PPLI is an example of one successful approach.
Common fixed points and best approximations in locally convex spaces
Authors: Al-Mezel Saleh Abdullah
Published: December 2011

We extend the main results of Aamri and El Moutawakil and Pant to the weakly compatible or R-weakly commuting pair (T, f) of maps, where T is multivalued. As applications, common fixed point theorems are obtained for new class of maps called R-subcommuting maps in the setup of locally convex topological vector spaces. We also study some results on best approximation via common fixed point theorems.

2000 MSC 41A65; 46A03; 47H10; 54H25.
System for fast lexical and phonetic spoken term detection in a Czech cultural heritage archive
Authors: Psutka Josef , Švec Jan , Psutka Josef V , Vaněk Jan , Pražák Aleš , Šmídl Luboš , Ircing Pavel
Published: December 2011

The main objective of the work presented in this paper was to develop a complete system that would accomplish the original visions of the MALACH project. Those goals were to employ automatic speech recognition and information retrieval techniques to provide improved access to the large video archive containing recorded testimonies of the Holocaust survivors. The system has been so far developed for the Czech part of the archive only. It takes advantage of the state-of-the-art speech recognition system tailored to the challenging properties of the recordings in the archive (elderly speakers, spontaneous speech and emotionally loaded content) and its close coupling with the actual search engine. The design of the algorithm adopting the spoken term detection approach is focused on the speed of the retrieval. The resulting system is able to search through the 1,000 h of video constituting the Czech portion of the archive and find query word occurrences in the matter of seconds. The phonetic search implemented alongside the search based on the lexicon words allows to find even the words outside the ASR system lexicon such as names, geographic locations or Jewish slang.
Increased incidence of pregnancy complications in women who later develop scleroderma: a case control study
Authors: van Wyk Linda , van der Marel Jacolien , Schuerwegh Annemie JM , Schouffoer Anne A , Voskuyl Alexandre E , Huizinga Tom WJ , Bianchi Diana W , Scherjon Sicco A
Published: December 2011

Introduction

Studies have shown that fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood or bone marrow for more than 30 years after delivery. Increased trafficking of fetal cells occurs during pregnancy complications, such as hypertension, preeclampsia, miscarriage and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). Women with these pregnancy complications are significantly more often HLA-class II compatible with their spouses. Women who later develop scleroderma also give birth to an HLA-class II child more often. From these prior studies we hypothesized that preeclampsia and other pregnancy complications could be associated with increased levels of fetal cell trafficking, and later be involved in the development of scleroderma.

Methods

This study was a retrospective multi-centre matched case-control study. One-hundred-and-three women with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and 103 women with no history of SSc or other autoimmune disease were given a questionnaire regarding complications during pregnancy, such as hypertension, intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) and miscarriage. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations.

Results

We found a statistically significantly increased incidence of having had a pregnancy history of hypertension or a fetus with IUGR in women who subsequently developed SSc compared to healthy controls. We found an odds ratio of 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1 to 4.6) for hypertensive complications during pregnancy and an odds ratio of 3.9 (95% CI: 1.2 to 12.3) for intra-uterine growth restriction for women with SSc compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions

This is the first study to show an association between hypertensive complications during pregnancy or IUGR and the development of SSc at a later age. We speculate that the pregnancy abnormalities may have resulted in increased fetomaternal trafficking, which may have played a role in the increased incidence of SSc. Further studies are indicated to examine this putative relationship.
Expression of silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 and its role in human intervertebral disc cell homeostasis
Authors: Zhang Zhongying , Kakutani Kenichiro , Maeno Koichiro , Takada Toru , Yurube Takashi , Doita Minoru , Kurosaka Masahiro , Nishida Kotaro
Published: December 2011

Introduction

Intervertebral disc tissue homeostasis is modulated by a variety of molecules. Silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) plays a key role in various physiological processes. The aim of the present study was to verify the expression of SIRT1 and determine SIRT1 function in human intervertebral disc cell homeostasis.

Methods

Human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were obtained from 24 surgical patients (mean age: 39.4 years) and monolayer-cultured. SIRT1 expression was investigated using RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed to detect mRNA expression of SIRT1 and other genes: aggrecan, collagen type 2 and Sox9. The effect of SIRT1 on the extracellular matrix metabolism of NP cells was examined using recombinant human SIRT1 protein and a protein delivery reagent. Cell number and proliferation activity were measured following SIRT1 treatment. To reveal the deacetylation potential of transfected recombinant human SIRT1, western blotting for acetylated p53 was utilized. R-phycoerythrin was used for the negative control.

Results

SIRT1 expression was confirmed at both mRNA and protein levels in almost all NP cells. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed SIRT1 mRNA expression significantly increased with donor age (P <0.05, ρ = 0.492). Pfirrmann grade 3 discs showed significantly higher SIRT1 mRNA expression than other grades. SIRT1 treatment significantly reduced aggrecan, Sox9 and collagen type 2 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner in all disease classes and disc degeneration grades. Proliferation activity was decreased by SIRT1 treatment in lumbar spinal stenosis and lumbar disc herniation, Pfirrmann grade 3 and grade 4 discs. In contrast, it was significantly upregulated in idiopathic scoliosis, Pfirrmann grade 2 discs. The negative control protein did not affect extracellular matrix metabolism or proliferation activity.

Conclusions

We demonstrate for the first time that SIRT1 is expressed by human NP cells. SIRT1 expression was significantly elevated in an early degeneration stage. SIRT1 affected both extracellular matrix metabolism and proliferation activity; the effect of SIRT1 was altered according to disease class and disc degeneration grade. SIRT1 appears to play a key role in homeostasis during the human intervertebral disc degeneration process.
“Putrefaction Generally”: Bleak House, Victorian Psychology, and the Question of Bodily Matter
Authors: Stolte Tyson
Published: December 2011

This article reads Dickens's fascination with rotting bodily matter in Bleak House as a response to mid-Victorian psychological debates about the nature of mind and the possibility of immortality. Critics have tended to treat the novel's fixation on such matter as primarily a product of Dickens's concern with London's dangerously overcrowded graveyards, but by the 1840s and 1850s the fate of the corpse had also become a key point of contention in the struggle between an orthodox Christian dualism and an emergent psycho-physiology, the latter of which defended itself against charges of atheism by insisting that our bodies would rise again on the Day of Judgment. In both Bleak House and his journalism, Dickens charts the circulation of atomic matter through a variety of bodily forms in order to insist on the immateriality of the soul: if our decomposing bodies are eventually reconstituted into the bodies of others, then the physical resurrection, materialist psychology's answer to the charge of irreligion, must be an impossibility. But Bleak House also registers the different ways that the corpse was figured by those with concerns other than psychological controversy—including Dickens himself, in his simultaneous insistence on the need for burial reform. It is ultimately those meanings attached to putrefaction by sanitary reformers, this essay suggests, that prove the most serious barrier to Dickens's efforts to defend an embattled Christian psychology.
Structures of Irony: Curiosity and Fetishism in Late Imperial London
Authors: Phillips George Micajah
Published: December 2011

This essay challenges the critical commonplace that modernism's response to imperialism and metropolitan culture can be best explained in terms of irony alone by arguing that curiosity works as modernist irony's shadow dialectic. Writing during London's era of colonial exhibitions, two of modernism's best-known ironists, Joseph Conrad and E. M. Forster, discovered that attending to the gaze these visual contact zones solicit—a detached scientific gaze that does not empathize with who or what one looks upon but instead encourages exhibition visitors to imagine themselves as something like amateur social scientists touring in the colonies—called not for further detachment but for new forms of productive reengagement, such as curiosity.

Attentive to the settings and visual metaphors of space and structure that abet irony's role in these texts, this essay finds that curiosity's conspicuous absence in The Secret Agent (1907) burdens irony with the obligation to respond alone to the late imperial culture Conrad characterizes as governed by fetishism. By contrast, curiosity emerges in Forster's review “The Birth of an Empire” (1924) not as irony's naive opposite but as that which may learn from the distance irony produces and as the occasion for testing tentative styles of reattachment to the metropole that seek deeper knowledge of British India and late imperial London than colonial exhibitions can display. Reading such texts today calls not for reaffirmations for ironic distance but for pursuing an alternative knowledge of curiosity's role in response by considering it within the paradigm of modernist irony.
“All the Talk and All the Silence”: Literary Aesthetics and Cultural Boundaries in David Treuer'sLittle
Authors: Kirwan Padraig
Published: December 2011

Much has been written about how contemporary Native American writers explore the intersection between cultural or social materialities on the one hand and aesthetic or imaginative autonomies on the other. In keeping with that discussion, this essay examines David Treuer's Little (1995) alongside his recent collection of critical essays, Native American Fiction: A User's Manual (2006) and queries the extent to which Treuer's exploration of the universal nature of fiction meshes with various articulations of indigenous sovereignty and tribal independence. In doing so it examines the tensions arising out of a situation in which indigenous fictionists wish to introduce tribal perspectives in their writing without ceding their cultural autonomy. The expressive parsimony found in Treuer's novel might well be read in terms of a figurative defiance. By refusing to speak, the eponymous protagonist quite literally practices a form of personal self-rule—one that marks out his difference from those around him—while also denying the reader easy access to his particular version of events. However, in light of the Ojibwe author's advocacy of close reading and New Critical approaches to Native American fiction, alongside his claim that a certain form of affective fallacy is at play within Native American literary criticism, Treuer seems relatively disinterested in real-world situations or contexts. In response, the essay examines his particular emphasis on “artistry” and “style” and questions whether this critical agenda can be linked to the definitions of artistic autonomy currently informing discussions of indigenous sovereignty and tribal nationalism.
Investigating College Campus Conflicts
Authors: Murray Sean
Published: December 2011

Like many a composition instructor, I have often designed writing assignments that attempt to get students forging genuine connections between the personal and the political. Yet these assignments have not always been met with overwhelming enthusiasm from my classes, to put it politely. One possible cause for this type of response may be related to the word politics, as it seems invariably to elicit a mixture of apathy and confusion from students. So over the past several years, I have been experimenting with an assignment that bypasses overt references to politics and instead cuts straight to the conflicts surrounding students' lives—that is, the tensions bubbling up on college campuses. In this article, I reflect further on the origins of this assignment and give an overview of the engaging topics students choose to explore.
The kinase Sgg modulates temporal development of macrochaetes inDrosophilaby phosphorylation of Scute and Pannier
Authors: Yang Mingyao , Hatton-Ellis Emma , Simpson Pat
Published: December 2011

Evolution of novel structures is often made possible by changes in the timing or spatial expression of genes regulating development. Macrochaetes, large sensory bristles arranged into species-specific stereotypical patterns, are an evolutionary novelty of cyclorraphous flies and are associated with changes in both the temporal and spatial expression of the proneural genes achaete (ac) and scute (sc). Changes in spatial expression are associated with the evolution of cis-regulatory sequences, but it is not known how temporal regulation is achieved. One factor required for ac-sc expression, the expression of which coincides temporally with that of ac-sc in the notum, is Wingless (Wg; also known as Wnt). Wingless downregulates the activity of the serine/threonine kinase Shaggy (Sgg; also known as GSK-3). We demonstrate that Scute is phosphorylated by Sgg on a serine residue and that mutation of this residue results in a form of Sc with heightened proneural activity that can rescue the loss of bristles characteristic of wg mutants. We suggest that the phosphorylated form of Sc has reduced transcriptional activity such that sc is unable to autoregulate, an essential function for the segregation of bristle precursors. Sgg also phosphorylates Pannier, a transcriptional activator of ac-sc, the activity of which is similarly dampened when in the phosphorylated state. Furthermore, we show that Wg signalling does not act directly via a cis-regulatory element of the ac-sc genes. We suggest that temporal control of ac-sc activity in cyclorraphous flies is likely to be regulated by permissive factors and might therefore not be encoded at the level of ac-sc gene sequences.
Tranexamic acid in total knee replacement
Authors: Alshryda S. , Sarda P. , Sukeik M. , Nargol A. , Blenkinsopp J. , Mason J. M.
Published: December 2011

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) upon blood loss and transfusion in primary total knee replacement. The review used the generic evaluation tool designed by the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group. A total of 19 trials were eligible: 18 used intravenous administration, one also evaluated oral dosing and one trial evaluated topical use. TXA led to a significant reduction in the proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion (risk ratio (RR) 2.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1 to 3.1, p < 0.001; heterogeneity I2= 75%; 14 trials, 824 patients). Using TXA also reduced total blood loss by a mean of 591 ml (95% CI 536 to 647, p < 0.001; I2= 78%; nine trials, 763 patients). The clinical interpretation of these findings is limited by substantial heterogeneity. However, subgroup analysis of high-dose (> 4 g) TXA showed a plausible consistent reduction in blood transfusion requirements (RR 5.33; 95% CI 2.44 to 11.65, p < 0.001; I2= 0%), a finding that should be confirmed by a further well-designed trial. The current evidence from trials does not support an increased risk of deep-vein thrombosis (13 trials, 801 patients) or pulmonary embolism (18 trials, 971 patients) due to TXA administration.
Severe crouch gait in spastic diplegia can be prevented
Authors: Vuillermin C. , Rodda J. , Rutz E. , Shore B. J. , Smith K. , Graham H. K.
Published: December 2011

We studied the prevalence of severe crouch gait over a 15-year period in a defined population of children with spastic diplegia and Gross Motor Function Classification System levels II and III, to determine if there had been a decrease following changes to the management of equinus gait. These changes were replacing observational with three-dimensional gait analysis, replacing single level with multilevel surgery, and replacing gastrocsoleus lengthening with gastrocnemius recession. Of 464 children and adolescents with spastic diplegia who underwent three-dimensional gait analysis, 27 had severe crouch gait. Seventeen of these had been managed by isolated lengthening of the gastrocsoleus. Following changes in the management of equinus gait, the prevalence of severe crouch gait decreased from 25% and stabilised at a significantly lower rate, fluctuating between 0% and 4% annually (p < 0.001).

We conclude that severe crouch gait in this population was precipitated by isolated lengthening of the gastrocsoleus. These findings may be relevant to other surgical populations, as severe crouch gait may be a useful way to monitor the quality of the surgical management of abnormal gait in children with cerebral palsy and spastic diplegia.
Synthesis of novel carbohydrate mimetics via 1,2-oxazines
Authors: Bouché Léa , Reissig Hans-Ulrich
Published: December 2011

The combination of lithiated alkoxyallenes with carbohydrate-derived nitrones constitutes a flexible entry to highly functionalized enantiopure 1,2-oxazine derivatives. They can be used as precursors for acyclic and cyclic carbohydrate-like products such as amino sugar alcohols, azetidine and pyrrolidine derivatives. The Lewis acid-promoted rearrangement of 1,3-dioxolanyl-substituted 1,2-oxazines to bicyclic compounds allows an efficient route to novel amino pyran and oxepane derivatives. After subsequent transformations, new carbohydrate mimetics or “real” carbohydrates were obtained in good yield and often in a stereodivergent fashion. These compounds have already been employed for the preparation of unusual di- and trisaccharide derivatives. Several of the products prepared showed interesting biological activities, e.g., as L- and P-selectin inhibitors with IC50 values in the subnanomolar range.
Buchbesprechung
Authors: Hofeneder Philipp
Published: December 2011

Warchoł-Schlottmann, Małgorzata, Polnische Sprache nach der Wende 1989, Frankfurt a. Main; Berlin et al.: Peter Lang, 2009, 489 S. ISBN 978-3-631-57985-5
Buchbesprechung
Authors: Bruns Thomas
Published: December 2011

Sperl, Katharina, Der Werbetext im Russischen. Eine kontrastiv-pragmatische Analyse. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, 2008. 416 S. ISBN 978-3830034551
Renal histology and immunohistochemistry after acute hemorrhage in rats under sevoflurane and ketoprofen effect
Authors: Guedes Jr Francisco Sobreira , Cruz Deyvid Santos da , Rodrigues Marcela Marcondes Pinto , Silva Leopoldo Muniz da , Amorim Renée Laufer , Vianna Pedro Thadeu Galvão , Castiglia Yara Marcondes Machado
Published: December 2011

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of intravenous nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, ketoprofen (keto), on kidney histological changes and kidney cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), levels after hemorrhage of 30% of volemia (three times 10%, intervals of 10 min) in rats. METHODS: Under sevoflurane (sevo) anesthesia, sevo and sevo+keto groups (10 rats each) were instrumented for Ringer solution (5mL/kg/h) administration and mean arterial pressure (MAP) evaluation, plus keto (1.5mg/kg) administration in sevo+keto group in the beginning of anesthesia. Rectal temperature was continuously measured. The baseline data of temperature and MAP were collected at the first hemorrhage (T1), the third hemorrhage (T2) and 30min after T2 (T3). Bilateral nephrectomy was achieved for histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In both groups, temperature and MAP diminished from initial values. Hypothermia was greater in sevo group (p=0.0002). Tubular necrosis was more frequent in sevo group (p=0.02). The studied cytokines were equally present in the kidneys of both groups. CONCLUSION: Ketoprofen was more protective to the rat kidney in condition of anesthesia with sevoflurane and hypovolemia, but it seems that TNF-α and IL-1 were not involved in that protection.
New kidney immobilization method for percutaneous renal biopsy technique in cats: Operational aspects and complications
Authors: Silva Daniele Alves , Oliveira Izabela Teodoro , Laposy Cecília Braga , Zacchi Cristiane Aparecida Miranda , Amatuzzi Juliana Dalarossa , Melchert Alessandra
Published: December 2011

PURPOSE: Evaluate a new immobilization kidney method for collecting blind percutaneous renal biopsies (RB) in healthy cats. METHODS: Ten cats were biopsied by a modified blinded percutaneous technique using semi-automated needles. Were evaluated the operational aspects of the technique, its complications, and the quality of the obtained samples. The evaluation included physical examination, hemogram, urinalysis, abdominal ultrasound, renal function, and histopathology of the biopsy specimens. RESULTS: The developed technique was fast and easy to perform; it required two operators, and the right kidney was elected for specimen collection. After the RB, a decrease in hematocrit levels was observed in addition to hematuria and perirenal transient hematoma; however, no clinical consequences were observed, and normal parameters were restored within 48 hrs. There were no major complications or deaths, alterations in the physical examination or renal function, or signs of infection. Of the samples, 95% revealed the presence of renal tissue, and in 100% of the cats the samples were of diagnostic quality. CONCLUSION: The technique was easily performed, provided adequate material for diagnosis with minimal transient complications.
General methods for sensitivity analysis of equilibrium dynamics in patch occupancy models
Authors: Miller David A. W.
Published: December 2011

Sensitivity analysis is a useful tool for the study of ecological models that has many potential applications for patch occupancy modeling. Drawing from the rich foundation of existing methods for Markov chain models, I demonstrate new methods for sensitivity analysis of the equilibrium state dynamics of occupancy models. Estimates from three previous studies are used to illustrate the utility of the sensitivity calculations: a joint occupancy model for a prey species, its predators, and habitat used by both; occurrence dynamics from a well‐known metapopulation study of three butterfly species; and Golden Eagle occupancy and reproductive dynamics. I show how to deal efficiently with multistate models and how to calculate sensitivities involving derived state variables and lower‐level parameters. In addition, I extend methods to incorporate environmental variation by allowing for spatial and temporal variability in transition probabilities. The approach used here is concise and general and can fully account for environmental variability in transition parameters. The methods can be used to improve inferences in occupancy studies by quantifying the effects of underlying parameters, aiding prediction of future system states, and identifying priorities for sampling effort.
Nonsurgical Interventions for Peyronie Disease: 2011 Update
Authors: Schaeffer Anthony J. , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT: Peyronie disease (PD) arises from the deposition of collagen and fibrin that creates a plaque in the tunica albuginea of the penis. The resulting induration and curvature of the penis leads to sexual dysfunction in many men. Despite the prevalence of the disease and natural history studies that suggest progression, men might not seek therapeutic intervention due to a lack of general knowledge about the disease, its pathophysiology, and treatments aimed at ameliorating its symptoms. Medical therapy using oral, topical, or intralesionally delivered drug is pursued in all but the most severe cases. This review of the literature in the last 4 years attempts to identify new trials of therapies and treatment modalities aimed at altering the PD process. Specifically, we will address clinical trials evaluating oral pharmacotherapies; topical, intralesional, and shockwave therapies; and penile traction devices. We will discuss the level of evidence and support for each of the new clinical trials.
A Comparison of the Acute Stress Reactions between the Han and Tibetan Ethnic Groups in Responding to Devastating Earthquakes
Authors: Xu Jiajun , Zhang Yangyang , Chan Joanna , Li Na , Yang Yanchuan , Li Jing
Published: December 2011

Objective:

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether there were differences in the acute stress reaction (ASR) between the Tibetan and the Han ethnic groups after experiencing devastating earthquakes.

Methods:

One hundred twelve Han survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake and 112 Tibetan survivors of the Yushu earthquake were rated using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) according to their trauma experiences, ages, genders, severity levels of injuries, and medical services received.

Results:

Injured Tibetans had lower scores across symptom clusters of avoidance, numbing, and the total score of PCL-C as compared to Hans. Among Tibetans, severe ASR was associated with a higher education level and earthquake experience, whereas only earthquake experience was associated with severe ASR among injured Hans.

Conclusion:

Cultural factors may play significant roles in the acute stress reaction of survivors with different cultural backgrounds following an earthquake.
Selection of Suitable Turbulence Models for Numerical Modelling of Hydrocyclones
Authors: Karimi Mohsen , Akdogan Guven , Dehghani Ali , Bradshaw Steven
Published: December 2011

The capability of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) alternates the interest of researcher from the empirical models into the numerical approaches for studying hydrocyclones. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the influences of turbulence model options in the 3D simulation of the hydrocyclone flow pattern. The required grid resolution was selected through a grid independency study. Four categories of turbulence models involving models based on the Boussinesq hypothesis, the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model, and the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) model were investigated for prediction of velocity components within the hydrocyclone. The methodology was validated by experimental data. The results confirm that both RSM and LES models are efficient turbulent model choices for the simulation of swirling flow of hydrocyclones.
‘Living Your Life Because it’s the Only Life You’ve Got’
Authors: Pahl Kate , Pool Steve
Published: December 2011

This article explores the processes and practices of doing participatory research with children. It explores how this process can be represented in writing. The article comes out of a project funded by Creative Partnerships UK, in which a creative agent, three artists and a researcher all worked within an elementary school in South Yorkshire, UK, for two years, to focus on the children’s Reasons to Write. It considers whether it is truly possible for children to enter the academic domain. Using a number of different voices, the article interrogates this. It particularly focuses on children’s role in analysing and selecting important bits of data. It engages with the lived realities of children as researchers. It considers ways in which children’s voices can be represented, and also acknowledges the limitations of this approach for adults who want to write academic peer reviewed articles. Ideas the adults thought were clever were found to be redundant in relation to children’s epistemologies. The article considers the process that is involved in taking children’s epistemologies seriously.
Why You Tryna Silence Her Body? – The Role of Education in Shaping the Black Female Body
Authors: Hill Dominique C.
Published: December 2011

Artistic expression is a vessel to define, refine, understand and become. Poetry and dance are tongues and instinctive expressions of my thoughts, feelings, and analyses. Thus, my embodiment, challenges and responses to social inequities often merge in these forms. Yet, artistic expression can be seen as trivial when used as method to illustrate social inequities. Drawing on the works of feminists of color, I offer poetry and dance as a queered performance to name and resist my embodiment of racism, sexism, and heteropatriarchy. Using these methods with my body as the site of struggle and potential, this piece talks back to standards of analysis and demands accountability be taken for the marking, sculpting and appraisal of my black female body.
Sensorless Control of PMSM Based on Low-Frequency Current Signal Injection in the Direct Axis at Low and Zero Speed
Authors: Li Yu Dong , Wang Xiao Wei , Hu Wei
Published: December 2011

A novel sensorless control method of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on low frequency (LF) current signal injection is proposed in this paper. A LF sinusoidal current signal is superimposed into the estimated d-axis, and the corresponding voltage response and current response are detected to estimate the rotor speed and the rotor position. This method doesn't rely on the non-ideal features but just the fundamental model of PMSM. As a result, the introduced method can be applied to not only IPMSM, but also to SPMSM. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are carried out. The simulation results indicate that the rotor position and speed can be obtained exactly at low and zero speed. The approach ensures good dynamic and static performances, and can realize accurate position servo control.
Matrix Converter Fed Field-Oriented Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Lin W.J. , Liu D.L. , Wu Q.X.
Published: December 2011

Field-oriented control of permanent magnet synchronous motor fed by matrix converter is designed. By introducing space vector modulation for inverter, AC-AC matrix converter is equivalent to AC-DC-AC substitution. Then, perfect PWM technology is adopted for virtual rectifier and virtual inverter of substitution whose modulating schedule and model are analyzed and deduced. of field-oriented control for matrix converter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor is built up. Finally, simulations are carried out, and simulating results show that the proposed system is feasible and valid, which provides theoretical foundations for experimentation.
Study of Novel Three-Level SVPWM and Voltage Reconstruction Algorithm
Authors: Fan Xiao Hong , Han Yao Fei , Wang Hui
Published: December 2011

This paper focused on a novel three-level SVPWM algorithm. Traditional three-level SVPWM algorithm is very complex and it can’t be used in multi-level SVPWM easily. The algorithm proposed in this paper is easy to realize based on that of two-level SVPWM algorithm. Based on this algorithm, voltage reconstruction algorithm for three-level converter is first proposed in this paper. All algorithms can reach good performances according to simulation and experiment results.
Three Mirrors Aberrations Optical Transform Function with the Thermal Elastic Deformation
Authors: Fan Yu , Wu Xue Feng
Published: December 2011

The field angle of TMA (three mirrors aberration) optical system is larger than coaxial optical system and more susceptible to the structure deformation. Thermal optical analysis is proposed for evaluating the optical MTF (module transform function). Temperature loads, such as X axial, Y axial and Z axial temperature gradients, are put on the optical system. The thermal elasticity deformations of reflector mirror surfaces made by frame deformation are computed. The deformations of reflector mirror surfaces are expressed in Zernike polynomial. With the optical design software optical MTF is computed. The results show that the X axial temperature gradient causes the MTF of optical system reduced furthest, the Y axial temperature gradient causes the minor MTF change, and the Z axial temperature gradient causes the least change of MTF. The research jobs could give some guidance and reference for the thermal design for TMA optical system.